,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,gov]nm5t ,by ,ari/otle ,translat$ ,f ,! ,greek ,( ,ari/otle ,by ,william ,ellis1 ,a4,m4 ,london ,toronto ,publi%$ ,by ,j ,m ,d5t ,sons ,ltd4 ,9 ,new ,york ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton 4 ,co ,fir/ ,issue ,( ,?is ,edition #aiab ,repr9t$ #aiai1 #aibc1 #aibh ,,introduction ,! ,politics ( ,ari/otle is ! second "p ( a treatise ( :i* ! ,e?ics is ! fir/ "p4 ,x looks back to ! ,e?ics z ! ,e?ics looks =w>d to ! ,politics4 ,= ,ari/otle did n sep>ate1 z we are incl9$ to d1 ! sph]es ( ! /atesman & ! morali/4 ,9 ! ,e?ics he has describ$ ! "* necess>y = ! good life1 b t life is = him ess5tially to be liv$ 9 society1 & :5 9 ! la/ *apt]s ( ! ,e?ics he comes to ! practical application ( 8 inquiries1 t f9ds expression n 9 moral exhortations address$ to ! individual b 9 a description ( ! legislative opportunities ( ! /atesman4 ,x is ! legislator's task to frame a society :i* %all make ! good life possible4 ,politics = ,ari/otle is n a /ruggle betwe5 individuals or classes = p[]1 nor a device = gett+ done su* elem5t>y tasks z ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & security )\t too great encroa*m5ts on individual lib]ty4 ,! /ate is a community ( well-be+ 9 families & aggregations ( families = ! sake ( a p]fect & self-suffic+ life4 ,! legislator is a craftsman ^: mat]ial is society & ^: aim is ! good life4 ,9 an e>ly dialogue ( ,plato's1 ! ,protagoras1 ,socrates asks ,protagoras :y x is n z easy to f9d tea*]s ( virtue z x is to f9d tea*]s ( swordsman%ip1 rid+1 or any o!r art4 ,protagoras' answ] is t !re are no special tea*]s ( virtue1 because virtue is taught by ! :ole community4 ,plato & ,ari/otle bo? accept ! view ( moral education impli$ 9 ?is answ]4 ,9 a passage ( ! ,republic 7#dib b7 ,plato repudiates ! notion t ! sophi/s h a corrupt+ moral influ5ce ^u "y m54 ,! public !mselves1 he says1 are ! real sophi/s & ! mo/ complete & ?or\gh educators4 ,no private education c hold out aga9/ ! irresi/ible =ce ( public op9ion & ! ord9>y moral /&>ds ( society4 ,b t makes x all ! m ess5tial t public op9ion & social environm5t %\ld n be left to gr[ up at haphaz>d z !y ord9>ily d1 b %\ld be made by ! wise legislator ! expression ( ! good & be in=m$ 9 all _! details by 8 k4 ,! legislator is ! only possible tea*] ( virtue4 ,su* a programme = a treatise on gov]nm5t might lead u to expect 9 ! ,politics ma9ly a description ( a ,utopia or ideal /ate :i* might inspire poets or philosoph]s b h little direct effect ^u political in/itutions4 ,plato's ,republic is obvi\sly impracticable1 = its au?or _h turn$ away 9 despair f exi/+ politics4 ,he has no proposals1 9 t dialogue at lea/1 = mak+ ! be/ ( ?+s z !y are4 ,! fir/ lesson 8 philosoph] has to le>n is to turn away f ?is _w ( becom+ & decay1 & to look ^u ! un*ang+ et]nal _w ( ideas4 ,?us 8 ideal city is1 z he says1 a patt]n laid up 9 heav5 by :i* ! j man may rule 8 life1 a patt]n !re=e 9 ! meantime = ! individual & n = ! /atesman4 ,x is a city1 he admits 9 ! ,laws1 = gods or ! *ildr5 ( gods1 n = m5 z !y are4 ,ari/otle has none ( ! high en?usiasm or poetic imag9ation ( ,plato4 ,he is ev5 unduly impati5t ( ,plato's idealism1 z is %[n by ! criticisms 9 ! second book4 ,b he has a p[] to see ! possibilities ( good 9 ?+s t are imp]fect1 & ! pati5ce ( ! true politician :o has le>n$ t if he w\ld make m5 :at !y ought to be1 he mu/ take !m z he f9ds !m4 ,8 ideal is con/ruct$ n ( pure reason or poetry1 b f c>eful & sympa!tic /udy ( a wide range ( facts4 ,8 criticism ( ,plato 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 9 ,book ,,ii4 *ap1 v41 ?\gh z a criticism x is curi\sly inept1 reveals 8 own attitude admirably3 ,let u rememb] t we %\ld n disreg>d ! exp]i5ce ( ages2 9 ! multitude ( ye>s1 ^! ?+s1 if !y 7 good1 w\ld c]ta9ly n h be5 unkn[n2 = almo/ ev]y?+ has be5 f\nd out1 al?\gh sometimes !y are n put toge!r2 9 o!r cases m5 d n use ! k :i* !y h4 ,ari/otle 9 8 ,con/itutions _h made a /udy ( "o hundr$ & fifty-eight con/itutions ( ! /ates ( 8 day1 & ! fruits ( t /udy are se5 9 ! cont9ual ref]5ce to concrete political exp]i5ce1 :i* makes ! ,politics 9 "s respects a critical hi/ory ( ! work+s ( ! in/itutions ( ! ,greek city /ate4 ,9 ,books ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 ! ideal /ate seems f> away1 & we f9d a dispassionate survey ( imp]fect /ates1 ! be/ ways ( pres]v+ !m1 & an analysis ( ! causes ( _! in/ability4 ,x is z ?\gh ,ari/otle 7 say+3 ,i h %[n y ! prop] & normal type ( con/itution1 b if y w n h x & insi/ on liv+ "u a p]v]t$ =m1 y may z well "k h[ to make ! be/ ( x4 ,9 ?is way ! ,politics1 ?\gh x def9es ! /ate 9 ! light ( its ideal1 discusses /ates & in/itutions z !y are4 ,o/5sibly x is m]ely a cont9uation ( ! ,e?ics1 b x comes to treat political que/ions f a purely political /&po9t4 ,?is comb9ation ( idealism & respect = ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce con/itutes 9 "s ways ! /r5g? & value ( ! ,politics1 b x also makes x h>d] to foll[4 ,! l>ge nation /ates to :i* we are accu/om$ make x difficult = u to ?9k t ! /ate c\ld be con/ruct$ & modell$ to express ! good life4 ,we c appreciate ,ari/otle's critical analysis ( con/itutions1 b f9d x h>d to take s]i\sly 8 advice to ! legislator4 ,moreov]1 ! idealism & ! empiricism ( ! ,politics are nev] really reconcil$ by ,ari/otle himself4 ,x may help to an und]/&+ ( ! ,politics if some?+ is said on ^? two po9ts4 ,we are accu/om$ s9ce ! gr[? ( ! hi/orical me?od to ! belief t /ates are n made b gr[1 & are apt to be impati5t ) ! belief :i* ,ari/otle & ,plato %[ 9 ! p[]s ( ! lawgiv]4 ,b h[ev] true ! maxim may be ( ! mod]n nation /ate1 x 0 n true ( ! mu* small] & m self-consci\s ,greek city4 ,:5 ,ari/otle talks ( ! legislator1 he is n talk+ 9 ! air4 ,/ud5ts ( ! ,academy _h be5 actually call$ on to give new con/itutions to ,greek /ates4 ,= ! ,greeks ! con/itution 0 n m]ely z x is s (t5 ) u1 a matt] ( political ma*9]y4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a way ( life4 ,fur!r1 ! con/itution )9 ! framework ( :i* ! ord9>y process ( adm9i/ration & pass+ ( decrees w5t on1 0 always reg>d$ z ! "w ( a special man or body ( m51 ! lawgiv]s4 ,if we /udy ,greek hi/ory1 we f9d t ! position ( ! legislator corresponds to t assign$ to him by ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,all ,greek /ates1 except ^? p]v]sions :i* ,ari/otle criticises z be+ above law1 work$ "u rigid con/itutions1 & ! con/itution 0 only *ang$ :5 ! :ole p gave a commission to a lawgiv] to draw up a new "o4 ,su* 0 ! position ( ! ,a,esumnetes1 :om ,ari/otle describes 9 ,book ,,iii4 *ap1 xiv41 9 e>li] times1 & ( ! pupils ( ! ,academy 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! lawgiv] 0 n an ord9>y politician4 ,he 0 a /ate doctor1 call$ 9 to prescribe = an ail+ con/itution4 ,s ,h]odotus rec\nts t :5 ! p ( ,cyr5e ask$ ! oracle ( ,delphi to help !m 9 _! diss5sions1 ! oracle told !m to g to ,mant9ea1 & ! ,mant9eans l5t !m ,demonax1 :o act$ z a sett] /raight & drew up a new con/itution = ,cyr5e4 ,s aga9 ! ,milesians1 ,h]odotus tells u1 7 long tr\bl$ by civil discord1 till !y ask$ help f ,p>os1 & ! ,p>ians s5t t5 commission]s :o gave ,miletus a new con/itution4 ,s ! ,a!nians1 :5 !y 7 f\nd+ _! model new colony at ,?urii1 employ$ ,hippodamus ( ,miletus1 :om ,ari/otle m5tions 9 ,book ,,ii1 z ! be/ exp]t 9 t[n-plann+1 to plan ! /reets ( ! city1 & ,protagoras z ! be/ exp]t 9 law-mak+1 to give ! city its laws4 ,9 ! ,laws ,plato repres5ts "o ( ! p]sons ( ! dialogue z hav+ be5 ask$ by ! p ( ,gortyna to draw up laws = a colony :i* !y 7 f\nd+4 ,! situation describ$ mu/ h occurr$ frequ5tly 9 actual life4 ,! ,greeks ?\ght adm9i/ration %\ld be democratic & law-mak+ ! "w ( exp]ts4 ,we ?9k m naturally ( law-mak+ z ! special "r ( ! p & adm9i/ration z necess>ily conf9$ to exp]ts4 ,ari/otle's ,politics1 !n1 is a h&book = ! legislator1 ! exp]t :o is to be call$ 9 :5 a /ate wants help4 ,we h call$ him a /ate doctor4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ m>k$ *>act]i/ics ( ,greek political !ory t ,plato & ,ari/otle ?9k ( ! /atesman z "o :o has k ( :at ought to be done1 & c help ^? :o call him 9 to prescribe = !m1 r ?an "o :o has p[] to control ! =ces ( society4 ,! desire ( society = ! /atesman's advice is tak5 = grant$1 ,plato 9 ! ,republic says t a good con/itution is only possible :5 ! rul] does n want to rule2 :]e m5 cont5d = p[]1 :]e !y h n le>nt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! art ( gett+ hold ( ! helm ( /ate & ! art ( /e]+1 :i* alone is /atesman%ip1 true politics is impossible4 ,) ?is position mu* t ,ari/otle has to say ab\t gov]nm5t is 9 agreem5t4 ,he assumes ! *>act]i/ic ,platonic view t all m5 seek ! good1 & g wrong ?r\gh ignorance1 n ?r\gh evil w1 & s he naturally reg>ds ! /ate z a community :i* exi/s = ! sake ( ! good life4 ,x is 9 ! /ate t t common seek+ aft] ! good :i* is ! pr(\nde/ tru? ab\t m5 & nature becomes explicit & kn[s itself4 ,! /ate is = ,ari/otle prior to ! family & ! village1 al?\gh x succe$s !m 9 "t1 = only :5 ! /ate ) its consci\s organisation is rea*$ c man und]/& ! secret ( 8 pa/ /ruggles aft] some?+ he knew n :at4 ,if primitive society is und]/ood 9 ! light ( ! /ate1 ! /ate is und]/ood 9 ! light ( its mo/ p]fect =m1 :5 ! good aft] :i* all societies are seek+ is realis$ 9 its p]fection4 ,h5ce = ,ari/otle z = ,plato1 ! natural /ate or ! /ate z su* is ! ideal /ate1 & ! ideal /ate is ! />t+-po9t ( political inquiry4 ,9 accordance ) ! same l9e ( ?\ght1 imp]fect /ates1 al?\gh call$ p]v]sions1 are reg>d$ by ,ari/otle z ! result r ( misconception & ignorance ?an ( p]v]se w4 ,!y all repres5t1 he says1 "s k9d ( ju/ice4 ,olig>*s & democrats g wrong 9 _! conception ( ! good4 ,!y h come %ort ( ! p]fect /ate ?r\gh misund]/&+ ( ! end or ?r\gh ignorance ( ! prop] means to ! end4 ,b if !y are /ates at all1 !y embody "s common conception ( ! good1 "s common aspirations ( all _! memb]s4 ,! ,greek doctr9e t ! ess5ce ( ! /ate consi/s 9 community ( purpose is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! notion (t5 held 9 mod]n times t ! ess5ce ( ! /ate is =ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( =ce is = ,plato & ,ari/otle a sign n ( ! /ate b ( ! /ate's failure4 ,x comes f ! /ruggle betwe5 conflict+ misconceptions ( ! good4 ,9 s f> z m5 conceive ! good rightly !y are unit$4 ,! /ate repres5ts _! common agreem5t1 =ce _! failure to make t agreem5t complete4 ,! cure1 !re=e1 ( political ills is k ( ! good life1 & ! /atesman is he :o has su* k1 = t alone c give m5 :at !y are always seek+4 ,if ! /ate is ! organisation ( m5 seek+ a common good1 p[] & political position mu/ be giv5 to ^? :o c =w>d ?is end4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple express$ 9 ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( political ju/ice1 ! pr9ciple ( tools to ^? :o c use !m4 ,z ! aim ( ! /ate is diff]5tly conceiv$1 ! qualifications = gov]nm5t w v>y4 ,9 ! ideal /ate p[] w be giv5 to ! man ) mo/ k ( ! good2 9 o!r /ates to ! m5 :o are mo/ truly capable ( a*iev+ t end :i* ! citiz5s h set !mselves to pursue4 ,! ju/e/ di/ribution ( political p[] is t 9 :i* !re is lea/ wa/e ( political ability4 ,fur!r1 ! belief t ! con/itution ( a /ate is only ! outw>d expression ( ! common aspirations & beliefs ( its memb]s1 expla9s ! p>am\nt political importance :i* ,ari/otle assigns to education4 ,x is ! great in/rum5t by :i* ! legislator c ensure t ! future citiz5s ( 8 /ate w %>e ^? common beliefs :i* make ! /ate possible4 ,! ,greeks ) _! small /ates _h a f> cle>] appreh5sion ?an we c h ( ! dep5d5ce ( a con/itution ^u ! p :o h to "w x4 ,su* is 9 brief ! attitude 9 :i* ,ari/otle approa*es political problems1 b 9 work+ out its application to m5 & in/itutions z !y are1 ,ari/otle admits c]ta9 compromises :i* are n really consi/5t ) x4 #a4 ,ari/otle ?9ks ( memb]%ip ( a /ate z community 9 pursuit ( ! good4 ,he wi%es to conf9e memb]%ip 9 x to ^? :o are capable ( t pursuit 9 ! highe/ & mo/ explicit mann]4 ,8 citiz5s1 !re=e1 mu/ be m5 ( leisure1 capable ( rational ?