,,! ,,useful ,,arts ,,employ$ ,,9 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,dwell+ ,,h\ses4 ,,! ,,second ,,edition4 ,,london3 ,,john ,w4 ,,p>k]1 ,,we/ ,,/r&4 ,,mdcccli4 ,,london3 ,,savill ,,& ,,edw>ds1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,*&os ,,/reet4 ,,preface4 ,! dwell+s ( mank9d1 at fir/ rude & simple 9 ! extreme1 increase 9 complexity z _! inhabitants advance 9 civilization4 ,primitive dwell+s are sc>cely di/+ui%$ by signs ( sup]ior skill or sagacity above ! holes & ne/s ( ! l[] animals4 ,! hut ( ! ,hott5tot may be consid]$ z an inv]t$ ne/1 & x is c]ta9ly n m +5i\s ?an ! ne/s ( _m birds2 b :]e man con/ructs su* a habitation = himself1 he is inv>iably 9 a l[ /ate ( civilization4 ,! wants ( ! bird are few & simple1 & ! ne/ is a tempor>y abode annually con/ruct$ & annually des]t$3 ! wants ( man1 9 a /ate ( nature1 are almo/ z limit$1 & ?us ! ,hott5tot's hut af=ds him z good a ne/ z he desires4 ,b :5 he /eps =? into ! rank :i* ! ,creator has de/9$ him to fill2 :5 he feels t he is a responsible be+1 ! creation ( an ,almighty ,p[] to :om wor%ip is due2 :5 he f9ds t ! productions ( ! e>? are capable ( be+ r5d]$ useful to him by ! ex]cise ( 8 +5uity1 & t 8 own m5tal p[]s are capable ( be+ develop$ by communion )1 & by ! assi/ance ( 8 fell[-m52--!n ! hut--! inv]t$ ne/--is no long] equal to 8 necessities4 ,he makes implem5ts1 & he mu/ h a place to %elt] !m2 he cultivates gra91 & he requires a /ore-h\se = x2 he collects & records ! ?\ghts & ! wisdom ( 8 pr$ecessors1 & he mu/ h a ro( to cov] ^! preci\s mem5tos3 unlike o!r animals1 he requires fire = ! prep>ation ( ! great] portion ( 8 food2 & 8 fire1 z well z 8 ut5sils1 mu/ be well def5d$ f )\t3--9 %ort1 8 wants are s multipli$ by ! cultivation ( 8 reason1 t a h\se has become necess>y to him4 ,! bea/s ( ! field & ! birds ( ! air h c]ta9 natural in/9cts giv5 to !m :i* guide !m ?r\gh life1 & are p]petuat$ 9 _! (fspr+2 ! same r\t9e goes on race aft] race )\t ! op]ation ( :at we t]m improvem5t4 ,n s ) man3 he is a progressive be+3 he /eps =? beyond ! limits ( m]e animal life1 & has a m5tal exi/5ce1 ) wants creat$ by x1 & dep5d+ on x2 wants :i* are n kn[n to him :5 consid]$ z a m]e animal4 ,! build+ ( h\ses has 9 all ages =m$ "p ( ! employm5t ( man z he advanc$ f a /ate ( m]e b>b>ism to "o ( comp>ative civilization4 ,9 devot+ ?is little volume1 !re=e1 to ! subject ( ! ,application ( ! ,useful ,arts to ! con/ruction ( ,dwell+s1 x is necess>y to set a limit to s l>ge a subject4 ,a wigwam is a h\se1--s is a palace1 & examples ( e possible gradation betwe5 ! two might be giv54 ,9 ord]1 !n1 to avoid ! seem+ ambition ( grasp+ ! :ole ( ?is ext5sive subject we %all n travel out ( our own c\ntry2 nor %all we asc5d to ! v highe/1 or desc5d to ! v l[e/ class ( dwell+s2 b %all describe ! pr9cipal arts conc]n$ 9 build+ a mod]n ,engli% h\se ( mod]ate rank4 ,9 s do+1 we %all treat ! subject "u a few simple heads1 classifi$ ma9ly accord+ to ! mat]ials employ$4 ,illu/ration ,,cont5ts4 ,,preface p4 iii ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,walls--,,/one ,,& ,,/one-,,"w4 ,introduction1 #i--,pr9cipal v>ieties ( build+ /one1 #aj--,on qu>ry+ /one1 #ac--,! application ( electricity to ! bla/+ ( rocks1 #ag--,saw+ ! /ones = ! mason1 #bb--,! processes ( /one-masonry1 #bb4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,durability ,,( ,,/one ,,build+s4 ,on ! *oice ( a /one = build+ purposes1 #bg--;,exam9ation ( a v>iety ( build+s z to ! durability ( ! /one employ$ !re91 #bh--,! /one = ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t--h[ *os51 #cb--;,an easy me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r a /one w resi/ ! action ( fro/1 #cc--;,directions = practis+ ?is me?od1 #ch4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,walls--,,bricks ,,& ,,brick-,,"w4 ,e>ly use ( bricks1 #dj--;,float+ bricks1 #da--,mak+ bricks by h&1 #db--,v>ieties ( bricks1 #dd--,tiles1 #de--,mak+ bricks & tiles by ma*9]y1 #df--,! ,m>quis ( ,twe$dale's me?od1 #df--;,ano!r me?od1 #dg--,! processes ( bricklay+1 #dh--,mort>1 #dh--;,defects ( mod]n brick h\ses1 #eb4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ro(--,,slates ,,& ,,o!r ,,ro( ,,cov]+s4 ,slate qu>ries1 #ed--,! process ( slat+1 #eg--,pap] ro(s1 #eh--,_! advantages1 #fj--,t]race ro(s1 #fa--;,asphalte ro(s1 #fa--,scot* fir ro(s1 #fa--;,iron ro(s1 #fb--,z9c & o!r metallic ro(s1 #fc--,?at* ro(s1 #fc4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,wood-,,"w--,,gr[? ,,& ,,transport ,,( ,,timb]4 ,! oak z a timb] tree1 #ff--,! two *ief v>ieties ( oak1 #fg--,teak1 #fi--,! fir & p9e z timb] trees1 #fi--,! ,norway spruce fir1 #gj--,! ,scot* fir1 #gc--,transport ( timb] f ! =e/s1 #gg--;,hi/orical notices1 #gh--,rafts on ! ,rh9e1 #hj--,! slide ( ,alpna*1 #ha--;,cutt+ ! ,norway deals1 #hc--,! cutt+ & transport ( ,canadian timb]1 #hc--,lumb]]s1 #hc--,saw-mills1 #hd--,rafts on ! ,am]ican riv]s1 #he--,miscellane\s k9ds ( timb]1 #hf--;,fancy woods1 #hg4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,wood-,,"w--,,c>p5try4 ,saw+ timb]1 #hi--,sc>f+ or jo9+ timb]1 #hi--,truss+ or /r5g!n+1 #ij--;,details ( ro(1 #ib--,! mortise & o!r jo9ts1 #ic--;,di/9ction betwe5 c>p5try & jo9]y1 #ie--,! tools employ$1 #if--;,glue1 #ih--;,a w9d[ sa%1 z an example ( jo9]'s "w1 #ii--;,a second example ( jo9]'s "w1 #ajj4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,fire-,,place4 ,op5 fire-places1 #ajb--,philosophy ( a *imney1 #ajc--;,defects ( op5 fires1 #ajc--,rem$ies = "s ( ^! defects1 #ajf--,! regi/] /ove1 #ajh--,smoky *imneys1 #ajh--;,causes (1 & cure1 #ajh--;,close /oves1 #aaa--,! ,g]man /ove1 #aab--;,dr4 ,arnott's /ove1 #aac--,objections !reto1 #aae--,w>m+ build+s by heat$ air1 #aaf--,! ,russian /ove1 #aaf--,o!r me?ods1 #aag--,sir ,/ew>t ,montei?'s /ove1 #aah--,w>m+ build+s by /eam1 #aah--,w>m+ build+s by hot-wat]1 #aai--,! high-pressure sy/em1 #abj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,w9d[s ,,& ,,lead-,,"w4 ,introduction ( glass w9d[s1 #abb--,! manufacture ( cr[n glass1 #abb--,! manufacture ( plate glass1 #abi--;,cutt+ glass1 #acc--,! process ( glaz+1 #acd--,%eet lead = ro(s & ci/]ns1 #ace--,lead pipes1 #acf--,! process ( plumb+1 #acf--,sold] or cem5t = metals1 #aci--;,autog5\s sold]+1 #adj--;,its advantages1 #add4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,int]ior--,,pla/]+ ,,& ,,pap]-,,hang+4 ,pla/]+ walls & ceil+s1 #adh--,pla/] & papi]-ma* ornam5ts = rooms1 #adi--,:itewa%+ & /ucco+1 #aej--,orig9 ( pap]-hang+s1 #aej--,! manufacture ( pap]-hang+s1 #aea--,/5cil1 wa%able1 & flock pap]-hang+s1 #aec--,! process ( pap]-hang+1 #aee4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,int]ior--,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,gild+4 ,reasons = pa9t+ a h\se1 #aeh--,mat]ials us$ 9 h\se pa9t+1 #aeh--,prep>+ ! pa9t1 #afj--,! process ( pa9t+1 #afj--;,gra9+ & m>bl+1 #afb--;,gild+ z an int]ior decoration1 #afd--,! process ( burni%-gild+1 #afe--,! process ( oil-gild+1 #afg--;,gild+ enri*$ ornam5ts1 #afh4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,a ,,model ,,dwell+-,,h\se4 ,! late ,sir ,john ,robison's h\se at ,ed9burgh1 #agj--,! ,int]ior1 #agj--,w>m+1 #agj--,v5tilat+1 #aga--,light+1 #agb--;,gas cook+ app>atus1 #agb--;,flues1 #agc--;,int]ior decorations by ,mr4 ,hay1 #agc--;,a beau-ideal ,engli% villa1 #agd--,situation1 #age--,/yle1 #age--;,arrangem5t ( ! int]ior1 #agf--,! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts1 b$-rooms1 c41 #agg--,! kit*51 #agi4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fire-,,pro( ,,h\ses4 ,h>tley's me?od ( mak+ h\ses fire-pro(1 #aha--;,e>l ,/anhope's me?ods1 #aha--,pambuf's me?od1 #ahc--;,fire-pro( pa9t1 #ahd--;,exp]im5tal trials1 #ahd--,leconte's me?od1 #ahe--,v>d5's me?od1 #ahf--;,fro/'s me?od1 #ahf--,l\don's me?ods1 #ahg--;,g5]al rem>ks1 #ahh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,processes4 ,manufacture ( nails1 #ahh--,locks & keys1 #ahh--,/oves & grates1 #aij--;,bells1 #aij--;,brass h&les1 ornam5ts1 c41 #aia--,pres]vation ( timb]1 #aia--,v>i\s me?ods1 #aic--,kyaniz+1 #aid--,soluble glass1 #aid--;,its uses 9 pres]v+ timb]1 c41 #aig--,v5e]+1 #aih--;,brunel's me?od ( cutt+ v5e]s1 #aih--,russian me?od1 #aii--,! process ( v5e]+1 #aii--,manufacture ( glue1 #bja--,! h\se decorator ( ,italy1 #bja--;,fresco pa9t+ z appli$ to ! decoration ( h\ses1 #bjf--,nature & difficulties ( ! art1 #bjg--,notices ( ! anci5t cu/om ( decorat+ walls1 #bjh--,! practice ( fresco pa9t+1 #bjh--,! ,c>toon1 #bji--,! prep>ation ( ! wall1 #baj--,! process ( pa9t+1 #baj--,! col\rs & implem5ts1 #baa--;,a fresco pa9t] at "w describ$1 #bab--;,g5]al rem>ks on fresco pa9t+1 #bad4 ,,conclusion #bae ,! ,useful ,arts ,employ$ 9 ! ,con/ruction ( ,dwell+-,h\ses4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,walls4 ,,/one ,,& ,,/one-,,"w4 ,! mat]ial ma9ly employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( build+s dep5ds p>tly on ! purpose = :i* ! build+s are int5d$1 & /ill m1 p]haps1 on ! prevail+ geological "* ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,9 su* a place z ,london1 :]e !re is an imm5se mass ( t5aci\s clay b5ea? ! vegetable soil1 & :]e solid /one is n to be _h1 except by br++ x1 at a great exp5se1 f a di/ance ( _m miles1 clay seems to be ! natural mat]ial = dwell+s2 & ?us we f9d t almo/ all ! ,london h\ses are built ( brick =m$ ( clay4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 su* z ,glasg[ or ,ed9burgh1 ! case is v diff]5t2 =1 9 ^? places1 clay is sc>ce1 & /one is pl5tiful4 ,!re are qu>ries n f> f ,ed9burgh1 & o!rs )9 ! v prec9cts ( ,glasg[1 :]e an abundant supply ( good build+-/one is obta9$ at a v l[ rate4 ,h5ce x foll[s z a natural consequ5ce1 t ! h\ses 9 ^? two cities exhibit a l>ge proportion ( /one /ructures2 s mu* s1 inde$1 t an inhabitant ( ,london1 :o is accu/om$ to see /one appropriat$ only to l>ge important public build+s1 is apt to imag9e t ! h\ses 9 ! two nor!rn cities mu/ necess>ily be v co/ly4 ,?is is by no means c]ta91 h[ev]1 = ! build]s 9 ea* city make use ( ^? mat]ials :i* may be mo/ available4 ,:e!r /one =m ! ma9 portion ( ! walls ( a h\se1 z 9 ! cases j nam$1 or :e!r x is only us$ 9 small] degree1 z 9 ,london h\ses1 ! op]ations by :i* x is work$ & fitt$ are pretty mu* ! same2 & we w !re=e devote ?is *apt] to a brief description ( ! pr9cipal k9ds ( build+-/one1 foll[$ by an outl9e ( ! ,mason's op]ations4 ,pr9cipal ,v>ieties ( ,build+-/one4 ,granites are rocks :i* h be5 =m$ by ! union ( ?ree diff]5t m9]als 9 a /ate ( fusion2 ^!1 on cool+1 h cry/alliz$ & become di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 ! mass4 ,x is on ! v>i$ proportions 9 :i* ^! ?ree con/itu5ts are comb9$1 t ! col\r1 h>dness1 durability1 & beauty ( ! v>i\s granites dep5d4 ,! light-r$ & rose-col\r$ granites conta9 ! felsp> 9 greate/ abundance & 9 ! l>ge/ cry/als2 b ?is m9]al v>ies 9 hue f ! pure/ :ite to ne>ly black2 x is ! +r$i5t mo/ act$ on by ! atmosph]e2 ! rock1 !re=e1 :i* ab\nds 9 x1 ?\gh x may be m beautiful to ! eye1 & m easily work$ at fir/1 is n s durable z t :i* conta9s x 9 small] cry/als1 & ) a l>g] proportion ( qu>tz4 ,x is to ?is la/-nam$ m9]al t granite owes ! sp>kl+ appe>ance :i* x pres5ts :5 ! sun %9es on x2 qu>tz is ! h>de/ & mo/ imp]i%able ( ! ?ree m9]als :i* =m ! granite-rock4 ,! ?ird1 mica1 is di/+ui%able f ! o!r two by its sat9y1 %9+1 d>k hue1 & is v app>5t 9 ! co>se-gra9$1 h&some /one ( our own c\ntry1 br\ght f ,cornwall4 ,:5 ! felsp> is replac$ by ano!r m9]al call$ hornbl5de1 ! /one is ( a d>k-gre5i% hue1 & ! compon5t p>ts are 9 a f9] =m & less di/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,! ,ab]de5 granite is an example ( ?is k9d1 :i* is m durable ?an ! =m]1 ?\gh n s pleas+ to ! eye4 ,granite occurs 9 all ! l>g] m\nta9-ranges1 & 9 isolat$ masses 9 e c\ntry2 n be+ a /ratifi$ rock1 & be+ excessively h>d1 x is difficult to qu>ry & get out 9 manageable masses4 ,bla/+ ) gunp[d] is ! mode usually employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! pieces deta*$ by ?is means are hewn r\ghly into =m on ! spot by a small pickaxe4 ,ab]de5 granite is qu>ri$ by cutt+ a deep l9e "s y>ds long1 & plac+ /rong iron w$ges at equal di/ances 9 ?is l9e2 ^! w$ges are /ruck 9 succession by heavy hamm]s till ! mass splits d[n4 ,?is1 or analog\s modes1 may always be employ$ :5 ! rock approa*es a slaty or /ratifi$ /ructure1 z is ! case ) "s ne>ly relat$ to granite4 ,ano!r me?od ( deta*+ masses ( rock1 is by driv+ wood5 w$ges into a deep fissure1 ei!r natural or artificial2 ! w$ges are !n wett$1 & ! consequ5t expansion ( ! wood bur/s ! rock asund]4 ,z granite has always to be br\ght f a great di/ance to ! spot :]e x is want$1 because its natural localities are f> f ! places :]e edifices are usually con/ruct$1 & also on acc\nt ( its h>dness1 ?is rock is only us$ = important build+s1 su* z bridges1 m>kets1 *ur*es1 c41 & n commonly ev5 = ^!4 ,london & ,wat]loo bridges1 ,cov5t ,g>d5 & ,hung]=d m>kets1 & ! ,york column 9 ,pall ,mall1 are in/ances ( its use 9 ,london4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( /one us$ 9 build+ are ! ,,lime/ones1 or calc>e\s rocks ( ! geologi/2 ( ^! x w\ld be useless to describe or enum]ate m ?an a few4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 ! ,portl& /one1 s call$ f its pr9cipal qu>ries be+ 9 ,portl& ,isl&1 9 ,dorset%ire1 holds ! fir/ rank1 & is t almo/ exclusively us$ 9 ,london = build+1 & = ! ornam5tal p>ts ( edifices4 ,x unites ! qualities ( be+ easily sawn & work$1 :5 lately qu>ri$1 & ( subsequ5tly h>d5+ by exposure to ! air2 x is close & ev5 9 its texture1 admitt+ ( be+ wr\ght into delicate "w1 & receiv+ a v smoo? surface1 :i* x w reta9 = a consid]able p]iod1 ?\gh x is surpass$ 9 durability by _m o!r rocks4 ,x is said t ! ,banquett+-h\se1 ,:itehall1 0 ! fir/ build+ 9 ,london 9 :i* ?is /one 0 employ$4 ,/4 ,paul's1 ,we/m9/] & ,blackfri>s' bridges1 ,newgate1 &1 inde$1 mo/ ( ! public build+s ( ! metropolis1 are examples ( its use4 ,ba?-/one1 s call$ f its be+ entirely us$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t city1 is s(t] & f> less durable ?an ! prec$+4 ,:5 rec5tly qu>ri$1 x may be sawn ) a too!d saw1 l timb]1 & c be c>v$ ) ! greate/ facility into ! ri*e/ ornam5ts2 h5ce x is (t5 employ$1 &1 if %elt]$ f ! wea!r1 is well adapt$ = su* purposes1 f its ri*1 ev5 cream col\r2 b ?\gh x h>d5s consid]ably by exposure1 x is act$ ^u1 aft] a "t1 by ! air1 s z to r5d] x v p]i%able4 ,! re/oration ( ,h5ry ! ,sev5?'s ,*apel1 ,we/m9/]1 is1 un=tunately1 made ) ?is /one4 ,! two prec$+1 & _m o!rs1 di/+ui%$ by names accord+ to ! pr9cipal localities1 z ,ox=d-/one1 ,ketton-/one1 c41 belong to :at geologi/s t]m ! ,oolitic =mation1 f ! resemblance ( "s k9ds ( ! rock to fi%es' roe1 :i* is obs]vable 9 t we h la/ m5tion$4 ,!y all agree 9 _! pr9cipal qualities4 ,purbeck-/one1 also f ,dorset%ire1 is us$ = /eps1 pav+1 door-sills1 & cop+s2 x is co>s]1 h>d]1 & less uni=m 9 texture ?an ! =ego+1 & n1 !re=e1 calculat$ = f9e build+s1 except = ! purposes we h specifi$4 ,york%ire-/one resembles ! la/2 x is us$ = ! same purposes1 b especially = pav+4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! foot-pa?s 9 ! /reets ( ,london are laid ) ?is or ! prec$+4 ,rag-/one is obta9$ f qu>ries on ! banks ( ! ,?ames1 ,m$way1 c4 ,x 0 ! /one *iefly us$ = build+ 9 anci5t ,london1 & a great deal is /ill us$ = pav+4 ,! l[] *alk1 :i* is ( a grey col\r1 & conta9s masses ( fl9t1 0 =m]ly mu* employ$ = build+ 9 ! s\?-we/]n c\nties ( ,engl&2 its good qualities are prov$ by ! p]fect /ate ( _m old *ur*es 9 t "p ( ! k+dom1 :i* are kn[n to be f sev5 to n9e hundr$ ye>s old4 ,x is n[ only sp>+ly us$ 9 f>m-build+ & cottages1 b x is consum$ 9 va/ quantities to burn into lime = mort> & o!r purposes1 & z a manure4 ,belong+ to ! same family ( calc>e\s rocks1 & next 9 utility to ^? we h j enum]at$1 ?\gh f> surpass+ !m 9 beauty & value1 /& ! endless v>ieties ( ,m>bles1 ess5tially *>act]iz$ by _! cry/all9e texture1 sup]ior h>dness1 & by ! abs5ce ( %ells or organic rema9s f\nd s abundantly 9 all o!r lime/ones4 ,! "n ( m>ble is1 h[ev]1 popul>ly giv5 to _m /ones n possess+ ^! *>act]s1 b :i* are h>d en\gh to be susceptible ( a high poli%1 & are ornam5tal :5 s treat$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! f9] k9ds ( real m>ble are only sp>+ly employ$ 9 ! decorative dep>tm5ts ( ar*itecture1 su* z1 = *imney-pieces1 slabs1 he>?s1 capitals ( columns 9 halls1 saloons1 monum5ts1 c4 ,! second>y k9ds are also employ$ = simil> purposes1 b m abundantly4 ,! cold :ite /atu>y m>ble is n adapt$ = out-(-door use 9 our foggy & cl\dy climate1 "u ! influ5ce ( :i* x w\ld soon become d+y & disagreeable1 z is prov$ by ! total failure 9 ! effect ( ! little triumphal ar* erect$ be=e ,buck+ham ,palace4 ,9 ,italy _m anci5t & mod]n edifices are fac$ ) :ite m>ble1 & 9 t cle> & pure atmosph]e !y reta9 ! beauty ( ! mat]ial = ages4 ,! use to :i* ! f9e/ m>bles ( ,greece & ,italy are appli$ 9 sculpture1 is famili> to e "o4 ,! la/ class ( rocks employ$ 9 build+1 9 ^? localities :]e !y occur1 are ! ,s&/ones1 silex1 or fl9t1 9 f9ely-comm9ut$ p>ticles agglut9at$ toge!r1 be+ _! pr9cipal +r$i5t2 !y con/itute excell5t build+-/one1 & are abundantly us$ z su* 9 ! ,we/ ( ,engl&4 ,on ,qu>ry+ ,/one4 ,a qu>ry is an excavation made 9 ! gr\nd1 or among rocks1 = ! purpose ( extract+ /one = build+1 or = sculpture4 ,! "n appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 ! circum/ance t ! /ones1 be=e !y are remov$ to a di/ance1 are fir/ quadrat$1 or =m$ into rectangul> blocks4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z an example ( ! g5]al op]ations ( qu>ry+ build+-/ones4 ,if ! /one be v]tically bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! qu>rym5 fir/ remove ! e>? & surface soil1 & !n dig a p]p5dicul> %aft1 or pit1 to af=d access to ! /one2 b if1 z frequ5tly happ5s1 ! /one be )9 ! flank ( a hill1 or m\nta91 ! qu>rym5 excavate horizontal gall]ies into ! hill1 leav+ pill>s "h & !re to support ! sup]9cumb5t mass4 ,suppos+ a l>ge qu>ry ab\t to be op5$ b5ea? ! soil1 ! e>? is fir/ remov$1 & !n a sort ( inf]ior /one call$ 8rag10 :i* g5]ally lies betwe5 ! soil & ! good /one b5ea?4 ,l>ge masses ( available /one g5]ally consi/ ( di/9ct /rata ly+ close toge!r 9 a k9d ( cem5t$ bulk1 & ! contigu\s surfaces =m+ cleavages1 greatly assi/ ! qu>rym5 9 deta*+ blocks f ! mass4 ,! block is always m easily sep>at$ 9 a direction p>allel to ^! planes ( cleavage ?an 9 any o!r direction1 & ! op]ations are1 !re=e1 guid$ by ?is circum/ance4 ,! workm5 drive a s]ies ( iron w$ges into ! mass ( /one p>allel to ! cleavage-planes2 &1 aft] a few bl[s1 a portion ( ! mass becomes sep>at$ 9 t direction4 ,!y !n measure (f a portion equal to ! int5d$ l5g? & bread? ( ! /one1 & drive _! iron w$ges simil>ly 9 ^! directions1 by :i* ! piece is entirely sev]$ f ! rocky mass4 ,! cleavage-planes v>y int]m9ably 9 direction1 s t ! qu>rym5 h to "w 9 v>i\s positions1 accord+ to ! direction ( /ratification4 ,! op]ations are m easily conduct$ :5 ! cleavage-planes are v]tical1 ?an 9 any o!r direction4 ,aft] ! blocks h be5 sev]$1 !y are br\ght to an irregul>ly squ>e %ape1 by means ( a tool call$ a kevel2 & are f9ally hoi/$ by cranes on to l[ trucks1 & convey$ on tram-ways out ( ! qu>ry2 or else are hoi/$ to ! surface ( ! qu>ry at once1 if ! dep? r5d] t plan necess>y4 ,9 qu>ry+ s&/one1 & ^? rocks :i* consi/ ( regul> lay]s1 ! pick1 ! w$ge1 ! hamm]1 & ! p9*1 or lev]1 are ! *ief tools4 ,b = _m k9ds ( lime/one1 & = gre5/one & basalt1 rec\rse is _h to ! m viol5t & irregul> effects ( gunp[d]4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! primitive rocks1 su* z granite1 gneiss1 & si5ite1 c\ld sc>cely be torn asund] by any o!r means4 ,! great objection to bla/+ by gunp[d] is1 t ! blocks are brok5 irregul>ly1 & mu* ( ! /one is wa/$2 b x has ! advantage ( be+ simple 9 its application1 & p[]ful 9 its effects4 ,! gra9s ( p[d] are sudd5ly conv]t$ into a p]man5tly ela/ic air1 occupy+ ab\t f\r hundr$ & sev5ty-two times m space ?an _! own bulk4 ,! ela/ic fluid exp&s ) a velocity calculat$ at ! rate ( ab\t t5 ?\s& feet p] second2 & its pressure or =ce1 :5 ?us exp&+1 has be5 e/imat$ z equal to "o ?\s& atmosph]es1 t is1 "o ?\s& times great] ?an ! atmosph]ic pressure ^u a base ( ! same ext5t4 ,by apply+ ?is product to a squ>e in*1 ^u :i* ! atmosph]e ex]ts a pressure ( ab\t fifte5 p\nds1 ! ela/ic fluid ( ! gunp[d] w be f\nd1 at ! mom5t ( ! explosion1 to ex]t a =ce equival5t to six tons & a half ^u ! squ>e in* ( surface expos$ to x2 & t ) a velocity :i* ! imag9ation c h>dly foll[4 ,illu/ration ,9 bor+ a rock prep>atory to bla/+1 x is necess>y to consid] ! nature ( ! /one1 & ! incl9ation or dip ( ! /rata1 9 ord] to decide ^u ! diamet]1 ! dep?1 & direction ( ! hole = ! gunp[d]4 ,! diamet] ( ! hole may v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! rock1 f half an in* to two & a half in*es2 & ! dep? f a few in*es to z _m feet2 ! direction may v>y to all ! angles f ! p]p5dicul> to ! horizontal4 ,! tools us$ 9 ?is op]ation are v simple4 ,! *isel1 or jump]1 z x is call$1 v>ies 9 size accord+ to ! "w to be p]=m$1 & its edge is m or less po9t$ to suit ! h>dness ( ! rock to be bor$4 ,if ! hole is to be small & n deep1 x may be bor$ by a s+le p]son2 ) "o h& he manages ! *isel1 :i* he turns at e bl[ s z to cross ! previ\s cut1 & ) ! o!r h& he /rikes x ) a hamm] ( six or eight p\nds' weight1 occasionally cle>+ out ! hole by means ( a scrap]4 ,b :5 ! hole is l>ge & deep1 "o man 9 a sitt+ po/ure directs ! jump]1 p\rs wat] into ! hole1 & occasionally cleans x out1 :ile two or ?ree m51 ) hamm]s ( t5 or twelve p\nds' weight1 /rike successive bl[s ^u ! jump]1 until ! rock is p]=at$ to ! requir$ dep?4 ,to prev5t annoyance to ! workm51 a small rope ( /raw or hemp is twi/$ r\nd ! jump]1 & made to re/ 9 ! orifice ( ! hole4 ,:5 ! holes are to be made to a great] dep? ?an ab\t ?irty in*es1 x is common to use a *isel f six to eight feet 9 l5g?1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 hav+ a bulb\s "p 9 ! middle = ! conv5i5ce ( hold+ x2 x ?us becomes a k9d ( d\ble jump]1 & is us$ )\t a hamm]1 ) ei!r end put into ! hole at pleasure4 ,! workm5 hold+ ?is jump] by ! bulb\s "p1 lift x1 & all[ x to drop into ! hole by its own weight1 & by ?is simple op]ation1 a hole to ! dep? ( five feet & upw>ds is p]=at$ ) ease & exp$ition4 ,:5 ! bor+ is complet$1 ! fragm5ts are c>efully remov$1 & ! hole is made z dry z possible1 :i* is done by fill+ x p>tially ) /iff clay1 & !n driv+ into x a tap]+ iron rod1 call$ ! clay+ b>1 :i* ne>ly fills x4 ,?is1 be+ =c$ 9 ) great viol5ce1 drives ! clay into all ! crevices ( ! rock1 & secures ! dryness ( ! hole4 ,%\ld ?is plan fail1 t9 c>tridges are us$3 ^! are furni%$ ) a /em or tube1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ figure1 ?r\gh :i* ! p[d] may be ignit$4 ,:5 ! hole is dry1 ! p[d] is introduc$1 mix$ sometimes ) quicklime1 :i*1 x is said1 increases ! =ce ( ! explosion4 ,a long iron or copp] rod1 call$ ! prick]1 is !n ins]t$ among/ ! p[d]1 & is aft]w>ds )drawn1 :5 ! prim+ p[d] is introduc$4 ,! hole is fill$ up ) burnt clay1 p\nd$ brick1 /one1 or any o!r sub/ance n likely to produce a sp>k dur+ ! ramm+4 ,?is is call$ ! tamp+4 ,9 fill+ up ! hole1 ! *ief dang] is ! production ( a sp>k among ! mat]ials1 a circum/ance :i* has occasion$ ! mo/ fatal & di/ress+ accid5ts to qu>ri]s4 ,prick]s & ramm]s ( copp]1 or ( bronze1 h be5 employ$1 b _! great] exp5se1 & liability to twi/ & break1 h prev5t$ _! g5]al introduction4 ,illu/ration ,! qu>ri] is1 ( c\rse1 accu/om$ to suppose t ! m firmly he rams 9 ! p[d]1 ! great] w be ! result+ effect4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s prop]ty ( s&1 t x fills up all ! void spaces 9 ! tube or hole1 & = "s rocks entirely sup]s$es ! necessity ( ramm+ & prick+4 ,:5 ! hole is fully *>g$ ) ! p[d] & wadd+1 ! prick] is )drawn1 & ! small tubul> space1 or v5t-hole1 :i* x leaves1 is sometimes fill$ up ) p[d]2 b1 = ! sake ( economy1 x is m common to ins]t /raws fill$ ) p[d]1 & jo9$ toge!r1 s z to rea* ! requir$ dep?4 ,! l[] /raw is "o t]m9at+ 9 ! root "p1 :]e a natural ob/ruction occurs1 or x is artificially /opp$ ) clay to prev5t ! p[d] f be+ lo/4 ,! l[] "p ( ! prim+ /raw is p>$ q ?91 s z to insure ! inflammation ( ! *>ge ( p[d] 9 ! hole4 ,sometimes ! fire is convey$ by means ( ! l>ge & long gre5 ru%es1 :i* gr[ 9 m>%y gr\nd4 ,a slit is made 9 "o side ( ! ru%1 along :i* ! %>p end ( a bit ( /ick is drawn1 s z to extract ! pi?1 :5 ! sk9 ( ! ru% closes aga9 by its own ela/icity4 ,?is tube is fill$ up ) gunp[d]2 x is !n dropp$ into ! v5t-hole1 & made /eady ) a bit ( clay4 ,?is be+ done1 a sl[ mat*1 call$ a smift1 consi/+ g5]ally ( a bit ( s(t pap]1 prep>$ by dipp+ x into a solution ( saltpetre1 is c>efully appli$ to ! prim+ p[d]4 ,:5 ?is mat* is ab\t to be fir$1 ! qu>ri]s usually bl[ a horn or r+ a bell1 to give notice to all ar\nd !m to retire4 ,! explosion commonly takes place 9 ab\t a m9ute2 ! prim+ fir/ explodes1 att5d$ only ) flame2 a %ort int]val ( susp5se commonly ensues2 ! eyes ( ! by/&]s be+ anxi\sly direct$ t[>ds ! spot2 ! rock is in/antly se5 to op51 :5 a %>p report or detonat+ noise takes place1 & num]\s fragm5ts ( /one are obs]v$ to spr+ into ! air1 & fly ab\t 9 all directions1 f amid/ a cl\d ( smoke4 ,! qu>ri] !n returns ) alacrity to ! sc5e ( 8 op]ations4 ,illu/ration ,! accompany+ figure %[s ! plan ( bla/+ ! rock1 & a section ( ! hole ready prep>$ = fir+4 ,! portion ( ! rock to be dislodg$ by ! explosion is t includ$ betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,! *>ge ( p[d] is repres5t$ z fill+ ! bore to ,c1 f :i* po9t to ! top1 ! hole is fill$ up ) tamp+4 ,! smift is repres5t$ at ,d4 ,9 ! ye> #ahca1 a pat5t 0 tak5 out by ,mr4 ,bick=d1 ( ,tuck+ ,mill1 ,cornwall1 = an inv5tion call$ 8! ,m9]'s ,safety ,fuse40 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a m9ute cyl9d] ( gunp[d]1 or o!r suitable explosive mixture1 inclos$ )9 a hemp5 cord1 :i* is fir/ twi/$ 9 a peculi> k9d ( ma*9e1 !n ov]laid to /r5g!n x2 aft]w>ds x is v>ni%$ ) a mixture ( t> & res9 to pres]ve ! p[d] f moi/ure1 & f9ally is coat$ ) :it5+ to prev5t ! v>ni% f /ick+ to ! f+]s1 or ! fuses to "o ano!r4 ,^! fuses are said to h be5 us$ ) good effect1 & to h greatly dim9i%$ ! numb] ( accid5ts4 ,! application ( ,electricity to ! ,bla/+ ( ,rocks4 ,p]haps ! greate/ mod]n improvem5t t has be5 made 9 bla/+ rocks has be5 by ! introduction ( ! galvanic batt]y4 ,x is well kn[n t by clos+ ! circuit ( a voltaic curr5t by means ( ?9 plat9um wire1 or by f9e iron or /eel wire1 ! plat9um becomes r$-hot1 & ! iron or /eel becomes in/antly fus$4 ,all1 !re=e1 t is necess>y is to connect ! two t]m9al wires ( a voltaic batt]y by means ( a f9e wire ( plat9um or iron1 & to bury ?is 9 gunp[d] conta9$ 9 a t9 cani/]1 or a fuse connect$ ) a deposit ( gunp[d]4 ,?is 0 ! me?od adopt$ by ,colonel ,pasley 9 remov+ ! ,royal ,george1 :i* lay sunk at ! bottom ( ! wat] at ,spi!ad4 ,cani/]s ( gunp[d]1 sometimes to ! ext5t ( ?ree ?\s& p\nds' weight1 7 employ$1 & securely deposit$ 9 ! sunk5 vessel1 by workm5 :o desc5d$ 9 ! div+-bell2 ! t]m9al wires ( ! batt]y1 connect$ z above /at$1 hav+ be5 previ\sly ins]t$ 9 ! cani/]s1 & ^! wires be+ ext5d$ to a great di/ance1 ! explosion took place ! in/ant !y 7 connect$ ) ! voltaic batt]y4 ,aft] ! vessel 0 ?us bl[n to pieces by repeat$ explosions1 div]s desc5d$ to cle> away ! wreck1 & to atta* guns1 c41 to *a9s let d[n f a %ip above1 & :i* 7 !n haul$ up by means ( a crane4 ,mr4 ,morgan1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 describes a fuse or c>tridge :i* he has us$ ) success 9 connexion ) ! voltaic batt]y4 ,?is c>tridge is prep>$ by jo9+ two pieces ( clean copp] wire to ! ends ( a f9e /eel wire1 ab\t "o qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 by means ( wax$ silk2 a ?9 piece ( wood is !n splic$ to bo? copp] wires1 to protect ! /eel wire f accid5ts1 & to enable ! mak] to introduce x easily into a quill or small pap] tube1 :i* is to =m ! c>tridge4 ,?is tube is fill$ ) f9e gunp[d]1 & made air & wat]-tight4 ,ano!r piece ( wood is !n atta*$ to ?is arrangem5t1 & "o ( ! copp] wires is b5t ov] s z to =m an angle ) ! /raight wire4 ,:5 x is requir$ to use ?is c>tridge1 ! copp] wires are rubb$ ) s&-pap]1 & twi/$ r\nd ! wires ( ! voltaic batt]y4 ,! c>tridge is !n plac$ deep 9 ! hole made to receive ! gunp[d]1 & ! *>ge is fir$ f any di/ance4 ,mr4 ,morgan f\nd ?is arrangem5t v useful 9 remov+ /umps ( trees2 b "o ( 8 applications ( x 0 curi\s & novel3 he explod$ "s p[d] 9 a pond at ! dep? ( t5 feet1 ) ! batt]y at ! di/ance ( two hundr$ & t5 feet2 ! explosion1 :i* 0 in/antane\s1 _h ! effect ( kill+ a l>ge eel2 & 8,i h no d\bt10 says ,mr4 ,morgan1 8t wild-f[l w yet be kill$ by means ( %ells plac$ at l[-wat] on ! banks :]e !y fe$2 & by means ( long connect+ wires1 ! %ells c be made to explode simultane\sly among ! birds40 ,b ! gr&e/ application ( gunp[d] & ! voltaic batt]y to ! bla/+ ( rocks1 0 made 9 ! mon? ( ,janu>y1 #ahdc1 at ,dov]4 ,x 0 det]m9$ by ^! means to attempt ! removal ( an enorm\s mass ( ! cliff fac+ ! sea1 :i* =m$ an ob/ruction to ! l9e ( railroad4 ,a portion ( ! cliff :i* 0 p5etrat$ by ! tunnel made ?r\gh ,%akspe>e's ,cliff gave way1 ab\t two ye>s previ\sly4 ,ab\t fifty y>ds ( ! tunnel 7 c>ri$ away1 & a cle> space 0 ?us =m$ = ! l9e ( railroad1 ) ! exception ( a project+ po9t1 :i*1 prior to ! slip allud$ to1 0 ! extremity ( ! "p ( ! cliff pi]c$ by ! tunnel1 & to remove :i* 0 ! object ( ! op]ation 9 "q4 ,to cle> away ?is mass by ! t$i\s process ( manual lab\r1 w\ld h co/ above twelve ?\s& p\nds2 & ?is consid]ation1 z well z ! "t t w\ld h be5 lo/1 induc$ ,mr4 ,cubitt1 ! eng9e]1 to try ! bold exp$i5t ( bl[+ x away ) gunp[d]4 8,x _c be d5i$10 rem>ks ,capta9 ,/u>t1 ^: acc\nt ( ?is great eng9e]+ op]ation we foll[1 8t !re 0 app>5t dang] 9 ! und]tak+1 = ! weight ( ! mass to be remov$ 0 e/imat$ at two million tons1 & ! quantity ( p[d] us$ 0 m ?an eight tons1 or eighte5 ?\s& p\nds4 ,! quantity us$ 9 bl[+ up ! =tifications ( ,bhurtpore 0 twelve ?\s& p\nds1 & ?is is said to h be5 ! greate/ explosion t _h ev] previ\sly tak5 place = any s+le specific object40 ,! front ( ! projection 0 ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds wide2 ?is front 0 pi]c$ ) a tunnel ab\t six feet 9 height1 & ?ree 9 bread?2 ?ree %afts1 equidi/ant f ea* o!r1 & f ! entrances to ! tunnel1 7 sunk to ! dep? ( sev5te5 feet1 & gall]ies 7 run1 "o f ea* %aft1 p>allel ) ea* o!r1 & at "r angles ) ! l9e ( ! tunnel4 ,^! gall]ies v>i$ 9 l5g?1 ! longe/ hav+ be5 tw5ty-six feet1 & ! %orte/ twelve feet1 & at _! extremities *amb]s 7 excavat$ 9 a direction p>allel ) ! tunnel4 ,?is description w be ! bett] und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! foll[+ figure4 #a4 ,! tunnel4 #b4 ,! %afts4 #c4 ,! gall]ies4 #d4 ,! *amb]s4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! *amb]s1 ! p[d] 0 deposit$ 9 ?ree ne>ly equal quantities2 x 0 done up 9 fifty-p\nd bags1 & ! proportion 9 ea* *amb] 0 conta9$ 9 a wood5 case1 ne>ly z l>ge z ! *amb] itself4 ,ignition 0 communicat$ by means ( a voltaic batt]y2 ! conduct+ wires1 "o ?\s& feet 9 l5g?1 7 pass$ ov] ! cliff1 "o to ea* *amb]1 & ! electricity 0 communicat$ 9 a %$ built = ! purpose on ! top ( ! cliff1 ab\t fifty y>ds f ! edge4 ,! explosion 0 conduct$ by ,lieut5ant ,hut*9son1 ,r4,e41 :o 0 engag$ ) ,g5]al ,pasley 9 bl[+ up ! wreck ( ! ,royal ,george4 ,! "t appo9t$ = ! explosion to take place1 0 two o'clock ,p4,m41 #bf? ,janu>y1 #ahdc1 ! tide be+ !n at its l[e/ ebb4 ,! arrangem5ts1 to pres]ve ord] & prev5t dang]1 7 good4 ,a space 0 kept cle> by a cordon ( artill]y1 & ! foll[+ programme 0 issu$3-- 8,signals1 ,janu>y #bf1 #ahdc4 8#a/4 ,fifte5 m9utes be=e fir+1 all ! signal flags w be hoi/$4 8#bnd4 ,five m9utes be=e fir+1 "o gun w be fir$1 & all ! flags w be haul$ d[n4 8#crd4 ,"o m9ute be=e fir+1 two guns w be fir$1 & all ! flags 7except t on ! po9t :i* is to be bla/$7 w be hoi/$ up aga940 ,^! signals 7 giv5 exactly at ! specifi$ times1 & :5 ! expect$ mom5t arriv$1 a deep subt]ranean s\nd 0 he>d1 a viol5t commotion 0 se5 at ! base ( ! cliff1 & ! :ole mass slid maje/ically d[n1 =m+ an imm5se dbris at ! bottom4 ,trem5d\s *e]s foll[$ ! bla/1 & a royal salute 0 fir$4 ,! rem>ks ( diff]5t intellig5t obs]v]s1 z to ! effects ( ?is explosion1 w\ld ( c\rse diff] accord+ to _! position ) respect to ! sc5e ( explosion4 ,"o obs]v] /ates t 8! e>? trembl$ to ! di/ance ( half a mile2 a /ifl$ report1 n l\d1 b deep1 0 he>d2 ! base ( ! cliff1 ext5d+ on ei!r h& to upw>ds ( five hundr$ feet1 0 %ot z f a cannon1 f "u ! sup]9cumb5t mass ( *alk seaw>d2 & 9 a few seconds n less ?an a million tons ( *alk 7 dislodg$ by ! %ock1 & settl$ g5tly d[n into ! sea bel[40 ,b ! mo/ em95t obs]v] :o has describ$ ! effects ( ?is explosion is ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 f ^: lett] to ! ,a!num we ga!r ! foll[+ p>ticul>s4 ,8 position 0 on ! summit ( ! cliff1 next adjo9+ ! sc5e ( op]ations1 to ! s\?w>d1 ! ne>e/ po9t to :i* access 0 p]mitt$4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el 0 p>ticul>ly /ruck ) 8! s+ul> & almo/ total abs5ce ( all ^? tumultu\s & noisy manife/ations ( p[]1 :i* might naturally be expect$ to accompany ! explosion ( s enorm\s a quantity 7#ai1jjjlbs47 ( gunp[d]40 ,he describes ! noise :i* accompani$ ! imm$iate explosion z 8a l[ murmur1 la/+ h>dly m ?an half a second1 & s fa9t1 t _h a companion at my elb[ be5 speak+ 9 an ord9>y tone ( voice1 ,i d\bt n x w\ld h pass$ unhe$$40 ,! fall ( ! cliff1 ! ru9s ( :i* ext5d$ ov] no less ?an eighte5 acres ( ! bea*1 to an av]age dep? ( f\rte5 feet1 0 n accompani$ ) any consid]able noise4 8,! entire abs5ce ( smoke 0 ano!r & n less rem>kable feature ( ! ph5om5on4 ,mu* du/1 inde$1 curl$ out at ! bord]s ( ! va/ roll+ & undulat+ mass1 :i* spread itself l a semi-fluid body1 ?9n+ out 9 its progress2 b ?is subsid$ in/antly2 & ( true smoke !re 0 absolutely n a ve/ige4 ,e "p ( ! surface 0 imm$iately & cle>ly se5--! pro/rate flag/aff 7spe$ily re-erect$ 9 ! place ( its fall7--! brok5 turf1 :i* a few seconds be=e _h be5 quietly gr[+ at ! summit ( ! cliff--& e o!r detail ( t ext5sive field ( ru91 7 se5 imm$iately 9 all _! di/9ctness4 ,full 9 ! mid/ ( :at appe>$ ! highe/ "p ( ! exp&+ mass1 :ile yet 9 rapid motion1 my att5tion 0 attract$ by a tumultu\s & some:at upw>d-swell+ motion ( ! e>?1 :5ce ,i fully expect$ to see bur/ =? a volume ( pit*y smoke1 & f :i* my pres5t impression is1 t gas1 purifi$ f c>bonace\s matt] 9 pass+ ?r\gh innum]able fissures ( cold & damp mat]ial1 0 /ill 9 progress ( escape2 b :e!r s or n1 ! rem>k made at ! mom5t is suffici5t to prove ! abs5ce ( any imp$im5t to di/9ct vision40 ,! am\nt ( tremor exp]i5c$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el at ! po9t :]e he 0 /&+ 0 s slight1 t he ?9ks he has felt x surpass$ by a heavy waggon pass+ along a pav$ /reet4 8,! impression1 slight z x 01 0 s+le & brief1 & mu/ h orig9at$ ) ! fir/ %ock ( ! p[d]1 & n f ! subsequ5t & prolong$ ru% ( ! ru9s40 ,we h already notic$ ! rem>k ( "o obs]v]1 t 8! e>? trembl$ to ! di/ance ( half a mile20 b ?is seems to be a mi/ake2 ! writ] fanci$ t x mu/ h be5 s1 & t he %\ld be suspect$ if he 7 to /ate x o!rwise4 ,x is to be regrett$ t p d n endeav\r to describe :at !y see & he>1 )\t ! embelli%m5t ( ! imag9ation4 ,?is gr& exp]im5t 0 no less gr& f ! abs5ce ( noise1 smoke1 e>?quake1 & fragm5ts hurl$ to va/ di/ances ?r\gh ! air4 8,i h n he>d ( a s+le scatt]$ fragm5t fly+ out z a projectile 9 any direction0--cont9ues ,sir ,john ,h]s*el--8& altoge!r ! :ole ph5om5on 0 totally unlike any?+ :i*1 accord+ to ord9>y ideas1 c\ld h be5 suppos$ to arise f ! action ( gunp[d]4 ,/range z x may seem1 ?is contra/ betwe5 ! actual & ! expect$ effects1 gave to ! :ole sc5e a "* r ( sublime composure ?an ( headlong viol5ce--( graceful ease ?an ( /ruggl+ ef=t4 ,h[ quietly1 9 %ort1 ! gigantic p[] employ$ p]=m$ its "w1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact1 t ! op]ators !mselves :o dis*>g$ ! batt]ies 7 n aw>e t !y _h tak5 effect1 b ?\ght ! :ole affair a failure1 until reassur$ by ! %\t :i* hail$ its success40 ,saw+ ! ,/ones = ! ,mason4 ,:atev] may be ! purpose to :i* ! /one is to be appli$1 ! l>g] blocks obta9$ f ! qu>ry mu/ be cut into small] & m manageable pieces2 ?is is done by saw+4 ,! saw us$ is a long blade ( /eel )\t tee?1 fix$ 9 a heavy wood5 frame1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to t :i* holds ! f9] spr+-saws employ$ by cab9et-mak]s4 ,! /one-saw1 f its great size1 h[ev]1 requires a m p[]ful contrivance = draw+ x to ! prop] degree ( t5sion3 ?is consi/s ( a long screw-bolt fix$ to a piece ( *a91 :i* hooks ov] "o ( ! upright arms ( ! frame2 a simil> *a9 f ! o!r c>ries a swivel-jo9t ) a screw-nut to receive ! screw3 by turn+ ! swivel by a lev]1 ! nut on ! screw draws up or tight5s ! *a9s1 & t draws ! blade tight1 :i* is conta9$ betwe5 ! o!r ends ( ! arms4 ,^! huge saws are work$ by "o or two m51 :o1 9 ,london /one-y>ds1 sit 9 wat*-boxes1 9 ord] to be %elt]$ f ! sun & ra94 ,b>rels fill$ ) wat]1 :i* is all[$ to drop out at a tap1 are m\nt$ on ! block ( /one1 s t ! wat] may drip into ! cut & facilitate ! motion ( ! saw by remov+ "s ( ! friction1 z well z prev5t x becom+ hot1 & s los+ its temp] by ! same cause4 ,9 "s l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 ! saw+ is effect$ by ma*9]y4 ,! block is fix$ 9 a prop] position1 & a gr\p ( saws br\ght to act on x4 ,^! saws are all arrang$ p>allel1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! pieces into :i* ! /one is to be cut2 & a /eam-eng9e be+ br\ght to be> on ! :ole gr\p1 ! cutt+ is effect$ ) great rapidity4 ,! ,processes ( ,/one-,masonry4 ,:5 ! /one is saw$ to ! prop] size1 ! surfaces :i* are expos$ to view1 h to be made smoo? & ev54 ,! tools us$ by ! mason = ?is purpose consi/ ( iron *isels ( diff]5t wid?s1 & pr9cipally ( a %>p-po9t$ "o call$ a po9t]2 ^! *isels are /ruck ) a mallet made ( a conical-=m$ lump ( h>d wood1 fix$ to a %ort h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,/one-,sawy]4 ,! po9t] is us$ = *ipp+ (f ! pr9cipal r\ghnesses on ! face & edges1 & = work+ ! :ole face ov] to br+ x level1 ! workman try+ 8 "w by apply+ a /raight-edge occasionally to x4 ,:5 ! front & edges are made true1 ! face is sometimes tool$ ov]1 s z to leave regul> furr[s 9 x1 accord+ to c]ta9 =ms1 by :i* ! diff]5t k9ds ( "w are di/+ui%$4 ,b ?is practice is go+ out ( use1 n[ t s(t free-/one is s mu* employ$ 9 build+4 ,9 old edifices1 su* z ,/4 ,paul's1 ,:itehall1 c41 c41 ! /one w be f\nd to be wr\ght on its face 9 ! mann] allud$ to4 ,/ones 9 build+s are n only fix$ ) mort>1 z bricks are1 b are fur!r secur$ 9 _! places by be+ clamp$ toge!r ) iron clamps4 ,^! are %ort iron b>s1 f sev5 to twelve in*es long1 "o & a half wide1 & half an in* ?ick1 accord+ to ! size ( ! /one2 ! ends ( ! clamps be+ turn$ d[n a little1 to af=d a bett] hold4 ,a *annel is cut 9 ! two contigu\s /ones deep en\gh = ! clamp to lie 91 & ! ends ( ! *annel are sunk deep]1 to receive ! turn$-d[n ends ( ! clamp2 :5 ?is is put into ! *annel1 molt5 lead is p\r$ 9 to fill up ! int]/ices1 to keep ! clamp 9 its place1 & to prev5t x f ru/+4 ,f ! exp5se ( c>ry+ & work+ /one1 ! walls ( build+s at a di/ance f a qu>ry1 su* = example z ^? 9 ,london1 are seldom n[ built ( solid /one1 b a fac+ ( ?is mat]ial is appli$ only on ! ext]nal surface ( ! wall1 :i* is built ( brick4 ,?is k9d ( "w is call$ a%l] "w1 & bo? ! brick & /one-"w mu/ be execut$ ) consid]able c>e1 to enable a wall compos$ ( two mat]ials to pres]ve its p]p5dicul>ity2 x be+ obvi\s1 t if ! brick "p yield$ to ! weight1 x mu/1 f its con/ruction1 d s m ?an ! /one fac+1 &1 !re=e1 ! wall w\ld b5d inw>ds & become crippl$4 ,! wid? ( ! c\rses ( a%l]s mu/1 !re=e1 be made equal exactly to a c]ta9 numb] ( c\rses ( bricks ) ! int]v5+ mort>1 & ! brick-"w mu/ be execut$ ) su* c>e1 t ?is numb] ( c\rses may be ev]y:]e ( ! same wid? 9 ! :ole height ( ! wall4 ,9 e c\rse ( a%l] !re mu/ be solid /ones laid q1 or ne>ly q1 across ! wid? ( ! wall to =m a bond to ! /one fac+1 & all ! /ones ( ! a%l] mu/ be fix$ ) iron cramps to "o ano!r & to ^! bond-/ones4 ,b1 h[ev] c>efully a fac$ wall may be execut$1 x is nev] s firm or durable z "o built entirely ( ei!r mat]ial2 inde$1 if well execut$1 ( good mat]ials1 & ( compet5t ?ickness 9 proportion to its height1 a brick wall is ! mo/ durable1 light1 & effici5t /ructure t c be erect$4 ,:5 /one is to be cut into cornices1 m\ld+s1 c41 ! blocks hav+ be5 saw$1 ! ends1 top & bottom1 are work$ v true & p>allel1 or p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1 & "o edge or arris cut to a p]fectly /raight l9e2 a ?9 wood5 m\ld ( ! section ( ! cornice is !n appli$ to ea* end1 & ! pr(ile ( ! m\ld+s m>k$ out on ! /one4 ,! workman be+ guid$ by ?is figure1 cuts away ! /one d[n to ! g5]al surface ( ! m\ld+s1 & !n proce$s to get ! flat fillets ( ! m\ld+s p]fectly /raight & true by ! rule2 ^! aga9 guide him 9 work+ ! curv$ m\ld+s1 su* z ovolos1 cavettos1 cyma rectas1 & ogees2 :5 ^! are cut ne>ly to _! pr(ile1 & p]fectly /raight on ! b$ l9e1 !y are f9i%$ (f by be+ rubb$ d[n smoo? by ?9 long /raight-edges ( /one4 ,foliage & c>v$ "w is execut$ by a bett] k9d ( workman1 possess+ "s ( ! ta/e ( an arti/1 & he works on ! same g5]al pr9ciples z a sculptor :5 execut+ a /atue2 x w\ld be =eign to our pres5t object1 !re=e1 to dwell on ?is bran* ( ! mason's art4 ,x (t51 or ev5 mo/ commonly occurs1 t ! di/ance betwe5 two columns ( a portico1 is ( great] l5g? ?an a /one c be obta9$1 & if ! ar*itrave1 or t "p ( ! entablature imm$iately ov] ! capitals ( ! columns1 be look$ at att5tively1 a /one w be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! columns app>5tly unsupport$1 = nei!r end re/s on ! column1 & ! jo9ts ( ^? ends are upright1 n pres5t+ any "* ( a v\ssoir-/one or ar*4 ,! contrivance by :i* su* an ar*itrave /one is support$ des]ves to be describ$4 ,illu/ration ,! /one 9 "q has a project+ "p1 wr\ght at ea* end1 ( ! =m %[n 9 ! annex$ figure2 ?is projection is receiv$ into a correspond+ cavity1 cut 9 ! end ( ! /one support$ by ! column1 & ! jo9t is ?us really an ar*$ or w$ge-%ap$ "o1 ?\gh ! bevel l9e is conceal$1 & ! two /ones1 :5 put toge!r1 pres5t only a v]tical jo9t4 ,! mason uses squ>es1 levels1 plumb-l9es1 & /raight-edges to set out 8 "w1 & tr[els & mort> to set ! /ones )2 b ! latt] is r us$ to make ! jo9ts wat]-tight ?an to keep ! /ones toge!r1 ?is be+ effect$ by _! weight or by iron clamp+4 ,=m]ly ! mason requir$ f> m accurate & ext5sive k ( geometry ?an is possess$ by p]sons ( ! trade at pres5t2 ?is 0 :5 he 0 call$ on to con/ruct gro9$ & vault$ ro(s1 enri*$ ) c>v$ "w & p5d5t corbels1 :]e ! nice/ workman%ip 0 requir$1 to ensure ! /ability ( ! light & graceful columns & vault+ ( a ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,x 0 ?is possession ( sup]ior skill & k t caus$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,society ( ,freemasons1 :i* dates its rise f ! t5? or elev5? c5tury4 ,m>ble1 f its co/l9ess1 & ! difficulty ( work+ x1 is seldom1 if ev]1 us$ 9 solid pieces 9 build+s2 ?9 fac+s ( x are set ^u /one back+s1 mu* z r>e woods are us$ 9 v5e]+ by ! cab9et-mak]4 ,! m>ble is sawn into ?9 slabs1 l o!r /one1 & ! face is poli%$ by rubb+ on x ! surface ( ano!r piece1 f9e s&1 mix$ up ) wat]1 be+ us$ to cause abrasion4 ,v>i\s contrivances are resort$ to = cutt+ m>ble1 & build+-/ones g5]ally1 into curv$ =ms4 ,9 "s cases a lev] is made to "w at "o end on a pivot1 :ile at ! o!r end is atta*$ a curv$ piece ( %eet-iron1 :i* pass+ backw>ds & =w>ds ov] ! /one1 cuts x 9 a circul> =m4 ,9 o!r cases a cyl9d] ( %eet-iron is =m$2 & ?is be+ all[$ to fall v]tically on ! surface ( ! /one1 & rotat$ rapidly1 cuts out a piece ( /one ( ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]4 ,sometimes1 :5 a l>ge circul> piece ( /one is requir$1 a k9d ( :eel is employ$1 furni%$ on its "u surface ) f\r curv$ cutt+-irons1 & ^! cutt]s1 :5 ! :eel revolves1 cut ! /one4 ,by a modification ( ! arrangem5ts1 an oval in/ead ( a circul> curve may be giv5 to ! piece ( /one4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,durability ,,( ,,/one ,,build+s4 ,on ! ,*oice ( a ,/one = ,build+ ,purposes4 8,ev]y?+ belong+ to ! e>?1 :e!r 9 its primitive /ate1 or modifi$ by human h&s1 is submitt$ to c]ta9 & innum]able laws ( de/ruction1 z p]man5t & univ]sal z ^? :i* produce ! planet>y motions4 ,! op]ations ( nature1 :5 sl[1 are no less sure2 h[ev] man may = a "t usurp dom9ion ov] h]1 %e is c]ta9 ( recov]+ h] empire4 ,he conv]ts h] rocks1 h] /ones1 h] trees1 into =ms ( palaces1 h\ses1 & %ips2 he employs ! metals f\nd 9 ! bosom ( ! e>? z in/rum5ts ( p[]1 & ! s&s & clays :i* con/itute its surface z ornam5ts & res\rces ( luxury2 he imprisons air by wat]1 & tortures wat] by fire to *ange1 to modify1 or de/roy ! natural =ms ( ?+s4 ,b 9 "s lu/rums 8 works beg9 to *ange1 & 9 a few c5turies !y decay & are 9 ru9s2 & 8 mighty temples1 fram$1 z x 71 = div9e purposes1 & 8 bridges =m$ ( granite1 & ribb$ ) iron1 & 8 walls = def5ce1 & ! spl5did monum5ts by :i* he has endeav\r$ to give et]nity ev5 to its p]i%able rema9s1 are gradually de/roy$2 & ^! /ructures :i* h resi/$ ! waves ( ! ocean1 ! tempe/ ( ! sky1 & ! /roke ( ! lightn+1 %all yield to ! op]ation ( ! dews ( heav51 ( fro/1 ra91 vap\r1 & imp]ceptible atmosph]ic influ5ces2 & z ! worm dev\rs ! l9eam5ts ( 8 mortal beauty1 s ! li*5s & ! moss1 & ! mo/ insignificant plants1 %all fe$ ^u 8 columns & 8 pyramids1 & ! mo/ humble & insignificant insect %all und]m9e & sap ! f\ndations ( 8 colossal works1 & make _! habitations among/ ! ru9s ( 8 palaces1 & ! fall+ seats ( 8 e>?ly glory40#a ,al?\gh x is true t all human works mu/ decay1 yet x is a po9t ( great importance to ourselves & our successors :e!r t decay be sl[ or spe$y4 ,! causes enum]at$ 9 ! above eloqu5t passage1 ?\gh sure1 are exce$+ly sl[ 9 _! action1 & provid$ ! build+ mat]ials h be5 select$ ) ref]5ce z well to _! durability z to _! beauty1 ! result+ /ructure may defy ! corrod+ too? ( "t = _m ages1 & we may ?us transmit to a long po/]ity1 la/+ memorials ( our wisdom & sci5ce1 z well z ( our piety4 ,mod]n sci5ce has1 to a v great ext5t1 enabl$ ! ar*itect & build] to det]m9e be=eh& :at is ! durability ( any giv5 /one2 & x is ) great pleasure t we n[ notice ! ext5sive inquiry made at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,b>ry1 ! ar*itect ( ! new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 "u ! ,commission issu$ by ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t1 to inve/igate ! qualities ( /one 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! k+dom1 9 ord] to select t :i* %\ld be/ ensure p]petuity to ?is gr& national monum5t4 ,?is commission1 consi/+ ( ,mr4 ,b>ry1 ,sir ,h4 ,t4 ,de la ,be*e1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,smi?1 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,smi?1 visit$ "o hundr$ & five qu>ries1 & exam9$ "o hundr$ & sev5ty-five edifices2 & _! collect$ specim5s 7 !n submitt$ to te/s1 bo? me*anical & *emical1 by ,pr(essors ,daniell & ,:eat/one1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,9 ord] to leave a p]man5t record ( _! lab\rs1 ! ,commission]s publi%$ a ,report1 & deposit$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,economic ,geology1 a v>iety ( specim5s ( ! /ones :i* !y _h collect$4 ,f ?is ,report1 we select su* details z are calculat$ to s]ve ! purposes ( popul> in/ruction4 ,! ,commission]s did n consid] x necess>y to ext5d _! inquiries to granites1 porphyries1 & o!r /ones ( simil> "*1 on acc\nt ( ! enorm\s exp5se ( conv]t+ !m to build+ purposes 9 decorat$ edifices1 & f a conviction t an equally durable1 & 9 o!r respects m eligible mat]ial1 c\ld be obta9$ = ! object 9 view f among ! lime/ones or s&/ones ( ! k+dom4 ,! ,commission]s soon _h /rik+ pro(s ( ! necessity & importance ( ?is inquiry 9 ! lam5table effects ( decomposition obs]vable 9 ! great] "p ( ! lime/one employ$ at ,ox=d2 9 ! magnesian lime/ones ( ! ,m9/]1 *ur*es1 & o!r public edifices at ,york2 & 9 ! s&/ones ( :i* ! *ur*es & o!r public build+s at ,d]by & ,newca/le are con/ruct$2 & num]\s o!r examples4 ,! unequal /ate ( pres]vation ( _m build+s1 (t5 produc$ by ! v>i$ quality ( ! /one employ$ 9 !m1 al?\gh x may h be5 tak5 f ! same qu>ry1 %[$ ! propriety ( a m9ute exam9ation ( ! qu>ries !mselves1 9 ord] to ga9 a prop] k ( ! p>ticul> b$s f :5ce ! diff]5t v>ieties h be5 obta9$4 ,an inspection ( qu>ries 0 also desirable = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ _! p[] ( supply1 & o!r important matt]s2 = x frequ5tly happ5s1 t ! be/ /one 9 qu>ries is (t5 neglect$1 or only p>tially work$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! co/ ( lay+ b>e1 & remov+ ^? b$s ) :i* x may be associat$2 :5ce x happ5s1 t ! inf]ior mat]ial is 9 su* cases suppli$4 ,/one build+s decay m rapidly 9 t[ns ?an 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 :]e d5se smoke1 fogs1 & vap\rs1 :i* act injuri\sly on build+s1 d n exi/4 ,!re is also ano!r curi\s cause :i* contributes to ! durability ( /one build+s situat$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! /one becomes cov]$ ) m9ute li*5s1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 !mselves decompos+ ag5ts1 act ) extreme sl[ness1 & :5 once firmly e/abli%$ ov] ! entire surface ( ! /one1 seem to ex]cise a protective influ5ce1 by def5d+ ! surface f ! m viol5t de/ructive ag5ts2 :]eas1 9 popul\s smoky t[ns1 ^! li*5s are prev5t$ f =m+1 & ?us ! /one is expos$ to sev]] trials ?an /one ( ! same k9d situat$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,z a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( durability 9 ! same mat]ial1 subject$ to ! effects ( ! air 9 t[n & c\ntry1 ! appe>ance is notic$ ( sev]al fru/a ( columns1 & o!r blocks ( /one1 t 7 qu>ri$ at ! "t ( ! erection ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ,london1 & :i* are n[ ly+ 9 ! ,isle ( ,portl&1 ne> ! qu>ries f :5ce !y 7 obta9$4 ,^! blocks are inv>iably f\nd to be cov]$ ) li*5s1 &1 al?\gh !y h be5 expos$ to all ! vicissitudes ( a m>9e atmosph]e = m ?an "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 !y /ill exhibit b5ea? ! li*5s _! orig9al =m1 ev5 to ! m>ks ( ! *isel employ$ ^u !m2 :il/ ! /one :i* 0 tak5 f ! same qu>ries1 7select$ no d\bt ) equal1 if n great] c>e1 ?an ! blocks allud$ to17 & plac$ 9 ! ,ca!dral itself1 is1 9 ^? p>ts :i* are expos$ to ! s\? & s\?-we/ w9ds1 f\nd1 9 "s in/ances1 to be fa/ m\ld]+ away4 ,col\r is m important 9 ! selection ( a build+-/one to be situat$ 9 a popul\s & smoky t[n1 ?an = "o to be plac$ 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 :]e all edifices become cov]$ ) li*5s2 =1 al?\gh 9 su* t[ns1 ^? fronts :i* are n expos$ to ! prevail+ w9ds & ra9s1 w soon become black5$1 ! rema9d] ( ! build+ w con/antly exhibit a t9t dep5d+ ^u ! natural col\r ( ! /one4 ,! *emical action ( ! atmosph]e produces a *ange 9 ! entire matt] ( ! lime/ones1 & 9 ! cem5t+ sub/ance ( s&/ones1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( surface expos$ to x4 ,! p>ticles ( ! /one fir/ loos5$ by ! action ( fro/ are remov$ by p[]ful w9ds & driv+ ra9s4 ,! build+s 9 ?is climate 7 g5]ally f\nd to suff] ! greate/ am\nt ( decomposition on _! s\?1 s\?-we/1 & we/ fronts1 aris+ d\btless f ! preval5ce ( w9ds & ra9s f ^? qu>t]s4 ,^? build+s :i* are highly decorat$1 su* z ! *ur*es ( ! ,norman & po9t$ /yles ( ar*itecture1 g5]ally af=d a m sev]e te/ ( ! durability ( a build+-/one1 ?an ! m simple & less decorat$ ca/les ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies2 because1 9 ! =m] class ( build+s1 ! /one is work$ into m disadvantage\s =ms ?an 9 ! latt]1 z reg>ds exposure to ! effects ( ! wea!r4 ,build+s 9 a /ate ( ru91 f be+ depriv$ ( _! ord9>y protection ( ro(+1 glaz+ ( w9d[s1 c41 af=d an equally sev]e te/ ( ! durability ( ! /one employ$ 9 !m4 ,! durability ( v>i\s build+-/ones 9 p>ticul> localities 0 e/imat$ by exam9+ ! condition ( ! neighb\r+ build+s con/ruct$ ( !m4 ,among s&/one build+s 0 notic$ ! rema9s ( ,eccle/one ,abbey1 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ne> ,b>n>d ,ca/le1 con/ruct$ ( a /one closely resembl+ t ( ! ,/5ton qu>ry1 9 ! vic9ity1 9 :i* ! m\ld+s & o!r decorations 7 9 excell5t condition4 ,! circul> keep ( ,b>n>d ,ca/le1 app>5tly also built ( ! same mat]ial1 is 9 f9e pres]vation4 ,t9t]n ,abbey is notic$ z a s&/one edifice1 t has to a consid]able ext5t resi/$ decomposition4 ,"s portions ( ,:itby ,abbey are fa/ yield+ to ! effects ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! old] portions ( ,ripon ,ca!dral2 ,rievaulx ,abbey2 & ! ,norman keep ( ,ri*mond ,ca/le1 9 ,york%ire1 are all examples ( s&/one build+s1 9 tol]ably fair pres]vation4 ,( s&/one edifices 9 an advanc$ /ate ( decomposition1 are enum]at$ ,durham ,ca!dral1 ! *ur*es at ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 ,c>lisle ,ca!dral1 ,kirk/all ,abbey1 & ,f\nta9's ,abbey4 ,! s&/one *ur*es ( ,d]by are also extremely decompos$2 & ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]1 at ,%aftsbury1 is 9 su* a /ate ( decay1 t "s portions ( ! build+ are only prev5t$ f fall+ by means ( iron ties4 ,! *oir ( ,s\?well ,*ur*1 ( ! twelf? c5tury1 af=ds an in/ance ( ! durability ( a magnesio-calcif]\s s&/one aft] long exposure to ! influ5ces ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! ,norman portions ( ?is *ur* are also con/ruct$ ( magnesian lime/one1 simil> to t ( ,bolsov] ,moor1 & :i* are ?r\gh\t 9 a p]fect /ate1 ! m\ld+s & c>v$ enri*m5ts be+ z %>p z :5 fir/ execut$4 ,! foll[+ build+s1 also ( magnesian lime/one1 are ei!r 9 p]fect pres]vation1 or exhibit only slight traces ( decay3 ! keep ( ,kon+sburgh ,ca/le2 ! *ur* at ,hem+bor\gh1 ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 ,tickhill ,*ur*1 ( ! same date2 ,huddle/one ,hall1 ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 ,ro*e ,abbey1 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! magnesian lime/one build+s :i* 7 f\nd 9 a m advanc$ /ate ( decay1 7 ! *ur*es at ,york1 & a l>ge portion ( ! ,m9/]1 ,h[d5 ,*ur*1 ,donca/] ,old ,*ur*1 & build+s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\nty1 _m ( :i* are s mu* decompos$1 t ! m\ld+s1 c>v+s1 c41 are (t5 entirely effac$4 ,! report speaks 9 high t]ms ( ! pres]vation ( build+s con/ruct$ ( oolitic & o!r lime/ones2 su* are ,byl& ,abbey1 ( ! twelf? c5tury2 ,s&ysfoot ,ca/le1 ne> ,weym\?1 con/ruct$ ( ,portl& oolite 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?2 ,b[-&-,arr[ ,ca/le1 & ! neighb\r+ ru9s ( a *ur* ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 ! isl& ( ,portl&4 ,! oolite 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ba? does n seem to we> well4 ,! excell5t condition ( ! p>ts :i* rema9 ( ,gla/onbury ,abbey %[s ! value ( a %elly lime/one simil> to t ( ,d\lt+2 :il/ ! /one employ$ 9 ,wells ,ca!dral1 app>5tly ( ! same k9d1 & n select$ ) equal c>e1 is 9 p>ts decompos$4 ,9 ,salisbury ,ca!dral1 built ( /one f ,*ilm>k1 we h evid5ce ( ! g5]al durability ( a silicif]\s lime/one2 =1 al?