,,an ,,illustrated ,,dictionary ,,of ,,words ,,used ,,in ,,art ,,and ,,arch,,ology4 ,all rights reserved4 ,,printed ,,by ,,gilbert ,,and ,,rivington1 ,,limited1 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,square1 ,,london4 ,illustration3 ,,apse ,,of ,,the ,,basilica ,,of ,,st4 ,,paul-,,without-,,the-,,walls1 ,,rome4 ,see ,,basilica1 p4 #cg4 ,,an ,,illustrated ,,dictionary ,,of ,,words ,,used ,,in ,,art ,,and ,,arch,,ology4 ,,explaining ,,terms ,,frequently ,,used ,,in ,,works ,,on ,,architecture1 ,,arms1 ,,bronzes1 ,,christian ,,art1 ,,colour1 ,,costume1 ,,decoration1 ,,devices1 ,,emblems1 ,,heraldry1 ,,lace1 ,,personal ,,ornaments1 ,,pottery1 ,,painting1 ,,sculpture1 ,c41 ,,with ,,their ,,derivations4 ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,,mollett1 ,b4,a4 ,officier de l',instruction ,publique 7,france72 ,,author ,,of ,,the ,,lives ,,of 8,,rembrandt0 ,,and 8,,wilkie0 ,,in ,,the 8,,great ,,artists0 ,,series4 ,illustration ,london3 ,,sampson ,,low1 ,,marston1 ,,searle1 ,,and ,,rivington1 ,,crown ,,buildings1 #ahh1 ,,fleet ,,street4 #ahhc4 ,illustration ,,preface4 ,this ,dictionary was commenced as an amended edition of that written by ,m4 ,ernest ,bosc1 architect of ,paris1 and contains the #dej engravings published in the ,french work1 to which about #bej more have been added4 ,little or nothing1 however1 of the text of ,m4 ,bosc's work has been left standing2 his definitions having1 in the process of revision under reference to original works1 almost entirely disappeared4 ,the whole work1 as it now stands1 has been drawn from1 or carefully corrected by1 the best authorities in each of its special branches4 ,considerable prominence has been given to ,,architecture1 from the ,french original corrected from ,english writers2 to ,,christian ,,antiquities from ,martigny1 and the ,dictionary of ,dr4 ,smith and ,professor ,cheetham1 and other authorities2 to ,,medi,,val ,,armour1 and terms of ,,chivalry1 chiefly from ,meyrick's ,ancient ,armour2 to ,,costume from ,planch and ,fairholt2 to ,,heraldry from ,boutell's and ,mrs4 ,bury ,palliser's works2 to ,,pottery1 the substance of the articles on this subject being derived from ,m4 ,jacquemart's work2 to ,,needlework1 ,,ivories1 ,,musical ,,instruments1 ,,goldsmiths' ,,work1 ,,painters' ,,materials ,,and ,,processes ,,ancient ,,and ,,modern1 ,,colour1 c41 with references to the several authorities referred to4 ,the ,,greek ,,and ,,roman ,,antiquities1 which are the principal part of ,m4 ,bosc's work1 have been in this volume reduced to the smallest possible compass3 the ,dictionaries of ,dr4 ,smith and ,rich must be referred to by those who require fuller definitions upon this subject1 which would of itself fill ten such books as the present4 ,a few ,,indian1 ,,chinese1 and ,,japanese ,,terms1 which have come into ordinary use in art1 have been sought out and inserted3 in the first-mentioned ,dr4 ,birdwood's ,handbooks have been a most useful guide4 ,finally1 it is necessary to state1 that many words essential to the completeness of the work would have been in danger of omission1 if ,i had not had before me ,mr4 ,fairholt's admirable ,dictionary of ,art ,terms1 which1 occupying a more restricted ground than this1 is so thorough and accurate in dealing with all that it professes to include1 that the only raison d'tre of this work is the very much wider and different ground that it covers1 and the greater condensation of its definitions4 ,obviously the substance of every statement in the work is borrowed from some previous writer on the subject1 and it is evident that a ,dictionary of ,reference is not a convenient vehicle for theory or invention4 ,the appended list of ,,classified ,,catalogues which have been prepared by direction of the authorities of the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 will have the additional use of referring the reader to the fountain-head at which he can verify and amplify the condensed information that this work supplies4 ,j4 ,w4 ,,mollett4 ,october1 #ahhb4 ,,classified ,,catalogues ,,of ,,books ,,on ,,art ,,in ,,the ,,national ,,art ,,library1 ,,south ,,kensington ,,museum4 ,,issued ,,by ,,authority4 ,,list ,,of ,,works ,,on ,,costume1 #as42 ,,furniture1 #a;d42 ,,heraldry1 #c;d42 ,,lace ,,and ,,needlework1 #a;d42 ,,ornament1 #f;d42 ,,painting1 #d;d42 ,,pottery ,,and ,,porcelain1 #c;d42 ,,sculpture1 #c;d4 ,these ,catalogues may be had on application to the ,secretary of the ,science and ,art ,department1 ,south ,kensington1 ,s4,w4 ,,illustrated ,,dictionary ,,of ,,words ,,used ,,in ,,art ,,and ,,arch,,ology4 ,,abbreviations--,arch4 ,architectural2 ,chr4 ,christian2 ,egyp4 ,egyptian2 ,fr4 ,french2 ,gr4 ,greek2 ,her4 ,heraldic2 ,it4 ,italian2 ,lat4 ,latin2 ,med4 ,medival2 ,o4 ,e4 ,old ,english2 ,orient4 ,oriental2 ,r4 ,roman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aar or ,aarou1 ,egyp4 ,a plain in a supra-terrestrial region1 which corresponded1 with the ,egyptians1 to the ,elysian ,fields of the ,greeks and the ,asgard of ,scandinavian mythology4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,abaculi used as pavement4 ,abaculus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7a diminutive of abacus1 q4v474 ,a small square or cube of glass1 or some vitreous composition made to imitate stone or glass of various colours4 ,abaculi were employed for the inlaid-work of pavements1 or the incrustations of mosaic4 ,abacus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 a slab or board74 #a4 ,in general a rectangular slab of stone1 marble1 or terra-cotta4 #b4 ,a board or tray used in arithmetical calculations1 and constructed for reckoning by tens4 #c4 ,a play-board divided into compartments1 a kind of backgammon in use in antiquity4 ,the same term was also applied to a board used for another game of skill1 the ludus latrunculorum1 which was more like our chess4 #d4 ,a side-board on which were displayed1 in the triclinium1 or dining-room1 silver plate and other table utensils4 #e4 ,a slab of marble1 used for a coating in the decoration of a room or apartment of any kind4 #f4 ,a square slab of terra-cotta or wood1 placed by the earliest builders at the top of wooden columns1 in order to give them a broader head1 and so afford a better support to the beams which rested on them4 ,it was this motive that gave rise to the formation of the abacus of the capital of a column4 ,abaton or ,abatos1 ,gr4 71 1 inaccessible74 ,a term used generally to denote any inaccessible place1 such as the cella of a temple1 an adytum from which the profane were excluded4 ,the term ,abaton denoted more particularly a building in the city of ,rhodes1 which contained1 together with two statues in bronze1 a trophy commemorating a victory gained over the ,rhodians4 ,this memorial had been placed in the building by queen ,artemisia1 who had consecrated it to a divinity4 ,to destroy it would have been a sacrilege1 and as no one could be allowed to penetrate into the interior of the ,abaton1 without the defeat of the ,rhodians becoming known1 all access to it was forbidden4 ,abezzo1 ,olio di1 ,it4 ,strasburg ,turpentine 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,ewer for ablutions 7,persian74 ,ablutions1 ,chr4 ,there were various ablutions3 that of the head 7capitilavium71 as a preparation for unction in baptism2 that of the hands 7aquamanile71 during ,mass1 c42 that of the feet 7pedilavium71 including the ceremony of washing the feet of the poor1 performed on ,maundy ,thursday1 by the ,pope4 7,fig4 #b47 ,abococke1 ,med4 ,cap of estate1 worn by kings on their helmets3 8a huge cappe of estate1 called ,abococke1 garnished with two rich crownes20 #aeth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,a ,lictor with the fasces1 wearing the abolla4 ,abolla1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 a throwing back and around74 ,a cloak made of a piece of cloth folded double and fastened round the throat by a brooch4 ,abolla major was the name given to the ample blanket in which the ,greek philosophers were accustomed to wrap themselves4 ,this cloak was adopted by the philosophers as an instance of their humility1 because it was mostly worn by the poorer classes at ,rome4 ,fig4 #c is a representation of one of the lictors1 with his fasces on his shoulder1 and wearing the abolla4 ,abraxas1 ,gr4 7a mystical or cabalistic word formed of the ,greek letters 1 1 1 1 1 1 74 ,cut stones or gems of very various shapes1 upon which are engraved the words ,abraxas1 ,abrasax4 ,they are also known as ,basilidian stones or gems1 because they constituted the symbols of the gnostic sect of the ,basilidians4 ,certain peoples looked upon them as magic amulets against particular maladies and demoniacal influences4 ,the impressions on these stones are very varied2 cabalistic figures1 the signs and 1 and the word 1 which designates the ,supreme ,being4 ,numerous explanations have been sought for this term abraxas2 some philologists assert that it comes from the ,persian or ,pehlvi1 and that it signifies ,mithra2 others derive it from the ,hebrew1 or the ,coptic1 while others again recognize in it only a numerical sign1 the letters of which1 added together1 would give the number #cfe1 or the number of days that make up the year1 and in this case abraxas would symbolize the annual revolution of the sun4 ,a figure often found upon ,abraxas stones is that of a serpent with a radiated lion's head 7,chnouphis71 which rears itself amid seven stars4 ,the reverse of these stones often bears the inscription 1 8,to ,chnouphis40 ,absidiole4 ,diminutive of apse1 and thus used to denote a small apse terminating a lateral nave1 while the apse closes the central or chief nave4 7,see ,,absis47 ,absis or ,apse1 ,r4 71 a bow or vault74 ,any enclosure of semicircular form terminating a room1 hall1 c4 ,there was an absis in the ,basilica 7q4v471 or court of justice1 and it was in the semicircular recess thus formed that the judges' seats were placed4 ,many temples also had an absis attached to them1 and there is one in particular of this description well known to all archologists4 ,this is the absis of the temple of ,venus at ,rome1 which was built by the emperor architect ,hadrian4 7,see ,,apse47 ,abutment1 ,arch4 called also ,impost4 ,the solid part of a pier from which an arch immediately springs4 ,abydos1 ,tablets of1 ,egyp4 ,under this term are designated two hieroglyphic inscriptions containing the names of ,egyptian kings4 ,these tablets were graven upon the walls of a cella in a small temple at ,abydos1 in ,upper ,egypt2 hence their name4 ,the first tablet1 the beginning of which was destroyed at the time of its discovery1 contains the names of the kings of the twelfth and eighteenth dynasties2 this inscription was discovered in #ahag or #ahah by ,j4 ,w4 ,bankes1 and drawn by ,caillund in #ahcb2 it had been taken down from the wall of the temple by ,mimaut1 the ,french consul at ,alexandria4 ,it is now at the ,british ,museum4 ,the second tablet1 which begins with ,menes1 who is generally supposed to have been one of the first kings of ,egypt1 contains a complete list of the two first dynasties1 as well as a great number of names belonging to kings of the third1 fourth1 fifth1 sixth1 ninth1 tenth1 and eleventh dynasties4 ,this tablet was discovered in #ahfd by ,m4 ,mariette4 ,it is reproduced in ,de ,roug's treatise on the six first dynasties4 ,abyssus1 ,egyp4 ,a ,coptic word1 read by some archologists as ,,noun 7q4v471 and which signifies the abyss1 the immensity of the celestial waters upon which sails the solar bark4 ,acacia1 ,r4 ,a term employed by some antiquaries to denote an object held in the hand of the statue of an emperor of the ,lower ,empire4 ,it usually consists of a piece of cloth1 which the emperor unfurled as a signal for the games to commence4 ,academies of ,italy4 ,literary societies established during the middle ages4 ,the principal were the ,accesi1 ,affidati1 ,amorevole of ,verona1 ,animosi of ,milan1 ,arcadi of ,rome1 ,ardenti of ,pisa1 ,ardenti of ,naples1 ,ardenti of ,viterbo1 ,catenati of ,macerata1 ,chiave of ,pavia1 ,crusca of ,florence1 ,elevati of ,ferrara1 ,eterea of ,padua1 ,florimontana of ,annecy1 ,granelleschi of ,venice1 ,infiammati of ,padua1 ,infocati1 ,insensati of ,perugia1 ,intronati of ,siena1 ,lincei of ,rome1 ,occulti1 ,offuscati1 ,ostinati1 ,rinovati1 ,sonnachiosi of ,bologna1 ,trasformati of ,milan1 ,travagliati1 ,unanimi4 ,their devices are described under the respective headings4 ,acna1 ,gr4 771 a measuring-rod2 ten ,greek feet in length4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,architectural acanthus4 ,acanthus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7 a point1 and 1 a flower74 ,a plant1 the ornamental foliage of which has been largely employed as an architectural decoration by different peoples4 ,the acanthus has been applied to the ornamentation of friezes1 cornices1 modillions1 and various other members of architecture1 but in especial to the decoration of modillions 7projecting brackets7 7,fig4 #d7 and of ,corinthian and composite capitals4 ,there are several varieties of the acanthus2 those most in use are the cultivated acanthus1 or ,brankursine 7,acanthus mollis71 and the spring acanthus 7,acanthus spinosa71 the foliage of which is much less beautiful1 and furnished with small spikes which make the plant resemble a thistle4 ,this last has also often been applied to decoration1 in the ,romano-,byzantine and lanceolated styles of architecture4 ,an ,english name for this ornament is the 8bear's claw40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,bracket decorated with acanthus4 ,acapna1 ,gr4 71 priv41 and 1 i4 e4 without smoke74 ,wood for fuel1 which had undergone several operations to hinder it from smoking when put on the fire4 ,one of the methods employed consisted in stripping the bough of the bark1 immersing it in water for some days1 and then leaving it to dry4 ,in a second method1 the surface was rubbed with oil or oil-lees1 or else the piece of wood was plunged into the oil for a few moments4 ,a third method consisted in slightly charring the surface of the wood by passing it through the flame4 ,the wood prepared by this last process was also called cocta and coctilia4 ,acatium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 dimin4 of 1 a light boat74 ,a description of vessel belonging to the class called actuari1 i4 e4 were propelled either by sails or oars4 ,the acatium was a fast-sailer much employed by the ,greek pirates4 ,the stern was of a rounded concave form 7inflexa71 and the prow was adorned with a beak 7rostrum74 7,see also ,,actuari47 ,the name acatium was also given to a drinking-vessel which was in the form of a boat4 ,the ,roman scapha was a similar vessel4 ,acca4 ,a word used in the #adth century for a cloth of gold shot with coloured silk1 figured with animals3 from ,acre in ,syria4 ,accesi1 ,it4 7inflamed74 ,one of the ,italian ,literary ,academies4 ,their device was a fir-cone placed over a fire1 with the motto 8hinc odor et fructus40 ,accetta1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a battle-axe1 or hache-d'armes4 ,accidental or complementary colour1 the prismatic complement of a ray of light3 such are orange to blue1 green to red1 and purple to yellow4 ,accidental light4 ,an effect of light in a picture independent of the principal light1 such as that on the ,holy ,child in the ,notte of ,correggio1 or that of a candle1 c4 ,acclamations1 ,chr4 ,formulas employed by the first ,christians to express their grief on the occurrence of some misfortune1 or on the other hand1 to testify their joy at some piece of good fortune4 ,these acclamations were imitated from the nations of antiquity e4 g4 at marriages1 8,io ,hymen1 ,hymene1 ,talassio30 at triumphs1 8,io1 triumphe10 c44 ,accolle1 ,her4 7#a7 placed side by side3 7#b7 entwined about the neck4 ,accosted1 ,her4 ,side by side4 ,accrued1 ,her4 ,grown to maturity4 ,accubitum1 ,r4 7ad and cubitum1 an elbow74 ,a bed or rather couch of a peculiar kind1 upon which the ,romans reclined at meals1 and which replaced the lectus triclinarius4 ,it was a kind of sofa holding only a single person1 while the lectus triclinarius held two or three4 ,the act of reclining on this sofa was called accubitio or accubitus1 a term derived from accubo1 to recline at table4 ,acerra or ,acerna1 ,r4 7prob4 from acer1 maple74 ,a small square box with a hinged lid2 a coffer used to hold the incense for sacrifices2 whence its ,latin names arca turalis1 arcula turalis1 acerra turis custos4 ,the acerra appears on certain bas-reliefs among the sacred utensils4 ,it is to be seen represented on the altar of the small temple of ,quirinus1 at ,pompeii1 underneath a garland1 and above an augur's wand4 ,it is generally met with1 as being carried by the officiating priests1 at religious ceremonies4 ,the attendant carried the acerra in the left hand and employed the right hand to sprinkle the incense on the flame of the altar2 whence the expression libare acerra4 ,the term acerra was also used to denote a small portable altar placed before the dead1 on which incense was burnt during the time the corpse was exposed to view 7collocatio74 ,the altar was also named1 from this circumstance1 ara turicrema4 ,acetabula1 ,r4 ,a kind of bronze cymbals1 attached to the hands and feet1 as also to the knees4 ,the same name was also given to silver cymbals which were played by striking them with a stick of hard wood4 ,acetabulum1 ,r4 7from acetum1 vinegar74 ,a cup for vinegar used by the ,romans at meals4 ,the acetabulum was also a goblet used by jugglers among the ,greeks and ,romans to make nutmegs disappear4 ,by the latter these jugglers were called prstigiatores1 by the former or 4 ,lastly1 we find in ,pliny the ,elder that acetabulum was the name given to a dry measure of capacity1 equal to the quarter of a hemina or the half of the quartarius1 and equivalent to 4#abch of a pint4 ,the ,greek ,oxybaphon4 ,acha1 ,achia1 ,hachia1 ,lat4 ,a battle-axe4 ,achelor1 ,achlere or ,ashlar4 7,arch47 ,hewn stone4 ,achromatic1 ,gr4 7 priv4 1 colour74 ,the effect of an arrangement of lenses by which a coloured ray of light is rendered colourless4 ,acicula1 ,gr4 7dimin4 of acus1 a needle or pin74 ,in particular a bodkin used by the ,roman ladies to keep the hair in its place when curled or plaited1 and to keep on false hair4 ,the words acicula and acus are however all but synonymous4 ,the former does not denote a bodkin of smaller size than the acus1 but an object made of an inferior material2 the acus being of silver1 ivory or gold1 while the acicula was simply of bone or some hard wood such as box1 myrtle1 olive1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,acinaces4 ,acinaces1 ,orient4 72 orig4 a ,persian word74 ,a straight poniard resembling a very short ,roman sword1 used by the ,eastern nations of antiquity1 especially1 the ,medes1 ,persians and ,scythians4 ,it was worn by soldiers suspended from a belt round the waist1 but the weapon hung either at the right or the left side1 according to the nationality and accoutrements of the soldier4 ,when1 however1 he wore a sword1 this was always placed at the left1 and the acinaces at the right side of the body4 ,the handles of these weapons are generally extremely rich4 ,acisculus1 ,r4 7,diminutive of ascia1 an adze a small adze74 ,a small pick employed by stone-cutters and masons in early times4 ,representations of it may be seen pretty frequently on medals1 in especial those of the ,valerian family4 ,see ,,ascia4 ,acketon1 ,fr4 ,a quilted leathern jacket1 worn under the armour1 introduced from the ,east by the ,crusaders4 ,aclis or ,aclyx1 ,r4 ,a sort of harpoon1 consisting of a thick short stock set with spikes4 ,this massive weapon was chiefly employed by foreign nations1 but not by the ,romans4 ,it was launched against the enemy1 and drawn back by means of a cord to which it was attached1 to be launched a second time4 ,this weapon bears some resemblance to a particular kind of angon 7or trident74 7,see ,,angones47 ,acoustic ,vases1 ,r4 7,gr4 1 pertaining to the sense of hearing74 ,vases of earthenware or more often of bronze1 which1 in the theatres of antiquity1 served the purpose of strengthening the voices of the actors4 ,vases of this kind would also seem to have been employed for the same purpose during the middle ages1 for the architect ,oberlin1 when repairing the vault of the choir1 in the ancient church of the ,dominicans at ,strasburg1 discovered some acoustic vases there4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,acratophorum1 ,roman4 ,acratophorum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 holding unmixed wine74 ,a table vessel for holding pure wine1 while the crater 771 on the other hand1 contained wine mixed with water4 ,these vessels were often dedicated to ,bacchus4 ,they were made in earthenware and metal1 but those that were dedicated to the gods were of gold and silver1 and had their place among the treasures of the temples4 ,fig4 #g represents a silver acratophorum found at ,hildesheim4 ,acrolith1 ,gr4 71 end1 and stone74 ,a statue covered with garments which in many cases were gilded4 ,the extremities of these statues were of marble or stone--whence their name--more rarely of gold and ivory4 ,the ,minerva of ,areia1 at ,plata in ,botia1 described by ,pausanius1 was an acrolith4 ,this was by ,pheidias4 ,the acrolith period is the infancy of the ,greek plastic art4 ,acropodium1 ,gr4 71 end or point2 and 1 a foot74 ,a low square plinth serving for basement to a statue and often forming part of it4 ,acropolis1 ,gr4 7-1 upper or higher city74 ,from its primary meaning the term came to signify a fortified city4 ,they were very numerous1 in ancient times1 in ,italy1 ,greece and the colonies of ,asia ,minor4 ,most ancient ,greek cities were built upon hills1 and the citadel on the summit of the hill was called the acropolis4 ,acrostic1 ,chr4 71 end1 and 1 a row or line74 ,a combination of letters formed out of some word1 which is thus made to express a thought differing from its own meaning4 ,for instance1 the ,greek word 7,,ichthus1 fish71 symbolizes1 in the primitive church1 the name of ,christ4 ,the following is the acrostic of this word3 1 1 1 1 ,i1 ,,ch1 ,,th1 ,u1 ,s4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,roman acrostolium4 ,acrostolium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 extremity of beak of a ship74 ,an ornament employed by the ancients to decorate the upper extremity of the prows of ships4 ,this ornament often figured among trophies1 since it was the custom for the victor in a naval combat to take the acrostolia from the captured ships4 ,it is frequently to be met with on the bas-reliefs of triumphal monuments4 ,fig4 #h shows an acrostolium taken from a bas-relief in the ,museum of the ,capitol4 ,the object seen projecting from the acrostolium is a sounding lead4 ,acroterium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 the extremity of anything74 ,in a signification more restricted than the primary one1 yet generally admitted1 the term acroteria is applied to the plain socles and pedestals placed at the summit of buildings to support statues1 groups1 or other crownings4 ,,acroterium was the common name for the acrostolium1 and the taking of it away as a trophy was called acroteriazein4 ,actia1 ,gr41 festivals held every fourth year1 at ,actium1 in ,epirus1 in honour of ,apollo4 ,actinic 7rays of light37 chemically active4 ,actuari1 ,r4 7,see ,,naves74 ,open boats1 built to attain a high degree of speed1 propelled by sails and sweeps1 and never fitted with less than eighteen oars4 ,pirates used this class of vessel exclusively4 ,actuarii1 ,r4 ,the shorthand writers who took down speeches in the senate4 ,also certain officials who answered to our commissariat officers4 ,acuminated1 ,arch4 ,finishing in a point1 like a lofty ,gothic roof4 ,acus1 ,r4 7,gr4 1 a point74 ,a bodkin1 needle1 or pin4 ,the acus denoted both a needle for sewing and a pin for fastening anything4 ,when used for the hair it was called acus crinalis or comatoria4 ,in ,christian archology the word applies to the jewelled pins used as fastenings to papal or archiepiscopal vestments4 ,the ,roman acus is worn in the hair by the ,italian peasant woman of the present day4 ,addorsed1 ,her4 7#a7 ,back to back2 7#b7 pointing backwards4 ,adespotoi1 ,gr4 7-1 i4 e4 without masters74 ,a name given to a certain class of freedmen at ,sparta4 ,adobare1 ,med4 ,to entrust with arms 7to 8dub0 a knight74 ,meyrick4 ,adobes4 ,bricks manufactured by the ancient ,peruvians4 ,adramire1 ,med4 ,to challenge to a duel or tournament4 7,meyrick47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,plan of a ,roman temple1 showing the adytum4 ,adytum or ,adyton1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 from 1 priv41 and 1 to enter74 ,an obscure and secret sanctuary in certain temples from which the public was excluded1 and into which the priests alone might enter4 ,the little temple of ,pompeii possessed an adytum1 and it was here that was discovered the ,portici ,diana now in the ,naples ,museum4 ,there was also an adytum in the temple of ,delphi1 which was burnt down in the first year of the #ehth ,olym41 and rebuilt by the ,corinthian ,spintharus4 ,the temple of ,paphos contained in its adytum a representation of the goddess under the form of a column pointed at the top and surrounded by candelabra4 ,the engraving shows the position of the adytum of a small ,doric temple1 now destroyed1 which once stood near the theatre of ,marcellus at ,rome4 ,the adytum was the name given to the cella of a temple1 in which oracles were given1 or the worship was connected with mysteries4 ,see ,,abaton and ,,cella4 dicula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of des1 q4v474 ,a small house1 temple1 chapel1 tabernacle1 or even shrine4 ,thus the name was given to a small wooden shrine1 constructed to imitate the front of a temple1 and in which were preserved the ancestors of the family 7imagines majorum71 together with the ,lares and tutelar divinities4 gicranes1 ,gr4 71 of a goat2 1 the skull74 ,a goat's or ram's head employed as a decoration by ancient sculptors4 ,it was used chiefly to adorn altars which were dedicated to rural divinities4 ginetan marbles4 ,two remarkable groups of very early 7archaic7 ,greek sculpture1 in the ,glyptothek at ,munich--discovered in the temple of ,pallas-,athene at gina1 and arranged by ,thorwaldsen4 ,they illustrate 8the infancy of art1 which lingers round symbolic representation1 and has not yet grasped the full meaning and truth of nature40 7,butler's ,imitative ,art47 ,the anatomy of the bodies and limbs at this period is greatly superior to the expression of the heads4 gis1 ,gr4 ,in its primary meaning1 a goat-skin4 ,the primitive inhabitants of ,greece used the skins of goats and other animals for clothing1 and defence4 ,at a later period the gis became a protective mantle2 the shield of ,minerva1 beneath which the goddess sheltered those whom she wished to protect from the enemy's missiles4 ,later still the gis denoted the breastplate of a divinity1 in especial that of ,jupiter or ,minerva1 as opposed to the lorica1 which was the breastplate of a mere mortal4 ,the gis bore in its centre the ,gorgon's head1 of which the serpents were arranged round the border4 ,minerva is generally represented wearing it1 either as a cuirass or a scarf passed over the right shoulder4 ,aneator 7,lat4 aneus1 brazen74 ,the name given to any musician who played on an instrument of brass 7aneum72 such as the buccinatores1 cornicines1 liticines1 tubicines1 c4 ,they formed a college4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj ,eolipyle4 olipil or olipl1 ,gr4 71 the wind2 and 1 an orifice74 ,a metal vase with a narrow orifice1 which was filled with water and placed upon the fire1 either to make the chimney draw better1 or1 according to ,vitruvius1 to show which way the wind blew4 olian ,harp1 ,gr4 ,a musical instrument that is played on by the wind passing over its strings4 rarium1 ,r4 7s1 money74 ,the public treasury as distinguished from the private treasury of the ,emperors 7fiscus74 ,under the ,republic the temple of ,saturn served as the public treasury1 and here were preserved the produce of the revenue1 the public accounts and other public records4 ,the army had a separate treasury of its own called rarium militare1 entirely distinct from the rarium publicum4 ,it was established by ,augustus to provide for the special expenditure of the army4 ,aerial perspective4 ,the realization of the effect of intervening atmosphere in the distances of a landscape4 ro1 ,r4 ,a basket made of rushes or broom1 but still more commonly of osier1 and used for conveying sand4 ,it was employed by the ,roman soldiery when at work on intrenchments1 excavations1 or fortifications1 as may be seen from bas-reliefs2 more particularly some of those which adorn the column of ,trajan4 ruca1 ,r4 7s1 bronze74 ,a very brilliant green colour artificially made to imitate verdigris4 rugo1 ,r4 ,verdigris1 the same colour as ruca 7q4v471 but obtained from oxide of bronze4 ,it is difficult to establish a real distinction between the two terms1 as ,pliny gives the name of rugo 7the rust of bronze7 to what ,vitruvius calls ruca4 ,it is probable1 however1 that ruca was a kind of verdigris obtained by artificial means1 while rugo was the natural verdigris4 ,this has given rise to the two terms1 which by many archologists are confused together4 ruca1 the artificial copper rust1 formed by the action of wine refuse upon copper1 is an acetate of copper 7verdigris73 while the genuine copper rust1 rugo1 is a carbonate of copper4 rumna1 ,r4 ,a kind of fork by which travellers carried their baggage over the shoulder4 #b4 ,an instrument of punishment for slaves4 7,see ,,furca47 s4 ,a term used in antiquity to denote brass1 copper1 bronze1 or any alloy of these metals4 ,it also serves1 in various connexions1 to denote a number of different objects4 ,such as s candidum1 a brass mixed with silver2 s ,corinthum1 a brass mixed with gold2 s ,cyprium1 the ancient name for copper4 7,see also ,,bronze47 s grave1 ,r4 ,a general term current in ,rome to denote any bronze money at the period when the as was equal to about a pound in value4 s rude1 ,r4 ,the name given to the bronze ingots employed at ,rome as ready money in exchanges and other commercial transactions4 s thermarum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a bronze gong or metal bell hung up in the public baths1 the sound of which1 when struck1 gave notice to the public that the baths were sufficiently warm to be ready for use4 s ustum4 ,peroxide of copper1 or calcined copper4 sthetics1 ,gr4 71 to comprehend74 ,the science of the instinctive apprehension of the harmonies4 ,aetos1 ,gr4 774 ,a ,greek word signifying eagle1 and by analogy1 a gable1 pediment1 or higher part of a building generally1 so called from the resemblance which these parts bear to an eagle with outstretched wings4 ,in the same way the ,greeks gave the name of 7wings71 to the outer rows of columns flanking each side of a temple4 ,affidati1 ,it4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,their device was a nautilus1 with the motto 8tutus per suprema per ima40 ,affronte1 ,her4 ,showing the full front4 ,agalma1 ,agalmata1 ,gr4 71 from 1 to glorify74 ,any work of art dedicated to a god1 whether it were placed in his temple or not2 such as tripods2 braziers for incense1 or other accessories of a temple4 ,the low pillar placed over a tomb1 or the statue of a god might be agalmata4 ,agate4 ,a variety of quartz often employed by the engravers of antiquity4 ,the term is a corruption of the word ,achates1 a river of ,sicily1 on the banks of which numerous varieties of the stone abound4 ,among these maybe mentioned the cerachates1 or white wax-like agate2 dendrachates1 or arborescent agate2 hemachates1 or blood-agate1 so called from its blood-like spots2 and leucachates1 or white agate4 ,agates were often carved into scarabi by the ,egyptians1 and ,babylonian cylinders have been found1 made of the same material4 ,the oriental agate is semi-transparent1 the occidental is opaque1 of various tints1 often veined with quartz and jasper2 hence its fitness for cutting cameos4 ,agathodmon1 ,cup of1 ,gr4 7-74 ,a name given by the ,greeks to a cup consecrated to ,bacchus1 and meaning literally1 the 8,cup of the ,good ,genius40 ,it was sent round after a feast1 in order that each guest might partake of the wine4 ,agea1 ,r4 ,a narrow passage or gangway in a boat1 by means of which the boatswain 7hortator7 communicated with the rowers4 ,agger1 ,r4 ,a general term to denote a mound of any materials1 such as that formed by a dyke1 quay1 roadway1 or earthwork2 and particularly a rampart composed of trunks of trees and employed in offensive or defensive warfare4 ,a celebrated agger was that of ,servius ,tullius at ,rome4 ,the art of constructing aggeres and other fortifications1 had been learnt by the ,romans from the ,greeks1 who in their turn had derived it from the ,east4 ,it was after having penetrated into the heart of ,asia under ,alexander the ,great1 that the ,greeks learned the use of siege works employed in the attack or defence of strong places1 and became acquainted with various kinds of warlike engines such as the ,,acrobaticon1 c4 ,agnus ,bell1 ,chr4 ,a sacring bell4 ,agnus ,dei1 ,chr4 ,,the ,,lamb ,,of ,,god1 or lamb bearing the banner of the cross4 ,the term is also used to denote certain ornaments or medallions of wax impressed with a figure of the lamb4 ,they represented the ancient custom of distributing to worshippers1 on the first ,sunday after ,easter1 particles of wax from the consecrated paschal taper4 ,agolum1 ,r4 ,a long sharp-pointed shepherd's stick used by the ,roman herdsmen for driving their cattle4 ,the agolum was made out of a straight shoot of the prickly pear2 it is still in use among the herdsmen of the ,roman campagna at the present day4 ,agonalia or ,agonia1 ,r4 ,a ,roman festival1 which derived its name from the word agone 7shall ,i proceed87 the question asked of the rex sacrificulus by the attendant1 before he sacrificed the victim4 ,the ,quirinal was called ,mons agonus1 from a festival being held there on the #agth or #ahth of ,march1 in honour of ,mars4 ,the day itself was called ,agonium martiale or day of the ,liberalia4 ,another explanation of the etymology of the name is that the sacrifice was offered on the ,quirinal hill1 which was originally called ,agonus4 7,consult ,ovid4 ,fasti1 i4 #cai-ccb1 he suggests several explanations47 ,agonistic1 71 from 1 a contest74 ,with the ancients1 that part of gymnastics in which athletes contended with arms4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,agora of ,antiphellus4 ,agora1 ,gr4 71 from 1 to assemble74 ,a place of assembly or public market4 ,the agora was to the ,greeks what the forum was to the ,romans4 ,there were numerous agor in ,greece and ,asia ,minor4 ,fig4 #aa1 represents the plan of the agora of ,antiphellus2 in which a and b indicate the sites of the corn-pits2 c1 that of a basilica4 ,agora is also used to denote the general assembly of freemen in contradistinction to the ,boul 7q4v474 ,agraulia4 ,an ,athenian festival4 ,agrenon1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a net1 or garment of netted wool1 worn over their other dress by the priests of ,bacchus and by soothsayers4 ,aguinia1 ,med4 ,a corruption of ingenia1 engines of war4 7,meyrick47 ,aguzo1 ,it4 ,a spear-head2 a spear4 ,ahenum or ,aenum4 ,a bronze vessel furnished with a handle for suspending it over the fire1 and so named from the material out of which it was made4 7#b7 ,the coppers used in the public baths for heating the water in4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab ,aiglets4 ,aiglet1 ,fr4 7aiguillette74 ,a metal tag or point to a lace2 sometimes used to signify the lace itself1 as in the military costume of the present day4 ,they were formerly used to fasten the slashed dresses of the middle ages2 and sometimes to fasten armour1 when they were made of leather with metal points4 ,in civilian costume they were of silk4 ,the term ,aiguillette is also applied to the shoulder-knot worn by soldiers and livery servants4 ,ailettes 7little wings74 ,armour worn on the shoulders to protect the back of the neck2 found in monumental brasses of the #acth century4 ,aisle 7ala1 a wing74 ,the wing of a building2 the side passages of a ,roman house4 ,in buildings of vast size1 such as a basilica or temple1 comprising a central and two lateral naves1 the latter are called aisles4 ,alabarda1 ,med4 ,a halberd4 ,alabaster or ,alabastrum1 774 ,a small vase for holding precious perfumes2 so called from the alabaster of which it was generally made4 ,it was of various shapes1 but chiefly assumed an elongated form resembling a long pear1 a pearl-drop1 c4 ,many of these perfume vessels are made of stalactite4 7#b7 ,a calcareous substance of white colour1 translucent or semi-transparent1 and presenting1 according to the variety1 undulating and continuous veins4 ,the various kinds of ancient alabaster are very numerous2 the following may be named2 flowered alabaster 7alabastro fiorito72 golden 7dorato72 quince coloured 7cotognino72 eyed 7occini72 tortoise-shell 7tartaruga72 foam-white 7pecorella72 ,busca de ,palombara 7palombara72 onyx 7onice71 c4 ,the ,egyptians used alabaster for making statues1 phials1 panegyric vases1 canopea1 small figures1 and even sarcophagi2 of which last that of ,seti ,i41 now in the ,british ,museum1 is an example4 ,alabaster was at one time frequently used for tombs and carved figures1 and is now used for pulpits and other ecclesiastical purposes4 ,false alabaster is the name given to a gypseous variety of this substance1 of which there are rich quarries at ,volterra1 in ,tuscany4 ,it is called 8,gesso ,volterrano10 and is much used in ,italy for the grounds of pictures4 ,alabastrotheca1 ,r4 71 a chest74 ,a box or casket containing alabaster flasks or vases4 ,aland1 ,alant1 ,her4 ,a mastiff with short ears4 ,alapa4 ,the blow on the shoulder in dubbing a knight4 ,alba creta4 ,latin for white chalk1 a term used by writers on art for gypsum4 ,albani stone4 ,a pepper-coloured stone used in ancient buildings at ,rome before the introduction of marble4 ,albarium 7opus71 ,r4 7albus1 white74 ,a white coating or kind of stucco with which brick walls were covered after a previous application of ordinary cement4 ,this stucco1 which was also called simply albarium1 was made by a mixture of chalk1 plaster1 and white marble4 ,albalista1 ,arbalest4 ,a cross-bow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,albe4 ,albe1 7albus1 white74 ,an ancient ecclesiastical vestment1 common in old brasses4 ,it was a long white linen gown1 reaching to the feet1 and secured by a girdle4 ,the surplice is an albe with wider sleeves4 7,fig4 #ac47 ,alberk1 for ,hauberk4 ,a cuirass4 ,album1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7albus1 white74 ,a space on the surface of a wall covered with white plaster1 upon which were written advertisements or public announcements4 ,by analogy the term was used to denote any kind of white tablets bearing an inscription1 such as edicts1 decrees1 c4 ,these tablets were very numerous2 there were the album pontificis1 prtoris1 centuri1 decurionum1 judicum1 senatorum1 c4 ,alcato1 ,arab4 ,in armour1 a gorget4 ,alcora pottery 7,see ,,denia47 ,alcove4 ,a niche or recess in a room4 ,aldobrandini1 ,marriage1 ,r4 ,a celebrated fresco from the gardens of ,mecnas1 discovered at ,rome near the church of ,santa ,maria ,maggiore1 whence it was conveyed to the villa ,aldobrandini1 and afterwards sold to the ,borghese family4 ,this painting which indisputably dates from the reign of ,augustus1 consists of a group of ten figures1 representing1 according to some1 the marriage of ,peleus and ,thetis2 and according to others1 that of ,manlius and ,julia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,point d',alenon4 ,alenon1 ,point d'4 ,lace formerly known as ,point de ,france4 ,it is the only ,french lace not made on the pillow1 but worked entirely by hand with a fine needle1 on a parchment pattern2 it is called 8,vilain0 in the ,french provinces1 and in ,england is known as needle point4 7,fig4 #ad47 ,alerion1 ,her4 ,an eagle1 in early ,her41 represented without feet or beak4 7,see ,,eagle47 ,ale-stake4 ,in the middle ages the roadside ale-house was distinguished by a stake projecting from the house1 on which some object was hung for a sign4 ,alexandrinum 7opus71 ,r4 ,a kind of mosaic employed especially for the pavement of rooms4 ,the distinctive feature of these mosaics is that the lines or figures composing the designs are in two colours only1 the prevailing ones being red and black upon a white ground4 ,a large number of mosaics of this description exist at ,pompeii1 which are also called sectilia4 ,alexikakos 7,apollo74 ,another name of the celebrated statue generally called the ,belvedere ,apollo2 from ,nero's villa at ,antium4 ,algaroth powder4 ,an ingredient in the manufacture of an ,antimony white pigment4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,alhambraic ornament4 ,alhambraic4 ,ornamentation in the ,moorish style of the ,alhambra1 the characteristic of which is a faithful imitation of natural combinations of form and colour1 with a rigid avoidance of the representation of natural objects4 7,fig4 #ae47 ,alicula1 ,r4 ,a kind of large mantle1 furnished sometimes with a hood4 ,the term is derived from the ,greek 1 the name given to the ,thessalian chlamys4 7,see ,,chlamys47 ,alizarin1 the colouring principle of the madder4 ,allecret or ,hallecret4 ,a light armour for cavalry and infantry1 consisting of a breastplate and tassets 7or gussets71 #afth century4 ,allegory in art1 is allegorically represented as a female figure veiled4 ,all ,halowes or ,all ,hallowes4 ,o4 ,e4 for ,all ,saints4 ,alloys of ,gold4 ,gold is found alloyed with various metals1 never without silver1 often with copper1 iron1 or other substances in small quantities1 and sometimes with mercury1 when it is called an amalgam4 ,gold alloyed with silver is called native gold4 ,see ,,electrum4 ,allouyre ,fr4 7,lat4 alloverium74 ,a purse or pouch often carried at the girdle1 for holding papers1 jewels1 and money4 ,almayne ,rivets 7,german ,rivets74 ,rivets used in plates of armour made to slide and thus give play to the arms and legs1 invented in the #agth century1 in ,germany2 hence their name4 ,almery1 ,aumery1 or ,ambry1 ,arch4 ,chr4 ,a niche or cupboard by the side of an altar1 to contain the utensils belonging thereto4 ,almond1 ,chr4 ,an aureole of elliptic form1 which is frequently met with encircling representations of saints1 or of ,god the ,father1 ,god the ,son1 or the ,virgin4 ,a more common name1 however1 for this aureole is ,,vesica ,,piscis 7q4v474 ,the term of mystical almond was applied to the symbol expressive of the virginity of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,the mystical meaning attached to this symbol is explained by reference to the rod of ,aaron1 which consisted of the bough of an almond-tree that had flowered in a single night and produced an almond on the morrow4 ,almonry1 ,almonarium1 ,arch4 ,chr4 ,a room where alms were distributed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,almuce4 ,almuce1 ,aumuce1 ,amess1 ,chr4 7almutium74 ,a furred hood worn by the clergy for the sake of warmth1 from the #acth to #afth centuries4 ,common in brasses of the #aeth century4 7,fig4 #af47 ,aloa1 or ,haloa4 ,an ,attic festival1 in honour of ,demeter and ,dionysus4 ,alostel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cry of heralds at the close of a tournament1 ordering the combatants to quit the lists and retire to their lodgings4 ,alpha and ,omega1 ,chr4 7 and 74 ,these two letters1 respectively the first and the last of the ,greek alphabet1 symbolize our earthly life1 since this has a beginning and an end4 ,they are also a symbol of ,god as being the beginning and end of everything4 ,altar4 ,a kind of platform or table upon which sacrifices were offered to the gods4 ,hence1 in ,christian art1 the table upon which the ,eucharistic sacrifice is offered4 7,see ,,antependium1 ,,ciborium1 ,,reredos1 c4 ,see ,,altare and ,,ara47 ,altar cards1 ,chr4 ,portions of the service of the mass printed separately on cards1 and placed against the reredos of an altar4 ,altar cloth1 ,chr4 ,the linen coverings1 and embroidered hangings of an altar4 ,altare1 ,r4 7alta ara1 high altar74 ,a raised altar as contradistinguished from the ara which was of no great height4 7,fig4 #ag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,circular ,roman altar4 ,altar front1 ,chr4 ,an antependium 7q4v474 ,altar screen1 ,chr4 ,the partition behind the high altar1 separating it from the ,lady ,chapel4 ,alto-rilievo 7,ital47 ,high ,relief4 ,see ,,rilievo4 ,alum is used in many processes--in the preparation of paper for water-colour painting1 and of lakes1 and carmine1 from cochineal4 ,roche alum1 or roach alum1 ,roman alum1 and ,turkey alum1 are varieties of the common alum1 described by medival writers as alumens4 ,alumen 7,lat471 ,greek1 7stypteria74 ,medival writers confused this word with the alums4 ,the name was applied by the classics to several salts of the nature of vitriols1 and among them to the natural sulphate of iron 7copperas or green vitriol of commerce74 ,alur1 ,aloring1 or ,alurde1 c41 ,o4,e4 ,parapet wall4 ,alvole2 see ,,nimbus4 ,alveus1 ,r4 7alvus1 the belly74 7#a7 ,a bath constructed in the floor of a room1 the upper part of it projected above the floor1 the lower part being sunk into the floor itself4 7#b7 ,a playing-board1 which was divided in the same manner as the ,,abacus 7q4v474 7#c7 ,a canoe hollowed out of the trunk of a tree1 the ,greek 4 7#d7 ,the hull of a ship4 7#e7 ,a wooden trough or tray4 ,ama or ,amula1 ,chr4 ,a long phial for holding the wine presented at the altar at the moment of offering4 ,amassette1 ,fr4 ,an instrument of horn used for spreading colours on the stone in the process of grinding4 ,amatito1 ,ital4 ,lapis ,amatita4 ,amatito is the soft red hmatite1 and is called also matita rossa4 ,lapis amatita is the compact red hmatite1 and is also called in ,italy mineral cinnabar1 and in ,spain albin4 ,when this word is used by early writers on art1 it probably indicates red ochre1 the red hmatite of mineralogists4 7,fairholt47 ,amber4 ,there are two varieties of this substance1 viz41 the grey and the yellow amber1 of which the latter only need here be more particularly noticed4 ,its use may be traced back to a very early antiquity1 the purposes to which it was applied being the setting of jewels and furniture4 ,it was employed by the ,jews for making amulets4 ,amber was also used by the ,egyptians in the fabrication of necklaces composed of pearls or other delicate materials4 ,by the ,romans it was sculptured into vases or statuettes4 ,the name of vasa electrina was given to amber vases set with silver1 and that of electrina patera to pater made of amber alone4 ,amber was largely used by early painters as a varnish1 and also as a vehicle4 ,it is harder than copal1 and is said to be the most durable of all varnishes4 ,it requires a long time to fit it for polishing4 ,amber is supposed to be a vegetable fossil2 it is washed up by the sea1 especially on the shores of the ,baltic4 ,amber ,yellow1 is an ochre of a rich amber colour in its raw state2 when burned it yields a fine brown red4 ,ambitus1 ,gr4 ,r4 and ,chr4 7ambio1 to go round about74 ,a small niche in underground ,greek or ,roman tombs forming a receptacle for a cinerary urn4 ,in the ,middle ,ages these niches were so far enlarged as to admit coffins2 the name under which they then went being ,,enfeus 7q4v474 ,during the same period the term ambitus was also applied to the consecrated ground by which a church was surrounded4 ,it served as a place of asylum as well as for burial4 ,the term is also applied to the process of canvassing for votes4 ,ambivium1 ,r4 7ambi and via1 a way round74 ,any road or street leading round a place4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,the ambo of ,st4 ,lawrence at ,rome4 ,ambo1 ,chr4 7perhaps from 1 to ascend74 ,a tribune of stone or marble in the ancient ,latin basilicas1 a pulpit4 ,fig4 #ah gives a representation of the ambo in the church of ,st4 ,lawrence without the walls at ,rome4 ,ambrices1 ,r4 ,the cross laths 7regul7 inserted between the rafters and the tiles of a roof4 ,ambry2 see ,,almery4 ,ambulant1 ,her4 ,in the act of walking4 ,ambulatory1 ,chr4 7ambulo1 to walk74 ,part of a cloister1 forming a kind of gallery for taking exercise in4 ,amenti or ,amenthi1 ,egyp4 ,one of the names given to the nether world of the ,egyptians4 ,it means the unseen region4 ,we learn from ,plutarch's treatise on ,osiris that1 8the subterranean regions whither souls betake themselves after death is called ,amenthes40 ,osiris is the lord and god of ,amenti1 which was also called by the ,egyptians the country of truth4 ,amentum1 ,r4 ,a thong attached to the shaft of a lance at the centre of gravity4 ,the soldier placed the fingers of his right hand between the two ends of the thong1 gave the weapon a rapid turn1 and then hurled it4 ,amentum was also used to denote the leather strap by which certain kinds of boots1 such as the crepid1 sol1 c41 were fastened above the instep4 ,amess4 7,see ,,almuce47 ,amethyst1 71 without intoxication47 ,a precious stone of a more or less deep violet colour4 ,the engravers of antiquity carved figures upon it1 in especial those of ,bacchus1 since the stone was also used1 in preference to any other1 for making drinking-cups1 from a belief that it possessed the virtue of dispelling intoxication4 ,this was the origin of the ,greek term4 ,among the ancient ,jews the amethyst was one of the twelve stones composing the breastplate of the high priest2 it occupied the eighth or ninth row4 ,in ,christian symbolism the amethyst 7or the colour violet7 signifies humility and modesty4 ,amiantus1 7 8 undefiled74 ,a fibrous uninflammable mineral substance4 ,it was used by the ancients for making fire-proof clothing4 ,it was known by the name of asbestus 71 uninflammable74 ,amice4 ,a piece of fine linen in the form of an oblong square1 suspended over the shoulders of the clergy4 ,pugin says it is 8a white linen napkin or veil worn by all the clergy above the four minor orders40 ,durand says it is a proper covering for the head1 typical of the helmet of salvation alluded to by the apostle2 or of the cloth with which the ,jews covered the ,saviour's face1 when they asked him to prophecy who struck him4 ,milton1 in ,paradise ,regained1 alludes to it1-- 8,morning fair ,came forth with pilgrim steps1 in amice grey40 ,amma1 ,egyp4 7#a7 ,a measure of length in use among the ancient ,egyptians4 ,it was about sixty feet4 7#b7 ,a kind of line used in land surveying4 ,ammah1 ,egyp4 ,the door which formed the exit from the abode of the dead4 ,chapters lxxiii4 and cxv4 of the ,book of the ,dead are entitled1--,on passing ,ammah2 i4 e4 directing one's course to heaven by stepping over the ,ammah4 ,amorevole of ,verona4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,their device was a hedgehog with its spines laden with grapes 7for its young74 ,motto1 8non solum nobis40 ,amorini1 ,ital4 ,cupids4 ,ampelitis1 ,gr4 71 a vine74 ,a black pigment prepared by the ancients from the burnt branches of the vine4 ,amphibalus1 ,chr4 ,a vestment1 used on ,sundays and high festivals2 peculiar to the ,gallican ,church4 ,amphidromia4 ,family festival held by the ,athenians upon the occasion of the birth of a child4 ,the carrying of the child round the hearth gave the name to the festival4 ,amphimallum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 woolly on both sides74 ,a description of woollen cloth more or less rough1 and having a nap on both sides4 ,amphiprostylos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a temple or other building having two open porticoes 7porticum and posticum71 both in front and rear4 ,they are so constructed as to project beyond the cella1 or main body of the building4 ,amphitapus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 hairy on both sides74 ,a particular kind of cloth1 made of some material resembling ,vicuna wool1 and having1 like the amphimallum1 a nap on both sides4 ,it was probably of ,eastern origin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,ground-plan of an amphitheatre4 ,amphitheatre1 ,r4 7-74 ,a building which was at first constructed for the purpose of exhibiting gladiatorial shows to the ,roman populace2 but later on any kind of spectacle1 even to a naumachia1 or sea-fight1 was exhibited there4 ,in the engraving1 ,a shows the ground-plan of an amphitheatre1 and ,b the plan of the seats4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,greek ,amphor4 ,amphora1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a large earthenware vessel1 having a handle on each side of its neck 7whence the name71 and terminating in a point4 ,amphor were used for holding various kinds of produce1 especially wine2 they were placed side by side in an upright position in the cellar1 the floor of which was covered with a deep bed of sand4 ,the engravings represent amphor from ,cnidus1 ,chio1 and ,samos4 ,amphor were also made of glass2 and a specimen is mentioned by ,nepos of one made of onyx4 ,homer mentions them of gold and stone2 and the ,egyptians had them of brass4 ,amphotis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 #a4 ,a brass cap lined with cloth inside4 #b4 ,a simple woollen cap worn by athletes to protect their temples and ears from the blows of the cestus1 in a boxing match4 #c4 ,a wooden vessel in use among the ancient ,greek peasants1 as a milking-pail4 ,it derived its name from having two handles or ears4 ,ampulla1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a phial or flask with short and narrow neck and spherical body1 which was used to hold the oil requisite for bathers 7ampulla oleria72 it could also be used to hold vinegar1 wine1 and other beverages1 and was then called ampulla potaria4 ,the ampulla generally took the form of a globe or bladder1 but not invariably2 a lentil-shaped variety with rounded sides was very common4 ,ampulla rubida was the name given to the leather-covered flasks which were made use of by travellers or sportsmen to carry wine1 vinegar1 or oil4 ,the vessel or cruet used in ,christian churches for the consecrated oil or wine was hence called the ,,ampul4 ,ampyx1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 from 1 to surround74 ,latin frontale4 ,a general term to denote any net composed of strings1 bands1 or ribbons1 which forms a head-band4 ,it thus denotes at once a woman's head-dress1 or the ornamental strips of leather which serve as head-band for a horse4 ,the ampyx worn by women was in some cases very costly1 being made of gold or silver1 and adorned with precious stones4 ,the term was also applied1 by analogy1 to the cover of a vase4 ,another word for it is ampicter4 ,amulets4 ,objects of a very heterogeneous description1 to which is superstitiously attributed the power of healing certain diseases1 or averting them from men and animals4 ,this is the meaning which attaches1 in its widest sense1 to the term amulet 7amuletum74 ,amulets are unquestionably of ,eastern origin2 by the ,egyptians they were looked upon as preservatives against dangers1 unlucky days1 enemies1 c4 ,the varieties of them were very numerous2 among others1 were scarabi1 small columns1 cartouches1 symbolic eyes1 interlacing fingers1 heads of urus1 c4 ,a large number of stones were also employed as amulets2 those of commonest occurrence are hematite1 jasper1 lapis lazuli1 amethysts1 diamonds1 heliotropes1 c4 ,each of these amulets had its special virtue2 for instance1 the clear crystal worn during prayer rendered the god propitious1 and compelled him to give ear to the suppliant4 ,coral kept every evil influence away from a house2 and in ,italy it is looked upon1 even at the present day1 as a preservative against the evil eye4 ,in ,christian archology1 the name of amulets1 or in some instances1 ,,encolpia 7q4v471 was given to relics1 or objects of devotion1 such as crosses1 medals1 wood from the true cross1 the bones of saints1 c4 ,amulets were also called periapta 771 i4 e4 suspended1 because they were hung round the neck1 and also pyctacium1 because some amulets were folded in two4 ,the ,arabic word amulet means the same as periapta1 that which is suspended4 ,amussis1 ,r4 ,the exact sense of this term is not clearly defined by ancient authors1 beyond the fact that it denotes generally any kind of instrument employed by builders--especially masons--for testing the accuracy1 regularity1 and evenness of their work4 ,the term is used to denote sometimes the plumb-line1 rule1 or square2 sometimes the level1 measuring-line1 c4 ,anabathra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 steps up74 ,steps or stairs2 a raised step2 a mounting block4 ,these last were often placed along the high roads4 ,anabologium1 ,chr4 ,another name for the ,humerale or ,,amice 7q4v474 ,anaceia or ,anakeia1 ,gr4 7from 1 a king74 ,a festival held at ,athens in honour of ,castor and ,pollux1 who were also called ,anaktes and ,anakestes4 7,see ,,anaceium74 ,similar festivals were held at ,sparta1 ,argos1 and other cities of ,greece4 ,anaceium1 ,gr4 ,a temple of ancient ,athens1 dedicated to ,castor and ,pollux4 ,slaves used to be sold there4 ,anaclinterium1 ,gr4 774 ,the head-board of a sofa or bed1 which served as a support for the bolster and the pillow on which the sleeper's head rested4 ,anadem1 ,gr4 774 ,in general a fillet or head-band2 but in a more restricted acceptation1 an ornamental band1 such as was worn by women and youths among the ,greeks4 ,it was thus distinguished from the diadema and the vitta1 which were also head-bands1 but worn solely as the insignia of honorary1 regal1 or religious distinctions4 ,anaglyph1 7 and 1 to carve74 ,a general term to denote any work of art that is sculptured1 chased1 carved1 or embossed1 such as cameos1 bas-reliefs1 or other raised work1 whether in metal1 marble1 or ivory4 ,when such sculptures or chasings are incised or sunk1 they are called ,,intaglios or ,,diaglyphs 7q4v474 ,according to ,st4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 anaglyphs were employed by the ,egyptians when they wished to hand down a panegyric of any king under the form of a religious myth4 ,although the words of ,st4 ,clement are very obscure1 and have furnished materials for countless discussions1 it is now admitted that the anaglyphs in question belong to the group of hieroglyphics which may be deciphered on the cartouches of the ,pharaohs1 and in which we have1 in fact1 panegyrics of the ,egyptian kings veiled in religious myths4 ,the ,egyptians also gave the name of anaglyphs to a kind of secret writing1 understood only by the initiated2 even at the present day it remains undecipherable1 owing to our imperfect knowledge of ,egyptian mythology4 7,see ,c,,latura47 ,anagogia4 ,a festival at ,eryx1 in ,sicily1 in honour of ,aphrodite4 ,analemma1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,any raised construction which serves for a support or rest1 and more particularly a pier1 wall1 or buttress4 7#b7 ,the pedestal of a sun-dial1 and so the sun-dial itself4 ,anancum1 ,r4 ,a drinking-cup of great capacity1 the form of which is unknown4 ,if we may credit ,varro it was sometimes richly chased4 ,anankaion1 ,gr4 71 from 1 restraint74 ,a kind of prison the purpose of which is not exactly known4 ,according to some archologists it was a private prison for slaves1 or for freedmen1 who1 from some fault1 were reduced to servitude again2 others assert that it was a public prison4 ,anapiesma1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 that which is pressed back74 ,an appliance used in ancient theatres4 ,it was a kind of trap-door by means of which deities were raised from beneath the stage so as to make them visible to the spectators4 ,the proscenium contained a certain number of these trap-doors2 one of them1 leading from the orchestra to the front of the stage1 enabled the ,furies to appear2 by another1 marine deities made their appearance2 while that through which passed the shades who ascended ,charon's staircase was called ,charon's anapiesma4 ,anastatic4 ,an ingenious modern process of reproducing copies of printed matter1 engravings1 ink drawings1 c41 by transferring them to a sheet of polished zinc4 ,anathma1 ,chr4 71 an offering74 ,anything offered up in churches by the faithful2 as1 for instance1 vases and other utensils for sacrifice1 altar ornaments1 c4 ,anathma1 ,chr4 ,the greater excommunication1 answering to the ,hebrew cherem4 ,anchor4 ,in ,christian ,art1 the emblem of ,hope4 ,the attribute of ,s4 ,clement1 the ,pope1 who was bound to an anchor1 and thrown into the sea4 7,see ,,ancora47 ,ancile1 ,r4 ,a shield of the shape of a violin case4 ,it was the sacred shield which1 according to tradition1 had fallen from heaven into the palace of ,numa4 ,it occurs frequently on medals1 especially those of ,augustus4 ,the two incavations of the shield were more or less deep1 and usually semicircular4 ,but ,ovid describes it as of an entirely different shape1 being cut evenly all round2 ,idque ancile vocat1 quod ab omni parte recisum est 7,ovid1 ,fast4 iii4 #cgg74 ,the ,,salii1 or twelve priests of ,mars ,gradivus1 had twelve such shields4 ,the form was oval1 with the two sides curving evenly inwards1 so as to make it broader at the ends than in the middle4 ,they used to beat their shields and dance4 ,anclabris1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a small table used instead of an altar at sacrifices2 it was slightly concave1 so as to adapt it to hold the entrails of the victim for the inspection of the diviners4 7,see ,,altar47 ,ancon1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a term admitting various meanings1 7#a7 ,a small console on each side of a door supporting an ornamental cornice4 7#b7 ,the arm of a chair or arm-chair4 7#c7 ,a cramp of wood or metal serving to connect together courses of masonry or blocks of stone4 7#d7 ,the prongs or forks at the end of the props employed by hunters to hang their nets upon4 7#e7 ,an earthenware vessel used in ,roman taverns for holding wine4 ,according to the etymology of the word which in ,greek signifies hollow or elbow1 this bottle must have been shaped like a retort4 7#f7 ,the arms or branches of the square used by carpenters and stone masons1 which form an angle similar to that formed by the bent arm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,roman anchor1 from a bas-relief4 ,ancora1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 from 1 a bend74 ,an anchor or piece of iron used to stop a ship4 ,like those now in use1 the ancient anchors were generally furnished with two flukes or arms1 but sometimes they had only one4 ,in the latter case they were called terostomos1 a term corresponding to our modern blind anchor4 ,a bas-relief on the column of ,trajan represents an anchor placed at the bow of the vessel4 ,in ,christian archology the anchor is a symbol of hope2 an anchor is frequently met with1 among ,christian symbols1 associated with a fish2 the emblem of the ,saviour 7,see ,,acrostic74 ,ancorale1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,literally the cable of an anchor1 and then the buoy-rope1 or even the buoy itself4 ,the ancient anchors had a ring at the end of the shank to which the buoy-rope was attached4 ,the latter served not only to indicate the place where the anchor lay1 but also to drag the flukes out of the ground when the anchor was raised4 ,andiron4 ,iron standards with bars for supporting logs of wood fires1 frequently richly ornamented1 and sometimes made partly of silver4 ,andriantes1 ,gr4 71 images of men74 ,statues set up by the ,greeks in honour of the victors in the public games4 ,this custom dated from #ej ,olym41 or #ehd ,b4,c4 ,androgeonia4 ,an ,athenian annual festival1 in honour of ,androgeus1 the son of ,minos4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,plan of a ,greek house1 showing the andron4 ,andron1 ,andronitis1 ,gr4 and ,gr4-,r4 71 from 1 a man74 ,that part of the ,greek or ,grco-,roman house exclusively set apart for men4 ,fig4 #bb represents the ground-plan of a ,greek house2 the andron occupies all that part of the building which surrounds the open court1 and consists of the apartments numbered #a to #i4 ,the ,romans applied the term simply to a passage separating a house or part of a house from another4 ,anelace1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a knife or dagger worn at the girdle2 broad1 two-edged and sharp4 8,an anelace and a gipciere all of silk1 ,hung at his girdle1 white as morwe milk40 7,,chaucer1 ,canterbury ,tales47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,angel of the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,angel4 ,a gold coin current in ,england and ,france in the #aeth and #afth centuries4 ,it derived its name from the figure of an angel stamped upon it4 ,a similar coin1 either of gold or silver1 was current in ,france at various periods4 ,from the time of ,louis ,,ix4 to that of ,louis ,,xi41 the gold angel was equal in value to a crown of fine gold1 or a little more than fourteen francs4 ,it was stamped with a figure of ,st4 ,michael1 holding in his right hand a sword1 and in his left a shield with three fleur-de-lys4 ,henry ,,vi41 king of ,england1 when he was in possession of ,paris1 had a gold angel struck which was not above seven francs in value4 ,it was stamped with the figure of an angel holding in his hand the shields of ,france and ,england4 ,the same king also had a silver angel struck which was only worth about five and a half francs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,arms of ,france with ,angels as supporters4 ,,xiv4 century4 ,angels1 7,gr4 1 a messenger7 in ,christian ,art are represented in nine degrees1 which are divided into three categories4 ,the first consists of ,seraphim1 ,cherubim1 and ,thrones2 the second of ,dominations1 ,virtues1 ,powers2 and the third of ,princedoms1 ,archangels1 and ,angels4 ,they are represented as young1 to show their continued strength2 winged as messengers of speed2 barefooted and girt to show their readiness2 in robes of white indicative of purity1 or in cloth of gold for their glory2 the cloth of gold diapered with bands of precious stones2 the emerald1 emblem of unfading youth2 the crystal1 of purity2 the sapphire1 of celestial contemplation2 and the ruby1 of divine love4 ,during the renaissance1 ,pugin complains1 8the edifying and traditional representations of angelic spirits were abandoned1 and1 in lieu of the albe of purity and golden vests of glory1 the artists indulged in pretty cupids sporting in clouds1 c40 ,the proper attributes of the angels are trumpets1 for the voice of ,god2 flaming swords1 for the wrath of ,god2 sceptres1 for the power of ,god2 thuribles or censers for the prayers of saints1 and musical instruments to emblem their felicity4 ,angiportus or ,angiportum1 ,r4 ,a narrow road passing between two houses or rows of houses1 or an alley leading to a single house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,point d',angleterre4 ,angleterre1 ,point d'4 ,lace made by ,flemish makers who were invited to settle in ,england in the reign of ,charles ,,ii41 the ,english ,parliament having passed an act prohibiting the importation of all foreign lace4 ,england1 however1 could not produce the necessary flax1 and the lace was of inferior quality4 ,the merchants of the time remedied this by smuggling large quantities of lace from the ,brussels market1 selling it as ,english ,point or ,point d',angleterre1 by which latter name it is still known1 effacing the old name 8,point de ,bruxelles40 7,fig4 #be47 ,anglicanum ,opus4 7,see ,,embroidery47 ,angones4 ,french weapons of the ,middle ,ages furnished with three blades1 one of which was straight1 broad and keen1 the remaining two curving outwards4 ,some angons have a lozenge-shaped head-blade4 ,they were used as a kind of pike1 and sometimes hurled like javelins4 ,the latter kind somewhat resembled the aclis4 ,anguilla1 ,r4 ,a whip made use of by ,roman schoolmasters for punishing their scholars4 ,it was so called because made from the skin of an eel 7anguis74 ,anguis1 ,r4 ,a serpent which among the ,romans symbolized the local spirit 7genius loci74 ,serpents were painted upon a wall to deter the public from defiling the spot thus indicated4 ,at ,pompeii these representations of serpents are found in the bakehouses1 kitchens1 and similar places where cleanliness is peculiarly desirable4 ,the same term was applied to a military ensign in the shape of a serpent4 ,anime4 ,gum anime is a resin1 which is mixed with copal in making varnish1 causing it to dry quickly and firmly4 ,animosi of ,milan4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,their device was 8stags passing a river1 resting on the heads of each other40 ,motto1 8,dant animos vices40 7,mutual help gives strength47 ,anklets1 ,gr4 7,see ,,periscelis47 ,annealing4 ,the process of tempering brittle glass and metals by heat4 ,annulet1 ,her4 ,a plain ring1 or false roundle4 ,annulets1 ,arch4 ,the rings or mouldings about the lower part of the echinos or ovolo of ,doric capitals4 ,annulus or ,anulus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7dimin4 of anus1 a ring74 ,a finger-ring4 ,they were originally made of iron1 and used as a signet for sealing4 ,later on they were made of gold4 ,among the ,greeks and ,romans they were worn on the fourth finger of the left hand1 whence the expression sedere ad anulos alicui1 to be seated at any one's left hand4 ,the anulus bigemmis was a ring set with two precious stones2 anulus velaris was a curtain ring4 ,a plait of hair arranged in circles round the back of the head was also called anulus4 ,in architecture the term was formerly employed instead of anulet4 ,the stone most frequently used for rings was the onyx1 upon which devices were carved with wonderful skill4 ,the bezel1 or part of the ring which contained the gem1 was called ,,pala4 7,see ,,rings47 ,ansa1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a term signifying both haft and handle1 and even eyelet or hole4 ,any vessel or vase which has large ears or circular handles on the neck or body1 is said to be furnished with ans4 ,ansa ostii was the term applied to the handle by which a door is pulled or shut to4 ,the bronze or iron eyelet on the top of a steelyard were also called ans stater4 ,the holes or eyelets made in the side leathers of a ,greek or ,roman shoe were called ans crepid2 the handle of the rudder1 ansa gubernaculi2 lastly an iron cramp was called ansa ferrea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,templum in antis4 ,ant1 ,r4 ,square or rectangular pilasters supporting the walls of a temple1 which was thence called templum in antis4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,the ant thus formed the end of the walls of the cella4 ,the capitals of ant and the friezes abutting on them were sometimes richly ornamented1 as may be seen by referring to ,fig4 #bg1 which represents1 in their restored state1 the frieze and one of the ant in the temple of ,augustus1 at ,ancyra1 in ,galatia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,capital and frieze of one of the ,ant in the temple of ,augustus4 ,antarius1 ,antarii funes1 ,r4 ,ropes employed for raising into the proper position any object of considerable weight1 such as a column1 mast1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,archaic ,antefixa in terra-cotta4 ,antefixa4 ,ornaments of terra-cotta which were placed above the cornice1 at the end of each row of tiles on a roof 7,fig4 #bi74 ,they were also used in ancient times for decorating the ridge of a roof4 ,we possess specimens of antefixa remarkable for delicacy of design and execution2 such were the antefixa of the temple of ,diana ,propyla at ,eleusis1 and the various ,etruscan specimens to be found in our museums4 ,they were decorated with masks1 leaves1 and especially palms painted to imitate nature or in different colours4 ,the ,etruscans employed coloured antefixa only2 many specimens of these last may be seen at the ,louvre1 and in the museums of ,perugia1 ,florence1 and ,naples4 ,the ,antefixa of the ,parthenon were of marble4 7,fig4 #cj47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,antefixa in marble from the ,parthenon4 ,antemural4 ,a term referring either to the outworks protecting the approach to a castle1 or to the wall surrounding the castle4 ,antenna1 ,r4 ,the yard-arm of a ship4 ,antepagmentum1 ,r4 ,the jamb of a door4 ,antepagmentum superius1 the lintel4 ,antependium4 ,richly ornamented hangings of precious metal1 wood1 or textile fabrics1 in front of a ,christian altar4 ,anteportico4 ,a synonym of ,,porch 7q4v472 but little used4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,anterides of the ,cloaca ,maxima at ,rome4 ,anterides1 ,gr4 and ,r4 78 1 to stand firm74 ,a structure employed to strengthen a weaker one4 ,it consisted of a kind of buttress placed against an outer wall1 chiefly in subterranean constructions1 such as a sewer or aqueduct4 ,fig4 #ca represents the anterides of the ,cloaca ,maxima at ,rome4 ,anthony1 ,cross of ,st41 in the form of the letter ,t4 ,it is the idealized representation of a crutch4 7,see ,,crosses47 ,anthropomorphic4 ,man-shaped2 said for example of the character of the ,greek ,religion1 whose gods and demi-gods were only ideal men1 from which circumstance the representation of the human form became the first object of their plastic art4 ,antia4 ,the iron handle of a shield4 ,anti1 ,r4 ,the ringlets of hair worn by men and women which hung about the ears and the temples4 ,antick4 ,strange1 irregular1 or fantastic in composition4 ,antilena1 ,r4 ,an appliance attached to the pack-saddle of a beast of burden4 ,it was a broad strap passing in front of the animal's breast so as to prevent the saddle from slipping backwards4 ,it was employed especially in mountainous districts4 ,antimensium1 ,chr4 ,a consecrated altar cloth4 ,antimony4 ,the oxide of this metal is employed in the preparation of yellow pigments for enamel or porcelain painting4 ,glass is coloured yellow by antimony4 7,see ,,naples1 ,,guimet',s ,,yellows47 ,antipendium1 ,chr4 7,see ,,antependium47 ,antiphoner1 ,chr4 ,an antiphonarium2 a book of responses set to music4 ,antique4 ,pertaining to ancient ,greek or ,roman art3 more freely used in recent times to describe the quality of ancient art in general1 but properly applicable only to classical art4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,opus ,antiquum4 ,antiquum ,opus1 ,arch4 ,an ancient kind of stone-work or masonry composed of irregular stones4 ,another name for it was opus incertum4 ,antiseptic varnish4 ,a glazing composed to protect vegetable or animal pigments4 ,antitype4 ,the realization of the type4 ,antonine ,column4 ,one of the most valuable architectural monuments in ,rome4 ,it is a lofty pillar ornamented with a series of bas-reliefs extending spirally from the base to the summit1 representing the victories of the ,emperor ,marcus ,aurelius ,antoninus4 ,anulus4 7,see ,,annulus47 ,anvil4 ,in ,christian art the attribute of ,st4 ,adrian1 and of ,st4 ,eloy1 the patron saint of the smiths4 ,apalare1 ,r4 ,a kitchen utensil2 a sort of large metal spoon or ladle4 ,ape4 ,in ,christian art the emblem of malice and of lust4 ,common in illuminations of the penitential psalms1 in allusion to ,david's fall4 ,apex1 ,r4 7apex1 the top74 ,a piece of olive wood pointed at the end1 and set in a flock of wool4 ,it formed the head-dress of the ,flamines and ,salii4 ,by analogy1 the term was further used to denote a cap1 and also the ridge on the top of a helmet to which the horsehair crest was attached4 ,aphractus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 unguarded74 ,a vessel without a deck1 or only partly decked fore and aft4 ,aphrodisia1 ,gr4 774 ,a general term under which were comprised all the festivals held in honour of ,venus 7,aphrodit74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,aplustre and anchor of a ,roman ship4--,from bas-relief4 ,aplustre1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,an ornament placed at a ship's stern4 ,it was constructed of flexible wooden planks1 in imitation of the feather of a bird's wing4 ,apobates1 ,gr4 7,lat4 ,desultor74 ,one who dismounts4 7#a7 ,soldiers in chariots who leaped in and out in the fight4 7#b7 ,the circus riders who leaped from one horse to another4 ,apodyterium1 ,r4 and ,gr4-,r4 7from 1 to put off74 ,in a general sense1 an undressing-room1 and more particularly the apartment in the baths where the bathers undressed4 ,as little light penetrated from without1 there was generally a lamp burning in a niche4 ,an apodyterium such as that just described may still be seen at ,pompeii4 ,apollino1 ,it4 ,the name usually given to the beautiful 8,apollo of ,florence10 attributed to ,praxiteles4 ,apophyge or ,apophysis1 ,arch4 ,the small fascia or band at the top and base of the shaft of columns4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,apostle ,mug4 ,apostle ,mug4 ,the mug or tankard shown in the engraving is of ,nanconian or ,nuremberg stone-ware1 with figures of the twelve apostles enamelled in colours upon it4 7,fig4 #cd47 ,,apostle ,,spoons are well known to have received their names from the figures of the ,apostles forming the handles4 ,apostyls ,coats1 ,o4 ,e4 ,probably garments used for mystery plays4 ,apotheca1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 a granary74 ,a store-room or magazine for containing any kind of stock4 ,the ,romans also applied the term specially to a wine store-room situated in the upper part of the house2 this was sometimes called the fumarium4 ,here the wine was placed in amphor to ripen it more quickly1 whereas when stored in the cella vinaria1 it was placed in ,,cup and ,,dolia 7q4v474 ,apotheosis1 ,gr4 71 god1 to deify74 ,a deification2 the ceremony by which a mortal was introduced among the number of the gods4 ,the proper term in ,latin is consecratio 7q4v474 ,the funeral pile1 in such cases1 was built several stories in height1 and an eagle was let loose from the top storey1 to carry the soul of the emperor from earth to heaven4 ,this is commemorated upon the medals struck on the occasion1 which represent an altar with a fire on it1 from which an eagle ascends4 ,apparel1 ,chr4 ,embroidered additions to the vestments of the clergy4 ,appaume1 ,her4 ,said of a hand1 open1 erect1 and showing the palm4 ,appianum1 ,lat4 ,appian green1 a pigment used by the ancients1 prepared from green earth1 now known as ,cyprus or ,verona green1 because the best is found at those places4 ,apple4 ,the emblem in classical art of victory1 and in ,christian art of the fall of man4 ,appliqu1 ,fr4 ,applied ornament1 as of metal or porcelain upon wood4 ,in embroidery1 ,appliqu work is used1 when a pattern cut out of one colour or stuff is applied1 or laid on1 to another4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,apse of ,st4 ,william in the ,desert1 a monastery in the ,south of ,france4--,built about ,a4 ,d4 #hbj4 ,apse1 ,apsis1 or ,chevet 71 bow or vault74 ,the termination of a church4 ,it is generally of semicircular form1 and surmounted by a demicupola1 but there are instances of rectangular apses4 ,fig4 #ce represents the apse of ,st4 ,william in the ,desert4 7,see ,,absis47 ,apsis gradata1 ,chr4 ,the chair occupied by bishops in the early ,christian basilicas4 ,apteral1 ,arch4 ,without wings4 ,a temple without columns on the sides4 ,aqua fortis 7nitric acid74 ,used by engravers and etchers for biting-in on copper and steel4 ,aqua marina4 ,a transparent green stone1 frequently used by the gem engravers of antiquity4 ,aqumanalis4 7,see ,,aquiminarium47 ,aquamanile1 ,chr4 ,the basin used for washing the hands of the celebrant in the liturgy4 ,a4 of great splendour are frequently mentioned in the ancient records4 ,the corresponding ewer was called ,,urceus4 ,aqua-tint4 ,a method of engraving with the help of mastic4 7,consult ,fielding's 8,art of ,engraving407 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,pont-du-,gard1 a ,roman aqueduct near ,nismes4 7,restored7 ,aqueduct1 ,gen4 7aqua1 water1 and duco1 to lead74 ,an artificial canal for conveying water from one point to another1 and often to a considerable distance from the source4 ,many ancient nations have executed works of this description1 but the ,roman aqueducts are especially celebrated4 ,the most perfect is that which still exists1 in a ruined state1 over the river ,gard1 near ,nismes in the ,south of ,france1 called ,pont-du-,gard4 7,fig4 #cf47 ,aqueducts were often discharged into reservoirs4 ,aquil1 ,r4 ,the eagles1 or ensigns1 of the ,roman legion under the ,empire4 ,they were of silver or bronze1 and had the wings outstretched4 ,as an architectural term aquila denotes the triangular face formed by the tympanum of a pediment1 because the latter was often ornamented with an eagle4 7,see ,,ensign47 ,aquiminarium1 ,r4 ,an ewer for pouring water over the hands of the guests after a banquet4 ,other terms for this ewer were aqumanalis and aquimanale4 ,ara1 ,r4 ,the ,latin term for ,,altar4 7,see this word and ,,altare47 ,arab ,pottery4 7,see ,,gargoulette47 ,arabesque1 ,gen4 ,an ornament of a pattern more or less intricate1 composed of stems1 foliage1 leaves1 fruits1 scrolls1 or leafage1 as well as of curious and fantastic animals4 ,it is an error to suppose that arabesque1 as its name might seem to indicate1 was an ,arab invention2 it was known to the ,greeks and ,romans1 and was largely employed in ,grco-,roman architecture4 ,arostyl1 ,arch4 ,an order of temples1 in which the space between the columns is four diameters in width4 ,arbalest4 7,see ,,cross-,,bow47 ,arca1 ,r4 7arceo1 to enclose1 preserve74 7#a7 ,a kind of box or strong chest used by the ancients as a receptacle for money1 clothes1 or any valuable effects4 7#b7 ,a strong box or money chest2 7#c7 a rough chest used for a coffin2 7#d7 a cage for criminals1 made of oak2 7#e7 a wooden caisson1 answering the purpose of a modern coffer-dam4 ,arcade4 ,a series of arches4 ,arcadi4 ,a ,literary ,academy established at ,rome in #afij4 ,the members adopted pastoral names4 ,their device was a ,pandan pipe1 surrounded by a wreath of olive and pine4 ,arcatures1 ,arch4 ,a series of blind arcades represented on a wall1 in relief or painting4 ,carved arcatures are those forming a kind of screen2 they are detached from the wall1 and have an inner and outer face4 ,arcera1 ,r4 ,a cart boarded all over so as to resemble a huge chest 7arca74 ,the inmate reclined on cushions and pillows covered with drapery2 and the exterior was covered with hangings1 the richness of which varied with the rank and fortune of the owner4 ,arch 7arcus1 a bow74 ,a structure the form of which is based on the segment of a circle4 ,the kinds of arches are named according to the curve which they make4 ,round-headed arches2 semicircular1 segmental or stilted1 introduced by the ,romans4 ,triangular arches1 of very early date4 ,horse-shoe arches2 the ,moorish1 the common horse-shoe and the pointed 7which is also a ,moorish form74 ,then the trefoil arch of the ,early ,english style3 with its variations1 including the square-headed trefoil of the #acth century4 ,the lancet or acute-pointed2 the equilateral2 the pointed trefoil2 the ogee1 of the #adth and #aeth century2 the ,tudor arch1 of the reigns of ,henry ,,vii4 and ,,viii42 and the decorative forms1 not used in construction2 the flamboyant1 the cinquefoil and the multifoil are all described under the headings printed above in ,italics4 ,archaic 7art74 ,the first period of ,art is distinguished by stiffness and conventionality of treatment1 directed much more to the symbolic representation of an idea than to beauty or true imitation4 ,it is properly called also the hieratic type1 from its intimate relation to religious symbolism4 ,see ,,selinuntian2 ,,ginetan ,,marbles4 ,archangels4 ,the seven angels of the ,christian hierarchy who stand in the presence of ,god4 ,st4 ,michael1 sometimes in complete armour1 bears a sword and scales1 as the ,angel of ,judgment1 also a rod with a cross2 ,st4 ,raphael bears a fish1 and a pilgrim's staff and gourd2 ,st4 ,gabriel bears a lily2 ,uriel carries a parchment roll and a book1 as the interpreter of prophecies2 ,chamuel bears a cup and a staff2 ,zophiel a flaming sword2 and ,zadchiel the sacrificial knife which he took from ,abraham4 ,the ,archangels are generally represented with the nimbus1 and clothed as princes and warriors2 their ensign is a banner and cross1 and they are armed with a sword and a dart in one hand4 ,arched or ,archy1 ,her4 ,bent or bowed4 ,arched-buttress or ,flying ,buttress1 ,arch4 ,an incomplete arch supporting the spandrels of a roof4 ,it springs from a ,,buttress 7q4v474 ,archeria1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a vertical loophole from which arrows could be discharged4 ,archibault4 7,see ,,archivolt47 ,architrave1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 chief2 and ,ital4 trave1 a beam74 ,that part of a structure which rests immediately on the capital of a column or pilaster4 ,architraves are surmounted by a frieze and a cornice4 ,archivium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a building in which archives 7charters and records7 of a city or state were deposited4 ,it was also called ,,archeion or ,,tabularium 7q4v474 ,archivolt or ,archibault1 7arcus1 and volutus1 rolled round74 ,the whole of the mouldings decorating an arch or arcade1 and following the contour of the same4 ,archlute1 old ,eng4 ,a kind of theorbo1 or double-necked lute4 #afth century4 ,archy4 7,see ,,arched47 ,arcosolium1 ,chr4 7arcus1 and solium1 a coffin74 ,an arched or vaulted sepulchral chamber in the catacombs1 sanctified by the interment of martyrs and holy persons2 and in later generations often richly decorated1 as with marble incrustations1 paintings1 and mosaics4 ,the arcosolia in which ,christians of small means were buried are constructed in the walls of the passages in the catacombs4 ,the wealthier ,christians1 however1 had arcosolia specially excavated for their family and friends2 the following inscription is frequently found on them3 ,nobis et nostris et amicis4 ,arcuatio1 ,r4 ,a structure formed by means of arches or arcades1 and employed to support a construction of any kind1 such as a bridge1 aqueducts1 c4 ,arcubalista1 ,r4 71 to throw74 ,a machine for hurling arrows1 somewhat similar to a cross-bow4 ,arcubus4 7,see ,,arquebus47 ,arcula1 ,r4 ,diminutive of ,,arca 7q4v474 7#a7 ,a small chest4 7#b7 ,a colour-box used by encaustic painters4 7#c7 ,a small sepulchre1 or stone coffin4 ,arculum1 ,r4 ,a garland which the ,dialis 7,priest of ,jupiter7 wore on his head while sacrificing2 it consisted of one or two pomegranate boughs bent into a circle and fastened with fillets of white or red wool4 ,arcuma1 ,r4 ,a small carriage constructed to hold only one person4 7,see ,,plaustrum1 ,,chiramaxium1 ,,vehiculum47 ,arcus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a bow for discharging arrows4 ,there were many kinds in use among the ancients4 ,those of the ,greeks and ,romans presented on the whole much analogy with each other1 while the ,scythian bow differed entirely from both4 7#b7 ,an arch of masonry2 the arcus triumphalis was a triumphal arch4 ,the ,romans never used any other form of arch than the semicircle4 ,ardenti4 ,literary ,academies of this name existed at ,pisa1 at ,naples1 and at ,viterbo4 ,area1 ,r4 7#a7 ,any broad1 open and level space1 and so a square or parade4 ,are were adorned with fountains and statues set up in honour of some divinity1 who frequently gave his name to the spot4 ,thus at ,rome there were the area ,apollinis1 area ,mercurii1 c4 7#b7 ,a threshing-floor in a field4 ,arena1 ,r4 7#a7 ,sand2 a material employed in building4 7#b7 ,the level space forming the area of an amphitheatre4 ,arenaria1 ,r4 ,a ,roman game of ball for two persons2 it derived its name from the fact that the ball was made to rebound from the ground 7arena74 ,areste4 ,a cloth of gold1 elaborately figured1 used for vestments4 #acth century4 ,it is not to be confounded with arras4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,arezzo vase4 ,arezzo ,vase4 ,many fine examples of old ,etruscan pottery have been found in or near the town of ,arezzo in ,tuscany4 ,they are of red lustred ware ornamented in relief1 and show evident traces of ,greek origin4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,argei1 ,r4 7#a7 ,certain sites at ,rome1 having a small temple attached to them4 7#b7 ,images or lay-figures made of bulrushes1 which were cast into the ,tiber1 on the ,ides of ,may1 from the ,sublician bridge4 ,this custom is still kept up in the south of ,france1 where1 in certain towns1 on ,ash-,wednesday1 they drown an image called ,caramentran who represents the god of the carnival4 ,argent1 ,her4 ,the metal silver1 represented in engravings by a plain white4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,point d',argentan4 ,argentan1 ,point d'4 ,lace made much in the same way as ,point d',alenon1 but having the flowers bolder and larger in pattern and in higher relief2 the foundation1 called the bride-ground1 is also coarser4 ,it takes its name from the little town of ,argentan in ,normandy1 where it was made4 7,fig4 #ch47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,argentella lace4 ,argentella4 ,a name given to a lace made in ,genoa1 but worked much like ,point d',alenon4 ,argive4 ,a school of sculpture1 contemporary with the ,,attic ,,school of ,pheidias2 of which ,polycletus was the head4 ,he was the author of the ,canon1 or law of proportion in sculpture1 exemplified in his ,doryphorus 7spear-bearer72 he worked principally in bronze1 and was famous for his chryselephantine statues4 ,a specimen of the ,argive school of sculpture is the ,discobolus of ,myron 7a contemporary of ,polycletus7 in the ,british ,museum4 ,it is an ancient copy in marble from the original bronze statue4 ,closeness to ,nature is a distinguishing characteristic of the ,argive ,school4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,battering-ram4 ,aries or ,ram4 ,a battering-ram4 ,it consisted of a stout beam1 furnished at one end with an iron head1 shaped like that of a ram1 and was used to batter the walls of a city till a breach was effected4 ,the battering-ram was at first worked by men1 who simply carried it in their arms1 but in course of time it was suspended from a wooden tower 7,fig4 #dj71 or a vertical beam1 and worked with the aid of ropes4 ,when the battering-ram was enclosed in a kind of wooden shed bearing some resemblance to the shell of a tortoise1 it was called by the name of that animal 7testudo7 7,fig4 #da74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,battering-ram in testudo4 ,ark1 ,chr4 ,a symbol of the church4 ,armanahuasi1 ,peruv4 ,the baths of the ancient ,peruvians4 ,they were remarkable for the elegance and luxury displayed in their ornamentation4 ,they were furnished with magnificent fountains1 some of which threw their jets upwards 7huraea71 others in a horizontal direction 7paccha74 ,armarium1 ,r4 ,a cabinet1 cupboard1 or bookcase4 ,originally a place for keeping arms4 ,some were ornamented with plates of brass set in links of gold2 others were made of gold inlaid with precious stones of various shapes4 7,see also ,,almery47 ,armatura1 ,r4 7#a7 ,in a general sense1 armour of every kind4 ,thus armatura levis denoted the light infantry2 and soldiers armed only with a hasta1 and the dart1 gsa 7of ,gallic invention7 were called leves milites4 7#b7 ,the art of fencing4 7#c7 ,the pieces of iron or bronze which connect stones or the parts of a structure4 7#d7 ,the iron framework in a window or casement4 ,armed1 ,her4 ,having natural weapons of offence1 c4 ,a lion is armed of his claws and teeth1 a bull of his horns1 c4 ,armenian ,green4 7,see ,,chrysocolla47 ,armet1 ,old ,eng4 ,a kind of helmet of the #afth century1 worn with or without the beaver4 ,armilausa1 ,lat4 ,a classical garment adopted in ,england and elsewhere1 worn by knights over their armour4 ,strutt describes it as 8a round curtal weed1 which they called a cloak1 and in ,latin armilausa1 as only covering the shoulders40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,armilla4 ,celtic ,bracelet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,armilla4 ,gaulish ,bracelet4 ,armilla4 ,in general1 any circlet of gold or silver which forms a bracelet for men or women1 whether worn on the wrist1 arm1 or ankle4 ,bracelets worn by men often consisted of three or four massive bands of bronze1 silver1 or gold1 and thus covered a considerable portion of the arm4 ,bracelets were worn by the ,assyrians1 the ,babylonians1 the ,medes1 the ,persians1 the ,celts 7,fig4 #db71 and the ,gauls 7,fig4 #dc74 ,the ,egyptians in some instances employed ivory and porcelain in their manufacture4 ,armillum1 ,r4 ,a kind of urceolus1 or small pitcher for holding a particular kind of wine4 ,it was among the number of the sacrificial vessels1 and was well known from the ,latin proverb3 ,anus ad armillum 7an old woman returns to her bottle74 ,armilustrium4 ,a ,roman festival for the purification of arms4 ,arming ,points4 ,the 8points0 or ties of armour4 ,armins4 ,cloth or velvet coverings for pikehandles4 ,armory1 ,her4 7#a7 ,heraldry4 7#b7 ,a list of names and titles with the arms belonging to them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,primitive ,roman ,armour4 ,armour1 ,arms4 ,in almost every deposit where prehistoric remains are buried1 we find clubs1 hatchets1 arrows1 hammers1 or other arms1 mostly1 even in the stone age1 carefully ornamented4 ,the ancient ,egyptians were armed with 8the bow1 spear1 two species of javelin1 sling1 a short and straight sword1 dagger1 knife1 falchion1 axe or hatchet1 battle-axe1 pole-axe1 mace or club1 c4 ,their defensive arms consisted of a helmet of plate1 or quilted head-piece1 a cuirass1 or coat of armour made of metal plates1 or quilted with metal bands1 and an ample shield0 7,wilkinson74 ,among the ,greeks1 the heavy-armed warrior wore the greaves1 cuirass1 with the mitra underneath1 and the zone or cingulum above2 his sword1 ensis or gladius1 hung on his left side1 and the large round shield1 sacus1 aspis1 clipeus or scutum1 hung from his shoulder2 his helmet1 corys1 cunea1 cassis or galea2 his spear1 enkus1 doru or hasta1 or two spears4 ,the defensive armour1 the shield and thorax1 were called hopla1 and the man hoplites4 ,the light-armed1 psiloi1 anoploi1 gymnai1 gymnetai1 had a slighter covering of skins1 or cloth1 and fought with darts1 stones1 bows and arrows or slings4 ,there were also the peltast1 so called from their small shield pelte4 ,all the above-mentioned parts of classical armour1 and their modifications in that of medival times are described under their respective headings2 as well as much of medival armour4 ,arnis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,an expiatory festival held in honour of ,linus and his mother ,psamath1 the daughter of ,crotopus1 king of ,argos4 ,various legends are extant regarding the origin of this festival1 which was called ,arnis from the sheep 77 that were sacrificed4 ,arotoi-,hieroi1 ,gr4 ,literally3 sacred labours1 a term used to denote three agricultural festivals which took place in ,attica2 the first was held in commemoration of the first sowing2 the second1 on occasion of reaping the earliest crop of barley in a field near ,eleusis2 the third1 by way of invoking the blessings of ,ceres on the field of corn specially set apart for the worship of ,athena4 ,arquebus4 ,a hand-gun1 larger than a musket4 ,the man using it was called an arquebusier4 ,arra or ,arrha1 ,r4 ,a deposit1 or earnest-money to a contract4 ,arras4 ,tapestry4 ,textile hangings for walls2 first made at ,arras in the #adth century4 ,it was originally called ,opus ,saracenicum4 ,arrh ,sponsaliti1 called also ,,arrabo1 was the name of the betrothal money paid to the parents of a bride2 a practice of the ,hebrews1 continued by ,christians4 ,arrhephoria1 ,gr4 774 ,a festival held at ,athens in the month of ,june or ,scirophorium4 ,the maidens who took part in it were called or 4 ,four little girls and a priestess carried some sacred vessels to a grotto4 ,arricciate1 ,ital4 ,one of the coats of mortar laid on to a wall to receive fresco-painting4 ,arrondie1 ,her4 ,curved1 round4 ,arrows1 in ,christian art1 are the emblems of pestilence1 death1 and destruction4 ,arsenicon1 ,greek for orpiment 7q4v474 ,artemisia1 ,gr4 ,a general term to denote all the festivals of ,diana ,artemis4 ,the most celebrated were those held at ,ephesus1 ,delphi1 and ,syracuse4 ,articulation4 ,the anatomical study of the juncture of the bones4 ,artolaganus1 ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 bread-cake74 ,a kind of dough-cake made with wine1 milk1 oil1 and pepper4 ,cicero1 in one of his letters1 asserts that it was delicious4 ,artophorium 7bread-bearer71 ,chr4 ,another name for the ciborium or costly box prepared to contain the consecrated ,host4 ,artopta1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 to bake74 ,a mould in which bread and pastry were baked4 ,artopticius1 ,r4 7sc4 pars74 ,a roll or loaf of bread baked in an artopta1 many examples of which may be seen in the small museum at ,pompeii2 owing to their having become hardened1 these loaves have retained their shape perfectly when taken from the oven after eighteen centuries4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,arundel device4 ,arundel ,device4 ,a chapeau or1 and gules1 surmounted by a fret or1 and an acorn leaved vert4 ,this is only one of the numerous badges of the house of ,arundel1 which is peculiarly rich in armorial bearings4 ,arundel ,marbles4 ,a collection of ancient sculptures found in ,greece and ,asia ,minor in the early part of the #agth century and brought to ,england at the expense of ,thomas ,howard1 ,earl of ,arundel4 ,in #affg his grandson presented them to the ,university of ,oxford4 ,arundo1 ,r4 ,a term with various significations4 7#a7 ,a reed or cane4 7#b7 ,an arrow or bow made of cane4 7#c7 ,a fishing-rod4 7#d7 ,a cane rod tipped with bird-lime for catching birds4 7#e7 ,a reed pen for writing4 7#f7 ,a ,pan's pipe in which the reeds were joined together by wax2 whence its name arundo cerata4 7,see ,,calamus47 ,arx1 ,r4 7arceo1 to enclose74 ,a citadel or fortress4 ,arx is almost equivalent to ,,acropolis 7q4v471 since citadels were usually built on elevated sites1 thus forming an upper city 774 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,greek ,aryballos4 ,aryballos4 ,a ,greek flask or vase used for oil or wine4 ,it was commonly of a bladder shape with a thin neck4 ,the example engraved 7,fig4 #df7 is painted in the ,asiatic style4 ,on some of these vases the ornament is engraved4 ,arystichos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 to draw water74 ,a vessel for drawing water1 especially from the ,,amphora 7q4v474 ,it was also called ephebos 771 because1 at banquets1 it was the duty of youths to mix the wine with water before handing it to the guests4 ,this term has as synonyms aruter1 arusane1 arustis and oinerusis4 ,arzica4 7#a7 ,an artificial pigment of a yellow colour1 used for miniature painting4 7#b7 ,a yellow lake made from the herb 8reseda luteola40 7#c7 ,a yellow earth for painting1 of which the moulds for casting brass are formed2 it yields an ochreous pigment of a pale yellow colour1 which1 when burned1 changes to an orange colour4 ,arzicon4 ,a contraction of ,arsenicon1 for orpiment 7q4v474 ,as1 ,r4 ,the unit of value in the bronze currency of the ,romans4 ,originally the as weighed one pound1 whence its name as liberalis2 and as it was composed of a mixture of copper and tin 7s71 it was also called s grave4 ,at a later period the as had much declined in value2 under ,augustus it was only worth somewhat less than a penny4 ,asaminthos1 ,gr4 774 ,a large vase of the ,homeric epoch1 large enough to admit of a person bathing in it4 ,it is supposed that this was the tub of ,diogenes4 ,asbestus4 7,see ,,amiantus47 ,ascendant1 ,her4 ,issuing upwards1 as a flower4 ,ascia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a term applied to instruments of various shapes and employed for different purposes1 but all bearing a general resemblance to a carpenter's adze4 ,the expression sub ascia dedicavit1 which is frequently found engraved on tombs together with the representation of an ascia1 has given rise to numerous interpretations4 ,it is supposed that this expression signified3 ,this tomb never before used has been dedicated to the memory of the person in whose honour it was erected2 or possibly the formula implied that the plot upon which the memorial stood had been granted in perpetuity4 ,after all the discussion to which the formula has given rise1 these are the two hypotheses most generally accepted4 7,see ,,acisculus47 ,ascopera1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 leathern bag or wine-skin2 1 a pouch74 ,a large bag made of undressed leather1 carried as knapsack by foot-travellers1 and thus distinguished from the ,,hippopera 7q4v474 ,ascolia1 ,ascolias1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 a wine-skin74 ,an ,athenian game which consisted in leaping upon a wine-skin1 filled with wine and greased over with oil1 during the festivals in honour of ,dionysus4 ,ashlar1 ,achelor1 c42 also ,,astler or ,,estlar1 ,o4 ,e4 ,hewn stone for the facings of walls4 8,clene hewen ,ashler40 ,asilla1 ,r4 ,a yoke1 like a milkman's1 or the ,malay picol1 for carrying burdens2 is a common object in ,egyptian and all other ancient representations of domestic appliances4 ,asinarii4 ,a term of reproach inherited by the early ,christians from the ,jews1 who were accused of worshipping an ass4 ,askos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a vessel1 originally shaped like a leather bottle 7uter7 for holding water or wine4 ,it was furnished with a handle at the top1 and had sometimes two mouths1 one of which served to fill1 the other to empty it4 ,later on1 the askos assumed the form of an earthenware pitcher4 ,asor1 ,heb4 ,a musical instrument of ten strings played with the plectrum4 ,asp4 ,in ,egyptian art the emblem of royalty2 in ,christian art1 under the feet of saints1 of conquered malice4 ,aspectant1 ,her4 ,looking at one another4 ,asperges1 ,aspergillum1 ,chr4 ,the rod for sprinkling holy water4 ,aspersed1 ,her4 ,scattered over1--the same as ,seme4 ,aspersorium1 ,chr4 ,the stoup1 or holy water basin4 ,asphaltum4 ,a brown carbonaceous pigment used in painting4 ,it is found in various parts of the world1 more particularly in ,egypt1 ,china1 ,naples1 and ,trinidad4 ,the best is the ,egyptian4 7,see ,,bitumen1 ,,mummy47 ,aspic4 7,see ,,oil ,,of ,,spike47 ,ass1 ,chr4 ,an emblem of patience and sobriety2 but also of idleness and obstinacy2 sometimes of the ,jewish nation4 ,ass1 ,festival of the4 ,a grotesque ,christian festival of the ,middle ,ages1 connected with the prominence of the ass in religious history4 ,asser1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a beam1 pole1 or joist4 7#b7 ,the rafters of a wooden roof4 7#c7 ,asser falcatus was a kind of ram which was launched1 with the aid of machinery1 by the garrison of a fortified town1 against the enemy's siege works4 ,assett1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a salver4 ,assommoir1 ,fr4 ,a sort of gallery built over a door or passage of a fortified place1 from which stones1 lead1 and other heavy objects could be hurled down to overwhelm 7assommer7 the besiegers4 ,hence the name4 ,asterisk1 ,chr4 ,sometimes called ,,stellula4 ,a kind of crossed framework made of gold or silver1 consisting of two arched bands which are sometimes surmounted1 at the point of intersection1 by a cross4 ,the asterisk is placed upon the patera for the purpose of keeping up the cloth which covers the consecrated wafers of the host4 ,astler4 7,see ,,ashlar47 ,astragal 71 knuckle-bone74 ,a small semicircular moulding1 so called from its resemblance to a row of knuckle-bones placed side by side4 ,as it is decorated with beads1 or berries of laurel or olive1 separated by discs1 it is now commonly known as a chaplet4 ,astragals are placed at the top of a column1 beneath the capital1 and divide the architrave into two or three parts4 ,they are also used to decorate any kind of base4 7,see ,,torus47 ,astragalus1 ,r4 ,the ancient game of knuckle-bones2 a common subject in classical sculpture1 called also ,,tali4 ,astreated1 ,arch4 ,star-shaped ornaments1 used in ,norman mouldings4 ,asylum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 safe from violence74 ,a place of refuge1 to which was attached the privilege of inviolability called asulia4 ,this privilege belonged to certain temples1 woods1 or other sacred enclosures4 ,there were a considerable number of such retreats in ,greece and the ,greek colonies4 ,at ,gaze1 ,her4 ,said of animals of the chase 8standing still and looking about them40 ,atach-gah1 ,pers4 ,the fire-altar of the ancient ,persians2 mentioned in the writings of ,pausanias and ,strabo4 ,atellan 7sc4 fabul71 ,r4 ,a farce1 so called from its having originated in ,atella1 a city of the ,osci1 in ,campania4 ,hence the name of ,oscan games 7ludi ,osci74 ,atellan were played by youths of good family1 on the conclusion of a tragedy4 ,they were introduced into ,rome in the fourth century ,b4,c4 ,these farces were distinguished by their refinement1 and freedom from low buffoonery4 ,athenum4 ,a university for literary and scientific studies at ,rome1 on the ,capitoline ,hill4 ,athyr1 ,egyp4 ,one of the months of the ancient ,egyptians4 ,it was the third of the four months called the months of inundation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,one of the ,atlantes of the ,theatre of ,bacchus at ,athens4 ,atlantes1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 74 ,human figures so called1 in allusion to the story of the ,titan ,atlas1 which were employed instead of columns to support entablatures 7,fig4 #dg74 ,the ,latin equivalent for the term is ,,telamones4 ,similar female figures were ,,caryatides4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,atlas1 a device used by ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain4 ,atlas4 ,one of the several devices adopted by ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain was a figure of ,hercules bearing on his shoulders and kneeling beneath1 the weight of the world2 a feat recorded to have been performed by him in order to give relief to ,atlas from his customary burden4 ,the motto 8,ut quiescat ,atlas10 is written on a ribbon4 ,atramentale1 ,atramentarium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7atramentum1 q4v474 ,an inkstand1 of any shape or material whatsoever4 ,inkstands were made of terra-cotta1 bronze1 and silver4 ,there is a ,pompeian painting in which a double inkstand is represented1 one side of which contains black ink1 the other an ink of some different colour4 ,there were also portable inkstands called theca4 7,see ,,theca47 ,atramentum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7ater1 black74 ,a general term to denote any kind of black liquid2 such were atramentum scriptorum1 atramentum librarium1 or simply atramentum--all terms for writing ink2 atramentum sutorum1 the black used by shoemakers for dyeing their leather1 another name for which was chalcamentum 7q4v472 and atramentum tectorium1 a kind of ink used for writing inscriptions with a brush4 ,in ancient times1 all descriptions of ink were made with soot and gum1 forming a kind of ,indian ink which was diluted with water4 ,vitruvius 7,book ,,vii47 thus describes the process by which atramentum was obtained3 8,soot is first procured by burning rosin in a vaulted chamber1 and the black 7atramentum7 thus obtained is then mixed with gum40 ,atriolum1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,atrium74 7#a7 ,a small atrium4 ,it might be either a smaller atrium adjoining the principal one in a house1 or the atrium of a dwelling of inferior size4 7#b7 ,a small antechamber forming the entrance of a tomb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,atrium1 with ,ionic columns4 ,atrium1 ,r4 and ,mod4 ,a term perhaps derived from ,atria1 a city of ,tuscany in which structures of this description were first built4 ,it consisted of a kind of covered court 7cavdium71 round which were grouped the different apartments of the house4 ,in the centre of the roof was an aperture with sloping sides called the compluvium1 and in the court beneath1 a basin which collected the rain-water from the roof4 ,this was called the impluvium4 ,there were besides1 the atrium displuviatum and the atrium testudinatum4 ,the atrium was unquestionably the most essential and the most interesting part of a ,roman mansion2 it was here that numbers assembled daily to pay their respects to their patron1 to consult the legislator1 to attract the notice of the statesman1 or to derive importance in the eyes of the public from an apparent intimacy with a man in power4--,moule4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,atrium1 with ,doric columns4 ,during the ,middle ,ages the term atrium was used to denote the open plot of ground surrounding a church1 which served for a cemetery1 and the close or courtyard of certain churches4 ,attegia1 ,r4 ,a hut or cabin made of reeds1 and covered with thatch4 ,attic-order1 ,arch4 ,an arrangement of low pilasters1 surmounting a building4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,atticurge doorway at ,agrigentum4 ,atticurge1 ,arch4 71 wrought in ,attic fashion74 ,a doorway1 the uprights of which1 instead of being perpendicular1 inclined slightly inwards1 so that the opening was wider at the threshold than immediately under the lintel4 ,fig4 #ea represents the doorway of an ancient monument at ,agrigentum1 in ,sicily4 ,attires1 ,attired1 ,her4 ,the antlers of a stag or 8hart0 having antlers4 ,attributes4 ,conventional symbols of the character1 or the agency1 or the history1 of subjects of art representation4 ,auditorium1 ,r4 7a place for hearing74 ,a lecture-room1 assembly-room1 court of justice1 or generally any place in which orators1 poets4 c41 were heard4 ,the ,,basilic contained halls so named1 in which courts of justice were held4 ,augmentation1 ,her4 ,an honourable addition to a coat of arms4 ,augurale1 ,r4 7augur1 a soothsayer74 ,in a ,roman camp the augurale was a place situated to the right of the general's tent or ,,pr,,torium 7q4v474 ,it was so called because the augurs there took their station to observe the flight of birds4 ,in ,greece1 the oracles were consulted2 but in ,rome questions were addressed to ,jupiter1 who answered simply 8,do0 or 8,do not10 by his messengers the birds4 ,they gave no prophecies4 ,augustine's ,oak1 at ,aust on the ,severn2 the scene of the conference between ,st4 ,augustine and the ,british bishops1 ,a4 ,d4 #fjb4 ,aula1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 7#a7 ,an open court attached to a house4 ,it was usually in front1 and on either side of it were the stables and offices4 ,when it belonged to a farm it was round this courtyard that the stabling1 sheepfolds1 and other outhouses were arranged4 7#b7 ,aula regia was the central part of the scene in a ,greek or ,roman theatre4 ,aula or ,aulum1 ,r4 7aula1 a hall74 7#a7 ,hangings or tapestry used to decorate the dining-room or triclinium1 or generally1 any piece of tapestry used as a curtain1 whether to cover a doorway1 act as a screen1 or hide the stage in a theatre4 7#b7 ,the covering of a sofa or dining-couch1 also called1 from the way in which it hung all round it1 peristroma 774 ,aula is almost synonymous with ,,velum 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,aulmonire4 ,aulmonire4 ,the ,norman name for the pouch1 bag1 or purse appended to the girdle of noble persons1 and derived from the same root as 8alms0 and 8almoner40 ,it was more or less ornamented and hung from long laces of silk or gold2 it was sometimes called ,alner4 7,fig4 #eb47 7,see ,,allouy,,re47 ,i will give thee an alner ,made of silk and gold clear4 7,lay of ,sir ,launfal47 ,aulos1 ,gr4 ,the ,greeks gave this name to all wind instruments of the flute1 or oboe1 kind2 it was not blown at the side like a flute1 but by a vibrating reed in the mouthpiece1 like a clarionet4 ,the single flute was called monaulos1 and the double one diaulos4 ,aumbrie1 ,aumery1 ,almery1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cupboard or closet4 ,aumery of ,here1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cupboard with hair-cloth sides for ventilation4 ,a meat-safe4 ,aureola1 ,chr4 7aurum1 gold74 ,a quadrangular1 circular1 or elliptic halo surrounding the bodies of ,christ1 the ,virgin1 or certain saints4 ,another name for this ornament is the mystical almond or ,,vesica ,,piscis 7q4v474 ,when it envelopes the head only it is called the ,,nimbus4 ,aureole4 7,see ,,aureola47 ,aureus1 ,r4 7sc4 nummus1 golden74 ,the unit of value for gold currency under the ,roman emperors1 worth about a guinea4 ,auripetrum4 ,a cheap imitation of gold leaf2 made of tinfoil coloured with saffron4 ,auspicium1 ,r4 7aves aspicio74 ,divination from observation of the flight of birds4 7,auspicium ex avibus1 signa ex avibus47 ,there was also the auspicium cleste or signa ex clo1 of which the most important was a flash of lightning from a clear sky4 ,besides these there were the auspicia pullaria1 or auspices taken from the sacred chickens2 the auspicia pedestria1 caduca1 c4 7,see ,,augurale47 ,authepsa1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,literally a self-boiler2 it was a sort of kettle or cauldron1 which was exposed to the rays of the sun1 to heat the water within it2 whether1 however1 the ancients had attained the art of raising water to boiling heat1 in this manner1 it is impossible to say4 ,the apparatus is mentioned by ,cicero and ,lampridius1 but neither of them gives any description of it4 ,avellane4 ,a variety of the heraldic cross4 7,see ,,crosses47 ,avena1 ,r4 7oats74 ,a ,pandan pipe1 made of the stalk of the wild oat4 ,aventail1 ,fr4 7avant taille74 ,the movable front of a helmet4 ,aventurine4 ,a kind of brown glass1 mixed with bright copper filings1 formerly made at ,venice4 ,averta1 ,r4 ,a trunk1 bag1 or portmanteau1 carried on the crupper by travellers who rode on horseback4 ,aviarium1 ,r4 7avis1 a bird74 7#a7 ,a poultry-yard4 7#b7 ,an aviary in which birds--and more particularly those of rare breeds--were kept4 ,axis1 ,r4 7#a7 ,the axle-tree of a carriage4 7#b7 ,axis versatilis was a cylinder worked by a crank1 and used for drawing water from a well by means of a cord which rolled round it as it revolved4 7#c7 ,the upright pivot upon which a door turned4 ,it worked in two sockets1 placed respectively in the upper and lower lintels4 ,azarcon4 ,the ,spanish name for red lead4 ,azure4 ,a blue colour known from the very earliest times4 ,azure stone was the name given to the lapis lazuli4 ,the name is given also to ,,cobalt4 ,in heraldry it is the name for the blues in the arms of persons whose rank is below that of a baron2 it is represented in heraldic engraving by regular horizontal lines4 ,azyme1 ,chr4 ,unleavened bread4 ,b4 ,baccalarii1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a contraction of bas-chevaliers3 poor knights2 distinct from knights bannerets1 who were also termed rich knights4 ,baccelleria1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,the order of bachelors4 ,thus we read1 8,la flor de ,france et la bachelerie40 ,bachelor or ,bachelier has been derived from bas chelle1 the lowest step of the ladder4 7,meyrick47 ,baccha1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a ,bacchante2 a woman who celebrates the mysteries of ,bacchus1 in the temples of the god1 or in the ,bacchic orgies4 ,in the numerous representations of ,bacchantes which occur on monuments of ancient art1 they carry the thyrsus in their right hands1 and wear a wreath of ivy or vine-leaves on their heads4 ,they appear also in the disguise of ,len1 ,thyades1 ,naiads1 ,nymphs1 c4 ,bacchanalia1 ,r4 7,greek1 ,dionysia74 ,festivals held in honour of ,dionysus or ,bacchus4 ,bacchos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a short1 richly ornamented thyrsus1 carried by the ,myst1 at ,eleusis1 on occasion of their being initiated in the mysteries4 ,there was a proverb in ,greece which said3 8,many carry the ,bacchos1 but few are inspired by the gods40 ,bacillum 7dimin4 of ,,baculum1 q4v474 ,a small wand1 especially the lictor's wand4 ,backgammon1 originally called table board1 is mentioned in a ,,ms4 of the #acth century4 ,the name of bag-gamon is first found in #afdf4 ,baculum1 ,baculus1 ,r4 ,a general term to denote any kind of staff1 except such as form the insignia of any rank or office1 or are employed in certain professions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,badge of ,king ,henry ,v4 in his chantry in ,westminster ,abbey4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,planta genista1 or broom4 ,badges4 ,small heraldic shields1 worn by servants and others1 showing1 in embroidered cloth or silver1 a figure or device2 common also 8in the furniture of houses1 on robes of state1 on the caparisons of horses1 on seals1 and in the details of ,gothic edifices40 7,lower1 8,curiosities of ,heraldry407 ,fig4 #ed from the cornice of ,king ,henry's chantry in ,westminster ,abbey shows the adaptation of heraldic badges in architectural ornament4 7,the description is inserted under ,,blazon1 q4v47 ,the ,badges worn by the military followers of the feudal leaders answered the purpose of our modern uniforms4 ,among remarkable badges are the 8,bear and ragged staff0 of the ,earls of ,warwick1 the red and white roses of ,lancaster and ,york1 the sprig of broom 7,fig4 #ec7 of the ,plantagenets4 ,badgers4 ,brushes of badger's hair1 for blending or softening4 7,see ,,blending47 ,bagordare1 ,med4 ,it4 ,a burlesque tournament in which the combatants were attended by fools instead of heralds and esquires4 ,bagpipe4 ,this ancient and favourite instrument of the ,celtic races is represented in an ,o4 ,e4 ,,ms4 of the #adth century4 ,several of the ,hebrew instruments mentioned in the ,bible and in the ,talmud were kinds of bagpipes4 ,so was a ,greek instrument called 8,magadis40 ,in ,russia and ,poland1 and in the ,ukraine1 it used to be made of a whole goat's skin1 and was called 8,kosa10 a goat4 ,it is of high antiquity in ,ireland1 and a pig playing the bagpipe is represented in an illuminated ,irish ,,ms4 of ,a4 ,d4 #acjj4 ,baijoire4 7#a7 ,a medal or coin on the obverse or reverse of which were two faces in profile1 placed one over the other4 7#b7 ,an ancient silver coin of ,genoa1 and an ancient ,dutch gold coin4 ,the term is certainly derived from an old word ,baisoire baiser1 to kiss4 ,bai-,kriem1 ,hindoo4 ,literally1 roasted rice2 a stone employed in some of the monuments of the ancient ,cambodia4 7,see ,,bien-,,hoa47 ,bailey4 7,see ,,ballium47 ,bainbergs 7,germ4 ,bein-bergen74 ,shin-guards or modern greaves4 ,baisoire4 7,see ,,baijoire47 ,balance or ,scales4 ,in ,christian symbolism the balance symbolizes the ,last ,judgment4 ,the ,scales and ,sword are also1 generally1 the attribute of personified ,justice4 ,balandrana4 ,a large cloak1 of the #abth and #acth centuries4 ,balayn1 ,o4 ,e4 ,whalebone for crests of helmets4 ,baldachin1 ,it4 ,a canopy of wood1 stone1 or metal over seats and other places of honour1 common also over fireplaces and beds1 and carried in coronation and other processions over the most honoured persons4 ,baldric1 ,baudrier1 or ,baudrick1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a girdle or sash1 usually a belt of leather1 and worn over the shoulder4 ,they were sometimes hung with bells4 7,see ,,balteus47 ,balea1 ,balia1 ,med4 ,lat4 7from 1 to throw74 7#a7 ,a sling4 7#b7 ,a ballista4 ,from their skill in the use of slings1 the inhabitants of ,majorca1 ,minorca1 and ,ivica had the appellation ,baleares4 ,bales1 ,o4 ,e4 7,lat4 balascus2 ,fr4 balais74 ,an inferior kind of ruby4 ,baleyn4 7,see ,,balayn47 ,balista4 7,see ,,ballista47 ,balista a pectore1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a hand cross-bow4 ,balistrari1 ,med4 ,lat41 ,arch4 ,cruciform openings in the wall of a fortress to shoot quarrels through from cross-bows4 ,balletys or ,tuptai1 ,gr4 ,a ceremony consisting in a mock combat with stones1 which took place at the ,eleusinian festival4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,ball-flower4 ,ball-flower4 ,an ornament characteristic of the ,decorated style of the #adth century4 ,it represents the 8knop0 of a flower4 ,ball-flowers may be seen in the ,cathedrals of ,bristol1 ,gloucester1 and ,hereford4 ,ballista or ,balista1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to throw74 ,a military engine for hurling large missiles4 ,it was constructed of wood1 and consisted of two uprights connected horizontally by a double cross-beam4 ,strands of twisted fibre formed the motive power of the engine1 which was fitted with an iron groove4 ,the cord was drawn back by men1 with the aid of a drum or pulleys4 ,the ancient balista was used to shoot stones2 the catapult to project heavy darts4 ,some balist threw stones weighing three cwt4 ,the medival balist threw quarrels or stones4 ,ballistarium or ,balistarium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a shed or magazine in which ballist were kept4 ,ballium1 ,med4 ,lat4 7#a7 7from ,ital4 battaglia74 ,the ,bailey or courtyard of a castle4 7#b7 ,the bulwark which contained such a ,bailey4 ,balne or ,baline4 7,see ,,balneum47 ,balnearia1 ,r4 ,a general term for all the utensils used in a bath1 such as strigils1 unguentaria1 gutt1 oils1 perfumes1 essences1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,balne4 ,the ,caldarium4 ,balneum1 ,balne1 ,therm1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,balneum meant originally a tub or other vessel to bathe in2 next1 the room in which it was placed2 when there were many such rooms the plural balnea was used4 ,balne were the public baths1 under the ,republic1 when they consisted of ordinary baths of hot and cold water4 ,therm were the magnificent and luxurious buildings adapted for the hot air system4 ,they contained 7#a7 the ,apodyterium1 or dressing-room2 7#b7 the ,frigidarium1 where the cold bath was taken2 7#c7 the ,tepidarium1 a bath of warm air2 7#d7 the ,caldarium1 with a vapour bath at one end1 a warm water bath at the other1 and a ,sudatorium1 or sweating bath in the middle4 ,the pavement1 called suspensura1 was over a furnace1 hypocaustum4 ,the bathers were currycombed with strigils1 which the ,greeks called stlengis or xystra2 and they dropped oil over their bodies from narrow-necked vessels called guttus or ampull4 ,the ,therm contained exedr1 or open air chambers1 where philosophers lectured1 and libraries1 and had gardens1 and shady walks1 and fountains1 with statuary attached to them4 ,the ruins of the ,therm built by ,titus1 ,caracalla1 and ,domitian remain visible 7,fig4 #ef74 ,balon1 ,balein1 ,balayn1 ,o4 ,e4 ,whalebone4 ,balsam of ,copaiba4 ,an oleo-resin1 used as a varnish1 and as a vehicle1 for oil painting4 ,balteolus4 ,dimin4 of ,,balteus 7q4v474 ,balteus or ,balteum 7a belt71 ,r4 7#a7 ,a baldric or wide belt which passed over one shoulder and beneath the other1 for the purpose of suspending a sword1 buckler1 or any other arm4 7#b7 ,the ornament on the baldric on which was marked the number of the legion to which a soldier belonged4 7#c7 ,a richly ornamented band of leather placed round a horse's breast1 below the ,,monile1 or throat-band 7q4v474 7#d7 ,the broad belt in the sphere1 which contains the signs of the ,zodiac4 7#e7 ,the bands surrounding the volutes of an ,ionic capital4 7#f7 ,the prcinctiones1 or small walls1 or parapets1 separating the different tiers in a theatre or amphitheatre4 7,generally a ,,belt47 ,baltheus1 ,med4 ,lat4 for ,,balteus4 ,baluster4 ,a small pillar1 swelling in the centre or towards the base4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,balustrade4 ,balustrade1 ,arch4 ,an enclosure or parapet composed of ballisters 7q4v471 and by analogy1 an enclosure consisting of any other ornament1 such as trefoils1 carved work1 c4 ,fig4 #eg represents a balustrade of the pointed ,gothic style4 ,bambino1 ,it4 ,a babe4 ,image of the infant ,christ4 ,bambocciata1 ,it4 ,the style of genre painting of ,teniers1 ,van ,ostade1 ,wilkie1 and others4 ,it was introduced into ,rome in #afbf by ,peter ,van ,laar1 who was called1 from an unfortunate deformity that he had1 ,il ,bamboccio1 or the ,cripple4 ,banded1 ,her4 ,encircled with a band4 ,banderolle4 7#a7 ,a small flag1 about a yard square1 upon which arms were emblazoned1 displayed at important funerals4 7#b7 ,in architecture of the ,renaissance1 a flat scroll1 inscribed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,falling-,band4 ,bands4 ,originally the name given to the collars which 7in the #agth century7 replaced the ruff of ,elizabeth's reign4 ,at first they were made of stitched linen or cambric edged with lace1 stiffened so as to stand up round the neck4 ,contemporary with these were the falling bands4 ,the engraving 7by ,hollar1 #afdj7 shows a merchant's wife with collar or falling band of cambric edged with lace4 ,the term bandbox has descended to us from those days1 when similar boxes were made expressly for keeping bands and ruffs in4 7,fig4 #eh47 ,bands1 ,arch41 are either small strings round shafts1 or a horizontal line of square1 round1 or other panels used to ornament towers1 spires1 and other works4 7,see ,,balteus47 ,bandum1 ,banderia1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a small banner4 ,the ,french poets called it 8ban10 a word probably of ,celtic origin1 signifying 8exalted40 7,meyrick47 ,bankard1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 banquier74 ,a carpet or cloth covering for a table1 form1 or bench4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,the ,royal ,standard1 or ,banner4 ,banner4 ,in heraldry1 a square1 or narrow oblong flag1 larger than the pennon 7q4v471 charged with the coat of arms of the owner displayed over its entire surface1 precisely as it is blazoned on a shield1 as in the illustration of the ,royal ,standard1 which should properly be styled the ,royal ,banner4 7,see ,,standard47 ,the ,union ,jack is also a banner1 in which the blazonry of the two nations of ,england and ,scotland are combined1 not by 8quartering10 but by an earlier process of 8blending0 the cross and the saltire in a single composition4 ,the profusion of banners at tournaments1 in feudal times1 when each noble planted his own in the lists1 was an element of picturesque effect4 ,the term applies to all kinds of flags1 or colours1 proper to individuals1 or corporations1 c41 who display them4 ,it does not appear that military banners were used by the ancients4 ,the banners used in ,roman ,catholic countries bear the representation of patron saints1 or symbols of religious mysteries4 ,banner-cloth1 ,chr4 ,a processional flag4 ,banneret4 ,a knight entitled to display a banner4 ,baphium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to dye74 ,a dyer's workshop4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,baptistery of ,st4 ,jean1 ,poitiers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,baptistery of ,st4 ,constance1 ,rome4 ,baptisterium1 ,r4 7from 1 to dip74 ,a kind of cold plunging-bath1 constructed in the ,,frigidarium 7q4v471 or the room itself4 ,in ,christian archology1 baptistery was the name given to a building adjoining a basilica1 or situated near it1 in which baptism was administered4 ,such is the baptistery of ,st4 ,john ,lateran at ,rome4 ,one of the most ancient baptisteries in ,france is that of ,st4 ,jean1 at ,poitiers1 represented in ,fig4 #fj4 ,it dates from the fourth century2 that of ,st4 ,constance1 at ,rome 7,figs4 #fa1 #fb71 belongs to the same period4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,interior of the ,baptistery of ,st4 ,constance4 ,bar1 ,her4 ,a horizontal line across a shield4 ,barathron or ,orugma1 ,gr4 774 ,a deep cleft behind the ,acropolis at ,athens1 into which criminals were thrown1 either under sentence of death by this means1 or after they had been put to death by hemlock or other poisons4 ,it was situated near the temple of ,diana ,aristobul4 ,barba1 ,gen4 ,the beard1 whence the attributive barbatus1 frequently employed to denote one who wears a beard4 ,thus bene barbatus1 a man with a well-trimmed beard2 barbatulus1 a young man whose youthful beard had never been touched with the razor4 ,among many nations of antiquity the custom prevailed of curling the beard artificially1 so as to obtain long curls or ringlets1 cincinni4 7,see ,,cincinnus47 ,the ,assyrians1 ,egyptians1 ,jews1 ,persians1 ,greeks1 and ,romans may be particularly enumerated4 ,shaving the beard was introduced into ,rome about ,b4,c4 #cjj1 and became the regular practice4 ,in the later times of the republic many persons began to wear it trimmed1 and the terms bene barbati and barbatuli were applied to them4 ,under ,hadrian the practice of wearing beards was revived1 and the emperors until ,constantine wore them4 ,the ,romans let the beard grow as a sign of mourning2 the ,greeks shaved4 ,the beard is an attribute of the prophets1 apostles1 and evangelists 7excepting ,st4 ,john72 and1 in ancient art1 of ,jupiter1 ,serapis1 ,neptune1 c4 ,neptune has a straight beard2 ,jupiter a curly silky one4 ,the early ,britons shaved generally1 but always had long moustachios4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon beard was neatly trimmed or parted into double locks4 ,the ,normans originally shaved clean1 but when settled in ,england let all their beard grow4 ,close shaving prevailed among the young men in ,england in the #adth century2 older men wore a forked beard4 ,after sundry changes1 clean shaving obtained in the reign of ,henry ,,vi41 and the beard was rarely cultivated from then until the middle of the #afth century4 ,the most extravagant fashions arose in ,elizabeth's reign1 and were succeeded by variations too numerous to detail4 ,barbatina1 ,it4 ,a preparation of clay mixed with the shavings of woollen cloth1 used in the manufacture of pottery to attach the handles and other moulded ornaments4 7,fortnum47 ,barbed1 ,her4 ,pointed1 as an arrow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,barbican4 ,barbican1 ,mod4 7#a7 ,a long narrow opening made in a wall1 especially in a foundation wall1 to let the water flow away4 7#b7 ,the term also denotes an outwork placed in front of a fortified castle or any other military post4 ,in the latter acceptation the term ,,antemural 7q4v47 is also used4 ,the illustration is taken from the arms of ,antoine de ,burgundy4 ,in this instance the barbican is a small double tower1 or out-post watch-house1 and the shutter-like pent-house protection of the unglazed window openings bears a striking resemblance to a modern sun-blind4 ,barbitos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a stringed instrument which dates from a very high antiquity2 it was much larger than the ,,cithara 7q4v474 ,to strike the long thick strings of the barbitos1 a ,,plectrum 7q4v47 was used instead of the fingers4 ,the invention of this instrument is attributed to ,terpander2 ,horace1 on the contrary1 says it was invented by ,alcus1 and ,athenus by ,anacreon4 ,it was a kind of lyre with a large body4 ,barbotine1 ,fr4 ,a primitive method of decorating coarse pottery with clays laid on it in relief4 7,jacquemart47 ,barca4 ,a boat for pleasure1 or for transport4 ,it was also a long-boat4 7,see ,,bari47 ,barde1 ,barred1 ,her4 ,in horizontal stripes4 ,barded1 ,her4 ,having horse-trappings1 or-- ,bardings1 which were often enriched with armorial blazonry4 ,bardocucullus1 ,r4 and ,gaul4 7bardus and cucullus1 i4 e4 monk's hood74 ,a garment with sleeves and hood worn by the poorer classes among the ,gauls4 ,it bore some resemblance to the ,roman ,p,,nula 7q4v474 ,barge-board1 or ,verge board1 is the external gable-board of a house2 which is often elaborately ornamented with carvings4 ,bari or ,baris1 ,gr4 and ,egyp4 774 ,a shallow ,egyptian boat1 used on the ,nile to transport merchandise1 and in funeral processions4 ,the ,egyptian sacred barks1 with which they formed processions on the ,nile1 were made of costly woods1 and ornamented with plates of gold or silver1 and carried a miniature temple 7naos71 which contained the image of a divinity4 ,the prow and the poop were ornamented with religious symbols of the richest workmanship4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,barnacles or ,breys4 ,barnacles or ,breys4 ,an instrument used in breaking horses4 ,baron1 in heraldic language1 signifies a husband4 ,the rank of ,baron in the peerage corresponds with that of the ,saxon ,thane2 it is the lowest4 ,baronet4 ,an hereditary rank instituted by ,james ,i4 in #afab4 ,baron's ,coronet1 first granted by ,charles ,,ii41 has1 on a golden circlet1 six large pearls2 of which four are shown in representations4 ,baroque4 ,in bad taste1 florid and incongruous ornamentation4 ,the same as rococo4 ,barrulet1 ,her4 ,the diminutive of a ,,bar 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,barry of six4 ,barry1 ,her4 ,divided into an even number of bars1 which all lie in the same plane4 ,barry-,bendy1 ,her4 ,having the field divided by lines drawn bar-wise1 which are crossed by others drawn bend-wise4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,bartizan4 ,bartizan1 ,watch-turret1 ,arch4 ,a small watch-tower made to project from the top of a tower or a curtain-wall1 generally at the angles4 ,city-gates were in some instances furnished with bartizans4 ,originally they were of wood1 but from the #aath century they were made of masonry1 and so formed part of the structure on which they rested2 they were1 in fact1 turrets4 7,fig4 #fg47 7,compare ,,barbican47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,bar-wise4 ,bar-wise1 ,her4 ,disposed after the manner of a ,,bar 7q4v474 ,barytes4 ,a heavy spar1 or sulphate1 the white varieties of which are ground and made into paint 7constant or ,hume's white74 ,mixed with an equal quantity of white lead1 it produces ,venice white1 and with half as much 8,hamburg10 or with one-third 8,dutch0 white4 ,basalt is a very hard stone1 much like lava in appearance1 and black or green in colour1 used for statuary4 ,the principal specimens are ,egyptian and ,grecian4 ,basanos1 ,gr4 7#a7 7,lat4 lapis ,lydius7 ,the touchstone2 a dark-coloured stone on which gold leaves a peculiar mark4 ,hence 7#b7 trial by torture4 7#c7 ,a military engine1 the form of which is not exactly known4 ,bascauda1 ,r4 ,a basket1 introduced from ,britain as a table utensil1 considered as an object of luxury4 ,it was the old ,welsh 8basgawd10 and served to hold bread or fruits4 ,bascinet4 ,a light helmet1 round or conical1 with a pointed apex1 and fitting close to the head1 mentioned in the #acth century4 ,bascule1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,the counterpoise to a drawbridge4 7#b7 ,a kind of trap-door4 7,a badge of the ,herbert family47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,ionic ,base4 ,base1 ,arch4 ,the lower part of a pillar1 wall1 c42 the division of a column on which the shaft is placed4 ,the ,grecian ,doric order has no base4 ,base4 ,her4 ,the lowest extremity4 ,baselard1 ,fr4 ,an ornamental short dagger1 worn at the girdle2 #aeth century4 ,with such a weapon the ,lord ,mayor of ,london 8transfixit ,jack ,straw in gutture40 ,the weapon is preserved by the ,fishmongers' ,company4 ,bases4 ,a kind of embroidered mantle1 which hung down from the middle to about the knees1 or lower2 worn by knights on horseback4 7,narcs47 ,basileia1 ,gr4 774 ,a festival instituted in honour of ,jupiter ,basileus4 ,it was in commemoration of the victory which the ,botians had won at ,leuctra1 and in which success had been promised them by the oracle of ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,basilica at ,pompeii 7restored74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,ground-plan of a ,basilica4 ,basilica 7sc4 aula71 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 sc4 1 i4 e4 royal hall74 ,this term owes its original meaning to the fact that in ,macedonia the kings1 and in ,greece the archon ,basileus dispensed justice in buildings of this description4 ,the ,romans1 who adopted the basilica from the above-named countries1 used it as a court of justice1 but besides this it became a branch of the forum1 and even when it did not form a part of the latter was constructed near it1 as was the case at ,pompeii4 ,fig4 #ga represents the ground-plan of this basilica1 and ,fig4 #gj a view of the same building restored4 ,the ground-plan of the basilica is rectangular1 the width not more than half nor less than a third of the length4 ,it was divided by two single rows of columns into three naves1 or aisles1 and the tribunal of the judge was at one end of the centre aisle4 ,in the centre of the tribunal was the curule chair of the prtor1 and seats for the judices and advocates4 ,over each of the side aisles there was a gallery1 from which shorter columns supported the roofs2 these were connected by a parapet wall or balustrade4 ,the central nave was open to the air4 ,under ,constantine the basilic were adopted for ,christian churches4 ,the early ,norman churches were built upon the same plan1 and the circular apsis1 where the judges originally sat1 used for the central altar1 was the origin of the apsidal termination of the ,gothic cathedrals4 ,the first basilica was built at ,rome1 ,b4,c4 #ahb4 ,in the ,middle ,ages structures resembling small churches erected over tombs were called ,basilica4 ,basilidian ,gems4 7,see ,,abraxas47 ,basilinda1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,literally1 the game of the king2 it was often played by ,greek and ,roman children4 ,the king was appointed by lot1 the rest being his subjects1 and bound to obey him1 during the game4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,basilisk4 ,basilisk4 ,a fabulous animal1 having the body of a cock1 beak and claws of brass1 and a triple serpent tail4 ,the emblem of the ,spirit of ,evil4 ,in heraldry1 a cockatrice having its tail ending in a dragon's head4 ,basilium1 ,gr4 774 ,a royal diadem1 of a very tall form1 of ,egyptian origin4 ,isis-,fortuna is often represented wearing the basilium on her head4 ,basinet4 7,see ,,bascinet47 ,basons for ecclesiastical ceremonies1 for collecting alms or for holding the sacramental vessels1 were a favourite subject for the goldsmith's art4 ,some beautifully enamelled basons of the #acth century represent subjects of hawking and hunting1 c4 ,bas-relief1 ,basso-relievo1 sculptured figures projecting less than half of their true proportions2 ,mezzo-relievo projecting exactly half2 ,alto-relievo more than half1 from the ground upon which they are carved4 ,bassara or ,bassaris1 ,gr4 7a fox1 or fox-skin74 ,a long tunic of ,lydian origin worn by the ,mnads of ,lydia and ,thrace1 who were often called1 from this circumstance1 ,bassar and ,bassarides4 ,basterna1 ,r4 ,a closed litter appropriated especially to the use of ladies1 as the ,anthologia ,latina says3 8,the gilded basterna conceals the chaste matrons40 ,it was carried by two mules harnessed in shafts1 one in front and one behind2 the ,,lectica 7q4v471 on the contrary1 was carried by men4 ,during the ,middle ,ages the same form of litter was a common means of conveyance in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,ground-plan of the ,bastile4 ,bastile1 ,arch4 ,an outwork placed so as to defend the approach to a castle or fortified place4 ,a famous ,bastile which had been converted into a state prison was that of ,paris1 destroyed in #aghi4 ,fig4 #gc shows the ground-plan of it4 ,the diminutive of this term is ,bastillon1 which has been changed into ,bastion4 ,bastion1 ,mod4 ,a projecting polygonal buttress on a fortification4 ,the anterior portions of a bastion are the faces2 the lateral portions1 the flanks2 the space comprised between the two flanks1 the gorge2 and the part of the fortification connecting two bastions together1 the curtain4 ,bastisonus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a bastion or bulwark4 ,batagion or ,batagium4 7,see ,,patagium47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,naval and ,military ,badge of the 8,bath40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,civil ,badge of the 8,bath40 ,bath1 ,order of the1 numbers #ihe members1 including the ,sovereign2 viz4 ,first ,class3 ,knights ,grand ,cross--,g4,c4,b4--#ej ,naval and ,military and #be ,civil ,knights4 ,second ,class3 ,knights ,commanders--,k4,c4,b4--#abj ,naval and ,military and #ej ,civil4 ,third ,class3 ,companions--,c4,b4--#ebe ,naval and ,military and #bjj ,civil4 ,batiaca or ,batioca1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a vase of a very costly description1 used as a drinking-vessel4 ,batire1 ,fr41 ,arch4 7,see ,,saddle-,,roof47 ,a roof is said to be 8en batire0 when it is in the form of a pack-saddle2 that is1 when it has only two slopes or eaves1 the two other sides being gables4 ,batillum or ,vatillum1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a hand-shovel used for burning scented herbs to fumigate4 7#b7 ,any kind of small shovel4 ,baton4 ,in heraldry1 a diminutive of the ,,bend ,,sinister couped at its extremities4 ,baton4 ,the military baton1 or staff1 was of ,greek origin4 7,see ,,scytale47 ,batter1 ,arch4 ,said of walls that slope inwards from the base4 ,walls of wharfs and of fortifications generally batter4 ,battle-axe is one of the most ancient of weapons4 ,the pole-axe is distinguished by a spike on the back of the axe4 7,see ,,bipennis47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,embattled4 ,battled1 ,embattled1 ,her4 ,having battlements4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,battlement4 ,battlement1 ,embattailment1 ,bateling1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 ,crneau1 ,merlet1 ,bretesse74 ,a parapet in fortifications1 consisting of a series of rising parts1 called ,,merlons or ,,cops1 separated by spaces called ,,crenels1 ,,embrasures1 or ,,loops4 ,batuz4 ,norman ,french for battus1 beaten with hammered up gold2 said of silken stuffs so adorned4 ,baucalia or ,baucalis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 74 ,a drinking-vessel1 which varied in shape and material4 ,baucens1 ,bauceant1 ,med4 ,a black and white banner used in the #acth century4 7,meyrick47 ,baudekyn1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a fabric of silk and gold thread4 ,baudekyn 7,lat4 ,baldakinus74 ,cloth of gold1 brocade3 8pannus omnium ditissimus40 ,baudrick or ,baldrock1 ,o4 ,e41 of a church bell4 ,the strap by which the clapper is hung in the crown of the bell4 ,baukides1 ,gr4 774 ,a kind of shoe worn by women2 it was of a saffron colour4 ,this elegantly-shaped shoe was highly esteemed by courtezans1 who often placed cork soles inside their baukides1 to make themselves appear taller4 ,baxa or ,baxea1 ,gr4 ,sandals made of textile plants1 such as the palm1 rush1 willow1 papyrus1 and a kind of alfa4 ,they were worn by comic actors on the stage4 ,bay1 ,arch4 7,fr4 ,trave74 ,a principal compartment or division in a structure1 marked off by buttresses or pilasters on the walls1 or by the disposition of the vaulting1 the main arches1 c4 ,the ,french word baie means an opening made in a wall for a door or window4 ,bayeux ,tapestry4 ,a roll of unbleached linen worked in coloured worsted with illustrations of the ,norman ,conquest 7about ,a4 ,d4 #ajfh72 preserved in the public library at ,bayeux4 ,a full-sized copy may be seen in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,bayle1 ,arch4 ,the open space contained between the first and second walls of a fortified castle4 ,these buildings often had two bayles2 in this case1 the second was contained between the inner wall and the donjon4 ,bayonet4 ,a weapon1 so called after the town of ,bayonne in ,france1 where it was invented about ,a4 ,d4 #afej4 ,bay-stall1 ,arch4 ,the stall or seat in the bay 7of a window74 ,beads1 ,arch4 ,an architectural ornament of mouldings consisting of small round carved beads1 called also ,astragal4 ,another name for this ornament is ,paternosters4 ,beaker 7,fr4 cornet74 ,a trumpet-shaped vase1 or drinking-cup4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,moulding with ,beak-heads and ,tooth-ornament4 ,beak-heads 7,fr4 becs d'oiseau71 ,mod4 ,an ornament peculiar to ,english architecture1 representing heads and beaks of birds4 ,the ancient ,peruvians used the same ornament in their architecture1 as shown in ,fig4 #gi1 taken from the decoration of the monolithic door of ,tianuaco4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,peruvian ornament 7,beak-heads74 ,bear4 ,dancing bears are represented in ,anglo-,saxon ,,mss4 ,beards4 7,see barba47 ,beaver4 ,the movable face-guard of a helmet4 ,beds4 ,anglo-,saxon beds usually consisted merely of a sack 7sccing7 filled with straw1 and laid on a bench or board1 which was ordinarily in a recess at the side of the room1 as we still see in ,scotland4 ,the word bedstead means only 8a place for a bed40 ,tester beds1 or beds with a roof1 were introduced by the ,normans4 ,early in the #acth century beds were covered much as now1 with #8quilte1' counterpane1 bolster1 sheets1 and coverlet2 and stood behind curtains which hung from the ceiling4 ,in the #aeth century the beds became much more ornamental1 having canopy and curtains1 and these1 as well as the tester or back1 decorated with heraldic1 religious1 or other devices4 ,at the sides were costers1 or ornamental cloths4 ,between the curtains and the wall a space was left called the ruelle1 or little street4 ,beech ,black4 ,a blue-black vegetable pigment4 ,bees1 in ,christian art1 are an attribute of ,st4 ,ambrose4 ,belfry 7,fr4 ,beffroi74 ,the campanile or bell-tower of a church4 ,frequently detached from the church1 as at ,chichester ,cathedral4 7,see ,,bell-,,gable47 ,bell4 ,an attribute of ,st4 ,anthony1 referring to his power of exorcising evil spirits4 ,in heraldry1 the bell is drawn and blazoned as a church bell4 ,bell-cot1 ,arch4 ,a ,,bell-,,gable 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,belled4 ,belled1 ,her4 ,having bells attached1 like the cows in the device of the city of ,barn4 7,fig4 #hj47 ,bell-gable1 ,arch4 ,a turret raised over the west end of small churches and chapels that have no towers to hang a bell in4 ,this is distinct from the smaller turret at the east end of the nave for the ,,sanctus ,,bell 7q4v474 ,bellicrepa1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a military dance1 of ,italian origin4 ,bellows were called in ,a4,s4 blg or blastblg4 ,a ,,ms4 of the #adth century represents a man blowing at a three-legged caldron with a perfectly modern-looking pair of bellows4 ,bellows1 in ,christian art1 are an attribute of ,ste4 ,genevive4 ,bell-ring1 ,mod4 ,the ring in the ,,crown of a bell from which the clapper hangs4 ,bells on the caparisons of horses were common in the ,middle ,ages4 ,a passage in the romance of ,richard ,cur de ,lion describes a messenger 8with five hundred belles rygande40 ,chaucer's monk has also bells on his horse's 8bridel0 which 8gyngle as lowde as doth the chapel belle40 ,belt1 ,chr4 ,a girdle used to confine the alb at the waist4 ,belt of ,beads1 ,chr4 ,a rosary was sometimes so called4 ,belvidere1 ,it4 ,a prospect tower over a building4 ,bema1 ,gr4 7#a7 ,a stone platform or hustings1 used as a pulpit in early ,christian churches4 7#b7 ,the term is synonymous with sanctuary4 7#c7 ,it also serves to denote an ambo and a bishop's chair4 7,see ,,ambo47 ,the ,athenian bema was a stone platform from which orators spoke at the assemblies 7ecclesi7 in the ,pnyx4 ,bembix1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7,lat4 ,turbo74 7#a7 ,a child's whipping-top4 7#b7 ,the whorl of a spindle4 ,benches1 for seats1 are represented in the #adth century formed by laying a plank upon two trestles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,bend4 ,arms of ,le ,scrope4 ,bend1 ,her4 ,one of the ,ordinaries4 ,it crosses the field diagonally1 from the dexter chief to the sinister base1 as in ,fig4 #ha1 the arms of ,richard ,le ,scrope3 ,azure1 a bend or4 ,bendideia1 ,gr4 774 ,a festival held in the ,pireus in honour of the goddess ,bendis 7the ,thracian name of ,artemis or ,diana74 ,bendlet1 ,her4 ,the diminutive of ,bend4 ,bend-wise1 or ,in bend1 ,her4 ,arranged in the direction of a bend4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,bendy4 ,bendy1 ,her4 ,parted bend-wise into an even number of divisions4 ,benna1 ,gaul4 and ,r4 ,this term1 borrowed either from the ,welsh or the ,gauls1 denoted among the ,romans a four-wheeled cart or carriage made of wicker-work4 ,a benna may be seen on the bas-reliefs of the column of ,marcus ,aurelius4 ,benno1 ,egyp4 ,a mythical bird resembling the phnix1 which sprang from its own ashes1 and was made the emblem of the resurrection4 ,it symbolized the return of ,osiris to the light1 and was therefore consecrated to that god4 ,benzoin4 ,a gum-resin used as an ingredient in spirit varnishes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,berlin porcelain jug4 ,berlin ,porcelain4 ,the manufactory was first founded in #agej1 under ,frederick the ,great4 ,fig4 #hc is a specimen of ,berlin hard porcelain4 ,beryl4 ,a gem of an iridescent green colour4 ,bes1 ,r4 7bi1 twice1 and as74 ,a fraction of value equivalent to two-thirds of an as4 ,besa1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a drinking-vessel1 also called bessa and bession4 ,it was wider at the bottom than at the top1 and in shape much resembled the ,,bombylos 7q4v474 ,bessa 7,fr4 beysse ferre71 ,med4 ,an instrument like a pickaxe or mattock used by the pioneers of an army2 #aeth century4 7,meyrick47 ,bession4 7,see ,,besa47 ,bestions1 ,arch4 ,this term is applied by ,philibert ,delorme to the fantastic animals which occur in sculptures of the decorative or florid period of architecture4 ,beten1 ,o4 ,e4 ,embroidered with fancy subjects4 8,a coronall on her hedd sett1 ,her clothes with beasts and birdes were bete40 ,beveled1 ,arch4 ,having a sloped surface4 7,see ,,splay47 ,bever4 ,a ,norman word for 8taking a drink0 between breakfast and dinner2 elsewhere called 8a myd-diner under-mete40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,bezant4 ,bezant1 ,her4 ,a golden 8roundle0 or disk1 flat like a coin4 ,biacca1 ,it4 ,white carbonate of lead2 a pigment4 ,biblia1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a war engine for attack4 ,bibliotheca1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 book1 and 1 case74 ,primarily the place where books were kept1 and hence used for the collection of books or ,,mss4 itself4 ,the most celebrated library of antiquity was that founded by the ,ptolemies at ,alexandria1 destroyed by the ,arabs1 ,a4 ,d4 #fdj4 ,bibliothecula1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7dimin4 of bibliotheca74 ,a small library4 ,bice4 ,the name of certain very ancient blue and green pigments1 known also as ,mountain 7or ,saunders'7 blue1 and ,mountain green1 and by other names4 7,see ,,carbonates ,,of ,,copper47 ,biclinium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a couch or sofa on which two persons could recline at table4 ,bicos1 ,gr4 7,see ,,bikos47 ,bidens1 ,r4 7dens1 a tooth74 ,literally1 with two teeth1 forks1 or blades4 ,the term was applied to a hoe1 a pair of scissors1 and an anchor 7ancora bidens74 ,a two-forked weapon of the same name occurs in some representations of ,pluto4 ,bidental1 ,r4 7bidens74 ,a structure consecrated by the augurs or haruspices1 through the sacrifice of an animal4 ,this was generally a sheep of two years old1 whence the name bidens applied to the victim4 ,the bidental was often an altar surrounded with a peristyle1 as may be seen from the remains of one of them at ,pompeii4 ,a bidental was set up in any place which had been struck by lightning4 ,a cippus or puteal placed on the exact spot which had been struck bore the inscription3 ,fulmen or fulgur conditum4 ,bien-hoa or ,ben-hoa1 ,hind4 ,a kind of stone employed by the ,khmers or ancient inhabitants of ,camboja for their sculpture2 they also called it ba-kriem 7roasted rice71 which it exactly resembles4 ,its deep yellow colour recalls in a striking degree that of old white marbles which have been long exposed to the sun and air in warm countries4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,bifrons4 ,bifrons1 ,r4 7frons1 a forehead74 ,having two fronts or faces4 ,libraries and picture galleries generally contained statuary of heads or busts coupled together back to back1 but especially of ,janus1 emblematic of his knowledge both of the past and the future4 ,the illustration represents a ,greek vase1 in imitation of the statuary described4 ,biga1 ,r4 7bi and juga1 double-yoked74 ,a car drawn by two horses4 ,big also denoted1 like bijugus or bijugis1 two horses harnessed together4 ,the ,greeks called this method 8,synoris40 ,bigatus1 ,r4 7sc4 nummus74 ,a silver denarius 7one of the earliest ,roman coins7 which had a ,,biga on the reverse4 ,other denarii were quadrigati1 having a four-horse chariot on the reverse4 ,biggon1 ,o4 ,e4 8,a kind of quoif formerly worn by men20 hence 8,bguines10 the nuns at the ,bguinage at ,ghent1 who still wear the biggon4 ,bikos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a large earthenware vase adapted to hold dry provisions1 such as figs1 plums1 c4 ,bilanx1 ,r4 7double-dish74 ,a balance with two scales4 7,see ,,libra47 ,bilbo4 ,a light rapier invented at ,bilboa4 ,bilix1 ,r4 7double-thread74 ,a texture like 8twill10 or 8dimity10 made by a double set of leashes 7licia74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,bill-head4 ,bill1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a weapon made of a long staff with a broad curved blade1 a short pike at the back1 and a pike at the top1 used by infantry of the #adth and #aeth centuries4 7,fig4 #hf47 ,billet1 ,her4 ,a small oblong figure4 ,billet1 ,arch4 ,a moulding of the ,roman epoch1 consisting of short rods separated from each other by a space equal to their own length4 ,some billets are arranged in several rows4 ,bilychnis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a double lamp with two beaks and two wicks1 so as to give out two separate flames4 ,binio1 ,r4 ,a gold coin current at ,rome4 ,it was worth two aurei or fifty silver denarii4 7,see ,,aureus47 ,bipalium1 ,r4 ,a spade1 furnished with a cross-bar1 by pressing the foot on which the instrument could be pushed into the ground4 ,representations of this tool occur pretty frequently on tombs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,bipennis4 ,bipennis or ,bipenne1 ,gen4 7penna1 a wing74 ,an axe with a double blade or edge1 used as an agricultural implement1 an adze1 or a military weapon4 ,the ,greeks1 who called it 1 never made use of it4 ,it was used especially by barbarous nations1 such as the ,amazons1 ,scythians1 ,gauls1 c4 ,fig4 #hg represents a ,gaulish bipennis taken from one of the bas-reliefs on the triumphal arch at ,orange4 ,bird1 in ,egyptian hieroglyphics1 signified the soul of man1 and in ,christian art had originally a similar meaning afterwards forgotten4 ,bird-bolt4 ,a short thick arrow1 with a blunt head1 about the breadth of a shilling4 ,biremis1 ,r4 7remus1 an oar74 ,a pair-oared boat1 or a vessel having two banks of oars4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,biretta4 7,portrait of a ,rector of ,padua47 ,biretta1 ,it4 ,a cap4 ,in its restricted meaning the term is applied to that worn by priests and academical persons4 ,the illustration shows the state costume of the ,rector of the ,university of ,padua1 who wears a sacerdotal biretta4 ,birotus and ,birota1 ,r4 7rota1 a wheel74 ,anything having two wheels1 and so a two-wheeled carriage1 car1 or chariot4 ,birrus and ,byrrus1 ,r4 ,a russet-coloured capote with a hood4 ,it was made of a coarse cloth 7bure7 with a long nap4 ,such was1 at first1 the meaning of the term1 but in course of time birri of a fine quality were made4 ,bisaccium 7,it4 bisacce74 ,saddle-bags of coarse sacking4 ,biscuit1 ,fr4 ,a kind of porcelain1 unglazed4 ,the finest is the so called ,parian porcelain4 ,bisellium1 ,r4 7sella1 a seat74 ,a seat of honour or state chair1 reserved for persons of note1 or who had done service to the state4 ,there was room on the seat for two persons4 ,bishop's ,length4 ,technical name for a portrait-canvas of #eh inches by #id inches4 ,bismuth4 ,the pigment1 called pearl white1 which is the sub-nitrate of this metal1 is very susceptible to the action of sulphurous vapours1 which turn it black4 ,bisomus1 ,chr4 ,a sarcophagus with two compartments2 that is1 capable of holding two dead bodies4 7,see ,,sarcophagus47 ,bistre4 ,a warm brown water-colour-pigment1 made of the soot of beech-wood1 water1 and gum4 ,it is the medival fuligo and fuligine4 ,biting-in4 ,the action of aqua fortis upon copper or steel in engraving4 ,bitumen4 ,this pigment should be genuine ,asphaltum1 diluted and ground up with drying oil or varnish4 ,it dries quickly4 ,there is a substance sold as bitumen which will not dry at all4 7,see ,,asphaltum47 ,bivium1 ,r4 7via1 a way74 ,a street or road branching out into two different directions2 at the corner there was almost always a fountain4 ,bizarre1 ,fr4 ,fantastic1 capricious of kind4 ,black is the resultant of the combination in unequal proportions of blue1 red1 and yellow4 ,black1 in ,christian art1 expressed the earth2 darkness1 mourning1 wickedness1 negation1 death2 and was appropriate to the ,prince of ,darkness4 ,white and black together signify purity of life1 and mourning or humiliation2 hence adopted by the ,dominicans and ,carmelites4 ,in blazonry1 black1 called sable1 signifies prudence1 wisdom1 and constancy in adversity and love1 and is represented by horizontal and perpendicular lines crossing each other4 ,black ,pigments are very numerous1 of different degrees of transparency1 and of various hues1 in which either red or blue predominates1 producing brown blacks or blue blacks4 ,the most important are beech black1 or vegetable blue black2 bone black1 or ,paris black1 called also ivory black2 ,cassel or ,cologne black1 cork black1 ,frankfort black1 and lamp-black4 7,see ,,asphaltum47 ,blades1 ,arch4 ,the principal rafters of a roof4 ,blasted1 ,her4 ,leafless1 withered4 ,blautai1 ,gr4 7,lat4 sole74 ,a richly-made shoe2 a kind of sandal worn by men4 ,blazon1 ,her4 ,armorial compositions4 ,to blazon is to describe or to represent them in an heraldic manner4 ,the representation is called ,blazonry4 ,for example1 the blazoning of the ,,badges on the cornice of ,king ,henry's chantry in ,westminster ,abbey is as follows3--,on the dexter1 a white antelope1 ducally collared1 chained1 and armed or2 and on the sinister a swan gorged with a crown and chain4 ,the beacon or cresset or1 inflamed proper4 7,see ,fig4 #ed47 ,blending4 ,passing over painting with a soft brush of badger's hair made for the purpose1 by which the pigments are fused together and the painting softened4 ,blindman's ,buff4 ,called 8hoodman-blind10 temp4 ,elizabeth4 ,blind-story1 ,arch4 ,the ,,triforium in a church4 ,opposed to the ,,clear or ,,clerestory 7q4v474 ,blocking-course1 ,arch4 ,the last course in a wall1 especially of a parapet4 ,the surface is made slightly convex to allow of water flowing off more easily4 ,blodbendes 7,o4 ,e4 for blood-bands74 ,narrow strips of linen to bind round the arm after bleeding4 ,blodius1 ,o4 ,e4 ,sky-blue4 ,bloom4 ,the clouded appearance which varnish sometimes takes upon the surface of a picture4 ,blue4 ,one of the three primary colours1 the complementary to orange4 ,blue1 in ,christian art1 or the sapphire1 expressed heaven1 the firmament1 truth1 constancy1 fidelity4 ,its symbolism as the dress worn by the ,virgin ,mary is of modesty4 ,in blazonry it signifies chastity1 loyalty1 fidelity1 and good reputation4 ,engravers represent it by horizontal lines4 ,blue ,black1 or ,charcoal ,black1 is a pigment prepared by burning vine-twigs in close vessels4 ,mixed with white lead it yields very fine silvery greys4 7,see also ,,black ,,pigments47 ,blue ,pigments4 ,minerals3--see ,,ultramarine1 ,,cobalt1 ,,blue ,,verditer4 ,vegetable3--,indigo4 ,animal3--,prussian blue4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,copper1 ,,intense ,,blue47 ,blue ,verditer4 7,see ,,verditer47 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #hi1 #ij4 ,boars4 ,gallic ensigns4 ,boar4 ,in medival art1 emblem of ferocity and sensuality4 ,in heraldry the boar is called ,sanglier4 ,the military ensigns of the ,gauls were surmounted by figures of the wild boar4 ,boclerus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a buckler2 #adth century4 ,the word is derived from the ,german ,bock1 a goat4 ,compare ,,gis4 ,bodkin1 ,saxon4 ,a dagger1 a hair-pin1 a blunt flat needle4 8,with bodkins was ,csar ,julius ,murdred at ,rome1 of ,brutus1 ,cassius40 7,the ,serpent of ,division1 #aeij47 8,he pulls her bodkin that is tied in a piece of black ribbon40 7,the ,parson's ,wedding1 #affc47 ,the ,latin name for this classical head-dress was acus4 ,body ,colour4 ,in speaking of oil colours the term applies to their solidity1 or degree of opacity2 water-colour painting is said to be in body colours when the pigments are laid on thickly1 or mixed with white1 as in oil painting4 ,boedromia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a festival instituted in honour of ,apollo the ,helper--4 ,it was held at ,athens on the sixth day of ,september1 a month thence called ,boedromion4 ,bohemian ,glass4 ,the manufacture of a pure crystal glass well adapted for engraving became an important industry in ,germany about the year #afjj1 and the art of engraving was admirably developed during the century4 ,of ,johann ,schapper1 especially1 ,jacquemart says that he produced 8subjects and arabesques of such delicacy of execution that at first sight they seemed merely like a cloud on the glass40 ,bohordamentum1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a joust with mock lances called 8bouhours40 ,boj1 ,r4 7bos1 an ox74 7#a7 ,a heavy collar of wood or iron for dangerous dogs4 7#b7 ,a similar collar placed round the necks of criminals or slaves4 ,boletar1 ,r4 ,a dish on which mushrooms 7boleti7 were served1 and thence transferred to dishes of various forms4 ,bolevardus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a boulevard or rampart4 ,bombard1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a machine for projecting stones or iron balls2 the precursor of the cannon4 ,first used in the #adth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,bombards worn by ,king ,james ,i4 of ,england4 ,bombards1 ,o4 ,e4 ,padded breeches4 ,in ,elizabeth's reign the breeches1 then called ,,bombards1 were stuffed so wide that a gallery or scaffold was erected to accommodate members of ,parliament who wore them4 ,the engraving shows ,james ,i4 7painted #afad7 attired for hawking4 7,fig4 #ia47 ,bombax1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the stuff now called ,bombasin4 8,a sort of fine silk or cotton cloth well known upon the continent during the #acth century40 7,strutt47 ,bomb1 ,fr4 ,curved