\ght ^u ! end ( life4 ,he does n recognise ! significance ( t less consci\s b deep-seat$ memb]%ip ( ! /ate :i* f9ds its expression 9 loyalty & patriotism4 ,8 def9ition ( citiz5 includes only a small "p ( ! population ( any ,greek city4 ,he is =c$ to admit t ! /ate is n possible )\t ! co-op]ation ( m5 :om he w n admit to memb]%ip 9 x1 ei!r because !y are n capable ( suffici5t rational appreciation ( political ends1 l ! b>b>ians :om he ?\ght 7 natural slaves1 or because ! leisure necess>y = citiz5%ip c only be ga9$ by ! "w ( ! artisans :o by t v "w make !mselves incapable ( ! life :i* !y make possible = o!rs4 ,! artisan only atta9s excell5ce 9 proportion z he becomes a slave1 & ! slave is only a liv+ in/rum5t ( ! good life4 ,he exi/s = ! /ate1 b ! /ate does n exi/ = him4 #b4 ,ari/otle 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ideal /ate seems to wav] betwe5 two ideals4 ,!re is ! ideal ( an ari/ocracy & ! ideal ( :at he calls con/itutional gov]nm5t1 a mix$ con/itution4 ,! pr9ciple ( tools to ^? :o c use !m ought to lead him1 z x does ,plato1 to an ari/ocracy4 ,^? :o h complete k ( ! good mu/ be few1 & !re=e ,plato gave entire p[] 9 8 /ate into ! h&s ( ! small m9ority ( philosoph] gu>dians4 ,x is 9 accordance ) ?is pr9ciple t ,ari/otle holds t k+%ip is ! prop] =m ( gov]nm5t :5 !re is 9 ! /ate "o man ( transc5d5t virtue4 ,at ! same "t1 ,ari/otle always holds t absolute gov]nm5t is n prop]ly political1 t gov]nm5t is n l ! rule ( a %eph]d ov] 8 %eep1 b ! rule ( equals ov] equals4 ,he admits t ! democrats are "r 9 insi/+ t equality is a necess>y elem5t 9 ! /ate1 ?\gh he ?9ks !y d n admit ! importance ( o!r equally necess>y elem5ts4 ,h5ce he comes to say t rul+ & be+ rul$ ov] by turns is an ess5tial feature ( con/itutional gov]nm5t1 :i* he admits z an alt]native to ari/ocracy4 ,! end ( ! /ate1 :i* is to be ! /&>d ( ! di/ribution ( political p[]1 is conceiv$ sometimes z a good = ! appreh5sion & atta9m5t ( :i* virtue is necess>y & suffici5t 7?is is ! pr9ciple ( ari/ocracy71 & sometimes z a m complex good1 :i* ne$s = its atta9m5t n only virtue b weal? & equality4 ,?is latt] conception is ! pr9ciple on :i* ! mix$ con/itution is bas$4 ,?is 9 its di/ribution ( political p[] gives "s weight to virtue1 "s to weal?1 & "s to m]e numb]4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( rul+ & be+ rul$ by turns is n really compatible ) an unmodifi$ pr9ciple ( tools to ^? :o c use !m4 ,ari/otle is "r 9 see+ t political gov]nm5t dem&s equality1 n 9 ! s5se t all memb]s ( ! /ate %\ld be equal 9 ability or %\ld h equal p[]1 b 9 ! s5se t none ( !m c prop]ly be reg>d$ simply z tools ) :i* ! legislator works1 t ea* has a "r to say :at w be made ( 8 own life4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! legislator & ! craftsman on :i* ,plato insi/s1 breaks d[n because ! legislator is deal+ ) m5 l himself1 m5 :o c to "s ext5t conceive _! own end 9 life & _c be treat$ m]ely z means to ! end ( ! legislator4 ,! s5se ( ! value ( rul+ & be+ rul$ 9 turn is d]iv$ f ! exp]i5ce t ! rul] may use 8 p[] to subord9ate ! lives ( ! citiz5s ( ! /ate n to ! common good b to 8 own private purposes4 ,9 mod]n t]ms1 x is a simple1 r\gh-&-ready attempt to solve t con/ant problem ( politics1 h[ effici5t gov]nm5t is to be comb9$ ) popul> control4 ,?is problem arises f ! imp]fection ( human nature1 app>5t 9 rul]s z well z 9 rul$1 & if ! pr9ciple :i* attempts to solve x be admitt$ z a pr9ciple ( importance 9 ! =mation ( ! be/ con/itution1 !n ! />t+-po9t ( politics w be man's actual imp]fection1 n 8 ideal nature4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( beg9n+ ) a /ate :i* w\ld express man's ideal nature1 & adapt+ x z well z may be to man's actual %ortcom+s f t ideal1 we mu/ recognise t ! /ate & all political ma*9]y are z mu* ! expression ( man's weakness z ( 8 ideal possibilities4 ,! /ate is possible only because m5 h common aspirations1 b gov]nm5t1 & political p[]1 ! exi/5ce ( (ficials :o are giv5 au?ority to act 9 ! "n ( ! :ole /ate1 are necess>y because m5's community is imp]fect1 because man's social nature expresses itself 9 conflict+ ways1 9 ! cla% ( int]e/s1 ! rivalry ( p>ties1 & ! /ruggle ( classes1 in/ead ( 9 ! unit$ seek+ aft] a common good4 ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 famili> ) ! legislator :o 0 call$ 9 by ! :ole p1 & !y t5d$ !re=e to take ! g5]al w or common cons5t ( ! p = grant$4 ,mo/ political que/ions are conc]n$ ) ! con/ruction & expression ( ! g5]al w1 & ) attempts to ensure t ! political ma*9]y made to express ! g5]al w %all n be exploit$ = private or sectional ends4 ,ari/otle's mix$ con/itution spr+s f a recognition ( sectional int]e/s 9 ! /ate4 ,= ! prop] relation betwe5 ! claims ( virtue1 weal?1 & numb]s is to be bas$ n ^u _! relative importance 9 ! good life1 b ^u ! /r5g? ( ! p>ties :i* !y repres5t4 ,! mix$ con/itution is practicable 9 a /ate :]e ! middle class is /rong1 z only ! middle class c m$iate betwe5 ! ri* & ! poor4 ,! mix$ con/itution w be /able if x repres5ts ! actual balance ( p[] betwe5 diff]5t classes 9 ! /ate4 ,:5 we come to ,ari/otle's analysis ( exi/+ con/itutions1 we f9d t :ile he reg>ds !m z imp]fect approximations to ! ideal1 he also ?9ks ( !m z ! result ( ! /ruggle betwe5 classes4 ,democracy1 he expla9s1 is ! gov]nm5t n ( ! _m b ( ! poor2 olig>*y a gov]nm5t n ( ! few b ( ! ri*4 ,& ea* class is ?\ght (1 n z try+ to express an ideal1 b z /ruggl+ to acquire p[] or ma9ta9 its position4 ,if ev] ! class exi/$ 9 unr$eem$ nak$ness1 x 0 9 ! ,greek cities ( ! f\r? c5tury1 & its exi/5ce is abundantly recognis$ by ,ari/otle4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! causes ( revolutions 9 ,book ,v4 %[s h[ f> 7 ! exi/+ /ates ( ,greece f ! ideal ) :i* he />ts4 ,8 analysis ( ! facts =ces him to look ^u !m z ! sc5e ( /ruggl+ factions4 ,! causes ( revolutions are n describ$ z prim>ily *anges 9 ! conception ( ! common good1 b *anges 9 ! milit>y or economic p[] ( ! sev]al classes 9 ! /ate4 ,! aim :i* he sets be=e olig>*s or democracies is n ! good life1 b simple /ability or p]man5ce ( ! exi/+ con/itution4 ,) ?is _s ( realism :i* p]vades ,books ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 ! idealism ( ,books ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,vii41 & ,,viii4 is nev] reconcil$4 ,ari/otle is cont5t to call exi/+ con/itutions p]v]sions ( ! true =m4 ,b we _c read ! ,politics )\t recognis+ & pr(it+ f ! insight into ! nature ( ! /ate :i* is reveal$ ?r\gh\t4 ,ari/otle's failure does n lie 9 ?is1 t he is bo? ideali/ & reali/1 b t he keeps ^! two t5d5cies too f> ap>t4 ,he ?9ks too mu* ( 8 ideal /ate1 z some?+ to be rea*$ once = all by k1 z a fix$ type to :i* actual /ates approximate or f :i* !y are p]v]sions4 ,b if we are to ?9k ( actual politics z intelligible 9 ! light ( ! ideal1 we mu/ ?9k ( t ideal z progressively reveal$ 9 hi/ory1 n z some?+ to be discov]$ by turn+ our back on exp]i5ce & hav+ rec\rse to ab/ract reason+4 ,if we /ret* =w>d f :at exi/s to an ideal1 x is to a bett] :i* may be 9 its turn transc5d$1 n to a s+le immutable be/4 ,ari/otle f\nd 9 ! society ( 8 "t m5 :o 7 n capable ( political reflection1 & :o1 z he ?\ght1 did _! be/ "w "u sup]9t5d5ce4 ,he !re=e call$ !m natural slaves4 ,=1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 t is a man's natural condition 9 :i* he does 8 be/ "w4 ,b ,ari/otle also ?9ks ( nature z some?+ fix$ & immutable2 & !re=e sanctions ! in/itution ( slav]y1 :i* assumes t :at m5 are t !y w always be1 & sets up an artificial b>ri] to _! ev] becom+ any?+ else4 ,we see 9 ,ari/otle's def5ce ( slav]y h[ ! conception ( nature z ! ideal c h a debas+ influ5ce ^u views ( practical politics4 ,8 high ideal ( citiz5%ip (f]s to ^? :o c satisfy its claims ! prospect ( a fair life2 ^? :o fall %ort are deem$ to be diff]5t 9 nature & %ut out entirely f approa* to ! ideal4 ,a4 ,d4 ,,l9dsay4 ,,bibliography ,fir/ edition ( works 7) omission ( ,rhetorica1 ,poetica1 & second book ( ,o,economica71 #e vols4 by ,aldus ,manutius1 ,v5ice1 #adie-h2 re-impression sup]vis$ by ,erasmus & ) c]ta9 corrections by ,grynaeus 7includ+ ,rhetorica & ,poetica71 #aeca1 #aeci1 revis$ #aeej2 lat] editions 7 foll[$ by t ( ,immanuel ,bekk] & ,br&is 7,greek & ,lat971 #e vols4 ,! #e? vol4 conta9s ! ,index by ,bonitz1 #ahca-gj2 ,didot edition 7,greek & ,lat971 #e vols4 #ahdh-gd4 ,,engli% ,,translations3 ,edit$ by ,t4 ,taylor1 ) ,porphyry's ,introduction1 #i vols41 #ahab2 "u editor%ip ( ,j4 ,a4 ,smi? & ,w4 ,d4 ,ross1 #aijh4 ,lat] editions ( sep>ate works3 ,de ,anima3 ,tor/rik1 #ahfb2 ,tr5del5burg1 #bnd edition1 #ahgg1 ) ,engli% translation1 ,e4 ,wallace1 #ahhb2 ,biehl1 #ahhd1 #ahif2 ) ,engli%1 ,r4 ,d4 ,hicks1 #aijg4 ,e?ica3 ,j4 ,s4 ,brew] 7,nicoma*ean71 #ahcf2 ,w4 ,e4 ,jelf1 #ahef2 ,j4 ,e4 ,t4 ,rog]s1 #ahfe2 ,a4 ,grant1 #aheg-h1 #ahff1 #ahgd1 #ahhe2 ,e4 ,moore1 #ahga1 #ahgh1 #d? edition1 #ahij2 ,ramsau] 7,nicoma*ean71 #ahgh1 ,susemihl1 #ahgh1 #ahhj1 revis$ by ,o4 ,apelt1 #aijc2 ,a4 ,grant1 #ahhe2 ,i4 ,bywat] 7,nicoma*ean71 #ahij2 ,j4 ,burnet1 #aijj4 ,hi/oria ,animalium3 ,s*neid]1 #ahab2 ,aub]t & ,wimm]1 #ahfj1 ,dittmey]1 #aijg4 ,metaphysica3 ,s*wegl]1 #ahdh2 ,w4 ,*ri/1 #ahii4 ,organon3 ,waitz1 #ahdd-f4 ,poetica3 ,vahl51 #ahfg1 #ahgd1 ) ,notes by ,e4 ,moore1 #ahge2 ) ,engli% translation by ,e4 ,r4 ,:>ton1 #ahhc1 #ahhe2 ,ub]weg1 #ahgj1 #ahge2 ) ,g]man translation1 ,susemihl1 #ahgd2 ,s*midt1 #ahge2 ,*ri/1 #ahgh2 ,i4 ,bywat]1 #ahih2 ,t4 ,g4 ,tuck]1 #ahii4 ,de ,republics1 ,a!ni5sium3 ,text & facsimile ( ,papyrus1 ,f4 ,g4 ,k5yon1 #ahia1 #crd edition1 #ahib2 ,kaibel & ,wilam[itz--,moel-l5dorf1 #ahia1 #crd edition1 #ahih2 ,van ,h]w]d5 & ,leeuw5 7f ,k5yon's text71 #ahia2 ,blass1 #ahib1 #ahie1 #ahih1 #aijc2 ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 #ahic4 ,politica3 ,susemihl1 #ahgb2 ) ,g]man1 #ahgh1 #crd edition1 #ahhb2 ,susemihl & ,hicks1 #ahid1 etc42 ,o4 ,immis*1 #aiji4 ,physica3 ,c4 ,prantl1 #ahgi4 ,rhetorica3 ,/ahr1 #ahfb2 ,spr5gel 7) ,lat9 text71 #ahfg2 ,cope & ,s&ys1 #ahgg2 ,roem]1 #ahhe1 #ahih4 ,,engli% ,,translations ,,( ,,"o ,,or ,,m ,,works3 ,de ,anima 7) ,p>va ,naturalia71 by ,w4 ,a4 ,hammond1 #aijb4 ,e?ica3 ,( ,morals to ,nicoma*us1 by ,e4 ,p>git]1 #agde2 ) ,politica1 by ,j4 ,gillies1 #agig1 #ahjd1 #ahac2 ) ,rhetorica & ,poetica1 by ,t4 ,taylor1 #ahah1 & lat] editions4 ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 #ahai2 ma9ly f text ( ,bekk]1 by ,d4 ,p4 ,*ase1 #ahdg2 revis$ #ahfa1 & lat] editions ) an introductory essay by ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes 7,camelot ,classics71 #ahij2 re-edit$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,mit*ell 7,new ,univ]sal ,libr>y71 #aijf1 #aiaj2 ) an introductory essay by ,pr(4 ,j4,h4 ,smi? 7,ev]yman's ,libr>y71 #aiaa2 by ,r4,w4,br[ne 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh1 etc42 by ,r4 ,williams1 #ahfi1 #ahgf2 by ,w4 ,m4 ,hat* & o!rs 7) translation ( p>aphrase attribut$ to ,&ronicus ( ,rhodes71 edit$ by ,e4 ,hat*1 #ahgi2 by ,f1 ,h4 ,pet]s1 #ahha2 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,welldon1 #ahib2 ,j4 ,gillies 7,lubbock's ,hundr$ ,books71 #ahic4 ,hi/oria ,animalium1 by ,r4 ,creswell 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh2 ) ,treatise on ,physiognomy1 by ,t4 ,taylor1 #ahji4 ,metaphysica1 by ,t4 ,taylor1 #ahja2 by ,j4 ,h4 ,m',mahon 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh4 ,organon1 ) ,porphyry's ,introduction1 by ,o4 ,f4 ,ow5 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh4 ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ,e4 ,po/e1 #ahej2 ,e4 ,s4 ,b\r*i]1 #aija2 ,on ,fallacies1 ,e4 ,po/e1 #ahff4 ,p>va ,naturalia 7,greek & ,engli%71 by ,g4 ,r4 ,t4 ,ross1 #aijf2 ) ,de ,anima1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,hammond1 #aijb4 ,y\? & ,old ,age1 ,life & ,dea? & ,respiration1 ,w4 ,ogle1 #ahig4 ,poetica1 ) ,notes f ! ,fr5* ( ,d',aci]1 #agje2 by ,h4 ,j4 ,pye1 #aghh1 #agib2 ,t4 ,tw9+1 #aghi1ahab1 ) ,preface & ,notes by ,h4 ,hamilton1 #ahea2 ,treatise on ,rhetorica & ,poetica1 by ,t4 ,hobbes 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahej2 by ,:>ton1 #ahhc 7see ,greek v]sion71 ,s4 ,h4 ,but*]1 #ahie1 #ahih1 #crd edition1 #aijb2 ,e4 ,s4 ,b\r*i]1 #aijg2 by ,+ram ,bywat]1 #aiji4 ,de ,p>tibus ,animalium1 ,w4 ,ogle1 #ahhb4 ,de ,republica ,a!ni5tium1 by ,e4 ,po/e1 #ahia2 ,f4 ,g4 ,k5yon1 #ahia2 ,t4 ,j4 ,dymes1 #ahia4 ,de ,virtutibus et ,vitiis1 by ,w4 ,bridgman1 #ahjd4 ,politica1 f ! ,fr5* ( ,regius1 #aeih2 by ,w4 ,ellis1 #aggf1 #aggh1 #ahhh 7,morley's ,univ]sal ,libr>y71 #ahic 7,lubbock's ,hundr$ ,books72 by ,e4 ,wal=d 7) ,a,economics1 & ,life by ,dr4 ,gillies7 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh2 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,welldon1 #ahhc2 ,b4 ,j[ett1 #ahhe2 ) ,introduction & ,index by ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 ,davis1 #aije2 ,books i4 iii4 iv4 7vii47 f ,bekk]'s text by ,w4 ,e4 ,boll&1 ) ,introduction by ,a4 ,lang1 #ahgg4 ,problemata 7) writ+s ( o!r philosoph]s71 #aeig1 #afjg1 #afhj1 #afhd1 etc4 ,rhetorica3 ,a summ>y by ,t4 ,hobbes1 #afee 7871 new edition1 #agei2 by ! translators ( ! ,art ( ,?9k+1 #afhf1 #ahaf2 by ,d4 ,m4 ,crimm91 #ahab2 ,j4 ,gillies1 #ahbc2 ,anon4 #ahdg2 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,welldon1 #ahhf2 ,r4 ,c4 ,jebb1 ) ,introduction & ,supplem5t>y ,notes by ,j4 ,e4 ,s&ys1 #aiji 7see "u ,poetica & ,e?ica74 ,secreta ,secretorum 7supposititi\s "w71 ,anon4 #agjb2 f ! ,hebrew v]sion by ,m4 ,ga/]1 #aijg1 #aijh4 ,v]sion by ,lydgate & ,burgh1 edit$ by ,r4 ,/eele 7,e4,e4,t4,s471 #ahid1 #ahih4 ,,life1 ,,etc43 ,j4 ,w4 ,blakesley1 #ahci2 ,a ,cri*ton 7,j>d9e's ,naturali/'s ,libr>y71 #ahdc2 ,j4 ,s4 ,blackie1 ,f\r ,phases ( ,morals1 ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1 etc41 #ahga2 ,g4 ,grote1 ,ari/otle1 edit$ by ,a4 ,ba9 & ,g4 ,c4 ,rob]tson1 #ahgb1 #ahhj2 ,e4 ,wallace1 ,outl9es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 #ahge1 #ahhj2 ,a4 ,grant 7,anci5t ,classics = ,engli% read]s71 #ahgg2 ,t4 ,davidson1 ,ari/otle & ,anci5t ,educational ,ideals 7,great ,educators71 #ahib4 ,a ,,treatise ,,on ,,gov]nm5t ,,book ,i ,,*apt] ,i ,z we see t e city is a society1 & e society ,ed4 is e/abli%$ = "s good purpose2 = an app>5t ,bekk] #abeb;a good is ! spr+ ( all human actions2 x is evid5t t ?is is ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y are e "o f\nd$1 & ?is is m especially true ( t :i* has = its object ! be/ possible1 & is itself ! mo/ excell5t1 & compreh5ds all ! re/4 ,n[ ?is is call$ a city1 & ! society !re( a political society2 = ^? :o ?9k t ! pr9ciples ( a political1 a regal1 a family1 & a h]ile gov]nm5t are ! same are mi/ak51 :ile !y suppose t ea* ( ^! diff] 9 ! numb]s to :om _! p[] ext5ds1 b n 9 _! con/itution3 s t ) !m a h]ile gov]nm5t is "o compos$ ( a v few1 a dome/ic ( m1 a civil & a regal ( /ill m1 z if !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 a l>ge family & a small city1 or t a regal gov]nm5t & a political "o are ! same1 only t 9 ! "o a s+le p]son is cont9ually at ! head ( public affairs2 9 ! o!r1 t ea* memb] ( ! /ate has 9 8 turn a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & is at "o "t a magi/rate1 at ano!r a private p]son1 accord+ to ! rules ( political sci5ce4 ,b n[ ?is is n true1 z w be evid5t to any "o :o w consid] ?is "q 9 ! mo/ approv$ me?od4 ,z1 9 an inquiry into e o!r subject1 x is necess>y to sep>ate ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* x is comp\nd$1 till we arrive at _! fir/ elem5ts1 :i* are ! mo/ m9ute p>ts !re(2 s by ! same proce$+ we %all acquire a k ( ! prim>y p>ts ( a city & see :]e9 !y diff] f ea* o!r1 & :e!r ! rules ( art w give u any assi/ance 9 exam9+ into ea* ( ^! ?+s :i* are m5tion$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,n[ if 9 ?is p>ticul> sci5ce any "o w\ld att5d to its orig9al se$s1 & _! fir/ %oot1 he w\ld !n z 9 o!rs h ! subject p]fectly be=e him2 & p]ceive1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x is requisite t ^? %\ld be jo9$ toge!r ^: species _c exi/ )\t ea* o!r1 z ! male & ! female1 = ! bus9ess ( propagation2 & ?is n ?r\gh *oice1 b by t natural impulse :i* acts bo? ^u plants & animals also1 = ! purpose ( _! leav+ beh9d !m o!rs l !mselves4 ,x is also f natural causes t "s be+s comm& & o!rs obey1 t ea* may obta9 _! mutual safety2 = a be+ :o is end[$ ) a m9d capable ( reflection & =e?\ght is by nature ! sup]ior & gov]nor1 :]eas he ^: excell5ce is m]ely corporeal is =mect to be a slave2 :5ce x foll[s t ! diff]5t /ate ( ma/] #abeb;b & slave is equally advantage\s to bo?4 ,b !re is a natural diff]5ce betwe5 a female & a slave3 = nature is n l ! arti/s :o make ! ,delphic swords = ! use ( ! poor1 b = e p>ticul> purpose %e has h] sep>ate in/rum5ts1 & ?us h] ends are mo/ complete1 = :atsoev] is employ$ on "o subject only1 br+s t "o to mu* great] p]fection ?an :5 employ$ on _m2 & yet among ! b>b>ians1 a female & a slave are ^u a level 9 ! community1 ! reason = :i* is1 t among/ !m !re are none qualifi$ by nature to gov]n1 !re=e _! society c be no?+ b betwe5 slaves ( diff]5t sexes4 ,= :i* reason ! poets say1 x is prop] = ! ,greeks to gov]n ! b>b>ians1 z if a b>b>ian & a slave 7 by nature "o4 ,n[ ( ^! two societies ! dome/ic is ! fir/1 & ,hesiod is "r :5 he says1 ,fir/ a h\se1 !n a wife1 !n an ox = ! pl\gh1 = ! poor man has always an ox be=e a h\sehold slave4 ,t society !n :i* nature has e/abli%$ = daily support is ! dome/ic1 & ^? :o compose x are call$ by ,*>ondas homosipuoi1 & by ,epim5ides ! ,cretan homokapnoi2 b ! society ( _m families1 :i* 0 fir/ in/itut$ = _! la/+1 mutual advantage1 is call$ a village1 & a village is mo/ naturally compos$ ( ! desc5dants ( "o family1 :om "s p]sons call homogalaktes1 ! *ildr5 & ! *ildr5's *ildr5 !re(3 = :i* reason cities 7 orig9ally gov]n$ by k+s1 z ! b>b>ian /ates n[ are1 :i* are compos$ ( ^? :o _h be=e submitt$ to k+ly gov]nm5t2 = e family is gov]n$ by ! eld]1 z are ! bran*es !re(1 on acc\nt ( _! relation%ip !reunto1 :i* is :at ,hom] says1 ,ea* "o rul$ 8 wife & *ild2 & 9 ?is scatt]$ mann] !y =m]ly liv$4 ,& ! op9ion :i* univ]sally prevails1 t ! gods !mselves are subject to k+ly gov]nm5t1 arises f h5ce1 t all m5 =m]ly 71 & _m are s n[2 & z !y imag9$ !mselves to be made 9 ! lik5ess ( ! gods1 s !y suppos$ _! mann] ( life mu/ ne$s be ! same4 ,& :5 _m villages s entirely jo9 !mselves toge!r z 9 e respect to =m b "o society1 t society is a city1 & conta9s 9 itself1 if ,i may s speak1 ! end & p]fection ( gov]nm5t3 fir/ f\nd$ t we might live1 b cont9u$ t we may live happily4 ,= :i* reason e city mu/ be all[$ to be ! "w ( nature1 if we admit t ! orig9al society betwe5 male & female is2 = to ?is z _! end all subord9ate societies t5d1 & ! end ( ev]y?+ is ! nature ( x4 ,= :at e be+ is 9 its mo/ p]fect /ate1 t c]ta9ly is ! nature ( t be+1 :e!r x be a man1 a horse1 or a h\se3 besides1 :atsoev] produces ! f9al cause & ! end :i* we #abec;a desire1 mu/ be be/2 b a gov]nm5t complete 9 itself is t f9al cause & :at is be/4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t a city is a natural production1 & t man is naturally a political animal1 & t :osoev] is naturally & n accid5tally unfit = society1 mu/ be ei!r inf]ior or sup]ior to man3 ?us ! man 9 ,hom]1 :o is revil$ = be+ )\t society1 )\t law1 )\t family4 ,su* a "o mu/ naturally be ( a qu>relsome disposition1 & z solit>y z ! birds4 ,! gift ( spee* also evid5tly proves t man is a m social animal ?an ! bees1 or any ( ! h]d+ cattle3 = nature1 z we say1 does no?+ 9 va91 & man is ! only animal :o enjoys x4 ,voice inde$1 z be+ ! tok5 ( pleasure & pa91 is imp>t$ to o!rs also1 & ?us mu* _! nature is capable (1 to p]ceive pleasure & pa91 & to imp>t ^! s5sations to o!rs2 b x is by spee* t we are enabl$ to express :at is useful = u1 & :at is hurtful1 & ( c\rse :at is j & :at is unju/3 = 9 ?is p>ticul> man diff]s f o!r animals1 t he alone has a p]ception ( good & evil1 ( j & unju/1 & x is a p>ticipation ( ^! common s5tim5ts :i* =ms a family & a city4 ,besides1 ! notion ( a city naturally prec$es t ( a family or an individual1 = ! :ole mu/ necess>ily be prior to ! p>ts1 = if y take away ! :ole man1 y _c say a foot or a h& rema9s1 unless by equivocation1 z suppos+ a h& ( /one to be made1 b t w\ld only be a dead "o2 b ev]y?+ is und]/ood to be ?is or t by its en]gic qualities & p[]s1 s t :5 ^! no long] rema91 nei!r c t be said to be ! same1 b some?+ ( ! same "n4 ,t a city !n prec$es an individual is pla91 = if an individual is n 9 himself suffici5t to compose a p]fect gov]nm5t1 he is to a city z o!r p>ts are to a :ole2 b he t is incapable ( society1 or s complete 9 himself z n to want x1 makes no "p ( a city1 z a bea/ or a god4 ,!re is !n 9 all p]sons a natural impetus to associate ) ea* o!r 9 ?is mann]1 & he :o fir/ f\nd$ civil society 0 ! cause ( ! greate/ good2 = z by ! completion ( x man is ! mo/ excell5t ( all liv+ be+s1 s )\t law & ju/ice he w\ld be ! wor/ ( all1 = no?+ is s difficult to subdue z inju/ice 9 arms3 b ^! arms man is born )1 namely1 prud5ce & val\r1 :i* he may apply to ! mo/ opposite purposes1 = he :o abuses !m w be ! mo/ wick$1 ! mo/ cruel1 ! mo/ lu/ful1 & mo/ glutton\s be+ imag9able2 = ju/ice is a political virtue1 by ! rules ( x ! /ate is regulat$1 & ^! rules are ! crit]ion ( :at is "r4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,s9ce x is n[ evid5t ( :at p>ts a city is compos$1 x w be necess>y to treat fir/ ( family gov]nm5t1 = e city is made up ( families1 & e family #abec;b has aga9 its sep>ate p>ts ( :i* x is compos$4 ,:5 a family is complete1 x consi/s ( freem5 & slaves2 b z 9 e subject we %\ld beg9 ) exam9+ into ! smalle/ p>ts ( :i* x consi/s1 & z ! fir/ & smalle/ p>ts ( a family are ! ma/] & slave1 ! husb& & wife1 ! fa!r & *ild1 let u fir/ inquire into ^! ?ree1 :at ea* ( !m may be1 & :at !y ought to be2 t is to say1 ! h]ile1 ! nuptial1 & ! pat]nal4 ,let ^! !n be consid]$ z ! ?ree di/9ct p>ts ( a family3 "s ?9k t ! provid+ :at is necess>y = ! family is some?+ diff]5t f ! gov]nm5t ( x1 o!rs t ?is is ! greate/ "p ( x2 x %all be consid]$ sep>ately2 b we w fir/ speak ( a ma/] & a slave1 t we may bo? und]/& ! nature ( ^? ?+s :i* are absolutely necess>y1 & also try if we c le>n any?+ bett] on ?is subject ?an :at is already kn[n4 ,"s p]sons h ?\ght t ! p[] ( ! ma/] ov] 8 slave orig9ates f 8 sup]ior k1 & t ?is k is ! same 9 ! ma/]1 ! magi/rate1 & ! k+1 z we h already said2 b o!rs ?9k t h]ile gov]nm5t is contr>y to nature1 & t x is ! law :i* makes "o man a slave & ano!r free1 b t 9 nature !re is no diff]5ce2 = :i* reason t p[] _c be f\nd$ 9 ju/ice1 b 9 =ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,s9ce !n a subsi/5ce is necess>y 9 e family1 ! means ( procur+ x c]ta9ly makes up "p ( ! managem5t ( a family1 = )\t necess>ies x is impossible to live1 & to live well4 ,z 9 all arts :i* are br\ght to p]fection x is necess>y t !y %\ld h _! prop] in/rum5ts if !y w\ld complete _! works1 s is x 9 ! art ( manag+ a family3 n[ ( in/rum5ts "s ( !m are alive1 o!rs inanimate2 ?us ) respect to ! pilot ( ! %ip1 ! till] is )\t life1 ! sailor is alive2 = a s]vant is z an in/rum5t 9 _m arts4 ,?us prop]ty is z an in/rum5t to liv+2 an e/ate is a multitude ( in/rum5ts2 s a slave is an animat$ in/rum5t1 b e "o t c m9i/] ( himself is m valuable ?an any o!r in/rum5t2 = if e in/rum5t1 at comm&1 or f a preconception ( its ma/]'s w1 c\ld accompli% its "w 7z ! /ory goes ( ! /atues ( ,da$alus2 or :at ! poet tells u ( ! tripods ( ,vulcan1 t !y mov$ ( _! own accord into ! assembly ( ! gods 71 ! %uttle w\ld !n weave1 & ! lyre play ( itself2 nor w\ld ! ar*itect want s]vants1 or ! #abed;a ma/] slaves4 ,n[ :at are g5]ally call$ in/rum5ts are ! effici5ts ( some?