\gh ! we/ front has some:at yield$ to ! effects ( ! atmosph]e1 ! excell5t condition ( ! build+ g5]ally is mo/ /rik+4 ,! mat]ials employ$ 9 ! public build+s ( ,ox=d1 af=d a m>k$ in/ance bo? ( decomposition & durability2 = :il/ a %elly oolite1 simil> to t ( ,taynton1 :i* is employ$ 9 ! expos$ p>ts ( ! m anci5t p>ts ( ! ,ca!dral1 9 ,morton ,college ,*apel1 c41 is g5]ally 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 a calc>e\s /one f ,h$d+ton1 employ$ 9 ne>ly all ! colleges1 *ur*es1 & o!r public build+s1 is 9 su* a deplorable /ate ( decay z1 9 "s in/ances1 to h caus$ all traces ( ar*itectural decoration to disappe>1 & ! a%l] itself to be1 9 _m places1 deeply dis9tegrat$4 ,9 ,sp(=? ,ca/le1 two mat]ials1 a magnesian lime/one & a s&/one1 h be5 employ$1 ! =m] 9 ! decorat$ p>ts1 & ! latt] = ! a%l]1 & al?\gh bo? h be5 equally expos$1 ! magnesian lime/one has rema9$ z p]fect 9 =m z :5 fir/ employ$1 :ile ! s&/one has suff]$ consid]ably f ! effects ( decomposition4 ,9 ,*ep/[ ,ca/le a magnesian lime/one is 9 f9e pres]vation1 & a r$ s&/one rapidly decay+4 ,a simil> result 0 obs]v$ 9 ,bri/ol ,ca!dral1 :i* af=d$ a curi\s in/ance ( ! effects ( us+ diff]5t mat]ials2 = a yell[ lime/one & a r$ s&/one h be5 indiscrim9ately employ$ bo? = ! pla9 & ! decorat$ p>ts ( ! build+2 n only is ! appe>ance unsightly1 b ! ar*itectural effect ( ! edifice is also mu* impair$ by ! unequal decomposition ( ! two mat]ials4 ,aft] enum]at+ ^! & o!r examples1 ! ,report gives ! pref]5ce to ! lime/ones1 on acc\nt ( _! m g5]al uni=mity ( t9t1 _! comp>atively homog5e\s /ructure1 & ! facility & economy ( _! conv]sion to build+ purposes2 &1 ( ?is class1 pref]5ce is giv5 to ^? :i* are mo/ cry/all9e4 ,pr(essor ,daniell is ( op9ion t ! ne>] ! magnesian lime/ones approa* to equival5t proportions ( c>bonate ( lime & c>bonate ( magnesia1 ! m cry/all9e & bett] !y are 9 e respect4 ,x 0 consid]$ t ?is cry/all9e "*1 toge!r ) durability1 z in/anc$ 9 ,s\?well ,*ur*1 c42 uni=mity 9 /ructure2 facility & economy 9 conv]sion2 & advantage 9 col\r1 7 all compris$ 9 ! magnesian lime/one1 or dolomite ( ,bolsov]#b ,moor & its neighb\rhood1 & 0 accord+ly recomm5d$ z ! mo/ fit & prop] mat]ial to be employ$ 9 ! ,new ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4#c ,?is op9ion 0 n arriv$ at1 nor ?is recomm5dation made1 until aft] a v ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts _h be5 complet$ by ,pr(essors ,daniell & ,:eat/one ^u specim5s ( ! /ones ( ! v>i\s qu>ries visit$ by ! ,commission]s4 ,! specim5s1 z deliv]$ to ^! g5tlem51 7 9 ! =m ( two-in* cubes4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 ( a mo/ compreh5sive k9d4 ,! composition ( ! /ones 0 det]m9$ by *emical analysis3--_! specific gravities2 _! weights aft] hav+ be5 p]fectly dri$ by exposure 9 heat$ air = sev]al days2 !n _! weights aft] hav+ be5 imm]s$ 9 wat] = sev]al days s z to become saturat$2 ! object be+ to asc]ta9 ! absorb5t p[]s ( ! /ones1 :i* 0 fur!r te/$ by plac+ !m 9 wat] "u ! exhau/$ receiv] ( an air-pump4 ,! /ones 7 also subject$ to ! process ( dis9tegration1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,br>d1 ! object ( :i* is to det]m9e1 by easy exp]im5ts1 :e!r a build+-/one w or w n resi/ ! action ( fro/4 ,la/ly1 ! cohesive /r5g? ( ea* specim51 or its resi/ance to pressure1 0 te/$ by ! weight requir$ to cru% x4 ,?is weight 0 furni%$ by a hydro/atic press1 ! pump ( :i* 0 "o in* 9 diamet]3 "o p\nd at ! end ( ! pump lev] produc$ a pressure on ! surface ( ! cube equal to #bec cwt41 or to #gajf lbs4 on ! squ>e in*4 ,^! trials 7 made ) caution2 ! weight on ! lev] 0 successively increas$ by a s+le p\nd2 &1 9 ord] to ensure a gradual action1 a m9ute 0 all[$ to elapse previ\s to ! application ( ea* additional weight4 ,x 0 not$ = ea* specim5 ! pressure at :i* ! /one began to crack1 & also ! pressure at :i* x 0 cru%$4 ,! results ( all ^! exp]im5ts 7:i* are /at$ = ea* /one7 gave a decid$ pref]5ce to ! ,bolsov] magnesian lime/one1 :i* 0 notic$ z be+ rem>kable = its peculi>ly beautiful cry/all9e /ructure1 :ile x 0 ! heavie/ & /ronge/ ( all ! specim5s1 & absorb$ lea/ wat]4 ,its composition 0 #ej p] c5t4 ( c>bonate ( lime1 & #dj ( c>bonate ( magnesia2 ! rema9+ t5 p>ts consi/+ *iefly ( silica & alum9a4 ,an easy ,me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r a ,/one w resi/ ! ,action ( ,fro/4 ,9 ! *oice ( a /one = build+ purposes1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to be able to det]m9e1 by a few prompt & easy exp]im5ts1 :e!r ! propos$ /one is capable ( resi/+ ! de/ructive action ( moi/ure & fro/4 ,! means ( asc]ta9+ ?is 7 difficult & unc]ta91 until ,m4 ,br>d1 sev]al ye>s ago1 communicat$ 8 me?od to ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,p>is4 ,?is le>n$ body hav+ appo9t$ a ,committee ( _! own memb]s to inquire into ! m]its ( ,m4 ,br>d's process1 & to make a report !reon1 ! unit$ te/imony ( eng9e]s1 ar*itects1 masons1 & build]s f diff]5t p>ts ( ,france1 0 receiv$1 & prov$ s fav\rable z to its m]its & simplicity1 t ! ,committee recomm5d$ ! plan to public notice & g5]al adoption4 ,f _! ,report we select a few details1 :i* hi!rto1 we believe1 h n appe>$ 9 ,engli%4 ,:5 wat] is conv]t$ into ice an increase 9 bulk sudd5ly takes place ) su* amaz+ =ce t x appe>s to be almo/ irresi/ible4 ,?is is ! =ce :i* cracks our wat]-bottles & ew]s2 splits asund] ! trees ( our =e/s2 & de/roys "s ( ! /ones ( our build+s4 ,b ! action ( fro/ ^u /one is v gradual2 x is conf9$ to ! surface1 & :5 we see a lay] ( /one sep>at$ f ! rock or ! build+1 we see ! result ( ! action ( ! fro/ dur+ sev]al successive w9t]s1 :]eby ! fragm5t is gradually ?ru/ out ( its p]p5dicul> position1 & at l5g? falls4 ,?is natural process is repeat$ 9 our build+s3 we r>ely see squ>$ /ones split into l>ge fragm5ts by ! action ( fro/ except !re be a cavity ( "s consid]able size1 9 :i* a quantity ( wat] c be collect$4 ,! usual action ( ! fro/ is at ! surface1 :i* is de/roy$ by ! *ipp+ (f ( small fragm5ts 9 consequ5ce ( ! adhesion ( ! mat]ials ( ! /one be+ p>tially de/roy$4 ,all /ones absorb wat] 9 great] or less quantities1 & !re is no rock t does n conta9 "s humidity4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 /ones :i* is n[ to be consid]$ is 9 _! p[] ( resi/+ fro/4 ,/ones ( ! same k9d1 nay1 /ones f diff]5t p>ts ( ! same qu>ry1 are act$ ^u v diff]5tly by fro/2 =1 :ile "o /one soon beg9s to %[ ! de/ructive effects ( its action1 ano!r rema9s un9jur$ dur+ _m c5turies4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be conv5i5t to call ^? /ones1 ( :atev] k9d1 :i* )/& ! action ( fro/1 resi/ant1 & ^? :i* yield to its action1 non-resi/ant4 ,m4 ,br>d's fir/ idea1 9 ord] to te/ ^! resi/ant prop]ties 9 build+-/ones1 01 to saturate ! /one ) wat]1 & !n expose x to cold artificially produc$2 b ?is 0 f\nd to be impracticable on a l>ge scale1 & ! freez+ mixtures & o!r means ( produc+ cold 7 liable to act *emically ^u ! /one1 & ?us produce o!r effects ?an ^? ( cold4 ,m4 ,br>d 0 !n l$ to comp>e wat] ) ^? num]\s solutions ( ! *emi/1 :i*1 "u c]ta9 modes ( treatm5t1 cry/allize4 ,! expansive =ce ( salts 9 cry/alliz+ is v great1 & he saw no reason :y wat] %\ld n be reg>d$ z a cry/all9e salt simil> 9 its nature to ^? sal9e bodies :i* effloresce at ! surfaces ( /ones1 & 9 "t de/roy !m & ev5 r$uce !m to p[d]4 ,he !re=e tri$1 9 a v l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts1 ! action ^u build+-/ones ( solutions ( nitre1 ( common salt1 ( ,epsom salts1 ( c>bonate & sulphate ( soda1 ( alum & ( sulphate ( iron1 & f\nd t ! /ones crack$ & *ipp$1 & 9 _m cases behav$ precisely 9 ! same way z :5 "u ! influ5ce ( freez+ wat]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! trials1 sulphate ( soda 7,glaub]'s salts7 0 f\nd to be ! mo/ en]getic & active1 & to be ! be/ expon5t ( ! action ( freez+ wat]4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to det]m9e promptly if a /one be resi/ant or non-resi/ant1 ! foll[+ process 0 adopt$4 ,a saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( soda 0 made 9 cold wat]2 ! solution be+ put into a conv5i5t vessel1 ! /one 0 imm]s$1 & ! solution boil$ dur+ half an h\r3 ! /one 0 !n tak5 out1 & plac$ 9 a plate conta9+ a little ( ! solution4 ,x 0 !n left 9 a cool ap>tm5t1 9 ord] to facilitate ! effloresc5ce ( ! salt ) :i* ! /one 0 n[ impregnat$4 ,at ! end ( ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! /one 0 cov]$ ) a sn[y effloresc5ce1 & ! liquid _h disappe>$ ei!r by evaporation or by absorption4 ,! /one 0 !n spr9kl$ g5tly ) cold wat] until all ! sal9e p>ticles disappe>$ f ! surface4 ,aft] ?is fir/ wa%+ ! surfaces ( ! /one 7 cov]$ ) deta*$ gra9s1 scales1 & angul> fragm5ts1 & ! /one be+ "o t 0 easily attack$ by fro/1 ! splitt+ ( ! surfaces 0 v m>k$4 ,b ! exp]im5t 0 n yet t]m9at$3 ! effloresc5ce 0 all[$ to =m1 & ! wa%+ 0 repeat$ _m times dur+ five or six days1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! bad qualities ( ! /one became fully e/abli%$4 ,! /one 0 f9ally wa%$ 9 pure wat]2 all ! deta*$ p>ts 7 collect$1 & by ^! ! ultimate action ( ! fro/ ^u ! /one 0 e/imat$4 ,! behavi\r ( v>i\s non-resi/ant /ones "u ?is process 0 rem>kable4 ,"s 7 f\nd to h det]iorat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ird day2 o!rs to h entirely fall5 to pieces2 ^? ( :i* ! p[] ( resi/ance 0 some:at great]1 held out till ! fif? or six? day2 b few /ones1 except ! h>d granites1 compact lime/ones1 & :ite m>bles1 7 able to /& ! trial dur+ ?irty consecutive days4 ,= all useful purposes1 h[ev]1 eight days suffice to te/ ! resi/ant qualities ( any build+-/one4 ,! explanation ( ?is process is v easy4 ,! boil+ solution dilates ! /one & p5etrates x to a c]ta9 dep?1 ne>ly 9 ! same way t ra9 wat] by long-cont9u$ action introduces itself into /ones expos$ to ! sev]ity ( our *angeable climate4 ,pure wat] :5 froz5 occupies a great] bulk ?an :5 fluid1 & ! pores or cellules ( ! /one n be+ able to accommodate !mselves to ! increas$ bulk ( ! wat]1 great pressure is ex]t$ betwe5 & among !m1 :]eby a portion ( ! wat] is driv5 to ! surface1 & 9 do+ s r5ds & deta*es small portions ( ! /one4 ,! same action takes place ) ! sal9e solution2 x is introduc$ into ! /one 9 a fluid /ate1 f :i* pass+ into ! solid x occupies a great] bulk1 & a portion ( x appe>s at ! surface4 ,! repeat$ wa%+s h no o!r object ?an to all[ ! salt to ex]t its greate/ am\nt ( de/ructive action ^u ! /one4 ,!re is a /rik+ analogy betwe5 ! effect ( congeal$ wat] & t ( ! effloresc5ce ( salts1 9 ! dis9tegration ( non-resi/ant /ones2 namely1 t pure wat] acts on ! /ones de/ructively only 9 a /ate ( sn[y effloresc5ce1 :i* evid5tly proce$s f ! int]ior to ! ext]ior l ! sal9e effloresc5ce2 :il/ wat] at ! surface ( ! /ones may freeze into h>d ice )\t injur+ !m1 j 9 ! same way z salts1 :i* may cry/allize ^u /ones )\t ex]t+ any injuri\s action4 ,! exp]i5ce ( sev]al eng9e]s1 ext5d+ z x does ov] sev]al ye>s1 fully proves1 ( a l>ge v>iety ( /ones ^: qualities 7 well kn[n1 t ! action ( ,m4 ,br>d's process & t ( long-cont9u$ fro/ exactly co9cide4 ,x is n ! lea/ int]e/+ "p ( ! inquiry to "k t ?is process may be appli$ ) p]fect success to asc]ta9 ! solidity & resi/ant p[] ( bricks1 tiles1 slates1 & ev5 mort>4 ,f a mass ( m9ute detail1 we w select a few g5]al results4 ,dur+ "o w9t] season ,m4 ,vicat compos$ sev5ty-five v>ieties ( mort>1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 any two consi/+ 9 ! proportion ( s& & ! me?od ( slak+ ! lime4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,june ^! mort>s 7 expos$ to ! dis9tegrat+ process4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 attack$ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 almo/ all ( !m 9 =ty-eight h\rs2 & all except two 9 ?ree days4 ,?is g5tleman also f\nd t a mort> made t5 ye>s previ\sly1 ( "o hundr$ p>ts lime1 :i* _h be5 left expos$ to ! air1 "u cov]1 dur+ a :ole ye>1 & !n mix$ up into a pa/e ) fifty p>ts ( common s&1 )/ood ! trial admirably dur+ sev5te5 days1 :ile ! be/ /ones ( ! neighb\rhood spe$ily gave way4 ,9 ?is case ! solution 0 saturat$ :ile hot1 :i* is s p[]ful 9 its effects t /ones :i* h resi/$ ! action ( ! fro/ = ages1 soon gave way :5 expos$ to x4 ,m4 ,vicat calculates t ! effect ( ! sulphate ( soda ^u a non-resi/ant /one aft] ! second day ( trial equals a =ce some:at great] ?an t ex]t$ by a temp]ature ( ab\t #ba ,fahr5heit1 on a /one saturat$ ) wat]4 ,! action ( ! process ^u bricks prov$ t1 :atev] _! qualities 9 o!r respects1 if imp]fectly burnt1 !y are spe$ily act$ on4 ,! %>p edges ( ! brick1 & !n ! angles1 are fir/ r\nd$1 & f9ally ! brick is r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,su* is precisely ! action ( fro/ (t5 repeat$4 ,well-bak$ bricks1 on ! contr>y1 reta9 _! col\r1 =m1 & solidity by ?is process1 z well z "u ! influ5ce ( fro/4 ,anci5t ,roman bricks1 tiles1 & mort>1 & h>d well-bak$ pott]y resi/$ ! process p]fectly2 z did also :ite /atu>y m>ble ( ! f9e/ quality1 :ile common :ite m>ble 0 soon attack$4 ,9 ,p>is1 portions ( build+s :i* _h be5 expos$ to ! air dur+ tw5ty ye>s )\t und]go+ ! lea/ alt]ation1 7 submitt$ to ?is ordeal1 & ! exp]im5t agre$ ) obs]vation4 ,9 "o ext5sive s]ies ( exp]im5ts on /ones f diff]5t qu>ries ( ,france1 ! action ( ! salt 0 cont9u$ = sev5 days1 & ! results not$ d[n2 x 0 !n cont9u$ = f\rte5 days1 & ! results comp>$ ) ! prec$+ ones2 :i* only s]v$ to confirm ! judgm5t fir/ giv51 = ^? /ones :i* 7 not$ z ( bad quality crumbl$ to du/ or split into fragm5ts1 :ile ^? not$ = _! good qualities _h exp]i5c$ no s5sible alt]ation4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( ?is process is ! p[] x gives to ! ar*itect ( *oos+ a h>d1 durable /one = ^? p>ts ( ! build+ mo/ expos$ to ! action ( ! wea!r1 :5 ! funds are insuffici5t to admit ( ! :ole build+ be+ s con/ruct$4 ,?us ! cornices1 ! columns1 & _! capitals1 are /ruck 9 all directions by ra91 & hail1 & damp air1 & are consequ5tly f> m expos$ to _! de/ructive action ?an ! flat surface ( a wall1 :i* (f]s b "o plane to ! air4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is inquiry a v curi\s case arose4 ,dur+ ! erection ( a *ur* 9 ,p>is1 ! ar*itect requir$ a good durable /one = ! ,cor9?ian capitals2 & _m circum/ances dispos$ him to select x f ! neighb\r+ qu>ry ( ! ,abbaye du ,val4 ,b1 on seek+ ! op9ion ( two bro!r ar*itects1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d _! e/imations ( ! /one to be totally at v>iance1 = :ile "o decl>$ t he _h employ$ x ) ! greate/ success1 ano!r said t he _h se5 x yield spe$ily to ! effects ( fro/4 ,on visit+ ! qu>ry x 0 f\nd t two b$s ( /one 7 be+ work$1 an upp] & a l[] b$2 specim5s ( ! /one 7 tak5 f ea*1 & on submitt+ !m to a hot saturat$ solution1 x 0 asc]ta9$ almo/ imm$iately t ! upp] lay] furni%$ excell5t /one1 :ile ! l[] "o suppli$ t ( :i* ! ar*itect _h s mu* reason to compla94 ,b x is rem>kable t ! /ones f ! two b$s _h precisely ! same appe>ance 9 gra91 col\r1 & texture2 s mu* s1 t :5 br\ght into ! mason's y>d x 0 impossible by ord9>y te/s to di/+ui% ! good f ! bad /one4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! inquiry ( ! ,committee1 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,sci5ces prov$ ! high e/imation 9 :i* !y held ?is contribution ( sci5ce to ! useful arts1 by direct+ to be publi%$ ! foll[+ practical directions = repeat+ ! process1 = ! use ( ar*itects1 build]s1 ma/] masons1 l& proprietors1 & all p]sons engag$ 9 build+4 #a4 ,! specim5s ( /one are to be *os5 f ^? p>ts ( ! qu>ry1 :]e f c]ta9 obs]v$ diff]5ces 9 ! col\r1 gra91 & g5]al appe>ance ( ! /one1 its quality is d\btful4 #b4 ,! specim5s are to be =m$ into two-in* cubes1 c>efully cut1 s t ! edges may be %>p4 #c4 ,ea* /one is to be m>k$ or numb]$ ) ,indian ink or scrat*$ ) a /eel po9t2 & correspond+ ) su* m>k or numb] a writt5 acc\nt is to be kept z to ! situation ( ! qu>ry1 ! exact spot :5ce ! /one 0 deta*$1 & o!r notes & in=mation relat+ to ! specim54 #d4 ,cont9ue to add a quantity ( sulphate ( soda to ra9 or di/ill$ wat]1 until x w dissolve no m4 ,y may be q sure t ! solution is saturat$1 if1 aft] repeat$ly /irr+ x1 a little ( ! salt rema9s undissolv$ at ! bottom ( ! vessel an h\r or two aft] x has be5 put 94 #e4 ,?is solution may be heat$ 9 almo/ any k9d ( vessel usually put on ! fire1 b p]haps an e>!n pipk9 may be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,:5 ! solution boils1 put 9 ! specim5s ( /one1 "o by "o1 s t all may be completely sunk 9 x4 #f4 ,cont9ue ! boil+ = ?irty m9utes4 ,be c>eful 9 obs]v+ ?is direction4 #g4 ,take out ! cubes "o at a "t1 & hang !m up by ?reads 9 su* a way t !y may t\* no?+4 ,place "u ea* specim5 a vessel conta9+ a portion ( ! liquid 9 :i* ! /ones 7 boil$1 hav+ fir/ /ra9$ x to remove all dirt1 du/1 c4 #h4 ,if ! wea!r be n v damp or cold ! surfaces ( ea* /one w1 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 become cov]$ ) little :ite sal9e ne$les4 ,plunge ea* /one into ! vessel bel[ x1 s z to wa% (f ^! little cry/als1 & repeat ?is two or ?ree times a day4 #i4 ,if ! /one be "o t w resi/ ! action ( fro/1 ! cry/als w ab/ract no?+ f ! /one1 & !re w be f\nd at ! bottom ( ! vessel nei!r gra9s1 nor scales1 nor fragm5ts ( /one4 ,be c>eful1 9 dipp+ ! /one1 n to displace ! vessel4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ! /one is "o t w n resi/ ! action ( fro/1 ?is w be discov]$ z soon z ! salt appe>s on ! surface1 = ! salt w *ip (f little p>ticles ( ! /one1 :i* w be f\nd 9 ! vessel b5ea?2 ! cube w soon lose its %>p edges & angles2 & by ab\t ! fif? day f ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! salt1 ! exp]im5t may be consid]$ at an end4 ,z soon z ! salt beg9s to appe> at ! surface its deposit is assi/$ by dipp+ ! /one five or six times a day into ! solution4 #aj4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! resi/+ p[]s ( two /ones :i* are act$ ^u by ! fro/ 9 diff]5t degrees1 all t is necess>y is1 to collect all ! fragm5ts deta*$ f ! six faces ( ! cube1 dry !m & weigh !m1 & ! greate/ weight w indicate ! /one ( lea/ resi/ance to ! fro/4 ,?us1 if a cube ( tw5ty-f\r in*es ( surface loses #ahj gra9s1 & a simil> cube only #ij gra9s1 ! latt] is evid5tly bett] adapt$ ?an ! =m] to ! purposes ( build+4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy4 #b ,bolsov] is a small m>ket t[n 9 ,d]by%ire1 on ! bord]s ( ! c\nty ( ,nott+ham1 & ab\t #ade miles f ,london4 #c ,! v>i\s qu>ries visit$ by ! commission]s are notic$ 9 ! fulle/ & faire/ mann]4 ,!y h /at$ = ea* qu>ry its "n & situation2 ! names & addresses ( ! freehold]1 ( 8 ag5t1 & ( ! qu>ryman2 ! "n ( ! /one2 its composition2 col\r2 weight p] cubic foot2 entire dep? ( workable /one2 description ( ! b$s2 size ( blocks t c be procur$2 prices1 p] cubic foot1 ( block /one at ! qu>ry2 description & co/ ( c>riage to ,london2 co/1 p] cubic foot1 ( ! /one deliv]$ 9 ,london2 co/1 p] foot ( surface1 ( pla9 rubb$ "w1 z comp>$ ) ,portl& /one2 &1 f9ally1 :]e kn[n or report$ to h be5 employ$ 9 build+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,walls4 ,,bricks ,,& ,,brick-,,"w4 ,we n[ come to t mat]ial :i* is1 9 ,engl&1 a m important ag5t ?an /one 9 ! con/ruction ( dwell+-h\ses2 namely1 bricks made f clay4 ,!re 7 ?ree millions & a half ( h\ses 9 ,great ,brita9 9 ! ye> #ahda2 & !re c be no d\bt t ( ?is numb] ^? :i* 7 built ( brick con/itut$ a va/ majority4 ,x is only 9 a few p>ticul> di/ricts t /one is a m available mat]ial = h\ses ?an bricks4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 too1 z well z our own1 ! arts ( brick-mak+ & bricklay+ are c>ri$ on m ext5sively ?an ! op]ations ( ! /one-mason4 ,bricks & ,brick-"w 9 ,e>ly ,times4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t 8! art ( mak+ bricks is s simple1 t x mu/ h be5 practis$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! _w2 probably be=e mank9d _h discov]$ ! me?od ( fa%ion+ /ones to suit ! purposes ( build+40 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis t burnt bricks 7 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,n[1 z ?is /ructure appe>s to h be5 rais$ ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,deluge1 x is sc>cely an exagg]ation to say t ! art ( mak+ bricks 0 inv5t$ almo/ z soon z m5 began to build4 ,bricks seem to h be5 9 common use 9 ,egypt :ile ! ,israelites 7 9 subjection to t nation2 = ! task assign$ !m 0 ! mak+ ( brick1 & we are in=m$ 9 ! ,book ( ,exodus1 t ! ,israelites built two ,egyptian cities4 ,no p>ticul>s are giv5 9 ,scripture ( ! me?od ( mak+ bricks2 b z /raw 0 "o ( ! +r$i5ts1 & z v little ra9 falls 9 ,egypt1 x is probable t _! bricks 7 n burn$1 b m]ely bak$ by ! heat ( ! sun4 ,! same mode ( bak+ bricks seems /ill to be practis$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! ru9s ( ! t[] ne> ,bagdad are =m$ ( unburnt bricks4 ,! art ( brick-mak+ 0 c>ri$ to consid]able p]fection among ! ,greeks4 ,pl9y /ates t !y made use ( bricks ( ?ree sizes1 di/+ui%$ by ! foll[+ names3 didoron1 or six in*es long2 tetradoron1 or twelve in*es long2 & p5tadoron1 or fifte5 in*es long4 ,t ! ,romans excell$ 9 ! art ( mak+ bricks !re is ! ample/ evid5ce1 s9ce brick /ructures rais$ at ,rome sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 /ill rema9 ne>ly z entire z :5 fir/ built4 ,a rem>kable k9d ( float+ brick1 us$ by ! anci5ts1 has be5 made ! subject ( inve/igation 9 mod]n times1 ) a view to ! sugge/ion ( improvem5ts 9 ! mak+ ( bricks = p>ticul> purposes4 ,pl9y /ates t at v>i\s places 9 ,spa91 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & else:]e1 bricks 7 made :i*1 besides possess+ consid]able /r5g? & a rem>kable p[] ( endur+ heat1 7 yet ( su* small specific gravity1 t !y float$ on ! surface ( wat]4 ,l _m ( ! arts ( ! anci5ts1 ! me?od ( mak+ ^! bricks1 z well z ! mat]ial ( :i* !y 7 made1 7 =gott5 = _m ages4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agij1 h[ev]1 an ,italian1 nam$ ,fabbroni1 turn$ 8 att5tion to ! subject1 & aft] v>i\s exp]im5ts on m9]als ( small specific gravity1 he came to ! conclusion t ^! bricks mu/ h be5 compos$ ( a sub/ance call$ 8m\nta9-meal20 or1 at lea/1 he f\nd t he c\ld make ( ?is sub/ance bricks :i* appe>$ to agree 9 e respect ) ^? describ$ by ! anci5ts4 ,?is m\nta9-meal is an e>? compos$ ( fl9t1 magnesia1 clay1 lime1 iron1 & wat]1 9 c]ta9 def9ite proportions4 ,! bricks :i* ,fabbroni =m$ ( ?is mat]ial _h ! prop]ty ( float+ 9 wat]2 !y c\ld n be fus$ by any ord9>y degree ( heat2 & s l[ 0 _! conduct+ p[]1 t :ile "o end ( ! brick 0 r$-hot1 ! o!r c\ld be held 9 ! h& )\t ! smalle/ inconv5i5ce4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t a peculi> k9d ( e>?1 f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( ,cornwall is ! same z t ) :i* ,fabbroni exp]im5t$ on 9 ,italy1 & t bo? are analog\s to ! k9d ( :i* ! anci5ts made _! float+ bricks4 ,proce$+ on ?is supposition1 x has be5 propos$ to make su* bricks = ! con/ruction ( float+ h\ses ^u ornam5tal wat]s4 ,at pres5t su* /ructures c be made only ( timb]2 &1 h[ev] ! own] may decorate !m1 !y h always a flimsy & unsub/antial appe>ance1 & !y are soon injur$ by ! wea!r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a plat=m ( good timb] 7 employ$ z ! base ( ! :ole1 & ! weight s contriv$ z to keep ?is plat=m con/antly "u wat]1 x w\ld la/ a long "t4 ,! upp] "p ( ! /ructure =m$ ( ! float+ bricks1 might h all ! appe>ance1 &1 inde$1 all ! /ability ( a brick h\se ^u l&2 = ?is description ( brick resi/s ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e z well z ! action ( fire2 & al?\gh x is n absolutely s /rong z ! heavy brick 9 common use1 x is f> m s 9 proportion to its specific gravity4 ,we d n "k :e!r ^! conjectures h yet be5 put to ! te/4 ,t ! e>ly inhabitants ( _m c\ntries 9 ! ea/]n & c5tral p>ts ( ,asia 7 acqua9t$ ) ! use ( bricks 9 build+1 we h abundant pro( f ! descriptions ( intellig5t travell]s2 & !re are ev5 gr\nds = attribut+ to !m a v high degree ( me*anical skill bo? 9 ! mak+ ( ! bricks & ! =mation ( brick walls4 ,dr4 ,k5n$y1 9 8 ,campaign ( ! ,indus1 says3--8,no?+ ,i h ev] se5 has at all equall$ ! p]fection ( ! e>ly brick-mak+1 :i* is %[n 9 ! bricks to be f\nd 9 ^! ru9s anci5t tombs ne> ,tatta3 ! mo/ beautifully *isell$ /one c\ld n surpass ! %>pness ( edge1 & angle1 & accuracy ( =m2 :il/ ! sub/ance 0 s p]fectly homog5e\s & skilfully burn$1 t ea* brick _h a metallic r+1 & fractur$ ) a cle> surface1 l break+ free/one4 ,i w n "q ! possibility ( manufactur+ su* bricks 9 ,engl&1 b ,i mu* d\bt :e!r su* p]fect "w has ev] be5 attempt$40 ,mak+ ,bricks by ,h&4 ,9 ! me*anical arrangem5ts = mak+ bricks two v diff]5t sy/ems are adopt$2 ! "o h&icraft1 & ! o!r by ma*9]y4 ,! =m] has always be5 & /ill is f> m ext5sively adopt$ ?an ! latt]4 ,9 ! selection ( mat]ials = brick-mak+1 a br[n loamy clay1 t is1 clay :i* conta9s a small quantity ( calc>e\s matt]1 is consid]$ be/ = ord9>y bricks1 b ! +r$i5ts v>y accord+ to ! purposes = :i* ! brick is requir$2 & e "o mu/ h rem>k$ ! diff]5ce 9 col\r betwe5 ! light yell[ m>l /ocks1 z !y are call$1 employ$ 9 ! fac+ ( h\ses ( ! bett] k9d1 & ! d>k r$ brick us$ 9 ,lanca%ire & o!r nor!rn c\nties4 ,! col\r also v>ies ) ! proportion ( a%es or s& employ$ 9 ! mixture1 & ) ! degree ( heat !y are subject$ to 9 dry+4 ,! g5]al process is1 h[ev]1 mu* ! same ev]y:]e2 & we %all describe t us$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e bricks are always burnt4 ,! prop] k9d ( clay be+ f\nd1 ! top vegetable m\ld is remov$1 & ! e>? dug & turn$ ov] to expose x z mu* z possible to atmosph]ic action1 & = ?is purpose x is left = ! w9t]4 ,9 spr+1 a quantity ( f9e a%es1 v>y+ 9 proportion to ! clay f "o-f\r? to a fif?1 accord+ to ! /iffness ( ! latt]1 is add$ by degrees1 & well incorporat$ by digg+ & rak+1 wat] be+ p\r$ on to r5d] ! mass s(t4 ,:5 ! union is effect$1 ! clay is c>ri$ 9 b>r[s to a rude mill1 erect$ ne> ! %$1 9 :i* ! brickmak] works4 ,?is mill consi/s usually ( a vat1 or circul> vessel1 fix$ on a timb] frame2 an upright iron axle is plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! vat1 & c>ries "s iron plates1 or rakes ) tee?1 to /ir up ! s(t clay :5 plac$ 9 ! mill3 ?is axle is turn$ r\nd by a horse h>ness$ to a horizontal %aft :i* proce$s f ! axle4 ,! clay be+ put into ! vat1 ! rakes or knives complete ! incorporation ( ! a%es1 & ?or\ghly temp] ! :ole mass1 :i* is gradually squeez$ out ?r\gh a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! vat4 ,a bett] k9d ( mill is us$ 9 temp]+ ! mat]ial = ! bett] bricks2 x only diff]s1 h[ev]1 9 be+ l>g]4 ,an iron h>r[ load$ ) weights is dragg$ r\nd 9 a circul> pit l9$ ) brick-"w4 ,! clay 9 ?is case is dilut$ ) wat] suffici5tly to all[ ( ! /ones s9k+ to ! bottom2 & ! fluid is drawn (f into pits1 :]e x is left to settle & ?ick51 to ! prop] consi/5ce4 ,! prep>$ clay is fir/ sep>at$ into masses1 ea* l>ge en\gh to make a brick1 by ! fe$]1 or assi/ant1 :o s&s ! pieces ready = ! m\ld]2 ! m\ld is an op5 rectangul> box1 ! f\r sides ( :i* are made to sep>ate f ! bottom1 to all[ ( ! brick be+ turn$ out4 ,! bottom is n[ made ) a lump rais$ on x1 by :i* a slight depression is =m$ on "o side ( ! brick1 to admit a mass ( ! mort> be+ receiv$ & deta9$ 9 x :5 ! wall is built4 ,! m\ld] takes ! piece ( clay prep>$ = him1 & da%+ ea* into ! m\ld s z to cause x to fill x1 removes ! sup]flu\s quantity by means ( a flat piece ( wood :i* he draws across ! op5 side ( ! m\ld2 ?is /rike is kept 9 a b[l ( wat] to wet x1 & prev5t ! adhesion to x ( ! clay4 ,! man !n lifts (f ! sides ( ! m\ld1 & deposits ! brick on a flat pallet-bo>d1 & ?is is remov$ by a boy :o ranges ! bricks on a lattice frame set slop+ on ! b>r[ 9 :i* !y are to be tak5 to ! field to dry2 f9e s& is /rew$ on ! frame & ov] ! bricks1 to prev5t _! adh]+ toge!r4 ,! bricks are tak5 to ! field1 & pil$ 9 long l9es call$ hacks4 ,?is is a nice op]ation1 z ! s(t bricks1 if h&l$ r\ghly1 w\ld become twi/$1 & r5d]$ useless2 ! bottom c\rse ( bricks is rais$ a few in*es to keep x f ! wet2 & ! gr\nd is prep>$ to receive !m by be+ cov]$ ) dry brick-rubbi% or a%es1 & rak$ smoo?4 ,! bricks are set alt]nately 9 r[s l5g?wise & crosswise1 ) int]vals betwe5 !m ( an in* or m1 to all[ a ?or\gh circulation ( air3 ! hack1 :5 rais$ ab\t a y>d high1 is cov]$ ov] ) /raw to ?r[ (f ! ra94 ,if ! wea!r be fav\rable1 t5 or twelve days are en\gh to dry ! bricks 9 ! hacks suffici5tly to prep>e !m = burn+1 b !y %\ld be ?or\ghly dry1 or ! subsequ5t process w fail4 ,ord9>y bricks = build+ are burnt 9 clamps1 :i* are l>ge oblong masses1 built up ( ! unburnt bricks1 laid regul>ly 9 lay]s1 ) l>ge flues or passages at int]vals1 9 :i* a%es1 c9d]s1 coal1 & bru%-wood are laid2 lay]s ( a%es are /rew$ ov] ^? ( ! bricks4 ,! object is1 t ! fire1 :5 ! fuel is ignit$1 may p5etrate e "p ( ! mass1 & bake e brick equally2 ev5 ! a%es mix$ up 9 ! clay are int5d$ to be p>tly burnt by ! heat4 ,9 clamps well con/ruct$ ! outside is coat$ ) clay or pla/] to keep 9 ! heat1 & :5 ! fuel is ?or\ghly light$1 ! ext]nal ap]tures %\ld be /opp$ up4 ,! clamp :5 complet$ conta9s f #ajj1jjj to #ejj1jjj bricks4 ,! fire w cont9ue burn+ ab\t ?ree weeks1 if ! pile has be5 well con/ruct$3 :5 all smoke ceases to rise1 ! clamp is tak5 d[n :5 cold1 & ! bricks sort$2 =1 ev5 ) ! utmo/ c>e1 x mu/ happ5 t ! bricks are n all equally burnt4 ,! be/ are ^? 9 ! c5tre4 ,! "u-burnt ones are res]v$ to be rebuilt into a new clamp = fur!r bak+1 & ^? :i* are ov]-done1 & h run toge!r by p>tial vitrification1 are sold at a *eap rate = mak+ f\ndations = h\ses1 roads1 c4 ,! bett] or peculi> k9ds ( bricks1 z well z tiles ( all k9ds1 are burnt 9 kilns in/ead ( clamps4 ,^! kilns1 ?\gh ( a peculi> =m1 accord+ to ! purpose to :i* !y are appli$1 yet d n diff] 9 pr9ciple f ! lime-kiln1 c4 ,9 ! kiln1 ! fire is n int]mix$ ) ! bricks1 b is appli$ b5ea?2 nor are a%es m+l$ ) ! clay ( :i* kiln-burnt bricks are made4 ,z ! g5]al pr9ciples are ! same 9 mak+ tiles & bricks1 we %all class all ^! co>se pott]y-works toge!r "h1 9 an enum]ation ( ! mo/ important k9ds us$ 9 ,brita94 ,place-,bricks are ! wor/ ( ! clamp-burnt /ocks1 & are us$ = common walls1 & ! poore/ k9ds ( "w2 !y are s(t & unequally burnt2 !y sell f #bjs4 to #cjs4 a ?\s&4 ,/ock-,bricks are ^? f ! c5tre ( ! clamp1 & are regul>ly burnt1 ( an equally h>d texture1 & ev5 col\r2 !y are us$ = good "w ( all k9ds2 ! price v>ies f #cjs4 to #djs4 a ?\s&4 ,malm-,/ocks are clamp bricks1 b made ) m c>e f clay to :i* ooze1 *alk1 or m>l is add$2 & ! :ole c>efully temp]$2 !y are ( a f9e cle> yell[ col\r1 & are us$ = fac+ ! walls ( good h\ses1 & = mak+ ar*es ov] doors & w9d[s 9 g5]al1 :]e !y are to be se54 ,! s(te/ k9d are call$ cutt]s1 f _! admitt+ ( be+ cut1 or trimm$1 ) ! tr[el ) nicety4 ,! prices ( ^! bricks v>y greatly4 ,fire-,bricks are made ( a peculi> k9d ( clay1 f\nd 9 p]fection at ,w9dsor1 ,/\rbridge1 & p>ts ( ,wales1 :5ce ! v>ieties d]ive _! names4 ,!y are =m$ f ! clay )\t any admixture ( a%es1 & are always kiln-burnt4 ,!y v>y 9 size1 & are us$ = build+ furnaces1 ov5s1 boil]s1 c4 ,pan-,tiles are tiles1 ! cross section ( :i* may be repres5t$ ?us4 ,illu/ration3 two ov]lapp+ ,!y are us$ = ro(+ ou?\ses1 /ables1 c41 ! edges ( "o r[ ov]lapp+ ^? ( ano!r next x1 & !y are always set 9 mort>3 ! end ( ! tile is =m$ ) a project+ knob or fillet1 by means ( :i* ! tile is hook$ on to ! batt5 or la?4 ,^! tiles are mu* l>g] ?an ! ,pla9-,tiles1 :i* are us$ 9 ro(+ dwell+s1 c42 !y are flat1 z ! "n indicates1 & are fix$ to ! la?s ( ! ro( by wood5 pegs1 two holes be+ left 9 ! tile = t purpose4 ,foot & t5-in* tiles are ?ick squ>e tiles ( ^? dim5sions1 us$ = pav+1 he>?s1 c41 or = cop+ walls4 ,all tiles are burnt 9 a kiln4 ,bricks made 9 ,great ,brita9 are *>g$ ) a duty1 & z x con/itutes an important item 9 ! rev5ue1 ! manufacture is laid "u /rict surveillance by ! ,excise4 ,! duty on tiles 0 repeal$ 9 ! ye> #ahcc4 ,bricks c only be made at c]ta9 seasons1 9 c]ta9 quantities1 & ev5 ! scre5 ?r\gh :i* ! a%es are sift$1 to be m+l$ ) ! clay1 mu/ be made ( wire ( a c]ta9 me%4 ,bricks made l>g] ?an ! /&>d measure ( #h in*es long1 #d wide1 & #b ?ick1 pay a high] duty ?an ! common ones2 if ! bricks are small] ?an ! prop] size1 ! mak] is f9$ heavily4 ,no duty is *>g$ ^u bricks made 9 ,irel&4 ,ab\t #aejj millions ( bricks1 #db millions ( pla91 #bc millions pan1 & #f millions ( o!r tiles1 are made annually 9 ,brita94 ,a good m\ld] c make f #ejjj to #fjjj bricks 9 a day1 f five ,a4,m4 to eight ,p4,m4 ,)9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ! annual use ( bricks 9 ,great ,brita9 has m ?an d\bl$1 ow+ to ! increase ( manufactories1 & to ! con/ruction ( railroads & o!r public works4 ,mak+ ,bricks by ,ma*9]y4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! mak+ ( bricks & tiles by ma*9]y has occupi$ mu* att5tion4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pat5ts has be5 tak5 out = contrivances hav+ ?is object 9 view4 ,9 "s cases ! pat5tee has direct$ 8 att5tion *iefly to ! prep>ation ( bricks = h\ses2 :ile 9 o!rs ! mak+ ( tiles = dra9+ has be5 ! *ief object4 ,a description ( "o or two ( ^! contrivances w give an idea ( ! g5]al "* ( ! :ole4 ,! ,m>quis ( ,twe$dale1 hav+ 8 att5tion drawn to ! importance ( employ+ dra9+ tiles 9 agriculture1 direct$ 8 tal5ts to ! inv5tion ( a ma*9e :i* %\ld make !m s quickly z to enable !m to be sold at a l[ price4 ,aft] _m attempts1 he p]fect$ a ma*9e :i* work$ out ?is object1 & at ! same "t possess$ all ! facilities = mak+ common bricks4 ,! ma*9e is n con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( imitat+ ! manual op]ation1 by =m+ ! bricks 9 m\lds2 b x arrives at ! same end 9 a diff]5t & rem>kable mann]4 ,! pr9ciple adopt$ is1 to =m & protrude1 by me*anical means1 a cont9u\s fillet ( clay1 ( ! prop] wid? & ?ickness = a brick1 & to /op ?is act ( protrusion = a mom5t1 :il/ a l5g? ( ! fillet equal to t ( a brick is cut (f4 ,?is is effect$ by ! foll[+ me*anical arrangem5ts3--,two v]tical roll]-:eels1 "o ( !m be+ plac$ ov] ! o!r1 & hav+ an int]val betwe5 !m equal to ! ?ickness ( ! int5d$ bricks or tiles1 are made to revolve 9 contr>y directions2 consequ5tly !y draw betwe5 !m ! clay ) :i* !y are f$ on ! "o side 7ei!r by h& or by any me*anical contrivance71 & deliv] x on ! o!r 9 a highly compress$ /ate1 & 9 ! =m ( a /raight1 smoo?1 & ev5 fillet ( ! wid? ( ! roll]s4 ,to provide = ! squ>5ess & smoo?ness ( ! sides ( ! fillet1 ! sides ( ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! clay passes are made squ>e & neat1 s z to prev5t ! clay f spread+ out lat]ally4 ,! clay is support$ 9 a horizontal position :il/ deliv]$ to & receiv$ f ! roll]s1 ^u a %ort endless b& on ea* side revolv+ on roll]s r close toge!r2 & 9 ord] to facilitate ?is object ! roll]s !mselves h b&s1 :i* are prolong$ 9 ! direction ( ! endless b&s 9 su* a mann] z to meet !m1 & =m "o horizontal l9e ( support4 ,^! b&s are made ( fu/ian1 ! nap ( :i* prev5ts ! adhesion ( ! clay4 ,! roll]s are s act$ on by ! work+ p[] t !y protrude a l5g? ( clay equal to ! requir$ l5g? ( ! brick or tile1 & !n /opp+1 !y all[ "t = a /raight /ret*$ wire to desc5d & cut (f ! brick or tile1 aft] :i* ! motion betwe5 ! roll]s is resum$1 until ano!r l5g? is protrud$1 & s on cont9u\sly4 ,! fillet ( clay is d\ble ! wid? = a brick1 & a wire is kept con/antly /ret*$ 9 ! middle ( its pa?1 divid+ x into two fillets1 s t two bricks are cut (f at once4 ,two boys are suffici5t to remove ! bricks z fa/ z !y are produc$1 :i* is at ! rate ( f fifte5 to eighte5 hundr$ 9 an h\r4 ,! consi/5ce ( ! clay is s mu* /iff] ?an t us$ = h&-made bricks1 t only half ! "t is requir$ 9 ! dry+4 ,f !re be+ s little wat] 9 ! clay1 & f its und]go+ s mu* compression1 ! bricks produc$ are rem>kably d5se & /rong1 weigh+ half z mu* aga9 z ! ord9>y brick1 & absorb+ only "o-sev5? z mu* wat]4 ,_m ma*9es h be5 contriv$1 hav+ = _! object ! =mation ( bricks on a pr9ciple some:at analog\s4 ,ano!r class ( ma*9es h effect$ ! desir$ end 9 a diff]5t way1--viz41 by =m+ ea* brick sep>ately 9 a m\ld4 ,a slight description ( "o ma*9e ( ?is k9d w illu/rate all ! o!rs4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! ma*9e is a horizontal :eel ( l>ge diamet]4 ,r\nd ! p]iph]y ( ?is :eel is a s]ies ( m\lds1 ! exact size & %ape = bricks1 plac$ ne>ly close toge!r4 ,ea* m\ld has a loose bottom1 incapable ( fall+ bel[ ! m\ld1 b capable ( ris+ to its upp] edge4 ,! clay = ! bricks1 be+ prop]ly prep>$ 9 vessels at "o side ( ! :eel1 is made to fall into "o ( ! m\lds1 & ! sup]flu\s quantity is scrap$ (f by a flat edge :i* passes ov] ! m\ld4 ,! :eel rotates1 & 9 its movem5t x passes ov] a circul> incl9$ plane1 s con/ruct$ z to lift ! bottom ( ! m\ld up1 s z to protrude ! newly-made brick above ! m\ld1 :]e x c be conv5i5tly tak5 (f by ! h&4 ,all ! diff]5t m\lds1 p]haps ?irty or =ty 9 numb]1 are at any giv5 in/ant 9 diff]5t conditions z to _! quota ( clay2 "o is receiv+ ! clay1 ano!r is hav+ ! sup]flu\s clay scrap$ (f1 ano!r has travell$ s f> r\nd z to h ! brick lift$ halfway out ( x1 ano!r pres5ts ! brick :olly out ( ! m\ld1 ready to be tak5 (f1 :ile ! o!rs are travell+ on empty to receive a new supply ( clay1 all ! moveable bottoms gradually s9k+ to _! prop] position z ! :eel proce$s1 s t "o rotation ( ! :eel c>ries ea* m\ld ?r\gh all its diff]5t /ages ( position4 ,! ,processes ( ,bricklay+4 ,:5 we consid] t a wall =ty or fifty feet high1 & n m ?an two feet ?ick at ! bottom1 & f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es ?ick at ! top1 is con/ruct$ ( su* small bodies z bricks1 we may well suppose t consid]able nicety 9 workman%ip mu/ be requisite to give /ability to su* a /ructure4 ,! uni=mity 9 size 9 ! bricks !mselves1 aris+ f _! be+ copies ( "o m\ld1 is obvi\sly ! fir/ condition t t5ds to ! object2 ! next is1 t !y %\ld be put toge!r 9 su* a way z to cause !m mutually to adh]e1 indep5d5tly ( ! t5acity ( ! mort> employ$2 & la/ly1 ! bricks mu/ be set ) great att5tion1 t _! surfaces may be p]fectly p>allel & p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( gravity1 = o!rwise ! wall compos$ ( !m1 in/ead ( be+ truly p]p5dicul>1 w\ld lean ov] on "o side & fall4 ,we %all ent] into "s p>ticul>s on ^! po9ts1 b fir/ we mu/ describe ! tools & mat]ials us$ 9 ,bricklay+4 ,! tr[el is ! fir/ & mo/ indisp5sable ( ^! tools4 ,x is a ?91 flat1 loz5ge-%ap$ blade ( /eel1 fix$ into a h&le4 ,x is ) ! tr[el ! workman takes up & spreads ! lay] ( mort> put betwe5 ea* brick1 & ) x he also cuts ! bricks s z to fit into any corn]1 or to adapt !m to "s p>ticul> =m2 & to enable x to cut1 or r *ip1 su* a h>d sub/ance z burnt clay1 & yet n break1 x is necess>y t ! blade %\ld be ( well-temp]$ h>d /eel4 ,! squ>e & level are made ( wood5 rules put toge!r2 ! fir/ at a true "r angle1 to enable ! bricklay] to set out 8 walls correctly p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1--! second is fram$ l a 1 ) a plummet hang+ 9 a slit 9 ! upright piece2 n[1 z ! two rules are correctly p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1 x is cle> t :5 ! fir/ is set by means ( ! plumb-l9e p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 ! o!r w be truly horizontal4 ,by means ( ?is important in/rum5t1 ! workman guides 8 "w1 s t ! wall he is build+ %all be upright1 & ! c\rses ( bricks compos+ x horizontal4 ,by means ( ?is important in/rum5t1 ! workman guides 8 "w1 s t ! wall he is build+ %all be upright1 & ! c\rses ( bricks compos+ x horizontal4 ,mort> is ! "n giv5 to ! composition ) :i* ! bricks are put toge!r4 ,good mort> %\ld be made ( newly-burnt quicklime f grey lime/one1 & ( clean riv]-s&1 9 ! proportions ( "o-?ird lime to two-?irds s&4 ,! lime is slak$ by p\r+ a little clean wat] on x1 & :5 x falls to p[d] by ! *emical action1 ! s& is add$ gradually1 & ! :ole well mix$ up ) a spade1 m wat] be+ us$ till ! mass is ( ! prop] consi/5ce = spread+ easily4 ,z ! adhesion ( ! bricks dep5ds on ! mort> be+ appli$ be=e x beg9s to set or h>d51 x %\ld n be mix$ till x is to be us$4 ,:5 ^! simple precautions are att5d$ to1 ! mort> becomes 9 "t z h>d z /one1 & ! brick-"w con/ruct$ ) x is ne>ly z inde/ructible4 ,x 0 by tak+ ?is c>e ) _! mat]ials t our =efa!rs built walls t h /ood un9jur$ = c5turies4 ,9 "s ( ! *eap common build+s ( ! pres5t day1 mort> is too (t5 made f lime :i* has be5 s long f ! kiln1 t x is ne>ly reconv]t$ into a hydrate1 & has lo/ ! *emical quality :i* r5d]s x valuable2 ! s&1 too1 is tak5 f ! road ) all its impurities1 & ! wat] f ! ne>e/ k5nel4 ,) su* mat]ials a mass ( mort> is made1 & suff]$ to /& = sev]al days be=e x is us$2 ! consequ5ce is1 t su* build+s are nei!r safe nor durable4 ,! mort> is made up by an assi/ant1 call$ a bricklay]s' lab\r]1 & is tak5 by him to ! spot :]e ! workman wants x 9 :at is call$ a hod3 ?is ut5sil1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree sides ( a rectangul> box fix$ edgeways at ! end ( a long h&le1 is expressly contriv$ to be c>ri$ on ! man's %\ld]1 & leave 8 h&s dis5gag$1 to enable him ?us load$ to asc5d & desc5d a long ladd]2 ! hod be+ held /&+ upright on ! h&le1 ! lab\r] c put bricks into x ) 8 "r h&1 or ano!r assi/ant fills x ) mort>4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! bricks are arrang$ 9 ! "w1 is t]m$ bond1 & is ( diff]5t k9ds1 accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 & ! purposes = :i* x is int5d$4 ,! bond mo/ g5]ally us$ is t]m$ ,flemi%1 9 :i* ! bricks are laid alt]nately l5g?wise & across ! ?ickness ( ! wall1 ! broade/ side ( ! brick be+ laid horizontal1 & nev] edgeways1 9 build+ walls ( e ?ickness4 ,x 0 =m]ly usual to lay a :ole c\rse ( bricks l5g?wise1 & t above x across2 ?is disposition may be se5 9 old walls1 & 0 t]m$ ,engli%-bond4 ,9 e k9d ( bond1 ! jo9ts ( ! bricks ( "o c\rse are always made to fall ov] a brick 9 t b5ea?1 or s t "o jo9t may nev] be imm$iately ov] ano!r4 ,! site ( a wall1 or ! walls ( a build+1 be+ set out or m>k$ on ! gr\nd1 a tr5* is dug 9 ! e>? = ! f\ndations1 ! wid? & dep? be+ det]m9$ on f ! ?ickness & height ( ! sup]/ructure1 & f ! nature ( ! soil4 ,if ?is be loose or s(t1 & ! edifice be an important "o1 x is (t5 necess>y to drive piles into ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 & lay a c\rse ( oak plank+ on ! tops ( ^! timb]s1 to =m a firm f\ndation = ! wall2 b if ! nature ( ! gr\nd d n require su* precautions1 x is only necess>y to level ! bottom ( ! tr5* c>efully1 z on ?is ! /ability ( ! wall w entirely dep5d4 ,a c\rse ( bricks is !n laid dry on ! e>?1 =m+ a b& twice ! wid? ( ! l[]mo/ ?ickness ( ! wall to be built4 ,?is & ! subsequ5t c\rses ( ! f\ndations %\ld be con/ruct$ ( ! be/ bricks2 b un=tunately 9 common h\ses ?is obvi\s requisite is entirely neglect$4 ,:5 ?is c\rse is laid1 ?9 mort>1 or mort> almo/ fluid & hav+ b little s& 9 x1 is p\r$ ov] ! bricks1 s z to fl[ into ! jo9ts & b9d !m toge!r by h>d5+3 a second c\rse is !n laid on ! fir/1 only n>r[] 9 wid?1 & ea* subsequ5t c\rse dim9i%es 9 ! same regul> mann] on ea* side1 till ! wid? is r$uc$ to ! ?ickness at :i* x is propos$ t ! l[] "p ( ! wall %\ld be built4 ,a cross section ( ^! f\ndations ?us con/ruct$ w\ld pres5t ! outl9e ( a truncat$ pyramid1 dim9i%+ by regul> sets-(f or /eps2 ?is "p ( a wall is call$ ! foot+s4 ,= g>d5 walls1 or su* z h no weight to c>ry1 ! foot+s ne$ n be made ( s _m c\rses1 nor s broad1 b e wall mu/ h two c\rses at lea/ = a f\ndation4 ,! bricklay] makes use ( a /r+ /ret*$ betwe5 two p9s1 to enable him to keep 8 "w /raight2 & he lays ! out]mo/ bricks1 ^? =m+ ! face ( ! wall1 c>efully by ?is guide1 sett+ ea* brick alt]nately l5g?wise & transv]sely1 & spread+ a lay] ( mort> on ! brick b5ea?1 to =m a b$ = ! new "o to lie on1 & also a lay] betwe5 ea* upright jo9t4 ,x is usual only to lay ! out] bricks 9 ?is mann]1 & to fill up ! int]/ices ( ^? =m+ ! int]ior ( ! wall by p\r+ mort> on ea* c\rse previ\sly laid dry ) suffici5t int]val betwe5 !m4 ,! workman z he proce$s1 repeat$ly makes use ( 8 level & squ>e2 by ! =m]1 he exam9es :e!r ! face ( 8 wall1 & all ! corn]s1 or arrises1 are correctly p]p5dicul>1 & :e!r ! c\rses ( bricks are laid horizontal4 ,ap]tures1 su* z w9d[s or doors :i* are to be =m$ 9 ! wall1 are m>k$ out on ! wall :5 ! "w is built up to ! height :]e !y are to comm5ce2 9 c>ry+ up ! pi]s betwe5 ^! w9d[s1 x w frequ5tly happ5 t ! wid? ( ! pi] is n precisely comm5surate ) a c]ta9 numb] ( bricks or half-bricks1 b t a brick mu/ be cut to br+ ! "w to ! correct dim5sions4 ,?is small] piece is t]m$ a closure1 & is usually plac$ )9 a brick or two ( ! arris ( ! w9d[ or door1 & pres]ves its place = ! :ole height ( ! pi]4 ,! ?ickness ( brick walls is describ$ by ! numb] ( bricks' l5g? !y conta9 9 t direction3 ?us a n9e-in* wall is "o-brick ?ick2 a brick-&-a-half wall is f\rte5 in*es2 a two-brick wall is eighte5 in*es ?ick1 & s on4 ,! walls ( small h\ses are (t5 only "o brick ?ick1 ev5 :5 !y are two /ories high2 b usually a wall to be /eady %\ld decrease 9 ?ickness half a brick at lea/ e /ory1 & = a l>ge sub/antial build+ ( f\r or five /ories1 ! ma9 walls %\ld be two-&-a-half bricks at lea/ on ! basem5t /ory1 & "o-&-a-half at ! top2 b ( c\rse ! size ( ! ap>tm5ts1 or1 9 fact1 ! area ( wall :i* is to rema9 )\t any lat]al support1 mu/ gov]n ! /r5g? ( x1 z well z ! total height to :i* x is to be rais$4 ,:5 ! wall is rais$ z high z ! tops ( ! w9d[s1 c41 :i* 7 left 9 x1 ^! ap]tures mu/ h ar*es turn$ ov] !m1 to support ! brick-"w above4 ,?is leads u to consid] ! diff]5t modes ( con/ruct+ brick ar*es4 ,:5 ! wid? ( ! op5+ is n above ?ree or f\r feet1 ! ar* ov] x is frequ5tly /raight 9 its outl9e1 or b slightly curv$ 9 ! intrado or l[] l9e4 ,! bricks :i* are to =m ! ar* are rubb$ d[n on a bo>d till !y are br\ght to ! prop] w$ge =m4 ,a piece ( wood = a c5t]+ is support$ 9 ! op5+ by upright slips3 ! upp] side ( ?is c5t]+ is1 ( c\rse1 cut to ! true camb] or curve ! intrado ( ! ar* is to h3 ! bricks are set upright on ?is c5tre1 & alt]nately1 s z to break ! jo9ts4 ,! face ( ! ar*1 :i* is se5 9 ! /reet ov] ! w9d[s & doors1 is con/ruct$ ( ! be/ bricks1 c>efully cut to a m\ld & set 9 putty1 or 9 ?9 mort> made ( lime only3 ! re/ ( ! ar* beh9d ?is face is less c>efully con/ruct$1 & ! bricks are (t5 n cut at all1 b made to =m an ar* by ! int]v5+ lay] ( mort> be+ spread unequally ?ick1 or 9 a w$ge %ape4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a l>ge ar* is to be built ( bricks1 ^! are cut to ! prop] level to =m ! w$ge-%ap$ v\ssoirs4 ,! con/ruction ( gro9$ ar*es 9 brick-"w is ! mo/ difficult op]ation 9 ! trade4 ,ea* brick t =ms ! arris or int]section ( ! cross vaults requires to be cut to a true =m giv5 by a draw+ made to ! full size on a bo>d4 ,ano!r p]haps /ill m delicate piece ( workman%ip = a bricklay] to execute is an oblique ar*1 su* z are (t5 se5 9 ! bridges ov] railroads & canals1 :i* cut e/abli%$ roadways obliquely4 ,^! ar*es are portions ( a cyl9d]1 b ! ends ( ! cyl9d]1 in/ead ( be+ p]p5dicul> to ! axis1 are oblique to x1 & ?is requires t ! c\rses ( bricks compos+ ! ar* %all also n be p>allel to ! axis1 & !re=e n 9 /raight l9es3 h5ce1 e brick has to be cut or rubb$ to a w$ge =m 9 two directions1 & great nicety 9 ?is & ! subsequ5t op]ations are requisite 9 ^! /ructures4 ,=m]ly columns1 pila/]s1 cornices1 ni*es1 & simil> ar*itectural embelli%m5ts1 7 con/ruct$ 9 brick-"w1 b /one has n[ sup]s$$ brick = all embelli%m5ts2 & ! bricklay]'s greate/ skill is only requir$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ar*es1 or occasionally build+ a circul> wall4 ,! be/ specim5s ( elaborate brick-"w ( ! old s*ool may be se5 at ! cons]vatory ( ,k5s+ton ,palace1 at ,burl+ton ,h\se1 & _m o!r edifices ( ! "t ( ,william & ,m>y1 & ,que5 ,anne1 ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,! s]ies ( ar*es ext5d+ = ne>ly f\r miles on ! ,gre5wi* ,railway1 & ^? = ne>ly an equal di/ance on ! ,blackwall ,railway1 are p]haps among ! be/ & mo/ impos+ specim5s ( mod]n brick-"w1 & af=d1 9 _m places1 beautiful examples ( ! oblique ar*4 ,!re are brick ar*es ( a l>ge span at ea* end ( ! new ,london & ,wat]loo bridges4 ,brick-"w is measur$ by ! rod1 :i* is a sup]ficial area ( sixte5 & a half feet ea* side1 or #bgb squ>e feet1 at a ?ickness ( "o-&-a-half brick1 & all pla9 wall-"w is r$uc$ to ?is /&>d = valuation4 ,a rod ( brick-"w conta9s #dejj bricks1 & toge!r ) ! mort> requir$ to build x1 weighs ab\t #ae tons #h cwt4 ,x diff]s 9 value f #ajl4 to #ael41 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,besides build+ walls1 bricklay]s are employ$ to tile ro(s1 set copp]s1 pave /ables1 c41 build dra9s1 &1 9 %ort1 on all occasions :]e bricks or tiles are ! mat]ials us$4 ,defects ( ,mod]n ,brick ,h\ses4 ,a writ] 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica endeav\rs1 ) mu* +5uity1 to %[ t ! quality ( ,engli% bricks & ! sy/em ( bricklay+ are v mu* influ5c$ by ! cu/om>y leasehold t5ure ( l&4 ,8 rem>ks are z foll[3--8,brick-mak+ has be5 c>ri$ to great p]fection by ! ,dut*1 :o h long be5 9 ! habit ( =m+ _! floors1 & ev51 9 "s cases1 ( pav+ _! /reets ) bricks4 ,& x is rem>kable h[ long _! bricks w cont9ue unimpair$ 9 su* situations4 ,?\gh brick-mak+ has long be5 c>ri$ on 9 ,engl&1 & especially 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,london1 ^u a v great scale1 & ?\gh ! process ^u ! :ole is conduct$ 9 ?is c\ntry ) v consid]able skill1 yet x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ,engli% bricks are by no means s durable z ,dut* bricks4 ,we are dispos$ to ascribe ?is inf]iority n s mu* to ! nature ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ,engli% bricks1 z to ! mode mo/ frequ5tly adopt$ 9 ,london ( build+ h\ses4 ,few ( ! ,london h\ses1 comp>atively speak+1 are freeholds4 ,mo/ ( !m are built ^u gr\nd let = a lease ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ye>s1 :i* seldom exce$s n9ety-n9e ye>s4 ,aft] ! expiration ( ?is p]iod ! h\se becomes ! prop]ty ( ! l&lord :o let ! gr\nd4 ,?us x becomes ! int]e/ ( ! build] to con/ruct ! h\se s t x %all la/ only z long z ! lease4 ,h5ce ! goodness ( ! bricks becomes only a second>y object4 ,_! *eapness is ! pr9cipal po9t4 ,! object1 !re=e1 ( ! brickmak] is n to furni% durable bricks1 b to make !m at z *eap a rate z possible4 ,accord+ly1 ! sav+ ( manual lab\r & ( fuel has be5 c>ri$ by ! mak]s ( ,london bricks to v great l5g?s4 ,we _c b consid] ?is mode ( proce$+ z v objectionable1 & z entail+ a mu* heavi] exp5se ^u ,london ?an w\ld h be5 incurr$ _h twice ! orig9al price be5 laid out ^u ! bricks :5 !y 7 fir/ us$1 & _h ! h\ses be5 con/ruct$ to la/ a ?\s& in/ead ( a hundr$ ye>s4 ,no d\bt c]ta9 advantages att5d ^! ephem]al /ructures4 ,! inhabitants are enabl$1 once e c5tury1 to suit _! h\ses to ! prevail+ ta/e ( ! day2 & ?us !re are no 7few87 antiquat$ h\ses 9 ,london4 ,b z ! increase ( ! price ( all ! mat]ials ( build+ has m ?an kept pace ) ! increase ( ! weal? ( individuals1 x is to be que/ion$ :e!r ! h\ses are always improv$ :5 !y are pull$ d[n & rebuilt40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ro(4 ,,slates1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,ro( ,,cov]+s4 ,we might1 p]haps1 "u ! designation ( 8,slates & ,slat+10 h includ$ ! op]ations usually und]/ood to app]ta9 to ! con/ruction ( a ro(4 ,b mod]n improvem5ts h r5d]$ su* a designation incomplete4 ,we _c n[ prop]ly und]/& ! mode ( ro(+ h\ses )\t ref]r+ to _m o!r sub/ances besides slate4 ,slate-,qu>ries4 ,slate is ! popul> "n = a v>iety ( rocks :i* are suffici5tly /ratifi$ 9 _! /ructure to all[ ( _! be+ cleav$ into ?9 plates1 a prop]ty :i* r5d]s !m valuable = a v>iety ( purposes4 ,slate has sup]s$$ ! use ( lead = cov]+ ro(s1 ev5 ( ! l>ge/ build+s3 f its lightness x is pref]able to tile1 b ! latt] be+ *eap]1 9 flat c\ntries :i* d n conta9 rocks1 b :i* yield brick-clay1 slate 9 su* localities is only us$ on ! bett] class ( h\ses4 ,9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 a slaty rock1 :i* admits ( be+ split ?91 ?