,,h9ts ,,to ,,travell]s ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,g5]al ,,t5? ,,edition ,,revis$ ,,& ,,correct$ ,,f ,,! ,,n9? ,,edition ,,edit$ ,,= ,,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ,,by ,e4 ,a4 ,,reeves1 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,map ,curator & ,in/ructor 9 ,survey+ to ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,meteorology1 ,,photography1 ,,geology1 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,an?ropology1 ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,comm]ce1 ,,ar*,,ology1 ,,m$ical1 ,,etc4 ,,london ,,! ,,royal ,,geographical ,,society ,,k5s+ton ,,gore1 ,s4,w4 #g ,,& ,,at ,,all ,,booksell]s #aiba ,price ( ! two ,volumes1 #bas4 net4 ,to ,fell[s1 at ! ,(fice ( ! ,society1 #aes4 net4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e4 #a1 ,,& ,,great ,,w9dmill ,,/reet1 ,w4 #a4 ,,preface ,,to ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! fir/ sev5 sections ( ?is volume h be5 c>efully revis$1 b requir$ no s]i\s alt]ation4 ,! eigh? section requir$ v ext5sive *anges & additions1 due to ! great progress ( ,tropical ,m$ic9e 9 ! la/ f\rte5 ye>s4 ,! ,society is mu* indebt$ to ,dr4 ,&rew ,balf\r1 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,director-9-,*ief ( ! ,wellcome ,bureau ( ,sci5tific ,rese>*1 :o has v k9dly revis$ & ext5d$ ! ,m$ical ,h9ts 9 ! light ( 8 wide exp]i5ce 9 ! ,sudan & 9 ! ,ea/ dur+ ! ,w>4 ,9 ! in/ructions = ! use ( drugs ! ^w 8tablet0 has be5 us$ to d5ote products compress$ 9 ! =m usually describ$ by a propriet>y ^w t belongs 9 law only to ! products ( a p>ticul> firm4 ,a4 ,r4 ,h4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,section ,i4 ,,meteorology ,,& ,,climatology 7by ,hugh ,rob]t ,mill1 ,d4,,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 =m]ly ,presid5t ,royal ,meteorological ,society & ,director ,briti% ,ra9fall ,organization7 #a-ej ,g5]al ,rem>ks1 #a--;,a ,record ( ,wea!r1 #b--,non-,in/rum5tal ,obs]vations1 #c--;,in/rum5tal ,obs]vations1 #aa--,obs]vations = ,=eca/+ ! ,wea!r1 #cb--;,extra-,european ,wea!r ,s]vices1 #db--,table ( ,relative ,humidity1 #dd--,table %[+ ,pressure ( ,saturat$ ,aque\s ,vap\r 9 ,in*es ( ,m]cury at ,lat4 #de = ea* degree ,fahr4 f -#cj to #aai1 #ej--;,iso!rmal1 ,isob>ic1 & ,ra9fall ,maps1 #ej4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,photography 7by ,j4 ,?omson1 =m]ly ,in/ructor 9 ,photography1 ,r4,g4,s4 ,revis$ by ! late ,j4 ,mc,intosh1 ,secret>y ,royal ,photographic ,society ( ,great ,brita97 #ea-fb ,! ,cam]a1 #ea--,select+ a ,cam]a1 #ea--,! ,h& ,cam]a1 #eb--;,cam]a ,/&1 #ed--,l5ses1 #ed--;,exposure ,tables1 #ef--,s5sitive ,plates or ,films1 #eg--;,h[ to keep ,plates & ,films ,dry1 #eh--;,app>atus & ,*emicals = ,developm5t1 #eh--,photography 9 ,natural ,col\rs1 #fa4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,geology 7by ! late ,w4 ,t4 ,blan=d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,revis$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,j4 ,g>wood1 ,f4,r4,s47 #fc-gh ,g5]al ,rem>ks1 #fc--,outfit1 #fd--;,collections1 #fe--,m\nta9 ,*a9s1 #gj--;,coa/s1 #ga--,riv]s & ,riv]-,pla9s1 #gb--,lakes & ,t>ns1 #gc--;,evid5ce ( ,glacial ,action1 #gd--;,des]ts1 #ge--;,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,man 9 ,tropical ,climates1 #gf--,p]man5ce ( ,ocean ,bas9s1 #gf--;,atolls or ,coral-,isl&s1 #gg4 ,,memor&um ,,on ,,glaci] ,,obs]vations4 7,revis$ by ,alan ,g4 ,ogilvie7 #gh-ha ,,section ,,iv4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory 7by ! late ,h4 ,w4 ,bates1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,revis$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant1 ,briti% ,museum1 ,natural ,hi/ory7 #hb-aje ,outfit1 #hb--,:]e & ,:at to ,collect1 #hi--,mammals & ,birds1 #ia--,pres]v+ ,mammals1 c41 9 ,alcohol1 #ib--,prep>ation ( ,skeletons ( ,animals1 #id--,reptiles & ,fi%es1 #if--,l& & ,fre%wat] ,mollusca1 #ig--;,insects1 #ii--;,botanical ,collect+1 #ii--;,fossils1 #ajd--;,g5]al ,rem>ks1 #ajd--,obs]vations ( ,habits1 c41 #ajd4 ,,section ,v4 ,,an?ropology 7by ! late ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s47 #ajf-abi ,physical ,*>act]s1 #ajf--,language1 #aaj--;,arts & ,sci5ces1 #aac--,society1 #aah--,religion & ,my?ology1 #abd--;,cu/oms1 #abf4 ,,note ,,by ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,r4 ,,m>ett #abi ,,qu]ies ,,( ,,an?ropology 7by ! late ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s47 #abi-acb ,,an?ropological ,,notes 7by ,w4 ,l4 ,h4 ,duckwor?1 ,m4,d41 ,,sc4,d41 ,m4,a47 #acb-acg ,,section ,,vi4 ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,comm]ce 7by ,sir ,john ,scott ,keltie1 ,,ll4,d41 =m]ly ,secret>y ,r4,g4,s47 #ach-adg ,g5]al ,rem>ks1 #ach--,m9]als & ,metals1 #adj--,vegetable ,products1 #ada--;,agriculture1 #adc--;,animal ,products1 #add--,trade1 #add--;,climate1 #ade--;,facilities & ,h9drances to ,comm]cial ,developm5t1 #adf4 ,,section ,,vii4 ,,ar*,,ology 7by ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,d4,,litt47 #adh-aei ,record+1 #adh--;,clean+ & ,cons]vation1 #aef4 ,,section ,,viii4 ,,m$ical ,,h9ts 7by ! late ,william ,h5ry ,cross1 ,m4,d4 ,revis$ by ,&rew ,balf\r1 ,c4,b41 ,g4,m4,g41 ,m4,d47 #afj-bib ,introduction1 #afj--;,g5]al ,h9ts1 #afh--;,diseases & _! ,prev5tion & ,treatm5t1 #afi--,m$ic9es1 ,m$ical ,appliances1 c41 #beb--,treatm5t ( ,w\nds & ,injuries1 #bge4 ,,canoe+ ,,& ,,boat+ 7by ! late ,j4 ,coles7 #bic-big ,,or?ography ,,( ,,geographical ,,names 7by ,maj4-,g5]al ,"l ,edw>d ,glei*51 ,k4,c4,v4,o47 #bih-cje ,,on ,,! ,,giv+ ,,( ,,names ,,to ,,newly-,,discov]$ ,,places #cjf ,,index #cjg-cah ,,maps ,,& ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,diagram %[+ h[ to read ,!rmomet] ,scale #ac ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,blan=d's ,portable ,!rmomet] ,scre5 #ae ,hut = ,%elt]+ ,!rmomet]s #af ,section ( ,assmann's ,aspiration ,psy*romet] #bj ,diagram %[+ h[ to read ,b>omet] ,v]ni] #bg ,! ,collie ,b>omet]1 ) ! ,deasy ,m\nt+ #cj ,diagram %[+ ,cyclone ,pa?s & ,circulation ( ,w9ds 9 ,cyclones #cc ,*>ts ( ! ,_w %[+ ,iso!rmal ,l9es = ,janu>y & ,july #ej ,*>ts ( ! ,_w %[+ ,isob>ic ,l9es = ,janu>y & ,july #ej ,ra9fall ,*>t ( ! ,_w #ej ,bell[s ,cam]a #eb ,tw9-,l5s ,cam]a #ec ,homoc5tric ,l5s #ee ,g5]al ,collect+ ,case = ,natural ,hi/ory ,specim5s #ic ,dry+ ,press = ,botanical ,specim5s #ajj-aja ,diagrams ( ! ,human ,skull illu/rat+ ,craniological ,descriptions #acd ,diagrams ( ! ,human ,skull illu/rat+ ,cranial ,measurem5ts #ace ,diagram ( ,portion ( ! ,?igh-,bone = ,measurem5t ( its l5g? #acg ,diagram %[+ "s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,organs ( ! ,body1 & ! ,c\rse ( ! ,ma9 ,blood-,vessels #afb ,spectacles = ,prev5t+ ,sn[-,bl9dness #aii ,diagram illu/rat+ me?od ( compress+ ! ,ma9 ,art]y ( ! ,?igh #bgh ,diagrams illu/rat+ me?ods ( ,re/or+ ,brea?+ 9 cases ( ,dr[n+ #bhd ,diagram ( ! ,human ,skeleton1 giv+ ! ,names & ,positions ( ! ,*ief ,bones #bhe ,diagrams %[+ ,b&ag+ ( ,brok5 ,jaw #bhi ,,h9ts ,,to ,,travell]s4 ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,i4 ,,meteorology ,,& ,,climatology4 ,by ,,hugh ,,rob]t ,,mill1 ,d4,,sc1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,=m]ly ,presid5t ,royal ,meteorological ,society1 & ,director ( ! ,briti% ,ra9fall ,organization4 ,! nature ( ! meteorological obs]vations made by a travell] or by a resid5t 9 regions :]e !re is no organis$ meteorological s]vice w necess>ily dep5d on ! object :i* he has 9 view1 ! "t he is able to devote to meteorological "w1 8 k ( meteorology z a sci5ce1 & 8 int]e/ 9 x4 ,( ! _m ways 9 :i* a travell] may add to ! k ( atmosph]ic conditions1 five may be specially m5tion$3-- #a4 ,a record ( ! wea!r1 obs]v$ day by day ) reg>d bo? to non-in/rum5tal obs]vations & ! read+s ( in/rum5ts4 ,?is may be tak5 z ! m9imum incumb5t on all travell]s4 #b4 ,obs]vations = =eca/+ ! wea!r & obta9+ w>n+ ( /orms4 ,?is is sometimes ( vital importance2 x is always valuable at ! "t1 & occasionally ! results are wor? record+4 ,x may1 h[ev] be look$ ^u z a practical application ( ! sy/ematic obs]vations4 #c4 ,obs]vations ) a view to det]m9+ ! "* ( ! local climate4 ,! travell] pass+ ?r\gh a c\ntry c d little 9 ?is way1 z long cont9u$ uni=m obs]vations 9 "o place are necess>y to fix ! annual v>iations4 ,/ill1 ! record+ ( su* data z may be obta9$ is always important 9 a little-kn[n region1 & ! "w ( sev]al travell]s at diff]5t seasons w all[ "s fair d$uctions to be drawn4 ,:5 a day is sp5t 9 camp1 mu* importance atta*es to regul> obs]vations made e two h\rs1 f :i* ! diurnal *anges ( climate may be asc]ta9$4 #d4 ,special meteorological rese>*es4 ,^! usually dem& special in/rum5ts & skill$ obs]v]s4 ,obs]vations 9 ! upp] air by kites or balloons 9 p>ticul>1 mu/ be an end 9 !mselves4 ,exact measures ( radiation 9 des]ts1 ( ra9fall 9 =e/s & on adjac5t op5 gr\nd1 ( temp]ature dur+ l& & sea breezes1 or ( fogs1 ?und]/orms1 tornadoes1 etc41 9 places subject to ^? visitations1 are always ( value4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! travell] _c devote mu* "t to ^! matt]s1 unless ! /udy ( physical geography is ! object ( 8 j\rney4 #e4 ,! collection ( exi/+ meteorological records4 ,x sometimes happ5s t at outly+ /ations meteorological obs]vations h be5 tak5 & record$ = a consid]able "t4 ,if !y h n be5 already communicat$ to "s meteorological c5tre1 ! travell] %\ld obta9 a copy ( !m1 & also comp>e ! in/rum5ts 9 use ) 8 own4 ,he might 9 "s cases aid 9 secur+ a k ( local climate by induc+ resid5ts at outly+ /ations to />t regul> obs]vations4 ,! fir/ two ways ( advanc+ meteorology ne$ alone be consid]$ 9 detail2 b ) reg>d to all1 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ! value ( ! "w is great] ! m c>efully ! obs]vations are made & record$1 & ! m remote & less kn[n ! region4 #a4 ,a ,,record ,,( ,,wea!r4--,! travell] :o makes 8 j\rney = any o!r purpose ?an ! /udy ( physical geography w\ld be wise to burd5 himself z little z possible ) in/rum5ts1 b to und]/& ?or\ghly & use fai?fully ! few he c>ries4 ,9 a rapid m>* _m diff]5t climates may be trav]s$ 9 a few weeks1 & ! records ( v>iation ( wea!r s obta9$ c\ld n h mu* value2 b :5 a halt ( a few days or ( a week or two is made1 sy/ematic obs]vations become valuable4 ,,non-,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,! fir/ place mu/ be giv5 to non-in/rum5tal obs]vations1 :i* may be made at any "t on ! m>* or 9 camp1 & %\ld always be not$ at ! "t !y are made 9 ! r\gh note-book1 & copi$ c>efully into ! j\rnal ea* ev5+4 ,^! obs]vations 9 ! r\gh note-book w necess>ily be mix$ up ) o!rs on v>i\s subjects2 b ! meteorological facts %\ld h a place res]v$ = !mselves 9 ! j\rnal1 say at ! end ( ea* day's "w4 ,w9d4--,obs]vations ( ! direction & =ce ( ! w9d at sev]al fix$ h\rs 9 ! day are advisable = comp>ison ) in/rum5tal read+s2 b on ! m>* e decid$ *ange %\ld be record$ if ! nature ( ! c\ntry p]mits4 ,9 ! dep?s ( a =e/1 or 9 a n>r[ valley1 ! w9d1 if felt at all by ! travell]1 gives sc>cely any clue to ! movem5t ( ! air ov] ! op5 c\ntry1 b 9 mo/ cases ! movem5ts ( l[ cl\ds1 :5 any are 9 sight1 may be tak5 z a fairly satisfactory te/4 ,! direction is to be obs]v$ by means ( ! compass1 & x w be suffici5t to e/imate x by ! eight pr9cipal po9ts--,nor?1 ,nor?-ea/1 ,ea/1 ,s\?-ea/1 ,s\?1 ,s\?-we/1 ,we/1 & ,nor?-we/4 ,any sudd5 *anges 9 direction s pron\nc$ z to be noticeable %\ld be record$1 =1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! b>omet] read+s1 if ! j\rney is along a r\te ( ne>ly con/ant level1 !y are valuable aids 9 pr$ict+ ! wea!r4 ,9 "s places ! direction ( ! w9d und]goes a well-m>k$ regul> diurnal *ange 9 p]fectly settl$ wea!r4 ,w9d is always nam$ by ! direction f :i* x bl[s4 ,! =ce ( ! w9d is be/ e/imat$ on ! scale ,calm1 ,light1 ,mod]ate1 ,fre%1 ,/rong1 & ,gale4 ,x is impossible1 )\t long exp]i5ce & ! tuition ( a tra9$ obs]v]1 to assign relative numb]s to ^! =ces :i* %\ld h any p]man5t value = comp>ison ) ! obs]vations ( o!rs4 ,travell+ on foot 9 a /rong w9d is always uncom=table1 & 9 a gale v difficult4 ,if x is impossible to make way aga9/ ! w9d at all1 or to pit* t5ts1 ! =ce may be put d[n z ,hurricane aft] x has pass$1 ! travell] be>+ 9 m9d t if he c write 9 8 note-book at all1 :ile un%elt]$1 a hurricane is n bl[+4 ,if a lake or a riv] )\t appreciable curr5t is 9 sight1 w9d j suffici5t to produce :ite cre/s on ! waves may be call$ fre%1 & t suffici5t to bl[ away spray f ! cre/s des]ves to be t]m$ /rong4 ,at sea1 9 a sail+-vessel1 x is possible to acquire great skill 9 e/imat+ w9d-=ce2 h5ce ,beau=t's scale1 orig9ally devis$ ) ref]5ce to ! am\nt ( sail a well-equipp$ frigate c\ld c>ry1 has come into ext5sive use1 & x is z well to "k x4 ,by comp>ison ) anemomet]s1 ! approximate velocity 9 miles p] h\r correspond+ to ! numb]s on ! scale has be5 e/imat$3-- ,,beau=t',s ,,scale ,,( ,,w9d ,,=ce4#a ---------------------------------------- ,mean ,velocity 9 ,no4 ,"n4 miles p] h\r4 ---------------------------------------- #j ,calm #j #a ,light air #a #b ,light breeze #d #c ,g5tle breeze #i #d ,mod]ate breeze #ad #e ,fre% breeze #bj #f ,/rong breeze #bf #g ,mod]ate gale #cc #h ,fre% gale #db #i ,/rong gale #ea #aj ,:ole gale #fb #aa ,/orm #ge #ab ,hurricane #ib --------------------------------------- ,! duration ( /rong w9d %\ld be not$1 z well z ! "t ( any m>k$ *ange ( /r5g?4 ,! l& & sea w9ds ( tropical coa/s %[ a well-m>k$ relation to ! position ( ! sun & ! h\r ( sunset1 & 9 places :]e ^! w9ds bl[ ! h\rs ( calm & *ange %\ld be not$4 ,on m\nta9 slopes a simil> diurnal effect may be notic$2 ! w9d usually bl[s uphill dur+ ! day & d[nhill at night1 :ile 9 valleys x usually bl[s ei!r ) or aga9/ ! direction ( ! riv]4 ,local w9ds ( peculi> "* are sometimes met ) 9 association ) m\nta9s su* z ! ,fhn ( ! ,alps1 ! ,*9ook w9d ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & ! ,helm w9d ( ! ,ed5 ,valley 9 ,engl& & ,adam's ,peak 9 ,ceylon4 ,:irlw9ds & tornadoes are r>e ph5om5a1 b if met )1 x is wor? :ile to take "s tr\ble to put on record at lea/ ! h\r ( _! appe>ance 7local "t71 ! direction 9 :i* ! :irl moves onw>d1 & ! bread? ( ! pa? ( de/ruction x leaves beh9d4 ,:5 a /orm ( w9d has pass$ ov] a wood$ region & bl[n d[n _m trees1 ! direction 9 :i* mo/ ( ! trunks lie is wor? obs]v+4 ,! top ( ! tree usually falls 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! w9d 0 bl[+1 h5ce ! root usually po9ts to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,wat]sp\ts are closely alli$ to :irlw9ds1 & 9 any ( ^? ph5om5a ( revolv+ columns ( air x is ( mu* !oretical importance to det]m9e ! direction ( ! :irl ab\t ! axis1 i4e41 :e!r ! rotation is 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a wat* or ! opposite4 ,! prevail+ w9d ( a di/rict may (t5 be discov]$ by ! slope ( trees gr[+ on op5 gr\nd1 or /ill bett]1 by ! diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( wave erosion on small lakes4 ,if ! banks are ( ! same mat]ial all r\nd1 ! side aga9/ :i* ! prevail+ w9d drives ! waves w always be ! mo/ worn away4 ,cl\d & ,sun%9e4--,x w\ld be impossible to keep a record ( ! c\ntless *anges 9 ! cl\d-cov]+ ( an ,engli% sky1 b 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( cl\d is a function ( latitude1 altitude1 & season1 ( great /ability1 & wor?y ( be+ att5tively /udi$4 ,! am\nt ( cl\d is usually e/imat$ z ! numb] ( t5?s ( ! sky cov]$2 b x is a v difficult ?+ inde$ to comp>e a t5? ( ! visible sky ne> ! horizon ) a t5? ne> ! z5i?4 ,!re is no difficulty1 h[ev]1 9 obs]v+ :5 ! sky is completely ov]ca/ or q free ( cl\d1 & z a matt] ( conv5i5ce ! belt r\nd ! horizon to ! height ( ?irty degrees may be neglect$1 i4e41 ! l[] ?ird ( ! di/ance f ! horizon to ! z5i?4 ,v (t5 x w be f\nd t cl\ds =m & disappe> at c]ta9 h\rs ( ! morn+ or ev5+1 & x is useful to get exact in=mation on ! subject4 ,( m importance ?an ! am\nt ( cl\d is its nature1 elevation1 & movem5t4 ,di/9ct species ( cl\d h be5 recognis$ = a long "t1 & f m rec5t /udies x w\ld appe> t !y owe _! di/9ctive appe>ance to ! altitude at :i* !y float 9 ! air4 ,meteorologi/s di/+ui% a numb] ( classes & transitional =ms ( cl\d2 x is en\gh = ! travell] to be able to recognise ! mo/ def9ite types1 viz41 ,cirrus1 ,cumulus1 ,/ratus1 & ,nimbus4 ,cirrus cl\ds are ! small tufts or wisps ( cl\d :i* float v high 9 ! atmosph]e1 & to :i* ! popul> "n ( 8m>e's tails0 is appli$4 ,! transitional =m1 ,cirro-,cumulus1 popul>ly kn[n z 8mack]el scales0 or 8mack]el sky10 is equally easy to id5tify4 ,cumulus cl\ds are great woolly-look+ heaps ( cl\d1 ! l[] surface ( :i* is (t5 ne>ly horizontal1 :ile above !y well into an exub]ant v>iety ( r\nd$ =ms4 ,!y repres5t ! cond5sation ( moi/ure 9 asc5d+ columns ( heat$ air4 ,/ratus cl\ds are l[-ly+ %eets ( cond5s$ moi/ure1 :i*1 be+ usually se5 at a l[ angle1 appe> l ?9 lay]s p>allel to ! horizon4 ,! transitional type ,cirro-,/ratus is usually se5 9 ! =m ( great fea!r-l cl\ds /ret*+ across ne>ly ! :ole sky4 ,nimbus is a r l[-ly+ cl\d f :i* ra9 is fall+ ev5 if ! ra9 is re-evaporat$ be=e rea*+ ! gr\nd4 ,! l[e/ cl\ds ( all1 ^? re/+ on ! surface ( ! gr\nd & envelop+ ! obs]v]1 are call$ mi/ & fog4 ,! two are di/+ui%$ by ! fact t a mi/ wets objects imm]s$ 9 x1 :ile a fog does n4 ,all cl\ds1 except ,cirrus1 are physically ! same1 consi/+ ( m9ute globules ( liquid wat] fall+ ?r\gh a portion ( air saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,! globules be+ small (f] a relatively great surface to friction1 & s fall v sl[ly1 & 9 ! high] cl\ds !y evaporate on ! l[] surface be=e !y h "t to agglom]ate into ra9drops4 ,9 ! highe/ ( all cl\ds1 ! cirrus type1 ! p>ticles are spicules ( ice & n globules ( wat]4 ,x is a common error to suppose t black cl\ds diff] f :ite cl\ds4 ,all cl\ds are :ite :5 !y reflect ! light ( ! sun1 & all are black :5 !y come betwe5 ! eye & ! sun 9 suffici5t ?ickness to cut (f a consid]able portion ( its light4 ,! sudd5 appe>ance ( a p>ticul> k9d ( cl\d is important z a wea!r sign4 ,x %[s t *anges are go+ on 9 ! v]tical circulation ( ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce if cirrus or cumulus cl\d %\ld be obs]v$ to be increas+ ! fact %\ld be not$1 & ! direction 9 :i* ! cl\ds are mov+ %\ld be not$ also4 ,9 obs]v+ cl\d-motion att5tion %\ld be giv5 only to ! sky ov]head2 at any l[] angle ! p>allax due to view+ ! cl\ds obliquely deprives ! obs]vation ( value4 ,x is also necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 ! movem5t ( ! upp] & ( ! l[] cl\ds1 z ^! are float+ 9 v diff]5t p>ts ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is comp>atively r>ely t ! motion1 say ( nimbus & cirrus1 is 9 ! same direction4 ,on a l(ty m\nta91 /rata ( cl\d :i* f bel[ 7 se5 to be cumulus may be pass$ ?r\gh z lay]s ( mi/1 & on em]g+ f !m _! upp] surface may be se5 bel[ "o4 ,9 _m m\nta9s ! cl\d-belt is z %>ply def9$ z ! sn[-l9e1 & its v>iations %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,cl\ds %\ld occasionally be photograph$ z a record4 ,?is %\ld be done especially :5 a type ( cl\d comes to be recognis$ z a usual "o1 = :ile exceptional =ms may prove int]e/+1 a record ( ! usual =ms is c]ta9 to be valuable4 ,9 ?is connection a prote/ may be made aga9/ ! horrible cu/om ( "s amateur & ( _m pr(essional photograph]s ( pr9t+ 9 cl\ds f "s /ock negative 9 _! pictures ( sc5]y4 ,! cl\d is an ess5tial "p ( a picture1 & x is bett] to leave an ov]-expos$ sky ( natural cl\d ?an to ins]t a beautiful repres5tation ( a cl\d-=m :i* may be "o nev] visible 9 ! p>ticul> place or at ! p>ticul> season4 ,mi/1 ,fog & ,haze4--,mi/ or fog at l[ levels w ( c\rse be record$ :5ev] obs]v$1 & its d5sity & duration not$4 ,a good way to def9e ! d5sity ( ?ick fog is to measure ! numb] ( y>ds at :i* an object becomes indi/+ui%able1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t object = ! purpose is a p]son4 ,light mi/s lie ov] wat] or m>%es at c]ta9 h\rs 9 p>ticul> seasons1 & _! behavi\r %\ld always be obs]v$4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! di/ant view f a height is obscur$ by a haze n due to moi/ure1 & ?is appe>ance %\ld be notic$ ) a view to discov]+ its cause4 ,! smoke f =e/ or prairie fires 9 ,canada sometimes produces s ?ick a haze z to put a /op to survey+ op]ations = weeks at a "t4 ,haze is (t5 due to du/ bl[n f des]ts1 or eject$ f volcanoes1 & sometimes to sw>ms ( insects4 ,ra9 & ,dew4--,! j\rnals ( mo/ travell]s fail to give a cle> idea ( ! preval5ce ( ra9 dur+ _! j\rneys1 & x is mu* to be desir$ t some?+ m explicit ?an 8a %[]y day0 or 8fairly dry0 %\ld be record$4 ,! h\r ( comm5cem5t & cessation ( ra9 dur+ a m>* %\ld be not$1 & "s indication giv5 z to :e!r ! ra9 fell heavily or lightly4 ,9 ?is way any t5d5cy to a diurnal p]iodicity ( ra9 w\ld be detect$1 & "s def9ite mean+ w\ld be giv5 to ! t]ms ra9y season & dry season4 ,if ra9 occurs dur+ ! night x %\ld also be record$1 & ! am\nt ( night ra9s %\ld always be measur$ by means ( a ra9 gauge 9 ! mann] to be describ$ lat]4 ,! g5]al condition ( a c\ntry ) reg>d to ra9 may (t5 be judg$ f ! appe>ance ( vegetation or ! m>ks ( =m] levels ( high-wat] 9 lakes or riv]s4 ,?us on m\nta9 slopes or ! sides ( a valley any diff]5ce 9 ! luxuriance ( vegetation accord+ to exposure probably indicates ! influ5ce ( ra9fall z guid$ by ! prevail+ w9d4 ,s1 too1 ! appe>ance ( l9es ( drift$ dbris on ! banks "s di/ance f ! edge ( a lake or riv] may be tak5 z indications ( ! height to :i* ! wat]s sometimes rise2 & conv]sely ! appe>ance ( r[s ( trees 9 ! middle ( a wide %all[ lake may indicate ! l9e ( a riv] :i* has tempor>ily flood$ ! surr\nd+ mead[s4 ,su* obs]vations h an important be>+ on climate4 ,! appe>ance & am\nt ( dew are also to be record$4 ,! mo/ important po9ts to notice are ! h\r 9 ! ev5+ :5 ! deposit comm5ces1 & ! h\r 9 ! morn+ :5 ! dew disappe>s4 ,x %\ld be not$ also :e!r ! deposit ( dew is 9 ! =m ( small globules /&+ ap>t on expos$ surfaces1 or if x is heavy en\gh to run toge!r into drops & drip f vegetation to ! gr\nd4 ,?und]/orms & ,hail4--,! occurr5ce ( ?und]/orms %\ld ( c\rse be not$1 & "h ! h\r ( occurr5ce is ( v great importance1 = ?und]/orms frequ5tly %[ a m>k$ diurnal p]iod4 ,! appe>ance ( lightn+ )\t ?und] %\ld be record$ :5 x is obs]v$1 b ?is w naturally be almo/ always aft] sunset4 ,hail/orms usually accompany ?und]/orms1 & sometimes take ! place ( !m4 ,! occurr5ce ( hail is mo/ frequ5t 9 summ]1 & records ( ! size ( hail/ones are important4 ,if possible !y %\ld1 :5 v l>ge1 be photograph$ along ) "s object ( kn[n size1 & _! /ructure describ$4 ,x might at lea/ be notic$ :e!r !y are h>d & cle>1 l pure ice1 or opaque l compact$ sn[1 or made up ( conc5tric lay]s ( cle> & opaque ice alt]nately4 ,sn[4--,sn[ falls 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 al?\gh 9 tropical or sub-tropical latitudes only at great elevations above sea-level4 ,! actual limits ( sn[fall at sea-level are z yet imp]fectly kn[n1 & any obs]vations ( sn[ %[]s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! tropics are ( importance4 ,x is ess5tial 9 su* a case to record also ! approximate elevation ( ! l&4 ,on m\nta9s 9 all latitudes ! position ( ! sn[-l9e %\ld be not$ at e opportunity4 ,?is is ! l9e above :i* sn[ lies p]man5tly all ! ye> r\nd1 or bel[ :i* sn[ completely melts 9 summ]2 & x is a climatic factor ( "s importance4 ,x may be rem>k$1 = in/ance1 t if ! travell] f9ds sn[ ly+ on grass1 moss1 or o!r vegetation1 he is c]ta9ly n above ! sn[-l9e4 ,x is necess>y also to notice t glaci]s may desc5d unmelt$ a long di/ance bel[ ! level ( p]petual sn[4 ,:ile ! conditions ( sn[ ly+ on ! gr\nd 9 ! ,arctic regions & above ! sn[-l9e 9 any "p ( ! _w are matt]s p]ta9+ m to geology & m\nta9e]+ ?an to meteorology1 ! duration ( sn[-%[]s1 ! "* ( ! sn[1 & ! dep? to :i* x lies on gr\nd bel[ ! sn[-l9e are too important f _! be>+ on climatology to be ov]look$4 ,! "* ( ! sn[ z x falls v>ies f ! sleety1 half-melt$ drops common 9 w>m air to ! f9e du/ ( h>d1 sep>ate ice-cry/als f\nd 9 ! int5se cold ( a ,pol> or ,cont95tal w9t]4 ,! fea!ry appe>ance ( lightly-felt$ flakes is an int]m$iate type betwe5 ! two extremes4 ,9 measur+ ! dep? ( sn[ z x lies1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to select op5 gr\nd :]e !re is no drift+1 & :5 ! sn[ is n too deep ! measurem5t c usually be be/ made ) a walk+-/ick on :i* a scale ( feet & in*es 7or ( c5timetres7 has be5 cut4 ,su* a /ick is useful = measur+ ! dep? ( %all[ /reams1 & = _m o!r purposes4 ,! result %\ld be ent]$ z 8dep? ( fall5 sn[10 s t !re may be no risk ( confus+ ! figures ) ! am\nt ( sn[fall e/imat$ z ra94 ,speak+ r\ghly1 a foot ( sn[ is usually held to repres5t an in* ( ra94 ,a viol5t /orm ( w9d1 accompani$ ) fall+ or driv+ sn[1 is t]m$ a blizz>d 9 ! we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & a buran 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! "n blizz>d has be5 naturaliz$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic1 b x is n kn[n t ?is ph5om5on is id5tical ) ! ,am]ican /orm4 ,fro/4--,! appe>ance ( fro/ 9 ! =m ( ho>-fro/ 7! way 9 :i* atmosph]ic wat]-vap\r is deposit$ 9 air bel[ ! freez+-po9t71 or ( ?9 ice =m$ on expos$ wat]1 %\ld always be c>efully look$ = & not$4 ,9 hot1 dry c\ntries ! int5se radiation f ! gr\nd at night (t5 r$uces ! temp]ature bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 al?\gh1 dur+ ! day1 ! gr\nd may be v hot4 ,! appe>ance ( fro/ at sunrise is a valuable *eck on ! read+s ( a m9imum !rmomet]1 & 9 mo/ cases is a m tru/wor?y datum4 ,simil>ly 9 cold c\ntries1 :]e sn[ is ly+ on ! gr\nd or ice cov]+ ! riv]s1 ! appe>ance ( ?aw1 especially 9 cl\dy wea!r1 is a delicate te/ ( ! rise ( ! air temp]ature to ! freez+-po9t4 ,! travell] %\ld nev] fail to record cases ( melt+ & solidify+ ( any sub/ances due to *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! s(t5+ ( c&les & ! freez+ ( m]cury or ( spirits give in=mation reg>d+ temp]ature at lea/ z valuable z ! read+s ( !rmomet]s4 ,o!r ,obs]vations4--,any peculi> atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 su* z ! appe>ance ( ! zodiacal light aft] sunset1 ! aurora1 ! electrical lights se5 on po9t$ objects1 & kn[n z ,/4 ,elmo's fire1 ra9b[s1 especially lun> ra9b[s1 haloes1 ! appe>ance ( mock-suns or moons1 meteors or %oot+ />s1 %\ld be not$ on _! occurr5ce1 z _m ( !m are valuable wea!r progno/ics4 ,att5tion %\ld also be giv5 to any appe>ances ( mirage1 or o!r effects ( irregul> di/ribution ( atmosph]ic d5sity4 ,a mirage is only r>ely s p]fect z to %[ %ips inv]t$ 9 ! air1 palm-gr[n isl&s 9 ! sea1 or di/ant oases 9 ! des]t4 ,! common =m is an unusual int5sification ( refraction1 rais+ l& bel[ ! horizon into sight1 or app>5tly cutt+ (f ! edges ( headl&s or isl&s at sea or on l>ge lakes4 ,x is wor? :ile obs]v+ ! temp]ature ( ! air & ( ! wat] or gr\nd :5 an unusually cle> mirage effect is visible4 ,ano!r int]e/+ s]ies ( obs]vations may be made on ! col\rs ( ! sky & cl\ds at sunrise & sunset4 ,a ph5om5on (t5 obs]v$ at sunset1 b ! exi/5ce ( :i* is /ill sometimes d5i$1 %\ld be look$ =4 ,?is is ! appe>ance ( a gleam ( col\r$ light at ! mom5t :5 ! upp] edge ( ! sun dips bel[ a cl\dless horizon4 ,a note %\ld be made ( ! nature ( ! horizon1 :e!r l& or sea1 & ( ! col\r ( ! light if x %\ld be obs]v$4 ,:5 opportunity (f]s1 ! fir/ ray ( ! ris+ sun might be simil>ly obs]v$4 ,! travell] %\ld1 at ! end ( ea* day1 give 8 op9ion ( ! nature ( ! wea!r1 say+ :e!r he felt x hot or cold1 relax+ or brac+1 close or fre%4 ,su* obs]vations h no necess>y relation to degree ( temp]ature or humidity z record$ by in/rum5ts2 b ! human body is ! mo/ important ( all in/rum5ts1 & ev]y?+ :i* affects x %\ld be /udi$4 ,by pay+ att5tion to ! =ego+ in/ructions1 an obs]vant travell] w br+ home a f> bett] meteorological log )\t in/rum5ts ?an a m c>eless p]son c\ld produce by ! dilig5t read+ ( _m scales4 ,yet1 9 en=c+ ! importance ( non-in/rum5tal obs]vations1 we mu/ n leave ! impression t ! read+s ( in/rum5ts are ( little value4 ,x is1 9 ord9>y circum/ances1 only by ! read+s ( in/rum5ts t ! climate ( "o place c be comp>$ ) t ( ano!r1 & only ! be/ results ( in/rum5tal "w are precise en\gh to =m a basis = climatological maps4 ,,in/rum5tal ,,obs]vations4 ,! m9imum requirem5t ( in/rum5tal obs]vations by a travell] is ! read+ twice daily ( ! b>omet] & ( ! dry & wet bulb !rmomet]s1 to asc]ta9 ! temp]ature & humidity ( ! air1 also ! read+ once daily1 9 ! morn+1 ( ! m9imum !rmomet] :i* has be5 expos$ all night1 & on days 9 camp ( ! maximum !rmomet] also4 ,x is v desirable to expose a ra9 gauge :5ev] x is practicable to d s4 ,unless special meteorological rese>*es are to be c>ri$ out1 no?+ f>!r 9 ! way ( obs]vations ne$ be attempt$4 ,a v useful supplem5t to ! necess>y obs]vations is ! use ( a self-record+ b>ograph or !rmograph2 b ^! are delicate in/rum5ts1 liable to get out ( ord] unless v c>efully h&l$1 & x w n always be possible to make use ( !m4 ,! obs]v] mu/ und]/& :at 8 in/rum5ts are int5d$ to measure1 h[ !y act1 & h[ !y %\ld be expos$1 read1 & ! read+ record$4 ,he mu/ "k en\gh ab\t all ^! ?+s to be able to disp5se ) unnecess>y precautions only possible at fix$ obs]vatories1 &1 at ! same "t1 to neglect no?+ t is necess>y to secure accuracy 9 ! results4 ,!rmomet] ,corrections4--,all !rmomet]s1 )\t exception1 %\ld h ! degree m>ks engrav$ on ! /em1 or on a slip ( enamel )9 ! out] tube1 & be suppli$ ) a c]tificate f ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory %[+ ! error ( ! scale at diff]5t po9ts4 ,?is c]tificate %\ld be 9 duplicate1 & a copy ought to be left 9 a safe place at home4 ,aft] a long j\rney ! !rmomet]s :i* h be5 9 use %\ld be s5t to h _! errors re-det]m9$4 ,! corrections are n1 h[ev]1 to be appli$ by ! obs]v] unless he is work+ out 8 obs]vations = "s special purpose4 ,no !rmomet] is pass$ at ! ,national ,physical ,laboratory if its error approa*es "o degree1 s t = all ord9>y purposes ( description a c]tificat$ !rmomet] may be look$ on z correct4 ,b :5 ! read+s are be+ critically discuss$ & comp>$ ) ! obs]vations ( o!r p1 ! correction is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,x _c be too /rongly impress$ ^u an obs]v] t1 9 read+ meteorological in/rum5ts1 he mu/ read exactly :at !y m>k1 & record t figure 9 8 obs]vation-book on ! spot4 ,! corrections c be appli$ aft]w>ds by ! speciali/ :o discusses ! "w4 ,= subsequ5t ref]5ce x is necess>y to note 9 ! obs]vation-book ! regi/]$ ,n4,p4,l4 numb] ( ! !rmomet] 9 use1 & if a !rmomet] %\ld get brok5 & ano!r be us$ in/ead1 ! numb] ( ! new in/rum5t mu/ be not$ at ! date :]e x is fir/ employ$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to use ! same !rmomet] = "o purpose all ! "t if possible1 & only an accid5t to ! in/rum5t %\ld necessitate a *ange be+ made4 ,!rmomet]s are ei!r direct-read+ or self-regi/]+4 ,! =m] are us$ = obta9+ ! temp]ature at any giv5 mom5t1 ! latt] = asc]ta9+ ! highe/ or ! l[e/ temp]ature 9 a c]ta9 int]val ( "t4 ,!y are fill$ ei!r ) m]cury1 or a light fluid :i* freezes less readily1 su* z alcohol or creosote4 ,!rmomet] ,scales4--,! p>ticul> sy/em on :i* ! !rmomet]s are graduat$ is ( no importance1 b m]ely a matt] ( conv5i5ce4 ,! ,fahr5heit scale is us$ = meteorological purposes 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries2 b = all o!r sci5tific purposes ! ,c5tigrade scale is us$ ev]y:]e4 ,"o c be translat$ into ! o!r v simply by calculation#b2 b x is conv5i5t = a travell] to h all 8 !rmomet]s graduat$ 9 accordance ) "o scale only4 ,! graduation1 z m>k$ on ! /em ( ! !rmomet]1 is usually to s+le degrees1 b anyone c le>n to read to t5?s ( a degree by a little practice4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! eye opposite ! top ( ! m]cury column4 ,suppose x to be betwe5 #ej & #ea1 ! exact numb] ( t5?s above #ej is to be e/imat$ ?us3 ,if ! m]cury is j visible above ! degree m>k x is #ej4a1 if di/9ctly above ! m>k #ej4b1 if ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! way to ! next m>k #ej4c1 if almo/ half-way #ej4d1 exactly half-way #ej4e1 a little m ?an half-way #ej4f1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! way #ej4g1 if ne>ly up to ! next m>k #ej4h1 & if j l[] ?an ! m>k ( #ea x is #ej4i4 ,! eye soon becomes accu/om$ to e/imat+ ^! di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,read+ ,!rmomet] ,scale above & bel[ ,z]o4 ,9 us+ a !rmomet] bel[ z]o1 ! obs]v] mu/ pay att5tion to ! *ange 9 ! direction ( read+ ! scale1 ! fractions ( a degree c\nt+ d[nw>d f ! degree m>k in/ead ( upw>d f x1 z 9 read+s above z]o4 ,read+s bel[ ! z]o ( ! scale are di/+ui%$ 9 record+ !m by prefix+ ! m9us sign4 ,! annex$ figure %[s ! read+ ( two !rmomet]s graduat$ to fif?s ( a degree1 "o %[+ a temp]ature ( #a4d1 ! o!r ( -#a4d4 ,! ,briti% ,meteorological ,(fice n[ recomm5ds ! use ( ! ,c5tigrade !rmomet] graduat$ f ! absolute z]o1 i4e41 ! freez+ po9t is %[n by #bgc1 ! boil+ po9t z #cgc4 ,c>e ( ,!rmomet]s4--,m]curial !rmomet]s w always be employ$ = ord9>y purposes 9 places :]e ! temp]ature is n likely to fall to -#dj3 i4e41 ev]y:]e except 9 ! pol> regions & ! int]ior ( cont95ts nor? ( #ej ,n4 ,^! !rmomet]s are v /rong & are n easily brok5 except by viol5ce4 ,! "o vuln]able "p is ! bulb1 :i* is ( ?9 glass & fill$ ) heavy m]cury4 ,h5ce1 9 c>ry+ !rmomet]s1 c>e has to be tak5 to protect ! bulb f com+ 9 contact ) any h>d object4 ,! be/ way to c>ry an unm\nt$ !rmomet] is 9 a clos$ brass or vulcanite tube ) a screw top1 ! inside ( ! tube be+ l9$ ) india-rubb] & provid$ ) a cu%ion ( cotton-wool = ! bulb to re/ on4 ,if ! !rmomet] is m\nt$ 9 a wood5 frame x %\ld be secur$ 9 a box s t ! frame is firmly held & ! bulb projects into a vacant "p ( ! box1 :i* may be lightly fill$ ) cotton-wool or provid$ ) a deep & well-padd$ recess4 ,e !rmomet] :i* is n graduat$ above #abj %\ld h an expansion at ! top ( ! tube :i* ! m]cury t may be driv5 beyond ! scale by ov]-heat+ w n fill2 o!rwise any accid5tal ov]-heat+ w break ! bulb4 ,! unavoidable %ak+ or any sudd5 %ock dur+ travell+ is apt to cause ! m]cury column to sep>ate1 & a portion ( x may be driv5 to ! top ( ! tube1 :]e x may rema9 unless look$ = & br\ght back4 ,h5ce x is important to see t ! top ( ! bore ( ! tube is visible1 & n cov]$ by any atta*m5t hold+ ! tube to a wood5 frame4 ,!rmomet] read+s are absolutely valueless unless ! :ole ( ! m]cury fills ! bulb & =ms a cont9u\s column 9 ! /em4 ,to br+ a brok5 column toge!r ! be/ plan is to inv]t ! !rmomet]1 if necess>y %ak+ x g5tly1 until ! m]cury fl[s f ! bulb & entirely fills ! tube1 leav+ a little vacant dimple 9 ! mass ( m]cury 9 ! bulb4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! !rmomet] %\ld be br\ght into its normal position bulb d[nw>ds1 & ! column w usually be f\nd to h unit$4 ,if ?is me?od does n succe$ ! !rmomet] may be held 9 ! h& by ! upp] end1 rais$ to ! full /ret* ( ! arm1 & swung d[nw>ds ?r\gh a wide arc ) a /eady sweep4 ,i h nev] kn[n ?is me?od to fail4 ,!rmomet] ,scre5s4--,x is usual at fix$ /ations to expose ! !rmomet] to ! air by hang+ x 9 a scre5 made ( l\vre-bo>ds s arrang$ t ! air p5etrates x freely :ile ! direct rays ( ! sun are cut (f4 ,! ,/ev5son scre51 con/ruct$ on ?is plan ) a door op5+ on ! side away f ! sun1 is well adapt$ = use 9 temp]ate c\ntries2 b x is too cumbr\s to c>ry on a j\rney & does n af=d suffici5t v5tilation = use 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,an excell5t sub/itute is ! canvas scre5 devis$ by ! late ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,blan=d1 :i* consi/s ( a bamboo frame c>ry+ ! !rmomet]s 7) _! bulbs f\r feet f ! gr\nd74 ,! :ole /ructure is five feet high1 & is suffici5t = any places :]e ! w9d is mod]ate4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( bamboos or rods ( light wood1 cords1 & canvas1 :i* may readily be made up be=e />t+1 & x is easily r5ew$ or repair$4 ,! canvas ro( %\ld be triple or quadruple accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! mat]ial4 ,su* a scre5 w af=d suffici5t protection at night1 or ev5 9 ! day1 if set up 9 ! %ade1 & x w ?r[ (f ra92 b 9 ! sun x w require a ?ick mat z an additional protection on or pref]ably /ret*$ above ! ro(4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,blan=d's ,portable ,!rmomet] ,scre54 ,= a m p]man5t /ation ! =m ( exposure recomm5d$ by a committee ( ! ,briti% ,association = use 9 tropical ,africa w be f\nd v suitable 9 hot c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,hut = ,%elt]+ ,!rmomet]s4 ,! !rmomet]s are plac$ 9 a galvanis$ iron cage1 :i* is kept lock$ = safety4 ,?is cage is susp5d$ "u a ?at*$ %elt]1 :i* %\ld be situat$ 9 an op5 spot at "s di/ance f build+s4 ,x mu/ be well v5tilat$1 & protect ! in/rum5ts f be+ expos$ to sun%9e or ra91 or to radiation f ! gr\nd4 ,a simple hut1 made ( mat]ials available on ! spot1 w\ld answ] ?is purpose4 ,su* a hut is %[n 9 ! draw+ 7,fig4 #b74 ,a gabl$ ro( ) broad eaves1 ! ridge ( :i* runs f nor? to s\?1 is fix$ ^u f\r po/s1 /&+ f\r feet ap>t4 ,two additional po/s may be introduc$ to support ! ends ( ! ridge beam4 ,! ro( at ea* end projects ab\t eighte5 in*es2 9 x are two v5tilat+ holes4 ,! tops ( ! po/s are connect$ by b>s or rails1 & on a cross b> is susp5d$ ! cage ) ! in/rum5ts4 ,^! w !n be at a height ( six feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! gable-ends may be p]man5tly cov]$ 9 ) mats or l\vre-"w1 n int]f]+ ) ! free circulation ( ! air1 or ! hut may be circul>4 ,! ro( may be cov]$ ) palm-fronds1 grass1 or any o!r mat]ial locally us$ by ! natives = build+4 ,! floor %\ld n be b>e b cov]$ ) grass or l[ %rubs4 ,! great object ( ^! precautions is to obta9 ! true temp]ature ( ! air1 & avoid ! excessive heat+ due to ! direct rays or reflect$ heat ( ! sun fall+ on ! !rmomet]s1 & ! excessive cool+ due to ! radiation ( heat f ! !rmomet]s to a cle> sky at night4 ,su* a %elt] is absolutely necess>y :5 maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s are us$2 b c be disp5s$ ) = ! simple obs]vation ( ! temp]ature ( ! air at a giv5 "t4 ,?is may be effect$ by secur+ a rapid fl[ ( air ov] ! !rmomet]1 ei!r by caus+ ! air to fl[ pa/ ! in/rum5t or by caus+ ! in/rum5t to move rapidly ?r\gh ! air4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t ! true temp]ature ( ! air is obta9able 9 ?is way :e!r ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 sun%9e or 9 %ade2 b x is pref]able to d s 9 ! %ade4 ,sl+ ,!rmomet]4--,! sl+ !rmomet] is ! mo/ simple & conv5i5t ( all in/rum5ts = asc]ta9+ ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,x is an unm\nt$ !rmomet] ) a cyl9drical bulb1 & ! degree-m>ks engrav$ on ! glass /em4 ,! upp] end t]m9ates 9 a r+ to :i* a silk cord ab\t two feet long is atta*$4 ,z a precaution x is z well to secure ! cord by a c\ple ( clove hit*es r\nd ! top ( ! !rmomet] /em z well z to ! r+1 z ! !rmomet] w\ld !n be held securely ev5 if ! r+ broke4 ,! !rmomet] is us$ by :irl+ x 9 a v]tical circle ab\t a doz5 times1 ! obs]v] tak+ c>e1 by hav+ a loop ( ! /r+ r\nd ! wri/ or f+]1 t x is n all[$ to fly (f4 ,!n ! !rmomet] is read1 swung once m1 & read aga94 ,?is process is repeat$ until two consecutive read+s are id5tical2 :5 ?is is ! case ! in/rum5t %[s ! true temp]ature ( ! air4 ,x is suffici5t to note ! f9al temp]ature 9 ! obs]v+ book4 ,! risk ( break+ a sl+ !rmomet] is ! only drawback to its use4 ,only a silk cord %\ld be us$1 & x %\ld be exam9$ frequ5tly to see t x has n got *af$4 ,9 sw++ ! !rmomet]1 an op5 place mu/ be select$ :]e x is n likely to come 9 contact ) a bran* or any o!r object4 ,hygromet]s4--,z ! humidity or degree ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e is a v important climatic factor x is necess>y to measure x z c>efully & z frequ5tly z ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,!re are _m in/rum5ts1 call$ psy*romet]s or hygromet]s1 = do+ ?is2 b few ( !m are simple en\gh = ! use ( a travell]4 ,! proportion ( wat]-vap\r 9 air is a little difficult to und]/& at fir/1 because x is n a con/ant quantity z 9 ! case ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( air1 b v>ies accord+ to ! am\nt ( wat]-surface expos$ to ! air & accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,! maximum am\nt ( wat]-vap\r :i* c be pres5t 9 air v>ies ) ! temp]ature1 be+ great] z ! temp]ature is high] & less z ! temp]ature is l[]4 ,?us1 if air at #ej ,f4 conta9s ! maximum am\nt ( wat]-vap\r :i* x c conta9 at t temp]ature1 x is said to be saturat$1 = x w take up no m & evaporation /ops2 & if ! temp]ature 7 to fall ev] s little !re w\ld be m wat]-vap\r pres5t 9 ! air ?an x c\ld hold & "s w\ld sep>ate out & cond5se into dew or ra91 h5ce ! temp]ature ( saturation is call$ ! dew-po9t4 ,b if air saturat$ at #ej is w>m$ up say to #fj x c !n conta9 m wat]-vap\r ?an x has1 & ! temp]ature w\ld require to fall #aj be=e dew or ra9 c\ld =m4 ,:5 ! air is n saturat$ wat] expos$ to x evaporates rapidly until ! maximum quantity ( wat]-vap\r is aga9 pres5t1 a l>g] quantity correspond+ to ! high] temp]ature4 ,at any giv5 temp]ature ! ess5tial ?+ to "k ab\t ! humidity ( ! air is ! additional am\nt ( wat]-vap\r x c\ld take up be=e becom+ saturat$1 or 9 o!r words ! humidity relative to ! maximum humidity possible at ! exi/+ temp]ature4 ,! relative humidity is express$ 9 p]c5tages ( ! maximum humidity possible 7saturation7 at ! actual temp]ature ( obs]vation4 ,x may be measur$ by two me?ods1 7#a7 f9d+ ! dew-po9t or temp]ature at :i* ! am\nt ( vap\r pres5t saturates ! air2 7#b7 by f9d+ ! rate at :i* ! air all[s evaporation to proce$2 ! f>!r ! air is f saturation ! m rapid is ! rate4 ,! dew-po9t may be f\nd directly by means ( an in/rum5t by :i* ! air is cool$ d[n until x beg9s to deposit moi/ure on a poli%$ surface1 b su* an in/rum5t is inconv5i5t to h&le :5 travell+4 ,x may also be f\nd indirectly by calculation f ! relative humidity4 ,! relative humidity is mo/ easily calculat$ f ! rate ( evaporation4 ,x is "o ( ! laws ( evaporation t heat is requir$ to *ange liquid into vap\r1 & :5 evaporation is go+ on heat is be+ ab/ract$ f surr\nd+ bodies1 & !y are gr[+ cold]4 ,by all[+ evaporation to take place f ! bulb ( a !rmomet] ! rate ( evaporation may be measur$ by ! fall ( temp]ature produc$1 & tables h be5 con/ruct$ to conv]t ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! wet & dry bulb read+s into relative humidities4 ,! wet-bulb !rmomet] consi/s ( an ord9>y !rmomet]1 ! bulb ( :i* is cov]$ ) clean musl9 & kept moi/ by means ( a piece ( cotton lamp-wick dipp+ into a small vessel ( pure wat]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! wat] q pure & free f salt1 o!rwise ! true r$uction ( temp]ature w n be obs]v$4 ,h5ce special precautions are necess>y :5 obs]v+ at sea or 9 an arid c\ntry :]e ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) incru/ations ( salt4 ,9 any =m ( wet bulb !rmomet] :5 ! air is mu* bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 x w usually be f\nd mo/ satisfactory to remove ! musl9 cov]+ & all[ ! bulb to become cov]$ ) a coat+ ( ice1 by dipp+ x into wat] & all[+ ! wat] to freeze ^u x4 ,evaporation takes place f solid ice suffici5tly rapidly to give ! true wet-bulb read+s at lea/ ) a sl+ !rmomet]4 ,:5 ! air is saturat$1 i4e41 relative humidity #ajj p] c5t41 !re is no diff]5ce 9 ! read+ ( ! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]s1 & ! great] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! read+s at a giv5 air temp]ature ! small] is ! relative humidity ( ! air4 ,! wet-bulb !rmomet] has to be expos$ to ! air ) ! same precautions z are tak5 9 ! case ( ! dry bulb4 ,! two may be hung side by side--b at lea/ six in*es ap>t--9 ! scre5 or cage describ$ on p4 #ae2 or ! wet bulb may be employ$ z a sl+ !rmomet]4 ,"o way to d ?is is to tie a musl9 cap on ! bulb ( ! sl+ !rmomet] ) a piece ( wet lamp-wick coil$ r\nd ! upp] "p ( ! bulb1 & !n :irl x until ! read+ becomes con/ant1 tak+ c>e to moi/5 ! bulb aga9 if x %\ld become dry4 ,ano!r way is simply to twi/ a piece ( filt]-pap] or blott+-pap] r\nd ! bulb1 & dip x 9 wat] be=e sw++4 ,aspiration ,psy*romet]4--,p]haps ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( wet & dry bulb !rmomet] = use by a travell] is t kn[n z ,assmann's ,aspiration ,psy*romet]4 ,x requires no protect+ scre51 is n subject to ! risk att5d+ ! use ( ! sl+ !rmomet]1 & gives an extremely close approximation to ! true temp]ature & humidity4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! in/rum5t is v simple4 ,! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]s are enclos$ sep>ately ea* 9 an op5 tube 7see ,fig4 #d7 ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( air is drawn by means ( a fan1 actuat$ by clockwork 9 ! upp] "p ( ! case4 ,9 mak+ an obs]vation1 all t is requir$ is to see t ! wat] vessel = ! wet bulb is fill$ & ! bulb prop]ly moi/1 & t ! dry bulb is free f any cond5s$ moi/ure4 ,! in/rum5t is !n hung to a bran* or o!r support plac$ 9 ! op5 air 7or ev5 held 9 ! h&71 pref]ably 9 ! %ade1 al?\gh ?is is n ess5tial1 & ! clockwork w\nd up4 ,air w !n be drawn ov] ! bulbs = five m9utes or m1 & if ! temp]ature ( ea* !rmomet] has n become /eady by ! "t ! clockwork has run d[n1 x mu/ be w\nd up aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,section ( ,assmann's ,aspiration ,psy*romet]4 ,! !rmomet]s 9 ,assmann's ,psy*romet] are graduat$ accord+ to ! ,c5tigrade scale1 & ea* degree is subdivid$ into fif?s on a slip ( porcela9 enclos$ 9 ! out] tube ( ! !rmomet] 7see p4 #ac74 ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4--,! m9imum temp]ature ( ! night c usually be asc]ta9$ by a travell] expos+ a m9imum !rmomet] :5 ! camp is set up & read+ x 9 ! morn+ be=e />t+ on 8 way4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( m9imum !rmomet]1 b ! only "o likely to be us$ is t kn[n z ,ru!r=d's4 ,x is v delicate & liable to g out ( ord]4 ,! in/rum5t %\ld be ( full size1 z us$ 9 meteorological /ations at home2 x mu/ be pack$ s z to be z free z possible f %ock or vibration1 & ought to be c>ri$ 9 a horizontal position4 ,! bulb is fill$ ) alcohol or "s simil> cle> fluid1 & )9 ! column ( _s 9 ! /em !re is includ$ a little piece ( d>k glass %ap$ l a d\ble-head$ p94 ,?is is ! index :i* cont9ues po9t+ to ! l[e/ temp]ature until ! in/rum5t is di/urb$ or re-set4 ,! !rmomet] has to be hung 9 a horizontal position4 ,:5 ! temp]ature rises1 ! column ( _s moves along ! tube1 fl[+ pa/ ! index )\t di/urb+ x4 ,:5 ! temp]ature falls1 ! _s returns t[>ds ! bulb1 fl[+ pa/ ! index until ! end ( ! column t\*es ! end ( ! index4 ,! ph5om5on kn[n z surface-t5sion gives to ! free surface ( any liquid ! prop]ties ( a t\gh film1 & ! small] ! area ( a free surface is1 ! great] is ?is effect ( surface-t5sion4 ,h5ce x is t ! inn] surface ( ! column ( alcohol is n p5etrat$ by ! glass index1 b draws ! index ) x backw>ds t[>ds ! bulb4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature beg9s to rise1 ! alcohol once m fl[s pa/ ! index t[>ds ! f>!r end ( ! tube4 ,! end ( ! index f>!/ f ! bulb rema9s opposite ! m>k on ! /em indicat+ ! l[e/ temp]ature :i* _h occurr$ s9ce x 0 la/ set1 & ?is read+ mu/ be tak5 )\t t\*+ ! !rmomet]4 ,to set ! index x is only necess>y to tilt ! bulb end ( ! tube upw>ds1 :5 ! index w slide d[n by its own weight until x comes 9 contact ) ! inn] surface ( ! end ( ! column ( alcohol4 ,c>e ( a ,m9imum ,!rmomet]4--,! *ief dang]s to :i* a m9imum !rmomet] are liable are ?ree--7#a7 ! index be+ %ak5 into ! bulb1 7#b7 ! index be+ %ak5 p>tly or :olly out ( ! column ( _s1 & /ick+ 9 ! tube1 & 7#c7 ! column ( _s becom+ sep>at$ or a portion ( ! _s evaporat+ into ! upp] end ( ! tube4 ,! !rmomet] %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to make x impossible = ! index to get into ! bulb1 or ) an index s long z n :olly to leave ! tube1 & ?is %\ld be se5 to be=e pur*as+4 ,:5 any ( ! o!r d]angem5ts occurs ! natural in/9ct ( an obs]v] is to imm]se ! !rmomet] 9 w>m wat] until ! _s entirely fills ! tube1 & !n all[ x to cool4 ,! only drawback to ?is simple me?od is ! almo/ inevitable bur/+ ( ! bulb & de/ruction ( ! !rmomet]4 ,?is me?od %\ld nev] be attempt$2 b if ! w>n+ 7 n giv51 ! idea w\ld be sure to occur to ! obs]v] "s "t or o!r1 & he w\ld proce$ to de/roy 8 !rmomet] ) all ! f]v\r ( a discov]]4 ,! only satisfactory way to rectify a d]ang$ m9imum !rmomet] is z foll[s3 ,if ! column is sep>at$1 b ! index rema9s 9 ! _s1 grasp ! in/rum5t firmly by ! upp] end & sw+ x d[nw>ds ) a j]k 7z 9 ! case ( ! m]curial !rmomet] m5tion$ on p4 #bc74 ,if ! index has be5 %ak5 out ( ! _s & rema9s /ick+ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 or if a little _s has volatilis$ into ! top ( ! tube & _c be %ak5 d[n by ! fir/ me?od1 a quantity ( _s %\ld be pass$ into ! upp] end ( ! tube by grasp+ ! !rmomet] by ! bulb end ( ! frame & sw++ 9 ! same way4 ,:5 ! index is imm]s$ or ! drop ( volatilis$ _s jo9$ on to ! column1 ! fir/ process ( sw++ by grasp+ ! upp] end ( ! tube w br+ ! in/rum5t into work+ ord]4 ,aft] any op]ation ( ?is k9d ! !rmomet] %\ld be kept 9 a v]tical position bulb d[nw>ds1 to all[ ! _s adh]+ to ! sides ( ! tube to dra9 back completely4 ,!n ! !rmomet] %\ld be br\ght into ! horizontal position & set by all[+ ! index to slide d[n to ! end ( ! column ( _s4 ,! end ( ! column ( _s f>!r f ! bulb %\ld always %[ ! same temp]ature z ! dry-bulb !rmomet]4 ,if x %\ld be obs]v$ to read a degree or two l[]1 x w be f\nd t "s ( ! _s has volatiliz$ & cond5s$ at ! end ( ! tube4 ,! m9imum !rmomet] %\ld be expos$ to ! air f\r or six feet f ! gr\nd "u a scre5 or ro(1 l t describ$ on p4 #ae1 s t x is n expos$ to ! op5 sky1 & ! gr\nd "u ! %elt] %\ld be cov]$ ) grass or leaves1 n on any acc\nt left b>e4 ,! loss ( heat by radiation ( ! gr\nd to ! op5 sky w produce a night temp]ature mu* l[] ?an t ( ! air a few feet above ! gr\nd1 & a radiation !rmomet] is (t5 employ$1 laid on ! grass & expos$ to ! sky to measure ?is effect4 ,travell]s1 h[ev]1 c r>ely be expect$ to make obs]vations ( su* a k9d1 z ! in/rum5t is "o ( extreme delicacy4 ,maximum ,!rmomet]s4--,maximum regi/]+ !rmomet]s are fill$ ) m]cury1 & are less liable to get out ( ord] ?an _s-!rmomet]s4 ,! simple/ & be/ =m = use by travell]s is ,negretti & ,zambra's4 ,its pr9ciple is v simple4 ,:5 ! temp]ature rises & ! m]cury 9 ! bulb exp&s1 x =ces its way along ! /em 9 ! usual mann]2 b !re is a little con/riction 9 ! tube j outside ! bulb :i* breaks ! column z ! temp]ature beg9s to fall1 & s prev5ts ! m]cury 9 ! bulb f draw+ back ! ?read ( m]cury f ! tube4 ,! !rmomet] is hung horizontally1 & ! end ( ! m]cury f>!/ f ! bulb always %[s ! highe/ temp]ature s9ce x 0 la/ set4 ,be=e read+ ! !rmomet]1 x is well to take ! precaution ( see+ t ! inn] end ( ! ?read ( m]cury is 9 contact ) ! con/riction 9 ! tube1 & if1 by ! %ak+ ( ! in/rum5t or o!rwise1 ! m]cury has slipp$ away f ?is position1 x %\ld be br\ght back to x by tilt+ ! !rmomet] bulb d[nw>ds v g5tly1 !n return+ x to ! horizontal position & read+4 ,to set ?is !rmomet]1 x is only necess>y to hold x v]tically bulb d[nw>ds & %ake x slightly1 if necess>y /rik+ ! l[] end ( ! frame c>ry+ ! in/rum5t1 g5tly aga9/ ! palm ( ! h&4 ,?is causes ! m]cury to pass ! con/riction & re-ent] ! bulb4 ,:5 set1 ! end ( ! column f>!r f ! bulb %\ld indicate ! same temp]ature z ! ord9>y dry-bulb !rmomet]4 ,ano!r =m ( maximum !rmomet] is kn[n z ,phillips'4 ,x is an ord9>y m]curial !rmomet]1 b a %ort l5g? ( ! upp] "p ( ! column 9 ! tube is sep>at$ f ! re/ by a little bubble ( air4 ,x is us$ 9 ! horizontal position1 & z ! temp]ature rises ! :ole column moves =w>d1 :ile1 :5 ! temp]ature falls1 only t portion beh9d ! air-bubble retires t[>ds ! bulb4 ,! tip ( ! column ?us rema9s to m>k ! maximum temp]ature to :i* its f>!r end po9ts4 ,! in/rum5t is set by g5tly tilt+ ! bulb end d[nw>ds1 :5 ! deta*$ portion ( ! column at once runs back until /opp$ by ! air-bubble4 ,?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t in/rum5t to use at a fix$ /ation2 b 9 travell+ x is apt to get out ( ord] z %ak+ may h ! effect ( all[+ ! air-bubble to escape into ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 or into ! bulb1 & ! in/rum5t _c easily be br\ght into work+ ord] aga94 ,ra9-,gauge4--,:ile measurem5ts ( ra9fall c possess no climatological value unless !y are c>ri$ on cont9u\sly at a fix$ /ation1 "s v int]e/+ obs]vations may be made by ! travell] bo? dur+ ! night :5 9 camp1 & dur+ heavy %[]s :5 compell$ to /op on ! m>*4 ,! ra9-gauge is 9 itself ! mo/ simple ( all sci5tific in/rum5ts1 = x consi/s ess5tially ( a copp] funnel to collect ! ra9 z x falls1 & a bottle to conta9 :at has be5 collect$4 ,a graduat$ measur+ glass is ! only accessory requir$4 ,ra9 is measur$ by ! dep? to :i* ! wat] w\ld lie on level gr\nd if none soak$ 91 evaporat$ or fl[$ away4 ,on an em]g5cy1 a ra9-gauge c be improvis$ out ( a biscuit t91 or any vessel ) v]tical sides & an unob/ruct$ m\?4 ,su* a vessel /&+ level w\ld collect ! ra91 ! dep? ( :i* might be measur$ by an ord9>y in*-rule4 ,x is r>e1 h[ev]1 to f9d ra9 s heavy z to give any appreciable dep? :5 collect$ 9 a vessel freely op5 to evaporation1 & 9 ord] to e/imate ! am\nt ( ra9fall to small fractions ( an in*1 ! device is employ$ ( measur+ ! wat] collect$ 9 ! receiv] ( ! gauge 9 a glass j> ( mu* small] diamet] ?an ! m\? ( ! collect+ funnel4 ,?us1 if ! funnel exposes a surface ( fifty squ>e in*es1 & ! measur+ glass has a cross-section ( "o squ>e in*1 ! fall ( #a_/ej ( an in* ( ra9 on ! funnel w give a quantity ( wat] suffici5t to fill ! measur+ glass to ! dep? ( an in*4 ,9 ?is way ! actual ra9fall may be read to ! ?\s&? "p ( an in* )\t tr\ble4 ,! smalle/ diamet] = a s]viceable ra9-gauge is five in*es1 & ?is size is well adapt$ = ! travell]4 ,a ?ree-in* ra9-gauge might be employ$1 b ! results obta9$ ) x are n s satisfactory4 ,! ra9-gauge %\ld be plac$ 9 an op5 situation1 s t x is n %elt]$ by any surr\nd+ trees or build+s1 & x ought to be firmly fix$ by plac+ x betwe5 ?ree wood5 pegs driv5 securely into ! gr\nd4 ,! m\? ( ! gauge %\ld be level1 & :5 ! in/rum5t is fix$1 ! rim ( ! funnel ought to be "o foot above ! gr\nd4 ,a sp>e measur+ glass %\ld be c>ri$1 b z !re is always a consid]able risk ( break+ su* fragile objects1 x is well to c>ry also "o or two small brass measures ( ! capacity ( half an in*1 two-t5?s ( an in*1 & "o-t5? ( an in* ( measur$ ra9fall4 ,9 ?is way1 al?\gh no satisfactory record c\ld be kept ( light ra9fall1 a v fair e/imate may be made ( any torr5tial %[]s1 ! half-in* measure be+ us$ fir/1 & !n ! small] measures1 f9ally e/imat+ by eye ! fraction ( ! t5? ( an in* t rema9s ov]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be di/9ctly borne 9 m9d t an e/imate =m$ 9 ?is way is n an accurate measurem5t1 & ! fact ( us+ ! r\gh me?od mu/ be /at$ 9 ! note-book4 ,:5 sn[ falls along ) ra91 ! melt$ sn[ is measur$ z equival5t to ra9fall1 & if ! funnel ( ! ra9-gauge %\ld conta9 "s unmelt$ sn[ at ! "t ( obs]vation1 x %\ld be w>m$ until ! sn[ melts be=e a measurem5t is tak54 ,:5 sn[ falls 9 a /rong w9d ! drift t occurs makes x almo/ impossible to measure ! am\nt accurately1 b an ef=t %\ld be made to e/imate ! av]age dep? ( ! sn[ ov] a consid]able area4 ,if ! receiv+ bottle ( ! ra9-gauge %\ld be brok5 by fro/ or accid5t1 any o!r bottle may be us$1 or 9 default ( a bottle1 ! copp] case itself w act z a receiv]1 al?\gh ! risk ( loss by evaporation1 & by ! wett+ ( a l>ge surface 9 p\r+ out ! wat]1 is consid]ably increas$4 ,at a fix$ /ation ! ra9-gauge %\ld be read e morn+4 ,! travell] :o only exposes 8 ra9-gauge dur+ a halt %\ld be c>eful to /ate ! h\rs :5 x 0 expos$ & :5 x 0 read4 ,b>omet]s4--,! b>omet] is ! mo/ delicate1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ important1 in/rum5t :i* a meteorologi/ has to employ4 ,x requires p>ticul> c>e 9 transport1 & mu/ be v c>efully m\nt$ & read1 :ile sev]al accessory obs]vations h to be made at ea* read+ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! corrections requir$ = ! subsequ5t calculation ( ! results4 ,! function ( ! b>omet] is to measure ! pressure ( ! air at ! "t ( obs]vation1 & ?is purpose may be c>ri$ out by ! use ( two diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,! olde/ & be/ me?od is to measure ! height at :i* a column ( heavy fluid is ma9ta9$ 9 a tube entirely free f air4 ,! weight ( ?is column is equal to ! weight ( a column ( ! atmosph]e ( ! same sectional area4 ,m]cury be+ ! d5se/ fluid is ! only "o usually employ$1 because ! column balanc+ a column ( ! atmosph]e ( equal sectional area is ! %orte/ t c be obta9$1 &1 consequ5tly1 a m]curial b>omet] is ! mo/ portable t c be con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! m]curial b>omet] has come to be recognis$ z ! /&>d 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! av]age height ( ! column ( m]cury 9 a b>omet] is ab\t ?irty in*es1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! :ole in/rum5t _c well be made less ?an ?ree feet long1 s t :5 acc\nt is tak5 ( ! glass tube1 & ! am\nt ( m]cury x conta9s1 x is long1 fragile & heavy4 ,to avoid ! disadvantages inh]5t 9 su* an in/rum5t1 ! me?od ( measur+ ! pressure ( ! air by ! compression ( a spr+ hold+ ap>t ! sides ( an air-free flexible metallic box 0 devis$1 & ! an]oid b>omet] inv5t$4 ,! an]oid is graduat$ on ! dial 9 8in*es10 i4e41 divisions ea* ( :i* corresponds to a *ange ( atmosph]ic pressure1 equal to t measur$ by "o in* ( m]cury 9 a /&>d b>omet]4 ,al?\gh a c>efully con/ruct$ an]oid is a v useful in/rum5t inde$1 x is n to be tru/$ l a m]curial b>omet] kept 9 a prop] place4 ,b a good an]oid is likely to be mu* m s]viceable to ! ord9>y travell] on ! m>* ?an a /&>d m]curial b>omet]1 e pack+ & unpack+ ( :i* exposes x to ! risk ( breakage1 or to ! equally fatal risk ( air obta9+ access to ! vacu\s space at ! top ( ! tube4 ,! scale ( a b>omet] may be divid$ into millimetres1 or1 z n[ recomm5d$ by ! ,briti% ,meteorological ,(fice1 into millib>s or ?\s&?s ( a hypo!tical 8atmosph]e40 ,we %all describe ! ,=t9 b>omet]1 :i* is be/ adapt$ = use at a fix$ /ation1 & "o devis$ by ,pr(4 ,collie & ,capt4 ,deasy1 :i* is portable en\gh = ! use ( travell]s4 ,! ,=t9 ,b>omet]4--,! b>omet] mu/ be kept 9 a room ) z equable a temp]ature z possible2 ! in/rum5t mu/ be absolutely v]tical--h5ce x %\ld be hung freely & n t\*$ :ile x is be+ read2 x mu/ be 9 a good light1 & yet be %elt]$ f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,! measurem5t ( ! height ( any m]curial b>omet] is t ( ! diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube & ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,:5 ! m]cury rises 9 ! tube x falls 9 ! ci/]n1 & vice v]s1 al?\gh :5 ! ci/]n is mu* wid] ?an ! tube ! *anges ( level !re are mu* less ?an ^? 9 ! tube4 ,9 mo/ b>omet]s an arbitr>y correction is made to all[ = ?is *ange1 ! 8in*es0 engrav$ on ! scale n be+ true in*es4 ,9 ! ,=t9 b>omet]1 h[ev]1 ! l[] end ( ! measur+ rod is br\ght 9 contact ) ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n be=e e read+1 & !n ! scale ( in*es engrav$ on ! upp] "p ( ! measur+ rod gives ! true height ( ! column ( m]cury4 ,9 calculat+ ! b>ometric pressure = purposes ( comp>ison1 five corrections h to be appli$3 7#a7 = temp]ature1 :i* requires ! temp]ature ( ! b>omet] at ! "t ( read+ to be obs]v$1 7#b7 = altitude1 :i* necessitates kn[+ ! elevation ( ! place ( obs]vation above sea-level1 7#c7 = ! =ce ( gravity at sea-level1 :i* requires ! latitude to be kn[n1 7#d7 = ! capill>y attraction betwe5 ! m]cury & ! glass tube1 :i* is a con/ant = ea* b>omet]1 7#e7 = ! slight imp]fection 9 engrav+ ! scale 7index error71 :i* is also a con/ant = ea* in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,two ,read+s ( ! ,b>omet] ,v]ni]4 ,x is en\gh = ! obs]v] at a fix$ /ation1 & to su* alone c ! use ( a ,=t9 b>omet] be recomm5d$1 to read ! temp]ature on ! !rmomet] atta*$ to ! b>omet] & to read ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] tube4 ,^! two figures he is to ent] 9 8 note-book1 & unless he is himself discuss+ ! results1 he %\ld apply no correction :atev] to !m4 ,! rules = obs]v+1 !n1 are3-- #a4 ,read ! atta*$ !rmomet] & note ! read+4 #b4 ,br+ ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n into contact ) ! ivory po9t :i* =ms ! extremity ( ! measur+ rod by turn+ ! screw at ! bottom ( ! ci/]n4 ,! ivory po9t & its reflect$ image 9 ! m]cury %\ld appe> j to t\* ea* o!r & =m a d\ble cone4 #c4 ,adju/ ! v]ni] scale s t its two l[] edges %all =m a tang5t to ! convex surface ( ! m]cury4 ,! front & back edges ( ! v]ni]1 ! top ( ! m]cury1 & ! eye ( ! obs]v] are !n 9 ! same /raight l9e4 #d4 ,take ! read+1 & ent] ! obs]vation z read )\t ei!r correct+ x to freez+ po9t or r$uc+ x to ! sea-level4 ,! scale fix$ to ! b>omet] is divid$ into in*es1 t5?s1 & half-t5?s1 s t ea* division on ?is scale is equal to #j4jej in*4 ,! small movable scale or v]ni] atta*$ to ! in/rum5t enables ! obs]v] to take m accurate read+s2 x is mov$ by a rack & p9ion4 ,tw5ty-f\r spaces on ! fix$ scale correspond to tw5ty-five spaces on ! v]ni]2 h5ce ea* space on ! fix$ scale is l>g] ?an a space on ! v]ni] by ! tw5ty-fif? "p ( #j4jej in*1 :i* is #j4jjb4 ,e long l9e on ! v]ni] 7m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 & #e7 ?us corresponds to #j4jaj in*4 ,if ! l[] edge ( ! v]ni] co9cides ) a l9e on ! fix$ scale1 & ! upp] edge ) ! tw5ty-f\r? division ( ! latt] high] up1 ! read+ is at once suppli$ by ! fix$ scale z 9 ,a 7,fig4 #e71 :]e x is #bi4ejj in*es4 ,if ?is co9cid5ce does n take place1 !n read (f ! division on ! fix$ scale1 above :i* ! l[] edge ( ! v]ni] /&s4 ,9 ,b 7,fig4 #e7 ?is is #bi4gej in*es4 ,next look along ! v]ni] until "o ( its l9es is f\nd to co9cide ) a l9e on ! fix$ scale4 ,9 ,b ?is w be f\nd to be ! case ) ! second l9e above ! figure 8#b40 ,! read+ ( ! b>omet] is !re=e3-- ,on fix$ scale #bi4gej ,on v]ni] 7#ab 4#jjb7 4#jbd ------ ,correct read+ #bi4ggd ,%\ld two l9es on ! v]ni] be 9 equally ne> agreem5t ) two on ! fix$ scale1 !n ! int]m$iate value %\ld be adopt$4 #e4 ,l[] ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n by turn+ ! screw at ! bottom until ! surface is well bel[ ! ivory po9t2 ?is is done to prev5t ! collection ( impurities on ! surface ab\t ! po9t4 ,! transport ( b>omet]s requires v great c>e 9 ord] to prev5t ! introduction ( air into ! tube or ! fracture ( ! tube by ! impact ( ! m]cury aga9/ ! top4 ,to r$uce ! risk ( ^! accid5ts1 ! b>omet] mu/ be c>ri$ ) ! tube q full ( m]cury1 & 9 an inv]t$ position1 at lea/ ) ! ci/]n end kept high] ?an ! top ( ! tube4 ,! flexible ci/]n ( ! ,=t9 type ( b>omet] all[s ( x be+ screw$ up tight s z to fill ! tube & close ! l[] end ( x4 ,9 case ( breakage1 ! op]ation ( fitt+ a new tube is n v difficult1 b unless ! tube has be5 c>ri$ out ready fill$ ) m]cury1 ?is _c well be attempt$4 ,9 ord] to drive out ! film ( air adh]+ to ! glass on ! inside1 x is necess>y1 aft] fill+ ! tube1 to raise its temp]ature to ! boil+-po9t ( m]cury4 ,no "o %\ld attempt ei!r to fill or to *ange a b>omet] tube unless he has _h practice 9 do+ s "u exp]t sup]vision be=eh&4 ,! ,collie ,portable ,m]curial ,b>omet]4--,?is in/rum5t is n likely to be brok5 9 travell+4 ,x is quickly set up1 & f su* te/s z h be5 appli$1 x appe>s to give excell5t results4 ,! ci/]n & vacuum tube at ! top are ( equal diamet]1 & are connect$ by a flexible tube1 & ! diff]5ce 9 level ( ! m]cury may be measur$ directly by means ( a graduat$ rod1 or z 9 ,deasy's m\nt+ by means ( a v]ni]4 ,!re is no atta*$ !rmomet]1 b if ! in/rum5t be us$ 9 ! op5 air1 & is expos$ = t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r be=e us+1 x w be suffici5t to note ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! usual way4 ,! upp] end 7,fig4 #g7 is ab\t #b4e in*es long1 & conta9s an air-trap1 into :i* all ! air t may accid5tally ent] ! b>omet]1 ei!r by ! tap leak+1 ?r\gh ! rubb] tub+1 or ?r\gh ei!r ( ! jo9ts1 mu/ f9d its way4 ,! l[] or res]voir end 7,fig4 #h7 is ab\t #d4e in*es long1 & has an air-tight glass tap ab\t an in* bel[ ! broad "p4 ,^! ends are =c$ into ! rubb] tub+1 &1 z an additional precaution aga9/ leakage1 copp] wire is b\nd r\nd ! jo9ts4 ,! scale is cut on an alum9ium b>1 along :i* two c>riages1 to :i* ! b>omet] is atta*$1 move up & d[n1 & !y c be clamp$ to ! b> at any place 7,fig4 #f74 ,by means ( ! v]ni]s atta*$ to ! c>riages1 :i* are divid$ to #j4jjb ( an in*1 x is easy to e/imate ! height ( ! m]cury to #j4jja4 ,to use ! b>omet]1 ! c>riages are put on ! scale b>2 ! l[] "o is clamp$ at ! bottom ( ! b>1 & ! upp] "o "s in*es high] up2 ! b>omet] is atta*$ to ! c>riages by clamps :i* fit ov] ! jo9ts2 ! rubb] cap is remov$ f ! res]voir end1 ! tap op5$1 ! v]ni]s put 9 ! middle ( _! runs1 & ! upp] c>riage mov$ up ! b> until !re is a vacuum4 ,by means ( ! screws on ! "r ( ! c>riages ! v]ni]s are mov$ up or d[n until ! top ( ! m]cury at ea* end is 9 l9e ) ! edges ( ! r+s atta*$ to ! v]ni]s1 :i* fit r\nd ! glass ends4 ,bo? v]ni]s are !n read1 & ! diff]5ce gives ! height ( ! b>omet]4 ,! rubb] cap on ! res]voir end is m]ely to prev5t ! small quantity ( m]cury1 :i* %\ld be left above ! tap :5 x is clos$1 f be+ %ak5 out :5 travell+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,! ,,collie ,,b>omet]1 ,,) ,,! ,,deasy ,,m\nt+1 ,,9 ,,its ,,normal ,,work+ ,,position4 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,! ,,upp] ,,c>riage ,,& ,,v]ni] ,,on ,a ,,l>g] ,,scale1 ,,) ,,b>omet] ,,atta*$4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,! ,,l[] ,,c>riage ,,& ,,v]ni]1 ,,) ,,res]voir ,,end ,,( ,,b>omet] ,,atta*$4 7,same scale z ,fig4 #g47 ,to pack up ! b>omet]1 l[] ! upp] c>riage v sl[ly until ! m]cury has t\*$ ! top ( ! glass2 !n deta* ! b>omet] f ?is c>riage1 & ei!r let ! upp] end hang v]tically bel[ ! res]voir1 or deta* ! res]voir end f its c>riage & raise x till ! b>omet] hangs v]tically4 ,by ?is means ! b>omet] is completely fill$ ) m]cury1 & !n ! tap mu/ be clos$4 ,! tube is !n to be coil$ away 9 its padd$ box4 ,:5 too mu* air is f\nd 9 ! trap1 x mu/ be extract$ by means ( ! air-pump4 ,! ,an]oid ,b>omet]4--,! an]oid b>omet] is s conv5i5t on acc\nt ( its portability t1 al?\gh mu* less tru/wor?y ?an a m]curial b>omet]1 x is mu* m likely to be us$ by a travell]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 us+ x to see t ! po9t] has come to a position ( equilibrium1 & x %\ld be tapp$ g5tly be=e read+4 ,! eye mu/ be br\ght directly ov] ! end ( ! po9t]1 & ! read+ made to "o-hundr$? ( an in*1 ! b>omet] be+ held 9 a horizontal position4 ,e opportunity ( comp>+ ! an]oid ) a /&>d m]curial b>omet] %\ld be tak51 & a note made ( ! read+s ( bo?4 ,! m]curial b>omet] w require to be correct$ = temp]ature be=e its indications c be us$ = correct+ ! an]oid1 z all good an]oids are comp5sat$ = *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! read+s ( an an]oid give a v fair idea ( ! *anges ( atmosph]ic pressure1 & are v mu* bett] ?an none at all1 al?\gh !y _c 9 any case be accept$ z ( ! highe/ ord] ( accuracy4 ,! ,watk9 m\nta9 an]oid1 :i* is s con/ruct$ z to be ?r[n into ge> at ! mom5t :5 x is read1 appe>s to be free f ! wor/ errors ( ! ord9>y an]oid4 ,= climatological purposes1 x is impossible to make b>ometric obs]vations ( value :ile travell+ unless ! altitude ( ea* camp+-place is accurately kn[n4 ,?is is practically nev] ! case except :5 travell+ along ! sea-%ore or ! m>g9 ( a great lake ! elevation ( :i* has be5 det]m9$4 ,b1 meteorology ap>t1 b>ometric read+s 9 any little kn[n c\ntry are ( value1 because by comp>+ !m ) simultane\s read+s tak5 at a neighb\r+ fix$ /ation1 new data z to ! altitude ( ! c\ntry may be obta9$4 ,:ile 9 camp1 x w\ld be an extremely useful ?+ to make b>omet] read+s1 ev5 ) an an]oid1 e two h\rs1 9 ord] to get "s in=mation z to ! normal daily range ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! ,boil+-po9t ,!rmomet]4--,! temp]ature at :i* wat] boils dep5ds on ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 s t an accurate obs]vation ( ! boil+-po9t ( wat] enables ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! mom5t ( obs]vation to be det]m9$ ) ! utmo/ accuracy4 ,?is me?od ( det]m9+ atmosph]ic pressure hav+ be5 us$ hi!rto almo/ solely = ! purpose ( measur+ altitudes1 ! boil+-po9t !rmomet] is usually kn[n z ! ,hypsomet]1 b its records are q z valuable = use at fix$ /ations z 9 m\nta9 climb+4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,y4 ,bu*anan recomm5ds ! use ( a boil+-po9t !rmomet] ) a v op5 scale graduat$ to fiftie?s ( a degree ,c5tigrade & entirely enclos$ 9 a wide glass tube ?r\gh :i* /eam f wat] boil+ 9 a copp] vessel is pass+4 ,on a !rmomet] ( ?is k9d *ange ( pressure c be measur$ by ! *ange ( boil+-po9t m accurately ?an ) ! aid ( a m]curial b>omet]4 ,see ,table1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bic4 #b4 ,,obs]vations ,,= ,,=eca/+ ,,! ,,wea!r4--,! famili> "n ( 8wea!r-glass0 is appropriately appli$ to ! b>omet]1 = 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w x is ! sure/ indicator ( any approa*+ /orm4 ,! sci5tific pr$iction ( ! wea!r by means ( ! b>omet] involves ! comp>ison ( ! simultane\s read+s ( b>omet]s ov] z wide an area z possible1 & c only be c>ri$ out :]e !re is a complete telegraph sy/em & a public dep>tm5t *>g$ ) ! "w4 ,! /orms ( w9d & ra9 :i* break ! m usual /eady wea!r are usually associat$ ) ! =mation ( c5tres ( l[ atmosph]ic pressure t[>ds :i* w9d bl[s 9 f e side4 ,^! atmosph]ic depressions move1 z a rule1 9 fairly regul> tracks1 ! rate ( movem5t ( ! c5tre ( ! depression hav+ no relation to ! rate at :i* ! w9d bl[s or to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,! t]m cyclone is usually appli$ to su* a mov+ depression1 because ( ! rotat+ w9ds r\nd ! c5tre2 b ! size ( a cyclone may v>y f a va/ atmosph]ic eddy ext5d+ across ! :ole bread? ( ! ,atlantic to "o only a few miles 9 diamet]4 ,! /r5g? ( ! w9d 9 a cyclone dep5ds on ! b>ometric gradi5t2 9 o!r words1 ! great] ! diff]5ce 9 atmosph]ic pressure betwe5 two neighb\r+ po9ts ! /rong] is ! w9d t bl[s betwe5 !m4 ,or1 :5 a cyclone is pass+ ov] an obs]v]1 ! m rapidly ! b>omet] falls or rises ! /rong] may ! w9d be expect$ to bl[4 ,9 direct contra/ to ! cyclone or depression is ! sy/em ( high pressure ris+ to a c5tre f :i* ! w9d bl[s out on e side4 ,?is is call$ an anticyclone1 & is a condition :i*1 once e/abli%$1 may la/ = _m days1 or ev5 weeks1 )\t *ange4 ,x is ! typical condition = dry calm wea!r 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,cyclone ,,pa?s ,,& ,,circulation ,,( ,,w9ds ,,9 ,,cyclones ,,9 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,hemisph]es4 ,! direction ( movem5t ( ! c5tres ( cyclones 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e is usually we/w>d & nor?w>d ne> ! equator1 ! pa? ( ! c5tre b5d+ to ! "r z x proce$s1 & becom+ ultimately ea/w>d & s\?w>d4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! direction ( ! c5tre ne> ! equator is we/w>d & s\?w>d1 turn+ t[>ds ! left z x proce$s4 ,! rotation ( ! w9d ab\t ! c5tre ( a cyclone 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e is inw>ds t[>ds ! c5tre 9 ! direction opposite to ! h&s ( a wat*1 & 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e x is 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! h&s ( a wat* move 7,fig4 #i74 ,9 ! c5tre ( a cyclone !re is a calm1 a well-kn[n dang] to sail+ %ips caught 9 su* a /orm at sea1 because !re is no w9d to move ! vessel1 b a trem5d\s sea driv5 9 f ! gale :i* rages all r\nd f e po9t ( ! compass4 ,! law ( /orms has be5 v fully /udi$1 & rules h be5 drawn up to enable sailors to asc]ta9 ! direction 9 :i* ! c5tre ( an approa*+ cyclone lies & ! direction 9 :i* x is mov+4 ,9 a "w int5d$ ma9ly = travell]s on l& x is n necess>y to give ^! rules2 all t is requir$ is to tell h[ ! approa* ( dang]\s /orms may be asc]ta9$ "s "t 9 advance4 ,! fact t ! b>omet] is high or l[ is 9 itself ( no value = pr$iction4 ,! important ?+ to "k is ! di/ribution ( atmosph]ic pressure at a giv5 mom5t ov] a consid]able area4 ,to ! isolat$ obs]v] ?is is impossible1 & he c only judge ( ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e by obs]v+ ! rate at :i* ! b>omet] is fall+ or ris+4 ,?us1 if = sev]al days ! b>omet] has be5 /eadily & sl[ly ris+1 he w probably be "r 9 believ+ t an anticyclonic condition is e/abli%+ itself1 & t ! wea!r may be expect$ to cont9ue f9e = _m days to come1 ev5 aft] a gradual fall ( ! b>omet] beg9s4 ,a sudd5 fall ( ! b>omet]1 on ! o!r h&1 is always a sign ( w9d1 & usually ( wet wea!r z well4 ,?is is a p>ticul>ly valuable sign ( approa*+ /orm 9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w :]e1 z 9 ! tropics1 ! normal wea!r is v uni=m & /eady4 ,9 su* places a v sudd5 fall1 say "o-t5? ( an in* 9 an h\r1 is a sure precursor ( a viol5t /orm4 ,z ! b>omet] cont9ues to fall1 ! w9d w probably cont9ue to increase 9 =ce1 & :5 ! b>omet] rea*es its l[e/ po9t x w ei!r fall calm 7if ! c5tre ( ! cyclone is pass+ ov] ! obs]v]7 or sudd5ly *ange 9 direction4 ,! rapid rise ( ! b>omet] aft] a great depression is also always accompani$ by /rong w9d1 ?\gh n s frequ5tly by ra94 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ^! rem>ks ref] only to obs]vations at a fix$ /ation4 ,if a fall ( b>omet] is obs]v$ 9 travell+1 x may be due ei!r to a *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e or to a *ange 9 ! travell]'s height above sea-level4 ,?is is ! reason :y x is absolutely ess5tial1 9 mak+ b>ometric e/imates ( height 7or boil+-po9t det]m9ations71 to h simultane\s obs]vations go+ on at a base-/ation1 or pref]ably at a s]ies ( int]m$iate /ations4 ,! ord9>y progno/ics ( ! approa* ( ra9 or bad wea!r diff] 9 diff]5t localities1 & require a consid]able am\nt ( local k be=e !y c be utilis$4 ,! peculi> absorption b& 9 ! sol> spectrum due to ! wat] vap\r ( ! ,e>?'s atmosph]e1 & call$ ! ra9-b&1 is a valuable guide to an exp]i5c$ obs]v] ) a spectroscope 9 pr$ict+ ra94 ,! only in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 likely to be useful to ! ord9>y travell] is ! wet & dry bulb !rmomet]4 ,:5 ! two !rmomet]s h ! same read+1 indicat+ saturation ( wat] vap\r1 or :5 !y approa* at temp]atures above #fj ,f4 )9 two degrees or s1 ra9 may be expect$1 or possibly mi/4 ,! appe>ance ( l[ cl\ds cl++ to ! hillsides is an indication t ! temp]ature at ! place :]e !y are is bel[ ! dew-po9t4 ,! appe>ance ( ! upp] cl\ds1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! read+s ( ! b>omet]1 is a valuable indication ( =?com+ wea!r *anges4 ,! increase ( cirrus cl\ds 9 a cle> sky ) a fall+ b>omet]1 or ! appe>ance ( a sol> or lun> halo1 may be tak5 z a sure sign ( an approa*+ cyclone1 ! int5sity ( :i* may be =ese5 by ! rate at :i* ! b>omet] is fall+4 ,:ile ! wea!r ( places on ! we/ coa/s ( temp]ate cont95ts expos$ to ! prevail+ sea-w9d is usually made up ( a succession ( cyclones ( diff]5t degrees ( int5sity1 & ( ! anticyclonic int]vals betwe5 !m1 ov] ! great] "p ( ! ,e>?'s surface ! climate is mu* m uni=m1 & ! seasonal *anges are ! pr9cipal cause ( *anges ( wea!r4 ,to und]/& ^! g5]al conditions x is necess>y to consid] ! elem5ts ( climatology4 #c4 ,,outl9es ,,( ,,climatology4--,! air is 9 con/ant movem5t on acc\nt ( ! unequal way 9 :i* ! heat ( ! sun falls on diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,e>?'s surface1 & at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,all ! conditions ( ! atmosph]e %[ a c]ta9 diurnal p]iodicity :i* is mo/ m>k$ 9 ! regions ( /eady climate betwe5 & ne> ! tropics4 ,?us1 z a rule1 ! m9imum temp]ature ( ! air occurs j be=e sunrise1 ! maximum temp]ature f two to ?ree h\rs aft] noon4 ,! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! maximum & m9imum temp]ature ( ! day 7daily range7 is lea/ ne> ! sea or 9 wet regions 7a m>itime climate7 & greate/ 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts1 especially :]e ! ra9fall is slight 7a cont95tal climate74 ,ov] ! sea itself ! daily range ( air temp]ature av]ages only #c ,fahr5heit degrees2 b 9 ! he>t ( a cont95t1 especially 9 a des]t1 x may exce$ #fj ,fahr5heit degrees4 ,diurnal *anges ( pressure are proportionally mu* small] 9 am\nt ?an *anges ( temp]ature1 & are to be obs]v$ z a regul> ph5om5on only 9 ! tropics1 or else:]e dur+ v settl$ wea!r4 ,!re are usually two maxima daily1 ab\t #aj ,a4,m4 & #aj ,p4,m41 & two m9ima occurr+ ab\t #d ,a4,m4 & #d ,p4,m4 ,x is only 9 r>e cases t ! total b>ometric range exce$s #j4aj in*1 v frequ5tly x is n great] ?an #j4jd in*4 ,/ill x is conv5i5t to rememb] 9 ! tropics t a fall ( ! b>omet] n great] ?an #j4aj in* betwe5 #aj ,a4,m4 & #d ,p4,m4 is to be expect$1 & does n indicate ei!r ! approa* ( a /orm 7if ! obs]v] is at re/7 or ! asc5t ( #ajj feet 7if he is on ! m>*74 ,associat$ ) ! diurnal *anges ( temp]ature 9 settl$ wea!r are *anges ( w9d due to local configuration ( ! gr\nd4 ,! w9d1 = example1 usually bl[s up a m\nta9 side1 or up a /eep valley1 dur+ ! day1 & d[n a m\nta91 or d[n a /eep valley1 dur+ ! night4 ,s1 too1 ! regul> l& & sea breezes f\nd on ! bord]s ( ! sea or ( great lakes bl[ f wat] to l& 9 ! day "t & f l& to wat] at night4 ,"h ! det]m9+ cause is ! fact t l& is w>m$ & cool$ by radiation1 & 9 turn heats or *ills ! air mu* m ?an wat] does4 ,9 ! settl$ climates ( high tropical plateaus a regul> diurnal *ange ( w9d direction has be5 obs]v$1 ! w9d bl[+ successively f all po9ts ( ! compass4 ,a simil> diurnal p]iodicity occurs 9 ! am\nt ( cl\d1 9 ! moi/ure ( ! air1 ! fall ( ra91 ! occurr5ce ( ?und]/orms1 etc4 ,x is also to be notic$ 9 ! fl[ ( riv]s 9 m\nta9\s regions :]e ! /reams take _! rise f glaci]s or sn[1 ! rapid melt+ ( :i* by ! heat ( ! sun causes ! volume ( wat] to increase greatly 9 ! aft]noon1 :ile ! cessation or r$uction ( ! rate ( melt+ at night dim9i%es ! volume ( ! riv] 9 ! morn+ & =5oon4 ,p]iodic *anges ( great] am\nt b simil> 9 k9d are produc$ by ! alt]nation ( ! seasons1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean values ( ! mon?s 9 :i* ! ph5om5a are at a maximum & m9imum respectively be+ t]m$ ! annual range4 ,) reg>d to temp]ature1 v mod]ate *anges occur 9 ! tropical zones :]e ! altitude ( ! noon-day sun is always great1 & ! l5g? ( day & night v>ies little ) ! season 7= ! mo/ "p less ?an #e ,fahr5heit degrees72 b 9 ! temp]ate & frigid zones !re are /rongly m>k$ annual *anges4 ,z 9 ! case ( daily range1 proximity to ! sea is a controll+ factor 9 ! annual range ( temp]ature4 ,to take a v *>act]i/ic in/ance1 ! annual range betwe5 ! mean temp]ature ( ,july & ,janu>y is ab\t #bc ,fahr5heit degrees 9 ! ,l(ot5 isl&s on ! m>g9 ( ! ,atlantic1 :ile x is #abj ,fahr5heit degrees at ,v]khoyansk 9 ! same latitude1 b 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,! extreme mon?s = air temp]ature are ,janu>y & ,july 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w1 ! maximum occurr+ nor? ( ! equatorial belt 9 ,july & s\? ( x 9 ,janu>y4 ,! annual *anges 9 b>ometric pressure & w9d are equally m>k$4 ,! belt ( l[ pressure :i* lies ne>ly "u ! v]tical sun moves nor?w>d ov] ! surface ( ! globe 9 ! nor!rn summ]1 com+ to its mo/ nor!rly position 9 ,july3 return+ s\?w>d aft] ! sun1 x rea*es its mo/ s\!rly position 9 ,janu>y4 ,?is belt ( l[ pressure is also a belt ( calms1 kn[n by sailors z ! ,doldrums1 & x is a belt ( frequ5t ra9s1 s t z x approa*es & passes ov] a place !re is a ra9y season1 foll[$ by a dry season :5 x retires4 ,ne> ! mean position ( ! belt ( l[ pressure1 :]e x passes ov] a place twice 9 ! ye>1 !re are two ra9y seasons4 ,! l[ pressure belt is bord]$ to nor? & s\? by belts ( high atmosph]ic pressure1 f :i* ! trade-w9ds bl[ t[>ds ! equator1 & ! we/]ly anti-trades bl[ t[>ds ! poles4 ,^! are also subject to ! annual *ange2 b ! diff]5t action ( l& & sea on ! di/ribution ( pressure ex]cises a great] influ5ce ?an does ! diff]5ce ( latitude4 ,z ! great] heat+ & cool+ ( ! l& ea* day causes ! ph5om5a ( daily l& & sea breezes1 s ! great] heat+ & cool+ ( ! l& betwe5 summ] & w9t] causes seasonal l& & sea w9ds1 bl[+ f l& to sea 9 w9t]1 f sea to l& 9 summ]4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! pressure is great]--9 ! same latitude--:]e ! air is cool]1 s t outside ! frigid zones cold areas are usually areas ( high pressure1 f :i* w9d bl[s out 9 e direction1 :ile w>m areas are areas ( l[ pressure t[>ds :i* w9d bl[s 9 on e side4 ,! di/ribution ( ra9fall on ! l& is dep5d5t on ! direction ( ! ra9-br++ w9d & ! configuration ( ! surface4 ,?us :5 ! ra9-br++ w9d meets a m\nta9 range1 x deposits a great ra9fall on ! expos$ slopes1 b passes ov] z a dry w9d :i* yields little ra9 to ! region beyond4 ,9 places :]e ! w9d *anges ) ! season1 z 9 s\!rn ,asia1 ! di/ribution ( ra9fall is entirely diff]5t dur+ ! cont9uance ( ! diff]5t monsoons4 ,all ^! que/ions ( normal climate c be m easily illu/rat$ on maps ?an expla9$ by words4 ,b ! read] mu/ be caution$ aga9/ tak+ ! cond5s$ & g5]alis$ repres5tations ( small-scale maps z %[+ all t is kn[n on ! subject4 ,ev5 ! magnific5t plates 9 ! #8,atlas ( ,meteorology1' :i* =ms "p ( ,b>?olomew's ,physical ,atlas1 _c %[ ev]y?