+ else1 b possessions are :at we simply use3 ?us ) a %uttle we make some?+ else = our use2 b we only use a coat1 or a b$3 s9ce !n mak+ & us+ diff] f ea* o!r 9 species1 & !y bo? require _! in/rum5ts1 x is necess>y t ^! %\ld be diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,n[ life is itself :at we use1 & n :at we employ z ! effici5t ( some?+ else2 = :i* reason ! s]vices ( a slave are = use4 ,a possession may be consid]$ 9 ! same nature z a "p ( any?+2 n[ a "p is n only a "p ( some?+1 b also is no?+ else2 s is a possession2 !re=e a ma/] is only ! ma/] ( ! slave1 b no "p ( him2 b ! slave is n only ! slave ( ! ma/]1 b no?+ else b t4 ,?is fully expla9s :at is ! nature ( a slave1 & :at are 8 capacities2 = t be+ :o by nature is no?+ ( himself1 b totally ano!r's1 & is a man1 is a slave by nature2 & t man :o is ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 is 8 m]e *attel1 ?\gh he cont9ues a man2 b a *attel is an in/rum5t = use1 sep>ate f ! body4 ,,*apt] ,v ,b :e!r any p]son is su* by nature1 & :e!r x is advantage\s & j = any "o to be a slave or no1 or :e!r all slav]y is contr>y to nature1 %all be consid]$ h]eaft]2 n t x is difficult to det]m9e x ^u g5]al pr9ciples1 or to und]/& x f matt]s ( fact2 = t "s %\ld gov]n1 & o!rs be gov]n$1 is n only necess>y b useful1 & f ! h\r ( _! bir? "s are m>k$ out = ^? purposes1 & o!rs = ! o!r1 & !re are _m species ( bo? sorts4 ,& ! bett] ^? are :o are gov]n$ ! bett] also is ! gov]nm5t1 z = in/ance ( man1 r ?an ! brute creation3 = ! m excell5t ! mat]ials are ) :i* ! "w is f9i%$1 ! m excell5t c]ta9ly is ! "w2 & :]ev] !re is a gov]nor & a gov]n$1 !re c]ta9ly is "s "w produc$2 = :atsoev] is compos$ ( _m p>ts1 :i* jo9tly become "o1 :e!r conjunct or sep>ate1 evid5tly %[ ! m>ks ( gov]n+ & gov]n$2 & ?is is true ( e liv+ ?+ 9 all nature2 nay1 ev5 9 "s ?+s :i* p>take n ( life1 z 9 music2 b ?is probably w\ld be a disquisition too =eign to our pres5t purpose4 ,e liv+ ?+ 9 ! fir/ place is compos$ ( s\l & body1 ( ^! ! "o is by nature ! gov]nor1 ! o!r ! gov]n$2 n[ if we w\ld "k :at is natural1 we ought to se>* = x 9 ^? subjects 9 :i* nature appe>s mo/ p]fect1 & n 9 ^? :i* are corrupt$2 we %\ld !re=e exam9e into a man :o is mo/ p]fectly =m$ bo? 9 s\l & body1 9 :om ?is is evid5t1 = 9 ! deprav$ & vici\s ! body seems #abed;b to rule r ?an ! s\l1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ corrupt & contr>y to nature4 ,we may !n1 z we affirm1 p]ceive 9 an animal ! fir/ pr9ciples ( h]ile & political gov]nm5t2 = ! s\l gov]ns ! body z ! ma/] gov]ns 8 slave2 ! m9d gov]ns ! appetite ) a political or a k+ly p[]1 :i* %[s t x is bo? natural & advantage\s t ! body %\ld be gov]n$ by ! s\l1 & ! pa!tic "p by ! m9d1 & t "p :i* is possess$ ( reason2 b to h no rul+ p[]1 or an improp] "o1 is hurtful to all2 & ?is holds true n only ( man1 b ( o!r animals also1 = tame animals are naturally bett] ?an wild ones1 & x is advantage\s t bo? %\ld be "u subjection to man2 = ?is is productive ( _! common safety3 s is x naturally ) ! male & ! female2 ! "o is sup]ior1 ! o!r inf]ior2 ! "o gov]ns1 ! o!r is gov]n$2 & ! same rule mu/ necess>ily hold good ) respect to all mank9d4 ,^? m5 !re=e :o are z mu* inf]ior to o!rs z ! body is to ! s\l1 are to be ?us dispos$ (1 z ! prop] use ( !m is _! bodies1 9 :i* _! excell5ce consi/s2 & if :at ,i h said be true1 !y are slaves by nature1 & x is advantage\s to !m to be always "u gov]nm5t4 ,he !n is by nature =m$ a slave :o is qualifi$ to become ! *attel ( ano!r p]son1 & on t acc\nt is s1 & :o has j reason en\gh to "k t !re is su* a faculty1 )\t be+ indu$ ) ! use ( x2 = o!r animals h no p]ception ( reason1 b are entirely guid$ by appetite1 & inde$ !y v>y v little 9 _! use f ea* o!r2 = ! advantage :i* we receive1 bo? f slaves & tame animals1 arises f _! bodily /r5g? adm9i/]+ to our necessities2 = x is ! int5tion ( nature to make ! bodies ( slaves & freem5 diff]5t f ea* o!r1 t ! "o %\ld be robu/ = _! necess>y purposes1 ! o!rs erect1 useless inde$ = :at slaves are employ$ 91 b fit = civil life1 :i* is divid$ into ! duties ( w> & peace2 ?\gh ^! rules d n always take place1 = slaves h sometimes ! bodies ( freem51 sometimes ! s\ls2 if !n x is evid5t t if "s bodies are z mu* m excell5t ?an o!rs z ! /atues ( ! gods excel ! human =m1 e "o w all[ t ! inf]ior ought to be slaves to ! sup]ior2 & if ?is is true ) respect to ! body1 x is /ill ju/] to det]m9e 9 ! same mann]1 :5 we consid] ! s\l2 ?\gh x is n s easy to p]ceive ! beauty ( #abee;a ! s\l z x is ( ! body4 ,s9ce !n "s m5 are slaves by nature1 & o!rs are freem51 x is cle> t :]e slav]y is advantage\s to any "o1 !n x is j to make him a slave4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,b x is n difficult to p]ceive t ^? :o ma9ta9 ! contr>y op9ion h "s reason on _! side2 = a man may become a slave two diff]5t ways2 = he may be s by law also1 & ?is law is a c]ta9 compact1 by :i* :atsoev] is tak5 9 battle is adjudg$ to be ! prop]ty ( ! conqu]ors3 b _m p]sons :o are conv]sant 9 law call 9 "q ?is pret5d$ "r1 & say t x w\ld be h>d t a man %\ld be compell$ by viol5ce to be ! slave & subject ( ano!r :o _h ! p[] to compel him1 & 0 8 sup]ior 9 /r5g?2 & ^u ?is subject1 ev5 ( ^? :o are wise1 "s ?9k "o way & "s ano!r2 b ! cause ( ?is d\bt & v>iety ( op9ions arises f h5ce1 t great abilities1 :5 accompani$ ) prop] means1 are g5]ally able to succe$ by =ce3 = victory is always ow+ to a sup]iority 9 "s advantage\s circum/ances2 s t x seems t =ce nev] prevails b 9 consequ5ce ( great abilities4 ,b /ill ! dispute conc]n+ ! ju/ice ( x rema9s2 = "s p]sons ?9k1 t ju/ice consi/s 9 b5evol5ce1 o!rs ?9k x j t ! p[]ful %\ld gov]n3 9 ! mid/ ( ^! contr>y op9ions1 !re are no reasons suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t ! "r ( be+ ma/] & gov]nor ought n to be plac$ ) ^? :o h ! greate/ abilities4 ,"s p]sons1 entirely re/+ ^u ! "r :i* ! law gives 7= t :i* is legal is 9 "s respects j71 insi/ ^u x t slav]y occasion$ by w> is j1 n t !y say x is :olly s1 = x may happ5 t ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! w>s 7 comm5c$ is unju/2 moreov] no "o w say t a man :o is unwor?ily 9 slav]y is !re=e a slave2 = if s1 m5 ( ! noble/ families might happ5 to be slaves1 & ! desc5dants ( slaves1 if !y %\ld *ance to be tak5 prison]s 9 w> & sold3 to avoid ?is difficulty !y say t su* p]sons %\ld n be call$ slaves1 b b>b>ians only %\ld2 b :5 !y say ?is1 !y d no?+ m ?an inquire :o is a slave by nature1 :i* 0 :at we at fir/ said2 = we mu/ ackn[l$ge t !re are "s p]sons :o1 :]ev] !y are1 mu/ necess>ily be slaves1 b o!rs 9 no situation2 ?us also x is ) ^? ( noble desc5t3 x is n only 9 _! own c\ntry t !y are ,e/eem$ z su*1 b ev]y:]e1 b ! b>b>ians are respect$ on ?is acc\nt at home only2 z if nobility & fre$om 7 ( two sorts1 ! "o univ]sal1 ! o!r n s4 ,?us says ! ,hel5 ( ,!odectes3 ,:o d>es reproa* me ) ! "n ( slave8 ,:5 f ! immortal gods1 on ei!r side1 ,i draw my l9eage4 ,^? :o express s5tim5ts l ^!1 %ew only t !y di/+ui% ! slave & ! freeman1 ! noble & ! ignoble f ea* o!r by _! virtues & _! #abee;b vices2 = !y ?9k x reasonable1 t z a man begets a man1 & a bea/ a bea/1 s f a good man1 a good man %\ld be desc5d$2 & ?is is :at nature desires to d1 b frequ5tly _c accompli% x4 ,x is evid5t !n t ?is d\bt has "s reason 9 x1 & t ^! p]sons are n slaves1 & ^? freem51 by ! appo9tm5t ( nature2 & also t 9 "s in/ances x is suffici5tly cle>1 t x is advantage\s to bo? p>ties = ?is man to be a slave1 & t to be a ma/]1 & t x is "r & j1 t "s %\ld be gov]n$1 & o!rs gov]n1 9 ! mann] t nature int5d$2 ( :i* sort ( gov]nm5t is t :i* a ma/] ex]cises ov] a slave4 ,b to gov]n ill is disadvantage\s to bo?2 = ! same ?+ is useful to ! "p & to ! :ole1 to ! body & to ! s\l2 b ! slave is z x 7 a "p ( ! ma/]1 z if he 7 an animat$ "p ( 8 body1 ?\gh sep>ate4 ,= :i* reason a mutual utility & fri5d%ip may subsi/ betwe5 ! ma/] & ! slave1 ,i mean :5 !y are plac$ by nature 9 t relation to ea* o!r1 = ! contr>y takes place among/ ^? :o are r$uc$ to slav]y by ! law1 or by conque/4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,x is evid5t f :at has be5 said1 t a h]ile & a political gov]nm5t are n ! same1 or t all gov]nm5ts are alike to ea* o!r1 z "s affirm2 = "o is adapt$ to ! nature ( freem51 ! o!r to t ( slaves4 ,dome/ic gov]nm5t is a mon>*y1 = t is :at prevails 9 e h\se2 b a political /ate is ! gov]nm5t ( free m5 & equals4 ,! ma/] is n s call$ f 8 kn[+ h[ to manage 8 slave1 b because he is s2 = ! same reason a slave & a freeman h _! respective appellations4 ,!re is also "o sort ( k prop] = a ma/]1 ano!r = a slave2 ! slave's is ( ! nature ( t :i* 0 taught by a slave at ,syracuse2 = he = a /ipulat$ sum in/ruct$ ! boys 9 all ! bus9ess ( a h\sehold slave1 ( :i* !re are v>i\s sorts to be le>nt1 z ! art ( cook]y1 & o!r su*-l s]vices1 ( :i* "s are allott$ to "s1 & o!rs to o!rs2 "s employm5ts be+ m hon\rable1 o!rs m necess>y2 accord+ to ! prov]b1 ,"o slave excels ano!r1 "o ma/] excels ano!r3 9 su*-l ?+s ! k ( a slave consi/s4 ,! k ( ! ma/] is to be able prop]ly to employ 8 slaves1 = ! ma/]%ip ( slaves is ! employm5t1 n ! m]e possession ( !m2 n t ?is k conta9s any?+ great or respectable2 = :at a slave ought to "k h[ to d1 t a ma/] ought to "k h[ to ord]2 = :i* reason1 ^? :o h x 9 _! p[] to be free f ^! l[ att5tions1 employ a /ew>d = ?is bus9ess1 & apply !mselves ei!r to public affairs or philosophy3 ! k ( procur+ :at is necess>y = a family is diff]5t f t :i* belongs ei!r to ! ma/] or ! slave3 & to d ?is ju/ly mu/ be ei!r by w> or hunt+4 ,& ?us mu* ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ma/] & a slave4 ,,*apt] ,,viii #abef;a ,z a slave is a p>ticul> species ( prop]ty1 let u by all means inquire into ! nature ( prop]ty 9 g5]al1 & ! acquisition ( money1 accord+ to ! mann] we h propos$4 ,9 ! fir/ place !n1 "s "o may d\bt :e!r ! gett+ ( money is ! same ?+ z economy1 or :e!r x is a "p ( x1 or some?+ subs]vi5t to x2 & if s1 :e!r x is z ! art ( mak+ %uttles is to ! art ( weav+1 or ! art ( mak+ brass to t ( /atue f\nd+1 = !y are n ( ! same s]vice2 = ! "o supplies ! tools1 ! o!r ! matt]3 by ! matt] ,i mean ! subject out ( :i* ! "w is f9i%$1 z wool = ! clo? & brass = ! /atue4 ,x is evid5t !n t ! gett+ ( money is n ! same ?+ z economy1 = ! bus9ess ( ! "o is to furni% ! means ( ! o!r to use !m2 & :at art is !re employ$ 9 ! managem5t ( a family b economy1 b :e!r ?is is a "p ( x1 or some?+ ( a diff]5t species1 is a d\bt2 = if x is ! bus9ess ( him :o is to get money to f9d out h[ ri*es & possessions may be procur$1 & bo? ^! arise f v>i\s causes1 we mu/ fir/ inquire :e!r ! art ( husb&ry is "p ( money-gett+ or some?+ diff]5t1 & 9 g5]al1 :e!r ! same is n true ( e acquisition & e att5tion :i* relates to provision4 ,b z !re are _m sorts ( provision1 s are ! me?ods ( liv+ bo? ( man & ! brute creation v v>i\s2 & z x is impossible to live )\t food1 ! diff]5ce 9 t p>ticul> makes ! lives ( animals s diff]5t f ea* o!r4 ,( bea/s1 "s live 9 h]ds1 o!rs sep>ate1 z is mo/ conv5i5t = procur+ !mselves food2 z "s ( !m live ^u fle%1 o!rs on fruit1 & o!rs on :atsoev] !y light on1 nature hav+ s di/+ui%$ _! c\rse ( life1 t !y c v easily procure !mselves subsi/5ce2 & z ! same ?+s are n agreeable to all1 b "o animal likes "o ?