furniture1 introduced in the #ahth century4 ,bombulom or ,bunibulum1 ,o4 ,e4 7from the ,greek 1 a hollow deep sound74 ,a musical instrument consisting of an angular frame with metal plates1 which sounded when shaken like the sistrum of the ,egyptians4 ,bombylos and ,bombyl1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a vase so called from the gurgling noise which the liquid makes in pouring out through its narrow neck4 ,bone ,black4 7,see ,,ivory ,,black47 ,book4 ,in medival art an attribute of the fathers of the ,church2 in the hands of evangelists and apostles it represents the ,gospel4 ,st4 ,boniface carries a book pierced with a sword4 ,st4 ,stephen1 ,st4 ,catherine1 ,st4 ,bonaventura1 and ,st4 ,thomas ,aquinas also carry books4 ,bordure1 ,her4 ,a border to a shield4 ,boreasmos1 ,gr4 ,a festival held at ,athens in honour of ,boreas1 the god of the north wind4 ,borto or ,burdo1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a lance4 ,boss4 ,the centre of a shield2 also an architectural ornament for ceilings1 put where the ribs of a vault meet1 or in other situations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,greek ,bossage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,bossage4 ,bossage1 ,arch4 ,an arrangement of plain or ornamental projections on the surface of a wall of dressed masonry4 ,figs4 #ib and #ic represent two ,greek walls finished in this manner4 ,boston1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a flower so called4 ,botga1 ,it4 ,a manufactory or artist's workshop where pottery is made4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,botone ,fitche4 ,botone1 ,fitche1 ,her4 ,varieties of the heraldic cross1 called also trefle4 7,fig4 #id47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,coffee-pot of ,bottcher ,ware4 ,bottcher ,ware4 ,early ,dresden pottery4 7#a7 ,a very hard red stone-ware1 made of a red clay of ,okrilla1 invented at ,meissen by ,john ,frederick ,bottcher4 7#b7 ,porcelain4 ,bottcher1 finding his wig very heavy one day1 examined the powder upon it1 and discovered it to be the fine kaolin of ,aue1 from which the ,dresden 7or ,meissen7 china is made4 ,bottcher's first object was to obtain a paste as white and as perfect as that of the ,,corea2 he succeeded at his first trial1 and produced pieces with archaic decoration so perfectly imitated1 that one would hesitate to declare them ,european4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,bottle-mouldings4 ,bottle1 ,boutell1 ,bowtell1 or ,boltell1 ,arch4 ,an old ,english term for a bead moulding2 also for small shafts of clustered columns resting against the pillars of a nave1 in the ,romano-,byzantine and ,gothic periods4 ,these shafts spring from the ground and rise to the height of the bend of the roof1 the diagonal ribs of which they receive on coupled columns4 ,probably from bolt1 an arrow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,water ,bouget4 ,bougets or ,water ,bougets1 ,fr41 were pouches of leather1 which were used by the ,crusaders for carrying water in the deserts4 ,fig4 #ig is a heraldic representation of the coat of arms of ,de ,ros4 ,boul1 ,bouleuterion1 ,gr4 ,an assembly composed of the foremost men of the nation4 ,it was a kind of senate or higher council which deliberated on the affairs of the republic4 ,the popular assembly1 on the other hand1 composed of all the males of free birth1 was called agora1 and was held in a place called by the same name4 7,see ,,agora47 ,boule4 ,a peculiar kind of marquetry1 composed of tortoise-shell and thin brass1 to which are sometimes added ivory and enamelled metal4 ,named from its inventor1 ,andr ,charles ,boule1 born #afdb4 ,boulting-mill4 ,a mill for winnowing the flour from the bran 7crusca72 the device of the ,academy of ,la ,crusca4 7,see ,,crusca47 ,bourdon4 ,a pilgrim's staff4 ,on the walls of ,htel ,cluny1 at ,paris1 the pilgrim's bourdon and cockle-shells are sculptured4 ,piers ,plowman describes a pilgrim's 8burdoun y-bounde ,with a broad liste1 in a withwynde wise ,y-wounden about40 ,bourginot4 ,a close helmet of the #aeth century1 first used in ,burgundy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,bourgogne ,point ,lace4 ,bourgogne1 ,point de1 is a beautifully fine and well-finished pillow lace resembling old ,mechlin4 ,no record remains of its manufacture4 7,fig4 #ih47 ,bovile4 7,see ,,bubile47 ,bow4 ,represented in the most ancient monuments4 ,in classical art an attribute of ,apollo1 ,cupid1 ,diana1 ,hercules1 and the ,centaurs4 ,bow1 ,arch41 ,o4 ,e4 ,a flying buttress1 or arch-buttress4 ,bowed1 ,her4 ,having a convex contour4 ,bower or ,bowre1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon name for a bed-chamber1 8bird in bure0 a lady in her chamber4 ,the bed-chambers were separate buildings grouped round or near the central hall4 8,up then rose fair ,annet's father1 ,twa hours or it wer day1 ,and he is gane into the bower ,wherein fair ,annet lay40 7,percy ,ballads47 ,bowls of metal1 generally bronze or copper1 found in early ,anglo-,saxon barrows or graves1 are probably of ,roman workmanship4 ,some beautiful buckets 7,a4,s4 bucas7 were made of wood1 generally of ash1 whence they had another name scen4 ,they are ornamented with designs1 and figures of animals1 and were probably used at festivities to contain ale or mead4 ,bowtell or ,boutell1 ,arch4 7,see ,,bottle47 ,brabeum1 ,brabium1 or ,bravium1 ,gr4 71 from 1 judge74 ,three terms denoting the prize assigned to the victor in the public games4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,figures with ,bracc4 ,bracc1 ,brac1 or ,brag 7,celtic breac74 ,trousers worn principally by barbarous nations1 such as the ,amazons1 ,gauls1 ,persians1 and ,scythians4 ,anaxyrides was the name given to close-fitting trousers1 bracc lax to wider pantaloons1 such as those worn by the ,gaul in the left-hand corner of ,fig4 #ii1 from a bas-relief taken from the sarcophagus of the vigna ,ammendola4 ,the bracc virgat were striped pantaloons worn especially by ,asiatics2 bracc picta1 variegated or embroidered trousers4 7,see ,,breeches47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,three diamond rings interlaced4 ,braced or ,brazed1 ,her4 ,interlaced1 as in the illustration of the arms of ,cosmo1 the founder of the ,medici family4 7,fig4 #ajj47 7,see also the illustration to ,,fret47 ,bracelet4 ,bracelets were1 among the ancients1 a symbol of marriage4 7,see ,,armilla47 ,bracelets4 7,see ,,periscelis47 ,brachiale1 ,r4 7brachium1 the arm74 ,an armlet1 or piece of defensive armour covering the brachium or forearm4 ,it was worn by gladiators in the circus4 ,some beautifully ornamented specimens were found among the excavations at ,pompeii4 ,brackets1 ,arch41 in medival architecture1 are usually called ,corbels4 7,see ,fig4 #e47 ,braconniere1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a skirt of armour1 worn hanging from the breast and back plates2 #afth century4 ,bractea or ,brattea1 ,r4 ,leaves of metal1 especially of gold1 beaten out4 ,braga1 ,brag4 7,see ,,bracc47 ,bragamas1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,braquemard47 8,un grant coustel1 que l'en dit bragamas20 #adth cent4 ,braggers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an obsolete term for timber ,,brackets4 ,brake1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a quern or hand-mill4 ,brand1 ,a4,s4 ,a torch2 hence1 from its shining appearance1 a sword4 7,meyrick47 ,brandrate1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an iron tripod fixed over the fire1 on which to set a pot or kettle4 ,braquemard1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of sabre--8un grant coustel d',alemaigne1 nomm braquemart20 #adth century4 ,brass1 ,gen4 ,an alloy made by mixing copper with tin1 or else with zinc or silver4 ,another name for it is ,,bronze 7q4v474 ,corinthian brass is very celebrated1 but little is known of its composition even at the present day4 ,mosaic gold1 pinchbeck1 prince's metal1 c41 are varieties of brass differing in the proportions of the ingredients4 ,brass beaten into very thin leaves is called ,dutch ,metal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,brassart4 ,brassart4 ,plate armour for the arm4 7,fig4 #aja47 ,brasses4 ,engraved metal plates inlaid in the pavements or walls of churches as monuments4 ,the material was called cullen 7or ,cologne7 plate4 ,the engravings were made black with mastic or bitumen1 and the field or background was coarsely enamelled in various colours4 ,brattach1 ,celtic4 ,a standard2 literally1 a cloth4 ,braunshid1 ,o4 ,e4 ,branched4 ,breadth 8in painting is a term which denotes largeness1 space1 vastness10 c4 7,consult ,j4 ,b4 ,pyne 8,on the ,nomenclature of ,pictorial ,art10 ,art ,union1 #ahdc47 ,breccia1 ,it4 ,a conglomerate used by the ancients in architecture and sculpture4 ,breeches 7breac ,celtic1 bracc ,lat474 ,the word breeches in its present acceptance was first used towards the end of the #afth century2 previously1 breeches were called hose1 upper socks1 and slop4 7,see ,,bombards and ,,bracc47 ,bremen ,green4 7,see ,,verditer47 ,breys1 ,her4 7,see ,,barnacles47 ,bridges1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of satin manufactured at ,bruges4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,bridle-device of the ,arbusani4 ,bridle4 ,a favourite ,scriptural emblem of self-restraint and self-denial4 ,the illustration is the device of ,benedetto ,arbusani of ,padua2 with the motto which1 according to ,epictetus1 contains every essential to human happiness4 7,fig4 #ajb47 7,see 8,historic ,devices407 ,broach or ,broch1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a church spire1 or any sharp-pointed object1 was frequently so called4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,broad arrow4 ,broad ,arrow1 now used as the ,royal mark on all ,government stores1 c41 was first employed as a regal badge by ,richard ,i4 7,fig4 #ajc47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,gold ,brocade ,state or 8,ducal0 costume of the ,dogeressa of ,venice4 ,brocade4 ,a stout silken stuff of variegated pattern4 ,strutt says it was composed of silk interwoven with threads of gold and silver4 ,the state or 8ducal0 costume of the ,dogeressa of ,venice1 represented in the illustration1 consisted principally of an ample robe of the finest gold brocade1 lined with ermine4 7,figs4 #hh1 #ajd47 ,broella4 ,coarse cloth worn by monks in the ,middle ,ages4 ,bromias1 ,gr4 ,a drinking-vessel of wood1 or silver1 resembling a large ,,scyphus 7q4v474 ,bronze4 ,antique bronze was composed of tin and copper2 the modern bronze contains also zinc and lead1 by which the fluidity is increased1 and the brittleness diminished4 ,bronzes 7ancient ,chinese7 are rarely seen out of the province of ,fokien4 ,the lines of metal are small and delicate1 and are made to represent flowers1 trees1 animals of various kinds1 and sometimes ,chinese characters4 ,some fine bronzes1 inlaid with gold1 are met with in this province4 ,as a general rule1 ,chinese bronzes are more remarkable for their peculiar and certainly not very handsome form than for anything else4 ,bronzing4 ,the art of laying a coating of bronze powder on wood1 gypsum1 or other material4 ,another method is the electrotype process4 7,consult ,walker's ,electrotype ,manipulation47 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #aje to #aab4 ,gallic and ,merovingian brooches4 ,brooch4 7,see ,,fibula47 ,anglo-,saxon and ,irish specimens of magnificent workmanship are described in the ,archological ,album4 ,in the ,middle ,ages brooches bore quaint inscriptions3 ,chaucer's 8prioress0 wore 8a broche of gold ful shene1 ,on which was first y-wretten a crouned ,a1 ,and after1 ,amor vincit omnia40 ,leather brooches for hats are mentioned by ,dekker in ,satiromastix1 #afjb4 ,figs4 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg represent different brooches found in ,france of the ,gallic and ,merovingian periods4 7,compare ,,fibula1 ,,phaler47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,gallic brooch4 ,brown1 in ,egyptian art1 was the colour consecrated to ,typhon2 in ancient times it was the sign of mourning4 ,regarded as a compound of red and black1 ,,bistre1 it is the symbol of all evil deeds and treason4 ,in a monastic costume it signifies renunciation4 ,with the ,moors it was emblematic of all evil4 ,christian symbolism appropriates the colour of the dead leaf for the type of 8spiritual death10 c4 7,consult ,portal1 ,essai sur les ,couleurs symboliques47 ,brown ,madder4 7,see ,,madder47 ,brown ,ochre4 ,a strong1 dark1 yellow1 opaque pigment4 7,see ,,ochres47 ,brown ,pigments are asphaltum1 bistre1 umber1 sienna1 ,mars brown1 ,cassel earth1 ,cappagh brown1 brown madder1 and burnt terra verde2--chiefly calcined earths4 7,see also ,,indigo47 ,brown ,pink 7,fr4 stil de grain74 ,a vegetable yellow pigment4 7,see ,,pinks47 ,brown ,red is generally made from burnt yellow ochre1 or ,roman ochre1 or from calcined sulphate of iron4 7,see ,,mars47 ,brunswick ,green4 ,a modification of ,,mountain ,,green 7q4v474 ,bruny1 ,byrne1 or ,byrnan4 ,saxon for a breastplate or cuirass1 called by the ,normans 8broigne40 ,brushes4 7,see ,,hair ,,pencils47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,brussels ,lace4 ,brussels ,point l',aiguille differs somewhat from the lace usually known as ,brussels ,lace or ,point d',angleterre1 but resembles ,point d',alenon in the rseau ground4 7,fig4 #aad47 7,see ,,point ,d',,angleterre47 ,buccina 7,gr4 74 ,a kind of trumpet anciently made of a conch-shell1 represented in the hands of ,tritons4 ,buccula1 ,r4 7bucca1 a cheek74 ,the chin-piece or cheek-piece of a helmet1 which could be raised or lowered by the soldier at will4 ,bucentaur4 ,a monster1 half man and half ox4 ,the name of the ,venetian state galley4 ,buckets1 ,anglo-,saxon4 7,see ,,bowls47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,heraldic buckle4 ,buckle1 ,her4 ,the crest of the ,pelham family1 now represented by the ,earls of ,chichester4 ,it is a common ornament of ecclesiastical buildings1 houses1 and other objects in ,sussex4 7,fig4 #aae47 ,buckler4 7,see ,,clipeus and ,,scutum47 ,buckram4 ,a cloth stiffened with gum1 so called from ,bokhara1 where it was originally made4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,bucranium4 ,bucranium1 ,r4 774 ,an ox's head from which the flesh has been stripped2 an ox-skull employed in the decoration of friezes by ,greek and ,roman architects4 ,fig4 #aaf represents a bucranium in the temple of ,vespasian at ,rome4 ,budge1 ,o4 ,e4 ,lambskin with the wool dressed outwards4 ,mentioned by ,chaucer4 ,buffett-stoole1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a stool with three legs4 ,buffin1 ,o4 ,e4 ,coarse cloth of ,elizabeth's time4 ,bugles1 ,o4 ,e4 ,glass beads in the hair1 temp4 ,elizabeth and ,james ,i4 ,buldiellus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a baudric4 ,bulga1 ,r4 ,a purse or leathern bag for money which was carried on the arm4 ,according to ,festus the word is of ,gallic origin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,bulla 7on a door74 ,bulla1 ,r4 7bullo1 to bubble74 ,a term denoting objects of various kinds1 but all more or less approximating in shape to a water-bubble4 ,the heads of certain nails were called bull2 ,fig4 #aag shows one of the bull decorating an ancient bronze door in the ,pantheon at ,rome4 ,the bulla aurea was an ornament of globular shape1 worn round the neck by children of patrician family4 ,the bulla scortea was an ornament made of leather1 worn by freedmen or individuals of the lower orders4 ,bulting-pipe1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a bolting-cloth for sifting meal4 ,bullula1 ,r4 7bulla74 ,diminutive of ,,bulla 7q4v474 ,bur4 ,a term in etching for the rough edge of a line1 commonly removed1 but by ,rembrandt and other great masters made effective4 ,burdalisaunder1 ,bourde de ,elisandre4 ,burda1 a stuff for clothing 7mentioned in the #dth century7 from ,alexandria4 ,a silken web in different coloured stripes2 #adth century4 ,burgau4 ,a univalve shell1 ,turbo marmoratus1 producing a mother-of-pearl2 and hence all works in mother-of-pearl1 of whatever material1 are called 8burgau40 7,jacquemart47 ,burin4 ,an instrument for engraving on copper4 ,burnisher4 ,a steel instrument used by engravers to soften lines or efface them4 ,an agate is used to burnish gold4 ,burnt ,sienna4 7,see ,,sienna47 ,burnt ,terra ,verde4 7,see ,,green ,,earth47 ,burnt ,umber4 7,see ,,umber47 ,burr1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,the broad iron ring on a tilting-lance1 just below the gripe1 to prevent the hand slipping back4 7#b7 ,projecting defences at the front of a saddle4 7,meyrick47 7#c7 ,the rough edge produced on the metal by an incised or etched line in an engraving4 ,buskin4 7,see ,,cothurnus47 ,bustum1 ,r4 7buro1 to burn74 ,an open spot upon which a pyre was raised for burning the corpse of a person of distinction4 ,when the area adjoined the burying-ground1 it was called bustum2 when it was separate from it1 it was called ustrina4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,arch-buttress4 ,buttress1 ,arch4 ,an abutment employed to increase the solidity or stability of a wall2 it may either immediately abut on the wall1 or be connected with it by a flying or arch-buttress 7,fig4 #aah74 ,in the ,romano-,byzantine and lanceolated styles buttresses are largely employed to strengthen the walls of naves which have to support high vaulted roofs4 ,buxum1 ,r4 774 ,box1 an evergreen1 the wood of which was used for various purposes1 as with us4 ,by analogy1 the term buxum was applied to objects made of this wood1 such as combs1 flutes1 children's shoes1 and waxed tablets for writing4 ,buzo1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the arrow for an arquebus1 or cross-bow4 ,french1 boujon3 8a boult1 an arrow with a great or broad head40 7,cotgrave47 ,byrrus4 7,see ,,birrus47 ,byssus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,the precise meaning of this term is unknown2 there is no doubt it was a texture made of some very costly material1 since we learn from ,pliny that the byssus cloth which he calls linum byssinum was exceedingly dear4 ,everything leads us to suppose that it was a linen material of the finest quality4 ,this opinion would seem to be confirmed by ,herodotus and schylus4 ,the word comes from the ,hebrew butz4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,byzantine ornament on an ,english font4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,byzantine ,font4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,roman-,byzantine ,cross at ,carew4 ,byzantine ,period4 ,time1 about #fth to #abth century ,a4 ,d4 7,byzantium1 the ,latin name of ,constantinople47 ,byzantine ,architecture is noteworthy for a bold development of the plan of ,christian places of worship4 ,it introduced the cupola1 or dome1 which was often surrounded by semi-domes2 an almost square ground-plan in place of the long aisles of the ,roman church2 and piers instead of columns4 ,the apse always formed part of ,byzantine buildings1 which were richly decorated1 and contained marble in great profusion4 ,st4 ,sophia1 ,constantinople 7,a4 ,d4 #ecb-ecg71 is the finest example of ,byzantine architecture4 ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice 7,a4 ,d4 #igg71 and the ,cathedral of ,aix-la-,chapelle 7,a4 ,d4 #gif-hjd71 are also of pure ,byzantine style4 ,byzantine ,painting was that which succeeded the decline of the early ,christian ,art in the catacombs and basilicas of ,rome1 and which preceded and foreshadowed the ,renaissance of ,art in ,italy4 ,in style it was based on that of the catacombs1 but with a reminiscence of the excellence of ancient ,greece2 it was1 however1 restrained and kept within narrow limits by the conventionalities which were imposed upon it by the ,church1 and which almost reduced it to a mechanical art4 ,the mosaics of the #ajth and #aath centuries in ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice1 are perhaps the best existing examples of the ,byzantine period4 ,specimens are also to be seen in ,st4 ,sophia1 ,constantinople2 and at ,ravenna4 ,c4 ,caaba1 ,arabic 7lit4 square house74 ,the sacred mosque at ,mecca4 ,the temple is an almost cubical edifice1 whence its name4 ,it is a favourite subject of representation upon ,mussulman works of art4 ,caballaria1 ,cavalherium1 hevallerie 7,gr4 71 ,med4 ,a meadow set apart for military exercises4 ,caballerius1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a cavalier1 or knight4 ,cabeiri were the personification of the element of fire4 ,the precise nature attributed to them is unknown4 ,there were two principal branches of their worship1 the ,pelasgian and the ,phnician4 ,it is probable that this religion originated in ,asia ,minor1 and penetrated to the island of ,samothrace1 in remote antiquity2 it was very popular throughout ,greece in the ,pelasgic period4 ,the principal temples were at ,samothrace1 ,lemnos1 ,imbros1 ,anthedon1 and other places4 ,cabeiria1 ,gr4 774 ,annual festivals in honour of the ,cabeiri4 7,see ,,thronismus47 ,cabinet ,pictures4 ,small1 highly-finished pictures1 suited for a small room4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,cable and tooth-mouldings4 ,cabling1 or ,cable-moulding4 ,a moulding in ,roman architecture1 made in imitation of a thick rope or cable4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,lion's head cabossed4 ,cabossed1 ,her4 ,said of the head of an animal represented full-face1 so as to show the face only4 7,fig4 #abc47 ,cabulus1 ,med4 ,latin 7,old ,french1 chaable74 ,a machine for hurling stones2 a large ,,ballista4 ,caccabus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7 or 74 ,a sort of pot or vessel for cooking any kind of food4 ,it was made of bronze1 silver1 or earthenware1 and assumed a variety of forms2 but the one in ordinary use resembled an egg with an opening at the top which closed by a lid4 ,the caccabus rested upon a trivet 7tripus74 ,cadafalsus1 ,cadafaudus4 7,see ,,cagasuptus47 ,cadas1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an inferior silken stuff used for wadding2 #acth century4 ,cadency1 ,her4 ,figures and devices1 by which different members and branches of a family are distinguished4 ,cadet1 ,her4 ,junior4 ,cadlys-drain1 ,welsh4 ,chevaux-de-frise4 ,cadmium ,yellow is the sulphide of cadmium1 the finest and most permanent of all the yellow pigments in use4 ,cadpen1 ,welsh4 ,a chief of battle2 captain4 ,cadrelli1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,cross-bow quarrels4 7,see ,,carreaux47 ,cdceus or ,caduceum4 ,a wand of laurel or olive1 given by ,apollo to ,mercury in exchange for the lyre invented by the latter4 ,mercury1 it is said1 seeing two snakes struggling together1 separated them with his wand1 whereupon the snakes immediately twined themselves round it4 ,this was the origin of the caduceus1 as we know it2 it was always an attribute of ,mercury1 who thence obtained his name of ,caducifer1 or caduceus-bearer4 ,the caduceus was an emblem of peace4 ,cadurcum1 ,r4 ,this term is applied to two distinct things3 7#a7 the fine linen coverlets1 and 7#b7 the earthenware vases1 manufactured by the ,cadurci1 or ,gauls inhabiting the district now called ,cahors4 ,cadus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 to contain71 7#a7 ,a large earthenware jar1 used for the same purposes as the amphora2 especially to hold wine4 ,an ordinary cadus was about three feet high1 and broad enough in the mouth to allow of the contents being baled out4 7#b7 ,the ballot-urn in which the ,athenian juries recorded their votes with pebbles1 at a trial4 ,clatura 7clum1 a chisel74 ,a general term for working in metal by raised work or intaglio1 such as engraving1 carving1 chasing1 riveting1 soldering1 smelting1 c4 ,greek1 the toreutic art4 ,similar work on wood1 ivory1 marble1 glass1 or precious stones was called ,,sculptura4 ,cmenticius1 ,cmenticia 7structura74 ,a kind of masonry formed of rough stones4 ,there were two methods of construction to which this name applied4 ,the first1 called cmenticia structura incerta1 consisted in embedding stones of more or less irregular shape in mortar1 so as to give them any architectural form1 and then covering the whole over with cement4 ,the second1 called cmenticia structura antiqua1 consisted in laying rough stones one on the top of the other1 without mortar1 the interstices being filled by drippings or smaller stones4 ,cmentum4 ,unhewn stones employed in the erection of walls or buildings of any kind4 ,caer1 ,british 7,lat4 castrum2 ,saxon1 chester74 ,a camp or fortress4 ,csaries 7akin to ,sanscrit kea1 hair1 or to csius1 bluish-grey74 ,this term is almost synonymous with ,,coma 7q4v471 but there is also implied in it an idea of beauty and profusion1 not attaching to coma1 which is the expression as well for an ordinary head of hair4 ,cstus1 ,cestus4 ,a boxing gauntlet4 ,it consisted of a series of leather thongs1 armed with lead or metal bosses1 and was fitted to the hands and wrists4 ,ctra4 7,see ,,cetra47 ,cagasuptus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a ,,chat-,,faux1 or wooden shed1 under which the soldiers carried on the operations of attack4 7,meyrick47 ,cailloutage1 ,fr4 ,fine earthenware2 pipe-clay2 a kind of hard paste2 opaque pottery4 8,fine earthenware is most frequently decorated by the #8muffle2' the oldest specimens1 those made in ,france in the #afth century1 are ornamented by incrustation40 7,jacquemart47 ,cairelli1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,see ,,cadrelli47 ,cairn4 ,a heap of stones raised over a grave1 to which friends as they pass add a stone4 ,the custom still prevails in ,scotland and ,ireland4 ,caisson1 ,arch4 ,a sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit4 7,see ,,coffer47 ,calamarius 7calamus1 q4v474 ,a case for carrying writing-reeds 7calami74 ,another name for this case was theca calamaria4 ,calamister and ,calamistrum4 ,a curling-iron1 so named because the interior was partly hollow like a reed 7calamus71 or perhaps because in very early times a reed heated in the ashes was employed for the purpose2 hence1 ,,calamistratus1 an effeminate man1 or discourse4 7,compare ,,ciniflo47 ,calamus 71 a reed or cane74 ,a haulm1 reed1 or cane4 ,the term was applied to a variety of objects made out of reeds1 such as a ,pan's pipe1 a shepherd's flute 7tibia71 a fishing-rod 7piscatio71 a rod tipped with lime1 for fowling1 c4 7,see ,,arundo47 ,it was specially used1 however1 to denote a reed cut into proper shape1 and used as a pen for writing4 ,calantica4 7,see ,,calautica47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,calash4 ,calash 7,fr4 calche74 ,a hood made like that of the carriage called in ,france calche1 whence its name4 ,it is said to have been introduced into ,england in #agfe by the ,duchess of ,bedford1 and was used by ladies to protect their heads when dressed for the opera or other entertainments4 ,calathiscus 774 ,a small wicker basket4 ,calathus 71 a basket2 ,lat4 qualus or quasillus74 ,a basket made of rushes or osiers plaited1 employed for many purposes1 but above all as a woman's work basket4 ,the calathus was the emblem of the or women's apartments1 and of the housewife who devoted herself to domestic duties4 ,the same term denoted earthenware or metal vases of various shapes2 among others a drinking-cup4 ,calautica or ,calvatica1 ,r4 7,gr4 1 from and 2 fastened to the head74 ,a head-dress worn by women2 the ,greek ,,mitra 7q4v474 ,calcar 7calx1 the heel74 ,a spur4 ,it was also called calcis aculeus 7lit4 heel-goad71 a term specially applied to the spur of a cock4 ,the latter1 however1 was just as often called calcar4 ,in medival ,latin calcaria aurea are the golden1 or gilt1 spurs which were a distinctive mark of knighthood2 calcaria argentea1 the silver spurs worn only by esquires4 ,calcaria amputari1 to hack off the spurs1 when a knight was degraded3-- 8,li esperons li soit cop parmi ,prs del talon au branc acier forbi40 7,roman de ,garin ,,ms47 ,calcatorium 7calco1 to tread under foot74 ,a raised platform of masonry1 set up in the cellar where the wine was kept 7cella vinaria71 and raised above the level of the cellar-floor1 to a height of three or four steps4 ,on either side of this platform were ranged the casks 7dolia7 or large earthenware vessels in which the wine was made4 ,the calcatorium served as a receptacle for the grapes when crushed 7whence its name71 and as a convenient place from whence to superintend the making of the wine4 ,calceamen4 ,synonym of ,,calceus 7q4v471 a term far more frequently employed4 ,calceamentum4 ,a general term denoting any description of boot and shoe4 7,each will be found separately noticed in its place47 ,calcedony or ,chalcedony 7from the town ,chalcedon74 ,a kind of agate1 of a milky colour1 diversified with yellow1 bluish1 or green tints4 ,the ,babylonians have left us a large number of chalcedony cylinders1 covered with inscriptions4 7,see also ,,agate1 ,,cameos47 ,calceolus 7dimin4 of ,,calceus1 q4v74 ,a small shoe or ankle-boot worn by women4 ,there were three kinds3 the first had a slit over the instep1 which was laced up when the boot was on4 ,a second shape had a very wide opening1 and could be fastened above the ankle by a string passed through a hem round the top4 ,in the third description there was neither cord1 lace1 nor slit4 ,the shoe was always low in the heel1 and was worn like a slipper4 ,calceus 7calx1 the heel74 ,a shoe or boot made sufficiently high to completely cover the foot4 ,the ,romans put off their shoes at table2 hence calceos poscere meant 8to rise from table40 ,calculus 7dimin4 of calx1 a small stone or counter74 ,a pebble1 or small stone worn by friction to present the appearance of a pebble4 ,calculi were used in antiquity for recording votes 7for which purpose they were thrown into the urn71 for reckoning1 and for mosaic paving 7hence the ,english word 8calculation074 ,caldarium 7calidus1 warm74 ,the apartment in a set of ,roman baths which was used as a kind of sweating-room4 ,this chamber1 which is constructed nearly always on the same plan in the different baths which have been discovered1 included a ,,laconicum1 a ,,labrum1 a ,,sudatorium1 and an ,,alveus4 7,see these words47 ,fig4 #ef 7on p4 #cb7 represents a portion of the caldarium of ,pompeii1 restored4 ,caldas ,porcelain is from the ,portuguese factory of that name1 specialized for faiences in relief2 the greater number are covered with a black coating2 the others with the customary enamels of the country1 violet1 yellow1 and green4 ,caldron1 for domestic use of the #adth century1 is depicted as a tripod with a globular body1 and broad mouth and two handles4 ,calibre 7or ,caliper7 ,compasses4 ,compasses made with arched legs4 ,caliga4 ,a military boot worn by ,roman soldiers and officers of inferior rank4 ,the caliga consisted of a strong sole1 studded with heavy pointed nails1 and bound on by a network of leather thongs1 which covered the heel and the foot as high as the ankle4 ,caliptra4 7,see ,,calyptra47 ,caliver4 ,a harquebus of a standard 8calibre10 introduced during the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,calix4 ,a cup-shaped vase1 used as a drinking-goblet4 ,it was of circular shape1 had two handles1 and was mounted on a tolerably high stand4 ,the term also denotes a water-meter1 or copper tube of a specified diameter1 which was attached like a kind of branch-pipe to a main one4 ,callicul4 ,a kind of very thin metal disk1 more or less ornamented1 worn by rich ,christians1 and especially priests1 as an ornament for the dress4 ,callicul were also made of purple-coloured cloth4 ,many of the pictures in the catacombs represent persons wearing callicul on their colobia and other garments4 7,see ,,colobium47 ,callisteia 774 ,a ,lesbian festival of women1 in which a prize was awarded to the most beautiful4 ,callot4 ,a plain coif or skull-cap 7,english74 ,calones 71 wood74 7#a7 ,roman slaves who carried wood for the soldiers4 7#b7 ,farm servants4 ,calote1 ,fr4 ,a species of sabre-proof skull-cap worn in the ,french cavalry4 ,calotype4 ,a process of printing by photography1 called also ,talbotype4 ,calpis1 ,gr4 ,a water-jar with three handles1 two at the shoulders and one at the neck4 ,calthrops4 7,see ,,caltraps47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,caltrap4 ,caltraps 7for cheval-traps74 ,spikes of metal thrown on the ground to resist a charge of cavalry4 ,in ,christian art1 attributes of ,st4 ,themistocles4 ,calvary1 ,chr4 ,an arrangement of small chapels or shrines in which the incidents of the progress to the scene of the crucifixion are represented4 ,to each such 8station0 appropriate prayers and meditations are allotted4 ,calvatica4 7,see ,,calautica47 ,calyptra 7from 1 to hide74 ,a veil worn by young ,greek and ,roman women over the face4 ,it is also called caliptra1 but this term is less used4 ,camail 7for cap-mail74 ,a tippet of mail attached to the helmet4 ,in medival ,latin called camale1 camallus1 camelaucum1 calamaucus1 calamaucum4 ,camara4 7,see ,,camera47 ,camayeu4 ,monochrome painting1 i4 e4 in shades of one colour1 or in conventional colours not copied from nature4 ,camber1 ,arch4 ,a curve or arch4 ,camboge or ,gamboge4 ,a gum-resin1 forming a yellow water-colour4 ,the best gamboge is from ,siam1 and the kingdom of ,camboja 7whence its name74 ,it should be brittle1 inodorous1 of conchoidal fracture1 orange-coloured or reddish yellow1 smooth and somewhat glistening4 ,its powder is bright yellow4 ,an artificial gamboge1 of little value1 is manufactured with turmeric and other materials4 ,cambresian ,faience4 ,the 8poterie blance0 of ,cambrai is mentioned in a ,,ms4 of the #afth century4 ,it was an enamelled faience4 ,camella4 ,an earthenware or wooden vessel employed in certain religious ceremonies4 ,it probably served for making libations of milk4 ,cameo 7,ital4 cammeo74 ,a precious stone engraved in relief2 it is thus opposed to the ,,intaglio 7q4v471 which is cut into the stone4 ,cameos are generally carved from stones having several layers4 ,they were employed in the decoration of furniture1 vases1 clasps1 girdles1 and to make bracelets1 rings1 c4 ,cameos were largely made by the ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 and ,romans2 by the two latter generally of sardonyx and onyx4 7,see ,,intaglio1 ,,shell ,,cameo1 c47 ,cameo-glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,camera1 more rarely ,camara4 ,the vault or vaulted ceiling of an apartment4 ,camera vitrea1 a vaulted ceiling1 the surface of which was lined with plates of glass4 ,the term was also used to denote a chariot with an arched cover formed by hoops2 an underground passage2 a pirate-vessel with a decked cabin2 and1 in short1 any chamber having an arched roof1 as for instance the interior of a tomb4 ,camera ,lucida4 ,an optical instrument for reflecting the outlines of objects from a prism1 so that they can be traced upon paper by a person unacquainted with the art of drawing4 ,camera ,obscura4 ,a darkened room in which the coloured reflections of surrounding objects are thrown upon a white ground4 ,camfuri1 ,camphio1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a decreed duel3 from the ,german 8kampf10 battle2 and the ,danish 8vug10 manslaughter4 7,meyrick47 ,camies1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a light thin material1 probably of silken texture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,caminus4 ,caminus4 ,literally1 a smelting furnace1 and then an oven for baking bread2 also1 a hearth or fireplace4 ,fig4 #abf represents a baker's oven at ,pompeii4 ,camisado1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sudden attack on a small party2 a ,spanish term4 8,to give camisadoes on troupes that are lodged a farre off40 7,briefe ,discourse of ,warre47 ,camisia 7a ,gallic word1 whence prob4 ,ital4 camicia74 ,a light linen tunic worn next the skin 7tunica intima74 ,camlet or ,chamlet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,originally a tissue of goat's and camel's hair interwoven4 ,in ,elizabeth's reign the name was given to a cloth of mixed wool and silk1 first manufactured in ,montgomeryshire1 on the banks of the river ,camlet4 ,cammaka4 ,a cloth of which church vestments were made1 temp4 ,edward ,,iii4 ,camoca1 ,o4 ,e41 #adth century4 ,a textile probably of fine camel's hair and silk1 and of ,asiatic workmanship1 much used for church vestments1 dress1 and hangings4 ,campagus or ,compagus4 ,a kind of sandal4 ,it was worn especially by the ,roman patricians4 ,campana1 ,it4 ,a bell2 hence1 ,,campanology1 the science or study of bells4 ,campanile4 ,a belfry4 ,camp-ceiling4 ,where all the sides are equally inclined to meet the horizontal part in the centre 7as in an attic74 ,campestre1 ,r4 7from campester1 i4 e4 pertaining to the ,field of ,mars74 ,a short kilt worn by gladiators and soldiers when going through violent exercises in public4 ,the kilt fitted close to the body1 and reached two-thirds down the thigh4 ,campio ,regis1 ,engl4 ,the king's champion1 who on the day of the coronation challenges any one who disputes the title to the crown4 ,campus ,martius 7i4 e4 ,field of ,mars74 ,at ,rome1 as in the provinces1 this term had the same meaning which it bears in some countries at the present day2 i4 e4 a ground on which soldiers went through their exercises4 ,in ancient times1 however1 the ,field of ,mars1 or simply the ,field1 served also as a place of assembly for the comitia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abg4 ,canaba4 ,canaba1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a ,low ,latin name for the slight structures common in country places1 such as we should now call sheds or hovels4 ,those who lived in them were called canabenses4 ,fig4 #abg is from a terra-cotta vase found near the lake ,albano4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,canaliculus4 ,canaliculus 7dimin4 of ,,canalis1 q4v474 ,a small channel or groove2 or a fluting carved on the face of a triglyph4 7,fig4 #abh47 ,canalis 7akin to ,sanscrit root ,,khan1 to dig74 ,an artificial channel or conduit for water4 ,the term canalis is also given to the fillet or flat surface lying between the abacus and echinus of an ,ionic capital4 ,it terminates in the eye of the volute1 which it follows in such a way as to give it the proper contour4 ,canathron 7,gr4 74 ,a carriage1 of which the upper part was made of basket-work4 ,canberia1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,fr4 jambires74 ,armour for the legs4 ,cancelli 7from cancer1 a lattice74 ,a trellis1 iron grating1 or generally an ornamental barrier separating one place from another4 ,in some amphitheatres the ,,podium 7q4v47 had cancelli at the top4 ,in a court of law the judges and clerks were divided from the place set apart for the public by cancelli 7hence 8chancel074 ,candela4 ,a torch1 made of rope1 coated with tallow1 resin1 or pitch4 ,it was carried in funeral processions 7hence 8candle074 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #abi4 ,candelabrum4 ,candelabrum4 ,a candlestick1 candelabrum1 or generally any kind of stand by which a light can be supported4 ,there were many different kinds4 ,the same term is also used to denote the tall pedestal of a portable lamp 7,fig4 #abi74 7,see ,,candlebeam47 ,candellieri1 ,it4 ,a style of grotesque ornamentation1 characteristic of the ,urbino majolica ware4 ,candlebeam1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a chandelier of the ,middle ,ages with 8bellys of laton0 7or brass cups7 slung by a pulley from the ceiling4 ,candles4 ,the ,a4,s4 poets called the sun 8rodores candel10 the candle of the firmament1 8woruld candel10 8heofon candel10 c4 ,originally1 no doubt1 the candle was a mere mass of fat plastered round a wick 7candel-weoc7 and stuck upon a 8candel-sticca10 or upright stick2 when the candlestick had several branches1 it was called a candle-tree4 ,there were iron1 bone1 silver-gilt1 and ornamented candlesticks4 ,through the ,middle ,ages candles were stuck on a spike1 not in a socket1 and a chandelier of the #afth century shows the same arrangement4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,persian ,candys4 ,candys 774 ,a ,persian cloak of woollen cloth1 generally purple in colour4 ,canephoria4 ,greek festivals of ,diana2 or an incident of another feast1 called pratelia1 in which virgins about to marry presented baskets 7canea7 to ,minerva4 ,the name1 ,,canephorus1 or 8basket-bearer10 was common to the virgins who attended processions of ,ceres1 ,minerva1 and ,bacchus1 with the consecrated cakes1 incense1 and other sacrificial accessories1 in the flat baskets called canea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aca4 ,canette of white stone-ware1 #aegd4 ,canette4 ,a conic-shaped ,german drinking-mug1 resembling the modern 8schoppen10 of which highly ornamented examples in white stone-ware have been produced by the potters of ,cologne and other parts of ,germany4 7,fig4 #aca47 ,caniple1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a small knife or dagger4 ,canis 7akin to ,sanscrit ,,van1 ,gr4 74 ,a dog4 ,this term has numerous diminutives3 catulus1 catellus1 canicula4 ,however ancient any civilization1 the dog is always met with as the companion of man1 and in each nation it follows a particular type4 ,thus a distinct difference is perceptible in the dogs of the ,etruscans1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,egyptians1 ,indians1 and ,gauls4 ,the ,egyptians had terriers and greyhounds1 wolf-dogs1 and others for hunting or watchdogs4 ,all these breeds are met with on the bas-reliefs of ,egyptian monuments4 ,the ,egyptian name for a dog1 wou1 wouwou1 is evidently onomatopoietic or imitative4 7,see also ,,dog47 ,canistrum1 ,canister1 or ,caneum 71 from 1 a reed74 ,a wide shallow basket for carrying the instruments of sacrifice and offerings for the gods4 ,it was generally carried on the head by young girls1 who were called ,canephor 71 i4 e4 basket-bearers71 q4v4 ,canon 71 from 1 i4 e4 anything straight like a reed74 ,a fixed rule or standard which is supposed to have served1 in antiquity1 as a basis or model in forming statues1 the various members of which bore a definite proportion one to the other4 ,the ,greeks had some such canon4 ,the 7spearman7 of ,polycletus was1 it is said1 looked upon as affording a standard for the proportions of the human body4 ,the ,egyptians are also supposed to have had a canon1 in which the middle finger formed the unit of measurement4 ,canopea or ,canopic ,vases4 ,an ,egyptian vase1 made of clay1 and so named from its being manufactured at ,canopus1 a town of ,lower ,egypt1 the present ,aboukir4 ,the same name was given to funereal urns made in the shape of the god ,canopus1 who is described by ,russin as pedibus exiguis1 attracto collo1 ventre tumido in modum hydri1 cum dorso qualiter tereti 7i4 e4 having small feet1 a short neck1 a belly as round and swelling as a water-jar1 and a back to match74 ,canopean vases were made of earthenware1 alabaster1 and limestone4 ,they were placed at the four corners of tombs or sarcophagi containing mummies4 ,in them were deposited the viscera of the dead1 which were placed under the protection of the four genii1 symbolized each by the head of some animal which served at the same time for the lid of the canopea4 ,cant1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,to truncate4 7#b7 ,to turn anything over on its angle4 ,cantabrarii1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,standard-bearers3 from ,,cantabrum1 a kind of standard used by the ,roman emperors4 7,consult ,meyrick47 ,canted ,column1 ,arch4 ,a column polygonal in section4 ,cantellus1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,fr4 chanteau and cantel2 ,lat4 quantillus74 7#a7 ,a cut with a weapon1 or the portion cut away4 7#b7 ,heraldic for the fourth part of a shield1 since called a canton4 7#c7 ,the hind part of a saddle4 ,canteriolus 7dimin4 of canterius1 a prop74 ,a painter's easel4 ,the term1 which is of doubtful ,latinity1 corresponds to the ,greek 4 ,canterius1 ,r4 ,this term has numerous meanings2 it serves to denote a gelding1 a prop1 the rafters forming part of the wood-work of a roof1 and a surgical contrivance1 of which the form is unknown1 but which was used for suspending horses whose legs chanced to be broken1 in such a way as to allow the bone to set4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,cantharus 7,greek74 ,cantharus 71 a kind of beetle74 ,a two-handled vase or drinking-cup1 of ,greek invention4 ,it was particularly consecrated to ,bacchus1 and accordingly1 in representations of the festivals of that god1 it figures constantly in the hands of satyrs and other personages4 7,fig4 #acb47 ,cantherius4 7,see ,,canterius47 ,canthus 71 the felloe of a wheel74 ,a hoop of iron or bronze forming the tire of a wheel4 ,the ,greeks called this tire 7i4 e4 that which is fastened to the felloe74 ,canticum4 ,an interlude of music in a ,roman play4 ,cantilevers or ,cantalivers1 ,arch4 ,blocks framed into a wall under the eaves1 projecting so as to carry a moulding4 7,see ,,modillion47 ,cant-moulding1 ,arch4 ,any moulding with a bevelled face4 ,canum4 ,a ,greek basket1 more generally called ,,canistrum 7q4v474 ,canvas prepared for painting is kept stretched upon frames of various sizes3 e4 g4 kit-cat1 #bh or #bi inches by #cf2 three-quarters1 #be by #cj2 half-length1 #dj by #ej2 bishop's half-length1 #dd or #de by #ef2 bishop's whole length1 #eh by #id4 ,cap-a-pie 7,fr474 ,in full armour1 from head to foot4 ,caparison4 ,the complete trappings of a war-horse4 ,capellina1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,the chapeline or small ,,chapel ,,de ,,fer4 ,capellum1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a scabbard 7not the hilt of a sword74 ,capellus ferreus4 7,see ,,chapel ,,de ,,fer47 ,capillamentum1 ,r4 ,a wig of false hair1 in which the hair was long and abundant4 7,see ,,coma47 ,capillus 7from caput1 the head74 ,hair2 the hair of the head in general4 7,see ,,coma47 ,capis1 ,r4 ,a kind of earthenware jug1 with a handle4 ,vessels of this kind were used in sacrifices1 and the capis is often found represented on medals4 ,other names for it were capedo1 capeduncula1 and capula4 ,capisterium 7deriv4 from or 1 i4 e4 that which is scooped out74 ,a vessel resembling the alveus1 or wooden trough1 and which was employed for cleansing the ears of corn after they had been threshed and winnowed4 ,capistrum 7from capio1 i4 e4 that which takes or holds74 7#a7 ,a halter or head-stall4 7#b7 ,a rope employed for suspending the end of the beam in a wine-press4 7#c7 ,a muzzle made to prevent young animals from sucking after they have been weaned4 7#d7 ,a broad leather band or cheek-piece worn by flute-players4 ,it had an opening for the mouth to blow through4 ,capita aut ,navia 7lit4 heads or ships2 of coins having the head of ,janus on one side and a ship on the reverse74 ,a game of 8heads or tails0 played by the ,romans and ,greeks4 ,capital 7caput1 a head74 ,a strip of cloth worn round the head1 in primitive times1 by ,roman women1 to keep in their hair4 ,later on it was worn only by women attached to the service of religion4 7,see ,,capitulum47 ,capitellum4 7,see ,,capitulum47 ,capitium4 ,an article of female dress2 a kind of corset or bodice4 ,capitolium 7i4 e4 the place of the caput2 because a human head was supposed to have been discovered in digging the foundations74 ,the ,capitol1 or enclosure containing the temple raised in honour of ,jupiter4 ,the first ,capitol of ,rome was built on the ,mons ,capitolinus or ,capitolium4 ,the chief cities of ,italy possessed each its ,capitolium4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,capital4 ,a term which denotes the member of architecture crowning the top of a column1 pillar1 or pilaster4 ,figs4 #acc and #acd represent cushion capitals of the ,romano-,byzantine epoch4 ,orders of ,architecture are known by their ,capitals4 7,see ,,composite1 ,,corinthian1 ,,doric1 ,,ionic1 and ,,tuscan47 ,capo di ,monte1 ,naples4 ,a manufactory of faience1 established by ,charles ,,iii4 ,cappagh ,browns1 ,light and ,dark4 ,rich brown pigments1 made of a bituminous earth from ,ireland4 ,called also ,mineral or ,manganese ,brown4 ,capreolus1 ,r4 7lit4 a wild goat or roebuck74 ,a fork for digging1 with two prongs converging together like the horns of a roebuck4 ,the term is also used for a strut or brace4 ,the tie-beams and king-posts in the frame of a roof are often connected by capreoli4 ,capriccio1 ,it4 ,caprice in art4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,capricornus4 ,the device of ,cosmo de' ,medici4 ,capricornus4 ,the zodiacal sign of ,september employed by ,augustus ,csar in commemoration of his victory at ,actium on the day when the sun enters that sign4 ,the same device was used by ,cosmo de' ,medici1 and by the ,emperor ,rodolph ,,ii4 of ,germany1 with the motto1 8,fulget ,csaris ,astrum40 7,fig4 #ace47 ,caprimulgus1 ,lat4 ,a goat-milker1 a common device on antique gems and bas-reliefs1 representing a man or a faun milking a goat4 ,capron1 ,r4 7from caput and pronus1 i4 e4 that which hangs down the forehead74 ,the forelock of a horse1 and by analogy1 a lock of curling hair falling down over the centre of the forehead1 in a man or woman4 ,capsa or ,scrinium1 ,r4 ,a box or case of cylindrical form1 used for several purposes1 but more particularly for the transport of rolls or volumes 7volumina74 ,the caps were generally provided with straps and locks1 the former serving as a handle4 ,capsella and ,capsula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,capsa1 q4v474 ,a case or casket for jewels1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,capuchon and mantle4 ,from an ,italian painting of the #acth century4 ,capuchon4 ,a hood with neck-piece and mantle4 ,the engraving 7,fig4 #acf7 is a portrait of ,cimabue4 ,capula4 ,dimin4 of ,,capis 7q4v474 ,capularis1 ,r4 ,the straight handle or hilt of any kind of instrument or weapon1 in contradistinction to ansa1 which signifies a curved haft or handle4 ,the term capularis was applied indifferently to the handle of a sword1 a sceptre1 c4 ,car1 ,chariot1 or ,carriage4 7,see ,,carrus and ,,currus47 ,carabaga1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,also ,,calabra4 ,a kind of catapult or balista4 ,carabine4 7,see ,,carbine47 ,carabus 774 ,a small boat made of wicker-work2 a kind of shallop covered with raw hides4 ,it was either propelled by itself or attached to the stern of a larger vessel4 ,similar to the coracle4 ,caracalla 7a ,celtic word74 ,a military garment introduced from ,gaul into ,rome by the ,emperor ,antonine1 who obtained thus his surname of ,caracalla4 ,caracole1 ,arch4 ,a spiral staircase4 ,carbassus or ,carbassum 71 fine ,spanish flax74 ,this term was used indifferently to denote all textures made of the fine ,spanish flax4 ,thus any kind of linen garment1 the sails of a ship1 the awning of a theatre or amphitheatre1 all came under the term of carbassus4 ,carbatin 774 ,a rough kind of boot in common use1 made of a single piece of leather1 and worn by peasants4 ,carbine1 or ,carabine1 or ,caraben4 ,a short gun with a wheel lock and a wide bore1 introduced in the #afth century4 ,carbonate of ,lead1 or white lead1 is the principal white pigment4 ,it is prepared by exposing sheets of lead to the action of acetic and carbonic acids4 ,it is called also ,ceruse1 ,flake-white1 ,krems 7or ,vienna7 white1 ,nottingham white4 ,it is also known1 under different modifications of colour1 as ,venice1 or as ,hamburg1 or as ,dutch white4 ,it is a pigment very liable to injury from exposure to certain gases4 7,see ,,oxide ,,of ,,zinc47 ,carbonates of ,copper yield blue and green pigments1 known from the earliest times1 and under many names1 as ,mountain blue and green1 blue and green ,ash1 or ,saunders' 7for cendres'7 blue and green4 ,these names are also applied to the manufactured imitations of the native carbonates of copper4 ,powdered ,malachite is a form of the native green carbonate4 ,the colours called ,emerald ,green and ,paul ,veronese ,green are artificial4 ,carbuncle 7,lat4 carbunculus74 ,a gem of a deep red colour4 ,a jewel shining in the dark4 7,milton47 ,carcaissum1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,fr4 carquois2 ,it4 carcasso2 ,mod4 ,gr4 74 ,a quiver4 ,carcamousse1 ,med4 ,a battering-ram4 ,the name is onomatopoetic4 ,carcanet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a necklace set with stones1 or strung with pearls4 ,carcass1 ,arch4 ,the unfinished frame or skeleton of a building4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,carceres4 ,roman prisons4 ,carcer 7akin to arceo1 i4 e4 an enclosure 7,gr4 74 7#a7 ,a prison4 7#b7 ,the circus4 ,at ,rome the prisons were divided into three stages3 the first1 which formed a story above ground 7carcer superior71 was for prisoners who had only committed slight offences2 the carcer interior1 or stage on a level with the ground1 served as a place of confinement in which criminals were placed to await the execution of their sentence2 lastly there was the carcer inferior1 or subterranean dungeon called robur1 for criminals condemned to death4 ,fig4 #acg represents the carcer built at ,rome by ,ancus ,martius and ,servius ,tullius2 ,fig4 #ach the carceres of the circus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,carceres4 ,stables in the circus at ,rome4 ,carchesium 774 7#a7 ,a drinking-cup of ,greek invention1 and having slender handles rising high over the edge1 and reaching to the foot4 ,it was an attribute of ,bacchus1 and was used in the religious ceremonies4 7#b7 ,a scaffolding in the shape of the carchesium at the masthead of a ship4 7,anglic1 8crow's-nest407 ,cardinalis4 7,see ,,scapus47 ,cardo4 ,a pivot and socket used for the hinge of a door4 ,the term was also used in carpentry to denote a dove-tailed tenon2 this was called cardo securi-culatus1 i4 e4 a tenon in the shape of an axe1 the dove-tail bearing some resemblance to the blade of that tool4 ,care-cloth1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cloth held over the bride and bridegroom's heads at a wedding4 ,carellus 7,fr4 carreau74 ,a quarrel or arrow for cross-bows1 the head of which was either four-sided or had four projections4 ,carillon1 ,fr4 ,a set of large bells1 arranged to perform tunes by machinery1 or by a set of keys touched by a musician4 ,antwerp1 ,bruges1 and ,ghent are celebrated for the carillons in their steeples4 ,caristia 7from 1 favour or gratitude74 ,a ,roman feast1 at which the members of a family came together4 ,it lasted three days3 on the first1 sacrifices were offered to the gods2 the second was consecrated to the worship of deceased relations2 and on the third the surviving members of the family met at a banquet4 ,strangers were not allowed in these gatherings4 ,carminated ,lakes4 ,also called ,lake of ,florence1 ,paris1 or ,vienna4 ,pigments made from the liquor in which cochineal and the other ingredients have been boiled to make carmine4 7,see ,,madder47 ,carmine4 ,a beautiful pigment prepared from the insect1 cochineal4 ,carmine is the richest and purest portion of the colouring matter of cochineal4 ,the various kinds of carmine are distinguished by numbers1 and possess a value corresponding thereto2 the difference depending either on the proportion of the alumina added1 or on the presence of vermilion added for the purpose of diluting and increasing the quantity of the colour3 the alumina produces a paler tint1 and the vermilion a tint different to that of genuine carmine4 ,the amount of adulteration can always be detected by the use of liquor ammoni1 which dissolves the whole of the carmine1 but leaves the adulterating matter untouched4 ,carmine is chiefly used in miniature painting and in water-colours4 ,it is made in large quantities in ,paris4 ,carmine-madder4 7,see ,,madder47 ,carnarium1 ,r4 7caro1 flesh74 7#a7 ,a larder for fresh or salted provisions4 7#b7 ,the iron hooks on which they were hung4 ,carnificia or ,carnificina1 ,r4 7carnifex1 executioner74 ,subterranean dungeons1 in which criminals were put to the torture1 and1 in many cases1 executed4 ,carnix or ,carnyx 7,celtic and ,gaulish word74 ,a trumpet in the form of a long horn1 of which the mouth was curved so as to resemble the mouth of an animal4 ,this instrument gave out a peculiarly loud strident sound1 and was used more particularly by the ,celtic nations1 notably the ,gauls4 ,it is constantly found represented on the coins of these nations1 and on bas-reliefs4 ,some archologists have mistaken the carnices on medals for cornucopi4 ,carol1 ,chr4 ,an enclosed place2 a circular gallery4 ,in old ,french1 carole signified a round dance1 or a circle of stone4 ,in the last century the term was applied to the ambulatory1 or circular gallery1 behind the choir in churches4 ,carpentum1 ,r4 ,a two-wheeled carriage of ,gaulish invention2 it was often covered with an awning1 resembling in form that of the ,,camara 7q4v474 ,the carpentum funebre or pompaticum was a hearse4 ,it was made to resemble a shrine or small temple4 ,lastly1 the term carpentum was used to denote a cart1 with two wheels1 employed for agricultural purposes4 ,carrago 7i4 e4 formed of carri or carts74 ,a kind of intrenchment peculiar to certain barbarous nations4 ,it was constructed by drawing up waggons and war-chariots in a curved line1 approaching a circle as nearly as the nature of the ground permitted4 ,it formed a first line of defence1 behind which the combatants sheltered themselves in order to defend the camp proper1 which lay in the centre of the carrago4 ,carreaux1 ,med4 ,fr4 ,quarrels for cross-bows1 so called from their square form4 ,carriolum4 7,see ,,carrocium47 ,carroballista or ,carrobalista 7carrus1 a car74 ,a ballista mounted upon a carriage1 to be transported from place to place4 7,see ,,ballista47 ,carrocium1 ,carrocerum1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a standard fixed on a carriage4 ,carrotus4 ,a quarrel4 7,see ,,carellus1 c47 ,carruca1 ,carrucha1 or ,carucha4 ,a carriage of costly description1 richly ornamented with bronze and ivory carvings and chased gold4 ,it differed widely from the ,,essedo and the ,,rheda 7q4v474 ,carrus or ,carrum 7,celtic root74 ,a cart or chariot of ,gaulish invention1 on two wheels1 used in the army as a commissariat waggon4 ,a carrus occurs among the sculptures on the column of ,trajan4 ,cartamera 7,gaulish word74 ,a ,gaulish girdle made of metal1 and used to support the bracc1 or trousers4 ,it was made sometimes in the form of a serpent with its tail in its mouth1 but more generally resembled a fringe of twisted hemp1 like the torques1 by which name accordingly it was known among the ,romans4 7,see ,,torques47 ,cartibulum1 ,r4 7corrupted from gertibulum1 i4 e4 that which bears or carries74 ,a side-board1 consisting of a square slab of stone or marble1 supported in the middle by a pedestal or stem4 ,the cartibulum always stood against a wall4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,egyptian ,cartouche4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,egyptian ,column with ,cartouche4 ,cartouche1 ,egyp4 ,an elliptical tablet of scroll-like form1 containing the names of the ,pharaohs4 ,fig4 #aci represents the cartouche of ,king ,artaxerxes4 ,cartouches were applied to decorate columns1 an illustration of which may be seen on the abacus and capital of the column in ,fig4 #adj4 ,caryatides 71 i4 e4 women of ,cary74 ,female figures1 in an upright posture1 which were employed in lieu of columns to support entablatures or any other members of architecture4 ,one of the finest instances of the application of caryatides to this purpose is to be found in the portico of the temple of ,pandrosos1 at ,athens4 ,caryatis4 ,a festival in honour of ,artemis ,caryatis1 which was celebrated at ,cary1 in ,laconia4 ,case ,bags1 ,arch4 ,the joists framed between a pair of girders1 in naked flooring4 ,cash4 ,a ,chinese coin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,casque4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,casque4 ,casque1 ,fr4 ,helmets of every description1 from those of classical times to the present1 have been called casques by the poets2 but the head-piece specially so designated is first seen in ,english armour of the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,the casque was generally without a visor1 and worn more for parade than warfare4 ,the engraving ,fig4 #ada represents a ,gaulish and ,fig4 #adb an ,oriental casque4 ,casquetel4 ,a small open helmet without beaver or visor1 having a projecting umbril1 and flexible plates to protect the neck behind4 ,cassel ,black4 7,see ,,black47 ,cassel ,earth4 ,a brown pigment4 ,cassel ,yellow4 7,see ,,turner',s ,,yellow47 ,cassida4 7,see ,,cassis47 ,cassilden1 ,o4 ,e4 ,chalcedony4 ,cassis or1 rarely1 ,cassida 7perhaps an ,etruscan word74 ,a casque or helmet made of metal1 and so distinguished from ,,galea 7q4v471 a helmet made of leather4 ,figs4 #ada and #adb represent respectively a ,gaulish and an ,eastern cassis 7the latter1 however1 is considered by some antiquaries to be ,gaulish74 ,the war-casque of the ,egyptian kings1 although of metal1 was covered with a panther's skin2 it was ornamented with the ,,ur,,us 7q4v474 ,cassock signifies a horseman's loose coat1 and is used in that sense by the writers of the age of ,shakspeare4 ,it likewise appears to have been part of the dress of rustics4 7,stevens47 ,it was called a 8vest0 in the time of ,charles ,,ii4 ,later on it became the distinguishing dress of the clergy4 ,cassolette1 ,fr4 ,a perfume box with a perforated lid2 the perforations in a censer4 ,cassone4 ,an ,italian chest1 richly carved and gilt1 and often decorated with paintings1 which frequently held the trousseau of a bride4 ,castanets4 ,various peoples have employed flat pieces of wood to produce a certain kind of noise during religious ceremonies4 ,the ,egyptians seem to have had for this purpose 8hands0 of wood or ivory1 which were struck one against the other to form an accompaniment to chants or rhythmic dances4 7,see ,,crotala1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,cup of ,castel ,durante 7#aebe71 in the ,museum of the ,louvre4 ,castel ,durante4 ,an ancient manufactory of ,urbino ware1 established in the #adth century4 ,fig4 #adc1 from a cup in the ,louvre1 is a fine specimen of ,castel ,durante majolica of the #afth century4 ,castellum 7dimin4 of ,,castrum1 q4v42 i4 e4 a small castle74 ,a small fortified place or citadel2 also a reservoir for water4 ,the ruins of castella still existing are very few in number2 one of the most perfect1 as far as the basin is concerned1 is that of the castellum divisorium or deversorium1 at ,nismes4 ,casteria4 ,a storehouse in which the rudder1 oars1 and movable tackle of a vessel were kept4 ,castor4 ,the beaver2 hence applied to beaver hats4 ,castore1 ,r4 ,costly fabrics and dresses made of the fur of beavers4 ,castra1 ,r4 7plur4 of castrum1 which1 like casa1 the covering thing74 ,this term was applied solely to an encampment1 a fortified or intrenched camp1 while the singular castrum1 an augmentative of ,,casa 7q4v471 denotes a hut1 or strongly-constructed post1 and consequently a fort1 or fortress2 but for this last the ,romans preferred to use the diminutive castellum4 ,castula or ,caltula1 ,r4 ,a short petticoat worn by ,roman women1 held up by braces4 ,casula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of casa74 7#a7 ,a small hut or cabin4 7#b7 ,a hooded cloak1 or capote4 ,cat4 ,the ,egyptian name for the cat 7maaou7 is evidently onomatopoetic4 ,as a symbol1 this animal played a part which has hitherto not been clearly determined4 ,certain papyri show us the cat severing the serpent's head from its body1 a symbol which would seem to point out the cat as the destroyer of the enemies of the daylight and the sun4 ,again1 the goddess ,bast is represented with a cat's head1 the animal being sacred to her4 ,cat 7,med4 ,lat4 cattus or gattus74 ,a covering under which soldiers lay for shelter1 while sapping the walls of a fortress1 c4 ,cataclista1 ,r4 ,a close-fitting garment worn by ,roman ladies1 bearing a great resemblance to those which are to be seen on ,egyptian statues4 ,catacombs1 ,chr4 ,this term1 the etymology of which is uncertain1 serves to denote disused stone quarries1 made use of by the early ,christians for their meetings1 and as subterranean cemeteries4 ,we meet with catacombs in several cities1 but the most celebrated are unquestionably those of ,rome4 ,catacombs also exist at ,syracuse1 ,catana1 ,palermo1 ,naples1 and ,paris4 ,catadromus1 ,r4 7from and 1 i4 e4 a running down74 ,a tight-rope for acrobats in a circus or amphitheatre4 ,the catadromus was stretched in a slanting direction from a point in the arena to the top of the building4 ,catafaltus1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,see ,,cagasuptus47 ,catagrapha1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 a drawing or marking down74 ,a painting in perspective 7rarely met with in the works of the ancient painters74 ,cataphracta1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 that which covers up74 ,a general term to denote any kind of breastplate worn by the ,roman infantry4 ,cataphracti were heavy-armed cavalry1 with the horses in armour4 ,cataphracti4 ,decked vessels1 in opposition to aphracti1 open boats4 ,catapirates1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 that which makes trial downwards74 ,a sounding lead1 of an ovoid form1 with tallow or a kind of glue at the end1 by means of which sailors were able to ascertain the nature of the bottom4 ,catapulta1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 that which hurls74 ,a military engine for discharging heavy missiles4 ,the ballista projected stones2 the catapult1 darts2 the scorpio 7uncertain74 ,they were all called tormenta1 from the twisting of the ropes of hairs or fibres which supplied the propelling force4 ,catascopium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,catascopus1 q4v474 ,a post of observation or sentry tower4 ,catascopus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 that which explores or spies74 7#a7 ,a post of observation4 7#b7 ,a vessel employed as a spy-ship2 and by analogy 7#c7 a scout1 i4 e4 a soldier whose duty is to act as a spy on the enemy4 ,catasta 7from 1 i4 e4 a place of presentation74 ,a platform upon which slaves were placed to be publicly sold4 ,some scaffolds of this kind were made to revolve1 so that the purchaser might thoroughly inspect every part of the slave at his leisure4 ,catasta arcana was the name given to a gridiron1 or iron bed1 upon which criminals were laid to undergo torture4 7,see ,,gridiron47 ,cateja 7,celtic word74 ,a missile made of wood hardened in the fire4 ,it was employed by the ,gauls1 ,germans1 and other barbarians in the way of a harpoon1 a rope being fastened to one end of the weapon1 by means of which it could be recovered after it had been launched4 ,catella 7dimin4 of ,,catena1 q4v474 ,a term specially used to denote the finer sorts of chains made of bronze1 silver1 and gold4 ,chains made of the precious metals were worn as trinkets4 ,the use of the diminutive indicates elegance and delicacy4 ,catellus1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,catena1 q4v474 ,a chain used to shackle slaves1 or perhaps merely attached to them in the way of a clog4 ,catena1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a chain1 especially 7#b7 a chain of gold or silver worn as an ornament round the body1 like a balteus 7shoulder-belt71 by certain goddesses1 dancing girls1 bacchantes1 or courtezans4 ,catenarius4 ,the chained dog kept at the entrance of their houses by the ,romans4 ,catharmata 71 from 1 i4 e4 that which is thrown away in cleansing74 ,sacrifices in which human victims were offered up1 in order to avert the plague or similar visitations4 ,they were thrown into the sea4 ,cathedra 71 from and 1 i4 e4 a place for sitting down74 ,a chair having a back1 but without arms4 ,there were various kinds of cathedr3 the cathedra strata was a chair furnished with cushions2 cathedra supina1 a chair with long sloping back2 cathedra longa1 a chair with long deep seat4 ,the cathedra philosophorum was the equivalent of our modern term1 a professor's chair4 ,catherine ,wheel4 ,in ,gothic architecture1 a large circular window1 filled with radiating divisions2 called also rose-window4 ,cathetus1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,the axle of a cylinder4 7#b7 ,the centre of the ,ionic volute4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,catillus for grinding corn4 ,catillus and ,catillum 7dimin4 of ,,catinus1 q4v42 i4 e4 a small bowl74 7#a7 ,the upper part of a mill for grinding corn1 which served both as grindstone and hopper or bowl4 ,fig4 #add represents an ancient mill1 a fourth part of the catillus being suppressed in order to show the reader the mechanism4 7#b7 ,a small dish having much resemblance to the catinus1 and so by analogy 7#c7 a flat circular ornament employed to decorate the scabbard of a sword4 ,catinus and ,catinum1 ,r4 7akin to ,sicilian 74 ,dishes used for cooking1 and for the table4 ,catina might be of earthenware or metal1 of glass or other precious material1 and were employed as sacrificial vessels to hold incense1 c4 ,catty4 ,a ,chinese weight #a lb4 ,catulus1 ,r4 ,when a slave ran away from his master1 and was retaken1 he was led back in chains1 the catulus being the chain which was attached to an iron collar passing round his neck4 ,a slave was thus said to be led back cum manicis1 catulo1 collarique1 i4 e4 with manacles1 leading chain1 and neck-collar4 ,caudex4 7,see ,,codex47 ,caudicarius1 ,codicarius1 ,r4 7from caudex1 a tree-trunk74 ,a wide flat barge employed in river transport4 ,it was of rough construction1 and was broken up on arriving at its destination4 ,caudicius1 ,r4 ,a vessel of the same kind as the caudicarius1 employed on the ,moselle4 ,caughley-ware 7,shropshire74 ,a soft porcelain2 #ahth century4 ,caul1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cap or network enclosing the hair4 ,cauliculi or ,caulicoli1 ,r4 7dimin4 of caulis1 a stalk74 ,acanthus leaves springing from the capital of a ,corinthian column4 ,caupolus4 7,see ,,caupulus47 ,caupona1 ,r4 7caupo1 an innkeeper74 ,an inn or hostel for the accommodation of travellers4 ,the caupon bore a general resemblance to our roadside inns4 ,also1 a cooked-meat shop4 ,cauponula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of caupona74 ,a small tavern1 or low wine-shop of mean appearance4 ,caupulus1 ,r4 ,a kind of boat1 classed by authors among the lembi and cymb4 ,caurus1 ,r4 ,an impersonation of the ,north-,west wind2 represented under the form of an old man with a beard1 pouring down rain from an urn4 ,causia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 from 1 i4 e4 that which keeps off heat74 ,a broad-brimmed felt hat1 of ,macedonian invention1 and adopted by the ,romans4 ,it was especially worn by fishermen and sailors4 ,cauter 71 i4 e4 that which burns74 ,a cautery or branding-iron4 ,the cauter was 7#a7 an instrument used by surgeons2 it was also used for branding cattle and slaves4 7#b7 ,an instrument employed to burn in the colours in an encaustic painting4 ,cauterium ,,cauter 7q4v474 ,cavdium1 ,r4 7from cavum and des1 i4 e4 the hollow part of a house74 ,an open courtyard4 ,in early times the ,romans had an external courtyard to their houses4 ,in course of time1 however1 the increase of luxury and comfort brought about a change in the cavdium1 which was partially covered in with a roof supported by columns1 a partial opening being left in the centre1 which was called the compluvium4 ,when thus altered1 the cavdium went under the name of ,,atrium 7q4v474 ,cavalherium4 7,see ,,caballaria47 ,cavallerius or ,cavallero1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a knight or cavalier4 ,cavea1 ,r4 7from cavus1 i4 e4 a hollow place or cavity71 7#a7 ,a wooden cage with open bars1 of wood or1 more generally1 of iron1 used for the transport and exhibition of the wild beasts of a menagerie4 7#b7 ,a bird-cage4 7#c7 ,a frame of wicker-work employed by fullers and dyers4 7#d7 ,a palisade to protect young trees when growing up1 and 7#e7 the vast reversed cone formed by the successive stages of a theatre or amphitheatre4 ,this might be divided1 according to the size of the building1 into one1 two1 or three distinct tiers1 called respectively upper1 lower1 and middle 7summa1 ima1 media cavea74 7#f7 ,a warlike machine used in attacking cities4 ,cavetto1 ,arch4 7deriv4 from ,ital4 cavo74 ,a concave moulding formed of a segment of a circle4 ,cavo-relievo4 ,intaglio-sculpture cut into the stone1 as in ,egyptian art4 ,ceadas or ,cadas 7 or 74 ,a deep cave into which the ,spartans thrust condemned prisoners4 ,ceinture or ,ceint4 ,a girdle4 7,see ,,cinctus47 ,celadon4 ,a peculiar tinted porcelain1 described by ,jacquemart as the earliest tint of ,chinese pottery4 ,celeb 774 ,a vase of ovoid form and with two handles4 ,the lower part is shaped elegantly1 like an amphora1 but the upper part resembles a pitcher with a sort of projecting lip4 ,its peculiarity is in the handles1 which are 8pillared0 and 8reeded40 ,celes1 ,r4 ,a racing or saddle horse1 as opposed to a draught horse4 ,the same term was also applied to a vessel or boat of a peculiar form1 propelled by oars1 in which each rower handled only a single oar4 ,it was also called celox4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,plan of temple showing the ,cella4 ,cella1 ,r4 7from celo1 to hide74 ,the interior of a temple1 i4 e4 the part comprised within the four walls4 ,in ,fig4 #ade a represents the portico1 b the cella4 ,the term is also used to denote a niche1 store-room1 or1 in general1 any kind of cellar2 e4 g4 cella vinaria1 cella olearia1 and even a tavern situated in a cellar4 ,the term was also applied to slaves' dormitories1 the parts of the public baths1 c4 ,cellatio4 ,a suite of apartments in a ,roman house set apart for various purposes1 but especially as quarters for slaves4 ,cellula 7dimin4 of ,,cella1 q4v474 ,a small sanctuary1 i4 e4 the interior of a small temple1 and by analogy any kind of small chamber4 ,celox4 7,see ,,celes47 ,celt4 ,a variety of chisels and adzes of the flint and bronze periods4 ,celtic 7,monuments7 were usually constructed of huge stones1 and are known1 for that reason1 as megalithic monuments4 ,such are ,,standing ,,stones1 ,,dolmens1 ,,menhirs or ,,peulvans1 ,,cromlechs1 ,,covered ,,alleys1 ,,tumuli1 c4 7,see these words47 ,cembel4 ,a kind of joust or ,,hastilude4 ,cendal1 ,sandal1 c41 ,o4 ,e4 ,the name1 variously spelt1 of a silken stuff used for vestments1 and for banners1 c42 #acth century4 ,we now call this stuff sarcenet4 ,cenotaph 7-1 i4 e4 an empty tomb74 ,a monument raised to a ,roman citizen who had been drowned at sea1 or who1 from any other cause1 failed to receive burial4 ,censer4 ,a sacred vessel used for burning perfumes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,centaur4 ,centaur 71 according to some1 from and 1 i4 e4 herdsman2 but prob4 simply from 1 i4 e4 ,piercer or ,spearman74 ,the ,centaurs are represented with the body of a horse1 and bust1 head1 and arms of a man4 7,fig4 #adf47 ,in ,christian archology1 the ,centaur is a symbol of the swift passage of life1 the force of the instincts1 and in a special sense1 of adultery4 ,the war of the ,centaurs and the ,lapith is the subject of the frieze at the ,british ,museum1 from a temple of ,apollo in ,arcadia4 ,hippo-centaurs were half horse2 ,onocentaurs1 half ass2 and ,bucentaurs or ,tauro-centaurs1 half ox4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,centaur and young4 ,cento 71 patchwork74 ,a covering made of different scraps of cloth1 and used as clothing for slaves4 ,the same term denotes a coarse cloth which was placed beneath the saddle of a beast of burden1 to keep the back of the animal from being galled by the saddle4 ,in ,christian archology the term was used to denote a coarse patchwork garment1 and1 by analogy1 a poem composed of verses taken from various authors1 like the ,cento nuptialis of ,ausonius4 ,centunculus 7dimin4 of ,,cento1 q4v474 ,a motley garment of various colours1 like that of our harlequin4 ,it was worn1 according to ,apuleius1 by the actors who played in burlesques1 and there are certain vases on which ,bacchus is represented1 arrayed in a similar costume4 ,cepotaphium 7-74 ,a tomb situated in a garden4 ,cera 7akin to 74 ,wax1 and1 by analogy1 any objects made of wax1 such as images of the family ancestors 7imagines majorum72 or the wax tablets for writing on with the stylus4 ,these were called respectively cer duplices1 triplices1 quintuplices1 according as they had two1 three1 or five leaves4 ,the first1 second1 third1 and last tablet were called respectively prima1 secunda1 tertia1 ultima or extrema cera4 ,ceramic4 ,appertaining to ,,pottery 7q4v474 ,cerberus4 ,the three-headed dog who guarded the gates of hell4 ,cercurus 71 perhaps from 1 the island ,corcyra74 ,a ,cyprian vessel propelled by oars4 ,its form is unknown4 ,cerebrerium4 ,an iron skull-cap1 temp4 ,edward ,i4 ,cere-cloth 7cera1 wax74 ,cloth saturated with wax1 used for enveloping a consecrated altarstone1 or a dead body4 ,cereus 7cera1 wax74 ,a wax candle1 made either with the fibres of cyperus or papyrus twisted together and dipped in wax1 or with the pith of elder1 or rush1 covered with the same material4 ,ceriolare 7cera1 wax74 ,a stand1 holder1 or candelabrum for wax candles4 ,there were a great variety of this kind of vessel4 7,see ,,candelabrum47 ,cernuus 7from cer 1 and nuo1 i4 e4 with head inclined to the ground74 ,a tumbler who walks upon his hands with his feet in the air4 ,women even used to turn series of summersaults1 resting alternately on the feet and hands1 among a number of swords or knives stuck in the ground4 ,this exhibition was called by the ,greeks 1 i4 e4 lit4 to tumble head over heels between knives74 ,cerma 71 a wax-salve74 ,a room in which wrestlers rubbed themselves over with oil and fine sand4 ,the room was so named from the unguent employed1 which consisted of wax mixed with oil which was also called cerma4 ,cero--plastic4 ,the art of modelling in wax4 ,cero-strotum or ,cestrotum1 ,lat4 ,a kind of encaustic painting upon ivory or horn1 in which the lines were burnt in with the cestrum1 and the furrows filled with wax4 ,certosina ,work4 ,florence1 #aeth century4 ,ivory inlaid into solid cypress-wood and walnut4 ,the style is ,indian in character1 and consists in geometric arrangements of stars made of diamond-shaped pieces1 varied with conventional flowers in pots1 c4 ,certyl4 ,old ,english for kirtle4 ,ceruse4 ,a name for white lead4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead47 ,cervelliere4 7,see ,,cerebrerium47 ,cervi 7lit4 stags74 ,large branches of trees with the forks still left upon them1 but cut down close to the stock1 so that the whole presented the appearance of a stag's antlers4 ,cervi were employed to strengthen a palisade1 so as to impede the advance of infantry1 or resist attacks of cavalry4 ,cervical 7from cervix1 a neck74 ,a cushion or pillow for supporting the back of the head on a bed or dining-couch4 7,see ,,pulvinar47 ,cervus4 7,see ,,stag47 ,ceryceum 71 a herald's staff74 ,it is a synonym of ,,caduceus 7q4v474 ,cesticillus 7dimin4 of ,,cestus1 q4v474 ,a circular pad used as a rest by persons who had to carry burdens on their heads4 ,cestra4 7,see ,,cestrosphendon47 ,cestrosphendon1 ,gr4 7a dart-sling47 ,a dart fixed to a wooden stock with three short wooden wings1 discharged from a sling4 ,cestrotum4 7,see ,,cero-,,strotum47 ,cestrum or ,viriculum 71 i4 e4 that which pricks or pierces74 ,a graver used in the process of encaustic painting on ivory4 ,it was made of ivory1 pointed at one end and flat at the other4 7,see ,,cero-,,strotum1 ,,rhabdion47 ,cestus 71 embroidered71 7#a7 ,in general any kind of band or tie2 but specially the embroidered girdle of ,venus4 7#b7 ,a boxing gauntlet4 7,see ,c,,stus47 ,cetra 7prob4 a ,spanish word74 ,a small round shield in use among several barbarous nations1 but never by the ,romans4 ,chaable1 ,old ,fr4 ,a large ballista4 7,see ,,cabulus47 ,trees blown down by the wind are still called 8caables0 in ,france4 7,meyrick47 ,chabasite 71 narrow1 compressed74 ,a crystal of a white colour4 ,chaconne1 ,fr4 7,sp4 chacona2 ,it4 ciacona74 ,a modification of the dance chica 7q4v474 ,chadfarthing1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a farthing formerly paid among the ,easter dues1 for the purpose of hallowing the font for christenings4 7,halliwell47 ,chafer1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,a beetle or ,may-bug4 7#b7 ,a saucepan4 ,chafer-house1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an ale-house4 ,chafery1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a furnace4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,chaffagiolo ware4 ,sweetmeat plate1 with arabesques1 about #aeji4 ,chaffagiolo1 or ,caffagiolo1 is the place where ,cosmo the ,great established the first ,tuscan manufactory of majolica1 and where ,luca della ,robbia acquired his knowledge of the stanniferous enamel4 ,fig4 #adh is a specimen of ,chaffagiolo ware of the #aeth century4 ,chain-moulding1 ,arch4 ,an ornament of the ,norman period1 sculptured in imitation of a chain4 ,chain-timbers1 ,arch4 ,bond timbers1 the thickness of a brick1 introduced to tie and strengthen a wall4 ,chair4 7,see ,,sella47 ,chair de ,poule 7chicken's flesh74 ,an ornamentation of the surface of pottery with little hemispheric points2 a ,chinese method4 ,chaisel1 ,old ,fr4 7#a7 ,an upper garment4 7#b7 ,a kind of fine linen1 of which smocks were often made4 ,chalameau1 ,fr4 ,stem or straw-pipe4 ,the lower notes of the clarionet are called the chalameau tone1 from the ancient shawm4 ,chalcanthum 7-1 i4 e4 that which is thrown off by copper74 ,shoemaker's black or copperas1 used for imparting a dark colour to boot-leather4 7,see ,,atramentum47 ,chalcedony4 7,see ,,calcedony47 ,chalcidicum 71 i4 e4 pertaining to the city of ,chalcis74 ,the exact meaning of this term is unknown4 ,according to some1 it was a portico2 according to others1 a kind of long hall or transept4 ,chalcicia 7-1 brazen house74 ,a ,spartan festival in honour of ,athena under that designation4 ,chalcography 71 copper74 ,engraving on copper4 ,chalcography was discovered in ,florence1 in the #aeth century1 and early introduced into ,england4 ,caxton's 8,golden ,legend10 containing copper-plate prints1 was published in #adhc4 ,the process is as follows3--,a perfectly smooth plate of copper1 having been highly polished1 is heated in an oven1 and then white wax rubbed over it until the whole surface is covered with a thin layer4 ,a tracing is laid over the wax1 with the black-lead lines downwards1 which transfers the design to the wax4 ,then the tracing-paper is removed1 and the engraver goes over the lines lightly with a fine steel point1 so as just to penetrate the wax1 and scratch a delicate outline upon the copper4 ,the wax is then melted off1 and the engraving finished with the graver1 or burin1 a steel instrument with a peculiar pyramidal point4 ,should the lines be cut too deeply1 a smooth tool1 about three inches long1 called a burnisher1 is used to soften them down1 and to burnish out scratches in the copper4 ,the ridges or burrs that rise on each side of the engraved lines are scraped off by a tool about six inches long1 called a scraper1 made of steel1 with three sharp edges4 ,this method has for printing purposes been generally superseded by other processes1 principally etching4 ,chalcus 774 ,a ,greek copper coin1 somewhat less than a farthing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,chalice1 silver-gilt--#adth century4 ,chalice1 ,chr4 7deriv4 from calix1 a cup74 ,a sacred vessel used in the celebration of the mass4 ,there were many different kinds1 called ministeriales1 offertorii1 majores1 and minores4 ,the ministeriales served to distribute the wine2 the offertorii were employed by the deacons to hold the wine offered by the faithful4 ,lastly1 they were distinguished according to their size1 as large or small 7majores and minores74 ,vessels called calices were also frequently suspended from the arches of the ciborium1 and other parts of the church1 as ornaments4 ,in ,christian symbolism the chalice and serpent issuing from it are an attribute of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist4 ,chalon1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a coverlet4 7,chaucer47 ,chamade1 ,fr4 ,a beat of drum or trumpet inviting the enemy to a parley4 ,chamber ,music1 as opposed to concert music4 ,madrigals were probably the earliest specimens of chamber music4 ,chambers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,small cannon for firing on festive occasions4 ,chamberyngs1 ,o4 ,e4 ,bedroom furniture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,chameleon and ,dolphin4 ,chameleon 71 on the ground1 and 1 a lion74 ,in ,christian symbolism1 the emblem of inconstancy2 in ,chemistry1 manganate of potass is called chameleon from the changes of colour which its solution undergoes4 ,the chameleon with a dolphin on its back 7,fig4 #aej7 was the device of ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 ,chamfer1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,the angle of obliquity 7of the sides of a steeple1 c474 7#b7 ,a hollow channel or gutter1 such as the fluting of a column4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,chamfron4 ,chamfron1 ,o4 ,e4 7,med4 ,lat4 chamfrenum2 ,fr4 champ-frein74 ,a frontal of leather or steel to a horse's bridle4 7,fig4 #aea47 ,chamlet1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,camlet47 ,chammer1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 chamarre74 ,a gown worn by persons of rank1 temp4 ,henry ,,viii4 ,champ1 ,arch4 ,a flat surface4 ,champ-lev4 ,a form of enamelling in which the pattern is cut out of the metal to be ornamented4 ,chamulcus1 ,r4 and ,gr4 ,a heavy dray for the transport of building materials1 such as blocks of marble1 columns1 obelisks1 c4 ,chance1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the game of hazard4 ,chancel1 ,chr4 7from cancelli1 a lattice74 ,a term anciently used to denote the choir4 ,it derived its name from the cancelli or stone screen by which it was enclosed4 ,chandaras 7,sanscrit1 chanda-rasa1 lit4 moonjuice74 ,an ancient name for copal4 ,chandeleuse1 ,fr4 ,candlemas ,day4 ,chandi 7from chand1 the moon74 ,indian name for silver4 ,chand-tara 7lit4 moon and stars7 is the name of an ,indian brocade1 figured all over with representations of the heavenly bodies4 ,changeable ,silk1 ,o4 ,e41 was woven of two colours1 so that one of them showed itself unmixed and quite distinct on one side1 and the second appeared equally clear on the other2 mentioned ,a4 ,d4 #acbg1 #aedc1 c4 ,changes4 ,the altered melodies produced by varying the sounds of a peal of bells4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,chante-pleure4 ,chante-pleure1 ,fr4 ,a water pot1 made of earthenware1 about a foot high1 the orifice at the top the size of a pea1 and the bottom full of small holes4 ,immersed in water1 it quickly fills4 ,if the opening at the top be then closed with the thumb1 the vessel may be carried1 and the water distributed as required4 ,the widow of ,louis ,i41 ,duke of ,orleans1 adopted this as her device1 after the murder of her husband1 in #adjg4 ,chantlate1 ,arch4 ,a piece of wood under the eaves of a roof1 by which two or three rows of overhanging slates or tiles are supported4 ,chantry1 ,chr4 7,fr4 chanter1 to sing74 ,a chapel to which is attached a revenue as provision for a priest1 whose duty it is to sing masses for the repose of the founder's soul4 ,chape1 ,o4 ,e4 7,spanish chapa1 a thin plate of metal74 7#a7 ,the transverse guard of a sword4 7#b7 ,a metal plate at the end of a scabbard4 7#c7 ,a catch by which a thing is held in its place4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,chapeau4 ,chapeau1 ,her4 ,also called a cap of dignity1 of maintenance1 or of estate4 ,an early symbol of high dignity4 ,chapeau ,chinois1 ,fr4 ,a set of small bells arranged in the form of a ,chinese hat4 ,chapel or ,chapelle de ,fer4 ,iron helmet of knights of the #abth century4 ,the diminutive is chapeline4 ,chaperon1 ,fr4 ,a hood or small cap for the head4 ,chapiter1 ,arch4 ,the upper part of a capital4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,chaplet ,moulding4 ,chaplet1 ,arch4 7,fr4 chapelet74 7#a7 ,a small cylindrical moulding1 carved into beads and the like4 7,see ,fig4 #aed47 7#b7 ,chaplets of flowers1 which were worn in ,england1 by both sexes1 on festive occasions1 during the ,middle ,ages1 and chaplets of jewels in earlier times4 7#c7 ,chr4 ,it was anciently the custom to crown the newly baptized with a chaplet or garland of flowers4 7#d7 ,chr4 ,a succession of prayers recited in a certain order1 regulated by beads1 c4 7#e7 ,in ,heraldry4 ,a garland or wreath4 7,see ,,crancelin47 ,chapter1 ,chr4 7,lat4 capitulum74 ,the body of the clergy of a cathedral1 united under the bishop4 ,chapter-house1 ,chr4 ,a place of assemblage for a ,,chapter of the clergy4 ,that of ,westminster contains some fine wall paintings of the middle of the #adth century4 ,chaptrel1 ,arch4 ,the capital of a column supporting an arch2 an impost4 ,character1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,generally1 any sign or mark impressed1 painted1 or engraved on any object4 ,in a more restricted sense1 it denotes the instrument of iron or bronze with which such marks were made4 ,in ,art1 the expression means a faithful adherence to the peculiarities of objects represented4 ,charbokull1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a carbuncle4 ,charcoal ,blacks are made of ivory1 bones1 vine-twigs1 smoke of resin1 c41 burned in a crucible excluded from the air4 ,the best charcoal crayons are made of box and willow2 the former produces a dense hard crayon1 the latter a soft friable one4 7,fairholt47 7,see ,,blue ,,black47 ,chare ,thursday1 ,o4 ,e4 ,maundy ,thursday4 ,charge1 ,her4 ,any heraldic figure or device4 ,charisia1 ,gr4 71 the ,graces74 ,nocturnal festivals held in honour of the ,graces1 at which cakes and honey were distributed to those present4 ,charisteria1 ,gr4 71 gratitude74 ,festivals celebrated yearly at ,athens1 in remembrance of the ,athenian general ,thrasybulus1 the saviour of his country4 ,charistia4 7,see ,,caristia47 ,charistion4 ,an instrument of ,archimedes for weighing4 ,whether it bore most resemblance to the balance 7libra71 or the steelyard 7statera71 is uncertain1 as its form is entirely unknown4 ,charles's ,wain 7,anglo-,saxon1 carles-waen1 the churl's waggon74 ,the seven stars forming the constellation generally called the ,great ,bear4 ,charnel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,apex of the basinet4 ,charnel-house4 ,a small building attached to a cemetery1 for a receptacle for the human bones disinterred when fresh graves were dug4 ,charta1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,writing-paper in use among the ancients4 ,there were eight different kinds1 which were classed as follows in the order of their quality3 7#a7 ,charta ,augustana or ,claudiana2 7#b7 ,liviana2 7#c7 hieratica2 7#d7 amphitheatrica2 7#e7 ,saitica2 7#f7 leneotica2 7#g7 fanniana2 7#h7 dentata4 ,the last was so called from being polished by means of the tooth 7dens7 of some animal1 or a piece of ivory4 ,there was also a charta emporetica or packing-paper1 and lastly a charta bibula4 ,it is uncertain whether this last was blotting-paper1 or a kind of transparent paper which had been steeped in oil or some other fatty substance4 ,charter-room or ,charter-house4 ,a place in which the charters of a particular family or house were preserved4 ,chartophylax1 ,chr4 ,a man who had charge of the charters of a church4 ,chasing4 7,see ,c,,latura47 ,chasse1 ,chr41 ,fr4 ,a reliquary in the form of a box with a ridged top4 ,chastelain1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the lord of a castle4 ,chastons1 ,o4 ,e4 ,breeches of mail2 #acth to #afth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,chasuble4 ,chasuble 7,lat4 casula1 a cottage74 ,part of ancient ecclesiastical costume common to all the ,roman ,catholic clergy1 from the priest to the ,archbishop4 ,it was originally made of wool1 and in one piece throughout1 without sleeves1 and without slit or opening in front1 and perfectly circular2 but the shape varied with the material2 and from the #fth century downwards we hear of chasubles of brilliant colour and costly materials1 such as silk or thickly-embroidered cloth of gold1 and oval in form1 hanging no longer in graceful folds as in the #aath century4 ,the engraving 7,fig4 #aee7 shows a chasuble of the year #achg4 7,compare ,p,,nula1 ,,planeta47 ,chatai1 ,hindoo4 ,mats1 a common manufacture all over ,india4 ,those of ,midnapore1 near ,calcutta1 are remarkable for their fineness and classical design of the mosaic1 like patterns of stained glass4 ,chat-faux1 ,med4 ,a wooden shed--modern scaffold4 7,see ,,cagasuptus47 ,chatrang 7,sanscrit chatur-anga1 the four angas or soldiers2 or chaturaji1 the four kings74 ,the ,persian name for a very ancient game of the 8,four ,kings10 supposed to be the origin of the four suits of playing-cards4 7,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,taylor1 8,history of ,playing-cards407 ,chatzozerah1 ,heb4 ,a ,jewish trumpet mentioned by ,moses1 used chiefly for religious and warlike occasions4 ,chauffault1 ,old ,fr4 ,a tower of wood4 ,chausses1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,pantaloons of mail used by the ,danes4 7#b7 ,tight pantaloons worn by the ,normans and medival ,english4 ,chaussetrap4 7,see ,,caltraps47 ,chaussons1 ,o4 ,e4 ,breeches of mail 7or of cloth74 ,chavarina1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a carbine4 ,checkere1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a chess-board4 ,checkstone1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a game played by children with small round pebbles4 ,checky1 ,her4 7,see ,,chequ,e47 ,cheese1 ,chr4 ,st4 ,augustine says that a sect called the ,artotyrites offered bread and cheese in the ,eucharist1 saying 8that the first oblations which were offered by men1 in the infancy of the world1 were of the fruits of the earth and of sheep40 7,aug4 de ,hres4 c4 xlviii47 ,chef-d'uvre1 ,fr4 ,a work of the highest excellence4 ,chekelatoun4 7,see ,,ciclatoun47 ,chekere1 ,o4 ,e4 ,chess 7q4v474 ,chele 71 prob1 from a root - meaning cloven74 ,this term is applied to a great variety of objects2 it signifies a cloven foot1 a hooked claw1 or anything presenting a notched or serrated appearance4 ,thus a breakwater1 the irregular projections of which bore some resemblance to the teeth of an immense saw1 was also called chl4 ,there were1 besides1 various engines and machines which went under this name4 ,chelidoniacus1 sc4 gladius 7from the ,greek 1 a swallow74 ,a broad-bladed sword with a double point like a swallow's tail4 ,chelidonize1 ,gr4 7lit4 to twitter like a swallow74 ,singing the 8,swallow ,song0 771 a popular song sung by the ,rhodian boys in the month ,boedromion1 on the return of the swallows1 and made into an opportunity for begging4 ,a similar song is still popular in ,greece4 7,fauriel1 8,chants de la ,grce407 7,see ,,coronize47 ,cheliform 71 a claw74 ,in the form of a claw4 ,chelonium 7a tortoise-shell1 from 1 a tortoise71 7#a7 ,a kind of cramp or collar placed at the extremities of the uprights of certain machines4 7#b7 ,a part of a catapult1 also called pulvinus4 7,see ,,catapulta47 ,chelys 71 a tortoise74 7#a7 ,the lyre of ,mercury1 formed of strings stretched across a tortoise-shell4 7#b7 ,in the #afth and #agth centuries1 a bass-viol and division-viol were each called chelys4 7,see also ,,testudo47 ,chemise de ,chartres1 ,fr4 ,a kind of armour mentioned among the habiliments proper for knights who should engage in single combat4 7,meyrick47 ,chenbele4 7,see ,,cembel hastilude47 ,cheng1 ,chinese4 ,a musical instrument1 consisting of a box or bowl1 into which a series of tubes of different length and pitch are inserted2 the tubes have holes in them to be played upon with the fingers4 ,chniscus 71 a goose74 ,an ornament placed at the bow1 and sometimes the stern of ships4 ,in shape it resembled the neck of a swan or goose4 ,cheque1 ,checky1 ,her4 ,having the field divided into contiguous rows of small squares2 alternately of a metal 7or fur7 and a colour4 ,chequers1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,checkstone47 ,cherub1 pl4 ,cherubim1 ,heb4 ,according to the classification of ,dionysius1 the first hierarchy of ,angels consists of three choirs called ,,seraphim1 ,,cherubim1 and ,,thrones1 and1 receiving their glory immediately from ,deity1 transmit it to the second hierarchy4 ,the first hierarchy are as councillors2 the second as governors2 the third as ministers4 ,the ,,seraphim are absorbed in perpetual love and worship round the throne2 the ,,cherubim know and worship2 the ,,thrones sustain the throne4 ,the ,,seraphim and ,,cherubim are in general represented as heads merely with two or four or six wings1 and of a bright red or blue colour1 c4 7,cf4 ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,legendary ,art47 7,see ,,angels1 ,,seraphim4 ,,dominions1 c47 ,cherubic ,hymn1 ,chr4 ,a hymn sung in the ,greek ,church before the great entrance 7see ,,entrance72 so called from its first words1 1 444 ,chesible1 for ,,chasuble 7q4v474 ,chesnut ,brown4 ,a brown lake pigment prepared from the horse chesnut2 very durable for oils and water-colour painting4 ,chess4 ,writers immediately after the ,conquest speak of the ,saxons as playing at chess1 which1 they say1 they learned from the ,danes4 ,the game of chess is very prominent in the romances of the ,middle ,ages4 ,the ,scandinavian navigators introduced some remarkable elaborately carved chessmen1 of walrus ivory1 from ,iceland1 in the #abth century4 ,the castles are replaced by warriors on foot1 called hrokr1 from the ,saracen roc1 ,persian rokh1 our rook4 ,in the ,saracen game the vizier represented our queen1 and the elephant our bishop1 the roc1 or hero1 as aforesaid1 our rook4 ,beautifully carved chessmen in the costumes of the #acth and #adth century exist in ,england4 ,they were all very large1 a king being four inches in height and seven in circumference4 ,the chess-boards were of corresponding size1 and made of all materials1 including the precious metals1 crystal1 sapphires1 and topazes4 ,the pieces varied in form3 the medival rook had a head like a fleur-de-lis1 the knight was represented by a small upright column with the upper part bent on one side4 ,the aufin or bishop was of the same shape1 but the bent end was cleft to indicate a mitre4 ,the figures of the #afth century much more nearly resemble those now in vogue4 ,chesse1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 chasse74 ,a border1 a circlet4 ,chest of ,viols1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a set of instruments complete for a 8consort0 of viols1 i4 e4 two trebles1 two tenors1 and two basses4 ,chester1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a person who places corpses in their coffins4 ,chests and ,coffers1 in ,norman times1 were adorned with elaborate carving and richly inlaid4 ,they were still the general depositories for clothes and treasures4 ,cupboards 7armoires7 were introduced by the ,normans1 and filled with household utensils4 ,chevalet1 ,fr4 ,the bridge of a violin or other stringed instrument4 ,cheval-traps4 7,see ,,caltraps47 ,chevaucheurs4 ,anglo-,norman horsemen1 or running messengers4 ,chevaux-de-frize4 ,an arrangement of iron spikes for the defence of a battlement against assault4 ,cheveril1 ,o4 ,e4 ,kid leather1 proverbially elastic2 hence1 a cheveril conscience 7that will stretch74 ,chevesaile1 ,old ,fr4 ,a necklace4 ,chevetaine1 ,old ,fr4 ,a captain2 hence the medival cheuptanus4 ,chevron4 7#a7 ,arch4 ,one of the mouldings frequently used in ,norman architecture1 usually called zigzag 7q4v474 7#b7 ,a badge on the coatsleeve of a non-commissioned officer4 7#c7 ,her4 ,one of the ordinaries2 the lower half of a ,,saltire 7q4v474 ,chevronel1 ,her4 ,a diminutive of the ,,chevron1 of half the size4 ,chevroter1 ,fr4 ,a musical term3 8to skip1 quiver1 to sing with uncertain tone1 after the manner of goats10 alla vibrato4 ,chiaroscuro1 ,it4 7chiaro1 light1 and oscuro1 dark74 ,light and shade4 ,chiave of ,pavia4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies1 composed entirely of noble and illustrious persons1 who wore a golden key suspended round the neck1 and had for a motto1 ,clauditur et aperitur liberis1 and the text from ,rev4 iii4 #g4 ,chica4 ,a dance popular in ,spanish ,south ,america1 of a jig-like character2 the origin of the ,fandango4 7,see ,,chaconne47 ,chief1 ,her4 ,one of the ordinaries2 the chief bounded by a horizontal line contains the uppermost third of the field of a shield4 ,in chief1 arranged horizontally across the upper part of the field4 ,childermas1 ,o4 ,e4 ,innocents' ,day4 ,chilled 7,fr4 chancissure74 ,said of a moisture on the varnish of a picture by which the defect of cloudiness called ,blooming is caused4 ,chimra1 ,gr4 ,a monster described by ,homer1 with a lion's head1 a goat's body1 and a dragon's tail4 ,in ,christian art it is a symbol of cunning4 7,see also ,,dog ,,of ,,fo47 ,chime4 7#a7 ,to play bells by swinging the hammers1 opposed to ringing by swinging the bells4 7#b7 ,a chime of bells is a ,,carillon4 ,chimere1 ,chr4 ,the outer dress of a ,protestant bishop4 ,it is made of black satin1 without sleeves4 ,chimneys 7,gr4 1 winter71 carried up in the massive walls of the castles1 were first introduced into ,england by the ,normans4 ,the fire was still piled up in the middle of the hall1 but fireplaces were built against the side walls in the more private apartments--the original of the well-known medival fireplace and 8chymen40 ,leland1 in his account of ,bolton ,castle1 which was 8finiched or ,kynge ,richard the #b dyed10 notices the chimneys3 8,one thynge ,i muche notyd in the hawle of ,bolton1 how chimeneys were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of the walls1 betwyxt the lights in the hawle1 and by this means1 and by no covers1 is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely conveyed40 ,chin-band1 ,chin-cloth4 ,a muffler of lace worn by ladies1 temp4 ,charles ,i4 ,china4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,china 7or ,chinese7 ,ink4 7,see ,,indian ,,ink47 ,chinese ,paper4 ,a fine absorbent paper of a yellowish tint1 used for proofs of engravings1 c4 ,japanese paper is now frequently preferred4 ,chinese ,white4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,zinc 7q4v474 ,it is more constant than white lead4 ,chinny-mumps4 ,a ,yorkshire music made by rapping the chin with the knuckles4 ,chints or ,chintz 7,hindoo1 chhint1 spotted cotton cloth74 ,cotton cloth printed in more than two colours4 ,chiramaxium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 hand-cart74 ,an invalid's chair mounted upon two wheels1 and drawn or pushed by slaves4 ,chiridota1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from adj4 1 i4 e4 lit4 having sleeves74 ,tunics with long sleeves1 worn in especial by the ,asiatic races and by the ,,celts4 ,the early ,britons1 before the ,roman invasion1 wore close coats checkered with various colours in divisions1 open before and with long close sleeves to the wrist4 ,chirimia1 ,sp4 7from chirimoya1 a pear74 ,an oboe4 ,chirography4 ,the art of writing with hands4 ,chirology4 ,the art of talking with the hands4 ,chiromancy 71 a soothsayer74 ,divination from the lines of the palms of the hands4 ,chironomia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 measured motion of the hands74 ,the mimetic art4 ,by this term is expressed not only the art of speaking with gestures and by means of the hands1 but also the action of speaking combined with gesticulation4 ,this art dates from a high antiquity4 ,it was originally part of the art of dancing1--clapping the hands in rhythm2 also a gymnastic exercise1 for pugilists and others4 ,chiroplast4 ,an instrument for teaching fingering of musical instruments1 invented by ,logier in #ahaj4 ,chirothec 7,gr4 2 ,lat4 gantus74 ,gloves were unknown to the early ,greeks and ,romans1 but in use among the ancient ,persians4 ,in ,christian archology they are first met with in the #abth century4 7,see ,,gloves47 ,chisleu1 ,heb4 ,the ninth month of the ,jewish year4 ,it begins with the new moon of our ,december4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,diana wearing the ,greek chiton4 ,chiton 774 ,the ,greek tunic4 7,fig4 #aeg47 ,chitte1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sheet4 ,chivachirs 7,chevaucheurs74 ,old ,fr4 ,running messengers4 ,chlaina 7,lat4 lna74 ,a kind of cloak1 of ample size1 worn by the ,greeks in campaigning4 ,in time of peace it served as a bed coverlet4 ,the diminutive appears to have been a woman's mantle4 ,chlamyda4 7,see ,,chlamys47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,apollo wearing the chlamys folded round his arm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,chlamys1 ,gr4 ,a short light mantle1 which was worn by ,greek youths 7not by ,romans7 until they arrived at manhood4 ,it was the regular equestrian costume1 and was of an oblong square shape4 7,fig4 #aei47 ,the chlamys is seen in representations of men hunting or fighting with beasts1 as a shield wrapped round the left arm1 the right poising the spear4 7,fig4 #aeh47 ,in ,botany1 the floral envelope4 ,chnix 774 ,a ,greek measure of capacity1 variously valued from a pint and half to two quarts4 ,choir1 ,quire1 or ,quere1 ,arch4 ,the part of the church for the singers and clerks1 i4 e4 the space between the ,,nave 7for the people71 and the ,,bema1 or presbytery1 for the celebrating clergy4 ,but in medival writings the term includes the ,,bema4 7,see ,,chancel47 ,choir ,wall or ,choir ,screen 7,fr4 clture74 ,the wall or screen between the side aisles and the choir4 ,choosing-stick 7a ,somersetshire provincialism74 ,a divining-rod4 ,chopines1 ,it4 ,clogs or high shoes1 of ,asiatic origin1 introduced from ,venice in the #afth century4 ,choragic ,monuments4 ,small pedestals or shrines erected by the winner of a choral contest to display the tripod which was his prize4 ,at ,athens there was a street lined with such monuments1 called the 8,street of the ,tripods40 ,the ,choragic ,monument of ,lysicrates1 still existing in ,athens1 is one of the most valuable remains of ,greek architecture4 ,choragium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 or chorus-leader74 ,a large space in a theatre1 situated behind the stage4 ,it was here that the 8properties0 were kept and the rehearsals of the chorus took place4 ,the term is also used to denote the furniture1 costumes1 decorations1 and1 in a word1 all the accessories required in the production of a piece4 ,chordaulodion4 ,a self-acting musical instrument invented by ,kauffmann of ,dresden in #ahab4 ,chorea1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 q4v474 ,a choral dance1 in which the dancers took each other by the hand and danced to the sound of their own voices4 ,chorus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 prop4 a circle74 7#a7 ,a choir of singers in a dramatic entertainment4 7#b7 ,a band of dancers who went through their movements to the sound of their own singing4 7#c7 ,a round choral dance2 in this last signification chorea may equally well be used4 ,chorus or ,choron1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an instrument somewhat resembling a bagpipe2 the name was also applied to certain stringed instruments4 ,the word choron originally designated a horn4 7,hebrew1 ,keren47 ,chous1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 contr4 1 i4 e4 that from which one pours74 ,an amphora1 forming a measure of exact capacity4 ,another name for it was ,,congius 7q4v474 ,it held twelve ,,cotyl 7q4v474 ,choutara1 ,hindoo4 ,a kind of guitar with four wire strings4 ,chrism1 ,chr4 7from 1 to smear74 ,a composition of balsam and oil of olives used by ,christians of various denominations at the administration of the sacraments4 ,chrismal1 ,chrismatory1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,the vessel made to contain the consecrated oil4 7,see ,,labarum47 7#b7 ,a vessel for the reservation of the consecrated ,host4 7#c7 ,a cloth used to cover relics4 7#d7 ,old ,english chrisom1 a white linen cloth put upon the child's head in baptism4 7,see ,,font-,,cloth47 ,chrismarium1 ,chr4 7,see ,,chrismal1 #a47 ,chrisom4 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,see ,,chrismal1 #d4 7#b7 ,a child that dies within a month after birth4 ,christ-cross1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,the ,alphabet2 so named from a school lesson beginning 8,christe ,crosse me spede in alle my worke40 7#b7 ,the mark made for his signature by a person who cannot write4 ,christemporeia1 ,chr4 ,literally1 the selling of ,christ1 simony4 ,christian ,horses1 ,o4 ,e4 ,bearers of sedan chairs4 ,christmas-boxes4 ,so called from the old practice of collecting them in boxes4 ,chromatic ,scale 71 colour74 ,in ,music1 the scale that proceeds by semi-tones2 so called from the practice of printing the intermediate notes in various colours4 ,chromatics4 ,the science of colours4 ,chromatrope4 ,an optical instrument for assisting the invention of combinations of colours4 ,chrome1 ,chromium4 ,an important mineral1 the green oxide of which furnishes the ,chrome ,green4 ,chrome ,green4 ,a dark green pigment prepared from oxide of chromium2 mixed with ,prussian blue and chrome yellow it is called ,green ,cinnabar4 ,chrome ,ochre4 ,oxide of chromium of a fine yellowish green4 ,chrome ,red4 ,a chromate of lead2 a durable pigment used in oil painting4 7,see ,,red ,,lead47 ,chrome ,yellow4 ,a chromate of lead1 which makes a bad pigment for oil painting4 ,it is very poisonous and not durable2 when mixed with white lead it turns to a dirty grey4 ,as a water-colour pigment it is less objectionable4 ,chromite4 ,chromate of iron2 a mineral consisting of protoxide of iron and oxide of chromium1 used in the preparation of various pigments4 ,chronogram 71 time74 ,an inscription which includes in it the date of an event4 ,chryselephantine ,statues of ivory and gold4 ,the most celebrated were that of ,minerva1 by ,pheidias1 which stood in the ,acropolis at ,athens1 and was #dj ,english feet in height2 and that of ,zeus1 #de feet high1 likewise by ,pheidias1 in the temple of ,olympia4 ,a reproduction of this statue was shown in the ,paris ,exhibition of #ahee4 ,chrysendeta1 ,r4 71 i4 e4 set or inlaid with gold74 ,a very costly description of plate-service employed by wealthy ,romans4 ,of its precise character nothing unfortunately is known1 but to judge from the epigrams of certain authors1 it must have been chased and embossed4 ,chrysoberyl 71 a beryl74 ,a gem of a yellowish green colour2 a species of corundum 7q4v474 ,chryso-clavus 7,lat4 golden nail-head74 ,all rich purple silks1 woven or embroidered with the clavus in gold1 were so named4 ,they were used for altar frontals1 and the clavi were sometimes made so large that a subject was embroidered upon them2 they were then called sigillata or sealed4 7,see ,,clavus47 ,chrysocolla or ,gold ,green 71 inlaid or soldered with gold74 7#a7 ,native verdigris4 ,its principal use was for the preparation of a solder for gold4 7,see ,,santerna47 7#b7 ,the ,greek term for ,green ,verditer and ,armenian ,green 7,latin1 ,armenium72 a pigment obtained from malachite and green carbonate of copper4 ,it was also called pea green or grass-green4 ,chthonia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 the earth74 ,festivals held every spring at ,argos in honour of ,ceres1 at which four aged women sacrificed heifers4 ,church1 in ,christian art1 is the attribute of a founder thereof1 who is frequently represented holding it in his hand4 ,the most ancient symbol of the ,church is the ark of ,noah1 subsequently a ship1 often covered with the waves1 c41 very frequent in the catacombs4 ,on tombs it is held to imply that the dead expired in full communion with the ,church4 ,churcheard1 ,church-haw1 ,church-litten4 ,old ,english provincialisms for a churchyard or burial-ground4 ,church-stile1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pulpit4 ,chymbe1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cymbal3-- 8,as a chymbe or a brazen belle1 ,that nouther can undirstonde my telle40 ,chymol1 ,gemell1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a hinge1 still called the eastern counties a 8gimmer40 ,chytra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 to pour74 ,a common kind of pot1 of ,greek origin1 made with red clay4 ,it was used for cooking4 ,chytria1 ,gr4 ,an ,athenian festival1 which derived its name from the 1 or common pot in which were cooked the vegetables or other provisions offered to ,bacchus and ,mercury in memory of the dead4 ,chytropus1 ,chytropous1 ,gr4 7-1 lit4 a pot-foot74 ,a chytra with three or four feet4 ,cibilla4 7,see ,,cilliba47 ,ciborium1 ,gr41 ,r41 and ,chr4 71 the pod of the 1 or ,egyptian bean74 7#a7 ,a drinking-vessel so called because it resembled the ,egyptian bean in shape4 7#b7 ,in ,christian archology a kind of baldachino or canopy1 supported by a varying number of columns1 which forms the covering of the high altar in a church4 ,called also the ,tabernacle1 ,sacrament house1 ,god's house1 or holyroof4 7,see ,,severey47 7#c7 ,ciborium also signifies a vessel in which the consecrated wafer is 8reserved40 ,ciclatoun or ,siklatoun4 ,the ,persian name1 adopted in ,england1 for a textile of real gold thread2 #abth century4 ,ciconia1 ,r4 7lit4 a stork74 7#a7 ,a sign made in dumb show by bending the forefinger into the form of a stork's neck4 7#b7 ,an instrument1 in shape like an inverted ,t1 employed by farmers to make sure that trenches dug by the spade were of uniform depth4 7#c7 ,ciconia composita was the name given to a more elaborate instrument of the same kind invented by ,columella4 ,cicuta1 ,r4 7i4 e4 lit4 the hemlock74 ,a term used by analogy to denote anything made out of the hemlock plant1 especially the ,pan's pipes4 ,cidaris1 ,gen4 7 or 1 a ,persian tiara74 ,a sort of diadem or royal bonnet worn by ,eastern princes4 ,it was tall1 straight and stiff in shape1 and was ornamented with pearls or precious stones4 ,the same name was also applied to the bonnet worn at ceremonies by the high priest of the ,jews4 7,see ,,tiara47 ,cilery1 ,arch4 ,drapery or foliage carved on the heads of columns4 ,cilibantum1 ,r4 7,see ,,cilliba47 ,a stand or table with three legs4 ,cilicium1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a coarse cloth made of goat's hair1 and manufactured in ,cilicia4 ,it was much used in the army and navy3 in the former for making the soldiers' tents2 in the latter for clothes for the sailors or for sails4 7#b7 ,during the time of mourning1 or when suffering under any calamity1 the ,jews put on a kind of cilicium made of coarse canvas4 7#c7 ,a cloth mattress stuffed with sea-weed or cow-hair1 which was placed outside the walls of besieged cities to deaden the blows of the battering-ram or of projectiles4 7#d7 ,in ,christian archology the cilicium or hair-shirt is a sleeveless jacket made with a material of horsehair and coarse hemp4 ,the ,dominicans1 ,franciscans1 and certain ,carthusians wear the cilicium to mortify the flesh4 ,cilliba1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 an ass7 ,a trestle1 and by analogy a dining-table supported by trestles4 ,this form of table1 which was commonly used by the early ,romans1 was replaced later on by the circular table4 ,cimbal4 ,an old name for the ,,dulcimer 7q4v474 ,cimeter1 ,cymetar1 ,scimeter1 c4 ,a short curved sword used by the ,persians or ,turks1 mentioned by ,meyrick as adopted by the ,hussars1 temp4 ,elizabeth4 ,cincinnus1 ,r4 ,a long ringlet or corkscrew curl of hair produced with the curling-irons4 7,see ,,hair47 ,cincticulus1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,cinctus1 q4v474 ,a kind of short petticoat worn by youths4 ,cinctorium1 ,r4 7from cinctus1 a girdle74 7#a7 ,a sword-belt worn round the waist1 and thus distinguished from the ,,balteus or baldric1 which passed over the shoulder4 ,the balteus was worn by private soldiers1 while the cinctorium was the distinctive badge of an officer4 7#b7 ,the dagger1 so called because it was suspended from or put into the girdle4 ,cincture1 ,arch4 ,the fillet1 at each end of the shaft of a classical column 7q4v474 ,cinctus1 ,r4 7from cingo1 i4 e4 a girding74 ,a short petticoat 7or kilt7 worn by men2 also in the same sense as cingula and cingulum1 a girdle4 ,cinctus gabinus was a particular manner of arranging the toga1 by throwing one end over the head1 and fastening the other round the waist like a girdle4 ,as an adjective1 cinctus was applied to any individual of either sex who wore any kind of belt or girdle4 7,see ,,discinctus47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,cineraria4 ,cinerarium1 ,r4 7i4 e4 a place of ashes74 ,a niche in a tomb1 sufficiently roomy to hold an urn of large size1 or a sarcophagus4 ,the following was the disposition of one1 or in many cases1 three sides in a ,roman tomb3 in the centre of the wall was a large niche 7cinerarium medianum7 for a sarcophagus1 and on each side of this two small niches 7columbaria71 and above each of the latter was a much larger recess for large urns4 7,see also ,,columbarium1 ,,cubiculum1 ,,cupella47 ,cinerarius4 ,a hair-dresser 7who heated his tongs in the cinders74 ,cingulum1 ,r4 ,a girdle or other fastening round the waist4 ,in modern archology1 cingulo militari decorare signifies to create a knight1 from the practice of investing him with the military girdle2 and cingulum militare auferre is to degrade a knight4 7,see ,,discinctus47 ,ciniflo1 ,r4 ,a synonym for ,,cinerarius 7q4v474 ,cinnabar4 ,sulphide of mercury2 an ancient red pigment used for sacred and imperial purposes4 7,see ,,chrome ,,green1 ,,dragon',s ,,blood1 ,,vermilion47 ,cinnamon-stone4 ,a variety of lime-garnet of a clear cinnamon-brown tint4 ,cinque-cento 7literally1 #ejj74 ,the ,italian art of the #afth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,heraldic ,cinque-foil4 ,cinque-foil1 ,arch4 7,fr4 cinque and feuille1 a leaf74 ,an ornamental foliation or feathering of the lanceolated style1 consisting of five projecting points or cusps4 7,fig4 #afa47 ,cinta1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,fr4 enceinte74 ,the outside wall of a fortress4 ,cinyra4 ,an old term for a harp4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afb4 ,cippus 7,tomb-stone74 ,cippus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a short stone pillar of cylindrical form1 employed to mark the boundaries between adjoining estates or nations4 7#b7 ,a pillar of cylindrical or rectangular form1 and sometimes perfectly plain1 sometimes richly ornamented1 erected for a tomb-stone4 7,fig4 #afb47 ,in some instances the cippus enclosed a cavity in which the urn containing the ashes of the dead person might be placed4 ,a cippus was placed at the corner of a cemetery1 and the measurements of the burying-ground were recorded upon it4 ,in ,med4 ,lat4 the word is used for the keep of the castle4 ,circenses ,ludi1 ,r4 ,games in the circus4 7,see ,,consualia47 ,circinate4 ,curled in the manner of the ,ionic volute1 or like the fronds of young ferns rolled inwards from the summit to the base4 ,circinus1 ,r4 ,a compass2 an instrument employed1 as now1 by architects1 sculptors1 masons1 and various other trades4 ,the ,romans were also acquainted with reduction compasses4 ,circle4 ,the emblem of ,heaven and eternity4 ,circumlitio4 ,an ancient ,greek varnish1 with which the statues of the ,greeks were tinted4 7,eastlake47 ,circumpotatio1 ,r4 7from circum and poto1 i4 e4 a drinking-around74 ,a funeral feast in which the guests passed round the wine from hand to hand4 ,it took place at the tomb of the person in whose memory it was held1 and on the anniversary of his death4 ,circumvallation4 ,a fortification made round a blockaded place by a besieging army4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afc4 ,model of a ,roman ,circus4 ,circus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7i4 e4 a circle74 ,a flat open space near a city1 round which were raised scaffoldings for the accommodation of the spectators4 ,this was the form of the earliest circuses2 but as civilization advanced1 they were regularly constructed of stone4 ,the arena was in the form of a vast rectangle terminating at one extremity in a semicircle1 and surrounded by tiers of seats for the spectators4 ,at the end fronting the semicircular part was a rectangular pile of buildings1 underneath which were the carceres or stalls for the horses1 and down the centre of the circus ran a long low wall called the spina1 adorned with statues1 obelisks1 c4 ,this spina formed a barrier by which the circus was divided into two distinct parts1 and at each end of it was a meta or goal1 round which the chariots turned4 7,see ,,meta and ,,ovum47 ,the ,romans constructed circuses in ,england1 wherever they had a large encampment4 ,the ruins exist at ,dorchester1 ,silchester1 ,richborough1 and other places4 ,cirrus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a lock of hair2 a ringlet curling naturally1 and so distinguished from the cincinnus1 a curl produced by means of the curling-iron4 7#b7 ,a tuft2 the forelock of a horse when tied up above its ears4 7#c7 ,a tuft of flowers forming a bunch or head1 such as phlox1 calceolaria1 c4 7#d7 ,light curled clouds in the sky1 portending wind1 are hence called cirri4 ,ciselure1 ,fr4 ,chasing4 7,see ,c,,latura47 ,cissibium or ,cissybium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 made or wreathed with ivy74 ,a drinking-vessel1 so called because the handle was made of ivy-wood1 or more probably because it had an ivy-wreath carved upon it4 ,cissoid 7lit4 ivy-shaped74 ,a celebrated curve1 applied in the trisection of an angle1 invented by ,diocles the geometer4 ,cissotomi1 ,gr4 7-1 sc4 1 i4 e4 the days of ivy-cutting74 ,a festival held in ,greece1 in honour of ,hebe1 goddess of youth1 and a youth called ,cissos1 who1 when dancing with ,bacchus1 had fallen down and been changed into ivy4 ,accordingly at this festival youths and girls danced with their heads wreathed with ivy4 ,cista1 ,cistella1 ,sitella1 ,r4 71 a chest74 7#a7 ,a large wicker-work basket in which the voters deposited their voting-tablets at the comitia4 ,it was of a cylindrical shape1 and about four or five feet high4 7#b7 ,a smaller basket into which the judges cast the tablets recording their sentence4 7#c7 ,a wicker-work basket in which children carried about their playthings4 7#d7 ,the cist which was carried in procession at the ,eleusinian festival1 and which might be either a wicker basket or a box of metal4 ,it was filled with corn1 rice1 sesame1 salt1 and pomegranates4 ,richly ornamented chests or boxes1 with bronze mirrors in them1 found among ,etruscan ruins1 are called cist mystic4 ,the sitella1 or situla1 was a different vessel2 viz4 a bucket of water1 into which the lots 7sortes7 were thrown4 ,the situla had a narrow neck1 so that only one lot could come to the surface when it was shaken4 ,it was also called ,urna or ,orca4 ,cistella1 ,r4 ,a dulcimer2 lit4 a little box4 7,see ,,cista47 ,cistellula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,cista1 q4v474 ,a very small cista4 ,cistophorus1 ,egyp41 ,gr41 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 bearing a cista or cistus74 ,a silver coin1 current in ,asia1 and worth about four drachm4 ,it was so called from bearing the impression of a cista 7chest71 or1 more probably1 of the shrub cistus4 ,value four francs of ,french money4 ,cistula1 ,r4 ,dimin4 of ,,cista 7q4v474 ,citadel 7,it4 cittadella1 a little town74 ,a fortress within a city4 ,cithara1 ,cither1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a stringed instrument of great antiquity1 resembling our modern guitar4 ,it was played with a plectrum4 ,the name was afterwards applied to many stringed instruments of varied form1 power of sound1 and compass4 ,the medival ,rotta was called ,c4 teutonica2 the harp was called ,c4 ,anglica4 ,cithara ,bijuga4 ,a guitar with a double neck4 ,citole1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of guitar4 8,a citole in hir right hand had sche40 7,chaucer47 ,cittern4 ,a stringed instrument1 like a guitar1 strung with wire instead of gut4 ,the cittern was at one time a part of the furniture of every barber's shop1 and customers played on it while waiting for their turns4 7,niche #a of ,exeter ,gallery4 ,see ,,clarion47 ,civery1 ,arch4 7,see ,,severey47 ,a bay or compartment of a vaulted ceiling4 ,civic ,crown1 ,her4 ,a wreath of oak leaves and acorns4 7,see ,,corona47 ,ckuicui1 ,peruvian4 ,one of the divisions of the temple of the ,sun 7,inti71 so named as being dedicated to the rainbow 7,ckuichi74 7,see ,,inti47 ,clabulare4 7,see ,,clavulare47 ,clack or ,clap-dish1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a box with a movable lid used and rattled by beggars to attract attention3-- 8,his tongue moves like a beggar's clapdish40 ,cladeuteria4 ,a ,greek festival held in honour of ,bacchus1 at the time when the pruning of the vines took place4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afd4 ,clerestory and ,triforium in ,worcester ,cathedral4 ,claire-voie 7,anglic1 ,clerestory71 ,arch4 7i4 e4 clear-storey74 ,a row of large windows1 forming the upper storey of the nave of a church1 rising clear above the adjoining parts of the building4 ,clan 7,gaelic1 klann1 children74 ,a tribe of persons of one common family1 united under a chieftain4 ,clap-bene1 ,o4 ,e4 ,bene signifies a prayer1 and children were invited by this phrase to clap their hands together1 as their only means of expressing their prayers4 ,clap-dish4 7,see ,,clackdish47 ,clappe or ,clapper1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a wooden rattle used to summon people to church on the last three days of ,passion ,week1 when the bells were not rung4 ,clarenceux1 ,her4 ,the title of one of the three kings of arms at ,heralds' ,college4 ,the others are called ,,garter and ,,norroy4 ,clarichord1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a stringed instrument1 in the form of a spinet1 of medival times4 ,at the marriage of ,james of ,scotland with the ,princess ,margaret1 ,a4 ,d4 #aejc1 8the king began before hyr to play of the clarychordes1 and after of the lute4 ,and upon the said clarychorde ,sir ,edward ,stanley played a ballad1 and sange therewith40 7,wharton1 8,history of ,english ,poetry407 ,it is identical with the clavichord1 the origin of the spinet1 harpsichord1 and pianoforte4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afe1 #aff4 ,clarions 7heraldic74 ,clarion1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a small trumpet1 with a shrill sound4 7,represented in the third niche of the 8,minstrels' ,gallery0 of ,exeter ,cathedral1 of which there is a cast in the ,south ,kensington ,museum47 ,classic ,orders of ,architecture4 ,the ,grecian3 ,doric1 ,ionic1 and ,corinthian2--and the ,roman3 ,tuscan1 ,doric1 ,ionic1 ,corinthian1 and ,composite orders 7q4v47 are generally thus distinguished4 ,clathrate4 ,latticed like a grating 7clathri74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afg4 ,clathri over bronze doors4 ,clathri1 ,r4 ,a grating or trellis formed of wooden or metal bars2 clathri were employed to form the imposts over hypthral doors1 and to light the stables 7carceres7 under the circus1 c4 ,fig4 #afg represents one of the bronze doors of the ,pantheon at ,rome with the grating above4 ,claude ,glass4 ,a dark convex glass for studying the effect of a landscape in reverse4 ,its name is supposed to be derived from the similarity of the effects it gives1 to those of a picture by ,claude ,lorrain4 ,clausula1 ,r4 ,the handle of any instrument whatsoever1 when made in such a way that the hand can be inserted into it1 as for instance with a ring or sword-hilt4 ,the ,,strigilis 7q4v47 had a handle of this description4 ,clausula is thus to be distinguished from capulus 7a straight handle71 and ansa 7a handle affixed to another object74 ,clava1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a stout knotty stick1 growing much thicker towards one end4 7#b7 ,a very heavy club with which young recruits went through their exercises4 7#c7 ,a club like that of ,hercules1 or a mace or war-club with an iron head1 and studded with nails or 7more commonly7 sharp spikes4 ,clavate4 ,club-shaped2 tapering down from the top4 ,clavesignati1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,the ,papal troops were so called1 who had the keys of ,st4 ,peter on their standards and uniforms4 ,claviary4 ,in ,music1 an index of keys4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afh4 ,clavichord--#ahth century4 ,clavichord4 ,a stringed instrument in the form of a spinet4 7,fig4 #afh47 7,see ,,clarichord47 ,clavicula4 ,dimin4 of ,,clavis 7q4v474 ,clavier4 ,of a musical instrument1 the key-board4 ,clavis1 ,r4 ,a key4 ,the clavis clausa was a small key without a neck or lever2 clavis laconica1 a key of ,egyptian invention1 having three teeth2 clavis adultera1 a false key2 clavis trochi1 a curved stick made of iron and having a hook at the end1 which was used by ,greek and ,roman boys for trundling their hoops4 ,clavius4 ,a walled plain in the moon1 more than a hundred miles in diameter4 ,clavulare or ,clabulare1 ,r4 ,a large open cart used for carrying provisions1 especially dolia 7casks7 filled with wine4 ,the body of the carriage was formed by a wooden trellis-work 7clavul7--whence its name--and was of a semi-cylindrical shape1 adapted to accommodate wine barrels4 ,clavus1 ,r4 ,a nail4 ,in ,christian archology1 a purple hem or band applied as an ornament to a dress1 which was then called vestis clavata4 7,see ,,chryso-,,clavus47 ,claymore 7,gaelic1 claidheamb1 a sword1 and mor1 great74 ,the highland broadsword4 ,cleche1 ,her4 7,see ,,und,e47 ,a variety of the heraldic cross4 ,clef or ,cliff1 ,music4 ,a figure indicating the pitch to be adopted for the key-note of a piece of music2 an invention of the #acth century4 ,clepsydra1 ,gen4 7-1 i4 e4 a stealing-away of water74 ,a water-clock1 and by analogy an hour-glass or sand-clock4 ,the clepsydra was used as an hour-glass in the courts of justice at ,athens1 to measure out the time allowed to each orator4 ,clerestory4 7,see ,,claire-,,voie47 ,cleystaffe1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pastoral staff4 ,clibanus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a basket used for baking bread2 the bread itself1 when thus baked1 being called clibanicius4 7#b7 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a short hauberk1 which the later ,greeks called 1 because it covered the breast4 7,meyrick47 7#c7 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a tower4 ,clicket1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a key4 8,with his clicket ,damian hath opened this wicket40 7,chaucer47 ,cliff4 7,see ,,clef47 ,clipeolum4 ,dimin4 of ,,clipeus 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #afi4 ,clipeus4 ,clipeus and ,clipeum1 ,r4 7akin to 1 to cover or conceal74 ,a large broad shield of circular shape and concave on the inside4 ,it was of great weight1 and formed part of the special equipment of the cavalry4 ,the original clipeus ,argolicus was circular1 and often likened to the sun3 in ,roman sculpture it is often oval4 ,the outer rim was termed antyx2 the boss in the centre1 omphalos1 or umbo2 a leather strap for the arm1 telamon4 ,it was replaced1 subsequently1 by the ,,scutum 7q4v474 ,fig4 #afi is an ornamented bronze clipeus1 thought to be ,gaulish4 ,this term also serves to denote 7#a7 a shield of metal or marble which was employed as an ornament 7,fig4 #agj represents an ornamental shield1 such as was placed on the frieze of a building1 and especially in the metopes of the ,doric entablature72 and 7#b7 an apparatus employed in the laconicum 7q4v47 to regulate the temperature4 ,in the illustration to ,caldarium a slave may be seen pulling the chains of the clipeus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agj4 ,ornamental ,clipeus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aga4 ,cloaca ,maxima at ,rome4 ,cloaca1 ,r4 7from cluo1 i4 e4 the cleanser74 ,a subterranean sewer or canal constructed of masonry4 ,the ,cloaca ,maxima1 or ,main ,sewer of ,rome1 was constructed by the elder ,tarquin to drain a marsh lying at the foot of the ,palatine and ,capitoline ,hills4 ,fig4 #aga represents one of its mouths4 ,it was formed of three tiers of arches1 the innermost being fourteen feet in diameter4 ,clocks1 ,o4 ,e41 8are the gores of a ruff1 the laying in of the cloth to make it round1 the plaites20 also ornaments on stockings and on hoods4 ,clog-almanacks4 ,the ,anglo-,saxons calculated by the phases of the moon1 set down on square pieces of wood1 a foot or two long4 ,these clogs are still common in ,staffordshire4 7,cf4 ,plott's ,history of ,staffordshire2 ,gough's ,camden's ,britannia1 ii4 #cgi47 ,cloish1 or ,closh1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of ninepins played with a ball4 7,strutt1 p4 #bjb47 ,cf4 ,,club-,,kayles4 ,cloisonn4 ,a form of enamelling by incrustation1 in which the pattern is raised by strips of metal or wire welded on4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agc4 ,cloisters in the ,church of ,mont ,st4 ,michel4 ,cloister1 ,chr4 7from ,lat4 claustrum1 q4v474 ,a kind of court or quadrangle surrounded by a covered way1 and having much analogy to the atrium of a ,roman house4 ,the cloister was an essential appendage to an abbey4 ,one of its sides was usually bounded by the church1 with which it easily communicated4 ,the walls of the cloisters were often adorned with frescoes1 and the court was occasionally planted with trees1 the centre being occupied by a fountain4 ,a monastery was often called a cloister4 ,the sides of the cloister were anciently termed the ,,panes of it1 and the walks its alleys or deambulatories4 7,fig4 #agc47 ,cloister ,garth4 ,the quadrangular space enclosed by the cloisters4 ,the cloister garth at ,chichester is still called the ,paradise1 and that at ,chester the ,sprise garden4 7,see ,,paradise1 ,,sprise47 ,close1 ,her4 ,with closed wings4 ,close-gauntlets4 ,gauntlets with immovable fingers4 ,closet1 ,her4 ,a diminution of the ,,bar1 one half its width4 ,cloths of ,estate4 ,costly embroidered hangings for the canopy of a throne4 ,cloue1 ,her4 ,fastened with nails1 and showing the nail-heads4 ,clouts4 ,old name for kerchiefs4 ,clown1 in pantomime4 ,harlequin is ,mercury1 the ,clown ,momus1 and the painted face and wide mouth taken from the ancient masks2 ,pantaloon is ,charon1 and ,columbine ,psyche4 7,clarke's ,travels1 viii4 #ajd-g47 ,club1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,this weapon being used in close fight gave its name to the compact body of troops so called4 ,the ,scythians united it with the mace1 both being spiked4 ,ducange mentions the vulgastus1 a crooked club2 the plumbata1 loaded with lead1 the spontonus with iron4 ,in the army of ,charles ,i4 rustics untrained were called clubmen4 7,see ,,clava47 ,club-kayles1 ,o4 ,e4 ,skittles played with a club1 instead of a ball4 7,see ,,cloish47 ,clubs1 at cards1 are the ancient trfles1 the trefoil or clover-plant4 7,see ,,trefle47 ,cluden1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a sword1 the blade of which was contrived to recede into the handle4 ,it was used for theatrical representations4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agd4 ,clunaculum4 ,clunaculum1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a dagger so called because it was worn at the back2 8quia ad clunes pendet10 as ,festus says4 7#b7 ,the sacrificial knife with which the victim was ripped up4 ,the dagger represented in ,fig4 #agd1 taken from the arch of ,carpentras1 was probably a ,gaulish clunaculum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agb4 ,clustered column in ,nave of ,wells ,cathedral4 ,clustered ,column1 ,arch4 ,a pier formed of a congeries of columns or shafts clustered together1 either attached or detached4 ,it is also called a ,,compound ,,pier4 ,fig4 #agb is a specimen from ,wells ,cathedral4 ,clypeate4 ,shaped like a shield4 ,cnopstara4 ,a weapon used by the ,caledonians2 a ball filled with pieces of metal swung at the heads of their lances1 to frighten cavalry4 ,coa ,vestis1 or simply ,coa 7i4 e4 the ,coan robe74 ,a very fine robe made of silk1 spun in ,cos1 of such light texture as to be almost transparent4 ,it was worn by hetairai and singing and dancing girls1 c4 ,coactilis1 sc4 lana 7from cogo1 i4 e4 that which is forced together74 ,a kind of felted cloth made of wool closely pressed together4 ,it formed a texture analogous to our felt4 ,another name for it was coactus4 ,coal as an ancient pigment was used both in water-colours and in oil2 it furnishes a brownish tint4 8,the shadows of flesh are well rendered by pit-coal1 which should not be burnt40 7,de ,mayerne47 ,coassatio 7from coasso1 to join planks together74 ,a general term for planks joined together1 such as the flooring of a room1 the top of a table1 the deck of a ship1 the roadway of a wooden bridge1 c4 7,see ,,constratum47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #age4 ,coat ,armour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agf4 ,coat ,armour4 ,devices on shield4 ,coat ,armour1 ,med4 ,embroidery of heraldic devices upon costume2 hence a term for heraldry in general4 7,figs4 #age and #agf47 ,coat ,cards1 ,o4 ,e4 ,court cards and tens1 so named from the coat armour worn by the figures4 ,cob4 ,irish name of a ,spanish coin formerly current in ,ireland2 value about #ds4 #h;d4 ,cobalt4 ,a metal found in various combinations1 from which various colouring matters are obtained of great use in the arts4 ,cobalt blue1 a beautiful blue pigment1 is obtained by mixing a salt of pure cobalt with a solution of pure alum1 precipitating the liquid by an alkaline carbonate1 washing the precipitate with care1 drying and igniting it strongly4 ,a fine green1 known as ,rinmann's green1 is similarly prepared4 ,the chloride1 the nitrate1 and the sulphate of cobalt form sympathetic inks1 which only become visible when the moisture is absorbed by the application of heat4 ,from phosphate of cobalt a beautiful blue pigment is produced1 called ,thenard's blue4 ,it is said to have all the characters of ultramarine4 ,oxide of cobalt has the property of colouring glass blue2 hence a glass formed of this oxide under the name of smalt is the blue colouring matter used for ornamenting porcelain and earthenware1 for staining glass1 for painting on enamel1 c4 ,cobalt-bloom4 7,see ,,erythrine47 ,cobbards1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the irons supporting a spit4 ,cob-wall1 ,arch4 ,a wall formed of unburned clay mixed with straw4 ,cochineal4 7,see ,,carmine47 ,cochineal ,lakes4 7,see ,,carminated ,,lakes47 ,cochlea 71 i4 e4 a snail with spiral shell74 ,any object of spiral shape1 like a screw2 and so a worm and screw as a mechanical power in oil-1 wine-1 c4 presses2 the 8,archimedean ,screw10 or 8water-snail0 for raising water2 the revolving door through which the wild beasts were let out into the amphitheatre2 and other contrivances similar to the ,italian ruota1 by which persons can be introduced through a wall without opening a door2 also a spiral staircase1 c4 ,cochlear1 ,cochleare 7from 1 a shell-fish74 7#a7 ,a spoon having at one extremity a sharp point1 and at the other a sort of small bowl4 7#b7 ,a measure of capacity of very small size4 ,cochlearium1 ,r4 ,a pond or nursery for fattening snails for the table4 7,english 8cockles407 ,cochlis1 sc4 columna 71 i4 e4 lit4 a snail74 ,a hollow monumental column1 the interior of which was fitted with a cockle or spiral staircase1 like the 8,monument0 of ,london4 ,cock4 ,in ,christian art1 the emblem of ,st4 ,peter1 and of watchfulness4 ,cockatrice4 ,in ,christian art1 the emblem of sin2 attribute of ,st4 ,vitus4 7,her43 see the illustration to ,,basilisk47 ,cock-bead1 ,arch4 ,a bead which projects from the surface of the timber on both sides4 ,cockers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,ploughmen's laced boots4 ,cocket1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a seal formerly attached to goods which had paid customs dues4 ,ancient cockets bear such inscriptions on them as 8,god willing10 8,if ,god please10 c4 ,cockle-stairs1 ,o4 ,e4 ,winding stairs4 7,cf4 ,,cochlea47 ,coctilis1 ,cocta1 ,coctus1 ,r4 7prepared by fire74 ,later coctilis was a brick hardened artificially by fire1 in contradistinction to one dried in the sun2 murus coctilis1 a wall built of hardened bricks4 7,see ,,acapna47 ,cocurra1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a quiver4 ,cocytia 7from 1 the river of weeping74 ,a festival held in honour of ,proserpine1 who had been carried off by ,pluto4 ,the latter1 as king of the infernal regions1 included in his sway the river ,cocytus4 ,the ,cocytus and ,acheron1 two rivers of ,epirus1 remarkable for unwholesome and muddy water1 and subterranean currents1 were hence called the rivers of ,hell4 8,cocytia virgo0 was ,alecto1 one of the ,furies4 ,cod1 ,scotch4 ,a pillow 7also pod74 ,codex 7caudex1 the trunk of a tree74 7#a7 ,a blank book for writing in1 consisting of thin tablets of wood covered with wax2 the term thus came to mean code1 that is1 a book containing laws1 since these were inscribed in a book1 the leaves of which were composed of thin leaves of wood4 ,when parchment or paper was introduced1 the term was still applied2 and hence1 later1 became appropriate to any code of laws1 e4 g4 the ,gregorian1 ,theodosian1 ,justinian1 c4 7#b7 ,an early manuscript book1 such as the ,codex of the ,greek ,new ,testament and of 8,virgil0 in the ,vatican4 7#c7 ,the term was also applied to the heavy logs attached to the feet of slaves2 these were of various shapes1 sometimes even serving the purpose of a seat4 ,codicillus 7dimin4 of ,,codex1 q4v474 ,a small book1 or small leaves of wood covered with wax4 ,the plural codicilli denoted a number of such sheets put together so as to form a sort of memorandum-book for taking rough notes4 ,any supplemental note made on the margin of the leaves composing a will1 or added to them1 was also called codicillus 7codicil74 ,codon 7,gr4 74 ,a bell2 the bell of a trumpet2 a trumpet with a bell-mouth4 ,cod-piece 7from ,o4 ,e4 8cod10 a pillow or stuffed cushion2 ,fr4 braguette72 introduced temp4 ,henry ,,viii4 ,an appendage to the taces over the os pubis1 copied in the armour of the period4 ,it continued in use to the end of ,elizabeth's reign4 ,clum4 ,in ,architecture1 that part of a building which was placed over any other part1 and so a ceiling1 or soffit4 ,cmeterium1 ,cemetery1 ,chr4 71 from 1 i4 e4 a sleeping-place2 ,lat dormitorium74 ,this term is an exclusively ,christian one2 it signifies a field of rest or refuge2 the last resting-place of man4 7,see ,,hypog,,um47 ,cna 7from ,sanscr4 khad-1 to eat74 ,the principal meal among the ,romans1 consisting of several courses termed respectively prima1 altera or secunda1 tertia1 quarta cna4 ,the hour at which the cna took place varied with the habits of the master of the house1 but it was usually about four or five o'clock4 ,it was the third meal of the day1 being preceded by the jentaculum 7breakfast71 and the merenda or prandium 7luncheon or early dinner74 ,the corresponding ,greek meal was called deipnon1 which closed with a libation to ,zeus2 after which the drinking party that remained was called ,symposium4 7,see ,,last ,,supper47 ,cnaculum4 ,in early times this term was used for the ,,triclinium 7q4v472 later on it came to mean the upper stories of houses inhabited by the poor1 our attic or garret4 ,in the plural1 cnacula denotes the whole suite of rooms on the upper story of a house1 and cnacula meritoria such apartments let out on hire4 ,cnatio1 like cnaculum1 a dining-room situated upstairs4 ,it thus differed from the ,,triclinium 7q4v471 which was a dining-room on the ground floor2 the former was used in winter1 the latter in summer4 ,the cnatio1 or dita1 was a very magnificent apartment4 ,nero had one in his golden palace1 constructed like a theatre1 with a change of scenery for every course4 ,cnatoria1 ,cnatori ,vestes4 ,the garments worn by the ,romans at the dinner-table4 ,cnobium 7-1 i4 e4 a life in common74 ,a monastery2 a convent of monks who lived in common4 ,cur1 ,carreau1 ,pique1 and ,trfle4 ,the four ,french suits of cards1 corresponding with our ,hearts1 ,diamonds1 ,spades1 and ,clubs1 probably introduced in the reign of ,charles ,,vii4 of ,france 7#aeth century74 7,taylor47 ,cur is sometimes derived from ,chur4 7,see ,,coppe and ,,chatrang47 8,the hearts are the ecclesiastics1 whose place is in the choir2 the pike the military1 c40 7,menestrier47 ,coffer4 7,see ,,arca47 7#a7 ,in ,architecture1 a sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit4 7#b7 ,a chest4 ,cognizance1 ,her4 ,synonym for ,badge4 ,cogware1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a coarse narrow cloth like frieze2 #afth century4 ,cohors1 ,cohort1 ,r4 ,a body of infantry forming the tenth part of a legion4 ,the number of men composing a cohort varied at different periods between #cjj and #fjj men1 according to the numerical strength of the legion4 ,the first cohort of a legion was called a military cohort2 the prtorian cohort formed the general's body-guard1 while to the city cohort was entrusted the protection of the city4 ,the term was sometimes1 though very rarely1 applied to a squadron of cavalry4 ,coif or ,quoif4 ,a close hood4 ,coif de ,fer1 ,coiffette4 ,a skull-cap of iron of the #abth and #acth centuries4 ,coif de ,mailles4 ,a hood of mail worn by knights in the #abth century4 ,coiffe1 ,arch4 ,a term employed during the #afth and #agth centuries to denote the vaulted ceiling of an apse4 ,coillon4 7,see ,,coin47 ,coin or ,coigne1 ,arch4 ,the corner of a building4 7,see ,,quoin47 ,coin-stones1 ,arch4 ,corner-stones4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agg4 ,helmet with ,cointise behind4 ,cointise or ,quintise4 7#a7 ,a scarf wrapped round the body1 and sometimes attached to the helmet4 7#b7 ,quaintly-cut coverings for the helmet4 ,fig4 #agg represents a helmet decorated with ,,panache1 ,,coro4 ,e41 and cointise4 ,this is the origin of mantling in heraldry4 7#c7 ,a garment worn over armour1 temp4 ,edward ,,ii41 was so termed4 7#d7 ,horses' caparisons4 ,colatorium4 ,a colander4 7,see ,,collum ,,vinarium47 ,colayn ,riban1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an ecclesiastical textile1 or orphrey web1 for the manufacture of which ,cologne was famous in the #aeth century4 ,colcothar of ,vitriol4 ,a red pigment formerly called caput mortuum4 ,cold-harbour4 ,this common topical name is the ,anglo-,saxon ceald-herberga1 cold 8herberge0 or shelter1 and probably indicates a place where the ruins of a ,roman villa or station were the only available shelter for travellers1 in the ancient scarcity of inns4 ,collar 7of a shaft71 ,arch4 ,the ,,annulet 7q4v474 7,see also ,,collar-,,beam47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agh4 ,collar of ,lancaster4 ,collar1 ,med4 7#a7 ,a defence of mail or plate for the neck4 7#b7 ,generally4 ,an ornament for the neck4 ,the ,egyptians1 ,persians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 and ,gauls wore collars1 which were named variously streptos 771 torquis1 torques1 c4 ,collars were ornamented with heraldic badges in the ,middle ,ages4 7#c7 ,heraldic4 ,one of the insignia of the orders of knighthood4 7,see ,fig4 #agh47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #agi4 ,collar of ,s4,s4 ,collar of ,s4,s4 ,originally adopted by ,henry ,,iv41 on the canopy of whose tomb it is employed as decoration over the arms of himself and his queen4 ,its significance is doubtful4 ,camden says the letters are the initials of ,sanctus ,simo ,simplicius1 an eminent ,roman lawyer1 and that it was particularly worn by persons of the legal profession4 ,collar-beam1 ,arch4 ,a horizontal tie1 connecting a pair of rafters together1 across the vault of a roof4 ,collare1 ,r4 7collum1 neck74 ,a collar made of iron or leather1 and studded with spikes4 ,it was used both to confine slaves1 and as a dog-collar4 ,when a slave ran away from his master1 an iron collar1 with a leading-chain attached to it1 was put round his neck4 ,collarium1 ,med4 ,armour for the neck4 ,collegium1 ,r4 ,a religious or industrial corporation in ancient ,rome4 ,the corresponding ,greek institutions were the ,hetairiai4 ,the collegia included trade companies or guilds4 ,collet4 ,the setting which surrounds the stone of a ring4 7,see ,,crampon47 ,collici1 ,colliqui4 7#a7 ,broad open drains through fields4 7#b7 ,gutters of hollow tiles 7umbrices7 placed beneath the roof of a house to receive the rain-water1 and convey it into the ,,impluvium4 ,colliciaris 7sc4 tegula74 ,a hollow tile employed in the construction of collici4 ,collodion4 ,a solution of gun cotton in ether1 used in photography4 ,collum ,vinarium 7from collum1 a neck74 ,a colander or wine-strainer4 ,the custom of straining wine dates back beyond our era1 and ,christ made an allusion to it when he told the ,pharisees that their colla allowed a camel to pass1 while they kept back a gnat4 ,snow was put into a strainer or a bag1 called respectively collum nivarium1 saccus nivarius1 through which the wine was allowed to filter1 not only to cool it1 but because the intense cold cleared the wine1 and rendered it sparkling and transparent2 it was then called vinum saccatum4 ,the ,christian ,church from the first adopted this instrument in its liturgy2 another name for it was colatorium4 7,see ,,nassa47 ,the colander for wine was made of silver1 or bronze1 or other metal4 ,the linen cloth called saccus was not used for wine of any delicacy1 as it spoiled its flavour4 ,colluviarium1 ,r4 ,an opening made at regular intervals in the channel of an aqueduct1 for ventilation4 ,as this opening formed a kind of well1 it was also called ,,puteus 7q4v474 ,collyra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a kind of bread made in a special manner1 which was eaten with soup or sauce2 there was also a cake so called4 ,collyris 71 synonym of 1 q4v474 ,a head-dress worn by ,roman ladies1 resembling in shape the bread called 2 the latter was called as well4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahj4 ,collyrium or unguent ,vase2 ,egyptian4 ,museum of the ,louvre4 ,collyrium 71 dimin4 of 1 q4v474 7#a7 ,a term denoting anything we should now call an unguent1 but especially the salve collyrium1 which was a liquid medicament4 7#b7 ,collyria was a term applied to ,egyptian vases of terra-cotta1 with or without enamel2 to small quadrangular boxes of wood or pottery2 and1 lastly1 to small cylindrical cases of wood or bronze divided into compartments4 ,there were three prevailing forms of the vases4 ,the ,egyptians used antimony to make their eyes look larger1 and had some medicament for the relief of toothache2 and inscriptions indicating these uses may be read upon vessels of this kind4 7,fig4 #ahj74 ,colne1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a basket or coop4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aha4 ,roman ,plebeian wearing the ,colobium4 ,colobium 7from 1 docked or curtailed74 ,a tunic with short sleeves1 which scarcely covered the upper part of the arm4 ,at ,rome it was worn by men of free birth4 ,the colobium appears to have been the first dress adopted by ,christian deacons1 and in the liturgical writings it is often met with under the name of levitonarium2 when it was of fine linen1 it was also called lebiton and lebitonarium4 7,fig4 #aha47 ,later on the sleeves were lengthened1 and it became known as the ,,dalmatic 7q4v474 ,cologne ,black4 7,see ,,black47 ,cologne ,earth4 ,a bituminous earth of a violet-brown hue1 transparent and durable in water-colour painting4 ,colonica4 ,synonym of villa rustica4 ,a farmhouse4 ,color1 ,lat4 7#a7 ,the term is used in several senses in medival treatises upon music1 with a general idea of a quality of tone obtained by striking variations4 7#b7 ,the coloured lines used in transcribing music4 7,see ,,neumes47 ,colores ,austeri4 ,ancient pigments1 not floridi4 ,colores ,floridi4 ,ancient expensive and brilliant pigments4 ,they were chrysocollum1 indicum 7or indigo71 cruleum 7smalt71 and cinnabar4 ,colossus 774 ,the word was used for all statues larger than life2 that at ,rhodes was ninety feet high4 ,the ,minerva and ,jupiter ,olympus of ,pheidias1 the ,farnese ,hercules1 and the ,flora of the ,belvidere1 were all colossal4 ,colours1 in ,heraldry1 are five3 ,blue or ,azure1 ,red or ,gules1 ,black or ,sable1 ,green or ,vert1 ,purple or ,purpure4 ,in ,french heraldry ,green is ,sinope4 ,the uses and general symbolism of each colour are described under its own heading4 ,the best work on symbolic colours is the 8,essay0 of ,m4 ,portal4 ,one of the best on the theory of colours is that of ,chevreuil4 ,colubrina1 ,med4 ,lat4 7from coluber1 a snake74 ,a culverin4 ,columbar1 ,r4 ,a kind of pillory used for punishing slaves4 ,the instrument derived its name from the holes in it1 which bore some resemblance to pigeon-holes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahb4 ,columbarium4 ,columbarium4 ,a dove-cote or pigeon-house1 often constructed to hold as many as #djjj or #ejjj birds4 ,in the plural the term has many meanings4 7#a7 ,it denotes the pigeon-holes or cells for the nests in a pigeon-house4 7#b7 ,in a sepulchral chamber1 the niches for holding the cinerary urns 7oll74 ,fig4 #ahb represents the numerous columbaria in the tomb of the freedmen of ,octavia4 ,in the sepulchral architecture of the ,jews1 the rock-hewn walls forming the vestibules of certain tombs were honey-combed with minute columbaria1 in which only lamps were placed4 ,fig4 #ahc represents cells of this character taken from the tomb of ,quoublet-el-,endeh4 7#c7 ,the openings in the side of a ship through which the oars passed4 7#d7 ,the holes made in a wall to receive the head of a tie-beam4 7#e7 ,the openings of the scoops in a particular kind of hydraulic wheel called ,,tympanum 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahc4 ,columbaria in rock-hewn walls4 ,columella4 ,dimin4 of columna4 7,see ,,column1 ,,cippus47 ,columen1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,the highest timber in the framework of a roof1 forming what is now called the ridgepiece4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahd4 ,ionic column4 ,column1 ,arch4 ,a column consists of three principal parts3 the base 7a71 the shaft 7b71 and the capital 7c74 ,in the ,doric1 or most ancient style1 the columns in a row rest upon a common base 7podium74 ,in the ,ionic and ,corinthian1 each column has its own base 7spira74 ,the shaft of all columns tapers gradually from the base to the capital4 ,any swelling introduced to modify the straightness of the line was called entasis4 ,on the summit of a row of columns rests the architrave1 or chief beam 7d72 above this the frieze 7e71 and the cornice 7f7 projects above the frieze4 ,these three together are called the entablature4 ,the triangular gable-end of the roof1 above the entablature1 is called the pediment4 ,a circuit of columns1 enclosing an open space in the interior of a building1 was called a peristyle4 ,a temple of two stories1 with one peristyle upon another 7,ionic or ,corinthian columns over the heavier ,doric71 was called hypthral4 ,in ,christian archology the column is a symbol of the ,church1 which was called1 so early as ,st4 ,paul1 columna et firmitatum veritatis 7the column and support of truth74 ,colures4 ,in ,astronomy1 the two circles which pass through the four cardinal points of the ecliptic--the equinoctial and solstitial points4 ,coluria1 ,arch4 ,circular segments of stone1 in the construction of a column1 such as are now called tambours or disks4 ,colus4 ,a distaff4 ,with the ,romans it consisted of a thick cane 7arundo1 donax71 split at the end in such a way that the opening formed a basket4 ,compta1 plena1 or lana amicta were the epithets applied to a colus when filled with wool4 ,the thread obtained from it was called stamen4 ,the ball of loose wool at one end1 prepared for spinning1 was called glomus4 ,the lower end of the distaff rested under the left arm2 the right hand spun and wound the thread on to the spindles 7called fusus74 7,see ,,distaff47 ,colymbion1 ,chr41 ,med4 ,a vessel for holy water at the entrance of a church4 ,colymbus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a basin or reservoir used either as a swimming-bath or for washing linen in4 ,coma 774 7#a7 ,the hair2 hair of the head4 7#b7 ,the mane of animals4 7,see ,c,,saries1 ,,cincinnus1 ,,hair1 c47 ,comatorius or ,comatoria 7sc4 acus74 ,a long pin or bodkin of gold1 silver1 bronze1 or ivory1 used by the ,roman ladies to keep up their hair when plaited4 ,it was also called ,acus ,,crinalis 7q4v474 7,compare ,,discerniculum47 ,combattant1 ,her4 ,said of lions1 or other animals of prey1 rampant and face to face4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahe4 ,ancient ,carved ,ivory ,comb4 ,combs 7,lat4 pecten1 ,gr4 71 as used for combing the hair1 but not for wearing upon the head1 are found in ,pompeian and ,egyptian tombs1 and in the early ,british1 ,roman1 and ,saxon barrows4 ,in the ,middle ,ages ivory combs were richly carved1 and the ceremonial combs for use in ecclesiastical ceremonies are especially splendid4 ,greek and ,roman combs were of box-wood2 ,egyptian combs were of ivory4 ,uncombed hair was a general sign of mourning4 7,see ,,discerniculum47 ,commentaculum 7from commento1 to strike on the face74 ,a staff or wand carried in sacred processions by the ,roman priests to assist them in clearing a way and preventing the people from pressing in on them too closely4 ,commotaculum was also used4 ,commissatio 7from commissor1 to revel74 ,a revelling or feasting which began after the ,c,,na 7q4v471 and lasted far on into the night4 7,see ,,symposium47 ,commistio or ,commixtio1 ,chr4 ,the placing of a portion of the bread into the chalice of wine1 during the ceremony of consecration4 ,common-house4 ,the part of a monastery in which a fire was kept for the monks during winter4 ,communicales1 ,chr4 ,communion vessels1 made especially to be carried in procession in ,rome4 ,compass4 ,in ,music1 the whole range of sounds capable of being produced by a voice or instrument4 ,compass-headed1 ,arch4 ,a semicircular arch4 ,compass ,roof1 ,arch4 ,an open timber roof4 ,compass ,window1 ,arch4 ,a bay-window on a circular plan4 ,compes4 7#a7 ,a ring of gold or silver worn by the ,romans round the leg1 just above the ankle4 7#b7 ,the chains or shackles worn round the ankle by slaves or prisoners4 ,compitalia1 ,compitales4 ,a festival held by the ,romans in honour of the ,lares compitales1 celebrated in the cross-roads1 compitia1 where the images of those deities were often placed in niches4 ,complement1 ,her4 ,applied to the moon1 when full4 ,complement4 ,in ,music1 the interval to be added to another interval to make an octave2 e4g4 a third to a sixth2 a fourth to a fifth1 c4 ,complementary ,colours4 ,if the whole of the light which is absorbed by a coloured body were reunited with the whole of the light which it reflects1 white light would result2 in this case the absorbed colours are complementary to those which are reflected4 ,the colour given by a mixture of the colours of any portion of a spectrum is the complement of the remaining portion4 ,red is complementary to ,green1 ,orange to ,blue1 ,greenish-,yellow to ,violet1 ,indigo to ,orange ,yellow1 and1 in each case1 vice vers4 ,completorium1 ,chr4 ,the last of the ,hours of ,prayer4 ,compline1 ,chr4 ,short evening prayers completing the daily round of devotion prescribed by the ,hours of ,prayer4 ,compluvium1 ,r4 ,an opening in the roof of the atrium1 furnished with gutters all round1 which collected the rain-water from the roof1 and conveyed it into the basin 7impluvium7 in the middle of the atrium4 ,compon-covert1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of lace4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahf4 ,capital of the ,composite ,order4 ,composite ,order of ,architecture4 ,the last of the five ,roman orders1 composed of the ,ionic grafted upon the ,corinthian order4 ,the examples at ,rome are in the arch of ,septimus ,severus1 the arch of the ,goldsmiths1 the arch of ,titus1 the temple of ,bacchus1 and the baths of ,diocletian4 ,compound ,arch1 ,arch4 ,a usual form of medival arch1 which 8may be resolved into a number of concentric archways1 successively placed within and behind each other40 7,prof4 ,willis47 ,compound ,pier1 ,arch4 ,a clustered ,,column 7q4v474 ,compounded ,arms1 ,her4 ,bearings of two or more distinct coats combined1 to produce a single compound coat4 ,comus 7,gr4 74 7#a7 ,a revel1 or carousal which usually ended in the guests parading the streets crowned with garlands1 c4 7#b7 ,festal processions instituted in honour of ,bacchus and other gods1 and of the victors at the games4 7#c7 ,odes written to be sung at such processions1 e4 g4 those of ,pindar4 ,comus 7,gr4 1 from 1 to strike74 7#a7 ,a beating of the head and breast in lamentation2 a dirge4 7#b7 ,a mournful song sung in alternate verses by an actor and a chorus in the ,attic drama4 ,concdes4 ,a barricade constructed of trees which have been cut down and placed across the road 7to impede the enemy's march74 ,concamerate1 ,arch4 ,to arch over2 to vault4 ,concave4 ,hollowed in2 opposed to convex1 bulging out4 ,concha 7lit4 a muscle or cockle74 7#a7 ,a shell or shell-fish4 7#b7 ,a ,triton's conch4 ,in works of art1 the ,triton1 or sea-god1 has for a trumpet the buccina1 remarkable for a spiral twist1 long and straight2 or the murex1 equally twisted1 but short and wide-mouthed4 7#c7 ,the term was applied1 by analogy1 to various objects having the shape of a shell1 such as cups or vases used for holding perfumes or for other purposes4 7#d7 ,in ,architecture1 an apse1 or a plain concave of a dome1 is so called4 ,conchoid4 ,a mathematical curve in the form of the outline of a shell4 ,conclave 7with a key71 ,chr4 7#a7 ,a meeting of cardinals assembled to elect a pope2 and 7#b7 the hall or apartment in which such meeting is held4 ,the institution of the conclave dates from ,gregory ,x4 ,concrete1 ,arch4 ,a mixture of gravel1 pebbles1 or broken stone with cement4 ,condalium 71 dimin4 of 1 a knob or joint74 ,a ring generally worn upon the first joint of the forefinger on the right hand4 ,conditivium1 ,conditorium4 7#a7 ,an underground vault in which were chests or coffins for holding bodies which had not been reduced to ashes4 7#b7 ,a sarcophagus in which the body was placed4 7#c7 ,a kind of arsenal or magazine in which military engines were kept4 ,condrak1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of lace4 ,condyle4 ,a knuckle2 the rounded end of a bone2 hence-- ,condyloid4 ,shaped like a condyle2 and ,condylus4 ,synonym of ,,condalium 7q4v474 ,cone4 ,a figure broad and round at the base1 tapering upwards regularly towards a point4 ,coney1 ,cony1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,a variety of the rabbit4 7#b7 ,a beehive4 ,confessio1 ,chr4 ,originally the place where a saint or martyr was buried2 thence the altar raised over his grave2 and subsequently the chapel or basilica built there4 ,cong1 ,arch4 ,the cavetto 7hollow moulding7 which unites the base and capital of a column to its shaft4 ,congius 7deriv4 doubtful74 ,a ,roman measure containing six sextarii or twelve hemin4 ,it was used especially for measuring liquids4 ,angl4 a pint and a half4 ,conic ,sections4 ,curves formed by the intersection of a cone and a plane2 the circle1 the ellipse1 the hyperbola1 and the parabola4 ,conisterium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a room in which wrestlers1 after having had oil applied to their bodies1 were rubbed over with fine sand 774 ,the conisterium was an appendage to a palstrum1 gymnasium1 c4 ,conopeum1 ,canopium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 a gnat74 ,a musquito-net1 of very light material1 introduced into ,rome from ,egypt4 ,this is the origin of the ,english word canopy4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahg4 ,consecrated pyre on ,roman medal4 ,consecratio1 ,r4 ,a kind of apotheosis or deification by which a mortal was enrolled in the number of the gods4 ,it was unknown under the republic1 and was only instituted in the time and on behalf of the emperors4 ,the ceremony was solemnized in the ,field of ,mars1 and with the greatest splendour4 ,a magnificent pyre was raised1 from the top of which1 when kindled1 an eagle was let fly1 which was supposed to carry up to the skies the soul of the deified emperor4 ,fig4 #ahg1 taken from a medal1 represents one of these pyres4 ,consenti1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,festivals held in honour of the twelve principal divinities of ,rome or ,greece4 ,consignatorium ,ablutorum1 ,chr4 ,in early times there were baptisteries near churches1 with a place closely adjoining in which to administer the rite of confirmation2 it was the place specially set apart for the administration of this rite that was called consignatorium ablutorum4 ,console4 ,a projecting ornament1 in wood or stone1 used as a bracket4 ,constant ,white4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,barytes 7q4v474 ,constellations4 ,groups of stars1 mostly with classical names4 ,ancient ,c41 forty-eight formed by ,ptolemy in ,a4 ,d4 #aej1 with two others added by ,tycho ,brahe2 ,modern ,c41 fifty-nine others since formed1 many by ,helvetius at the end of the #agth century4 7,rossiter47 ,constratum1 ,r4 ,a flooring constructed of planks4 7,see ,,coassatio47 ,consualia1 ,r4 ,a festival of ancient ,rome held in honour of the god ,consus4 ,it was from this festival that the games of the circus took their rise4 ,livy calls the god ,neptunus ,equestris4 ,the feast was held with horse and chariot races4 ,horses and mules did no work1 and were crowned with garlands during its celebration4 ,the ,rape of the ,sabines took place at the first ,consualia4 ,contabulatio1 ,r4 ,the long parallel folds formed in any garment of ample size1 such as the toga1 palla1 and pallium4 ,contignatio1 ,r4 7a joining together of beams74 ,the wood-work of beams and joists supporting the flooring in a building of several stories4 ,the term is also used to denote the flooring and sometimes the story itself4 ,continuous ,impost1 ,arch4 ,in ,gothic architecture1 the mouldings of an arch1 when carried down to the ground without interruption1 or anything to mark the impost-joint4 7,newlands47 ,contoise1 ,fr4 ,a flowing scarf worn attached to the helmet before #acej4 7,see ,,cointise47 ,contomonobolum1 ,r4 ,a game which consisted in leaping over a wide space by aid of a pole 7contus7 which was used as a fulcrum4 ,contorniate4 ,a class of antique medals having the contour1 or edge1 marked with a deep cut4 ,they generally have monograms on the obverse1 and scenes of mythology on the reverse4 ,contour1 ,fr4 ,outline4 ,contourne1 ,her4 ,facing to the sinister4 ,contra1 in compound words in music1 signifies an octave below3 contra-basso1 a double bass1 c4 ,contra ,votum1 ,chr4 7i4 e4 against one's desires74 ,a formula of grief1 placed by the ancients on tombs1 columns1 and other sepulchral monuments1 and adopted by ,christians in the #eth century4 7,see ,,acclamations47 ,contractura1 ,r4 ,the tapering of the column1 which begins from the upper part of the shaft1 and gradually widens as it reaches the base4 7,see ,,entasis47 ,contralto1 ,it4 ,in ,music1 the voice of deepest tone in females1 allied to the tenor in men4 ,contrapuntal1 ,mus4 ,relating to ,,counterpoint 7q4v474 ,contre-imbrications4 ,an ornament cut in the form of fishes' scales overlapping one another1 the scales being indented4 ,in the imbrications they stand out4 ,contrepoint1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,pourpoint47 ,contubernium1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a tent capable of accommodating ten soldiers and their corporal 7decanus74 7#b7 ,a dwelling-place1 especially for slaves4 ,hence contubernales came to mean comrades1 and generally persons living in intimacy under one roof together4 ,contus 771 ,gr4 and ,r4 7#a7 ,a punting-pole1 used also for taking soundings2 each trireme was furnished with three poles of different lengths4 7#b7 ,a cavalry pike or lance4 ,conus1 ,gen4 71 a cone74 7#a7 ,in general1 any object of a conical form4 7#b7 ,a kind of sun-dial described upon a hollow cone4 7#c7 ,the metal ridge at the top of a helmet1 to which the plume was attached4 7,see ,fig4 #beb47 ,convivium1 ,r4 ,a banquet which generally took place at about the same hour as the cna1 but which was never followed by a commissatio4 7,see ,c,,na1 ,,commissatio47 ,coopertorium1 ,r4 7that which covers74 ,a rug of coarse cloth2 a kind of blanket4 ,cop1 ,o4 ,e4 ,generally the top of anything2 a mound or heap4 7,see ,,battlement47 ,copal4 ,a hard resin1 which1 dissolved in boiling linseed oil1 forms an excellent varnish for pictures4 ,it is also used as a vehicle for painting4 ,the ,south ,african copal is the finest in quality4 7,see ,,varnish47 ,copatain1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sugar-loaf hat2 8a copped-crown hat40 ,cope1 ,chr4 ,a sacerdotal garment1 also called a pluvial1 because it was originally worn by priests in processions as a protection against the rain4 ,it was open in the front1 and fastened on the breast by a 8morse0 or clasp4 ,in the primitive ,church the cope was furnished with a hood1 and hence mentioned as ,,cuculla4 ,cope1 ,arch4 ,to top a wall with thin bricks or stone4 ,coperone1 ,o4 ,e41 ,arch4 ,a pinnacle4 ,cop-halfpenny1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the game of 8heads and tails40 ,cop-head1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a crest of feathers or hair on an animal's head4 ,coping1 ,arch4 ,the capping or covering of a wall1 generally sloping to throw off rain4 ,in ,fig4 #gg two of the merlons are coped4 ,cophinus4 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a large shallow wicker basket used for agricultural purposes4 ,cophinus et fnum1 8a basket of hay10 is ,juvenal's word for the poor man's bed4 ,compare ,english coffin4 ,coppa ,puerpera1 ,it4 ,caudle-cup4 ,coppe 7,it471 ,cups 7,sp4 copa74 ,the early ,italian suit of playing cards corresponding to hearts4 ,the ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,taylor suggests1 8,the notion of hearts1 as the seat of the affections1 c41 is in connexion with the office of the clergy20 hence the chalices4 7,see ,c,,ur47 ,copped1 ,o4 ,e4 ,crested4 7,for ,,cop-,,head1 q4v47 ,copperas 7white7 is considered the safest metallic drier for pigments and varnish4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahh4 ,ewer and basin of enamelled copper 7,turkish74 ,copper-enamelling4 7,fig4 #ahh47 7,see ,,enamels47 ,copper-plate ,engraving4 7,see ,,chalcography47 ,coppet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,saucy4 ,coppid1 ,o4 ,e4 ,peaked2 referring to the fashion of the long peaked toe4 ,copple-crowned1 ,o4 ,e4 ,with a head high and rising up1 said of a boy 8with his hair on end40 ,coppull1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a hen's name 7in the ,turnament of ,tottenham74 ,cops or ,merlons1 ,arch4 ,the raised parts of a battlement4 7,see ,fig4 #gg47 ,coracle1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a boat of wicker-work covered with hides4 ,coracoid 71 a crow74 ,in the form of a crow's beak1 e4 g4 a bone in the shoulder-blade4 ,coral 7see ,,amulets7 is mentioned in the ,lapidarium of ,marbodus as a very favourite and potent amulet4 8,wondrous its power1 so ,zoroaster sings1 ,and to the wearer sure protection brings4 ,and1 lest they harm ship1 land1 or house1 it binds ,the scorching lightning and the furious winds4 ,sprinkled #8mid climbing vines or olives' rows1 ,or with the seed the patient rustic sows1 ',twill from thy crops avert the arrowy hail1 ,and with abundance bless the smiling vale40 7,,king1 ,antique ,gems47 ,coranach1 ,coronach1 ,gaelic 7corah-rainach1 a crying together74 ,a dirge4 ,coranto1 ,it4 ,an ,italian form of the country dance or jig4 ,corazza1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cuirass4 ,corbel1 ,arch4 ,a projecting bracket supporting a pier1 cornice1 or column4 ,corbel ,steps1 ,arch4 ,steps into which the outlines of a gable are sometimes broken2 also called ,,corbie ,,steps4 ,corbel ,table4 ,a term in medival architecture1 applied to a projecting course and the row of corbels which support it4 ,corbie1 ,scotch4 ,a raven2 hence a 8corbie messenger10 one that is long upon his errand1 like the raven sent from the ark1 who returned not again4 ,corbie ,steps4 7,see ,,corbel ,,steps47 ,corbis1 ,r4 ,a wicker basket of conical shape1 used especially for agricultural purposes4 ,a similar basket in every-day use in parts of ,italy is still called 8la corbella40 ,cf4 the ,german 8,korb40 ,corbita1 ,r4 ,a merchantman of the larger class1 so called because it hung out a basket at the masthead4 ,these vessels were also called onerari4 ,corbona ,ecclesi1 ,chr4 ,the treasure of a church1 accumulated from the offerings of communicants at the ,sacrament4 ,the ,greek synonym for this term is gazophylacium4 ,corbula4 ,dimin4 of ,,corbis 7q4v474 ,corce1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the body1 stomach4 8,he start to hym with gret force1 ,and hyt hym egurly on the corce60 7,old ,,ms47 ,cordate1 ,cordiform4 ,heart-shaped4 ,cordax1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a dance of the ancient ,greek comedy of a ridiculous and indecent character4 ,fauns and satyrs are constantly represented dancing the cordax4 ,cordeliers1 ,fr4 ,the ,franciscan friars are so called from the rope girdles they wear4 ,cordevan1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a leather of goat-skin1 originally from ,cordova in ,spain4 ,spelt also ,cordewayne2 hence cordwainer or cordiner1 a shoemaker4 ,cordigard1 ,med4 7from the ,french corps de garde74 ,a detachment of troops appointed for a particular service4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ahi4 ,corean tea-pot4 7,about ,a4 ,d4 #aefb47 ,corean ,porcelain1 from a country intermediate between ,china and ,japan1 combines the qualities of the most ancient art of each4 ,the tea-pot represented in ,fig4 #ahi is covered with gravings in the paste imitating the waves of the ocean1 and shows four times repeated an imperial ,japanese device1 by which it appears that the piece was destined for the ,mikado4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aij4 ,capital of the ,corinthian ,order4 ,corinthian ,order of ,architecture4 ,this order originated in ,greece1 and the capital is said to have been suggested by observing a tile placed on a basket left in a garden1 and an acanthus growing round it4 ,the principal distinction of this order is its capital1 richly ornamented with leaves and flowers4 ,among the principal ,corinthian examples are the temple of ,vesta1 the basilica of ,antoninus1 and the temples of ,jupiter ,tonans and ,jupiter ,stator2 all at ,rome4 ,corium1 ,r4 ,leathern body-armour cut into scale form4 ,cork burned forms the pigment called ,spanish ,black4 ,corn4 ,in pagan art1 the attribute of ,ceres and ,justitia and ,juno ,martialis4 ,cornal4 ,the head of a tilting-lance4 7,see ,,coronel47 ,cornelian1 ,carnelian1 ,gen4 ,a variety of chalcedony of a horny transparency and a more or less deep red4 ,engraved cornelians have perpetuated much information about the manners and customs of the ancient ,greeks and ,romans4 7,see ,,sards47 ,cornemuse4 ,a ,french form of the bagpipe4 ,cornet4 7#a7 ,a kind of heraldic banner4 7#b7 ,the bearer of the colours of a regiment4 7#c7 ,square caps worn in the ,universities4 7#d7 ,any object having corners1 or angular extremities4 7#e7 ,an obsolete musical instrument1 once in common use in ,germany and in ,england1 something like a ,,hautboy1 but larger and of a coarser tone4 7,see ,,waits47 ,cornice4 7,see ,,coronis47 ,cornichon1 ,fr4 ,a kind of game at 8quoits40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aia4 ,coin showing the ,corniculum4 ,corniculum1 ,r4 7dimin4 of cornu1 and so a small horn74 ,it was a mark of distinction conferred on a soldier who had distinguished himself by his conduct or courage1 and was worn on his helmet4 ,on ,thracian and other coins we find representations of this horn as part of the royal head-dress4 ,cornish1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the ring placed at the mouth of a cannon4 ,cornlaiters1 ,o4 ,e4 ,newly-married peasants begging corn to sow their first crop with4 ,cornu1 ,cornus1 and ,cornum1 ,r4 7#a7 ,the horn of an animal4 7#b7 ,any object made of horn or of a horn-like shape4 ,the musical cornu was curved2 the straight horn was called tuba4 ,cornu ,altaris 7horn of the altar71 in ,christian archology1 means merely the corner or angle thereof4 ,cornu ,evangelii is the angle to the left1 c4 ,epistol that to the right1 of the celebrating priest4 ,cornu-copi1 ,r4 ,horn of abundance1 a symbol of concord1 prosperity1 and good fortune4 ,it was represented as a wreathed horn1 filled to overflowing with corn and fruit4 ,corolla1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,corona1 q4v474 ,the corolla denoted in a general sense a small crown or even a garland2 in a more restricted acceptation it was a garland of artificial flowers made of horn shavings and painted various colours4 ,women used to wear this kind of wreath during winter4 ,corollarium1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,corona1 q4v474 ,it denoted especially a wreath made out of thin metal leaves1 which the audience in a theatre presented to their favourite actors4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aib4 ,mural crown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aic4 ,naval crown4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aid4 ,celestial crown4 ,corona 771 ,r4 ,a crown or garland made with natural or artificial leaves and flowers 7of horn1 parchment1 c41 or metal74 ,there were many different kinds of coron1 of which the principal were the following3 corona civica2 corona classica1 navalis1 or rostrata2 corona castrensis or vallaris2 corona longa2 corona muralis2 corona obsidionalis2 corona natalitia2 corona oleagina2 corona ovalis2 corona pactilis1 plectilis1 or plexilis2 corona triumphalis2 corona sutilis1 c4 ,the most honourable was the c4 obsidionalis1 presented by a beleaguered army1 after its liberation1 to the general who raised the siege4 ,it was made of grass1 or wild flowers plucked on the site4 ,the c4 civica was presented to a ,roman soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle4 ,it was made of oak leaves4 ,the c4 navalis was made of gold4 ,the c4 muralis1 presented to the first man over the wall of a besieged city1 was also made of gold1 and it was ornamented with turrets4 ,the c4 castrensis1 presented to the first soldier who forced an entrance into an enemy's camp1 was of gold ornamented with palisades4 ,of the c4 triumphalis there were three kinds3 one of laurel or bay leaves1 worn by the commanding officer during his triumph2 one of massive gold held over his head2 and a third of still greater value1 also of gold4 ,the c4 ovalis1 to commemorate an ovation to an officer1 was made of myrtle leaves4 ,the c4 oleagina1 of olive leaves1 was given to common soldiers4 ,besides these1 there were the various sacerdotal coron1 emblematical of their functions3 the funereal chaplets of leaves and flowers for the dead1 called c4 funebres or sepulchrales2 the wreaths of roses1 violets1 myrtles1 ivy1 c41 worn at convivial meetings1 c4 convivialis2 and the bridal wreath1 of ,greek origin1 made of flowers not bought1 but plucked by the bride herself1 the verbena being the chosen flower among the ,romans1 c4 nuptialis2 and finally the c4 natalitia suspended over the door of a house where a child was born4 ,at ,athens this was of olive for a boy1 and of wool for a girl4 ,at ,rome the wreath was made of laurel1 ivy1 or parsley4 ,the various crowns used in heraldry are described under their respective headings4 7,see ,,crown47 ,corona or ,drip-stone1 ,gen4 ,a moulding forming part of a cornice1 the lower part or drip of which is grooved1 so as to throw off the rain-water from the structure4 ,drip-stones are sometimes plain1 sometimes decorated with rich sculptures4 ,corona ,lucis1 ,chr4 ,a lamp or chandelier suspended above the altar of a church1 from which usually depended a jewelled cross4 ,coronach1 ,scotch4 ,a dirge4 ,coronarium 7aureum71 ,r4 ,the gold for a triumphal crown 7corona triumphalis73 it was sent by the provinces to a victorious chief or general4 ,coronarium 7opus71 ,r4 ,stucco-work applied to the decoration of a cornice or projecting moulding4 ,coronel1 ,med4 ,the head of a jousting-lance1 so called from its resemblance to a little crown4 ,twelve were allowed to a tilter in the time of ,henry ,,vi4 7,meyrick47 ,coronell1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a colonel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aie4 ,prince of ,wales's coronet4 ,coronets4 ,ensigns of nobility worn upon the head1 introduced into ,england about the middle of the #adth century4 7,see ,,baron1 ,,duke1 ,,earl1 c47 ,ladies also wore them surmounting the horned head-dress of the reign of ,henry ,v4 ,the engraving 7,fig4 #aif7 represents ,beatrice1 ,countess of ,arundel1 with coronet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aif4 ,coronet of ,countess of ,arundel1 temp4 ,henry ,v4 ,coronis 774 ,anything curved2 the cornice of an entablature4 ,coronize 7,gr4 1 from 1 a crow74 ,to beg for the crow2 said of strollers who went about begging with a crow1 singing begging songs4 7,see ,,chelidonize47 ,corporal1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the fine linen cloth or veil for the pyx1 sometimes embroidered with golden thread and coloured silks4 ,with such a 8corporal0 ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 bandaged her eyes for her execution4 ,corpse-candle1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a thick candle used formerly at lake-wakes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aig4 ,corpse or ,lich-gate4 ,corpse-gate or ,lich-gate4 ,a shed over the gate of a churchyard to rest the corpse under4 7,fig4 #aig47 ,corrugis1 ,r4 7corrugo1 to wrinkle74 ,literally1 wrinkled2 a loose garment which was wrapped round the body1 and fell into numerous folds1 so as to present the appearance of a wrinkled surface4 ,cors1 ,arch4 ,the shaft of a pinnacle4 ,cors1 ,r4 ,the mouldings decorating the surface of a marble door-post4 ,corse1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,corce47 ,corse of ,silk1 ,o4 ,e4 ,probably a silk ribbon4 ,corselet1 ,fr4 ,a light breastplate2 #afth and #agth centuries4 ,corspresant1 ,med4 ,a mortuary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aih4 ,cortina4 ,cortina1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a deep circular vessel in the shape of a saucepan1 used for various purposes4 7#b7 ,the snake's skin spread over the tripod of the ,pythoness at ,delphi4 7#c7 ,an altar of marble1 bronze1 or the precious metals1 in the form of a tripod4 7#d7 ,the vault over the stage in a theatre was called cortina1 from its resemblance to the lid of a tripod4 7#e7 ,tables of marble or bronze1 made to imitate the slab upon which the ,delphic priestess sat1 were also called cortin ,delphic4 7,see ,fig4 #aii47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aii4 ,cortina 7,etruscan74 ,cortinale1 ,r4 ,a cellar in which wine was boiled in caldrons 7cortin7 to preserve it4 ,corundum4 ,the ,indian name for a very hard mineral called adamantine spar4 ,the ruby and sapphire are varieties of corundum4 ,corven4 ,o4 ,e4 for carven1 cut4 8,corvene wyndows of glase1 ,with joly bandis of brase40 7,lincoln ,,ms47 ,corvus1 ,r4 7lit4 crow74 ,a crane or grappling-iron1 used in naval warfare4 ,it was a strong piece of iron with a spike at the end1 which1 being violently let down upon a ship from the yard-arm1 or a special mast made for the purpose1 went through the bottom and sank it1 or at any rate grappled it fast4 ,a variety of corvus was also made use of in the assault of fortified places4 ,corybantica1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,festivals celebrated at ,cnossus1 in ,crete1 by the ,corybantes1 in honour of ,atys and his mother ,cybele4 ,the priests ran through town and country carrying torches and uttering savage cries to the accompaniment of drums and cymbals4 ,they performed frenzied dances known under the name of ,corybantic dances4 ,corycum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a large apartment in a gymnasium or a large bathing establishment1 for the ,corycobolia or sack-throwing1 a game which consisted in suspending from the ceiling of the corycum1 at the height of about a yard from the ground1 a sack filled with sand1 bran1 or seeds1 to be thrust away with blows of the fist1 and when it was in full swing to be stopped with the hands1 back1 or breast4 ,the exercise was also called ,corycomachia4 ,corymbus1 ,r4 71 a cluster74 7#a7 ,a bunch of any fruit that grows in clusters1 such as ivy-berries4 7#b7 ,a head-dress or wig arranged in the form of corymbi1 in a knot at the top of the head1 as that of ,venus is represented in the ,medici statue4 7#c7 ,the term is also sometimes used as a synonym of ,,aplustre 7q4v474 ,corynalle1 ,arch4 7,see ,,cornal47 8,the schafte was strong over alle1 ,and a well-shaped corynalle40 ,coryphus1 ,gr4 7lit4 at the head74 7#a7 ,any leader4 7#b7 ,esp4 the leader of the chorus of the ,attic drama4 7#c7 ,an epithet of ,jupiter ,capitolinus4 ,corytus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a bow-case4 ,the quiver for arrows was called pharetra4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjj4 ,cos--a ,roman ,grindstone4 ,cos1 ,r4 ,a hone1 whetstone1 or grindstone4 ,fig4 #bjj is taken from an engraved gem4 ,cosmi 774 ,the supreme magistrates in ,crete4 ,costanti4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,they had for their device the sun shining on a column1 with the motto ,tantum volvitur umbra 7the shadow only revolves74 ,cote1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a woman's gown2 #aeth century4 ,cote ,armour4 7,see ,,coat ,,armour1 ,,tabard47 ,cote-hardie4 ,a tight-fitting gown2 #adth century4 ,cothurnus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,the ,buskin2 a high boot of ,greek invention1 met with on representations of certain divinities and of some of the emperors covered with rich ornamentation4 ,it is an attribute of the huntress ,diana4 ,the sole was thickened with cork for tragic actors1 to make them taller4 ,horsemen wore it as high as the knee4 ,cotillion 7,fr4 cotte1 an under-petticoat74 ,a dance introduced from ,france1 where it usually terminated a ball4 ,cotise1 ,her4 ,a diminutive of the ,bend1 being one-fourth of its width4 ,cotta4 ,a short surplice4 ,cottabus1 ,cottab1 ,cotabos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a game of ,greek origin1 played in various manners1 by throwing wine into empty cups swimming on a basin of water1 or into scales suspended above a bronze ornament4 ,the man who drowned most cups won a prize1 or he who made the best sound had a good omen4 ,there were other methods4 ,cotyla1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a measure of capacity equal to half a pint ,english4 ,cotyttia 774 ,nocturnal festivals celebrated by the ,edonians of ,thrace in honour of a goddess called ,cotytto 7,cybele74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bja4 ,hart couchant4 ,couchant or ,dormant1 ,her4 ,in repose4 ,the illustration gives the device of ,king ,richard ,,ii41 a white hart couchant on a mount1 c4 7,fig4 #bja47 ,coucher1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a book kept couched or lying on a desk1 e4 g4 books of the church services left in the places where they were used4 ,coudires4 7,see ,,coutere47 ,coufic4 7,see ,,cufic47 ,coulisse1 ,tech4 ,a piece of timber with a channel or groove in it1 such as that in which the side-scenes of a theatre move4 ,counter1 ,her4 ,reversed or opposite4 ,counterfort1 ,arch4 ,a buttress4 ,counterpoint1 ,music4 ,the art of combining melodies1 or rather of adding to a melody harmonious parts4 ,double ,counterpoint is 8a kind of artificial composition1 where the parts are inverted in such a manner that the uppermost becomes the lowermost1 and vice vers40 7,see ,stainer and ,barrett1 ,dic4 of ,musical ,terms47 ,counter-proof4 ,an impression of an engraving printed from a wet proof4 ,counter-seal or ,secretum4 ,a seal on the reverse or back of another seal4 ,early seals were generally impressed on both sides4 ,countess1 ,arch4 ,a roofing slate1 #bj inches by #aj inches4 ,couped1 ,her4 ,cut off smoothly4 ,the reverse of erased4 ,coupled 7columns71 ,gen4 ,two columns are said to be coupled when they are placed quite close to each other without touching4 ,coupled heads is the term applied to two heads placed back to back upon the same pedestal or the same trunk4 ,many pedestals ornamented with ,,herm 7q4v47 are surmounted by coupled heads4 ,courant1 ,her4 ,running4 ,course1 ,arch4 ,one range1 or stratum1 of bricks1 stones1 or other material in the construction of a wall4 ,court ,cards4 ,the king1 queen1 and knave of a suit4 ,they were originally named in ,france2 e4 g4 the four kings were ,charlemagne1 ,csar1 ,alexander1 and ,david2 the four queens1 ,judith1 ,rachel1 ,argine1 and ,pallas2 and the valets1 ,lahire1 ,hector1 ,lancelot1 and ,hogier4 ,of these the kings were said to represent the four ancient monarchies of the ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 and ,franks2 and the queens1 wisdom1 birth1 beauty1 and fortitude4 7,taylor47 7,see ,,chatrang47 ,court ,cupboards1 ,o4 ,e4 ,richly carved and large cupboards for plate and other valuables1 temp4 ,charles ,i4 ,court ,dish1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of drinking-cup4 ,courtepy 7,teutonic74 ,short cloak or gown4 ,coussinet1 ,arch4 ,the crowning stone of a pier1 lying immediately under the arch4 ,coutel1 ,fr4 ,a short knife or dagger in use in the ,middle ,ages4 ,coutere or ,coutes4 ,the elbow-piece in armour4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjb4 ,couvre-feu 7,curfew74 ,couvre-feu1 ,angl4 ,curfew4 ,a screen used1 as its name implies1 for covering the fire2 introduced with the famous ,curfew-bell1 temp4 ,william ,rufus4 7,fig4 #bjb47 ,cove1 ,arch4 ,a name for concave mouldings or other concavities4 ,coved ,ceiling1 ,arch4 ,a ceiling springing from the walls with a cove4 ,coventry ,blue4 ,a celebrated 8blew threde0 made at ,coventry1 temp4 ,elizabeth4 ,covert1 ,her4 ,partly covered4 ,covinus1 ,r4 7,celtic1 kowain74 ,a war-chariot4 ,the spokes of its wheels were armed with scythes4 ,it was used by the ancient ,britons4 ,the ,romans gave the name to a close travelling carriage covered in all round4 7,compare ,,currus1 ,,carpentum47 ,coward or ,cowed1 ,her4 ,an animal with its tail between its legs4 ,cow-lady1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the lady-bird4 8,a paire of buskins they did bring ,of the cow-ladye's corall wyng40 7,musarum ,delici47 ,cowl1 ,mod4 7from cuculla1 ,,cucullus1 q4v474 ,a priest's hood4 ,cox or ,cokes1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a fool2 hence ,coxcomb1 for the top of a fool's cap4 ,crackle ,porcelain or ,cracklin4 ,a kind of china1 the glaze of which has been purposely cracked all over in the kiln4 ,the ,chinese have many kinds of this manufacture1 some of which are extremely rare and valuable4 ,white and grey are the common colours amongst modern crackle4 ,the yellow and cream-coloured specimens are much prized3 these are seldom seen in ,europe4 ,the greens1 light and dark1 turquoise1 and reds are generally finely glazed1 and have the crackle lines small and minute4 ,in colouring1 these examples are exquisite1 and in this respect they throw our finest specimens of ,european porcelain quite into the shade4 ,the green and turquoise crackle made in ,china at the present day are very inferior to the old kinds4 ,perhaps the rarest and most expensive of all ancient crackles is a yellowish stone-colour4 7,fortune47 ,crackled ,glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,cracowes4 ,long-toed boots and shoes1 introduced in #achd4 ,cradle ,vault1 ,arch4 ,a cylindrical vault4 ,cradling4 ,a builder's term for a timber frame for a ceiling1 c4 ,craig1 ,scotch4 7#a7 ,a rock4 7#b7 ,the neck2 throat4 ,crampet4 ,the decorated end of a scabbard4 ,crampon4 ,the border of gold which keeps a stone in a ring4 7,see ,,collet47 ,cramp-ring1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a ring consecrated on ,good ,friday1 an amulet against cramp4 ,crancelin1 ,her4 7from the ,german ,kranzlein1 a small wreath74 ,the chaplet that crosses the shield of ,saxony4 ,it is said to be an augmentation conferred by the ,emperor ,barbarossa1 who took from his head his own chaplet of rue1 and threw it across the shield of the ,duke of ,saxony4 7,boutell47 ,crane's-bills4 ,geraniums1 so called from the shape of their seed-vessels4 ,crannogs1 ,irish4 ,lake fortresses constructed on artificial islands4 ,crapaudine ,doors4 ,a technical name for doors that turn on pivots at top and bottom1 or are hung with so called centre-pin hinges4 ,crash4 ,the grey linen used for the kind of embroidery called crewelwork4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjc4 ,silver ,crater 7,roman74 ,found at ,hildesheim4 ,crater1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 from 1 to mix74 7#a7 ,a large and beautiful vase with a wide open mouth1 in which the wine and water was mixed which was handed round at banquets and sacrifices4 ,it was into vases of this description that slaves dipped a ladle 7cyathus71 with which they filled the cups4 ,the beautiful silver crater shown in the illustration 7,fig4 #bjc71 of a date not later than the #ast century1 was found with other treasures of a similar kind at ,hildesheim1 near ,hanover1 in #ahfi4 ,it is now in the ,berlin ,museum4 7#b7 ,the mouth of a volcano is named from its resemblance to the ,greek crater4 7#c7 ,a small constellation of the southern hemisphere called the ,cup4 ,crates1 ,r4 ,a frame or basket made of hurdles1 and so a hurdle itself4 7,english1 8crate407 ,craticula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of crates74 ,a small hurdle1 and by analogy1 a gridiron1 which looks like a small hurdle4 ,creag1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the game of ninepins4 ,creagra4 ,gr4 71 from and 1 i4 e4 a flesh-hook74 ,a synonym of the ,latin term ,,harpago 7q4v474 ,creasing4 ,a builder's word for a row of tiles under the coping of a wall4 ,credence ,table4 ,the small table beside an altar1 on which the communion was placed before consecration4 ,creme-box1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a chrismatory 7q4v474 ,cremesyn1 ,o4 ,e4 ,crimson velvet4 ,cremium1 ,r4 7cremo1 to burn74 ,small wood1 made up into bundles1 used by bakers1 and for lighting the hypocausts under the baths4 ,crenel4 ,the peak at the top of a helmet4 ,crenellated1 ,her4 ,embattled4 7,see ,,battlement47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjd ,crenellated walls at ,pompeii4 ,crenelle1 ,fr4 ,a cutting or indentation of the walls of a fortress or tower1 c4 ,the spaces between the solid masonry are called embrasures1 and the solid portions themselves merlons2 usually the tops of the merlons are coped to throw off rain4 7,see ,,coping47 ,fig4 #bjd shows a portion of the crenellated walls of ,pompeii restored4 7,see ,fig4 #gg47 ,crepida1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a slipper made of a strong leather sole1 to the edges of which was fixed a piece of leather with eyelet-holes 7ans7 for the laces 7corrigi7 or a strap 7amentum74 ,this shoe was of ,greek origin4 ,crepida carbatina was the name given to a shoe of the simplest and plainest description4 7,see ,,carbatina47 ,this shoe is only found represented on figures clothed with the pallium1 not the toga4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bje4 ,crepido in a street in ,pompeii4 ,crepido1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,in a general sense1 any kind of base or stand upon which another object rests1 and by analogy the embankment of a quay1 a dike1 or jetty4 ,the term is also applied to the raised causeway for foot passengers at the side of a road or street4 ,fig4 #bjd represents a crepido on a high road near ,pompeii1 and ,fig4 #bje a crepido in the streets of the same town4 ,crepitaculum1 ,r4 7crepo1 to creak74 ,a child's rattle1 made in the form of a circle to which bells were attached4 ,these rattles have been found in the excavations of ,pompeii4 ,some authors apply the term to the ,,sistrum of the ,egyptians4 ,crepitus 7sc4 digitorum71 ,r4 ,a snapping of the fingers made by pressing the tip of the thumb firmly against the tip of the middle finger4 ,crepundia1 ,r4 ,a general term for playthings for children1 as well as for necklaces of various ornaments1 or amulets4 ,these were in some instances of great length1 and were worn by the children like shoulder-belts4 ,crquier1 ,her4 ,the wild plum-tree3 the device of the ,crquy family4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjf4 ,crescent4 ,crescent1 ,her4 ,the difference of the second son4 ,the moon is a crescent when she appears as in ,fig4 #bjf4 7,compare ,,decrescent1 ,,increscent47 ,cresolite1 ,o4 ,e4 ,crystal4 ,crespine1 ,fr4 ,a network to confine the hair of ladies2 the calantica of the ancients4 ,it is found in medival monuments in a variety of forms4 ,cressets4 ,a small pan or portable fireplace1 filled with combustibles1 used for illuminating purposes2 #afth century4 ,her41 a beacon4 7,see ,fig4 #ed47 ,crest1 ,arch1 7crista74 ,a running ornament1 more or less incised and perforated1 which is placed on the ridge of roofs4 ,many monuments of antiquity have been adorned with terra-cotta crests2 in the ,romano-,byzantine architecture examples occur which are made of stone1 while in ,pointed or ,renaissance art they were made of lead4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjg4 ,royal crest of ,england4 ,crest1 ,her4 7,lat4 crista74 ,this word1 familiar to us as the name of an ornament surmounting the helmet and the insignia of a gentleman of coat armour1 signified in classic times a comb terminating in a peak in front of the casque decorated with horsehair or plumes4 7,see ,,crista1 ,fig4 #beb47 ,the earliest appearance of a crest in ,england is on the second seal of ,richard ,i4 ,fig4 #bjg illustrates the manner in which the crest is worn upon the royal crown of ,england4 ,crests are not worn by ladies1 excepting by the ,sovereign4 7,see ,,panache47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bjh4 ,crest-coronet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bji4 ,crest-wreaths4 ,crest-coronet1 ,crest-wreath1 or ,orle1 ,her4 ,a coronet or wreath to support a crest4 7,fig4 #bjh and #bji47 ,crest-tiles4 ,tiles used for covering the ridge of a roof4 ,creta ,lvis4 ,a crayon of permanent colour for chalk drawing4 ,crewel-work4 7,see ,,crash47 ,crewels4 ,a worsted of two plies adapted for embroidery4 ,crewetts4 ,small vessels used at the altar1 to hold the wine and water for consecration4 ,crimson 7,arab1 cremisi1 the cochineal insect74 ,a deep tone of red1 tinged with blue4 ,crinale1 ,r4 7crinis1 the hair74 ,a large convex comb worn by women and children at the back of the head4 ,crined1 ,her4 ,having a mane or hair4 ,crinetts1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the long small black feathers on a hawk's head4 7,h47 ,crinze1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a drinking-cup4 7,h47 ,criobol1 ,gr4 774 ,a sacrifice to ,cybele1 so called because the victim was a ram 774 ,crista1 ,r4 ,the crest of the helmet1 which was attached to an elevated ridge 7generally of horsehair74 ,a fine example is given in the head of 8,rome10 on the ,tazza of ,diruta4 7,fig4 #beb47 7,see ,,crest47 ,cristatus1 ,r4 7crista74 ,having a ridge and a crest4 7,fig4 #beb47 ,cristendom1 ,o4 ,e4 ,baptism4 8,and that bastard that to the ys dere1 ,crystyndome schalle he none have here40 7,h47 ,cristygrey4 ,a kind of fur much used in the #aeth century4 8,of no devyse embroudid hath hire wede1 ,ne furrid with ermyn ne with cristygrey40 ,crites 774 ,a judge in equity1 as opposed to ,,dikastes1 a judge in law4 ,croakumshire4 ,an ancient name for the county of ,northumberland4 7,h47 ,crobbe1 ,o4 ,e4 ,knops of buds hung as ornaments from a roof4 ,crobylus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a method of arranging the hair peculiar to the inhabitants of ,athens4 ,the hair1 rolled up in a knot on the top of the head1 was fastened with golden clasps in the shape of grasshoppers4 ,the name applies only to men's hair2 the same fashion for women was called ,corymbus4 ,croc or ,crook4 ,a curved mace4 ,crocea4 ,a cardinal's cloak4 ,crochet4 ,knitting done with linen thread1 and used under the name of nun's lace from the #afth century for bordering altar-cloths1 albs1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baj4 ,crocket4 ,crocket4 7#a7 ,an architectural enrichment1 generally of leaves or flowers2 an ornamentation peculiar to the pointed style of architecture4 7,fig4 #baj47 7#b7 ,a large roll of hair1 much worn in the time of ,edward ,i4 8,his crocket kembt1 and thereon set ,a nouche with a chapelet40 ,crocota1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 crocus74 ,a very rich robe of saffron colour1 whence its name4 ,it was worn by ,greek and ,roman women as a gala dress1 especially at the ,dionysia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baa4 ,cromlech4 ,cromlec'h1 ,celtic 7from cromm1 curved1 and lec'h1 place74 ,an enclosure formed by menhirs1 or huge stones planted in the ground in a circle or semicircle4 ,these enclosures 7,fig4 #baa7 were consecrated places used as burying-grounds4 7,see ,,standing ,,stones1 ,,dolmens1 ,,menhirs1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bab4 ,cross ,recercele4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bac4 ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross 7,saltire74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bad4 ,st4 ,george's ,cross fimbriated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bae4 ,victoria ,cross4 ,cross1 ,chr4 7,crux74 ,the symbol of the ,christian religion4 ,the ordinary or primitive type of cross has no summit4 ,it is called commissa or patibulata1 and sometimes the ,tau cross1 from its resemblance to the ,greek letter so named 7,t74 ,fig4 #aba represents a stone cross of the ,romano-,byzantine period1 at ,carew1 in ,england4 ,the ,st4 ,andrew's cross has the form of an ,x4 ,the ,greek cross is of four equal parts4 ,the ,latin cross has the foot longer than the summit or arms4 ,the ,maltese cross and the cross of ,jerusalem are varieties of the ,greek cross4 ,the ,patriarchal cross 7heraldic7 has two cross pieces1 the triple cross has three1 c4 ,,per ,,cross1 in heraldry1 is the division of a shield quarterly 7a combination of pale and fesse74 7,figs4 #bab to #bae47 ,cross and ,pile1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the game of 8heads and tails40 ,cross-aisled1 ,arch4 ,having ,,transepts4 ,cross-bows were brought to ,england by the ,crusaders4 ,they were frequently richly carved and inlaid4 ,cross-days1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the three days before ,ascension ,day4 ,cross-gartered4 ,having the garters crossed on the leg4 7,h47 ,cross-hatching4 ,a term in engraving applied to lines which intersect at regular angles1 to increase depth of shadow4 ,crossos1 ,gr4 774 ,a wide-bodied vessel narrowing towards the mouth2 it is furnished with a stand and two handles or ears 774 ,cross-row1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the alphabet4 7,see ,,christ-,,cross47 ,cross-springer1 ,arch4 ,in vaulting1 the diagonal rib of a ,,groin4 ,cross-vaulting1 ,arch4 ,that which is formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults4 ,when the vaults spring at the same level1 and rise to the same height1 the cross vault is termed a ,,groin4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #agc71 the cloisters of the church of ,mont ,st4 ,michel in ,france1 shows the cross-vaulting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #baf4 ,crotalia4 ,greek necklace4 ,crotalium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 to rattle74 ,a small rattle4 ,the ,greek and ,roman ladies gave this name to their pendants formed of two or four pear-shaped pearls 7elenchi71 which rattled softly as the wearer moved about4 7,fig4 #baf47 ,crotalum ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,castanets made of slit cane1 used by dancers in the worship of ,cybele4 ,the ,middle ,ages also had their crotala1 which consisted of a metal rod1 in which were inserted rings1 which sounded when the instrument was shaken4 ,crow or ,raven4 ,the attribute of ,st4 ,vincent4 ,crowde or ,croud1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,the crypt of a church4 7#b7 ,a fiddle4 ,crown4 7,see ,,corona4 ,see also ,,mural ,,crown1 ,,naval ,,crown1 ,,crest1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bag4 ,crown of ,her ,majesty the ,queen4 ,crown 7of a bell74 ,the top of the inside of a bell1 in which the ring is fixed from which the clapper is suspended4 ,in architecture the spire of a steeple is said to crown the tower1 or a fleuron to crown a gable1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bah4 ,crown of the ,rose4 ,crown4 ,an old ,english coin1 the value of which has varied at different periods4 ,the illustration represents the gold crown of ,henry ,,viii41 dated #adfb1 called a crown of the ,rose1 value #ds4 #f;d4 ,other crown pieces were called1 from the mint-mark1 crowns of the ,sun4 ,croyle1 ,o4 ,e4 ,crewel2 tightly-twisted worsted4 ,crozier1 ,chr4 ,the name is often improperly applied to the bishop's crooked pastoral staff2 it belongs to the staff surmounted by a cross which is borne before an archbishop4 ,the ,byzantine crozier was that of the ,t-shaped cross2 it had sometimes curved serpents on both sides4 ,crucifix4 ,the representation of the ,saviour on the ,cross was first introduced in the time of ,constantine4 ,it has undergone considerable variation at different periods4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bai4 ,porcelain ,cruciform ,box 7,egyptian74 ,cruciform4 ,shaped to form a cross4 ,the illustration represents a specimen of ancient ,egyptian porcelain1 of this shape1 ornamented with the lotus4 7,see ,,egyptian ,,pottery47 ,crumata4 7,see ,,crusmata47 ,crumena1 ,r4 ,a leather pouch for carrying money4 ,the balantion of the ,greeks was worn suspended from the neck by a strap4 ,crumenal1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a purse4 ,crupezia1 ,gr4 71 to strike74 ,a kind of sandal with a double sole1 in the middle of which were castanets with springs4 7,see ,,crotalum47 ,greek flute-players used them in the theatre to beat time to the singing and declamation of the chorus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbj4 ,device of the ,della ,cruscan ,academy4 ,crusca1 ,accademia della4 ,a literary academy established in ,florence in the #aeth century by ,cosmo de' ,medici2 their device1 a bolting-mill1 represented in ,fig4 #bbj1 was symbolical of their object to cultivate the ,italian language by winnowing the flour from the bran2 and in allusion to it1 the members called themselves by appropriate names1 as ,infarinato1 ,rimenato1 ,gramolato1 ,insaccato1 c4 ,on the top of the shield is the ,marzocco1 or ,lion of ,florence1 the emblem of the city4 ,crusile1 ,crusily1 ,her4 ,having the field seme of small crosses4 ,cruske1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an earthen vessel2 cf4 the ,irish cruishkeen4 ,crusmata1 ,crumata1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to strike74 ,castanets4 ,crust1 ,r4 ,in the finest works of the chaser1 the ornamental pattern was frequently distinct from the vessel1 to which it was either fastened permanently1 or so that it could be removed at pleasure1 the vessel being of silver1 and the ornaments of gold1 which were called crust or emblemata 7,dr4 ,smith74 ,of these the former were the figures embossed in low relief1 and the emblemata were those in high relief4 7,see ,,damascening1 ,,emblemata47 ,crustulum1 ,r4 7dimin4 of crustum74 ,anything baked2 plaster mouldings2 a cheap kind of decoration in bas-relief4 ,crutch4 ,an attribute of ,st4 ,anthony1 to denote his age and feebleness4 ,crux4 ,the ,latin equivalent for ,,cross 7q4v474 ,crwth 7,a4,s4 crudh1 ,eng4 crowd74 ,a ,welsh instrument1 a sort of violin1 similar to the rbek of the ,bretons4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bba4 ,crypt at ,lanmeur 7,france74 ,crypta1 ,crypt1 ,chr4 71 to bury74 ,in ancient times the crypt was really a cloister2 it formed1 in fact1 a long and narrow gallery surrounded by buildings1 and itself surrounding a building1 garden1 or court4 ,the courtyards of vill were surrounded by crypts2 the ruins of ,diomed's villa1 at ,pompeii1 afford a curious instance of the kind4 ,in modern archology the term crypt is applied to a subterranean chapel underneath a church4 7,figs4 #bba and #bbb47 ,among the ,romans the word meant 7#a7 a covered portico1 or arcade1 called crypto-porticus4 7#b7 ,a grotto1 or more accurately a tunnel4 7#c7 ,a subterranean vault used for secret worship4 7#d7 ,in the catacombs1 a tomb in which a number of bodies were interred together4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbb4 ,crypt of ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 ,warwick4 ,crypteia 774 ,a systematic massacre of ,helots at night1 by young ,spartans1 who hid themselves during the day4 ,crystal4 ,rock crystals are frequently found large enough to make vessels of4 ,the ,romans had crystal drinking-cups of extraordinary size and beauty4 ,crystal ornaments were especially chosen for ecclesiastical purposes1 and for medival bookbinding1 c41 and are frequently found in early ,british graves4 ,crystalotype4 ,a sun-picture taken and fixed on glass by the collodion process4 ,cubiculum1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7cubo1 to recline74 7#a7 ,a bedroom4 7#b7 ,the emperor's pavilion or tent at the amphitheatre or circus4 7#c7 ,in ,christian archology1 the sepulchral chambers of the catacombs4 7,see ,,cinerarium47 ,cubile1 ,r4 7cubo74 ,a bed1 or chamber containing a bed4 ,cubit 7,gr4 1 ,lat4 cubitus1 an elbow74 ,a measure of length among the ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 and ,romans4 ,in ,egypt there were two cubits2 the natural cubit1 or small cubit1 was equal to #ah inches 7#f palms or #bd fingers72 the royal cubit to #ba inches 7#g palms or #bh fingers74 ,each of the subdivisions of the cubit was consecrated to a divinity4 ,the ,greek cubit was equal to about #ah inches2 the ,roman cubit to very nearly #ag inches4 ,cubital1 ,r4 ,a bolster or cushion used by the ,romans to rest the elbow on when reclining4 ,cubit-arm1 ,her4 ,a human arm couped at the elbow4 ,cubitoria1 - 7sc4 vestimenta1 vestes74 7,see ,c,,natoria47 ,cucullus1 ,r4 ,literally1 a piece of paper rolled into the shape of a funnel1 used at ,rome by apothecaries and other tradespeople for wrapping up certain kinds of goods2 and hence1 by analogy1 the hood affixed to certain garments1 such as the lacerna1 pnula1 sagum1 c4 7,see ,,cowl47 ,cucuma1 ,r4 ,a term applied to various earthenware or metal vessels1 when they were used to heat water or any other liquid4 ,cucurbita1 ,r4 ,a pumpkin or gourd1 and thence a cupping-glass4 ,cudo1 ,cudon1 ,r4 ,a skull-cap made of soft leather or furs4 ,cuerpo 7,span474 ,body clothing1 i4 e4 a jacket4 ,cufic 7characters71 ,arab4 ,the ,cufic is the most ancient form of ,arabian writing1 and bears a great resemblance to the ,syriac writing called estranghelo2 it appears to have originated in the city of ,cufa or ,coufa1 whence the name4 ,cuirass4 7,see ,,cingulum1 ,,lorica1 ,,pectorale1 ,,thorax47 ,cuir-boulli1 ,fr4 ,boiled leather1 frequently mentioned by medival writers4 ,it has lately been revived under the name of impressed leather1 and brought to a high state of perfection4 7,fairholt47 ,hence3-- ,cuirbouly1 ,o4 ,e4 ,tanned leather4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbc4 ,cuisse4 ,cuisses1 ,fr4 ,armour for the thighs1 introduced about the middle of the #adth century4 ,in early examples they consisted of one1 two1 or three pieces of plate overlapping2 later on they were formed of one piece only1 and finally were finished with a back piece1 enclosing the whole of the thigh in armour4 ,cuitikins1 ,cutikins1 ,scotch4 ,gutres1 gaiters4 ,cuker1 ,o4 ,e4 ,part of a woman's horned head-dress1 8furred with a cat's skin40 ,culcita1 ,r4 ,a mattress of horsehair1 wool1 wadding1 or feathers4 ,culettes1 ,fr4 ,plates of armour protecting the back1 from the waist to the saddle4 ,culeus or ,culleus1 ,r4 ,the largest liquid measure of capacity used by the ,romans1 containing #bj amphor1 or about #aai gallons4 ,the same name was also applied to a very large sack1 of skin or leather1 used for oil or wine4 ,it was in the culei that parricides were sewed up4 ,culigna1 ,r4 ,a vessel for holding wine4 ,it was a kind of amphora of a broader form1 its width exceeding its height4 ,culina1 ,r4 ,a kitchen4 ,cullis1 ,arch4 ,same as ,,coulisse 7q4v474 ,culme1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the summit4 ,cultellus1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,culter1 q4v474 ,a knife4 ,cultellus ligneus1 a wedge of wood4 ,culter or ,culta1 ,r4 ,a knife4 ,culter coquinaris was a kitchen-knife2 culter venatorius1 a hunting-knife2 culter tonsorius1 a razor2 culter vinitorius1 or falx vinitoria1 a vine-dresser's pruning knife4 ,the term denoted as well 7#a7 the knife with which the officiating priest cut the victim's throat2 7#b7 a knife for carving1 also called cultellus2 7#c7 the coulter of a plough fixed in front of the plough-share4 ,culullus1 ,r4 7culeus1 q4v474 ,generally1 any drinking-vessel1 and more particularly any earthenware vessel used by priests and vestals at sacrifices4 ,culver1 ,a4,s4 ,a dove4 ,culver-house4 ,a pigeon-house4 ,cumera1 ,r4 ,a kind of large box or basket employed by country people for keeping their seed-wheat in4 ,cumerum1 ,r4 ,a bridal basket containing the presents of the bride and bridegroom2 it was carried by a camillus in the bridal procession4 ,cumpi-coptra1 ,peruv4 ,one of the divisions in the royal arsenals of the ancient ,peruvians4 ,it contained llama-wool1 and textures of alpaca1 embroidered in the college of the ,virgins of the ,sun 7,,pasua-,,huasi71 7q4v474 ,cunabula1 ,r4 ,literally1 a child's cradle1 and thence a bird's nest1 a beehive1 a native city2 any place1 in short1 in which a living thing is born4 ,a synonym for this term is ,,cun4 ,bibliologists call early specimens of printing by this name1 or ,,incunabula 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbd4 ,cuneiform characters4 ,cuneiform 7characters74 ,oriental characters formed by a single symbol1 which is in the shape of a wedge 7cuneus74 ,this kind of writing has been in use among many nations2 more particularly the ancient ,persians1 ,persepolitans1 ,babylonians1 and ,ninevites4 ,fig4 #bbd represents the first cuneiform characters which found their way to ,europe4 ,cuneus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a wedge of wood1 iron1 or any other metal4 7#b7 ,in a theatre or amphitheatre1 a set of tiers comprised within two staircases 7scal71 so called from its wedge-like form4 7#c7 ,a body of soldiers drawn up in the form of a wedge to break through the enemy's line4 ,the common soldiers called the formation caput porcinum1 a pig's head4 ,cuniculus1 ,r4 7cuneus74 ,an underground passage to a fortified place4 ,cupa1 ,r4 ,a barrel or hogshead4 ,vinum de cup was wine which had not been drawn off in amphor2 it was wine from the cask1 new wine4 ,the cupa was sometimes made of earthenware like the dolium4 ,it was used for many purposes besides that of a wine-vat4 7,see ,,cupella47 ,cupel4 ,a melting-pot for gold4 ,cupella1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7dimin4 of ,,cupa1 q4v474 ,in ,christian archology1 a tomb4 ,the word occurs on a catacomb marble1 inscribed with grotesque ,latin3 8,i1 ,secunda1 erected this cupella to my two children10 c4 ,the cupa was sometimes used by the ,romans as a sarcophagus4 7,see ,,cinerarium47 ,cupola1 ,it4 ,a concave roof1 circular or polygonal4 ,cups4 7,see ,,coppa47 ,curb ,roof1 ,arch4 ,a ,mansard roof2 a roof with a double set of rafters on each side1 of peculiar construction4 ,curch1 ,gael4 ,a kerchief4 ,curfew4 7,see ,,couvre-,,feu1 ,fig4 #bjb47 ,curia1 ,curi1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a building in which the people met together to offer sacrifices and take part in the festivities on certain days of festival4 7#b7 ,the senatorial curi were buildings in which the senate usually assembled4 7#c7 ,the ,salian curia was a place situated on the ,palatine ,hill1 which formed the place of assembly for the ,salian priests who guarded the anciles or sacred shields4 7#d7 ,curia calabra was a small temple founded1 almost simultaneously with the building of ,rome1 on the ,palatine2 it formed the observatory for the petty pontiffs whose duty it was to watch the appearance of the new moon4 ,in ,christian archology the ,roman curia denotes the pontifical tribunals collectively4 ,curliewurlies1 ,scotch4 ,fantastical circular ornaments4 ,currach1 ,scotch4 ,a coracle or small skiff2 a boat of wicker-work covered with hides4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbe4 ,currus4 ,the ,chariot of the ,sun4 ,the device of ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain4 ,currus1 ,chariot 7,gr4 74 ,a two-wheeled car or carriage in use among nearly all the nations of antiquity4 ,there were racing-chariots1 riding-chariots1 and triumphal chariots4 ,some of these were profusely decorated with ivory 7currus eburnei74 ,war-chariots armed with scythes or sharp blades were called falcati4 7,see ,,covinus47 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #bbe71 a device of ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 represents ,apollo driving the chariot of the ,sun4 ,cursores4 8,runners0 before their masters' carriages2 messengers generally4 ,curtail ,dog1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a dog belonging to a person not qualified to hunt game1 which1 by the forest laws1 must have its tail cropped4 ,curtail ,step1 ,arch4 ,the first step of a stair1 when its outer end is finished in the form of a scroll2 when it has a circular end1 it is called a round-ended step4 ,cushat1 ,scotch4 ,a wood-pigeon4 ,cushion-capital1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,a capital resembling a cushion pressed by a weight4 7#b7 ,a cube rounded off at its lower angles2 the capital most prevalent in the ,norman style4 ,cusp4 ,in ,astrology1 the 8entrance0 of a 8house40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbf4 ,cuspis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bbg4 ,cuspis--,flint lance4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcj4 ,cuspides--,roman lances4 ,cuspis1 ,r4 ,a point1 more particularly the point of a lance1 or javelin1 since these were not barbed4 ,fig4 #bbf represents a javelin-head which gives a complete idea of the character of the point called cuspis2 ,fig4 #bbg shows a flint lance2 and ,figs4 #bbh to #bcj the lance-headed cuspides affixed to the top of the ,roman ensigns4 7,see ,,spiculum47 ,cusps4 ,the foliations of architectural tracery1 such as are formed by the points of a trefoil4 ,custodia4 ,the shrine or receptacle for the host in ,spanish churches4 ,cutlass1 ,coutel-hache1 or ,coutel-axe1 ,o4 ,e4 ,this weapon was introduced at the end of the #aeth century4 ,cut-work4 ,also called 8opus consutum20 ,ital4 8di commesso40 ,open-work embroidery came into universal use in ,england in the #afth century4 ,in the reign of ,richard ,,ii41 however1 we are told1-- 8,cut werke was greate both in court and townes1 ,bothe in mene's hoddies1 and also in their gownes40 7,see ,,appliqu47 ,cyanogen4 ,a gaseous compound of carbon and nitrogen1 necessary to the formation of ,prussian blue4 ,cyathus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a vase or ladle with one handle1 used for taking wine from the crater 771 in order to fill the cups 7pocula1 calices7 of the guests1 at feasts and banquets4 ,the term was also used to denote a small measure containing the twelfth part of the sextarius1 or #jhbe of a pint4 ,the cyathus was used in medicine to measure drugs with accuracy4 ,it is often represented1 on vases1 in the hands of ,bacchus1 in place of his proper goblet the ,cantharus4 ,cybistic 7dance71 ,r4 71 to tumble74 ,a part of the military exercises in which the performer threw himself at intervals on his hands1 so as to rebound on his feet4 ,cyclas1 ,r4 71 circular74 ,a long and loose piece of drapery1 of a very fine texture2 it was hemmed with purple or gold embroidery4 ,the cyclas formed part of a woman's costume1 but it was also worn by men of an effeminate or dissolute character2 hence-- ,cyclas1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the name of a long sleeveless gown worn by knights over their armour 7from ciclatoun1 q4v41 of which it was made74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bca4 ,cyclopean ,masonry4 ,cyclopean 7masonry1 monuments71 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,ancient structures1 also known as ,pelasgian1 as being the work of ,pelasgians who had learned in the school of ,phnician workmen called ,cyclopes4 ,these ancient structures are formed of enormous irregularly-shaped stones 7,fig4 #bca71 placed one above the other without cement or mortar4 ,remains of them are found in ,asia ,minor1 ,greece1 and ,italy2 they consist chiefly of the walls of acropoles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcb4 ,cylix4 ,a ,gallic drinking-cup4 ,cylix1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a vase also known as a calix or cup4 ,it was a wide flat drinking-cup1 very shallow1 of a circular form1 with two handles1 and mounted on a tolerably tall foot4 ,fig4 #bcb shows a silver cylix or ,gaulish cup1 found in the ruins of ,alisia4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcc4 ,decorated ,cyma4 ,cyma1 ,cymatium 7,eng4 ,ogee1 ,gr4 74 ,an architectural moulding1 named from the ,greek 7wave or billow71 the moulding consisting of an undulation4 ,a cyma1 the outline of which is convex at the top and concave below1 is called cyma reversa2 when it is hollow in the upper part1 it is called a cyma recta4 7,fig4 #bcc47 ,cymatile1 ,r4 774 ,a ,roman female dress1 of a changing sea-green colour1 like the waves4 ,cymba1 ,r4 71 a hollow74 7#a7 ,a small boat4 7#b7 ,a vase of metal or clay in the form of a small boat4 7,see ,,cymbium47 ,cymbals1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a contrivance of a number of metal plates1 or bells1 suspended on cords4 ,cymbalum1 ,r4 7from 74 ,the cymbals2 a musical instrument made of two disks of bronze or brass4 7,see ,,crotalum1 ,,flagellum47 ,cymbe1 ,gr4 ,an ointment-pot1 similar in shape to the ,ampulla 7q4v474 ,cymbium1 ,r4 774 ,a boat-shaped drinking-cup with two handles4 7,see ,,cymba47 ,cynocephalus1 ,egyp4 ,an ape with a dog's head2 a sacred animal1 representing ,anubis in the ,egyptian mythology4 ,cynophontis 7sc4 71 ,gr4 7derived from the ,greek 1 dog1 and 1 slaughter74 ,festivals held at ,argos during the dog-days1 when dogs found straying in the city were killed4 ,cynopolites1 ,egyp4 774 ,a nome of ,upper ,egypt4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcd4 ,branch of ,cypress and of ,myrtle4 ,device of ,m4 ,a4 ,colonna4 ,cypress4 ,in ,persian art1 this tree is the frequently-occurring emblem of the religion of ,zoroaster1 and of the soul aspiring to ,heaven4 ,in ,christian and modern symbolism it is the emblem of mourning4 ,the device of cypress and myrtle assumed by ,marc ,antonio ,colonna on the occasion of the defence of ,ravenna is emblematic of 8death or victory40 ,the wood of the cypress-tree was much used for statuary by the ancients4 ,carved chests of cypress were especially used1 in the ,middle ,ages1 for keeping clothes and tapestry2 its aromatic properties were considered a specific against moth4 7,fig4 #bcd47 ,cyprus4 ,thin stuff of which women's veils were made4 ,cyprus or ,verona ,green4 ,a pigment mentioned by ,pliny as ,appian ,green3 it is prepared from green earths found at ,cyprus or ,verona1 which are coloured by oxide of copper4 7,see ,,appianum47 ,cysts or ,cists1 ,etrus4 71 a chest74 ,offerings dedicated by women in the temple of ,venus1 of cylindrical caskets of enchased bronze4 ,the handles of these caskets represent small figures1 and the feet the claws of animals4 ,those which have been found in ,etruscan tombs1 chiefly at ,prneste1 are in many cases decorated with a graffito designs4 ,cyzicen1 ,gr4 774 ,large and richly-decorated apartments1 built for the first time at ,cyzicus1 which had their principal fronts to the north1 and were situated in a garden4 ,d4 ,dabber4 ,a tool used in etching to distribute the etching-ground over a plate of metal in the first process of engraving1 and1 in printing from copper-plate engraving and woodcuts1 to spread the ink4 ,dactyliography or ,dactyliology1 ,gen4 71 a ring74 ,the study of rings4 ,dactyliotheca1 ,gr4 7-1 a ringbox74 7#a7 ,a glass case or casket containing rings4 7#b7 ,a collection of rings1 engraved stones1 or precious stones4 7,see ,,glyptotheca47 ,dactylus1 ,gr4 71 a finger74 ,the ,roman digitus2 a finger-breadth1 the #afth part of a foot4 ,dado1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,the part of a pedestal between the base and the cornice4 7#b7 ,in apartments1 an arrangement of moulding1 c41 round the lower part of the wall4 ,ddal4 ,a fanciful word coined by the poet ,spenser1 for 8variegated in design40 ,ddala1 ,gr4 ,ancient images preserved in sanctuaries in memory of ,ddalus1 to whom were attributed the greater number of those works of art the origin of which was unknown4 ,hence the name was especially attributed to certain wooden statues1 ornamented with gilding1 bright colours1 and real drapery1 which were the earliest known form of images of the gods4 ,ddala1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals in honour of ,hera1 celebrated in ,botia4 ,dmon1 ,daimon1 ,gr4 774 ,the good genius who watched over an individual during his whole life1 like the ,latin ,lar and ,genius4 ,it was the belief of ,socrates that he was guided by his ,daimon in every important act and thought of his life4 ,the word has a general meaning of 8,divinity40 ,dag or ,dagge4 ,old ,english name of a pistol4 ,dagges1 ,o4 ,e4 ,ornamental cutting of the edges of garments1 introduced into ,england about #acdf4 7,see the illustration to ,,cointise1 ,fig4 #agg74 ,dagob1 ,hindoo4 ,a conical tumulus or shrine in which relics and images of ,buddha were worshipped4 ,dag-swain1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sort of rough material of which coverlets for beds1 tables1 or floors were made4 ,daguerreotype4 ,a kind of photography on plates of silver1 named after ,m4 ,daguerre1 the inventor4 ,daidies1 ,gr4 7from 1 to kindle74 ,a festival held at ,athens1 during which torches were lit2 it lasted three days4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bce4 ,dais4 ,dais1 ,chr4 ,an architectural structure1 decorated with sculptures and ornaments1 which serves as a canopy for an altar1 throne1 pulpit1 chair 7cathedra71 statue1 or group4 ,fig4 #bce represents a stone dais of the ,st4 ,anne door in the cathedral of ,paris4 ,dais4 ,in ,anglo-,saxon houses1 and generally2 a covered seat of honour1 at the upper end of the hall1 on a raised floor4 78,in all the houses of the wealthy in ,china there are two raised seats at the end of the reception-room1 with a table between them40 ,fortune47 7,see ,,deas47 ,dalmahoy1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of bushy bob-wig1 worn especially by chemists2 #ahth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcf4 ,ecclesiastical ,dalmatic4 ,dalmatic4 ,a long robe or upper tunic partly opening at the sides1 so named from its being of ,dalmatian origin2 an ecclesiastical vestment2 also a portion of the coronation robes of sovereign princes4 ,it was usually made of white silk with purple stripes1 occasionally of other colours1 the left sleeve only being ornamented2 the right was plain for convenience4 ,as early as the reign of ,richard ,i41 the dalmatic is mentioned amongst the coronation robes4 7,fig4 #bcf47 7,see ,,colobium1 ,,deacon47 ,damara or ,dammar4 ,a resin used for varnishes4 ,it is a valuable substitute for mastic4 ,damaretion4 ,a ,sicilian coin1 supposed to have been of gold1 equal in value to a half-stater4 ,damas 7or ,damascus7 ,pottery ,ware4 ,the commercial name in the #afth century for a large class of wares1 now generally known as ,persian4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bcg4 ,specimen of ,arabic ,damascening 7full size74 ,damascening1 or ,damaskeening1 is the art of incrusting one metal on another1 not in crusta1 but in the form of wire1 which by undercutting and hammering is thoroughly incorporated with the metal it is intended to ornament4 7,see ,,damask1 ,,damascus ,,blades47 ,the process of etching slight ornaments on polished steel wares is also called ,damascening4 7,fig4 #bcg47 ,damascus ,blades are prepared of a cast steel highly charged with carbon1 which1 being tempered by a peculiar process1 assumes the manycoloured watered appearance by which they are known4 ,the process is called ,,damascening 7q4v474 ,damask4 ,a rich fabric1 woven with large patterns1 in silk1 linen1 wool1 or even cotton1 originally made at ,damascus4 7,see ,fig4 #hh47 ,dames1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the old name for the game of draughts1 represented early in the #adth century4 ,the pieces were originally square4 ,danace 774 ,the obolus which was placed in the mouth of the dead to pay the passage of the ,styx4 ,dance of the ,corybantes4 7,see ,,corybantica47 ,dance of ,death1 ,danse ,macabre1 ,chr4 ,paintings1 illuminations1 or sculptures in bas-relief1 representing men dancing under the eye of ,death1 who presides at this dance4 ,in some instances the performers are skeletons and corpses4 ,the most celebrated ,dance of ,death was that painted in fresco by ,holbein in the cloister of the ,dominicans at ,basle4 ,it has been destroyed by fire1 but the etching-needle has preserved it for us4 ,other examples that may be named are1 that in the new church at ,strasburg1 that of ,lucerne1 that in the palace at ,dresden1 and--most ancient of all--that at ,minden1 in ,westphalia1 which dates from #achj4 ,dancette1 ,arch4 ,the chevron or zigzag moulding peculiar to ,norman architecture4 7,see ,,chevron47 ,dangu ,faience4 ,pottery from a manufactory near ,gisors in ,france1 established in #agec4 ,daphnephoria 71 a laurel74 ,a festival held in honour of ,apollo every ninth year at ,thebes1 in which the assistants carried laurel branches4 ,dara1 ,ind4 ,a kind of tambourine4 ,darabukkeh4 ,an ,egyptian drum1 unaltered from ancient times4 ,daric ,money4 ,a ,persian gold coin1 stamped on one side with the figure of an archer kneeling1 and on the other with a deep cleft1 and to which the name of ,daric money has been given by numismatists4 ,its proper name is the ,stater of ,dareius ,i41 king of ,persia4 ,its value is about #al4 #as4 #aj;d4 ,darned ,netting 7needlework74 7,see ,,lacis47 ,datatim ludere1 ,r4 ,to play with a ball 78catch-ball074 ,davenport ,pottery is the produce of a manufactory of fine faience established at ,longport in ,england by ,john ,davenport in #agic4 ,day1 ,arch4 ,part of a window3 the same as ,,bay4 ,deacon1 ,chr4 ,a dalmatic1 or an alb2 i4 e4 a deacon's vestment4 ,dead-boot1 ,o4 ,e41 ,chr4 ,prayers for the dead4 ,dealbatus1 ,r4 7dealbo1 to whiten over74 ,covered with a coating of stucco 7albarium opus74 ,the builders of antiquity made great use of stucco1 both in the interior and exterior of buildings4 ,all the buildings of ,pompeii are stuccoed4 ,deambulatory1 ,arch4 7deambulo1 to walk about74 ,the lateral nave which surrounds the choir of a church2 it is usually separated from the aisles by a grating 7cancelli74 ,deas1 ,dais1 ,dees1 ,scotch1 7#a7 ,a table1 especially the great hall table4 7#b7 ,a pew in a church4 7#c7 ,a turf seat erected at the door of a cottage4 7,see ,,dais47 ,death's-man1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the executioner4 ,debased1 ,her4 ,reversed4 ,decadence4 ,the term in ancient art is applied to the period after the fall of ,rome1 and before the ,renaissance in the #adth century2 in modern art to the period of the rococo style of ,louis ,,xv4 ,decaduchi 7-71 ,gr4 ,a council of ten1 who ruled ,athens from ,b4,c4 #djc until the restoration of democracy4 ,decan1 ,egyp4 ,a period of ten days1 which was ruled by a star called its ,decan4 ,the month was divided into three decans1 and the year into thirty-six1 each being presided over by its own inferior divinity4 ,on zodiacs they are arranged in groups of three above the twelve superior gods4 ,the decans were the tutelary genii of the horoscope4 ,decarchia 7-74 ,a council of the ,lacedmonians4 ,decastellare1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,to dismantle4 ,decastylos1 ,arch4 ,a building of which the portico has ten columns2 a decastylic pediment is a pediment supported by ten columns4 ,decemjugus 7sc4 currus71 ,r4 ,a chariot drawn by ten horses abreast2 represented on the medals of the later emperors4 ,decempeda1 ,r4 ,a ten-foot measuring-rod used by architects and surveyors4 ,decemremis1 ,r4 7remus1 an oar74 ,a vessel with ten banks of oars4 ,it is certain that the different ranks of rowers1 who had each his own seat1 sat one above the other2 the lowest row was called thalamos1 the middle zuga1 and the uppermost thranos2 but it is very difficult to understand in what manner so many ranks could have been arranged1 and the question has been the subject of infinite discussion4 ,decennalia or ,decennia4 ,a festival at ,rome in commemoration of the refusal of ,augustus to become emperor for a longer period than ten years at a time4 ,decollation 7 beheading74 ,an ecclesiastical expression applied to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist and other martyrs4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bch4 ,decorated window4 ,decorated ,style of ,architecture4 ,the second of the ,,pointed or ,,gothic styles of architecture used in ,england4 ,it was developed from the ,,early ,,english at the end of the #acth century1 and gradually merged into the ,,perpendicular during the latter part of the #adth4 ,its most characteristic feature is the geometrical traceries of the windows4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bci4 ,decrescent4 ,decrescent1 ,in ,detriment1 ,her4 ,a half-moon having its horns to the sinister4 ,decursio1 ,r4 7decurro1 to run or march74 ,military manuvres2 a review1 sham fight1 or any exercise for training soldiers2 the term decursus was also used4 ,decussis1 ,r4 7decem1 ten1 and as74 ,a piece of money marked with the numeral ,x 7#aj71 and which was worth ten asses 7post-,augustan2 see ,,denarius74 ,de ,fundato or ,netted4 ,a name given to certain silks1 which were dyed of the richest purple1 and figured with gold in the pattern of netting4 ,de-gamboys1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a musical instrument4 7,see ,,viol ,,de ,,gambo47 ,degradation1 ,gen4 ,the diminishing of the tones of colour1 light1 and shade1 according to the different degrees of distance4 7,a term used especially in reference to glass painting47 ,degreed1 ,degraded1 ,her4 ,placed on steps4 ,deice1 ,deas1 or ,deis1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,dais47 ,deinos1 ,gr4 ,a vessel with a wide mouth and semi-spherical body1 something like the cacabus4 ,delf4 ,common pottery from ,delft in ,holland4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdj4 ,oil cruet1 ,delft ware4 ,delft ,faiences are remarkable for the beauty of their paste and of their enamel1 but spurious imitations are said to be abundant4 ,fig4 #bdj is a representative specimen of the real ,delft ware4 ,the date of the establishment of this manufacture is uncertain1 but earlier than #afad2 the ornamentation is inspired by ,japanese art4 7,consult ,jacquemart's ,history of the ,ceramic ,art47 ,delia1 ,gr4 ,festivals and games at ,delos4 ,delphica 7sc4 cortina71 ,r4 ,a table of a very costly description1 made of white marble or bronze4 ,it was used as a drinking-table1 and had only three feet richly ornamented4 ,explained under the heading ,,cortina4 ,delphinia4 ,a ,greek festival in honour of ,apollo4 ,delphinorum ,column1 ,r4 ,the two columns at one end of the spina of a circus1 on which marble figures of dolphins were placed4 ,the seven ova 7eggs7 on similar columns at the end of the spina opposite to these dolphins1 served to indicate the number of turns made by the chariots round the goal4 7,see ,,ovum47 ,the figure of the dolphin was selected in honour of ,neptune4 7,cf4 ,,circus47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bda4 ,dolphin4 ,used as an ornament4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdb4 ,dolphin4 ,medal of ,syracuse4 ,delphinus1 ,dolphin1 ,gen4 774 ,the dolphin was often used as an ornament1 and especially as a hand-rest or banister to the vomitoria or entrances of the theatres and amphitheatres4 ,fig4 #bda represents a dolphin utilized in this manner at the theatre of ,puzzoli4 ,many medals1 as for instance those of ,syracuse 7,fig4 #bdb71 are stamped with a dolphin4 7,see also ,,dolphin47 ,delphis1 ,r4 ,a heavy mass of iron or lead used in naval warfare1 to drop on board of a hostile ship and sink it4 7,compare ,,corvus47 ,delubrum1 ,r4 7deluo1 to cleanse74 ,a shrine2 the part of a temple which contains the altar or statue of the deity1 and thence a temple containing an altar4 ,demembered1 ,dismembered1 ,her4 ,cut into pieces1 but without any alteration in the form of the original figure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdc4 ,demi-lion1 rampant4 ,demi1 ,her4 ,the half2 the upper1 front1 or dexter half1 unless the contrary is specified4 ,demi-brassarts1 ,vambraces1 or ,avant-braces4 ,half-armour for the arm4 ,demi-culverin4 ,a cannon of four inches' bore4 7,meyrick47 ,demi-hag4 ,a smaller kind of hackbut 7arquebus74 ,demi-haque1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a fire-arm1 smaller than the arquebus2 #afth century4 ,demi-jambes4 ,armour for the shins4 ,demi-placcate4 ,the lower part of a breastplate4 ,demi-relievo4 ,sculpture in relief1 in which one half of the figure projects2 generally called ,mezzo-relievo4 7,see ,,basso-,,relievo47 ,demiurgi 7-74 ,popular magistrates4 ,demosii4 ,slaves belonging to the state1 at ,athens4 ,demotic 7writing71 ,egyp4 71 sc4 1 i4 e4 popular writing74 ,a mode of writing among the ancient ,egyptians1 differing from the hieroglyphic or sacred writing4 ,this writing1 which was employed for civil records1 was introduced under the twenty-fifth dynasty1 being derived from the hieratic writing1 the first abbreviation of the hieroglyphics4 ,demster1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a judge4 ,demyt1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an old word for dimity2 a kind of fustian4 ,perhaps so called because first manufactured at ,damietta4 ,denarius1 ,r4 7deni1 by tens74 ,the silver coin principally in use among the ,romans4 ,until the reign of ,augustus the denarius was worth ten asses1 and afterwards sixteen4 ,denarius aureus was a gold denarius1 equal in value to twenty-five silver denarii4 ,denia4 ,a city of ,valencia in ,spain1 which disputes with ,alcora the production of a remarkable kind of pottery1 of which ,jacquemart mentions a vase with two handles of ,arab form1 resembling the alcarazas1 upon a smooth white enamel decorated with birds and flowers coarsely painted4 ,dens1 ,r4 ,literally1 a tooth2 hence the prongs of a fork1 the flukes of an anchor1 the barbs of a lance1 the teeth of a saw or rake4 ,dentale1 ,r4 7dens1 a tooth74 ,the piece of wood in a plough on which the plough-share 7vomer7 is fastened4 ,dentatus1 ,r4 ,armed with teeth4 ,dentelle ,decoration4 ,of ,french pottery1 a light lace pattern1 more delicate than the 8lambrequin40 ,dentels1 ,fr4 7,see ,,dentile47 ,dentile1 ,dentils 7,latin1 denticuli71 ,arch4 ,ornaments in the form of small cubes or teeth1 used in the moulding of cornices1 in the ,,ionic1 ,,corinthian1 and ,,composite orders4 7,see ,,tooth-,,ornament1 ,,dog',s-,,tooth47 ,depas1 ,r4 ,a bowl with two handles1 the foot of which is made of a low flat moulding like the ,doric fillet4 ,depressed1 ,her4 ,surmounted1 placed over another4 ,derby ,porcelain4 ,manufactory established in #agej4 ,jacquemart says1 8,derby has made fine porcelains and statuettes which have nothing to fear by comparison with the groups of ,saxony or ,svres40 ,dere1 ,o4 ,e4 ,noble1 honourable4 8,syr ,cadore with his dere knyghttes40 ,derring do1 ,o4 ,e4 ,deeds of arms4 ,deruncinatus1 ,r4 ,smoothed and polished with the runcina or carpenter's plane4 ,desca1 ,lat4 ,a stall or desk in a church4 ,descobinatus1 ,r4 ,rasped with the ,,scobina or carpenter's rasp4 ,destrere1 ,anglo-,norman4 ,a war-horse4 ,desultorius 7sc4 equus71 ,r4 7desilio1 to leap off74 ,a horse trained for equestrian performances in a circus by the desultor4 ,desultorius is itself sometimes used as a synonym for desultor4 ,the desultor rode two horses at once1 and got his name from his leaping or vaulting from one to the other4 ,desvres1 ,pas de ,calais1 ,france4 ,an interesting manufactory of faience established in the #agth century1 of a style originating in ,flanders4 7,jacquemart47 ,detached4 ,a term in painting applied to figures which stand out well4 ,detriment1 ,her4 7,see ,,decrescent47 ,deunx1 ,r4 7de and uncia1 a twelfth part off74 ,a nominal value not represented by any coin4 ,the term means literally eleven unci1 or eleven-twelfths of anything i4 e4 ounces or twelfths of a pound4 ,developed1 ,her4 ,displayed1 unfurled4 ,devil1 ,chr4 ,medival representations of the devil 7especially in painting7 were taken from those of the satyrs of the ancients4 ,they were1 however1 subject to no canon of symbolism at all1 and varied from the likeness of a beautiful woman to every imaginable variety of the grotesque and repulsive4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdd4 ,old ,devonshire ,lace4 ,devonshire ,lace 7,old74 ,this lace is said to have been first introduced into ,england by the ,flemings in #aefg-gc1 and it long preserved its ,flemish character4 ,the engraving shows a specimen of old ,devonshire lace1 made at the beginning of the last century4 ,devs1 ,pers4 ,evil genii1 servants of ,ahriman1 in the religion of ,zoroaster2 they were twenty-eight in number1 and were opposed to the ministers of the amchaspands or ,,izeds 7q4v474 ,dextans1 ,r4 7de and sextans1 i4 e4 a sixth part off74 ,a nominal value not represented by any coin4 ,the literal meaning of the term is ten unci1 or ten-twelfths of anything ounces4 ,dexter1 ,her4 ,the right side1 i4 e4 to the spectator's or reader's left4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bde4 ,dextrochere or bracelet4 ,dextrale1 ,r4 7dexter1 right74 ,a bracelet worn by ,greek and ,roman women on the right arm1 and differing from the dextrocherium 7,fig4 #bde71 which was worn on the wrist4 ,the latter ornament was often of gold4 7,see ,,armilla47 ,dholkee1 ,hindoo4 ,a kind of tom-tom1 or small drum4 7,see ,,tom-,,tom47 ,diabathrum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 that on which one stands74 ,a sandal or light shoe worn by women1 especially such as were tall4 ,the comic poet ,alexis1 talking of courtesans1 says1 8,one is too short1 and so she puts cork in her baukides2 another is too tall1 and she puts on a light diabathrum40 ,diaconicum1 ,scevophylacium1 and ,bematis ,diaconicon1 ,chr4 ,a room in an ancient basilica near the altar1 where the priests put on and took off their vestments1 and the deacons 77 prepared the vessels and sacred ornaments to be used in the service4 ,diaconicum majus was the sacristy4 ,diadema1 ,r4 7diade1 to bind round74 ,originally the white fillet worn by ,eastern monarchs round the head4 ,it was made of silk1 wool1 or yarn1 narrow1 but wider in the centre of the forehead4 ,the ,greeks presented a diadem to every victor in the public games1 and it was worn by priests and priestesses4 ,as the emblem of sovereignty it is an attribute of ,juno4 ,afterwards the term came to mean a diadem4 ,dita1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7i4 e4 a living-place74 ,that part of a house in which a ,roman received his guests4 ,the same term was applied to a captain's cabin in the after-part of a ship4 ,dit1 ,r4 ,summer-houses4 7,see ,,hortus47 ,diaglyph1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to carve through74 ,an intaglio1 or design cut into the material on which it is executed4 7,see ,,intaglio47 ,diaglyphic4 7,sculpture1 engraving1 c47 in which the objects are sunk below the general surface4 ,diagonal ,rib1 ,arch4 ,a cross formed by the intersection of the ribs which cut one another according to the groins of a groined roof4 ,dialia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 from 1 old form for 74 ,festivals held in honour of ,jupiter by the ,flamen ,dialis 7the priest of ,jupiter74 ,diamastigosis1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 a severe scourging74 ,a festival held at ,sparta in honour of ,artemis ,orthia1 during which boys were flogged at an altar in order to harden them to the endurance of pain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,diamicton4 ,diamicton1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to mix up74 ,a wall1 of which the outside surface was made of brickwork or regular layers of masonry1 and the centre was filled up with rubble4 ,fig4 #bdf4 ,diamond1 for glass-cutting1 was not used till the #afth century1 although suggested in a ,bolognese ,,ms4 of a century earlier4 ,its discovery is attributed to ,francis ,i41 who1 to let the ,duchesse d',estampes know of his jealousy1 wrote on the palace windows with his ring1-- 8,souvent femme varie2 ,mal habil qui s'y fie40 ,the art of cutting and polishing diamonds with diamond powder was discovered by ,louis de ,berquem in #adgf4 ,diamond1 in ,christian art4 7,see ,,white47 ,diamond ,fret1 ,arch4 ,the descriptive name for a decorated moulding in ,norman architecture4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdg4 ,di-amante1 ,punning device of ,pietro de' ,medici4 ,diamond ,rings were used as seal and bearings on his escutcheon 7represented in ,fig4 #ajj7 by ,cosmo de' ,medici1 the founder of the famous ,florentine family4 ,the device in various forms was invariably adopted by his descendants4 ,fig4 #bdg is the device of ,pietro de' ,medici 7 #adgj71 the son of ,cosmo3 a falcon with a ring1 and the punning motto1 8,semper10 forming with the device the words 8,semper fa-'l-con di 7,dio7 amante40 ,diapasma1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to sprinkle74 ,a powder made of dried flowers and odoriferous herbs1 which was put in a sachet for use as a perfume1 or rubbed over the body4 ,diaper1 ,arch4 ,ornament of sculpture in low relief1 sunk below the general surface4 ,diaper1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a mode of decoration by a repeated pattern1 carved or painted1 generally in squares1 representing flowers and arabesques4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdh4 ,diapered surcoat of a ,herald1 with the clarion4 ,diaper or ,damask1 a name given to a fine linen cloth made at ,ypres1 is spoken of as early as the #acth century4 8,of cloth making she had such a haunt1 ,she passed hem of ,ypres and of ,gaunte40 7,prologue of ,canterbury ,tales47 ,the peculiarity of this cloth1 as of that of ,damascus1 was in the pattern4 8,to diaper0 is1 in heraldry1 to cover the field of an escutcheon with devices independent of the armorial bearings4 ,the engraving shows a surcoat diapered1 on which are embroidered armorial bearings4 7,fig4 #bdh47 ,diasia1 ,gr4 ,festivals in honour of ,zeus1 held at ,athens1 outside of the walls of the city1 for the purpose of averting epidemics and other ills 774 ,diastyle1 ,arch4 ,an intercolumniation1 in which the columns are separated from each other by a space of three diameters4 ,diathyrum1 ,gr4 ,a passage leading at one end to the street door of a house1 and at the other to the door of the courtyard4 ,the ,romans called this space ,,prothyrum 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bdi4 ,diatonoi4 ,diatoni1 ,diatonoi1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to extend through74 ,long stones extending from one face of a wall to the other 7to which modern architects give the name of perpenders or perpend-stones71 and which were employed in the method of construction called ,,emplecton 7q4v474 ,in ,fig4 #bdi one is represented by the stone placed between b and c4 ,diatreta1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 bored through74 ,a drinking-cup made of glass1 cut in such a way that the designs or ornaments upon it stand out completely from the body of the vase1 and form a tracery1 which is only united to the vase itself by small ties or pins left for the purpose4 ,diatriba1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 to spend time74 ,places in which learned discussions were held1 such as lecture or assembly rooms4 ,diaulos1 ,gr4 ,the double flute4 7,see ,,aulos1 ,,flute47 ,one in the ,british ,museum1 found in a tomb at ,athens1 is of cedar-wood1 with tubes fifteen inches in length4 ,diazoma1 ,gr4 71 that which girdles74 ,a ,greek synonym of the ,latin term ,,pr,,cinctio 7q4v474 ,dicasterion1 ,dicastery1 ,gr4 72 1 justice74 ,a tribunal at ,athens in which the people themselves administered justice without the intervention of the magistrates4 ,dicastes4 ,a judge1 or rather juryman1 chosen annually from the citizens at ,athens4 ,dicerion1 ,chr4 7-1 with two horns74 ,a candlestick with two branches1 holding which in their hands the ,greek priests bless the people4 ,the dicerion is symbolical of the two-fold nature of ,christ4 7,see ,,tricerion47 ,dichalcon1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 double-chalcos74 ,a small ,greek copper coin worth only one-fourth or one-fifth of an obolus4 ,dichoria1 ,gr4 7-1 i4 e4 division of chorus74 ,when the ancient choruses divided into two1 to recite in turn a part of the action of a play1 or mutually to interchange sentiments1 this action was called dichoria2 each half of the chorus was called hemichoria 771 and each stanza antichoria 774 ,dicken1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the devil4 8,odds dickens60 ,dicker1 ,o4 ,e4 ,half a score4 ,dicomos1 ,gr4 71 a feast74 ,a banqueting-song1 which was sung at the second course of the feast at the festivals of ,bacchus4 ,dicrotos1 ,dicrotus1 ,gr4 7-1 lit4 double-beating74 ,the ,greek name for a vessel with two banks of oars1 the ,roman biremis4 ,dictynnia 71 a hunter's net74 ,a ,cretan festival in honour of ,artemis4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bej4 ,dictyotheton4 ,dictyotheton1 ,gr4 7from 1 a net74 ,a kind of masonry composed of regularly-cut square stones1 forming1 in a wall so constructed1 a network or chess-board pattern4 ,it answered to the opus reticulatum of the ,romans4 ,didrachma1 ,didrachmum1 ,gr4 7-74 ,a double silver drachma of the ,greek coinage1 which was worth about two shillings4 ,die4 ,in ,architecture1 for dado1 or the part of a pedestal that would correspond to the dado 7q4v474 ,die-sinking4 ,the art of engraving on steel moulds1 medals1 coins1 and inscriptions4 ,difference1 ,differencing1 ,her4 ,an addition to1 or some change in1 a coat of arms1 introduced for the purpose of distinguishing coats which in their primary qualities are the same4 ,differencing is sometimes used in the same sense as ,cadency2 but1 strictly1 it is distinct1 having reference to alliance and dependency1 without blood-relationship1 or to the system adopted for distinguishing similar coats of arms4 7,bouteil47 ,digitale1 ,r4 7digitus1 a finger74 ,a kind of glove worn by the ,sarmatians1 an example of which may be seen on ,trajan's ,column4 ,diglyph1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 doubly indented74 ,an ornament consisting of two glyph 77 or grooves channelled out on consoles4 7,see ,,triglyph47 ,diipoleia 71 of the city74 ,a very ancient ,athenian festival1 celebrated annually on the ,acropolis1 in honour of ,zeus ,polieus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bea4 ,rose dimidiated4 ,device of ,james ,i4 ,dimidiated1 ,her4 ,cut in half per pale1 and one half removed4 ,fig4 #bea is a device placed by ,james ,i4 on some of his coins1 in which the thistle and rose are respectively dimidiated4 ,the legend was1 8,fecit eos in gentem unam40 ,diocleia4 ,a festival of the ,megarians1 held about the grave of an ancient ,athenian hero1 ,diocles4 ,there was a prize for kissing4 ,dionysia4 ,the celebrated orgies of ,dionysus or ,bacchus1 suppressed ,b4,c4 #ahf1 and substituted by the ,liberalia4 7,see ,,bacchanalia47 ,dioptra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 72 1 to see through74 ,an instrument used in surveying to measure distances and to take levels4 ,dioscuria1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,games instituted at ,rome in honour of the ,dioscuri 7,castor and ,pollux71 who1 at the battle of ,lake ,regillus against the ,latins 7#dif ,b4,c471 were supposed to have fought on the side of the ,romans4 ,diospolites1 ,egyp4 ,one of the nomes or divisions of ,lower ,egypt4 ,diota1 ,gr4 7-1 with two ears74 ,a name applied indifferently to any kind of vase furnished with two handles1 such as lagen1 amphor1 canthari1 c4 ,diplinthus1 ,r4 71 a brick74 ,masonry two bricks thick4 ,diplos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,folded in two2 an upper garment which was doubled in the same manner as a woman's shawl at the present day2 it was much worn among the ,greeks4 ,diploma1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 double-folded74 ,a passport consisting of two leaves 7whence its name74 ,the term is also used to denote a diploma by which any right or privilege is conferred4 ,dipteral1 ,arch4 ,a building having double wings4 ,the term is applied to any building having a double intercolumniation all round it4 ,dipther1 ,gr4 and ,r4 72 1 to make supple74 7#a7 ,prepared skins for writing on4 7#b7 ,a kind of garment2 an overcoat of skin or leather which ,greek slaves put on over their tunic4 ,diptych1 ,gr4 7-1 i4 e4 double-folded74 ,double tablets united by means of strings or hinges4 ,diptycha consularia1 dilitia1 prtoria had engraved on them portraits of consuls1 diles1 prtors1 and other magistrates4 ,these consular diptychs were a part of the presents sent by new consuls on their appointment to very eminent persons4 ,the series of them is a very valuable record of the progress of the art of ivory carving4 ,in ,christian archology diptychs were decorated with scenes from biblical history4 ,there were also diptychs of the baptized2 of the bishops and benefactors of a church1 living or dead2 of saints and martyrs2 and1 lastly1 of deceased members of the congregation1 whose souls were to be remembered at mass4 7,see ,,triptych47 ,directors1 or ,triangular ,compasses4 ,a mathematical instrument adapted for taking three angular points at once4 ,diribitorium1 ,r4 7diribeo1 to sort or separate74 ,a place or building in which a public officer inspected the troops1 distributed the pay1 and enrolled the conscripts in their respective regiments4 ,dirige1 ,chr4 ,a psalm forming part of the burial service1 8,dirige gressus meos10 c42 hence ,dirge1 for funereal music or hymns in general4 ,dirk4 ,a ,scotch dagger4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beb4 ,tazza of ,diruta1 with head of 8,rome40 ,diruta4 ,an important porcelain manufactory in the ,papal ,states1 established by a pupil of ,luca della ,robbia in #adfa4 ,discerniculum1 ,r4 7discerno1 to divide74 ,a bodkin used by ,roman women in the toilet to part their hair4 7,see ,,combs47 ,discharging ,arch4 ,an arch built into the structure of a wall1 to relieve the parts below it of the pressure of those above it2 such arches are common over flat-headed doors or other openings4 ,discinctus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7discingo1 to ungird74 ,a man who is ungirt1 that is1 who does not wear a girdle round the waist of his tunic2 for a man1 this was a mark of effeminate manners4 ,discinctus miles denoted a soldier who had been stripped by his commander of his sword-belt1 as a mark of disgrace4 7,compare ,,cingulum47 ,disclosed1 ,her4 ,with expanded wings1 in the case of birds that are not birds of prey4 ,the contrary to ,,close4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bec4 ,discobolus of ,myron copied on a gem4 ,discobolus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 discus-throwing74 ,a man throwing the ,,discus 7q4v474 ,a celebrated statue of the sculptor ,myron so called4 ,discus1 ,r4 72 1 to throw74 ,this term denoted 7#a7 the discus hurled by the ,,discobolus 7q4v472 that is1 a circular plate of metal or stone1 about ten or twelve inches in diameter4 7#b7 ,a sun-dial4 7#c7 ,a shallow circular vessel for holding eatables4 ,disk4 7,see ,,winged ,,disk47 ,disomum1 ,chr4 7-1 double-bodied74 ,an urn or tomb which held the ashes or bodies of two persons2 bisomum was also used4 ,both terms are met with in ,christian inscriptions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bed4 ,falcon ,displayed4 ,displayed1 ,her4 ,birds of prey with expanded wings4 ,fig4 #bed represents the crest of ,edward ,,iv41 the falcon and fetterlock4 ,displuviatus1 ,displuviatum1 ,r4 ,an atrium1 the roof of which was sloped outwards from the ,,compluvium 7q4v471 instead of being sloped towards it4 7,see ,,impluvium and ,,atrium47 ,disposed1 ,disposition1 ,her4 ,arranged1 arrangement4 ,distaff4 ,a common object in ancient art4 ,it is an attribute of the ,fates1 and generally distaffs of gold were given to the goddesses4 ,it was dedicated to ,minerva4 7,see ,,colus47 ,the name of ,st4 ,distaff's ,day was given to the day after ,twelfth ,day in ,england4 ,distance4 ,in a picture1 the point of distance is that where the visual rays meet2 middle distance is the central portion of a picture1 between the foreground and the extreme distance4 ,distemper4 ,a kind of painting in which the pigments are mixed with an aqueous vehicle1 such as size4 ,distemper is painted on a dry surface4 7,see ,,fresco-,,painting47 ,ditriglyph1 ,r4 71 twice1 and 74 ,the space between two triglyphs in the ,doric order4 ,the term is therefore a synonym of ,,metope 7q4v474 ,dividers4 ,ordinary compasses for taking off and transferring measurements4 ,dividiculum1 ,r4 ,a reservoir in the form of a tower1 in which the water of an aqueduct was collected1 and whence it was afterwards distributed4 7,see ,,castellum47 ,docana 71 a beam74 ,an ancient ,spartan symbol of ,castor and ,pollux4 ,it consisted of two upright beams1 with cross pieces4 ,doccia4 ,an important ,italian manufactory of soft porcelain founded in #agce4 ,jacquemart says1 8,doccia now inundates ,europe with spurious majolica of the #afth century1 and with false porcelain of ,capo di ,monte1 of which she possesses the moulds40 ,dodecahedron1 ,gr4 ,a solid figure of twelve equal sides4 ,dodecastyle1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 twelve1 and 1 pillar74 ,a building1 the arrangement of which admits of twelve columns in front4 ,a dodecastyle pediment is a pediment supported by twelve columns4 ,dodra1 ,r4 7dodrans1 nine parts74 ,a kind of beverage1 or rather soup1 composed of nine ingredients4 ,we learn from ,ausonius that it was made of bread1 water1 wine1 oil1 broth1 salt1 sweet herbs1 honey1 and pepper4 ,dodrans1 ,r4 7i4 e4 three-fourths74 ,nine unci1 or three-quarters of an as4 ,there was no coin of this value4 ,as a measure of length1 nine inches4 7,see ,,as47 ,doff or ,deff1 ,egyp4 ,the square tambourine of the ancient ,egyptians2 the toph of the ,hebrews1 still in use among the ,arabs1 especially in the ,barbary ,states4 ,dog4 ,an emblem of fidelity and loyalty4 ,in medival art1 the attribute of ,st4 ,roch2 also of ,st4 ,dominic1 the founder of the ,dominican order2 of ,st4 ,bernard1 ,st4 ,wendelin1 and ,st4 ,benignus4 ,as an emblem of fidelity1 it is placed at the feet of the effigies of married women upon sepulchres4 ,it was common to represent1 in painting or mosaic1 a chained watch-dog at the doors of ,roman houses4 ,the ,,dog ,,of ,,fo is a sacred emblem in ,china1 sometimes called a ,chimera2 it is placed as the guardian of the thresholds of temples1 and of the ,buddhist altars4 ,in the ,chinese zodiacal system the dog is the sign for the month of ,september4 ,dog ,latin4 ,barbarous ,latin2 e4 g4 8,verte canem ex0 7turn the dog out74 ,dog's-nose1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cordial used in low life1 composed of warm porter1 moist sugar1 gin1 and nutmeg4 7,halliwell47 ,dog's-tooth ,moulding1 ,arch4 ,a characteristic ornament of ,early ,english architecture1 formed of four leaves with small spiral fillets1 which bear some resemblance to teeth4 7,see ,,tooth-,,ornament47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bee4 ,bronze ,dolabra or hatchet 7,celtic74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bef4 ,hatchet1 flint-stone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beg4 ,gallic hatchet4 ,dolabra1 ,r4 7dolo1 to hew74 ,an instrument like a pick or hatchet1 which varied in form according to the different purposes for which it was employed4 ,the dolabra was used for digging1 cutting1 breaking1 and chopping1 and was thus a pick1 a hatchet1 an adze or ascia1 c4 ,dolabra of flint or other hard stone1 called ,celts1 are of remote antiquity4 7,see ,,celt47 7,figs4 #bee to #beg47 ,doliolum4 ,dimin4 of ,,dolium 7q4v474 ,dolium or ,culeus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a large earthenware vessel with a wide mouth1 and of rounded1 spherical form4 ,it was used to contain wine and oil when first made1 before they were transferred into smaller vessels for keeping4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #beh4 ,dolmen4 ,dolmen1 ,celt4 ,a term which1 in the ,celtic language1 means literally a stone table4 ,it consists of a number of stones1 of which some are fixed in the ground1 and the others laid transversely over them4 ,these structures were used as sepulchres4 ,figs4 #beh and #bei represent two different types of dolmens4 7,see ,,cromlech47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bei4 ,dolmen1 in the forest of ,rennes4 ,dolon or ,dolo1 ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a long stick armed with an iron point4 7#b7 ,a cane1 in the hollow of which a poniard was concealed4 7#c7 ,the fore-topsail of a vessel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfj4 ,heraldic ,dolphin4 ,dolphin1 ,her4 ,a favourite fish with heralds4 ,it is best known as the armorial ensign of the ,dauphin1 the eldest son and heir apparent of the kings of ,france--,or1 a ,dolphin az4 ,in ,christian archology the dolphin is the symbol of swiftness1 diligence1 and love2 it is often met with entwined with an anchor4 ,the first ,christians often wore these two symbols united in a ring1 which was known as a nautical anchor4 7,see also ,,delphin47 ,dome1 ,it4 7#a7 ,literally1 the house of ,god4 ,when a city possesses several churches1 the name is applied to the cathedral only4 7#b7 ,the interior of a cupola4 ,dominions1 in ,christian art4 7,see ,,angels47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfa4 ,plan of a ,greek house4 ,domus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7,gr4 1 74 ,a house1 in contradistinction to insula1 a group of houses4 ,the ,greek house is divided into two parts by the central chambers4 ,the external1 the ,,andronitis1 contains the men's1 and the inner1 or ,,gyn,,conitis1 the women's apartments4 ,the whole building was generally long and narrow1 occupying a comparatively small frontage to the street1 and the outside wall was plain without windows4 ,outside the door was often an altar of ,apollo ,agyieus1 or an obelisk1 or sometimes a laurel-tree1 or a bust of the god ,hermes4 ,a few steps1 called ,,anabathmoi1 led up to the house door 7 71 over which there was generally a motto inscribed3 the passage 71 1 7 7,a ,b in the plan7 had the stables on one side1 and the porter's lodge opposite1 and led to ,c1 the ,,peristyle or ,,aula of the men's quarters1 a ,,hyp,,thral1 or open air court1 surrounded by porticoes called ,,stoai1 and by the men's apartments1 which were large banqueting-rooms 71 71 smaller sitting-rooms 771 and sleeping-chambers 71 1 74 ,the door to the passage ,d was called or 7i4 e4 the middle of the aul71 and gave admission to ,e1 the peristyle or aula of the ,gynconitis4 ,the rooms numbered #aj to #ag were the chambers of the women2 ,p ,p were called the ,thalamos and ,amphithalamos2 ,h ,h and ,g were the 1 or rooms for working in wool2 and at ,i was the garden door 7 74 ,there was usually an upper story where guests and slaves were lodged 71 71 the stairs leading to which were outside the house4 ,the roofs were flat1 and it was customary to walk upon them4 ,the floors were of stone1 in later times ornamental or coloured4 ,the construction and decoration varied with the ages2 painted ceilings were a late introduction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfb4 ,plan of a ,roman house4 ,of a ,roman house1 the principal parts were the ,,vestibulum1 or court before the door1 open to the street2 the ,,ostium1 ,,janua1 or ,,fores1 the entrance2 the ,,atrium1 ,,cavum ,,dium1 or ,,cav,,dium1 with the ,,compluvium open over the central tank 7termed the ,,impluvium72 the ,,al 7wings71 ,,tablinum1 ,,fauces1 and ,,peristylium3 of each of which a notice will be found in its alphabetical place in this work4 7,see also ,,cubicula1 ,,triclinia1 ,,exedr1 ,,pinacotheca1 ,,bibliotheca1 ,,balneum1 ,,culina1 ,c,,nacula1 ,,di,,ta1 ,,solaria1 c47 ,the floors of a ,roman house were either of the composition called ,,ruderatio1 and1 from the process of beating down pavita1 were then called ,,pavimentum1 or of stone or marble or mosaics 7,,musivum ,,opus74 ,the inner walls were usually covered with frescoes4 ,the ceilings left the beams visible1 which supported the roof1 and the hollow or unplanked spaces 7,,lacunaria or ,,laquearia7 were often covered with gold and ivory1 or with paintings4 7,see ,,camara47 ,the principal apartments had no windows1 deriving their light from the roof2 in the upper stories there were windows either open or latticed1 or later filled with mica1 and finally glass4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfc4 ,atrium with ,doric columns4 7,see also ,fig4 #di47 ,don ,pottery4 ,a name given to the productions of a porcelain manufactory established in #agij at ,swinton on the ,don4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfd4 ,donjon4 ,donjon1 ,mod4 ,the principal tower of a ,norman or medival castle4 ,it was generally separate from the other parts of the building4 ,the greater number of feudal fortresses originally consisted merely of a donjon erected on an artificial earthwork4 ,this donjon was surrounded by an open space walled1 called the ,inner ,bailey1 and another beyond called the ,outer ,bailey4 ,beneath were the dungeons4 ,fig4 #bfd represents a donjon called the ,tower of ,loudun4 ,the ,white tower is the donjon of the ,tower of ,london4 ,doom4 ,in ,christian art1 the ,last ,judgment2 a subject usually painted over the chancel arch in parochial churches4 ,dorelot4 ,a network for the hair1 worn by ladies in the #adth century4 7,see ,,calantica1 ,,crespine1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,column and ,capital of the ,doric ,order4 ,doric ,order of ,architecture4 ,the earliest and simplest of the three ,greek orders4 8,the ,grecian ,doric order1 at its best period1 is one of the most beautiful inventions of architecture--strong and yet elegant1 graceful in outline and harmonious in all its forms1 imposing when on a great scale1 and pleasing equally when reduced in size1 by the exquisite simplicity of its parts40 7,newlands47 ,the columns of this order had no pedestal1 nor base2 the capital1 which was half a diameter in height1 had no astragal1 but a few plain fillets1 with channels between them1 under the ovolo1 and a small channel below the fillets4 ,the ovolo is generally flat1 and of great projection1 with a quirk1 or return4 ,on this was laid the ,,abacus1 which was only a plain tile1 without fillet or ornament4 ,a peculiarity of this order was the flutings of the column1 twenty in number1 shallow1 and with sharp edges4 ,the best examples of the ,grecian ,doric of which we have descriptions and figures are the temples of ,minerva 7called the ,parthenon7 and of ,theseus at ,athens1 and that of ,minerva at ,sunium4 ,the ,,roman ,,doric differs in important particulars from the ,grecian4 7,see ,,roman ,,doric47 ,dormant or ,couchant1 ,her4 ,asleep4 7,see ,,couchant47 ,dormer 7,fr4 dormir1 to sleep74 ,the top story in the roof of a house4 ,dormer ,window4 ,a gabled window in the sloping side of a roof1 projecting vertically2 when it lies in the slope of the roof1 it is a skylight4 ,dorneck1 ,dornex1 or ,dornyks1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an inferior damask1 wrought of silk1 wool1 linen thread1 and gold1 at ,tournay or ,dorneck2 #aeth century4 ,dorsale1 ,dosser1 ,dossier1 ,chr4 7dorsum1 the back74 ,pieces of tapestry or hangings put up in the arches or bays surrounding the choir of a church in order to screen the clergy and choristers from draughts of air4 ,also pieces of tapestry hung upon parapets1 the panels of pulpits and stalls1 and sometimes the backs of side-boards4 ,it was the custom to hang tapestry1 cloth of ,arras1 or needlework round the lower half of all the ancient dining-halls to a height of about five feet above the basement4 ,dorsualia1 ,r4 7dorsum74 ,an embroidered saddle-cloth1 which was laid across the back of a horse on the occasion of a triumphal entry1 or on the backs of victims for sacrifice4 ,examples of dorsualia occur on several monuments1 in especial on a bas-relief of the arch of ,titus1 at ,rome4 ,doryphorus1 ,gen4 7-74 ,literally1 spear-bearer4 ,fig4 #acj represents a ,persian spearman4 ,a celebrated statue of ,polycletus 7of the ,argive school7 is called the ,doryphorus4 8,polycletus advanced his art in several respects1 chiefly by fixing a law of proportion1 of which his ,doryphorus1 a youth bearing a spear1 was called the ,,canon 7q4v472 and also by his making the weight of the body rest on one foot1 in contradistinction to the ancient practice1 thereby producing a contrast between the supporting1 weight-bearing side of the body1 and the supported1 freely-resting side40 7,butler's ,imitative ,art47 ,the statue by ,polycletus is lost4 ,the proportions handed down to us by ,vitruvius are thus described by ,bonomi3-- 7#a7 ,the length of the horizontally extended arms equals the height of the figure4 7#b7 ,the head is an eighth1 the face a tenth of the whole height4 7#c7 ,from the top of the scalp to the nipples is one-fourth4 7#d7 ,from the nipples to horizontal line across the centre of the square--the pubes--is one-fourth4 7#e7 ,from that line to one just below the knee-cap is one-fourth4 7#f7 ,from that line to the ground is one-fourth4 7#g7 ,the forearm 7from the elbow7 is a fourth of the height2 the hand a tenth4 ,dose or ,dosall1 ,o4 ,e4 7,lat4 ,,dorsale1 q4v474 ,dossar4 7,see ,,dorsale47 ,douai4 ,a manufactory of modern faience established in #aghd1 producing stone-wares and 8cailloutages40 ,doubl1 ,fr4 7#a7 ,the term is applied to precious stones1 when cemented upon glass4 7#b7 ,the inside lining of a well-bound book4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfg4 ,doublet costume1 temp4 ,elizabeth4 ,doublet1 although deriving its name from the ,french word double 7lined71 is in that language more generally known as 8,pourpoint10 of which1 in fact1 it is merely a variety4 ,it first appeared in ,england in the #adth century made without sleeves1 which for convenience were afterwards added2 and being universally adopted1 it superseded the tunic4 ,the engraving shows a doublet with stuffed sleeves of the time of ,elizabeth4 ,they were worn of varied forms till the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 7,fig4 #bfg47 ,doubling1 ,her4 ,the lining of a mantle or mantling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfh4 ,two ,doves4 ,device of ,giovanna de' ,medici4 ,dove4 ,a ,christian symbol of frequent occurrence2 it expresses candour1 gentleness1 innocence1 faith1 and1 in especial1 the ,holy ,spirit4 ,it is also a symbol of martyrdom and grief1 and in this signification appears frequently represented on tombs and sarcophagi4 ,with an olive-bough in its mouth it is a symbol of peace1 and accordingly the inscription ,,pax 7,peace7 is often found accompanying representations of the dove1 more particularly in the catacombs4 ,with the ,assyrians and ,babylonians the dove was the symbol of ,semiramis1 who1 according to them1 took this shape on leaving earth4 ,the dove was the favourite bird of ,venus4 ,as a symbol of conjugal fidelity1 the device of two turtle-doves was adopted by ,giovanna of ,austria on her marriage with ,francesco de' ,medici4 7,fig4 #bfh47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bfi4 ,dove-tailed ,masonry4 ,dove-tail or ,swallow-tail1 ,gen4 ,a method of joining employed for wood1 stone1 or iron1 and so called because the tenon by which the joint is effected is cut in the shape of a dove-tail or swallow-tail4 ,this tail fits into a notch 7,fig4 #bfi74 ,the ancients employed double dove-tails for joining stones together2 this method of construction was called ,opus ,,revinctum 7q4v474 ,dove-tail ,moulding1 ,arch4 7,norman2 called also ,,triangular ,,frette74 ,decorated with running bands in the form of dove-tails4 ,doves1 the ,eucharistic4 ,sacred vessels of gold1 silver1 gilded bronze1 or ivory1 in the form of a dove1 a tower1 c41 which served as receptacles for the reserved ,host2 they were hung up in the middle of the ,,ciborium 7q4v474 ,at the ,amiens ,museum a dove of this kind is to be seen dating from the #abth century1 and at the church of ,st4 ,nazaire at ,milan there is one of silver1 gilded within and enamelled without1 which is also very ancient4 ,dowlas1 ,o4 ,e4 ,coarse linen cloth made in ,brittany2 8filthy dowlas60 ,drachma1 ,gr4 72 1 to hold in the hand74 ,a drachm1 the principal silver coin of the ,greeks4 ,there were two kinds of drachmata1 which differed in value3 the ,attic drachm and the ginetan4 ,the ,attic drachma was equal in value to a franc1 equal to six oboloi4 ,the piece of four drachmas was called a stater4 ,as a weight the drachma was the eighth of an uncia2 about our modern drachm4 ,draco1 ,gen4 7#a7 ,a dragon2 the ensign of the ,roman cohort in the time of ,trajan1 adopted from the ,parthians4 7#b7 ,a fantastic animal of ,pagan mythology3 the garden of the ,hesperides1 the ,golden ,fleece1 and the fountain of ,castalia were all guarded by dragons4 7#c7 ,in ,christian archology the dragon symbolizes sin1 especially idolatry4 7#d7 ,the ,chinese give to several immortals the figure of a dragon4 ,they distinguish the long dragon of heaven1 a being especially sacred2 the ,kau1 dragon of the mountain2 and the ,li1 dragon of the sea4 ,the dragons are represented as 8gigantic saurians1 with powerful claws1 and terminated by a frightful head1 scaly and strongly toothed40 ,there are the scaly dragon1 the winged dragon1 the horned and the hornless dragons1 and the dragon rolled within itself which has not yet taken flight to the upper regions4 ,in their zodiacal system the dragon is the sign for the month of ,march4 7,see ,,tchy47 ,draconarius1 ,r4 ,the standard-bearer who carried the draco4 ,dracontarium1 ,r4 ,a band for the head1 so called because it was twisted in imitation of the draco which was used as an ensign4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgj4 ,heraldic ,dragon4 ,dragon1 ,her4 ,a winged monster having four legs4 7,see ,,draco47 ,dragon4 ,a short carbine 7hence 8dragoons074 ,dragon's ,blood4 ,a resinous astringent extract of a deep red colour1 used as a colouring ingredient for spirit and turpentine varnishes and paints1 c4 ,the ,roman cinnabar was ,dragon's ,blood4 ,draught 7or ,drawte7 ,chamber1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the with drawing room4 ,draughts1 ,game of4 7,see ,,dames1 ,,latrunculi47 ,dravid'ha1 ,hind4 ,a ,hindoo temple constructed on an octagonal plan4 7,see ,,nagaras1 ,,vimana1 ,,vesara47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bga4 ,dresden milk-jug4 ,dresden ,porcelain1 made at the ,royal ,manufactory established at ,meissen in ,saxony in #agji1 is most excellent anterior to #agif1 since when its ancient perfection has been lost4 ,the mark of the best period is two crossed swords1 with a sloped cross or a small circle beneath4 ,the later mark has a star beneath the swords4 ,on rejected pieces the swords were cut across with a line2 but the manufactory at the present day counterfeits its old marks4 ,fig4 #bga is a specimen of the best period1 later than #agbj and before #aggh4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgb4 ,pot-pourri vase1 ,dresden china4 ,dressoir or ,dressouer 7the buffet of the #aeth century1 the vidence of the #afth7 was the principal object of the dining-room1 on which were displayed all the ornamental plate of the owner of the house1 costly vases1 c4 ,kings had often three dressers1 one for silver1 another for silver-gold1 and the third for gold plate4 ,in form they varied2 but they were made of the most valuable woods1 and enriched with the finest carving4 ,they were sometimes covered over with cloth of gold3 the city of ,orleans offered one in gold to ,charles ,,iv41 which was valued at #hjjj livres ,tournois4 ,drilbu1 ,hind4 ,a bell used in ,buddhist worship4 ,drinking-cups of ,glass are frequently found in the ,saxon barrows or graves in ,england4 ,they are ornamented in various patterns1 and rounded at the bottom4 ,the ,anglo-,saxons were also rich in cups of the precious metals4 ,they used horn cups also1 as did the ,normans4 ,in the #aeth century flat-shaped cups or bowls were used4 ,drip1 ,arch4 ,the edge of a roof2 the eaves2 the corona of a cornice4 ,drip-stone1 ,arch4 ,the moulding in ,gothic architecture which serves as a canopy for an opening and to throw off the rain4 ,it is also called weather-moulding and water-table4 7,see also ,,corona47 ,dromo1 ,dromon1 ,r4 72 1 to run74 ,a vessel remarkable for its swift sailing2 hence-- ,dromon or ,dromound1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a medival ship1 propelled by oars and one sail1 used for the transport of troops4 ,the ,crusaders called it a dromedary4 ,dromos1 ,gr4 and ,egyp4 774 7#a7 ,the ,spartan race-course4 7#b7 ,an avenue leading to the entrances of ,egyptian temples2 that leading to the great temple of ,karnac contained #ffj colossal sphinxes1 all of which were monoliths4 ,drop ,lake is a pigment obtained from ,brazil wood1 which affords a very fugitive colour4 ,drops1 ,arch4 7,lat4 gutt74 ,ornaments resembling drops1 used in the ,doric entablature1 immediately under the ,,triglyph and ,,mutule4 ,druidic 7,monuments71 ,celt4 ,celtic monuments1 also known by the name of ,megalithic4 7,see ,,standing ,,stones1 ,,dolmens1 ,,menhirs1 ,,cromlechs1 c474 ,the most ancient and probably the largest ,celtic or ,druidical temple was at ,avebury in ,wiltshire4 ,dr4 ,stukeley1 who surveyed it in #agbj1 says that 8this may be regarded as the grand national cathedral1 while the smaller circles which are met with in other parts of the island may be compared to the parish or village churches40 ,drum1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,of a dome or cupola1 the ,,stylobate 7or vertical part on which the columns rest74 7#b7 ,of the ,corinthian and ,composite capitals1 the solid part2 called also ,,bell1 ,,vase1 ,,basket4 ,dry ,point4 ,direct engraving upon copper with the sharp etching-needle itself1 without the plate being covered with etching-ground1 or the lines bit in by acid4 ,this method produces very soft and delicate work1 but it is not so durable in printing as the etched line4 ,dryers4 ,in painting1 substances imparted to oils to make them dry quickly4 ,the most general in use is ,,oxide of ,,lead1 but white copperas1 oxide of manganese1 ground glass1 oxide of zinc1 calcined bones1 chloride of lime1 and verdigris have all been used at various times4 ,drying ,oil4 ,boiled oil1 used in painting as a vehicle and a varnish4 ,it is linseed oil boiled with litharge 7or oxide of lead74 ,dryness4 ,a style of painting in which the outline is harsh and formal1 and the colour deficient in mellowness and harmony4 ,duck-bills1 ,o4 ,e4 ,broad-toed shoes of the #aeth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgc4 ,duke's coronet4 ,duke1 ,her4 ,the highest rank and title in the ,british peerage2 first introduced by ,edward ,,iii4 in the year #accg1 when he created the ,black ,prince the first ,english duke 7in ,latin 8dux074 ,the coronet of a duke1 arbitrary in its adornment until the #afth century was far advanced1 is now a circlet1 heightened with eight conventional strawberry-leaves1 of which in representation three and two half-leaves are shown4 7,boutell47 ,dulcimer4 ,a musical instrument1 the prototype of our pianoforte4 ,it was very early known to the ,arabs and ,persians1 who called it santir4 ,one of its old ,european names is the cimbal4 ,the ,hebrew nebel1 or perhaps the psanterin mentioned by ,daniel1 is supposed to have been a dulcimer2 the psalterion of the ,greeks also4 ,a hand organ of the ,middle ,ages was called a dulcimer4 ,dunkirk4 ,a manufactory of modern faience which only existed for a short time in the #ahth century1 and was closed within a year4 ,the works are therefore very rare4 ,jacquemart mentions a clock bearing a close resemblance to certain ,dutch products1 inscribed ,dickhoof and ,a4 ,duisburg1 and by the latter name identified as ,dunkirk work4 ,duns1 ,celtic4 ,ancient hill forts of the simplest kind1 consisting of a round or oval earthen wall and ditch on a rising ground1 probably contemporary with the pit dwellings4 ,dunster1 ,o4 ,e4 ,broad cloth made in ,somersetshire1 temp4 ,edward ,,iii4 ,dutch ,pink4 7,see ,,pinks47 ,dutch ,white4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,barytes47 ,dwararab'ha1 ,dwaragopouras1 ,dwaraharmya1 ,dwaraprasada1 ,dwarasala1 ,ind4 7,see ,,gopouras47 ,e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgd4 ,eagle--,ensign of ,france4 ,eagle1 ,her4 ,the eagle 7called in heraldry ,alerion7 appears in the earliest ,english examples of arms1 and his appearance often denotes an alliance with ,german princes4 ,both the ,german emperors and ,russian czars adopted the eagle for their heraldic ensign in support of their claim to be considered the successors of the ,roman ,csars4 ,the eagle borne as the ensign of ,imperial ,france sits1 grasping a thunderbolt1 in an attitude of vigilance1 having its wings elevated1 but the tips of the feathers drooping1 as they would be in a living bird4 ,in remote antiquity the eagle was an emblem of the sun1 and the double-headed eagle typifies the rising and the setting sun4 ,the eagle was the attribute of ,jove as his messenger4 ,the eagle killing a serpent or a hare is an ancient symbol of victory4 ,in ,christian art the eagle is the attribute of ,st4 ,john the ,evangelist1 the symbol of the highest inspiration4 ,st4 ,john is sometimes represented with human body and eagle head4 ,the lectern in ,christian churches is commonly in the form of an eagle4 ,elisha the prophet is represented with a two-headed eagle4 7,see ,,aquil47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bge4 ,earl's coronet4 ,earl1 ,her4 7from the ,gaelic iarflath1 8a dependent chief0 iar1 8after10 and flath1 8lord02 pronounced iarrl74 ,before #accg the highest1 and now the third degree of rank and dignity in the ,british peerage4 ,an earl's coronet has eight lofty rays of gold rising from the circlet1 each of which supports a large pearl1 while between each pair of these rays there is a golden strawberry-leaf4 ,in representation five of the rays and pearls are shown4 ,elevated clusters of pearls appear in an earl's coronet as early as #adde2 but the present form of the coronet may be assigned to the second half of the following century4 ,earl ,marshal4 ,in ,england1 one of the great officers of state1 who regulates ceremonies and takes cognizance of all matters relating to honour1 arms1 and pedigree4 ,early ,english ,architecture4 ,the first of the pointed or ,gothic styles of architecture used in ,england4 ,it succeeded the ,,norman towards the end of the #abth century1 and gradually merged into the ,,decorated at the end of the #acth4 ,its leading peculiarity is the long narrow lancet window4 ,earn1 ,scotch4 ,an eagle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgf4 ,greek or ,etruscan ear-rings in gold4 ,ear-rings 7,lat4 inaures1 ,gr4 7 were a common ornament for ladies in ,greece and ,rome1 and among the early ,saxons3 they were worn by men during the reigns of ,elizabeth and ,james ,i4 ,earth ,tables1 ,arch4 ,the projecting course of stones in a wall1 immediately above the surface of the ground1 now called the plinth4 7,parker47 ,earthenware4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,easel 7from the ,german esel1 an ass74 ,a frame with movable rest for resting pictures on4 ,easel-picture4 ,a small portable picture4 ,easter1 ,chr4 7,a4,s4 eastre74 ,from the goddess 8,eostur10 whose festival fell in ,april4 ,the ,latin name 8,paschal0 refers to the ,jewish feast of the ,passover4 ,the ,paschal season originally extended over fifteen days1 from ,palm ,sunday to ,low ,sunday4 7,see ,smith and ,cheetham's ,dict4 of ,christian ,ant47 ,eaves 7,a4,s4 efese1 the edge74 ,the overhanging 8edge0 of the roof of a house4 ,ebnistes1 ,fr4 ,workers in fine cabinet-making4 ,ebony4 ,a heavy1 hard1 black wood1 obtained from the ,diospyrus ebenus4 ,ebony and other exotic woods came into general use in ,europe from the end of the #agth century--subsequently to #afie1 when the ,dutch settled in ,ceylon4 ,the black ebony is the most valuable1 but there are green and yellow varieties4 ,old carved ebony furniture found in ,english houses dates generally from the early years of the ,dutch occupation of ,ceylon4 ,eburnean4 ,made of ivory4 ,ecbasios 71 to disembark74 ,a sacrifice offered to ,apollo after a favourable voyage4 ,ecclesia1 ,gr4 ,general assembly of the citizens of ,athens4 7,see ,smith and ,cheetham's ,dict4 of ,christian ,ant47 ,echea1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 sound or noise74 ,earthenware or bronze vessels used to strengthen the sound in theatres4 7,see ,,acoustic ,,vessels47 ,echinate4 ,armed with spines or bristles like a hedgehog4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgg4 ,echinus or egg and tongue on the ovolo of a ,greek cornice4 ,echinus1 ,arch4 7,gr4 1 a hedgehog74 ,the egg and dart or egg and tongue ornament frequently carved on the round moulding1 much used in classic architecture1 called the ovolo4 7,fig4 #bgg47 ,echometry 71 a measure74 ,the art of measuring the duration of sounds4 ,ecorche1 ,fr4 7lit4 flayed74 ,said of an anatomical model specially prepared for the study of the muscular system4 ,ecphonesis1 ,chr4 ,that part of a devotional office which is said audibly1 in contrast with that said secret4 ,ectypus1 ,r4 ,a hollow mould which produces an impression in relief which is called ectypum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgh4 ,ecuelle1 ,venetian porcelain4 ,ecuelle1 ,fr4 ,a porringer4 ,fig4 #bgh is a specimen in the best style of ,venetian porcelain4 ,edward-,shovelboards1 ,o4 ,e4 ,broad shillings of ,edward ,,vi41 formerly used in playing the game of shovelboard4 7,halliwell47 ,effeir of ,war1 ,scotch4 ,warlike guise4 ,effigies1 ,r4 ,an image or effigy4 ,the word is usually applied to the heads upon coins or medals4 ,egg and ,dart1 or ,egg and ,tongue1 ,ornament1 ,arch4 7,fr4 aards et oves74 ,a carving commonly inserted on the ovolo moulding4 7,see ,,echinus47 ,egg-feast or ,egg-,saturday1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the ,saturday before ,shrove ,tuesday4 ,egg-shell ,porcelain4 ,a very thin white porcelain of the 8,rose family10 to which the ,chinese have given the name of 8porcelain without embryo40 ,eggs1 as a ,christian emblem1 are supposed to represent 8the immature hope of the resurrection40 7,martigny47 ,egret 7,fr4 aigrette74 ,a small white heron1 marked by a crest on his head4 ,egyptian ,architecture and ,sculpture can be studied in the monuments remaining from remotest antiquity to about ,a4 ,d4 #cjj4 ,great varieties of style occur1 which can be easily attributed to their respective periods by the hieroglyphical inscriptions4 ,the three primitive motives of all ,egyptian buildings are the pyramid1 caves1 and structures of timber2 all contemporary with the most ancient relics4 ,in sculpture1 the most ancient works of all are also those most remarkable for fidelity to nature4 ,the conventionality introduced afterwards with the canon of proportions is still combined with a close imitation of ,nature in the details4 ,the ,grecian or ,ptolemaic period begins ,b4,c4 #cbb4 ,see ,wilkinson's ,ancient ,egyptians1 ,canina's ,egyptian ,architecture2 and the works of ,brugsch1 ,marriette1 ,soldi1 ,ebers1 c4 ,egyptian ,blue1 the brilliant blue pigment found on the monuments1 is found by analysis to consist of the hydrated protoxide of copper1 mixed with a minute quantity of iron4 ,the green colour was derived from another oxide of copper2 violet from manganese or gold2 yellow from silver1 or perhaps iron2 and red from the protoxide of copper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhj4 ,lenticular ,phials4 ,louvre ,museum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bgi4 ,oviform bottle4 ,egyptian4 ,egyptian ,pottery of great beauty is found in great quantities along with the costly ornaments in the tombs4 ,it is intermediary between porcelain and stone-ware1 and its colouring demonstrates a high degree of skill1 science1 and precision of execution4 ,among the forms frequently found are the oviform1 long-necked bottles 7,fig4 #bgi71 lenticular phials1 with royal cartouches 7,fig4 #bhj71 lamps 7,fig4 #bha71 c4 7,see also ,fig4 #bai47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bha4 ,lamp in blue enamelled earthenware4 ,egyptian4 ,eikon1 ,gr41 or ,icon1 ,lat4 ,an image2 hence iconoclasts or image-breakers4 ,eileton1 ,chr4 7from 1 to wind or fold74 ,the cloth on which the elements are consecrated in the ,eucharist4 8,the eileton represents the linen cloth in which the body of ,christ was wrapped when it was taken down from the cross and laid in the tomb40 7,germanus74 ,eisodos1 ,chr4 ,a ceremony of the ,greek ,church1 of two parts4 7#a7 ,the bearing into the church in procession of the book of the ,gospels is called the ,lesser ,entrance4 7#b7 ,a similar bearing in of the elements of the ,eucharist is called the ,greater ,entrance4 ,elolite 7lit4 oil-stone74 ,a mineral having a fatty resinous lustre4 ,elothesium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a room in a suite of baths where oils1 perfumes1 and essences were kept1 and the bathers were anointed and rubbed4 ,elaphebolia1 ,gr4 ,athenian festivals held in the month called ,elaphebolion1 or the ninth month of the year1 when a stag 77 was sacrificed to ,diana4 ,elbow-gauntlet4 ,a long gauntlet of plate armour1 adopted from the ,asiatics in the #afth century4 ,elbow-pieces 7,fr4 coudires74 ,plate armour to cover the joint at the elbow4 ,elbows1 ,mod4 7,fr4 accoudoirs74 ,the divisions between the stalls in a church1 also called by the ,french 8museaux10 from the fact of their ends being ornamented with an animal's head4 ,electoral ,bonnet1 ,her4 ,a cap of crimson velvet guarded with ermine1 borne over the inescutcheon of the arms of ,hanover from #ahja to #ahaf4 ,electrotint4 ,a method of preparing engraved copper plates for the printing-press by the electrotype process4 7,see ,art ,journal1 #ahej47 ,electrotype4 ,the process whereby works in relief are produced by the agency of electricity1 through which certain metals1 such as gold1 silver1 and copper1 are precipitated from their solutions upon moulds in so fine a state of division as to form a coherent mass of pure metal1 equal in toughness and flexibility to the hammered metals4 7,fairholt47 ,at the present day electrotypes are generally taken from engravings on wood for printing from4 ,electrum 774 ,in ,homer and ,hesiod this word means amber4 ,pliny says that when gold contains a fifth part of silver1 it is called electrum4 ,its colour was whiter and more luminous than that of gold1 and the metal was supposed to betray the presence of poison4 ,specimens are rare4 ,a beautiful vase of electrum is preserved in the ,st4 ,petersburg ,museum4 ,some coins in electrum were struck by the kings of ,bosporus1 and by ,syracuse and some ,greek states4 ,elements1 ,chr4 ,the bread and the wine in the ,lord's ,supper4 ,in the ,eastern liturgies the unconsecrated elements are called 8the ,,mysteries10 and the bread alone the ,,seal 771 from its being divided by lines in the form of a cross4 ,the interesting subject of the composition and form of the elements in the early churches is fully discussed in the 8,dictionary of ,christian ,antiquities0 7,smith and ,cheetham74 ,elemine4 ,a crystallized resin used to give consistency to the varnish which forms part of the composition of lacquer4 ,elenchus1 ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a pear-shaped pearl highly esteemed by the ,roman ladies1 who wore such pearls mounted as drops or pendants to brooches and rings4 7,see the illustration to ,,crotalium47 7#b7 ,an index to a book4 ,elephant4 ,in medival heraldry this animal is a symbol of piety1 from an ancient legend1 mentioned by lian1 ,pliny1 and others1 that it has in religious reverence1 with a kind of devotion1 not only the stars and planets1 but also the sun and moon4 ,elephant ,paper4 ,drawing-paper manufactured in sheets1 measuring #bh inches by #bc4 ,double ,elephant ,paper measures #dj inches by #bf4 ,eleusinian ,mysteries4 ,the holiest and most venerated of the ,greek festivals4 ,the ,lesser ,eleusinia1 held at ,agr in the month ,anthesterion1 were a preparation for the ,greater1 which were celebrated at ,athens and ,eleusis4 ,the ,myst were the initiated at the ,lesser1 of which the principal rite was the sacrifice of a sow1 previously purified by washing in the ,cantharus4 ,the ,greater were celebrated every year in the month ,boedromion1 and lasted nine days4 ,on the first day the ,myst assembled at ,athens2 on the second they went through a ceremony of purification at the sea-coast2 the third was a day of fasting2 on the fourth there was a procession of a waggon drawn by oxen1 followed by women who had small mystic cases in their hands2 on the fifth1 or torch day1 the ,myst went in the evening with torches to the temple of ,demeter1 where they passed the night2 on the sixth1 which was the most solemn of all1 a statue of ,iacchos1 the son of ,demeter1 was borne in procession to ,eleusis1 and the ,myst were there initiated in the last mysteries during the following night4 ,there was something in the secrets of this part of the ceremony which excited greatly the imagination of the ancient writers1 especially ,christians1 who describe them 8in an awful and horrible manner40 ,each of the initiated was dismissed by the mystagogus with the words 1 4 ,on the next day they returned to ,athens1 and resting on the bridge of ,cephisus engaged in a contest of ridicule with the passers-by3 the eighth and ninth days were unimportant4 ,eleutheria4 ,a ,greek festival in honour of ,zeus ,eleutherios 7the ,deliverer74 ,elevati of ,ferrara4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,their device was from the fable of ,hercules and ,antus1 with the motto from ,horace1 8,superat tellus1 sidera donat0 7,earth conquers us1 but gives us ,heaven74 ,elevation4 7#a7 ,in ,architecture1 c41 a perpendicular plan drawn to a scale4 7#b7 ,in ,christian archology1 the lifting up of the elements at certain points in the ,eucharistic service1 universally prescribed in the early ,oriental liturgies1 and introduced into the ,western ,church with the doctrine of transubstantiation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhb4 ,bas-relief from the frieze of the ,parthenon4 ,one of the ,elgin ,marbles4 ,elgin ,marbles4 ,friezes and metopes from the ,parthenon at ,athens1 brought to the ,british ,museum by ,lord ,elgin4 ,they are adorned with sculptures in relief2 those on the frieze represent the ,panathenaic procession in honour of ,athena2 those on the metopes1 chiefly the contests of the ,centaurs and ,lapith4 ,there are also statues and friezes1 especially from the temple of the ,wingless ,victory and the ,,choragic ,,monument of ,lysicrates4 ,they are admirably described by ,mr4 ,newton in his 8,guide0 to these sculptures published by the authorities of the ,british ,museum4 7,fig4 #bhb47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhc4 ,great ,seal of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,elizabeth1 ,queen4 ,the costume and the royal appurtenances of this monarch are well illustrated by the ,royal ,seal4 ,in the ,royal ,arms we see the lions and the lilies 7,france modern and ,england quarterly74 ,on the reverse 7,fig4 #bhd7 the ,tudor ,rose1 fleur-de-lis1 and harp appear separately crowned for ,england1 ,france1 and ,ireland4 ,elizabeth was fond of allegory and devices4 ,in her portrait by ,zoffany 8the lining of her robe is worked with eyes and ears1 and on her left sleeve is embroidered a serpent--all to imply wisdom and vigilance40 ,in her other hand is a rainbow with the motto1 8,non sine sole iris0 7no rainbow without the sun74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhd4 ,great ,seal of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,elizabethan4 ,the style of architecture and decoration gradually developed during the reign of the ,tudors in ,england4 ,its characteristics are a mixed revival of classical forms with quaint and grotesque relics of the ,gothic4 ,typical examples are ,crewe ,hall1 ,speke1 in ,lancashire1 ,haddon ,hall1 ,kenilworth ,castle1 ,raglan ,castle1 c4 ,ellipsis1 ,ellipse4 ,a figure formed by cutting a cone obliquely across its length2 hence-- ,ellipsograph4 ,an instrument for describing a semi-ellipse4 ,ellotia or ,hellotia4 ,a ,corinthian festival with a torch-race1 in honour of ,athena as a goddess of fire4 ,ellychnium1 ,r4 71 a light74 ,the wick of an oil lamp2 it was made of flax fibres or papyrus4 ,emarginated4 ,having the margin broken by a notch or notches4 ,embalming was frequently practised by the early ,christians1 especially with the bodies of martyrs4 ,the practice was derived from the ,jews4 ,as a pagan ceremony embalming was intended to facilitate cremation4 ,embalon1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a beak1 corresponding to the modern ram1 under the bows of a war galley1 for the purpose of sinking the enemy4 ,embas1 ,gr4 ,a shoe of white felt1 used esp4 by the ,botians4 ,ember ,days1 ,chr4 7in ,anglo-,saxon1 ymbren dagas1 8recurrent days20 in ,latin1 jejunia quatuor temporum2 in ,french1 les quatre temps1 c474 ,special fasts appointed to be observed at the commencement of each of the four seasons of the year4 ,in the ,eastern ,church there is no trace of such an observance4 7,the word has no connexion with embers in the sense of ashes47 ,emblazon1 ,her4 7,see ,,blazon47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhe4 ,emblemata4 ,emblemata1 ,gr4 71 to put in74 ,,inlaid-,,work1 or 7#a7 ,mosaic made of coloured cubes of glass or vitreous enamel4 7,see ,,sectile1 ,,tessellatum1 ,,vermiculatum47 ,fig4 #bhe represents emblemata of different kinds of glass4 7#b7 ,crusts exquisitely wrought on the surface of vessels or other pieces of furniture2 as1 for instance1 alabaster on marble1 gold on silver1 silver on bronze4 ,the ,romans generally used the term crust for this kind of work4 ,from ,,emblemata is derived our word ,,emblem1 the true meaning of which is 8a symbolical figure or composition which conceals an allegory40 ,thus an ape symbolized malice and lust2 a pelican piety1 and the ,redeemer's love for the world4 c4 ,the most important books of ,emblems are by ,alciati1 ,paradin1 and ,sambuco4 ,embolismus1 ,embolis1 or ,embolum1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,an inserted or intercalated prayer in a liturgy4 7#b7 ,the number of days required to make up the lunar year to the solar4 7,see ,,epact47 ,embolium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7lit4 something thrown in74 ,an interlude or comic piece recited by an actress 7emboliaria7 between the acts of a drama4 ,embolos1 ,arch41 ,chr4 ,a covered portico or cloister surrounding the external walls of a church4 ,embolum1 ,gr4 ,the ,greek term answering to the ,latin ,,rostrum 7q4v474 7,see also ,,embolismus47 ,embolus1 ,r4 774 ,the piston in the chamber of a pump4 ,embossing1 ,embossment4 ,a prominence like a boss2 raised ornamental work4 ,embowed1 ,her4 ,bent4 ,an arm embowed has the elbow to the dexter4 ,embrasure1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,the interval between the ,,cops of a battlement4 7#b7 ,an expansion of doorways1 windows1 c41 given by slanting the sides4 7,see ,,splay47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhf4 ,indian ,embroidery4 ,in the ,indian section of the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,embroidery is one of the oldest of the ornamental arts4 ,some specimens of ancient ,egyptian embroidery are exhibited in the ,louvre1 and ,herodotus mentions the embroidered vestments of the gods in ,egypt4 ,the ,israelites appointed ,aholiab1 8a cunning workman1 and an embroiderer in blue1 and purple1 and scarlet1 and fine linen10 to be chief embroiderer to the sacred ark4 ,the prophet ,ezekiel mentions the embroidery of ,tyre4 ,it was the principal domestic occupation of ladies in ,greece1 from the days when ,penelope embroidered a garment for ,ulysses1 representing a dog chasing a deer4 ,the ,romans called embroidery 8,phrygium10 and imported it largely from the ,east4 ,in later times ,byzantium was celebrated for its embroidered ecclesiastical vestments4 ,pope ,paschal1 in the #ith century1 was the greatest patron of the art4 ,when the ,caliph ,omar pillaged the ,persian palace of ,khosroes1 he found there a carpet of silk and cloth of gold1 sixty cubits square1 having a garden depicted upon it1 and rubies1 emeralds1 sapphires1 beryls1 topazes1 and pearls arranged with consummate skill to represent trees1 fruit and flowers1 rivulets1 fountains1 roses and shrubs4 ,our ,english word 8embroidery0 is derived from the ,celtic 8brouda10 to prick4 ,anglo-,saxon embroidery was celebrated throughout ,europe as ,opus ,anglicanum4 ,the celebrated ,bayeux tapestry is attributed to the #abth century4 ,a copy of it may be seen in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,the art decayed in ,england during the ,civil ,war of the #agth century4 ,embrued1 ,her4 ,stained with blood4 ,embu4 ,a ,french term for the loss of tone in an oil sketch1 caused by the absorption of the oil whilst it is drying4 ,it is easily corrected by a glaze4 ,emerald4 ,a precious stone of various shades of green1 much used by the ancients for gem-engraving4 ,the less brilliant varieties are known as beryls4 ,for its significance in ,christian art1 see ,,green4 ,emerald ,green4 ,a vivid bright green pigment1 prepared from the arseniate of copper1 and used both in oil and water-colours2 called also ,paul ,veronese ,green4 ,emissarium1 ,r4 7emitto1 to send forth74 ,a channel1 natural or artificial1 for letting off stagnant water4 ,some of these channels are the most wonderful monuments of ,roman ingenuity4 ,the lakes of ,trasimene1 ,albano1 ,nemi1 and ,fucino were all drained by ,,emissaria4 ,the last is open to inspection1 and is described as 8a stupendous work of engineering1 planned by ,julius ,csar1 and completed by the ,emperor ,claudius40 ,empaistic1 ,gr4 ,damascening 7q4v47 or in crusta work practised by the ancients1 as opposed to ,,toreutic ,,art 7q4v474 ,emperor ,paper4 ,the largest kind of drawing-paper manufactured in sheets measuring #ff inches by #dg4 ,emphotion1 ,chr4 7from 1 to enlighten74 ,a name given in the early ,church to the white robe with which persons were invested in baptism2 as it were1 8a robe of light40 ,emplecton1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7lit4 inwoven74 ,a method of building1 originating in ,greece and adopted by the ,romans1 in which a space left in the interior of the wall was filled in with rubble1 the whole block of masonry being bound together at intervals by ties 7diatonoi74 ,in the engraving1 c and b are the square stones1 the parts between them being the ties or diatonoi1 and o the rubble4 7,see ,fig4 #bdi47 ,emporium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 a passenger in a ship74 ,a place at a sea-port where imported merchandise was warehoused and exposed for sale4 ,the remains of the ancient emporium of ,rome have been discovered on the banks of the ,tiber4 ,the name is sometimes applied to a town1 but applies properly only to a certain place in a town4 ,enafota or ,enafodia1 ,chr4 7,gr4 74 ,a corona or chandelier of 8nine lights40 ,enaluron1 ,her4 7,see ,,entoire47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhg4 ,pendant of gold1 enamelled and enriched with jewels4 ,enamel 7,fr4 esmail2 ,ital4 smalto74 ,a glassy substance of many brilliant colours1 melted and united to gold1 silver1 copper1 bronze1 and other metals in the furnace4 ,enamel is coloured white by oxide of tin1 blue by oxide of cobalt1 red by gold1 and green by copper4 ,different kinds of enamel are 7#a7 inlaid or incrusted4 7#b7 ,transparent1 showing designs on the metal under it4 7#c7 ,painted as a complete picture4 8,many fine specimens of ancient ,chinese enamel were seen in the ,exhibition of #ahea4 ,they have the enamel on copper1 beautifully coloured and enlivened with figures of flowers1 birds1 and other animals4 ,the colouring is most chaste and effective4 ,the ,chinese say that no good specimens of this manufacture have been made for the last six or eight hundred years40 7,fortune47 ,beautiful transparent enamels are made in ,india4 ,they look like slices of emerald or sapphire laid in beds of gold1 having tiny figures of beaten gold let into their surfaces4 7,see also ,,cloisonn1 ,,champ-,,lev1 ,,basse-,,taille1 c47 ,the beautiful example of enamel-work1 ,fig4 #bhg1 is attributed to ,benvenuto ,cellini4 7,see ,fig4 #ahh47 ,enamel4 ,painting in enamel is done by means of colours that are vitrifiable1 a quality that is communicated to them by combining them with a vitreous base1 which is called their flux4 ,these are fused and fixed on the enamel by the action of fire1 which produces in the colours applied such changes as the artist has previously learned to calculate4 7,bouvier47 ,enamelled ,glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,enamelled ,wares4 7,see ,,glazed ,,ware47 ,encnia1 ,chr4 ,a dedication festival4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bhh4 ,encarpa 7,festoons7 on the ,temple of ,vesta at ,tivoli4 ,encarpa1 ,gr4 ,an architectural decoration formed of festoons or garlands of flowers and fruits 771 whence its name4 ,fig4 #bhh shows an example from the temple of ,vesta at ,tivoli4 ,encaustic1 ,r4 7lit4 burning in74 ,the art of painting in encaustic4 ,pliny says1 8,the colours were applied with wax on marble1 and transparent gum on ivory4 ,coloured wax was applied to the wall in the form of a paste1 and in the manner of mosaic or enamels4 ,this was then melted or fused with hot irons 7cauteria71 a small fillet of a different tint being inserted between each flat tint40 ,fairholt says1 8,there is no antique painting extant which is properly called ,,encaustic2 all those supposed to be so have1 on closer examination1 proved to be in ,,fresco or in ,,tempera40 ,encaustic ,tiles4 ,ornamental tiles for floorings1 extensively used in the ,middle ,ages4 ,encheirion1 ,chr4 ,the napkin with which the priest wipes his hands2 worn at the girdle4 ,encoignure1 ,fr4 ,a table made with an angle to fit into a corner4 ,encolpia1 ,chr4 7lit4 worn on the breast1 or from the ,gr4 1 to contain in the womb74 7#a7 ,small caskets containing relics or a copy of the ,gospels1 worn by the early ,christians suspended from the neck4 7,see ,,epomadion47 ,their use is of the highest antiquity1 and specimens have been found in the tombs of the ancient cemetery of the ,vatican1 belonging to the #dth century4 ,these were square in form1 having on one side the sacred monogram for between the letters and 4 7#b7 ,the pectoral crosses worn by bishops are also called encolpia4 ,reliquaries in the form of a cross are first mentioned by ,gregory the ,great4 ,he sent one of them to ,queen ,theodelinda4 7,martigny47 ,encomboma1 ,gr4 7i4 e4 girt on74 ,a ,greek apron1 tied round the waist1 worn chiefly by young maidens and by slaves to keep the tunic clean4 ,encyclical ,letters4 7#a7 ,chr4 ,letters 8sent round0 to all who should read them1 and not addressed to any particular person 7from the members of a council1 c474 7#b7 ,gen4 ,the same words1 1 apply to the subjects which the ,greeks included in the 8circle of the sciences10 or encyclopdia4 ,encysted4 ,enclosed in a cyst4 ,endecagon 71 eleven2 1 an angle74 ,a plane figure having eleven sides and eleven angles4 ,endorse1 ,her4 ,a diminutive of the ,,pale 7q4v471 one-fourth of its width4 ,endothys4 7,see ,,endytis47 ,endromis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 a course or running74 ,in ,greek this name is given to hunting boots of ,cretan origin1 such as ,diana is represented wearing by the ,greek sculptors4 ,among the ,romans the endromis was an ample blanket of coarse wool1 introduced from ,gaul1 in which athletes wrapped themselves when they were heated with the exercises4 ,endromis ,tyria was the name given to a large woollen wrap much finer than the ordinary endromis1 and which was worn by the ,roman ladies after their gymnastic exercises4 ,endytis1 ,chr4 71 to put on74 ,this term1 in the ,middle ,ages1 denoted an altar-covering2 other terms for it were endothis and endothys4 ,energumens1 ,chr4 ,men possessed with devils4 ,enfeu1 ,fr4 ,a sepulchral vault usually placed under the choir of a church2 it assumed the form of a large niche4 ,originally bishops were interred by 8droit d'enfeu0 in tombs of this kind4 ,the term is derived from the ,latin infodere 7to dig74 ,enfiled1 ,her4 ,pierced with the sword4 ,engageants1 ,fr4 8,double ruffles that fall over the wrists40 7,ladies' ,dictionary1 #afid47 ,engineer's ,cartridge4 ,drawing-paper manufactured in sheets measuring #cj by #bb inches4 ,double ,engineer's ,cartridge measures #df inches by #cj4 ,engobe1 ,fr4 ,a 8slip0 or thin coating of white clay used to coat pottery before the invention of the tin glaze4 ,engrailed1 ,her4 ,a border line indented in semicircles4 ,engraving4 ,copper-plate engraving is called ,,chalcography 7q4v47 7,gr4 1 copper72 wood-engraving1 ,,xylography 7q4v47 7,gr4 1 wood72 and engraving on stone1 ,,lithography 7q4v47 7,gr4 1 a stone74 ,each process is described under its own heading4 ,see also ,,etching4 ,enhanced1 ,her4 ,raised towards the ,,chief1 or upper part of the shield4 ,enneapyl1 ,pel4 7 and 74 ,literally1 nine gates2 a fortified enclosure constructed by the ,botian ,pelasgians round the ,acropolis of ,athens1 some years after the ,trojan war4 ,xerxes destroyed the enneapyl after the capture of ,athens4 ,a few fragments of it remain to this day1 not far from the temple of the ,wingless ,victory4 ,enotia1 ,gr4 7,lat4 inaures74 ,,ear-,,rings 7q4v474 ,enseniator1 ,med4 ,lat4 7from the ,italian insegna1 an ensign74 ,a mounted ensign-bearer4 ,ensiculus1 ,r4 ,a small sword1 or child's sword1 used as a plaything4 ,it is the diminutive of ,,ensis4 ,ensigned1 ,her4 ,adorned2 having some ensign of honour placed above1 as a coronet above a shield4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #bhi1 #bij4 ,gallic ,ensigns4 ,ensigns1 ,gen4 7,lat4 signa militaria2 ,gr4 74 ,military symbols beneath which soldiers are ranged according to the different regiments to which they belong4 ,the most ancient ,roman ensign was a bundle of straw1 hay1 or fern4 ,then came the eagle1 the wolf1 the minotaur1 the horse1 and the boar4 ,afterwards the eagle alone was displayed 7,b4 ,c4 #ajd72 it was made of silver or bronze1 with expanded wings4 ,the serpent or dragon was used as a particular ensign by the several cohorts1 and the centuries had also each its ensign2 but these were cloth flags4 ,under ,constantine the ,,labarum 7q4v47 was introduced4 7,see ,,cuspis1 ,figs4 #bbh to #bcj47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bia4 ,gallic ,ensign4 ,ensiludium1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a contest in sport with swords4 7,see ,,cembel1 ,,hastiludium47 ,ensis1 ,sword4 ,a synonym of ,,gladius 7q4v474 ,ensis a ,estoc1 ,med4 ,a stabbing-sword1 usually carried at the saddle-bow4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bib4 ,entablature with leaf ornament4 ,entablature4 ,a member of architecture placed as a crown to another4 ,the entablature is composed of architrave1 the part immediately above the column2 frieze1 the central space2 and cornice1 the upper projecting mouldings4 7,see ,fig4 #ahd47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bic4 ,entablature with honeysuckle ornament4 ,entalma1 ,chr4 ,the document by which a bishop confers the right of hearing confessions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bid4 ,egyptian ,column1 showing entasis4 ,entasis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 a stretching tight74 ,the swelling of a balustre or of the shaft of a column4 ,the narrowing of the shaft is called ,,contractura 7q4v474 ,enterclose1 ,arch4 ,a passage between two rooms in a house4 ,enthronisation1 ,chr4 7,lat4 incathedrare74 7#a7 ,the ceremony of placing a newly-ordained bishop upon his throne4 7#b7 ,that of placing the relics in the altar of a church on consecration4 7#c7 ,the installation of a presbyter in his church is sometimes called enthronisation4 ,entire1 ,her4 ,said of a charge when it extends to the border lines of a shield1 coat1 or banner2 also of a shield1 coat1 or banner of arms1 when borne without any difference or mark of cadency4 ,entoire1 ,entoyre1 ,her4 ,a bordure charged with a series of inanimate figures or devices1 as crosslets1 roundles1 c4 ,to a similar bordure of living figures the term ,,enaluron is applied4 ,entrance1 ,chr4 7,see ,,eisodos and ,,introit47 ,entrecoupe1 ,fr4 ,when two vaults are superimposed1 and both spring from the same walls1 8entrecoupe0 is the term applied to the arched interval--if any--between them4 ,enveloped1 ,environed1 ,her4 ,surrounded4 ,eolian 7olian7 ,harp4 ,a musical stringed instrument arranged to be played upon by the wind 7from ,eolus or properly olus1 the ruler of the winds74 ,eolodicon4 ,a musical instrument similar to a harmonium1 invented in the last century by ,eschenbach4 ,eolophone4 ,a musical instrument similar to a harmonium4 ,era1 ,gr4 774 ,a festival held at ,athens in honour of ,icarius and his daughter ,erigon4 ,it was known also by the names of ora 77 and ,aletis 774 ,the last appellation originated in a hymn which was sung at the festival1 and which had been composed by ,theodorus of ,colophon4 ,it was sometimes called 8,eudeipnos10 from the rich banquets usually given during its celebration4 ,epact 7,gr4 1 sc4 2 in ,med4 ,lat4 adjectiones ,lun74 ,the number of days required at the end of a lunar year to complete the solar year4 7,see ,,embolismus47 ,epagomen 7sc4 days71 ,gen4 7 1 i4 e4 intercalated days74 ,the name given to the five supplementary days of the year among those nations who divided the year into twelve months of thirty days each4 ,epaullire or ,epaullets1 ,er4 ,shoulder-plates2 also the shoulder-knots formerly worn by gentlemen1 but now restricted to domestic servants4 7,see ,,aiglet47 ,ependytes1 ,chr4 71 i4 e4 worn above74 ,the 8fisher's coat0 of ,st4 ,peter4 ,a coarse cloak worn by the monks of the ,middle ,ages over another garment2 it is also called1 in the ancient ,,mss41 superaria1 superindum1 and sagus rusticus4 ,it is frequently described1 especially in the ,east1 as made of skins 71 pelliceus74 ,epergne 7,fr4 pargne1 economy74 ,an ornamental stand1 with dish and branches1 for the centre of a table4 ,epernay ,ware4 ,at ,epernay were specially made glazed wares in relief for the service of the table1 in shapes such as a hare1 a fowl1 c41 in half relief2 also surprise or puzzle jugs4 ,epha or ,ephah1 ,heb4 ,a measure of capacity1 about #c pecks and #c pints4 ,ephebeum1 ,gr4 774 ,the large hall of a gymnasium1 situated in the centre of the building1 in which the youths 7ephebi7 practised gymnastic exercises4 ,ephippium1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 for putting on a horse74 ,a saddle4 ,among the ,greeks and ,romans it was a kind of pad1 square or round in shape1 and regularly stuffed4 ,saddle-cloths hung from it1 but it had no stirrups4 ,the word sella1 or sella equestris1 became common in later times4 ,ephod1 ,hebrew4 ,a short upper garment worn by the ,jewish priests4 ,the ephod1 which was also worn by the ,jewish judges and kings1 was made of fine linen2 that of the high priest consisted of a sleeved tunic1 woven with gold thread1 purple1 hyacinth1 and twisted flax4 ,two sardonyx stones set in gold adorned the clasps by which this tunic was fastened round the shoulders4 ,epi or ,girouette1 ,fr4 ,the complicated iron ornament with which steeples and pointed roofs were surmounted in the architecture of the ,renaissance period1 replaced in modern times by the weathercock4 ,a similar spiked ornament1 of pottery or metal1 is still common on the gables of houses in ,normandy4 ,epic4 ,in ,art1 the graphic representation of an 8epos10 or event1 cardinal in history4 ,epichysis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 that which pours in74 ,a ,greek pitcher with a long neck and a handle2 it was used for pouring wine into cups4 ,epicopus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 furnished with oars74 ,a vessel with oars4 7,see ,,navis47 ,epicrocum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a woman's garment1 of a saffron yellow 7crocus71 whence its name4 ,epicycloid4 8,a curve described by the movement of the circumference of one circle on the convex or concave part of the circumference of another40 7,stormonth47 ,epideipnis1 ,gr4 7i4 e4 following the dinner74 ,the last course of a dinner or any kind of banquet4 ,epidemia1 ,gr4 7lit4 among the people74 ,festivals held at ,argos in honour of ,juno1 and at ,delos and ,miletus in honour of ,apollo4 ,they received their name from the fact that these deities were supposed to be present at them1 and to mingle with the people 71 among2 1 people74 ,epidote4 ,a mineral of a green or greyish colour3 of the garnet family4 ,epidromos1 ,gr4 7#a7 ,the mizen1 or sail on the mast nearest to the stern1 in vessels with several masts4 7#b7 ,a part of the oil-press4 7#c7 ,a running rope passing through the rings of a large net for catching birds1 by means of which the huntsman1 who was on the watch1 closed the net when the game had found their way into it4 ,epigonation1 ,gr41 ,chr4 ,an ornament peculiar to the ,eastern ,church2 a lozenge-shaped piece of some stiff material1 hanging from the girdle on the right side as low as the knee 7whence its name74 ,epigrus4 7,see ,,epiurus47 ,epiphany1 ,chr4 ,this festival is known by various names in the different ,european languages2 and the names are either 7#a7 mere reproductions of the ,latin name1 or renderings of it2 or 7#b7 refer to the manifestation to the ,magi as the three ,kings1 as the ,dutch ,drie-,koningendag1 c42 or 7#c7 indicate it as the final day of the ,christmas festivity1 ,twelfth ,day1 c4 7,see ,smith and ,cheetham's ,dictionary of ,christian ,antiquities47 ,epiphi1 ,egyp4 ,the third month of summer1 called the season of harvests4 ,epirhedium1 ,r4 7 ,gr41 and rheda ,gallic74 ,a kind of chariot4 ,the word was formed by the ,romans as above1 and is explained as ,ornamentum rhedarum1 aut plaustrum4 7,see ,,rheda1 ,,plaustrum47 ,episcenium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 above the stage74 ,a room situated above the stage1 in ancient theatres1 for the machinery4 ,episcopalia1 ,chr4 ,the ring and the pastoral staff1 the distinctive marks of the authority of a bishop4 ,episotron 7-74 7,see ,,canthus47 ,epistle ,side 7of a church74 ,the south side4 ,epistomium1 ,r4 71 a mouth74 ,the cock of a vessel or water-pipe1 which let out only a little water at a time4 ,epistylium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,an epistyle2 literally1 on the column 71 on1 and 1 a column72 that is1 the architrave or lower beam of an entablature laid horizontally upon columns4 ,by analogy the term is used to denote the entire ,,entablature 7q4v474 ,epitaph 774 7#a7 ,a eulogy pronounced at a funeral4 7#b7 ,memorials of art in churches1 in remembrance of the dead4 7#c7 ,inscriptions on tombs4 ,epithalamium1 ,gr4 ,a nuptial song4 ,a fragment of verses from one of these songs1 written by ,hesiod1 has come down to us4 ,epithedes or ,sima1 ,arch4 ,the upper member of the cornice of an entablature4 ,epitoga1 ,r4 ,a cloak worn over the toga4 ,epitoxis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,that part of the catapult in which the missile was laid4 ,epitrachelion1 ,chr4 7i4 e4 on the neck74 ,the ,greek name for the stole4 7,see ,,stole47 ,epiurus1 ,r4 774 ,a wooden peg used as a nail4 ,epoch4 ,a fixed and important period of novelty or change1 which gave a new and distinctive character to ,art4 7,fairholt47 ,epomadion1 ,gr41 ,chr4 ,the cord or ribbon by which relics1 or crosses 7,,encolpia71 were suspended from the neck4 ,eques1 ,r4 ,generally1 any one on horseback1 a rider1 and by analogy a knight1 that is1 a patrician or man of distinguished family4 ,eques alarius was the name given to the cavalry of the allies2 eques cataphractus was a knight whose horse1 as well as himself1 was clad in complete armour2 eques extraordinarius were the picked cavalry in the service of the consuls2 eques legionarius1 eques prtorianus1 the prtorian cavalry2 eques sagittarius1 the mounted archers4 ,equipped1 ,her4 ,fully armed1 caparisoned1 or provided4 ,equiria1 ,r4 7equus74 ,games instituted by ,romulus1 and celebrated at ,rome in the ,field of ,mars on the third of the calends of ,march 7#bgth ,february74 ,these games1 held in honour of ,mars1 consisted of chariot races4 ,there were two festivals of this name2 the second was on the eve of the ides of ,march 7#adth ,march74 ,equuleus or ,eculeus1 ,r4 7lit4 a colt1 a young horse74 ,this was an instrument of torture on which slaves were placed astride4 ,the law prescribed that all slaves called as witnesses should be examined under torture4 ,equus1 ,r4 ,a horse2 properly a stallion1 as opposed to cauterius1 a gelding1 and equa1 a mare4 ,eradicated1 ,her4 ,torn up by the roots4 ,erased1 ,her4 ,torn off with a ragged edge4 ,eremites1 ,gr41 ,chr4 ,hermits4 ,ergastulum1 ,r4 71 to work74 ,a private prison attached to a farm or villa rustica1 in which insubordinate and ill-conducted slaves were kept in chains2 they were under the superintendence of a gaoler1 who was himself a slave1 and who was called ,,ergastularius4 ,ergastula were built underground1 and thus formed subterranean dungeons4 ,ergata1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 worker74 ,a strong capstan used for moving heavy weights2 among other things1 for hauling vessels on shore4 ,ericius1 ,r4 7lit4 hedgehog74 ,a military engine1 a cheval-de-frise or long beam studded with iron spikes1 whence its name4 ,it was placed across a door or other opening to which it was desired to bar ingress4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bie4 ,the ,ermine4 ,arms of ,anne of ,brittany4 ,ermine1 ,ermines1 ,erminois1 ,her4 ,the animal1 the ermine1 sometimes appears in blazon1 and an ermine spot is borne as a charge4 ,generally the ermine is an emblem of royalty1 purity1 and honour4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #bie7 is of the arms of ,anne of ,bretagne1 the ,queen of ,charles ,,viii4 ,erotidia1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals held every fifth year at ,thespi in ,botia1 in honour of ,eros1 the principal divinity of the ,thespians4 ,erpa1 ,egyp4 ,a title in use among the ,egyptians implying authority generally2 the crown prince was so designated1 and the high priest was1 in the same manner1 called erpa of the priests4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bif4 ,escallop4 ,escallop or ,scallop ,shells were emblems worn by pilgrims1 and of ,st4 ,james the ,great1 from the #acth century4 ,escape1 ,arch1 7or ,apopyge74 ,the small curvature given to the top and bottom of the shaft of a column where it expands to meet the edge of the fillet above the torus of the base1 and beneath the astragal under the capital4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #big4 ,escaufaille1 or portable brazier4 ,escaufaille1 ,fr4 ,a small portable brazier on wheels1 which was taken from room to room as required4 ,eschelles1 ,fr4 8,a stomacher laced or ribboned in the form of a ladder40 7,ladies' ,dict41 #afid47 ,escoinson1 ,med4 ,fr4 ,the interior edge of the window-side or jamb4 ,this was often decorated with a pilaster called the 8pilastre des coinsons40 ,escroll1 ,her4 ,a ribbon charged with a motto2 also a ribbon1 coiled at its extremities1 borne as a charge4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bih4 ,escutcheon of the ,sforzas4 ,escutcheon4 7#a7 ,the heraldic shield4 7#b7 ,metal plates on doors4 ,escutcheons are abundantly used in ,gothic architecture1 and are frequently carved on the bosses of ceilings and at the ends of weather mouldings1 c4 ,sometimes4 instead of armorial bearings1 escutcheons have the instruments of the ,crucifixion or other devices carved on