\gh n s mu* z clay slate1 is us$ "u ! "n ( %+le4 ,besides be+ employ$ = ro(+1 slate is us$ 9 l>ge slabs to =m ci/]ns1 = %elves 9 dairies1 = pavem5t1 & simil> purposes1 = :i* its great /r5g? & durability1 coolness1 & ! ease ) :i* x c be clean$1 ow+ to its non-absorb+ prop]ty1 adapt x4 ,! latt] quality r5d]s x also ( great value z a *eap sub/itute = pap]1 9 ! bus9ess ( education2 ! sy/em ( tea*+ 9 l>ge classes 9 ,national & ,sunday-s*ools w\ld be greatly fett]$ b = ! use ( slates4 ,! pr9cipal slate-qu>ries 9 ,brita9 are 9 ,wales1 ,cumb]l&1 & v>i\s p>ts ( ,scotl&2 ! mode ( work+ !m is g5]ally ! same4 ,! rock is got out 9 tabul> masses by means ( l>ge w$ges1 & is !n subdivid$ by small] to ! requisite ?9ness2 ! pieces are r\ghly squ>$ by a pick1 or axe1 & sort$1 accord+ to _! sizes1 = ro(+4 ,! l>ge/ call$ imp]ial1 are ab\t ?ree & a half feet long1 & two & a half wide2 ! smalle/ av]age half ^? dim5sions4 ,:5 want$ = pav+1 c41 ! l>ge blocks are sawn into ?9n] slabs1 9 ! same mann] z /one or m>ble is4 ,a few words respect+ ! position & work+ ( "s ( ! slate-qu>ries may be appropriate1 z illu/rat+ ! nature ( ?is rem>kable geological =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,slate-,qu>ry4 ,! mo/ ext5sive slate-qu>ries 9 ,great ,brita9 are ^? ne> ,bangor1 9 ,wales1 f :i* slate is %ipp$ to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! slate occupies ! great] "p ( ! di/ance f ,sn[don to ! ,m5ai ,/raits4 ,upw>ds ( two ?\s& m5 are employ$ 9 ^! qu>ries2 & ! proprietor is said to ga9 f ?irty to =ty ?\s& p\nds p] annum by !m4 ,al?\gh ?is "o is ! l>ge/1 yet !re is "o 9 ,cumb]l& 9 :i* ! slate is f\nd m rem>kably situat$4 ,?is is ,h\r/on ,crag1 a m\nta9 ne> ,butt]m]e ,lake1 ab\t two ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! lake1 & ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( access1 ! workm5 take _! provisions = ! week1 & sleep 9 tempor>y huts on ! summit4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s !y are g5]ally involv$ 9 cl\ds1 & n unfrequ5tly block$ up by ! sn[4 ,! slate is convey$ on sl$ges d[n a zigzag pa? cut 9 ! rock1 "o man att5d+ to prev5t ! accel]ation ( ! desc5t4 ,:5 ! slate is empti$ at ! bottom ! sl$ge is c>ri$ back on ! man's %\ld]s to ! summit4 ,not)/&+ ! value ( slate1 few qu>ries are work$ to a v great dep?1 or h subt]ranean gall]ies l m9es4 ,!re is "o1 h[ev]1 ne> ,*>leville1 9 ,france1 :i* is an exception to ?is rule4 ,! m\? ( ! m9e is ne> ! summit ( a hill2 ! b$ incl9es =ty degrees to ! horizon1 & is ab\t sixty feet 9 ?ickness1 b ! ext5t & dep? are unkn[n4 ,x has be5 work$ by a pr9cipal gall]y to ! dep? ( f\r hundr$ feet1 & _m lat]al gall]ies h also be5 driv51 ext5d+ ab\t two hundr$ feet on ! side ( ! ma9 gall]y4 ,tw5ty-six ladd]s are s plac$ z to give passage to ! workm5 & c>riage = ! slate4 ,( ! sixty feet :i* con/itutes ! ?ickness ( ! b$ ( slate1 ab\t =ty are good slate1 ! re/ be+ mix$ ) qu>tz4 ,! slate is cut into blocks ( ab\t two hundr$ p\nds ea*1 call$ faix2 ea* workman1 9 8 turn1 c>ry+ !m on 8 back to ! v m\? ( ! pit1 m\nt+ all or "p ( ! tw5ty-six ladd]s1 accord+ to ! dep? ( ! b$ :]e he may be work+4 ,:5 br\ght to ! surface1 ^! blocks are split into ?ick tables call$ rep>tons1 by means ( a *isel & mallet2 & ^! rep>tons are divid$ by simil> means into ro(+-slates4 ,ano!r rem>kable slate-qu>ry 9 ,france1 is situat$ ne> ,ang]s4 ,! b$ ( slate ext5ds = a space ( two leagues1 pass+ "u ! t[n ( ,ang]s1 :i* is 9 great "p built ( slate2 ^? blocks :i* are ! lea/ divisible be+ employ$ 9 masonry4 ,! qu>ries actually explor$ are all 9 ! same l9e1 f we/ to ea/1 z well z ! anci5t pits1 ! b$ ( ! be/ ro(-slate ris+ to ! surface 9 ?is direction4 ,imm$iately "u ! vegetable e>? is f\nd a brittle k9d ( slate1 :i*1 to a dep? ( f\r or five feet1 splits into rhomboidal fragm5ts4 ,a little l[] is ! build+-/one1 :i* is a f9] b sc>cely divisible slate1 & is employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses1 aft] x has be5 suffici5tly h>d5$ by exposure to ! air4 ,at f\rte5 or fifte5 feet f ! surface is f\nd ! good slate1 :i* has be5 qu>ri$ to ! p]p5dicul> dep? ( ?ree hundr$ feet1 )\t its l[] limit be+ atta9$4 ,! int]ior /ructure ( ! slaty mass is divid$ by _m ve9s or seams ( calc>e\s sp> & qu>tz1 fifte5 or sixte5 feet 9 l5g?1 by two feet ?ick2 ^! ve9s are p>allel1 & proce$ regul>ly f we/ to ea/ 9 a position ris+ sev5ty degrees to ! s\?2 !y are int]sect$ by o!r ve9s at int]vals ( a simil> k9d1 b ^: rise is sev5ty degrees nor?2 s t :5 ! two s]ies meet1 !y =m rhombs or half-rhombs4 ,all ! lay]s or lam9 ( slate h a direction simil> to ^? ( ! ve9s ( qu>tz1 s t ! :ole mass becomes divid$ into imm5se p>allel rhomboids4 ,! slate is extract$ 9 blocks ( a det]m9ate size1 :i* are !n divid$ into leaves = ro(-slates4 ,:5 ! blocks h be5 drawn f ! qu>ry1 if !y are left expos$ to ! sun or ! op5 air1 !y lose :at is call$ ! qu>ry-wat]1 & !n become h>d & untractable1 & c only be employ$ z build+-/one4 ,fro/ produces a s+ul> effect on ^! blocks2 :ile froz51 !y may be brok5 ) m ease ?an be=e2 b if ?aw$ r quickly1 !y become no long] divisible2 yet ?is quality may be re/or$ by expos+ !m once m to ! fro/4 ,! ,process ( ,slat+4 ,:5 ! blocks ( slate = ro(+ h be5 split1 & ! lam9 r\ghly squ>$1 !y are sort$1 accord+ to _! size & quality1 & are br\ght to m>ket "u ! qua9t names ( ,imp]ial slates1 ,du*esses1 ,c\ntesses1 c41 ! fir/ v>iety be+ ! l>ge/4 ,! be/ ro(+-slates come f ! celebrat$ vale ( ,fe/9iog4 ,slates are laid on batt5s1 or ?9 n>r[ deal bo>ds1 :i* are nail$ horizontally on ! common raft]s ( ! ro(1 at equal di/ances ap>t1 :i* di/ance is gov]n$ by ! size ( ! slate to be employ$4 ,an entire bo>d is nail$ along ! l[e/ edge ( ! ro( to receive ! lead ( ! gutt]s1 :i* are fir/ laid1 & !n ! l[e/ c\rse ( slates are nail$ & p9n$ d[n to ! l[]mo/ batt52 s t two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! slate1 at lea/1 %all lie ov] ! lead4 ,! next c\rse ( slates is !n fix$1 s t e slate %all ov]lap two-?irds ! dep? ( ! c\rse bel[ x1 e slate be+ also laid ov] ! jo9t1 betwe5 two slates ( t und]c\rse4 ,by ?is con/ruction ! ra9 t runs ?r\gh ! jo9t betwe5 any two slates is kept f p5etrat+ into ! ro( by be+ receiv$ on ! surface ( ! slate b5ea? t jo9t2 & ! bottom c\rse ( slates is d\ble1 to cont9ue ! same pr9ciple d[n to ! lead gutt]4 ,illu/ration ,! slates are fix$ to ! batt5s by two copp] nails & a wood5 p9 :5 ! "w is well execut$2 holes be+ pick$ ?r\gh ea* slate = ! nails to pass ?r\gh4 ,pap] ,ro(s4 ,al?\gh1 z intimat$ 9 a =m] page1 9 cov]+ our imag9>y dwell+ ) tiles or slates1 we may seem to h done all t is necess>y 9 respect to 8ro(+10 yet we %\ld leave our subject only half treat$ if we 7 to omit m5tion ( o!r contrivances :i* h be5 p>tially act$ on2 su* z ! use ( pap]1 ( asphaltum1 & v>i\s o!r sub/ances4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 ,mr4 ,l\don publi%$ a pamphlet1 9 :i* he describ$ ! mode ( prep>+ pap] = ro(s1 & discuss$ ! v>i\s argum5ts = & aga9/ its adoption4 ,8 description _h imm$iate relation to a s]ies ( pap] ro(s 9 a l>ge f>m at ,tew ,lodge1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 & compris$ ! foll[+ among o!r p>ticul>s4 ,pap] ro(s may be made v flat1 be+ rais$ no high] ?an j suffici5t = ?r[+ (f ! wat]4 ,in/ead ( tile1 slate1 or ?at*1 !y are cov]$ ) pap]1 prep>$ by imm]sion 9 a mixture ( t> & pit*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 pieces ( wood call$ 8c\ples10 are laid across ! walls ( ! build+1 ris+ two in*es & a half to ! foot to obta9 a dra9age obliquity2 ^! c\ples v>y f two or ?ree to six in*es squ>e1 accord+ to ! size ( ! ro(4 ,on ! c\ples are plac$ horizontal raft]s1 ab\t two in*es squ>e2 ! di/ance betwe5 ! c\ples be+ f five to eight feet1 & betwe5 ! raft]s ab\t eighte5 in*es2 ! c\ples are nail$ to ! wall plate1 & ! raft]s to ! c\ples4 ,at ,tew ,lodge1 ! raft]s us$ 7 "y l>*-trees1 sawn up ! middle1 cut to ! prop] l5g?s1 & prep>$ s t ! upp] surface %\ld be level4 ,on ! raft]s are plac$ ?9 bo>ds1 f a half to five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness2 ^! bo>ds are nail$ to ! raft]s1 n horizontally z = slat+1 b 9 a direction f ! eaves to ! ridge ( ! ro(4 ,9 "s cases sub/itutes = ?9 bo>ds may be us$2 su* z close copse-wood hurdles1 pla/]$ ov]2 or common pla/]-la?s4 ,! pap] employ$ may be any common1 co>se1 /rong k9d2 t k9d us$ by button-mak]s be+ fav\rable = ! purpose4 ,x is prep>$ z foll[s3 a boil] or cauldron1 ?ree feet wide by two deep1 plac$ ov] a fire1 is fill$ to )9 six in*es ( ! top ) t> & pit*1 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]2 ! fire be+ appli$ & ! mixture made to boil1 ! pap] is imm]s$ 9 x "o %eet at a "t1 & !n laid 9 a /ack or pile ) su* a slope z to all[ x to dra91 a little grease ( any k9d be+ plac$ betwe5 ! %eets to prev5t _! adh]+2 & :5 dry ! pap] is simil>ly treat$ a second "t4 ,! pap] ?us prep>$ is !n nail$ d[n to ! ro(4 ,! workman beg9s at ! eaves1 & all[s ?ree in*es = be+ turn$ d[n & nail$ und]nea? ! end ( ! bo>d1 :i* bo>ds project an in* ov] ! fir/ raft]4 ,if ! pap] be common1 co>se1 wrapp+ pap]1 x is laid on mu* ! same z slate1 s t :5 f9i%$ x w rema9 9 d\ble ?ickness all ov] ! ro(2 b if ?ick] pap] be employ$1 x is only made to ov]lap ab\t ?ree in*es 9 ea* lay]4 ,e %eet is fix$ d[n ) f\r nails ab\t an in* 9 l5g?1 hav+ broad flat heads4 ,on ! pap] ?us fix$ is laid a composition consi/+ ( two p>ts ( t> to "o ( pit*1 ?ick5$ to ! consi/5ce ( pa/e1 ) equal p>ts ( :it+ & p[d]$ *>coal4 ,! composition be+ well boil$ & kept con/antly /irr$1 x is spread ov] ! ro( ) a hemp5 mop z quickly z possible on acc\nt ( ! spe$y cool+4 ,:5 prop]ly laid on & dri$1 ! composition totally conceals ! jo9ts ( ! pap]1 & =ms a smoo? & glossy black cov]+ an eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,sometimes1 :ile ! composition is yet wet1 s&1 du/1 or a%es are /rew$ on1 to increase ! sub/ance1 & %ield ! composition f ! action ( ! sun4 ,mr4 ,l\don enum]ates z ! advantages ( ?is ro(--economy1 durability1 & elegance4 ,! economy is %[n by ! circum/ance t1 on acc\nt ( ! lightness ( ! pap]1 less massive walls & timb]s are requir$ ?an = o!r k9ds ( ro(4 ,! exp5se at ,tew ,lodge 0 f f\rp5ce to t5p5ce p] squ>e foot1 ev]y?+ includ$4 ,x is "o result ( ! flatness ( ! ro(1 t t5 squ>e feet w cov] z mu* z f\rte5 feet at ! usual pit* ( slat$ ro(s4 ,z to ! durability1 _m pro(s are adduc$ to support x4 ,a pap] ro( to a *ur* at ,dunf]ml9e rema9$ =ty ye>s )\t requir+ any repairs2 & sev]al w>eh\ses at ,gre5ock1 ,deal1 ,dov]1 & ,cant]bury1 _h pap] ro(s1 :i* 7 kn[n to /& f t5 to tw5ty ye>s4 ,mr4 ,l\don consid]$ t1 f ! flatness ( ! ro(s1 & f o!r circum/ances connect$ ) ! appe>ance ( ! prep>$ %eets1 ! pap] ro(s 7 m fitt$ to jo9 h>moni\sly ) c]ta9 /yles ( ar*itecture ?an slat$ ro(s4 ,objections h be5 made to ?is k9d ( ro(1 on ! gr\nd t x is liable to be bl[n (f by high w9d1 & /ill m t x is v inflammable4 ,) reg>d to ! =m]1 ,mr4 ,l\don /ates t if ! ro( be prop]ly made !re is little dang] ( its be+ remov$ by high w9d4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! second objection1 he /ates3--8,!y seem to me n s liable to set fire to z ?at*4 ,pit* 7especially if coat$ ov] ) s& or smi?y a%es7 w n be light$ by a sp>k1 nor ev5 by ! application ( a sl5d] flame1 z w t mat]ial2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 light$1 x w unque/ionably burn ) great] velocity ?an any species ( ?at*+4444 ,9 ! /ew>d's h\se & m5's lodge wood is con/antly us$ z fuel1 :i*1 ?\gh m dang]\s = emitt+ sp>ks ?an coal1 yet no accid5t has or is ev] likely to happ5 to ! ro(4 ,9 my h\se1 :]e coals 7 *iefly us$1 ! *imneys h be5 repeat$ly set on fire to clean !m1 )\t ! lea/ accid5t happ5+ to ! ro(40 ,_m ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ,mr4 ,l\don publi%$ 8 elaborate ,encyclopdia ( ,cottage1 ,f>m1 & ,villa ,ar*itecture1 he briefly sket*$ "s ( ! =ms ( ro( :i* h m or less rec5tly come into use4 ,^! we mu/ "h notice4 ,t]race ,ro(s4 ,t]race ro(s h be5 mu* us$ 9 & ab\t ,london4 ,!y are =m$ ( ?9 ar*es ( tiles & cem5t1 support$ on ca/-iron be>]s or ribs1 :i* are plac$ ab\t ?ree feet ap>t4 ,! ar* is compos$ ( ?ree c\rses ( common pla9 tiles1 b$d$ 9 f9e cem5t )\t s&4 ,9 lay+ ! tiles1 la?s or small slips ( wood are us$1 re/+ on tempor>y be>]s betwe5 ! iron ribs2 ! la?s be+ %ift$ z ! "w advances1 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t half an h\r aft] ! tiles are laid4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is requir$ 9 bond+ ! tiles bo? ways2 & !y are rubb$ d[n closely ^u ea* o!r1 mu* 9 ! same mann] z a jo9] glues a jo9t4 ,sometimes ^! t]race ro(s are coat$ ) a lay] ( co>se gravel1 & !n ) n9e in*es ( good soil1 s z to =m a t]race g>d54 ,! ro(s ( two tav]ns at ,hung]=d ,m>ket are =m$ ( ^! cem5t$ tiles4 ,asphalte ,ro(s4 ,asphalte or bitum5 has come into use z a mat]ial = ro(s4 ,x _h be5 employ$ = v>i\s purposes 9 ,france = _m ye>s1 b did n attract mu* att5tion till )9 ! la/ eight or t5 ye>s4 ,x is n[ 9 v g5]al use 9 t c\ntry = foot pavem5ts1 flat ro(s1 & wat]-ci/]n l9+s2 & 9 ,engl& x has also be5 a good deal us$ = ! same purposes1 & = b>n-floor+4 ,! p>ticul> modes 9 :i* x is employ$ = floors & pavem5ts we ne$ n "h consid]1 b x has be5 us$ = ro(s 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,mr4 ,pocock has pat5t$ a 8flexible ,asphaltic ro(+10 int5d$ to sup]s$e ! use ( slates1 tiles1 z9c1 ?at*1 c41 9 ! cov]+ & l9+ ( f>m-build+s1 %$s1 cottages1 & o!r erections2 & x is approv$ = its durability1 lightness1 & economy4 ,! weight ( ?is mat]ial be+ only sixty p\nds to ! squ>e ( "o hundr$ feet1 ! walls & timb]s to support x ne$ to be b half ! usual sub/ance2 x is also a non-conductor ( heat1 imp]vi\s to damp1 & w be> a heat ( two hundr$ & tw5ty degrees )\t injury4 ,?is peculi> mat]ial is said to be =m$ ( asphalte mix$ ) ! refuse felt ( hat manufactories1 compress$ into ?9 plates4 ,scot* ,fir ,ro(s4 ,scot* fir ro(s are occasionally made4 ,! me?od ( giv+ durability to ! timb] = ?is purpose consi/s 9 fir/ cutt+ ! wood to ! requir$ size1 & !n /eep+ x = a =tnight 9 a pond ( lime-wat]2 x is f\nd t ! acid conta9$ 9 ! wood becomes cry/alliz$ by comb9+ ) ! alkali ( ! lime4 ,sir ,*>les ,m5tea? is said to h "s f>m build+s :i*1 al?\gh ro($ ) ,scot* fir =ty ye>s ago1 are z well protect$ n[ z :5 ! ro(s 7 fir/ laid on2 ! wood hav+ be5 previ\sly /eep$ 9 lime-wat]4 ,! sulphate ( copp]1 ! *loride ( z9c1 ! corrosive sublimate1 & ! v>i\s o!r *emical sub/ances :i* h be5 recomm5d$ ( late ye>s z means = prev5t+ ! decay ( timb]1 w possibly r5d] ! use ( timb] ro(s m practicable ?an x has be5 hi!rto consid]$4 ,iron ,ro(s4 ,ro(s ( iron are 9 great reque/ at ! pres5t "t4 ,"o ( ^! sorts ( ro(s may be =m$ ( ?ree k9ds ( ca/-iron plates4 ,! fir/1 call$ ! 8ro(-plate10 is %ap$ ) ?ree ( its sides turn$ up & "o turn$ d[n1 & is made tap]+ n>r[] t[>ds "o end2 ! second1 call$ ! 8l[-ridge plate10 has two ( its sides turn$ up & ! o!r two turn$ d[n2 ! ?ird1 call$ ! 8high-ridge plate10 has all its sides turn$ d[n1 & is =m$ ) an angle 9 ! middle1 s z to slope ea* way ( ! ro(4 ,su* a ro( may be made v flat1 inasmu*1 t = a h\se tw5ty feet wide1 ! height ( ! ro( 9 ! middle ne$ n exce$ two feet2 no bo>d+ is requir$1 ! plates re/+ )\t ei!r cem5t or nails on ! raft]s4 ,f ! mann] 9 :i* ! edges ( ! plates ov]lap1 !re is no risk ( contraction or expansion4 ,"s ( ! iron ro(s rec5tly made are on ! pr9ciple ( ^? us$ 9 ,russia1 ( :i* ! foll[+ description has be5 giv5 9 ! ,rep]tory ( ,pat5t ,inv5tions3--8,%eet-iron cov]+s are n[ univ]sally made use ( 9 all new build+s at ,pet]sburgh1 ,mosc[1 c4 ,9 ! case ( a fire1 no h>m c come to a h\se f sp>ks fall+ on a ro( ( ?is description4 ,! %eets ( ?is iron cov]+ measure two feet f\r in*es by f\r feet eight in*es1 & weigh twelve p\nds & a half avoirdupois p] %eet1 or "o p\nd five ounces ea* sup]ficial squ>e foot4 ,:5 ! %eets are on ! ro(1 !y measure only two feet wide by f\r feet 9 l5g?3 ?is is ow+ to ! ov]lapp+4 ,!y are fir/ pa9t$ on bo? sides once1 &1 :5 fix$ on ! ro(1 a second coat is giv54 ,! common col\r is r$1 b gre5 pa9t1 x is said1 w /& twice ! "t4 ,small bits or e>s are introduc$ into ! laps1 = nail+ ! plates to ! two-in* squ>e la?s on :i* !y are secur$4 ,x takes twelve %eets & a half to cov] "o hundr$ feet1 ! weight ( :i* is "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds--! co/ only #a #aes41 or ab\t ?reep5ce p] foot40 ,iron ro(s are n[ (t5 made ( corrugat$ or furr[$ %eet-iron4 ,9 ?is =m ! iron is impress$ s z to pres5t a surface ( semi-circul> ridges ) int]v5+ furr[s l5g?wise ( ! %eets4 ,by ?is means1 a piece ( %eet-iron1 :i*1 z a pla9 flat surface1 has no /r5g? b 9 its t5acity1 becomes a s]ies ( cont9u$ ar*es abutt+ aga9/ ea* o!r2 & ! metal1 by ?is new position1 acquires increas$ /r5g?4 ,iron s furr[$ is deem$ pref]able to common %eet-iron = cov]+ a flat-ro(1 because ! furr[s w collect ! wat] & c>ry x m rapidly to ! eaves4 ,b !re are great] advantages ?an ?is4 ,if ! furr[$ %eets be b5t into a curv$ surface1 convex above & concave bel[1 !y w =m an ar* ( great /r5g?1 capable ( s]v+ z a ro( )\t raft]s or any o!r support1 except at ! eaves or abutm5ts4 ,iron ro(s measur+ two hundr$ & tw5ty-five feet by =ty h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,to increase _! durability ! iron %eets are coat$ ) pa9t or t>4 ,z9c & o!r ,metallic ,ro(s4 ,additions are made e ye> to ! numb] ( contrivances = =m+ metallic ro(s1 among :i* is "o n[ ! subject ( a pat5t1 = ! use ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,9 ?is case ! aid ( ! electric ag5t is employ$ to give iron %eets an am\nt ( durability :i* !y d n possess 9 _! natural /ate4 ,z9c has be5 mu* employ$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s z a mat]ial = ro(s4 ,its availability = ?is purpose re/s p>tly on its sup]ior lightness z comp>$ ) lead1 & its sup]ior condition "u ! action ( ! atmosph]e z comp>$ ) iron4 ,! latt] quality arises ?us2 aft] ! z9c has be5 cov]$ ) a ?9 film ( oxide by ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 x suff]s no fur!r *ange f long exposure2 s t ! evil ( ru/ *ecks itself4 ,at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]1 z9c %eets1 :i* are brittle :5 cold1 become malleable1 & _! availability = ro(s is !reby increas$4 ,! prop]ty :i* z9c has1 h[ev]1 ( tak+ fire at a temp]ature ( ab\t #gjj ,fahr41 r detracts f its value z a mat]ial = ro(s4 ,?at* ,ro(s4 ,! mo/ common mat]ial employ$ z ?at* is ei!r ! /raw ( :eat1 rye1 or o!r gra91 or re$1 /ubble1 or hea!r4 ,! /raw ( :eat & rye1 :5 well prep>$ & laid1 =ms ! neate/ & mo/ secure ?at*+2 ! =m] be+ pref]able to ! latt] 9 smoo?ness1 suppl5ess1 & durability4 ,b>ley-/raw is plac$ next to rye 9 fitness = ?at*1 & oat-/raw ! l[e/ ( ! f\r4 ,! re$ is a v durable mat]ial = ?at*1 b is g5]ally too exp5sive4 ,x has be5 /at$ t1 9 ,norfolk1 :]e ! re$ is a fav\rite mat]ial = ?at*1 a re$ ro( w lie fifty ye>s )\t want+ repair1 & t1 ) v slight att5tion1 x w la/ = a :ole c5tury4 ,view$ 9 ?is light1 a re$ ro( may probably be consid]$ economical4 ,! me?od ( ?at*+ ) re$1 7:i* is "o ( ! be/ & mo/ difficult specim5s ( ! ?at*]'s art17 has be5 ?us describ$4 ,no la?s be+ made use ( z a support to ! ?at*1 a few ( ! longe/ & /\te/ re$s are scatt]$ irregul>ly across ! nak$ sp>s z a f\ndation :]eon to lay ! ma9 coat2 & ?us a p>tial gauze-l cov]+ is =m$1 call$ ! fleak+4 ,on ?is fleak+ ! ma9 cov]+ is laid1 & fa/5$ d[n to ! sp>s by means ( long rods call$ sways1 laid across ! middle ( ! re$1 & ti$ to ! sp>s ) rope-y>n or ) brambles4 ,9 lay+ on ! re$1 ! workman beg9s at ! l[] corn] ( ! ro( on 8 "r h&1 & keeps an irregul> diagonal l9e until he rea*es ! upp] corn] on 8 left2 a n>r[ eaves-bo>d be+ nail$ across ! feet ( ! sp>s1 & "s fleak+ scatt]$ on4 ,! ?at*] beg9s to 8set 8 eaves0 by lay+ a coat ( re$1 eight or t5 in*es ?ick1 ) ! heads re/+ ^u ! fleak+ & ! butts ^u ! eaves-bo>d4 ,he !n lays on 8 sway1 or rod1 ab\t six or eight in*es f ! l[e/ po9t ( ! re$1 :il/ 8 assi/ant1 on ! inside1 runs a ne$le ?read$ ) rope-y>n close to ! sp> & to ! upp] edge ( ! eaves-bo>d4 ,! ?at*] draws x ?r\gh on "o side ( ! sway & ent]s x aga9 on ! contr>y side bo? ( ! sway & ( ! sp>4 ,! assi/ant1 9 8 turn1 draws x ?r\gh1 un?reads x1 &1 ) ! two ends ( ! y>n1 makes a knot r\nd ! sp>1 !reby draw+ bo? ! sway & ! re$ tight d[n to ! ro(2 :il/ ! ?at*] above1 beat+ & press+ ! sway1 assi/s 9 consolidat+ ! "w4 ,! assi/ant1 hav+ made good ! knot bel[1 proce$s ) ano!r l5g? ( ?read to ! next sp>1 & s on till ! sway is b\nd d[n ! :ole l5g?1 t is1 ab\t eight or t5 feet4 ,?is be+ done1 ano!r /ratum ( re$ is laid ^u ! fir/1 s z to make ! entire coat eighte5 or tw5ty in*es ?ick at ! butts2 & ano!r sway is laid on & b\nd d[n ab\t twelve in*es above ! fir/4 ,:5 ! eaves are completely set !y are adju/$ & made ev5 by an in/rum5t call$ a legget4 ,?is is made ( a bo>d eight or n9e in*es squ>e1 ) a h&le two feet long adju/$ to its upp] surface 9 an oblique position4 ,! face ( ! legget is set ) l>ge-head$ nails1 & ^! enable ! workman1 by us+ ! in/rum5t some:at z if x 7 a turf-beat+ tool1 to lay hold ( ! butts ( ! re$ & to adju/ !m 9 _! places4 ,:5 ! eaves are ?us %ap$1 ! ?at*] lays on ano!r /ratum ( re$s1 & b9ds x d[n by ano!r sway some:at %ort] ?an ! la/1 & plac$ eighte5 or tw5ty in*es above x2 & above ?is1 o!rs1 9 successive r[s1 cont9u+ to %ort5 ! sways until !y dim9i% to no?+1 & a triangul> corn] ( ?at*+ be =m$4 ,aft] ?is ! rema9+ surface ( ! ro( is simil>ly done4 ,9 ord] to f9i% ! ridge ( ! ro(1 a cap ( /raw is adju/$ to x 9 a v c>eful mann]4 ,9 ?is op]ation ! workman beg9s by br++ ! ridge to a %>p angle1 by lay+ /raw l5g?wise ^u x3 & to keep ?is /raw 9 its place1 he pegs x d[n slightly ) 8d\ble-broa*es10 :i* are cleft twigs ab\t two feet long & half an in* ?ick1 %>p5$ at bo? ends1 b5t d\ble & not*$1 s z to clasp ! /raw on ! ridge4 ,?is done1 ! ?at*] lays a coat ( /raight /raw six or eight in*es ?ick across ! ridge1 beg9n+ on ei!r side at ! upp]mo/ butts ( ! re$s1 & f9i%+ ) /raight h&sful ev5ly across ! top ( ! ridge4 ,hav+ laid a l5g? ( ab\t f\r feet 9 ?is mann]1 he proce$s to fa/5 x firmly d[n1 s z to r5d] x pro( aga9/ w9d & ra92 ?is is done by lay+ a 8broa*5-ligg]0 7a qu>t]-cleft rod1 half an in* ?ick & f\r feet long7 along ! middle ( ! ridge1 pegg+ x d[n at e f\r in*es ) a d\ble-broa*1 :i* is fir/ ?ru/ d[n ) ! h&s1 & aft]w>ds driv5 ) ! legget or ) a mallet4 ,! middle ligg] be+ firmly laid1 ! ?at*] smoo?s d[n ! /raw ) a rake & 8 h&s1 ab\t eight or n9e in*es on "o side2 & at six in*es f ! fir/1 he lays d[n ano!r ligg]1 & pegs x d[n ) a simil> numb] ( d\ble-broa*es1 ?us proce$+ to smoo? ! /raw & to fa/5 on ligg]s at e six in*es1 until he rea*es ! bottom ( ! cap4 ,"o side be+ ?us f9i%$1 ! o!r is simil>ly treat$2 & ! fir/ l5g? be+ complet$1 o!rs are done 9 l mann]1 till ! f>!r end ( ! ridge is rea*$4 ,he !n cuts (f ! tails ( ! /raw neatly ) a pair ( %e>s1 level ) ! upp]mo/ butts ( ! re$4 ,:5 /raw or hea!r is us$ = ?at*+1 ! mat]ial is laid on 9 p>allel r[s1 mu* ! same z ! re$s1 b ! mode ( fa/5+ is g5]ally some:at diff]5t4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,wood-,,"w4 ,,gr[? ,,& ,,transport ,,( ,,timb]4 ,! op]ations ( ! c>p5t] & jo9] 9 ! prep>ation ( ! wood-"w ( a h\se are q z important z ^? ( ! mason or bricklay]4 ,x w\ld n be possible 9 ?is little volume to trace cle>ly all ! diff]5t processes connect$ ) ! build+ ( a h\se z !y occur 9 practice2 = ! bricklay] & ! c>p5t] comb9e _! "w1 z x 71 /ep by /ep4 ,b z ! bricklay+ & ! slat+1 or til+1 relate pr9cipally to ! ext]ior ( ! h\se1 & ! c>p5try "w to ! int]ior1 we h ?us a l9e ( sep>ation1 :i* w greatly contribute to ! cle>ness ( ^! details4 ,z on a =m] occasion we notic$ ! op]ations ( ! qu>ry1 :5ce ! build] is suppli$ ) /one1 slate1 c41 x w n[ be int]e/+ to give a few details respect+ ! gr[? & transport ( timb]4 ,! ,oak z a ,timb] ,tree4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 e c\ntry native timb] is pref]r$1 provid$ x c be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity at a *eap rate2 if n1 x is import$ f o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,brita91 ! fir/ & mo/ important ( all trees is1 ( c\rse1 our own oak1 ( :i* we h two species & sev]al v>ieties1 belong+ to ! g5us ,qu]cus4 ,! two species ( oak natives ( ,brita91 ?\gh greatly resembl+ ea* o!r 9 g5]al appe>ance1 may yet v readily be di/+ui%$1 :5 once _! specific *>act]s are po9t$ out4 ,z ^! two species are v commonly conf\nd$ toge!r1 & z "o ( !m is believ$ to af=d a f> m valuable timb] ?an ! o!r1 x may be useful to note _! diff]5ce1 & exhibit ! *>act]s by :i* ea* may be kn[n4 ,! true ,briti% oak1 ,qu]cus robur1 7fig4 #a7 be>s its acorns on a /alk1 or p$uncle 7fig4 #a1 ,a71 & h5ce x is sometimes call$ ,quecus p$unculata1 b its leaves gr[ close to ! /em1 )\t a foot/alk1 or at lea/ ) a v %ort "o4 ,9 ! o!r native species 7fig4 #b71 ^! two *>act]s are rev]s$3 ! leaves gr[ ^u a foot/alk1 :ile ! acorns are produc$ sessile1 t is1 sitt+ close to ! /em 7fig4 #b1 ,a72 f :i* latt] "* ?is species has acquir$ ! "n ( ,qu]cus sessiliflora4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #b4 ,! above *>act]s w1 = ! mo/ "p1 be f\nd pretty con/ant4 ,at ! same "t1 x may be rem>k$1 t ! oak is a tree subject to great v>iations2 & accord+ly individuals ( ea* species occasionally occur1 :i* 9 _! *>act]s are f\nd m or less to approa* ^? ( ! o!r4 ,qu]cus robur1 = example1 sometimes be>s its acorns almo/ close to ! /em1 & sometimes ,qu]cus sessiliflora w be> !m on a %ort foot/alk4 ,! leaves1 too1 ( ea*1 frequ5tly v>y 9 ! l5g? ( ! petiole1 or leaf/alk4 ,b 9 a g5]al way 7z already /at$71 ea* k9d may be readily di/+ui%$ by ! above obvi\s po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,bo? species are common 9 ,brita91 ?\gh ,qu]cus sessiliflora appe>s to be n s g5]ally di/ribut$ z ! o!r2 9 _m di/ricts its gr[? seems to be pr9cipally conf9$ to woods & coppices1 :]e x sometimes occurs ev5 9 great] abundance ?an ! common species4 ,qu]cus robur is believ$ to af=d ! m valuable timb] ( ! two1 ow+1 probably1 to its be+ ( sl[] gr[?4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! respective m]its ( ea*1 9 po9t ( durability ( timb]1 h yet be5 fairly put to ! te/4 ,:]e oak is gr[n 9 coppices1 to be cut d[n p]iodically = poles1 ,qu]cus sessiliflora is at lea/ a valuable1 p]haps a pref]able tree1 on acc\nt ( its m rapid & clean] gr[?4 ,no c]ta9 specific *>act]s1 we are aw>e1 c be d]iv$ f ! m]e size or %ape ( ! acorns1 or ( ! leaves4 ,x may be m5tion$1 h[ev]1 z a g5]al1 ?\gh n a con/ant rule1 t ,qu]cus sessiliflora usually be>s v small acorns1 & t its leaves are1 = ! mo/ "p1 l>g]1 & m regul>ly lac9iat$ or not*$1 & consequ5tly h&som]1 z individual leaves1 ?an ^? ( ,qu]cus robur4 ,! foliage ( ! latt] species1 h[ev]1 tak5 z a :ole1 is by f> ! m beautiful2 its leaves1 be+ small]1 & gr[+ close to ! /em1 & n on foot/alks1 comb9e bett]1 =m m d5se & compact masses1 & exhibit to great] p]fection ^? exquisite tufts1 or rosettes1 :i* con/itute "o ( ! peculi> *>ms ( oak foliage4 ,! oak is f> less us$ 9 civil ar*itecture ?an =m]ly1 al?\gh !re are c]ta9 purposes 9 build+ to :i* x is /ill appli$2 b ow+ to its value & ! dem& = x = %ips1 & to ! great lab\r requir$ to "w x1 its place is n[ suppli$ by fir4 ,! be/ oak is t :i* gr[s on cold1 /iff1 clayey soils1 & is ! sl[e/ 9 arriv+ at maturity2 & ! cold] ! climate1 or ! high] above ! level ( ! sea ! tree gr[s1 provid$ x be n /unt$ f sev]ity ( climate1 ! bett] ! timb]3 h5ce ,scotti% & ,wel% oak is m e/eem$ ?an t f ! middle or s\!rn c\nties ( ,brita94 ,our own isl& does n produce ?is timb] 9 suffici5t abundance to supply ! dem&1 & l>ge quantities ( oak are import$ f diff]5t c\ntries1 especially f ,prussia & ,canada4 ,!re are f\r k9ds ( oak us$ 9 ! ,royal ,dock-y>ds1--,wel%1 ,sussex1 ,adriatic1 & ,baltic1--besides two o!rs1 t]m$ ,african oak1 employ$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! vessels1 accord+ to ! qualities requisite = ! p>ticul> purpose4 ,next to our own oak1 t f ! %ores ( ! ,baltic is by f> ! mo/ e/eem$4 ,9 dome/ic ar*itecture1 oak is only us$ 9 ! l>ge/ & be/ build+s1 occasionally = ! pr9cipal beams2 b its *ief use is = door & w9d[ frames1 sills1 sleep]s1 k+-po/s ( ro(s1 = truss+ fir gird]s1 = sa%es1 = gates ( locks1 sluices1 po/s1 piles1 c4 ,! timb] call$ ,african oak1 us$ 9 ! navy1 is wood ( a diff]5t g5us4 ,wa9scot is ! wood ( a species ( oak1 import$ f ,russia & ,prussia 9 a p>ticul> =m ( log4 ,teak is ! produce ( a tree ( ! g5us ,tectona4 ,t4 gr&is is "o ( ! l>ge/ ,indian trees1 & "o ( ! mo/ valuable1 on acc\nt ( its excell5t timb]4 ,! trunk is neat1 l(ty1 & ( an enorm\s size2 ! leaves ab\t tw5ty in*es long & a foot or m wide2 ! fl[]s small1 :ite1 & fragrant1 & collect$ into v l>ge panicles4 ,x is a native ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,india1 & 0 introduc$ into ,b5gal by ,"l ,cornwallis & ,colonel ,kydd4 ,! wood ( ?is tree has be5 prov$ by long exp]i5ce to be ! mo/ useful timb] 9 ,asia2 x is light & easily work$1 & at ! same "t /rong & durable4 ,x is consid]$ equal to oak = %ip-build+1 & has "s resemblance to x 9 its timb]2 _m vessels trad+ betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,india are con/ruct$ ( x4 ,t :i* gr[s ne> ! banks ( ! ,godav]y is beautifully ve9$1 clos] 9 ! gra91 & heavi] ?an o!r v>ieties4 8,on ! banks ( ! riv] ,irrawaddy1 9 ! ,birman empire1 ! teak =e/s are unrivall$2 & !y rise s f> ov] ! jungle or bru%wood1 by :i* tropical =e/s are r5d]$ imp5etrable1 t !y seem almo/ z if "o =e/ 7 rais$ on gigantic poles ov] ! top ( ano!r4 ,! teak has n ! broad /r5g? ( ! oak1 ! c$>1 & "s o!r trees2 b !re is a grace 9 its =m :i* !y d n possess40 ,a specim5 ( ?is tree 0 introduc$ into ! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago2 b f ! coldness ( our climate x c nev] become a =e/-tree 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,valuable z teak is f\nd to be 9 %ip-build+1 x has n yet be5 us$ 9 dome/ic build+ to any ext5t4 ,f sixte5 to eighte5 ?\s& loads ( teak are annually import$ into ,brita9 f ,india1 pr9cipally = ! ,royal ,dock-y>ds1 ?is wood be+ us$ = c]ta9 beams & pill>s 9 %ips4 ,! ,fir & ,p9e z ,timb] ,trees4 ,fir1 or ,p9e1 ranks next to oak = its valuable qualities1 & if its univ]sal application be tak5 into consid]ation1 x might be ?\ght ev5 sup]ior 9 importance4 ,x is us$ = e "p ( h\ses1 & ext5sively 9 %ip-build+1 9 ! fitt+s-up1 :ile x con/itutes ! only mat]ial = ma/s1 = :i* purpose its lightness1 & ! great l5g? & /raightness ( ! trunk1 peculi>ly fit x4 ,p9e1 or fir1 is import$ into ?is k+dom "u ! v>i\s names ( timb]1 batt5s1 deals1 la?s1 ma/s1 y>ds1 & sp>s1 accord+ to ! size or =m into :i* ! tree is saw$4 ,x is call$ timb] :5 ! tree is only squ>$ into a /raight beam ( ! l5g? ( ! trunk1 & f n less ?an eight or n9e in*es squ>e1 up to sixte5 or eighte5 squ>e2 fifty cubic feet is a load ( timb]4 ,deals v>y 9 l5g? & ?ickness f eight to sixte5 feet1 elev5 in*es wide1 & f "o & a half to ?ree & a half in*es ?ick4 ,f\r hundr$ sup]ficial feet ( "o & a half in* plank make a load4 ,batt5s are small long pieces ( fir ab\t ?ree in*es wide & "o in* ?ick4 ,ma/s1 y>ds1 & sp>s1 are ! trunks ( small trees simply b>k$ & topp$4 ,! p9e is1 g5]ally speak+1 an ev]gre51 & ! wood becomes h>d] & m durable :5 ! situation is cold1 & also :5 ! gr[? ( ! tree is sl[4 ,norway1 ,sw$51 ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 & ,canada1 are ! *ief localities ( ! =e/s ( p9e4 ,engl& is suppli$ pr9cipally f ,canada1 n because ! timb] f t c\ntry is bett] ?an t d]iv$ f ! nor? ( ,europe1 b because our timb] duties fall heavily on ! ,european p9e1 ! object ( ! legislature be+ to enc\rage ! importation ( p9e f our ,nor? ,am]ican colonies4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( :at is n[ call$ ,canada 0 once an imm5se p9e =e/4 ,) respect to ! ,baltic region1 ,dr4 ,cl>ke said1 t if we take up a map ( ,sw$51 & imag9e ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia to be surr\nd$ by "o contigu\s unbrok5 =e/1 z anci5t z ! _w1 consi/+ pr9cipally ( p9e trees1 ) a few m+l+ bir* & junip] trees1 we %all h a g5]al & tol]ably correct notion ( ! real appe>ance ( ! c\ntry4 ,! same writ] obs]v$1 t ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 might travel f sunrise to sunset ?r\gh "s p>ts ( 8 t]ritories1 )\t meet+ any o!r ( 8 subjects ?an p9e trees4 ,! ,norway ,spruce ,fir4 ,! species ( ,spruce ,fir 7,p9us abies71 repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+1 has be5 kn[n z a ,briti% tree = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 b ,norway seems1 z f> z x c be asc]ta9$1 to be its native c\ntry4 ,x diff]s f ! ,scot* fir 9 g5]al appe>ance1 z well z 9 ! /ructure ( its leaves & cones4 ,! beautiful fea!ry appe>ance ( its foliage is v /rik+1 b ! extreme regul>ity ( its =m r detracts f ! beauty ( a l&scape :5 x is too (t5 repeat$2 x is easily kn[n by its long p5dul\s cones1 z well z by its =mal %ape4 ,! spruce fir is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 all ! ,norwegian =e/s2 x is also spread ov] ! :ole ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 & "p ( ,asia1 & x occurs on mo/ ( ! m\nta9-ranges ( bo? ^! qu>t]s ( ! globe2 9 fav\rable situations x atta9s a great height1 z mu* at times z #aej feet4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,norway ,spruce ,fir4 ,! spruce gr[s m rapidly ?an any o!r ( ! fir tribes2 its wood is extremely t\gh & /rong1 & answ]s well = ma/s & sp>s1 b x is n s valuable :5 cut into planks z t ( o!r species4 ,x does n atta9 ! same size 9 ,brita9 z 9 cold] climates1 ! tree p]haps be+ weak5$ by ! loss ( its sap1 :i* 9 hot wea!r is dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! b>k 9 consid]able quantities4 ,! m protract$ season ( gr[?1 & ! great] diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! day & ! night1 mu/ h an effect ^u x1 & judg+ f ! situations :i* x pref]s on ! ,cont95t1 ! summ] ra9s ( ,engl& _c be by any means fav\rable4 ,! almo/ cont9ual day 9 ! ,pol> c\ntries1 :ile vegetation is active1 produces a uni=mity ( temp]ature1 & a consequ5t un9t]rupt$ gr[? day & night1 :ile 9 c\ntries f>!r s\?1 ! vegetable action is *eck$ e night1 & r5ew$ aga9 e morn+1 especially 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 :5 su* alt]nations are mo/ dang]\s4 ,illu/ration3 #a #a ,male ,catk9s1 or ,blossoms4 #b #b #b ,cones conta9+ ! ,se$4 ,! ,norway ,spruce is call$ by ! ,fr5* ! ,pit* ,spruce1 f its yield+ ! ,burgundy ,pit* ( comm]ce4 ,to obta9 ?is1 p>ts ( ! b>k are remov$ 9 ! spr+1 & ! res9 exudes 9 great] or small] quantities1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! tree2 ?is is scrap$ (f f "t to "t4 ,aft] a suffici5t quantity has be5 collect$1 x is melt$ 9 hot wat]1 & /ra9$ ?r\gh bags to sep>ate ! impurities4 ,if ! /rips ( b>k :i* are remov$ are n>r[1 ! trees w cont9ue to yield = sev]al ye>s4 ,! ,norway ,spruce1 & all o!r trees ( ! fir tribe1 are propagat$ by means ( se$s4 ,^! are to be s[n r ?9ly ab\t ! middle ( ,m>*1 9 a %ady well-%elt]$ bord]2 t[>ds ! autumn ! gr\nd is to be c>efully we$$1 & a quantity ( ri* e>? /rew$ lightly ov] ! :ole4 ,dur+ ! w9t]1 if ! fro/s are v sev]e1 ! "y plants ought at times to be protect$ f ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r4 ,9 ! next spr+1 & dur+ ! mon?s ( ,may & ,june1 ! "y plants w be mu* assi/$ by frequ5t wat]+s1 & 9 ! autumn ! gr\nd mu/ be aga9 clean$4 ,9 ! succe$+ spr+1 :5 _! heads beg9 to swell1 !y may be remov$4 ,at f\r ye>s old !y may be transplant$ aga9 to a spot ( good l&1 & plac$ 9 r[s two & a half feet asund]1 & f\rte5 or sixte5 in*es di/ant 9 ea* r[4 ,?ree ye>s aft] !y w aga9 require to be transplant$ f\r feet asund]1 & s on1 increas+ ! space betwe5 ! trees at ea* remove1 until ! "y ones are f\rte5 or sixte5 feet 9 height4 ,! ,scot* ,fir4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful k9ds ( p9e is ! ,p9us ,sylve/ris 7wild p9e71 g5]ally kn[n z ,scot* fir4 ,x is ?is tree :i* produces t k9d ( wood s ext5sively useful to ! c>p5t] "u ! "n ( deal4 ,! t]m 8deal0 implies timb] squ>$ into a conv5i5t size = exportation1 & x is 9 ! =m ( deals t ! wood ( :i* we are n[ speak+ is import$ into ,engl& f ,norway & ! ,baltic4 ,! be/ "p ( ?is wood is ne> ! root2 & ! roots !mselves are valuable = _m purposes4 ,x is ( ?is wood t ! bodies ( viol9s & ! s\nd+ bo>ds ( musical in/rum5ts g5]ally1 are made3 ! gra9 ( ! wood =m$ by ! annual lay]s be+ v /raight & regul>4 ,9 trees :i* h n arriv$ at maturity1 !re is a portion ( sap-wood next ! b>k2 ?is sap-wood is conv]t$ into ligne\s matt] 9 ab\t two or ?ree ye>s f its =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,scot* ,fir4 ,! ,scot* ,fir1 or ,p9e1 is n peculi> to ,scotl&1 b is common to all ! m\nta9-ranges ( ,europe2 9 l[ damp situations x nev] ?rives1 b delights 9 ! expos$ summits ( ! l(tie/ rocks1 ov] :i* ! e>? is b ?9ly scatt]$2 !re its roots w&] af> 9 ! wilde/ reticulation1 :il/ its tall1 furr[$1 & (t5 gracefully-sweep+1 r$ & gray trunk1 ( enorm\s circumf]5ce1 re>s al(t its high umbrage\s canopy4 ,! fir 0 a v great fav\rite ) ,gilp91 :o consid]$ x1 z x really is1 to be "u fav\rable circum/ances1 a v picturesque object 9 a l&scape3 ! e>ne/ness ) :i* he def5ds its "* is peculi>ly =cible2 he says1 8,x is a h>dy plant1 &1 !re=e1 put to e s]vile (fice4 ,if y wi% to scre5 y\r h\se f ! s\?-we/ w9d1 plant ,scot* firs1 & plant !m close & ?ick4 ,if y want to %elt] a nurs]y ( "y trees1 plant ,scot* firs1 & ! phrase is1 y may aft]w>ds we$ !m out at y\r pleasure4 ,?is is ignom9i\s4 ,i wi% n to rob society ( ^! h>dy s]vices f ! ,scot* fir1 nor d ,i mean to set x 9 competition ) _m trees ( ! =e/1 :i*1 9 _! infant /ate1 x is accu/om$ to %elt]2 all ,i mean is1 to rescue x f ! disgrace ( be+ ?\ght fit = no?+ else1 & to e/abli% its "* z a picturesque tree4 ,= myself1 ,i admire its foliage1 bo? ! col\r ( its leaf & its mode ( gr[?4 ,its ramification1 too1 is irregul> & beautiful40 ,! practice ( plant+ ?is tree 9 gr\ps is ! cause to :i* its unfav\rable "*1 z a picturesque object1 may be attribut$1 ! clos5ess ( gr[? caus+ ! /ems to run upw>d )\t lat]al bran*es4 ,! hilly regions ( ! :ole ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 7 =m]ly cov]$ ) va/ =e/s1 a great portion ( :i* consi/$ ( fir-trees4 ,( ^! anci5t =e/s "s rema9s /ill exi/2 9 ,scotl&1 ! relics ( ! ,rannock =e/1 on ! bord]s ( ! c\nties ( ,p]?1 ,inv]ness1 & ,argyle1 are well kn[n3 ^! consi/ ( ! roots & a few scatt]$ trees1 :i* are /ill f\nd 9 situations ( difficult access4 ,?is =e/ appe>s to h /ret*$ across ! c\ntry1 & to h be5 connect$ ) ! woody di/ricts ( ! we/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,ab]ne?y =e/1 9 ,p]?%ire1 /ill furni%es a consid]able quantity ( timb]4 8,at "o "t10 we quote ,sir ,?omas ,dick ,laud]1 ,b>t41 8! dem& = x 0 s trifl+1 t ! ,laird ( ,grant got only tw5ty p5ce = :at "o man c\ld cut & manufacture 9 a ye>4 ,9 #agcj a bran* ( ! ,york ,build+s ,company pur*as$ sev5 ?\s& p\nds' wor? ( timb]1 & by _! improv$ mode ( work+ x1 by saw-mills1 c41 & _! new me?ods ( transport+ x 9 floats to ! sea1 !y introduc$ ! rapid manufacture & removal ( x1 :i* aft]w>ds took place ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! sylvan di/ricts4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aghf ! ,duke ( ,gordon sold 8 ,gl5more =e/ to an ,engli% company = #aj1jjjl4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to be ! f9e/ fir-wood 9 ,scotl&4 ,num]\s trad+ vessels1 "s ( !m above five hundr$ tons burd51 7 built f ! timb] ( ?is =e/1 & "o frigate1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,gl5more4 ,_m ( ! trees fell$ measur$ eighte5 & tw5ty feet 9 gir?1 & !re is /ill pres]v$ at ,gordon ,ca/le a plank ne>ly six feet 9 bread?1 :i* 0 pres5t$ to ! ,duke by ! ,company4 ,b ! ,ro?i5mur*us =e/ 0 ! mo/ ext5sive ( any 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry2 x consi/$ ( ab\t sixte5 squ>e miles4 ,alas6 we mu/ inde$ say1 x 01 = ! high price ( timb] ha/5$ its de/ruction4 ,x w5t on = _m ye>s1 h[ev]1 to make l>ge returns to ! proprietor1 ! pr(it be+ sometimes #bj1jjjl4 a ye>40 ,illu/ration3 ,leaves & ,male ,blossom ( ,scot* ,fir4 ,illu/ration3 ,cone ( ,scot* ,fir4 ,besides ! =e/ we h m5tion$1 !re are /ill 9 exi/5ce o!r tracts ( l& 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,scotl& cov]$ ) ?is timb]4 ,! att5tion :i* has be5 drawn to ! value ( ! ,scot* fir has be5 an inducem5t to proprietors ( l& to cause ext5sive plantations to be =m$ on suitable spots2 b ,nature h]self takes measures to p]petuate h] "w :]e ! h& ( man has c>ri$ de/ruction2 =1 aft] ! old trees h be5 fell$ & c>ri$ (f ! gr\nd1 "y se$l+s come up z ?ick z 9 ! nurs]yman's se$ b$4 ,! timb] suppli$ by ! ,scot* fir is call$ ,r$ ,deal1 & ! uses to :i* x is appli$ r5d] x necess>y t ! /em %\ld be /raight1 & close plant+ mat]ially assi/s 9 ?is object1 by prev5t+ ! possibility ( ! trees fl++ out _! lat]al bran*es2 ?is1 z we h already notic$1 disfigures ! tree 9 ! eye ( an arti/1 h[ev] mu* x may delight t ( a timb] m]*ant4 ,! /raighte/ & cleane/-gr[n trees are select$ = ma/s1 sp>s1 scaffold-poles1 c41 :ile ! l>ge/ /icks are saw$ into planks = v>i\s purposes4 ,its wood is v durable1 & resi/s ! action ( wat] excell5tly4 ,! p]sons employ$ at diff]5t times 9 ! endeav\r to rescue ! c>go ( ! ,royal ,george1 :i* f\nd]$ (f ,spi!ad1 9 ! ye> #aghb1 discov]$ t ! fir-planks _h suff]$ little1 if any injury1 :ile ! o!r timb]s ( ! vessel _h be5 mu* act$ ^u by ! wat] & diff]5t species ( worms4 ,9 ,holl& ?is tree has be5 us$ = ! purpose ( prep>+ ! f\ndations ( h\ses 9 _! swampy soil2 #ac1fei great ma/s ( ?is timb] 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd = ! purpose ( =m+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,/ad?\se at ,am/]dam4 ,b x is n only = its timb] t we are indebt$ to ?is tree2 ^? useful articles1 t>1 pit*1 & turp5t9e1 are all yield$ by its sap4 ,transport ( ,timb] f ! ,=e/s4 ,probably b few ( our read]s ?9k ( ! means by :i* timb] is convey$ f ! =e/ :]e x gr[s1 to ! spots :]e x is to be appli$ to ! purposes ( build+4 ,& yet x mu/ be evid5t t ! means ( transport =m a matt] ( no small importance4 ,we "k t our timb]-y>ds are pl5tifully suppli$ ) ! v>i\s k9ds ( wood necess>y = build+2 & t ! timb]s are %ap$ by ! axe & ! saw4 ,b1 9 mo/ cases1 ! wood :i* we employ is br\ght f =eign c\ntries1 (t5 _m miles inl&4 ,x is convey$ across ! ocean 9 %ips2 b ! mode ( transport+ x f ! =e/s :]e x gr[s to ! ports :]e x is to be %ipp$1 is a curi\s subject1 & "o well wor?y ( a little att5tion4 ,! ma9 circum/ance t =ms ! gr\ndwork ( all ! plans adopt$ = ?is purpose is1 t ne>ly all k9ds ( wood are1 bulk = bulk1 light] ?an wat]1 & w consequ5tly swim on its surface4 ,n[ z all c\ntries are1 m or less int]sect$ by riv]s1 :i* fl[ f ! int]ior into ! sea1 a v simple & economical mode ( transport = timb] is at once atta9$1 by caus+ x to float d[n runn+ /reams1 ei!r by ! m]e =ce ( ! desc5d+ wat]1 or by ! aid ( me*anical ag5ts4 ,!re is no necessity t ea* piece ( wood %\ld be float$ sep>ately d[n ! /ream2 = !y may be fa/5$ toge!r & /e]$ d[n ! middle ( ! riv]1 9 ! =m ( a long & broad raft4 ,beckmann says3 8,x is probable t ! mo/ anci5t mode ( con/ruct+ vessels = ! purpose ( navigation1 gave rise to ! fir/ idea ( convey+ timb] 9 ! l mann]2 = ! e>lie/ %ips or boats 7 no?+ else ?an rafts1 or a collection ( beams & planks b\nd toge!r1 ov] :i* 7 plac$ deals4 ,by ! ,greeks !y 7 call$ s*$ai1 & by ! ,lat9s rates2 & x is kn[n1 f ! te/imony ( _m writ]s1 t ! anci5ts v5tur$ out to sea ) !m1 on piratical exp$itions1 z well z to c>ry on comm]ce2 & t aft] ! inv5tion ( %ips1 !y 7 /ill reta9$ = ! transportation ( soldi]s1 & ( heavy burd5s40 ,!re are "s passages 9 ! ,bible :i* allude to ! float+ ( wood4 #a ,k+s v4 #i3 8,my s]vants %all br+ !m d[n f ,lebanon unto ! sea2 & ,i w convey !m by sea 9 floats unto ! place t ?\ %alt appo9t me40 #b ,*ron4 ii4 #af3 8,& we w cut wood out ( ,lebanon1 z mu* z ?\ %alt ne$3 & we w br+ x to !e 9 floats by sea to ,joppa1 & ?\ %alt c>ry x up to ,j]usalem40 ,^! passages relate to a compact betwe5 ,solomon & ,hiram1 k+ ( ,tyre1 by :i* ! latt] 0 to cause c$>s = ! build+ ( ! ,temple to be cut d[n on ! we/]n side ( ,m\nt ,lebanon1 above ,tripoli1 & to be float$ to ,jaffa or ,joppa1 probably along by ! sea %ore4 ,! ,romans transport$ by wat] bo? timb] = build+ & fire-wood4 ,:51 dur+ _! w>s aga9/ ! ,g]mans1 !y became acqua9t$ ) ! qualities ( ! common l>*1 !y caus$ l>ge quantities ( x to be c>ri$ on ! riv] ,po1 to ,rav5na1 f ! ,alps1 p>ticul>ly ! ,rhtian1 & to be convey$ also to ,rome1 = _! mo/ important build+s4 ,vitruvius says1 t ?is timb] 0 s heavy t ! wat]s c\ld n support x1 & t x 0 necess>y to c>ry x 9 %ips or on rafts4 ,c\ld x h be5 br\ght to ,rome conv5i5tly1 says he1 x might h be5 us$ ) great advantage 9 build+4 ,x has also be5 suppos$ t ! ,romans procur$ fire-wood f ,africa1 & t x 0 br\ght p>tly 9 %ips & p>tly on rafts4 ,b x is 9 ,g]many t ! transportation ( timb] by means ( floats has be5 mo/ ext5sively c>ri$ on1 p>tly on acc\nt ( its noble =e/s1 & p>tly ?r\gh ! possession ( ! riv] ,rh9e4 ,!re is evid5ce ( ! float+ ( timb]-rafts 9 ,g]many s f> back z ! ye> #adaj4 ,a lett] f ! ,l&grave ( ,?ur+ia says1 t on acc\nt ( ! sc>city ( wood t exi/$ 9 _! t]ritory1 ! l&graves _h s f> less5$ ! toll usually paid on ! riv] ,sale z f> z ,weiss5fels1 t a ,rh5i% flor9 only 0 dem&$ = floats br\ght on t riv] to ,j5a1 & two ,rh5i% /iv]s = ^? c>ri$ to ,weiss5fels2 b ! proprietors ( ! floats 7 b\nd to be answ]able = any injury occasion$ to ! bridges4 ,9 #adch1 ,hans ,munz]1 an opul5t citiz5 ( ,freyb]g1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! !n burgoma/]s1 put a float ( wood ^u ! riv] ,mulda1 :i* runs pa/ ! city1 9 ord] t x might be convey$ ?i!r = ! use ( ! inhabitants3 ?is seems to imply t su* a practice 0 n !n uncommon4 ,:5 ! t[n ( ,as*]sleb5 0 adorn$ ) a new *ur*1 9 #adie1 ! timb] us$ = its con/ruction 0 transport$ on ! ,elbe1 f ,dresd5 to ,ack51 & f !nce on ! ,a*se to ! place ( its de/9ation4 ,9 ! ye> #aefa1 !re 0 a float-ma/] 9 ,saxony1 :o 0 oblig$ to give security to ! am\nt ( f\r hundr$ flor9s2 s t at t "t ! bus9ess ( float+ mu/ h be5 ( consid]able importance4 ,:5 ! citiz5s ( ,p>is _h us$ all ! timb] gr[+ ne> ! city1 ! enorm\s exp5se ( l& c>riage l$ to ! sugge/ion ( an improv$ mode ( transport4 ,john ,r\vel1 a citiz5 & m]*ant1 9 ! ye> #aedi1 propos$ to transport timb]1 b\nd toge!r1 along riv]s :i* 7 n navigable = l>ge vessels4 ,) ?is view he made *oice ( ! =e/s 9 ! woody di/rict ( ,morvant1 :i* belong$ to ! gov]nm5t ( ,niv]nois2 & z sev]al small /reams & rivulets _h _! s\rces !re1 he endeav\r$ to convey into !m z mu* wat] z possible4 ,?is great und]tak+1 at fir/ laugh$ at1 0 complet$ by 8 successor1 ,r5 ,arn\l1 9 #aeff4 ,! wood 0 ?r[n into ! wat] 9 s+le trunks1 & suff]$ to be driv5 9 t mann] by ! curr5t to ,crevant1 a small t[n on ! riv] ,yonne2 :]e ea* timb]-m]*ant drew out 8 own1 :i* he _h previ\sly m>k$1 & aft] x 0 dry1 =m$ x into floats t 7 transport$ f ! ,yonne to ! ,se9e1 & !nce to ! capital4 ,by ?is me?od l>ge quantities ( timb] 7 convey$ to ! popul\s t[ns4 ,a simil> mode ( transport+ timb] f ! c5tral p>ts ( ,g]many to ! great t[ns or to ! seaports is practis$ at ! pres5t day4 ,mr4 ,plan*1 9 8 ,desc5t ( ! ,danube1 says3 8,bel[ ?is bridge1 7at ,plattl+ on ! ,danube17 ! raft-ma/]s ( ,muni*1 :o leave t city e ,monday = ,vi5na1 unite _! rafts be=e !y ent] ! ,danube4 ,!y desc5d ! ,is> ^u s+le rafts only2 b ^u rea*+ ?is po9t1 !y la% !m toge!r 9 pairs1 & 9 fleets ( ?ree1 f\r1 or six pairs1 !y set out = ,vi5na4 ,a voyage is made pleasantly en\gh ^u ^! float+ isl&s1 z !y h all ! agrm5s1 )\t ! conf9em5t ( a boat4 ,a v respectable prom5ade c be made f "o end to ! o!r1 & two or ?ree huts erect$ ^u !m af=d %elt] 9 bad wea!r1 & repose at night40 ,b ! anonym\s au?or ( ,an ,autumn ne> ! ,rh9e gives a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! timb]-rafts ( ,g]many1 ( :i* we w avail ourselves4 ,a little bel[ ,&]na*1 on ! banks ( ! ,rh9e1 ! small village ( ,nam$y appe>s on ! left bank1 "u a wood$ m\nta94 ,! ,rh9e "h =ms a little bay1 :]e ! pilots are accu/om$ to unite toge!r ! less] rafts ( timb]1 float$ d[n ! tribut>y riv]s into ! ,rh9e1 & to con/ruct enorm\s floats1 :i* are navigat$ to ,dordre*t & sold4 ,^! ma*9es h ! appe>ance ( a float+ village1 compos$ ( twelve or fifte5 huts1 on a l>ge plat=m ( oak & deal timb]4 ,!y are frequ5tly eight or n9e hundr$ feet long1 & sixty or sev5ty 9 bread?4 ,! r[]s & workm5 sometimes am\nt to sev5 or eight hundr$1 sup]9t5d$ by pilots & a proprietor1 ^: habitation is sup]ior 9 size & elegance to ! re/4 ,! raft is compos$ ( sev]al lay]s ( trees1 plac$ "o on ! o!r1 & ti$ toge!r4 ,a l>ge raft draws n less ?an six or sev5 feet wat]4 ,sev]al small] ones are atta*$ to x1 by way ( protection1 besides a /r+ ( boats1 load$ ) an*ors & cables1 & us$ = ! purpose ( s\nd+ ! riv]1 & go+ on %ore4 ,! dome/ic economy ( an ,ea/ ,indiaman is h>dly m complete4 ,p\ltry1 pigs1 & o!r animals1 are to be f\nd on bo>d1 & sev]al but*]s are atta*$ to ! suite4 ,a well-suppli$ boil] is at "w night & day 9 ! kit*54 ,! d9n] h\r is ann\nc$ by a basket /uck on a pole1 at :i* signal ! pilot gives ! ^w ( comm&1 & ! workm5 run f _! qu>t]s to receive _! all[ances4 ,! consumption ( provisions 9 ! voyage to ,holl& is almo/ incr$ible1 sometimes am\nt+ to =ty or fifty ?\s& p\nds ( bread1 eighte5 or tw5ty ?\s& p\nds ( fre% meat1 a consid]able quantity ( salt meat1 & butt]1 vegetables1 c41 9 proportion4 ,! exp5ses are s great1 t a capital ( ?ree or f\r hundr$ ?\s& flor9s is consid]$ necess>y to und]take a raft4 ,_! navigation is a matt] ( consid]able skill1 ow+ to ! abrupt w9d+s1 ! rocks & %all[s ( ! riv]2 & "s ye>s ago ! secret 0 ?\ght to be monopoliz$ by a boatman ( ,rude%eim & 8 son4 ,! timb] ( ! spruce firs :i* gr[ on ! sides ( ! ,alps1 is consid]$ mu* f9] ?an t :i* is produc$ 9 o!r situations2 b ! inaccessible nature ( ^! ,alp9e =e/s long prev5t$ ^? useful trees f be+ s5t 9 any great quantity to ! m>ket4 ,dur+ our long cont95tal w>1 h[ev]1 a bold & skilful plan 0 inv5t$1 by :i* ?is timb] 0 procur$ 9 abundance4 ,m4 ,rupp1 an ent]pris+ =eign]1 con/ruct$ an imm5se incl9$ plane ( wood on ! sides ( ,m\nt ,pilatus1 ne> ! ,lake ,luc]ne2 its l5g? 0 eight miles & a half4 ,tw5ty-five ?\s& l>ge p9e trees 7 employ$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,^! 7 b>k$ & put toge!r v +5i\sly1 )\t ! aid ( iron4 ,x occupi$ "o hundr$ & sixty workm5 dur+ eighte5 mon?s1 & co/ ne>ly a hundr$ ?\s& francs1 or #dbejl4 /]l+4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> #ahab4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! slide appe>$ 9 a ,g]man p]iodical %ortly aft] its completion3--8,?is slide has ! =m ( a tr\gh1 ab\t six foot broad & f ?ree to six foot deep4 ,its bottom is =m$ ( ?ree trees1 ! middle "o ( :i* has a groove cut out 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 = receiv+ small rills ( wat]1 :i* are conduct$ into x f v>i\s places1 = ! purpose ( dim9i%+ ! friction4 ,! :ole ( ! slide is su/a9$ by ab\t two ?\s& supports2 & 9 _m places x is atta*$1 9 a v +5i\s mann]1 to ! rugg$ precipices ( granite4 8,! direction ( ! slide is sometimes /raight1 & sometimes zig-zag1 ) an incl9ation ( f #aj to #ah4 ,x is (t5 c>ri$ along ! sides ( hills & ! flanks ( precipit\s rocks1 & sometimes passes ov] _! summits4 ,occasionally x goes "u gr\nd1 & at o!r times x is conduct$ ov] ! deep gorges by scaffold+s "o hundr$ & tw5ty feet 9 height4 8,! boldness :i* *>act]izes ?is "w1 ! sagacity & skill display$ 9 all its arrangem5ts1 h excit$ ! wond] ( e p]son :o has se5 x4 ,be=e any /ep c\ld be tak5 9 its erection1 x 0 necess>y to cut sev]al ?\s& trees to obta9 a passage ?r\gh ! imp5etrable ?ickets4 ,all ^! difficulties1 h[ev]1 7 surm\nt$1 & ! eng9e] _h at la/ ! satisfaction ( see+ ! trees desc5d f ! m\nta9 ) ! rapidity ( lightn+4 ,! l>g] p9es1 :i* 7 ab\t a hundr$ feet long1 & t5 in*es ?ick at _! small] extremity1 ran ?r\gh ! space ( ?ree leagues1 or ne>ly n9e miles1 9 two m9utes & a half1 & dur+ _! desc5t1 !y appe>$ to be only a few feet 9 l5g?4 ,! arrangem5ts = ?is "p ( ! op]ation 7 extremely simple4 ,f ! l[] end ( ! slide to ! upp] end1 :]e ! trees 7 introduc$1 workm5 7 po/$ at regul> di/ances1 & z soon z ev]y?