+ t is kn[n2 & 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w s little has yet be5 asc]ta9$ z to ! climatic conditions t g5]ations ( obs]v]s w be requir$ to make x possible = meteorologi/s to draw a uni=m tru/wor?y map ( ! :ole _w %[+ ! di/ribution ( any "o elem5t ( climate4 ,iso!rmal maps4--,! pr9ciple ( an iso!rmal map is t ( repres5t+ ! di/ribution ( temp]ature by draw+ l9es ?r\gh all ! places :]e ! temp]ature is ! same at a giv5 "t4 ,x is usual to take ?is "t z an av]age mon? 9 an av]age ye>4 ,?us 9 a map ( iso!rms = ,janu>y 7see p4 #ej71 :at is %[n is n ! temp]ature ( any p>ticul> day 9 any p>ticul> ,janu>y1 b t ( an av]age day 9 a long s]ies ( ,janu>ies4 ,h5ce x is n likely t ! exact di/ribution ( temp]ature %[n 9 ! map w ev] be f\nd on any ,janu>y day2 b x is to be expect$ t mo/ days 9 e ,janu>y w h a di/ribution ( temp]ature :i* is v simil> to t %[n4 ,! same is ( c\rse true ( maps %[+ pressure1 or ra9fall1 or any o!r av]age condition4 ,aga91 ! iso!rm is necess>ily con/ruct$ f av]age temp]atures :i* h be5 correct$ s z to be applicable to ! same level4 ,on ! equator1 = in/ance1 ! summit ( a l(ty m\nta9 is se5 by ! sn[ on x to h a temp]ature n exce$+ #cb ,f41 :ile at sea-level ! temp]ature may be #ij4 ,b obs]vations h be5 made %[+ ! rate at :i* ! temp]ature ( ! air dim9i%es z ! height increases1 & al?\gh ! rate v>ies 9 diff]5t places & at diff]5t seasons1 x may be tak5 r\ghly z "o ,fahr5heit degree 9 #cjj feet4 ,n[ if ! m\nta9 top ) a temp]ature ( say #cj ,f4 is kn[n to be #ah1jjj feet above ! sea1 ! addition ( #a = e #cjj feet1 or #fj altoge!r1 w\ld give ! temp]ature ( #ij z t correspond+ to sea-level4 ,by apply+ su* corrections1 ! iso!rmal maps h be5 con/ruct$ to %[ ! di/ribution ( temp]ature at ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! temp]ature he has obs]v$ ) t on ! map ! obs]v] mu/ calculate ! av]age ( 8 daily obs]vations = ! mon? 9 "q1 & !n make ! correction = ! altitude ( 8 /ation4 ,simil>ly1 9 asc]ta9+ f an iso!rmal map ! mean temp]ature ( a p>ticul> place1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to subtract f ! numb] ( degrees ( ! iso!rm pass+ ?r\gh ! place "o degree = e #cjj feet ( elevation4 ,( c\rse x w usually happ5 t no iso!rm z %[n on ! map runs ?r\gh ! po9t ! mean temp]ature ( :i* x is desir$ to obta94 ,9 t case ! temp]ature at ! po9t w be f\nd by consid]+ its relative position betwe5 ! two ne>e/ iso!rms4 ,?us1 if x lie half-way betwe5 ! l9es ( #fj & #gj--measur$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! iso!rms--! temp]ature ( #fe may be assum$2 if x lies "o-t5? ( ! di/ance f #fj & n9e-t5?s f #gj1 x is safe to assume #fa2 if ?ree-t5?s f #gj & sev5-t5?s f #fj1 !n assume #fg4 ,if ! po9t lie 9 a loop ( a s+le iso!rm1 e4g41 ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 ! ea/]n po9t ( ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! map = ,janu>y1 ly+ )9 ! #hj iso!rm1 "o c only guess t ! temp]ature is above #hj & x may be assum$ to be bel[ #he4 ,! me?od ( repres5tation is unsatisfactory 9 su* a case4 ,^! facts be+ borne 9 m9d1 ! /udy ( iso!rm maps w be f\nd to give an excell5t g5]al idea ( ! di/ribution ( climate at sea-level1 & if ! cont\r l9es ( #fjj & #fjjj feet are trac$ on ! maps ! areas )9 :i* corrections ( ov] -#b & -#bj h to be appli$ to ! iso!rmal values to get ! temp]ature at ! place w be easily recognis$4 ,isob>ic ,maps4--,isob>s are drawn f ! data ( ! height ( ! b>omet] correct$ to sea-level values & to ! temp]ature ( #cb ,f41 exactly 9 ! same way z iso!rms are drawn f ! data ( !rmomet] read+s or cont\r l9es f data ( altitude measurem5ts4 ,! practical value ( ! /udy ( isob>s is v great1 because ( ! importance ( assum+ a probable value ( sea-level pressure 9 r$uc+ ! b>ometric or boil+-po9t !rmomet] read+s = det]m9+ elevation1 & also because ( ! intimate relation betwe5 ! =m & proximity ( isob>s & ! direction & =ce ( ! w9ds4 ,b>ometric gradi5t is measur$ by ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! isob>s p] unit ( l5g?4 ,= in/ance1 gradi5t is frequ5tly express$ 9 ! numb] ( hundr$?s ( an in* diff]5ce betwe5 b>omet]s fifte5 nautical miles ap>t4 ,! great] ! gradi5t ( pressure is1 ! m closely toge!r mu/ ! isob>s be drawn 9 ord] to repres5t x4 ,= example1 9 ! isob>ic map = ,janu>y 7p4 #ej7 a v /eep gradi5t is %[n on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,asia1 nor? ( ,japan1 & a rem>kably g5tle gradi5t 9 ! int]ior ( ,asia f ! ,black ,sea ea/w>d4 ,! /eep] ! gradi5t ! /rong] is ! w9d4 ,! arr[s 9 ! isob>ic maps 7:i* are repres5t$ fly+ ) ! w9d7 %[ ! av]age directions ( ! w9d ov] ! _w = ! mon?s 9 "q4 ,! relation !y be> to ! isob>s becomes cle> on inspection1 al?\gh1 on acc\nt ( ! great] numb] ( obs]vations available = "s p>ts ( ! _w ?an = o!rs1 all ! arr[s are n drawn ) ! same am\nt ( c]ta9ty1 & ! direction ( a few contradicts t ( mo/4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! foll[+ facts may be tak5 z absolutely e/abli%$3 7#a7 ,:]ev] !re is a region ( high pressure ! w9d bl[s out f x 9 all directions4 7#b7 ,:]ev] !re is a region ( l[ pressure ! w9d bl[s 9 t[>ds x f e side4 7#c7 ,! w9d nev] bl[s p]p5dicul>ly to ! isob>s or directly f high] to l[] pressure1 b always 9 a curv$ or spiral pa? incl9$ to ! isob>s4 7#d7 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! w9d bl[s out f a high pressure area 9 ! same direction z ! h&s ( a wat* move1 b 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 9 ! opposite direction4 ,also 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! w9d bl[s into a l[-pressure area 9 ! direction opposite to t ( ! h&s ( a wat* & 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 9 ! same direction z ! h&s ( a wat* move4 7#e7 ,recognis+ t ! w9d bl[s ne>ly p>allel to ! direction ( ! isob>s1 ! foll[+ /atem5t 7kn[n z ,buys ,ballot's ,law7 expresses its direction bo? = high-pressure & = l[-pressure areas3 ,if y /& ) ! l[] pressure on y\r left h&1 & ! high] pressure on y\r "r h&1 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! w9d w be bl[+ on y\r back1 b 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e 9 y\r face4 ,ra9fall ,maps4--,ra9fall is repres5t$ on maps by l9es ( equal precipitation t]m$ ,isohyets4 ,^! repres5t actual figures )\t r$uction = elevation or o!r local conditions1 & a ra9fall map c consequ5tly be /udi$ z a direct record ( obs]v$ facts4 ,! map 7p4 #ej7 ( mean annual ra9fall br+s out cle>ly ! equatorial zone ( heavy ra9s cross+ ! ,amazon valley1 ! ,congo valley1 ! s\!a/]n p59sulas ( ,asia & ! ,malay ar*ipelago4 ,nor? & s\? ( ?is belt are ! ne>ly ra9less regions ( ! tropical des]ts1 ext5d$ nor?w>d & s\?w>d ov] ! cont95ts1 & m]g+ ne>] ! poles into ! fairly-wat]$ temp]ate zones4 ,! ra9fall maps = sep>ate mon?s %[ ! intimate relation betwe5 ra9fall & ! direction ( ! w9d tak5 9 conjunction ) ! configuration ( ! l&4 ,ev5 on ! coa/1 :5 ! prevail+ w9d is (f %ore1 !re may be sc>cely any ra91 z on ! we/ coa/ ( tropical ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,9 ! v he>t ( a cont95t ! ra9fall may be v heavy :]e ! sea-w9d bl[s across a great pla9 be=e /rik+ ! m\nta9s1 z is illu/rat$ by ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,&es4 ,ra9fall is1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! mo/ incon/ant elem5ts ( meteorology1 & ! actual ra9fall ( any ye> may diff] v widely f ! av]age4 ,! practical value ( exact /ati/ics ( ra9fall is1 h[ev]1 great] ?an t ( any o!r climatological condition2 = ! wat] supply & ! f]tility ( ! l& dep5d 9 e case on ! ra9 t falls ei!r locally or on ! heights ( ! wat]-%$s4 ,9 ord] to pursue ! subject fur!r ! *apt]s on ! atmosph]e 9 ! writ]'s #8,realm ( ,nature' 7,london1 ,murray2 ,new ,york1 ,scribn]7 & ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,w4 ,bonac9a's #8,climatic ,control' 7,london1 ,a4 & ,c4 ,black7 may be useful4 ,! mo/ sy/ematic treatm5t ( climatology w be f\nd 9 ,hann's #8,h&bu* d] ,klimatologie1' #c vols4 7,/uttg>t71 :i* conta9s num]\s ref]5ces to special works2 ! ess5tial "p ( ?is treatise is translat$ by ,pr(essor ,r4 de ,c4 ,w>d1 "u ! title ( #8,h&book ( ,climatology1' ,"p ,i4 7,macmillan74 ,! mo/ important "w ( all is ! great #8,atlas ( ,meteorology' by ,dr4 ,a4 ,bu*an & ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,h]b]tson1 =m+ ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ,b>?olomew's #8,atlas ( ,physical ,geography' 7,london1 ,con/able71 :i* gives an unrivall$ s]ies ( climate & wea!r-maps ) explanatory lett]press4 ,! rec5t great advances 9 meteorology h r5d]$ ! old textbooks obsolete1 :ile ! new data1 especially ^? reg>d+ ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 h n yet be5 built into a coh]5t sy/em4 ,sir ,napi] ,%aw's #8,=eca/+ ,wea!r' 7,london1 ,con/able ,co47 is a pione] discussion1 & ! num]\s publications ( ! ,meteorological ,(fice1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 ,london1 ,s4,w4#g1 may be consult$ ) mu* advantage4 ,daily synoptical wea!r-maps are publi%$ by ! ,wea!r ,s]vice ( almo/ e civilis$ c\ntry4 ,^? = ! ,unit$ ,k+dom may be obta9$ f ! ,meteorological ,(fice ( ! ,air ,m9i/ry4 ,! only wea!r-maps ( l>ge areas produc$ regul>ly are ! ,pilot ,*>ts ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ! ,nor? ,pacific1 publi%$ mon?ly by ! ,hydrographic ,(fice at ,wa%+ton1 & ^? ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean publi%$ mon?ly by ! ,meteorological ,(fice 9 ,london4 ,^! %[ ! tracks ( cyclones1 & give a great deal ( in=mation z to ! meteorology & curr5ts ( ! oceans4 ,!y are int5d$ prim>ily = ! use ( sailors4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! "n ( ! (ficial wea!r s]vice ( all c\ntries outside ,europe & ! t[n 9 :i* ! head (fice is situat$4 ,application might be made to any ( ^! (fices = in=mation z to ! /ations :]e /&>d in/rum5ts are e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry 9 "q4 ,,extra-,,european ,,wea!r ,,s]vices4 ,c\ntry4 ,"n4 ,place4 ,am]ica3-- ,canada ,meteorological ,s]vice ( ! ,dom9ion ( ,canada ,toronto4 ,unit$ ,/ates & ,we/ ,indies ,wea!r ,bureau ,wa%+ton4 ,mexico ,obs]vatorio meteorologico magnetico c5tral ,mexico4 ,salvador ,obs]vatorio ,a/ronomico y ,san ,salvador4 ,meteorologico ,guatemala ,in/ituto fisico-geografico ,san ,jos4 ,cuba ,real ,colegio de ,bel5 de la compania de ,jesus ,havana4 ,brazil ,c5tral ,meteorological ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,navy ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,uruguay ,obs]vatorio meteorologico del colegio pio de ,villa ,colon ,montevideo4 ,arg5t9a ,(ic9a meteorologica ,arg5t9a ,bu5os ,aires4 ,*ile ,(ic9a meteorologica ,santiago4 ,p]u ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory ,arequipa4 ,africa3-- ,alg]ia ,s]vice mtorologique ,algi]s4 ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa ,zomba4 ,egypt ,obs]vatory ,helwan4 ,madagasc> ,obs]vatoire ,tanan>ive4 ,mauritius ,royal ,alfr$ ,obs]vatory ,pamplem\sses4 ,union ( ,s\? ,meteorological ,bran*1 ,irrigation ,africa ,dep>tm5t ,johannesburg4 ,asia3-- ,india ,meteorological ,dep>tm5t ,calcutta4 ,japan ,c5tral ,meteorological ,obs]vatory ,tokyo4 ,ceylon ,surveyor-,g5]al's ,(fice ,colombo4 ,hongkong ,obs]vatory ,hongkong4 ,*9a ,imp]ial ,m>itime ,cu/oms ,pek+4 0 ,obs]vatoire de ,zi-ka-wei ,%anghai4 ,philipp9e ,isl&s ,wea!r ,bureau ,manila4 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies ,magnetic & ,meteorological ,batavia4 ,obs]vatory ,au/ralasia & ,pacific3-- ,au/ralia ,commonweal? ,meteorological ,s]vice ,melb\rne4 ,new ,zeal& ,meteorological ,(fice ,well+ton4 ,hawaii ,wea!r ,bureau ,honolulu4 ,9 addition to ! above1 :i* are regul> gov]nm5t s]vices specially organis$ = publi%+ & utilis+ ! data f num]\s obs]v+ /ations1 !re are _m isolat$ /ations 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!re are no colonies :i* d n possess "s meteorological /ations1 & at _m mission /ations meteorological obs]vations are made4 ,x w\ld always be well = a travell] to try to asc]ta9 :]e 9 ! vic9ity ( 8 r\te meteorological /ations h be5 e/abli%$ & ov] :at p]iod ( "t _! records ext5d4 ,9 ! ,table 7pp4 #dd-di71 tak5 f ,m>riott's 8,h9ts to ,meteorological ,obs]v]s10 is giv5 ! relative humidity = e #b ( temp]ature f #bj to #hj1 & = e two-t5?s ( a degree ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! dry & wet-bulb read+s f #jb to #ahj4 ,to use ! ,table3 ,look 9 ! column on ! left or "r = ! ne>e/ degree to ! dry-bulb read+2 !n c>ry ! eye horizontally along until ! column is rea*$ correspond+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! read+s ( ! dry & wet-bulb !rmomet]s1 :5 ! relative humidity w be f\nd4 ,int]m$iate read+s c be int]polat$ 9 ! usual way4 ,example3 ,dry-bulb #ehe1 wet-bulb #ebg1 ! diff]5ce is #eh4 ,hav+ f\nd #eh 9 ! column on ! left or "r1 run ! eye along ?is l9e until ! column "u #eh is rea*$1 :5 ! relative humidity w be f\nd1 viz41 #fg4 ,,table ,,( ,,relative ,,humidity4 ,dry ,bulb ,read+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,read+s ,,( ,,! ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 #j4b #j4d #j4f #j4h #a4j #a4b #a4d #a4f #a4h #b4j #b4b #b4d #b4f #bj #ic #hf #hj #gd #fh #fc #ei #ee #ea #dg #dd #da #cg #bb #id #hh #hb #gf #gj #fe #fj #ef #ec #ej #dg #dd #da #bd #id #hh #hc #gh #gc #fi #fe #fa #eg #ec #ej #dg #dd #bf #ie #ij #he #hj #gf #gb #fh #fd #fa #eg #ed #ea #dh #bh #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gf #gb #fi #ff #fc #fj #eg #ed #cj #if #ic #ij #hg #hd #ha #gh #ge #gb #gj #fg #fd #fb #cb #ig #id #ia #hi #hg #hd #hb #hj #gh #gf #gc #ga #fi #cd #ig #ie #ic #ia #hi #hg #he #hc #ha #hj #gh #gf #gd #cf #ih #if #id #ic #ia #hi #hg #hf #hd #hb #hj #gi #gg #ch #ih #if #id #ic #ia #hi #hg #hf #he #hc #ha #hj #gh #dj #ih #ig #ie #id #ib #ij #hh #hg #hf #hd #hb #ha #gi #db #ih #ig #ie #id #ib #ij #hh #hg #hf #hd #hc #ha #hj #dd #ih #ig #ie #id #ib #ij #hh #hg #hf #hd #hc #hb #ha #df #ii #ig #ie #id #ib #ia #hi #hh #hg #he #hd #hb #ha #dh #ii #ig #ie #id #ib #ia #hi #hh #hg #he #hd #hb #ha #ej #ii #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hc #hb #eb #ii #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hc #hb #ed #ii #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hc #hb #ef #ii #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hg #hf #hd #hc #eh #ii #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ij #hi #hh #hg #hf #he #hd #fj #ii #ig #if #id #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hd #fb #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ia #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hd #fd #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ia #ij #hi #hh #hf #he #hd #ff #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ia #ij #hi #hh #hg #hf #he #fh #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #gj #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #gb #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hg #hf #he #gd #ii #ih #if #ie #id #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hh #hg #he #gf #ii #ih #ig #if #ie #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hh #hg #hf #gh #ii #ih #ig #if #ie #id #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hh #hg #hj #ii #ih #ig #if #ie #id #ic #ib #ia #ij #hi #hh #hg ,dry ,bulb ,read+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,read+s ,,( ,,! ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 #b4h #c4j #c4b #c4d #c4f #c4h #d4j #d4b #d4d #d4f #d4h #e4j #e4b #bj #cd #cb #bi #bg #be #bc #ba #ai #ah #ag #af #ae #ad #bb #ch #cf #cc #ca #bi #bg #be #bc #ba #ai #ah #ag #ae #bd #db #ci #cf #cd #cb #cj #bi #bg #be #bc #ba #ai #ah #bf #de #dc #da #ci #cg #ce #cc #ca #bi #bg #bf #be #bc #bh #eb #ej #dh #df #dd #db #dj #ch #cf #cd #cc #cb #cj #cj #fj #eh #ee #ec #ea #di #dg #de #dd #db #dj #ci #cg #cb #fg #fe #fc #fa #fj #eh #ef #ed #ec #ea #ej #dh #dg #cd #gb #ga #fi #fg #fe #fc #fb #fj #ei #eg #ef #ee #ec #cf #gf #gd #gb #ga #fi #fh #ff #fd #fc #fa #fj #ei #eh #ch #gg #gf #gd #gc #ga #gj #fi #fg #ff #fd #fc #fb #fa #dj #gh #gf #ge #gd #gb #ga #gj #fh #fg #fe #fd #fc #fb #db #gh #gg #gf #ge #gc #gb #gj #fi #fh #ff #fe #fd #fc #dd #gi #gh #gg #gf #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #fh #fg #fe #fd #df #gi #gh #gg #gf #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #fh #fg #ff #fe #dh #hj #gi #gh #gg #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #fi #fh #fg #ff #ej #hj #gi #gh #gg #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #fi #fh #ff #eb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #fi #fg #ed #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gc #gb #ga #gj #fi #fh #ef #hb #ha #hj #gi #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #fi #eh #hc #hb #ha #hj #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #fj #hc #hb #ha #hj #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #gj #fb #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #fd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #ga #ff #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #fh #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gb #gj #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gd #gc #gb #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gd #he #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gc #gf #he #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #gh #hf #he #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #ge #gd #hj #hf #he #hd #hc #hb #ha #hj #gi #gh #gg #gf #gf #ge ,dry ,bulb ,read+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,read+s ,,( ,,! ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 #e4d #e4f #e4h #f4j #f4b #f4d #f4f #f4h #g4j #g4b #g4d #g4f #g4h #bj #ac #ab #aa #aj #i #h #g #f #f #f #e #e #e #bb #ad #ac #ab #aa #aj #i #i #h #h #g #g #f #f #bd #ag #af #ae #ad #ac #ab #aa #aj #aj #i #i #h #h #bf #ba #bj #ai #ah #ag #af #ae #ad #ad #ac #ab #aa #aj #bh #bi #bg #bf #be #bd #bc #ba #bj #ai #ah #ag #af #ae #cj #cf #ce #cc #cb #ca #cj #bi #bh #bh #bg #bf #be #bd #cb #de #dd #db #da #ci #ch #cg #cf #ce #cd #cc #cb #ca #cd #eb #ea #ej #di #dg #df #de #dd #dc #da #dj #ci #ch #cf #eg #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #ch #fj #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #df #dj #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #db #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #dd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #df #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #dh #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #ej #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #eb #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ef #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #eh #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #eh #eg #fj #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fb #fa #fj #ei #ei #fb #gj #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #fd #gj #fi #fh #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #ei #ff #ga #gj #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fd #fc #fb #fa #fj #fh #ga #gj #fi #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #gj #gb #ga #gj #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #gb #gb #ga #gj #gj #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #fa #gd #gb #ga #gj #gj #fi #fh #fg #ff #ff #fe #fd #fc #fb #gf #gc #gb #ga #ga #gj #fi #fh #fg #ff #fe #fe #fd #fc #gh #gc #gb #ga #ga #gj #fi #fh #fg #fg #ff #fe #fd #fc #hj #gd #gc #gb #gb #ga #gj #fi #fh #fg #fg #ff #fe #fd ,dry ,bulb ,read+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,read+s ,,( ,,! ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 #h4j #h4b #h4d #h4f #h4h #i4j #i4b #i4d #i4f #i4h #aj4j #aj4b #aj4d #bj #e 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb #e #e #e #e #d #d 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bd #g #g #f #f #f #e #e #e #e #e #d 44 44 #bf #aj #i #i #h #h #g #g #f #f #f #e #e #e #bh #ae #ad #ad #ac #ac #ab #ab #aa #aj #aj #i #i #h #cj #bc #bb #ba #bj #ai #ah #ag #af #ae #ae #ad #ad #ac #cb #cj #bi #bi #bh #bg #bg #bf #be #bd #bc #bc #bb #ba #cd #cg #cf #cf #ce #cd #cc #cc #cb #ca #cj #cj #bi #bh #cf #db #da #dj #ci #ci #ch #cg #cf #ce #cd #cd #cc #cb #ch #de #dd #dc #db #db #da #dj #ci #ch #cg #cf #ce #cd #dj #dg #df #de #dd #dd #dc #db #da #dj #ci #ch #cg #cf #db #di #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #dj #dj #ci #ch #dd #ej #di #dh #dg #df #df #de #dd #dc #db #da #da #dj #df #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #dg #df #de #dd #dc #dc #db #da #dh #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dh #dg #df #de #dd #dd #dc #db #ej #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #di #dh #dg #df #de #de #dd #dc #eb #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #ej #di #dh #dg #df #df #de #dd #ed #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ea #ej #di #dh #dg #dg #df #de #ef #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #eb #ea #ej #di #dh #dh #dg #df #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #ec #eb #ea #ej #di #di #dh #dg #fj #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ed #ec #eb #ea #ej #ej #di #dh #fb #eh #eg #ef #ef #ee #ee #ed #ec #eb #ea #ea #ej #di #fd #ei #eh #eg #eg #ef #ee #ee #ed #ec #eb #eb #ea #ej #ff #fj #ei #eh #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ec #eb #eb #ea #ea #fh #fj #ei #eh #eh #eg #ef #ef #ee #ed #ec #ec #eb #eb #gj #fa #fj #ei #ei #eh #eg #eg #ef #ee #ed #ed #ec #eb #gb #fa #fj #fj #ei #eh #eh #eg #ef #ee #ed #ed #ec #ec #gd #fb #fa #fa #fj #ei #ei #eh #eg #ef #ee #ee #ed #ed #gf #fc #fb #fa #fa #fj #ei #ei #eh #eg #ef #ef #ee #ed #gh #fc #fb #fa #fa #fj #fj #ei #eh #eg #ef #ef #ee #ee #hj #fd #fc #fb #fb #fa #fj #fj #ei #eh #eg #eg #ef #ee ,dry ,bulb ,read+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,read+s ,,( ,,! ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 #aj4f #aj4h #aa4j #aa4b #aa4d #aa4f #aa4h #ab4j #ab4b #ab4d #ab4f #ab4h #ac4j #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bd 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bf #e #e #d 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bh #h #g #g #g #f #f #f #e #e #e #e #e #d #cj #ac #ab #ab #ab #aa #aa #aj #aj #aj #i #i #i #h #cb #bj #bj #ai #ai #ah #ag #ag #af #af #ae #ae #ae #ad #cd #bg #bg #bf #bf #be #bd #bd #bc #bc #bb #ba #ba #bj #cf #ca #ca #cj #cj #bi #bh #bh #bg #bg #bf #be #be #bd #ch #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #cj #cj #bi #bi #bh #bg #bg #bf #dj #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #bi #bi #bh #db #cg #cf #cf #ce #cd #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #cj #bi #dd #ci #ci #ch #cg #cf #ce #cd #cd #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #df #dj #ci #ci #ch #cg #cf #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #cc #cb #dh #da #dj #dj #ci #ch #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #ej #db #da #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #ch #cg #cf #ce #ce #cd #eb #dd #dc #dc #db #da #dj #dj #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #ed #de #dd #dd #dc #db #da #da #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #cg #ef #df #de #de #dd #dc #db #db #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #ch #eh #dg #df #df #de #de #dd #dd #dc #db #da #dj #dj #ci #fj #dg #df #df #de #de #dd #dd #dc #db #db #da #da #dj #fb #dh #dg #dg #df #df #de #de #dd #dc #dc #db #db #da #fd #di #dh #dh #dg #dg #df #df #de #dd #dd #dc #dc #db #ff #ej #di #di #dh #dh #dg #dg #df #de #de #dd #dd #dc #fh #ea #ej #ej #di #dh #dg #dg #df #de #de #dd #dd #dc #gj #ea #ej #ej #di #di #dh #dh #dg #df #df #de #de #dd #gb #eb #ea #ea #ej #ej #di #di #dh #dg #dg #df #df #de #gd #ec #eb #eb #ea #ej #di #di #dh #dg #dg #df #df #de #gf #ec #eb #eb #ea #ea #ej #ej #di #dh #dh #dg #dg #df #gh #ed #ec #ec #eb #eb #ea #ea #ej #di #di #dh #dh #dg #hj #ed #ec #ec #eb #eb #ea #ea #ej #di #di #dh #dh #dg ,dry ,bulb ,read+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,read+s ,,( ,,! ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 #ac4b #ac4d #ac4f #ac4h #ad4j #ad4b #ad4d #ad4f #ad4h #ae4j #ae4b #ae4d #ae4f #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bd 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bf 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bh 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj #h #g #g #g #f #f #f #f #e #e #e #e #e #cb #ad #ac #ac #ac #ab #ab #aa #aa #aa #aj #aj #aj #aj #cd #bj #ai #ah #ah #ag #ag #af #af #ae #ae #ae #ad #ad #cf #bd #bc #bc #bc #bb #bb #ba #ba #bj #bj #ai #ai #ah #ch #bf #be #be #bd #bd #bc #bc #bb #bb #ba #ba #bj #bj #dj #bh #bg #bg #bf #be #be #be #bd #bd #bc #bc #bb #bb #db #bi #bh #bh #bg #bf #bf #bf #be #be #bd #bd #bc #bc #dd #ca #cj #cj #bi #bh #bh #bg #bf #bf #be #be #bd #bd #df #cb #ca #ca #cj #bi #bi #bh #bg #bg #bf #bf #be #be #dh #cc #cb #cb #ca #cj #cj #bi #bi #bi #bh #bg #bg #bf #ej #cd #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #cj #bi #bh #bh #bg #eb #cf #ce #ce #cd #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #bi #bi #bh #ed #cg #cf #cf #ce #cd #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #cj #cj #bi #ef #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #eh #ci #ch #ch #cg #cf #ce #ce #cd #cd #cd #cc #cc #cb #fj #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #fb #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #cd #cd #fd #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #ff #db #da #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #cg #cf #cf #ce #fh #db #da #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #gj #dc #db #db #da #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #gb #dd #dc #dc #db #db #da #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #gd #de #dd #dd #dc #dc #db #db #da #da #dj #dj #ci #ci #gf #df #de #de #dd #dc #dc #dc #db #db #da #dj #dj #ci #gh #dg #df #df #de #dd #dc #dc #db #db #da #da #dj #dj #hj #dg #df #df #de #de #dd #dd #dc #dc #db #da #da #dj ,dry ,bulb ,read+4 ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,read+s ,,( ,,! ,,dry ,,& ,,wet ,,bulb ,,!rmomet]s4 #ae4h #af4j #af4b #af4d #af4f #af4h #ag4j #ag4b #ag4d #ag4f #ag4h #ah4j #bj 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bb 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bd 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bf 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #bh 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cj #d #d 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 #cb #i #i #i #h #h #h #g #g #g #g #f #f #cd #ad #ac #ac #ac #ab #ab #ab #aa #aa #aa #aj #aj #cf #ah #ag #ag #af #af #ae #ae #ad #ad #ad #ac #ac #ch #bj #ai #ai #ah #ah #ag #ag #af #af #af #ae #ae #dj #bb #ba #ba #bj #bj #ai #ai #ah #ah #ah #ag #ag #db #bc #bb #bb #ba #ba #bj #bj #ai #ai #ai #ah #ah #dd #bd #bc #bc #bb #bb #ba #ba #bj #bj #bj #ai #ai #df #be #bd #bd #bc #bc #bb #ba #ba #ba #ba #bj #bj #dh #bf #be #bd #bc #bc #bb #bb #bb #ba #ba #bj #bj #ej #bg #bf #bf #be #be #bd #bd #bc #bb #bb #ba #ba #eb #bh #bg #bg #bf #bf #be #be #bd #bd #bd #bc #bc #ed #bi #bh #bh #bg #bg #bf #bf #be #be #be #bd #bd #ef #ca #cj #bi #bi #bh #bh #bg #bg #bf #bf #be #be #eh #cb #ca #ca #cj #cj #bi #bi #bh #bh #bh #bg #bg #fj #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #cj #bi #bi #bh #bh #bg #fb #cc #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #cj #bi #bi #bh #fd #cd #cd #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #cj #bi #bi #bi #ff #ce #cd #cd #cc #cc #cb #cb #cb #ca #ca #cj #cj #fh #cf #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #ca #gj #cf #cf #ce #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #cc #cb #cb #ca #gb #cg #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #cd #cd #cd #cc #cc #cb #gd #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #ce #cd #cd #cc #gf #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #cg #cf #cf #cf #ce #ce #cd #gh #ci #ci #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #cd #hj #dj #ci #ci #ch #ch #cg #cg #cf #cf #ce #ce #ce ,,table ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pressure ,,( ,,saturat$ ,,aque\s ,,vap\r ,,9 ,,in*es ,,( ,,m]cury ,,at ,,latitude #de ,,= ,,ea* ,,degree ,,fahr5heit ,,f -#cj ,,to #aai4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,in*4 ,in*4 ,in*4 ,in*4 ,in*es4 -#cj #j4jjii #j #j4jddj #cj #j4affe #fj #j4eaib #ij #a4dabh -#bi #j4jaje #a #j4jdfa #ca #j4agch #fa #j4ecgi #ia #a4degh -#bh #j4jaaa #b #j4jdhb #cb #j4ahae #fb #j4eegb #ib #a4ejdj -#bg #j4jaag #c #j4jejd #cc #j4ahhh #fc #j4egga #ic #a4eead -#bf #j4jabc #d #j4jebg #cd #j4aifd #fd #j4eigf #id #a4fjja -#be #j4jacj #e #j4jeea #ce #j4bjdc #fe #j4fahg #ie #a4fejb -#bd #j4jacg #f #j4jegg #cf #j4babe #ff #j4fdje #if #a4gjag -#bc #j4jadd #g #j4jfjd #cg #j4bbaj #fg #j4ffcj #ig #a4gedf -#bb #j4jaeb #h #j4jfcb #ch #j4bbig #fh #j4fhfb #ih #a4hjhh -#ba #j4jafj #i #j4jffa #ci #j4bchh #fi #j4gaja #ii #a4hfdf -#bj #j4jafh #aj #j4jfia #dj #j4bdhb #gj #j4gcdg #ajj #a4ibb -#ai #j4jagg #aa #j4jgbc #da #j4begi #ga #j4gfja #aja #a4ihj -#ah #j4jahf #ab #j4jgef #db #j4bfgi #gb #j4ghfb #ajb #b4jda -#ag #j4jaif #ac #j4jgij #dc #j4bghc #gc #j4haca #ajc #b4ajc -#af #j4jbjf #ad #j4jhbe #dd #j4bhij #gd #j4hdji #ajd #b4aff -#ae #j4jbag #ae #j4jhfb #de #j4cjja #ge #j4hfie #aje #b4bca -#ad #j4jbbh #af #j4jija #df #j4caaf #gf #j4hihi #ajf #b4bih -#ac #j4jbci #ag #j4jidb #dg #j4cbce #gg #j4ibib #ajg #b4cff -#ab #j4jbea #ah #j4jihe #dh #j4cceh #gh #j4ifjd #ajh #b4dcg -#aa #j4jbfc #ai #j4ajcj #di #j4cdhe #gi #j4iibe #aji #b4eji -#aj #j4jbgf #bj #j4ajgf #ej #j4cfaf #hj #a4jbee #aaj #b4ehc - #i #j4jbhi #ba #j4aabd #ea #j4cgea #ha #a4jeie #aaa #b4fei - #h #j4jcjc #bb #j4aagd #eb #j4chia #hb #a4jide #aab #b4gcf - #g #j4jcah #bc #j4abbf #ec #j4djcf #hc #a4acje #aac #b4hag - #f #j4jccc #bd #j4abhb #ed #j4dahf #hd #a4afge #aad #b4hih - #e #j4jcdi #be #j4acci #ee #j4dcda #he #a4bjef #aae #b4ihb - #d #j4jcff #bf #j4acii #ef #j4deja #hf #a4bddg #aaf #c4jfg - #c #j4jchc #bg #j4adfa #eg #j4dfff #hg #a4bhej #aag #c4aef - #b #j4jdja #bh #j4aebf #eh #j4dhcf #hh #a4cbfd #aah #c4bdf - #a #j4jdbj #bi #j4aeid #ei #j4ejaa #hi #a4cfij #aai #c4cch ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illu/ration3 ,,iso!rmal ,,l9es ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mean ,,temp]ature 7,,fahr47 ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,= ,,janu>y4 ,publi%$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 8,h9ts to ,travell]s40 #aiba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iso!rmal ,,l9es ,,%[+ ,,! ,,mean ,,temp]ature 7,,fahr47 ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,= ,,july4 ,publi%$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 8,h9ts to ,travell]s40 #aiba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isob>ic ,,l9es ,,& ,,prevail+ ,,w9ds ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,= ,,janu>y4 ,publi%$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 8,h9ts to ,travell]s40 #aiba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,isob>ic ,,l9es ,,& ,,prevail+ ,,w9ds ,,( ,,! ,,globe ,,= ,,july4 ,publi%$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 8,h9ts to ,travell]s40 #aiba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mean ,,annual ,,ra9fall ,,( ,,! ,,globe4 ,publi%$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society 9 8,h9ts to ,travell]s40 #aiba4 ,,ii4 ,,photography4 ,by ,j4 ,,?omson1 =m]ly ,in/ructor 9 ,photography ,r4,g4,s4 ,revis$ by ,j4 ,,mc9to%1 ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,photographic ,society ( ,great ,brita94 ,! photographic cam]a %\ld =m an ess5tial "p ( ! travell]'s outfit1 z x af=ds ! only tru/wor?y means ( obta9+ pictorial records ( 8 j\rney1 & x is also helpful 9 mak+ ! survey ( a new region1 del9eat+ its cont\rs1 its geological & botanical features1 & e?nographical types ( race4 ,! cam]a & mat]ials necess>y = a j\rney may be readily obta9$1 s design$ z to m9imise space & weight1 & 9 e way s p]fectly adapt$ to ! travell]'s ne$s z to ensure successful results 9 e v>iety ( climate1 & r5d] ! op]ation ( tak+ a photograph extremely simple4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! travell] %\ld make himself ma/] ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! production ( a successful photograph1 z he w h to dep5d on 8 p]sonal ef=t 9 expos+ & develop+ ! plate1 etc4 ,he %\ld also acquire a k ( ! con/ruction ( ! cam]a1 to enable him to effect slight repairs :5 necess>y4 ,9 select+ an outfit he mu/ fir/ decide ^u ! size ( plate to be c>ri$1 & t ne$ n exce$ :at is t]m$ 8half-plate10 #f #d in*es2 :i* is l>ge en\gh = ! be/ "w4 ,! smalle/ effective size = sci5tific "w may be 8qu>t]-plate10 #d #c in*es2 9 use 9 _m h&-cam]as4 ,negatives on ?is scale1 if p]fect1 may be enl>g$ = book illu/ration1 or pr9t$ z lant]n slides4 ,! two sizes giv5 =m a v complete outfit :5 extra weight may be conv5i5tly c>ri$4 ,select+ a ,cam]a4--,! cam]as %\ld h bell[s bodies ( ,russian lea!r :i* folds into small space1 ! woodwork mu/ be well season$ to prev5t w>p+1 or crack+ "u a hot sun4 ,! framework %\ld be metal-b\nd at ! corn]s1 & ! cam]a fitt$ ) a ris+ front & sw+ back1 al?\gh ! sw+ back is n indisp5sable4 ,a rev]sible back 7n[ univ]sal7 is ( advantage1 z x enables ! op]ator to take v]tical or horizontal views )\t turn+ ! cam]a on its side4 ,if ! cam]a is fitt$ ) a sw+-front1 ! sw+-back becomes unnecess>y4 ,! sw+-front is 9 all ways pref]able to ! sw+-back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bell[s ,,cam]a4 ,! ,h&-cam]a4--,h&-cam]as are design$ to c>ry a doz5 or m plates or films 9 flat %eets or 9 spools1 s arrang$ inside ! cam]a z to be *ang$ aft] ea* exposure by simply turn+ a mill$ head1 or mov+ a lev]4 ,roll$ films are n recomm5d$ = travell]s' use 9 hot & humid climates4 ,sir ,m>t9 ,conway says3 8,a travell] :o c>ries glass plates & flat films w probably br+ home a l>g] p]c5tage ( good negatives f a long m\nta9 j\rney ?an "o :o relies ^u spools ( films40 ,!re c be no "q ab\t ! =ce & accuracy ( ?is /atem5t4 ,my own exp]i5ce goes to prove t a cam]a arrang$ = glass plates & flat films is be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tw9-,,l5s ,,cam]a 7,,op574 ,! tw9-l5s h&-cam]a made by ,ross1 ( ,new ,bond ,/reet1 ,london1 (f]s sev]al advantages 9 its design4 ,x is fitt$ ) a focal-pla9 %utt] :i* is 9 e way simple & effective4 ,! tw9 l5ses are ( equal focal l5g?1 enabl+ ! object to be photograph$ to be se5 on ! same scale z x w appe> 9 ! f9i%$ negative1 s t j :at is requir$ may be embrac$ 9 ! field4 ,x consi/s ( a /\t body ( ?or\ghly season$ h>dwood1 n easily damag$ by r\gh usage4 ,! pr9cipal fitt+s requir$ = adju/+ ! in/rum5t are inside1 protect$ by ! out] case4 ,! exception to ?is arrangem5t is ! mill$ head by means ( :i* ! two l5ses are focuss$ at ! same "t4 ,! l5ses are ( uni=m focal l5g?1 s t ! image transmitt$ by ! 8f9d]0 is a c\nt]p>t ( ! image :i* falls ^u ! s5sitive plate4 ,! advantage ( ?is is t ! object to be tak5 is se5 on ! f9d]-scre5 to scale exactly z x w appe> 9 ! f9i%$ photograph4 ,by ?is means ! op]ator has x 9 8 p[] to place ! object 9 ! requir$ position on ! scre5 at ! mom5t ( exposure4 ,?is is ( signal importance if ! object is mov+ ab\t4 ,x mu/ also be not$ t ?is =m ( cam]a may be us$ :5 ! op]ator is fac+ at "r angles to ! object to be photograph$4 ,i h frequ5tly f\nd t natives ( =eign c\ntries res5t ! lib]ty tak5 ( po9t+ a cam]a at !m1 & fly z if !y expect$ to be %ot4 ,! slides are ea* made to hold two plates1 or flat films4 ,!y are /rong1 s]viceable1 & easily manag$1 :ile ! body ( ! cam]a is s arrang$ z to c>ry a roll hold]4 ,! cam]a c also be adapt$ to /]eoscopic "w1 & fitt$ = ! use ( glass plates1 flat films1 or roll$ films4 ,a light tripod /& %\ld be tak5 = support+ ! cam]a :5 long] exposures are requir$ ?an c be giv5 9 ! h&4 ,a v satisfactory compromise has be5 adopt$ by ,sir ,w4 ,abney betwe5 us+ ! cam]a 9 ! h& & on a tripod4 ,he re/s ! cam]a on top ( a walk+-/ick :5 mak+ h& exposures1 ) ! result t he ov]comes all tremor caus$ by pulsation1 & s secures photographs full ( %>p detail4 ,! same object is obta9$ by ! reflex type ( cam]a 9 :i* ! image =m$ by ! l5s is ?r[n ^u a silv]-fac$ mirror & reflect$ upw>d to ! focuss+ scre54 ,focuss+ c be c>ri$ out1 & a mov+ object foll[$ till ! mom5t :5 ! exposure is made4 ,! reflex type ( cam]a is a trifle less bulky ?an ! tw9-l5s1 &1 ( c\rse1 only "o high class & exp5sive l5s is requir$4 ,a ,focuss+-clo?4--,?is is us$ = keep+ out ! light :ile focuss+1 be+ ?r[n ov] ! cam]a & ! head ( ! op]ator4 ,x is g5]ally made ( black velvet1 b wat]pro( %eet+ is mu* bett]4 ,x %\ld h r+s sewn on to "o edge1 or "s arrangem5t by :i* x may be atta*$ to ! cam]a s z n to be bl[n away4 ,cam]a-/&4--,!re are _m v>ieties ( tripod /&s1 ) legs ei!r fold+ or slid+ into a small compass4 ,= m\nta9\s c\ntry x is ( great advantage to h a /& ) telescopic legs1 z !y c be readily alt]$ 9 l5g? s z to /& firmly on slopes or rocky gr\nd4 ,! smalle/ size1 weigh+ ab\t #c lbs41 & measur+ #cc 94 long :5 clos$1 & /&+ ab\t #d ft4 #f 94 high1 is /eady en\gh to support a #f #d cam]a )\t p]ceptible vibration 9 a mod]ate w9d4 ,a ,small ,circul> ,cup ,level1 let into ! wood ( ! cam]a1 = levell+ ! cam]a on ! tripod1 is a useful addition4 ,l5ses4--,!re are _m l5ses 9 ! m>ket1 & z x is impossible to d good "w ) an inf]ior l5s1 x is necess>y to ex]cise great c>e 9 select+ ?is "p ( a photographic outfit4 ,l5ses kn[n z rectil9e> or symmetrical are useful to a sci5tific explor]1 & are well fitt$ = produc+ pictorial effect 9 8 "w4 ,ord9>y portrait l5ses are design$ specially = rapid "w1 & ?is is atta9$ at ! co/ ( qualities 9 a l5s mo/ useful to an explor]4 ,! s-call$ portrait comb9ation %\ld !re=e be avoid$4 ,rectil9e> & symmetrical l5ses give true images ( objects to be photograph$ free f di/ortion1 s t /raight l9es are reproduc$ z /raight l9es4 ,9 ?is way !y are invaluable :]e accurate measurem5ts h to be tak5 f photographs produc$ by !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,homoc5tric ,,l5s4 ,ross's homoc5tric l5s is "o ( ! mo/ useful l5ses4 ,x has a flat field1 is free f :at is call$ 8coma0 & a/igmatism1 & is s p]fectly correct$ z to fit x = int]ior & ext]ior "w alike4 ,x is also a rapid h&-cam]a l5s4 ,! homoc5tric are made 9 s]ies to suit all cam]as4 ,o!r l5ses may also be not$1 viz43 c4 ,dallmey]'s rapid rectil9e>1 includ+ ab\t #cg4 d4 ,zeiss's ana/igmat1 made by ,ross1 consi/s ( a d\ble front l5s & a triple back l5s4 ,x is int5d$ = portraits1 gr\ps1 copy+1 & g5]al outdoor "w4 ,! comb9ations be+ br\ght closely toge!r1 gives !m great illum9at+ p[]4 ,!y h an angul> ap]ture ( f #heh to #ijh1 & c !re=e be us$ z wide-angle l5ses :5 desir$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! peculi> sy/em ( correction = oblique p5cils adopt$ 9 ^! l5ses1 !y behave some:at diff]5tly f ! usual types ) reg>d to ! mode ( comp5sat+ ! effect ( ! result+ ab]rations betwe5 c5tre & m>g9 ( ! field4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only possible 9 ! case ( p]fectly plane objects4 ,9 all o!r cases--l&scape1 in/antane\s "w1 or int]iors--! c5tre %\ld be focuss$ r ?an objects at a di/ance or =egr\nd4 ,focus4--,x w be suffici5t to say t focal l5g? means ! di/ance betwe5 ! diaphragm ( a l5s1 & ! gr\nd-glass scre5 :5 ! image ( a di/ant object is se5 mo/ di/9ctly on ! scre54 ,exposure ,tables4--,exposure tables are bas$ on ! focal l5g? ( a l5s1 9 relation to ! diamet] ( ! diaphragm ( a l5s4 ,?us1 if ! focus is eight in*es & diamet] ( diaphragm "o in*1 ! relation%ip w be express$ by f_/#h or by ! uni=m /&>d numb] #d1 & s on1 z 9 table4 ,! diaphragms are s arrang$ = size ( op5+ t ea* succe$+ numb] requires d\ble ! exposure necess>y ) ! "o prec$+ x4 f_/#aa4c1 = example1 requires d\ble ! exposure want$ ) f_/#h4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nos4 #d #h #af #cb #fd #abh #bef f f f f f f f ,ratio ( ,/ops4 --- ---- --- ---- --- --- --- #h #aa4c #af #bb4f #cb #de4b #fd ,su* tables are useful guides to ! relative duration ( exposure ) diaphragms ( diff]5t sizes appli$ to ! same l5s4 ,!y af=d no clue1 h[ev]1 to "t ( exposure to be giv5 ) any p>ticul> l5s or diaphragm4 ,?is c be be/ asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 z duration ( exposure ( a plate or film 9 ! cam]a dep5ds on ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! plate1 ! "t ( day1 ! sun1 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 ! ne>ness or di/ance ( ! object to be photograph$1 etc4 ,to take an extreme case ( ! diff]5ce ( "t requir$ to impress ! plate ) ! image ( an ext]ior view & t ( an int]ior1 a l&scape op5 & well light$ may be tak5 9 ! fraction ( a second1 :ile a dimly-light$ int]ior ) ! same l5s w\ld require an h\r1 bo? be+ tak5 ) plates coat$ ) ! same emulsion4 ,! duration ( exposure may be approximately e/imat$ by us+ an exposure met] su* z may be obta9$ f any photographic deal]'s4 ,x is useful to keep an exposure record2 a h&y book = ?is purpose is publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,burr\ghs ,welcome4 ,9 ?is book rules are set d[n = exposure dur+ diff]5t mon?s ( ! ye> & = diff]5t latitudes4 ,^! are apt to prove mislead+ to ! amateur4 ,! simple/ me?od ( measur+ ! act9ic p[] ( light 9 any latitude1 & at any mom5t1 is by act9omet]1 giv+ plate-spe$s1 focus ( l5s1 etc4 ,watk9s 8,bee ,met]s0 are excell5t = ?is purpose4 ,s5sitive ,plates or ,films4--,gelat9e plates are n[ made comm]cially by a l>ge numb] ( firms & ( great excell5ce2 !y keep indef9itely be=e exposure1 & = a long "t aft]w>ds & be=e developm5t & "u "s circum/ances 7z = in/antane\s pictures1 portraits1 & dimly-light$ int]iors7 w give results :i* c\ld h>dly be obta9$ at all on collodion plates4 ,gelat9e plates are made ( v>i\s degrees ( s5sitiv5ess2 ! sl[e/ are be/ = ord9>y l&scape "w4 ,!y are g5]ally suppli$ 9 p>cels ( a doz5 ea*1 pack$ face to face ) /rips ( fold$ pap] betwe5 opposite edges4 ,! c>d boxes 9 :i* !y are usually pack$ are an insuffici5t protection aga9/ injury & damp4 ,9 all cases x is advisable1 & = sea voyages & damp climates ess5tial1 to h ea* package ( a doz5 plates sold]$ d[n 9 a t9 case1 & aft]w>ds pack$ 9 a light wood5 box ) t[ or cotton wool1 & ! box screw$ 7n nail$7 d[n4 ,9 pack+ !m up aga9 aft] exposure or aft] developm5t1 a good plan 7due to ,sir ,w4 ,abney7 is to provide oneself ) a numb] ( c>dbo>d frames exactly ! size ( ! plates1 made ( /rips ( c>d ab\t 94 wide1 "o ( :i* is ins]t$ betwe5 e two plates film to film4 ,! packages ?us made up %\ld be sold]$ d[n aga91 & treat$ ) at lea/ z mu* c>e z ! orig9al plates 9 pack+4 ,%\ld !re be no available means ( resold]+ ! boxes1 x w be bett] to h t9 boxes ) ! lid turn$ well d[n1 ! jo9+s to be clos$ by /rong well-gumm$ pap] or m$ical rubb] /rapp+4 ,x w also be well to be provid$ ) a supply ( wat]pro( pap]1 or clo?1 z an additional precaution 9 pack+ & 9 case ( em]g5cies4 ,s5sitive films 9 rolls or spools are made by ! ,kodak & o!r companies1 & may be us$ successfully 9 _! prop] roll-hold]s :5 !y c be kept p]fectly dry 9 temp]ate climates4 ,flat films made by ,kodak1 ,ltd41 & o!rs h _m advantages = travell]s4 ,! celluloid ( :i* !y are made is v mu* light] ?an glass1 & 9 exposure & developm5t may be treat$ 9 ! same way z a glass plate4 ,:5 plates c be c>ri$1 ! extra weight is comp5sat$ = by great] c]ta9ty ( success1 & g5]al excell5ce 9 ! photographs4 ,h[ to ,keep ,plates & ,films ,dry4--,:5 ! travell] has a long j\rney be=e him1 & ! prospect ( /or+ 8 plates & films = mon?s bo? be=e & aft] exposure1 x is ( ! greate/ importance t precautions %\ld be tak5 aga9/ ! inroads ( damp4 ,?is applies ) full =ce :5 ! c\ntry to be explor$ has a hot1 humid climate4 ,plates & films t h absorb$ moi/ure1 caus+ decomposition 9 ! s5sitive gelat9e coat+1 are frequ5tly br\ght back to ?is c\ntry to be develop$1 & are ! mo/ fruitful cause ( failure4 ,! rem$y is simple1 b c only be appli$ :5 pack+ & repack+ ! plates4 ,"s gu>antee %\ld be s\ght f mak]s ( plates & films t !y are pack$ p]fectly dry1 & t ! pack+ us$ is also dry4 ,assum+ t "w has to be done 9 a damp climate & t ! plates h be5 expos$ 9 ! cam]a & require to be repack$1 !y %\ld be dri$ 9 a box conta9+ a small quantity ( *loride ( calcium4 ,! box us$ = dry+ may be also design$ to c>ry ! cam]a & outfit4 ,x %\ld h a lid ) a rim ( rubb] padd+1 s t by putt+ ! lid on & a weight on x1 ! box w\ld be fairly air-tight4 ,/ack ! expos$ plates1 or films1 9 ! bottom ( box1 s sep>at$ z to p]mit ! passage ( air betwe54 ,place a cup or sauc] on ! bottom ( box conta9+ *loride ( calcium4 7,! *loride %\ld be fir/ dri$ on a piece ( iron ov] a fire47 ,put on ! lid & all[ ! plates to rema9 = an h\r or m4 ,dry all ! pack+ mat]ials1 remove ! plates f ! box & repack4 ,! *loride w h absorb$ ! moi/ure 9 ! plates1 & r5d]$ !m q dry & safe = pres]v+ = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t4 ,app>atus & *emicals = developm5t4--,! developm5t ( ! plates or films aft] exposure 9 ! cam]a requires practice & exp]i5ce 9 ord] to secure ! be/ results4 ,in/ructions = developm5t are s5t out ) all comm]cial plates or pap]s1 b _m failures w\ld c]ta9ly result f attempt+ to "w by ^! )\t "s prelim9>y practice at home4 ,z plates1 c41 w keep aft] exposure 7if well protect$ f damp7 = #ah mon?s1 or long] if prop]ly pack$1 x is n1 ( c\rse1 necess>y to develop !m en r\te1 al?\gh if ! travell] possess suffici5t skill1 & if ample wat]-supply & o!r facilities c be secur$1 x w be advantage\s = _m reasons to d s4 ,on a long j\rney1 :5 ! temp]ature is n too high1 use ( conv5i5t re/+-places may be made to develop f "t to "t a few plates select$ f ! :ole1 bo? z te/s = exposure & z pro( t all ! app>atus is 9 ord]4 ,! foll[+ li/ comprises all t is absolutely requir$ = develop+ #h or #aj doz5 gelat9e plates3--,?ree papi]-m* di%es1 two #c-ounce glass measures1 ?ree #f-ounce bottles1 conta9+ /rong solutions ( pyrogallic acid pres]v$ ) potassium meta-bisulphite1 potassium bromide1 & sodium c>bonate respectively1 #a lb4 hyposulphite ( soda1 & lb4 alum1 bo? 9 cry/als1 #d or #e feet ( india-rubb] tub+ & a spr+ clip1 to make a syphon = a wat] supply f a jug or c1 a bas9 or tub to s]ve z a s9k1 a fold+ rack = dra9+ ! plates4 ,!re are sev]al conv5i5t new develop+ ag5ts 9 ! m>ket3 ,hydro-,k9one1 ,eikonog51 ,glyc91 ,metol1 ,rod9al1 & ,amidol4 ,"s ( ^! 7 made & nam$ 9 ,g]many1 !y are no long] procurable "u _! ,g]man names4 ,engli% manufactur]s are h[ev] mak+ sub/itutes q z good "u new names1 & ^! c be obta9$ f ! deal]s4 ,_m ( !m c be obta9$ 9 compress$ =m4 ,! travell] is recomm5d$ = advanc$ /udy ( photography1 su* works z ,in/ructions 9 ,photography by ,sir ,wm4 ,abney1 ,! ,sci5ce & ,art ( ,photography by ,*apman ,jones1 & ,! ,manual ( ,photographic ,exposure & ,developm5t by ,alfr$ ,watk9s1 :i* may be _h f any photographic deal]'s4 ,! aim ( ! travell]-photograph] %\ld be ! production ( good negatives4 ,x (t5 requires ye>s ( /udy on ! "p ( pr(essional op]ators 7) advantages impossible to ! travell]7 be=e ?or\ghly good negatives are habitually produc$2 & x mu/ n be suppos$ t a p]son tak+ up photography = ! fir/ "t1 9 a few hurri$ mom5ts be=e dep>ture on a j\rney1 w atta9 o!r ?an v unsatisfactory results4 ,! op]ations necess>y = tak+ a picture are briefly z foll[s3--,hav+ select$ ! position f :i* ! view is to be tak5 7= valuable h9ts z to ! arti/ic production ( pictures see ,rob9son's #8,pictorial ,effect 9 ,photography'71 ! tripod /& is fir/ set up1 & ! head approximately levell$ by means ( ! pocket level1 alt]+ ! position or l5g? ( ! legs z may be necess>y4 ,! cam]a is next screw$ on to ! /&1 & ! l5s select$ :i* on trial is f\nd to include ! requir$ am\nt ( subject4 ,= gr\ps or portraits a long focus l5s ) wide ap]ture1 su* z ,dallmey]'s 8,rapid rectil9e>10 #aa 94 focus1 %\ld be us$4 ,! next op]ation is to focus ! picture accurately on ! gr\nd-glass scre5 ( ! cam]a4 ,! focuss+-clo? is ?r[n ov] ! head & ! cam]a1 s z to exclude ! light z mu* z possible1 & :ile look+ at ! inv]t$ image on ! gr\nd glass1 ! mill$ head ( ! rack adju/m5t is turn$ till ! image appe>s z %>p z possible4 ,! cam]a is n[ turn$ ab\t on its v]tical axis till x exactly includes ! view int5d$ to be tak51 & ! screw is tight5$4 ,x may be necess>y to raise or l[] ! front ( ! cam]a c>ry+ ! l5s 9 ord] to include objects at a high or l[ elevation2 if ! v]tical range ( ?is slid+ front is insuffici5t1 ! cam]a mu/ be tilt$2 b1 if ?is is done1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to set ! focuss+-scre5 v]tical aga9 by means ( ! sw+ back1 & to readju/ ! focus4 ,! full ap]ture ( ! l5s %\ld always be us$ = focuss+1 & if ! image is n %>p all ov] ! plate x w be necess>y to ins]t a diaphragm 9 ! l5s1 us+ ! l>ge/ t w effect ! requir$ object4 ,hav+ !n put ! cap on ! l5s1 ! h+$ frame c>ry+ ! focuss+-glass is turn$ ov]1 & "o ( ! slides c>ry+ ! s5sitive plates is ins]t$ 9 its place4 ,! slides %\ld be expos$ z little z possible to ! light1 especially avoid+ direct sunlight2 h[ev] c>efully con/ruct$1 x is difficult to make !m absolutely light-tight4 ,! %utt] ( ! slide is !n )drawn1 & ! exposure made by remov+ ! cap f ! l5s = "t exposure1 & by a spr+ %utt] = in/antane\s "w4 ,! "t ( exposure mu/ be e/imat$ accord+ to circum/ances1 & x requires consid]able exp]i5ce to judge ( x accurately4 ,a record %\ld be kept 9 a note-book ( e plate expos$1 giv+ ! numb]1 date1 "t1 exposure1 subject1 c4 ,if ! plates _c be develop$ ! same ev5+1 & ! slides are want$ = fre% plates1 !y mu/ be pack$ up aga91 & %\ld be numb]$4 ,?is is be/ done by m>k+ ! numb] on ! back ) a bit ( dry soap1 or 9 ! film ) a lead p5cil4 ,! image on ! plate aft] exposure is lat5t & invisible1 & has to be develop$4 ,?is is effect$ by p\r+ on ! plate1 laid 9 "o ( ! flat di%es1 a dilute solution conta9+ pyrogallic acid1 soda1 & potassium bromide4 ,! excell5ce ( ! result l>gely dep5ds on ! due proportion betwe5 ^! con/itu5ts1 & "h m exp]i5ce is p]haps necess>y ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! process4 ,! image hav+ be5 fully develop$1 ! plate is well wa%$1 & !n imm]s$ 9 a solution ( alum1 :i* h>d5s ! film4 ,aft] ano!r ?or\gh wa%+ x is 8fix$0 by imm]sion 9 a solution ( sodium hyposulphite1 :i* dissolves out ! un*ang$ bromide ( silv]1 &1 be+ once m well wa%$1 x is f9i%$1 & mu/ be set up 9 ! rack to dry spontane\sly4 ,on no acc\nt mu/ heat be appli$1 n ev5 ! w>m? ( sunlight1 or ! wet film w melt4 ,:5 dry x mu/ be v>ni%$ to protect ! film4 ,! pr9t+ op]ations are be/ def]r$ till ! return home1 z !y w\ld involve ! c>riage ( a l>ge am\nt ( extra app>atus4 ,x is g5]ally be/ to get ! pr9t+ done by a pr(essional pr9t]2 b if ! travell] pref]s to pr9t f 8 own negatives he w f9d full in/ructions 9 ea* packet ( pap] :i* he buys4 ,col\r s5sitive plates are n[ mu* us$ &1 :5 a yell[ glass filt] is plac$ imm$iately 9 front (1 or beh9d1 ! l5s1 w give 9 ! pr9t ! same v>iations 9 dep? ( t9t :i* ! eye sees 9 ! l&scape1 or o!r object4 ,! ne>e/ to p]fection among ^! plates are ^? kn[n z ,pan*romatic1 b !y mu/ be develop$ 9 total d>kness4 ,! subject is a l>ge "o & %\ld be /udi$ 9 ! pamphlets on #8or?o*romation' publi%$ by ,kodak 7,wratt5 ,division71 & ,il=d1 ,ltd4 ,z reg>ds ! exp5se ( a photographic outfit1 at ! pres5t "t ! manufactur+ trade is /ill v unsettl$1 "s goods _c be suppli$1 & all h be5 greatly increas$ 9 price4 ,qu>t] plates :i* us$ to be sold at a %ill+ p] doz5 are n[ ab\t #cs4 #f;d4 ,application %\ld be made to ! deal]s = curr5t prices4 ,! cam]a1 slides & l5ses may be arrang$ to pack into a solid lea!r case1 conv5i5tly 9 ! =m ( a knapsack1 measur+ ab\t #af 94 wide1 #ab 94 high1 & #e 94 deep4 ,?is c easily be c>ri$ on ! back ( "o man1 & is ( a m conv5i5t %ape ?an ! cases g5]ally sold = ! purpose4 ,! plates & o!r app>atus1 ) ! exception ( ! knapsack & its cont5ts1 & ! tripod /&1 are be/ pack$ = travell+ 9 a /rong basket1 :i* is mu* bett] ?an a box1 be+ m ela/ic & light]4 ,x w weigh1 :5 pack$ ) ! app>atus1 & a gross ( #g #e plates1 ab\t #fj lbs4 ,photography 9 ,natural ,col\rs4 ,x is n[ possible = ! travell] to br+ home records ( :at he has se5 9 natural col\rs4 ,!re are two or ?ree kn[n me?ods by :i* ?is may be done1 b few are available = ! "w ( exploration4 ,! picture obta9$ by ! me?od pat5t$ by ,mr4 ,ives & nam$ ,krmskp ,photography is produc$ by ?ree mono*rome images4 ,^! h h[ev] be5 tak5 ?r\gh ?ree t9t$ glasses 9 a cam]a ( a special k9d4 ,! images may be ?r[n ^u a scre5 by means ( a special lant]n2 ! light passes ?r\gh t9t$ glasses ( col\rs complem5t>y to ^? employ$ 9 mak+ ! negatives ) ! result t ! picture on ! scre5 exhibits all ! v>i$ hues ( nature4 ,! devices h[ev] are exce$+ly exp5sive & c be satisfactorily employ$ only by ^? :o ?or\ghly und]/& ! app>atus & ! problems :i* h to be solv$4 ,simpl] processes are ! ,auto*romic & ,! ,paget ,col\r ,plate process4 ,9 ! ,auto*romic process ! manufactur]s coat a %eet ( glass ) m9ute specks ( ?ree col\rs1 blue1 violet gre5 & orange1 irregul>ly spread1 & lay a coat ( pan*romatic emulsion on top4 ,! photograph] exposes ?r\gh ! glass1 ?us obta9+ a negative4 ,! develop$ silv]1 ! negative image1 is dissolv$ away & ! silv] bromide rema9+ is develop$ giv+ a positive image 9 natural col\rs4 ,9 ! ,paget process ! glass is coat$ ) po9ts ( col\r laid 9 a regul> patt]n4 ,?is is call$ ! scre5 plate & is plac$ 9 ! d>k slide face to face ) a col\r-s5sitive plate1 & ! expression is made ?r\gh ! scre5 plate4 ,f ! negative s obta9$ a mono*rome positive plate is made1 & ?is is b\nd up 9 contact ) "o ( ! scre5 plates4 ,"s little exp]i5ce is necess>y to obta9 correct regi/]4 ,ea* process has its difficulties4 ,mo/ photograph]s consid] t ! ,auto*rome plate gives ! ne>e/ approa* to natural col\rs1 b ! slides are v d5se & require an int5se light to %[ !m well4 ,! ,paget plate is mu* m transp>5t & possesses ! advantage t any numb] ( positives may be made f ! negative1 :]eas ! ,auto*rome plate hav+ be5 conv]t$ into a positive _c be multipli$1 resembl+ 9 t p>ticul> ! e>lie/ =m ( photography1 ! ,dagu]rotype4 ,none ( ^! col\r processes are suitable = photograph+ objects 9 motion4 ,! exposures may be reckon$ z f fifte5 to tw5ty times z long z ) an ord9>y sl[ plate4 ,,iii4 ,,geology4 ,by ,,! ,,late ,w4 ,t4 ,,bl&=d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,revis$ by ,,pr(4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,g>wood1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,a travell] :o has n devot$ "s "t to /udy+ geology 9 ! field mu/ n be surpris$ or disappo9t$ if ! rocks ( any c\ntry :i* he may happ5 to trav]se appe> to him a hopeless puzzle4 ,if he desires to inve/igate ! geological /ructure ( an unkn[n region1 he %\ld previ\sly devote "s "t to ma/]+1 ) ! aid ( a good geological map & description1 ! details ( "s well-kn[n tract4 ,"u ! t]m 8,geological ,obs]vations10 two v di/9ct types ( inquiry are commonly conf\nd$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 to :i* ! "n ( ,geological ,inve/igation ought prop]ly to be re/rict$1 consi/s 9 an exam9ation ( ! rocks ( a c\ntry z a :ole1 s z to enable a geological map1 or1 at all ev5ts1 geological sections1 to be con/ruct$4 ,?is dem&s a k ( rocks 7petrology71 "s acqua9tance ) ! details ( geological survey+1 &1 usually1 ) ! elem5ts ( palontology--a sci5ce t1 9 its turn1 requires a prelim9>y /udy ( biology1 & especially ( zoology4 ,despite all ^! h>d t]ms1 any int5d+ travell] :o has a ta/e = geology--if he has none he _h bett] n wa/e "t ^u ! subject--w f9d t a few mon?s' /udy 9 any good museum1 a c\rse ( geological lectures1 &1 above all1 a few days 9 ! field ) a good geologi/1 w />t him v fairly equipp$ ) ! great requisite to all successful sci5tific inve/igation1 a k ( h[ to obs]ve1 & :at to obs]ve4 ,! t]m 8,geological ,obs]vations0 is1 h[ev]1 (t51 b incorrectly1 us$ 9 a second s5se1 :i* implies a re/riction ( ! obs]vations to ! useful m9]als f\nd 9 any c\ntry1 or to :at is t]m$ economic geology4 ,"h also a prelim9>y k ( ! elem5ts ( geological sci5ce w be f\nd v useful1 & w frequ5tly enable ! travell] to =m mu* m tru/wor?y conclusions z to ! nature & value ( m9]al deposits ?an he c\ld )\t su* a guide4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t is to recognise a valuable m9]al :5 se51 & = ?is "s k ( m9]alogy is requisite4 ,outfit4--,! ess5tial articles ( a geologi/'s outfit are nei!r num]\s nor cumbr\s4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! kn[n geology ( ! _w has be5 made out ) no m elaborate appliances ?an a hamm]1 a pocket compass ) a small index to s]ve z a cl9omet]1 a pocket-l5s1 a note-book & a p5cil4 ,no sci5tific obs]v] has to dep5d m on 8 own k & faculty = obs]vation1 & less on in/rum5tal appliances1 ?an a geologi/4 ,! be/ hamm] = g5]al purposes %\ld weigh f #ab to #bd oz4 & %\ld h a squ>e flat end1 & a /raight cutt+ end--! latt] %\ld be horizontal1 & ! inn] face ( ! hamm] a cont9u\s plane surface4 ,! ends %\ld be ( /eel1 n too highly temp]$4 ,! hole = ! h&le %\ld be z l>ge z possible 7) a small hole ! h&les are s weak z to be liable to break71 & ! h&le %\ld be secur$ 9 ! hole by a wood5 w$ge1 & an iron "o driv5 into & across ! wood5 "o4 ,x is advisable to take a few sp>e a% h&les & iron w$ges4 ,cut a foot-measure 9 not*es on ! h&le--?is is v useful = measur+ ?ickness ( b$s1 c4 ,x is z well to h m ?an "o hamm] 9 case ( loss1 & if fossil-collect+ is anticipat$1 at lea/ "o heavy hamm]1 ) "o end fa%ion$ to s]ve z a pick1 ?ree or f\r cold *isels ( v>i\s sizes1 & a %ort cr[-b> w be f\nd useful4 ,9 ,london1 hamm]s1 *isels1 c41 may be procur$ ( ,messrs4 ,buck1 #bdb1 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road4 ,a v good pocket compass1 ! %ape & size ( a wat*1 ) a cl9omet] arm1 is made by ,tr\ghton & ,simms1 #ach1 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,! use ( ! cl9omet] is = measur+ ! angle ( dip 9 rocks4 ,if m accuracy ( measurem5t is requir$ ?an is af=d$ by look+ at a b$1 a section1 or a hill-side1 & hold+ ! /raight-edge atta*$ to ! compass p>allel to ! dip1 & if a surface c be f\nd t af=ds ! exact incl9ation1 x is usually practicable1 by means ( a note-book laid on ! rock surface1 or1 bett] /ill1 a fold+ two-foot rule ) a slot = slid+ 9 ! compass-cl9omet]1 to obta9 a plane suffici5tly close to t at :i* ! b$s dip to enable ! angle to be det]m9$ ) a v %ort /raight-edge4 ,z a rule1 except ) v l[ angles ( dip1 ! v>iation 9 ! incl9ation ( ! rocks !mselves exce$s ! limits ( error ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a little c>e1 h[ev]1 is necess>y 9 tak+ dips2 = ! app>5t dip se5 9 a section1 su* z is (t5 expos$ 9 a cliff1 may diff] widely f ! true dip1 :i* w only be %[n if ! section runs at "r angles to ! /rike ( ! b$s4 ,dips se5 on ! sides ( hills at a di/ance are b r>ely correct = ! same reason4 ,a prismatic compass & an an]oid are frequ5tly ( great s]vice3 ! =m] to det]m9e ! position on ! map1 if "o exi/s1 & to aid 9 mak+ a r\gh map1 if !re is none2 & ! latt] to e/imate r\ghly ! heights on ! road travell$1 especially 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 & also to measure ! ?ickness ( horizontal b$s4 ,bo? =m a "p ( ! outfit ( mo/ mod]n travell]s4 ,a good an]oid gives suffici5tly accurate det]m9ations ( height = a r\gh b adequate geological section across any c\ntry1 if ! di/ances are kn[n4 ,! ,watk9 m\nta9 an]oid ( ,hicks & ,co41 ,hatton ,g>d51 is ! mo/ accurate = consid]able heights4 ,collections4--,geological specim5s require little m ?an pap] & boxes1 or biscuit t9s1 = pack+4 ,occasionally fossils or m9]als are fragile1 & ne$ t[ or grass to protect !m f injury2 b !re is no risk f ! animal & vegetable enemies ( zoological or botanical collections4 ,! only important po9t to be borne 9 m9d is t e specim5 %\ld be labell$ on ! spot1 or1 at all ev5ts1 9 ! c\rse ( ! day on :i* x is collect$4 ,/rong pap] is be/ = labels1 & ^! %\ld n be put up 9 contact ) ! rock-fragm5ts !mselves1 or !y w be worn by %>p edges & become illegible1 if n rubb$ to fragm5ts4 ,always wrap ea* specim5 9 pap]1 or "s sub/itute1 !n add ! label1 & !n an out] cov]+4 ,! label1#c if no?+ else is writt51 %\ld always record ! locality di/9ctly writt54 ,a collection ( rock specim5s may %[ :at k9ds ( rock occur 9 a c\ntry1 b ! in=mation af=d$ is v meagre1 &1 9 g5]al1 ( v small value4 ,su* collections1 inde$1 unless made by a geologi/1 & accompani$ by notes1 are sc>cely wor? ! c>riage4 ,if su* specim5s are tak51 c>e %\ld be us$ to select !m f ! rocks 9 place1 n f loose blocks t may h be5 transport$ f a di/ance4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 h[ev]1 :]e ! travell] does n int5d to p5etrate beyond ! l[ gr\nd1 pebbles br\ght d[n by /reams give "s indication ( ! /rata :i* occur high] 9 ! dra9age bas91 & ! in=mation may be useful to future explor]s1 b !y %\ld always be labell$ z su*4 ,no fragm5ts ( sp> or cry/als %\ld be collect$ m]ely because !y are pretty4 ,9 tak+ specim5s ( useful m9]als1 su* z coal or metallic ores1 ! travell] %\ld always endeav\r to procure !m himself f ! place ( occurr5ce1 & if su* are br\ght to him by natives1 he %\ld1 if practicable1 visit ! locality :5ce ! samples 7 procur$4 ,! value ( all useful m9]als dep5ds bo? on quality & quantity2 ! =m] c to "s ext5t be asc]ta9$ f a sample1 b ! am\nt available c only be e/imat$ aft] a visit to ! locality4 ,mo/ metallic ores occur 9 ve9s or lodes4 ,^! 7 orig9ally cracks 9 ! rock1 & h be5 irregul>ly fill$ ) m9]als1 diff]5t f ^? 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v difficult1 & (t5 impossible1 to e/imate f surface exam9ation :e!r ! quantity ( ore occurr+ 9 ve9s is likely to prove l>ge2 "s idea may possibly be obta9$ if und]gr\nd work+s exi/4 ,_m ( ! ores ( iron & manganese1 "s ( ^? ( o!r metals1 & all coal & salt occur 9 b$s1 & "h x is important to see :at is ! ?ickness1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r ! m9]al is equally pure ?r\gh\t4 ,iron ores occur 9 mo/ c\ntries1 & unless v pure & )9 easy rea* ( wat]-c>riage1 are n likely to be wor? transport4 ,! value ( salt also dep5ds on facilities = c>riage4 ,coal1 h[ev]1 may be ( value any:]e2 b x is improbable t seams ( less ?ickness ?an f\r or five feet c be ( mu* use1 except 9 c\ntries :]e !re is a skill$ m9+ population & a consid]able dem& = ! m9]al4 ,x does n foll[ because mu* ?9n] seams are suffici5tly valuable to be work$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 t !y w\ld pay = extraction 9 a c\ntry :]e ! me*anical arts are less advanc$4 ,/ill ! occurr5ce ( ?9 seams is wor?y ( record1 z ?ick] deposits may exi/ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 t a seam ( small ?ickness at ! surface w become ?ick] bel[4 ,! rev]se is equally probable4 ,a bl[-pipe is extremely useful = asc]ta9+ ! nature ( ores1 & = det]m9+ m9]als g5]ally1 & a small bl[-pipe case might be add$ to a travell]'s kit1 if he ?9ks x probable t he may meet ) m9]als 9 any quantity4 ,b 9 g5]al !y are n to be f\nd 9 su* pr(usion z to r5d] x difficult to c>ry away specim5s suffici5t = det]m9ation at leisure4 ,a bl[-pipe1 too1 is ( no use to any "o unacqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( employ+ x1 ?\gh ?is is easy to acquire4#d ,to =m a r\gh idea ( ! value ( iron ore1 see :e!r x is heavy2 to =m "s notion ( ! quality ( coal1 pile up a heap & set fire to x4 ,if x does n burn freely1 ! prospects ( ! coal be+ useful are small4 ,x may be an?racitic1 & v valuable ) prop] appliances2 b an?racite is n ( ! same g5]al utility z bitum9\s coal4 ,good coal %\ld burn freely1 ) m or less flame1 & %\ld leave b little a%1 & x is pref]able t ! a% %\ld be :ite1 n r$1 z ! latt] col\r is (t5 due to ! pres5ce ( pyrites1 a delet]i\s +r$i5t4 ,gold & gems h1 z is well kn[n1 be5 procur$ 9 consid]able quantities f ! s&s ( riv]s & alluvial deposits4 ,! deposits kn[n to ! natives ( any c\ntry are (t5 ( small value1 & ! rude me?ods ( wa%+ preval5t 9 s _m l&s suffice to af=d a fair idea ( ! weal? or pov]ty ( ! s& wa%$4 ,gold &1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 plat9um occur 9 gra9s & nuggets1 easily recognis$ by _! col\r & _! be+ malleable2 b gems1 su* z diamond1 ruby1 sapphire1 are n s easy to tell f less valuable m9]als4 ,!y may be recognis$ by _! cry/all9e =m & h>dness4 ,a diamond is usually f\nd 9 "s modification ( an octah$ron1 & ! cry/all9e facets are (t5 curv$2 rubies & sapphires are really diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties ( corundum or em]y1 & occur1 :5 cry/all9e1 9 six-sid$ pyramids or "s modification4 ,a diamond is ! h>de/ ( kn[n sub/ances2 no?+ w scrat* x1 & x w scrat* all o!r m9]als4 ,sapphire w scrat* ev]y?+ except diamond4 ,topaz w scrat* qu>tz4 ,9 collect+ fossils1 x is useless to take _m specim5s ( "o k9d unless c>riage is exceptionally pl5tiful4 ,two or ?ree good examples ( ea* k9d are usually suffici5t1 b z _m k9ds z possible %\ld be collect$4 ,great c>e is necess>y t all specim5s f "o b$ be kept di/9ct f ^? f ano!r /ratum1 ev5 if ! b$ be ?9 & ! fossils 9 ! two b$s *iefly ! same species4 ,if !re is a s]ies ( b$s1 "o above ! o!r1 all conta9+ fossils1 measure ! ?ickness r\ghly1 draw a sket*-section 9 y\r note-book1 apply a lett] or a numb] to ea* b$ 9 succession on ! sket*1 & label ! fossils f t b$ ) ! same numb] or lett]4 ,rema9s ( ,v]tebrata1 especially ( mammals1 birds & reptiles1 are ( great int]e/2 b x is useless to collect fragm5ts ( bones )\t t]m9ations4 ,skulls are mu* m important ?an o!r bones1 & ev5 s+le tee? are well wor? collect+4 ,aft] skulls1 v]tebr are ! mo/ useful p>ts ( ! skeleton1 !n limb bones4 ,if complete skeletons are f\nd1 !y are usually well wor? "s tr\ble 9 transport+4 ,if fossil bones are f\nd abundantly 9 any locality1 & ! travell] has no suffici5t means ( transport1 he w d well to c>ry away a few skulls1 or ev5 tee?1 & c>efully note ! locality = ! b5efit ( future geologi/s & explor]s4 ,! soil ( lime/one cav]ns1 & especially ! m or less consolidat$ loam1 rubble1 clay1 or s& b5ea? ! floor+ ( /alagmite1 if x c be exam9$1 %\ld always be se>*$ = bones1 & also = indications ( man or 8 works4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks are int5d$ = all travell]s1 especially = ^? :o h paid little or no att5tion to geology4 ,x w\ld be f> beyond ! object ( ! pres5t notes to attempt to give in/ruction 9 ! me?ods ( geological obs]vation2 all :o wi% to "k m fully :at que/ions are especially wor?y ( att5tion1 %\ld consult ! article on ,geology by ! late ,dr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,pr(essor4 ,j4 ,phillips 9 ! #8,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,enquiry4' ,b a few h9ts may be usefully add$ "h = ^? :o h already "s k ( geology1 :o d n require to h su* t]ms z dip1 /rike1 fault1 or d5udation expla9$ to !m1 & :o are suffici5tly conv]sant ) geological ph5om5a to be able to di/+ui% s$im5t>y f volcanic1 & metamorphic f unalt]$ rocks1 & to recognise granite1 gneiss1 s*i/1 basalt1 tra*yte1 slate1 lime/one1 s&/one1 %ale1 c41 9 ! field4 ,assum+ !n t a travell] ) "s k ( field geology is mak+ a j\rney ?r\gh a tract ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! geology ( :i* is unkn[n1 :at w be ! be/ me?od ( proc$ure & ! pr9cipal po9ts to :i* he %\ld direct 8 att5tion8 ,on ! :ole1 ! mo/ useful record ( a j\rney1 :e!r int5d$ = publication or m]ely z a memor&um1 is a sket* geological map ( ! r\te foll[$1 ) ! dips & /rikes ( ! rocks & approximate b\nd>ies to ! =mations1 supplem5t$ by notes & sket*-sections4 ,:]e1 z is commonly ! case 9 m\nta9-*a9s1 & frequ5tly 9 less elevat$ portions ( ! c\ntry1 ! rocks are mu* di/urb$1 & especially if ! numb] ( sy/ems expos$ is l>ge & ! *anges frequ5t1 no travell] c expect to d m ?an ga9 a v r\gh & g5]al idea ( ! succession ( b$s 9 detail1 & ( ! /ructure2 b by mak+ excursions 9 v>i\s directions1 :5ev] a halt is practicable1 by se>*+ = fossils z a guide to ! age & = ! id5tification ( b$s ) ea* o!r1 & by c>efully not+ ! g5]al dip & /rike ( ! m conspicu\s b$s1 x is (t5 possible1 especially if an opportunity occurs ( retrac+ ! road foll[$1 or ( trav]s+ a p>allel r\te1 to make out ! /ructure ( a c\ntry t at fir/ appe>s hopelessly intricate4 ,d5se =e/ is p]haps ! wor/ ob/acle to geological exploration2 sn[ is ano!r1 ?\gh n q s s]i\s a disadvantage4 ,x is always a good plan to climb comm&+ peaks2 ! g5]al direction ( b$s1 obscure f ! l[] gr\nd1 n unfrequ5tly becomes mu* cle>] :5 !y are se5 f above4 ,9 level & undulat+ regions1 on ! o!r h&1 x frequ5tly happ5s t enorm\s tracts ( c\ntry are occupi$ by ! same =mation1 & if ! rocks are s(t1 & especially if !y are horizontal1 or ne>ly s1 little1 if any1 rock is to be se5 9 place4 ,9 ?is case wat]-c\rses %\ld be se>*$ = sections1 & ! pebbles f\nd 9 ! /ream-b$s exam9$1 c>e be+ tak5 n to mi/ake transport$ pebbles d]iv$ f ov]ly+ alluvium or drift = fragm5ts ( ! und]ly+ rock4 ,:]e ! same =mation prevails ov] l>ge tracts1 x is usually easy1 by exam9+ ! /ones br\ght d[n by a /ream1 to le>n :e!r any o!r b$s occur4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ ev5 a small outcrop ( h>d rock at a remote spot 9 ! area dra9$ by a /ream w almo/ always yield a few fragm5ts t c be detect$ by walk+ two or ?ree hundr$ y>ds up ! /ream-b$ & c>efully exam9+ ! pebbles4 ,n infrequ5tly diff]5t rocks support diff]5t vegetation1 & by not+ ! =ms t are peculi>1 ! con/itution ( hills at a consid]able di/ance may be recognis$4 ,?us "s k9ds ( rock w be f\nd to support ev]gre51 o!rs decidu\s trees1 o!rs grass1 :il/ a f\r? k9d may be di/+ui%$ by ! pov]ty or want ( vegetation4 ,x is n well to tru/ too mu* to su* indications1 b !y may %[ :i* hills require exam9ation & :i* d n4 ,! =m assum$ by ! outcrop ( "s h>d b$s is (t5 *>act]i/ic1 & may be recognis$ at a consid]able di/ance4 ,"o mo/ important fact %\ld nev] be =gott52 m9]al "*1 :e!r ( s$im5t>y or volcanic rocks1 is absolutely wor?less z a guide to ! age ( b$s occurr+ 9 di/ant c\ntries4 ,! travell] %\ld nev] be l$ to suppose1 because a =mation1 :e!r s$im5t>y or volcanic1 9 a remote "p ( ! _w1 is m9]alogically & /ructurally id5tical ) ano!r 9 ,europe1 or "s c\ntry ( :i* ! geology is well kn[n1 t ! two are ( contemporane\s orig94 ,! blund]s t h be5 made f want ( k ( ?is important caution are innum]able4 ,!re are a few po9ts ( geological int]e/ well wor?y ( ! inve/igation ( ^? :o trav]se unexplor$1 or p>tially explor$1 tracts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,among/ ^! are ! foll[+3-- ,m\nta9-,*a9s4--,few1 if any1 geologi/s n[ believe t m\nta9s 7 simply ?ru/ up f bel[2 all admit t1 at lea/ 9 ! majority ( cases1 :]e great crumpl+ ( ! /rata has tak5 place1 !re has be5 lat]al movem5t ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,b ! causes1 ext5t & date1 ( ! lat]al movem5ts are /ill1 to a great degree1 matt]s ( conjecture1 & e additional s]ies ( obs]vations be>+ on ! "q is ( importance4 ,!re are _m m\nta9-*a9s ( :i* v little is yet kn[n4 ,9 e case good sections are requir$1 drawn z ne>ly to scale z practicable1 ?r\gh ! range f side to side1 & includ+ ! rocks at ea* base4 ,! nature & di/ribution ( all volcanic & cry/all9e rocks1 bo? 9 ! range & ?r\gh\t ! neighb\r+ areas1 are especially notewor?y1 & also ! relations ( ! lat] b$s1 if any1 on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9s1 to ^? con/itut+ ! range itself4 ,! d]ivation ( ! mat]ials ( ! =m] f ! latt]1 & ! relative am\nt ( di/urbance %[n by ! two1 & by ! diff]5t memb]s ( ea*1 w af=d a clue to ! date ( upheaval2 & two or m p]iods ( movem5t may ?us be det]m9$1 :]e intrusive igne\s rocks1 su* z granite1 occur1 _! relations to ! surr\nd+ rocks %\ld be c>efully not$1 & specim5s at ! contact ( ! two rocks collect$4 ,if alt]$ s$im5t>y rocks are f\nd ^! %\ld be trac$1 if possible1 away f ! igne\s rock until "s indication ( _! age is obta9$ f includ$ fossils4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a contemporane\s lava fl[ & an intrusive %eet ( igne\s rock is n always at fir/ sight app>5t2 if ! latt]1 x may pass f "o b$ to ano!r or s5d tongues upw>ds into ! ov]ly+ /rata4 ,se>* %\ld be made 9 ! b$s ov]ly+ ! igne\s rock = signs ( alt]ation by heat4 ,?us lime/one may be re-cry/allis$ into m>ble1 or %ales alt]$ into fl9ty horn/one4 ,volcanoes & ,volcanic ,rocks4--,x is almo/ ne$less to say t any additional in=mation on ! di/ribution ( volcanic v5ts1 rec5t or ext9ct1 is ( int]e/4 ,9 ! case ( ext9ct v5ts1 ! geological date ( ! la/ eruptions %\ld be asc]ta9$ if practicable4 ,?is may sometimes be det]m9$ by f9d+ organic rema9s or s$im5t>y b$s ( kn[n age int]/ratifi$ ) ! a%es or lava-/reams ne> ! base ( ! volcano4 ,coa/s4--,! subject ( ! erosion ( coa/s is n[ fairly und]/ood1 & !re is no d\bt t ! relative importance ( ?is =m ( d5udation 0 greatly ov]rat$ by _m geological writ]s1 :o took _! ideas ( geological d5udation g5]ally f ! ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ! isl&s1 & on "s ( ! coa/s ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,/ill1 :]ev] cliffs occur1 !y af=d good sections1 & des]ve exam9ation4 ,"o "q w usually pres5t itself to almo/ e geological obs]v]1 & t is1 :e!r any coa/ he may be l&+ ^u af=ds evid5ce ( elevation or depression4 ,9 ! =m] case1 b$s ( roll$ pebbles or ( m>9e %ells1 simil> to ^? n[ liv+ on ! %ore1 may be f\nd at "s elevation above high-wat] m>k4 ,v (t5 ! commone/ molluscs 9 rais$ b$s are ! k9ds occurr+ 9 e/u>ies1 :i* are diff]5t f ^? inhabit+ an op5 coa/4 ,caution is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t heaps ( %ells made by man1 or isolat$ specim5s transport$ by animals 7birds or h]mit-crabs71 or by ! w9d1 be n mi/ak5 = evid5ce ( rais$ b$s4#e ,if ! %ore is /eep1 t]races on ! hillsides may m>k ! levels at :i* ! sea rema9$ 9 pa/ times1 b "s c>e is necess>y n to mi/ake outcrops ( h>d b$s = t]races4 ,if dead %ells ( species ( mollusca1 only liv+ 9 salt-wat] e/u>ies1 are f\nd 9 places n[ beyond ! influ5ce ( ! tide1 x is a reasonable inf]5ce t elevation has tak5 place4 ,! evid5ce ( depression1 on ! o!r h&1 unless !re are build+s or trees p>tly sunk 9 ! wat]1 is mu* less readily obta9$1 & nei!r trees nor build+s are available z evid5ce1 unless ! depression is ( comp>atively rec5t date4 ,! be/ pro( is ! =m ( ! coa/4 ,if deep inlets ( mod]ate bread? occur1 ) num]\s bran*es1 a little exam9ation w frequ5tly %[ :e!r su* inlets are valleys ( subarial erosion1 z !y n unfrequ5tly are1 t h be5 depress$ bel[ ! sea4 ,a good & famili> example ( su* a depress$ valley is to be f\nd at ,mil=d ,hav5 9 ,s\? ,wales4 ,9 high] latitudes1 ! coa/ %\ld be exam9$ = signs ( ! action ( sea ice1 & /ones %\ld be collect$ f iceb]gs :i* h drift$ f outside ! accessible area2 ! %ape ( ^! /ones & ! proportion ( ^? hav+ only "o smoo!d side %\ld be not$4 ,riv]s & ,riv]-,pla9s4--,at ! pres5t "t a "q ( mu* int]e/ is ! antiquity ( exi/+ l&-areas1 & "s light may be ?r[n ^u ?is1 if ! relations ( exi/+ riv]-bas9s to ^? ( pa/ times c be det]m9$4 ,if a /ream cuts its way ?r\gh a high range1 x is probable t ! /ream is ( great] antiquity ?an ! range1 & ei!r once ran at an elevation high] ?an ! cre/ ( ! ridge n[ trav]s$1 or else has cut its way ?r\gh ! range gradually dur+ ! sl[ elevation ( ! latt]4 ,:]e a riv] trav]ses a great alluvial pla91 x may fairly be inf]r$ t a long "t has be5 occupi$ 9 ! accumulation ( ! deposits to =m ! pla92 b x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ^? deposits are n p>tly m>9e or lacu/r9e4 ,if upheaval has tak5 place ov] any portion ( ! pla91 or if ! riv] has cut its b$ deep]1 sections may be expos$1 & ^! %\ld always be exam9$ = fossil rema9s4 ,bones ( ext9ct animals are n unfrequ5tly f\nd 9 su* deposits4#f ,lakes & ,t>ns4--,! mode ( orig9 ( lakes is always a subject ( consid]able geological int]e/1 & any evid5ce :i* be>s on ! orig9 ( a p>ticul> lake %\ld be c>efully not$4 ,lakes may be divid$ broadly into two classes3 7#a7 ,rock bas9s1 7#b7 imp\nd$ holl[s4 ,lakes ( ! latt] class may1 z a rule1 be readily recognis$ & acc\nt$ =4 ,! mat]ial =m+ ! b>ri] may be due to a mora9e1 screes1 or a l&slip1 or may result f ! pres5ce ( a glaci] 9 ! ma9 valley damm+ back ! dra9age ( a lat]al tribut>y4 ,:5 lakes occur ne> ! summit ( a pass1 !y may (t5 be trac$ to deposition ( delta mat]ial on ! floor ( ! valley br\ght d[n by a tribut>y /ream4 ,9 ?is case1 ! inability ( ! /ream to remove ! mat]ial may (t5 be trac$ to ! ab/raction ( ! head wat]s ( ! valley by ! encroa*m5t ( ! /ream on ! o!r side ( ! wat]%$4 ,rock bas9s1 on ! o!r h&1 are frequ5tly difficult to acc\nt =4 ,!y may occupy volcanic crat]s1 or lie 9 areas ( special depression 7e>?quake di/ricts71 or syncl9al folds4 ,!y may be due to upheaval ( old valley sy/ems1 caus+ rev]sal ( dra9age1 or to subsid5ce at ! upp] end ( a valley4 ,9 special cases !y may be due to ! solution ( soluble rock 7rock-salt1 gypsum1 lime/one1 or dolomite74 ,_m n o!rwise explicable h be5 attribut$ to ice erosion dur+ glacial p]iods1 & x is /ill a moot po9t h[ f> ^! lakes are due to p>tial *anges 9 ! elevation ( ! c\ntry1 "s obs]v]s hav+ adopt$1 :ile _m o!rs dispute1 ! views ( ! late ,sir ,a4 ,ramsay1 :o believ$ all ^! holl[s to h be5 scoop$ out by ice mov+ ov] ! surface 9 ! =m ( a glaci] or an ice-%eet4 ,! orig9 ( any lake met ) %\ld1 if possible1 be inve/igat$ & assign$ to "o ( ^! causes4 ,evid5ce ( ,glacial ,action4--,closely connect$ ) ! subject ( lakes is t ( glacial evid5ce g5]ally4 ,!re is probably no geological "q :i* has produc$ m speculation ( late ye>s ?an ! inquiry into ! traces ( a comp>atively rec5t cold p]iod 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory1 & ! =m] occurr5ce ( simil> glacial epo*s at regul> or irregul> int]vals ( geological "t4 ,! evid5ce ( ! la/ glacial epo* may be trac$ 9 two ways--by ! =m ( ! surface1 :i* has be5 modifi$ by ! action ( ice1 & by *anges t h tak5 place 9 ! fauna & flora ( ! c\ntry 9 consequ5ce ( ! alt]ation 9 ! climate4 ,! effects ( an ice-%eet1 l t n[ occurr+ 9 ,gre5l&1 if su* =m]ly exi/$ 9 comp>atively l[ latitudes1 mu/ h be5 to r\nd (f1 score & poli% ! rocks ( ! c\ntry 9 a peculi> mann]1 easily recognis$ by ^? famili> ) glaciat$ areas4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! peculi> scor+ & groov+ ( rock surfaces produc$ by ! action ( s& transport$ by ! w9d be n mi/ak5 = glacial evid5ce4 ,cases also occur :]e movem5t among a mass ( unconsolidat$ conglom]ate or scree mat]ial has produc$ /riation ( ! pebbles2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 c>eful obs]vation w disclose a simil> /riation 9 ! mat]ial ( ! matrix z well4 ,glaci]s1 prop]ly s call$1 are conf9$ to hilly or m\nta9\s c\ntries1 & ! valleys =m]ly occupi$ by !m reta9 m or less ! =m ( ! lett] ,u in/ead ( tak+ ! %ape ( ! lett] ,v1 z !y d :5 !y h be5 cut out by runn+ wat]4 ,! sides ( ! valley1 :5 modifi$ by a glaci]1 h a t5d5cy to assume ! =m ( slopes unbrok5 by rav9es1 & ) all ridges plan$ away or r\nd$1 :il/ 9 ord9>y valleys ( erosion by wat]1 ! sides consi/ ( a s]ies ( side valleys or rav9es1 divid$ f ea* o!r by %>p ridges runn+ d[n to ! ma9 valley4 ,l>ge & small masses ( rock1 pres]v+ to a consid]able ext5t an angul> =m1 b frequ5tly poli%$ & groov$ by be+ gr\nd aga9/ ! sides or bottom ( ! valley1 are c>ri$ d[n by ! ice1 & ei!r left beh9d1 p]*$ up high on ! slopes ( ! valley1 or accumulat$ 9 a va/ heap or bank1 kn[n z a t]m9al mora9e1 at ! spot :]e ! ice has t]m9at$1 or z lat]al mora9es on ! sides ( ! valley4 ,! nature ( ! rock w usually %[ :e!r ! fragm5ts on ! side ( a hill or at ! bottom ( a valley are d]iv$ f ! high] p>ts ( ! dra9age area1 or :e!r !y h m]ely fall5 d[n f ! neighb\r+ slopes4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !y may be due to l&slips2 9 ! =m]1 _! %ape & ! erosion !y h und]gone w aid 9 %[+ :e!r !y h be5 transport$ by wat] or ice4 ,! surfaces t h be5 modifi$ by e>li] glacial epo*s mu/ 9 g5]al h be5 long s9ce remov$ by o!r d5ud+ ag5cies4 ,! mo/ important evid5ce ( =m] ice action consi/s 9 ! occurr5ce1 emb$d$ 9 f9e s$im5t1 ( l>ge b\ld]s1 occasionally pres]v+ m>ks ( poli% & /riation1 & usually1 ?