them4 ,escutcheon of ,pretence1 ,her4 ,a shield charged upon the field of another shield of larger size1 and bearing a distinct coat of arms4 ,espadon4 ,a long ,spanish sword4 ,it was the weapon used for decapitation of criminals4 ,espietus1 ,expiotus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a dart 7#acfa74 ,espringale1 ,springale1 ,espringold4 ,a machine for throwing darts4 ,esquire1 ,her4 ,a rank next below that of knight4 ,esseda1 ,essedum1 ,r4 7from the ,celtic ess1 a carriage74 ,a chariot of ,gaulish origin1 drawn by two horses1 which was used by the ,britons and the ,germans in war4 ,it was mounted on two wheels1 and was open in front1 but closed behind4 ,the pole was broad1 and the rider used to run to and fro upon it in the battle4 ,the ,romans constructed carriages of a similar kind4 ,a similar chariot drawn by one horse was called the cisium4 7,see ,,currus47 ,essonite4 ,the cinnamon-stone1 a variety of the garnet4 ,it is of a reddish yellow tint1 resembling the colour of cinnamon4 ,these stones come principally from ,ceylon1 and are frequently sold for hyacinths or jacinths1 from which1 however1 they differ in many important peculiarities4 7,h4 ,emanuel47 ,este4 ,a manufactory in ,italy of soft porcelain2 also of fine faience and pipe-clay4 ,estivation1 ,bot4 ,the arrangement of the unexpanded leaves of the flower-bud which burst in ,summer2 as opposed to ,,vernation1 the arrangement of the leaves of the bud which burst in ,spring4 ,estoc1 ,fr4 7,med4 ,lat4 estoquum74 ,a short sword worn at the girdle2 also called a 8tuck0 7temp4 ,elizabeth74 ,estoile1 ,her4 ,a star with wavy rays or points1 which are six1 eight1 or sometimes more in number4 ,estrade1 ,fr41 ,arch4 ,a platform raised three or four inches above the rest of the floor of a chamber1 upon which to place a bed or a throne1 c4 ,estrif or ,estref1 ,med4 ,a kind of arrow for the balista4 ,etching4 ,in this process the copper plate is covered with an etching-ground1 which is a preparation of bees'-wax1 ,burgundy pitch1 black pitch1 and asphaltum 7or other ingredients72 and the lines of the design are traced out with etching-needles1 which remove the etching-ground from the copper wherever they pass1 and slightly scratch the surface of the plate4 ,next1 a border of banking-wax is put round the sides of the plate1 making a trough of it4 ,the banking-wax is made of bees'-wax1 common pitch1 ,burgundy pitch1 and sweet oil melted in a crucible and poured into cold water4 ,the next operation is to pour in nitrous acid reduced with water to a proper strength 7about one part acid to four parts water74 ,when the acid has been on a sufficient time to corrode the fainter parts of the subject1 it is to be poured off1 the plate washed with water1 and left to dry4 ,these fainter parts are then to be varnished with a mixture called stopping-ground1 made of lamp-black and ,venice turpentine1 applied with a camel's-hair pencil4 ,this stops the further action of the acid on these parts4 ,when the surface is dry1 fresh acid is poured on to bite in the bolder parts1 and the processes of stopping and biting-in are alternated for every gradation of tint4 ,the wax is removed from the plate by heat1 and cleaned away with a rag moistened with olive oil2 and the work is then complete1 or it may be finished off with the graver4 ,etching-points or needles resemble common needles1 fixed in handles four or five inches long2 some are made oval to produce broader lines4 ,the dry point is only a very fine-pointed needle for the delicate lines4 ,imitations of chalk and pencil drawings are sometimes produced by etching on soft ground4 ,etching on steel is done in the same way as on copper4 ,for etching on glass1 a ground of bees'-wax is laid on1 and the design traced as above4 ,sulphuric acid is then poured on1 and fluor-spar sprinkled on it1 or fluoric acid may be at once used2 this is allowed to remain four or five hours1 and is then removed with oil of turpentine4 7,see also ,,stipple1 ,,mezzotinto1 ,,aquatinta47 ,eterea of ,padua4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,their device1 a charioteer in his car in the air1 drawn by a white and black horse1 the one endeavouring to touch the earth1 the other to ascend4 ,motto1 8,victor se tollit ad auras40 ,etiolation4 ,the process of blanching to which plants are subject in dark places4 ,ettwee4 ,o4 ,e4 for ,,etui 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bii4 ,etui4 ,etui1 ,fr4 7by contraction ,twee1 ,boyer74 ,a case formerly worn at the girdle by ladies4 ,they were made of gold or silver1 or ornamented with paintings in enamel4 ,the richly-decorated example represented in ,fig4 #bii was the property of a granddaughter of ,oliver ,cromwell4 ,euripus1 ,r4 774 ,an artificial canal or watercourse in the gardens of a ,roman villa1 generally stocked with fish and aquatic or amphibious animals4 ,the same term was applied to a moat dug at the foot of the podium in an amphitheatre or circus1 which was intended1 in conjunction with the metal railings or trellis-work placed at the top of the podium1 as a protection to the spectators1 when wild beasts were exhibited in the arena4 ,euripus is also applied by ,tertullian and other authors to the spina of a circus4 ,eustyle1 ,arch4 7-74 ,an intercolumniation in which the columns are separated by a width of two diameters and a quarter1 measured at the lower part of the column1 excepting the central intercolumn1 which is of three diameters4 ,it is the form of columniation which1 according to ,vitruvius1 satisfied the demands at once of solidity of structure1 beauty of appearance1 and general harmony of effect4 ,euterpean4 ,pertaining to music3 from the ,muse ,euterpe4 ,everriculum1 ,r4 7everro1 to sweep out74 ,a fishing-net4 ,ewery1 ,med4 ,an office of household service1 where the ewers1 c41 were kept3 our modern scullery4 ,exacisculatus1 ,r4 ,destroyed by means of a pick 7acisculus74 ,the term is of frequent occurrence in sepulchral inscriptions1 its purpose being to serve as a notice to the thieves who broke into tombs4 ,examen1 ,r4 7exigo1 to examine74 ,the tongue or index on the beam of a balance4 ,exasciatus1 ,r4 ,hewn or fashioned with the adze 7ascia72 whence the expression opus exasciatum for work which only required to be finished or polished4 ,excalceatus1 ,r4 7lit4 without shoes or boots74 ,a comic actor or comedian who wore sandals4 ,the tragic actor1 on the other hand1 who wore on the stage the laced boot or cothurnus1 was called cothurnatus4 ,excubitorium1 ,r4 ,the post or guard of the excubitores2 of these there was one in each quarter of the city1 or fourteen in all4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjj4 ,exedra4 ,exedra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,an assembly-room or hall for discussion or conversation1 forming part of a gymnasium1 palstra1 or private house4 ,in many cases exedr were in the open air1 consisting merely of circular marble benches4 7,fig4 #cjj47 ,when an exedra was covered in1 one of the sides often terminated in a circular apse 7absis74 ,larger rooms were called 8,leschai40 ,exedrium1 ,r4 ,diminutive of ,,exedra 7q4v474 ,exequi4 7,see ,,exsequi47 ,exergue4 ,the bottom space on a coin1 where the date is engraved4 ,exiteria1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 concerning departure or result74 ,sacrifices offered to propitiate the gods on the eve of an important enterprise1 or in gratitude for success4 ,exomis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 off the shoulders74 ,a short tunic1 of ,greek origin1 adopted by the ,romans4 ,it left the right shoulder and arm exposed1 and had only a short sleeve for the left arm4 ,the term was also applied to the pallium1 when so arranged upon the person as to resemble the tunic just described4 ,exonarthex4 7,see ,,narthex47 ,exostra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a flying bridge thrown from a movable tower 7acrobaticon7 on to the walls of a besieged town1 by means of which the assailants made their way into the place4 7#b7 ,a theatrical machine which was pushed to the front of the stage from behind a curtain which concealed it until it was wanted4 ,expeditus 7opposed to impeditus71 ,r4 ,free1 unencumbered2 light-armed troops 7velites7 were thus called 7expediti71 or any other troops1 when they left their impedimenta behind for a forced march1 c4 ,expositories4 7,see ,,monstrances47 ,exsequi1 ,r4 7exsequor1 to follow after74 ,a funeral conducted with great pomp4 7,see ,funus47 ,extispicium1 ,r4 7exta and inspicio1 to inspect74 ,divination by inspection of the entrails of victims sacrificed on the altar2 called also haruspicina4 ,extra-dos1 ,arch4 ,the exterior curve of an arch2 opposed to the ,,soffit or ,,intra-,,dos4 ,extremities4 ,in ,art1 the head1 feet1 and hands3 compare acrolithes4 ,ex-voto1 ,gen4 ,offerings of any kind in fulfilment of a vow 7ex voto74 ,eye4 ,in ,christian art1 the emblem of ,providence4 ,attribute of ,st4 ,lucia1 as a symbol1 not of her martyrdom1 but of the meaning of her name 78light074 7,see ,,oudja1 ,,oculus47 ,f4 ,fabaria1 ,r4 ,offerings of bean-flour 7faba7 made by the ,romans on the #ast of ,june to the goddess ,carna2 from these offerings the calends of ,june took the name of fabari4 ,fabatarium1 ,r4 ,a large earthenware vessel in which bean-flour 7puls fabacia7 was served1 boiled up with water or broth4 ,it formed a kind of polenta4 ,fabrica1 ,r4 7faber1 an artisan74 ,the shop in which an artisan works1 chiefly a joiner's or carpenter's shop4 ,fabrilia1 ,r4 ,a general term1 including all the different kinds of tools used by an artisan4 ,faade1 ,arch4 ,the face or front of a building4 ,face-guard4 ,on a helmet1 a bar or bars of iron protecting the face4 ,face-painting1 ,o4 ,e4 ,portrait painting4 ,facets 7,fr4 facette1 a little face74 ,the flat surfaces cut upon precious stones4 ,facial ,angle4 ,the angle formed by two lines1 one horizontal from the nostrils to the ear1 the other perpendicular from the nostrils to the forehead4 ,fac-simile 7from ,latin factum1 made1 and simile1 like74 ,a perfectly exact copy4 ,factorium 7sc4 vas71 ,r4 ,a vessel containing exactly a factum1 or quantity of grapes or olives proper to be placed under the press 7torcular7 at one factum or making4 ,facul1 ,r4 ,little torches4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cja4 ,faenza sweetmeat-dish4 ,faenza4 ,a manufacture of pottery considered by some writers to be the most ancient in ,italy4 ,garzoni1 writing in #adhe1 says1 8,the majolicas of ,f4 are white and polished1 and one can no more confound them with those of ,treviso1 than one would take puff-balls for truffles40 ,vincenzo ,lazari says they are distinguished by the softness of the tints1 the correctness of the drawing1 and the whiteness of the enamel at the back4 ,for a long and interesting account of this most important botega1 see ,jacquemart1 ,hist4 of the ,ceramic ,art4 ,the name of ,fayence is derived from ,faenza1 and not from the little town of ,fayence in ,france4 7,fig4 #cja47 ,faience4 7,see ,,fayence47 ,fairy ,butter1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,a fungous excrescence about the roots of trees1 and 7#b7 a species of tremella found on furze and broom are so called4 ,fairy ,circles4 ,circles of coarse green grass common in meadows1 and attributed to the dancing of the fairies4 ,fairy ,dances ,,fairy ,,circles 7q4v474 ,fairy ,darts4 ,small flints in the form of arrow-heads1 possibly of the stone age4 ,fairy ,faces4 ,fossil echini or sea-urchins4 ,fairy ,groats4 ,a country name for certain old coins4 7,see ,harrison's ,england1 p4 #bah47 ,fairy ,loaves4 ,fossils found in the chalk1 called also fairy faces4 ,fairy ,money4 ,treasure trove was so called4 ,fairy ,pipes4 ,small old tobacco-pipes1 frequently found in the north of ,england4 ,fairy ,rings4 7,see ,,fairy ,,circles47 ,fairy ,sparks4 ,phosphoric light seen on various substances in the night time4 7,halliwell47 ,fairy ,stones4 7,see ,,fairy ,,loaves47 ,faith1 in ,christian art1 is represented by a female figure holding the ,eucharistic cup4 ,fala1 ,r4 ,a wooden tower used in the siege of a fortified place1 but the exact form of which is unknown2 it differed from the ,,acrobaticon4 ,falarica or ,phalarica1 ,r4 ,a heavy spear1 used by the ,saguntines1 which was generally discharged from a balista4 ,its shaft was sometimes enveloped with sulphur and resin1 and with tow steeped in oil2 and it was launched blazing against wooden towers for the purpose of setting them on fire4 ,falbala4 7,see ,,furbelow47 ,falcastrum1 ,r4 7falx1 a sickle74 ,an agricultural tool with a curved blade for tearing up weeds4 ,falcatus1 ,r4 ,furnished with scythes 7falces74 7,see ,,currus47 ,falchion4 ,a broadsword1 spelt 8fawchon20 #adth century4 7,see ,,falx47 ,falcicula4 ,dimin4 of falx4 ,falcon1 in medival art1 is the attribute of a gentleman1 in allusion to the restrictions of the sumptuary laws4 ,falcula4 ,dimin4 of falx4 ,faldestol1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an elbow-chair of state2 modern 8fauteuil40 7,see ,,faldstool47 ,falding 7,a4,s4 feald74 ,a kind of coarse cloth1 like frieze4 ,faldstool1 ,faldistory1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a folding-stool1 like a modern camp-stool1 used in cathedral church services in ,saxon times4 ,fall or ,falling-band4 ,a large collar falling on to the shoulders2 #afth and #agth centuries4 7,see ,,bands47 ,fallals1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the falling ruffs of a woman's dress4 ,false1 ,her4 ,said of any charge when its central area is removed2 thus an annulet is a 8false roundle40 ,false ,roof1 ,arch4 ,the space between the ceiling of the garret and the roof4 ,falx1 ,r4 ,a scythe1 sickle1 bill-hook1 c42 any instrument with a curved edge used for cutting grass1 wood1 or other objects4 ,there were many different kinds1 which were called respectively arboraria and sylvatica1 denticulata1 fnaria or veruculata1 vinitoria1 vineatica1 and putatoria4 ,the term falx was also applied to a falchion strongly curved at the end4 ,falx supina was a dagger with a keen and curved blade2 falx muralis was an instrument employed in warfare1 both by sea and land1 either to cut the masts and rigging of a vessel1 or to sweep the ramparts clear of defenders4 ,culter is a knife with one straight edge2 falx1 one with the edge curved4 ,hence our falchion1 c4 ,familia1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,an old term for a set of chessmen4 ,among the jewels in the wardrobe-book of ,edward ,i4 occur 8una familia de ebore1 pro ludendo ad scaccarium10 and 8una familia pro scaccario de jaspide et crystallo40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjb4 ,feather ,fan--,italian4 ,fan1 ,egyp4 ,with the ,egyptians1 the fan of ostrich feathers for brushing away flies was looked upon as the insignia of princes and chieftains2 the flabellum or umbellum 7parasol7 was carried by inferior officers4 ,both kinds of fan are frequently represented on the sacred barges4 ,the use of the fan was first introduced into ,england in the #afth century2 they were first made of feathers with long handles of gold1 silver1 or ivory of elaborate workmanship1 and sometimes inlaid with precious stones4 ,the engraving shows one from a portrait of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans had fans of various elegant materials1 often of peacock's feathers2 sometimes of wings of birds1 or of linen stretched on a frame4 ,italian fans1 medival1 were square flags1 as in ,fig4 #cjc4 ,folding fans were first introduced in the #agth century4 ,inventories of churches and monasteries of the #adth century include ecclesiastical fans or flabella4 ,these are still used in the ,catholic ,church in the ,east4 ,an illumination at ,rouen represents the deacon raising the flabellum1 a circular fan with a long handle1 over the head of the priest at the altar4 ,in the accounts of the churchwardens of ,walberswick1 ,suffolk1 of #adic1 is the entry 8for a bessume of pekok's fethers1 ,i,vd40 7,figs4 #cjb1 #cjc47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjc4 ,venetian lady1 with a square fan of the #afth century4 ,fan-crest1 ,her4 ,an early form of decoration for the knightly helm4 ,fandango4 ,a ,spanish dance4 ,fane4 7#a7 ,a vane or weathercock2 8a fayne of a schipe10 i4 e4 a vane on the top of a mast4 8,of sylver his maste1 of golde his fane40 7#b7 ,anglo-,saxon4 ,a banner4 7#c7 ,the white flower-de-luce4 7,gerard47 7#d7 ,enemies4 7,halliwell47 7,see also ,,fanum47 ,fanfare1 ,fr4 ,a flourish of trumpets4 ,fannel or ,phannel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the ,,fanon 7q4v474 ,fanon1 ,chr4 ,the maniple or napkin worn by the priest at mass4 ,it was originally nothing but a plain strip of linen worn on the left wrist4 ,in later times it was highly decorated1 and often made of the richest materials4 ,fan-tao1 ,chinese4 ,a fabulous peach-tree1 which blossoms every #cjjj years2 represented on pottery as an attribute of ,cheou-,lao1 the god of longevity1 who holds in his hand a fruit of it4 ,fan-tracery4 ,in ,gothic architecture1 elaborate carved work spread over an arched surface1 like a fan with the handle resting on a corbel or stone bracket below4 ,fanum1 ,r4 7fari1 to speak72 ,eng4 ,fane4 ,a term synonymous with ,,templum 7q4v471 but implying also the idea of a place which had been consecrated by the solemn formula of the augurs4 ,the fanum thus comprised not only the building itself1 the temple1 but also all the consecrated ground surrounding it 8locus liberatus et effatus40 ,farrago1 ,r4 7i4 e4 made of far1 spelt74 ,fodder for horses and cattle1 consisting of the green ears of different kinds of grain4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjd4 ,farthingale of the time of ,elizabeth4 ,farthingale 7,fr4 vertugale7 is first spoken of in #aedg4 ,it was a sort of cage made of whalebone worn under the petticoat1 increasing the size of the hips4 ,in ,elizabeth's reign it reached to a preposterous size1 giving the wearer the appearance of 8standing in a drum10 according to 8,sir ,roger de ,coverley40 ,there were wheel-farthingales and tub-farthingales4 ,farthingales were worn during the reign of ,charles ,i41 but of more moderate dimensions2 and in ,charles ,,ii4's reign the fashion vanished to reappear in the hoop of the #ahth century4 ,the engraving gives an example of a moderate farthingale4 7,fig4 #cjd47 ,fartura1 ,r4 7farcio1 to stuff74 ,the act of fattening poultry2 and thence applied to a kind of structure1 the centre of which was filled with rubble4 ,fasces4 7,see ,,fascis47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cje4 ,roman lictor carrying the fasces4 ,fascia1 ,r4 ,any strip of cloth used for a bandage2 such as 7#a7 the swathes 7,gr4 7 in which newly-born children were wrapped2 7#b7 a white band1 or for women1 a purple1 worn as a diadem 7,,diadema72 7#c7 7f4 pectoralis7 a bandage worn by young ,roman girls to prevent excessive development of the breast2 7#d7 7f4 cruralis7 a bandage wound closely round the leg from the ankle to the knee1 c42 these were adopted in ,europe in the ,middle ,ages2 7#e7 7f4 pedulis1 ,gr4 7 a sock2 7#f7 see ,,zona4 7#g7 ,in architecture the term fascia or facia is applied to three flat parallel bands of stone1 introduced to break the monotony of architraves1 more especially of the ,ionic1 ,corinthian1 and ,composite ,orders4 ,fasciculus1 ,r4 7dimin4 of fascis74 ,a small bundle1 or number of objects tied up into small bundles4 ,fascina 7fascinum fascination74 ,amulets worn to avert the 8evil eye40 8,nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos40 7,virgil47 ,fasciola 7dimin4 of fascia74 ,a small bandage4 7,see ,,fascia47 ,fascis1 ,r4 ,a bundle2 a small packet2 a small faggot of wood1 or fascine4 ,in the plural fasces denoted the bundle of rods1 with an axe in the middle1 carried by the lictors before certain of the ,roman magistrates4 7,see ,fig4 #cje47 ,fasces laureati were the fasces crowned with laurel leaves1 which were carried before a victorious general2 fasces versi1 the reversed fasces1 which were carried axe downwards1 in token of mourning1 at funerals4 ,the fasces were carried by the lictors on their shoulders1 as shown in ,fig4 #cje2 and when an inferior magistrate met a superior one1 the lictors of the former lowered their fasces to him2 hence the expression submittere fasces1 to yield or confess inferiority4 ,faselus4 7,see ,,phaselus47 ,fasti1 ,r4 7fas1 divine law74 ,archives or calendars engraved on stone or marble2 they were of two kinds4 7#a7 ,the fasti sacri or kalendares1 a kind of almanack or calendar1 setting out the dies fasti1 or lawful days on which certain kinds of business might be transacted without impiety2 also the religious festivals1 c4 ,the calendars were entirely in the keeping of the priests4 7#b7 ,the fasti annales or historici1 which contained the names of the consuls and magistrates1 and a short account of the most remarkable events4 ,some important lists of this kind of the time of ,tiberius are preserved in the capitol at ,rome1 and called the ,fasti ,capitolini4 ,fastigium1 ,r4 7fastigo1 to raise to a point74 ,the top of a pediment1 and thence the entire pediment itself4 ,in a building this term also signifies the ridge1 or top of a roof whose two sides rise up to a point4 ,faun 7,lat4 ,faunus74 ,a woodland god1 frequently represented with sharp ears and with the feet of a goat4 ,fauteau1 ,fr4 ,a military engine used in the ,middle ,ages2 it was a kind of battering-ram suspended in a tower4 7,see ,,aries47 ,faux1 ,r4 ,any narrow passage1 lobby1 corridor1 or entrance to a house1 in especial the passage which formed the communication between two blocks of a house4 ,in the plural1 fauces1 like carceres1 denoted stalls or stables for horses4 7,see ,,carcer47 ,faviss1 ,r4 ,pits or cellars under a temple1 in which all the furniture and sacred implements which had become unfit for use were kept4 ,favour1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a love-gift2 a ribbon or glove1 c41 worn on the crest of the favoured knight at a tournament1 c4 ,favourite1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a lock of hair3 8a sort of modish lock1 dangling on the temples40 7,ladies' ,dictionary1 #afid47 ,favus1 ,r4 ,a flagstone or tablet of marble cut into a hexagon1 like the cell of a honeycomb 7favus71 whence its name4 ,pavements of this pattern were called ,sectilia4 ,fax1 ,r4 ,a torch4 ,this consisted either of pieces of wood joined together and steeped in resin1 or a metal tube filled with inflammable materials1 such as resin1 pitch1 tallow1 tow impregnated with wax1 c4 ,the early evening was hence called prima fax1 and as marriages were celebrated at that time of day1 the torch was made an attribute of ,hymen1 and a symbol of marriage4 ,the torch was also carried at funerals to fire the pile with4 ,fayence4 ,pottery4 ,feather4 ,in ,christian art 7,german7 an attribute of ,st4 ,barbara2 it is generally a peacock's feather4 ,this refers to an old ,german version of her legend1 which relates that when ,st4 ,barbara was scourged by her father1 angels changed the rods into feathers4 ,featherings1 in ,architecture1 are lacelike ornaments along the edges of arcs in windows1 canopies1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjf4 ,ostrich feathers4 7,an escroll for a coronet47 ,feathers1 ,her4 ,the feathers borne as crests and badges are generally those of the ostrich1 sometimes of the swan1 the turkey1 and a few other birds4 ,fig4 #cjf is a representation of an early plume of ostrich feathers1 as they are carved1 with an escroll in place of a coronet1 in the ,abbey ,church of ,st4 ,albans4 ,from the time of the accession of the ,house of ,stuart to the crown of the ,united ,kingdom1 the coroneted plume of three ostrich feathers appears to have been regarded1 as it is at this present day1 as the special badge of the ,princes of ,wales4 ,februa1 ,februales1 ,r4 ,a festival in honour of the dead instituted by ,numa2 it was celebrated every year on the ides of ,february4 ,feet4 ,in ,christian art the feet of ,our ,lord1 also of angels and of the ,apostles1 should always be represented naked1 without shoes or sandals4 7,fairholt47 ,felt 7,fr4 feutre74 ,a sort of coarse wool1 or wool and hair4 ,felt hats were first made in ,england by ,spaniards and ,dutchmen1 in the beginning of the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,felt was also used for the stuffing of garments4 ,feminalia or ,femoralia1 ,r4 7femur1 the thigh74 ,short breeches or a kind of drawers which reached from the waist to about the knee4 ,worn by ,augustus ,csar1 who was very susceptible to cold4 ,fendace 7armour74 ,the old name for the gorget4 ,fenestella1 ,chr4 7lit4 a small window74 ,a niche made in the wall of a church1 near the altar1 and containing the stone basin in which the priest poured away the water in which he had washed the chalice4 ,fenestra1 ,window4 ,fenestra biforis is a ,gemel-window1 formed by a double bay4 ,fenestra was the name given to the hole pierced in the ears to receive the ear-rings1 as also to the loop-holes made in the walls of a fortress4 ,fenestration1 ,arch4 ,a term which expresses the disposition and arrangement of all the windows in a house4 ,fengite4 ,transparent alabaster used for glass in windows4 ,ferculum1 ,r4 7fero1 to carry74 ,contracted form of fericulum1 a tray1 and thence the dishes carried upon a tray2 a course or remove4 ,in a triumphal procession the term was applied to a platform for displaying an enemy's spoils1 a rich booty1 images of the gods1 c42 or the ashes of the dead in a funeral4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjg4 ,silver ,feretory or ,reliquary1 of good ,english work1 for the most part in repouss4 ,feretory1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,a richly ornamented shrine1 often of solid gold and set with jewels1 in which the relics of saints are carried in ,roman ,catholic processions4 7#b7 ,the enclosure or chapel in which the shrine was kept4 ,feretrum or ,pheretrum1 ,gr1 ,r41 and ,chr4 7,lat4 capulus74 ,a bier2 sometimes a shrine4 ,the term was used at a period when coffins were uncommon2 more properly the ,,feretory1 #a 7q4v474 ,feri1 ,r4 ,days of festival among the ,romans2 they were classed as follows3 7#a7 ,feri stat or stativ1 which were held regularly on the days indicated in the calendar2 these were the immovable festivals1 such as the ,agonalia1 ,carmentalia1 ,lupercalia1 c4 7#b7 ,feri concept or conceptiv1 which were held every year1 but at uncertain intervals2 these were the movable festivals1 such as the ,latin1 ,sementiv1 ,paganalia1 and ,compitalia4 7#c7 ,lastly1 there were the feri imperativ or official festivals1 which were held by order of the dictators1 consuls1 or prtors4 ,all feri were dies nefasti1 on which lawsuits1 political transactions1 c4 were impious1 and slaves were relieved of their labour4 ,the feri ,latin were the most important of all ,roman festivals4 ,fermail1 ,her4 ,a buckle4 ,ferr1 ,her4 ,a horse-shoe4 ,ferrara4 ,a manufactory of majolica in ,north ,italy1 described by ,jacquemart as 8one of the most brilliant in ,italy20 established by ,alfonso ,i4 with artists imported from ,faenza1 circa #adie4 7,jacquemart47 ,ferrea ,solea4 ,a horse-shoe4 7,see ,,solea and ,,hipposandalium47 ,ferriterium4 ,a prison for slaves4 ,synonym of ,,ergastulum 7q4v474 ,ferula1 ,r4 ,the fennel2 a plant with which children were beaten for slight faults1 and thence a cane or stick with which slaves were chastised4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cjh4 ,fesse4 ,fesse1 ,her4 ,one of the ordinaries4 ,a broad band of metal or colour crossing the shield horizontally4 ,fesse-point1 ,her4 ,the central point of an escutcheon4 ,fesse-wise1 ,in ,fesse1 ,her4 ,disposed in a horizontal line1 side by side1 across the centre of a field1 and over the fesse-point of a shield4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cji4 ,festoon of foliage4 ,festoon1 ,arch4 ,garland of flowers4 7,fig41 #cji47 7,see ,,encarpa47 ,festra1 ,r4 ,an abbreviation anciently employed for ,,fenestra 7q4v474 ,festuca or ,vindicta1 ,r4 ,the rod which the lictor held over the head of a slave during the ceremony of manumissio1 by which he was given his freedom4 7,see ,,manumissio47 ,fetter-lock1 ,her4 ,a shackle1 padlock2 a ,yorkshire badge4 ,fibrin 7vestes71 ,fibrin 7lan74 7,see ,,castore47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #caj4 ,fibula4 ,gallic4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #caa4 ,fibula4 ,gallic4 ,fibula1 ,gen4 7figo1 to fix74 7#a7 ,a clasp1 buckle1 or brooch2 any contrivance made of gold1 silver1 bronze1 ivory1 c41 used for fastening male or female attire4 7#b7 ,the buckle of a head-band 7tnia1 vitta74 ,figs4 #caj and #caa represent buttons and clasps belonging to the ,gaulish and ,merovingian periods4 ,the girdles of the ,franks and ,saxons1 found in ,english tombs1 were usually ornamented most profusely4 ,not only were the buckles 7fibul7 of the richest workmanship1 and conspicuous for size and decoration1 but they are sometimes supplemented by enchased plates1 or plates set with precious stones4 7,roach ,smith47 7,see ,figs4 #aje to #aac47 ,fictile ,ware1 ,keremania1 ,r4 7fingo1 to mould74 ,any object made of terra-cotta or pottery1 such as tiles1 bricks1 vases1 c4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,fiddle 7,a4,s4 fithele71 or ,viol1 is represented in an ,anglo-,saxon ,,ms4 of the #aath century1 of a pear-shape1 with four strings4 ,the fiddle-bow probably originated in ,hindustan1 where the ,hindus claim that the ravanastron was invented about #ejjj years ago by ,ravanon1 a king of ,ceylon4 ,almost identical with this is the ,chinese fiddle called urheen1 which has only two strings1 and its body consists of a small block of wood1 hollowed out and covered with a snake-skin4 ,a ,german fiddle of the #ith century1 called lyra1 has only one string4 ,in the ,nibelungen ,lied ,volker is described as dexterous in playing the fiddle4 ,interesting representations of performers on the fiddle are painted on the roof of ,peterborough ,cathedral4 ,they are attributed to the #abth century4 ,fidelia1 ,r4 ,an earthenware vessel or jar used as a receptacle for cement4 ,fides or ,fidis1 ,r4 ,a general term comprising all stringed or gut instruments 7from sphid1 catgut74 ,fidicula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of fides74 ,a very fine catgut string1 a treble-string4 ,the plural fidicul denotes an instrument of torture for slaves1 the form of which is unknown4 ,field4 ,in ,numismatics1 the surface of a coin on which objects were engraved2 in ,heraldry1 the entire surface of a shield or banner4 ,figure-paintings4 ,paintings of the human figure4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cab4 ,silver ,filigree4 ,reliquary1 belonging to ,lord ,hastings1 said to have been dug up in the foundations of ,st4 ,paul's1 ,london4 ,filagree1 ,filigree1 or ,filigraine 7,it4 filigrana filum and granum1 or granular network2 so called because the ,italians1 who first introduced this style of work1 placed beads upon it4 ,ure474 ,this work is of gold or silver wire plaited and soldered into delicate arabesques and flower patterns4 ,in the #aeth century the ,spanish ,moors 8made admirable chiselled1 enamelled1 and gilt work1 and applied filigree work on the surface1 a system kept up at ,salamanca and ,cordova to the present day40 ,the ,eastern nations have always been famous for filigree work4 ,file1 ,her4 ,a label 7from the ,latin filum1 a narrow ribbon74 ,filfot1 called also the ,gammadion4 7,see ,,fylfot47 ,filigree ,glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,fillet1 ,her4 ,a diminutive of a chief4 ,fillets1 ,gen4 ,strips of linen employed for various purposes4 ,the victims which were conducted by priests to sacrifice were adorned with sacred fillets4 ,among the ,egyptians fillets were employed to swathe mummies1 the strips being repeatedly wound by the embalmers round the corpse1 till it reassumed the appearance it had presented before being dried4 7,see ,,diadem1 ,,fascia47 ,in ,architecture1 a small round or rectangular moulding which separates two others which are larger and more prominent2 the fillet also separates the flutings of columns4 7,see ,t,,nia47 ,fimbria1 ,r4 ,the border or fringe of a cloth or garment4 ,these were more common among the ,egyptians and ,assyrians than the ,greeks and ,romans1 and are mentioned in the ,bible4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cac4 ,cross fimbriated4 ,fimbriated1 ,her4 ,bordered2 the border 7which is narrow7 lying in the same plane with the object bordered4 7,fig4 #cac47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cad4 ,finial4 ,finial4 ,in ,gothic architecture1 an ornament of carved work representing foliage1 on the apex of a spire or pinnacle4 7,see ,,crocket47 7,fig4 #cad47 ,fir-cone upon a stem was the form of vases special to the majolica manufactory of ,deruba2 8a form10 says ,jacquemart1 8quite special to that manufactory1 and directly imitated from the extreme ,east and from ,asia ,minor40 ,fire4 ,flames of fire placed near ,st4 ,anthony signify his spiritual aid as patron saint against fire in all shapes1 in the next world and in this4 ,tongues of fire are1 of course1 depicted on the heads of the ,apostles1 in representations of the ,day of ,pentecost4 ,fire-dog4 7,see ,,andiron47 ,fire-lock4 ,the musket fired by flint and steel1 invented in ,france about the year #afcj4 7,see ,,match-,,lock47 ,fire-stommer1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a poker4 ,fiscus1 ,r4 ,a wicker-work basket used for gardening purposes1 especially for gathering in the olive and grape crops4 ,the ,romans also made use of this basket for transporting sums of money2 hence fiscus came to mean a moneychest1 and was the name given to that part of the revenue which was applied to the civil list of the emperors opposed to rarium1 the property of the senate2 but at last the word was used to signify generally the property of the state4 ,fish4 ,in ,christian art1 the symbol of water and the rite of baptism4 7,see ,,acrostic and ,,vesica ,,piscis47 ,fistuca1 ,r4 ,a pavior's ram or beetle2 a wooden bar or pile used to consolidate floorings1 masonry1 and pavements4 ,fistula1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a water-pipe of lead or earthenware4 7#b7 ,a writing-pen made of reed1 and thence a ,pan's pipe4 7#c7 ,a rolling-pin for making pastry4 7#d7 ,a probe4 7#e7 ,a machine for bruising corn1 which was called fistula farraria4 ,fitch4 ,the best of paint-brushes are made of the hair of the fitch or polecat4 ,they are black1 elastic1 and firm though soft4 ,they are made flat or round1 and are used also for varnishing4 ,fitche1 ,her4 ,pointed at the base4 ,flabelliform1 ,arch4 7flabellum74 ,fan-shaped4 ,the term is usually applied to an ornament composed of leaves and palms1 which is of frequent occurrence on ,romano-,byzantine monuments4 ,flabellum1 ,gen4 7flo1 to blow74 ,a fan4 7,see ,,fan47 ,flagellum1 ,gen4 7flagrum74 ,a whip or scourge made with thongs of leather1 especially thongs of the ox's hide1 or twisted or knotted cords1 c41 used in antiquity for punishing slaves or culprits4 ,it was a terrible weapon1 and the lash was often knotted with bones1 or heavy metal hooks to tear the flesh 7scorpio74 ,gladiators used to fight in the arena with flagella4 ,flagon4 ,a vessel with a long neck covered at top1 and a spout4 ,the flagons of the #aeth and #afth centuries are the best in design and ornamentation4 ,flail4 ,a weapon like a flail1 of wood and iron armed with spikes1 temp4 ,henry ,,viii4 ,flake-white4 ,so called from its form1 in commerce1 of flakes or scales4 ,as a pigment it possesses great body1 and enters largely into numerous compound tints4 7,fairholt47 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead47 ,flamboyant 7style71 ,mod4 ,the style of ,french architecture peculiar to the #aeth century1 so called because the mullions and tracery of the windows in the monuments belonging to that period are curved and twisted like the waving of flames4 ,this style was contemporary with that called 8the perpendicular0 in ,england4 ,flamen1 ,r4 ,a priest devoted to the service of any one god2 e4 g4 ,flamen ,martialis1 the priest of ,mars4 ,their characteristic dress was the ,,apex1 the ,l,,na1 and a laurel wreath4 ,flaming ,heart1 in ,christian symbolism1 expresses fervent piety and love4 ,flammeolum 7dimin4 of flammeum74 ,a term denoting a texture much finer than that of the flammeum4 ,flammeum1 ,r4 ,a bridal veil worn by the bride on the day of her marriage2 it was of light gauze1 and in colour of a vivid and brilliant yellow1 like a flame2 whence its name4 ,it covered the lady from head to foot1 and was removed by the bridegroom on their arrival home after the ceremony4 ,flammula1 ,r4 ,a small flame2 a small banner borne by light cavalry regiments2 it was of a vivid and brilliant yellow colour1 like the bridal flammeum2 whence its name4 7,modern ,,oriflamme1 q4v47 ,flanches1 ,flasques1 ,her4 ,subordinaries4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cae4 ,flat-heads4 ,flat-heads1 ,projecting-heads1 ,mod4 ,an ornament peculiar to the ,romano-,byzantine period1 which decorates archivolts4 ,fig4 #cae gives an example of flat-heads2 ,fig4 #caf of projecting-heads4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #caf4 ,projecting-heads4 ,flaying-knife4 ,an attribute of ,st4 ,bartholomew1 signifying the manner of his martyrdom4 ,in ,croyland ,abbey it was anciently the custom to present all members of the community with small flaying-knives on ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day 7,aug4 #bd74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cag4 ,old ,flemish ,lace4 ,flemish ,lace4 ,flanders and ,italy dispute the invention of pillow lace4 ,it is certain1 however1 that lace of home manufacture was worn in the #aeth century in the ,low ,countries1 and from that time to the present lace-making has formed a source of national wealth to ,belgium4 ,the engraving shows a fine specimen of old ,flemish lace composed of six different designs joined together1 commonly known as 8,trolle ,kant40 ,a similar lace is made in some of our own counties1 and called 8,trolly40 7,fig4 #cag47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cah4 8,cosse de ,genest10 showing a ,cross fleurette4 ,fleur-de-lis 7,fr471 the royal insignia of ,france1 was first adopted by ,louis ,,vii4 7about ,a4 ,d4 #aacg7 seme1 or scattered over the field4 ,this shield is blazoned as 8,france ,ancient40 ,on the occasion of his marriage1 in #abcd1 ,st4 ,louis instituted the order of the 8,cosse de ,genest0 7,fig4 #cah71 and1 as an emblem of his humility1 took for his badge the broom-flower with the motto ,exaltat humiles4 ,the collar of the order was composed of broom-flowers enamelled1 intermixed with fleurs-de-lis4 ,in the reign of ,charles ,,vi4 four collars of the order of the ,cosse de ,genest were sent as presents to ,king ,richard ,,ii4 and his uncles the ,dukes of ,lancaster1 ,gloucester1 and ,york4 ,the fleur-de-lis entered the ,english insignia in #abge with the marriage of ,edmund with ,blanche of ,artois1 and was erased on ,january #a1 #ahja4 ,fleurette1 ,her4 ,terminating in1 or bordered with fleurs-de-lis1 like the cross in ,fig4 #cah4 ,fleuron4 ,a small full-blown rose placed in the centre of the abacus of the capital in certain orders of architecture4 ,flexed1 ,her4 ,bowed1 bent4 ,flighted1 ,her4 ,feathered1 as arrows are4 ,flo1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an arrow4 8,robin bent his joly bowe1 ,therein he set a flo40 7,wright's ,songs and ,carols47 ,floralia1 or ,florales ,ludi4 ,a ,roman festival in honour of ,flora1 said to have been instituted ,b4,c4 #bch1 to invoke the protection of the goddess upon the spring blossoms4 ,florentine ,fresco4 ,a peculiar method of fresco-painting1 by which the lime is kept moistened during the process4 ,florentine ,lake4 7,see ,,carminated ,,lakes47 ,florentine ,mosaic4 ,inlaid-work in coloured stones1 and precious stones combined into beautiful patterns4 ,florid 7style71 ,arch4 ,this term1 now disused1 has been replaced by that of ,,flamboyant style 7q4v474 ,florimontana4 ,a literary society established at ,annecy in #afjf4 ,they took for their device an orange tree1 with the motto1 8,flores1 fructusque perennes40 ,fluor-spar or ,derbyshire-spar4 ,a mineral rock very common in ,derbyshire1 where it is made into ornaments1 c41 with the lathe4 ,flute1 ,gen4 ,said to have been invented by ,apollo or ,mercury4 ,the simplest form of flute was made with an oat-stalk 7avena7 or a hollow reed 7calamus72 in the course of time it was made of ivory1 bone1 or the shin-bones of animals2 whence its ,latin name of ,,tibia 7q4v474 ,the ,greek flute 7aulos7 was held like a flageolet1 and a vibrating reed was inserted into the mouthpiece4 ,the single flute was called monaulos2 the double one diaulos4 ,a specimen of the last in the ,british ,museum was found in a tomb at ,athens4 ,it is made of cedar1 and the tubes1 which are fifteen inches in length1 have each a separate mouthpiece and six finger-holes1 five of which are at the upper side1 and one underneath4 ,the flutes of the ,etruscans were often of ivory2 those used in religious ceremonies were of box-wood1 ass's bone1 bronze1 and silver4 ,the ,persian flute called 8nay10 and the 8surnay0 a kind of oboe1 are still popular in the ,east4 ,in ,mexico1 the young man sacrificed to the god was taught to play the flute1 and as he went to his death he broke a flute on each of the steps of the temple4 ,the practice of making flutes of the bones of their enemies was common with many ,indian tribes in ,america4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cai4 ,flutings4 ,flutings or ,flutes1 ,arch4 ,small semicircular indents or grooves cut perpendicularly1 by way of ornament1 in the shafts of columns and pilasters4 ,flutings may be either decorated or plain4 ,when filled with a bead moulding1 they are said to be cabled4 ,fig4 #cai represents flutings decorated with leaves twined round a reed4 ,fly1 ,her4 ,the length and also the side of a flag furthest from the mast4 ,fo1 ,chinese4 7,see ,,dog ,,of ,,fo47 ,the 8,hand of ,fo0 is a fragrant fruit1 a kind of cdrat1 generally styled the ,chinese hand-plant1 used to perfume apartments4 ,focale1 ,r4 7fauces1 the throat74 ,a square piece of cloth which was wrapped round the neck1 and covered the ears4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbj4 ,foculus4 ,foculus1 ,r4 7dimin4 of focus74 ,a portable fireplace2 a brazier or chafing-dish4 7,fig4 #cbj47 ,focus1 ,r4 ,the hearth or fireplace of a house1 consecrated to the ,lares or household gods4 ,foil1 in ,architecture4 7,see ,,trefoil1 ,,quatrefoil1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cba4 ,foliage of the ,acanthus4 ,foliage1 ,gen4 ,nearly every style of architecture has made use of foliage for purposes of ornamentation4 ,in antiquity1 the leaves of the acanthus1 palm1 laurel1 olive1 ivy1 c41 were thus employed2 the ,romano-,byzantine1 ,byzantine1 and ,pointed styles utilized for the same purpose the vine1 oak1 cinquefoil1 parsley1 mahonia1 mullein1 thistle1 c4 ,foliage has been applied to the decoration of capitals1 archivolts1 bands1 cornices1 and friezes2 and it has also been used to form ,,crockets 7q4v471 crownings1 pinnacles1 c4 ,architectural work thus enriched is said to be ,,foliated1 and the ornament itself is called ,,foliation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbb4 ,foliage on moulding4 ,folliculus1 ,r4 ,a leather cap encircling the hole by which an oar protruded from a ship4 ,the term is a diminutive of ,,follis 7q4v474 ,follis1 ,r4 ,a small ball of leather inflated with air1 which also went by the name of folliculus2 used for a plaything4 ,fong-hoang1 ,chinese4 ,a fabulous bird which is immortal1 lives in the highest regions of the air1 and only approaches men to announce to them happy events and prosperous reigns4 ,it is easily recognized 7on pottery1 c47 by its carunculated head1 its neck surrounded by silky feathers1 and its tail partaking of the ,argus pheasant and the peacock4 7,jacquemart47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbc4 ,pompeian fountain4 ,fons1 ,fountain1 ,gen4 ,in antiquity1 natural springs and fountains were objects of religious worship4 ,fig4 #cbc represents a ,pompeian fountain known as the ,fountain of ,abundance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbd4 ,baptismal font 7,romano-,byzantine74 ,font1 ,chr4 ,the vessel which contains the consecrated water used in the administration of baptism1 by sprinkling or aspersion 7,fig4 #cbd71 introduced in lieu of the original mode of immersion 7,fig4 #cbe74 7,compare ,,piscina47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbe4 ,early ,english ,font4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbf4 ,the ,fontange ,head-dress4 ,fontange1 ,fr4 8,a modish head-dress10 deriving its name from ,mademoiselle de ,fontange1 a lady of the court of ,louis ,,xiv41 who invented it4 7,fig4 #cbf47 ,font-cloth1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,the hanging with which the font was ornamented4 7#b7 ,the ,,chrismale 7q4v474 ,fools4 ,in ,church architecture and decoration1 grotesque figures of men with fool's cap and bells are frequently seen under the seats of choir-stalls and miserere seats4 7,see the article ,,obsc,,na47 ,foolscap4 ,a fool's cap was the device of the ,italian society called the ,granelleschi1 formed at ,venice in #agdj to oppose the corruption of the ,italian language4 ,a sheet of foolscap paper is #ag in4 by #ac in4 ,forceps4 ,tongs or pincers1 the attributes of some of the martyrs4 7,see ,,forfex47 ,foreshortening4 ,the art of representing objects on a plane surface as they appear to the eye in perspective4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbg4 ,roman ,forfex4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbh4 ,forfex4 ,forfex1 ,r4 7#a7 ,large scissors or shears used to cut hair or shear animals4 7#b7 ,a clip1 in the form of shears1 for raising weights4 7,fig4 #cbg47 ,fig4 #cbh represents a shears described by ,vitruvius1 which was used to raise stones4 ,fori1 ,r4 ,this term1 which is the plural of forus1 denotes 7#a7 the flooring of a ship2 7#b7 the flooring of a bridge2 7#c7 the standing-places on a temporary platform2 7#d7 the shelves forming the divisions or different stories of a beehive2 7#e7 the narrow parallel furrows drawn in a garden by means of the hoe4 ,foricula4 ,a little door4 ,dimin4 of ,,foris 7q4v474 ,foris1 ,r4 ,the door as distinguished from the frame in which it hung4 ,in the plural1 fores denotes a folding-door with two leaves1 as1 for instance1 fores carceris1 the door of the stalls in a circus4 ,forks were not in general use earlier than the #adth century4 ,one of the earliest occasions on which a fork is mentioned informs us that ,john1 ,duke of ,brittany in #acjf1 had one 8to pick up soppys40 ,forlon4 ,a ,spanish carriage with four seats4 ,forma1 ,r4 7fero1 to produce74 ,a mould1 form1 or model2 a mould for making bricks or other objects in clay1 such as 7#a7 antefixa1 masks1 c42 7#b7 a shoemaker's last2 7#c7 the waterway of a subterranean aqueduct4 ,diminutive1 ,formella1 ,r4 ,a small shape or mould used especially by the ,romans to give an artificial form to the fish which was served as one of the courses at dinner4 ,fornacalia1 ,r4 ,a festival of bakers in honour of the goddess ,fornax 7oven-goddess74 ,it took place in ,february1 the day being given out by the curio maximus1 who announced1 in tablets which were placed in the forum1 the part which each curia had to take in the festival4 ,those persons who did not know to which curia they belonged1 performed the rites on the last day1 called ,stultorum feri 7the feasts of fools74 ,fornacula 7dimin4 of ,,fornax1 q4v474 7#a7 ,a small furnace for smelting metals4 7#b7 ,a small furnace for a bath-room4 ,fornax1 ,r4 ,a furnace2 an oven2 a kiln for baking pottery3 fornax calcaria1 a lime-kiln2 fornax raria1 a blast-furnace for smelting metals2 fornax balnei1 a hypocaust or bathfurnace2 this was also called ,,fornacula 7q4v474 ,,fornax is also the name of the goddess of ovens4 ,fornix1 ,r4 ,a term having the same meaning as ,,arcus 7q4v474 ,it also denotes 7#a7 a triumphal arch 7arcus triumphalis72 7#b7 a vault or vaulted room2 7#c7 a vaulted gate4 ,forril4 ,a kind of parchment1 specially prepared for bookbinding4 ,forulus1 ,r4 7dimin4 of forus1 a shelf74 ,a cupboard1 cabinet1 or dwarf bookcase4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cbi4 ,ground-plan of the ,forum at ,pompeii4 ,forum1 ,r4 ,a large open space used by the ,romans as a market2 it answered to the ,greek ,,agora 7q4v474 ,fig4 #cbi represents the forum civile of ,pompeii1 unquestionably one of the most complete examples bequeathed to us by antiquity4 ,a is the principal entrance2 ,b1 a ,corinthian temple2 ,c1 the public prison 7carcer publicus72 ,d is supposed to have been a horreum1 or public granary2 ,e1 the temple of ,venus1 the guardian goddess of the city2 ,f1 the basilica2 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 the curi1 which were a kind of civil and commercial tribunals2 ,k is a rectangular building which probably served the purpose of a shop for money-changers2 ,l1 a portico terminating in an absis2 ,m1 the temple of ,mercury or ,quirinus2 ,n1 a building with a large semicircular tribune1 which probably formed the residence of the ,,augustales4 ,forus4 ,a synonym of ,,forum 7q4v474 ,forus aleatorius was the term applied to a dice-table4 ,fossil ,ivory4 ,the tusks of the mammoth--the extinct elephas primigenius--found in great quantity in ,siberia1 are the material of which nearly all the ivory-turner's work in ,russia is made4 ,the ivory has not undergone any petrifying change like other fossils1 and is as well adapted for use as that procured from living species4 ,fote 7or ,foot7 ,mantel4 ,an outer garment of the petticoat kind1 bound round the hips 7of a woman on horseback7 8to keep her gown or surcoat clean40 7,strutt47 8,a fote-mantel about hir hips large40 7,chaucer47 ,fountain1 ,her4 ,a circular figure or ,,roundle that is barry wavy arg4 is so blazoned4 ,fourche1 ,her4 ,divided into two parts2 said of a lion with a double tail4 ,fraces1 ,r4 ,a kind of fuel made of the tan obtained from the residuum of oil-presses2 it was thus the pulp of olives4 ,frnum1 ,frenum1 ,r4 ,a horse's bridle1 including the bit and the reins4 ,the bit was called orea or ,greek 4 ,framea1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a ,german spear1 the iron head of which was short but very sharp2 it was employed by them as a pike4 7#b7 ,a weapon used by the ,franks4 ,francisca4 ,a kind of battle-axe used by the ,franks4 ,frankfort ,black4 ,a ,german pigment prepared like blue black 7q4v474 ,french ,ultramarine4 7,see ,,guimet',s ,,ultramarine47 ,fresco-,painting 7i4 e4 al fresco1 upon fresh or wet ground71 generally employed for large pictures on walls and ceilings1 is executed with mineral and earthy pigments upon a freshly-laid ground of stucco4 ,it was known to the ancients1 and must be distinguished from ,,distemper ,,painting 7q4v47 on plaster1 which is a different process4 8,buon 7or genuine7 fresco10 painted on the fresh surface of plaster1 is distinguished from 8fresco secco10 or a process of painting on dry plaster commonly practised in ,italy and ,munich4 ,it is argued that the latter was the process used at ,pompeii1 and generally by the ancients1 because 7#a7 lime is found in nearly all the colours1 and 7#b7 the nature of the joinings in the work indicates that each compartment does not contain only one day's work1 as it must in buon fresco4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccj4 ,greek ,fret4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cca4 ,greek ,fret4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccb4 ,greek ,fret4 ,fret1 ,arch4 ,an angular1 interlaced architectural ornament of the ,greek and ,romano-,byzantine period1 also known as broken batoon and ,vitruvian scroll1 and presenting some analogy with chevron or zigzag4 ,there are crenelated or rectangular frets1 triangular1 nebulated1 undulated frets1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccc4 ,undulated ,fret4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccd4 ,scroll ,fret4 ,fret1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a caul of gold or silver wire4 8,a fret of golde she had next her hair40 7,chaucer47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cce4 ,badge of the ,arundel family1 with fret4 ,fret or ,frette1 ,her4 ,one of the subordinaries4 ,the illustration is one of the badges of the ,arundel family3 a chapeau or and gules1 surmounted by a fret or1 and an acorn leaved vert4 ,frieze1 ,arch4 ,that part of the entablature which is included between the architrave and the cornice4 7,see ,fig4 #ahd47 ,another name for it is ,,zoophorus 7q4v474 ,it was generally richly sculptured4 ,the finest frieze ever found is that of the ,parthenon1 the ornamentation of which may be studied in the ,elgin-marble room at the ,british ,museum4 7,see ,fig4 #bhb47 ,frieze1 ,frize4 ,a coarse woollen cloth1 first mentioned #acii4 8,cloth of gold1 do not despize ,to match thyself with cloth of frize4 ,cloth of frize1 be not too bold1 ,though thou be matched with cloth of gold40 ,frigidarium1 ,r4 7frigidus1 cold74 7#a7 ,a cool apartment in a bathing establishment4 7#b7 ,a cool place used as a larder4 ,frisquet4 ,in wood-engraving1 a piece of paper laid over the proof-paper in the act of printing1 to keep clean the parts not intended to be exposed to the ink4 ,fritillus1 ,r4 ,a dice-box of a cylindrical form1 called also turricula or pyrgus 7,greek 74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccf4 ,frog4 ,the device of ,mcenas4 ,frog4 ,an ancient emblem of silence and secrecy1 from a legend quoted by lian that the frogs of ,syriapha never croak in their own marshes4 ,hence it was adopted by ,mcenas1 the friend of ,augustus1 for his device4 7,fig4 #ccf47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ccg4 ,frontale of a bridle4 ,frontale1 ,gen4 7frons1 the forehead74 7#a7 ,a frontlet or head-band worn by ,greek women1 and to be seen principally on the statues of goddesses4 7#b7 ,a plate or band of metal placed across the forehead of horses 7,fig4 #ccg7 as a protection for the frontal bone4 ,the ,medes1 ,persians1 ,greeks1 and ,romans made use of the frontale for their cavalry horses4 ,for the ecclesiastical ,frontal1 ,medival1 see ,,antependium4 ,henry ,,iii4 gave a ,,frontal to the high altar at ,westminster ,abbey1 upon which1 besides carbuncles in golden settings1 and several large pieces of enamel1 were as many as #hff smaller pieces of enamel4 ,frontispiece4 ,in ,architecture1 the faade or face of a building4 ,the engraved title-page of a book was originally called the frontispiece4 ,frote1 ,o4 ,e4 ,to rub2 to stir4 ,frountere1 ,o4 ,e4 ,,frontal 7q4v474 ,fucus1 ,gr4 ,cosmetic paint1 much used by the ,greek and ,roman ladies4 ,they stained their eyebrows black with a preparation of sulphuret of antimony called stimmi1 or of soot1 asbolos4 ,the ,roman ladies1 in addition to rouge and white for the complexion1 used to trace out the veins on their temples with a blue paint1 and they wore the patches of ,queen ,anne's time 7splenia74 8,from beef without mustard1 a servant which overvalues himself1 and a woman which painteth1--good ,lord deliver us60 7,stubbes47 ,fuller's ,bat or ,club4 ,attribute of ,st4 ,james the ,less1 who was killed with such an implement4 ,fullonica1 ,fullonum1 ,r4 7fullo1 a fuller74 ,a fuller's establishment4 ,an example of one1 in perfect preservation1 is preserved at ,pompeii4 ,the fullones acted as laundrymen to ,greek and ,roman families1 washing linen as well as woollen clothes by treading in tubs 7using urine for soap1 which was unknown to them72 hence saltus fullonicus1 a fuller's dance4 ,fulmen4 ,the thunderbolt of ,jove4 7,see also ,,illapa47 ,it is generally represented as a double cone of flame1 with lightnings on each side1 or frequently with wings4 ,fumarium1 ,r4 7fumus1 smoke74 ,a chamber in the upper part of a ,roman house1 into which the smoke from the fires was conducted4 ,the smoke-room was used for drying wood and ripening wine4 ,the 8,rauchkammer0 or smoke attic is still a common institution in good houses in ,germany4 ,funale1 ,r4 7funis1 a rope74 ,a link or torch made of various materials4 ,funalis or ,funarius 7sc4 equus74 ,the tracehorse1 so called because its traces1 instead of being of leather1 were of rope 7funis74 ,funarius4 7,see ,,funalis47 ,funda1 ,sling1 ,gen4 ,the sling has been employed by most of the peoples of antiquity as a weapon of warfare for hurling stones1 chiefly flints or leaden bullets 7glandes74 ,the slings of the ,egyptians were made of leather thongs or plaited cord4 ,the funaitores1 or slingers1 of the ,greek and ,roman armies carried each a provision of stones in the folds 7sinus7 of his pallium1 a shield on his left arm1 and brandished his sling in the right hand4 ,the most celebrated slingers were the inhabitants of the ,balearic ,islands1 which took their ancient name from this circumstance4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cch4 ,fundibalus--,onager4 ,fundibalus1 ,fundibalum1 ,r4 71 to throw74 ,a machine for hurling stones2 a kind of balista 7q4v474 7,fig4 #cch47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cci4 ,street at ,pompeii4 ,fundula1 ,r4 ,a blind alley or cul-de-sac4 ,fig4 #cci represents one of the kind at ,pompeii4 ,fundulus1 ,r4 ,the piston of a hydraulic machine4 ,funeral ,ceremonies4 #a4 ,greek4 ,the expressions 1 1 or 1 the just and lawful rites1 are expressive of the ,greek idea that the proper burial of the dead was a most sacred duty to them4 ,the first act was to place in the mouth of the corpse an obolus1 with which the spirit would pay the ferryman in ,hades4 ,this coin was then called danak4 ,the body was then washed and anointed1 the head crowned with flowers1 and the handsomest robes put on4 ,all this was done by the women of the family4 ,by the side of the bed upon which the corpse was then laid 77 were placed painted earthen vessels 7lecuthoi2 see ,,lecythus71 which were afterwards buried with the corpse4 7,these vases are frequently disinterred in modern excavations47 ,a honeycake 7melittouta7 to throw to the dog ,cerberus was laid on the bed4 ,before the door a vessel of water 7ostracon or ardalion7 was set1 to be used1 like the holy water of ,catholic times1 by persons leaving the house1 for purification4 ,on the third day after death1 the ecphora1 or carrying out for burial1 took place in the morning before sunrise4 ,the men walked before the corpse1 and the women behind4 ,hired mourners 7threnodoi7 accompanied the procession1 playing mournful tunes on the flute4 ,the bodies were either buried or burned1 until cremation gave way to a ,christian prejudice4 ,the body was placed for burning on the top of a pyre 7,gr4 1 fire72 and1 in remote ages1 animals1 prisoners1 or slaves were burned with it4 ,oils and perfumes were thrown into the flames4 ,finally1 the smouldering ashes were quenched with wine1 and relatives and friends collected what remained of the bones4 ,the bones were then washed with wine and oil1 and placed in urns1 often golden4 #b4 ,roman4 ,funera justa conveys the same idea as the ,greek dicaia of the right and title of the dead to a proper observance4 ,with the ,romans1 the washing1 anointing1 c4 of the body was done by slaves 7pollinctores7 of the undertakers1 who were called libitinarii1 because they dwelt near the temple of ,venus ,libitina1 in which all things requisite for funerals were sold and a mortuary register was kept4 ,the coin having been duly placed in the mouth1 the body was laid out in the vestibule dressed1 of ordinary citizens in a white toga1 and of magistrates in their official robes1 and the couch was strewn with flowers1 and a branch of cypress was placed at the door of the house4 ,all funerals were1 in ancient times1 performed at night1 but afterwards only those of the poor4 ,at a great funeral the corpse was carried out on the eighth day1 preceded by musicians 7cornicines1 c47 and mourning women 7prfic71 who chanted a funeral hymn 7nnia72 players and buffoons 7histriones1 scurr7 followed1 and a procession of the freed slaves wearing the cap of liberty 7pileati74 ,images of the deceased and of his ancestors were borne before the corpse1 which was carried on a litter 7feretrum74 ,the common bier of the poor was called sandapila1 and its bearers vespillones1 because they bore it forth in the evening 7vespere74 ,the couches of the rich were of ivory1 richly ornamented with gold and purple4 ,the relations walked behind in mourning1 sons with the head veiled1 and daughters with dishevelled hair4 ,at the forum a funeral oration 7laudatio7 was delivered1 and thence the procession went to the place of burial or cremation4 ,those who were buried 7as all were subsequently to the #dth century ,a4 ,d47 were placed in a coffin 7arca or loculus71 often of stone4 ,the ,assian stone1 from ,assos in ,troas1 was said to consume all the body1 with the exception of the teeth1 in forty days1 whence it was called sarcophagus 7q4v474 ,for cremation the pyre1 or rogus1 was built like an altar1 and the corpse in its splendid couch being placed on the top1 the nearest relation1 with averted face1 fired a corner of the pile4 ,perfumes were forbidden by the ,twelve ,tables4 ,sometimes animals were slaughtered1 and in ancient times1 captives and slaves1 but afterwards gladiators were hired to fight round the blazing pile4 7,compare ,,bustum47 ,when the pyre was burnt down1 the embers were soaked with wine1 and the bones and ashes collected into urns4 7,see ,,urna47 ,the solemnities continued for nine days after the funeral1 at the end of which time a sacrifice was performed called the novemdiale4 ,men wore black for mourning1 and women white2 but at all banquets given in honour of the dead the guests were clothed in white4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdj4 ,covered urn of red pottery4 ,ohojepore4 ,funeral ,urns of ,indian pottery are found of extremely ancient date4 ,that represented in ,fig4 #cdj is a covered jar1 of primitive make1 with an inscription in ancient characters2 its date is probably from #bfj to #bdj ,b4,c4 7,jacquemart47 ,fur4 ,strutt says that 8the furs of sables1 beavers1 foxes1 cats1 and lambs were used in ,england before the ,conquest2 to which were afterwards added those of ermines1 squirrels1 martens1 rabbits1 goats1 and many other animals40 ,in the ,middle ,ages the more precious furs1 as ermine and sable1 were reserved for kings1 knights1 and the principal nobility of both sexes4 ,inferior ranks used 8vair0 and 8gris10 or gray2 while citizens1 burgesses1 and priests wore the common squirrel and lamb-skins4 ,the peasants wore cat-skins1 badger-skins1 c4 ,in after times were added the skins of badgers1 bears1 beavers1 deer1 fitches1 foxes1 foynes 7or martens71 grays1 hares1 otters1 sables1 squirrels1 weasels1 wolves1 c4 ,the mantles of our kings and peers1 and the furred robes of municipal officers are the remains of this fashion1 which in the #acth century was almost universal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cda4 ,shield with ,ermine4 ,fur1 ,her4 ,the furs are of comparatively rare appearance in heraldry1 and do not appear in the best ages4 ,vair and ermine are common4 ,in ,fig4 #cda is an example of the treatment of ermine from the monument of ,edward ,,iii4 ,furbelow1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an ornament on the petticoat of a woman's dress1 described as a 8puckered flounce10 to display which it became the fashion to roll back the skirts of the gown4 8,the ,old ,mode and the ,new1 or the ,country ,miss with her ,furbelow10 is the title of an old play1 temp4 ,william and ,mary4 ,furca1 ,r4 ,a fork with two teeth 7bidens71 or two prongs2 a hay-fork3 furca carnarii1 a fork used for taking down the meat hung up in the carnarium4 ,the term furca was further applied to a kind of fork by aid of which a foot-traveller carried his baggage1 but the more usual name for this kind of fork was rumna 7q4v474 ,also1 a wooden fork placed for punishment across the shoulders of slaves and criminals1 to the prongs of which the hands were tied4 ,reversed it formed a cross upon which criminals were executed1 either by scourging or by crucifixion with nailing4 ,the patibulum was a similar instrument of punishment formed like the letter ,h4 ,furgon1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 fourgon74 ,a fork for putting faggots and sticks on to the fire4 ,furnus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a baker's oven4 7#b7 ,a baker's shop4 7,see ,,fornax47 ,fuschan in ,appules1 ,o4 ,e4 ,fustian of ,naples4 7,see ,,fustian47 ,fuscina1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a fork with three prongs used for spearing fish4 7#b7 ,the trident of the retiarius4 ,originally it was called tridens1 and used as a goad to drive horses4 ,neptune always carries one4 ,fuscinula 7dimin4 of ,fuscina1 q4v474 ,a carving-fork4 ,fuse1 ,fr4 ,a gun with a wide bore1 like a blunderbuss4 ,fusiform 7fusus1 a spindle74 ,in the form of a spindle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdb4 ,fusil4 ,device of ,philip of ,burgundy 7,d4 #adfg74 ,fusil1 ,fr4 ,the steel for striking fire from a flint2 an ancient device of the ,dukes of ,burgundy1 the motto inculcating the worthlessness of latent virtues never brought into action4 ,fusi-yama4 ,the sacred mountain of the ,japanese1 often depicted on their porcelain4 ,fustian4 8,a species of cotton cloth much used by the ,normans1 particularly by the clergy1 and appropriated to their chasubles40 7,strutt47 ,it was originally woven at ,fustat1 on the ,nile1 with a warp of linen thread1 and a woof of thick cotton1 so twilled and cut that it showed on one side a thick but low pile4 ,in the #adth century ,chaucer says of his knight1-- 8,of fustian he wered a gepon40 ,in the #aeth century ,naples was celebrated for fustian4 ,an old ,english account of this date has 8,fuschan in ,appules0 7for ,fustian from ,naples74 ,fustibalum1 ,r4 ,a pole about four feet long1 furnished with a sling 7funda7 in the middle4 ,it was wielded by both hands1 and was used to hurl huge stones to a distance4 ,fusus 7,gr4 74 ,a spindle4 ,it was generally made of wood2 but some nations1 as for instance the ,egyptians1 had spindles of pottery4 ,fygury1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an old name for silks diapered with figures of flowers and fruit4 ,a cope in the ,york fabric rolls is described 8una capa de sateyn fygury40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdc4 ,fylfot4 ,fylfot or ,filfot4 ,this mysterious ornament exactly resembles the ,hindu arani of remote antiquity1 i4 e4 the instrument of wood by which fire was obtained by friction2 which is the symbol of ,agni4 ,this symbol has never been lost1 and occurs sixty times on an ancient ,celtic funereal urn2 also on monumental brasses and church embroidery of the ,middle ,ages4 ,it is generally called the ,,gammadion4 ,g4 ,gabardine or ,gallebardine1 ,it4 8,a rough ,irish mantle1 or horseman's coat2 a long cassock40 ,it was1 and is1 a favourite outer garment of the ,jews4 ,gabion1 ,fortification4 ,a basket filled with earth1 used in the construction of earthworks for defensive purposes4 ,gable1 ,arch4 7,german ,giebel1 point74 ,the triangular end of a house from the eaves to the top4 ,gablet4 ,diminutive of gable--applied to furniture and niches4 ,gadlyngs1 ,o4 ,e4 ,spikes on the knuckles of gauntlets1 like the modern 8knuckle-dusters40 ,gsum1 ,r4 ,a weapon of ,celtic origin4 ,it was a strong1 heavy javelin with a very long barbed iron head1 used rather as a missile than a spear4 ,gage1 ,med4 ,a glove or cap thrown to the ground as a challenge to combat4 ,galages1 ,o4 ,e4 7modern1 goloshes74 ,clogs fastened with latchets4 ,galaxia1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals in honour of ,apollo1 who was surnamed ,galaxios2 they were so called because the principal offering consisted of a barley cake cooked with milk 774 ,galaxy 7,gr4 1 milk74 ,in ,astronomy1 the ,milky ,way4 ,it passes between ,sagittarius and ,gemini1 dividing the sphere into two parts4 ,galbanum1 ,r4 7galbus1 yellow74 ,a yellow garment worn by women2 men who adopted this kind of dress were looked upon as foppish and effeminate4 ,galbe1 ,fr4 ,the general contour or outline of any member of architecture2 in especial1 the shaft of a column4 7,see ,,contractura47 ,it also denotes the lines of a vessel1 console1 baluster1 c4 ,galea1 ,r4 ,a helmet2 especially one of skin or leather1 in contradistinction to ,,cassis1 which denoted a metal helmet4 ,galeated4 ,in ,heraldry1 wearing a helmet4 ,galeola1 ,r4 ,a very deep vessel in the shape of a helmet4 ,it was used for holding pure wine1 and was a kind of ,,acratophorum 7q4v474 ,galerus1 ,galerum1 ,r4 ,a peasant's cap made of fur1 and thence a wig4 ,it was a round leather cap1 ending in a point1 originally peculiar to the priesthood4 ,galgal1 ,celt4 ,a ,celtic or megalithic monument1 more commonly called ,,tumulus4 ,galiot1 ,galliot 7dimin4 of galre74 ,a ship moved by both sails and oars4 ,gall 7,a4,s4 gealla74 ,in an animal1 a bitter yellowish green fluid secreted by the gall-bladder4 ,ox-gall1 clarified by boiling with animal charcoal and filtering1 is used in water-colour and in ivory painting to make the colours spread more evenly upon the paper1 ivory1 c43 mixed with gum-arabic it thickens1 and fixes the colours4 ,a coating of it sets black-lead or crayon drawings4 ,this word is also applied to anything exceedingly bitter1 especially to the bitter potion which it was customary among the ,jews to give to persons suffering death under sentence of the law1 for the purpose of rendering them less sensible to pain4 1 8vinegar to drink mingled with gall40 7,matt4 xxvii4 #cd47 ,galle 7,tours de71 ,celt4 ,a name applied to certain ancient monuments in ,france1 built by the ,gauls4 ,galleon 7,sp4 galeon74 ,a large ,spanish ship1 formerly used in trading to ,america as a war vessel4 ,gallery1 ,gen4 ,a covered place much longer than it is wide4 ,in ,christian archology it is a kind of tribune situated above the side aisles1 and having bays over the nave2 it is also called ,,triforium 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdd4 ,device of ,cardinal ,richelieu1 from the ,galerie d',orlans1 ,palais ,royal4 ,galley 7,icelandic galleyda74 ,a one-decked vessel1 navigated with sails and oars1 in ,heraldry called a ,,lymphad 7q4v474 ,the prow of a galley 7,fig4 #cdd71 one of the devices adopted by ,cardinal ,richelieu1 may still be seen among the architectural decorations of his palace4 ,galloon 7,sp4 galon74 ,a narrow kind of lace made of silk woven with cotton1 gold1 or silver2 or of silk only4 ,gallow-balk1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,galows47 ,gally-gascoynes1 ,o4 ,e4 ,broad loose breeches2 #afth century4 8,his galligaskins were of corduroy1 ,and garters he had none40 7,the ,weary ,knife-grinder47 ,galows1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an iron bar fastened inside an open chimney1 from which the reeking-hook was hung1 for suspending pots and vessels over the fire4 ,galvanography4 7,see ,,electrography1 ,,electrotype47 ,gamashes4 8,high boots1 buskins1 or startups40 7,holme1 #afhh47 ,gambeson 7,saxon wambe1 the belly74 ,a quilted tunic1 stuffed with wool4 ,it answered the purpose of defensive armour1 and was subsequently called a pourpoint4 ,gamboge4 ,a gum-resin of a forest tree called ,garcinia ,cambogia1 generally imported in cylindrical rolls4 ,it forms a beautiful yellow pigment1 used for water-colour2 it is used to stain wood in imitation of box1 and the tincture enters into the composition of the gold-coloured varnish for lacquering brass2 it also gives a beautiful and durable stain to marble4 7,e4 ,b47 ,gamelion4 ,the seventh month of the ancient ,athenian year1 corresponding to our ,january4 ,it was so called because it was a favourite season for marriages 774 ,gammut4 7,see ,,gamut47 ,gamut4 ,the musical scale2 so called from the first tone1 ,,ut 7our ,,do71 of the model scale of ,guido1 which was represented by the ,greek gamma4 ,ganoid 71 brightness74 ,a name applied to an order of fishes1 having angular scales1 composed of bony plates1 covered with a strong shining enamel4 ,gantlet4 7,see ,,gauntlet47 ,garb1 ,her4 ,a sheaf of wheat1 or of any other grain to be specified4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cde4 ,garde de ,bras4 ,garde de ,bras4 ,an additional protection for the left arm1 to the elbow-piece of which it was fastened by straps and a screw4 ,it was used only for jousting1 and first appears at the end of the #aeth cent4 ,the example shown is of the #afth cent41 from the ,meyrick collection4 7,fig4 #cde47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdf ,gargoulette4 ,arab4 ,gargoulette4 ,an ,arab vase1 or water-cooler1 with one handle1 furnished with a spout adapted for drinking through4 ,the piece in the illustration is from the ,arabian potteries of ,maghreb in ,africa4 ,this pottery is described by ,m4 ,jacquemart as 8covered with a pinkish grey enamel of rose colour1 and heightened by a polychrome decoration in zones1 generally consisting of bands of scrolls1 flowers1 denticulations1 rosettes1 c42 where citron1 yellow1 manganese brown1 green1 and blue form the most charming harmony40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdg4 ,gargoyle1 ,antique4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdh4 ,gargoyle1 ,gothic4 ,gargoyle1 ,mod4 ,the projecting extremity of a gutter4 ,in antiquity terra-cotta masks were used for the purpose4 7,fig4 #cdg47 ,during the ,gothic period any kind of representation was employed4 ,fig4 #cdh shows an upright gargoyle from the church of ,st4 ,remy at ,dieppe4 ,garland1 ,arch4 ,a term employed by some authors as synonymous with foliage2 but it denotes rather heavy festoons tied with fillets1 and consisting of leaves1 fruits1 and flowers1 as shown in ,figs4 #bhg and #cji1 taken from the temple of ,vesta at ,tivoli4 7,see ,,encarpa1 ,,festoons47 ,garnet4 ,this gem1 on account of its brilliant colour and hardness1 is much used in jewellery1 and although an abundant supply renders it of little value1 the gem nevertheless possesses every quality necessary for ornamental purposes4 ,it occurs in many colours--red1 brown1 yellow1 white1 green1 black2 the streak is white2 the diaphaneity varies from transparent to sub-translucent1 or nearly opaque1 and it has a subconchoidal or uneven fracture4 ,the varieties used in jewellery are called carbuncle1 cinnamon-stone 7or essonite71 almandine1 and pyrope or ,bohemian garnet4 ,garnets are not much used for engraving1 being of splintery1 bad grain under the tool4 7,a4 ,billing1 ,science of ,gems1 c42 ,h4 ,emanuel1 ,diamonds and ,precious ,stones47 ,garnished1 ,her4 ,adorned in a becoming manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cdi4 ,order of the ,garter4 ,lesser ,george4 ,garter1 ,order of the1 instituted by ,edward ,,iii4 in #acej1 consists of the ,sovereign and twenty-five knights companions1 of whom the ,prince of ,wales always is one4 ,knights of the ,garter place ,k4,g4 after their names2 and these letters take precedence of all other titles1 those of royalty alone excepted4 ,the stalls of the knights are in the choir of ,st4 ,george's ,chapel1 ,windsor ,castle1 where their garter-plates are fixed and their banners are displayed4 ,the insignia are the garter itself1 the badge of the order2 the collar1 and the ,lesser ,george or jewel4 7,fig4 #cdi47 ,it was this jewel that ,charles ,i41 immediately before he suffered1 delivered to ,archbishop ,juxon1 with the word 8,remember60 ,the ribbon of the order is dark blue2 it passes over the left shoulder1 and the ,lesser ,george hangs from it under the right arm4 ,garter ,king of ,arms1 ,her4 ,the chief of the official heralds of ,england1 and officer of arms of the ,order of the ,garter4 ,gastrum1 ,r4 ,an earthenware vessel with a round belly2 whence its name4 ,gaulus1 ,r4 ,a vessel used for drinking and other purposes4 ,the same term was also applied to a broad-built ship employed by the ,phnicians and by pirates4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cej4 ,gauntlet4 ,gauntlet4 ,the knight's gauntlet was made of leather covered with plates of steel4 ,it was not originally divided into fingers4 7,fig4 #cej47 ,gausapa1 ,gausape1 ,gausapum1 ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a garment introduced from ,egypt into ,rome1 in the time of ,augustus2 it was made of a woollen cloth with a long nap on one side1 and was worn on leaving the bath2 it was white or dyed purple4 ,gausapa was used not only for articles of dress1 but for table linen1 napkins1 dusters1 and mattings4 7#b7 ,a wig made of human hair1 worn at ,rome during the ,empire4 ,gauze4 ,a light1 transparent silk texture1 supposed to have been invented at ,gaza in ,palestine2 whence the name4 ,gavotte 7,it4 gavotta74 ,a lively dance-tune in two-fourth time1 consisting of two sections1 each containing eight measures4 ,gehenna 7,heb4 ,ge-hin-nom1 i4 e4 the valley of ,hinnom74 ,in this place1 on the north of ,jerusalem below ,mount ,zion1 is a place called ,tophet1 where children were sacrificed to ,moloch4 ,king ,josiah made it the common receptacle for rubbish and carcases1 and a fire was kept constantly burning there2 hence the ,jews used this term to signify 8hell40 7,compare ,,hades47 ,gemellar1 ,r4 7gemellus1 twin74 ,a case for holding oil2 it was called gemellar from the fact of its being divided into two compartments4 ,gemelled1 ,arch4 ,double2 thus a gemelled bay is one divided into two parts2 gemelled arches1 those which are joined two and two4 ,gemelles1 ,her4 ,in pairs4 7,see ,,bars-,,gemelles47 ,gemm1 ,lat4 7#a7 ,precious stones1 esp4 cut or engraved4 7#b7 ,drinking-vessels or objects made of precious stones4 7#c7 ,pearls4 7#d7 ,the eyes of a peacock's tail4 ,the original meaning of the word is a bud1 eye1 or gem on a plant2 anything swelling and bright4 ,gemoni1 or ,gemoni ,scales1 ,r4 7i4 e4 steps of sighs74 ,steps leading to the prison in the forum1 on the stairs of which the corpses of criminals were exposed for several days4 ,gems4 ,precious stones1 especially when carved4 7,see ,,cameos47 ,genet1 ,her4 ,a spotted animal1 something like a marten4 ,genethliaci1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 birth74 ,astrologers who cast 8nativities40 ,genius1 ,r4 7geno1 to beget74 ,the ,romans believed the existence of a good genius1 or guardian angel1 born with every mortal1 and which died at the same time with him4 ,genius loci was the name given to the guardian spirit of a place4 ,see ,,junones1 ,,lares1 ,,penates1 c4 ,the superstition has many forms in ,christian as well as in pagan art4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cea4 ,genoa ,point ,lace--,pillow-made4 ,genoa ,lace4 ,mention is made of ,genoa ,lace as early as the #aeth century4 ,genoa was as celebrated for its pillow lace as ,venice for its needle-made4 ,the characteristic of this lace was its design1 a kind of barleycorn-shaped pattern1 radiating into rosettes from a centre4 ,it was particularly adapted for the large turnover collar of ,louis ,,xiii41 and was produced by plaiting1 and made entirely on the pillow4 ,genouillires1 ,fr4 7#a7 ,steel coverings for the knees4 ,from the #acth century4 ,they were often richly ornamented4 7#b7 ,in ,fortification1 the sill of the embrasure4 ,genre ,pictures4 ,those representing scenes of every-day life and manners4 ,geodes4 ,in ,mineralogy1 hollow lumps of chalcedony found deposited in the cavities of flints1 formed by the chemical action of water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ceb4 8,george0 ,gold ,noble1 ,henry ,,viii4 ,george4 ,a gold noble of the time of ,henry ,,viii4 7,fig4 #ceb47 ,george1 ,saint1 ,her4 ,the patron saint of ,england4 ,his red cross on a silver field first appears in ,english heraldry in the #adth century4 7,see ,fig4 #cdi47 ,george1 ,the1 ,her4 ,a figure of ,st4 ,george on horseback1 worn as a pendant to the collar of the ,order of the ,garter4 7,see ,,garter47 ,georgic 71 rustic2 from 1 earth1 and 1 work74 ,poems on the subject of husbandry4 ,german ,silver4 ,an alloy of nickel1 zinc1 and copper4 ,the proportions recommended are nickel #be1 zinc #be1 copper #ej4 ,gerrh4 ,persian shields made of wicker-work4 ,ghebres1 ,pers4 ,fire-worshippers4 ,ghibellines4 ,an ,italian faction1 #acth century1 who supported the ,german ,emperors against the ,guelphs1 who stood by the ,pope4 ,the war-cry of the ,guelphs was taken from the name of ,henry the ,lion1 ,duke of ,saxony1 of the house of ,wolf2 that of the ,ghibellines from ,weiblingen1 a town of ,wrtemberg1 the seat of the ,hohenstauffen family1 to which ,conrad1 ,duke of ,franconia1 belonged4 ,these two dukes were rivals for the imperial throne of ,germany4 ,ghoul1 ,ghole1 ,pers4 ,a demon who fed on dead bodies of men4 ,giallo1 ,giallolino1 ,gialdolino1 ,it4 ,pale yellow4 7,see ,,massicot47 ,giaour1 ,turkish4 ,an unbeliever in ,mohammed4 ,gigantomachia1 ,gr4 ,a favourite subject of ,greek art1 representing the ,war of the ,giants1 sons of ,clus and ,terra1 against ,jupiter4 ,they 8heaped ,ossa on ,pelion0 to scale heaven1 and were defeated by ,hercules4 ,they are represented as of vast stature and strength1 having their feet covered with scales4 ,a beautiful cameo in the ,naples ,museum represents ,jove in his chariot subduing the giants4 ,in #ahge the ,german expedition found among the ruins of a temple at ,pergamus a series of sculptures of almost colossal proportions1 representing1 as ,pliny describes them1 the ,wars of the ,giants4 ,these sculptures are now in the ,berlin ,museum4 ,gillo1 ,r4 ,a wine-cooler1 of earthenware4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cec4 ,gimmel ,rings4 ,the device of ,cosmo de' ,medici4 ,gimmel ,ring1 ,her4 ,two1 sometimes three annulets interlaced4 7,fig4 #cec47 ,gingham 7,javanese ginggan74 ,cotton cloth1 woven from dyed yarns2 distinguished from cloth printed or dyed after weaving4 ,ginglymus1 ,r4 774 ,a hinge moving in a socket4 ,gingrinus1 ,r4 774 ,a flute used at funerals4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ced4 ,gipcire4 ,gipcires4 ,richly ornamented leather purses of the #adth and #aeth centuries4 ,they were often engraved with religious mottoes4 7,fig4 #ced47 ,gipon4 ,probably the same as gambeson4 ,girandole4 ,a large kind of branched candlestick4 ,girdled1 ,girt1 ,her4 ,encircled or bound round4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cee4 ,girdle of a ,flemish lady of the #aeth century4 ,girdles4 ,these were the most beautiful and costly articles of dress during the ,middle ,ages4 ,they were frequently made entirely of gold or silver1 decorated with cameos1 precious stones1 c4 ,besides the knightly sword2 the purse1 dagger1 rosary1 or penner and ink-horn and other objects were suspended from the girdle4 ,from this word the waist was called the girdlestead1 or place 7sted7 of the girdle4 ,the girdles of ladies were equally splendid1 and frequently depended nearly to the ground1 as in ,fig4 #cee4 ,the girdle is an attribute of ,st4 ,thomas1 from a legend that the ,virgin1 pitying his weakness of faith1 threw down to him her girdle1 after her assumption into heaven4 ,girgillus1 ,r4 ,a roller turned by a windlass1 for drawing up the bucket of a well4 7,see ,,jack47 ,girouette4 7,see ,,epi47 ,girt1 ,her4 7,see ,,girdled47 ,gisarme4 ,a scythe-shaped weapon with a pike1 fixed on a long staff4 ,gittern1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a small guitar1 strung with catgut4 ,givre4 7,see ,,wyvern47 ,glabrous 7,lat4 glaber74 ,smooth1 bald4 ,glade 7,norman glette1 a clear spot among clouds74 ,an opening or passage in a wood through which the light may shine4 ,gladiators were first exhibited at ,rome1 ,b4,c4 #bfd1 at a funeral4 ,the practice had its origin in that very ancient one of slaughtering slaves and captives on such occasions4 ,subsequently it became more general4 ,the different classes of gladiators1 distinguished by their arms and other circumstances1 were3 ,andabat1 who wore helmets without any opening for the eyes1 and therefore fought blindfold2 ,essedarii1 who fought from chariots 7,,essed72 ,hoplomachai1 who wore heavy defensive armour2 ,laqueatores1 who carried a sort of lasso or noose2 ,meridiani1 who fought in the middle of the day1 and were very slightly armed2 ,mirmillones1 so called from their having the image of a fish 7mormyr7 on their helmets2 ,retiarii1 armed with a trident and a net4 ,others1 as ,samnites1 ,thraces1 c41 were named from the nation whose fashion of armour they adopted4 ,the fights of gladiators were favourite subjects of ,roman art1 and it is assumed that in cases where no actual combats took place at a funeral1 they were represented on the walls of tombs in sculpture or paint4 ,the most celebrated statues of the kind are the so called 8,dying ,gladiator0 in the museum of the capitol at ,rome1 and the ,gladiator of the ,borghese collection4 ,gladiolus4 ,diminutive of ,,gladius1 and synonym of ,,ligula4 7,see both words47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cef4 ,roman sword4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ceg4 ,gallic swords4 ,gladius1 ,r4 ,a general term1 including all the different kinds of swords or glaives1 but denoting more particularly the two-edged swords used by the ,greeks1 ,romans1 and ,gauls4 ,fig4 #ceg represents two ,gaulish swords1 the form of which may easily be guessed1 even though they are in the scabbard2 ,fig4 #cef is a ,roman gladius4 ,glaive4 ,a blade on a pole having its edge on the outside curve1 used by foot-soldiers in the #aeth century4 ,glans1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7lit4 an acorn74 ,a large leaden slug1 of long oval form1 which was hurled by a sling in place of stones4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ceh4 ,venetian ,glass ,vase1 #afth century4 ,glass4 ,the discovery is lost in remote antiquity4 ,pliny gives a legend which ascribes it to chance4 ,glass bottles in ,egypt are represented upon monuments of the #dth dynasty 7at least #bjjj years ,b4,c474 ,a vase of greenish glass found at ,nineveh dates from ,b4,c4 #gjj4 ,glass is found in the windows at ,pompeii2 and the ,romans stained it1 blew it1 worked it on lathes1 and engraved it4 ,pliny mentions1 as made by the ,romans in his time1 glass coloured opaque1 red1 white1 black 7like obsidian71 or imitating jacinths1 sapphires1 and other gems2 also murrhine glass4 ,this last was either an imitation of fluor-spar1 or a kind of agate1 or fluor spar4 ,the ,romans also made mosaic or millefiori1 in which the threads of colour are melted into a rod1 so that at every section the whole pattern appears2 and cameo glasses1 in which a paste of one colour is laid over another1 and the whole then carved into the required design2 gold leaf was also worked into the substance or fixed on the surface4 ,a gate at ,constantinople took its name from the glass works near it1 but little is known of the ,byzantine art1 nor of earlier ,european art than the #acth century4 ,in medival times stained glass windows1 in leaden frames1 were constructed with great success in ,england1 ,france1 and ,flanders4 ,in the #acth century they appear in ,italy4 ,the ,venetian art took its impulse from the capture of ,constantinople in #abjd4 ,its peculiar beauty is derived from the curved forms and tenuity of substance obtained in blowing4 7,fig4 #ceh47 ,there are six kinds of ,venetian glass4 7#a7 ,vessels of colourless or transparent glass1 or of single colours1 generally blue or purple4 7#b7 ,gilt or enamelled glass4 7#c7 ,crackled glass1 having a surface rough and divided irregularly into ridges4 7#d7 ,variegated or marbled opaque glass1 called schmeltz2 the most common variety is a mixture of green and purple1 sometimes resembling jasper1 sometimes chalcedony2 other varieties are imitations of lapis lazuli and tortoise-shell2 and avanturine1 which is obtained by mingling metallic filings or fragments of gold leaf with melted glass4 7#e7 ,millefiori1 or mosaic glass1 in imitation of the old ,roman process4 7#f7 ,reticulated1 filigree1 or lace glass4 ,the varieties contain fine threads of glass1 generally coloured1 but sometimes milk-white1 included in their substance4 ,the lightness and strength of the ,venetian glass are due to its not containing lead like our modern flint glass4 ,venetian mirrors were for a long period widely celebrated4 ,the oldest example of the ,german drinking-cups1 ornamented with paintings in enamel1 is of the date of #aeec4 ,the designs are commonly armorial bearings4 ,from the beginning of the #agth century the ,bohemian manufactories supplied vases enriched with ornamental subjects1 particularly with portraits engraved upon the glass4 ,the art of wheel engraving upon glass flourished in ,france under ,louis ,,xvi4 ,in modern times this kind of ornamentation is produced by the agency of hydrofluoric acid4 8,coarse glass-making in ,england was1 in ,sussex1 of great antiquity40 7,fuller47 8,the first making of ,venice glasses in ,england began in ,london1 about the beginning of the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 by one ,jacob ,vessaline1 an ,italian40 7,stow47 ,glass-glazed ,wares4 7,see ,,glazed ,,wares47 ,glaucous 774 ,of a sea-green colour1 or a greyish blue4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cei4 ,flemish stone-ware ,cruche1 #agth century4 ,glazed ,wares4 ,almost immediately after the invention of ,ceramic manufacture1 the application of glaze or coloured enamel must have improved it4 ,what we term glaure is a light varnish which enlivens and harmonizes the porous surface of terra-cotta4 ,in its simple state it is a mixture of silex and lead1 and in this state it is transparent1 as we find it on antique vases2 when vitrifiable1 and mixed with tin1 as in the case of majolicas1 it is called enamel2 and when of vitrifiable and earthen substance1 such as can only be melted at the temperature required for the baking of the paste itself1 it is known as ,,glaze1 or couverte1 and can be identified in the ,persian faiences and ,flemish stone-ware4 7,figs4 #cei1 #cfj47 7,see ,burty1 ,chefs-d'uvre of the ,industrial ,arts47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfj4 ,german enamelled stone-ware ,cruche1 date first half of the #afth century4 ,glazing4 ,in oil painting1 the application of thin layer of colour to finally modify the tone4 ,in pottery1 a vitreous covering over the surface4 7,see ,,glazed ,,wares47 ,globe1 held in the hand1 is the emblem of power4 ,globus1 ,r4 ,a military manuvre employed by a body of ,roman soldiers when surrounded by superior forces2 it consisted in forming a circle facing in every direction4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfa4 ,glory4 ,vesica ,piscis in ,ely ,cathedral4 ,glory1 ,nimbus or ,aureole1 the ,christian attribute of sanctity1 is of pagan origin1 common to images of the gods1 and ,roman1 even ,christian1 emperors4 ,satan in miniatures of the #ith to #acth century wears a glory4 ,the earliest known ,christian example is a gem of ,st4 ,martin of the early part of the #fth century4 ,the glory round the head is properly the nimbus or aureole4 ,the oblong glory surrounding the whole person1 called in ,latin 8vesica piscis0 7,fig4 #cfa71 and in ,italian the 8mandorla0 7almond7 from its form1 is confined to figures of ,christ and the ,virgin1 or saints who are in the act of ascending into heaven4 ,when used to distinguish one of the three divine ,persons of the ,trinity1 the glory is often cruciform or triangular3 the square nimbus designates a person living at the time the work was executed4 ,in other instances it is circular4 ,coloured glories are variously symbolical4 7,mrs4 ,jameson1 8,the ,poetry of ,sacred and ,legendary ,art407 ,gloves4 ,in the #adth century already gloves were worn1 jewelled on the back1 as a badge of rank4 8,they were worn in the hat10 says ,steevens1 8as the favour of a mistress1 or the memorial of a friend1 and as a mark to be challenged by an enemy40 ,a glove of the #agth century is described 8of a light buff leather1 beautifully ornamented with spangles and needlework in gold and silver threads1 with a gold lace border1 and silk opening at the wrist40 ,gloves were called 8cheirothec10 hand-coverers1 by the ,greeks and ,romans2 they were made without separate fingers1 the thumb only being free4 ,a legend current at ,grenoble affirms that ,st4 ,anne1 the mother of the ,virgin ,mary1 was a knitter of gloves4 ,gluten4 ,in wax painting1 the compound with which the pigments are mixed4 ,glyphs1 ,arch4 ,the flutings of an ornament or grooving forming the segment of a circle4 7,see ,,diglyph1 ,,triglyph47 ,glyptics4 ,the art of engraving on precious stones4 ,glyptotheca1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7#a7 ,a gallery for sculpture4 7#b7 ,a collection of engraved stones4 ,gnomon1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,the iron pin or index1 which1 by the projection of its shadow1 marks the hour upon a sun-dial4 ,goal4 7,see ,,meta47 ,goat4 ,the emblem of lasciviousness4 ,gobelins4 ,celebrated ,royal ,french manufactory of tapestry1 named from the successors of ,jean ,gobelin1 who brought the art to ,paris in the #aeth century from ,rheims4 ,see ,burty1 ,chefs-d'uvre of ,industrial ,art4 ,godenda1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pole-axe1 having a spike at its end2 #acth century4 ,goderonn1 ,gouderonn 7,needlework74 ,a fluted pattern of embroidery in vogue in the #afth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfb4 ,egyptian ,diadem of gold and lapis lazuli of the ancient ,empire1 found in the tomb of ,queen ,aah-,hotep4 ,gold4 ,it is probable that the earliest recorded mark upon units of value was the image of a sheep or an ox2 hence money in ,latin is called pecunia1 from pecus1 cattle1 the original form of barbaric wealth1 for which gold was the substitute4 ,the wealth of ,abraham in silver and gold1 as well as in cattle1 is mentioned in ,genesis4 ,no coins of gold or silver have been found in ,,egypt or ,,nineveh1 although beautiful specimens of the goldsmith's art have been recovered from the tombs of both countries4 ,the ,,hebrews1 taught by the ,egyptians1 made their ark1 mercy-seat1 altar of incense1 seven-branched candlestick1 and other golden ornaments1 even in the desert of ,sinai4 ,the seven-branched candlestick is represented in sculpture on the arch of ,titus at ,rome4 ,at ,,babylon and ,,nineveh gold is said to have been lavishly applied in gilding sculpture1 and even walls2 but it is suggested that an alloy of copper1 the aurichalcum of the ,greeks1 was the metal in reality used for this purpose4 ,the heroes of the ,greek epic had golden shields and helmets2 breastplates and other large pieces of golden armour are among the recent discoveries at ,mycen2 at ,kourioum in the island of ,cyprus also great stores of golden ornaments of a very early age have been discovered4 ,in ,,scythian tombs in ,russia also1 about ,kertch1 beautiful relics of ,grecian work in gold have been found1 showing that in the very earliest ages the skill and taste applied to this art were not less than those of later times4 ,the gold jewellery of ancient ,india also excelled that of modern date1 but none1 before or since1 ever equalled the great age of ,,greek art4 ,pausanias describes a statue of ,athene1 made by ,pheidias1 and kept in the ,parthenon at ,athens1 of ivory and gold--chryselephantine--delicately worked all over2 and a still larger statue of ,jupiter1 of the same materials4 ,native gold alloyed with one-fifth silver was greatly prized by the ,greek artists1 who gave it the name of electrum4 ,examples of this electrum are rare2 there is a vase at ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,the ,,romans used to pay enormous prices for their household plate2 for an example1 the bowl of ,pytheas1 on which were represented ,ulysses and ,diomed with the palladium1 fetched #aj1jjj denarii1 or about #ccjl4 per ounce4 ,few specimens of ,roman art have escaped destruction4 7,fig4 #g47 ,of the age of ,,byzantine splendour we are told that the ,emperor ,acadius1 early in the #eth century1 sat on a throne of massive gold1 his chariot being also of gold1 c4 ,in the #ith century the throne of ,theophilus was overshadowed by a tree of gold1 with birds in the branches1 and at the foot two lions all gold4 ,the lions roared and the birds piped in the branches4 ,a remarkable wealth of ancient goldsmith's work has been found in ,,ireland1 consisting principally of personal ornaments4 ,in the #ith and #ajth centuries the ,irish workmanship was unsurpassed in ,europe4 ,it consisted principally of objects for religious use1 and is characterized by a filagree of extraordinary richness1 akin to the intricate traceries of the ,irish illuminated work on ,,ms4 of the same date and derivation4 ,in the #ajth and #aath centuries there was a great revival of art throughout ,europe4 ,in ,,germany1 the abbey of ,hildesheim1 under ,bishop ,bernward1 became the centre of a school of goldsmiths1 and some beautiful specimens of hammered gold1 by the bishop's hand1 are preserved4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfc4 ,greek ,ear-ring of gold1 and part of a necklace4 7,see also ,fig4 #bgf47 ,gold1 in ,christian art4 7,see ,,yellow47 ,gold1 ,cloth of1 is mentioned in the ,pentateuch1 and was common throughout the ,east in all ages4 ,it was originally wrought1 not in rounded wire but flat1 as the ,chinese1 the ,indians1 and the ,italians 7their lama d'oro7 weave it now4 ,the early ,roman kings wore tunics of gold1 and the ,romans used it as a shroud for burial4 ,king ,childeric1 ,a4 ,d4 #dhb1 was buried at ,tournai in a mantle of golden stuff4 ,it was much favoured in ,england for church vestments1 and by royalty1 especially by ,edward ,,iv4 and ,henry ,,viii4 and the nobility of their time4 7,the different varieties are described in their order4 ,see ,,acca1 ,,areste1 ,,batuz1 ,,chryso-,,clavus1 ,,ciclatoun1 ,,dorneck1 ,,samit47 ,goldbeater's ,skin1 prepared from a membrane found in the stomach of the ox1 is used to separate leaf-gold in the process of gold-beating4 ,golden ,fleece4 ,an ,order of ,knighthood instituted on the #ajth of ,january1 #adbi1 by ,philip1 ,duke of ,burgundy4 ,the ,,collar is composed of double steels1 interwoven with flint-stones1 emitting sparks of fire1 at the end whereof hangs on the breast a ,golden ,fleece4 ,the fusils are joined two and two together1 as if they were double ,,bb's 7the cyphers of ,burgundy74 ,the flint-stones are the ancient arms of the ,sovereigns of ,burgundy1 with the motto 8,ante ferit quam flamma micet40 7,see ,fig4 #cdb47 ,the motto of the ,order is 8,pretium non vile laborum40 ,there are four great officers1 viz4 the ,chancellor1 ,treasurer1 ,register1 and a ,king of ,arms1 called ,toison d',or4 ,the ,,badge consists of a ,golden ,fleece1 suspended from a flint-stone1 which is surrounded with flames of gold4 ,golden ,spur4 ,an ,order of ,knighthood said to have been instituted by ,pius ,,iv41 at ,rome1 in #aeei4 ,they are sometimes spoken of as the ,,chevaliers ,,pies or ,,piorum1 and must be distinguished from those who are created knights on the coronation or marriage days of ,emperors and ,kings1 and who receive at the same time the ,spurs of ,honour4 ,these alone are entitled to the appellation of ,,equites ,,aurati4 ,cf4 ,peter de ,bellet1 ,favin1 c4 ,golden ,stole of ,venice4 7,see ,,stola ,d',,oro47 ,golione1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of gown4 ,gondola1 ,it4 ,a ,venetian pleasure-boat or barge4 ,gonfalon or ,gonfanon1 ,fr4 7#a7 ,a richly-worked pointed banner carried upon a lance2 #acth century4 7#b7 ,an ecclesiastical banner4 ,gonfalonier4 ,the bearer of a gonfalon4 ,goniometer 71 an angle1 c474 ,an instrument for measuring the angles of crystals4 ,gonjo1 ,o4 ,e4 7#adth century74 ,said to be the gorget4 ,gopouras1 ,hind4 ,the pyramid-shaped door of the ,hindoo temples4 ,dwararab'ha1 or door of splendour1 was the name given to a door with one or two tiers2 dwarasala1 or door of the dwelling1 a door with two or four tiers2 dwaraprasada1 or propitious door1 a door with three to five tiers2 dwaraharmya1 or door of the palace1 a door with five to seven tiers2 lastly1 dwaragopouras1 or door-tower with seven to sixteen tiers4 ,gorged1 ,her4 ,wearing a collar4 ,gorget1 ,fr4 ,a defence or covering for the neck4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfd4 ,gorgoneia4 ,gorgoneia4 ,masks of the ,gorgon's head1 which were fixed as bosses upon walls or shields4 ,gossamer1 ,o4 ,e4 7properly ,god's summer74 ,the name is attributed to an old legend that the fine filaments so called are the fragments of the winding-sheet of the ,virgin ,mary1 which fell away from her as she was taken up to heaven4 ,gothamites1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the inhabitants of the village of ,gotham in ,northumberland1 renowned for their stupidity4 ,a reprint of the tale called 8,the ,wise ,men of ,gotham0 appeared in #ahdj4 ,gouache1 ,fr4 ,this term is applied to the use in water-colour painting of opaque colours more or less mixed and modified with white4 ,the process is extremely ancient1 known to the ,chinese and ,indians of the earliest times1 and to the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,it was the method used by medival illuminators4 ,its result is a velvety reflection of the light4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfe4 ,gourd-shaped bottle4 ,anatolian4 ,gourd of ,noah4 ,a piece of ancient blue faience from ,asia ,minor4 ,according to the tradition current in the country1 these vessels1 which are in great veneration1 would go back to such remote antiquity that it was by one of them that ,noah was betrayed into the first act of inebriety recorded in history4 7,jacquemart47 ,goutte1 ,gutte1 ,her4 ,sprinkled over with drops of gold1 silver1 blue 7tears71 red 7blood71 or black 7poix74 ,gown 7,british gwn1 ,norman gunna74 ,the men wore gowns in the ,middle ,ages1 the women at all times4 ,grabatus1 ,r4 774 ,a sort of low framework1 consisting of a network of cords1 used to support a mattress2 it was the least comfortable kind of bed2 whence the ,french word grabat to denote a sorry kind of bed4 ,gradient1 ,her4 ,walking4 ,gradus1 ,r4 ,a flight of steps leading to a temple2 the tiers of seats in a theatre or amphitheatre1 c4 ,grcostasis4 ,a part of the ,roman forum1 where the ,greek ambassadors stood to hear the debates4 ,graffiti1 ,it4 ,lines drawn with a graver upon clay or plaster4 7,see ,,sgraffiti47 ,grafted1 ,her4 ,inserted and fixed4 ,grand-garde1 ,plate armour to cover the breast and left shoulder1 worn outside the usual armour in jousting at tournaments4 ,grand ,quarters1 ,her4 ,the four primary divisions of a shield when it is divided per cross or quarterly4 ,graphite4 ,plumbago4 ,graphometer4 ,a mathematical instrument1 called also a semicircle4 ,graphotype4 ,a method of producing book illustrations for printing along with type1 without the art of an engraver4 ,grass-green4 7,see ,,chrysocolla47 ,graver or ,burin4 ,an engraving-tool4 7,see ,,chalcography47 ,grazioso1 ,it4 ,in ,music1 an intimation to perform the music smoothly and gracefully4 ,greaves4 ,plate armour for the legs4 ,grece1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a step1 or flight of stairs4 7,see ,,gryse47 ,greeces1 ,her4 ,steps4 ,greek ,lace4 ,a kind of cutwork1 described under ,,lace 7q4v474 ,green1 in ,christian art1 or the emerald1 is the colour of spring2 emblem of hope1 particularly hope in immortality2 and of victory1 as the colour of the palm and the laurel4 ,green4 7,see ,,carbonates ,,of ,,copper1 ,,oxides ,,of ,,copper1 ,,scheele',s ,,green1 ,,sap ,,green1 ,,chrome ,,green1 c47 ,green ,bice4 ,green cinnabar4 7,see ,,chrome ,,green47 ,green ,earth 7burnt terra verde7 is a brown pigment1 very useful for landscape painting in oil colours2 it is not affected by exposure to strong light or impure air4 ,green ,lakes4 7,see ,,purple ,,lakes47 ,green ,verditer4 7,see ,,verditer47 ,gregorian ,calendar4 ,the calendar as reformed by ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii4 in #aehb4 ,gregorian ,music4 ,a collection of chants1 originally compiled by ,gregory ,i4 7the ,great71 ,a4 ,d4 #fjj4 8,it was observed by ,st4 ,gregory1 a great musician of his time1 that the ,ambrosian ,chants1 handed down traditionally to a great extent1 had become corrupted2 he therefore subjected them to revision1 and added other modes and scales to those four which ,ambrose had retained4 ,this was done by taking away the upper tetrachord from the ,ambrosian scales1 and placing it below the lower tetrachord40 7,see ,music1 by the ,rev4 ,j4 ,r4 ,lunn1 ,b4,d41 in ,dictionary of ,christian ,antiquities47 ,grey1 in ,christian art1 the colour of ashes1 signified mourning1 humility1 and innocence accused4 ,greybeards1 ,o4 ,e4 ,stone-ware drinking-jugs1 with a bearded face on the spout4 ,gridiron 7,it4 la graticola74 ,the attribute of ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,griffin4 7,see ,,gryphus47 ,grinding4 ,pigments are generally ground in poppy or nut oil1 which dry best and do not deaden the colours4 ,it is essential that these oils be in the purest state1 bright and clear4 ,a good oil ought to be so dry in five or six days that the picture can be repainted4 ,griphus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,literally1 a fishing-net1 and thence a riddle propounded by guests at a banquet4 ,grisaille1 ,fr4 ,a style of painting in grey1 by which solid bodies are represented as if in relief2 adapted for architectural subjects4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cff4 ,groat of ,edward ,,iii4 ,groat4 ,an old ,english silver coin1 equal to #d;d4 ,in ,england1 in the ,saxon times1 no silver coin larger in value than a penny was struck1 nor after the ,conquest till the reign of ,edward ,,iii41 who about #acea coined grosses or great pieces1 which went for #d;d4 each2 and so the matter stood till the reign of ,henry ,,vii41 who in #aejd first coined shillings4 ,grogram 7,fr4 gros-grains74 ,a coarse woollen cloth with large woof and a rough pile4 ,grogram gowns were worn by countrywomen1 #aeth to #agth centuries4 ,fairholt says that the mixed liquor called grog obtained its name from the admiral who ordered it to be given to the sailors2 who from wearing a grogram coat was called 8,old ,grog40 ,groin1 ,arch4 ,the angular curve formed at the intersection of a vaulted roof2 the line made by the intersection of arched vaults crossing each other at any angle4 7,see ,fig4 #agc47 ,grolier ,scroll4 ,a beautiful and elaborate style of decoration for bookbinding1 introduced by ,grolier1 a celebrated patron of bookbinding1 in the #aeth century4 ,groma and ,gruma1 ,r4 ,a quadrant2 an instrument used by land-surveyors4 ,in the plural1 grum denotes the intersection of two roads cutting each other at right angles4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfg4 ,grotesque from a stall in ,rouen ,cathedral4 ,grotesques1 ,arch4 7,it4 grottesco1 the style in which grottoes were ornamented74 ,figures of a monstrous1 comic1 or obscene character1 which were spread in profusion over the faades of churches by medival artists 7ymaigiers72 in stone and in wood2 on choir-stalls and the wood-work and wainscoting of interiors4 ,figs4 #cfg1 #cfh represent figures upon the stalls and columns in ,rouen ,cathedral4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfh4 ,grotesque decoration from the ,cathedral at ,rouen4 ,grounds or ,priming4 ,in painting1 the first coat of colour laid all over the canvas1 upon which the picture is to be painted4 ,grus1 ,lat4 7a crane74 ,a constellation of the southern hemisphere4 ,gry4 ,a measure containing of a line4 ,a line is of a digit1 a digit is of a foot1 and a 7philosophical7 foot is of a pendulum whose vibrations1 in the latitude of #de1 are each equal to one second of time1 or of a minute4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cfi4 ,heraldic ,griffin4 ,gryphus1 ,griffin1 ,gen4 774 ,a fabulous animal1 represented with the body of a lion1 and the head and wings of an eagle4 ,in ancient art it was applied in the decoration of friezes1 one of the finest specimens being that at the temple of ,antoninus and ,faustina at ,rome4 ,it was a heraldic symbol among the ,scythians1 and is the ancient crest of the city of ,london4 ,as an emblem this monster symbolizes the destroying power of the gods4 ,gryse1 ,grece1 ,tredyl1 or ,steyre1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a step1 a flight of stairs4 ,guacos or ,huacos1 ,peruv4 ,the consecrated burial-places of the ancient ,peruvians4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgj4 ,passant guardant4 ,guardant1 ,her4 ,looking out from the field1 as the lions in ,fig4 #cgj4 ,guazzo1 ,it4 ,a hard and durable kind of distemper painting1 used by the ancients1 calculated to resist damp and to preserve the colours4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cga4 ,gubbio ,cup1 #aeai4 ,louvre ,museum4 ,gubbio4 ,a celebrated ,italian botega of ceramic art1 founded in #adih by ,giorgio ,andreoli1 the reputed inventor of the secret of metallic lustres4 ,fig4 #cga is a cup bearing upon a fillet the inscription 8,ex o ,giorg410 8of the fabric of ,giorgio40 ,gubernaculum1 ,r4 7guberno1 to direct74 ,a rudder2 originally an oar with a broad blade1 which was fixed1 not at the extremity1 but at each side of the stern4 ,a ship had commonly two rudders joined together by a pole4 ,guelfs or ,guelphs4 7,see ,,ghibellines47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgb4 ,badge of the ,gueux4 ,gueux1 ,badge of the4 ,the celebrated ,netherlandish confraternity of the ,gueux 7or ,beggars71 which had its origin in a jest spoken at a banquet1 assumed not only the dress1 but the staff1 wooden bowl1 and wallet of the professional beggar1 and even went so far as to clothe their retainers and servants in mendicant garb4 ,the badge represents two hands clasped across and through a double wallet4 ,guidon1 ,fr4 7#a7 ,the silk standard of a regiment2 7#b7 its bearer4 ,guige1 ,her4 ,a shield-belt worn over the right shoulder4 ,guild1 ,o4 ,e4 7,saxon guildan1 to pay74 ,a fraternity or company1 every member of which was gildare1 i4 e4 had to pay something towards the charges4 ,merchant guilds first became general in ,europe in the #aath century4 7,see ,anderson's ,history of ,commerce1 vol4 i4 p4 #gj47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgc4 ,base ornamented with guilloche4 ,guilloche4 ,a series of interlaced ornaments on stone1 resembling network4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgd4 ,band with the guilloche ornament4 ,guilloched4 ,waved or engine-turned4 ,guimet's ,ultramarine4 ,a valuable substitute for the more costly preparation4 ,it is transparent and durable4 ,guimet's ,yellow is the deutoxide of lead and antimony1 useful in enamel or porcelain painting4 ,guinea4 ,an ,english coin first struck temp4 ,car4 ,,ii41 and so called because the gold was brought from the coast of ,guinea 7the ,portuguese ,genahoa74 ,it originally bore the impress of an elephant4 ,the sovereign superseded it in #ahag4 ,guisarme4 ,an ancient weapon of the nature of a pike or bill4 7,see ,meyrick47 ,guitar 7,spanish guitarra74 ,a stringed musical instrument1 played as a harp with the fingers4 ,gules1 ,her4 7,fr4 gueules74 ,red1 represented in engraving by perpendicular lines4 ,gum-arabic dissolved in water constitutes the well-known vehicle for water-colour painting--gum-water4 ,gunter's ,line4 ,a line of logarithms graduated on a ruler1 for practical use in the application of logarithms to the ordinary calculations of an architect1 builder1 c4 ,other similar instruments invented by the great mathematician 7 #afbf7 are ,gunter's ,quadrant and ,gunter's ,scale1 used by seamen and for astronomical calculations4 ,gurgustium1 ,r4 ,a cave1 hovel1 or any dark and wretched abode4 ,gussets were small pieces of chain mail at the openings of the joints beneath the arms4 ,gutt1 ,arch4 7drops74 ,small conical-shaped ornaments1 used in the ,doric entablature immediately under the mutule beneath the triglyph4 7,see ,fig4 #bfe47 ,gutte1 ,her4 7,see ,,goutt,e47 ,sprinkled over4 ,gutturnium1 ,r4 7guttur1 the throat74 ,a water-jug or ewer2 it was a vessel of very elegant form1 and was used chiefly by slaves for pouring water over the hands of the guests before and after a meal4 7,see ,,ablutions47 ,guttus1 ,r4 7gutta1 a drop74 ,a vessel with a very narrow neck and mouth1 by means of which liquids could be poured out drop by drop2 whence its name4 ,it was especially used in sacrifices1 and is a common object upon coins of a religious character4 ,gutty1 ,her4 ,charged or sprinkled with drops4 ,gwerre1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the choir of a church4 ,gymmers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,hinges4 7,the word is still used47 ,gymnasium1 ,gr4 72 1 stripped74 ,a large building used by the ,greeks1 answering to the ,roman palstra1 in which gymnastics were taught and practised4 ,there were also attached to it assembly rooms for rhetoricians and philosophers4 ,gynceum1 ,gr4 7from 1 a woman74 ,that part of the ,greek house which was set apart for the women4 7,see ,,domus47 ,gypsum 7,gr4 74 ,the property of rapid consolidation renders gypsum very available for taking casts of works of art1 c4 ,it is much employed in architectural ornaments4 ,the gypsum of ,paris is called ,montmartrite1 and forms the best ,plaster of ,paris1 as it resists the weather better than purer sorts4 ,it contains #ag per cent4 of carbonate of lime4 7,see also ,,alabaster47 ,gyron1 ,her4 ,a triangular figure1 one of the subordinaries4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cge4 ,gyronny4 ,gyronny1 ,her4 ,a field divided into gyrons4 ,h4 ,h1 as an old ,latin numeral1 denotes #bjj1 and with a dash above it 7,h7 #bjj1jjj4 ,habena1 ,r4 7habeo1 to hold74 ,a term with numerous meanings1 all of which were connected more or less with the idea of a thong or strap4 ,in the singular1 it signifies a halter2 in the plural1 haben1 reins4 ,habergeon4 ,a coat of mail1 or breastplate4 ,habited1 ,her4 ,clothed4 ,hackbut or ,hagbut4 ,arquebus with a hooked stock4 ,hackney ,coach 7from the ,french coche--haguene74 ,the haguene was a strong kind of horse formerly let out on hire for short journeys4 ,hadrianea1 ,r4 ,small buildings in which ,christians were allowed to meet1 in virtue of an edict granted in their favour by the ,emperor ,hadrian4 ,hmatinon1 ,r4 71 of blood74 ,a kind of glassy substance of a beautiful red1 and susceptible of taking a fine polish4 ,it was used to make small cubes for mosaic or small works of art4 ,hagiographa 7sacred writings74 ,a name applied to those books of ,scripture which1 according to the ,jewish classification1 held the lowest rank in regard to inspiration4 ,these are the books of ,ruth1 ,psalms1 ,job1 ,proverbs1 ,ecclesiastes1 ,song of ,solomon1 ,lamentations1 ,daniel1 ,esther1 ,ezra1 and ,chronicles4 ,hair4 ,the ,assyrian monarchs are represented with beard elaborately plaited1 and hair falling in ringlets on the shoulder1 which may have been partly artificial1 like that of the ,persian monarchs1 who1 according to ,xenophon1 wore a wig4 ,both the hair and beard were dyed1 and the eyes blackened with kohl1 c4 7,layard47 ,the ,egyptians kept the head shaved1 and wore wigs and beard-boxes4 ,the ,hebrews generally wore the hair short1 but the horse-guards of ,king ,solomon 8daily strewed their heads with gold dust1 which glittered in the sun40 7,josephus47 ,the ancient ,greeks wore their hair long4 ,the ,athenians wore it long in childhood1 had it cut short at a solemn ceremony when they became eighteen years of age1 and afterwards allowed it to grow1 and wore it rolled up in a knot on the crown of the head1 fastened with golden clasps 7crobylus1 corymbus74 ,women wore bands or coifs 7sphendone1 kekryphalus1 saccus1 mitra74 ,youths and athletes are represented with short hair4 ,the favourite colour was blonde 7xanthus72 black was the most common4 ,the ancient ,romans also wore long hair2 about #cjj ,b4,c4 the practice of wearing it short came in 7cincinnus1 cirrus74 ,the ,roman women anciently dressed their hair very plainly1 but in the ,augustan period adopted some extravagant fashions4 ,each of the gods is distinguished by his peculiar form of hair3 that of ,jupiter is long and flowing2 ,mercury has close curling hair1 c4 ,the ,danes1 ,gauls1 and ,anglo-,saxons wore long flowing hair1 and the shearing of it was a punishment3 when ,julius ,csar conquered the ,gauls1 he cut off their long hair4 ,among the early ,frankish kings long hair was the privilege of the blood royal4 ,from the time of ,clovis the ,french nobility wore short hair1 but as they grew less martial the hair became longer4 ,franois ,i4 introduced short hair1 which prevailed until the reign of ,louis ,,xiii41 which was followed by the period of periwigs and perukes of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,the variations from the ,conquest to the last generation in ,england are so striking and frequent that each reign may be distinguished by its appropriate head-dress4 7,consult ,fairholt's ,costume in ,england1 ,planch's ,cyclopdia of ,costume1 c47 ,hair-cloth4 7,see ,,cilicium47 ,hair ,pencils or ,brushes are made of the finer hairs of the marten1 badger1 polecat1 camel1 c41 mounted in quills or white iron tubes4 ,the round brushes should swell all round from the base1 and diminish upwards to a fine point1 terminating with the uncut ends of the hair4 7,see ,,fitch47 ,halbert4 ,a footman's weapon in the form of a battle-axe and pike at the end of a long staff4 ,halcyon4 ,the ancient name of the ,alcedo or king-fisher2 hence-- ,halcyon ,days1 i4 e4 the calm and peaceful season when the king-fisher lays its eggs in nests close by the brink of the sea2 i4 e4 seven days before and as many after the winter solstice4 8,seven winter dayes with peacefull calme possest ,alcyon sits upon her floating nest40 7,sandy's ,ovid1 ,met4 b4 xi47 ,hall-marks4 ,the ,goldsmiths of ,london formed their company in #acbg1 and were incorporated by charter in #acib4 ,the hall-marks1 in the order of their introduction1 are as follows3--#a4 ,the leopard's head1 called the king's mark4 #b4 ,the maker's mark1 originally a rose1 crown1 or other emblem with or without initials4 #c4 ,the annual letter1 in the order of the alphabet from ,a to ,v1 omitting ,j and ,u4 ,this mark is changed every twenty years4 #d4 ,the lion passant1 added in #aeig4 #e4 ,instead of the leopard's head 7#a7 for the king's mark1 the lion's head erased1 introduced in #afig when the standard was changed1 and1 #f1 a figure of ,britannia substituted for the lion passant 7#d7 at the same time4 ,plate with this mark is called ,britannia plate4 ,the old standard 7of #aa oz4 #b dwt4 pure gold in the lb47 was restored in #agai4 #g4 ,the head of the reigning sovereign in profile1 ordered in #aghd1 when a fresh duty was laid upon plate4 ,halling1 ,o4 ,e4 ,tapestry4 ,hallowmas1 ,chr4 ,the feast of ,all ,souls1 or the time about ,all ,souls' and ,all ,saints' ,days1 viz4 the #ast and #bnd of ,november2 and thence to ,,candlemas1 or the #bnd of ,february4 ,halmos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a vessel of round form1 supported on a raised stand entirely distinct from the vessel itself2 it was used as a drinking-cup4 ,halmote or ,halimote4 ,the ,saxon name for a meeting of tenants1 now called a court baron4 ,halteres 7,gr4 71 in the gymnastic exercises of the ,greeks and ,romans1 were masses of lead1 iron1 or stone held in the hands to give impetus in leaping1 or used as dumb-bells4 ,ham 7,scotch hame74 ,a ,saxon word for a place of dwelling1 a home2 hence 8,,hamlet40 8,this word10 says ,stow1 8originally meant the seat of a freeholder1 comprehending the mansion-house and adjacent buildings40 ,hama1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7 or 74 ,a bucket used for various purposes4 ,hamburg ,white4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,barytes47 ,hames or ,heames1 ,her4 ,parts of horses' harness4 ,hammer or ,martel1 ,her4 ,represented much like an ordinary hammer4 ,hamus or ,hamulus4 ,a fish-hook4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgf4 ,hanaper4 ,hanaper1 ,o4 ,e4 7,mod4 hamper74 ,a wicker basket4 7,fig4 #cgf47 ,writs in the ,court of ,chancery were thrown into such a basket 7in hanaperio71 and the office was called from that circumstance the ,haniper ,office4 ,it was abolished in #ahdb4 ,handkerchiefs embroidered in gold were presented and worn as favours in the reign of ,elizabeth4 ,paisley handkerchiefs were introduced in #agdc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgg4 ,bronze door-handle4 ,roman4 ,handle1 ,gen4 ,in antiquity the leaves of a door were fitted with handles like those of our own day4 ,fig4 #cgg represents a bronze handle consisting of a double ring4 ,of these1 the inner one could be raised so as to allow a person's hand to take hold of it1 and draw the door his own way4 ,this work of art is at the present time in the ,museum of ,perugia4 ,handruffs1 ,o4 ,e4 ,ruffles4 ,handseax4 ,the ,anglo-,saxon dagger4 ,hanger1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a small sword worn by gentlemen with morning dress in the #agth century4 ,hangers or ,carriages1 ,o4 ,e4 ,appendages to the sword-belt from which the sword hung1 often richly embroidered or jewelled4 ,hanselines 7#aeth century74 ,loose breeches4 7,see ,,slop47 ,haphe1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7 i4e4 a grip74 ,the yellow sand with which wrestlers sprinkled themselves over after having been rubbed with oil4 ,the object of this sprinkling was to enable the wrestlers to take a firmer grasp one of the other4 ,hara1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a pig-sty1 especially for a breeding sow4 ,the term also denoted a pen for geese4 ,hare1 ,chr4 ,in ,christian iconography the hare symbolizes the rapid course of life4 ,representations of this animal are met with on lamps1 engraved stones1 sepulchral stones1 c4 ,harlequin 7,it4 ,harlequino1 or little ,harlay74 ,the name is derived from that of a famous ,italian comedian1 who appeared in ,paris in the time of ,henri ,,iii41 and from frequenting the house of ,m4 de ,harlay was so called by his companions4 7,mnage47 ,harmamaxa1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a four-wheeled carriage or litter covered overhead1 and enclosed with curtains4 ,it was generally large1 and drawn by four horses1 and richly ornamented4 ,it was principally used for women and children4 ,harmonica4 ,a musical instrument consisting of a number of glass cups fixed upon a revolving spindle1 and made to vibrate by friction applied to their edges4 ,these 8musical glasses0 are described in a work published in #afgg4 ,a harpsichord-harmonica is a similar instrument1 in which finger-keys like those of a pianoforte are used4 7,see the article in ,encyl4 ,brit41 #hth edition47 ,harmonium4 ,a musical instrument having a key-board like a pianoforte1 and the sounds 7which resemble those of organ pipes7 produced by the vibration of thin tongues of metal4 ,harp4 ,the ,,egyptians had various kinds of harps1 some of which were elegantly shaped and tastefully ornamented4 ,the name of the harp was buni4 ,its frame had no front pillar4 ,the harps represented on the monuments varied in size from #f feet high downwards1 and had from #d to #bh strings4 ,a beautiful ,egyptian harp1 in the ,louvre collection1 is of triangular shape with #ba strings1 but1 like all the harps represented on the monuments1 it has no fore-pillar4 ,the strings were of catgut4 ,,assyrian sculptures also represent harps4 ,these also had no front pillar1 and were about #d feet high1 with ornamental appendages on the lower frame4 ,the upper frame contained the sound-holes and the tuning-pegs in regular order4 ,the strings are supposed to have been of silk4 ,the ,,greek harp1 called kinyra1 resembled the ,assyrian1 and is represented with #ac strings3 it is an attribute of ,polyhymnia4 ,the ,,anglo-,,saxons called the harp the gleo-beam1 or 8glee-wood20 and it was their most popular instrument4 ,king ,david playing a harp is represented on an ,a4,s4 monument of the #aath century4 ,it was the favourite instrument of the ,,german and ,,celtic bards1 and of the ,,scandinavian skalds4 ,it is represented with #ab strings and #b sound-holes1 and having a fore-pillar4 ,a curious ,,irish harp of the #hth century1 or earlier1 is represented in ,bunting's 8,ancient ,music of ,ireland10 having no fore-pillar4 ,the ,,finns had a harp 7harpu1 kantele7 with a similar frame1 devoid of a front pillar4 ,in ,,christian ,,art a harp is the attribute of ,king ,david and of ,st4 ,cecilia4 ,st4 ,dunstan is also occasionally represented with it4 ,in ,heraldry the harp is the device and badge of ,ireland4 ,the ,irish harp of gold with silver strings on a blue field forms the third quarter of the royal arms4 ,harpaga1 ,harpago1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a general term1 including any kind of hook for grappling2 more particularly a military engine invented by ,pericles1 and introduced into the ,roman navy by ,duillius4 ,it consisted of a joist about two yards and a half long1 each face of which was coated with iron1 and having at one end a harpoon of iron or bronze2 the other end was fitted with an iron ring1 to which a rope was attached1 so as to enable it to be drawn back when it had once grappled a ship or its rigging4 ,harpago or wolf was the term applied to a beam armed with a harpoon1 which was employed to break down the tops of walls1 or widen a breach already made4 ,a flesh-hook used in cookery to take boiled meat out of the caldron4 ,harpastum1 ,r4 ,a small ball employed for a game in which the players formed two sides4 ,they stationed themselves at some distance from a line traced on the ground or sand where the harpastum was placed4 ,at a given signal each player threw himself upon the ball1 in order to try and send it beyond the bounds of the opposite party4 ,harpies1 ,gen4 71 i4 e4 the ,snatchers74 ,winged monsters1 daughters of ,neptune and ,terra1 three in number1 viz4 ,allo 7the tempest71 ,ocypet 7swift-flying71 and ,clno2 representing the storm-winds4 ,they had the faces of old women1 a vulture's body1 and huge claws2 they were the representatives of the ,evil ,fates1 and the rulers of storms and tempests4 ,in ,christian iconography the ,harpies symbolize the devil and repentance4 ,in the so called 8,harpy tomb0 in the ,british ,museum they are represented carrying off ,camiro and ,clytia1 the daughters of ,pandarus of ,crete1 as a punishment for his complicity with ,tantalus in stealing ambrosia and nectar from the table of the gods4 ,harpsichord4 ,a musical instrument intermediate between the spinet1 virginals1 c41 and the pianoforte1 which supplanted it in the #ahth century4 ,it may be described as a horizontal harp enclosed in a sonorous case1 the wires being struck with jacks armed with crow-quills1 and moved with finger-keys4 ,harquebus4 ,an improvement of the hand-gun introduced in the #aeth century1 applying the invention of the trigger4 ,hart4 ,a stag in its sixth year4 ,hart or ,hind1 in ,christian art1 originally typified solitude and purity of life4 ,it was the attribute of ,st4 ,hubert1 ,st4 ,julian1 and ,st4 ,eustace4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgh4 ,heraldic ,hart4 ,hart1 ,her4 ,a stag with attires2 the female is a hind4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cgi4 ,hasta--,roman ceremonial spear4 ,hasta 7,gr4 74 ,a spear used as a pike for thrusting1 or as a missile for hurling from the hand1 or as a bolt from an engine4 ,homer defines the spear as 8a pole heavy with bronze40 ,the hasta amentata1 for hurling1 had a leathern thong for a handle 7amentum7 in the middle2 hasta pura was a spear without a head1 and was a much-valued decoration given to a ,roman soldier who had saved a citizen's life2 hasta celibarium was a spear which1 having been thrust into the body of a gladiator as he lay dead in the arena1 was afterwards used at marriages to part the hair of the bride4 ,a spear was set up before a place where sales by auction were going on1 and an auction-room was hence called ,,hastarium4 ,different kinds of spear were the lancea of the ,greeks2 the pilum1 peculiar to the ,romans2 the veru1 verutum1 or 8spit10 of the ,roman light infantry2 the gsum1 a ,celtic weapon adopted by the ,romans2 the sparrus1 our ,english spar or spear1 the rudest missile of the whole class2 and many others mentioned under their respective headings in this work4 ,hasta ,pura4 ,in ,numismatics1 a headless spear or long sceptre1 an attribute of all the heathen deities2 a symbol of the goodness of the gods and the conduct of providence1 equally mild and forcible4 ,hastarium1 ,r4 ,a room in which sales were made sub hasta publica1 that is1 by public auction1 under the public authority indicated by the spear4 ,the term also denoted a list or catalogue of sale4 ,hastile1 ,r4 7hasta74 ,the shaft of a spear1 and thence the spear itself1 a goad1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chj4 ,costume of a nobleman in ,venice 7#afth century71 showing the ,hat of the period4 ,hat 7,a4,s4 haet1 a covering for the head74 ,froissart describes hats and plumes worn at ,edward's court in #acdj1 when the ,garter order was instituted4 ,hats were originally of a scarlet-red colour1 and made of 8a fine kinde of haire matted thegither40 ,a remarkable series of changes in the fashion of hats is given in ,planch's ,encyclopdia of ,costume4 ,our illustration represents a young ,venetian noble of the ,middle ,ages4 7,see also the illustrations to ,,pourpoint1 ,,biretta1 ,,bombards1 ,,calash1 ,,capuchon1 ,,chapeau1 ,,coronets1 c47 ,hatchment1 ,her4 7for atchievement74 ,an achievement of arms in a lozenge-shaped frame1 placed upon the front of the residence of a person lately deceased1 made to distinguish his rank and position in life4 ,hauberk 7,germ4 ,hals-berg1 a throat-guard74 ,a military tunic of ringed mail1 of ,german origin1 introduced in the #abth century4 ,haumudeys1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a purse4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cha4 ,hauriant4 ,hauriant1 ,her4 ,said of fishes upright1 8sucking the air40 7,fig4 #cha47 ,hautboy4 ,a wind instrument of the reed kind4 ,haversack 7,fr4 havre-sac74 ,a soldier's knapsack4 ,hawk1 ,egyp4 ,this bird symbolizes the successive new births of the rising sun4 ,the hawk is the bird of ,horus4 ,it stood1 at certain periods1 for the word ,god1 and1 with a human head1 for the word soul4 ,the sun 7,ra7 is likewise represented with a hawk's head1 ornamented with the disk4 ,head-piece4 ,an ornamental engraving at the commencement of a new chapter in a book4 ,head-rail4 ,the head-dress worn by ,saxon and ,norman ladies4 ,healfang1 ,a4,s4 ,the pillory1 or a fine in commutation4 8,qui falsum testimonium dedit1 reddat regi vel terr domino ,,healfang40 ,heang-loo1 ,chinese4 ,an incense-burner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chb4 ,inscription1 with hearts1 found at ,alise4 ,heart4 ,on numerous ,christian tombs hearts maybe seen sculptured4 ,many archologists have attempted to explain their meaning as symbols1 but without entering on an unprofitable discussion of that question1 it may be noticed that1 in many cases1 what archologists have supposed to be hearts were nothing but ivy-leaves1 which served as marks of separation between different words or sentences4 ,fig4 #chb represents an inscription at ,alise in which ivy-leaves figure1 together with an ornament which some would insist were flames1 if they were to take the leaves for hearts4 ,when inscriptions1 however1 are defaced1 the shape of the leaves is not nearly so distinguishable as in the figure4 ,one of the most frequent methods in which this emblem is introduced in ,christian art is that the ,saviour1 or the ,virgin ,mary1 is represented opening the breast to display the living heart--the natural symbol of ,love1 ,devotion1 or ,sorrow4 ,the ,heart is an attribute of ,st4 ,theresa1 ,st4 ,augustine1 and other saints4 ,the flaming heart is the emblem of charity4 ,the heart pierced by seven daggers symbolizes the 8seven sorrows0 of ,mary4 ,hecatesia1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals held at ,athens in honour of ,hecat4 ,hecatomb1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a sacrifice offered in ,greece and ,rome under special circumstances1 and at which a hundred head of cattle 77 were slain2 whence the name of the festival4 ,the term was generally applied to all great sacrifices1 of much less extent than that implied by its etymological meaning4 ,hecatompyl1 ,gr4 7-74 ,the city with a hundred gates2 a name given to the ,egyptian ,thebes4 ,hecatonstylon1 ,hecatonstyle1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7 and 74 ,a portico or colonnade with a hundred columns4 ,hecte or ,hectus1 ,gr4 a sixth 7,r4 modius74 ,in dry measure1 the sixth part of the medimnus1 or nearly two gallons ,english4 ,coins of uncertain value bore the same name2 they were sixths of other units of value4 ,hegira 7,arabic hajara1 to desert74 ,the flight from ,mecca1 #afth ,july1 ,a4 ,d4 #fbb1 from which ,mohammedan chronology is calculated4 ,helciarius1 ,r4 ,one who tows a boat4 ,he was so called because he passed a rope round his body in the way of a belt1 the rope thus forming a noose 7helcium74 ,helepolis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 the taker of cities74 ,a lofty square tower1 on wheels1 used in besieging fortified places4 ,it was ninety cubits high and forty wide2 inside were nine stories1 the lower containing machines for throwing great stones2 the middle1 large catapults for throwing spears2 and the highest other machines4 ,it was manned with #bjj soldiers4 ,the name was afterwards applied to other siege engines of similar construction4 ,helical1 ,arch4 71 a wreath74 ,a spiral line distinguished from spiral4 ,a staircase is helical when the steps wind round a cylindrical newel2 whereas the spiral winds round a cone1 and is constantly narrowing its axis4 ,the term is applied to the volutes of a ,corinthian capital4 7,see ,,helix47 ,heliochromy 7,gr4 1 the sun1 and 1 colour74 ,process of taking coloured photographs4 ,heliopolites1 ,egyp4 ,one of the nomes or divisions of ,lower ,egypt1 capital ,an1 the sacred name for ,heliopolis near ,cairo4 ,heliotrope4 ,the ,hmatite or blood-stone2 a siliceous mineral of a dark green colour1 commonly variegated with bright red spots4 ,heliotropion1 ,gr4 ,a kind of sun-dial4 7,see ,,horologium47 ,helix1 ,arch4 71 anything spiral74 ,a small volute like the tendril of a vine placed under the ,corinthian abacus4 ,they are arranged in couples springing from one base1 and unite at the summit4 ,hellebore4 ,a famous purgative medicine among the ancient ,greeks and ,romans4 ,philosophers prepared for work by drinking an infusion of the black hellebore1 like tea4 ,the best grew in the island of ,anticyra in the gean ,sea1 and the gathering of it was accompanied by superstitious rites4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chc4 ,helm of a ,gentleman or ,esquire4 ,helm1 ,helmet1 ,her4 ,now placed as an accessory above a shield of arms4 ,modern usage distinguishes helms according to the rank of the wearer4 ,the term helm was applied by both ,saxons and ,normans1 in the #aath century1 to the conical steel cap with a nose-guard1 which was the common head-piece of the day1 and is depicted in contemporary illuminations1 sculptures1 and tapestries4 ,afterwards it was restricted to the casque1 which covered the whole head1 and had an aventaile or vizor for the face4 ,the use of the helm finally ceased in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chd4 ,helmet or ,burgonet of the #afth century4 ,helmet4 ,the diminutive of ,,helm1 first applied to the smaller head-piece which superseded it in the #aeth century4 7,see ,,galea1 ,,armet1 ,,bascinet1 ,,burgonet1 ,,casque1 ,,chapelle ,,le ,,fer1 c47 ,hemi- 7,gr4 -74 ,half2 used in composition of words like the ,latin semi or demi4 ,hemichorion 774 7,see ,,dichorea47 ,hemicyclium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a semicircular alcove1 to which persons resorted for mutual conversation4 ,the term was also used to denote a sun-dial4 ,hemina1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 half74 ,a measure of capacity containing half a sextarius 7equal to the ,greek cotyle half a pint ,english74 ,hemiolia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 one and a half74 ,a vessel of peculiar construction employed especially by ,greek pirates4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #che4 ,sun-dial 7,hemisphrium74 ,hemisphrium1 ,r4 ,a sun-dial in the form of a hemisphere2 whence its name4 7,fig4 #che47 ,hemlock1 the ,conium maculatum of botanists1 was the poison used by the ancient ,greeks for the despatch of state prisoners4 ,its effects are accurately described in ,plato's description of the death of ,socrates4 ,heptagon 7,gr4 1 seven1 and 1 an angle74 ,a seven-sided figure4 ,hepteris1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a ship of war with seven ranks of oars4 ,hera4 ,important ,greek festivals1 celebrated in honour of ,hera in all the towns of ,greece4 ,at ,argos1 every fifth year1 an immense body of young men in armour formed a procession1 preceded by a ,,hecatomb of oxen1 to the great temple of ,hera1 between ,argos and ,mycen1 where the oxen were slaughtered1 and their flesh distributed to the citizens4 ,herald 7,germ4 ,herold74 ,an officer of arms4 ,the heralds of ,england were incorporated by ,richard ,,iii4 ,the college now consists of three kings of arms1 six heralds1 and four pursuivants4 ,the office of ,earl ,marshal1 the supreme head of the ,english heralds1 is hereditary in the family of the ,duke of ,norfolk4 ,there is another herald king styled 8,bath10 who is specially attached to that order2 he is not a member of the college4 ,the chief herald of ,scotland is styled ,lord ,lyon ,king of ,arms2 that of ,ireland1 ,ulster ,king of ,arms4 ,chester herald is mentioned in the reign of ,richard ,,ii41 ,lancaster king of arms under ,henry ,,iv4 7,see ,,marshal1 ,,kings ,,of ,,arms1 c47 ,heralds' ,college4 ,a college of heralds was instituted in ,rome by ,numa ,pompilius1 and the office was held sacred among the most ancient ,oriental nations4 ,the institution was imported into ,england in the ,middle ,ages from ,germany1 a corporation of heralds1 similar to the collegium fetialium of ,rome1 having been established in ,england in #adhc by ,richard ,,iii4 7,see ,pitiscus1 tom4 i41 and ,hofmann1 tom4 ii47 ,herm1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,herm1 a kind of pedestals surmounted only by the head1 or1 in some cases1 the bust of ,hermes4 ,great reverence was felt for these statues4 ,houses at ,athens had one before the doors2 they were also placed in front of temples1 near tombs1 at street corners1 or as mile-stones on the high roads4 ,hermuli1 or small ,herm1 were a common ornament of furniture1 as pilasters and supports4 ,the same name is applied to similar statues having a man's head4 ,this statue was probably one of the first attempts of art at plastic representation4 ,the phallus and a pointed beard originally were essential parts of the symbol4 ,in place of arms there were projections to hang garlands on4 ,then a mantle was introduced from the shoulders4 ,afterwards the whole torso was placed above the pillar2 and finally the pillar itself was shaped into a perfect statue4 ,all these gradations of the sculptor's art are traceable in existing monuments4 ,herma4 ,festivals of ,hermes1 celebrated by the boys in the gymnasia1 of which ,hermes was the tutelary deity4 ,hermeneut1 ,chr4 774 ,literally1 interpreters4 ,in the earliest ages of the ,church1 these were officials whose duty it was to translate sacred discourses or portions of ,holy ,scripture4 ,herne-pan1 ,o4 ,e4 7for iron-pan74 ,skull-cap worn under the helmet4 ,heroum1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 place of a hero74 ,a kind of ,,dicula 7q4v471 or small temple1 which served as a funeral monument4 ,several representations of ,roman ,,heroa may be seen in the ,british ,museum1 representing funeral feasts in a temple1 carved on the face of a sarcophagus 7in the ,towneley collection74 ,herring-bone ,masonry4 ,common in late ,roman or early ,saxon walls1 where the ornamental lines take a sloping1 parallel1 zigzag direction4 ,herygoud1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cloak with hanging sleeves4 ,heuk or ,huque1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,originally a cloak or mantle worn in the ,middle ,ages2 then 7#b7 a tight-fitting dress worn by both sexes4 7,fairholt2 see also ,planch1 ,encyclopdia47 ,there appears to be great uncertainty as to the character of this garment4 ,hexaclinon1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a dining or banqueting couch capable of holding six persons4 ,hexaphoron1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a litter carried by six porters4 ,hexapterygon1 ,chr4 7-74 ,a fan used by ,greek ,catholics1 and so named because it has on it figures of seraphim with six wings4 7,see ,,fan and ,,flabellum47 ,hexastyle1 ,arch4 7-74 ,a faade of which the roof is supported by six columns4 ,hexeris1 ,gr4 7-74 ,a vessel with six ranks of oars4 ,hiberna or ,hyberna1 ,r4 ,a winter apartment4 ,the halls in a ,roman country house were built to face different ways according to the seasons2 verna and autumnalis looked to the east2 hyberna1 to the west2 stiva1 to the north4 ,hidage1 ,hidegild1 ,a4,s4 ,a tax payable to the ,saxon kings of ,england for every hide of land4 ,the word is indifferently used to signify exemption from such a tax4 ,hidalgo 7,span4 hijo d'algo1 son of somebody74 ,an obsolete title of nobility in ,spain4 ,hieroglyphics1 ,egyp4 71 sacred1 and 1 to carve74 ,characters of ,egyptian writing1 the letters of which are figurative or symbolic4 ,there are three kinds of ,egyptian writing1 the hieroglyphic1 the hieratic1 and the demotic4 ,clement of ,alexandria says that in the education of the ,egyptians three styles of writing are taught3 the first is called the epistolary 7enchorial or demotic72 the second the sacerdotal 7hieratic71 which the sacred ,scribes employ2 and the third the hieroglyphic4 ,other nations1 as for instance the ancient ,mexicans1 have likewise employed hieroglyphics4 ,hieromancy1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,divination from sacrifices4 ,hieron1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 holy place74 ,the whole of the sacred enclosure of a temple1 which enclosed the woods1 the building1 and the priests' dwelling-place4 ,high-warp ,tapestry4 ,made on a loom1 in which the warp is arranged on a vertical plane11 as the ,gobelins4 ,low-warp tapestry is made on a flat loom1 as at ,aubusson1 ,beauvais1 and other places4 ,it is made more rapidly1 and is inferior in beauty to the former4 ,hilaria4 ,a great ,roman festival in honour of ,cybele1 celebrated at the vernal equinox4 ,it consisted chiefly of extravagant merry-making to celebrate the advent of spring4 ,hippocampus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a fabulous animal1 which had the fore-quarters of a horse ending in the tail of a dolphin4 ,it is imitated from the little 8sea-horse0 of the ,mediterranean1 now common in aquariums2 and in mural paintings of ,pompeii is represented attached to the chariot of ,neptune4 ,hippocentaur4 ,a fabulous animal1 composed of a human body and head attached to the shoulders of a horse4 7,see also ,,centaur47 ,hippocervus1 ,chr4 ,a fantastic animal1 half horse and half stag2 it personifies the pusillanimous man who throws himself without reflection into uncertain paths1 and soon falls into despair at having lost himself in them4 ,hippocratia1 ,gr4 ,festivals held in ,arcadia in honour of ,neptune1 who1 by striking the earth with his trident1 had given birth to the horse4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chf4 ,ground-plan of a ,hippodrome4 ,hippodromus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,the ,greek name for an arena for horse and chariot races1 in contradistinction to the stadium1 which served for foot-racing4 ,fig4 #chf represents the hippodrome at ,olympia1 taken from ,gell's ,itinerary of the ,morea4 ,the following is the key to the plan3--#a1 #b1 and #c are carceres2 ,a1 the space included between the stalls or carceres2 ,b1 starting-place for the chariots2 ,c1 the colonnade2 ,d1 the arena2 ,e1 the barrier2 ,f1 the goal2 ,g1 the space occupied by the spectators4 ,the word was also applied to the races themselves4 7,see also ,,circus47 ,hippogryph4 ,a mythical animal represented as a winged horse with the head of a gryphon4 ,hippopera1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a saddle-bag for travellers on horseback4 7,see ,,ascopera47 ,hippotoxotes 7-74 ,a mounted archer4 ,the ,syrians1 ,persians1 ,medes1 ,greeks1 and ,romans had mounted archers among their light cavalry4 ,histrio4 ,an actor4 ,the ,,greek dramas were originally represented on the stage by one performer1 who represented in succession the different characters4 schylus introduced a second and a third actor4 ,the actors were all amateurs1 and it was not until a later period that the histrionic profession became a speciality4 ,sophocles and schylus both probably acted their own plays4 ,the ,,roman name for an actor1 histrio1 was formed from the ,etruscan hister1 a dancer4 ,the earliest histriones were dancers1 and performed to the music of a flute2 then ,roman youths imitating them introduced jocular dialogue1 and this was the origin of the drama4 ,after the organization of the theatres1 the histriones were subjected to certain disabilities2 they were a despised class1 and excluded from the rights of citizenship4 ,the greatest of histriones in ,rome were ,roscius and sopus1 who realized great fortunes by their acting4 ,hobelarii1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,see ,,hoblers47 ,hoblers1 ,a4,s4 ,feudal tenants bound to serve as light horsemen in times of invasion4 ,hob-nob1 ,o4 ,e4 7,saxon habban1 to have2 nbban1 not to have74 8,hit or miss20 hence a common invitation to reciprocal drinking4 ,hock-day1 ,hoke-day1 or ,hock ,tuesday4 ,a holiday kept to commemorate the expulsion of the ,danes4 ,it was held on the second ,tuesday after ,easter4 ,hocking consisted in stopping the highway with ropes1 and taking toll of passers-by4 ,hocus-pocus4 ,probably a profane corruption of the words hoc est corpus used in the ,latin mass4 ,holocaust4 ,a sacrifice entirely consumed by fire4 ,holosericum 7,gr4 1 all2 1 silk74 ,a textile all silk4 ,holy ,bread1 ,holy ,loaf1 or ,eulogia 7,lat4 panis benedictus74 ,this was not the eucharistic bread 7which was used in the wafer form for the ,communion71 but ordinary leavened bread1 blessed by the priest after mass1 cut up into small pieces and given to the people4 ,holy-bread-skep1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a vessel for containing the holy bread4 ,holy ,water ,pot1 ,chr4 ,a metal vessel frequently found at the doors of ,roman ,catholic churches1 to contain the consecrated water1 which was dispensed with the aspergillum4 ,holy ,water ,sprinkler or ,morning ,star1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a military club or flail set with spikes1 which sprinkled the blood about as the aspergillum sprinkles the holy water4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chg4 ,holy ,water ,stone 7,renaissance74 ,holy ,water ,stone or ,stoup1 ,chr4 ,a stone receptacle placed at the entrance of a church for holding the holy water4 ,honeysuckle ,pattern4 ,a common ,greek ornament1 fully described by its name4 7,see ,,fleuron47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chh4 ,honiton ,guipure4 ,honiton ,guipure4 ,lace was made in ,devonshire1 as well as in other parts of ,england1 of silk and coarse thread until #aefg1 when the fine thread now used was introduced1 it is said1 by ,flemings1 who had escaped from the persecutions of the ,duke of ,alva4 7,see ,,old ,,devonshire47 ,honiton lace owes its great reputation to the sprigs made separately on a pillow1 and afterwards either worked in with the beautiful pillow net or sewn on it4 ,this net was made of the finest thread from ,antwerp1 the price of which in #agij was #gjl4 per pound4 7,see ,,mechlin ,,lace1 #ahth century47 ,heathcoat's invention1 however1 dealt a fatal blow to the trade of the net-makers1 and since then ,honiton lace is usually made by uniting the sprigs on a pillow1 or joining them with a needle by various stitches1 as shown in the engraving4 ,honour1 ,legion of4 ,instituted #crd ,june1 #ahjb1 by ,napoleon ,i4 as first consul4 ,hoodman-blind4 ,old ,english for ,,blindman',s ,,buff 7q4v474 ,hoods 7,a4,s4 ,hod7 were probably introduced by the ,normans4 ,they are constantly represented1 with great variation of fashion1 in illustrations of the #aath to #ahth century1 as a part of the costume of both sexes4 ,they were finally displaced by caps and bonnets in the reign of ,george ,,ii4 7,see ,,chaperon1 ,,cowl47 ,hoops1 in ladies' dress1 were introduced in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 displacing the ,,farthingale2 and were finally abandoned in that of ,george ,,iii4 ,hop-harlot1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a very coarse coverlet for beds4 ,horatia ,pila1 ,r4 ,a pillar erected at the west extremity of the ,roman forum to receive the trophy of the spoils of the three ,curiatii brought back by ,horatius4 ,horns4 ,a portion of a lady's head-dress1 mentioned in the #acth century4 ,they appear to have been formed by the foldings of the gorget or wimple1 and a disposition of the hair on each side of the head into the form of rams' horns4 ,for the horned head-dress of the #aeth century1 see the illustration to ,,coronet4 ,horologium4 7#a7 ,sundials preceded all other instruments for the measurement of time4 ,the gnomon or stocheion of the ,,greeks was a perpendicular staff or pillar1 the shadow of which fell upon a properly marked ground2 the polos or heliotropion consisted of a perpendicular staff1 in a basin in which the twelve parts of the day were marked by lines4 7#b7 ,the clepsydra was a hollow globe1 with a short neck1 and holes in the bottom2 it measured time by the escape of water1 and was at first used like an hour-glass to regulate the length of speeches in the ,athenian courts4 ,the escape of water was stopped by inserting a stopper in the mouth1 when the speaker was interrupted4 ,smaller clepsydrata made of glass and marked with the hours were used in families4 ,a precisely similar history applies to the horologia of ,,rome4 ,horreum 7dimin4 horreolum71 ,r4 7#a7 ,literally1 a place in which ripe fruits were kept2 a granary1 or storehouse for grain2 horreum publicum was the public granary4 7#b7 ,any storehouse or dept2 horrea subterranea1 cellars4 7#c7 ,it was applied to places in which works of art were kept1 and ,seneca calls his library a horreum4 ,horse4 ,in ,christian art1 the emblem of courage and generosity2 attribute of ,st4 ,martin1 ,st4 ,maurice1 ,st4 ,george1 and others4 ,the ,chinese have a sacred horse1 which is affirmed to have appeared from a river to the philosopher ,fou-hi1 bearing instruction in eight diagrams of the characters proper to express certain abstract ideas4 ,horse-shoe1 ,arch4 ,a form of the stilted arch elevated beyond half the diameter of the curve on which it is described4 7,see ,,arch47 ,hortus 7dimin4 hortulus71 ,r4 ,a pleasure-garden1 park1 and thence a kitchen garden2 horti pensiles were hanging gardens4 ,the most striking features of a ,roman garden were lines of large trees planted in regular order2 alleys or walks 7ambulationes7 formed by closely clipped hedges of box1 yew1 cypress1 and other ever greens2 beds of acanthus1 rows of fruit-trees especially of vines1 with statues1 pyramids1 fountains1 and summer-houses 7dit74 ,the ,romans were fond of the art of cutting and twisting trees1 especially box1 into figures of animals1 ships1 c4 7ars topiaria74 ,the principal garden-flowers seem to have been violets and roses1 and they had also the crocus1 narcissus1 lily1 gladiolus1 iris1 poppy1 amaranth1 and others4 ,conservatories and hot-houses are frequently mentioned by ,martial4 ,an ornamental garden was also called viridarium1 and the gardener topiarius or viridarius4 ,the common name for a gardener is villicus or cultor hortorum4 7,consult ,smith's ,dict4 of ,ant47 ,hospitium1 ,r4 7hospes1 a guest74 ,a general term to denote any place in which a traveller finds shelter1 board1 and lodging4 ,the word had a very wide meaning of hospitality1 regulated in all its details by the religious and social and politic sentiments of the nations4 ,hostia1 ,r4 7hostio1 to strike74 ,a victim offered in sacrifice4 ,hot ,cockles1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a game common in the ,middle ,ages4 ,hot-houses1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the name for ,turkish baths2 #afth century4 ,houppeland1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a very full loose upper garment with large hanging sleeves2 #adth century4 ,it was probably introduced from ,spain1 and was something like a cassock4 ,house4 7,see ,,domus47 ,houseling ,bread1 ,o4 ,e41 ,chr4 7,see ,,singing-,,bread1 ,,howsling ,,bell47 ,housia or ,housse1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an outer garment1 combining cloak and tunic2 a tabard4 ,howsling ,bell1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the bell which was rung before the ,holy ,eucharist1 when taken to the sick4 ,howve 7,saxon1 from the old ,german hoojd74 ,a hood4 ,a common phrase quoted by ,chaucer1 8to set a man's howve10 is the same as to 8set his cap10 cap him or cheat him4 ,huacos4 7,see ,,guacas47 ,huircas or ,pinchas1 ,peruv4 ,subterranean aqueducts of the ancient ,peruvians1 distinct from the barecac or open conduits4 ,hullings or ,hullyng4 ,old ,english name for hangings for a hall1 c4 ,humatio1 ,r4 7humo1 to bury74 ,the act of burying1 and thence any mode of interment whatever4 ,hume's ,permanent ,white4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,barytes 7q4v474 ,humerale4 7,see ,,anabologium1 ,,amice47 ,humette1 ,her4 ,cut short at the extremities4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #chi4 ,hunting ,flask of ,jaspered ,ware1 #aeed-aeef4 ,louvre ,museum4 ,hunting ,flask4 ,m4 ,jacquemart thinks that that represented in ,fig4 #chi may be reasonably attributed to ,palissy4 ,it is glazed in green1 and diapered with little flames of a deeper shade4 ,upon the body1 in relief1 is the escutcheon of the celebrated ,anne de ,montmorency1 round it the collar of ,st4 ,michael1 and on each side the ,constable's sword supported by a mailed arm and the motto of his house1 8,a ,planos0 7unwavering74 ,a mask of ,italian style and rayonnated suns complete the decoration of this curious sealed earthenware4 ,hurst1 ,her4 ,a clump of trees4 ,hurte1 ,her4 ,a blue roundle4 ,hutch1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 huche74 ,a locker1 which generally stood at the foot of the bed1 to contain clothes and objects of value4 ,it was commonly used for a seat4 ,huvette1 ,fr4 ,a close steel skull-cap4 ,hyacinth4 7#a7 ,a precious stone of a violet colour4 7#b7 ,the colour formed of red with blue1 blue predominating4 7#c7 ,the flower hyacinth among the ancient ,greeks was the emblem of death4 ,hyacinthia1 ,gr4 ,a national festival1 celebrated annually at ,amycl by the ,amyclans and ,spartans1 in honour of the hero ,hyacinthus1 who was accidentally killed by ,apollo with a quoit4 ,hyalotype 71 glass1 and 1 to print74 ,an invention for printing photographs from the negative on to glass1 instead of paper4 ,hycsos1 ,egyp4 7lit4 impure74 ,a people of unknown origin1 nomad tribes1 but not savages1 as has hitherto been believed1 who came from ,sinai1 ,arabia1 and ,syria4 ,they are known as ,poimenes 7the ,shepherds71 ,mentiou ,sati1 ,asian ,shepherds1 and even ,scourges1 from their invasion of some part of ,eastern ,egypt4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cij4 ,hydra with seven heads4 ,hydra1 ,gr4 7a water-serpent74 ,a hundred-headed monster of ,greek mythology1 sprung1 like the ,chimra1 from ,typhon and ,echidna2 he was killed by ,hercules4 ,in ,heraldry the hydra is represented with only nine heads4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #cij7 is of the device adopted by ,curtio ,gonzaga1 an ,italian poet1 to symbolize the constancy of his love1 with the motto1 8,if ,i kill it1 more strong it revives40 ,hydralets1 ,gr4 7#a7 ,a mill for grinding corn1 driven by water4 7#b7 ,a waterfall or current of water4 ,hydraulis1 ,gr4 7-74 ,a water-organ4 ,the hydraulic organ1 invented about ,b4,c4 #bjj1 was really a pneumatic organ2 the water was only used to force the air through the pipes4 ,it is represented on a coin of ,nero in the ,british ,museum4 ,only ten pipes are given to it1 and there is no indication of any key-board4 ,it had eight stops1 and consequently eight rows of pipes2 these were partly of bronze1 and partly of reed4 ,it continued in use so late as the #ith century of our era4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cia4 ,hydria1 or ,water-jug1 in black glaze4 ,hydria1 ,gr4 ,a large1 heavy vessel1 used principally for holding a store of water4 ,it is represented urn-shaped1 with a broad base and a narrow mouth1 sometimes with one and sometimes with two handles at the top1 and smaller ones on the belly4 ,the name is applied to other pails of bronze or silver1 c4 7,fig4 #cia47 ,hydriaphoria1 ,gr4 7water-bearing74 7#a7 ,funereal ceremonies performed at ,athens in memory of those who had perished in the deluges of ,ogyges1 ,deucalion1 c4 7#b7 ,a service exacted from married alien women in ,athens by the female citizens1 when they walked in the great procession at the ,panathenaic feasts1 and the former carried vessels of water for them4 ,hydroceramic 7vessels71 ,gr4 ,vessels made of a porous clay1 in which liquids were put for the purpose of cooling them2 they were a kind of alcarazas4 ,hydroscope4 ,another name for the clepsydra4 7,see ,,horologium47 ,hypthral1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7lit4 under the sky1 or in the open air74 ,the term was applied to any building1 especially a temple1 the cella of which had no roof4 ,on the roofs of ,egyptian temples1 hypthral temples are arranged with regard to astronomical observations1 by which the calendar was regulated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cib4 ,hypthrum4 ,hypthrum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a grating or claustra placed over the principal door of a temple for the purpose of admitting light into a part of the cella4 ,fig4 #cib shows one of the bronze doors of the ,pantheon at ,rome1 with its hypthrum4 ,hyperthyrum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7over the door74 ,a frieze and cornice arranged and decorated in various ways for the decoration of the lintel of a door4 ,hypocastanum4 ,greek for ,,chesnut ,,brown 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cic4 ,hypocausis of a ,roman villa at ,tusculum4 ,hypocaust1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7- and -74 ,a furnace with flues running underneath the floor of an apartment or bath1 for heating the air4 ,fig4 #cic represents the sectional elevation of a bath-room discovered in a ,roman villa at ,tusculum4 ,fig4 #cid represents a hypocausis discovered at ,paris in the old ,rue de ,constantine1 near ,notre ,dame4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cid4 ,hypocausis discovered at ,paris4 ,hypogeum1 ,arch4 ,a building underground2 a sepulchral vault4 ,they form a principal part of ,egyptian architecture of every period4 ,the ,greek term is a synonym of the ,latin ,,conditorium 7q4v47 ,hyporchema1 ,gr4 ,a lively dance1 accompanied by a mimic performance1 at the festivals of ,apollo among the ,dorians4 ,a chorus of singers danced round the altars1 and others acted comic or playful scenes4 ,hypotrachelium or ,cincture1 ,arch4 ,the part of the ,doric capital included between the astragal and the lower annulets or fillets4 ,hysteria1 ,gr4 7from 1 a pig74 ,greek festivals1 in which swine were sacrificed in honour of ,venus4 ,i4 ,ich ,dien4 ,i serve4 ,the popular belief that ,edward the ,black ,prince adopted this motto and the 8,prince of ,wales's feathers10 at the battle of ,cressy1 from the blind ,king of ,bohemia1 is not sustained by investigation4 ,it was at the battle of ,poitiers that he first adopted this crest1 joining to the family badge the old ,english word ,ic den 7,theyn71 8,i serve10 in accordance with the words of the ,apostle1 8,the heir1 while he is a child1 differeth nothing from a servant40 7,mrs4 ,palliser2 ,historic ,devices47 ,ichnography4 ,the art of making maps or plans4 ,iconic 7sc4 statues71 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e47 ,portrait-statues2 especially statues raised in honour of athletes who had been victorious in the contests4 ,iconoclasts1 ,chr4 ,image-breakers4 ,the name originated in the #hth or #ith century in the ,eastern ,empire1 from which finally ,theophilus banished all the painters and statuaries in #hcb4 ,it has been since generally applied to those who1 at various outbreaks of fanaticism1 have destroyed ecclesiastical objects of art1 and is especially applicable to the disciples of ,savonarola in #adig1 and to the ,puritans of ,scotland and ,england during the civil wars4 ,iconography 7i4 e4 image-description74 ,the science that deals with statues and images1 bas-reliefs1 busts1 medals1 c4 ,thus we have an ,egyptian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 medival iconography1 c4 ,the best work on this science is 8,christian ,iconography2 or the ,history of ,christian ,art in the ,middle ,ages10 by ,m4 ,didron4 ,the second volume contains a manual on the subject by a painter of the #abth century4 ,iconostasis1 ,chr4 ,the screen of the chancel in ancient churches1 so called because it was there that images 77 were displayed for the adoration of the faithful4 ,ideal and ,real4 8,any work of art which represents1 not a material object1 but the mental conception of a material object1 is in the primary sense of the word ideal2 that is to say1 it represents an idea1 not a thing4 ,any work of art which represents or realizes a material object is1 in the primary sense of the term1 un-ideal40 7,modern ,painters1 vol4 ii4 chap4 #ac47 ,in a practical sense an ideal picture or statue 7e4 g4 the ,medici ,venus7 is not the portrait of an individual model1 but the putting together of selected parts from several models4 ,raphael said1 8,to paint a beautiful woman ,i must see several1 and ,i have also recourse to a certain ideal in my mind20 and ,guido said1 8,the beautiful and pure idea must be in the mind1 and then it is no matter what the model is40 ,ides1 ,idus1 ,r4 ,one of the monthly divisions in the ,roman year2 it fell on the #aeth in months of thirty-one days1 excepting ,january1 ,august1 and ,december2 in months with only twenty-nine or thirty days1 the ides fell on the #acth4 ,the kalends are the first of every month2 the nones are the #gth of ,march1 ,may1 ,july1 and ,october1 and the #eth of all the other months2 and