+ & ano!r ano!r1 x foll[s t ! lives ( ^? bea/s :o live ^u fle% mu/ be diff]5t f ! lives ( ^? :o live on fruits2 s is x ) m51 _! lives diff] greatly f ea* o!r2 & ( all ^! ! %eph]d's is ! idle/1 = !y live ^u ! fle% ( tame animals1 )\t any tr\ble1 :ile !y are oblig$ to *ange _! habitations on acc\nt ( _! flocks1 :i* !y are compell$ to foll[1 cultivat+1 z x 71 a liv+ f>m4 ,o!rs live ex]cis+ viol5ce ov] liv+ creatures1 "o pursu+ ?is ?+1 ano!r t1 ^! prey+ ^u m52 ^? :o live ne> lakes & m>%es & riv]s1 or ! sea itself1 on fi%+1 :ile o!rs are f[l]s1 or hunt]s ( wild bea/s2 b ! great] "p ( mank9d live ^u ! produce ( ! e>? & its cultivat$ fruits2 & ! mann] 9 :i* all ^? live :o foll[ ! direction ( nature1 & lab\r = _! own subsi/5ce1 is ne>ly ! same1 )\t ev] ?9k+ to procure any provision by way ( ex*ange or m]*&ise1 su* are %eph]ds1 husb&-m51 #abef;b robb]s1 fi%]m51 & hunt]s3 "s jo9 diff]5t employm5ts toge!r1 & ?us live v agreeably2 supply+ ^? defici5cies :i* 7 want+ to make _! subsi/5ce dep5d ^u !mselves only3 ?us1 = in/ance1 ! same p]son %all be a %eph]d & a robb]1 or a husb&man & a hunt]2 & s ) respect to ! re/1 !y pursue t mode ( life :i* necessity po9ts out4 ,?is provision !n nature h]self seems to h furni%$ all animals )1 z well imm$iately ^u _! fir/ orig9 z also :5 !y are arriv$ at a /ate ( maturity2 = at ! fir/ ( ^! p]iods "s ( !m are provid$ 9 ! womb ) prop] n\ri%m5t1 :i* cont9ues till t :i* is born c get food = itself1 z is ! case ) worms & birds2 & z to ^? :i* br+ =? _! "y alive1 !y h ! means = _! subsi/5ce = a c]ta9 "t )9 !mselves1 namely milk4 ,x is evid5t !n t we may conclude ( ^? ?+s t are1 t plants are creat$ = ! sake ( animals1 & animals = ! sake ( m52 ! tame = our use & provision2 ! wild1 at lea/ ! great] "p1 = our provision also1 or = "s o!r advantage\s purpose1 z furni%+ u ) clo!s1 & ! l4 ,z nature !re=e makes no?+ ei!r imp]fect or 9 va91 x necess>ily foll[s t %e has made all ^! ?+s = m53 = :i* reason :at we ga9 9 w> is 9 a c]ta9 degree a natural acquisition2 = hunt+ is a "p ( x1 :i* x is necess>y = u to employ aga9/ wild bea/s2 & ^? m5 :o be+ int5d$ by nature = slav]y are unwill+ to submit to x1 on :i* occasion su* a4 w> is by nature j3 t species ( acquisition !n only :i* is accord+ to nature is "p ( economy2 & ?is ought to be at h&1 or if n1 imm$iately procur$1 namely1 :at is necess>y to be kept 9 /ore to live ^u1 & :i* are useful z well = ! /ate z ! family4 ,& true ri*es seem to consi/ 9 ^!2 & ! acquisition ( ^? possessions :i* are necess>y = a happy life is n inf9ite2 ?\gh ,solon says o!rwise 9 ?is v]se3 ,no b\nds to ri*es c be fix$ = man2 = !y may be fix$ z 9 o!r arts2 = ! in/rum5ts ( no art :atsoev] are inf9ite1 ei!r 9 _! numb] or _! magnitude2 b ri*es are a numb] ( in/rum5ts 9 dome/ic & civil economy2 x is !re=e evid5t t ! acquisition ( c]ta9 ?+s accord+ to nature is a "p bo? ( dome/ic & civil economy1 & = :at reason4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,!re is also ano!r species ( acquisition :i* !y #abeg;a p>ticul>ly call pecuni>y1 & ) great propriety2 & by ?is inde$ x seems t !re are no b\nds to ri*es & weal?4 ,n[ _m p]sons suppose1 f _! ne> relation to ea* o!r1 t ?is is "o & ! same ) t we h j m5tion$1 b x is n ! same z t1 ?\gh n v diff]5t2 "o ( ^! is natural1 ! o!r is n1 b r ow+ to "s art & skill2 we w ent] into a p>ticul> exam9ation ( ?is subject4 ,! uses ( e possession are two1 bo? dep5d5t ^u ! ?+ itself1 b n 9 ! same mann]1 ! "o suppos+ an insep>able connection ) x1 ! o!r n2 z a %oe1 = in/ance1 :i* may be ei!r worn1 or ex*ang$ = some?+ else1 bo? ^! are ! uses ( ! %oe2 = he :o ex*anges a %oe ) "s man :o wants "o1 = money or provisions1 uses ! %oe z a %oe1 b n accord+ to ! orig9al int5tion1 = %oes 7 n at fir/ made to be ex*ang$4 ,! same ?+ holds true ( all o!r possessions2 = b>t]1 9 g5]al1 _h its orig9al beg9n+ 9 nature1 "s m5 hav+ a surplus1 o!rs too little ( :at 0 necess>y = !m3 h5ce x is evid5t1 t ! sell+ provisions = money is n accord+ to ! natural use ( ?+s2 = !y 7 oblig$ to use b>t] = ^? ?+s :i* !y want$2 b x is pla9 t b>t] c\ld h no place 9 ! fir/1 t is to say1 9 family society2 b mu/ h begun :5 ! numb] ( ^? :o compos$ ! community 0 enl>g$3 = ! fir/ ( ^! _h all ?+s 9 common2 b :5 !y came to be sep>at$ !y 7 oblig$ to ex*ange ) ea* o!r _m diff]5t ?+s :i* bo? p>ties want$4 ,:i* cu/om ( b>t] is /ill pres]v$ among/ _m b>b>\s nations1 :o procure "o necess>y ) ano!r1 b nev] sell any?+2 z giv+ & receiv+ w9e = corn & ! l4 ,?is sort ( b>t] is n contradictory to nature1 nor is x any species ( money-gett+2 b is necess>y 9 procur+ t subsi/5ce :i* is s consonant !reunto4 ,b ?is b>t] introduc$ ! use ( money1 z might be expect$2 = a conv5i5t place f :5ce to import :at y want$1 or to export :at y _h a surplus (1 be+ (t5 at a great di/ance1 money necess>ily made its way into comm]ce2 = x is n ev]y?+ :i* is naturally mo/ useful t is easie/ ( c>riage2 = :i* reason !y inv5t$ some?+ to ex*ange ) ea* o!r :i* !y %\ld mutually give & take1 t be+ really valuable itself1 %\ld h ! additional advantage ( be+ ( easy conveyance1 = ! purposes ( life1 z iron & silv]1 or any?+ else ( ! same nature3 & ?is at fir/ pass$ 9 value simply accord+ to its weight or size2 b 9 process ( "t x _h a c]ta9 /amp1 to save ! tr\ble ( weigh+1 :i* /amp express$ its value4 #abeg;b ,money !n be+ e/abli%$ z ! necess>y m$ium ( ex*ange1 ano!r species ( money-gett+ soon took place1 namely1 by buy+ & sell+1 at probably fir/ 9 a simple mann]1 aft]w>ds ) m skill & exp]i5ce1 :]e & h[ ! greate/ pr(its might be made4 ,= :i* reason ! art ( money-gett+ seems to be *iefly conv]sant ab\t trade1 & ! bus9ess ( x to be able to tell :]e ! greate/ pr(its c be made1 be+ ! means ( procur+ abundance ( weal? & possessions3 & ?us weal? is v (t5 suppos$ to consi/ 9 ! quantity ( money :i* any "o possesses1 z ?is is ! m$ium by :i* all trade is conduct$ & a =tune made1 o!rs aga9 reg>d x z ( no value1 z be+ ( none by nature1 b arbitr>ily made s by compact2 s t if ^? :o use x %\ld alt] _! s5tim5ts1 x w\ld be wor? no?+1 z be+ ( no s]vice = any necess>y purpose4 ,besides1 he :o ab\nds 9 money (t5 wants necess>y food2 & x is impossible to say t any p]son is 9 good circum/ances :5 ) all 8 possessions he may p]i% ) hung]4 ,l ,midas 9 ! fable1 :o f 8 insatiable wi% _h ev]y?+ he t\*$ turn$ into gold4 ,= :i* reason o!rs endeav\r to procure o!r ri*es & o!r prop]ty1 & rightly1 = !re are o!r ri*es & prop]ty 9 nature2 & ^! are ! prop] objects ( economy3 :ile trade only procures money1 n by all means1 b by ! ex*ange ( x1 & = t purpose x is ?is :i* x is *iefly employ$ ab\t1 = money is ! fir/ pr9ciple & ! end ( trade2 nor are !re any b\nds to be set to :at is !reby acquir$4 ,?us also !re are no limits to ! art ( m$ic9e1 ) respect to ! heal? :i* x attempts to procure2 ! same also is true ( all o!r arts2 no l9e c be drawn to t]m9ate _! b\nds1 ! sev]al pr(essors ( !m be+ desir\s to ext5d !m z f> z possible4 7,b /ill ! means to be employ$ = t purpose are limit$2 & ^! are ! limits beyond :i* ! art _c proce$47 ,?us 9 ! art ( acquir+ ri*es !re are no limits1 = ! object ( t is money & possessions2 b economy has a b\nd>y1 ?\gh ?is has n3 = acquir+ ri*es is n ! bus9ess ( t1 = :i* reason x %\ld seem t "s b\nd>y %\ld be set to ri*es1 ?\gh we see ! contr>y to ?is is :at is practis$2 = all ^? :o get ri*es add to _! money )\t end2 ! cause ( :i* is ! ne> connection ( ^! two arts ) ea* o!r1 :i* sometimes occasions ! "o to *ange employm5ts ) ! o!r1 z gett+ ( money is _! common object3 = economy requires ! possession ( weal?1 b n on its own acc\nt b ) ano!r view1 to pur*ase ?+s necess>y !re)2 b ! o!r procures x m]ely to increase x3 s t "s p]sons are confirm$ 9 _! belief1 t ?is is ! prop] object ( economy1 & ?9k t = ?is purpose money %\ld be sav$ & ho>d$ up )\t end2 ! reason = :i* disposition is1 t !y are int5t ^u liv+1 b n ^u liv+ well2 & ?is desire be+ b\ndless 9 its ext5t1 ! means :i* !y aim at = t purpose are b\ndless also2 & ^? :o propose to live well1 (t5 conf9e t to ! enjoym5t ( ! pleasures ( s5se2 s t z ?is also seems to dep5d ^u :at a man has1 all _! c>e is to get money1 & h5ce arises ! o!r cause = ?is art2 = z ?is enjoym5t is excessive 9 its degree1 !y endeav\r to procure means proportionate to supply x2 & if !y _c d ?is m]ely by ! art ( deal+ 9 money1 !y w endeav\r to d x by o!r ways1 & apply all _! p[]s to a purpose !y 7 n by nature int5d$ =4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 c\rage 0 int5d$ to inspire =titude1 n to get money by2 nei!r is ?is ! end ( ! soldi]'s or ! physician's art1 b victory & heal?4 ,b su* p]sons make ev]y?+ subs]vi5t to money-gett+1 z if ?is 0 ! only end2 & to ! end ev]y?+ ought to ref]4 ,we h n[ consid]$ t art ( money-gett+ :i* is n necess>y1 & h se5 9 :at mann] we became 9 want ( x2 & also t :i* is necess>y1 :i* is diff]5t f x2 = t economy :i* is natural1 & ^: object is to provide food1 is n l ?is unlimit$ 9 its ext5t1 b has its b\nds4 ,,*apt] ,x ,we h n[ det]m9$ :at 0 be=e d\btful1 :e!r or no ! art ( gett+ money is 8 bus9ess :o is at ! head ( a family or a /ate1 & ?\gh n /rictly s1 x is h[ev] v necess>y2 = z a politician does n make m51 b receiv+ !m f ! h& ( nature employs !m to prop] purposes2 ?us ! e>?1 or ! sea1 or some?+ else ought to supply !m ) provisions1 & ?is x is ! bus9ess ( ! ma/] ( ! family to manage prop]ly2 = x is n ! weav]'s bus9ess to make y>n1 b to use x1 & to di/+ui% :at is good & useful f :at is bad & ( no s]vice2 & inde$ "s "o may inquire :y gett+ money %\ld be a "p ( economy :5 ! art ( heal+ is n1 z x is z requisite t ! family %\ld be 9 heal? z t !y %\ld eat1 or h any?+ else :i* is necess>y2 & z x is inde$ 9 "s p>ticul>s ! bus9ess bo? ( ! ma/] ( ! family1 & he to :om ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate is entru/$1 to see aft] ! heal? ( ^? "u _! c>e1 b 9 o!rs n1 b ! physician's2 s also z to money2 9 "s respects x is ! bus9ess ( ! ma/] ( ! family1 9 o!rs n1 b ( ! s]vant2 b z we h already said1 x is *iefly nature's1 = x is h] "p to supply h] (fspr+ ) food2 = ev]y?+ f9ds n\ri%m5t left = x 9 :at produc$ x2 = :i* reason ! natural ri*es ( all m5 arise f fruits & animals4 ,n[ money-mak+1 z we say1 be+ tw(old1 x may be appli$ to two purposes1 ! s]vice ( ! h\se or retail trade2 ( :i* ! fir/ is necess>y & comm5dable1 ! o!r ju/ly c5surable2 = x has n its orig9 9 #abeh;b nature1 b by x m5 ga9 f ea* o!r2 = usury is mo/ reasonably dete/$1 z x is increas+ our =tune by money itself1 & n employ+ x = ! purpose x 0 orig9ally int5d$1 namely ex*ange4 ,& ?is is ! explanation ( ! "n 7,,tokos71 :i* means ! bre$+ ( money4 ,= z (fspr+ resemble _! p>5ts1 s usury is money br$ ( money4 ,:5ce ( all =ms ( money-mak+ x is mo/ aga9/ nature4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,hav+ already suffici5tly consid]$ ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ?is subject1 let u n[ g into ! practical "p !re(2 ! "o is a lib]al employm5t = ! m9d1 ! o!r necess>y4 ,^! ?+s are useful 9 ! managem5t ( "o's affairs2 to be skilful 9 ! nature ( cattle1 :i* are mo/ pr(itable1 & :]e1 & h[2 z = in/ance1 :at advantage w arise f keep+ horses1 or ox51 or %eep1 or any o!r live /ock2 x is also necess>y to be acqua9t$ ) ! comp>ative value ( ^! ?+s1 & :i* ( !m 9 p>ticul> places are wor? mo/2 = "s d bett] 9 "o place1 "s 9 ano!r4 ,agriculture also %\ld be und]/ood1 & ! managem5t ( arable gr\nds & or*>ds2 & also ! c>e ( bees1 & fi%1 & birds1 f :5ce any pr(it may arise2 ^! are ! fir/ & mo/ prop] p>ts ( dome/ic managem5t4 ,) respect to ga9+ money by ex*ange1 ! pr9cipal me?od ( do+ ?is is by m]*&ise1 :i* is c>ri$ on 9 ?ree diff]5t ways1 ei!r by s5d+ ! commodity = sale by sea or by l&1 or else sell+ x on ! place :]e x gr[s2 & ^! diff] f ea* o!r 9 ?is1 t ! "o is m pr(itable1 ! o!r saf]4 ,! second me?od is by usury4 ,! ?ird by receiv+ wages = "w done1 & ?is ei!r by be+ employ$ 9 "s mean art1 or else 9 m]e bodily lab\r4 ,!re is also a ?ird species ( improv+ a =tune1 t is some?