\gh n always1 angul>4 ,accumulations ( ?is k9d af=d evid5ce ( transport by two diff]5t ag5cies1 wat]1 :i* has br\ght ! silt1 & ice1 :i* has c>ri$ ! b\ld]s4 ,if ! wat] _h be5 9 rapid movem5t1 & ?us capable ( mov+ ! b\ld]s1 x w\ld h c>ri$ away f9e silt or s&1 in/ead ( deposit+ x4 ,evid5ce ( ice action has ?us be5 trac$ equally 9 ! b\ld] clay ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,europe1 & 9 ! ,palozoic b\ld] b$s ( ,india1 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,au/ralia1 & probably ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is well to se>* 9 all m\nta9 ranges = traces ( glacial action4 ,9 _m m\nta9 *a9s1 ev5 9 comp>atively l[ latitudes1 pro(s h be5 f\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( glaci]s1 at a mu* l[] level ?an at pres5t1 dat+ f a comp>atively rec5t geological p]iod1 :il/ 9 o!r m\nta9 regions none h be5 recognis$4 ,! "q also :e!r glacial action has be5 contemporane\s 9 ! two hemisph]es is ( ! greate/ importance1 & ! evid5ce hi!rto adduc$ is ( a v conflict+ "*4 ,des]ts4--,! great s&y or salt pla9s1 ) a m or less b>r5 surface1 t occupy a l>ge area 9 ! int]ior ( sev]al cont95ts1 h only ( late ye>s receiv$ due att5tion f geologi/s4 ,a great ?ickness ( deposits mu/ occur 9 _m ( ^! va/1 ne>ly level1 tracts1 = ! und]ly+ rocks are (t5 completely conceal$ ov] imm5se areas4 ,! inve/igation ( ! deposits is frequ5tly a matt] ( great difficulty = want ( sections2 b1 :]e practicable1 a c>eful exam9ation %\ld be made1 & exact descriptions ( ! =mations expos$ record$4 ,"s1 at all ev5ts1 ( ^! b$s appe> to be entirely deposit$ f ! air1 & consi/ ( ! decompos$ surfaces ( rocks & ! s& & silt f /ream deposits1 c>ri$ up by w9d & !n r$eposit$ on ! surface ( ! c\ntry4 ,su* deposits are v f9e1 =m$ ( well-r\nd$ gra9s1 &1 z a rule1 de/itute ( /ratification4 ,! geologi/ :o has especially describ$ ^! =mations1 ,b>on ,f4 von ,ri*?(51 9 8 "w on ,*9a1 attributes to ! loess ( ! ,rh9e & ,danube valleys a simil> orig94 ,x is usual to f9d b$s due to wat]-action1 ra9-wa% & /ream-deposits1 int]/ratifi$ ) ! subarial accumulations4 ,fur!r obs]vations on ^! =mations are desirable4 ,! occurr5ce ( bl[n s&s1 ! orig9 ( ^! accumulations1 & ! peculi> ridges !y assume1 usually at "r angles1 b 9 "s rem>kable cases p>allel to ! prevail+ w9ds1 are que/ions des]v+ ( additional elucidation4 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,man 9 ,tropical ,climates4--,v little has be5 discov]$ z to ! races ( m5 =m]ly inhabit+ tropical regions4 ,x is evid5t t a race unacqua9t$ ) fire c\ld only h exi/$ 9 a c\ntry :]e suitable food 0 procurable ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & ?is mu/ h be5 9 a region possess+ a climate l t f\nd 9 p>ts ( ! tropics at ! pres5t day4 ,x is possible t an inve/igation ( ! cave deposits 9 ! tropics may ?r[ "s light on ?is subject4 8,kit*5 midd5s10 z !y are t]m$--! m\nds t h once be5 ! refuse heaps ( human habitations--are also wor?y ( c>eful exam9ation4 ,p]man5ce ( ,ocean-,bas9s4--,)9 ! la/ few ye>s "s geologi/s h adopt$ ! !ory t all ! deep-sea area has be5 ! same f ! e>lie/ geological times1 & t ! di/9ction betwe5 ! depressions occupi$ by ! oceans & ! rema9+ undepress$ portion ( ! e>?'s cru/1 con/itut+ ! cont95ts & ! %all[ seas ar\nd _! coa/s1 is p]man5t4 ,?is view is v f> f be+ univ]sally or ev5 g5]ally accept$ among/ geologi/s1 al?\gh _m :o hesitate to accept ! !ory z a :ole admit t p>ts ( ! oceans may h be5 depressions s9ce ! e>?'s cru/ 0 fir/ consolidat$4 ,! argum5t on bo? sides dep5ds ^u !ories to :i* travell]s c contribute b little except by obs]vations on ! geology1 fauna1 & flora ( oceanic isl&s1 & by ! inve/igation ( coral-reefs & especially ( atolls4 ,9 ranges ( hills or m\nta9s ne> ! coa/ bo? ( cont95ts & isl&s & 9 all tracts :]e evid5ce ( rec5t elevation exi/s1 se>* %\ld be made = deep-sea deposits4 ,^! are f9e calc>e\s or argillace\s b$s1 (t5 conta9+ small ,=am9if]a or ,radiol>ia1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are g5]ally extremely m9ute1 & require microscopical exam9ation = detection4 ,if any b$s ( consolidat$ calc>e\s or silice\s ooze or especially if r$ or gray clay 79 old] rocks1 slate1 or ev5 qu>tzite7 be f\nd associat$ ) pelagic deposits1 su* z coral lime/one1 a few small fragm5ts ( ! b$s %\ld always be br\ght away = exam9ation1 & any di/9ct fossil rema9s f\nd 9 su* b$s1 = in/ance e*9od]ms 7sea-ur*9s or />-fi%es7 or %>ks' tee?1 %\ld be c>efully pres]v$ ) "s ( ! matrix4 ,deep-sea deposits h rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w1 = in/ance1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 ! isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits & ,s\!rn ,au/ralia1 z well z 9 ,europe4 ,atolls or ,coral-,isl&s4--,ea* ( ! rem>kable coral-isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian oceans consi/s usually ( an irregul> r+1 "p or ! :ole ( :i* is a few feet above ! sea1 & :i* encircles an inn] lagoon ( no great dep?4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! reef ar\nd ea* isl& slopes rapidly1 sometimes precipitately1 to a dep? (1 usually1 sev]al hundr$ fa?oms4 ,d>w91 tak+ ^! facts into consid]ation1 toge!r ) ! circum/ance t no coral-reefs are kn[n to be =m$ at a great] dep? ?an ab\t #ae to #bj fa?oms 7#ij to #abj feet71 %[$ t all ! facts ( ! case c\ld be expla9$ by ! !ory t coral-isl&s 7 =m$ 9 areas ( subsid5ce4 ,?is view 0 g5]ally accept$ until ,pr(4 ,a4 ,agassiz1 ,sir ,john ,murray1 & o!r writ]s br\ght =w>d evid5ce 9 fav\r ( coral-isl&s be+ f\nd$ on %oals t may be areas ( elevation4 ,mu* light has be5 ?r[n on ?is subject by rec5t exploration4 ,two in/ances 9 especial may be m5tion$4 ,! exam9ation ( ,*ri/mas ,isl& 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ,s\? ( ,sumatra1 by ,mr4 ,&rews1 has %[n x to be a rais$ atoll1 f\nd$ on a volcanic base1 :il/1 on ! o!r h&1 bor+s on ! atoll ( ,funafuti1 "o ( ! ,m>%all ,isl&s 9 ! ,we/]n ,pacific1 c>ri$ to a dep? ( ov] #ajjj feet on ! r+ itself1 & to #bde feet bel[ sea-level 9 ! middle ( ! lagoon1 h yield$ results :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( ! geologi/s engag$1 ,pr(4 ,sollas & ,pr(4 ,edgewor? ,david1 completely confirm ,d>w9's !ory4 ,x is probable t atolls orig9ate 9 m ?an "o way1 "s be+ =m$ 9 ris+ or /ation>y tracts1 o!rs 9 areas ( depression4 ,! important "q1 f a geographical po9t ( view1 is n s mu* h[ isolat$ atolls 7 =m$ z :e!r ! great tracts 9 ! ,pacific & ,indian oceans 9 :i* no isl&s occur except atolls1 = in/ance1 ! ,m>%all1 ,gilb]t & ,l[ ar*ipelagoes 9 ! =m]1 & ! ,laccadives & ,maldives 9 ! latt]1 h be5 areas ( ext5sive subsid5ce dur+ ! lat] geological p]iods4 ,fur!r evid5ce on ?is "q may p]haps 9 "t be furni%$ by additional bor+s1 = "o ( :i* an isl& ( ! ,maldive gr\p w\ld furni% an excell5t locality1 s9ce !re is 9 ?is case indep5d5t evid5ce to indicate t ! ar*ipelago occupies "p ( a sunk5 tract4 ,meantime any additional details w\ld be useful1 su* z c>eful s\nd+s ar\nd ^? atolls :i* h n be5 fully survey$1 s z to give an accurate pr(ile ( ! sea-bottom 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,,memor&um ,,on ,,glaci] ,,obs]vations4 ,revis$ by ,,alan ,g4 ,,ogilvie4 ,! rec5t movem5ts ( glaci]s may be not$ by ! foll[+ signs3-- ,:5 ! ice is advanc+1 ! glaci]s g5]ally h a m convex outl9e1 ! icefalls are m brok5 into t[]s & spires1 & piles ( fre% rubbi% are f\nd %ot ov] ! grass ( ! l[] mora9es4 ,mora9es :i* h be5 comp>atively rec5tly deposit$ by advanc+ ice are di/urb$1 %[ cracks1 & are obvi\sly be+ pu%$ =w>d or aside by ! glaci]4 ,!re is a t5d5cy = ! glaci] to t]m9ate 9 a v]tical front1 or 8,*9ese wall10 z di/+ui%$ f ! slop+ sn\t ( a /ation>y or retreat+ glaci]1 ow+ to ! m rapid advance ( ! upp] lay]s4 ,if ! advance is rapid ! ov]hang+ lay]s w fall1 & an ice talus w collect 9 front4 ,an inspection ( ! ice w (t5 disclose horizontal l9es ( %e]+ :i* 9 a side view are se5 to rise t[>ds ! t]m9al wall4 ,se>* %\ld be made along ^! %e] planes = includ$ mora9e mat]ial1 & any pro(s ( elevation ( ?is mat]ial not$4 ,:5 ! ice is 9 retreat x t]m9ates 9 a g5tly slop+ sn\t4 ,! m>ks ( its fur!r rec5t ext5sion are se5 fr++ ! glaci] bo? at ! end & sides 9 _! l[] portions1 ! glaci] fails to fill its =m] b$1 & b>e /ony tracts1 (t5 int]sp]s$ ) pools or lakelets1 lie betwe5 ! end ( ! glaci] & ! m\nds ( rec5t t]m9al mora9es4 ,:]e a glaci] has retreat$ to any consid]able ext5t1 c>eful obs]vations ( ! =m ( its b$ are ( value4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! rock surfaces expos$--convex or concave2 are !y rubb$ smoo? on _! leesides2 h[ f> h ! cont\rs ( ! cliffs or slopes1 or ! sides ( any gorge1 be5 modifi$ :]e !y h be5 subject$ to ice-friction8 ,is !re any evid5ce t ! ice has fl[$ ov] l>ge b\ld]s1 or loose soils1 su* z gravel1 )\t di/urb+ !m8 ,h[ has x affect$ rocks ( diff]5t h>dness1 = in/ance1 ve9s ( qu>tz 9 a less h>d rock8 ,g5]ally1 d ! appe>ances indicate t ! glaci] has excavat$1 or only abrad$ & poli%$ its b$2 t x has scoop$ out new rock-bas9s1 or only clean$ out1 scrat*$1 & pres]v$ f fill+-up by alluvial deposits or e>?slips1 exi/+ bas9s8 ,:at is ! g5]al "* ( ! valley bottom & ! slopes above & bel[ ! mo/ conspicu\s anci5t mora9es8 ,) a view to asc]ta9+ ! oscillations 9 l5g? ( a glaci]1 ! travell] or surveyor %\ld1 if possible1 m>k on ! gr\nd ! position ( ! end ( ! glaci] at ! "t ( 8 visit1 s t ! next visitor w be able to measure ! movem5t t has tak5 place s9ce 8 pr$ecessor's visit4 ,leav+ out ( "q elaborate trigonometrical me?ods1 su*1 = in/ance1 z h be5 c>ri$ out on ! ,rhone ,glaci] 9 ,switz]l&1 ! foll[+ means may be adopt$ = record+ ! position ( ! glaci] front ) consid]able accuracy4 ,pa9t "s signs on l>ge b\ld]s1 n too f> f ! end ( ! glaci]1 & measure _! di/ance f x by a tape 7,ri*t]'s sy/em71 or build a l[ wall ( /ones ( a few y>ds 9 l5g?1 &1 say #ae to #bj in*es 9 height1 "s di/ance f ! ice-end1 & measure ?is di/ance 7,gosset's sy/em74 ,x is to be recomm5d$ t ! /ones ( ^! walls %\ld also be pa9t$4 ,9 ei!r case ! date & di/ance %\ld be pa9t$ on ! /ones4 ,if ! travell] himself returns aft] "s int]val--ev5 aft] only two or ?ree weeks--he w be able to judge ( ! movem5t ( ! glaci]1 & he w h laid d[n a basis = fur!r obs]vations by future travell]s4 ,a plane-table sket* on a fairly l>ge scale ) cont\rs or =m l9es ( ! ice front & its imm$iate vic9ity is ( ! greate/ value1 z x records n only ! position b also ! =m ( ! glaci]4 ,! sket* %\ld1 ( c\rse1 %[ ! position ( ! pa9t$ b\ld]s or o!r fix$ po9ts ne> ! ice4 ,to asc]ta9 ! rec5t retreat ( a glaci]1 measure ! di/ance f ! ice front to ! mo/ advanc$ t]m9al mora9e1 :]e vegetation fir/ %[s itself4 ,! b>e gr\nd rec5tly left by glaci]s is easily recognisable4 ,! dim9ution ( volume is be/ measur$ by asc]ta9+ ! height ( b>e soil left on ! sides ( ! lat]al mora9es 9 ! portion ( ! glaci] )9 ! zone ( vegetation4 ,all photographic repres5tations ( ! glaci] end1 & ( ! gr\nd :i* has be5 fre$ f ! glaci] ice1 are ( great value4 ,^? w be ( mo/ s]vice t %[ ! position ( ! glaci]-sn\t ) relation to "s conspicu\s rock or o!r feature 9 ! local sc5]y4 ,ea* photograph %\ld be dat$1 & ! be>+s & di/ance ( ! cam]a ) ref]5ce to any su* feature accurately not$4 ,neighb\r+ glaci]s (t5 furni% v diff]5t results z reg>ds advance or retreat1 ow+ to ! fact t /eep glaci]s anticipate 9 _! oscillations ^? ! b$s ( :i* are less incl9$4 ,"o ( ! results mo/ to be desir$ is an exact k ( ! dates3 ,i4 ,( ! maximum ext5sion ( ! ice4 ,,ii4 ,( ! comm5cem5t ( retreat4 ,,iii4 ,( ! m9imum4 ,,iv4 ,( ! comm5cem5t ( fre% increase4 & ev5 in=mation giv+ approximate dates--say1 to )9 a decade1 may prove to be ( value4 ,9 deal+ ) a m\nta9 gr\p1 !re=e1 ! travell] %\ld note :]e he c get ! in=mation z to ! pa/1 ! date ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! actual movem5t ( ea* glaci]1 & 9 all cases :e!r ! ice is 9 advance1 or retreat1 or /ation>y4 ,( c\rse ! rate ( =w>d movem5t1 or velocity ( ! ice1 & ! oscillations 9 ! ext5sion ( ! ice mu/ be kept c>efully di/9ct4 ,obs]vations %\ld also be made on ! pres5ce ( blue b&s1 & _! relation to ! l9es ( /ratification 9 ! nv not$4 ,%\ld "t & circum/ances p]mit1 a s]ies ( obs]vations ( ! velocity ( ! ice is ( value4 ,^! may be made aft] ,tyndall's me?od1 by plant+ a l9e ( /icks across ! glaci]1 or by pa9t+ m>ks on b\ld]s1 ! position ( :i* relatively to asc]ta9$ po9ts on ! m\nta9-side has be5 accurately fix$4 ,! size ( ! glaci] t is1 ! area ( its bas9 & its l5g?1 also ! slope ( its b$ above1 z well z at ! po9t measur$1 %\ld be not$4 ,! rate ( movem5t ( ! ice appe>s to be connect$ bo? ) ! volume ( ! glaci] & ! incl9ation ( its b$1 & is consid]ably affect$ by temp]ature4 ,?us a rise 9 temp]ature may ev5 be accompani$ by a tempor>y advance1 b 9 ?is case a sagg+ w take place high] 9 ! nv1 produc+ a concave cross-section1 %[+ t ! advance is n due to increas$ sn[fall1 b to a decrease 9 ! viscosity ( ! ice4 ,! advance or retreat ( a glaci] are n ! only factors to take into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ ! decrease or dim9ution ( ! volume ( ice4 ,! highe/ level ( ! transv]se convexity ( ! glaci] at v>i\s po9ts 9 its c\rse %\ld also be not$4 ,if ! glaci] is b\nd$ lat]ally by rocky walls1 m>ks may conv5i5tly be pa9t$ on ^!1 opposite "o ano!r4 ,! v]tical height ( ! m>ks above ! ice at ! sides %\ld be not$1 & ! date ( ! obs]vation record$4 ,a society1 entitl$ ! ,commission ,int]nationale des ,glaci]s1 has be5 =m$ to promote ! /udy ( glacial movem5ts & o!r po9ts ( int]e/ & importance4 ,_! reports f _! inception to #aije 7 publi%$ 9 ! #8,ar*ives des ,sci5ces1' ,g5eva1 ! j\rnal ( ! ,swiss ,alp9e ,club1 & f #aijf to #aiac 9 ! #8,zeits*rift fr ,glets*]kunde1' ,b]l94 ,a summ>y ( ! reports 9 ,engli% appe>$ ?r\gh\t ^! ye>s 9 ! #8,j\rnal ( ,geology1' ,wa%+ton4 ,! ,european ,w> has disorganis$ ?is int]national society1 b /eps are be+ tak5 to e/abli% "s organisation to replace x4 ,,iv4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory4#g ,by ! late ,h4 ,w4 ,,bates1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,revis$ by ,w4 ,r4 ,,ogilvie-,,grant1 ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,biological ,sci5ce1 travell]s :o int5d to devote !mselves specially to ! zoological or botanical inve/igation ( new or little-kn[n c\ntries1 require to be tra9$ = ! "w be=eh&1 & are consequ5tly well-in=m$ z to me?ods & appliances4 ,x is n = !m t ^! #8,h9ts' are drawn up1 b = g5]al travell]s & explor]s1 :o1 :il/ engag$ *iefly 9 survey1 wi% to "k h[ be/ to pr(it by _! opportunities ( b5efit+ sci5ce by collect+ examples ( new or r>e species1 & h[ to pres]ve & safely transmit _! specim5s4 ,! obs]vations ref] only to explorations by l&4 ,outfit#h-- ,a magaz9e sport+ rifle1 ei!r ,mannli*] #bef1 or ,lee-,enfield #cjc1 & ammunition 7solid & s(t-nos$1 split or holl[-po9t bullets74 ,d\ble-b>rel #ab-;bore gun--= *oice a ,keep]'s hamm]less non-ejector gun & ammunition 7,nos4 #c & #e %ot74#i ,d\ble-b>rel #daj hamm]-gun & ammunition 7,nos4 #h1 #aj & #ab %ot74 ,c>tridges ) a full *>ge ( p[d] & ,no4 #h %ot w kill l>g] birds at a consid]able di/ance2 ^? ) ,nos4 #aj & #ab %ot are specially load$ = collect+ small] birds at clos] qu>t]s1 & may be us$ at di/ances ( f fifte5 to tw5ty-five y>ds )\t damag+ ! specim5s4 ,! loads are3 oz4 ,no4 #ab %ot1 dr4 black p[d]1 or #i gra9s ,s*ultz2 oz4 ,no4 #aj %ot1 dr4 black p[d]1 or #i gra9s ,s*ultz4 ,9 damp climates black p[d] w be f\nd m reliable4 ,if %ot l>g] ?an ,no4 #h is us$ ) ?is gun1 ! patt]n is erratic & ! result unc]ta94 ,messrs4 ,cogswell & ,h>rison1 #bbf ,/r&1 ,w4,c41 h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 load+ c>tridges = ^! guns1 & _! ,nos4 #aj & #ab %ot is ev5 & c>efully scre5$4 ,no4 #a saloon pi/ol & ammunition 7turn$-ov] caps ) du/ %ot74 ,?is pi/ol w be f\nd ( great value = collect+ small birds at v close qu>t]s 9 ?ick cov]1 or ! m active liz>ds4 ,x c be easily c>ri$ 9 a hol/] on a belt1 to :i* is also atta*$ a small p\* = ammunition4 ,small brass turn$-ov] caps1 load$ ) a p9* ( du/-%ot1 c be _h ( ,messrs4 ,cogswell & ,h>rison4 ,telescope4 ,b9ocul> field-glasses4 ,traps c be procur$ f ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,beckett1 #ci ,dresd5 ,road1 ,highgate1 ,n4 7apply1 9 ! fir/ place1 by lett]74 ,= cat*+ hynas1 etc41 l>ge traps are suppli$2 = small] mammals1 ,brails=d live-traps & ,cyclone & ,s*uyl] break-back traps are ! be/1 & %\ld be procur$ 9 sev]al sizes4 ,pitfall-traps made by s9k+ e>!nw>e j>s flu% ) ! gr\nd are also useful4 ,sev]al air-tight z9c-l9$ collect+ boxes1 fitt$ ) light wood5 trays4 ,^! are made by ,messrs4 ,lovelace & ,co41 #bj ,gl\ce/] ,road1 ,s4,w41 & w be f\nd extremely s]viceable = pack+1 /or+1 & transmitt+ sk9s ( small] mammals & birds4 ,:5 />t+ !y c be pack$ full ( /ores4 ,uni=m cases may be sub/itut$1 b1 unless protect$ by wood5 travell+-cov]s1 are liable to get damag$ & to admit insects4 ,a set ( c>p5t]'s tools2 screws & ,fr5* nails ( v>i\s sizes4 ,a set ( sold]+ irons & s(t sold]1 etc4 ,= sk9n+ l>ge ,mammals99-- #b %oemak]s' knives4 #c l>ge scalpels4 #a small saw4 #a pair cutt+-p9c]s4 #a pair pli]s4 ,= sk9n+ small ,mammals & ,birds99-- ,taxid]mi/'s box conta9+3 #f scalpels4 #a oil-/one4 #b pairs ( scissors 7"o %ort-blad$1 "o dissect+74 #b pairs ( t[-pli]s 7l curl+-irons1 = ins]t+ t[ or cotton-wool into ! necks ( bird-sk9s74 #a pair ( =ceps4 #a pair ( tweez]s4 #a pair cutt+-pli]s4 #a pair compasses4 #a #b-;foot rule m>k$ 9 t5?s ( an in*4 #a millimetre rule4 #c d>n+ ne$les4 ,ne$les & ?read4 #a t9 ( mix$ p9s4 ,bundles ( galvaniz$ wire 7= ins]t+ 9 tails ( small mammals & 9 necks ( bird-sk9s74 #c hog-hair bru%es = apply+ ars5ical soap4 #b egg-drills 7two sizes74 #b bl[-pipes 7two sizes74 #b p5cils4 #a small biscuit t9 ( f9e boxwood sawdu/4 #a #b-lb4 t9 ( c&le naph?al9e4 #a #b-lb4 t9 cry/al4 #a #b-lb4 t9 pla/] ( ,p>is4 #c #a-lb4 t9s ( ars5ical soap 79 treacle t9s71 or ! same weight ( p[d]$ ars5ic4 #a #b-lb4 t9 burnt alum4 #ajjj labels = bird-sk9s4 #ejj labels = small mammals4 #b bundles ( wool4 ,t[ 7:i* c be us$ z pack+74 #f pieces ( f9e me% wire-nett+ 7= mak+ cages1 etc474 99 ,all ! articles m5tion$ 9 ?is li/ c be be/ procur$ f ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,beckett1 #ci ,dresd5 ,road1 ,highgate1 ,n4 ,apply1 9 fir/ place1 by lett]4 ,^? m>k$ ) a cross 77 c be obta9$ f ,messrs4 ,buck1 #bdb ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road1 ,w4,c4 ,= pres]v+ ,reptiles1 ,batra*ians1 & ,fi%-- ,^! %\ld be pres]v$ 9 spirits :5ev] practicable4 ,= l>g] specim5s-- #b or #d f\r-sid$ copp] tanks ) a r\nd op5+ ( six in*es diamet]1 clos$ ) a screw cov]4 ,ea* tank is fitt$ into a /rong wood5 case ) a lid secur$ by h+es & lock1 & furni%$ on two opposite sides ) a rope h&le4 ,= small] specim5s liable to be damag$-- #b or #d wood5 cases divid$ into f\r or six comp>tm5ts1 ea* conta9+ a pickle j>1 ) glass rubb]-edg$ /opp] secur$ by an adju/able iron fa/5+4 #c doz5 or m cork$ glass tubes ( v>i\s sizes4 ,a supply ( %eets ( z9c1 sold]+ irons & s(t sold] 7to make extra tanks74 #ajjj p>*m5t labels be>+ numb]s4 ,if ! above specially con/ruct$ z9c tanks _c be procur$1 wide-m\!d e>!nw>e j>s1 tightly clos$ ) cork or rubb]1 may be us$4 ,! glass tubes w be f\nd specially useful = collect+ ,ara*nida1 ,myriopoda1 small ,mollusca1 etc4 ,= collect+ ,insects-- ,/ore boxes l9$ ) cork-c>pet4 ,triangul> envelopes ( smoo? foolscap pap] = butt]flies & ?9-bodi$ mo?s4 ,c>d fly-discs4 ,entomological p9s 7boxes ( v>i\s sizes74 #b z9c oval pocket boxes l9$ ) cork-c>pet 7two sizes74 #f or m sets 7f\r ea*7 ( glass-bottom$ pill-boxes cov]$ ) jaconet4 #b pairs ( entomological =ceps4 #d insect kill+-bottles 7two sizes7 9 lea!r cases4 7,h9ton ,co41 #ch ,b$=d ,/reet1 ,/r&1 ,w4,c47 ,a small bottle ( oxalic acid1 ) /abb+ quill fix$ 9 cork1 = kill+ l>ge insects4 #b flat kill+-bottles = beetles1 ) glass tube pass+ ?r\gh ! cork & fitt$ ) a cork plug4 #b small entomological lamps4 #f t9s ( bicycle oil4 #a doz5 #a-lb4 t9s ( gold5 syrup or treacle4 #b sug> bru%es4 #a #c-oz4 bottle ( acetate ( amyl 78,ess5ce ( ,pe> ,drops10 = mix+ ) treacle7 7,h9ton ,co474 #c butt]fly-nets 7two r\nd1 "o kite-%ap$7 ) extra bags4#aj #a wat]-net 7= aquatic insects74 ,sev]al pieces ( cork-c>pet ab\t a foot squ>e 7= mak+ extra /ore boxes74 #a pocket l5s4 #b l>ge pickle-j>s ( c>boliz$ sawdu/ to be us$ z pack+ = beetles aft] !y h be5 kill$4 #c doz5 cork$ glass tubes 7?ree sizes74#aa ,= in/ructions reg>d+ ! collect+ & pres]vation ( specim5s 9 all bran*es ( natural hi/ory1 travell]s & o!rs are recomm5d$ to provide !mselves ) a #8,h&book ( ,in/ructions = ,collectors1' issu$ by ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory74 ,) illu/rations4 ,second edition1 #aijd4 ,price #as4 #f;d4 ,illu/ration ,9 humid tropical c\ntries1 :]e ! ubiquit\s ants are likely to de/roy specim5s be=e !y are ready to be pack$ away1 dry+-cages1 susp5d$ f ! ro( ( a hut or t5t1 are absolutely necess>y4 ,^! c be readily made f old pack+-cases1 b a few squ>e feet ( wire gauze mu/ be provid$ = ! back & front ( ! cages1 & ! cord by :i* !y are susp5d$ mu/ be ?read$ ?r\gh a small caliba% conta9+ oil1 or1 bett] /ill1 naph?al9e1 to prev5t ants f desc5d+ f ! ro(4 ,! cages may be s arrang$ z to be tak5 to pieces & put toge!r aga9 readily2 "o1 = birds1 %\ld be ab\t #b feet #f in*es long by #a foot #f in*es high & #a foot broad2 ! o!r1 = insects & o!r small specim5s1 may be ab\t "o-?ird less4 ,!y %\ld h fold+ doors 9 front1 ) panels ( wire gauze1 & ! backs :olly ( ! latt] mat]ial2 ! sides fitt$ ) racks to hold six or eight pla9 %elves1 :i* 9 ! small] cage %\ld be cov]$ ) cork1 or any s(t wood t c be obta9$ 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,a /rong r+ fix$ 9 ! top ( ! cage1 ) a cord hav+ a hook atta*$ at ! end by :i* to hang x 9 an airy place1 w keep ! conta9$ specim5s out ( h>m's way until !y are q dry1 :5 !y may be /[$ away 9 suitable close-fitt+ boxes4 ,an ev5 simpl] & p]fectly effective plan is to take a numb] ( pieces ( /\t wire ea* ab\t #ah in*es long1 b5d ea* end into a loop1 & r\nd ! middle sold] a funnel-%ap$ piece ( t9 to conta9 p[d]$ c&le-naph?al9e4 ,! upp] loop ( ea* wire c be secur$ ) /r+ to a raft]1 & betwe5 ! l[] loops flat bo>ds1 or a s]ies ( bo>ds1 c be susp5d$ on :i* sk9s may be plac$ to dry4 ,?is me?od has be5 prov$ to be safe1 no ants ev] v5tur+ to cross ! naph?al9e4 ,a few y>ds ( india-rubb] wat]pro( %eet+ may be f\nd useful z a tempor>y cov]+ to collections 9 wet wea!r or 9 cross+ riv]s4 ,to ^? :o h _h little or no exp]i5ce 9 field-collect+ x may be useful to give "s idea ( ! imp$im5ta consid]$ absolutely ess5tial = an ord9>y day's "w :5 x is desir$ to collect1 z f> z possible1 9 all bran*es ( zoology1 & ! mo/ conv5i5t means ( dispos+ ( su*4 ,! collector %\ld be accompani$1 if possible1 by two intellig5t natives to act z be>]s1 :o may1 ) pati5ce1 be develop$ into useful assi/ant-collectors4 ,a #ab-;bore gun or rifle1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ) ammunition1 to be c>ri$ by ! fir/ be>]4 ,a #daj collect+ gun & tw5ty-five c>tridges1 includ+ a few c>tridges ) full loads ( #h %ot3 ! c>tridges to be c>ri$ by self1 ! gun1 :5 n 9 use1 to be c>ri$ by ! second be>]4 ,! #aj %ot & #ab %ot #daj c>tridges %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! two l[] wai/coat pockets1 :]e !y are easily accessible1 & ! few #h %ot c>tridges 9 "s o!r pocket4 ,saloon pi/ol 9 hol/] ) p\* = c>ry+ ammunition on belt1 /rapp$ r\nd ! wai/1 s t x c be easily & quickly made use (4 ,a butt]fly-net c>ri$ by self1 or by ! second be>] if n 9 use4 ,l>ge oval z9c pocket-box l9$ ) cork c>pet1 conta9+ a /ock ( p9s1 bo? l>ge & small1 /uck 9 "o side ( ! cork c>pet ready = use2 to be c>ri$ 9 ! "r-h& side-pocket ( ! coat4 ,entomological =ceps1 po9t$ =ceps1 & l>g] =ceps = pick+ up scorpions1 l>ge spid]s1 etc41 & entomological kill+-bottle2 to be c>ri$ 9 ! left-h& side-pocket ( ! coat4 ,two l>g]-siz$ cork$ glass tubes half-full ( spirits & a camel's-hair bru% to be c>ri$ 9 ! "r & left top wai/coat-pockets1 = collect+ small spid]s1 etc4 ,x is difficult to pick up ! swift-runn+ gr\nd-haunt+ species )\t injury1 b1 by dipp+ ! bru% 9 spirits & plac+ x on !m1 !y are at once /upefi$1 & may !n be easily transf]r$ to ! tube4 ,! _s is also requir$ = saturat+ ! small plug ( cotton-wool to be pu%$ d[n ! ?roat ( ea* bird z soon z x has be5 kill$2 ! gape %\ld !n be plugg$ ) dry cotton4 ,specim5s ?us prep>$ may be c>ri$1 ev5 9 a hot climate1 = sev]al h\rs )\t det]iorat+4 ,a game bag c>ri$ by ! second be>]1 ) a l>ge supply ( pap] = wrapp+ up birds :5 %ot4 ,sev]al sets ( glass-top pill-boxes c>ri$ 9 ! #8h>e'-pocket1 or 9 "o ( ! pockets ( ! game-bag1 to :i* !y c be transf]r$ :5 fill$4 ,a pickle pot 9 ,willesd5 canvas or basket-"w cov] ) h&le1 half fill$ ) spirits1 = collect+ small snakes1 liz>ds1 frogs1 scorpions1 etc42 to be c>ri$ by ! fir/ be>]1 :o %\ld be in/ruct$ h[ to hunt = reptiles1 etc4 ,if possible1 a beetle-kill+ bottle %\ld be add$ to ! above imp$im5ta1 & may be c>ri$ 9 ! left-h& brea/-pocket ( ! coat4 ,a ,norfolk coat is a mo/ useful article ( clo?+1 & %\ld be provid$ ) a deep #8h>e' pocket runn+ r\nd ! skirt & divid$ 9 ! middle4 ,aft] a v %ort "t ! collector w be able to f9d any article he may require by in/9ct1 & )\t loss ( "t4 ,to h a pocket = ea* article1 & to "k :]e x is1 saves an inf9ity ( tr\ble4 ,at daylight ! traps %\ld be visit$1 & any specim5s to be pres]v$ %\ld at once be s5t back into camp4 ,collect+ %\ld always1 if possible1 be vigor\sly prosecut$ dur+ ! e>ly morn+ h\rs1 :5 birds1 etc41 are fe$+1 & are mu* m easily procur$4 ,:5 butt]flies & ?ick-bodi$ mo?s are plac$ 9 ! kill+-bottle1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t !y die ) _! w+s turn$ ! #8"r way1' i4e41 ) ! und]side out]mo/4 ,^? :i* die ) ! upp] side out]mo/ %\ld be at once rev]s$ ) ! aid ( a p9 or ! %>p-po9t$ =ceps1 & !n replac$ 9 ! bottle4 ,if n att5d$ to at once !y become rigid1 & ! w+s get rubb$ & spoilt be=e !y are q dead4 ,:]e & :at to collect4--,! c\ntries :i* are n[ ! lea/ kn[n ) reg>d to _! natural hi/ory are ,new ,gu9ea & "s ( ! l>ge isl&s to ! ea/ ( x1 ,ea/ ,sumatra1 ! highl&s ( ,m9danao & o!r ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ,=mosa1 ,tibet1 ,indo-,*9a1 & o!r p>ts ( ,c5tral ,asia1 ,equatorial ,africa1 & ,c5tral ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,a special int]e/ atta*es to ! indig5\s products ( oceanic isl&s1 i4e41 isl&s sep>at$ by a deep sea f any l>ge tract ( l&4 ,^? :o h opportunities c\ld n fail to make int]e/+ discov]ies by collect+ specim5s ( ! small] animals 7insects1 molluscs1 etc417 & plants 9 ^! isolat$ localities4 ,bo? 9 cont95tal c\ntries & on isl&s ! truly indig5\s species w h to be s\ght = on hills & 9 ! remote p>ts1 :]e !y are m likely to h escap$ ext]m9ation by settl]s & ! dome/ic animals introduc$ by !m4 ,9 mo/ ( ! bett]-kn[n c\ntries ! botany has be5 bett] inve/igat$ ?an ! zoology1 & 9 all ^! !re /ill rema9s mu* to be done 9 asc]ta9+ ! exact /ation1 & ! range1 bo? v]tical & horizontal1 ( kn[n species ( animals & plants4 ,?is leads u to "o po9t :i* _c be too /rongly insi/$ on1 namely1 t "s effective means %\ld be adopt$ by ! travell] to record ! exact locality & date ( e specim5 he collects4#ab ,a travell] may be puzzl$1 9 ! mid/ ( ! pr(usion ( animal & vegetable =ms :i* he sees ar\nd him1 to "k :at to collect & :at to leave4 ,books c be ( little s]vice to him on a j\rney1 & he _h bett] at once ab&on all idea ( encumb]+ himself ) !m4 ,a few days /udy at ! pr9cipal museums be=e he />ts on 8 voyage may tea* him a great deal1 & ! cultivation ( a habit ( close obs]vation & m9ute comp>ison ( ! specim5s he obta9s w tea* him a great deal m4 ,z a g5]al rule all specim5s :i* he may meet ) = ! fir/ "t f> 9 ! int]ior %\ld be pref]r$ to ^? common ne> ! civilis$ p>ts1 & he %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! few h&some k9ds :i* attract ! att5tion ( ! natives1 & are (f]$ = sale to /rang]s1 are almo/ sure to be ( species well kn[n 9 ,european museums4 ,he %\ld /rive to obta9 z mu* v>iety z possible1 & n fill 8 boxes & j>s ) quantities ( specim5s ( "o or a few species1 b z "s ( ! r>e/ & mo/ int]e/+ species closely resemble o!rs :i* may be m common1 he %\ld avail himself ( e opportunity ( comp>+ ! objects side by side4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries1 z already rem>k$1 ! truly indig5\s1 & (t5 ! r>e/1 species are to be f\nd only 9 ! m\nta9s at consid]able elevations & 9 ! primitive =e/s1 ! products ( cultivat$ di/ricts be+ ne>ly all widely di/ribut$ & well kn[n4 ,9 ,botany a travell]1 if oblig$ to re/rict 8 collect+1 might conf9e himself to ^? plants :i* are rem>kable = _! economic uses2 always tak+ c>e to id5tify ! fl[]s ( ! tree or %rub ^: root1 b>k1 leaves1 wood1 etc41 are us$ by ! natives1 & to pres]ve a few specim5s ( !m4 ,b if he has ! good =tune to asc5d any high m\nta9 n previ\sly explor$1 he %\ld make z complete a collection ( ! fl[]+ plants z possible1 at ! high] elevations4 ,! same may be said ( insects f\nd on m\nta9s1 :]e !y occur 9 great div]sity--on ! %ady & cold sides r ?an on ! sunny slopes--"u /ones1 & ab\t ! roots ( h]bage1 especially ne> spr+s1 on %rubs & l[ trees1 & s =?2 = ^u a k ( ! plants & insects ( m\nta9 ranges dep5d ! solution ( _m curi\s que/ions reg>d+ ! geographical di/ribution ( =ms ov] ! e>?4 ,9 ,reptiles1 ! small] ,batra*ians 7,frogs1 ,salam&]s1 etc47 %\ld n be neglect$1 especially ! extremely num]\s family ( tree-frogs2 ! arboreal1 or rock-haunt+ species ( ,liz>ds se5 out ( rea*1 & ! swift-runn+ =ms t inhabit s&y pla9s may be secur$ ) a *>ge ( du/-%ot1 ! saloon pi/ol be+ especially h&y = ?is purpose4 ,snakes %\ld be tak5 )\t injur+ ! head1 :i* is ! mo/ important "p ( ! body3 a cleft /ick may be us$ 9 secur+ !m by ! neck1 or !y may be %ot1 & on rea*+ camp plac$ 9 ! j>s ( spirits4 ,z l>ge a collection z possible %\ld be made ( ! small] ,fi%es & ,tortoises ( lakes & riv]s4 ,mammals & ,birds4#ac--;,an ord9>y geographical exp$ition w h>dly h ! means at its disposal = br++ home _m specim5s ( ! l>g] animals1 b _m species 9 regions visit$ only by adv5tur\s explor]s are /ill desid]ata 9 ! l>ge museums ( ,europe2 & additional specim5s ( all g5]a ( :i* !re are num]\s closely alli$ species 7e4g41 ,rod5ts1 ,antelope1 ,de]1 etc471 & ( all ! small nocturnal mammals w\ld be welcome to zoologi/s4 ,if only portions c be obta9$1 skulls ) horns atta*$ are to be pref]r$4 ,! small] birds %ot on an excursion %\ld be c>ri$ to camp 9 ! game bag1 fold$ 9 pap]1 ! m\?1 anus & any w\nds be+ fir/ plugg$ ) cotton-wool4 ,9 a hot climate :5 ! birds h to be c>ri$ = "s di/ance be=e !y are sk9n$1 a plug ( cotton-wool dipp$ 9 a weak solution ( =mal9e or 9 spirits %\ld be pu%$ d[n ! gullet into ! /oma*1 be=e ! m\? is plugg$ ) dry cotton-wool4 ,?is precaution w insure specim5s rema9+ fre% = _m h\rs4 ,small dull-col\r$ birds are mo/ likely to be new or int]e/+4 ,imm$iately aft] kill+ a small mammal or bird1 make a note ( ! col\r ( its eyes & s(t p>ts1 &1 if "t admits1 ( ! dim5sions ( its trunk & limbs4 ,full directions = sk9n+ w be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum #8,h&book1' pp4 #ae-bi4 ,x %\ld h[ev] be m5tion$ t 9 l>ge-head$ ,p>rots1 ,woodpeck]s1 ,ducks1 & "s o!r birds1 9 :i* ! sk9 ( ! head _c be turn$ back1 an incision has to be made 9 ! nape1 ?r\gh :i* ! skull c be pu%$ & cleans$1 ! incision be+ aft]w>ds clos$ by two or ?ree /it*es4 ,9 f9i%+ ! sk9 ( a bird ! feet %\ld be plac$ side by side1 ) ! claws fold$ & fa/5$ toge!r by means ( a p9 run transv]sely ?r\gh ! soles4 ,! protrud+ ends ( ! p9 c aft]w>ds be cut (f close to ! feet4 ,?is is ,mr4 ,w4 ,fo/]'s plan1 & is by f> ! be/ & neate/ me?od4 ,:5 ! sk9 is dry1 x %\ld be laid on its back 9 "o ( ! trays fitt$ into ! z9c-l9$ collect+ boxes1 & secur$ by means ( a c\ple ( /\t p9s pass$ ?r\gh ! head at ! base ( ! l[] m&ible & ?r\gh ! root ( ! tail4 ,by dovetail+ ! specim5s into "o ano!r1 !y c ?us be pack$ ) ! lea/ loss ( space1 & ne$ n aga9 be mov$4 ,!y require no wrapp+ or pap]1 & are mu* m easily look$ ov] to see t no insects h attack$ !m4 ,pres]v+ ,mammals1 etc41 9 ,alcohol4--,:5 ,mammals _c be prep>$ z sk9s ) skulls1 accord+ to ! ,briti% ,museum directions1 !y may prove ( s]vice if pres]v$ 9 spirits4 ,inde$1 :5 a s]ies ( sk9s has be5 made1 additional specim5s may well be plac$ 9 spirits1 :ile 9 ! case ( ,bats half ! individuals tak5 ( any species %\ld be sk9n$ & half put 9 spirits4 ,on ! subject ( ! pres]vation ( su* _s specim5s1 ! late ,dr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,dobson has publi%$ ! foll[+ #8,h9ts'3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,g5]al ,,collect+-,,case4 ,! g5]al collect+ case %\ld be made ( /rong block t91 or1 bett] /ill1 ( copp]1 rectangul> 9 =m1 ab\t #b feet #a foot #a foot #h in*es 9 height1 hav+ 9 ! top a circul> ap]ture f #f to #h in*es 9 diamet]1 clos$ by a well-fitt+ brass screw-cap1 ! flange ( :i* is made air-tight by a well-greas$ lea!r coll>4 ,?is %\ld fit accurately into a simil>ly %ap$ box ( in* bo>ds1 hav+ a simple flat lid 7n project+ beyond ! sides71 secur$ by eight long screws1 & provid$ ) a /rong iron h&le4 ,?is case %\ld be fill$ ) ! /ronge/ me?ylat$ spirits procurable 79 =eign c\ntries ov]-pro( rum1 br&y1 or arrack w suit equally well74 ,if circum/ances admit1 two or m su* cases %\ld be tak51 or f\r wide-m\!d e>!nw>e j>s plac$ 9 a squ>e wood5 case1 sep>at$ by light wood5 p>titions1 & hav+ _! m\?s clos$ by well-fitt+ bungs ti$ d[n ) bladd] & /r+4 ,on arrival at ! collect+ /ation "o ( ! j>s %\ld be half fill$ ) spirits f ! t9 case4 ,into ?is ea* specim51 z x is obta9$1 hav+ be5 slit along ! side ( ! abdom51 %\ld be put1 & all[$ to rema9 #bd h\rs be=e be+ transf]r$ to ! g5]al collect+ case4 ,:5 ! latt] c hold no m ! specim5s %\ld be remov$ "o by "o & pack$ 9 ! moi/ /ate 9 ! o!r wide-m\!d j>s1 "o above ! o!r1 l h]r+s 9 a cask1 ea* roll$ 9 a piece ( ?9 cotton clo?1 9 :i* a label1 hav+ ! locality & date writt5 9 p5cil1 %\ld be plac$4 ,:5 ! j> has be5 ?us fill$ to ! m\? a glass or two ( ! /rong spirits 7kept 9 res]ve7 %\ld be p\r$ 9 s z to fill up ! int]/ices1 b n to appe> on ! surface1 :i* %\ld be cov]$ ) a ?ick lay] ( cotton-wool4 ,a few drops ( c>bolic acid1 if ! _s be weak1 w greatly aid its pres]v+ p[]s4 ,! bung %\ld !n be replac$1 secur$ r\nd ! m>g9 outside ) a mixture ( tall[ & wax1 & ti$ d[n securely ) bladd] or sk91 & ! "n ( ! collector & di/rict writt5 legibly outside4 ,! j> is n[ ready = transmission to any di/ance1 = specim5s ?us treat$ w keep good 9 ! vap\r alone ( /rong spirits = mon?s4 ,o!r j>s may be fill$ 9 l mann]1 & f9ally1 ! g5]al collect+ case4 ,incisions %\ld inv>iably be made 9 ! sides 7n 9 ! c5tre l9e7 ( all animals1 s z to all[ ! spirits to ent]1 & no "p ( ! inte/9es %\ld be remov$4 ,9 ! case ( ,tortoises ! op5+ may be made 9 ! s(t p>ts r\nd ! ?ighs2 if ?is be n done1 ! body soon becomes di/5d$ ) gases4 ,frogs %\ld always be fir/ plac$ 9 weak spirits1 & aft] be+ soak$ = "o or two days1 be remov$ to /rong alcohol4 ,crabs %\ld be roll$ up alive 9 ?9 cotton-clo?s1 secur$ by ?read ti$ r\nd1 & may !n be readily kill$ by imm]sion 9 alcohol2 if ?is be n done !y lose _m ( _! limbs 9 _! dy+ /ruggles4 ,prep>ation ( ,skeletons ( ,animals4--,9 _m cases x w be f\nd impossible to pres]ve ! :ole animal1 especially if ( l>ge size1 b x may advantage\sly be conv]t$ into a skeleton by att5tion to ! foll[+ directions ( ! late ,sir ,w4 ,h4 ,fl[]1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,if ! animal is ( small size--say n l>g] ?an a ,fox--take (f ! sk9 except f ! feet bel[ ! wri/ & ankle jo9ts4 ,if x is int5d$ to pres]ve ! sk9 z a zoological specim5 z well z ! skeleton1 ! bones ( ! feet %\ld all be left 9 ! sk92 !y c be easily extract$ aft]w>ds1 & w be pres]v$ mu* m safely 9 _! natural cov]+4 ,remove all ! cont5ts ( ! abdom9al & ?oracic cavities2 also ! l>ynx1 gullet1 & tongue4 ,9 do+ ?is be c>eful to leave atta*$ to ! base ( ! skull ! *a9 ( bones :i* supports ! root ( ! tongue4 ,^! may ei!r be left 9 connection ) ! skull1 or clean$ sep>ately & ti$ to ! skeleton4 ,!n cle> away1 ) ! aid ( a knife1 z mu* z possible ( ! fle% f ! head1 body1 & limbs1 )\t cutt+ or scrap+ ! bones1 or sep>at+ !m f ea* o!r4 ,at any int]vals t may be necess>y dur+ ?is process x w be desirable1 if practicable1 to leave ! body 9 wat]1 s z to wa% away z mu* ( ! blood z possible f ! bones1 & a few days' soak+ 9 wat] frequ5tly *ang$ w be an advantage4 ,! body1 ) all ! bones held 9 connection by _! ligam5ts1 %\ld !n be hung up to dry 9 a place :]e !re is a free curr5t ( air1 & out ( ! way ( attacks f animals ( prey4 ,be=e !y get h>d ! limbs may be fold$ by ! side ( ! body 9 ! mo/ conv5i5t position1 or !y may be deta*$ & plac$ inside ! trunk4 ,:5 ?or\ghly dry ! skeletons may be pack$ 9 boxes ) any conv5i5t light pack+ mat]ial betwe5 !m4 ,ea* %\ld be well wrapp$ 9 a sep>ate piece ( pap] or canvas1 z sometimes insects w attack ! ligam5t>y /ructures & all[ ! bones to come ap>t4 ,if x c be avoid$1 skeletons %\ld nev] be pack$ up s long z any moi/ure rema9s 9 !m1 z o!rwise decomposition w g on 9 ! /ill adh]+ s(t p>ts1 & cause an unpleasant smell4 ,if ! animal is ( l>g] size x w be mo/ conv5i5t to take x p>tially to pieces be=e or dur+ ! clean+4 ,! head may be sep>at$ f ! neck1 ! v]tebral column divid$ into two or m pieces1 & ! limbs deta*$ f ! trunk2 b 9 no case %\ld ! small bones ( ! feet be sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,! p>ts %\ld !n be treat$ z above describ$1 & all pack$ toge!r 9 a canvas bag4 ,9 ! cetacea 7porpoises1 etc471 look = two small bones susp5d$ 9 ! fle%1 j bel[ ! v]tebral column1 at ! junction ( ! lumb> & caudal regions 7m>k$ ext]nally by ! anal ap]ture74 ,!y are ! only rudim5ts ( ! pelvis1 & %\ld always be pres]v$ ) ! skeleton4 ,if !re is no opportunity ( pres]v+ & transport+ entire skeletons1 ! skulls alone may be kept4 ,!y %\ld be treat$ z above describ$1 pick$ ne>ly clean1 ! bra9 be+ scoop$ out ?r\gh ! =am5 magnum1 soak$ = a few days 9 wat]1 & dri$4 ,e specim5 %\ld be c>efully labell$ ) ! popul> "n ( ! animal1 if kn[n1 & at all ev5ts1 ) ! sex1 ! exact locality at :i* x 0 procur$1 & ! date4 ,= ! purpose ( mak+ entire skeletons1 select1 if possible1 adult animals2 b ! skulls ( animals ( all ages may be advantage\sly collect$4 ,collectors ( sk9s %\ld always leave ! skull intact4 ,x %\ld be tak5 out1 labell$ ) a correspond+ numb] to t on ! sk91 & dri$ ) z mu* fle% on x z possible4 ,reptiles & ,fi%es4--,full directions = pres]v+ ^! w be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum #8,h&book1' pp4 #cc-dg4 ,! foll[+ #8h9ts' 7 prep>$ by ! late ,mr4 ,osb]t ,salv91 ,f4,r4,s41 :o collect$ ^! animals mo/ successfully 9 ,guatemala3-- ,almo/ any _s w answ] = ?is purpose1 its fitness consi/+ 9 ! am\nt ( alcohol conta9$ 9 x4 ,9 all cases x is be/ to procure ! /ronge/ possible1 z x is less bulky1 & wat] c always be obta9$ to r$uce ! /r5g? to ! requisite am\nt4 ,:5 ! _s sold retail by ! natives is n suffici5tly /rong1 by visit+ ! di/ill]y ! travell] c (t5 obta9 ! fir/ runn+s 7! /ronge/7 ( ! /ill1 :i* w be /rong] ?an he requires undilut$4 ,! _s us$ %\ld be r$uc$ to ab\t #bj ov] pro(1 & ! travell] %\ld always be provid$ ) an alcoholomet]4 ,if ?is is n at h&1 a little practice w enable him to asc]ta9 ! /r5g? ( ! _s f ! rapidity ) :i* ! bubbles break :5 ris+ to ! surface ( a small quantity %ak5 9 a bottle4 ,:5 ! _s has be5 us$ ?is te/ is ( no value4 ,:5 reptiles or fi% are fir/ imm]s$1 x w be f\nd t ! _s becomes rapidly weak]4 ,l>ge specim5s absorb ! alcohol v spe$ily4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is absorption takes place %\ld be c>efully wat*$1 & 9 w>m climates ! liquid te/$ at lea/ e twelve h\rs1 & fre% _s add$ to re/ore x to its orig9al /r5g?4 ,9 cold] climates x is n requisite to wat* s closely1 b practice w %[ :at att5tion is necess>y4 ,x w be f\nd t absorption ( alcohol w be ab\t proportionate to ! rate ( decomposition4 ,_s %\ld n be us$ too /rong1 z its effect is to contract ! out] surface1 & close ! pores1 ?us prev5t+ ! alcohol f p5etrat+ ?r\gh to ! inn] p>ts ( ! specim54 ,! pr9cipal po9t1 !n1 is to wat* t ! /r5g? ( ! _s does n get bel[ a c]ta9 po9t :ile ! specim5 is absorb+ alcohol :5 fir/ put 94 ,x w be f\nd t aft] a few days ! _s reta9s its /r5g?3 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! specim5 w be p]fectly pres]v$4 ,_s %\ld n be ?r[n away1 no matt] h[ (t5 us$1 s long z ! travell] has a res]ve ( suffici5t /r5g? to br+ x back to its requisite /r5g?4 ,9 select+ specim5s = imm]sion1 reg>d mu/ be paid to ! means at ! travell]'s disposal4 ,fi%es up to #i in*es long may be plac$ 9 _s1 aft] a slit has be5 cut 9 ! side ( ! belly to all[ ! _s to ent] to ! entrails4 ,) l>g] specim5s1 x is bett] to pass a long knife outside ! ribs1 s z to sep>ate ! muscles on ea* side ( ! v]tebr4 ,x is also z well to remove z mu* food f ! entrails z possible1 tak+ c>e to leave all ^! 94 ,! l>g] specim5s c be sk9n$1 leav+1 h[ev]1 ! inte/9es 91 & simply remov+ ! fle%4 ,v l>ge specim5s pres]v$ 9 ?is way absorb v little _s4 ,all half-dige/$ food %\ld be remov$ f snakes & animals4 ,9 spite ( ^! precautions1 specim5s w (t5 appe> to be decompos+2 b1 by m con/ant att5tion to re/r5g!n+ ! _s1 !y c1 9 mo/ cases1 be pres]v$4 ,a case 7copp] is ! be/71 ) a top t c be unscrew$ & refix$ easily1 %\ld always be c>ri$ z a receptacle4 ,! op5+ %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ ! h& to be ins]t$2 ?is is to hold fre%ly-caught specim5s4 ,:5 !y h become pres]v$1 !y c all be remov$ & sold]$ up 9 t9 or z9c boxes4 ,z9c is be/1 z x does n corrode s easily4 ,! travell] w f9d x v conv5i5t to take lessons 9 sold]+1 & to be able to make 8 own boxes4 ,if he takes !m ready-made1 !y _h be/ be arrang$ s z to fit "o into ano!r be=e !y are fill$4 ,:5 mov+ ab\t1 all specim5s %\ld be wrapp$ 9 calico or l95 or o!r rags to prev5t _! rubb+ "o aga9/ ! o!r4 ,?is %\ld also be done to ! specim5s 9 ! copp] case :5 a move is necess>y1 z well z to ^? f9ally pack$ = transmission to ,europe4 ,^! la/ %\ld h all ! int]/ices betwe5 ! specim5s fill$ 9 ) cotton-wool or rags4 ,if a leak %\ld occur 9 a case1 specim5s ?us pack$ w /ill be ma9ta9$ moi/1 & w keep "s "t )\t mu* injury4 ,pro( _s %\ld be us$ :5 ! specim5s are f9ally pack$1 b x is n necess>y t x %\ld be fre%4 ,l& & ,fre%wat] ,mollusca4#ad ,full in/ructions = collect+ ^! w be f\nd 9 ! #8,briti% ,museum ,h&book1' pp4 #aac-aae4 ,lieut4-,col4 ,h4 ,h4 ,godw9-,au/51 ,f4,r4,s41 has contribut$ ! foll[+ notes on collect+ ^! animals3 ,mollusca are always mo/ abundant on lime/one rocks1 & %\ld be se>*$ = "u ! l>g] /ones ly+ ab\t ! gr\nd1 & "u fall5 trees & logs 9 ! woods & =e/s4 ,!y may g5]ally be f\nd adh]+ to ! surface ( ! /one or wood4 ,_m species are (t5 only #j4je in* 9 l5g?1 s t v close exam9ation is necess>y4 ,9 damp spots1 g5]ally 9 rav9es ) a nor!rly aspect1 ! dead leaves :5 damp ) dew 9 ! e>ly morn+ may be turn$ ov] "o by "o1 & ! "u surface exam9$ = m9ute species2 l>g] species w be f\nd v frequ5tly on ! surface ( ! gr\nd bel[ ! lay] ( decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,_m may also be secur$ by te>+ (f ! b>k ( decay+ trees4 ,9 ! dri] p>ts ( ! c\ntry "s species are only to be f\nd among ! roots ( %rubs1 at consid]able dep?2 by digg+ ^! up & %ak+ ! e>? on to pap]1 small %ells may be f\nd on close exam9ation4 ,at a dry place l ,ad51 ,i %\ld expect to f9d mo/ ( ! liv+ l&-%ells 9 su* a habitat4 ,look well 9 lime/one caves on ! damp surface ( ! rock2 "s =ms hide !mselves "u a coat+ ( e>?y matt]4 ,se>* also on damp moss & rocks ne> wat]falls4 ,"s species w be f\nd high up on ! bu%es & trees4 ,?is is ! habit ( c]ta9 ,african =ms especially2 n s 9 ,india4 ,a v good idea ( ! l&-%ells ( a c\ntry may at fir/ be obta9$ by ! exam9ation ( ! b$s ( ! /reams1 ei!r along ! highe/ flood-l9e1 or 9 ! f9e s& & mud collect$ 9 ! b$4 ,l&-%ells f\nd 9 su* situations are usually old & blea*$1 b ! liv+ specim5s w n be f> (f4 ,! leaves & /ems ( wat] plants %\ld be exam9$1 & ,conf]v tak5 out ( ! wat] & well wa%$ 9 a bas92 9 ^!1 & 9 ! mud ( ponds & /ill riv]s1 _m m9ute %ells may be f\nd4 ,! be/ way ( pres]v+ m9ute %ells is to put !m into glass tubes plugg$ ) wool2 x is bett] ?an cork4 ,capital collect+ tubes c be made out ( ! small] sorts ( bamboo & ! l>ge grasses4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( e species 7at lea/ a doz57 %\ld be pres]v$ 9 spirits = ! sake ( ! anatomy4 ,x is be/ to kill !m fir/ 9 wat] & !n put !m into spirits2 if ?is is n done !y contract1 s t x is impossible to =m any idea ( ! =m ( ! mantle & o!r p>ts1 & !y become s h>d !y are difficult to cut up4 ,a good me?od ( keep+ ! small %ells & slugs1 especially 9 spirits1 is to put !m ) labels into small tubes plugg$ ) wool1 & !n place ! tubes 9 a l>ge j>1 capable ( hold+ ?ree or f\r doz54 ,o!r small %ells1 to ( an in* 9 diamet]1 may be put into pill-boxes at once1 = 9 a dry climate !y v soon dry up4 ,! v l>ge animals may be remov$ by boil+ !m 9 wat]1 b :5 "t does n admit ( att5d+ to ! clean+ ( ! %ells1 species1 su* z ,unios1 may be put into empty s\p-t9s & !n fill$ up ) dry s&4 ,x is v important to make a few notes on ! col\r ( ! animal1 atta*+ a numb] = ref]5ce on ! box or 9 ! tube1 & ! op]culum1 :5 pres5t1 %\ld always be pres]v$4 ,) respect to slugs1 note ! surface ( ! mantle1 & always ! =m ( ! extremity ( ! foot1 :e!r po9t$ or provid$ ) a muc\s pore2 & aga9 ! lobes ( ! mantle4 ,pres]ve !m 9 spirits z above4 ,draw+s f ! liv+ animal are invaluable1 & %\ld be made if possible4 ,v little is kn[n ( ! ,asiatic =ms2 !y are ( mu* int]e/1 & h be5 v little collect$4 ,insects4--,= ! be/ means ( pres]v+ ! v>i\s ord]s ( insects ! travell] %\ld consult ! #8,briti% ,museum ,h&book1' pp4 #dh-hi4 ,botanical ,collect+4--,full in/ructions w be f\nd 9 ! #8,briti% ,museum ,h&book1' pp4 #aaf-abe4 ,! foll[+ in/ructions h be5 prep>$ by ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,ball1 ,f4,r4,s43-- ,to obta9 good specim5s ( dri$ plants 9 a condition s]viceable to sci5tific m51 ! foll[+ are ! *ief po9ts to be obs]v$3-- #a4 ,selection ( ,specim5s4--,! object is to give z mu* in=mation z possible respect+ ! plant :i* x is int5d$ to collect4 ,small plants n exce$+ #af in*es 9 height %\ld be collect$ entire ) ! roots4 ,sl5d] plants ( great] dim5sions may be fold$ to ! same l5g?1 & may (t5 be collect$ entire4 ,( l>g] plants1 %rubs & trees1 ! object is to %[ z mu* z possible ( ! plant )9 ! limit ( ! size ( y\r dry+ pap]4 ,z an univ]sal rule1 bo? ! fl[] & fruit 7se$-vessel7 %\ld1 if possible1 be pres]v$4 ,( ^? plants :]eon ! male & female fl[]s gr[ sep>ately1 specim5s ( bo? %\ld1 if possible1 be collect$4 #b4 ,conveyance ( ,specim5s to ,camp or ,/ation4--,t9 boxes made = ! purpose are g5]ally us$ 9 ,europe = c>ry+ botanical specim5s until !y c be plac$ 9 ! dry+ press4 ,!y answ] suffici5tly well 9 cool wea!r1 b 9 hot c\ntries specim5s are (t5 p>tly )]$ be=e !y c be laid out2 & a r\gh portfolio1 into :i* ! plants c be put :5 7or soon aft]7 !y are ga!r$1 is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,su* a portfolio is easily prep>$ ) two %eets ( millbo>d connect$ by an endless tape1 s z to be easily slung ov] ! %\ld]2 betwe5 ^! ab\t ?irty or =ty %eets 7#fj to #hj folds7 ( ?9 s(t 7m or less bibul\s7 pap] may be c>ri$ & kept 9 place by a /rap or piece ( tw9e4 ,) two su* portfolios a travell] c c>ry z _m plants z x is possible to collect ) advantage 9 a day4 ,z soon z possible aft] be+ ga!r$1 ! specim5s %\ld be laid r\ghly betwe5 ! %eets ( pap]3 except 9 ! case ( delicate fl[]s1 no special c>e is ne$$1 & no h>m comes ( two or ?ree be+ put toge!r4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,! ,dry+ ,press4--,! great object1 bo? to secure good specim5s & to save lab\r & weight ( pap]1 is to get ! plants dri$ quickly1 & = ?is "o ( ! fir/ conditions is to lose z little "t z possible4 ,:5 practicable1 ! specim5s %\ld always be put 9 ! press on ! same day on :i* !y are ga!r$4 ,! press %\ld be made ) two out] grat+s ( iron wire2 ! out] frame ( /rong wire1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9 diamet]--! size be+ t ( ! pap] us$4 ,betwe5 ^! ! pap] is laid4 ,z to ! *oice ( dry+ pap]1 ! g5]al rule is1 t ! co>s] x is ! bett]1 provid$ x be q or ne>ly q free f size4 ,to enable ! plants to dry quickly1 ! travell] %\ld be provid$ ) light wood5 grat+s ( ! same size z ! dry+ pap]4 ,i ?9k ! size #ah in*es #ab in*es is q l>ge en\gh4 ,! iron wire out] grat+s may ) advantage be a qu>t] ( an in* long] & broad] to save ! edges ( ! wood5 grat+s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,grat+ ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,edge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,grat+ ,,se5 ,,f ,,above4 ,^! %\ld be made ( light la?s fa/5$ ) a few nails 7all ! bett] if ^! are ( copp]71 ! int]/ices %\ld be r less ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in*1 at all ev5ts n m4 ,_! use is to all[ ! air to circulate ?r\gh ! pile ( plants t are be+ dri$4 ,"o %\ld be ins]t$ at ea* int]val ( ab\t two in*es 7c\nt+ ! dry+ pap] & ! plants laid out = dry+71 & :5 ?is is done ! p>cel may ) advantage be expos$ to ! sun or plac$ ne> a fire1 z ! case may be4 ,9 dry w>m climates1 ! majority ( plants may be dri$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 & w be fit to pack up1 )\t any ne$ ( *ang+ ! dry+ pap] 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally plac$2 b 9 damp wea!r1 & 9 reg>d to plants ( ?ick fle%y foliage1 x is usually necess>y to *ange ! pap] m ?an once be=e ! specim5s are ?or\ghly dry4 ,! pile ( pap]1 ) plants betwe5 ea* five or six ?icknesses ( pap]1 & grat+s at int]vals ( ab\t two in*es1 %\ld be squeez$ betwe5 ! out] 7iron7 grat+s by means ( two /rong /raps4 ,too mu* pressure is n desirable4 ,= a pile t5 or twelve in*es ?ick1 ! p>cel may be pull$ ne>ly z tight z a mod]ate man c d x2 b 9 proportion z ! ?ickness is less1 ! pressure %\ld be mod]at$4 ,plants ) fle%y leaves are v difficult to dry well4 ,! be/ way is to dip !m 9 q boil+ wat] = a m9ute or less1 !n to lay !m betwe5 a few %eets ( dry+ pap] ) slight pressure1 m]ely to remove ! ext]ior moi/ure1 & !n place !m 7:5 ext]nally dry7 9 ! dry+ press4 ,plants collect$ 9 ra9 %\ld be treat$ 9 a simil> way to remove out] moi/ure be=e x is attempt$ to dry !m4 #d4 ,:5 once dry1 plants may be pack$ away betwe5 pap] ( almo/ any k9d4 ,old newspap]s answ] v well4 ,! only precaution ne$$ is to pres]ve !m f insects4 ,! *ief tr\ble 9 collect+ plants is to get ! pap] already us$ ?or\ghly dry be=e x is aga9 employ$4 ,! be/ res\rce 9 dry climates is to /ret* cords & hang ^! pap]s expos$ to sun & air4 ,artificial heat mu/ be resort$ to 9 wet seasons1 b ! process is !n sl[ & tr\blesome4 ,= a travell] wi%+ to make l>ge collections1 ! "t consum$ 9 *ang+ ! pap] 9 :i* ! plants are dri$ becomes an important consid]ation4 ,i h adopt$ ) advantage a sugge/ion ( ! late ,pr(essor ,a4 ,gray to use1 in/ead ( ord9>y dry+ pap]1 %eets cut to ! prop] size1 ( ! pap]-felt :i* is us$ = lay+ "u c>pets4 ,! specim5s :5 orig9ally laid out = dry+ are plac$ )9 %eets ( ?9 pap] )\t size1 su* z filt]+ pap]1 & z a rule ^! d n ne$ to be *ang$4 ,"o %eet ( felt-pap] is g5]ally suffici5t betwe5 ea* lay] ( plants1 & ! op]ation ( *ang+ ! pap] is v quickly effect$4 ,x is an important rule to note ! locality :]e ! specim5s h be5 collect$1 ) ! date4 ,if prop] c>e be tak5 to keep toge!r all ! specim5s collect$ at ! same "t1 x is n necess>y to place a sep>ate scrap ( pap] )9 ea* %eet2 b x is advisable to d ?is :5 ! dri$ specim5s are pack$ = transmission home4 #e4 ,se$s4--,travell]s may easily make valuable contributions to our k ( ! vegetation ( di/ant c\ntries by pres]v+ se$s ( rem>kable & unusual plants4 ,! only precautions necess>y are1 to select se$s t are fully ripe2 if enclos$ 9 a se$ vessel1 or cov]+ ( a succul5t "*1 to take c>e t ?is is ?or\ghly dri$ be=e !y are pack$2 & t !y are pres]v$ f moi/ure dur+ ! homew>d voyage4 ,small se$s may be enclos$ 9 pap]1 ! l>g] k9ds 9 canvas bags1 & ! :ole wrapp$ 9 a piece ( oil$ clo?4 ,x is v desirable to keep ea* description ( se$ sep>ate1 & to note ! place :]e x 0 ga!r$1 ) indications ( altitude1 soil1 & climate4 #f4 ,bulbs4--,^! are easily obta9$1 b z a rule1 !y %\ld be tak5 only at ! end ( ! gr[+ season1 & kept until ! leaves are q )]$4 ,!y %\ld be pack$ dry 9 a small box ) %av+s1 or o!r ela/ic /uff+4 ,! same treatm5t w suit ! pseudo-bulbs ( "s or*ids4 #g4 ,fle%y ,tub]s4--,fle%y & ?ick tub]s are be/ s5t 9 boxes1 wrapp$ 9 slightly moi/ mat]ials1 su* z cocoa-nut fibre1 peat1 or leaf m\ld4 #h4 ,liv+ ,plants4--,z a g5]al rule1 ^! require to be e/abli%$ 9 pots or boxes = "s "t be=e be+ pack$ = transmission4 ,!y travel be/ 9 :at are call$ ,w>dian cases2 b an ord9>y wood5 box cov]$ ) a glass top1 & ) suffici5t moi/ure 9 ! soil & air to prev5t excessive evaporation1 is f\nd to answ] ! purpose4 ,! cases %\ld be kept on deck "u "s protection f ! direct heat ( ! sun4 ,tropical plants %\ld be despat*$ s z to rea* ,engl& dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,at o!r seasons !y are liable to p]i% f cold4 #i4 ,succul5t ,plants1 su* z cacti1 aloe1 h\seleeks1 c41 survive = a long "t if pack$ )\t e>? 9 a p]fectly dry box1 ) suffici5t op5+s = v5tilation4 #aj4 ,small plants ) woody roots & cutt+s ( l>g] species ( plants f ! nor? or s\? temp]ate zones (t5 travel successfully :5 m]ely pack$ ) a little soil1 slightly moi/1 ab\t ! roots1 & a wrapp+ ( damp moss1 or simil> sub/ance1 ti$ up 9 ?ick pap] or canvas4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 mu* risk ( failure 9 ^! cases :]e1 on ! homew>d voyage1 x is necess>y to pass ?r\gh ! tropics4 ,z a g5]al rule1 plants are m (t5 injur$ by excess ( moi/ure ?an by be+ s5t too dry4 ,x is desirable to make use ( e fav\rable opportunity = s5d+ botanical collections ( all k9ds to ,engl&1 z 9 hot c\ntries !y are always expos$ to risk ( injury4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to m5tion t liv+ plants1 z well z se$s1 & bulbs1 %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( skilful g>d5]s aft] rea*+ ?is c\ntry4 ,! *ance ( pres]v+ int]e/+ specim5s is commonly mu* great] :5 !y are s5t to botanic g>d5s ?an :5 entru/$ to private cultivators4 ,9 all cases in=mation z to ! soil & climate ( ! native home ( ! plant is a necess>y guide to prop] treatm5t4 ,fossils4--,! collection ( fossils & m9]als 7except 9 ! case ( ! discov]y ( new localities = valuable metals7 is n to be recomm5d$ to ! travell]1 if he is n a geologi/4 ,fossils f an unexplor$ c\ntry are ( little use unless ! nature & ord] ( sup]position ( ! /rata 9 :i* !y are f\nd c be at ! same "t inve/igat$4 ,9 ! cases1 h[ev]1 ( rec5t alluvial /rata or ! suppos$ b$s ( anci5t lakes1 or deposits 9 caves1 or rais$ sea-bea*es conta9+ %ells or bones ( v]tebrate animals1 ! travell] w d well to br+ away specim5s if a good opportunity (f]s4 ,if ! plan ( ! exp$ition includes ! collection ( fossil rema9s1 ! travell] w1 ( c\rse1 provide himself ) a prop] geological outfit1 & obta9 ! necess>y in/ructions be=e leav+ ,europe4 7,see ,section ,,iii47 ,= sugge/ions z to ! collect+ & pres]v+ fossils & m9]als1 cf4 ,briti% ,museum #8,h&book1' pp4 #abf-ace4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4--,all collections made 9 tropical c\ntries %\ld be s5t to ,europe ) ! lea/ possible delay1 z !y soon become det]iorat$ & spoilt unless great c>e be be/[$ ^u !m4 ,obs]vations ( ,habits1 etc4--,travell]s h excell5t opportunities ( obs]v+ ! habits ( animals 9 a /ate ( nature1 & ^! #8,h9ts' w\ld be v defici5t 7 n a few rem>ks made ^u ?is subject4 ,to "k :at to obs]ve 9 ! economy ( animals is 9 itself an accompli%m5t :i* x w\ld be unreasonable to expect ! g5]al travell] to possess1 & )\t ?is he may br+ home only insignificant details1 contribut+ b little to our /ock ( real k4 ,"o g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 may be kept always pres5t to ! m9d1 & ?is is1 t any?+ conc]n+ animals :i* be>s ^u ! relations ( species to _! conditions ( life is well wor? obs]v+ & record+4 ,?us1 x is important to note ! v>i\s enemies :i* ea* species has to cont5d )1 n only at "o epo* 9 its life1 b at e /age f bir? to dea?1 & at diff]5t seasons & 9 diff]5t localities4 ,! way 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( enemies limits ! range ( a species %\ld also be notic$4 ,! inorganic influ5ces :i* inimically affect species1 especially int]mitt5tly 7su* z ! occurr5ce ( disa/r\s seasons71 & :i* are likely to op]ate 9 limit+ _! ranges1 are also important subjects ( inquiry4 ,! migrations ( animals1 & especially any facts ab\t ! irruption ( species into di/ricts previ\sly un9habit$ by !m1 are well wor? record+4 ,! food ( ea* species %\ld be notic$1 & if any *ange ( cu/om>y food is obs]v$1 ow+ to ! failure ( ! supply1 x %\ld be c>efully record$4 ,! use 9 nature ( any peculi> physical con=mation ( animals1 ! object ( ornam5tation1 & s =?1 %\ld also be inve/igat$ :5ev] opportunity occurs4 ,any facts relat+ to ! int]bre$+ 9 a /ate ( nature ( alli$ v>ieties1 or ! conv]se--t is1 ! antipa?y to int]cross+ ( alli$ v>ieties--w\ld be extremely int]e/+4 ,9 %ort1 ! travell] %\ld be> 9 m9d t facts hav+ a philosophical be>+ are mu* m important ?an m]e anecdotes ab\t animals4 ,to obs]ve ! actions ( ! l>g] animals1 a telescope or field-glass w be necess>y4 ,! travell] %\ld be> 9 m9d1 if a microscope is ne$$ 9 8 j\rney1 t by unscrew+ ! tubes ( ! telescope 9 :i* all ! small glasses are conta9$1 a comp\nd microscope ( consid]able p[] may be produc$4 ,v4 ,,an?ropology4 ,by ! late ,,sir ,e4 ,b4 ,,tylor1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,! *>act]s ( m5's bodies & m9ds be+ matt]s ( common obs]vation1 ,europeans n specially tra9$ 9 an?ropology1 :o h happ5$ to be ?r[n among little-kn[n tribes1 (t5 br+ home valuable an?ropological in=mation4 ,?\gh explor]s1 trad]s1 & coloni/s h made _! way into almo/ e corn] ( ! e>?1 x is surpris+ to f9d h[ _m new facts may /ill be not$ d[n by any c>eful obs]v]4 ,if famili> ) an?ropological me?ods1 he w1 ( c\rse1 obs]ve m & bett]4 ,! h9ts "h giv5 w s]ve to draw att5tion to int]e/+ po9ts :i* might o!rwise be ov]look$4 ,directions = su* inve/igation1 drawn up 9 mu* great] detail1 w be f\nd 9 ! small ,briti% ,association manual entitl$3 #8,notes & ,qu]ies on ,an?ropology' 7,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #ej1 ,great ,russell ,/reet1 ,w41 #d? edition 7#aiab71 price #es47 ,= full] details see ! int]national agreem5t = ! ,unification ( ,an?ropometric ,measurem5ts to be made on ! liv+ subject4 ,engli% translation ( ! (ficial v]sion1 ,w4 ,l4 ,h4 ,duckwor?4 ,physical ,*>act]s4--,on fir/ com+ among an unfamili> race1 su* z ! ,negroes1 ! travell] is apt to ?9k !m almo/ alike1 till aft] a few days he le>ns to di/+ui% individuals m %>ply4 ,?is fir/ impression1 h[ev]1 has a value ( its own1 = :at he vaguely p]ceiv$ 0 ! g5]al type ( ! race1 :i* he may aft]w>ds ga9 a m p]fect idea ( by c>eful comp>ison4 ,among tribes :o = _m g5]ations h l$ a simple uni=m life & mix$ little ) /rang]s1 ! g5]al lik5ess ( build & feature is v close1 z may be se5 9 a photograph ( a p>ty ( ,c>ibs or ,&aman]s1 ^: uni=mity contra/s in/ructively ) ! individualis$ faces ( a p>ty ( ,europeans4 ,! consequ5ce is t a travell] among a rude p1 if he has some?+ ( ! arti/'s faculty ( judg+ =m1 may select gr\ps = photography :i* w fairly repres5t ! type ( a :ole tribe or nation4 ,:ile su* portrait-gr\ps are admirable = giv+ ! g5]al idea ( a race1 *>act]i/ic features belong+ to x %\ld be treat$ sep>ately4 ,= in/ance1 to d ju/ice to ! ,t>t> eye or ! ,au/ralian =ehead1 ! individual feature mu/ be c>efully sket*$ or photograph$ l>ge4 ,h[ deceptive m]e unmeasur$ impressions ( size may be is %[n by ! well-kn[n example ( ! ,patagonians1 :o1 ?\gh really only tall m5 7av]ag+ #e feet #aa in*es71 long _h ! reputation ( a race ( giants4 ,su* measurem5ts z any travell] c take ) a measur+-tape & a ?ree-foot rule ) slid+ squ>e are good if tak5 ) prop] precautions4 ,z ! object ( ! an?ropologi/ is to get a g5]al idea ( a race1 x may be 9 "s respects mislead+ to measure at r&om "o or two individuals :o are p]haps n fair specim5s4 ,if only a few c be measur$1 !y %\ld be select$ ( ord9>y av]age build1 full-gr[n b n ag$4 ,:at is mu* bett] is to measure a l>ge numb] 7nev] less ?an ?irty7 ( p]sons tak5 indiscrim9ately z !y come1 & to record ! measurem5ts ( ea* ) sex1 age1 "n1 locality1 etc4 ,su* a table c aft]w>ds be s classifi$ z to %[ n only ! av]age or mean size1 b ! proportion ( p]sons :o v>y m or less f t mean size2 9 fact1 x repres5ts on a small scale ! di/ribution ( /ature1 etc41 9 ! :ole p4 ,gigantic or dw>fi% individuals1 if n de=m$1 are int]e/+1 z %[+ to :at extremes ! race may run4 ,! mo/ ord9>y measurem5ts are height1 gir? r\nd *e/1 fa?om or l5g? ( out/ret*$ arms1 l5g? ( arm f %\ld] & leg f hip1 l5g? ( h& & foot4 ,! travell] may f9d t su* measur+ ( ano!r race %[s v diff]5t /ature & gir? f t ( 8 own companions1 :o1 if !y are well-gr[n ,europeans1 may /& #e feet #h in*es to #f feet1 & measure #cd to #cf in*es r\nd ! *e/4 ,beyond ?is1 he w f9d t ! relative proportions ( p>ts ( ! body diff] f ^? he is accu/om$ to4 ,an example ( ?is is se5 by plac+ ,europeans & negroes side by side1 & notic+ h[ mu* ne>] ! knee ! negro's f+]-tips w rea*4 ,x w be f\nd t body measurem5t ne$s skill 9 tak+ ! correspond+ po9ts1 & 9 fact all b ! simple/ measures require "s k ( anatomy4 ,?is is especially ! case ) skull measurem5ts4 ,!re are in/rum5ts = tak+ ! dim5sions ( ! liv+ head1 & ) c>e & practice ! untra9$ obs]v] may get at "s ( ! m conspicu\s1 su* z ! relative l5g? & wid? ( ! skull z tak5 by hatt]s4 ,?is r\ghly indicates ! m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 doli*ocephalic or long-head$ peoples1 l ! ,african negro1 & bra*ycephalic or %ort-head$ peoples1 l ! ,kalmuks & o!r ,t>t>s4 ,att5tion %\ld be paid also to ! degree ( progna?ism or projection ( jaw1 :i* 9 "s races1 z ! ,au/ralian1 gives a 8muzzle0 unlike ! ,engli% type4 ,:]e practicable1 native skeletons1 & especially skulls1 %\ld be s5t home = accurate exam9ation4 ,h[ f> ?is c be done dep5ds mu* on ! feel+ ( ! p2 = :ile "s tribes d n object to ! removal ( bones1 especially if n ( _! own k9sfolk1 9 o!r di/ricts x is h>dly safe to risk ! displeasure ( ! natives at ! removal ( ! dead--a feel+ :i* is n only due to affection or respect1 b ev5 m to t]ror ( ! v5geance ( ! gho/s ^: relics h be5 di/urb$4 ,9 describ+ complexion1 su* t]ms z 8br[n0 or 8olive10 s (t5 us$ )\t fur!r def9ition 9 books ( travel1 are too inexact to be ( use4 ,broca's scale ( col\rs 7see ,f9al ,report ( ,briti% ,association ,committee on ,an?ropometric ,me?od4 ,r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/itute1 #aiji7 gives means ( mat*+ ! t9ts ( sk91 hair & eyes2 if ?is is n =?com+1 ! pa9t-box %\ld be us$ to record !m4 ,among rude tribes1 ! col\r ( ! sk9 is (t5 s mask$ by pa9t & dirt t ! subject mu/ be wa%$ to see ! real complexion4 ,hair is also an important race-m>k1 v>y+ z x does 9 col\r f flax5 to black1 & also 9 =m & size ( ! hairs2 = in/ance ! ,am]ican ,indian's co>se /raight hair seems almo/ l a horse's tail 9 comp>ison ) ! ,bu%man's hair ) its natural frizz ( t9y spirals4 ,locks ( hair %\ld !re=e be collect$4 ,! travell]1 h[ev]1 w (t5 f9d "s difficulty 9 gett+ su* specim5s1 f ! objection preval5t 9 ! uncivilis$ _w ( lett+ any "p ( ! body1 su* z hair & nail-clipp+s1 pass into /rang]s' h&s le/ !y %\ld be us$ to bewit* _! =m] own]4 ,ev5 9 su* c\ntries z ,italy1 to ask = a lock ( a peasant-girl's hair may lead to ! an?ropologi/ be+ suspect$ ( wi%+ to practise love-*>ms on h]4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]am5t betwe5 nations are commonly to be notic$2 = in/ance1 9 comp>+ ! %y & grave ,malays ) ! boi/]\s ,africans4 ,x is an int]e/+ b difficult problem h[ f> su* diff]5ces are due to inh]it$ race-"*1 & h[ f> to su* social influ5ces z education & cu/om1 & to ! conditions ( life be+ *e]ful or depress+4 ,nor has x yet be5 det]m9$ h[ f> emotions are diff]5tly express$ by diff]5t races1 s t x is wor? :ile to notice p>ticul>ly if _! smil+1 laugh+1 fr[n+1 weep+1 blu%+1 etc41 diff] p]ceptibly f ours4 ,! acut5ess ( ! s5ses ( sight1 he>+ & smell1 among wild peoples is (t5 rem>kable1 b ?is subject is "o on :i* _m acc\nts h be5 giv5 :i* require sift+4 ,! skill ( savages 9 pa?-f9d+ & track+ dep5ds 9 great measure on ?is be+ "o ( _! mo/ necess>y arts ( life to :i* !y are tra9$ f *ildhood1 z1 9 an inf]ior degree1 gipsies are ) u4 ,! native hunt] or guide's me?ods ( foll[+ ! track ( an animal1 or f9d+ 8 own way home by slight signs1 su* z b5t twigs1 & keep+ g5]al direction ?r\gh ! =e/ by ! sky & ! %elt]$ sides ( ! trees1 are v int]e/+1 ?\gh :5 le>nt !y lose mu* ( _! m>vell\s appe>ance4 ,! te/+ ( ! m5tal p[]s ( v>i\s races is an int]e/+ rese>*1 = :i* good opportunities n[ & !n occur4 ,x is e/abli%$ t "s races are inf]ior to o!rs 9 volume & complexity ( bra91 ,au/ralians & ,africans be+ 9 ?is respect bel[ ,europeans1 & ! "q is to det]m9e :at diff]5ces ( m9d may correspond4 ,sett+ aside ! contemptu\s notions ( un$ucat$ ,europeans z to ! m9ds ( 8black-fell[s0 or 8nigg]s10 :at is requir$ is1 to comp>e ! capacity ( two races "u simil> circum/ances4 ,?is is made difficult by ! fact ( diff]5t tra9+4 ,= in/ance1 x w\ld n be fair to comp>e ! ,european sportsman's skill 9 woodcraft & hunt+ ) t ( ! native hunt]1 :o has done no?+ else s9ce *ildhood2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,european1 :o has always liv$ among civilis$ p1 owes to 8 education s mu* ( 8 sup]ior reason+ p[]s1 t x is mo/ly impossible to get 8 m9d into comp>ison ) a savage's4 ,"o ( ! be/ te/s is ! progress made by native & ,european *ildr5 9 colonial or mission>y s*ools1 z to :i* x is commonly /at$ t *ildr5 ( ,african or ,am]ican tribes le>n z fa/ z or fa/] ?an ,european *ildr5 up to ab\t twelve1 b !n fall beh9d4 ,ev5 "h x is evid5t t o!r causes besides m5tal p[] may be at "w1 among !m ! disc\ragem5t ( ! native *ildr5 :5 !y become aw>e ( _! social inf]iority4 ,! subject is "o ( great importance1 bo? sci5tifically & z be>+ on practical gov]nm5t4 ,bo? z a matt] ( an?ropology & ( practical politics ! suitability ( p>ticul> races to p>ticul> climates is ( great int]e/2 sometimes ?is dep5ds on "o race be+ free f a disease f :i* ano!r suff]s1 z 9 ! well-kn[n immunity ( negroes f yell[ fev]4 ,or x may be evid5t t tribes h become acclimatis$1 s z to resi/ influ5ces :i* are deadly to /rang]s2 = in/ance1 ! ,khonds fl\ri% 9 ! hills ( ,orissa1 :]e n only ,europeans b ! ,h9dus ( ! pla9s sick5 ( ! mal>ia 9 ! unheal?y season4 ,t su* peculi>ities ( con/itution are inh]it$ & pass into ! nature ( ! race1 is "o ( ! keys to ! obscure problem ( ! orig9s ( ! v>i\s races ( man z connect$ ) _! spread ov] ! globe4 ,z yet ?is problem has n pass$ mu* beyond ! /age ( collect+ in=mation1 & no pa9s %\ld be sp>$ to get at facts ?us be>+ on ! hi/ory & developm5t ( ! human species4 ,european m$ical m5 9 di/ricts inhabit$ by uncivilis$ races h (t5 made important obs]vations ( ?is k9d1 :i* !y are glad to communicate1 ?\gh be+ occupi$ ) pr(essional "w !y d n foll[ !m up4 ,9 all races !re occur abnormal v>ieties1 :i* %\ld be obs]v$ ) ref]5ce to _! be+ h]$it>y1 su* z ,alb9os1 ^: dead-:it5ess is due to abs5ce ( pigm5t f ! sk94 ,ev5 su* t5d5cies z t to ! occurr5ce ( r$ hair :]e ! ord9>y hue is black1 or to melanism or diseas$ d>k5+ ( ! sk91 are wor? rem>k4 ,x is ess5tial to discov] h[ f> ^! desc5d f p>5ts to *ildr51 :i* is n ! case ) su* alt]ations z t ( ! ,*9ese feet1 :i*1 9 spite ( g5]ations ( cramp+1 cont9ue ( ! natural %ape 9 ! *ildr54 ,language4--,be=e com+ to actual language1 rem>k may be made on ! natural communication ( all races c>ri$ on by pantomimic signs )\t spok5 words4 ,?is is ! 8ge/ure language0 to :i* we are accu/om$ among ! deaf-&-dumb1 & :i* sometimes also comes into practical use betwe5 tribes ignorant ( "o ano!r's languages1 z on ! ,am]ican prairies4 ,x is s f> ! same 9 pr9ciple ev]y:]e1 t ! explor] visit+ a new tribe1 hav+ to make frequ5t use ( signs to supplem5t 8 int]pret]1 or to eke out 8 own scanty k ( ! native language1 soon adapts himself to ! p>ticul> signs 9 vogue4 ,he w obs]ve t1 z to mo/ common signs1 su* z ask+ = food or dr9k1 or beckon+ or w>n+ (f a /rang]1 he und]/&s & is und]/ood q naturally4 ,signs :i* are puzzl+ at fir/ sight w prove on exam9ation to be intelligible4 ,"s are imitative ge/ures cut %ort to save tr\ble1 or !y may h a mean+ :i* 0 once evid5t1 l ! ,am]ican ,indian sign = dog1 made by trail+ two =k$ f+]s1 :i* does n %[ its mean+ n[1 b did s 9 pa/ times1 :5 "o ( ! pr9cipal occupations ( ! dog 0 to trail a pair ( t5t-poles atta*$ to 8 back4 ,besides its practical use1 ! ge/ure-language has mu* sci5tific int]e/ f ! p]fect way 9 :i* x exposes ! work+ ( ! human m9d1 express+ itself by a s]ies ( /eps :i* are all intelligible4 ,x w be p>ticul>ly obs]v$ t x has a /rict syntax2 = in/ance1 t ! quality or adjective mu/ always foll[ ! subject or sub/antive x is appli$ to4 ,?us1 8! :ite box0 may be express$ by imitat+ ! %ape & op5+ ( a box1 & !n t\*+ a piece ( l95 or pap] to %[ its col\r2 b if ! signs be put 9 ! contr>y ord]1 z 9 ! ,engli% words1 ! native w be p]plex$4 ,x is wor? :ile1 9 c\ntries :]e ge/ure-language is regul>ly us$1 to note d[n ! usual signs & _! exact ord]4 ,9 record+ a vocabul>y ( a language n yet r$uc$ to =m 9 a gramm> & diction>y1 ! travell] may seek = equival5ts ( ! pr9cipal classes ( words 9 8 own gramm>3 v]bs1 sub/antives1 adjectives1 pron\ns1 prepositions1 etc4 ,b ! /ructure ( ! language he is exam9+ w probably diff] f any he is famili> )1 ! words actually us$ n com+ precisely into ^! classes4 ,! be/ me?od is = ! travell] to le>n a simple s5t5ce1 su* z 8! m5 are com+10 & to asc]ta9 :at *anges w conv]t !m into 8! m5 are go+10 8! wom5 are com+40 ,he ?us arrives at ! real elem5ts ( ! language & ! me?od ( comb9+ !m4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ?is po9t1 he w be able to collect & classify curr5t ideas1 su* z ! foll[+3-- ,actions--z /&1 walk1 sleep1 eat1 see1 make1 etc4 ,natural ,objects & ,elem5ts--z sun1 moon1 />1 m\nta91 riv]1 fire1 wat]1 etc4 ,man & o!r ,animals--z man1 woman1 boy1 girl1 de]1 buck1 doe1 eagle1 eagles1 etc4 ,p>ts ( ,body--z head1 arm1 leg1 sk91 bone1 blood1 etc4 ,trees & ,plants4 ,num]als 7notic+ h[ f> !y ext5d1 & :e!r ref]r+ to f+]s74 ,in/rum5ts & ,appliances--z spe>1 b[1 hat*et1 ne$le1 pot1 boat1 cord1 h\se1 ro(1 c4 ,arts & ,pa/imes--z picture1 pa9t1 c>v+1 /atue1 song1 dance1 toy1 game1 riddle1 c4 ,family ,relation%ips 7z def9$ by native cu/om74 ,social & ,legal ,t]ms--z *ief1 freeman1 slave1 witness1 puni%m5t1 f9e1 c4 ,religi\s ,t]ms--z s\l1 _s1 dream1 vision1 sacrifice1 p5ance1 c4 ,moral ,t]ms--z tru?1 falsehood1 k9dness1 trea*]y1 love1 c4 ,ab/ract ,t]ms1 relat+ to "t1 space1 col\r1 %ape1 p[]1 cause1 c4 ,! int]jections us$ 9 any language c be not$1 :e!r !y are organic expressions ( emotion1 l oh6 ugh6 ur-r-r6 or s\nds ! nature ( :i* is n s evid5t4 ,also imitative words :i* "n animals f _! cries1 or express s\nd+ objects or actions by _! s\nds1 are common 9 all languages1 & /rike ! /rang]4 ,examples ( su* are kah-kah = a cr[1 twonk = a frog1 pututu = a %ell-trumpet1 haits*u = to sneeze4 ,:5 su* imitative words are notic$ pass+ into o!r mean+s :]e ! connection ) s\nd is n obvi\s1 !y become int]e/+ facts 9 ! developm5t ( language2 z1 to take a famili> example f ,engli%1 ! imitative v]b to puff becomes a t]m = light pa/ry & metaphorically bl[n-up praise4 ,x is only :5 ! travell] has a long or close acqua9tance ) a tribe1 t he is able to deal satisfactorily ) ! vocabul>y & /ructure ( _! language4 ,to be able to c>ry on a conv]sation 9 brok5 s5t5ces is n en\gh1 = an actual gramm> & diction>y is requir$ to enable philologi/s to make out ! /ructure & aff9ities ) o!r languages4 ,x us$ to be cu/om>y to s5d out ,engli% li/s ( ?irty or =ty ord9>y words to h equival5ts put to !m 9 native languages4 ,z e detail ( ?is k9d is wor? hav+1 ^! li/s _c be said to be q wor?less1 b !y g h>dly any way t[>d :at is really want$4 ,!y are liable to frequ5t mi/akes1 z :5 ! b>b>ian1 f :om ! :ite man is try+ to get ! t]m 8foot10 answ]s ) a ^w mean+ 8my leg10 :i* is c>efully tak5 d[n & pr9t$4 ,su* poor vocabul>ies _c ev5 be reli$ on to %[ :e!r a language belongs to a p>ticul> family1 = ! v ^w :i* seems to prove ?is may be borr[$4 ,?us1 9 v>i\s ,african vocabul>ies1 !re appe>s ! ^w sapun 7or some?+ simil>7 ) ! mean+ ( soap2 b ?is is a ,lat9 ^w :i* has spread f> & wide f "o c\ntry to ano!r1 & proves no?+ z to orig9al connection betwe5 languages :i* h adopt$ x4 ,:ile x is be/ n to "u-rate ! difficulty ( collect+ su* in=mation z to a little-kn[n dialect z w be really ( s]vice to philology1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t travell]s /ill (t5 h opportunities ( pres]v+ relics ( languages1 or at any rate special dialects1 :i* are on ! po9t ( dy+ out unrecord$4 ,:]e no prop] gramm> & diction>y has be5 compil$1 x is (t5 possible to f9d "s ,european or "s int]pret] fairly conv]sant ) ! language1 ) ^: aid a vocabul>y may be writt5 out & s5t5ces analys$ grammatically1 :i*1 :5 read ov] to intellig5t natives & criticis$ by !m1 may be work$ into good l+ui/ic mat]ial4 ,x is wor? :ile to pay att5tion to native names ( plants1 m9]als1 c41 z well z ( places & p]sons1 = ^! are (t5 t]ms c>ry+ significant mean+4 ,?us ipecacuanha is /at$ by ,m>tius to be i-pe-caa-gune1 :i* 9 ! ,tupi language ( ,brazil1 signifies 8! little wayside plant :i* makes vomit40 ,arts & ,sci5ces4--,! less civilis$ a nation is1 ! rud] are its tools & contrivances2 b ^! are (t5 work$ ) curi\s skill 9 gett+ excell5t results ) ! r\ghe/ means4 ,/one implem5ts h n[ be5 s supplant$ by iron t !y are n easily f\nd 9 actual use4 ,if a *ance ( see+ !m occurs1 z1 = in/ance1 among "s ,cali=nian tribe1 :o /ill *ip out arr[-heads ( obsidian1 x is well to get a lesson 9 ! curi\s & difficult art ( /one-implem5t mak+4 ,9 g5]al1 tools & implem5ts diff]+ f ^? ( ! civilis$ _w1 ev5 d[n to ! po9t$ /ick = root-digg+ & plant+1 are wor? collect+1 & to le>n _! use f a skill$ h& (t5 br+s into view rem>kable peculi>ities4 ,?is is ! case ) _m cudgel or boom]ang-l weapons ?r[n at game1 sl+s or spe>-?r[]s = hurl+ d>ts to great] di/ances ?an !y c be s5t by h&1 bl[-tubes = kill+ birds1 & ev5 ! b[-&-arr[1 :i* 9 nor!rn ,asia & ,am]ica %[s ! anci5t ,scy?ian or ,t>t> =m1 hav+ to be b5t inside out to /r+ x4 ,?\gh fire is n[ practically made almo/ ev]y:]e ) fl9t & /eel or lucif]s1 9 "s di/ricts1 z ,s\? ,africa or ,polynesia1 p /ill "k ! primitive me?od ( fire-mak+ by rubb+ or drill+ a po9t$ /ick into ano!r piece ( wood4 ,europeans f9d difficulty 9 le>n+ ?is old art1 :i* requires "s knack4 ,z is well kn[n to sportsm51 diff]5t di/ricts h _! special devices = nett+1 trapp+ & o!r ways ( tak+ game & fi%1 "s ( :i* are well wor? notice1 su* z spe>+ or %oot+ fi% "u wat]1 artificial decoys1 & ! spr+-traps set ) b5t b\ghs1 :i* are suppos$ to h fir/ sugge/$ ! idea ( ! b[4 ,:ile ! use ( dogs 9 hunt+ is f\nd 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w1 !re is ! utmo/ v>iety ( bre$s & tra9+4 ,agriculture 9 its l[] /ages is c>ri$ on by simple processes2 b int]e/+ que/ions arise z to ! orig9 ( its gra9 & fruits1 & ! alt]ations 9 !m by transplant+ into a new climate & by ages ( cultivation4 ,?us 9 ,*ili !re is f\nd wild :at botani/s consid] ! orig9al potato2 b :ile maize 0 a /aple ( bo? ,am]icas at ! "t ( ,columbus1 its orig9al =m has no m be5 id5tifi$ ?an t ( :eat 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! cook]y ( all nations is 9 pr9ciple kn[n to ! civilis$ ,european2 b !re are special prep>ations to notice1 su* z bucan+ or dry+ meat on a hurdle above a sl[ fire1 broil+ kebabs or morsels ( meat on ! skew] 9 ! ,ea/1 etc4 ,_m peoples h some?+ peculi> 9 ! way ( bev]ages1 su* z ! *ew$ ,polynesian kava1 or ! ,s\? ,am]ican mat suck$ ?r\gh a tube4 ,especially f]m5t$ liquors h great v>iety1 su* z ! kumiss f m>es' milk 9 ,t>t>y1 ! pombe or millet-be] ( ,africa1 & ! kvass or rye-be] ( ,russia4 ,! rude/ pott]y made by h&1 n ?r[n on ! :eel1 is less & less (t5 met )1 b ornam5tation traceable to its be+ m\ld$ on baskets is to be se52 & calaba%es1 jo9ts ( bamboo1 & close-plait$ baskets are us$ = wat]-vessels1 & ev5 to boil 94 ,among ! curi\s processes ( metal-work+1 contra/+ ) ^? ( mod]n ,europe1 ?