the ides always fall eight days later than the nones2 and the days are reckoned backwards3 thus the #acth of ,january is the ides of ,january1 and the #adth of ,january the #aith day ante diem 7or before7 the ,february kalends4 ,the morrow of the ides was looked upon as an unlucky day 7nefas74 ,illapa1 ,peruv4 ,one of the divisions of the temple of the ,sun 7,inti7 among the ancient ,peruvians1 so called because it was dedicated to the thunder 7,illapa74 7,see ,,inti47 ,illumination4 ,this art originated simply in the application of minium 7or red lead7 as a colour or ink1 to decorate a portion of a piece of writing1 the general text of which was in black ink4 ,the term was retained long after the original red lead was superseded by the more brilliant cinnabar1 or vermilion4 ,ornaments of all kinds were gradually added1 and the term includes the practice of every kind of ornamental or ornamented writing4 ,from the #crd century ,greek and ,roman specimens exist of golden lettering upon purple or rose-coloured vellum1 and the art prevailed wherever monasteries were founded4 ,anglo-,saxon and ,irish ,,mss4 of the #fth and #gth centuries exhibit a marvellous perfection1 characterized by wonderfully minute interlacements of the patterns4 ,nearly all the best specimens of illumination were destroyed on the dissolution of monasteries4 7,consult 8,the ,art of ,illuminating10 by ,w4 ,r4 ,timms47 ,imagines a vestir1 ,it4 ,wooden images set up in ,italian churches1 with the heads and extremities finished1 and the bodies covered with real drapery4 ,imagines ,majorum1 ,r4 ,portraits of ancestors1 or family portraits2 they usually consisted of waxen masks1 which were kept in the cases of an armarium or in an dicula2 or small statues which were carried before the corpse in a funeral procession4 ,imbrex1 ,r4 ,a ridge-tile of semi-cylindrical form1 and thus distinct from the tegula1 which was a flat tile4 ,it was called imbrex from its collecting the rain 7imber74 ,imbrex supinus was the name given to a channel or gutter formed of ridge-tiles laid on their backs4 ,imbrications4 ,architectural ornaments which take the form of fishes' scales1 or of segmental ridge-tiles 7imbrices7 which overlap2 whence the name given to them4 ,imbricatus1 ,r4 ,covered with flat and ridge-tiles 7tegul and imbrices74 ,imbrothered1 ,o4 ,e4 ,embroidered4 ,imbrued1 ,her4 ,stained with blood4 ,immissarium1 ,r4 7immitto1 to send into74 ,a stone basin or trough2 any receptacle built upon the ground for the purpose of containing water supplied from the castellum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cie4 ,device of ,philip and ,mary4 ,arms of ,tudor and ,aragon ,impaled 7,rayonnant74 ,impale1 ,her4 ,to conjoin two separate coats of arms on one shield 7as a husband's and wife's1 c474 ,the device of ,queen ,mary 7,fig4 #cie7 is the impalement of the double ,tudor rose with the arms of ,catherine of ,aragon4 ,impannata1 ,it4 ,oiled paper4 ,impasto1 ,it4 ,the thickness of the body of pigment laid on to a painting4 ,rembrandt1 ,salvator ,rosa1 and others used a thick impasto2 ,raphael1 ,guido1 and others1 one extremely thin4 ,imperial4 ,anything adapted by its excellence for royal uses1 or distinguished in size1 is generally so called4 7#a7 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sort of precious silk1 wrought partly with gold1 used by royalty and for ecclesiastical purposes1 brought to ,england from ,greece in the #abth century4 7#b7 ,the largest kind of slate for roofing4 7#c7 ,paper #bg inches by #bc4 7#d7 ,sp4 ,the roof of a coach2 hence1 in ,english1 a trunk made to fit the top of a carriage4 7#e7 ,russian4 ,a gold coin of #aj silver roubles4 ,impluviata1 ,r4 ,a cloak of square shape and brown in colour1 worn as a protection against rain4 ,impluvium1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a cistern on the floor of the atrium in a ,roman house1 into which the rain was conducted4 7#b7 ,the aperture in the roof of the atrium4 7,see ,,domus47 ,impost1 ,arch4 ,the horizontal mouldings on a pillar1 from which an arch is projected4 ,in antis1 ,arch4 ,a name given to those temples1 the pronaos or entrance porch of which was formed by two ant or pilasters1 and two columns4 7,see ,,ant47 ,inauguratio1 ,r4 ,generally the term applies to the ceremony by which the sanction of the gods was invoked upon any decree of man1 such as the admission of a new member into a corporation or college1 or the choice of the site of a theatre1 city1 or temple1 c4 ,inaures1 ,r4 7auris1 the ear2 ,gr4 enotion74 ,ear-rings4 ,among the ,greeks and ,romans they were worn only by women4 7,see ,,ear-,,rings47 ,incensed1 ,inflamed1 ,her4 ,on fire4 7,see ,,foculus47 ,incisura1 ,r4 7incido1 to cut74 ,hatchings made by means of a brush4 ,incitega1 ,r4 ,a kind of tripod or stand for vessels rounded or pointed at the bottom4 ,incle1 ,inkle4 ,a sort of tape used as a trimming to a dress4 ,incrustation4 ,the word has a general signification1 8a coat of one material applied to another40 ,technically it should be applied to marble alone2 thus a thin slab of marble is incrusted upon a body of slate or stone1 metals are ,,damascened1 fused pigments are ,,enamel1 and woods are ,,veneered4 ,incubones1 ,r4 ,genii who were supposed to guard treasure hidden under the earth4 ,incunabula4 7#a7 ,swaddling clothes for infants4 7#b7 ,ancient specimens of printing are so called4 ,incus1 ,r4 7incudo1 to beat on74 ,an anvil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cif4 ,indented4 ,indented1 ,her4 ,one of the dividing and border lines4 ,it resembles the teeth of a saw4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cig4 ,printed ,calico 7,indian7 illustrating the treatment of flowers4 ,indian ,art4 ,the study of the forms and principles of ,indian ,art is indispensable to an appreciation of the true principles of ornamental design in general4 ,the excellence of ,indian manufactures is due to the system of ,guilds rigidly adhered to for ages1 which has resulted in the production of a race of hereditary craftsmen unequalled for their skill and taste in execution and design4 ,their pottery is distinguished above all others for purity and simplicity of form1 obvious fitness to purpose1 and individual freedom of design4 ,its origin antedates the ,institutes of ,manu1 and is lost in antiquity4 ,indian gold and metal work is supposed by ,dr4 ,birdwood to owe its origin to ,greek influence1 but has acquired in its development a purely ,oriental character4 ,the ,hindoos exhibit the greatest skill in the ,oriental arts of damascening and enamelling1 as well as in lacquer work and wood and ivory carving4 ,all their designs are deeply symbolical1 and closely interwoven with the primitive religious impulses of humanity4 ,india was probably the first country in which the art of weaving was brought to perfection1 and the fame of its cloudy gauzes and its gold and silver brocades is more ancient than the ,code of ,manu4 ,the art is repeatedly mentioned in the ,vedas4 ,the purity of ,indian ,art is endangered in modern days by the introduction of machine-made goods and ,european design4 7,consult ,dr4 ,birdwood's ,handbook of ,indian ,art47 ,indian ,ink or ,chinese ,ink4 ,a black pigment for water-colour painting1 made from oil and lamp-black1 thickened with some vegetable gum1 and scented with musk or camphor4 ,many cheap and poor imitations of it are made4 ,indian ,ochre4 ,a red pigment4 7,see ,,red ,,ochres47 ,indian ,paper4 ,a delicate yellowish paper used for proof impressions in engraving4 ,a ,japanese paper of a similar quality is now frequently used4 ,indian ,red or ,persian ,red4 ,a purple earth commonly sold under this name is the peroxide of iron4 ,it is of a deep hue1 opaque and permanent1 and useful both in oil and water-colour painting2 mixed with white it forms valuable flesh-tints4 7,fairholt47 7,see ,,ochre1 ,,amatita47 ,indian ,rubber1 ,caoutchouc4 ,an elastic gum2 the sap of the ,siphonia elastica1 and several of the fig tribe in ,india and ,south ,america4 ,it was brought into use early in the #ahth century4 ,in its natural state it is of a pale yellow brown4 ,indian ,yellow4 ,a golden yellow pigment and dye1 said to be procured from the urine of the cow1 or else from camel's dung4 ,it is used in water-colour painting1 but is not usually permanent4 ,in some parts of the ,east it is called ,,purree4 ,indigetes 7sc4 ,di71 ,r4 ,indigenous gods4 ,heroes who were deified and worshipped as protectors of a place4 ,the term is derived from inde and genitus1 meaning born in that place4 neas1 ,faunus1 ,romulus1 c41 were indigenous gods4 ,indigo4 ,a deep blue pigment prepared from the leaves and branches of a small shrub2 it is transparent1 tolerably permanent1 and mixes well with other pigments1 forming excellent greens and purples4 ,a deep brown1 known as indigo brown and a deep red resin1 known as indigo red1 may be extracted by purifying the blue colour obtained from this dye4 ,the old blue dye of the aboriginal ,britons was produced from woad 7isatis tinctoria74 7,fairholt47 7,see ,,intense ,,blue47 ,inescutcheon1 ,her4 ,an heraldic shield borne as a charge4 ,inferi1 ,r4 ,sacrifices or offerings made at the tombs of the dead4 ,infiammati4 ,a literary society of ,padua in ,italy4 ,device3 ,hercules upon the funeral pile on ,mount ta4 ,motto3 8,arso il mortal al ciel n' andr l' eterno40 ,infocati4 ,one of the ,italian literary societies4 ,device3 a bar of hot iron on an anvil1 beaten by two hammers4 ,motto3 8,in quascunque formas40 ,in ,foliage1 ,her4 ,bearing leaves4 ,infrenatus 7sc4 eques71 ,r4 ,a horseman who rides without a bridle 7frenum71 controlling his horse solely by the voice or the pressure of the knees upon its side4 7,fig4 #bhb47 ,infula1 ,r4 ,a flock of red and white wool worn by priestesses and vestals and other ,romans on festive or solemn occasions4 ,in sacrificing also an infula was tied with a white band 7vitta7 upon the victim4 ,hence-- ,inful1 ,chr4 ,ribands hanging from a bishop's mitre4 ,in ,glory1 ,in ,splendour1 ,her4 ,the sun irradiated4 ,inlaying4 ,inserting ornaments in wood-work for decorative furniture4 7,see ,,boule1 ,,marquetry47 ,in ,lure1 ,her4 ,wings conjoined1 with their tips drooping4 ,inoa4 ,greek festivals in honour of ,ino1 esp4 on the ,corinthian ,isthmus2 they consisted of contests and sacrifices4 7,see ,,matralia47 ,in ,pretence1 ,her4 ,placed upon1 and in front of4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cih4 ,peacock in pride4 ,in ,pride1 ,her4 ,having the tail displayed1 as a peacock's4 ,the illustration is the device of ,joan of ,castile3 8,a peacock1 in his pride1 upon the terrestrial globe40 7,fig4 #cih47 ,insensati of ,perugia4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,their device was a flock of cranes1 arranged in order1 flying across the sea1 each with a stone in its foot and sand in its mouth4 ,mottoes1 8,vel cum pondere0 7even with this weight71 or 8,iter tutissimum10 in allusion to ,pliny's statement that the cranes used stones and sand for ballast1 8wherewith they fly more steadily and endure the wind40 ,insignia1 ,r4 7in1 and signum1 a mark74 ,generally1 any object which serves as a mark or ornament for distinguished persons2 a ceremonial badge1 a badge of office1 c4 7,see ,,ensigns47 ,insubulum1 ,r4 ,a weaver's beam or roller1 round which he rolled the cloth as it was made4 ,insula1 ,r4 ,a house1 or block of houses1 having a free space all round them4 ,under the emperors the word domus meant any house1 detached or otherwise1 where a family lived2 and insula meant a hired lodging4 ,intaglio1 ,it4 ,a stone in which the engraved subject is sunk beneath the surface1 and thus distinguished from a cameo1 which is engraved in relief4 ,intaglio-relievato 7,it471 or cavo-relievo4 ,sunk-relief1 in which the work is recessed within an outline1 but still raised in flat relief1 not projecting above the surface of the slab2 as seen in the ancient ,egyptian carvings4 ,intense ,blue4 ,a preparation of indigo1 very durable and transparent4 ,intense ,madder ,purple4 7,see ,,madder47 ,intercolumniation1 ,arch4 ,the space between two columns4 ,this space varies according to the orders of architecture and the taste of the architect4 ,according as the space is greater or less between the columns of a temple1 the latter is called aerostyle1 eustyle1 systyle1 and pycnostyle4 ,generally speaking1 in the monuments of antiquity1 whatever be the intercolumniation adopted1 the space comprised between the two columns which face the door of the building is wider than the intercolumniation at the sides4 ,intermetium1 ,r4 ,the long barrier running down the arena of a circus between the two goals 7met74 7,see ,,meta47 ,intermodillions1 ,arch4 ,the space included between two modillions 7projecting brackets in the ,corinthian order74 ,this space is regular1 and often decorated with various ornaments4 ,in the ,romano-,byzantine and ,renaissance styles1 modillions are often united by arcades4 ,intertignium1 ,r4 ,the space between the tie-beams 7tigna7 in the wood-work of a roof4 ,interula1 ,r4 7interior1 inner74 ,an undertunic2 a kind of flannel chemise worn by both men and women4 ,intestinum 7opus71 ,r4 7intus1 within74 ,the inner fittings or work of any kind in the inside of a house1 and thence wood-work1 ,,joinery4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #cii4 ,part of the ,faade of the ,peruvian temple ,inti-huasi4 ,inti or ,punchau1 ,peruv4 ,the ,sun or supreme god1 inferior deities being called conopa and canopa4 ,the temple of the ,sun was called ,inti-huasi 7house of the ,sun72 it comprised seven principal divisions2 the inti or sanctuary1 situated in the centre of the temple2 the second division was called mama-quilla1 from the fact of its being dedicated to the moon1 which was thus named2 the third was dedicated to the stars1 called cayllur2 the fourth to the thunder1 and called illapa2 the fifth to the rainbow1 and called ckuichi2 the sixth division was occupied by the chief priest 7huilacuma72 the seventh and last division formed the dwelling of the priests4 ,intronati of ,siena4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,their device was a gourd for containing salt1 with the motto1 8,meliora latent0 7the better part is hidden74 ,iodine ,scarlet 7pure scarlet74 ,a pigment more brilliant than vermilion1 very susceptible to metallic agency4 ,iodine ,yellow4 ,a very bright yellow pigment1 very liable to change4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djj4 ,ionic capital4 ,from the ,erechtheium1 ,athens4 ,ionic1 ,arch4 ,one of the orders of ,grecian architecture1 distinguished principally by the ornaments of its ,,capital1 which are spiral and are called ,,volutes1 four in number4 ,the ,ionic ,,shaft is about nine diameters high1 including the ,,base 7which is half a diameter7 and the ,,capital1 to the bottom of the volute4 ,the ,,pedestal is a little taller and more ornamented than the ,doric4 ,the ,,bases used are very various4 ,the ,attic base is very often used1 and1 with an astragal added above the upper torus1 makes a beautiful and appropriate base for the ,ionic4 ,the ,,cornices are 7#a7 plain ,grecian1 or 7#b7 the dentil cornice1 or 7#c7 the modillon cornice4 ,the ,ionic shaft may be fluted in twenty-four semicircular flutes with fillets between them4 ,the best ,ionic example was the temple on the ,ilissus at ,athens4 ,the temple of ,fortuna ,virilis at ,rome is an inferior specimen4 7,see also ,figs4 #fi1 #ahd47 ,irish ,cloth1 white and red1 in the reign of ,king ,john was much used in ,england4 ,iron4 ,indian red1 ,venetian red1 ,mars red1 ,mars orange1 ,mars yellow are all coloured by iron 7see ,,mars71 and are valuable for their great durability4 7,see ,,metallurgy47 ,irradiated1 ,her4 ,surrounded by rays of light4 ,iseia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,festivals in honour of ,isis4 ,among the ,romans they degenerated into mere licentiousness1 and were abolished by the senate4 ,iselastici ,ludi1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,athletic contests which gave the victor the right of returning to his native city in a chariot 772 whence the name iselastici4 ,these contests formed part of the four great games of ,greece1 viz4 the ,olympic1 ,pythian1 ,isthmian1 and ,nemean games4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djj a4 ,isodomum opus4 ,isodomos or ,isodomum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 equal course74 ,a structure built in equal courses1 that is1 in such a way that the surface of each stone is of one uniform size1 and that the joints of one layer are adjusted with those of another so as to correspond symmetrically4 ,isokephaleia 7,gr4 1 equal2 1 head74 ,a rule in ,greek sculpture by which the heads of all the figures on a bas-relief were of the same height from the ground4 ,isometrical ,perspective1 used for representing a bird's-eye view of a place1 combines the advantages of a ground-plan and elevation2 only the lines of the base are made to converge1 leaving the whole figure cubical1 and without the expression of distance from the point of sight4 ,ispahan ,tiles1 of the period of ,shah-,abbas--#afth century--are remarkable for exquisite design4 ,italian ,earth4 ,burnt ,roman ochre2 resembles ,venetian red in colour2 and1 mixed with white1 yields valuable flesh-tints4 7,fairholt47 ,italian ,pink1 or yellow lake4 ,a transparent bright-coloured pigment1 liable to change4 7,see ,,yellow ,,lake1 ,,pinks47 ,italian ,varnish4 ,a mixture of white wax and linseed oil1 used as a vehicle in painting4 ,it has good consistency1 flows freely from the pencil1 and is useful for glazing4 ,ivory ,black4 ,a pigment prepared by heating ivory shavings in an iron cylinder2 when from bone1 it is called bone black 7q4v474 ,the real ivory black is a fine1 transparent1 deep-toned pigment1 extremely valuable in oil and water-colour painting4 ,the bone black 7commonly sold as ivory black7 is much browner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dja4 ,ivory carving4 ,sword-hilt of the #afth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djb4 ,ivory carving4 ,spoon of the #afth century4 ,ivory ,carving4 ,this art1 in considerable perfection1 was known to prehistoric man at the period of the so called stone age4 ,egyptian and ,assyrian specimens of the art are of a date at least as early as that of ,moses4 ,from the year #ajjj ,b4,c4 down to the ,christian era1 there was a constant succession of artists in ivory in the western ,asiatic countries1 in ,egypt1 in ,greece1 and in ,italy4 ,from the time of ,augustus1 ivory carving shared in the general decline of art4 ,increasing in number as they come nearer to the ,middle ,ages1 we can refer to carved ivories of every century1 preserved in museums in ,england and abroad4 ,the most important ivories up to the #gth century are the consular diptychs1 originally a favourite form of presents from newly-appointed consuls to eminent persons2 subsequently adapted to ,christian uses1 or as wedding presents1 c4 ,in the ,middle ,ages1 from the #hth to the #afth century1 the use of ivory was adopted for general purposes4 ,the favourite subjects of the carvings are those drawn from the romances of the ,middle ,ages--especially the romance of the ,rose--and in the #aeth century1 scenes of domestic life1 illustrating the dress1 armour1 and manners and customs of the day4 ,combs of every date1 from the ,roman and ,anglo-,saxon period1 and earlier1 are found in ,british graves4 ,in short1 from the time when the first prehistoric carvings of antediluvian animals were made to the present1 every age of human civilization appears to be more or less fully illustrated in carvings upon ivory and bone4 7,see also ,,chessmen47 ,the earliest material was found in the tusks of the mammoth3 from ,iceland we have beautiful carvings of the #gth century in the teeth of the walrus4 ,fossil tusks of the mammoth are found in great quantities in ,siberia1 and are almost the only material of the ivory-turner's work in ,russia4 ,african and ,asiatic elephant ivory are the best1 and differ1 the former1 when newly cut1 being of a mellow1 warm1 transparent tint4 ,asiatic ivory tends to become yellow by exposure4 ,a fine specimen of carving in ivory is given in ,fig4 #djc from a ,,mirror-,,case of the #aeth century4 7,see also ,fig4 #ahe1 and illustrations to ,,pyx1 ,,triptych1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djc4 ,ivory carving1 #aeth century4 ,ivy1 ,chr4 ,the symbol of eternal life4 ,iwbwb1 ,celt4 ,the ancient military cry1 which has given name to many places2 as ,cwm ,iwbwb1 in ,wales1 the ,jujupania of ,ptolemy4 7,meyrick47 ,izeds1 ,persian4 ,beneficent genii of the mythology of ,zoroaster4 ,ormuzd1 the supreme god1 created twenty-eight of them to be the attendants of the amchaspands4 ,j4 ,jacinth4 ,a precious stone4 7,see ,,hyacinth47 ,jack-boots 7,o4 ,e47 were introduced in the #agth century4 ,jackes1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,towels4 7#b7 ,the roller for a well-rope4 ,jacket or ,jack1 ,jerkin1 c41 ,o4 ,e42 worn over the doublet2 but the names are applied indiscriminately to a great variety of such garments4 ,jacob's ,staff1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pilgrim's staff4 ,jacobus4 ,an ,english coin of ,james ,i41 value #bes41 weighing #f dwt4 #aj grains4 ,the ,carolus1 a similar coin1 value #bcs41 weighed #e dwt4 #bj grains4 ,jaculatores1 ,r4 ,soldiers armed with a javelin 7jaculum71 who formed part of the light troops of the ,roman army4 ,jade4 ,spanish piedra de la yjada4 ,a green stone1 closely resembling jasper1 much used by prehistoric man1 and to which supernatural virtues have in all ages been attributed1 especially by the ancient ,mexicans4 ,fine specimens of jades are carved in ,china1 where they are of a whitish colour1 and are called ,yu4 ,the clear white and green specimens are the most prized by collectors4 7,see ,,nephrite1 ,,saussurite47 ,jagerant4 7,see ,,jazerine47 ,jamb1 ,arch4 ,the side of any opening in a wall4 ,jambe1 ,gambe1 ,her4 ,the leg of a lion or other beast of prey4 ,jambes4 ,armour for the legs2 #adth century4 ,janua1 ,r4 7,janus74 ,the front door of a house opening on the street4 ,the inner doors were called ostia1 in the singular ostium1 while the city gates were called port4 ,januales1 ,janualia1 ,r4 ,festivals held at ,rome1 in honour of ,janus1 on the first or kalends of ,january in each year2 the offerings consisted of incense1 fruits1 and a cake called janual4 ,japanese ,paper of a creamy tint is frequently used for proof impressions of etchings1 c4 ,japanning4 ,a species of lac-varnishing1 in imitation of the lacquered ware of ,japan4 7,see ,,lac1 ,,lacquer47 ,jasper4 ,a kind of agate1 the best known description of which is of a green colour4 ,many colours and varieties are used for gem-engraving1 such as agate-jasper1 striped jasper1 ,egyptian red and brown1 and porcelain jasper4 ,in the ,christian religion the jasper symbolizes faith2 its hardness expresses the firmness of faith2 its opaqueness the impenetrability of the mysterious4 ,jasponyx4 ,an onyx mixed with jasper4 ,javelin4 ,a light hand-spear4 7,see ,,hasta47 ,jayada4 7,see ,,vimana47 ,jazel4 ,a precious stone of an azure blue colour4 ,jazerine 7,it4 ghiazerino74 ,a jacket strengthened with overlapping plates of steel1 covered with velvet or cloth1 and sometimes ornamented with brass2 #acth century4 ,jennet4 ,a ,spanish or ,barbary horse4 ,jerkin1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the jerkin was generally worn over the doublet2 but occasionally the doublet was worn alone1 and in many instances is confounded with the jerkin4 ,either had sleeves or not1 as the wearer pleased4 8,my jerkin is a doublet40 7,shakspeare47 ,jessant1 ,her4 ,shooting forth1 as plants growing out of the earth4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djd4 ,jessant-de-lys4 ,jessant-de-lys1 ,her4 ,a combination of a lion's face and a fleur-de-lys4 ,jesse1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a large branched chandelier4 ,jesse1 ,tree of1 ,chr4 ,an ornamental design common in early ,christian art1 representing the genealogy of our ,lord in the persons of his ancestors in the flesh4 ,jesseraunt4 7,see ,,jazerine47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dje4 ,hawk's bells and ,jesses4 ,jesses4 ,straps for hawk's bells4 7,see ,fig4 #dje47 ,jet4 ,a variety of soft bituminous coal1 admitting of a fine polish1 which is used for ornaments4 ,it is1 in its natural state1 soft and brittle1 of a velvet-black colour1 and lustrous4 ,ornaments of jet are found in ancient tumuli4 ,jet d',eau1 ,fr4 ,a fountain4 ,that at ,chatsworth springs #bfg feet in the air1 and is the highest in existence4 ,jew's ,harp or ,jew's ,trump 7from the ,french jeu and trompe74 ,a small musical instrument1 known for centuries all over ,europe1 consisting of a metal frame with two branches1 and a vibrating tongue of steel in the middle4 ,it has suggested a number of modern instruments1 including the ,,harmonium4 ,jew's ,pitch4 ,a kind of asphaltum used as a brown pigment4 ,it attracts dust1 and never dries perfectly4 ,jewes ,light1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,judas ,light47 ,jogues or ,yugs4 ,in ,hindoo chronology1 eras or periods of years4 7#a7 ,the ,suttee ,yug1 or age of purity1 lasted #c1bjj1jjj years2 the life of man being then #ajj1jjj years1 and his stature #ba cubits4 7#b7 ,the ,tirtar ,yug1 in which one-third of man was corrupted1 lasted #b1djj1jjj years2 the life of man being then #aj1jjj years4 7#c7 ,the ,dwapaar ,yug1 in which half the human race became depraved1 lasted #a1fjj1jjj years2 the life of man being #ajjj years4 7#d7 ,the ,collee ,yug1 in which all mankind are corrupt1 is the present era1 ordained to subsist #djj1jjj years 7of which about #ejjj have elapsed72 the life of man being limited to #ajj years4 ,there are1 however1 conflicting accounts of the duration of the different ,jogues4 7,see ,halhed's ,preface to the ,gentoo ,laws47 ,joinery 7in ,latin1 intestinum opus7 has to deal with the addition in a building of all the fixed wood-work necessary for convenience or ornament4 ,the most celebrated work on the subject is ,nicholson's ,carpenter's ,guide1 and ,carpenters and ,joiner's ,assistant1 published in #agib4 ,the modern art of joinery properly dates from the introduction of the geometrical staircase1 or stair supported by the wall only1 the first ,english example of which is said to have been erected by ,sir ,christopher ,wren in ,st4 ,paul's4 ,see ,,joinery in ,ency4 ,brit4 #hth ed4 ,joseph1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a lady's riding-habit1 buttoned down the front4 ,jousting-helmets were made wide and large1 resting on the shoulders1 and decorated with a crest4 ,it was common to make them of comical1 fantastic designs2 such as weathercocks with the points of the compass1 immense figures of birds and beasts1 c4 ,jousts or ,justs4 ,duels in the tilting-ground2 generally with blunted spears1 for a friendly trial of skill4 ,jousts ,outrance4 ,jousts in which the combatants fought till death ensued4 ,jousts of ,peace 7hastiludia pacifica2 ,fr4 joutes plaisance74 ,these differed from real jousts or tournaments in the strength of the armour worn1 and the weapons used4 ,the lance was topped with a coronel instead of a steel point2 the sword was pointless and blunted1 being often of whalebone covered with leather silvered over4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djf4 ,chinese vase decorated with signs of longevity4 ,jouy 7wishes of good fortune74 ,chinese porcelain vases so called1 used for birthday and other presents4 ,in the vase represented on ,fig4 #djf1 the handles form the word expressive of the greeting above mentioned4 ,jowlopped1 ,her4 ,having wattles and a comb1 as a cock4 ,joys of the ,virgin1 ,chr4 ,the seven joys and seven sorrows are frequently painted together in churches4 ,the joys are1 7#a7 ,the ,annunciation4 7#b7 ,the ,visitation4 7#c7 ,the ,nativity4 7#d7 ,the ,adoration of the ,three ,kings4 7#e7 ,the ,presentation in the ,temple4 7#f7 ,the finding of ,christ1 by his mother1 in the ,temple4 7#g7 ,the ,assumption and ,coronation of the ,virgin4 ,the seven sorrows are1 7#a7 ,the prophecy of ,simeon4 7#b7 ,the ,flight into ,egypt4 7#c7 ,the loss of the child in the ,temple4 7#d7 ,the ,betrayal4 7#e7 ,the ,crucifixion4 7#f7 ,the ,deposition from the ,cross4 7#g7 ,the ,ascension4 ,jub 7,arch4 ,mod474 ,a structure of carved stone-work1 separating the chancel from the choir in a church4 ,from this position the daily lessons were chanted1 preceded by the words 8,jube1 ,domine1 benedicere20 hence its name4 ,in ,english it is called indifferently1 the rood-loft1 holy-loft1 rood-screen1 or jub4 ,jubilee4 7#a7 ,heb4 7from jobel1 a ram's horn 7trumpet72 or from jabal1 to recall74 ,a ,jewish festival celebrated every fifty years1 when slaves were restored to liberty1 and exiles recalled4 7#b7 ,chr4 ,a commemoration ceremony at ,rome1 during which the ,pope grants plenary indulgences2 held at irregular intervals4 ,judas ,light1 ,judas ,candlestick1 ,jewes ,light1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the wooden imitation of a candlestick which held the ,paschal candle4 ,jugalis 7sc4 equus74 ,a horse harnessed to a yoke 7jugum71 instead of traces 7funalis74 ,jugerum4 ,a ,roman superficial measure1 #bdj feet by #abj feet4 ,in the original assignment of landed property1 two jugera were allotted to each citizen1 as heritable property4 ,jugum 7,gr4 74 7#a7 ,a yoke for draught cattle4 7#b7 ,metaphorically1 subjugation--8sub jugum mittere0 to pass under the yoke1 as nations conquered by the ,romans were made to4 ,this ceremonial yoke was constructed of a horizontal supported by two upright spears1 at such a height that those passing under it had to stoop the head and shoulders4 7#c7 ,in a general sense the word signifies that which joins two things together1 a cross-beam1 c4 ,jugumentum4 ,door-head1 transverse beam on the uprights 7limen superius74 ,jumps1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,a loose bodice for ladies4 8,now a shape in neat stays1 now a slattern in jumps3 ,now high on ,french heels1 now low in your pumps2 ,like the cock on the tower that shews you the weather1 ,you are hardly the same for two days together40 7,universal ,magazine1 #aghj47 7#b7 ,a jacket or loose coat reaching to the thighs1 buttoned down before1 with sleeves to the wrist4 ,a precisely similar lounging-coat1 still in vogue at ,cape ,colony1 is called a jumper4 ,junones4 ,tutelary genii of women1 as the genii were of men4 ,they are represented as females1 clothed in drapery1 having bats' wings4 ,jupon1 ,fr4 ,another name for a pourpoint1 or close tunic1 worn over the armour by knights in the ,middle ,ages4 7,see ,fig4 #dfc47 ,juruparis 7,amer4 ,indian74 ,a mysterious trumpet of the ,indians1 an object of great veneration4 ,women are never permitted to see it2 if any does so1 she is put to death by poison4 ,no youths are allowed to see it until they have passed through an ordeal of initiatory fastings and scourgings4 ,it is usually kept hidden in the bed of a stream1 deep in the forest2 and no one dares to drink of the water of that stream4 ,it is brought out and blown at feasts4 ,the inside of the instrument is a tube made of slips of the ,paxiaba palm1 wrapped round with long strips of bark4 ,a specimen is preserved in the museum at ,kew ,gardens4 ,juvenalia1 ,r4 ,scenic games instituted by ,nero in commemoration of his shaving his beard for the first time4 ,they consisted of theatrical performances in a private theatre erected in a pleasure-ground 7nemus74 ,the name was afterwards given to the ,,janualia4 ,k4 ,for ,greek words not found under this initial1 see ,c4 ,kalathos1 ,gr4 774 ,literally1 made of wicker-work4 ,a drinking-cup1 so called because it resembled the wicker-work basket of the ,greek women4 ,it was usually furnished with a ring1 through which a finger might be put in order to lift it4 ,the word is also written calathos4 ,kaleidoscope 71 beautiful2 1 a form2 1 to see74 ,an optical instrument invented in #ahad by ,sir ,david ,brewster1 which by means of mirrors inserted in it exhibits repetitions of objects placed within it1 in certain symmetrical combinations4 ,there are several different kinds1 called polycentral1 tetrascopes1 hexascopes1 polyangular1 c41 according to their construction4 ,kang1 ,hind4 ,a bracelet or ring2 kang-doy1 a bracelet for the wrist or arm2 kang-cheung1 a bracelet or ring worn by the ,khmers above the ankle4 ,kaolin4 ,the name first applied by the ,chinese to the fine white porcelain earth derived from the decomposition of the feldspathic granites2 used for fine pottery4 ,kayles 7,fr4 quilles74 ,modern ninepins1 represented in ,,mss4 of the #adth century4 ,keep of a castle4 ,the ,,donjon 7q4v474 ,keeping in a picture4 ,harmony and the proper subordination of parts4 ,kendal4 ,a kind of green woollen cloth or baize1 first made at the town of ,kendal1 in ,westmoreland2 #afth century4 8,misbegotten knaves in ,kendal green40 7,shakspeare47 ,kerchief of ,pleasaunce4 ,an embroidered cloth worn by a knight for the sake of a lady1 in his helmet1 or1 in later times1 round his arm2 which is the origin of crape being so worn for mourning4 8,moreore there is ykome into ,enlond a knyght out of ,spayne wyth a kercheff of plesunse i-wrapped about hys arme1 the gwych knyght wyl renne a course wyth a sharpe spere for his sov'eyn lady sake40 7,paston ,letters1 vol4 p4 #f47 ,kerchiefs or ,coverchiefs 7chief the head71 ,o4 ,e4 ,head-cloths of fine linen worn by ladies4 ,kermes 7,arabic little worm74 ,an insect produced on the ,quercus coccifera4 ,the dead bodies of the female insect produce a fine scarlet dye stuff4 ,kern4 ,the ,irish infantry were formerly so called4 ,kersey4 ,a coarse narrow woollen cloth2 hence 8,kersey-mere10 so called from the mere 7or miry brook7 which runs through the village of ,kersey in ,suffolk1 where this cloth was first made4 ,kettle-drum4 ,a drum with a body of brass4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djg4 ,kettle-hat4 ,kettle-hat1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the iron hat of a knight of the ,middle ,ages2 also the leather burgonet of the #aeth century4 ,kettle-pins1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,kayles47 ,key-note4 ,in ,music1 the foundation or lowest note of the scale4 ,whatever note this is1 the intervals between the third and fourth notes1 and between the seventh and eighth above it1 must be semi-tones4 ,key-stone1 ,arch4 ,the central stone of an arch4 ,keys4 ,in ,christian art1 the attribute of ,st4 ,peter1 signifying his control over the entrances of ,heaven and ,hell2 hence the insignia of the ,papacy4 ,they also denote1 in heraldry1 office in the ,state1 such as that of chamberlain of the court4 ,khan1 ,orient4 ,the name used by ,eastern nations to denote a caravanserai4 ,kher1 ,egyp4 ,the quarter of tombs2 the whole number of burial-places or hypoga collected together at one spot4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #djh4 ,khmer ,architecture4 ,base of a pillar in a ,temple of ,cambodia1 showing the god ,brahma with four faces4 ,khmers1 ,hind4 ,the ancient inhabitants of ,cambodia1 a territory in ,south-,east ,asia1 who had attained a high stage of civilization1 to judge by the artistic remains of the ,khmer nation which survive4 ,khopesh1 ,egyp4 ,the dagger of the ,egyptian kings2 its curved blade bore some resemblance to the thigh of an ox1 which was called in ,egyptian khopesh or khopesk4 ,kin-chung1 ,chinese4 ,a golden bell4 ,king-fisher4 7,see ,,halcyon47 ,king-post4 ,the central upright post supporting the gable of a roof4 ,king's ,yellow4 7,see ,,orpiment47 ,kings of ,arms4 ,officers of ,heralds' ,college4 ,there are three--,garter1 ,clarenceux1 and ,norroy4 ,kinnor1 ,heb4 ,a stringed instrument of the ,hebrews2 it had eight1 ten1 or twenty-four strings1 which were played either with the fingers or a plectrum4 ,kinschall4 ,a small curved ,turkish dagger4 ,kiosk1 ,kiosque4 ,a ,turkish pleasure-house4 ,kircher1 ,kirchowe1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kerchief4 ,kirtel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a loose gown1 a tunic or waistcoat2 also a monk's gown4 ,kiste1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a chest4 ,kistvaen1 ,celt4 ,a ,celtic monument more commonly known as a ,,dolmen 7q4v474 ,kit-cat4 ,canvas for portraits--#bh or #bi inches by #cf--of the size adopted by ,sir ,godfrey ,kneller1 in painting the portraits of the ,kit-cat ,club4 ,the club had taken its name from ,christopher ,cat1 a pastrycook1 who supplied them at their meetings with mutton-pies4 ,addison1 ,steele1 ,walpole1 ,marlborough1 and other staunch ,whigs were the principal members4 ,it dissolved about #agbj4 ,klaft1 ,egyp4 ,a royal head-dress of striped cloth forming a kind of hood1 and terminating in two flaps which fall over the breast4 ,a great many ,egyptian statues are represented with the klaft4 ,it is suggested by ,m4 ,soldi that the invention of this ornament was for the purpose of strengthening the figure1 by avoiding the thinness of the shape of the neck4 ,knapsack4 ,a case for a foot-soldier's stores1 carried at the back4 ,knap means a protuberance4 ,knife1 ,chr4 7,see ,,flaying-,,knife47 ,this is also the attribute of ,sts4 ,agatha1 ,albert1 and ,christina2 and a sacrificing-knife of ,st4 ,zadkiel the ,angel4 ,knighthood4 ,the principal ,english orders are of the ,,garter1 established #acdc1 and the ,bath shortly afterwards2 of ,,st4 ,,patrick for ,ireland1 established in #aghc2 and the ,order of the ,thistle1 at least as ancient as ,robert ,,ii4 of ,scotland4 ,there is a ,french order of the ,thistle1 founded in #adfc2 but the most ancient ,french order is the ,gennet1 in #gjf4 ,in ,france are also the orders of ,st4 ,michel and of ,st4 ,louis2 but these ,french orders are now all superseded by the ,legion of ,honour4 ,see ,an ,accurate ,historical ,account of all the ,orders of ,knighthood4 ,knight-service1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a tenure of lands formerly held by knights1 on condition of performing military service ,knol1 ,hind4 ,a road or high road which frequently passes over very low bridges4 ,knop1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a button4 ,knop1 ,knob1 ,arch4 ,a boss4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dji4 ,architectural ,knop or ,boss4 ,knop and ,flower ,pattern4 ,an ornament of remote antiquity1 original basis of a great branch of decorative art in all nations1 common on early ,indian monuments1 and with different variations in the art of ,assyria1 ,egypt1 ,greece1 and ,rome4 ,the variations are regulated according to the flora of the various countries1 the knop 7or bud7 and flower being always the radical idea4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #daj4 ,bourchier ,knot4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #daj a4 ,dacre ,knot and ,badge4 ,knot1 ,her4 ,an intertwined cord1 borne as a badge4 ,cords intertwined about other figures and devices form so called compound badges1 which significantly declared the union of two houses2 thus the ,dacre knot is entwined about the ,dacre escallop and the famous 8ragged staff0 of ,beauchamp and ,neville4 ,an ,,order ,,of ,,the ,,knot was established at ,naples in #abeb4 ,the badge of silk1 gold1 and pearls was tied in a knot upon the arm1 and those who were invested with it made a vow to untie it at ,jerusalem4 7,fig4 #daj and #daj a47 ,knuckle-bones4 7,see ,,talus47 ,koope1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cope4 ,koukim1 ,heb4 ,kilns for the cremation of the dead1 such as are occasionally found in the ancient tombs of the ,valley of ,hinnom 7,gehenna74 ,kourganes1 ,or4 ,grassy mounds1 such as are frequently met with in ,russia in ,europe1 and which bear a strong resemblance to tumuli and barrows4 7,see ,,tumulus47 ,krems ,white or ,vienna ,white4 ,a pigment manufactured at ,krems in ,austria4 ,it is the finest white lead used in oils4 ,krouts1 ,hind4 ,an ornament resembling embroidery4 ,the monuments of ,khmer art are adorned with krouts of a rich ornamentation1 somewhat similar to certain ornaments of the ,french ,renaissance4 7,see ,fig4 #djh47 ,krumhorn4 ,an old musical instrument of the cornet kind4 ,kufic4 7,see ,,cufic47 ,kussier4 ,a ,turkish musical instrument1 consisting of five strings1 stretched over a skin that covers a kind of basin4 ,kymbium4 7,see ,,cymbium47 ,kyphi1 ,egyp4 ,a perfume which was burnt before the statues of the gods2 it was composed of sixteen different ingredients4 ,l4 ,labarum1 ,chrism1 ,r4 ,the standard of the ,roman emperors from the time of ,constantine2 in form it resembled the vexillum of the cavalry4 ,the ,labarum is the banner of the ,chrism1 or sign that appeared to ,constantine1 viz4 the ,greek letters ,,xp in a monogram 7the two first letters of the ,name 72 sometimes followed by the ,roman letters ,,ihsv1 or the motto in full1 8in hoc signo vinces40 ,it is1 under several variations1 a common ecclesiastical emblem4 ,labellum4 ,dimin4 of ,,labrum 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,heraldic ,labels4 ,fig4 #daa4 ,labels of #c points4 ,label of #e points4 ,labels1 in heraldry1 are marks of cadency4 7#a7 ,a band crossing the shield1 with three points depending1 marks the coat of an eldest son4 7#b7 ,broad ribands hanging from a knight's helmet4 7#c7 ,in medival architecture and church decoration1 images of saints and angels bear labels inscribed with texts and mottoes4 ,labis4 7,see ,,spoon47 ,labrum1 ,r4 7lit4 a lip74 ,a general term to denote any kind of vessel the brim of which turned over on the outside like the lip of the human mouth2 a wide flat basin which stood in the thermal chamber or ,,caldarium 7q4v47 of the ,roman baths4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dab4 ,labyrinth4 ,labyrinth1 ,gen4 774 ,a building of considerable size1 usually underground1 containing streets and cross-roads1 like the catacombs1 c4 ,the term is also applied to intricate designs executed on the grass-plots of gardens1 and on the mosaic or glazed tiles in pavements4 7,fig4 #dab47 7,see ,,minotaur47 ,lac or ,gum ,lac 7,arabic1 lakah74 ,a resin produced on an ,east ,indian tree by the punctures of the ,coccus lacca insect4 ,it forms a brittle substance of a dark red colour1 and when in grains is called seed lac1 and in thin flat plates shell-lac4 7,see ,,lacquer47 ,the chief use of lac in ,europe is for making sealing-wax1 and as a basis for spirit varnishes and ,french polish4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dac4 ,point de ,france 7pillow-made71 #agth century4 ,lace was originally of a heavy texture1 more like embroidery4 ,it was of two kinds1 lacis1 or 8darned netting10 and 8cutwork40 ,lacis1 often worked in coloured silks and gold thread1 was also called 8opus araneum0 or 8spider-work40 ,in 8cutwork10 a net of threads was laid on to cloth1 and the cloth sewn to it in parts1 and the other parts cut away2 or1 by another method1 the threads were arranged on a frame1 all radiating from a common centre1 and then worked into patterns4 ,this was the old convent lace of ,italy1 called 8,greek lace40 ,point laces are lace made with a needle on a parchment pattern4 ,the principal are the ancient laces of ,italy1 ,spain1 and ,portugal2 and the modern point d',alenon of ,france4 ,pillow laces are made by the weaving1 twisting1 and plaiting of the threads with bobbins on a cushion2 such are ,mechlin1 ,lille1 ,valenciennes1 ,honiton1 ,buckingham1 and many manufactories in ,france4 ,brussels lace is both point and pillow4 ,the thread is scarcely visible for fineness1 and costs #bdjl4 per pound4 ,this lace is called in ,france point d',angleterre1 or ,english point4 7,fig4 #dad47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dad4 ,old ,brussels or ,point d',angleterre4 ,lace ,glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,lacerna1 ,r4 ,an open cloak worn by the ,romans over the toga1 and fastened on the right shoulder with a brooch or fibula4 ,it frequently had a cowl attached4 7,see ,,abolla1 ,p,,nula1 ,,pallium47 ,lachrymatory4 ,a tear-bottle2 so called from the use attributed to it of holding tears consecrated to the dead4 ,these phials are made of glass or earthenware1 with a long neck1 and the mouth formed to receive the eye-ball4 ,the figure of one or two eyes has sometimes been found impressed upon them4 ,lacinia1 ,r4 ,the two excrescences1 like a divided dewlap on the throat of a goat1 which were represented on the necks of fauns and satyrs4 ,lacini1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,the hanging corners of the toga and chlamys1 and the metal knobs attached to make them hang straight4 ,lacis4 ,a kind of embroidery1 of subjects in squares1 with counted stitches 7called also 8point cont10 darned netting1 c474 7,see ,,lace47 ,laconicum1 ,r4 ,a semicircular termination to a room in a set of baths 7caldarium71 so called because of ,spartan origin4 ,under the word ,,balne will be found the laconicum of ,pompeii1 restored4 7,fig4 #ef47 ,lacquer 7,fr4 laque7 is made of a solution of shell-lac and alcohol1 coloured with saffron or other colouring matters4 ,specimens of ancient ,chinese red lacquer deeply carved with figures of birds1 flowers1 c41 and generally made in the form of trays1 boxes1 and sometimes vases1 are met with in the more northern ,chinese towns1 and are much prized4 ,what is called the old gold ,japan lacquer is also esteemed by ,chinese connoisseurs1 and the specimens of this are comparatively rare at the present day4 7,fortune47 ,lacs d'amour1 ,fr4 ,true lovers' knots4 ,lacuna1 ,r4 7lacus1 a hollow74 ,an ash-pit placed beneath a lime-kiln to receive the ashes from the kiln4 ,lacunar1 ,arch4 ,a flat roof or ceiling1 in contradistinction to a camera1 vaulted roof4 ,lacunaria1 ,arch4 ,panels in a flat ceiling 7lacunar71 formed by the rafters crossing one another at right angles4 ,the edges of these panels are often decorated with carved and gilt ornaments1 and the centres filled in with paintings4 ,lacus1 ,r4 774 ,a lake1 and thence a large1 shallow1 open basin1 or artificial reservoir2 also1 a pit made below the level of a wine-cellar 7cella vinaria71 or of an oil-cellar 7cella olearis71 to receive the wine or oil as it comes from the presses4 ,lady4 ,a word of ,saxon origin1 generally supposed to signify 8loaf-giver10 from klaf1 a loaf4 ,as a title it belongs to the daughters of all peers above the rank of a viscount1 but is extended by courtesy to the wives of knights4 ,lady ,day1 ,chr4 ,the #beth of ,march4 ,festival of the ,annunciation4 ,lna1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a cloth with a long nap4 7#b7 ,a thick woollen cloak worn over the toga for the sake of warmth4 ,in later times the lna was often worn as a substitute for the toga4 ,lagena1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,an earthenware vessel with a swelling body1 used for holding wine or vegetables and dried fruits4 ,laid ,papers4 ,papers with a ribbed surface2 as cream-laid1 blue-laid1 c4 ,lake1 ,cloth of1 ,o4 ,e4 ,linen for under-garments4 ,lakes4 7,see ,,carmine47 ,pigments of a fine crimson red colour1 of which there are several kinds2 they are prepared from cochineal1 kermes1 lac1 and the best from madder-root4 ,common lake is obtained from ,brazil wood1 which affords a very fugitive colour4 7,see ,,yellow ,,lake1 ,,purple ,,lakes1 ,,green ,,lakes1 ,,carminated ,,lakes1 ,,drop ,,lake1 ,,red ,,lake1 ,,mineral ,,lake1 ,,madder1 c47 ,lakes of ,florence1 ,paris1 ,vienna1 c4 7,see ,,carminated ,,lakes47 ,lamb4 ,the peculiar symbol of the ,redeemer1 generally the emblem of innocence1 meekness1 modesty4 ,it is properly called the ,paschal ,lamb1 and with a flag1 or between two stars and a crescent1 was the badge of the ,knights ,templars4 7,see ,,agnus ,,dei47 ,lamboys 7,fr4 lambeau74 ,a kind of skirt over the thighs1 worn over the armour4 7,see ,fig4 #dfc47 ,lambrequin4 ,a covering for the helmet4 7,see ,,mantling47 ,lamb's-wool1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a drink of ale with the pulp of roasted apples in it4 ,lames1 ,fr4 ,flexible plates or blades of steel1 worn over the hips4 ,lametta4 ,brass1 silver1 or gold foil or wire4 ,lami1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,vampires who fed at night on the flesh of human beings4 ,the ,lami of ,pliny are animals with the face and head of a woman1 and the tail of a serpent1 inhabiting the deserts of ,africa4 ,laminated4 ,disposed in layers or plates4 ,lammas1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the #ast of ,august4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dae4 ,roman ,lamp4 ,lamp1 ,lantern1 or ,taper1 in ,christian art1 was an emblem of piety2 an attribute of ,st4 ,lucia4 7,see ,,lucerna1 ,,lychnus1 ,,lantern47 ,lampadephoria1 ,gr4 7torch-bearing74 ,a game common throughout ,greece1 in which the competitors raced1 either on foot or horseback1 six stadia 7about three-quarters of a mile71 carrying lamps prepared for the purpose4 7,see ,,lampas47 ,lampas1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a general term denoting anything which shines or affords light2 a torch1 a lamp1 and especially a link4 ,the word was frequently used for lampadephoria1 the torch-race4 ,lamp-black4 ,a soot used as a pigment4 ,it is very opaque1 and dries slowly in oil4 ,it is also the basis of all printing and lithographic inks4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #daf4 ,device of ,catherine de' ,medicis4 ,lance4 ,in ,christian art1 the attribute of ,st4 ,matthias1 in allusion to the method of his martyrdom4 7,see ,,amentum1 ,,lancea1 ,,hasta47 ,a shivered lance with the motto 8,lacrym hinc1 hinc dolor10 was a device adopted by ,catherine de' ,medicis after the fatal accident to her husband1 ,henry ,,ii41 in a tournament4 7,fig4 #daf47 ,lance-rest4 ,a projecting iron fixed to a breastplate to support the end of the lance in a joust or tournament4 ,lancea1 ,r4 ,a long1 light spear1 serving both as a pike and a missile4 ,lanceola4 ,dimin4 of ,,lancea 7q4v474 ,lanceolated1 ,arch4 ,having the form of a spear-head4 ,the term is applied to lancet windows1 arches1 and members of architecture forming a rose4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dag4 ,lancet ,arch4 #acth century4 ,lancet ,arch4 ,a pointed arch1 obtuse at the point1 resembling a surgeon's lancet1 from which a style of architecture1 common in ,england in the #acth century1 is named4 7,fig4 #dag47 7,see ,,early ,,english ,,architecture47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dah4 ,lancula4 ,lancula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,lanx74 ,the scale which was placed1 when necessary1 at one of the ends of a ,roman steelyard 7statera74 7,fig4 #dah47 ,landgrave 7,germ4 ,land1 ,graf74 ,a title given to those ,counts of ,germany who take their rank from a large tract of land4 ,the first ,landgraves were those of ,thuringia1 ,hesse1 ,alsace1 and ,leuchtenberg4 ,langue-de-buf1 ,fr4 ,a blade fixed to a pikestaff2 named after its shape4 ,langued1 ,her4 ,to denote the tincture of an animal's tongue4 ,laniarium1 ,laniena1 ,r4 7lanius1 a butcher74 ,a slaughter-house or butcher's shop4 ,laniers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,leather straps for various uses2 as armlets to a shield1 or as garters or bands1 c4 ,lanipendia1 ,r4 7lana1 wool1 and pendere1 to weigh74 ,a woman whose duty it was to weigh the wool for spinning1 and distribute it among the slaves for their daily tasks4 ,lanista1 ,r4 ,a man who trained gladiators for the ,roman circus4 ,they were frequently his own property1 and he let them out for hire2 or he received them from their owners into his school 7ludus7 for training4 ,lansquenet1 ,fr4 ,a game at cards4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dai4 ,old ,english ,horn ,lantern4 ,lantern4 ,in ,christian art1 the attribute of ,st4 ,gudula1 in allusion to the legend of her miraculous lantern1 which her prayers rekindled as often as ,satan extinguished it4 ,in ,architecture1 a small turret above the roof of a building1 having windows all round it4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dbj4 ,lanterne des ,morts4 ,lanterne des ,morts or ,churchyard ,beacon1 ,arch4 ,a small tower raised upon a base1 and generally round1 but sometimes square or polygonal2 with windows at the top to emit the shining rays from the lamp inside4 ,fig4 #dbj represents a 8lanterne des morts0 at ,ciron1 ,france4 ,lanx1 ,r4 ,this term denotes 7#a7 a circular dish of silver or other metal1 often embossed1 used especially at banquets4 7#b7 ,the scale of a balance 7libra74 7#c7 ,a salver for handing fruits or other dainties at dessert4 ,laocoon4 ,a magnificent sculpture1 found in #aejf among the ruins of the palace of ,titus1 now in the ,vatican4 ,it represents ,laocoon and his two sons struggling in the folds of two monster serpents4 ,according to ,pliny it is the work of three ,rhodian sculptors1 ,agesander1 ,polydorus1 and ,athenodorus1 and stood in the palace of ,titus4 ,he said that it was made of one stone1 but the joining of five pieces has been detected4 ,see ,lessing's 8,laokoon40 ,laphria1 ,gr4 ,an annual festival1 celebrated at ,patr in ,achaia1 in honour of ,artemis1 surnamed ,laphria4 ,lapidary4 ,an artist who cuts1 grinds1 and polishes gems and stones4 ,in the lapidary's scale of hardness of minerals there are #aj standard degrees1 represented as follows3--,no4 #a1 talc1 which is very easily cut2 ,no4 #b1 compact gypsum2 ,no4 #c1 calc-spar2 ,no4 #d1 fluor-spar2 ,no4 #e1 apatite2 ,no4 #f1 felspar2 ,no4 #g1 quartz2 ,no4 #h1 topaz2 ,no4 #i1 sapphire2 ,no4 #aj1 diamond4 ,diamonds are for the most part cut at ,amsterdam4 ,lapis ,lazuli4 ,a beautiful blue mineral stone of various shades of colour4 7,see ,,ultramarine47 ,laquear1 ,laqueare4 ,synonym of ,,lacunar 7q4v474 ,laqueatores1 ,r4 ,an order of gladiators who used a noose to catch their adversaries4 ,laqueatus1 ,r4 ,a ceiling decorated with panels 7lacunar74 ,lararium1 ,r4 ,a small shrine consecrated to the gods called ,lares2 a room in which the images of the ,lares or tutelary genii of the house were placed4 ,it is said to have been customary for religious ,romans1 immediately after they rose in the morning1 to pray in the ,lararium4 ,larentalia1 ,larentinalia1 or ,laurentalia1 ,r4 ,a ,roman festival in honour of ,acca ,larentia1 the nurse of ,romulus and ,remus2 or1 according to another tradition1 a festival instituted by ,ancus in honour of a wealthy courtezan named ,larentia1 who had bequeathed all her property to the ,roman people4 ,it was celebrated on the #ajth of ,december4 ,lares1 ,r4 ,the ,lares ,privati1 ,domestici1 or ,familiares1 were the guardian deities of the house4 ,the spot peculiarly sacred to them was the focus1 or hearth1 in the ,atrium1 where the altar for domestic sacrifice stood1 and near it was a niche1 containing little images of these gods1 to whom offerings of flowers1 frankincense1 and wine were made from time to time1 and regularly on the kalends of each month4 ,there were many classes of ,lares ,publici3 7#a7 ,the ,lares rurales1 who presided over the flocks1 herds1 c4 7#b7 ,the ,lares compitales1 worshipped where two cross-roads met1 c4 ,cf4 ,ovid1 ,fasti1 v4 #abi4 ,larghetto1 ,it4 ,in ,music1 less slow than largo4 ,largo1 ,it4 ,in ,music1 a slow movement1 one degree quicker than adagio4 ,latch1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cross-bow4 ,lateen ,sail4 ,a triangular mainsail on a tall sloping yard1 which reaches down to the deck4 ,later1 ,r4 ,a brick2 the of the ,greeks4 ,among the ,romans bricks were of various forms2 the largest was called pentadorum2 the next size1 tetradorum4 ,later coctus1 coctilis was the term applied to a baked brick2 later crudus was an unbaked brick1 i4 e4 one dried in the sun4 ,pliny calls the brick-field ,,lateraria4 ,latericium 7opus71 ,r4 ,a structure built of bricks4 ,laterna1 ,lanterna4 ,a ,,lantern 7q4v474 ,laton or ,latten1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an alloy of brass1 of which candlesticks1 sepulchral monuments1 crosses1 c41 were made in the ,middle ,ages4 ,white ,laton was a mixture of brass and tin4 ,latrunculi1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,the ancient game of draughts4 ,it is mentioned by ,homer4 ,the ,romans often had twelve lines of squares 7mandr7 on the draught-board4 ,the number of pieces varied from five to twelve1 and in later times the game was played with the tesser or dice4 ,lattice1 ,arch4 ,a trellis or cross-barred work2 a network window4 ,laura1 ,chr4 ,the origin of the name is obscure4 ,it signifies a collection of separate cells in a wilderness1 where a community of monks lived each in his own cell1 meeting together only during two days of the week4 ,the most celebrated lauras were in ,palestine4 ,laurel1 ,gen4 ,the emblem of glory and victory4 ,sacred also to ,apollo4 ,in modern times an emblem of peace4 ,lautumi1 ,r4 7-74 ,a stone-quarry1 and thence a prison hewn out of a quarry1 more particularly the public prison of ,syracuse1 hewn into the solid cliff1 but roofless4 ,the ,tullianum at ,rome was called ,lautumi also4 ,lava4 ,the scoria from an active volcano1 which is well adapted to ornamental carving4 ,lavabo4 7,see ,,lavatorium47 ,lavacrum1 ,r4 7lavo1 to wash74 ,a bath of hot or cold water1 in contradistinction to a vapour bath 7caldarium74 ,lavatorium1 ,r4 7lavo1 to wash74 ,a small building in a monastery1 in which the monks washed their hands before and after a repast4 ,the lavatorium was usually placed near the refectory4 ,lawn4 ,this fine linen fabric was introduced in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,lay ,figure4 ,a large wooden jointed doll1 used by artists to display drapery4 ,lead-glazed ,wares4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dba4 ,stamped gilt and painted leather hangings illustrating a pictorial arrangement of pattern4 ,leather was used instead of tapestry for the hangings of rooms in the #afth century1 and was beautifully gilded and chased4 7,consult 8,l',art de travailler les ,cuirs dors ou argents10 by ,m4 ,fougeroux de ,bondary1 in 8,description des ,arts et ,metiers10 #agfb47 7,fig4 #dba47 ,leaves1 ,her4 ,their peculiarities are blazoned as laurel leaf1 oak leaf1 c4 ,leaves1 ,leafage4 7,see ,,foliage47 ,lebes1 ,gr4 72 1 to pour out74 ,a brass saucepan or caldron 7pelvis1 ahenum72 it was a deep vessel with swelling sides4 ,it was sometimes made with a pointed bottom to fit into a stand1 which was called ,,incitega4 ,lebiton1 ,lebitonarium4 7,see ,,colobium47 ,lecan1 ,gr4 ,a drinking-bowl used by the ,etrurians 7basin-shaped1 with a lid74 ,lectern4 ,a reading-desk in a ,christian church2 most frequently of brass in the form of an eagle1 but often decorated with more elaborate emblems4 ,lectica1 ,r4 7lectus1 a couch74 ,a couch or litter carried by bearers1 used both by men and women2 it was introduced from the ,east1 and was quickly adopted in ,greece and ,rome4 ,the ,greek litter had a roof made of the skin of an ox1 and the sides covered with curtains4 ,among the ,romans it was seldom used excepting for travelling1 until the luxurious days of the empire1 when the lectica became a very splendid affair4 ,it was sometimes constructed with gold and ivory1 and instead of curtains it was closed at the sides1 with windows of transparent stone 7lapis specularis74 ,when standing1 it rested on four feet4 ,it was borne upon poles 7asseres7 by two or more slaves1 and was called hexophron1 octophron1 c41 according to the number of lecticarii employed to carry it4 ,lecticula4 ,dimin4 of lectica2 it denoted a litter for the conveyance of the sick1 or a bier on which a dead body was carried out4 ,lectisternium1 ,r4 7lectus1 and sterno1 to spread out74 ,a religious ceremony consisting of a banquet offered to the gods1 at which the statues of the latter were present stretched out on couches1 with tables and viands before them as if they were partaking of the feast4 ,lectorium1 ,chr4 7lector1 a reader74 ,an old term afterwards replaced by that of ,,ambo 7q4v474 ,lectrin1 ,chr4 ,an old term now replaced by jub or rood-loft and desk4 ,lectrum1 ,chr4 ,an old term denoting a praying-desk4 ,lectus1 ,r4 7lego1 to put together74 ,a bed or couch complete2 lectus cubicularis1 a sleeping-couch2 lectus genialis1 a nuptial bed2 lectus adversus1 a symbolical marriage-bed2 lectus triclinaris1 a dining-couch1 a couch for three persons1 placed in the triclinium or dining-room2 lectus funebris1 a funeral bier4 ,the diminutive of this term is lectulus4 ,the lectus cubicularis resembled an old-fashioned sofa with a high back2 being of considerable height1 it was reached by means of a footstool 7scamnum71 or a set of steps 7gradus74 ,the lectus genialis 7,gr4 7 or marriage-bed was still higher1 larger1 and handsomely decorated2 it is represented with a flight of steps at the foot4 ,the lectus adversus was a symbolical marriage-bed1 and stood in the atrium1 opposite to the entrance of the house1 and was1 as it were1 the throne or seat of office1 from which the housewife superintended the spinning1 weaving1 and similar duties of the servants4 ,the lectus triclinaris used at meals is described under the article4 ,lectus funebris is the name of the bier upon which the dead were borne to burial or the pyre4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dbb4 ,lecythus4 ,lecythus1 ,gr4 ,a cylindrical vase made to contain oil or perfumes4 ,it often figures in the hands of goddesses1 or of females at the toilet2 and is mostly ornamented with delicate paintings and choice subjects4 7,fig4 #dbb47 ,ledger1 ,arch4 ,a stone slab4 ,ledger ,lines4 ,in ,music1 extra lines above or below the five ruled lines4 ,ledgment1 ,arch4 ,a horizontal course of stone or mouldings1 particularly the base moulding4 ,leet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an ancient ,anglo-,saxon court of justice2 a manor court4 ,legato1 ,it4 ,literally1 8bound20 in ,music signifies 8in a smooth and gliding manner40 ,legend4 ,in ,numismatics1 the words round the edge of a medal or coin4 ,leghorn4 ,a kind of straw plait1 first invented at ,leghorn4 ,legio1 ,r4 7lego1 to collect74 ,a ,roman legion2 a division of the army consisting of from three to six thousand heavy-armed soldiers1 who were called legionarii4 ,twelve thousand legionaries were required to make up a consular army4 ,the legion contained troops of all arms2 infantry1 cavalry1 and the ancient substitutes for artillery2 and was an army complete in itself4 ,the numbers varied1 as well as the organization1 at different periods4 ,livy speaks of legions of #ejjj infantry and #cjj horse4 ,the subject is one demanding voluminous description4 ,the legion was subdivided into ,cohortes1 ,manipuli1 ,centuri1 ,signa1 ,ordines1 ,contubernia4 ,leice1 ,celt4 ,also called meanal leice4 ,the stone of destiny2 a large crystal kept by the ,druids for soothsaying4 ,leister or ,lister1 ,scotch4 ,a trident or many-pronged spear for striking fish4 ,leming ,star1 ,o4 ,e4 7from ,a4,s4 leme1 brightness74 ,a comet4 ,lemman 7,a4,s4 leofloved1 and man74 ,a sweetheart1 c4 ,lemnian ,reddle4 ,an ochre of a deep red colour and firm consistence1 used as a pigment4 ,lemniscus1 ,r4 72 1 wool74 ,a fillet or ribbon awarded1 as a mark of honour1 to a person who had distinguished himself in any way4 ,the person who wore it was called lemniscatus4 ,it hung down from crowns or diadems at the back of the head4 ,lemnisci were also worn1 without coron1 by ladies for ornament4 ,hence1 in ,geometry1 a curve of the form of the figure #h is called lemniscata4 ,lemon ,yellow4 ,a bright pigment1 brighter and clearer than ,naples yellow or masticot1 and not liable to change4 ,lemures or ,manes1 ,r4 ,the souls of the dead1 who1 according to the religious belief of the ,romans1 were transformed into beneficent or evil genii1 according as the individual had been during his life good or bad1 virtuous or worthless4 8,lares si meriti boni sint2 ,lemures sive ,larvas si mali2 ,manes autem cum incertum est10 says ,st4 ,augustine4 ,lemuria4 ,festivals in honour of the ,lemures celebrated at ,rome1 at night and in silence1 on the #ith1 #aath1 and #acth of ,may4 ,during them the temples of the gods were closed1 and marriage was considered unlucky2 hence the proverb1 ,mense ,maio male nubent4 ,those who celebrated the ,lemuria walked barefooted1 washed their hands three times1 and threw black beans nine times behind their backs4 ,on the second of the three days there were games in the circus in honour of ,mars1 and on the third day the images of the thirty ,argei1 made of rushes1 were thrown from the ,pons ,sublicius into the ,tiber by the ,vestal virgins4 ,on the same day there was a festival of merchants4 ,lenn or ,linn1 ,celt4 ,a woollen wrap with a long nap1 or simply the skin of some animal1 worn in severe weather as a kind of upper garment by the poorer class of ,gauls4 ,lens 7lit4 a lentil74 ,a convex or concave glass1 which1 by changing the direction of rays of light1 magnifies or diminishes objects4 ,lent 7,a4,s4 lencten1 ,spring71 ,chr4 ,the forty days' fast preparatory to ,easter4 ,pope ,gregory the ,great speaks of this fast as of thirty-six days' duration2 i4 e4 six weeks1 not counting the ,sundays1 which1 it is suggested1 amounts to one-tenth1 or a tithe of the year4 ,lent ,rose or ,lent ,lily1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the daffodil4 ,lentiform4 ,shaped like a double convex lens4 ,lentiner1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a hawk taken in ,lent4 ,l',envoy4 8,the conclusion of a ballet1 or sonnet1 in a short stanzo by itselfe1 and serving oftentimes as a dedication of the whole40 7,cotgrave47 ,leonine ,verses4 ,rhyming ,latin compositions1 very popular in the ,middle ,ages4 ,in the #crd century a piece of #abjj such verses was written by ,commodianus4 ,st4 ,augustine and the venerable ,bede also wrote some4 ,the proper leonine consists of a couplet rhyming at the end2 but the rhymes may be otherwise distributed3 e4 g4-- 8,o miseratrix6 ,o dominatrix6 prcipe dictu2 ,ne devastemur1 ne lapidemur1 grandinis ictu40 ,leontarium1 ,chr4 ,a fountain of lions spouting water2 frequently placed in the courtyard or atrium of basilican churches4 ,leopard1 ,her4 ,a lion in any other attitude than 8rampant0 was blazoned by the early heralds as a 8leopard40 ,till the #adth century the lions of the ,royal ,shield of ,england were designated leopards4 ,leou1 ,chinese4 7#a7 ,a building of many stories1 like a pagoda4 7#b7 ,an upper floor in a ,chinese house4 ,lepast1 ,r4 71 a limpet2 ,lat4 patella74 ,a large vessel1 in form like the cylix1 but resting on a broad stand2 employed from the earliest times for holding pure wine4 ,leporarium1 ,r4 7lepus1 a hare74 ,a hare warren2 a walled paddock in which four-footed game were preserved4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dbc4 ,the ,lesch at ,delphi4 ,lesch1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 a place for talking74 ,a public place of assembly and conversation1 or a small exchange for transacting business1 c4 ,the lesch of ,delphi 7,fig4 #dbc7 was celebrated for the painting which it contained by ,polygnotus 7#dgj ,b4,c474 ,at ,athens there were #cfj leschai1 small buildings or porticoes furnished with seats and exposed to the sun1 where the poor could rest in warmth and shelter4 ,lesina1 ,it4 ,an awl4 ,the device of the ,lesina ,academy1 with the motto1 8,l'assotigliar la pi1 meglio anche fora40 ,lettern1 ,arch4 ,the ,lectern of a church is often so called1 when made of ,latten or brass4 ,the word is used instead of ,latten4 ,letters of the ,alphabet are sometimes used as charges in heraldry4 ,the practice of weaving letters into the ornamentation of textile fabrics is very ancient in the ,east4 ,pliny says1 8,parthi literas vestibus intexunt40 ,fanciful designs imitating or copying oriental letters without meaning were worked in church textiles in early ,christian times2 and the artists of ,italy up to the middle of the #afth century represented such devices on the hems of the garments of great personages in their paintings4 ,leucite 71 white74 ,white spar1 or white garnet2 a white stony substance found among volcanic productions4 ,leucomb1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a dormer window4 ,leucopyrite4 ,a mineral used in the production of artificial orpiment4 ,levacion1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the elevation of the host in the mass4 ,levant4 ,the ,eastern shores of the ,mediterranean4 ,levecel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pent-house or projecting roof over a door or an open shed4 ,levesele1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a lattice4 ,the original of the chequers on the door-posts of inns4 ,levitonarium4 7,see ,,colobium47 ,lew1 ,o4 ,e4 7modern lea74 ,sheltered from the wind2 hence ,lewe ,water 7modern luke-warm water74 ,lewins1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of bands put about a hawk4 ,libbard1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a leopard4 ,libella1 ,r4 7libra1 a level or balance74 7#a7 ,a level1 or instrument employed by masons1 joiners1 and carpenters1 in the same way as with us1 for testing the evenness of the surface of their work4 7#b7 ,a small ,roman silver coin1 afterwards substituted by the ,as1 which it equalled in value4 ,libellus or ,libellulus1 ,r4 ,a small book1 pamphlet1 letter1 or notice4 ,liber 7literally1 the rind of the papyrus2 ,gr4 1 from the ,egyptian word byblos1 the papyrus plant74 ,a book4--,parchment 7membrana7 was invented by ,eumenes1 king of ,pergamos2 hence its name of pergamentum4 ,the paper 7charta7 or parchment was only written upon on one side2 the other side was stained yellow4 ,writings were frequently washed off1 and the parchment used again was called palimpsestus4 ,the sheets forming a book were joined together and rolled round a staff1 and then called a volume 7volumen74 ,the stick was usually ornamented with balls or bosses1 ornamented or painted1 called umbilici4 ,the ends of the roll1 carefully cut1 polished with pumice-stone1 and coloured black1 were called gemin frontes4 ,the reader held the staff in his left hand to unroll the sheet 7evolvere librum71 as he proceeded1 with his right4 ,the roll1 if valuable1 was kept in a parchment case1 which was stained with a purple colour1 or yellow4 ,the title of the book 7titulus or index7 was written on a small strip of papyrus or parchment with a light red colour 7coccum or minium72 and this practice was the origin of the art of illumination4 ,liber ,pontificalis1 seu de gestis ,romanorum pontificum4 ,a work of the #aeth century1 of great value to the student of early ,christian art work1 and in particular of textiles and embroidery4 ,libra1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a balance with two scales 7lanx71 depending by chains from the ends of the beam 7jugum72 in the centre of the latter was a handle 7ansa74 7#b7 ,the ,as or pound2 the unit of weight4 7,see ,,as47 ,libretto1 ,it4 ,the words of an opera1 oratorio1 c4 ,librile1 ,r4 7libra74 ,a term denoting the ends of the beam 7jugum7 in a balance1 and thence the balance itself2 it is thus synonymous with ,,libra 7q4v474 ,liburna1 ,liburnica1 ,r4 ,a vessel of war so called from the fact that it was built on a model invented by the ,illyrian pirates1 or ,liburni4 ,lichanos1 ,gr4 7forefinger string74 ,the note below the ,,mese of the seven-stringed lyre4 7,see ,,mese47 ,lich-gate4 ,a shed over the gate of a churchyard to rest the corpse under4 7,see ,,corpse-,,gate47 7,fig4 #aig47 ,lich-stone--near a churchyard gate1 for resting coffins on--is generally raised about three feet from the ground1 shaped like a coffin1 and has stone benches round it for the bearers to rest upon4 ,lici1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,fr4 lices71 from the ,italian lizza1 palings4 ,the lists2 an enclosed space surrounding a camp or castle4 ,licium1 ,r4 ,a leash1 or thick thread1 employed to divide in two a set of threads in a warp1 in order to allow the shuttle to pass through them4 ,by analogy1 any kind of thread or cord used for fastening4 ,lictor1 ,r4 7,see ,,fasces47 ,lieberkuhn4 ,a reflecting mirror on a microscope1 named after the inventor4 ,lierne ,rib 7in a vault71 ,arch4 7,from lier1 to bind47 8,any rib that does not arise from the impost1 and is not a ridge rib1 but crosses from one boss or intersection of the principal ribs to another4 ,vaults in which such liernes are employed are termed ,,lierne ,,vaults40 7,parker's ,glossary47 ,light ,red4 ,a pigment of a russet orange tint1 produced from burnt ochre4 ,lights4 ,the openings between the mullions of a window4 7,see ,,days47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dbd4 ,ligula4 ,ligula1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a small tongue-shaped sword4 7,fig4 #dbd47 ,the term is derived from lingua1 a tongue4 7#b7 ,a liquid measure1 a large spoonful1 distinguished from cochlear1 which is a small spoonful4 7#c7 ,the leather tongue of a shoe4 ,lilies1 in ,christian art1 are the symbols of purity2 the special attribute of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,they are frequent in the catacombs on the tombs of ,christian virgins4 ,lily or ,iris ,green 7,it4 verde giglio74 ,a pigment anciently used in ,italy4 ,it was prepared by dipping linen rags into the juice of plants1 and then preserving them dry4 ,lima1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a file or rasp1 applied to the same purposes as at the present day4 7,see ,,scobina47 7#b7 ,in ,med4 ,lat41 a tool or weapon worn by archers in the ,french service1 either as a kind of sword or for sharpening arrows with4 7,meyrick47 ,limbeck1 ,o4 ,f4 ,an alembeck4 ,limbo1 ,o4 ,e4 ,hell4 8,beholde now what owre ,lord ,jhesu dide one the ,saturday1 as sune as he was dede4 ,he went downe to helle to owre holy fadyrs that ware in lymbo to tyme of his ,resureccione40 7,,ms4 ,lincoln4 ,a4 i4 #ag1 f4 #ahf47 ,limbus1 ,r4 ,an ornamental band or border resembling scroll-work or architectural foliage1 employed as an ornament on dress1 vases 7especially on ,etruscan vases71 c42 and thence 7#a7 a ribbon worn as an ornament in the hair2 7#b7 the zodiacal circle described on a globe 7see ,fig4 #dh72 7#c7 a stout cord forming the main rope in a fishing-net2 7#d7 in ,med4 ,latin1 a military tunic--the ,german ,wapenrock2 or a wrapper worn by soldiers round the head1 temp4 ,john1 usually termed cargan4 7,meyrick47 ,lime4 ,slaked lime1 alone or mixed with pulverized white marble1 was a white pigment used in fresco-painting4 ,lime-hound1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sporting-dog in a lime or leash4 ,limen1 ,r4 ,the threshold or step laid down before the entrance of a door2 the same term is also applied to the lintel4 ,limen superius is the lintel1 and limen inferius the threshold properly so called4 8,limen superum inferumque1 salve60 7,plautus47 ,limer1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a bloodhound4 8,a dogge engendred betweene an hounde and a mastyve1 called a lymmer1 or a mungrell40 ,limitour1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a begging friar4 ,limning1 ,o4 ,e4 ,painting1 especially portrait painting4 ,limoges ,enamel4 ,a kind of incrusted enamel on the system called champlev2 perfected at ,limoges1 in ,france1 in the #aeth century1 and hence called ,opus de ,limogia4 7,see ,,enamel47 ,the enamels and ,,metal ,,work of ,,limoges1 in furniture1 decoration of armour1 and church utensils1 are very important4 ,the monument of ,aylmer de ,valence in ,westminster ,abbey is ,limoges workmanship4 ,limus1 ,r4 ,a kind of apron bordered with a purple hem1 worn by the popa or attendant who killed the animal offered at a sacrifice4 ,lincei4 ,an academy for natural history1 founded in ,rome in #afjc4 ,they adopted the lynx for their device 8because the academicians should have the eyes of a lynx to penetrate the secrets of nature40 7,mrs4 ,bury ,palliser47 ,line of ,beauty4 ,a curve like an elongated ,s4 7,see ,hogarth's ,analysis of ,beauty47 ,line of ,life4 ,one of the lines in the hand2 a term in palmistry4 ,linea1 ,r4 7linum1 a flax-thread74 ,a line or any kind of string2 linea alba1 a rope whitened with chalk and stretched across the arena in a circus for the purpose of giving a fair start to runners1 chariots1 or riders4 ,lined1 ,her4 7#a7 ,having a cord attached4 7#b7 ,having a lining4 ,lineleon4 ,linseed oil4 8,lineleon ex semine lini fiet40 ,linen4 ,painting on linen was largely practised in ,england during the #adth century2 and a drawing sent by ,albert ,durer to ,raphael is described by ,vasari as having been painted 8in water-colours on a fine linen cloth1 which showed the transparent lights on both sides1 without white2 water-colours only being added1 while the cloth was left for the lights2 which thing appeared wonderful to ,raphael40 7,vasari1 ,vita di ,raffaello47 ,linen-scroll4 ,a decorative ornament1 common in ,german wood-carving of the #aeth and #afth centuries4 ,it resembles a napkin stood on end1 and partly opened into scroll-shaped cylinders4 ,linset1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the stool on which women sat while spinning4 ,linsey-woolsey 7,o4 ,e4 ,lylse-wulse74 ,coarse woollen stuff first made at ,linsey in ,suffolk4 ,linstock1 ,o4 ,e4 7#aeth century74 ,a pike1 with branches on each side to hold a lighted match for firing artillery4 ,lintel4 ,the stone or beam placed across a door or window overhead 7limen superius74 ,linteolum1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7linteum74 ,any small piece of linen1 such as a napkin or handkerchief4 ,linter1 ,r4 ,a flat boat1 frequently formed of the trunk of a tree1 used in shallow waters for the transport of produce2 it was also used in the construction of bridges of boats4 ,linum1 ,r4 774 ,flax1 and thence anything made of that fibre4 ,lion1 ,o4 ,e4 7from lie on74 ,the main beam of a ceiling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dbe4 ,heraldic ,lions4 ,lion4 ,in ,heraldry1 the lion couchant represents sovereignty2 rampant1 magnanimity2 passant1 resolution2 guardant1 prudence2 saliant1 valour2 seiant1 counsel2 and regardant1 circumspection4 7,see ,,leopard1 ,,marzocco47 ,lioncel1 ,her4 ,a lion drawn to a small scale1 generally rampant4 ,lions1 in ,christian art1 typify the resurrection of the ,redeemer2 because1 according to an oriental fable1 the lion's cub was born dead1 and in three days its sire licked it into life4 ,the lion also typifies solitude1 and is therefore the attribute of hermits2 and as the type of fortitude and resolution it was placed at the feet of martyrs4 ,lip ,moulding1 ,arch4 ,so called from its resemblance to an overhanging lip4 ,it is common in the ,perpendicular period4 ,liquid ,madder ,lake or ,rubiate4 ,a brilliant rose-coloured pigment1 used in oil or water-colour painting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dbf4 ,liripipes4 ,italian1 #afth century4 ,liripipes1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the long tails of hoods1 which hung down the back4 ,worn also by the ,italians4 7,fig4 #dbf47 ,list1 ,arch4 ,a straight upright ring encircling the lower part of a column1 just above the torus1 and next to the shaft4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dbg4 ,listels4 ,list1 ,listel1 ,arch4 ,a small square moulding1 also called a fillet4 ,fig4 #dbg represents a base1 the ornamentation of which is made up of numerous listels or fillets4 ,litany ,stool4 ,in a church1 a small low desk at which the ,litany was sung4 8,the priest goeth from out of his seat into the body of the church1 and 7at a low desk before the chancel door1 called the faldstool7 kneels and says or sings the ,litany40 7,eliz4 xviii4 #aeei47 ,literatus or ,litteratus1 ,r4 7litera1 a letter74 ,in general1 anything that is marked with letters2 and thence 7#a7 a slave who has been branded on the forehead with a hot iron1 also called inscriptus1 notatus1 stigmatus4 7#b7 ,a grammarian1 learned man1 or commentator4 ,litharge4 ,an ingredient of drying oil 7q4v474 ,lithochrome4 ,another name for ,,chromolithography1 or colour-printing4 ,lithography1 or drawing on stone1 was invented by ,aloys ,senefelder of ,munich in #agif4 ,drawings are made on a polished surface of calcareous stone1 with ink and chalk of a soapy nature4 ,the lithographic ink is made of tallow-soap1 pure white wax1 lamp-black1 and a small quantity of tallow1 all boiled together1 and1 when cool1 dissolved in distilled water2 the ingredients for the lithographic chalk are the same1 with a small quantity of potash added during the boiling4 ,after the drawing on the stone is perfectly dry1 a very weak solution of sulphuric acid is poured over it1 which takes up the alkali from the ink or chalk1 and leaves an insoluble substance behind it1 while it lowers in a slight degree the surface of the stone not drawn upon1 and prepares it for the free absorption of water4 ,weak gum-water is next applied to close the pores of the stone1 and to keep it moist4 ,the stone is then washed with water1 and the printing-ink applied in the ordinary way4 ,it then passes through the press1 the washing with water and daubing with ink being repeated after every impression4 ,as many as #gj1jjj copies have in this way been taken from one stone1 the last being nearly as good as the first4 ,copper-plate and steel engravings can be transferred to stone4 7,see the article 8,lithography0 in the ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #hth ed47 ,lithostrotum1 ,r4 7-74 ,the pavement of a ,roman road1 and thence any ornamental pavement1 mosaic1 incrusted marble1 coloured inlaid-work1 c4 ,litmus or ,lacmus4 ,the red1 violet1 and blue colours known as archil1 cudbear1 and litmus1 are derived from certain lichens2 litmus from the roccella tinctoria4 ,liturgy 774 ,the printed formulary according to which the public services in a church are performed4 ,lituus1 ,r4 7an ,etruscan word1 signifying crooked74 7#a7 ,a brass trumpet formed of a long1 straight tube1 but curved and opening out wide at the end like a tobacco-pipe4 ,the tuba was straight1 the cornu spiral4 7#b7 ,an augur's staff curved into the form of a crook1 with which they divided the expanse of the sky into regions in their divinations4 ,livery 7,fr4 livre74 ,literally1 the distribution2 that is to say1 of clothes to be worn by the servants of palaces1 c4 7,see ,,badges47 ,livery ,colours4 ,in the ,middle ,ages all great houses had their own livery colours4 ,thus those of the ,house of ,york were blue and crimson1 those of the ,house of ,lancaster white and blue1 of the ,house of ,tudor white and green1 of the ,house of ,stuart scarlet and gold4 ,loaves1 in ,christian art1 are the emblems of charity to the poor2 the attribute of ,st4 ,philip the ,apostle and other saints4 ,lobe 7of an arch71 ,fr42 ,anglic foil2 e4 g4 a trefoil arch is arc trilob4 ,local ,colour is the real fundamental colour of an object1 considered apart from all accidental variations of light and reflexion4 ,locellus1 ,r4 ,a box or casket2 this term is a diminutive of ,,loculus4 ,lochaber ,axe4 ,a short pole with a sharp axe at one end1 an ancient weapon of the ,highlanders of ,scotland4 ,locker1 ,chr4 ,arch4 ,a cupboard for sacred vessels generally left in the thickness of the wall on the north side of the altar of a church4 7,see ,,secretarium47 ,locking up4 ,any process by which a colour1 liable to be affected by damp1 can be rendered durable4 ,loculamentum1 ,r4 7loculus1 a little place74 ,any box1 chest1 or case1 the interior of which is divided into compartments4 ,loculus1 ,r4 7dimin4 of locus1 a place74 7#a7 ,a coffin1 generally of stone4 7,see ,,sarcophagus47 7#b7 ,a compartment in the manger of a stable4 7#c7 ,a small chest fitted with compartments4 ,locutorium1 ,chr4 ,of a convent1 c41 the parlour4 ,illustration3 ,figs4 #dbh1 #dbi4 ,badge of ,richard ,,ii4 in ,westminster ,hall4 ,lodged1 ,her4 ,said of animals of the chase in repose4 ,the illustration shows the favourite badge of ,richard ,,ii43 a white hart chained1 and in an attitude of rest4 8,this device is repeated in ,westminster ,hall #hc times2 and all are equally consistent with heraldic truth and accuracy1 without any of them being an exact counterpart of any other40 7,boutell1 ,english ,heraldry47 7,fig4 #dbh47 ,loegria1 ,o4 ,e4 ,england4 7,geoffry of ,monmouth47 ,logan ,stones 7properly logging stones1 from ,o4 ,e4 log1 to oscillate74 ,,rocking ,,stones 7q4v474 ,logeum1 ,gr4 774 ,a ,greek term synonymous with ,,pulpitum 7q4v474 ,loggia1 ,it4 ,the gallery1 or corridor1 of a palace4 ,lombard ,architecture4 8,a style invented by the ,lombards 7,longobardi7 in the #gth century in imitation of the ,roman4 ,it continued in use till the #ajth century1 and gave place to the ,norman style4 ,it is rude1 heavy1 and massive1 with small narrow windows40 7,parker47 ,the above is only one application of the term1 which is applied by different writers to a great number of different styles4 ,the ,lombardesque style 7,it4 lo stile ,lombardesco7 applies to the architectural works of the family of ,pietro ,lombardo 7#aeth century74 ,the ,lombard ,gothic is still another style 7of the #abth century74 ,loops1 ,loups1 ,arch4 ,another name for ,,crenels 7q4v471 or embrasures4 ,lord4 ,the word is ,saxon2 from hlaf or klaf1 a loaf of bread2 and ford1 to give2 hence it means originally bread-giver4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dcj4 ,gallic cuirass in the ,louvre4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dca4 ,fragment of a ,gallic cuirass4 ,lorica1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7lorum1 a thong74 ,a cuirass2 it was made either for officers1 of two 1 the breast and back-pieces2 or1 for the soldiers1 of a number of small metal scales or bands1 fastened together with rivets or rings1 and flexible4 ,among the ,asiatics the cuirass was frequently made of cotton2 and among the ,sarmatians1 and other nations1 of horn4 ,lorimers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,bit-makers4 ,lorraine ,cross4 ,a cross with two projecting arms on each side4 ,lorraine ,glass for painted windows2 obtained from the ,vosges as early as the #acth century1 and then called ,burgundy glass4 8,when any one means to paint1 let him choose the ,lorraine glass1 which inclines to the white yellow because that bears the fire best1 and receives the colour better than any other40 7,flibien1 #afai47 ,lota4 ,a sacred utensil in ,india1 used in ceremonial and other ablutions4 ,it is a globular bowl with a low narrow neck1 sometimes chased or engraved and incrusted4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dcb4 ,lotus-flowers4 ,lotus 774 ,the lotus is a frequently recurring cyma in ,hindoo architecture4 ,in ,egyptian archology1 the lotus1 of which two partially opened buds may be seen in ,fig4 #dcb1 was the symbol of the rising of the sun1 of fertilization1 life1 and resurrection4 ,the lotus appears in the ornamentation of the largest as well as of the smallest monuments of ,egyptian art2 and is the motive of many of the columns and capitals of the temples and palaces of a certain period1 as well as of the decoration of vases and other small objects4 ,three lotus-stems issuing from a basin symbolized ,upper ,egypt4 ,louis d',or1 ,fr4 ,a gold coin1 value about #bjs41 first struck in #afdj4 ,louis ,treize ,style 7,arch471 a ,french version of ,italian art1 prevailed from #afbe to #afej1 and produced ,jean le ,pautre1 the ornamentist1 and the following styles3-- ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dcc4 ,heraldic ,decoration at ,versailles--,louis ,quatorze4 ,louis ,quatorze1 ,arch4 ,a style of ornament developed towards the close of the #agth century 7#afdc-agae74 ,it is described as 8essentially an ornamental style1 its chief aim being effect by a brilliant play of light and shade2 colour1 or mere beauty of form in detail1 having no part in it4 ,this style arose in ,italy1 and the ,chiesa del ,ges at ,rome is mentioned as its type or model4 ,the great medium of the ,louis ,quatorze was gilt stucco-work1 which1 for a while1 seems to have almost wholly superseded decorative painting2 and this absence of colour in the principal decorations of the period seems to have led to its more striking characteristic1--infinite play of light and shade40 7,wornum1 ,analysis of ,ornament47 ,in this style symmetry was first systematically avoided4 ,in the ,furniture of the period the characteristic details are the scroll and shell4 ,the classical ornaments and all the elements of the ,cinque-cento1 from which the ,louis ,quatorze proceeded1 are admitted under peculiar treatment1 as accessories2 the panels are formed by chains of scrolls1 or a combination of the scroll and shell4 ,versailles is the great repertory of the ,louis ,quatorze 7,fig4 #dcc71 and the designs of ,watteau its finest exemplification4 ,louis ,quinze1 ,arch4 ,this style 7#agae-gd7 is the exaggeration of the ,louis ,quatorze1 rejecting all symmetry1 and introducing the elongation of the foliations of the scroll1 mixed up with a species of crimped conventional coquillage or shell-work4 ,the style found its culmination in the bizarre absurdities of the ,rococo4 ,louvre1 ,arch4 ,the open turret in the roofs of ancient halls1 through which the smoke escaped before the introduction of modern chimneys4 ,louvre-boarding or ,luffer-boarding1 ,arch4 ,a series of overlapping boards sloping from the top downwards1 and from within outwards1 and fixed in a framework of timber4 ,they are placed in the apertures of towers and belfries for the sake of ventilating the timbers1 and are sloped to prevent rain and snow from penetrating within1 and to direct the sound of the bells downwards4 ,sometimes the wooden boardings are covered with lead1 slate1 or zinc1 in order to preserve them4 ,louvre-window1 ,belfry-arch1 ,arch4 ,the large lights fitted with louvre-boarding in belfries4 ,love-apple4 ,the tomato is so called4 ,love-feast4 ,an annual feast celebrated in some parishes in ,england on the ,thursday before ,easter4 7,see ,edwards's ,old ,english ,customs47 ,love-in-,idleness1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the heart's-ease4 ,love-knot4 ,a complicated figure by which an interchange of affection is supposed to be figured4 ,love-lies-bleeding1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a flower2 a kind of amaranth4 ,love-lock4 ,a long ringlet of hair worn on the left side of the head1 and allowed to stream down the shoulder sometimes as far as the elbow4 ,the love-lock is mentioned in ,queen ,elizabeth's reign4 8,will you be ,frenchified1 with a love-lock down to your shoulders1 wherein you may weave your mistress's favour80 7,quip for an ,upstart ,courtier47 8,why should thy sweete love-locke hang dangling downe1 ,kissing thy girdle-stud with falling pride8 ,although thy skin be white1 thy haire is browne2 ,oh1 let not then thy haire thy beautie hide40 7,the ,affectionate ,shepheard47 ,lovel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a dog4 8,the ,ratte1 the ,catte1 and ,lovell our dogge4 ,rule all ,england under the hogge40 7#adhd47 ,low ,side-window1 ,arch4 ,a peculiar small window found in many churches near the west end of the chancel1 and very near the ground4 ,it was never glazed1 but closed with wooden or iron gratings4 ,its object has never been ascertained4 ,most of the examples are of the #acth or #adth century4 7,see ,archological ,journal1 vol4 iv4 p4 #cad47 ,low ,sunday1 ,chr4 ,the ,sunday next after ,easter4 ,lozenge4 ,in ,heraldry1 the diamond-shaped figure used for a shield to display the arms of spinsters and widows4 ,the lozenge is always placed upright on the shield1 and its true proportions are as #e to #d4 7,see ,,mascle47 ,lozenge ,moulding or ,lozenge ,fret4 ,an ornament used in ,norman architecture1 presenting the appearance of diagonal ribs1 enclosing diamond-shaped panels4 ,lozenges4 ,a term in wood-engraving for a class of fine gravers used for outlines and very fine shading4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dcd4 ,shield of ,hubert de ,burgh1 ,earl of ,kent4 ,lozengy1 ,her4 ,a field divided lozenge-wise4 7,fig4 #dcd47 ,lucari1 ,r4 ,festivals instituted at ,rome to commemorate the refuge which the ,roman army had once found in a wood 7lucus7 between the ,via ,salaria and the left bank of the ,tiber4 ,at the time of the invasion of the ,gauls in the year #cfe ,b4,c41 the ,roman army would have been entirely cut to pieces but for this refuge4 ,lucarne1 ,fr4 ,arch4 ,a dormer or garret window4 ,luce1 ,her4 ,the fish now called a pike4 7,fig4 #chj47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dce4 ,bronze ,lucerna4 ,roman4 ,lucerna1 ,r4 7luceo1 to shine74 ,an oil lamp of terra-cotta or bronze4 7,fig4 #dce47 ,on one side they had a handle1 and on the other one or more places for wicks 7myx74 ,the oil was poured in through an opening in the centre4 ,lucerna bilychnis1 trilychnis1 polylychnis1 and lucerna bimyxos1 trimyxos1 or polymyxos1 were respectively lamps with two1 three1 or several nozzles1 or with two1 three1 or several wicks2 lucerna pensilis was a hanging lamp4 7,see ,fig4 #dce47 ,lucid1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,lustrous varnishes4 ,lucifer 7lux1 light2 fero1 to bring74 ,the morning or evening star4 ,lucta1 ,luctamen1 ,luctatio 7,gr4 1 1 1 or 74 ,wrestling4 ,in the ,homeric age the wrestlers contended naked1 excepting the perizoma round the loins2 about ,b4,c4 #gbj 7the #aeth ,olympiad7 this was discarded4 ,the ,cretans and ,lacedmonians1 and afterwards the ,greeks1 anointed the body with oil1 and then strewed it over with sand or dust4 ,the ,lucta or ,pal differed from the ,pancratium4 ,in the latter1 boxing and wrestling were combined1 and the contest continued until one party was killed1 or unable to continue4 ,in wrestling1 on the other hand1 the victory was awarded to the man who first threw the other three times4 ,the most famous wrestler of antiquity was ,milo of ,crotona1 who flourished ,b4,c4 #eji1 and was seven times crowned at the ,pythian games1 and six times at ,olympia4 ,lucullite4 ,a variety of black marble1 first brought to ,rome from an island at ,assouan on the ,nile by ,lucullus4 ,ludi4 ,games at festivals1 or a general name for such festivals as consisted entirely of games and contests4 ,ludi circenses were games held in the circus1 gladiatorial and other4 7,see ,,circus47 ,ludi scenici were theatrical representations4 ,ludi stati1 like the ,feri stat1 were those held regularly on certain days marked in the calendar4 ,ludi imperativi1 on the other hand1 were held by special appointment1 and votivi in fulfilment of vows4 ,the games were superintended by the ,,diles4 ,the principal games will be found described under the headings ,apollinares1 ,augustales1 ,capitolini1 ,circenses1 ,compitalia1 ,floralia1 ,funebres1 ,liberales or ,dionysia1 ,megalesia1 ,plebeii1 ,sculares1 c4 ,ludus1 ,r4 ,a game or pastime2 ludus litterarius1 or ludus simply1 was a school for the instruction of youth2 ludus duodecim scriptorum1 a kind of backgammon played by the ancients2 ludus fidicium1 a music school2 ludus gladiatorius1 a school for gladiators directed by a lanista4 ,lumachel 7,it4 lumachella1 a little snail74 ,a marble full of fossil shells1 and of beautiful iridescent colours1 sometimes a deep red or orange2 called also fire marble4 ,luna1 ,r4 7lit4 moon74 ,an ivory or silver shoe-buckle worn by ,roman senators4 7,compare ,,lunula47 ,lunated4 ,crescent-shaped4 ,lunette4 7#a7 ,in ,fortification1 a work with two faces and two flanks1 i4 e4 a ,,redan to which flanks or lateral wings have been added2 in form1 therefore1 it resembles a ,,bastion4 7#b7 ,in ,architecture1 a crescent or semicircular window1 or space above a square window beneath a rounded roof4 ,hence the paintings on such a space are called lunettes2 e4 g4 those of ,raffaelle in the ,vatican4 ,lunula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of luna74 7#a7 ,an ornament in the form of a crescent worn by women round the neck4 7#b7 ,the white moon-shaped marks at the roots of the finger-nails4 7,cf4 ,,menis47 ,lupatum1 ,r4 ,a jagged bit with teeth like a saw 7lupus72 whence its name4 ,lupercalia1 ,r4 ,festivals held at ,rome on the fifteenth of the calends of ,march 7#aeth of ,february71 in the ,lupercal1 a sacred enclosure or cave on the ,palatine1 regarded as the den of the she-wolf who nursed ,romulus and ,remus4 ,the luperci assembled together and sacrificed goats and young dogs1 with the skins of which they ran through the streets half naked4 ,lupercus1 or ,februus1 was the god of fertility4 ,the festival was originally a shepherd festival2 the ceremony was symbolical of a purification of shepherds1 and commemorated the time when ,rome was a nation of shepherds4 ,lupus1 ,r4 7lit4 wolf74 7#a7 ,a hand-saw4 7#b7 ,lupus ferreus1 a huge iron hook1 lowered from the walls of a besieged place to catch the point of the battering-ram4 7,see ,,harpaga47 ,lura1 ,r4 ,literally1 the mouth of a large leathern sack for wine and oil1 and thence the sack itself4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dce a4 ,hawk's ,lure4 ,lure4 ,a falconer's decoy1 made of feathers on a cord1 to attract a hawk back to the wrist4 ,the illustration is a heraldic lure4 7,see ,fig4 #ia4 ,see also ,,in ,,lure47 ,lusiad4 ,the great epic of the ,portuguese poet ,camoens4 ,lustratio 7,gr4 74 ,a purification1 originally by water1 afterwards by solemn ceremonies of sprinkling1 or the smoke of sacrifice2 made privately after deaths or accidental pollutions1 and publicly on the occasion of public disasters1 prodigies1 or the like2 and at certain fixed periods1 especially at the close of every lustrum4 ,lustricus 7sc4 dies71 ,r4 7lustrum1 a lustration74 ,the day of purification for a new-born infant1 when it received its name4 ,lustrum1 ,r4 7luo1 to wash74 ,a solemn purification performed by the censors on laying down their office1 that is to say1 every five years2 whence the term was used to denote that space of time4 ,lute 7,arabic1 el oud74 ,a stringed instrument of great antiquity1 first mentioned in ,persia in #fhb ,a4 ,d4 ,before the #ajth century the lute had only four strings1 or four pairs producing four tones1 each tone having two strings tuned in unison4 ,about the #ajth century a string for a fifth tone was added4 ,the strings were made of silk neatly twisted4 ,the neck of the instrument was provided with frets of string1 regulated according to the system of seventeen intervals to an octave4 ,the ,chinese god of music is represented playing on a lute with four strings4 ,the lute was very popular in ,england in ,elizabeth's time4 ,originally it had eight catgut strings1 arranged in four pairs1 each pair being in unison4 ,the number of strings varied from time to time1 and in the #agth century they were twenty-four4 ,the size of the lute also varied2 the treble lute was the smallest1 and the bass lute the largest4 ,there were also the ,,archlute1 the ,,chitarrone1 ,,theorbo1 c4 7,consult ,thomas ,mace's ,musick's ,monument1 #afgf47 ,lyca4 ,a festival of the ,arcadians in honour of ,zeus 4 ,lyceium4 ,a sacred enclosure at ,athens1 dedicated to ,apollo ,lycius1 where the polemarch originally held his court4 ,it was decorated with fountains1 plantations1 and ornamental edifices by ,peisistratus1 ,pericles1 and ,lycurgus4 ,here ,aristotle delivered his lectures1 as he walked about with his followers1 hence called 8,peripatetics40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dcf4 ,lychnus4 ,lychnus1 ,lychnuchus1 ,r4 71 74 ,the former of these terms is of by far the most frequent occurrence4 ,it denotes a kind of lantern or candlestick made to support oil lamps 7lucern74 ,fig4 #dcf represents a lychnus supporting three lucern4 ,lydian4 ,of music1 soft and slow2 generally effeminate4 ,lydian ,stone 7,lydius lapis or ,heraclius lapis7 was a kind of flinty slate used by the ancients as a touchstone for the trial of gold and silver4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dcg4 ,lymphad4 ,lymphad1 ,her4 ,an ancient galley1 the feudal ensign of the house of ,lorn1 and as such quartered by the ,dukes of ,argyle4 ,it is borne also by the ,prince of ,wales as 8,lord of the ,isles40 7,fig4 #dcg47 ,lynx ,sapphire4 ,a lapidary's term for dark-grey or greenish-blue varieties of the sapphire4 ,lyon ,king at ,arms4 ,the ,scotch ,herald1 ,lord ,lyon4 ,the regalia of this officer are1 a crown of gold1 with a crimson velvet cap1 c42 a velvet robe reaching to his feet1 with the arms of the kingdom embroidered thereon1 both before and behind1 in the proper tinctures2 a triple row of gold chains round his neck1 with an oval gold medal pendent thereto1 on one side of which is the royal bearing1 and on the other ,st4 ,andrew with his cross enamelled in proper colours1 and a baton of gold enamelled green1 powdered with the badges of the kingdom4 ,lyra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a lyre2 a stringed instrument which assumed various forms4 ,on ,assyrian monuments the lyre occurs in three different forms1 and is held horizontally in playing4 ,its front bar was generally either oblique or slightly curved4 ,it was played with a plectrum or with the fingers4 ,the ,,hebrew lyre is represented on coins of ,judas ,maccabus4 ,some have three strings1 others five1 and others six4 ,the two sides of the frames appear to have been made of horns of animals4 ,the ,hebrew square-shaped lyre is probably the ,,psalterion1 the ,,kinnor1 a lyre of triangular shape1 the instrument of ,king ,david1 is named in the ,bible as the oldest stringed instrument1 the invention of ,jubal4 ,the ,rabbis record that ,king ,david used to suspend his over his pillow at night4 ,on ,egyptian monuments1 at ,beni ,hassan1 a ,hebrew lyre is represented1 probably of the date of ,joseph1 #agjj ,b4,c4 ,the ,,greeks had lyres of many kinds1 distinguished by different names2 ,,lyra1 a generic term1 and also the lyre oval at the base1 to be held in the lap2 ,,kithara1 with a square base1 to be held against the breast2 ,,chelys1 a small lyre with body made of tortoise-shell2 ,,phormix1 a large lyre1 c4 ,some lyres have a bridge1 others have none2 the largest were probably held on or between the knees1 or were tied by a band to the left arm4 ,the strings of catgut or sinew were twanged with a plektron or short stem of ivory or metal1 pointed at both ends4 ,the lyre was the most favourite instrument of the ,,romans1 under various names4 ,the ,,cornu had a frame ending at the top in two long horns2 the ,,barbitos was a lyre with a large body2 the ,,psalterium was of an oblong square shape1 c4 ,the lyre is represented in early ,,christian monuments of the #dth century4 ,in one of them the ,saviour is represented as ,apollo touching the lyre4 ,,anglo-,,saxon ,,mss4 of the #ith century also represent the lyre4 ,a ,,german fiddle of the #ith century1 with only one string1 is called lyra in the ,,ms4 ,in ,christian symbolism the lyre represented 8the attractive power of the ,lord40 7,see ,,mese47 ,lysis1 ,arch4 ,a plinth1 or step above the cornice of the podium which surrounds the ,,pedestal4 ,m4 ,m-roof1 ,arch4 ,a roof formed by the junction of two common roofs1 with a valley between them4 ,macabre4 7,see ,,dance ,,of ,,death47 ,macaronic ,verses4 ,a burlesque of ,latin1 chequered with ,italian1 ,tuscan1 and plebeian words1 described by the author3-- 8,ars ista poetica nuncupatur ,ars ,macaronica1 a ,macaronibus derivata2 qui ,macarones sunt quoddam pulmentum1 farina1 caseo1 butyro compaginatum1 grossum1 rude et rusticanum4 ,ideo ,macaronica nil nisi grossedinem1 ruditatem1 et ,vocabulazzos debet in se continere40 ,macchia1 ,it4 7lit4 a spot or stain74 8,the blocking out of the masses of light and shade40 7,see ,eastlake's ,materials1 c41 ii4 #cee47 ,mace 7,fr4 masse or massue74 ,a military club or staff1 generally of iron with a wooden handle1 useful for breaking defensive armour4 ,the mace was generally worn at the saddle-bow2 and was subsequently perforated to form a pistol1 and finally superseded by the pistol4 ,in the ,middle ,ages the mace became an emblem of office2 and is so still--usually surmounted by a crown4 7,see ,,clava1 ,,club47 ,macellarius1 ,r4 7macellum1 a market74 ,a keeper of a shop for the sale of fruit and cooked provisions4 ,his shop was called taverna macellaria4 ,macellum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a covered market in which were sold all kinds of provisions1 such as fish1 poultry1 and game2 it was distinct from the open market called ,,forum 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dch4 ,maceria4 ,maceria1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a rough wall formed of materials of every description1 and having no facing4 7#b7 ,an enclosed place unroofed4 7,fig4 #dch47 ,machra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a sword with only one edge1 made rather for cutting than thrusting4 ,machrium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,dimin4 of machra1 a knife employed chiefly by fishermen4 ,machrophorus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,literally1 armed with the hunting-knife1 the machrium2 an epithet of the so called barbarous nations1 such as the ,egyptians1 ,persians1 ,medes1 ,thracians1 and ,gauls4 ,machicolated1 ,arch4 ,furnished with machicolations4 ,machicolations 7,fr4 machicoulis71 ,arch4 ,openings or grooves made under the parapet of a fortified place1 through which stones1 pitch1 boiling water1 or hot sand were thrown down4 ,macrochera1 ,gr4 7-1 long-armed74 ,a tunic with long sleeves1 called by the ,romans ,,chiridota4 ,macrocolum1 ,macrocollum1 ,r4 ,paper of the largest size1 that is to say1 in sheets formed of a number of pieces of parchment or papyrus glued together4 ,macula1 ,r4 ,the mesh of a net2 in the plural macul4 ,madder4 ,the root of 8rubia tinctoria0 7,fr4 garance71 from which a number of valuable pigments are made1 which are transparent and permanent1 working equally well in oil and in water-colours4 ,they vary from the lightest and most delicate rose to the deepest purple1 and are known as rose madder1 pink madder1 madder-carmine1 purple madder1 brown madder1 intense madder purple1 and orange madder lake4 ,madonna1 ,it4 ,the ,virgin ,mary4 7,see ,,joys47 ,mander1 ,gr4 774 ,an ornamental design so called from the numerous windings it described1 like the river ,mander4 ,its proper name is the ,,greek ,,fret4 7,figs4 #ccd to #ccf47 ,mlium4 7,see ,,melium47 ,mmacteria1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals held at ,athens in honour of the boisterous or stormy ,zeus 771 with the object of obtaining a mild winter4 ,mnad1 ,gr4 774 ,literally1 a frenzied woman1 and thence a bacchante4 7,see ,,baccha47 ,mnhir4 7,see ,,menhir47 ,mnia ,columna1 ,r4 ,a column situated in the ,roman forum1 near which certain magistrates 7triumviri criminales7 judged criminals1 slaves1 and vagrants4 ,mniana1 ,mnian ,schol1 ,r4 ,celebrated schools of ,gaul founded by ,augustus at ,autun 7,augustodunum or ,bibracte71 so called because the buildings were furnished with balconies 7mniana74 7,see ,m,,nianum47 ,mnianum1 ,r4 ,a structure supported on corbels2 a balcony projecting from the wall of a house2 in a theatre or amphitheatre1 one range of seats comprised between two landing-places 7prcinctiones74 ,originally a balcony erected round the ,roman forum1 ,b4,c4 #cah1 to give accommodation to the spectators of gladiatorial contests4 ,afterwards balconies in general were so called4 ,maes1 ,celt4 ,a ,welsh word for a field of battle1 common in topographical nomenclature4 ,mafil4 7,see ,,mahfil47 ,mafors or ,mavors 7,gr4 7 was a short veil covering the head and neck and flowing down on the shoulders1 such as nuns wear in imitation of the ,virgin ,mary4 ,magadis1 ,gr4 774 ,a musical instrument invented by the ,lydians2 it was a kind of harp1 which changed its form and was afterwards called ,,sambuca 7q4v474 7,see ,,lyra47 ,maghreb ,pottery4 7,see ,,gargoulette47 ,magi4 ,the adoration of the ,magi 7commemorated on ,christmas ,day7 is the subject of some of the earliest specimens of ,christian art4 ,a fresco in the catacomb of ,st4 ,agnes1 representing the ,magi before ,herod1 is attributed to the #bnd century1 and the mosaics of ,st4 ,maria ,maggiore at ,rome1 in which the same subject occurs1 are of the #eth century4 ,magnase ,black4 ,a colour which dries rapidly when mixed with oil1 and is of intense body4 ,mahfil1 ,arab4 ,a raised seat in a mosque1 for the imaum mocri who reads the ,koran1 and for the imaum khatib1 who recites prayer1 preaches1 and acts as the minister of the services generally4 ,mahl-stick4 ,a stick with a pad at the end1 upon which the painter rests the wrist of his right arm while working4 ,mahogany4 ,wood of the ,swietenia mahogoni of ,jamaica and ,honduras4 ,satin-wood1 or green mahogany1 is the ,chloroxyllon2 mottled1 or ,african mahogany1 is the ,khaya2 ,indian mahogany is the ,cedrela toona4 ,mahoitres1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the name of a singular fashion of the #aeth century--8of prankyd gownes1 and shoulders up set1 moss and flocks sewed within0--of padding up the shoulder to give a broad appearance to the chest4 7,see ,figs4 #ea1 #cee1 and #dfi47 ,mail 7from the ,fr4 maille1 the meshes of a net74 ,applied to chain or ringed armour4 8,rich mayles that ronke 7strong7 were and round40 ,mainefaire1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the covering for a horse's mane4 ,it was made of overlapping plates1 like a lobster's tail2 and was fastened to the testire by buttons1 and round the animal's neck by straps4 7,meyrick47 ,maintenance1 ,cap of1 ,her4 7,see ,,chapeau47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dci4 ,majolica ,plate 7,urbino ,ware74 ,maiolica or ,majolica4 ,the ,italian name for the glazed earthenware introduced by ,moorish potters from the island of ,majorca4 ,originally these terms were only applied to 8lustre wares10 but from the #afth century they were generally applied to the glazed earthenware of ,italy4 ,a coarser lead-glazed lustred ware was known as mezza-majolica4 ,the distinguishing characteristics of the ,majolica ware are 8coarseness of ware1 intricacy of pattern1 and occasionally prismatic glaze40 ,it is also named ,,faience1 from the botega at ,,faenza1 and1 when decorated with subjects after designs of ,raphael1 8,raffaelle-ware40 ,,fayence1 terraglia1 as distinct from ,,porcelain1 is formed of potter's clay 7hence its ,english name ,pottery7 mixed with marl and sand1 and is soft or hard according to the nature of the composition1 and the degree of heat under which it is fired in the kiln4 ,english earthenware is soft1 while stone-ware1 ,queen's ware1 c41 are hard4 ,soft wares are either unglazed1 or lustrous1 or glazed1 or enamelled4 ,the ,italian lustrous ware is properly1 and the glazed ware improperly1 but generally called ,,majolica4 ,majesty 7,it4 ,maesta71 ,chr4 ,a conventional representation of the ,saviour in glory1 on a throne1 encompassed by a nimbus1 and surrounded by cherubim1 and the four evangelistic symbols1 and the letters and 4 8,the only existing document relating to ,cimabue shows that he was employed in #acja on a mosaic #8,majesty' in the tribune of the ,duomo at ,pisa40 7,eastlake47 ,mala ,pioba4 ,irish 7mala1 a bag74 ,the bagpipe4 ,malachite4 ,a native carbonate of copper1 forming a beautiful and permanent green pigment1 used for oils and water-colours4 ,incrusted upon other materials it is used for articles of ornament4 ,blue malachite is pure carbonate of copper2 green malachite is green carbonate of copper2 emerald or royal malachite is dioptase of copper1 a still rarer green and the best of all1 which is a mixture of copper and silica2 false or pseudo-malachite is phosphate of copper1 soft and silky1 and of a rich velvet green marred by black spots or lines1 and not so rich as the three kinds of true malachite4 ,malchus1 ,r4 ,an old term for a confessional having only one stool for penitents2 it signified that which has only one ear1 from the fact that ,malchus1 ,caaphas' servant1 was deprived of his right ear by ,peter4 ,malleability4 ,the property of extension under the hammer 7malleus74 ,gold is the most malleable of metals4 ,the art of rendering glass malleable was discovered by an architect in the reign of ,tiberius4 ,buried treasures of glass vessels have been found to be malleable when first disinterred1 but to harden quickly on exposure to the air4 ,malleus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a hammer4 7#b7 ,med4 ,the ,,maule 7,gothic ,milner71 ,thor's hammer2 a military weapon4 ,malluvia1 ,malluvium4 ,r4 ,a wash-hand basin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddj4 ,malus of an ,amphitheatre4 ,malus1 ,r4 7malus1 an apple-tree74 7#a7 ,the mast of a vessel4 7#b7 ,in theatres and amphitheatres 7,fig4 #ddj7 mali were the poles over which the velarium was stretched4 ,malveisin1 ,med4 7,fr4 malvoisin1 a disagreeable neighbour74 ,a military engine for projecting stones or arrows4 ,mama-quilla1 ,peruv4 ,one of the divisions of the temple of the ,sun1 ,,inti 7q4v472 so called because it was dedicated to the moon1 ,mama-quilla4 ,mamillare1 ,r4 7mamilla1 the breast74 7#a7 ,a broad band made of soft leather1 a kind of small stays1 used by the ,roman ladies to support the breasts4 7#b7 ,in ,medival ,latin1 circular plates on the surcoat with rings from which two chains depended1 one of which was attached to the sword and the other to the sheath4 ,the fashion was introduced under ,edward ,i41 and continued until ,henry ,v4 ,mancop ,oly1 ,dutch4 ,poppy oil1 8a very white oil used by the painters in the ,netherlands1 who execute delicate works requiring lively colours1 such as the vases of flowers of ,de ,ghein1 c40 7,eastlake47 ,mandorla1 ,chr4 7lit4 an almond74 7,see ,,aureole and ,,vesica ,,piscis47 ,mandra1 ,chr4 7lit4 a fold74 ,a favourite appellation for monastic establishments in the ,east4 ,manducus1 ,r4 7mando1 to chew74 ,a comic masked character1 distinguished by his ugliness and voracity 7whence his name74 7,see ,,persona47 ,mandyas1 ,chr4 ,in the ,greek ,church1 an outer garment worn by monks4 ,it is a long cloak1 reaching almost to the feet1 and fastened at the throat4 ,it is originally a ,persian dress1 and is frequently mentioned as worn by emperors and kings4 ,manefaire1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a covering of armour for a horse's mane4 ,manes1 ,r4 ,the shades of the dead4 7,see ,,lemures47 ,manganese ,brown4 ,a rich semi-opaque brown pigment1 permanent and drying well4 7,see ,,cappagh47 ,manger1 ,chr4 ,the boards of the manger in which the ,infant ,saviour was laid1 are said to be preserved in the crypt of the church of ,st4 ,maria ,maggiore at ,rome4 ,they are called the culla1 and are the object of a solemn procession on ,christmas ,eve4 ,mangonell1 ,med4 ,a military machine for hurling stones2 the spelling is frequently varied3-- 8,vous peussez bugles1 mangoniaux ,veoir pardessus les carniaux40 7,roman de la ,rose47 ,manica1 ,r4 7manus1 a hand74 7#a7 ,an armlet1 or piece of armour which protected the arm of the gladiator4 7#b7 ,a leather glove worn by barbarous nations4 ,in the plural1 manic denotes 7#a7 manacles2 7#b7 a grappling-iron called ,,harpaga 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dda4 ,manicore4 ,manicora1 ,manicore1 ,chr4 ,in ,christian iconography1 the manicora is a hybrid animal with a human head1 and a globular body ending in a serpent4 ,it is a symbol of the ,world1 the ,flesh1 and the ,devil4 7,fig4 #dda47 ,maniple1 ,chr4 ,a short stole held in the left hand1 originally used as a napkin by the officiating priest4 ,afterwards it was worn pendent from the wrist1 and richly decorated4 7,see ,,fanon47 ,the word is derived from-- ,manipulus1 ,r4 7lit4 a handful74 7#a7 ,a maniple1 the earliest ensign of the ,roman legion2 it consisted of a handful of hay attached to the end of a pole4 7#b7 ,a body of infantry in a legion1 consisting of about #ahj to #bjj men4 ,mansard ,roof1 ,arch1 7so called from ,mansard1 the ,french architect1 who introduced it71 or ,curb ,roof 7from the ,french courber1 to bend74 ,a roof with two sets of rafters1 of which the upper part is1 as it were1 broken off1 and not so steep as the lower4 ,according to ,mesanges1 ,mansard took the idea of his roof from a frame composed by ,segallo1 and ,michael ,angelo employed it in the construction of the dome of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,the houses in ,lower ,brittany were covered with these roofs in the end of the #aeth century4 ,manse1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the parsonage-house4 ,mansio1 ,r4 7maneo1 to remain74 ,stations placed at intervals along the high roads1 to serve as halting-places for the troops on a march4 7,see ,,mutatio47 ,mantapa1 ,hind4 ,a porch to a temple4 ,mantel-piece1 ,arch4 7formerly mantil74 ,a cloak or covering2 hence the slab which covers a part of the fireplace2 the canopy over a shrine 7,latin mandualis74 ,mantelet or ,mantlet4 ,a shed used for protecting soldiers from missile weapons4 7,see ,,pluteus47 ,mantica1 ,r4 7manus1 the hand74 ,a double wallet serving as a portmanteau for riders or pedestrians4 ,mantle4 ,a flowing robe worn over the armour1 as shown in the costume of the knights in the ivory mirror-case4 7,fig4 #dfc47 ,mantling or ,lambrequin4 ,a small mantle1 of some rich materials1 attached to the helmet1 and worn hanging down1 and ending in tassels4 7,see ,fig4 #agg47 ,it is usually represented1 in ,heraldry1 with jagged ends1 to represent the cuts it would be exposed to in actual battle4 ,manuale1 ,r4 7manus1 the hand74 ,a wooden case for a book4 ,manuballista1 ,r4 ,a hand-ballista4 7,see ,,arcuballista47 ,manubrium1 ,r4 7i4 e4 what is borne in the hand74 ,a general term for a handle of any kind4 7,see ,fig4 #cgg47 ,manus ,ferrea1 ,r4 ,literally1 a hand of iron2 an iron hook which served as a grappling-iron1 differing from the harpaga1 as it was launched at the end of a chain1 while the harpaga was fixed on a long beam 7asser74 ,marble4 ,the finest for statuary1 from ,carrara1 is of a pure white2 that from ,paros is of a waxy cream colour2 others coloured with metallic oxides are available for ornamental purposes4 ,many cements have been produced as 8artificial marble40 7,see ,,scagliola47 ,marble ,silk had a weft of several colours so woven as to make the whole web look like marble stained with a variety of tints4 ,on the #fth of ,november1 #aeea1 8the old qwyne of ,schottes rod thrught ,london2 then cam the lord tresorer with a ,c4 great horsse and ther cotes of marbull40 ,its use prevailed for three centuries4 ,marbling 8is an art which consists in the production of certain patterns and effects by means of colours so prepared as to float on a mucilaginous liquid4 ,while so floating they form into patterns1 which are taken off on to a sheet of paper 7for book-covers71 or to the smoothly cut edges of a book1 by dipping40 7,woolnough1 ,the ,whole ,art of ,marbling1 #ahha47 ,marcus1 ,r4 ,a blacksmith's hammer2 a sledge-hammer4 7,see ,,malleus47 ,mardelles1 ,margelles1 or ,marges1 ,celt4 ,excavations met with in several parts of ,europe1 supposed to be ,celtic4 ,mark1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an ancient coin1 value #acs4 #d;d42 formerly the equivalent of #cj silver pennies4 ,marmouset1 ,arch4 ,fr4 7monkey74 ,a grotesque figure introduced into architectural decoration in the #acth century4 ,marouflage1 ,fr4 7maroufler1 to line74 ,a method of house-painting in ,france1 upon a lining of prepared canvas fixed upon the surface to be decorated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddb4 ,marquess's coronet4 ,marquess1 ,marquis1 ,her4 ,the second order of the ,british peerage1 in rank next to that of duke1 was introduced into ,england in #achg by ,richard ,,ii4 ,the coronet1 apparently contemporary in its present form with that of the dukes1 has its golden circlet heightened with four strawberry-leaves and as many pearls arranged alternately4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddc4 ,shaft ornamented with ,marquetry4 ,marquetry4 ,inlaid-work of ornamental woods and stones of various colours put together and mixed with metals4 ,the art has existed from the earliest ages2 but no nation has brought it to a higher degree of perfection than the ,italians of the #aeth century4 ,the ,florentines especially have produced work of this kind which is unapproached2 the ,medici chapel at ,florence may be particularly instanced4 ,figs4 #ddc and #ddd represent specimens of antique work4 ,the ,venetian marquetry1 derived from ,persia and ,india1 is a fine inlay of ivory1 metal1 and woods1 stained to vary the colour4 ,this work is in geometric patterns only4 ,in ,france1 in the early marquetry designs1 picturesque landscapes1 broken architecture1 and figures are represented4 ,colours are occasionally stained on the wood4 ,ivory and ebony are the favourite materials4 ,in ,england1 it is an art imported from ,holland in the reign of ,william and ,mary4 ,the older designs on ,dutch marquetry represent tulips and other flowers1 foliage1 birds1 c41 all in gay colours1 generally the self colours of the wood used4 ,sometimes the eyes and other salient points are in ivory and mother-of-pearl4 7,compare ,,boule1 ,,certosina ,,work1 ,,emblemata1 ,,musivum ,,opus1 ,,reisner-,,work1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddd4 ,marquetry4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dde4 ,marra4 ,marra1 ,r4 ,a kind of hoe with indented teeth1 used for tearing up weeds4 7,fig4 #dde47 ,mars ,brown4 ,a brown pigment4 ,mars 7,reds1 c474 ,calcined earths of which the brightness of the redness is regulated by the duration of the roasting4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddf4 ,teapot of ,marseilles faience4 ,marseilles ,faience4 ,this ancient city has at all times been celebrated in the ceramic arts4 ,fig4 #ddf gives a representative specimen of modern polychrome work1 decorated with flowers easily recognized by the disposition of their long stalks4 ,these flowers are1 in other specimens1 accompanied by marine landscapes4 ,other polychrome services are called from their designs 8services aux insectes40 ,marsupium1 ,r4 774 ,a purse for containing money2 it was made of leather and shaped like a pear1 being confined at the top with a string4 7,hence the adjective marsupial applied to the kangaroo1 c47 ,martel de ,fer1 ,med4 ,a weapon which had at one end a pick1 and at the other a hammer1 axe-blade1 half-moon1 mace-head1 or other fanciful termination4 7,meyrick47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddg4 ,early ,heraldic ,martlet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddh4 ,heraldic ,martlet4 ,martlet1 ,her4 ,bird1 usually represented without feet4 7,figs4 #ddg1 #ddh47 ,martyrium1 ,chr4 ,an altar erected over the tomb of a martyr4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ddi4 ,il ,marzocco1 the bronze ,lion now in the ,bargello at ,florence4 ,by ,donatello 7about ,a4 ,d4 #adbj74 ,marzocco1 ,it4 ,the ,lion of ,florence4 ,the heraldic emblem of the city4 7,fig4 #ddi47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dej4 ,etruscan ,mask in terra-cotta4 ,mascaron1 ,arch4 ,fr4 ,a mask2 the face of a man or animal employed as an ornamentation for decorating the key-stones of arches or vaults1 or the stones of an arch1 c4 7,fig4 #dej47 ,mascle1 ,her4 ,the central lozenge of a diapered surface2 it is drawn with right angles4 ,maser or ,mazer1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a bowl of maple-wood4 ,the name is applied to similar bowls or goblets of other woods4 8,the mazers four1 ,my noble fathers loved of yore10 are mentioned by ,scott in 8,the ,lord of the ,isles40 ,they were richly ornamented1 frequently with legends on the rim1 such as 8,in the name of the ,trinitie ,fille the kup and drinke to me10 and the rim was often covered with silver or gold4 ,massicot4 ,the name of an ancient pigment of a dull orange colour4 ,mastaba1 ,mastab1 ,egyp4 ,an outer chapel attached to ,egyptian burial-places2 it was generally a small quadrangular building1 the door of which faced the ,east4 ,master ,arch1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the central or widest arch of a bridge4 ,mastic4 ,a resin used for varnish4 7,dissolve one part of mastic resin in two of oil of turpentine47 7,see ,,varnish47 ,in ,france1 the term is applied to a cement used to fill up joints in masonry2 in joinery1 to a composition of wax1 resin1 and pounded brick1 applied to fill up knots and chinks in the wood4 ,putty is also so called4 ,mastigophorus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a slavedriver1 and thence an officer who fulfilled the same functions as our policemen4 ,the mastigophori were so named because they carried a whip 7 71 in order to put down any crowding or tumult2 it was also part of their duty to repress any infringement of the regulations at the public games4 ,match-lock4 ,a gun which was exploded by means of a match1 before the introduction of the flint and steel4 7,see ,,fire-,,lock47 ,materiatio1 ,r4 7materia1 materials74 ,the timber-work of a roof1 consisting of two principal rafters 7canterii71 a tie-beam 7tignum71 a ridgepiece 7calcimen71 beams 7trabes71 struts 7capreoli71 purlines 7templa71 and common rafters 7asseres74 ,materis1 ,r4 ,a ,celtic javelin with a broad head4 ,matralia1 ,r4 7i4 e4 pertaining to a mother74 ,the festival of ,matuta 7the ,ino of the ,greeks71 which was held at ,rome every year on the third of the ides of ,june 7#aath of ,june74 ,prayers were offered by the ,roman matrons on behalf of their nephews1 they being afraid to pray for their own children1 since those of ,matuta had turned out so unfortunately4 ,matronalia1 ,r4 ,a festival of the ,roman matrons held on the calends of ,march1 at which matrons offered sacrifices to ,mars and ,juno ,lucina4 ,mattucashlash4 ,an ancient ,scotch weapon1 sometimes called the armpit dagger1 being worn on the arm ready to be used on coming to close quarters4 ,maule4 7,see ,,malleus47 ,maunde1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a basket4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dea4 ,mausoleum of ,hadrian at ,rome4 ,in its original state4 ,mausoleum1 ,r4 ,the tomb of ,mausolus1 king of ,caria1 at ,halicarnassus1 ranked among the seven wonders of the world4 ,the name was afterwards applied to tombs of an imposing size and splendour1 such as the tomb of ,augustus in the ,field of ,mars1 and that of ,hadrian1 on the banks of the ,tiber1 now known as ,fort ,st4 ,angelo4 ,a representation of it1 in its original state1 is shown in ,fig4 #dea4 ,mauve is the colour of a peach blossom2 obtained as a dye from aniline found in gas tar4 ,maze1 ,chr4 ,labyrinthine figures in the pavements of churches and on the turf of greens4 ,to trace the former kneeling was a species of penance4 ,mazmorra1 ,sp4 ,a tank lined with cement1 sunk in the ground and used for storing grain4 7,see ,murray's ,handbook1 ,spain1 p4 #cfa1 ,granada1 c47 ,mazonum1 ,gr4 7-2 1 barley-bread74 ,a wooden platter for domestic use1 and thence a salver of bronze or gold on which perfumes were burnt in the religious processions of ,bacchus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #deb4 ,old ,mechlin ,lace1 #agth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dec4 ,mechlin ,lace1 #ahth century4 ,mechlin ,lace is fine1 transparent1 and effective4 ,it is made in one piece on the pillow2 its distinguishing feature is the flat thread which forms the flowers1 and gives to the lace the character of embroidery4 ,in #afii--when ,charles ,,ii4's prohibition to the introduction of ,flanders lace was removed--,mechlin lace became the fashion in ,england1 and continued so during the succeeding century4 ,in the #agth century the ,beguinage nuns were celebrated for their lace-making1 and they supported their house by their work4 ,previous to #affe the name of ,mechlin was given to all pillow lace1 and much of it was made like our modern insertion4 ,the engraving shows a specimen of old ,mechlin lace formerly in great favour as head-dresses and other trimmings4 ,medallion4 7#a7 ,a medal of a larger size than the ordinary coinage4 7#b7 ,in ,architecture1 a circular or oval tablet on the face of a building4 ,medival4 7,see ,,middle ,,ages47 ,medimnus1 ,gr4 774 ,the principal ,greek measure of capacity1 holding as much as six ,roman modii4 ,it was especially used for measuring corn4 ,meditrinalia1 ,r4 7medeor1 to remedy74 ,roman festivals in honour of ,meditrina1 the goddess of healing1 celebrated on the #aath of ,october1 at which new wine was tasted1 it being looked upon by the ,romans as a preservative of health4 ,medium4 ,the liquid in which pigments are ground4 ,the best are linseed oil and nut oil4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ded4 ,medusa ,head on a shield4 ,medusa ,head was frequently used as an ornament for the centre of a shield4 7,cf4 ,,gorgoneia47 ,megalartia1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals held at ,delos in honour of ,ceres1 who was called ,megalartos 77 from her having bestowed bread on mankind4 ,megalesian 7games71 ,r4 7,ludi megalenses74 ,festivals celebrated annually on the #dth of ,april in honour of ,cybel1 who was called the ,great 771 in which the people went in procession to the ,field of ,mars to witness scenic spectacles4 ,the magistrates attended these spectacles in a purple toga1 or 8toga prtexta20 hence the expression 8,purpura ,megalensis40 ,megylp4 ,a vehicle used by some oil-painters1 condemned as tending to destroy the permanency of the picture4 ,melides1 ,gr4 ,nymphs of fruit-trees4 7,cf4 ,,hamadryades47 ,melina1 ,r4 ,a pouch made out of the skin of a marten 7or a badger1 meles74 ,melium1 ,r4 ,a collar for sporting-dogs1 studded with nails and iron spikes 7clavulis1 capitatis74 ,mell4 7,see ,,malleus47 ,melotte1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a garment worn by monks during laborious occupation4 7,halliwell47 ,membrana1 ,r4 7membrum1 skin74 ,parchment for writing on was introduced as a substitute for the ,egyptian papyrus by ,eumenes ,,ii41 king of ,pergamus4 ,it was usually written over on one side1 and the back was stained with saffron4 ,the writings were frequently erased1 and the paper or parchment used again4 ,it was then called a palimpsest4 ,all the sheets used for one work were joined together into a long scroll1 which was folded round a staff1 and then called volumen2 usually there were ornamental balls or bosses1 projecting from the ends of the staff1 called umbilici or cornua4 ,the ends of the roll were carefully cut and blackened2 they were called gemin frontes4 ,the roll itself was kept in a parchment case1 which was stained purple or yellow4 7,see also ,,liber47 ,membranula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of membrana74 ,a small strip of parchment on which the title or contents of a volume were inscribed in minium4 ,menat1 ,egyp4 ,an ,egyptian amulet worn on a necklace4 ,the menat evidently formed some symbol1 the meaning of which has hitherto not been discovered4 ,menehis or ,minihis1 ,fr4 ,this term1 derived from the ,celtic menech-ti 7house of a monk71 or manach-li 7free spot of earth71 was formerly used in ,brittany to denote a place of asylum which had been consecrated in any way4 ,menhir1 ,celt4 ,a ,celtic monument consisting of a huge stone fixed upright in the ground4 ,menhirs are found associated with dolmens1 tumuli1 and circles of stones4 7,consult ,bertrand1 ,archologie ,celtique et ,gauloise1 p4 #hd47 ,menis1 ,meniscus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 72 1 the moon74 ,a crescent-shaped piece of metal which was placed on statues of the gods to hinder birds from settling on them4 ,the same term was used to denote an ornament1 likewise in the shape of a crescent1 placed by the ,romans at the beginning of their books2 hence the expression a menide1 from the beginning4 7,cf4 ,,luna47 ,mensa1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,a board1 tablet1 or table2 mensa escaria1 or mensa simply1 a dining-table2 mensa prima1 secunda1 the first1 second course of a meal2 mensa tripes1 a table with three feet1 in contradistinction to monopodium1 a table with a single leg2 mensa vinaria1 a drinking-table 7see ,,delphica72 mensa sacra1 an altar-table2 mensa vasaria1 a table for holding vessels2 mensa publica1 a public bank2 hence mensarii1 bankers4 ,mensao1 ,celt4 ,a ,celtic monument more usually called ,,menhir 7q4v474 ,mensole1 ,arch4 ,a term denoting the key-stone of an arch4 ,menzil1 ,orient4 ,houses in the ,east for the reception of travellers1 in places where there are neither caravanserais nor khans4 ,mereack1 ,hind4 ,a sort of thick black varnish employed by the ,khmers to coat over statues made of any soft stone1 which are exposed to the changes of the weather4 ,this varnish was1 in many instances1 itself covered with gold leaf4 ,merkins1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a name given to ringlets of false hair1 much worn by ladies temp4 ,charles ,i4 ,merlons1 ,arch4 ,the ,cops or raised parts of a battlement4 ,figures of warriors or animals are sometimes carved on the tops4 7,see ,,battlement47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dee4 ,mermaid and ,pillars of ,hercules4 ,arms of the ,colonna family4 ,mermaid4 ,an ancient device of the ,colonna family was the mermaid between the pillars of ,hercules1 with the motto ,contemnit tuta procellas4 ,mesaul 7-74 7#a7 ,the narrow passage or corridor which1 in a ,greek house1 connected the andron with the gynceum4 7#b7 ,the door in this passage4 ,mese 7the middle1 sc4 74 ,the central note of the seven-stringed lyre4 ,the ,greeks had no names to distinguish musical notes4 ,they were expressed by the names of the strings of the lyre4 ,thus1 ,,nete1 d2 ,,paranete1 c2 ,,paramese1 b flat2 and ,,mese1 a1 in the treble or upper tetrachord2 and ,,lichanos1 g2 ,,parhypate1 f2 and ,,hypate1 e1 in the base or lower tetrachord4 ,mesjid1 ,arab4 ,a small mosque4 ,these exist in great numbers4 ,the ,sultan ,mohamet ,,ii4 alone consecrated #agj mesjids in ,constantinople4 ,messe1 ,a4,s4 ,the ,mass4 ,messle-house or ,meselle-house1 ,o4 ,e4 7from the obsolete word measle1 a leper74 ,a hospital or lazar-house4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #def4 ,meta of a ,roman race-course4 ,meta1 ,r4 7metior1 to measure74 ,any object with a circular base and of conical shape2 in a circus the term meta1 or rather met 7for there were two sets of goals71 was applied to a set of three cones placed together upon a pedestal1 as shown in ,fig4 #def1 to mark the turning-points of the race-course4 ,in a mill for grinding corn the name of meta was applied to the lower part of the mill1 which was hewn into the form of a cone4 7,see ,,circus1 ,,ovum1 ,,spina1 c47 ,metal1 ,tech4 7#a7 ,a mass of glass in the state of paste1 adherent to the pipe and already blown2 it may be regarded as the first stage in the production of a piece4 7#b7 ,broken glass4 7#c7 ,broken stones for repairing roads4 ,metal1 ,her4 ,the tinctures or and argent4 ,metallic ,canvas4 ,a combination of metal and canvas2 waterproof for various uses4 ,metallic ,lava4 ,a composition of gravel1 pounded chalk1 tar1 and wax1 forming an artificial stone to be cast into ornamental shapes in moulds4 ,the vestibule of the ,euston ,station is paved with this preparation4 7,builder1 vi4 #ejb47 ,metallurgy4 ,it was at a comparatively late period of human civilization that the art of working in iron was brought to perfection4 ,the ancient ,egyptians1 probably aware of its resources1 had a superstitious objection to its use2 but they hardened bronze to a degree unknown to later ages1 and their bronze statuary of the most ancient period is worthy of any age4 ,the bronze-work of ,britain and ,ireland is as ancient as any2 and1 in beauty of form and perfection of casting1 rivals the best modern work4 ,of the work in ,greece we are told that ,athens alone contained #cjjj bronze statues in the year #acj ,b4,c41 and vast treasures of metallurgy have been discovered in ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 ,in medival times ,ireland was famous for metallurgy1 and of its admirable copper-works of the #aath century many splendid relics remain1 especially the so called ,bell of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,oriental bronzes1 of characteristic design1 are plentiful from all ages2 especially beautiful and perfect in execution are those of ,china and ,japan4 ,the best period of workmanship in ,iron is the ,middle ,ages2 gates and hinges1 keys1 and especially weapons and defensive armour being the chief objects produced4 7,consult ,pugin1 ,digby ,wyatt47 7,see also ,,bronze1 ,,copper1 ,,damascening1 ,,gold1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #deg4 ,one of the carved ,metopes of the ,parthenon1 representing the ,war of the ,centaurs and the ,lapith4 ,metope1 ,arch4 7-1 i4 e4 the space between the 74 ,a kind of panel between the triglyphs in the ,doric frieze 7,fig4 #deh72 in some ,greek examples quite plain1 in others ornamented with sculpture4 ,the metopes of the ,parthenon in the ,british ,museum are carved with representations of the war of the ,centaurs and ,lapith4 7,fig4 #deg47 7,see ,,elgin ,,marbles47 ,in ,roman buildings the metopes are usually carved1 and are exact squares2 but in the ,greek ,doric this was not necessary4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #deh4 ,metopes and ,triglyphs 7,doric74 ,metreta1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 measurer74 ,the unit in the ,greek measures of capacity2 it held two cotyl1 or about eight gallons4 ,meurtrire1 ,o4 ,e4 8,a black knot1 that unties and ties the curles of the hair40 7,ladies' ,dict41 #afid47 ,mews1 ,o4 ,e4 ,originally a courtyard for 8mewing0 7i4 e4 moulting7 hawks4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #deh a4 ,mexican temple--,teocalli4 ,mexican ,architecture4 ,the principal monuments of the valley of ,mexico are situated in a small tract in the centre of the table-land of ,anahuac4 ,these consist of pyramidal temples 7teocallis7 formed in terraces1 with flat tops1 and always surmounted by a chamber or cell1 which is the temple itself4 ,in ,yucatan there are more architectural remains than anywhere in the world1 with palaces of all dates1 generally pyramidal1 and often rich with elaborate carvings4 7,see ,stephens's ,incidents of ,travel in ,yucatan47 7,fig4 #deh a47 ,mezza-majolica was the coarser majolica ware formed of potter's earth1 covered with a white 8slip10 upon which the subject was painted1 then glazed with the common lead glaze1 over which the lustre pigments were applied2 the majolica1 on the other hand1 being the tin-enamelled ware similarly lustred4 7,see ,,majolica47 ,mezzanine1 ,entresole1 ,half-story1 ,arch4 ,a small story intermediate between two others of larger size4 ,a mezzanine or ,flemish window was a window either square or broader than it was long1 made in an attic1 or in a lower story lying between two higher stories4 ,mezzo-relievo1 ,it4 ,sculpture in relief1 in which one half of the figure projects2 sometimes called ,,demi-,,relievo4 ,mias1 ,hind4 ,a commemorative monument4 ,mica1 ,micatio1 ,r4 7mico1 to move quickly74 ,a game called by the ,italians of the present day mora2 two players simultaneously stretching out one or more fingers1 and each guessing the number held up by his adversary4 ,middle ,ages4 ,the medival period--of transition between ancient and modern times--between the #ajth and the #aeth centuries is one of the grandest periods in art4 ,it begins with the decay of ,rome1 and merges into the ,renaissance4 ,middle ,distance1 in a landscape3--between the foreground and the background4 ,great skill is displayed in the expression of distance by the effects of intervening atmospheres1 and by the design of intermediate plans carrying the eye onward and suggesting space4 ,middle ,ground in a landscape4 7,see ,,middle ,,distance47 ,middle ,pointed ,period of ,architecture is a name given to that period of ,gothic architecture in ,england1 which is generally described as 8the ,decorated ,period40 ,middle ,post4 ,the ,,king-,,post in the truss of a roof4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dei4 ,jardinire--,milan ,faience4 ,milan ,faience4 ,fig4 #dei is an illustration of the ,oriental imitations for which ,milan was famous4 8,it is10 says ,m4 ,jacquemart1 8of such beautiful enamel that it might be taken for porcelain4 ,the upper and lower edges are decorated with shells1 scrolls1 and rocailles in relief1 heightened with gold2 the whole surface has a decoration of peonies and sprigs in blue1 red1 and gold1 which rival in beauty the richest specimens of old ,delft40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfj4 ,milan ,reticella ,lace4 ,milan ,lace4 ,the engraving shows a specimen of ,old ,milan ,point or ,reticella from the convent of ,santa ,maria delle ,grazie in that city4 7,see ,,reticella47 7,fig4 #dfj47 ,miliarium1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a tall narrow copper vessel employed in baths for heating the water4 7#b7 ,the column of an olive-press 7trapetum71 which rose from the centre of the mortar 7mortarium74 ,military ,architecture4 ,the science of building fortresses and fortifying town walls1 c4 ,see ,viollet le ,duc1 8,essai sur l',architecture militaire au ,moyen ,age40 ,milled ,money1 with grooved edges1 was first coined in this country in #aefa4 ,millefiori4 ,mosaic glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfa4 ,roman ,mile-stone at ,nic-sur-,aisne in ,france4 ,milliarium1 ,r4 7mille1 a thousand1 sc4 paces74 ,a column placed at intervals of a mile 7#afah ,english yards7 along a ,roman road to indicate the distance4 7,fig4 #dfa47 ,it was also called lapis4 ,milliarium aureum was the name given to the golden mile-stone erected by ,augustus in the ,forum1 where the principal roads of the ,empire terminated4 ,a stone1 called the 8,london ,stone10 in ,cannon ,street1 ,e4,c41 is supposed to have marked the centre of the ,roman roads in ,britain4 ,mill-rind1 ,fer-de-,moline1 ,her4 ,the iron fixed to the centre of a millstone4 ,millstone-grit4 ,the name of a good building stone1 plentiful in the north of ,england4 ,it is supposed to be formed by a re-aggregation of the disintegrated materials of granite4 7,see the ,builder1 vol4 ix4 #fci47 ,millus1 ,r4 7,see ,,melium47 ,mimbar1 ,arabic4 ,a pulpit in a mosque4 ,a finely-carved mimbar is in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,minah1 ,minar1 ,hind4 ,a tower or pillar4 ,the ,surkh ,minar and ,minar ,chakri1 among the topes at ,cabul1 are almost the only pillars existing in ,india4 ,they are generally ascribed to ,alexander the ,great1 but are probably ,buddhist monuments of the #crd or #dth century of our era4 ,minaret 7,arabic menarah1 a lantern74 ,a feature peculiar to ,mohammedan architecture4 ,a tall1 slender shaft or turret1 rising high above all surrounding buildings of the mosque to which it is attached2 in several stories1 with or without external galleries1 but usually having three4 ,from these galleries the muezzin summon the faithful to prayer4 ,blind men are generally selected for this duty1 because the minaret commands a view of the house-tops used as sleeping-chambers in the ,east4 ,mineral ,black4 ,a native oxide of carbon4 ,mineral ,blue4 ,a native carbonate of copper which is liable to change its tint to green1 if mixed with oil4 7,fairholt47 ,mineral ,brown4 7,see ,,cappagh47 ,mineral ,green4 ,,malachite 7q4v474 7,see ,,carbonates ,,of ,,copper47 ,mineral ,lake is a ,french pigment1 a kind of orange chrome4 ,mineral ,yellow4 ,a pigment of chloride of lead1 which becomes paler by time4 ,the name has also been applied to ,,yellow ,,ochre and ,,yellow ,,arsenic 7q4v474 ,minerval1 ,r4 ,a present or fee which ,roman scholars took to their masters every year1 on the fourteenth of the calends of ,april 7#aith of ,march71 that is1 on occasion of the festivals of ,minerva4 ,minever1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,either the pure white fur with which the robes of peers and judges are trimmed--8minever pure20 or 7#b7 the ermine with minute spots of black in it--minutus varius--in lieu of the complete tails2 or 7#c7 the fur of the ermine mixed with that of the small weasel4 7,consult ,planch's ,cyclopdia2 see also ,,vair47 ,miniature4 ,literally1 a painting executed in minium 7vermilion74 ,now used for any small picture1 and especially for a small portrait4 ,ministerium1 ,chr4 ,all the sacred ornaments and utensils of a church taken collectively4 ,minium4 ,a kind of red lead obtained by exposing lead or its protoxide to heat1 till it is converted to a red oxide4 ,it is a fine orange pigment1 but fugitive and liable to decomposition when mixed with other pigments4 ,the ancient minium was cinnabar1 or vermilion4 7,see ,,illuminating47 ,minnim1 ,heb4 ,stringed musical instruments of the lute or guitar kind4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfb4 ,minotaur4 ,device of ,gonzalvo ,perez4 ,minotaur1 ,r4 ,a monster1 half man1 half bull1 confined in the labyrinth constructed by ,ddalus in ,crete4 ,it was assumed as a device by ,gonzalvo ,perez1 with the motto from ,isaiah xxx4 #ae4 7,fig4 #dfb47 ,minster1 ,abbey-church1 ,o4 ,e4 7,germ4 ,mnster74 ,a church to which a monastery was attached2 a cathedral4 ,the name survives in 8,west-minster40 ,minstrel ,gallery1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the ,,loft in a church was so called4 ,minuscule4 7,see ,,semi-,,uncials47 ,minute1 ,it4 ,a subdivision of the module in the measurement of architectural proportion4 ,it is the twelfth1 the eighteenth1 or the thirtieth part of the ,,module4 ,mirador1 ,sp4 ,a belvedere1 or overhanging bow-window4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfc4 ,mirror-case of carved ivory--#adth cent4 ,mirror4 ,in the ,middle ,ages mirrors were often enclosed in cases of metal or carved ivory4 ,the example 7,fig4 #dfc7 gives a representation of the ,siege of the ,castle of ,love from one of the romances of the period4 7,see ,,glass47 ,mirror1 ,arch4 ,a small oval ornament cut into the deep mouldings1 and separated by wreaths of flowers4 ,miserere4 ,a projecting bracket1 on the sellette of a church stall1 on which1 when the seat was turned up1 there was a leaning-space1 available to the infirm during the parts of the service required to be performed standing4 7,see ,,sellette47 ,misericorde4 ,the narrow-bladed dagger used to put the victory with sword or lance to the test1 by obliging a fallen antagonist to cry for mercy1 or by despatching him4 ,mis'rha1 ,hind4 ,hindoo temples built with two kinds of materials2 whence their name of mixed 7mis'rha74 7,see ,,sud',,ha1 ,,vimana1 and ,,sancira47 ,missilia1 ,r4 7i4 e4 things thrown74 ,presents of cheques or tickets thrown by the emperor and wealthy persons among the people4 ,the cheques were payable to the bearer at the magazine of the donor4 7,see ,,congiarium47 ,mistarius1 ,mixtarius1 ,r4 ,any vessel of large size used for mixing water with wine4 ,mitella1 ,gr4 7dimin4 of mitra74 7#a7 ,a head-band or coif of peaked form worn by ,greek women4 7#b7 ,a scarf used as a bandage or support for a broken arm4 ,mithriatic 7,festivals71 ,pers4 and ,r4 ,festivals held in honour of ,mithras1 the ,persian sun-god4 ,mitis ,green4 7,see ,,emerald ,,green47 ,mitra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a mitre or head-dress of the ,galli or priests of ,cybel2 it was a ,phrygian cap of felt1 which was tied under the chin by lappets2 it was also called a ,phrygian tiara4 7#b7 ,a cable fastened round the hull of a vessel to strengthen the timbers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfd4 ,mitre4 ,arms of ,st4 ,alban's ,abbey4 ,mitre1 ,chr4 ,her4 ,the ensign of archiepiscopal and episcopal rank1 placed above the arms of prelates of the ,church of ,england1 sometimes borne as a charge1 and adopted by the ,berkeleys as their crest4 ,the contour of the mitre has varied considerably at various times1 growing continually higher and more pointed4 ,it was first worn by bishops about the close of the #ajth century4 ,bishops had three kinds of mitres3 the simplex1 of plain white linen2 the aurifrigata1 ornamented with gold orphreys2 and the pretiosa1 enriched with gold and jewels1 for use at high festivals4 7,fig4 #dfd47 ,in ,architecture1 the corner line formed by the meeting of mouldings intercepting each other at an angle4 ,mitten1 ,mitaine1 ,anglo-,norman4 ,a glove2 not restricted to gloves without fingers4 8,gloves made of linnen or woollen1 whether knit or stytched3 sometimes also they call so gloves made of leather without fingers40 7,ray47 7,see ,,muffetee47 ,moat1 ,mote4 7#a7 ,originally a heap or hillock2 the dune on which a tower was built1 forming the original castle4 ,the ,saxons assembled on such moats or mounds to make laws and administer justice2 hence their word witten-mote for parliament4 7#b7 ,mod4 ,usually applied to the fosse of a rampart1 the side next the fortress being the scarp1 and the opposite the counterscarp4 ,mobcap1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cap tying under a woman' chin by an excessively broad band1 generally made of the same material as the cap itself4 7,h47 ,moccinigo4 ,a small ,venetian coin1 worth about #i;d4 7,h47 ,mochado1 ,mokkado1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,a silk stuff1 commonly called 8mock velvet10 much used in the #afth and #agth centuries4 7,fairholt47 7#b7 ,a woollen stuff of the same kind4 7,halliwell47 ,it was probably a mixture of silk and wool4 7,planch47 ,modena ,pottery4 ,the antique pottery of ,modena is referred to by ,pliny and ,livy1 but there is no exact record or marked example of wares produced there during the ,renaissance4 ,the manufacture flourishes now at ,sassuolo1 a town ten miles south of ,modena4 ,modesty ,bit or ,piece1 ,o4 ,e4 8,a narrow lace which runs along the upper part of the stays1 before1 being a part of the tucker1 is called the modesty piece40 7,guardian47 8,modesty bits--out of fashion0 is an announcement in the ,london ,chronicle1 vol4 xi4 #agfb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfe4 ,modillion4 ,modillions1 ,arch4 ,small brackets under the coron of cornices2 when square they are called ,,mutules4 ,in the ,corinthian order they have carved leaves spread under them4 ,fig4 #dfe is taken from the temple of ,mars the ,avenger1 at ,rome4 ,modius1 ,r4 7modus1 a measure or standard74 ,the largest ,roman measure of capacity4 ,module1 ,arch4 ,a measure adopted by architects to determine by the column the proportions of the different parts of a work of architecture4 ,it is usually the diameter or the semi-diameter of the shaft of the column4 ,mnia1 ,r4 ,a term synonymous with ,,murus 7q4v472 but more comprehensive1 in that it implies not merely the idea of walls1 but also of the buildings attached to them4 8,mnia lata videt1 triplici circumdata muro40 7,virgil47 ,mogul ,architecture is that of the buildings erected in the reigns of the ,mogul emperors1 kings of ,delhi1 from ,a4 ,d4 #aeca to the present century4 ,moilon 7,fr4 moellon71 ,arch4 ,rubble-masonry4 ,mokador1 ,mocket1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a napkin1 handkerchief1 or bib4 8,goo hom1 lytyl babe1 and sytt on thi moderes lap1 ,and put a mokador aforn thi brest1 ,and pray thi modyr to fede the with the pappe40 7,twentieth ,coventry ,mystery47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dff4 ,mola versatilis4 ,mola1 ,r4 7molo1 to grind74 ,a mill2 mola manuaria1 a hand-mill2 mola buxea1 a box-wood mill1 or mill for grinding pepper2 mola aquaria1 a water-mill2 mola asinaria1 a mill worked by a beast of burden2 mola versatilis1 a grindstone 7,fig4 #dff represents ,love sharpening his arrows1 from an engraved gem72 mola olearia1 a mill for crushing olives4 ,mold1 ,o4 ,e4 7for mould74 ,earth2 ground4 ,the word is constantly applied to the ground in works of art4 7,see ,degrevant1 #ajci2 ,halliwell47 ,moline1 ,her4 ,a cross terminating like the ,,mill-,,rind4 ,in modern cadency it is the difference of the eighth son4 ,mollicina1 ,molochina 7sc4 vestis71 ,r4 71 i4 e4 mallow-coloured74 ,a garment made from the fibres of a mallow 7hibiscus74 ,mona ,marble4 ,a beautiful marble of a greenish colour1 obtained in the ,isle of ,anglesea4 ,monastic ,orders consisted of ,benedictine or black monks1 and ,cistercian or white monks4 ,there were the ,regular ,orders1 the ,military ,orders1 the ,conventual ,orders1 ,colleges1 c4 ,monaulos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 single-flute74 ,a ,greek pipe made of a reed1 of ,egyptian origin1 blown at the end without a reed mouthpiece1 and remarkable for the sweetness of its tone4 ,monelle1 ,monial1 ,moynel1 ,arch4 7,see ,,mullions47 ,moneris1 ,gr4 7-1 single74 ,a galley or ship with a single bench of rowers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfh4 ,monile4 ,a ,gaulish collar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfg4 ,monile4 ,details of ornament4 ,monile1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a necklace or collar4 ,fig4 #dfh represents a bronze necklace belonging to the ,gaulish period1 and ,fig4 #dfg a part of the same necklace on a larger scale4 ,by analogy the term was applied to the ornaments worn by horses about the neck4 7,see ,,necklaces47 ,monks1 ,chr4 ,in the religious iconography of the ,gothic period1 especially the #adth and #aeth centuries1 there frequently occur grotesque representations of monks4 7,see ,fig4 #cea47 ,monmouth ,cap1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cap worn by soldiers and sailors4 ,monochord4 ,a one-stringed musical instrument1 much used for measuring the proportions of length which yield the various sounds within an octave4 ,monochrome ,painting4 7#a7 ,painting in a single colour1 as1 for instance1 red upon a black ground1 or white upon a red ground4 ,the most numerous class of specimens of this kind of painting are upon terra-cotta1 as the ,etruscan vases4 7#b7 ,the term is applied to paintings in tints of one colour1 in imitation of bas-reliefs4 ,monogram4 ,a combination of two or more letters into one design1 illustrated especially in ecclesiastical decoration of the #adth and #aeth centuries1 c4 ,the abbreviation ,,ihs is said to have been invented by ,st4 ,bernardino of ,siena about #adcg4 ,for ,artists' monograms1 see ,stellway1 ,heller1 ,brulliot 7,dictionaries of ,monograms74 ,monolith 7-74 ,an object formed of a single block of stone4 ,monolium1 ,monolinum1 ,r4 ,a necklace formed with a single string of pearls4 7,see ,,monile47 ,monoloris1 ,r4 7,gr4 1 one1 and ,lat4 lorum1 a thong4 ,a hybrid word74 ,decorated with a single band of purple and gold1 like the ,,paragauda 7q4v474 ,monopodium 7sc4 mensa71 ,r4 7-74 ,a table with a single foot4 ,monopteral1 ,arch4 7-74 ,with a single wing2 a circular temple or shrine1 consisting of a roof supported on columns1 without any cella4 ,monostyle1 ,arch4 7#a7 ,piers of a single shaft are sometimes distinguished by this name from compound piers1 then called for distinction polystyle4 7#b7 ,a building which is of one style of architecture throughout2 or 7#c7 surrounded by a single row of pillars4 ,monota1 ,gr4 ,a vase with one ear 7or handle74 ,monotriglyph1 ,arch4 ,the intercolumniation in the ,doric order1 which embraces one triglyph and two metopes in the entablature4 7,parker's ,glossary of ,architecture47 ,monoxylos1 ,monoxylus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,literally1 hewn or made out of a single piece of wood4 ,monsters1 in ,architecture4 7,see ,,centaur1 ,,griffin1 ,,grotesques1 ,,sphinx1 c47 ,monstrance1 ,expositorium1 ,chr4 7monstrare1 to show74 ,an ornamental vessel of gold1 silver1 silver-gilt1 or gilded or silvered copper1 representing usually a sun with rays1 in the centre of which is a lunule or glass box in which the consecrated wafer is carried and exposed on the altars of churches4 ,the earliest monstrances1 which are now called expositories1 do not date beyond the #abth century4 ,very ancient specimens exist at ,rheims1 ,namur1 c4 ,montem4 ,an annual custom at ,eton2 a procession of boats ad montem4 7,see ,brand1 i4 #bcg47 ,montero4 8,a close hood wherewith travellers preserve their faces and heads from frostbiting and weather-beating in winter40 7,cotgrave47 ,monteth1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a vessel used for cooling wine-glasses in4 7,halliwell47 ,mont-la-haut4 8,a certain wier 7wire7 that raises the head-dress by degrees or stories40 7,ladies' ,dict41 #afid47 ,montmorency ,escutcheon4 7,see the illustration to ,,hunting ,,flask47 ,monumentum1 ,r4 7moneo1 to remind74 ,in general1 any token1 statue1 or monument intended to perpetuate the memory of anything4 ,monumentum sepulchri is the name given to a tomb4 ,the ,monument of the ,great ,fire of ,london1 erected by ,sir ,christopher ,wren1 is of the ,italo-,vitruvian-,doric order1 of ,portland stone1 and consists of a pedestal about #ba feet square1 with a plinth #bg feet1 and a fluted shaft #ae feet at the base2 on the abacus is a balcony encompassing a moulded cylinder1 which supports a flaming vase of gilt bronze1 indicative of its commemoration of the ,great ,fire4 ,defoe describes it as 8built in the form of a candle with a handsome gilt frame40 ,its entire height is #bjb feet1 and it is the loftiest isolated column in the world4 ,its interior contains a spiral staircase of #cde black marble steps4 7,see ,,cochlis47 ,monyal1 ,o4 ,e4 for ,,mullion 7q4v474 ,moorish ,architecture1 or ,arabian or ,mohammedan architecture1 arose at the beginning of the #gth century in the ,east1 and in ,spain1 ,sicily1 and ,byzantium in ,europe4 ,the style originated in a free adaptation of different features of ,christian architecture1 and their earliest mosques were built by ,christian architects4 ,the horse-shoe arch is a very early characteristic of their style1 and the pointed arch appears at ,cairo and elsewhere three centuries earlier than in ,europe4 ,the most perfect specimen of the luxury of decoration of which this style is capable is found in the ,alhambra4 7,see ,,alhambraic ,,architecture2 consult the ,essai sur l',architecture des ,arabes et des ,mores1 by ,girault de ,prangy1 #ahda47 ,moor-stone4 ,a very coarse granite found in ,cornwall and some other parts of ,england1 and of great value for the coarser parts of building2 it is also found in immense strata in ,ireland4 ,its colours are chiefly black and white4 ,moot-hall1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a public assembly-house2 a town hall1 c4 7,see ,,moat47 ,mora1 ,r4 7mora1 an obstacle74 ,a projection or cross-bar on a spear to prevent its penetrating too far4 ,mordaunt1 ,fr4 ,the catch for the tongue of the buckle of a belt4 ,moresco-,spanish1 or ,saracenic ,textiles wrought in ,spain1 are remarkable for an ingenious imitation of gold1 produced by shreds of gilded parchment cut up into narrow flat strips and woven with the silk4 ,moresque or ,moresco-,spanish ,architecture is the work of ,moorish workmen1 executed for their ,christian masters in ,spain4 ,the most remarkable examples are in the city of ,toledo 7described by ,street1 ,gothic ,architecture in ,spain74 ,morion4 ,a head-piece of the #afth century1 introduced by the ,spaniards1 who had copied it from the ,moors1 to the rest of ,europe about #aeej4 ,it was worn as late as the reign of ,charles ,i4 ,there were peaked morions1 coming to a point at the top2 and high combed morions1 surmounted by a kind of crest or ridge4 ,moriones1 ,r4 7#a7 ,idiots1 dwarfs1 or deformed persons1 used as slaves1 to afford amusement in the houses of the great4 7#b7 ,a dark-brown gem2 perhaps the smoky topaz4 ,morisco1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,morris ,,dance47 ,moristan1 ,arab4 ,a hospital4 ,morne1 ,mornette4 ,the head of a blunted tilting-lance1 the point being turned back4 ,morning ,star1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a club called also a ,,holy ,,water ,,sprinkler 7q4v474 ,morris ,dance1 ,o4 ,e4 7or ,moorish74 ,a very ancient dance1 of masked and costumed performers1 with bells1 c4 ,morris ,pike1 ,o4 ,e4 7for ,moorish74 ,long pikes copied from those of the ,moors1 the staves of which were covered with little nails4 ,morse1 ,chr4 7,fr4 mordre1 to bite74 ,the clasp or brooch which fastened the cope on the breast4 7,see the illustration to ,,pope47 ,mort1 ,o4 ,e4 7death74 ,the notes blown on the horn at the death of a deer4 ,mortuary ,palls1 in the ,middle ,ages1 for the covering of the biers of dead people were richly decorated4 ,one at ,amiens is decorated1 upon white stripes on a black ground1 with skulls and bones and the words 8memento mori0 interspersed4 ,mosaic1 or more correctly ,musaic ,work4 ,,opus ,,musivum1 glass mosaic2 ,,opus ,,tesselatum1 clay mosaic2 ,,opus ,,lithostrotum1 stone mosaic4 ,mosaic ,glass1 ,millefiori4 7,see ,,glass47 ,mose4 7#a7 ,probably a dish 78,dyschmete0 made of apples was called 8,appulmoce074 7#b7 ,for ,,morse 7q4v474 ,moton1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a piece of armour intended to protect the right armpit1 used in the reigns of ,henry ,,vi41 ,edward ,,iv41 and ,richard ,,iii4 ,mottoes1 in ,heraldry1 are words1 or very short sentences1 sometimes placed above the crest1 but generally below the shield4 ,mottoes are sometimes emblematical or allusive1 and frequently punning1 as the 8,set on0 of the ,setons1 the 8,tight on0 of the ,tittons1 and the 8,est hic0 of the ,eastwicks4 7,see ,,labels #b47 ,mould4 7,see ,,mold47 ,mouldings4 ,a general term for the varieties of outline given to subordinate parts of architecture1 such as cornices1 capitals1 bases1 c4 ,these 7described in their places7 are principally3 the ,,fillet or ,,list1 the ,,astragal or ,,bead1 the ,,cyma ,,reversa or ,,ogee1 the ,,cyma ,,recta or ,,cyma1 the ,,cavetto or hollow moulding1 the ,,ovolo or quarter round1 the ,,scotia or ,,trochilus4 ,these are frequently enriched by foliage1 egg and tongue and other ornaments1 c4 7,see the article in ,parker's ,glossary of ,architecture for a history of the diversities of the mouldings in the different styles47 ,moulinet4 ,a machine for winding up a cross-bow4 ,mound1 ,her4 ,a globe encircled and arched over with rich bands1 and surmounted by a cross-pate2 an ensign of the royal estate4 7,see ,,crown1 ,,orb1 ,,regalia47 ,mountain or ,mineral ,blue 7,green74 7,see ,,carbonates ,,of ,,copper47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dfi4 ,mug of ,moustiers make4 ,moustiers ,faience4 ,moustiers in ,provence is one of the most important of the ,french ceramic centres4 ,the mug represented in ,fig4 #dfi is coloured with varied enamels1 and ornamented with medallion and wreaths4 ,muckinder1 ,muckinger1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pocket-handkerchief 7sc4 dirty74 ,mueta1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,old ,fr4 muette74 ,a watch-tower4 ,muffler4 ,a handkerchief covering the chin and throat1 and sometimes used to cover the face 7muffle or muzzle74 8,i spy a great peard under her muffler40 7,shakspeare47 ,muffs were introduced into ,england from ,france in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 ,they were previously known in ,england1 but were subsequently more common1 and used by both sexes4 ,very little variation has occurred in their manufacture4 ,muglias1 ,arab4 ,a kind of pastilles2 a substance employed in the ,middle ,ages for making odoriferous beads2 they were burnt for fumigations4 ,mulctra1 ,mulctrale1 ,mulctrum1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7mulgeo1 to milk74 ,a milk-pail for milking cows4 ,in ,christian archology it is a pastoral vessel which