+ 0 ready1 ! workman at ! l[] end ( ! slide cri$ out to ! "o above him1 #8,la*ez' 7,let g47 ,! cry 0 repeat$ f "o to ano!r1 & rea*$ ! top ( ! slide 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,! workman at ! top or ! slide !n cri$ out to ! "o bel[ him1 #8,il vi5t' 7,x comes71 & ! tree 0 in/antly laun*$ d[n ! slide1 prec$$ by ! cry :i* 0 repeat$ f po/ to po/4 ,z soon z ! tree _h rea*$ ! bottom1 & plung$ into ! lake1 ! cry ( ,la*ez 0 repeat$ z be=e1 & a new tree 0 laun*$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,by ^! means a tree desc5d$ e five or six m9utes1 provid$ no accid5t happ5$ to ! slide1 :i* sometimes took place1 b :i* 0 in/antly repair$ :5 x did4 8,9 ord] to %[ ! enorm\s =ce :i* ! trees acquir$ f ! great velocity ( _! desc5t1 ,m4 ,rupp made arrangem5ts = caus+ "s ( ! trees to spr+ f ! slide4 ,!y p5etrat$ by _! ?icke/ extremities no less ?an f eighte5 to tw5ty-f\r feet into ! e>?2 & "o ( ! trees hav+ by accid5t /ruck aga9/ ano!r1 x in/antly cleft x ?r\gh its :ole l5g?1 z if x _h be5 /ruck by lightn+4 8,aft] ! trees _h desc5d$ ! slide1 !y 7 collect$ into rafts ^u ! lake1 & conduct$ to ,luc]ne4 ,f !nce !y desc5d$ ! ,reuss1 !n ! ,a> to ne> ,brugg1 aft]w>ds to ,wald%ut by ! ,rh9e1 !n to ,basle1 & ev5 to ! sea :5 x 0 necess>y4 8,x is to be regrett$ t ?is magnific5t /ructure no long] exi/s1 & t sc>cely a trace ( x is to be se5 ^u ! flanks ( ,m\nt ,pilatus4 ,political circum/ances hav+ tak5 away ! pr9cipal s\rce ( dem& = ! timb]1 & no o!r m>ket hav+ be5 f\nd1 ! op]ation ( cutt+ & transport+ ! trees necess>ily ceas$40#d ,pr(essor ,playfair1 :o visit$ ?is s+ul> "w1 /ates1 t six m9utes 0 ! usual "t occupi$ 9 ! desc5t ( a tree2 b t 9 wet wea!r1 x rea*$ ! lake 9 ?ree m9utes4 ,he f\nd x q impossible to give two successive /rokes ( 8 /ick to any1 ev5 ! l>ge/ tree1 z x pass$ him4 ,! logs ent]$ ! lake ) su* =ce1 t _m ( !m seem$ to p5etrate its wat]s to ! v bottom4 ,mu* ( ! timb] ( ,m\nt ,pilatus 0 ?us br\ght to m>ket2 b ! exp5se att5d+ ! process r5d]$ x impossible = ! speculator to und]sell ! ,baltic m]*ant1 :5 peace _h op5$ a m>ket = 8 timb]1 & s ! ,slide ( ,alpna* fell to ru94 ,cutt+ ! ,norway ,deals4 ,:5 ! timb] is squ>$ be=e x is export$1 x is effect$ by saw-mills2 ! mann] ( proce$+ may be illu/rat$ by ! treatm5t ( ,norway deals4 ,9 "s cases1 ! trees are m]ely r\ghly-%ap$ ) ! axe2 b ^? :i* are to be made into deals are float$ d[n ! m\nta9-/reams to a spot :]e _m collect toge!r1 & :]e a saw-mill is erect$4 ,dr4 ,cl>ke ?us speaks ( "o t he visit$3--8,! rem>kable situation ( ! saw+-mills1 by ! diff]5t cat>acts1 are among ! mo/ extraord9>y sights a travell] meets )4 ,! mill "h 0 z rude & picturesque an object z x is possible to imag9e2 x 0 built ) ! unplan$ trunks ( l>ge fir-trees1 z if br\ght d[n & heap$ toge!r by ! =ce ( ! riv]4 ,! saws are fix$ 9 sets p>allel to ea* o!r1 ! spaces betwe5 !m 9 ea* set be+ adapt$ to ! int5d$ ?ickness = ! planks4 ,a :ole tree is ?us divid$ into planks1 by a simultane\s op]ation1 9 ! same "t t a s+le plank w\ld be cut by "o ( ! saws4 ,we f\nd t t5 planks1 ea* t5 feet 9 l5g?1 7 saw$ 9 five m9utes1 "o set ( saws work+ ?r\gh two feet ( timb] 9 a s+le m9ute40 ,! deals are aft]w>ds transport$ by riv] or canal to seaports4 ,! ,cutt+ & ,transport ( ,canadian ,timb]4 ,! conveyance ( timb] to m>ket 9 ,canada is a v rem>kable in/ance ( comm]cial ent]prise4 ,:ile /&+ 9 ! va/ p9e =e/s ! timb]-trees are common prop]ty3 !y acquire money-value only :5 ! axe has be5 appli$ to !m1 & :5 !y h be5 br\ght d[n to a %ipp+ port4 ,! words lumb] & lumb]+1 :i* convey no v def9ite idea to u1 h 9 ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates a l>ge & important mean+4 ,lumb] is ! g5]al "n = all k9ds ( timb]1 n only :ile gr[+ 9 ! =m ( /ately trees1 b aft] x is cut d[n1 & ev5 aft] x has be5 rudely fa%ion$ into su* pieces z may be conv5i5t = %ipm5t4 ,s1 9 l measure1 lumb]+ may be tak5 z a g5]al "n = all ! op]ations :]eby ! timb] is br\ght into a m>ketable /ate2 includ+ ! cutt+ d[n ( ! trees2 ! conveyance to ! saw-mills2 ! saw+ !m into bo>ds1 planks1 joi/s1 & o!r pieces2 ! =m+ !m into rafts3 & ! navigat+ ( ^! rafts d[n ! creeks & riv]s to ! seaports4 ,all ! p]sons employ$ 9 ^! op]ations are designat$ lumb]]s2 & !y are subdivid$ into small] gr\ps accord+ to ! duties !y und]take to p]=m4 ,z ! practice ( lumb]+ has be5 c>ri$ on = a great numb] ( ye>s1 all ! =e/s 9 ! vic9ity ( seaports h be5 d5ud$ ( _! trees3 & ! lumb]]s h !re=e to g f> inl& to obta9 _! supply ( timb]4 ,?is occasions "o circle ( op]ations to la/ an entire ye>1 f summ] to summ]4 ,z ! lumb]]s :o dwell 9 ! int]ior frequ5tly c>ry on "s o!r occupation1 p]haps an agricultural "o1 !y cut d[n trees 9 ! =e/ j z x suits _! conv5i5ce1 dur+ ! summ] & autumn4 ,^! trees are ei!r hewn & %ap$ into balks & beams1 or divid$ into %ort] pieces1 accord+ z !y are to be export$ :ole1 or saw$ up into bo>ds & scantl+s = ! ,am]ican or ,canadian m>kets4 ,:5 a l>ge supply ( timb] has be5 ?us cut d[n1 & ! w9t] is s f> advanc$ t sn[ lies on ! gr\nd1 prep>ations are made = convey+ ! timb] to "s /ream or riv] :i* fl[s d[n to a comm]cial port4 ,on ! banks ( su* /reams saw-mills work$ by wat]-p[] are erect$1 & ^! are employ$ = cutt+ up su* ( ! 8lumb]0 z is to be sold 9 ! =m ( planks4 ,! conveyance to ! saw-mills & ! op]ation ( saw+ occupy toge!r ! entire w9t] season4 ,:5 sn[ is on ! gr\nd1 a /\t pair ( ox5 c drag a log f ! =e/ to ! saw-mill2 & ?is me?od ( transport is almo/ univ]sally adopt$1 v few horses be+ employ$ 9 ?is way4 ,sometimes ! saw-mills are con/ruct$ 9 a small creek ne> ! =e/1 b 9 o!r cases !y are l[] d[n1 on ! banks ( l>g] /reams2 & 9 ?is latt] case ! logs are float$ d[n ! small] /reams till !y arrive at ! l>g] "o1 :]e a dam or b>ri] is plac$ across ! /ream to prev5t !m f float+ beyond ! prec9cts ( ! saw-mill4 ,! saws are circul> 9 %ape4 ,_m ( ! mills h b "o saw 9 op]ation2 o!rs h gr\ps ( p>allel saws capable ( cutt+ ! log into eight or t5 planks at once4 ,"s ( ! small] mills are built 9 s rude & r\gh a mann]1 t _! co/ does n exce$ #cjl4 or #djl42 b if ! mill la/s z long z ! supply ( timb] 9 ! neighb\rhood1 t is deem$ suffici5t1 & a new mill is built :5 x is f\nd advantage\s to %ift ! qu>t]s f>!r inl&4 ,a small mill ) "o saw1 work$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 w cut up ?ree or f\r ?\s& sup]ficial feet ( timb]4 ,m5 are employ$ to roll ! logs along ! gangways to a plat=m1 & place !m 9 a prop] position to be act$ on by ! saw4 ,dur+ ! season ( ^! op]ations ! riv]s & /reams are froz5 up2 b 9 spr+1 :5 ! melt+ ( ! ice r5d]s !m navigable1 prep>ations are made = transport+ ! timb] f ! mills to ! %ipp+ ports4 ,if ! mill be on ! banks ( a small /ream1 ! lumb]]s make up ! logs & planks into rafts1 ! dim5sions ( :i* are suit$ to ! capacity ( ! /ream1 & :5 ^! rea* a l>g] /ream into :i* ! small] "o empties itself1 ! small rafts are brok5 up & re-arrang$ into l>g] ones2 b if ! mill be on ! banks ( ! l>g] /ream1 ! timb] is at once made up into ! rafts :i* float d[n to ! %ipp+ port--?ree or f\r hundr$ ?\s& feet ( timb] be+ sometimes convey$ 9 "o raft4 ,sometimes ! /reams are too small to admit ! rafts to float d[n !m3 & 9 su* case !y (t5 lie agr\nd = mon?s1 until an accid5tal flood+ increases ! body ( wat]2 or else !y h to be brok5 up altoge!r1 & o!r means adopt$ = convey+ !m to m>ket4 ,! rafts are g5]ally put toge!r v slightly1 ! value ( lab\r be+ high1 & ! lumb]]s regulat+ ! /r5g? ( ! raft only 9 proportion to ! di/ance :i* x has to float4 ,?is di/ance may v>y f fifty to ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles4 ,"s "o ( ! lumb]]s :o may happ5 to be be/ acqua9t$ ) ! /ream acts z pilot1 all ! o!rs foll[+ 8 directions 9 ! navigation4 ,! raft moves j z fa/ z ! /ream w convey x1 be x sl[ or quick1 no accel]ation ( spe$ be+ attempt$ by sails or o>s2 s t ! "t :i* elapses be=e ! raft rea*es its de/9ation dep5ds on _m diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 "s in/ances1 :]e all ! circum/ances are fav\rable1 ! pilot navigates 8 cumbr\s raft night & day )\t /opp+2 b if !re are difficulties1 he directs x into "s cove or %elt]$ place dur+ ! night4 ,! m5 are provid$ ) long poles1 by :i* !y c regulate ! position ( ! raft 9 ! /ream1 keep+ x ei!r 9 ! middle ( ! curr5t or ne> ! bank4 ,! m5 seldom tr\ble !mselves to make huts or cab9s on ! rafts3 = ! wea!r be+ spr+1 & x be+ optional to !m to g on %ore :5 !y please1 !y make v few arrangem5ts = _! trip except 9 provisions4 ,on ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 h[ev]1 :]e ! ,fr5* ,canadians br+ d[n timb]-rafts to ,quebec = %ipm5t1 ! m5 erect small huts or tempor>y dwell+s on ! rafts1 s9ce ! voyage becomes ( a m s]i\s "*4 ,:5 ! rafts rea* _! de/9ation1 ! lumb] is sold1 & ! m5 %>e ! proce$s accord+ to ! nature ( _! /ake 9 ! ent]prise4 ,?is %>e is "o entire ye>'s e>n+s1 & ! f9al disposal ( ! timb] is !re=e a matt] ( importance4 ,! m5 !n set out on foot to return to ! int]ior1 & z ! di/ance !y h to travel is sometimes ?ree or f\r hundr$ miles1 & ! summ] w>m? has arriv$1 ! j\rney is g5]ally a fatigu+ "o4 ,! m5 are n all fell[-lab\r]s 9 an equal degree1 =--z 9 almo/ e o!r k9d ( comm]cial ent]prise--!re mu/ be "s "o to act z a capitali/1 to fe$ ! lab\r]s :ile !y are employ$1 or o!rs :o w supply necess>ies 9 advance4 ,!re are /orekeep]s :o pur*ase an annual supply ( provisions1 clo?+1 implem5ts1 c41 & retail !m out to ! lumb]]s on cr$it1 to be paid = :5 ! sales are effect$ 9 ! spr+1 & :5 ! mill-own] has be5 enabl$ to pay ! wages ( ! m5 :o fell$1 transport$1 & saw$ ! timb]4 ,if any un=ese5 accid5t prev5ts ! raft f rea*+ ! %ipp+ port 9 a saleable /ate1 or if any o!r mi%ap occurs1 ! :ole community %>e ! loss4 ,! lumb]]s are among ! r\ghe/ & rude/ ( ! ,canadian & ,am]ican population3 = _! occupation takes !m s little among ! haunts ( comm]cial or cultivat$ m51 t !y are only a few %ades sup]ior to ! ,am]ican ,indians--9 "s po9ts f> b5ea? !m4 ,miscellane\s k9ds ( ,timb]4 ,deal s completely takes prec$5ce ( all o!r timb] 9 h\se-build+1 t a v slight notice ( o!r v>ieties w suffice4 ,bee* is p>tially employ$ 9 %ip-build+ = ! keel & timb]s ne> x2 b x is n at all employ$1 9 civil ar*itecture4 ,! pr9cipal use made ( ?is wood is 9 ! con/ruction ( ma*9es1 mill-"w1 lock-gates1 c41 & = h&les to tools2 x is also a good wood = ! turn]1 be+ ( a close gra94 ,x w n1 h[ev]1 be> alt]nations ( moi/ure & dryness1 & is liable to be attack$ by worms1 s t x is n ext5sively employ$4 ,*e/nut belongs to ! same tribe z ! bee*1 b al?\gh a valuable wood1 x is n[ little1 if ev]1 us$4 ,=m]ly x 0 ext5sively s1 & ! ro(s ( sev]al anci5t build+s 7 con/ruct$ ( x4 ,f "s exp]im5ts1 inde$1 x seems to be z durable z oak itself4 ,a% is ! wood = ! :eelwright & ! mak] ( agricultural implem5ts2 x is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( all timb] trees1 comb9+ great /r5g? ) ela/icity & lightness2 x1 h[ev]1 splits easily4 ,a% is n us$ ei!r by ! %ipwright or ! common c>p5t]4 ,elm is a co>se-gra9$ wood1 b /rong & durable1 x does n "w readily1 & is !re=e b little us$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 employ$ = c]ta9 p>ts ( %ips1 & = mak+ casks1 *e/s1 c(f9s1 po/s = mill-"w1 & a few o!r purposes4 ,next to oak & fir1 ! =eign wood ,mahogany is by f> ! mo/ valuable1 & t mo/ ext5sively us$2 x is ! gr[? ( ! ,we/ ,indies & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! tree1 ! ,swiet5ia mahogani1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ maje/ic ( all timb] trees f ! enorm\s dim5sions to :i* its trunk atta9s1 its va/ height & size1 & its d>k beautiful foliage4 ,! mahogany ( ! isl& ( ,cuba1 & t f ! bay ( ,honduras1 is fir/ 9 e/imation4 ,!re are two ,ea/ ,indian species1 b !y are n import$ 9 any quantities into ?is c\ntry4 ,! be/ mahogany is t :i* gr[s 9 dry1 cold1 & expos$ situations4 ,su* wood is f9e-gra9$1 h>d1 & d>k 9 col\r1 ri*ly v>iegat$1 caus+ x f its beauty to rank among ! mo/ ornam5tal ( fancy woods1 :ile ! light1 co>se-gra9$ wood1 :i* gr[s 9 w>m moi/ climates1 is suffici5tly abundant to be us$ = ord9>y purposes1 & yet possesses admirable prop]ties = all1 :]e no great /r5g? or t5acity is want$4 ,)9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! use ( ?is wood has increas$ amaz+ly1 & "s %ips h _m ( _! upp] timb]s above ! wat]-l9e con/ruct$ ( ,honduras mahogany4 ,its use 9 furniture & cab9et-mak+ is well kn[n1 &1 inde$1 x may be said to be ! pr9cipal wood us$ = ?is purpose1 & to h entirely supplant$ our own walnut1 :i* 0 =m]ly 9 univ]sal use = ! same purposes4 ,! woods above enum]at$ are ^? mo/ ext5sively or l>gely us$ by ! c>p5t]2 b !re are sev]al o!rs employ$ = small articles1 & = p>ticul> purposes1 :i* des]ve m5tion+4 ,box is ! wood ( ! ,buxus semp]vir5s1 a h>dy ev]gre5 plant1 indig5\s 9 all ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1 & long dome/icat$ 9 our %rubb]ies4 ,box is especially ! wood = turn+1 x be+ clos]-gra9$1 d5s]1 & t\gh] ?an p]haps all o!rs1 except iron-wood1 ,lignum ,vit1 & "o or two r>] woods4 ,box is us$ = rules1 scales1 & = small cab9et works2 b t :i* gives x p>ticul> importance is its univ]sal use = wood-engrav+4 ,lance is ! "n giv5 to ! wood ( ! ,guatt]ia virgata1 a tree indig5\s to ,jamaica1 & "o ( ! mo/ important t are s1 f ! valuable qualities ( its timb]1 lance-wood f> exce$+ our a% 9 lightness1 /r5g?1 & ela/icity2 h5ce x is admirably calculat$ = %afts to c>riages1 h&les to spe>s1 & = all purposes :]e /raight1 light1 flexible1 & t\gh wood is requir$4 ,x is nei!r s close-gra9$ nor s h>d z box1 b x turns well1 & does n split2 9 col\r1 x is light] ?an box4 ,ebony is ! "n giv5 to ! wood ( sev]al diff]5t trees1 :i* agree 9 be+ d>k-col\r$1 d5se1 & durable2 x is us$ = inlay+ & = mak+ rules or scales1 z n be+ liable to w>p4 ,x is an excell5t wood = turn+2 b1 except = ^! purposes1 x is less 9 reque/ n[ ?an =m]ly1 :5 x 0 mu* us$ 9 cab9et-mak+4 ,lignum ,vit is ! wood ( ! ,guaiacum (fic9ale1 a l>ge tree indig5\s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,?is wood is ! h>de/ & heavie/ kn[n1 & c only be work$ 9 ! la!4 ,x is mu* us$ = mak+ ! %eaves1 or pulleys ( blocks us$ 9 %ipp+1 & = friction-roll]s1 c4 ,!re are v>i\s =eign woods :i*1 f _! beautiful gra9 & v>i$ t9ts1 are us$ 9 cab9et-mak+4 ,b z ^! woods are too valuable to be us$ solid1 !y are saw$ into ?9 leaves1 call$ v5e]s1 :i* are glu$ d[n on a back+ ( ord9>y mahogany4 ,! pr9cipal ( ^! fancy woods are-- ,rose-wood1 :i* is produc$ by a tree a native ( ,brazil4 ,?is wood is mu* us$ = furniture1 bo? z a v5e]1 & solid = legs ( tables1 *airs1 c4 ,k+-wood is also ! produce ( ,brazil2 x is a d>k *ocolate wood1 ve9$ ) f9e black ve9s4 ,beef-wood comes f ,new ,holl&2 is ( a pale-r$ ev5 t9t1 & int5sely h>d & heavy4 ,x is us$ = inlay+ & bord]+4 ,tulip-wood is a wood ( a cl\d$ r$ & yell[ col\r1 & v h>d1 & us$ = bord]+ to l>g] woods4 ,! tree is unkn[n to our botani/s4 ,zebra-wood is a l>ge-siz$ tree1 & abundant en\gh to be us$ z a v5e] 9 l>ge furniture1 l rose-wood3 x is m curi\s ?an elegant4 ,sat9-wood is well kn[n = its glossy yell[i% t9t1 f :i* x d]ives its "n2 !re are two v>ieties4 ,maple1 f our own indig5\s tree1 is a v elegant wood1 ( a light col\r1 or else1 ne> ! root1 v>iegat$ ) knots & twi/$ gra94 ,x is mu* us$ 9 fancy "w4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,! ,m9es ( ,bolanos1 9 ,mexico1 are suppli$ ) timb] f ! adjac5t m\nta9s by a slide simil> to t ( ,alpna*4 ,x 0 con/ruct$ by ,m4 ,floresi1 a g5tleman well acqua9t$ ) ,switz]l&4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,wood-,,"w4 ,,c>p5try4 ,hav+ ?us briefly notic$ ! pr9cipal k9ds ( timb]1 & "s ( ! modes ( br++ x to m>ket1 we h 9 ! pres5t *apt] to trace ! wood ?r\gh ! v>i\s processes :]eby x becomes "p & p>cel ( a h\se4 ,saw+ ,timb]4 ,:5 a timb]-tree is fell$1 ! bran*es1 arms1 & b\ghs1 are cut (f1 & ! b>k /ripp$1 ?is be+ valuable = _m purposes4 ,! trunk is !n saw$ squ>e1 & aga9 cut into planks1 deals1 batt5s1 c41 z ! diff]5t-siz$ bo>ds into :i* x is r$uc$ are call$4 ,teak & mahogany are import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 logs1 di/+ui%$ f ! long beams kn[n te*nically z timb]1 by _! wid? & ?ickness be+ consid]able 9 proportion to _! l5g?4 ,timb] is saw$ 9 c\ntries produc+1 or us+ x1 9 great quantities 9 saw-mills1 9 :i* ! tools are work$ by wat] or /eam1 z describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]2 & x is also saw$ into batt5s1 la?s1 c41 by circul> saws1 turn$ by ma*9]y1 l a la!2 b :5 timb] is saw$ by h&1 x is done by two m5 act+ 9 conc]t 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a pit is g5]ally *os51 r\nd ! m>g9 ( :i* a /\t frame is laid4 ,! beam to be saw$ is laid along ! c5tre ( ?is frame1 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? ( ! pit4 ,"o man /&s on ! beam :ile ano!r is 9 ! pit bel[ him1 & ea* alt]nately raises or pulls d[n a l>ge v]tical saw1 ) :i* ! beam is cut l5g?wise into planks4 ,w$ges ( wood are plac$ 9 ! fissure z ! "w proce$s1 to keep ! cut op51 & ?us all[ ! saw to play freely4 ,?is is v h>d lab\r1 especially to ! upp] man1 :o has n only to raise ! weight ( ! saw 9 ! up-/roke1 b to guide x correctly along ! *alk$ l9e on ! beam4 ,?is man gets high] wages1 & is call$ ! top-sawy]1 a t]m te*nically giv5 9 je/ to any "o :o is1 or fancies himself1 ( sup]ior importance4 ,sc>f+ or ,jo9+ ,timb]4 ,:5 timb] is want$ 9 l5g?s exce$+ ^? t c be procur$ f ! tree 9 "o piece1 x mu/ be jo9$ by :at is call$ sc>f+2 t is1 ! ends ( ! two l5g?s t are to be unit$ into "o1 are cut s t a portion ( ! "o may lap ov] & fit into a portion ( ! o!r1 :i* is cut s z to receive x4 ,! timb]1 :5 unit$1 is ?us ( ! same uni=m size4 ,! jo9$ ends are secur$ toge!r by bolts or spikes4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! m usual modes ( sc>f+ timb] = diff]5t purposes4 ,illu/ration ,! la/ is a mode ( sc>f+ inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 ( ! ,royal ,dock ,y>ds4 ,truss+ or ,/r5g!n+4 ,:5 a beam ( timb] is long 9 proportion to its bread? & ?ickness1 x w b5d by its own weight1 & w be incapable ( support+ mu* additional load2 x may be /r5g!n$ by truss+1 9 diff]5t modes1 ( :i* we w only describe t usually adopt$ = gird]s1 int5d$ = floors4 ,! beam is saw$ longitud9ally into two equal beams1 ea*1 ( c\rse1 half ! ?ickness ( ! orig9al3 ^! halves are rev]s$1 end = end1 s t if !re 7 any weak "p 9 ! orig9al beam1 ?is may be divid$ equally betwe5 ! ends ( ! comp\nd beam made up ( ! two halves :5 bolt$ toge!r4 ,a flat truss1 usually ( oak1 ) iron k+-bolts & abutt+ plates1 resembl+ 9 =m & pr9ciple a timb] ro( or bridge1 is plac$ betwe5 ! two half beams1 & let into a %all[ groove cut 9 ea* half to receive x2 ! comp\nd beam1 ) ?is truss 9 ! middle1 is !n bolt$ toge!r aga9 by means ( iron bolts1 ) wa%]s & nuts1 & consequ5tly becomes rigid by ! con/ruction ( ! truss4 ,! truss is n entirely let into ! d\ble beam1 z ! full effect ( /r5g? may be obta9$ )\t ! necessity = cutt+ ! groove 9 ea* half beam ( half ! ?ickness ( ! oak truss2 consequ5tly1 :5 ! gird] is complet$1 !re is a slit all along x1 ?r\gh :i* ! truss is se5 ly+ 9 its place betwe5 ! two sides4 ,iron trusses are (t5 us$ in/ead ( oak1 & beams are frequ5tly /r5g!n$ by screw+ a ?9 flat iron truss on "o or bo? sides1 let into ! beam = ab\t half ! ?ickness ( ! metal4 ,illu/ration ,?is mode ( /r5g!n+ a beam by truss+ is only adopt$ 9 floors1 :]e x is necess>y to limit ! dep? ( ! truss to t ( ! beam1 to obta9 a level surface by means ( joi/s laid across1 & support$ by1 ! beam4 ,b x is obvi\s t mu* great] /r5g? may be imp>t$ to a long beam by mak+ x ! base ( a triangul> frame1 z is done 9 ro(s1 9 v>i\s mann]s1 :5 ! slant+ sides ( ! triangul> frame c>ry ! batt5s or la?s = support+ ! tiles or o!r cov]+4 ,! annex$ is ! simple/ =m ( a ro(1 & w help to expla9 ! subject ( c>p5try 9 o!r respects4 ,! beam ,a1 call$ ! tie-beam1 is ( su* a l5g? z to re/ on ! side walls ( ! h\se at ea* ( its ends1 & is suppos$ to be ( su* dim5sions 9 dep? & ?ickness z w\ld r5d] x inadequate to support mu* m ?an its own weight4 ,! two slop+ raft]s ,b ,b1 are call$ pr9cipals2 !y are mortis$ into ! tie-beam at _! ends by a jo9t1 %[n 9 ! l[] figure1 by :i* !y are provid$ ) a firm abutm5t1 to prev5t ! ends f slipp+ outw>ds2 & 9 ord] to prev5t ! pr9cipal f />t+ upw>ds out ( ! mortise1 x is /rapp$ d[n to ! tie-beam by an iron /rap1 bolt$ or screw$ to bo? timb]s4 ,illu/ration ,p is t]m$ a k+-po/1 & is cut out ) a head & foot1 ! =m] to receive ! upp] ends ( ! pr9cipals1 :i*1 be+ cut squ>e1 abut firmly aga9/ ! slop+ face ( ! head4 ,! slop+ pr9cipals hold up ! k+-po/1 & ! tie-beam is support$ f ! latt] by a /irrup-%ap$ /rap1 t goes "u ! beam1 & is bolt$1 or screw$1 to ! po/ on ea* side4 ,to prev5t ! pr9cipals f b5d+ by ! /ra91 or by ! weight ( ! ro( cov]+1 ! /ruts ,c ,c1 are plac$1 abutt+ aga9/ ! bevell$ "p ( ! foot ( ! k+-po/1 & are /rapp$ to ! pr9cipals1 or mortis$ into !m4 ,! numb] ( tie-beams1 ) _! trusses1 c41 ( c\rse dep5ds on ! l5g? ( ! ro(1 or ! mat]ial ) :i* x is to be cov]$4 ,a longitud9al scantl+1 or ?9 beam1 call$ a purl9e1 ,e1 is laid l5g?wise1 re/+ on ! pr9cipals ov] ! ends ( ! /ruts1 & is secur$ to ! =m] by a spike1 or else by be+ not*$ d[n on to ! pr9cipal4 ,^! purl9es support ! common raft]s ,r1 :i* abut at _! feet aga9/ a longitud9al scantl+ ,s1 ly+ on1 & halv$ d[n on1 ! tie-beams2 at _! upp] ends1 ! raft]s ,r re/ aga9/ a ridge-piece1 or ?9 plank1 let edgeways into ! head ( ! k+-po/4 ,! raft]s are plac$ ab\t a foot ap>t1 & on to !m are nail$ ! la?s or batt5s to c>ry ! tiles or slates4 ,! ,mortise & o!r ,jo9ts4 ,9 con/ruct+ ro(s1 floors1 & o!r /ructures ( timb]1 ! v>i\s beams are fram$1 or fa/5$ toge!r1 by c]ta9 processes calculat$ to insure /r5g? & p]man5ce 9 ! fram+1 :i* ought to be und]/ood1 & _! names rememb]$4 ,! ,mortise & ,t5on jo9t is us$ :5 "o beam is to be atta*$ to1 & support$ by1 ano!r1 )\t re/+ on x1 b s t ! beams may be 9 ! same plane4 ,! mortise is a hole cut into1 or ?r\gh1 ! side ( ! "o beam1 into :i* hole ! end ( ! o!r1 cut d[n to fit ! =m ( ! hole1 is ins]t$ & fa/5$4 ,x is obvi\sly necess>y to consid] two ?+s 9 det]m9+ ! size & =m ( ! mortise & t5on4 ,fir/1 t by ! =m] ! "o beam may n be too mu* weak5$1 & yet t x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to give ! t5on t fits into x1 suffici5t /r5g? to enable ! beam to c>ry ! weight int5d$4 ,illu/ration ,if ! "o beam is horizontal1 & ! o!r to /& p]p5dicul>ly ^u x1 ! t5on ne$ only be l>ge en\gh to reta9 ! upright beam 9 its place4 ,! =ego+ figures are ! mo/ usual =ms ( mortises & t5ons1 & w expla9 _! use & pr9ciple4 ,x is obvi\s t two mortises nev] %\ld come opposite ea* o!r on ! two sides ( ! same beam4 ,:5 ! t5on comes ?r\gh ! beam1 x is secur$ f draw+ by a p9 or peg put ?r\gh x4 ,! ,dovetail is us$ to secure "o beam into ano!r1 :5 !y h to resi/ any /ra9 act+ s z to draw !m asund]1 r ?an to c>ry any weight2 x is consequ5tly employ$ to frame wall-plates1 or ! timb] laid 9 walls to c>ry ! ends ( beams ( floors1 ro(s1 & s on1 :i* plates t5d to b9d ! walls toge!r z well z to receive ! ends ( ! beams4 ,! t]m is d]iv$ f ! end ( "o beam be+ cut into a %ape resembl+ ! spread+ tail ( a bird1 :i* is p9n$ d[n 9 a correspond+ w$ge-%ap$ recess cut 9 ! o!r beam to receive x4 ,x is cle> f ?is con/ruction t no =ce1 act+ 9 ! direction ( its l5g?1 c\ld pull ! fir/ beam out ( ! second )\t break+ (f ! dovetail1 :i* ! t5acity ( wood-fibre r5d]s ne>ly impracticable 9 "o ( any size4 ,! dovetail is ext5sively us$ 9 all cab9et-mak+1 & may be se5 9 almo/ any mahogany or deal-box4 ,illu/ration ,:5 two beams ( equal ?ickness are requir$ to cross "o ano!r & to lie 9 ! same plane1 !y are halv$ toge!r2 t is1 a not* is cut 9 ea* ( half ! ?ickness ( ! o!r1 !n ! uncut "p ( ea* lies 9 ! not* ( ! o!r respectively1 & ! two are p9n$ toge!r4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ,c>p5try & ,jo9]y4 ,! small] & bett] k9d ( "w execut$ by ! c>p5t] is call$ ,jo9]'s "w1 su* z ! mak+ ( doors1 w9d[s1 /airs1 wa9scott+1 boxes1 tables1 c4 c41 :i* are usually =m$ ( yell[ or ,norway deals1 wa9scot1 or mahogany4 ,:5 a l>ge surface is to be ( wood1 x is n =m$ ( planks fix$ toge!r side by side till ! requisite wid? is atta9$1 b x is =m$ ( fram+ & panell+4 ,a frame-"w ( ! area requir$ to be cov]$1 is =m$ ( n>r[ planks1 ) cross-b>s betwe5 to /r5g!n ! frame2 ^! are call$ /iles & rails1 accord+ to ! directions 9 :i* !y run1 ! =m] "n be+ giv5 to ! upright planks ( ! frame1 :ile ! horizontal ones are call$ rails4 ,! rails are mortis$ into ! /iles1 & ! t5ons1 s9ce !y mu/ be comp>atively ?91 are made proportionably wide1 ne>ly z wide z ! rail4 ,! t5ons are always p9n$ into ! mortise holes by "o or two wood5 p9s driv5 q ?r\gh ! /iles & ?r\gh ! inclos$ t5on4 ,! edges ( ! /iles & rails are pl\gh$1 t is1 a rectangul> furr[ is cut 9 ! edge by means ( a plane1 to receive ! ends & sides ( ! panels4 ,^! panels are =m$ ( ?9n] deals ?an ! /iles & rails1 & are made by glue+ ! edges ( two or m bo>ds toge!r to make ! prop] wid? ( ! panel2 ! ends & edges ( ! panel are ?9n$ (f to fit into ! groove or furr[ 9 ! /iles & rails1 or else ! ends & sides ( ! panel are rebat$1 t is1 work$ by a plane into ! =m %[n 9 ! foll[+ figure1 ! project+ "p be+ receiv$ into ! furr[4 ,z ! panels are ?9n] ?an ! frame1 ! =m] con/itute s _m recesses1 at lea/ on "o side ( ! fram+2 & a small m\ld+ is glu$ r\nd ! edge ( ! panel to =m a f9i% to ! "w4 ,or else ! same object is atta9$ by work+ ! edge ( ! /iles & rails ) su* a m\ld+1 s t :5 ! panel is put 91 ! m\ld+ may f9i% aga9/ x4 ,sometimes ! face ( ! panel is made to lie 9 ! same plane ) ! face ( ! /iles & rails1 & ! panel is !n said to be flu%1 & ! edges ( ! /iles1 c41 are f9i%$ ) a small bead1 also flu% ) ! panel :5 f9i%$4 ,illu/ration ,9 jo9]'s "w ! :ole surface ( ! "w is made p]fectly smoo? by plan+ ! mat]ial1 & all[ance mu/ be made = ! r$uction 9 ?ickness & wid? ( ! wood1 produc$ by ?is plan+1 9 ! *oice ( ! r\gh mat]ial4 ,! ,tools employ$4 ,all m\ld+s 9 wood are work$ out by planes made ( ! prop] =m1 to leave ! m\ld+ 9 ! wood :5 ! plane has be5 pass$ ov] ! "p4 ,! c>p5t] & jo9] consequ5tly require a va/ v>iety ( planes = ^! purposes1 :i* con/itutes ! mo/ exp5sive "p ( ! exp5sive tools us$ by ^! workm54 ,^! planes receive _! names f ! =m !y are int5d$ to produce 9 ! wood1 su* z rebat+ planes1 ,o ,g planes1 ovolo-planes1 bead+-planes1 & s on4 ,! next mo/ important tools us$ by bo? c>p5t] & jo9]1 are saws1 ( diff]5t sizes1 = r$uc+ ! r\gh wood to ! size adapt$ = ! purpose to :i* x is to be appli$4 ,small1 f9e-too!d saws1 bo? long & ?9 blades1 t]m$ spr+-saws1 are us$ = cutt+ out small holes 9 wood1 & = analog\s purposes1 :5 precision & nicety are requir$2 ^! spr+-saws are sometimes m\nt$ 9 a frame on ! same pr9ciple z t ( ! /one-mason's saw1 =m]ly describ$2 b commonly1 ! blade ( ! saw1 ( :atev] size x may be1 is only fix$ on a conv5i5t h&le1 s t ! :ole blade ( ! saw may pass ?r\gh ! fissure x makes 9 ! mat]ial4 ,all saws are made ( ! be/ /eel1 highly temp]$1 s z to recov] _! =m if b5t by ! resi/ance ( ! wood4 ,next to ! planes & saws1 *isels are ! mo/ indisp5sable tool to ! c>p5t]4 ,^! *isels are ( diff]5t wid?s1 adapt$ to diff]5t uses1 & are n only us$ ) a hamm] or mallet1 z ! mason employs !m1 b also z cutt+-tools1 us$ by h& = f9i%+ ! re-ent]+ angles ( mortise-holes1 or = f9i%+ ! ends ( pieces ( wood too small to be plan$4 ,! c>p5t] employs gimlets = mak+ holes = screws & nails4 ,! gimlet is a %ort rod ( /eel1 f9i%$ at "o end into a %>p-po9t$ screw ( "o or two turns only1 :i*1 act+ on ! pr9ciple ( t me*anical p[]1 compels ! tool to s9k deep] & deep] into ! wood1 z ! tool is turn$ r\nd3 & to enable ! workman to turn ! gimlet1 x is fix$ into a cross h&le1 :i*1 act+ z a lev]1 all[s ! friction ( ! tool to be ov]come4 ,j above ! screw po9t1 ! rod or %aft ( ! gimlet is flut$ or holl[$ out3 ! %>p edges ( ?is flut$ "p cut ! hole made by ! screw end l>g] & smoo!r1 & ! holl[ receives ! *ips or %av+s cut (f1 & prev5ts !m f clogg+ ! hole & /opp+ ! progress ( ! tool4 ,aug]s are l>ge tools %ap$ l a gimlet1 &1 act+ 9 ! same mann]1 are employ$ = mak+ l>ge holes = bolts1 spikes1 c4 ,c5tre-bits are /eel tools ( diff]5t %apes made to fit into a b5t h&le some?+ l ! lett] ,g1 :i*1 act+ z a lev]1 all[s ( ! tool be+ turn$ r\nd & r\nd by "o h&1 :ile by ! o!r ! workman holds ! top ( ! h&le /eady & v]tically ov] ! po9t ( ! tool4 ,"s ( ! bits or tools are = cutt+ out cyl9drical holes1 & are %ap$ at ! cutt+-edge l a *isel1 ) a small po9t project+ f ! c5tre ( ! edge1 on :i* ! in/rum5t turns 9 ! wood & acts on ! pr9ciple ( a la!4 ,on ea* side ?is po9t1 ! *isel-edge is b5t sideways 9 opposite directions1 to all[ ( its pl\gh+ up ! wood be=e x ) great] efficacy ?an x w\ld d if x 7 n s =m$4 ,! brad-awl1 or nail-pi]c]1 is a %ort /eel wire1 %>p5$ at ! po9t into a flat *isel-edge1 & put into a pla9 turn$ h&le4 ,?is edge be+ pu%$ into ! wood1 & ! h&le turn$ r\nd1 ! tool divides ! fibre1 & makes its way on ! simple pr9ciple ( a w$ge1 & does n cut away or remove any portion ( ! mat]ial1 z ! above-describ$ tools d4 ,! c>p5t] uses nails & screws to fa/5 ! diff]5t p>ts ( 8 "w toge!r1 & x is necess>y to make a hole to receive !m be=e !y are driv5 91 or else ! wood w\ld split by ! action ( =c+ ! nail or screw into ! solid mat]ial1 &1 inde$1 x w\ld be impossible to =ce a screw into ! solid wood at all4 ,! screw is =c$ into ! wood by be+ turn$ r\nd & r\nd by means ( a blunt *isel1 call$ a screw-driv]1 ! edge ( :i* is ins]t$ into a not* cut 9 ! head ( ! screw to receive x4 ,! ,glue employ$4 ,jo9]s fa/5 "o piece ( _! "w to ano!r by glue1 made by boil+ d[n refuse animal matt] conta9+ ! animal pr9ciple call$ gelat9e 9 abundance1 su* z ho(s1 horns1 t5dons1 sk91 gri/le1 c43 x is a prop]ty ( gelat9e to dissolve 9 hot wat]1 & to h>d5 aga9 :5 cold1 & ! wat] evaporates4 ,accord+ly ! glue1 :i* is only conc5trat$ impure gelat9e1 is dissolv$ by heat 9 a small quantity ( wat]1 & be+ appli$ to ! clean faces ( ! wood to be unit$1 by a co>se bru%1 ^! faces are closely press$ & reta9$ toge!r till ! wat] evaporates1 :5 su* is ! t5acity ( ! glue1 t ! wood may be brok5 9 ano!r place z easily z at ! glu$ jo9t4 ,to enable glue1 h[ev]1 to act 9 ?is mann] well1 ! wood %\ld be clean1 ! p>ts to be glu$ well w>m$ be=e ! glue is appli$1 & ! jo9t %\ld be close1 or ! p>ts accurately br\ght toge!r4 ,besides ! be=e-m5tion$ tools & mat]ials1 & "s o!rs1 su* z hamm]s1 axes1 c41 :i* ne$ n be describ$1 c>p5t]s & jo9]s use in/rum5ts = measur+ & sett+ out _! "w1 & = draw+ on ! surface ( ! mat]ial ! =ms into :i* x is to be r$uc$1 or ! %ape & situations ( portions ( ! mat]ial to be remov$ = ! purposes ( fram+4 ,! in/rum5ts are compasses1 squ>es1 rules1 levels1 plumb-l9es1 & s on1 common to all artific]s :o =m _! mat]ials into geometrical %apes3 &1 l ! mason1 ! c>p5t] & jo9] mu/ be conv]sant ) ! m elem5t>y problems ( practical geometry4 ,a ,w9d[-sa%1 z an example ( ,jo9]'s ,"w4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! nature ( jo9]'s "w1 we may po9t out ! mode ( proce$+ 9 mak+ a w9d[-sa%1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ delicate op]ations ( ! common jo9]4 ,! out] "p ( ! sa% is made broad] & /rong] ?an ! int]m$iate cross-b>s :i* receive ! panes ( glass1 9 ord] to give /r5g? & rigidity to ! sa%4 ,?is out] "p is fram$ toge!r at ! f\r angles by mortises & t5ons1 ! latt] com+ q ?r\gh ! /uff1 & hav+ a small %>p w$ge driv5 into ! middle ( ! t5on :5 ins]t$ into ! mortise3 by means ( ?is w$ge1 ! t5on is exp&$ at its end into a w$ge-%ap$ =m1 by :i* x fits m tightly into ! mortise1 & is reta9$ 9 its place1 ! w$ge-%ape n all[+ ! t5on to be )drawn aga94 ,b x may be "h rem>k$1 t1 besides ?is precaution1 all small mortises & t5ons are put toge!r ) glue1 to ensure ! /ability ( ! jo9t4 ,! inn] edge ( ?is frame is =m$ by a plane into ! half m\ld+1 ( :i* ! cross-b>s pres5t ! entire section1 s t :5 ! sa% is complet$1 ea* panel1 z x 71 :i* is fill$ 9 ) ! glass1 is surr\nd$ on its sides by a cont9u\s m\ld+1 & on ! o!r side ( ! frame ea* panel pres5ts a rebate 9 :i* ! glass lies4 ,! annex$ figure ( ! section ( "p ( ! out] frame & "o cross-b>1 w make ?is cle>4 ,illu/ration ,! cross-b>s are made 9 l5g?s out ( slips ( wood1 by a plane1 :i* fir/ =ms ! m\ld+s & rebate on "o side1 & !n by turn+ ! slip ov]1 ! same plane f9i%es ! o!r ) an exact c\nt]p>t ( ! fir/4 ,^! b>s are fram$ into ! out] "p ( ! sa% by delicate mortises & t5ons put toge!r 9 ! mann] be=e describ$2 b x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ! figure1 t ! m\ld$ "p ( ! b> mu/ unite to t ( ! out] frame1 or ( ano!r b>1 by a mitre-jo9t1 t is1 by "o :i* all[s ( ! l9es ( m\ld+s return+ on ! second piece1 at "r angles to _! direction on ! fir/1 )\t any int]ruption to ! cont9uity ( ! surface4 ,?is & all analog\s mitre-jo9ts are =m$ by plan+ ! ends ( ! wood to =m a face1 mak+ an angle ( #de ) ! axis or l5g? ( ! /uff1 & ! jo9] is provid$ ) a tool call$ a mitre-box1 consi/+ ( a /ock or frame1 9 :i* ! /uff be+ put1 re/+ aga9/ "o ano!r's surface1 guides ! plane s z to cut (f ! end obliquely at ! requisite angle4 ,x is cle> t ?is mitre mu/ be made on bo? faces ( ! b>1 & !re=e ! two mitre faces =m a w$ge-%ap$ t]m9ation by meet+ at a "r angle1 z %[n 9 ! la/ figure4 ,n[1 z besides ! mitre end1 a t5on is to be left to fit into a mortise 9 ! out] frame1 x is cle> t ! :ole mu/ be a v nice piece ( workman%ip to be execut$ on s small a mat]ial z ! ?9 b> ( a mod]n sa%4 ,! bevell$ mitr$ end ( ! b> is receiv$ into a correspond+-%ap$ not* cut ! dep? ( ! half m\ld+ 9 ! out] frame to receive x1 & at ! bottom ( ?is not* is ! f9e mortise-hole int5d$ to receive ! t5on4 ,! b>s ( ! sa% c1 ( c\rse1 only be made 9 "o l5g? 9 "o direction1 & ! cross-b>s :i* divide ! long panels1 =m$ by ^! cont9u\s b>s1 into ! sizes ( ! glass1 are made ( simil> %ort pieces ) mitr$ ends2 b ^! ends1 :]e !y frame into ! long b>s1 h no t5on1 ! ?9ness ( ! /uff n admitt+ ( "o1 s9ce ! cross-b>s come1 end = end1 opposite ea* o!r1 on ! two sides ( ! upright b>s4 ,x is evid5t t ! long b>s mu/ be put toge!r ) ! outside frame1 or else ! t5ons c\ld n be ins]t$ into ! mortises made 9 ?is la/4 ,a second example ( ,jo9]'s ,"w4 ,9 fur!r explanation ( jo9]'s "w1 we w briefly describe ! mode ( mak+ a draw+-bo>d1 requir+ to be true1 plane1 & squ>e4 ,suppose ! bo>d is int5d$ to be s wide z to require ?ree bo>ds side by side to make x3 ^! ?ree bo>ds be+ sawn out ( ! "r l5g?1 _! edges are fir/ plan$ p]fectly /raight & smoo?1 s t :5 any two are plac$ side by side1 ! edges t\*+1 ^? edges may t\* or fit toge!r accurately = _! :ole l5g?2 ?is accuracy ( jo9t is obta9$ by te/+ ! edge aft] ea* "t ! plane is appli$1 by a /raight-edge1 or rule1 kn[n to be true4 ,!re are two modes ( proce$+ to make ^! jo9ts firm3 "o by d[ell+1 t is1 by ins]t+ %ort pieces ( h>d wood1 z oak or wa9scot1 let = half _! l5g? into a mortise cut 9 ! edges ( ! bo>ds t are to fit toge!r2 ^! mortises1 be+1 ( c\rse1 made opposite ea* o!r1 ^! d[els prev5t ! bo>ds f ris+ up or />t+ f _! places :5 ! "w is f9i%$4 ,in/ead ( %ort d[els1 a /rip1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! bo>ds1 is let into ea* jo9t1 half ! /rip ly+ 9 a pl\gh$ groove1 made 9 ! middle ( ! correspond+ edges ( ! two bo>ds4 ,b1 besides ^? precautions1 ! jo9ts are well glu$ up4 ,!re are two modes by :i* ?is bo>d may be /r5g!n$1 to prev5t its w>p+ or ca/+ by ! dry+ or %r9k+ ( ! wood4 ,a cross-piece ( deal1 or bett] /ill1 ( wa9scot1 is fix$ across ! ends ( ! bo>ds1 ^! ends be+ d\ble rebat$ or tongu$1 to fit into a groove made 9 ! cross-piece to receive ! tongue2 ^! cross-pieces prev5t ! long bo>ds f w>p+1 s9ce ! cross-pieces w\ld h no t5d5cy to alt] _! figure 9 ! direction ( _! gra94 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! bo>d be l>g]1 key+ is bett] ?an ?is clamp+4 ,key+ consi/s 9 atta*+ two /\t cross-pieces at ! back ( ! bo>ds1 ! faces ( :i* pieces are work$ s z to fit1 & are glu$ into a dovetail-%ap$ groove cut across ! direction ( ! bo>ds at _! back to receive ! keys1 z w be und]/ood f ! annex$ sket*4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! bo>d is made1 & ! glu$ jo9ts q dry1 ! face is plan$ p]fectly smoo? & level1 & ! edges made truly squ>e1 or at "r angles2 if ! bo>d be key$1 ! back mu/ be plan$ smoo? be=e ! keys are put 94 ,! floor+-bo>ds 9 ! bett] k9ds ( h\ses are (t5 d[ell$ 9 ! mann] above describ$1 & ! ends ( ! floor+-bo>ds are tongu$ & groov$ to fit toge!r1 to prev5t ! bo>ds f />t+ up f ! joi/s & becom+ unev54 ,beyond ?is po9t1 x w be n necess>y to trace ! op]ations ( ! c>p5t] & jo9]2 = ! saw+1 sc>f+1 truss+1 & jo9+ l>ge beams = ! ro(1 & ! m9ut] details connect$ ) ! w9d[-sa%1 w illu/rate pretty accurately ! g5]al nature ( ! :ole r\t9e ( processes4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,fire-,,place4 ,p]haps no "p ( ! int]ior fitt+s ( a h\se is m associat$ ) ideas ( *e]fulness & dome/ic com=t ?an ! fire-place4 ,our abundant supply ( coal has probably induc$ ,engli%m5 to pref] ! *e]ful fire & ! 8com=table fire-side0 to any o!r mode ( heat+ ! int]ior ( h\ses4 ,! /eps by :i* we h arriv$ at ! use ( mod]n grates & /oves1 & ! "q h[ f> ^! are likely to give way to ! me?ods ( w>m+ h\ses by hot air1 by hot wat]1 or by /eam1 w =m an int]e/+ matt] = our consid]ation2 & we %all be indebt$ to ,dr4 ,arnott's treatise on ,w>m+ & ,v5tilat+1 = _m illu/rative details4 ,op5 ,fire-places4 ,! mann] 9 :i* rude nations k9dle a fire 9 or ne> _! huts1 is "o ( ! mo/ wa/eful arrangem5ts 9 :i* fuel c be us$4 ,h\seless savages1 because !y "k no bett]1 & soldi]s at biv\ac1 because !y mu/ make a virtue ( necessity1 k9dle a fire 9 ! op5 air1 & place !mselves ne> x1 b5efit+ by t portion ( ! radiant heat :i* falls on _! bodies2 b all ! re/ ( ! heat is wa/efully dissipat$4 ,! next /ep ( improvem5t is1 to k9dle a fire 9 a place m or less inclos$4 ,"u ?is arrangem5t1 n only w t "p ( ! radiant heat :i* falls on ! p]sons be available1 b a portion ( ! rema9d] also1 :i*1 fall+ on ! walls & w>m+ !m1 is p>tially reflect$2 & moreov]1 heat comb9$ ) ! smoke w be = a "t reta9$ 9 ! place1 & ?us /ill fur!r contribute to ! w>m? ( ! int]ior4 ,by su* an arrangem5t1 ne>ly ! :ole ( ! heat evolv$ 9 ! combu/ion is appli$ to use2 b x is contam9at$ ) ! smoke f ! fuel4 ,! savages ( ,nor? ,am]ica place fires 9 ! middle ( ! floor ( _! huts1 & sit ar\nd 9 ! smoke1 ( :i* ! excess escapes by ! "o op5+ 9 ! hut t s]ves z a *imney1 w9d[1 & door4 ,a few ( ! peasantry 9 ! remote p>ts ( ,irel& & ,scotl& /ill place _! fires 9 ! middle ( _! floors1 & leave = ! escape ( ! smoke only a small op5+ 9 ! ro(1 (t5 n directly ov] ! fire4 ,9 ,italy & ,spa91 almo/ ! only fires se5 9 sitt+-rooms are l>ge di%es ( live *>coal1 or brazi]s1 plac$ 9 ! middle1 ) ! inmates sitt+ ar\nd1 hav+ to brea! ! noxi\s c>bonic acid gas :i* asc5ds f ! fire & mixes ) ! air ( ! room3 !re is no *imney1 & ! w9d[s & doors are ! only v5tilators4 ,! me?od ( w>m+ ) op5 fires 9 ! middle ( ! room 0 adopt$ 9 "s ( ! ,engli% ,colleges1 & "s ( ! ,london ,inns ( ,c\rt1 d[n to a comp>atively mod]n p]iod4 ,a /ep fur!r 9 advance is to h a fire1 n only 9 an inclos$ space z a means ( keep+ 9 ! heat1 b ) an ap]ture ov] x to act z a *imney or v5t = ! smoke4 ,?is is ! =m1 "u v>i\s modifications1 adopt$ 9 mo/ ,engli% h\ses2 ! fire be+ k9dl$ 9 a k9d ( recess "u a *imney4 ,by degrees we h become accu/om$ to ! adoption ( a grate1 :i* keeps ! fuel at a c]ta9 height above ! gr\nd2 b ! pr9ciple involv$ is j ! same4 ,9 old5 times ! fire us$ to be k9dl$ on ! he>? "u a huge *imney1 or on a v l[ grate2 b ! g5]al c\rse ( mod]n improvem5t has t5d$ to less5 ! size ( ! *imney1 & to raise ! grate high] f ! he>?4 ,! philosophy ( a *imney is well expla9$ by ,dr4 ,arnott1 9 8 ,elem5ts ( ,physics4 ,he says3 8,*imneys quick5 ! asc5t ( hot air1 by keep+ a long column ( x toge!r4 ,a column ( two feet high rises high]1 or is press$ up ) twice z mu* =ce z a column ( "o foot1 & s1 9 proportion1 = all o!r l5g?s2 j z two or m corks /rung toge!r & imm]s$ 9 wat]1 t5d upw>ds ) proportionally m =ce ?an a s+le cork1 or z a long spe> ( light wood1 all[$ to asc5d p]p5dicul>ly f a great dep? 9 wat] acquires a velocity :i* makes x d>t above ! surface1 :ile a %ort piece "u ! same circum/ances rises v sl[ly4 ,9 a *imney :]e "o foot 9 height ( ! column ( hot air is "o ounce light] ?an ! same bulk ( ! ext]nal cold air1 if ! *imney be "o hundr$ feet high1 ! air or smoke 9 x is propell$ upw>ds ) ! =ce ( "o hundr$ ounces4 ,9 all cases1 !re=e1 ! draught1 z x is call$1 ( a *imney is proportion$ to its l5g?40 ,defects ( ,op5 ,fires4 ,?is be+ ! g5]al arrangem5t ( a fire 9 a recess on "o side ( ! room1 & an op5 *imney above x1 ,dr4 ,arnott enum]ates a long li/ ( evils & inconv5i5ces consequ5t on su* an arrangem5t4 #a4 ,wa/e ( fuel4--,x has be5 f\nd t 9 a common op5 ,engli% fire1 sev5-eigh?s ( ! heat produc$ f ! fuel asc5d ! *imney1 & are absolutely lo/4 ,?is lo/ fuel is ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,"o half ( ! heat is c>ri$ (f 9 ! smoke f ! burn+ mass2 "o qu>t] is c>ri$ (f by ! curr5t ( ! w>m$ air ( ! room1 :i* is con/antly ent]+ ! *imney betwe5 ! fire & ! mantel-piece1 & mix+ ) ! smoke2 la/ly1 "o eigh? "p ( ! combu/ible matt] is suppos$ to =m ! black & visible "p ( smoke1 9 an unburn$ /ate4 ,"s writ]s h ev5 gone s f> z to e/imate ! loss ( heat 9 an op5 fire at f\rte5-fifte5?s ( ! :ole4 #b4 ,unequal heat+ at diff]5t di/ances f ! fire4--,?is =ms a rem>kable contra/ ) ! uni=m temp]ature 9 ! air ( a summ] aft]noon4 ,9 rooms ) a /rong fire1 9 v cold wea!r1 x is n uncommon = p]sons to compla9 ( be+ 8scor*$0 on "o side1 & 8pi]c$ ) cold0 on ! o!r2 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 l>ge ap>tm5ts2 = z ! int5sity ( radiat+ heat 7l light7 is only "o-f\r? z great at a d\ble di/ance1 ! walls ( ! room f>!/ f ! fire are b little w>m$1 &1 !re=e1 reflect b little heat to ! backs ( p]sons gr\p$ r\nd ! fire4 #c4 ,cold draughts4--,air be+ con/antly requir$ to fe$ ! fire1 & to supply ! *imney-draught1 ! fre% air :i* ent]s by ! crevices & defects 9 ! doors1 w9d[s1 floors1 c41 is (t5 felt mo/ injuri\sly z a cold curr5t4 8,!re is no?+ m dang]\s to heal? ?an to sit ne> su* inlets1 z is prov$ by ! rheumatisms1 /iff necks1 & cat>rhs1 n to m5tion m s]i\s diseases1 :i* s frequ5tly foll[ ! exposure4 ,!re is an old ,spani% prov]b1 ?us translat$1 ,if cold w9d rea* y ?r\gh a hole1 ,g make y\r w1 & m9d y\r s\l1 :i* is sc>cely an exagg]ation40 ,! curr5t ( fre% air :i* ent]s to fe$ ! fire becomes v rem>kable :5 doors or w9d[s are op5$1 = ! *imney c take mu* m ?an x o!rwise receives :5 ! doors & w9d[s are %ut2 & ?us ! room ) its *imney becomes l an op5 funnel1 rapidly dis*>g+ its w>m$ air4 #d4 ,cold to ! feet4--,! fre% air :i* ent]s 9 any case to supply ! fire1 be+ cold] & specifically heavi] ?an ! g5]al mass already 9 ! room1 lies at ! bottom ( ?is z a di/9ct lay] or /ratum1 demon/rable by a !rmomet]1 & =m+ a dang]\s cold-ba? = ! feet ( ! inmates1 (t5 compell+ delicate p]sons to keep _! feet rais$ out ( x by foot/ools1 or to use unusual cov]+ to protect !m4 #e4 ,bad v5tilation4--,not)/&+ ! rapid *ange ( air 9 ! room1 p]fect v5tilation is n effect$4 ,! brea? ( ! inmates does n t5d t[>ds ! *imney1 b directly to ! ceil+2 & z x mu/ !re=e aga9 desc5d to come bel[ ! level ( ! mantel-piece be=e x c rea* ! *imney1 ! same air may be brea!d ov] & ov] aga94 ,9 a cr[d$ room1 ) an op5 fire1 ! air is = ?is reason (t5 highly impure4 ,z ano!r s\rce ( impure air 9 a h\se1 x may be notic$ t ! dem& ( ! *imneys1 if n fully suppli$ by pure air f ab\t ! doors & w9d[s1 op]ates ?r\gh any o!r ap]tures4 #f4 ,smoke & du/4--,^! are (t5 unavoidable f an op5 *imney1 mu* affect+ ! com=t & heal? ( ! inhabitants ( ! h\se1 & de/roy+ ! furniture4 ,h\sehold]s w\ld make great sacrifices 9 o!r respects to be free f ! annoyance ( smoke4 ,9 l>ge mansions1 ) _m fires light$1 if ! doors & w9d[s fit closely1 & suffici5cy ( air = s _m *imneys _c !re=e ent] by !m1 n only d ! unus$ *imneys become entrances = air1 b (t5 ! longe/ & mo/ heat$ ( !m 9 use ov]p[] ! %ort] & less heat$1 & cause ! %ort] *imneys to dis*>ge _! smoke into ! room4 #g4 ,loss ( "t4--,dur+ ! "t e morn+ :ile ! fires are be+ light$1 ! rooms _c be us$2 & !re are1 besides1 ! annoyances ( smell1 smoke1 du/1 & noise1 all ( :i* are aga9 r5ew$ if ! fire is all[$ to g out & to be relight$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 #h4 ,dang] to p]son & to prop]ty4--,h[ num]\s are ! losses ( prop]ty by c>elessness z to fires is well kn[n to all1 :ile ! loss frequ5t b m di/ress+ loss ( life too well atte/s ! dang] to *ildr5 & to females ?9ly clad (t5 consequ5t on an op5 fire4 ,su* are ! pr9cipal defects :i* ,dr4 ,arnott enum]ates z be+ inh]5t 9 ! use ( op5 fires4 ,_m ( !m h be5 greatly less5$ by improv$ arrangem5ts2 b o!rs are /ill )\t an appropriate rem$y4 ,! usual con/ruction ( a fire-place is tol]ably famili>4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! v]tical or ne>ly v]tical *annel = ! *imney is inclos$ )9 a cas+ ( brick-"w1 :i* projects into ! room at "o side4 ,! op5+ = ?is *imney gradually n>r[s upw>ds1 until only l>ge en\gh to admit ! poor little climb+-boy ^: task x 01 until )9 a rec5t p]iod1 to sweep d[n ! unburnt fuel :i* our own ill arrangem5ts h wa/$2 b1 happily = humanity & ju/ice1 ?is sy/em is at an end1 & ma*9es are n[ employ$ = ! purpose4 ,a he>? ( /one is laid :]eon to erect ! /ove or grate1 & ?is grate is1 z we all "k1 compos$ ma9ly ( an iron receptacle = ! fuel1 & ( 8hobs10 = support+ cul9>y vessels4 ,we cause fire to be k9dl$ 9 ! grate1 & !n suppose t all w g on well1 )\t tr\bl+ ourselves to inquire :e!r ! arrangem5ts = ! supply ( cold air1 & ! exit ( w>m$ air & smoke1 are su* z are be/ fitt$ = ^? purposes4 ,rem$ies = "s ( ^! ,defects4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 z ! evils ( ?is plan became "o by "o kn[n1 attempts 7 made to rem$y "s ( !m1 & ) an approa* t[>ds success4 ,9 a rec5t treatise on ! subject by ,dr4 ,fyfe1 ( ,ed9burgh1 v>i\s modes are sugge/$ = rem$y+ _m ( ! evils incid5t to op5 fire-places4 ,^! we mu/ briefly notice4 ,sometimes ! rooms ( a new h\se are subject to ! nuisance ( smoky *imneys simply f defici5cy ( air4 ,! workman%ip ( ! rooms be+ all good1 ! jo9ts ( ! floor+-bo>ds & ( ! wa9scot panels are all true & tight1 ! m s z ! walls1 p]haps1 n yet ?or\ghly dry1 pres]ve a dampness 9 ! air ( ! room1 :i* keeps ! wood-"w swell$ & close4 ,! doors & ! sa%es1 too1 "w closely & correctly1 s t !re is no passage left op5 = ! air to ent] except ! key-hole1 & ev5 ?is is (t5 clos$ ov] by a little brass cov]4 ,?us1 air be+ d5i$ admission into ! room1 !re is no?+ to fe$ ! fire & to cause a 8draught10 & ! smoke _c asc5d ! *imney4 ,in/ances h be5 kn[n ( well-built h\ses be+ r5d]$ almo/ unt5antable f ?is cause1 & sev]al hundr$ p\nds be+ sp5t 9 endeav\r+ to f9d a rem$y4 ,if1 on op5+ ! door or w9d[ ( a smoky room1 x be g5]ally f\nd t ! smoke disappe>s1 ?is may be tak5 z an indication t ! close-fitt+ jo9ts ( ! wood-"w d n admit air en\gh = ! fire :5 doors & w9d[s are clos$4 ,9 su* a case1 ! op5+ ( ! door or w9d[ is a poor attempt at a rem$y2 = ! air proce$s direct to ! *imney1 & 9 its way causes cold to ! back & feet ( ^? :o may be sitt+ be=e ! fire4 ,num]\s me?ods h be5 devis$ = admitt+ additional air to ! rooms )\t ?is inconv5i5ce1 among :i* ,dr4 ,arnott recomm5ds tubes lead+ directly f ! out] air to ! fire-place1 & provid$ ) :at are call$ 8?rottle-valves10 = ! regulation ( ! quantity4 ,! foll[+ plan has also be5 recomm5d$ z "o ( ! mo/ practicable4 ,z ! air 9 ! upp] "p ( a room is w>m] ?an 9 ! l[]1 x is desirable t ! supply %\ld come 9 t direction1 s z to be slightly w>m$ 9 its progress t[>ds ! fire1 & ?us produce less *ill to ^? 9 its imm$iate vic9ity4 ,?is may be done by draw+ d[n ! upp] sa% ( ! w9d[ ab\t an in*2 or1 if n moveable1 by cutt+ su* a crevice ?r\gh its frame2 9 bo? :i* cases1 a ?9 %elf ( ! l5g? ( ! op5+ may be plac$ to conceal x1 slop+ upw>ds1 to direct ! air horizontally along & ne> ! ceil+4 ,9 "s h\ses1 ! air may be admitt$ 9 su* a crevice made 9 ! wa9scot or cornice ne> ! ceil+1 & ov] ! fire-place2 ?is1 if practicable1 is ! bett] ( ! two1 s9ce ! cold air 9 ent]+ w !re meet ) ! w>me/ ris+ air f be=e ! fire1 & be soone/ temp]$ by ! mixture4 ,ano!r contrivance is to take out an upp] pane ( glass 9 "o ( ! sa%es1 set x 9 a t9 frame1 giv+ x two spr++ angul> sides1 !n replac+ x1 ) h+es bel[1 on :i* x may turn2 by draw+ 9 ?is pane m or less1 ! quantity ( air admitt$ may be regulat$1 & its position w naturally direct ! admitt$ air up & along ! ceil+4 ,! circul> vane or v5tilator sometimes fix$ 9 w9d[s admits cold air 9 a simil> mann]1 :5 ! supply = ! room & fire w\ld be o!rwise defici5t4 ,! op5+ or bread? & height ( ! fire-place1 ?\gh we may fancy x leads to ! diffusion ( m heat into ! room1 is really a cause ( loss ( fuel1 & ( smoke4 ,! size ( ! fire-place op5+ is (t5 consid]$ 9 relation to ! size ( ! room1 )\t reg>d to ! pr9ciples on :i* a fire is ma9ta9$ 9 a grate2 a c\rse ab\t z rational 7x has be5 well obs]v$7 z to proportion ! /ep 9 a /aircase to ! height ( ! /ory1 in/ead ( to ! conv5i5ce ( our legs 9 m\nt+ !m4 ,z ! *imneys ( diff]5t rooms are unavoidably ( diff]5t heights1 & z ! =ce ( ! draught is 9 proportion to ! height ( *imney fill$ ) w>m$ & r>efi$ air1 x is f\nd t ! op5+ = a tall *imney may be l>g] ?an = a l[] "o4 ,if ! op5+ be unnecess>ily l>ge1 !re is room n only = ! entrance ( fre% air1 b also = ! exit ( smoke driv5 d[n by an oppos+ curr5t f ! *imney itself2 & ! air1 too1 asc5ds into ! *imney 9 too cold a /ate1 because ! l>g5ess ( ! op5+ enables x to ent] )\t pass+ v close to ! fire4 ,! pr9cipal evil att5d+ ! use ( a fire-place hav+ too small an op5+1 is t ! fuel is burn$ away ) unnecess>y rapidity4 ,:5 ! op5+ is f\nd by exp]i5ce to be s l>ge z to lead to ! desc5t ( smoke into ! room1 ! easie/ rem$y is to place moveable bo>ds or %eets ( t9 or iron1 s z to l[] & n>r[ x gradually4 ,! effect ( :i*1 by exclud+ a "p ( ! cold] air f ! *imney1 is to produce a quick] action1 s t ! fire beg9s to ro> z if bl[n by a bell[s4 8,?is means is (t5 us$ to bl[ ! fire in/ead ( bell[s1 or to cure a smoky *imney1 by increas+ ! draught4 ,:at is call$ a regi/] /ove is a k9dr$ contrivance4 ,x has a flap plac$ 9 ! ?roat ( ! *imney1 :i* s]ves to wid5 or contract ! passage at pleasure4 ,because ! flap is g5]ally op5$ only en\gh to all[ t air to pass :i* rises directly f ! fire1 ! *imney receives only v hot air1 & !re=e acts well4 ,! regi/] /ove (t5 cures smoky *imneys2 & by prev5t+ ! too ready escape ( ! mod]ately w>m$ air ( ! room1 ( :i* s mu* is wa/$ by a common fire-place1 x also saves fuel40 ,!re does n appe> to h be5 any attempt to det]m9e by exp]im5t ! prop] op5+ ( ! fire-place = a giv5 height ( *imney2 &1 inde$1 !re are s _m di/urb+ causes1 t x w\ld be sc>cely possible to det]m9e ?is ) precision4 ,dr4 ,frankl91 h[ev]1 propos$ to make ! fire-place op5+s 9 ! l[] rooms ab\t ?irty in*es squ>e & eighte5 in*es deep2 ^? 9 ! upp]1 eighte5 in*es squ>e1 & n q s deep2 & ^? 9 ! int]m$iate rooms1 ( dim5sions betwe5 ^! two extremes4 ,9 "s cases1 :]e o!r matt]s are prop]ly att5d$ to1 inconv5i5ce results f ! *imney be+ too l[2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( an attic *imney4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! column ( heat$ & r>ifi$ air is n high en\gh to give a rapid asc5sive p[] )9 ! *imney1 & ?us ! smoke _c be c>ri$ up4 ,! be/ me?od ( cure is to add to ! l5g? ( *imney1 if ?is c be done1 & if ! fire be 9 a l[ build+ ne> ! gr\nd1 ?is may p]haps be effect$2 b 9 an attic1 ! means ( support+ a l(ty *imney w\ld be ineffici5t4 ,ano!r rec\rse is to contract ! op5+ ( ! fire-place to ! smalle/ available dim5sions1 s t all ! ent]+ air may pass ?r\gh or close to ! fire be=e ent]+ ! *imney1 & ?us acquire an asc5sive p[] :i* w c\nt]balance ! %ortness ( ! v]tical column4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ t 9 "s cases !re may be ?ree *imneys to "o room1 s t ! unit$ l5g? ( ! :ole may be equal to t ( a tall *imney2 b x is n easy to conceive h[ ?is c be practically effect$1 nor h[ ! desir$ result w\ld foll[1 ev5 if ! arrangem5ts 7 made4 ,9 "s cases1 ! *imney ( a room is r5d]$ practically %ort] by be+ b5t r\nd & made to ent] ! *imney ( ano!r room2 s9ce1 unless !re be a fire 9 ?is room also1 ! w>m air f ! %ort] *imney has (t5 an adv]se curr5t to cont5d aga9/ at ! junction ) ! o!r *imney4 ,?is is "o reason :y e op5 fire-place %\ld h its own *imney indep5d5tly ( o!rs4 ,if !re be a l(ty build+ or hill ne> a h\se1 & ov]-topp+ ! *imney ( "o ( ! rooms1 t room is v likely to become smoky1 on acc\nt ( a curr5t be+ driv5 9 at ! top ( ! *imney1 & =c+ ! smoke d[n ) x4 ,two rival *imneys may produce a simil> effect 9 a rem>kable way4 ,suppose t !re 7 two fires 9 "o room1 "o burn+ ) m =ce1 & !re=e hav+ a m asc5sive column ( air above x1 ?an ! o!r2 if ! doors & w9d[s be %ut1 ! /rong] fire w ov]p[] ! weak]1 & = its own dem& w draw d[n air f ! *imney ( ! latt]1 :i* air 9 desc5d+ br+s d[n smoke into ! room4 ,! same w\ld be obs]vable 9 a great] degree if "o fire-place _h a fire 9 x b ! o!r _h none1 bo? be+ at ! same "t op54 ,if1 in/ead ( be+ 9 "o room1 ! *imneys are 9 two diff]5t rooms communicat+ by a door1 ! case is ! same :5ev] t door is op54 ,9 a h\se :]e all ! op5+s1 su* z doors & w9d[s fitt$ tightly1 a kit*5 *imney has be5 kn[n to ov]p[] e o!r *imney 9 ! h\se1 & to draw air & smoke into an upp] room z (t5 z ! door communicat+ ) ! room 0 op54 ,! rem$y = ?is inconv5i5ce lies 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! fire-places1 s t ea* fire %all h exactly en\gh air = ! consumption ( ! fuel1 )\t hav+ to borr[ f o!r rooms4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! door ( a room influ5ces mat]ially ! prop] action ( a fire 9 ! fire-place4 ,:5 ! door & *imney are on ! same side ( ! room1 & if ! door be 9 ! corn]1 & is made to op5 aga9/ ! wall1 7an arrangem5t :i* is (t5 made = ! sake ( conv5i5ce17 x foll[s1 t :5 ! door is only p>tly op5$1 a curr5t ( air ru%es along ! wall into & across ! op5+ ( ! fire-place1 & drives "s ( ! smoke out into ! room4 ,?is acts m c]ta9ly :5 ! door is be+ clos$1 = !n ! =ce ( ! curr5t is augm5t$1 & becomes an annoyance to p]sons :o may happ5 to be situat$ 9 its pa?4 ,:5 ! door & fire-place ( a room h be5 ?us ill-arrang$ ) respect to ea* o!r1 ! evil may be less5$ by plac+ an int]v5+ scre5 betwe5 ! door & ! fire1 or by rev]s+ ! position ( ! h+es on ! door1 s z to make x op5 9 ! opposite direction4 ,sometimes ! smoke f a *imney is driv5 out into ! room1 ev5 :5 ! *imney is n comm&$ by a sup]ior elevation1 x be+ driv5 d[n by /rong w9ds pass+ ov] ! top ( ! *imney4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 m5tion$ "o or two in/ances ( ?is k9d :i* he _h met )3--8,i once lodg$ at a h\se 9 ,london1 :i* 9 a little room _h a s+le *imney & funnel4 ,! op5+ 0 v small1 yet x did n keep 9 ! smoke1 & all attempts to h a fire 9 ?is room 7 fruitless4 ,i c\ld n imag9e ! reason1 till at l5g? obs]v+ t ! *amb] ov] x1 :i* _h no fire-place 9 x1 0 always fill$ ) smoke :5 a fire 0 k9dl$ bel[1 & t ! smoke came ?r\gh ! cracks & crevices ( ! wa9scot1 ,i _h ! wa9scot tak5 d[n1 & discov]$ t ! funnel :i* w5t up beh9d x _h a crack _m feet 9 l5g?1 & wide en\gh to admit my arm2 a brea* v dang]\s ) reg>d to fire1 & occasion$ probably by an app>5t irregul> settl+ ( "o side ( ! h\se40 ,?is does n at fir/ ?