\gh (t5 %[+ skill ( _! own1 may be m5tion$ ! simple ,african smelt+-=ge by :i* iron-ore is r$uc$ ) *>coal 9 a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 ! draught be+ suppli$ by a pair ( sk9s = bell[s4 ,9 ! f> ,ea/ a k9d ( air-pump is us$1 ( :i* ! b>rels are holl[$ logs4 ,! ,*9ese art ( pat*+ ca/-iron ) melt$ metal surprises a ,european1 & ! ,h9du manufacture ( native /eel 7wootz7 is a rem>kable process4 ,no nation n[ exi/s absolutely 9 ! ,bronze ,age1 b ?is alloy /ill occupies some?+ ( its old place 9 ,ori5tal indu/ry4 ,z an example ( ! me?ods /ill to be se51 may be m5tion$ ! ,burmese bell-f\nd+1 :i* is done1 n 9 a holl[ m\ld ( s&1 b by :at 9 ,europe is call$ ! cire p]due process1 ! model ( ! bell be+ made 9 beeswax & imb$d$ 9 ! s&-m\ld1 ! wax be+ melt$ & ! hot metal tak+ its place4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ma*9]y is op5 to ! travell]1 :o /ill meets ) e /age ( its developm5t1 f savag]y upw>d4 ,he sees1 = in/ance1 e till+ implem5t f ! /ake ) fire-h>d5$ po9t1 & ! hoe ( crook$ bran*1 up to ! mod]n =ms ( pl\gh4 ,9 l mann] he c trace ! l9e f ! rude/ /one-cru%]s or rubb]s = gr9d+ se$ or gra9 up to ! rotat+ h&-mills or qu]ns /ill common 9 ! ,ea/1 & surviv+ ev5 9 ,scotl&4 ,f "t to "t "s special contrivance may be se5 ne> its orig9al home1 z 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! curi\s plait$ tube = wr++ out ! juice f cassava1 or ! net hammock :i* /ill reta9s its native ,haitian "n hamaca4 ,ar*itecture /ill pres]ves 9 diff]5t regions int]e/+ e>ly /ages ( developm5t1 f ! rude/ breakw9ds1 or beehive huts ( wattl$ b\ghs1 up to h\ses ( logs & hewn timb]1 /ructures ( mud & adobes1 & masonry ( r\gh or hewn /one4 ,ev5 ! con/ruction ( ! b\gh-hut or ! log-h\se (t5 has its peculi>ities 9 ! arrangem5ts ( po/s & raft]s4 ,among ! modes ( con/ruction :i* int]e/ ! /ud5t ( ar*itectural hi/ory is build+ ) r\gh unhewn /ones4 ,_m examples ( 8rude /one monum5ts0 are to be se5 on our own moors & hills4 ,! mo/ famili> k9ds are dolm5s 7i4e41 8table-/ones071 =m$ by upright /ones be>+ a cap-/one2 !y 7 burial-places1 & analog\s to ! ci/s or *amb]s ( r\gh slabs )9 burial-m\nds4 ,less cle>ly explicable are ! s+le /&+-/ones or m5hirs 7i4e41 8long-/ones071 & ! circles ( /ones or cromle*s4 ,anci5t & obscure 9 mean+ z su* monum5ts are 9 ,europe1 !re are regions :]e _! con/ruction or use comes d[n to mod]n times1 especially 9 ,india1 :]e among c]ta9 tribes ! deposit ( a%es ( ! dead 9 dolm5s1 ! erection ( m5hirs 9 memory ( great m51 & ev5 sacrifice 9 /one circles1 are well-kn[n cu/oms4 ,! travell] may also sometimes h opportunities ( obs]v+ ! anci5t ar*itectural con/ruction by fitt+ toge!r _m-sid$ /ones into :at are sometimes call$ ,cyclopean walls1 a k9d ( build+ :i* seems to h prec$$ ! use ( squ>$ blocks1 fa/5$ toge!r ) clamps or ) mort>4 ,vault+ or ro(+ by means ( c\rses ( /ones project+ inw>ds "o c\rse above ! o!r 7mu* z *ildr5 build ) _! wood5 bricks71 s z to =m :at ar*itects call a 8false ar*10 is an anci5t mode ( con/ruction f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w :]e ! 8true ar*0 ) its key/one has n sup]s$$ x4 ,x (t5 appe>s t rude nations h copi$ ! m arti/ic build+s ( high] neighb\rs1 or inh]it$ anci5t ar*itectural traditions4 ,?us traces ( ,indian ar*itecture h f\nd _! way into ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 & holl[ squ>es ( mud-built h\ses r\nd a c\rty>d 9 nor!rn ,africa h _! plan f ! ,asiatic c>avans]ai4 ,9 boat-build+ "s primitive =ms1 z ! 8dug-out10 holl[$ by ! aid ( fire f a tree-trunk1 & ! b>k-canoe1 are f\nd 9 su* di/ant regions t we _c guess :]e !y _h _! orig94 ,:51 h[ev]1 x comes to ! outrigg]-canoe1 ?is belongs to a di/rict :i*1 ?\gh v l>ge1 is /ill limit$1 s t we may at lea/ guess :]eab\ts x fir/ came into use1 & x is important to note e isl& to :i* x has s9ce travell$4 ,s !re is mu* 9 ! peculi> build & rig ( ,malay prahus1 ,*9ese junks1 etc41 :i* is wor? not+ z "p ( ! hi/ory ( %ip-build+4 ,?is may suffice to give a g5]al idea ( ! k9d ( in=mation z to ! local arts :i* x is wor? :ile to collect1 & to illu/rate by draw+s & photographs ( objects too l>ge to br+ away4 ,naturally1 nations bel[ ! upp] levels ( culture h little or no sci5ce to tea* u1 b _m ( _! ideas are int]e/+ z m>k+ /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,?us1 9 ! art ( c\nt+1 :i* is "o ( ! f\ndations ( sci5ce1 x is common to f9d ! primitive me?od ( c\nt+ by f+]s & toes /ill 9 practical use1 :ile 9 _m languages ! num]al words h evid5tly gr[n up out ( su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,?us lima1 ! well-kn[n ,polynesian ^w = five1 meant 8h&10 be=e x pass$ into a num]al4 ,all devices = c\nt+ are wor? notice1 f ! ,african little /icks = units & l>g] /icks = t5s1 up to ! ball-frames ) :i* ! ,*9ese & ,russian trad]s reckon s rapidly & correctly4 ,x is a sign ( l[ness 9 a tribe n to use measures & weights1 & :]e ^! appe> 9 a r\gh way1 x is int]e/+ to discov] :e!r vague l5g?s1 su* z f+]1 foot1 pace1 are us$1 or :e!r /&>d measures & weights h come 94 ,if s1 ^! %\ld be e/imat$ accord+ to our /&>ds ) z mu* accuracy z possible1 z x may ?us become possible to asc]ta9 _! hi/ory4 ,9 connection ) ?is comes ! "q ( money1 z to :e!r comm]ce is /ill 9 ! rudim5t>y /age ( ex*ang+ gifts1 or has pass$ into regul> b>t]1 or ris5 to regul> trade1 ) "s sort ( money to repres5t value1 ev5 if ! circulat+ m$ium be only c[ries1 or bits ( iron1 or cakes ( salt1 all :i* are curr5t money to ?is day 9 p>ts ( ,africa4 ,outside ! pres5t high] civilisation1 m or less primitive ideas ( a/ronomy & geography w be f\nd to prevail4 ,among tribes l ! ,am]ican ,indians ! obvi\s view sugge/$ by ! s5ses /ill prevails1 t ! e>? is a flat r\nd disc 7or sometimes squ>e1 ) f\r qu>t]s or w9ds7 ov]>*$ by a solid dome or firmam5t1 on :i* ! sun & moon travel--9 inl& c\ntries go+ 9 & out at holes or doors on ! horizon1 or1 if ! sea b\nds ! view1 ris+ f & plung+ into its waves at sunrise & sunset4 ,^! e>ly notions are to u v in/ructive1 z !y enable u to realise ! conceptions ( ! univ]se :i* h come d[n to u 9 ! anci5t books ( ! _w1 b :i* sci5tific education has uproot$ f our own m9ds4 ,) ^! cosmic ideas are f\nd among ! l[e/ races ! two natural p]iods ( "t1 namely1 ! lun> mon? & ! sol> ye>1 det]m9$ by recurr+ w9t]s1 summ]s1 or ra9y seasons4 ,su* tribes divide ! day r\ghly by ! sun's height 9 ! sky1 b among peoples civilis$ en\gh to h "t-measures & ! sun-dial1 !re is a tol]ably accurate k ( ! sun's place at ! longe/ & %orte/ days1 & inde$1 ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! a/ronomy ( su* c\ntries z ,india has be5 ( c\rse describ$ by pr(essional a/ronom]s2 b among rud] nations !re is /ill a great deal unrecord$--= in/ance1 z to ! con/ellations into :i* !y map out ! heav5s4 ,?is lik5+ />s & />-gr\ps to animals & o!r objects is almo/ univ]sal among mank9d4 ,savages l ! ,au/ralians /ill make fanciful /ories ab\t !m1 z t ,ca/or & ,pollux are two native hunt]s1 :o pursue ! kang>oo 7,capella7 & kill him at ! beg9n+ ( ! hot season4 ,su* /ories enable u to und]/& ! my?s ( ! ,classical ,diction>y1 :ile mod]n a/ronom]s keep up ! old con/ellations z a conv5i5t mode ( mapp+ out ! sky4 ,z to maps ( ! e>?1 ev5 l[ tribes h "s notion ( _! pr9ciple1 & c r\ghly draw ! *>t ( _! own di/rict1 :i* !y %\ld be enc\rag$ to d4 ,native k ( natural hi/ory diff]s f mu* ( _! rude sci5ce 9 its quality1 (t5 be+ ( great positive value4 ,! savage or b>b>ian hunt] kn[s ! animals ( 8 own region & _! habits ) rem>kable accuracy1 & inh]it$ exp]i5ce has taught him t c]ta9 plants h indu/rial & m$ic9al uses4 ,?us1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! ,europeans le>nt ! use ( ,india-rubb] or ca\t*\c1 :i* ! native tribes 7 accu/om$ to make into vessels & play+-balls1 & ( ! ,p]uvian b>k or c9*ona1 :i* 0 already giv5 to pati5ts 9 fev]4 ,"h a few words may be said ( magic1 :i*1 ?\gh s utt]ly futile 9 practice1 is a sort ( e>ly & unsuccessful attempt at sci5ce4 ,x is easy1 on look+ into ! proce$+s ( ! magician1 to see t _m ( !m are m]ely attempts to "w by false analogy or deceptive association ( ideas4 ,! attempt to hurt or kill a p]son by cutt+ or pi]c+ a rude picture or image repres5t+ him1 :i* is met ) 9 all ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 is a p]fect example ( ! way 9 :i* sorc]]s mi/ake m]e association ( ideas = real cause & effect4 ,exam9$ f ?is po9t ( view1 x w be f\nd t a l>ge proportion ( ! magic rites ( ! _w w expla9 _! own mean+4 ,x is true t ?is is n ! only pr9ciple at "w 9 ! magician's m9d2 = in/ance1 he seems to reason 9 a loose way t any extraord9>y ?+ w produce any extraord9>y effect1 s t ! peculi> /ones & bits ( wood :i* we %\ld call curiosities become to ! ,african sorc]] p[]ful feti%es4 ,x w (t5 be notic$ t arts belong+ to ! sy/ematic magic ( ! civilis$ _w1 :i* has its s\rce 9 ,babylon & ,egypt1 h f\nd _! way into di/ant l&s m readily inde$ ?an useful k1 s t !y may ev5 be met ) among b>b>ic tribes4 ,?us x has lately be5 po9t$ out t ! sy/em ( lucky & unlucky days1 :i* l$ ! natives 9 ,madagasc> to kill _m infants z ( inauspici\s bir?1 is adopt$ f ,arabic magic1 & x is to be expect$ t _m o!r magical arts1 if _! =mulas are accurately describ$1 may 9 l mann] be trac$ to _! orig94 ,society4--,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( savage & b>b>ic life is ! exi/5ce ( an unwritt5 code ( moral conduct1 by :i* families & tribes are practically held toge!r4 ,!re may be no laws to puni% crime1 & ! local religion may no m conc]n itself directly ) m5's behavi\r to "o ano!r ?an x did 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s4 ,b among ! r\ghe/ p !re is family affection1 & "s degree ( mutual help & tru/1 )\t :i*1 inde$1 x is obvi\s t society w\ld break up1 p]haps 9 g5]al slaught]4 ,consid]+ ! importance ( ?is primitive morality 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 x is un=tunate t ! att5tion ( travell]s has be5 s little drawn to x1 t our in=mation is mo/ meagre z to h[ f> family affection among rude tribes may be tak5 to be in/9ctive1 l t ( ! l[] animals1 or h[ f> morality is produc$ by public op9ion fav\r+ su* conduct z is = ! public good1 b blam+ acts :i* d h>m to ! tribe4 ,x is desirable to inquire :at conduct is sanction$ by cu/om among any p1 :e!r1 = in/ance1 infanticide is ?\ght "r or wrong1 :at fre$om ( behavi\r is approv$ 9 y\?s & girls1 & s on4 ,= ?\gh brea*es ( cu/om may n be actually puni%able1 exp]i5ce w soon conv9ce any explor] among any rude tribe t cu/om acts 9 regulat+ _! life ev5 m /rictly ?an among ourselves4 ,! notion ( ev5 savages lead+ a free & unre/ra9$ life is contradict$ by ^? :o "k !m be/2 9 fact1 !y are b\nd 9 e act by ance/ral cu/om4 ,:ile ea* tribe ?us has its moral /&>d ( "r & wrong1 ?is diff]s mu* 9 diff]5t tribes1 & "o mu/ become intimately acqua9t$ ) any p to asc]ta9 :at are really _! rul+ pr9ciples ( life4 ,acc\nts h be5 (t5 giv5 ( ! natural virtue & happ9ess ( rude tribes1 z 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana or ! hills ( ,b5gal1 :]e ! simple native life is m>k$ by tru?fulness1 hone/y1 *e]fulness1 & k9dness1 :i* contra/ 9 a /rik+ way ) ! habits ( l[-class ,europeans4 ,!re are few ph5om5a 9 ! _w m in/ructive ?an morality ?us exi/+ 9 practical indep5d5ce ei!r ( law or religion4 ,x may /ill be possible to obs]ve x = a few ye>s be=e x is alt]$ by contact ) civilisation1 :i*1 :e!r x raises or l[]s on ! :ole ! native level1 mu/ sup]s$e 9 great measure ?is simple family morality4 ,! unit ( social life is ! family1 & ! family is bas$ on a m>riage-law4 ,travell]s :o h n look$ c>efully into ! social rules ( tribes !y 7 describ+1 or ^: exp]i5ce has be5 ( tribes 9 a /ate ( decay1 h sometimes report$ t m>riage h>dly exi/$4 ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s is n confirm$ z descriptive ( any heal?y human society1 h[ev] rude2 9 fact1 ! abs5ce ( def9ite m>riage appe>s incompatible ) ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( a tribe4 ,!re=e /atem5ts ( ?is k9d made by =m] visitors %\ld be c>efully sift$1 & m>riage-laws 9 g5]al des]ve c>eful /udy4 ,! explor] w h>dly meet ) m>riage at s l[ a /age t ! union c be describ$ z little beyond annual pair+2 b :]e divorce is almo/ unre/rict$1 z 9 "s ,african tribes1 !re is m or less approa* to ?is condition1 :i* is possible1 ?\gh unusual1 "u su* laws z t ( ,islam4 ,polygamy1 :i* exi/s ov] a l>ge "p ( ! globe1 is a well-und]/ood sy/em1 b in=mation is less complete z to ! reasons :i* h "h & !re l$ to its opposite poly&ry1 z among ! ,toda hill-tribes & ! ,nairs 9 ,s\? ,india4 ,among cu/oms des]v+ inquiry are mat*-mak+ fe/ivals at spr+-tide or h>ve/1 :5 a great "p ( ! ye>'s m>riages are arrang$4 ,?is is n only (t5 done among ! l[] races1 b traces ( x rema9 9 ,greece1 :]e ! dances at ,meg>a on ,ea/] ,tuesday are r5[n$ = wife-*oos+1 & till lately 9 ,brittany1 :]e on ,mi*aelmas ,day ! girls sate 9 a r[ deck$ 9 all _! f9]y on ! bridge ( ,p5z1 ne> ,morlaix4 ,! cu/om ( bride-capture1 :]e ! bridegroom & 8 fri5ds make %[ ( c>ry+ (f ! bride by viol5ce1 is kn[n 9 ,europe z a relic ( antiquity1 z 9 anci5t ,rome1 ,wales )9 ! la/ c5tury or two1 or ,tyrol at ! pres5t day2 b 9 m b>b>ic regions1 z on ! ,malay p59sula or among ! ,kalmuks ( ,nor? ,asia1 x may be (t5 met )1 practis$ z a c]emony1 or ev5 done 9 e>ne/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 re/rictions on m>riage betwe5 k9sfolk or clansfolk are m prom95t among ! l[] races ?an 9 ! civilis$ _w1 b _! motive is ev5 n[ imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,p>tly ^! re/rictions take ! =m we are accu/om$ to ( prohibit+ m>riage betwe5 relatives m or less ne> 9 our s5se1 b among nations at a l[] level !y are apt to involve also :at is call$ exogamy or 8m>ry+-out40 ,a tribe or p--= in/ance1 ! ,kamil>oi ( ,au/ralia1 or ! ,iroquois ( ,nor? ,am]ica--is divid$ into h]$it>y clans1 memb]s ( :i* may n m>ry 9 _! own clan4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w ^! clans are nam$ f "s animal1 plant1 or o!r object1 & an?ropologi/s (t5 call su* names 8totems10 ?is ^w be+ tak5 f ! native "n among ,algonqu9 tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= an in/ance ( ! work+ ( ?is cu/om among ! ,iroquois tribes a ,wolf 0 consid]$ bro!r to a ,wolf ( any o!r tribe1 & might n m>ry a ,wolf girl1 :o 0 consid]$ z 8 si/]1 b he might m>ry a ,de] or a ,h]on4 ,9 contra/ ) su* rules is ! practice ( endogamy1 or 8m>ry+-910 z among "s ,arab tribes1 :o habitually m>ry c\s9s4 ,b x w be f\nd t ! two rules (t5 g toge!r1 z :]e a ,h9du mu/ practically m>ry )9 8 own ca/e1 b at ! same "t is prohibit$ f m>ry+ 9 8 own gotra or clan4 ,rese>*es into totem-laws are apt to br+ ! travell] into contact ) o!r relics ( ! anci5t social in/itutions 9 :i* ^! laws are root$1 especially ! practice ( reckon+ desc5t n on ! fa!r's side1 z ) u1 b on ! "m's side1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,lycians1 ^: cu/om seem$ extraord9>y to ! ,greeks 9 ! "t ( ,h]odotus1 b may be /ill se5 9 exi/5ce among native tribes ( ,am]ica or 9 ! ,malay isl&s4 ,ev5 ! sy/em ( relation%ip famili> to ,europeans is f> diff]5t f ^? ( regions :]e =ms ( ! 8classificatory sy/em0 prevail1 9 :i* fa!r's bro!rs & "m's si/]s are call$ fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,9 inquir+ into native laws ( m>riage & desc5t1 precautions mu/ be tak5 to ensure accuracy1 & especially su* ambigu\s ,engli% words z 8uncle0 or 8c\s90 %\ld be kept cle> (4 ,ano!r po9t on :i* travell]s h great opportunity ( see+ ) _! own eyes ! work+ ( primitive society is ! hold+ & inh]itance ( prop]ty1 especially l&4 ,notions d]iv$ f our mod]n law ( l&lord & t5ant give place 9 ! travell]'s m9d to old] conceptions1 among :i* individual prop]ty 9 l& is h>dly f\nd4 ,9 rude society x is v g5]ally ! tribe :i* owns a di/rict z common l&1 :]e all may hunt & pa/ure & cut fire-wood2 :ile1 :5 a family h built a hut1 & till$ a pat* ( l& r\nd x1 ?is is held 9 common by ! family :ile !y live !re1 b falls back into tribe-l& if !y cease to occupy x4 ,?is is fur!r organis$ 9 :at are n[ (t5 call$ 8village communities10 :i* may be se5 9 op]ation 9 ,russia & ,india1 :]e ! village fields are portion$ out among ! villag]s4 ,^? :o h se5 !m c und]/& ! _m traces 9 ,engl& ( ! =m] preval5ce ( ?is sy/em 9 8common fields10 etc4 ,!re is ! m practical int]e/ 9 /udy+ ! work+ ( ?is old-_w sy/em f ! light x ?r[s on projects ( communi/ic division ( l&1 :i* 9 su* villages may be /udi$1 & its m]its & defects balanc$4 ,on ! "o h& x assures a ma9t5ance = all1 :ile on ! o!r x limits ! population ( a di/rict1 ! m s f ! ob/9ate resi/ance :i* ! c\nsel ( 8old m50 :o manage a village always oppose to any improv$ me?od ( tillage4 ,n less p]fectly d ! t5ures exi/+ 9 _m c\ntries %[ ! v>i\s /ages ( l&hold+ :i* arise out ( milit>y conque/4 ,! absolute own]%ip ( all ! l& by a b>b>ic *ief or k+1 :i* may be se5 9 su* a c\ntry z ,dahome1 ^: subjects hold _! l&s on royal suff]ance1 is an extreme case4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 feudal t5ures ( l& grant$ = milit>y s]vice /ill h mu* ! same results z 9 m$ival ,europe4 ,at l[ levels ( civilisation ! fir/ dawn+ ( crim9al law may be se5 9 ! rule ( v5geance or retaliation4 ,! p]son aggriev$1 or 8 k9sfolk if he has be5 kill$1 are at once judges & execution]s1 & ! v5geance !y inflict /&s 9 "s reasonable relation to ! (f5ce committ$4 ,n only is su* v5geance ! great means ( keep+ ord] among su* rude tribes z ! ,au/ralians1 b ev5 among half-civilis$ nations l ,abyss9ians & ,afghans ! primitive law may /ill be /udi$ 9 =ce1 c>ri$ out 9 /rict legal ord] z a lex talionis1 n degrad$ to m]e illegal survival 9 outly+ di/ricts l ! 8v5detta0 ( mod]n ,europe1 c>ri$ on ev5 n[1 9 spite ( crim9al jurisprud5ce1 :i* = ages has /riv5 to transf] puni%m5t f private h&s to ! ,/ate4 ,:e!r among savages1 b>b>ians1 or ! l[] civilis$ nations1 ! travell] w f9d ev]y:]e matt] ( int]e/+ obs]vation 9 ! law & its adm9i/ration4 ,! law may be /ill 9 ! /ate ( unwritt5 cu/om1 & ! s5ate or c\ncil ( old m5 may be ! judges1 or ! p[] at once ( lawgiv] & judge may h pass$ into ! h&s ( ! *ief1 :o1 z among ! mod]n ,kaffirs1 may make a h&some rev5ue by ! cattle giv5 him z fees by bo? sides1 a fact int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! times :5 an ,european judge took gifts z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,among ! nations at high] levels ( culture 9 ! ,ea/1 = in/ance1 mo/ ( ! /ages may /ill be se5 ?r\gh :i* ! adm9i/ration ( law1 crim9al & civil1 0 giv5 ov] to a tra9$ legal class4 ,"o important /age 9 hi/ory is m>k$ by religion tak+ to itself legal control ov] ! conduct ( a nation4 ,! work+ ( ?is is se5 among ,ori5tal nations1 :e!r ,mohamm$an1 ,brahman1 or ,buddhi/1 ^: codes ( law are ( an ecclesia/ical type1 & ! lawy]s !ologians4 ,!re is mu* to be le>nt f ! mann] 9 :i* su* law is adm9i/]$1 & ! devices are int]e/+ by :i* codes fram$ "u pa/ conditions ( society are practically accommodat$ to a new ord] ( ?+s1 )\t pr(ess$ly violat+ laws held to be sacr$1 & !re=e un*angeable4 ,ordeals1 :i* h n[ disappe>$ f legal proc$ure among ,european nations1 are (t5 to be met ) else:]e4 ,?us 9 ,arabia ! ordeal by t\*+ or lick+ hot iron is /ill kn[n 7! latt] is an easy & h>mless trick1 if ! iron is q :ite-hot74 ,9 ,burma1 "u native rule1 ! anci5t trial ( wit*es by 8swimm+0 w5t on till lately4 ,9 _m c\ntries also symbolic oa?s invok+ evils on ! p]jur] are to be met )1 z :5 ! ,o/yaks 9 ,sib]ia swe> 9 c\rt by lay+ _! h& on a be>'s head1 mean+ t a be> w kill !m if !y lie4 ,x %[s ! c>elessness ) :i* ,europeans are apt to reg>d ! cu/oms ( o!r nations1 t 9 ,engli% c\rts a ,*9ese is call$ ^u to swe> by break+ a sauc]1 "u ! entirely errone\s belief t ?is symbolic curse is a ,*9ese judicial oa?4 ,! mo/ undevelop$ =ms ( gov]nm5t are only to be met ) 9 a few outly+ regions1 z among "s ( ! l[] ,esquimaux or ,rocky ,m\nta9 tribes1 :]e life goes on ) h>dly any rule beyond su* control z ! /rong man may h ov] 8 own h\sehold4 ,mu* (t5] travell]s h opportunity ( /udy+1 9 a m or less crude /ate1 ! types ( gov]nm5t :i* prevail 9 high] culture4 ,x is ( especial int]e/ to see m5 ( ! :ole tribe ga!r$ 9 assembly 7! primitive agora7 to decide "s "q ( w> or migration4 ,n less in/ructive are ! proce$+s ( ! c\ncil ( old m5 7! primitive s5ate71 :o1 among ,am]ican tribes or ! hill tribes ( ,india1 transact ! bus9ess ( ! tribe2 !y are repres5t$ at a lat] social /age by ! village-eld]s ( ! ,h9dus or ! ,russians4 ,among ! problems :i* pres5t !mselves among nations bel[ ! civilis$ level is t ( ! work+ ( ! patri>*al sy/em1 /ill prevail+ among su* tribes z ! ,b$awe51 :ile (t5 ! balance ( p[] is se5 adju/+ itself betwe5 ! patri>*al heads ( families & ! lead]s :o obta9 au?ority by success 9 w>4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ! h]$it>y *ief or k+ & ! milit>y despot1 :o n only usurps 8 place b seeks to e/abli% h]$it>y mon>*y 9 8 own l9e1 is "o met ) f l[ to high levels ( national life4 ,! travell]'s att5tion may be call$ to ! social =ces :i* d _! "w indep5d5tly ( m5 9 au?ority1 & make society possible1 ev5 :5 !re is little visible au?ority at all4 ,! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t describ$ 9 books is (t5 mu* less really p[]ful ?an public op9ion1 :i* controls m5's conduct 9 ways :i* are s mu* less conspicu\s t !y h h>dly yet be5 inve/igat$ ) ! c>e !y des]ve4 ,religion & ,my?ology4--,:ile great religions1 l ,mohamm$anism & ,buddhism1 h be5 s c>efully exam9$ t ,european /ud5ts (t5 "k m ab\t _! sacr$ books ?an ! believ]s !mselves1 yet ! g5]al inve/igation ( ! religions ( ! _w is v imp]fect1 & e ef=t %\ld be made to save ! details f be+ lo/ z "o tribe aft] ano!r disappe>s1 or passes into a new belief4 ,mission>ies h done mu* 9 record+ p>ticul>s ( native religions1 & "s h _h ! skill to describe !m sci5tifically2 b ! po9t ( view ( ! mission>y engag$ 9 conv]sion to ano!r fai? is unfav\rable = see+ ! reasons ( ! beliefs & practices he is /riv+ to upset4 ,! object ( ! an?ropologi/ is nei!r to attack nor def5d ! doctr9es ( ! religion he is exam9+1 b to trace _! rational orig9 & developm5t4 ,x is n only among ! rude/ tribes t religi\s ideas :i* seem ( a primitive ord] may be met )1 b ^! hold _! place also among ! high] nations :o pr(ess a 8book-religion40 ,?us ! ,engli% or ,g]man peasant reta9s _m ideas belong+ to ! ance/ral religion ( ,?or & ,wod51 & ! mod]n ,burmese1 ?\gh a ,buddhi/1 c>ries on mu* ( ! old wor%ip ( ! spirits ( ! h\se & ! =e/1 :i* belong to a f> e>li] religi\s /ratum ?an ,buddhism4 ,x is 9 _m di/ricts possible = ! travell] to obta9 at fir/ h& int]e/+ in=mation z to ! philosophical ideas :i* und]lie all religions4 ,all ov] ! _w1 p may be met ) ^: conception ( s\l or _s is t belong+ to primitive animism1 namely1 t ! life or s\l ( m51 bea/s1 or ?+s1 resides 9 ! phantoms ( !m se5 9 dreams & visions4 ,a travell] 9 ,briti% ,guiana _h s]i\s tr\ble ) "o ( 8 ,arawaks1 :o1 hav+ dreamt t ano!r _h spok5 impud5tly to him1 on wak+ up w5t q naturally to 8 ma/] to get ! (f5d] puni%$4 ,s x is report$ t our (ficials 9 ,burma h consid]$ !mselves disrespectfully treat$ :5 ! wife or s]vant ( ! p]son !y h come to see has refus$ to wake him1 ! ,engli%man n und]/&+ t ^! p hold e>ly animi/ic ideas1 believ+ ! s\l to be away f ! sleep]'s body 9 a dream1 s t x might n f9d its way back if he 7 di/urb$4 ,z sci5tific ideas ( ! nature ( life & dreams are rapidly de/roy+ ^! primitive conceptions1 x is desirable to collect all in=mation ab\t !m = its important be>+ on ! hi/ory ( philosophy & religion4 ,! same may be said z to ! anci5t !ory ( diseases z caus$ by demons1 & ! expulsion & exorcism ( !m z a means ( cure1 :i* may /ill be /udi$ ev]y:]e outside ! sci5tific nations4 ,in=mation z to religi\s rites is ( c\rse valuable1 ev5 :5 ! =eign obs]v] does n und]/& !m1 b if possible _! exact mean+ %\ld be made out by "s "o acqua9t$ ) ! language1 o!rwise acts may be confus$ :i* h really diff]5t s5ses1 z :]e a morsel ( food (f]$ z a pi\s (f]+ to an ance/ral gho/ may be tak5 = a sacrifice to appease an angry wood-demon4 ,a p's idea z to ! mean+ ( _! own rites may (t5 be v wrong1 b x is always wor? :ile to he> :at !y ?9k ( ! purpose ( _! pray]s1 sacrifices1 purifications1 fa/s1 fea/s1 & o!r religi\s ord9ances1 :i* ev5 among savage tribes h be5 long s9ce /]eotyp$ into traditional sy/ems4 ,my?ology is intimately mix$ up ) religion1 :i* n only ascribes ! ev5ts ( ! _w to ! action ( spirits1 demons1 or gods1 b ev]y:]e individualises _m ( ^! be+s "u p]sonal names1 & receives z sacr$ tradition wond]-tales ab\t !m4 ,?us1 to und]/& ! religion ( "s tribes1 we h n only to consid] ! rude philosophy "u :i* su* objects z heav5 & e>? or sun & moon are reg>d$ z p]sonal be+s1 ^: s\ls 7s to speak7 are ! heav5-god & e>?-god1 ! sun-god & moon-god2 b we h to g on fur!r & collect ! religi\s my?s :i* h gr[n on to ^! sup]human be+s4 ,! tales :i* su* a p tell ( _! orig9 & pa/ hi/ory may to "s ext5t include traditions ( real ev5ts1 b mo/ly !y consi/ ( my?s1 :i* are also wor? collect+1 z !y (t5 on exam9ation disclose _! orig91 or "p ( x4 ,?is is se51 = in/ance1 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl& tale ( ! god ,maui1 ^: dea?1 :5 he plung$ into ! body ( 8 great ance/ress ! ,night1 is an obvi\s my? ( ! sunset4 ,! be/ advice z to native my?ology is to write d[n all promis+ native /ories1 leav+ x to future exam9ation to decide :i* are wor? publi%+4 ,! native names ( p]sonages occurr+ 9 su* /ories %\ld be inquir$ into1 z !y sometimes c>ry 9 !mselves ! explanation ( ! /ory itself1 l ! "n ( ,great-,woman-,night 9 ! ,polynesian my? j ref]r$ to4 ,riddles are sometimes int]e/+1 z be+ my?s ) an explanation atta*$1 l ! ,greek riddle ( ! twelve black & twelve :ite horses t draw ! *>iot ( ! day4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ev]y?+ :i* a p ?9ks wor? rememb]+ z a popul> tradition1 & all ! m if x is fix$ 9 rhyme or v]se1 is wor? notice1 z likely to conta9 some?+ ( hi/orical value4 ,t x may n be hi/orically true is beside ! "q1 = ! poetic fictions ( a tribe (t5 ?r[ m light on _! hi/ory ?an _! recollections ( petty *iefs :o qu>rell$ fifty ye>s ago4 ,! my?s may record "s old cu/om or keep up "s old ^w t has di$ out ( ord9>y talk1 or ! v fact ( _! conta9+ a /ory kn[n else:]e 9 ! _w may give a clue to =gott5 int]c\rse by :i* x 0 le>nt4 ,cu/oms4--,x rema9s to say a few words z to ! multif>i\s cu/oms :i* w come "u ! travell]'s obs]vation4 ,x does n foll[ t because ^! may be m5tion$ or describ$ 9 books !y ne$ n be fur!r look$ into4 ,! fact is t accurate exam9ation 9 su* matt]s is s new1 t some?+ always rema9s to be made out1 especially z ! motives ( s _m cu/oms are /ill obscure4 ,! practice ( artificially de=m+ ! infant's skull into a desir$ %ape1 :i* is n q =gott5 ev5 9 ,europe1 may be notic$ ) respect to ! "q :e!r ! =m to :i* ! *ild's head is bulg$ or flatt5$ is ! exagg]ation ( ! natural =m ( an admir$ ca/e or race4 ,if n1 :at c1 = in/ance1 h induc$ two ,briti% ,columbian tribes1 "o to flatt5 _! =eheads & ! o!r to m\ld !m up to a peak8 ,9 tattoo+1 an ev5 m widespread practice1 x is well to asc]ta9 :e!r ! patt]n on ! sk9 seems to h be5 orig9ally tribe-m>ks or o!r signs or records1 or :e!r ! purpose is ornam5t4 ,9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,asia ! two motives are pres5t at once1 :5 a man has ornam5tal designs & magical *>m-figures toge!r on 8 body4 ,) reg>d to ornam5ts & co/umes1 ! keep+-up ( anci5t patt]ns = c]emonial purposes (t5 af=ds curi\s hi/orical h9ts4 ,?us 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 ! old-fa%ion$ g>m5ts ( b>k-clo? are us$ 9 m\rn+ by p :o h long disc>d$ !m 9 ord9>y we>1 & ano!r case is f\nd among "s natives ( ,s\? ,india1 ^: wom51 ?\gh !y no long] put on an apron ( leaves z _! real ord9>y g>m5t1 we> x ov] a cotton skirt on fe/ival-days4 ,among ! amusem5ts ( a p1 songs are (t5 int]e/+ musically1 & x is well to take !m d[n1 n only = ! tunes1 b also = ! words1 :i* sometimes ?r[ light on old traditions & beliefs4 ,danc+ v>ies f spontane\s expression ( emotion to complex figures h&$ d[n by tradition & =m+ "p ( social & religi\s c]emony4 ,! numb] ( popul> games 9 ! _w is small] ?an w\ld be suppos$4 ,:5 really attractive !y may be adopt$ f "o p to ano!r till !y make _! way r\nd ! _w4 ,any special v>iety1 z ( ball or draughts1 %\ld !re=e be notic$1 z x may furni% evid5ce ( int]c\rse by :i* x may h come f "s di/ant nation4 ,?\gh ! subjects ( an?ropological int]e/ are n ev5 fully enum]at$ 9 ! pres5t *apt]1 "s idea may h be5 giv5 ( ! field ( obs]vation /ill op5 to travell]s1 n only 9 remote c\ntries1 b ev5 9 ,europe4 ,9 tak+ notes1 ! explor] may be recomm5d$ n to be afraid ( t$i\s m9ut5ess1 :]eas ! lively sup]ficiality ( popul> books ( travel makes !m almo/ wor?less = an?ropology4#ae 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 look+ ?r\gh ! above rem>ks1 writt5 "s ye>s s9ce1 alt]ation has seem$ h>dly ne$ful4 ,! writ] ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t x may be useful to call att5tion to ! increas$ opportunities ( travell]s to /udy & obta9 implem5ts ( ! rude/ & mo/ anci5t ,/one ,age4 ,up to a few ye>s ago !y c\ld only h expect$ to f9d pro( ( ! rec5t use among savages ( /one hat*ets1 knives1 arr[-heads1 etc41 su* z 9 ,europe are relics ( anci5t tribes4 ,^!1 inde$1 h be5 kn[n = m ?an a g5]ation n to be ! olde/ relics ( ! k9d1 b h be5 call$ neoli?ic or ( ! ,new-,/one ,age1 to di/+ui% !m f ! f> old] & l[] types ( ! mammo? p]iod1 call$ paloli?ic or ( ! ,old-,/one ,age4 ,implem5ts ( ?is class1 aft] _! discov]y 9 ,europe1 7 soon notic$ 9 ,india1 & are n[ especially recognis$ z f\nd ov] a great "p ( ,africa4 ,( lat] ye>s1 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 /one implem5ts ( an ev5 l[] class h n only be5 f\nd 9 ! gr\nd1 b !re is evid5ce t !y _h rema9$ 9 use into mod]n times4 ,9 ,tasmania x is on record f ,european eye-witnesses t tools made f *ips ( h>d /one by trimm+ to an edge on "o side1 & :i* 7 grasp$ 9 ! h& )\t any h&le1 7 ! cutt+ & hack+ in/rum5ts ( ! natives into ! la/ c5tury1 almo/ up to ! "t ( _! ext9ction4 ,?us app>5tly ! olde/ kn[n phase ( human life endur$ 9 ?is region unt\*$ by civilisation1 & travell]s h ! opportunity ( /udy+ its rec5t relics 9 ,tasmania1 :ile simil> traces ( rude ,/one ,age life1 ?\gh n rea*+ up to s late a "t1 are mak+ _! appe>ance bo? 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal&4 ,travell]s %\ld be c>eful to consid] :e!r *ipp+ is really artificial1 & n due to natural action ( wat] or w9d-bl[n s&4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m 8implem5ts0 9 our museums are freaks ( nature1 e4g41 ^? f\nd 9 su* quantities 9 ! des]t plateaux above ! l[] ,nile4 ,travell]s ( ! pres5t day h /ill opportunities ( obs]vation 9 ! hi/ory ( culture :i* w h disappe>$ 9 ano!r g5]ation4 ,inquiry 9 outly+ c\ntries %\ld be made = ! vani%+ survivals ( arts & cu/oms1 /ories1 & ev5 languages4 ,9 ,europe !re is mu* ( ?is k9d to be met ) by ! inquir]1 especially (f ! beat5 track4 ,?us ! dug-out canoe1 ! monoxyle ( ,hippokrates1 ne$ n be s\ght on ,african lakes1 = x is /ill ! fi%]man's craft ( ,hung>y & ,bosnia2 & 9 ! same region ! app>atus = produc+ ! c]emonial ne$-fire by friction ( wood1 :i* disappe>$ f ,scotl& t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( la/ c5tury1 & ! 8:i?orn0 ( coil$ b>k1 ! ru/ic musical in/rum5t j vani%+ f ,engli% peasant life1 are /ill 9 c]emonial use4 ,z = savage tribes :i* come )9 ! travell]'s k51 ?\gh _! /one implem5ts h be5 mo/ly sup]s$$ by ! :ite man's cutl]y1 _m arts ( ! remote pa/ may /ill be se54 ,! yet simpl] means ( produc+ fire by drill+ a /ick ) ! h&s )\t fur!r me*anical adaptation may /ill be se5 among savages :o h n lo/ _! old arts1 & ! twi/+ ( ?read ) ! h&s1 :i* prec$$ ! use ( ev5 ! sp9dle1 is n ev]y:]e =gott54 ,?\gh ! /udy ( ! religion & folk-lore ( ! savage & b>b>ic _w mu/ be left to ^? :o are resid5ts r ?an visitors1 ! pass]-by :o inquires may see primitive rites ( religion or magic4 ,?us 9 _m an ,indian h\se 9 ,arizona or ,new ,mexico ! travell] is rem9d$ ( 8 classic recollections :5 he sees ! fir/ morsel ( ! meal ?r[n into ! fire z an (f]+ to ! ance/ral spirits4 ,,note ,,by ,,pr(essor ,r4 ,r4 ,,m>ett4 #8,al?\gh ,sir ,edw>d ,tylor's summ>y acc\nt ( ! task ( ! field an?ropologi/ 0 writt5 _m ye>s ago1 & is n[ reproduc$ 9 a sub/antially unalt]$ =m1 "o c confid5tly recomm5d x z /ill adequate to ! ne$s ( a rapidly progress+ sci5ce4 ,! g5]al plan ( campaign1 s brilliantly sket*$ "h1 rema9s mu* ! same4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! travell] 9 ^! latt] days1 in/ead ( op5+ up fre% fields1 mu/ = ! mo/ "p be cont5t to "w ov] old gr\nd m c>efully ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,unless1 !re=e1 he is prep>$ to disc>d sup]ficial modes ( obs]vation & devote himself to a critical & int5sive /udy ( ! available facts1 he _h mu* bett] leave ! subject alone4 ,x w help greatly if he has be5 ?r\gh a c\rse ( special tra9+1 su* z sev]al ( ! lead+ ,univ]sities c n[adays provide4'--,r4 ,r4 ,,m>ett4 ,! foll[+ books w be f\nd useful to ! travell]1 besides ^? m5tion$ above3-- #8,h&book ( ,folk-lore'2 publi%$ by ! ,folk-lore ,society4 ,ed4 ,c4 ,s4 ,burne4 #8,an?ropology'3 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett4 ,home ,univ]sity ,libr>y4 ,williams ,norgate4 ,,qu]ies ,,( ,,an?ropology4 ,by ! late ,,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,,franks1 ,k4,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,i4 ,physical ,"*4 ,av]age height ( m5 & wom5 9 ea* tribe4 ,"* ( hair3 /raight1 wavy1 curly1 frizzy1 or woolly4 ,progna?ism4 ,/r5g? 9 lift+ & c>ry+ weights1 c4 ,spe$ 9 runn+4 ,accuracy ( aim4 ,k ( numb]s1 weights1 & measures4 ,,ii4 ,mode ( ,subsi/5ce4 ,:e!r ma9ly by hunt+1 or by pa/oral or agricultural pursuits4 ,any in/ances ( dwell+s 9 caves4 ,use ( boats2 =ms ( boats & ( paddles2 mode ( paddl+4 ,any p>ticul> /ratagems us$ 9 hunt+1 sn>es & traps2 implem5ts = hunt+2 use ( dogs & ( cross-b[s1 z well z b[s & arr[s4 ,fi%+2 nets2 fi%-hooks2 spe>s2 any javel9s or arr[s ) loose heads atta*$ by a cord4 ,modes ( cook+1 & implem5ts us$2 any p>ticul> obs]vances 9 cook+ or at meals2 any sep>ation ( sexes at meals4 ,h[ is fire produc$8 & are any p]sons *>g$ ) ! pres]vation ( x8 ,=ms & con/ruction ( h\ses4 ,sep>ation ( ! sexes4 ,furniture ( h\ses4 ,plans ( t[ns & =tifications4 ,plants cultivat$ = food or manufactures2 agricultural implem5ts4 ,,iii4 ,religion & ,cu/oms4 ,bir? c]emonies4 ,:at are ! idols & _! names8 ,is !re any di/9ction betwe5 !m 9 importance8 ,:at wor%ip is paid to !m8 & :at (f]+s are made1 & on :at occasions8 ,are !re any p>ticul> sup]/itions8 ,:at feti%es or amulets are us$8 by :om are !y made8 ,are !re any =ms ( div9ation1 any use ( ca/+ lots ) c[ries1 ordeals by poison or o!rwise8 ,vampire beliefs & gho/ beliefs g5]ally4 ,cannibalism1 & motives = ! same4 ,fun]al rites4 ,belief 9 a future /ate4 ,deposit ( objects ) ! dead1 & :e!r deposit$ brok5 or :ole1 9 or on ! graves4 ,are burial cu/oms associat$ ) belief 9 de/9y aft] dea?8 ,x is important t ! travell] %\ld di/+ui% betwe5 g5u9e native traditions & ^? acquir$ ?r\gh contact ) civilis$ peoples4 ,peace survivals among new] peoples4 ,,iv4 ,arts & ,manufactures4 ,mode ( sp9n+ & weav+2 patt]ns & mat]ials employ$4 ,dye+ & nature ( dyes4 ,any mode ( prep>+ & work+ lea!r4 ,any k ( glass-mak+4 ,if n acqua9t$ ) ! manufacture ( glass1 d !y melt d[n brok5 ,european glass & beads to make armlets & o!r ornam5ts8 ,musical in/rum5ts3 _! =ms1 nature1 & names4 ,k ( pott]y & mode ( manufacture4 ,use & manufacture ( tobacco & o!r n>cotics2 =ms ( tobacco-pipes2 any c]emonies connect$ ) smok+2 use ( snuff2 snuff-bottles4 ,manufacture & trade 9 salt1 w9e1 be]1 or o!r liquors4 ,k ( simple m$ical rem$ies1 cupp+1 etc4 ,ivory & wood-c>v+4 ,metallurgy3 work+ 9 ! v>i\s metals1 :e!r by a special class ( p or tribes2 implem5ts us$ 9 smelt+1 etc4 ,:]e are ! ores obta9$8 ,is !re any k ( preci\s /ones8 ,v4 ,p]sonal ,ornam5ts1 ,disfigurem5ts1 etc4 ,are !re any special m>ks made by tattoo+ or cicatrices to di/+ui% ! v>i\s tribes8 are !y ! same 9 bo? sexes8 ,draw+s ( ^! m>ks w\ld be v desirable1 di/+ui%+ ea* tribe4 ,are ! tee? fil$ or knock$ out8 ,if ! =m]1 into :at %apes are !y fil$8 :5 is ! fil+ effect$8 & is x ! same = bo? sexes8 ,is antimony us$ = ! eyelids8 & h[ is x appli$8 ,are e>-ornam5ts worn by ei!r sex8 are !y p5d5t or ins]t$ 9 ! lobe8 ,are !re any nose or lip ornam5ts8 ,is ! hair cut into any peculi> %ape1 or is its col\r alt]$ by dye+8 ,is any cap or protection worn on ! p5is1 z by ! ,kafirs & o!r tribes8 ,any peculi>ities ( dress = m5 & wom58 any di/9ction betwe5 m>ri$ & unm>ri$8 ,:at protection is worn 9 battle8 ,:at are ! =ms ( ! weapons8 & is any missile weapon 9 use8 ,is !re any mutilation ( ! sex organs8 ,are any m>ks us$ z di/9ctions = brav]y1 success 9 hunt+ or rank8 ,,vi4 ,ivory & ,wood ,c>v+4 ,if elephant ivory is n ( native orig91 :]e is x obta9$8 ,are any o!r mat]ials ( ! same nature employ$ 9 c>v+1 su* z walrus-tusk1 ca*alot tee?1 etc48 ,are any v h>d woods employ$2 & if s1 h[ are !y work$8 ,,vii4 ,money4 ,:at k9ds ( money are 9 use8 ,d ! co9s pass by weight z bullion1 or h !y a recognis$ value8 ,are any objects su* z iron b>s or tools1 salt1 pieces ( cotton1 c[ries1 beads1 wampum1 etc41 employ$ z a means ( ex*ange8 ,if s employ$1 is !re any recognis$ way 9 :i* _! value is c]tifi$1 or is _! value ! subject ( b>ga9 9 ea* case8 ,,an?ropological ,,notes4 ,by ,w4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,duckwor?1 ,m4,d41 ,,sc4,d41 ,m4,a4 ,! foll[+ notes deal 9 ! briefe/ possible mann] ) ! m important obs]vations to be made on human bones2 & x is conceivable t "s su* records might be obta9$ "u circum/ances preclud+ ! obs]v] f secur+ or remov+ ! actual specim5s1 & ev5 9 in/ances :]e only a v brief p]iod is available = inspect+ !m4 ,x is conv5i5t to arrange ! obs]vations "u ! foll[+ sep>ate head+s3-- #a4 ,! circum/ances att5d+ ! dea? ( ! individual %\ld be fir/ inve/igat$1 & obs]vations conc]n+ ! mode & locality ( int]m5t %\ld be record$ 7cf4 ,pr(essor ,tylor's ,s*$ule1 "u #8,fun]al ,rites'74 #b4 ,! g5]al condition ( ! specim5 next dem&s att5tion4 ,?is is to "s ext5t dep5d5t ^u circum/ances ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ section4 ,f ! texture & pres]vation ( ! actual bony sub/ance1 a r\gh e/imate may be =m$ z to ! lapse ( "t s9ce ! dea? ( ! individual4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! skull alone1 or at a di/ance f ! rema9d] ( ! skeleton1 %\ld be not$4 #c4 ,! great] weight & size1 z well z ! great] prom95ce ( ! br[-ridges & ridges at ! back ( ! skull1 s]ve to di/+ui% ! male sex1 b 9 _m cases ! det]m9ation ( sex is almo/ impossible4 ,z reg>ds age1 skulls are conv5i5tly describ$ z immature1 adult or s5ile4 ,immature skulls lack ! full complem5t ( tee? or ( sockets = ^!1 & a deep cleft is se5 to cross ! base ( ! skull ab\t an in* 9 front ( ! l>ge hole 7=am5 magnum7 = ! sp9al cord4 ,^u ! atta9m5t ( maturity ?is cleft is oblit]at$1 by ! fusion ( its m>g9s4 ,9 s5ile crania1 ! sutural l9es on ! surface are almo/ entirely oblit]at$1 & ! jaws are too?less & mu* r$uc$ 9 size & prom95ce4 #d4 ,! skull may be de=m$4 ,x is important to attempt to di/+ui% de=mation produc$ dur+ life 7ei!r artificially or o!rwise7 f t det]m9$ by ! weight ( sup]9cumb5t soil aft] int]m5t4 ,artificial de=mation is manife/$ 9 mo/ cases by flatt5+ ( ! =ehead1 or ( ! back ( ! skull1 or ( bo?4 ,b po/hum\s de=mation is q irregul>1 ! face is (t5 involv$ z well z ! bra9-case1 !re is (t5 extreme flatt5+ f side to side1 & ! bones are usually fragile & t5d to fall ap>t4 #e4 ,treph9e-holes1 indicative ( ent]prise 9 op]ative surg]y1 %\ld be not$4 ,! regul>ity ( cont\r & ! size ( ! hole (t5 gives ! clue to its real nature4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t1 9 ! process ( exhumation1 injuries closely resembl+ ! =ego+ op]ative w\nds may be receiv$ by skulls1 & !re=e ! circum/ances ( exhumation dem& enquiry 9 ?is connection4 ,"s skulls are f\nd to h be5 incis$ or engrav$ ) decorative patt]ns aft] dea?4 #f4 ,craniological descriptions deal ) ! appe>ances pres5t$ by skulls 9 ea* ( ! five normal positions or aspects depict$ 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,9 ! fir/ view or aspect 7,fig4 #a1 ,b7 ! g5]al =m ( ! skull is %ewn1 & 9 proportions ! cranial case may be ei!r elongat$ or rotund2 or aga91 if elongat$1 x may be elliptical 7) no great diff]5ce 9 =m betwe5 front & back71 ovoid 7:5 ! h9d] end is ! broad]71 or rhomboid 7loz5ge or diamond-%ap$74 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,c1 ! pr(ile l9e1 & its modification by prom95t br[-ridges or jaws1 claims att5tion4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,d1 ! g5]al =m ( ! eye 7orbital ap]ture7 & nose 7nasal ap]ture71 z well z ! relative bread? ( ! face1 are consid]$4 ,fig4 #a1 ,e1 %[s ! palate1 & ! numb] & =ms ( ! tee? are /udi$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,9 ,fig4 #a1 ,a1 ! =m ( ! transv]se cranial arc1 & any irregul>ities1 su* z flatt5+ or ! production ( a keel$ 7scaphoid7 appe>ance1 %\ld be not$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! five norm1 or aspects ( ! human skull1 viz43--7,b7 ,norma v]ticalis1 ! v]tex view2 7,c7 ,norma lat]alis2 7,d7 ,norma facialis2 7,e7 ,norma basil>is2 7,a7 ,norma occipitalis4 #g4 ,! l[] jaw is /udi$ indep5d5tly4 ,! prom95ce ( ! *91 ! squ>5ess ( ! angle1 ! /\tness ( ! :ole bone1 & ! numb] & *>act]s ( ! tee? are ! *ief po9ts to :i* att5tion is direct$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,measurem5t ( ! l5g? ( ! skull ) callip]s 7,fl[]'s ,craniomet] z modifi$ by ,dr4 ,duckwor?74 ,,fig4 #c4--,measurem5t ( ! l5g? ( ! skull ) ano!r =m ( callip]s4 #h4 ,cranial measurem5ts are made ) callip]s & a flexible /eel or tape measure4 ,^! objects1 z well z a graduat$ two-met] rod us$ = measur+ /ature or long bones1 are suppli$ 9 a travell+ case by ,messrs4 ,h]mann ( ,zri*1 :o h made !m to ,pr(essor ,m>t9's designs4 ,! :ole outfit co/s ab\t #d1 b ! in/rum5ts c be obta9$ sep>ately4 ,messrs4 ,h]mann also make a modifi$ =m ( ! callip]s1 kn[n z ,fl[]'s ,craniomet] 7cf4 ,fig4 #b74 ,measurem5ts are record$ 9 millimet]s1 9 :i* ! v>i\s callip]s1 etc41 are graduat$4 ,! latt] in/rum5ts may h ! =ms repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #b 7,fl[]'s ,craniomet]7 or ,fig4 #c1 9 :i* are %[n ! exact positions ( ! in/rum5ts 9 measur+ ! l5g? ( ! skull4 ,! *ief measurem5ts may be n[ enum]at$ 9 ord] ( importance3-- i4 ,! extreme l5g? ( ! bra9-case1 measur$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ii4 ,! maximum bread? ( ! skull is measur$ on ! bra9-case4 iii4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! bra9-case 7z di/9ct f ! face7 is measur$ ) ! flexible tape pass$ r\nd ! br[-ridges & ! back ( ! skull4 ,! measurem5t is t ( ! greate/ circumf]5ce ( ! bra9-case obta9able 9 ?is way4 iv4 ,measurem5ts illu/rative ( ! degree ( prom95ce ( ! upp] jaw are two 9 numb]1 & are made ) ! callip]s4 ,! two measurem5ts />t f ! same po9t beh9d2 ?is po9t is ! middle ( ! front edge1 or m>g91 ( ! hole = ! sp9al cord 7=am5 magnum71 %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 ,e4 ,f ?is common po9t1 ! upp] or basi-nasal measurem5t passes to ! upp] bord] ( ! nasal bones 9 ! middle l9e ( ! face1 & ! l[] or basi-alveol> measurem5t passes to ! extreme front edge ( ! upp] jaw 9 ! middle l9e1 j above & betwe5 ! upp] incisor tee?4 #i4 ,measurem5ts ( ! long bones ( ! limbs4 ,^! are be/ made by means ( a graduat$ rod ) fix$ & movable limbs1 resembl+ a l>ge pair ( callip]s4 ,su* a rod is suppli$ 7z indicat$ above7 by ,messrs4 ,h]mann4 ,! bones to be measur$ are six 9 numb] = ea* side ( ! body1 viz43--^? ( ! upp] arm & ?igh 7hum]us & femur72 !n two = ! =e>m 7call$ radius & ulna1 ! =m] be+ ! %ort]72 & two = ! leg 7call$ tibia & fibula1 ! =m]1 or %9-bone1 be+ ! l>g]74 ,! extreme or maximum l5g? is measur$ 9 ea* case1 except+ ^? ( ! femur & tibia4 i4 ,! femur is measur$ obliquely1 t is1 f its ball-l head to a l9e t\*+ bo? prom95ces at ! l[] end1 z %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,?is repres5ts ! position ( ! bone 9 a p]son /&+ erect4 ii4 ,! sp9y processes on ! upp] end ( ! tibia are n includ$ 9 ! measurem5t ( its l5g?4 ,immature limb-bones are recognis$ by ! l9e :i* dem>cates ! extreme ends1 or epiphyses1 f ! %aft 7or diaphysis74 ,sexual diff]5ces are *iefly indicat$ by great] l5g?1 /\tness1 & also by ! developm5t ( osse\s ridges 9 male bones4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,position ( ! ?igh-bone = measurem5t ( its l5g?4 #aj4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! long bones are us$ 9 e/imat+ ! /ature4 ,special notice is to be paid to individuals ( giant or ( dw>f /ature4 ,9 ?is connection p>ticul> m5tion %\ld be made 9 ! foll[+ in/ances3-- 7a7 ,:]e ! ?igh bone measures m ?an #eb cm41 or less ?an #cf cm4 7b7 ,:]e ! %9 bone measures m ?an #db cm41 or less ?an #bh cm4 7c7 ,:]e ! fibula measures m ?an #da cm41 or less ?an #bh cm4 7d7 ,:]e ! upp] arm bone measures m ?an #cg cm41 or less ?an #bf cm4 7e7 ,:]e ! ulna measures m ?an #bi cm41 or less ?an #bj cm4 7f7 ,:]e ! radius measures m ?an #bg cm41 or less ?an #ai cm4 7only adult bones be+ consid]$1 & ! sex1 :]e kn[n1 record$74 #aa4 ,adult skulls w also excite att5tion :5 ! horizontal circumf]5ce 7measur$ 9 accordance ) ! directions provid$ above7 is great] ?an #ef cm41 or less ?an #dg cm4 ,,vi4 ,,indu/ry ,,& ,,comm]ce4#af ,by ,,sir ,,john ,,scott ,,keltie1 ,,ll4,d41 =m]ly ,secret>y1 ,r4,g4,s4 ,! k9d ( in=mation desir$ "u ?is head+ may be summ$ up 9 ! ?ree foll[+ que/ions1 s f> z uncivilis$ or semi-civilis$ c\ntries are conc]n$3-- 7#a47 ,:at are ! available res\rces ( ! c\ntry t may be turn$ to indu/rial or comm]cial acc\nt8 7#b47 ,:at comm]cial products c f9d an available m>ket 9 ! c\ntry8 7#c47 ,:at are ! facilities = or h9drances to int]c\rse betwe5 ! c\ntry & ! re/ ( ! _w8 ,or1 briefly1 7#a7 ,res\rces2 7#b7 ,wants2 7#c7 ,accessibility4 ,^! include ! que/ions ( suitability = immigration & colonisation4 ,:at is kn[n z comm]cial geography is "o ( sev]al special applications ( geographical k4 ,f ?is practical po9t ( view1 !re=e1 ! obs]vations collect$ "u o!r heads 9 ?is book w be ( s]vice1 especially if ! requirem5ts ( comm]ce are kept 9 view at ! same "t z ! desid]ata ( sci5ce4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 ! sections on ,meteorology1 ,geology1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ,an?ropology %\ld be consult$4 ,ev5 g5]al geographical & topographical obs]vations w be ( practical s]vice--! g5]al lie ( ! c\ntry1 its altitudes1 & its "* at c]ta9 altitudes1 its m\nta9s1 hills1 valleys1 pla9s1 riv]s--if reg>d$ f ! special /&po9t ( habitability & possibilities ( developm5t4 ,! sugge/ions conta9$ 9 ?is1 z 9 ! o!r sections ( ?is manual1 are meant bo? = ! ord9>y explor] or travell] :o may h to pass rapidly ?r\gh a c\ntry & = ^? :o may h m opportunity = mak+ leisurely obs]vations4 ,to ! =m] ! foll[+ brief h9ts may prove s]viceable3-- ,obs]ve & note-- #a4 ,z reg>ds ,,res\rces3-- ,! ext5t or quantity1 quality1 facilities = rais+ or collect+1 = transport & %ipm5t1 etc41 ( 7a7 ,! natural products1 su* z m9]als & metals1 especially gold1 silv]1 coal1 iron1 copp]1 t91 nitre1 guano1 phosphates1 etc42 timb] useful = v>i\s purposes2 vegetable products1 useful = food1 fibres1 dye-/uffs1 or m$ic9e--gums1 res9s1 etc42 animal products useful = food1 sk9s1 fur1 fea!rs2 riv]9e or lacu/r9e products1 useful = food1 oil1 or o!r purposes4 7b7 ,sub/ances cultivat$ = food or = manufactur+ purposes4 7c7 ,articles manufactur$ = clo?+1 = dome/ic1 w>like1 or o!r purposes4 7d7 ,native me?ods ( develop+ res\rces1 ( c>ry+ on manufactures1 & ( transport4 7e7 ,practicability ( develop+ ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry by ,european me?ods4 #b4 ,z to ,,wants3-- 7a7 ,:at p>ticul> ?+s us$ by ! natives c\ld be pr(itably suppli$ f ! outside8 7b7 ,:at d ! natives lack t might be introduc$ & suppli$ f ! outside8 7c7 ,9 all cases be p>ticul> to note fav\rite mat]ials1 %apes1 col\rs1 or o!r peculi>ities1 z ( clo?s1 implem5ts1 ornam5ts1 su* z beads1 anklets1 etc4 #c4 ,z to ,,accessibility3-- ,note ! ne>e/ ports & railways2 ! "* & connections ( native roads1 if any2 ! navigability ( riv]s1 inlets & lakes = v>i\s k9ds ( craft at v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>2 heights ( passes1 :e!r suitable = animals or only = port]s1 :e!r block$ at any season ( ye>2 r\tes likely to be suitable = railways4 ,9 all cases :]e practicable1 specim5s ( products %\ld be obta9$1 9 ord] t speciali/s at home may judge ( _! indu/rial or comm]cial value4 ,= ^? :o may h m leisure = obs]vation1 "s or all ( ! foll[+ detail$ h9ts may be useful3-- ,,m9]als ,,& ,,metals4--,x is n necess>y to add mu* "h to :at has be5 said "u ,geology4 ,if ! travell] is n himself compet5t1 or has no opportunity to te/ ! value ( ^! products1 he %\ld br+ home specim5s2 ?is1 if possible1 %\ld be done 9 any case4 ,"u ?is section a look-out %\ld be kept = any indication ( naph?a1 asphalt1 or m9]al oils4 ,f ! comm]cial po9t ( view ! important po9ts are-- ,quality4--,to :at ext5t are m9]als or metals1 z gold1 copp]1 iron1 phosphates1 mix$ up ) o!r matt]8 ,:at is ! yield p] ton ( ore8 ,9 ! case ( coal1 h[ does x burn1 & :at is ! p]c5tage ( a%8 ,next-- ,quantity4--,does ! sub/ance occur 9 suffici5t quantity to make x wor? exp5diture ( capital & lab\r8 ,! in=mation mu/ be obta9$ by p]sonal inspection4 ,f9ally-- ,locality4--,is ! situation ( ! deposits easily accessible8 ,h[ are !y situat$ ) ref]5ce to r\tes1 exi/+ or practicable8 & h[ ) ref]5ce to ports ( emb>kation8 ,c\ld !y be work$ ) ! res\rces available 9 ! c\ntry1 or w\ld lab\r & ma*9]y require to be introduc$8 ,if work$ 9 ! c\ntry1 is !re any neighb\r+ m>ket = ! manufactur$ products8 ,:at are ! native processes 7if any7 ( obta9+ & work+ m9]als8 ,we mu/ aga9 ref] to ! section on ,geology = fur!r details1 & ! int5d+ travell] w\ld d well to take a few lessons be=e he leaves1 s z to be able to recognise ! mo/ common & useful m9]als & ! conditions "u :i* !y usually occur2 he w ?us save mu* "t & tr\ble4 ,,vegetable ,,products4--,! directions = obs]vation & collection giv5 "u ! ,botanical section %\ld be att5d$ to2 & x is important t ! travell] %\ld be able to recognise ! *ief classes ( plants1 s t speciali/s may be able to pron\nce g5]ally on _! utility4 ,"* ( ,surface4--,! g5]al "* ( ! surface ( a c\ntry1 s f> z its vegetation is conc]n$1 %\ld be cle>ly grasp$4 ,:at proportion1 or1 if possible1 :at area is "u =e/8 :at "u grass8 :at des]t1 or m\nta91 or m>%1 or uncultivable8 :at "u cultivation8 ,=e/s4--,if ( a g5]ally =e/ or ?ickly-wood$ "*1 are ! =e/s ext5sive & d5se1 ) mu* und]gr[?1 z 9 tropical ,s\? ,am]ica8 or easily p5etrable1 z ! =e/s ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica8 ,or are ! trees scatt]$1 ei!r 9 clumps1 or s+ly1 z 9 a great "p ( ,c5tral ,africa8 ,d !y prevail ov] ! c\ntry g5]ally1 or are ! riv]-banks only l9$ ) d5se tree vegetation8 ,are ! =e/s only f\nd 9 ! l[ c\ntry1 or d !y cov] ! hills & ext5d up ! m\nta9s8 ,timb]4--,asc]ta9 ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( ! trees ( ! =e/s4 ,:at are ! prevail+ families1 &1 if possible1 g5]a & species8 ,:at uses1 if any1 d ! natives make ( ! woods8 ,:i* d !y use = _! h\ses1 _! furniture1 _! canoes1 _! weapons1 _! ornam5ts8 ,h[ d ! woods seem to /& te> & we>1 ! climate1 ! attack ( de/ructive insects1 imm]sion 9 wat]8 ,are !re any woods t w\ld d = su* purposes z railway-sleep]s or telegraph-poles 9 ! conditions :i* prevail 9 ! c\ntry8 ,any ornam5tal woods suitable = cab9et purposes8 ,fibres1 ,fruits1 ,*emicals1 etc4--,are !re any plants ! fibres ( :i* c\ld be turn$ to acc\nt8 ,any fruits adapt$ to human consumption1 & are !y f\nd 9 any quantity1 or c\ld !y be cultivat$8 ,are !re any trees or o!r plants suitable = drugs or *emicals--b>k1 leaves1 juices1 roots8 ,:at m$ic9es1 n>cotics1 or /imulants are us$ by ! natives8 h[ are !y obta9$ & h[ prep>$8 ,are !re any species ( useful plants gr[+ wild--c(fee1 sug>1 cotton1 vanilla1 spices1 etc48 ,any trees produc+ gums t might be ( comm]cial value1 l gum arabic1 gutta-p]*a1 or ca\t*\c8 ,or any ^: fruits yield oil1 l ! cocoa-nut & ! olive8 ,d ! natives make use ( ^! juices8 ,:at are ! processes ( extraction & prep>ation8 ,o!r ,vegetation4--,:5 !re is an und]gr[?1 its "* %\ld be notic$1 & ! diseases1 if any1 to :i* trees are subject4 ,note :at o!r vegetation exi/s besides t ( trees4 ,are !re any plants l ! turnip1 ! potato1 ! batata1 :i* are useful z foods1 or = o!r purposes8 ,specim5s ( any h]bs likely to be useful %\ld be obta9$1 especially if !y are us$ by ! natives = m$ic9e1 = dye+1 = poison1 or o!r useful purposes4 ,sometimes1 z 9 ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,au/ralia1 :at arborace\s vegetation exi/s consi/s ma9ly ( %rubs1 ! "* ( :i* %\ld be not$4 ,d !y h9d] locomotion8 ,are _! %oots useful = =age8 ,are !y injuri\s to horses & cattle8 ,:5 !re is h]bace\s vegetation ( any ext5t1 :at is its "*8 ,is x tall & co>se & re$y1 l mu* ( ! ,african grass8 ,or su* z is f\nd on ! prairies & pampas8 ,or ( a tr\blesome sp9ifex "*1 z 9 ,au/ralia8 ,or ( a turf-l "*1 l ! grasses ( ,europe8 ,:at are ! compon5ts ( ?is k9d ( vegetation1 & h[ f> is x likely to prove useful z fodd]8 ,:at uses d ! natives put x to1 ei!r = _! animals or = manufactures8 ,d !y use x = mak+ mats or clo?8 ,are !re any plants mix$ ) x injuri\s to animals8 ,:at is ! condition ( ! grass at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>8 ,:5 is x at its be/1 its /ronge/1 its d5se/8 ,is x liable to be p>*$ up at any season8 ,to :at ext5t is its condition affect$ by ! climate1 by ra9fall1 by irrigation1 natural or artificial8 ,is x easily remov$1 9 ord] to make way = o!r cultures8 ,does x spread into ! =e/ region1 & has x any special *>act]i/ics !re8 ,h[ does x1 z well z o!r useful vegetation1 v>y ) altitude or o!r local conditions8 ,d ! products *ange "u diff]5t agricultural conditions8 e4g41 "s are poison\s "u c]ta9 conditions1 n o!rs8 ,m>%es1 ,des]ts1 ,irrigation4--,note if m>%es or peat-bogs1 or o!r special features ( ! surface exi/ to any ext5t1 & :e!r ! dra9age ( m>%es is practicable4 ,:]e des]ts exi/1 note _! "*4 ,are !y s&y1 gravelly1 rocky1 salt8 ,:at is ! prevail+ rock8 ,if ! des]t "* ( ! l& 7z is g5]ally ! case7 seems due to want ( wat]1 is !re any artificial means likely to be available = supply+ t want8 ,is !re any /orage ( wat] & irrigation among ! natives8 &1 if s1 h[ is x accompli%$8 & :at are ! results8 ,are !re any s\rces )9 rea*1 ei!r above or und]gr\nd1 f :5ce a supply ( wat] = irrigation purposes c\ld be obta9$8 ,indicate any exceptional defects ( quality 9 ! supply ( wat]4 ,note if any "p ( ! c\ntry is liable to p]iodical inundations4 ,at :at p]iods ( ! ye> d !y occur8 ,are ^! inundations de/ructive1 or are !y utilis$ = agricultural purposes8 ,w\ld x be possible to regulate ^! inundations8 ,,agriculture4--,! g5]al outcome ( all ^! obs]vations is ! suitability ( a c\ntry = agricultural developm5t4 ,:at articles d ! natives cultivate1 if any8 ,has ! cultivat$ l& any special "*1 or is x simply ! ord9>y l& cle>$ ( trees or grass1 or o!r wild gr[?8 ,note ! me?ods & implem5ts ( culture us$ by ! natives2 ! seasons ( s[+ & reap+1 & prep>+ ! crops = use4 ,d !y dep5d = wat] on ra9fall or irrigation8 ,to :at altitudes is cultivation c>ri$1 & :at are ! crops t prosp] at ^! altitudes8 ,f ! po9t ( view ( colonisation & agriculture1 precise in=mation z to ! nature ( ! soil is desirable4 ,! proportion or ext5t ( a c\ntry suitable = agriculture might be not$4 ,obs]ve1 z precisely z practicable1 ! nature & dep? ( ! upp] lay] ( soil4 ,! dep?--x may be a few in*es1 or x may be two or ?ree feet--c easily be asc]ta9$4 ,a g5]al idea may also be giv5 ( its nature4 ,is x mo/ly vegetable m\ld1 z x is likely to be 9 old =e/ or grass c\ntries8 or peaty8 or m>%y8 ,if possible1 also1 asc]ta9 ! dep? ( ! subsoil d[n to ! rock or clay1 or o!r p]man5t basis on :i* x re/s4 ,9 a g5]al way x might be obs]v$ :e!r ! soil is s&y1 gravelly1 /ony1 calc>e\s1 m>ly1 clayey4 ,also is x compact1 t5aci\s1 or loose1 &1 above all1 is x p]meable or imp]meable to wat]8 ,is ! soil v dry or v moi/8 or :at is its int]m$iate /age8 ,if ! natives c>ry on cultivation1 asc]ta91 if possible1 ! yield p] acre ( :at !y cultivate4 ,d !y cultivate only = _! own wants8 ,if n1 :]e & :at is ! nature ( ! m>ket to :i* !y s5d ! surplus8 ,does ! c\ntry seem suitable = o!r cultures besides ^? c>ri$ on by ! natives8 ,,animal ,,products4--,if !re are wild animals 9 ! c\ntry1 obs]ve :e!r ! natives hunt !m = :at !y yield 9 ! way ( food or o!r useful products4 ,are !re any ivory-yield+ animals1 or animals ^: sk9s c be turn$ to pr(itable acc\nt8 ,c\ld a suffici5t supply = m]cantile purposes be obta9$ by means ( native hunt]s1 if prop]ly enc\rag$2 or h[ w\ld x be be/ to "w su* res\rces8 ,are !re any laws or cu/oms en=c$ by ! natives 9 hunt+ wild animals8 ,are !re any noxi\s wild animals1 & to :at ext5t d !y affect human com=t & human life8 ,dome/ic ,animals4--,x is important to "k :at dome/ic animals ! natives possess1 h[ !y are re>$ & f$1 & :at uses !y are put to4 ,also :e!r ! c\ntry is good = horses1 cattle1 %eep1 & p\ltry1 & approximately :at is ! ext5t1 situation1 & accessibility ( ! graz+-l&s4 ,are ! pa/ures p]5nial8 ,to :at ext5t d !y dep5d on ra9fall1 or irrigation1 or on int]mitt5t /reams8 ,dur+ :at mon?s ( ! ye> are !y available8 ,are !re any plants among ! pa/ures injuri\s to animals8 ,are !re any insects 7l ! tsetse7 or o!r animals injuri\s to cattle or horses8 ,d horses or asses exi/ among ! natives1 & :at uses are !y put to8 ,if n1 w\ld !y be likely to fl\ri%1 if introduc$8 ,fi%]ies4--,in=mation conc]n+ fi% & fi%]ies is desirable2 & among fi%1 f ! practical /&po9t1 are includ$ %ell-fi% 7especially pe>l %ells71 sponges1 corals1 & animals ( ! :ale & seal k9d4 ,if ! natives practise fi%+1 ei!r 9 lakes1 riv]s1 or ! sea1 asc]ta9 ! k9ds ( fi% !y capture1 _! me?ods & implem5ts1 & ! p>ticul> seasons at :i* fi%+ is practis$4 ,are ! fi%]ies1 :e!r work$ by ! natives or n1 likely to be ( comm]cial value8 ,,trade4--,mu* ( ! in=mation sugge/$ above w be ( s]vice f ! special comm]cial po9t ( view1 especially ) ref]5ce to export4 ,in=mation %\ld be obta9$ conc]n+ any manufactures c>ri$ on by ! natives besides :at has be5 sugge/$ above--manufactures 9 metal1 9 wood1 9 clay1 or /one2 9 mat]ials d]iv$ f ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 :at !y are1 :at uses !y are put to1 :at processes are us$1 & to :at ext5t1 if any1 !y =m articles ( trade4 ,) reg>d to ! import m>ket1 :at g5]ally are ! wants ( ! natives & :at new wants might be creat$4 ,if possible1 "s approximate e/imate ( ! value ( ! lead+ classes ( imports1 if !re are any1 %\ld be obta9$4 ,asc]ta9 if any goods are br\ght into ! c\ntry f ! outside2 if s1 :at !y are1 :]e !y come f1 & z accurate an e/imate z possible ( quantity1 or value1 or bo?4 ,9 ! case ( imports f civilis$ c\ntries1 are ^? ( any p>ticul> c\ntry pref]r$1 &1 if s1 :y8 ,is x ow+ to any?+ special 9 quality1 or patt]n1 or co/1 means ( communication1 or 9 quantity available8 ,is !re any special tribe ( middlem5 :o prev5t ! inl& p f com+ into direct relation ) trad]s8 ,probably a m>ket c\ld be creat$ = outside manufactures :i* h n z yet be5 introduc$ into ! c\ntry2 or su* manufactures might easily obta9 a m>ket 9 pref]5ce to ^? ( native make4 ,note especially ! patt]ns ( articles ( native make1 z ^! are probably adapt$ to ! conditions ( ! c\ntry1 & %\ld !re=e be imitat$ or improv$ ^u 9 ! case ( import$ goods1 ! quality ( ! latt] be+ bett]1 & ! co/1 if possible1 l[]4 ,briti% trad]s1 especially1 (t5 incur s]i\s losses by n asc]ta9+ 9 advance :at p>ticul> articles & :at special patt]ns are 9 dem& among natives4 ,note also :e!r ,european me?ods might n be introduc$ ) advantage = ! manufacture ( native goods4 ,native usages z to cr$it ought to be asc]ta9$1 :at safegu>ds are b9d+1 :at is ! m$ium ( ex*ange1 etc4 ,x w\ld be useful to discov] be=eh& :e!r ! importation ( ma*9]y & explosives is likely to be unimp$$4 ,,climate4--,?is is an ess5tial item1 s f> z ! exploitation ( tropical & semi-tropical c\ntries by ,europeans is conc]n$4 ,its ma9 elem5ts are det]m9$ by temp]ature1 latitude1 altitude1 & ra9fall2 ! "* ( ! surface %\ld also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,"u ,meteorology1 ! ma9 directions on ! subject are giv54 ,! temp]ature at diff]5t seasons & at diff]5t times ( ! day 7say #i ,a4,m41 #c ,p4,m41 & #i ,p4,m47 %\ld be asc]ta9$1 & t at v>i\s altitudes4 ,ra9fall obs]vations are n ( mu* s]vice unless !y c be obta9$ ov] a cont9u\s s]ies ( ye>s4 ,asc]ta9 ! di/ribution ( ra9fall ov] ! ye>1 & ! limits ( ! ra9y p]iod ( ! ye>1 :5 su* p]iod exi/s1 &1 if possible1 ! quantity :i* falls 9 ! diff]5t mon?s ( ! p]iod2 h[ does ! ra9fall diff] ) altitude & o!r topographical v>iations8 ,if a c\ntry is subject to dr\ghts1 x is important to asc]ta9 if !re is any p]iodicity 9 ^! dr\ghts1 & h[ !y affect ! res\rces & prospects ( ! c\ntry1 & ! condition ( ! riv]s4 ,w\ld x be possible1 by /orage ( wat] or o!r means1 to c\nt]act to any ext5t ! bad effects ( dr\ght8 ,:at effect has ! ra9y p]iod & ! dr\ght p]iod on ! native inhabitants1 & especially on ,europeans8 ,z f> z possible1 asc]ta9 ! bir? & dea? rate p] annum4 ,,facilities ,,& ,,h9drances ,,to ,,comm]cial ,,developm5t4--,"u ?is head ! fir/ consid]ation is ,accessibility or ,means ( ,communication4 ,g5]ally1 ! quicke/1 *eape/1 & safe/ r\tes to a satisfactory m>ket %\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,wat] ,communication4--,obs]ve :at natural means ( communication exi/1 :at is ! nature ( communication betwe5 ! c\ntry & ! outside _w4 ,if communication by sea is ( importance1 h[ is ! int]ior to be rea*$ f ! sea8 ,are !re any deep inlets8 ,is !re practicable riv] communication8 ,= :at sort ( vessels is x adapt$8 ,are !re any ob/ructions 9 ! riv]1 &1 if s1 :at is _! nature1 & h[ c\ld !y be surm\nt$8 ,:at is ! wid? ( ! riv]1 ! dep? ( ! wat]1 & ! =ce ( ! curr5t1 at v>i\s di/ances f ! m\?1 & at ! p]iods ( ! ye> :5 ! riv] is at its l[e/ & highe/8 ,are !re any lakes t c\ld be utilis$ = communication8 ,roads4--,if !re are native roads1 /ate precisely :at is _! nature "u v>i\s conditions ( wea!r2 _! wid?2 :at sort ( vehicles1 if any1 !y are suit$ =1 & :]e !y lead to4 ,if ! c\ntry is m\nta9\s1 asc]ta9 ! pr9cipal passes1 :at places !y connect1 _! exact heights at ! highe/ po9t 7n ! heights ( ! m\nta9s71 = :at animals or vehicles !y are practicable1 or if only = port]s1 & :at is _! condition at v>i\s seasons ( ! ye>4 ,if ! natives h any vehicles1 or vessels1 or o!r means ( transport1 describe !m4 ,railway ,r\tes4--,obs]ve1 z f> z possible1 suitable r\tes = railway or canal communication1 z well z = good roads1 & :e!r any mat]ials = railway con/ruction are obta9able 9 ! c\ntry4 ,possibly ! c\ntry1 if an inl& "o1 c\ld be connect$ by road or rail ) "s exi/+ railway sy/em4 ,:at are ! ne>e/ telegraph /ations8 ,lab\r4--,ano!r important consid]ation "u ?is head is t ( lab\r--lab\r = ! v>i$ ent]prises connect$ ) ! developm5t ( a c\ntry's res\rces4 ,is lab\r obta9able )9 ! c\ntry itself8 ,if s1 to :at ext5t1 & on :at t]ms8 ,are ! natives indu/ri\s1 & are !y likely to lab\r "u =eign sup]9t5d5ce8 ,does slav]y or =c$ lab\r 9 any =m exi/8 ,if n obta9able 9 ! c\ntry1 h[ may lab\r be mo/ easily & *eaply obta9$8 ,is ! c\ntry suit$ to manual lab\r by :ites8 ,if !re are only c]ta9 k9ds ( lab\r 9 :i* :ites may engage1 /ate :at !y are4 ,to :at ext5t c\ld ma*9]y be us$ ) advantage8 ,is !re any wat] p[] available8 or any animal p[]8 ,curr5cy1 ,t>iffs1 etc4--,"u ?is head also que/ions relat+ to curr5cy %\ld be includ$1 or :atev] o!r m$ium ( ex*ange exi/s4 ,ano!r important consid]ation "h is ! "q ( t>iffs1 :i*1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 exi/ 9 ne>ly all uncivilis$ & semi-civilis$ c\ntries1 f ! hongo ( ,c5tral ,africa to ! ,cu/oms duties ( ,ea/]n c\ntries4 ,precise in=mation conc]n+ ^!1 bo? z to exports & imports1 is important4 ,note1 also1 z precisely z practicable1 ! co/ ( liv+ = ,europeans settl+ d[n = a "t1 & ! exp5ses involv$ 9 travell+ ?r\gh a c\ntry4 ,inhabitants4--,is !re any?+ 9 ! "* ( ! natives--physical1 m5tal1 or moral--likely to affect comm]cial int]c\rse or ! indu/rial developm5t ( ! c\ntry8 ,any prejudices or sup]/itions t %\ld be att5d$ to8 ,any?+ 9 ! attitude ( natives to trad]s & settl]s des]v+ consid]ation8 ,is ! population nomadic or settl$8 ,:at mat]ial1 if any1 d !y use = smok+1 & :at is ! nature ( _! intoxicat+ dr9ks1 if !y h any8 ,e/imate1 z ne>ly z possible1 ! population1 ! d5sity p] squ>e mile1 bo? = ! c\ntry z a :ole & = ! *ief c5tres ( population4 ,asc]ta9 ! nature ( any political or social organisation :i* exi/s4 ,:at are ! t]ms on :i* l& c be acquir$8 ,:at are ! preval5t crimes8 ,"u ! ,an?ropological section directions are giv5 = asc]ta9+ ! lead+ racial *>act]i/ics ( ! p4 ,,vii4 ,,ar*,,ology4 ,by ,d4 ,g4 ,,hog>?1 ,c4,m4,g41 ,m4,a41 ,d4,,litt4 ,?is section is int5d$1 n = exp]ts1 b = ^? travell]s )\t special int]e/ or exp]i5ce 9 ar*ological "w1 :o1 f9d+ !mselves 9 di/ricts :]e unpubli%$ antiquities exi/1 feel x incumb5t to record or rescue !m4 ,g5]al h9ts1 !re=e1 are subjo9$ on me?ods ( record+1 clean+1 tempor>ily cons]v+1 & convey+ monum5ts & objects ( antiquity4 ,a4--,,record+4 ,!re are ?ree ways ( obta9+ a record ( a monum5t1 all ( :i* %\ld be us$ if possible 9 cases ( importance3-- #a4 ,me*anical reproduction by photography1 m\ld+1 or rubb+4 #b4 ,reproduction by plann+1 draw+1 or o!rwise copy+4 #c4 ,lit]>y memor&a ( *>act]i/ics1 e4g41 dim5sions1 subject1 etc4 #a4 ,me*anical ,reproduction4 7a7 ,photography4--,?is subject has already be5 dealt ) 9 ,"p ,,ii41 & x is only necess>y "h to add a few h9ts1 peculi>ly applicable to ! photography ( objects ( antiquity4 ,( inscriptions photography does n1 z a rule1 supply a useful reproduction1 & unless "t or o!r opportunity be want+1 x %\ld n be ! only me*anical process appli$4 ,if an inscription is at all worn1 or ! mat]ial on :i* x is engrav$ conta9s sup]ficial faults1 d n rely on a photograph2 b if "o is tak51 try to dispose ! object s t light falls on x f "o side1 ) a slight obliquity f above4 ,9 ! case ( rock inscriptions or o!rs /ill 9 _! place on walls1 etc41 a photograph %\ld be secur$ to %[ relative position & surr\nd+s4 ,an inscription on d>k mat]ial w (t5 ne$ prep>ation ) :ite *alk be=e be+ photograph$ to any good purpose2 b ! travell] :o has opportunity to d t1 w probably h equal opportunity to employ ! bett] process ( m\ld+4 ,= sculpture1 photography w (t5 be ! only me?od ( reproduction possible to ! travell]4 ,:5 t is ! case he may be advis$ 7#a7 to take 8 photographs on ! l>ge/ possible scale2 7#b7 to take ! object f all possible po9ts ( view2 7#c7 to d :at he c to improve ! light & relief ( ! subject4 ,small objects ga9 enorm\sly by reflect$ lights c>efully arrang$ to br+ out _! cont\rs2 if suffici5t mirrors are n obta9able1 /rips ( t9 or ev5 :ite pap] w s]ve z reflectors4 ,backgr\nds may be *alk$ or black$ z ! case may be1 b 9 ! case ( a relief ?is %\ld only be done :5 ! outl9es are v cle>4 ,if a sculpture on rock or o!r mat]ial is mu* brok5 or worn1 a good me*anical me?od ( improv+ relief1 :i* ,pr(essor ,petrie recomm5ds1 c be us$2 ?is consi/s 9 du/+ ! face ) p[d]y s& & !n fann+ x4 ,! result1 if c>efully done1 is to leave holl[s & backgr\nd 9 /rong contra/ to ! surface ( ! relief4 ,highly poli%$ or luc5t surfaces %\ld be dull$ be=e photograph+4 ,metal objects d n1 z a rule1 photograph v satisfactorily2 & ( co9s x is mu* bett] to take a ca/ & photograph t4 ,p]haps x is n sup]flu\s to rem9d ! photograph] to make notes ( all col\r+ be=e leav+ 8 subject4 ,on prep>+ sculpture1 etc41 = photography !re are valuable practical h9ts 9 ,pr(essor ,petrie's #8,me?ods & ,aims 9 ,ar*ology1' ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,= small objects ( antiquity1 photography is n ( mu* s]vice unless a cam]a ) v long ext5sion c be us$4 ,if x be possible1 ! be/ way is to lay ! objects on a %eet ( glass rais$ ab\t a foot f ! gr\nd on a frame1 & arrange ! cam]a above1 s z to photograph d[nw>ds4 ,?is process obviates all gr\nd %ad[s1 & all p9s or o!r supports = ! objects1 :i* appe> %>ply on ! negative z if susp5d$ 9 air4 ,= build+s photography is1 ( c\rse1 ! only me?od ( me*anical reproduction possible4 7b7 ,m\ld+4--,?is 9 almo/ all cases w h to be done by impress+ pap]4 ,only 9 ! case ( small objects w a travell] ord9>ily be able to use ei!r pla/] ( ,p>is 7if he c procure x7 or seal+ wax4 ,z to ! latt] he may be rem9d$ nev] to heat 8 wax by putt+ x 9 direct contact ) a flame1 or ! impression w come out s p>ti-col\r$ or black z to be ( little use2 a c>d %\ld be held ov] a c&le or lamp1 or1 bett]1 a _s burn]1 & ! wax rubb$ ^u ! gradually heat+ upp] surface till en\gh has melt$ on to ! c>d )\t boil+4 ,a useful impression may be obta9$ ( co9s1 gems1 etc41 by press+ ord9>y t9 foil ^u ! surface2 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 aft]w>ds t ! impression does n get flatt5$ out 9 transport4 ,mr4 ,petrie recomm5ds float+ impress$ foil on wat] face d[nw>ds1 & dropp+ hot wax ^u x1 z a solidify+ ag5t4 ,z to ! use ( pla/] ( ,p>is x may be rememb]$ t 7#a7 ! prop] mixture is j z mu* pla/] z w absorb ! wat]1 leav+ none /&+ on ! top2 7#b7 ! object mu/ be well clean$ & soap$ be=e be+ m\ld$2 7#c7 ! pla/] mu/ be appli$ v rapidly1 9 a ?9 coat+ all ov] ! object at once3 x c be back$ ) m pla/] aft]w>ds2 7#d7 a surface ( any size %\ld ei!r be m\ld$ 9 sections1 or1 if done all at once1 ! pla/] w probably h to be cut into sections aft]w>ds = transport4 ,to cut x1 x is be/ to lay /r+s ^u ! object be=e m\ld+1 :i*1 lat]1 c be pull$ up ?r\gh ! pla/] :ile /ill visc\s4 ,pap] m\ld+ or #8squeez+' is1 h[ev]1 ! ord9>y process employ$4 ,any fairly /rong unsiz$ pap] w s]ve m or less well1 b a special #8squeeze' pap] is procurable 9 mo/ l>ge cities :]e !re are ar*ological museums 7e4g41 9 ,london1 f ,nutt's1 #eg to #ei1 ,long ,acre1 ,w4,c42 9 ,p>is1 f ,moreau's1 #aa1 ,passage du ,pont ,neuf2 9 ,b]l91 f ,eb]s ,bro!rs4 ,x c also be got direct f ! mak]1 ,papi]hndl] ,dorr1 ,spiesgasse1 ,/rassburg47 ,mr4 ,maudslay recomm5d$ 9 a previ\s edition a h&-made pap]1 us$ = pack+ oranges 9 ,spa91 & to be obta9$ ( ,messrs4 ,batalla1 ( ,cacag5te1 ne> ,val5cia1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,messrs4 ,h4 ,k+ ,co41 ,cornhill4 ,fail+ ^!1 ! pap] on :i* ! common] news-%eets are pr9t$ w d4 ,! o!r implem5ts ne$$ are a sponge1 & close-bri/l$1 n v h>d1 bru%es ( two or ?ree sizes1 e4g41 an ord9>y clo!s-bru%1 a nail-bru%1 & a too?-bru%1 if no o!rs are at h&1 b special bru%es ) h&-/raps on ! back1 or curv$ h&les to keep ! knuckles ( ! beat] away f ! /one1 are pref]able4 ,9 ! case ( an ord9>y inscription1 ( n specially r\gh or unev5 surface1 bru% & clean ! /one ?or\ghly1 & pick all accumulation out ( ! lett]s2 !n wet x ?or\ghly all ov]2 lay ! dry pap]1 cut to size1 z flat on ! surface z possible1 & dab x d[n ) a v wet sponge till ?or\ghly soak$2 take ! l>ge/ bru% & p\nd ! pap] r g5tly all ov]1 till x p>tially adh]es2 !n take small] bru%es & "w ! pap] into all depressions ) ! maximum pressure y c ex]t2 f9ally1 hamm] x ) ! l>ge bru% aga91 work+ sy/ematically f top to bottom or side to side1 n m9d+ ! surface becom+ ma%$1 & driv+ ! air-bubbles1 :i* collect "u ! pap]1 be=e y & out at ! f>!/ po9t4 ,if ! /one 0 ?or\ghly wett$ be=e ! pap] 0 laid on1 ^! ought n to be num]\s or tr\blesome4 ,!n1 if ! surface ( ! /one has p5etrat$ ?r\gh ! pap] at any po9t1 lay a second %eet &1 if necess>y1 a ?ird1 or m1 & treat z ! fir/ 0 treat$4 ,leave ! %eets1 if possible1 to dry on ! /one1 & all w come (f z "o ) a p]fect rev]se impression ( ! /one's surface4 ,"s soak ! pap] be=e lay+ on ! /one1 b if t is done & !re be any w9d1 ! pap]1 become v t5d]1 w be apt to te> ) its own weight :ile be+ laid on1 & w be difficult to lay flat4 ,if = any reason1 e4g41 ov]hang+ ( ! /one's face1 x is difficult to make ! pap] adh]e1 ! task w prove easi] ) small pieces4 ,b :5ev] a surface is squeez$ by sections1 ! op]ator mu/ be c>eful to make ! edges ( 8 %eets ov]lap1 s t lat] all c be gumm$ toge!r z "o %eet2 to numb] ! %eets accord+ to a key-plan1 record$ 9 8 note-book1 & to m>k on ! %eets !mselves ! l9es ( junction4 ,all sup]flu\s edges %\ld be peel$ (f1 z !y are apt to lift 9 ! w9d & cause all or a "p ( ! impression to become deta*$ be=e x is well set1 & weights %\ld1 if possible1 be laid on ! dry+ pap]4 ,if = any reason ! pap] _c be left to dry 9 position1 peel (f c>efully & lay out to dry rev]se side upp]mo/4 ,! impression1 s tak51 w be h>dly less good4 ,:5 dry1 roll ! squeeze inside a t9 cyl9d]1 & only v r\gh usage w h>m x4 ,squeez+ sculptures is a m difficult matt]4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,maudslay gave v full directions 9 an e>li] edition ( ^! 8,h9ts0 :i* may be repeat$ "h4 ,aft] /at+ t all m\lds ( sculpture h to be made ( _m ?icknesses ( pap]1 ) a good coat+ ( pa/e betwe5 e few %eets 7n only because ( ! great inequalities ( surface1 :i* break ?r\gh ! pap]1 b also 9 ord] t ! m\ld1 :5 dry1 may be /\t en\gh to keep its %ape71 he said3-- #8,pap] c only prop]ly be appli$ = ! purpose ( m\ld+ :5 ! c>v+ is free f l>ge cont\rs & deep und]cutt+2 b x is wond]ful :at accurate results c be obta9$ ev5 :5 l>ge curves & "s und]cutt+ h to be cont5d$ aga9/4 ,:]e worn or spl9t]$ p>ts ( a wood-c>v+1 or fissures 9 a /one1 or deep und]cutt+ :i* is n ess5tial to ! design1 occur1 x is (t5 ( advantage to fill !m up ) clay or pap]1 to :i* a smoo? surface c be giv51 s t ! m\ld w come away free f !m :5 x is dry2 & c>eful notes & measurem5ts w (t5 enable "o to re/ore ! cont\r to a m\ld :i* has suff]$ "s pressure 9 transport4 ,9 a prop]ly-made m\ld ! detail ( c>v+ is nev] lo/1 unless ! pap] itself is de/roy$4 #8,a %all[ t9 ba? 7or two made to fit inside "o ano!r71 l>ge en\gh to hold an op5 %eet ( pap]1 is useful = soak+ ! pap] 94#ag ,tw5ty %eets or m may be plac$ 9 ! wat] at once1 & left !re )\t h>m = an h\r or m2 b a few m9utes' soak+ is q en\gh4 #8,i h sev]al times _h to m\ld1 9 ,am]ica1 ! :ole ( a monoli?ic monum5t--"o z mu* z #be feet 9 height--cov]$ ) c>v+ & hi]oglyphic inscription1 & h be5 p]fectly successful 9 reproduc+ x 9 pla/] 9 ,engl&4 ,ea* face w\ld be m>k$ out into ?ree or m sections1 & ea* section w\ld be m\ld$ sep>ately1 great c>e be+ tak5 t ea* m\ld %\ld consid]ably ov]lap ! m>g9 ( ! o!r1 s t :5 ea* section is ca/ 9 pla/] ! edges ( ! ca/ c be cut away until ! jo9t is p]fect4 ,& ea* section %\ld also ov]lap at ! top & sides 9 ,no4 #a1 & at ! sides 9 ,no4 #b1 c41 = ! same reason2 & x is necess>y to pay c>eful att5tion to ! beat+ 9 ( ! pap] ne> ! sides & edges1 z x is !re t ! lay]s are mo/ likely to come ap>t :5 dry4 ,^! edges c be trimm$ d[n aft]w>ds1 if f\nd too bulky 9 pack+4 #8,! fir/ %eets ( pap] %\ld always be put on s+ly1 & well beat5 94 ,if ! c>v+ pres5ts _m %>p angles1 ! pap] w aga9 & aga9 be brok5 away ov] !m1 & small scraps ( pap] may be us$ = cov]+ !m up1 until ! :ole section is cov]$ at lea/ ?ree pap]s deep 9 ! ?9ne/ place4 ,! coat ( pa/e %\ld !n be giv54 ,if ! pa/e is laid on :5 ! m\ld is too ?91 x w p5etrate to ! /one1 & prev5t ! m\ld com+ (f :5 dry4 ,! pa/e may be put on w>m1 b if too hot x draws ! pap] f ! /one 7if x is a /one sculpture72 air gets und]nea? ! pap]1 & x is v difficult to get rid ( x aga94 ,avoid1 9 putt+ on ! fir/ pap]s1 d\bl$ edges or creases1 & beat 9 well1 s t ! pap] may "w into ! gra9 ( ! /one or wood4 ,x is easy to spoil a m\ld by scamp+ ! "w 9 x1 b n easy to spoil x by ov]beat+4 ,aft] giv+ a coat ( pa/e ) a bru%1 x is advisable to "w 9 ! pa/e ) ! f+]s1 s z to be sure1 f ! smoo? feel+1 t x p5etrates ! pap] ov] ! :ole surface4 #8,aft] ! fir/ coat ( pa/e has be5 appli$1 a good deal ( "t may be sav$ by employ+ an assi/ant to beat out ! pap] = ! fur!r ?ick5+ ( ! m\ld1 = :5 ?us beat5 out1 two or ?ree ?icknesses ( pap] c be laid on at ! same "t4 ,take ab\t six %eets toge!r f ! wat]1 fold !m1 & !n d\ble !m twice1 & slightly te> ! wet d\bl$ edges1 s t :5 ! %eets are laid op5 aga9 !re are a numb] ( small slits 9 ! pap]2 !n lay !m out toge!r on any flat surface1 & beat !m out ) a bru% = a few m9utes4 ,x is easy to sep>ate !m aga9 into ! requir$ numb] ( %eets 9 ?ickness4 #8,ano!r me?od :i* is equally good1 if n bett] ?an ! la/1 is1 aft] mak+ ! te>s 9 ! d\bl$ %eets z be=e1 to unfold !m1 & !n to roll !m toge!r & twi/ !m up l a rope1 & rub !m well betwe5 ! h&s2 !n unroll !m & beat !m out = a mom5t1 sep>at+ z _m %eets z are requir$4 ,ei!r ( ^! processes loos5s ! fibre ( ! pap]1 :il/ ! slits prev5t x /ret*+ unev5ly4 ,aft] ?is treatm5t x feels to ! t\* m l wet lea!r ?an pap]4 #8,z ! m\ld gr[s ?ick] ! pulpy pap] w1 f ! cont9ual beat+1 f9d its way into1 & fill up1 ! deep] cutt+2 b x %\ld be mo/ c>efully wat*$ t ! m\ld is n left too ?9 ov] ! m prom95t p>ts ( ! surface1 &1 ) a little practice1 ! ?ickness is easily judg$ by ! t\*4 ,x is always well to use ! f+]s frequ5tly bo? 9 press+ ! pap] into its place & work+ 9 ! pa/e4 #8,x is difficult to lay d[n any rule z to ! ?ickness ( a m\ld & ! numb] ( coat+s ( pa/e necess>y4 ,if ! m\ld is ( l>ge size1 & ! c>v+ pres5ts prom95t angles or l>ge curves1 x may ne$ an av]age ( ?irty %eets 9 ?ickness to pres]ve its %ape1 & ?ree or f\r coat+s ( pa/e2 b if ! c>v+ is 9 l[-relief on a flat surface1 less ?an half ! ?ickness w suffice4 #8,9 hot wea!r1 out ( doors1 a m\ld w take ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs to dry2 b x %\ld be cov]$ up at night f ! dew4 ,9 damp =e/s or 9 bad wea!r ,i h dri$ mo/ ( my m\lds by build+ up l>ge wood fires at ! di/ance ( a few feet f ! sculpture4 #8,x is be/ to take (f a m\ld :5 x is cool--9 ! morn+ or ev5+4 ,don't be 9 a hurry ab\t x4 #8,if ! m\ld is torn or brok5 9 tak+ x (f ! c>v+1 m5d x ) pa/e at once4 #8,:5 a m\ld is tak5 (f1 lay x to dry 9 ! sun on a flat surface1 z !re is usually "s moi/ure left 9 x4 ,if ! m\ld is n flat 9 %ape1 support x c>efully1 s z to pres]ve ! cont\rs4 #8,:5 ! m\ld is q dry1 x is advisable1 b n necess>y1 to give x1 bo? back & front1 "o or m coats ( boil$ l9se$ oil4 ,heat ?is oil be=e apply+ x1 & x w !n soak 9 well1 & use ei!r a s(t bru%1 & be c>eful1 9 oil+ ! surface ( ! m\ld1 n to rub too h>d4 ,z ! pap] easily absorbs moi/ure1 ! m\lds ne$ to be c>efully pack$4' ,pla/] ca/s c be tak5 v successfully f pap] m\lds4 ,see directions = ca/+ above4 7c7 ,rubb+ c only be practis$ on a fairly smoo? surface1 & has no?