+ betwe5 ?is & ! fir/2 = x p>tly dep5ds ^u nature1 p>tly ^u ex*ange2 ! subject ( :i* is1 ?+s t are imm$iately f ! e>?1 or _! produce1 :i*1 ?\gh !y be> no fruit1 are yet useful1 su* z sell+ ( timb] & ! :ole art ( metallurgy1 :i* includes _m diff]5t species1 = !re are v>i\s sorts ( ?+s dug out ( ! e>?4 ,^! we h n[ m5tion$ 9 g5]al1 b to ent] into p>ticul>s conc]n+ ea* ( !m1 ?\gh x might be useful to ! arti/1 w\ld be tiresome to dwell on4 ,n[ ( all ! works ( art1 ^? are ! mo/ excell5t :]e9 *ance has ! lea/ to d1 & ^? are ! meane/ :i* deprave ! body1 ^? ! mo/ s]vile 9 :i* bodily /r5g? alone is *iefly want$1 ^? mo/ illib]al :i* require lea/ skill2 b z !re are books writt5 on ^! subjects by "s p]sons1 z by ,*>es ! ,panian1 & ,apollodorus ! ,lemnian1 ^u husb&ry & plant+2 & by o!rs on o!r matt]s1 #abei;b let ^? :o h occasion consult !m !reon2 besides1 e p]son %\ld collect toge!r :atsoev] he he>s occasionally m5tion$1 by means ( :i* _m ( ^? :o aim$ at mak+ a =tune h succe$$ 9 _! int5tions2 = all ^! are useful to ^? :o make a po9t ( gett+ money1 z 9 ! contrivance ( ,?ales ! ,milesian 7:i* 0 c]ta9ly a ga9ful "o1 b z x 0 8 x 0 attribut$ to 8 wisdom1 ?\gh ! me?od he us$ 0 a g5]al "o1 & w\ld univ]sally succe$71 :5 !y revil$ him = 8 pov]ty1 z if ! /udy ( philosophy 0 useless3 = !y say t he1 p]ceiv+ by 8 skill 9 a/rology t !re w\ld be great pl5ty ( olives t ye>1 :ile x 0 yet w9t]1 hav+ got a little money1 he gave e>ne/ = all ! oil works t 7 9 ,miletus & ,*ios1 :i* he hir$ at a l[ price1 !re be+ no "o to bid aga9/ him2 b :5 ! season came = mak+ oil1 _m p]sons want+ !m1 he all at once let !m ^u :at t]ms he pleas$2 & rais+ a l>ge sum ( money by t means1 conv9c$ !m t x 0 easy = philosoph]s to be ri* if !y *ose x1 b t t 0 n :at !y aim$ at2 9 ?is mann] is ,?ales said to h %[n 8 wisdom4 ,x inde$ is1 z we h said1 g5]ally ga9ful = a p]son to contrive to make a monopoly ( any?+2 = :i* reason "s cities also take ?is me?od :5 !y want money1 & monopolise _! commodities4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 p]son 9 ,sicily :o laid out a sum ( money :i* 0 deposit$ 9 8 h& 9 buy+ up all ! iron f ! iron m]*ants2 s t :5 ! deal]s came f ! m>kets to pur*ase1 !re 0 no "o _h any to sell b himself2 & ?\gh he put no great advance ^u x1 yet by lay+ out fifty tal5ts he made an hundr$4 ,:5 ,dionysius he>d ?is he p]mitt$ him to take 8 money ) him1 b =bid him to cont9ue any long] 9 ,sicily1 z be+ "o :o contriv$ means = gett+ money inconsi/5t ) 8 affairs4 ,?is man's view & ,?ales's 0 exactly ! same2 bo? ( !m contriv$ to procure a monopoly = !mselves3 x is useful also = politicians to und]/& ^! ?+s1 = _m /ates want to raise money & by su* means1 z well z private families1 nay m s2 = :i* reason "s p]sons :o are employ$ 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs conf9e !mselves to ?is prov9ce only4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,!re are !n ?ree p>ts ( dome/ic gov]nm5t1 ! ma/]s1 ( :i* we h already treat$1 ! fa!rs1 & ! husb&s2 n[ ! gov]nm5t ( ! wife & *ildr5 %\ld bo? be t ( free p]sons1 b n ! ,i#bei;b same2 = ! wife %\ld be treat$ z a citiz5 ( a free /ate1 ! *ildr5 %\ld be "u k+ly p[]2 = ! male is by nature sup]ior to ! female1 except :5 some?+ happ5s contr>y to ! usual c\rse ( nature1 z is ! eld] & p]fect to ! y\ng] & imp]fect4 ,n[ 9 ! g5]ality ( free /ates1 ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$ alt]nately *ange place2 = an equality )\t any pref]5ce is :at nature *ooses2 h[ev]1 :5 "o gov]ns & ano!r is gov]n$1 %e endeav\rs t !re %\ld be a di/9ction betwe5 !m 9 =ms1 expressions1 & hon\rs2 accord+ to :at ,amasis said ( 8 lav]4 ,?is !n %\ld be ! e/abli%$ rule betwe5 ! man & ! woman4 ,! gov]nm5t ( *ildr5 %\ld be k+ly2 = ! p[] ( ! fa!r ov] ! *ild is f\nd$ 9 affection & s5iority1 :i* is a species ( k+ly gov]nm5t2 = :i* reason ,hom] v prop]ly calls ,jupit] ! fa!r ( gods & m51 :o 0 k+ ( bo? ^!2 = nature requires t a k+ %\ld be ( ! same species ) ^? :om he gov]ns1 ?\gh sup]ior 9 "s p>ticul>s1 z is ! case betwe5 ! eld] & ! y\ng]1 ! fa!r & ! son4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,x is evid5t !n t 9 ! due gov]nm5t ( a family1 great] att5tion %\ld be paid to ! sev]al memb]s ( x & _! virtues ?an to ! possessions or ri*es ( x2 & great] to ! freem5 ?an ! slaves3 b "h "s "o may d\bt :e!r !re is any o!r virtue 9 a slave ?an 8 organic s]vices1 & ( high] e/imation ?an ^!1 z temp]ance1 =titude1 ju/ice1 & su*-l habits1 or :e!r !y possess only bodily qualities3 ea* side ( ! "q has its difficulties2 = if !y possess ^! virtues1 :]e9 d !y diff] f freem58 & t !y d n1 s9ce !y are m51 & p>tak]s ( reason1 is absurd4 ,ne>ly ! same inquiry may be made conc]n+ a woman & a *ild1 :e!r ^! also h _! prop] virtues2 :e!r a woman ought to be temp]ate1 brave1 & j1 & :e!r a *ild is temp]ate or no2 & inde$ ?is inquiry ought to be g5]al1 :e!r ! virtues ( ^? :o1 by nature1 ei!r gov]n or are gov]n$1 are ! same or diff]5t2 = if x is necess>y t bo? ( !m %\ld p>take ( ! fair & good1 :y is x also necess>y t1 )\t exception1 ! "o %\ld gov]n1 ! o!r always be gov]n$8 = ?is _c arise f _! possess+ ^! qualities 9 diff]5t degrees2 = to gov]n1 & to be gov]n$1 are ?+s diff]5t 9 species1 b m or less are n4 ,& yet x is wond]ful t "o p>ty ought to h !m1 & ! o!r n2 = if he :o is to gov]n %\ld n be temp]ate & j1 h[ c he gov]n well8 or if he is to be gov]n$1 h[ c he be gov]n$ well8 = he :o is intemp]ate #abfj;a & a c[>d w nev] d :at he ought3 x is evid5t !n t bo? p>ties ought to be virtu\s2 b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 z !re is betwe5 ^? :o by nature comm& & :o by nature obey1 & ?is orig9ates 9 ! s\l2 = 9 ?is nature has plant$ ! gov]n+ & submitt+ pr9ciple1 ! virtues ( :i* we say are diff]5t1 z are ^? ( a rational & an irrational be+4 ,x is pla9 !n t ! same pr9ciple may be ext5d$ f>!r1 & t !re are 9 nature a v>iety ( ?+s :i* gov]n & are gov]n$2 = a freeman is gov]n$ 9 a diff]5t mann] f a slave1 a male f a female1 & a man f a *ild3 & all ^! h p>ts ( m9d )9 !m1 b 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,?us a slave c h no p[] ( det]m9ation1 a woman b a weak "o1 a *ild an imp]fect "o4 ,?us also mu/ x necess>ily be ) respect to moral virtues2 all mu/ be suppos$ to possess !m1 b n 9 ! same mann]1 b z is be/ suit$ to e "o's employm5t2 on :i* acc\nt he :o is to gov]n ought to be p]fect 9 moral virtue1 = 8 bus9ess is entirely t ( an ar*itect1 & reason is ! ar*itect2 :ile o!rs want only t portion ( x :i* may be suffici5t = _! /ation2 f :5ce x is evid5t1 t al?\gh moral virtue is common to all ^? we h spok5 (1 yet ! temp]ance ( a man & a woman are n ! same1 nor _! c\rage1 nor _! ju/ice1 ?\gh ,socrates ?\ght o!rwise2 = ! c\rage ( ! man consi/s 9 comm&+1 ! woman's 9 obey+2 & ! same is true 9 o!r p>ticul>s3 & ?is w be evid5t to ^? :o w exam9e diff]5t virtues sep>ately2 = ^? :o use g5]al t]ms deceive !mselves :5 !y say1 t virtue consi/s 9 a good disposition ( m9d1 or do+ :at is "r1 or some?+ ( ?is sort4 ,!y d mu* bett] :o enum]ate ! diff]5t virtues z ,georgias did1 ?an ^? :o ?us def9e !m2 & z ,sophocles speaks ( a woman1 we ?9k ( all p]sons1 t _! 'virtues %\ld be applicable to _! *>act]s1 = says he1 ,sil5ce is a woman's ornam5t1 b x is n a man's2 & z a *ild is incomplete1 x is evid5t t 8 virtue is n to be ref]r$ to himself 9 8 pres5t situation1 b to t 9 :i* he w be complete1 & 8 preceptor4 ,9 l mann] ! virtue ( a slave is to be ref]r$ to 8 ma/]2 = we laid x d[n z a maxim1 t ! use ( a slave 0 to employ him 9 :at y want$2 s t x is cle> en\gh t few virtues are want$ 9 8 /ation1 only t he may n neglect 8 "w ?r\gh idl5ess or fe>3 "s p]son may "q if :at ,i h said is true1 :e!r virtue is n necess>y = artific]s 9 _! call+1 = !y (t5 ?r\gh idl5ess neglect _! "w1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is v great2 = a slave is connect$ ) y = life1 b ! artific] n s ne>ly3 z ne> !re=e z ! artific] approa*es to ! situation ( a slave1 j s mu* ought he to h ( ! virtues ( "o2 = a mean artific] is to a c]ta9 po9t a slave2 b !n a slave is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are by nature :at !y are1 b ?is is n true #abfj;b ( a %oemak]1 or any o!r arti/4 ,x is evid5t !n t a slave ought to be tra9$ to ^? virtues :i* are prop] = 8 situation by 8 ma/]2 & n by him :o has ! p[] ( a ma/]1 to tea* him any p>ticul> art4 ,^? !re=e are 9 ! wrong :o w\ld deprive slaves ( reason1 & say t !y h only to foll[ _! ord]s2 = slaves want m in/ruction ?an *ildr51 & ?us we det]m9e ?is matt]4 ,x is necess>y1 ,i am s5sible1 = e "o :o treats ^u gov]nm5t1 to ent] p>ticul>ly into ! relations ( husb& & wife1 & ( p>5t & *ild1 & to %[ :at are ! virtues ( ea* & _! respective connections ) ea* o!r2 :at is "r & :at is wrong2 & h[ ! "o ought to be foll[$1 & ! o!r avoid$4 ,s9ce !n e family is "p ( a city1 & ea* ( ^? individuals is "p ( a family1 & ! virtue ( ! p>ts ought to correspond to ! virtue ( ! :ole2 x is necess>y1 t bo? ! wives & *ildr5 ( ! community %\ld be in/ruct$ correspond5t to ! nature !re(1 if x is ( consequ5ce to ! virtue ( ! /ate1 t ! wives & *ildr5 !re9 %\ld be virtu\s1 & ( consequ5ce x c]ta9ly is1 = ! wives are "o half ( ! free p]sons2 & ( ! *ildr5 ! succe$+ citiz5s are to be =m$4 ,z !n we h det]m9$ ^! po9ts1 we w leave ! re/ to be spok5 to 9 ano!r place1 z if ! subject 0 n[ f9i%$2 & beg9n+ aga9 anew1 fir/ consid] ! s5tim5ts ( ^? :o h treat$ ( ! mo/ p]fect =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,,book ,,ii ,,*apt] ,i ,s9ce !n we propose to inquire :at civil society is ( all o!rs be/ = ^? :o h x 9 _! p[] to live entirely z !y wi%1 x is necess>y to exam9e into ! polity ( ^? /ates :i* are all[$ to be well gov]n$2 & if !re %\ld be any o!rs :i* "s p]sons h describ$1 & :i* appe> prop]ly regulat$1 to note :at is "r & useful 9 !m2 & :5 we po9t out :]e9 !y h fail$1 let n ?is be imput$ to an affectation ( wisdom1 = x is because !re are great defects 9 all ^? :i* are already e/abli%$1 t ,i h be5 induc$ to und]take ?is "w4 ,we w beg9 ) t "p ( ! subject :i* naturally pres5ts itself fir/ to our consid]ation4 ,! memb]s ( e /ate mu/ ( necessity h all ?+s 9 common1 or "s ?+s common1 & n o!rs1 or no?+ at all common4 ,to h no?+ 9 common is evid5tly impossible1 = society itself is "o species ( #abfa;a community2 & ! fir/ ?+ necess>y !reunto is a common place ( habitation1 namely ! city1 :i* mu/ be "o1 & ?is e citiz5 mu/ h a %>e 94 ,b 9 a gov]nm5t :i* is to be well f\nd$1 w x be be/ to admit ( a community 9 ev]y?+ :i* is capable !re(1 or only 9 "s p>ticul>s1 b 9 o!rs n8 = x is possible t ! citiz5s may h _! wives1 & *ildr51 & goods 9 common1 z 9 ,plato's ,commonweal?2 = 9 t ,socrates affirms t all ^! p>ticul>s ought to be s4 ,:i* !n %all we pref]8 ! cu/om :i* is already e/abli%$1 or ! laws :i* are propos$ 9 t treatise8 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,n[ z a community ( wives is att5d$ ) _m o!r difficulties1 s nei!r does ! cause = :i* he w\ld frame 8 gov]nm5t 9 ?is mann] seem agreeable to reason1 nor is x capable ( produc+ t end :i* he has propos$1 & = :i* he says x ought to take place2 nor has he giv5 any p>ticul> directions = putt+ x 9 practice4 ,n[ ,i also am will+ to agree ) ,socrates 9 ! pr9ciple :i* he proce$s ^u1 & admit t ! city ought to be "o z mu* z possible2 & yet x is evid5t t if x is contract$ too mu*1 x w be no long] a city1 = t necess>ily supposes a multitude2 s t if we proce$ 9 ?is mann]1 we %all r$uce a city to a family1 & a family to a s+le p]son3 = we admit t a family is "o 9 a great] degree ?an a city1 & a s+le p]son ?an a family2 s t if ?is end c\ld be obta9$1 x %\ld nev] be put 9 practice1 z x w\ld annihilate ! city2 = a city does n only consi/ ( a l>ge numb] ( inhabitants1 b !re mu/ also be diff]5t sorts2 = 7 !y all alike1 !re c\ld be no city2 = a conf$]acy & a city are two diff]5t ?