\ght seem to be an illu/ration ( ! effect ( w9d pass+ ov] ! top ( a *imney2 b ! explanation is to be s\ght = 9 a simil> way2 ! air1 by ent]+ ?is fractur$ "p freely1 de/roy$ ! draw+-=ce ( ! *imney4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! pass+ ( a curr5t ( w9d ov] ! top ( a *imney may produce a 8smoky room0 is ?is3--! w>m air :i* rises f ! fire1 9 ord] to obta9 a free issue f ! *imney1 mu/ repel ! air t is hov]+ ov] ! *imney-pot4 ,9 a "t ( calm or ( little w9d1 ?is is done easily2 b :5 a viol5t curr5t is pass+ ov] ! top ( ! *imney1 its p>ticles h su* a /rong horizontal velocity1 t ! heat$ air 9 asc5d+ has n p[] to displace x1 & ?us ! smoke1 n f9d+ a ready exit by t pa?1 is driv5 back into ! room4 ,! foll[+ anecdote1 told by ,dr4 ,frankl91 w %[ :at accid5tal causes w sometimes occasion a fire to fail 9 its desir$ (fice ( yield+ heat )\t smoke3--8,ano!r puzzl+ case ,i met ) at a fri5d's h\se ne> ,london4 ,8 be/ room _h a *imney1 9 :i* he told me he nev] c\ld h a fire1 = all ! smoke came out into ! room4 ,i flatt]$ myself ,i c\ld easily f9d ! cause1 & prescribe ! cure4 ,i op5$ ! door1 & p]ceiv$ x 0 n want ( air4 ,i made a tempor>y contraction ( ! op5+ ( ! *imney1 & f\nd t x 0 n its be+ too l>ge t made ! smoke to issue4 ,i w5t out & look$ up at ! top ( ! *imney3 its funnel 0 jo9$ 9 ! same /ack ) o!rs1 "s ( !m %ort]1 t drew v well1 & ,i saw no?+ to prev5t its do+ ! same4 ,9 f9e1 aft] e o!r exam9ation ,i c\ld ?9k (1 ,i 0 oblig$ to own ! insuffici5cy ( my skill4 ,b my fri5d1 :o made no pret5sion to su* k9d ( k1 aft]w>ds discov]$ ! cause himself4 ,he got to ! top ( ! funnel by a ladd]1 & look+ d[n1 f\nd x fill$ ) twigs & /raw1 cem5t$ by e>?1 & l9$ ) fea!rs4 ,x seems ! h\se1 aft] be+ built1 _h /ood empty "s ye>s be=e he occupi$ x1 & he conclud$ t "s l>ge birds _h tak5 ! advantage ( its retir$ situation to make _! ne/s !re4 ,! rubbi%1 consid]able 9 quantity1 be+ remov$1 & ! funnel cle>$1 ! *imney drew well & gave satisfaction40 ,f ^! details x w at once appe>1 t t "p ( ! build]'s art :i* relates to ! arrangem5t & build+ ( ! fire-place is by no means an unimportant "o1 s9ce ! com=t ( ! inmates is s]i\sly affect$ by want ( skill on 8 "p4 ,h5ce we may also obs]ve1 t *imney doctors are liable to ! same k9d ( errors z quack doctors 9 ano!r sph]e2 = x is almo/ z absurd to attempt to cure all smoky *imneys by "o c\rse ( proce$+1 z to cure all k9ds ( diseases by "o m$ic9e4 ,!re may be a defici5cy ( air 9 ! room2 ! op5+ ( ! fire-place maybe too l>ge2 ! *imney may n h height en\gh2 "o *imney may ov]p[] ano!r 9 its draught2 ! *imney may be ov]topp$ by high] build+s or by a hill2 ! door ( a room may be badly plac$ ) respect to ! w9d[2 or1 la/ly1 z 9 ,dr4 ,frankl9's 8puzzl+ case10 ! *imney may be ne>ly /opp$ up4 ,all ^! are s\rces ( ! mu*-dread$ 8smoky *imney10 & all require modes ( treatm5t adapt$ to ! nature ( ! evil4 ,_m ( ^! evils h1 to a consid]able ext5t1 be5 rem$i$ by ! use ( ,rum=d /oves1 & o!r =ms ( /ove & grate1 9 :i*1 al?\gh reta9+ all ! *ief *>act]s ( an op5 fire-place1 !re is yet a great dim9ution ( ! evils to :i* ! latt] is liable4 ,!re h1 h[ev]1 be5 m>k$ ext5sions rec5tly made 9 ! con/ruction ( close /oves1 int5d$ to obviate ! ill effects att5dant on op5 fire-places4 ,^! mu/ be briefly notic$4 ,close ,/oves4 ,9 a close /ove1 no air is admitt$ b :at passes at once ?r\gh ! fire2 & ! *imney or funnel is only j l>ge en\gh to c>ry (f ! sulphur\s & o!r vap\rs1 = !re is h>dly any smoke f a close /ove1 &1 !re=e1 x is n necess>y to make a *imney l>ge en\gh to admit a climb+-boy4 ,a small ,g]man /ove1 suitable = a room tw5ty-f\r feet by eighte51 w give an idea ( ! g5]al "* ( ?is k9d ( close /ove4 ,! /ove re/s on a base ab\t ?irty-six in*es by f\rte54 ,! fire-place has a bottom to receive ! fuel1 b no b>s1 & is %ut by a door :i* fits closely to its case4 ,?is door has a small wicket at ! bottom1 ! ap]ture ( :i* is regulat$ by a slid+ plate1 s z to admit no m air ?an w suffice = ! sl[ combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,! flame & heat$ air asc5d to ! top ( ! fire-place1 & pass into two holl[ pill>s or pi]s1 :i* rise to a height ( five or six feet1 s t ! heat is communicat$ to a l>ge surface1 be=e ! volatiliz$ products ( combu/ion make _! exit by a pipe into ! *imney4 ,! /ove is suppli$ ) fuel & ) air by ! front door4 ,if x is desir$ to make ! fire visible1 & imp>t "s ( t *e]fulness :i* belongs to an op5 grate1 ! door ( ! /ove maybe ?r[n op51 = !re is no dang] ( ! smoke com+ out aft] ! curr5t has once w>m$ ! upp] "p ( ! /ove4 ,:5 ! /ove is ( su* dim5sions t ! body ( x is ab\t two feet & a half high1 ! fire-place may be furni%$ ) a small grate 9 ! ,engli% /yle4 ,if ! door is s hung t x c n only be ?r[n back1 b also lift$ (f its h+es1 x w approa* /ill m to ! "* ( a /ove-grate4 ,a *eap =m ( 8,g]man /ove0 is (t5 made 9 ?is c\ntry1 & us$ 9 work%ops & small manufactories1 :]e ! body ( ! /ove is an upright cyl9d]1 ( :i* ! l[] "p is ! a%-pit1 clos$ or op5$ by a h+$-door1 ! middle "p ! fire-place1 :]e ! fuel re/s on b>s1 & ! upp] "p a vacant space1 :i* becomes fill$ ) flame1 smoke1 & heat$ air1 s z to imp>t great heat to a flat iron plate at ! top4 ,!re is a door at :i* ! fuel is introduc$1 & a small flue or funnel ( iron pipe1 :i* conveys ! smoke into a *imney or into ! op5 air4 ,_m =ms ( /ove h be5 us$ m or less resembl+ ?is 9 pr9ciple2 b !re is "o great defect p]ta9+ to !m all4 ,! metal ( :i* ! /ove is =m$ becomes s highly heat$ ne> ! /ove1 t x acquires a burnt smell1 ow+ to ! decomposition ( animal & vegetable p>ticles :i* are at all times float+ ab\t 9 ! air4 ,! air1 too1 9 ! room1 becomes close & oppressive f ano!r cause2 = z only a small quantity ( air is consum$ by ! /ove1 ! air does n become r5ew$ 9 ! room s frequ5tly z :5 an op5 fire is us$1 & ?us x is respir$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,to rem$y ! evils result+ f burnt air1 close /oves are made ) a d\ble case1 s t !re %all be a body ( air betwe5 ! fire & ! air ( ! room4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple1 modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways1 t a l>ge numb] ( /oves h be5 con/ruct$2 ( :i* "o1 by ,mr4 ,sylve/]1 may be briefly describ$4 ,!re is a holl[ ca/-iron box1 on ! outside ( :i* are ca/ sev]al ribs4 ,^? ribs are ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ?ick1 & project ?ree or f\r in*es beyond ! surface ( ! box2 & _! object is to increase ! heat+ surface2 = ! fire be+ light$ 9 ! holl[ ( ! box1 ! conduct+ p[] ( ! iron causes ! :ole ext]ior case ( ! box1 toge!r ) ! project+ ribs1 to become heat$4 ,! box is plac$ )9 an ornam5tal case1 ! sides & top ( :i* are frett$ ) lattice-"w1 to all[ free access to ! air1 :i* ent]s ?r\gh ! lattices at ! sides & escapes f ! top ( ! /ove1 pass+ 9 its passage ov] ! ribb$ surface ( ! heat$ box4 ,! grat+ on :i* ! fuel lies is =m$ ( a numb] ( loose b>s fitt$ toge!r into a frame1 & prolong$ s z to emit heat into ! room z well z to support ! fuel4 ,ev]y?+ is s arrang$ z to give z mu* iron surface z possible1 s z to communicate heat to ! surr\nd+ air2 :ile at ! same "t ! ext5t ( ! heat$ surface prev5ts any "o "p f be+ excessively & injuri\sly heat$4 ,dr4 ,arnott's ,/ove4 ,to describe all ! 8*unk0 /oves1 8,ve/a0 /oves1 8,olm/$0 /oves1 & o!r simil> contrivances ( mod]n times1 w\ld fill a volume in/ead ( a few pages4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 speak briefly ( ,dr4 ,arnott's /oves z a means ( %[+ "s ( ! inconv5i5ces to :i* close /oves are liable1 if n con/ruct$ ) c>e4 ,?is /ove consi/s ( an ext]nal case ( iron1 ( any ornam5tal %ape4 ,)9 ?is case is plac$ a box made ( fire-clay1 to conta9 ! fuel1 hav+ a grat+ at ! bottom2 & !re is a space left betwe5 ! fire-box & ! ext]ior case1 to prev5t ! communication ( too mu* heat to ! latt]4 ,!e p$e/al ( ! /ove =ms ! a%-pit2 & !re is no communication betwe5 ! /ove & ! a%-pit1 except ?r\gh ! grat+ at ! bottom ( ! fire-box4 ,a small ext]nal hole 9 ! a%-pit1 cov]$ by a valve1 admits ! air to ! fire2 & accord+ z ?is valve is m or less op51 ! vividness ( ! combu/ion is increas$ or dim9i%$1 & !nce ! great] or less heat produc$ by ! /ove4 ,! quantity ( air admitt$ by ?is valve is gov]n$ by a self-regulat+ app>atus1 ei!r by ! expansion & contraction ( air conf9$ by m]cury 9 a tube1 or by ! unequal expansion ( diff]5t metals4 ,! smoke escapes ?r\gh a pipe at ! back ( ! /ove2 b ! fuel employ$ is su* z to yield v little smoke4 ,by adju/+ ! regulator s z to admit only a small quantity or air1 ! temp]ature ( ! /ove is kept )9 ! requir$ limits2 & ow+ to ! sl[-conduct+ p[] ( ! fire-clay1 ( :i* ! fire-box is =m$1 ! heat ( ! fuel is conc5trat$ )9 ! fire-box1 & ! fuel burns ) less air & less rapidity ?an x w\ld o!rwise d4 ,! con/ruction ( ,dr4 ,arnott's 8!rmomet] /ove0 w be bett] und]/ood f ! foll[+ figure1 :i* repres5ts ! /ove ) "o ( its sides remov$1 s z to exhibit its int]ior arrangem5ts3-- ,illu/ration ,! outl9es ( ! figure1 a a a a1 repres5t ! case or body ( ! /ove1 :i* might be =m$ ei!r ( ca/ or %eet iron4 ,x is divid$ into two *amb]s by ! p>tition1 b b2 b 9 su* a way t !re may be a free communication at ! top & bottom4 c is a small furnace1 or1 z x is call$ by ! inv5tor1 a fire-box1 made ( iron1 & l9$ ) fire-bricks4 ,! fire-box is n 9 contact ) ! ext]ior case ( ! /ove4 ,x communicates at ! bottom ) an a%-pit1 ! door ( :i* is at d1--t ( ! /ove1 by :i* ! fuel is introduc$1 is at d4 ,bo? ^! doors mu/ fit v accurately4 ,above ! door ( ! a%-pit is a b5t pipe e1 by :i* air ga9s admittance to ! fire4 ,a fire be+ k9dl$ & ! doors at d d %ut1 ! only way 9 :i* air has access to ! fuel is by ! pipe e2 ! air s admitt$1 pass+ ?r\gh ! fire be=e x ent]s ! upp] "p ( ! /ove4 ,t portion ( ! air n requir$ to aid ! combu/ion ( ! fuel hav+ rea*$ ! ma9 body ( ! /ove1 & !re mix+ ) ! smoke & o!r products1 !y circulate sl[ly 9 ! directions indicat$ by ! arr[s1 & at l5g? pass into ! *imney by ! pipe f4 ,! sl[ movem5t j m5tion$ z tak+ place )9 ! /ove may well be contra/$ ) :at happ5s 9 an op5 fire-place4 ,9 "o case ! great] "p ( ! heat produc$ is rapidly c>ri$ (f by a curr5t ( air asc5d+ ! *imney--by ! !rmomet] /ove x is deta9$ until almo/ ! :ole ( x has be5 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! ap>tm5t4 ,! b5t tube g t]m9at+ 9 a cup-%ap$ op5+ at g1 is a self-regulat+ valve4 ,! tube is clos$ at ! end g )9 ! /ove1 g g repres5ts m]cury :i* occupies ! b5d ( ! tube4 ,:5 ! fire 9 ! /ove burns too briskly1 ! air 9 ! tube occupy+ ! space betwe5 g & g is exp&$1 & by expell+ "s ( ! m]cury f ! tube at g into ! cup at g1 x closes ! ap]ture ( ! pipe e2 ?us cutt+ (f ! supply ( air to ! fire4 ,9 a few m9utes 7! fire 9 ! mean "t hav+ abat$ its en]gy17 ! air 9 ! tube w return to its =m] dim5sions1 & ! m]cury subsid+ 9 ! cup1 air is aga9 p]mitt$ to ent] ! a%-pit4 ,! /ove1 ( :i* we h ?us attempt$ to convey a g5]al idea1 may be made ( any requir$ =m or size4 ,in/ead ( ! self-regulat+ air-valve j describ$1 x is fitt$ up ) o!rs ( a v simple con/ruction1 & :i* admit ( be+ adju/$ ) ! greate/ accuracy by ! h&4 ,! objections to ?is =m ( /ove arise *iefly f ! =mation ( delet]i\s gases1 :i* are n c>ri$ (f completely4 ,! sl[ combu/ion ( ! fuel produces a l>ge quantity ( c>bonic oxide1 :i* is liable to escape into ! room1 & is ( an injuri\s "*4 ,c>burett$ hydrog5 gas is also =m$ 9 ^! /oves4 ,_m modifications ( =m h be5 sugge/$ = ! rem$y ( ^! evils2 b ! sl[ combu/ion1 :i* 0 "o ( ! m]its orig9ally claim$ = ! /ove1 & :i* x c]ta9ly des]ves1 seems an unavoidable cause = ! production ( ^! gases4 ,all ! v>ieties ( op5 fire-place1 z adopt$ 9 ,engli% h\ses1 ! he>?1 ! recess1 & ! *imney1 are at "o side or at "o corn] ( ! room2 b 9 ! adoption ( close /oves ?is arrangem5t is n necess>y2 = ! /ove may be 9 any "p ( ! middle ( a room1 provid$ ! pipe con/itut+ ! flue be long en\gh4 ,9 "s cases ?is pipe is c>ri$ upw>ds to ! ceil+1 & !nce convey$ to "s outlet into ! op5 air2 9 o!r cases x is turn$ d[nw>ds & convey$ "u ! floor+ to a prop] place ( exit2 :ile 9 o!rs ! pipe is /ret*$ or ext5d$ horizontally f ! /ove to ! regul> *imney ( ! room4 ,w>m+ ,build+s by ,heat$ ,air4 ,our build]s h n yet ent]$ s f> into ! me*anical contrivances ( ! age z to disp5se ) *imneys altoge!r2 nor c\ld su* a ?+ be done until a total *ange is effect$ 9 ! op9ion ( p]sons conc]n+ ! *e]fulness ( an 8op5 fire40 ,b !re are nev]!less ?ree modes1 m or less adopt$ 9 ! pres5t day1 :]eby a h\se is w>m$ )\t ! necessity = any?+ l a fire-place4 ,^! me?ods--9 all ( :i* ! heat+ ag5t is br\ght f ano!r room into ! "o to be w>m$--are ( ?ree k9ds2 heat+ by hot air1 by hot wat]1 & by /eam4 ,:5 we speak ( w>m+ an ap>tm5t by heat$ air1 x is necess>y to give precision to ! mean+ ( ! t]m4 ,all rooms are1 9 fact1 w>m$ by heat$ air1 = ! /ove or grate mu/ raise ! temp]ature ( ! air 9 ! room be=e we c appreciate ! s5sation ( w>m?4 ,b :at is g5]ally meant by ! t]m z "h us$ is ! w>m+ ( "o ap>tm5t by air heat$ 9 ano!r4 ,! /oves us$ 9 ,russia1 ?\gh n com+ exactly "u ?is description1 w s]ve 9 "s degree to illu/rate ! pr9ciple4 ,! ,russian /ove is int5d$ z a sort ( magaz9e1 9 :i* a great quantity ( heat maybe quickly accumulat$1 to be aft]w>ds sl[ly communicat$ to ! ap>tm5t4 ,! /ove is !re=e made ( a massive size4 ,x is =m$ ( brick-"w1 clay1 glaz$ tiles1 :i* toge!r =m a great mass ( matt] to be heat$ by ! fuel2 & !re is 9 e "p a consid]able ?ickness ( sl[-conduct+ mat]ial betwe5 ! fuel & ! air ( ! room4 ,! fire is k9dl$ e>ly 9 ! morn+1 aft] :i* ! /ove door is %ut1 & ! air ap]ture bel[ left op5 = "s "t z a means ( admitt+ draught to ! fire2 b 9 ! c\rse ( a %ort "t ! fire-door is op5$ to *eck ! draught1 s z to prev5t ! too rapid combu/ion ( ! fuel4 ,9 ?is way ! combu/ion is all[$ to g on1 & ! sub/ance ( ! /ove becomes w>m$1 aft] :i* ! air passages are %ut1 s z to prev5t any ab/raction ( heat by ! curr5t t w\ld o!rwise be occasion$4 ,! /ove ?us becomes a great mass ( heat$ matt]1 :i* is gradually p\r+ w>m? into ! ap>tm5t dur+ ! :ole ( ! day2 & z ! temp]ature ( ! surface nev] becomes v high1 ! impurities 9 ! atmosph]e are n decompos$1 & x is consequ5tly free f ^? (f5sive effluvia1 unavoidable :5 metal /oves are us$4 ,! fuel is all[$ to be ne>ly burnt out be=e ! ap]tures ( ! /ove are clos$2 & !re9 ! /ove diff]s greatly f ^? hi!rto consid]$2 ! heat$ air )9 ! /ove be+ s completely %ut 9 t x c f9d no outlet1 except ?r\gh ! sub/ance ( ! brickwork4 ,! modifications ( ! arrangem5ts :]eby w>m$ air is convey$ f "o room to ano!r1 may next be notic$4 ,9 su* cases ! air ei!r escapes f a heat$ receptacle outside ! fire-case1 or else x m]ely passes ov] a heat$ metallic surface4 ,! foll[+ description relates to "o v>iety ( ! fir/ ( ^! two me?ods4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( a h\se or build+ is a ca/-metal d\ble /ove2 ! inn] "p =m+ ! /ove1 & ! out] "o ! case or envelope4 ,! fuel is burn$ 9 ! inn] /ove1 & ! smoke produc$ dur+ ! process ( combu/ion is c>ri$ (f by a *imney1 :i* passes ?r\gh bo? /oves or cases1 & is convey$ to ! outside ( ! build+4 ,! out] case includes n only ! furnace or inn] /ove1 b also a consid]able space occupi$ by ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is freely admitt$ ?r\gh a numb] ( holes plac$ ar\nd x2 & :5 any curr5t ( w>m$ air is produc$1 x passes (f f ! space betwe5 ! out] case & ! inn] /ove1 & is convey$ by tubes to any ap>tm5t 9 ! build+2 s t ! rooms are w>m$ by ! air :i* has pass$ betwe5 ! out] case & ! inn] /ove4 ,9 ano!r =m ( arrangem5t1 hav+ ! same end 9 view by means ( heat$ air1 ! air1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh an enclos$ space betwe5 ! out] case & ! inn] /ove1 passes ov] a surface ( metal :i* is heat$ ei!r by a fire und]nea?1 or1 :i* is bett]1 by /eam or hot wat] conta9$ 9 pipes4 ,! tempor>y ,h\se ( ,commons1 ! ,re=m ,club-h\se1 & _m o!r build+s1 are w>m$ 9 ?is way4 ,! foll[+ simple & *eap =m ( /ove has be5 erect$ 9 ! cottages ( ,sir ,/ew>t ,montea?'s lab\r]s4 ,! accompany+ figure repres5ts a section ( ! /ove1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* w be und]/ood f ! foll[+ explanatory notes3-- ,illu/ration #a4 ,kit*5 fire4 #b4 ,*imney4 #c4 ,hot air ,*amb]4 ,?is is a ca/-iron box1 :i* =ms ! back ( ! kit*5 grate4 #d4 ,cold air pipe1 or passage2 made ) brick1 or /one1 or iron pip+1 communicat+ ) ! op5 air = ! purpose ( fe$+ ! hot air *amb] ) an asc5d+ curr5t ( fre% air4 #e4 ,hot air pipe1 receives ! asc5d+ curr5t ( air1 :i* becomes heat$ by pass+ ov] ! back ( ! fire4 ,at ! top ?is pipe bran*es (f at "r angles1 & t]m9ates ne> ! floor 9 ! two sleep+ rooms above4 #f4 ,grat+s to admit ! w>m air f ! hot-air pipe into ! b$-rooms4 ,! addition ( slid+ valves ov] ! face ( ! grat+s w\ld s]ve to cut (f ! curr5t ( w>m air dur+ ! summ]1 & :5 n o!rwise requir$4 #g4 ,sitt+-room1 into :i* suffici5t heat is radiat$ f ! hot air *amb]1 n only to w>m ! ap>tm5t1 b ev5 to dry wet l954 ,by means ( "o common fire 9 a /ove ( ! above description1 a f\r-room$ cottage c be com=tably w>m$1 & kept dry ?r\gh\t4 ,w>m+ ,build+s by ,/eam4 ,! arrangem5ts = w>m+ rooms & build+s by /eam are v diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* /oves are employ$4 ,!y are g5]ally su* z ! foll[+4 ,at a conv5i5t "p ( ! build+1 & z l[ z possible1 !re is plac$ a close /eam-boil] ( ! ord9>y con/ruction4 ,f ?is boil] a small /eam-pipe is c>ri$ to ! p>ts ( ! build+ :i* are to be w>m$2 ! pipe be+ wrapp$ r\nd ) a ?ick lay] ( flannel1 to prev5t ! heat f radiat+ be=e x arrives at ! de/9$ place4 ,pipes ( a l>g] size are laid r\nd ! rooms above ! floor1 or "u a p]=at$ floor1 or 9 any o!r conv5i5t position4 ,! /eam issues into ^! l>g] pipes1 f ! surface ( :i* heat radiates into ! room1 & ?us ! /eam is cond5s$ into wat]4 ,small pipes ( lead or t9 are provid$ = convoy+ ! wat] back into ! boil]1 a g5tle slope be+ giv5 to all ! pipes to facilitate ?is object4 ,?is wat]1 aga9 fl[+ into ! boil]1 is aga9 conv]t$ into /eam1 aga9 asc5ds to ! pipes :i* surr\nd ! ap>tm5t1 aga9 gives out heat to ! air ( ^? ap>tm5ts1 & aga9 fl[s back to ! boil] 9 ! =m ( wat]4 ,?us ! same supply ( wat] circulates ov] & ov] aga9 ?r\gh ! pipes1 c>ry+ heat f ! fire bel[ to ! rooms above4 ,9 "s cases ! /eam-pipes 9 ! ap>tm5ts1 in/ead ( be+ laid r\nd ! sides1 are gr\p$ toge!r 9 a compact =m1 & h an ornam5tal "* imp>t$ to !m4 ,in/ead ( pipes1 ! /eam is sometimes made to circulate betwe5 p>allel %eets ( copp] or iron1 9 su* mann] t e %eet ( metal %all h /eam on "o side ( x1 & air on ! o!r1 ! air 9 t position receiv+ heat f ! /eam ?r\gh ! metal4 ,w>m+ ,build+s by ,hot ,wat]4 ,la/ly we h to notice ! me?od ( w>m+ by hot wat]4 ,9 ?is me?od !re is usually a boil] communicat+ by an upp] & l[] pipe1 ) an upright pipe ! same height z ! boil]4 ,on ! application ( heat to ! boil]1 ! column ( wat] becomes light] ?an t 9 ! upright pipe2 !re=e ! pressure on ! wat] 9 ! l[] pipe be+ less at ! end ne>e/ to ! boil] ?an x is at ! o!r end1 a portion ( ! wat] 9 ?is l[] pipe moves =w>d t[>ds ! boil]1 :i* causes a correspond+ quantity to pass along ! upp] pipe 9 a contr>y direction4 ,?is motion w necess>ily cont9ue z long z ! column ( wat] 9 ! boil] is hott]1 & !re=e light] ?an t 9 ! upright pipe2 & ?is mu/ be ! case s long z ! boil] cont9ues to receive heat f ! fire1 & ! pipes to "p ) _! heat to ! air1 & !reby cool ! wat] conta9$ 9 !m4 ,9 :atev] =m ! hot wat] app>atus is con/ruct$1 ?is diff]5ce ( pressure ( ! two columns ( wat] is ! cause ( ! circulation4 ,9 ?is =m ( app>atus "s "p or o!r ( ! wat] is op5 to ! atmosph]e1 ei!r at ! top ( ! boil] or at ! top ( "o ( ! pipes1 s t !re is no dang] f ! bur/+ action ( wat] heat$ above ! boil+ temp]ature4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! wat] _c well be convey$ to rooms at diff]5t elevations 9 ! build+4 ,to increase ! efficacy ( ! arrangem5t 9 ?is respect1 ! foll[+ adaptation has be5 sugge/$4 ,a pipe is made to dip into an op5 boil]1 rea*+ only an in* or two bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]1 & pass+ r\nd ! room to be w>m$1 returns aga9 to ! boil] & dips aga9 into ! wat]1 desc5d+ q to ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,an air-pump is connect$ ) ?is pipe by a small tube2 & ! air 9 ! pipe be+ exhau/$ by ?is means1 ! wat] rises into ! pipes above ! level ( ! boil] by atmosph]ic pressure1 & ! circulation !n takes place by ! hot wat] asc5d+ ?r\gh ! pipe at ! top ( ! boil]1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! :ole circuit ( ! pipe1 x returns ?r\gh ! upp] end ( ! pipe :i* rea*es to ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,9 ! la/-describ$ =m ( app>atus ! wat] w rise 9 ! syphon pipe to a height ( ab\t ?irty feet above ! boil]1 be+ t elevation :i* is due to ! action ( ! atmosph]e on liquid fl[+ ?r\gh a vacuum4 ,b :5 a :ole h\se or build+ is w>m$ by hot wat] 9 all ! diff]5t floors or heights1 a modification ( ! sy/em1 call$ ! high-pressure sy/em1 is adopt$4 ,! app>atus on ?is sy/em consi/s ( a spiral coil ( small iron pipe built into a furnace1 ! pipe be+ c>ri$ f ! upp] "p ( ! coil1 & entw9$ r\nd ! room int5d$ to be w>m$1 =m+ a cont9u\s pipe :5 aga9 jo9$ to ! bottom ( ! coil4 ,! size ( ! pipe is usually only half an in* 9 diamet] int]nally1 & an in* ext]nally4 ,a l>ge pipe ( ab\t two & a half in*es diamet] is connect$1 ei!r horizontally or v]tically1 ) ! small pipe1 & is plac$ at ! highe/ po9t ( ! app>atus4 ,?is1 :i* is call$ ! 8expansion pipe10 has an op5+ ne> its l[] extremity1 by :i* ! app>atus is fill$ ) wat]1 ! ap]ture be+ aft]w>ds secur$ by a /rong screw2 b ! expansion pipe itself _c be fill$ high] ?an ?is op5+4 ,aft] ! wat] has be5 introduc$1 ! screw is securely fa/5$1 & ! app>atus becomes completely clos$ 9 all p>ts4 ,! expansion pipe1 :i* is ?us left empty1 is calculat$ to hold ab\t "o-t5? or "o-twelf? z mu* wat] z ! :ole ( ! small pipes2 ?is be+ necess>y 9 ord] to all[ = ! expansion t takes place 9 ! volume ( ! wat] :5 heat$1 & :i* o!rwise w\ld inevitably bur/ ! pipes1 h[ev] /rong !y might be4 ,9 ?is app>atus ! pr9ciple ( action is diff]5t f t 9 ! l[-pressure me?od4 ,"h ! wat] is rais$ to s high a temp]ature t x :olly ov]comes ! effect ( gravity1 & rises to ! highe/ rooms ( a build+ if requir$1 ! circulation ?r\gh ! sy/em ( pipes be+ m rapid z ! heat ( ! wat] is great]4 ,b !re are inconv5i5ces att5d+ ! me?od4 ,if ! pipes be n v /rong1 !y w be bur/ by ! int5se pressure f )92 z !y w likewise if ! expansion pipe be too small4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ?is latt] pipe be too l>ge1 x occasions ! wat] to be driv5 up into x s viol5tly z to leave ! l[] "p ( ! coil ( small pipe almo/ empty1 & !re=e liable to be burn$ by ! heat ( ! fire4 ,& if all ^! po9ts be prop]ly att5d$ to1 !re is /ill ! inconv5i5ce result+ f ! decomposition ( ! float+ p>ticles 9 ! air1 by ! highly-heat$ metal ( ! pipes4 ,9 "s cases wat]1 in/ead ( be+ heat$ 9 a coil ( small pipes1 passes into & ?r\gh l>ge flat boxes or *amb]s1 ^: ext5d$ surface enables ! surr\nd+ air to be heat$ m rapidly4 ,! details ( ?is *apt] w enable ! read] to p]ceive1 t t "p ( ! build]'s art :i* relates to ! con/ruction ( ! fire-place re/s on m sci5tific pr9ciples1 & is m liable to *ange by successive discov]ies & inv5tions1 ?an mo/ o!rs4 ,x is n simply to make a squ>e op5+ by ! side ( a room1 to h a v]tical *imney or flue above t op5+1 & a few b>s )9 x2 x is n by su* means t ! object to be answ]$ by a fire-place c be atta9$2 "s k ( *emi/ry1 pneumatics1 & hydraulics1 is requir$ be=e we c prop]ly regulate ! combu/ion ( our fuel1 ! v5tilation ( our ap>tm5ts1 or effectually w>m !m by ! asc5sion ( hot air1 ! circulation ( hot wat]1 or ! cond5sation ( /eam4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,w9d[s ,,& ,,lead-,,"w4 ,we mu/ n[ give to our dwell+-h\se ^? conv5i5ces :i* call = ! s]vices ( ! glazi] & ! plumb]4 ,^! two occupations are s (t5 comb9$ by ! same tradesman1 & ! two classes ( op]ations !reby result+ are bo? s necess>y to ! f9i%+ ( ! ext]ior ( a h\se1 t we may conv5i5tly treat ( !m 9 "o *apt]4 ,introduction ( ,glass-,w9d[s4 ,among ! features :i* di/+ui% mod]n h\ses f ^? exi/+ 9 ! e>ly ages ( ,engli% hi/ory1 few h be5 m conducive to com=t ?an ! adoption ( ,glass-,w9d[s4 ,be=e ! employm5t ( t invaluable sub/ance--glass--= ?is purpose1 w9d[s consi/$ ei!r ( uncov]$ holes 9 ! wall ( a h\se1 :]eby 9 ord] to admit light1 ! cold w\ld also ga9 admittance2 or else !y 7 holes cov]$ ) oil$ sk91 oil$ pap]1 ?9 horn1 or "s o!r p>tially transp>5t mat]ial1 :i* w\ld admit a dim light1 & yet exclude w9d & ra94 ,x is only by plac+ ourselves 9 a room ?us light$1 t we c =m a correct idea ( ! increase ( com=t result+ f ! use ( glass in/ead ( su* imp]fectly transp>5t sub/ances4 ,! sl[ & imp]fect modes ( mak+ glass soon aft] its introduction necess>ily gave x a high value1 & x c\ld only be employ$ by ! weal?y2 b its price has gradually s mu* less5$1 & its claim to a place among ! necess>ies ( life s g5]ally felt & ackn[l$g$1 t !re are n[ b few p]sons 9 ,engl&1 except ^? mov+ 9 ! v humble/ ranks ( society1 :o h n a room ) a glaz$ w9d[4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,w9d[ ,glass4 ,! glass ) :i* w9d[s are g5]ally glaz$1 is call$ ,cr[n glass4 ,x is =m$ ( diff]5t mat]ials 9 diff]5t manufactories4 ,9 "s in/ances ! mat]ials consi/ ( f9e :ite s&1 c>bonate ( lime1 c>bonate ( soda1 & clipp+s or wa/e pieces ( old glass2 :ile 9 o!r cases !y consi/ ( :ite s&1 pe>l-a%1 saltpetre1 borax1 & ars5ic1 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,on ?is po9t we %all n dwell1 = almo/ e manufactur] has a fav\rite receipt ( 8 own4 ,:atev] sub/ances are employ$1 !y are intimately mix$ be=e be+ melt$4 ,! melt+ takes place 9 l>ge crucibles or melt+ pots1 made ( a p>ticul> k9d ( clay capable ( endur+ int5se heat4 ,sev]al su* crucibles are plac$ 9 a furnace1 a little door be+ situate 9 ! furnace opposite to ea* crucible4 ,?r\gh ?is door ! mat]ials are introduc$ & are suff]$ to melt2 & z soon z ^! become melt$1 o!r portions ( ! mat]ials are add$1 until ! crucible conta9s a giv5 am\nt ( melt$ mat]ial4 ,a curi\s effect is !n obs]vable4 ,al?\gh mo/ or all ( ! mat]ials are ne>ly opaque 9 _! sep>ate /ates1 x is f\nd t :5 !y are all melt$ toge!r1 !y =m a transp>5t liquid1 :i* is glass4 ,x requires ab\t =ty-eight h\rs ( int5se heat to br+ ! :ole cont5ts ( ! crucible to a liquid /ate4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 a quantity ( dross or impurity1 call$ s&iv] or glass gall1 collects at ! surface1 & is c>efully remov$2 x is aft]w>ds sold to ref9]s ( metals1 :o use x z a flux4 ,! temp]ature ( ! furnace is !n gradually l[]$1 by :i* means ! glass loses suffici5t heat to assume a pa/y consi/5ce1 :i* is m conv5i5t = ! workman ?an if x 7 p]fectly fluid4 ,! glass mak] !n /&s be=e ! door ( ! furnace1 expos$ to an int5sity ( heat su* z few p]sons c adequately conceive1 & dips into ! pa/y mass ( glass ! end ( a holl[ iron tube ab\t five feet long4 ,on )draw+ ! tube1 a portion ( glass is f\nd adh]+ to x1 & ?is is made to equalize itself r\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! tube by turn+ ! latt] rapidly r\nd4 ,! workman !n applies 8 m\? to ! o!r end1 & bl[s ?r\gh ! tube1 :]eby ! pa/y mass is made to assume a holl[ globul> =m at ! remote end ( ! tube4 ,?is process is cont9u$ = "s "t & ) great dext]ity1 until ! globe has atta9$ a consid]able diamet] & a proportionably small ?ickness4 ,! globe is !n some:at flatt5$ at ! side opposite to ! tube by press+ x ^u a h>d plane surface2 & a solid iron rod1 call$ a punt1 hav+ a small quantity ( melt$ glass at ! end1 is appli$ to ! c5tre ( ! flatt5$ side opposite to ! tube1 to :i* x adh]es2 ! tube is !n remov$ by wett+ ! glass ne> ! po9t ( union ) ! tube1 leav+ a small circul> hole4 ,dur+ ^! processes ! glass is repeat$ly heat$ by hold+ x = a few m9utes at ! door ( ! furnace1 9 ord] t x may reta9 ! requisite degree ( s(tness4 ,! punt1 ) ! flatt5$ globe ( glass at its end1 is !n rapidly :irl$ r\nd 9 a mann] ne>ly resembl+ t 9 :i* a mop is twirl$4 ,by ?is motion1 ! globe becomes m & m flatt5$ & ext5d$ 9 diamet]1 until at l5g?1 n be+ able long] to reta9 its %ape1 x bur/s op51 & spreads out 9 ! =m ( a flat circul> %eet ( glass ?ree or f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,!re is p]haps no?+ 9 ! :ole range ( ! me*anical arts m a/oni%+ to a spectator ?an ?is process1 & !re are few t require1 f ! workman1 m ( t dext]ity ( h& :i* c only be acquir$ by long practice4 ,! workman cont9ues to :irl ! %eet ( glass r\nd1--gradually rec$+ f ! furnace1--until x is suffici5tly set or solidifi$ to reta9 its =m4 ,! punt is !n1 by a dextr\s movem5t1 deta*$ f ! c5tre ( ! %eet1 leav+ t bulb :i* is kn[n z ! 8bull's eye10 or ! 8knot40 ,! %eet is plac$ 9 an anneal+ ov51 ! temp]ature ( :i* is l[]$ by sl[ degrees until cold2 = x is f\nd t glass is less brittle :5 x has be5 all[$ to cool gradually ?an :5 ! cool+ has be5 rapid4 ,consid]able c>e is requir$ to regulate ! temp]ature ( ! anneal+ ov52 if ! heat be too great ! s(t5$ glass w b5d3 if ! heat be insuffici5t ! plates are liable to crack1 or !y prove s brittle t :5 !y come to be us$1 ! glazi] w n be able to divide ! glass s z to suit 8 purposes4 ,inde$1 ! managem5t ( ! heat 9 ! manufacture ( cr[n glass requires s mu* c>e & skill t few workm5 produce an article ( ! same value1 ev5 ?\gh work+ at ! same furnace2 h5ce cr[n glass is kn[n 9 ! m>ket z fir/s1 seconds1 ?irds1 & f\r?s2 ! f\r? quality produc+ less ?an "o-half ( ! price ( ! fir/4 ,we h n int]rupt$ ?is description1 to ref] to engrav+s2 b we may n[ illu/rate x by ! foll[+ cuts repres5t+ ! glass 9 eight diff]5t /ages ( its =mation4 #a/4 ,! melt$ glass atta*$ to ! tube1 & work$ on a bo>d4 ,illu/ration #bnd4 ,! workman bl[+ ?r\gh ! tube1 to exp& ! glass4 ,illu/ration #crd4 ,:irl+ x rapidly at ! m\? ( ! furnace4 ,illu/ration #d?4 ,transf]r+ x f ! holl[ tube to ! solid punt4 ,illu/ration #e? & #f?4 ,successive /ages ( expansion1 by con/ant & rapid rotation4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration #g?4 ,f9al expansion into a flat circul> %eet4 ,illu/ration #h?4 ,! %eet ( glass1 held on a k9d ( =k1 be+ plac$ into ! anneal+ ov54 ,illu/ration ,:5 cold1 ! %eets ( glass are cut into two unequal pieces1 "o ( :i* conta9s ! knot1 & are pack$ ) /raw 9 wood5 crates1 9 :i* !y are =w>d$ to ! w>eh\ses1 & f !nce to ! glazi]s4 ,z plate glass is sometimes us$ = w9d[s1 a slight notice ( x seems to be necess>y 9 ?is place1 9 ord] t ! read] may h a cle> idea ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two descriptions ( w9d[ glass4 ,! manufacture ( plate glass is conf9$ to v few h&s1 & great reluctance is manife/$ by ! proprietors to p]mit visitors to inspect _! works4 ,! late ,mr4 ,p>kes1 h[ev]1 0 p]mitt$ to visit ! works ( ! ,briti% ,plate ,glass ,company1 at ,rav5head1 & has record$ 8 obs]vations 9 "o ( 8 valuable *emical essays1 f :i* ! foll[+ details are tak54 ,9 ! prep>ation ( plate glass ! mat]ials are select$ ) great] c>e ?an 9 any o!r bran* ( ! glass manufacture4 ,! mat]ials employ$ are s& ( ! f9e/ & :ite/ k9d1 soda1 & lime4 ,manganese & oxide ( cobalt are also us$ = ! purpose ( de/roy+ col\r1 :i* !y d by ! curi\s1 & at fir/ view1 p>adoxical prop]ty ea* has ( imp>t+ col\r4 ,! manganese has ! effect ( a slight t+e ( r$1 ! cobalt ( blue2 :ile ! s& & alkali produce a slight yell[ t+e2 & ?us ^! ?ree col\rs 7be+ ^? :i* naturally produce :ite light7 by prop] comb9ation 9 ! glass neutralise ea* o!r1 & ! result is an almo/ p]fectly transp>5t mat]ial4 ,! process ( fill+ ! pots & fus+ ! mat]ials is simil> to t already describ$ = cr[n glass4 ,! crucibles are ( two k9ds2 ! l>g] ones :]e9 ! glass is melt$1 are call$ pots1 & because ^! :5 full ( glass are too bulky & heavy to be mov$1 small] ones1 call$ cuvettes1 are employ$4 ,^! are kept empty 9 ! furnaces1 expos$ to ! full degree ( heat1 s t :5 ! glass is ready = ca/+ & is transf]r$ to !m1 !y may n greatly l[] its temp]ature4 ,! subsequ5t op]ations are v well describ$ 9 an ab/ract ( ,mr4 ,p>kes's essay1 giv5 by ! writ] ( ! volume on ,glass & ,porcela91 9 ! ,cab9et ,cyclopdia4 8,:5 ! glass is ?or\ghly ref9$1 ! cuvette--:i* mu/ be p]fectly clean1 &1 z already m5tion$1 ( a temp]ature equal ) t ( ! glass--is fill$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a copp] ladle1 t5 to twelve in*es 9 diamet]1 fix$ to an iron h&le sev5 feet long1 is plung$ into ! glass pot1 & br\ght up fill$ ) melt$ glass1 :i* is transf]r$ to ! cuvette2 ! ladle dur+ ?is transf]5ce is support$ ^u a /rong iron re/1 plac$ "u its bottom1 & held by two o!r workm54 ,?is precaution is necess>y to prev5t ! b5d+ & giv+ way ( ! r$-hot copp] "u ! weight ( fluid glass :i* x conta9s4 ,:5 by successive ladl+s ! cuvette is fill$1 x is suff]$ to rema9 dur+ "s h\rs 9 ! furnace1 t ! air bubbles =m$ by ?is di/urbance may h "t to rise & disp]se2 an effect :i* is asc]ta9$ to h ensu$ by ! inspection ( samples )drawn f "t to "t = ! purpose4 8,ano!r ess5tial "p ( ! app>atus consi/s 9 flat tables :]eon ! plates ( glass are ca/4 ,^! tables h p]fectly smoo? & level metallic surfaces1 ( suitable dim5sions & solidity1 support$ by masonry4 ,at ,/4 ,goba91 & =m]ly also at ,rav5head1 ^! tables 7 made ( copp]2 ! reason assign$ = pref]r+ ?is metal be+1 t x does n discol\r ! hot melt$ glass1 :ile ! use ( iron 0 ?\ght to be accompani$ by ?is disadvantage4 ,^! copp] tables 7 v co/ly1 bo? f ! nature ( _! mat]ial1 & ! lab\r be/[$ 9 gr9d+ & poli%+ _! surfaces2 & z ! sudd5 access ( heat t accompani$ ! p\r+ ov] !m ( su* a torr5t ( melt$ glass occasion$ ! metal frequ5tly to crack1 ! tables 7 by su* an accid5t r5d]$ useless4 ,! ,briti% ,plate ,glass ,company hav+ exp]i5c$ sev]al disa/]s ( ?is nature1 its directors det]m9$ ^u mak+ trial ( iron2 & !y accord+ly procur$ a plate to be ca/1 fifte5 feet long1 n9e feet wide1 & six in*es ?ick1 :i* has fully answ]$ ! int5d$ purpose--hav+1 dur+ sev]al ye>s ( con/ant use1 /ood un9jur$ ?r\gh all ! sudd51 & viol5t alt]nations ( temp]ature to :i* x has be5 expos$4 ,?is table is s massive1 weigh+ ne>ly f\rte5 tons1 t x became necess>y to con/ruct a c>riage purposely = its conveyance f ! iron f\ndry to ! glas%\se4 ,x is support$ on ca/ors1 = ! conv5i5ce ( readily remov+ x t[>ds ! m\?s ( ! diff]5t anneal+ ov5s4 8,! f\ndry at ,rav5head :]e9 ?is table is us$ is said to be ! l>ge/ room "u "o ro( t has ev] yet be5 erect$ 9 ?is k+dom2 x is #cci feet long1 #aee feet wide1 & proportionately l(ty4 ,we/m9/] ,hall1 to :i* ! sup]iority 9 ?is respect is s commonly ascrib$1 is small]--its l5g? be+ #cjj & its bread? only #ajj feet4 ,! melt+ furnaces1 :i* are rang$ d[n ! c5tre1 occupy ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole area ( ?is ap>tm5t4 ,! anneal+ ov5s are plac$ 9 two r[s1 "o on ea* side ( ! f\ndry1 & occupy ! greate/ proportion ( ! side walls4 ,ea* ( ^! ov5s is sixte5 feet wide & =ty feet deep4 ,_! floors be+ level ) ! surface ( ! ca/+ table1 ! plates ( glass may be deposit$ 9 !m imm$iately aft] !y are ca/1 ) little difficulty & )\t delay4 8,:5 ! melt$ glass 9 ! cuvette is f\nd to be 9 ! exact /ate t exp]i5ce has po9t$ out z be+ mo/ fav\rable = its fl[+ readily & equably1 ?is vessel is )drawn f ! furnace by means ( a crane1 & is plac$ ^u a l[ c>riage1 9 ord] to its removal to ! ca/+ table1 :i*1 z x is previ\sly plac$ contigu\s to ! anneal+ ov5 t is to be fill$1 may !re=e be at a consid]able di/ance f ! melt+ furnace4 ,measures are !n tak5 = clean+ ! ext]ior ( ! crucible1 & = c>efully remov+ ) a broad copp] sabre any scum t may h =m$ ^u ! surface ( ! glass1 z ! mixture ( any ( ^! =eign matt]s w\ld infallibly spoil ! beauty ( ! plate4 ,^! done1 ! cuvette is w\nd up to a suffici5t height by a crane2 & !n1 by means ( ano!r simple piece ( me*anism1 is swung ov] ! upp] end ( ! ca/+ table2 & be+ ?r[n into an incl9$ position1 a torr5t ( melt$ glass is sudd5ly p\r$ out on ! surface ( ! table1 :i* mu/ previ\sly h be5 heat$1 & wip$ p]fectly clean4 8,! glass is prev5t$ f runn+ (f ! sides ( ! table by ribs ( metal1 "o ( :i* is plac$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ea* side1 _! dep? be+ ! exact measure :i* x is desir$ to give to ! ?ickness ( ! glass4 ,a simil> rib1 atta*$ to a cross piece1 is tempor>ily held1 dur+ ! ca/+1 at ! l[] end ( ! table4 ,:5 ! :ole cont5ts ( ! crucible h be5 deliv]$1 a l>ge holl[ copp] cyl9d]1 :i* has be5 made p]fectly true & smoo? 9 a turn+ la!1 & :i* ext5ds entirely across ! table1 re/+ on ! side ribs1 is set 9 motion2 & ! glass1 dur+ its progress1 is spread out into a %eet ( uni=m bread? & ?ickness4 ,its l5g? dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( melt$ glass conta9$ 9 ! cuvette3 %\ld ?is be m ?an is ne$$ = ! =mation ( a plate hav+ ! full dim5sions ( ! table1 ! metal rib is remov$ f its l[] "p1 & ! surplus glass is receiv$ 9 a vessel ( wat] plac$ "u ! extreme end = ! purpose4 8,mr4 ,p>kes1 9 speak+ ( ?is op]ation1 rem>ks--#8,! spectacle ( su* a va/ body ( melt$ glass p\r$ at once f an imm5se crucible1 on a metallic table ( great magnitude1 is truly gr&2 & ! v>iety ( col\rs :i* ! plate exhibits imm$iately aft] ! roll] has pass$ ov] x1 r5d]s ?is an op]ation f> m spl5did & int]e/+ ?an c possibly be describ$4' 8,at lea/ tw5ty workm5 are busily employ$ dur+ ?is process ( ca/+4 ,f ! "t t ! cuvette is remov$ f ! furnace1 to ! completion ( ! ca/+ by ! h>d5+ ( ! glass1 ! ap>tm5t mu/ be kept z free z possible f di/urbance2 ev5 ! op5+ & %utt+ ( a door might1 by sett+ ! air 9 motion1 di/urb ! surface ( ! glass1 & ?us impair ! value ( ! plate4 ,s soon z x is completely set1 ! plate is c>efully inspect$2 & %\ld any flaws or bubbles appe> ^u any "p ( its surface1 x is imm$iately divid$ by cutt+ ?r\gh !m40 8,:5 ! plate ( glass ?us =m$ has be5 suffici5tly fix$ by cool+1 x is slipp$ f ! table gradually & c>efully into "o ( ! anneal+ ov5s1 :]e x rema9s 9 a horizontal position2 its treatm5t diff]+ 9 ?is respect f t pursu$ ) cr[n & broad glass1 :i* /& on edge dur+ ! anneal+ process4 ,z ea* ov5 9 ?is mann] becomes fill$1 x is clos$ up by an iron door1 ! crevices ( :i* are c>efully /opp$ ) mort> or clay1 to prev5t an access ( ext]nal air to ! ov52 & ?us to provide z f> z possible = ! gradual cool+ ( ! plates1 ! necessity = :i* has already be5 suffici5tly expla9$4 ,:5 ! glass has rema9$ dur+ ab\t fifte5 days 9 ^! ov5s1 !y are op5$1 & ! cont5ts )drawn40 ,! plates h !n to und]go ! op]ations ( squ>+1 gr9d+1 & poli%+1 :i* ne$ n be describ$ 9 ?is place4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( glass manufactur$ 9 ,great ,brita9 am\nt e ye> to ! enorm\s quantity ( #cjj1jjj cwt41 :i* is valu$ at two millions /]l+4 ,glass ,cutt+4 ,su*1 !n1 be+ a few details z to ! mode ( manufactur+ glass2 we w next suppose t ! glass has rea*$ ! h&s ( ! glazi] or glass-cutt]2 & t ! w9d[-frame or sa%es are ready to receive ! panes ( glass4 ,"o ( ! e>li] op]ations ( ! glazi] is to prime ! sa%1 t is1 to give x a coat ( ?9 pa9t1 = ! purpose ( mak+ ! putty adh]e m firmly to ! wood4 ,he next takes ! dim5sions1 9 in*es & eigh?s ( an in*1 ( ! groove or rebate 9 :i* ea* squ>e ( glass is to be fix$1 & !n proce$s to cut squ>es ( ^? sizes f ! semicircul> pieces 9 8 crate4 ,?is requires mu* tact & judgm5t1 s9ce to procure squ>e or rectangul> panes necess>ily entails a loss ( "s ( ! circul> portions4 ,! circul> %eets are made ( diamet]s v>y+ f =ty-eight to sixty-f\r in*es1 & ^! are cut at v>i\s di/ances f ! c5tral knot1 s t ! glazi] is enabl$ to *oose t piece :i* exp]i5ce tea*es him w entail lea/ wa/e3 sometimes x is bett] to cut ! pane f a table 7! half :i* conta9s ! knot71 sometimes f a slab 7! rema9+ portion ( ! disc74 ,9 ord] to cut a table or slab1 s z to procure a pane ( ! prop] size1 ! /raight edge ( ! table is plac$ ne> ! glazi]1 & he cuts at "r angles to x1 by means ( a diamond1 & ( an in/rum5t call$ a squ>e2 & two o!r cuts1 at ! prop] di/ances1 are suffici5t to give a pane ( ! requir$ size4 ,) respect to ! p[] by :i* a diamond is enabl$ to cut glass1 we may expla9 x by say+1 t x is a g5]al rule among m9]alogi/s1 lapid>ies1 & o!rs conc]n$ ) /ony or cry/all9e bodies1 t ! h>de/ among a c]ta9 numb] ( bodies w cut1 or at lea/ scrat*1 any ( ! o!rs3--9 fact1 tables ( ! h>dness ( diff]5t sub/ances are =m$ f ! det]m9ation ( :at sub/ances w m>k or scrat* o!rs1 t "o be+ reckon$ h>de/ :i* w scrat* all o!rs1 )\t be+ equally affect$ by !m 9 return4 ,n[ ! diamond is ! h>de/ body 9 nature1 & _c be cut by any sub/ance b its own du/2 b x c cut glass & o!r bodies1 :i* are n s h>d z itself4 ,! ,process ( ,glaz+4 ,! glass hav+ be5 cut to ! "r size1 x is next to be fitt$ into ! sa%2 & among ! _m k9ds ( cem5t :i* might be sugge/$ = ?is purpose1 oil putty is f\nd to be ! mo/ advantage\s1 s9ce x is conv5i5tly s(t :5 us$1 b h>d5s aft]w>ds to ! consi/5ce ( /one4 ,putty is made ( :it+ & l9se$ oil4 ,! :it+ is pur*as$ 9 lumps1 :i* are well dri$1 & !n p\nd$ & sift$4 ,! l9se$ oil is p\r$ into a tub1 & ! p[d]$ :it+ add$ to x1 & /irr$ up ) a /ick4 ,:5 "s degree ( /iffness is atta9$1 ! mass is tak5 out ( ! tub & plac$ ^u a bo>d1 :]e m :it+ is add$1 & ! :ole mix$ up by h&4 ,! mass is !n beat5 = a long "t ) a wood5 mallet1 until x atta9s a p]fectly smoo? & uni=m consi/5cy4 ,a portion ( putty is tak5 up on a knife1 & ins]t$ 9 ! groove ( ! w9d[ sa%4 ,! pane ( glass is !n laid 9 ! groove1 & g5tly press$ d[n 9 e "p1 s z to lie on ! putty4 ,z ! %eets ( glass are nev] p]fectly flat1 x is a rule among glazi]s to let ! concave side ( a pane be )9 doors & ! convex side )\t4 ,aft] ! glass is laid 91 ! edge is c>efully coat$ ) putty1 to ! ext5t ( ab\t an eigh? ( an in*3 if ?is be c>efully done1 x is suffici5t to secure ! glass 9 its place1 )\t pres5t+ an unsightly appe>ance f ! int]ior ( a room4 ,! opposite side ( ! glass n[ requires a little att5tion1 s9ce ! b$ ( putty orig9ally laid 9 ! groove has be5 p>tially squeez$ out by ! pane ( glass3 a little trimm+ & f9i%+ are all t are requir$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,:5 a brok5 pane is to be replac$ 9 a w9d[1 x is done g5]ally )\t tak+ out ! sa%2 b 9 ! case ( glaz+ ! sa%es ( a new h\se1 su* z we h be5 suppos+1 x is done be=e ! sa%es are fitt$ into _! places4 ,if sa%es are glaz$ ) plate in/ead ( cr[n glass1 ! only diff]5ce 9 ! glazi]'s me?od ( proce$+ is1 t ! pane be+ heavi]1 mu/ be fix$ 9 ) great] att5tion to security4 ,sometimes a small bead+ or fillet ( wood is us$ in/ead ( putty1 9 :i* case x is ei!r nail$ or screw$ to ! sa%4 ,:]e skylights are us$ in/ead ( w9d[s1 a diff]5t plan mu/ be obs]v$1 s9ce !re are no cross b>s to ! sa%es4 ,9 ?is case ! squ>es ( glass are fix$ 9 some:at 9 ! way adopt$ 9 slat+ a ro(1 t is1 ! l[] pieces are putti$ 9 fir/1 & ! upp] ones are lapp$ ov] !m1 s t ea* pane projects ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* ov] ! "o next bel[ x4 ,?is is to effect two objects1--to prev5t ! necessity ( putty+ ! jo9ts1 & to exclude ra94 ,gr\nd1 flut$1 pa9t$1 /a9$1 & emboss$ glass1 are occasionally employ$ = w9d[s4 ,^! ne$ n be notic$1 s9ce ! processes by :i* !y are flut$1 /a9$1 c41 w\ld c>ry u to details ( too ext5sive a nature4 ,s f> z ! glazi] is conc]n$1 r m c>e & delicacy are requir$ 9 proportion z ! k9d ( glass employ$ is m co/ly or m ornam5tal4 ,9 "s ( ! bett] k9ds ( h\ses1 rooms are provid$ ) d\ble w9d[s1 sep>at$ a few in*es f "o ano!r4 ,! object ( ?is is1 to prev5t ! room f be+ affect$ by rigor\s cold f )\t2 = a mass ( air :5 /ation>y1 conducts heat v sl[ly2 ! /ratum ( air betwe5 ! two w9d[s1 !re=e1--be+ /ation>y1--is sl[ to conduct ! cold f )\t1 or1 m correctly1 to conduct ! w>m? f )94 ,%eet ,lead = ,ro(s & ,ci/]ns4 ,:e!r ! glazi] prec$es ! plumb] or ! plumb] ! glazi]1 or :e!r ! lab\rs ( bo? alt]nate dur+ ! build+ ( a h\se1 is a "q ( no great importance to our pres5t object4 ,we w !re=e proce$ to notice ! k9d ( mat]ial employ$ by ! plumb]4 ,! comp>ative *eapness ( lead1 its admirable qualities1 & ! facility ) :i* x c be ca/ & roll$ into ?9 %eets1 & drawn into pipes1 cause x to be ext5sively us$ 9 build+4 ,! mo/ productive m9es ( ?is metal 9 our own c\ntry are situat$ 9 ,d]by%ire1 ,devon%ire1 ,cornwall1 9 ,wales1 & 9 ! ,nor?2 9 %ort1 ! ore f :i* lead is g5]ally obta9$1 call$ ,gal5a1 or ,sulphuret ( ,lead1 is f\nd 9 all c\ntries :]e ! prim>y rocks appe> at ! surface4 ,! ore greatly resembles ! pure metal 9 brilliancy2 b x is brittle1 & n s easily fus$4 ,x frequ5tly conta9s a suffici5t quantity ( silv] to make x wor? :ile to adopt a peculi> process 9 ! r$uction ( x1 9 ord] to sep>ate ?is m valuable metal4 ,! ore is fir/ brok5 into small pieces1 & is !n roa/$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace1 to drive (f ! sulphur4 ,:5 ?is object is atta9$1 ! heat is increas$1 till ! metal is fus$1 & !n x is drawn (f into m\lds1 :i* give x ! =m ( blocks or slabs1 call$ s[s & pigs4 ,%eet lead is made ?us3--,a l>ge furnace is provid$1 into :i* pig-lead is ?r[n1 & heat appli$4 ,:5 ! lead is melt$1 a valve or cock is op5$ 9 ! side ( ! furnace1 & ! gli/5+ liquid metal p\rs =?1 & falls on a l>ge table1 cov]$ ov] ) an ev5 surface ( f9e s&1 & hav+ a l$ge ( an equal height above ! s& all r\nd x4 ,:5 ! melt$ metal is p\r$ on ! s&1 two m51 hold+ ea* end ( a /iff wood5 rule1 call$ a /rike1 draw x along ! table1 re/+ on ea* side l$ge3 ! liquid lead is pu%$ onw>ds by ! /rike1 till x cov]s ! :ole surface ( an ev5 ?ickness1 :i* ( c\rse is gov]n$ by ! dep? ( ! l$ge r\nd ! table4 ,mill$ %eet lead is =m$ by roll+ a ca/ plate ( ! metal betwe5 l>ge iron roll]s1 turn$ by ma*9]y4 ,^! roll]s are set clos] & clos] toge!r1 till ! lead is r$uc$ by roll+ to ! requisite degree ( ?9ness4 ,by ?is process1 ! lead is r5d]$ m d5se & m equally s1 ?an x ev] is by simply ca/+3 mill$ lead1 consequ5tly1 is m durable ?an ca/-lead4 ,x %\ld be "h notic$ t lead1 :5 x is us$ = ro(+1 or = l9+ ci/]ns & gutt]s1 is always laid on an ev5 bo>d$ surface1 & n on batt5s or la?s1 l slate & tiles4 ,lead ,pipes4 ,lead pipe is ei!r =m$ by b5d+ ?9 %eet lead r\nd a cyl9drical m\ld1 & sold]+ ! jo9t2 or :5 ! pipe is less ?an f\r or five in*es 9 diamet]1 x is =m$ by ca/+ a ?ick cyl9d] ( lead ) a small bore1 & ab\t five or six feet long4 ,a long smoo? iron rod1 a little l>g] ?an ! bore ( ! cyl9d]1 is =c$ into ?is1 & !n ! cyl9d] is gradually drawn ?r\gh a succession ( circul> holes1 decreas+ 9 diamet]1 9 a /eel plate1 by means ( a p[]ful draw-mill1 work$ by a /eam-eng9e4 ,! lead is by ?is process ext5d$ out ov] ! iron rod1 :i* pres]ves ! bore ( ! pipe ( an equal diamet]1 & :5 ! pipe is suffici5tly r$uc$ 9 ?ickness1 ! rod1 or triblet1 is =cibly drawn out1 & ! pipe left ) a smoo? bore1 ready = use4 ,attempts h be5 made to =m lead pipes :olly by ca/+2 an out] m\ld & an inn] core be+ s adju/$ z to leave a space betwe5 !m1 into :i* lead might be =c$ :ile 9 a melt$ /ate2 b ?is me?od has n be5 practically work$ out to any great ext5t4 ,! ,process ( ,plumb+4 ,:5 a ro( is to be cov]$1 or a ci/]n l9$1 ) lead1 ! %eet ( ! metal is unroll$ on a level floor1 & made free f creases & undulations1 by beat+ !m d[n ) a heavy wood5 flogg]1 =m$ l a roll] ) a flatt5$ side1 & a h&le to x4 ,! plumb] !n draws on ! lead ! =m into :i* x mu/ be cut to fit ! surface x is int5d$ to cov]1 & aft]w>ds cuts ?r\gh ! l9es describ$ ) a /rong %>p knife4 ,! piece is !n roll$ up aga9 = facility ( c>riage1 & rais$ by tackle into its int5d$ situation1 x be+ plac$ !re s t :5 aga9 unroll$1 x may lie 9 ! prop] situation & position on ! bo>d+4 ,! %eet is !n aga9 beat out flat z be=e4 ,! next %eet be+ put into its place1 & s t ! edges ( ! two may ov]lap ab\t "o & a half or two in*es1 ! workman proce$s to make ! jo9t1 or to sold] ! two %eets toge!r4 ,! fir/ /ep = ?is purpose is to scrape ! two edges or bord]s ( ! %eets t are to come 9 contact q clean & bright1 ) a tool con/ruct$ = ?is purpose1 consi/+ ( a small triangul> bit ( /eel gr\nd %>p at its edges1 & fa/5$ at "r angles on an iron socket1 fix$ 9 a h&le4 ,:5 ^! bord]s ( ! lead are q clean1 !y are pa9t$ ov] ) black-lead pa9t1 to prev5t _! t>ni%+1 or oxidis+ aga91 z ! sold] w only adh]e to a clean pure metallic surface4 ,! pa9t also s]ves z a flux to cause ! sold] & lead to melt toge!r1 & ?us make a close jo9t4 ,! sold] is melt$ 9 an iron ladle1 on a rude tempor>y fire-place1 built z ne> ! spot :]e ! sold] is want$ z possible4 ,! plumb] hav+ turn$ back ! edge ( ! upp] %eet at ! jo9t1 an assi/ant c>efully p\rs ! sold] on ! l[] edge4 ,! workman !n spreads x ev5ly along ! jo9t1 by means ( sold]+ irons1 :i* are irregul>ly-%ap$ iron b>s1 swell+ at _! ends into r\nd$ =ms ( diff]5t sizes & %apes1 accord+ to ! p>ticul> purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,^! irons are us$ 9 a r$-hot /ate 9 ord] to keep ! sold] melt$4 ,z soon z ! workman has spread ! sold]1 he presses & hamm]s d[n ! upp] edge ^u ! l[]1 & spreads ! sold] =c$ out ( ! jo9t1 along ! seam4 ,! out]mo/ edge ( ! lead cov]+ is nail$ d[n to ! bo>d+ or ci/]n-frame by nails1 ) _! heads lead$ ov] to prev5t ! corrosion ( ! metal1 by ! *emical or voltaic action t takes place :5 two metals 9 contact are expos$ to moi/ure4 ,! situation ( ! sold]$ jo9ts dep5ds on ! size & =m ( ! surface to be cov]$ ov]2 & a good workman consid]s well h[ he c cut out ! lead s z to h ! fewe/ jo9ts1 & ^! 9 ! mo/ fav\rable situations4 ,if he has to l9e a ci/]n1 he w cov] ! bottom 9 "o piece1 cutt+ ! lead l>ge en\gh to admit ( its turn+ up = an in* or two at two ( ! sides1 ! jo9t consequ5tly be+ made at ^! angles4 ,:5 a l>ge ro(1 l t ( a *ur*1 is cov]$ ) lead1 ?is is laid on 9 p>allel b&s z wide z ! %eet w admit (1 ! edge ( "o %eet be+ turn$ ov] a wood5 roll] or fillet1 nail$ d[n on ! bo>d+ to receive x1 :ile ! edge ( ! next %eet is turn$ ov] ! =m] lead aga92 ! d\ble ?ickness be+ well flogg$ d[n to r5d] ! jo9t wat]-tight3 & 9 ?is case no sold] is us$4 ,! edges ( lead gutt]s t turn up aga9/ ! inside ( ! p>apet are ei!r laid z flat aga9/ ! brick-"w z possible1 & secur$ s by iron holdfa/s1 s z to prev5t ra9 f gett+ 92 or to effect ! same object1 !y are 9 all ! bett] k9d ( build+s1 turn$ into a jo9t1 9 ! brick-"w1 betwe5 two c\rses4 ,:5 ! plumb] has to jo9 two l5g?s ( lead pipe into "o1 he op5s out ! end ( "o l5g? into a funnel-%ap$ ap]ture1 by g5tly driv+ a wood5 cone into x1 s z to avoid splitt+ ! pipe4 ,! end ( ! o!r l5g? is !n scrap$ d[n a little by ! triangul> tool be=e m5tion$1 n only to obta9 a clean surface = sold]+1 b to all[ ( ! end fitt+ into ! funnel-%ap$ ap]ture allud$ to4 ,! two pipes be+ ?us put toge!r1 ! workman holds a ?ick wadd+ ( old wooll5 clo?1 well greas$1 "u ! jo9t1 :ile a lab\r] g5tly p\rs melt$ sold] ov] ! jo9t1 :i* ! plumb] smoo!s & %apes d[n by 8 sold]+-iron & ! clo? into a regul> smoo? r\nd$ swell+1 all r\nd ! jo9t1 mak+ ?is p]fectly close & wat]-tight4 ,we obs]v$ 9 ! *apt] on 8,ro(s10 t )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ! metal z9c has be5 mu* us$ in/ead ( lead = all ! purposes ( ! latt]1 & _m o!rs beside1 = :i* ! admirable qualities ( z9c p>ticul>ly qualify x4 ,?is metal is light] ?an lead1 & equally durable 9 ! op5 air4 ,x be>s wat] almo/ equally well2 b x is n s flexible or manageable1 be+ nei!r s fusible nor malleable4 ,z9c only admits ( be+ roll$ or hamm]$ :5 x is heat$ to ab\t two hundr$ & tw5ty degrees ( ,fahr5heit4 ,:5 cold x is too brittle to be> mu* b5d+2 nev]!less1 pipes1 gutt]s1 ci/]ns1 *imney-pots1 c41 are made out ( %eet z9c2 & ro(s1 c4 cov]$ ) x4 ,sold] or ,cem5t = ,metals4 ,! sold] allud$ to above1 z be+ ! means ( jo9+ two pieces ( %eet lead or ( lead pipe1 is an alloy ( lead & t91 9 ! proportion ( two p>ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,?is mix$ metal is fusible at a l[] temp]ature ?an ei!r ! t9 or ! lead sep>ately2 & may !re=e be appli$ 9 a melt+ /ate to t9 or lead1 :i* /ill rema9s solid1 ev5 at ! same temp]ature3 ?is x is :i* con/itutes ! pr9ciple ( sold]+4 ,! sold] is ca/ into triangul> b>s1 weigh+ f ?irty to fifty p\nds ea*4 ,!re has1 h[ev]1 be5 a me?od rec5tly introduc$ :i* seems likely to effect consid]able *anges 9 ! mode ( jo9+ pieces ( metal1 :e!r = build+s or = o!r purposes2 & we may "h give "s acc\nt ( x4 ,! great object ( sold]+ is ( c\rse to =m jo9ts or seams 9 pipes1 & o!r articles1 s p]fectly1 t !y %all be subject to no leakage or flaw4 ,b ?is object is n easily obta9$ by ! old me?od ( sold]+2 ! *ances ( flaw are num]\s1 & h be5 enum]at$ ?us3--#a/1 ! diff]5ce ( expansion betwe5 ! lead & its alloys ) t91 a diff]5ce :i* is p>ticul>ly exp]i5c$ 9 v cold or v elevat$ temp]atures2 #bnd1 ! electro-*emical actions :i* are develop$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances by ! contact ( two diff]5t metallic sub/ances2#e #crd1 ! v p[]ful reaction :i* a numb] ( *emical ag5ts ex]t on alloys ( lead & t91 ?