+ to recomm5d x except ! ease & cel]ity ) :i* x c be done4 ,! travell] may z well c>ry a little heel-ball 9 8 kit4 ,any ?91 t\gh pap] w d4 #b4 ,o!r ,reproductions4 ,plann+ & draw+ are dealt ) 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ( ^! #8,h9ts4' ,copy+1 z di/9ct f ei!r1 applies to inscriptions4 ,a h&-copy ( an inscription z well z a me*anical reproduction %\ld always be made1 p>tly because x has ! bett] *ance ( surviv+ ! accid5ts ( travel1 p>tly because1 if a /one surface is at all p]i%$1 anyone ) a ke5 eye & p[] ( conc5tration ought to see m lett]+ on its worn p>ts ?an w appe> on a photograph or #8squeeze4' ,! copy %\ld be z ne> a facsimile on a r$uc$ scale z "t & o!r consid]ations w all[4 ,x %\ld be made on rul$ pap]1 if possible on pap] rul$ 9 squ>es 7en quadrille71 & ! relative position ( ! lett]s to "o ano!r mu/ be kept z f> z possible4 ,all brok5 p>ts ( lett]s are to be scrupul\sly copi$ 7!y c (t5 be di/+ui%$ f /one-flaws by feel+ along ! bottom ( ! groove ) a knife-blade2 if t f9ds an ev5 l9e1 ! groove is probably "p ( a lett]71 & all int]vals :]e lett]s h p]i%$ beyond ! copyi/'s p[] to recov] !m %\ld be measur$1 & by comp>ison ( equal int]vals conta9+ deciph]able lett]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! inscription1 ! numb] ( lo/ lett]s c be e/imat$4 ,^! %\ld be indicat$ by dots 9 a %ad$ pat*4 ,lett]s1 ab\t :i* ! copyi/ is n q c]ta91 mu/ be dott$ or drawn 9 fa9t l9e4 ,if a /one be imp]fect at ! sides1 & !re be any means ( e/imat+ its orig9al bread?1 ! l9e ( its true c5tre %\ld be m>k$ on ! copy4 ,su* an obs]vation w be invaluable to ! re/or] ( ! text4 ,all lett]s t h peculi> =ms %\ld be c>efully drawn at lea/ once1 z specim5s4 ,if ! text is gr\p$ ab\t1 among1 or 9 any relation to1 sculptures1 su* relation %\ld be indicat$1 ev5 if ! :ole sculpture be n drawn4 ,m>ks ( punctuation or division1 ligatures ( "o lett] ) ano!r1 & ornate initials & f9ials1 %\ld be look$ out = & not$4 ,on beg9n+ a copy x is well to transcribe fir/ ! mo/ obvi\sly easy p>ts ( ! inscription3 !y w give an inkl+ ( ! "* ( ! text1 tea* ! =ms ( lett]+ us$1 & accu/om ! eye to ! inscrib$ surface4 ,on f9i%+ a copy1 if !re be "t1 read x ov]1 try to translate x1 & 9 ! light ( ! probable translation1 attack aga9 ! h>d] p>ts ( ! inscription4 ,9 ! case ( /ones ) two or m texts inscrib$ "o ov] ! o!r 7z frequ5tly happ5s on ,roman mile/ones1 :i* may be geographical docum5ts ( great importance71 a #8squeeze' mu/ be got at all co/s1 = an untra9$ copyi/ w make little or no?+ ( !m1 & f9d x v difficult to draw an accurate h& facsimile4 #c4 ,lit]>y ,memor&a4 ,x is impossible to make too _m notes ( a monum5t1 & q easy to make too few4 ,! nature ( ! great majority ( su* notes mu/ be left to ! discretion ( ! travell]2 b conc]n+ all antiquities1 f build+s to beads1 x may be said t1 at any rate1 mat]ial1 col\r1 dim5sions1 condition ( pres]vation1 arrangem5t ( p>ts & "* ( ornam5t mu/ be jott$ d[n 9 ! ev] ready note-book4 ,9 ! case ( build+s1 notes giv+ all dim5sions are especially important1 s9ce ! cam]a c seldom be br\ght to be> on all p>ts & details1 & !re is (t5 n opportunity to draw out a plan on ! spot4 ,( inscriptions c]ta9 facts mu/ be record$1 viz41 =m ( ! /one2 condition ( its surface2 ! mat]ial & col\r2 on :at sides complete1 & on :at n2 actual dim5sions2 height ( lett]+2 g5]al "* ( lett]+2 :e!r well or ill cut1 pla9 or ornate4 ,epigraphi/s' notebooks are procurable 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria conta9+ divisions = ! notes on all ^! po9ts1 toge!r ) a rul$ space = ! actual inscription4 ,9 ! case ( co9s1 ! mat]ial1 ! anci5t value1 ! weight 7if possible71 ! /ate ( pres]vation1 & ! images & sup]scriptions %\ld be not$2 ( sculpture1 ! mat]ial1 ! dim5sions1 ! degree ( f9i%1 & a m9ute analysis ( ! subject1 ! dress ( ! figure or figures1 _! ge/ures1 attributes1 & s =?4 ,b4--,,clean+ ,,& ,,cons]vation4 ,! travell] w n h occasion to r5d] m ?an #8,fir/ ,aid' to objects ( antiquity1 i4e4 to clean !m s t _! true "* may appe>1 & to consolidate !m ) a view to safe transport4 ,he %\ld d ! lea/ t is absolutely necess>y1 leav+ all elaborate treatm5t to exp]ts at home4 ,! h9ts "h giv5 are !re=e elem5t>y1 & conc]n$ ma9ly ) portable objects4 ,9 ?is connection ^! are be/ classifi$ by ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are made4 7a7 ,gold4--,gold requires no imm$iate treatm5t1 unless x be laid ov] a core ( o!r metal1 e4g4 copp] or bronze1 :i* has oxidis$ out ?r\gh cracks4 ,?is oxide c usually be remov$ by pick+ or by %>p scal+ bl[s ) a small hamm] & *isel4 ,if x is ob/9ate1 use dilute hydro*loric acid laid on ) a bru%4 ,! proportion ( pure acid %\ld n be m ?an "o "p to t5 ( wat]4 7b7 ,silv]4--,if 9 v mu* corrod$ condition1 te*nically kn[n z #8dead1' silv] %\ld be left alone4 ,if !re is only slight sup]ficial corrosion1 soak 9 a solution ( common salt or lemon juice1 or /rong ammonia1 & poli% aft] a few h\rs4 ,if !re is a good deal ( *loride on ! surface1 b ! body ( ! metal seems s\nd1 put z9c or iron 9 ! solv5t & ! *lor9e w pass ov]1 leav+ a p[d]y surface :i* c be bru%$ clean4 ,silv] %\ld nev] be pack$ 9 a t9 box1 ev5 if wrapp$ up1 or x w be f\nd on arrival at home to be /a9$ ) a br[n ru/1 v difficult to remove4 ,pack 9 wood or c>dbo>d4 7c7 ,copp] & ,bronze4--,bo? copp] & bronze objects are be/ clean$1 if possible1 ) hamm] & bur94 ,bronze1 h[ev]1 :i* ! travell] w meet ) mo/ (t51 is frequ5tly cov]$ ) a corrosion :i* _c be scal$ (f at once1 & calls = an acid solv5t4 ,dilut$ hydro*loric 7#a3aj7 w act mo/ quickly & effectually1 b x leaves a :ite oxy-*loride coat1 n easily got rid ( ei!r f ! metal or ! f+]s ( ! op]ator1 :i* x /a9s deeply4 ,on ! :ole1 we recomm5d t 7#a7 if ! bronze be badly crack$ x be left alone2 7#b7 if n crack$1 b cov]$ ) v h>d corrosion1 soak+ 9 a weak solv5t l lemon-juice be tri$2 & 7#c7 aft] t 7or be=e1 if ! corrosion w yield to a tool at all7 e ef=t be made to pick or flake (f ! corrosion1 aft] :i* ! object %\ld be rubb$ well ) oil 9 ! palms ( ! h&s4 7d7 ,lead & ,iron1 aft] oil+1 are bo? be/ left alone by ! travell]4 7e7 ,/one4--,! travell] w seldom or nev] be "u ! necessity to treat /one surfaces1 except 9 ! case ( inscrib$ m>bles on :i* c>bonate ( lime has =m$1 or small objects attack$ by salt4 ,! =m] c be clean$ ) /rong acid2 ! latt] mu/ be soak$ 9 wat] = long p]iods1 & :5 dry+ laid ) ! mo/ important surface d[nw>ds1 s t evaporation into ! air may take place ?r\gh ! less important surfaces4 7f7 ,pott]y & ,t]ra-cotta4--,! same enemies1 c>bonate ( lime & salt1 attack pott]y & t]ra-cotta1 & are met 9 ! same way z 9 ! case ( /one2 b ! hydro*loric or o!r acid solv5t %\ld be weak]1 & :]e !re is col\r be v cauti\sly us$1 if at all4 ,9 pack+ vases1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t if _m are put into "o case )\t p>titions1 & "o collapses1 ?is w probably entail ! break+ ( ! lot4 ,l>ge vases %\ld be fill$ ) tightly ramm$ pack+4 ,no?+ ( heavi] or m solid mat]ial1 e4g41 /one1 %\ld be put 9 a case ) pott]y4 7g7 ,wood1 ,ivory1 & ,bone4--,^! mat]ials are g5]ally f\nd flak$1 split1 or scaly1 & ne$ consolidation be=e pack+4 ,! me?ods mo/ likely to be op5 to ! travell] are3 7#a7 if ! objects are n excessively t5d]1 to dip !m 9 melt$ vasel9e1 let ?is set1 wrap 9 tissue pap] & pack c>efully 9 cotton wool2 7#b7 if ! objects are v t5d] or rott5 ) salt1 to make a /iff jelly1 drop !m 9 be=e x sets1 & convey !m home 9 aspic4 ,on ! way ! jelly w absorb ! salt4 ,9 addition to ei!r process1 x is (t5 well to b9d ! object 9 e direction & "p ) f9e ?read to keep x f splitt+1 or prev5t ! sections1 if already split1 fall+ ap>t & spl9t]+ or w>p+ 9 diff]5t directions4 ,if !re is cry/all9e c>bonate ( lime on ! surface ( bone or ivory1 x _h bett] n be t\*$ except by exp]ts4 7h7 ,papyrus4--,papyrus ne$s damp+ & flatt5+ out z f> z possible )\t break+ its fibre4 ,lay x betwe5 two damp t[els1 & aft] flatt5+1 pack x betwe5 %eets ( pap] 9 close t9 boxes1 fill+ ea* box up tightly4 ,b ! travell] w be wise n to try too mu*4 ,z soon z ! edges ( 8 roll or fragm5t cease to be brittle to ! t\* he _h be/ leave ! papyrus z x is )\t fur!r unroll+1 & pack v c>efully away4 7j7 ,glass1 ,glaz$ ,objects1 ,pa/es1 ,amb]1 ,v>i\s ,compositions4--,none ( ^! %\ld ! travell] try to treat4 ,glass mu/ be left :olly alone if 9 a flak+ /ate2 o!r objects1 if flaky or p[d]y1 w1 at lea/1 be no worse = hav+ be5 dipp$ 9 melt$ vasel9e ?an !y w\ld be 9 any case1 aft] transport4 ,no g5]al h9ts c be usefully giv5 ab\t ei!r ! me?ods ( discov]+ antiquities or ^? ( detect+ =g]ies4 ,x is n suppos$ t ! travell]s "h address$ w und]take regul> excavations4 ,%\ld !y propose to d s1 !y w ne$ special tra9+ & mu* m elaborate in/ruction4 ,mr4 ,petrie's #8,me?ods & ,aims' w supply mu* ( ! latt]1 b ! tyro excavator w n h ,mr4 ,petrie's success )\t s]v+ a long appr5tice%ip4 ,! above h9ts w s]ve = ! travell] :o takes antiquities by ! way & 9 ! day's "w1 hav+ o!r objects m 9 view4 ,= him ! foll[+ li/ ( necessities w suffice3-- #a4 ,long ext5sion cam]a & all photographic requisites1 includ+1 if possible1 a /& & frame = ov]head photography 7v4 p4 #eb74 #b4 #8,squeeze' pap]1 bru%es ) h&-/raps or curv$ h&les1 & t9 cyl9d]s = c>ry+ ! pap] & m\lds2 heel-ball1 seal+-wax1 t9-foil1 beeswax4 #c4 ,plann+ & draw+ outfit4 #d4 ,notebooks rul$ en quadrille1 magnify+-glass & h&-mirror4 #e4 ,small hamm] & *isels = metal "w1 hydro*loric acid1 ammonia1 em]y-pap]1 tissue pap]1 bur91 plate bru%es1 %eet z9c1 vasel9e1 cotton-wool 7n raw cotton-wa/e ) h>d se$s 9 x74 ,,viii4 ,,m$ical ,,h9ts4 ,by ! late ,,william ,,h5ry ,,crosse1 ,m4,d4 ,revis$ & br\ght up to date by ,,&rew ,,balf\r1 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,m4,d4 ,! foll[+ h9ts1 :i* 7 compil$ by ! late ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,crosse1 =m]ly ! exp]i5c$ m$ical advis] ( ! ,royal ,nig] ,company1 bas$ ^u previ\s editions ( ?is "w1 h be5 edit$ s z to br+ !m up to date4 ,a good deal rema9s z ,dr4 ,crosse wrote x1 b sev]al sections h be5 almo/ entirely re-writt51 9 ord] to br+ !m into l9e ) mod]n views4 ,new sections h be5 introduc$ & !re h be5 num]\s additions & corrections4 ,,introduction4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! *ief emphasis has be5 laid ^u ! c>e ( ! heal? 9 ! tropics2 b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t :il/ by f> ! great] proportion ( travell]s g to ! tropics1 mo/ ( ^! h9ts = ! pres]vation ( heal? apply equally well = all climates4 ,?\gh _m subjects h be5 briefly dealt )1 c]ta9 matt]s h be5 r m fully writt5 up1 su* z ! treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,x is1 9 ! au?or's op9ion1 s important t ! travell] %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& :at is meant by #8surgical cleanl9ess' t ! usual me?ods obs]v$ by surgeons to ensure x h be5 pla9ly set =?4 ,! au?or1 ( c\rse1 und]/&s t 9 _m cases x w\ld be q impossible to c>ry out ! in/ructions 9 e detail1 b x is hop$ t a ?or\gh k ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! correct treatm5t ( w\nds w assi/ ! travell] 9 do+ ! be/ possible = 8 pati5t 9 any em]g5cy1 & "u ev5 ! mo/ unfav\rable circum/ances4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t travell]s 9 remote regions1 & especially 9 tropical climates1 are mu* m expos$ to physical ills & diseases ?an mo/ resid5ts at home1 & t !y are m likely to be plac$ beyond ! rea* ( skill$ m$ical & surgical aid :5 x is mo/ requir$4 ,x is *iefly = ! use ( ! non-pr(essional travell] t ! foll[+ pages h be5 writt51 & ) ?is aim 9 view ! symptoms & g5]al treatm5t ( ! diseases & injuries ) :i* he is mo/ likely to be br\ght 9 contact are dealt ) 9 simple1 non-te*nical language4 ,e travell] %\ld supply himself ) ei!r ,b]n>d ,my]'s #8,atlas ( ,fir/ ,aid ,treatm5t' or ,ha/+s ,"y's #8,fir/ ,aid to ! ,sick1' books ( g5]al utility4 ,travell]s visit+ c\ntries ) hot climates w f9d ,g>ry's #8,"s ,factors ,influ5c+ ,heal? 9 ,tropical & ,sub-tropical ,climates' a useful book1 despite a few errors1 :ile ! small #8,prim] ( ,tropical ,hygi5e' by ,colonel ,r4 ,j4 ,blackham1 is a valuable guide to ?+s hygi5ic z is ,pr(essor ,simpson's #8,ma9t5ance ( ,heal? 9 ! ,tropics4' ,a few books may be m5tion$ z specially suitable = ^? travell+ 9 ! c\ntries ) :i* !y deal1 su* z #8,h9ts = ,resid5ts & ,travell]s 9 ,p]sia' by ,a4 ,r4 ,neligan1 #8,heal? ,pres]vation 9 ,we/ ,africa' by ,j4 ,c4 ,ryan1 #8,hygi5e & ,disease 9 ,pale/9e' by ,ma/]man1 & #8,! ,epidemics ( ,mauritius' by ,&]son4 ,^? :o read ,g]man w f9d ! #8,gesundheitli*] ,ratgeb] fr ,ausw&]]1' issu$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,in/itut fr ,s*iffs- und ,trop5krankheit5 9 ,hamburg1 ( consid]able s]vice1 & if !y int5d visit+ ,s\? ,am]ica x is wor? not+ t f ! same s\rce a s]ies ( small books to guide ! travell] 9 diff]5t p>ts ( t cont95t w soon be =?com+4 ,?is s]ies w also include works on ,mexico1 ,angola & ,sib]ia4 ,^! ,g]man guides are obta9able f ,l4 ,fri$]i*s5 ,co41 ,hamburg4 ,p]sons :o int5d to travel %\ld und]go a ?or\gh m$ical exam9ation1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 if !y are likely to be able to /& ! fatigues1 exposures & privations to :i* !y w probably be subject$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,body1 ,,& ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,ma9 ,,blood-,,vessels4 ,mo/ p ( good con/itutions & regul> temp]ate habits c1 ) c>e1 ma9ta9 a good /ate ( heal? 9 ! tropics1 & _m ( ^? :o h be5 by no means /rong at home are able ) "s extra caution to d well ev5 9 ! hotte/ climates4 ,! int5d+ travell] %\ld att5d a c\rse ( ambulance lectures 9 ord] to prep>e himself = ! responsibilities :i* he w h to und]take4 ,z mu* "t z possible %\ld be devot$ to discuss+ ) "s pr(essional fri5d ! uses1 correct doses1 & prop] me?ods ( prescrib+ & comb9+ ! drugs :i* are to be tak5 on ! j\rney1 & 9 becom+ famili> ) ! position ( ! pr9cipal bones1 vessels & o!r important /ructures ( ! human body4 ,a travell] %\ld und]/& h[ to use ! cl9ical !rmomet]1 h[ to twi/ or tie a ble$+ vessel1 h[ to use ! hypod]mic syr+e & ! syphon /oma* tube4 ,he %\ld le>n h[ to cleanse a w\nd1 h[ to treat a case ( snake-bite1 & %\ld "k ! be/ way 9 :i* to set a brok5 limb4 ,su* ?+s are n easily le>nt f books1 & exp]i5ce alone w give ! necess>y skill & confid5ce4 ,_m valuable lives h be5 sav$ by travell]s :o h fairly ma/]$ ! rudim5ts ( m$ical & surgical treatm5t1 & :o h be5 able 9 an em]g5cy to give ! necess>y drugs1 adm9i/] an antidote1 or to /op sev]e ble$+4 ,! ideal travell] is a temp]ate man1 ) a s\nd con/itution1 a dige/ion l an o/ri*1 a good temp]1 & no race prejudices4 ,he is capable ( look+ aft] details1 e4g41 see+ t dr9k+ wat] has really be5 boil$1 & is will+ to take advice f ^? :o h made j\rneys 9 c\ntries simil> to ! "o 9 :i* he is ab\t to travel4 ,a travell] %\ld be suppli$ ) suitable h\s+1 food & clo?+1 & %\ld h a prop] supply ( m$ic9es1 dress+s1 & m$ical com=ts4 ,9 select+ ! drugs ) :i* ! travell] %\ld be provid$ be=e leav+ home c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t only reliable products be pur*as$4 ,9 ! tropics1 & 9 exploration g5]ally1 ! m$ical outfit is subject$ to v sev]e te/s1 & x is a mi/ak5 policy to economise on m$ic9es4 ,! latt] %\ld be z portable z possible & be prop]ly pack$4 ,risks to ,heal? 9 a ,tropical ,climate4 ,see+ t ^! h9ts w be *iefly requir$ by travell]s 9 tropical or sub-tropical climates1 x may be well to indicate "s ( ! *ief risks :i* are to be met ) 9 w>m climates1 & ! be/ me?ods ( meet+ !m4 ,x w be not$ t any detail$ ref]5ce to que/ions ( outfit1 su* z ! supply ( prop] food or clo?+1 is omitt$1 z ^! matt]s h be5 fully dealt ) 9 #8,h9ts on ,outfit1' publi%$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society uni=mly ) ?is #8,h9ts to ,travell]s1' & x is und]/ood t ?is "w w be consult$ by all :o read ^! h9ts4 ,*ill4--,! mo/ prom95t feature ( a tropical climate is und\bt$ly heat1 & yet ! greate/ risk arises n s mu* f excessive high temp]ature z f a risk ( *ill1 :i* is due ma9ly to ! excessive p]spiration :i* takes place4 ,?is mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ by ! use ( prop] clo?+1 ! mo/ important po9t be+ t ! und]clo?+ %\ld be p>tly ( absorb5t mat]ial4 ,= g5]al use cotton is be/1 & ! ve/ or und]%irt %\ld 9 ! tropics be ( ! ,a]tex ,cellul> type4 ,x is a mi/ake to we> wool next ! sk9 9 hot c\ntries1 = x soon gets sodd5 ) p]spiration & is irritat+4 ,a light flannel %irt worn ov] ! op5 cotton me% is probably ! be/ arrangem5t ?\gh a mixture ( wool & cotton may be employ$ = ! %irt+4 ,?is "q is fully dealt ) 9 #8,h9ts on ,outfit4' ,x is p>ticul>ly important to avoid sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 & if expos$ to ! cool+ sea breeze1 special c>e mu/ be tak5 z to prop] clo?+4 ,p>ke laid great /ress on ! importance ( avoid+ *ills1 draughts1 or wett+s4 ,he rem>k$ 8,9 cross+ ,equatorial ,africa ! ,relief ,exp$ition f\nd t e wett+ meant an attack ( fev]40 ,! sea breeze1 :i* is s refre%+ & cool1 by *eck+ ! p]spiration1 frequ5tly acts z ! excit+ cause ( an attack ( fev]4 ,!re is special liability to *ill & subsequ5t fev] :5 asc5d+ an em95ce1 z ! ex]tion causes pr(use p]spiration1 & ! cool breeze enc\nt]$ on arrival at ! top is v likely to produce ill effects4 ,on complet+ a day's j\rney1 ! und]clo?+1 at lea/1 %\ld be *ang$ )\t delay1 & ! sk9 %\ld be well dri$ by ! free use ( a r\gh t[el4 ,if at all possible a w>m ba? %\ld be tak54 ,! cumm]bund is a useful article ( clo?+1 especially = m5 9 ! ev5+4 ,x does away ) ! ne$ = a wai/coat1 :i* (t5 proves hot & uncom=table1 & yet provides ! necess>y safegu>d aga9/ *ill to ! abdom9al organs4 ,a ^w z to ! use ( a flannel *ol]a belt1 ab\t :i* op9ions diff]4 ,exp]i5ce 9 _m tropical c\ntries leads ! writ] to recomm5d its use at night1 & at night only4 ,ev5 s1 x is unnecess>y & uncom=table 9 places :]e ! nights are inv>iably hot & /eamy1 & is *iefly ( value 9 dry1 des]t climates :]e !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! day & night temp]atures4 ,effects ( ! ,sun4--,x is difficult to ov]e/imate ! importance ( ! protection ( ! head f ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,x is be/1 :]e possible1 to avoid go+ out 9 ! heat ( ! day1 b :]e ?is is necess>y ! head %\ld be protect$ by a suitable helmet1 :i* %\ld be light 9 weight & col\r1 :i* %\ld be v5tilat$1 & :i* %\ld h a good protection = ! back ( ! head4 ,a l>ge gre5 leaf inside ! helmet might be an additional protection1 & a sun umbrella %\ld also be us$ :]ev] practicable4 ,a helmet %\ld z a rule be worn :5 go+ out dur+ ! day-"t 9 ! tropics4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ! helmet is f\nd v tr\blesome1 z1 = example1 by ! sportsman 9 ! bu%4 ,he may !n h rec\rse to a d\ble ,t]ai hat1 or ev5 to an ord9>y wide-brimm$ felt hat provid$ he ins]ts a crumpl$-up h&k]*ief 9 its cr[n4 ,?is w usually af=d a reasonable protection4 ,errors ( ,diet4--,! lassitude :i* is (t5 s mu* felt by ,europeans resid5t 9 ! tropics too frequ5tly tempts !m to ! abuse ( alcoholic /imulants & highly-spic$ foods4 ,! habit is a mo/ p]nici\s "o1 = su* indulg5ce is "o ( ! mo/ fruitful causes ( ! p]man5t ill-heal? s (t5 wrongly attribut$ to ! m]e resid5ce 9 a hot climate4 ,!re is no d\bt t food %\ld be tak5 ) great] mod]ation 9 hot ?an 9 cold climates2 heat-produc+ articles ( diet1 su* z fat1 %\ld be tak5 9 f> small] quantity1 b an ample supply ( vegetables is ess5tial4 ,! meals %\ld nev] be heavy1 especially dur+ ! heat ( ! day1 & int]vals ( ab\t f\r h\rs %\ld always sep>ate consecutive meals4 ,cook+ %\ld always be conduct$ ) great c>e 9 ! tropics1 = ! /oma* & liv] are less able to be> any extra /ra91 su* z w\ld be induc$ by ! attempt to dige/ imp]fectly-cook$ food4 ,p>asites are (t5 introduc$ into ! sy/em by insuffici5tly cook$ food4 ,natural milk mu/ be boil$2 cond5s$ milk %\ld be mix$ ) boil$ wat]4 ,excess 9 ! use ( alcoholic /imulants is "o ( ! mo/ fatal errors into :i* ! tropical resid5t c fall1 & _! habitual use z bev]ages is totally unnecess>y1 tea1 c(fee & cocoa be+ ! be/ bev]ages = ord9>y use4 ,a small supply ( br&y1 *ampagne1 & port w9e may be ( s]vice 9 c]ta9 cases ( illness1 b !y are bett] reg>d$ z belong+ /rictly to ! m$ical equipm5t4 ,avoid native dr9ks1 z !y w probably h be5 dilut$ ) dirty wat]1 or prep>$ 9 unclean vessels4 ,great mod]ation 9 ! use ( alcohol is q z necess>y 9 arctic z 9 tropical climates4 ,9 ! latt] no alcohol %\ld be tak5 till ! sun has set1 & ev5 !n ! quantity %\ld be /rictly limit$4 ,!re is no reason :y a glass ( light be]1 a :isky & soda1 or a little light w9e %\ld n be drunk ) ! ev5+ meal4 ,alcohol tak5 at ?is "t (t5 promotes appetite & aids dige/ion1 b alcohol betwe5 meals is bad1 *iefly p]haps because ! habit ( exce$+ ! daily all[ance is !reby apt to be eng5d]$4 ,x is l>gely a "q ( self-control1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! tropics self-control1 s f> z dr9ks are conc]n$1 is v apt to weak54 ,ap>t f ! "q ( its habitual use alcohol is (t5 ( great s]vice z a re/orative1 z1 = example1 aft] a fatigu+ m>*1 & especially if "o has got wet & *ill$4 ,*ampagne is possibly ! be/ =m to take on su* occasions & x %\ld be us$ z an apritif or drunk along ) food4 ,risks due to ,dr9k+ ,wat]4--,! use ( wat] = dr9k+ purposes mu/ be att5d$ ) great c>e 9 all tropical climates4 ,z ! wat] ( ! lakes1 /reams & pools ( ^! c\ntries usually conta9s a l>ge proportion ( impurities1 & ! g]ms or p>asites ( _m diseases1 x %\ld be /ra9$ & subsequ5tly boil$ be=e be+ us$4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is n always possible or conv5i5t to incur ! delay ( boil+ ! dr9k+ wat] & all[+ x to cool1 x is advisable t a reliable filt] %\ld be tak54 ,mo/ filt]s--*>coal or o!rwise--are m]ely dea?-traps1 z ! accumulation ( g]ms & injuri\s matt] )9 ! filt]+ sub/ance soon r5d]s ! wat] m dang]\s ?an if unfilt]$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few filt]s :i*1 ) ord9>y c>e 9 cleans+1 are 9 !mselves effici5t safegu>ds4 ,! mo/ highly recomm5d$ ( ^! are ! ,pa/eur ,*amb]l& & ! ,d\lton filt]s4 ,9 any case1 sp>e filt]+ c&les %\ld be tak51 & ^! %\ld be clean$ & boil$ at lea/ e ?ree days4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! filt]-mak]s %\ld be consult$ imm$iately ! probable requirem5ts ( any exp$ition are kn[n4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t no filt] comb9es rapid deliv]y ( wat] ) effici5t /]ilization4 ,a mi/ake commonly made is to boil wat] & !n filt] x4 ,?is %\ld nev] be done4 ,! dr9k+ ( v cold wat]1 to :i* !re is great temptation :5 "o is exhau/$ by prolong$ heat & copi\s p]spiration1 %\ld be c>efully avoid$2 ?ir/ (t5 induces tropical resid5ts to h rec\rse to ic$ wat]1 :i* is always apt to be dang]\s if tak5 :5 "o is heat$4 ,! dr9k+ ( copi\s draughts ( wat] is also a habit to be deprecat$2 x c]ta9ly weak5s ! muscul> en]gy1 & z ! wat] is rapidly lo/ by p]spiration1 ! feel+ ( exhau/ion is increas$4 ,hot or cold weak tea1 )\t milk or sug>1 is "o ( ! lea/ injuri\s ( all bev]ages4 ,precautions on ! ,voyage4 ,! travell] %\ld endeav\r to l& 9 a p]fectly heal?y condition1 & to ?is end he %\ld on ! voyage out take pl5ty ( ex]cise1 dr9k little or no alcohol1 be mod]ate z to diet1 & avoid mu* meat & ri* di%es4 ,neglect ( ^! obvi\s rules frequ5tly ends 9 ! travell] arriv+ 9 a flabby1 bili\s condition1 9 :i* /ate he is pr$ispos$ to attacks ( mal>ia1 dys5t]y1 & o!r diseases4 ,con/ipation is frequ5t at sea1 & a seidlitz p[d]1 a dose ( fruit salt1 or "o or two casc>a tabloids may be necess>y4 ,if con/ipation is sev]e1 !n "o or two f\r-gra9 blue pills %\ld be tak5 at b$time1 foll[$ 9 ! e>ly morn+ by a seidlitz p[d] or "s o!r sal9e ap]i5t4 ,9 ord] to avoid *ill ! travell] %\ld be prop]ly clo!d dur+ ! ev5+ or :5 !re is a cool breeze1 & %\ld n /& 9 draughty doorways & passages on bo>d4 ,if he is proce$+ to a c\ntry :]e !re is endemic mal>ia he %\ld beg9 8 c\rse ( prophylactic qu99e on %ip-bo>d1 because ev5 a s+le night sp5t a%ore 9 a mal>i\s locality may result 9 8 acquir+ infection4 ,x is !re=e advisable to beg9 tak+ qu99e 9 ! mann] describ$ on p4 #bjg at lea/ two days be=e arrival at ! place ( disemb>kation4 ,:at is true ( ! j\rney out is ( ev5 great] importance on ! voyage home4 ,!re is a s]i\s dang] ( illness ow+ to *ills contract$ on bo>d %ip :5 leav+ a hot climate4 ,qu99e %\ld be sy/ematically tak5 z recomm5d$ on p4 #bjh4 ,,g5]al ,,h9ts4 ,nev] take a cold ba? 9 ! ,tropics unless ord]$ to d s by a doctor4--,9 ! case ( p]sons :o h already suff]$ f _m attacks ( fev]1 dys5t]y1 or any disease ( ! liv] or o!r important organs1 w>m ba?+ %\ld alone be us$4 ,ba?+ %\ld nev] be resort$ to dur+ ! p]iod ( dige/ion1 i4e41 ?ree to f\r h\rs aft] meals4 ,we> w>m clo!s at night4 ,avoid ! direct rays ( ! sun4 ,d n take too mu* animal food4 ,nev] beg9 "w on an empty /oma*4 ,nev] neglect a slight attack ( fev] or di>rha4 ,keep ! b[els g5tly op5$--once a day is q en\gh--b avoid /rong purgatives4 ,vacc9ation4 ,x is ess5tial t all ! memb]s ( an exp$ition %\ld be re-vacc9at$ if !y h n suff]$ f small-pox or be5 vacc9at$ )9 two ye>s4 ,a prop] supply ( vacc9e %\ld be c>ri$ on ! j\rney4 ,heat & bright sunlight are v detrim5tal to vacc9e lymph4 ,h5ce ! prop] transport ( su* lymph 9 hot climates is a matt] ( great importance & by no means always easy to arrange4 ,:]e a !rmos flask is available x may be us$ = /or+ & c>ry+ ! capill>y tubes1 or !y may be wrapp$ up 9 gre5 leaves & ins]t$ into a holl[ bamboo1 ! ends ( :i* are clos$ ) cotton wool4 ,inoculation4 ,ow+ to ! preval5ce ( typhoid & p>atyphoid fev]s 9 hot c\ntries x is ess5tial t all p]sons1 & m especially "y adults1 proce$+ to tropical c\ntries %\ld und]go prev5tive inoculation4 ,two injections ( ! s-call$ triple vacc9e1 at t5 days' int]val1 are necess>y1 & bo? %\ld be giv5 %ortly be=e leav+ or1 if arrangem5ts c be made1 "o or bo? may be giv5 on %ip-bo>d4 ,isolation4 ,on ! outbreak ( an infecti\s compla9t1 su* z small-pox 7:i* is v common among/ negro c>ri]s71 ! suff]] %\ld be promptly isolat$1 & "o or m att5dants %\ld take *>ge ( ! case & n be all[$ to come to camp4 ,x is wise to select z att5dants ^? :o h ei!r _h ! disease1 or :o are protect$ 7z by vacc9ation7 aga9/ x4 ,9 ,nig]ia x 0 f\nd mo/ conv5i5t to build grass huts1 :i* 7 burnt to ! gr\nd1 toge!r ) ! clo?+ & b$d+ ( ! pati5t & att5dants1 on ! t]m9ation ( ! outbreak4 ,all vessels :i* are n de/roy$ mu/ be boil$ ?or\ghly4 ,! motions1 etc41 ( pati5ts suff]+ f typhoid fev]1 *ol]a & dys5t]y %\ld be dis9fect$1 pref]ably by boil+1 or1 bett] /ill1 de/roy$ by fire4 ,transmission ( ,infection4 ,! travell] %\ld rememb] t ( late ye>s ! rle ( ! heal?y human 8c>ri]0 9 ! transmission ( _m communicable diseases has be5 e/abli%$4 ,?is is true ( su* diseases z ent]ic fev] & *ol]a1 & :5 engag+ s]vants1 port]s1 & camp foll[]s x is important to inquire into _! previ\s hi/ory &1 if necess>y1 to make c]ta9 t !y d n h>b\r ! specific organisms ( su* diseases4 ,,diseases ,,& ,,_! ,,prev5tion ,,& ,,treatm5t4 ,9 ! tropics1 z else:]e1 ! diseases to :i* ! travell] is liable are due to widely diff]+ causes1 b 9 hot c\ntries climatic conditions & p>asites play a pr$om9ant "p4 ,insects are v frequ5tly to blame = ! transf]5ce ( ! latt] f ! sick to ! s\nd1 bo? insects :i* are n !mselves p>asitic on man1 e4g41 ! mosquito & ! tsetse fly1 & ^? :i* make man _! ho/1 e4g41 lice & fleas4 ,x is useful = ! travell] to be> diseases 9 m9d f ! /&po9t ( _! etiology1 z 9 ?is way he c m readily grasp ! measures necess>y = _! prev5tion4 ,accord+ly1 ! foll[+ classification is giv51 m]ely z a guide1 toge!r ) a few examples4 ,! diseases !mselves1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce ( ref]5ce1 are gr\p$ alphabetically & are n classifi$ 9 any way4 ,table ( ,diseases ,class$ accord+ to ,etiology4 ,a4--,p>asitic4 7i47 ,due to 8contact0 ei!r direct or ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( clo!s1 b$d+1 etc4 ,also due to direct inoculation ?r\gh ! sk9 or muc\s membrane4 ,examples3 ,_m sk9 diseases1 v5]eal diseases1 small-pox1 tetanus1 & blood-poison+ 7septicmia74 7ii47 ,due to 8m\? to m\?0 infection1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( s-call$ 8droplet0 infection1 expectoration1 c\gh+1 sneez+1 etc4 ,examples3 ,influ5za1 pneumonia1 & pneumonic plague4 7iii47 ,due to 8droplet0 infection1 z above1 or to infect$ scales f ! sk91 or to infect$ dis*>ges f ! nose1 ?roat1 or e>4 ,examples3 ,measles1 sc>let fev]1 small-pox1 *ick5-pox1 diph!ria4 7iv47 ,due to excrem5tal infection ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( wat]1 food1 flies1 f+]s1 du/1 & soil4 ,examples3 ,ent]ic 7typhoid7 fev]1 dys5t]y1 di>rha1 *ol]a1 worm infections ( _m k9ds4 7v47 ,due to inoculation ?r\gh ! bites ( insects1 or ! entry ?r\gh sk9 abrasions ( ! infect$ excreta or infect$ cru%$ tissues ( insects rubb$ or scrat*$ into ^! lesions4 ,examples3 ,mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 tick fev]1 sleep+ sickness1 fil>iasis1 relaps+ fev]1 typhus fev]1 bubonic plague4 7vi47 ,due to invasion ( ! body by insects 9 _! adult or l>val /ages4 ,examples3 ,*igg]1 myiasis ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,b4--,non-,p>asitic4 7i47 ,due to climatic conditions4 ,examples3 ,heat /roke1 di>rha 9 "s in/ances1 con/ipation 9 _m cases1 rheumatism1 prickly heat1 *ilbla9s4 7ii47 ,due to errors 9 diet4 ,examples3 ,di>rha1 b]i-b]i1 scurvy1 sprue7874 7iii47 ,due to poisons4 ,examples3 ,scorpion /+1 snake-bite1 vegetable poisons4 7iv47 ,miscellane\s4 ,examples3 ,b$-sores1 epilepsy1 apoplexy1 concussion ( ! bra91 hay fev]1 & o!r conditions into ! cause ( :i* a me*anical elem5t frequ5tly ent]s4 ,x w be se5 t "s ( ^! diseases1 su* z small-pox & di>rha1 come "u m ?an "o head+1 b ?is does n detract f ! g5]al utility ( ! above classification4 ,b$-sore4 ,:5 a pati5t is conf9$ to 8 b$ = a long "t x is necess>y to support ! l[] "p ( ! back on some?+ s(t1 su* z a pad ( wool1 or an extra pill[1 9 ord] to prev5t ! =mation ( a b$-sore2 pill[s %\ld also be plac$ "u ! hips & heels4 ,to h>d5 ! sk9 x is well to rub x ) alcohol or to treat x ) oil or :ite ( an egg ?ree p>ts1 & spirits "o "p2 z9c o9tm5t is also useful = ?is purpose4 ,besides pressure1 ! mo/ frequ5t cause ( b$-sores is con/ant moi/ure f ! passage ( ur9e & motions & consequ5t damp+ ( ! %eets4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to ?or\ghly dry ! back aft] any evacuation2 ! l[] "p ( ! back %\ld be du/$ ) a p[d] ( boric acid & z9c oxide4 ,if a b$-sore is pres5t ! pati5t %\ld lie on a circul> pad ) a hole 9 ! middle1 to take pressure (f ! b$-sore4 ,! sore %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ twice a day ) "s antiseptic lotion1 su* z *9osol or p]manganate1 & subsequ5tly dress$ ) z9c o9tm5t or vasel9e4 ,if ! b$-sore is on ! back1 ! pati5t %\ld lie if possible on ea* side alt]nately1 to relieve ! pressure4 ,b]i-b]i4 ,9 mo/ cases ?is is a disease due to "s defici5cy 9 ! diet>y1 :i* leads to a =m ( :at is call$ p]iph]al neuritis4 ,! "n is possibly d]iv$ f a ,c+alese ^w signify+ 8,i _c40 ,symptoms4--,weakness ( ! legs & dige/ive tr\bles1 abnormal s5sations 9 ! legs1 frequ5tly associat$ ) swell+4 ,! gait alt]s1 & ! arms & f+]s may be affect$4 ,! condition is "o ( spread+ p>alysis1 & 9 bad cases ! he>t is affect$4 ,9 s-call$ wet b]i-b]i ! pati5t becomes bloat$ z 9 dropsy1 :ile 9 dry b]i-b]i he wa/es away until he is little bett] ?an a skeleton4 ,!re is a 8squatt+ te/0 :i* may enable "o to recognize ! disease at an e>ly /age4 ,! pati5t1 ) 8 h&s on ! top ( 8 head1 is unable to assume a squatt+ position & to rise f x unaid$4 ,if he is squatt+ & has to rise he accompli%es ! act by climb+1 z x 71 up 8 own legs4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid ov]cr[d+1 z ?is seems 9 "s cases to pr$ispose to ! disease4 ,give ! yea/ extract kn[n z 8,m>mite10 :i* is suppli$ 9 small cubes "o-qu>t] ounce 9 weight4 ,"o %\ld be tak5 twice a week1 ei!r alone or ) bread or biscuit1 or dissolv$ 9 w>m wat] 9 ! =m ( a s\p4 ,l5tils1 o!r legumes1 & oatmeal are useful4 ,eggs & fre% meat1 :5 obta9able1 are v valuable4 ,treatm5t4--,?is is *iefly dietetic4 ,give yea/1 two ounces daily1 along ) milk & sug>1 or m>mite 9 "o-cube doses twice a day4 ,eggs are specially useful1 :ile fre% milk1 legumes1 & n\ri%+ s\ps are all indicat$4 ,only small quantities ( food %\ld be giv5 at a "t4 ,re/ 9 b$ is v important1 & ! pati5t mu/ be c>eful :5 he is all[$ to get up ow+ to ! dang] ( he>t failure4 ,tonics are requir$ dur+ convalesc5ce4 ,blackwat] ,fev]4 ,blackwat] fev] is probably a p]nici\s complication ( mal>ial fev]1 & d]ives its "n f ! col\r ( ! ur9e4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t d>k-col\r$ ur9e is usual 9 all fev]s2 x is scanty dur+ ! height ( ! fev]1 especially if !re is mu* sweat+4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is obvi\sly 8bloody10 ! case is m grave1 b z a rule x is only m5 brok5 d[n 9 heal?1 & ^? :o h resid$ 9 blackwat] c\ntries1 e4g41 ,tropical ,africa1 p>ts ( ,india1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 etc41 = at lea/ a ye>1 especially ^? :o h tak5 _! prophylactic qu99e irregul>ly1 :o suff] f ?is complication4 ,! reason = ! occurr5ce ( ?is condition is n fully kn[n4 ,"s h ascrib$ ! symptoms entirely to ! tak+ ( qu99e1 b z ! fev] (t5 occurs :]e no qu99e has be5 giv5 ?is is impossible4 ,at ! same "t x appe>s likely t 9 c]ta9 cases ( mal>ia1 ow+ p]haps to "s idiosyncrasy1 qu99e may help to br+ on ! symptoms4 ,x is possible t *ill occurr+ dur+ ! c\rse ( a fev] may lead to ! production ( blackwat] fev]4 ,^? :o h _h "o attack are p>ticul>ly liable to a recurr5ce1 & aft] two consecutive attacks return to a temp]ate climate is requir$4 ,symptoms4--,9 addition to ! ord9>y symptoms ( mal>ial fev]1 ! ur9e is d>k1 blood-l1 & ev5tually port]-col\r$2 x is (t5 scanty1 & may become entirely suppress$4 ,! sk9 is yell[1 (t5 a bright orange1 !re is frequ5t vomit+1 (t5 hicc\gh1 & ! vomit$ matt] is usually ( a gre5 col\r4 ,prophylaxis4--,) our pres5t k all t c be said is t mal>ia prophylaxis is also ! me?od to prev5t blackwat]4 ,su* prophylaxis1 s f> z qu99e is conc]n$1 mu/ be prop]ly c>ri$ out4 ,^? :o take qu99e regul>ly1 & 9 suffici5t doses1 d n contract blackwat] fev]4 ,*ill & excesses ( all k9ds mu/ be avoid$4 ,treatm5t4--,mu* ! same treatm5t %\ld be adopt$ z t fully describ$ lat] = mal>ia4 ,x is especially important to give an ap]i5t at ! beg9n+1 & p]haps five gra9s ( calomel is ! be/ =m4 ,9 e case1 no matt] h[ slight1 x is ess5tial to ensure1 :]ev] possible1 absolute re/ 9 b$ & skill$ & c>eful nurs+4 ,if x c possibly be avoid$ a blackwat] pati5t %\ld nev] be mov$ f ! place :]e he is tak5 ill4 ,s long z he has a b$ to lie on1 a ro( to cov] him1 & "s s5sible p]son to look aft] him :o w c>ry out ! doctor's ord]s1 he %\ld be treat$ on ! spot4 ,x is bett]1 :5 x c be arrang$1 = ! nurse to g to ! pati5t ?an = ! pati5t to come to ! nurse4 ,! *ief aim %\ld be to support ! /r5g? by fluid n\ri%m5t1 & to secure free action ( ! kidneys4 ,! =m] %\ld be ma9ta9$ by fluid n\ri%m5t giv5 9 small quantities at frequ5t int]vals1 su* z milk1 ,plasmon1 ,b5g]'s food1 ,all5bury's foods1 invalid ,bovril1 ,br&'s fev] food1 or ,br&'s ess5ce1 ,maggi's consomm4 ,a little ,plasmon add$ to any ( ! meat prep>ations w\ld be useful1 :ile rais9 tea is a valuable prep>ation4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 free action ( ! kidneys1 pl5ty ( fluid %\ld be giv51 su* z b>ley-wat] made f ,rob9son's prep>$ b>ley1 flav\r$ slightly ) lime-juice or lemons4 ,weak tea is useful4 ,diuretics :i* /imulate ! kidneys mu/ be avoid$4 ,! mo/ effective me?od ( flu%+ ! kidneys is by giv+ sal9e injections by ! b[el1 b ^!1 z a rule1 c be adm9i/]$ only by a m$ical man or by a tra9$ nurse "u a doctor's sup]vision4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be /at$ t ! am\nt usually giv5 is six ounces ( physiological salt solution 7sev5 & a half gra9s ( sodium *loride to ! ounce ( w>m wat]74 ,?is is adm9i/]$ e h\r1 or ev5 (t5]1 if necess>y1 9 bad cases4 ,9 mild cases enemata e f\r or six h\rs w suffice4 ,o!r measures are ! application ( p\ltices or hot fom5tations to ! lo9s :5 suppression ?reat5s1 or :5 !re is sev]e lumb> pa94 ,diaphoretics1 s long z !y d n depress ! he>t1 are useful1 & s is frequ5t spong+4 ,cold applications to ! head & especially beh9d ! e>s alleviate heada*e4 ,! "q ( giv+ or ( )hold+ qu99e is an important "o1 b rec5t "w on ! subject indicates t 9 ! abs5ce ( a m$ical man :o c c>ry out blood exam9ations1 x is advisable to give qu99e z 9 ! case ( mal>ia4 ,vomit+ is (t5 a s]i\s complication1 & ! directions = its treatm5t1 giv5 "u ! head ( mal>ia1 %\ld be c>efully foll[$4 ,if x _c be spe$ily *eck$1 fe$+ by ! b[el mu/ be c>ri$ out4 ,see ,nutri5t ,enema1 p4 #bei4 ,s long z pl5ty ( ur9e is pass$ & suffici5t n\ri%m5t is tak5 !re is little cause = anxiety1 ?\gh :]ev] possible skill$ assi/ance %\ld be obta9$ at ! e>lie/ opportunity4 ,aft] an attack ! pati5t is v weak & anmic4 ,he requires c>eful fe$+ & tonics1 especially iron & ars5ic4 ,x is advisable t he %\ld be invalid$ out ( ! endemic area1 & he %\ld be specially w>n$ z to ! dang] ( gett+ *ill$ or wet4 ,bron*itis1 or ,inflammation ( ! ,bran*es ( ! ,w9dpipe4 ,symptoms4--,:5 bron*itis exi/s1 !re is a good deal ( c\gh+--at fir/ dry1 b aft]w>ds accompani$ by fro?y expectoration--) a s5sation ( rawness & t5d]ness at ! upp] "p ( ! brea/bone4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ?is condition1 opium 9 "s =m or o!r w be f\nd b5eficial1 & w (t5 cut %ort an attack2 = ?is purpose1 t5 gra9s ( ,dov]'s p[d]1 or fifte5 to tw5ty m9ims ( *lorodyne1 may be giv5 e eight h\rs = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n be gradually dim9i%$4 ,if ! brea?+ is difficult1 p\ltices %\ld be appli$ to ! *e/ & ipecacuanha1 half to two gra9s1 & ammonia1 %\ld be giv5 ?ree times a day4 ,lat]1 /imulat+ expectorants1 su* z ammonium c>bonate1 %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,inhalation ( /eam (t5 gives great relief2 & ! effect is mu* improv$ if ?irty drops ( ,fri>'s balsam are add$ to a p9t ( hot wat]4 ,9 tropical climates ev5 an ord9>y fev]i% cold v (t5 t5ds to become mal>ial 9 "*1 !re=e ! use ( qu99e1 9 addition to ! o!r treatm5t1 is usually desirable1 & five gra9s may be giv5 ?rice a day4 ,burns & ,scalds4 ,:]e an ext5sive burn or scald has occurr$1 ! clo?+ ( ! injur$ "p %\ld be remov$ by cutt+1 s z to cause z little irritation z possible4 ,if ! burn is only slight1 ! surface may be cov]$ ov] ) l9t sme>$ ) z9c or boric o9tm5t1 or oil4 ,if !re is mu* bli/]+1 or ! surface is *>r$1 ! sk9 %\ld be clean$ up z well z possible ) boric acid lotion1 & hot fom5tations ( ! same appli$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,aft] ?is1 ! burn may be dress$ twice a day ) boric o9tm5t spread on l9t4 ,great cleanl9ess is an important factor 9 ! successful treatm5t ( burns4 ,9 a sev]e burn1 /imulants mu/ be giv51 & ! pati5t put to b$ ) hot-wat] bottles1 & active treatm5t ( ! burn %\ld be left till ! pati5t has some:at recov]$ f ! %ock4 ,:5 !re is great pa91 *lorodyne or laudanum 9 full doses w be requir$4 ,c]ebro-,sp9al ,fev]4 ,?is disease1 also kn[n z 8spott$ fev]10 is ( special importance at ! pres5t "t to ! travell] 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 :]e x is v preval5t among/ ! natives1 especially 9 ,ug&a4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be enc\nt]$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 ! tropics is v frequ5tly a malady ( ! du/y mon?s4 ,causes4--,! disease is v (t5 transmitt$ f "s c>ri] ( ! causative organism1 :i* occurs 9 ! ?roat & nose1 & is di/ribut$ by c\gh+1 spitt+1 or sneez+4 ,infect$ mat]ial1 su* z h&k]*iefs1 may play a "p1 & ! spread ( ! disease is greatly fav\r$ by ov]cr[d+1 especially ( sleep+ qu>t]s4 ,symptoms4--,9 v acute cases ! onset may be v sudd51 ! pati5t rapidly los+ consci\sness4 ,z a rule ! disease beg9s ) heada*e1 /iffness ( ! neck & *illy s5sations4 ,!re may be vomit+1 & ! temp]ature is rais$4 ,! m9d is (t5 confus$1 & ! pati5t may be deliri\s4 ,! sk9 eruption1 :i* occurs especially on ! back & ab\t ! jo9ts1 & :i* is responsible = ! "n 8spott$ fev]10 is n v frequ5tly se51 & c h>dly ev] be detect$ on a d>k sk94 ,9 v bad cases !re is viol5t delirium1 lab\r$ brea?+1 & a purul5t dis*>ge f ! no/rils4 ,"o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features is retraction ( ! head1 :ile a dislike to light is common4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid unnecess>y fatigue & gu>d aga9/ ov]cr[d+1 faulty conditions ( v5tilation & ^? :i* t5d to cause naso-ph>yngeal cat>rh4 ,p]sons :o h be5 9 contact ) cases ( ! disease are probably well advis$ to wa% out _! noses ) a dilute solution ( p]manganate ( pota% #a 9 #a1jjj4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! abs5ce ( a m$ical man ?is c m]ely be symptomatic4 ,hot ba?s relieve pa9 & re/lessness4 ,ice to ! head1 antipyr91 caffe9e or aspir9 relieve heada*e1 & s$atives may be giv5 = ! insomnia & delirium4 ,! pati5t's m\? is f\l1 & %\ld be c>efully swabb$ & kept clean4 ,*ick5-,pox4 ,9 ! tropics ?is disease is v l>gely "o ( adults4 ,incubation p]iod1 a =tnight to ?ree weeks4 ,ra% appe>s fir/ day4 ,ra%4--,p9k spots1 ^u :i* blebs =m aft] twelve to tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! blebs are at fir/ transp>5t1 b subsequ5tly become yell[i%1 & aft] two to ?ree days %rivel & sep>ate1 leav+ a p9k sc>4 ,! symptoms are usually v mild1 p]haps only slight fev]1 & possibly heada*e4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ra% is (t5 ! fir/ symptom4 ,treatm5t4--,isolation1 & light diet4 ,b$ may n be necess>y4 ,*ilbla9s & ,fro/bite4 ,*ilbla9s are usually f\nd on ! f+]s or toes--aft] exposure to sev]e cold--especially :5 tight gloves or boots h be5 worn4 ,c]ta9ly ! be/ way to promote ! =mation ( *ilbla9s is to toa/ ! semi-froz5 f+]s or toes at a fire or /ove1 be=e ! circulation has be5 re-e/abli%$4 ,:5 *ilbla9s are ?reat5$1 ! "p %\ld be well rubb$ ) sn[1 or ) camphorat$ _s4 ,spong+ ) hot v9eg> is v effective4 ,*ilbla9s are *eck$ 9 ! e>ly /ages by pa9t+ ) t9cture ( iod9e4 ,once !y h develop$ a prep>ation conta9+ c>bolic acid is useful 9 allay+ pa9 & caus+ !m to disappe>4 ,ulc]at$ *ilbla9s %\ld be dress$ ) boric o9tm5t spread on l9t4 ,prolong$ exposure to int5se cold leads to developm5t ( fro/bite4 ,if ! case is a bad "o1 or injudici\sly treat$1 gangr5e or dea? ( ! "p always foll[s2 if ?is is ext5sive1 amputation may be necess>y4 ,fro/bite %\ld be treat$ fir/ by vigor\s friction ) sn[ or p\nd$ ice4 ,! affect$ p>ts %\ld !n be well wrapp$ ) clo?s wet ) cold wat]4 ,x is extremely dang]\s to br+ !m ne> a fire4 ,aft]w>ds1 ! "p %\ld be wrapp$ 9 cotton-wool4 ,*ol]a4 ,*ol]a is a s]i\s acute disease1 *>act]is$ by frequ5t wat]y motions1 vomit+1 cramp & collapse4 ,cause4--,x is (t5 contract$ by dr9k+ contam9at$ wat]4 ,rese>* has %[n ! importance ( ! *ol]a 8c>ri]10 t is to say ! p]son1 usually a native1 :o h>b\rs 9 8 b[el ! specific organism ( ! disease4 ,he may be p]fectly heal?y & yet be able to transmit *ol]a to o!r p by infect+ wat] or food4 ,! rle ( flies1 infect$ clo!s & rags1 & faulty cons]vancy me?ods mu/ be kept 9 m9d4 ,symptoms4--,gidd9ess1 fa9tness1 p]si/5t vomit+ & di>rha1 great pro/ration1 feeble pulse1 cold p]spiration1 colic1 int5se ?ir/1 & con/ant desire to pass ur9e4 ,! vomit & motions rapidly become l rice-wat] 9 appe>ance1 & ! ur9e is m or less suppress$4 ,!re are sev]e cramps 9 ! legs1 belly1 & o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,if !n ! pulse becomes weak1 ! temp]ature l[1 & ! c\nt5ance dusky1 ! pati5t w probably s9k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 reaction may set 91 all ! symptoms abat+1 & ! pulse1 temp]ature1 & col\r becom+ natural2 ! wat] is pass$ m freely1 vomit+ is less frequ5t1 & ! motions become m natural 9 col\r4 ,prophylaxis4--,anti-*ol]aic inoculations are n[ practis$4 ,!y n only af=d a consid]able degree ( protection b less5 ! risk ( a fatal issue 9 ! inoculat$4 ,h5ce x is advisable to be vacc9at$ aga9/ *ol]a :5ev] !re is risk ( infection4 ,! inoculation mu/ be repeat$ aft] ! lapse ( f\r mon?s if ! epidemic /ill p]si/s1 z ! protection af=d$ is only tempor>y4 ,p]sons travell+ 9 regions :]e *ol]a is pres5t 9 an endemic =m %\ld take a little lactic acid 9 tea1 or add a little v9eg> or ?irty drops ( dilute hydro*loric acid to e ounce ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,at times ( epidemic preval5ce x is ess5tial t all wat] %\ld be boil$4 ,! practice ( h&-%ak+ %\ld be disc\rag$1 indige/ible diet %\ld be avoid$1 & raw fruit1 raw vegetables1 & meat jellies %\ld n be eat54 ,lettuces & cel]y1 be+ moi/ & eat5 uncook$1 are specially dang]\s4 ,pati5ts & contact cases mu/ be isolat$1 & ! =m] %\ld be protect$ f flies4 ,x is v necess>y to ma9ta9 a /rict sup]vision ( cooks & cook+ arrangem5ts4 ,all kit*5 clo?s %\ld be wa%$ 9 p]manganate solution or boil$4 ,milk %\ld always be boil$4 ,*ol]a /ools may be dis9fect$ by add+ a five p] c5t4 cresol solution to !m & all[+ x to rema9 9 contact ) ! /ool = at lea/ "o h\r4 ,quicklime is excell5t z a dis9fectant4 ,add toge!r equal p>ts ( fre% quicklime & wat]1 dilute ) ?ree times z mu* wat] z previ\sly us$1 add a quantity ( ?is slak$ lime equal to ! am\nt ( /ool to be dis9fect$ & all[ x to rema9 9 contact ) ! /ool = "o h\r4 ,:5 ! gr\nd has be5 f\l$ by dejecta or vomit1 dis9fect ) cresol1 or rake hot a%es ov] x or p\r k]os5e oil ^u x & set ! latt] alight4 ,*ol]a-soil$ clo?+1 b$ l95 & blankets %\ld be soak$ 9 a two & a half p] c5t4 cresol solution4 ,treatm5t4--,isolate ! pati5t1 keep him w>m1 & give ice to suck4 ,apply hot bottle to ! feet1 & mu/>d leaves to ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,x is advisable to cle> ! b[el ( irritat+ mat]ial at ! outset by giv+ half an ounce ( ca/or oil ) a teaspoonful ( br&y4 ,drugs are ( little use 9 *ol]a1 b "s l to give "o drop ( c>bolic acid1 toge!r ) tw5ty drops ( _s ( camphor 7or pepp]m9t1 or a little br&y71 five gra9s ( bismu?1 & t5 gra9s ( soda1 susp5d$ 9 "o ounce ( gum wat]1 e f\r h\rs4 ,*lorodyne may be giv5 to allay sev]e pa94 ,ev5 9 ! milde/ cases absolute re/ 9 b$ is ess5tial1 & a w>m b$-pan %\ld be provid$4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages no food at all %\ld be giv51 b pl5ty ( fluid %\ld be all[$1 ?\gh x mu/ be adm9i/]$ only 9 sips4 ,/imulants may be necess>y4 ,lat] on fluid food su* z milk %\ld be giv5 c>efully1 & ! quantity gradually increas$4 ,! special treatm5t = *ol]a c only be c>ri$ out by a m$ical man1 & rec\rse %\ld be _h to 8 help at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t1 z ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u imm$iate treatm5t4 ,if1 aft] ! acute symptoms subside1 di>rha cont9ues a dose ( bismu? is (t5 useful4 ,colic4 ,?is is ! "n giv5 to ! well-kn[n sev]e twi/+ or grip+ pa9s 9 ! belly1 usually due to excessive flatul5ce1 & result+ f con/ipation1 or "s error ( diet4 ,treatm5t4--,hot fom5tations %\ld be appli$ to ! belly1 or bett] /ill1 ! ,in/ra1 :i* is ! be/ means ( apply+ cont9u\s heat to any "p ( ! body4 ,a turp5t9e enema 7a tablespoonful to a p9t ( w>m wat]7 w ne>ly always cut %ort ! symptoms2 9 ! abs5ce ( turp5t9e1 give w>m wat] alone4 ,a full dose ( opium 7#bj m9ims7 %\ld also be giv5 if ! pa9 is sev]e1 pref]ably 9 a tablespoonful ( ca/or oil4 ,bic>bonate ( soda1 c>bonate ( ammonia & g+] %\ld be freely giv5 9 full doses1 & ! b[els %\ld be well op5$ z soon z ! sev]e pa9 has pass$ (f4 ,concussion ( ! ,bra94 ,?is t]m is appli$ to ! p>tial susp5sion ( ! functions ( ! bra91 produc$ by ! sev]e %ak+ ( its sub/ance by a fall or bl[4 ,symptoms4--,at fir/ ! pati5t lies 9 an unconsci\s condition1 sk9 cold & clammy1 pulse & brea?+ v feeble1 & temp]ature extremely l[2 he c be slightly r\s$ by %\t+2 he cries out if he is mov$1 or :5 pa9ful applications are made1 b quickly relapses into ins5sibility4 ,! /age ( unconsci\sness may pass (f almo/ at once1 x may be prolong$ = h\rs or days1 or ! pati5t may nev] recov] f x4 ,! second /age--t ( reaction--is m>k$ by return+ consci\sness & frequ5tly by vomit+1 ! sk9 becomes w>m1 & gradually ! pati5t recov]s2 on ! o!r h&1 inflammation ( ! bra9 may set 91 or he may aga9 become unconsci\s & die4 ,treatm5t4--,keep ! pati5t p]fectly quiet 9 b$1 9 a d>k5$ room1 give a milk diet1 & if he is mu* excit$1 apply cold clo?s or an ice-bag to ! head4 ,if !re is mu* pro/ration apply a hot-wat] bottle1 & re/ore ! circulation by rubb+ ! limbs4 ,:5 reaction sets 91 give five gra9s ( calomel4 ,/imulants %\ld be avoid$ 9 cases ( concussion ( ! bra91 unless ! collapse is v al>m+ 7:5 ammonia %\ld be giv571 z !y t5d to cause too viol5t reaction1 :i* might be foll[$ by inflammation ( ! bra9 & its cov]+s4 ,con/ipation4 ,?is condition is v frequ5t 9 tropical climates1 :]e x is associat$ ) sluggi%ness ( ! liv]4 ,"o ( ! be/ rem$ies is ! two-gra9 tablet ( casc>a1 ( :i* "o may be tak5 ?ree times a day4 ,rhub>b is also a v useful drug4 ,9 addition to ?is1 an occasional dose ( a sal9e purge %\ld be us$1 or a l>ge enema ( soap & wat] may be giv54 ,five gra9s ( blue pill or ?ree gra9s ( calomel w be f\nd to act z a v effici5t ap]i5t1 especially if foll[$ 9 ab\t six h\rs by a sal9e su* z fruit salt4 ,ca/or oil is a valuable rem$y1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t 9 ! tropics its effects are sometimes r sev]ely felt1 & h5ce x is well to give x 9 some:at small] doses ?an ^? usually employ$ 9 temp]ate climates4 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( an ounce may be giv5 :]e an ounce w\ld o!rwise be employ$4 ,z a rule1 ! g5]al heal? ( p suff]+ f simple con/ipation is n s]i\sly affect$4 ,9 cases ( *ronic con/ipation "o ( ! anti-con/ipation products1 o!rwise kn[n z ! ,alo9 ,co41 giv5 ?ree times a day & gradually r$uc$1 w be f\nd useful4 ,9 mo/ acute diseases1 su* z mal>ia1 pneumonia1 etc41 if con/ipation is pres5t1 x %\ld be treat$ at once by means ( suitable ap]i5ts4 ,note4--,9 p]itonitis1 i4e41 inflammation ( ! b[els1 h]nia1 & 9 "s cases ( typhoid1 con/ipation is a lead+ symptom1 & is accompani$ by sev]e pa9 9 ! belly4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld an ap]i5t be giv5 by ! m\? 9 ^! cases4 ,if x is necess>y to cle> ! b[els1 ?is %\ld be done by means ( an enema4 ,coryza1 or ,cold 9 ! ,head4 ,:5 a cold is conf9$ to ! head x c usually be cut %ort by retir+ to b$ e>ly1 tak+ a t5-gra9 dose ( ,dov]'s p[d]1 foll[$ by hot dr9ks to enc\rage ! p]spiration :i* ! action ( ?is drug produces1 toge!r ) ! use ( z _m additional b$-clo!s z c be borne4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to avoid *ill on ! foll[+ morn+4 ,once x is e/abli%$ ! condition is difficult to cure1 b m>k$ relief w (t5 be af=d$ by wa%+ out ! nose ) a solution made f naso-ph>yngeal products4 ,9 fact1 a simple nasal glass d\*e %\ld =m "p ( ! travell]'s outfit1 at lea/1 if he is liable to bad colds 9 ! head4 ,9 tropical regions five gra9s ( qu99e %\ld be add$ to ! dose ( ,dov]'s p[d]4 ,:5 !re is a liability to colds 9 ! head ! use ( prev5tive vacc9es is recomm5d$1 b ^! %\ld n be employ$ )\t ! advice ( a m$ical man4 ,cy/itis1 or ,inflammation ( ! ,bladd]4 ,causes4--,injury or ! result ( op]ations1 ext5sion ( inflammations su* z gonorrha1 ret5tion & decomposition ( ur9e2 debilitat$ or g\ty p]sons are especially liable to ?is affection4 ,symptoms4--,int5se pa9 9 ! l[] "p ( ! belly1 & 9 ! crut*1 cont9ual desire to pass wat]1 ) frequ5t passage ( small quantities4 ,! ur9e is scanty1 high-col\r$1 f\l-smell+1 & occasionally blood-/a9$1 & !re may be "s fev]4 ,treatm5t4--,hot ba?s1 lee*es1 or fom5tations to ! crut*1 & a s$ative1 su* z opium 7pref]ably giv5 by ! b[el71 w be requir$4 ,if ! disease cont9ues ! bladd] %\ld be wa%$ out ?r\gh a ca!t] ) weak boric acid solution1 five gra9s to ! ounce1 or *9osol 7#a 9 #bjjj71 twice a day4 ,urotrop91 t5 gra9s1 & copaiba or s&al-wood oil 9 t5-drop doses4 ,! diet %\ld be re/rict$ to milk4 ,d5gue4 ,?is disease1 also kn[n z d&y fev] & break-bone fev]1 occurs 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 & x is mo/ common along littorals1 probably because ! ,/egomyia mosquito :i* c>ries ! infection is usually num]\s 9 sea-coa/ places4 ,cause4--,! organism ( d5gue fev] is unkn[n1 b ! infection has be5 prov$ to be c>ri$ by at lea/ "o species ( mosquito4 ,symptoms4--,! incubation p]iod v>ies f ab\t five to t5 days4 ,! onset is v sudd51 ! temp]ature ris+ rapidly4 ,)9 an h\r or two an initial ra% appe>s1 :i* v>ies 9 appe>ance & is transi5t4 ,! pati5t suff]s f sev]e heada*e & pa9 9 ! jo9ts & back4 ,inde$1 ! condition closely resembles a %>p attack ( influ5za1 b1 z a rule1 !re are no signs ( coryza4 ,! eyes are v pa9ful & insomnia is pres5t4 ,! high temp]ature la/s = ?ree or f\r days1 !n drops1 cont9ues l[ f twelve h\rs to ?ree days & rises aga9 %>ply4 ,dur+ ! int]val ! pati5t feels bett] b ! symptoms />t aga9 :5 ! temp]ature rises = ! second "t4 ,9 ! second /age ! true ra% ( d5gue appe>s1 :i* is r l t ( measles1 & x is foll[$ by desquamation ( ! sk94 ,! disease1 ?\gh (t5 caus+ great weakness1 is v r>ely fatal4 ,prophylaxis4--,protect aga9/ mosquito bites by us+ a prop] mosquito net or by employ+ mosquito repell5ts su* z 8sket(ax40 ,treatm5t4--,light diet1 re/ 9 b$1 ph5acet9 & aspir9 = ! relief ( pa9 & heada*e4 ,cold spong+ helps ! febrile condition & ! insomnia4 ,dur+ convalesc5ce !re is (t5 mu* depression1 & ! pati5t b5efits by be+ ord]$ tonics & a s\nd w9e4 ,di>rha4 ,di>rha1 or loos5ess ( ! b[els1 is "o ( ! mo/ common & "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ailm5ts ( ! tropics1 & %\ld nev] be neglect$4 ,9 _m cases x is a sign ( ent]ic fev]1 dys5t]y1 *ol]a1 or sprue1 ! symptoms ( :i* are giv5 bel[4 ,ord9>y attacks are usually due to ! pres5ce ( "s irritant 9 ! b[els1 su* z irritat+ s&1 bad food1 unripe fruit1 or o!r poison\s mat]ial4 ,among/ ,african & o!r natives di>rha is (t5 due to a faulty or ill-cook$ diet>y4 ,! importance ( flies 9 f\l+ food %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,treatm5t4--,beg9 ! treatm5t by adm9i/]+ ca/or oil1 fruit salt1 casc>a1 or o!r mild ap]i5t1 to cle> out ! cause ( ! di>rha4 ,if ca/or oil is us$ ! foll[+ note z to its adm9i/ration is likely to be ( s]vice4 ,place an ounce ( br&y 9 a glass or cup4 ,c>efully p\r ! oil into ! c5tre ( ! br&y & !n add "o ounce ( wat]4 ,! mass ( oil w !n resemble ! yolk ( an egg enclos$ 9 ! :ite4 ,lime juice may be us$ in/ead ( br&y4 ,fail+ ^!1 black c(fee helps to cov] ! ta/e & 8feel0 ( ! oil4 ,sometimes ?ree gra9s ( calomel ) fifte5 gra9s ( sodium bic>bonate act bett] ?an ca/or oil4 ,a w>m-wat] enema ( ab\t a p9t is useful4 ,if ! di>rha cont9ues1 give *lorodyne 7#bj m9ims7 & t9cture ( g+] 7#aj m9ims7 9 an ounce ( wat] two or ?ree times a day4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld n be p]si/$ 9 = m ?an two days4 ,if ! di>rha is p]si/5t1 an a/r+5t is ne$$3 five gra9s ( tann91 or two or ?ree gra9s ( sulphate ( iron may be giv5 ?ree times a day4 ,t5 gra9s ( qu99e %\ld be giv5 ea* day4 ,all food %\ld be semi-solid & tepid2 milk diet1 z recomm5d$ bel[ = ent]ic fev]1 is ! safe/ food1 b s\p ?ick5$ ) rice or arr[root is good4 ,! pati5t %\ld keep 9 b$ & we> a flannel b& r\nd ! belly4 ,sometimes 9 ! tropics1 z ! result ( excessive purgation1 di>rha is v acute & may be al>m+4 ,9 su* cases a hot ba?1 /imulants & ! adm9i/ration ( a/r+5ts are indicat$4 ,if ! tr\ble cont9ues = m ?an a few days x is probably due to dys5t]y1 or typhoid4 ,diph!ria4 ,diph!ria is an acute infecti\s disease1 ! ess5tial feature ( :i* is a peculi> inflammation ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?1 nose1 ?roat1 & w9dpipe1 *>act]is$ by ! =mation ( a membrane ^u ! inflam$ surface4 ,diph!ria occurs 9 ! tropics b happily does n spread mu* 9 hot c\ntries4 ,causes4--,x may be contract$ f "s p]son suff]+ f ! disease1 f a heal?y 8c>ri]0 h>b\r+ ! specific micro-organism 7,bacillus diph!ri7 9 8 ?roat or nose1 or f infect$ milk1 etc4 ,z ! disease is a v grave "o1 & skill$ treatm5t is (t5 an absolute necessity1 measures %\ld be imm$iately tak5 to summon m$ical assi/ance on ! fir/ appe>ance ( diph!ria1 or ! pati5t %\ld be s5t z spe$ily z possible to a place :]e m$ical aid is likely to be obta9$2 = if ! brea?+ becomes s difficult t ! pati5t gets blue 9 ! face1 an op]ation = op5+ ! w9dpipe w be necess>y4 ,incubation p]iod1 two to six days or ev5 long]4 ,symptoms4--,heada*e1 discom=t1 loss ( appetite1 sore ?roat1 & sickness1 ) swell+ ( ! gl&s at ! angle ( ! jaw4 ,on exam9ation ! palate & tonsils are se5 to be swoll51 ) a :ite deposit ( membrane ^u ! surface4 ,! membrane may be ?ick & t\gh1 & if /ripp$ (f w leave num]\s small ble$+ po9ts4 ,! temp]ature may run up1 & is irregul> 9 type4 ,! pulse is rapid & feeble1 & ! bodily /r5g? is quickly lo/4 ,if ! nose be affect$ !re is copi\s dis*>ge f ! no/rils1 ) difficulty ( brea?+ & mu* discom=t4 ,if ! w9dpipe is affect$ ! voice w become ho>se or abs5t1 & !re w be great] difficulty 9 brea?+1 accompani$ by a l\d cr[+ noise4 ,diph!ria may be accompani$ by c\gh & pneumonia4 ,treatm5t4--,isolation4 ,b$4 ,if diph!ria anti-tox9 is obta9able1 x %\ld be adm9i/]$ at ! e>lie/ opportunity1 b ?is %\ld only be c>ri$ out by a doctor4 ,n\ri%+ foods & /imulants %\ld be giv5 frequ5tly 9 small quantities4 ,! ?roat %\ld be ?or\ghly & frequ5tly wa%$ out ) *9osol 7#a 9 #ajjj7 or o!r antiseptic lotion4 ,if ! difficulty 9 brea?+ is m>k$1 w>m ba?s %\ld be giv5 at int]vals ( ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,a /eam kettle %\ld be plac$ ne> ! b$4 ,! expulsion ( ! membrane may (t5 be aid$ & great relief af=d$ by ! adm9i/ration ( emetics1 su* z ipecacuanha1 b ^! mu/ be giv5 ) c>e ow+ to ! risk ( he>t failure4 ,complications4--,diph!ria may be foll[$ by p>alysis ( ! w9dpipe ) loss ( voice1 or p>alysis ( o!r p>ts ( ! body1 !re=e great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to all[ convalesc5ts to get up too soon1 no matt] h[ well !y may appe>4 ,dys5t]y4 ,?is disease1 :i* is due to an inflammatory condition limit$ z a rule to ! l[] or l>ge b[el1 may be ! result ( a v>iety ( causes1 b !re are two *ief types :i* mu/ be cle>ly di/+ui%$3 7#a7 ,ambic dys5t]y1 due to a protozoon or animal organism1 7#b7 ,bacill>y dys5t]y1 caus$ by c]ta9 micro-organisms belong+ to ! vegetable _w4 ,ambic dys5t]y is mu* m ( a tropical compla9t ?an is bacill>y dys5t]y1 b ! latt] is also common bo? 9 tropical & temp]ate climates4 ,bo? =ms are transmitt$ 9 mu* ! same way & _! symptoms are v simil>4 ,h5ce f ! layman's po9t ( view no good purpose is s]v$ by consid]+ !m sep>ately1 at lea/ s f> z me?ods ( transmission & symptoms g4 ,! treatm5t ( ! two =ms1 h[ev]1 diff]s1 & to c>ry out su* treatm5t effectively m$ical skill is requir$4 ,causes4--,dys5t]y is convey$ by impure dr9k+ wat]1 contam9at$ food1 infect$ flies1 & possibly also by infect$ du/4 ,9 bo? =ms1 b especially 9 ! ambic v>iety1 ! s-call$ 8c>ri]0 plays an important "p1 because 9 ! latt] case ! organism produces cy/s :i* are pass$ by ! b[el1 & ^! cy/s are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! dejecta ( p]sons :o h suff]$ f ambic dys5t]y & :o are ei!r convalesc5t or possibly 9 q good heal?4 ,if ^! cy/s f9d _! way into food or wat] & are !n swall[$ !y are capable ( develop+ 9 ! human inte/9e & produc+ dys5t]y4 ,c>ri]s are also met ) 9 ! bacill>y =m ( ! disease4 ,dys5t]y may be provok$ by *ills1 g5]al debility & exhau/+ conditions1 su* z *ronic mal>ia4 ,symptoms4--,di>rha ) pa9s 9 ! belly1 /ra9+ & frequ5t desire to g to /ool4 ,! motions soon become small 9 am\nt1 slimy1 lose _! natural col\r1 & conta9 m or less blood2 :5 !re is ulc]ation ( ! coats ( ! b[el1 ! motions are extremely (f5sive1 & ble$+ may be v free4 ,!re is heat1 t5d]ness1 & be>+ d[n ab\t ! outlet ( ! b[el1 ) consid]able pro/ration & probably "s fev]2 !re is frequ5tly a con/ant desire to pass wat]4 ,all ^! symptoms may be due to sev]e ord9>y di>rha2 b 9 ! tropics x is be/ to treat !m z if !y 7 dys5t]ic4 ,"s guide may be obta9$ z to ! =m ( dys5t]y f :i* ! pati5t is suff]+ by tak+ 8 temp]ature4 ,z a rule !re is little or no fev] associat$ ) ! ambic =m1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! bacill>y type ! temp]ature is always rais$ & 9 sev]e cases may be consid]ably elevat$4 ,x is 9 ?is =m t ! small inte/9e is apt to become involv$ & !n ! condition is m s]i\s4 ,"o help 9 diagnosis1 ?\gh n a v reliable "o1 is ! "* ( ! /ool4 ,9 ambic dys5t]y ! blood is apt to be mix$ ) ! dejecta & to be d>k 9 col\r1 :ile ! :ole mass looks br[n or greyi% gre54 ,! /ool ( bacill>y dys5t]y1 on ! o!r h&1 has a :iti% appe>ance1 ! blood 9 x is bright col\r$ & is (t5 9 ! =m ( /reaks or spots4 ,! ambic =m is apt1 if n promptly & effici5tly treat$1 to be foll[$ by inflammation ( ! liv]1 :i* may g on to liv] abscess4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid *ill & debilitat+ causes ( all k9ds4 ,9 c\ntries :]e !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! day & ! night temp]ature we> a *ol]a belt4 ,c>efully protect food & wat] f contam9ation ( any k9d1 & especially f flies4 ,d\btful wat] %\ld be boil$ or r5d]$ /]ile by "s *emical me?od4 ,all milk %\ld be boil$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to employ z cooks natives :o h rec5tly suff]$ f dys5t]y1 & scrupul\s cleanl9ess %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! prep>ation ( food4 ,unripe fruit & o!r mat]ials apt to cause di>rha %\ld be avoid$4 ,camp cons]vancy me?ods %\ld be c>ri$ out on approv$ sanit>y pr9ciples :i* prev5t ! access ( flies to human excrem5t & prev5t ! latt] f be+ dissem9at$ by w9d or 9 any o!r way4 ,all dys5t]ic /ools %\ld be c>efully dis9fect$ or burnt4 ,treatm5t4--,! g5]al treatm5t is common to bo? =ms1 ! ess5tials be+ re/1 w>m? & suitable food4 ,put ! pati5t to b$1 apply a *ol]a belt & get ! b[els op5 by an initial dose ( ca/or oil4 ,if !re is mu* pa9 t5 drops ( t9cture ( opium may be add$ to ! oil4 ,! usual dose ( ! oil is an ounce1 b if ! pati5t is feeble or exhau/$ half an ounce w be suffici5t4 ,z reg>ds diet d n give any milk at fir/1 & inde$ if ! case is recogniz$ z be+ "o ( bacill>y dys5t]y milk %\ld n be giv5 at all z x t5ds to fav\r putrefaction4 ,album9 wat]1 rice wat]1 *ick5 bro? are requir$ dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!reaft] 9 ! ambic =m milk dilut$ ) b>ley wat] or ) citrate ( soda 7?ree gra9s to ! ounce7 c be giv54 ,s\ps are (t5 useful1 & at a lat] p]iod cu/>d1 arr[root & jellies are indicat$4 ,9 ! bacill>y type arr[root1 meat & fruit jellies & beef-tea c be giv5 f ! outset4 ,9 bo? types ! food %\ld be giv5 9 small quantities frequ5tly1 & x %\ld be nei!r too hot nor too cold4 ,alcohol is delet]i\s4 ,=tunately we n[ h a specific drug = treat+ ambic dys5t]y & t is emet9e1 :i* is ! active pr9ciple ( ipecacuanha4 ,x is be/ giv5 9 ! =m ( emet9e bismu?\s iodide1 :i* is suppli$ 9 capsules & ! dose ( :i* is ?ree gra9s p] day = twelve consecutive days4 ,! dose is be/ giv5 9 ! ev5+ along ) a cup ( hot tea on a full /oma* :5 ! pati5t is 9 b$4 ,if x causes mu* vomit+ x is well to give t5 or fifte5 drops ( t9cture ( opium be=e adm9i/]+ ! emet9e4 ,! latt] c also be giv5 by subcutane\s injection1 b ?is me?od ( treatm5t %\ld only be c>ri$ out by a physician4 ,:]e emet9e is n available ipecacuanha itself may be us$ & is giv5 z foll[s3-- ,treatm5t by ,ipecacuanha4--,:5 ! b[els h be5 op5$1 give tw5ty gra9s ( ipecacuanha1 ei!r solid or mix$ ) a w9eglass ( wat]1 or less2 arr[root1 />*1 or gum-wat]1 :i* w help to susp5d ! drug4 ,( c\rse1 ipecacuanha w act m quickly if x c be tak5 susp5d$ 9 a liquid1 in/ead ( 9 ! solid =m4 ,to prev5t vomit+1 put a mu/>d leaf to ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,absolute quiet mu/ n[ be obs]v$2 d>k5 ! room1 & all[ no mov+ 9 b$ or talk+4 ,)hold food & liquid = at lea/ two h\rs if possible1 b if !re is mu* ?ir/1 teaspoonful doses ( wat] may be giv54 ,if !re is no vomit+ = an h\r1 probably a good "p ( ! ipecacuanha has be5 dige/$2 if x has be5 vomit$1 wait = half-an-h\r1 & !n give ano!r full dose4 ,if vomit$ aga91 wait = two h\rs1 & give tw5ty drops ( *lorodyne1 foll[$ by tw5ty gra9s ( ipecacuanha2 ! *lorodyne is to quiet ! /oma*1 enabl+ x to reta9 ! ipecacuanha4 ,9 ab\t twelve h\rs f ! fir/ dose1 repeat x 9 exactly ! same way4 ,if ?irty gra9s are too mu* at a "t1 give tw5ty1 ?ree times a day1 = n less ?an sixty gra9s %\ld be giv5 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! drug is n a dang]\s "o1 &1 if ! pati5t c take x1 too mu* c h>dly be giv54 ,betwe5 ! doses fe$ ! pati5t1 giv+ b little at a "t4 ,if ! ipecacuanha is go+ to d good1 m>k$ improvem5t %\ld be app>5t 9 f\r or five days2 failure ( ! drug is (t5 due to its n be+ giv5 or reta9$ 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantities4 ,9 addition to ! emet9e or ipecacuanha treatm5t x is well1 save 9 mild or trivial cases1 to give a sal9e mixture once a day1 = example "o ounce ( sodium or magnesium sulphate4 ,o!r me?ods :i* are helpful are enemata ( w>m wat]1 hot hip ba?s1 or a soo?+ injection made by soak+ an ounce ( l9se$ = sev]al h\rs 9 two p9ts ( w>m wat]4 ,s$atives1 su* z laudanum or *lorodyne1 %\ld be us$ only 9 cases :]e !re is sev]e pa91 sickness & great di/ress4 ,! full dose 9 ord9>y cases is tw5ty drops ?ree times a day1 b if less is suffici5t s mu* ! bett]1 & x is advisable to avoid ^! rem$ies :]ev] possible4 ,! object ( treatm5t is n to block up ! b[el--z might be done by giv+ l>ge doses ( opium or tann9--x is to cure ! disease ( :i* ! loos5ess is only "o symptom4 ,! mo/ fav\rable sign dur+ an attack is a return ( ! col\r+ matt] to ! motions2 ?is %[s t ! liv] is aga9 act+1 & t ! treatm5t is do+ good4 ,) ! return ( col\r 7:i* at fir/ may be int]mitt5t71 ! o!r symptoms1 su* z pa9 & bloody dis*>ge1 w abate1 & ! motions w become m solid & heal?y4 ,9 dys5t]y1 z 9 sev]e di>rha1 ! pati5t %\ld n be all[$ to get up to /ool4 ,a box cut across obliquely w make a r\gh slipp] b$-pan2 put s& 9 x1 & pad ! edges4 ,9 bacill>y dys5t]y emet9e is ne>ly or q useless1 & rec\rse %\ld be _h to a sal9e treatm5t4 ,a mixture conta9+ sixty gra9s ( sodium or magnesium sulphate1 fifte5 drops ( dilute sulphuric acid1 & five drops ( t9cture ( g+] c be giv5 9 half an ounce ( pepp]m9t wat]1 if necess>y1 e two h\rs at fir/1 & !n e f\r or six h\rs1 until ! /ools are wat]y & bile-/a9$4 ,an alt]native me?od ( treatm5t1 b "o :i* is n s satisfactory1 is to give half-gra9 doses ( calomel e h\r = twelve h\rs on ?ree successive days4 ,! pati5t mu/1 h[ev]1 be wat*$ = su* symptoms z t5d]ness ( ! gums1 salivation 7i4e41 great increase ( ! saliva71 & a metallic ta/e 9 ! m\?4 ,%\ld su* symptoms arise ! doses mu/ be r$uc$ or ! drug discont9u$4 ,! g5]al treatm5t is ! same z t = ambic dys5t]y4 ,z colic is (t5 v sev]e1 turp5t9e /upes or p\ltices to ! abdom5 are (t5 indicat$4 ,a specific anti-dys5t]ic s]um is n[ employ$ 9 cases ( bacill>y dys5t]y1 b its adm9i/ration requires m$ical skill4 ,:5 ! acute dys5t]ic attack is ov]1 bismu? may be giv51 & v>i\s a/r+5t enemata may be tri$1 b ^! %\ld n be adm9i/]$ 9 ! abs5ce ( a physician4 ,a simple =m ( enema1 h[ev]1 is "o conta9+ a teaspoonful ( alum or t5 gra9s ( sulphate ( iron to ! p9t4 ,ent]ic or ,typhoid ,fev]1 includ+ ! ,p>atyphoid ,fev]s4 ,x is impossible to give a full acc\nt ( ! ent]ic fev]s "h1 & moreov] ! pres5ce ( a m$ical man1 /ill m ( a good nurse1 is absolutely necess>y = _! prop] treatm5t4 ,! *ief e>ly symptoms1 h[ev]1 w be giv51 & a few h9ts z to _! treatm5t4 ,= all practical purposes p>atyphoid fev] may be consid]$ z a mild v>iety ( typhoid4 ,! disease is *>act]is$ by ulc]ation ( ! small b[el1 ) cont9u$ high fev]1 & is usually accompani$ by di>rha4 ,causes4--,x is g5]ally caus$ by ! dr9k+ ( impure wat]1 b may also be transmitt$ by all ! causes op]ative 9 ! case ( dys5t]y 7see p4 #ahe74 ,! incubation p]iod is f t5 to fifte5 days4 ,symptoms4--,! e>ly symptoms ( ! disease are (t5 s slight t ! pati5t w n believe he is really ill2 he may j feel out ( sorts1 or compla9 ( heada*e1 b /ill g ab\t 8 "w4 ,!re may be di>rha1 or occasionally con/ipation4 ,aft] five or six days ! pati5t is g5]ally compell$ to give up & g to b$1 heada*e or di>rha1 or bo?1 be+ ! *ief compla9t4 ,! temp]ature goes up 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]1 ris+ a little m e ev5+ till x ev5tually rea*es #ajc or #ajd ,f4 ,!re may be "s c\gh1 & (t5 ?is symptom is a v tr\blesome "o4 ,! belly is usually di/5d$ & slightly t5d]1 & !re may or may n be ! *>act]i/ic typhoid ra%1 consi/+ ( rose-p9k circul>1 slightly rais$ spots1 ab\t ! size ( a l>ge p9's head4 ,!y occur *iefly on ! *e/ & abdom51 & come out on successive days1 (t5 only ?ree or f\r at a "t4 ,^! spots are frequ5tly abs5t1 & !n "o mu/ be guid$ by ! pres5ce ( o!r symptoms4 ,!y are difficult to be se5 ^u a d>k sk94 ,! possibility ( ent]ic fev] %\ld always be rememb]$ 9 cases :]e !re is con/ant fev]1 unaccompani$ by any def9ite symptoms1 su* z ! recurr5t %iv]+s ( mal>ia1 or ! spitt+ ( blood 9 pneumonia4 ,prophylaxis4--,z = dys5t]y 7see p4 #ahf74 ,prev5tive inoculation is v important & conf]s immunity = a consid]able p]iod 7see 8,inoculation10 p4 #afh74 ,treatm5t4--,absolute quiet 9 b$4 ,if con/ipat$1 b[els %\ld be kept op5 by soap & wat] enema only4 ,milk only 7?ree to f\r p9ts daily7 %\ld be giv5 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! illness & till t5 days aft] ! temp]ature has desc5d$ to1 & rema9$1 normal4 ,/imulants1 if pulse is feeble & rapid2 opium only if !re is mu* pa94 ,if ble$+ occurs f ! b[el1 an ice p\ltice or cold-wat] clo?s %\ld be appli$ to ! belly2 ice may be giv5 to suck2 opium & an a/r+5t1 su* z tann91 adm9i/]$ by ! m\?1 or an opium enema be giv54 ,milk %\ld be giv5 9 small quantities only1 & to ea* half-p9t five gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda %\ld be add$4 ,! motions mu/ be burn$1 or c>efully dis9fect$4 ,epilepsy4 ,symptoms4--,?is is ! mo/ common =m ( fits4 ,!re are ?ree /ages4 #a/ /age--,! pati5t falls d[n completely unconsci\s & )\t w>n+1 ! face is pale1 ! limbs become /iff & rigid1 & ! brea?+ ceases4 #bnd /age--,convulsive movem5ts take place1 ! tongue be+ (t5 bitt51 ! brea?+ becomes heavy & lab\r$1 & ! motions may be pass$ unconsci\sly4 #crd /age--,a confus$ m5tal condition1 sometimes acute mania1 usually sleepy = "s "t4 ,9 "s cases ! fit may only la/ a few m9utes4 ,!y almo/ always recur4 ,treatm5t4--,dur+ ! attack no?+ c be done beyond loos5+ all tight clo?+1 & g5tly prev5t+ ! suff]] f injur+ himself 9 8 /ruggles4 ,x is especially important to keep ! tee? ap>t ) a piece ( cork or rubb] to prev5t ! tongue f be+ bitt54 ,bromide ( potassium 7t5 to tw5ty gra9s7 may be giv5 ?ree times a day z a prev5tive4 ,fa9tness4 ,b5d+ ! head firmly d[n betwe5 ! knees is ! be/ & mo/ rapid way ( deal+ ) an attack4 ,ano!r me?od is to lay ! pati5t on a c\*1 loos5 any clo?+ :i* is r\nd ! neck1 ba! 8 face & arms ) cold wat]1 & fan him vigor\sly4 ,give ?ree gra9s ( c>bonate ( ammonia 9 an ounce ( wat]4 ,alcohol may be giv5 if ! pulse is v weak1 b sal volatile or c>bonate ( ammonia is m efficaci\s4 ,fil>iasis4 ,?is t]m connotes sev]al pa?og5ic conditions1 b ! mo/ important =m ( fil>iasis 9 man is t due to a small blood-worm :i* is convey$ by ! bite ( "o or o!r species ( mosquito4 ,! mo/ important symptom ( fil>iasis is ! condition kn[n z elephantiasis1 b ! pres5ce ( fil>ia 9 ! blood also causes a febrile /ate & v>i\s o!r symptoms :i* ne$ n be detail$4 ,prophylaxis4--,protect f ! bites ( mosquitoes1 especially ^? :i* bre$ 9 ! vic9ity ( human habitations4 ,! mo/ effective me?od ( do+ ?is is ! c>eful use ( a mosquito net4 ,gonorrha4 ,gonorrha1 or clap1 is an acute inflammation ( ! ure?ra or pipe1 att5d$ ) a dis*>ge ( m or less matt]4 ,x is ne>ly always due to direct contagion4 ,symptoms4--,at fir/ !re is "s it*+ ab\t ! end ( ! pipe1 :i* is foll[$ by a yell[i%-:ite dis*>ge4 ,?is la/s f ?ree to five days4 ,!n great pa9 is notic$ on pass+ wat]1 & ! dis*>ge becomes ?ick & yell[i%-gre5 9 col\r1 ) r$ness & swell+ ab\t ! lips ( ! op5+ ( ! pipe4 ,aft] a "t ! pa9 on mak+ wat] disappe>s1 & ! dis*>ge becomes ?9 & wat]y1 a condition kn[n z 8gleet40 ,treatm5t4--,=bid alcohol 9 any =m4 ,give l>ge quantities ( liquid--wat]1 weak tea1 or milk--to ?or\ghly flu% ! sy/em4 ,light diet & z complete re/ z possible4 ,keep b[els well op5 ) sal9e & o!r purges4 ,give s&al-wood oil or copaiba1 tw5ty drops ?ree times a day1 & urotrop91 t5 gra9s twice a day4 ,if !re is mu* pa9 9 ! acute /age1 a mixture conta9+ fifte5 gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda1 & five drops ( *lorodyne or laudanum1 9 an ounce ( wat]1 may be giv5 twice a day4 ,except 9 v acute cases ! pipe %\ld be syr+$ out ) a v weak solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 or bett]1 a solution ( prot>gol 7qu>t] to two p] c5t472 lat] on1 a lotion conta9+ f\r gra9s ( sulphate ( z9c to "o ounce ( wat] may be us$ z an injection4 ,if ! gl&s 9 ! gro9 become t5d] & inflam$1 !y %\ld be pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod9e4 ,if1 9 spite ( ?is1 ! pa9 & swell+ increase1 !y %\ld be p\ltic$ frequ5tly1 & treat$ z ord9>y abscesses4 ,hay ,fev]4 ,?is is a v sev]e cat>rh :i* attacks c]ta9 individuals ye>ly1 :5 grasses & o!r plants are fl[]+4 ,x is mo/ probably due to ! irritation ( ! nose by poll5 gra9s 9 ! air4 ,treatm5t4--,exposure to ! irritat+ sub/ances :i* are kn[n to provoke an attack %\ld be avoid$4 ,! nose may be syr+$ out ) a lotion conta9+ boric acid & bic>bonate ( soda 7five gra9s ( ea* 9 f\r ounces ( wat]71 or "o conta9+ bic>bonate ( soda & salt 7five gra9s ( ea* 9 f\r ounces ( wat]71 to :i* has be5 add$ two to f\r drops ( c>bolic acid4 ,! int]ior ( ! no/rils may be ano9t$ ) vasel9e4 ,m5?ol snuff is ( great value4 ,a sub/ance call$ 8,pollant90 has a specific action 9 _m cases1 b x %\ld be employ$ only "u m$ical sup]vision4 ,influ5za4 ,influ5za has be5 introduc$ into _m tropical c\ntries1 9 :i* x has spread rapidly & caus$ 9 _m in/ances a v heavy mortality4 ,! actual cause ( ! disease is /ill a matt] ( dispute1 b !re c be no d\bt t x is *iefly spread by p]sonal contact4 ,symptoms4--,:at may be call$ ! respiratory type is pretty well kn[n to ev]yone1 b x %\ld n be =gott5 t sometimes ! ma9 /ress ( ! disease falls ei!r on ! alim5t>y or ! n]v\s sy/em1 :ile !re is also a type ( :at is kn[n z febrile influ5za 9 :i* ! heat-regulat+ c5tre is greatly upset4 ,9 ?is latt] =m ! temp]ature may be int]mitt5t & x is !n apt to be mi/ak5 = mal>ia4 ,! respiratory type is ! mo/ important4 ,its incubation p]iod is %ort1 "o or two days4 ,! onset is sudd5 & is *>act]iz$ by %iv]+1 pa9s 9 ! back & limbs1 sev]e heada*e & a feel+ ( malaise4 ,! pati5t may be giddy & sudd5ly collapse1 8 ?roat is (t5 dry & sore & he has an irritat+ c\gh4 ,8 temp]ature rises & runs up to #ajb to #ajd ,f4 ,8 face becomes flu%$1 8 eyes r$d5$ & 8 tongue is furr$4 ,con/ipation is common4 ,uncomplicat$ influ5za1 if promptly att5d$ to1 is n a v s]i\s disease1 & improvem5t usually sets 9 ab\t ! ?ird day4 ,! mo/ s]i\s complication ( influ5za is bron*ial pneumonia1 & 9 "s =ms ( ! disease ! he>t is v apt to be affect$4 ,prophylaxis4--,isolation ( cases2 free v5tilation2 treat pati5ts z mu* z possible 9 ! op5 air4 ,nurses & ^? att5d+ ! sick %\ld be c>eful ab\t contract+ infection f ! pati5t's invisible m\? spray4 ,inde$ 9 "s epidemics ! use ( face masks has be5 recomm5d$4 ,treatm5t4--,re/ 9 b$ z soon z possible2 free purgation at ! outset2 an e>ly dose ( tw5ty to ?irty drops ( laudanum 7,t9ct4 opii7 is (t5 v b5eficial b ! drug mu/ be adm9i/]$ ) c>e4 ,aspir9 9 t5-gra9 doses ?rice daily frequ5tly relieves ! m urg5t symptoms4 ,9 cases :]e !re is vomit+ & collapse ) high temp]ature a dose ( fifte5 gra9s ( aspir9 ) half to "o ounce ( br&y & ?ree dra*ms ( liquor ammon4 acetat4 may act l a *>m4 ,accord+ to our pres5t k1 h[ev]1 x w\ld seem t drugs are ( little use 9 influ5za1 & t ! important ?+ is to ensure good nurs+ & to keep up ! pati5t's /r5g?4 ,qu99e 9 eff]vesc+ =m is v useful = convalesc5t cases4 ,insect ,pe/s4 7,see also ,myiasis & ,sk9 ,diseases47 ,^! are be/ divid$ into ! ,w+$ & ,w+less =ms4 ,( ! w+$ pe/s ,mosquitoes are und\bt$ly ! mo/ important 9 ! tropics1 z !y are kn[n to transmit su* diseases z mal>ia1 yell[ fev]1 d5gue fev] & fil>iasis4 ,! anophel9e mosquitoes are ^? responsible = transmitt+ mal>ia1 & !y c easily be recogniz$ by ! facts t _! w+s are usually spott$ & t !y appe> z x 7 to /& on _! heads :5 re/+ on any flat surface4 ,! culic9e mosquitoes1 :i* include ,/egomyia fasciata1 ! c>ri] ( yell[ fev]1 d n z a rule h spott$ w+s & !y re/ p>allel to ! surface on :i* !y alight4 ,!re are also m>k$ diff]5ces 9 ! wat] /ages ( ^! insects :i* _c1 h[ev]1 be "h consid]$4 ,! be/ way ( protect+ oneself aga9/ mosquitoes is ! prop] use ( an effective mosquito net1 ! me% ( :i* %\ld conta9 at lea/ sixte5 holes to ! l9e> in*4 ,mosquito boots or busk9s are also useful1 & 9 c]ta9 places hoods = ! face & neck1 su* z ! 8,mosqu9ette0 v>iety1 w be f\nd ( value4 ,repell5t sub/ances appli$ to ! sk9 may also be employ$4 ,cassia oil1 ) br[n oil ( camphor 9 vasel9e1 is useful4 ,v]mijelli1 conta9+ a little citronella oil1 is fairly effective b is n s pleasant to use4 ,! irritat+ effect ( mosquito bites may be dim9i%$ by ! application ( t9cture ( iod9e4 ,! same measures are effective 9 ! case ( "s ( ! bit+ midges4 ,! insects g5]ally kn[n z ,s&-flies are really owl midges or mo? flies1 t9y & hairy insects :i* h be5 prov$ to transmit s&-fly fev] 7see page #bba74 ,^! flies bre$ 9 damp places :]e !re is rott+ vegetation1 d>k & damp cell>s1 cracks & fissures 9 ! soil1 tunnels1 etc41 & !y are (t5 v tr\blesome4 ,! repell5ts m5tion$ above may be us$ to drive !m away1 z may eucalyptus oil1 camphor & tobacco smoke4 ,! ord9>y mosquito net is useless aga9/ _! attacks1 & "o conta9+ tw5ty-two holes to ! l9e> in* is requir$4 ,buffalo gnats1 :i* are (t5 call$ s&-flies1 are insects :i* bre$ 9 runn+ wat] & among/ cat>acts & rapids4 ,!y are =midable bit]s al?\gh !y are n kn[n to cause any disease4 ,! same protective measures are indicat$ 9 _! case z 9 t ( owl midges4 ,h\se ,flies4--,!re are sev]al species ( ^!4 ,!y are def9itely kn[n to di/ribute c]ta9 h>mful bact]ia & protozoa & to contam9ate food by c>ry+ ! organisms on _! bodies1 w+s & legs1 or deposit+ !m by regurgitation or 9 _! dropp+s4 ,h5ce x is v important to protect all food & dr9k f flies & to de/roy ^! insects :]ev] possible4 ,! subject ( _! de/ruction is too l>ge a "q to be dealt ) "h1 s all t ne$ be said is t ! travell] %\ld provide himself ) wire me% fly cov]s to scre5 food & also ) pieces ( me% or calico weight$ ) beads1 :i* c be utiliz$ = cov]+ vessels conta9+ milk or o!r liquids4 ,x is wor? not+ t ord9>y fi% nett+ hung ov] a t5t door or us$ to scre5 ! w9d[s or doors ( a h\se w effectively exclude flies1 despite its l>ge me%4 ,tsetse ,flies4--,^! are consid]$ "u ,sleep+ ,sickness 7see page #bcd74 ,! ,congo ,floor-maggot ,fly4--,x is ! maggot or l>va ( ?is fly :i* is important1 z 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa x infe/s ! floors ( native huts & x is a blood-suck] fe$+ at night4 ,s f> z is kn[n x does n convey any disease b x is an unpleasant visitor1 & if its numb]s are great !y may extract comp>atively l>ge quantities ( blood f _! unconsci\s victims4 ,prophylaxis4--,g5]al cleanl9ess & en=cem5t ( sanit>y measures1 ! use ( high b$s1 ! scrut9y ( sleep+ mats & blankets 9 :i* eggs or l>v may be conceal$4 ,infect$ huts c be r5d]$ habitable by fir+ ! gr\nd or by remov+ ! surface soil1 :i* c !n be dis9fect$4 ,w+less ,pe/s4--,lice4--,^! are kn[n to transmit typhus fev]4 ,fur!r1 !y (t5 cause great cutane\s irritation & are loa?some companions4 ,x is no easy matt] to get rid ( lice :5 infection is on a l>ge scale1 b v (t5 ?is is n ! case & x is possible to detect _! pres5ce only by c>eful exam9ation4 ,!re is no real diff]5ce betwe5 head lice & body lice2 !y are simply v>ieties ( ! same insect4 ,! pres5ce ( head lice may be recogniz$ by ! discov]y ( _! eggs1 :i* are kn[n z nits & are m9ute1 yell[i%-:ite1 goblet-%ap$ bodies ab\t ! size ( a full-/op on ?is page4 ,exam9ation = head lice is mu* facilitat$ by ! use ( a f9e too? comb4 ,p]sons suspect$ ( h>b\r+ body lice %\ld be exam9$ fir/ = ! actual bites ( ! insect on ! sk94 ,_! clo!s1 & especially _! "u-g>m5ts1 %\ld !n be c>efully exam9$1 att5tion be+ m p>ticul>ly direct$ to ! seams & folds :]e ! eggs1 if pres5t1 are mo/ likely to be f\nd4 ,! be/ prev5tive measure aga9/ lice is /rict p]sonal cleanl9ess4 ,clo!s %\ld be frequ5tly *ang$1 & z frequ5tly wa%$4 ,! hair %\ld be kept cropp$ %ort1 especially at ! sides & back ( ! head1 & 9 ! tropics x is v advisable to %ave all hairy p>ts ( ! body4 ,space does n p]mit a full acc\nt ( h[ to deal ) v]m9\s p]sons & v]m9\s clo?