is a eucharistic symbol4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgj4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dga4 ,mullets1 ,her4 ,stars generally of five1 but sometimes of six or more rays4 ,fig4 #dgj is of the date #abie1 and ,fig4 #dga its development in #adca4 ,mulleus1 ,mule1 ,r4 7mullus1 a red mullet74 ,a red half-boot1 which only certain magistrates had the right of wearing1 viz4 the ancient dictators1 consuls1 prtors1 censors1 and diles4 ,mullions or ,munnions1 ,arch4 ,the slender piers which separate a window into several compartments4 ,multifoiled1 ,arch4 ,having many ,,foils 7q4v474 ,this term is synonymous with ,,polyfoiled4 ,mummy4 ,this pigment should be made of the pure ,egyptian asphaltum1 ground up with drying oil or with amber varnish4 ,mummy-cloths 7,egyptian7 were of fine unmixed flaxen linen1 beautifully woven1 of yarns of nearly #ajj hanks in the pound1 with #adj threads in an inch in the warp1 and about #fd in the woof4 ,muniment-rooms1 to be strong and fire-proof1 were erected over porches1 gateways1 c4 ,they contained charters1 archives1 c4 7,see ,,charter-,,house47 ,munnions1 ,arch41 for ,,mullions 7q4v474 ,mural4 ,generally1 on a wall2 as-- ,mural ,arch4 ,an arch against a wall1 frequent in the aisles of medival buildings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgb4 ,mural crown4 ,mural ,crown 7,her47 represents masonry1 and is embattled4 7,see ,,corona47 ,mural ,monument4 ,a tablet fixed to a wall1 c4 ,mural ,painting4 7,see ,,fresco1 ,,tempera1 c47 ,murex1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a ,triton's horn or conch2 7#b7 murex ferreus1 a caltrap1 thrown down to hinder the advance of cavalry1 its long spikes being so arranged as to pierce into the horses' feet1 and so disable them4 7,see ,,caltraps47 ,murrey1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a reddish purple or mulberry colour4 ,the livery of the ,house of ,york4 ,murrhina1 ,murrhea1 and ,myrrhina1 ,r4 ,murrhine vases2 they are spoken of by ,pliny1 and have given rise to interminable treatises and discussions1 with the sole result that no light whatever has been thrown on the nature of these vases4 ,murrhine ,glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgc4 ,walls of ,megalopolis4 ,murus1 ,r4 ,walls as defences and fortifications1 in contradistinction to paries1 the wall of a building4 ,fig4 #dgc represents a portion of the walls of ,megalopolis4 7,see ,m,,nia47 ,muscarium1 ,r4 7musca1 a fly74 7#a7 ,a fly-flap4 ,hence 7#b7 ,the tail of a horse4 7#c7 ,a case in which papers were shut up in order to preserve them from fly-stains4 ,muses1 the personifications of the liberal arts1 are represented conventionally as follows3-- ,calliope4 ,the ,muse of epic poetry2 a tablet and stylus1 sometimes a roll4 ,cleio4 ,the ,muse of history2 seated in an arm-chair with an open roll of paper1 sometimes with a sun-dial4 ,euterpe4 ,the ,muse of lyric poetry2 with a double flute4 ,melpomene4 ,the ,muse of tragedy2 with a tragic mask1 the club of ,hercules1 and sword2 crowned with the vine-leaves of ,bacchus1 and shod in the cothurnus2 often heroically posed with one foot on a fragment of rock4 ,terpsichore4 ,the ,muse of choral dance and religious song2 with lyra and plectrum4 ,as the ,muse of religious poetry1 her expression is dignified and earnest4 ,erato4 ,the ,muse of erotic poetry and soft ,lydian music2 sometimes has the lyre1 sometimes is represented dancing1 always gentle and feminine in expression4 ,polyhymnia4 ,the ,muse of the sublime hymn and divine tradition2 usually appears without any attribute1 in an attitude of meditation2 sometimes the inscription 7of the myth74 ,urania4 ,the ,muse of astronomy2 points with a staff to a celestial globe4 7,lachesis1 one of the ,parc1 has the same attributes47 ,thaleia4 ,the ,muse of pastoral life1 of comedy1 and of idyllic poetry2 appears with the comic mask1 a shepherd's staff1 and a wreath of ivy1 or basket2 sometimes dressed in a sheepskin4 ,the ,muses are sometimes represented with feathers on their heads1 alluding to their contest with the ,sirens1 whom they stripped of their wing feathers1 which they wore as ornaments4 7,hirt4 ,mythologisches ,bilderbuch1 p4 #bjc47 ,museum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,literally1 a temple of the ,muses4 ,the term was afterwards applied to an establishment founded by ,ptolemy ,i41 called ,soter1 at ,alexandria in ,egypt1 in which scholars and literary men were maintained at the public expense4 ,in a villa1 it was a grotto or retreat to which people retired for meditation4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dge4 ,opus musivum4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgd4 ,opus musivum4 ,musivum 7opus71 ,r4 774 ,this term was used by the ,romans to denote a mosaic of small cubes of coloured glass or enamel1 in contradistinction to ,,lithostrotum 7q4v471 which was a pavement made of real stones and marbles of different colours2 but in a more extended sense1 the term ,musivum denotes any kind of mosaic4 ,figs4 #dgd and #dge show examples of various kinds4 ,fig4 #dgf is a mosaic forming a border4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgf4 ,opus musivum--bordering4 ,muslin1 originally esteemed for the beauty with which gold was woven in its warp1 took its name from the city of ,mousull in ,turkey in ,asia4 ,musquet4 ,a long heavy match-lock gun1 introduced from ,spain in the ,dutch wars of the #afth century1 which eventually displaced the harquebus4 7,see ,,snaphaunce and ,,wheel-,,lock47 ,musquet-rest4 ,a staff with a forked head required to support the musquet4 ,it was trailed by a string from the wrist4 ,mustarde ,villars1 ,o4 ,e4 ,either 7#a7 a kind of cloth1 probably so named from ,moustier de ,villiers1 near ,harfleur2 or else 7#b7 7as ,stowe says7 8a colour1 now out of use40 ,mustard was a favourite colour for liveries and official dresses in the #aeth century4 ,mutatio1 ,r4 ,literally1 change4 ,the ,romans gave the name of mutationes to the posthouses for relays of horses established along the high roads for the service of the state4 ,mutch1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an old woman's close cap4 7,fairholt47 ,mute1 ,fr4 ,this term1 derived from the ,latin muta1 is employed by ancient authors as a synonym for belfry1 turret1 or bell-tower4 ,mutule1 ,arch4 ,in a general sense1 any stone or wooden projection which stands out beyond the surface of a wall1 such as a rafter1 for instance4 ,in a more restricted sense1 it denotes an architectural ornament characteristic of the ,doric order1 consisting of a square block placed at equal intervals above the triglyphs and metopes in a ,doric cornice4 ,in the ,corinthian order mutules are replaced by modillions4 ,mynchery1 ,a4,s4 ,a nunnery4 ,the word survives in local dialects1 and is applied to the ruins2 e4 g4 of the ancient mynchery at ,littlemore1 near ,oxford4 ,myrtle ,crown for bloodless victors4 ,the myrtle was sacred to ,venus4 ,it flourished on the sea-coast of ,italy and ,greece4 ,the wood is very hard1 and is used for furniture1 marquetry1 and turning4 ,another myrtle wood from ,van ,diemen's ,land is beautifully veined for cabinet-work4 ,myth1 ,gen4 71 lit4 that which is spoken74 ,the name given to obscure traditions handed down from remote antiquity1 antecedent to written or precise history2 opposed to legendary record 7which can be read74 ,n4 ,nablia1 ,nablum4 ,a stringed musical instrument2 a kind of cithara in the shape of a semicircle4 ,nacre1 ,fr4 ,mother-of-pearl1 the iridescent inner lining of the pearl mussel or oyster4 ,nacreous ,shells4 ,iridescent shells4 ,several kinds are used for manufactures1 as some species of ,meleagrina1 ,turbo1 ,nautili1 c4 ,nadir 7,arab4 nadhir1 opposite74 ,the part of the heavens directly under our feet2 opposite to the ,,zenith4 ,nnia4 7,see ,,nenia47 ,naga1 ,malay4 ,jars with the figure of a dragon traced on them4 ,naga ,architecture 7,hind4 naga1 a poisonous snake74 ,temples dedicated to the worship of the seven-headed snakes are found in ,cashmere1 remarkable for their identity of style with the ,grecian ,doric1 unlike anything found in any other part of ,india4 ,consult ,fergusson1 ,history of ,architecture1 ii4 #gjc-gcb4 ,nagara4 ,a ,hindoo name for a music-gallery in front of the ,jain temples4 ,nahinna4 ,a ,persian manufacture of majolica4 ,the ,comte de ,rochechouart says that the ancient faience of ,persia is as admirable as the modern is detestable1 though it retains a degree of oriental elegance4 ,naiad4 ,a water-nymph4 ,nail4 ,in cloth measure1 #b inches4 ,nail-head ,moulding1 ,arch4 ,an ornament formed by a series of projections resembling round or angular nail-heads4 ,nainsook1 ,hind4 ,a thick sort of jaconet muslin4 ,naipes1 ,sp4 ,playing-cards4 ,the word is supposed to be derived from the initials of ,nicolao ,pepin1 the inventor4 7,diccionario de la ,lengua ,castellana47 ,hence the ,italian naibi4 ,naked ,flooring1 ,arch4 ,the timber-work which supports a floor4 ,namby-pamby4 ,affectedly pretty4 ,the term originated in criticism of an ,english poet of the #agth century--,ambrose ,phillips4 ,nancy ,biscuit4 ,a peculiar porcelain made at ,nancy4 ,the faencerie was established in #aggd by ,nicolas ,lelong4 ,nankeen4 ,a buff-coloured cotton cloth1 introduced from the province of ,nankin1 in ,china4 ,nn-mo1 ,chinese4 ,a beautiful wood1 resembling cedar1 used for temples1 palaces1 and houses of state4 ,nantes4 ,manufactories of white faience were established here in #aehh and #afbe2 and that of ,le ,roy de ,montillie and others in the #ahth century4 ,naology4 ,the science of temples4 7,see ,dudley's ,naology1 or a ,treatise on the ,origin1 ,progress1 and ,symbolical ,import of the ,sacred ,structures of the ,world47 ,naos1 ,gr4 ,the interior apartment of a ,greek temple2 the cella of the ,roman temple4 ,napery4 ,a general term for made-up linen cloth4 ,naphthar1 ,heb4 7lit4 thick water74 ,the name given by ,nehemiah to the substance that they found in the pit where the sacred fire of the temple had been hidden during the ,captivity4 ,this 8thick water1 which0 7the legend says7 8being poured over the sacrifice and the wood1 was kindled by the great heat of the sun and then burnt with an exceedingly bright and clear flame10 was the naphtha of modern commerce4 ,napiform 7,lat4 napus1 a turnip74 ,turnip-shaped4 ,napkin 7little nape74 ,a pocket-handkerchief4 8,your napkin is too little40 7,othello47 ,napkin ,pattern4 ,a decorative ornament very common in ,german wood-carving of the #aeth and #afth centuries4 7,see ,,linen-,,scroll47 ,naples ,majolicas were already celebrated early in the #afth century4 ,m4 ,jacquemart describes some vases of colossal size1 evidently constructed for 8la grande dcoration10 being painted on only one face2 handles in the form of caryatids add to the majestic appearance of these vases2 the subjects are scriptural1 executed in blue camayeu picked out in black2 the design is free1 elegant though rather straggling1 and the touch is bold and spirited4 ,naples ,yellow 7,it4 giallolino74 ,a compound of the oxides of lead and antimony1 having a rich1 opaque1 golden hue4 ,as a pigment for oil painting and for porcelain and enamel1 it is now superseded by chromate of lead4 ,as a water-colour pigment it is liable to blacken upon exposure to damp or bad air4 ,napron4 ,an apron used by medival masons4 ,limas was another kind of apron worn by them4 ,nard 7,lat4 nardus74 ,ointment prepared from the spikenard shrub4 ,nares1 ,lat4 7the nostrils74 7#a7 ,the perforations in the register-table of an organ1 which admit air to the openings of the pipes4 7#b7 ,the issue of a conduit4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgg4 ,narghilly--,persian4 ,nargil or ,narghilly1 ,persian4 ,a tobacco-pipe with an arrangement for passing the smoke through water4 ,the illustration is the bowl of a ,persian pipe of this description1 in ,chinese porcelain4 7,fig4 #dgg47 ,nariform 7,lat4 naris1 the nostril74 ,nose-shaped4 ,narthex1 ,chr4 ,the vestibule of a church2 sometimes within the church1 sometimes without1 but always further from the altar than the part where the 8faithful0 were assembled4 ,hence it was a place for the catechumens4 ,the narthex communicated with the nave by the 8beautiful gates10 and with the outside by the 8great gates40 ,in monastic churches the narthex was the place for the general public4 ,nasal1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the bar of a helmet which protected the nose4 ,nask1 ,hind4 ,a quoin1 or coin-stone4 ,natalitii ,ludi1 ,r4 ,games in the circus in honour of an emperor's birthday4 ,natatorium4 ,a cold swimming-pool in the baths4 ,that at ,pompeii is of white marble twelve feet ten inches in diameter1 and about three feet deep1 with three marble steps1 and a seat round it raised about ten inches from the bottom4 ,there is a platform or ambulatory round the bath1 also of marble4 7,see ,,sigma47 ,the ceiling is vaulted1 with a window in the centre4 7,see ,,baptisterium47 ,natatorium1 ,chr4 ,a baptismal font2 ,gr4 7piscina probata74 ,natinz4 ,a ,persian manufacture of majolica4 7,see ,,nahinna47 ,nativity4 ,while the ,adoration of the ,magi is one of the commonest subjects of early ,christian art1 the ,nativity is one of the rarest4 ,it is not found in any catacomb frescoes1 or the mosaics of any basilicas or churches4 ,the only examples are sculptural1 and this on ivories1 gems1 c4 ,on these generally the ,child is seen wrapped in swaddling clothes as the central object1 the star appears above1 the ,virgin on a rude couch1 and sometimes ,st4 ,joseph rapt in thought1 his head resting on his hand2 the ox and the ass appear behind1 and shepherds with curved staves stand by adoring4 ,natural4 ,in ,music1 a character marked used to correct the power of a previous sharp or flat4 ,a natural scale is a scale written without sharps or flats4 ,naturalisti1 ,it4 ,artists who work on the principle of a close adherence to the forms and colours actually combined in natural objects4 ,the epithet was particularly applied as a term of reproach to the founders of the modern ,dutch school of painting4 7,see ,,ideal47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgh4 ,naumachia1 from a coin of ,domitian4 ,naumachia 71 a ship1 and 1 a battle74 7#a7 ,a spectacle representing a sea-fight1 a subject frequently represented on coins and sculptures4 7#b7 ,a building erected for such shows4 ,napoleon ,i4 had a theatre at ,milan filled with water for a sea-fight4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dgi4 ,nautilus4 ,device of the ,affidati ,academy4 ,nautilus4 ,a shell-fish that sails on the surface of the sea in its shell4 ,its spiral univalve shell is a common motive in ornamental design4 8,learn of the little nautilus to sail1 ,spread the thin oar1 and catch the driving gale40 7,pope47 ,the illustration is the device of the ,affidati1 an ,italian literary ,academy1 with the motto 8,safe above and below40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhj4 ,naval crown4 ,navalis ,corona4 7,see ,,corona ,,navalis47 7,fig4 #dhj47 ,nave1 ,arch4 7so called from its vaulted roof resembling in shape an inverted ship 7navis72 or from nave1 the centre of anything74 ,the middle part or body of a church between the aisles1 extending from the choir to the principal entrance4 ,the ,germans call this part of a church 8,schiff40 ,navette1 ,navicula1 ,chr4 ,the vessel1 in the shape of a boat1 in which incense is placed for the supply of the thurible4 ,navicella1 ,chr4 ,a celebrated mosaic1 at ,rome1 of a ship tossed by storms and assailed by demons2 emblematic of the ,church4 ,neanderthal4 ,a valley near ,dusseldorf1 in which bones and skulls were found of men asserted to have been pradamite4 ,neat-house1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a cattle-shed4 ,nebris1 ,gr4 7from 1 a fawn74 ,a fawn's skin1 worn originally by hunters2 an attribute of ,dionysus1 and assumed by his votaries4 ,it is represented in ancient art as worn not only by male and female bacchanals1 but also by ,pans and ,satyrs4 ,it was commonly put on in the same manner as the gis1 or goat's skin1 by tying the two fore-legs over the right shoulder1 so as to allow the body of the skin to cover the left side of the wearer4 ,nebular 7,lat4 nebula1 a mist74 ,belonging to the nebul1 or clusters of stars only visible as a light1 gauzy appearance or mist in the skies4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dha4 ,nebule ,moulding4 ,nebule ,moulding4 ,a decorated moulding of ,norman architecture1 so called from the edge forming an undulating or waving line4 7,see ,fig4 #dha47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhb4 ,nebule4 ,nebule1 ,her4 ,a dividing and border line1 as represented in ,fig4 #dhb4 ,nebulous4 ,cloudy or hazy4 ,nebuly1 ,her4 ,ornamented with light wavy lines4 ,neck1 ,arch4 ,the plain part at the bottom of a ,roman ,doric or other capital1 between the mouldings and the top of the shaft4 7,see ,,hypotrachelium47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhc4 ,necklace4 ,costume of a ,roman lady of the #afth century4 ,necklaces4 ,an ornament common to all ages and nations4 ,the ancient ,,egyptians of both sexes wore them of gold or beads1 generally with a large drop or figure in the centre1 and strung of the various religious emblems2 amethysts1 pearls1 gold or cornelian bottles1 imitations of fish1 shell1 and leaves2 finally1 an infinite variety of devices4 7,see ,wilkinson's ,ancient ,egyptians1 ii4 #cdc47 ,an illustration of a common form of ,,greek necklaces is given under ,crotalium4 ,the ,,british women of the earliest ages wore necklaces of jet1 ivory1 and amber1 beads1 shells1 c41 besides gold links hooked together4 7,see also ,,monile1 ,,torque47 ,the ,anglo-,norman ladies do not appear to have worn necklaces1 and no medival examples are found earlier than the #aeth century4 7,see ,figs4 #cjc1 #cjd1 #dhc47 ,neck-mouldings1 ,arch4 ,the mouldings at the bottom of the capital1 in ,gothic architecture4 ,necrodeipnon1 ,gr4 ,a feast after a funeral2 a common subject on tombs4 ,a horse's head is usually placed in one corner of the representation1 as an emblem of death as a journey4 ,necrologium1 ,chr4 ,a book kept in religious houses for the names of the founders and benefactors to be mentioned in the prayers4 ,necromancy 7,gr4 1 the dead1 and 1 prophecy74 ,calling up the spirits of the dead for divination2 hence generally applied to conjuring4 ,necromancy was practised in two ways3 by inspection of the entrails1 and by invoking the dead4 ,necropolis1 ,gr4 ,a city of the dead2 a cemetery4 ,nectar1 ,gr4 ,the drink of the gods4 ,necysia1 ,gr4 ,offerings of garlands of flowers and other objects made at the tombs of deceased relatives on the anniversary of the day of death1 or1 as some suppose1 on their birthdays4 7,see ,,genesia47 ,needfire1 or ,fire of ,st4 ,john ,baptist 7,old ,germ4 ,nodfyr1 ,niedfyr74 ,a superstitious practice of the ancients1 derived from a pagan source1 of celebrating the birthday of ,st4 ,john ,baptist at the midsummer solstice 7,st4 ,john's ,eve7 by lighting fires1 carrying about firebrands1 or rolling a burning wheel4 ,the practice is one of many examples of the caution with which the evangelizing ecclesiastics of the ,middle ,ages refrained from abruptly disturbing the deeply-rooted superstitions of the ancient ,germans4 ,consult ,grimm's ,german ,mythology2 ,brand1 ,popular ,antiquities4 ,needle1 ,arch4 ,an obelisk 7q4v47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhd4 ,needle ,point ,lace4 ,needle ,point in relief4 ,to ,venice belongs the invention of the two most perfect productions of the needle--8,point coup10 and ,venetian point in relief4 ,various other wonderful products of the needle are included under the general name of ,venetian point1 all of exquisite workmanship4 ,the needle point in relief is made by means of cotton placed as thick as may be required to raise the pattern2 an infinity of beautiful stitches are introduced into the flowers1 which are surrounded by a pearl of geometric regularity4 ,the engraving is an exquisite specimen of the fine raised needle point4 ,nef or ,ship4 ,a costly and curious piece of plate for the table1 used as an pergne in the ,middle ,ages4 ,in the #afth century they were perfect models of actual ships1 with masts1 yards1 shrouds1 and sailors climbing in the rigging4 ,they were filled with sweetmeats1 and were sometimes put on wheels2 and there is one at ,emden in ,hanover from the hull of which wine was drunk4 ,negative4 ,in ,photography1 a picture on glass having the lights and shadows reversed1 from which positives may be printed4 ,neginoth1 ,heb4 ,a general term for stringed musical instruments4 ,nehiloth1 ,heb4 7root chalal1 to perforate74 ,a general term for perforated wind instruments of music4 ,nelumbo1 ,chinese4 ,a fruit-tree closely connected with the ,buddhist legends1 and from its symbolical significance and adaptability to ornamentation1 commonly represented on porcelain4 7,see ,jacquemart1 ,hist4 de la ,cramique47 ,nenia1 ,r4 ,the funeral song which the hired mourners sang at a ,roman funeral1 in praise of the deceased4 ,lessus was their wailing or cry of lamentation4 ,nenuphar 7,it4 nenufar74 ,the great white water-lily of ,europe4 ,neocori1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7#a7 ,originally sweepers of the temple4 7#b7 ,in early times applied to the priests in charge of temples4 7#c7 ,under the ,roman emperors1 to all ,asiatic cities which had temples dedicated to an emperor2 it occurs in this sense 77 on the coins of ,ephesus1 ,smyrna1 and other cities4 ,neoteric1 ,gr4 ,of recent origin2 modern4 ,nepaul ,paper4 ,a strong unsized paper1 made in ,nepaul from the pulverized bark of the ,daphne papyracea4 ,sheets of this paper are sometimes made many yards square4 ,nephrite4 ,a mineral4 7,see ,,jade47 ,neptunalia4 ,festivals celebrated at ,rome on the #bcrd of ,july1 in honour of ,neptune4 ,the people built huts of branches and foliage about the streets4 ,nereids1 ,gr4 ,nymphs of the sea1 who were the constant attendants of ,neptune4 ,nero ,antico1 ,it4 ,antique marble of ,egyptian and other ancient statuary1 of an intense black1 probably the result of ages of exposure1 as no marble of the same intensity of blackness is found in any quarries4 ,marble1 called also nero antico1 of two degrees of beauty1 is quarried at ,aubert 7,girons7 in ,france2 and the mausoleum of ,napoleon ,i4 is constructed of this stone4 ,nerved1 ,her4 ,having fibres1 as leaves4 ,nerves1 ,arch4 ,the name is sometimes applied to the ribs and mouldings on the side surface of a vault4 ,nessotrophium1 ,gr4 ,a place in a ,roman villa for breeding domestic ducks4 ,it was surrounded by a high wall1 on which was a high ledge with nests for the birds4 ,a pond was dug in the middle of the enclosure1 which was planted with shrubs4 ,net ,tracery1 ,arch4 ,a simple and beautiful form of tracery of the ,decorated period1 consisting of a series of loops resembling the meshes of a net1 each loop being quatrefoiled4 ,an example occurs in the east cloister of ,westminster ,abbey4 ,nete1 ,gr4 ,the shortest string1 or highest note1 of the seven-stringed lyre4 7,see ,,mese47 ,netherstocks1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the name given to stockings in the #afth century1 as continuations of the trunk-hose or upper stocks4 ,nethinim1 ,heb4 7from nathan1 to give74 ,the servants of the priests and ,levites about the ,temple4 ,nettle-cloth4 ,a material made in ,germany of very thick cotton1 used as a substitute for japanned leather1 on the peaks of caps1 c4 ,network 7filatorium opus74 ,an ancient method of embroidery in ,england1 used for church use or household furniture1 by darning or working the subject upon linen netting4 ,this method chiefly prevailed in the #adth century4 ,neuma or ,pneuma 7lit4 a breath74 ,a musical passage consisting of a number of notes sung to one syllable1 or simply to a sound1 as 8h0 prolonged4 8,in hujus fine neumatizamus1 id est jubilamus1 dum finem protrahimus1 et ei velut caudam accingimus40 ,neutral ,colour is that resulting from a combination of blue1 red1 and yellow1 resulting in grey4 ,neutral ,tint4 ,an artificial pigment used in water-colours1 composed of sepia1 and indigo and other blues1 with madder and other lakes2 producing a scale of neutral colours4 ,neuvaines1 ,fr4 ,chr4 ,set prayers repeated for nine consecutive days4 ,nevers ,faience4 7,see ,,nivernais47 ,newcastle ,glass4 ,a crown glass1 held the best for windows from #agbh to #ahcj1 when it was superseded by the improved make of sheet glass4 ,it was of an ash colour1 subject to specks1 streaks1 and other blemishes1 and frequently warped4 ,newel1 ,arch4 ,the upright central pillar supporting a geometrical staircase4 ,newel ,stairs1 ,arch4 ,where the steps are pinned into the wall1 and there is no central pillar1 the staircase is said to have an open or hollow newel4 7,see ,,joinery47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhe4 ,niche in the ,sigma of the ,caldarium4 ,niche1 ,arch4 7,it4 nicchia1 a sea-shell74 ,a recess in a wall for a statue or bust4 7,fig4 #dhe47 ,niche-vaulting1 ,arch4 7,germ4 ,muschelgewlbe74 ,a form of roofing in a semi-cupola design1 common in the choirs of churches4 ,nick1 ,old ,nick1 ,o4 ,e4 7,icelandic nikr2 ,a4,s4 nicor1 a water-god74 ,the devil4 ,nickel 7contraction of ,kupfernickel1 or ,nick's copper1 a term of derision given to it by the ,german miners74 ,a white or reddish-white metal1 from which nickel-silver is made4 ,it is used to a large extent in the arts1 being remarkable for the peculiar whiteness and silver-like lustre which it communicates to other metals when alloyed with them4 ,nickel-silver4 ,german silver1 or white metal1 a compound of tin and nickel4 ,niello4 ,the art of chasing out lines or forms1 and inlaying a black composition called nigellum or niello1 was probably well known to the ,greeks4 ,the ,byzantines compounded for this purpose silver1 lead1 sulphur1 and copper1 and laid it on the silver in a powder2 being then passed through the furnace1 it melted and incorporated with the solid metal4 ,a process producing a similar result of black tracery is practised in porcelain painting1 and called ,,niello-,,enamel4 ,nigged ,ashlar1 ,o4 ,e4 ,stone hewn with a pick or a pointed hammer1 presenting a gnawed or nibbled surface3 from the ,swedish nagga1 to gnaw4 ,nilometer4 ,a building erected1 ,a4 ,d4 #hdg1 in the island of ,rhoda1 opposite to ,cairo1 for recording the annual rise of the ,nile 7i4 e4 #af cubits74 ,it is a slender octagonal shaft about #bj feet in height1 with a ,corinthian capital4 7,see the ,builder1 xvii4 #bee47 ,nimbed1 ,her4 ,having the head encircled with a nimbus2 usually represented by a circular line4 ,nimbus 7,lat4 nimbus1 a bright or black cloud74 ,in ,christian art1 a disc or plate1 commonly golden1 sometimes red1 blue1 or green1 or banded like a rainbow1 placed vertically behind the heads of persons of special dignity or sanctity as a symbol of honour4 ,after the #hth century living persons were1 in ,italy1 distinguished by a square nimbus1 which sometimes assumed the form of a scroll partly unrolled4 ,the nimbus is of heathen origin4 ,virgil describes ,juno as 8nimbo succincta40 ,the heads of the statues of the gods1 and the ,roman emperors1 after they began to claim divine honours1 were decorated with a crown of rays4 ,on medals of the ,christian emperors also the nimbus is found1 e4g4 ,constantine4 ,in illuminated ,,mss4 it is found on ,pharaoh1 ,ahab1 and other kings4 ,it is a familiar symbol of dignity or power in the ,east1 but does not appear as a ,christian emblem before the #fth century4 ,see the article ,,nimbus in the ,dict4 of ,christian ,antiquities4 7,see ,,aureole1 ,,glory1 ,,vesica ,,piscis1 c47 ,nincompoop1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a corruption of the ,latin non compos2 a fool4 ,ninth4 ,in ,music1 an interval consisting of an octave and a tone1 or semitone4 ,nisan1 ,heb4 ,the month in the ,jewish calendar answering to our ,april4 ,nitrate of ,silver1 used in photography1 is silver dissolved in nitric acid4 ,nivarius 7saccus71 ,r4 ,a bag of snow used as a wine-cooler4 7,see ,,collum ,,vinarium47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhf4 ,jar4 ,nivernais ,faience4 ,nivernais ,faience4 ,an important branch of the ceramic art1 established in #afjh at ,nevers in ,france by the brothers ,conrade4 7,fig4 #dhf47 ,nobbled ,stone1 ,arch4 ,stone roughly rounded at the quarry to diminish its bulk for transport4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhg4 ,noble of ,henry ,v4 ,noble4 ,a gold coin worth #fs4 #h;d4 7,fig4 #dhg47 ,nodes4 ,in ,astronomy1 the two points where the orbit of a heavenly body intersects the ecliptic4 ,nodus1 ,arch4 ,the ,latin name for a key-stone1 or a boss in vaulting4 ,nog1 ,o4 ,e4 ,timbers built into walls to strengthen the structure4 ,they show on the plastering of houses in ornamental patterns4 ,in ,kent these houses are called 8wood noggen0 houses4 ,noggin1 ,o4 ,e4 8,a mug or pot of earth with a large belly and narrower mouth40 ,nogging1 ,arch4 ,brickwork in panels carried between quarters4 ,nome1 ,egyp4 774 ,a division or district of ,egypt2 there were forty-four in all4 ,each nome was placed under the protection of a special divinity1 and ruled by a resident military governor4 ,nonagon4 ,a nine-sided polygon4 ,nones4 7#a7 ,r4 ,one of the three divisions of the ,roman month2 the ninth days before the ,,ides of each month4 7#b7 ,chr4 ,one of the ,,hours ,,of ,,prayer 7q4v474 ,nonunia1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a quick time in music1 containing nine crotchets between the bars4 7,halliwell47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhh4 ,norman ,architecture4 ,the ,round ,church1 ,cambridge4 ,norman ,architecture4 ,it was introduced into ,england at the ,conquest1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajff1 and was superseded in the #abth century by the ,early ,english style4 ,solid massive masonry1 round-headed doors and windows1 and low square central tower are 7broadly7 its characteristics4 ,among details the zigzag and the billet mouldings are the most noticeable4 7,fig4 #dhh47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dhi4 ,incrusted ,tile4 ,norman4 ,middle ,ages4 ,norman ,pottery1 ,medival4 ,the illustration is from a pavement of a church of the #abth century4 8,nothing10 says ,jacquemart1 8is more curious than the study of these tiles1 in which1 with rudimentary means1 art already begins to manifest its power4 ,there1 in a graceful chequer-work1 the fleur-de-lis of ,france heightens at intervals a sem of trefoils and rosettes2 scrolls of notched leaves combine in graceful borders2 circles divided crossways receive in their sections stars and heraldic suns2 here are armour-clad warriors1 mounted upon horses richly caparisoned1 c4--all that picturesque fancy assisted by the resources of heraldry could invent to animate the cold compartments of the pavement1 and give a meaning to the vast naves trodden every day by the ,christian multitude40 7,histoire de l',art ,cramique47 7,fig4 #dhi47 ,norns1 ,nornas1 ,icelandic4 ,the three ,fates1 whose names signify the ,past1 the ,present1 and the ,future4 ,norroy ,king at ,arms4 ,the third of the kings at arms1 whose jurisdiction lies to the north of the ,trent4 ,north ,side of a church 8was regarded as the source of the cold wind1 and the haunt of ,satan4 ,in some ,cornish churches there is an entrance called the devil's door1 adjoining the font1 which was only opened at the time of the renunciation made in baptism1 for the escape of the fiend4 ,in consequence of these superstitions1 and its sunless aspect1 the northern parts of churchyards are usually devoid of graves40 7,wallcott1 ,sacred ,archology47 ,norwegian ,architecture4 ,the timber-built churches are of great interest1 and exhibit the wonderful durability of the ,norwegian pine4 ,they are generally in the form of a cross1 with a tower in the centre ending in a cupola or spire1 and with high pitched roofs4 ,the ornamental details are elaborate and richly carved4 ,the whole is often painted of a rich brown colour2 sometimes of a bright red4 ,some of these churches date from the #aath or #abth century1 and are an imitation in wood of the masonic style of the period4 ,nosocomium1 ,r4 7-74 ,a hospital4 ,notatus1 ,r4 7noto1 to mark74 ,a slave branded with a hot iron4 ,note of a ,room4 ,the vibrations of the air in a chamber or vaulted space produce a musical note proper to the dimensions and other conditions of the place1 which a good musical ear can recognize and identify4 ,see ,t4 ,r4 ,smith's ,acoustics1 pp4 #hc-hg4 ,nottingham ,white4 ,white lead4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead47 ,november 7,lat4 novem1 nine74 ,the ninth month of the ,roman year1 which began with ,march4 ,it consisted originally of thirty days1 but ,julius ,csar added one to it4 ,augustus1 however1 reduced it to its original number4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dij4 ,nowed4 ,device of the ,house of ,savoy4 ,nowed1 ,her4 ,coiled in a knot1 as a snake4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #dij7 is the ordinary device of the house of ,savoy--the 8true lovers' knot20 with the ,latin motto1 8,it binds but constrains not40 ,nowel1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 noel1 from natalis74 ,a cry of joy2 properly that at ,christmas1 of joy for the birth of the ,saviour4 ,it originally signified the feast of ,christmas4 ,nubilarium1 ,r4 ,a shed used as a barn2 it was situated close to the threshing-floor4 ,numella1 ,numellus1 ,r4 ,a kind of pillory for keeping men and animals in a fixed position4 ,it was made use of in surgical operations1 and as an instrument of torture4 ,numismatics 7numisma1 coined money74 ,the science of coins and medals4 ,the earliest known coins were issued by the ,greeks1 probably in the #hth century ,b4,c4 7,see the ,article in the ,encyclopdia ,britan41 #hth edition1 from which reference can be taken to exhaustive treatises on the various ramifications of this science47 ,nummud1 ,persian4 ,a carpet of felt much used in ,persia4 ,nun's ,thread4 ,a kind of thread formerly made to a large extent in ,paisley4 ,nun's ,work 7,fr4 uvre de nonnain74 ,as early as the #adth century needlework was generally so described4 ,ancient lace is still so called in many parts of the country4 ,nundin 7novemdin2 from novem1 nine1 and dies1 days74 ,roman weeks2 the nomenclature including the day before and that after the seven days4 ,the name was given to the weekly market-days at ,rome4 ,nupta1 ,r47nubo1 to wed74 ,a married woman4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dia4 ,nuremberg ,vase1 enamelled in relief4 ,nuremberg ,vase4 ,fig4 #dia is one of the gems1 of the ,renaissance period1 issued from ,nuremberg2 a vase with portraits heightened with enamels and gold4 7,jacquemart47 ,nurhag 7,sardinian ,noraga74 ,primitive buildings in the island of ,sardinia1 of remote antiquity1 having turrets as high as #cj to #fj feet1 and containing stones of #ajj cubic feet each in their structure4 ,see ,waring1 ,stone ,monuments4 ,nurspell4 ,an old ,english game like trap1 bat1 and ball4 ,it is played with a kibble1 a nur1 and a spell4 ,when the end of the spell is struck with the kibble1 the nur rises into the air1 c4 ,nut4 ,in ,christian symbolism1 an emblem of the ,divinity of ,christ hidden in ,his manhood4 ,st4 ,augustine has a long treatise on the symbolism of the husk1 shell1 and kernel of the nut4 7,serm4 de temp4 ,dominic4 ante ,nativ47 ,nut ,oil4 ,this medium for colour-grinding is derived from the walnut2 as a vehicle it is preferred to linseed oil1 and is the quickest dryer4 7,see ,,mediums1 ,,oils47 ,nutmeg ,ornament1 ,arch4 ,a common feature in ,early ,english work in the north of ,england1 but not in the south4 ,it resembles half a nutmeg1 and is carved at certain distances apart in the hollow of a dripstone at ,st4 ,mary's ,church1 ,nunmonkton1 ,yorkshire4 ,nuttoo1 ,hind4 ,a nose-stud or ornament worn by ,indian women1 often set with brilliants1 rubies1 emeralds1 and pearls4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dib4 ,nymphum of ,egeria1 near ,rome4 ,nymphum1 ,nympheum 7 and 74 ,literally1 a building consecrated to the nymphs4 ,it was a large and richly-decorated chamber1 with columns1 niches1 and statues1 and a fountain in the centre4 ,nympha were often erected near the head of a spring1 and formed cool and agreeable retreats4 ,fig4 #dib represents a portion of the ruins of the nymphum of ,egeria1 near ,rome2 and ,fig4 #dic the interior of the nymphum at ,nismes1 restored4 ,in ,christian times the fountains or cisterns common at the doors of churches were called nympha4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dic4 ,nymphum at ,nismes 7restored74 ,nymphs4 ,inferior goddesses of the mountains1 forests1 waters1 or meadows4 ,those presiding over rivers1 c41 were ,,oceanides1 ,,naiads1 ,,nereids2 those over mountains1 ,,oreiads2 those over woods and trees1 ,,dryads and ,,hamadryads2 those over valleys1 ,,nap1 c4 ,they were represented in art as beautiful young women4 ,the waters of ,hades had their presiding nymphs1 the ,,avernales4 ,o4 ,o was used as a numeral by the ancients to represent #aa1 and with a dash over it 77 to denote #aa1jjj4 ,o1 ,o4 ,e4 ,anything circular4 ,shakspeare calls the stars 8those fiery ,o's40 ,oak-apple ,day1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the #bith of ,may1 in commemoration of the escape of ,king ,charles in the oak-tree4 ,oak-tree1 the emblem of virtue1 force1 and strength1 is frequently introduced in ancient sculpture4 ,in ,christian art an attribute of ,st4 ,boniface1 in allusion to his cutting down a ,druidical oak4 ,oasis 7from the ,coptic ouah1 a resting-place74 ,one of the verdant spots that occur at intervals in the deserts of ,africa2 hence any fertile spot in a desert1 with the obvious symbolical application4 ,oast-house1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kiln for drying hops4 ,oban4 ,the principal gold coin of ,japan1 worth about #dl4 #bs4 ,obba1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a drinking-vessel of earthenware or wood1 probably funnel-shaped2 hence-- ,obbatus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,made in the shape of an obba1 that is1 terminating in a point4 ,the term is often applied to the cap of the ,dioscuri4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #did4 ,egyptian ,obelisk4 ,obelisk 71 lit4 a small spit74 ,also called a needle4 ,a tall1 rectangular1 monolithic column1 of slightly pyramidal shape1 invented by the ,egyptians2 in nearly every case they are covered from the base to the top1 and on all four sides1 with hieroglyphic symbols4 7,fig4 #did47 ,oberon4 ,the king of the fairies4 ,obex1 ,r4 7objicio1 to obstruct74 ,any contrivance to keep a door closed1 such as a bolt1 lock1 latch1 iron bar1 c4 ,oblata1 ,chr4 ,the sacred bread4 ,this word was more commonly applied to the unconsecrated loaf1 and ,,hostia to the consecrated4 7,for particulars respecting the preparation and the form of oblates1 see the article ,,elements in ,smith and ,cheetham1 ,dict4 of ,christian ,antiquities47 ,in the same manner ,,oblati were lay-brothers in a monastery who had not taken the vows4 ,oblate4 ,flattened or shortened like the earth at the poles4 ,the earth is an oblate spheroid4 ,oblationarium1 ,chr4 ,a small table placed near the high altar1 or at the end of one of the side aisles1 on which the people laid their offerings4 ,it was also used1 when in the choir1 to hold the sacred utensils in place of the credence table4 ,in the ,greek ,church the oblationarium is still used for the bread1 wine1 and sacred vessels required in the mass4 ,oble1 ,oblete 7,lat4 oblata71 ,o4 ,e4 ,the consecrated wafer distributed to communicants at mass4 8,ne ,jhesu was nat the oble ,that reysed was at the sacre40 7,harl4 ,,ms47 ,hence1 a wafer-cake1 sweetened with honey1 and made of the finest wheaten bread4 ,oboe or ,hautboy 7from ,fr4 haut1 high1 and bois1 wood74 ,a wind instrument like a flute1 sounded through a reed4 ,obolo1 ,mod4 ,a copper coin1 worth about a halfpenny1 circulated in the ,ionian ,islands4 ,obolos1 ,gr4 7derived from 1 a brooch1 originally74 ,a small copper coin worth the sixth part of a drachm4 ,the obolos in later times was of bronze2 but in the best times of ,athens it was of silver4 ,its value in the ginetan standard was #aaff of a penny4 ,obscna1 ,chr4 ,obscene representations frequently met with in ,christian iconography1 which1 according to ,de ,canmont1 are 8to warn the faithful that they ought to enter the temple with pure hearts1 leaving outside all the passions that soil the soul40 ,obsidian4 ,a volcanic glass found near volcanoes1 used in antiquity for the manufacture of mirrors1 axes1 knives1 c4 7,see ,,glass47 ,obstragulum1 ,r4 ,a long leather strap 7amentum7 worn as a fastening to the crepida4 ,obstrigillum1 ,r4 ,a shoe1 the sides of which were lengthened into a lappet over the instep4 ,obturaculum1 ,obturamentum1 ,r4 7obturo1 to stop up74 ,a stopper for the neck of a bottle or the mouth of a vessel4 ,obverse4 ,of a coin1 the face1 or side which bears the principal symbol4 ,the other side is the ,,reverse4 ,ocal1 ,span4 ,coarse silk4 ,occabus1 ,r4 774 ,a kind of spoon4 ,occidental ,diamond4 ,a precious stone of inferior hardness and beauty4 ,occultation4 ,the disappearance or eclipse of one heavenly body behind another4 ,ocellata1 ,r4 7lit4 marked with ocelli or spots74 ,marbles used as playthings by children4 ,ocellated4 ,full of eyes2 said of a peacock's tail4 7,see ,fig4 #cih47 ,ochre4 ,argillaceous earth of different colours which1 when finely ground1 is used as a pigment4 ,red ochre is a form of specular iron ore2 brown ochre is a variety of hmatite4 ,the yellow ochres become red when calcined1 but the finest reds are made from those which are brown in the bed4 ,native red ochre is called red chalk or reddle in ,england4 ,spanish ,brown1 ,indian ,red1 ,venetian ,red1 and the yellow ochres have nearly the same composition4 ,the other ochres are known as ,oxford1 ,roman1 and stone ochres1 and as terra di ,sienna and umber4 ,they are all valuable and durable pigments for oil1 water1 or enamel painting4 7,see ,,amatita47 ,ocrea1 ,r4 ,a greave2 a piece of armour which covered the shin-bone from below the knee to the ankle4 ,it was generally richly ornamented by designs embossed or chased upon it4 7,modern ,,jambes47 ,octagon4 ,a figure of eight equal sides1 considered as an emblem of regeneration2 consequently the proper form for baptistries and fonts4 7,fairholt47 ,octahedron4 ,a solid contained by eight equal sides1 which are equilateral triangles4 ,octastyle1 ,r4 7-74 ,an octastyle portico is a portico having eight columns in front2 octastyle pediment1 a pediment supported by eight columns4 ,the pediment of the ,parthenon at ,athens1 from which the ,elgin ,marbles come1 is an octastyle4 ,octave4 7#a7 ,in ,music1 the longest interval in the diatonic scale2 as from do to do1 or ,c to ,c4 7#b7 ,chr4 ,eight days1 or the eighth day after a ,church festival 7the festival being included7 kept as a repetition or prolongation of the festival4 ,it is a ,western custom unknown to the ,eastern ,church4 ,october4 ,the eighth month of the old ,roman year1 but the tenth in the calendar of ,numa1 ,julius ,csar1 c4 ,it was sacred to ,mars1 and a horse called the ,october equus was annually sacrificed to ,mars4 ,octofoil1 ,her4 ,a double quatrefoil2 the difference of a ninth son4 ,octophoron or ,octaphoron1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a litter 7lectica7 borne by eight slaves4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #die4 ,ocularium in a helmet4 ,ocularium1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,the narrow slit or opening for the sight in a helmet4 7,see ,fig4 #die47 ,oculus1 ,chr4 ,a round window of frequent occurrence in the tympanum of the pediment in ,latin basilicas1 and occasionally in certain churches of the #aath century4 ,ode 71 a song74 ,a short lyrical poem1 intended to be sung to the accompaniment of an instrument1 especially the lyre2 hence the expression lyric poetry4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dif4 ,ground-plan of the ,odeon at ,athens4 ,odeon 72 1 a song74 ,a small theatre at ,athens1 built by ,pericles for musical performances4 ,by analogy1 the name was applied to any theatre built on a circular plan and covered with a roof1 like that of ,athens1 shown in ,fig4 #dif4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dig4 ,ground-plan of a ,greek house4 cos1 cus1 ,gr4 774 ,a ,greek house2 the term1 however1 denoted rather a large apartment resembling the atrium1 but entirely shut in1 that is to say1 without impluvium4 ,in ,fig4 #dig1 ,a is the cus2 ,b1 ,c1 two rooms forming offices2 ,d1 a tablinum2 ,e1 a portico2 ,g1 the entrance to the house2 ,h1 work-rooms2 ,j1 the triclinium4 cus tetrastylos was a house in which four columns supported the roof2 cus ,corinthius1 having one order of columns supporting an architrave1 cornice1 and an arched roof2 cus ,egyptius1 in which the pillars supported a gallery with a paved floor1 forming a walk round the apartment2 above these pillars others were placed1 one-fourth less in height2 and between the upper columns were placed windows2 and the cus ,cyzicenus1 which looked to the north1 and1 if possible1 faced gardens1 to which it opened by folding doors1 was a summer-house4 7,see ,,domus47 il-de-buf1 ,arch4 ,a small round or oval window in a roof4 illets4 7,see ,,oillets47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dih4 nocho1 decorated with zoophori1 or bands of animals4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dih a4 nocho1 or ,wine-jug1 in black glazed earthenware4 nocho 7,gr4 1 wine1 and 1 to pour74 ,an earthen vase used to take the wine out of the crater and distribute it into cups4 ,it is the vase carried by the goddesses1 and used for libations4 7,figs4 #dih1 #dih a47 nophorum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a light case or basket for carrying wine4 nopolium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,the shop of a dealer who sold wine to be carried away2 distinct from the taberna meritoria or deversoria1 which was a public tavern4 ,offendix1 ,r4 ,a string by which the apex1 or cap worn by the flamens1 ,salians1 or other members of priestly colleges1 was fastened under the chin4 ,offertoria1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,the anthems sung in a ,christian church while the oblations were received2 mentioned by ,isidorus1 ,a4 ,d4 #eie3 8,offertoria qu in sacrificiorum honore canuntur40 7#b7 ,large plates1 which1 in the ,christian churches of ,gaul1 served to collect the bread which the ,christians had just laid on the altar4 ,a beautiful specimen of such dishes1 found in ,siberia in #ahfg1 and described by ,rossi1 is #f inches in diameter1 and weighs #a lbs4 ,it has a relief in repouss work1 consisting of a cross planted on a small globe studded with stars1 beneath which issue the four rivers of ,paradise2 and on either side stand two nimbed angels1 holding a rod in the left hand1 and raising their right hand towards the cross in token of adoration4 ,de ,rossi regards this dish as the work of ,byzantine goldsmiths of the #fth century4 7#c7 ,at ,rome1 acolytes went in and out among the people1 and collected the offerings in napkins of line linen or richer material called also offertoria4 ,offertories1 in ,egyptian archology1 are offerings made to the gods1 of various shapes2 such as outstretched hands supporting a cup1 or spoons of ivory1 wood1 or bronze1 the handle of which is formed by a human figure4 ,officina1 ,r4 ,a workshop1 in contradistinction to taberna1 a store1 and apotheca1 a shop2 thus1 officina rariorum was a goldsmith's workshop2 officina fullonum1 a fuller's establishment4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #dii4 ,device of the ,offuscati ,academy4 ,offuscati4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies4 ,they bore for their device a bear1 roused from his natural heaviness by the stings of bees1 with the motto1 8,stings 7or points7 will sharpen steel40 7,fig4 #dii47 ,ogam1 ,celtic4 ,the sacred writing of the ,druids4 7,cf4 ,,ogham47 ,ogee ,arch or ,contrasted ,arch or ,moulding1 ,arch4 ,an arch or moulding described by means of four centres1 so as to be alternately concave and convex4 ,it was frequently employed in fifteenth-century monuments1 and its constant recurrence in the later ,gothic or flamboyant architecture has given rise to its ,french name of ogival4 ,ogham4 ,a kind of shorthand writing or cipher in use among the ancient ,irish4 7,s47 ,ogivale1 ,fr4 ,a ,french architectural term of constant occurrence1 applied to the architecture of the medival period in ,france1 during which the pointed arch was used4 ,ogive1 ,fr4 ,arch4 ,a pointed arch2 not the ,,ogee4 ,ogivette1 ,arch4 ,a small ogee4 ,ogress1 ,her4 ,a pellet or black roundle4 ,oil ,painting was introduced in ,flanders by the brothers ,van ,eyck in #adaj1 and in ,italy by ,antonello da ,messina in or about #adee4 ,oillets or ,oylets4 ,loopholes4 ,oils4 ,the fixed oils used in painting are linseed1 walnut1 and poppy1 purified and rendered drying by the addition of litharge4 ,they should be pale in colour1 limpid1 and transparent1 and should dry quickly3 nut oil in a few hours1 linseed in a day1 and poppy oil in thirty-six to forty hours4 ,the essential oils used in painting are turpentine1 for diluting the pigments ground in oil1 and spike1 or lavender1 for wax and enamel painting4 ,oinerusis1 ,gr4 7-74 7,see ,,arystichos47 ,ointment-box1 in ,christian art1 is the attribute of ,st4 ,mary ,magdalene1 ,st4 ,joseph of ,arimatha1 and other saints4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ejj4 ,covered ,tazza2 ,faience of ,oiron4 ,in the ,louvre4 ,oiron1 a small town in ,france 7so named from the flocks of geese which circle round it ,oi-rond in winter71 is the place where the fine faiences1 usually called ,henri ,,ii4 ware1 were made4 8,here is ,france10 says ,m4 ,jacquemart1 8in the #afth century in possession of a pottery1 the discovery of which is attributed #bjj years later to ,england40 ,there are only about fifty pieces known1 five of which may be seen in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,okel1 ,egyp4 ,a caravanserai4 ,a large covered court surrounded by two stories of galleries1 of which the lower is used as shops1 c41 and the upper one as lodging-rooms4 ,oldham4 ,a coarse kind of cloth originated at ,oldham in ,norfolk1 temp4 ,richard ,,ii4 ,olibanum4 ,a gum-resin used for incense4 ,oliphant1 ,a4,s4 ,an elephant2 hence a hunting-horn of ivory4 ,olive4 ,a blue-grey colour2 violet mixed with green4 ,olive7-tree74 7#a7 ,in ,christian art1 the emblem of peace and concord1 and frequent on early ,christian tombs in the catacombs1 with or without the dove4 7#b7 ,arch4 ,its leaf was introduced into sculpture by the ancients1 in wreaths or garlands4 ,the ,corinthian order is enriched with olive-leaves1 as are almost all the antiques at ,rome of this order4 7#c7 ,r4 ,the corona oleagina1 an honorary wreath made of olive-leaves1 was conferred by the ,romans on soldiers and commanders through whose instrumentality a triumph had been obtained when they were not personally present in the action4 7#d7 ,gr4 ,it was the olive-tree that ,minerva caused to spring from the ground in the citadel at ,athens4 7#e7 ,the colour and grain of the wood1 and of the root portion especially1 are very beautiful1 and valuable for decorative and cabinet-work4 ,olivette4 ,a ,flemish name for poppy oil4 ,olivine4 ,a variety of chrysolite of a dark green1 commonly called bottle-green colour4 ,olla1 ,r4 ,an earthenware vessel of very common make4 ,it resembled our flower-pots1 but had swelling sides1 and was covered with a lid4 ,it was used for cooking meat and vegetables and for preserving grapes 7uva ollaria71 and as a cinerary urn 7olla ossuaria or cineraria74 ,hence-- ,olla-podrida1 ,sp4 ,a stew of meat and vegetables mixed1 common in ,spain4 ,the word is used to describe any other incongruous mixture4 ,ollarium1 ,r4 ,a niche in a sepulchral chamber1 in which the olla ossuaria was placed4 7,see ,,cinerarium1 ,fig4 #afj47 ,olp1 ,gr4 774 ,a kind of aryballos with a curved handle1 but no spout 7originally a leather oil-flask74 ,olympiad1 ,gr4 774 ,the period of four years between two consecutive celebrations of the ,olympic games4 ,the first ,olympiad began ,b4,c4 #ggf4 ,olympic ,games1 ,gr4 ,games instituted by ,hercules in honour of ,jupiter ,olympius2 they were the most ancient and celebrated in all ,greece4 ,they derived their name from ,olympia1 in ,greece1 where they were celebrated4 ,they were finally suppressed by ,theodosius1 ,a4 ,d4 #cid4 ,ombre4 ,a kind of damask4 ,ombros4 ,the name for a particular quality of madder4 ,omophagi1 ,gr4 7-1 sc4 1 i4 e4 flesh-eating banquets74 ,festivals held at ,chio and ,tenedos in honour of ,bacchus4 ,omophorion4 7#a7 ,an article of female dress1 worn on the shoulders4 7#b7 ,a vestment of the ,greek ,church1 consisting of a long woollen band with embroidered crosses4 ,it is typical of the lost sheep borne home on the shoulders of the ,shepherd4 ,onager1 ,onagrus1 ,r4 ,an engine for hurling stones of great size4 ,onicolo or ,nicolo4 ,a variety of the onyx1 with a deep-brown ground1 on which is a band of bluish white1 used for making cameos4 ,onocentaurs4 ,fabulous animals1 half man1 half ass4 ,onychomancy 7onyx1 a nail74 ,divination by means of the marks on the nails of the hands4 ,onyx 71 a finger-nail74 7#a7 ,a general name for the varieties of the agate which consist of alternate layers of white1 brown1 or black1 greatly valued by the ancients for cameos4 ,in the ,christian symbolism the onyx typifies innocence and candour4 7,see ,,onicolo47 7#b7 ,the name has also been applied by the ancients to ,oriental alabaster4 7#c7 ,onyx marble was a name given to ,algerian marble from ,oran1 of which 8pure white1 brilliant red1 golden yellow1 and hues of green1 with every variety of striation and flocculence1 exist40 ,see the ,building ,news1 xiv4 #dhi4 ,opa1 ,op1 ,gr4 ,arch4 774 ,a cavity in which a tie-beam 7tignum7 rests2 whence the space included between two or tigna was called metopa or intertignum4 ,opacity4 ,want of transparency4 ,opaion1 ,gr4 ,arch4 ,the panels on a ceiling formed by the intersection of its beams4 ,opal4 ,a semi-transparent stone1 remarkable for the play of colours that it exhibits4 ,three varieties are1 the oriental opal1 called also the noble opal and the harlequin opal1 remarkable for its flashes of brilliant colours having a triangular disposition4 ,the affection that the ancients entertained for this beautiful gem was unbounded4 ,the ,roman senator ,nonnius preferred exile to parting with a brilliant opal the size of a filbert which ,marc ,antony coveted4 ,the fire opal is furnished principally by ,mexico4 ,its colour1 more pronounced than that of the oriental opal1 and the carmine or vinous red tint of its fires1 permit it to be easily recognized4 ,the common opal displays very little fire2 its colour is milk-white1 which1 joined to a texture extremely homogeneous1 renders it semi-transparent4 ,l4 ,dieulafait4 ,opal ,glass1 called also ,milk-white ,glass2 prepared for globes to lamps1 c4 ,opales1 ,opalia1 ,r4 ,festivals of ,ops1 the wife of ,saturn1 which were held every year on the fourteenth of the calends of ,january 7#aith of ,december74 ,opalescent4 ,having a play of colours like the opal4 ,open-tide1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the season between ,epiphany and ,ash-,wednesday1 when marriages were publicly solemnized4 ,opera4 ,a lyrical drama set to music2 originated at ,florence in the #afth century4 ,consult ,doni 7passim71 ,arteaga ,manfredini1 ,signorelli1 c42 also ,dr4 ,burney's ,tours and ,correspondence1 and ,grimm's ,correspondence4 ,operculum1 ,r4 ,a cover for any kind of earthenware vessel4 ,ophicleide 71 a serpent1 and 1 a key74 ,a wind instrument of brass or copper made in the form of a serpent4 ,generally1 the bass of a military band4 ,ophiomancy1 ,gr4 ,divination by snakes4 ,ophiomorphous4 ,snake-shaped4 ,ophite or ,ophiolite4 ,green porphyry or ,,serpentine4 ,ophites1 ,chr4 ,a sect which arose in the #bnd century in the ,christian ,church4 ,they believed that the ,serpent who tempted ,eve was ,christ himself4 ,they are also called ,,serpentinians4 7,s47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eja4 ,opima ,spolia4 ,trophy of ,gallic ,ensigns4 ,opima ,spolia1 ,r4 ,the 8spoils of honour10 consisting of armour set up as a trophy and dedicated in the temple of ,jupiter ,feretrius at ,rome4 ,these were spoils taken from the chief of a hostile army1 who had been killed by the hand of a ,roman general4 ,plutarch asserts that the spolia opima were actually taken only three times4 ,opinicus1 ,her4 ,a fabulous heraldic monster2 a dragon before and a lion behind1 with a camel's tail4 ,opisthodomos1 ,gr4 7-74 ,latin1 ,posticum4 ,a small chamber placed at the back of a temple1 to which the priests alone had access4 ,oporotheca1 ,gr4 7-74 ,a storehouse for fruits4 ,oppidan4 ,at ,eton ,college1 a boy who is not a king's scholar1 and boards in the town4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ejb4 ,oppidum and carceres of the circus of ,caracalla4 ,oppidum1 ,r4 ,a fortified town1 and thence the mass of buildings occupying the extremity of a circus1 in which were the stalls for the chariots and horses 7carceres74 ,fig4 #ejb gives a representation of the oppidum in the circus of ,caracalla4 ,optical ,correction is a name given to the task of adapting art objects1 or architectural proportions and ornaments1 to the circumstances of distance or comparison in which they are to be exhibited4 ,belzoni observes that the heads of colossal ,egyptian statues are proportionally larger than the lower members4 7,for numerous examples of this contrivance1 see the article in the ,architectural ,publication ,society's ,dictionary47 ,optics 7,gr4 1 to see74 ,the science of the nature and properties of light2 of its changes as it penetrates or is reflected or absorbed by bodies2 of the structure of the eye1 and the laws of vision2 and of instruments in connexion with sight4 ,it is thus closely connected with the science of colour1 and the arts in general4 ,the earliest treatise extant on this science is ,euclid's ,optica et ,catoptrica4 7,cf4 ,dr4 ,smith's ,optics1 c47 ,optigraph4 ,a telescope for copying landscapes4 7,see ,,claude ,,glass47 ,optostratum1 ,r4 71 brick1 and 1 strewn74 ,a brick pavement1 often arranged in a herring-boned pattern1 as in the ,,opus ,,spicatum4 7,fig4 #eji47 ,opus ,albarium4 7,see ,,stucco47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ejc4 ,alexandrinum opus4 ,opus ,alexandrinum4 ,a mosaic flooring much used by the ,romans1 consisting of geometric figures1 and generally of only two kinds of tessera1 red and black on a white ground4 7,see ,,musivum ,,opus47 ,opus ,araneum 7spider-work74 ,a kind of embroidery1 #acth century2 modern 8guipure d'art40 ,opus ,consutum4 ,appliqu work in embroidery4 7,see ,,appliqu47 ,opus ,filatorium4 ,a kind of embroidery1 #adth century2 modern 8filet brod40 ,opus ,grcum1 ,r4 ,inlaid pavement4 7,see ,,musivum ,,opus47 ,opus ,incertum1 ,r4 ,a ,roman method of building2 the construction of walls of very small rough stones1 not laid in courses1 but held together by the mortar4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ejd4 ,pseud-iso-domum opus1 with a course of opus insertum4 ,opus ,insertum1 ,r4 ,a ,roman method of building1 of courses of flat tiles1 the most durable of all4 ,such courses were also introduced in the other kinds of stone and brick walls1 in which they served as bond-courses1 and also kept the damp from rising from the ground4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eje4 ,musivum opus4 ,opus ,musivum4 ,mosaic4 7,see ,,musivum47 ,opus ,pectineum 7comb-wrought74 ,woven work imitating embroidery4 ,opus ,phrygianum1 ,r4 ,fine embroidery4 7,see ,,orphrey47 ,opus ,plumarium 7feather-stitch74 ,embroidery of which the stitches overlap one another like the feathers of a bird4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ejf4 ,pseud-iso-domum opus4 ,opus ,pseud-iso-domum1 ,gr4 7lit4 quasi-equal structure74 ,a ,greek method of building in which the courses are 7#a7 parallel and unequal1 but regular among themselves1 as in ,fig4 #ejf2 or 7#b7 irregular altogether1 as in the ,gate of ,lions at ,mycen1 ,fig4 #ejg 7or in ,fig4 #ejd74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ejg4 ,gate of ,lions at ,mycen4 ,pseud-iso-domum opus4 ,opus ,pulvinarium 7cushion-style74 ,embroidery like modern ,berlin work1 generally used for cushions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ejh4 ,structura reticulata4 ,opus ,reticulatum1 ,r4 ,a ,roman method of construction1 with an ornamental surface resembling the meshes of a net4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eji4 ,spicatum opus4 ,opus ,spicatum1 ,r4 ,herring-bone masonry4 ,or1 ,her4 ,the metal gold1 expressed in engraving by small dots1 as on ,fig4 #cge4 ,or basan1 ,fr4 ,leather stamped in gold1 used as hangings in the #afth and #agth centuries4 ,ora1 ,r4 ,the cable which fastened the stern of a ship to the shore1 while the ,,ancorale kept her head out to sea4 ,ora4 ,an old ,saxon coin of #af or #bj pence in value4 ,orange4 ,the colour formed by the mixture of #e parts of red and #c parts of yellow4 ,it is the complementary of blue4 ,the nearest pigment is cadmium yellow4 ,orange ,chrome4 ,a sub-chromate of lead1 which yields a beautiful orange pigment4 ,orange ,madder lake4 7,see ,,madder47 ,orange ,minium4 7,see ,,minium47 ,orange ,vermilion4 ,a durable pigment for oil and water-colours1 in colour resembling red lead4 ,orange ,yellow4 ,a yellow inclining to red1 represented by molybdate of lead4 7,ansted1 ,elementary ,course47 ,orange tree4 ,in ,christian art1 symbol of the 8,heavenly ,bride40 ,oranti1 ,it4 ,the name given to certain male and female figures found in the catacomb frescoes at ,rome1 represented with the hands spread in the ,eastern attitude of prayer4 ,orarium1 ,r4 ,a scarf or handkerchief thrown to the crowd in a circus1 to wave to the chariot-drivers4 ,in ,christian archology1 7#a7 ,a scarf affixed to the pastoral staff2 as early as the #acth century4 7#b7 ,the stole4 7#c7 ,the border of an ecclesiastical vestment4 7,planch47 7,see ,stole1 ,sudarium47 ,orb4 ,one of the emblems of sovereignty with which kings are solemnly invested at their coronation4 ,it is a globe surmounted by a cross1 and is held in the palm of the left hand4 ,in ,art it is a common attribute of the ,infant ,saviour4 ,orca1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7 or 74 ,an earthenware vessel of large size1 but smaller than the amphora2 it was used for holding salted fish4 ,the diminutive is orcula2 the modern ,italian orcio4 ,orchestra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 dancing-place74 ,the lowest part of the ,greek and ,roman theatres2 usually occupied by the chorus4 ,it contained an altar1 on which sacrifices to ,bacchus were sometimes made4 ,orchestrino4 ,a modern musical instrument invented by ,poulleau4 ,it was shaped like a pianoforte with similar finger-keys1 and the sounds were produced by the friction of a bow upon strings4 ,orchestrion4 ,a modern portable organ1 invented by the ,abb ,vogler about #aghi4 ,a similarly-named instrument invented in #agif by ,kunz1 a ,bohemian1 consisted of a pianoforte combined with some organ-stops4 ,orcula4 ,diminutive of orca4 ,order4 ,in classical architecture1 a column entire2 i4 e4 base1 shaft1 capital1 and entablature4 ,there are usually said to be five orders3 the ,tuscan1 ,doric1 ,ionic1 ,corinthian1 and ,composite4 ,orders of ,knighthood4 7,see ,,knighthood47 ,ordinary1 ,her4 ,an early principal charge of a simple character4 ,oread4 ,a mountain-nymph4 ,ore1 ,r4 7ora1 the mouth74 ,a snaffle-bit for horses4 ,oreiller1 ,her4 ,a cushion or pillow4 ,oreillettes1 ,fr4 ,ear-pieces on helmets2 #aeth and #afth centuries4 ,orfrays4 ,the gold1 silver1 or silk embroidery on rich garments1 chiefly sacerdotal ornaments4 ,the term has two derivations2 some derive it from aurum ,phrygium1 because the ,phrygians1 who were excellent embroiderers1 were considered to have invented the style2 others take it to be from aurum fractum 7broken74 ,in medival ,latin the term for orfrays was aurifrigia1 aurifrisa1 aurifrisus1 and aurifrixus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eaj4 ,regals or ,portable ,organ4 ,organ4 ,organs are said to have been first introduced into ,france1 ,a4 ,d4 #bhi1 from ,greece4 ,a large organ existed in ,westminster ,abbey in the #ajth century4 ,portable organs called also ,,regals were also common4 ,the antique organs had no key-boards1 which were introduced in the #aath century1 simultaneously with the invention of the musical stave4 7,cf4 ,,hydraula47 ,the ,,regals or portable organ is an attribute of ,st4 ,cecilia4 7,fig4 #eaj47 ,organdi4 ,a kind of muslin4 ,organistrum1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a musical instrument1 resembling the modern hurdy-gurdy1 played by two persons1 of whom one turned the handle1 while the other played the keys4 ,organolyricon4 ,a musical instrument invented in ,paris in #ahaj by ,m4 de ,st4 ,pern4 ,it consists of a pianoforte with two rows of keys1 and contains twelve different wind instruments1 viz4 three flutes1 an oboe1 a clarionet1 a bassoon1 horns1 trumpet1 and fife4 ,organzine4 ,thrown silk of a very fine texture4 7,s47 ,orgies1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals of ,bacchus at which all who were present were carried away by frenzy4 ,the same term was also used to denote the festivals of ,ceres and those of the ,,cabiri4 ,orgues1 ,fr4 ,med4 7#a7 ,pieces of timber1 pointed and shod with iron1 hung like a portcullis over a gateway1 to be let down in case of attack4 7#b7 ,an arrangement of gun-barrels1 the precursor of the mitrailleuse4 7,s47 ,orgyia 7from 1 to extend74 ,a ,greek measure of length1 representing the distance from end to end of the outstretched arms1 or the height of the human figure4 ,it was equal to four cubits or six feet1 and was one-hundredth of a stadium4 ,orichalcum 7from and 1 i4 e4 mountain bronze74 ,a metallic compound1 akin to copper and bronze1 which was highly prized by the ancients4 ,it was probably brass4 ,oriel or ,oriole1 ,chr4 7oriolum1 a little entrance74 ,a projecting angular window1 generally triangular or pentagonal in shape4 ,a large bay or recessed window in a church or in an apartment4 ,the word has been used in many senses1 with the general meaning of a recess within or a projection from a building4 ,a small oratory4 ,orientation1 ,chr4 ,the arrangement of a church by which a worshipper faces the east at prayers4 ,oriflamme4 ,the ancient royal banner of ,france1 coloured purple-azure and gold4 ,it was split into five points1 and sometimes bore upon it a saltire wavy1 from the centre of which golden rays diverged4 ,orillon1 ,fr4 ,a mass of earth lined with a wall on the shoulder of a bastion1 for the protection of a gun4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eaa4 ,orle or crest-wreath4 ,orle4 7#a7 ,arch4 ,a fillet or listel placed beneath the ovolo of a capital4 7#b7 ,in ,heraldry1 a subordinary formed of a border of a shield which is charged upon another and a larger shield4 7#c7 ,the wreath or torse which encircled the crest1 composed ordinarily of silk of two colours twisted together1 and representing the principal metal and tincture in the wearer's armorial bearings4 7,planch47 ,orleans4 ,a cloth made of worsted and cotton4 ,orlo4 ,a ,spanish musical instrument4 ,orlop-deck of a ship4 ,that over the hold1 on which the cables are stowed4 ,ormolu1 ,fr4 7or1 gold1 and moulu1 ground74 #gbdc copper1 #beb zinc1 and #bfe tin2 used for cheap jewellery1 c4 ,mosaic gold1 another name for such a metal1 is composed of #fe copper and #ce zinc4 ,ormolu ,varnish4 ,a copper1 bronze1 or imitation-gold varnish4 ,ornithon1 ,r4 774 ,a poultry-yard or aviary4 ,orpharion1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of lute4 7,halliwell47 ,orpheon4 ,a musical instrument4 ,orphrey4 ,an old ,english word for gold embroidery1 from the ,latin auriphrygium4 7,see ,,orfrays47 ,orpiment 7,lat4 auripigmentum2 ,ang4 king's yellow74 ,a yellow pigment of arsenic with sulphur1 or1 when the arsenic predominates1 an orange colour4 ,the finest native orpiment comes from ,persia1 and is called golden orpiment4 ,orpin1 ,o4 ,e41 contraction of ,orpiment4 ,yellow arsenic4 ,orrery4 ,a machine for representing in a model the motions and relative positions of the heavenly bodies4 ,orrice or ,orris4 ,a peculiar pattern in which gold or silver lace is worked4 ,the edges are ornamented with conical figures1 placed at equal distances1 with spots between them4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eab4 ,orthostata4 ,facing of a ,greek wall4 ,orthostata1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 standing upright74 7#a7 ,the facings of a wall1 consisting of different materials from the internal part of it4 7,fig4 #eab47 7#b7 ,an anta or pilaster4 ,orthron4 7,see ,,hours ,,of ,,prayer47 ,oscen1 plur4 ,oscines1 ,r4 7os1 mouth1 and cano1 to predict74 ,a bird or birds from whose singing it was possible to draw auguries4 ,oschophoria1 ,gr4 7-1 i4 e4 vine-branch-bearing74 ,athenian vintage festivals1 instituted in honour of ,bacchus and ,ariadne by ,theseus1 or according to other authorities1 in honour of ,dionysus and ,athena1 in which those who took part carried vine-boughs loaded with grapes4 ,the festival was concluded by a race on the seashore from the temple of ,bacchus to that of ,minerva4 ,the victor's prize was a cup called ,,pentaploa1 because it contained five ingredients3 wine1 honey1 cheese1 meal1 and oil4 ,oscillatio1 ,r4 ,a swing4 ,the ,roman swings are represented having legs like a chair4 ,oscilla1 ,r4 7dimin4 of os1 mouth or face74 ,small images or masks1 generally of ,bacchus1 hung up in vineyards to ensure a good crop1 and practically useful to scare off birds from the grapes4 ,osculare1 ,osculatorium1 ,chr4 7,see ,,pax47 ,ossarium and ,ossuarium1 ,r4 7os1 a bone74 ,a sarcophagus of earthenware1 stone1 or marble1 in which the vessel containing the cremated ashes of the dead was placed4 ,ossature1 ,arch4 7from the ,italian ossatura1 skeleton74 ,the skeleton or framework of a ,gothic roof or a window4 ,in the roof1 the ossature comprises the nerves1 the transverse or longitudinal arches1 the diagonal rib1 c42 in a window1 the iron framing4 ,osteau1 ,arch4 ,an old term used to denote the rose placed in the upper part of a mullioned window2 it was also applied to a rosace and a medallion4 ,ostinati4 ,an ,italian literary academy1 whose device was a pyramid blown from all quarters by the winds1 with the obstinate motto1 8,frustra0 7in vain74 ,ostium1 ,r4 ,a lobby inside the entrance door of a ,roman house1 deep enough to contain a small porter's lodge on one side1 and leading to an inner door which opened on the ,,atrium4 ,the street door was called ,,janua4 7,see ,,domus47 ,ostrich ,eggs1 ,chr4 ,the practice of suspending eggs of ostriches in churches was probably introduced from the ,east by ,crusaders4 8,in some churches two eggs of ostriches1 and other things which cause admiration1 and which are rarely seen1 are accustomed to be suspended3 that by their means the people may be drawn to church1 and have their minds the more affected40 7,durandus on ,symbolism47 ,ostrum1 ,r4 ,a purple colour used by the ancients1 produced from the juice of the murex fish4 ,othone1 ,chr4 7,see ,,stole47 ,ottone1 ,it4 ,brass4 ,oubliettes1 ,fr4 ,subterranean dungeons1 into which prisoners were thrown to be oublis 7forgotten74 ,the side walls were in some cases armed with strong sharp blades1 which cut the victims to pieces as they fell4 ,it should be mentioned that in many cases cesspools have been mistaken for oubliettes4 ,ouch or ,nouche1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an ornament of the brooch kind2 a jewel4 7,mod47 ,the setting of a precious stone4 ,oudenardes4 ,tapestry landscapes first made at that place2 called also 8tapisseries de verdure40 ,ourania1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 in the air74 ,a game at catch-ball4 ,outline1 which has no real existence in nature1 is defined by ,aristotle as 1 8the boundary of solid form40 ,the only light and shade used in outlines is the greater lightness or darkness of the lines4 ,outr1 ,fr4 ,exaggerated1 fantastic1 absurd4 ,oval 7,lat4 ovum1 an egg74 ,the oval1 formed of a continuous curve1 differs from the ,,ellipse1 which is equally broad at both ends1 in having one end narrower than the other1 and is sometimes called a false ellipse4 ,ovals in windows1 arches1 and other parts of architecture exist1 but are rare4 ,ovatio4 ,a lesser triumph distinguished from ,,triumphus4 ,the general entered the city on foot1 and dressed in the toga prtexta of a magistrate1 attended only by musicians1 and knights and plebeians2 and the sacrifice by which the ceremony concluded was a sheep 7ovis7 instead of a bull2 hence the word ovation4 ,overstory1 ,arch4 ,the ,,clerestory4 ,overture 7,fr4 ouverture1 an opening2 ,it4 sinfonia74 ,instrumental music preceding an opera1 c4 ,ovile1 ,r4 ,literally1 a sheep-fold1 and thence an enclosure in the ,campus ,martius in which each century assembled before proceeding to place its votes 7tabell7 in the urn 7cista74 ,it was divided into compartments approached through narrow passages called pontes of ponticuli4 ,on entering1 the citizens received their voting-tablets 7tabell71 and when they had consulted within the enclosure1 they passed out by another pons1 at which they threw their votes into the chest 7cista74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eac4 ,ovolo or ,quarter-round4 ,ovolo1 ,arch4 7from the ,latin ovum74 7#a7 ,a convex moulding showing the quarter of a circle1 and thence called quarter-round4 7#b7 ,the echinus of the ,doric capital4 7#c7 ,an ornament composed of eggs1 separated either by tongues 7,fig4 #bgg7 or by darts 7,fig4 #ead74 7,see ,,echinus47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ead4 ,egg and dart moulding4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eae4 ,ovum4 ,egg-shaped balls4 ,ovum1 ,egg1 ,r4 ,conical egg-shaped balls which were placed upon the spina of a circus1 on a stone table supported by four columns4 7,fig4 #eae47 ,there was a second table at the other end of the spina1 on which were placed small marble dolphins4 ,ovum ,orphicum1 or ,orphic egg1 was the mysterious symbol employed by ,orpheus to denote the procreative principle with which the whole earth is pervaded4 ,ovum anguinum was an oval ball of glass worn by the ,druids round their neck2 so named because1 as was asserted1 it was produced from the mingled saliva of two serpents 7angues74 ,owl4 ,with the ,athenians the owl was the emblem of prudence and wisdom2 the bird of ,athen4 ,in ,christian art it symbolizes darkness and solitude1 and hence unbelief4 ,ox4 ,in ,christian art the attribute of ,st4 ,luke2 the emblem of the priesthood and of sacrifice4 ,in representations of the ,nativity an ox and an ass are commonly introduced4 ,ox-gall4 ,the bile or bitter fluid secreted by the liver of the ox2 when refined it is used in oil and water-colour painting to fix and thicken the colours4 7,see ,,gall47 ,oxford ,ochre4 ,an oxide of iron used as a pigment of a brownish yellow in oil and water-colours4 7,see ,,ochre47 ,oxide of ,zinc4 ,a white pigment which is more permanent in resisting gases than the white lead4 ,oxides of ,copper4 ,the pigments derived from these were well known to the ancients4 ,modern pigments are ,blue ,verditer1 ,brunswick ,green1 ,verdigris1 and ,emerald or ,scheele's ,green 7q4v474 ,oxybaphoi1 ,gr4 ,small cymbals in the shape of vinegar-saucers4 ,oxybaphon 774 ,a ,greek term applied to a bell-shaped vase with a plain foot and a moulded rim1 synonymous with the ,latin ,,acetabulum 7q4v474 ,oyelet1 ,oylet4 7,see ,,oillets47 ,oyer and ,terminer4 ,ancient law-,french4 ,the words mean to hear and to determine1 and express the authority or commission given to an appointed court of justice4 ,p4 ,packfong or ,pakfong4 ,a ,chinese name for ,argentine1 or ,german silver4 ,pan 7,gr4 74 ,a hymn to ,apollo1 of gratitude or propitiation4 ,it was also used as a battle-song before and after an engagement4 ,pnula1 ,r4 ,a thick cloak with a hole to put the head through2 it was furnished with a hood1 and was worn in travelling1 or as a protection against cold and rain4 ,pagai1 ,hind4 ,a kind of short double oar1 with broad ends resembling small scoops4 ,paganalia1 ,paganales1 ,r4 ,a rustic festival which took place yearly towards the end of ,january or the beginning of ,february1 seven days after the ,sementiv4 ,it was the festival of villages 7pagi7 and of villagers 7pagani71 whence its name4 ,sacrifices were offered in honour of ,proserpine1 goddess of vegetation4 ,as the old religion continued to prevail in the villages long after that of ,christ was established in the towns1 the words pagan and unbeliever gradually became synonymous4 ,paganica 7sc4 pila71 ,r4 ,a ball covered with leather and stuffed with feathers or down2 it took its name from the peasants or country people 7pagani71 who used it for playing a game the nature of which is not known4 ,pagina1 ,r4 7lit4 a thing fastened74 ,this term1 when synonymous with scheda1 signifies a page of paper1 the page of a volume2 or else it serves to denote one of the columns of writing which cover a sheet of paper4 ,pagoda1 ,hind4 7#a7 ,a religious building of the ,hindoos4 ,the great ancient pagodas of ,india are monolithic temples hewn out of rocky mountains2 but the term is also applied to temples built in the open air4 7#b7 ,gold coins formerly current in ,india were called pagodas4 ,pagoda-stone4 ,a limestone containing tapering fossil shells shaped like a ,chinese pagoda at the top4 ,pagodite4 ,a stone much used by the ,chinese for carving into pagodas and other ornaments4 ,pagus1 ,r4 ,any lofty site in the country capable of being easily turned into a fortified post by means of a few siege works4 ,the name was extended to the country surrounding a fortified village2 and each of the country tribes was divided by ,numa into a certain number of pagi4 ,paile4 ,an old term used to denote a striped cloth of floss silk manufactured at ,alexandria in ,egypt1 and thence a mantle1 canopy1 or pavilion4 ,pala1 ,it4 ,an altar front4 ,the ,pala d'oro of ,st4 ,mark's1 ,venice1 is a celebrated specimen of ,byzantine art4 ,it is of silver-gilt ornamented with gems and enamels1 with ,greek and ,latin inscriptions in niello1 and representations from sacred and profane history4 ,it was originally made at ,constantinople in #igf1 but has been repaired in #aaje1 in #abji1 and in #acde1 by which it has lost much of its original character4 ,pala1 ,r4 ,a spade1 or scoop in the form of a spade1 and thence the bezil of a ring4 ,palstra 774 ,a place for wrestling1 formerly part of the gymnasium4 7,see ,,gymnasium47 ,palanga4 7,see ,,phalang47 ,hence3-- ,palanquin4 ,a covered conveyance for one person1 carried on the shoulders of men in ,india and ,china4 ,they are often very splendidly carved1 and decorated with tapestry1 ornamental woods1 and inlaid-work4 ,palaria1 ,r4 ,an exercise practised by young ,roman recruits1 which consisted of hurling javelins 7pila7 against a stake 7palus7 fixed in the ground4 7,see ,,pel47 ,pal1 ,gr4 774 ,a ,greek term having the same meaning as ,,lucta1 ,,luctamen1 ,,luctamentum 7q4v474 ,pale1 ,her4 ,one of the ordinaries4 ,palewise or ,in ,pale1 arranged vertically one above the other1 as the lions of ,england4 7,see ,,per47 ,paleste1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 palm of the hand74 ,a lineal measure used by the ,greeks equal to the quarter of a foot1 or a little more than three inches4 7,see ,,palmus47 ,palette4 8,setting the palette0 is arranging the colours for use4 ,this is always done in a certain order regulated by the key in which the picture is to be painted4 ,the order generally recommended is to begin with white1 and then proceed through the yellows1 reds1 and blues to black4 ,the ,egyptians used palettes of a long rectangular form2 one side higher than the other1 had two or three saucers sunk in it to hold cakes of colour or ink2 the other side was notched to receive the calami or cut reeds used as writing-pens4 ,palettes or ,roundels1 in ,armour1 are round plates or shields hung on the armour to defend the joints of the arm1 necessarily left free for action4 ,palilia1 ,r4 ,a festival in honour of ,pales1 the goddess of shepherds and flocks2 it was held on the #bast of ,april4 ,palimpsest 7-1 lit4 scraped again74 ,a parchment the writing on which had been erased1 so that it might be used again4 ,monumental brasses are found to have been reversed and used a second time4 ,in both cases the most ancient writing or inscription is generally the most valuable and interesting4 ,palindrome 71 again1 and 1 a course74 ,a sentence which reads the same when read backwards or forwards4 ,such is the ,greek inscription on the ancient font in the chapel of ,dulwich ,college3 840 8,purify the heart and not the countenance alone40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eaf4 ,palissy jug4 ,palissy ,ware4 ,the pieces to which ,palissy owes his reputation1 in the first place1 are the so called 8rustic pottery0 7rustiques figulines71 8dishes or vases where upon a rough ground strewn with fossil shells1 lizards and salamanders are running1 frogs jumping1 snakes crawling or sleeping1 or more still1 in a streamlet of water wriggling eels1 pointed-nosed pikes1 trout with spotted scales1 and a thousand others of our fresh-water fishes are swimming40 ,when afterwards he worked in the capital1 he did not give up his rustic compositions1 but mixed them with the human figure4 8,there is an identity of style in all his figures and compositions2 such as the ,diana1 ,plenty1 c41 framed round with delicate and ingenious ornaments drawn in the taste of the period40 7,jacquemart47 ,paliurus4 ,a thorn-bush with long sharp spikes1 common on the coasts of the ,mediterranean1 where it is called ,christ's thorn1 because it is said to have furnished material of which the ,crown of thorns was woven4 ,palla1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a robe of state worn by patrician ladies1 and frequently represented on statues of goddesses4 ,palla cithardica was the name given to a long robe which musicians wore upon the stage2 ,apollo is often represented with this garment1 especially when he is surnamed ,cithardus and ,musagetes4 ,palla ,gallica was a short garment like a ,,tabard1 open in front and behind2 it was worn by the ,gauls and adopted by the ,romans1 who called it ,,caracalla 7q4v474 ,palla ,corporalis1 ,chr4 ,the veil for the ,pyx4 7,see ,,corporal47 ,palladium4 7#a7 ,an image of ,pallas ,athen1 kept carefully hidden1 and revered as the safeguard of the place where it lay4 ,the most celebrated was the ,palladium of ,troy1 said to have been thrown from ,olympus by the hand of ,zeus4 ,it was about three cubits high1 and represented the goddess sitting with a spear in her right hand1 and in her left a distaff and spindle4 7#b7 ,the term has been applied to a metal discovered by ,dr4 ,wollaston in #ahjc1 obtained from platinum1 which it resembles in colour and lustre4 ,pallium 7,gr4 74 ,a large square woollen sheet or blanket worn by the ,greeks over the shoulders1 and fastened like the ,,abolla round the neck with a brooch 7fibula72 it formed the principal article of the amictus or ,greek dress4 7,hence the expression to palliate1 or cloak over1 an offence47 7#b7 ,chr4 ,a vestment bestowed by the ,pope on all patriarchs and archbishops on their accession to office as the symbol of their ecclesiastical power4 ,the material is obtained from the wool of two lambs slain on the ,eve of ,st4 ,agnes4 ,the modern pallium of the ,church is a short white cloak ornamented with a red cross1 which encircles the neck and shoulders1 and falls down the back4 ,the pall or pallium is a charge in the arms of the ,sees of ,canterbury1 ,armagh1 and ,dublin4 ,pall-mall4 ,the ancient form of the game of croquet1 8wherein a round box bowle is with a mallet strucke through a high arch of yron standing at either end of an ally40 7,cotgrave47 8,this game is used at the long alley near ,st4 ,james's1 and vulgarly called ,pell-,mell40 7,blount's ,glossary1 #afha47 ,palm4 ,the ancient classical emblem of victory and triumph was early assumed by the ,christians as the universal symbol of martyrdom4 ,in ,england we understand by palm1 not the leaves of a palm-tree1 but 8the yelowe that groweth on wyllowes40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eaf a4 ,palm-leaf ,ornament4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eaf b4 ,architectural ,palm-leaf ,ornament4 ,palm-leaf1 ,arch4 ,an architectural ornament bearing more or less resemblance to a palm-leaf1 employed for mouldings1 and for the decoration of the corners of the ceilings in ,doric cornices2 and in antefix1 as crownings for the pediment and as acroteria4 ,figs4 #eaf;a and #eaf;b represent palm-leaves of terra-cotta4 ,palmus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a measure of length4 ,of the ,greek palmus the greater 77 contained nine finger-breadths1 and the less 77 four4 ,the greater ,roman palmus contained twelve finger-breadths or about nine inches1 and the less four finger-breadths4 ,the greater palmus was taken from the length of the hand or span1 the less from the breadth of it4 ,palstave1 ,celt4 ,a wedge-shaped axe used by the ,celtic nations in war for battering the armour of the enemy4 7,see ,fig4 #bee47 ,paltock 7modern palett74 8,a short cloake with sleeves10 i4 e4 a great-coat4 ,paludamentum1 ,r4 ,a military cloak worn over their armour by the generals and superior officers of the ,roman army2 an officer thus dressed was said to be paludatus4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,palus1 ,r4 7pango1 to fix74 ,a stake planted in the earth1 against which recruits hurled their javelins 7pila74 ,the medival ,,pel 7q4v474 ,pam1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the knave of clubs4 7,,halliwell47 ,pammachium 774 ,a synonym for ,,pancratium 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eag4 ,panache4 ,panache1 ,her4 ,a plume of feathers set upright and borne as a crest4 ,fig4 #eag is from the seal of ,edward ,courtenay1 ,a4 ,d4 #adjj4 ,panarium1 ,r4 7panis1 bread74 ,a bread-basket2 a pantry in which bread was kept4 ,panathena1 ,gr4 774 ,festivals of ,minerva ,athen among the ,athenians1 so called because they formed the festival of all the peoples placed under the protection of ,minerva 71 all1 and 74 ,there were the ,greater and ,lesser ,panathena2 the former being held every five years1 the latter every three years4 ,the procession at the ,greater festival is the subject of the friezes from the ,parthenon now in the ,british ,museum4 7,see ,,elgin ,,marbles47 ,they represent the solemn transportation of the peplus of ,athen to her temple1 in which nearly the whole of the population took part1 on foot1 on horseback1 or in chariots4 ,old men carried olive-branches1 young men attended in armour1 and maidens carried baskets of flowers4 ,panaulon4 ,an enlarged ,german flute with sixteen finger-keys2 invented recently by ,trexler of ,vienna4 ,it is available as a bass to other flutes4 ,pancratium1 ,r4 7from every3 and force74 ,a wrestling and boxing match1 in which the combatants employed every means to disable each other2 and the contest was continued until one of the combatants owned himself disabled by holding up a finger1 or was killed4 ,paned1 ,o4 ,e4 ,striped4 ,paned ,hose4 ,breeches formed of stripes1 with small panes or squares of silk or velvet4 7,halliwell47 ,panegyris1 ,egyp4 774 ,a popular festival of ,egypt1 to which the whole country was summoned in order to celebrate the thirtieth anniversary of the reigning monarch4 ,panels1 ,arch4 ,the sunken compartments in wood and stone-work2 very abundant in ,gothic architecture as ornaments on walls1 ceilings1 c4 ,after the expiration of ,gothic architecture1 panelling in great measure ceased to be used in stone-work4 ,panel ,picture4 ,a painting on a board or panel4 ,panisci1 ,r4 71 dimin4 from 74 ,literally1 small ,pans1 small rustic gods no bigger than pigmies4 ,pannetier ,green4 ,a handsome and durable emerald green1 prepared by a secret process by its inventor1 ,m4 ,pannetier4 ,it is sold at a high price4 ,panoply 774 ,a complete suit of armour4 7,see ,,armour47 ,pantables 7for ,,pantofles74 ,slippers4 8,hee standeth upon his pantables1 and regardeth greatly his reputacion40 7,saker's ,narbonus1 #aehj47 ,pantaloon4 ,from the ,italian1 pianta leone 7plant the lion72 the ,venetian standard-bearers 7of the lion of ,st4 ,mark7 being so called1 who wore tight hose1 the name came to be given to tight hose in general4 ,in ancient pantomimes1 ,pantaloon was always a ,venetian4 7,see ,,harlequin47 ,pantaloons1 ,o4 ,e4 8,garments made for merry-andrews1 that have the breeches and stockings of the same stuff1 and joined together as one garment40 7,halliwell47 ,panthea1 ,gen4 7-74 ,statues or figures which combine the symbols of several divinities4 ,pantheon 71 every1 and 1 god74 ,a temple dedicated to all the divinities collectively4 ,that at ,rome is now a ,christian church4 ,it is circular1 #aej feet in height and in diameter1 with a domed roof4 ,pantherin1 ,r4 ,panther-tables2 of wood striped like the skin of a panther4 7,see ,,tigrin47 ,pantobles1 ,pantoffles1 ,o4 ,e4 ,slippers4 ,pantofles1 ,o4 ,e4 ,slippers or wooden pattens4 ,pantograph4 ,an instrument for enlarging or reducing plans and designs1 largely used in the arts1 e4 g4 in machine embroidery4 ,pantomine 71 of everything2 1 mimic74 ,gesture and action applied1 without speech1 to represent emotion2 hence applied to the form of theatrical performance which consists entirely or principally of gesture and action4 ,paper4 7,see ,,charta47 ,papier-mach1 ,fr4 ,paper-pulp2 made by compressing the pulp1 or by pasting together different thicknesses of paper1 to the hardness and consistency of wood4 ,it is an invention of the #ahth century1 and originated in snuff-boxes called after their manufacturer 8,martins40 ,the process has since been developed to great perfection by the invention of new varnishes and methods of ornament1 the principal of which are gilding and bronzing1 pearl and gem inlaying1 c4 7,see a paper by ,r4 ,hunt in the ,art ,journal1 #ahea47 ,papilio1 ,r4 7lit4 a butterfly74 ,a military tent1 so called because the curtains opened and shut like the wings of a butterfly4 ,papyrus4 ,the paper made of the papyrus plant1 used by the ,egyptians and other nations of antiquity4 ,the ,papyrus rolls on which important relics of ,egyptian literature and art have come down to us1 were formed of a sheet of papyrus rolled on a slender wooden cylinder4 ,they have mostly been discovered in mummy cases1 and contain illustrations of funeral ceremonies and religious emblems relating to the future of the soul4 ,others are historical or literary1 and some have been discovered containing caricatures and comic illustrations4 7,cf4 ,,liber47 ,parada1 ,celt4 ,a tent or awning stretched over the deck of a vessel1 and thence a cabin hung with tapestry4 ,paradise or ,parvise1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,a vestibule or courtyard in front of a church4 ,the term must thus1 at a certain period1 have been synonymous with narthex or porch4 ,at the present day the term is applied to the open space to be found in front of cathedrals or public buildings4 7#b7 ,the word is sometimes applied to the room that is often found above church porches4 7,see ,,cloister ,,garth47 ,paradisus 774 ,a ,persian park or pleasure-garden1 enclosed within a wall1 elaborately planted and irrigated1 and stocked with animals for the chase4 ,hence the ,garden of ,eden was so called4 ,paragauda1 ,paragaudis1 ,r4 ,an embroidered band of silk or gold thread sewn on to a tunic4 ,paraison1 ,fr4 ,a term in glass1 equivalent to the ,english ,,metal 7q4v474 ,paralus 774 ,the name of an ,athenian state vessel1 kept1 like that of the ,doge of ,venice in modern times1 for state and religious ceremonies4 ,a sister vessel was named the ,,salaminia2 they were both fast-sailing triremes4 ,paramese1 ,gr4 7next to middle71 or ,,trite 7third74 ,the third treble note1 immediately above the mese1 of the seven-stringed lyre4 7,see ,,mese47 ,paranete1 ,gr4 7beside the shortest74 ,the second treble note of the seven-stringed lyre4 7,see ,,mese47 ,parapet1 ,it4 7parare petto1 to defend the breast74 ,a wall breast-high on a fortification1 roof1 or other gallery4 7,see ,,crenels47 ,paraphernalia 7from the ,greek 74 ,that which a wife brings besides her dower2 i4 e4 her personal attire and ornament4 ,parasang4 ,a ,persian measure of distance1 about #cj ,greek stadia or #c ,english miles4 ,paratorium4 7,see ,,oblationarium47 ,parazonium1 ,r4 774 ,a short sword or kind of dagger worn by the tribunes and superior officers of the ,roman army attached to their belt on the right side4 ,this sword was shorter than the gladius worn by the common soldier on the right side4 ,parchment4 ,the finer kind of parchment known as vellum is from the skins of calves1 kids1 and dead-born lambs4 ,the stout parchment of drum-heads is from the skin of the wolf1 although that of the ass or calf is sometimes used4 ,the parchment of battledores is from the skin of the ass1 and that used for sieves from the skin of the he-goat4 ,the green parchment used in bookbinding is coloured by means of ,verdigris4 7,see ,,liber47 ,the name comes from the ,latin ,pergamentum4 ,eumenes1 ,king of ,pergamus1 has the honour of the invention4 ,parentales1 ,parentalia1 ,r4 ,festivals1 also called ,februales1 which were held by the ,romans in honour of deceased ancestors4 ,pargetting1 ,parge-work1 ,o4 ,e4 ,in ,architecture1 an old term for the ornamental plasterwork common on the outside walls of timber-built houses of ,queen ,elizabeth's and earlier periods4 ,parhypate1 ,gr4 7beside the longest74 ,the second bass note of the seven-stringed lyre 7,see ,,mese47 ,parian ,chronicle4 ,a slab of ,parian marble1 among the so called ,,arundel ,,marbles in the ,university of ,oxford1 containing a chronological record of ,greek history from ,b4,c4 #aehb to ,b4,c4 #bfd4 ,parian ,marble from the island of ,paros was of extremely fine grain1 easy to work1 and of a creamy white4 ,the marble now called ,parian has a coarse sparkling grain1 which1 however1 takes a high finish4 7,redford1 ,ancient ,sculpture47 ,paries1 ,r4 ,the wall of a house or any building1 in contradistinction to murus1 muri1 which denoted the walls of a city4 ,paris ,black4 ,a name for ,,ivory ,,black 7q4v474 ,paris ,blue4 ,a very handsome dark violet-blue pigment4 8,its great qualities of body and intensity of coloration will always ensure it a large sale2 moreover1 its mixture with chrome yellow produces a fine green cinnabar or leaf-green40 7,habich47 ,paris ,lake4 7,see ,,carminated ,,lakes47 ,parlour 7,lat4 parlatorium74 7#a7 ,the old 8speke-house0 in a convent for inmates to speak with their friends4 7#b7 ,any private room4 ,parma1 ,r4 774 ,a shield1 usually of circular form1 carried in the ,roman army by the light-armed troops or light infantry 7velites7 and the cavalry 7equites74 ,the parma thracidica used by the class of gladiators called ,thraces was not round1 but in the form of a small ,,scutum 7q4v474 ,parquet4 ,french flooring of inlaid wood-work4 ,parsley1 ,arch4 ,in every period1 but especially in ,romano-,byzantine and ,gothic art1 parsley-leaves have been abundantly made use of in architectural decoration4 ,parthenon4 ,the famous temple of ,minerva in the ,acropolis at ,athens4 ,the finest example of the ,,grecian ,,doric style of architecture2 built by ,pheidias1 #ded-dch ,b4,c4 ,fergusson says1 8,for beauty of detail1 and for the exquisite perception of the highest and most recondite principles of art ever applied to architecture1 it stands utterly and entirely alone and unrivalled--the glory of ,greece40 7,hist4 of ,architecture47 ,the celebrated frieze1 #ebe feet in length1 ran all round the outer wall of the cella close up to the ceiling4 ,the best work on the ,parthenon sculptures is by ,michaelis 7,der ,parthenon1 ,leipzig1 #ahga74 7,see ,,elgin ,,marbles47 ,partisan1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of short pike1 introduced temp4 ,edward ,,iii4 ,partlet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a ruff4 8,a maydens neckerchefe or lynnen partlette40 ,party1 ,parted1 ,her4 ,divided4 7,see ,,per47 ,parvise4 7,see ,,paradise47 ,paschal ,taper1 ,chr4 ,a large wax candle which was consecrated during the service on ,easter ,eve1 and lighted on ,sundays from ,easter to ,whitsuntide1 with five grains of incense attached to it to indicate the five movable feasts of the year4 ,pasquinade1 ,it4 ,a lampoon2 so called from ,pasquino1 an ,italian barber at ,rome1 whose door was opposite to the statue of a gladiator on which such satirical writings were posted4 ,passamen1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of lace4 7,hall47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eah4 ,passant4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eai4 ,passant guardant4 ,passant1 ,her4 ,walking and looking forward4 ,passant guardant1 walking and looking out from the shield2 passant reguardant1 walking and looking back2 passant repassant1 walking in opposite directions4 7,fig4 #eah1 #eai47 ,passe-partout1 ,fr4 ,a light picture-frame of cardboard1 having the inner edges generally gilt4 ,passementerie1 ,fr4 ,trimming1 lace1 or tape of gold1 silver1 lace1 or thread4 ,passion1 ,instruments of the--a frequent subject in ecclesiastical decoration of the ,middle ,ages--are1 the ,,pitcher from which ,jesus poured water2 the ,,towel--represented as hanging on a ring--wherewith ,he wiped the ,apostles' feet2 the ,,two ,,swords which they showed ,him1 when ,he said1 8,it is enough20 the ,,ear of ,malchus2 ,,st4 ,,peter',s ,,sword1 represented as a small falchion2 the ,,post to which the ,saviour was bound2 the ,,scourge2 the ,,crown ,,of ,,thorns2 the ,,reed wherewith ,he was smitten on the head2 the ,,cross2 the ,,ladder2 the ,,nails2 the ,,spear of ,longinus1 crossed by the ,,reed with the ,,sponge2 the ,,fire at which ,st4 ,peter warmed himself2 the ,,cock2 the ,,pincers1 and a ,,heart pierced with five wounds4 ,passus1 ,r4 ,a pace1 from the point where the heel leaves the ground1 to where the same heel is set down2 five ,roman feet4 ,mille passuum1 or a thousand such paces1 formed the ,roman mile4 ,pasta ,verde1 ,it4 ,sap-green2 a vegetable green pigment prepared from the berries of the buckthorn4 ,pastel4 ,the ,french name for coloured crayons4 ,pastel-painting was much used for portraits in the beginning of the #aith century4 ,pasticcio1 ,it4 ,an imitation of the style of another painter in an independent design4 ,pastophori1 ,gr4 and ,egyp4 7-74 ,priests who1 at certain ceremonies1 carried small shrines 77 containing the image of a deity1 which were hidden from the eyes of the crowd by a veil of different colours called 1 whence 7to carry the pastos71 the term applied to the priests who performed this duty4 ,the keepers of the temple were also so called4 ,pastophoria1 ,chr4 ,small apses flanking the principal apse in a basilica1 in which the consecrated bread was kept4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebj4 ,bishop's ,pastoral ,staff4 ,pastoral ,staff1 ,chr4 ,the pedum of antiquity and emblem of a bishop's pastoral responsibility is distinct from the ,,crozier 7q4v47 of an archbishop1 and has a crook head4 ,pastouraux1 ,cubical stones1 usually of two colours1 applied in the ornamentation of ,romano-,byzantine architecture4 ,patagium1 ,r4 ,a band of purple1 or with gold ornaments or embroidery1 which was placed round the neck and down the front of a woman's tunic 7tunica muliebris74 ,patee or ,pattee1 ,her4 ,a small cross with the arms widening towards the ends4 ,patella4 ,diminutive of ,,patera 7q4v474 ,patena1 ,r4 and ,chr4 ,a manger of wood1 stone1 or marble for holding food for horses2 when it was divided into several compartments1 these were called loculi4 7,see ,,loculus47 ,in ,christian archology1 patena was the term applied to a small plate of gold or silver1 used in the celebration of mass to cover over the chalice1 and to hold the pieces of the host after it has been broken by the priest4 ,patent ,yellow4 7,see ,,turner',s ,,yellow47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eba4 ,patera4 ,patera1 dimin4 ,patella 774 ,flat plates or dishes for holding fluids for domestic use1 and wine for libations in the sacrifices4 ,the common kinds were of red earthenware1 ornamented with designs in black4 ,others were of bronze or silver1 often richly decorated with chasing1 c4 7,compare ,,patina47 ,in ,architecture1 a great variety of flat ornaments used in all styles of architecture are improperly called pater1 the word applying properly to circular ornaments resembling the classical dish often found on friezes of classical architecture4 7,fig4 #eba1 #ebb47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebb4 ,side view1 showing the depth of the patera4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebc4 ,paternosters4 ,paternosters or ,bead-ornament4 7#a7 ,a rosary4 7#b7 ,architectural ornaments in the form of berries or beads 7,fig4 #ebc71 which decorate bands or other mouldings1 and which often occur above ovolos4 ,patibulum1 ,r4 ,an instrument of punishment in the form of a fork 7furca71 between the prongs of which the criminal's neck was placed4 ,his hands were fastened to the prongs of the fork1 and in this condition 7patibulatus7 he was flogged through the city4 ,the name of patibulum1 or crux patibularia1 was also given to a cross to which criminals were nailed4 ,patina4 ,the rust of antiquity found on bronzes and coins2 it cannot be removed by rubbing or wetting it4 ,it varies with the nature of the soil1 and in some cases the surface acquires the smoothness and colour of malachite4 ,patina1 ,r4 ,an earthenware vessel1 used generally for cookery4 ,it was deeper than the patera1 but less deep than the olla4 ,patonce1 ,her4 ,a variety of the heraldic cross4 ,patriarchal1 ,her4 ,a variety of the heraldic cross1 with a short cross-bar on the upper limb4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebd4 ,badge of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,patrick1 ,order of ,st41 indicated by the letters ,k4,p41 was instituted by ,george ,,iii4 in #aghc4 ,the badge or jewel is of gold enamelled and oval in form1 and is worn suspended from a collar formed of alternate roses and harps1 or from a broad sky-blue ribbon4 ,patten1 ,fr4 7#a7 ,a woman's clog4 7#b7 ,the base of a column4 ,patulous4 ,spreading4 ,paul ,veronese ,green4 ,an arsenite or arseniate of copper4 ,a fine and durable colour1 used either for oil or water-colour painting4 7,see ,,emerald ,,green47 ,pavilion1 ,arch4 ,a projecting apartment1 usually with a dome or turret4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebe4 ,pavimentum 7sectile74 ,pavimentum1 ,r4 ,a pavement formed by means of pieces of tile1 crushed stones1 flints1 and other materials set in a bed of ashes or cement1 and consolidated by beating down with the rammer 7pavicula71 whence its name of pavimentum4 ,there were various kinds of pavimenta3 the sectile 7,figs4 #ebe1 #ebf71 the tessellatum or tesseris structum1 the vermiculatum1 the sculpturatum1 and the testaceum1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebf4 ,pavimentum 7sectile74 ,pavo4 7,see ,,peacock47 ,pavonaceum 7sc4 opus71 ,r4 ,an arrangement of materials placed so as to overlap one another1 and bearing more or less resemblance to the feathers in a peacock's tail4 ,pavonine4 ,coloured like a peacock's tail4 ,pax1 ,paxboard1 ,chr4 ,a representation of the ,crucifixion upon a piece of wood or metal1 with a handle at the back4 ,it was kissed by the priest in the mass at the words 8,pax ,domini sit semper vobiscum10 and afterwards passed round to be kissed by the congregation4 ,it was also spelt ,paxbrede4 ,also called ,,osculatorium4 ,peach-stone ,black1 prepared from calcined stones of fruits1 is a handsome colour1 but has a reddish tinge4 ,ground with oil and white lead1 the colour called old gray is obtained4 ,peacock1 ,r4 and ,chr4 ,in antiquity the peacock was sacred to ,juno1 and is called ,junonia avis4 ,it is represented on ,roman imperial coins bearing the empresses up to heaven1 as the eagle does the emperors2 and hence in ,christian archology is the symbol of the resurrection4 7,her41 see ,fig4 #cih1 ,,in ,,pride47 ,pea-green4 7,see ,,chrysocolla47 ,pean1 ,her4 ,one of the furs2 represented in gold spots on a black ground4 ,pean or ,pan4 ,a song or shout of triumph4 ,pearl4 ,a secretion of the mollusc2 in its normal development a thickening of the shell1 which supplies mother-of-pearl2 abnormally1 forming globules for the purpose of encysting foreign substances intruded within the shell1 which are the precious pearls used in jewellery4 ,pearl1 in ,chinese the emblem of talent1 is put by the ,chinese on porcelains destined for rewards of poets and other laureati in ,china4 ,pebble4 ,a name given by lapidaries to many different stones4 ,pechblende or ,pech-urane1 ,germ4 ,an ore of uranium and iron1 used in porcelain painting and glass1 producing a handsome greenish-yellow pigment4 ,pecten1 ,egyp4 and ,r4 7pecto1 to comb74 7#a7 ,a comb for the hair2 among the ,egyptians and ,romans they were made of box-wood or ivory4 7,see ,,comb47 7#b7 ,a weaver's comb for pressing the threads of the web firmly together4 7#c7 ,a comb for carding flax or wool4 7#d7 ,a reaper's 8comb10 used in several countries1 especially ,gaul1 instead of a sickle1 for plucking the ears of wheat from the stalk4 7#e7 ,a haymaker's rake1 c4 ,pectinated4 ,having teeth like a comb4 ,pectoral1 ,gen4 7pectus1 the breast74 ,a plate forming the front of a cuirass1 and thus covering the chest4 ,peculium1 ,r4 ,property or earnings which a slave or a filius familias was permitted to acquire and consider as his own1 although in strict law it belonged to the master or father4 ,the slave was sometimes allowed by agreement to use this peculium for the purpose of purchasing his liberty4 ,pecunia1 ,r4 ,money2 so called from pecus1 a herd of cattle1 ,man's primitive medium of exchange4 ,pedal4 ,in ,music1 a passage where the harmony moves upon a sustained sound1 which is either the dominant or the tonic of the key4 ,pede-cloth1 ,chr4 ,a carpet laid on the space between the altar and the rails4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebg4 ,pedestal of ,trajan's ,column4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebh4 ,pedestal of ,column of ,antoninus ,pius4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ebi4 ,pedestal of the ,androsium at ,athens4 ,pedestal1 ,gen4 ,the base of a structure2 the base supporting a statue1 group1 or monumental column4 ,a pedestal has three parts3 the base or foot next the ground1 the dado or die forming the centre1 and the cornice or surbase mouldings at the top4 ,fig4 #ebg represents a half-section of the base of ,trajan's column at ,rome2 ,fig4 #ebh a half-section of the base of the column dedicated to ,antoninus ,pius1 and preserved in the ,pio ,clementino ,museum at ,rome2 lastly1 ,fig4 #ebi gives a part of the pedestal or base of the ,pandrosium at ,athens2 when1 however1 pedestals support caryatides or columns1 they are more commonly called ,,stylobates 7q4v474 ,pedica1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a snare by which an animal is caught by the foot 7pes74 7#b7 ,fetters or irons worn on the feet by slaves4 ,pediculated1 ,arch4 ,sustained or supported by a ,,pedicule 7q4v474 ,pedicule1 ,arch4 ,a small pillar which serves as a support to anything2 whence the expressions monopediculated 7with a single pedicule7 7,fig4 #chg71 and polypediculated 7with several pedicules74 ,pediluvium4 7,see ,,ablutions47 ,pediment1 ,arch4 ,the triangular crowning of a portico1 usually supported by a row of columns4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,the temples of antiquity generally had two pediments1 one on each face4 ,the inner part of the pediment is called the ,,tympanum 7q4v474 ,pedum1 ,gen4 7pes1 a foot74 ,a shepherd's crook1 or curved stick for catching goats or sheep by the leg4 ,fauns and satyrs are often represented carrying the pastoral crook1 and it is the attribute of ,thalia1 as the muse of pastoral poetry4 7,see under ,,peplum47 ,in ,egyptian archology it is a symbol of authority1 and is frequently to be seen in the hands of ,osiris and the ,pharaohs2 the ,egyptian term for it is hyq4 7,cf4 ,,hycsos47 ,in early ,christian art it is an attribute of ,our ,lord as the ,good ,shepherd4 ,representations of the pedum are of frequent occurrence in the catacomb paintings4 7,see ,,pastoral ,,staff47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ecj4 ,pegasus4 ,device of ,cardinal ,bembo4 ,pegasus4 ,a horse with wings2 emblem of fame1 eloquence1 poetic study1 and contemplation4 ,a bronze medal of ,cardinal ,bembo1 the great ,italian author of the #afth century1 in the ,museum at ,south ,kensington1 shows his device given above4 7,fig4 #ecj47 ,pegma1 ,r4 71 i4 e4 a thing fastened74 7#a7 ,this term denotes generally anything made of a number of boards joined together4 7#b7 ,in a more restricted sense it means a theatrical machine of several stages 7tabulata71 one above the other1 which could be raised or lowered by balance weights4 ,on such stages gladiators called pegmares fought in the amphitheatres1 and battles and other scenes were represented4 ,when they were used in sacrifices1 the victim was slaughtered in an upper stage and the priest stood in one under the ground1 and was afterwards brought up to be shown to the people with the blood of the victim upon him4 ,in theatres similar pegmata were employed for the purpose of changing the scenery4 7#c7 ,lastly the term was used to denote any kind of wooden furniture or joinery in a house1 such as shelves1 side-boards1 bookcases1 c4 ,pegola1 ,it4 ,greek pitch2 boiled resin for varnishes4 ,pel1 ,o4 ,e4 7,lat4 palus74 ,a post1 six feet in height1 set firmly in the ground1 to be hewn at with sword or mace for exercise4 ,the weapons were double the ordinary weight1 and the swordsman had to cover himself from imaginary blows in return with a shield1 called a fan1 also of double weight4 7,see ,,quintain47 7,consult ,meyrick1 vol4 i4 #ade47 ,the pel was in the same way set up as a mark to throw spears at1 and for archery practice4 ,pelecinon1 ,gr4 ,a sun-dial so called because it ended in a 8dove-tail0 774 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eca4 ,a ,pelican in its piety4 ,pelican tearing open her breast to feed her young with her own blood was an early symbol of the ,redemption and of the virtue of ,charity4 ,as a device it was borne by ,william of ,orange1 with the appropriate motto 8,pro lege1 grege et rege0 7for the law1 the people1 and the king72 a slight modification of that of ,alphonso the ,wise4 7,fig4 #eca47 ,it is described in ,heraldry as 8a pelican in its piety40 ,pelisse 7from pellis1 a skin74 ,a robe made of fur4 ,pellet1 ,her4 ,a black ,,roundle4 ,pellicatus1 ,r4 7pellis1 a skin74 ,literally1 covered with skin4 ,the term was specially applied to earthenware vessels which were covered over with skin in order to keep the provisions they held fresh4 ,pellitus1 ,r4 7pellis1 skin74 ,clothed by means of skins2 dressed in furs4 ,pelluvia1 ,pelluvium1 ,r4 7pes1 a foot1 and luo1 to wash74 ,a basin in which the feet were washed1 in contradistinction to the vessel called malluvium4 ,pelta1 ,gr4 774 ,a small shield made of some light material1 such as wood or wicker-work1 and covered with leather4 ,in shape it was sometimes elliptical1 but more often cut away at the top1 so that at that part it resembled a crescent4 7,compare ,,clipeus47 ,pelvis1 ,r4 ,a general term used in ancient times to denote any kind of circular-shaped vessel4 ,the term corresponded to the ,greek 4 ,penates 7penus1 food74 ,household gods who were believed by the ancients to be the bestowers of all the worldly blessings enjoyed by a family4 ,pencil4 ,a collection of rays of light converging to a point is so called4 ,pendant4 ,in ,heraldry1 drooping4 ,pendant ,key-stone4 ,a synonym of ,,pendentive4 7,see this word and ,,furca47 ,pendants1 ,arch4 ,ornaments hanging down from the ceilings and roofs of ,gothic architecture4 ,generally1 a pair of pictures or statues appropriate to each other are called pendant each of the other4 ,pendentives1 ,arch4 ,in a spherical roof intersected with groined compartments1 the term pendentives was applied to the surfaces included between such compartments4 ,the same term is applied to the surfaces included in the angles formed by a groined vaulting at its spring4 ,penetrale1 ,r4 ,an inner apartment4 7,cf4 ,,adytum47 ,penicillum1 ,penicillus1 ,r4 7penis1 a tail74 7,gr4 47 ,a painter's pencil or brush4 ,the brushes of the ancients were made either with hair or a kind of sea-weed or sponge4 ,peniculus4 ,synonym of ,,penicillum4 ,penna1 ,r4 ,a quill1 a large and strong feather1 in contradistinction to pluma1 which denotes the small feathers spread over a bird's body2 and thence a writing-pen1 which was used instead of the arundo or calamus4 ,penna1 ,med4 ,during the ,middle ,ages this term was used to denote the battlements of a castle wall1 and thence the castle itself4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ecb4 ,pennon4 ,pennon1 ,her4 ,an armorial lance-flag1 pointed or swallow-tailed at the fly1 borne by knights4 ,pentachord4 ,any musical instrument having five strings2 a system of five sounds4 ,pentacle 7,it4 pentacolo74 ,a talisman2 a figure formed of two triangles1 intersecting so as to form a six-pointed star4 ,a frequent object in early ornamental art4 ,pentagon4 ,a figure of five sides and five angles4 ,pentagraph4 ,a mechanism contrived to facilitate the copying of drawings on a different scale1 invented by ,christopher ,scheiner1 a ,suabian ,jesuit1 in the #afth century4 ,pentahedron4 ,a solid figure having five equal sides4 ,pentalpha4 ,the pentacle was so called4 8,a star of five points1 composed of five ,a's interlaced1 was formerly made by physicians the symbol of health1 under the name of ,pentalpha40 7,menestrier47 ,pentaptych4 ,an altar painting of five or more leaves4 7,see ,,diptych47 ,pentaspastos1 ,gr4 7-74 ,a kind of pulley1 the block of which contains a system of five pulleys 7orbiculi74 ,this engine was employed to lift great weights4 ,pentastyle1 ,arch4 ,a portico of five columns4 ,pentathlon1 ,gr4 ,greek games similar to the ,,quinquertium 7q4v47 of the ,romans1 frequently represented on ancient vases4 ,pentelic ,marble from a mountain of that name near ,athens1 of which the ,parthenon and other temples are built1 has a beautiful warm yellowish tone1 comparable to ivory4 ,all the ,athenian statues are of this marble4 ,penteloris4 7,see ,,paragauda47 ,pent-roof1 ,arch4 ,a roof sloping only from one side2 hence a pent-house for a house or shed covered by such a roof4 ,penula4 7,see ,p,,nula47 ,penumbra 7,lat4 pene1 almost1 and umbra1 shade74 ,the part of a picture where the light and shade blend together4 ,peperino1 ,it4 7pepe1 pepper74 ,a pepper-coloured building stone much used in the construction of ancient ,rome1 formerly called ,lapis ,albanus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ecc4 ,thalia1 the ,muse of ,comedy4 ,wearing the chiton and peplos4 ,peplum and ,peplus1 ,gr4 7 and 74 ,the robe peculiarly proper to ,minerva4 7,see ,,panathen,a47 ,a large full robe or shawl worn by women1 corresponding to the himation or pallium of the men4 ,on occasions of funerals or weddings this shawl was thrown over the head as a veil4 ,the choicest productions of the loom in antiquity were pepli2 and the most splendid dyes1 and curious workmanship1 and skilful designs were lavished upon their manufacture4 ,they were a common form of offering to the treasures of the temples4 ,a fine statue in the ,british ,museum represents the ,muse ,thalia wearing the peplos and chiton1 and holding the pastoral pedum in her hand4 7,fig4 #ecc47 ,per1 ,her4 ,in blazoning the divisions of a shield the term 8per10 signifying 8by0 or 8by means of10 is employed sometimes alone1 and sometimes 7having the same signification7 with the word 8party0 or 8parted40 ,the following are the primary divisions of a shield3--,fig4 a1 ,per ,pale1 or ,parted per ,pale1 or ,party per ,pale2 ,fig4 b1 ,per ,fesse or ,parted per ,fesse2 ,fig4 c1 ,per ,cross or ,quarterly 7,per ,pale and ,per ,fesse together72 ,fig4 d1 ,per ,bend2 ,fig4 e1 ,per ,bend ,sinister2 ,fig4 f1 ,per ,saltire 7,per ,bend and ,per ,bend ,sinister72 ,fig4 g1 ,per ,chevron2 ,fig4 h1 ,per ,tierce or ,tierce 7divided into three equal divisions by two vertical lines74 7,boutell47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ecd4 ,divisions of the heraldic shield4 ,pera1 ,r4 774 ,a wallet or haversack of leather or hide1 which was carried1 slung over the shoulder1 by travellers1 peasants1 and beggars4 ,the ,cynic philosophers1 anticipating the fraternity of the ,,gueux1 adopted the wallet as a distinctive part of their costume4 ,pergula1 ,r4 7pergere1 to continue on74 ,generally1 any construction added to another beyond the original plan1 generally in the way of a lean-to2 e4 g4 a balcony built over the colonnades of a forum1 or a gallery placed on a house-top2 a room in which paintings were exhibited2 a lecture-room1 c4 ,periactos1 ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 that turns round74 ,a theatrical machine used by the ancients2 it was of very simple construction1 being formed of three frames arranged so as to form a triangular prism1 on each face of which a different scene was painted4 ,at each side of the stage there was a periactos which turned on pivots as required1 so as to admit of a rapid change of scene4 ,periapts1 ,o4 ,e4 ,charms worn about the neck4 7,shakspeare47 ,peribol1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 an enclosing74 ,the sacred enclosure of a temple1 which was in some instances of sufficient size to contain not only altars and statues of the god1 but shrines and a sacred wood4 ,in ,christian architecture the word was used for the wall of enclosure of the choir1 c4 ,peridot1 ,fr4 ,a yellow gem supposed to be the topaz of the ancients4 ,peridrom1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 a running round74 ,a gallery or covered promenade which ran round a temple or other building4 ,perigee4 ,near the earth2 figuratively 8at its lowest40 ,perihelion4 ,near the sun2 figuratively 8at its highest40 ,perimeter4 ,the outline of a rectilinear figure4 ,peripatetics4 ,disciples of ,aristotle1 who walked about during his lectures in the ,lyceum at ,athens4 ,peripetasma 7-74 ,a general term including anything that is flat and hung up or spread out1 such as a covering1 tapestry1 hangings1 curtains1 c4 ,periphery1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 7#a7 ,the circumference of a curvilinear figure4 7#b7 ,ornaments in relief executed on the sides of vases1 running round them4 7,see ,,crust47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ece4 ,ground-plan of a pseudo-peripteral temple4 ,periptery1 ,arch1 7-1 lit4 with wings around74 ,a building surrounded by columns at equal distances one from the other2 the distance between the wall of enclosure and the colonnade being equal to that between the columns4 ,peripteral temples are distinguished as monopteral1 or those with a single row of columns2 dipteral1 those with two rows2 pseudo-dipteral1 or buildings with one row of columns standing apart and one embedded2 lastly1 pseudo-peripteral 7,fig4 #ece71 or buildings whose columns are embedded in the wall4 ,periscelis1 ,gr4 7-74 7#a7 ,an anklet worn by ,oriental and ,greek women1 and less frequently by ,roman ladies also4 7#b7 ,the word is sometimes used for feminalia 7q4v474 ,peristerium1 ,chr4 ,a kind of canopy surrounding the sacred vessels containing the host4 ,the eucharistic doves are called peristera4 ,peristroma1 ,r4 7-74 ,in general1 anything used as a covering1 in especial that which is spread over a bed1 and thence curtains1 carpets1 or hangings4 ,peristyle1 ,arch4 7-74 ,a building the interior of which is surrounded with columns1 the opposite of ,,peripteros2 a building may1 however1 be peripteral and yet possess a peristyle4 ,the term is also a ,greek name for the ,,atrium4 ,perivalium1 ,med4 ,a ,latin word used in the ,middle ,ages to denote the choir of a church1 or the stalls of the choir4 ,permanent ,white4 7,see ,,constant ,,white47 ,pero1 ,r4 ,a tall boot reaching to the calf1 made of untanned leather with the fur on1 worn by shepherds and agricultural labourers1 and still common in ,italian villages4 ,perogue4 7,see ,,pirogue47 ,perpend-stone1 ,arch4 ,a large stone reaching through the wall1 visible on both sides4 ,perpendicular ,style of ,architecture4 ,the third and last of the pointed or ,gothic styles of architecture used in ,england4 ,it was developed from the ,decorated during the latter part of the #adth century1 and continued in use till the middle of the #afth1 when it gave way to the style called ,,elizabethan4 ,it is peculiar to ,england4 ,its chief characteristics are a general prevalence of perpendicular lines1 panelling of flat surfaces1 and the multiplicity of small shafts with which the piers1 c41 are overlaid4 ,perron1 ,arch4 ,a staircase1 or flight of steps1 outside a building4 ,perse1 ,fr4 ,chintz4 ,persian4 ,a thin inferior silk used for lining garments4 ,persian ,blinds 7,fr4 ,persiennes74 ,venetian blinds4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ecf4 ,persian ,bowl4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ecg4 ,flask4 ,persian4 ,persian ,pottery4 ,the illustrations 7from ,jacquemart's ,history of the ,ceramic ,art7 are 7,fig4 #ecf7 a bowl of soft porcelain1 blue externally and decorated with abundant vegetation and fantastic birds with peacocks' tails2 7,fig4 #ecg7 a flask1 also of soft porcelain1 characterized by a blackish-blue scroll encircling the principal subject2 and 7,fig4 #ech7 a faience tile which ,m4 ,jacquemart considers pure ,mohammedan art1 is very interesting for the subject that it represents--the caaba or sacred mosque of ,mecca1 the object of the ,mohammedan pilgrimage4 7,consult ,souvenir d'un voyage en ,perse1 ,comte de ,rochchouart47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ech4 ,persian ,plaque1 with polychrome decoration4 ,persian ,red4 7,see ,,indian ,,red47 ,persiana1 ,it4 7#a7 ,a silk with a pattern of large flowers4 7#b7 ,venetian blinds2 ,persiennes4 ,persians1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,columns the shafts of which consist of figures of ,persian slaves2 they are also known as ,persian columns4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eci4 ,persona comica4 ,persona1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a mask worn by actors upon the stage2 there were person tragic1 comic 7,fig4 #eci71 mut1 c41 that is1 masks for tragic1 comic1 or mute persons1 c4 ,the custom is attributed to that of smearing the face with certain juices and colours1 and appearing in disguise at the festivals of ,dionysus2 and is probably as old as the drama itself4 ,perspective4 ,the art of representing on a flat surface the appearance of objects from one given point of view4 ,linear perspective is the science by which the principles of geometry are applied in this art4 7,see ,,aerial and ,,isometrical ,,perspective47 ,pertica1 ,r4 ,a rod1 pole1 or stick2 a foot1 or measure of length divided into twelve inches 7unci7 and sixteen fingers 7digiti74 ,pertic1 ,chr4 ,in medival architecture1 beams behind the altar in a church1 from which relics were suspended on days of festival4 ,peruque4 7,see ,,wigs47 ,peruvian ,architecture4 ,the ,peruvian temples and palaces were generally low and spacious1 constructed of great blocks of stone often #ch feet by #ah and #f feet in thickness4 ,the interiors were richly ornamented1 the sides of the apartments being thickly studded with gold and silver4 ,niches in the walls were filled with images of plants and animals1 also of the precious metals4 ,the ,western wall of the temple was placed to receive the first rays of the rising sun upon a statue of the god engraved on a plate of gold and thickly studded with emeralds and precious stones4 ,pes1 ,r4 ,a foot2 the standard measure of length1 composed of #ab unci or inches1 or #af digiti1 finger-breadths4 ,it equalled #aafdif inches ,english4 ,pesante1 ,it4 ,a weight half a drachm4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edj4 ,vase of ,pesaro ,ware4 ,pesaro ,ware4 ,the particular characteristic of the mother-of-pearl majolica of ,pesaro is a pale1 limpid yellow1 associated with a pure blue2 under the effect of luminous rays these colours become animated and shoot out in pencils of red1 golden yellow1 green1 and blue of remarkable intensity4 7,jacquemart47 7,fig4 #edj47 ,peseta1 ,sp4 ,a silver coin1 about the fourth of a ,mexican dollar2 about #aj;d4 ,pesillo1 ,it4 ,small scales used for weighing gold and silver1 and gems4 ,pessi 7,gr4 74 ,draughts4 7,see ,,latrunculi47 ,pessulus1 ,r4 ,a bolt for a door4 ,petasus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 that which spreads out74 7#a7 ,a soft felt hat with broad brim4 7#b7 ,the winged cap of ,mercury4 ,most of the horsemen in the ,panathenaic procession 7see ,,elgin ,,marbles7 wear the petasus4 ,in ,greek art it is a conventional sign of a traveller4 7,compare ,,pileus47 ,petaurum1 ,r4 71 lit4 a perch for fowls74 ,a machine employed in the ,roman games2 probably a fixed 8see-saw40 ,peter-boat1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a river fisherman's wherry4 ,petit ,canon1 ,fr4 ,a kind of printing-type2 two-line in ,english4 ,petit ,gris1 ,fr4 ,minever fur4 7,see ,,vair47 ,petit ,texte1 ,fr4 ,a kind of printing-type2 brevier4 ,petoritum1 ,r4 ,an open four-wheeled carriage1 a kind of cart used for conveying slaves4 ,its ,gallic origin is indicated by the etymology of the word1 viz4 petoer1 four1 and rit1 a wheel4 ,petronel 7,fr4 poictrinal74 ,a piece of artillery or fire-arm1 used in the #afth century1 which was afterwards converted into a clumsy gun called a blunderbuss4 ,it was the medium between the arquebus and the pistol4 ,petunse1 ,chinese4 ,a fine clay used for porcelain2 a kind of kaolin4 ,peulvan1 ,celt4 7,see ,,menhir47 ,pewter4 ,an alloy of #ajj parts of tin to #ag of antimony2 or #hi tin1 #g antimony1 and #b copper4 ,tin and zinc1 and lead and tin1 are sometimes used to make pewter4 ,the ancient guild of the ,pewterers' ,company have their hall in ,lime ,street4 ,phcasia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,white shoes worn by different classes among the ,greeks and ,romans1 but more especially by the priests and gymnasiarchs4 ,phal or ,fal1 ,r4 ,wooden towers which were erected temporarily in a circus for the display of sham fights and captures of cities4 7,compare ,,pegma47 ,phalang1 ,palang1 ,r4 774 ,a pole employed for carrying purposes4 ,two men took the ends of this pole upon the shoulders1 the burden being suspended from it in the middle4 ,the same term was also applied to the rollers placed beneath objects whose weight rendered them difficult to move4 ,the persons who made use of phalang for carrying anything were called phalangarii4 ,phalanx1 ,gr4 ,a close compact mass of infantry soldiers drawn up in files1 usually eight deep4 ,the ,theban phalanx was twenty-five in depth4 ,phalarica4 7,see ,,falarica47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eda4 ,gallic ,phalera4 ,phaler1 ,r4 774 ,medals of gold1 silver1 or bronze 7,fig4 #eda71 worn upon the breast as a military decoration1 and frequently displayed on the harness of the horses4 ,phannel1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,fanon47 ,phantasmagoria4 ,literally1 a procession of images4 ,a name applied especially to dissolving views shown by the alternate use of each of two magic lanterns4 ,pharetra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a quiver4 ,this was made of hide or leather1 often richly ornamented with gold1 painting1 or braiding4 ,it had a lid1 and hung1 from a belt over the right shoulder1 on the left hip4 7,see ,,corytus1 ,,quivers47 ,pharos1 ,pharus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a lighthouse2 the name was derived from that which ,ptolemy ,philadelphus erected in the island of ,pharos1 at the entrance to the harbour of ,alexandria1 in ,egypt4 ,phaselus1 ,egyp4 774 ,a light ,egyptian boat1 long and narrow in shape1 and made of very slight materials1 such as osier1 papyrus1 and terra-cotta2 it derived its name from the resemblance it bore to the pod of a bean 774 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edb4 ,phaskon4 ,phaskon1 ,gr4 ,a vessel of a flattened ovoid form1 with a long spout1 and a handle at the top1 like the askos4 ,phenakistoscope 71 deceptive1 and 1 to view71 or ,spectroscope4 ,a toy for illustrating the duration of impressions on the retina of the eye4 7,see ,,spectra47 ,phenicine4 ,an indigo purple pigment4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edc4 ,pheon4 ,pheon1 ,her4 ,a pointed spear-head borne with the point in base4 7,boutell47 8,the peon1 or pheon1 was a barbed javelin2 the heads of these are still heraldic bearings1 and from their figure1 we find the barbs escalloped1 or invecked as the heralds term it1 aside40 7,meyrick47 ,pheretrum4 7,see ,,feretrum47 ,phiala1 ,phial1 ,gr4 774 ,the ,greek term synonymous with the ,latin ,,patera4 ,but ,jacquemart says1 8,quant la phiale1 sorte de petite bouteille qui nous a donn le mot fiole2 elle figure assez souvent dans les mains des divinits40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edd4 ,part of the ,frieze of the temple of ,apollo ,epicurius near ,phigalia4 ,phigalian ,marbles4 ,friezes in the ,hellenic room of the ,british ,museum1 from a temple to ,apollo ,epicurius1 near the ancient ,phigalia in ,arcadia4 ,there are twenty-three slabs in high relief1 eleven representing the battle between the ,centaurs and the ,lapith1 and the rest the contest of the ,greeks and ,amazons4 ,they are attributed to the same period as the ,parthenon1 but are considered inferior in style and workmanship4 7,fig4 #edd47 ,philactery4 7,see ,,phylactery47 ,philomel4 ,poetical for the nightingale4 ,philyra and ,philura1 ,gr4 774 ,strips of papyrus used for making a sheet of writing-paper2 ten or twelve strips of papyrus were first glued together lengthwise1 and at the back of these a sufficient number of strips were fastened crosswise to double the thickness of the surface so obtained4 ,phimus1 ,gr4 774 ,a ,greek term synonymous with ,,fritillus 7q4v474 ,phiol ,rubricat4 7,see ,,sanguinolenta47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ede4 ,phnix4 ,device of ,cardinal ,trent4 ,phnix1 ,chr4 ,in ,christian archology the phnix1 which is consumed by concentrating the sun's rays in its body1 and immediately rises again from its ashes1 represents the mystery of the resurrection after death4 ,in this sense it was adopted frequently as a device by ecclesiastics4 7,see ,,bennou47 ,in blazon it is always represented as issuant from flames4 7,fig4 #ede47 ,phorminx1 ,gr4 774 ,homer's epithet for the ancient lyre4 ,it was a large lyre1 and resembled the cithara of later times1 or the modern guitar4 ,it was used at an early period singly1 or for accompanying recitations4 ,photogalvanography4 ,an art invented by ,mr4 ,paul ,pretsch1 of ,vienna1 for printing from photographs by the medium of gutta percha4 ,for a description of the process1 see the ,manual of ,photography1 #eth edition1 pp4 #bfi1 #bgj4 ,photoglyphic ,engraving4 ,an invention of ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot 7#aheh7 for engraving on metal plates by the action of light4 7,see ,photographic ,journal1 vol4 v4 p4 #eh47 ,photography4 ,a great many processes of producing pictures by the action of the sun's rays upon a sensitive surface are included under this general term1 such as the ,daguerreotype1 the ,talbotype1 c4 ,consult in the first instance ,r4 ,hunt's ,manual of ,photography1 from which reference can be taken to other authorities4 ,photolithography4 ,the art of preparing lithographic stones for printing from1 by the medium of photography4 ,photometallography4 ,a process of etching on metal plates1 by the action of light1 invented by ,mr4 ,c4 ,j4 ,burnett 7#aheh74 7,see ,photographic ,journal1 vol4 v4 p4 #ig47 ,photometer4 ,an instrument for measuring the intensity of light4 ,phototype4 ,a plate1 like an engraved plate1 produced from a photograph1 for printing from4 ,photozincography4 ,the art of preparing zinc plates for printing from1 by the medium of photography4 ,phrase4 ,in ,music1 a passage of melody or harmony containing a musical idea1 more or less complete in respect of cadence4 ,phrygian4 ,applied to music of a lively kind4 7,cf4 ,,lydian47 ,phrygian ,work1 ,o4 ,e4 ,embroidery4 7,see ,,orfrays47 ,phrygianum 7opus74 ,a name given to all fine embroidery by the ,romans1 at a period when the work of the ,phrygian women was most perfect4 ,phrygio1 ,r4 ,a ,phrygian1 or embroiderer1 because the inhabitants of ,phrygia had the reputation of being excellent embroiderers4 ,phylactery1 ,gen4 71 a preservative74 7#a7 ,a general term which included any kind of amulet worn about the person as a protection against dangers of all kinds4 7#b7 ,strips of parchment or vellum1 upon which the ,jews transcribed passages from the sacred books1 and which they either wore upon the arm or the forehead1 in a small leather box4 7#c7 ,in the ,middle ,ages the term was applied to the scrolls held in the hands of angels or other persons represented in painting or sculpture4 ,these scrolls bore inscriptions4 7,see ,,labels47 ,phylaka1 ,gr4 774 ,a prison2 a ,greek term corresponding to the ,latin words ,,carcer and ,,ergastulum 7q4v474 ,phytography4 ,a process of nature-printing from plants1 by passing them between soft metal plates through a rolling press4 ,piazza1 ,it4 ,a square or open place surrounded by buildings1 generally supported by pillars1 and forming a vaulted promenade2 hence the term is sometimes applied to the archways of a colonnade4 ,pibroch1 ,scotch4 ,bagpipe music4 ,pica 7pic74 ,printing-type of the size formerly used in printing the pic1 or service-book4 ,piccadilly1 ,old ,fr4 ,a high1 broad1 peaked collar or ruff1 temp4 ,james ,i4 ,the tailor who made these ruffs is said to have built the street called by this name4 ,piccagium1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,english use74 ,money paid in fairs for breaking ground4 ,piccolo1 ,it4 ,a small flute4 ,small pianofortes are so called also4 ,pictura1 ,r4 7pingo1 to paint74 ,the art of painting2 pictura in tabula1 a painting on wood2 pictura in linteo or in sipario1 a painting on canvas2 pictura inusta1 a painting in encaustic or wax2 pictura udo tectorio1 a fresco-painting4 ,embroidery was called pictura textilis4 ,picturatus1 ,r4 ,painted2 tabella picturata1 a painted panel2 linteum picturatum1 embroidered linen4 ,pice de ,maitrise1 ,fr4 ,a test-work produced by an apprentice to prove his competence to become a master of his art or craft4 ,piedouche1 ,fr4 ,a bracket-pedestal4 ,pieds de ,hrisson1 ,fr4 ,fabulous animals so called represented on ,persian pottery1 mentioned by ,jacquemart 7p4 #aeb72 having the legs of a stag1 the tail of a tiger1 and the head of a woman4 ,the legend is that ,mohamet and ,ali will mount such beasts on the ,day of ,judgment4 ,piers1 in ,architecture1 are the perpendicular supports from which arches spring4 ,piet1 ,it4 ,a picture or statue of the ,body of ,christ1 attended by the ,virgin ,mary1 or by holy women and angels4 ,pietra ,dura4 ,mosaic panelling of hard pebbles of variegated colours1 representing fruit1 birds1 c4 in relief1 and used as a decoration for coffers and cabinets in the #aeth century4 ,pietr ,commesse1 ,it4 ,costly inlaid-work representing flowers1 fruit1 c41 in precious stones--such as agates1 jaspers1 lapis lazuli1 c4--introduced in ,florence in the #agth century1 and still maintained in the royal manufactory of that city4 ,the finest examples are in the chapel of the ,medici attached to the cathedral church of ,st4 ,lorenzo4 ,pig4 ,a black pig was represented at ,st4 ,anthony's feet1 representing his victory over sensuality and gluttony4 ,the monks of the order of ,st4 ,anthony used to keep herds of consecrated pigs4 ,pigments4 ,the colours used in painting4 ,a large number are described in their order4 ,standard works on ancient and modern pigments are ,eastlake's ,materials for a ,history of ,painting2 ,merrifield's ,ancient ,art of ,painting2 ,hundertpfund's ,art of ,painting restored to its ,simplest and ,surest ,principles4 ,an exhaustive catalogue of other works on the subject has been issued by the ,librarian of the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,pike4 ,a celebrated infantry weapon now replaced by the bayonet1 consisting of a strong spear or lance with a spike at the butt for fixing in the ground4 ,the shape of the head has varied at different periods4 ,pila1 ,r4 ,this word has different meanings1 according as the first syllable is long or short4 ,in the first case it denotes 7#a7 a mortar2 7#b7 a pillar or conical pier for supporting the superstructure of a bridge2 7#c7 a breakwater4 ,when the first syllable is short1 the word denotes 7#a7 a playing-ball4 ,the game of ball1 from the earliest times to the fall of the ,roman ,empire1 was one of the favourite exercises of the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,in the baths and the gymnasiums a room 7sphristerium7 was set apart for the purpose4 ,pila was a small ball2 follis1 a large one filled with air3 other balls were the paganica and the harpastum4 7#b7 ,pila vitrea1 a glass globe4 7#c7 ,a dummy made to roughly imitate the human form4 ,pilaster1 ,it4 ,a square pillar on a wall1 partly embedded in it1 one-fourth or one-fifth of its thickness projecting4 ,pile4 7#a7 ,her4 ,one of the ordinaries1 in form like a wedge4 7#b7 ,an arrow used in hunting1 with a round knob below the head1 to prevent it penetrating too far4 7#c7 ,the nap or surface on velvet4 ,pileatus1 ,r4 ,one who wears the pileus1 or skull-cap of felt2 it was specially worn by the seafaring classes1 and also by the ,dioscuri 7,castor and ,pollux74 ,pilentum1 ,r4 ,a state carriage in which the ,roman ladies rode when attending any ceremony1 whereas for purposes of recreation or for visiting they made use of the carpentum or the harmamaxa4 ,pileolus1 ,r4 ,diminutive of ,,pileus2 it was a small felt skull-cap which hardly covered the top of the head4 ,pileus1 ,pileum1 ,r4 71 felt74 ,a kind of close-fitting felt cap worn more particularly by the seafaring classes4 ,the pileus varied in form amongst the different nations by whom it was adopted2 it was worn exclusively by men4 ,the most familiar form of the pileus1 in art1 is the ,phrygian bonnet1 or cap of liberty4 7,cf4 ,,petasus47 ,pillar ,dollars are ,spanish silver coins1 stamped on the obverse with the royal arms of ,spain supported by two columns4 ,pillion1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a soft pad-saddle with a footrest1 for a woman or child to ride on behind a man4 ,pillow or ,head-stool1 ,egyp4 ,a kind of rest for the head1 made sometimes of stone 7onyx1 alabaster1 or sandstone71 but more generally of wood1 and used by the ,egyptians to support and raise the head during sleep4 ,in form it was a half-cylinder1 and the base was more or less raised above the ground4 ,this kind of pillow is still in use at the present day among various peoples1 particularly the ,nubians1 the ,japanese1 and the ,ashantees of ,western ,africa4 ,pillow-beres1 ,o4 ,e4 ,pillow-cases4 ,they were at all times an object of rich ornamentation4 ,pillow ,lace4 ,lace worked by hand1 by throwing bobbins upon a cushion or pillow4 7,see ,,lace47 ,pilum1 ,r4 ,a javelin2 the missile weapon of the ,roman infantry1 but used likewise as a pike for charging the enemy4 ,it was a thick strong weapon1 #f feet #c inches in length1 half of wood and half of iron1 with a barbed head of #i inches of solid iron4 ,the term also denotes a heavy pestle for bruising things in a mortar4 ,pilus1 ,med4 ,lat4 7,fr4 pieu74 ,a pointed club or javelin4 ,pina1 ,sp4 ,an amalgam of silver4 ,pinacotheca1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a picture-gallery1 one of the ordinary adjuncts to ,greek or ,roman houses of wealthy private persons4 ,pinaculum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7a ridge or crest74 ,a roof terminating in a ridge1 the ordinary covering for a temple1 whereas private houses had a flat roof4 ,pinchbeck4 ,an alloy of #he per cent4 copper or brass1 and #ae per cent4 zinc2 named after its inventor4 ,it is sometimes called tomback4 ,pindaric4 ,of verses1 irregular in metre2 like the verses of the lyric poet ,pindar4 ,pingle ,pan1 ,scotch4 ,a small tin ladle used for mixing children's food4 ,pink ,madder4 7,see ,,madder47 ,pinking4 ,stamping out borders and edges upon textile fabrics with a cutting instrument4 ,pinks 7,fr4 stil de grain74 ,these are water-colour pigments of a yellow or greenish-yellow colour produced from the precipitation of vegetable juices1 such as saffron1 aloes1 buckthorn-berries1 broom-flowers1 c41 upon chalk or whiting4 ,they are ,italian pink1 sometimes called yellow lake2 brown pink1 rose pink1 and ,dutch pink4 ,pinna1 ,r4 7lit4 a wing74 7#a7 ,the top of an embattled wall1 the battlements4 7#b7 ,the blade of a rudder4 ,pinnacle1 ,arch4 ,a small spire1 generally with four sides and ornamented2 it is usually placed on the tops of buttresses1 both external and internal4 ,pins4 ,metal pins were introduced into this country from ,france in #aedc1 previous to which ladies were accustomed to fasten their dresses with skewers of box-wood1 ivory1 or bone4 ,pipe4 ,a musical wind instrument1 represented in the #adth century1 in ,strutt's ,sports and ,pastimes1 as used with the ,,tabor to accompany mountebanks1 c4 7,see also ,,aulos1 ,,pito1 c47 ,pipe-clay4 ,an oily clay found in large quantities in ,devonshire2 used for moulding earthenware1 but chiefly for tobacco-pipes4 ,piriform1 ,arch4 ,pear-shaped4 ,the term is applied to roofs domed in the form of a pear2 the ,baptistery of ,parma may be cited as an example4 ,pirogue4 ,an ,indian canoe1 hollowed out of a solid tree4 ,piscina1 ,r4 7piscis1 a fish74 7#a7 ,a fishpond1 an indispensable appendage to the villa of a wealthy ,roman4 7#b7 ,a large uncovered tank in the open air used as a swimming-bath1 and distinct from the baptisterium1 which was under cover4 7#c7 ,piscina limaria was the reservoir of an aqueduct4 ,in medival archology the name was given 7#a7 to credence-tables2 7#b7 to baptisteries4 7,see ,,baptisterium1 ,,natatorium47 ,pis-work4 ,a method of constructing very durable walls of blocks of kneaded earth4 ,it was probably suggested by the building processes of the ants1 and ,pliny calls such walls formaci4 ,pistillum1 ,pistillus1 ,r4 ,a pestle for a mortar4 ,pistol4 ,invented at ,pistoia in ,tuscany4 7,see ,pallas ,armata1 ,sir ,james ,turner1 #afgj2 ,meyrick1 iii4 #gf47 ,pistole4 ,a ,spanish gold coin1 worth about #afs42 the fourth of a doubloon4 ,pistolese1 ,it4 ,a long dagger or stabbing-knife of ,pistoia4 ,pistrina1 ,pistrinum1 ,r4 7pistor1 a miller74 ,originally this term denoted a mill for grinding grain2 later on it was used exclusively to denote a house of correction for slaves who had to turn the mill4 ,the work was of a most laborious kind4 ,pistris1 ,pistrix1 ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a marine monster1 representations of which are to be seen on the walls of several houses at ,pompeii 7in the legend of ,theseus and ,andromeda74 ,it is always represented with the head of a dragon1 and the fins and tail of a fish2 and was adopted in early ,christian art for the fish that swallowed ,jonah4 7#b7 ,a military engine4 ,pitch-blende4 ,an ore used in porcelain painting4 ,it produces a fine orange colour2 also a black4 ,pitch-pipe4 ,a sort of whistle for ascertaining the pitch of a musical instrument1 or for setting the key-note4 ,pithos1 ,r4 774 ,a large earthenware jar with a narrow neck1 used in ancient and modern times for storing wine and oil4 ,it appears upon a bas-relief in the ,villa ,albani as the tub of ,diogenes4 ,pito1 ,sp4 ,a ,mexican name for the pipe of the ,aztecs1 which resembled a flageolet4 ,it was made of red clay1 and had four finger-holes4 ,the young man selected as a victim at the sacrifice to ,tezcatlepoca was carefully instructed before his death in the art of playing this instrument1 and as he ascended the temple or ,,teocalli to the sacrifice1 he broke a flute upon each of the steps of the temple4 ,piu1 ,it4 ,rather2 used in ,music1 as piu fort1 rather loud4 ,pix or ,pyx1 ,chr4 774 7#a7 ,a box to keep the unconsecrated altar breads in4 ,it was generally circular1 with a pointed cover1 and richly enamelled4 7#b7 ,the vessel in which the holy eucharist was suspended over the altar4 7#c7 ,the box kept at the ,british ,mint to contain the coins selected to be tried in assay1 to ascertain whether the coinage is of the standard purity4 7,see ,,ciborium #c1 ,,monstrance1 c47 ,pizzicato 7,it474 ,an expression in music2 playing on the violin like a harp4 ,placage1 ,fr4 ,veneering or inlaying4 ,plack1 ,scotch4 ,a small copper coin formerly current in ,scotland2 equal to the third of an ,english penny4 ,placket1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a petticoat4 7,shakspeare47 ,plafond1 ,plafonner1 ,fr4 ,arch4 7plat-fond74 ,the ,french term for a ceiling1 often the subject of elaborate architectural1 carved1 or painted decoration4 ,the peculiar foreshortened perspective characteristic of figure-pictures on a ceiling is hence described as 8plafonn20 and it is generally said of a painter distinguished for bold foreshortenings1 8,il excelle plafonner40 ,plafonds of different periods are found of wood1 lath and plaster1 or stone4 ,plaga1 ,r4 ,a hunting-net1 the diminutive of which is plagula 7small net72 the latter term also denotes the curtains hung round a couch or litter1 a width of cloth1 a strip of paper1 c4 ,plagula4 7,see ,,plaga47 ,planchet4 ,a name for the smooth coin prepared for stamping before it has passed under the die4 ,planeta4 ,a robe worn by priests1 resembling the ,,dalmatic 7see ,fig4 #bcf7 worn by deacons4 7,see ,,chasuble47 ,planetary ,machine4 7,see ,,orrery47 ,planisphere4 ,a projection of the sphere and its various circles on a plane surface4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edf4 ,planta ,genista4 ,planta ,genista1 ,her4 ,the broom-plant badge of the ,plantagenets4 ,plaque1 ,fr4 ,a flat plate of metal or painted china4 ,limoges enamels of the #aeth century are described as plaques4 ,plasm4 ,a mould or matrix4 ,plasma4 ,a green transparent chalcedony found in ,india and ,china4 ,plaster of ,paris4 ,the cement or plaster obtained from gypsum1 originally prepared near ,paris4 ,it is usually sold in the form of white powder1 and is largely used in the arts4 ,verrocchio 7#adce-adhh7 is said to have been the first sculptor to cast moulds in plaster of ,paris4 7,see ,,gypsum47 ,plastic ,art4 ,sculpture2 opposed to ,graphic ,art1 or painting1 c4 ,plastron1 ,fr4 ,a fencing-pad to cover the body4 ,plastron-de-fer was an iron breastplate worn under the hauberk1 especially when the latter was of ringed mail4 ,plat-band4 7,see ,t,,nia47 ,plata1 ,sp4 ,silver 7hence our plate74 ,plate1 ,her4 ,a silver roundle4 ,plate armour1 consisting entirely of metal plates1 became general during the #aeth century4 ,plate-glass4 ,a superior kind of thick glass1 used chiefly for mirrors and for large windows4 ,plate-jack1 ,o4 ,e4 ,coat armour4 ,plate-marks4 7,see ,,hall-,,marks47 ,plate-paper is a thick soft paper expressly prepared for printing engravings upon4 ,platea1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 broad74 ,a wide fine street in a city1 in contradistinction to a small street called angiportus1 which means literally a narrow street4 ,platen4 ,of a printing-press1 the flat part by which the impression is made4 ,plateresca1 ,sp4 ,a name given to goldsmiths' work of the #adth and #aeth centuries1 which reflected the complicated and delicate forms of ornament applied in the pointed architecture of the period4 ,plates are properly illustrations taken from copper or steel engravings2 cuts are impressions from wood-blocks4 ,platina4 ,twisted silver wire4 ,platina ,yellow4 ,two pigments1 one of a pale yellow colour1 the other resembling cadmium yellow1 are sold under this name4 ,plating is the art of covering metals with a thin surface of silver or gold for ornament4 ,platinum 7,sp4 plata1 silver74 ,a white metal exceedingly ductile1 malleable1 and difficult of fusion4 ,it is found in the ,ural ,mountains and in ,south ,america1 and is much used in goldsmiths' work in ,russia4 ,plaustrum1 ,r4 7plaudo1 to rumble74 ,a two-wheeled cart drawn by two oxen1 and used for conveying agricultural produce2 plaustrum majus was a much larger cart mounted on four wheels4 ,it had a long pole projecting behind1 on which blocks of stone or other cargo could be balanced on planks attached4 ,the wheels 7tympana7 were of solid wood nearly a foot in thickness1 and their creaking was heard to a great distance 7hence the name74 ,plectrum or ,plektron1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7from 1 to strike74 ,a short stem of ivory or metal pointed at both ends1 used to strike the chords of the lyre1 the barbiton1 the cithara1 and some other stringed instruments4 ,plemocho1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-1 i4 e4 that pours a flood74 ,a vessel in the shape of a top2 it resembled the cotyl4 ,plenitude1 ,her4 ,said of the moon when in full4 ,plenshing-nail4 ,a large nail for fastening the planks of floors to the joists4 ,plethron1 ,gr4 ,the basis of land measurement1 being #ajj feet square1 or #aj1jjj square feet4 ,as a lineal measure1 #ajj feet1 or about #aja of ,english measurement4 ,plinth1 ,arch4 774 ,lit4 a tile or brick1 and thence the lower projecting base of a column1 pedestal1 or wall1 which resembles a strong square tile placed beneath the last torus at the base of a column4 7,see ,,abacus47 ,plinthium1 ,r4 774 ,a sun-dial1 so called because its divisions were marked on a flat surface 774 ,plocage1 ,fr4 ,carding-wool4 ,plombage4 ,lead work4 ,plombagine4 ,plumbago4 ,plostellum4 ,diminutive of ,,plaustrum4 ,ploughs are mentioned in ,deuteronomy 7#adea ,b4,c471 and represented on ,egyptian sculptures of still earlier date4 ,the ,roman plough of the date of our era is described by ,virgil4 ,plough ,monday was the name given by our ancestors to the first ,monday after the ,epiphany1 the return to labour after the ,christmas holiday4 ,plum1 ,r4 7lit4 feathers74 ,the scales of armour1 arranged to imitate feathers4 7,see ,,penna47 ,plumarium ,opus4 7,see ,,opus ,p47 ,plumbago4 ,a carburet of iron commonly known as black-lead1 also called ,,graphite1 used for making crucibles and black-lead pencils4 ,plumbeous ,wares4 ,lead-glazed1 by the addition of an oxide of lead in the preparation of the glaze4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,plumbum1 ,r4 7lit4 lead74 ,a general term denoting anything that is made of lead1 such as a lead pipe1 a slinger's bullet1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edg4 ,pluteus4 ,pluteus1 ,r4 ,a general term including anything made of boards adapted to afford a support1 cover1 passage1 c42 and thus sometimes used as a synonym for musculus or protective shed4 ,fig4 #edg1 a pluteus upon three wheels1 was used for protecting soldiers conducting an approach at the foot of a rampart4 ,these plutei were covered with the skins of animals1 which were wetted to protect the machines from fire2 and helped to deaden the shock of missiles4 ,plynteria1 ,gr4 71 washing74 ,festivals held at ,athens in honour of ,athena ,aglauros1 in which the statue of the goddess was stripped of its garments and ornaments and washed4 ,it was carefully concealed in the mean time1 and the city being thus in a manner deprived of its protecting divinity1 the day was considered an ill-omened one4 ,pnigeus1 ,r4 71 lit4 a choker74 ,a kind of funnel employed to stop or repress the air in a hydraulic organ4 ,pnyx1 ,gr4 ,the site in ,athens where the ,,ecclesi were held4 ,it was a semicircular rising ground1 with an area of #ab1jjj square yards1 levelled with a pavement of large stones1 and surrounded by a wall1 behind which was the ,,bema or platform from which speakers addressed the people4 ,pocillum or ,poculum1 ,r4 ,any cup or glass for drinking1 distinct from the ,,crater for mixing1 and the ,,cyathus for ladling the wine4 7,cf4 ,,pokal47 ,poddisoy1 ,padusoy1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 pou de soie74 ,a rich plain silk4 ,podera1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 reaching to the feet74 ,a rich linen dress worn by ,greek women1 the edges of which were indented4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edh4 ,podium running round a sepulchral chamber4 ,podium1 ,arch4 71 lit4 a small foot74 ,a low wall or basement1 generally with a plinth and cornice1 running round a room or in front of a building1 forming a sort of shelf or seat4 ,fig4 #edh shows the podium of a sepulchral chamber4 ,in an amphitheatre1 podium was the name for a raised basement which ran like a high enclosure round the whole circumference of the arena4 ,lastly1 the term is sometimes used as a synonym for a socle1 and a console or bracket4 ,pole1 ,fr4 7lit4 a frying-pan74 ,a square shield with a raised edge and a grating on it1 which resembled the ,german baking-dish4 ,in a tournament1 the joust 8 la pole0 was the most dangerous of all1 as the champions fought bare-headed and without armour4 ,their horses were blindfolded1 and a coffin was brought into the course before the combat commenced4 7,meyrick47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #edi4 ,point ,lace bride picote4 ,point ,lace bride picote ground4 ,this lace is made with the needle 7see ,,needle ,,point71 some parts of the pattern only slightly raised in relief being united by stitches called bride picote4 7,fig4 #edi47 ,point of ,sight4 ,the principal vanishing point1 in perspective1 to which the horizontal lines converge4 ,pointed or ,christian ,architecture is generally called ,,gothic2 and is a general term1 descriptive of all the styles that have prevailed subsequent to the introduction of the pointed arch1 commencing with the #aath century4 ,pointel4 ,the medival stylus or graphium 7q4v474 ,points4 ,in the #aeth and #afth centuries1 before the introduction of buttons1 the different parts of dress were fastened with ribands1 having ornamental points or metal tags at the end4 7,see ,fig4 #eei47 ,poitrine1 ,fr4 ,a breastplate for man or horse4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eej4 ,pokal1 or ,german ,tankard4 ,pokal1 ,germ4 7,lat4 poculum74 ,a drinking-cup4 7,fig4 #eej47 ,poke1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a bag2 modern pocket4 ,poker ,pictures4 ,drawings burned upon wood with hot irons2 much patronized in the #ahth century4 ,pol1 ,edepol1 ,r4 ,a familiar oath or adjuration especially employed by the ,roman women2 it was an abbreviation of ,by ,pollux6 ,polariscope4 ,an instrument for exhibiting the polarization of light4 ,pole-axe4 ,a weapon of the #aeth century1 combining a hatchet1 a pike1 and a serrated hammer4 ,used principally by cavalry4 ,poleyns1 ,fr4 7,see ,,genouilli,,res47 ,pollubrum and ,polubrum1 ,r4 ,an old term for which there was substituted later on malluvium1 aquimanale1 aquiminarium1 trulleum2 it was a kind of basin for washing the hands1 the 1 of the ,greeks4 ,polos1 ,gr4 ,a kind of sun-dial4 7,see ,,horologium47 ,polyandrion1 ,chr4 7,gr4 -74 ,a common sepulchre in which more than four bodies were buried4 7,see ,,loculus47 ,polychord4 ,an instrument for application to the pianoforte for coupling together the strings of two octave notes4 ,polychromy4 ,colouring statuary1 bas-reliefs1 and architecture2 to be distinguished from forming them of variously-coloured materials4 ,this was not done by painting with an opaque colour1 but a sort of staining of the surface by thin1 transparent colouring matter4 ,m4 de ,quincy states that the fine preservation of the surface of some antique statues1 such as the ,apollo ,belvedere1 ,hercules of ,glycon1 and ,venus de ,medici1 is attributable to the use of wax colouring4 ,stones of various colours were used to represent different parts of the figure1 and in busts of the ,roman emperors the dress is frequently of coloured marble1 while the flesh is of white4 ,consult ,redford's ,ancient ,sculpture4 ,polyhedron4 ,a solid with many faces or planes4 ,polyptyca1 ,gr4 7-74 7#a7 ,tablets1 a sufficient number of which are put together to form what we now call a note-book4 7#b7 ,a polyptych2 a picture with several compartments4 7,cf4 ,,diptych47 ,polystyle1 ,arch4 ,surrounded by several rows of columns1 as in ,moorish architecture4 ,the porticoes of a ,greek temple had never more than ten columns in front 7decastyle74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eea4 ,a ,silver ,engraved ,pomander1 or ,scent-box1 shown open and closed4 ,pomander1 ,o4 ,e4 7from pomme d'ambre1 perfume apple74 ,a scent-box worn at the end of the hanging girdles of the #afth century4 7,see ,,pouncet-,,box47 7,fig4 #eea47 ,consult an interesting monograph by ,r4 ,h4 ,soden ,smith1 8,notes on ,pomanders40 ,pomme1 ,her4 ,a green roundle4 ,pomrium1 ,r4 7post and mrium 7murus7 behind the walls74 ,a line enclosing a town1 marked out at intervals by stone pillars4 ,when the limits of the town were extended1 the pomrium could not be changed without augury by the jus pomrii1 and1 in any case1 only by a town whose inhabitants had contributed to the extension of the limits of the empire4 ,pompa1 ,r4 and ,gr4 774 ,a solemn procession1 especially that with which the games of the circus were preceded4 ,pondus1 ,weight1 ,r4 7pendo1 to suspend74 ,an object used for weighing1 either with the balance 7libra71 or the steelyard 7statera74 ,the same term was also applied to a weaver's weights2 these were of stone1 terra-cotta1 or lead4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eeb4 ,pons4 ,pons1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 7#a7 ,a bridge2 the causeway 7agger7 which traversed the ,roman bridge was paved with large polygonal stones2 on either side of it was a pathway 7crepido74 ,fig4 #eeb shows the ,roman bridge at ,st4 ,chamas1 at the ends of which were erected triumphal arches 7fornices74 7,see ,,fornix47 ,pons sublicius was a wooden bridge built upon piles2 pons suffragiorum1 the voting-bridge over which the electors passed as they came out of the septum to cast their vote 7tabella7 into the urn 7cista74 ,it is probable that the ,greek bridges were of wood4 7#b7 ,a wharf or landing-stage by the water-side4 ,poongi1 ,hindoo4 ,a curious musical instrument made of a gourd1 or sort of cocoa-nut1 into which two pipes are inserted4 ,it is the instrument played by the ,sampuris1 or snake-charmers1 to the performing cobras4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eec4 ,pope in full pontificals4 ,pope4 ,the illustration represents the ,pope of ,rome in full pontificals1 viz4 the tiara1 consisting of three crowns of gold decorated with precious stones and surmounted by a cross1 and over a rochet 7surplice7 of silk a mantle of gold-work plentifully ornamented with pearls4 ,the under vestment1 which is long1 is of hyacinth colour4 ,the slippers are of velvet with a cross of gold1 which all who wish to speak to the ,pope reverently kiss4 ,late medival artists attributed this costume to the ,first ,person of the ,trinity4 ,it is given also to ,st4 ,clement1 ,st4 ,cornelius1 ,st4 ,fabian1 ,st4 ,gregory1 ,st4 ,peter1 and ,st4 ,sylvanus4 ,popina1 ,r4 ,a tavern or refreshment-place where food was sold1 in contradistinction to caupona1 which was a shop for selling wine4 ,popinjay1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a parrot4 ,poplin4 ,a textile of modern introduction1 woven of threads of silk and worsted4 ,poppy1 ,chr4 ,this plant1 the seed of which affords a soporific oil1 symbolizes1 in ,christian iconography1 death4 ,poppy ,oil4 ,a bland drying oil1 obtained from poppy-seed1 and used in painting4 7,see ,,oils47 ,poppy-head4 ,a term in decorative art for the carved ornaments with which the tops of the uprights of wood-work1 such as the ends of benches1 backs of chairs1 bedposts1 c41 were crowned4 ,popularia1 ,r4 ,the second mnianum or tier of seats in an amphitheatre4 ,porcelain 7,ancient ,chinese7 7from the ,portuguese porcellana1 little pigs2 a name given to cowrie-shells by the early traders1 and applied to porcelain1 which they thought was made of them1 or because it resembled the interior of a shell74 ,a fine species of transparent earthenware1 the chief component part of which is silex4 7,fairholt47 ,the most ancient examples of porcelain in ,china are circular dishes with upright sides1 very thick1 strong1 and heavy1 and which invariably have the marks of one1 two1 or three on the bottom thus3 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,the colours of these rare specimens vary4 ,the kinds most highly prized have a brownish-yellow ground1 over which is thrown a light shot sky-blue1 with here and there a dash of blood-red4 ,the ,chinese say there are but a few of these specimens in the country1 and that they are more than a thousand years old4 7,fortune47 ,the first imitations of ,chinese porcelain in ,europe date from the #afth century1 under the ,medici family1 and include specimens supposed to have been designed by the immediate pupils of ,raffaelle4 7,see ,,raffaelle-,,ware47 ,among the next earliest produced is that of ,fulham1 by ,dr4 ,dwight1 in #afga1 and of ,st4 ,cloud in ,france about #afie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eed4 ,pent-house ,porch4 ,porch1 ,arch4 ,a structure placed in front of the door of a church or other building1 and very variable in form4 ,in the ancient basilicas the vestibule is more commonly called ,,narthex 7q4v474 ,fig4 #eed shows a wooden porch also called a pent-house porch1 and ,fig4 #eee a plan of what is called a cupola porch1 from the fact that1 its ground being circular1 it is surmounted by a dome4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eee4 ,ground-plan of a ,cupola ,porch4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eef4 ,porcupine4 ,device of ,louis ,,xii4 ,porcupine 7,fr4 porc epic74 ,hereditary device of the ,valois family4 ,the 8,order of the ,porcupine0 was instituted in #acig by ,louis1 ,duke of ,orleans1 and abolished by ,louis ,,xii41 who retained the badge 7,fig4 #eef71 and had his cannon marked with a porcupine4 ,in numismatics his golden 8cus au porc epic0 are rare and highly valued4 ,porcupine-wood4 ,the ornamental wood of a palm1 the markings of which in the horizontal section resemble porcupine quills4 ,porphyry4 ,a hard stone much used in ,egyptian sculpture1 and for sarcophagi4 ,it was of a fine red colour1 passing into purple and green1 and susceptible of a fine polish4 7,see also ,rosso ,antico47 ,porporino1 ,it4 ,a yellow powder substituted for gold by medival artists4 ,it was compounded of quicksilver1 sulphur1 and tin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eeg4 ,porta 7,gate of ,perusium74 ,porta1 ,r4 ,this term denotes the gate of a city1 a large gate in any enclosure1 in contradistinction to ,,janua and ,,ostium 7q4v471 which denote the doors of a building4 ,fig4 #eeg shows the ancient gate of ,perugia4 ,portcullis4 ,a kind of iron grating1 forming an outer door1 which slided up and down perpendicularly in the grooves of a bay4 ,it was suspended by a chain1 which could instantly be lowered1 as occasion required1 in order to prevent ingress and cut off all communication4 ,by the ,greeks and ,romans they were called port cataract1 and in the ,middle ,ages they were known as ,saracenic gates4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eeh4 ,portcullis4 ,portcullis1 ,her4 ,a defence for a gateway1 borne as a badge by the ,houses of ,beaufort and ,tudor4 ,motto1 8,altera securitas40 7,fig4 #eeh47 ,porticus1 ,portico1 ,r4 7porta74 ,a long colonnade serving as a covered promenade4 ,in an amphitheatre1 the covered gallery at the top which was appropriated to women or slaves4 ,a wooden gallery covered over with a roof1 but in some cases entirely open on the side of the country4 7,see ,,templum47 ,portisculus1 ,r4 ,a director's staff wielded on board ship by the officer who gave the time to the rowers to make them row in unison4 ,portrait ,painting4 ,the earliest portrait on record is that of ,polygnotus1 painted by himself1 ,b4,c4 #djj4 ,giotto is said to have been the earliest successful portrait painter of modern times4 ,the different sizes of portraits are the following3-- ft4 in4 ft4 in4 ,bishop's whole length #h #aj by #e #aj4 ,whole length #g #aj #d #aj4 ,bishop's half-length #d #h #c #h4 ,half-length #d #b #c #d4 ,small half-length #c #h #b #aj4 ,kit-cat #c #j #b #d4 ,three-quarter size #b #f #b #a4 ,head size #b #j #a #h4 ,portula4 ,a wicket made in a large gate in order to give admittance into a city without opening the porta or large gate4 ,posnett1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a little pot4 ,postergale1 ,chr4 ,a ,,dorsal 7q4v474 ,postern 7posterna1 a back door74 ,a private gate in a rampart1 either upon the platform or at the angle of a curtain1 and opening into the ditches1 whence it was possible to pass by the pas-de-souris1 without being seen by the besiegers1 into the covered way and the glacis4 ,posticum1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 7#a7 ,a back door to a ,roman house4 7#b7 ,in ,architecture1 the part of a building opposite to the faade2 the posterior faade4 ,postis1 ,r4 ,the jamb of a door1 supporting the lintel or limen superius4 ,postscenium1 ,r4 ,the part of a ,roman theatre behind the stage1 in which the actors dressed1 and the appointments and machines were kept4 ,potichomanie4 ,a process of ornamenting glass with coloured designs on paper1 in imitation of painted porcelain4 ,potter's ,clay1 found in ,dorsetshire and ,devonshire1 is used for modelling and for pottery2 mixed with linseed oil1 it is used as a ground in painting4 ,pottery 7,fayence1 ,terraglia71 as distinct from porcelain1 is formed of potter's clay mixed with marl of argillaceous and calcareous nature1 and sand1 variously proportioned1 and may be classed under two divisions3 ,soft 7,fayence pte tendre71 and ,hard 7,fayence pte dure71 according to the nature of the composition or the degree of heat under which it has been fired in the kiln4 ,what is known generally in ,england as earthenware is soft1 while stone-ware1 ,queen's ware1 c41 are hard4 ,the characteristics of the soft wares are a paste or body which may be scratched with a knife or file1 and fusibility generally at the heat of a porcelain furnace4 ,these soft wares may be again divided into four subdivisions3 unglazed1 lustrous1 glazed1 or enamelled4 ,among the three first of these subdivisions may be arranged almost all the ancient pottery of ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,etruria1 and ,rome2 as also the larger portion of that in general use among all nations during medival and modern times4 ,the glazed wares may be again divided into silicious or glass-glazed wares1 and plumbeous or lead-glazed4 ,in these subdivisions the foundation is in all cases the same4 ,the mixed clay or 8paste0 or 8body0 is formed by the hand or on the wheel1 or impressed into moulds2 then slowly dried and baked in a furnace or stove1 after which1 on cooling1 it is in a state to receive the glaze4 ,this is prepared by fusing sand or other silicious material with potash or soda to form a translucent glass1 the composition of the glaze upon vitreous or glass-glazed wares4 ,the addition of oxide of lead constitutes the glaze of plumbeous wares2 and the further addition of the oxide of tin produces an enamel of an opaque white of great purity1 which is the characteristic glazing of stanniferous or tin-glazed wares4 ,most of the principal seats of the manufacture of pottery1 and a description of the objects manufactured1 and methods used in the manufacture1 will be found mentioned under their respective headings4 ,poulaines1 ,fr4 ,long-toed boots and shoes1 introduced in #achd4 7,see ,,cracowes47 ,pounce-paper4 ,a kind of transparent tracing-paper1 free from grease1 c42 made in ,carlsruhe4 ,pounced4 ,in ,engraving1 dotted all over4 ,pouncet-box1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a perfume box1 carved with open work4 7,see ,,pomander47 ,pouranamas1 ,hind4 ,very ancient books of ,india1 which give a part of ,hindoo history from the beginning of the ,hindoo monarchy1 or the time of the king ,ellou or ,ella4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eei4 ,pourpoint4 ,worn by a ,venetian youth of the #afth century4 ,pourpoint1 ,fr4 ,a quilted doublet1 worn in the #adth and #aeth centuries4 ,the illustration represents a ,venetian gallant of the #afth century4 7,see ,,gambeson47 ,powder-blue is pulverized pipe-clay1 a good 8pounce0 for transferring designs upon linen for embroidery4 ,powdered1 ,her4 7,see ,s,m47 ,powers1 ,chr4 ,guardian angels1 usually represented bearing a staff4 7,see ,,angels47 ,prcinctio1 ,e4 7prcingo1 to gird74 ,a lobby running quite round the circle formed by the cave in the interior of a theatre or amphitheatre2 the same term is also used to denote the passages between the tiers of seats comprised within each mnianum4 ,according to their importance1 theatres and amphitheatres were divided into two1 three1 and sometimes four prcinctiones4 ,prfericulum1 ,r4 ,a metal basin without handles1 used for holding sacred utensils4 ,prfic1 ,r4 ,women hired as mourners at the funerals of wealthy persons4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efj4 ,prfurnium hypocaust4 ,prfurnium1 ,r4 ,the mouth of a furnace placed beneath a hypocausis or heating-stove in a set of baths4 ,fig4 #efj shows the prfurnium of a hypocausis which was drawn upon the walls of a laconicum situated near the church of ,st4 ,cecilia at ,rome4 7,see ,,hypocausis47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efa4 ,roman maiden wearing the toga prtexta4 ,prtexta1 ,r4 ,a ,,toga with a broad purple border4 ,it was introduced by the ,etruscans1 and was the costume assigned to priests and magistrates1 to boys before they came of age1 and to women before their marriage4 7,see ,,toga47 7,fig4 #efa47 ,prtorium1 ,r4 ,the tent of the commander-in-chief of the army2 it was so called because in the earliest times of ,rome the consul who commanded the army bore the title of prtor4 ,the residence of a governor of a province was also called prtorium1 and finally the name was given to any large house or palace4 ,prandium1 ,r4 7prandeo1 to breakfast74 ,the midday meal1 which came between breakfast 7jentaculum7 and dinner 7cna74 ,prastura4 7,see ,,upapitha47 ,pra-koul1 ,hind4 ,an upright stone or sacred boundary among the ,khmers4 ,prasat1 ,hind4 ,the tower of the ,khmers2 prasat-stupa means little tower2 prasat-phradamrey1 the elephant tower of the king4 ,precarium1 ,chr4 ,a temporary benefice granted to a layman by the ,church2 the holder of the benefice was1 however1 bound to pay the ,church certain dues4 ,predella1 ,it4 ,a ledge behind the altar of a church on which the altar-piece was placed1 containing small pictures1 of similar subjects to the altar-piece4 ,prefericulum1 ,r4 ,a shallow metal bowl used in sacrifices for carrying the sacred vessels4 ,its shape resembled the patera4 ,premier ,coup4 7,see ,,prima ,,painting47 ,pre-,raphaelites4 ,a modern school of painters1 who1 throwing aside all conventional laws and traditions in art1 direct their study to the forms and colours of ,nature4 ,presentoir1 ,fr4 ,an pergne or table-stand for flowers2 made very shallow1 on a tall and richly-decorated stem4 ,a favourite subject of the goldsmith's art in the #afth century4 ,pressed ,glass4 ,glass pressed into a mould by a machine2 differing from blown glass4 ,presto1 ,it4 ,in ,music1 quickly4 ,priapeia1 ,r4 774 ,festivals in honour of ,priapus2 they were held chiefly at ,lampsacus4 ,pricket4 ,a young stag of two years1 when his horns begin to sprout4 ,prie-,dieu4 ,a kneeling-desk for prayers4 ,prima ,painting 7in ,french1 peinture au premier coup7 is a modern style directed to the avoidance of extreme finish1 described in a work by ,hundertpfund1 8,the ,art of ,painting restored to its ,simplest and ,surest ,principles40 ,primary ,colours4 ,blue1 yellow1 and red1 from which all colours are derived4 ,primero1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a game at cards mentioned by ,shakspeare4 ,primicerii1 ,chr4 ,this term had several meanings1 but it was usually employed to denote the first person inscribed on a list1 because the tablet on which the names were written was covered with wax2 whence primicerius 7from cera1 wax71 the first upon the wax4 ,in cathedral churches the primicerius presided over the choir1 and regulated the order and method of the ceremonies4 ,priming4 7,see ,,grounds47 ,prince's ,metal or ,prince ,rupert's ,metal4 ,an alloy of #gb parts of copper and #bh parts of zinc1 which has a resemblance to gold4 ,princedoms or ,principalities1 ,chr4 ,an order of ,,thrones of angels2 usually represented in complete armour1 carrying pennons4 7,see ,fig4 #bd47 ,principes1 ,r4 ,a body of heavy-armed foot-soldiers2 thus named1 because1 in the order of battle1 they were placed first4 ,principia1 ,r4 7princeps1 chief1 foremost74 ,the headquarters in a ,roman camp1 comprising not only the tents of the general and the superior officers1 but also an open space in which justice was administered and sacrifices offered to the gods2 it was in the same open space that all the standards of the legion were set up4 ,priory1 ,chr4 ,a monastery attached1 as a rule1 to an abbey2 there were also1 however1 priories which formed the head of an order4 ,in the order of ,malta each tongue comprehended several great priories4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efb4 ,prismatic mouldings4 ,prismatic 7mouldings74 ,a kind of moulding resembling the facets of a prism 7,fig4 #efb71 which is sometimes met with in archivolts of the ,romano-,byzantine period4 ,the same term is likewise applied to mouldings characteristic of the flamboyant style1 which assume1 especially in their base1 the form of prisms4 ,proaron1 ,gr4 and ,r4 72 1 to draw water74 ,a vessel of a flattened spheroid form1 with two handles4 ,proaulium1 ,r4 7pro1 in front of74 ,the vestibule of any building4 ,prochous1 ,gr4 71 i4 e4 thing for pouring out74 ,a small jug for pouring liquid into a cask2 it had a narrow neck1 a very large handle1 and a pointed mouth4 ,procton1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,an antechamber or room preceding other rooms or chambers4 ,prodd1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a light cross-bow1 used by ladies1 temp4 ,elizabeth4 ,prodomos1 ,arch4 7-74 ,the faade of a temple or building1 and sometimes the porch of a church4 ,profile4 ,the side view of the human face4 ,it is observed by ,fairholt that 8a face which1 seen directly in front1 is attractive by its rounded outline1 blooming colour1 and lovely smile1 is often divested of its charms when seen in profile1 and strikes only as far as it has an intellectual expression4 ,only where great symmetry exists1 connected with a preponderance of the intellectual over the sensual1 will a profile appear finer than the front face40 ,projectura1 ,r4 ,the beaver of a helmet4 ,proletarii1 ,r4 ,the proletariate1 or ,roman citizens of the lowest class of the people1 so called because they contributed nothing to the resources of the republic except by their offspring 7proles72 being1 as they were1 too poor to pay taxes4 ,prom1 ,hind4 ,an ornamented carpet in ,khmer art4 ,prometheia4 ,an ,athenian festival in honour of ,prometheus1 with a torch-race 7lampadephoria74 ,promulsis4 ,the first course at a ,roman dinner1 arranged to stimulate the appetite2 eggs were a principal ingredient1 whence the proverb ab ovo usque ad mala 7from first to last74 ,pronaos1 ,r4 7-74 ,a portico situated in front of a temple2 it was open on all sides1 and surrounded only by columns1 which1 in front1 supported not only the entablature1 but the pediment 7fastigium74 ,proper1 ,her4 ,said of a thing exhibited in its natural1 or proper1 colour4 ,proplasma1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a rough model or embodiment of the sculptor's first idea1 executed by him in clay4 ,propnigeum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,the mouth of the furnace of the ,,hypocausis 7q4v474 ,propyla1 ,gr4 ,the open court at the entrance to a sacred enclosure2 e4 g4 an ,egyptian temple1 or especially the ,acropolis at ,athens4 ,prora1 ,r4 774 ,the prow or fore-part of a ship1 whence proreta1 a man who stood at the ship's head2 proreus was a term also used4 7,see ,,acrostolium47 ,proscenium1 ,r4 7-74 ,the stage in a ,greek or ,roman theatre2 it included the whole platform comprised between the orchestra and the wall of the stage2 the term was also used sometimes to denote the wall of the stage itself4 ,proscenium1 ,mod4 ,the ornamental frame on which the curtain hangs4 ,prostylos1 ,gr4 7-74 ,a building or temple which has a porch supported by a row of columns4 ,proteleia1 ,gr4 7-74 ,sacrifices which were offered to ,diana1 ,juno1 the ,graces1 and ,venus prior to the celebration of a marriage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efc4 ,entrance 7,prothyrum7 of a ,roman house4 ,prothyrum1 ,gr4 7-74 ,with the ,greeks1 the vestibule in front of the door of a house1 where there was generally an altar of ,apollo1 or a statue or laurel-tree2 with the ,romans1 the prothyrum was the corridor or passage leading from the street to the atrium 7,fig4 #efc74 ,prototype 71 first2 1 mould74 ,the model of a plastic design2 hence figuratively1 a type or forerunner4 ,protractor4 ,an instrument for laying down and measuring angles upon paper4 ,protypum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a model1 first model or mould for making any object in clay1 such as antefix4 ,prussian ,blue4 ,a valuable pigment of a greenish-blue colour1 of great body1 transparency1 and permanency2 a mixture of prussiate of potash and rust1 or oxide of iron4 7,see ,,cyanogen47 ,prussian ,brown4 ,a deep-brown pigment1 more permanent than madder4 ,psaltery4 ,a stringed instrument or kind of lyre of an oblong square shape1 played with a rather large plectrum4 ,pschent1 ,egyp4 ,the head-dress of the ancient kings of ,egypt1 which should properly be called skhent1 since the p only represents the article the4 ,this head-dress is the emblem of supreme power1 the symbol of dominion over the south and north4 ,it is a diadem composed of the united crowns of the ,upper and ,lower ,egypts4 ,psephus1 ,gr4 774 ,a round stone used by the ,athenian voters to record their votes4 ,pseud-iso-domum 7opus74 7,see ,,opus ,,pseud-,,iso-,,domum47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efd4 ,ground-plan of a ,pseudodipteral ,temple4 ,pseudodipteros1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a building or temple which presents the appearance of being surrounded by a double colonnade1 though it possesses only a single one1 which is separated from the walls of the cella1 as in the dipteral arrangement4 7,fig4 #efd47 ,pseudoperipteros1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a building or temple which presents the appearance of being surrounded by a colonnade1 although in reality it does not possess one1 the columns being embedded in the walls of the cella4 7,see ,,peripteros1 under which an example of this kind of temple is given47 ,pseudothyrum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,literally1 a false door1 and thence a secret door1 or door hidden by some means or other4 ,pseudourbana 7sc4 dificia71 ,r4 ,the dwelling-house of the owner of a farm1 which was distinct from the buildings set apart for the farm people and the slaves1 the familia rustica4 ,psili1 ,gr4 774 ,light-armed troops1 who wore skins or leather instead of metal armour1 and fought generally with bows and arrows or slings4 ,psych1 ,fr4 ,a cheval-glass or mirror4 ,psycter1 ,gr4 774 ,a metal wine-cooler1 often of silver1 consisting of an outer vessel to contain ice1 and an inner vessel for the wine4 ,pterotus1 ,r4 774 ,that which has wings or ears2 an epithet applied to the drinking-cup called calix4 ,puggaree1 ,hind4 ,a piece of muslin worn as a turban4 ,pugillares1 ,r4 ,writing-tablets small enough to be held in the hand 7pugillus71 whence their name4 ,pugio1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,a short dagger1 without a sheath1 worn by officers of high rank4 ,pulpitum1 ,r4 ,the tribune of an orator1 or the chair of a professor4 ,in a theatre the term was used to denote the part of the stage next to the orchestra4 7,see ,,proscenium47 ,pulvinar1 ,r4 7pulvinus1 a cushion74 ,a cushion or bolster1 and thence a state couch or a marriage-bed4 ,pulvinarium1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a room in a temple1 in which was set out the pulvinar or couch for the gods at the feast of the ,,lectisternium4 7#b7 ,see ,,opus ,,pulvinarium4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efe4 ,pulvinatus4 ,pulvinatus1 ,r4 ,having a contour similar to that of a cushion or bolster1 and thence the cylinder formed by the swelling of the volute at the side of the ,ionic capital4 7,fig4 #efe47 ,pumice-stone4 ,a kind of lava of less specific gravity than water4 ,the dome of the mosque of ,st4 ,sophia at ,constantinople is built of pumice-stone4 ,punchau4 7,see ,,inti47 ,punctum1 ,r4 ,a vote or suffrage1 because in early times each citizen1 instead of laying down a tessera or tablet with his vote1 passed in front of the rogator1 or voting officer who had the list of candidates before him1 and pricked a hole 7punctum7 in the tablet against the name of the candidate for whom the vote was given4 ,punkahs4 ,swinging fans suspended from the ceilings of houses in ,india1 often richly embroidered and decorated with feathers1 brilliant insects1 gold and silver1 c4 ,puntilla1 ,sp4 ,a narrow point-lace edging4 ,pupa1 ,r4 ,a doll2 a child's plaything4 ,dolls of terra-cotta have been found in various countries4 ,in ,egypt dolls have been found1 made out of wood1 painted1 and in perfect proportion1 with glass beads on the head in imitation of hair4 ,as a rule1 the ancient dolls are made with movable joints4 ,puppis1 ,r4 ,the poop or after-part of a vessel as opposed to the prora or prow4 7,see ,,prora47 ,purbeck-stone4 ,a rough grey sandstone from ,dorsetshire1 largely used for building purposes in ,london4 ,purim 7,festivals of71 ,heb4 ,jewish festivals called ,festivals of the ,lots1 instituted in memory of ,esther1 who had averted the peril with which ,haman threatened the ,jews2 they were so called because the favourite of ,ahasuerus was to have decimated the ,jews by casting lots to see who should be put to death4 ,purple1 ,gen4 ,an insignia of authority pertaining to certain magistrates who wore purple robes or bands of purple on their attire4 ,there were two kinds of purple1 the amethyst and the ,tyrian2 the former was a deep violet1 and obtained from a shell-fish 7murex trunculus72 the ,tyrian was more brilliant and had a redder tinge2 it was obtained from the murex brandaris4 ,purple is red graduated with blue1 the red predominating2 red with black makes purple-black4 ,purple pigments are madder purple1 violet mars1 burnt carmine 7for water-colours74 ,purple ,lakes and ,green ,lakes are made by mixing yellow lakes with blue pigments4 7,see ,,yellow ,,lake47 ,purple ,madder4 7,see ,,madder47 ,purple-wood4 ,a beautiful deep-coloured ,brazilian wood1 used for marquetry and inlaid-work1 but principally for the ramrods of guns4 ,purpure1 ,her4 ,purple4 ,purree1 ,hind4 ,a bright golden yellow pigment prepared from camel's dung4 7,see ,,indian ,,yellow47 ,pursuivants4 ,the lowest order of officers in ,herald's ,college2 of whom there are four1 called respectively ,rouge ,croix1 ,rouge ,dragon1 ,blue ,mantle1 and ,portcullis4 ,in the ,middle ,ages these officers were attached to the households of the nobility1 and bore titles generally taken from the armorial insignia of their lords4 ,puteal1 ,r4 ,a place struck by lightning1 and thus rendered sacred2 in order to keep it from the tread of profane feet1 it was surrounded by a low wall similar to that which protected a well 7puteus72 whence the name of puteal4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eff4 ,puteus4 ,manhole of an ,aqueduct4 ,puteus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a well fed by a spring or an underground stream of water2 7#b7 an opening or manhole of an aqueduct 7,fig4 #eff72 7#c7 a pit for preserving grain4 ,puticuli1 ,puticul1 ,r4 ,common pits in which the bodies of those slaves and paupers were buried1 who had not the means to pay for a funeral pyre or a private tomb4 ,puttock1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a base kind of hawk4 7,shakspeare47 ,pyanepsia1 ,gr4 774 ,ancient 8,beanfeasts40 ,athenian festivals in honour of ,apollo1 instituted by ,theseus after his victory over the ,minotaur2 they were so called because beans were cooked for the banquet in honour of the god 71 a bean1 and 1 to cook74 ,pyat1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a magpie4 ,pykers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of fishing-boats4 ,pylon1 ,egyp4 774 ,a monumental gate composed of two lofty and massive pyramidal towers1 forming the entrance to the enclosure of the great ,egyptian temples4 ,the interior of a pylon contained staircases and chambers4 ,a splendid example in full preservation is that of the temple at ,esneh on the ,nile4 ,pyra1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 the burning-place74 ,a funeral pile before it was set on fire1 in contradistinction to rogus1 a funeral pile which has been lighted4 ,it was built in the form of an altar with four equal sides1 which were frequently covered with foliage of dark leaves2 and cypress-trees were placed in front of the pile4 ,the corpse was placed on the top1 in the bier 7lectica7 on which it had been borne to the place4 7,see ,,funeral ,,ceremonies47 ,pyrum1 ,pers4 774 ,a place in which the ,persians kept the sacred fire 7puros1 fire74 ,at ,bactria there were seven pyra1 in honour of the seven planets4 ,pyramid 7,egyptian1 ,pi-rama1 a mountain74 ,in the hieroglyphics called ,abumer1 8a great tomb10 which it essentially is1 or rather a great cairn over the cave tomb excavated in the live rock immediately under its apex4 ,this sepulchral chamber having been connected with the upper world by a passage sloping downwards from the north1 the graduated structure was regularly built over it1 the proportions of the base to the sides being constantly preserved1 and the whole forming always a perfect pyramid2 so that the building could be continued during the whole lifetime of its destined tenant1 and covered and closed in immediately upon his death4 ,it is on record that from ,seneferoo1 the first king whose name has been found upon monuments1 to the last of the ,sixth ,dynasty1 i4 e4 during the whole period of the ,ancient ,empire1 every king of ,egypt built a pyramid4 7,consult ,vyse1 ,pyramids of ,gezeh47 ,pyrotechny 71 fire1 and 1 art74 ,the art of making fireworks4 ,the ,chinese had great skill in this art long before its introduction into ,europe1 and are at this day unrivalled in it4 ,the best ,english work on the subject is perhaps that by ,g4 ,w4 ,mortimer 7,london1 #ahec74 ,pyrrhica1 ,gr4 774 ,a war-dance in great favour with the early ,greeks1 and frequently represented in sculptures1 in which warriors brandished their weapons and went through a mock combat4 ,pythia1 ,gr4 774 7#a7 ,a priestess of ,apollo at ,delphi1 represented seated on the sacred tripod4 7,see ,,cortina47 7#b7 ,games instituted at ,delphi in honour of ,apollo1 and of his killing the ,pytho1 the monstrous serpent born from the waters in ,deucalion's flood4 ,pythoness4 ,synonym of ,,pythia 7q4v474 ,the term was also used to denote certain sorceresses1 such as the pythoness of ,endor4 ,pyx1 or ,pix ,cloths4 7,see ,corporals47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efg4 ,small ,ivory ,pyx4 ,ninth ,century 7874 ,pyx4 ,the word in its earliest meaning included any small box or case1 and often in the ,middle ,ages it contained relics4 ,thus in the ,durham treasury there was 8a tooth of ,st4 ,gengulphus1 good for the falling sickness1 in a small ivory pyx40 ,the pyx used for the sacrament was usually ornamented with religious subjects1 other than the incidents of the lives of saints4 7,fig4 #efg47 ,pyxis1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 a box-wood box74 ,a casket1 trinket-box1 or jewel-case4 ,q4 ,many ,old ,english words are indifferently spelt with qu1 ch1 and c2 such as quire1 choir2 quoif1 coif1 c4 ,quadra1 ,r4 ,generally1 any square or rectangular object2 such as a table1 plinth1 or abacus4 ,quadragesima1 ,chr4 ,lent is so called1 because it has forty days4 ,quadrans1 ,r4 7a fourth part74 ,a small bronze coin worth the quarter of an as1 or about a farthing4 ,quadrant4 ,an instrument for measuring celestial altitudes2 superseded by the ,,circle4 7,see ,,sextant47 7,consult ,lalande1 ,astronomie1 #bcaa1 c41 #cme edition74 ,quadrantal1 ,r4 ,a square vessel used as a measure1 the solid contents of which were exactly equal to an amphora4 ,a standard model was kept in the temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus4 ,quadrelle1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a mace1 with four lateral projections1 ornamental like the leaves of a flower4 7,see ,planch1 ,cycl4 of ,costume1 ,plate xii4 #af47 ,quadrellus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a quarrel for a cross-bow4 ,quadriforis1 ,r4 ,a door folding into four leaves4 ,quadriga1 ,r4 ,generally ,quadrig 7,greek or 74 ,a chariot in which four horses were yoked abreast4 ,the two strongest horses were harnessed under the yoke in the centre2 the others were fastened on each side by means of ropes4 7,see ,,currus47 ,quadrigatus1 ,r4 ,a silver denarius1 so called from its having a quadriga on the reverse4 ,quadrilateral4 ,four-sided4 ,quadriliteral4 ,consisting of four letters4 ,quadrille1 ,med4 7,it4 squadriglia1 dimin4 of squadra--our 8squadron0--a small party of troops drawn up in a square74 ,small parties of richly-caparisoned horsemen1 who rode at tournaments and public festivals4 ,the modern dance so called was introduced in #ahjh4 ,quadriremis1 ,r4 ,a galley with four banks of rowers4 ,quadrisomus1 ,chr4 ,a sarcophagus with compartments for four bodies4 ,one discovered in the ,vatican cemetery at ,rome contained the bodies of the first four popes called ,leo4 7,cf4 ,,bisomus47 ,quadrivalves1 ,arch4 7,see ,,quadriforis47 ,quadrivium 7lit4 of four ways74 ,the four minor arts of arithmetic1 music1 geometry1 and astronomy4 7,see ,,trivium47 ,quadrivium1 ,r4 ,a place where four roads meet4 ,quadrumane4 ,having four prehensile hands or feet1 like monkeys4 ,quadruplatores1 ,r4 ,public informers1 who were rewarded with a fourth part of the criminal's property on obtaining a conviction4 ,qustiones ,perpetu1 ,r4 ,permanent tribunals established at ,rome to take cognizance of criminal cases4 ,qustorium1 ,r4 ,in a ,roman camp1 the qustor's tent2 this was in some cases near the porta decumana1 or the rear of the camp2 in others1 on one side of the ,,pr,,torium 7q4v474 ,quaich1 ,queish1 or ,quegh1 ,scotch4 ,an old-fashioned drinking-cup or bowl1 with two handles4 7,english ,,maser 847 ,quality-binding1 ,scotch4 ,a kind of worsted tape used in the borders of carpets4 ,qualus1 ,r4 7,gr4 ,,kalathos1 q4v474 ,a wicker-work basket4 ,quandary1 ,o4 ,e4 7from ,fr4 qu'en dirai-je874 ,doubt and perplexity4 ,quannet4 ,a tool for working in horn and tortoise-shell4 ,quarnellus1 ,med41 in fortification4 7,see ,,crenel47 ,quarrel 7,fr4 carreau71 ,arch4 ,a lozenge-shaped brick1 stone1 or pane of glass2 a glazier's diamond4 ,quarrel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an arrow for the cross-bow with a four-square head4 ,quarter-deck1 on a ship of war4 ,the deck abaft the mainmast1 appropriated to the commissioned officers4 ,these were originally of great height1 corresponding with the lofty forecastle for soldiers1 and helped to make the ships top-heavy and unmanageable4 ,a commission on ship-building in #afah says1-- 8,they must bee somewhat snugg built1 without double gallarys1 and too lofty upper workes1 which overcharge many shipps1 and make them coeme faire1 but not worke well at sea40 ,quarter-gallery of a ship4 ,a balcony round the stem4 ,quarter-round1 ,arch4 ,the ovolo moulding 7q4v474 ,quarter-tones 7,gr4 diesis71 in ,music1 were the subject of much discussion among the ancient ,greeks1 but they were used on the lyre for an occasional 8grace-note40 ,aristoxenos says 8no voice could sing three of them in succession1 neither can the singer sing less than the quarter-tone correctly1 nor the hearer judge of it40 7,consult ,chappell's ,hist4 of ,music47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efh4 ,royal ,arms of ,england1 temp4 ,edward ,,iii41 quartered with the fleur-de-lys of ,france4 ,quartering1 ,her4 ,marshalling two or more coats of arms in the different quarters of the same shield4 7,fig4 #efh47 ,quartet1 ,quartetto1 ,it4 ,a piece of music for four performers1 each of whose parts is obligato1 i4 e4 essential to the music4 ,quartile4 ,in ,astronomy1 distant from each other #ij degrees1 or a quarter of a circle4 ,quasillum 7dimin4 of ,,qualus1 q4v47 was a small basket in which the quantity of wool was measured1 which was assigned to a slave to spin in a day's work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #efi4 ,quatrefoil4 ,quatrefoil4 ,an ornament in pointed architecture consisting of four foils4 ,the term is likewise applied to a rosace formed of four divisions1 which figures frequently in the upper part of pointed windows4 ,quatrefoil or ,primrose1 ,her4 ,a flower or figure having four foils or conjoined leaves4 ,quattrocento1 ,it4 7lit4 four hundred74 ,a term applied to the characteristic style of the artists who practised in the #aeth century2 it was hard1 and peculiar in colour as well as in form and pose4 ,it was the intermediate of that progressive period of art1 which1 commencing with ,fra ,angelico1 ,masaccio1 ,mantegna1 ,botticelli1 and other celebrated painters1 between ,a4 ,d4 #adjj and #aejj1 reached excellence in the #afth century 7the cinque-cento7 with ,leonardo da ,vinci and ,raphael4 ,quaver4 ,a musical note of very short time half a crotchet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egj4 ,crown of ,her ,majesty the ,queen4 ,queen4 ,crown of ,her ,majesty4 7,see ,fig4 #egj47 ,queen-post 7anciently prick-post or side-post71 ,arch4 ,an upright post similar in use and position to the ,,king-,,post1 but rising1 not in the centre to the point of the gable1 but midway between the wall and the centre4 ,queen's ,boots4 ,the interesting fact in ,english archology is not generally known1 that ,her ,majesty's boots are provided for by an annual tax of two shillings 7on the whole7 upon the village of ,ketton in ,rutlandshire 8pro ocreis regin40 ,queen's ,ware4 ,a cream-coloured glazed earthenware of the ,wedgwood manufacture at ,burslem1 #agei-gj4 ,queen's ,yellow4 ,a colour formed from the subsulphate of mercury4 ,queintise1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a dress curiously cut or ornamented4 7,see ,,cointoise47 ,querpo 7for ,cuerpo74 ,partly undressed4 ,querpo-hood4 ,a hood worn by the ,puritans4 7,p47 8,no face of mine shall by my friends be viewed ,in ,quaker's pinner1 or in querpo-hood40 7,archologia1 vol4 xxvii47 ,queshews1 ,o4 ,e4 ,cuisses2 armour for the thighs4 ,queue1 ,fr4 ,a support for a lance4 ,it was a large piece of iron screwed to the back of the breastplate1 curved downward to hold down the end of the lance4 ,queue ,fourche1 ,her4 ,having a double tail1 or two tails4 ,quichuas4 ,remarkable specimens of pottery1 from this ,peruvian coast province1 doubtless of remote antiquity1 resemble in their freedom from conventionality and successful imitation of natural forms all primitive ,egyptian and other sculpture4 ,jacquemart describes the vase of the illustration 7on page #bad7 as the chef-d'uvre of ,american ceramics2 and1 from the close resemblance of the features of the figure represented to certain groups of prisoners on the ,egyptian bas-reliefs1 as well as to the ethnic type of the ancient ,japanese kings1 makes important deductions with reference to the dispersion of mankind1 and the commerce of the old and new worlds in prehistoric times4 ,quicksilver1 alloyed with tinfoil1 forms the reflecting surface of looking-glasses1 and is largely used in the operations of gilding and silvering metals4 ,quilled1 ,her4 ,a term used to blazon the quills of feathers2 thus a blue feather having its quill golden is blazoned--a feather az41 quilled or4 7,boutell47 ,quilts for bed-coverings1 in ,england1 were formerly made of embroidered linen with emblems of the evangelists in the four corners4 ,at ,durham1 in #addf1 in the dormitory of the priory was a quilt 8cum iiijor evangelistis in corneriis40 ,the ,very ,rev4 ,daniel ,rock 7,textile ,fabrics7 suggests that this gave rise to the old nursery rhyme3-- 8,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke1 and ,john1 ,bless the bed that ,i lie on40 ,quinarius4 ,a ,roman coin half a denarius1 or five asses4 ,quincaillerie1 ,fr4 ,a general term for all kinds of metallurgical work in copper1 brass1 iron1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ega4 ,quince4 ,device of the ,sforzas4 ,quince1 ,her4 ,the 8,pomo cotogno10 the emblem of the town of ,cotignola1 adopted by the founder of the ,sforza family who was born there4 ,the ,emperor ,robert of ,bavaria added a lion in #adja as a reward of an act of bravery1 to 8support the quince with his left hand and defend it with his right10 adding 8guai a chi lo tocchi60 7,fig4 #ega47 ,quincunx1 ,r4 7i4 e4 five-twelfths of anything74 7#a7 ,a ,roman bronze coin1 equivalent to five-twelfths of an as1 and weighing five ounces 7unci74 7#b7 ,an arrangement of five objects in a square2 one at each corner1 and one in the middle4 7#c7 ,in gardening1 said of trees planted in oblique rows of three and two1 or in a quincunx 7,no4 #b74 ,quincupedal1 ,r4 ,a rod five feet in length1 for taking measurements in masonry4 ,quindecagon4 ,a plane figure having fifteen sides and fifteen angles4 ,quinite4 ,a ,spanish textile of hair with silk or other thread4 ,quinquagesima1 ,chr4 ,the fiftieth day before ,easter2 ,shrove ,sunday4 7,s47 ,quinquatrus 7or --ia71 ,r4 ,festivals of ,minerva1 celebrated on the #aith of ,march4 ,they lasted five days2 on the first no blood was shed1 but on the last four there were contests of gladiators4 ,another festival called ,quinquatrus minores1 also in honour of ,minerva1 was celebrated on the ides of ,june4 ,quinquennalia1 ,r4 ,games celebrated every four years at ,rome2 instituted by ,nero1 ,a4 ,d4 #fj4 ,they consisted of music1 gymnastical contests1 and horse-races4 ,quinqueremis1 ,r4 ,a galley with five banks of oars4 ,quinquertium1 ,r4 7,gr4 ,pentathlon74 ,a gymnastic contest of ,greek origin1 so called because it consisted of five exercises1 viz4 leaping1 running1 wrestling1 throwing the discus1 and throwing the spear4 ,introduced in the ,olympic games in ,ol4 #ah4 ,quintain1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a post set up to be tilted at by mounted soldiers2 sometimes a man turning on a pivot2 sometimes a flat board1 on a pivot1 with a heavy bag of sand at the other end1 which knocked the tilter on the back if he charged unskilfully4 7,see ,strutt1 ,sports and ,pastimes1 p4 #hi1 ,plates ix4 and x47 ,quintana1 ,r4 ,a causeway fifty feet wide in a ,roman camp4 ,quintetto1 ,it4 ,a piece of music for five performers1 obligati4 7,cf4 ,,quartet47 ,quintile4 ,in ,astronomy1 distant from each other #gb degrees1 or a fifth of a circle4 ,quippa1 ,peruv4 7lit4 a knot74 ,a fringe of knotted and particoloured threads1 used to record events in ancient ,mexico4 ,quippos or ,quippus1 ,peruv4 ,a plaited cord of strings of different colours and lengths1 used as a substitute for writing among the ancient ,peruvians4 ,quire4 ,o4 ,e4 for ,,choir4 ,quirinalia1 ,r4 ,a festival sacred to ,romulus--,quirinus--held on the #agth of ,february1 as the anniversary of the day on which he was supposed to have been carried up to heaven4 ,the festival was also called ,stultorum feri4 7,see ,,fornacalia47 ,quirk1 ,arch4 ,an acute channel by which the convex parts of ,greek mouldings 7the ogees and ovolos7 are separated from the fillet or soffit that covers them4 ,in ,gothic architecture quirks are abundantly used between mouldings4 ,quishwine1 ,quusson1 and ,qwissinge4 ,old ways of spelling the word 8cushion40 ,quivers4 ,the ancient ,greeks and ,etruscans1 the ,normans and ,saxons wore quivers 7pharetra7 on a belt slung over the shoulder4 ,archers of the #abth to #adth century carried their arrows stuck in their belts4 8,a shefe of peacock arwes bryght and kene ,under his belt he bare ful thriftely40 7,chaucer47 ,quivers were probably introduced into ,england in the #aeth century4 ,quoif or ,coif1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a close-fitting cap worn by both sexes1 and by lawyers1 temp4 ,elizabeth4 ,quoin or ,coin4 7#a7 ,arch4 ,the external angle of a building4 7#b7 ,o4 ,e4 ,a wedge4 ,quoits4 ,a very ancient game derived from the ,roman ,,discus 7q4v474 ,r4 ,ra4 ,the sun-god with hawk head is a common object of ,egyptian pottery and architectural ornament1 subsequent to the ,asiatic invasions4 ,it typifies the union of the yellow ,asiatic and the native ,egyptian races4 ,rabato1 ,sp4 ,a neck-band or ruff4 7,see ,,rebato47 ,rabbet 7from rebated74 ,in ,joinery a groove in the edge of a board4 ,rabyte1 ,o4 ,e4 7for ,arabyte74 ,an ,arab horse4 ,racana1 ,chr4 ,a blanket of hair-cloth prescribed for the couches of monks1 c41 in summer4 8,pro anis rachinis propter stus utantur40 ,rack1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the last fleeting vestige of the highest clouds4 ,racon1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the pot-hook by which vessels are suspended over a fire4 7,see ,,galows47 ,radiant1 ,rayone4 ,encircled with rays4 7,fig4 #cie47 ,radius1 ,r4 ,a pointed rod employed by certain professors of astronomy and mathematics for tracing figures on the sand4 ,also the spoke of a wheel1 a ray of light1 and lastly1 a stake used in constructing intrenchments 7valla74 ,radula1 ,r4 ,a scraper1 an iron tool used for paring or scratching off4 ,raffaelle-ware4 ,a fine kind of ,urbino majolica1 the designs for which were probably furnished by pupils of the great master4 ,rag4 ,in ,masonry1 stone that breaks in jagged pieces4 ,ragged ,staff1 ,her4 7,see ,,ragul,e47 ,ragman's or ,rageman's ,roll1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,in ,history1 a roll of the nobles of ,scotland1 who swore fealty to ,edward ,i4 at ,berwick1 in #abif2 hence 7#b7 a game of chance1 in which a number of versified descriptions of character were drawn from a roll by the members of a company2 #acth to #aeth century4 ,the game survives among children of the present age in the custom of drawing ,twelfth-,night characters4 ,ragstone4 ,a rough kind of sandstone found in ,kent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egb4 ,ragule4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egc4 ,bear and ,ragged ,staff4 ,ragule1 ,raguly1 ,her4 ,serrated4 ,a 8ragged staff10 or 8staff ragule10 is a part of a stem from which the branches have been cut off roughly4 ,the illustration is the well-known device of the ,earls of ,warwick1 originating with ,arthgal1 one of the ,knights of the ,round ,table2 because1 says ,leland1 8this ,arthgal took a bere in his arms1 for that1 in ,britisch1 soundeth a bere in ,englisch40 7,fig4 #egc47 ,rahal1 ,arabic4 ,a load for a camel2 about #e cwt4 ,rains1 or ,raynes1 ,cloths 7,a4 ,d4 #acbg-adcd1 c474 ,fine linen woven at ,rennes in ,brittany4 ,rajeta1 ,sp4 ,a coarse cloth of mixed colours4 ,rallum1 ,r4 ,a piece of iron on the end of a stick1 used to scrape off earth from the plough-share4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egd4 ,assyrian ,battering-ram4 ,ram1 in ,christian iconography1 is a symbol not fully explained4 ,it was probably connected with the idea of a manful fight with the powers of evil4 ,two rams face to face with a cross between them are a frequent symbol4 7,consult ,martigny1 ,dict4 des ,antiq4 ,chrt4 s4 v4 ,belier47 ,ram1 ,o4 ,e4 for rain4 7,shakspeare47 ,ram or ,battering-ram4 7,see ,,aries47 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #egd7 is from the ,assyrian sculptures1 showing the invention of the testudo to be of great antiquity4 ,ramadhan4 ,the ninth month of the ,arabian calendar1 and the ,mohammedan month of fasting2 it is followed by the festival of the ,little ,bairam4 ,ramalia1 ,r4 7ramus1 a ram7 ,roman festivals instituted in honour of ,ariadne and ,bacchus4 ,ramillete1 ,sp4 ,a nosegay2 a pyramid of sweetmeats and fruits4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ege4 ,lion ,rampant4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egf4 ,demi-lion ,rampant4 ,rampant1 ,her4 ,erect1 one hind paw on the ground1 the other three paws elevated2 the animal looking forward1 and having his tail elevated4 ,rampant guardant1 ,her4 ,the same as rampant1 but looking out of the shield4 ,rampant reguardant1 ,her4 ,the same as rampant1 but looking backwards4 ,ranseur1 ,fr4 ,a sort of partisan in use in the time of ,edward ,,iv41 having a broad long blade in the centre1 and projecting shorter blades on each side4 ,rantle-tree1 ,scotch4 7#a7 ,the beam in the chimney from which the crook is suspended1 when there is no grate 7,angl4 ,,galows4 ,see also ,,reeking-,,hook74 7#b7 ,a tree chosen with two branches1 which are cut short1 and left in the shape of a ,y1 built into the gable of a cottage to support one end of the roof-tree4 ,rapier1 introduced from ,spain in the #afth century1 remained the favourite weapon of gentlemen4 ,it is a light sword with a narrow blade adapted only for thrusting4 ,it used to be called a tuck4 ,rapier-dance4 ,a theatrical dance still practised in ,yorkshire1 consisting of evolutions of the dancers with naked rapiers round a performer who kneels in the centre and finally simulates death4 7,compare ,,sword-,,dance47 ,raploch1 ,scotch4 ,coarse undyed woollen cloth4 ,rareca4 ,peruvian aqueducts2 distinct from the subterranean aqueducts called ,,huircas or ,pinchas 7q4v474 ,rash4 8,a species of inferior silk1 or silk and stuff manufacture40 7,nares47 ,raster1 ,rastrum1 ,r4 7rado1 to scrape74 ,a rake4 ,rat4 ,in ,chinese symbolism1 the month of ,november4 7,see ,,tchy ,,periods47 ,rath1 ,celtic4 ,an ancient fortress or castle of the ,irish chiefs1 consisting of a circular intrenched enclosure1 with buildings in the centre4 ,rational1 ,heb4 ,a square piece of richly embroidered cloth worn by the ,jewish high priest upon the breast1 above the ephod4 ,ratis1 ,r4 ,a raft of strong beams or planks2 and thence a flat boat1 a bridge of boats1 c4 ,raunle-tree4 ,scotch2 for ,,rantle-,,tree 7q4v474 ,raven1 the ensign of the ancient ,danes1 was the bird of ,odin4 ,in ,christian art1 the emblem of ,divine ,providence 7in allusion to the history of ,elisha72 attribute of certain saints1 especially of ascetics4 7,see ,,crow47 ,ray1 ,chr4 ,the fish 7rina diaudan7 which was burned by ,tobias 7vii4 #b1 #c71 and the eggs of which are still burnt for intermittent fevers among the ,greeks4 7,harris1 #djh47 ,ray1 ,o4 ,e4 7i4 e4 rayed74 ,striped cloth much worn in the #acth and #adth centuries4 ,raynes1 ,o4 ,e4 7from ,rennes in ,brittany74 ,fine linen4 8,cloth of raynes to sleep on soft40 7,chaucer47 ,rayonne1 ,her4 7,see ,,radiant47 ,real 7,eng4 ,,royal74 ,a ,spanish coin4 ,there are two kinds3 a real of plate1 worth #d;d41 and a real of vellon1 worth #b;d4 7,cf4 ,,rial47 ,realgar4 ,a red pigment1 formed of arsenic in combination with sulphur4 ,a fugitive and corrosive pigment4 7,see ,merime1 ,de la ,peinture l'huile1 p4 #abd47 ,realism1 ,realistic1 in ,art4 7,see ,,ideal and ,,real47 ,rebated4 ,turned back1 as the head of a ,,morne or jousting-lance4 ,rebato1 ,sp4 ,the turn-down collar of the #aeth and #afth centuries4 ,rebec1 ,sp4 ,a musical instrument of three strings1 tuned in fifths1 and played with a bow like a fiddle4 ,it was originally introduced into ,spain by the ,moors4 ,rebiting4 ,a process of renewing the lines of a worn-out plate1 by etching them over again2 a difficult and delicate operation1 which is rarely performed with entire success4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egg4 ,rebus 7,prior ,bolton74 ,the ,bolt and ,tun4 ,rebus1 ,her4 ,an allusive charge or device4 ,a ton or tun pierced by a bird-bolt is in the church of ,great ,st4 ,bartholomew1 of which ,prior ,bolton was the last prior4 8,prior ,bolton ,with his bolt and tun40 7,ben ,jonson47 ,recamo1 ,sp4 ,embroidery of raised work4 ,recel1 ,sp4 ,a kind of striped tapestry4 ,receptorium1 ,r4 7recepto1 to receive74 ,a kind of parlour1 also called salutatorium1 which generally adjoined the ancient basilicas4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egh4 ,cross ,recercele4 ,recercele1 ,her4 ,a variety of the heraldic cross4 ,recheat1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sound on the horn to call dogs away from the chase4 ,recinctus4 ,equivalent in meaning to ,,discinctus 7q4v474 ,recorders4 ,a musical instrument mentioned by ,shakspeare4 ,it resembled a very large clarionet4 ,milton also speaks of 8the ,dorian mood ,of flutes and soft recorders40 7,paradise ,lost1 i4 #eej47 ,recta1 ,r4 ,a straight tunic1 made out of a single piece1 which took the form of the body2 it hung from the neck1 and fell down as far as the feet4 ,rectilinear figures are those composed entirely of straight or right lines4 ,red4 ,one of the three primary colours1 producing with ,,yellow1 orange1 and with ,,blue1 violet4 ,the principal red pigments are carmine1 vermilion1 chrome red1 scarlet lake1 madder lake1 light red1 burnt sienna1 for yellow reds2 and ,venetian red1 ,indian red1 crimson lake1 for blue reds4 ,red1 in ,christian art1 represented by the ruby1 signified fire1 divine love1 the ,holy ,spirit1 heat or the creative power1 and royalty4 ,in a bad sense1 red signified blood1 war1 hatred1 and punishment4 ,red and black combined were the colours of purgatory and the devil4 7,see ,,realgar1 ,,indigo47 ,red ,chalk or ,reddle is a mixture of clay and red iron ,,ochre1 used as a crayon in drawing4 7,see ,,ochre47 ,red ,lake4 7,see ,,carmine47 ,red ,lead4 ,a pigment which mixes badly with other pigments4 7,see ,,minium47 ,red ,ochre includes ,indian red1 scarlet ochre1 ,indian ochre1 reddle1 c4 ,red ,orpiment4 7,see ,,realgar47 ,redan1 the simplest kind of work in field fortification1 generally consists of a parapet of earth1 divided on the plan into two faces1 which make with one another a salient angle1 or one whose vertex is towards the enemy4 ,reddle4 7,see ,,red ,,chalk47 ,redimiculum1 ,r4 7redimio1 to bind round74 ,a long string or ribbon attached to any kind of head-dress4 ,redoubt is a general name for nearly every kind of work in the class of field fortifications4 ,redshank1 ,scotch4 ,a ,highlander wearing buskins of red-deer skin1 with the hair outwards4 ,reduction4 ,in ,art1 a copy on a smaller scale4 ,the work is done mechanically by a process of subdivision of the original into segments or squares4 ,reekie1 ,scotch4 ,smoky2 hence ,auld ,reekie1 the city of ,edinburgh4 ,reeking-hook1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pot-hook hung in the chimney1 to suspend vessels over an open fire4 7,see ,,galows47 ,re-entering1 in ,engraving1 is the sharpening or deepening with a graver the lines insufficiently bitten in by the acid4 ,refectory1 ,mod4 7reficio1 to refresh74 ,a hall in which the monks of a monastery assembled to take their meals2 one of the most important rooms of the establishment2 it was often divided into two naves by a row of columns called the spine 7spina71 which received the spring of the vaultings forming the roof of the refectory4 ,reflected ,lights thrown by an illuminated surface into the shadows opposed to it1 modify the ,,local ,,colour of every object that we observe in nature1 and should accordingly be made to do so in painting4 ,reflexed1 ,reflected1 ,her4 ,curved and carried backwards4 ,refraction is the diversion of a ray of light which occurs when it falls obliquely on the surface of a medium differing in density from that through which it had previously moved4 ,the differently-coloured rays have different degrees of refrangibility4 ,refraction is the cause of the phenomena of the mirage1 ,fata ,morgana1 c41 and presents to us the light of the sun before his actual emergence above the horizon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #egi4 ,regals or ,portable ,organ4 ,regal or ,regals1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,a small portable organ1 with single or double sets of pipes 7the attribute of ,st4 ,cecilia1 and of saints and angels of the heavenly choir74 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #egi7 of an angel playing the regals1 is taken from an ancient ,,ms4 7#b7 ,a kind of harmonica1 with sonorous slabs of wood4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehj4 ,regalia4 ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany in state costume1 with crown and sceptre1 c4 ,regalia4 ,the ensigns of royalty4 ,the regalia of ,england are the crown1 sceptre1 verge or rod with the dove1 ,st4 ,edward's staff1 the orb or mound1 the sword of mercy called ,curtana1 the two swords of spiritual and temporal justice1 the ring of alliance with the kingdom1 the armill or bracelets1 the spurs of chivalry1 and some royal vestments2 and are kept in the ,jewel ,office in the ,tower of ,london4 ,the ,scottish insignia1 a crown1 a sceptre1 and a sword of state1 are kept in the ,crown-room at ,edinburgh4 ,the illustration shows the regalia and state vestments of the ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 in the #afth century4 7,fig4 #ehj47 ,regifugium1 ,r4 7lit4 flight of the king74 ,an annual festival held on the sixth day of the calends of ,march 7#bdth of ,february71 in commemoration of the flight of ,tarquin and the establishment of the ,roman republic4 ,regioles1 ,fr4 ,chr4 ,small doors in the confessio or martyrium of an altar1 containing relics of a saint or martyr4 ,the faithful used to introduce handkerchiefs by these doors1 that they might consecrate them by contact with the relics4 ,regrating or ,skinning1 in ,masonry1 is the process of scraping or hammering off the outer surface of old stones to make them look white and new2 it has been greatly abused in the restoration of ancient buildings4 ,reguardant1 ,her4 ,turning the head and looking back2 emblematic of circumspection and prudence4 ,regula1 ,r4 ,a straight rule used by artisans4 ,regulares1 ,chr4 ,horizontal rods of wood or metal in churches for the suspension of veils or curtains4 ,these were often made of gold or silver1 with a row of images on the upper part4 ,regulus 7in ,greek 7 is the name given by ancient astronomers to a line drawn from the polar star1 between the pointers1 c41 to the bright star called ,leonis or ,cor ,leonis 7the lion's heart74 ,reindeer1 ,her4 ,a hart with double antlers1 one pair erect1 the other drooping4 ,reisner-work4 ,a corrupt spelling of the name of ,riesener1 a celebrated worker in marquetry in ,france in the #ahth century4 8,riesener used tulip1 rosewood1 holly1 maple1 laburnum1 purple-wood1 c4 ,wreaths and bunches of flowers1 exquisitely worked and boldly designed1 form centres of his marquetry panels1 which are often plain surfaces of one wood4 ,on the sides1 in borders and compartments1 we find diaper patterns in three or four quiet colours40 7,see ,pollen1 ,ancient and ,modern ,furniture1 c47 ,relief 7,it4 rilievo74 ,sculpture projecting--,,alto-,,relievo1 more than half2 ,,mezzo-,,relievo1 exactly half2 ,,basso-,,relievo1 less than half4 7,see also ,,rondo ,,bosso1 ,,intaglio-,,relievato1 ,,stacciato47 ,reliquary1 ,chr4 ,a portable shrine or casket made to contain relics4 ,a reliquary made to be worn round the neck was called encolpium 7 1 in the bosom71 phylacterium1 c42 one to be carried processionally1 feretrum4 7,see ,,feretory1 ,fig4 #cjg47 ,remarque1 ,fr4 ,a slight sketch on the margin beneath an etching or engraving1 to denote the earliest proof impressions4 ,removed1 ,her4 ,out of its proper position4 ,remuria1 ,r4 ,a ,roman festival in honour of ,remus1 held on the third of the ides of ,may 7#acth of ,may7 on the ,palatine mount1 on the spot where ,remus had taken the auspices1 and where he was buried4 ,renaissance 7lit4 new-birth or revival74 ,the term is popularly applied to the gradual return to classical principles in ,art in the #acth and #adth centuries4 ,the ,italian renaissance1 begun by ,,niccola ,,pisano in architecture and sculpture1 and by ,,giotto in painting1 was fostered by the ,medici family1 and culminated in ,leonardo1 ,michelangelo1 and ,raphael4 ,teutonic art 7,flemish1 ,german1 and ,dutch7 had also their periods of revival4 ,it is1 however1 impossible to indicate their representatives without entering upon debateable questions4 ,goldsmith's work1 pottery1 and other useful arts passed through parallel periods of revival concurrent1 or nearly so1 with those in painting4 ,rengue1 ,sp4 ,a kind of gauze worn on official robes in ,spain4 ,reno and ,rheno1 ,r4 ,a very short cloak1 often made of skins1 peculiar to the ,gauls and ,germans1 and adopted by the ,roman soldiery4 ,repagula1 ,r4 7lit4 fastening back74 ,a double fastening to a door2 of two bolts 7pessuli71 one of which was shot towards the right1 and the other to the left4 ,replica4 ,a duplicate of a picture1 done by the same painter4 ,repose4 7,see ,,riposo47 ,repositorium1 ,r4 7repono1 to lay down74 ,a side-board for plates and dishes in a dining-room2 it was divided into several stories1 and formed a kind of dinner-wagon2 and many examples were richly ornamented1 and inlaid with variegated woods1 or tortoise-shell and silver1 c4 ,repouss1 ,fr4 ,metal-work hammered out from behind into ornaments in relief4 ,requiem1 ,chr4 ,the ,roman ,missa pro ,defunctis1 or service for the dead1 beginning with the anthem 8,requiem ternam dona eis1 ,domine40 ,rerebrace1 ,o4 ,e4 7for the ,french arrire bras74 ,armour for the upper part of the arm4 ,rerebrake1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pommel at the back of a saddle to support the horseman under the shock of a tilting-bout4 7,see ,meyrick1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acg47 ,reredos1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,the wall or screen at the back of an altar4 ,in the primitive churches1 in which the bishop's seat was at the back of the altar1 there was no reredos4 ,its introduction dates from the period 7about the #abth century7 when the episcopal seats and the choirs were established in front of the altars4 7#b7 ,the ,,rood-,,screen was sometimes so called4 7#c7 ,the open hearth was so called4 ,hollinshed relates that1 before the invention of chimneys1 8each man made his fire against a reredosse in the hall1 where he dined and dressed his meat40 ,rere-supper 7,fr4 arrire souper74 ,the last meal taken in the day2 #aeth century4 ,resins4 7,see ,,amber1 ,,copal1 ,,damara1 ,,mastic1 c47 ,ressaunt1 ,o4 ,e4 ,arch4 ,an obsolete term applied to members of architecture inflected or curved like an ,,ogee moulding4 ,rest4 ,in ,music1 a character denoting silence for a length denoted by the character used to express the rest1 i4 e4 semibreve1 minim1 crotchet1 quaver1 c4 ,restoration4 ,in ,architecture1 a drawing of an ancient building in its original design4 ,retable 7,fr471 ,chr4 7,see ,,reredos47 ,rete and ,retis1 ,r4 ,a net4 ,retiarius4 ,a gladiator whose only arms were a trident and net2 with the latter he tried to embarrass the adversary by casting it over his head1 and1 having done so1 to wound him with the trident2 failing in their throw1 their only resource was to run round the arena preparing the net for a second attempt4 ,they fought generally with the ,mirmillones1 and had no helmet nor other protective armour excepting for the left arm4 7,see ,,gladiators47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eha4 ,venetian ,reticella ,lace4 ,reticella 7,lat4 reticulus1 a little net74 ,this was the first known needle-made lace1 produced in all lace-making countries under different names4 7,see ,,greek ,,lace47 ,it was made in several ways3 the first consisted in arranging a network of threads on a small frame1 crossing and interlacing them in various complicated patterns4 ,beneath this network was gummed a piece of fine cloth1 open like canvas1 called quintain 7from the town in ,brittany where it was made74 ,then with a needle the network was sewn to the quintain by edging round those parts of the pattern which were to remain thick1 then cutting away the superfluous cloth3 hence the name of cutwork in ,england4 ,a more simple mode was to make the pattern detached without any linen2 the threads radiating at equal distances from one common centre served as a framework to others1 which were united to them in geometric forms worked over with button-hole stitch 7or point nou74 ,the engraving shows a fine specimen of reticella from ,venice1 #adic4 7,see also ,,milan ,,reticella47 ,reticulated4 ,latticed like the meshes of a net 7rete74 ,reticulated ,glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehb4 ,reticulated ,vase4 ,japanese4 ,reticulated ,porcelain is an ,oriental product1 of which the outer side is entirely cut out in geometric patterns1 honeycomb1 circles intercrossed and superposed to a second vase of similar1 or of simply cylindrical form4 ,fig4 #ehb is a specimen of this style4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehc4 ,reticulatum opus4 ,reticulated ,work1 ,arch4 7,lat4 reticulata structura1 literally1 made like a net74 ,masonry constructed with diamond-shaped stones1 or ,,quarrels1 shown in ,figs4 #dic and #ehc4 ,the latter shows one of the mouths of the cloaca opening on the ,tiber4 ,reticulata fenestra was a window grated over with bars of wood or metal crossing in the form of network4 ,reticulum1 ,r4 ,diminutive of rete1 a net4 ,retinaculum1 ,r4 7retineo1 to hold back74 ,a rope used to moor a vessel to the shore4 ,retorted1 ,her4 ,intertwined4 ,retro-choir1 ,chr4 ,arch4 ,chapels behind or about the choir4 ,reverse4 ,the back of a medal4 ,in very ancient coins this had no mark except that of the instrument by which it was fixed to receive the stamp of the obverse4 ,by degrees this grew into a figure of a dolphin or some other animal4 ,some ancient ,greek reverses are intaglios of the stamp in relief of the obverse4 ,complete reverses appear on ,greek coins about #ejj ,b4,c41 and are of exquisite execution4 7,cf4 ,,obverse47 ,revinctum 7opus71 ,r4 7revincio1 to bind fast74 ,dove-tailed masonry4 7,see ,fig4 #bfi47 ,rhabdion 7lit4 a small rod74 ,an instrument used in encaustic painting1 with which the wax tints were blended4 ,it was probably flat at one end1 and kept heated in a small furnace close at hand4 7,see ,eastlake1 ,materials1 c41 i4 #aed47 ,rheda1 ,r4 ,a roomy four-wheeled carriage1 of ,gallic origin1 with several seats4 ,the driver was called ,,rhedarius4 ,rheno1 ,gr4 71 a sheep74 ,a sheepskin cloak1 covering the shoulders and as far as to the waist1 worn by the ancient ,germans as a protection against rain4 ,rhingrave4 ,the petticoat breeches worn in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 7,planch47 ,rhomboid4 8,an equilateral oblique parallelogram40 ,rhompha1 ,rompha1 ,rumpia1 ,r4 ,a sword with a long blade1 used by the ,thracians4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehd4 ,rhyton4 ,greek ,drinking-cup4 ,rhyton1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 flowing74 ,a drinking-vessel of earthenware in the form of a horn or trumpet2 in many instances with a handle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehe4 ,rial4 ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,rial or ,royal 7,sp4 real74 ,a ,spanish coin introduced into ,england in #afth cent4 7,see ,,real47 ,riband or ,ribbon 7,welsh rhibin2 ,irish ruibin1 c474 ,a long narrow web of silk worn for ornament or use2 especially for a badge of devotion in love or war4 8,see in the lists they wait the trumpet's sound3 ,some love-device is wrought on every sword1 ,and every ribbon bears some mystic word40 7,granville47 ,the ,ribbons of the various orders of ,knighthood are3--of the ,,garter1 a broad dark blue ribbon passing over the left shoulder2 of the ,,thistle1 a broad dark green ribbon2 of ,st4 ,,patrick1 a light blue2 of the ,,bath1 red2 of the ,,star ,,of ,,india1 pale blue with white borders4 ,ribbon1 ,riband1 ,her4 ,a diminutive of a ,,bend4 ,ribibe4 ,a kind of fiddle2 #aeth century4 ,ribs1 ,arch4 ,projecting bands on ceilings1 c4 ,rica1 ,r4 ,a square piece of cloth with a fringe1 worn by priests and women on the head1 and especially by the former when they were offering a sacrifice2 ricula was a smaller veil worn in the same fashion4 7,cf4 ,,flammeum47 ,rice-paper4 ,a delicate vegetable film brought from ,china1 and used as a substitute for drawing-paper in the representation of richly-coloured insects or flowers1 c4 ,ridels4 ,french word for bed-curtains2 #aeth century4 ,rimenato1 ,it4 7,see ,,crusca47 ,ring ,mail4 ,flexible armour of iron rings interwoven2 introduced from the ,east by the ,crusaders4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehf4 ,ring of chiselled iron4 ,french4 #afth century4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehg4 ,venetian ,ring4 #afth century4 ,rings4 ,the symbolic use of signet-rings is mentioned in many passages of the ,holy ,scriptures1 especially as a transfer of authority2 as ,pharaoh to ,joseph 7,gen4 xli4 #db71 ,ahasuerus to ,haman1 c4 ,a large collection of ,egyptian signet-rings is in the ,british ,museum1 many being much too large to be worn on the hand4 ,,egyptian rings were of ivory1 porcelain1 or stone1 but generally of gold4 ,the ,,etruscans and ,,sabines wore rings at the foundation of ,rome1 #gec ,b4,c41 those of the former being remarkable for beauty and intrinsic value4 ,the ,,laced,,monians wore iron rings4 ,the ,,romans also under the ,republic were proud of wearing an iron ring2 under the ,empire the privilege of wearing a ring raised the wearer to the equestrian order4 ,,greek and ,,roman rings were1 generally speaking1 massive and simple1 and of obvious value in metal and stone1 until in the degenerate times of the ,empire luxury spread1 and the lower classes began to disfigure themselves with cheap jewellery4 ,solid rings were carved out of rock-crystal in ,christian times2 and others were made of stone1 chiefly of calcedony4 ,rings of amber1 glass1 earthenware1 and other materials were exhumed at ,pompeii4 ,the ,,britons and ,,saxons had beautiful jewellery4 ,the former wore the ring on the middle finger2 the ,anglo-,saxons on the third finger of the right hand1 which was thence poetically called the 8golden finger40 ,a beautiful specimen of enamelled art is the gold ring of ,ethelwulf1 king of ,wessex 7the father of ,alfred the ,great71 now in the medal room of the ,british ,museum4 ,among the niello rings of the ,saxon period is one in the ,british ,museum inscribed 8,ahlreds owns me1 ,eanred engraved me40 ,plain wire rings1 or plain bands of metal merely twisted round the finger1 are common objects in ,saxon tombs2 but the most beautiful specimens of this1 as of other branches of the goldsmith's art in antiquity1 are from ,,ireland4 ,in ,,scandinavia the earliest forms are spiral1 and of simple workmanship4 ,,rings were a part of the official jewellery of kings1 bishops1 and cardinals2 and the fisherman's ring1 with a representation of ,st4 ,peter in a boat fishing1 was the papal ring of investiture4 ,a copious literature on this special subject deals with the superstitions1 ceremonies1 customs1 and anecdotes connected with finger-rings1 as well as with their exemplification of the history of the development or decadence of art4 ,a collector divides his rings into ,antique1 ,medival1 and ,modern2 the former period ending ,a4 ,d4 #hjj1 and classified by nationalities4 ,the later collections are classified as ,official3 ecclesiastical1 civil1 and military2 or ,personal1 viz4 signet-rings1 love and marriage1 mourning1 c42 historical1 religious 7i4 e4 devotional1 c471 magic1 and simply ornamental4 7,the substance of the above is drawn from ,finger-ring ,lore1 c41 by ,w4 ,jones1 ,chatto1 #ahgg2 and ,antique ,gems1 by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,king4 ,for the significance of rings in connexion with the history of ,christianity1 see ,smith and ,cheetham1 ,dict4 of ,christ4 ,ant4 s4 v47 ,rinman's ,green4 7,see ,,cobalt47 ,rip-rap1 ,arch4 ,a builder's term for a foundation of loose stones4 ,riposo1 ,it4 ,the rest of the ,holy ,family during the ,flight into ,egypt is often shortly designated the ,riposo2 it is treated by different masters in a great variety of styles4 ,riscus1 ,r4 774 ,a wardrobe or chest for clothes4 ,rising1 ,roussant1 ,her4 ,said of birds about to take wing4 ,rivers1 ,chr4 ,the four rivers of ,paradise are variously represented in primitive ,christian art2 e4 g4 the ,,lamb standing on a mountain1 from which they flow2 or they are personified1 and symbolize the four ,evangelists3 the ,gihon is ,st4 ,matthew2 ,pison1 ,st4 ,john2 ,tigris1 ,st4 ,mark2 and ,euphrates1 ,st4 ,luke4 ,the following lines in one instance accompany such a representation on an engraved copper plate3-- 8,fons paradisiacus per flumina quatuor exit2 ,hec quadriga levis te per omnia vexit40 ,in ,,classic art generally1 rivers are personified as half-prostrate figures reclining upon an urn1 and marked by certain attributes2 e4 g4 of the ,nile1 a hippopotamus2 of the ,tiber1 a wolf suckling ,romulus and ,remus2 other rivers by the flora or by certain cities of their banks1 c4 7,consult ,didron1 ,iconographie ,chrt42 ,martigny1 c47 ,roan4 7#a7 ,a kind of leather much used for bookbinding2 it is of sheepskins tanned with sumach4 7#b7 ,said of a bay or sorel horse marked with grey4 ,robigalia1 ,r4 ,roman festivals held every year on the sixth of the calends of ,may 7#beth of ,april71 in honour of the god ,robigus1 to preserve the wheat from mildew4 ,roborarium 7robur1 strength74 ,an enclosure within a wooden palisade4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehh4 ,robur4 ,prison at ,rome4 ,robur1 ,r4 ,the subterranean dungeon of a prison 7carcer71 in which criminals were executed4 ,in ,fig4 #ehh the character of the robur is clearly seen2 it is that of the prison of ,ancus ,martius and ,servius ,tullius at ,rome1 of which some ruins still remain4 ,rochet1 ,chr4 7,lat4 rochetum2 ,anglo-,saxon roc1 a loose upper garment74 ,a short surplice without sleeves1 open at the sides2 imitated from a linen outer garment of the same name1 much worn by women in the #adth century4 ,chaucer says1-- 8,there is no clothe sytteth bette ,on damoselle than doth rokette40 ,rock-crystal4 ,a material much used for carving in ,china4 ,fortune says1 8,fine specimens of rock-crystal1 carved into figures1 cups1 and vases1 are met with in the curiosity shops of ,foo-chow-foo4 ,some of these specimens are white1 others golden yellow1 and others again blue and black4 ,one kind looks as if human hair was thrown in and crystallized4 ,imitations of this stone are common in ,canton1 made into snuff-bottles1 such as are commonly used by the ,chinese40 ,the ,,greek name 71 ice7 refers to the belief that it was frozen water2 the ,,indians believe it to be the husk of which the diamond is the kernel1 and call it the unripe diamond2 in ,,japan it is cut into round balls used for cooling the hands2 in ,,china also it is extensively carved2 in the ,,middle ,,ages it was highly valued throughout ,,europe as a detector of poison4 ,still more recently crystal balls have been supposed to have magical influence1 and used for divination and conjuring4 ,rockets1 ,o4 ,e4 ,slabs of wood used on lances1 during exercise1 for the same purpose as the buttons of foils4 ,rococo1 ,it4 ,the style of decoration into which that of the ,louis ,quinze period culminated1 distinguished for a superfluity of confused and discordant detail4 7,see ,,louis ,,xv47 ,rod4 ,in measurement1 #af feet linear1 or #bgb square feet4 ,rodomel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the juice of roses1 mixed with honey4 ,rogus1 ,r4 ,a funeral pile when in process of burning1 in contradistinction to ,,pyra 7q4v474 ,rokelay1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a short cloak4 ,roll-moulding 7,arch471 profusely used in the ,early ,english and ,decorated styles1 is a round moulding1 divided longitudinally along the middle1 the upper half of which projects over the lower4 ,roll and fillet moulding is a roll-moulding with a square fillet on the face of it4 ,rolls of ,arms4 ,heraldic records of ancient armorial insignia1 preserved on strips of parchment4 ,the earliest known are of the #acth century4 7,consult ,boutell47 ,romal1 ,hind4 ,a silk fabric1 of which cotton imitations are made in ,england4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ehi4 ,temple of ,vesta at ,tivoli1 with ,roman-,corinthian columns4 ,roman ,architecture is a combination of the ,etruscan and the ,greek1 principally distinguished from the latter by the circular arch1 and the monopteral or circular temple unknown to the ,greeks1 but a favourite form with the tomb-building ancestors of the ,etruscans4 ,the orders of ,roman architecture were the ,doric and ,ionic1 detrimentally modified2 the ,corinthian1 which they greatly enriched2 and the ,composite1 of which the upper part of the capital was ,ionic1 and the remainder ,corinthian4 ,the distinguishing feature of the ,roman architecture is1 however1 less in the modifications of the orders1 than in their application in composite arcades1 or plain arches of ,etruscan design1 faced by and supporting a purely ornamental arrangement of a long horizontal entablature on two columns4 7,consult ,fergusson1 ,hist4 of ,arch41 vol4 i47 ,roman ,doric ,order of ,architecture4 ,a deteriorated imitation of the ,grecian ,doric1 adopted1 with considerable modifications1 by modern ,italian architects4 ,roman ,ochre or ,italian ,earth4 ,a pigment of a rich orange yellow1 used both raw and burnt in oil and water-colours4 7,see ,,ochre47 ,roman ,sepia is sepia 7q4v47 mixed with red4 ,romanesque4 ,a degenerated and hybrid style of architecture and ornament1 transitional from the classical ,roman to the introduction of the ,gothic4 ,in the architecture there is an incongruous combination of the horizontal and arched methods of construction2 and in the ornament a similar dissonance of natural and conventional or fanciful objects4 ,fairholt calls it the classic rococo4 ,fergusson 7,hist4 of ,arch41 vol4 i4 p4 #ceb7 defines the ,romanesque as 8that modification of the classical ,roman form1 which was introduced between the reigns of ,constantine and ,justinian1 and was avowedly an attempt to adapt classical forms to ,christian purposes40 ,he says1 8,if ,romanesque is to be applied to our ,norman architecture1 the ,parthenon ought to be called ,egyptianesque1 and the ,temple at ,ephesus ,assyrianesque40 ,there seems to be no universally-received definition of this term4 ,rondache1 ,fr4 ,a round shield for foot-soldiers4 ,it had a slit near the top to look through1 and another at the side for the sword4 ,ronde ,bosse 7,it4 rondo bosso74 ,sculpture in relief with a complete rounded outline1 detached from the ground4 ,rood1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,a cross or crucifix4 7#b7 ,a space of #abaj square yards2 the fourth of an acre4 7#c7 ,in building1 #cf square yards of work4 7#d7 ,as a linear measure variable1 from #ba feet to #cf yards4 ,rood-beam1 ,chr4 ,the beam across the church by which the rood was supported when there was no rood-loft4 ,rood-cloth1 ,chr4 ,the veil by which the large crucifix or rood was hidden during ,lent4 ,rood-loft1 ,rood-screen1 ,chr4 ,a gallery1 generally placed over the chancel screen in parish churches1 in which the cross or rood was set to view4 ,rood-tower1 ,rood-steeple1 ,chr4 ,arch4 ,a tower or steeple of a cruciform church1 built above the intersection1 i4 e4 immediately over the rood4 ,roquelaure4 8,a short abridgment or compendium of a cloak1 which is dedicated to the ,duke of ,roquelaure40 ,rorarii1 ,r4 7ros1 the dew74 ,a body of light skirmishers in the ,roman army1 who were ranged in the second rank of the triarii1 with the accensi behind them in the third line4 ,they took their name from the light missiles which they scattered upon the enemy1 which were like the drops of rain before a thunder shower4 ,it was their business to begin the attack1 and retire behind the triarii when pressed4 ,their skirmishing was a prelude to the charge of the heavy-armed spears 7hastati74 ,rosary1 ,chr4 ,a string or chaplet of beads for numbering prayers1 an ,oriental and ante-,christian custom of great antiquity4 ,they are called tasbih by the ,indian ,mohammedans2 in ,sanscrit ,japanata1 8the muttering chaplet10 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eij4 ,heraldic ,roses4 ,rose1 ,her4 ,represented in blazon without leaves4 ,the rose of ,england is generally drawn like the natural flower1 or with natural stem1 branches1 leaves1 and buds1 but with heraldic rose-flowers4 7,see ,fig4 #cie47 ,in ,classic art1 a rose upon a tomb is an emblem of a short life4 ,the ancient ,romans were passionately fond of roses1 and cultivated them assiduously in their gardens1 and introduced them plentifully in their feasts and symposia4 ,in medival ,england roses were the favourite presents on birthdays2 and ,whitsuntide was called1 from the plenty of them1 ,rose ,easter4 ,sticking a rose in the ear was the boast of an accepted lover4 8,that in mine ear ,i durst not stick a rose1 ,lest men should say1 ,look where three farthings goes40 7,shakspeare47 ,the allusion refers to a thin silver coin of the reign of ,elizabeth1 called the three-farthing rose4 7,planch47 ,rose-engine ,pattern 7,fr4 guillochis74 7#a7 ,an architectural moulding1 also called ,greek fret1 meanders1 and quirked torus4 7#b7 ,in goldsmiths' work it is an ornament of network made by means of a machine called a rose-engine4 7,bosc47 ,rose ,lake1 ,rose ,madder4 ,a rich tint prepared from lac and madder4 7,see ,,madder47 ,rose ,pink4 ,a coarse kind of lake2 a delicate and fugitive colour4 7,see ,,pinks47 ,rose-quartz4 ,a massive quartz of a rose-red colour1 common in ,ceylon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eia4 ,rose-window in the ,church of ,st4 ,croix1 ,orleans4 ,rose-window 7sometimes called a ,catherine wheel71 ,arch4 ,a large circular window divided into compartments by curved mullions4 ,the most beautiful examples are met with in churches of the ,florid ,gothic period4 7,fig4 #eia47 ,rose-wood1 ,rhodes-wood1 largely used in furniture as a favourite veneer1 is a name applied to a large variety of trees1 mostly imported from ,brazil4 ,rosemary1 in ,old ,england1 was closely connected with wedding-feasts and with funerals4 8,there's rosemary3 that's for remembrance2 pray you1 love1 remember3 and there is pansies2 that's for thoughts40 7,hamlet47 8,there's ,rosemarie2 the ,arabians justifie1 ,it comforteth the braine and memorie40 7,a ,dialogue between ,nature and the ,phnix1 by ,r4 ,chester1 #afja47 ,rosetta-wood4 ,a beautifully-veined ,east ,indian wood1 of a bright red orange colour4 ,rosettes4 7,see ,,ribands47 ,rosins4 7,see ,,resins47 ,rosso ,antico1 ,it4 ,ancient marble of a deep red tint1 probably deepened in colour by antiquity1 like the ,,nero ,,antico 7q4v474 ,it is the material of many ancient ,egyptian and early ,greek sculptures1 unequalled in tone by the products of any modern quarries4 ,it contains white spots and veins4 ,rostrum1 ,r4 7,gr4 ,embolos74 ,the prow of a ship4 ,the plural rostra was used to denote a tribune in the ,roman forum1 from which orators addressed the people2 it was so called because it was decorated with the figure-heads of the ships taken from the ,volscians in the ,latin ,war4 ,rota1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a wheel composed of a nave 7modius71 spokes 7radii71 felloes 7absides71 and iron tires 7orbes or canthi ferrarii74 7#b7 ,it was also an instrument of punishment4 ,rota aquaria was a hydraulic wheel2 rota figularis1 a potter's wheel4 ,rotta 7,germ4 rotte2 ,eng4 rote71 a stringed instrument of the early ,middle ,ages1 sounded either as a harp or a fiddle4 ,rotunda4 ,a dome-shaped or monopteral 7q4v47 structure4 ,the largest rotunda ever made was that of the ,vienna ,exhibition in #ahgc4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eib4 ,gallic coin4 ,rouelle1 ,fr4 7lit4 a small wheel74 ,a ,french term which has been applied by antiquaries to numerous objects more or less resembling a wheel1 such as brooches and coins4 ,the ,gallic coin 7,fig4 #eib7 is from the bas-reliefs on a ,roman arch at ,orange4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eic4 ,rouen ,plate4 ,decorated la ,corne4 ,rouennais ,faience4 ,this style1 of strongly ,oriental character1 and mostly applied to the decoration of what are called 8lambrequins0 7or mantlings7 and 8dentelles0 7lace71 has been the object of universal imitation in ,france and other countries4 ,figs4 #eic and #eid are representative specimens remarkable for great originality4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eid4 ,slipper in ,rouen ,faience4 ,rouge ,croix1 ,rouge ,dragon4 ,two of the four ,pursuivants 7heralds of the lowest type7 of ,herald's ,college4 ,rouge ,royal1 ,arch4 ,a kind of red marble4 ,round ,towers4 ,there are upwards of a hundred in ,ireland1 of which about twenty are perfect4 ,generally the tower is a hollow circular column from #ej to #aej feet high1 capped by a short pointed roof of stone4 ,the base1 frequently of cyclopean masonry1 measures from #dj to #fj feet in circumference1 and the form of the whole tower is tapering towards the summit4 ,the single entrance door is always from #h to #ae feet above the ground2 the windows1 scattered1 light the internal stories or rooms4 ,innumerable and wild conjectures of the origin and purpose of these towers have been made4 ,the most sober appears to be that they were the earliest form of buildings of a monastic order1 adapted to the exigencies of a ,christian settlement in the midst of pagans and pirates4 7,see ,petrie1 ,the ,round ,towers of ,ireland47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eie4 ,bezant4 ,roundels4 7#a7 ,wooden platters decorated with painting and gilding2 #afth century4 7#b7 ,small round shields borne by soldiers in the #adth and #aeth centuries4 7#c7 ,arch4 ,the bead or astragal moulding4 ,roundle1 ,her4 ,a circular figure in ,heraldry1 of which there are many kinds3 as the ,,bezant1 ,,plate1 ,,torteau1 c4 7q4v474 ,in modern ,heraldry a roundle gules is called ,,torteau2 azure1 ,,hurt2 sable1 ,,pellet or ,,ogress2 vert1 ,,pomme2 purpure1 ,,golpe4 7,see also ,,fountain1 ,,annulet47 ,roussant1 ,her4 ,about to fly4 ,rowan-tree1 ,scotch4 ,the mountain ash4 ,rowel4 ,the wheel of a spur4 ,rowel ,lights1 ,chr4 ,lights in a church1 let up and down by a pulley1 especially a star-like light made to move at the ,epiphany1 when the coming of the wise men was acted as a religious play4 ,any small hoop or ring movable on the place that holds it is a 8rowel40 ,rowell or ,ricel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a vessel mentioned1 but not described1 in ,church records 7of ,walberswick1 ,suffolk71 to be used twice in the year2 8whereby1 and the great quantity of ,wax and ,frankincense1 a ceremonial ,imitation of the ,birth and ,burial of our ,saviour seems to have been celebrated40 7,gardner1 ,t41 ,historical ,account47 ,royal4 7#a7 ,paper3 #ba inches by #ai4 7#b7 ,artillery4 ,a very small mortar4 7#c7 ,sailing4 ,the upper sail above the top-gallant4 7#d7 ,o4 ,e4 ,a ,,rial 7q4v471 a coin of the value of ten shillings4 ,royal ,blue 7,fr4 bleu du roi74 ,a vitreous pigment used in porcelain painting1 resulting in a rich1 deep blue colour4 ,it is prepared from smalt4 ,rubelite4 ,a precious stone not much used for jewellery4 ,it is a species of tourmaline1 red and pink in colour4 ,rubens ,brown4 ,a rich brown pigment4 ,rubiate4 ,a name for ,liquid ,madder ,lake 7q4v474 ,rubicelle4 ,an orange-coloured stone1 a variety of the spinel ruby4 ,rubrica1 ,r4 ,red ochre2 and thence rubric1 an edict or ordinance of the ,civil ,law written in red ochre1 while the ordinances and rules of the prtors were written in black on a white ground on the ,,album 7q4v474 ,ruby1 in ,christian art4 7,see ,,red47 ,ruby or ,red ,sapphire4 ,a corundum1 the most valuable of all gems2 when perfect and large1 exceeding even the diamond in value4 ,the colour varies from the lightest rose tint to the deepest carmine4 ,the most valuable tint is called 8pigeon's blood10 a pure deep rich red1 without any admixture of blue or yellow4 ,brahmin traditions speak of the abode of the gods lighted by enormous rubies2 and one name of the ,kings of ,pegu was 8,lord of ,rubies40 ,in medival times the ruby was regarded as an amulet against poison1 plague1 sadness1 evil thoughts1 wicked spirits1 c4 ,it also kept the wearer in health1 and cheered his mind1 and blackened when he incurred danger4 7,consult ,emanuel1 ,diamonds and ,precious ,stones1 c47 ,rudder4 ,on ancient coins1 c41 with the orb and fasces1 emblem of the supreme power4 ,rudens1 ,r4 ,the smaller ropes in a ship4 ,rudiarii4 ,veteran gladiators discharged from the service by the presentation of a wooden sword 7rudis74 ,rudis1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a spoon or similar instrument4 7#b7 ,a wooden sword4 7,see ,,rudiarii47 ,when a gladiator received his discharge1 a rudis was given him1 together with a freedman's cap1 by way of declaration that he had been granted his liberty1 a fact expressed by the phrase rude donari4 ,rue1 ,her4 ,a chaplet of rue is blazoned bend-wise 7see ,,per ,,bend7 across the shield of ,saxony4 7,see ,,crancelin47 ,ruffles4 ,lace frills worn over the wrists1 introduced temp4 ,henry ,,viii4 ,ruff and ,honours4 ,an ancient game of cards from which ,whist is derived4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eif4 ,silesian ,maiden with ,ruff4 ,ruffs4 ,large collars of lace or muslin4 ,a fashion of the #afth century2 it commenced at the end of the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 ,cambrics and lawn for making ruffs were first imported under ,elizabeth4 ,for illustrations of various modifications of this fashion1 see ,figs4 #bfg1 #bhc1 #cjd1 #eei1 #efa1 #ehj1 c4 7,consult ,planch1 ,cycl4 of ,costume47 ,rug1 ,chr4 ,the metal cancelli or screens of the more sacred parts of a church4 ,the presbytery of ,st4 ,peter's was fenced in with silver 8rug10 and the confessional with rug of gold4 7,see ,smith and ,cheetham47 ,rullions1 ,scotch4 ,shoes made of untanned leather4 ,rum-swizzle4 8,the name given in ,dublin to a fabric made from undyed foreign wool1 which1 while preserving its natural property of resisting wet1 possesses the qualities of common cloth40 7,simmonds' ,commercial ,dict47 ,rumex1 ,r4 ,a weapon of similar character to the ,,sparum1 the head of which was formed like a spear with a hook on the blade4 ,runcina1 ,r4 ,a carpenter's tool of the nature of a plane4 ,runco1 ,r4 ,a hoe4 ,runes1 ,scand4 ,magical inscriptions in a character believed by the northern nations to have been invented by ,woden4 8,the ,runic alphabet10 says ,mr4 ,wheaton1 8consists properly of sixteen letters1 which are ,phnician in their origin4444 ,they are only ,roman1 with the curves changed into straight lines for the convenience of engraving on hard substances40 7,hist4 of the ,northmen1 p4 #fa47 ,ruskie1 ,scotch4 ,a coarse straw hat2 a basket or beehive of plaited osiers or straw4 ,russells1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of satin4 ,russet4 ,a red grey colour2 violet mixed with orange4 ,its complementary is green grey4 ,rust 7oxide7 of iron4 8,the best rust0 is mentioned in a list of colours of the #agth century4 7,brown1 ,ars ,pictoria1 ,appendix1 p4 #e47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eig4 ,rustic ,work4 ,bossage4 ,rustic ,work 7,fr4 bossage74 ,ashlar masonry1 the joints of which are worked with grooves or channels to render them conspicuous2 sometimes the whole of the joints are worked in this way1 and sometimes only the horizontal ones4 7,see ,fig4 #eig47 ,rustre1 ,her4 ,a ,,lozenge pierced with a circular opening4 ,rustred ,armour seems to have grown out of the ring armour4 ,it consisted of one row of flat rings about double the usual size1 laid half over the other1 so that two in the outer partly covered one4 ,s4 ,s1 as a numeral1 was used to represent #g2 as an abbreviation it generally means socius or ,fellow 7of a society72 ,s4 ,p4 ,q4 ,r41 on ,roman monuments1 stands for senatus1 populusque ,romanus4 ,sabanum1 ,r4 774 ,a kind of cloth1 towel1 or napkin4 ,sabaoth1 ,heb4 ,armies2 hosts of angels4 ,it is also written ,zabaoth4 ,sabatines1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,steel armour for the feet2 #afth century4 7#b7 ,slippers1 or clogs4 ,sabianism4 ,the worship of the heavenly bodies4 ,sable4 7#a7 ,the best and most costly brushes for painting are made from this fur4 7#b7 ,in ,heraldry1 the colour black1 represented in engraving by crossed lines4 7,see ,fig4 #cge47 ,sabre1 ,fr4 ,a curved sword with a broad and heavy blade4 ,sabretasche1 ,fr4 ,a pocket worn1 suspended1 from the sword-belt1 by a cavalry officer4 ,sac-friars4 7,see ,,saccus47 ,sacciperium1 ,r4 ,a large sackcloth bag4 ,a pocket4 ,saccus1 ,r4 774 ,a large sack of coarse cloth for wheat1 flour1 c4 7#b7 ,a beggar's wallet4 7#c7 ,chr4 7,angl4 sack74 ,a coarse upper garment of sack or hair-cloth1 worn by monks2 hence called ,,sac-,,friars4 7,cf4 ,,sacque47 ,sacellum1 ,r4 7dimin4 of sacrum74 ,a small precinct enclosing an altar1 and consecrated to a divinity4 ,in ,christian architecture1 small monumental chapels within churches4 ,sachem4 ,the chief of a tribe of ,north ,american ,indians4 ,sackbut1 ,o4 ,e4 7#ith century74 ,a wind instrument resembling the trombone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eih4 ,sacque of the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,sacque4 ,part of a lady's dress in the reign of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,it was a silk cloak1 and hung from the shoulders1 spreading over the dress to the ground4 ,in ,england it was worn in part of the reign of ,george ,,iii4 7,fig4 #eih47 ,sacrarium 7sacrum1 holy74 ,a place in which sacred things are kept2 the sacristy in a temple4 ,in a private house a place used as a chapel or oratory4 ,sacring ,bell1 ,chr4 ,a hand-bell rung at the elevation of the ,host4 8,her eye was as bright as the merry sunlight1 ,when it shines on the dewy grass2 ,and her voice was as clear as a sacring bell1 ,that is rung at the holy mass40 7,see also ,,sanctus ,,bell47 ,sacristy1 of a church1 the apartment where the vestments and vessels are kept4 ,sacro ,catino1 ,it4 ,an extraordinary hexagonal glass dish preserved in the cathedral at ,genoa1 which was for a long time supposed to have been formed of a single emerald2 and to have been either1 8a gift from the ,queen of ,sheba to ,solomon1 or the dish which held the ,paschal ,lamb at the ,last ,supper10 c4 ,it was obtained in the ,crusades in #aaja1 and was for many generations an object of superstitious reverence4 ,its principal interest now is in the evidence it bears to the early perfection of the art of making and colouring glass4 ,sadda1 ,pers4 7lit4 a hundred gates74 ,an abridgment of the ,zend-,avesta or sacred books of the ancient ,persians4 ,saddle-bars4 ,said of small iron bars1 in glazing casements1 to which the lead panels are fastened4 ,saddle-roof1 ,arch4 ,a roof of two gables4 7,french1 en batire47 ,safety-arch1 ,arch4 ,an arch in a wall over a door or window1 to keep the weight of the wall above off the lintel4 ,safflower4 ,a delicate red colour obtained from the flower of that name4 ,saffron 7,it4 zafferano74 ,produced from the flowers of the crocus2 a yellow pigment principally used as a glazing4 ,saga1 ,r4 ,a woman skilled in religious mysteries2 and thence a witch or sorceress4 ,sagaris1 ,orient4 774 ,a two-edged axe1 also called bipennis2 it was used by the ,amazons1 ,massaget1 and ,persians4 7,see ,,bipennis47 ,sagena1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a large fishing-net2 modern seine4 ,it was fitted with leaden weights at the bottom and corks at the top4 ,sagitta1 ,r4 7#a7 ,an arrow2 primitively with heads of flint1 afterwards of bronze and iron4 ,the heads of the arrows of the ,greeks and ,romans were oval2 among other nations they were triangular and barbed1 like those carried by the ,,sagittarius in ,fig4 #eii4 ,this kind of arrow was called sagitta hasta or adunca4 7#b7 ,a lancet for bleeding animals4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #eii4 ,sagittarius4 ,sagittarius1 ,r4 ,an archer2 a sign of the zodiac1 represented as a centaur4 7,fig4 #eii47 ,in ,christian art1 a symbol of ,divine vengeance4 ,sagma1 ,r4 774 ,a wooden pack-saddle4 ,sagmarius1 ,r4 ,a beast of burden carrying the sagma4 ,sagochlamys1 ,r4 ,a military cloak which combined the ,roman sagus and the ,greek chlamys4 ,sagus or ,sagum1 ,celt4 ,a woollen cloak with a long nap1 worn folded and fastened round the neck by a clasp1 especially by soldiers on a campaign 7,fig4 #dd72 hence saga is a sign of war1 as toga is of peace4 ,at a later period the same name was given to a kind of blouse1 striped or checked in staring colours1 and adorned with flowers and other ornaments1 and bordered with bands of purple and gold and silver embroidery1 worn by the ,gauls in ,artois and ,flanders4 ,saic1 ,turk4 ,a sailing vessel common in the ,levant4 ,saie1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a delicate serge or woollen cloth4 ,saints-bell1 ,o4 ,e4 for ,,sacring ,,bell4 ,salade1 ,sallet4 ,a light helmet resembling the ,,kettle-,,hat 7,fig4 #djg71 introduced from ,germany in the #aeth century4 ,salam-stone4 ,a name given to the blue or oriental sapphire from ,ceylon4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fjj4 ,salamander4 ,device of ,francis ,i41 the 8,father of ,letters40 ,salamander1 ,chr4 ,in ,christian art1 a symbol of fire1 and supposed to live in fire2 or1 according to ,pliny1 8to quench it as if ice were put into it40 ,in ,heraldry it is either represented as a lizard1 or as a kind of dog breathing flames4 ,fig4 #fjj is the device of ,francis ,i4 of ,france1 with a motto implying that a good prince nourishes that which is good1 and expels the bad4 ,at the meeting of the ,field of the ,cloth of ,gold1 the king's guard at the tournament was clothed in blue and yellow1 with the salamander embroidered thereon4 ,salamander's ,hair4 ,the variety of asbestos called amianthus4 ,salet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a light helmet4 7,see ,,salade47 ,salic ,dances4 7,see ,,salii47 ,salient1 ,her4 ,in the act of leaping or bounding1 the hind-paws on the ground1 both the fore-paws elevated4 ,salinum1 ,r4 7sal1 salt74 ,a salt-cellar4 ,saltatio1 ,r4 7salto1 to dance74 ,dancing2 applied to religious dances1 gymnastic or war dances1 ,,corybantic1 ,,salic1 ,,mimetic or theatrical dances1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fja4 ,argent a saltire gules4 ,saltire or ,saltier1 ,her4 ,an ordinary in the form of ,st4 ,andrew's ,cross4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #fja7 is 8argent a ,,saltire gules40 ,salutatorium4 7,see ,,receptorium47 ,salute at ,sea4 ,the ,english claim the right1 formerly claimed by the ,venetians1 of being saluted first in all places1 as sovereigns of the seas4 ,the naval salute to the ,british flag began in the reign of ,king ,alfred4 ,sambuca1 ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a stringed musical instrument1 which varied in form1 but resembled a harp4 7#b7 ,military4 ,a scaling-ladder4 ,sam-cloth1 ,o4 ,e4 7needlework74 ,a sampler4 8,a sam-cloth1 vulgarly a sampler40 ,samit1 for ,exsamit 71 six2 1 threads74 ,a splendid tissue1 having six threads of silk in the warp1 and the weft of flat gold shreds4 ,sammaron-cloth1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a woven mixture of linen and hemp4 ,samnites4 ,gladiators armed like the ,samnite soldiers1 with a close helmet1 shield1 and greaves4 ,sampan4 ,a ,chinese canoe or small boat4 ,sampler 7,lat4 exemplar74 ,a piece of ornamental needlework1 done for a sample or specimen4 ,sanctus ,bell1 ,chr4 7#a7 ,a fixed bell rung at the elevation of the ,host1 at the words 8sanctus1 sanctus1 sanctus1 ,deus ,sabaoth40 ,it was fixed outside the church1 generally on the eastern gable of the nave4 7,see ,,sacring ,,bell47 7#b7 ,in the absence of a fixed bell1 small bells carried by acolytes1 often the subject of rich ornamentation1 sometimes consisting of a carillon of three small bells hidden within one large one1 thus blending their sounds4 ,sandal4 7,see ,,cendal47 ,sandal-wood4 ,ornamental wood highly valued for cabinet-work2 when old it becomes yellow and highly odoriferous4 ,sandalium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a richly ornamented sandal worn exclusively by women4 ,sandapila1 ,r4 ,a rough kind of bier for the poor4 7,see ,,lectica47 ,sandarac4 ,a resin used for spirit varnishes4 ,sandyx1 ,gr4 774 ,a ,lydian tunic1 of a fine and transparent texture1 dyed with the juice of the sandyx1 which gave it a flesh-coloured tint4 ,sang-ral 7,saint ,graal74 ,the ,holy ,grail said to have been brought to ,england by ,joseph of ,arimathea4 ,the legend is that it is an emerald cup1 or the cup used at the ,last ,supper1 containing the real 7or it may mean 8royal07 ,blood 7sang-rel or ral74 8,the cup1 the cup itself1 from which our ,lord ,drank at the last sad supper with his own40 7,tennyson47 ,sanglier1 ,her4 ,a wild boar4 ,sanguine4 ,a deep blood colour1 prepared from oxide of iron4 ,sanguinolent 7sc4 ampull74 ,glass vessels found in the catacombs at ,rome1 containing a red sediment1 ascertained by analysis to be blood2 and canonically pronounced by the ,roman ,church to be that of the early ,christian martyrs in whose tombs it has been found4 7,the subject is discussed at length by ,v4 ,schultze3 die ,katakomben1 ,leipzig1 #ahhb47 ,sanhedrim1 ,heb4 ,the supreme council of the ,jews1 which sat at ,jerusalem in a circular hall1 one half of which was within the temple1 and the other outside4 7,bosc47 ,sap-green4 ,the only green vegetable pigment2 used in water-colour painting4 ,obtained by evaporating the juice of the berries of the buckthorn1 mixed with lime4 ,sap-wood4 ,the soft white wood immediately under the bark of a tree4 ,sapphire 7,syriac saphilah74 ,the oriental sapphire from ,arabia1 which has been known from the earliest antiquity1 was one of the stones on the breastplate of ,aaron1 and was dedicated to ,apollo by the ,greeks1 by whom it was regarded as the gem of gems--the sacred stone par excellence4 ,the sapphires from ,brazil are also called oriental sapphires4 ,the sapphires of ,puy1 found in a mountain in ,central ,france1 vary from the deepest to the palest blue1 passing sometimes to a reddish blue or even to a yellowish green4 ,the sapphire1 although extremely hard1 has been engraved by the ancients4 ,there is a beautiful sapphire among the crown jewels of ,russia1 representing a draped female figure3 the stone is of two tints1 and the artist has skilfully used the dark tint for the woman and the light for the drapery4 7,l4 ,dieulafait47 ,sapphire1 in ,christian art4 7,see ,,blue47 ,saraballa1 ,sarabara1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,loose trousers1 which reached from the waist to the instep1 worn by the ,parthians1 ,medes1 and ,persians4 ,saraband1 ,sp4 ,a slow dance derived from the ,saracens2 the music for sarabands1 by ,corelli and other old masters1 is interesting4 7,see ,chappell's ,history of ,music1 c47 ,saracenic ,architecture4 7,see ,,alhambraic1 ,,moorish1 ,,moresco-,,spanish47 ,sarapis1 ,pers4 774 ,the tunic of the kings of ,persia2 it was made of a fine purple-coloured cloth1 with a white band in front embroidered with gold4 ,sarcenet4 ,a fine thin woven silk4 ,an improved cendal1 introduced in the #aeth century by the ,saracens of the south of ,spain2 hence its name4 7,see ,,cendal47 ,sarcilis1 ,chr4 ,a woollen garment--not described4 ,sarcoline 7,gr4 1 flesh74 ,flesh-coloured4 ,sarcolite4 ,a stone of a rose-flesh colour4 ,sarcophagus1 ,gen4 72 1 flesh1 and 1 to eat74 ,a coffin of a limestone called ,lapis ,assius1 in which the corpse was rapidly consumed4 ,the great sarcophagus called 8of ,alexander the ,great10 in the ,british ,museum1 is a celebrated specimen4 7,see ,,bisomus1 ,,quadrisomus1 and ,,trisomus47 ,sard or ,carnelian4 ,a brownish-red variety of chalcedony4 ,sard-achates4 ,a name given by the ancients to varieties of agate1 which contained layers of ,sard or carnelian4 ,sardonic ,laughter4 ,a distortion of the features of the dying1 the closing symptom of several fatal diseases2 named from the poisonous herb ,sardonia4 ,sard-onyx4 ,a precious stone composed of alternate layers of carnelian and chalcedony2 extensively used for gem-engraving4 ,sardel1 ,sardine1 ,sardius4 ,a precious stone mentioned in ,scripture in the description of ,aaron's breastplate4 ,sarissa1 ,gr4 774 ,the longest and heaviest spear of the ,greeks peculiar to the ,macedonian phalanx4 ,sarrazinois ,carpets4 ,embroidered stuffs resembling tapestry1 made in the #ajth and #aath centuries1 doubtless imitated from work by the ,saracens4 ,sarsen-stones4 ,boulders of sandstone found on the ,chalk downs in ,wiltshire4 ,sarsnet4 7,see ,,sarcenet47 ,sartago1 ,r4 ,a frying-pan2 in the patois of ,languedoc1 sartan4 ,satin4 ,this fine silk1 originally imported from ,china1 was first known in ,england in the #adth century4 ,it is thicker than ordinary silk1 and remarkable for its smooth glossy surface1 not exhibiting the marks of the reticulations of the threads4 ,satin-spar4 ,an ornamental stone1 having a soft satiny surface when polished4 ,satin-wood4 ,an ornamental yellow wood much used in cabinet-making4 ,satinet4 ,a thin kind of satin4 ,saturn1 ,her4 ,the black colour in the arms of sovereign princes4 ,saturnalia1 ,r4 ,festivals of ,saturn1 held on the seventh of the calends of ,january 7#adth of ,december71 instituted by ,numa4 ,during the four or five days that this festival lasted1 both public and private business was interrupted2 and banquets and festivities were held1 in which masters and slaves met on a temporary footing of equality4 ,in the feasts at rustic places1 the hollow statue of ,saturn was filled with oil2 he held a pruning knife in his hand1 and his feet were surrounded with a band of wool4 ,satyrs4 ,greek deities of the wooded plains1 as the ,roman fauns were of the fields4 ,they are usually represented as the attendants of ,bacchus1 or the lovers of the ,nymphs1 with goat's legs and horns1 and human bodies covered with short hair2 often with ,,lacinia on the neck4 ,saunders' ,blue 7,green7 7from the ,french cendres' bleu74 ,the blue ashes of calcined lapis lazuli4 7,see ,,carbonates ,,of ,,copper47 ,saurians4 ,animals of the lizard tribe1 crocodiles1 c41 antediluvian and other4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fjb4 ,device of ,charles d',amboise1 ,sieur de ,chaumont4 ,savage-man or ,wood-man1 ,her4 ,a wild man1 naked1 or clothed in skins or leaves1 and carrying a club4 ,the illustration is the device of ,de ,chaumont1 ,marshal of ,france 7 #aeaj71 with the motto1 8,mitem animum agresti sub tegmine scabro10 which he bore embroidered on the pennon of his company4 ,savonnerie4 7,see ,,turkey-,,stitch47 ,saxon ,blue4 ,sulphate of indigo used as a dye-stuff4 ,saxon ,gold-work of elegant design and skilful workmanship1 may be attributed to the #eth and #fth centuries4 ,the art was doubtless imported by ,roman colonists4 ,specimens may be studied in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 7,see ,,metallurgy47 ,scabellum1 ,r4 7dimin4 from ,,scamnum1 q4v47 7#a7 ,a stool or step to get into bed with4 7#b7 ,a shoe with a castanet in the sole1 with which the wearer beat time1 as an accompaniment to music4 ,scagliola 7,it4 scaglia1 a chip of marble74 ,artificial marble made of gypsum1 glue1 c41 of variegated colours1 in imitation of marble1 applied in ornamental work like stucco1 but admitting a fine polish4 ,scal1 ,r4 7scando1 to climb74 ,a ladder or staircase4 ,scald1 ,scand4 ,a poet or bard4 ,scaldino1 ,it4 ,a copper4 ,scale1 in ,music 7,it4 scala1 a ladder74 7,see ,,tones47 ,scalmus1 ,r4 774 ,the thole1 or strong peg with a thong1 with which an oar was attached to the side of a ship4 ,scalper1 ,scalprum1 ,r4 7scalpo1 to cut74 ,a general term for all kinds of cutting tools1 such as chisels1 knives1 c4 ,scalptura4 ,engraving in precious stones4 7,see ,,intaglio1 ,,cameo47 ,scamnum1 ,r4 7scando1 to climb74 ,a stool for a bed or arm-chair1 or a stone bench with a step4 ,scandula1 ,r4 ,a wooden shingle used for tiles 7tegul74 ,scansoria ,machina or ,scansorium1 ,r4 7scando1 to mount74 ,a scaffolding1 such as a tower1 which enables work to be carried on at various heights from the ground4 ,scantling4 ,in ,masonry1 the size of a stone1 in length1 breadth1 and thickness4 ,in ,carpentry1 the dimensions of a timber in breadth and thickness only4 ,any piece of timber less than five inches square is called scantling4 ,scapha1 ,r4 71 i4 e4 dug out74 ,a long-boat or cutter attached to a larger vessel2 obviously1 from the etymology1 a sort of canoe in its origin2 our 8skiff40 ,scaphium1 ,r4 774 ,a vessel of ,greek origin and of small size1 and in the form of a boat 7scapha71 which1 though used as a drinking-cup1 is especially to be classed among sacrificial utensils4 ,scapple4 ,in ,masonry1 to reduce a stone to a straight surface1 without making it smooth4 ,scapulary1 ,chr4 ,a part of the monastic dress1 worn by both sexes over the shoulders 7scapula74 ,it is generally a narrow strip of cloth contrasting with the colour of the dress1 reaching almost to the feet4 ,scapus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a shaft or stem4 ,this term is applied to several distinct things1 which all1 however1 imply an idea of use in support of some other thing2 as1 for instance1 the shaft of a column1 which supports a capital1 and occasionally an entablature2 the central shaft or newel which supports the staircase of a column2 the stem of a candelabrum or lamp-rest1 and so on4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fjc4 ,scarabus1 sacred4 ,scarabus 7,egyp471 or sacred ateuchus1 is an attribute of ,phtha1 and the symbol of creation4 ,under the name of ,kheper 7creator71 the scarabus was given to the soldiers in exchange for their oath of fidelity1 and worn by them as a finger-ring4 ,with wings extended 7as in ,fig4 #fjc7 it is a funereal ornament4 ,scarlet4 7,see ,,iodine ,,scarlet47 ,scarlet ,ochre4 7,see ,,venetian ,,red47 ,scarpe1 ,escarpe1 ,her4 ,a diminutive of a bend sinister4 ,scauper4 ,a tool used by engravers2 a kind of gouge4 7,angl4 scooper47 ,scena1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 7#a7 ,the stage of a theatre1 including not only the part so called at the present day1 but the wall at the back1 which was provided with three doors1 one in the centre 7valv regi71 and two lateral ones 7valv hospitales74 7#b7 ,a double-edged axe1 used in the sacrifices2 one of the iron sides of this axe had the broad blade of the securis1 and the other that of the dolabra4 ,in the sense of 8an axe10 scena is the contracted form of an old ,latin word sacena4 ,scene-painting was invented by ,inigo ,jones1 about #afaj4 ,scenographia1 ,r4 7-74 ,the drawing of a building in perspective4 ,a geometrical plan is called orthographia4 ,sceptre1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,originally1 in early antiquity1 a long staff similar to the shaft of a spear1 which was carried by great persons to lean on when walking4 ,afterwards it became the truncheon1 and a weapon of offence and defence4 ,later on1 an ornament was added to the upper end of this staff1 and it became the insignia of power and authority4 ,the ivory sceptre of the kings and consuls of ,rome was surmounted by an eagle4 ,the sceptre was an attribute of ,jupiter and ,juno1 as sovereigns of the gods4 ,schafte1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,shaft47 ,scheele's ,green4 ,a green pigment2 an arsenite of copper2 arsenite of potash mixed with sulphate of copper2 used in oil and water-colours4 ,scherzo1 ,it4 7playful74 ,a lively style in music2 faster than the minuet 7such as in ,beethoven's ,second ,symphony1 op4 #cf1 in ,d major74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fjd4 ,schleswig ,lace4 ,schleswig ,lace4 ,north ,schleswig 7or ,south ,jutland7 is the only province of ,denmark in which there was a regular manufacture of lace4 ,the art itself is supposed to have been introduced1 in #aeae1 by ,queen ,elizabeth 7sister of the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 and wife of ,christian ,,ii4 of ,denmark74 ,about #agab lace-making was much improved by ,brabant women4 ,the earlier specimens are all of ,flemish character1 made on the pillow in the same way1 occasionally imitating the ,mechlin ground with the pattern apparently run in with the needle4 ,all ,schleswig laces are remarkable for their fine quality and excellent workmanship4 ,the engraving shows part of a shirt-collar of ,christian ,,iv41 of a ,brabant pattern to be seen in his portrait in ,hampton ,court ,palace4 ,schmeltz1 ,germ4 ,glass ornament2 produced by fusing lumps of coloured glass together to imitate marble1 cornelian1 and other stones4 7,see ,,glass47 ,schweinfurth's ,green4 ,a brilliant sea-green pigment4 ,scimitar4 7,see ,,scymetar47 ,scimpodium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 footprop74 ,a couch or long chair for an invalid4 ,scintillant1 ,her4 ,emitting sparks4 7,see ,fig4 #cdb47 ,sciolist 7from 1 a shadow74 ,a man of superficial acquirements1 who sees only the shadows of things4 ,scioptics 71 a shadow74 ,the branch of the science of optics applied in the construction of the camera obscura4 ,sciothericon 774 ,a sun-dial4 ,scipio4 ,an official staff4 7,see ,,sceptre47 ,scirophoria4 ,athenian festivals held in the month ,scirophorion or ,june4 ,scirpea1 ,r4 ,a waggon formed of basket-work of plaited rushes 7scirpus71 and used principally for agricultural operations4 ,scobina1 ,r4 7scabo1 to scrape74 ,a rasp for wood2 distinct from lima1 a file for metals4 ,scobs4 ,shreds of ivory1 metals1 c41 turned off the lathe or rasp1 c4 ,sconces4 ,brackets projecting from the wall1 supporting candlesticks3 originated in the #aeth century1 and from that date form an important branch of metallurgical art-work4 ,scop1 ,r4 ,a broom made of small twigs of wood4 ,this term survives in the ,languedoc escoube4 ,scopul1 ,r4 ,a little broom4 ,scorpers4 ,in wood-engraving1 tools used for cutting away large spaces after outlining or engraving1 so as to leave only the drawing in relief4 ,scorpio1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7lit4 a scorpion74 7#a7 ,a kind of cross-bow4 7#b7 ,a pyramid of stones raised for a landmark in country places4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fje4 ,scotia or ,trochilus4 ,scotia or ,trochilus1 ,arch4 71 74 ,a concave moulding employed especially in the decoration of the bases of columns or pilasters1 between the fillets of the tori4 ,in plain bases the scoti are smooth1 and in decorated bases they are ornamented with sculptures1 as shown in ,fig4 #fje4 ,scourge4 7,see ,,flagellum and ,,flagrum47 ,scraper4 ,an engraver's tool for removing ,,burrs 7q4v474 ,screen1 ,chr4 ,an open barrier of wood-work or stone enclosing the choir or chancel of a church1 chapel1 or tomb2 generally highly enriched by carving and gilding1 and the lower panels decorated with painting4 7,see ,,rood-,,loft47 ,scrinium1 ,scrinia1 ,chr4 and ,r4 7#a7 ,chr4 ,a chest which held chiefly liturgical writings2 according to the writings they contained1 these cases were variously distinguished as scrinia epistolarum1 scrinia dispositionum1 scrinia libellorum1 scrinia memori1 scrinia sacra1 c4 ,scrinia were generally kept in the diaconicum or scevophylacium4 7#b7 ,cylindrical boxes or cases used for carrying volumes 7i4 e4 rolls7 and papers 7cf4 ,,hanaper74 7#c7 ,scrinia unguentaria were used to contain phials of oils and perfumes1 c41 for the toilette4 ,scriptorium1 ,chr4 ,an apartment in large monasteries where manuscripts were transcribed4 ,scripulum4 7,see ,,scrupulum47 ,scrupulum1 ,r4 7scrupus1 lit4 a small stone74 ,a scruple1 the smallest ,roman gold coin2 it weighed a third of the denarius aureus4 7,see ,,denarius47 ,scrutoire1 ,fr4 ,an old way of spelling escritoire4 ,scudo1 ,it4 ,a silver coin worth about #ds4 ,in ,rome the gold scudo is worth #fes4 ,sculpone1 ,r4 ,a common kind of boot1 with a wooden sole2 it was worn by the familia rustica1 or slaves who worked in the country4 ,sculpture 7from sculpo1 to carve7 includes all carved work1 in wood1 ivory1 stone1 marble1 metal1 or other material2 and also those works formed in a softer material not requiring carving1 such as wax or clay4 ,it includes ,,statuary1 carved ornament1 and ,,glyptics or incised gems and cameos4 ,from the practice of preparing the model in clay1 sculpture is also called the plastic art4 ,a most remarkable incident in the history of sculpture1 is the fact that the most ancient specimens are carved of the hardest stones1 such as basalt1 granite1 and porphyry2 and that this work was done at a period antecedent to the introduction of steel tools4 7,consult ,redford's ,ancient ,sculpture47 ,scumbling4 ,the process of going over a painting with a nearly dry brush1 to soften and blend the tints4 ,scutage1 ,o4 ,e4 7from scutum1 a shield74 ,a tax upon lands held by knight-service4 ,scutale1 ,r4 7from scutum1 i4 e4 shield-shaped74 ,the hollow in the thongs of a sling in which the missile is laid4 ,scutarius1 ,med4 ,an esquire or shield-bearer4 ,scutcheon1 for ,,escutcheon 7q4v474 ,scutella4 ,diminutive of ,,scutra 7q4v474 ,scutica1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a whip made with a leather thong 774 ,scutiform4 ,shaped like a shield4 ,scutra1 ,r4 7from scutum1 i4 e4 shield-shaped74 ,diminutive scutella4 ,a square wooden tray for plates1 dishes1 and cups4 ,scutum1 ,r4 and ,egyp4 ,the large oblong shield of the ,roman infantry1 in contradistinction to clipeus1 a round shield4 7,see ,,shields47 ,scymetar4 ,a sword of oriental origin1 with a curved blade1 very sharp4 ,scyphus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a drinking-cup of wood or silver1 of smaller capacity than the ,,bromias 7q4v474 ,it was sacred to ,hercules4 ,seals4 ,ancient porcelain seals1 to which the ,chinese attribute an antiquity of from #ajjj to #bjjj years1 are met with in collections2 and precisely identical specimens have been found in the bogs of ,ireland4 ,they are of a peculiar white or cream-coloured porcelain1 such as has not been made in ,china for several hundred years4 ,it is believed that the ,irish specimens must have lain buried there from a period anterior to history4 7,fortune47 7,see ,,sigillum1 ,,rings47 ,seax4 ,a ,saxon sword4 ,secco1 ,it4 ,fresco-painting in secco is that kind which absorbs the colours into the plaster1 and gives them a dry sunken appearance4 7,fairholt47 ,second ,distance4 ,in a picture1 the part of the middle distance next the foreground4 ,secondary ,colours4 ,the three primary colours 7containing nothing of any other colour7--blue1 red1 and yellow--when mixed in equal proportions produce three secondary colours3--blue and yellow produce green2 blue and red1 violet2 and yellow and red1 orange4 ,mixed in unequal proportions they produce what are called ,,tones 7q4v474 ,secos1 ,egyp4 774 ,the name for the ,,naos in an ,egyptian temple4 ,secretarium1 ,chr4 7secretum1 secret74 ,a sacristy 7not a tabernacle1 as maintained by some authors7 in the apse1 at the side of the altar4 ,in the ancient basilicas there were two such recesses1 one on each side of the altar4 ,sectilis4 7,see ,,pavimentum47 ,securicula 7diminutive of securis74 ,in ,architecture1 a dove-tail mortise4 ,securis1 ,r4 7seco1 to cut74 ,an axe or hatchet of any kind2 but esp4 that borne by the lictors in the ,,fasces4 7,see ,,dolabra1 ,,bipennis1 ,,fascis1 c47 ,securis ,dannica1 ,med4 7,see ,,bipennis47 ,secutores1 ,r4 ,gladiators appointed to fight with the ,retiarii 7whom they were constantly pursuing round the circus72 or those who replaced others killed were so called4 ,sedes1 ,sedile 7dimin4 sedicula74 ,any kind of seat4 ,sedilia4 7#a7 ,r4 ,the rows of seats in the amphitheatre4 7#b7 ,chr4 ,in a ,catholic church1 the stone seats on the south side of the altar1 for the use of the clergy in the intervals of the services4 ,segestrium1 ,r4 7lit4 of straw74 ,a coarse wrapper made of skins or straw-matting4 ,segmenta1 ,r4 7seco1 to cut off74 ,strips of rich cloth or tissues of gold or silver worn as a border to the dresses of wealthy ,roman ladies4 ,segno4 ,in ,music1 a direction to repeat3--al segno1 as far as the sign2 dal segno1 from the sign4 ,segreant1 ,her4 ,a griffin or wyvern rampant4 7,see ,fig4 #cfi47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fjf4 ,sejant4 ,sejant1 ,her4 ,sitting3--of a lion1 at rest with his fore-legs stretched on the ground1 but awake1 and his head and tail elevated4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fjg4 ,sejant ,rampant4 ,sejant ,rampant4 ,seated like a cat1 with his fore-legs erect4 ,sejugis1 ,r4 7sex1 six1 and jungo1 to join74 ,a chariot drawn by six horses abreast4 ,seliquastrum1 ,chr4 ,a seat of highly archaic character met with on certain monuments of ,christian art4 ,sella1 ,r4 7sedeo1 to sit74 ,a low seat without back1 a stool2 sella curulis1 a curule chair2 its feet were of ivory1 and took the form of an ,x1 and it folded like a camp-stool2 sella castrensis1 a real camp-stool2 sella balnearis1 a bath-seat1 we possess a specimen in ancient red marble of the greatest beauty1 another name for it was sella pertusa2 sella tonsoria1 a barber's chair4 ,again1 the term sella was applied to a sedan-chair 7sella portatoria1 gestatoria1 fertoria71 and a pack-saddle for beasts of burden 7sella bajulatoria71 and to a riding-saddle 7sella equestris74 ,sellaria1 ,r4 ,a large reception-room1 so called because it was furnished with a number of sell4 ,sellaris 7sc4 equus71 ,r4 ,a saddle horse4 ,sellula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of ,,sella74 ,a small sedan-chair4 ,sembella1 ,r4 ,a nominal subdivision of the denarius1 of which it was worth a twentieth part1 or about fivepence4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fjh4 ,fleur-de-lis 7seme74 ,ancient ,france4 ,seme or ,aspersed1 ,her4 ,sown broadcast1 or scattered1 without any fixed number1 over the field4 7,fig4 #fjh47 ,sementiv1 ,r4 7sementis1 a sowing74 ,a festival which took place at seed-time in honour of ,ceres and ,tellus4 ,semi- 7-71 as an adjunct1 is the ,greek form of demi half4 ,semibreve4 ,in ,music1 half a breve2 the longest note in modern music1 marked ,semibreve symbol4 ,semicinctium1 ,r4 7semi1 half1 and cingo1 to gird74 ,a short kilt worn by men when going through violent exercises or severe bodily labour2 it reached from the waist to the knees4 ,semidiapason4 ,in ,music1 an octave lessened by a semitone4 ,semiquaver4 ,a sixteenth of a semibreve--,semiquaver symbol4 ,semis1 ,semissis4 ,the half of an ,as1 or six ounces2 hence ,semisses six per cent4 interest4 ,semita1 ,r4 7se and meo1 i4 e4 going aside74 ,a pathway in a field2 a narrow lane in a town4 ,semitarge1 ,med4 ,fr4 ,a scimitar4 7,see ,,targe47 ,semitone4 ,in ,music2 the smallest interval in modern music2 the ancients had quarter-tones 7q4v474 ,semi-uncials4 ,during the #fth and #gth centuries1 a transition style of illuminating prevailed1 the letters of which have been termed semi-uncials4 ,this1 in a further transition1 became more like the old ,roman cursive1 which was called then minuscule2 it began to prevail over uncials about the #hth century1 and in the #ajth its use was established4 7,see ,,uncial ,,letters47 ,semuncia4 ,half an ounce4 ,senaculum1 ,r4 ,a place in which the senate used to meet4 ,there were at ,rome three senacula2 one between the ,capitol and the ,forum1 a second near the ,porta ,capena1 and a third near the temple of ,bellona4 ,senio1 ,r4 ,the number six inscribed on the face of dice1 and thence the throw when all the sixes turned up4 ,sentina1 ,r4 ,the well or hold of a ship4 ,sentinaculum1 ,r4 ,a ship's pump4 ,sepia4 ,a warm1 brown1 water-colour pigment obtained from the ink-bag of the cuttlefish4 7,see ,,roman ,,sepia47 ,sept-foil1 ,chr4 ,a figure of seven foils1 typical of the seven sacraments of the ,church1 and other mysteries of religion linked to the number seven4 ,septilateral4 ,having seven sides4 ,septimontium1 ,r4 ,a festival of the seven hills1 celebrated at ,rome in ,december4 ,septizonium1 ,septemzonium1 ,r4 ,a building of great magnificence1 which had seven stories of columns one above the other2 each set supported an entablature and cornice running right round the building 7zona71 whence the name ,septizonium4 ,septum1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7sepio1 to fence in74 ,in general1 any enclosure shut in by walls1 palisades1 barriers1 hedges1 c4 ,in ,christian archology1 septum was the name given to a barrier1 which1 in the ancient ,roman basilicas1 separated the nave from the absides4 ,septunx1 ,r4 7septem and uncia74 ,seven-twelfths of any quantity1 whatever its nature4 ,sepulchre1 ,chr4 ,the ,holy ,sepulchre is a favourite subject of architectural sculpture1 in cathedrals and continental churches4 ,it is generally found on the north side of the chancel near the altar4 ,sepulcrum1 ,r4 7sepelio1 to bury74 ,a sepulchre1 the general term for any kind of tomb in which the dead were buried1 or in which their ashes were deposited in urns4 ,sepulcrum familiare1 a sepulchre erected for a single person1 or for the members of a family4 ,the sepulcrum commune was a tomb held in common by a number of persons belonging either to a single family1 or several families1 or a group of individuals1 such as that given in ,fig4 #ahb1 which represents the tomb of the freedmen of ,octavia4 ,sequin 7,it4 zecchino74 ,a gold coin in ,italy1 worth about #is4 #f;d42 and in ,turkey worth about #cs4 #f;d4 ,sera1 ,r4 7sero1 to fasten74 ,a padlock or movable lock to a door4 ,serapeum1 ,egyp4 774 ,a general term for sepulchral monuments in ,egypt1 but more especially that of ,memphis4 7,bosc47 ,seraph2 pl4 ,seraphim1 ,heb4 7,see ,,angels1 ,,cherubim47 8,they are usually represented with wings and a flaming heart1 to typify spiritual emotion and divine affection2 or covered all over with eyes1 to denote their knowledge of all human events as counsellors of the ,most ,high4 ,the ,seraph's head in ,heraldry1 is usually delineated with six wings1 two above and two below1 which cross each other1 and one on each side of the head40 7,fairholt47 ,serges1 ,chr4 ,fr4 ,the large wax candles used in churches4 ,they are often covered with texts and devices4 ,seria1 ,r4 ,an earthenware vessel used chiefly for holding wine and oil2 it was larger than the amphora1 and smaller than the dolium4 ,serpent4 ,a musical wind instrument1 of a powerful bass2 invented by a ,french priest at ,auxerre in #aeij4 ,serpent4 7#a7 ,in ,christian archology an emblem of the principle of evil2 the ,virgin ,mary is frequently represented trampling on the head of the serpent4 ,it is especially a symbol of cunning1 lying1 and envy4 7#b7 ,generally4 ,the serpent with its tail in its mouth describes a circle which is the symbol of eternity4 ,in ,classic ,art it is an attribute of sculapius1 and of ,apollo2 and a symbol of the ,genius ,loci 7esp4 of temples1 c474 ,serpentine ,verses begin and end with the same word3 8,ambo florentes tatibus1 ,arcades ambo40 ,serrated4 ,having an edge like the teeth of a saw 7serra74 ,set-offs1 ,arch4 ,the mouldings and slopes on buttresses1 dividing them into stages4 ,setting drawings in pencil or crayon is done by simply passing them through a dish of milk1 or by washing the surface with a weak solution of isinglass4 ,severey1 ,arch4 ,a bay1 or compartment in a vaulted ceiling4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fji4 ,svres ,vase1 with jewelled ornament4 ,svres ,porcelain4 ,the celebrated manufactory at ,svres was established in #agef4 ,soon afterwards it became the property of the king1 ,louis ,,xv41 and was much patronized both by him and ,madame de ,pompadour4 ,some of the first artists of ,france were employed to decorate the plaques and vases1 and the productions of this factory are more highly prized than any others in the world4 ,in #ahgj three jardinires were sold by auction in ,london for over #aj1jjjl4 ,the finest colours of this porcelain were the bleu du roi and the rose de ,pompadour4 ,sewer4 7,see ,,cloaca47 ,sextans1 ,r4 7sextus1 sixth74 ,a copper coin worth the tenth of an as1 in weight about two ounces 7unci74 ,sextant4 ,the sixth part of a circle2 an arc of #fj degrees4 ,sextarius1 ,r4 7sextus74 ,a measure of capacity used for liquids1 grain1 c42 it held the tenth of a ,,congius 7q4v474 ,sextertius1 ,r4 ,a coin originally of silver1 and afterwards of fine copper 7aurichalcum72 it was worth two ases and a half4 ,sextula1 ,r4 ,the sixth part of the ounce 7uncia72 the smallest denomination of ,roman money4 ,sforzato 7,it474 ,in ,music2 with force1 louder than the rest4 ,sfregazzi or ,sfregature1 ,it4 ,by this term is meant a peculiar thin kind of glazing1 which is executed by dipping the finger into the colour1 and drawing it once lightly and evenly along the part of the picture on which it is to be applied--such as the shade on the cheek1 the limbs1 c41 or wherever it is wished to lay a soft thin shadow4 7,consult ,mrs4 ,merrifield1 ,ancient ,practice of ,painting1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hgi47 ,sgraffito1 ,it4 7lit4 scratched74 ,a method of painting on stucco1 in which a ground of dark stucco is covered with a coat of white1 and the design is formed by scraping this away for the shadows4 7,consult an article by ,mr4 ,alan ,cole in the ,house ,furnisher and ,decorator1 ,may #aj1 #ahgc47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #faj4 ,shackle4 ,shackle and ,padlock1 ,her4 ,a badge of the ,yorkist party during the wars of the ,roses2 called also a ,,fetter-,,lock4 ,shades4 7,see ,,umbr47 ,shaft1 ,arch4 ,the part of the column comprised between the base and the capital4 ,shaft1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the ,may-pole4 ,may-poles seem to have existed in most villages until the ,civil ,war4 ,they were abolished by an ordinance of the ,long ,parliament1 ,april #f1 #afdd1 as heathenish vanities 8generally abused to superstition and wickednesse40 ,shaftman1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a measure roughly six inches2 8the measure of the fist with the thumb set up40 7,ray1 #afgd47 ,shagreen4 ,a grained leather prepared from the skin of a species of shark1 and stained green4 ,a close imitation is made from horses' or asses' skins1 in ,russia1 and dyed red1 blue1 or black4 ,shalm or ,shawm4 ,a musical instrument1 a pipe with a reed in the mouth-hole4 ,shamrock1 ,her4 ,a trefoil plant or leaf1 the badge of ,ireland4 ,shard1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a piece of broken pottery4 7,it has other meanings4 ,consult ,halliwell47 ,shay-le1 ,chin4 ,a relic of ,buddha4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #faa4 ,sheaf4 ,device of ,alphonso d',avalos4 ,sheaf4 7#a7 ,a bundle of ripe corn bound up in the field2 the device assumed by ,alfonso d',avalos1 when he was made captain-general of the army of ,charles ,v41 with the motto implying incessant devotion to his work1--that1 as soon as one harvest is reaped1 its successor must be sown4 7#b7 ,a bunch of twenty-four arrows1 enough to fill a quiver4 ,sheep4 ,in ,christian art1 the twelve apostles occur in early mosaics as twelve sheep1 and our ,lord in the midst as their ,shepherd4 ,shekel4 ,a ,jewish coin1 value about #bs4 #f;d4 ,shell1 ,chr4 ,in ,gallic as in ,christian tombs shells are of frequent occurrence2 there is no doubt that they symbolize the resurrection1 the body of man being looked upon as a shell which he leaves behind him at death4 ,different kinds of shell are met with1 but that of most frequent occurrence is the common snail-shell 7helix pomatia74 7,see ,,escallop47 ,shell-cameos4 ,cameos carved on shells4 ,these are certain conch shells or strombs1 the substance of which consists of two distinct layers of different colours4 ,the black conch offers the most decided contrast in the colours4 ,shell-lac4 ,crude lac-resin melted into plates or shales4 7,see ,,lac47 ,shenti1 ,egyp4 ,a short pair of drawers1 fastened round the hips by a belt1 worn by the ancient ,egyptians4 ,shepherd's ,crook4 7,see ,,pedum47 ,shepherds4 7,see ,,hycsos47 ,shingles4 ,wooden tiles2 frequently used for church spires4 ,ship4 ,a symbol of the ,church4 7,see ,,navette47 ,shoes4 ,the shoes worn by the ,greeks generally reached to the middle of the leg2 the ,,romans had the calceus and the solea or sandal2 the former was worn with the toga on ordinary occasions2 the sandal on a journey or at a feast2 but it was considered effeminate to appear in public with them4 ,black shoes were worn by the citizens of ordinary rank 7see ,,atramentum1 ,,chalcanthum71 and white ones 7sometimes red7 by the women2 on ceremonial occasions the magistrates wore red shoes4 ,patricians and their children wore a crescent shoe-buckle 7see ,,luna74 ,slaves went barefooted4 ,the ,jews had shoes of leather1 wood1 c41 tied with thongs passed under the soles of the feet2 to 8untie the latchets0 of a man's shoes was a sign of deep subservience4 ,in ancient as in modern times the ,oriental peoples put off their shoes as we uncover the head4 7,consult ,herbert ,spencer on ,ceremonies47 ,shop4 7,see ,,taberna47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fab4 ,shrine of the ,three ,kings in ,cologne ,cathedral4 #acth century4 ,shrine4 ,a repository for relics2 either fixed1 as a tomb2 or movable1 as a feretory4 7,see ,fig4 #cjg47 ,the ,shrine of the ,three ,kings in ,cologne ,cathedral is one of the most celebrated and costly in the world4 7,fig4 #fab47 ,sibina1 ,sibyna1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a kind of boar-spear employed in hunting4 ,sibylline 7,books71 ,r4 ,the ,sibylline books were a series of oracles of the destiny of the ,roman ,empire2 they were three in number1 and were placed by ,tarquin in a vault of the temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus1 and were consulted in cases of difficulty by an order of the senate4 ,they perished in #fgj ,a4,u4,c41 when the ,capitol was burnt4 ,a set of ,sibylline oracles in existence1 which predict very clearly the establishment of the ,christian religion1 have been ascertained to be a forgery of the #bnd century of the ,christian era4 ,sibyls1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,prophetesses of antiquity recognized by the ancient ,christian ,church1 and a common object of symbolical ecclesiastical sculpture1 with reference to their foreknowledge of the fulfilment of inspired prophecy2 they are twelve in number1 having each a proper emblem4 7,cf4 ,smith and ,cheetham47 ,sica1 ,r4 7dimin4 sicilla74 ,a curved dagger or scimitar2 distinct from ,,pugio1 a straight dagger4 ,it was the weapon preferred by thieves and assassins on account of the convenience of its shape for concealment4 7,from this word our ,english sickle is derived47 ,siccative4 ,a synonym for ,,drying 7q4v474 ,sicilis1 ,r4 ,a sickle4 ,sienite4 ,a statuary marble from ,syene 7,assouan7 on the ,nile4 ,sienna1 ,terra di ,sienna4 ,a brown pigment4 7,see ,,ochres47 ,sigilla1 ,r4 7dimin4 of signum1 an image71 7#a7 ,a seal or signet4 7#b7 ,small sculptured or moulded bosses1 used to decorate vases or architecture4 7#c7 ,small statuettes1 called also ,,sigillaria4 ,sigillaria1 ,r4 7#a7 ,the last days of the festival of the ,saturnalia1 when sigilla1 or statuettes of gold and silver or terra-cotta1 were offered to ,saturn1 and amongst the people1 as presents to each other4 ,sigillatus1 ,r4 ,ornamented or decorated with sigilla4 7,see ,,sigillum47 ,sigla1 ,it4 7contraction of sigilla74 ,a conventional sign used instead of a word or phrase2 such as for equal to1 and for plus2 ,a4,u4,c4 for ab urbe condit1 c4 ,sigma1 ,r4 ,a semicircular couch1 so called because it assumed the form of the ,greek 1 which was originally written like our ,c4 ,hence1 the seat which ran round the walls of the ,,piscina in a bath4 7,see ,,stibadium47 ,signa ,militaria4 7,see ,,ensigns47 ,signature1 in printing1 is a letter put at the bottom of the first page in every sheet1 as a direction to the binder in collating them4 ,signets4 7,see ,,rings47 ,signinum 7opus71 ,r4 ,a kind of concrete for floorings1 invented at ,signia1 and formed of broken tiles consolidated with mortar1 and levelled with a pavior's beetle4 ,signum1 ,r4 ,a general term for any kind of sign or mark by which anything can be recognized2 such as an image or figure1 the intaglio on a ring1 the sign of a shop1 or a military standard or ensign 7signa militaria71 as represented in ,fig4 #ffe4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fac4 ,wall of ,silex4 ,silex1 ,r4 ,in general a flint or flint-stone1 and thence1 by extension1 any kind of hard stone hewn into polygonal blocks1 as shown in ,fig4 #fac4 ,silhouette1 ,fr4 ,a profile portrait1 or representation of the shape contained in the outline of an object1 with no attempt to fill in the parts4 ,silicernium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a funeral feast in honour of the dead4 ,silicious ,wares4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,sill or ,cill of a window or door4 ,the ,,limen ,,inferius 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fad4 ,silver-gilt dish and ewer2 the property of ,st4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 7,work of the late #agth century47 ,silver4 ,the history of working in silver is identical with that of ,goldsmiths' work in general4 7,see ,,gold47 ,pollen remarks that though ,phidias and his contemporaries made great statues of gold1 many artists who devoted themselves mainly and altogether to working in the precious metals executed their best work in silver4 ,silver was also largely used for the surfaces of mirrors1 which were hung on the walls of temples4 ,the best collection of antique silver plate was found at ,hildesheim1 in ,germany1 in #ahfi1 and is now in the ,berlin ,museum4 ,the silver stoup 7,fig4 #fae7 belonging to the ,corporation of ,norwich1 is of the time of ,elizabeth4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #fad7 of the silver dish and ewer at ,st4 ,john's ,college 7#afgj71 is representative of the change that the goldsmiths' style underwent about the middle of the #agth century1 after which time the light and graceful leaf work gave way to heavier designs4 7,consult ,pollen1 ,gold and ,silversmiths' ,work47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fae4 ,silver tankard of the #afth century4 7,belonging to the ,norwich ,corporation47 ,silver4 ,in ,christian art1 an emblem of purity4 7,see ,,white47 ,as one of the two metals among the tinctures of ,heraldry1 represented by a white space4 7,see ,,argent47 ,silver1 ,cloth of4 ,josephus tells us that the royal robe of ,herod ,agrippa was a tunic made of silver4 ,in the ,middle ,ages it was woven1 like gold1 in long narrow shreds unmixed with anything else1 into a web for garments4 ,sima1 ,arch4 7,see ,,cyma47 ,simikion1 ,gr4 774 ,a musical instrument of the ,greeks2 it had thirty-five strings4 ,simpulum or ,simpuvium1 ,r4 ,a small cup used for libations4 ,it was in the form of a ladle with a long handle4 ,sinciput4 ,the front part of the head4 ,the back part is the occiput4 ,sindon 774 7,see ,,corporal47 ,singing-bread1 ,chr4 ,the larger altar breads used in the mass were called singing-bread2 the smaller ones consecrated for the people were known as houseling bread4 7,see also ,,holy ,,bread47 ,sinister1 ,her4 ,the left side of a shield 7considered from the back1 or wearer's point of view74 ,the bendlet or baton sinister is generally 7not rigorously7 regarded in modern ,heraldry as the most appropriate difference of illegitimacy4 7,consult ,boutell's ,english ,heraldry1 p4 #aid47 ,sinopia4 ,a fine red pigment found upon ancient mural paintings4 ,sinum or ,sinus1 ,r4 ,a vessel of small dimensions1 but tolerably wide and deep1 which was used for holding wine or milk4 ,siparium1 ,r4 ,the curtain of a theatre4 ,it was divided in the middle and withdrawn to the sides to disclose the stage4 ,sipho1 ,gr4 71 a hollow body74 ,a siphon for exhausting liquids from a vessel by the pressure of the atmosphere4 ,a painting at ,thebes shows that the principle of the siphon was known to the ,egyptians as early as the eighteenth dynasty4 ,the same name was applied to a suction and forcing pump1 which was generally employed as a fire-engine4 ,sirens 7,gr4 probably from 1 a chain1 to signify their attractive power74 ,these mythical representatives of the evil side of the seductive power of music1 are represented in art as lovely women to the waist1 and fishes or birds below4 ,sometimes they have wings1 which the ,muses are said to have plucked 7see ,,muses7 of their feathers2 as ,orpheus1 by opening their minds to the unattainable higher music1 drove them to suicide in the end4 ,in ,christian symbolism the sirens typify the three carnal lusts4 7,see ,fig4 #dee47 ,sirpea4 7,see ,,scirpea47 ,sispa-sastra1 ,hind4 ,a ,hindoo work1 the title of which means literally the science of manual art4 ,it was a kind of encyclopdia1 and comprised about thirty treatises on the manual arts1 and included a treatise on architecture written by a ,hindoo whose name has not come down to us2 but a sage or mage called ,dupayana compiled1 abridged1 and edited1 about #aejj ,b4,c41 the lost treatise of the ,hindoo architect4 7,bosc47 ,sistrum1 ,egyp4 72 1 to shake74 ,a kind of rattle formed by a certain number of metallic rods which passed through a framework also of metal2 this was attached to a short handle ending in a head of ,athor4 ,by shaking the instrument by the handle the metallic rods and the movable rings suspended from them were made to give out a sharp rattling sound4 ,the ,egyptians made use of the sistrum in the ceremonial worship of ,isis and at funerals4 ,roman coins of ,hadrian present a personification of ,egypt as a female figure seated with the sacred ibis at her feet1 and a sistrum in her hand4 ,the instrument is still in use on the ,nile4 ,sitella4 ,diminutive of ,,situla 7q4v474 ,situla1 ,r4 ,a bucket for drawing water from a well4 ,situlus4 ,synonym of ,,situla 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #faf4 ,sixfoil4 ,sixfoil1 ,her4 ,a flower of six leaves4 ,size is used to prepare paper for printing upon1 and as a vehicle in oil painting4 7,see ,,distemper47 ,skeens1 ,celtic4 ,long sharp knives2 8sheen dubh10 black knife1 the ,highlander's dernier ressort4 ,skinning1 in ,masonry4 7,see ,,regrating47 ,skirophorion4 7,see ,,scirophorium47 ,sling4 7,see ,,balea1 ,,funda47 ,slipped1 ,her4 ,pulled or torn off4 ,smalt4 ,a vitreous substance coloured by cobalt1 used for painting on china1 not being affected by fire4 ,it makes also a bad pigment in water-colour painting1 and is largely used for giving a blue tinge to writing-paper1 linen1 c4 7,see ,,cobalt47 ,smalti1 ,it4 ,cubes of coloured glass applied in the modern ,,mosaics4 ,snail1 ,chr4 ,in ,christian iconography the snail is an emblem of sloth and of the resurrection4 ,snood 7,a4,s4 snd74 ,a head-band for ladies1 of the ,anglo-,saxon period1 similar to that now used by young unmarried women in ,scotland4 ,soapstone4 7,see ,,steatite47 ,socculus4 ,diminutive of soccus4 ,soccus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a slipper worn in ,greece both by men and women1 but at ,rome by women only4 ,it was worn by actors upon the stage4 ,socle1 ,arch4 ,a plain block or plinth forming a low pedestal to a column2 or a plinth round the bottom of a wall4 ,soffit1 ,arch4 ,the flat surface on the lower side of an arch or cornice4 ,solarium1 ,r4 7sol1 the sun74 7#a7 ,a sun-dial2 7#b7 a water-clock or clepsydra 7solarium ex aqu72 7#c7 a terrace constructed on the top of a house or portico4 ,soldurii1 ,gaul4 ,a body of ,gallic warriors forming a ,,clan under one chief4 ,solea1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7solum1 sole of the foot74 ,a sandal of the simplest kind1 consisting of a sole fastened on with straps over the instep4 ,solea ferrea1 a horse-shoe1 or soccus of iron2 solea sparta1 a sock of ,spanish broom for the feet of beasts of burden or of cattle2 solea lignea1 wooden clogs fastened to the feet of criminals4 ,lastly the term denoted a machine for crushing olives1 the nature and shape of which are entirely unknown4 ,in ,christian archology1 the term solea was used to denote1 in the early basilicas1 a space in front of the choir4 ,soler 7,lat4 solarium2 ,a4,s4 up-flor74 ,the upper floor of a house1 approached by a staeger 7,ang4 stair7 outside4 ,soles of the ,feet1 ,egyp4 and ,chr4 ,on a great number of ,christian tombs there occur representations of the soles of the feet4 ,this symbol has been variously explained4 ,in our opinion1 one which has never been broached before1 it denoted that the dead were in the power of ,god2 for among the ,egyptians1 whenever a god or powerful king was spoken of1 it was said of him that he put his enemies under the sole of his foot4 ,ezekiel uses the same terms in speaking of ,jehovah4 ,whenever an ,egyptian went on a pilgrimage to a distant place1 he never left the country without engraving on some stone the impression of his feet1 to which he added his name and titles4 7,bosc47 ,soliferreum or ,solliferreum1 ,r4 ,a javelin made entirely of massive iron4 ,solium1 ,r4 ,this term denotes 7#a7 a chair or arm-chair with a high back2 7#b7 a bier of wood or terra-cotta for a dead body2 7#c7 the granite or marble seat in an ancient bath4 ,solstice4 ,the time when the sun appears to stand still1 at one of the solstitial points1 i4 e4 at his greatest distance from the equator2 the summer solstice is the longest day1 ,june #bbnd2 the winter solstice ,december #bbnd1 in the ,north ,hemisphere2 reversed in the ,south4 ,sonata1 ,ital4 ,a piece of music with various movements1 composed for a single instrument with or without accompaniment4 ,sonate di camera1 sonatas adapted for chamber music2 sonate de chiesa1 for churches4 ,sonnachiosi of ,bologna4 ,one of the ,italian ,academies1 having for their device a bear1 which sleeps through the winter2 and the motto spero avanzar con la vigilia il sonno4 7,i hope by vigils to make up for sleep47 ,sorrows of the ,virgin4 7,see ,,joys ,,of ,,the ,,virgin47 ,sortes1 ,r4 ,lots2 small tablets or counters thrown into a ,,sitella or urn full of water1 and withdrawn for soothsaying4 ,soteria1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 of saving74 ,sacrifices in honour of the gods offered by way of thanksgiving for escape from any danger4 ,sounding-board1 ,chr4 ,a sort of dome or canopy1 placed above pulpits to convey the voice of the preacher to his auditory4 ,in the centre of the lower part of the canopy there is often a carved dove1 symbolizing the ,holy ,ghost4 ,sounding-boards must be placed five feet above the speaker's head1 and their diameter should exceed that of the pulpit by six to eight inches on either side4 ,soutane1 ,fr4 ,a white woollen cassock1 worn by priests under the rochet4 ,sow1 ,chr4 ,in ,christian iconography1 the sow is a symbol of evil1 impurity1 gluttony1 and fecundity4 ,it is borne in the crest of ,hamilton1 ,duke of ,hamilton1 with the motto1 8,through40 ,span4 ,of an arch1 the breadth between the imposts4 ,spandril1 ,arch4 ,the triangular space between the upper arch of a door and the square mouldings which form a frame to it4 ,spangles1 of gold and silver1 were1 in the ,middle ,ages1 artistically shaped concave1 and sewed on like tiles1 one overlapping the other1 producing a rich and pleasing effect4 ,our present flat spangles are quite modern4 ,spanish ,black4 ,a pigment of burnt cork4 ,spanish ,brown4 7,see ,,ochre47 ,spanish ,ferreto4 ,a rich reddish-brown pigment4 ,spanish ,red4 ,an ochreous red pigment1 yellower than the ,venetian red4 ,spanish ,stitch4 ,a kind of embroidery introduced into ,england by ,katharine of ,aragon in #aeja4 ,span-roof1 ,arch4 ,having two inclined sides2 not a pent-roof4 ,spartea4 7,see ,,solea47 ,sparum1 ,r4 ,a weapon specially employed by the agricultural population1 whence its name of sparum agreste1 telum rusticum4 ,it was a kind of halberd4 ,a form sparus was also in use4 ,spatha1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a batten or wooden blade used by weavers for beating the threads of the woof4 7#b7 ,the spatula of a druggist or chemist4 7#c7 ,a long1 broad1 two-edged sword1 with a sharp point4 ,spathalium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7374 ,a kind of bracelet with bells attached1 so that it bore some resemblance to the flower-sheath of the palm-tree 7spatha71 whence its name4 ,speak-house1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a parlour4 ,spean1 ,hind4 ,a monumental bridge1 of no great height1 among the ,khmers or ancient inhabitants of ,cambodgia4 ,the balustrade of this bridge was formed by means of ,,nagagas 7q4v474 ,spear1 ,her41 is seldom seen in blazon1 though it appears as a 8punning device0 in the arms granted to ,shakspeare's father4 7,see ,,lance1 ,,cuspis1 c47 ,specillum1 ,r4 ,a surgeon's probe1 of iron1 bronze1 or silver4 ,spectra4 ,impressions which remain for a time on the retina of the eye1 after looking at certain bright and coloured objects4 ,they are either similar in colour and form to the objects which excited them1 or vary according to the laws of the spectrum2 e4g4 if the eye is fixed on a red wafer1 lying on a sheet of white paper1 it will appear fringed with a faint green2 then if1 after a time1 the eye is turned to another part of the paper1 where there is no wafer1 a green wafer will appear4 ,spectrum4 ,the series of colours that a beam of white light slips into under refraction3--red1 orange1 yellow1 green1 blue1 indigo1 and violet4 ,specula1 ,r4 ,a watch-tower4 ,specularia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,window-panes made with a kind of transparent stone 7lapis specularis74 ,speculum1 ,r4 7specio1 to behold74 ,a mirror2 they were made in ancient times of a white composition of copper and tin1 and afterwards of silver4 ,the back of the mirror was decorated with beautiful engraved or enchased designs4 ,there were also glass mirrors backed with a thin leaf of metal4 ,mirrors were not contrived to be hung against a wall1 or to stand on a table1 but were generally held by female slaves in front of their mistresses4 7,see ,,mirrors47 ,specus1 ,r4 ,originally a dark grotto or cave2 later the covered canal of an aqueduct4 ,spence1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the buttery attached to the hall2 #acth1 #adth century4 ,speos1 ,egyp4 774 ,,hypogea or subterranean ,egyptian temples4 ,hemispeos was the name given to temples built partly above and partly under the ground4 ,sperlings1 ,o4 ,e4 ,sprats4 ,sperthe1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a battle-axe4 ,spetum1 ,med4 ,a kind of ,,partisan1 but narrower and lighter4 ,sphristerium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 place for ball74 ,an apartment attached to a gymnasium or set of baths for playing with balls4 ,sphromachia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a game of ball4 ,sphendone1 ,gr4 ,a band or fillet with which ,greek ladies confined their hair4 7,see ,,diadema1 ,,hair1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fag4 ,andro-,sphinx4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fah4 ,crio-,sphinx4 ,sphinx1 ,egyp4 774 ,an emblem peculiarly ,egyptian1 signifying the religious mystery2 in this sense it was adopted by the ,romans and placed in the pronaos of their temples4 ,the ,,andro-,,sphinx 7,fig4 #fag71 a human head upon a lion's body1 typified generally the union of intellectual and physical power2 the ,,crio-,,sphinx 7,fig4 #fah7 had the head of a ram2 and the ,,hieraco-,,sphinx 7,fig4 #fai7 that of a hawk4 ,the two latter are complex emblems2 the hawk being the sun-god's and the king's special figure1 and the ram that of the god ,neph4 ,the symbolical importance of these figures was completely disregarded in the course of their application to the purposes of ,greek art4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fai4 ,hieraco-,sphinx4 ,sphyrelata1 ,gr4 ,hammered metal-work2 the earliest form of art manufacture in metal4 ,archaic statues1 antecedent to the invention of the art of casting1 were formed of hammered plates fastened together with rivets4 7,see ,,metallurgy47 ,spic ,testace1 ,r4 7spica1 ear of corn74 ,oblong bricks for pavements2 applied in the ,spicatum ,opus4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbj4 ,spicatum ,opus4 ,spicatum 7opus71 ,r4 ,a term answering to our ,,herring-,,bone4 work2 it was a kind of construction in which the stones were arranged so as to resemble the setting of the grains in an ear of corn4 7,fig4 #fbj47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fba4 ,spiculum4 ,spiculum1 ,r4 7dimin4 of spicum1 a point74 ,the barbed iron head of an arrow or lance4 ,the custom of barbing weapons dates from a very early period1 since it is met with in prehistoric times4 ,fig4 #fba shows a barbed bone arrow4 ,spider-work 7opus araneum74 ,a kind of embroidery2 specimens of the #acth and #adth centuries are in ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,spike4 ,oil of spike used in wax painting is prepared from the wild lavender4 ,spina1 ,r4 7lit4 a spine74 ,a long1 low wall along the middle of a circus1 marking off the course in a race4 ,at each end were the goals1 7met74 7,see ,,circus1 ,,meta47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbb4 ,spinet4 #ahth century4 ,spinet 7,ital4 spinetta74 ,an old-fashioned musical instrument on the principle of the harpsichord and pianoforte4 ,brass and steel wires were struck by quills fixed to the tongues of jacks which were moved by the keys of a finger-board4 7,fig4 #fbb47 ,spinther1 ,r4 774 ,a bracelet2 it was worn upon the left arm1 and retained in its place merely by the elasticity of the material4 ,the term is really a corruption of sphincter1 the muscle which remains naturally contracted4 7,see ,,armilla47 ,spira1 ,r4 774 ,anything spiral or coiled2 such as 7#a7 a coil of rope2 7#b7 an ornament worn by women on the head2 7#c7 the string by which the cap of the ,salian priests was fastened under the chin2 7#d7 the base of a column4 ,spire1 ,arch4 ,an acutely-pointed termination crowning a steeple4 7,see ,,chamfer47 ,spirit ,fresco4 ,a new method of painting in fresco1 introduced by ,mr4 ,gambier ,parry1 #ahhj4 ,spirits of ,wine are used to dissolve resins in the preparation of varnishes4 ,spirula4 ,diminutive of spira4 ,spittle or ,spittlehouse1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a hospital4 ,spolarium1 ,r4 7spolio1 to strip off74 ,a cloakroom in the baths1 where the bathers left their clothes2 in an amphitheatre or circus the term was applied to a cella in which gladiators who had been killed in the arena were stripped of their clothes and weapons4 ,spolia1 ,r4 ,booty taken in war4 ,,pr,,da means plunder generally2 ,,manubium1 the share of the commander or the state2 ,,exuvi1 the personal spoils of an enemy2 and ,,spolia1 properly speaking1 arms or implements of war4 7,see ,,opima ,,spolia47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbc4 ,carved ivory ,spoon with figure of 8,january40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbd4 ,folding ,spoon of carved box-wood4 ,spoon1 ,chr4 ,in early times1 especially among the ,greeks1 ,syrians1 and ,copts1 the sacrament in one kind only was administered with a small gold or silver spoon1 into which a few drops of the consecrated wine were poured4 ,in the ,middle ,ages spoons were frequently ornamented with figures1 some carved in ivory or wood1 and others of metal4 ,,apostle ,,spoons had figures of the ,apostles on the handles4 7,see ,,labis and ,,cochlear47 ,sporta1 ,r4 ,a broad plaited basket made of wood and usually furnished with two handles4 ,diminutives of this term are sportella and sportula4 ,springers1 ,arch4 ,the lowest stones of an arch resting on a column1 pilaster1 or cluster of small columns4 ,spurs with rowels appear first in the #acth century2 in early times and in antiquity they were merely sharp goads fixed to the heel4 ,in the middle of the #aeth century spurs were of extravagant length4 ,in ,heraldry1 the knightly spur had a single point1 up to about #acbj1 and was known as the 8pryck-spur20 the later form is called the 8rouelle-spur40 ,spurn1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a piece of stone or wood protecting a corner house or gate-post from wheels4 ,one end is fixed in the ground1 and the other attached at an angle to the post or wall4 ,squinch1 ,arch4 ,small arches built across angles of towers to support projecting masonry above4 ,stadium1 ,gr4 774 ,the course for the foot-race at ,olympia1 which measured exactly one stadium 7#fjf feet74 ,the stadium was the principal ,greek measure for distance1 and equalled the eighth of a ,roman mile4 ,stag 7cervus74 ,representations of the stag occur in many ,christian bas-reliefs and paintings4 ,it is the emblem of many dissimilar moral ideas1 but more especially of a longing desire for baptism1 from an application of the text in the #dbnd ,psalm1 8,like as the hart10 c4 7,see ,,hart47 ,stalactite 7,gr4 1 an icicle74 ,spar1 in the form of icicles hanging from the roof of a cavern4 ,stalagmites are heaped up from their droppings on the floor1 forming when they unite with the ,stalactites the so called ,organ pipes4 ,stalagmium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,an ear-ring decorated with pearls1 or small gold or silver drops1 which bore more or less resemblance to the shape of a drop of water 771 whence its name4 ,stall-plate1 ,her4 ,the plate bearing the arms of a knight1 and placed in his stall in the chapel of his order4 ,stalls1 ,chr4 ,seats in a chapel2 made to be used in two ways3 either with the flap of the seat let down called 8sellette10 which formed the regular seat1 or with the flap raised1 affording only a small resting-place called miserere4 ,the elbows are often called 8museaux0 from their being in many cases ornamented with the head of some animal4 7,see ,,miserere47 ,stamen1 ,r4 ,the spun thread as it comes off the spindle4 ,stamnos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a vessel in the shape of a ,panathenan water-jar or amphora1 but with a wider neck1 and with two ears and no handle4 ,stanchion1 ,arch4 ,the upright iron bar between the mullions of a window4 ,standard or ,banner1 ,chr4 ,the symbol of victory over sin1 death1 and idolatry4 7,see ,,ensigns1 ,,labarum1 ,,signa1 c47 ,in heraldry1 a long narrow flag introduced in the #adth century4 ,the ,,royal ,,standard bears the blazonry of the ,queen's arms4 ,the ,,union ,,jack was produced in the reign of ,james ,i41 in #afjf1 as the national flag of united ,england and ,scotland1 combining the banners of ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,andrew4 ,the latest ,,union ,,jack shows1 over the saltire of ,st4 ,andrew1 the gules of ,st4 ,patrick1 and was introduced upon the occasion of the union with ,ireland4 ,the word 8,jack0 is a corruption of the ,french 8,jacques10 for ,james4 ,standing ,stones4 ,celtic monuments1 also called megalithic1 consisting of a row of stones standing in a line4 7,see ,,dolmen1 ,,menhir1 ,,megalithic1 c47 ,standish1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a case for pens and ink2 an inkstand4 ,stanniferous ,wares4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,stapes1 ,stapia1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a stirrup4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbe4 ,badge of the ,star of ,india4 ,star of ,india4 ,an order of knighthood instituted by ,queen ,victoria in #ahfa4 ,the ,,insignia are the ,badge 7,fig4 #aga72 collar of heraldic roses and lotus-flowers alternating with palm-branches1 a crown being in the centre2 ribbon of pale blue with white borders1 crossing the left shoulder2 and star of diamonds1 having a mullet upon an irradiated field in its centre1 with the motto 8,heaven's ,light our ,guide40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbf4 ,heraldic ,stars4 ,stars1 ,her4 7,see ,,estoile1 ,,mullet47 ,stars1 ,chr4 ,emblematic of the canopy of ,heaven1 are generally represented on the domed ceilings of churches4 ,these were usually forged in metal and fixed on to an azure ground4 ,they are attributes of the ,virgin ,mary as queen of heaven1 and of ,st4 ,dominic and other saints4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbg4 ,star-moulding4 ,stars1 ,star-moulding1 ,arch4 ,an ornament of the ,romano-,byzantine period1 in the shape of a star with four rays only4 7,fig4 #fbg47 ,it is met with as a decoration in various mouldings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbh4 ,statera4 ,statera1 ,r4 ,a steelyard or ,roman balance1 of much later invention than the scales called libra4 ,it consisted 7,fig4 #fbh7 of a rod or yard 7scapa71 divided by equidistant points 7puncta71 and was suspended by means of a handle 7ansa7 consisting of a hook or chain4 ,the weight 7quipondium7 forms a counterpoise to any object suspended from one of the hooks or the scale 7lancula74 7,fig4 #dah47 ,the term is sometimes looked upon as a synonym of ,,libra 7q4v474 ,it denotes besides 7#a7 a wooden bar or yoke placed across the withers of a pair of horses harnessed to a ,,bijugus 7q4v472 7#b7 a plate or dish1 probably of circular form4 ,statuettes4 ,small statues in bronze or porcelain for the decoration of rooms4 ,for ,porcelain ,statuary1 consult ,jacquemart's ,history of the ,ceramic ,art4 ,stauracin 7,gr4 1 a cross7 was a silken stuff figured with small plain crosses2 hence polystauron1 having many crosses4 ,steatite or ,soapstone4 ,a soft1 unctuous1 magnesian mineral1 used by the ,chinese for statuary and decorative purposes4 ,steel1 ,engraving in1 was invented during the present century4 ,the process is nearly the same as engraving in copper4 7,see ,,chalcography47 ,stega1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 a covering74 ,the deck of a ship2 a synonym for ,,constratum 7q4v474 ,steganography1 ,gr4 71 secret74 ,cypher1 or secret writing1 by substitution of signs for letters4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fbi4 ,steinkerque4 ,steinkerque was a twisted necktie1 and owed its origin to the battle of that name fought in #afib by ,marshal ,luxembourg against ,william of ,orange4 ,when the ,french princes were suddenly ordered into action1 hastily tying their cravats--in peaceful times an elaborate proceeding--they rushed to the charge and gained the day4 ,in honour of this event ladies also wore their lace neckerchiefs twisted in this careless fashion4 ,steinkerques became the rage1 and were worn in ,england and ,france by men and women for many years afterwards4 ,the engraving represents the ,grand ,dauphin of ,france wearing a ,steinkerque4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fcj4 ,greek ,stel4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fca4 ,roman ,stela4 ,stela1 ,stel1 ,gr4 ,a pillar1 or stone of a cylindrical or quadrangular shape1 often surmounted by an ornament in the form of a palm4 ,these stel served to mark out burial-places4 ,fig4 #fca represents a ,roman1 and ,fig4 #fcj a ,greek stel4 ,stemma1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 i4 e4 that which crowns74 ,among the ,greeks this term served to denote a wreath bound round with woollen fillets2 among the ,romans the same term denoted a long roll of parchment ornamented with garlands4 ,this roll contained the genealogy of the family4 ,stemmata were hung upon the busts of ancestors1 and in front of the imagines majorum4 ,stencil4 ,a plate of any material in which patterns have been cut out4 ,the use of stencil plates is of great antiquity4 ,they were used in the schools of ancient ,rome to teach writing1 and by the emperors for affixing their sign manual to documents4 ,stereobate4 ,the base of a plain wall4 7,see ,,stylobates47 ,stereochromy4 ,a new method of wall painting1 with water-colours sprinkled over with fluoric acid1 adapted permanently to resist all the influences of climate4 ,stereo-graphy 71 solid74 ,geometrical drawing of solids on a plane surface4 ,stereoscope4 ,a binocular glass1 arranged in conformity with the natural convergence of the sight of each eye to a focal centre4 ,an object is photographed twice1 as it would appear to each eye if the other were closed2 and when the two pictures are looked at together in the stereoscope1 an effect of rounded solidity 7stereon7 is produced4 ,the effect is particularly beautiful in photographs of statues4 ,stereotype4 ,solid type1 obtained from a cast of the forme of movable type1 for permanent use in printing works of which many editions are required4 ,steyre1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a stair4 ,stiacciato1 ,ital4 ,sculpture in very low relief1 less than basso-relievo4 ,stibadium1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a circular dining-couch generally made of wicker-work4 ,another name for it was ,,sigma4 ,sticharium1 ,chr4 774 ,a white tunic worn by the ,greek bishops and deacons in certain ceremonies4 ,stigma1 ,r4 71 lit4 a mark by pricking74 ,a mark1 impression1 or brand4 ,thieves were branded with the letter ,f1 which stood for fur1 thief4 ,a stigma tattooed on the arm was the mark by which conscripts were declared capable of military service1 c41 hence ,stigmata1 ,chr4 ,the marks of the five sacred wounds on the hands1 feet1 and side of ,our ,lord2 said to have been miraculously printed on the persons of saints4 ,stil de grain4 7,see ,,pinks47 ,still ,life4 ,inanimate objects4 ,stilted ,arch4 ,one having the capital or impost mouldings of the jambs below the level of the springing of the curve1 the moulding of the arch being continued vertically down to the impost mouldings4 ,stilus1 ,stylus1 ,r4 ,a style1 or instrument of bone1 ivory1 iron1 bronze1 or silver1 about five inches long1 having one end pointed1 and the other flattened like a spatula2 the latter served either to spread the wax on the writing-tablet1 or to erase by smoothing down what had been written upon it2 the other and pointed end served for writing upon the wax-covered tablet4 ,the term also denoted 7#a7 the needle or index of a sun-dial2 7#b7 a bronze needle2 7#c7 a probe employed for garden purposes4 7#d7 ,a sharp stake in a pitfall4 ,it was also called graphium4 ,stimulus1 ,r4 71 to prick74 ,a goad for driving cattle4 ,stipple4 ,etched imitations of chalk drawings of the human figure1 called engravings in stipple1 have a very soft effect1 but are inferior to engraving4 ,in this variety the whole subject is executed in dots without strokes on the etching-ground1 and these dots are bitten in with aquafortis4 ,the dots may be harmonized with a little hammer1 in which case the work is called opus mallei4 ,in the method known as mezzo-tinto1 a dark barb or ground is raised uniformly by means of a toothed tool2 and the design being traced1 the light parts are scraped off from the plate by fitting instruments1 according to the effect required4 7,see ,,engraving47 ,stips1 ,r4 ,a small bronze coin1 equal to the twelfth part of an as1 or about a quarter of a farthing2 it bore on the reverse the prow of a vessel4 ,stocheion1 ,gr4 ,a form of sun-dial4 7,see ,,horologium47 ,stockings were introduced into ,england with knitting in #aeja1 when ,queen ,elizabeth was presented with a pair of black knit silk stockings by her tirewoman1 and immediately discontinued the cloth hose she had previously worn4 ,the ,scotch claim the invention of knitting1 and a ,french company of stocking-knitters established at ,paris in #aebg took for their patron ,st4 ,fiacre1 who is said to have been the son of a ,king of ,scotland4 7,see ,,netherstocks47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fcb4 ,stola4 ,costume of a ,roman ,matron4 ,stola1 ,r4 71 lit4 an equipment74 ,the robe worn by ,roman matrons2 it consisted of a wide tunic with long sleeves4 ,it came down to the ankles or feet1 and was confined at the waist by a girdle1 leaving broad loose folds over the breast4 ,the pallium was worn over the stola4 ,it was the distinguishing dress of the ,roman matron1 and the meretrices or divorced women were forbidden to wear it4 ,the stola was also worn by a certain class of priests4 7,see ,,pallium1 ,,toga47 7,see ,fig4 #fcb47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fcc4 ,stole4 ,stole1 ,chr4 ,this term1 a synonym of orarium1 denoted1 with the early ,christians1 according to ,fleury1 a piece of fine linen which was worn round the neck4 ,it was used as a kind of pocket-handkerchief1 long before the introduction of ,christianity1 by the ,romans1 who named it indifferently linteolum1 strophium1 and sudarium4 ,in the ,christian ,church it is represented by a narrow band of embroidered stuff1 and worn over the left shoulder by deacons2 and across both shoulders by bishops and priests4 ,it is sacred to the memory of the cloth with which the ,saviour is alleged to have wiped away the sweat from ,his face as ,he passed to the ,crucifixion4 7,see ,,sudarium1 ,,orarium47 ,stone ,ochre4 ,a pigment4 ,an earthy oxide of iron4 7,see ,,ochres47 ,stone-ware4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,stopping-out4 ,in etching1 arresting the action of the acid on the fainter lines of a plate1 by covering them over with a preparation called stopping-ground1 while the deeper and broader parts corrode4 7,see ,,etching47 ,stoup1 ,chr4 ,a small niche with a basin1 at the entrance of a church1 