\gh n ^u lead alone2 #d?1 ! extreme fragility ( ^! alloys1 :i*1 p>ticul>ly :5 heat$1 (t5 break on ! slighte/ bl[2 #e?1 ! difficulty ( mak+ ! sold] adh]e to ! surface ( ! lead2#f #f?1 ! use ( ros91 :i* frequ5tly conceals fractures = a "t4 ,all ( ^! objections are remov$ by a new me?od ( sold]+1 inv5t$ by ,m4 ,e4 ,desbassays de ,ri*emont1 :o has rec5tly obta9$1 at ! ,national ,exhibition ( ,arts at ,p>is1 a gold m$al = 8 inv5tion4 ,! committee on ^: recomm5dation ! m$al 0 aw>d$1 includ$ "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *emi/s & m5 ( sci5ce 9 ,france2 & 9 _! report on ! subject1 !y say3--8,we consid] ?is inv5tion ( ! highe/ importance2 x is applicable to _m bran*es ( indu/ry1 & w r5d] great s]vice to a l>ge numb] ( manufactures4 ,its efficacy has n only be5 prov$ by exp]im5t1 b is confirm$ by ! fact1 t mo/ ( our em95t manufactur]s & tradesm5 h tak5 out lic5ces = ! use ( x40 ,?is inv5tion 7:i* is pat5t$ 9 ,france1 ,great ,brita91 & ,irel&7 is call$ autog5\s sold]+1 & consi/s ( a me?od ( unit+ two pieces ( metal )\t ! use ( sold]4 ,! p>ts to be jo9$ are unit$ by ! fusion ( ! metal at ! po9ts or l9es ( junction2 s t ! pieces :5 jo9$ =m "o homog5e\s mass1 no "p ( :i* c be di/+ui%$ f ! re/4 ,?is result is obta9$ by means ( jets ( flame1 produc$ by ! combu/ion ( hydrog5 gas1 mix$ ) atmosph]ic air2 ^! jets are s +5i\sly manag$1 t !y c be us$ & direct$ ) z mu*1 or ev5 m facility1 ?an ! common tools ( ! sold]]4 ,! app>atus employ$ 9 ?is new process consi/s ( a peculi>ly con/ruct$ vessel = produc+ hydrog5 gas1 to :i* vessel a v>iety ( tubes & jets c be atta*$1 s z to meet ! v>i\s dem&s ( ! sold]]4 ,a section ( ! gas-produc] is %[n 9 fig4 #a3 a is a lead5 tank1 = conta9+ dilute sulphuric acid2 b1 a pipe :i* passes f ! acid vessel to ano!r simil> lead5 vessel1 c1 :i* is to conta9 cutt+s ( z9c2 d is a conical plug1 ) a /alk & h&le cov]$ ) lead1 by ! op5+ ( :i* ! acid is all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! pipe b1 to ! z9c cutt+s1 & ?us hydrog5 gas is produc$2 e is an op5+ by :i* z9c is put into ! vessel c4 ,! op5+1 e1 has a cov] furni%$ ) screws & nuts1 by :i* x may be firmly secur$2 f is an op5+ by :i* acid & wat] are p\r$ into ! vessel a4 ,:5 ! hydrog5 gas is produc$1 x has to pass ?r\gh ! safety *amb] g2 h is a b5t tube or pipe1 :i* conducts ! gas f ! vessel c to ! bottom ( ! safety *amb]1 ! m\? ( ! pipe dipp+ into an in* or two ( wat] 9 ! safety *amb]4 ,?is wat] is introduc$ by ! pipe i1 :i* is furni%$ ) a /opple4 ,! cock1 k1 cuts (f ! fl[ ( gas f ! vessel c1 to ! safety *amb]1 g4 ,a flexible tube1 m1 is screw$ to ! top ( ! safety *amb]1 & conveys ! gas to ! work+ in/rum5t1 or jet1 9 ! h&s ( ! sold]]4 ,z long z ! dilute acid is all[$ to fl[ ^u ! z9c1 hydrog5 gas w be produc$3 ! gas w also be =m$ z long z ! cock is op51 :i* all[s ! gas to issue z x is produc$2 b z soon z ! cock is %ut1 a small quantity ( gas accumulates1 & int]f]es ) ! fur!r action ( ! liquid on ! z9c4 ,consequ5tly !re is no dang] ( an explosion1 because ! production ( ! gas is nev] m ?an is requir$ = work+2 & :5 ! "w ceases1 ! production ( ! gas ceases also4 ,:5 ! dilute acid has become saturat$ ) oxide ( z9c1 & gas ceases to be produc$1 ! dis*>g+ pipe is op5$1 & ! liquid )drawn4 ,by spontane\s evaporation1 ?is liquid furni%es sulphate ( z9c 7:ite vitriol71 :i* may be sold at a price :i* w m ?an cov] ! fir/ & daily co/ ( ! app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,we n[ proce$ to describe ! "p ( ! app>atus ) :i* ! workman op]ates4 ,9 fig4 #b1 ! flexible tube1 m1 is atta*$ to "o arm ( ! =k$ tube1 o2 ! o!r arm ( o is atta*$ to a pipe1 q1 proce$+ f a bell[s1 or o!r means = supply+ air4 ,! sold]] may "w a bell[s ) 8 foot to supply 8 app>atus ) air1 or ! m5 9 a :ole factory may be suppli$ f a bl[+ app>atus4 ,a cock1 n1 regulates ! supply ( gas2 p is a cock = regulat+ ! supply ( air2 r is ! pipe or tube 9 :i* ! gas & air are mix$2 s1 ! beak or tool1 f :i* issues ! jet ( flame1 t1 ) :i* ! workman op]ates4 ,! =k$ tube1 o1 is atta*$ to ! girdle ( ! workman1 & ! regulat+ cocks1 n & p1 are s plac$1 t by us+ "o h&1 ! man c all[ ! exact proportions ( air & gas to issue4 ,by /opp+ bo? cocks1 ! flame is ( c\rse ext+ui%$4 ,! beak1 s1 may be ex*ang$ = o!rs ( e v>iety ( =m1 s z to produce jets ( flame adapt$ to any k9d ( "w4 ,fig4 #c is a tool =m$ l ! rosette ( a wat]+-pot1 capable ( produc+ a mo/ int5se flame ( jets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,fig4 #d all[s a l5g? ( flame in/ead ( a po9t to be produc$2 n is ! hydrog5 gas-pipe & cock2 p1 ! air-pipe & cock2 r1 ! tube1 9 :i* air & gas m+le2 u1 a pipe ) a longitud9al slit on "o side ( x2 & v1 ano!r pipe cov]+ u1 & exactly fitt+ ov] x4 ,gas & air escap+ f ! slit1 on be+ ignit$1 w produce a long /rip ( flame1 :i* may be l5g!n$ or %ort5$ by slid+ (f or on ! cov]+ tube1 v1 on ! slit tube u4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fig4 #e is a sold]+ tool1 to be us$ :]e a jet ( flame is n available1 z 9 jo9+ z9c4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 ! hydrog5 & air flame heats apiece ( copp]1 y1 ) :i* ! "w is p]=m$4 w is ! tool1 ) a holl[ h&le & /alk2 air be+ suppli$ by ! pipe p1 passes ?r\gh ! holl[ h&le & /alk2 x is a small tube :i* passes d[n ! holl[ h&le & /alk1 w1 & conveys gas f ! pipe n to ! extremity ( w1 :]e x m+les ) ! issu+ air1 &1 on be+ ignit$1 ! flame w heat ! piece ( copp]1 y1 7:i*1 ( c\rse1 may be ( ! %ape ( any sold]+ tool requir$17 held by ! arms1 z4 ,advantages ( ! ,improv$ ,me?od ( ,sold]+ ,metals4 ,"o great advantage to ! public at l>ge to be d]iv$ f ! g5]al introduction ( 8autog5\s sold]+10 w be ! dim9ution ( ! numb] ( cases ( ! escape ( wat] & gas1 :i* e day occasion s mu* inconv5i5ce & ev5 dang] z reg>ds ! /ability ( build+s1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! public ?or\ghf>es1 & ! security ( life4 ,! disuse ( *>coal & t9 by plumb]s w h ! important effect ( r5d]+ _! trade less unheal?y1 ! fumes f _! brasi]s1 & ! ars5ical vap\rs emanat+ f impure t91 be+ a v common cause ( s]i\s maladies4 ,by ! old me?od ( sold]+1 !re is great dang] ( sett+ fire to h\ses & public build+s3 ! de/ruction ( ! corn m>ket ( ,p>is1 & ( ! ,ca!drals ( ,*>tres & ( ,bruges1 by fire1 0 p>tly ow+ to ! neglig5ce ( plumb]s2 a neglig5ce = :i* !re c\ld be no reason1 if ! new me?od ( sold]+ _h be5 introduc$1 s9ce x is only necess>y to turn a cock 9 ord] to ext+ui% or rek9dle1 at any mom5t1 ! jet ( gas :i* s]ves = ! plumb]'s tool4 ,by means ( ! new app>atus1 a sold]+ flame c be conduct$ to a di/ance ( sev]al fa?oms )\t ! dang]\s necessity ( light+ a brasi] to heat irons1 to melt masses ( sold]1 & to c>ry ! :ole into ! mid/ ( complicat$ c>p5try "w4 ,! disuse ( sold] w also greatly r$uce ! price ( plumb]'s "w1 )\t1 h[ev]1 dim9i%+ ! dem& = ! s]vices ( ! workm54 ,! disuse ( seams or ov]lapp+1 :i* f ?is new mode ( connect+ l5g?s ( lead w almo/ entirely be giv5 up1 w alone occasion a consid]able sav+ 9 ! quantity ( lead employ$4 ,! ease ) :i* lead ( f "o-?irtie? to "o-t5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness may be sold]$1 & defects repair$1 w p]mit ( ! sub/itution ( ?is1 9 _m cases1 = ?ick] lead1 & ?us dim9i% ! exp5se2 p]haps1 also1 x w give rise to ! use ( lead = purposes to :i* x has n yet be5 appli$1 or ! return to o!rs1 9 :i* f motives ( economy x has be5 sup]s$$ by o!r metals4 ,! plumb] w also be indebt$ to ,m4 de ,ri*emont's me?od = sev]al important improvem5ts4 ,he w be able 9 future to make int]nal jo9ts :]ev] a jet ( flame c be introduc$ & direct$2 to recon/ruct on ! spot1 ( pure lead1 any portion ( a pipe1 a vase1 or a /atue1 t may h be5 remov$ or de/roy$2 to execute 9 rapid succession any numb] ( sold]+s2 to repair 9 a few m9utes all d5ts1 cracks1 & flaws1 9 %eets or pipes ( new lead2 to remove entirely ! enorm\s edges or knots left by ! old-fa%ion$ jo9ts1 & t )\t weak5+ !m2 to give1 9 %ort1 to works ( lead a precision ( execution1 & a solidity1 unatta9able up to ?is "t4 ,autog5\s sold]+ w also be ( great assi/ance to sev]al *emical manufactures1 :]e x is s important to h l>ge vessels ( lead )\t alloy4 ,by unit+ a numb] ( %eets into "o1 vessels ( pure lead ( any size may be =m$ = ! process ( acidification & conc5tration ( sal9e solutions2 = ! =mation ( sc\r+ vats employ$ by s _m artisans :o "w metals2 = vessels ( e k9d us$ to conta9 liquids :i* act ^u t9 sold]4 ,9 ! repair ( lead5 vessels expos$ to ! action ( heat1 peculi> advantages are (f]$ by autog5\s sold]+4 ,by ! old me?od1 ! holes :i* are s (t5 caus$ 9 ! bottoms ( ^! vessels1 ei!r by ! action ( sudd5 flames1 or by deposits t =m on _! surface1 c be /opp$ only :5 !y are n ( too l>ge dim5sions1 by mak+ :at are call$ weld+s ( pure lead4 ,! cases 9 :i* ?is mode ( repair is available1 are v limit$1 & :5ev] x is impracticable1 ! boil]s mu/ be tak5 d[n1 ! lead *ang$1 & !n reset2 ?us occasion+ consid]able exp5se & an int]ruption to bus9ess4 ,by ! new me?od1 no?+ is easi] ?an to apply pieces to ! bottom or sides ( ! vessels1 :atev] be ! size ( ! holes1 & ?us ! :ole ( a boil] may be r5ew$ piecemeal4 ,by ?is plan1 too1 ! old lead rema9s uncontam9at$ ) sold]1 & consequ5tly w yield a pure metal to ! melt+-pot4 ,! great ductility ( lead1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 is "o ( its mo/ valuable qualities1 is1 h[ev]1 an inconv5i5ce :5 in/rum5ts or ut5sils are requir$ ( consid]able /r5g?4 ,at ! same "t1 !re are circum/ances :]e ?is metal alone c be employ$1 on acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* x resi/s *emical action4 ,by con/ruct+ vessels or in/rum5ts ( iron1 z9c1 or wood1 & cov]+ !m ) lead1 ut5sils c be =m$ t w resi/ pressure & bl[s1 & mo/ *emical ag5ts1 z well z if !y 7 made ( solid lead4 ,su* vessels are requir$ 9 ! prep>ation ( soda1 & o!r gase\s wat]s2 9 ! di/illation or evaporation ( acid or alkal9e solutions2 & = _m o!r purposes4 ,ano!r application t des]ves especial notice is t ( l9+ common b>rels ) ?9 %eet-lead4 ,^! vessels w\ld be ( great utility 9 *emical factories1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! con/ruction ( ,w\lf's app>atus1 & o!r pneumatic in/rum5ts1 to :i* great] dim5sions c\ld be giv5 by ?is means2 b !y c\ld be employ$ ) s+ul> advantage 9 ! transport ( acid & alkal9e liquids by sea & l&4 ,sulphuric & muriatic acids are transport$ 9 /one bottles1 or glass c>boys plac$ 9 baskets1 :i*1 h[ev] c>efully pack$1 are liable to be brok51 n only ) ! loss ( ! acids1 b ) dang] to surr\nd+ bodies4 ,we are told ( two ,fr5* %ips t p]i%$ at sea on a voyage to ! colonies1 9 consequ5ce ( ! break+ ( "s bottles ( sulphuric acid4 ,9 ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 ! use ( ord9>y sold] is impracticable1 s9ce x w\ld soon be corrod$4 ,! foll[+ me?od 0 introduc$ "s ye>s ago = =m+ sulphuric acid *amb]s1 & ! conc5tration pans4 ,two edges ( lead be+ plac$ 9 contact1 7 flatt5$ d[n into a long wood5 groove1 & secur$ 9 _! situation by a few brass p9s driv5 into ! wood4 ,! surfaces 7 next bright5$ by a triangul> scrap]1 rubb$ ov] ) c&le-grease1 & !n cov]$ ) a /ream ( hot melt$ lead4 ,! rib& ( lead ?us appli$1 0 f9ally equaliz$ by be+ br\ght into p>tial fusion ) ! plumb]'s conical iron1 heat$ to r$ness2 ! contact ( air be+ prev5t$ by spr9kl+ ros9 ov] ! surface4 ,! autog5\s sold]+ app>atus w greatly simplify ! above me?od4 ,! advantages to be d]iv$ f ! new process1 are by no means conf9$ to lead3 ! app>atus may be employ$ 9 us+ = sold] ei!r ! common alloys1 or pure lead1 to unite z9c1 & iron1 & lead1 ) iron1 copp]1 & z9c4 ,x may be sub/itut$ also ) advantage = ! common bl[-pipe & lamp ( ! enamell] 9 all _! applications to ! sold]+ & jo9+ p]=m$ by ! aid ( ^! in/rum5ts by jewell]s1 goldsmi?s1 t9m51 manufactur]s ( plat$ goods1 ( buttons1 c4 ,! flame produc$ by ! combu/ion ( ! gas may be mo/ economically employ$ = heat+ sold]+ irons4 ,a few seconds suffice to br+ ! iron to ! desir$ temp]ature1 & x c be kept at t temp]ature = _m h\rs )\t be+ liable to burn1 no?+ m be+ necess>y ?an to regulate ! flame by means ( cocks1 & ! workman ne$ n be oblig$ to *ange 8 iron1 or ev5 to leave x = a s+le mom5t4 ,h5ce !re is n only a consid]able sav+ 9 manual lab\r1 b also 9 fuel1 :i* 9 mo/ cases is ( great] consequ5ce4 ,su* are a few only ( ! advantages ( ?is simple & beautiful inv5tion1 :i* is n[ v ext5sively adopt$ 9 ,france1 & w d\btless get into ext5sive use 9 ?is c\ntry1 :5 its m]its are m g5]ally kn[n4 ,x may be "h /at$1 9 ju/ice to "s ( our own +5i\s c\ntrym51 t aft] ?is me?od _h become ext5sively kn[n1 ,m4 ,ri*emont's claim to ! inv5tion 0 disput$4 ,we h be5 in=m$1 t previ\sly to ! ye> #ahcc1 a ,mr4 ,mallet _h employ$ an app>atus con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & us$ 9 a simil> mann]1 z t already describ$ z ! inv5tion ( ,m4 de ,ri*emont4 ,9 ,,l\don',s ,encyclopdia ( ,cottage ,ar*itecture1 publi%$ 9 #ahcc1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3--8,mr4 ,daniell1 ( ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 has s9ce publi%$ ! same ?+ z new1 & ( 8 inv5tion3 h[ev]1 ,i c e/abli% priority by my laboratory j\rnal40 ,,footnotes3 #e ,messrs4 ,vauquel9 & ,d',arcet /ate t !y h se5 9 soap-works ! sold]+ ( vats l9$ ) lead crumble 9 a few days to a p[d]4 ,! same has be5 rem>k$ ( lead5 pipes pass+ ?r\gh c]ta9 soils4 #f ,! sold] (t5 /icks )\t unit+ & ! workman may be q ignorant ( 8 imp]fect "w2 & ?us gas1 wat]1 or dang]\s liquids1 may be all[$ to escape4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,int]ior--,,pla/]+ ,,& ,,pap]-,,hang+4 ,z m5 rise above ! rude condition ( unciviliz$ nations1 !y are n satisfi$ ) ! m]e necess>ies ( life4 ,_! /&>d ( com=t becomes elevat$4 ,^? ?+s :i* are luxuries to ! l[e/ class are com=ts to ! next high] class1 & necess>ies to ! class :i* is high] /ill 9 ! social scale2 s t ! int]pretation giv5 to ! words1 8luxuries10 8com=ts10 & 8necess>ies10 becomes a sort ( index :]eby to m>k ! grade :i* an individual occupies4 ,a ro( to cov] ! dwell+1 a glass w9d[ :i* may exclude ! w9d & ! ra91 :ile x admits light1--a fire-place1 ) appliances = c>ry+ (f smoke & ! products ( combu/ion--h[ev] f> above ! /&>d ( ! unciviliz$ man--are n suffici5t = ! ,engli%man ( middle /ation4 ,he mu/ h 8 rooms nicely squ>$ & neatly fitt$2 ! ro( mu/ be conceal$ f view by a smoo? :ite ceil+2 ! r\gh brick walls mu/ be cov]$ n only ) pla/]1 b ) an ornam5tal cov]+ ( pap] or pa9t4 ,h5ce arises occupation = _m artisans ^: sole bus9ess is to make ! dwell+ agreeable to ! eye1 aft] ! m necess>y & indisp5sable p>ts ( ! /ructure h be5 f9i%$4 ,pla/]+ ,walls & ,ceil+s4 ,! occupation ( ! pla/]] is g5]ally unit$ ) t ( ! bricklay]4 ,! bus9ess ( ! pla/]]1 z su*1 is to cov] ov] ! r\gh walls & ceil+s ( a build+ ) pla/]1 :i* is ! "n giv5 to a bett] k9d ( mort>1 made ( lime only4 ,:5 ?is pla/] is ( ! co>s] k9d = ! "u or fir/ coat+1 c[-hair is mix$ ) x to make x b9d bett]4 ,:5 a pla9 brick wall is to be pla/]$1 ! surface is at once cov]$ ) ! pla/]1 ?is adh]+ readily to ! r\gh brick-"w3 b = ceil+s or p>titions1 a gr\ndwork ( la?s is requir$ to receive ! fir/ coat+4 ,la?s are ( diff]5t sizes & qualities1 accord+ to ! v>i\s "w = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,^? us$ by ! pla/]] are t]m$ s+le1 & are ab\t f two to ?ree feet long1 an in* broad1 & a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4 ,!y are split out ( a co>se k9d ( deal4 ,d\ble la?s are consid]ably long] & ?ick]1 & are sawn out3 !y are !re=e regul> 9 _! size4 ,!y are us$ = bett] "w 9 pla/]+1 b *iefly by til]s or slat]s4 ,! s+le la?s are nail$ up to ! joi/s ( ! ceil+1 or to ! qu>t]+ ( p>titions1 ) b a small int]val betwe5 ea*1 s z entirely to cov] ! surface4 ,! workm5 !n proce$ to cov] ! la?+ ) co>se pla/]1 a lab\r] supply+ !m ) a small quantity at a "t on a squ>e bo>d1 held 9 ! pla/]]'s left h& by means ( a %ort ?ick h&le /uck upright into ! back ( ! bo>d4 ,! man uses a rectangul> flat wood5 tr[el1 ) a bridge-%ap$ h&le1 to transf] ! /uff f ! bo>d to ! wall1 & to spread x ev5ly ov] ! surface4 ,:5 ! room ( :i* ! walls are be+ pla/]$ is ( a bett] description1 ! "w is float$1 t is1 a regul> surface is obta9$ by draw+ a long /raight-edge ov] ! wet pla/]1 s z to scrape (f ! inequalities & r$uce ! :ole to a plane surface4 ,a ?9n] coat+ ( f9] pla/] is spread ov] ! fir/ to f9i% ! pla/]+1 & ?is is aga9 float$ 9 draw+-rooms1 & s on4 ,pla/] & ,papi]-,ma* ,ornam5ts = ,rooms4 ,! m\ld+s ( cornices 9 rooms are =m$ by a wood5 m\ld drawn along a /raight-edge to guide ! m\ld1 act+ l ! c>p5t]'s plane1 :5 =m+ analog\s m\ld+s 9 wood4 ,:5 su* cornices are ( suffici5t size & dep? to require x1 wood5 brackets1 %ap$ some?+ l ! pr(ile ( ! cornice1 are fix$ up aga9/ ! wall1 & la?s are nail$ on ^! brackets1 to s]ve z a f\ndation = ! m\ld+s4 ,by ?is means ! necessity = a heavy mass ( pla/]1 to get ! requisite projection 9 ! cornice is avoid$2 :i* mass w\ld be unwieldly to manage1 & liable to fall d[n by its weight4 ,foliage & ornam5tal "w 9 pla/] is made by modell+ ! ornam5ts by h&1 9 a prop] k9d ( clay1 work$ by /eel or wood5 tools1 resembl+ small spatulas 9 =m4 ,to d ?is requires a ta/e & skill 9 draw+ or design+ 9 ! workman1 :i* raises him to ! rank ( an arti/4 ,:5 ! model is f9i%$ & dry1 ! surface ( x is cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( oil1 & a m\ld ( f9e pla/] is tak5 f x 9 sep>ate pieces4 ,to all[ ( ! pla/] m\ld be+ tak5 (f ! model1 ! edges ( ^! sep>ate pieces ( ! m\ld are made smoo? s z to fit accurately toge!r4 ,f ?is m\ld any numb] ( ca/s may be tak5 by p\r+ fluid pla/] into ! m\ld :5 x is put toge!r2 & z soon z ea* ca/ has set1 or become h>d1 ! m\ld is tak5 (f x1 to be put toge!r aga9 = a new ca/4 ,!re has be5 rec5tly an improvem5t introduc$1 :i* leads to a dim9ution ( ! use ( pla/] = ornam5ts2 ?is is by ! sub/itution ( papi]-ma*4 ,! mat]ial s nam$ is =m$ *iefly ( pap]1 br\ght to ! /ate ( a pa/e1 & !n compress$ 9 m\lds4 ,!re is to e ornam5t s made a c\nt]-m\ld1 foll[+ ! g5]al cont\r ( ! ornam5t1 s t ! piece is made ab\t equally ?ick 9 e "p4 ,! result+ ornam5t is v mu* less pond]\s ?an ^? made ( pla/]1 & mu* less liable to fracture4 ,! int]ior decorations ( _m build+s are n[ made ( ?is mat]ial4 ,:itewa%+ & ,/ucco+4 ,old pla/] ceil+s1 walls1 c41 are clean$ by be+ :itewa%$4 ,! pla/] is fir/ wa%$ ov] ) clean wat]1 by means ( broad flat bru%es1 to remove ! dirt4 ,all cracks & defects 9 ! pla/] are !n /opp$ by fill+ !m up ) new pla/]1 & x is frequ5tly necess>y to cut away ! pla/] 9 su* places to obta9 a clean new surface to enable ! new pla/] to adh]e4 ,:5 ! surface is dry1 ! :itewa%1 made ( :it+ mix$ up 9 wat]1 is laid on ) ! same =m ( bru%es1 & two or ?ree times gone ov]1 s z effectually to cov] all /a9s & m>ks on ! surface4 ,in/ead ( be+ :itewa%$1 walls are frequ5tly col\r$ by mix+ o*re1 ( ! prop] t9t1 9 ! wat] along ) ! :it+4 ,! outside ( walls ( h\ses1 c41 are n[ frequ5tly cov]$ ) /ucco1 a k9d ( pla/] made ) a lime t resi/s ! action ( wat]1 :5 set1 & :i*1 if well manag$1 causes ! wall to look z if built ( /one4 ,! mode ( /ucco+ walls is exactly ! same z t ( cov]+ !m ) common pla/]4 ,orig9 ( ,pap]-hang+s4 ,9 e>ly times1 weal?y p 7 accu/om$ to h ! walls ( _! rooms cov]$ ) tape/ry1 :i* 0 a comb9ation ( wov5 clo? & ne$lework1 some:at mid-way betwe5 ! sampl] "w & ! c>pet "w ( our own day4 ,^! specim5s ( tape/ry frequ5tly repres5t$ "s hi/orical ev5ts1 & 7 (t5 work$ by ! h&s ( ! lady ( ! mansion & h] maids2 b at o!r times 7 ! "w ( m5 foll[+ t l9e ( occupation4 ,! walls ( ^? rooms :i* 7 n ?us cov]$1 7 usually ( panell$ wa9scot1 or oak4 ,b :5 tape/ry w5t out ( fa%ion1 & a m lively cov]+ = a wall ?an oak 0 wi%$ =1 a cu/om arose ( pr9t+ or /amp+ c]ta9 col\r$ devices on %eets ( pap]1 & ( pa/+ ^? %eets aga9/ ! wall4 ,we believe t x is 9 ,engl& m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry t ?is cov]+ = walls is employ$2 & s9ce ! removal ( ! duty :i* 0 =m]ly laid on pap]-hang+s1 !y h become s v *eap z to be almo/ univ]sally employ$ 9 h\ses ( e class2 inde$1 x may be reg>d$ z a circum/ance n a little conducive to ! com=t & neatness ( humble dwell+s1 t a y>d ( pr9t$ wall-pap] c n[ be pur*as$ = "o halfp5ny4 ,f ?is trifl+ price up to five or ev5 t5 %ill+s p] y>d1 pap]-hang+s are n[ manufactur$2 s great are ! improvem5ts gradually made 9 ! modes ( manufacture4 ,! ,manufacture ( ,pap]-hang+s4 ,x w be int]e/+ to give a brief description ( ! mode ( mak+1 or r pr9t+1 pap]-hang+s1 be=e we speak ( ! employm5t ( ! pap]-hang]2 = all t devolves ^u him is to fix up ! pap] :5 pr9t$4 ,! pap] employ$ is a sort ( c>toon or c>tridge pap] manufactur$ = ! purpose1--r\gh1 b /rong4 ,until rec5tly1 e piece ( su* pap] 0 /amp$1 & ! excise duty paid on x1 be=e ! process ( pr9t+ comm5c$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! pap] is pr9t$ 9 8di/emp]10 t is1 9 col\rs mix$ ) melt$ size1 b sometimes 9 v>ni%4 ,! pigm5ts or col\r+ sub/ances employ$1 are pr9cipally ^!3--,r$ or crimson1--lake1 v]milion1 rose-p9k1 & r$ o*re3--,blue1--,prussian blue1 v]dit]1 & indigo3--,yell[1--,dut* p9k1 yell[ o*re1 & *rome yell[3--,gre51--v]digris1 & v>i\s mixtures ( ! blues & yell[s j m5tion$3--,orange1--v]milion1 or r$ lake1 mix$ ) ,dut* p9k3--,purple1--a wa% made ( logwood1 & v>i\s mixtures ( lake ) ,prussian blue1 or ) indigo3--,black1--ivory black & lamp black3--,:ite1--:it+ & :ite lead4 ,!re are o!r sub/ances occasionally us$1 accord+ z improvem5ts or discov]ies are made 9 ! manufacture ( col\rs2 b v>i\s comb9ations ( ^? :i* we h m5tion$ w yield almo/ e t9t t c be desir$4 ,^! col\rs are mix$ ) wat]1 toge!r ) a little size or gum1 by :i* ! col\rs are made adhesive )\t be+ too /iff = work+4 ,if ! pap] is to be glossy :5 complet$1 or if any "o ( ! col\rs ) :i* x is pr9t$ is desir$ to be glossy1 ! pigm5t = t col\r is mix$ ) oil ( turp5t9e & c]ta9 gums & res9s :i* w give a glossy surface to ! pa9t :5 dry4 ,be=e ! pr9t+ comm5ces1 ! piece ( pap] 7:i* is ab\t twelve y>ds long7 is coat$ all ov] ) t col\r :i* is to =m ! gr\nd4 ,p[d]$ :it+ is mix$ ) melt$ size to a prop] consi/5ce1 & laid on ) a l>ge bru%1 9 ! same mann] z a ceil+ is :itewa%$3 ! piece ( pap] is !n left to dry4 ,if ! gr\nd is to be :ite1 no?+ m is requir$ be=e ! pr9t+2 b if x is to be col\r$1 a second gr\nd is laid on1 made ( melt$ size1 & ( su* col\r+ sub/ances z w give ! requir$ t9t3 ?is1 :5 dry1 is ! gr\nd :i* is to receive ! ornam5tal patt]n4 ,if ! gr\nd is to be glossy1 ! col\r+ sub/ance is mix$ ) v>ni%1 gum1 res91 c41 in/ead ( size & wat]4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is ?or\ghly dri$1 ! device is laid ^u x1 & ?is is1 9 mo/ cases1 done by a process almo/ exactly correspond+ ) wood-cut pr9t+1 9 ! f9e arts4 ,an impression is tak5 f wood5 blocks1 :i* are cut 9 su* a mann] t ! figure to be express$ is made to project f ! surface1 by cutt+ away all ! o!r p>ts4 ,b ?is rais$ device only repres5ts t portion ( ! :ole figure :i* is to be ( "o col\r2 s t if ! patt]n is to be ultimately repres5t$ 9 f\r col\rs1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 !re mu/ be f\r diff]5tly-c>v$ blocks or /amps to repres5t ^!1 & ! blocks mu/ be s c>efully c>v$ ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r1 t ?\gh ! sizes ( !m are all exactly alike1 ! devices occupy diff]5t p>ts1 & d n int]f]e ) "o ano!r3 ! :ole beauty & correctness ( ! figures dep5d on ! accuracy ) :i* ! blocks are c>v$4 ,suppose1 n[1 t ! pap] is prop]ly pa9t$ ) ! gr\nd col\r1 dri$ & spread out on a flat bo>d1--! c>v$ blocks ready = use1--& ! col\rs mix$ & melt$ 9 a w>m /ate1--! process is !n conduct$ z foll[s4 ,a piece ( lea!r or ( oilsk9 is /ret*$ ov] a flat block1 & a boy lays a coat+ ( "o ( ! col\rs to be us$--say gre5--on ! lea!r1 ) a bru%4 ,a man !n takes t "o ( ! c>v$ blocks :i* is to /amp ! gre5 "p ( ! device1 & lays x d[n flat on ! wet col\r1 by :i* a coat+ is transf]r$ to all ! rais$ p>ts ( ! block4 ,?is is !n /amp$ d[n1 ) a firm & /eady pressure1 ^u ! piece ( pap]1 by :i* ! gre5 device is p]man5tly impress$4 ,z ! c>v$ block is only l>ge en\gh to /amp a small portion at a "t1 an adjo9+ portion ( ! long piece ( pap] is tak51--a fre% coat+ ( col\r laid on ! lea!r by ! boy1--?is coat+ aga9 transf]r$ to ! c>v$ block1--& aga9 f !nce to ! pap]4 ,?is cont9ues until ! :ole l5g? ( ! pap] is pr9t$ ) ! gre5 device1 c>e be+ tak5 t ! diff]5t impressions %all accurately jo9 "o ano!r at ! prop] p>ts4 ,! pap] is !n laid aside to dry1 & prep>ations are made = pr9t+ ! second col\r ^u x4 ,let u suppose ?is col\r to be p9k4 ,! prop] +r$i5ts are mix$ ) size1 & melt$1 & a coat+ ( ?is laid on a block cov]$ ) lea!r1 z 9 ! =m] case4 ,! prop] c>v$ block is !n tak51 & an impression /amp$ by its means 9 precisely ! same mann] z be=e1 ) ! exception ( ! col\r be+ p9k in/ead ( gre54 ,b 9 lay+ ! wet /amp on ! piece ( pap]1 great c>e is requisite 9 adju/+ ! two col\rs s t !y %all n int]f]e ) ea* o!r3--= in/ance1 if ! gre5 repres5ts leaves & ! p9k repres5ts fl[]s1 x is important t ! p9k %\ld n1 by a misadju/m5t ( ! second /amp1 g ov] a "p already occupi$ by gre51 s z to give a confus$ mixture ( gre5 leaf & p9k fl[] at ! same spot4 ,if we closely exam9e ! patt]n ( pap]-hang+s on ! walls ( our rooms1 p>ticul>ly ! inf]ior pap]s1 we %all frequ5tly see in/ances ( ! bad adju/m5t to :i* we "h allude4 ,! p9k /amp+ proce$s f end to end ( ! piece ( pap]1 until ! :ole is done2 aft] :i* x is laid aside to dry4 ,a process precisely simil> 9 e respect is foll[$ ) all ! subsequ5t col\rs1 be !y few or _m4 ,! m complicat$ ! figure is1 or ! great] ! numb] ( col\rs x conta9s1 ! great] is ! degree ( c>e requir$ 9 impress+ ! successive col\rs on ! pap]s4 ,9 ord] t no "t %\ld be lo/1 directly ! workman has tak5 a supply ( col\r on to 8 block1 ! boy lays on ano!r coat+ on ! lea!r4 ,inde$1 ! :ole process v mu* resembles ! rude/ k9d ( pr9t+1 ) ! exception ( ! use ( diff]5t col\rs4 ,! description we h "h giv5 is su* z w af=d a g5]al idea ( ! nature ( ! process4 ,v>i\s improvem5ts h be5 f "t to "t introduc$ = facilitat+ ! pr9t+2 b x is h>dly necess>y to dwell ^u !m4 ,/5cil1 ,wa%able1 & ,flock ,pap]-hang+s4 ,9 "s ( ! *eap] pap]s1 ! prep>ation ( ! c>v$ wood5 block1 & ! "t & att5tion necess>y 9 us+ !m1 w\ld be incompatible ) ! *>ge made = ! f9i%$ article3 an alt]ation is !re=e made 9 ! mode ( proce$+4 ,! pr9cipal outl9e is pr9t$ on ! pap] by means ( a c>v$ block 9 ! usual way2 b ! rema9+ col\rs are put 9 by /5cill+4 ,a /5cil1 or /5cil-plate1 is a piece ( lea!r1 oil-clo?1 or ?9 %eet metal1 ) any requir$ device cut 9 x4 ,su* a /5cil is laid d[n flat on ! pap]1 & is cov]$ ) ! requir$ col\r by means ( a bru%4 ,?is col\r ( c\rse passes ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! /5cil1 & falls on ! pap]1 :ile ! uncut p>ts ( ! /5cil prev5t ! col\r f fall+ on any o!r "p ( ! pap]4 ,a device is ?us pa9t$ on ! pap] 9 a mu* easi] mann] ?an by ! use ( a c>v$ block4 ,b f ! nature ( ! process x is f\nd t ! delicate p>ts ( ! patt]n _c be repres5t$ by ?is means1 z x is difficult to ensure ! passage ( ! col\r ?r\gh small p]=ations4 ,b = ! purposes to :i* /5cill+ is appli$--viz41 ! prep>ation ( *eap pap]-hang+s1 ?is delicacy is n requir$4 ,"o or m c>v$ blocks are us$ ) ! /5cil plates accord+ to circum/ances1 ! *oice betwe5 blocks & /5cils dep5d+ bo? on ! nature ( ! patt]n1 & on ! value ( ! pap] :5 f9i%$4 ,"s ( ! m co/ly k9ds ( pap]-hang+s h gold z "o ( ! mat]ials =m+ ! device4 ,?is is effect$ by us+ a wa% ( gold p[d]1 in/ead ( a pigm5t1 on "o ( ! c>v$ blocks4 ,!re are also wa%able pap]-hang+s1 9 :i* ! surface is ( a glossy or v>ni%$ nature1 by :i* x may be wa%$ free f dirt & grease )\t remov+ ! col\rs ) :i* ! pap] is pr9t$4 ,!re is likewise a k9d ( pap]-hang+s call$ flock pap]1 :i* has be5 mu* 9 use1 & ( :i* ! foll[+ description has be5 giv54 ,! flock is wooll5 clo? r$uc$ to great f95ess1 & laid on ) v>ni%4 ,aft] ! col\r$ portions ( ! pap] are f9i%$1 a c>v$ block repres5t+ ! device :i* is to be flock$1 is laid d[n on a flat place coat$ ) wet v>ni%1 & an impression ( ! v>ni% is transf]r$ to ! pap]1 j z if x _h be5 a col\r$ pigm5t4 ,a quantity ( ! p[d]$ flock is !n /rew$ ov] ! :ole pap]1 & press$ on x by a flat bo>d1 a roll]1 or "s o!r conv5i5t means4 ,! pap] is !n left to dry1 aft] :i* ! dry flock is bru%$ (f f ^? p>ts :]e no v>ni% _h be5 appli$1 leav+ an appe>ance mu* resembl+ t ( co>se wooll5 clo?1 :i* our read]s may frequ5tly h notic$4 ,! flock is prep>$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,sometimes pieces ( wooll5 clo? ( ! prop] col\r are tak51 & *opp$ up by means ( a bill or knife2 b ?is is a rude & imp]fect way1 n[ probably out ( use4 ,ano!r mode is1 to place ! pieces ( clo? 9 a flat box1 & cause a %>p knife1 mov$ by ma*9]y1 to pass rapidly1 ) a *opp+ motion 9 e direction ov] ! v>i\s pieces ( clo?4 ,9 "s cases1 also1 ! clo? is r$uc$ to flock by a k9d ( gr9d+ process4 ,! ,process ( ,pap]-hang+4 ,?is1 !n1 is an outl9e ( ! mode by :i* pap]-hang+s are prep>$2 & we mu/ next speak ( ! me?od ( pa/+ !m aga9/ ! walls ( a room4 ,z ! long pieces or /rips ( pap] d n av]age m ?an two feet 9 wid?1 x is obvi\s t a great _m jo9ts mu/ be made 9 cov]+ ! side ( a room ) pap]4 ,^! jo9ts proce$ n crosswise1 b p]p5dicul>ly f ! ceil+ d[nw>ds2 & consid]able c>e is necess>y to insure ! cont9uance ( ! patt]n on ! two sides ( a jo9t3 x is 9 ?is t ! pr9cipal art ( ! pap]-hang] consi/s4 ,a /rip ( pr9t$ pap] twelve y>ds long is call$ te*nically a piece4 ,?is piece has ragg$ unf9i%$ edges1 & ! edges are to be cut away 9 a /raight ev5 l9e until a prop] "p ( ! patt]n is rea*$2 = ! blocks are s c>v$1 t "o edge always corresponds exactly ) ! opposite edge4 ,! wall1 :i* is g5]ally pla/]$1 is wa%$ or siz$1 & made fit to receive ! pap]4 ,! cem5t ) :i* ! pap] is fix$ up is ?9 pa/e2 & :5 t pa/e is ready1 ! pap]-hang] proce$s z foll[s4 ,suppos+ ! height ( ! pap]$ "p ( a room to be twelve feet1 he cuts on f\r y>ds f 8 piece ( pap]1 ) ! two ends accurately at "r angles to ! long edges4 ,he !n lays x d[n on a flat bo>d or b5*1 face d[nw>ds1 & coats ! :ole ( ! back ( ! pap] ) liquid pa/e1 by means ( a bru%4 ,he !n slightly folds ! pap] ov]1 s z to prev5t x f dragg+ on ! gr\nd1 &1 m\nt+ a ladd] or a pair ( /eps1 applies "o end ( ! pap] to ! upp] "p ( ! wall1 close to ! cornice3 !n1 by lett+ ! pap] unfold itself1 x falls to its full l5g?1 & ext5ds d[n to ! bottom ( ! room1 close to ! wall4 ,! workman has n[ to judge1 by ! eye1 :e!r ! edges ( ! pap] are p]fectly v]tical1 = ! :ole beauty ( ! "w dep5ds 9 a great measure on ?is circum/ance4 ,:5 he has asc]ta9$ t ! pap] hangs p]p5dicul>ly1 he proce$s to press x firmly to ! wall1 by means ( clo?s2 & ! pa/e has s f> s(t5$ ! pap]1 t wr9kles ( e k9d disappe>4 ,?is done1 he cuts (f ano!r piece twelve feet1 or f\r y>ds long1 & pa/es x aga9/ ! wall 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,b "h great precautions are necess>y2 = ! workman has to att5d to ?ree p>ticul>s 9 fix+ ! second piece by ! side ( ! fir/3--to cause x to hang v]tically1--to make an accurate jo9+ ( ! patt]n1--& to refra9 f soil+ ! surface ( ! fir/ piece by ! pa/e ( ! second4 ,all ^! are precautions :i* c only be prop]ly att5d$ to aft] consid]able practice4 ,:5 ! workman is approa*+ an angle or corn] ( ! room1 he mu/ cut 8 pap] to su* a wid? z w j rea* ! corn]1 = x is g5]ally difficult to br+ ! pap] r\nd bo? sides ( ! angle4 ,9 ! case :i* we h suppos$1 ! height ( ! room is j "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! piece ( pap]1 s t !re ne$ be no jo9ts at any int]m$iate "p ( ! height4 ,b if ! height 7 any o!r am\nt1--say t5 feet--?ree pieces ( t l5g? w\ld leave a f\r? only six feet long2 & z su* a piece is n likely to be wa/$1 x foll[s t !re mu/ be a jo9t at "s int]m$iate po9t betwe5 ! floor & ! ceil+4 ,su* a jo9t requires especial c>e1 z ! patt]n has to be att5d$ to bo? 9 a v]tical & a horizontal direction4 ,:5 ! side ( a room is brok5 by recesses1 projections1 c41 a good workman w s arrange 8 pieces ( pap] z to give a symmetrical appe>ance to ! two sides ( a projection ( a recess1 s t ! same "p ( ! patt]n :i* comes to ! "r h& edge %all also be se5 at ! left h&4 ,9 pap]+ a /aircase1 :5 ! upp] & l[] edges are oblique & n horizontal1 x is ( c\rse necess>y t ! ends ( ! pap] %\ld be cut 9 a correspond+ mann]1 9 ord] t ! long jo9ts %\ld be v]tical4 ,z x is difficult to br+ ! ends ( ! pap] precisely to ! cornice at ! top & to ! skirt+-bo>d at ! bottom1 x is usual to hide ^? ends by pa/+ a n>r[ /rip ( pap] along ! top & bottom ( a room1 :i* gives a neat f9i% to !m4 ,?is /rip ( pap] is pr9t$ 9 col\rs ) "s pleas+ device2 & z a broad piece is pr9t$ z quickly z "o two or ?ree in*es wide1 x is cu/om>y to c>ve a block ) twelve or tw5ty repetitions ( ! same n>r[ patt]n1 side by side2 s t ! :ole are pr9t$ on "o %eet4 ,! pap]-hang] has !re=e c>efully to cut ! /rips "o f ano!r1 & pa/e !m r\nd ! wall at ! p>ts :i* we h m5tion$1 & sometimes up ! corn]s ( ! room likewise4 ,x is sometimes pref]r$1 in/ead ( pap]+ ! walls ( a room1 to /5cil !m4 ,9 ?is case ! pla/] ( ! wall is prep>$ 9 a smoo? mann] to receive ! di/emp] col\r1 & ! patt]n is /amp$ or pr9t$ on ! wall 9 a mann] almo/ exactly ! same z t :i* we h describ$ respect+ /5cill+ pap]-hang+s4 ,?is mode is n susceptible ( s mu* neatness z ! use ( pr9t$ or /amp$ pap]1 & is only employ$ = common ap>tm5ts4 ,!re is occasionally a k9d ( "w :i* falls into ! h&s ( ! pap]-hang] v diff]5t f ^? we h m5tion$--viz41 fix+ gilt wood m\ld+s r\nd ! top & bottom ( a room1 in/ead ( pa/+ a pap] bord]+ 9 ! same place4 ,:at little we %all h to say on ?is subject w be conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,int]ior--,,pa9t+ ,,& ,,gild+4 ,reasons = ,pa9t+ a ,h\se4 ,! love ( neatness & elegance :i* di/+ui%es ! cultivat$ f ! rude man 9 ! decoration ( 8 dwell+1 is n ! only motive = ^! int]ior fitt+s ( a mod]n h\se4 ,!re are 9 _m in/ances manife/ advantages1 9 relation to dryness & durability1 result+ f su* arrangem5ts4 ,su* is ! case ) respect to "o ( ! two processes :i* w occupy ! pres5t *apt]4 ,9 notic+ ! s]vices ( ! h\se-pa9t]1 x w be f\nd t !y are conducive to some?+ m ?an our love ( col\rs & ta/eful decoration1 = !y greatly promote ! durability ( wood & iron "w4 ,wood ( almo/ e k9d is liable to injury f ! effects ( ! atmosph]e1 if left unprotect$2 b :5 coat$ ) oil-pa9t1 its p[] ( resi/+ ^? effects is mu* increas$4 ,cleanl9ess is also m easily pres]v$ :]e pa9t is employ$4 ,if a room door1 = in/ance1 7 n pa9t$1 x w\ld require ! same sc\r+ & clean+ :i* an unc>pet$ floor s (t5 receives1 ?\gh p]haps n s frequ5tly4 ,:5 we consid]1 !re=e1 t durability1 cleanl9ess1 neatness1 & pleas+ decoration1 are all d]iv$ f ! judici\s employm5t ( oil-pa9t 9 a h\se1 we %all conclude t a pa9t] r5d]s important s]vice 9 ! prep>ation ( a dwell+-h\se4 ,mat]ials us$ 9 ,h\se-pa9t+4 ,h\se-pa9t+1 9 mo/ cases1 consi/s 9 lay+ on sev]al coats ( "s m9]al sub/ances mix$ up to a fluid consi/5ce ) oil4 ,!re is no o!r liquid body :i* is f\nd to h s _m advantages = ?is purpose z oil2 = al?\gh turp5t9e1 milk1 be]1 _s1 & o!r liquids are occasionally employ$1 oil is ! /&>d mat]ial ) :i* ! col\r+ sub/ances are mix$4 ,! col\r+ sub/ances1 z well z ! oils1 employ$ 9 pa9t+1 are v num]\s2 & we c only (f] a brief description ( ! pr9cipal among !m4 ,:ite lead is ! mo/ valuable ( all ! col\r+ bodies1 s9ce x ent]s into ! composition ( almo/ e o!r4 ,x is made by expos+ %eet-lead to ! action ( v9eg>1 by :i* a :ite sub/ance is procur$4 ,b\gival :ite1 & ,spani% :ite1 are m9]al sub/ances procur$ f abroad4 ,*rome yell[1 ,turn]'s yell[1 ,massicot1 ,naples yell[1 ,k+'s yell[1 ,orpim5t1 & ,o*res1 are v>i\s bodies ( a yell[ col\r1 "s d]iv$ f e>?s1 o!rs f ores1 & o!rs f *emical treatm5t ( metals4 ,v]milion1 ,c>m9e1 ,co*9eal lake1 ,madd] lake1 ,r$ lead1 ,indian r$1 ,v5etian r$1 c41 produce v>i\s t9ts ( r$ & crimson2 b ! mat]ials !mselves are d]iv$ f v diff]5t s\rces4 ,v]milion is a comp\nd ( sulphur & m]cury2 ,c>m9e & ,co*9eal lake are prep>$ f an animal sub/ance2 ,madd] lake f a vegetable2 ,r$ lead is an oxide ( t metal2 :ile ! o!rs are d]iv$ f v>i\s k9ds ( e>?4 ,= a blue col\r1 ! pa9t] employs ,prussian blue1 :i* is a comp\nd ( prussic acid & iron2 ,indigo1 d]iv$ f a plant gr[+ 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies2 ,blue ,v]dit]1 a nitrate ( copp]2 & "s o!r sub/ances4 ,mo/ gre5 pa9ts are made ( salts ( copp]1 su* z ,v]digris1 :i* is an acetate ( copp]2 ,s*eele's gre51 an ars5iate ( copp]2 ,gre5 ,v]dit]1 a nitrate ( copp]1 & ,brunswick gre51 a muriate ( copp]2 toge!r ) two or ?ree e>?s1 su* z ,italian gre51 ,saxon gre51 c4 ,br[ns are g5]ally produc$ by a mixture ( black & r$2 b !re are sev]al e>?s :i* yield a br[n col\r4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal col\r+ mat]ials employ$ by ! h\se-pa9t]1 = almo/ e int]m$iate t9t or grade ( col\r c be produc$ by mixtures ( two or m ( ! above-m5tion$ mat]ials1 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,! liquid pr9cipally employ$ to mix ) ^! dry col\rs is ,l9se$ oil4 ,?is is obta9$ by beat+1 press+1 or heat+1 f ! se$ ( ! flax plant1 ! ,l9um usitatissimum1 :i* gr[s 9 mo/ p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?is oil has s mu* fatness or unctu\sness1 t x w\ld dry ) extreme sl[ness 7 n "s fur!r precautions tak54 ,x is boil$ ) li?>ge & :ite vitriol1 9 c]ta9 proportions1 by :i* x has a dry+ quality imp>t$ to x4 ,nut oil is sometimes us$ 9 pa9t+3 ?is is procur$ f ! k]nels ( walnuts1 bee* nuts1 hazel nuts1 & o!r k9ds ( nut1 by a process simil> to t by :i* l9se$ oil is obta9$4 ,oil ( turp5t9e1 or turps1 is l>gely us$ by pa9t]s1 z x has a dry+ quality :i* c\nt]acts ! fatty nature ( l9se$ oil1 9 comb9ation ) :i* x is g5]ally us$4 ,x is obta9$ f a liquid or sap exud+ f a species ( p9e tree1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica3 ! sap is crude1 or common turp5t9e2 & by a process ( di/illation1 ! oil ( turp5t9e is obta9$ f x1 leav+ a sub/ance beh9d :i* con/itutes yell[ res94 ,oil ( spike1 oil ( lav5d]1 & oil ( poppies1 are sometimes us$ by ! pa9t]2 b n v frequ5tly1 on acc\nt ( _! exp5se2 !y are vegetable prep>ations4 ,pil*>d oil1 7obta9$ f ! fi%17 common t>1 coal t>1 & oil ( t>1 are us$ occasionally = r\gh ext]ior "w4 ,v>ni%1 size1 be]1 milk1 & "o or two o!r liquids are us$ to a small ext5t 9 "s processes to :i* ! pa9t] has to direct 8 att5tion4 ,v>ni%es are mixtures ( v>i\s res9\s bodies ) _s2 & size is a jelly obta9$ by boil+ p>*m5t1 lea!r1 p>+s ( ho(s1 or ( horn1 or "s simil> animal sub/ance1 9 wat]4 ,prep>+ ! ,pa9t4 ,su* be+ ! pr9cipal mat]ials f :i* ! pa9t] prep>es 8 pa9t1 we proce$ to speak ( ! mode by :i* he mixes !m4 ,! col\rs are mo/ly pur*as$ 9 t =m :i* is call$ dry col\rs1 t is1 9 co>se p[d] or small lumps2 & !y h to be r$uc$ to f9e p[d] be=e !y are mix$ ) ! oils1 c4 ,if !y conta9 gritty p>ticles ( s&1 c41 ! col\r is put into a tub or pan1 & wat] ?r[n ^u x1 & mix$ up ) x4 ,! gritty p>ticles soon fall to ! bottom1 & ! rema9d] is p\r$ into ano!r vessel1 :]e1 9 a %ort "t1 ! col\r+ sub/ance falls to ! bottom1 & c be obta9$ by p\r+ (f ! wat]2 aft] :i* ! p[d] is dri$4 ,b if ! sub/ance is "o :i* w dissolve 9 wat]1 or if x is n v gritty1 x is gr\nd up to p[d] 9 a dry /ate4 ,:5 ! sub/ance is r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 ! pa9t] beg9s to incorporate ! oil ) x4 ,he has a gr9d/one ( m>ble or porphyry1 on :i* he places a small quantity ( ! dry col\r1 & moi/5s x ) a little oil4 ,) a l>ge flatt5$ pebble1 call$ a mull]1 he !n gr9ds up ! p[d] ) ! oil1 until bo? =m a p]fectly smoo? pa/e4 ,t portion is !n remov$ by a palette knife1 7:i* is a broad ?9 knife17 & plac$ 9 an e>!n pa9t-pot4 ,ano!r small portion ( p[d] & oil is gr\nd up 9 a simil> mann]1 & put into ! pa9t-pot2 & s on1 until a suffici5t quantity has be5 obta9$4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! pot conta9s pa9t1 :i* is too ?ick = use2 to liquefy x1 !re=e1 a giv5 quantity1 :i* is det]m9$ by exp]i5ce1 ( oil or turp5t9e1 or a mixture ( bo?1 is add$1 until ! pa9t has acquir$ a consi/5ce--?ick en\gh to prev5t x f runn+ into drops :5 laid on ! "w--& ?9 en\gh to make x "w ) ease4 ,! ,process ( ,pa9t+4 ,suppos+ ! c>p5t] to h left ! doors1 ! w9d[s1 c41 9 a clean & smoo? /ate1 ! pa9t]'s fir/ (fice is knott+4 ,knots are r\nd places 9 a plank1 9 :i* ! gra9 ( ! wood runs ?r\gh ! ?ickness ( ! bo>d1 s z to %[ ! ends ( ! pores at ! surface4 ,^! ends absorb a great] quantity ( pa9t ?an ! o!r portion ( ! wood1 s t if ! same numb] ( coats 7 giv5 to all alike1 ! knots w\ld h an ugly1 dead appe>ance1 9 consequ5ce ( ! absorption4 ,! pa9t]1 !re=e1 gives ! knots m pa9t ?an ! re/ ( ! wood-"w2 & ! prep>atory coat1 :i* is laid on ! knots only1 is call$ ! knott+4 ,! pa9t us$ is g5]ally r$ lead1 & boil$ oil2 or sometimes r$ lead & size4 ,:5 ?is knott+ is dry1 ! prim+ is appli$1 consi/+ ( a ?9 coat ( :ite pa9t4 ,:ite is us$ = ! prim+ "u almo/ e v>iety ( circum/ances1 :atev] ! subsequ5t col\rs may be4 ,?is :ite pa9t is a mixture ( :ite lead1 l9se$ oil1 & oil ( turp5t9e1 & is laid on1 z are ! subsequ5t coats1 by means ( bru%es :i* are too well kn[n to ne$ a l5g!n$ description4 ,!y v>y f a qu>t] ( an in* to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 & are g5]ally made ( hog's bri/les b\nd r\nd ) /r+1 or sometimes ) t94 ,:5 ! prim+ is dry1 ! pa9t] proce$s to fill up all ! nail holes & o!r irregul>ities1 ) putty4 ,?is he does by means ( a po9t$ knife1 ) :i* he works 9 small portions ( putty :]ev] !y may be ne$$4 ,x is !n ready = ! second coat ( pa9t1 :i* is ?ick] ?an ! fir/1 g5]ally :ite1 b sometimes col\r$4 ,pa9t+ appe>s to be a v easy process1 b 9 common ) o!r trades1 x requires consid]able practice be=e skill c be atta9$4 ,aft] hav+ work$ ! bru% ov] ! wood-"w 9 e direction1 s z to completely cov] e "p ) pa9t1 ! 8lay+-(f0 is effect$ by draw+ ! bru% smoo?ly ov] e "p 9 ! direction ( ! gra91 p>ticul>ly at ! /iles & panels ( doors4 ,bru%es ( v>i\s sizes are employ$1 by means ( :i* ! workman c pa9t ! f9e m\ld+s1 bead+1 c41 z well z ! broad] surfaces4 ,! m skilful ! workman is 9 ! use ( 8 tools1 ! less d ! m>ks ( ! bru% rema9 visible :5 ! "w is done4 ,z ea* coat ( pa9t dries1 ano!r is laid on1 until suffici5t has be5 appli$4 ,! numb] v>ies f two to sev51 accord+ to ! "p :i* is to be pa9t$1 & ! means ( ^? :o h to pay ! pa9t]2 b 9 g5]al1 f\r coats is ! av]age quantity :i* new wood-"w receives4 ,x is ! la/ two coats only :i* are ( ! col\r select$1 z ^? :i* are prep>atory are seldom o!r ?an :ite4 ,on "s occasions x is desir$ to h ! la/ coat glossy2 b 9 o!rs dead4 ,to effect ^! diff]5ces1 all t is necess>y is1 to v>y ! oil ) :i* ! col\r is mix$4 ,if a glossy surface is requir$1 l9se$ oil is pr9cipally us$2 b if a dead surface1 oil ( turp5t9e pr$om9ates4 ,x is frequ5tly se5 t ! walls ( /aircases1 & o!r l>ge surfaces1 are1 :5 f9i%$ pa9t+1 totally )\t gloss4 ,?is is effect$ by :at is call$ flatt+1 t is1 a coat ( pa9t mix$ :olly ) oil ( turp5t9e3 ! turp5t9e soon evaporates1 & leaves ! col\r )\t gloss on ! walls2 :]eas1 :5 l9se$ oil is employ$1 ! oil dries & h>d5s1 in/ead ( evaporat+1 & assumes mu* ( ! "* ( a v>ni%4 ,if no l9se$ oil is employ$ 9 flatt+1 x is call$ a dead flat2 b if a little is add$1 9 ord] to produce a fa9t gloss1 x is call$ a ba/>d flat4 ,?is "p ( ! "w =ms "o ( ! mo/ un:olesome 9 :i* ! pa9t] is engag$1 s9ce ! oil ( turp5t9e1 :i* is con/antly evaporat+ dur+ ! process1 is f\nd to be extremely prejudicial to heal?4 ,z we are "h speak+ ( a new h\se1 we ne$ n detail ! process foll[$ 9 repair+ an old "o4 ,nor is x necess>y s to d ev5 9 respect ( ! processes !mselves1 = !y are ne>ly ! same = old "w & new4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts ( diff]5ce are ^!3--t 9 old "w1 greasy & dirty spots are wa%$ ) pe>l-a% & wat]1 or ) turp5t9e2 t ! old pa9t is rubb$ smoo? ) pumice-/one1 or1 if v r\gh1 burn$ (f2 t a small] numb] ( new coats ( pa9t w suffice2 & t a l>g] proportion ( turp5t9e is us$ ?an 9 new "w4 ,gra9+ & ,m>bl+4 ,we h 9 ! above details conf9$ our att5tion to t m g5]al & economical k9d ( h\se-pa9t+ 9 :i* a l>ge surface is pa9t$ ( "o uni=m col\r4 ,b ! dep>tm5t ( h\se-pa9t+ 9 :i* ! ta/e ( ! workman is m fully develop$1 is t 9 :i* imitations ( v>i\s species ( wood & m>ble are attempt$2 ^! processes are call$ gra9+ & m>bl+4 ,we may p]haps call ?is a humble bran* ( ! f9e arts1 s9ce ! workman prep>es a picture ( a piece ( wood or ( a slab ( m>ble2 b :e!r ?is be a correct t]m or n1 x is c]ta9 t skill 9 ?is bran* dep5ds m on ta/e & obs]vation ?an on fix$ rules4 ,gra9+ & m>bl+ are sometimes done 9 oil-pa9t1 b m frequ5tly 9 di/emp]1 t is1 ) a col\r mix$ ) be] or "s o!r liquid m limpid ?an oil2 9 ?is latt] case1 z ! gra9+ w\ld n h a durable "*1 x receives "o or m coats ( v>ni%4 ,we w endeav\r to give a g5]al idea ( ! mode 9 :i* gra9+ & m>bl+ are effect$4 ,! k9d ( wood usually imitat$ 9 ?is way is oak1 or wa9scot1 z x is m g5]ally call$4 ,:5 ?is is imitat$ 9 oil1 ! la/ coat ( pa9t previ\s to ! gra9+ is made ( rott5 /one1 :ite lead1 & l9se$ oil1 & is ( a light oak col\r4 ,on ?is is laid ! gra9+ col\r1 :i* pa9t]s call ! megilp1 & :i* is a ?9 pa9t compos$ ( oil1 rott5 /one1 sug> ( lead1 & :ite wax4 ,:5 ?is has set a little1 ! pa9t] draws ov] ! surface ! tee? ( a k9d ( comb1 call$ ! gra9+ comb1 by :i* an imitation ( ! gra9 ( oak is produc$2 ^! gra9$ l9es1 to make ! imitation m close1 are drawn 9 a wavy direction4 ,! workman !n wraps a little piece ( lea!r r\nd ! f+]1 & delicately wipes (f ! col\r f small spots ( v>i\s =ms1 by :i* ! light p>ts ( a piece ( oak are imitat$4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ! gra9 & ! light p>ts h r a h>% appe>ance1 to remove :i*1 a s(t dry bru% is work$ ov] ! :ole 9 su* a mann] z to make ! v>i\s p>ts bl5d ) "o ano!r4 ,a little ,v&yke br[n is !n mix$ up into a smoo? pa9t1 & ) ?is ! d>k ve9s are imitat$1 by means ( a small bru% or p5cil4 ,b 9 gra9+ oak 9 di/emp]1 ! gra9+ col\r consi/s ( o!r mat]ials2 _m receipts are giv51 b "o is ,v&yke br[n1 burnt umb]1 & raw umb]1 mix$ into a pa9t ) be] or ale4 ,?is is laid on ) a bru%1 & ! subsequ5t processes ( produc+ ! gra91 ! light pat*es1 ! d>k ve9s1 c41 are mu* ! same z 9 oil gra9+1 ) ?is exception1 t ! gra9 is produc$ by ve9+ bru%es1 in/ead ( gra9+ combs4 ,:5 ! :ole is dry1 x receives "o or two coats ( v>ni%1 to act z a pres]vative4 ,by processes v simil> to t j describ$1 mahogany1 rose-wood1 sat9-wood1 maple1 poll>d oak1 zebra-wood1 walnut-wood1 elm1 & o!r species ( wood1 are imitat$4 ,= mahogany1 ! gr\nd is ,v5etian r$ & :ite lead1 & ! gra9+ col\r is ,si5na1 or ,v&yke br[n1 gr\nd 9 be]4 ,= rose-wood1 ! gr\nd is lake1 v]milion1 & flake :ite1 & ! gra9+ col\r ,v&yke br[n1 gr\nd 9 ale4 ,= sat9-wood1 ! gr\nd is ! same z = light oak1 & ! gra9+ col\r is ,ox=d o*re1 gr\nd 9 ale4 ,! o!r k9ds ( wood are imitat$ by gr\nds & gra9+ col\rs m or less resembl+ ^? n[ m5tion$4 ,! manual use ( ! tools is m difficult = ! v>iegat$ woods ?an = oak4 ,sat9-wood1 & "s o!r k9ds1 h l>ge spots or pat*es ( a light] col\r ?an ! re/ ( ! wood1 & ( a peculi>ly s(t appe>ance2 ^! are imitat$ by lett+ a sponge fall on v>i\s p>ts ( ! wet gra9+ col\r1 by :i* "s is wip$ (f1 & ! edges ( ^! p>ts are !n s(t5$ by means ( a badg]-hair bru%1 call$ a s(t ev51 :i* is drawn lightly across ! light & d>k p>ts1 :]eby ! %>p edges are s(t5$ & bl5d$4 ,! imitation ( m>ble is effect$ 9 a simil> mann] to t ( wood4 ,= :ite m>ble1 or r1 t :i* is slightly m>k$ ) d>k ve9s1 ! walls are fir/ :itewa%$1 & !n wa%$ ) :it+ & milk1 to obta9 a f9e :ite surface4 ,lamp black1 damp blue1 ,indian r$1 & "s o!r col\rs1 are !n laid on ) v f9e p5cils or bru%es1 9 f9e b irregul> l9es1 s z to imitate ! ve9s ( ! m>ble4 ,si5na m>ble has a gr\nd ( yell[ o*re2 ,flor5t9e m>ble1 "o ( :ite1 black1 & ,indian r$2 dove-col\r$ m>ble1 "o ( light lead col\r2 & black & gre5 m>bles h ! col\rs designat$ by _! names4 ,on ^! gr\nds are p5cill$ ! light & delicate ve9s trav]s+ ! surface 9 e direction1 accord+ to ! col\r & "* ( ! ve9s 9 ! m>ble to be imitat$4 ,!re are !n v>i\s contrivances made use (1 by :i* a s(tness is produc$ 9 all ! ve9s2 ?is is ( m importance 9 m>bl+ ?an 9 gra9+1 s9ce mu* ( ! beauty :i* we ackn[l$ge to exi/ 9 m>ble is und\bt$ly due to ! exquisite s(tness ) :i* its col\rs are bl5d$4 ,! k9d ( m>ble call$ porphyry is imitat$ 9 a s+ul> mann]4 ,?is m>ble is spott$ all ov] 9 v>i\s col\rs2 & ! imitation is !re=e spott$4 ,a gr\nd is laid on ( ! prop] col\r1 & a bru% is dipp$ into a mixture ( v]milion & :ite1 & aft] be+ all[$ to dra9 ne>ly dry1 is /ruck aga9/ a piece ( wood1 by :i* a spr9kl+ ( small spots falls on ! surface4 ,! bru% is !n dipp$ into ano!r col\r1 & a simil> process gives a second spr9kl+4 ,?is is done a ?ird & sometimes a f\r? "t1 accord+ to ! col\rs ( ! spots 9 ! m>ble to be imitat$4 ,! mica1 qu>tz1 & feldsp>1 9 granite1 are sometimes r\ghly imitat$ by simil> means4 ,:atev] be ! k9d ( m>ble :i* is imitat$1 x is v>ni%$ aft] ! m>bl+ is complet$1 9 ord] bo? to give x great] durability1 & to imitate ! beautiful poli% :i* c be imp>t$ to m>ble4 ,gild+1 z an ,int]ior ,decoration4 ,suppos+ ! int]nal decorations to h proce$$ ?us f>1 we may next say a few words ab\t ! co/ly mat]ial gold1 z appli$ 9 fur!rance ( ^! embelli%m5ts4 ,?is is only ( limit$ application1 & 9 ! bett] class ( h\ses2 b z gilt m\ld+s frequ5tly =m ! f9i%+ "p ( ! pap]+ ( a room1 & z ! h\ses ( mo/ p]sons conta9 "s articles :i* are gilt1 we w give a slight description ( ! processes foll[$ by ! gild]1 b )\t ref]5ce to any p>ticul> article ( furniture1 s9ce t is a dep>tm5t into :i* we d n pr(ess to ent]4 ,a metal gild]1 or wat] gild]1 is a diff]5t workman f ! c>v] & gild]1 :o gilds v>i\s articles ( wood or composition4 ,! =m] lays a ?9 coat+ ( gold on articles ( metal1 by means ( m]cury & ( heat1 an employm5t ( an extremely unheal?y "*4 ,! c>v] & gild] lays a surface ( leaf-gold on ornam5ts1 frames1 or m\ld+s1 made ( wood1 pla/] ( ,p>is1 papi]-ma*1 or composition4 ,if ! gold 7 laid on ! b>e mat]ial by any sort ( gum or cem5t1 x w\ld n adh]e p]man5tly1 nor w\ld x h t brilliancy ( appe>ance :i* ! natural lu/re ( ! metal is calculat$ to produce2 above all1 t dazzl+ surface1 kn[n z burni%$ gold1 c\ld n be s produc$4 ,! gild]1 !re=e1 lays on a c]ta9 ?ickness ( su* sub/ances z exp]i5ce has taught him w answ] ! propos$ end4 ,!re are1 d\btless1 _m sub/ances :i* w\ld answ] = ?is purpose2 b ! c\rse :i* is actually adopt$ we proce$ to describe4 ,! ,process ( ,burni%-,gild+4 ,we w take1 z an in/ance1 a long piece ( ! m\ld+ :i* ! pap]-hang] applies 9 ! way to :i* we h allud$4 ,?is is cut out to ! prop] holl[ or re$$ =m by a c>p5t]1 :o employs planes suit$ = ! purpose4 ,! wood :i* he uses is ( a k9d tol]ably free f knots & holes3 & :5 ! m\ld+ is ready1 x passes into ! h&s ( ! gild]4 ,! fir/ ?+ done is to wa% x ) a mixture ( :it+ & p>*m5t-size1 made q hot1 & almo/ z limpid z wat]4 ,! size us$ = ?is & = o!r purposes requir$ by ! gild]1 is obta9$ by boil+ cutt+s ( p>*m5t 9 wat] until a /iff jelly is produc$4 ,:5 ! m\ld+ is dry f ! application ( ?is prep>atory wa%1 any small holes t may exi/ are /opp$ up ) putty1 & ! m\ld+ is ready to receive five or six coat+s ( a v ?ick mixture ( :it+ & size4 ,^? coat+s are laid on mod]ately w>m1 by means ( a bru%1 ea* coat be+ ?or\ghly dri$ be=e ! next is appli$4 ,by ?is means ! m\ld+ is coat$ to ! ?ickness ( a sixte5? or twelf? ( an in*1 by :i* ! f9e squ>es & holl[s produc$ by ! plane 7if !re happ5$ to be su* 9 ! m\ld+7 w\ld be liable to be /opp$ up3 to prev5t ?is1 modell+ tools ( v>i\s =ms are drawn along ! wet :it+1 s z to pres]ve ! orig9al patt]n 9 tol]able condition4 ,! :ole surface is !n smoo!d by small pieces ( pumice-/one work$ to fit ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! m\ld+4 ,! /ones & ! :it+ be+ kept con/antly wett$1 & ! =m] work$ /eadily ov] ! latt]1 a smoo? & ev5 surface is atta9$4 ,:5 ! m\ld+ is dry aft] ?is smoo?