+1 b x may be said t ! only reliable me?ods ( de/roy+ lice are by hot air1 /eam1 boil+ wat]1 or hydrocyanic acid gas4 ,at ! same "t x %\ld be not$ t ! heads ( ^? infe/$ ) head lice %\ld be ?or\ghly comb$ & treat$ ) p>aff91 petrol1 or :ite precipitate o9tm5t1 & !n well wa%$ ) c>bolic soap4 ,! nits may be loos5$ by treatm5t ) w>m v9eg> or acetic acid4 ,9 ! case ( body lice possibly ! mo/ satisfactory grease = application to ! und]clo?+ is "o compos$ ( crude un:izz$ naph?al5e f ! coke ov51 f\r p>ts1 & s(t soap1 "o "p4 ,x is important t ! prop] type ( naph?al5e be us$4 ,a useful palliative me?od is ! iron+ ( clo?+1 especially along ! seams1 ) heavy hot irons4 ,fleas4--,bubonic plague is kn[n to be transmitt$ by fleas1 & x is possible t !y play a "p 9 ! transmission ( t =m ( lei%maniasis :i* is kn[n z kala-az> 7see p4 #bjb74 ,fleas dislike p[d]$ naph?al5e & pyre?rum p[d]1 & ei!r ( ^! may be appli$ to ! clo!s to w>d !m (f4 ,a note on ! tr\blesome ,*igg] flea or ,jigg] w be f\nd "u 8,sk9 ,diseases0 7see p4 #bbh74 ,b$-,bugs4--,! travell] sleep+ 9 hotels or inns abroad is v apt to be attack$ by b$-bugs1 :i* h>b\r 9 wood5 b$s & b$d+1 crevices 9 walls1 floors & ceil+s1 & o!r places :i* are d>k & %elt]$4 ,=tunately1 s f> z is kn[n1 ! b$-bug does n c>ry any disease1 b its bites are annoy+1 & its pres5ce is a sign ( insanit>y conditions4 ,x is difficult to protect oneself aga9/ b$-bugs )\t in/itut+ a campaign aga9/ _! hid+-places & bre$+-places1 b a sk9 o9tm5t l v]mijelli is useful1 & p[d]$ naph?al5e or ,keat+'s p[d] may det] ! insects to "s ext5t4 ,note4--,keat+'s p[d]1 :i* conta9s pyre?rum1 is sl[ 9 its effects1 & !re=e1 if possible1 %\ld be %ak5 ov] ! sleep+ bag or blankets "s h\rs be=e b$time4 ,if n1 ! pe/s w /ruggle ?r\gh x & f9d r5ew$ vig\r on ! sleep]4 ,x is be/ 9 v bad qu>t]s to rub ! p[d] on ! sk9 z well z to du/ x ov] ! b$4 ,x w n kill a full-gr[n bug "u an h\r1 b x is extraord9>ily effective ) fleas4 ,x is important to obta9 a good pyre?rum p[d]1 z su* prep>ations are frequ5tly adult]at$4 ,! ,it* ,insect is ! cause ( ! sk9 disease kn[n z scabies4 ,x is a mite1 ! female ( :i* burr[s "u ! sk9 to lay h] eggs4 ,! fav\rite site = h] op]ations is betwe5 ! f+]s1 b o!r p>ts ( ! body may be affect$1 & ! ra% produc$ may assume v>i\s =ms1 s t x is well 9 ! case ( any sk9 eruption 9 ! tropics to rememb] ! possibility ( scabies4 ,treatm5t4--,its effective treatm5t is by no means easy1 & w\ld take mu* too long to detail "h4 ,all t c be said is t ! sk9 %\ld be wa%$ well ) soap & hot wat]1 & t !reaft] a lib]al quantity ( sulphur o9tm5t %\ld be ?or\ghly rubb$ into ! sk9 twice daily = ?ree days4 ,on ! f\r? day rec\rse %\ld be _h aga9 to soap & hot wat]1 if possible 9 ! =m ( a hot ba?4 ,mean:ile1 clo?+ & b$d+ %\ld be boil$ or de/roy$4 ,ticks4--,! mo/ important tick f ! travell]'s po9t ( view1 at lea/1 9 ,africa1 is ! species responsible = ! transmission ( tick fev] 7see p4 #bdb74 ,x w\ld seem t ! f[l tick may occasionally attack man1 & "s believe t x may spread ! infection ( c]ta9 k9ds ( relaps+ fev] 7see p4 #bah74 ,! l>val /ages ( c]ta9 ticks are (t5 v tr\blesome 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 ow+ to _! habit ( burr[+ into ! sk9 ( p]sons com+ into contact ) !m4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 a l>val tick is f\nd half buri$ 9 ! sk91 =ce %\ld n be us$ 9 an attempt to remove x1 because ei!r ! surr\nd+ sk9 is unnecess>ily damag$ or1 z is mo/ probable1 ! head ( ! tick is ruptur$1 its ro/rum or beak rema9+ buri$ 9 ! sk94 ,! result is sev]e irritation :i* may lead to septic infection4 ,! be/ way1 !re=e1 ( deal+ ) a tick l>va lodg$ 9 ! sk9 is to dip a small camel's hair bru% 9 turp5t9e1 b5z5e1 petrol or p>aff91 & apply x betwe5 ! sk9 & ! "u surface ( ! tick4 ,9 a %ort "t ! tick w let g its hold & may be swept f ! sk9 ) ! bru%4 ,vasel9e is also effective if sme>$ ov] ! tick4 ,to remove a ro/rum :i* rema9s 9 ! sk9 aft] a tick has be5 =cibly eject$1 coca9e %\ld be appli$ to ! spot1 & ! ro/rum extract$ ) ne$le =ceps1 iod9e be+ !reaft] appli$4 ,a special =m ( tick-case devis$ = deal+ ) ?is condition is ^u ! m>ket1 & is a useful addition to ! travell]'s outfit4 ,ants4--,^! are (t5 v tr\blesome ow+ to _! depr$ations on food/uffs1 & x mu/ be rememb]$ t exp]im5tally ants h be5 %[n capable ( c>ry+ ! organisms ( typhoid fev] & *ol]a1 ?\gh "u ord9>y conditions !y are n likely to be v dang]\s 9 ?is respect4 ,"s =m ( pyre?rum p[d]1 su* z ,keat+'s1 w be f\nd useful 9 *eck+ ! depr$ations ( ants1 or !y c be prev5t$ f gett+ at food on tables by ty+ p>aff9-soak$ rags r\nd ! legs ( ! latt]4 ,p[d]$ borax or p>aff9 are useful 9 deal+ ) s-call$ 8ant-r\tes0 into t5ts or h\ses4 ,iritis1 or ,inflammation ( ! ,eyeball ,itself4 ,symptoms4--,9 ?is !re is pa91 ! vision is dimm$1 & ! transp>5t "p ( ! eye is f\nd to be cl\dy4 ,skill$ assi/ance is necess>y4 ,treatm5t4--,apply hot fom5tations & boric acid lotion2 lee*es or a bli/] to ! temples are ( s]vice1 & ! pupil1 :i* is contract$1 %\ld be dilat$ by dropp+ two or ?ree drops ( a "o p] c5t4 solution ( atrop9e on to ! eye twice a day or (t5] till x is well dilat$2 only en\gh drops %\ld be appli$ aft]w>ds to prev5t ! pupil f contract+4 ,d>k glasses may be worn ) advantage4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept well op51 & "o gra9 ( calomel may be giv5 ?ree times a day = a week1 or long] if x does n cause a copp]y ta/e 9 ! m\?1 ) t5d]ness ( ! gums & excessive fl[ ( ! saliva4 ,z ! inflammation subsides a %ade may be adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,night bl9dness & sn[ bl9dness are due to exposure to ! gl>e ei!r ( ! sun or ( ! sn[4 ,to avoid ^! compla9ts t9t$ glasses %\ld be worn4 ,travell]s 9 sn[y regions %\ld be provid$ ) smok$ glasses2 if ^! get brok5 or lo/1 "s opaque sub/ance may be sme>$ ov] ! surface ( an ord9>y pair1 leav+ a n>r[ horizontal slit ( cle> glass--9 ! ,esquimaux fa%ion1 z %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,on sn[ x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! p]=at$ wire gauze sides are ess5tial = protection f ! reflect$ rays ( ! sun4 ,ela/ic may be sub/itut$ ) advantage = ! ord9>y metallic atta*m5ts1 betwe5 ! glasses z well z ar\nd ! head4 ,jaundice4 ,jaundice1 :i* is a condition 9 :i* ! sk9 & muc\s membranes assume a yell[ col\r1 may be due to v>i\s causes4 ,"o ( ! commone/ =ms is t kn[n z cat>rhal jaundice1 :i* is induc$ by *ill1 exposure1 dietetic di/urbances1 etc4 ,x %\ld be treat$ by calomel & sal9es4 ,viol5t purges are to be avoid$4 ,bismu? & bic>bonate ( soda %\ld be giv51 & ! diet %\ld be regulat$ & %\ld consi/ ( simple & bl& articles ( food1 free1 z f> z possible1 f fats4 ,!re is a =m ( jaundice associat$ ) infective conditions1 su* z ! ent]ic fev]s1 dys5t]y1 mal>ia1 relaps+ fev] & yell[ fev]4 ,9 ^! cases ! jaundice is to be treat$ l ! cat>rhal =m1 & ! accompany+ condition requires att5tion4 ,9 addition to ! above !re is a camp or infecti\s jaundice1 ! nature ( :i* is some:at obscure1 b :i* is associat$ ) a consid]able degree ( illness4 ,symptoms4--,! condition commonly beg9s ) %iv]+1 a rise ( temp]ature1 heada*e1 gidd9ess1 g5]al malaise1 sleeplessness1 loss ( appetite1 nausea1 & x may be vomit+4 ,! tongue is coat$1 & !re may be pa9s 9 ! back & legs4 ,! jaundice usually la/s f sev5 to n9e days1 & ab\t ! fif? day ! temp]ature falls1 ?\gh !re may be a second>y fev]4 ,prophylaxis4--,s f> z we "k at pres5t ?is is a "q ( en=c+ good sanit>y surr\nd+s1 & pay+ special att5tion to ! hygi5e ( food & dr9ks1 :i* %\ld be gu>d$ f ! access ( flies4 ,treatm5t4--,?is is entirely symptomatic & %\ld be t ( any ord9>y febrile attack1 toge!r ) ! measures employ$ 9 cat>rhal jaundice4 ,!re is a sev]e =m ( jaundice ( an infective nature :i* is associat$ ) ! pres5ce ( a p>asite 9 ! blood1 v l t ( yell[ fev]1 & :i* app>5tly is d]iv$ f infect$ rats4 ,?is =m ( jaundice is1 h[ev]1 n v common & ne$ n be fur!r consid]$1 especially z x requires skill$ m$ical att5dance4 ,l>yngitis1 or ,inflammation ( ! ,upp] ,"p ( ! ,w9dpipe4 ,! organ ( ! voice is call$ ! 8l>ynx40 ,:5 ! w9dpipe is affect$ x is some:at t5d] on pressure1 !re is ho>s5ess1 c\gh1 & pa9 9 swall[+4 ,treatm5t simil> to t = cold 9 ! head may be adopt$2 9 addition1 ! upp] "p ( ! front ( ! ?roat %\ld be kept well p\ltic$ = a day or two1 & !n wrapp$ up 9 cotton wool = "s days long]4 ,a piece ( mu/>d leaf cov]$ ) six lay]s ( a h&k]*ief & secur$ by a b&age1 c usually be borne = a consid]able "t1 & is (t5 m efficaci\s ?an ! p\ltice2 :5 ! sm>t+ is great ! mu/>d leaf %\ld be remov$ & ! t5d] "p sme>$ ) oil or vasel9e4 ,inhalations ( /eam are ( use 9 promot+ expectoration4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1 ?ree gra9s1 or bic>bonate ( pota%1 five gra9s1 ) half to two gra9s ( ipecacuanha1 w help to promote secretion f ! affect$ "p4 ,a teaspoonful ( ,fri>'s balsam 9 a p9t ( hot wat] makes a good inhalation4 ,lee*es4 ,p]sons travell+ 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 ! ,f> ,ea/ g5]ally1 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 are likely to make ! acqua9tance ( ! ,asiatic lee*1 :i* is a v tr\blesome & inde$ dang]\s species ( v]m94 ,x is v small1 only ab\t an in* long1 & ( ! ?ickness ( a knitt+-ne$le4 ,x is able to p5etrate ?r\gh ! int]/ices 9 clo?+1 & :5 9 va/ numb]s x is a foe difficult to combat4 ,! bites ( ^! lee*es are pa9less & mu* blood may be lo/ be=e _! pres5ce is discov]$4 ,x is v difficult to obta9 any k9d ( boot or puttee :i* w keep ^! creatures at bay1 & ! travell] 9 ^! c\ntries %\ld be provid$ ) a solution ( salt or weak acid :i*1 on application1 causes ! lee*es to loose _! hold4 ,x is a mi/ake to try & drag !m (f ! sk91 z p>ts ( _! bit+ app>atus are apt to be left beh9d & set up inflammation & suppuration4 ,t9cture ( iod9e %\ld be appli$ to ! site ( a lee* bite4 ,9 =e/ regions :]e ^! lee*es ab\nd protective measures mu/ be tak5 at night1 ! be/ be+ ! use ( a prop]ly adju/$ mosquito net ( v f9e me%4 ,! tropical wat] lee* is f\nd 9 ! ,azores1 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,africa1 ,pale/9e1 ,syria1 ,arm5ia & ,turke/an4 ,x may rea* a l5g? ( f\r in*es1 & if swall[$ ) dr9k+ wat] usually fa/5s on ! muc\s membrane ( ! m\? or ?roat4 ,z a prev5tive measure dr9k+ wat] %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh a piece ( musl9 or simil> =m ( sieve4 ,lei%maniasis4 ,?is condition is nam$ aft] ,sir ,william ,lei%man1 :o discov]$ ! p>asite produc+ x4 ,!re is a g5]al & febrile =m ( ! disease & also a =m attack+ ! sk9 & muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & nose1 :i* is consid]$ "u ,sk9 ,diseases4 ,! sy/emic =m ( ! disease is commonly kn[n z kala-az>1 :i* signifies 8black sickness40 ,x is common 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,india1 notably ,assam1 b is f\nd also ?r\gh\t ! ,f> ,ea/1 & x occurs 9 ,arabia1 9 ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean area4 ,a case has also be5 describ$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 9 p>ts ( :i* x is possibly m common ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,cause4--,! p>asite1 :i* lives 9 ! blood & tissues1 is kn[n1 b its exact me?od ( transmission to man is /ill 9 ! realm ( unc]ta9ty4 ,symptoms4--,! disease beg9s 9 an indef9ite mann] & !n assumes ! =m ( a cont9u$ fev]1 associat$ ) enl>gem5t ( ! sple5 & liv] & progressive emaciation4 ,ble$+ f ! nose is n uncommon1 & 9 ,europeans ! peculi> e>?y-grey col\r ( ! sk9 is v /rik+4 ,! disease la/s = mon?s & ev5 ye>s & is v frequ5tly fatal4 ,prophylaxis4--,z we d n "k h[ ! disease is spread x is n easy to recomm5d prev5tive measures1 & all t c be said is t e c>e %\ld be tak5 to isolate ! sick1 to live "u heal?y conditions & to avoid contact ) v]m9 ( all k9ds4 ,z dogs may possibly be c>ri]s ( ! disease !y %\ld be de/roy$ if prov$ infect$4 ,treatm5t4--,antimony is ! be/ & inde$ ! sole rem$y1 b x c be giv5 only by a m$ical man1 s t no?+ fur!r ne$ be said "h reg>d+ x4 ,liv]1 ,conge/ion (3-- ,! ,liv]1 :i* is ma9ly on ! "r side1 lies bel[ ! "r lung1 & is protect$ by ! l[] ribs4 ,9 heal? x ext5ds v]tically f "o-&-a-half in*es bel[ ! "r nipple to ! l[] edge ( ! ribs2 9 c]ta9 diseases x is enl>g$1 & its edge c be felt well bel[ ! ribs4 ,conge/ion ( ! liv] is frequ5t 9 ! tropics1 & is (t5 due to mal>ia or dys5t]y4 ,v frequ5tly x is caus$ by abuse ( alcohol1 ov]-indulg5ce 9 food1 & ! excessive use ( hot condim5ts1 or by con/ipation & want ( ex]cise4 ,9 ! tropics ! liv] is m easily affect$ by excesses ?an 9 temp]ate climates4 ,symptoms4--,a furr$ tongue1 sall[ness ( ! face1 heada*e1 lassitude1 dis9cl9ation = "w1 loss ( appetite1 t5d5cy to vomit1 occasional slight jaundice1 & a s5se ( oppression ab\t ! region ( ! liv]4 ,treatm5t4--,light diet1 ab/95ce f alcohol & spices1 & ! use ( calomel or o!r ap]i5t w usually effect a cure4 ,ammonium *loride1 five to t5 gra9s1 ?ree times a day1 %\ld be giv54 ,liv]1 ,acute ,inflammation (3-- ,9 ?is compla9t !re is sev]e pa91 "s fev]1 & frequ5tly jaundice4 ,! compla9t is s]i\s1 z abscess ( ! liv] frequ5tly foll[s x1 at lea/ if x is due to ambic dys5t]y4 ,treatm5t4--,! pati5t %\ld be put to b$1 hot fom5tations appli$ to ! seat ( pa91 & ! b[els well reliev$4 ,emet9e %\ld be at once adm9i/]$ z = dys5t]y1 or t5 gra9s ( ipecacuanha %\ld be giv5 ?ree times a day4 ,ammonium *loride 9 full doses 7tw5ty gra9s ?ree times a day7 (t5 does good1 & c be reta9$ :5 ipecacuanha _c1 b x is unpleasant to take1 s ! dose %\ld be giv5 9 "o or two ounces ( wat]4 ,! wise/ c\rse = "o :o has _h a sev]e inflammation ( ! liv] is to get away to a heal?y climate4 ,liv] ,abscess4 ,x is extremely difficult = ! travell] to decide if abscess ( ! liv] is pres5t2 x may be suspect$ if a pati5t1 convalesc5t f dys5t]y1 /ill rema9s feeble & ill1 or if he has an irregul> temp]ature1 a muddy complexion1 night sweats1 wa/+1 & pa9 or uneas9ess 9 ! "r %\ld]4 ,sometimes a def9ite swell+ c be made out4 ,a dry c\gh is n uncommon4 ,treatm5t4--,emet9e is ! specific treatm5t = ! prev5tion ( liv] abscess1 & x w\ld seem 9 "s cases actually able to br+ ab\t a cure ev5 :5 ! abscess has =m$4 ,x %\ld be giv5 z = ambic dys5t]y 7p4 #ahg71 & x is ess5tial t a pati5t ) liv] abscess %\ld z soon z possible come "u m$ical control1 z x may be necess>y to give emet9e by ! ne$le subcutane\sly or ev5 to inject x into ! abscess cavity4 ,ammonium *loride may be giv52 ! pati5t's /r5g? mu/ be support$1 & he %\ld be z quickly z possible plac$ "u ! c>e ( a surgeon1 :o w probably decide to op]ate4 ,if ?is _c be done1 !n ! pati5t %\ld n be int]f]$ ) surgically1 = he w h a bett] *ance ( recov]y if ! abscess is all[$ to bur/ naturally ?an he w\ld if ! travell] attempt$ to op]ate4 ,mal>ia4 ,( all diseases 9 ! tropics mal>ia is ! "o :i* is mo/ likely to tr\ble ! travell]4 ,h5ce x is ess5tial t he %\ld be well po/$ reg>d+ x4 ,9 addition to ! books :i* h already be5 indicat$ he w f9d ! rec5tly publi%$ #8,mal>ia at ,home & ,abroad1' by ,colonel ,s4 ,p4 ,james1 a "w ( mu* value & int]e/4 ,x is true x is m especially int5d$ = ! m$ical man1 b any intellig5t layman c /udy x ) int]e/ & pr(it1 & ! *apt]s deal+ ) prophylaxis & treatm5t are specially valuable & well up to date4 ,"h x is possible to give only a m]e outl9e ( ! *ief facts conc]n+ ! disease4 #a4 ,mal>ial fev] is caus$ by a small animal p>asite :i* lives *iefly 9 ! blood ( pati5ts attack$ by x4 #b4 ,"u ord9>y conditions 9 nature x c be convey$ only f "o p]son to ano!r by ! bite ( a mosquito :i* has previ\sly suck$ ! blood ( an infect$ p]son4 #c4 ,! p>asite und]goes a s]ies ( *anges 9 ! mosquito's body & ev5tually f9ds its way to ! saliv>y gl&s ( ! insect :5ce x is inject$ ?r\gh ! mosquito's proboscis into ano!r victim4 #d4 ,!re are only c]ta9 species ( mosquitoes1 belong+ to ! family ,anophel9 7f a ,greek ^w signify+ 8h>mful071 :i* c c>ry mal>ia1 & x is only ! females ( ^! species :i* are affect$ z ! males are n blood-suck]s4 ,anophel9e mosquitoes bre$ 9 %all[ puddles & 9 almo/ all collections ( /agnant or g5tly fl[+ wat]4 ,x is !re=e v dang]\s to pit* camps close to /agnant pools1 sluggi% re$-gr[n /reams or m>%y places4 #e4 ,9 ! tropics "o ( ! *ief res]voirs ( infection is ! native1 & m especially ! native *ild1 :o frequ5tly h>b\rs ! mal>ial p>asite 9 ! =m :i* is adapt$ = life & reproduction 9 ! mosquito & h5ce is a di/9ct s\rce ( dang]4 ,x is !re=e inadvisable to camp 9 ! vic9ity ( native villages or to sp5d a night 9 ! neighb\rhood ( native habitations unless effici5tly protect$ f ! bites ( mosquitoes4 ,symptoms4--,mal>ial fev] pres5ts itself "u two *ief =ms1 ?\gh x %\ld be not$ t mal>ia is "o ( ! mo/ protean ( all diseases & may simulate any malady4 7#a7 ,int]mitt5t fev]4 ,9 ?is disease ! temp]ature may rise high1 b returns ea* day to normal or l[]2 h5ce !re is1 aft] ea* attack1 a p]iod ( complete fre$om f fev]4 ,an int]mitt5t fev] or ague is usually less s]i\s ?an a remitt5t fev]1 b x is h>d] to cure 9 ! long run4 7#b7 ,remitt5t fev]4 ,9 ?is ! temp]ature1 ?\gh x v>ies1 keeps con/antly above ! normal1 & ! high] ! fev]1 & ! slight] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! extremes ( temp]ature1 ! m s]i\s is ! condition ( ! pati5t4 ,:]e ! temp]ature is remitt5t1 & appe>s to be unaffect$ by qu99e1 ! disease is probably n mal>ial1 b may be a case ( ent]ic fev]1 & %\ld be treat$ z advis$ bel[ "u t head+4 ,! attack may be sudd51 b x is usually prec$$ by a feel+ ( languor1 yawn+1 & g5]al discom=t2 ?is is foll[$ by ! cold /age1 :i*1 9 ! tropics1 is usually %ort1 & 9 ! m ord9>y attacks is u%]$ 9 by a viol5t %iv]+ fit or rigor1 ?\gh ?is is n common 9 ,c5tral ,africa4 ,! s5sation ( cold is entirely subjective1 = ?\gh ! pati5t feels *illy & piles clo!s ^u himself 8 temp]ature w be f\nd elevat$4 ,at ?is p]iod viol5t vomit+ is n infrequ5t4 ,!n comes ! hot /age1 (t5 ( long duration1 foll[$ by ! sweat+ /age1 dur+ :i* ! p]spiration p\rs f ! pati5t & soaks ev]y?+ on & ab\t him4 ,aft] ?is !re is a p]iod ( remission1 or int]mission ( ! fev]i% symptoms ) correspond+ relief to ! pati5t4 ,usually1 aft] "s h\rs1 ! attack comes on aga91 beg9n+ ) ! cold /age1 b if ! fev] is treat$ v e>ly1 ! disease may n[ pass (f4 ,! :ole attack la/s z a rule f six to t5 h\rs1 say "o h\r = ! cold /age1 ?ree or f\r = ! hot p]iod1 & two to f\r = t ( def]vesc5ce4 ,!re is sometimes a feel+ ( pa9 & discom=t 9 ! "r side ow+ to ! conge/ion ( ! sple51 :i* enl>ges dur+ ! rigor4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct species ( mal>ial p>asite1 & ea* causes a diff]5t type ( fev]4 ,accord+ to ! type ) :i* ! pati5t has become infect$1 ! fev] recurs aft] "o1 two1 or ?ree days4 ,at ! same "t all k9ds ( febrile irregul>ities are met )1 s t x is (t5 impossible to diagnose ! disease 9 ! abs5ce ( blood exam9ation = ! detection ( ! p>asite4 ,anmia is a con/ant feature ( ! mal>ial attack1 z is b natural1 consid]+ ! great de/ruction ( r$ blood cells br\ght ab\t by ! p>asites :i* h infect$ !m4 ,prophylaxis4--,only ^? prev5tive measures :i* c be put into op]ation by ! individual w be "h consid]$4 ,?is may be call$ p]sonal prophylaxis4 ,by f> ! mo/ important means ( avoid+ mal>ia is ! prop] use ( an effici5t mosquito net4 ,! oblong type is be/1 & x %\ld conta9 sixte5 me%es to ! l9e> in*4 ,r\nd ! foot ( x %\ld be sewn a /\t lay] ( calico #b feet 9 dep?4 ,?is w p]mit ( a foot ( ! mat]ial be+ tuck$ "u ! mattress :ile ! upp] foot rema9s 9 ! =m ( a belt or zone r\nd ! b$4 ,x is necess>y1 because 9 its abs5ce ! sleep] is v liable to be bitt5 ?r\gh ! mosquito-net me%1 ) :i* 8 arms or legs are apt to come 9 contact4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! net is kept 9 good repair--a mo/ important matt]--& 9 v mal>i\s c\ntries x is advisable to provide e memb] ( an exp$ition1 native or o!rwise1 ) a good mosquito net4 ,9 :at may be call$ ! dry tropics1 ! top ( ! net may be ( me%2 9 ! moi/ tropics1 x is be/ made ( calico 9 ord] to keep (f ! heavy dews4 ,! travell] (t5 sleeps out on ! deck ( riv] /eam]s1 & !n x is c]ta9ly advantage\s to h ! ro( ( ! net compos$ ( /\t calico1 z sp>ks f ! funnel are v apt to alight ^u x1 & naturally holes w be burnt mu* m readily 9 me% ?an 9 ?ick cotton4 ,x is fooli% to sleep ev5 = "o night 9 a mal>i\s locality unprotect$ by a net4 ,! net is = use dur+ ! p]iod ( sleep1 b "o is v apt to be bitt5 by infect$ mosquitoes j aft] sunset1 & h5ce x is well to make use ( "s =m ( mosquito canopy4 ,a good type is ! s-call$ mosquito umbrella t5t4 ,su* a canopy may be arrang$ s t ! ev5+ meal c be tak5 9 x4 ,"o s]vant w be inside ! canopy & receive ! di%es ?r\gh a gu>d$ op5+ f ! att5dant outside4 ,o!r me?ods ( protection exi/ 9 ! %ape ( mosquito boots or busk9s4 ,! be/ type ( mosquito boot is ! =m :i* rea*es "r up ! ?igh4 ,!y may be made ( untann$ lea!r or ( /\t khaki clo?4 ,all mosquito boots & busk9s %\ld be provid$ ) soles to protect ! feet f wet & damp4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( boots x is well to "k t a mosquito w n bite ?r\gh two pairs ( /ock+s1 "o sup]-impos$ ov] ! o!r4 ,?is is a way 9 :i* wom5 c protect _! legs & ankles1 or !y c employ ! busk91 legg+s1 gait]s1 or puttees4 ,mosquito veils h be5 m5tion$1 ! be/ type be+ ! 8,mosqu9ette0 hood4 ,mosquitoes are apt to bite ?r\gh *airs ) cane seats or ) p]=at$ seats1 & ^! %\ld be gu>d$ by a lay] ( br[n pap]1 newspap]1 or a cu%ion4 ,repell5t sub/ances may be us$1 sme>$ on ! sk94 ,!y conta9 ess5tial oils1 su* z oil ( cassia or eucalyptus oil4 ,^! repell5ts are effective only = a %ort "t1 b less5 9 "s degree ! liability to infection4 ,! prophylactic use ( qu99e has rec5tly fall5 some:at into disrepute1 ow+ to its comp>ative failure 9 _m ( ! w> areas1 b !re c be no d\bt t "u conditions ( civil life x is a valuable auxili>y me?od1 if prop]ly employ$4 ,"o ( ! tr\bles ab\t x is t qu99e is rapidly excret$ f ! body1 & h5ce aft] a dose x rema9s 9 ! blood only a comp>atively %ort "t2 = example1 if ! dose be tak5 at #f p4m4 x is v d\btful if en\gh qu99e w be left 9 ! blood at #b o'clock 9 ! morn+ to kill any mal>ial spores :i* may be introduc$ into x by an infect$ mosquito4 ,! ideal me?od ( tak+ qu99e prophylactically w\ld be to take a dose ( #e or #f gra9s ) ! ev5+ meal %ortly be=e sunset4 ,?is w protect until x is "t to get "u ! mosquito net4 ,if = any reason x is impossible to employ ! latt]1 !n a second dose ( qu99e %\ld be tak5 at midnight4 ,?is is difficult to accompli%1 & h5ce some?+ may be ga9$ by tak+ a l>g] dose ( qu99e at night on ! *ance t "s ( x may rema9 9 ! blood = a long] p]iod ?an w\ld ! small] quantity4 ,z mu* z #aj gra9s may !re=e be tak5 "u ^! conditions4 ,"s p]sons1 h[ev]1 _c /& #aj gra9s ( qu99e daily = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,x is cle> f :at has be5 said t prophylactic qu99e %\ld nev] be tak5 9 ! morn+1 & also t x is m]ely an auxili>y me?od1 & does n d away ) ! necessity ( us+ ! mosquito net4 ,sug>-coat$ tablets %\ld be avoid$1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! products or tablets :i* may be us$ are readily soluble4 ,x is a good plan to crack ! products be=e swall[+ !m4 ,a good salt ( qu99e is ! bisulphate1 :i* is soluble & comp>atively *eap4 ,:5 ! drug is giv5 9 p[d]1 tablet1 or pill =m1 x %\ld be foll[$ by a w9e-glassful ( wat]1 & x is advisable to acidify ! latt] by a few drops ( hydro*loric acid4 ,!re is no d\bt t z a g5]al rule qu99e is be/ tak5 9 solution1 b 9 ! case ( p]sons travell+ ab\t ?is is n always easy to arrange1 & if ! above precautions be tak5 ! solid =m w g5]ally be f\nd effective4 ,x is bett] to take prophylactic qu99e 9 daily doses1 because if an int]val is all[$ to elapse betwe5 doses "o is apt to =get to take ! drug at ! prop] "t4 ,h5ce x is well to make x a k9d ( ritual to take ! qu99e along ) ! ev5+ meal1 = x is c]ta9ly an advantage to d s on a full /oma*4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t p]sons :o take _! qu99e regul>ly d n suff] f blackwat] fev]1 :ile ! irregul> tak+ ( qu99e c]ta9ly appe>s to fav\r ! occurr5ce ( ! latt]4 ,x is bett] n to take prophylactic qu99e at all ?an to take x 9 a haphaz>d & irregul> mann]4 ,treatm5t4--,! ?ree great pr9ciples ( treatm5t are3 7#a7 ,to op5 ! b[els2 7#b7 to produce p]spiration2 7#c7 to give qu99e4 ,! r\t9e to be adopt$ is z foll[s4 ,put ! pati5t to b$ 9 flannel pyjamas1 & cov]$ up well ) blankets2 9 all cases1 save :]e !re is di>rha1 give an ap]i5t1 su* z f\r gra9s ( calomel1 or two tabloids ( ,ca?>tic ,co1 or two ,liv+/one's ,r\s]s1 & if ?is does n act1 repeat ! dose 9 ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,if free evacuation is n produc$1 a w>m-wat] enema %\ld be giv54 ,a hot-wat] bottle 9 b$ is useful4 ,spong+ ) w>m wat] (t5 gives relief at ! beg9n+ ( a fev]1 & t5ds to %ort5 ! cold /age4 ,at ! same "t hot dr9ks %\ld be giv51 su* z weak tea1 9 ord] to promote p]spiration & cut %ort ! hot /age1 & at ?is /age1 i4e41 at ! outset ( ! fev]1 #aj gra9s ( ,antipyr91 or #aj gra9s ( ,ph5acet91 may be f\nd useful = induc+ p]spiration1 or f\r tablets ( ,w>burg's ,t9cture1 :i* conta9s "s qu99e1 may be sub/itut$ = !m4 ,antipyr9 & ,ph5acet9 %\ld n be giv5 except 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( ! fev]4 ,dur+ ! hot /age cold applications1 su* z clo?s wrung out ( cold or ic$ wat] & spr9kl$ ) eau de cologne1 v9eg> or _s may be appli$ to ! =ehead & beh9d ! e>s4 ,! b$-clo!s %\ld be light5$ & dr9k freely suppli$1 unless x seems to promote vomit+4 ,if ! temp]ature %[s signs ( gett+ above #aje ,f4 sponge ! pati5t ) w>m wat] or cradle ! b$-clo!s1 z x is call$--t is1 remove !m f contact ) ! body by "s simple means4 ,9 ! sweat+ /age /rip (f ! soak$ pyjamas & %eets & get ! pati5t into w>m1 well-air$ night-clo!s & b$-clo!s4 ,if !re is any t5d5cy to collapse a little /imulant may be giv5--say1 a dess]tspoonful ( br&y4 ,9 mo/ cases alcohol is bett] avoid$4 ,if vomit+ is bad )hold all food1 & give bits ( ice to suck if x c be obta9$4 ,:il/ ! above me?ods ( treatm5t are important1 x %\ld be cle>ly recognis$ t ! "o drug :i* c alone c\nt]act ! mal>ial affection is qu99e1 & x is ^u ! prop] adm9i/ration ( qu99e t successful treatm5t l>gely dep5ds4 ,?is prop] adm9i/ration necessitates at ! outset re/ 9 b$1 & x also necessitates a cont9uance ( ! drug = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t4 ,= ord9>y cases ! be/ way is to give qu99e by ! m\?1 & "h aga9 x is be/ giv5 9 solution1 ?\gh x c be adm9i/]$ 9 solid =m if ! precautions above indicat$ are duly obs]v$4 ,v>i\s doses h be5 advocat$1 b probably ! be/ quantity to adm9i/] is #cj gra9s e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is is usually giv5 9 ?ree doses ( #aj gra9s ea*1 b !re w\ld appe> to be an advantage 9 giv+ f\r doses in/ead ( ?ree1 & ,colonel ,james advocates ! foll[+ times = adm9i/ration1 i4e4 #ab midnight1 #f a4m41 #ab noon1 #f p4m4 ,he does s1 because su* a me?od ( adm9i/ration is likely to ensure t !re %all be a suffici5t conc5tration ( qu99e 9 ! blood at ! "t :5 ! y\nge/ =ms ( ! p>asite are pres5t4 ,! pati5t %\ld rema9 9 b$1 if possible1 = t5 days1 or1 if ?is is impossible1 = at lea/ half t p]iod2 & x is ess5tial t ! qu99e %\ld be giv5 z soon z possible1 & q irrespective ( ! /age ( ! attack or ! height ( ! fev]4 ,if its adm9i/ration is foll[$ by vomit+1 give a small teaspoonful ( bic>bonate ( soda 9 w>m wat]4 ,if ?is is reject$ repeat ! dose1 & !n give "s =m ( /oma* s$ative1 su* z bismu?1 & dilute hydrocyanic acid or #bj drops ( *lorodyne4 ,a mu/>d leaf appli$ to ! pit ( ! /oma* is (t5 helpful4 ,sometimes drop doses ( t9cture ( iod9e1 well dilut$1 w *eck ^! tr\blesome symptoms4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ?is #cj-;gra9 qu99e treatm5t %\ld be /eadily cont9u$ = at lea/ five days1 b 9 tr\blesome cases x may be necess>y to c>ry on ) x = z long z ?ree weeks4 ,!reaft] :at is call$ ! 8aft] treatm5t0 is begun & mu/ be cont9u$ = a p]iod ( ?ree mon?s1 9 ord] to ensure1 if possible1 an eradication ( ! infection4 ,!re are sev]al ways ( c>ry+ out ?is aft] treatm5t1 b "o ( ! simple/ & mo/ effective is to adm9i/] #aj gra9s ( qu99e e day1 ! dose be+ tak5 an h\r or two be=e ! "t at :i* ! fev] 0 apt to come on dur+ ! attack4 ,if1 despite qu99e treatm5t1 relapses occur1 ! pati5t mu/ g to b$ & be treat$ z = ! fir/ attack1 & ! aft] treatm5t mu/ aga9 be c>efully c>ri$ out4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions qu99e has to be inject$ by ! ne$le1 ei!r into ! muscles or into a ve92 b1 z a rule1 ?is %\ld n be done save by ! m$ical att5dant4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! drug may be giv5 by ! b[el1 9 :i* case twice ! quantity ( qu99e :i* w\ld be adm9i/]$ by ! m\? %\ld be giv54 ,x is only exceptionally t ?is proc$ure w h to be foll[$1 b x is sometimes useful 9 ! case ( *ildr54 ,! fe$+ ( ! mal>ia pati5t is important4 ,betwe5 ! attacks ( fev]1 or dur+ ! sweat+ /age1 he %\ld be giv5 food 9 fluid =m1 su* z *ick5 bro?1 eggs beat5 up ) milk1 rais9 tea1 etc42 & z soon z 8 /oma* w /& x1 ! diet %\ld be increas$4 ,tonics1 su* z iron & ars5ic1 are requir$ dur+ convalesc5ce4 ,9 cases :]e !re is acute mal>ial poison+1 ) temp]ature #ajf ,f41 or ev5 high]1 d n wait to undress ! pati5t or get a ba?2 b empty gallons ( wat] ov] him1 "o boy keep+ ! head con/antly s\s$2 :ile ?is is be+ done a ba? c be procur$ & ! pati5t !n undress$1 or1 bett] /ill1 h 8 clo!s cut (f1 because x is dang]\s to lift su* a pati5t ab\t too mu*4 ,rememb] t :5 a pati5t is v ill & weak1 he %\ld n be all[$ to /& or sit up sudd5ly1 z he may fa9t4 ,delirium ) high temp]ature1 say #ajf ,f4 or ov]1 is a c]ta9 sign t ! fev] is do+ h>m1 & mu/ be r$uc$4 ,! temp]ature & pulse %\ld be c>efully wat*$ :5 ! cold wat] treatm5t is employ$4 ,malta ,fev]4 7,see ,undulant ,fev]47 ,measles4 ,incubation p]iod1 t5 days4 ,ra% occurs on ! f\r? day4 ,ra%4--,p9k spots1 r\nd or irregul>1 slightly rais$ above ! surface1 t5d+ to run toge!r 9 pat*es ov] ! body1 leav+ ! unaffect$ sk9 betwe5 !m cle>4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages (t5 be/ m>k$ on ! face & beh9d ! e>s4 ,symptoms4--,fev]1 cat>rh1 conge/$ eyes1 runn+ f ! nose1 sickness & c\gh4 ,treatm5t4--,simil> to t ( sc>let fev] 7see p4 #bbb74 ,x is v important to gu>d aga9/ *ill2 to ensure pl5ty ( fre% air4 ,complications4--,measles may be foll[$ by pneumonia4 ,mumps4 ,?is is an infecti\s disease1 *>act]is$ by swell+ ( ! saliv>y gl&s4 ,its *ief importance to ! travell] is t if once x makes its appe>ance x may spread rapidly ?r\gh 8 native att5dants1 & t x is apt to be foll[$ by inflammation ( ! te/icle4 ,symptoms4--,! invasion is accompani$ by fev]1 :i* is usually slight1 b is sometimes sev]e4 ,!re is pa9 j bel[ ! e> on "o side1 foll[$ by a swell+ :i* gradually increases1 caus+ great enl>gem5t ( ! neck & side ( ! *eek4 ,9 a day or two ! o!r side ( ! face is usually affect$1 & sometimes ! condition spreads "u ! l[] jaw4 ,x p]si/s f sev5 to t5 days1 !n gradually subsides4 ,inflammation ( ! te/icle may be tr\blesome4 ,x is usually "o-sid$4 ,treatm5t4--,re/ 9 b$ dur+ ! height ( ! disease4 ,get ! b[els freely op5 & keep ! pati5t on a light diet4 ,no m$ic9e is requir$ unless ! fev] is high4 ,ei!r cold or hot applications may be made to ! swell+4 ,if ! te/icle is involv$ x %\ld be treat$ by re/ & protection ) cotton wool4 ,myiasis4 ,?is is ! "n appli$ to ! condition 9 :i* ! l>v ( flies are f\nd p>asitic 9 ! body4 ,x may be cutane\s1 nasal or inte/9al4 ,! la/ nam$ is n ( great importance4 ,diff]5t species ( flies may be conc]n$2 ?us 9 ,africa1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n flies produc+ ?is condition is call$ on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ! ,tumbu fly4 ,! fly itself is ab\t ! size ( a small blue-bottle1 & is yell[i%-grey 9 col\r4 ,x has a fat :ite l>va1 :i* burr[s "u ! sk9 & produces a small boil or :eal1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* !re is an op5+ :i*1 unless block$ up by dis*>ge1 looks black ow+ to ! pres5ce ( excrem5t f ! po/]ior end ( ! l>va4 ,! sk9 r\nd ! hole becomes inflam$ & v it*y4 ,! commone/ site is ! =e>m1 b 9 ,europeans v>i\s p>ts ( ! body may be attack$4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 small ! l>v c easily be squeez$ out4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 be/ extract$ ) =ceps1 & ?is is m readily done if a little *lor(orm is inject$ into ! maggot be=e x is remov$4 ,apply local s$atives1 su* z lead & opium &1 aft] removal ( ! maggot1 pa9t ! sk9 ) iod9e4 ,inde$1 if !re is "s delay 9 gett+ ! maggot remov$1 x is well to apply t9cture ( iod9e to ! sk9 to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( suppuration4 ,9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica we meet ) ! s-call$ ,v] macaque1 :i* is ! l>va ( ano!r species ( fly1 & :i* gets "u ! sk9 9 mu* ! same way z does t ( ! ,tumbu fly4 ,x causes a great deal ( pa91 especially :5 x is mov+ ab\t4 ,x %\ld be treat$ on ! same l9es z above4 ,! ,screw-worm is also met ) 9 ,am]ica1 & is ! maggot ( a fly :i* lays its eggs on ! surface ( w\nds & 9 ! e>s & nose ( p]sons sleep+ 9 ! op5 air4 ,! maggots burr[ into ! tissues & may br+ ab\t a v s]i\s condition if n detect$ at an e>ly date & remov$4 ,treatm5t4--,injections ( *lor(orm are "o ( ! be/ ways ( gett+ rid ( maggots 9 ! e> or nose1 b m$ical att5tion is requir$4 ,w\nds %\ld be protect$ & kept clean4 ,if infect$ !y may be treat$ ) turp5t9e1 a pa9ful b effective me?od4 ,oph?almia1 ,simple4 ,simple oph?almia1 conjunctivitis1 or inflammation ( ! membrane cov]+ ! eye & ! inn] side ( ! eyelids1 is usually due to cold or du/4 ,symptoms4--,! affect$ eye is blood%ot & pa9ful1 wat]s freely1 & _c be> a bright light2 !re is a feel+ ( gritt9ess1 z if ! tr\ble 7 due to some?+ betwe5 ! eye & eyelid4 ,treatm5t4--,! eye %\ld be c>efully wa%$1 ! eyelids be+ op5$ & clean1 cold wat] all[$ to run ov] !m & ov] ! eye2 any p>ticles ( du/ mu/ be remov$--= ?is purpose a small clean camel-hair bru% w be f\nd useful4 ,a lotion %\ld be made consi/+ ( six gra9s ( boric acid1 or two gra9s ( sulphate ( z9c1 to an ounce ( wat]1 & t5 drops or m ( ?is %\ld be dropp$ on to ! eyeball six or eight times a day4 ,to prev5t ! lids /ick+ toge!r dur+ ! night1 !y %\ld be sme>$ ) vasel9e or a salve conta9+ #d gra9s ( calomel to an ounce ( vasel9e4 ,sometimes hot fom5tations give relief4 ,oph?almia1 ,purul5t4 ,?is is a m s]i\s inflammation1 & is caus$ by "s poison1 e4g41 g]ms c>ri$ by flies1 or by ! f+]s f unheal?y sores & dis*>ges4 ,x may also result f injury1 su* z a septic w\nd4 ,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( simple oph?almia are pres5t1 b are all int5sifi$1 ! eyelids are swoll5 & ! eyeballs r$1 !re is a dis*>ge ( yell[ matt] or pus1 & ! pati5t feels ill4 ,!re is great dang] ( ! affect$ eye infect+ ! s\nd "o1 !re=e w>n ! pati5t n to t\* ! s\nd eye = fe> ( infect+ x4 ,!re is also great dang] le/ ! att5dant's own eyes %\ld become infect$4 ,treatm5t4--,! pati5t %\ld be kept 9 b$ & ! eyes %\ld be %ield$ f bright light4 ,protect ! s\nd eye 7especially :5 ! affect$ "o is be+ wa%$7 by plac+ a pad ( wool or l9t ov] x1 kept 9 its place by /rips ( /rapp+ s z effectually to close ! eye & prev5t infection4 ,?or\ghly wa% out ! space betwe5 ! eyelids & ! eye1 & remove any matt] or =eign body :i* may be f\nd4 ,:5 ! inflam$ surfaces are clean1 wa% !m v ?or\ghly ) a solution ( corrosive sublimate1 #a 9 #ejjj1 & f9ally sme> a little vasel9e along ! edges ( ! lids1 to prev5t !m /ick+ toge!r4 ,?is treatm5t mu/ be repeat$ z frequ5tly z possible4 ,once a day ! inflam$ surfaces may be bru%$ ov] ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 #aj gra9s to ! ounce1 appli$ ) a camel's-hair bru%1 foll[$ imm$iately by ! application ( a few drops ( common salt solution4 ,hot fom5tations may give relief4 ,:5 ?is is s1 ! eye %\ld be kept cov]$ ) a pad ( moi/ l9t1 :i* mu/ be *ang$ frequ5tly4 ,b5efit has foll[$ ! adm9i/ration ( v l>ge doses ( salicylate ( soda4 ,piles4 ,piles are v common 9 ! tropics1 & are (t5 due to want ( ex]cise1 *ronic con/ipation1 dys5t]y1 too free use ( alcohol1 & ov]-eat+4 ,no "o :o suff]s f piles %\ld become a travell] till skill$ advice has be5 obta9$4 ,int]nal ,piles1 ?\gh n usually pa9ful1 are by _! frequ5t ble$+ a cause ( anmia & debility2 !y lie inside ! orifice ( ! b[el1 b sometimes !y come d[n on /ra9+1 & are !n nipp$ by ! muscle surr\nd+ ! op5+1 & may swell up1 become v pa9ful1 & ble$ pr(usely4 ,treatm5t4--,keep ! b[els freely b g5tly op5$ by tak+ casc>a regul>ly2 if ! piles come d[n !y %\ld be return$1 & an o9tm5t ( galls & opium or an injection ( hazel9e 7"o tablespoonful mix$ ) sev5 ( wat]7 us$4 ,tann91 five gra9s to ! ounce1 or sulphate ( iron1 ?ree to five gra9s to ! ounce1 may be us$ in/ead ( hazel9e4 ,hazel9e suppositories are (t5 ( great use = int]nal piles1 b ord9>y suppositories d n keep well 9 v hot c\ntries2 if !y are tak5 to ! tropics !y %\ld !re=e be specially made & pack$4 ,if ! piles ble$ pr(usely or cause great pa91 an op]ation w be necess>y4 ,ext]nal piles d n ble$1 b f "t to "t !y become inflam$ & swoll51 caus+ great agony4 ,treatm5t4--,! b[els %\ld be kept well op5$2 ! suff]] %\ld lie ) 8 hips rais$2 hot fom5tations %\ld be frequ5tly appli$1 & ! piles %\ld be well greas$4 ,glyc]9e ( belladonna1 sme>$ on a pad ( l9t1 is a valuable application1 z is dry calomel p[d]4 ,"s s$ative1 su* z ,dov]'s p[d]1 may be necess>y to procure re/ & sleep4 ,plague4 ,!re are two *ief v>ieties ( plague1 ! bubonic & ! pneumonic4 ,causes4--,bubonic plague1 :i* is due to a small vegetable organism1 ! ,bacillus pe/is1 exi/s prim>ily z a disease 9 rats & o!r rod5ts1 su* z ! ,man*urian m>mot & ! ,cali=nian br[n squirrel1 & is transmitt$ f ^! animals to man by means ( ! flea4 ,x is ! rat flea t is *iefly conc]n$ 9 ! spread ( plague4 ,bo? ! br[n & ! black rat are affect$ &1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! black rat is ! m dang]\s1 z x lives 9 clos] association ) man4 ,x is n[ kn[n t c]ta9 =ms ( m]*&ise1 especially gra9 &1 to a less] ext5t1 raw cotton1 are m to be dread$ z vehicles ( ! bubonic plague infection ?an ! infect$ human be+4 ,! flea does n inoculate ! bacillus by its bite4 ,x sucks up blood conta9+ plague bacilli4 ,! latt] multiply 9 ! insect to su* an ext5t t !y block ! entrance ( ! flea's /oma* & prev5t x f fe$+4 ,! />v$ flea makes viol5t ef=ts to obta9 m blood &1 z a result1 ! cont5ts ( its gullet are dis*>g$1 toge!r ) ! plague bacilli1 ^u ! sk9 ( ! heal?y p]son on :om x is try+ to fe$4 ,if !re is any little w\nd 9 ?is sk9 ! bacilli ga9 an entrance & !y set up ! disease4 ,infection may also occur f ! bacilli-conta9+ excreta ( ! flea be+ void$ on ! sk9 & rubb$ into w\nds4 ,:5 rats become ill or die ! fleas leave !m & attack man4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! rat flea may rema9 infective = #dc days4 ,pneumonic plague1 al?\gh due to ! same bacillus1 is q a diff]5t k9d ( disease1 & is transmitt$ f ! sick to ! s\nd by droplets ( sputum expell$ 9 c\gh+1 & probably also by ! invisible spray :i* pneumonia pati5ts dis*>ge f ! m\?4 ,:5 ! disease is epidemic dome/ic animals may suff] f x & become s\rces ( infection4 ,symptoms4--,bo? =ms ( plague are *>act]is$ by sudd5 onset1 %>p fev]1 gidd9ess1 great weakness1 a drunk5 gait1 appe>ance & spee*1 & a t5d5cy to he>t failure4 ,9 bubonic plague !re is lassitude1 heada*e & %iv]+1 & ! face is pale & anxi\s4 ,! pati5t looks hagg>d1 8 eyes are (t5 blood%ot1 & 8 expression is frequ5tly "o ( fe> or horror4 ,8 temp]ature runs up to #ajb1 #ajd ,f41 or ev5 high]1 & 8 face gets hot & flu%$4 ,!re is int5se ?ir/1 ! tongue becomes dry & br[n1 ! ur9e is scanty1 & !re may be delirium4 ,ab\t ! second or ?ird day ! gl&ul> swell+s kn[n z buboes make _! appe>ance1 usually 9 ! gro91 b !y may occur 9 ! armpits1 ! neck1 & else:]e4 ,z a rule !re is only "o bubo1 :i* v>ies 9 size4 ,!re may be a good deal ( pa9 associat$ ) ! swell+1 & sometimes x is v sev]e4 ,! bubo1 if n dealt ) surgically1 ev5tually s(t5s & bur/s1 dis*>g+ matt] & sl\ghs4 ,9 cases :i* are go+ to recov]1 improvem5t is not$ ab\t ! f\r? or fif? day1 & is h]ald$ by a pr(use p]spiration4 ,9 fatal cases1 dea? usually takes place betwe5 ! ?ird & fif? days4 ,pneumonic plague usually beg9s ) %iv]+ & vomit+4 ,!re is a c\gh1 accompani$ by brea?lessness & blu5ess ( ! face1 ! sputum is pr(use1 wat]y & blood-/a9$1 & z x is full ( plague bacilli x is exce$+ly dang]\s4 ,v few cases ( pneumonic plague recov]4 ,prophylaxis4--,w>d (f attacks ( fleas4 ,a sub/ance call$ pe/]9e is good = ?is purpose1 & consi/s ( k]os5e #bj p>ts1 s(t soap #a "p1 & wat] #e p>ts4 ,p[d]$ naph?al5e & tricresol p[d] are useful4 ,att5dants on plague pati5ts %\ld be protect$ f infection4 ,!y %\ld we> puttees or gum-boots1 gloves1 & ov]alls1 & ^? look+ aft] pneumonic cases mu/ we> masks1 goggles1 & ov]alls4 ,!re is a protective vacc9e = plague1 & ^? travell+ 9 di/ricts :]e plague is epidemic %\ld avail !mselves ( its protective p[]4 ,treatm5t4--,! only treatm5t :i* is ( any value1 & ?is only 9 bubonic plague & :5 giv5 e>ly1 is ! adm9i/ration ( plague anti-tox91 :i* %\ld only be giv5 by a m$ical man4 ,! symptoms %\ld be treat$ 9 ord] to relieve ! pati5t's di/ress4 ,belladonna & glyc]9e may be appli$ to ! buboes1 & !y %\ld be op5$ & c>efully dress$ once suppuration is e/abli%$4 ,morphia is (t5 requir$ = ! re/lessness & insomnia1 & c>diac /imulants are indicat$ 9 ne>ly e case4 ,pleurisy1 or ,inflammation ( ! ,membrane ,cov]+ ! ,lung4 ,?is is m a disease ( cold climates1 & is usually ! result ( *ill foll[+ sev]e ex]tion4 ,symptoms4--,pleurisy is accompani$ by less fev] & g5]al sickness ?an pneumonia2 its *>act]i/ic symptom is ! 8/it* 9 ! side01 :i* always accompanies x4 ,!re is also a %ort1 dry c\gh1 )\t expectoration1 :i* ! pati5t tries to re/ra91 z x 8cat*es0 9 ! side1 & causes acute pa94 ,= ! same reason ! brea?+ is %all[1 z any attempt to draw a deep brea? causes extreme suff]+4 ,treatm5t4--,! pati5t suff]s greatly1 !re=e 9 ! e>ly /ages treatm5t mu/ be direct$ to ! pa94 ,if lee*es are procurable1 ! application ( half-a-doz5 to ! pa9ful region ( ! *e/ is advisable4 ,mu/>d leaves or p\ltices %\ld be appli$ ov] ! "p1 or x may be pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod9e2 opium may be giv5 to relieve ! acute pa91 9 ! =m ( ,dov]'s p[d]1 fifte5 gra9s ?ree times a day4 ,five gra9s ( qu99e may be giv5 twice a day4 ,pneumonia1 or ,inflammation ( ! ,lungs4 ,x has be5 def9itely prov$ t ! black races are specially susceptible to ! organism :i* is ! cause ( pneumonia1 & x is a frequ5t s\rce ( invalid+ among/ ! native att5dants ( travell]s 9 ,africa & else:]e4 ,causes4--,z pr$ispos+ factors may be not$ *ange ( climate1 *ill1 insanit>y conditions ( life1 fatigue1 & ov]work4 ,mal>ia1 syphilis1 alcoholism1 & excessive tobacco-smok+ also play a "p4 ,! disease is believ$ to be spread by p]sonal contact1 b ?is has n be5 def9itely e/abli%$4 ,symptoms4--,^! usually beg9 ) a sev]e attack ( %iv]+2 ! temp]ature rises rapidly1 ! pulse & brea?+ are greatly quick5$1 & ! pati5t is completely pro/rat$4 ,! face is flu%$1 ! sk9 feels hot & dry1 & !re is a %ort c\gh1 dry at fir/1 b aft]w>ds accompani$ by expectoration ( a mod]ate quantity ( slimy1 ru/-col\r$1 blood-/a9$1 & almo/ fro?less matt]4 ,usually !re is pa9 on ! affect$ side1 :i* 9 mo/ eases is ! "r side ( ! *e/1 above ! liv]4 ,9 ,african natives he>t failure is v common4 ,prophylaxis4--,9 ord] to prev5t ! occurr5ce ( pneumonia among/ native foll[]s good food %\ld be provid$1 prop]ly cook$2 & x is important to see t !y are suppli$ ) suffici5t blankets at night if travell+ ?r\gh cold regions4 ,if x c possibly be avoid$ natives f hot1 humid localities %\ld n be tak5 to *illy1 elevat$ & w9d-swept places1 z "u su* conditions !y are v apt to contract pneumonia4 ,ov]cr[d+ 9 huts or t5ts %\ld be avoid$1 & any sore ?roats :i* develop %\ld be promptly treat$4 ,treatm5t4--,a pati5t attack$ ) pneumonia %\ld take to b$ at once4 ,! affect$ side %\ld be surr\nd$ ) a l>ge p\ltice4 ,five gra9s ( qu99e %\ld be giv5 e eight h\rs4 ,if ! he>t's action is weak1 give "s prep>ation ( ammonia1 z a /imulant1 & adm9i/] alcohol1 up to half an ounce1 e two h\rs4 ,opium %\ld only be giv5 to calm ! pati5t1 z l>ge doses d h>m by *eck+ free expectoration2 if !re is mu* di/ress1 !n t5 or fifte5 gra9s ( ,dov]'s p[d] may be giv54 ,an ice p\ltice appli$ to ! *e/ w give great relief by l[]+ ! temp]ature & dim9i%+ ! pa9 7see page #bgd74 ,qu9sy1 or ,inflammation ( ! ,tonsils4 ,apply p\ltices to ! neck4 ,g>gle ) a hot1 weak solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 or a solution ( *9osol 7#a 9 #bjjj71 at lea/ e h\r4 ,adm9i/] qu99e & iron z a tonic4 ,keep ! b[els well op54 ,surgical aid is sometimes requir$ 9 bad cases4 ,relaps+ ,fev]4 ,?is is ! old 8fam9e fev]10 & x occurs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,causes4--,x is due to a corkscrew-%ap$ blood p>asite1 :i* is convey$ f ! sick to ! heal?y by means ( lice4 ,"s hold t c]ta9 =ms ( ?is fev] 9 ,pale/9e1 ,cilicia1 & ,p]sia are transmitt$ by means ( ! common f[l tick1 :i* (t5 h>b\rs 9 ! cracks 9 native b$/eads & 9 crevices 9 ! walls ( huts & o!r dwell+ places4 ,! true tick fev] ( ,africa1 :i* is also a relaps+ fev]1 is consid]$ sep>ately4 7,see ,tick ,fev]1 p4 #bda47 ,symptoms4--,^! diff] a little 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! incubation p]iod is usually f five to t5 days4 ,! onset is rem>kably sudd54 ,! pati5t has a *ill or %iv]+ fit1 becomes giddy1 develops a bad frontal heada*e1 feels z if he _h be5 beat5 all ov]1 & frequ5tly vomits4 ,he has (t5 a difficulty 9 walk+1 & soon becomes s]i\sly ill4 ,delirium is n infrequ5t4 ,! tongue1 unlike t 9 typhus fev]1 rema9s moi/ ?r\gh\t ! illness4 ,?ir/1 re/lessness1 & vomit+ are v *>act]i/ic ( ! condition1 & ! ur9e is scanty4 ,z a g5]al rule recov]y takes place1 b sometimes ! pati5t gr[s gradually worse & dies4 ,z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! temp]ature falls v sudd5ly1 & ! pati5t is bett]4 ,aft] a week or s a relapse occurs4 ,! temp]ature aga9 %oots up1 & rema9s up = sev]al days4 ,!n !re is a second crisis1 ano!r relapse1 & s on = p]haps ?ree or f\r times4 ,mo/ cases recov]1 & once convalesc5ce is e/abli%$ ! pati5t soon gets well4 ,prophylaxis4--,! disease be+ lice-borne1 x is necess>y to take all /eps to prev5t contact ) ^! insects 7see ,lice1 p4 #aif74 ,! organism has be5 %[n to be capable ( pass+ ?r\gh intact muc\s membranes & unbrok5 sk94 ,h5ce x is advisable to be c>eful :5 att5d+ a case1 = ! organism has be5 f\nd 9 sweat & te>s1 :ile ! pati5t's blood is1 ( c\rse1 infecti\s4 ,treatm5t4--,c>eful nurs+ & a light diet4 ,att5d to ! /ate ( ! m\? & ( ! b[els4 ,! ars5ic prep>ation1 kn[n z salv>san 7kh>sivan71 is a specific rem$y1 & c cut ! disease %ort2 b x c be adm9i/]$ only by a m$ical man4 ,o!rwise !re is no treatm5t save ! symptomatic4 ,rheumatism4 ,?is is a disease :i* frequ5tly foll[s exposure to damp & cold1 & is on t acc\nt n uncommon 9 ! tropics4 ,x is (t5 h]$it>y4 ,aft] "o attack1 rheumatism is always liable to recur 9 ! same individual1 & on ?is acc\nt x is necess>y t p]sons liable to ! disease %\ld use special precautions4 ,acute rheumatism or ,rheumatic ,fev]4--,?is is really an infecti\s disease due to a specific organism1 & is q diff]5t f ! ord9>y rheumatism ( ev]yday life4 ,symptoms4--,x beg9s by a %iv]+ fit1 ) rise ( temp]ature & g5]al sickness1 & ! jo9ts1 usually wri/s1 ankles1 or knees1 become pa9ful1 t5d]1 & aft]w>ds swoll54 ,x resembles o!r fev]i% conditions 9 ! rapid pulse & brea?+1 ! con/ipation1 scanty & high-col\r$ ur9e1 etc41 b x diff]s f mo/ ( !m 9 ! pres5ce ( a pr(use & s\r-smell+ p]spiration1 resembl+ ! od\r ( butt]-milk4 ,treatm5t4--,! be/ rem$y = acute rheumatism is salicylate ( soda1 ( :i* fifte5 gra9s %\ld be giv5 e six h\rs4 ,! jo9ts %\ld1 at ! same "t1 be kept wrapp$ up 9 cotton wool1 cov]$ ) oil$ silk & a flannel b&age4 ,?is treatm5t w ne>ly always correct ! acute symptoms 9 two or ?ree days4 ,if ! symptoms subside soon]1 ! quantity ( ! salicylate %\ld be dim9i%$2 if !re is delirium1 ! dose mu/ be less5$ at once1 = _m p are v susceptible to salicylates & are easily affect$ by !m1 ! delirium be+ *>act]i/ic4 ,dov]'s p[d] may be giv5 to relieve pa9 & to secure sleep4 ,*ronic rheumatism4--,9 ?is disease !re is *ronic pa9 & t5d]ness ( ! jo9ts1 )\t fev]4 ,treatm5t4--,bic>bonate ( pota% & salicylate ( soda1 ea* 9 five-gra9 doses1 %\ld be giv5 e eight h\rs4 ,pa9ful jo9ts may be pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod9e1 rubb$ ) turp5t9e l9im5t1 or ba!d ) hot wat]4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept well op51 & alcohol & mu* meat avoid$4 ,rupture or ,h]nia4 ,a rupture or h]nia is a protrusion ( "s portion ( ! b[els "u ! sk91 & is usually f\nd 9 ! gro94 ,x is g5]ally r$ucible1 i4e41 x c be pu%$ back into ! belly4 ,x reappe>s :5 ! pressure is remov$1 especially if ! pati5t c\ghs or /ra9s4 ,:5 r$uc$1 a prop]ly-fitt+ truss %\ld be appli$ & worn dur+ ! day4 ,x c be tak5 (f at night1 aft] ly+ d[n1 b %\ld be re-adju/$ 9 ! morn+1 :il/ ! pati5t is /ill 9 b$4 ,no pati5t %\ld g abroad )\t hav+ an op]ation = ! cure ( ! h]nia4 ,! great dang] ( any rupture is t x may become irr$ucible--a condition :i* is v likely to be foll[$ by con/riction or 8/rangulation0 & subsequ5t dea? ( ! ruptur$ "p ( ! b[el4 ,if unreliev$1 ?is con/rict$ condition is always fatal4 ,! exi/5ce ( /rangulation is kn[n by local pa9 & t5d]ness1 developm5t ( sev]e colicky pa9s 9 ! belly 7especially ab\t ! navel71 absolute con/ipation1 vomit+1 hicc\gh1 & symptoms ( collapse4 ,:5 ?is condition is obs]v$1 ! pati5t's hips %\ld be rais$ by support+ !m ) pill[s1 & ! tum\r %\ld be only v g5tly knead$ ) ! view ( gett+ back ! protrud$ b[el4 ,! treatm5t is consid]ably aid$ by imm]s+ ! pati5t 9 a w>m ba?1 & giv+ ab\t tw5ty drops ( laudanum or *lorodyne4 ,ice plac$ r\nd ! swell+ = half an h\r or s is (t5 v effective4 ,if ^! means fail1 surgical aid is absolutely necess>y4 ,purgatives %\ld n be giv54 ,s&-,fly ,fev]4 ,?is disease1 also kn[n z phlebotomus fev]1 is v widespread & probably occurs 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! _w :]e s&-flies are f\nd4 ,cause4--,! organism is unkn[n1 presumably be+ too small to be se5 by ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope1 b x is kn[n to be transmitt$ by :at are call$ s&-flies or pappataci flies1 t9y & v hairy midges :i* bre$ 9 su* places z heaps ( damp /ones1 bricks1 & tiles1 cracks 9 surface soil1 ! walls ( old cell>s1 cracks & fissures 9 embankm5ts4 ,^! little flies1 :i* sally =? ^u ! blood que/ t[>ds ev5+1 are voraci\s blood-suck]s1 & fe$ pr9cipally 9 ! gloam+ & at dawn4 ,!y *iefly attack ! wri/s & ankles1 & c easily bite ?r\gh ?9 socks or light cotton or l95 clo?+4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! bite ( "o infect$ fly c convey fev]4 ,dur+ ! day !y hide 9 d>k places1 & may be f\nd 9 ! d>k corn]s ( rooms4 ,_! bites are pa9ful1 & :5 num]\s ! bitt5 "p may swell badly4 ,an attack by _m flies effectually bani%es sleep4 ,symptoms4--,! fev] is %ort & %>p--inde$1 x is (t5 call$ ! ?ree-day fev]4 ,! incubation p]iod is f\r to sev5 days1 & ! attack is sudd51 beg9n+ ) *illy s5sations & a tir$ feel+4 ,!re may be rigors1 b ^! are nev] s sev]e z ! %iv]+ fits ( mal>ia4 ,! pati5t becomes giddy1 has a sev]e frontal heada*e ) pa9 at ! back ( ! eyes & pa9s 9 ! back & legs4 ,! condition1 inde$1 is v l an influ5zal attack except t !re is1 z a rule1 no coryza4 ,! face is flu%$ & ! eyes may be inject$4 ,:5 ! latt] is ! case "o c und]/& h[ ! disease 0 orig9ally giv5 ! "n ( ! 8dog disease10 z ! appe>ance ( ! inject$ conjunctiv resembles t sometimes se5 9 ma/iffs & bloodh\nds4 ,!re may be "s sore ?roat1 & sometimes !re is a little eruption on ! ?roat or palate4 ,! temp]ature rises rapidly & may atta9 #ajc ,f4 ,x rema9s up = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs & !n beg9s to fall1 usually becom+ normal on ! ?ird or f\r? day4 ,sometimes !re is a second>y rise ( temp]ature4 ,! pati5t may spe$ily recov] or convalesc5ce may be t$i\s1 & ! condition is sometimes foll[$ by m5tal depression & ! dige/ion may be upset4 ,! fev] is app>5tly nev] fatal b x is tr\blesome & debilitat+4 ,prophylaxis4--,protect f ! bites ( s&-flies4 ,?is is be/ done by ! use ( a f9e-me% net conta9+ tw5ty-two holes to ! l9e> in*4 ,x %\ld be ( ! same g5]al patt]n z ! net recomm5d$ "u mal>ia 7see p4 #bjf74 ,tobacco smoke keeps ! flies away to "s ext5t & repell5ts are useful1 especially v]mijelli1 conta9+ "s oil ( citronella1 ! prep>ation kn[n z ,sket(ax1 oil ( cassia & oil ( eucalyptus4 ,a lump ( camphor z a b$-fell[ is also useful z ! flies dislike its od\r4 ,! pati5t %\ld always be plac$ "u a f9e-me% net to prev5t 8 be+ a s\rce ( infection to o!rs4 ,treatm5t4--,re/ 9 b$1 light diet1 & "o full dose ( laudanum1 i4e41 ?irty drops1 giv5 z e>ly z possible4 ,*lorodyne 9 ! same dose may also be us$4 ,qu99e is useless & may aggravate ! symptoms1 b aspir9 & ! salicylates are helpful4 ,if !re is mu* pa9 9 ! muscles ! application ( hot s&-bags may af=d relief4 ,sc>let ,fev]1 or ,sc>lat9a4 ,?is fev] is v uncommon 9 hot climates4 ,incubation p]iod1 ?ree to eight days4 ,ra% appe>s second day4 ,symptoms4--,! ra% consi/s ( num]\s m9ute r$ spots1 ev5ly di/ribut$ all ov] ! surface ( ! body1 ^u a g5]al rose-r$ blu%4 ,! area imm$iately surr\nd+ ! m\? is n affect$4 ,%iv]+ fits1 sickness1 high temp]ature1 sore ?roat1 heada*e1 pa9s 9 ! back4 ,! sickness is v *>act]i/ic 9 *ildr54 ,aft] ! ra% has subsid$1 peel+ ( ! sk9 takes place1 beg9n+ on ! face z a v f9e p[d]y deposit4 ,! process !n spreads to o!r p>ts ( ! body1 ! la/ places to peel be+ ! palms ( ! h&s1 ! soles ( ! feet1 & betwe5 ! f+]s & toes4 ,! peel+ process takes f f\r to six weeks1 & ! pati5t is infecti\s dur+ ! :ole ( ?is p]iod4 ,treatm5t4--,isolation4 ,b$ 9 an airy room4 ,light food4 ,if ! fev] is high 7#ajd ,f471 ! body may be spong$ ) tepid wat]4 ,if ! ?roat is v inflam$1 an antiseptic g>gle %\ld be us$4 ,z ! c\rse ( infecti\s fev]s _c be cut %ort1 ! *ief aim ( treatm5t %\ld be to av]t complications & ! return ( di/ress+ symptoms--ov]-treatm5t ) drugs mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/4 ,to prev5t ! spread ( infection f ! peel+ surface1 ! body %\ld be rubb$ ov] ) boracic o9tm5t1 or c>bolic or olive oil4 ,complications4--,z sc>let fev] may be foll[$ by he>t1 kidney1 or e> tr\ble1 ! pati5t %\ld n be all[$ to get up until at lea/ t5 days aft] ! temp]ature has become normal4 ,scorpion ,/+ & ,spid] ,bite4 ,scorpion /+ is n infrequ5t 9 hot c\ntries1 b is v r>ely fatal 9 ! case ( ! adult ,european unless sev]al /+s h be5 receiv$ at "o "t4 ,symptoms4--,! usual symptoms 9 ! adult are a brawny swell+ 9 ! region ( ! /+ & m or less collapse4 ,!re is (t5 sev]e pa9 ( a ?robb+ nature1 & !re may be sickness & vomit+4 ,treatm5t4--,apply a t\rniquet above ! /+ & incise ! affect$ area2 !n apply an opium lotion4 ,?is is usually suffici5t to af=d relief & prev5t ext5sion ( ! swell+4 ,a s]um suitable = use 9 ,egypt & ! ,sudan only1 has be5 prep>$ = treat+ scorpion /+s1 & :5 x is available x %\ld be us$ z soon z possible1 z v fav\rable results h be5 report$ f its employm5t4 ,x c be obta9$ 9 ,cairo or 9 ?is c\ntry f ,messrs4 ,all5 & ,hanbury4 ,spid] bite is n s important z scorpion /+1 ?\gh poison\s spid]s d exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w & belong to a g5us f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,new ,zeal&1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,_m ( ^! poison\s spid]s are brightly col\r$1 _! abdom5s be+ spott$ ) v]milion4 ,9 ,p]u !re is a s-call$ 8prun+-spid]10 :i* belongs to ano!r g5us & is also poison\s4 ,symptoms4--,locally a r$di% papule appe>s1 & !re is %>p /++ pa94 ,! papule is foll[$ by a spread+ inflammation :i* sometimes goes on to gangr5e1 ?\gh ?is is r>e4 ,! g5]al symptoms are ^? ( n]v\s exhau/ion & !re is high fev]1 rapid pulse1 rapid brea?+1 & sometimes blood 9 ! ur9e4 ,treatm5t4--,apply a ligature & suck ! w\nd4 ,use p]manganate ( pota% locally z 9 ! case ( snake-bite4 ,! p]manganate %\ld also be giv5 int]nally1 "o-qu>t] to "o p] c5t4 solution be+ giv5 e h\r or e two h\rs4 ,diffusible /imulants su* z ammonia1 caffe9e1 or camphor are useful z diuretics4 ,a /rict milk diet %\ld be en=c$ dur+ treatm5t4 ,scurvy4 ,?is is "o ( ! defici5cy diseases4 ,?is is n to say t m]e g5]al />vation w produce x1 b t x is due to ! lack ( c]ta9 sub/ances 9 ! diet4 ,^! sub/ances are kn[n to exi/ 9 fre% fruit & vegetables1 & also to a less] ext5t 9 fre% meat & raw milk1 b _! exact nature has n yet be5 det]m9$4 ,travell]s %\ld rememb] t1 ap>t f ! actual disease1 !re is a scorbutic /ate 9 :i* ! symptoms are indef9ite1 & :i*1 if n recogniz$ & promptly treat$1 w pass on to true scurvy4 ,symptoms4--,scurvy beg9s insidi\sly ) progressive weakness1 pallor1 loss ( weight1 & /iffness 9 ! leg muscles4 ,lat] ! gums become affect$1 s(t swell+s spr\t+ up betwe5 ! tee?4 ,z ! disease progresses ! gums become swoll5 & spongy1 ulc]ate & ble$1 :ile 9 bad cases ! m\? becomes v (f5sive & conta9s l>ge fungat+ masses4 ,o!r signs ( scurvy are hmorrhages "u ! sk9 & muc\s membrane & 9 ! muscles4 ,any injury is apt to be foll[$ by hmorrhage4 ,swell+ ( ! legs is an important symptom1 especially 9 ! region ( ! ankles4 ,if untreat$1 ! condition becomes worse1 ! appetite is impair$1 m5tal depression sets 91 !re is brea?lessness on ex]tion1 & night & day bl9dness4 ,dea? results f he>t failure or "s complication4 ,prophylaxis4--,ensure a good diet>y conta9+ suffici5t anti-scorbutic elem5ts4 ,:]ev] possible1 fre% meat1 fre% vegetables1 & fre% fruit %\ld be suppli$4 ,lemon juice is valuable4 ,x %\ld be not$ t x is f\r times z effici5t z ! lime juice :i* us$ =m]ly to be employ$4 ,! ration %\ld be "o ounce daily s]v$ ) sug>4 ,g]m9at+ peas1 beans1 & o!r pulses conta9 ! anti-scorbutic elem5ts 9 l>ge quantity4 ,x is a simple matt] to c>ry a supply ( ^! pulses & to g]m9ate !m :5 requir$4 ,! dry se$s mu/ be :ole1 reta9+ _! orig9al se$-coat4 ,9 ord] to make !m g]m9ate !y are plac$ 9 a clean sack & /eep$ 9 a vessel conta9+ clean wat]1 :i* %\ld be occasionally /irr$4 ,sack & tr\gh %\ld be l>ge en\gh to all[ = ! swell+ ( ! pulses to ab\t ?ree times _! orig9al size4 ,9 a hot climate six to twelve h\rs is suffici5t = ?is soak+4 ,!reaft]1 lift ! se$s out ( ! wat] & spread !m out to a dep? n exce$+ two or ?ree in*es 9 "s vessel :i* all[s free access ( air to !m4 ,keep !m moi/ by cov]+ ) sack+1 :i* is wett$ at int]vals4 ,! g]m9ation %\ld rea* ! /age necess>y )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 a hot climate1 & ! pulses %\ld be cook$ & eat5 z soon z possible aft] g]m9ation4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to ov]cook !m4 ,at a p9* g]m9ation may be effect$ by plac+ ! se$s betwe5 wet blankets1 b ?is is a r\gh-&-ready me?od n to be recomm5d$4 ,x is important to att5d to oral hygi5e1 especially ! regul> use ( ! too?-bru%4 ,vegetables %\ld nev] be ov]cook$4 ,9 ! case ( ,african native foll[]s ,kaffir be] made f g]m9at$ gra9 is ( great value2 "o p9t %\ld be giv5 daily p] head4 ,potatoes & root vegetables are useful1 & ! onion is a valuable food 9 ?is connexion4 ,fre% meat is n s effective z ei!r fre% fruit or vegetables4 ,treatm5t4--,?is is *iefly dietetic1 & ! same foods & sub/ances z are m5tion$ "u prophylaxis are us$ also = ! cure ( scurvy4 ,9 addition1 scurvy pati5ts %\ld be kept 9 b$1 giv5 pl5ty ( fre% air1 & h ! affect$ p>ts massag$4 ,tonics & m\?-wa%es are indicat$1 & a lib]al diet ) pl5ty ( fat 9 x %\ld be provid$4 ,:]e fre% fruit _c be obta9$ raw meat & raw fre% eggs 9 milk =m a good sub/itute4 ,sea-,sickness4 ,take a sal9e ap]i5t on ! day be=e emb>k+1 & a light pla9 meal at lea/ ?ree h\rs be=e go+ on bo>d4 ,a cup ( good tea or black c(fee soon aft] />t+ is (t5 ( use4 ,^? liable to sea-sickness %\ld g to b$ directly !y get on bo>d3 ! head %\ld be kept l[ & ! room d>k5$4 ,a mu/>d leaf appli$ to ! pit ( ! /oma* is ( value 9 dim9i%+ ! t5d5cy to vomit4 ,an abdom9al belt is useful f ! g5tle support x gives4 ,a hot-wat] bottle may be appli$ to ! feet4 ,a mixture conta9+ fifte5 gra9s ( bromide ( soda & five gra9s ( antipyr9e to "o ounce ( wat] is (t5 ( great value4 ,! fir/ dose %\ld be giv5 imm$iately ! pati5t is 9 b$1 & may be repeat$ e six h\rs if requir$4 ,:itla /ates t ! be/ ( all rem$ies is bromide ( ammonium4 ,x %\ld be giv5 9 tw5ty-gra9 doses = a day or two be=e emb>k+4 ,morphia may be f\nd necess>y3 a ?ird ( a gra9 may be inject$ "u ! sk9 ( adults1 b x %\ld on no acc\nt be giv5 to *ildr54 ,i h f\nd t ?ree or f\r drops ( *lor(orm1 dropp$ on to loaf sug> & suck$1 (t5 prev5ts vomit+4 ,^? :o are vomit+ sev]ely %\ld take pl5ty ( hot wat] or milk1 s z to prev5t !m f /ra9+ on an empty /oma*4 ,v (t5 rais9s or rais9 tea c be tak5 :5 o!r n\ri%m5t is reject$4 ,a rec5t me?od ( treatm5t :i* has sometimes be5 f\nd effective is to plug ! e>s firmly ) cotton-wool1 b ?is %\ld only be done by a m$ical man4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor? try+4 ,sk9 ,diseases4 ,boils4--,boils are v common 9 ! tropics & occur especially 9 p :o h be5 run d[n4 ,!y are mo/ frequ5t dur+ or aft] ! ra9s & especially 9 ! c\rse ( hot1 damp summ]s4 ,9 ,egypt ! s-call$ ,nile boil is q a feature ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! tropics boils are (t5 multiple & a v fav\rite site is ! buttocks4 ,any "p1 h[ev]1 :i* is apt to be ba!d 9 sweat is liable to infection4 ,a boil on ! face may app>5tly result f ! bite ( a mosquito or o!r blood-suck+ insect4 ,prophylaxis4--,protect f insect bites & treat ev5 ! mo/ trivial ( sk9 lesions ) t9cture ( iod9e4 ,keep ! sk9 clean & *ange ! und]clo?+ frequ5tly4 ,if a boil occurs cov] x ) a small dress+ s t o!r p>ts ( ! sk9 may n be affect$4 ,a *ange ( climate is (t5 ! only ?+ t w d good 9 ! case ( a p]son afflict$ ) crops ( boils4 ,treatm5t4--,x is sometimes possible to abort a boil by dipp+ a %>p5$ wood5 mat* or a too?pick into pure c>bolic acid & ?ru/+ x repeat$ly into ! he>t ( ! swell+4 ,if ! boil has some:at develop$ hot fom5tations & moi/ dress+s %\ld be appli$ & iod9e %\ld be pa9t$ on ! sk9 r\nd ! boil4 ,z a rule x is wis] n to op5 a boil1 ev5 :5 x has suppurat$4 ,x is be/ to let x bur/ & !n to dress x c>efully ) a boric p\ltice1 :i* %\ld be frequ5tly *ang$4 ,treatm5t ) vacc9es has come into vogue & is sometimes v helpful4 ,sulphide ( calcium pills1 "o gra9 9 ea*1 ?ree times a day1 are (t5 giv5 & are said to h a prophylactic effect1 b a prep>ation kn[n z /annoxyl & us$ 9 ! =m ( tablets is to be pref]r$4 ,! usual dose is f\r tablets ! fir/ day1 six ! second1 & eight on subsequ5t days4 ,! drug is some:at con/ipat+4 ,a rem$y m easily obta9$ & :i* is said to be di/9ctly b5eficial is dilute sulphuric acid4 ,x %\ld be tak5 9 doses ( tw5ty to ?irty drops1 well dilut$1 e f\r h\rs4 ,! g5]al heal? requires att5tion & lemon juice1 pl5ty ( gre5 vegetables & tonics %\ld be tak54 ,c>buncles4--,a c>buncle is ( ! same nature z a boil1 b is a m s]i\s compla9t1 & x is di/+ui%$ f a boil by ! fact t x op5s by sev]al m\?s4 ,to promote rip5+ ( ! c>buncle & ! sep>ation ( ! core or dead piece ( tissue1 p\ltices & hot fom5tations %\ld be freely appli$1 & if ! core c be se5 x %\ld be remov$1 if possible1 by a pair ( =ceps4 ,to facilitate removal ( ! core x is sometimes advisable to cut ?r\gh ! sk9 sep>at+ ! op5+s2 !re may be "s slight ble$+1 b x w cease aft] a %ort "t4 ,opium may be giv5 to relieve acute suff]+4 ,! b[els %\ld be kept well op54 ,a g5]\s diet mu/ be giv52 tonics ( iron1 qu99e & ars5ic are ne$$1 & alcohol may prove necess>y4 ,c>buncles r>ely appe> except 9 p mu* brok5 d[n 9 heal?1 & _! pres5ce is an indication t ! suff]] %\ld return to 8 own c\ntry & seek skill$ advice4 ,*igg]4--,! *igg] is n itself a disease b is a s&-flea produc+ a condition kn[n by ! long "n ( d]matophiliasis4 ,x is a v]itable pe/ 9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica & all ov] tropical ,africa4 ,! insect is l ! common flea b small]1 lives 9 dry s&y soil & sucks ! blood ( mammals1 especially pigs4 ,aft] impregnation ! female burr[s into ! sk9 ( a mammal or bird1 &1 n\ri%$ by blood1 proce$s to ovulation4 ,h] abdom5 becomes fill$ ) ripe eggs & enorm\sly di/5d$ till x looks l a small pea4 ,ev5tually ! eggs escape ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! sk9 & hat* into l>v :i* 9 due "t become adult fleas4 ,symptoms4--,9 man ! feet are ! "p mo/ frequ5tly affect$1 ! *igg]s be+ f\nd betwe5 ! toes & "u ! toe nails4 ,:5 p sleep on ! gr\nd o!r p>ts ( ! body may become affect$ & l>ge numb]s ( *igg]s may be pres5t at "o "t4 ,!re is it*+ & irritation at ! place ( invasion1 & :5 ! latt] is exam9$ a little d>k dot w be se54 ,?is is ! po/]ior end ( ! female flea1 :i* is ly+ head d[nw>ds 9 h] burr[4 ,if n remov$ suppuration occurs r\nd h] di/5d$ abdom5 & ! sk9 gets mu* inflam$ & swoll54 ,:5 ! eggs h be5 dis*>g$ ulc]ation takes place & ! flea is expell$4 ,a small sore1 h[ev]1 is left :i* is v liable to get contam9at$1 &1 if neglect$1 may lead to v sev]e complications4 ,prophylaxis4--,d n camp 9 ! neighb\rhood ( native villages4 ,clean ! camp+ gr\nd ?or\ghly &1 if necess>y1 fire x4 ,z insecticides flak$ naph?al5e or a /rong infusion ( native tobacco are useful4 ,! latt] may be us$ inside boots or %oes4 ,walk+ b>e-foot %\ld be avoid$1 z %\ld sleep+ unprotect$ on ! gr\nd4 ,9 ! case ( native c>ri]s or port]s a daily foot-p>ade %\ld be in/itut$4 ,"s protection is af=d$ by sme>+ ! feet1 especially ! spaces betwe5 & "u ! toes1 ) a prep>ation l ph5(ax or ) a mixture ( five drops ( lysol or cresol & an ounce ( vasel9e4 ,treatm5t4--,x is usually bett] to get a native to remove a *igg] z long practice makes !m v exp]t 9 ! little op]ation4 ,! latt] consi/s 9 wid5+ ! sk9 orifice ) a %>p clean ne$le1 & free+ ! flea f ! surr\nd+ tissues 9 ord] to get x out :ole4 ,if x ruptures =ceps mu/ be employ$1 & ?is is mu* m pa9ful & difficult ?an extract+ ! entire insect4 ,! infect$ p>ts %\ld be c>efully treat$ antiseptically4 ,fungus ,diseases4--,!re is a great numb] ( tropical diseases due to fungi b only a few c be consid]$ "h1 & ^! only v briefly4 7#a7 ,dhobie ,it* is "o ( ! be/ kn[n & is s call$ because x 0 ?\ght to be d]iv$ f clo!s infect$ by ! p]sons 7dhobies7 :o wa%$ !m4 ,! p>ts usually attack$ are ! gro9s1 ! upp] "p ( ! ?ighs & ! armpits4 ,! condition is due to a fungus l t ( r+worm & ! sk9 becomes r$ & rais$ & some:at scurfy4 ,dhobie it* causes great irritation & is sometimes associat$ ) consid]able pa94 ,treatm5t4--,mild cases are be/ treat$ by us+ an o9tm5t conta9+ resorc9 two dra*ms1 salicylic acid t5 gra9s1 & vasel9e & lanol9e1 ( ea* f\r dra*ms4 ,! p>ts may be pa9t$ ) iod9e b ?is is some:at irritat+4 ,an o9tm5t ( ammoniat$ m]cury1 two to five p] c5t41 is (t5 effective4 ,bad cases require ! application ( ar>oba 7*rys>ob97 o9tm5t1 b x %\ld n be us$ unless recomm5d$ by a doctor4 ,g\l>d wat] or ,wright's liquor c>bonis det]g5s 7"o tablespoonful to two p9ts ( wat]7 are soo?+ applications4 7#b7 ,!re is a fungus disease ( ! hairs1 especially ( ! armpits & ! pubis1 :i* occurs 9 tropical climates & is (t5 v tr\blesome4 ,! hairs assume a coat$1 bead$ or nodul> appe>ance & ! deposit on !m v>ies 9 col\r & may be black1 yell[ or r$4 ,! und]clo?+ 9 contact ) ! affect$ p>ts becomes /a9$ & :5 ! disease spreads to ! sk91 z x (t5 does1 ! latt] becomes inflam$1 ?ick5$ & pa9ful4 ,prophylaxis4--,keep ! axillae %av$4 ,x is always well to d s 9 a tropical climate4 ,fail+ ?is1 du/ ) a mixture ( p[d]$ sulphur & full]'s e>?1 equal p>ts4 ,*ange ! und]clo?+ frequ5tly & ba! ! p>ts liable to infection4 ,treatm5t4--,apply twice daily a lotion conta9+ "o dra*m ( =mal9 9 six ounces ( rectifi$ _s1 & at night rub 9 a two p] c5t4 sulphur o9tm5t4 ,if ^! measures fail apply t9cture ( iod9e1 except 9 cases :]e ! sk9 is involv$4 ,9 su* cases ba! ) cold wat] & employ a du/+ p[d] or a soo?+ lotion4 7#c7 ,r+worm ( ! head is a disease due to a fungus4 ,! "p = "s di/ance r\nd ! affect$ area %\ld be %av$1 & any /umps ( hairs pull$ out4 ,! sk9 %\ld be lightly pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod9e or /rong solution ( c>bolic acid 7"o 9 t5 ( wat]72 or sulphur1 :ite precipitate1 or m]curial o9tm5t may be g5tly rubb$ 94 ,kraw-,kraw4--,?is is a t]m commonly employ$ by natives ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa to indicate almo/ any k9d ( it*y1 papul>1 or pu/ul> eruption4 ,_m ( ^! appe> to be contagi\s1 & mo/ ( !m are be/ treat$ by op5+ up any pu/ules :i* may be pres5t1 remov+ cru/s by boric p\ltices1 & scrap+ ulc]s4 ,!n scrub ?or\ghly ) sublimate lotion #a 9 #a1jjj1 du/ ) boric p[d] & apply a dress+ ( m$icat$ vasel9e4 ,! application %\ld n be di/urb$ = a week :51 z a rule1 ! sk9 w be f\nd to h heal$ up4 ,clo?+ & any o!r articles :i* h be5 9 contact ) ! affect$ p>ts %\ld be de/roy$ or ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 ,prickly ,heat4--,?is condition is v frequ5t1 especially 9 ! moi/ tropics4 ,x is due to free sweat+1 & is accompani$ by int5se heat & it*+4 ,! p>ts closely cov]$ by clo?+ are specially apt to be affect$4 ,! sk9 becomes cov]$ ) num]\s slightly inflam$ papules1 set close toge!r1 & ! eruption may rema9 = mon?s at a "t1 v>y+ 9 int5sity accord+ to circum/ances4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid long dr9ks1 w>m clo?+1 too mu* ex]cise1 & all conditions produc+ excessive p]spiration4 ,sea-ba?+ %\ld be avoid$1 & soap %\ld n be us$ 9 ! ba?4 ,"o %\ld sleep "u z hygi5ic conditions z possible1 ) a well-v5tilat$ b$ & )\t unnecess>y clo?+4 ,a du/+ p[d] ( equal p>ts ( boric acid1 oxide ( z9c1 & />* is useful4 ,treatm5t4--,ryan /rongly recomm5ds ! s-call$ 8,sulphaqua0 ba? *>ge1 :i* is sold 9 packets ready = use4 ,! above-m5tion$ du/+ p[d] is helpful1 z is ! application ( a lotion conta9+ salicylic acid & _s4 ,"s pref] oily applications4 ,:atev] is us$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! b[els are well op5$ at ! beg9n+ ( an attack1 pref]ably by a sal9e purge4 ,ulc]s4--,ulc]s are (t5 v tr\blesome to ! travell]1 z ! heal+ process is frequ5tly ret>d$ by exposure1 dirt & du/1 & ! *af+ ( clo!s4 ,want ( suffici5t animal food greatly fav\rs ! spread ( l>ge ulc]s4 ,a simple dress+ ( iod(orm o9tm5t1 or o9tm5t ( boric acid1 is effective :5 ! ulc] c be protect$1 & re/ c be giv5 to ! affect$ "p4 ,:5 ! ulc] is deep & l>ge x may be /imulat$ to heal by ! application ( l9t or cotton-wool1 moi/5$ ) c>bolic oil1 c>bolic lotion1 or o!r antiseptics4 ,l>ge1 unheal?y ulc]s %\ld be well ba!d ) "s antiseptic su* z c>bolic acid1 "o 9 sixty ( wat]1 or a solution ( *9osol 7#a 9 #fjj72 & aft] ! sore has be5 cleans$ x may be lightly du/$ ) iod(orm & !n cov]$ ) a piece ( l9t moi/5$ ) c>bolic oil or sme>$ ) iod(orm o9tm5t & support$ by an ev5ly appli$ b&age4 ,boric o9tm5t1 lano-creol9e1 izal o9tm5t or o!r antiseptic dress+ may take ! place ( iod(orm o9tm5t4 ,9 addition to ! above g5]al acc\nt1 c]ta9 conditions lead+ to ulc]ation require consid]ation4 ,ori5tal ,sore4--,?is condition is commonly kn[n z ,baghdad ,boil1 ,aleppo ,button1 ,fronti] ,sore1 etc4 ,x occurs 9 v>i\s hot c\ntries1 su* z ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,arabia1 & ,mesopotamia1 & has be5 met ) 9 ,europe & ,greece4 ,a special =m affect+ bo? sk9 & muc\s membranes is widely di/ribut$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,cause4--,! cause is an organism to all appe>ance id5tical ) t :i* produces lei%maniasis or kala-az>4 ,inde$1 ,ori5tal sore is a =m ( cutane\s lei%maniasis4 ,9 all probability infection is convey$ by s&-flies1 b our k is /ill defective on ?is po9t4 ,symptoms4--,! incubation p]iod v>ies f a =tnight to a ye>4 ,! sore may occur on any expos$ "p ( ! body1 b is mo/ common on ! =e>m1 h&s1 & face4 ,multiple sores are frequ5t4 ,! fir/ sign is a small r$1 scaly papule1 :i* increases 9 size & ev5tually breaks d[n1 =m+ a pa9less ulc]1 ) a h>d1 dry edge4 ,non-ulc]at+ =ms occur1 b are n common4 ,! condition is v *ronic1 b heal+ usually sets 9 aft] six to twelve mon?s4 ,:5 ! ulc] heals a :ite or p9k sc> is left1 :i* is disfigur+4 ,prophylaxis4--,sleep "u a s&-fly net1 conta9+ #bb holes to ! l9e> in*4 ,w>n aga9/ ! dang] ( infection by p]sonal contact & ! risk ( re-infect+ oneself by scrat*+4 ,x is advisable to pa9t ! sites ( all fly & insect bites ) iod9e z soon z possible4 ,treatm5t4--,! be/ treatm5t at pres5t kn[n is intrav5\s injection ( t>t> emetic4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 c be c>ri$ out only by a m$ical man4 ,good results h1 h[ev]1 be5 obta9$ by apply+ a #b p] c5t4 o9tm5t ( t>t>ate ( antimony1 & ?is me?od c be c>ri$ out by ! pati5t himself4 ,local injections ( emet9e h be5 recomm5d$1 & !re are v>i\s o!r ways ( treat+ ,ori5tal sore1 b !y ne$ n be "h consid]$4 ,tropical ,ulc]4--,?is is a special & s]i\s =m ( ulc] f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & especially among/ ,ea/ ,african natives4 ,x is f\nd *iefly 9 ! l[] ?ird ( ! leg & 9 ! region ( ! foot & ankle4 ,cause4--,?is is some:at obscure1 b x is believ$ to be due to c]ta9 organisms possibly act+ 9 association ) "o ano!r4 ,symptoms4--,! condition />ts z a small1 t5d]1 & (t5 it*y papul> bleb1 surr\nd$ by a d5se inflammatory zone4 ,an ulc] results1 :i* is m or less pa9less1 & "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( :i* is ! way x spreads & de/roys all ! tissues ) :i* x comes 9 contact4 ,x is (t5 mi/ak5 = a syphilitic ulc]1 b x does n usually yield to anti-syphilitic rem$ies4 ,treatm5t4--,! be/ rem$y w\ld appe> to be =mal91 ?\gh ! iod(orm o9tm5t m5tion$ "u ulc]s may aid ! condition4 ,x c be effectually treat$ only by a m$ical man4 ,veldt ,sore4--,?is condition1 :i* is also kn[n z ,b>coo ,rot1 is frequ5tly 9 evid5ce 9 c\ntries ) hot1 dry climates1 z1 = example1 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,s\? ,africa1 ,mesopotamia1 etc4 ,cause4--,x is due to c]ta9 bact]iological organisms1 & is apt to occur 9 p]sons :o are debilitat$1 :o are n receiv+ prop] food1 or :o are liv+ "u conditions :]e x is n easy to keep clean4 ,"s ?9k ! sores are commone/ 9 m5 :o h to deal ) horses4 ,symptoms4--,veldt sores are mo/ common on ! h&s & =e>ms4 ,!y beg9 z it*y papules1 :i* become blebs1 !n pu/ules1 & f9ally ulc]s4 ,!y are usually multiple1 & :5 !y heal !y leave areas ( ?91 glossy sk94 ,prophylaxis4--,z = boils4 ,treatm5t4--,! spread ( ulc]s c be *eck$ by remov+ ! hairs f _! bases & r\nd _! m>g9s4 ,v (t5 ! ulc] c be />t$ on its heal+ process by employ+ dress+s soak$ 9 a solution ( #a4e p] c5t4 sodium citrate & #bj p] c5t4 common salt4 ,vacc9es are (t5 successfully us$ 9 ?is condition1 & ! /annoxyl m5tion$ "u boils may be employ$1 z may a salicylic acid o9tm5t1 #bj gra9s to ! ounce4 ,sleep+ ,sickness4 ,?is is ! old 8,negro le?>gy10 & mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) :at is n[ call$ sleep+ sickness 9 ! ,briti% ,isles & on ! ,cont95t1 :i* is q a diff]5t disease4 ,true sleep+ sickness is limit$ to ,africa1 & !re are two *ief types3 t occurr+ 9 p>ts ( ! ,we/ ,coa/ & ! ,fr5* & ,belgian ,congos1 9 ,angola1 9 portions ( ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 9 ,ug&a1 & 9 p>ts ( ! ,tanganyika t]ritory2 & t :i* occurs 9 ,nor!rn ,rhodesia1 ,nyasal&1 ,portuguese ,we/ ,africa1 & ! region ( ! ,rovuma ,riv]4 ,cause4--,! cause is a t9y animal blood p>asite convey$ f ! sick to ! heal?y by c]ta9 species ( tsetse flies4 ,9 ! tsetse fly ! p>asite1 :i* is call$ a trypanosome1 und]goes a def9ite developm5t4 ,! two species ( tsetse fly m]it+ special consid]ation "h are ,gloss9a morsitans & ,gloss9a palpalis4 ,! =m]1 z a rule1 occurs 9 ?91 decidu\s bu%1 or l[1 comp>atively op5 =e/1 :ile ! latt] haunts ! neighb\rhood ( /reams & lakes1 & is r>ely f\nd any great di/ance f ! wat] edge4 ,^! flies are ab\t ! size ( a small blue-bottle1 b are n s /\tly built &1 :5 clos$1 _! w+s ov]lap & project beyond ! end ( ! abdom54 ,gloss9a morsitans is br[ni% col\r$1 ) b&s on its abdom54 ,gloss9a palpalis is mu* d>k]1 inde$ almo/ black-look+4 ,!y h a quick & d>t+ flight1 & are attract$ by rapidly-mov+ objects1 l motor-bicycles & motor-c>s4 ,once !y alight !y d n move ab\t4 ,z a rule !y bite only dur+ ! day1 b !y may attack man on bright moonlight nights4 ,symptoms4--,! incubation p]iod is probably ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,! fly bite may be pa9ful2 & causes a slight local irritation4 ,! disease beg9s insidi\sly1 ) an irregul> fev]1 & !re may be a sk9 eruption4 ,! fev] comes & goes1 & ! pati5t gets weak] & suff]s f heada*e4 ,! gl&s 9 8 neck & possibly 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 body become enl>g$ & may be t5d]4 ,! fir/ /age ( ! disease is call$ trypanosome fev]1 & may end 9 recov]y4 ,m usually ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em becomes affect$1 & !n ! symptoms ( true sleep+ sickness develop1 sl[ly or ) consid]able rapidity4 ,! pati5t becomes dull & dr[sy4 ,bo? 8 spee* & movem5ts are affect$4 ,8 face gets puffy1 & he %uffles :5 he walks4 ,he /ill has fev]1 cont9ues to lose fle%1 & gradually passes into a sleepy condition1 :i* may be associat$ ) convulsions4 ,saliva dribbles f ! lips1 & half-ma/icat$ food may rema9 9 ! m\?4 ,! pati5t becomes helpless & indiff]5t to 8 surr\nd+s1 & ei!r dies f coma or f "s int]curr5t disease1 su* z pneumonia or dys5t]y4 ,prophylaxis4--,p]sonal prophylaxis consi/s 9 avoid+ be+ bitt5 by tsetse flies4 ,:5 pass+ ?r\gh fly belts 9 affect$ areas veils & gloves may be worn4 ,treatm5t4--,if tak5 9 "t sleep+ sickness c be readily cur$ by ! use ( ! ars5ical prep>ation atoxyl1 comb9$ ) antimony4 ,! c\rse ( treatm5t1 h[ev]1 ext5ds ov] a consid]able p]iod1 & x mu/ be c>ri$ out "u ! sup]vision ( a m$ical man4 ,sleeplessness4 ,?is is common 9 ^? brok5 d[n by mal>ia1 dys5t]y or debilitat+ diseases2 x is also induc$ by ! irritation caus$ by mosquitoes & o!r pe/s1 su* z ! it* p>asite4 ,x is at times due to errors ( diet1 prickly heat1 m5tal worry & exhau/ion1 abuse ( tea & c(fee1 coldness ( ! feet & indige/ion1 & z mo/ acute diseases are worse at night1 sleeplessness is v common among/ sick p4 ,treatm5t4--,z f> z possible remove ! cause2 knead+ ! feet & legs1 or ! application ( a hot-wat] bottle to ! feet1 w (t5 be ( s]vice4 ,a cup ( hot milk or s\p %\ld be tak5 at b$time1 & aga9 on wak+ 9 ! night4 ,! b[els mu/ be regulat$ & alcohol tak5 v sp>+ly4 ,! tak+ ( s$ative drugs %\ld be avoid$ z mu* z possible4 ,! lea/ h>mful ( ^! is sulphonal 9 doses ( f tw5ty to ?irty gra9s1 giv5 sev]al h\rs be=e b$time1 or bromide ( potassium 9 tw5ty or ?irty-gra9 doses giv5 at b$time4 ,a w>m ba? at night (t5 acts m satisfactorily ?an any o!r rem$y4 ,only v r>ely %\ld *loral1 *lorodyne1 or opium be resort$ to4 ,regul> habits & pl5ty ( "w are pot5t factors 9 ! production ( t heal?y condition :i* pr$isposes to natural refre%+ sleep4 ,! un=tunate man :o has no h>d "w to d1 :o is )\t ev5 a hobby to occupy him1 & has no int]e/ 9 life b ! torpid condition ( 8 liv]1 is a con/ant suff]] f insomnia4 ,he %\ld be purg$ & put on a light pla9 diet4 ,alcohol mu/ be =bidd5 & pl5ty ( ex]cise mu/ be tak54 ,a tumbl]ful ( hot wat] is to be tak5 ! fir/ ?