+s2 = a conf$]acy is valuable f its numb]s1 al?\gh all ^? :o compose x are m5 ( ! same call+2 = ?is is ent]$ into = ! sake ( mutual def5ce1 z we add an additional weight to make ! scale g d[n4 ,! same di/9ction prevails betwe5 a city & a nation :5 ! p are n collect$ into sep>ate villages1 b live z ! ,arcadians4 ,n[ ^? ?+s 9 :i* a city %\ld be "o are ( diff]5t sorts1 & 9 pres]v+ an alt]nate reciprocation ( p[] betwe5 ^!1 ! safety !re( consi/s 7z ,i h already m5tion$ 9 my treatise on ,morals71 = among/ freem5 & equals ?is is absolutely necess>y2 = all _c gov]n at ! same "t1 b ei!r by ! ye>1 or accord+ to "s o!r regulation or "t1 by :i* means e "o 9 8 turn w be 9 (fice2 z if ! %oemak]s & c>p5t]s %\ld ex*ange occupations1 & n always be employ$ 9 ! same call+4 ,b z x is evid5tly bett]1 t ^! %\ld cont9ue to ex]cise _! respective trades2 s also 9 civil society1 :]e x is possible1 x w\ld be bett] t ! gov]nm5t %\ld cont9ue 9 ! same h&s2 b :]e x #abfa;b is n 7z nature has made all m5 equal1 & !re=e x is j1 be ! adm9i/ration good or bad1 t all %\ld p>take ( x71 !re x is be/ to obs]ve a rotation1 & let ^? :o are _! equals by turns submit to ^? :o are at t "t magi/rates1 z !y w1 9 _! turns1 alt]nately be gov]nors & gov]n$1 z if !y 7 diff]5t m53 by ! same me?od diff]5t p]sons w execute diff]5t (fices4 ,f h5ce x is evid5t1 t a city _c be "o 9 ! mann] t "s p]sons propose2 & t :at has be5 said to be ! greate/ good :i* x c\ld enjoy1 is absolutely its de/ruction1 :i* _c be3 = ! good ( any?+ is t :i* pres]ves x4 ,= ano!r reason also x is cle>1 t x is n = ! be/ to endeav\r to make a city too mu* "o1 because a family is m suffici5t 9 itself ?an a s+le p]son1 a city ?an a family2 & inde$ ,plato supposes t a city owes its exi/5ce to t suffici5cy 9 !mselves :i* ! memb]s ( x enjoy4 ,if !n ?is suffici5cy is s desirable1 ! less ! city is "o ! bett]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,b admitt+ t x is mo/ advantage\s = a city to be "o z mu* z possible1 x does n seem to foll[ t ?is w take place by p]mitt+ all at once to say ?is is m9e1 & ?is is n m9e 7?\gh ?is is :at ,socrates reg>ds z a pro( t a city is entirely "o71 = ! ^w ,all is us$ 9 two s5ses2 if x means ea* individual1 :at ,socrates proposes w ne>ly take place2 = ea* p]son w say1 ?is is 8 own son1 & 8 own wife1 & 8 own prop]ty1 & ( ev]y?+ else t may happ5 to belong to him1 t x is 8 own4 ,b ^? :o h _! wives & *ildr5 9 common w n say s1 b all w say s1 ?\gh n z individuals2 !re=e1 to use ! ^w all is evid5tly a fallaci\s mode ( spee*2 = ?is ^w is sometimes us$ di/ributively1 & sometimes collectively1 on acc\nt ( its d\ble mean+1 & is ! cause ( inconclusive syllogisms 9 reason+4 ,!re=e = all p]sons to say ! same ?+ 0 _! own1 us+ ! ^w all 9 its di/ributive s5se1 w\ld be well1 b is impossible3 9 its collective s5se x w\ld by no means contribute to ! concord ( ! /ate4 ,besides1 !re w\ld be ano!r inconv5i5ce att5d+ ?is proposal1 = :at is common to _m is tak5 lea/ c>e (2 = all m5 reg>d m :at is _! own ?an :at o!rs %>e ) !m 91 to :i* !y pay less att5tion ?an is incumb5t on e "o3 let me add also1 t e "o is m neglig5t ( :at ano!r is to see to1 z well z himself1 ?an ( 8 own private bus9ess2 z 9 a family "o is (t5 worse s]v$ by _m s]vants ?an by a few4 ,let ea* citiz5 !n 9 ! /ate h a ?\s& *ildr51 b let none ( !m be consid]$ z ! *ildr5 ( t individual1 b let ! relation ( fa!r & *ild be common to !m all1 & !y w all be neglect$4 ,besides1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is1 #abfb;a :5ev] any citiz5 behav$ well or ill1 e p]son1 be ! numb] :at x w\ld1 might say1 ?is is my son1 or ?is man's or t2 & 9 ?is mann] w\ld !y speak1 & ?us w\ld !y d\bt ( ! :ole ?\s&1 or ( :atev] numb] ! city consi/$2 & x w\ld be unc]ta9 to :om ea* *ild belong$1 & :5 x 0 born1 :o 0 to take c>e ( x3 & :i* d y ?9k is bett]1 = e "o to say ?is is m9e1 :ile !y may apply x equally to two ?\s& or t5 ?\s&2 or z we say1 ?is is m9e 9 our pres5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :]e "o man calls ano!r 8 son1 ano!r calls t same p]son 8 bro!r1 ano!r nephew1 or "s o!r relation1 ei!r by blood or m>riage1 & fir/ ext5ds 8 c>e to him & 81 :ile ano!r reg>ds him z "o ( ! same p>i% & ! same tribe2 & x is bett] = any "o to be a nephew 9 8 private capacity ?an a son aft] t mann]4 ,besides1 x w be impossible to prev5t "s p]sons f suspect+ t !y are bro!rs & si/]s1 fa!rs & mo!rs to ea* o!r2 =1 f ! mutual lik5ess !re is betwe5 ! sire & ! (fspr+1 !y w necess>ily conclude 9 :at relation !y /& to ea* o!r1 :i* circum/ance1 we are in=m$ by ^? writ]s :o describe diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 does sometimes happ52 = 9 ,upp] ,africa !re are wives 9 common :o yet deliv] _! *ildr5 to _! respective fa!rs1 be+ guid$ by _! lik5ess to !m4 ,!re are also "s m>es & c[s :i* naturally br+ =? _! "y s l ! male1 t we c easily di/+ui% by :i* ( !m !y 7 impregnat$3 su* 0 ! m>e call$ ,j1 9 ,ph>salia4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,besides1 ^? :o contrive ?is plan ( community _c easily avoid ! foll[+ evils2 namely1 bl[s1 murd]s involunt>y or volunt>y1 qu>rels1 & reproa*es1 all :i* x w\ld be impi\s inde$ to be guilty ( t[>ds our fa!rs & mo!rs1 or ^? :o are ne>ly relat$ to u2 ?\gh n to ^? :o are n connect$ to u by any tie ( aff9ity3 & c]ta9ly ^! mis*iefs mu/ necess>ily happ5 (t5] among/ ^? :o d n "k h[ !y are connect$ to ea* o!r ?an ^? :o d2 & :5 !y d happ51 if x is among ! fir/ ( ^!1 !y admit ( a legal expiation1 b among/ ! latt] t _c be done4 ,x is also absurd = ^? :o promote a community ( *ildr5 to =bid ^? :o love ea* o!r f indulg+ !mselves 9 ! la/ excesses ( t passion1 :ile !y d n re/ra9 !m f ! passion itself1 or ^? int]c\rses :i* are ( all ?+s mo/ improp]1 betwe5 a ,fa!r & a son1 a bro!r & a bro!r1 & inde$ ! ?+ itself is mo/ absurd4 ,x is also ridicul\s to prev5t ?is int]c\rse betwe5 ! ne>e/ relations1 = no o!r reason ?an ! viol5ce ( ! pleasure1 :ile !y ?9k t ! relation ( fa!r & daught]1 ! bro!r & si/]1 is ( no consequ5ce at all4 ,x seems also m advantage\s = ! /ate1 t ! husb&m5 %\ld h _! wives & *ildr5 9 common ?an ! milit>y1 = !re w be less affection #abfb;b among !m 9 t case ?an :5 o!rwise2 = su* p]sons ought to be "u subjection1 t !y may obey ! laws1 & n seek aft] innovations4 ,^u ! :ole1 ! consequ5ces ( su* a law z ?is w\ld be directly contr>y to ^? ?+s :i* good laws ought to e/abli%1 & :i* ,socrates endeav\r$ to e/abli% by 8 regulations conc]n+ wom5 & *ildr53 = we ?9k t fri5d%ip is ! greate/ good :i* c happ5 to any city1 z no?+ s mu* prev5ts s$itions3 & amity 9 a city is :at ,socrates comm5ds above all ?+s1 :i* appe>s to be1 z inde$ he says1 ! effect ( fri5d%ip2 z we le>n f ,ari/ophanes 9 ! ,erotics1 :o says1 t ^? :o love "o ano!r f ! excess ( t passion1 desire to brea! ! same s\l1 & f be+ two to be bl5d$ into "o3 f :5ce x w\ld necess>ily foll[1 t bo? or "o ( !m mu/ be de/roy$4 ,b n[ 9 a city :i* admits ( ?is community1 ! tie ( fri5d%ip mu/1 f t v cause1 be extremely weak1 :5 no fa!r c say1 ?is is my son2 or son1 ?is is my fa!r2 = z a v little ( :at is sweet1 be+ mix$ ) a great deal ( wat] is imp]ceptible aft] ! mixture1 s mu/ all family connections1 & ! names !y g by1 be necess>ily disreg>d$ 9 su* a community1 x be+ !n by no means necess>y t ! fa!r %\ld h any reg>d = him he call$ a son1 or ! bro!rs = ^? !y call bro!rs4 ,!re are two ?+s :i* pr9cipally inspire mank9d ) c>e & love ( _! (fspr+1 kn[+ x is _! own1 & :at ought to be ! object ( _! affection1 nei!r ( :i* c take place 9 ?is sort ( community4 ,z = ex*ang+ ! *ildr5 ( ! artific]s & husb&m5 ) ^? ( ! milit>y1 & !irs reciprocally ) ^!1 x w occasion great confusion 9 :atev] mann] x %all be done2 = ( necessity1 ^? :o c>ry ! *ildr5 mu/ "k f :om !y took & to :om !y gave !m2 & by ?is means ^? evils :i* ,i h already m5tion$ w necess>ily be ! m likely to happ51 z bl[s1 ince/u\s love1 murd]s1 & ! l2 = ^? :o are giv5 f _! own p>5ts to o!r citiz5s1 ! milit>y1 = in/ance1 w n call !m bro!rs1 sons1 fa!rs1 or mo!rs4 ,! same ?+ w\ld happ5 to ^? ( ! milit>y :o 7 plac$ among ! o!r citiz5s2 s t by ?is means e "o w\ld be 9 fe> h[ to act 9 consequ5ce ( consangu9ity4 ,& ?us let u det]m9e conc]n+ a community ( wives & *ildr54 ,,*apt] ,v ,we proce$ next to consid] 9 :at mann] prop]ty %\ld be regulat$ 9 a /ate :i* is =m$ aft] ! mo/ p]fect mode ( gov]nm5t1 :e!r x %\ld be common or n2 = ?is may be consid]$ z a sep>ate "q f :at _h be5 det]m9$ conc]n+ #abfc;a wives & *ildr52 ,i mean1 :e!r x is bett] t ^! %\ld be held sep>ate1 z !y n[ ev]y:]e are1 or t n only possessions b also ! usufruct ( !m %\ld be 9 common2 or t ! soil %\ld h a p>ticul> own]1 b t ! produce %\ld be br\ght toge!r & us$ z "o common /ock1 z "s nations at pres5t d2 or on ! contr>y1 %\ld ! soil be common1 & %\ld x also be cultivat$ 9 common1 :ile ! produce is divid$ among/ ! individuals = _! p>ticul> use1 :i* is said to be practis$ by "s b>b>ians2 or %all bo? ! soil & ! fruit be common8 ,:5 ! bus9ess ( ! husb&man devolves n on ! citiz51 ! matt] is mu* easi] settl$2 b :5 ^? lab\r toge!r :o h a common "r ( possession1 ?is may occasion sev]al difficulties2 = !re may n be an equal proportion betwe5 _! lab\r & :at !y consume2 & ^? :o lab\r h>d & h b a small proportion ( ! produce1 w c]ta9ly compla9 ( ^? :o take a l>ge %>e ( x & d b little = t4 ,^u ! :ole1 z a community betwe5 man & man s entire z to include ev]y?+ possible1 & ?us to h all ?+s t man c possess 9 common1 is v difficult1 s is x p>ticul>ly s ) respect to prop]ty2 & ?is is evid5t f t community :i* takes place betwe5 ^? :o g out to settle a colony2 = !y frequ5tly h disputes ) ea* o!r ^u ! mo/ common occasions1 & come to bl[s ^u trifles3 we f9d1 too1 t we (t5e/ correct ^? slaves :o are g5]ally employ$ 9 ! common (fices ( ! family3 a community ( prop]ty !n has ^! & o!r inconv5i5ces att5d+ x4 ,b ! mann] ( life :i* is n[ e/abli%$1 m p>ticul>ly :5 embelli%$ ) good morals & a sy/em ( equal laws1 is f> sup]ior to x1 = x w h ! advantage ( bo?2 by bo? ,i mean prop]ties be+ common1 & divid$ also2 = 9 "s respects x ought to be 9 a mann] common1 b ^u ! :ole private3 = e man's att5tion be+ employ$ on 8 own p>ticul> conc]ns1 w prev5t mutual compla9ts aga9/ ea* o!r2 nay1 by ?is means indu/ry w be increas$1 z ea* p]son w lab\r to improve 8 own private prop]ty2 & x w !n be1 t f a pr9ciple ( virtue !y w mutually p]=m good (fices to ea* o!r1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 ,all ?+s are common among/ fri5ds2 & 9 "s cities !re are traces ( ?is cu/om to be se51 s t x is n impracticable1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ^? :i* are be/ gov]n$2 "s ?+s are by ?is means 9 a mann] common1 & o!rs might be s2 = !re1 e p]son enjoy+ 8 own private prop]ty1 "s ?+s he assi/s 8 fri5d )1 o!rs are consid]$ z 9 common2 z 9 ,lac$aemon1 :]e !y use ea* o!r's slaves1 z if !y 71 s to speak1 _! own1 z !y d _! horses & dogs1 or ev5 any provision !y may want 9 a j\rney4 ,x is evid5t !n t x is be/ to h prop]ty private1 b to make ! use ( x common2 b h[ ! citiz5s are to be br\ght to x is ! p>ticul> #abfc;b bus9ess ( ! legislator4 ,& also ) respect to pleasure1 x is unspeakable h[ advantage\s x is1 t a man %\ld ?9k he has some?