+ process1 x is fur!r smoo!d ) s& or glass pap]1 & is !n coat$ ) five or six lay]s ( burni% gold size4 ,?is is a v peculi> composition ( suet1 black lead1 clay1 p>*m5t-size1 & o!r +r$i5ts1 mix$ to a /iff consi/5cy4 ,^! successive coats or lay]s are well dri$ aft] ea* application2 & aft] "o or two o!r processes by :i* ! gold size is r5d]$ smoo?1 ! m\ld+ is ready to receive ! leaf gold4 ,gold1 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is ?us us$1 is "o ( ! ?9ne/ sub/ances :i* ! art ( man has ev] prep>$ 9 a solid =m1 s9ce x w\ld require m ?an a qu>t] ( a million ( ! small %eets into :i* x is beat51 to make a pile "o in* 9 ?ickness4 ,a solid piece ( gold is roll$ into ! =m ( a ribbon by means ( a flatt+-mill3 & ! gold-beat] !n r$uces x to ! ?ickness--or r ?9ness--to :i* we h allud$1 by means ( hamm]+4 ,! gild] receives ?is leaf gold 9 ! =m ( %eets or leaves ab\t ?ree in*es squ>e1 inclos$ betwe5 ! leaves ( a small book4 ,he bl[s out "s ( ^! leaves on a lea!r cu%ion surr\nd$ by a p>*m5t bord] on ?ree sides2 ?is bord]1 is to prev5t ! gold f be+ bl[n away1 ! f\r? side be+ left op5 = ! future proce$+s ( ! workman4 ,! gild] supports ! cu%ion on 8 left h&1 & ) a knife 9 ! o!r1 he takes up "o ( ! leaves ( gold1 & by dext]\s managem5t1 spreads x out smoo?ly on ! cu%ion4 ,he !n consid]s ! wid? ( ! m\ld+1 7:i* is laid be=e him17 & det]m9es h[ he c be/ cut up ! leaf ( gold s z to adapt ! pieces to ! wid? ( ! m\ld+3--if = in/ance a slip "o in* 9 wid? w cov] ! wid? ( ! m\ld+1 he cuts ! leaf into ?ree equal pieces4 ,he is next provid$ ) a flat camel-hair bru%1 call$ a tip1 ! hairs ( :i* are f "o to two in*es 9 l5g?1 & laid p>allel ) great regul>ity4 ,8 tools be+ ?us ready1 he wets a small portion ( ! m\ld+ by means ( a camel-hair p5cil dipp$ 9 wat]1 &1 tak+ ! tip 9 8 "r h&1 he lays ! hairs on "o ( ! slips ( gold1 :i* slightly adh]es to x4 ,?is slip ( gold he transf]s to ! m\ld+1 :]e x in/antly adh]es by means ( ! wat] ) :i* ! latt] is wett$4 ,ano!r portion is wett$ 9 a simil> mann]1 & ano!r slip ( gold laid on1 "o end ( :i* is made to lap a little way ov] ! "o fir/ laid on4 ,a ?ird slip is n[ laid on 9 a simil> mann]2 & by ?is "t ! fir/ leaf ( gold is all us$4 ,a second is !re=e laid out smoo? by means ( ! knife1--cut into ?ree pieces1--& laid on ! m\ld+ z be=e4 ,?is process cont9ues until ! m\ld+ has be5 gilt 9 its :ole ext5t4 ,we may rem>k1 t ! m\ld+ is plac$ 9 an incl9$ position1 ! high] end be+ fir/ gilt3 ?is is done 9 ord] t ! wat] %\ld gradually fl[ (f f b5ea? ! pieces ( gold aft] !y are laid on1 to facilitate ! dry+4 ,:5 ! gold--or r ! wett$ gold size :i* is b5ea? x--has atta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( dryness kn[n only by exp]i5ce1 & :i* occurs 9 a "t v>y+ f "o to twelve h\rs accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 ! gold is burni%$ by means ( a burni%] made ( fl9t1 agate1 or bone4 ,?is1 if c>efully done1 produces a brilliant gloss1 b c\ld n be at all atta9$ )\t ! lay]s ( :it+ & gold size "u ! gold4 ,sometimes a portion ( ! m\ld+ is pref]r$1 = relief & contra/1 to be left dead or matt1 z x is t]m$4 ,9 ?is case ! burni%] is n us$2 b ! gold1 aft] x is dri$1 is m]ely secur$ by a ?9 cle> cem5t or v>ni% ( p>*m5t size4 ,! ,process ( ,oil-,gild+4 ,sometimes no burni%+ at all is requir$1 :ile a degree ( durability :i* _c be conv5i5tly obta9$ ) burni%-gild+ is desir$4 ,9 ?is case ! m\ld+ is gilt 9 oil gold1 by a process diff]+ 9 _m respects f t :i* we h m5tion$4 ,= oil-gild+ a gr\nd ( :it+ & size is requir$1 z 9 burni%-gild+1 b n 9 s great quantity4 ,aft] ! application ( a few coats ( :it+ & size1 ! m\ld+ is smoo!d 9 ! mann] be=e describ$2 & 9 "s cases a few coats ( burni% gold size are appli$1 b n always4 ,! next process is to wa% ! m\ld+ ) two or ?ree coat+s ( /rong size1 by :i* x acquires a gloss some:at simil> to t produc$ by v>ni%1 & :i* has ! effect ( prev5t+ ! absorption ( ! sub/ance next employ$4 ,! m\ld+ is n[ ready to receive ! oil gold size1 :i* is an exce$+ly smoo? mixture ( o*re & oil4 ,?is is laid on 9 a /ratum z ?9 & smoo? z possible2 & aft] be+ set aside = "s h\rs1 x acquires a peculi> degree ( clamm9ess betwe5 wet & dry2 :5 x is ready to receive ! coat+ ( gold4 ,! gold is bl[n into ! cu%ion1 spread out1 cut into slips1 tak5 up by ! tip1 & appli$ to ! "w1 9 ! same mann] z 9 burni%-gild+2 b ! m\ld+ is n wett$ ) wat]1 ! p>tially dry oil gold size s]v+ t purpose4 ,! gold is1 9 ?is case1 press$ d[n into ! holl[s & crevices ( ! m\ld+1 by means ( a piece ( cotton wool2 & :5 ! :ole is gilt1 a s(t bru% is lightly appli$1 by :i* ! gold is work$ into small depressions1 :i* x w\ld n o!rwise h rea*$1 & ! sup]flu\s gold is rubb$ (f4 ,! gold is n[ left z x is1 or is wa%$ ) transp>5t size1 or receives a coat ( v>ni%4 ,9 ei!r case x becomes 9 a %ort "t s f> h>d5$ z to be susceptible ( wa%+ )\t be+ rubb$ (f4 ,gild+ ,enri*$ ,ornam5ts4 ,! description :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! process ) ref]5ce to ! m\ld+s us$ by ! pap]-hang] w also apply to mo/ o!r articles ) :i* ! gild] is conc]n$4 ,b 9 proportion to ! elaborate nature ( ! article mu/ be ! c>e be/[$ by ! gild]4 ,?is p>ticul>ly applies 9 ! case ( an elegant c>v$ look+-glass frame4 ,! ri*ly ornam5t$ frames1 w9d[-cornices1 m\ld+s1 c41 :i* =m a great "p ( ! "w ( ! gild]1 are 9 g5]al n c>v$ 9 wood1 b are ca/ 9 m\lds1 & are made ( a t\gh & durable composition =m$ pr9cipally ( glue & :it+4 ,! ornam5ts1 :5 ca/1 are fix$ on wood frame-"w or f\ndation1 & 9 t /ate pass into ! h&s ( ! gild]4 ,8 mode ( treat+ !m is some:at diff]5t f t requir$ by a /raight pla9 piece ( m\ld+3--! mat]ial itself does n require s _m lay]s ( :it+ & size z ^? articles :i* are made :olly ( wood2 & ! difficulty ( smoo?+ intricate & ornam5tal surfaces r5d]s _m precautions necess>y4 ,sometimes ! cornice ( a room1 or a portion ( x1 & also ! c5tral ornam5t ( ! ceil+1 are gilt4 ,?is is g5]ally done 9 oil gold2 & z ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are made1 viz41 pla/] ( ,p>is1 v mu* resembles :it+1 sc>cely any ( ! la/-m5tion$ sub/ance is requir$ to be appli$ by ! gild]4 ,we may "h /ate1 9 connexion ) :at has be5 said ab\t gilt m\ld+s = rooms1 t ! pap]-hang] fixes !m to ! wall by means ( brok5 ne$les1 or headless brittle ne$les made = ! purpose4 ,! pieces ( m\ld+ are cut to ! requir$ l5g?1 & mitr$1 s z to jo9 accurately at ! corn]2 aft] :i* !y are fa/5$ to ! wall by driv+ 9 "s ( ! ne$les at di/ances ( two or ?ree feet4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,a ,,model ,,dwell+-,,h\se4 ,! late ,sir ,john ,robison's ,h\se at ,ed9burgh4 ,! v>i\s contrivances = r5d]+ a dwell+-h\se complete 9 all t respects ! com=t ( ! inmates1 c\ld n p]haps be bett] illu/rat$ ?an by tak+ "s actual in/ance1 & %[+ :at has really be5 effect$4 ,! late ,sir ,john ,robison1 an enlight5$ man ( sci5ce at ,ed9burgh1 erect$ a h\se 9 ! nor?-we/ "p ( t city1 & fitt$ x up ) a c>e :i* has be5 r>ely obs]v$ 9 o!r places4 ,s mu* has ?is h\se be5 reg>d$ z a model1 t a full description ( x has be5 giv5 9 ! ,supplem5t to ,,l\don',s ,encyclopdia ( ,cottage & ,villa ,ar*itecture2 & we propose to give an ab/ract ( su* portions ( ?is description z c be und]/ood )\t ! aid ( elaborate draw+s4 ,! di/ribution ( ! int]nal space ( ! h\se is s manag$1 t1 ) ! exception ( two p>titions 9 ! fir/ *amb]-floor1 :i* cross ! floors )\t re/+ on !m1 all ! int]nal walls rea* f ! f\ndation to ! ro(4 ,! two p>titions "h m5tion$ are ( /one1 & are support$ on ca/-iron beams isolat$ f ! floors1 ! joi/s ( :i* are support$ by wood5 beams plac$ alongside1 b n connect$ ) ! iron beam4 ,! movem5ts ( ! floor+1 !re=e1 are n communicat$ to ! p>titions1 & d n consequ5tly affect !m by vibration4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! rooms1 /aircases1 & passages1 has especial ref]5ce to ! v5tilation ( ! :ole h\se4 ,:ile ! mass ( air 9 ! rooms & passages is con/antly und]go+ r5ewal by ! escape ( ! vitiat$ air above1 & ! admission ( l>ge supplies ( fre% air f bel[1 no curr5ts are p]ceiv$ 9 ! ap>tm5ts1 :i*1 ev5 :5 cr[d$ ) company1 & amply light$1 pres]ve a rem>kable degree ( fre%ness4 ,cyl9drical flues ( e>!nw>e1 n9e in*es 9 diamet]1 are built into ! gables1 9 close proximity to ! smoke flues ( ea* room2 & ! l[] ends ( ^! v5tilat+ flues op5 into ! spaces betwe5 ! ceil+s ( ! respective rooms & ! floors ( ^? above !m2 & !re is "o or m ( ^! exit air-flues 9 ea* room1 accord+ to its size & use4 ,! heat$ & vitiat$ vap\rs pass upw>ds ?r\gh ! ceil+ by a cont9u\s op5+ ( ab\t "o in* & a half wide 7beh9d "o ( ! fillets ( ! cornice7 all r\nd ea* room2 & hav+ ?us pass$ into ! space betwe5 ! ceil+ & ! floor imm$iately above1 !y asc5d by ! flues 9 ! wall1 & are dis*>g$ by !m into ! vacant space betwe5 ! ceil+s ( ! attics & ! ro(1 f :5ce !y f9d _! way ?r\gh ! slates to ! op5 air4 ,! passage = ! air ?r\gh ! cornice is n visible f ! floor ( any ( ! rooms1 an ornam5tal m\ld+ be+ s arrang$ z to conceal x4 ,! air flues are made to t]m9ate above ! ceil+s ( ! attics1 & bel[ ! ro( ( ! h\se1 r ?an at ! *imney heads1 9 ord] to prev5t ! possibility ( smoke be+ ov] br\ght d[n by rev]se curr5ts2 & an advantage is likewise ga9$ 9 protect+ ! attic /ory f ! cold :i* w\ld o!rwise be communicat$ f ! ro( dur+ w9t]4 ,! cont9u$ supply ( fre% air to ! l[] "p ( ! h\se1 to replace t :i* is c>ri$ (f by ! v5tilators & by ! *imneys1 is br\ght 9 f ! g>d5 beh9d ! h\se by a passage1 ! sectional area ( :i* is eight squ>e feet4 ,! cold air admitt$ by ?is passage 7or by ano!r simil> "o f ! front ( ! h\se7 is made to pass ov] a /ove 9 a l[] *amb] hav+ a surface ( ne>ly n9ety squ>e feet1 s t a temp]ature ( f #fd to #gj ,fahr41 c ?us be imp>t$ to ! air4 ,9 v cold wea!r1 #gj is occasionally giv5 to comp5sate ! cool+ effect ( ! walls & glass w9d[s1 s z to pres]ve an equable temp]ature ( #fj ?r\gh\t ! h\se2 b ! usual temp]ature ( ! air issu+ f ! /ove is z l[ z #fd4 ,! :ole ( ?is air is dis*>g$ into ! well ( ! /aircase1 :i* =ms a res]voir f :5ce ! rooms draw ! quantity requir$ to ma9ta9 ! upw>d curr5ts 9 ! *imneys & 9 ! v5tilat+ flues4 ,! air 9 ! /aircase f9ds its way into ! ap>tm5ts by mask$ passages1 ( f\r or five in*es wide1 & f\r feet long1 ov] ! doors1 & by op5+s an in* 9 wid? left "u ea* door4 ,! sectional areas ( ^! passages are m ?an equal to ! areas ( ! *imney & v5tilat+ flues2 !re is1 !re=e1 no r>efaction ( ! air )9 ! rooms1 nor any t5d5cy ( ! ext]nal air to ent] at *9ks ( w9d[s or o!r irregul> ap]tures4 ,! c\rse ( ! air1 f ! great ap]ture ov] ! /ove1 ?r\gh ! /aircases1 ov] & "u ! doors1 into ! rooms1 !nce ?r\gh ! ceil+s1 & upw>ds by ! escape flues1 =ms a cont9u\s s]ies1 9 :i* all ! air = all ! rooms comes f "o c5tral po9t1 & is rais$ at t c5tre to ! precise temp]ature requir$4 ,! quantity ( escape is regulat$ by h&1 by means ( ?rottle-valves at ! m\? ( ea* escape flue2 h5ce1 by op5+ or %utt+ ea* ?rottle-valve1 ! rate ( ! v5tilat+ curr5t is augm5t$ or dim9i%$4 ,! kit*5 is v5tilat$ on ! same pr9ciple z ! upp] rooms4 ,"o flue proce$s f ! ceil+ ov] ! fire-place1 & ano!r f ov] a gas-cook+ app>atus4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is built 9 ! gable1 close to ! smoke flue2 & ! second passes up ne> ! back ( ! wat] ci/]n1 s t ! con/ant asc5t ( ! w>m$ air may by its vic9ity prev5t ! wat] 9 ! ci/]n f freez+ 9 ! w9t]4 ,! h\se is light$ by gas 9 e "p2 b no (f5sive vap\r or inconv5i5ce ( any k9d appe>s ev] to be felt f x4 ,! di/ribution pipes are ( great] diamet] ?an are g5]ally employ$1 & ! pressure or curr5t is !reby s equaliz$1 t no s9k+s or flutt]+s ( ! flame are caus$ by ! op5+ & %utt+ ( doors4 ,! =ms & proportions ( ! ,arg& burn]s & glass *imneys are also s arrang$ z to effect ne>ly a maximum developm5t ( light 7( an agreeable hue7 f ! gas1 & to prev5t any dis5gagem5t ( sooty vap\r2 & ! :ite & gold ceil+s ( ! draw+-room are said to atte/ ! complete success ) :i* ?is latt] object has be5 atta9$4 ,! mirrors ov] ! *imney-pieces h /atu>y m>ble frames1 & ea* *imney-piece has two gas lights4 ,b ! use ( gas 9 ! kit*5 is p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,"h !re is a gas-cook+ app>atus4 ,9 ! application ( gas = cook+1 ! arrangem5ts are g5]ally z foll[3--,a metallic r+1 pi]c$ on its upp] side ) a great numb] ( holes ( v small size1 is atta*$ to ! pipe communicat+ ) ! gas ma91 & is plac$ )9 a d\ble drum or cyl9d] ( iron1 rais$ an in* or two f ! floor on %ort legs4 ,?is d\ble cyl9d] is s con/ruct$ z to leave a space betwe5 ! inn] & ! out] cyl9d] ( ab\t two in*es2 & 9 ?is space ne> to ! bottom1 ! pi]c$ r+ is fix$4 ,a /op-cock 9 ! pipe connect+ ! pi]c$ r+ ) ! gas ma9 %uts (f ! supply ( gas :5 ! /ove is n 9 use4 ,on op5+ ! cock1 & apply+ ! gas to ! pi]c$ r+1 a brilliant r+ ( flame is imm$iately produc$1 :i* soon heats bo? cyl9d]s4 ,! air )9 ! inn] cyl9d] asc5ds into ! room1 :i* x helps to w>m2 ! out] surface ( ! out] cyl9d] also p]=ms a simil> s]vice2 :ile ! space betwe5 ! two cyl9d]s conta9s ! products ( combu/ion1 :i* are all[$ to escape into ! room1 if ! heat+ p[] ( ! :ole is requir$2 b :i* are c>ri$ (f by an inclos$ *annel1 if x be wi%$ to protect ! air ( ! room f delet]i\s mixture4 ,9 ?is h\se1 ! gas-cook+ /oves are eight 9 numb]1 ! m\? ( ea* be+ f\r in*es 9 diamet]1 a size :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be ! mo/ useful4 ,! kit*5 fire-place is no l>g] ?an is requisite = roa/+2 all ! o!r processes be+ p]=m$ ei!r 9 ! ov51 ! /eam+ vessels1 or at ! gas /oves4 ,^! /oves are plac$ 9 ! bay ( a l>ge w9d[1 ?us giv+ ! cook ! advantage ( a good light above ! level ( ! pans4 ,a close boil] at ! back ( ! grate af=ds /eam = ! cook+ ut5sils & = a hot closet2 x also conta9s a coil ( iron tub+1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ( a ba?1 plac$ 9 a dress+-room on ! *amb] floor1 is made to circulate :5 a hot ba? is want$4 ,! flues = c>ry+ (f heat$ vap\rs1 c41 are ( two k9ds4 ,x has already be5 /at$1 t ! vitiat$ air ( ! rooms is convoy$ by ap]tures j bel[ ! ceil+ into pipes :i* f9d an exit at ! top ( ! h\se4 ,^! flues are made ( cyl9d]s ( r$ e>!nw>e1 eight or n9e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,^? by :i* ! smoke ( ! fires is c>ri$ away1 are cyl9d]s ( fire-brick clay1 f two to ?ree in*es ?ick1 & f sev5 to t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 ea* fire-place1 :]e ! ?roat ( ! *imney is contract$ ov] ! grate1 !re is a valve made ( roll$ iron plate1 :i* fits into a ca/-iron seat fix$ 9 ! brick-"w2 :5 ?is valve is 9 its seat1 nei!r soot nor smoke c pass2 & :5 x is ?r[n back1 ! passage to ! flue is unob/ruct$4 ,aft] describ+ ! mortise locks = ! doors1 & ! arrangem5ts ( "s ,fr5* w9d[s = op5+ into a balcony1 bo? ( :i* exhibit +5i\s & novel features1 ,mr4 ,l\don quotes a lett] f ,mr4 ,hay1 ( ,ed9burgh1 ! au?or ( a ,treatise on ,h>moni\s ,col\r+1 & :o sup]9t5d$ ! int]ior decorations ( ! h\se4 ,! draw+-rooms are fir/ spok5 ( ?us3--,! walls h be5 prep>$ ) sev]al coats ( :ite lead1 gra9$ to imitate morocco lea!r2 on ?is a patt]n ( gild$ rosettes has be5 laid1 & ! :ole v>ni%$ ) copal4 ,ano!r patt]n has !n be5 sup]add$ 9 flat :ite1 s t ! :ole has be5 comp>$ 9 appe>ance to a lace-dress ov] sat9 & spangles4 ,mr4 ,hay says3 8,!re is no?+ v mu* out ( my usual practice 9 ! pa9t+ done 9 ,sir ,john ,robison's h\se 9 ,r&olph ,cresc5t1 except ! walls ( ! draw+-rooms & /aircase4 ,! b$-rooms 7 done 9 ! usual way2 namely1 ceil+s siz$ on two coats ( oil pa9t2 walls pap]$ ) a :ite emboss$ sat9-gr\nd pap]1 ) small br[n sprigs2 & ! wood-"w pa9t$ :ite1 & f9i%$ ) copal v>ni%4 ,! d9+-room & ,sir ,john's own room 7 bo? done 9 imitation ( wa9scot1 ) :ite ceil+s1 v>ni%$4 ,! /aircase ceil+s & cornices pa9t$ :ite & flatt$2 & ! walls & wood-"w pa9t$ also :ite1 & v>ni%$ ) copal4 ,! draw+-rooms & ante-rooms 7 all pa9t$ :ite2 ! ceil+s & cornices1 z well z ! wood-"w1 be+ f9i%$ flat1 & height5$ ) gild+4 ,! walls are1 z ,i h already said1 r peculi> 9 _! /yle ( pa9t+4 ,! gr\nd "w is r5d]$ regul>ly unev5 by be+ granulat$--by work+ x ov] ) ! po9t ( a dry bru%1 imm$iately apply+ ! two la/ coats ( pa9t4 ,?is is p>tly v>ni%$ & p>tly flat1 ! flat p>ts =m+ l>ge rosettes4 ,betwe5 ^! rosettes are small] ones1 gild$1 n 9 ! base-metal us$ ^u pap]-hang+s1 b 9 /]l+ gold leaf4 ,?is /yle ( decorative pa9t+1 f ! great body ( pa9t employ$ 9 produc+ ! granulat$ surface1 ! copal v>ni%1 & ! gold leaf1 mu/ be ( ! mo/ durable description4 ,i may "h m5tion1 t dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 ,i h pa9t$ a v great numb] ( draw+-rooms 9 v>i\s /yles1 "s ) ri* bord]s1 o!rs 9 my pat5t imitation ( damask1 & a few 9 /yles simil> to t employ$ ^u ,sir ,j4 ,robison's2 & h pap]$ v few4 ,i feel v sure1 t z ! advantages ( pa9t+ ov] pap]+1 especially 9 ! public rooms ( a mansion1 become g5]ally kn[n1 ! latt] /yle ( decoration w be entirely giv5 up4 ,z to ! col\r+ ( ceil+s1 t mu/ be left 9 a great measure to ! ta/e ( ! proprietor2 z "s l pure :ite1 o!rs delicate t9ts1 & a few g ! l5g? ( ! mo/ int5se col\rs1 or poly*rome4 ,) ?is la/ class ,i myself agree2 b ,i am at ! same "t aw>e1 t if ?is be n done ) ! mo/ /rict att5tion to ! laws ( h>moni\s col\r+1 ! effect mu/ be bad2 x w\ld be l a p]son unacqua9t$ ) ! sci5ce ( music1 runn+ 8 f+]s at r&om ov] ! keys ( a p[]ful organ4 ,9 ! "o case1 :ite1 or a light t9t1 is bett] ?an col\rs2 & 9 ! o!r1 sil5ce bett] ?an su* an attempt at music40 ,a ,beau-ideal ,engli% ,villa4 ,! "w f :i* ! above has be5 d]iv$1 viz41 ,,l\don',s ,encyclopdia ( ,cottage1 ,f>m1 & ,villa ,ar*itecture1 conta9s a *apt] contribut$ by an anonym\s writ]1 b devot$ to a s+ul> & int]e/+ subject4 ,! object is to lay d[n rules = ! con/ruction & furni%+ ( a villa :i* %\ld be ! beau-ideal--! /&>d ( excell5ce--( ?is class ( dwell+-h\se4 ,he describes ! *>act]i/ics ( ! old ,engli% c\ntry-h\se2 &1 tak+ t z 8 model1 %[s h[ mod]n improvem5ts may be br\ght to be> on ! g5]al arrangem5ts ( ! build+4 ,! description is too long to be giv5 "h 9 full1 ev5 if x 7 "r s to d2 b we w cond5se into a few p>agraphs ^? details :i* relate to ! con/ruction & fitt+s ( ! h\se1 omitt+ all ^? matt]s :i* relate only to furniture4 ,! resid5ce "h describ$1 or r imag9$1 is ! c\ntry h\se ( an ,engli% g5tleman ( ample means1 b p>tak+ mu* m ( ! manorial ?an ( ! palatial "*4 ,! t]m villa is n p]haps s fix$ 9 mean+ z to convey to e "o ! same idea ( ! k9d ( build+ allud$ to4 ,! ^w 0 orig9ally us$ by ! ,romans to d5ote a f>m-h\se1 ) ! (fices requisite = ! accommodation ( a husb&man4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 luxury increas$1 ! t]m villa 0 appli$ to ! c\ntry resid5ce ( an opul5t ,roman citiz54 ,x is 9 a some:at simil> /yle t ! ^w is "h to be us$4 ,! villa be+ a place ( agreeable retirem5t1 b n "o ( seclusion f ! _w1 x %\ld be situat$ )9 rea* ( a public road1 at an easy di/ance f ! metropolis4 8,i %\ld pref] a situation remov$ ab\t a mile f ! great public road1 & ab\t n9ety miles or a day's j\rney f ! metropolis4 ,"h ,i w\ld inclose a p>k ( #ajj or #aej acres2 b\nd$ on ! nor? & we/ sides by l(ty wood$ hills2 on ano!r side by a road2 & else:]e by ! inclos$ c\ntry ( ! di/rict2 ! surface ( ! p>k v>i$1 b g5tly incl9+ to ! s\?1 ) a rapid /ream ( wat] pass+ ?r\gh x at no great di/ance f ! site ( ! h\se40 ,a villa 7! writ] proce$s to say7 %\ld always =m "p ( a village1 & be plac$ if possible on r high] gr\nd4 ,! old ,engli% /yle ( ar*itecture is pref]r$2 z be+ m picturesque & ornam5tal2 z accord+ be/ ) rural sc5]y2 z1 by admitt+ great irregul>ity ( =m1 x af=ds space = ! v>i\s (fices & conv5i5ces necess>y 9 a c\ntry h\se2 & z be+ bett] suit$ to our climate ?an ! ,grecian /yle1 :i*1 by requir+ porticoes1 project+ cornices1 & w9d[s ( r small size1 t5ds to int]cept ! light & make ! h\se gloomy4 ,! old /yle also all[s m v>iety ( ornam5t ^u ! ro(1 su* z ! /acks ( *imneys1 gables1 p9nacles1 turrets1 & o!r app5dages to ! g5]al effect ( a build+ :5 se5 at a di/ance2 :]eas 9 ! ,grecian /yle1 :i* requires p]fect symmetry ( =m1 & ! preval5ce ( /raight l9es1 ^! arrangem5ts c\ld n be admissible4 ,= ^! reasons an old ,engli% or 8,elizabe?an0 h\se is select$4 ,! front ( ! h\se w\ld pres5t a c5tre & two project+ w+s4 ,! c5tre w\ld conta9 ! hall & d9+-room1 ) a gall]y & /aircase beh9d !m4 ,"o w+ w\ld be occupi$ by ! draw+-room & libr>y1 ) ! saloon betwe5 !m4 ,! o!r w+ might conta9 a sitt+-room1 & sup]ior (fices = s]vants2 ! inf]ior (fices be+ on ! basem5t1 or 9 a sep>ate build+ 9 ! kit*5-c\rt4 ,! pr9cipal "p %\ld be highly ornam5t$1 & =m a symmetrical :ole4 ,9 ! c5tre w\ld be ! por* ( two /ories1 ) its ri* gable1 small pill>s1 escut*eons1 c42 ! wall on ei!r side 7brok5 into comp>tm5ts by pila/]s1 or h&some buttresses1 & prop] /r+-c\rses7 w\ld conta9 l>ge mullion$ w9d[s2 ! :ole support+ a battlem5t or p>apet1 ) its appropriate ornam5ts4 ,! ends ( ! project+ w9d[s w\ld pres5t ea* a bay w9d[ ( two /ories1 squ>e or semicircul> 9 =m1 ) balu/rade or /one cov]+ above2 ! gables ( ! w+s correspond+ ) t ( ! por*4 ,! high & /eep ro( %\ld be v>i$ by ornam5tal *imneys ( diff]5t patt]ns1 plac$ 9 _! prop] situations2 &1 ris+ above !m1 ! t[]1 conta9+ ! gr& /aircase1 appe>+ at a %ort di/ance beh9d ! por*2 its wav+ cupola ro( t]m9at+ 9 a ri* lant]n1 & support+ a wea!rcock or dw>f spire4 ,aft] giv+ 8 reasons = ?9k+ t a c\ntry resid5ce 9 ! ,elizabe?an /yle %\ld h a k9d ( ri* framework ( c\rts & gateways1 balu/rad$ t]races1 & ar*itectural g>d5s1 ! writ] proce$s to describe ! int]ior ( 8 suppos$ edifice1 beg9n+ ) ! por*4 ,?is %\ld be asc5d$ by a flight ( /one /eps2 x %\ld be floor$ ) /one2 & ! ceil+1 ! door1 & ! door-way1 highly enri*$4 ,! entrance-hall1 :i* succe$s ! por*1 w\ld v>y 9 its "* accord+ to ! size ( ! h\se4 ,9 ! l>ge old ,engli% mansions x 0 =m]ly ! d9+-room & place ( r5dezv\s = ! s]vants & reta9]s2 b 9 a small] h\se1 su* z might be t]m$ a villa1 & especially "u ! alt]$ habits ( ,engli% society1 a small] hall1 & "o m ne>ly resembl+ a m]e entrance1 w\ld be fitt+4 ,an ,engli% hall admits ( mu* picturesque embelli%m5t1 su* z a c>v$ oak ro( or ceil+1 ei!r flat or semicircul>1 enri*$ ) highly-wr\ght bosses or coats ( arms2 a music gall]y across ! end1 support$ by pill>s or a c>v$ scre52 a *imney-piece rea*+ to ! cornice ( ! ro(2 & a c>v$ wa9scot cov]+ half ! height ( ! walls4 ,hav+ ent]$ ! por*-door1 & cross$ ! l[] end ( ! hall1 entrance w\ld be ga9$ to ! gall]y1 a sort ( an 9-door prom5ade1 betwe5 ! hall & ! /aircase2 hav+ "o door lead+ to ! saloon1 ano!r to ! billi>d-room1 & ano!r to ! dome/ic (fices4 8,! /aircase is an important conv5i5ce 9 e h\se2 & x %\ld always be a /rik+ feature 9 a mansion ( any elegance4 ,! t[]1 :i* ,i suppose to conta9 ! /aircase1 w\ld be squ>e1 z high z ! ceil+ ( ! upp] floor1 :]e x w\ld take a sort ( octagon =m2 ! ro( con$1 & end+ 9 a lant]n3 9 ! c5tre ( ! lant]n a boss w\ld support a lamp4 ,9 ! side1 opposite to ! ar* by :i* y ent]1 w\ld be a tall mullion$ w9d[ fill$ ) /a9$ glass4 ,advanc+ a few /eps1 y w\ld rea* ! fir/ flight 9 ! middle ( ! t[]1 & asc5d to ! fir/ l&+-place2 y w\ld f9d a flight ( /airs on ! "r & left lead+ to ! second l&+1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* is ! upp] gall]y door1 imm$iately ov] ! ar* bel[4 ,z ! h\se is to be 9 ! old ,engli% /yle1 ! /airs might be ei!r ( oak or /one2 b ! balu/]s mu/ be ( oak h&somely c>v$1 & r heavy4 ,!y might beg9 at ! foot ( ! /airs ) a ri*ly-c>v$ sort ( p$e/al1 & ! same at ea* corn] z !y asc5d4 ,9 old /aircases !re 0 frequ5tly an animal ( "s sort sculptur$ 9 wood1 support+ ! family arms1 plac$ on ^! p$e/als1 especially at ! foot ( ! /airs2 or ! animal _h a sub/itute 9 a ball or p9e-apple40 ,! *ief ap>tm5ts on ! gr\nd floor are describ$ z be+ ! saloon1 ! draw+-room1 ! libr>y1 ! d9+-room1 & ! /udy4 ,! saloon is g5]ally a sort ( ve/ibule to ! d9+-rooms2 &1 suppos+ x to be su* 9 ?is case1 & ( a p>allelogram =m1 its arrangem5t is ?us sket*$3--,! entrance door is 9 ! c5tre ( ! side next ! gall]y2 9 ! c5tre ( ! end on ! "r h& w\ld be ! draw+-room door1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ! o!r end ! libr>y door4 ,on ! o!r side %\ld be two w9d[s1 ) a glass door betwe5 !m op5+ to ! t]race & g>d54 ,! draw+-room w\ld be l>g] ?an ! saloon4 ,on ent]+ f ! saloon ! opposite end w\ld pres5t a squ>e or circul> bay-w9d[1 comm&+ a view ( ! p>k & ! di/ant c\ntry beyond x4 ,on ! "r side w\ld be ! fire-place1 & on ! opposite side two w9d[s look+ ov] ! t]race4 ,cross+ ! saloon f ! draw+-room we %\ld arrive at ! libr>y4 ,?is w\ld be ab\t ! same size z ! draw+-room1 & w\ld1 l x1 h a bay w9d[ opposite ! entrance1 & two o!r w9d[s opposite ! fire-place4 ,?is room1 x is suppos$1 w\ld be ! family sitt+-room :5 !re is no company 9 ! h\se2 & w\ld be ! =5oon resort ( ! g5tlem5 :5 gue/s are /opp+ at ! h\se2 & h5ce arises a v m9ute & curi\s detail ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! libr>y %\ld be fitt$ up1 9 ord] to answ] ?is d\ble purpose4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 we _c ent] ^u2 b ! foll[+ w give an idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is imag9ative h\se-build] fills up ! rooms ( 8 villa3--8,z to ! small] ornam5ts to be plac$ ar\nd ! room1 !y %\ld be curi\s & int]e/+1 & on no acc\nt frivol\s4 ,h&some silv] ink/&s1 a few curi\s fossils1 or models ( celebrat$ build+s2 all sorts ( writ+-cases & implem5ts1 tap] /&s ( silv]1 boxes ( co9s1 old *9a 9 l>ge j>s1 & any?+ ( ^! k9ds1 ) h&some books1 might decorate ! tables2 &1 z no?+ gives a room a m dismal effect ?an an appe>ance ( idl5ess1 ev]y?+ %\ld be s arrang$1 bo? "h & 9 ! draw+-room1 z if ! p]sons us+ ! rooms _h be5 employ$ 9 "s way or o!r4 ,?is effect w\ld be produc$ by ! daily pap]s1 & "s p]iodical works1 & op5 lett]s receiv$ 9 ! morn+1 on ! pr9cipal tables2 &1 on o!r tables1 "s ( ! blott+-books might be op52 ! ink/&s n ?or\ghly 9 ord]1 ) "s unf9i%$ writ+ & op5 books or portfolios1 w\ld give at lea/ ! appe>ance ( indu/ry4 ,i d n recomm5d su* fooli% tricks1 :i* are1 ,i "k1 (t5 us$ by idle p1 :o h s5se en\gh to feel ! bad ta/e ( indol5ce2 & 9 a s5sible family1 :o sp5t _! "t rationally1 ?is w\ld be1 9 fact1 ! usual /ate ( ! room1 at lea/ dur+ ! morn+40 ,! d9+-room ( ! beau-ideal villa is contigu\s to ! hall1 :5ce entrance is obta9$ by d\ble doors4 ,! walls are cov]$ ) old oak wa9scot4 ,! fire-place %\ld be v l>ge1 rea*+ ne>ly to ! ceil+1 & all ! fitt+s & arrangem5ts ( a massive1 solid1 & h&some k9d4 ,! g5tleman's /udy1 or bus9ess room1 w\ld be a small]1 pla9]1 & m /rictly private room1 on ! same floor1 & us$ = writ+1 read+1 & transact+ bus9ess4 ,hav+ dispos$ ( ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts1 ! writ] proce$s to describe ! rooms on ! next floor above1 occupi$ *iefly z b$-rooms4 ,! gr& /aircase leads up to a second gall]y1 ov] ! l[] "o2 & 9 ?is gall]y are ! doors ( all ! be/ sleep+-rooms4 ,! sitt+ & sleep+ nurs]ies are also on ?is floor2 z is likewise ! gov]ness's sitt+-room1 89 a quiet "p ( ! h\se40 ,! b$-rooms = ! s]vants are on ! upp] floor1 approa*$ by ! back /aircase4 ,!n we desc5d to ! basem5t ( ! h\se1 :]e ! v>i\s s]vants' rooms are situat$4 ,! h\sekeep]'s room %\ld be a spaci\s com=table room1 furni%$ z a respectable p>l\r2 & s situat$ t ! o!r (fices may be ov]look$ by ! h\sekeep]4 ,a door 9 ?is room %\ld op5 into ! /ill-room1 :i* is ! common sitt+-room ( ! "u female s]vants1 & :]e portions ( ! ord9>y op]ations are c>ri$ on4 ,a /ore-closet op5s conv5i5tly into ! /ill-room1 & has conv5i5ces = arrang+ ! /ores & provisions z !y are unpack$4 ,! butl]'s pantry1 be+ ! room 9 :i* ! plate is lodg$1 %\ld be plac$ 9 a "p seclud$ f ! back entrance to ! h\se1 & %\ld h /rong doors & w9d[-%utt]s to prev5t depr$ation4 ,! s]vants' hall w\ld be ne> ! back entrance to ! h\se1 & easy ( access4 ,"h all ! "u s]vants w\ld d9e1 & x w\ld be ! common sitt+-room = ! males4 ,! l>d]s1 if ! h\se 7 l>ge1 w\ld be f\r 9 numb]2 ! wet l>d] = undress$ meat1 ! dry l>d] = cold meat1 ! game l>d]1 & ! pa/ry4 ,! kit*51 z be+ "o ( ! mo/ important rooms 9 a hospitable mansion1 is treat$ ) due importance4 ,! writ] describes ! arrangem5ts 9 ! kit*5 ( a mansion 9 ,w>wick%ire1 z be+ fitt$ to s]ve z a model4 8,! kit*51 scull]y1 l>d]1 c41 =m$ a range ( build+ on "o side ( ! kit*5-c\rt1 sep>ate f ! h\se1 b !re 0 a cov]$ way betwe5 !m4 ,! build+ 0 ( two /ories1 ! kit*5 occupy+ ! c5tre4 ,x 0 a l>ge l(ty room1 ( good proportions1 z high z two /ories ( ! build+4 ,y ent]$ x at "o end1 by l>ge fold+-doors1 f a passage ?r\gh ! build+2 at ! opposite end 0 ! fire-place1 ) ! scre5 be=e x2 on "o side ( :i* 0 ! door to ! scull]y & bakeh\se1 on ! o!r a range ( set copp]s ( diff]5t sizes4 ,on "o side ( ! room 7 two r[s ( w9d[s1 & "u ! l[] r[ a range ( *>coal /oves & hot plates3 ! latt] to keep ?+s w>m4 ,! o!r side _h only ! upp] r[ ( w9d[s1 & aga9/ ! wall 0 a dress]1 above :i* ! copp] cook+ ut5sils1 c41 7 rang$ 9 a v ornam5tal way4 ,a long table 0 9 ! c5tre ( ! room1 & ov] ! door a dial-clock4 ,! ceil+ _h a v h&some cornice1 & a boss 9 ! c5tre1 f :i* hung a brass lamp4 ,opposite ! entrance door ano!r door admitt$ y to a passage1 on "o side ( :i* 7 ! l>d]s1 on ! o!r salt+-rooms1 c42 & at ! end a /aircase l$ to ! cook's ap>tm5t ov]4 ,!re 0 a sort ( turret 9 ! c5tre ( ! ro(1 conta9+ a capital clock1 :i* /ruck ^u ! d9n] bell4 ,! o!r (fices 7 9 ! basem5t ( ! h\se1 & ! kit*5 0 deta*$1 to prev5t ! annoyance ( ! smell ( cook+1 :i* commonly asc5ds f a kit*5 b5ea? ! h\se4 ,i ?\ght ! arrangem5t p>ticul>ly conv5i5t1 & ! kit*5 0 really an elegant ap>tm5t4 ,z1 9 a l>ge e/abli%m5t1 !re is cook+ go+ on ?r\gh ! :ole day1 x is ( importance to ! com=t ( ! family1 to place ! kit*5 9 su* a situation t ! smell ( cook+1 :i* is p>ticul>ly (f5sive1 may n be an annoyance to ! pr9cipal ap>tm5ts4 ,a h\se ) ! kit*5 9 ! basem5t /ory is g5]ally subject to ?is inconv5i5ce1 & x is usually avoid$ by hav+ ! kit*5 & (fices 9 a sep>ate build+ adjo9+ ! h\se40 ,! writ] cont9ues 8 rem>ks & descriptions 9 a simil> mann]1 treat+ ( all ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! build+ 9 succession2 !n ( ! rid+-h\se1 ! /able-y>d1 ! coa*-h\ses1 ! h>ness & saddle rooms1 & ! dog-k5nel2 !n ( ! kit*5 g>d51 ! pleasure g>d51 ! dairy1 ! f>m build+s = a 8g5tleman f>m]20 &1 la/ly1 ( ! village & ! village *ur*1 s f> z reg>ds ! relation betwe5 !m & ! mansion4 ,9 %ort1 ?is writ] seems to h propos$ to himself ?is "q--8,:at are ! excell5cies to be desir$ & atta9$ 9 ! mansion ( an ,engli% c\ntry g5tleman80 & he appe>s to h solv$ x by putt+ toge!r ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( 8 exp]i5ce 9 v>i\s qu>t]s1 & build+ up an ideal mansion !refrom4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,fire-,,pro( ,,h\ses4 ,! attempts :i* h be5 made to r5d] h\ses fire-pro( are s intimately connect$ ) ! con/ruction ( dwell+s1 t x w be prop] to give a few brief details on ! subject4 ,!re are _m difficulties att5d+ ^! attempts2 = s long z wood =ms ! *ief inn] frame-"w ( a h\se1 !re w always be consid]able liability to de/ruction by fire4 ,mo/ ( ! propos$ plans h _h relation to ! coat+ ( ! wood ) "s sub/ance :i* %\ld r5d] x less inflammable1 :ile o!rs h be5 direct$ r to ! rejection ( combu/ible sub/ances f ! li/ ( ^? us$ 9 h\se-build+4 ,s long back z #agge1 ,mr4 ,h>tley made sev]al trials 9 ord] to te/ ! efficacy ( a me?od inv5t$ by him = t purpose4 ,?9 iron plates 7 nail$ to ! top ( ! joi/s2 ! edges ( ! sides & ends be+ lapp$ ov]1 fold$ close1 & hamm]$ toge!r4 ,p>titions1 /airs1 & floors 7 propos$ to be def5d$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! plates 7 s ?9 z n to prev5t ! floor f be+ nail$ on ! joi/s 9 ! same mann] z if ! iron 7 n us$2 & ! plates 7 kept f ru/ by be+ pa9t$ or v>ni%$ ) oil & turp5t9e4 ,mr4 ,h>tley _h a pat5t = ?is inv5tion2 & ,p>liam5t vot$ a sum ( money t[>ds defray+ ! exp5se ( 8 num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 appe> t ! plan 0 p]man5tly adopt$4 ,ab\t ! same p]iod1 ,"l ,mahon1 aft]w>ds ,e>l ,/anhope1 a nobleman possess+ a highly inv5tive tact 9 me*anical matt]s1 br\ght =w>d ano!r me?od hav+ ! same object 9 view4 ,?is me?od 0 ( a ?ree-fold "*1 compris+ "u-floor+1 extra-la?+1 & int]-secur+4 ,! me?od ( "u-floor+ is ei!r s+le or d\ble4 ,9 s+le "u-floor+1 a common /rong la? ( oak or fir1 ab\t "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick1 %\ld be nail$ aga9/ ea* side ( e joi/1 & ( e ma9 timb]1 support+ ! floor :i* is to be secur$4 ,o!r simil> la?s are !n to be nail$ along ! :ole l5g? ( ! joi/s1 ) _! ends butt+ aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,! top ( ea* ( ^! la?s or fillets ought to be at an in* & a half bel[ ! top ( ! joi/s or timb]s aga9/ :i* !y are nail$2 & !y w ?us =m a sort ( small l$ge on ea* side ( all ! joi/s4 ,^! fillets are to be well b$d$ 9 a r\gh pla/] :5 !y are nail$ on1 s t !re may be no int]val betwe5 !m & ! joi/s2 & ! same pla/] ought to be spread ) a tr[el ^u ! tops ( all ! fillets1 & along ! sides ( t "p ( ! joi/s :i* is betwe5 ! top ( ! fillets & ! upp] edge ( ! jo9ts4 ,9 ord] to fill up ! int]vals betwe5 ! joi/s t support ! floor1 %ort pieces ( common la?s1 ^: l5g? is equal to ! wid? ( ^! int]vals1 %\ld be laid 9 ! contr>y direction to ! joi/s1 & close toge!r 9 a r[1 s z to t\* "o ano!r2 _! ends mu/ re/ ^u ! fillets1 & !y ought to be well b$d$ 9 ! r\gh pla/]1 b are n to be fa/5$ ) nails4 ,!y mu/ !n be cov]$ ) "o ?ick coat ( ! r\gh pla/]1 :i* is to be spread ov] !m to ! level ( ! tops ( ! joi/s2 &1 9 a day or two ?is pla/] %\ld be tr[ell$ ov]1 close to ! sides ( ! joi/s1 )\t cov]+ ! tops ( ! joi/s ) x4 ,9 ! me?od ( d\ble-floor+1 ! fillets & %ort pieces ( la?s are appli$ 9 ! same mann] z "h notic$2 b ! coat ( r\gh pla/] ought to be little m ?an half z ?ick z t 9 ! =m] me?od4 ,:il/ ! r\gh pla/] is be+ laid on1 "s m ( ! %ort pieces ( la?s mu/ be laid 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! joi/s ^u ! fir/ coat1 & be dipp$ deep 9 x4 ,!y %\ld be laid z close z possible to ea* o!r1 & 9 ! same direction ) ! fir/ lay] ( %ort la?s4 ,ov] ?is second lay] ( %ort la?s !re mu/ be spread ano!r coat ( r\gh pla/]1 :i* %\ld be tr[ell$ level ) ! tops ( ! joi/s1 )\t ris+ above !m4 ,! r\gh pla/] may be made ( co>se lime & hair2 or1 in/ead ( hair1 hay *opp$ to ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g? may be sub/itut$ ) advantage4 ,"o measure ( common r\gh s&1 two measures ( slak$ lime1 & ?ree measures ( *opp$ hay1 w =m 9 g5]al a v good proportion1 :5 suffici5tly beat5 up toge!r 9 ! mann] ( common mort>4 ,! hay %\ld be put 9 aft] ! two o!r +r$i5ts are well mix$ up toge!r ) wat]4 ,?is pla/] %\ld be made /iff2 & :5 ! floor+ bo>ds are requir$ to be laid d[n v soon1 a f\r? or fif? "p ( quicklime 9 p[d]1 =m$ by dropp+ a small quantity ( wat] on ! lime/one %ortly be=e x is us$1 & well mix$ ) ?is r\gh pla/]1 w cause x to dry quickly4 ,if any cracks appe> 9 ! r\gh pla/] "w ne> ! joi/s1 :5 x is ?or\ghly dry1 !y ought to be clos$ by wa%+ !m ov] ) a bru% wet ) mort> wa%3 ?is wa% may be prep>$ by putt+ two measures ( quicklime & "o ( common s& into a vessel1 & /irr+ ! mixture ) wat] till ! wat] becomes ( ! consi/5ce ( a ?9 jelly4 ,be=e ! floor+ bo>ds are laid1 a small quantity ( v dry common s& %\ld be /rew$ ov] ! pla/] "w1 & /ruck smoo? ) a holl[ rule mov$ 9 ! direction ( ! joi/s1 s t x may lie r\nd+ betwe5 ea* pair ( joi/s4 ,! pla/] "w & s& %\ld be p]fectly dry1 be=e ! bo>ds are laid1 = fe> ( ! dry rot4 ,! me?od ( "u-floor+ may be appli$ to a wood5 /aircase1 b no s& is to be laid ^u ! r\gh pla/] "w4 ,! me?od ( extra-la?+ maybe appli$ to ceil+ joi/s1 to slop+ ro(s1 & to wood5 p>titions4 ,! ?ird me?od1 :i* is t ( int]-secur+1 is v simil> to t ( "u-floor+2 b no s& is aft]w>ds to be laid on4 ,int]-secur+ is applicable to ! p>ts ( a build+ z ! me?od ( extra-la?+4 ,su* is a g5]al outl9e ( ! modes propos$ by ,"l ,mahon = r5d]+ h\ses fire-pro(2 9 :i* x w be se5 t ! safegu>d consi/s 9 ! use ( a non-combu/ible mat]ial1 )1 & among1 & betwe5 ! pieces ( wood =m+ ! frame-"w ( a h\se4 ,! m rec5t attempts to ga9 ! same object by means some:at simil> h be5 v num]\s2 "s ( :i* we may "h notice z examples ( ! :ole4 ,an ,am]ican pat5t 0 grant$ 9 #ahcg to a ,mr4 ,l\is ,pambuf1 = ! inv5tion ( a fire-pro( pa9t4 ,! mode ( prep>+ x is ?us describ$4 ,a quantity ( ! be/ quicklime is select$1 & slack$ ) wat] 9 a cov]$ vessel2 :5 ! slack+ is complete1 wat]1 or skimm$ milk1 or a mixture ( bo?1 is add$ to ! lime1 & mix$ up ) x to ! consi/5ce ( cream4 ,:5 milk is n us$ a solution ( rice pa/e is employ$1 obta9$ by boil+ eight p\nds ( rice to e hundr$ gallons ( pa9t4 ,:5 ! creamy liquor is prep>$1 alum1 pota%1 & common salt are add$1 9 ! proportion ( tw5ty p\nds ( alum1 fifte5 p\nds ( pota%1 & a bu%el ( salt1 to e hundr$ gallons ( ! pa9t4 ,if ! pa9t is to be :ite1 six p\nds ( prep>$ pla/] ( ,p>is & ! same quantity ( f9e :ite clay are add$ to ! above proportions ( ! o!r +r$i5ts4 ,all ^! +r$i5ts be+ m+l$1 ! mixture is /ra9$ ?r\gh a f9e sieve1 & !n gr\nd 9 a col\r-mill4 ,:5 ro(s are to be cov]$1 or :5 crumbl+ brick walls are to be coat$1 f9e :ite s& is mix$ ) ! pa9t1 9 ! proportion ( "o p\nd to t5 gallons ( pa9t2 ?is addition be+ made ) a view to giv+ ! +r$i5ts a b9d+ or petrify+ quality4 ,9 apply+ ?is pa9t1 except 9 v w>m wea!r1 x is prep>$ 9 a hot /ate2 & 9 v cold wea!r precautions are necess>y to prev5t x f freez+4 ,?ree coats ( ?is pa9t are deem$ 9 mo/ cases suffici5t4 ,9 ano!r v>iety ( ?is pa9t oil is ! *ief liquid +r$i5t4 ,to prep>e x =ty gallons ( boil$ l9se$ oil are mix$ ) slack$ lime to ! consi/5ce ( a pa9t2 & to ?is are add$ two p\nds ( alum1 "o p\nd ( pota%1 & eight p\nds ( common salt2 or good wood-a%es may be sub/itut$ = ! pota%4 ,?is pa9t is us$ 9 ! same mann] z o!r pa9t2 & any col\r may be obta9$ by add+ ! usual pigm5ts to ! composition4 ,! prep>ation ( a k9d ( pa9t conta9+ alkalies seems to h be5 a fav\rite measure among inv5tors ( 8fire-pro(0 composition2 = _m ( ! mod]n projects h _h ?is = its basis4 ,b 9 mo/ cases !re h n be5 means = det]m9+ ! degree ( efficacy possess$ by ^! compositions4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 a few ye>s ago trials made ( r an int]e/+ "*1 :i* 7 describ$ 9 ! public j\rnals1 & :i* 7 ( ! foll[+ nature4 ,9 #ahch1 a company 0 =m$ = ! sale & use ( a composition ( ?is k9d1 & an exp]im5t 0 made 9 ! ,clapham ,road to %[ its efficacy4 ,! h\se1 :i* 0 a small "o1 _h be5 built 9 ! usual way1 ) ! int5tion ( be+ fitt$ up 9 ! ord9>y /yle4 ,:ile yet a m]e %ell1 all ! bo>ds1 timb]s1 floors1 ceil+s1 /airs1 & wood-"w g5]ally1 7 coat$ ?ickly ) a greyi% or slate-col\r$ composition1 :i* dri$ to a /ate ( great h>dness4 ,on a p>ticul> day ! upp] floor 0 cov]$ ) %av+s 9 great abundance1 to :i* a numb] ( deal planks 7 subsequ5tly add$4 ,! fir/ floor front room 0 fitt$ up z a *amb]1 ) b$ & furniture1 *airs1 tables1 c41 z ne>ly z possible 9 ! usual /yle4 ,! %av+s & wood on ! upp] floor 7 !n k9dl$1 z 7 also planks & %av+s plac$ on ! floor ( ! furni%$ room4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 t ! two rooms spe$ily exhibit$ a blaze ( light3 ! :ole ( ! furniture 7purposely select$ ( an inexp5sive k9d7 be+ ignit$4 ,! flames bur/ f ! w9d[s2 b al?\gh ! entire cont5ts ( ! room 7 consum$1 ! fire did n communicate to ! floor above1 nor to t b5ea?1 nor ev5 to ! o!r room on ! same floor4 ,sev]al small p>cels ( gunp[d] 7 introduc$ betwe5 ! ceil+ ( ! burn+ room & ! floor ( ! room above x2 b !y did n ignite2 nor 7 ! o!r p>ts ( ! h\se injur$ 9 any mat]ial degree4 ,ano!r trial took place at ! ,:ite ,conduit ,g>d5s2 :]e two close wood5 build+s1 ( ! size & %ape ( s5try boxes1 7 plac$ 9 ! gr\nds4 ,"o ( !m 0 coat$ on ! inside to ! ?ickness ( ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ) ! composition1 & 0 also p>tially cov]$ on ! outside2 :ile ! o!r 0 left 9 ! pla9 wood /ate4 ,a floor+ 0 plac$ at ab\t ! c5tre ( ea* ( ^!1 & ?r\gh ! holes 9 front %av+s 7 put & !n ignit$4 ,! box :i* 0 n coat$ ) ! composition 0 soon 9 flames2 :ile ! fire 9 ! o!r w5t out )\t hav+ _h any effect ^u ! g5]al /ructure4 ,! build+ :i* 0 9 flames 0 !n plac$ contigu\s to ! p>tially-coat$ outside ( ! o!r1 & al?\gh x 0 n mat]ially injur$1 ! ext]ior coat+ peel$ (f 9 "s places1 & ! wood became *>r$2 ! int]ior1 h[ev]1 appe>$ p]fectly un9jur$ by ! flame4 ,if ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts 7 really su* z ! description w\ld seem to imply1 x might excite surprise h[ x happ5s t no practical results h foll[$4 ,b !re are always num]\s reasons :y an exp]im5t1 :i* succe$s "u circum/ances made = ! occasion1 %\ld n be available 9 practice2 & x is probable t "s su* discordance may exi/ "h4 ,p]haps ! mode 9 :i* we may m consi/5tly look = ! practical atta9m5t ( ! object 9 view is by ! adoption ( "s improv$ mode ( build+1 9 :i* ei!r wood is n employ$ at all1 or1 :]e sp>+ly us$1 measures are tak5 to %ield x f ! action ( fire4 ,"o su* me?od is ,leconte's1 describ$ z foll[s4 ,?is plan consi/s 9 ! employm5t ( iron frames to receive concrete matt] = =m+ ! walls4 ,! basem5t /ory ( ! build+ is con/ruct$ accord+ to ! ord9>y me?ods up to "o foot or m above ! gr\nd4 ,on ! basem5t s con/ruct$ is to be erect$ ! pat5t wall1 =m$ ( frames entirely ( ca/-iron1 9 "o or m pieces1 or a comb9ation ( ca/-iron & wr\ght-iron plates4 ,^! frames are to be set "o on ! o!r until ! requir$ height is atta9$1 ! necess>y /ability be+ obta9$ by means ( /eady p9s at ! corn]s ( "o frame fitt+ into holes made 9 ! corn]s ( ! frame :i* is oppos$ to x4 ,suitably-%ap$ frames are employ$ = ! int]nal p>tition walls1 & = doorways1 w9d[-frames1 c4 ,! flues ( ! *imneys are =m$ ( iron or o!r metal pipes1 plac$ 9 ! ?ickness ( ! walls4 ,:5 ! requir$ elevation is obta9$1 a concrete ( any suitable mat]ial is p\r$ into ! fram+1 & fills up ! vacant space1 giv+ firmness & solidity to ! /ructure2 ! concrete be+ made ( gravel & lime4 ,to give /ead9ess1 lead is to be introduc$ betwe5 ! jo9+s ( ! iron-"w4 ,! doors & w9d[-frames are to be fa/5$ to ! walls by any ( ! usual kn[n me?ods4 ,! ma9 beams & cross beams ( floors & ro(s may be ( ca/-iron1 or =m$ ( iron & wood2 or !y maybe =m$ ( "o or m pieces ( plate-iron1 b5t up into an oval =m1 & /raight5$ by an iron or wood5 b> pass+ ?r\gh !m l5g?wise1 ! upp] edges ( ! metal be+ turn$ ov] to increase ! /r5g?4 ,9 ! int]val betwe5 ! beams !re are to be iron rods runn+ 9 v>i\s directions1 & support+ a metallic wire-"w1 :i* =ms ! f\ndation = ! ceil+4 ,simil> wire-"w is to be employ$ 9 lieu ( la?s = pla/] surfaces4 ,all ! iron-"w is to be pa9t$ ov] ) "s suitable composition to prev5t oxidation4 ,a plan = ! same purpose has be5 propos$ by ,mr4 ,v>d5 z foll[s3--8,x appe>s probable t common fir or oak joi/s ) _! l[] edges *amf]$1 & coat$ ov] ) a mixture ( alum1 black lead1 clay1 & lime1 or "s simil> composition1 w\ld 7if closely floor$ above ) e>!nw>e tiles1 b$d$ all r\nd into ! pla/]+1 ! joi/s be+ made air-tight7 resi/ ! action ( flames1 at lea/ = a consid]able "t4 ,fire c\ld n desc5d ?r\gh su* a floor+ s z to communicate ) ! rooms bel[1 till ! tiles us$ 9 x _h become r$-hot2 nei!r c\ld x asc5d until ! til$ floor above gave way1 f ! burn+ ( ! joi/s2 :i*1 if coat$ z propos$1 w\ld n take fire f bel[ till ! til+ ov] !m acquir$ a suffici5t heat to cause ! di/illation ( ! turp5t9e f ! wood4 ,9 g5]al1 !re is n furniture en\gh ( a combu/ible nature 9 any room to d ?is4 ,! batt5+ aga9/ ! out] walls might be ( l>*1 z t wood burns less freely ?an mo/ o!rs2 b if ! walls 7 brick1 or l9$ ) brick1 batt5+ ( any k9d w be unnecess>y4 ,if ?is plan %\ld be ?\ght likely to answ] ! end propos$1 h\ses built 9 ! common mann] might be alt]$ at a mod]ate exp5se1 by tak+ up ! bo>d$ floors1 & sub/itut+ e>!nw>e tiles40 ,ano!r ,plan1 propos$ by ,mr4 ,fro/1 consi/s 9 =m+ ! floors ( rooms ( holl[ e>!nw>e tubes emb$d$ 9 cem5t1 comb9$ s z to =m a sort ( flag-/one1 cov]+ ! :ole floor4 ,^! holl[ tubes are squ>e 9 section1 ab\t an in* & a half on ! side ext]nally1 ) a tubul> space ( an in* & a qu>t] on ! side int]nally2 !y are =m$ ( brick e>?1 prep>$ 9 a sup]ior mann]1 & press$ ?r\gh m\lds by ma*9]y2 & _! l5g? is ab\t two feet4 ,9 =m+ a floor ( ^! tubes1 ! c5t]+1 aft] be+ prep>$ & fix$ 9 ! usual mann]1 is fir/ cov]$ ) a coat+ ( cem5t ( a quality suffici5tly f9e to =m ! ceil+ ( ! ap>tm5t to be floor$ ov]2 & if x is desir$ t !re %\ld be m\ld+s or ornam5ts 9 ?is ceil+ or its cornices1 m\lds = !m c be plac$ 9 ! c5t]+1 s z to =m a "p ( x4 ,"o or two coats ( cem5t hav+ ,i !n be5 laid ov] ! c5t]+1 a /ratum ( ! squ>e tubes laid side by side1 & break+ jo9t1 is next emb$d$ 9 f9e cem5t1 & ! int]/ices betwe5 !m also fill$ 9 ) t mat]ial4 ,"o ?9 coat+ ( cem5t is !n laid ov] ! :ole /ratum2 & 9 a week1 :5 ?is is dry1 ano!r /ratum ( tubes is laid ov] ! fir/ 9 a contr>y direction1 b$d$ & fill$ 9 ) cem5t z be=e1 & f9i%$ by a coat+ ( ! same mat]ial4 ,?is1 :5 dry1 may h a second coat+ to s]ve z ! floor ( an upp] ap>tm5t1 or ! cov]+ ( a ro(1 z ! case might be4 ,mr4 ,l\don gives descriptions ( two me?ods1 ! "o = build+ h\ses 9 g5]al fire-pro(1 & ! o!r = imp>t+ t prop]ty to h\ses already built4 ,he consid]s ! two ma9 po9ts = consid]ation to be1 to h /aircases ( iron or /one1 or bo? comb9$1 & to avoid hav+ any holl[ p>titions or floors4 ,a h\se hav+ a /one or iron /aircase1 & hav+ all ! p>titions ei!r ( f\r-in* brick-"w1 or ( brick nogg+1 9 :atev] way x might be set on fire1 c\ld h>dly be burn$ d[n1 if ord9>y ex]tions 7 made to ext+ui% ! flames4 ,"o ap>tm5t might be set on fire1 b be=e ! flames c\ld spread to ! "o "u or ov] x1 or to a /aircase adjo9+ x1 ! fire might be ext+ui%$4 ,9 a h\se s con/ruct$1 !re w\ld be no piece ( timb] t 0 n 9 close contact ) mort>1 at lea/ on "o side2 & all ! /rong pieces ( timb]1 su* z joi/s1 raft]s1 qu>t]+ 9 p>titions1 c41 w\ld be closely emb$d$ 9 mort> on two sides4 ,:]e ! p>tition c\ld n be made entirely ( brick1 ! int]/ices might be fill$ up ) a mort> prep>$ ( clay ) a small proportion ( lime4 ,! same mat]ial might be fill$ 9 betwe5 ! joi/s1 & :]e x 0 desir$ to r5d] ! ro( fire-pro(1 ! raft]s might be made ( iron1 or ! space betwe5 wood5 raft]s might be fill$ 9 ) ?9 mort>4 ,?is mode ( proce$+ w\ld l5g!n ! "t requir$ = ! dry+ ( a newly-built h\se1 & w\ld also add some:at to ! exp5se2 b x is conceiv$ t ! increas$ safety w\ld m ?an c\nt]balance ^! inconv5i5ces4 ,9 respect to ! means ( giv+ a fire-pro( quality to a h\se already built1 ,mr4 ,l\don rem>ks3--8,all ! int]/ices betwe5 ! floors1 9 ! p>titions1 & 9 ! ro(1 :]e !re 0 a ceil+ =m$ to ! raft]s1 might p]haps be fill$ 9 ) e>?y matt] 9 a /ate ( p[d]4 ,?is p[d] might be clay or loam mix$ ) a small proportion ( ,roman cem5t2 x might be inject$ into ! vacuities1 ?r\gh small orifices1 by "s description ( =c+-pump or bell[s1 :i*1 :ile x =c$ 9 ! p[d]1 w\ld p]mit ! escape ( ! air2 &1 :ile ?is op]ation 0 go+ =w>d /eam might be inject$ at ! same "t1 s z to mix ) ! mort> & be cond5s$ by x2 by :i* means ! :ole mass w\ld be solidifi$ ) a m9imum ( moi/ure4 ,9 %ort1 9 r5d]+ h\ses fire-pro(1 ! next important object to us+ fire-pro( mat]ials1 is t ( hav+ all ! walls & p>titions1 & ev5 ! /eps ( wood5 /aircases1 fill$ 9-) su* mat]ials z w r5d] !m 9 effect solid4 ,on exam9+ into ! causes ( ! rapidity ( ! spread ( ! flames 9 ,london h\ses :5 on fire1 x w almo/ inv>iably be f\nd1 t :atev] may h occasion$ ! fire to break out1 ! rapidity ( its progress has be5 9 proportion to ! great] or less ext5t ( ! la? & pla/] p>titions1 ! holl[ wood5 floors1 & ! wood5 /aircases4 ,7 ! occupi]s ( h\ses suffici5tly aw>e ( ! dang] f la? & pla/] p>titions1 especially :5 inclos+ /aircases1 !y w\ld nev] occupy su* h\ses1 or1 if !y did1 !y w\ld n give su* r5ts = !m1 z !y w\ld = h\ses ) brick-nogg+ p>titions4 ,x appe>s to u to be ! duty ei!r ( ! g5]al or local gov]nm5t or police to see t no h\ses :atev] are built )\t /one or iron /aircases2 & t no p>titions & floors are made holl[2 or1 if !y are1 t ! mat]ials %\ld be iron & tiles1 or slates1 or /ones1 or cem5t1 or o!r e>?y composition40 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,miscellane\s ,,processes4 ,! v>i\s processes & details :i* h occupi$ ! prec$+ *apt]s1 are = ! mo/ "p necess>y to ! production ( e h\se4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m articles ( iron & a few ( brass employ$ 9 ! int]ior & ext]ior fitt+s2 b 7 we to ent] into details respect+ ! iron manufacture1 9 ord] to %[ ! modes ( produc+ ^! articles1 x w\ld be difficult to conf9e ?is volume )9 reasonable limits4 ,a few miscellane\s processes & details may1 h[ev]1 be collect$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! pr9cipal metallic articles employ$ 9 ! con/ruction or p]man5t fitt+s ( a h\se1 are nails & screws2 h+es2 locks & keys2 /oves & grates2 bells1 & ! me*anism = hang+ !m2 iron rail+s & b>s2 brass h&les1 plates1 & o!r decorations2 lat*es & fa/5+s1 c4 ,nails4 ,nails are made ( iron1 ei!r cut by means ( a ma*9e into ! tap]+ =m :i* we call cut brads1 or wr\ght by means ( hamm]s into ! v>i\s =ms ( floor+ nails1 tacks1 c4 ,screws are made by =c+ a piece ( iron wire into a cavity1 ! surface ( :i* is cut into a spiral or screw-l =m2 ?is spiral cuts a simil> spiral on ! surface ( ! iron wire1 :i* !n becomes a screw2 & "o end ( ! wire is hamm]$ or press$ d[n s z to =m ! head ( ! screw4 ,h+es ( ! common] k9ds are made by two flat pieces ( iron1 ) a k9d ( project+ tube at "o edge4 ,^! tubes are p>tially cut away1 s t ! two pieces may lap into ea* o!r2 & a sp9dle or p9 be+ pass$ d[n ?r\gh bo? tubes1 acts z an axis1 on :i* bo? p>ts ( ! h+es turn4 ,! m co/ly h+es require elaborate workman%ip 9 _! con/ruction4 ,locks & ,keys4 ,locks & ,keys =m a curi\s "p ( ! h>dw>e manufacture4 ,! lock is made ( a great _m pieces1 put toge!r ) screws4 ,"o "p ( x is always a moveable lat* or bolt1 :i* is capable1 by tol]able =ce1 ( be+ ?ru/ p>tially out ?r\gh a hole 9 ! side ( ! lock2 & x is ?is bolt :i*1 cat*+ 9 a box or cell fix$ to ! door-po/1 secures ! door to :i* ! lock is atta*$4 ,! object ( ! key is to act z a lev] :i* %all move ! bolt2 & ! great po9t ( att5tion 9 ! matt] is1 t no key or lev] b "o ( a p>ticul> size & %ape %all be able to move ! bolt2 h]e9 is ! security :i* we feel 9 a good lock4 ,wolv]hampton & its neighb\rhood is ! great seat ( ! lock manufacture4 ,/oves & ,grates4 ,/oves & ,grates are made 9 a v>iety ( =ms4 ,_! employm5t is obvi\sly greatly dep5d5t on ! k9d ( fuel employ$4 ,9 ! kit*5s ( ! old b>onial resid5ces1 l>ge logs ( wood 7 ?r[n ^u an imm5se /one or brick he>?1 & !re k9dl$4 ,b :5 coals became commonly us$ 9 ,london & o!r great t[ns ( ,engl&1 ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 ! use ( "s k9d ( /ove or grate began to be felt1 s9ce ! fuel 0 too valuable to be scatt]$ on a wide-spread+ he>?4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t1 "o cont9ual s]ies ( improvem5ts has tak5 place1 hav+ = _! objects1 to add to ! elegance & neatness ( a room1 to facilitate cul9>y occupations1 & to d]ive ! greate/ possible heat f a giv5 quantity ( fuel4 ,x is only )9 a v few ye>s t ! pr9ciples regulat+ ! la/-m5tion$ circum/ance h be5 at all well und]/ood4 ,"s p>ts ( ! metal = a grate or /ove are produc$ by ca/+1 o!rs by =g+1 & o!rs by roll+ or press+2 & !y are put toge!r pr9cipally by rivets4 ,= fur!r details on ?is subject we ref] to our sev5? *apt]4 ,bells4 ,bells are1 g5]ally speak+1 made ( an alloy ( copp] & t91 :i* possesses m resonant qualities ?an mo/ o!rs4 ,!re is also a little ball or clapp] susp5d$ 9 ! bell1 :i*1 by /rik+ aga9/ x1 produces ! same effect z ! hamm] :i* /rikes ! outside ( a *ur* bell4 ,! bell is g5]ally fix$ 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! h\se f ! h&le ) :i* x is rung1 & ! connexion betwe5 !m is made by means ( copp] wire4 ,z ! wire has to turn r\nd _m corn]s & angles1 x is fix$1 at ea* corn] to a crank1 :i* is a k9d ( h+e or lev]1 s contriv$ z to transf] motion 9 a new direction at "r angles to ! =m]4 ,consid]able c>e is requir$ on ! "p ( ! bell-hang]1 to prev5t ! wire f becom+ entangl$ or int]rupt$ 9 its free communication f ! h&le to ! bell4 ,brass ,h&les1 ,ornam5ts1 c4 ,^? are produc$ by turn+1 by ca/+1 by /amp+1 or by draw+4 ,9 ! fir/ mode1 ! article is plac$ 9 a la!1 & turn$ by tools made ( h>d /eel3 9 ! second mode1 melt$ brass is p\r$ into m\lds =m$ g5]ally ( s&1 by :i* any desir$ =m is produc$3 9 ! ?ird mode1 two /amps1 "o call$ a matrass & ! o!r a die1 are cut or m\ld$ to simil> figures2 a piece ( %eet brass is laid on ! matrass or l[] /amp1 ! die or upp] /amp is laid on ! brass1 & a p[]ful bl[1 ei!r f a hamm]1 or f ma*9]y1 =ces ! brass to assume ! =m giv5 to ! two /amps4 ,by ! la/ mode1 a slip ( ?9 brass is =cibly drawn betwe5 two roll]s1 ^: surfaces are ind5t$ ) ! requisite device1 :i* device is !reby impress$ on ! b>s4 ,9 "o or o!r ( ^! ways1 mo/ ( ! brass-"w 9 our h\ses is made4 ,iron rail+s & b>s ( v>i\s k9ds are made ei!r by =g+ or ca/+1 & d n call = fur!r notice "h4 ,pres]vation ( ,timb]4 ,9 our notices ( ! timb] :i* ent]s into ! con/ruction ( a h\se1 no m5tion 0 made ( ! exi/+ me?ods ( prep>+ x s z to resi/ ! action ( dry rot & o!r decompos+ ag5cies4 ,timb] s prep>$ is n 9 v g5]al use 9 h\se-build+1 & h5ce ! notice ( x occupies a m fitt+ place 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,vegetable matt]1 9 common ) all organic sub/ances1 is subject to decomposition & decay1 z soon z life becomes ext9ct2 & al?\gh ! process is comp>atively sl[] 9 its comm5cem5t & progress 9 vegetable ?an 9 animal matt]1 x is n1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! less c]ta94 ,dur+ ! exi/5ce ( a plant1 its v>i\s organs1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! my/]i\s pr9ciple ( life1 p]=m _! respective functions 9 a mann] simil> to t ( :i* we are m readily consci\s 9 ! animal frame4 ,! plant absorbs its food f ! soil & ! surr\nd+ air2 x dige/s t food "u ! influ5ce ( respiration1 & prep>es ri* & nutritive juices :i* circulate ?r\gh\t its :ole vegetable frame1 & deposit mat]ials ( gr[? :]ev] !y are want$2 x %$s its leaves 9 autumn1 und]goes a season ( torpor1 & aga9 becomes active & vigor\s2 ?us x is clad 9 fre% leafy hon\rs 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,all ?is is ! effect1 or r ! result1 ( vitality4 ,! plant dies1 & !n its con/itu5t p>ts gradually ass]t _! individual exi/5ce1 & resume _! orig9al aff9ities4 ,"s pass into ! air2 "s =m new comp\nds2 & o!rs1 :i* dur+ ! life ( ! plant m9i/]$ to its heal?y action1 n[ "w en]getically & de/ructively on ea* o!r2 s t ! orig9al mass gradually decomposes "u ! influ5ce ( v>i\s causes4 ,! fir/ /ep to decay is a process ( f]m5tation1 :i* is m or less rapid 9 proportion z heat & moi/ure are m or less pres5t4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( damp air1 ev5 ! vegetable mass w ( itself supply moi/ure2 =1 accord+ to ,c\nt ,rum=d1 ! be/-season$ timb] reta9s "o-f\r? ( its weight ( wat]4 ,a c]ta9 ext5t ( moi/ure is ess5tial to vegetable f]m5tation2 b a complete saturation appe>s inimical to x4 ,a temp]ature n s l[ z to produce freez+1 nor s high z to produce rapid evaporation1 is also fav\rable to x4 ,! humidity ( ! air 9 %ips1 & 9 h\ses built on clay or 9 moi/ situations1 & ! difficulty ( obta9+ a free circulation ( air1 contribute greatly to ?is f]m5tative process4 ,! *emical con/itution ( ! vegetable k+dom yields to analysis only ?ree or f\r ultimate elem5ts1 viz41 oxyg51 hydrog51 & c>bon1 & sometimes nitrog54 ,! mo/ active ag5t 9 ! process ( decomposition is ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! dead plant1 :e!r su* decomposition proce$ "u ! rapid influ5ce ( f]m5tation1 or be produc$ m sl[ly by ! op]ation ( ! law :i* r5d]s decay ! necess>y consequ5ce ( organization4 ,z soon z ! tree is fell$1 ! oxyg5 beg9s to be lib]at$ & to act ^u ! woody fibre1 comb9+ ) its c>bon1 & produc+ c>bonic acid gas4 ,! t5acity ( ! sev]al p>ts is ?us gradually de/roy$4 ,aft] timb] is fell$1 & dur+ ! process ( season+1 a gradual dim9ution ( /r5g? may be rem>k$4 ,! effect1 h[ev]1 ( season+ is to deprive ! wood ( sup]abundant moi/ure1 & ( ^? vegetable juices :i* w\ld o!rwise induce a rapid decomposition4 ,9 addition to ! natural decay ( timb]1 ! decomposition is (t5 accompani$ by ! app>5tly spontane\s vegetation ( p>asitical fungi1 induc+ a species ( decay to :i* ! t]m 8dry rot0 is appli$1 probably 9 consequ5ce ( ! att5dant ph5om5a2 ! wood be+ conv]t$ into a dry friable mass1 de/itute ( fibr\s t5acity4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! se$s ( ^! fungi exi/ 9 a dormant /ate 9 ! juices ( ! timb]1 & wait only until ! fir/ /ages ( decomposition furni% !m ) a nidus fav\rable to _! gr[?2 or :e!r !y float 9 ! atmosph]e & settle 9 places fav\rable to _! vegetation4 ,x is f\nd1 h[ev]1 t badly-season$ timb] is peculi>ly subject to ?is species ( decay2 & h]eby ! =m] ( ! two suppositions is fav\r$4 ,f ! mom5t :5 timb] is fell$1 ! process ( decay comm5ces1 & al?