+ 9 ! morn+ & ! la/ ?+ at night4 ,small-pox4 ,v preval5t 9 ! tropics1 h5ce ! importance ( revacc9ation be=e go+ abroad4 ,incubation p]iod1 twelve days4 ,ra% appe>s ?ird day4 ,ra%4--,be=e ! appe>ance ( ! typical ra% !re are occasionally e>li] ra%es1 viz41 a diffuse blu% cov]+ ! :ole body1 resembl+ sc>let fev]1 or a d>k purple ra% ( effus$ blood b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! l[] "p ( ! belly1 or occasionally 9 ! armpit4 ,! small-pox ra% prop] consi/s ( small r$ rais$ spots :i* fir/ appe> on ! face1 =ehead1 & scalp1 subsequ5tly com+ out ov] ! re/ ( ! body1 comm5c+ at ! top & work+ d[nw>ds4 ,^! spots become prom95t1 & h a *>act]i/ic 8%otty0 feel+ "u ! f+]4 ,on ! ?ird day aft] _! appe>ance a small bleb =ms 9 ! c5tre ( ea* spot2 x is transp>5t at fir/1 b subsequ5tly becomes yell[i%1 f ! =mation ( matt] 9 its int]ior4 ,! c5tre becomes depress$ on ! six? day1 !n ! bleb breaks d[n1 & dis*>ges matt]4 ,two or ?ree days lat] ! spot beg9s to dry up1 & ultimately heals "u a scab4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( mo/ active inflammation ! face may be v swoll5 & sodd54 ,! spots & pu/ules are n conf9$ to ! sk91 b may occur on ! ro( ( ! m\? & 9 ! ?roat4 ,prophylaxis4--,?is consi/s 9 effici5t vacc9ation1 & z travell]s may !mselves h to c>ry out ! te*nique ( vacc9ation1 x is important !y %\ld "k some?+ ab\t x4 ,! usual faults 9 te*nique are a lack ( cleanl9ess1 result+ 9 sepsis1 ! use ( too /rong an antiseptic :5 clean+ ! sk91 ov]-heat+ ( ! lancet1 ne$le or sc>ifi] :5 purify+ x1 draw+ too mu* blood1 :i* wa%es away ! lymph1 exposure ( ! rec5tly vacc9at$ area to ! hot sun1 & *>r+ ( ! lymph 9 ! capill>y tube :5 seal+4 ,all t is necess>y is to clean ! "p to be vacc9at$ ) soap & wat]1 us+ a nail-bru%1 !n rub ! sk9 ) alcohol1 & :5 ! latt] dries proce$ ) ! little op]ation4 ,!re %\ld be f\r incisions1 & ! total area :i* w ev5tually be occupi$ by ! vacc9e vesicles %\ld n be less ?an half a squ>e in*4 ,x may be not$ t ! vesicle is fully ripe on ! sev5? day aft] vacc9ation4 ,treatm5t4--,isolation1 simil> to t ( sc>let fev]4 ,! body may be spong$ & vasel9e appli$ if !re is mu* it*+4 ,! eyelids & eyes %\ld be frequ5tly wa%$ ) weak boric acid solution4 ,snake ,bite 7see p4 #bha74 ,sprue4 ,?is is a *ronic =m ( tropical di>rha1 (t5 call$ 8:ite di>rha10 ! lead+ symptom ( :i* is ! frequ5t passage ( l>ge1 fro?y1 & pale-col\r$ motions2 dyspepsia1 & sor5ess ( ! tongue & m\?1 are also pres5t1 & !re is m>k$ anmia & advanc+ debility4 ,! disease may foll[ attacks ( di>rha or dys5t]y4 ,cause4--,! actual cause ( sprue is unkn[n1 b ! disease usually develops 9 p]sons :o h be5 = "s consid]able "t 9 ! tropics1 & x is common] 9 ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,f> ,ea/ ?an else:]e4 ,treatm5t4--,put ! pati5t to b$1 give a simple ap]i5t su* z ca/or-oil1 to cle> out ! b[els2 all[ only a milk diet1 to :i*1 z ! symptoms beg9 to abate1 meat juices & jellies %\ld be cauti\sly add$4 ,if any o!r disease1 su* z scurvy1 is pres5t1 x mu/ be treat$4 ,drugs are n usually ( mu* s]vice2 h[ev]1 a mixture conta9+ bismu?1 soda1 & "o drop ( c>bolic acid 9 an ounce ( gum-wat] may be giv5 ?ree times a day = a week4 ,! sor5ess ( ! m\? & tongue may be treat$ by ! application ( borax & glyc]9e1 or mild antiseptic m\? wa%es1 su* z a weak solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 or a lotion ( boric acid4 ,special symptoms1 su* z pa9 & collapse1 mu/ be treat$ z !y arise4 ,z soon z ! pati5t is /rong en\gh1 he %\ld be remov$ to a temp]ate climate4 ,/roke1 or ,apoplexy4 ,?is disease is caus$ by ! rupture or block+ up ( "o ( ! blood-vessels 9 ! bra94 ,symptoms4--,! p]son attack$ falls d[n sudd5ly1 & is unable to move "o or m ( 8 limbs4 ,he may be q ins5sible1 or soon become s1 or p]haps he is unable to talk4 ,! m\? may be drawn to "o side1 & ! tongue1 :5 protrud$1 be pu%$ to ! "r or left4 ,! condition is s]i\s4 ,treatm5t4--,tight clo?+ mu/ be remov$4 ,six gra9s ( calomel p[d] %\ld be plac$ on ! back ( ! tongue1 & ! pati5t kept ly+ on 8 back ) ! head slightly rais$4 ,cold %\ld be appli$ to ! head & a hot-wat] bottle to ! feet1 ! room d>k5$1 & absolute quiet obs]v$4 ,an enema ( hot wat] may be giv51 & :ile ! pati5t is ins5sible ! lips %\ld be moi/5$ only ) wat]4 ,food may be giv5 by ! b[el on ! second or ?ird day4 ,/imulants are absolutely =bidd54 ,if ! pati5t gets ov] ! attack he ought to be s5t home4 ,note4--,x mu/ n be =gott5 t _m ( ! above symptoms might be caus$ by injury or poison4 ,sun-,/roke & ,heat-,/roke4 ,^! conditions are di/9ct4 ,sun-/roke1 :i* is comp>atively r>e1 is due to ! direct action ( ! sun on ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,heat-/roke1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld appe> to be due to ! lack ( escape ( heat f ! body1 ow+ to insuffici5t evaporation f ! sk91 & to ! effect ( muscul> fatigue4 ,z a result1 poison\s sub/ances accumulate & act detrim5tally ^u ! n]ve cells4 ,!re is also a defici5t supply ( oxyg5 to ! blood4 ,high relative humidity plays a v important "p 9 produc+ attacks ( heat-/roke4 ,! mild] =ms are kn[n z ,heat exhau/ion & ,heat pro/ration2 ! sev]e =m is (t5 associat$ ) true sun-/roke4 ,symptoms4--,heat exhau/ion is really a =m ( fa9tness1 & recov]y soon takes place aft] a re/4 ,! symptoms ( heat pro/ration are gidd9ess1 (t5 associat$ ) nausea4 ,! pati5t is ba!d 9 a clammy sweat1 8 pulse is ?ready1 8 brea?+ %all[1 &1 x may be1 sigh+4 ,! condition may pass into unconsci\sness1 b ! temp]ature is n rais$1 & dea? r>ely results4 ,!re are two k9ds ( true ,heat-/roke2 "o a =m ) high temp]ature1 ! o!r :at is call$ ,heat cramp1 :i* is common among/ %ips' firem5 9 ! tropics4 ,an e>ly w>n+ sign ( heat-/roke is a desire = frequ5t micturition1 & o!r premonitory symptoms are a dry sk91 gidd9ess1 dr[s9ess1 heada*e1 & intol]ance ( light4 ,! pulse becomes quick & irregul>1 ! sk9 is hot & dry1 & ! temp]ature elevat$4 ,! pati5t may become comatose1 or exhibit delirium or convulsions4 ,!re is an asphyxial type1 9 :i* ! face becomes cyanos$ & ! brea?+ is 9 abeyance4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid sev]e ex]cise 9 a hot sun4 ,we> suitable clo?+1 :i* %\ld be loose & easy1 & protect ! head1 & especially ! nape ( ! neck1 f ! sun's rays4 ,d>k or t9t$ glasses are useful4 ,wat] %\ld be tak5 freely1 & ! b[els kept op52 b alcohol mu/ be avoid$4 ,sniff+ a mixture ( wat] & v9eg> & damp+ ! face are helpful measures4 ,treatm5t4--,9 ! case ( ,heat pro/ration ! pati5t %\ld be laid 9 ! %ade on 8 back1 8 clo!s %\ld be loos5$1 8 limbs massag$1 &1 if he is collaps$1 /imulants 9 ! =m ( ammonia or camphor %\ld be adm9i/]$4 ,! asphyxial type ( heat-/roke c only be treat$ by means ( artificial respiration1 :i* may h to be cont9u$ = z long z a c\ple ( h\rs4 ,! ord9>y =m1 :i* has be5 call$ ! p>alytic type1 mu/ be treat$ promptly & vigor\sly4 ,"o mu/ aim at r$uc+ ! temp]ature1 gett+ rid ( ! toxic mat]ial 9 ! body & prev5t+ he>t failure4 ,probably ! be/ way ( treat+ ! condition z an em]g5cy is to lay ! pati5t nak$ on an incl9$ plane & dr5* him ) cold wat]4 ,:5 do+ s x is well to take ! rectal temp]ature1 & to /op ?is *ill+ process :5 ! !rmomet] regi/]s #ajb ,f4 ,aft] ! dr5*+ wrap ! pati5t 9 blankets & apply hot bottles to ! trunk & limbs4 ,an ice bag1 if available1 %\ld be appli$ to ! head1 :i* 9 any case %\ld be swa!d 9 cold clo?s4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! abs5ce ( ice1 a %eet soak$ 9 cold wat] or dilute alcohol1 ov] :i* a draught ( air plays1 is a useful sub/itute4 ,a fan may be us$ to create ! air draught4 ,auxili>y me?ods ( treatm5t c be effici5tly c>ri$ out only "u m$ical sup]vision4 ,z soon z ! pati5t has recov]$ some:at1 a dose ( calomel %\ld be giv51 foll[$ by sal9es4 ,syphilis4 ,syphilis1 or ! ,pox1 is an infecti\s v5]eal disease1 ne>ly always communicat$ by direct contagion4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease is m>k$ by a prim>y sore1 ! *ancre2 e>ly con/itutional 7second>y7 symptoms1 & late con/itutional 7t]ti>y7 symptoms4 ,9 prim>y syphilis ! disease is limit$ to ! "p or organ orig9ally infect$1 & ! gl&s connect$ ) t spot4 ,aft] an incubation p]iod ( f ?ree to six weeks a small pa9less pimple appe>s at ! seat ( infection2 x breaks d[n1 & =ms a small ulc] f :i* oozes a little wat]y fluid4 ,! base ( ! ulc] & ! sk9 surr\nd+ x are h>d l gri/le4 ,! ne>e/ gl&s1 usually ^? ( ! gro91 enl>ge & occasionally become t5d]4 ,unless badly neglect$1 ! orig9al sore gradually heals & ! gl&s resume _! normal size4 ,second>y symptoms n[ make _! appe>ance4 ,^! are fairly def9ite1 & comprises 7a7 ,a sk9 ra%1 consi/+ ( num]\s irregul>ly %ap$ copp]-col\r$ spots1 spread ov] ! face1 upp] "p ( ! *e/1 ! lo9s & ! back ( ! arms4 ,!y d n it*4 7b7 ,moi/ lumps & w>ts =m 9 ! crut*1 ar\nd ! scrotum 7purse7 & ! outlet ( ! b[el4 7c7 ,ulc]at$ sore ?roat4 ,l>ge deep ulc]s =m on ea* tonsil1 hav+ ragg$ und]m9$ edges4 7d7 ,iritis or inflammation ( ! eye may also occur4 ,^! symptoms1 ev5 if untreat$1 t5d to heal1 b always leave m or less m>k$ traces beh9d4 ,! dis*>ge f ei!r prim>y or second>y sores is infecti\s & may convey ! disease1 s t great c>e ne$s to be tak5 9 h&l+ su* sores4 ,aft] an int]val ( app>5t heal?1 la/+ p]haps only a few mon?s1 b (t5 = a ye> or two1 ! t]ti>y symptoms or 8rem9d]s0 make _! appe>ance4 ,^! take ! =m ( localis$ swell+s1 :i* soon break d[n1 =m+ deep ulc]s1 & if untreat$1 produce ext5sive de/ruction ( ! "p involv$1 ) mu* de=mity4 ,prophylaxis4--,! me?ods available are n[ s well kn[n t !y ne$ n be discuss$ 9 a "w ( ?is k9d4 ,m5tion ne$ m]ely be made ( ! fact t 9 "s =eign c\ntries1 ow+ to unhygi5ic conditions1 !re is a great] liability to contract ! disease by :at may be call$ unusual me?ods1 & !re=e e c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t su* s\rces ( infection1 z1 = example1 ! contam9at$ seats ( closets1 etc4 ,treatm5t4--,z soon z ! disease is recognis$1 ! treatm5t mu/ be comm5c$4 ,local treatm5t4--,keep ! sore p]fectly clean by wa%+ x ) an antiseptic solution su* z *9osol 7#a 9 #ajjj74 ,betwe5 ! wa%+s1 dress x ) a piece ( l9t soak$ 9 8black wa%10 or du/ x ) iod(orm p[d] & cov] x ) a piece ( l9t sme>$ ) boric o9tm5t4 ,= ! sore ?roat1 use an antiseptic g>gle 7see ,ulc]ation ( ,?roat1 p4 #bdd74 ,g5]al treatm5t4--,! pati5t mu/ be put on a c\rse ( m]cury at once4 ,calomel1 "o gra9 twice a day1 or grey p[d]1 "o gra9 ?ree times a day1 mu/ be adm9i/]$1 & cont9u$ until skill$ advice c be obta9$4 ,! effect ( ! m]cury mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 & if ! pati5t compla9s ( sor5ess ( ! gums1 a copp]y ta/e 9 ! m\? & excessive fl[ ( saliva1 ! dose mu/ be r$uc$ or ! adm9i/ration ( ! drug /opp$ until ^! symptoms h disappe>$4 ,if ! calomel or grey p[d] causes loos5ess ( ! b[els1 five gra9s ( ,dov]'s p[d] may be add$ to ea* dose4 ,9 "s cases1 ! addition ( ?ree gra9s ( ! iodide ( pota% to ea* gra9 ( calomel does good f ! v fir/4 ,= ! lat] symptoms1 cont9ue ! m]curial treatm5t1 & give at lea/ five gra9s ( ! iodide ( potassium ?ree times a day4 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ! :ole treatm5t ( syphilis has be5 revolutioniz$ by ! introduction ( c]ta9 organic ars5ic comp\nds z !rapeutic ag5ts4 ,( ^! ! be/ kn[n is ! ,g]man salv>san1 repres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry by kh>sivan1 ! s-call$ 8#fjf40 ,treatm5t ) ars5ic has n[ l>gely replac$ ! old me?od ) m]cury2 b x _c be c>ri$ out except by "o hav+ m$ical tra9+1 & s ne$ n be fur!r consid]$4 ,tick ,fev]4 ,"o ( ! diseases :i* may be produc$ by ! bites ( insects is a =m ( fev]1 convey$ by ! bite ( a tick1 :i* is common 9 _m p>ts ( ,africa4 ,?is produces a s]ies ( symptoms :i* are simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! disease kn[n z relaps+ fev]1 :i* has be5 kn[n to occur ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & :i* us$ to be call$ 8fam9e fev]0 7see p4 #bah74 ,cause4--,! cause is a corkscrew-%ap$ organism f\nd 9 ! blood1 & its vector is ! tick above m5tion$1 :i* 9 its adult /ate & unf$ is r\ghly ab\t ! l5g? ( a f+]-nail1 t is1 f\r-t5?s ( an in*4 ,x is ( a gre5i% br[n col\r1 & is cov]$ by a lea!ry integum5t1 :i* looks z if x 0 spott$ all ov] & :i* is groov$ 9 sev]al places4 ,:5 ! tick is gorg$1 ^! grooves disappe>4 ,a gorg$ female tick may be well ov] half an in* 9 l5g?1 & v ne>ly ( an equal bread?4 ,! tick lives 9 native h\ses & 9 re/ h\ses1 especially along c>avan r\tes4 ,at night x sallies =? 9 se>* ( blood1 b dur+ ! day x conceals itself 9 cracks & corn]s 9 ! walls & floors1 & sometimes 9 cracks 9 native wood5 b$/eads4 ,its bite is pa9ful1 b ! infection takes place n ?r\gh ! bite1 b z a result ( ! infect$ excreta ( ! tick contam9at+ ! tick bite4 ,"o tick is suffici5t to cause infection4 ,symptoms4--,! *ief symptoms are ^? ( a sev]e attack ( fev]1 u%]$ 9 by a %iv]+ fit & acute symptoms su* z are usually f\nd 9 cases ( fev]1 = example1 pa9s 9 ! back & limbs1 rapid pulse1 & sometimes sev]e vomit+ & di>rha1 frontal heada*e1 & pa9ful blood%ot eyes are r *>act]i/ic4 ,! fev]1 :i* is ( ! relaps+ type1 g5]ally keeps up = ab\t a week1 aft] :i* !re may be an int]val )\t fev] = a few days1 to be foll[$ lat] on by ano!r attack ( fev]4 ,!re are usually sev]al relapses4 ,z _m z elev5 h be5 not$4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid sleep+ 9 native huts & re/ h\ses :i* h be5 occupi$ by natives4 ,d n sleep on ! gr\nd or on wood5 native b$/eads4 ,if ! latt] h to be us$1 _! legs %\ld be smoo!d to prev5t ticks f climb+ up !m4 ,9 badly infe/$ places1 x is well to employ a hammock4 ,a mosquito-net is useful1 z x excludes ! ticks2 & x is well to make use ( a night-light1 :i* also keeps !m away4 ,packs & blankets %\ld be p]iodically inspect$ to see t !y d n h>b\r ticks4 ,if "o has to camp on an infect$ area1 ! gr\nd %\ld be fir$ & ! floors ( huts dug up & !reaft] remov$ & buri$ or treat$ ) fire1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! ticks d n escape dur+ ! process4 ,w&]+ ticks c be kept away f a t5t to "s ext5t by digg+ r\nd x a tr5* & fill+ x ) wood a%es4 ,treatm5t4--,?is is ma9ly symptomatic4 ,c>eful nurs+ is requir$ toge!r ) a light diet4 ,9 "s cases ! ars5ic prep>ation kn[n z salv>san 7kh>sivan7 is f\nd ( value1 b ! specific treatm5t ( ?is malady c only be c>ri$ out by a m$ical man4 ,9 _m cases digitalis or /rophan?us is requir$1 ow+ to ! risk ( he>t failure4 ,typhus ,fev]4 ,?is disease is n s common 9 ! tropics1 b 9 c]ta9 sub-tropical c\ntries1 su* z ,egypt1 x frequ5tly occurs1 & x is ( c\rse closely associat$ ) milit>y op]ations 9 ! field4 ,cause4--,! exact nature ( ! infection is z yet unkn[n1 b ! disease is transmitt$ by lice1 bo? ! head & ! body l\se hav+ be5 prov$ to be c>ri]s ( ! virus4 ,symptoms4--,incubation p]iod #e to #ad days1 z a rule #ab days4 ,symptoms v>y1 b at fir/ some:at resemble ^? ( an influ5zal attack )\t ! cold 9 ! head4 ,! pati5t is fev]i% & uncom=table1 b n until ! ?ird day d ! typical symptoms ( typhus make _! appe>ance4 ,!n ! pati5t's face becomes flu%$ & 8 eyes conge/$1 8 pulse rate increases1 & v soon 8 temp]ature rises & runs up to #ajc or #ajd ,f4 ,! ra%1 :i* v>ies 9 type1 g5]ally appe>s on ! fif? day1 be+ f\nd fir/ on ! upp] "p ( ! abdom54 ,x does n occur ^u ! face1 b is usually v pr(use on ! back4 ,if ! ra% develops ! pati5t becomes s]i\sly ill1 & all 8 symptoms are int5sifi$4 ,he becomes dull & le?>gic1 8 m\? is f\l1 & 8 g5]al aspect is some:at l t ( a drunk5 man4 ,8 voice becomes husky1 8 h&s are tremul\s1 & 8 brea?+ is rapid4 ,9 ! second week1 9 mo/ cases1 he becomes deliri\s or comatose1 & lies 9 b$ m or less l a log4 ,9 cases t recov]1 improvem5t sets 9 ab\t ! f\rte5? day1 & is usually rapid & complete4 ,9 cases :i* die ! temp]ature rema9s high or rises1 ! g5]al condition becomes worse1 & dea? usually takes place f he>t failure4 ,prophylaxis4--,get rid ( lice accord+ to ! me?ods detail$ on page #aif4 ,^? att5d+ typhus pati5ts %\ld be protect$ f lice by we>+ ov]alls1 etc4 ,pati5ts suff]+ f typhus %\ld be ?or\ghly cleans$1 _! hair cut or %av$1 & completely cle>$ ( lice4 ,b$d+ & clo?+ mu/ be dis9fect$4 ,treatm5t4--,good nurs+ is ( m importance 9 ?is disease ?an ! adm9i/ration ( drugs4 ,! m\? mu/ be kept 9 a good condition1 & ! food mu/ be /r5g!n+1 n\ri%+ s\ps be+ indicat$4 ,x is important to give ! pati5t z mu* fre% air z possible1 & z a rule he w require /imulants1 especially he>t tonics su* z digitalis or /rophan?us4 ,o!r measures c be c>ri$ out only "u m$ical sup]vision4 ,ulc]ation ( ! ,?roat4 ,g>gle ) a weak antiseptic solution su* z p]manganate ( pota% or *9osol4 ,an a/r+5t g>gle may be made by dissolv+ five gra9s or m ( tann9 9 two ounces ( hot wat]4 ,sulphate ( iron c be us$ = ! same purpose1 two gra9s or m to an ounce ( wat]4 ,if !re is mu* pa91 apply p\ltices to ?roat4 ,if due to syphilis give "o gra9 ( calomel & ?ree gra9s ( iodide ( potassium1 twice a day1 9 addition to ! local treatm5t4 ,kh>sivan1 or simil> treatm5t1 is also indicat$ 7see p4 #bdj74 ,undulant 7,malta7 ,fev]4 ,! t]m ,undulant ,fev] is appli$ to ,malta ,fev] p>tly because ! latt] is n a good "n1 z ! disease occurs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & p>tly because ! t]m ,undulant af=ds a good description ( ! type ( ! temp]ature curve4 ,cause4--,! organism is a small bact]ium1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! blood & tissues4 ,al?\gh !oretically ! disease c be spread l ent]ic fev] or dys5t]y1 9 practice x is f\nd t x is ne>ly always convey$ by infect$ goats' milk4 ,goats are apt to h>b\r ! organism & excrete x 9 _! milk4 ,x is also f\nd 9 c]ta9 milk products1 su* z cream & *eeses :i* are n all[$ to rip54 ,9 addition to man & goats1 c[s1 %eep1 horses1 mules & dogs1 are all liable to natural infection4 ,symptoms4--,incubation p]iod #e to #ae days4 ,! disease beg9s ) heada*e1 malaise1 anorexia1 & sleeplessness4 ,! pati5t is usually con/ipat$1 & !re is t5d]ness 9 ! spl5ic region1 ! sple5 be+ enl>g$ at an e>ly date4 ,! temp]ature rises gradually = ?ree or f\r days 9 a /ep-l mann]1 & !n falls by a simil> desc5t1 rea*+ ! normal on or ab\t ! t5? day4 ,at ?is e>ly /age ble$+ f ! nose may occur1 & pr(use night sweats are n uncommon4 ,! tongue is flabby & coat$4 ,:5 ! temp]ature falls ! pati5t feels bett] = a few days1 b is /ill apt to suff] f night sweats1 & cont9ues to lose fle%4 ,a relapse occurs1 & is usually accompani$ by jo9t tr\bles & sometimes neuralgic pa9s4 ,a s]ies ( febrile waves cont9ues to foll[ ea* o!r at %ort int]vals1 & ! illness is a v we>isome "o1 runn+ an av]age c\rse ( #fj to #gj days4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 ext5d = ne>ly a ye>1 & 9 "s cases t]m9ates fatally4 ,! long c\rse ( ! illness results 9 ! pati5t becom+ anmic1 & he (t5 suff]s f m5tal depression4 ,!re are irregul> =ms ( ! fev] :i* are apt to be puzzl+1 & x is always well to rememb] t any cases ( prolong$ pyrexia f tropical or sub-tropical regions may be ,malta fev]4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid dr9k+ goats' milk & eat+ ! local products ( su* milk4 ,if goats' milk mu/ be drunk x %\ld be boil$4 ,g5]al hygi5ic measures are also important1 & x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! organism ( ! disease is f\nd 9 ur9e1 :i* %\ld !re=e be dis9fect$4 ,treatm5t4--,?is is = ! mo/ "p entirely symptomatic4 ,m$ical att5tion & good nurs+ are ess5tial4 ,a vacc9e has be5 introduc$ & is wor? try+1 b vacc9e treatm5t is be/ left to an exp]t4 ,x is sometimes necess>y to give morphia = ! jo9t pa9s & ! neuralgia1 b !re is a di/9ct risk ( ! pati5t's acquir+ ! morphia habit4 ,sleeplessness1 :i* is (t5 tr\blesome1 %\ld be treat$ z indicat$ on page #bce4 ,ur9e1 ,ret5tion (4 ,ret5tion (1 or inability to pass ! wat] may be caus$ by /ricture1 injury1 %ock1 spasm1 inflammation ( "s "p ( ! passage1 ! effects ( dr9k+1 or by *ill4 ,symptoms4--,! bladd] is unable to expel its cont5ts & x gets full] & full]2 x c be felt 9 its di/5d$ condition z a pa9ful1 s(t swell+ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! belly1 bel[ ! navel1 und]nea? ! sk9 & muscles4 ,!re may be fev]1 great pa9 & con/ant desire to pass wat]1 ) inability to d s4 ,:5 ! bladd] becomes greatly di/5d$1 !re is usually slight dribbl+ ( wat]1 :i* is some:at mislead+1 z ! case may be consid]$1 n "o ( ret5tion b r ( too frequ5t pass+ ( ur9e4 ,treatm5t4--,give a sal9e purge su* z ,epsom salts1 ?ree or f\r teaspoonfuls1 & let ! pati5t sit 9 a ba? ( hot wat]4 ,if n reliev$ v quickly1 !n pass a clean ca!t] into ! bladd]1 & all[ x to empty itself 7see ,ca!t]s1 p4 #bgb74 ,aft] ! bladd] has be5 empti$ put ! pati5t to b$ & give a dose ( opium or bromide ( potassium to procure re/4 ,:5 he desires to pass wat] aga9 let him h ano!r ba?1 & if ?is is n effectual1 aga9 )draw ! wat] ?r\gh a ca!t]4 ,pati5t %\ld be c>eful to w>d (f fur!r attacks by avoid+ *ills1 ov]-dr9k+1 & o!r excit+ causes4 ,if !re is inflammation ( ! bladd]1 copaiba or s&al-wood capsules %\ld be us$2 if ! ur9e is irritat+1 bic>bonate ( soda mu/ be giv54 ,ur9e1 ,suppression (4 ,9 ?is s]i\s condition no ur9e is secret$ by ! kidneys1 s t on pass+ a ca!t] ! bladd] w be f\nd to be empty4 ,causes4--,%ock f injury1 inflammation & block+ up ( ! kidneys4 ,suppression ( ! ur9e is a common complication ( sev]e cases ( blackwat] fev]4 ,treatm5t4--,hot ba?s1 hot p\ltices to ! lo9s1 free use ( ap]i5ts1 especially ,epsom salts & o!r sal9e purges4 ,bic>bonate ( soda 9 full doses4 ,keep ! sk9 act+ freely by means ( sweet nitre1 or ,w>burg's t9cture1 or five-gra9 doses ( antipyr9e4 ,injections ( hot wat] into ! l[] b[el4 ,worms4 ,worms are introduc$ into ! sy/em *iefly by means ( dirty wat] or imp]fectly cook$ food4 ,9 ! case ( hook worms 7ankylo/omes71 contam9at$ soil is ! *ief m$ium ( infection4 ,( ! worms :i* live 9 ! b[els ! mo/ important are ! foll[+3 ,tape ,worms4--,^! worms may measure _m feet 9 l5g?2 & _! pres5ce 9 ! body c only be c]ta9ly kn[n by ! appe>ance ( "s ( ! segm5ts or portions ( ! worm 9 ! motions al?\gh hung] & dyspepsia may be compla9$ (4 ,treatm5t4--,adm9i/] a good ap]i5t ov]night s z to empty ! b[els2 aft] ! ap]i5t no?+ %\ld be giv5 by ! m\? = eight h\rs1 !n give sixty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty drops ( ! liquid extract ( male f]n 9 "o ounce ( ?9 gruel1 milk1 or gum wat]1 & foll[ ?is up 9 f\r h\rs by a good meal1 & an ap]i5t to remove ! worm1 :i* %\ld n[ be dead4 ,:5 ! extract ( male f]n is n available1 "o tablespoonful ( ! oil ( turp5t9e may be us$ 9 its place4 ,if lat] on fre% segm5ts appe> 9 ! motions1 !n ! treatm5t mu/ be repeat$4 ,r\nd ,worm4--,! r\nd worm resembles ! g>d5 worm & is sev]al in*es 9 l5g?2 x may be obs]v$ 9 ! vomit b m commonly is se5 9 ! motions4 ,! symptoms are simil> to ^? caus$ by ! tape worm & ! treatm5t is ! same1 except t1 in/ead ( ! male f]n1 two to five gra9s ( santon9 %\ld be giv5 9 a little milk2 & ! treatm5t repeat$ e o!r day = a week4 ,?readworm4--,! ?readworm is a small r\nd worm usually measur+ less ?an half an in* 9 l5g?2 x inhabits ! l[] end ( ! b[el & causes great heat & it*+ ab\t ! outlet1 especially at night4 ,treatm5t4--,wa% out ! l[] b[el & inject into x ab\t a ?ird ( a p9t ( tea1 or a simil> quantity ( wat] conta9+ "o teaspoonful ( salt1 tann91 or alum2 !n apply a little m]curial o9tm5t ar\nd ! outlet to dim9i% irritation4 ,?is %\ld be done e ?ird day till ! worms h disappe>$ f ! motions4 ,! ,gu9ea ,worm4--,! gu9ea worm (t5 measures sev]al feet 9 l5g?2 x *iefly causes tr\ble 9 ! feet1 ankles1 & legs1 :]e 9 ord] to obta9 an exit f ! body x p5etrates ! sk91 caus+ a small ulc] at its po9t ( exit4 ,usually ! pres5ce ( ! gu9ea worm is att5d$ ) inflammation & ! =mation ( matt]4 ,prophylaxis4--,infect$ p]sons %\ld be kept away f wat] supplies1 & su* s\rces ( wat] supply z wells & wat] holes %\ld be protect$4 ,9 areas :]e gu9ea worm occurs1 all wat] %\ld be boil$4 ,if ?is _c be manag$1 x %\ld be filt]$ ?r\gh a piece ( clean cotton clo?1 z ?is w remove f x ! small cru/acean 9 :i* ! l>va ( ! gu9ea worm develops4 ,ano!r me?od ( treat+ infect$ wat] is by means ( p]manganate ( pota%1 "o ounce to e #b1jjj gallons ( well wat]4 ,cau/ic pota% & quicklime are also effective4 ,treatm5t4--,:5 ! worm c be se5 at ! base ( ! little ulc]1 x may be secur$ to a piece ( mat* & a small portion may be w\nd on to ! mat* daily4 ,if attempts are made to =cibly draw x out1 x w probably break & viol5t inflammation w result4 ,dur+ ! "t t ! worm is be+ w\nd out1 ! "p %\ld be kept v clean & an antiseptic o9tm5t appli$4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( treatm5t1 b ^! c only be c>ri$ out "u m$ical sup]vision4 ,! ,hook ,worm4--,?is is ! ,am]ican "n = "o or o!r ( ! species ( ankylo/omes :i* infect man4 ,! disease !y cause is kn[n z ankylo/omiasis1 & x is common 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 especially 9 ! tropics4 ,x *iefly affects natives1 ow+ to _! habits2 b x occurs also 9 ,europeans4 ,cause4--,hook worms are small1 almo/ cyl9drical worms1 :i* inhabit ! human small inte/9e1 to ! wall ( :i* !y atta* !mselves by means ( _! m\?s1 :i* are furni%$ ) =midable hooks & lancets4 ,!y suck blood1 & ! symptoms !y produce are due 9 "p to loss ( blood1 9 "p to ! de/ruction ( ! l9+ membrane ( ! b[el1 & possibly also 9 "p to ! effects ( a poison :i* !y are believ$ to excrete4 ,_! eggs are pass$ 9 ! excrem5t1 & develop 9 ! infect$ soil into l>v1 :i* are able to p5etrate ! unbrok5 sk9 if !y come 9 contact ) x4 ,?is is ! mo/ important r\te ( infection1 b x may occur also by means ( infect$ dr9k+ wat] & f contam9at$ food4 ,symptoms4--,! mo/ m>k$ feature ( ! disease is anmia1 :i* is (t5 associat$ ) dige/ive tr\bles4 ,palpitation ( ! he>t & %ortness ( brea? are frequ5tly met )4 ,9 bad cases ! appetite is disord]$ or deprav$4 ,! pati5t becomes pot-belli$1 & !re is swell+1 *iefly ab\t ! face & ankles4 ,! face is frequ5tly puffy1 & ! sk9 assumes a peculi> e>?y hue4 ,x %\ld be not$ t a v e>ly symptom is :at is call$ gr\nd it*4 ,?is is a sk9 eruption1 usually on ! feet & legs1 due to ! irritation caus$ by ! l>v p5etrat+ ! epid]mis4 ,prophylaxis4--,! *ief measure consi/s 9 prev5t+ contam9ation ( ! soil by infect$ excrem5t4 ,x is !re=e important :5 camp+ to make prop] provision 9 ! way ( latr9es4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 to prev5t ! f\l+ ( wat] & food /uffs1 su* z vegetables1 :i* are eat5 uncook$4 ,x is v dang]\s to g ab\t b>e-foot 9 regions :]e ! disease occurs1 & camp+ sites %\ld always be ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,treatm5t4--,effici5t treatm5t c only be c>ri$ out 9 association ) microscopic exam9ation ( ! /ools1 & h5ce all t ne$ "h be said is t v>i\s worm m$ic9es are employ$1 ( :i* ! mo/ effectual are ?ymol & oil ( *5opodium4 ,^! %\ld be adm9i/]$ only "u c>eful m$ical sup]vision4 ,! anmia has to be treat$1 & 9 ! case ( natives a nutriti\s & easily-dige/$ diet is indicat$2 = example1 = native coolies ! foll[+ has be5 recomm5d$3 bread #a p\nd1 milk #b p9ts1 sug> #b ounces1 #b eggs1 & #d bananas daily4 ,gr\nd it* %\ld be treat$ by an o9tm5t conta9+ z9c oxide & salicylic acid4 ,! ,bilh>zia ,worm4--,?is worm1 ( :i* !re are two species1 produces ! disease kn[n z ,bilh>ziasis or ,s*i/osomiasis1 :i* occurs 9 "o or o!r1 or bo? =ms1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 b is specially preval5t 9 ,egypt4 ,cause4--,! worms1 :i* produce ei!r ur9>y or rectal bilh>ziasis1 live 9 p>ts ( ! human vascul> sy/em1 :]e !y produce _! eggs4 ,^! eggs are furni%$ ) sp9es1 & h5ce cause irritation :5 lodg$ 9 ! tissues4 ,9 ! ur9>y =m ! eggs h a t]m9al sp9e1 9 ! inte/9al =m ! sp9e is lat]al4 ,^! eggs are pass$ ei!r 9 ! ur9e or 9 ! excreta & rea* wat]1 :]e !y develop into l>v4 ,! l>v ent] special species ( wat] snails1 9 :i* !y develop1 produc+ ev5tually t9y =ms kn[n z c]c>i4 ,^! c]c>i escape into ! wat] & c p5etrate ! unbrok5 sk9 or intact muc\s membrane4 ,!y ?us get access to ! bodies ( p]sons :o are ba?+ 9 ! infect$ wat]1 or :o may dr9k x4 ,once 9 ! human body1 ! blood c>ries !m to ! place :]e !y develop into ! adult worms1 :i* ev5tually unite1 & !n ! females beg9 produc+ ! sp9$ eggs4 ,symptoms4--,9 ! ur9>y =m ! *ief symptom is ! passage ( bloody ur9e1 :i* usually %[s itself ab\t ?ree mon?s aft] infection1 & is (t5 associat$ ) a good deal ( irritation ( ! bladd] & ! pipe4 ,! inte/9al =m may produce v>i\s symptoms4 ,sometimes a condition resembl+ ent]ic fev] occurs1 sometimes "o l dys5t]y4 ,di>rha is common4 ,! condition is *ronic &1 if untreat$1 sets up all k9ds ( second>y effects1 :i* ne$ n be discuss$4 ,prophylaxis4--,c>efully avoid any k9d ( p]sonal contact ) wat] :i* may by any possibility be infect$ f ur9e or fces4 ,ba?+1 wad+1 wa%+ 91 or dr9k+ any su* wat]s1 are all dang]\s4 ,:]ev] possible1 wat] :i* may be infect$ %\ld be boil$4 ,if ?is _c be done1 sodium bisulphate tablets may be us$2 two ( ! #af-;gra9 wat]-purify+ tablets 9 a qu>t wat]-bottle full ( wat] are effici5t4 ,filtration ?r\gh a ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& or ,d\lton c&le is effici5t1 z x excludes ! c]c>i4 ,ba?+ wat] c be r5d]$ safe = imm$iate use by ! addition ( undilut$ ,army cresol 9 a dilution ( #a 9 #aj1jjj4 ,if ! wat] is kept ov]night1 #a 9 #ij1jjj is suffici5t1 z ! /orage ( wat] t5ds to dim9i% infection4 ,treatm5t4--,c]ta9 =ms ( antimony h be5 f\nd to cure ! condition1 b c only be adm9i/]$ by a m$ical man4 ,inde$1 ei!r =m ( bilh>ziasis c be prop]ly treat$ only "u m$ical sup]vision4 ,if ?is is n obta9able1 "s relief c be af=d$ by ! use ( urotrop9 & s$ative drugs4 ,!re are _m o!r worm diseases :i* afflict man1 b no good object w\ld be s]v$ by m5tion+ !m 9 detail4 ,mo/ ( !m c be diagnos$ ) c]ta9ty only by a m$ical man us+ ! microscope1 & !y all require sci5tific treatm5t :i* is beyond ! scope ( ! ord9>y travell]4 ,yell[ ,fev]4 ,?is disease1 ! 8,yell[ ,jack0 ( naval hi/orians1 occurs1 s f> z is kn[n1 only 9 p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w & on ! ,we/ ,coa/ ( ,africa4 ,"o attack usually protects p]man5tly aga9/ a second4 ,cause4--,q rec5tly ! organism has app>5tly be5 discov]$4 ,x is a corkscrew-%ap$ p>asite :i* exi/s 9 ! blood1 & :i* is alli$ to1 ?\gh n id5tical )1 ! p>asites ( relaps+ fev] & tick fev]4 ,! infection is convey$ f "o pati5t to ano!r by ! mosquito ,/egomyia fasciata1 :i* is a black & :ite insect1 commonly kn[n f its /rip$ legs z ! tig] mosquito4 ,incubation p]iod two to five days4 ,symptoms4--,! onset ( ! disease is v sudd51 ! highe/ temp]ature be+ rea*$ almo/ at once2 !n foll[s a p]iod ( remission or calm1 ! pulse becomes abnormally sl[1 & ?is /age is usually ei!r succe$$ by convalesc5ce1 or ! symptoms become worse & ! pati5t dies4 ,"s ( ! symptoms mu* resemble mal>ia1 b ! rapidity ( ! onset1 sev]e pa9 9 ! =ehead1 eyes1 & lo9s1 ! e>ly scant9ess ( ! ur9e1 ! m>k$ jaundice1 ! bright eyes1 ! n>r[ r$ tongue1 & ! abs5ce ( pa9 ab\t ! sple5 are fairly *>act]i/ic4 ,!re is consid]able ?ir/ & vomit+1 & 9 bad cases ! vomit becomes black1 ! col\r be+ due to ! pres5ce ( blood4 7,9 ord9>y mal>ia ! vomit is yell[1 or 9 sev]e cases1 su* z blackwat] fev]1 x may be ( a bright or d>k-gre5 col\r47 ,9 yell[ fev]1 jaundice is develop$ ab\t ! ?ird day1 & t5ds to increase1 :il/ 9 blackwat] fev] x comes on v e>ly & soon beg9s to abate4 ,an important diagno/ic sign 9 yell[ fev] is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! pulse does n increase 9 rapidity z ! temp]ature rises4 ,prophylaxis4--,avoid be+ bitt5 by mosquitoes1 employ+ ! me?ods m5tion$ on pages #bjf1 #bjg4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,/egomyia fasciata1 unlike ! anophel9e mosquitoes1 bites dur+ ! day1 & !re=e x is m difficult to avoid its unwelcome att5tions4 ,x usually bre$s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( h\ses1 be+ :at may be call$ a dome/ic mosquito2 & x is ( ! greate/ importance to aboli% all pot5tial bre$+ places or to protect !m f ! mosquito4 ,practically any vessel hold+ wat] may become a nurs]y = ,/egomyia1 & x is rem>kable 9 :at small quantities ( wat] ?is mosquito w lay h] eggs4 ,pati5ts suff]+ f ! disease mu/ be isolat$ & kept "u a mosquito net or 9 a mosquito-pro( *amb]1 9 ord] to prev5t !m f infect+ mosquitoes1 :i* !y are capable ( do+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! disease4 ,treatm5t4--,op5 ! b[els well by means ( calomel1 six gra9s1 foll[$ by a sal9e purge & hot-wat] enema4 ,"s pref] ca/or oil 9 l>ge doses4 ,give t5 gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda ?ree times a day4 ,give cool+ dr9ks1 su* z fruit salt4 ,make ! sk9 act4 ,apply hot fom5tations to ! back & mu/>d leaves to ! pit ( ! /oma*4 ,! "q ( fe$+ is v important4 ,dur+ ! fir/ two or ?ree days ( ! fev] ! pati5t is bett] )\t any food at all4 ,z he recov]s 8 appetite returns1 & great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ ab\t gratify+ x4 ,only ! pla9e/ foods 9 v small quantities %\ld be p]mitt$1 ! am\nts be+ gradually increas$1 z o!rwise relapses may occur4 ,/imulants are usually requir$ 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! fev]1 b !y mu/ be c>efully employ$ z !y may t5d to increase ! vomit+4 ,x is possible t ! discov]y ( ! p>asite may lead to new & m effici5t me?ods ( treat+ ! disease4 ,,m$ic9es1 ,,m$ical ,,appliances1 ,,etc4 ,,weights ,,& ,,measures4 ,solids4 ,a ,gra9 ,symbol ,gr4 #bj ,gra9s #a ,scruple weights n[ 0 #fj ,gra9s #a ,dra*m r>ely us$ 0 #dcg4e ,gra9s #a ,ounce 0 #af ,ounces #a ,p\nd 0 ,note4--,an ounce weighs n #h b r "u #g dra*ms4 #a ,gramme ab\t #ae gra9s4 #a ,kilogramme 0 #b lbs4 #c ozs4 ,liquids4 #a ,m9im ,ab\t #a drop1 or #j4jf c4c4 ,symbol #fj ,m9ims ,"o fluid dra*m 0 #h ,fluid dra*ms 7#dhj ,m9ims7 ,"o fluid ounce 0 #bj ,fluid ounces ,"o p9t 0 ,o #a ,cubic c5timetre #ag ,m9ims4 ,a teaspoonful ,ab\t "o fluid dra*m4 ,a dess]tspoonful ,ab\t two fluid dra*ms4 ,a tablespoonful ,ab\t half a fluid ounce4 ,a w9e-glassful ,ab\t two fluid ounces4 ,a tumbl]ful ,ab\t half a p9t4 ,a litre ,ab\t a p9t & ?ree qu>t]s4 ,all bottles conta9+ drugs %\ld be d\bly labell$1 & ! labels %\ld be v>ni%$1 o!rwise !y w probably come (f 9 a damp climate4 ,poisons %\ld be kept 9 bottles ( a special %ape4 ,drugs 9 a liquid /ate are inconv5i5t = travell]s4 ,!y are bulky1 & require v c>eful pack+ & h&l+4 ,z f> z possible1 !re=e1 compress$ drugs %\ld be select$4 ,^! mu/ be ( good quality4 ,tablets are (t5 tak5 9 ! solid =m1 b !y w act m quickly & c]ta9ly if dissolv$ or susp5d$ 9 ab\t an ounce ( wat]4 ,"s prep>ations1 *iefly ^? us$ = prep>+ lotions1 etc41 e4g41 ( *9osol1 are also made 9 compress$ =m4 ,9 reg>d to drugs1 ,i h kept well )9 ! maximum dose1 s t !re may be no tr\ble on t acc\nt4 ,= in/ance1 9 c]ta9 cases a m$ical man w\ld give sixty drops ( laudanum = a dose1 b ,i advise travell]s r>ely to give m ?an sixty drops 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! urg5cy ( ! case mu/ be ! guide z to ! quantity ( ! drug to be giv54 ,! smalle/ dose :i* is effective is ! be/4 ,a supply ( antiseptic gauze1 wool & l9t is necess>y4 ,! compress$ =ms are v conv5i5t4 ,all antiseptic gauzes & o!r dress+s %\ld be v c>efully protect$ f ! air 9 ord] t _! prop]ties may be pres]v$4 ,!y %\ld be wrapp$ 9 oil$ pap] or india-rubb] tissue1 & kept 9 a t9 box4 ,a supply ( b&ages w also be ne$$4 ,ea* b&age %\ld be two in*es 9 wid? by six feet 9 l5g?4 ,dress+ case4--,! travell] %\ld provide himself ) a surgical dress+ case4 ,a suitable "o %\ld conta9 #a pair ( scissors1 #a pair ( ,sp5c] ,wells' art]y =ceps1 #a probe1 #a scoop & groov$ director1 #a knife ) two blades1 #a small saw ) a deta*able h&le1 & a packet conta9+ silk1 wire1 ne$les1 & p9s4 ,all active poisons m5tion$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are m>k$ ) an a/]isk 79974 ,alo9 ,co4 tablets4--,"o tak5 ?ree times a day aft] meals1 9 *ronic con/ipation1 gradually r$uc$ z b[els become regul>4 ,alum4--,dose1 five to t5 gra9s4 ,is occasionally us$ z an int]nal a/r+5t 9 ! treatm5t ( di>rha4 ,a solution conta9+ five gra9s to ! ounce ( wat] may be us$ z a m\? wa% = ble$+ or inflam$ gums1 z a g>gle = relax$ & sore ?roats1 or z a lotion = inflam$ eyes4 ,t5 to tw5ty ounces ( a solution conta9+ five gra9s to ! ounce is sometimes us$ z an enema to *eck ! di>rha 9 *ronic dys5t]y4 ,! tablet ( alum weighs t5 gra9s4 ,ammonia4--,?ree prep>ations ( ammonia1 viz41 ,sal volatile1 ,c>bonate ( ammonia1 & ,liquor ammoni1 are extremely valuable z /imulants1 & 9 ?is respect !y are to be pref]r$ to alcohol4 ,all ?ree are simil> 9 _! action1 & are useful on acc\nt ( _! /imulat+ effect ^u ! he>t 9 cases ( fa9t+1 or collapse caus$ by snake-bite1 bullet-w\nd1 or o!r injury2 !y relieve spasm1 & promote sweat+ 9 fev]i% /ates4 ,!y also cause free expectoration1 & are !re=e useful 9 ! lat] /ages ( bron*itis4 ,! *ief objection to ^! drugs is t _! /r5g? is rapidly lo/1 unless !y are kept 9 well-/opp]$ bottles1 & 9 ! d>k4 ,all prep>ations ( ammonia %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 ab\t "o ounce ( wat]4 ,sal volatile1 or aromatic _s ( ammonia4--,dose1 tw5ty to sixty drops = a s+le adm9i/ration1 or up to ?irty drops if repeat$ frequ5tly4 ,?is is ! mo/ conv5i5t & pleasant prep>ation ( ammonia1 b is bulky4 ,z a local application1 x is ( s]vice 9 reliev+ ! pa9 caus$ by ! bites ( c]ta9 insects1 e4g41 mosquitoes & fleas4 ,c>bonate ( ammonia4--,dose1 ?ree to t5 gra9s4 ,liquor ammoni1 or solution ( ammonia4--,dose1 five to tw5ty drops4 7,note4--,?is is n ! /rong solution1 :i* is always labell$ 8,liq4 ,ammon4 ,=t410 & :i* is ?ree times /rong] ?an liquor ammoni47 ,ammonium *loride4--,dose1 five to tw5ty gra9s4 ,?is drug is *iefly us$ 9 conge/ion ( ! liv]1 especially :]e acute inflammation or abscess is ?reat5$2 at times x is useful 9 neuralgia & *ronic bron*itis4 ,x is also us$ = inflam$ & relax$ sore ?roat1 9 ! =m ( a g>gle1 five to t5 gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]4 ,antipyr9e4--,dose1 five to t5 gra9s4 7,uses z ,ph5acet947 99 ,ar>oba1 ,*rys>ob91 or ,goa p[d]4--,is n = int]nal use4 ,"o "p ( ! p[d] mix$ ) "o ( acetic acid & f\rte5 ( l>d makes :at is kn[n z ar>oba o9tm5t4 ,ar>oba o9tm5t is useful 9 _m sk9 diseases1 su* z psoriasis2 x easily de/roys ! p>asites 9 r+worm1 dhobie it*1 or kraw kraw4 ,x is a p[]ful drug1 & %\ld be us$ only 9 small am\nts1 = if appli$ too freely x w cause "s inflammation & pa94 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t x is n rubb$ into ! eyes4 99 ,aromatic *alk ) opium tablets4--,t5 gra9s ?ree times a day 9 sev]e cases ( di>rha4 99 ,ars5ic4--,dose1 "o-sixtie? to "o-fifte5? ( a gra94 ,is a p[]ful & poison\s drug1 & %\ld be tak5 ) caution4 ,x is useful 9 *ronic mal>ia1 & 9 anmia & debility1 especially t foll[+ an attack ( fev]4 ,x is be/ comb9$ ) iron 9 tablet =m--iron & ars5ic tablet--two ( :i* may be tak5 twice a day1 aft] food1 = a week4 ,?is is a good g5]al tonic4 ,aspir94--,dose #e to #ae gra9s4 ,%\ld be tak5 ) a dr9k ( wat]4 ,useful 9 rheumatic & febrile conditions2 (t5 relieves heada*e & ! feel+ ( discom=t associat$ ) *ill4 ,x is apt to be depress+ 9 l>ge doses1 & "s p]sons d n tol]ate x well4 ,speak+ g5]ally x may be us$ 9 ^? conditions 9 :i* salicylate ( soda is indicat$4 ,bismu? c>bonate4--,dose1 five to tw5ty gra9s4 ,useful 9 dyspepsia1 pa9 9 ! /oma*1 vomit+ & di>rha4 ,! drug is heavy1 & !re=e gum or />* wat] %\ld be us$ to susp5d x4 ,x is (t5 comb9$ ) opium & bic>bonate ( soda to *eck vomit+ & di>rha4 ,bismu? may also be us$ z a du/+ p[d]4 ,boric acid1 or boracic acid4--,*iefly us$ 9 solution1 = its mild antiseptic prop]ties1 z a g>gle1 injection1 eye lotion1 or m\? wa%4 ,on ! same acc\nt1 x is us$ = wa%+ w\nds1 or syr++ out ulc]s1 or sore & inflam$ e>s4 ,x is practically non-poison\s4 ,lotions %\ld conta9 f five to t5 gra9s to ! ounce4 ,boric o9tm5t is a useful dress+ = sores1 burns1 or w\nds2 x may be made by add+ "o "p ( p[d]$ boric acid to n9e ( vasel9e or fat4 ,equal p>ts ( f9ely-p[d]$ boric acid1 z9c oxide & />* makes a good du/+ p[d] = moi/ eczema1 b$-sores1 *afes1 & p]spir+ feet4 ,boric l9t 7l9t impregnat$ ) boric acid7 is useful z a dress+ = w\nds1 ulc]s1 & abrasions4 ,boric wool is absorb5t cotton-wool impregnat$ ) boric acid1 & is ! mo/ g5]ally useful antiseptic wool4 ,bromides4--,! bromides g5]ally us$ are ^? ( potassium1 or ammonium4 ,dose 9 ei!r case1 five to tw5ty-five gra9s4 ,!y are s$atives1 & are us$ 9 convulsions1 epilepsy1 & delirium2 !y relieve heada*e1 especially if tak5 ) sal volatile1 & may be comb9$ ) *loral 7see ,*loral74 ,! bromide ( ammonium is less depress+ ?an ! bromide ( potassium4 ,calcium sulphide1 i4e41 sulphurat$ lime4--,dose1 a qu>t] to "o gra9 ?ree times a day4 ,useful = ^? :o are suff]+ f boils or c>buncles4 99 ,calomel1 or sub*loride ( m]cury4--,dose1 two to five gra9s4 ,calomel may be us$ 9 almo/ all cases requir+ an ap]i5t2 its action w be assi/$ by giv+ fruit salt1 or citrate ( magnesia1 f\r h\rs lat]4 ,9 cases ( ins5sibility or delirium x is specially useful1 = ! p[d] may be plac$ on ! back ( ! tongue1 & x w be swall[$ unconsci\sly4 ,f\r gra9s ( calomel may usually be giv5 ) advantage1 at ! beg9n+ ( a mal>ial attack4 ,9 syphilis1 "o gra9 may be giv5 two or ?ree times a day2 b its action %\ld be wat*$1 & if x causes salivation1 t5d]ness ( ! gums1 & a copp]y ta/e 9 ! m\?1 x %\ld be discont9u$ until ^! symptoms disappe>4 ,camphor4--,dose1 two to five gra9s4 ,is a /imulant1 & an antispasmodic2 x helps to calm ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,x is us$ 9 *ol]a & 9 fev]s1 & is tak5 = colds 9 ! head4 ,camphor is slightly soluble 9 wat]1 & ?is solution makes a cool+ lotion1 :i* is useful = inflam$ or pa9ful p>ts4 ,a lump ( camphor is a good repell5t = s&-flies4 ,_s ( camphor consi/s ( "o "p ( camphor 9 t5 ( alcohol2 ! dose is t5 to tw5ty drops4 ,camphorat$ oil consi/s ( "o ounce ( camphor 9 f\r ounces ( olive oil1 & makes a /imulat+ l9im5t = /iff & pa9ful p>ts4 ,a /rong] l9im5t may be made by add+ to ?is an ounce ( _s1 & half to "o ounce ( solution ( ammonia or oil ( turp5t9e4 99 ,c>bolic acid1 or ph5ol4--,dose1 "o or two gra9s may be giv5 int]nally1 well dilut$1 = acute di>rha1 dys5t]y1 & *ol]a4 ,is mo/ly us$ z an ext]nal application4 ,c>bolic acid acts z a cau/ic1 & may be appli$ on ! end ( a mat* 9 ! case ( boils 7p4 #bbg74 ,a drop on a piece ( cotton-wool appli$ to a holl[ too? quickly relieves pa94 ,x is mu* us$ z an antiseptic lotion = w\nds & f\l sores1 & = cleans+ h&s & in/rum5ts be=e op]ation4 ,"o "p 9 tw5ty ( wat] makes a /rong solution = cleans+ in/rum5ts & dis9fect+ dys5t]ic & o!r /ools4 ,"o "p 9 sixty may be us$ = spong+ or syr++ sores & w\nds4 ,"o "p add$ to n9ete5 ( olive1 or o!r oil1 makes c>bolic oil1 :i* is a h&y dress+ = all k9ds ( w\nds4 ,"o "p to n9ete5 p>ts ( vasel9e1 or fre% l>d1 makes c>bolic o9tm5t4 ,casc>a sagrada1 extract (4--,dose1 two to six gra9s4 ,is a valuable ap]i5t1 especially 9 *ronic con/ipation4 ,casc>a tablets1 two gra9s ea*1 are conv5i5t1 & "o or two %\ld be tak5 at night4 ,ca?>tic ,co4 ,tablets4--,a useful purge 9 cases ( fev] or liv] d]angem5t4 ,two or ?ree = a dose :5 requir$4 ,ca/or oil4--,dose1 "o to ?ree tablespoonfuls4 ,x is a good ap]i5t1 b is n v conv5i5t = ! travell]1 z x takes up mu* space1 :i* c\ld be bett] us$ = ap]i5ts :i* are n s bulky1 e4g41 calomel or casc>a4 ,! usual dose ( ca/or oil %\ld be some:at r$uc$ 9 ! tropics1 :]e x is (t5 n s well borne z 9 temp]ate climates4 ,note4--,! se$s ( ! ca/or oil plant %\ld n be eat51 z !y are poison\s4 ,*9osol is a drug :i* has _m ( ! advantages ( c>bolic acid )\t its poison\s or cau/ic prop]ties4 ,x is s g5]ally useful t1 at any rate = explor]s1 x w l>gely replace c>bolic acid4 ,x is antiseptic & dis9fectant 9 its action1 c be us$ z a m\? wa% or g>gle1 = sore gums & ulc]at$ ?roats2 x makes a good lotion = wa%+ ! h&s1 in/rum5ts1 or w\nds1 & may be syr+$ into fre% w\nds or into *ronic ulc]s4 ,x is put up 9 ! compress$ =m1 ea* tablet weigh+ eight & ?ree-qu>t] gra9s1 & ! /r5g? ( ! solutions "h giv5 are calculat$ /rictly f ?is weight4 ,"o tablet dissolv$ 9 a p9t ( wat] makes a solution ( #a 9 #ajjj 7equal to ab\t #a 9 #dj1 c>bolic lotion71 :i* is ! mo/ useful = g5]al purposes1 su* z an antiseptic wa% = ! h&s or = dis9fect+ surgical in/rum5ts4 ,a tablet 9 two p9ts ( wat] makes a solution ( #a 9 #bjjj4 ,?is may be us$ = wa%+ fre% w\nds1 burns1 & suppurat+ surfaces1 or z a g>gle = sore ?roat4 ,z a heal+ du/+ p[d]1 "o "p ( *9osol may be mix$ ) t5 ( boric acid1 & us$ 9 ! same mann] z iod(orm p[d]4 ,to dis9fect typhoid or dys5t]ic /ools1 dissolve f\r tablets 9 "o p9t ( wat] & add ! mixture to ! vessel conta9+ ! motions4 99 ,*loral4--,dose1 five to tw5ty gra9s4 ,relieves re/lessness & delirium1 & produces sleep4 ,l>g] doses ?an tw5ty gra9s %\ld n be giv54 ,9 sev]e convulsions1 due to c]ta9 poisons1 e4g41 /ry*n9e1 tw5ty gra9s or m ( bromide ( potassium may be add$ to ! full dose ( *loral1 & giv5 ei!r by ! m\? or b[el4 99 ,*lor(orm4--,dose1 "o to five drops4 ,two to f\r drops c be giv5 ) advantage ) almo/ any drug1 z a flav\r+ ag5t1 & on acc\nt ( its antispasmodic action4 ,f two to f\r drops put on a piece ( loaf sug> & suck$ w (t5 /op sea-sickness or o!r vomit+4 ,spirits ( ,*lor(orm1 or ,*loric ,e!r1 consi/+ ( "o "p ( *lor(orm 9 tw5ty p>ts ( alcohol1 is a conv5i5t =m 9 :i* to adm9i/] ! drug4 ,x is useful 9 sea-sickness1 cramps & colic1 & %\ld be giv5 9 doses ( tw5ty drops add$ to a teaspoonful ( wat] e qu>t] ( an h\r1 until six su* doses h be5 giv54 99 ,coca9e4--,a "o p] c5t4 solution may be us$ to dim9i% pa9 9 ! eye caus$ by injury or a piece ( grit lodg+ "u ! lids4 ,two drops %\ld be appli$ to ! eyeball1 & 9 ab\t two m9utes ! application may be repeat$2 9 ano!r m9ute ! s5sibility ( ! "p w be dim9i%$1 & a c>eful exam9ation may be made = du/ or o!r =eign bodies1 :i* %\ld ( c\rse be cauti\sly remov$4 ,creosote4--,dose1 "o to two drops2 is be/ giv5 9 a capsule4 ,9 _m cases ( indige/ion x gives great relief if adm9i/]$ imm$iately aft] food4 ,creosote appli$ to a holl[ too?1 ^u a piece ( cotton-wool1 w usually relieve ! pa94 ,cresol4--,?is is a valuable dis9fectant :i* is f\nd on ! m>ket "u sev]al names4 99 ,croton ,oil4--,dose1 half to "o or two drops1 mix$ ) bread crumb or 9 a pill4 ,is a p[]ful purgative n usually giv5 to ,europeans4 ,native c>ri]s l x4 ,useful 9 ! case ( unconsci\s pati5ts1 giv5 9 butt]4 ,copaiba1 ,balsam (4--,dose1 five to tw5ty drops ?ree times a day4 ,is be/ tak5 9 capsules4 ,x increases ! expectoration1 & is !re=e useful 9 bron*itis2 is a /imulat+ dis9fectant to ! ur9e1 bladd] & pipe1 & is us$ 9 gonorrha & inflammation ( ! bladd]4 ,x may produce an irritat+ ra% on ! sk9 if tak5 9 too l>ge quantities4 ,emetics4--,! foll[+ are ! usual emetics3-- ,common salt1 two tablespoonfuls 9 half a p9t ( wat]4 ,mu/>d1 "o tablespoonful 0 0 ,ipecacuanha1 ?irty gra9s 0 0 ,z9c sulphate1 ?irty gra9s 0 0 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any ( ! above1 give copi\s draughts ( tepid wat]1 foll[$ by tickl+ ! back ( ! ?roat ) ! f+] or a fea!r4 ,emet9e4--,! active pr9ciple ( ipecacuanha4 ,( great value 9 ambic dys5t]y 7p4 #ahg74 ,enema4--,nutri5t enema3 ,two eggs1 ,half teaspoonful ( salt1 ,a w9e-glassful ( milk4 ,beat up ! eggs1 !n add ! salt & milk1 & mix well4 ,raise ! hips & inject sl[ly ?r\gh ! long tube well up into ! b[el4 ,nutri5t enema3 ,b5g]'s beef jelly1 two tablespoonfuls1 ,milk1 ab\t ?ree ounces4 ,w>m-wat] enema4 ,to relieve uneas9ess ( l[] b[el1 z 9 dys5t]y1 piles1 etc41 half a p9t or m ( w>m wat]1 by ! %ort tube4 ,soo?+ enema4 ,laudanum1 ?irty drops2 w>m wat] ab\t two ounces4 ,a little ?9 />* wat] or gum may be add$4 ,inject ?r\gh ! %ort tube1 & repeat ! injection 9 ?ree h\rs if pati5t is n easi]4 ,qu99e enema4 ,qu99e1 tw5ty gra9s or m2 w>m wat]1 ab\t two ounces4 ,if ! pati5t does n reta9 ! injection1 give a second "o )9 an h\r4 ,select a soluble prep>ation ( qu99e1 su* z ! bisulphate or ! hydrobromide4 ,ap]i5t enema4 ,la!r soap 9 ?irty ounces ( w>m wat]1 us+ pl5ty ( soap to make a good solution2 or use pla9 w>m wat] or weak gruel2 ! addition ( "o or two tablespoonfuls ( oil is ( advantage4 ,inject sl[ly into ! b[el ) %ort tube2 if x does n cause uneas9ess1 inject ! :ole am\nt4 ,! injection %\ld be reta9$ z long z possible4 ,epsom salts1 or sulphate ( magnesia4 ,dose1 two teaspoonfuls or m4 ,is a sal9e purgative1 giv+ a copi\s wat]y motion1 rapid 9 its action1 & useful 9 fev]s or conge/ion ( ! liv]4 ,x also increases ! fl[ ( ur9e4 ,rec5tly has be5 mu* us$ 9 dys5t]y 7p4 #ahi74 ,fri>'s ,balsam4--7,t9ct4 ,b5zo9 ,co47 ,dose1 ?irty drops or m4 ,int]nally is useful z an expectorant 9 bron*itis4 ,c also be employ$ z an inhalation4 ,ext]nally1 l9t soak$ ) x is an effici5t dress+ = w\nds & sores4 ,:5 fir/ appli$ x causes a good deal ( sm>t+1 b ?is soon passes (f4 ,gall & opium o9tm5t is a useful application = piles4 ,gauze1 antiseptic4 ,! be/ dress+ = w\nds is "s =m ( antiseptic gauze4 ,cyanide gauze1 :i* is impregnat$ ) cyanide ( m]cury1 is ! mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,g+]1 ess5ce (4--,dose1 five to tw5ty drops4 ,x is useful 9 cases ( cramp1 colic1 & indige/ion1 especially if comb9$ ) five or t5 gra9s ( bic>bonate ( soda & two or ?ree drops ( *lor(orm4 ,if !re is mu* pa91 t5 drops or m ( *lorodyne or laudanum may be add$4 99 ,goa p[d]4--,see ,ar>oba4 99 ,g\l>d wat]4--,= ext]nal use only4 ,is a/r+5t1 & may be us$ z a lotion = inflam$ jo9ts4 ,is also useful z an injection 9 gonorrha & gleet1 z a soo?+ lotion 9 h]pes1 %+les1 eczema1 dis*>ge f ! e>1 & it*+ & *afes ( all k9ds4 ,x %\ld n be us$ z an eye lotion4 ,g\l>d wat] is made by add+ "o "p ( ,liquor ,plumbi ,subacetatis ,=tis1 or ,g\l>d ,extract1 & "o ( alcohol to sev5ty-eight ( wat]4 ,"o ( ! tablets ( ! subacetate ( lead add$ to a qu>t] ( a p9t ( wat] 7di/ill$ :5 conv5i5t7 makes a solution simil> to ,g\l>d wat]4 ,gum acacia is us$ = =m+ a mucilage ) :i* to susp5d su* drugs z c>bonate ( bismu?4 ,"o "p ( gum to ?ree ( wat] %\ld be made & /ra9$ be=e use4 ,/>* may be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,hazel9e4--,dose1 ?irty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty drops4 ,x is a p[]ful a/r+5t4 ,may be appli$ freely to ble$+ p>ts1 su* z ! nose1 gums1 piles1 or small w\nds4 ,"o tablespoonful ( hazel9e to five ( wat] may be inject$ into ! b[el = ble$+ piles4 ,hazel9e sn[ is an elegant prep>ation = sunburn & o!r sk9 affections4 ,i*?yol4--,an o9tm5t conta9+ tw5ty p] c5t4 ( i*?yol is v soo?+ 9 mo/ sk9 diseases1 su* z eczema & psoriasis4 ,! o9tm5t is ( s]vice 9 r$uc+ ! pa9 & swell+ ( mosquito bites4 ,iodide ( potassium4--,dose1 five to t5 gra9s 9 ! lat] /ages ( syphilis4 99 ,iod9e1 t9cture (4--,dose1 two drops 9 a teaspoonful ( wat]2 giv5 e h\r1 is mo/ valuable = ob/9ate vomit+4 ,us$ ext]nally1 x acts z a c\nt]-irritant1 & %\ld n be pa9t$ on too freely z x may cause bli/]+4 ,does good if pa9t$ ov] swoll5 jo9ts or enl>g$ gl&s1 b %\ld n be appli$ if ! sk9 !re is brok54 ,t9cture ( iod9e may be pa9t$ on ! *e/ or ov] ! liv] or sple5 if !re is pa94 ,x is a valuable application = all op51 rec5t w\nds1 & may be pa9t$ freely ov] & r\nd ! raw surface4 ,x relieves ! irritation ( mosquito bites4 ,is v useful 9 c]ta9 diseases ( ! sk91 su* z r+worm1 kraw kraw1 & dhobie it*4 ,iod(orm p[d] is a valuable antiseptic1 & is us$ = all k9ds ( sores1 or w\nds1 9 :i* x rapidly promotes heal+4 ,"o "p ( iod(orm to eight p>ts ( vasel9e makes a good heal+ o9tm5t4 ,ipecacuanha4--,dose1 expectorant1 half to two gra9s4 0 emetic1 fifte5 to ?irty gra9s4 0 = dys5t]y1 tw5ty to =ty gra9s or m4 ,9 small doses1 e4g41 a qu>t] to half a gra91 is a /oma*ic & may *eck vomit+4 ,0 =m]ly mu* us$ 9 ambic dys5t]y 7p4 #ahg74 ,its active pr9ciple1 emet9e1 is n[ employ$4 ,by caus+ free expectoration1 x is v useful 9 bron*itis1 & is !n usually comb9$ ) ammonia4 ,is conta9$ 9 ,dov]'s p[d]1 & 9 ?is =m is useful 9 c\ghs & colds1 z x helps to cause sweat+4 ,iron4--,iron is mu* us$ on acc\nt ( its tonic & blood-=m+ prop]ties4 ,x is especially useful 9 anmia foll[+ fev]s & o!r exhau/+ diseases1 & x also gives tone to ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,mo/ prep>ations ( iron are a/r+5t 9 _! action1 "s su* z ! sulphate & p]*loride be+ m s ?an o!rs2 ^! are1 !re=e1 useful 9 di>rha & 9 ble$+ f ! gums & b[el4 ,iron by its a/r+5t action may cause con/ipation1 & x may be necess>y to add a small am\nt ( an ap]i5t1 su* z ,epsom salts1 to ea* dose4 ,! foll[+ prep>ations are ^? g5]ally us$3-- ,t9cture or p]*loride ( iron1 or t9cture ( /eel4--,dose1 five to fifte5 drops 9 at lea/ an ounce ( wat]4 ,good blood tonic4 ,is v a/r+5t1 & is !re=e useful 9 int]nal ble$+ & loos5ess ( ! b[els4 ,x is ( value 9 erysipelas4 ,sulphate ( iron4--,dose1 "o to ?ree gra9s4 ,is a p[]ful a/r+5t & blood tonic1 & (t5 does good 9 *eck+ ! loos5ess ( ! b[els :i* rema9s aft] an attack ( dys5t]y4 ,iron pill or ,blaud's pill4--,dose1 five to fifte5 gra9s4 ,is "o ( ! be/ tonic prep>ations ( iron1 z x is n v a/r+5t4 ,x is put up 9 tablet =m4 ,solution ( dialys$ iron4--,dose1 t5 to ?irty drops4 ,is a good blood tonic1 &1 unlike mo/ prep>ations1 is n a/r+5t4 ,p>ri%'s food4--,dose1 ?irty to a hundr$ & tw5ty drops 9 wat]4 ,is a good prep>ation ( iron = *ildr54 ,iron & ars5ic comp\nd tablets4--,a useful tonic 9 convalesc5ce f mal>ia1 "o tak5 ?ree times a day aft] meals4 ,m]curial o9tm5t =ms a useful application 9 c]ta9 sk9 diseases4 ,z x is r /rong1 x %\ld be dilut$ ) two p>ts ( vasel9e4 ,:ite precipitate1 or ammoniat$ m]curial o9tm5t4--,useful 9 ! case ( head lice & sev]al p>asitic sk9 diseases4 ,naso-ph>yngeal ,tablets4--,useful 9 nasal cat>rh & ph>yngitis4 99 ,opium4--,is a valuable drug1 b x is also a poison1 & great c>e %\ld be obs]v$ 9 us+ x4 ,opium is n>cotic & s$ative 9 its action2 x relieves pa9 ( all k9ds4 ,useful 9 di>rha1 dys5t]y1 cramp & colic4 ,promotes p]spiration & *ecks vomit+4 ,sometimes x w cut %ort a cold or mitigate an attack ( mal>ia4 ,no prep>ation conta9+ opium %\ld be giv5 to *ildr5 )\t m$ical advice1 & ! same is true z reg>ds p]sons suff]+ f kidney disease4 ,! *ief prep>ations conta9+ opium are3-- 99 ,*lorodyne4--,! ord9>y dose is t5 to fifte5 drops1 b if !re is great pa91 !n ev5 ?irty or =ty drops may be giv51 b a second dose %\ld n be adm9i/]$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs2 if two full doses h be5 giv51 d n give a ?ird )9 at lea/ twelve h\rs ( ! second dose1 & d n give x at all if ! pati5t is dr[sy4 ,x is be/ n to give m ?an =ty to sixty drops 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 unless !re are v special reasons = giv+ a l>g] quantity4 ,is to be pref]r$ to laudanum1 z x is m palatable & m readily /ops vomit+4 99 ,laudanum1 or t9cture ( opium4--,! doses & uses are precisely simil> to ^? ( *lorodyne4 ,laudanum has be5 put up 9 ! compress$ =m1 & is v conv5i5t = transport4 99 ,dov]'s p[d]1 or comp\nd ipecacuanha p[d]4--,dose five to fifte5 gra9s4 ,x conta9s opium & a small am\nt ( ipecacuanha4 ,t5 gra9s ( ,dov]'s p[d] are equal to ab\t fifte5 drops ( *lorodyne or laudanum4 ,! tablet is an extremely h&y prep>ation4 ,dov]'s p[d] is especially useful 9 c\ghs & colds1 ! ipecacuanha x conta9s assi/+ ! action ( ! opium4 ,if a pati5t :o is *ill$ is put to b$ at once1 kept w>m ) blankets & hot-wat] bottles1 & is giv5 t5 or fifte5 gra9s ) a hot dr9k1 he w p]spire1 & possibly ! cold w be cut %ort4 ,pepp]m9t1 spirits (4--,dose1 five to tw5ty drops4 ,is a valuable drug 9 cases ( flatul5ce & dyspepsia1 especially if comb9$ ) bic>bonate ( soda2 x also masks ! ta/e ( unpleasant m$ic9es4 ,= *ildr51 "o drop ( ! _s & "o gra9 ( bic>bonate ( soda may be add$ to "o teaspoonful ( wat]1 & ?is dose may be frequ5tly repeat$4 ,peps9 tablets1 a useful dige/ive product1 tak5 ) food :5 dige/ion is weak1 or may be us$ to pr$ige/ x4 99 ,p]*loride ( m]cury tablets1 = mak+ lotions = dis9fect+ w\nds1 etc4 ,ph5acet94--,dose1 ?ree to eight gra9s4 ,ph5acet9 is us$ = heada*es1 or = r$uc+ ! temp]ature 9 mal>ia & o!r febrile diseases1 & to cause sweat+4 ,z x is v insoluble1 x is be/ tak5 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1 or 9 alcohol & hot wat]4 ,potassium1 bromide (4 ,see ,bromides4 99 ,potassium p]manganate 9 solid =m is a mild cau/ic1 & is ! active pr9ciple ( ,condy's fluid1 :i* conta9s ab\t eight gra9s ( ! drug 9 "o ounce4 ,x is dis9fectant1 deodorant1 & antiseptic4 ,"o "p ( ?is drug is soluble 9 ab\t tw5ty p>ts ( wat]4 ,"o gra9 gives a purple col\r to a gallon ( wat]4 ,impure wat] turns ! purple rapidly to a br[n col\r1 !re=e ! p]manganate is a r\gh te/ = ! pres5ce ( organic matt] 9 wat]4 ,a pale purple solution is useful z a g>gle or m\? wa%1 also z an injection 9 gonorrha2 w\nds may be cleans$ ) a simil> solution4 ,x is especially useful 9 poison$ w\nds1 su* z snake-bites1 & %\ld 9 ^! cases be inject$ hypod]mically 7p4 #bha74 ,is an antidote to poison+ by opium4 ,( late ye>s x has be5 ext5sively us$ 9 ! treatm5t & prev5tion ( *ol]a4 ,! two-gra9 tablet is a conv5i5t =m = m$ication4 ,purgatives may be divid$ into ! foll[+ classes3-- #a4 ,laxatives4 #b4 ,simple purgatives4 #c4 ,dra/ic purgatives or ca?>tics4 #d4 ,sal9e purges4 #a4 ,laxatives slightly /imulate ! movem5ts ( ! b[el1 b cause practically no increase ( ! inte/9al secretion4 ,examples ( ?is class are fruit1 :olemeal bread1 small doses ( ca/or oil1 figs1 prunes1 etc4 ,^! may be giv5 regul>ly 9 slight cases ( *ronic con/ipation4 #b4 ,simple purges are m p[]ful ?an laxatives1 & 9 addition to /imulat+ ! movem5ts ( ! b[el increase ! secretion4 ,! result is a s(t1 easy motion4 ,examples3 rhub>b1 s5na1 casc>a sagrada4 #c4 ,dra/ic purgatives or ca?>tics4 ,! drugs cause a pr(use fl[ ( ! inte/9al secretions1 &1 occasionally1 ( ! bile1 ) greatly increas$ b[el movem5ts4 ,!y cause a copi\s wat]y evacuation1 accompani$ by a good deal ( grip+4 ,examples3 calomel1 colocyn?1 aloes1 podophyll91 croton oil1 jalap & oil ( turp5t9e2 ( ^!1 podophyll9 & aloes cause an increase 9 ! fl[ ( bile1 ) increas$ inte/9al movem5ts1 s !y may be said to act directly ^u ! liv]4 ,! result is a pr(use1 wat]y1 bile-/a9$ motion4 ,calomel does n act directly ^u ! liv]1 b /imulates ! upp] "p ( ! b[el1 s t its cont5ts are hurri$ along be=e ! bile c be reabsorb$1 & a loose1 wat]y1 bile-/a9$ motion ensues4 ,! mo/ useful purgative ( ?is class is ! pill conta9+ colocyn?1 calomel1 & hyoscyamus1 ( :i* five to t5 gra9s %\ld be giv5 :5 !re is a furr$ tongue1 con/ipation1 heav9ess or weight ov] ! liv]1 & dyspepsia & loss ( appetite4 #d4 ,sal9e purgatives4 ,^! cause a free secretion ( ! inte/9al juices1 & a copi\s motion1 proportionate to ! size ( ! dose1 is ! result4 ,! pr9cipal sal9e purges are ,epsom salts 7i4e41 sulphate ( magnesia71 ,glaub]'s salts 7i4e41 sulphate ( soda71 seidlitz p[d]1 ! v>i\s =ms ( fruit salts1 & ! ap]i5t m9]al wat]s1 su* z ,rub9at1 ,hunyadi ,janos1 etc4 ,a sal9e purgative may be giv5 9 ! morn+1 to assi/ ! action ( an ap]i5t pill adm9i/]$ ! previ\s night4 ,sal9e purgatives are useful1 too1 9 _m cases ( habitual con/ipation1 &1 if necess>y1 a small dose may be giv5 e morn+ 9 a tumbl] ( w>m wat]4 ,qu99e4--,qu99e is *iefly us$ = mal>ial fev]1 & ! urg5cy ( ! case mu/ be ! guide z to ! am\nt to be adm9i/]$4 ,x is seldom necess>y to give m ?an t5 gra9s ?ree times a day2 at times enorm\s doses1 su* z ?irty gra9s ?ree times a day1 h be5 giv5 ) advantage1 b su* doses are r>ely necess>y1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( a m$ical man %\ld nev] be giv54 ,! adm9i/ration ( qu99e sometimes causes heada*e1 deafness1 delirium1 & p>tial or ev5 complete bl9dness4 ,9 su* cases ! dose %\ld be r$uc$ or ! drug )held until ^! symptoms h disappe>$4 ,x has be5 /at$ t qu99e causes blackwat] fev]2 ?is1 ,i believe1 is absolutely untrue4 ,i h se5 cases ( blackwat] fev]1 app>5tly result+ f ! neglect ( mal>i\s attacks1 :i* date ! comm5cem5t ( _! recov]y f ! fir/ adm9i/ration ( qu99e4 ,qu99e is be/ giv5 9 solution2 ! nause\s ta/e c be some:at disguis$ by add+ *lor(orm wat] or ess5ce ( g+] or lime juice to ! solution4 ,_m m5 take ! drug 9 a little be] or _s = ! same purpose4 ,qu99e pills are1 z a rule1 v insoluble1 !re=e !y are n suitable = explor]s4 ,qu99e 9 ! =m ( a tablet1 or 9 a capsule1 or wrapp$ 9 tissue pap]1 acts well1 b ev5 tablets %\ld be crack$ or cru%$4 ,sug>-coat$ products are inadmissible 9 ! tropics4 ,sometimes1 ow+ to frequ5t vomit+ or o!r cause1 ! qu99e adm9i/]$ by ! m\? _c be reta9$4 ,x mu/ !n be giv5 by means ( an enema or by injection into ! muscles4 ,if ! travell] decides to give an intra-muscul> injection ( qu99e1 he %\ld only give five gra9s at a "t4 ,! dose %\ld be add$ to ab\t a teaspoonful ( wat] :i* %\ld !n be boil$ & all[$ to cool4 ,! am\nt ( wat] is ( little importance s long z en\gh is us$ to dissolve ! drug1 & keep x 9 solution :5 ! wat] is cool en\gh to be inject$4 ,! less fluid1 h[ev]1 inject$ ! bett]4 ,injections are be/ made deeply into ! muscles ( ! buttock4 ,?is is a me?od be/ left to a m$ical man1 z !re is dang] ( injur+ ! sciatic n]ve4 ,! prep>ations ( qu99e4--,_m prep>ations ( qu99e are made2 !y are all popul>ly kn[n z qu99e1 _! uses are simil>1 & ! doses are z foll[s3-- ,dose1 "o to five gra9s1 z a tonic4 0 five or m gra9s z a prev5tive ( mal>ia4 0 five to tw5ty gra9s1 9 fev]s4 ,sulphate ( qu99e4--,?is is ! prep>ation mo/ commonly us$2 b x is v insoluble 9 wat]1 & %\ld be giv5 along ) a little dilute acid4 ,acid sulphate ( qu99e1 sometimes call$ bisulphate1 soluble or neutral sulphate ( qu99e4 ,! acid sulphate is mu* m soluble ?an ! sulphate1 & is a m suitable prep>ation = adm9i/ration by ! m\? or = injection into ! b[el4 ,hydro*loride ( qu99e4--,is a v soluble prep>ation1 & conta9s a l>ge p]c5tage ( qu99e4 ,qu99e hydrobromide4--,is m soluble ?an ! sulphate1 & less liable to cause heada*e & o!r qu99e symptoms4 ,acid qu99e hydrobromide4--,v soluble & non-irritat+4 ,solubility1 "o 9 six ( wat]4 ,tannate ( qu99e4--,is a weak prep>ation1 b suitable = *ildr54 ,solubility1 "o 9 t5 ( wat]4 ,acid qu99e hydro*loride1 or qu99e bihydro*loride4--,is a v soluble prep>ation1 & is suitable = hypod]mic injection1 b is some:at exp5sive4 ,x is soluble 9 less ?an its own weight ( wat]4 ,= adm9i/ration by ! m\? or b[el1 ! travell] is advis$ to take ei!r ! hydro*loride or ! bisulphate ( qu99e4 ,= intra-muscul> adm9i/ration ! acid qu99e hydro*loride is g5]ally us$4 ,rhub>b1 ei!r 9 =m ( comp\nd rhub>b pill1 "o ( ! mo/ useful ( ord9>y ap]i5ts1 two to f\r = a dose4 ,comp\nd ,rhub>b ,p[d]1 o!rwise kn[n z ,gregory's ,p[d]4 ,s&al-wood oil4--,uses & doses z = balsam ( copaiba4 ,soda1 bic>bonate (4--,dose1 five to t5 gra9s or m4 ,five to t5 gra9s dissolv$ 9 wat] may be giv5 twice a day = acidity1 flatul5ce1 he>tburn4 ,useful 9 dys5t]y to allay irritation ( /oma*2 = ?is purpose five or t5 gra9s may be giv5 an h\r be=e ea* dose ( ipecacuanha4 ,if ! ur9e is acid & scald+1 give tw5ty gra9s ?ree times a day4 ,bic>bonate ( soda is giv5 9 cases ( blackwat] fev] :5 ! ur9e is n suffici5t 9 quantity2 9 su* cases at lea/ tw5ty gra9s %\ld be giv5 e six h\rs4 ,soda m9t tablets1 useful = reliev+ flatul5ce1 "o or two be+ tak5 aft] meals4 ,sodium salicylate4--,dose1 t5 to tw5ty gra9s4 ,relieves pa9 9 rheumatic fev]4 ,l[]s temp]ature4 ,its action mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 z too l>ge doses may cause heada*e1 buzz+ 9 ! e>s1 & ev5 delirium4 ,sulphur4--,an o9tm5t conta9+ "o "p ( sulphur to n9e ( l>d1 grease1 or vasel9e1 makes a useful application = it* & o!r sk9 diseases4 ,tann94--,tann9 is a p[]ful a/r+5t1 & may be us$ int]nally or ext]nally4 ,9 five to t5 gra9 doses x helps to /op di>rha1 ble$+ f /oma*1 b[el1 piles1 & bladd]4 ,if !re is cont9u$ ble$+1 increase ! dose to tw5ty gra9s1 & repeat x z (t5 z necess>y4 ,voice tablets1 consi/+ ( *lorate ( pota%1 borax & coca9e are useful 9 cases ( sore ?roat4 ,w>burg's t9cture4--,"o tablet is equal to ?irty drops ( ! ord9>y t9cture4 ,/rong] tablets are also available4 ,to produce sweat+1 fir/ op5 ! b[els1 !n give f\r to eight ( ! tablets ) a little hot _s & wat]4 ,if necess>y1 repeat ! dose 9 ?ree h\rs1 & 9 ei!r case )hold if possible food or dr9k till aft] ?is p]iod has elaps$1 b if ! pati5t is v ?ir/y give hot dr9ks ( weak tea or _s & wat]4 ,keep him cov]$ up & put a hot-wat] bottle 9 ! b$4 ,urg5cy ( ! case is a guide z to h[ _m tablets ought to be giv54 ,z9c oxide alone or mix$ ) an equal quantity ( boric acid or />* makes a useful dry+ du/+ p[d]4 ,z9c o9tm5t conta9s ?ree p>ts ( z9c oxide to sev5te5 p>ts ( l>d or vasel9e4 ,?is is a mo/ useful application = burns1 eczema1 *afes & sores4 ,sulphate ( z9c4--,z a prompt emetic1 give tw5ty to ?irty gra9s 9 half a p9t ( w>m wat]4 ,if pati5t does n vomit give a p9t or m ( w>m wat] & tickle ! back ( ! ?roat4 ,a second dose ( ! drug may be giv54 ,two gra9s to an ounce ( wat] makes a valuable a/r+5t lotion = gonorrha1 raw surfaces1 ulc]s1 & inflam$ eyes & e>s4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is solution may be gradually increas$ to six gra9s to ! ounce ( wat]4 ,,temp]ature ,,tak+1 ,,hypod]mic ,,injection1 ,,ba?s1 ,,ca!t]s1 ,,/oma* ,,tubes1 ,,enemas1 ,,& ,,p\ltices4 ,pulse1 ,respiration & ,temp]ature4 ,normal pulse rate 7adult7 ab\t #gb p] m9ute4 ,normal respiration rate 7adult71 #ae to #ah p] m9ute4 ,normal temp]ature1 #ih4d ,f41 b v>y+ 9 heal? betwe5 #ig4e & #ii4 ,temp]ature ,tak+4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body may be tak5 9 ! armpit1 ! m\?1 or ! l[] "p ( ! b[el4 ,9 ! ,armpit4--,dry armpit well1 put ! bulb ( ! !rmomet] into x1 & press ! arm tightly aga9/ ! body1 s t ! !rmomet] w be 9 close contact ) ! sk9 on ei!r side = at lea/ five m9utes4 ,9 ! ,m\?4--,wa% ! !rmomet] 9 an antiseptic solution1 dry x & place ! bulb well "u ! tongue & close ! lips on ! /em2 at lea/ ?ree m9utes %\ld be all[$4 ,?is is a m reliable way ( tak+ ! temp]ature ?an 9 ! armpit4 ,9 ! ,b[el4--,if ! pati5t is v ill & light-head$1 x is n advisable to place ! !rmomet] 9 ! m\?1 & :5 a pati5t is hav+ a cool ba? to r$uce 8 temp]ature a read+ w be ne$$ at lea/ e qu>t] ( an h\r2 9 ^! cases x is be/ to pass ! end ( ! !rmomet]1 :i* has be5 previ\sly greas$1 ab\t two in*es up ! b[el1 & to leave x !re = at lea/ two & a half m9utes4 ,d n tru/ 9 half-m9ute or m9ute !rmomet]s1 always all[ ! full "t giv5 above4 ,be=e tak+ a pati5t's temp]ature see t ! m]cury 9 ! !rmomet] is %ak5 d[n at lea/ z l[ z #ig ,f4 ,aft] ! temp]ature has be5 tak51 note x d[n c>efully1 wa% ! !rmomet]1 & %ake ! m]cury d[n to #ig ,f4 ,if ! !rmomet] is wa%$ 9 hot wat]1 ! exp&+ m]cury may break x4 ,hypod]mic ,injection4 ,! be/ place to inject is "u ! sk9 ( ! back or *e/4 ,! =e>m is usually select$1 b !re are _m objections to x4 ,if ! injection is made into ! leg or arm1 ! po9t ( ! ne$le %\ld be direct$ t[>ds ! body4 #a4 ,surgical cleanl9ess mu/ be obs]v$4 ,! h&s ( ! op]ator & ! sk9 ( ! pati5t at ! spot *os5 = injection mu/ be prop]ly clean$ ) an antiseptic lotion1 e4g41 *9osol 7#a 9 #ajjj7 or c>bolic acid 7#a 9 #fj74 ,! site ( injection may1 z an alt]native1 be pa9t$ ) iod9e :i*1 inde$1 is ! pref]able me?od4 #b4 ,! hypod]mic syr+e & ne$le mu/ be p]fectly clean$2 if possible !y %\ld be boil$1 or an antiseptic lotion1 or alcohol 7br&y or :isky7 may be syr+$ ?r\gh !m4 #c4 ,! solution to be inject$ %\ld be made 9 a clean1 i4e41 boil$1 spoon1 by add+ ! drug to boil$ wat]4 #d4 ,draw solution into ! syr+e1 hold ! syr+e ) ! ne$le end po9t+ upw>ds1 s z to all[ any air to rise above ! fluid1 & pu% ! pi/on up till all air has be5 driv5 out & ! solution beg9s to come ?r\gh ! ne$le4 #e4 ,p9* up ! sk9 :]e ! injection is to be made1 pu% ! ne$le well ?r\gh & !n "u x1 keep+ ! po9t slightly away f ! sk9 until ! ne$le is almo/ entirely cov]$4 ,! po9t ( ! ne$le w n[ lie 9 ! loose tissue--betwe5 ! sk9 & ! muscle--into :i* ! fluid is to be inject$4 #f4 ,hold+ ! ne$le firmly1 sl[ly press ! pi/on until ! requir$ am\nt has be5 inject$2 )draw ! ne$le sl[ly1 keep ! f+] ov] ! m9ute op5+ 9 ! sk91 s z to close x at once1 & ) ano!r f+] rub = a few seconds1 :]e ! fluid has be5 inject$1 9 a direction away f ! op5+1 to assi/ its absorption4 ,aft] giv+ an injection1 wa% out ! syr+e z be=e1 dry ne$le well1 & pass a piece ( ?9 wire ?r\gh x to keep x op54 ,! ne$les are s5t out ) wire 9 !m to keep ! f9e *annel op52 ( c\rse ! wire mu/ be remov$ be=e ! ne$le is put on to ! syr+e4 ,z /rong solutions ( p]manganate ( pota% attack ! plung] ( ! pi/on1 :5 ?is drug has be5 inject$1 ! syr+e %\ld be well wa%$ ) wat] directly aft] its use4 ,hypod]mic tablets4--,solutions = injection are be/ made f tablets :i* are specially prep>$ = ! purpose4 ,a hypod]mic tablet %\ld be dissolv$ 9 ab\t t5 drops ( hot wat]1 b z ea* conta9s a def9ite am\nt ( ! drug1 x does n matt] 9 exactly h[ mu* wat] ! dose is dissolv$4 ,9 inject+ c]ta9 prep>ations ( qu99e1 :i* are n easily soluble1 s mu* wat] may be requir$ t two or ?ree sep>ate injections are necess>y2 !re is no objection to ?is1 ! important ?+ is to h ! qu99e really dissolv$4 ,usually only m$ical m5 %\ld adm9i/] hypod]mic injections4 ,frequ5tly x is n necess>y to give a hypod]mic injection1 = ! hypod]mic tablet w be absorb$1 & act almo/ z quickly if plac$ "u ! tongue4 ,! travell] may be call$ ^u to use "o ( ! foll[+ hypod]mic injections3-- ,p]manganate ( potassium4 ,see ,snake-bite1 p4 #bha4 ,morphia4 ,an injection ( a qu>t] ( a gra9 ( morphia may be necess>y :5 !re is mu* pa94 ,! soo?+ action ( opium & *lorodyne is due to ?is sub/ance4 ,/ry*n9e4 ,see ,snake-bite1 p4 #bhb4 ,ba?s1 etc4 ,cool ,ba?4--,lift ! pati5t g5tly 9 a blanket into a long ba? conta9+ wat] at ab\t #ij ,f41 add wat] z cold z c be obta9$1 keep ! wat] circulat+ & runn+ out2 "o boy mu/ p\r wat] on to ! head all ! "t4 ,if a long ba? is n at h&1 put a blanket ov] a wat]pro( %eet1 & let ! pati5t lie on x2 get six or eight boys to hold up ! edges1 & give pati5t 8 ba? 9 t way4 ,a good plan is to dig a %all[ tr5* 9 ! s& & to spread a wat]pro( 9 x2 x is less difficult !n to keep ! edges ( wat]pro( up z ! pati5t is ly+ 9 a groove4 ,x is n necess>y to make ! ba? really cold if ! cool wat] c be kept runn+4 ,i h h>dly ev] be5 able1 9 ,africa1 to get ! wat] bel[ #hj ,f4 ,note ! b[el temp]ature1 & z soon z x falls to #aja ,f41 remove ! pati5t f ! ba? & put him betwe5 w>m blankets1 & fe$ ) "s hot s\p4 ,if !re are any signs ( fa9tness1 ammonia1 or equal p>ts ( /rong _s & wat]1 mu/ be giv54 ,weak _s & wat] has little or no /imulat+ effect on ! he>t1 !re=e1 9 cases ( fa9t+1 %ock1 exhau/ion1 or collapse f any cause1 give a little _s1 & give x /rong4 ,wet ,pack4--,slip a wat]pro( "u pati5t1 wr+ a %eet out ( cold wat] & pass x "u him & wrap him 9 x1 cov] ) ?ree or f\r blankets1 & tuck him 94 ,at fir/ he w feel cold & *illy1 b soon ! surface vessels w dilate1 & he w beg9 to feel hot1 & v likely w sweat2 keep him 9 ! wet pack ) ! clo!s c>efully tuck$ 9 r\nd ! neck1 feet & sides = ab\t half an h\r4 ,!n p>tially dry ! pati5t1 & put him into b$ betwe5 w>m blankets & ) hot-wat] bottles1 & give hot dr9ks to enc\rage p]spiration4 ,ca!t]s4 ,at lea/ six silk-webb$ ca!t]s %\ld be tak5 z "p ( ! equipm5t4 ,! mo/ suitable sizes are1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj4 ,!y %\ld be pack$ 9 a sep>ate box1 & %\ld be kept dry ) ,fr5* *alk or any o!r du/+ p[d]4 ,be=e use ! ca!t] %\ld lie = at lea/ a qu>t] ( an h\r 9 an antiseptic solution su* z *9osol 7#a 9 #ajjj71 & ! solution %\ld be frequ5tly syr+$ ?r\gh x4 ,! ca!t] %\ld !n be lubricat$ ) eucalyptus1 vasel9e1 or c>bolic oil1 or1 bett]1 ) boric acid o9tm5t4 ,let ! pati5t lie d[n1 & ?or\ghly wa% ! g5itals1 especially ! op5+ ( ! pipe1 ) an antiseptic solution1 ! op]ator hav+ c>efully clean$ 8 own h&s4 ,!n pass ! ca!t] g5tly d[n ! pipe & into ! bladd]4 ,! silk-web ca!t]s are s flexible t unless =ce is us$ !y c d no h>m2 beg9 ) a ,no4 #h size1 & if ?is _c be pass$1 try a ,no4 #d4 ,aft] use1 wa% ! ca!t] z be=e1 dry ) a s(t h&k]*ief1 & du/ x ) p[d]4 ,on no acc\nt %\ld ! ca!t]s be greas$ :5 !y are be+ put away4 ,neglect ( cleanly precautions 9 pass+ ca!t]s may lead to inflammation ( ! bladd] & ev5 m s]i\s mis*ief4 ,/oma* ,tube4 ,! /oma* tube consi/s ( a piece ( india-rubb] tub+ ab\t ?ree feet long1 ) a funnel at "o end4 ,! me?od ( pass+ x is z foll[s3--,! pati5t's jaws %\ld be kept ap>t by a gag su* z a piece ( /ick wrapp$ 9 l9t plac$ betwe5 ! back tee? on ei!r side4 ,! left =ef+] %\ld be pass$ into ! pati5t's m\? z f> z possible & ! tongue drawn =w>d2 ! rubb] tube1 oil$ or sme>$ ) vasel9e or glyc]9e1 %\ld !n be pass$ by ! side ( ! f+] & d[n ! ?roat = ab\t tw5ty in*es1 tak+ c>e to use no great =ce4 ,! funnel is !n rais$ & sl[ly fill$ ) wat]2 :5 all ! wat] has run d[n1 ! funnel is l[]$ & ! liquid 9 ! /oma* is drawn out by ! syphon action ( ! tube4 ,! process %\ld be repeat$ till ! wat] return+ f ! /oma* is cle>4 ,if ! pati5t is unconsci\s ! tube %\ld n be pass$ except by a doctor4 ,enemas4 ,enema ,syr+e4--,?is is fitt$ ) long & %ort tube4 ,to use ! long tube1 slip x ov] ! %ort "o1 :i* w hold x firmly4 ,aft] use hang x up to dra91 dry x well1 b d n oil x2 c>ry x loose r ?an coil$ up1 s z to avoid risk ( ! rubb] k9k+ at ! flex$ portions ( ! tube4 ,to give an enema1 ! pati5t %\ld be plac$ on 8 left side1 & br\ght close to ! edge ( ! b$1 ) 8 knees slightly drawn up t[>ds ! belly4 ,! pipe or nozzle ( ! syr+e %\ld be well oil$ or sme>$ ) vasel9e1 & !n c>efully introduc$ into ! outlet ( ! b[el1 & pass$ g5tly upw>ds = ab\t ?ree in*es1 great c>e be+ tak5 n to ex]t any =ce4 ,! high] up into ! b[el a nutri5t or m$ic9al injection is pass$1 ! m rapidly w x be absorb$2 !re=e ! long tube is to be pref]r$1 & ! hips %\ld be rais$ on a pill[1 to assi/ ! pati5t 9 reta9+ ! injection4 ,a nutri5t or m$ic9al enema is usually small 9 quantity1 ab\t two to f\r ounces1 9 ord] to prev5t its be+ reject$ by ! b[el1 & is adm9i/]$ by means ( a small ball syr+e provid$ ) a long nozzle4 ,be=e giv+ a m$ic9al or nutri5t enema1 x is be/ to wa% ! l[] b[el ) w>m wat]1 & always see t ! mixture to be inject$ is w>m$ to 8blood heat40 ,p\ltices4 ,l9se$-meal p\ltice4--,mix f\r ounces ( l9se$ meal into ab\t half a p9t ( boil+ wat]1 con/antly /irr+ until ! mixture is smoo? & ev54 ,a piece ( t[1 teas$ out to ! requir$ size1 or a piece ( l95 or ?9 clo?1 is plac$ ^u a table1 & ! p\ltice turn$ out ^u x2 !n spread ev5ly 9 a lay] ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 leav+ a m>g9 ( t[ or l95 ab\t an in* wide all r\nd4 ,?is m>g9 %\ld be fold$ ov]1 & ! p\ltice appli$ to ! affect$ "p--) ! meal next ! body4 ,an ,ice p\ltice is made by mix+ p\nd$ ice & sawdu/1 & enclos+ ! mixture 9 a wat]pro( mat]ial su* z a mack9to% or gutta-p]*a4 ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,w\nds ,,& ,,injuries4 ,by ! late ,,william ,,h5ry ,,crosse1 ,m4,d4 ,9 treat+ w\nds1 :e!r l>ge or small1 ! great ess5tial is absolute cleanl9ess1 n simple cleanl9ess 9 ! ord9>y acceptance ( ! ^w1 b absolute surgical cleanl9ess4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is z well to lay d[n ! axiom t all inflammation & o!r complications ( w\nds1 z suppuration & blood-poison+1 are due to g]ms1 & g]ms alone4 ,all cleans+ op]ations & antiseptic processes are in/itut$ ) ! sole idea ( prev5t+ ! entrance ( g]ms into ! w\nd1 ei!r f ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 ! dress+s1 in/rum5ts1 or ! sk9 ( ! pati5t4 ,antiseptics are *emical sub/ances :i* h ! p[] ( kill+ g]ms outright1 or s *eck+ _! gr[? t ! cells 9 ! blood c easily cope ) !m4 ,! antiseptics t are m5tion$ 9 ^! notes are c>bolic acid1 *9osol1 p]manganate ( pota%1 & boric acid4 ,giv5 ! antiseptic prop]ties ( ! sub/ance1 x seems a simple ?+1 by its application1 to prev5t g]ms ei!r ent]+ a w\nd or multiply+ !re1 b 9 actual practice ! g]m-free cleanl9ess ( a w\nd is a difficult ?