placed there for the holy water4 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of tankard4 7,see ,fig4 #fae47 ,stragulat4 ,striped or barred silks2 #acth century4 ,stragulum1 ,r4 7sterno1 to throw over74 ,a general term to denote any kind of covering used for bed-clothing1 or a covering for men1 horses1 or beasts of burden1 and thence a caparison4 ,strap-work1 ,arch4 ,a form of architectural ornament1 by the tracery of a narrow band or fillet in convolutions similar to those that a leather strap thrown down at hazard would form4 ,it is characteristic of the ,renaissance period4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fcd4 ,strasburg ,porcelain4 ,open-work ,basket4 ,strasburg ,porcelain4 ,the manufacture of this ware1 which was begun by ,charles ,hannong about #agba1 became very celebrated for about sixty years4 7,consult ,jacquemart's ,history of the ,ceramic ,art47 7,fig4 #fcd47 ,strasburg ,turpentine4 ,a varnish made of the resin from the silver fir 7pinus picea71 diluted with naphtha1 drying linseed1 or nut oil4 ,strena1 ,r4 ,a new year's gift or present made on the calends of ,january4 ,stria1 ,r4 ,the fluting of a column4 ,striated4 ,fluted like a column4 ,strigilis1 ,r4 7stringo1 to scrape74 ,a bronze scraper for the skin1 curved and hollowed like a spoon1 used in the bath4 ,the same term is used in architecture for a fluting which resembles the bath-strigil in form4 ,string-course1 ,arch4 ,a narrow moulding projecting from the wall of a building in a horizontal line4 ,stroma1 ,gr4 774 ,a ,greek term synonymous with the ,latin ,,stragulum4 ,strontian ,yellow4 ,a pale canary-coloured pigment4 ,strophe 71 to turn74 ,in ,greek poetry1 the first division of a choral ode1 of which the other parts were the antistrophe and the epode4 ,strophium1 ,r4 71 lit4 a thing twisted74 7#a7 ,a long scarf which the ,roman women rolled into a band1 and fastened round the body and breast4 7#b7 ,a girdle for the same purpose1 generally of leather4 7#c7 ,the term likewise denoted the cable of an anchor4 7,see ,,orarium47 ,structura1 ,r4 7struo1 to build up74 ,a general term for any kind of masonry4 7,see ,,opus47 ,struppus or ,strupus1 ,r4 ,a rope or other fastening by which the oar is attached to the thole 7scalmus74 ,stucco1 ,it4 ,a fine plaster1 for covering walls1 prepared by various methods1 as a mixture of gypsum and glue2 or white marble1 pulverized with plaster of lime and mixed with water2 the opus albarium of the ancients4 ,stump1 for drawing in pencil or crayon4 ,it is a thick roll of strong paper made into a kind of pencil1 and used for rubbing over lines to soften them down for ground tints1 gradation of shading1 c4 ,stylites1 ,chr4 774 8,pillar saints40 ,anchorites of the early ,church who passed their lives on the top of a column1 in order to give themselves up to meditation4 ,there were some of them in ,syria down to the #abth century4 ,they derived their name from 1 a column4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fce4 ,stylobates4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fcf4 ,stylobates4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fcg4 ,stylobates4 ,stylobate1 ,arch4 ,a pedestal supporting a row of columns2 ,figs4 #fce to #fcg represent three richly-decorated stylobates found in the baths and other ,roman ruins at ,nismes4 7,see ,,pedestal1 ,,stereobate47 ,stylus1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,a pointed instrument with which the ,romans wrote on their waxed tablets4 7,see ,,stilus47 ,subarmale1 ,subermale1 ,r4 ,a garment worn by soldiers underneath their armour2 it formed the tunic of the legionaries1 and representations of it are very frequently met with on the bas-reliefs of monumental columns and triumphal arches4 ,subjugium1 ,r4 ,curved pieces of wood placed at each end of a yoke1 underneath it2 whence their name4 ,sublicius1 ,r4 7sublica1 a pile74 ,any wooden structure supported on piles4 7,see ,,pons47 ,subligaculum1 ,subligar1 ,r4 7subligo1 to tie below74 ,a cloth worn by acrobats1 drawn between the legs and made fast to the girdle4 ,subsecus1 ,r4 ,a tenon1 in carpentry2 that is1 the tongue or wedge which fits into a mortise4 ,subsellium1 ,r4 7i4 e4 lower than a sella74 ,a movable bench without a back1 which was used in large assemblies4 ,in a theatre or circus the same term was applied to the circular rows of seats in the cavea4 ,subsericum4 ,partly1 not all1 silk2 opposed to holosericum4 ,substructio1 ,r4 7substruo1 to build underneath74 ,any work of solid masonry1 such as a foundation wall1 abutment walls1 c4 7,see ,,suspensura47 ,subtrefoiled1 ,arch4 ,decorated with foils placed underneath2 a term applied to what are called trefoil-headed arches4 ,subucula1 ,r4 7sub1 and duo1 to put on74 ,under-garments of wool which the ,romans wore next the skin1 underneath the tunic4 ,suburbanum1 ,r4 ,a villa in the suburbs of ,rome4 ,succinctus1 ,r4 7succingo1 to gird beneath74 ,wearing a girdle round the waist above the tunic2 applied to a person prepared for active exertion4 ,sucula1 ,r4 ,a capstan4 ,sudarium1 ,chr4 ,a name of the miraculous portrait of our ,lord1 impressed on the cloth presented to ,him by ,st4 ,veronica on the way to the ,crucifixion4 7,see ,,stole1 ,,vera ,,icon47 ,a representation of this legendary portrait is given in ,albert ,drer's 8,little ,passion40 ,sudatorium1 ,r4 7sudor1 sweat74 ,the hot room in a ,roman bath4 7,see ,,caldarium47 ,sud'ha1 ,hind4 ,a temple of the ,khmers or ancient inhabitants of ,cambodgia1 built of one unmixed material1 and thence called pure 7sud'ha74 ,suffibulum1 ,r4 ,a large square piece of white cloth worn by vestals and priests during the discharge of their functions4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fch4 ,suggestus4 ,suggestus1 ,r4 7sub and gero1 to heap up74 7#a7 ,a stage or platform from which an orator addressed a crowd4 ,the ,,rostra at ,rome was a celebrated suggestus4 7#b7 ,in a camp the suggestus was formed of stones and clods of turf1 or constructed of wood-work1 from which the general harangued the troops4 7#c7 ,the raised seat from which the ,emperor saw the games4 ,suile1 ,r4 ,a stable for pigs2 among the ,romans a building of considerable size1 containing a number of separate sties 7har74 ,sulphate of ,barytes4 7,see ,,barytes47 ,sulphate of ,zinc1 or white vitriol1 is used as a dryer4 ,sulphurs4 ,impressions taken by the goldsmiths of the #afth century from the engravings executed on plates1 paxes1 c42 and which they obtained by spreading a layer of melted sulphur on the face of the plate1 producing a cast in relief of the lines engraved4 ,some few of these proofs exist in the ,british and continental museums1 and are known as 8sulphurs40 ,they are amongst the rarest specimens connected with the art of engraving4 7,fairholt47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fci4 ,device of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,sun1 ,her4 ,when represented shining and surrounded by rays1 he has a representation of a human face on his disc1 and is blazoned 8,in splendour10 or 8,in glory20 when 8eclipsed0 the representation is the same1 but tinctured sable4 ,sundials4 ,the sun-dial of ,ahaz is mentioned by ,isaiah1 #gac ,b4,c4 ,sundials with appropriate mottoes have been at all times fashionable4 ,mrs4 ,palliser gives a long selection of such mottoes3 e4g43-- ,nulla hora sine linea1 8,no hour without a line40 7,nec momentum sine linea1 was ,cardinal ,richelieu's motto47 ,pereunt et imputantur--8,they pass and are imputed0--7,martial74 ,of the passing hour1 ,dubia omnibus1 ultima multis--78,uncertain to all1 the last to many072 or1 suprema hc multis forsitan tibi--78,the last to many1 perhaps to thee074 ,the old sun-dial at the ,palais de ,justice in ,paris is inscribed1 in letters of gold1 ,sacra ,themis mores1 ut pendula dirigit horas--78,holy ,justice guides manners1 as this dial does the hours074 ,the largest number are allusions to ,death1 as3 ,io vado e vengo ogni giorno4 ,ma tu andrai senza ritorno--78,i go and come daily1 but thou shalt go and never return407 ,and on a sun-dial at ,bourges is the following3 8,la vie est comme l'hombre1 ,insensible en son cours4 ,on la croit immobile3 ,elle s'avance toujours40 ,more cheerful mottoes are found from ,horace1 as3 ,carpe diem4 ,horas non numero nisi serenas 7at ,venice71 c4 7,consult ,mrs4 ,alfred ,gatty1 8,book of ,sundials407 ,super-altar1 ,chr4 ,a small portable altar4 ,superaria4 7,see ,,ependytes47 ,supercilium1 ,r4 7lit4 eye-brow74 7,see ,,limen ,,superius47 ,superindum4 7,see ,,ependytes47 ,superpellicum1 ,chr4 ,a surplice4 ,suppedaneum4 ,a synonym for ,,scabellum and ,,scamnum 7q4v474 ,supplicatio1 ,r4 7supplico1 to kneel down74 ,the act of praying when kneeling2 opposed to precatio1 a prayer uttered standing4 ,solemn thanksgivings offered to the gods in their temples4 ,supporter1 ,her4 ,a figure that stands by a shield of arms1 as if supporting or guarding it4 ,supporters came into use during the #adth century4 7,see ,fig4 #bd47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdj4 ,surah or ,wine bottle4 ,persian ,porcelain4 ,surah1 ,pers4 ,a ,persian wine bottle4 ,the illustration represents a beautiful specimen of hard porcelain decorated in patterns1 of ,chinese character1 executed under the glaze with cobalt4 ,a legend on the medallions contains the words ,deh surah1 8,give me the bottle40 7,fig4 #fdj47 ,surbase1 ,arch4 ,the shaft of a ,,pedestal4 ,surcoat4 ,any garment worn over armour2 more especially the long flowing garment worn by knights until #acbe4 7,see ,fig4 #dfc47 ,surface-rib1 ,arch4 ,the rib of a groined vaulting4 ,surinda1 ,hind4 ,a stringed instrument played with a bow4 ,surod1 ,hind4 ,a kind of guitar1 sounded with a plectrum4 ,surplice1 ,chr4 ,the ,protestant alb4 ,see ,stevens1 in a note to ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 ,act i41 scene #c1 for notices of the ,puritan aversion to this article of clerical costume4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fda4 ,suspensura1 showing the pillars supporting the floor of a bath-room4 ,suspensura1 ,r4 ,in a general sense this term denotes anything that is supported1 suspended above arcades1 columns1 or pillars1 and more especially the flooring of a bath-room1 when it is supported by small low pillars4 ,fig4 #cia shows the flooring of a bath-room1 and ,fig4 #fda the pillars supporting the suspensura4 7,see ,,hypocaust47 ,svastika1 ,hind4 ,a kind of ,greek cross1 each branch of which ends in a hook4 ,this cross has a sacred character1 and is met with on a great variety of objects4 ,its origin dates back to the bronze age1 and it is represented on the weapons of that period4 7,see ,,fylfot47 ,swallow4 ,in ,christian symbolism1 the emblem of pride and of conversion4 ,swallow-tail4 7,see ,,dove-,,tail47 ,swan1 ,her4 ,when blazoned 8proper0--white with red beak and legs--it is the badge of the ,bohuns1 ,staffords1 and some other families4 ,swathbondes1 ,o4 ,e4 ,swaddling clothes 7mentioned by ,shakspeare74 ,swine's ,feather1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of bayonet about six inches long1 affixed to a musket-rest and projected by the action of a spring2 #agth century4 ,sword4 7,see ,,gladius47 ,sword1 in ,christian art1 is a symbol of martyrdom2 it is also the attribute of martyrs who were soldiers4 ,in ,heraldry1 when borne as a charge1 it is straight in the blade1 pointed1 and with a cross-guard4 ,the custom of swearing on the sword1 the hilt of which took the shape of a cross1 or had crosses engraved on it1 is mentioned in very ancient history4 7,cf4 ,hamlet47 ,sympathetic ,inks4 ,inks of which the marks are invisible until the moisture is absorbed by the application of heat4 7,see ,,cobalt47 ,symposium1 ,gr4 ,a drinking party1 distinguished from deipnon1 a feast4 ,a very common subject of representations on ancient vases4 ,syndon or ,sindon4 ,a better kind of cendal 7q4v47 ,synoikia1 ,gr4 7#a7 ,athenian festivals held in honour of ,athena in the month ,hecatombeion 7,july-,august74 ,their object was to commemorate the union of the government of all the towns of ,attica in ,athens4 7#b7 ,a lodging-house adapted to hold several families 7,latin1 insula71 for the convenience of foreigners and others who by ,athenian law were prohibited from acquiring house property of their own4 ,synthesis or ,synthesina1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,one of the vestes cnatori which the master of the house1 the ,amphitryon1 provided for his guests4 ,the parable of the 8,wedding ,garment0 has reference to this practice4 ,it was a kind of tunic worn over the other garments1 and during the ,saturnalia by all classes alike4 ,it was usually dyed some colour1 and was not white like the toga4 ,sypirs1 ,o4 ,e4 ,cloth of ,cyprus4 ,syrinx 7,o4 ,e4 #ith and #ajth cent474 ,an instrument resembling ,pandean pipes4 ,syrinx1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,the pastoral pipe invented by ,pan2 it was called by the poets arundo and fistula4 ,it was formed of seven hollow reeds of regulated lengths adjusted to form an octave4 ,syrma1 ,gr4 71 to sweep74 ,a robe with a train worn on the stage by those actors who had to represent the parts of gods or heroes4 ,hence the word is poetically used for tragedy4 ,systyle1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,an arrangement in architecture1 the intercolumniation of which is of the width of two diameters of the shaft1 measured at its lower part1 just above the apophyge2 the distance between the plinths being exactly equal to the diameter of the plinths1 as in the ,parthenon at ,athens4 ,t4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdb4 ,tabard4 ,tabard1 ,o4 ,e4 7,lat4 colobium74 ,a tunic with sleeves1 worn over the armour by knights of the ,tudor period1 and blazoned on the sleeves1 front1 and back2 it is the official costume of a herald2 ,chaucer's ploughman wears a tabard1 like the modern smock-frock4 7,see ,,coat ,,armour47 ,fig4 #fdb4 ,tabaret4 ,a stout1 satin-striped silk4 ,tabbinet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,another name for ,,poplin4 ,tabby1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a silk watered or figured4 ,tabella1 ,gen4 7dimin4 of tabula74 ,a small board1 or tablet1 of any kind1 esp4 7#a7 a wax-tablet2 7#b7 a voting-tablet 7tessera72 7#c7 a letter sent by a messenger 7tabellarius72 7#d7 tabella absolutoria1 a receipt for a debt2 7#e7 tabella damnatoria1 a judicial record of a verdict and sentence2 7#f7 tabella liminis1 the leaf of a door1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdc4 ,taberna4 ,taberna1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a retail shop2 ,fig4 #fdc shows a shop at ,pompeii1 restored4 7#b7 ,taberna deversoria1 taberna meritoria1 or simply taberna1 a wine-shop or tavern4 7,fig4 #fdc47 ,tabernacle ,work1 ,arch4 ,the ornamented open work over the stalls 7of a cathedral church1 c471 and1 in general1 any minute ornamental open work is called tabernacle work4 ,tabernaculum1 ,tabernacle1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7,lit4 a tent74 7#a7 ,a booth of planks1 or a wooden hut covered with hides4 7#b7 ,in ,christian archology1 the tabernacle is a small shrine placed on the altar for the consecrated wafer4 ,it succeeded the pyx1 which was anciently deposited in one of two chambers arranged on each side of the altar4 ,originally of goldsmith's work1 in the #aeth and #afth centuries they became stone shrines decorated with sculpture1 approached by steps1 rising into lanterns and pinnacles to the roof of the church4 ,a cast of a beautiful tabernacle of late #aeth century1 marble with a gilt metal door1 is in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,tabernacles of ivory were common in the #afth century4 7#c7 ,ornamental niches in a hall4 7#d7 ,accurately applied the term signifies a canopy1 7of stone1 wood1 or other material7 such as was placed over a ,,niche1 a stall1 c4 ,tabernula4 ,dimin4 of ,,taberna 7q4v474 ,tabinet4 7,see ,,tabbinet47 ,tabl shamee1 ,egyp4 ,the ,syrian drum1 used by the modern ,egyptians2 a kind of kettle-drum of tinned copper1 with a parchment face4 ,tablature1 ,fr4 ,one part of a painted wall or ceiling1 forming a single piece or design4 ,table1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the ancient meaning of this word was 8any level expanded surface10 such as a flat piece of board4 ,a picture was called a table 7,latin tabula7 as late as the #agth century4 7,see ,,tabula47 ,table-base1 ,arch4 ,a ,,base ,,moulding1 near the ground1 immediately over the plinth4 ,table ,diamond4 ,a gem cut with a flat surface4 ,tablementum1 ,arch4 ,synonym of ,,tabula4 ,tables1 ,o4 ,e4 7#a7 ,backgammon4 7#b7 ,ivory writing-tablets1 so called1 were used in the middle ages in ,england by people of all ranks3-- 8,his felaw had a staff tipped with horn1 ,a pair of tables all of ivory1 ,and a pointed ypolished fetishly1 ,and wrote alway the names1 as he stood ,of alle folk that gaue hem any good40 7,chaucer47 ,tablet4 7,fr4 tablette47 ,any flat surface for inscriptions2 leaves for memoranda4 ,tablets4 ,in architecture a general term for small projecting mouldings or strings1 mostly horizontal4 ,the tablet at the top1 under the battlement1 is called a cornice1 and that at the bottom a basement1 under which is generally a thicker wall4 ,the tablet running round doors and windows is called a dripstone1 and if ornamented a canopy4 7,rickman1 p4 #db47 ,tabletterie1 ,fr4 ,turned work in ivory or shells1 c4 ,tablinum1 ,r4 ,one of the apartments in a ,roman house2 it was a recess in the ,,atrium1 and contained the wax or ivory portraits and statues in bronze and marble of ancestors1 and carved representations of their honourable achievements in the state1 and the family archives4 7,see ,,domus47 ,tabor1 ,tabour1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a very loud drum 8which is bad for people's heads1 for1 if stretched tight and struck hard1 it may be heard at half a league's distance40 ,tabouret4 ,an embroidery frame4 ,tabret1 ,heb4 ,a small tabor4 ,tabula1 ,r4 and ,chr4 7#a7 ,literally1 a plank1 and thence used to denote a variety of objects made of wood or planks1 as for instance a bench2 a dice-table2 a waxed writing-tablet 7tabula cerata72 a panel-painting2 a votive-tablet2 a voting-ticket4 7#b7 ,arch4 ,properly any solid construction adapted for superficial decoration1 as the frontal of an altar4 8,the most remarkable example of the tabula destined for the front of the ,altar1 is preserved in ,westminster ,abbey2 it is formed of wood1 elaborately carved1 painted and enriched with a kind of mosaic work of coloured glass1 superficially inlaid1 a species of decoration of ,italian origin40 7,consult ,parker's ,glossary s4v47 7#c7 ,in ,christian archology1 tabul nuptiales or dotales was the name given to the parchment scrolls in the hands of persons who figure in the marriage scenes represented on tombs4 ,tabularium1 ,r4 ,a place set apart in the temples at ,rome where the public records were kept4 ,tace1 ,chr4 ,the cross or crutch of ,st4 ,anthony4 ,taces4 7,see ,,tassets47 ,the skirts or coverings to the pockets4 7,meyrick47 ,taces4 ,overlapping plates of armour to envelope the abdomen 7see ,,taches71 introduced in the #adth century1 under ,richard ,,ii4 ,tack or ,dag1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of pistol3 something like a petronel4 ,tda or ,teda1 ,r4 ,a resinous torch made with pieces and slips of the pine called teda4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdd4 ,tnia4 ,tnia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7#a7 ,the ribbon with which a wreath or fillet round the head was attached4 7#b7 ,in architecture1 the band which separates the ,doric frieze from the architrave2 it is1 in many cases1 ornamented with painting similar to that shown in ,fig4 #fdd4 ,taffeta 7,pers4 taftah1 from taftan1 to twist74 ,a thin1 glossy silken fabric1 having a wavy lustre2 a less costly silk than ,,cendal 7q4v471 #afth century4 ,stow records that it was first made in ,england by ,john ,tyce1 of ,shoreditch1 ,london1 #da ,elizabeth1 #aeih4 ,taille de bois1 ,fr4 ,wood-engraving4 ,taille douce1 ,fr4 ,copper-plate engraving4 ,taille dure1 ,fr4 ,steel engraving4 ,tail-piece4 ,an ornamental design placed at the end of a page or chapter of a book4 ,in ,french cul-de-lampe4 ,takel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an arrow1-- 8,wel could he dress his takel yeomanly40 7,chaucer47 ,talaria1 ,r4 7talus1 the ankle74 ,wings fixed to the ankles2 the attribute of ,mercury1 ,perseus1 and sometimes ,minerva4 ,they are represented either attached to sandals1 or growing from the limb4 ,talbot1 ,her4 ,a badge of the ,earl of ,shrewsbury of that name 7the 8,scourge of ,france074 ,a silver running hound or talbot4 ,talbotype4 ,the photographic process of multiplying impressions from a negative1 invented by ,mr4 ,fox ,talbot4 7,see ,,calotype47 ,talc 7from ,germ4 ,talg1 tallow74 ,a translucent mineral1 resembling mica but much softer1 8being calcined and variously prepared1 it maketh a curious whitewash1 which some justify lawful1 because clearing not changing the complexion40 7,fuller47 ,the ,chinese make lanterns1 shades1 and ornaments of talc4 ,talent1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 a balance74 ,a weight of silver with the ,greeks1 and of copper with the ,romans2 applied as a unit of value4 ,the ,,greek talent of silver is estimated at rather less than #bejl4 sterling--it contained #fj min1 or #fjjj drachm4 ,the ,,attic talent was of much smaller value1 of less than an ounce of gold1 and is that generally intended by the word4 ,the silver talent was called talentum magnum4 ,the ,,jewish talent of silver about #cifl41 and of gold about #edgel4 ,from its application as an expression of a man's available wealth1 metaphorically applied in ,scripture to resources of any kind1 as of intellect1 position1 c41 for the due unselfish administration of which he is responsible4 ,talero1 ,it4 ,a ,venetian silver coin about five francs4 ,talevas1 ,talvas4 7,see ,,tavolace47 ,tali1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,knuckle-bones of sheep or goats1 used from the earliest times1 exactly as they are by children now1 to play with4 ,when they were marked with black dots on each face they were used as dice4 ,the numbers were #a1 #c1 #d and #f2 #a being opposite to #f1 and #c opposite to #d2 and each number1 and each cast1 had its appropriate name3 #a was called in ,greek 1 1 1 2 ,ionic 2 ,latin1 unio1 vulturius1 canis2 #c was 1 and ternio2 #d1 1 and quaternio2 #f1 1 1 1 and senio4 ,the best throw was that called ,venus or jactus ,venereus1 in which the four tali showed different numbers4 ,by this cast the player became king of the feast or symposium2 in the canis 7dog-throw71 on the other hand1 all four dice turned up the same number4 ,talisman 7,arab1 tilsam1 a magical image74 ,a charm worn about the person as a protection from dangers1 especially from the effects of magic and the 8evil eye40 ,the bull worn by children1 and the rings of the ladies among the ,greeks and ,romans frequently contained such charms4 ,the practice has survived in all ages and nations1 and is not at all unfrequent in the #aith century1 and even among the educated classes4 ,tall-boys1 ,o4 ,e4 ,high cups or glasses4 ,tall-men1 ,o4 ,e4 ,loaded dice4 ,tall-wood1 ,o4 ,e4 8,pacte wodde to make byllettes of1 taillee40 7,palsgrave47 ,talleh1 ,arab4 ,myrrh from ,abyssinia4 ,tallow-cut 7,fr4 en cabuchon74 ,this is a term applied by lapidaries to precious stones not cut into regular facets1 but ground down and polished4 ,tally1 ,o4 ,e4 7,fr4 tailler1 to cut47 ,an ancient method of keeping record of monies advanced to the ,royal ,exchequer4 ,a tally was a piece of wood inscribed with a receipt1 which was split by an officer1 and one part delivered to the lender1 and the other1 called the ,stock1 preserved in the ,tally-office in the ,exchequer4 ,hence the name ,stocks for the ,government securities4 ,after the disuse of the tallies in #aghb the old ones were used for firing in the ,houses of ,parliament1 and caused their destruction in #ahcd4 ,talmud 7,chaldean1 lit4 instruction17 consists of two parts1 the ,,mishna and ,,gemara2 and contains the whole body of ,hebrew law and traditions4 ,talus4 7#a7 ,r4 ,the game of knuckle-bones4 7,see ,,astragalus47 7#b7 ,arch4 ,the sloping part of a work1 a term in fortification4 ,talvace1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a shield or buckler1 circular and projecting4 ,talvas1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an oblong wooden shield1 #adth century4 ,tambour1 ,fr4 ,a small drum4 ,rich embroidery work done on a drum-shaped frame4 ,tamboura4 ,an ancient musical instrument of the lute or guitar kind4 ,the ,hindoos represent ,ganesa1 the god of wisdom1 as a man with the head of an elephant1 holding a tamboura in his hands4 ,tambourine4 ,a small drum with only one skin1 played on by the hand4 ,tamine1 ,taminy1 ,tammy 7,fr4 tamis1 a sieve74 ,a thin woollen textile1 highly glazed4 ,tampion4 7,see ,,tompion47 ,tang-fish4 ,seals are so called in the ,shetlands4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fde4 ,flemish ,tankard1 silver-gilt4 #agth century4 ,tankard4 7,norman ,fr4 ,tankar47 ,a drinking-jug with a cover4 ,the name is said to be compounded of tain1 tin1 and quarte1 a quart measure4 ,the ,flemish had tankards of wood1 with pegs down the sides1 to measure the quantity drunk4 7,see ,figs4 #fae and #fde47 7,see ,,pokal47 ,tapestry4 ,the introduction of tapestry properly so called dates from the #abth century1 when it began to rival the more ancient embroidered stuffs called ,sarrazinois carpets4 ,tapestry is woven on looms1 i4 e4 on a warp rolled round two cylinders1 and stretched out between them either vertically or horizontally1 for the insertion of the woof between and among the threads4 ,when woven on a vertical warp1 it is called high-warp 7haute-lisse72 when horizontal1 low-warp 7basse-lisse74 ,the former produces1 for many reasons1 incomparably the finest work1 and is the method adopted for the ,gobelins and ,savonnerie tapestries4 ,the progress of the art has followed1 especially in ,flanders1 that of painting1 from which its models are derived4 ,it has become less popular than it was during the present century1 from the general disuse of hangings in the decoration of houses4 ,perhaps the best condensed account of this extensive subject is the work of ,m4 ,alfred de ,champeaux1 translated for the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 7,see ,,bayeux ,,tapestry47 ,tapul1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the perpendicular ridge down the centre of a breastplate4 ,tar-black4 ,a kind of lamp-black prepared by the combustion of coal tar1 or of the heavy oils of tar and schist4 ,targe1 ,fr4 ,med4 ,a dagger or small sword3 8,les autres gens avoient targes et semitarges1 qui sont espes de ,turquie40 7,see ,,semitarge47 ,targe or ,target1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a round shield4 ,targe 7or ,pavoise7 ,fute1 ,fr4 ,a shield composed of several pieces1 which loosened on being struck1 and fell asunder4 ,the ,swabian jousters at ,maximilian's triumph are described 7,meyrick1 vol4 ii47 as bearing these shields4 ,targe1 ,target4 7,welsh targa1 wicker-work47 ,targum1 ,chaldee 7lit4 interpretation74 ,a paraphrase1 or lesson from the ,old ,testament in the ,chaldee language4 ,tarn4 ,a mountain lake4 ,tarots4 ,emblematical cards still used in ,switzerland and parts of ,germany4 8,they are unknown1 except as curiosities1 to the ,parisians and to ourselves2 but they are1 nevertheless1 the sole representatives of the original cards which the ,gipsies brought with them into ,europe40 7,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,taylor47 ,tarpaulin4 ,a tarred palling or covering4 ,tars1 ,cloth of4 ,a web of silk and the downy wool of goats of ,tibet1 the forerunner of cashmere4 ,tarsia or ,intarsia4 ,a kind of mosaic in woods2 representing views of buildings and ornament of various kinds1 by inlaying pieces of wood1 of various colours and shades1 into panels of walnut wood4 ,tarsus4 ,in ,anatomy1 the instep and socket of the ankle-bone4 ,tartan1 ,fr4 7not ,gaelic74 ,the ,highland plaid1 the dress of the ,scottish ,highlanders1 said to be derived from the ,celta2 the ,galli non braccati4 ,tartarium4 ,cloth of ,tars was a costly cloth of royal purple1 probably a mixture of silk and goat's hair from ,thibet4 ,it is mentioned by ,chaucer3-- 8,his coat armure was of cloth of ,tars1 ,couched with perles40 ,tas or ,tats1 ,egyp4 ,amulets of gilded sycamore wood1 cornelian1 jasper1 glass1 c41 found suspended from the necks of mummies4 ,tassel-gentle1 ,o4 ,e4 7for tercel-gentle74 ,a species of hawk4 7,shakspeare47 ,tasses4 ,flaps of armour attached to the bottom of the breastplate for the protection of the thighs4 ,tat or ,dad1 ,egyp4 ,a sculptor's stool2 a religious emblem worn by gods and sacred animals round the neck4 ,the term was also probably a name of ,mends4 ,tau1 ,taucross4 7#a7 ,her4 ,a cross formed like the letter ,t1 so called in ,greek4 ,this charge is also called the ,cross of ,st4 ,anthony4 7#b7 ,chr4 ,as a motive for ornamental design the tau is the ancient form of the episcopal staff as represented in the catacombs4 ,originally curved like the pagan lituus1 it became in the #hth century straight4 ,the ,taus were often hollowed to contain relics1 c4 7,consult ,ivories1 by ,w4 ,maskell1 pp4 #hd1 #he47 ,tauntons4 ,a kind of broad cloth made at ,taunton in ,somersetshire4 ,tavolace or ,talevas 7,it4 tavolaccio74 ,a large thick wooden shield2 like a table 7tavola7 of wood 7hence its name71 #aeth century4 ,tawdry4 ,showy4 ,the word is said to be derived from ,ethelreda torquem1 ,st4 ,ethelred's necklace1 which was composed of rows of twisted lace1 an ornament much used by ,anglo-,saxon ladies4 7,stormont47 ,tawdry ,lace4 ,a kind of fine lace alluded to by ,shakspeare1 ,spenser1 c4 7,halliwell47 8,fimbri nundinis sanct ,ethelred empt40 7,coles47 ,tawney1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a deep orange colour1 used in the ,middle ,ages as a livery colour4 ,tawney ,coat1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the dress of summoner or apparitor4 7,shakspeare47 ,taxidermy4 ,the art of preserving the skins of animals4 ,tazza1 ,it4 ,an ornamental cup or vase1 with a flat shallow bowl1 standing on a foot1 and with handles4 ,tchy1 ,chinese4 ,twelve recurrent periods of the cycle of sixty years1 represented by animals assigned to the twelve months1 i4 e4 the signs of the ,chinese ,zodiac4 ,they are3 ,november1 the rat2 ,december1 the ox2 ,january1 the tiger2 ,february1 the rabbit2 ,march1 the dragon2 ,april1 the serpent2 ,may1 the horse2 ,june1 the hare2 ,july1 the ape2 ,august1 the hen2 ,september1 the dog2 ,october1 the boar4 ,the above are accordingly frequent accessories of designs on porcelain4 ,te ,deum1 ,chr4 ,the first words and title of a hymn composed by ,st4 ,augustin and ,st4 ,ambrose about #cij4 ,tegillum1 ,e4 7dimin4 of tegulum1 a roof74 ,a short mantle with a hood1 made of a coarse material2 worn by country people and fishermen4 ,tegula1 ,r4 7,gr4 2 ,lat4 tego1 to cover74 ,a roofing tile2 originally of baked clay or wooden shingles4 ,at an early date 7#fbj ,b4,c47 tiles of marble were introduced1 and were followed by tiles of gilded bronze2 per tegulas exire means to go out by the opening in the roof of the atrium1 the compluvium4 ,teheran ,ware4 ,an inferior ,persian majolica4 ,tela1 ,r4 ,a loom1 an essential adjunct to every large establishment in ancient ,rome2 tela jugalis was the simplest description of weaving-loom4 ,the warp was called stamen from its upright position2 the woof subtegmen or trama4 ,in ,greek and 4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdf4 ,telamon4 ,telamones1 ,r4 ,figures of men1 which were employed in lieu of columns to support an entablature4 7,see ,,atlantes47 7,fig4 #fdf47 ,temo1 ,r4 ,the pole of a carriage1 waggon1 plough1 c4 ,tempera ,painting4 ,painting with pigments mixed with chalk or clay1 and diluted with weak glue or size2 chiefly used in scene-painting and decoration4 7,see ,,distemper47 ,templars4 ,an order of knighthood introduced about ,a4 ,d4 #aaah1 and suppressed ,a4 ,d4 #acji4 ,they wore a red ,maltese cross on a white field1 and bore a banner showing that cross on a white field2 and a second banner of black and white called ,beau ,sant1 this word ,beau ,sant being their battle-cry4 ,their badges were the ,,agnus ,,dei1 or ,lamb and ,flag2 and a device representing two knights on one horse1 indicating the original poverty of the order4 ,this is blazoned in modern times as a pegasus1 the two knights being mistaken for wings on a flying horse4 ,template4 7#a7 ,a model in thin board of an ornament to be produced in sculpture4 7#b7 ,a short timber under a girder4 ,temple4 7,see ,,templum47 ,temple ,church1 ,london--a round church--is a representative specimen of the transition period of architecture in ,england from the ,,norman to the ,,early ,,english4 8,the ,eastern part is a most excellent specimen of plain light ,early ,english1 and its growing and slender piers are perhaps unequalled40 7,rickman1 ,architecture in ,england1 c47 ,templet4 7,see ,,template47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdg4 ,templum in antis4 ,templum1 ,temple1 ,r4 71 to cut off74 ,a ,greek temple was not originally intended for worshippers1 but as a shrine for the gods4 ,in the earliest times the ,greek temples were made of wood1 and the primitive origin of them was probably a hollow tree in which the image was placed as in a niche4 ,the early ,greek temples were dark and gloomy1 having no windows1 but lighted through the door1 or by lamps4 ,at a very early stage in history1 temples of great grandeur and beauty are mentioned4 ,all temples were built in an oblong or round form1 and were mostly adorned with columns2 they were classified accordingly as astyle1 without any columns2 in antis1 with two columns in front1 between the ant2 prostyle1 with four columns in front2 or amphiprostyle1 with four columns at each end2 peripteral1 with columns at each end and along the sides2 or dipteral1 with two ranges of columns all round1 one within the other1 c4 ,they were also described according to the number of columns in the porticoes1 as tetrastyle1 hexastyle1 decastyle1 c41--this number was never uneven2 or according to the intercolumniation1 as pycnostyle1 systyle1 eustyle1 diastyle1 or arostyle4 ,many of the great temples consisted of three parts3 the pronaos or vestibule2 the cella1 properly the naos2 and the opisthodomos4 ,tendrils of a vine or other creeping plant1 with which it clasps the objects that support it1 furnish abundant suggestions for ornamental designs in scroll-work4 ,tenebrosi4 ,a school of ,italian artists who devoted their attention to striking ,rembrandt effects of light and shade2 represented by ,caravaggio4 ,tenent1 ,tenant4 ,a term in ,french heraldry applied to human figures as ,,supporters4 ,tenne or ,tawney1 ,her4 ,a deep orange colour1 indicated by vertical lines crossing ,,purpure4 ,tenon4 ,the end of a piece of wood1 shaped to fit into another piece4 ,tenor4 ,in ,music1 a high male voice4 ,tensa or ,thensa1 ,r4 ,a triumphal car1 probably in the form of a platform on wheels1 and richly decorated1 upon which the images of certain gods were paraded during the ,circensian games4 ,the ceremony was regarded as one of the highest solemnity1 and the car was escorted by the senators in robes of state1 who helped to drag the carriage or to lead the horses1 with thongs attached for the purpose4 ,tenture1 ,fr4 ,paper or tapestry hangings4 ,tepidarium1 ,r4 7tepidus1 lukewarm74 7#a7 ,a warm room in a bath2 used as a preparation for the ,,sudatorium4 7#b7 ,the vessel in which the water was heated4 ,tercel1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the male hawk4 7,shakspeare47 ,terce major4 ,a sequence of three best cards4 ,terebenthina4 ,turpentine4 ,terebra1 ,r4 7tero1 to rub or wear away74 7#a7 ,any tool used for boring1 such as a drill1 a gimlet1 an auger1 c4 7#b7 ,a mechanical ram contrived to pierce the walls of a fortification4 ,terginum1 ,r4 7tergum1 the back74 ,a leathern lash used for flogging slaves4 ,terminal ,figures4 ,statues of the god ,terminus4 7,see ,,termini1 ,,herm47 ,terminalia1 ,r4 ,festivals in honour of ,terminus the god of boundaries2 they took place yearly on the eighth day of the calends of ,march 7#bcrd of ,february71 which was the last day of the old ,roman year4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdh4 ,terminus4 ,termini1 ,terms1 ,r4 ,the statues of the god ,,terminus1 which consisted merely of posts or pillars for landmarks1 were crowned with garlands by the proprietors of co-terminous lands4 8,when ,tarquin the ,proud desired to build a temple to ,jupiter upon the ,tarpeian rock1 he begged all the inferior divinities to give up the altars they had upon the rock in favour of the master of them all4 ,all the gods cheerfully consented except ,terminus4 ,this ,terminus1 therefore1 who refused to yield to ,jupiter1 was chosen by ,erasmus for his haughty device1 with the motto ,cedo nulli40 7,mr4 ,palliser1 ,historic ,devices1 c47 7,see ,fig4 #fdh47 ,terra-cotta1 ,it4 ,baked clay2 largely used in architectural ornament4 ,terra da ,boccali1 ,it4 7,see ,,terra ,,di ,,lava47 ,terra di ,lava1 ,it4 ,a clay which was anciently used in combination with charcoal to form a white ground for the reception of oil colours4 ,terra di ,siena4 ,an ochreous earth producing a yellow and a deep orange pigment2 useful for oil and water-colour painting4 7,see ,,siena47 ,terra ,nera4 ,black earth2 an ancient pigment4 ,terra ,verde4 7,see ,,green ,,earth47 ,terraglia4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,terretta1 ,it4 7,see ,,terra ,,di ,,lava47 ,terry ,velvet4 ,a kind of silk plush or ribbed velvet4 ,tertiary ,colours1 produced by the mixture of two secondary colours1 are greys1 inclining to the primary or secondary colour which is in excess in their composition4 7,consult ,chevreuil on ,colours47 ,teruncius1 ,r4 ,a silver coin equal in value to one-fourth of an as4 ,tessela1 ,r4 7diminutive of tessera74 ,a small cube of stone or marble used for making mosaic pavements 7tesselatum opus or tesselata structura74 ,tesselated pavement4 ,inlaid or mosaic work composed of tessel4 ,tesselatum flagrum4 7,see ,,flagrum47 ,cf4 ,,musivum ,,opus4 7,consult ,buckman and ,newmarch1 ,remains of ,roman ,art in ,cirencester47 ,tessera1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,a cube1 a die2 tesser1 tesser lusori1 dice of ivory1 bone1 or wood2 the dice-box is fritillus4 7,compare ,,talus47 ,tessera hospitalis was an oblong token of wood or earthenware1 exchanged among families agreed to mutual hospitality4 ,many of these tokens have the bust of ,jupiter ,hospitalis impressed2 tessera theatralis1 a pass to the theatre2 tessera militaris 7,gr4 71 a tablet on which the watch-word or war-cry of the day was written2 it was passed about the ranks before joining battle4 ,tesser frumentari or nummari1 vouchers for bread or money distributed by the magistrates among the poor4 7,cf4 ,,tessela1 ,,talus1 ,,tabul47 ,testa1 ,r4 ,a sherd of tiles or pottery1 and thence an earthenware vase4 ,testaceum1 ,r4 7testa74 ,made of tiles2 the term was used to denote a roofing or pavement made with the fragments of broken tiles4 ,tester4 7#a7 ,any flat canopy4 ,the framework over a four-post bedstead4 7#b7 ,a silver coin so called from the head 7teste7 of the king upon it4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,viii4 it was worth #ab;d4 and afterwards #f;d4 ,french testers were struck by ,louis ,,xii4 in #aeac1 and ,scotch under ,queen ,mary in #aeei4 ,testire1 ,med4 ,fr4 ,originally1 mailed armour for a horse's head1 subsequently a plate between the ears on which a crest was fixed4 7,see ,,chanfron47 ,testif1 ,fr4 ,camel's hair4 ,testudinatus1 ,r4 ,made in the form of a ,,testudo 7q4v472 the term was applied either to a roof or a ceiling4 ,testudineus1 ,r4 ,made with tortoise-shells4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fdi4 ,testudo4 ,testudo1 ,r4 7testa1 a shell74 7#a7 ,a tortoise1 and thence a lyre of which the sounding bottom was made out of a tortoise-shell4 7#b7 ,in ,architecture1 an arched ceiling1 the four sides of which converge to a centre4 7#c7 ,testudo arietaria was a movable wooden shed covered with skins and containing a battering-ram 7,fig4 #egd74 7#d7 ,lastly the term denoted a kind of defensive roof formed by the shields of soldiers when advancing to the foot of a rampart 7,fig4 #fdi74 ,tetra-chordon1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,literally1 having four strings2 hydraulos tetrachordon was a hydraulic organ with four pipes4 ,tetra-comus1 ,gr4 ,a banqueting-song sung at the festival of ,bacchus during the fourth course 774 ,tetra-doros 7sc4 later71 ,gr4 ,a peculiar kind of brick described by ,vitruvius2 it was called from its measuring four hand-breadths4 ,tetra-drachmum1 ,gr4 7-74 ,an ,attic silver coin of the value of four drachm1 or about #cs4 #c;d4 ,tetra-foliated1 ,arch4 ,said of any architectural decoration showing four foils4 ,tetragon4 ,a plane figure having four angles2 a four-sided figure4 ,tetra-morph1 ,chr4 7,gr4 1 four2 1 shape74 ,the union of the four attributes of the ,evangelists 7the angel1 eagle1 lion1 and ox71 in one figure1 e4 g4 as a woman crowned and seated on an animal which1 with the body of a horse1 has the four heads of the mystic creatures2 and of the four feet one is human1 one hoofed for the ox1 one clawed like an eagle's1 and one like a lion's2 underneath is inscribed ,animal ,ecclesi4 ,tetra-style1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,having four columns4 7,see ,,templum47 ,tetra-vela1 ,lat4 8,the veils or curtains placed between the pillars which supported the canopy of the altar1 at the sides and in front1 and which were drawn round it when the priest was not officiating40 7,fairholt47 ,teutonic ,order4 ,a military order of knights1 established in the ,holy ,land about #aaia4 ,they first subdued and ,christianized ,prussia4 ,tewel1 ,arch4 7,from the ,french tuyau47 ,a pipe or flue to convey smoke2 it is mentioned by ,chaucer3 8444 ,soche a smoke gan out wende ,blacke1 blue and greenish1 swartishe1 rede1 ,as doith where that men melte lede1 ,lo6 all on hie from the tewell40 7,house of ,fame47 ,textile1 ,r4 7texo1 to weave74 ,woven4 ,anything capable of being woven4 ,texture4 ,in ,art1 the surface appearance of a representation not of textiles only1 but of the other parts of a picture--wood1 marble1 skin1 hair1 c4 ,gerard ,dow excels in texture4 ,thalamifera1 ,gr4 ,a term applied1 in describing ancient sculpture1 to kneeling figures supporting tablets1 on which figures of the gods or inscriptions are carved4 ,thalamus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,the nuptial chamber in a ,roman house2 the others were called ,,dormitoria4 ,thalysia1 ,gr4 7-74 ,greek festivals of the harvest and vintage4 ,thargelia1 ,gr4 774 ,very ancient festivals held at ,athens on the occasion of a plague or other public disaster in honour of ,apollo and ,artemis2 in which two persons1 generally criminals1 were put to death for the purification of the city4 ,thaumaturgi1 ,chr4 7-74 ,workers of miracles4 ,theatrum1 ,theatre1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 a place for seeing74 ,the construction of the ancient ,,greek theatre was similar to that of modern theatres4 ,the seats rose one behind and above the other in concentric half-circles1 and the whole space enclosed was called cavea1 the pit1 being in most cases a real excavation from the rock4 ,the central level space within and below the circles for spectators was covered with boards1 upon which the chorus danced and performed their part4 ,this was the ,,orchestra1 the central point of which and of the plan of the whole building was the ,,thymele1 or altar of ,dionysus4 ,this altar became a property of the piece1 doing duty as a funeral monument1 an altar1 or a pulpit for the leader of the chorus or flute-player1 according to the nature of the performance going on1 in which it must be remembered that the part assigned to the chorus in the orchestra below was quite as important as any other1 and in its original intention was in fact the centre of interest1 to which the performance on the stage was accessory4 ,the whole theatre and orchestra were open to the sky4 ,the cavea of the former accommodated about #ej1jjj spectators4 ,the arrangements of the stage were elaborate and ingenious1 and the art of scene-painting developed at a very early period4 ,the ,,roman theatre differed from the ,greek principally in the absence of an orchestra1 that space 7the modern pit7 being used for the seats of senators1 foreign ambassadors1 c4 ,remains of ancient theatres still exist in ,greece1 ,italy1 and ,france4 ,the most perfect of these are the ,colosseum at ,rome1 and the amphitheatre at ,nismes4 ,theca ,calamaria1 ,gr4 and ,r4 72 1 to put into74 ,a portable inkstand4 ,thenard's ,blue4 7,see ,,cobalt47 ,thensa4 7,see ,,tensa47 ,theo-gamia1 ,gr4 7-74 ,greek festivals held in honour of ,proserpine and commemorating her marriage with ,pluto4 ,theorbo4 ,a stringed musical instrument2 a kind of lute1 having supplementary strings by the side of the finger-board4 ,therm1 ,gr4 and ,r4 71 lit4 hot-springs74 ,distinguished from balne4 ,the luxurious establishments for bathing1 gymnastics1 and conversation which grew up under the ,roman ,empire1 on which all the resources of architecture and decorative art were lavished4 ,the ruins of the therm of ,titus1 ,caracalla1 and ,diocletian are still visible4 ,they contained1 besides the baths properly so called1 8exedr for philosophers and rhetoricians to lecture in1 porticoes for the idle1 and libraries for the learned1 and were adorned with marbles and fountains1 and shaded with walks and plantations40 ,thermography4 ,a chemical process for copying prints and drawings upon paper or metal by the agency of heat without light4 ,thermopolium1 ,r4 7-74 ,a refreshment-room1 in which warm drinks were sold1 such as mulled wine1 mead1 c4 ,thermul 7dimin4 of therm74 ,baths on a small scale4 ,thesaurus1 ,gr4 ,a treasure-house4 ,in the monuments of the heroic period many subterranean buildings of great extent and peculiar construction have been attributed to this purpose2 but they may more probably have been sepulchral4 ,in historical times the public treasures were in the agor or the temples4 7,see ,,rarium47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fej4 ,part of the ,frieze of the ,temple of ,theseus1 ,athens4 ,theseum4 ,an ,athenian temple built in the #eth century ,b4,c41 to receive the bones of ,theseus4 ,it was richly ornamented with statuary and sculpture4 ,the former has been destroyed2 but some metopes and sculptured friezes in high relief remain1 of which castings exist in the ,british ,museum4 ,our illustration represents an incident of the 8,battle of the gods and the giants10 and is remarkable for anatomical precision4 ,in these sculptures ,greek art has entirely emerged from the archaic stage1 and they were doubtless the inspiring models for ,pheidias and his contemporaries1 and the forerunners of the ,parthenon sculptures4 7,see ,,elgin ,,marbles47 ,thesmo-phoria4 ,greek festivals of women and maidens in honour of ,demeter1 in commemoration of the traditions of civilized life4 ,the solemnities opened with processions of women bearing on their heads the books of the sacred laws 7ascribed to ,demeter74 ,on the second day1 of fasting and mourning1 the women remained all day grouped round the statue of ,demeter in the temple1 taking no other food than cakes of sesame and honey1 and in the afternoon walked barefoot in procession behind a waggon on which baskets with mystical symbols were borne to the thesmophorion4 ,on the third day they commemorated the smiles of ,demeter1 under the epithet of 4 ,thibet ,cloth4 ,a fabric of goat's hair2 called also camlet4 ,thick-pleached1 ,o4 ,e4 ,thickly interwoven4 7,shakspeare47 ,thieves' ,vinegar4 ,a kind of aromatic vinegar for a sick-room1 consisting of the dried tops of rosemary1 sage-leaves1 lavender-flowers1 and bruised cloves1 steeped in acetic acid and boiling water4 ,it derives its name and popularity from a story that thieves who plundered the dead bodies during the plague with perfect security1 attributed their impunity to the use of this disinfectant4 7,simmonds' ,commercial ,dictionary47 ,thimbles are said to have been found at ,herculaneum4 ,the manufacture was introduced into ,england1 from ,holland1 about #afie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fea4 ,badge of the ,thistle4 ,thistle1 ,her4 ,the national badge of ,scotland represented after its natural aspect and tinctured proper4 ,the ,order of the ,thistle of ,scotland was instituted a long time before the union of the two kingdoms 7commemorated in the badge selected by ,james ,i4 of the rose and thistle combined74 7,fig4 #bic47 ,the badge or jewel is of gold enamelled1 having a figure of ,st4 ,andrew holding his silver saltire and surrounded by rays1 and an oval border with the motto4 ,it is borne from the collar of the order formed of thistles alternating with bunches of rue sprigs1 or on a dark green ribbon across the shoulder4 ,the order of the ,ecu d',or1 instituted by ,louis of ,bourbon 7#adaj71 had also a thistle in the jewel and girdle4 ,tholus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a dome and cupola of a circular building4 ,thorax1 ,gr4 774 7#a7 ,a breastplate2 ,latin ,,lorica 7q4v474 7#b7 ,a bust of wax1 marble1 or bronze4 ,three-pile1 ,o4 ,e4 ,rich velvet4 ,three-quarter4 ,a size of portrait2 #cj inches by #be4 7,see ,,portrait ,,painting47 ,thrones1 ,chr4 ,an order of angels1 usually represented with double wings1 supporting the ,throne of the ,almighty in ethereal space4 ,through-stone or ,throwstone1 ,o4 ,e4 7variously spelt1 derived from ,anglo-,saxon1 thruh1 a coffin47 ,a flat grave-stone4 ,parker gives in his 8,glossary0 the following quotation3-- 8,over the midst of the said vault did lie a fair throwstone1 and at each either side of the stone it was open1 through which were cast the bones of the monks whose graves were opened for other monks to lie in2 which vault was made to be a charnel-house to put dead men's bones in40 7,ancient ,rites of ,durham47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #feb4 ,thurible4 ,an ,arabic incense-burner in brass1 inlaid with silver4 ,thurible1 ,chr4 ,an incense-burner4 ,generally of bronze4 ,the practice of burning incense in religious functions is very ancient1 and originated in the ,east4 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #feb7 is a beautiful specimen of ,arabian work devoted to this object4 ,thurles1 ,o4 ,e4 7holes through the wall74 ,the small windows of a house2 #abth century4 ,thyas or ,thias1 ,gr4 ,a ,bacchante1 the ,greek equivalent for the ,latin ,,baccha4 ,thymela1 ,thymel1 ,gr4 774 7,literally1 a place for sacrifice47 ,an altar placed in the orchestra of a ,greek theatre and dedicated to ,bacchus4 ,thyroma1 ,gr4 774 ,a synonym for the ,latin ,,janua 7q4v474 ,thyrsus1 ,r4 774 ,a long staff1 surmounted with a fir-cone1 or a bunch of vine-leaves or ivy1 with grapes or berries1 carried by ,bacchus1 and the satyrs1 mnads1 and others1 during the celebration of religious rites4 ,beneath the garland or fir-cone the thyrsus ends in the sharp point of a spear1 a puncture from which induces madness4 ,tiara1 ,gr4 774 ,a hat with a tall high crown2 the characteristic head-dress of the north-western ,asiatics2 especially the ,armenians1 ,parthians1 ,medes1 and ,persians4 ,tiara recta or cidaris was an upright tiara1 the regal head-dress of ,persia4 ,tiara ,phrygia was a synonym for ,,mitra4 ,fig4 #fec represents the head-dress and costume of a ,persian soldier4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fec4 ,persian soldier wearing the tiara4 ,tiara1 ,chr4 ,the ,pope's triple crown1 emblematic of his authority in the three kingdoms of heaven1 earth1 and the lower world4 7,see ,fig4 #fec47 ,tibia1 ,r4 7,greek1 aulos74 ,a pipe or flute of reed1 bone1 ivory1 horn1 or metal1 perforated with holes for the notes like a flute2 the principal varieties were3--the monaulos or single pipe1 including the bagpipe 7utricolarius72 the diaulos1 or double pipe1 bound round the cheeks with a bandage called by the ,romans capistrum1 and in ,greek phorbeia2 and the syrinx or ,pandan pipe1 of three to nine tubes4 ,tibia ,curva1 ,r4 ,a kind of flute curved at its broadest end4 ,tibia ,dextra1 ,r4 ,the right-hand pipe of the diaulos1 usually constructed of the upper and thinner part of a reed4 ,tibia ,gingrina1 ,r4 ,a flute made of a long thin tube of reed with a mouth-hole at the side of one end4 ,tibia ,ligula1 ,r4 ,a flute resembling the modern flageolet4 ,tibia ,longa1 ,r4 ,a flute used especially in religious worship4 ,tibia ,obliqua1 ,r4 ,a flute having the mouthpiece at right angles to the tube4 ,tibia ,sinistra1 ,r4 ,the left-hand pipe of the diaulos1 usually constructed of the lower and broader part of a reed4 ,tibia ,utricolarius1 ,r4 ,the ancient bagpipe4 ,tibia ,vasca1 ,r4 ,a flute having the mouthpiece at a right angle4 ,tibi ,pares1 ,r4 ,a name for the double flute when the tubes were exactly alike1 impares when they differed4 ,tie-beam1 ,arch4 ,the strong horizontal on which the king-post and other uprights rest1 which support the beams of a roof4 ,tierce1 ,per ,tierce1 ,her4 ,divided into three equal parts4 ,tig1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a shallow drinking-bowl with four handles1 made to pass round the table from hand to hand as a loving cup4 ,tiger-wood1 obtained from ,guiana1 is a valuable ornamental wood for cabinet-work4 ,tignum1 ,r4 ,in a general sense wood used in carpentry1 a beam or joist2 in a more restricted sense1 a tie-beam1 rafters1 brackets1 c4 ,tigrin4 ,tiger-tables4 ,great importance was attached in ,roman decorative art to the grain of the wood4 ,tables having 8veins arranged in wavy lines10 were called ,tigrin1 from the resemblance of their pattern to that of a tiger's skin4 ,those having 8veins which formed spirals1 or little whirlpools10 were called pantherin1 or panther-tables4 ,tiles for roofs are of two kinds3--plain tiles and pan tiles2 they are mentioned in an ancient statute of ,king ,edward ,,iv4 7#adgg71 regulating the 8,fesure1 whitying1 et anelyng de tewle1 appelez pleintile1 autrement nosmez thaktile1 roftile1 ou crestile1 cornertile et guttertile fait et affaire deinz cest ,roialme40 ,glazed or encaustic tiles were anciently much used for paving sacred edifices4 ,english designs are generally heraldic in character4 ,in ,spanish architecture tiles were used for the decoration of walls instead of hangings2 and richly decorated pavements are found in ,asia ,minor and the ,east ,indies4 7,consult ,parker's ,glossary1 ,j4 ,g4 ,nichols1 ,examples of ,tiles1 c47 ,tilt1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the word is properly applied to the exercises in training for the joust1 against the ,,quintain1 the ,,pel1 the ring1 and other objects4 ,timbre1 ,her4 7#a7 ,anciently1 the crest2 7#b7 ,modern ,french1 the helm1 in a coat of arms4 ,timbrel4 ,an ancient tambourine1 with a double row of gingles4 ,tin-glazed ,wares4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,tina1 ,r4 ,a large vessel used for holding wine2 its shape is unknown4 ,tinctures1 ,her4 ,the two metals and the five colours of heraldry4 ,tint of colour degree of intensity4 ,in painting in oils this is lowered by the addition of a white pigment1 in water-colours by dilution4 8,tint is any unbroken state of any colour1 varying between the intensity of its parent colour and the purity of white40 7,j4 ,b4 ,pyne1 in the ,art ,union of #ahdd47 7,see ,,tones47 ,tint-tools4 ,in copper and wood-engraving1 gravers used for skies1 still waters1 architecture1 c4 ,the word 8tint0 in engraving means colour1 and skies are tints cut horizontally4 ,tintinnabulatus1 ,r4 ,carrying a bell 7tintinnabulum72 a term applied especially to animals which carried a bell hung round their neck4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fed4 ,tintinnabulum4 ,front view4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fee4 ,tintinnabulum4 ,side view4 ,tintinnabulum1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,a bell used as a hand-bell2 they took very various forms in antiquity1 hemispherical1 pear-shaped1 or cylindrical1 and some were square4 ,the ,romans also made use of a kind of swinging gong similar to that shown in ,figs4 #fed and #fee1 of a specimen discovered at ,pompeii1 and now in the ,naples museum4 ,tintinnabulum1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a musical instrument made of a set of bells1 arranged in order within a frame4 ,tints4 7,see ,,tone47 ,tiraz1 ,arab4 ,the ancient name of the apartment in an ,arab palace set apart for weaving2 also of the rich silken stuffs woven there4 ,tire ,valiant or ,volant1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a kind of head-dress4 7,shakspeare47 ,titulus1 ,r4 7#a7 ,the title or ,,index of a book4 7#b7 ,a notice in front of a house to be let or sold4 7#c7 ,an epitaph or other inscription on monuments4 7#d7 ,a large board mounted on a spear and inscribed with the numbers of the prisoners1 cities1 and standards that had been captured from the enemy2 carried in a ,,triumph or ,,ovation4 ,tobine4 ,a stout twilled silk4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fef4 ,roman ,senator wearing the toga4 ,toga1 ,r4 7tego1 to cover74 ,the principal outer garment of a ,roman1 as the ,,pallium 7q4v47 was the national dress of the ,greek4 ,among the different kinds of toga were the toga restricta1 toga fusa1 toga prtexta1 toga pura or virilis1 toga palmata1 toga picturata1 c4 ,the colour of the toga was ordinarily white4 ,candidates 7from candidus1 white7 were so called from their whitening their togas with chalk2 the toga pulla1 of the natural colour of black wool1 was worn in mourning2 the toga picta1 or embroidered toga1 was for generals on their triumphs4 7,see also ,,pr,,texta1 ,,trabea1 c47 ,the illustration 7,fig4 #fef7 represents the statue of a ,roman senator of the ,augustan age4 ,togatus1 ,r4 ,wearing the toga2 essentially the ,roman costume1 opposed to palliatus1 a man in the ,greek dress4 ,togula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of toga74 7#a7 ,a toga of a fine texture2 or 7#b7 the short and threadbare toga of coarse texture1 worn by a poor man1 who then went by the name of togatulus4 ,toilinet4 ,a textile of silk or cotton warp1 with woollen weft4 ,toise4 ,in ,french lineal measurement #gf inches4 ,toison d',or1 ,her4 ,the ,golden ,fleece4 ,a ,french order of knighthood1 instituted by ,philip the ,good in #adbi4 ,the order has a king at arms called ,toison d',or4 ,the collar is composed of flint-stones1 alternately with double fusils placed two and two together1 forming double ,b's4 ,from this suspends a ,golden ,fleece4 ,the motto is1 8,pretium non vile laborum40 7,see ,,fusil47 ,tokens4 ,small coins issued by tradesmen for current money4 7,consult ,w4 ,boyne's ,tokens1 c47 ,tolleno1 ,r4 7tollo1 to lift74 7#a7 ,a contrivance for drawing water from a well1 made of a strong cross-bar poised from the top of an upright beam1 with a weight at one end and a rope and bucket at the other4 7#b7 ,a similar apparatus was used in siege operations to lift soldiers up to a wall4 ,tom-tom4 ,oriental small drum1 of a barrel form1 covered at each end with skin1 carried obliquely1 and beaten with one hand at each end4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #feg4 ,lycian ,tomb of great antiquity4 ,tomb4 ,from the earliest ages tombs similar in general design to those of modern times have been used to mark the resting-places of the dead4 ,fig4 #feg represents an ancient monument in ,lycia4 7,see ,,stela1 ,,shrine47 ,tombac4 ,red brass2 the white tombac is an alloy of copper and zinc1 containing not more than #bj per cent4 of zinc4 ,tompion4 ,the plug to the mouth of a cannon4 ,tondi1 ,it4 ,a name given to a series of twelve circular medallions1 painted by ,luca della ,robbia1 with impersonations of the twelve months4 ,tondino1 ,it4 ,a name given to small plates or dishes1 which it was a medival fashion for the gallants to present1 filled with confectioneries1 to ladies4 ,they are described as small1 with a wide flat brim and sunk centre2 in this1 the central medallion generally occupied by a figure of ,cupid1 hearts tied by ribbons or pierced with arrows1 or by joined hands1 and similar amatory devices1 or with a shield of arms and initial letters1 c4 ,tones are the modifications which a colour1 in its greatest intensity1 is capable of receiving from white1 which lowers its tone1 or black which heightens it4 ,a scale is an assemblage of tones of the same colour1 thus modified4 ,the pure colour is the normal tone of the scale4 ,hues are the modifications which a colour receives from the addition of a small quantity of another colour4 7,chevreuil on ,colour1 pp4 #cd1 #ce47 ,tonometer4 ,a delicate instrument for tuning musical instruments1 by marking the number of vibrations4 ,tonstrina1 ,r4 ,a barber's shop2 frequented only by the middle classes2 the rich were shaved at their houses2 and the poor allowed their beards and hair to grow4 ,tonsure1 ,chr4 ,the clerical crown1 adopted1 it is said1 in imitation of ,st4 ,peter1 or of the ,crown of ,thorns1 was disapproved of in the #dth century as pertaining only to penitents2 and not made essential till the end of the #eth or beginning of the #fth centuries4 ,tontisse1 ,fr4 ,flock-paper2 paper-hangings ornamented with flock-wool4 ,tooth-,ornament1 ,arch4 ,a name of the ,,nailhead moulding4 ,it is the peculiar distinction of the ,early ,english style1 to which it is nearly1 if not exclusively1 confined4 ,it is the regular progression from the ,norman zigzag to the delicate quatrefoil of the ,,decorated ,,english4 ,it resembles a succession of low1 square1 pierced pyramids set on the edges of a hollow moulding4 ,toothing1 ,arch4 ,projecting bricks left at the end of a wall1 to form a union with any further buildings4 ,topaz4 ,there are two varieties of this gem2 the ,brazilian yellow1 which is the best known1 and the ,oriental4 ,topaz1 ,her4 ,in blazoning arms of nobles1 the names of gems were sometimes substituted for tinctures2 the topaz for gold 7,,or74 ,topes1 ,hind4 ,buddhist sepulchral monuments1 cone-shaped1 and round at the tops1 like the dagobs of ,ava and ,ceylon4 ,topiaria 7,ars71 ,r4 ,artificial training of shrubs and trees into fantastic shapes4 ,painted representations of landscapes on the walls of houses were called ,,topia4 7,see ,,hortus47 ,topiarius1 ,r4 ,a gardener skilled in the ,,ars ,,topiaria 7q4v474 ,torale1 ,r4 7torus1 a couch74 ,the hanging valance of a couch4 ,torch1 ,r4 ,the emblem of marriage1 from the custom of forming wedding processions in the evening by torch-light4 ,upright1 the torch was the emblem of rejoicing2 reversed1 of death or sleep2 hence its application upon funereal monuments4 ,torcular1 ,torculum1 ,r4 ,a wine or oil-press4 ,hence-- ,torcularium1 ,r4 ,the press-room4 ,toreador1 ,sp4 ,a bull-fighter4 ,toreuma1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,carving upon ivory executed on the lathe4 ,toreutic ,art 7from 1 to bore through2 or from 1 clear1 distinct74 ,sculpture2 especially of metals1 ivories1 metallic castings in relief1 c4 ,a long essay on the meaning of this word occurs in the works of ,de ,quincy4 ,tormentum1 ,r4 7#a7 7,torqueo1 to twist47 ,a general term for such instruments as the balista1 catapulta1 onager1 scorpio1 c41 from the twisting of the strands of the ropes that were used as the string to the bow4 7#b7 ,torture4 ,by the ,greek law the evidence of slaves was always extracted by torture4 ,in ,rome free persons in humble circumstances were also subjected to it in cases of treason4 ,tornus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a lathe or potter's wheel4 ,torquatus1 ,r4 ,wearing the ,gallic ,,torque4 ,torquatus miles1 a soldier who received such a collar as a reward1 and wore it1 not round the neck1 but on the breast1 like a decoration4 ,torques1 ,gen4 7torqueo1 to twist74 ,a necklace1 or armlet1 or collar of gold or other wire spirally twisted4 7,see ,,armilla1 ,,monile1 c47 ,torse1 ,her4 ,a crest-wreath4 7,see ,,orle47 ,torso1 ,it4 ,in ,sculpture1 the trunk regarded apart from the head and limbs4 ,the celebrated ,torso of ,hercules1 in the ,vatican1 by ,apollonios1 about #ccf ,b4,c41 is said to have been the favourite inspiration of ,michael ,angelo4 ,another fine torso is that known as the ,farnese1 in the ,naples ,museum1 representing probably a seated figure of ,bacchus4 ,torteau1 ,her4 ,a red ,,roundle 7q4v474 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #feh4 ,tortoise4 ,device of the ,duke of ,tuscany4 ,tortoise4 ,among the ,egyptians the tortoise was an emblem of darkness and of death4 ,fig4 #abi is the remarkable device of ,cosmo1 ,grand ,duke of ,tuscany1 with the motto1 8,hasten slowly10 i4 e4 have caution with energy4 ,tortoise-shell is largely used for making combs1 and for veneering on cabinet-work4 ,when it is softened with hot water1 it receives impressions which become permanent if it is suddenly cooled4 ,the plates used are those found on the back of the sea-turtle 7chelone imbricata74 ,five large plates are obtained from the middle of the carapace or upper buckler1 and four large ones from the sides1 called 8blades10 and twenty-five smaller plates from the edges1 called 8feet or noses40 ,the belly shells are of a yellow colour1 and are used for the purposes of horn4 ,torus1 ,r4 ,anything swelling like the strand of a rope4 ,a bed covered with sheets or blankets 7toralia74 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fei4 ,torus moulding4 ,torus1 ,arch4 ,a convex moulding used in architectural decoration 7,fig4 #fei7 at all periods and by all nations4 ,touchstone is a kind of black jasper1 known as ,lydian stone1 used for testing gold4 ,this is done with touching-needles tipped with metal in various states of alloy1 and the streaks that they make on the touchstone determine the fineness of the gold4 ,in ,architecture1 certain black marbles were anciently so called1 from their supposed identity with the lapis ,lydius4 ,tough1 ,turkish4 ,a ,turkish standard2 a horse-tail attached to the upper part of a pike which ends in a crescent and ball4 ,tourelle1 ,fr4 ,a small tower on a castle1 with a winding staircase4 ,towers4 7,see ,,round ,,towers47 ,trabea1 ,r4 7lit4 shaped like a trabs or beam74 ,a rich toga1 either made entirely of purple cloth or decorated with horizontal stripes of that colour4 ,the purple toga was an attribute of the gods1 and afterwards of the emperors2 purple and white1 or purple and saffron1 of augurs2 purple and white1 of royalty 7kings74 ,trabs1 ,r4 ,a beam2 especially a long beam supporting the joists of a ceiling4 ,tracery4 ,in architecture or decorative work1 geometrical ornament1 such as is inserted on the upper parts of ,gothic windows1 in ,alhambraic architecture1 c4 ,tracing-paper is made of tissue-paper soaked in oil or thin varnish4 ,trajan ,column1 in ,rome1 the work of ,apollodorus1 ,a4 ,d4 #aad1 is #aj feet in diameter1 and #abg feet high1 made of #cd blocks of white marble--#bc in the shaft1 #i in the base1 which is finely sculptured1 and #b in the capital and torus4 ,the sculptures show about #bejj figures besides the horses1 and represent the battles and sieges of the ,dacian ,war4 ,the column is a perfect handbook of the military costume of ,rome and other countries of its period4 7,consult the work of ,alfonso ,g4 ,hispano1 published at ,rome1 #aehf1 which contains #acj plates representing all the sculptures2 or the more modern work of ,pietro ,santo ,bartoli1 which contains beautiful engravings of all the reliefs47 ,a plaster cast of the column in two pieces is in the ,south ,kensington ,museum1 with a handbook by ,j4 ,h4 ,pollen on a desk near its base1 with the aid of which it can be perfectly studied at leisure4 ,trama1 ,sp4 ,the weft or woof2 a kind of silk thread so called4 ,transenna1 ,r4 and ,chr4 ,a snare for birds4 ,it consisted of a net stretched over a circular framework4 ,in ,christian archology1 the name was given to a marble lattice placed in the catacomb chapels to protect the relics4 ,transept1 ,arch4 ,a transverse nave1 passing in front of the choir1 and crossing the longitudinal or central nave of a church4 ,it is sometimes called the cross1 and each of its parts to the right and left of the nave are called cross-aisles4 ,transfluent1 ,her4 ,flowing through4 ,transition ,periods of ,architecture4 ,generally speaking1 all periods deserve this title1 as the progressive change of the styles is continuous4 ,those with more precision so described are1 in ,english ,architecture1 three3--from the ,,norman to the ,,early ,,english2 and then to the ,,decorated2 and thirdly to the ,,perpendicular1 styles4 ,transmuted1 ,her4 ,counter-changed4 ,transom1 ,arch4 ,the horizontal cross-bar in a window4 ,transposed1 ,her4 ,reversed4 ,transtrum1 ,r4 7trans1 across74 ,in a general sense a horizontal beam4 ,in the plural1 transtra1 the cross-benches of a ship occupied by the rowers4 ,trapeso1 ,it4 ,a weight for gold and silver2 the twentieth part of an ounce4 ,trapetum1 ,r4 ,a mill for crushing olives4 ,trapezophorum1 ,r4 7-74 ,a richly carved leg for side-boards or small tables2 sometimes called ,,delphica 7q4v474 ,trasformati of ,milan4 ,one of the ,italian ,academies who bore as a device a plane-tree1 and the verse from ,virgil1 8et steriles platani malos gessere valentes10 8the barren planes have borne good fruit0 7cut out of a wild olive-tree and grafted in74 ,travagliati4 ,one of the ,italian literary academies1 whose device was a sieve 7vaglio7 with the motto 8donec purum0 7until clean74 ,traversed1 ,her4 ,facing to the sinister4 ,travertine1 ,travertino1 ,it4 ,a compact kind of ,,tufa stone1 used in architecture2 part of ,st4 ,peter's and the ,colosseum of ,rome are built of this stone4 7,see ,,tufa47 ,it is a stone of a white or yellowish tint1 and was used by the ancient painters to give body to lakes4 ,trebuchet1 ,fr4 ,med4 ,a mechanical contrivance for projecting stones and darts2 a kind of enormous cross-bow or sling4 ,tredyl1 ,o4 ,e4 7,see ,,gryse47 ,trefle1 ,her4 7,see ,,botonn,e47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffj4 ,trefoil slipped4 ,trefoil1 ,arch4 ,an ornament of three foils peculiar to the ,romano-,byzantine and pointed styles4 ,this ornament occurs in bands or string-courses1 and also forms entablatured foliage4 ,a synonym for it is tiercefoil4 ,in ,heraldry1 a leaf of three conjoined foils generally borne slipped4 7,fig4 #ffj47 ,trellis4 ,open lattice-work4 ,trenchers 7,fr4 tranchoirs74 ,originally thick slices of bread on which the meat was served1 instead of plates2 #acth century4 ,trental1 ,o4 ,e4 ,chr4 for ,trigintale4 ,thirty masses for the dead4 ,tresson1 ,fr4 ,a net for the hair1 worn by ladies in the ,middle ,ages4 7,see ,,calantica47 ,tressure1 ,her4 ,a variety of the ,,orle1 generally set round with fleurs-de-lys4 ,a striking example is to be seen in the ,royal ,shield of ,scotland1 now displayed in the second quarter of the ,royal ,arms1 blazoned as--,or1 within a double ,tressure flory2 counterflory1 a lion rampant guardant4 ,trevat4 ,a weaver's cutting instrument for severing the pile-threads of velvet4 ,triangle1 ,chr4 ,an equilateral triangle is a symbol of the ,holy ,trinity1 and therefore the motive1 only second in frequency and importance to the ,,cross1 of the construction and decoration of ,christian churches4 ,triangle4 ,a musical instrument of early occurrence1 producing sound by the striking of a metal triangle with a metal rod4 ,triblet4 ,a goldsmith's tool used in making rings4 ,tribometer4 ,an instrument for estimating the friction of different metals4 ,tribon1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,literally1 worn threadbare2 and thence a coarse and common sort of mantle worn by the ,spartans or by ,romans who affected ,spartan manners4 ,tribula or ,tribulum1 ,r4 7tero1 to rub74 ,an apparatus for threshing corn2 consisting of a heavy platform armed with iron teeth or sharp flints4 ,tribulus1 ,r4 7-1 three-pointed74 ,a ,,caltrap 7q4v474 ,tribunal1 ,r4 ,a raised platform for the curule chairs of the magistrates in the ,basilica4 ,tribune1 ,r4 and ,chr4 ,the semicircular recess in a ,latin basilica in which the chief magistrate had his raised seat and administered justice4 ,in ,christian archology1 a gallery in a church2 the triforium and the organ-loft are tribunes4 ,in ,italian1 tribuna1 a picture-gallery4 ,tricerion1 ,chr4 71 thrice2 1 a horn74 ,a candlestick with three branches1 symbolizing the ,holy ,trinity4 7,see ,,dicerion47 ,tricked1 ,her4 ,sketched with pen and ink in outline4 ,triclinium1 ,gr4 ,r4 and ,chr4 7-74 ,a set of three dining-couches arranged round a table1 and thence the dining-room itself1 especially the summer dining-room4 ,in ,christian archology the triclinium was an apartment attached to a ,christian basilica1 in which pilgrims were entertained4 ,tricolor4 ,the ,french national standard--red1 white1 and blue--introduced at the period of the revolution of #aghi4 ,tricomos1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a song for the third course of a banquet 77 at the festivals of ,bacchus4 ,the comus was peculiar to the first1 and the tetracomos to the fourth course4 ,tricot1 ,fr4 7#a7 ,silk net4 7#b7 ,a knitted cotton fabric4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffa4 ,trident4 ,trident1 ,r4 ,a three-pronged fork1 the attribute of ,neptune1 used 7#a7 for spearing fish2 7#b7 by the class of gladiators called ,,retiarii2 7#c7 as a goad for horses and cattle4 ,triens1 ,r4 ,a small copper coin current among the ,romans2 it was worth the third of an as1 or about one farthing4 ,it bore on the obverse a ship's prow or a horse's head1 and four balls indicating four ounces 7unci74 ,trieterides1 ,gr4 7-74 ,festivals of ,bacchus1 held in ,botia every third year4 ,triforium1 ,chr4 ,a gallery over the side aisles of a church1 open to the nave in arcades of three arches 7tres fores74 ,triga1 ,r4 ,a car drawn by three horses yoked either abreast or with one in front4 ,trigarium1 ,r4 ,a field for the exercise of trig and other chariots4 ,triglyph1 ,arch4 774 ,an ornament consisting of three flutings or upright groovings separating the metopes in a ,doric frieze4 7,fig4 #deh47 ,trigonalis1 ,r4 ,three-cornered 8catch-ball20 a subject on frescoes4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffb4 ,trigonum opus4 ,trigonum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a mosaic of triangular pieces of marble1 glass1 terra-cotta1 or other material 7sectilia74 ,fig4 #ffb is from a pavement at the entrance of a house at ,pompeii4 7#b7 ,a musical stringed instrument2 a triangular lyre1 probably derived from ,egypt4 ,trilith1 ,celt4 7-74 ,a ,celtic monument of three stones forming a kind of door4 ,trilix1 ,r4 ,in weaving1 triple thread4 7,compare ,,bilix47 ,trilobate1 ,arch4 ,presenting three foils4 ,trimodia1 ,r4 ,a basket or vessel made to contain three modii 7tres modii74 ,trinity1 ,chr4 ,for a detailed account of the progressive series of representations in ,art of the ,holy ,trinity1 consult ,fairholt's ,dictionary1 ,didron's ,iconographie ,chrtienne1 c4 ,triobolum1 ,gr4 ,a ,greek silver coin of the value of three oboli4 ,it was the established fee payable to an ,athenian dikast for the hearing of a cause4 ,tripetia4 ,a ,gallic term signifying a three-legged stool4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffc4 ,tripod4 ,tripod 7,gr4 -74 ,a vessel or table on three feet2 esp4 the slab at ,delphi upon which the priestess of ,apollo sat4 7,see ,,delphica1 ,,cortina47 ,tripping1 ,her4 ,in easy motion1 as a stag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffd4 ,triptych carved in ivory with open doors4 ,triptych 7-1 three-fold74 ,a form of picture1 generally for ecclesiastical purposes1 in three panels2 a centre1 and two hanging doors worked on both sides4 7,fig4 #ffd47 ,tripudium1 ,r4 ,the noise made by the grain as it fell from the beaks of the sacred chickens on to the ground2 it was looked upon by the priest as a favourable omen2 another name for it was terripavium 7striking the earth74 7,see ,,auspicium47 ,triquetra1 ,arch4 ,a symmetrical interlaced ornament of early northern monuments4 ,an endless line forming three arcs symmetrically interlaced will describe the figure4 ,trireme1 ,r4 7tres1 and remus1 oar74 ,a galley with three banks of rowers4 ,trisomus1 ,chr4 7-74 ,a triple sarcophagus4 7,cf4 ,,bisomus47 ,trispastus1 ,r4 7-1 drawn three-fold74 ,a block for raising weights2 of three pullies 7orbiculi71 set in a single block 7trochlea74 ,triton4 ,a sea-monster2 generally represented as blowing a shell 7murex71 and with a body above the waist like that of a man1 and below like a dolphin4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffe4 ,trophy on a triumphal arch4 ,triumphal ,arch4 ,a monumental structure1 usually a portico with one or more arches1 erected across a public road for a triumphal procession to pass under4 ,triumphalia1 ,r4 ,insignia conferred upon a general on the occasion of a triumph2 consisting of a richly embroidered toga and tunic1 a sceptre1 a chaplet of laurel leaves with a crown of gold1 and a chariot4 ,triumphalis 7,via71 ,r4 ,the road traversed by a triumph4 ,triumphus1 ,triumph1 ,r4 ,the pageant of the entry of a victorious general into ,rome4 ,trivet1 ,her4 ,a circular or triangular iron frame with three feet1 borne by the family of ,tryvett4 ,trivium1 ,r4 7tres1 and via1 a way74 ,a place where three roads meet4 ,trochilus1 ,arch4 ,a concave moulding in classic architecture4 7,see ,,scotia47 ,trochlea1 ,r4 774 ,a machine for raising weights1 very similar to the ,,trispastos4 ,trochus 71 a wheel74 ,a hoop represented on ancient gems as driven by naked boys with a crooked stick1 precisely in the existing school fashion4 ,it was of bronze1 often with rings attached4 ,trombone4 ,a large trumpet with an arrangement of sliding tubes for modulating the tones by which every gradation of sound within its compass can be exactly produced4 ,trophy1 ,gr4 774 ,a monument of victory 774 ,fig4 #ffe represents a trophy of ,gallic spoils1 from a bas-relief on the triumphal arch at ,orange4 ,trotcosie1 ,scotch4 ,a warm covering for the head1 neck1 and breast1 worn by travellers4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fff4 ,trulla4 ,trua1 dim4 ,trulla1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a large flat ladle or spoon perforated with holes and used for skimming liquids when boiling4 7#b7 ,a kind of drinking-cup4 7#c7 ,a portable brazier or earthenware vessel perforated with holes 7,fig4 #fff7 for carrying hot coals about4 7#d7 ,a mason's trowel4 ,trullissatio1 ,r4 ,a coating of plaster or cement laid on by the trowel 7trulla74 ,trumeau1 ,fr4 ,a pier looking-glass4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffg4 ,trumpet4 ,trumpet1 ,her4 ,the ,roman tuba2 a long straight tube expanded at its extremity4 ,truncated4 ,with the top cut off parallel to the base4 ,trunnions4 ,the side supports on which a cannon rests on its carriage4 ,truss1 ,arch4 ,the system of timbers mutually supporting each other and the roof4 ,trussed1 ,her4 ,said of birds1 with closed wings4 ,trussing1 ,her4 ,said of birds of prey1 devouring4 ,tuba1 ,r4 ,a straight bronze trumpet with a small mouthpiece at one end1 the other being wide and bell-shaped4 7,cf4 ,,cornu47 ,tubilustrum1 ,quinquatrus1 ,r4 ,festivals held at ,rome twice a year1 for the purification of trumpets 7tub74 ,tubla4 ,assyrian drums1 with skin at the top only4 ,tuck1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a short sword or dagger1 worn in the #afth and #agth centuries by all classes4 ,tucket1 ,o4 ,e4 7,it4 toccata74 ,a flourish on a trumpet4 ,tudesco1 ,sp4 ,a wide cloak4 ,tudor ,arch1 ,arch4 ,an arch of four centres1 flat for its span2 having two of its centres in or near the spring1 and the other two far below it4 7,rickman47 ,tudor ,flower1 ,arch4 ,an ornament common to ,elizabethan buildings4 ,a flat flower1 or leaf1 as a crest or finish on cornices1 c4 ,tudor ,rose1 formed by the union of the white and red roses of ,york and ,lancaster2 is described in heraldry as a white rose charged upon a red one4 7,see ,fig4 #cie47 ,tudor ,style1 ,arch4 ,the style which prevailed under the ,tudor dynasty4 ,the term is loosely applied to various periods4 7,see ,,perpendicular47 ,tufa4 ,a porous variety of limestone deposited by calcareous water4 ,it hardens on exposure to the air2 and was much used by the ,romans for facing buildings1 and generally1 on account of its lightness1 for vaulting4 7,see ,,travertine47 ,tugurium1 ,r4 7tego1 to cover74 ,a thatched roof1 and thence1 a peasant's hut4 ,tulip-tree4 ,the wood of this tree is smooth and fine-grained1 very easily wrought1 and not liable to split4 ,it is largely used in carving and ornamental work1 and for panels in coach building4 ,tulle4 ,a plain silk lace1 blonde or net4 ,tumblers4 ,the drinking-glasses so called take their name from their original shape1 rounded at the bottom1 so that they tumbled over unless they were very carefully set down4 ,similar goblets are still made of wood in ,germany2 often with the inscription-- 8,trink' mich aus1 und leg' mich nieder3 ,steh' ich auf1 so fll' mich wieder40 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffh4 ,plan of a ,tumulus4 ,tumulus 7tumeo1 to swell74 ,sepulchral mounds of ancient and prehistoric construction4 ,the illustrations1 figs4 #ffh and #ffi1 show the plan and section of a ,gallic tumulus opened at ,fontenay le ,marmion4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ffi4 ,section of a ,tumulus4 ,tumulus ,honorarius4 7,see ,,cenotaphium47 ,tunbridge ,ware4 ,inlaid-work of variously-coloured woods made at ,tunbridge ,wells in ,kent4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgj4 ,tunica muliebris1 talaris4 ,tunica1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a tunic2 the principal garment worn both by men and women among the ,greeks and ,romans4 ,it was a kind of woollen shirt confined round the neck and the waist2 it came down as far as the knee2 it had short sleeves which only covered the upper part of the arm4 ,tunics were classed as follows3 the exomis1 the epomis1 the chiton1 the manicata or manuleata1 the talaris1 the muliebris1 the interior or intima1 the recta1 the angusticlavia1 the laticlavia1 the patagiata1 the palmata1 the asema1 and the picta4 7,bosc47 7,fig4 #fgj47 ,tunicatus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,wearing a tunic4 ,tunicle1 ,chr4 7,lat4 subtile74 ,the vestment of the sub-deacon2 it resembled the dalmatic1 but had tight sleeves4 ,turbo1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,a child's whipping-top2 the whorl of a spindle4 ,turibulum4 7,see ,,thurible47 ,turicremus4 7,see ,,thuricremus47 ,turkey ,carpets are made entirely of wool1 the loops being larger than those of ,brussels carpeting1 and always cut2 the cutting of the yarn gives the surface the appearance of velvet4 ,turkey-stitch 7point de ,turquie74 ,a kind of carpet made at the ,savonnerie1 established #afbg4 ,turma1 ,r4 ,a squadron of legionary cavalry2 it consisted of thirty-two men commanded by a decurion1 and led under a vexillum4 ,turnbull's ,blue4 ,a light and delicate variety of ,prussian blue4 ,turner's ,yellow4 ,an oxychloride of lead1 known also as patent yellow1 and ,cassell yellow4 ,turquoise4 ,a valuable blue gem for ornamental purposes4 7,s47 ,fossil ivory impregnated with copper4 7,f47 ,turrets1 ,arch4 7,fr4 tourette1 a small tower74 ,towers of great height in proportion to their diameter1 and large pinnacles1 are called turrets2 these often contain staircases1 and are sometimes crowned with small spires4 ,large towers often have turrets at their corners4 ,turricula1 ,r4 7dimin4 of turris74 ,a small tower2 also1 a dice-box in the form of a tower1 to which the ,greeks applied the term of pyrgus 774 ,turricula has a synonym ,,fritillus 7q4v474 ,turriger1 ,r4 ,bearing a tower2 the term applies both to an elephant and a ship of war when thus armed4 ,turris1 ,tower4 ,in a general sense1 any building or collection of buildings either lofty in themselves or built upon an elevation1 and thence1 fortifications1 such as a tower of defence1 the tower of a city gate or a castle1 a ,,donjon 7q4v474 ,tus or ,thus1 ,r4 ,frankincense1 imported from ,arabia and used in great quantities by the ancients either for religious ceremonies or to perfume their apartments4 ,tuscan ,order of ,architecture4 ,the simplest of the five ,,orders of classical architecture1 having no ornament whatever2 unknown to the ,greeks2 a variety of ,,roman ,,doric 7q4v474 ,the column is about seven diameters high1 including the base and capital4 ,the base is half a diameter in height2 the capital is of equal height1 having a square abacus1 with a small projecting fillet on the upper edge--under the abacus is an ovolo and a fillet with neck below2 the shaft is never fluted2 the entablature is quite plain1 having neither mutules nor modillions2 the frieze also is quite plain4 ,tusses or ,toothing-stones1 in building1 are projecting stones for joining other buildings upon4 ,tutulatus1 ,r4 ,having the hair arranged in the form of a cone1 or wearing the sacerdotal cap called tutulus1 and thence a priest who usually wore the ,,tutulus 7q4v474 ,tutulus or ,apex1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a flamen's cap2 it was conical and almost pointed4 7#b7 ,a mode of arranging the hair on the crown of the head in the shape of a pyramid or cone4 ,an example is seen in the ,medicean ,venus4 ,twill4 ,a kind of ribbed cloth4 ,tympanium1 ,r4 774 ,a pearl shaped like a kettle-drum1 namely1 with one surface flat and the other round4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fga4 ,tympanum4 ,romano-,byzantine4 ,tympanum1 ,r4 774 7#a7 ,a tambourine1 like that of modern times3 a piece of stiff parchment stretched over a hoop with bells4 7#b7 ,a drum-shaped wheel2 tympanum dentatum1 a cogged wheel4 7#c7 ,in architecture1 the flat surface1 whether triangular or round1 marked out by the mouldings of a pediment4 ,fig4 #fga shows a tympanum of the ,romano-,byzantine period4 7,for ,,triangular ,,pediment1 see ,fig4 #bf47 ,tynes1 ,scotch4 7#a7 ,branches of a stag's antlers4 7#b7 ,teeth of a harrow4 ,tyrian ,purple4 ,an ancient dye of a brilliant colour1 obtained from shells of the murex and purpura4 ,u4 ,u4 ,the letter repeated so as to mark the feathering upon tails of birds1 is a peculiarity of ,sicilian silks4 ,udo1 ,r4 ,a sock made of goat-skin1 or felt4 ,ulna1 ,r4 ,a measure of length1 subdivision of the foot measure4 ,ultramarine or ,lapis ,lazuli 7azurrum transmarinum74 ,a beautiful blue pigment obtained from lazulite1 highly esteemed by early painters4 ,in consequence of the costliness of this pigment its use in a picture was regulated by special contract1 and it was either supplied or paid for by the person who ordered the picture4 ,lely has recorded that he paid for his as much as #dl4 #ajs4 the ounce4 ,the pigment is now artificially compounded4 7,cf4 ,,guimet',s ,u47 ,umbella1 ,umbraculum1 ,r4 7umbra1 shade74 ,an umbrella1 made to open and shut like those of modern times4 ,it is represented on vases held by a female slave over the head of her mistress4 7,see also ,,umbrellas47 ,umber4 ,a massive mineral pigment used by painters as a brown colour1 and to make varnish dry quickly4 ,raw umber is of an olive brown1 which becomes much redder when burnt4 7,see ,,ochres47 ,umbilici1 ,r4 7lit4 navels71 were the ornamental bosses which projected from each end of the staff round which a volume of papyrus or parchment 7liber7 was rolled4 ,they were also called cornua1 and gemin frontes4 7,see ,,liber47 ,umbo 7,gr4 74 7#a7 ,the boss of a shield1 often sharp and projecting so as to form an offensive weapon in itself4 7#b7 ,a bunch formed by the folds of the toga tacked in to the belt across the chest4 ,umbr1 ,r4 ,the shades of the departed2 represented in the forms in which they abandoned life4 ,those killed in battle1 mutilated1 c4 ,umbrellas4 ,,anglo-,,saxon manuscripts sometimes represent a servant holding an umbrella over the head of his master4 ,in the sculptures of ancient ,,egypt and ,,assyria they are represented borne by the attendants on a king4 ,the ,,greek and ,,roman ladies used parasols in all respects resembling those of modern times4 ,in the ,,panathenaic procession the daughters of foreign settlers in ,athens had to carry parasols over the heads of the ,athenian maidens taking part in the procession4 ,they were substituted later on by broad hats1 the ,roman ,,petasus and the ,greek ,,tholia4 ,in the ,,siamese empire an umbrella is the emblem of the royal dignity4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgb4 ,umbril4 ,umbrere1 ,umbril4 ,in medival armour1 a projection on a helmet acting as a guard to the eyes4 ,umbril4 7,see ,,umbrere47 ,uncia 7,gr4 1 ,angl4 ounce74 ,the unit of measurement4 ,the twelfth part of anything4 ,in currency1 a copper coin2 the twelfth part of an ,as4 ,its value was expressed on the obverse and reverse by one ball2 in lineal measurement1 the twelfth of a foot1 whence our inch2 in square measure1 the twelfth of a jugerum2 of liquids1 the twelfth of a sextarius2 in weight1 the twelfth of a pound 7libra74 ,uncial ,letters4 ,when writing on papyrus or vellum became common1 many of the straight lines of the capitals1 in that kind of writing1 gradually acquired a curved form4 ,from the #fth to the #hth1 or even #ajth century1 these uncials1 or partly rounded capitals1 prevail in illuminated ,,mss4 7,see also ,,minuscule1 ,,semi-,,uncials47 ,uncus1 ,r4 774 ,a hook such as 7#a7 that with which the corpses of gladiators were dragged out of the arena2 or those of criminals from the carnificina where they were executed4 7#b7 ,the fluke of an anchor1 c4 ,under-croft1 ,arch4 ,a subterranean chamber4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgc4 ,undulated moulding4 ,undulated1 ,arch4 7unda1 a wave74 ,moulded or sculptured in the form of a wave2 as for instance the undulated torus4 7,see ,,nebule47 7,fig4 #fgc47 ,undy1 ,unde1 ,her4 ,wavy4 ,unguentaria1 ,r4 ,flasks or boxes of costly workmanship for holding perfumes1 essences1 oils1 and salves1 for use in the baths1 c4 7,see ,,narthecia47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgd4 ,unicorn4 ,device of the ,orsini family4 ,unicorn4 ,in ,christian art a symbol of purity1 especially of female chastity4 ,attribute of ,st4 ,justina of ,antioch4 ,in ,heraldry it is famous as the sinister supporter of the ,royal ,shield of ,england4 ,the legend was that its body took the form of a horse and antelope1 and it had one horn on its head4 ,it was believed to live solitary in the woods1 and could only be caught by a maiden4 ,the property of detecting poison was attributed to its horn1 and ,hentzner1 who visited ,england in #aeih1 says3-- 8,we were shown at ,windsor the horn of an ,unicorn1 of about eight spans and a half in length1 valued at above #ajjl40 ,it is frequently mentioned in ancient inventories3-- 8#acia4 ,une manche d'or d'un essay de lincourne pour attoucher aux viandes de ,monseigneur le ,dauphin40 ,comptes ,royaux1 quoted by ,mrs4 ,bury ,palliser4 ,in allusion to this property1 ,alviano1 the champion of the ,orsini family1 adopted as his device a unicorn at a fountain surrounded by snakes1 toads1 and other reptiles1 and stirring up the water with its horn before he drinks1 with the motto1 8,i expel poisons40 ,union ,cloths4 ,fabrics of wool with wefts of cotton4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fge4 ,present ,union ,jack4 ,union ,jack4 ,the ,national ,ensign of the ,united ,kingdom of ,great ,britain--exhibiting the ,union of the crosses of ,st4 ,george and ,st4 ,andrew combined--first displayed in the reign of ,james ,i41 #afjf4 ,the flag as it is now used1 dates from the beginning of this century4 ,it is borne on a shield1 charged in pretence upon the escutcheon of the ,duke of ,wellington4 ,upapitha1 ,hind4 ,the pedestal of the ,hindoo orders1 which included1 besides the pedestal properly so called1 the base 7athisthama71 the pillar or shaft 7stambu7 which was either square or polygonal and only rounded at the upper part near the capital or cushion which took its place1 and lastly the entablature 7prastura74 ,urus1 ,egyp4 ,a transcription of the ,egyptian word r or the asp haj1 a kind of serpent called by the ,greeks basilicon 774 ,the urus as an emblem of the sovereign power forms the distinctive ornament in the head-dress of the ,egyptian kings4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgf4 ,plate of ,urbino ,ware1 ,louvre ,museum4 ,urbino ,ware1 made at ,urbino1 under the patronage of its ,duke4 8,a city10 says ,jacquemart1 8which has supplied potters and painters to the greater part of the workshops of ,italy2 which has sent ceramic colonies to ,flanders and ,corfu1 and yet we are scarcely acquainted with its works1 except those of its decline40 7,fig4 #fgf47 7,see ,,majolica47 ,urceolated 7,basket71 ,arch4 ,the corbel of the capital which narrows a little underneath its upper part4 ,urceolus4 ,diminutive of ,,urceus 7q4v474 ,urceus1 ,r4 ,an earthenware pitcher used in religious ceremonies2 represented on coins in the form of a modern ewer4 ,uriant1 ,her4 ,said of a fish when it swims in a vertical position2 head downwards4 7,cf4 ,,hauriant47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgg4 ,funereal urn1 ,indian4 ,urn4 ,the common urn1 the of the ,greeks1 had a narrow neck and swelling body2 it was used for conveying water from the fountain4 ,the funereal cinerary urn was in general quadrangular1 but there were a large number which resembled the kalpis1 with the exception that they had a wider neck and were furnished in every case with a lid4 ,fig4 #fgg represents a funeral urn of ,indian pottery1 of very ancient date4 ,the electoral urn1 from which lots were drawn at the comitia to decide the order of voting1 was of an oval form and had a narrow neck to prevent the possibility of more than one number being drawn out at a time4 ,an urn is always introduced as an appropriate emblem of the river-gods4 ,the urna was a measure of capacity containing eight congii or half an ,,amphora4 ,urnarium1 ,r4 ,a square table or hollow slab on which urn or earthenware vessels were placed4 ,ustrina1 ,ustrinum1 ,r4 7uro1 to burn74 ,a public place for burning the bodies of the dead1 in contradistinction to ,,bustum1 a private place of cremation1 situated within the sepulchral enclosure4 ,it was in the public ustrina that the bodies of people of moderate means as well as the poor were burned4 ,uter1 ,r4 ,a wine-skin or large leathern bag made of goat-skin1 pig-skin1 or ox-hide1 and used for holding wine or other liquids4 ,uter unctus was a goat-skin inflated with air and thoroughly greased on the outside4 ,the peasants of ,greece were fond of dancing and leaping upon these wine-skins1 which it was extremely difficult to do without frequent falls4 ,this was a very popular rustic game1 and formed a principal feature of the second day of the festival of ,bacchus1 called by the ,greeks ,ascolia 771 being the ,greek equivalent of uter4 ,uti ,rogas1 ,r4 ,a voting formula affirmative of the proposition in debate1 written on the ticket in the abbreviated form ,v4 ,r4 for uti rogas 7as you propose74 ,utricularius1 ,r4 7from uter74 ,a performer on the bagpipe4 ,utriculus4 ,diminutive of ,,uter 7q4v474 ,v4 ,in medival words the initials ,v and ,b occasionally interchange3--as ,vanneria for ,banneria1 a banner1 c4 ,vacerra1 ,r4 7vacca1 a cow74 ,an enclosure in which cattle were kept4 ,vacons1 ,hind4 ,hindoo genii which figure in the celestial hierarchy immediately after ,brahma4 ,they are eight in number1 and each of them protects one of the eight regions of the world3 ,paoulestia is the guardian of the ,north or mineral wealth2 ,ima1 god of the dead and the infernal regions1 is the guardian of the ,south2 ,indra1 god of the ether and the day1 the guardian of the ,east2 ,pratcheta1 god of waters and the ocean1 the guardian of the ,west2 ,iania1 who is looked upon as an incarnation of ,siva1 is the guardian of the ,north-,east2 ,pavana1 king of the winds1 the guardian of the ,north-,west2 ,agni or ,pacava1 the god of fire1 is the guardian of the ,south-,east2 and ,nirouti1 the prince of the evil genii1 is the guardian of the ,south-,west4 7,bosc47 ,vagina1 ,r4 ,the scabbard of a sword1 made of wood or leather1 and generally ornamented with plates and bosses of metal4 7,see ,fig4 #dd47 ,vails 7from ,vale1 farewell674 ,fees to servants from parting guests4 ,vair4 ,the fur of the squirrel1 much worn in state costumes of the #adth century4 ,in ,heraldry--one of the furs--represented as a series of small shields placed close together1 alternately blue and white4 ,valance4 ,drapery hangings for furniture1 cornices1 c42 hence-- ,valenced4 ,fringed with a beard4 7,shakespeare47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgh4 ,gilded ,vase of ,valencia1 with votive inscription4 ,valencia ,pottery4 ,m4 ,jacquemart considers this the most ancient and the true centre of the ceramic fabrication in ,spain1 carried back by tradition to the ,roman domination4 ,on the conquest of ,spain from the ,moors the ,saracen potters of ,valencia were protected by special charter4 ,fig4 #fgh is an illustration of the gilded ware for which ,valencia is famous4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fgi4 ,valenciennes4 ,valenciennes4 ,the date of the introduction of the manufacture of this lace is unknown1 although it existed before the time of ,louis ,,xiv41 under whose reign it flourished and reached its climax between #agbe and #aghj4 ,valenciennes lace is made entirely on the pillow1 of simple combinations1 with one kind of thread for the pattern and for the ground4 7,see engraving47 ,no lace is so expensive to make from the number of bobbins required4 ,the flax used is of the finest quality1 so fine that the lace-makers worked in underground cellars to keep their work from the air1 and scarcely completed an inch and half of lace in a day4 ,valendar ,clay4 ,a kind of potter's clay from ,nassau4 7,simmonds47 ,valet1 ,o4 ,e4 7,med4 ,lat4 valeti74 ,sons of the nobility and of knights bore this title1 until they acquired the military belt4 7,meyrick47 ,valle ,cypre4 ,a silk mourning crape1 called also ,bologna crape4 ,vallum1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7vallus1 a stake74 ,a palisade made with strong branches of trees1 which was placed on the top of the embankment 7agger7 surrounding a camp4 ,valv1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,folding doors or shutters2 synonym of ,,fores4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhj4 ,vambrace4 ,vambrace 7,fr4 avant bras74 ,the ancient ,,brachiale1 the covering of the lower arm1 from the elbow to the wrist4 ,originally it covered only the outside of the arm1 but afterwards was made like a sleeve of iron4 7,cf4 ,,rerebrace47 ,vamp4 ,upper leathers for shoes4 ,in ,russia and the ,east they are richly embroidered4 ,vampire4 ,a monster of medival iconography4 ,a well-known example is the one which decorates the angle of one of the towers in ,paris ,cathedral4 ,vamplate 7,fr4 avant plaque74 ,a guard of metal over the handle of a tilting-lance4 ,van 7from ,fr4 avant74 ,of an army1 the front4 ,vandyke-brown4 ,a pigment of a fine1 deep1 semi-transparent brown colour obtained from peat4 ,vane1 or ,fane1 ,o4 ,e4 7from the ,german ,fahne1 a banner71 7#a7 ,a broad flag to be carried by a knight in a tournament4 7,meyrick1 i4 #aee47 ,hence 7#b7 a weathercock1 in ,medival buildings generally in the form of a heraldic banner supported by a figure4 7,see ,,fane47 ,vanishing ,point4 ,in perspective4 7,see ,,point ,,of ,,sight47 ,vannerie1 ,fr4 ,basket-work4 ,vannus1 ,r4 ,a winnowing-van2 i4 e4 a broad flat basket used for winnowing the chaff from the corn4 ,it was among the agricultural symbols borne in the processions of ,ceres4 ,a sculpture in the ,british ,museum represents the infant ,bacchus riding in such a basket in the hands of a pair of dancing bacchantes4 ,vantbrace4 7,see ,,vambrace47 ,vaquero1 ,sp4 ,a jacket worn by women and children4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fha4 ,farthingale1 temp4 ,elizabeth4 ,vardingale1 ,o4 ,e4 ,the farthingale or hooped petticoat of ,elizabeth's reign1 fig4 #fha4 8,supporters1 postures1 farthingales1 ,above the loins to wear1 ,that1 be she ne'er so slender1 yet ,she cross-like seems four square40 7,warner1 in ,albion's ,england47 ,varnishes are made by dissolving resins or gum-resins in alcohol1 ether1 c41 so that as the spirit evaporates the varnish dries down into a transparent film2 varnishes are coloured with aloes1 annotto1 cochineal1 dragon's blood1 gamboge1 indigo1 red saunders1 saffron1 or turmeric4 ,amber varnish is hardest and most durable in colour1 but dries very slowly4 ,anim varnish dries quickly1 but is liable to crack1 and deepens in colour with exposure to the air4 ,copal ranks next to amber in durability1 and the varnish becomes lighter by exposure2 the best copal varnishes are slow in drying unless mixed with anim4 ,mastic is a favourite spirit varnish used as a picture varnish and for delicate works of a pale colour4 ,damar mixed with mastic makes an appropriate varnish for maps and similar work4 ,the qualities to be sought in varnishes for a painting are that they should resist damp1 exclude air1 and not injure the colour4 7,see also ,,italian ,,varnish1 ,,strasburg ,,turpentine1 c47 ,vas1 ,r4 ,a vase4 ,any kind of vessel1 e4g4 ,vasa ,corinthia1 ,vasa ,deliaca1 ,vasa ,samia1 ,murrhina1 c4 ,the manufacture and ornamentation of vases was one of the most important branches of ,classical ,art4 ,illustrations of vases are found in this work under3 ,fig4 ,acratophorum #g ,amphora #bj ,arezzo ,vase #cg ,aryballos #df ,bifrons #he ,cantharus #acb ,cylix #bcb ,ecuelle #bgh ,egyptian #bgi ,funeral ,urn #cdj ,hydria #cia ,chinese ,vase #djf ,lecythus #dbb ,nuremberg #dia ,oinochoe #dih ,valentia #fgh ,vatillum4 7,see ,,batillum47 ,vaunt-brace1 ,o4 ,e41 or ,warnbrace4 ,armour for the body4 ,vectis1 ,r4 7veho1 to carry74 ,a bar of wood or iron used as a lever1 crow-bar1 capstan bar1 or pole for carrying burdens on the back2 the workman who made use of a vectis was called vectiarius4 ,vedas 7from ,sanskrit vid1 to know71 ,hind4 ,four collections of sacred books said to have been collated about #cjjj ,b4,c4 from earlier documents4 ,they are the ,,rigveda1 a collection of hymns and prayers2 the ,,yajurveda1 liturgical and ceremonial ordinances2 ,,samaveda1 lyrical pieces2 and ,,atharvaveda1 chiefly incantations4 ,besides the above1 each ,veda contains fragmentary writings called ,sambuta1 and dogmatic treatises called ,brahmana2 and certain ,commentaries1 called ,upavedas1 ,vedangas1 and ,upangas are regarded as forming a fifth ,veda4 ,the above form the sacred books of the ,hindoo religion4 ,vegetable ,blue ,black4 7,see ,,blue ,,black47 ,vegetable ,ivory4 ,nuts of a ,south ,american palm 7,phytelephas macrocarpa7 resembling ivory1 and much used for ornamental carving4 ,vehicles or ,mediums4 ,the liquid in which pigments are applied4 ,in fresco and water-colour painting gum-water is used2 in distemper painting1 size2 in oil painting1 the fixed oils of linseed1 nut1 and poppy4 ,in encaustic wax is used4 7,see also ,,medium1 ,,copal1 ,,italian ,,varnish1 ,,megylp1 c47 ,velamen and ,velamentum1 ,r4 7velum1 a veil74 ,a veil worn by women1 concealing the whole person4 7,see ,,flammeum47 ,velarium1 ,r4 7velum1 a covering74 ,an awning stretched over a theatre2 usually of woollen cloth1 but sometimes of more costly materials4 ,velatura1 ,it4 ,a mode of glazing1 adopted by the early ,italian painters1 by which the colour was rubbed on by all the fingers or the flat of the hand1 so as to fill the interstices left by the brush1 and cover the entire surface of the picture thinly and evenly4 7,fairholt47 ,velatus1 ,r4 7velo1 to cover74 ,veiled or wearing flowing garments2 having the forehead encircled with a garland4 ,milites velati were supernumerary soldiers who filled the places of those who were killed or disabled4 ,velites1 ,r4 ,a body of light-armed infantry not forming part of the legion1 who skirmished in small companies4 ,vellum4 ,fine parchment from the skins of calves2 any parchment binding is by librarians technically described as vellum4 ,it is a beautiful substitute for paper1 for luxurious printing of books for presentation1 c41 and was much used by medival artists for painting and illuminating4 ,velours 7,fr4 ,velvet74 ,a kind of velvet or plush for furniture1 carpets1 c41 manufactured in ,prussia1 partly of linen1 and partly of double cotton warps with mohair yarn weft4 7,simmonds' ,commercial ,dict47 ,velours d',utrecht4 ,a woollen velvet1 for tapestry1 c41 made in the ,netherlands4 ,veloute1 ,fr4 ,velvet lace4 ,velum1 ,r4 7#a7 ,a general term for any kind of sail1 esp4 the square mainsail of a ship in contradistinction to the other sails4 7#b7 ,the curtain or drop-scene of a theatre4 7#c7 ,the curtain or hanging put up as a covering in front of a door4 7#d7 ,a synonym for ,,velarium4 ,velure 7,fr4 velours74 ,velvet4 7,shakespeare47 ,velvet 7,ital4 velluto2 hairy or shaggy1 like an animal's skin7 was introduced into ,england in the #acth century4 ,velvet upon velvet is that where the pattern shows itself in a double pile1 one pile higher than the other4 8,purshed0 velvet was velvet raised in a network pattern4 ,velvet ,painting4 ,the art of painting on fine velvet4 ,velveteen4 ,a kind of ,,fustian4 ,venabulum1 ,r4 7venor1 to hunt74 ,a hunting-spear1 a strong staff with a broad lozenge-shaped iron head4 ,venationes4 ,hunting scenes and sports in the arena in which wild beasts were introduced fighting with each other and with men1 a common subject of representation on bas-reliefs on ancient tombs4 ,veneering is the art of covering wooden objects with a thin slice of ornamental wood1 so as to give the whole the false appearance of being made of the superior wood4 ,it is distinct from ,,marquetry or ,,inlaid-,,work 7q4v474 ,veneficium1 ,r4 ,the crime of poisoning2 an accusation abused by the ancient ,romans almost as that of witchcraft was in the middle ages4 ,venetian ,blinds are those made of laths strung together4 ,venetian ,chalk4 ,a white talc used for marking cloth1 c4 ,venetian ,door4 ,a door lighted by panes of glass on each side4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhb4 ,venetian point in relief1 ,english made4 ,venetian ,point4 ,the engraving represents an exquisite specimen of ,venetian point lace in relief1 shown at the ,international ,exhibition1 #ahgd1 among other wonderful reproductions of ancient needle-made lace4 7,for method of working1 see ,,needle ,,point47 ,venetian ,porcelain4 7,see ,,ecuelle47 ,venetian ,red or ,scarlet ,ochre4 ,a burnt ochre1 used as a pigment in oil and water-colours4 ,its colour is red1 alloyed with blue and yellow4 ,venetian ,window4 ,a window with three separate lights4 ,venew 7,fr4 venu74 ,a bout at a fencing-school4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhc4 ,venice1 ,doge of1 in state costume1 #afth century4 ,venice1 ,doge of4 ,the illustration represents the state costume of the ,doge of ,venice1 wearing the traditional cap of liberty1 the ermine1 and richly embroidered robes of his office4 ,venice ,turpentine4 ,a product of the larch1 used for varnishing pictures4 ,it is liable to crack4 ,venice ,white4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,barytes47 ,ventaile or ,aventail4 ,a movable front to a helmet1 through which the wearer breathed3--8qu ventus hauritur40 8,l'escu au col1 la ventaille ferme40 7,roman de ,roncevaux47 ,ventrale1 ,r4 7venter1 the belly74 ,a girdle of peculiar shape1 fastened round the loins over the abdomen4 ,vents1 ,scotch4 ,chimneys4 ,venturina1 ,sp4 ,a precious stone1 of a yellowish-brown colour4 ,hence3-- ,venturine4 ,a powder of gold used to sprinkle over japanned surfaces4 ,ver ,sacrum1 ,r4 7lit4 a holy 7or dedicated7 ,spring74 ,the dedication to sacrifice of all that is born in a certain year1 in the months of ,march and ,april1 was a common practice of the early ,italian nations1 especially of the ,sabines4 ,in the most ancient times actual infanticide was a part of this offering2 but in later years the practice was modified as regarded children4 ,they were brought up1 under a vow of dedication1 to the age of twenty-one1 and then with veiled faces expelled across the frontiers4 ,many colonies resulted from this practice4 ,vera ,icon1 ,chr4 ,the true image impressed upon the ,,sudarium 7q4v47 of ,st4 ,veronica4 ,in ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome1 in a chapel dedicated to that saint1 a painting on linen is shown as the veritable napkin of ,st4 ,veronica2 and a fine mosaic over the altar1 after a design by ,andrea ,sacchi1 represents the incident4 7,see ,,stole47 ,verandah4 ,an open portico to a house4 ,in the tropical countries the open verandah is the principal apartment of a house1 and ,society appear to the passers-by1 in their illuminated verandahs1 like the actors on the stage of a theatre4 ,verbena1 ,r4 ,sacred herbs torn up by the roots from the enclosure of the ,capitoline hill2 which the ,roman fetiales or ambassadors always carried in their hands on foreign embassies4 7,compare ,,vindici47 8,when an injury had been received from a foreign state four fetiales were deputed to seek redress1 who again elected one of their number to act as representative4 ,he was styled pater patratus populi ,romani4 ,a fillet of white wool was bound round his head1 together with a wreath of sacred herbs gathered within the enclosure of the ,capitoline hill 7verben1 ,sagmina71 whence he was called ,verbenarius40 7,dr4 ,smith47 ,verber1 ,r4 ,in a general sense1 any kind of leather thong2 as1 for instance1 the thong of a sling1 the thong of a whip for driving horses or scourging slaves1 c4 ,verde ,antico4 ,a green mottled serpentine marble1 used by ancient sculptors1 found at ,taygetos4 ,it is much valued for its beautiful markings4 ,verde ,azurro1 ,it4 7#a7 ,a native carbonate of copper1 of a greenish-blue colour2 the ,armenian stone of ,pliny4 7#b7 ,a blue-green pigment4 ,verde ,eterno4 ,a dark green pigment1 anciently used by the ,venetian painters4 ,verdigris4 ,a bright acetate of copper1 used as a green pigment4 ,verditer 7,blue and ,green74 ,a hydrated percarbonate of copper4 ,it is generally prepared by decomposing the solution of nitrate of copper1 by the addition of chalk4 ,the refined blue and green verditers1 see ,,carbonates ,,of ,,copper 7,mountain blue74 ,the verditer known as ,bremen ,green is produced by subjecting copper to the action of sea salt and vitriol for three months4 7,cf4 ,,chrysocolla47 ,veretonus1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,the ,,vireton 7q4v474 ,verge1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a rod4 ,in ,medival ,architecture the shaft of a column4 ,verge ,board1 ,arch4 ,the external gable-board of a house1 which is often elaborately ornamented with carvings4 7,see ,,barge-,,board47 ,vergers 7,fr4 verge1 a staff74 ,officers who carry a rod or staff of office4 ,in the law courts a white wand1 before the judges2 in cathedrals1 c41 a rod tipped with silver4 ,verguilla1 ,sp4 ,gold or silver wire1 without silk4 ,vermeil1 ,fr4 ,silver-gilt1 or gilt bronze4 ,vermiculatum4 ,a kind of pavement disposed in wreathed lines like the undulations of worms 7vermes74 7,see ,,pavimentum47 ,vermilion4 ,the minium of the ancients4 ,a bright and beautiful red colour4 ,vermilion4 ,the bisulphuret of mercury in powder1 a delicate bright red pigment which is pale or deep2 supposed to be the pigment known to the ,romans as minium4 7,cf4 ,,cinnabar1 ,,red ,,lead47 ,vernacle1 ,chr4 ,a term for the ,,vera ,,icon4 ,vernation4 ,see ,,estivation4 ,vernis-,martin ,work4 ,a ,japanese style of painting and enamelling on furniture1 carriages1 and small objects1 named after the introducer1 who was born about #agjf4 ,vernon ,gallery1 founded in #ahdg by the gift of ,mr4 ,robert ,vernon of #aeg pictures of the ,british school1 is now in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 ,verona ,green4 ,a variety of ,,green ,,earth 7q4v474 7,see ,,appianum47 ,verona ,serge4 ,a thin textile fabric1 made of worsted1 or mohair1 and of cotton4 ,veronese ,green4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,copper47 ,veronica4 7,see ,,vera ,,icon47 ,vert1 ,her4 ,green1 represented in engraving by lines sloping downwards from left to right4 ,vert bleu1 ,fr4 7,see ,,verde ,,azurro47 ,verticillus1 ,r4 7verto1 to turn74 ,the whorl of a spindle1 a small disk of wood1 stone1 or metal1 by means of which a rotary movement is given to the spindle4 7,cf4 ,,turbo47 ,veru1 ,r4 ,literally1 a roasting-spit made of wood and with an iron point4 ,the term was also applied to a weapon of ,samnite origin used by the ,roman infantry1 and bearing much resemblance to a spit4 7#b7 ,an arrow or dart4 7,fr4 vire47 ,veruculum1 ,r4 7dimin4 of veru74 ,a small javelin used by the ,roman infantry4 ,vervels1 ,varvals1 ,her4 ,small rings4 ,vesara1 ,hind4 ,a ,hindoo temple built on a circular plan4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhd4 ,vesica ,piscis4 ,vesica ,piscis 7in ,italian1 mandorla1 almond74 ,the oblong glory surrounding the whole person of ,our ,lord1 or the ,virgin1 or saints ascending into heaven4 ,the seals of abbeys1 colleges1 and other religious establishments were all of this form4 7,see ,fig4 #fhd47 ,it is in form symbolical of the monogram 4 7see ,,acrostic47 ,vesp1 ,vespillones1 ,r4 ,the bearers of a bier in a funeral were so called by the common people1 because they came to fetch the bodies in the evening 7vespertino tempore74 ,vespers1 ,chr4 ,in the ,roman ,church1 the afternoon service2 in the ,english ,church1 ,evening ,prayer4 ,vessets4 ,a kind of cloth4 ,vest1 ,o4 ,e4 8,a wide garment reaching to the knees1 open before1 and turned up with a facing or lining1 the sleeves turned up at the elbows40 7,randle ,holme1 #afhc47 ,vestalia1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,festivals in honour of ,vesta4 ,asses were driven through ,rome1 carrying wreaths of flowers and rolls4 ,vestals1 ,r4 ,the priestesses of the goddess ,vesta1 to whom the charge was committed of the sacred fire4 ,they were originally four1 subsequently six in number4 ,their distinctive dress was the infula fitting close to the head1 with vitt depending1 a long tunic of white linen1 and the purple ,,toga1 or mantle1 with a long train to it4 ,vested1 ,her4 ,clothed4 ,vestibule1 ,arch4 ,an entrance-court or vacant space before the entrance to a house1 temple1 or other building4 7,see ,,domus47 ,vestment1 ,chr4 ,the hangings of an altar1 and the robes of the clergy2 the term often comprises also the sacred vessels4 ,vestry1 ,chr4 ,the modern vestiarium in a church2 called also the ,,sacristy4 ,vethym1 or ,vathym1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a fathom--six feet4 ,vettura1 ,it4 7,fr4 voiture74 ,a travelling carriage4 ,vexillatio1 ,r4 ,troops under one vexillum2 and thence the troops of the allies4 ,vexillum1 ,r4 ,a cavalry standard consisting of a square piece of woollen cloth spread upon a cross4 7,see ,,signa ,,militaria47 ,vexillum ,regale1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,the ,royal ,standard4 ,via1 ,r4 ,the high road4 ,these were so constructed by the ,romans that following generations used them without repair for more than a thousand years4 ,the earliest was the ,appian or the ,great ,south ,road from ,rome to ,brindisi1 made ,b4,c4 #cab2 the ,great ,north ,road continued through ,gaul was the ,flaminian ,road4 ,the construction of a ,roman road was the following3--between trenches thirteen to fifteen feet apart1 the gremium or foundation was made firm1 if necessary1 in a marsh1 with piles2 this was covered with large stones of a regulated size1 such as ,london streets were formerly paved with 7statumen71 and this with macadamized stones cemented with lime 7rudus71 rammed down hard1 and nine inches thick2 then came small shards of pottery1 six inches thick1 also cemented with lime 7nucleus71 and over this the pavement of large blocks of the hardest stone 7see ,,silex71 irregular1 but fitted and joined with the greatest nicety1 and perfectly smoothed with a slope for drainage4 ,viaticum1 ,r4 ,a provision for a journey4 ,adopted by the ,christian ,church in reference to the last offices of religion to the dying1 with the obvious symbolical significance4 ,vibia1 ,r4 ,a cross-bar and uprights forming a trestle4 ,vibrella1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a cannon4 ,vices4 ,the seven ,,vices commonly met with in ,christian allegory are3 ,anger1 ,avarice1 ,envy1 ,lust1 ,pride1 ,revenge1 and ,sloth4 ,vicessis1 ,r4 ,twenty pounds weight #adihg lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,victima1 ,r4 ,the animals used for sacrifices were mostly domestic2 as bulls1 sheep1 goats1 pigs1 dogs1 or horses2 each god had his favourite animals4 ,the head of the victim was generally strewed with roasted barley meal1 mixed with salt1 and adorned with garlands1 and sometimes its horns were gilt4 ,a bunch of hair was cut from its forehead and thrown into the fire as primati4 ,it was killed by a person called the popa1 not by the priests2 and part of the intestines were burned1 or to river-gods1 thrown into the river1 c4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhe4 ,victoria ,cross4 ,victoria ,cross is of bronze1 and was instituted by the ,queen in #ahef to render honour to 8conspicuous bravery0 in actual conflict by sea or land4 ,it is worn on the left breast attached to a blue ribbon for the ,navy1 and a red for the ,army4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhf4 ,victoriatus1 ,r4 ,a silver coin stamped with a figure of ,victory1 while its obverse represented a bearded ,jupiter4 7,fig4 #fhf47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhg4 ,victory4 ,device of ,martin1 ,king of ,aragon4 ,victory is represented by the ancients winged1 and bearing a palm branch and a laurel crown4 ,fig4 #fhg is the beautiful device adopted by ,martin1 ,king of ,aragon1 in #acif1 with the motto1 8,not in the ,darkness40 ,vicuna4 ,a kind of alpaca wool4 ,vicus1 ,r4 7,gr4 74 ,a quarter in a city4 ,vidrecome1 ,fr4 ,a large drinking-glass4 ,vielle1 ,fr4 ,the 8hurdy-gurdy10 an ancient stringed instrument played with finger-keys1 and producing sound by the friction of a wheel instead of a fiddle-bow4 ,vienna ,lake4 7,see ,,carminated ,,lakes47 ,vienna ,white4 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead47 ,vigessis1 ,r4 7,see ,,vicessis47 ,vignette 7,fr4 a little vine74 ,a small woodcut or illustration on a page4 ,in ,architecture1 a running ornament of leaves and tendrils1 common in the hollow mouldings of ,gothic ,architecture2 especially in the ,decorated and ,perpendicular styles4 7,parker47 ,vihuela4 ,a musical instrument1 represented in the celebrated ,portico della ,gloria of ,santiago da ,compostella1 in ,spain4 ,it closely resembles the ,,rebec 7q4v474 ,villa1 ,r4 ,a ,roman farmstead or country house4 ,it was divided into three distinct parts3 the urbana1 or house of the owner2 the rustica1 or farm building in which the slaves and animals lived2 and the fructuaria or magazine for storing the produce4 ,villicus1 ,r4 ,a gardener4 7,see ,,hortus47 ,vimana1 ,hind4 ,a ,hindoo temple consisting merely of a building in the form of a pyramid1 allowing of several stories which recede one above the other4 ,vimanas are divided into five groups3 the medium vimana1 called santiaca2 the victorious 7pantica71 the enormous 7jayada71 the admirable 7atb' huta71 and the amiable 7sarvacama74 ,vina1 ,hind4 ,a kind of ,hindoo lyre furnished with a small number of strings4 ,vinalia4 ,roman festivals of two kinds--urban and rustic4 ,the former were kept on #bcrd ,april1 when the wine of the previous year was first broached2 the rustic on #aith ,august1 when the vintage opened by the priest solemnly plucking the first bunch of grapes1 after a sacrifice of lambs to ,jupiter4 ,vinatico4 ,a coarse mahogany wood1 obtained in ,madeira1 from ,persea ,indica4 ,vinculum1 ,r4 7vincio1 to bind74 ,a general term to denote anything that binds1 fastens1 or clasps2 such as a string1 lace1 ribbon1 chaplet1 or garland1 strap1 dog or slave-collar1 manacles1 fetters4 7,see ,,amentum1 ,,collare1 ,,compes1 ,,corona1 c47 ,vindici 7vindico1 to claim74 ,a fragment of any property under dispute which1 under the old ,roman jurisprudence1 the plaintiff was compelled to bring before the court and to place beneath his foot while stating his case2 if the property in question were a flock1 the vindici consisted of a tuft of wool2 if an estate or field1 of a clod or turf taken from the said estate or field4 ,vindicta1 ,r4 7vindico1 to deliver74 ,the rod with which the prtor or his lictor struck a slave on the head in the ceremony of manumissio1 by way of declaration that he was free4 7,see ,,festuca47 ,vine4 7,see ,,vitis47 ,vine ,black4 ,ink used in copper-plate printing2 prepared from the charred husks of grapes and the residue of the vine press4 ,vinea1 ,r4 7lit4 a bower of vine-branches74 ,the vine1 also called under the emperors causi1 were a kind of mantelets or sheds employed in siege operations1 made of light timbers covered with planks and the skins of animals4 ,vinum ,saccatum4 7,see ,,collum ,,vinarium47 ,viol4 7,see ,,fiddle47 ,viola or ,alto-viola4 ,a tenor violin2 tuned an octave above the violoncello4 ,it is larger than the ordinary violin and has four gut strings1 of which the third and fourth are covered with silver-plated copper wire4 ,its name in the ancient 8set of viols0 was viola di braccio4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fhi4 ,viola da ,gamba4 ,viola da ,gamba4 ,an instrument closely resembling the modern violoncello4 7,see ,fig4 #fhi47 ,viola d',amore1 ,it4 ,an obsolete species of violin producing a very sweet and peculiar tone by an arrangement of metal wires vibrating in unison with the gut strings4 ,violet is a combination of equal red and blue4 ,it is complementary to yellow4 ,in ,christian art1 the colour violet or the amethyst1 signified love and truth1 or passion and suffering4 ,violet ,wood4 ,a turnery wood of ,guiana1 the produce of ,andira violacea4 ,violin4 ,this instrument has three gut strings1 and a fourth of silver wire4 ,the back1 neck1 sides1 and circles are generally made of sycamore2 the belly1 bass-bar1 sound-post1 and six blocks1 of deal2 the finger-board and tail-piece of ebony4 ,the ,hindus claim the invention of the bow1 for a period about #cjjj years ,b4,c4 7,see ,,fiddle47 ,violoncello4 ,a large and deep-toned instrument of the viol kind1 the two lowest strings being covered with silver wire4 ,violone1 ,it4 ,contre-basso or double bass2 the largest instrument of the violin kind4 ,virago ,sleeves4 ,a fashion of ladies' dress in the reign of ,charles ,i41 perpetuated in the bishop's sleeves4 ,vire1 ,fr4 ,a barbed arrow1 used with the early cross-bow4 ,vireton1 ,it4 ,a peculiar form of arrow1 the feathers in which are spirally arranged to produce a spinning movement in its flight4 ,virga1 ,r4 ,a general term for any kind of rod or wand2 as1 for instance1 a riding-whip2 a switch for chastising children or slaves2 a very slight stick carried by a lictor to aid him in opening a way through the crowd for the magistrate before whom he walked4 ,virgatus1 ,r4 ,striped2 a term applied to cloth or drapery ornamented with bands 7virg71 or to anything plaited with twigs of osier1 such as a basket4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fij4 ,virginal4 #afth century4 ,virginal4 ,a musical instrument which originated in the middle ages4 ,a specimen of the time of ,elizabeth1 in the form of a miniature pianoforte1 is in the ,south ,kensington ,museum4 7,fig4 #fij47 ,it was followed by the ,,spinet 7q4v474 ,virgins are usually represented soberly robed with long hair streaming down their backs4 ,the parable of the wise and foolish virgins is a very common subject of medival sculpture and church decoration4 ,viria1 ,r4 ,a very ancient term replaced by ,,armilla 7q v474 ,viridarium1 ,r4 ,an ornamental garden4 7,see ,,hortus47 ,virtu1 ,fr4 ,the quality of rareness1 or art excellence sought in the selection of specimens of art-work by a ,virtuoso4 ,virtues4 ,a degree of the second order of ,,angels4 ,they are usually represented in complete armour bearing pennons and battle-axes4 ,the ,cardinal virtues are3 ,power1 ,prudence1 ,temperance1 and ,justice2 and the ,theological virtues are3 ,faith1 ,hope1 and ,charity4 ,there are innumerable other virtues variously represented in ,christian allegory1 opposed to corresponding ,,vices4 ,virtuoso1 ,it4 ,a man skilled in the selection of specimens of art-work4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fia4 ,viscount's ,coronet4 ,viscount 7vice-comes74 ,the fourth degree of rank and dignity in the ,british peerage4 ,originally an earl's deputy in his county1 made an arbitrary title of honour1 next in rank to an earl1 by ,henry ,,vi4 in #addj4 ,a viscount's mantle is two doublings and a half of plain fur4 ,his coronet1 granted by ,james ,i41 has only a row of sixteen pearls set close to the circlet4 ,vise1 ,arch4 ,a spiral staircase4 7,see ,,newel47 8,vyce1 a tourning stayre1 vis40 7,palsgrave47 ,visitation1 ,chr4 7,it4 ,la visitazione2 ,german1 die ,heimsuchung ,mari74 ,a frequent theme of ,christian art1 representing the meeting of the ,virgin ,mary and ,elizabeth1 the mother of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 7,consult ,mrs4 ,jameson's ,legends of the ,madonna47 ,visor4 ,the part of a helmet made to cover the face4 7,see ,,umbril47 ,vitis1 ,vine1 ,r4 and ,chr4 ,a vine or vine-branch with which a centurion punished any soldier who had neglected his duty4 ,in ,christian symbolism1 the vine-stock with clusters of grapes is an emblem of the ,church4 ,representations of it are frequently met with on monuments of ,christian art4 ,vitreous ,wares4 ,wares having a glassy surface4 7,see ,,pottery47 ,vitro di ,trino 7,ital474 ,an ornamental glass-work invented by the ,venetians in the #aeth century1 consisting of a sort of lace-work of white enamel or transparent glass1 forming a series of diamond-shaped sections2 in the centre of each an air-bubble was allowed to remain as a decoration4 7,fairholt47 ,vitrum1 ,r4 ,,glass 7q4v474 ,vitruvian ,scroll1 ,arch4 ,a name given to a peculiar pattern of scroll-work1 consisting of convolved undulations1 used in classical architecture4 7,parker47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fic4 ,vitta4 ,vitta1 ,r4 ,a ribbon or band worn round the head by ,roman women of free birth to confine their hair4 ,vitta sacra was a long ribbon confining the flocks of wool which formed an infula1 and worn by the priests or the victim destined for sacrifice4 ,the term was further applied to the ribbon which passed round garlands or festoons of leaves and fruits1 and thence to any ribbon employed in the decoration of an architectural motive1 such as tori for instance1 as shown in ,fig4 #fic4 ,vittatus1 ,r4 ,adorned with the vitta2 a term applied to women1 victims1 and certain architectural ornaments4 ,vivarium1 ,r4 7vivum1 a living thing74 ,a general term for any kind of place in which live animals are kept2 such as aviaries1 warrens1 fish-ponds1 game preserves1 c4 ,vivianite4 ,a blue phosphate of iron1 occasionally used as a pigment4 ,vizard4 ,a mask for the face4 8,on with this robe of mine1 ,this vizard and this cap60 7,old ,play47 ,vizor4 7,see ,,visor47 ,voided1 ,her4 ,having the central area removed4 ,volant1 ,her4 ,flying4 ,volante ,piece4 ,a piece of jousting-armour fastened to the ,,grand-,,garde above it1 protecting the neck and breast4 ,volets1 ,fr4 7#a7 ,the side wings of a ,,triptych4 7#b7 ,a gauze veil worn at the back of the head1 by ladies1 in the ,middle ,ages4 7,see ,fig4 #gjd47 ,volumen1 ,r4 7volvo1 to roll74 ,a very long1 narrow sheet made of strips of papyrus glued together4 ,this sheet was gradually rolled round a wooden cylinder as the reader perused what was written on it1 an operation expressed by the term evolvere volumen4 ,when a work was of considerable length1 each book or chapter was rolled round a separate stick or wooden cylinder1 so that a single volume 7volumen7 consisted of a large number of rolls4 ,volupere1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a woman's cap or nightcap4 8,the tapes of her white volupere40 7,chaucer1 ,the ,miller's ,tale47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fid4 ,ionic ,volute4 ,volute1 ,arch4 7volvo1 to roll74 7#a7 ,the spiral scroll peculiarly distinguishing the capital in the ,ionic order4 7,fig4 #fid47 7#b7 ,the small volutes of the ,corinthian capital which are placed at the four angles of the abacus2 they are called helices majores1 while the volutes beneath the cinque-foils are called helices minores4 7,see ,,helix47 ,vomer1 ,vomis1 ,r4 ,a plough-share2 it resembled almost exactly our modern ones4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fie4 ,vomitorium4 ,vomitoria1 ,r4 7vomo1 to discharge74 ,doors in a theatre or amphitheatre opening on the corridors of the building1 or on to the scal leading into the cavea4 ,fig4 #fie represents a vomitorium 7restored7 in the ,coliseum or ,flavian amphitheatre1 at ,rome4 ,votive ,tablets4 ,sculptured representations of parts of the body affected with disease1 offered to the gods1 either in gratitude or propitiation4 ,the superstition introduced by the ancient ,egyptians has survived all religious revolutions1 and survives in ,roman ,catholic countries at the present day4 ,wilkinson says3-- 8,after the cure of a disease was effected they 7the ancient ,egyptians7 frequently suspended a model of the restored part in the temple of the god whose interposition they had invoked1 precisely in the same manner as in the sheikh's tombs in modern ,egypt1 and in the ,roman ,catholic chapels of ,italy and other countries1 consecrated to the ,virgin or a saint2 and ears1 eyes1 distorted arms and other members were dedicated as memorials of their gratitude and superstition40 7,ancient ,egyptians47 ,voulge4 7,see ,,langue-,,de-,b,,uf47 ,voussoir1 ,arch4 ,a ,french term for the wedge-shaped stones 7ring-stones7 of which an arch is composed4 ,vulcanalia4 ,roman festivals to ,vulcan1 celebrated with games in the ,flaminian circus on the #bcrd ,august4 ,the sacrifices were of fishes1 which the people threw into the fire2 and it was the custom to commence the work of the day by candle-light1 in honour of the god of fire4 ,vulned1 ,her4 ,wounded or bleeding4 ,the pelican in its piety 7,fig4 #eca7 is described as vulning herself4 ,vulture1 ,egyp4 ,among the ,egyptians1 the vulture is the symbol of maternity1 and accordingly a representation of it served to write the word mother1 and the name of the goddess ,,maut4 ,vulture ,feathers4 ,largely used for making artificial flowers2 the feathers of species of accipitres imported from ,bombay4 ,vulturius1 ,vulture1 ,r4 ,a throw at dice4 ,it is not known how many points made up a vulture1 but it is clear from certain authors that it was a bad throw1 although not so bad as the canis or dog4 ,vuyders or ,guiders4 ,straps to draw together the parts of armour4 ,w4 ,this initial interchanges frequently with gu3--as ward1 guard2 wicket1 guichet1 c4 ,wafters1 ,o4 ,e4 ,blunted swords for exercise4 ,wain1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a wagon4 ,wainscot1 ,arch1 7from the ,german ,wand-,schotten1 wall-covering71 wooden panelling used to line the inner walls4 ,waist4 ,the central part of the upper deck of a ship1 between the fore and main masts4 ,wait4 ,an old ,english wind instrument resembling the ,,shawm 7q4v474 ,it was used by the watchmen or waights1 to proclaim the time of night4 ,waka-tana4 ,the war canoe of ,new ,zealand2 some of these are fifty feet long1 by four feet beam1 with a high stern-post4 ,this and the carved prow are both richly decorated with a profusion of feathers4 7,simmonds47 ,wakes 7,a4,s4 wcan74 ,originally vigils or eves of ,saints' days4 ,the late-wake of the ,highlanders2 the lyke-wake of the early ,english1 and the wake of the ,irish are the remains of the ancient northern custom of watching the body of a deceased friend before burial4 7,consult ,brand's ,popular ,antiquities47 ,wales4 ,the strong side planks of the body of a ship1 running fore and aft4 ,walking-sticks4 7,see ,,bourdon47 7,see also ,fig4 #ia47 ,fairholt 7,costume in ,england7 gives the following quotation from an inventory of ,greenwich ,palace1 temp4 ,henry ,,viii4 8,a cane1 garnished with sylver and gilte1 with astronomie upon it4 ,a cane1 garnished with golde1 having a perfume in the toppe1 under that a diall1 with a pair of twitchers1 and a pair of compasses of golde1 and a foot rule of golde1 a knife and a file the haft of golde1 with a whetstone tipped with golde40 ,under ,charles ,,ii4 bunches of ribands on the tops of canes were fashionable4 ,wall ,painting4 ,the ,,greek temples were brilliantly decorated with painting and gilding internally4 8,the method has been investigated and is described to be the colouring of the body of the wall of a pale yellow or golden colour1 the triglyphs and mutules blue1 the metopes and the tympanum red1 and some other portions of the building green1 and varying these tints or using them of greater or less intensity as the judgment of the artist dictated40 7,hittorf1 ,essay on the ,polychromy of ,greek ,architecture47 ,the colouring of the ,,egyptian bas-reliefs is familiar4 ,the buildings of ,,herculaneum and ,,pompeii were decorated with frescoes and mosaics1 in the ,augustan age of ,roman art4 ,in the ,middle ,ages the custom was continued of decorating with colour the architecture of sacred edifices2 and many old palaces and mansions in ,england show relics of the practice of decorating the walls with tempera1 especially under ,henry ,,iii4 7,see ,,frescoes1 ,,stereochromy1 ,,water-,,work1 c47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fif4 ,wallet--,badge of the ,gueux4 ,wallet4 ,the badge of the ,gueux2 two hands clasped through the handles of a beggar's wallet4 7,see ,,gueux47 ,wall-plates1 in building4 ,horizontal timbers1 called plates1 properly those at the top of a building under the roof4 ,walled1 ,muraille1 ,her4 ,made to represent brick or stone-work4 ,walling ,wax4 ,the composition with which etchers make a wall round the plate upon which they are proceeding to pour the acid4 7,see ,,engraving47 ,walnut1 ,chr4 ,in ,christian iconography the walnut is the symbol of perfection4 7,see ,,nut47 ,walnut ,oil4 7,see ,,nut ,,oil47 ,wambais 7,saxon wambe1 the belly74 ,a stuffing of wool in the quilted tunic or ,,gambeson4 ,the best illustration is the conventional figure of ,punch4 ,wampum1 ,north ,american ,indian4 ,strings of shells worn as belts and used for money4 ,wang1 ,chinese4 ,yellow4 ,the sacred colour4 ,wapentake1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a hundred1 or district4 ,the term is derived from weapon-taking 7or counting74 ,wapinshaw1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a review of weapons4 8,et fiat visus armorum1 quod dicitur ,wapinschaw40 7,scotch ,statute47 ,wappenrock1 ,germ4 ,a military cloak1 with armorial charges4 7,see ,,tabard47 ,ward1 of a castle4 ,the ,,bailey or courtyard4 7,see ,,ballium47 ,warnbrace4 7,see ,,vaunt-,,brace47 ,wassail or ,wassel1 ,o4 ,e4 7,saxon waes hael1 8to your health4071 7#a7 ,a drinking-bout generally4 7#b7 ,a drink made of roasted apples4 ,watchet1 ,o4 ,e4 ,pale blue4 8,the saphyre stone is of a watchet blue40 7,barnfield's ,affectionate ,shepherd1 #aeid47 ,water1 of a diamond2 its lustre4 ,water-colour ,painting was gradually raised from the hard dry style of the last century to its present brilliancy1 by the efforts of ,nicholson1 ,copley ,fielding1 ,sandby1 ,varley1 the great ,turner1 ,pyne1 ,cattermole1 ,prout1 c41 within the present century4 ,the ,water ,colour ,society's ,exhibition was begun in #ahje4 7,haydn's ,dict4 of ,dates47 ,water-,colours4 ,the principal are lemon yellow1 gamboge1 ,indian yellow1 yellow ochre1 chrome1 vermilion1 light red1 ,indian red1 rose madder1 carmine1 purple madder1 ,vandyke-brown1 sepia1 brown pink1 sap-green1 emerald green1 indigo1 ultramarine1 smalt1 and cobalt4 ,water-gilding4 ,gilding with a thin coat of amalgam4 ,water-mark1 on paper4 ,a device resembling a transparency in the texture1 which is printed during the process of manufacture1 by means of wire or brass plates on the mould of the paper machine4 ,water-scape4 ,a fanciful term sometimes used to distinguish a sea view from a landscape4 ,water-table1 ,arch4 ,a horizontal set-off in a wall1 sloped to throw off the wet4 ,water-work1 ,o4 ,e4 ,wall painting in distemper4 8,a pretty slight drollery1 or the ,german hunting in waterwork1 is worth a thousand of these bed-hangings1 and these fly-bitten tapestries40 7,shakespeare47 ,watered 7silk7 having a shaded or diversified surface2 produced by placing two pieces of silk lengthways between metallic rollers1 where they are subjected to different degrees of pressure4 ,watteau ,pictures4 ,idyllic scenes of imaginary ,arcadian enjoyment1 and a certain fanciful style of costume characteristic of ,watteau's pictures1 called in ,french 8scnes de la vie galante40 ,wattle4 ,an ,australian name for various woods of the ,acacia species4 ,wattled1 ,her4 ,having a comb and gills1 as a cock4 ,wayn-cloutt1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a waggon-cloth4 ,wax4 ,bleached bees'-wax is the vehicle in encaustic painting4 ,wax painting4 7,see ,,encaustic ,,painting47 ,weathercock4 7,see ,,fane47 ,weathering1 ,arch4 ,the slope of flat surfaces1 for drainage4 ,webbing ,tape4 ,a kind of broad tape4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fig4 ,wedgwood ,vase4 ,wedgwood ,ware4 ,the manufacture of ,josiah ,wedgwood begun in #agei1 at ,etruria1 in ,staffordshire4 ,a fine white1 cream-coloured ware1 having a clear and hard body1 with more compact glaze and more perfect substance than the majolica4 ,many of the groups on ,wedgwood vases and plaques were designed by ,flaxman4 7,fig4 #fig47 ,weepers1 ,o4 ,e4 ,statues in niches round tombs1 representing the mourners4 ,welding4 ,the union of two pieces of metal together1 by heat and pressure4 ,welkin4 ,the sky2 hence welkin eyes1 blue eyes4 7,shakspeare47 ,well-staircase4 ,a spiral staircase4 7,see ,,newel47 ,welsh ,hook4 ,a medival weapon1 a kind of bill with a hook at the back1 used to drag a horse-soldier from his saddle4 ,welt4 ,a joint or fold in a texture4 ,the term is variously explained as synonymous with guard1 a facing to a gown2 or purfles1 i4 e4 fringes4 7,consult ,fairholt1 s4v47 ,welted ,brocades and ,quilts4 ,articles with folds in the texture2 lined and ribbed4 ,weued1 ,a4,s4 ,the altar4 8,in chvrche to vore the heye weued ,constantyn hym sleu40 7,robert of ,gloucester47 ,whalebone is the commercial name for the baleen plates found in the mouth of the whale1 of which there are about #cjj in each animal4 ,what-not4 ,a modern piece of furniture1 a light side-board or stand4 ,wheel4 ,in ,christian art1 the attribute of ,st4 ,catherine1 in allusion to the manner of her martyrdom4 ,wheel1 ,catherine ,wheel4 ,represented in heraldry with curved spikes projecting from its rim4 ,wheel ,engraving upon ,glass4 7,see ,,glass47 ,wheel-lock4 ,a crude invention in gunnery1 of the #afth century1 for winding up the trigger of a gun with a hand-winch4 ,whinyard1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a sword4 ,whipping-tops are represented in ,anglo-,saxon manuscripts2 the thongs of the whips are knotted1 which would add to the difficulty of the game4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fih4 ,falling 8,whisk40 ,whisk1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a ruff or band4 8,a woman's nec whisk is used both plain and laced1 and is called of most a gorget or falling whisk1 because it falleth about the shoulders40 7,randle ,holme47 ,whisket1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a basket4 ,s4 ,whistle4 ,prehistoric specimens of whistles made of bones have been disinterred among relics of the ,stone ,age4 ,the ,mexicans in antiquity made curiously grotesque whistles of baked clay representing caricatures of the human face and figure1 birds1 beasts1 and flowers4 7,consult ,musical ,instruments by ,carl ,engel47 ,white1 in ,christian art represented by the diamond or silver1 was the emblem of light1 religious purity1 innocence1 virginity1 faith1 joy1 and life4 7,j47 ,white is in theory the result of the union of the three primary colours4 ,the principal white pigments are white lead1 ,lake white1 ,krems white1 zinc white1 constant white 7q4v474 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead1 ,,oxide ,,of ,,zinc1 c47 ,white ,copper4 ,german silver4 ,white ,lead is the white pigment universally used for oil painting2 it is considered a good dryer1 and is used to render oil more drying4 7,consult ,merrifield's ,treatise1 c41 vol4 i4 cl474 7,see ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead47 ,white ,vitriol4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,zinc 7q4v474 ,whiting1 as used for wall painting1 c41 is pure chalk1 cleansed and ground with water4 ,whittle1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a pocket clasp knife4 7,shakspeare47 ,whole and ,halves4 ,proportional compasses used for the enlargement or reduction of drawings4 ,whorler4 ,the wheel of a potter's lathe4 ,wicker-work4 ,texture of osiers1 or small twigs2 basket-work4 ,wicket 7,fr4 ,guichet74 ,a small door perforated in a larger one4 ,wigs 7contraction of ,periwigs1 from ,fr4 perruque7 were brought in from ,france in the #afth century4 ,they took their greatest proportions in the time of ,louis ,,xiv4 ,in the early #ahth century also they are described as of immense size1 8large enough to have loaded a camel40 ,and of this date is the celebrated wig-maker's sign1 in which ,absalom was represented hanging by the hair in a tree1 and ,king ,david weeping beneath1 exclaiming1-- 8,o ,absalom6 ,o ,absalom6 ,o ,absalom1 my son6 ,if thou hadst worn a periwig ,thou hadst not been undone40 ,smaller varieties were called perukes or travelling-wigs2 and the campaign wig1 which 8hath knots or bobs1 a dildo on each side with a curled forehead40 ,these dildos or pole-locks were the origin of the pigtail4 7,see ,,hair47 ,wilton ,carpets are a kind of ,brussels carpeting1 with the yarns cut4 ,wimple1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a nun's hood1 covering the neck and shoulders1 adopted by ladies in general1 temp4 ,henry ,,vii4 ,winchester ,bushel4 ,an ancient standard measure of capacity preserved in the ,town ,hall at ,winchester4 ,it dates from the reign of ,king ,edgar4 ,it is #ah inches wide1 and #h inches deep4 ,windows4 ,the earliest of stained glass in ,italy were painted by order of ,pope ,leo ,,iii41 at ,rome1 in #gie4 ,the windows of some churches were closed with valves or shutters of stone1 like those of the ,duomo of ,torcello1 erected in #ajjh4 ,others were filled with slabs of transparent talc or alabaster4 ,the earliest painted glass in ,york ,cathedral is of ,a4 ,d4 #abjj4 ,the use of glass windows in private houses was not general until the #adth century4 ,during the ,middle ,ages glass windows were in movable wooden frames1 and were taken away by families when they travelled4 7,consult ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 vol4 iii47 ,substitutes for glass were thin parchment or linen1 painted and varnished1 or even paper4 7,le ,vieil1 de la ,peinture sur ,verre47 ,these paper windows may still be seen in villages in the north of ,italy4 ,winds 7,latin1 ,venti74 ,the impersonations of the winds were held in high veneration1 especially by the ,athenians4 ,the four principal were ,eurus or ,vulturnus1 the east or south-east wind2 ,auster1 the south wind1 the ,notus of the ,greeks1 pernicious to plants and men2 ,zephyrus1 the son of ,aurora and father of ,carpus 7fruit71 a genial1 health-bearing breeze1 called also 1 life-bearing2 and ,boreas1 the strong north wind1 usually represented with the feet of a serpent1 his wings dripping with golden dewdrops1 and the train of his garment sweeping along the ground4 ,inferior winds were ,solanus1 in ,greek ,apeliotes1 answering to the east1 and represented as a young man holding fruit in his lap2 ,africus1 south-west1 represented with black wings and melancholy countenance2 ,corus1 north-west1 drives clouds of snow before him2 ,aquilo1 north-east by north1 equally dreadful in appearance1 from aquila1 an eagle1 type of swiftness and impetuosity4 ,windsor ,chairs4 ,a plain kind of strong wooden chairs1 so called4 ,wings1 from time immemorial1 have been the ,oriental and ,egyptian symbol of power as well as of swiftness2 of the spiritual and aerial1 in contradistinction to the human and the earthly2 also in ,chaldaic and ,babylonian remains1 in the ,lycian and ,nineveh marbles1 and on the gems and other relics of the ,gnostics4 ,in ,etruscan art all their divinities are winged4 ,wings1 in theatres4 ,the shifting side-scenes on the stage4 ,in costume1 the projections on the shoulders of a doublet4 7,see ,fig4 #ia47 ,wise ,men1 ,chr4 ,the ,,magi4 7,see ,,epiphany47 ,wisp1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a broom4 ,woad4 ,a dye plant--,isatis tinctoria4 ,wolf4 ,in ,egypt was worshipped at ,lycopolis2 it figures frequently among hieroglyphic signs4 ,the ,greeks had consecrated the wolf to ,apollo1 the ,romans to ,mars4 ,in ,christian 7especially ,spanish7 art1 an attribute of ,st4 ,vincent1 in allusion to the legend that wild beasts were driven away from his body after his martyrdom1 by a raven4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #fii4 ,carved-wood mirror frame1 belonging to ,lord ,stafford at ,costessy4 ,wood-carving4 ,one of the most ancient manifestations of the art instinct of humanity is found in the very earliest relics of every nation4 ,especially in ,egypt specimens remarkable for fidelity of representation have been recently disinterred1 and stand in the ,boulac ,museum4 ,among ,christian countries ,germany is the most distinguished in this branch of art1 but ,holland and ,belgium closely rival it in excellence and abundance of early specimens4 ,illustrious ,english carvers in wood were mostly of ,dutch or ,german extraction4 ,the most famous of them is ,grinling ,gibbons1 employed by ,sir ,christopher ,wren in the decoration of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 ,he excelled in carving flowers and foliage4 ,wood-engraving or ,xylography4 ,box-wood is the only kind that can be used4 ,the blocks when smoothed and polished are prepared for drawing on1 by rubbing the polished surface with bath brick in very fine powder mixed with water4 ,when this thin coating is dry1 it is removed by rubbing the block on the palm of the hand2 its only use is to make the surface less slippery4 ,there are four descriptions of cutting tools used in wood-engraving4 ,the graver is not very different from that used for copper-plate1 but has the point ground to a peculiar form by rubbing on a ,turkey stone4 ,eight or nine gravers1 of different sizes1 are generally required commencing with a very fine one1 which is called the outline tool1 and increasing in size or breadth4 ,tinting is cutting series of parallel lines1 which1 when engraved1 form an even and uniform tint4 ,for this process there is a distinct set of tools called tinting tools4 ,gouges of different sizes are used for scooping out the wood towards the centre of the block1 and flat tools or chisels for cutting it away towards the edges4 ,the earliest known wood-engraving1 8,the ,virgin surrounded by four ,saints10 is dated #adah4 ,a print of it is in the ,brussels ,museum4 ,wood-skin4 ,an ,american name for a large canoe made of bark4 ,woof4 ,the weft1 or cross-texture of fabrics4 ,woolsack4 ,the seat of the ,lord ,chancellor1 in the ,house of ,lords4 ,working ,drawings 7,arch47 are enlarged portions of plans with details of a building1 for the practical artificers to work from4 ,worsted 7properly ,worstead1 spelt also 8worsett0 and 8woryst07 was the name given to the cloth woven of the hard thread produced by the peculiar carding process that was invented at ,worstead in ,norfolk2 #adth century4 ,wou or ,wouwou1 ,egyp4 ,the ,egyptian name for the dog2 it is evidently an onomatopia1 like the name for a cat1 which is written ,,maaou4 7,see ,,canis47 ,wreath4 ,wreaths have at all times been prominent among symbolical personal ornaments2 always with an honourable or pleasant signification2 wreaths of ivy distinguished the votaries of ,bacchus2 appropriate wreaths were invented for sacrifices at the altar for heroic or priestly or literary distinction4 7,see ,,orle1 ,,crest1 ,,wreath1 c47 ,wrest1 ,o4 ,e4 ,an instrument for drawing up the strings of a harp4 7,shakespeare47 ,wyn1 ,o4 ,e4 ,a narrow flag4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjj4 ,wyvern4 ,wyvern1 ,wivern1 ,her4 ,a fabulous creature1 a species of dragon with two legs1 and represented having its tail nowed4 7,fig4 #gjj47 ,x4 7,the syllable - in ,greek is generally rendered ,syn1 q4v47 ,x4 ,the ,roman numeral for ten4 ,xanthian ,marbles4 ,sculptures found in #ahch at ,xanthus1 in ancient ,lycia1 now in the ,british ,museum4 ,the figures are ,assyrian in character1 and of a date not later than #ejj ,b4,c4 ,besides the so called ,harpy tomb 7see ,,harpies71 there are sieges1 processions1 and many figures1 in the energetic action so remarkable in the ,nineveh sculptures4 ,most of the figures are in profile2 but the eyes1 like those of ,egyptian sculptures1 are shown in full4 ,xebec4 ,a small lateen-rigged three-masted vessel1 common in the ,mediterranean4 ,xenagia1 ,gr4 774 ,a subdivision of the ,greek army consisting of #bef men1 and subdivided into four tetrarchies1 commanded by the ,xenagos1 an officer appointed by the ,spartans1 who had the control of the armies of the ,greek states4 ,xenia1 ,gr4 71 lit4 friendly gifts74 7#a7 ,delicacies1 dainties1 or pastry which were sent to one another by the ,greeks and ,romans as a pledge of friendship1 chiefly during the ,saturnalia4 7#b7 ,decorations to the walls of guest-chambers consisting of paintings of still life representing game1 fruits1 fish1 and flowers4 ,xenodochium1 ,r4 7-74 ,a low ,latin term for a hospice intended for the reception of pilgrims and sick persons4 ,childebert founded a xenodochium at ,lyons in the #fth century4 ,xerophagia1 ,chr4 7-74 ,a six days' fast throughout ,holy ,week1 during which the ,christians of the primitive ,church ate only bread with a little salt1 and drank nothing but water4 ,xestes1 ,gr4 7,lat4 ,sextarius74 ,a ,greek measure of capacity2 very nearly a pint2 equivalent to the ,latin ,,sextarius4 ,xotes1 ,egyp4 ,a nome or division of ,lower ,egypt1 the capital of which was ,khsonou2 ,ammon-,ra was the principal deity there worshipped4 ,xylography4 ,wood-engraving 7q4v474 ,xylon1 ,gr4 7lit4 wood74 ,a ,greek measure of length1 equal to #d feet and #ff inches4 ,xylopyrography4 ,poker-painting2 the art of burning pictures on to wood4 ,xyneci1 ,gr4 7-74 ,festivals held at ,athens in honour of ,minerva1 to commemorate the union of the inhabitants of ,attica into a single city4 ,these festivals were instituted by ,theseus1 and held every year in the month of ,july4 ,another name for them was ,metci 774 ,xystus1 ,gr4 774 ,a covered place situated near a portico1 within which1 in a palstra or stadium1 athletes went through their exercises4 ,pausanias tells us that this part of the stadium received its name from the fact that ,hercules used every day to clear out the palstra at ,elis in order to inure himself to toil1 and that he tore up many weeds by scraping 71 to scrape1 74 ,the baths and therm at ,rome were furnished with large xysti1 in which young men went through a number of exercises4 ,the term xystus was also generally applied by the ,romans to the beds of rare flowers and shrubs in the centre of the peristyle2 it also denoted a garden walk perfectly straight1 and planted in a regular style2 and lastly1 an open walk or terrace in a garden attached to any building4 ,y4 ,the letter ,y is called the letter of ,pythagoras because that philosopher made it the symbol of life4 ,the foot of the letter1 he said1 represented infancy1 and as man gradually rises to the age of reason1 he finds two paths set before him1 the one leading to good1 the other to evil1 portrayed by two forks of the letter4 ,the illustration is the device of ,jean de ,morvilliers 7 #aegg71 ,chancellor of ,france2 the harrow tied to the ,pythagorean 1 a rebus on his name ,mort-vie-liers--8,death and life united40 ,the harrow is the symbol of ,death1 which makes all things equal4 7,fig4 #gja47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gja4 ,device of ,morvilliers4 7,the ,pythagorean ,y47 ,yacca4 ,an ornamental ,jamaica wood used for cabinet-making4 ,yard 7from the ,saxon geard or gyrd1 from gyrdan1 to enclose74 ,originally estimated to measure the girth of a man's body2 until ,henry ,i4 decreed that it should be the length of his arm4 ,yataghan4 ,a ,turkish dagger or scimitar4 ,yawl4 ,a man-of-war's boat1 rowed with six oars4 ,ychma1 ,peruv4 ,the name for wild cinnabar among the ancient ,peruvians2 it was employed by them for painting the body and drawing figures on the face and arms4 ,yellow4 ,one of the three primary colours2 producing with green1 blue2 and with red1 orange4 ,the principal yellow pigments are gamboge 7bluish71 gold ochre 7reddish71 yellow ochre1 ,naples yellow1 chrome yellow1 lemon yellow1 ,indian yellow1 gall-stone1 ,roman ochre1 ,mars yellow1 terra di ,siena1 ,italian pink1 cadmium yellow1 c4 ,yellow1 in ,christian art1 or gold1 was the symbol of the sun2 of the goodness of ,god1 initiation or marriage1 faith or fruitfulness4 ,in a bad sense yellow signifies inconstancy1 jealousy1 deceit2 in this sense it is given to the traitor ,judas1 who is generally habited in dirty yellow4 ,yellow ,arsenic4 7,see ,,yellow ,,orpiment47 ,yellow ,flag4 ,denoting sickness on board of a ship or quarantine4 ,yellow ,lake4 ,a bright pigment1 very susceptible to the action of light or metal4 7,see ,,pinks47 ,yellow ,metal4 ,a composition1 two-thirds copper and one-third zinc4 ,yellow ,ochre4 ,an argillaceous earth1 coloured by admixture of iron4 7,see ,,ochre47 ,yellow ,orpiment 7auripigmentum74 ,a bright and pure yellow pigment1 but not durable1 and dries very slowly2 called also ,yellow ,arsenic4 ,yeoman of the ,guard4 ,a beef-eater2 one of the ,british sovereign's state body-guard2 below the gentleman-at-arms4 ,instituted at the coronation of ,henry ,,vii4 in #adhe4 ,yew4 ,taxus baccata4 ,the word is largely used in cabinet-making4 ,the excellence of the wood for making bows led to the trees being planted in churchyards1 to preserve them4 ,ymaigier4 7,see ,,imagier47 ,ymaigerie1 ,imagery1 ,med4 7#a7 ,illuminated borders on missals and manuscripts executed by the miniaturists of the ,middle ,ages4 7#b7 ,bas-reliefs and sculptures on wood and stone4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjb4 ,yoke4 ,device of ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,yoke4 ,a symbolical device assumed by ,pope ,leo ,x4 in allusion to the text 8,my yoke is easy10 expressed in the one word of the motto 8,suave40 7,see ,,jugum47 ,fig4 #gjb4 ,york ,collar4 ,her4 ,was formed of alternate ,suns and ,roses4 ,york ,herald4 ,one of the six ,heralds of the ,college of ,arms4 7,see ,,heralds47 ,york ,rose4 ,her4 ,the white rose of the family of ,york4 7,see ,fig4 #ehi47 ,yorkshire ,grit4 ,a stone used for polishing marble and engravers' copper plates4 ,ypres ,lace is the finest and most costly kind of ,,valenciennes4 ,yu1 ,chinese4 7#a7 ,a hard and heavy stone1 supposed to be a kind of agate which was used for the ancient musical instrument ,,king1 which was a kind of harmonicon made of slabs of sonorous stone of different sizes4 7#b7 ,an ancient name for a curious wind instrument of high antiquity1 which is still in use and is now called cheng4 ,it consists of a number of tubes placed in a calabash1 or bowl1 and blown into through a long curved tube4 ,yucatan4 ,a province of ,mexico remarkable for its architectural monuments of a forgotten civilization1 described by ,stephens1 ,incidents of ,travel in ,yucatan4 7,see ,,mexican ,,architecture47 ,yufts4 ,a kind of ,russia leather1 red and soft1 with a pleasant smell4 ,yule1 ,o4 ,e4 ,christmas time4 ,z4 ,the initials ,z and ,s and ,z and ,c frequently interchange1 especially in old words derived from the ,german1 as zither1 cither2 zentner1 centner1 c4 ,the ,german ,z is pronounced ts4 ,zaba1 ,zava4 ,an ,arabic cuirass4 7,meyrick47 ,zabaoth4 7,see ,,sabaoth47 ,zafferano1 ,it4 ,saffron4 ,a vegetable yellow pigment4 ,zaffre 7,it4 zaffiro74 ,an ancient blue pigment1 prepared from cobalt1 of a sapphire blue1 resembling smalt4 ,zamarilla1 ,sp4 ,a loose jacket of sheepskins4 ,zarf4 ,an oriental saucer for coffee-cups4 ,zauca1 ,zaucha1 or ,zauga1 ,gr4 and ,r4 ,a soft and flexible leather boot peculiar to ,eastern nations2 it was worn under the trousers4 ,zazahan1 ,sp4 ,a kind of flowered silk4 ,zebec4 ,a common form of sailing vessel in the ,mediterranean1 rigged with a lateen sail4 ,zebra ,wood4 ,the ,hyawaballi of ,guiana1 a beautiful wood for furniture4 ,zebu4 ,the humped species to which the sacred ,brahmin bull belongs1 represented in ,hindu art4 ,zema1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,a vessel of earthenware or metal1 a saucepan4 ,zemzemeeyeh1 ,arabic4 ,a skin for carrying water in the desert4 ,zend-,avesta1 ,pers4 8,the ,word of ,life0 or 8,living ,word40 ,the sacred book of the ,parsees2 it consists of two parts1 one of which is written in ,zend1 the other in ,pehloi and ,parsee4 ,the first part is called ,vendidad-,sal1 and the second ,boundehech4 ,zenith4 ,the centre of the arch of the sky overhead4 7,cf4 ,,nadir47 ,zephyr ,yarn is the dyed worsted thread usually known as ,berlin wool4 ,zeuxite4 ,a gem4 7,see ,,tourmaline47 ,zigzag1 ,arch4 ,one of the mouldings frequently used in ,norman architecture1 running in zigzag lines4 7,see ,fig4 #dhh47 ,fig4 #abc is an illustration of a variety of this ornament on a column4 ,zigzig mouldings in connexion with pointed arches are characteristic of the transition period of architecture1 from the ,norman to the ,early ,english1 frequently called chevron4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjd4 ,duchess of ,parma in richly embroidered robes and zimarra4 ,zimarra4 ,an ,oriental robe1 called in ,england also ,samare4 ,described as a lady's jacket3 8it has a loose body and four side laps or skirts1 which extend to the knee2 the sleeves short1 cut to the elbow1 turned up and faced40--,randle ,holme4 ,zincography4 ,engraving on plates of zinc1 introduced in #ahag4 7,see ,,photozincography47 ,zinc ,white4 ,a pigment recently introduced as a substitute for the preparations of white lead4 ,it is little liable to change1 either by atmospheric action or mixture with other pigments4 ,it is the white oxide of zinc1 and is also called ,chinese ,white 7q4v474 ,zipo1 ,med4 ,lat4 ,a shirt of mail4 ,zircon4 ,a peculiar rare grey and brown earth1 found in the true rough and opaque varieties of hyacinth stone1 which are met with in ,ceylon1 ,norway1 ,carinthia1 and the ,ural4 ,the term hyacinth is applied to the transparent and bright-coloured varieties of zircon1 and jargoon to crystals devoid of colour and of a smoky tinge1 occasionally sold as inferior diamonds4 7,simmonds' ,com4 ,dict47 ,zither4 ,a favourite stringed instrument of a soft and sweet effect1 much used in the ,austrian ,tyrol4 ,it is played lying flat on a table1 and the strings struck with a plectrum worn on the thumb4 ,zocle or ,socle1 ,arch4 ,the plinth in classical architecture4 ,zodiacus1 ,zodiac1 ,gen4 71 i4 e4 pertaining to animals74 ,the zone of the celestial sphere which extends to eight degrees on either side of the ecliptic4 ,the ,egyptians had representations of it in their temples1 the most celebrated being that of ,denderah1 a cast of which is at the ,louvre4 ,other zodiacs have also been found in the great temple of ,esneh and at ,contra-,lato4 ,many monuments of the ,romano-,byzantine and ,gothic periods possess representations of zodiacs4 ,they occur on the doorways and other parts of churches from the end of the #ajth century4 ,in particular may be noted the one which figures on the bas-reliefs of the frieze in the side apsides of the ,romano-,auvergniate church of ,st4 ,paul d',issoire4 ,one of the largest zodiacs1 dating from the beginning of the #aath century1 is that of the church of ,st4 ,vzelay4 ,the series of medallions which surround the great tympanum representing ,christ and the apostles1 contain1 independently of the signs of the zodiac1 representations of the agricultural operations belonging to each month of the year4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gje4 ,zona4 ,zona1 ,gr4 7#a7 ,a girdle1 used to gird up the skirts of the dress for freedom of action 7,fig4 #aeg72 on occasions of solemnity1 as sacrifices or funerals1 the girdle was relaxed1 and the folds of the dress allowed to hang to the feet 7,fig4 #ecg72 as a part of the marriage ceremony it was taken off4 ,upon the armour of men it supported the kilt1 and was worn round the cuirass 7,fig4 #gje2 cf4 ,fig4 #dd74 ,it was generally used as a purse4 ,the celebrated girdle 7cestus7 of ,venus1 which conferred beauty and inspired love1 is not represented on the statues of that goddess4 ,there is a town on the gean ,sea called ,zona from the belt of trees upon it1 still growing in the processional order in which they arrived when they left their native plantations and followed the music of ,orpheus4 7#b7 ,in ,architecture1 an entablature which encircles any isolated building4 ,lofty buildings surrounded by seven zones were described as septizonia4 7#c7 ,in painted vases1 horizontal annular bands often decorated with animals4 7,see ,,zoophori47 ,zonula4 ,diminutive of ,,zona4 ,zoomara1 ,arab4 ,a double clarionet4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjf4 ,greek ,vase decorated with ,zoophori4 ,zoophori4 ,bands of ornament on friezes1 vases1 c41 representing animals4 7,see ,figs4 #gjf1 #gjg47 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #gjg4 ,vase with bands of ,zoophori4 ,zophorus1 ,gr4 and ,r4 774 ,literally1 bearing animals1 and thence a frieze1 decorated with figures of animals1 conventional or real4 ,zotheca1 ,gr4 and ,r4 7-74 ,a small chamber adjoining a larger apartment1 whither the occupant might retire for the purpose of study4 7#b7 ,a small niche for the reception of a statue1 vase1 or any other object4 ,the ,romans had a diminutive for zotheca1 viz4 zothecula4 ,zummrah1 ,egyp4 ,a musical instrument2 a double reed pipe4 ,,the ,,end4 ,,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,gilbert ,,and ,,rivington1 ,,limited1 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,square4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #b4 ,retained archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #c4 ,moved illustrations to the head of the associated article4 ,if more than one illustration then positioned some after the article4 #d4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4