\gh s sl[ly 9 _m cases t we are n consci\s ( x1 yet !re is a limit to ! exi/5ce ( ! mo/ durable articles ( wood1 h[ev] c>efully pres]v$4 ,dryness1 cleanl9ess1 a free circulation ( air1 or ! entire exclusion ( x1 are among ! be/ *ecks to vegetable decomposition3 :ile damp accumulations1 & a vitiat$ atmosph]e1 rapidly induce x4 ,unseason$ timb] %\ld nev] be us$ 9 c>p5try1 & ! be/-season$ timb] %\ld be us$ only 9 a dry /ate4 ,diseas$ & decay$ portions ( ! wood %\ld be cut out1 toge!r ) ! sap-wood1 :i*1 be+ m s(t & por\s ?an ! sp9e1 is m liable to f]m5tation4 ,! iron fa/5+s us$ ab\t timb] frequ5tly cause its premature decay4 ,iron1 "u ! influ5ce ( moi/ure becomes ru/y1 t is1 oxyg51 ei!r f ! air or f ! wood itself1 unites ) ! metal1 =m+ an oxide1 :i*1 9 its turn acts ^u ! woody fibre1 & gradually de/roys its t5acity4 ,! iron is fur!r subject to attack f ! acid juices ( ! wood2 ?is effect1 h[ev]1 v>ies 9 diff]5t woods4 ,oak conta9s a small] proportion ( oily or res9\s p>ticles ?an _m o!r k9ds ( wood2 &1 9 addition to ! usual vegetable acid common to mo/ woods1 oak conta9s an acid peculi> to itself1 call$ gallic acid4 ,9 teak1 on ! contr>y1 ! quantity ( acid is n only small]1 b ! res9\s p>ticles are v abundant1 & ^! =m a sort ( protect+ cov]+ to ! iron fa/5+s4 ,macono*ie /ates1 on ! au?ority ( ! %ipp+ built 9 ,india & us$ 9 ! ,india trade1 t ! av]age duration ( an iron-fa/5$ teak %ip is ?irty ye>s2 & t x is a misapplication ( exp5se to use copp] fa/5+s ) teak1 z ! additional advantage ga9$ is n at all comm5surate ) ! additional exp5se4 ,b x is diff]5t ) oak2 ! action ( oak on copp] is by no means s de/ructive z on iron1 & ! reaction ( ! metal on ! wood is n s de/ructive4 ,! me?ods :i* h be5 f "t to "t adopt$ = ! pres]vation ( timb] are s num]\s1 t a slight sket* ( !m w\ld probably fill a good-siz$ volume4 ,we w "n a few ( ! mo/ successful1 & t]m9ate ?is notice ) a description ( ! me?od n[ 9 practice4 ,macono*ie recomm5ds all ! iron fa/5+s to be provid$ ) a protect+ pa9t1 & to impregnate ! timb] ) "s oily prep>ation1 :i* he proposes to effect ?us3 ! wood is to be plac$ 9 a /eam-tight *amb]1 & subject$ to ! action ( /eam1 by :i* ! air w be expell$ f ! timb]4 ,!n by cond5s+ ! /eam1 & repeat+ ! process until all ! ela/ic fluids are )drawn f ! wood1 & its juices conv]t$ into vap\r1 ! wood becomes fre$ f !m1 & if plung$ into oil1 & subject$ to atmosph]ic pressure1 all ! int]nal cavities ( ! wood w be fill$ ) oil4 ,9 ?is way1 ,macono*ie _h 9 daily use a /eam-*amb] capable ( conta9+ tw5ty or ?irty planks ( timb] =ty feet long1 9 :i*1 :ile ! planks 7 /eam+1 to r5d] !m flexible1 !y 7 impregnat$ ) teak oil4 ,he says ! oil may easily be procur$ f ! *ips & saw-du/ us$ = ! fuel ( ! /eam-boil]s2 = x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ,malab> teak conta9s su* a quantity ( oleag9\s 7oily7 or t]eb9?9\s 7turp5t9e7 matt]1 t ! *ips f ! timb] & planks ( a %ip built ( x w yield1 by a prop] process1 a suffici5t quantity ( t> = all its own purposes1 includ+ ! rigg+2 & t1 al?\gh oak timb] does n conta9 s mu* ( ^! sub/ances1 ! *ips ( ! fir alone consum$ 9 ! ,royal ,navy1 w\ld be m ?an suffici5t to supply t> to saturate ! oak4 ,!re h be5 _m o!r proposals to saturate timb] ) diff]5t sub/ances2 ! mo/ successful ( :i*1 up to ! process ( ,mr4 ,kyan1 0 t ( ,m4 ,pallas1 ^: plan 0 to saturate ! timb] 9 a solution ( sulphate ( iron1 & !n precipitate ! salt by means ( lime-wat]4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbb1 ,mr4 ,bill produc$ samples ( timb] impregnat$ ?r\gh\t ) a sub/ance resembl+ asphaltum4 ,^! samples 7 subject$ to a trial ( five ye>s 9 ! dry-rot pit at ,woolwi*1 & )/ood ! fungus-rot p]fectly4 ,sir ,john ,b>r[ recomm5ds kreosote1 :i* he says1 89 a vapor\s =m1 p5etrates e "p ( ! l>ge/ logs1 & r5d]s ! wood almo/ z h>d z iron--s h>d z n easily to be work$40 ,mr4 ,kyan's plan1 n[ s univ]sally adopt$1 is to soak ! timb] 9 a solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury1 commonly call$ corrosive sublimate4 8,aw>e ( ! e/abli%$ aff9ity ( corrosive sublimate = album51 ,mr4 ,kyan appli$ t sub/ance to solutions ( vegetable matt]1 bo? acet\s & sac*>9e1 on :i* he 0 !n op]at+1 & 9 :i* album5 0 a con/itu5t1 ) a view to pres]ve !m 9 a quiesc5t & incorruptible /ate2 & obta9+ a confirmation ( 8 op9ions by ! fact1 t dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 ! acet\s solution1 op5ly expos$ to atmosph]ic air1 _h n become putrid1 nor _h ! sac*>9e decoction yield$ to ! v9\s or acet\s /ages ( f]m5tation1 b 7 9 a high /ate ( pres]vation1 he conclud$ t corrosive sublimate1 by comb9ation ) album51 0 a protection aga9/ ! natural *anges ( vegetable matt]4 ,he conceiv$1 !re=e1 if album5 made a "p ( wood1 ! latt] w\ld be protect$ by conv]t+ t album5 into a comp\nd ( proto*loride ( m]cury & album52 & he proce$$ to imm]se pieces ( wood 9 ?is solution1 & obta9$ ! same result z t :i* he _h asc]ta9$ ) reg>d to ! vegetable decoctions40--,,birkbeck4 ,x hav+ be5 f\nd t ! precipitate caus$ by ! ,kyanization 0 soluble 9 salt wat]1 ,sir ,william ,burnett has lately sub/itut$ *loride ( z9c = corrosive sublimate1 & ! result+ comp\nd :i* ?is =ms ) ! album9\s portion ( ! wood1 effectually resi/s ! action ( salt wat]4 ,soluble ,glass4 ,a rem>kable me?od ( pres]v+ wood-"w1 & r5d]+ x fire-pro(1 0 inv5t$ "s ye>s ago by ,m4 ,fu*s1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 discov]y ( a k9d ( glass :i* c\ld be prep>$ & kept 9 a liquid /ate1 & h>d5$ only on be+ expos$ 9 a ?9 lay] to ! air4 ,soluble glass is a union ( silica & an alkali1 :i* has1 9 addition to "s ( ! prop]ties ( common glass1 ! prop]ty ( dissolv+ 9 boil+ wat]4 ,! prep>ation ( soluble glass does n greatly diff] 9 its e>ly /ages f t ( common glass1 an acc\nt ( ! manufacture ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! eigh? *apt]4 ,:5 s& & c>bonate ( pota% are heat$ toge!r1 ! c>bonic acid is n entirely driv5 (f1 unless ! s& be 9 excess1 b ! :ole ( ! gas may be expell$ by ! addition ( p[d]$ *>coal to ! mixture4 ,c>bonate ( pota% & pure s& be+ tak5 9 ! proportion ( two to ?ree1 f\r p>ts ( *>coal are add$ to e t5 p>ts ( pota% & fifte5 ( s&4 ,! *>coal accel]ates ! fusion ( ! glass1 & sep>ates f x all ! c>bonic acid1 a small quantity ( :i* w\ld o!rwise rema91 & ex]t an injuri\s effect4 ,9 o!r respects ! same precautions t are employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( common glass are to be obs]v$4 ,! mat]ials mu/ fir/ be well mix$1 !n fritt$1 & f9ally melt$ at a high heat1 until a liquid & homog5e\s mass be obta9$4 ,?is is remov$ by means ( an iron ladle1 & ! glass pot fill$ ) fre% frit4 ,! crude glass ?us obta9$ is usually full ( bubbles3 x is z h>d z common glass3 x is ( a blacki% gray1 & m or less transp>5t at ! edges4 ,sometimes x has a :iti% col\r1 & at o!rs is yell[i% or r$di%1 indicat+ !reby t ! quantity ( *>coal has be5 too small4 ,expos$ to ! air = sev]al weeks1 x und]goes slight *anges1 :i* t5d r to improve ?an injure its qualities4 ,x attracts a little moi/ure f ! air1 :i* sl[ly p5etrates its mass )\t *ang+ its aggregation or appe>ance1 except t x cracks1 & a slight effloresc5ce appe>s at its surface4 ,if aft] ?is x be expos$ to heat1 x swells up1 ow+ to ! escape ( ! moi/ure x has absorb$4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ! glass = solution 9 wat] x mu/ be r$uc$ to p[d] by /amp]s4 ,"o "p ( ! glass requires f f\r to five ( wat] = its solution4 ,! wat] is fir/ boil$ 9 an op5 vessel1 ! p[d]$ glass is add$ gradually1 & is cont9ually /irr$1 to prev5t its adhesion to ! vessel4 ,! boil+ mu/ be cont9u$ = ?ree or f\r h\rs1 until no m glass is dissolv$4 ,if ! boil+ be *eck$ be=e ! liquor has ?us atta9$ ! prop] degree ( conc5tration1 c>bonic acid w be absorb$ by ! pota% f ! air1 & produce an injuri\s effect4 ,:5 ! solution has acquir$ ! consi/5ce ( syrup1 & a d5sity ( #abd1 x is fit = use4 ,x is !n all[$ to repose1 9 ord] t ! insoluble p>ts may be deposit$3 :ile x is cool+ a film =ms on ! surface1 :i* aft] "s "t disappe>s1 or may be dissolv$ by depress+ x 9 ! liquor4 ,soluble glass be+ employ$ only 9 ! liquid /ate1 x is pres]v$ = use 9 solution4 ,no p>ticul> c>e is necess>y to pres]ve ! liquid1 z1 ev5 aft] a long space ( "t1 x und]goes no p]ceptible *ange1 if ! solution h be5 prop]ly prep>$4 ,! only precaution is n to all[ too free an access ( air to x4 ,soluble glass may be prep>$ by us+ c>bonate ( soda1 in/ead ( t ( pota%4 ,?is glass has ! same prop]ties z ! o!r1 b is m valuable 9 its applications4 ,! solutions ( ^! two k9ds ( glass may be mix$ 9 any proportion1 & ! mixture is sometimes m useful ?an ei!r ( ! solutions sep>ately4 ,! solution ( soluble glass is viscid1 & :5 conc5trat$ becomes turbid or opalesc5t4 ,! solution unites ) wat] 9 all proportions4 ,at a d5sity ( #abh x conta9s ne>ly #bh p] c5t4 ( glass1 & if ! conc5tration be c>ri$ beyond ?is po9t1 x becomes s viscid t x may be drawn out 9 ?reads l molt5 glass4 ,:5 ! solution is appli$ to o!r bodies1 x dries rapidly 9 ! air1 & =ms a coat l a v>ni%2 a prop]ty :i* leads u to notice "s ( ! num]\s & v>i$ applications ( ?is curi\s prep>ation4 ,x is well kn[n t all sorts ( vegetable matt]1 su* z wood1 cotton1 hemp1 l951 pap]1 c41 are combu/ible1 b 9 ord] to burn !m1 two conditions are necess>y1--an elevat$ temp]ature1 & free access ( air to supply ! oxyg5 necess>y to _! conv]sion into wat] & c>bonic acid4 ,:5 once inflam$ _! own combu/ion supplies ! heat necess>y to ! *emical action1 provid$ !y be 9 contact ) ! air4 ,if depriv$ ( su* contact1 & made r$-hot1 !y w yield inflammable volatile products1 b ! residual c>bon w n burn1 because depriv$ ( air2 & ?us ! combu/ion w cease ( itself4 ,su* is ! prop]ty ( all ! fix$ fusible salts1 if !y be compos$ ( sub/ances incapable ( yield+ _! oxyg5 at a l[ r$ heat1 ei!r to c>bon or hydrog54 ,su* salts melt z ! vegetable matt] becomes heal$3 !y =m ^u x a coat+ imp]meable by air1 & ei!r prev5t or limit ! combu/ion4 ,! phosphate & borate ( ammonia h su* a "*1 b !y are s readily soluble 9 cold wat] z to be liable to objections :i* are n f\nd 9 soluble glass4 ,?is la/-nam$ sub/ance =ms a solid & durable coat+1 :i* suff]s no *ange by exposure to ! air 7s9ce soluble glass possesses ! valuable prop]ly ( be+ almo/ entirely unaffect$ by cold wat]73 x does n involve any great exp5se1 & is easy ( application4 ,b 9 ord] t x may n fail1 p>ticul> c>e mu/ be tak51 bo? 9 prep>+ & employ+ x4 ,to cov] wood & o!r bodies ) x ! solution mu/ be made ( a pure glass1 o!rwise x w\ld effloresce & fall (f4 ,b /ill a slight degree ( impurity is n injuri\s1 al?\gh aft] a few days a slight effloresc5ce w appe>3 ?is may be wa%$ (f by wat]1 & w n occur a second "t4 ,:5 a durable coat+ is to be appli$ to wood1 ! fir/ solution mu/ n be too /rong1 = if x be x w n be absorb$3 x w n displace ! air f ! pores1 & consequ5tly w n adh]e /rongly4 ,a m conc5trat$ solution may be employ$ = ! aft]-coats1 b ea* coat mu/ be dry be=e ano!r is appli$1 & ! dry+1 9 ! mo/ fav\rable wea!r1 w occupy at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:5 ! glass is made ) pota% ! coat+ is liable to crack3 ?is defect does n apply to glass made ) soda4 ,al?\gh soluble glass is ( itself a good pres]vative f fire1 yet x fulfils ! object bett] :5 mix$ ) incombu/ible p[d]s1 su* z ^? procur$ f clay1 :it+1 calc9$ bones1 p[d]$ glass1 c4 ,9 apply+ soluble glass to ! wood-"w ( a public build+ at ,muni*1 t5 p] c5t4 ( yell[ clay or yell[ e>? 0 add$4 ,aft] six mon?s ! coat+ _h suff]$ b little *ange3 x 0 damag$ only 9 a few places1 :]e x _h ne$ ( "s repair4 ,?is arose f ! v %ort "t all[$ = ! prep>ation & application ( ! glass4 ,on ,v5e]+4 ,9 our notice ( ! int]ior fitt+s ( h\ses ( ! bett] class1 x 0 /at$ t ! process ( v5e]+ is sometimes adopt$ = wa9scot+4 ,?is process is mo/ g5]ally us$ = articles ( furniture1 & des]ves to be notic$ on acc\nt ( its +5uity4 ,! employm5t ( wood = articles ( dome/ic use or ornam5t1 gives rise to _m dep>tm5ts ( me*anical lab\r1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! gra9 ( ! wood is to be made conspicu\s or visible4 ,9 ! antique pieces ( furniture /ill exi/+ 9 old mansions1 ! wood employ$1 su* z oak1 walnut-wood1 mahogany1 c41 0 always solid2 b 9 mod]n times1 ! desire ( mak+ a respectable appe>ance1 at z small an outlay z possible1 has l$ to ! me?od ( v5e]+1--t is1 mak+ "s article ( furniture ( "s *eap wood1--su* z deal1--& !n cov]+ x ) ?9 leaves or %eets ( "s m exp5sive & beautiful wood1 su* z rose-wood1 maple1 sat9-wood1 zebra-wood1 poll>d oak1 c4 ,s v preval5t has ?is cu/om become1 t almo/ e h\se n[ conta9s "s article ( dome/ic furniture1 ^: surface is cov]$ ) a k9d ( wood m valuable ?an t ( :i* ! bulk ( ! article is made4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s1 t ! mode ( procur+ or prep>+ ! ?9 leaves ( v5e] calls = great c>e & nicety1 s9ce !y are seldom ?ick] ?an a %ill+4 ,:5 ! me?od ( v5e]+ 0 fir/ introduc$1 ! saw+ 0 effect$ by h&1 9 a mann] m rude ?an ! necessities ( ! case w>rant$2 b :5 circul> saws became introduc$1 !y 7 f\nd v efficaci\s = cutt+ v5e]s4 ,mr4 ,brunel1 9 #ahje1 took out a pat5t = improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9]y = saw+ timb]1 9 :i* he employ$ a l>ge circul> saw1 compos$ ( sev]al pieces fitt$ toge!r1 & plac$ 9 a frame at su* an elevation t ! l[] edge 0 a little bel[ ! l[] side ( ! timb]4 ,! timb] 0 plac$ 9 a c>riage1 & mov$ t[>ds ! saw by a rack4 ,9 su* a mann] z ?is v5e]s are n[ cut f ! timb] 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b x is /at$ t ! ,russians h devis$ a v curi\s & effective me?od ( cutt+ v5e]s1 )\t ! use ( a saw1 & )\t mak+ any wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,x is a plan+ ma*9e1 ! action ( :i* is s accurate1 t v5e]s ?9 en\gh = ! cov]+ ( books1 & = li?ographic & o!r engrav+s1 h be5 produc$2 ?us s]v+ ! place ( pap]4 ,! op]ation is begun by plac+ ! timb] f :i* ! leaf is to be cut ^u a squ>e axle1 :]e x is revolv$1 & made circul> by a turn]'s g\ge4 ,! blade ( a plane ( highly-temp]$ /eel1 & r long] ?an ! cyl9d] ( wood1 is fix$ at ! extremity ( a frame six or sev5 feet 9 l5g?1 9 su* a mann] z to ex]t a con/ant pressure ^u ! cyl9d]1 & p>e (f a %eet ( equable ?ickness1 :i* folds ^u ano!r cyl9d] l a roll ( l954 ,! frame to :i* ! blade is atta*$ is moveable at its l[] extremity1 & by ! action ( a weight x depresses 9 proportion z ! mass dim9i%es 9 sub/ance4 ,t ?is depression may be progressive & p]fectly regul>1 ! inv5tor has app5d$ a regulator to ! ma*9e consi/+ ( a flat brass plate1 pres]v$ 9 an incl9$ direction1 ^u :i* ! frame desc5ds z ! regulator itself is advanc$4 ,! motion is communicat$ to ! cyl9d] ( wood by sev]al cog-:eels1 :i* are turn$ by a crank4 ,"o hundr$ feet 9 l5g? ( v5e]+ may be cut by ?is ma*9e 9 ! space ( ?ree m9utes4 ,:5 v5e]s are produc$ by ! action ( circul> saws1 z is n[ almo/ univ]sally ! case 9 ,engl&1 x is evid5t t bo? surfaces mu/ be r\gh1 f ! m>ks ( ! s]rat$ edge ( ! cutt+ in/rum5t2 & x is 9 ?is r\gh /ate t !y are pur*as$ by cab9et-mak]s or o!rs :o employ !m 9 v5e]+ articles ( furniture4 ,! op]ations :i* are !n to be p]=m$ are1 to br+ ! surface ( ! v5e] to a tol]able level1 to fix ! v5e] to ! article ( furniture1 & to clean & poli% x :5 s fix$4 ,suppos+ ! top ( a sidebo>d to be ! article :i* is to be v5e]$4 ,! workman cuts out a piece ( v5e]1 a little l>g] ?an is actually requir$1 to all[ = wa/e2 & !n lays x flat on 8 "w-b5*4 ,) a v5e]+ plane--:i* is a small-siz$ plane1 hav+ an iron jagg$ ) not*es l ! tee? ( a v f9e saw--he works /eadily ov] ! :ole surface ( ! v5e]1 c>ry+ ! plane 9 ! direction ( ! gra9 ( ! wood4 ,! action ( ?is plane-iron removes all ! saw m>ks1 :i* 7 irregul> 9 _! c\rse1 & gives in/ead ( !m a s]ies ( regul> p>allel *annels f end to end ( ! piece ( v5e]2 ^! *annels are b small 9 dep?1 & _! object is to reta9 ! glue :i* is aft]w>ds us$ 9 ! process ( v5e]+4 ,! surface ( ! deal or o!r wood on :i* ! v5e] is to be laid1 is 9 l mann] plan$ ) ^! p>allel ind5tations2 & !n ! process ( v5e]+ proce$s4 ,! wood1 hav+ be5 well w>m$ be=e a fire1 is coat$ ) w>m melt$ glue2 & ! piece ( v5e] is laid d[n flat on ! v5e]$ surface1 & rubb$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 9 ord] t ! glue :i* is betwe5 ! v5e] & ! "u-wood may be press$ into all ! little grooves produc$ by ! plane4 ,:5 ! glue beg9s to get cool1 ! v5e] c no long] be press$ to & fro1 & is !n left4 ,?is glue+ has ! g5]al effect ( mak+ ! v5e] adh]e to ! f\ndation b5ea?2 b !re are p>ts :]e1 f ! accumulation ( too mu* glue 9 "o "p1 or f ! pres5ce ( air :i* _h n be5 expell$ by ! pressure ( ! h&s1 ! v5e] rises up z a k9d ( bli/]1 convex on ! upp] surface4 ,! workman employs a v5e]+ hamm] to level ^! protub]ances4 ,?is v5e]+ hamm] is a piece ( wood ?ree or f\r in*es long1 & an in* 9 ?ickness1 hav+ a /raight /rip ( iron plate fix$ to "o edge4 ,! workman1 plac+ ! iron edge d[n ^u ! v5e]1 presses on ! block ( wood ) 8 h&1 & works all ov] ! surface ( ! v5e]1 express+ all ! sup]flu\s glue f ! p>ts :i* _h =m$ ! protub]ances4 ,z ?is r$undant glue mu/ h "s place f :5ce to escape1 ! workman beg9s rubb+ at ! c5tre1 & !nce proce$s t[>ds ! edge1 at :i* ! glue f9ally exudes4 ,!re is a curi\s plan adopt$ = asc]ta9+ :e!r !re are any p>ts1 imp]ceptible to ! eye1 :]e ! v5e] does n adh]e closely to ! f\ndation--viz41 by s\nd4 ,! workman /rikes ! v5e] all ov] ) a wood5 or o!r hamm]2 & if ! s\nd be di/9ct & solid1 he kn[s t ! prop] degree ( adhesion has tak5 place2 b if ! s\nd be holl[ & dull1 x indicates ! exi/5ce ( a vacant space betwe5 ! v5e] & ! f\ndation2 & a great] degree ( rubb+ or press+ is consequ5tly necess>y4 ,if ! surface ( ! piece ( v5e] be ( l>ge dim5sions1 two workm5 are requir$ to level all p>ts ( ! v5e] be=e ! glue gets cold & loses its fluidity4 ,b ?is op]ation--h[ev] good ! glue may be1 or h[ev] well ! v5e] may be press$ d[n--is n suffici5t to cause ! v5e] to adh]e p]man5tly to ! f\ndation1 especially at ! edges1 :]e ! air is liable to ent]1 & to cause ! v5e] to rise4 ,to prev5t ?is inconv5i5ce1 ! v5e]1 at & ne> ! edges1 is kept d[n1 ei!r by ! pressure ( heavy weights1 or1 /ill bett]1 by ! action ( screw-presses4 ,^! screw-presses consi/ ( two pieces ( wood or clamps1 :i* are br\ght to any degree ( clos5ess by means ( two wood5 screws1 ea* screw pass+ ?r\gh holes 9 bo? clamps1 ! h&les ( ! two screws be+1 respectively to ea* o!r1 outside ! opposite clamps4 ,! clamps are op5$1 by means ( ! screws1 to su* a wid? z to admit ! edge ( ! v5e]$ wood betwe5 !m2 & ! screws are !n work$ up till ! clamps grasp ! wood tightly1 :]e !y rema9 till ! glue is q cold1 & ! v5e] closely adh]+ to ! f\ndation4 ,b ev5 all ?is c>e is n 9 e case suffici5t to produce a firm adhesion ( ! v5e] to ! f\ndation4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t1 :5 ! h>d5$ v5e]$ surface is tri$ ) ! hamm]1 a holl[ s\nd indicates t !re is yet a place :]e ! v5e] has a vacancy b5ea? x4 ,9 su* a case1 ! only rem$y is "o ( a curi\s k9d--viz41 to lay a hot iron on ! defective "p ( ! v5e]1 by :i* ! glue b5ea? is remelt$4 ,a small "p ( ! v5e]1 rea*+ f ! defective "p to ! edge1 is also simil>ly heat$1 & ! glue b5ea? remelt$4 ,!n1 by means ( ! v5e]+ hamm]1 ! sup]flu\s glue :i* _h caus$ ! defect is squeez$ out1 & press$ to ! edges ( ! v5e] ?r\gh ! k9d ( *annel :i* _h be5 prep>$ = x by ! heat$ iron4 ,:]e ! surface ( ! wood to be v5e]$ is m or less cyl9drical1 su* z a pill>1 ! front ( a draw]1 c41 ! piece ( v5e] has a curvature giv5 to x1 correspond+ 9 "s degree to t ( ! surface on :i* x is laid1 by ! action ( hot wat]1 be=e ! glue+ is effect$4 ,by spong+ "o side ( ! v5e] ) hot wat]1 x causes t side to swell1 :ile ! o!r side rema9s dry2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t ! wett$ surface rises into a convex =m1 leav+ ! o!r side holl[ or concave3--?is is1 9 fact1 an in/ance ( w>p+1 :]e a ?9 piece ( wood is ei!r unequally heat$ or damp$ on opposite sides4 ,! holl[ side is !n laid on ! glu$ f\ndation4 ,:5 ! v5e]$ surface is dry1 its edges are trimm$1 & its surface scrap$ & s&-pap]$1 prep>atory to ! f9i%+ processes :i* ! piece ( furniture is to und]go4 ,manufacture ( ,glue4 ,! prep>ation ( ?is useful article =ms a curi\s & important bran* ( national indu/ry4 ,! *ief use ( glue is = b9d+ or cem5t+ pieces ( wood toge!r1 z practis$ by ! c>p5t] & cab9et-mak]1 9 :i* trades v l>ge quantities are con/antly employ$4 ,glue 7:i* is no?+ m ?an gelat9e 9 a dry /ate7 is obta9$ f ! hides1 ho(s1 & horns ( animals2 ! refuse ( ! lea!r-dress]1 & ! (fal ( ! slaught]-h\se2 e>s ( ox51 calves1 %eep2 p>+s ( p>*m5t1 old gloves2 &1 9 %ort1 animal sk9 & 7by a late improvem5t7 bones1 are all employ$ = mak+ glue4 ,! fir/ process 9 ?is manufacture is to free ! mat]ials f dirt1 blood1 & o!r matt]s :i* d n af=d glue4 ,= ?is purpose !y are /eep$ 9 lime & wat]1 & !n plac$ 9 baskets1 & r9s$ by ! action ( a /ream ( wat]4 ,!y are !n remov$ to a slop+ surface1 & all[$ to dra91 & :atev] lime rema9s is depriv$ ( its cau/ic prop]ty by ! reabsorption ( c>bonic acid f ! atmosph]e1 s9ce ! pres5ce ( lime w\ld prove injuri\s 9 ! subsequ5t processes4 ,! gelat9e is remov$ f ! animal matt] by boil+4 ,?is process is effect$ 9 a some:at %all[ boil]1 :i* is provid$ ) a false bottom1 pi]c$ ) holes1 & elevat$ a few in*es1 ?us s]v+ z a support to ! animal matt]1 & prev5t+ x f burn+ by ! heat$ bottom ( ! boil]4 ,! boil] is fill$ ab\t two-?irds ) s(t wat]1 & !n ! animal sub/ances are add$3 ^! are pil$ up above ! brim ( ! boil]1 because soon aft] boil+ comm5ces1 !y s9k d[n bel[ ! level ( ! liquid4 ,! cont5ts ( ! boil] are occasionally /irr$ up & press$ d[n1 :ile a /eady boil+ is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t ?is "p ( ! process4 ,z ! boil+ proce$s1 small portions ( ! gelat9e are drawn (f into egg-%ells1 :51 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes1 if ! liquid gelat9e becomes1 by exposure to ! cool air1 a cle> mass ( jelly1 ! boil+ process is complete1--! fire is smo!r$ up1 & ! cont5ts ( ! boil] left to settle = t5 or tw5ty m9utes4 ,! /op-cock is !n turn$1 & ! gelat9e fl[s into a deep vessel1 kept hot by be+ surr\nd$ ) hot wat]1 & ?us x rema9s = sev]al h\rs1 dur+ :i* "t x deposits any solid impurities4 ,x is !n drawn (f into congeal+ boxes1 & prep>$ z we %all soon expla94 ,! undissolv$ matt] 9 ! boil] is treat$ ) boil+ wat] a second1 & ev5 a ?ird "t1 & ! above process cont9u$ until no?+ m c be extract$4 ,! subsequ5t solutions are (t5 too weak to be made into glue1 b !y are economically us$ ) fre% portions ( animal matt]4 ,a cle> idea may be =m$ ( ?is "p ( ! manufacture by ! annex$ illu/ration1 :i* repres5ts a section ( ?ree vessels1 on diff]5t levels4 ,! upp]mo/ vessel1 :i* is heat$ by ! wa/e heat ( ! *imney1 supplies w>m wat] to ! animal matt] conta9$ 9 ! second vessel3 ! ?ird vessel receives ! liquid gelat9e1 & reta9s x 9 a fluid /ate1 :ile ! solid impurities are be+ deposit$4 ,illu/ration ,! gelat9e is drawn (f f ?is ?ird vessel into buckets1 & convey$ to ! congeal+ boxes4 ,^! boxes are ( deal1 ( a squ>e =m1 b some:at n>r[] at bottom ?an at top4 ,! liquid glue is p\r$ ?r\gh funnels1 provid$ ) filt]-clo?s1 into ! boxes until !y are entirely fill$4 ,?is process is conduct$ 9 a v cool & dry ap>tm5t1 pav$ ) /one & kept v clean1 s t any glue :i* may be spilt may be recov]$4 ,9 twelve or eighte5 h\rs ! liquid glue becomes suffici5tly firm = ! next process1 :i* is p]=m$ 9 an upp] /ory1 furni%$ ) v5tilat+ w9d[s1 s z to admit air on all sides4 ,! boxes are inv]t$ on a moi/5$ table1 s t ! cake ( jelly may n adh]e to x3 ?is cake is cut into horizontal lay]s1 by means ( a brass wire1 /ret*$ 9 a frame1 & is guid$ by rul]s1 s dispos$ z to regulate ! ?ickness ( ! cake ( glue4 ,! slices ?us =m$ are c>efully lift$ (f1 & plac$ on nets /ret*$ 9 wood5 frames4 ,z ^! frames are fill$ !y are plac$ ov] ea* o!r1 ) an int]val ( ab\t ?ree in*es betwe5 e two frames1 s t ! air may h free access4 ,ea* frame is s arrang$ z to slide 9 & out l a draw]1 to all[ ! cakes to be turn$1 :i* is done two or ?ree times e day4 ,an exp]i5c$ writ] on manufactures ?us obs]ves1 conc]n+ ?is "p ( ! process3--8,! dry+ ( ! glue is ! mo/ prec>i\s "p ( ! manufacture4 ,! lea/ di/urbance ( ! wea!r may injure ! glue dur+ ! two or ?ree fir/ days ( its exposure4 ,%\ld ! temp]ature ( ! air rise consid]ably1 ! gelat9e may turn s s(t z to become un%apely1 & ev5 to run ?r\gh ! me%es ^u ! pieces bel[1 or x may get atta*$ to ! /r+s & surr\nd !m1 s z n to be sep>able )\t plung+ ! net into boil+ wat]4 ,if fro/ sup]v5e1 ! wat] may freeze1 & =m num]\s cracks 9 ! cakes4 ,su* pieces mu/ imm$iately be remelt$ & re=m$4 ,a slight fog ev5 produces ^u glue newly expos$ a s]i\s det]ioration1 ! damp cond5s$ ^u its surface occasion+ a g5]al m\ld9ess4 ,a ?und]-/orm sometimes de/roys ! coagulat+ p[] 9 ! :ole lam9 at once1 or causes ! glue to turn on ! nets1 9 ! language ( ! manufactur]4 ,a w9d too dry or too hot may cause x to dry s quickly z to prev5t x f contract+ to its prop] size1 )\t num]\s cracks & fissures4 ,9 ?is pr$icam5t ! clos+ ( all ! flaps ( ! w9d[s is ! only means ( abat+ ! mis*ief4 ,on ^! acc\nts x is ( importance to select ! mo/ temp]ate season ( ! ye>1 su* z spr+ & autumn1 = ! glue manufacture40 ,:5 ! glue is prop]ly dri$ a gloss is imp>t$ to ea* cake1 by dipp+ x 9 hot wat]1 & pass+ ov] x a bru%1 also wett$ ) hot wat]4 ,! cakes are !n plac$ on a hurdle1 dri$ 9 ! /ove-room1 or 9 ! op5 air1 if ! wea!r be suffici5tly dry & w>m4 ,x is !n pack$ 9 casks = sale4 ,x has be5 f\nd by exp]im5t t :5 two cyl9d]s ( dry a%1 "o in* & a half 9 diamet]1 7 glu$ toge!r1 & aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs torn asund]1 a =ce ( #abfj p\nds 0 requir$ to produce ! sep>ation1 ?us mak+ ! =ce ( adhesion equal to #gae p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,ano!r exp]im5t made ! =ce ( adhesion to equal #djjj p\nds on ! squ>e in*4 ,! ,h\se-,decorator ( ,italy4 ,9 an int]e/+ notice1 by ,mr4 ,wilson1 ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! arts 9 ,italy1 read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 ,scotl&1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahdj1 a few details are giv5 ( ! skill ) :i* ! h\se-build] conv]ts ! commone/ mat]ials into ta/eful decorations4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract ( t "p ( ! notice :i* relates to ! subject ( ! pres5t volume3-- ,not)/&+ ! comp>atively small employm5t af=d$ to ,italian ar*itects 9 ! pres5t day1 yet !re c be no "q z to ! skill display$ 9 erect+ _! designs4 ,! masonry is excell5t1 & ! anci5t ,roman brick-"w is rivall$ by t ( ! pres5t g5]ation2 h\ses are built ( brick1 9 :i* all ! ext]ior decorations are m\ld$ 9 t mat]ial z p]fectly z if execut$ 9 /one4 ,! skill ) :i* ! ,italian workm5 build 9 brick1 may be exemplifi$ by ! ,flor5t9e practice ( ar*+ ov] rooms )\t c5t]+ ( any description4 ,two ?9 m\lds ( bo>d1 ! %ape ( ! int5d$ ar*1 alone are us$3 ^! are plac$ at ea* end ( ! ap>tm5t :i* x is int5d$ to cov] 91 & pieces ( /r+ are /ret*$ f ! "o to ! o!r1 guid+ ! workman z he advances 9 ! =mation ( 8 ar*1 :i* he builds1 unit+ ! bricks by _! ?9 edges 7greatly ?9n] ?an ^? we use71 & tru/+ entirely to ! t5acity & quick-sett+ ( ! cem5t4 ,pla/]+ is also c>ri$ to a p]fection 9 ,italy1 ( :i* we h v little idea 9 ?is c\ntry2 rooms are s exquisitely f9i%$1 t no additional "w 9 ! %ape ( h\se-pa9t+ is requir$2 b ! poli% ( ! pla/]1 & its ev5ness ( t9t1 are su* z to rival ^? ( ! f9e/ porcela94 ,sometimes ! pla/] is flut$1 or v>i\s designs are execut$ 9 intaglio ^u x1 9 ! mo/ beautiful mann]4 ,scagliola1 a v f9e prep>ation f gypsum1 is ! mat]ial *iefly us$4 ,an in/ance ( ! *eap rate at :i* ?is "w is done1 is af=d$ 9 ! new ball-room 9 ! ,palazzo ,pitti gr&-ducal resid5ce at ,flor5ce1 :i*1 includ+ m\ld+s1 figures1 bas-reliefs1 & ornam5ts1 0 execut$ at a co/ ( two cr[ns = e f\r squ>e feet4 ,a mo/ beautiful art among ! ,italians1 & "o :i* might be advantage\sly introduc$ into ?is c\ntry1 is t ( mak+ :at are t]m$ ,v5etian pavem5ts4 ,?is me?od ( f9i%+ ! floors ( rooms is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,9 ! fir/ place a f\ndation is made ( lime mix$ ) pozzolana1 & small pieces ( brok5 /one2 ?is is1 9 fact1 a sort ( concrete1 :i* mu/ be well beat5 & levell$4 ,:5 ?is is p]fectly dry1 a f9e pa/e1 z x is t]m$ by ! ,italians1 mu/ be made ( lime1 pozzolana1 & s&2 a yell[ s& is us$ :i* t+es ! mixture2 ?is is c>efully spread to a dep? ( "o or two in*es1 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,ov] ?is is laid a lay] ( irregul>ly brok5 m9ute pieces ( m>ble ( diff]5t col\rs1 & if x is wi%$ ^! c be arrang$ 9 patt]ns4 ,aft] ! pa/e is completely cov]$ ) pieces ( m>ble1 m5 proce$ to beat ! floor ) l>ge & heavy tools made = ! purpose2 :5 ! :ole has be5 beat5 into a compact mass1 & ! pa/e appe>s above ! pieces ( m>ble1 x is left to h>d54 ,x is !n rubb$ smoo? ) f9e-gra9$ /ones1 & is f9ally br\ght to a high poli% ) em]y p[d]1 m>ble du/1 & la/ly1 ) boil$ oil rubb$ on ) flannel4 ,?is makes a durable & v beautiful floor1 :i* 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be well adapt$ = halls1 cons]vatories1 & o!r build+s4 ,! c>p5try ( ! ,italians1 z obs]vable 9 ord9>y h\ses1 displays little skill & indiff]5t workman%ip1 b 9 ! ro(s & floors ( important build+s1 !y satisfactorily prove _! k ( sci5tific pr9ciples1 & sev]al ( _! designs are well kn[n to ,briti% ar*itects4 ,) reg>d to ! work+ ( iron1 9 comp>ison ) our sy/em1 ! ,italian is primitive inde$2 yet at times he c & does produce v good specim5s ( workman%ip1 b at a heavy co/2 consequ5tly !y are g5]ally cont5t ) v ord9>y productions4 ,a manufactory ( wire1 & ( driv+ & screw nails1 by means ( ma*9]y1 n[ occupies ! villa ( ,mecnas at ,tivoli2 ! articles produc$ are v well made4 ,copp] is ext5sively us$ 9 ,italy1 & !re are productive m9es 9 ! ,m>emma ,toscana4 ,! workman%ip ( articles made ( ?is metal is respectable2 v>i\s ut5sils are made ( brass 9 a neat & satisfactory mann]1 b 9 ! int]ior f9i%+ ( h\ses1 if mu* nicety is requir$1 articles ( =eign manufacture are us$4 ,h\se-pa9t]s may be m5tion$ 9 ! la/ place1 & ^! display mu* ta/e & skill2 & !re is a class ( !m :o greatly excel ^? 9 ?is c\ntry1 hav+ m ! feel+ & ta/e ( arti/s4 ,surr\nd$ by ! f9e/ models 9 ?is art1 ! ,italian decorator enjoys e advantage 9 its /udy1 & he inh]its besides f ! be/ p]iods ( art1 or r f antiquity1 ta/e1 & a good sy/em ( workman%ip4 ,he is n a m]e ma*9e1 employ$ 9 ! use ( ! m\lds1 /amps1 & o!r me*anical contrivances1 :i* too (t5 keep ! decorative arts )9 su* n>r[ limits4 ,fresco ,pa9t+4 ,! propos$ introduction ( ,fresco ,pa9t+ into our public build+s w1 x is hop$ & expect$1 h ! effect ( employ+ ! arti/ 9 fresco ^u ! walls ( our dwell+-h\ses4 ,already h a few ( ! mansions ( our nobility be5 ?us decorat$1 & 9 anticipation ( its g5]al introduction x may n be out ( "* ) ?is little "w to describe ! process 9 detail4 ,respect+ ! orig9 ( ! t]m fresco !re are two op9ions2 accord+ to "s ! t]m is said to h be5 adopt$ because ! practice ( x is us$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,?us 9 ! ,italian language1 &>e al fresco signifies 8to take ! air20 or 8to walk abroad 9 ! air20 b a m probable explanation is to be f\nd 9 ano!r mean+ ( ! ^w fresco1 viz41 8new10 or 8fre%10 z appli$ to ! /ate ( ! pla/] 9 :i* x is wr\ght4 ,! arti/ traces 8 design1 col\rs x1 & completely f9i%es 9 "o day s mu* ( 8 picture z w occupy ! wet pla/] gr\nd t has be5 prep>$ = him1 s t :5 ! gr\nd is dry1 he may n ret\* any "p ( 8 "w4 ,?is is ! *>act]i/ic di/9ction ( pa9t+ 9 fresco--a me?od by :i* ! pa9t+ is incorporat$ ) ! mort>1 & dry+ along ) x becomes extremely durable1 & bright5s 9 its tones & col\rs z x dries4 ,x w !re=e be readily conceiv$ t ! arti/ 9 fresco has to enc\nt] difficulties ( no ord9>y k9d2 a few ( !m are ?us notic$ by a writ] 9 ,,rees',s ,cyclopdia3--8,f ! necessity !re is 9 ! progress ( ?is /yle ( art1 t x %\ld be execut$ ) rapidity1 & f ! impossibility ( ret\*+ x )\t injur+ ! purity ( ! "w1 ! arti/1 unless he be end[$ ) v extraord9>y p[]s ( imag9ation & execution inde$1 is oblig$ to prep>e a f9i%$ sket* ( ! subject1 wr\ght to its prop] hue & tone ( col\r1 & s well dige/$1 t !re may be no necessity = mak+ any ess5tial alt]ations 9 ! design4 ,?is1 :i* is a v useful mode ( proce$+ 9 all f9e works ( pa9t+1 is absolutely indisp5sable 9 fresco1 to ^? :o are n det]m9$ to give ! re9 to _! ideas1 & leave z p]fect :atev] may fir/ pres5t itself4 ,!re is no beg9n+ 9 ?is1 by draw+ 9 ! :ole ( ! p>ts at "o "t1 & correct+ !m at leisure1 z is ! cu/om ) oil-pa9t]s1 :o may !re=e proce$ to "w )\t a sket*2 "h all t is begun 9 ! morn+ mu/ be complet$ 9 ! ev5+2 & t almo/ )\t cessation ( lab\r1 :ile ! pla/] is wet2 & n only complet$ 9 =m1 b also1 a difficult1 nay1 almo/ impossible task1 )\t a well-prep>$ sket*1 mu/ be p]=m$1 viz41 ! "p done 9 ?is %ort "t mu/ h s p]fect an accordance ) :at foll[s1 or has prec$$1 ( ! "w1 t :5 ! :ole is f9i%$1 x may appe> z if x _h be5 execut$ at once1 or 9 ! usual mode1 ) suffici5t "t to h>monize ! v>i\s =ms & tones ( col\r4 ,in/ead ( proce$+ by sl[ degrees to illum9ate ! objects1 & increase ! vividness ( ! col\rs1 9 a mann] some:at simil> to ! progress ( nature 9 ! ris+ day1 till at la/ x %9es ) all its int5d$ effect1 :i* is ! c\rse ( pa9t+ 9 oil1 ! arti/ work+ 9 fresco mu/ at once ru% into broad daylight1 at once give all ! =ce 9 light1 & %ade1 & col\r1 :i* ! nature ( 8 subject requires1 & ?is )\t ! assi/ance 7at lea/ 9 ! comm5cem5t7 ( contra/ to regulate 8 eye2 s t "h1 z has be5 said1 a well dige/$ & f9i%$ sket* seems indisp5sably requisite40 ,! cu/om ( decorat+ walls ) pa9t+s is v anci5t4 ,^? discov]$ by ,belzoni1 among ! royal tombs ( ,egypt1 prove ! exi/5ce ( ! art among ! ,egyptians _m c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!re is also abundant evid5ce t x 0 practis$ by ! ,etruscans & ,romans4 ,b ! m common practice up to ! "t ( ,augu/us seems to h be5 to pa9t ! walls ( h\ses ( "o s+le col\r1 & to relieve ?is ) fanta/ic ornam5ts4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1 ,augu/us 0 ! fir/ to sugge/ ! cov]+ ( :ole walls ) pictures & l&scapes4 ,ab\t ! same "t a pa9t] nam$ ,ludius inv5t$ t /yle ( decoration1 n[ call$ arabesque or grotesque1 _m beautiful examples ( :i* h be5 discov]$ at ,pompeii & o!r places4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,arabesque /yle1 z its "n implies1 has be5 improp]ly claim$ = ! ,arabians ( ,spa92 ^: religion =bidd+ ! repres5tation ( animals1 !y employ$ foliage1 /alks1 /ems1 t5drils1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 9 a v>iety ( =ms & comb9ations1 ) :i* !y adorn$ ! surfaces ( _! build+s4 ,h5ce ! fanciful comb9ations ( natural objects occupy+ a flat surface came to be call$ ,arabesque1 al?\gh x diff]$ s mu* f ! ,mohamm$an compositions z to conta9 animals real or fabul\s4 ,t ! t]m is badly *os51 especially z appli$ to ! fanciful enri*m5ts on ! walls ( ,pompeii1 c41 w be se5 f ! fact t su* ornam5ts 7 inv5t$ & execut$ long be=e ! sons ( ,i%mael _h le>n$ to draw4 ,! t]m grotesque is less objectionable3 x is d]iv$ f ! subt]ranean rooms 7grotte7 9 ! ba?s ( ,rome1 9 :i* ^? specim5s ( anci5t art 7 f\nd1 f :i* ,raphael d]iv$ ! plan ( ! beautiful frescos :i* adorn ! pi]s & pila/]s ( ! arcad$ gall]y ( ! palace ( ! ,vatican1 call$1 9 hon\r ( ! arti/1 8,le ,logge di ,raffaelle40 ,! practice ( ,fresco ,pa9t+ may be conv5i5tly consid]$ "u ! foll[+ heads3--#a4 ,! c>toon4 #b4 ,! prep>ation ( ! wall4 #c4 ,! process ( pa9t+4 #d4 ,! col\rs & implem5ts4 ,! me?ods z adopt$ by diff]5t arti/s are ( c\rse subject to v>iation2 b z g5]al pr9ciples are n alt]$ by v>iations 9 ^? details :i* conduce to ! same end1 s ! foll[+ may be tak5 z an accurate exposition ( ! practice ( ! art4 #a4 ,! ,c>toon4 ,s9ce ! arti/ _c )\t injury ret\* a fresco pa9t+1 x is necess>y t e "p ( ! design be decid$ on by prep>atory sket*es f9i%$ ( ! full size1 f :i* ! fresco may be transf]r$1 by trac+ to ! wall4 ,:5 ! pa9t+ is v l>ge1 ! :ole composition ( ! full size is sometimes divid$ into two or m c>toons4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( a c>toon1 a /rong clo? is /ret*$ on a frame1 z if to be prep>$ = pa9t+2 pap] is !n firmly glu$ on ! clo?4 ,:5 ?is is dry1 a second lay] ( pap] is atta*$ by glue4 ,! edges ( ! sep>ate %eets1 :]e !y ov]lap1 are scrap$1 s z to pres]ve an ev5 surface4 ,! surface is !n prep>$ = draw+ ) size & alum4#g ,! draw+ is made ) *>coal1 & :5 f9i%$ is fix$ by wett+ ! clo? at ! back ) cold wat]1 & !n /eam+ ! draw+ 9 front4 ,! /eam+ is p]=m$ ) a tea-kettle ) two or ?ree sp\ts1 kept boil+ by ! flame ( a _s lamp2 by ?is means ! *>coal is incorporat$ ) ! melt$ glue1 & a solid surface l t ( a picture is produc$4 ,f ?is f9i%$ draw+ ! outl9e is trac$ on oil$ pap]4 ,z mu* ( ?is work+ outl9e z c be f9i%$ 9 "o pa9t+ is !n nail$ to ! wet wall1 & ! =ms are aga9 trac$ ) a %>p po9t1 :]eby an ind5t$ outl9e is produc$ on ! s(t pla/]4 ,accord+ to ano!r me?od1 ! pap] to be appli$ to ! wall is plac$ beh9d & 9 close contact ) ! f9i%$ c>toon2 ! outl9es ( ! latt] are !n prick$1 & a simil> prick$ outl9e is ?us produc$ on ! pap] beh9d4 ,?is prick$ pap] is !n made ! work+ draw+3 x is fa/5$ to ! wall1 & du/$ ) a little bag fill$ ) black or r$ du/2 ?is leaves a dott$ outl9e on ! wall4 ,?is me?od is sometimes adopt$ = small works1 & ! advantage ( x is t x leaves ! surface ( ! pla/] undi/urb$4 ,! fir/ mode is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally pref]r$2 s9ce x insures ! be/ & mo/ decid$ outl9e1 & pres]ves ! f9i%$ c>toon un9jur$4 ,c>toons prep>$ = fresco may be se5 9 ! ,national ,gall]y3 ^? at ! head ( ! /aircase are by ,ago/9o ,c>acci4 ,9 "o ( ^! 7! ,triumph ( ,galatea7 ! prick$ outl9e is v app>5t2 z also 9 ! fragm5t ( ! ,c>toon by ,raphael1 7! ,murd] ( ! ,innoc5ts17 also 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,9 _m celebrat$ ,italian frescos ! ind5t$ outl9e1 produc$ by trac+1 is app>5t4 ,9 addition to ! c>toon x is desirable to h a col\r$ sket* ( ! :ole composition4 #b4 ,! prep>ation ( ! ,wall4 ,! greate/ ob/acle to ! p]man5ce ( fresco pa9t+ is damp3 h5ce1 if ! wall to be pa9t$ is cov]$ ) old mort>1 ! +r$i5ts ( :i* are unkn[n1 ?is coat %\ld be entirely remov$ until ! solid brick or /one is laid b>e4 ,! r\gh coat !n appli$ is compos$ ( riv]-s& & lime1 & ( su* ?ickness z is g5]ally us$ 9 prep>+ ! walls ( dwell+-h\ses4 ,! surface ( ?is coat %\ld be r\gh1 b n unev54 ,?us prep>$1 ! wall %\ld be suff]$ to become p]fectly dry & h>d2 ! long] x rema9s 9 ?is /ate ! saf] x w be1 especially if ! lime us$ 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance fre%4 ,9 t case two or ?ree ye>s %\ld elapse be=e ! process ( pa9t+ is comm5c$4 ,! prep>ation & season+ ( ! lime is "o ( ! ess5tial conditions ( fresco pa9t+4 ,at ,muni* x is made & kept z foll[s3--,a pit is fill$ ) clean burnt lime/one1 :i* is slak$1 & !n /irr$ cont9ually till x is r$uc$ to an impalpable consi/5ce4 ,! surface hav+ settl$ to a level1 clean riv]-s& is spread ov] x to ! dep? ( a foot or m1 s z to exclude ! air1 &1 la/ly1 ! :ole is cov]$ ) e>?4 ,x is all[$ to rema9 ?us = at lea/ ?ree ye>s be=e x is us$1 ei!r = ! purposes ( pa9t+ 7lime be+ ! :ite pigm5t7 or = coat+ ! walls4 ,! la/ prep>ation = pa9t+ on ! mort>1 is z foll[s3--,! surface is wett$ ) pure wat]1 till x ceases to absorb4 ,a ?9 coat ( pla/] is !n spread ov] t portion only :i* is to be pa9t$3 ! surface ( ?is coat %\ld be mod]ately r\gh4 ,z soon z x beg9s to set 7i4 e41 9 ab\t t5 m9utes or s1 accord+ to ! temp]ature7 a second ?9 coat is laid on1 & ! surfaces are smoo!d ) a wood5 tr[el4 ,"s pa9t]s l to "w on a p]fectly smoo? surface1 9 :i* case ! la/ coat is poli%$ by apply+ a piece ( pap] on ! surface1 & pass+ ! tr[el ov] x4 ,:5 a small am\nt ( r\ghness is requir$1 a dry bru%1 or a piece ( beav] nap atta*$ to ! tr[el1 is pass$ ov] ! pla/] 9 all directions4 #c4 ,! process ( ,pa9t+4 ,! wall be+ prop]ly prep>$1 ! outl9e ( ! figures is to be trac$ ) a %>p po9t on ! pla/]1 z be=e describ$4 ,! arti/ comm5ces 8 "w :5 ! surface is 9 su* a /ate t x w b>ely receive ! impression ( ! f+]1 & n s wet z to all[ ! col\rs to run or to be liable to be /irr$ up by ! bru%4 ,if ! wall has be5 previ\sly well wett$1 x w 9 g5]al n dry too rapidly2 b if 9 w>m wea!r ! surface becomes too h>d to imbibe ! col\r prop]ly1 a small quantity ( wat] is f "t to "t spr9kl$ ov] ! surface4 ,! col\rs be+ gr\nd f9e 9 wat]1 & ! mo/ useful t9ts abundantly suppli$1 !y are arrang$ 9 pots or bas9s1 & sev]al palettes ) rais$ edges are ready at h& to "w f4 ,a few pieces ( tile or "s absorb5t mat]ial are provid$ to prove ! t9ts ^u1 because all col\rs gr\nd 9 wat] become mu* light] :5 dry ?an !y appe> :5 wet4 ,! brick absorbs ! wat]1 & leaves ! col\r ne>ly 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x w appe> ^u ! wall4 ,! fir/ t9ts t are appli$ s9k 9 & h a fa9t appe>ance2 x is !re=e necess>y to g ov] ! "w sev]al times be=e ! full effect is produc$3 b aft] "s "t ! la/ edition ( col\r w n unite ) t already appli$ unless ! "p be aga9 wett$4 ,at ! close ( a day's "w1 any portion ( ! prep>$ pla/] :i* rema9s ov] & above ! f9i%$ "p is to be cut away1 c>e be+ tak5 to make ! divisions at a "p :]e drap]y1 or "s object or its outl9e1 =ms a b\nd>y1 = if ?is be n att5d$ to1 ! "w w appe> pat*y4 ,! next day1 9 prep>+ a new surface1 ! edges ( ! previ\sly pa9t$ portion mu/ be c>efully wett$ s z to ensure a p]fect junction ( all ! p>ts ( ! pa9t$ surface4 ,at ,muni* ! arti/s h a contrivance = arre/+ ! dry+ ( ! "w %\ld !y be unable to f9i% ! day's allott$ portion4 ,a piece ( f9e l95 is wett$ & spread ov] ! fre% pla/] & pa9t+1 & press$ to ! surface by means ( a cu%ion cov]$ ) wax$ clo?4 ,defects are sometimes rem$i$ by cutt+ out ! objectionable portion1 & pa9t+ x anew ^u a fre% surface ( pla/]4 ,9 ! f9i%$ fresco1 %ad[s are sometimes deep5$1 p>ts are r\nd$1 subdu$1 or s(t5$ by hat*+ 9 l9es ( ! col\r requir$1 mix$ up ) v9eg> & :ite ( egg4 ,crayons made ( p\nd$ egg-%ells are sometimes us$ to height5 ! lights4 ,b all ^! additional am5dm5ts are highly objectionable2 !y impair ! durability ( ! fresco1 & 9 ! op5 air ^! ret\*+s are useless1 because ! ra9 wa%es !m away1 :]eas x has no influ5ce ^u frescos pa9t$ )\t ret\*+4 #d4 ,! ,col\rs & ,implem5ts4 ,! col\rs employ$ 9 fresco pa9t+ are few & simple4 ,!y consi/ *iefly ( e>?s & a few metallic oxides v>i\sly prep>$4 ,no animal & vegetable sub/ances c be us$1 because ! lime w\ld de/roy !m4 ,! bru%es are ( hog's hair1 b long] ?an ^? us$ 9 oil pa9t+4 ,small p5cils ( ott] hair are also us$2 no o!r hair be+ f\nd to resi/ ! lime4 ,pure di/ill$ wat] ought to be employ$ 9 all ! op]ations ( ?is art4 ,su* is ! process ( fresco pa9t+1 ! details ( :i*1 aft] ! above /atem5t1 w be r5d]$ m intelligible by ! foll[+ abridg$ acc\nt ( a visit1 by ,mr4 ,&rew ,wilson1 to ! royal palace at ,g5oa1 to see ! ,signor ,pasciano pa9t a ceil+ 9 fresco3-- ,! arti/ _h prep>$ 8 t9ts ^u a table ) a l>ge slate = ! top3 !y consi/$ ( t]ra v]t1 smalt1 v]milion1 yell[ o*re1 ,roman o*re1 d>k] o*re1 ,v5etian r$1 umb]1 burnt umb]1 & black4 ,^! col\rs 7 all pure1 mix$ ) wat] only1 & r /iff4 ,he mix$ ea* t9t z he want$ x1 add+ to ea* f a pot ( pure lime1 or f "o conta9+ a v pale fle% t9t4 ,a lump ( umb] s]v$ to try 8 col\rs on4 ,he us$ a re/+-/ick ) cotton on ! top to prev5t injury to ! prep>$ wall1 or intonaco1 z ! ,italians call x4 ,! mom5t ?is surface w\ld be> t\*+1 ! arti/ began to "w ^u ! figure1 ! outl9e ( :i* _h j be5 trac$4 ,! head 0 t ( ! ,virg94 ,! arti/ began ) a pale t9t ( yell[ r\nd ! head = ! glory3 he !n laid 9 ! head & neck ) a pale fle% col\r1 & ! masses ( drap]y r\nd ! head & %\ld]s ) a middle t9t1 & ) br[n & black 9 ! %ad[s4 ,he next1 ) t]ra v]t & :ite1 ?rew 9 ! cool t9ts ( ! face2 !n ) a pale t9t ( umb] & :ite1 modell$ 9 ! features1 cov]$ ) ! same t9t ! "p :]e ! hair 0 to be se51 & also indicat$ ! folds ( ! :ite veil4 ,all ?is "t he us$ ! col\rs z ?9 z we d 9 wat] col\rs2 he t\*$ ! intonaco ) great t5d]ness1 & all[$ t5 m9utes to elapse be=e t\*+ ! same spot a second "t4 ,he n[ br\ght 8 col\r$ /udy1 :i* /ood on an easel ne> him1 & began to model ! features1 & to ?r[ 9 ! %ades ) great] accuracy4 ,he put col\r 9 ! *eeks1 & put 9 ! m\? slightly1 !n %ad$ ! hair & drap]y1 deep5+ always ) ! same col\rs1 :i* became d>k] & d>k] e "t !y 7 appli$1 z w\ld be ! case on pap] = in/ance4 ,hav+ work$ = half an h\r1 he made a halt = t5 m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t he occupi$ himself 9 mix+ d>k] t9ts1 & !n began f9i%+1 load+ ! lights1 & us+ ! col\rs mu* /iff]1 & putt+ d[n 8 t\*es ) precision & firmness3 he s(t5$ ) a bru% ) a little wat] 9 x4 ,ano!r re/ ( t5 m9utes2 b by ?is "t he _h ne>ly f9i%$ ! head & %\ld]s ( 8 figure1 :i* be+ uni=mly wet1 look$ exactly l a picture 9 oil1 & ! col\rs seem$ bl5d$ ) equal facility4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ! oil /udy1 he put 9 "s few light t\*es 9 ! hair1 aga9 height5$ g5]ally 9 ! lights1 t\*$ too into ! d>ks1 ?rew a little :ite into ! yell[ r\nd ! head1 & ?is portion ( 8 composition 0 f9i%$1 all 9 ab\t an h\r & a half4 ,?is 0 rapid "w1 b x w be notic$ t ! arti/ re/$ f\r times1 s z to all[ ! wet to be suffici5tly absorb$ into ! wall to all[ him to repass ov] 8 "w4 ,he n[ requir$ an addition to ! intonaco2 ! trac+ 0 aga9 lift$ up to ! ceil+1 & ! space to be cov]$ be+ m>k$ by ! pa9t]1 ! process 0 repeat$1 & ! body & arms ( ! figure 7 f9i%$4 ,on ! occasion ( a second visit1 ,mr4 ,wilson rem>k$ t ! arti/ _h cut away f 8 trac+ or c>toon ^? p>ts :i* he _h f9i%$ ^u ! ceil+3 t ! trac+ 0 9 fact cut into sev]al portions1 b always c>efully divid$ by ! outl9e ( figures1 cl\ds1 or o!r objects4 ,^! pieces are nail$ to ! pla/]1 s z to fold inw>ds or outw>d = ! conv5i5ce ( trac+ ! outl9es4 ,! arti/ 0 n[ ab\t to proce$ ) a gr\p ( figures4 ,hav+ gone ov] ! outl9e c>efully ) a /eel po9t1 he wait$ till ! intonaco became a little h>d]1 & 9 ! mean "t mix$ up a few t9ts2 he !n comm5c$ ) a l>ge bru%1 & w5t ov] ! :ole ( ! fle%2 he next work$ ) a t9t :i* s]v$ = ! g5]al mass ( %ad[1 = ! hair1 & a slight m>k+ out ( ! features4 ,he n[ appli$ a little col\r to ! *eeks1 m\?1 nose1 & h&s1 & all ?is "t he t\*$ z lightly z possible4 ,he !n paus$ = t5 m9utes1 exam9$ 8 oil /udy1 & wat*$ ! absorption ( ! moi/ure4 ,! intonaco w\ld n[ be> ! g5tle pressure ( 8 f+]s1 & ) ! same l>ge bru%1 b ) wat] only1 he began to s(t5 & unite ! col\rs already laid on4 ,he _h n z yet us$ any t9t ?ick] ?an a wa% ( wat]-col\r1 & he cont9u$ to d>k5 9 ! %ad[s )\t increas+ ! =ce or dep?s ( col\r4 ,! arti/ n[ increas$ ! numb] ( 8 t9ts2 he made !m ( a mu* ?ick] consi/5ce1 & he n[ began to pa9t 9 ! lights ) a great] body ( col\r1 s(t5+ !m into ! %ades ) a dry bru%1 or ) "o a little wet1 z 0 requir$4 ,9 dry+1 ! wat] comes to ! surface & actually falls (f 9 drops1 b ?is does no h>m1 al?\gh1 z ,mr4 ,wilson rem>ks1 x sometimes looks al>m+4 ,! effect ( fresco pa9t+ is describ$ z be+ exce$+ly beautiful4 ,x does n require = ! production ( its g5]al effect ^? p>ticul> & conceal$ lights :i* ! %9+ surface ( an oil-pa9t+ r5d]s necess>y4 ,fresco is se5 entire 9 any situation & by any light1 ev5 by artificial light1 :i* p]haps %[s x be/4 ,mr4 ,sev]n 0 mu* /ruck by ! increas$ beauty & p[] ( ! ,c>acci frescos at ,rome by artificial light4 ,ev5 a dim or dim9i%$ light does n de/roy _! effect4 8,x mu/ h be5 = ?is reason t ,raphael adopt$ fresco 9 ! ,vatican1 aft] he _h made exp]im5ts 9 oil2 = ! rooms are s ill-light$1 t oil pictures c\ld nev] h be5 se5 at all2 & x is surpris+ to f9d su* f9e works 9 su* a place4 ,?ree sides ( ! rooms are illum9at$ m]ely by ! reflect$ light f ! great wall ( ! ,si/9e *apel1 yet ?is beautiful & lum9\s mat]ial ( fresco is s brilliant 9 itself1 t ! pictures are well se54 ,n9e ( !m 7 pa9t$ )\t a ray ( real light1 & h always be5 se5 9 ! same way4 ,i ?9k ?is is a v important consid]ation2 = z we h b a dim9i%$ light at any "t1 x is mo/ necess>y to adopt a mann] ( pa9t+ suit$ to x1 :i* c be se5 at all times40 ,fresco does n seem to be at all und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry2 x is g5]ally conf\nd$ ) sc5e pa9t+2 x is a common mi/ake to suppose t ! c>toons ( ,raphael are ! same z 8 frescos4 ,x is (t5 conf\nd$ ) di/emp] pa9t+1 :i* is done on a dry gr\nd1 & does n admit ( ri*ness ( col\r4 8,?is w be cle>ly und]/ood 7writes ,mr4 ,sev]n7 by ^? :o h _h ! good =tune to see ,raphael's & ,guido's frescos at ,rome1 :i* = col\r are exquisitely beautiful1 & ev5 p[]ful 9 all ! fasc9ations ( ?is "p ( ! art1 pres5t+ to u /ill great] v>ieties ?an oil pa9t+ c pret5d to2 excell+ 9 all ! delicate effects ( atmosph]e1 f ! gorge\s daylight1 ! air ( :i* y seem to brea! 9 a fresco picture1 d[n to ! silv]y flitt+ *>m ( twilight4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s1 x rem9ds u ( ,engli% wat]-col\r effects4 ,!n ,i %\ld m5tion ! magnific5ce ( fresco l&scape1 & ( l&scape backgr\nds1 p>ticul>ly by ,dom5i*9o1 9 :i* n only ! *>act]s1 b ! movem5ts ( trees1 are always r5d]$ 9 a way :i* ,i h r>ely se5 9 oil col\rs4444 ,!n ,i mu/ rem9d y ( ! gr&eur ( col\r & effect 9 ,mi*ael ,angelo's frescos on ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e *apel4 ,:at oil c\ld ev] h approa*$ su* ?+s8 ,:5 he said #8t oil pa9t+ 0 only fit = wom5 & *ildr51' he meant on acc\nt ( ! lab\r & difficulties ( ! mat]ial comp>$ ) fresco4 ,we are assur$ he p]=m$ ?is gigantic lab\r 9 tw5ty mon?s1 )\t ! usual assi/ance ( col\r-gr9d]s or pla/]]s1 b alone ) 8 own h&4 ,!re are on ?is ceil+ f\rte5 figures1 ( at lea/ =ty feet 9 /ature1 & ne>ly five hundr$ figures1 ! lea/ ( :i* are d\ble ! size ( life4 ,:ile we reg>d ?is z ! mo/ extraord9>y example ( individual human p[]1 we mu/ consid] t x 0 only 9 ! simplicity & ease ( ! fresco mat]ial t ,mi*ael ,angelo c\ld h accompli%$ su* a /up5d\s "w4 ,! prep>ation ( oil col\rs1 v>ni%es1 c41 w\ld alone h occupi$ ! tw5ty mon?s40 ,! small co/ & great durability ( frescos are n ! lea/ ( _! advantages4 ,x 0 fe>$ t ! smoke ( ,london w\ld soon de/roy our frescos1 b ,pr(essor ,hess /at$ t 8if frescos 7 pa9t$ 9 ! op5 air 9 ,london1 ! ra9 w\ld be ! be/ picture-clean]40 ,inde$1 compet5t au?orities agree t pure wat] & a s(t sponge are ! be/ means = clean+ frescos f ! effects ( smoke4 ,t ! *ange effect$ by "t on ! col\rs is to increase _! effect4 ,! great enemy to fresco is a wall con/itutionally damp1 9 :i* lime 9 too new a /ate has be5 employ$1 or new timb] or imp]fectly burnt bricks4 ,! nitre :i* sometimes accumulates on walls is also v de/ructive4 ,nor are frescos su* p]man5t fixtures z is g5]ally imag9$4 ,"s +5i\s ,italians h succe$$ p]fectly 9 remov+ l>ge frescos f "o wall & apply+ !m securely to ano!r4 ,! col\rs 9 fresco d n p5etrate v deep1 & ! ?9 lay] ( pigm5t & lime ( :i* ! pa9t+ consi/s1 may be remov$ by glue+ sev]al lay]s ( calico to ! wall3 a slight =ce is !n suffici5t to deta* ! pa9t+3 x is remov$ to its new b$1 & :5 firmly atta*$1 ! clo?s & glue may be remov$ by w>m wat]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we mu/ n[ leave ! ,read] 9 possession ( ! dwell+-h\se :i* we h endeav\r$ to build = him4 ,if we h n furni%$ x1 or describ$ ! modes 9 :i* ! v>i\s articles ( furniture are made1 x 0 n because ! subject is devoid ( int]e/1 f> f x2 b because we 7 anxi\s n to injure ! complet5ess & int]e/ ( ! prec$+ details by attempt+ too mu* )9 ! limits ( ?is little volume4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,! t]m ,c>toon is d]iv$ f curtone1 ! augm5tative ( c>ta1 ! ,italian = pap]4 ,,london3 ,,savill ,,& ,,edw>ds1 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,*&os ,,/reet4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,9 a few cases1 obvi\s errors 9 punctuation h be5 fix$4 ,page #bh3 8! /&/ones ( :i*0 *ang$ to 8! s&/ones ( :i*0 ,page #ada3 8! vessel e0 *ang$ to 8! vessel c0 ,page #bac3 8^u ! ciel+0 *ang$ to 8^u ! ceil+0