+ to procure4 ,! g]ms are ev]y:]e--on ! in/rum5ts :i* cause ! w\nds1 on ! sk9 ( ! pati5t1 9 ! sweat gl&s ( ! sk91 at ! roots ( ! hairs1 & on ! h&s ( ! op]ator1 especially "u ! nails4 ,aga91 a great ob/acle to ! free action ( antiseptics is grease or oil ( all k9ds4 ,a f9e coat+ ( grease envelop+ a g]m (f]s great resi/ance to ! action ( antiseptics1 & ! object ( ! process ( cleans+ a w\nd describ$ bel[ is1 fir/1 to remove all ! grease1 & !n to apply ! antiseptic to de/roy ! g]ms4 ,) c>e1 a clean-cut w\nd %\ld heal k9dly1 )\t ! =mation ( matt]4 ,to clean & dress a ,w\nd4 ,fir/ cov] ! w\nd itself ) a small piece ( cotton-wool or l9t1 wrung out 9 an antiseptic solution2 !n ?or\ghly scrub ! surr\nd+ sk9 ) w>m wat] & soap 7s(t soap = pref]5ce71 us+ a nail bru% :i* has be5 previ\sly boil$4 ,%ave ! sk9 9 e case1 :e!r ?ickly cov]$ ) hair or n4 ,?is %av+ is mo/ important1 z x removes all f9e grease-coat$ hairs :i* might fav\r ! gr[? ( g]ms1 & also scrapes (f ! surface dirt & dead scales ( sk94 ,aft] %av+1 aga9 scrub ) soap & wat]1 & wa% ! sk9 ) an antiseptic lotion1 su* z c>bolic 7#a 9 #fj71 or *9osol 7#a 9 #ajjj74 ,hav+ cleans$ ! sk91 n[ clean up ! w\nd itself4 ,?or\ghly wa% ! w\nd ) an antiseptic lotion1 ei!r rubb$ 9 ) l9t or wool1 or inject$ ) a glass syr+e4 ,all in/rum5ts1 ligatures & ne$les %\ld be boil$ = at lea/ five m9utes 9 wat] 7to :i* a little wa%+-soda may be add$ ) advantage71 & %\ld !n be dropp$ into an antiseptic solution4 ,:5 boil+ is n possible1 !y %\ld be soak$ 9 c>bolic lotion1 #a 9 #cj1 = t5 m9utes1 & !n transf]r$ to #a 9 #fj4 ,! h&s ( ! op]ator mu/ be scrubb$ = "s m9utes ) soap & w>m wat]1 & !n 9 an antiseptic solution1 p>ticul> att5tion be+ paid to ! nails1 :i* %\ld h be5 cut q %ort4 ,cleanl9ess ( ! op]ator's h&s is ! fir/ ess5tial ( successful treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,! edges ( small1 clean-cut w\nds may be br\ght toge!r ) adhesive pla/]1 b l>g] w\nds w ne$ antiseptic silk or gut ligatures to keep ! edges appli$ ev5ly4 ,l>ge ragg$ w\nds1 ) mu* bruis+2 w\nds conta9+ dirt1 s&1 etc41 or deep w\nds su* z ^? caus$ by bullets or spe>s1 %\ld n be completely clos$4 ,!y %\ld be cleans$1 z above1 du/$ ) iod(orm p[d]1 & a /rip ( antiseptic gauze arrang$ s z to rea* f ! surface ( ! sk9 to ! deepe/ "p ( ! w\nd4 ,?is1 :i* s]ves z a dra9 = ! dis*>ges1 %\ld be r5ew$ e day until heal+ is fairly e/abli%$4 ,if necess>y1 a few /it*es may be ins]t$ 9 ! m sup]ficial p>ts ( ! w\nd to br+ ! edges ( ! sk9 into contact4 ,! w\nd %\ld be dress$ ) /rips ( antiseptic gauze1 slightly moi/5$ ) :i*ev] antiseptic solution is us$1 & ov] ?is %\ld be plac$ a pad ( antiseptic wool1 :i* %\ld be kept firmly & ev5ly 9 place by a well-appli$ b&age4 ,a w\nd$ limb %\ld be kept at re/1 z f> z possible1 ei!r by s&-bags or a spl9t4 7,9 ! abs5ce ( o!r antiseptics1 ! w\nd1 aft] ?or\gh wa%+1 may be dress$ ) c>bolic oil or ,fri>'s balsam1 or boric or iod(orm o9tm5t appli$ on l9t47 ,ble$+ or ,hmorrhage4 ,g5]al ooz+ f small vessels may be /opp$ by means ( a pad made ( a piece ( antiseptic wool or gauze1 firmly b&ag$ ov] ! ble$+ area4 ,:5 a l>ge vessel1 :e!r an art]y or a ve91 is cut across1 pr(use ble$+ w take place1 & imm$iate /eps mu/ be tak5 to /op ?is :il/ suitable in/rum5ts are be+ obta9$4 7,9 ble$+ f an art]y1 ! blood spurts out 9 quick j]k+ jets2 if com+ f a ve91 ! blood fl[s 9 a /eady cont9u\s /ream47 ,pressure %\ld !re=e be appli$1 by means ( ! ?umb or ?umbs1 or a t\rniquet1#ah 9 ! c\rse ( ! vessel1 ei!r above or bel[ ! injury--ne>] to ! body ?an ! w\nd if ! ble$+ is f an art]y 7,fig4 #c71 & beyond ! w\nd if ! ble$+ is f a ve94 ,x w be f\nd t ! ble$+ c be controll$ m effectually1 & ) great] ease1 if ! vessel is compress$ aga9/ a neighb\r+ bone4 ,no m pressure %\ld be ex]t$ ?an is j suffici5t to /op ! fl[ ( blood4 ,:il/ pressure is be+ appli$1 ! w\nd %\ld be cleans$ ) "s antiseptic lotion1 & a w$ge-%ap$ pad ( antiseptic gauze appli$ & firmly held 9 position by a b&age4 ,ble$+ f ! h& or =e>m c g5]ally be imm$iately arre/$ by =cibly b5d+ up ! =e>m at ! elb[-jo9t4 ,if ^! measures effectually control ! ble$+1 ! pressure %\ld be kept up = an h\r or two1 aft] :i* "t x may be cauti\sly relax$4 ,if1 aft] ! removal ( ! pressure1 ! hmorrhage seems to h ceas$ 7z judg$ by ! pad :i* has be5 kept 9 position n trickl+ ) blood71 apply a l>ge pad ( wool ov] ! orig9al dress+1 & b&age ?is firmly4 ,dress ! w\nd v c>efully on ! ?ird day4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 9 spite ( ! treatm5t1 ! ble$+ cont9ues1 ! pressure mu/ be re-appli$1 & ! cut ends ( ! ble$+ vessel look$ = 9 ! w\nd itself1 & ei!r twi/$ or ti$ ) a silk ligature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,me?od ,,( ,,compress+ ,,! ,,ma9 ,,art]y ,,( ,,! ,,?igh4 ,to twi/ a vessel1 seize ! ble$+ po9t betwe5 ! blades ( ! art]y =ceps1 !n1 by twi/+ ! in/rum5t r\nd ?ree or f\r times1 ! vessel w become block$ or clos$1 & ! =ceps may be tak5 (f 9 ! c\rse ( t5 m9utes4 ,! o!r me?od is to tie ! vessel ) a silk ligature 7previ\sly boil$71 mak+ a reef or sailor's knot1 to cut %ort ! ends ( ! ligature1 remove ! =ceps1 & let ! vessel fall back into ! w\nd4 ,9 any case cleanse ! w\nd1 & dress 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$4 ,! travell] :o has tak5 ! tr\ble to le>n some?+ ab\t ! treatm5t ( w\nds & sev]e hmorrhage w1 be=e 8 j\rneys are end$1 probably h opportunities ( sav+ ! life ( a comrade by 8 skill4 ,no?+ c be m di/ress+ ?an to see a man die f a hmorrhage :i* anyone :o has /udi$ ! subject a little w\ld be able to control 9 n9e cases out ( t5 )\t mu* difficulty4 ,i !re=e e>ne/ly urge all travell]s to ga9 z practical a k ( ?is subject z is possible1 be=e leav+ a civilis$ c\ntry4 ,aft]-,treatm5t ( ,w\nds4 ,a clean-cut w\nd1 :i* has be5 completely clos$ & prop]ly dress$1 ne$ n be dress$ aga9 until ! f\r? day2 & ! /it*es ne$ n be remov$ = sev5 days4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a ragg$ or dirty w\nd1 or "o 9 :i* x has be5 necess>y to ins]t a piece ( gauze = ! purpose ( dra9age1 %\ld be syr+$ out & dress$ daily f ! fir/4 ,! important index to ! /ate ( a w\nd is ! pati5t's temp]ature4 ,if1 on ! ?ird day aft] ! w\nd 0 fir/ dress$1 ! temp]ature is normal1 & subsequ5tly rema9s s1 ! w\nd is probably heal+ well2 b if ! pati5t's temp]ature is up to or beyond #ajj ,f41 & ! "p is pa9ful1 !re is probably "s inflammatory *ange go+ on 9 ! w\nd4 ,! dress+s %\ld be tak5 (f1 & ! w\nd exam9$4 ,if ! surr\nd+ sk9 is r$ & %9y1 & ! limb swoll5 & t5d]1 "s ( ! /it*es %\ld be tak5 out1 & ! w\nd well syr+$ ) an antiseptic lotion4 ,?is1 ) a good purge1 su* z calomel or ,epsom salts1 w probably remove all signs ( inflammation2 b /ill ! w\nd mu/ be dress$ daily4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! temp]ature /ill rema9s high1 #ajj to #aja ,f41 or m1 & ! pati5t is re/less & light-head$1 all ! /it*es %\ld be tak5 out1 ! w\nd op5$ up1 & hot fom5tations1 prep>$ ) an antiseptic lotion1 appli$ e f\r h\rs till ! temp]ature comes d[n4 ,tonics ( qu99e & iron %\ld be giv54 ,erysipelas4 ,erysipelas is a diffusely-spread+ inflammation ( ! sk91 caus$ by ! pres5ce & activity ( g]ms1 :i* ent] ?r\gh a w\nd$ surface4 ,x is mo/ frequ5tly due to want ( cleanl9ess 9 ! treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,bright's disease & g\t pr$ispose to ?is compla9t4 ,symptoms4--,! disease beg9s ) a vivid r$ blu%1 usually />t+ f a w\nd1 & :i* has a great t5d5cy to spread or to move f "o "p ( ! limb to ano!r4 ,! edge ( ! blu% is %>ply def9$1 & slightly rais$ above ! surr\nd+ sk92 !re is /iffness & heat 9 ! "p1 ) fev] #ajc-ajd ,f41 n v>y+ mu*2 rapid pulse1 heada*e1 loss ( appetite1 furr$ tongue & con/ipation4 ,treatm5t4--,isolate ! pati5t & adm9i/] a good purgative4 ,give tw5ty drops ( t9cture ( /eel1 ) five gra9s ( qu99e 9 two ounces ( wat]4 ,light diet4 ,/imulants w be necess>y4 ,local treatm5t3 fl\r1 />*1 or z9c oxide may be us$ to du/ ov] ! "p1 or z9c o9tm5t appli$ on l9t4 ,! heal?y sk9 j beyond ! advanc+ edge may be pa9t$ ) t9cture ( iod9e4 ,cellulitis4--,occasionally ! infection ( ! sk9 by ! g]ms spreads to ! tissue b5ea?1 & is !n call$ cellulitis1 or phlegmon\s erysipelas4 ,9 ?is condition !re is m swell+ ?an 9 simple erysipelas1 & ! sk9 is v boggy or d\ghy1 & reta9s ! impr9t ( a f+] press$ ^u x4 ,! r$ blu% is n s vivid1 be+ d>k] & m purple1 & !re is no well-def9$ edge4 ,if left untreat$1 ! sk9 w break d[n & die1 caus+ ext5sive de/ruction ( ! "p4 ,treatm5t4--,g5]al treatm5t ! same z = erysipelas4 ,locally1 sev]al incisions1 ea* at lea/ "o in* 9 l5g?1 %\ld be made into ! swoll5 tissue :]e x is mo/ boggy1 & "r ?r\gh ! sk91 c>e be+ tak5 to avoid ! l>g] blood-vessels2 !n hot fom5tations ( boric acid 7five gra9s to ! ounce7 or o!r antiseptic %\ld be appli$1 e two or ?ree h\rs1 till ! swell+ has subsid$4 ,! important po9t 9 ! treatm5t ( swoll5 & inflam$ p>ts foll[+ w\nds1 :5 accompani$ by cont9u$ or ris+ high temp]ature1 is to relieve t5sion by mak+ free incisions4 ,"s k ( ! anatomy ( ! p>ts is ess5tial be=e us+ ! knife4 ,9 any case1 incisions 9 ! arm or leg %\ld be made p>allel to & n across ! limb4 ,blood-,poison+4 ,if a poison$ w\nd is left )\t ?or\gh local treatm5t1 ! poisons & g]ms conta9$ 9 ! tissues are tak5 up by ! blood1 & cause blood-poison+4 ,! symptoms ( ?is condition are high temp]ature1 delirium1 heada*e1 loss ( appetite1 vomit+1 & occasionally bron*itis & pneumonia4 ,sev]e =ms ( blood-poison+ may lead to ! =mation ( abscesses all ov] ! body1 ) fatal result4 ,treatm5t4--,! g5]al treatm5t is ! same z t describ$ = erysipelas4 ,! local treatm5t is to ?or\ghly op5 up & dis9fect ! poison$ "p4 ,bruises4 ,a bruise %\ld be treat$ by ba?+ ) cold wat]1 or ! frequ5t application ( wet clo?s4 ,! addition ( ,g\l>d wat]1 g91 me?ylat$ spirits1 eau de cologne1 or v9eg>1 to ! wat]1 is b5eficial4 ,spra9s4 ,! affect$ jo9t %\ld be rais$ on pill[s1 & treat$ 9 ! mann] advis$ = bruises1 b if se5 imm$iately aft] ! injury1 firm /rapp+ ) adhesive pla/] & b&ag+ ( ! "p is (t5 equally s]viceable4 ,if inflammation develops1 w>m fom5tations w be f\nd soo?+1 lee*+ may be necess>y1 & free purgation always has a good effect4 ,! tr\blesome /iffness :i* (t5 rema9s is reliev$ by friction & knead+ ) ! h&4 ,to rega9 ! use ( ! jo9t1 x %\ld be g5tly mov$ ea* day2 ?is movem5t is less pa9ful if x is p]=m$ ) ! jo9t 9 hot wat]4 ,poison$ ,w\nds f ,snakes1 ,animals1 & ,arr[s1 etc4 ,9 cases ( poison\s snake-bite1 ! m>ks ( two fangs w usually be f\nd4 ,treatm5t4--,tie a piece ( tape1 b&age1 or cord a c\ple ( in*es above ! w\nd1 i4e41 betwe5 ! w\nd & ! body2 tie ano!r piece /ill ne>] ! body1 say ?ree in*es f ! fir/4 ,cut across ! w\nd or w\nds to enc\rage free ble$+4 7,if a m$ical man is pres5t1 he may ?9k fit to inject anti-v5om\s s]um z an antidote to snake poison47 ,dissolve z mu* p]manganate ( pota% z possible 9 ab\t a teaspoonful ( wat]1 /irr+ well to ha/5 its solution4 ,inject ab\t five drops ( ?is und]nea? ! sk91 on ei!r side ( ! cut1 by means ( a hypod]mic syr+e4 ,"s ( ! solution may be inject$ into ! w\nd itself1 or ev5 a cry/al ( ! drug may be press$ into ! cut1 or "p ( a cru%$ tablet ( ! drug4 ,x is be/ to keep a small bottle ( ! /rong solution ( p]manganate always ready4 ,give spirits /rong1 t is1 "o tablespoonful to "o ( wat]2 at lea/ f\r su* doses 9 ! fir/ h\r4 ,ammonia may also be giv54 ,if ! pati5t is heavy & /upid1 give two tablets ( /ry*n9e 7"o-hundr$? ( a gra9 9 ea*7 9 half a w9e-glassful ( wat]1 by ! m\?2 or dissolve two 9 tw5ty drops ( wat]1 & inject well b5ea? ! sk9 into ! muscles ( ! back4 ,if !re is no improvem5t )9 an h\r1 give two m tablets2 & if necess>y1 "o or two m 9 ano!r h\r4 ,aft] ty+ up a limb = a poison\s bite1 !re w be great pa9 if ! ligatures h be5 appli$ tightly2 ! p>ts w swell1 become v dusky1 & if ! ligatures are left on too long1 ! blood supply w be cut (f1 & ! p>ts w die4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! ligatures beg9 to cause mu* pa91 loos5 ! "o next ! injur$ "p = t5 seconds1 !n tie aga9 at or ne> ! same place1 & loos5 ! o!r "o = a simil> p]iod1 & !n re-tie2 repeat ?is ab\t e fifte5 m9utes4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two h\rs1 bo? tapes may be tak5 (f4 ,! object ( ty+ up is to prev5t mu* ( ! poison gett+ into ! sy/em at once4 ,! fir/ ?+ is to tie up tightly2 next cut freely1 & suck or squeeze out z mu* blood z possible1 !n treat ) drugs4 7,x is usually safe to suck a poison$ w\nd unless !re are any abrasions or cracks 9 ! m\?1 tongue1 gums1 or lips1 tak+ c>e to spit out ! poison at once2 b ! m\? %\ld be wa%$ out imm$iately aft]w>ds ) a light purple solution ( p]manganate ( pota%47 ,if ! w\nds are on ! face1 neck1 or o!r spot :i* _c be ti$ up1 !n x is be/ to cut out ! "p at once & wipe ! w\nd well ) ! /rong solution ( p]manganate4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( snake-bite1 pure c>bolic acid1 ord9>y cau/ic1 a r$-hot wire1 or ev5 a burn+ /ick may be appli$ to ! w\nds :5 p]manganate ( pota% _c be obta9$4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e no o!r treatm5t is available1 x is advisable to explode a p9* ( gun-p[d] ov] ! place ( injury1 or ev5 to bl[ ! p>ts away ) "o's gun4 ,if a f+] or toe is bitt5 by a snake :i* is c]ta9ly poison\s1 & nei!r drugs nor fire are at h&1 x w\ld be be/ to amputate at once4 ,w\nds inflict$ by poison$ arr[s or o!r weapons1 mad dogs1 jackals1 etc41 %\ld be treat$ 9 a simil> mann] to ^? caus$ by poison\s snakes4 ,dr[n+4 ,dea? f dr[n+ usually occurs 9 f two to ?ree m9utes aft] subm]sion1 al?\gh p h be5 reviv$ aft] a p]iod ( five or six m9utes "u wat]4 ,9 treat+ cases ( app>5t dea? f dr[n+1 ! po9ts to be aim$ at are3-- ,fir/ & imm$iately1 ! re/oration ( ! brea?+4 ,secondly1 & aft] brea?+ is re/or$1 ! promotion ( w>m? & circulation4 #a4 ,to re/ore ! brea?+4 ,roll ! pati5t on to 8 face = a few seconds1 plac+ "o ( 8 arms "u ! =ehead2 wipe away all we$s1 mud1 etc41 f ! m\?4 7,9 ?is position wat] w m easily escape f ! m\?1 :il/ at ! same "t ! tongue w fall =w>d1 & leave ! entrance to ! w9dpipe cle>47 ,turn ! pati5t on 8 back1 on a flat surface1 ) ! head a little high] ?an ! feet4 ,place a small h>d pill[ 7or a roll$-up coat7 "u ! %\ld]-blades4 ,draw ! pati5t's tongue =w>d1 & keep x project+ beyond ! lips4 ,remove all tight clo?+ f ab\t ! pati5t's neck & *e/2 also braces1 belt1 etc4 ,kneel at ! pati5t's head1 grasp 8 arms j above ! elb[s1 draw !m g5tly & /eadily upw>ds above 8 head1 & keep !m /ret*$ 9 t position = two seconds 7,fig4 #d74 7,by ?is means air is drawn into ! lungs47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,rev]se ! movem5t1 & press ! pati5t's arms g5tly b firmly aga9/ ! sides ( ! *e/1 keep+ !m 9 ?is position = two seconds 7,fig4 #e74 7,by ?is means air is press$ out ( ! lungs47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,repeat ^! movem5ts alt]nately & regul>ly1 ab\t fifte5 times a m9ute1 until natural brea?+ takes place1 or z long z !re is any hope ( sav+ ! pati5t4 ,x may be necess>y to cont9ue ! movem5ts = z long z an h\r4 ,:ile ^! movem5ts are be+ c>ri$ out ! wet clo?+ may be remov$1 ! body g5tly dri$1 & ! pati5t wrapp$ up 9 dry blankets4 #b4 ,to promote w>m? & circulation4 ,rub ! limbs & body vigor\sly ) dry t[els & flannels1 always rubb+ f ! extremities t[>ds ! he>t4 ,apply hot-wat] bottles1 hot flannels1 or hot bricks to ! feet1 armpits1 ! pit ( ! /oma*1 & betwe5 ! ?ighs4 ,imm$iately ! p[] ( swall[+ returns1 adm9i/] hot c(fee1 spirits & w>m wat]1 etc4 ,put ! pati5t to b$ betwe5 hot blankets z soon z possible4 ,fractures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,skeleton1 ,,giv+ ,,! ,,names ,,& ,,positions ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,bones4 ,a simple fracture is "o 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! bone or bones are brok51 ! protect+ sk9 is n brok54 ,a comp\nd fracture is "o 9 :i* ! sk91 etc41 is brok5 or cut across1 s t ! fracture is m or less expos$ to ! air4 ,! end ( ei!r fragm5t ( ! brok5 bone may protrude ?r\gh ! sk94 ,a comm9ut$ fracture is "o 9 :i* ! bone is brok5 into sev]al pieces2 su* a fracture may be ei!r simple or comp\nd4 ,9 a simple fracture great g5tl5ess %\ld be us$ 9 h&l+ ! p>ts1 s z n to conv]t x into a comp\nd fracture2 !re=e1 d n undress ! "p2 r cut away ! clo?+4 ,a fracture :i* is comp\nd is usually s]i\s1 = dirt & g]ms are liable to be c>ri$ into ! w\nd & cause great mis*ief2 9 gun%ot w\nds1 dirt or pieces ( clo?+ may be c>ri$ into ! w\nd4 ,! signs ( a fracture are1 fir/ly1 ! pati5t's own feel+s1 e4g41 ! pa9 :i* is caus$ on h&l+ ! "p1 sudd5 loss ( p[]1 & ! s5sation ( grat+4 ,secondly1 on exam9ation1 mo/ if n all ( ! foll[+ signs w be obs]v$3 inability ( pati5t to move ! "p bel[ ! injury1 swell+1 unnatural movem5t bel[ ! site ( fracture1 alt]ation 9 appe>ance ( ! limb4 ,9 fractures ( ! upp] or l[] limb !re is usually %ort5+1 ! spasmodic action ( ! muscles caus+ ! brok5 ends to ride ov] ea* o!r1 & ! great] ! obliquity ( ! l9e ( fracture ! great] w be ! %ort5+ & alt]ation 9 appe>ance4 ,a s5sation ( grat+ is usually convey$ to ! op]ator :5 he attempts to move ! p>ts2 sometimes ?is grat+ c be he>d1 z well z felt4 ,comp>ison ( ! injur$ ) ! s\nd limb is ( ! greate/ importance 9 detect+ fractures4 ,treatm5t ( ,simple ,fractures4 ,directly a fracture ( a limb is made out1 a spl9t or spl9ts ( "s k9d %\ld be appli$ to keep ! p>ts fairly 9 position1 & to prev5t a brok5 end f be+ pu%$ ?r\gh ! sk94 ,clo?s & b&ages may be appli$ firmly r\nd ! injur$ "p1 & !n extemporis$ spl9ts1 su* z bo>ds1 /raight /icks1 umbrellas1 or bayonets1 %\ld be appli$ & kept 9 position till ! pati5t is 9 b$4 ,spl9ts suitable to ! injury %\ld be n[ made & well cov]$ ) wool1 l9t1 or clo?1 special c>e be+ tak5 to pad !m well :]e !y are likely to press ^u bony prom95ces1 su* z ! inn] or out] ankle4 ,! limb mu/ next be /raight5$1 & any de=mity caus$ by ov]rid+ ( ! fragm5ts mu/ be rem$i$ by /eady pull+ ^u ! p>ts above & bel[ ! fracture1 9 opposite directions1 & ! p>ts br\ght into good position by manipulat+ ! bones at ! seat ( fracture4 ,! prep>$ spl9ts1 ext5d+ well bel[ & above ! fracture1 are !n fitt$ to ! limb ) cotton-wool or l9t1 & secur$ by b&ages4 ,if !re is great swell+ & t5d]ness ( a limb1 !n x is advisable n to apply spl9ts at once4 ,s& pill[s %\ld be made1 or /ock+s ne>ly fill$ ) s& & _! m\?s ti$1 & appli$ "o on ei!r side ( ! limb1 to keep x absolutely /ill2 ! pa9ful swell+ may be r$uc$ by apply+ ice or evaporat+ lotions4 ,:5 ! swell+ is some:at r$uc$1 spl9ts may be appli$ aft] prop] manipulation4 ,:il/ ! b&ages %\ld be firmly appli$ s z to keep ! spl9ts 9 position1 !y mu/ n be b\nd too tightly1 o!rwise swell+ & ulc]ation may be caus$4 ,if !re is mu* pa9 & swell+ aft] a fracture has be5 set1 x w be necess>y to loos5 ! b&ages4 ,union ( ! fractur$ bones is g5]ally complet$ 9 ab\t six weeks4 ,coll>-bones4--,fracture ( ! coll>-bone %\ld be treat$ by plac+ a l>ge w$ge-%ap$ pad 7ab\t six in*es long1 by ?ree 9 ?ickness at ! upp] end7 9 ! armpit1 & secur+ x ) tapes ti$ ov] ! opposite %\ld]4 ,! elb[ %\ld !n be br\ght =w>d1 & rais$ & well support$ by a broad triangul> b&age or h&k]*ief1 us$ z a sl+1 & ) ! ends ti$ ov] ! opposite %\ld]4 ,a flannel or o!r b&age %\ld !n be w\nd r\nd ! *e/1 s z to secure ! arm f accid5tal movem5ts4 ,ribs4--,fracture ( ! ribs may be treat$ by wrapp+ a flannel b&age r\nd ! *e/ pretty tightly1 s z to limit ! movem5ts ( brea?+1 :i* are v pa9ful4 ,! flannel %\ld be secur$ by /it*+1 & ! upp] turns %\ld be fix$ by broad tapes pass$ ov] ! %\ld]s & firmly /it*$4 ,firm /rapp+ ( ! side ) adhesive pla/] is /ill bett]4 ,= ?is purpose ab\t six /rips ( pla/] "o to two in*es wide & eighte5 in*es long %\ld be appli$ ev5ly r\nd ! side ( ! *e/2 ea* piece %\ld be ov]laid by ! next piece above x = ab\t half an in*4 ,to secure re/ = ! affect$ side ( ! *e/1 ! /rapp+ %\ld n only cov] ! brok5 bone1 b %\ld ext5d to ab\t ?ree in*es above & bel[ x1 & %\ld rea* well beyond ! middle l9e bo? 9 front & beh9d4 ,upp] ,arm4--,fracture ( ! upp] arm may be treat$ by ! application ( sev]al n>r[ spl9ts rea*+ f ! armpit to ! elb[1 well padd$1 & support$ 9 position by a b&age c>ri$ f ! f+]s to ! armpit4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! spl9ts on ! inn] side d n *afe ! folds ( ! armpit4 ,! h& & wri/ %\ld !n be support$ 9 a sl+1 b ! elb[ mu/ be all[$ to hang free4 ,=e>m4--,fractures ( ! =e>m mu/ be treat$ by two spl9ts1 ea* wid] ?an ! limb4 ,! injur$ limb is all[$ to hang d[n by ! side1 palm =w>ds4 ,"o spl9t rea*+ f ! elb[ to ! f+]-tips is appli$ to ! back ( ! limb2 ! o!r is plac$ on ! front1 & only rea*es f ! b5d ( ! elb[ to ! level ( ! ball ( ! ?umb4 ,! spl9ts are secur$ tempor>ily by a c\ple ( slip knots4 ,n[ b5d ! arm to a "r angle1 ?umb upp]mo/1 & b&age securely f ! tips ( ! f+]s up to ! elb[4 ,?igh4--,fractures ( ! ?igh are s]i\s2 !y require ! pati5t to be kept 9 b$ till union has be5 effect$1 & !y are m likely to lead to %ort5+ & p]man5t lam5ess if n v c>efully treat$1 & ! assi/ance ( a skill$ surgeon is urg5tly ne$$4 ,a long spl9t is appli$ to ! outside ( ! limb1 rea*+ f ! armpit to beyond ! foot1 & secur$ above by a b&age pass+ r\nd ! body1 :il/ ! foot & leg are firmly b&ag$ to x bel[4 ,leg4--,fractures ( ! leg %\ld be treat$ by apply+ a spl9t on ea* side1 long en\gh to rea* f ! knee to a little bel[ ! sole ( ! foot4 ,!y %\ld be c>efully appli$ ) b&ages1 keep+ ! great toe 9 a l9e ) ! inn] bord] ( ! knee-cap4 ,:5 ! accid5t occurs 9 ! op5 air1 ! injur$ limb %\ld be ti$ to ! s\nd "o1 till ! pati5t is br\ght to a place ( security1 ! toes be+ prev5t$ f po9t+ inw>ds4 ,l[] ,jaw4--,manipulate ! p>ts into _! normal position & m\ld a spl9t ( gutta p]*a1 or o!r mat]ial1 z accurately z possible to ! l[] jaw4 ,if a too? is loose & prev5ts ! two jaws meet+ prop]ly x %\ld be tak5 out4 ,apply ! spl9t & keep x 9 position by a b&age1 :i* %\ld be split at ! *9 s z to encircle ! po9t ( ! jaw2 ! ends ( ! b&age are also split z f> =w>d z ! angle ( ! jaw2 two ends are ti$ beh9d ! neck & two ov] ! top ( ! head1 z 9 ! diagram1 & ^! ti$ ends %\ld be unit$ by a b&age or tapes to keep !m 9 position 7,fig4 #h74 ,9 ! abs5ce ( suitable mat]ial = mak+ a spl9t1 ?is b&age alone w h to suffice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,fig4 #h4 ,! pati5t mu/ be f$ on slops ?r\gh a tube pass$ beh9d ! tee?1 or ?r\gh a passage result+ f ! loss ( a too?4 ,comp\nd ,fractures4--,clean up ?or\ghly z describ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,wa% out ) an antiseptic solution1 du/ ) iod(orm1 apply an antiseptic pad4 ,set ! limb 9 su* a mann] t ! w\nd c be dress$ daily )\t int]f]+ ) ! spl9ts4 ,if ! bone is protrud+ ?r\gh ! w\nd1 x mu/1 if possible1 be got back into position4 ,if ?is _c be done x may be necess>y to saw (f ! end ( ! bone to enable ! w\nd to be clos$4 ,if ! w\nd is l>ge1 deep1 or dirty1 x %\ld be /uff$ ) antiseptic gauze s t free dra9age may be all[$1 & ! gauze %\ld be *ang$ ea* day4 ,aft]-treatm5t ( ,fractures4--,g5tle movem5ts may be cauti\sly begun1 9 ! jo9ts above & bel[ ! injury1 9 ab\t ?ree weeks4 ,:ile ^! are be+ c>ri$ out1 ! limb mu/ be firmly support$ to avoid int]f]+ ) ! heal+ processes go+ on betwe5 ! ends ( ! bones4 ,dislocations4 ,dislocations ne>ly always require skill$ aid to r$uce !m4 ,%\ld]-jo9t4--,pati5t _c raise ! arm to 8 head or p]=m any o!r %\ld] movem5ts freely4 ,! %\ld] is flatt5$1 ! elb[ /icks out1 & ! limb is usually l5g!n$4 ,treatm5t4--,! pati5t %\ld lie d[n4 ,! op]ator removes 8 own boot on ! same side z t ( ! pati5t's dislocation1 ins]ts 8 heel into ! pati5t's armpit & draws ! arm /eadily d[n1 at ! same "t press+ ! heel 9 an outw>d direction2 ! dislocat$ bone %\ld slip back into its prop] position4 ,put a pad 9 ! armpit & b&age ! arm to ! side = a week2 support arm 9 a sl+ = ano!r week or two4 ,elb[-jo9t4--,dislocation ( ! bones ( ! =e>m backw>ds at ! elb[-jo9t is fairly common4 ,treatm5t4--,?is dislocation c usually be r$uc$ by plac+ ! knee 9 front ( ! pati5t's elb[1 & mak+ firm traction on ! =e>m--:i* is at ! same "t b5t a little ar\nd ! op]ator's knee4 ,! pati5t c be kept sitt+ 9 a *air :ile ?is is done1 & ! op]ator c get 8 knee into ! requir$ position by plac+ 8 foot on ! side ( ! *air4 ,hip-jo9t4--,is ! mo/ common =m ( dislocation4 ,! limb is %ort5$1 b5t at ! knee & twi/$ inw>ds1 ! great toe ( ! injur$ limb re/+ on ! in/ep ( foot ( ! opposite limb4 ,! out] side ( ! hip is swoll5 & di/ort$4 ,treatm5t4--,grasp ! ankle ) "o h& & ! knee ) ! o!r4 ,lift up ! leg & b5d x at ! hip1 !n c>ry x z a :ole away f ! o!r limb z f> z possible1 rotate ! toes & foot firmly outw>ds1 & 9 t position br+ ! limb back p>allel to ! s\nd "o4 ,aft]-treatm5t ( ,dislocations4--,aft] dislocations1 g5tle movem5t ( ! jo9ts %\ld be begun 9 two weeks1 s z to prev5t !m becom+ fix$4 ,,poisons4 ,x is impossible1 9 ! small space available1 to give any?+ l a detail$ s*eme ( ! treatm5t ( ! v>i\s poisons1 b a few h9ts on ! ess5tial po9ts mu/ n be omitt$4 ,i h !re=e arrang$ a li/ ( ! common] poisons1 toge!r ) ! special treatm5t appropriate to ea*4 ,foll[+ ?is are a few h9ts m especially adapt$ to ! requirem5ts ( travell]s4 ,poison %\ld be suspect$ 7a7 :5 sev]e & al>m+ symptoms ( illness sudd5ly attack a p]son app>5tly 9 good heal?2 7b7 if ! symptoms closely foll[ ! tak+ ( food1 dr9k1 or m$ic9es2 7c7 if sev]al p are attack$ aft] hav+ p>tak5 ( ! same food or dr9k4 ,! po9ts to be att5d$ to 9 ! treatm5t ( cases ( poison+ are3-- a4 ,remove z mu* ( ! poison z possible f ! /oma*4 ,to d ?is1 x is usual to give an emetic1 su* z mu/>d & wat]1 or z9c sulphate1 ?irty gra9s2 or to pass ! s(t rubb] tube d[n ! gullet1 & wa% out ! /oma* ) wat]4 b4 ,c\nt]act ! effect ( ! poison by an antidote4 c4 ,keep up ! pati5t's /r5g? till ! poison is remov$ f ! sy/em4 d4 ,relieve pa94 ,travell]s may be poison$ 9 ! foll[+ ways3-- #a4 ,by poison\s bites1 arr[ w\nds1 etc4 #b4 ,by eat+ food poison$ by natives4 #c4 ,by eat+ poison\s plants1 etc4 #d4 ,by eat+ bad meat or fi%4 ,! treatm5t ( snake-bites & arr[ w\nds has already be5 dealt )4 ,poison$ food & poison\s plants4--,food is occasionally poison$ by natives1 ei!r by add+ /rophan?us leaves or o!r poisons4 ,! eat+ ( su* articles may be foll[$ by sev]e pa91 colic1 vomit+1 di>rha or o!r symptoms4 ,! g5]al l9e ( treatm5t %\ld consi/ 9 giv+ emetics promptly1 wa%+ out ! /oma* by means ( ! /oma* tube1 & adm9i/]+ l>ge quantities ( wat]1 milk1 or gruel4 ,di/ress+ symptoms %\ld be treat$ z !y arise2 ?us1 if convulsions occur1 l>ge doses ( *loral or potassium bromide %\ld be giv52 if /upor or dr[s9ess comes on1 ! pati5t %\ld be =c$ to take hot c(fee1 /imulants1 etc41 & made to walk ab\t4 ,if collapse sup]v5es1 /imulants %\ld be freely giv51 ! pati5t wrapp$ 9 blankets1 & hot bottles appli$ to ! feet4 ,poison+ by bad meat1 fi%1 etc4--,! symptoms ( poison+ by bad meat1 etc41 are sev]e pa9s 9 ! belly1 cramps1 & %iv]+ fits1 foll[$ by vomit+ & di>rha com+ on soon aft] its consumption1 occasionally )9 an h\r or two4 ,! vomit+ & di>rha are usually al>m+ & v sev]e1 caus+ great collapse1 & unless urg5t rem$ies are appli$1 dea? may occur4 ,! bodies ( pati5ts may be cov]$ all ov] ) irritat+ blot*es1 r$ ra%es or ) nettle ra%4 ,treatm5t4--,give an emetic at once4 ,adm9i/] a %>p purge to cle> out ! b[els4 ,use /imulants freely4 ,apply hot-wat] bottles & blankets4 ,give opium or *lorodyne1 fifte5 drops e f\r h\rs until ! pa9 is reliev$4 ,milk & gruel or arr[root4 ,,canoe+ ,,& ,,boat+4 ,by ,j4 ,,coles4 ,canoe+4 ,*oice ( a ,canoe4--,9 mak+ *oice ( a canoe ! travell] mu/ be> 9 m9d t1 9 all probability1 !re w be rapids 9 ! riv]1 :i* w necessitate a portage be+ made1 & t ! canoe may h to be c>ri$ ov] r\gh gr\nd = a consid]able di/ance4 ,= ?is reason1 x is f> bett] to take two canoes ( mod]ate size ?an "o l>ge "o1 besides :i*1 a small canoe is mu* m easily h&l$ 9 bad wat]1 & ev5 %\ld x become necess>y to c>ry a l>ge load1 ?is c easily be done by la%+ two small canoes toge!r1 at ab\t "o y>d ap>t1 & lay+ a plat=m across !m1 on :i* to place ! /ores1 c4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be done 9 dang]\s & rapid riv]s4 ,! foll[+ rem>ks d n1 !re=e1 apply to l>ge canoes1 :i*1 hav+ ne>ly ! /ability ( a boat1 may be h&l$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,paddles4--,x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! native paddles w be be/ suit$ = ! "w4 ,! d\ble-blad$ paddle1 su* z is us$ ) ! ,rob ,roy canoe1 is q useless on a rapid & dang]\s riv]4 ,sail4--,! sail %\ld be made ( duck1 or "s su* light mat]ial1 fa/5$ to a light y>d at ea* end1 & its hoi/ %\ld be ab\t twice its bread?2 its size mu/ be 9 proportion to ! canoe1 ! hoi/ be+ ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! canoe's l5g?4 ,! ma/ %\ld be z light z possible1 ) a hole at ! top = ! halli>ds to pass ?r\gh freely4 ,! end %\ld be /epp$ 9 a *ock 9 ! bottom ( ! canoe 7:5 9 use71 & x %\ld be la%$ to "o ( ! /ays1 or cross-pieces ( ! canoe4 ,! sail %\ld nev] be us$ unless ! w9d is /eady & abaft ! beam1 & ! halli>ds %\ld be tak5 to ! aft] "p ( ! canoe 9 ord] to /ay ! ma/1 & secur$ 9 su* a mann] t x c be in/antly let g1 :5 ! sail w at once fall1 & undue pressure on ! canoe reliev$4 ,! ,t[-l9e4--,too mu* att5tion _c be paid to ?is important article4 ,x %\ld be light1 b ( ! be/ mat]ial 7su* z ! rope us$ by ! ,alp9e ,club71 z its giv+ way at a critical mom5t 9 a rapid is sure to be att5d$ ) mo/ s]i\s results4 ,load+ ! ,canoe4--,! packages %\ld n exce$ #ej lbs4 9 weight1 z !y may h to be c>ri$ long di/ances ov] portages1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ov]load ! canoe4 ,natives1 :o are all good swimm]s1 & h no?+ to lose by a capsize1 are v apt to put m into a canoe ?an is safe1 s t x is a matt] 9 :i* ! travell] %\ld use 8 own discretion4 ,9 asc5d+ a rapid riv]1 keep close to "o ( its banks1 & endeav\r to take advantage ( eddies4 ,x w (t5 happ5 t1 ow+ to ! /r5g? ( ! /ream1 no headway c be made ) ! paddles1 9 :i* case rec\rse mu/ be _h to pol+ or track+4 ,9 ! ev5t ( ! =m]1 ! poles %\ld be /raight & t\gh1 & z long z c be conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 ! canoe4 ,natives g5]ally /& up to pole1 b ?is ! travell] %\ld n attempt to d1 or he w 9 all probability ei!r fall ov]bo>d1 or capsize ! canoe1 or bo?4 ,9 track+1 z great a l5g? ( l9e z possible %\ld be us$1 z a %e] ( ! canoe 9 a rapid1 ) a %ort l9e1 w (t5 end 9 a capsize4 ,only two m5 %\ld rema9 9 ! canoe1 "o 9 ! b[ ) a pole1 & ! o!r 9 ! /]n ) a paddle to /e]2 ?is man %\ld also h 8 pole h&y4 ,! l9e %\ld be made fa/ to "o ( ! /ays 9 ! b[ ( ! canoe1 & nev] to a t[+ ma/1 z 9 a boat2 z 9 pass+ r\nd bad corn]s1 or places :]e !re are snags1 & :]e x is necess>y to give ! canoe a wide %e]1 ! lev]age ( ! ma/1 if ! l9e 7 fa/5$ to ! top ( x1 w\ld pull ! canoe ov]4 ,! man 9 ! b[1 h[ev]1 %\ld always h 8 knife h&y to cut ! t[-l9e1 %\ld necessity arise = 8 do+ s4 ,9 track+1 :5 a riv] passes ?r\gh s&y soil1 ! m5 on ! l9e %\ld keep at "s little di/ance f ! edge ( ! bank1 z x is likely to give way "u _! weight1 & precipitate !m into ! riv]4 ,sev]al m5 lo/ _! lives 9 ,fras] ,riv]1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! gold discov]y1 by neglect+ ?is precaution4 ,9 cross+ f "o bank ( a riv] to ! o!r above a rapid1 be c>eful to asc5d ! riv] = a consid]able di/ance be=e attempt+ to d s2 & !n make ! crew paddle z h>d z !y c1 keep+ ! head ( ! canoe1 if any?+1 r d[n ! /ream1 z 9 ! case ( a rapid riv] y w\ld only lose gr\nd by try+ to fight aga9/ x4 ,9 desc5d+ a riv]1 ! travell] %\ld keep a look-out ahead = snags & places :]e ! riv] is n>r[$ 9 betwe5 hills1 z 9 su* places !re is ne>ly sure to be a rapid :i* may be s bad z to r5d] navigation impossible4 ,9 all cases be=e desc5d+ an unkn[n rapid1 he %\ld l& & inspect x ?r\gh\t its entire l5g? be=e attempt+ to run x 9 ! canoe4 ,:5 desc5d+ a rapid1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to keep /e]age way on ! canoe1 z ?is w be ne$$ to avoid rocks1 or :irlpools4 ,^! latt] are v s]i\s dang]s1 z !y g5]ally d n rema9 fix$ 9 "o spot1 b move ab\t )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( a c5tre4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ cases1 %ort int]vals :5 !y break up1 & t is ! "t to make a da% pa/ !m4 ,to attempt ?is :5 !y are 9 full sw+ c\ld only end 9 ! loss ( ! canoe & its occupants4 ,boat+4 ,:5 a travell] has to proce$ = "s di/ance ov]l& be=e rea*+ a riv] or lake he purposes to navigate1 he mu/ ( necessity provide himself ) a boat con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to be easily transport$1 ei!r by be+ built 9 sections1 t c be put toge!r & tak5 to pieces at pleasure1 or by tak+ "o ( ! collapsible boats1 su* z ,b]?on's4 ,if ! =m]1 he _c d bett] ?an to h "o built ( ,spani% c$>1 on ! same plan z t :i* 0 con/ruct$ = ,sir ,h4 ,m4 ,/anley1 by ,mr4 ,james ,mess5g]1 ( ,t$d+ton1 ) su* modifications z may be necess>y1 :5 ! means ( transport1 & ! nature ( 8 j\rney1 h be5 duly consid]$4 ,collapsible boats1 ?\gh v useful = f]ry+ across lakes or riv]s1 _c1 :]e a boat ( o!r con/ruction is available1 be recomm5d$ = a cont9u$ exploration4 ,if ! exploration is to be comm5c$ at ! m\? ( ! riv]1 a :ale-boat w be f\nd to be ! be/ =m ( boat = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,be+ /e]$ by an o>1 x is m easily h&l$ 9 surf or a rapid2 x is g5]ally fa/] ?an boats ( ! same size ( ord9>y build2 x w c>ry a good c>go1 sail well (f ! w9d1 & is ! be/ boat built = cross+ ! b>s ( riv]s1 or l&+ ?r\gh a surf4 ,su* a boat c g5]ally be pur*as$ at =eign ports1 ) o>s & sail1 & %\ld be well ov]haul$ be=e />t+4 ,boat-sail+ _c be taught by any book1 & c]ta9ly n by a few %ort notes ( ?is description4 ,! travell]1 !re=e1 :o int5ds us+ a boat = exploration1 %\ld ga!r "s exp]i5ce be=e />t+1 :i* c be done at any fi%+ village on ! coa/4 ,?is w be ! m necess>y if he int5ds to use 8 boat on a lake1 or = sail+ along ! coa/1 f ! m\? ( "o riv] to ano!r1 & ! foll[+ h9ts may1 x is hop$1 be useful to ^? :o h _h b small exp]i5ce 9 boat-sail+4 ,:5 "u sail1 nev]1 "u any circum/ances1 all[ ! %eet to be made fa/2 a turn %\ld be tak5 r\nd a cleat1 & x %\ld be held by "o ( ! crew ready to let g at any mom5t4 ,d n let ! crew /& up1 or sit on ! gunwale4 ,:5 ab\t to r\nd-to1 rememb] t y _c c>ry ! same canvas on a w9d t y c be=e x4 ,if caught 9 a squall1 put d[n ! helm at once1 ease ! %eet1 & if ! squall is a bad "o1 l[] ! sail :ile x is /ill %ak+4 ,:5 approa*+ a dang]1 su* z a rock1 d n /& on if y are 9 d\bt ab\t wea!r+ x1 b g ab\t 9 "t1 & h an o> ready to help ! boat r\nd if %e appe>s likely to miss /ays4 ,nev] c>ry too mu* sail1 z !re is consid]able dang] 9 do+ s1 & a boat w (t5 sail fa/] ) a reef tak5 91 ?an %e w :5 unduly press$4 ,if necess>y to take 9 a reef :5 sail+ on a w9d1 d n luff1 b *eck ! %eet1 l[] ! sail suffici5tly to %ift ! tack1 ga!r ! %eet aft s t ! m5 may take 9 ! reef )\t lean+ ov] ! gunwale1 %ift ! %eet1 hoi/ ! sail1 :ile ! %eet is slack1 & d n haul ! %eet aft until ! m5 are aga9 9 _! places4 ,r[+4--,?is c only be acquir$ by practice1 & ?\gh ! travell] w seldom be call$ on to take an o> himself1 circum/ances may arise :5 he may h to d s1 & we w\ld1 !re=e1 advise him to le>n h[ to h&le an o> be=e leav+ ,engl&4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 r[+ on a riv] is suffici5tly simple1 & calls = no special in/ructions4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is v diff]5t :5 a riv] b> has to be cross$1 or a l&+ made on a bea* :]e a surf is break+1 & 9 ei!r case x w be well to rememb] ! foll[+ h9ts4 ,on approa*+ ! %ore1 a surf :5 se5 f seaw>d nev] looks s bad z x really is4 ,:]e possible1 a l&+ %\ld n be attempt$ until opposite a village :]e ! natives w be ready to assi/ ! mom5t ! boat t\*es ! bea*4 ,:5 ! surf is heavy1 ! boat %\ld be back$ 91 pull+ a few /rokes to meet ea* heavy sea1 & !n back+ 9 aga9 until ! %ore is rea*$4 ,! great ?+ to avoid is1 lett+ ! boat get broadside to ! sea1 z %e w !n capsize2 a /e]-o> %\ld always be us$1 z a rudd] is ( little use 9 a surf1 :5 back+ 94 ,9 cross+ a b>1 if !re is a good1 /rong1 fair w9d1 x w g5]ally be be/ to cross "u sail2 b if ! w9d is light or v>iable1 ?is %\ld nev] be attempt$4 ,:5 r[+1 ! crew %\ld be caution$ to keep _! o>s out ( ! wat] :5 ! sea breaks r\nd ! boat1 & to comm5ce r[+ aga9 z quickly z possible aft]w>ds4 ,z ev5 9 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ h&s a boat w (t5 be swamp$ on a bad b>1 x w be well1 be=e attempt+ to cross x1 to prep>e = a swim by remov+ all sup]flu\s clo?+1 & see t ev]y?+ t w float 9 ! boat %\ld be left free to float1 :ile ?+s t w s9k1 su* z fire-arms1 c41 %\ld be securely fa/5$ to ! ?w>ts4 ,! rem>ks giv5 on canoe+ ) reg>d to load+1 to asc5d+ & desc5d+ rapid riv]s1 are equally applicable to boat+ "u simil> circum/ances1 ) ! foll[+ exceptions4 ,9 t[+1 a %ort ma/ %\ld be us$ to :i* ! l9e is made fa/2 ?is is /epp$ 9 ! same place z ! ma/1 & %\ld be /ay$1 s z to resi/ ! /ra9 ( ! t[-l9e4 ,paddles w (t5 be f\nd useful 9 re$y riv]s :]e ! o>s get entangl$4 ,z a :ale-boat empty w weigh ab\t five hundr$weight1 m c>e mu/ be tak5 at portages ?an 9 ! case ( a canoe1 :i* c be lift$ bodily ov] ob/acles4 ,! /ems ( small trees1 or ! o>s %\ld be laid d[n "u ! boat1 &1 :]e possible1 %>p rocks mu/ be avoid$ or mov$ out ( ! way4 ,9 a rapid1 two m5 %\ld be 9 ! b[ ) poles ready to f5d (f f rocks1 & ! mo/ exp]i5c$ man ( ! crew %\ld be 9 ! /]n ) ! /e]-o>4 ,al?\gh 9 ! =ego+ rem>ks special ref]5ce has be5 made to :ale-boats1 ! h9ts giv5 are equally applicable to boats ( o!r con/ruction1 :i* %\ld1 h[ev]1 = riv] "w1 cross+ a b>1 or l&+ ?r\gh a surf1 be fitt$ ) a /e]-o> 9 addition to ! rudd]4 ,awn+s %\ld be tak51 b 9 rapid riv]s1 & :5 "u sail1 !y _c be us$4 ,,or?ography ,,( ,,geographical ,,names4 ,by ,,maj4-,,g54 ,,"l ,,edw>d ,,glei*51 ,k4,c4,v4,o41 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,d4,s4,o4 ,*airman ( ! ,p]man5t ,committee on ,geographical ,names4 ,9 #ahgh ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,r4,g4,s41 impress$ ) ! necessity ( endeav\r+ to r$uce ! confusion exi/+ 9 ,briti% maps ) reg>d to ! spell+ ( geographical names1 9 consequ5ce ( ! v>iety ( sy/ems ( or?ography us$ by travell]s & o!rs to repres5t ! s\nd ( native place-names 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 =mally adopt$ ! g5]al pr9ciple :i* _h be5 long us$ by _m1 & ! recognition ( :i* _h be5 /eadily ga9+ gr\nd1 viz41 t 9 writ+ geographical native names v[els %\ld h _! ,italian significance1 & consonants t :i* !y h 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,?is broad pr9ciple requir$ elucidation 9 its details1 & a sy/em bas$ ^u x 0 consequ5tly drawn up ) ! int5tion ( repres5t+ ! pr9cipal syllabic s\nds3 ?is has long be5 kn[n z ! ,r4,g4,s4 sy/em4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! sy/em ?us drawn up 0 l>gely adopt$ by ! ,w> ,(fice1 ! ,admiralty1 & o!r ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts & private societies4 ,b x 0 nev] (ficially sanction$1 = ,india1 ,*9a1#ai ,egypt1 & _m ( our ,colonies _h already _! own sy/em 7or want ( sy/em7 = spell+ =eign words2 add$ to ?is1 ! private firms ( map-mak]s _h _! own views on ! subject1 & /ill spelt _! names 9 a bewild]+ v>iety ( ways4 ,! matt] came to a head 9 #aiai1 :5 ! ,admiralty approa*$ ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ) a reque/ = ! au?oritative spell+ ( names4 ,a committee 0 accord+ly =m$1 ) repres5tatives f all ,gov]nm5t ,dep>tm5ts1 ea* ( :i* b\nd itself to adopt ! spell+ recomm5d$4 ,?is 8,p]man5t ,committee on ,geographical ,names10 "u ! *airman%ip ( a ,memb] ( ,c\ncil1 ,r4,g4,s41 at once got to "w & proce$$ to draw up3 #a4 ,a revis$ sy/em ( ,rules & ,alphabet1 t]m$ ! ,r4,g4,s4 ,,ii sy/em1 amplify+ & improv+ on ! old ,r4,g4,s4 sy/em ( #ahgh4 7,?is is giv5 9 ! succe$+ pages47 #b4 ,li/s ( d\btful names1 ) _! correct spell+ & o!r details conc]n$4 7,^! w be publi%$ p]iodically1 9 ! =m ( leaflets1 9 ! #8,geographical ,j\rnal4'7 #c4 ,tables ( ,=eign ,alphabets transcrib$ into ! ,r4,g4,s4 ,,ii sy/em4 7,^! w be publi%$ %ortly 9 ! ,r4,g4,s4 ,te*nical ,s]ies47 ,x is hop$ t ! above proc$ure w gradually result 9 ! correct & uni=m spell+ ( =eign ,place-,names ?r\gh\t ! ,empire4 ,x mu/ also be not$ t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 aft] an exhau/ive enquiry1 has adopt$ a sy/em 9 close con=mity ) t ( ! ,r4,g4,s41 & has direct$ t ! spell+ ( all names 9 _! va/ t]ritories %\ld1 9 cases :]e ! or?ography is at pres5t d\btful1 be settl$ au?oritatively by a ,bo>d appo9t$ = ! purpose4 ,! two great ,engli%-speak+ nations are ?us work+ 9 h>mony4 ,,rules ,,= ,,! ,,spell+ ,,( ,,geographical ,,names ,,= ,,briti% ,,(ficial ,,use4 7,t]m$ ! ,r4,g4,s4 ,,ii sy/em47 #a4 ,! spell+ ( e place-"n 9 an indep5d5t c\ntry or self-gov]n+ dom9ion us+ ! ,lat9 alphabet#bj %all be t adopt$ by ! c\ntry or dom9ion1 except 9 ! case 9 :i* c]ta9 important localities h also1 9 addition to ! (ficial "n1 ano!r cu/om>y "n1 notably diff]5t1 9 :i* case ! "n cu/om>y 9 ,briti% use 7i4e41 8conv5tional07 may be adopt$ 7e4g41 ,g5eva1 ,w>saw1 etc41 = ,g5ve1 ,w>szawa1 etc474 #b4 ,! spell+ ( su* place-names 9 colonial possessions z belong to languages com+ "u ,rule 7#a7 w be spelt 9 accordance ) t rule4 #c4 ,! acc5ts & diacritical m>ks 9 (ficial use by ! above c\ntries w be reta9$4 ,:]ev] x appe>s desirable1 ! pronunciation w be %[n by giv+ ! "n z translit]at$ on ! sy/em bel[4 #d4 ,all o!r place-names ?r\gh\t ! _w w 7) ! exception ( 8,conv5tional0 names & "s o!rs7 be spell$ 9 g5]al accordance ) ! foll[+ sy/em1 :i* is bas$ ^u1 & diff]s only slightly f1 ! sy/em long us$ by ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 f :i* are d]iv$ ! ,w> ,(fice sy/em1 #aijf1ba & ! sy/em ( ! ,intellig5ce ,division1 ,naval ,/aff1 #aiag4bb ,! broad features ( ?is sy/em are-- 7a7 ,t v[els are pron\nc$ z 9 ,italian & consonants z 9 ,engli%2 7b7 ,t e lett] is pron\nc$1 & no r$undant lett]s are us$4 ,! sy/em aims at giv+ a close approximation to ! local pronunciation2 b x is recognis$ t 9 "s languages1 notably ,russian1 ,greek1 & ,arabic1 ! necessity = lett]-=-lett] translit]ation (t5 r5d]s ?is impossible4 ,,table ,,( ,,spell+ ,,& ,,pronunciation ,r4,g4,s4 ,,ii4 a ,long & %ort1 z 9 lv ,somli1 ,bukhr499 ,z 9 fat2 r>e2 *iefly 9 ,teutonic languages4 ai ,! s\nd ( ! two ,italian v[els2 frequ5tly slurr$ ov]1 almo/ z 9 ,eng4 aisle1 ice ,wadai2 ,%anghai4 au ,! two ,italian v[els2 frequ5tly slurr$1 almo/ z ou 9 out ,sakau2 ,bau*i4 aw ,:5 foll[$ by a consonant1 or :5 t]m9al1 z 9 awl1 law ,dawna1 ,sag9aw4 b ,z 9 ,engli%4 c ,n to be us$1 b always replac$ by ,k&ah>1 ,s]ang4 k or s2 except 9 ! comp\nd *1 & 9 _m conv5tionally spelt words1 z ,calcutta1 ,celbes4 * ,z 9 *ur*2 nev] t* or ts* = ?is s\nd ,*ad1 ,m>o*4 d ,z 9 ,engli%4 dh ,s(t ? z 9 !y3 a slight d s\nd prec$+ x 9 ,semitic languages ,dhuvu1 ,riyadh4 e ,long z 9 eh2 %ort z 9 bet4 7,= ! e s\nd 9 ! ,fr5* je1 see note at end on ! 8neutral v[el07 ,glo2 ,mafk+499 7ee7 ,us$ = i 7q4v47 only 9 a few conv5tional names ,d>jeel+1 ,keelung4 ei ,! two ,italian v[els1 frequ5tly slurr$ ,beirut1 ,raheita4 7eu7 ,n us$ z a s+le s\nd4 f ,z 9 ,engli%2 ph mu/ n be us$ = ?is s\nd 7except 9 ,greek2 see ph7 ,mu/afa1 ,maidan-i-,naftun4 g ,h>d1 z 9 get1 gift2 nev] z 9 gem1 g9 ,g$ref1 ,gilgit4 gh ,s(t guttural1 ! ,arabic gha9 ,dagh1 ,baghdad4 h ,us$ only :5 s\nd$2 or 9 ! comp\nds *1 dh1 gh1 kh1 %1 ?1 zh ,vrh1 ,ahmadabad4 i ,long z 9 m>9e2 %ort z 9 piano 7n z 9 p97 ,fiji2 ,kibonde499 j ,z 9 ,engli%2 except 9 translit]ation ( ,russian1 ,bulg>ian1 & ,*9ese1 :]e x equals zh1 or ! ,fr5* j ,japan1 ,ujiji 7,eng4 j72 b ,jitmir1 ,jelezna1 ,jao-p+ 7,fr4 j74 k ,z 9 ,engli%3 h>d c %\ld nev] be us$ 7except 9 conv5tionally-spelt words7--?us1 n ,corea1 ,cabul1 b ,korea1 ,kabul4 kh ,h>d aspirat$ guttural1 z 9 ! ,scotti% lo* 7n z 9 lock7 ,khan1 ,sebkha4 l m ,z 9 ,engli%4 n ng ,has ?ree sep>ate s\nds1 z 9 vangu>d1 f+]1 & s+]4 ,if necess>y to di/+ui%1 a hyph5 may be plac$1 z 9 van-gu>d1 s+-er ,9-gssana2 ,bongo2 ,ng-ami1 ,tong-a4 o ,long z 9 bo?2 %ort z 9 rotund ,angla1 ,kigma2 ,angra1 ,hnlulu499 ,z 9 ,g]man2 equals ! ,fr5* eu 9 peu2 or ne>ly ! ,engli% s\nd 9 fur ,gmle1 ,y5iki4 7oo7 ,us$ = u 7q4v47 only 9 a few conv5tional names1 *iefly ,*9ese ,poona1 ,foo*[4 oi ,! ,italian v[els3 sometimes slurr$ z 9 oil4 ,if necess>y = pronunciation1 a hyph5 may be ins]t$ z 9 ,tro-itskoi4 ou ,dissyllabic1 & n z ,fr5* or ,engli% ou ,zlat\/4 ow ,repres5ts1 z a diph?ong1 ne>ly ! au s\nd 7above7 only 9 ! romanisation ( ,*9ese4 ,conv5tional4 p ,z 9 ,engli%4 ph ,z 9 loophole2 n to be us$ = ! f-s\nd1 except 9 ,greek or conv5tionally ,*emulpho2 ,paphos1 ,haiphong4 q ,repres5ts only ! ,arabic ,qaf 773 i4e4 a guttural k ,q5a1 ,iraq4 qu ,%\ld nev] be employ$ to repres5t ! s\nd ( kw3 ?us1 n ,namaqua1 ,quorra1 b ,namakwa1 ,kworra4 r ,z 9 ,engli%2 %\ld be di/9ctly pron\nc$4 s ,z ,engli% ss 9 boss1 n z 9 ^! or pleasure ,ros>io1 ,masikesi4 % t ,z 9 ,engli%4 ? ,h>d ? z 9 ?ick1 n z 9 ?is ,?>mida4 u ,long z 9 rude1 or z oo 9 boot2 %ort z 9 pull ,zl2 ,r&a499 ,repres5ts ! ,fr5* u1 z 9 tu 7,fr47 skb4 v w ,z 9 ,engli%4 x y ,always a consonant1 z 9 y>d2 x %\ld ,kikuyu1 ,maya4 n be us$ z a t]m9al v[el1 e or i be+ sub/itut$2 e4g41 n ,kwaly or ,wady1 b ,kwale1 ,wadi4 z ,z 9 gaze1 n z 9 azure4 zh ,z ! s 9 treasure1 ! z 9 azure1 or ! ,fr5* j 9 je2 b = ! s\nd 9 ,russian1 ,bulg>ian1 & ,*9ese use j 7vide note above "u j7 ,zhob1 ,azhdaha4 ,,notes4 ,! d\bl+ ( a v[el or a consonant is only necess>y :5 !re is a di/9ct repetition ( ! s+le s\nd1 & %\ld o!rwise be avoid$ ,nuulua1 ,loolmalas91 ,jidda1 ,muhammad4 ,acc5ts %\ld n g5]ally be employ$2 b 9 ord] to indicate or emphasise ! /ress1 an acute acc5t may be us$ ,s>wak1 ,qnt>a1 ,tong-atbu1 ,p>an4 ,a long or %ort m>k ov] a v[el 7e4g4 1 7 %\ld only be us$ 7& t sp>+ly7 :5 )\t x !re w\ld be dang] ( mispronunciation ,kt1 ,ha%n1 ,angra4 ,hyph5s w n be us$ except to indicate pronunciation1 & ) ! ,p]sian izafat1 -i- ,mus-hil2 ,pu%t-i-,kuh4 99 ,! long & %ort symbols giv5 9 ?is column are m]ely = explanation1 n = use4 ,see note at end on ,liquid s\nds4 ,pron\nc$ diff]5tly 9 ,greek3 see #8,alphabets ( ,=eign ,languages transcrib$ into ,engli% accord+ to ! ,r4,g4,s4 ,,ii sy/em' 7to be publi%$ 9 ! ,r4,g4,s4 ,te*nical ,s]ies74 ,?is decision has be5 arriv$ at *iefly ow+ to ! l>ge numb] ( ,engli% 7& ,fr5*7 maps ( ^! c\ntries 9 :i* ! zh s\nd appe>s z j4 ,! true ,italian is broad] ?an ?is3 almo/ z 9 bro?4 ,inv]t$ ,comma & ,apo/rophe4--,! inv]t$ comma is employ$ only to repres5t ! ,arabic a91 1 & ! ,hebrew ay91 4 ,! apo/rophe ' 9 =eign words indicates a liquid s\nd4 7,see bel[47 ,liquid ,s\nds4--,! occasional 8liquid0 or 8palatalis$0 s\nd ( d1 l1 n1 r1 t1 etc4 7z 9 d'y1 lure1 new1 cl>ion1 tune71 is z a rule suffici5tly repres5t$ by a foll[+ y2 :]e1 h[ev]1 ow+ to a foll[+ consonant1 or to ! lett] 9 "q com+ at ! end ( a ^w1 ! y is inapplicable1 ! liquid s\nd w be repres5t$ by an apo/rophe1 ?us3 d'1 l'1 n'1 r'1 t'1 etc4 ,! 8,neutral ,v[el04--,! 8indet]m9ate0 or 8neutral0 v[el s\nd 7er71 i4e4 ! s\nd ( a 9 m>9e1 e 9 (t51 i 9 /ir1 io 9 nation1 o 9 connect1 ou 9 curi\s1 u 9 difficult1 etc41 e 9 ,fr5* je1 or ! (t5 unwritt5 v[el 7 ,fat-ha7 9 ,arabic1 etc41 is repres5t$ z a rule by a3 z 9 ,basra1 ,hawiya2 b sometimes by e1 :5 ! s\nd approximates m to e ?an to a3 z ,me%$1 ,el ,gezira4 7,9 any guide to pronunciation issu$ by ! ,p]man5t ,committee on ,geographical ,names1 ! 8neutral v[el0 is repres5t$ g5]ally by ! italic e3 occasionally also by italic a or u47 ,?is s\nd mu/ n be confus$ ) e-mute1 :]e ! e is n s\nd$ at all3 z 9 ,abbeville4 ,,on ,,! ,,giv+ ,,( ,,names ,,to ,,newly-,,discov]$ ,,places4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society w\ld urge ^u all travell]s t 9 giv+ names to any new discov]ies :i* !y may make !y %\ld be guid$ by ! foll[+ re/rictions1 :i*1 until comp>atively rec5t ye>s1 7 commonly obs]v$3-- #a4 ,t be=e putt+ =w>d any p]sonal or fanciful "n ! travell] %\ld d 8 be/ to asc]ta9 t no local "n exi/s1 & :]e none is =?com+ %\ld fur!r consid] :e!r "o might n conv5i5tly be d]iv$ f ! vic9ity1 e4g41 f an adjac5t /ream1 or pa/ure1 or glaci]1 or f "s *>act]i/ic ( ! natural object itself4 #b4 ,t no "o %\ld commemorate himself 9 ?is mann]4 #c4 ,t any new nom5clature :i* a travell] may desire to sugge/ %\ld be put =w>d t5tatively & subject to ! approval 7#a7 ( ! ,adm9i/ration ( ! region or c\ntry1 if !re is "o2 7#b7 ( ! ,(ficial ,c>tograph] ( ! c\ntry1 if x possesses a ,survey ,dep>tm5t1 or ( ! ,/ate to :i* ! region may belong2 or 7#c7 ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,,footnotes #a ,equival5ts obta9$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,curtis us+ ,kpp5's me?od4 ,see #8,symons's ,meteorological ,magaz9e1' #dj 7#aije71 p4 #aeg4 #b ,= comp>ison ( scales see ,table ,,xxvi41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ccc4 ,to conv]t ,c5tigrade read+s into ,fahr5heit ! rule is 8,multiply by #a4h & add #cb40 ,?is c be done m5tally 9 a mom5t1 ?us3 8,multiply by #b1 subtract "o-t5? ( ! product1 & add #cb40 ,e4g41 to conv]t #aj ,c4 to ,f43 #aj #b #bj2 "o-t5? ( #bj #b2 #bj - #b #ah2 #ah #cb #ej ,f4 #c ,travell]s 9 tropical c\ntries w d wisely to poison all _! labels be=e us+ !m1 to pres]ve !m f attacks ( insects & mites4 ,wa%+ ) a v weak solution ( corrosive sublimate is an effici5t plan4 ,a l>ge numb] ( labels1 ) ! collector's "n pr9t$ on !m1 may be tak51 & if made ( /rong ?9 pap] !y w n occupy mu* space4 ,bank-note pap] is well adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,any writ+ %\ld be1 if possible1 9 ink2 if n1 a v h>d black p5cil %\ld be us$4 ,"s tie labels %\ld be add$1 z pap] cov]+s soon run %ort4 #d ,!re are pl5ty ( good works on ! use ( ! bl[-pipe4 ,! be/ are by ,plattn] & ,s*e]]1 ( bo? ( :i* ,engli% translations h be5 publi%$4 ,( ,von ,kobell's tables = ! det]m9ation ( m9]als1 sev]al translations h appe>$4 ,bru% & ,p5field #aijf edition is a practical "w4 ,a v portable outfit may be obta9$ f ,j4 ,t4 ,let*]1 ,truro1 ,cornwall4 #e ,9 high latitudes c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 true rais$ bea*es & ridges ( bea* mat]ial pu%$ up by ! pressure ( %ore ice 9 w9t]4 #f ,9 "s valleys ! lat]al tribut>ies ent] at a high] level ?an ! floor ( ! ma9 valley1 ow+ to ! ov]deep5+ ( ! latt]2 ?is ov]deep5+ has be5 attribut$ to f\r diff]5t causes3--7#a7 ,inequality 9 ! h>dness ( ! rocks1 especially :5 ! ma9 valley runs along ! /rike2 7#b7 ! pres5ce ( jo9ts1 or o!r l9es ( weakness2 7#c7 increas$ erosion ( ! ma9 valley by riv] action ow+ to ! elevation ( ! upp] end ( ! di/rict1 :ile ! lat]al valleys 7 m]ely tilt$ sideways1 or 7 protect$ by ! pres5ce ( ice or lakes2 7#d7 erosion ( ! ma9 valley by ice m rapidly ?an its tribut>ies1 ow+ to ! ice be+ ?ick] 9 ! =m]4 ,! problem is complicat$ by ! fact t ! upp] end ( ! ma9 valley is frequ5tly a #8hang+' valley4 ,any evid5ce be>+ on ! =mation ( ^! #8hang+' valleys %\ld be c>efully not$4 #g ,travell]s :o int5d to make collections ( zoological specim5s are advis$ to call on ! ,secret>y ( ! ,briti% ,museum 7,natural ,hi/ory71 ,cromwell ,road1 ,s4,w4 ,he w be happy to supply any in=mation requir$4 #h ,g5]al travell+ outfit c be procur$ f ,messrs4 ,silv] ,co41 #fg ,cornhill1 ,e4,c4 #i ,ejector guns are apt to get out ( ord] 9 s&y c\ntries4 #aj ,! %afts ( old golf-driv]s1 :5 %ort5$ to ab\t #b feet #f in*es 9 l5g?1 make ! mo/ p]fect h&les = nets4 #aa ,all ! above-m5tion$ articles = collect+ insects may be procur$ f ,mr4 ,janson1 #dd ,great ,russell ,/reet1 ,w41 or f ,messrs4 ,watk9s ,donca/]1 #cf ,/r&1 ,w4,c41 or f ,miss ,e4 ,m4 ,%>pe1 #d ,b>r[gate ,road1 ,*iswick4 #ab ,cf4 ,briti% ,museum #8,h&book1' p4 #dg4 #ac ,cf4 ,briti% ,museum #8,h&book1' pp4 #ae-cb4 #ad ,mu* useful in=mation may be f\nd 9 ! #8,manual ( ! ,mollusca1' by ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d1 ,f4,g4,s41 "o ( ,weale's s]ies2 an admirable book 9 a small =m4 #ae ,m ext5d$ acc\nts ( ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,man "h notic$ w be f\nd 9 ,tylor's #8,an?ropology3 an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,m5 & ,civilisation' 7,macmillan & ,co41 ,new edition1 #ahie74 #af ,"s useful tra9+ "u ?is head c be obta9$ at ! ,london ,s*ool ( ,economics4 #ag ,9 ! case ( sculptures1 ow+ to _! deep depressions1 x is be/ to wet ! pap] be=e lay+ on4--,ed4 #ah ,a t\rniquet is a special in/rum5t devis$ = ! purpose ( apply+ pressure to ! ma9 vessels ( ! limbs2 9 its abs5ce1 "o may be improvis$ by roll+ a h&k]*ief into a n>r[ b&1 & ins]t+ a /one or a cork betwe5 its folds to s]ve z a pad2 ! pad is adju/$ ov] ! spot :]e x is propos$ to compress ! vessel1 & ! ends ( ! h&k]*ief knott$ loosely r\nd ! limb4 ,a /ick is n[ slipp$ betwe5 ! knot & ! limb1 & twi/$ r\nd until suffici5t pressure is ex]t$ to arre/ ! ble$+4 #ai ,z f> z ,briti% (ficials 7 conc]n$4 #bj ,includ+ #8,lat9' alphabets conta9+ extra or modifi$ lett]s1 su* z esky1 ,croatian1 ,poli%1 ,rumanian1 etc4 ,! pronunciation ( ^! lett]s is giv5 9 ! #8,alphabets ( ,=eign ,languages1' etc41 m5tion$ bel[ 7p4 #cja74 #ba #8,rules = ! ,translit]ation ( ,place-names occurr+ on ,=eign ,maps4' ,compil$ 9 ! ,topographical ,section1 ,g5]al ,/aff1 by ,alex&] ,knox1 ,b4,a41 ,map ,curator4 #aijf4 #bb #8,in/ructions = ! ,spell+ ( ,place-names 9 ,=eign ,c\ntries4' ,naval ,/aff ,intellig5ce ,division4 #aiag4 ,,index4 ,abney1 ,sir ,w41 ,me?od ( pack+ s5sitive plates or films1 #eg2 me?od ( us+ cam]a 9 h& or on tripod adopt$ by1 #ed2 ref]5ce to 8 "w 9 photography1 #ei ,accessibility ( a c\ntry1 !1 #aci ,a]tex ,cellul> clo?+ recomm5d$ = travell]s1 #afd ,africa1 wea!r s]vices (1 li/ (1 #db ,agricultural developm5t1 suitability ( a c\ntry =1 #adc ,alg]ia1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,alps1 ,fhn ( !1 #e ,amb] objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeh ,am]ica1 wea!r s]vices (1 li/ (1 #db ,an]oid b>omet]1 #ca ,animal products1 on obta9+ in=mation conc]n+1 #add ,animals1 on obs]v+ habits (1 #ajd2 on prep>ation ( skeletons (1 #id ,an?ropology1 by ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tyl]1 #ajf-abi2 8,notes & ,qu]ies on ,an?ropology10 ref]5ce to1 #ajf2 ,qu]ies ( ,an?ropology1 by ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 #abi-acb2 ,tylor's 8,an?ropology10 ref]5ce to1 #abg ,an?ropological ,notes by ,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,h4 ,duckwor?1 #acb-acg ,antiquity1 objects (1 me?ods ( record+1 clean+ & cons]v+1 #adh-aei2 on lit]>y memor&a ( *>act]i/ics (1 #aef ,antiseptics1 #bge ,ants1 #aih ,apoplexy1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bcg ,app>atus & *emicals = photographic developm5t1 #eh ,ar*ologi/'s outfit1 #aei ,ar*ology1 article on1 by ,d4 ,g4 ,hog>?1 #adh-aei2 ,petrie's 8,me?ods & ,aims10 ref]5ce to1 #adi1 #aeh ,arg5t9a1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,arm1 fracture (1 treatm5t (1 #bhh ,arts & sci5ces1 native1 #aac2 qu]ies on1 #acj ,asia1 wea!r s]vices (1 li/ (1 #db ,assmann's aspiration psy*romet]1 #bj ,atmosph]e1 humidity (1 in/rum5ts = measur+1 #ah ,atmosph]ic conditions1 ways 9 :i* a travell] may add to ! k (1 #a ,atmosph]ic ph5om5a1 on record+ obs]vations (1 #aj ,atolls or coral-isl&s1 on ! =mation (1 #gg ,au/ralasia & ,pacific1 wea!r s]vices (1 li/ (1 #dc ,ball1 ,j41 ,prep>ation ( dri$ plants1 #ii ,b>omet] v]ni]1 diagram %[+ h[ to read1 #bg ,b>omet]s1 #be2 an]oid b>omet]1 #ca2 ,collie portable m]curial b>omet]1 #bi2 ,=t9 b>omet]1 #bf1 rules = obs]v+ )1 #bg ,b>?olomew's 8,atlas ( ,physical ,geography10 vol4 iii41 ,meteorology1 ref]5ce to1 #cg1 #da ,bates1 ,h4 ,w41 & ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant1 article on ,natural ,hi/ory1 #hb-aje ,ba?s1 directions = giv+ an invalid1 #bga ,ba?s1 cold1 9 ,africa1 dang]s (1 #afh ,batra*ians1 naturali/'s outfit = pres]v+1 #he ,beau=t's scale ( w9d =ce1 #d ,b$-sore1 treatm5t (1 #aga ,b]i-b]i1 #aga ,bilh>zia worm1 #bdi ,birds1 h9ts on collect+1 #ia2 in/rum5ts = sk9n+1 #hd ,blackham1 8,prim] ( ,tropical ,hygi5e10 #afa ,blackwat] fev]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #agb ,bladd]1 inflammation (1 #aha ,blan=d1 ,h4 ,f41 portable !rmomet] scre5 devis$ by1 #ae ,blan=d1 ,w4 ,t41 & ,pr(4 ,e4 ,j4 ,g>wood1 article on ,geology1 #fc-gh ,ble$+ or hmorrhage1 treatm5t (1 #bgg ,bl9dness1 night & sn[1 precautions aga9/1 #aii ,blood-poison+1 treatm5t (1 #bhj ,bl[-pipe1 ref]5ce to ,plattn] & ,s*e]]'s "w on ! use (1 #fg ,boat+ & ,canoe+1 note by ,j4 ,coles1 #bic-big ,boils1 treatm5t (1 #bbf ,bonac9a1 8,climatic ,control10 #da ,bone objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeh ,bones ( human limbs1 on tak+ measurem5ts (1 #acf ,botanical collect+1 #ii ,botanical se$s1 on pres]v+1 #ajb ,botanical specim5s1 on ! selection (1 #ii2 conveyance (1 to camp or /ation1 #ii2 dry+ press =1 #ajj ,bra91 concussion ( !1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #agi ,brazil1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,briti% ,association manual 8,notes & ,qu]ies on ,an?ropology10 ref]5ce to1 #ajf ,briti% ,c5tral ,africa1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,broca's scale ( col\rs ( native races1 ref]5ce to1 #ajh ,bron*itis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #agd ,bronze objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeg ,bruises1 treatm5t (1 #bha ,bubonic plague1 causes1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bae ,bu*an1 ,dr4 ,a41 & ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,h]b]tson1 8,atlas ( ,meteorology10 ref]5ce to1 #cg1 #da ,buffalo gnats1 #aie ,bugs1 protection aga9/1 #aig ,bulbs1 on collect+ & pack+1 #ajc ,burns & scalds1 treatm5t (1 #age ,burr\ghs & ,welcome's photographic exposure record1 ref]5ce to1 #ef ,buys ,ballot's law1 #dj ,cam]a1 photographic1 #ea2 selection (1 #ea2 h&-cam]a1 #eb ,cam]a level1 circul> cup =m1 #ed ,cam]a-/&1 #ed ,canada1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,canoe+ & ,boat+1 note by ,j4 ,coles1 #bic-big ,c>buncles1 treatm5t (1 #bbg ,ca!t]s1 directions = us+1 #bgb ,cellulitis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bhj ,c5tigrade !rmomet] read+s1 rule = conv]t+ into ,fahr5heit1 #ac ,c]ebro-sp9al fev]1 #age ,ceylon1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,*>ts1 meteorological1 ( ! ,n4 ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean1 & ,n4 ,pacific1 #da ,*emicals = photographic developm5t1 #eh ,*ick5-pox1 ra%1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #agf ,*igg]1 #bbh ,*ile1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,*ill 9 tropical climates1 risks (1 #afd ,*ilbla9s & fro/bite1 treatm5t (1 #agg ,*9a1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,*9ook w9d ( ! ,rocky ,mts41 #e ,*ol]a1 cause1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #agg ,clap 7see ,gonorrha7 ,clean+ & cons]v+ monum5ts & objects ( antiquity1 me?ods (1 #aef ,climate1 h9ts on record+ obs]vations conc]n+1 #ade ,climatology1 8,h&book ( ,climatology10 by ,pr(4 ,r4 de ,c4 ,w>d1 ref]5ce to1 #da2 ,hann's 8,h&bu* d] ,klimatologie10 ref]5ce to1 #da2 ,meteorology & ,climatology1 article on1 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,mill1 #a-ej1 li/ ( works on1 #da ,cl\d & sun%9e1 on keep+ record ( *anges (1 #e ,cl\ds1 types (1 #f2 on photograph+1 #g ,coa/s1 geological notes on1 #ga ,cold 9 ! head1 #aha ,coles1 ,j41 8 note on ,canoe+ & ,boat+1 #bic-big ,colic1 treatm5t (1 #agi ,coll>-bone fracture1 treatm5t (1 #bhg ,collie portable m]curial b>omet]1 description & illu/ration (1 #bi-ca ,col\r photography1 ,ives' me?od1 #fb ,col\r ( native races1 ,broca's scale (1 ref]5ce to1 #ajh ,comm]ce1 ,indu/ry &1 article on by ,sir ,j4 ,s4 ,keltie1 #ach-adg ,comm]cial developm5t1 on asc]ta9+ facilities & h9drances to1 #adf 8,commission ,int]nationale des ,glaci]s10 reports ( !1 ref]5ce to1 #ha ,communication betwe5 c\ntries1 on obs]v+ :at natural means exi/1 #adf ,concussion ( ! bra91 symptoms & treatm5t1 #agi ,cons]v+ monum5ts & objects ( antiquity1 me?ods (1 #aef ,con/ipation1 treatm5t (1 #ahj ,cont95tal climate1 #ce ,copp] & bronze objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeg ,coral-isl&s 7see ,atolls7 ,coryza1 treatm5t (1 #aha ,cranial measurem5ts1 on mak+1 ) illu/rations1 #ace ,craniological descriptions1 ) illu/rations1 #acc ,craniomet]1 ,fl[]'s1 #ace ,crosse1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 & ,dr4 ,&rew ,balf\r1 ,m$ical ,h9ts1 #afj-bib ,cuba1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,curr5cy exi/+ 9 a c\ntry1 on obta9+ in=mation conc]n+1 #adg ,cu/oms ( native races1 #abf2 qu]ies on1 #acj ,cyclones1 description (1 ) diagrams1 #cb ,cy/itis1 causes1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aha ,daily range ( temp]ature1 #ce ,daily synoptical wea!r-maps1 #da ,d>w91 ,dr4 ,*>les1 & ,pr(4 ,j4 ,phillips1 article on geology by1 9 ! 8,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,enquiry10 ref]5ce to1 #fh ,d5gue1 #ahb ,des]ts1 geological notes on1 #ge2 on obs]v+ ! "* (1 #adb ,dew1 on record+ appe>ance & am\nt (1 #h ,dew-po9t1 means ( f9d+1 #ah ,dhobie it*1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bbi ,di>rha1 #ahc ,diet 9 ! tropics1 errors (1 #afe ,diph!ria1 causes1 symptoms & treatm5t1 complications1 #ahd ,diseases1 classification (1 #agj ,diseases & _! ,treatm5t1 #afi-bgd ,disfigurem5ts1 p]sonal1 ( native races1 qu]ies on1 #aca ,dislocations1 treatm5t (1 #bij ,dobson1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,e41 8 h9ts on pres]v+ mammals & birds1 #ib ,doldrums1 #cg ,dome/ic animals1 on obta9+ in=mation conc]n+1 #add ,dr[n+1 treatm5t ( cases (1 #bhc ,drugs recomm5d$ = travell]s1 #bec ,dry+-press = botanical specim5s1 description (1 ) illu/rations1 #ajj-ajb ,duckwor?1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,h41 8 ,an?ropological ,notes1 #acb-acg ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,dw>fs1 native1 on ! measurem5ts ( bones & skulls (1 #acg ,dys5t]y1 symptoms & treatm5ts1 #ahe ,eikonog5 photographic develop+ p[d]1 #ei ,elb[-jo9t dislocation1 treatm5t (1 #bij ,emetics1 li/ (1 #bei ,enemas1 #bei1 #bgc ,ent]ic or typhoid fev]1 causes1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #ahi ,epilepsy1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aia ,erysipelas1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bgi ,exposure tables1 photographic1 #ef ,extra-,european wea!r s]vices1 li/ (1 #db ,eyeball1 inflammation ( !1 #aih ,fahr5heit !rmomet] read+s1 rule = conv]t+ ,c5tigrade into1 #ac ,fa9tness1 treatm5t (1 #aia ,fibres1 on obs]v+ ! nature (1 #ada ,fil>iasis1 cause (1 #aia ,filt]s recomm5d$ = travell]s1 #aff ,fir/ aid treatm5t1 works on1 #afa ,fi%]ies1 on obta9+ in=mation conc]n+1 #add ,fi%es1 h9ts on collect+ & pres]v+1 #if2 outfit = pres]v+1 #he ,fleas & bugs1 protection aga9/1 #aif ,flies1 h\se2 tsetse2 ,congo floor-maggot1 #aie ,fl[]1 ,sir ,w4 ,h41 8 directions = ! prep>ation ( skeletons ( animals1 #id ,fl[]'s craniomet]1 #ace ,focus ( cam]a l5s1 #ef ,focuss+ clo? ( cam]a1 #ed ,fog1 on record+ d5sity & duration (1 #g ,fhn ( ! ,alps1 #e ,folk-,lore ,society1 ,h&book1 #abi ,=e/s1 on obs]v+ ! "* (1 #ada ,=t9 b>omet]1 #bf2 rules = obs]v+ )1 #bg ,fossils1 h9ts on collect+1 #fh1 #ajd ,fractures1 #bhf2 simple1 treatm5t (1 #bhf2 comp\nd1 treatm5t (1 #bhi ,franks1 ,sir ,a4 ,w41 ,qu]ies ( ,an?ropology1 #abi-acb ,fro/1 on record+ appe>ance (1 #i ,fro/bite1 treatm5t (1 #agg ,fruits1 on obs]v+ ! nature (1 #ada ,fungus diseases1 #bbi ,g>ry1 8,heal? 9 ,tropical ,climates10 #afa ,g>wood1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,j4 7see ,blan=d1 ,w4 ,t47 ,geographical ,names1 ,r4,g4,s4 sy/em ( or?ography (1 #cjj ,geography1 ,physical1 ,b>?olomew's ,atlas (1 vol4 iii41 ,meteorology1 ref]5ce to1 #cg1 #da ,geological collections1 h9ts on mak+1 #fe ,geological obs]vations1 #fc ,geologi/'s outfit1 #fd ,geology1 article on1 by ,w4 ,t4 ,blan=d & ,pr(4 ,e4 ,j4 ,g>wood1 #fc-gh2 ,dr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ,pr(4 ,j ,phillips' article on1 9 ! 8,admiralty ,manual ( ,sci5tific ,enquiry10 ref]5ce to1 #fh ,giants1 native1 on ! measurem5ts ( bones & skulls (1 #acg ,glacial action1 on ! evid5ce (1 #gd ,glaci] movem5ts1 ,gosset's & ,ri*t]'s sy/ems ( measur+1 #gi ,glaci] obs]vations1 memor&um on1 #gh-ha ,glaci]s1 8,commission ,int]nationale des ,glaci]s0 reports1 ref]5ce to1 #ha ,glass objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeh ,glaz$ objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeh ,gleet1 #aib ,glei*51 ,maj4-,g54 ,"l ,edw>d1 ,or?ography ( ,geographical ,names1 #bih ,godw9-,au/51 ,lt4-,col4 ,h4 ,h41 8 notes on collect+ mollusca1 #ig ,gonorrha1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aib ,gosset's sy/em ( measur+ glaci] movem5ts1 #hj ,guatemala1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,gu9ea worm1 treatm5t =1 #bdg ,hmorrhage1 treatm5t (1 #bgg ,hail1 on record+ occurr5ce (1 #h ,h&-cam]a1 !1 #eb ,hann's 8,h&bu* d] ,klimatologie10 ref]5ce to1 #da ,hawaii1 wea!r s]vice (1 #dc ,hay fev]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aib ,haze1 on record+ d5sity & duration (1 #g ,heal? 9 a tropical climate1 risks to1 #afc ,heal? 9 ! tropics1 ,simpson's 8,ma9t5ance ( ,heal? 9 ! ,tropics10 ref]5ce to1 #afh ,heat-/roke1 #bch ,helm w9d ( ! ,ed5 ,valley1 ,engl&1 & ( ,adam's ,peak1 ,ceylon1 #e ,h]b]tson1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 7see ,bu*an1 ,dr4 ,a47 ,h]nia1 #bbj ,hip-jo9t dislocation1 treatm5t (1 #bij ,hog>?1 ,d4 ,g41 8 article on ,ar*ology1 #adh-aei ,hongkong1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,hook-worm1 #bdh ,human body1 diagram %[+ "s ( ! pr9cipal organs ( !1 & ! c\rse ( ! ma9 blood-vessels1 #afb ,human limbs1 on mak+ measurem5ts ( bones (1 #acf ,human skeleton1 diagram ( !1 #bhe ,humidity1 table ( relative1 #dd-di2 explanation1 #dc ,hut = %elt]+ !rmomet]s1 description (1 ) illu/ration1 #af ,hygromet]s1 #ah ,hypod]mic injections1 directions = giv+1 #bfi2 diff]5t injections to use1 #bga ,india1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,individuals ( giant & dw>f /ature1 on ! measurem5ts ( bones & skulls (1 #acg ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 article on1 by ,sir ,j4 ,s4 ,keltie1 #ach-adg ,infecti\s fev]s1 #afi ,influ5za1 #aic ,inhabitants1 native1 on obs]v+ ! "* (1 #adg ,injuries1 treatm5t (1 #bge-bib ,inoculation1 #afh ,insect pe/s1 #aid ,insects1 outfit = collect+1 #hf2 h9ts on pres]v+1 #ii ,in/rum5tal meteorological obs]vations1 #aa ,iritis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aih ,iron objects ( antiquity1 on1 #aeg ,irrigation1 on1 #adb ,isob>ic maps1 #ej1 note on1 #ci ,isohyets1 #dj ,isolation ( an infecti\s compla9t1 importance (1 #afi ,iso!rmal maps1 #ej1 note on1 #ch ,it*1 #aig ,ives' me?od ( natural col\r photography1 #fb ,ivory & wood c>v+ ( native races1 qu]ies on1 #aca ,ivory objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeh ,jaundice1 #aii ,jaw1 l[]1 fracture (1 treatm5t (1 #bhh ,jigg] or s&-flea1 prev5tion aga9/ & treatm5t1 #bbh ,kala-az>1 #bjb ,keltie1 ,sir4 ,j4 ,s41 8 article on ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 #ach-adg ,kraw ,kraw1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bcj ,krmskp photography1 #fb ,labels = geological specim5s1 h[ to pres]ve1 #fe ,lab\r connect$ ) developm5t ( a c\ntry's res\rces1 on obta9+ in=mation conc]n+ !1 #adg ,lakes & t>ns1 geological notes on1 #gc ,languages1 native1 on1 #aaj2 on record+ vocabul>ies (1 #aaa ,l>yngitis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bjj ,lead & iron objects ( antiquity1 on1 #aeg ,lee*es1 treatm5t = remov+1 #bja ,leg fracture1 treatm5t (1 #bhh ,lei%maniasis1 #bjb ,l5ses1 cam]a1 #ed ,level1 cam]a1 #ed ,lice1 treatm5t = de/roy+1 #aif ,lit]>y memor&a ( *>act]i/ics ( monum5ts & objects ( antiquity1 #aef ,liv]1 abscess (1 treatm5t (1 #bjc2 acute inflammation (1 treatm5t (1 #bjc2 conge/ion (1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bjb ,loess deposits1 #gf ,lungs1 inflammation ( ! 7see ,pleurisy & ,pneumonia7 ,madagasc>1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,mal>ia1 #bjd2 me?ods ( prev5tion1 #bjf2 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bje ,malta fev]1 #bdd ,mammals1 in/rum5ts = sk9n+1 #hd ,mammals & birds1 h9ts on collect+1 #ia2 on pres]v+1 #ib ,man1 e>ly hi/ory (1 9 tropical climates1 notes on1 #gf ,manufactures ( native races1 qu]ies on1 #acj ,maps1 isob>ic1 #ej1 note on1 #ci2 iso!rmal1 #ej1 note on1 #ch2 ra9fall1 #ej1 note on1 #dj2 wea!r1 daily synoptical1 #da ,m>itime climate1 #ce ,m>ett1 ,r4 ,r41 ,note on ,an?ropology1 #abi ,m>riott's 8,h9ts to ,meteorological ,obs]v]s10 ref]5ce to1 #dc ,m>%es1 on obs]v+ special features (1 #adb ,ma/]man1 8,hygi5e & ,disease 9 ,pale/9e10 #afa ,maudslay1 ,a4 ,p41 directions = mak+ squeezes ( sculptures1 #aea ,mauritius1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,maximum !rmomet]s1 #bc ,mc,intosh1 ,j43 ,h9ts on ,photography1 revis$ by1 #ea ,measles1 ra%1 symptoms1 treatm5t1 complications1 #baa ,m$ical appliances1 m$ic9es1 c41 #beb-bgd ,m$ical guides suitable = travell]s1 li/ (1 #afa ,m$ical ,h9ts1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,crosse1 & ,dr4 ,a4 ,balf\r1 #afj-bgd ,m$ic9es1 m$ical appliances1 c41 #beb-bgd ,metals ( a c\ntry1 h9ts on obs]v+1 #adj 8,meteorological ,obs]v]s1 ,h9ts to10 by ,w4 ,m>riott1 ref]5ce to1 #dc ,meteorology1 ,b>?olomew's ,atlas (1 ref]5ce to1 #cg1 #da ,meteorology & ,climatology1 article on1 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,mill1 #a-ej2 li/ ( works on1 #da 8,me?ods & ,aims 9 ,ar*ology10 by ,pr(4 ,petrie1 ref]5ce1 #adi1 #aeh ,mexico1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,mill1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,r41 8 article on ,meteorology & ,climatology1 #a-ej2 8,realm ( ,nature10 ref]5ce to1 #da ,m9]als1 ,von ,kobell's tables = det]m9ation (1 ref]5ce to1 #fg ,m9]als & metals ( a c\ntry1 h9ts on obs]v+ !1 #adj ,m9imum !rmomet]1 #bj2 c>e (1 #ba ,mi/1 fog & haze1 on record+ d5sity & duration (1 #g ,mode ( subsi/5ce ( native races1 qu]ies on1 #abi ,mollusca1 ,s4 ,p4 ,woodw>d's 8,manual ( ! ,mollusca10 ref]5ce to1 #ig ,mollusca1 l& & fre%wat]1 h9ts on collect+1 #ig ,money ( native races1 qu]ies on1 #aca ,monum5ts & objects ( antiquity1 me?ods ( record+1 clean+ & cons]v+1 #adh-aei2 on lit]>y memor&a ( *>act]i/ics (1 #aef ,mosquito curta9s1 #bjf ,mosquitoes1 propagation ( mal>ia by1 #bjd2 protection f1 #bjf ,mosquitoes & midges1 protection aga9/1 & treatm5t ( bites (1 #aid ,m\ld+1 on obta9+ records ( objects ( antiquity by means (1 #adi ,m\nta9-*a9s1 geological notes on1 #gj ,mumps1 #baa ,my]1 8,atlas ( ,fir/ ,aid ,treatm5t10 #afa ,myiasis1 #bab ,my?ology ( native races1 #abd2 qu]ies on1 #acj ,names1 on ! giv+ (1 to newly-discov]$ places1 #cjf ,names1 geographical1 ,r4,g4,s4 sy/em ( or?ography (1 #cjj ,native races1 physical "* (1 #ajf1 qu]ies on1 #abi2 ,broca's scale ( col\rs (1 ref]5ce to1 #ajh2 language (1 #aaj2 arts & sci5ces (1 #aac1 qu]ies on1 #acj2 social life (1 #aah2 religion & my?ology (1 #abd1 qu]ies on1 #acj2 cu/oms (1 #abf1 qu]ies on1 #acj2 mode ( subsi/5ce (1 qu]ies on1 #abi2 ivory & wood c>v+ (1 qu]ies on1 #aca2 money (1 qu]ies on1 #aca2 p]sonal ornam5ts1 disfigurem5ts1 c41 (1 qu]ies on1 #aca2 skulls (1 obs]vations on1 #acb-acf ,natives1 wants (1 h9ts on obs]v+1 #aci ,natural ,hi/ory1 article on1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,bates & ,w4 ,r4 ,ogilvie-,grant1 #hb-aje2 8,h&book ( ,in/ructions = ,collectors10 ref]5ce to1 #hg2 :]e & :at to collect1 #hi ,natural hi/ory specim5s1 h9ts on collect+ & pres]v+1 #hg2 outfit =1 #hh ,naturali/'s outfit1 #hb-hf ,negretti & ,zambra's maximum !rmomet]s1 #bc ,neligan1 8,h9ts = ,travell]s 9 ,p]sia10 #afa ,new ,zeal&1 wea!r s]vice (1 #dc ,night-bl9dness1 protection aga9/1 #aii 8,notes & ,qu]ies on ,an?ropology10 ,briti% ,association manual (1 ref]5ce to1 #ajf ,ocean-,bas9s1 on ! p]man5ce (1 #gf ,ogilvie1 ,a4 ,c41 ,memor&um on glaci] obs]vations1 #gh ,ogilvie-,grant1 ,w4 ,r41 & ,h4 ,w4 ,bates1 article on ,natural ,hi/ory1 #hb-aje ,oph?almia1 simple1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bac ,ori5tal sore1 #bca ,organs ( ! human body1 diagram %[+ "s ( ! pr9cipal1 #afb ,ornam5ts1 p]sonal1 ( native races1 qu]ies on1 #aca ,or?o*rome plates1 #fb ,or?ography ( ,geographical ,names1 ,r4,g4,s4 sy/em (1 #cjj 8,outfit1 ,h9ts on10 ref]5ce to1 #afd ,pacific1 wea!r s]vice ( !1 #dc ,paget col\r plate1 #fb ,papyrus1 on cons]v+1 #aeh ,p>asites1 diseases produc$ by1 #agj ,p>atyphoid fev]s1 #ahi ,pa/e objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeh ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt]1 #aff ,p]u1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,petrie's 8,me?ods & ,aims 9 ,ar*ology10 ref]5ce to1 #adi1 #aeh ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,phillips' maximum !rmomet]s1 #bc ,phillips1 ,pr(4 ,j4 7see ,d>w91 ,dr4 ,*>les7 ,photographic app>atus & *emicals = developm5t1 #eh ,photographic exposure record1 #ef ,photographic outfit1 li/ (1 ) prices1 #fa-fb ,photography1 article on1 by ,j4 ,?omson & ,j4 ,mc,intosh1 #ea-fb2 ,sir ,w4 ,abney's "w on1 ref]5ce to1 #ei2 ,w4 ,k4 ,burton's "w on1 ref]5ce to1 #ei2 ,rob9son's 8,pictorial ,effect 9 ,photography10 ref]5ce to1 #fj2 photography 9 natural col\rs1 #fa2 photography ( object ( antiquity1 #adh ,physical *>act]s ( natives1 on obs]v+ !1 #ajf2 qu]ies on1 #abi ,piles1 int]nal & ext]nal1 treatm5t (1 #bad ,plague1 bubonic1 causes1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bae ,plants1 liv+ & succul5t1 on pack+1 #ajc ,plattn] & ,s*e]]'s "w on ! use ( ! bl[-pipe1 ref]5ce to1 #fg ,pleurisy1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bag ,pneumonia1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bag ,poisons1 treatm5t ( ! v>i\s1 #bia ,pott]y & t]ra-cotta objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeg ,p\ltices1 directions = mak+1 #bgd ,pox1 #bci ,precautions on ! voyage1 #afg ,prickly heat1 treatm5t =1 #bcj ,psy*romet]1 ,assmann's ,aspiration1 description (1 ) illu/ration1 #bj ,pulse1 normal rate (1 #bfi ,purgatives1 #ahj1 #bfd ,qu]ies ( ,an?ropology1 by ,sir ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 #abi-acb ,qu99e1 use (1 = mal>ia1 #bfe ,qu9sy1 treatm5t (1 #bah ,railways1 inquiry z to r\tes suitable =1 9 new c\ntry1 #adf ,ra9 & dew1 on record+ preval5ce (1 #g ,ra9fall maps1 #ej1 note on1 #dj ,ra9-gauge1 #bd ,rais$ bea*es1 #gb ,ramsay1 ,sir ,a41 ref]5ce to 8 views on ! =mation ( rock-bas9s1 #gd 8,realm ( ,nature10 by ,dr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,mill1 ref]5ce to1 #da ,record+ monum5ts & objects ( antiquity1 me?ods (1 #adh-aef ,relaps+ fev]1 #bah ,religion & my?ology ( native races1 #abd2 qu]ies on1 #acj ,reptiles1 naturali/'s outfit = pres]v+1 #he ,reptiles & fi%es1 on collect+ & pres]v+1 #if ,res\rces ( a c\ntry1 inquiry into1 #aci ,respiration1 normal rate (1 #bfi ,rheumatism1 #bai ,ribs1 fracture (1 treatm5t (1 #bhg ,ri*t]'s sy/em ( measur+ glaci] movem5ts1 #hj ,ri*?(51 ,b>on ,f4 von1 ref]5ce to 8 description ( loess =mations1 #gf ,r+worm1 treatm5t (1 #bcj ,riv]s & riv]-pla9s1 geological notes on1 #gb ,roads1 native1 on obs]v+ ! nature (1 #adf ,rob9son's 8,pictorial ,effect 9 ,photography10 ref]5ce to1 #ei ,rock-bas9s1 on ! =mation (1 #gc2 ref]5ce to ,sir ,a4 ,ramsay's views on1 #gd ,r\nd worm1 treatm5t =1 #bdg ,royal ,geographical ,society1 on ! giv+ ( names to newly-discov]$ places1 #cjf2 sy/em ( or?ography ( geographical names1 #cjj ,rubb+s1 on obta9+ records ( objects ( antiquity by means (1 #aed ,rupture1 treatm5t (1 #bbj ,ryan1 8,heal? ,pres]vation 9 ,we/ ,africa10 #afa ,salvador1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,salv91 ,o41 h9ts on collect+ reptiles & fi%es1 #if ,s&-flea 7see ,jigg]7 ,s&-fly fev]1 #bba ,scabies1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #aig ,scalds1 treatm5t (1 #age ,sc>let fev]1 or sc>lat9a1 symptoms1 treatm5t1 complications1 #bbb ,s*e]] 7see ,plattn]7 ,sci5ces ( native races1 #aac ,scorpion /+1 #bbc ,screw worm1 #bab ,scurvy1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bbd ,sea-sickness1 treatm5t (1 #bbf ,s5sitive plates or films1 #eg2 ,sir ,w4 ,abney's me?od ( pack+1 #eg2 h[ to keep dry1 #eh2 slides = hold+1 #ed ,%aw1 ,sir ,napi]3 8,=eca/+ ,wea!r10 #da ,%\ld]-jo9t dislocation1 treatm5t (1 #bij ,simpson1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j41 8,! ,ma9t5ance ( ,heal? 9 ! ,tropics10 ref]5ce to1 #afa ,skeleton1 human1 diagram ( !1 #bhe ,skeletons ( animals1 on ! prep>ation (1 #id ,sk9 diseases1 #bbf ,skulls1 human1 obs]vations on1 #acb-acf ,sleep+ sickness1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bcc ,sleeplessness1 treatm5t =1 #bce ,slides = hold+ s5sitive plates1 #ed ,sl+ !rmomet]1 #ag ,small-pox1 ra%1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bcf ,sn[1 on record+ falls (1 #i ,sn[-bl9dness1 protection aga9/1 #aii ,social life ( native races1 #aah ,spectacles = prev5t+ sn[-bl9dness1 illu/ration (1 #aii ,spid] bite1 #bbc ,spra9s1 treatm5t (1 #bha ,sprue1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bcg 8,squeezes10 on obta9+ records ( objects ( antiquity by means (1 #aej ,/ev5son !rmomet] scre51 #ad ,/oma* tube1 directions = us+1 #bgc ,/one objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeg ,/roke1 #bcg ,sun 9 ! tropics1 effects ( !1 ^u ! human body1 #afe ,sun%9e1 cl\d &1 on keep+ record ( *anges (1 #e ,sun-/roke1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bch ,surface ( a c\ntry1 on obs]v+ ! "* (1 #ada ,surgical cleanl9ess1 importance (1 #bge ,surgical dress+ case recomm5d$ to travell]s1 #bec ,syphilis1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bci ,table ( relative humidity1 #dd-di1 explanation1 #dc2 %[+ pressure ( saturat$ aque\s vap\r 9 in*es ( m]cury at latitude #de = ea* degree ,fahr5heit f -#cj to #aai1 #ej ,tape-worms1 treatm5t =1 #bdf ,t>ns1 geological notes on1 #gc ,t>iffs exi/+ 9 a c\ntry1 on obta9+ in=mation conc]n+1 #adg ,temp]ature ( human body1 normal1 #bfi2 tak+ !1 diff]5t ways (1 #bfi ,t]ra-cotta objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeg ,!rmomet] corrections1 #ab ,!rmomet] scales1 #ab2 rule = conv]t+ ,c5tigrade read+s into ,fahr5heit1 #ac ,!rmomet] scre5s1 #ad2 ,blan=d's portable1 #ae2 = p]man5t /ation 9 hot c\ntries1 =m recomm5d$ by ,briti% ,association mo/ suitable1 #ae2 ,/ev5son's1 #ac ,!rmomet]s1 on ! c>e (1 #ac2 boil+-po9t1 #ca2 dry & wet bulb1 table %[+ diff]5ce betwe5 read+s (1 #dd-di1 explanation1 #ac2 maximum1 #bc1 ,negretti & ,zambra's =m1 #bc1 ,phillips' =m1 #bc2 m9imum1 #bj1 c>e (1 #ba2 sl+1 #ag ,?igh fracture1 treatm5t (1 #bhh ,?readworm1 treatm5t =1 #bdg ,?omson1 ,j41 article on ,photography1 #ea-fb ,?roat1 ulc]ation ( !1 treatm5t (1 #bdd ,?und]/orms & hail1 on record+ ! occurr5ce (1 #h ,tick fev]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bda ,ticks1 treatm5t =1 #aig ,timb] ( a c\ntry1 on asc]ta9+ ! *>act]i/ics (1 #ada ,tonsils1 inflammation ( ! 7see ,qu9sy7 ,tornadoes1 mak+ record (1 #e ,t\rniquet1 description & use (1 #bgg ,trade1 on obta9+ in=mation conc]n+1 #add ,treph9e-holes 9 human skulls1 #acc ,tropical ulc]1 #bcb ,tub]s1 on pack+1 #ajc ,tumbu fly1 #bab ,tylor1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,b41 8 article on ,an?ropology1 #ajf-abi2 8 8,an?ropology3 an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,m5 & ,civilisation10 ref]5ce to1 #abg ,tyndall's me?od ( asc]ta9+ velocity ( glaci] movem5ts1 #ha ,typhoid fev]1 #ahi ,typhus fev]1 #bdc ,ulc]ation ( ! ?roat1 treatm5t (1 #bdd ,ulc]s1 treatm5t (1 #bca1 #bcb ,und]clo?+ recomm5d$ = tropical climates1 #afd ,undulant fev]1 #bdd ,unit$ ,/ates1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,ur9e1 ret5tion (1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bde2 suppression ( causes & treatm5t1 #bdf ,uruguay1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,vacc9ation ess5tial to travell]s1 #afh ,vegetable products ( a c\ntry1 h9ts on obs]v+1 #ada ,vegetation1 on obs]v+ "* (1 #adb ,v] macaque1 #bab ,vocabul>ies1 native1 on record+1 #aaa ,volcanic rocks1 on1 #ga ,volcanoes & volcanic rocks1 on1 #ga ,von ,kobell's tables = det]m9ation ( m9]als1 ref]5ce to1 #fg ,voyage1 precautions on !1 #afg ,w>d1 ,pr(4 ,r4 de ,c41 8,h&book ( ,climatology10 ref]5ce to1 #da ,wat]1 risks due to dr9k+1 #aff ,wat] communication ( a c\ntry1 inquiry z to1 #adf ,wat]sp\ts1 on ! !oretical importance to det]m9e direction ( ! :irl ab\t ! axis (1 #e ,wea!r1 h9ts on keep+ a record (1 #b2 obs]vations = =eca/+ !1 #cb-ce4 ,wea!r-maps1 daily synoptical1 #da ,wea!r s]vices1 extra-,european1 li/ (1 #db-dc ,we/ ,indies1 wea!r s]vice (1 #db ,wet pack = invalid1 directions = giv+1 #bgb ,:irlw9ds1 usefulness ( mak+ records (1 #e ,w9d1 obs]vations ( direction & =ce (1 #c2 ,beau=t's scale ( w9d =ce1 #d ,w9dpipe1 inflammation ( !1 #agd1 #bjj ,wood1 ivory1 & bone objects ( antiquity1 on clean+ & cons]v+1 #aeh ,wood c>v+ ( native races1 qu]ies on1 #aca ,woodw>d1 ,s4 ,p41 8,manual ( ! ,mollusca10 ref]5ce to1 #ig ,worms produc+ disease1 diff]5t k9ds (1 treatm5t1 #bdf ,w\nd1 directions to clean & dress a1 #bge ,w\nds1 aft]-treatm5t (1 #bgi ,w\nds1 poison$1 treatm5t (1 #bha ,w\nds & injuries1 treatm5t (1 #bge-bib ,yell[ fev]1 symptoms & treatm5t1 #bej ,"y1 ,ha/+s3 8,fir/ ,aid to ! ,sick10 #afa ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,duke ,,/reet1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,s4,e4 #a1 ,,& ,,great ,,w9dmill ,,/reet1 ,w4 #a4