+ :i* he may call 8 own2 = x is by no means to no purpose1 t ea* p]son %\ld h an affection = himself1 = t is natural1 & yet to be a self-lov] is ju/ly c5sur$2 = we mean by t1 n "o t simply loves himself1 b "o t loves himself m ?an he ought2 9 l mann] we blame a money-lov]1 & yet bo? money & self is :at all m5 love4 ,besides1 x is v pleas+ to u to oblige & assi/ our fri5ds & companions1 z well z ^? :om we are connect$ ) by ! rights ( hospitality2 & ?is _c be done )\t ! e/abli%m5t ( private prop]ty1 :i* _c take place ) ^? :o make a city too mu* "o2 besides1 !y prev5t e opportunity ( ex]cis+ two pr9cipal virtues1 mode/y & lib]ality4 ,mode/y ) respect to ! female sex1 = ?is virtue requires y to ab/a9 f h] :o is ano!r's2 lib]ality1 :i* dep5ds ^u private prop]ty1 = )\t t no "o c appe> lib]al1 or d any g5]\s action2 = lib]ality consi/s 9 imp>t+ to o!rs :at is our own4 ,?is sy/em ( polity does inde$ recomm5d itself by its good appe>ance & speci\s pret5ces to humanity2 & :5 fir/ propos$ to any "o1 mu/ give him great pleasure1 z he w conclude x to be a wond]ful bond ( fri5d%ip1 connect+ all to all2 p>ticul>ly :5 any "o c5sures ! evils :i* are n[ to be f\nd 9 society1 z aris+ f prop]ties n be+ common1 ,i mean ! disputes :i* happ5 betwe5 man & man1 ^u _! diff]5t contracts ) ea* o!r2 ^? judgm5ts :i* are pass$ 9 c\rt 9 consequ5ce ( fraud1 & p]jury1 & flatt]+ ! ri*1 none ( :i* arise f prop]ties be+ private1 b f ! vices ( mank9d4 ,besides1 ^? :o live 9 "o g5]al community1 & h all ?+s 9 common1 (t5] dispute ) ea* o!r ?an ^? :o h _! prop]ty sep>ate2 f ! v small numb] inde$ ( ^? :o h _! prop]ty 9 common1 comp>$ ) ^? :]e x is appropriat$1 ! in/ances ( _! qu>rels are b few4 ,x is also b "r to m5tion1 n only ! inconv5i5ces !y are pres]v$ f :o live 9 a communion ( goods1 b also ! advantages !y are depriv$ (2 = :5 ! :ole comes to be consid]$1 ?is mann] ( life w be f\nd impracticable4 ,we mu/ suppose1 !n1 t ,socrates's mi/ake arose f ! pr9ciple he set out ) be+ false2 we admit1 inde$1 t bo? a family & a city ought to be "o 9 "s p>ticul>s1 b n entirely2 = !re is a po9t beyond :i* if a city proce$s 9 r$uc+ itself to "o1 x w be no long] a city4 ,!re is also ano!r po9t at :i* x w /ill cont9ue to be a city1 b x w approa* s ne> to n be+ "o1 t x w be worse ?an none2 z if any "o %\ld r$uce ! voices ( ^? :o s+ 9 conc]t to "o1 or a v]se to a foot4 ,b ! p ought to be made "o1 & a community1 z ,i h already said1 by education2 z prop]ty at ,lac$aemon1 & _! public tables at ,crete1 7 made common by _! legislators4 ,b yet1 :osoev] %all introduce any education1 & ?9k !reby to make 8 city excell5t & respectable1 w be absurd1 :ile he expects to =m x by su* regulations1 & n by mann]s1 philosophy1 & laws4 ,& :oev] #abfd;a w\ld e/abli% a gov]nm5t ^u a community ( goods1 ought to "k t he %\ld consult ! exp]i5ce ( _m ye>s1 :i* w\ld pla9ly en\gh in=m him :e!r su* a s*eme is useful2 = almo/ all ?+s h already be5 f\nd out1 b "s h be5 neglect$1 & o!rs :i* h be5 kn[n h n be5 put 9 practice4 ,b ?is w\ld be mo/ evid5t1 if any "o c\ld see su* a gov]nm5t really e/abli%$3 = x w\ld be impossible to frame su* a city )\t divid+ & sep>at+ x into its di/9ct p>ts1 z public tables1 w>ds1 & tribes2 s t "h ! laws w d no?+ m ?an =bid ! milit>y to engage 9 agriculture1 :i* is :at ! ,lac$aemonians are at pres5t endeav\r+ to d4 ,nor has ,socrates told u 7nor is x easy to say7 :at plan ( gov]nm5t %\ld be pursu$ ) respect to ! individuals 9 ! /ate :]e !re is a community ( goods e/abli%$2 = ?\gh ! majority ( 8 citiz5s w 9 g5]al consi/ ( a multitude ( p]sons ( diff]5t occupations1 ( ^? he has det]m9$ no?+2 :e!r ! prop]ty ( ! husb&man ought to be 9 common1 or :e!r ea* p]son %\ld h 8 %>e to himself2 & also1 :e!r _! wives & *ildr5 ought to be 9 common3 = if all ?+s are to be alike common to all1 :]e w be ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! milit>y1 or :at w\ld !y get by submitt+ to _! gov]nm5t8 & ^u :at pr9ciples w\ld !y d x1 unless !y %\ld e/abli% ! wise practice ( ! ,cretans8 = !y1 all[+ ev]y?+ else to _! slaves1 =bid !m only gymna/ic ex]cises & ! use ( arms4 ,& if !y are n1 b ^! %\ld be 9 ! same situation ) respect to _! prop]ty :i* !y are 9 o!r cities1 :at sort ( a community w !re be8 9 "o city !re mu/ ( necessity be two1 & ^? contr>y to ea* o!r2 = he makes ! milit>y ! gu>dians ( ! /ate1 & ! husb&man1 artisans1 & o!rs1 citiz5s2 & all ^? qu>rels1 accusations1 & ?+s ( ! l sort1 :i* he says are ! bane ( o!r cities1 w be f\nd 9 8 also3 not)/&+ ,socrates says !y w n want _m laws 9 consequ5ce ( _! education1 b su* only z may be necess>y = regulat+ ! /reets1 ! m>kets1 & ! l1 :ile at ! same "t x is ! education ( ! milit>y only t he has tak5 any c>e (4 ,besides1 he makes ! husb&m5 ma/]s ( prop]ty ^u pay+ a tribute2 b ?is w\ld be likely to make !m f> m tr\blesome & high-spirit$ ?an ! ,helots1 ! ,p5e/ise1 or ! slaves :i* o!rs employ2 nor has he ev] det]m9$ :e!r x is necess>y to give any att5tion to !m 9 ^! p>ticul>s1 nor ?\ght ( :at is connect$ !re)1 _! polity1 _! education1 _! laws2 besides1 x is ( no little consequ5ce1 nor is x easy to det]m9e1 h[ ^! %\ld be fram$ s z to pres]ve ! community ( ! milit>y4 ,besides1 if he makes ! wives common1 :ile ! prop]ty #abfd;b cont9ues sep>ate1 :o %all manage ! dome/ic conc]ns ) ! same c>e :i* ! man be/[s ^u 8 fields8 nor w ! inconv5i5ce be rem$i$ by mak+ prop]ty z well z wives common2 & x is absurd to draw a comp>ison f ! brute creation1 & say1 t ! same pr9ciple %\ld regulate ! connection ( a man & a woman :i* regulates !irs among/ :om !re is no family association4 ,x is also v haz>d\s to settle ! magi/racy z ,socrates has done2 = he w\ld h p]sons ( ! same rank always 9 (fice1 :i* becomes ! cause ( s$ition ev5 among/ ^? :o are ( no acc\nt1 b m p>ticul>ly among/ ^? :o are ( a c\rage\s & w>like disposition2 x is inde$ evid5tly necess>y t he %\ld frame 8 community 9 ?is mann]2 = t gold5 p>ticle :i* ,god has mix$ up 9 ! s\l ( man flies n f "o to ! o!r1 b always cont9ues ) ! same2 = he says1 t "s ( our species h gold1 & o!rs silv]1 bl5d$ 9 _! composition f ! mom5t ( _! bir?3 b ^? :o are to be husb&m5 & arti/s1 brass & iron2 besides1 ?\gh he deprives ! milit>y ( happ9ess1 he says1 t ! legislator ought to make all ! citiz5s happy2 b x is impossible t ! :ole city c be happy1 )\t all1 or ! great]1 or "s "p ( x be happy4 ,= happ9ess is n l t num]ical equality :i* arises f c]ta9 numb]s :5 add$ toge!r1 al?\gh nei!r ( !m may sep>ately conta9 x2 = happ9ess _c be ?us add$ toge!r1 b mu/ exi/ 9 e individual1 z "s prop]ties belong to e integral2 & if ! milit>y are n happy1 :o else are s8 = ! artisans are n1 nor ! multitude ( ^? :o are employ$ 9 inf]ior (fices4 ,! /ate :i* ,socrates has describ$ has all ^! defects1 & o!rs :i* are n ( less consequ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,x is also ne>ly ! same 9 ! treatise ^u ,laws :i* 0 writ aft]w>ds1 = :i* reason x w be prop] 9 ?is place to consid] briefly :at he has !re said ^u gov]nm5t1 = ,socrates has ?or\ghly settl$ b v few p>ts ( x2 z = in/ance1 9 :at mann] ! community ( wives & *ildr5 ought to be regulat$1 h[ prop]ty %\ld be e/abli%$1 & gov]nm5t conduct$4 ,n[ he divides ! inhabitants into two p>ts1 husb&m5 & soldi]s1 & f ^! he select a ?ird "p :o are to be s5ators & gov]n ! city2 b he has n said :e!r or no ! husb&man & artific] %all h any or :at %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 or :e!r !y %all h arms1 & jo9 ) ! o!rs 9 w>1 or n4 ,he ?9ks also t ! wom5 ought to g to w>1 & h ! same education z ! soldi]s2 z to o!r p>ticul>s1 he has fill$ 8 treatise ) matt] =eign to ! purpose2 & ) respect to education1 he has only said :at t ( ! gu>ds ought to be4 #abfe;a ,z to 8 book ( ,laws1 laws are ! pr9cipal ?+ :i* t conta9s1 = he has !re said b little conc]n+ gov]nm5t2 & ?is gov]nm5t1 :i* he 0 s desir\s ( fram+ 9 su* a mann] z to imp>t to its memb]s a m entire community ( goods ?an is to be f\nd 9 o!r cities1 he almo/ br+s r\nd aga9 to be ! same z t o!r gov]nm5t :i* he _h fir/ propos$2 = except ! community ( wives & goods1 he has fram$ bo? 8 gov]nm5ts alike1 = ! education ( ! citiz5s is to be ! same 9 bo?2 !y are 9 bo? to live )\t any s]vile employ1 & _! common tables are to be ! same1 except+ t 9 t he says ! wom5 %\ld h common tables1 & t !re %\ld be a ?\s& m5-at-arms1 9 ?is1 t !re %\ld be five ?\s&4 ,all ! disc\rses ( ,socrates are ma/]ly1 noble1 new1 & inquisitive2 b t !y are all true x may probably be too mu* to say4 ,= n[ ) respect to ! numb] j spok5 (1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t he w\ld want ! c\ntry ( ,babylonia = !m1 or "s "o l x1 ( an immeasurable ext5t1 to support five ?\s& idle p]sons1 besides a mu* great] numb] ( wom5 & s]vants4 ,e "o1 x is true1 may frame an hypo!sis z he pleases1 b yet x ought to be possible4 ,x has be5 said1 t a legislator %\ld h two ?+s 9 view :5 he frames 8 laws1 ! c\ntry & ! p4 ,he w also d well1 if he has "s reg>d to ! neighb\r+ /ates1 if he int5ds t 8 community %\ld ma9ta9 any political int]c\rse ) !m1 = x is n only necess>y t !y %\ld und]/& t practice ( w> :i* is adapt$ to _! own c\ntry1 b to o!rs also2 = admitt+ t any "o *ooses n ?is life ei!r 9 public or private1 yet !re is n ! less occasion = _! be+ =midable to _! enemies1 n only :5 !y invade _! c\ntry1 b also :5 !y retire out ( x4 ,x may also be consid]$ :e!r ! quantity ( ea* p]son's prop]ty may n be settl$ 9 a diff]5t mann] f :at he has done x 91 by mak+ x m det]m9ate2 = he says1 t e "o ought to h en\gh :]eon to live mod]ately1 z if any "o _h said to live well1 :i* is ! mo/ compreh5sive expression4 ,besides1 a man may live mod]ately & mis]ably at ! same "t2 he _h !re=e bett] h propos$1 t !y %\ld live bo? mod]ately & lib]ally2 = unless ^! two conspire1 luxury w come 9 on ! "o h&1 or wret*$ness on ! o!r1 s9ce ^! two modes ( liv+ are ! only ones applicable to ! employm5t ( our sub/ance2 = we _c say ) respect to a man's =tune1 t he is mild or c\rage\s1 b we may say t he is prud5t & lib]al1 :i* are ! only qualities connect$ !re)4 ,x is also absurd to r5d] prop]ty equal1 & n to provide = ! increas+ numb] ( ! citiz5s2 b to leave t circum/ance unc]ta91 z if x w\ld regulate itself accord+ to ! numb] ( wom5 :o #abfe;b %\ld happ5 to be *ildless1 let t be :at x w\ld because ?is seems to take place 9 o!r cities2 b ! case w\ld n be ! same 9 su* a /ate :i* he proposes & ^? :i* n[ actually unite2 = 9 ^! no "o actually wants1 z ! prop]ty is divid$ among/ ! :ole community1 be _! numb]s :at !y w2 b z x c\ld n !n be divid$1 ! sup]num]>ies1 :e!r !y 7 _m or few1 w\ld h no?+ at all4 ,b x is m necess>y ?an ev5 to regulate prop]ty1 to take c>e t ! increase ( ! p %\ld n exce$ a c]ta9 numb]2 & 9 det]m9+ t1 to take into consid]ation ^? *ildr5 :o w die1 & also ^? wom5 :o w be b>r52 & to neglect ?is1 z is done 9 sev]al cities1 is to br+ c]ta9 pov]ty on ! citiz5s2 & pov]ty is ! cause ( s$ition & evil4 ,n[ ,phidon ! ,cor9?ian1 "o ( ! olde/ legislators1 ?\ght ! families & ! numb] ( ! citiz5s %\ld cont9ue ! same2 al?\gh x %\ld happ5 t all %\ld h allotm5ts at ! fir/1 disproportionate to _! numb]s4 ,9 ,plato's ,laws x is h[ev] diff]5t2 we %all m5tion h]eaft] :at we ?9k w\ld be be/ 9 ^! p>ticul>s4 ,he has also neglect$ 9 t treatise to po9t out h[ ! gov]nors are to be di/+ui%$ f ! gov]n$2 = he says1 t z ( "o sort ( wool ! w>p ought to be made1 & ( ano!r ! wo(1 s ought "s to gov]n1 & o!rs to be gov]n$4 ,b s9ce he admits1 t all _! prop]ty may be increas$ fivefold1 :y %\ld he n all[ ! same increase to ! c\ntry8 he ought also to consid] :e!r 8 allotm5t ( ! h\ses w be useful to ! community1 = he appo9ts two h\ses to ea* p]son1 sep>ate f ea* o!r2 b x is inconv5i5t = a p]son to inhabit two h\ses4 ,n[ he is desir\s to h 8 :ole plan ( gov]nm5t nei!r a democracy nor an olig>*y1 b some?+ betwe5 bo?1 :i* he calls a polity1 = x is to be compos$ ( m5-at-arms4 ,if ,plato int5d$ to frame a /ate 9 :i* m ?an 9 any o!r ev]y?+ %\ld be common1 he has c]ta9ly giv5 x a "r "n2 b if he int5d$ x to be ! next 9 p]fection to t :i* he _h already fram$1 x is n s2 = p]haps "s p]sons w give ! pref]5ce to ! ,lac$aemonian =m ( gov]nm5t1 or "s o!r :i* may m completely h atta9$ to ! ari/ocratic =m4 ,"s p]sons say1 t ! mo/ p]fect gov]nm5t %\ld be compos$ ( all o!rs bl5d$ toge!r1 = :i* reason !y comm5d t ( ,lac$aemon2 = !y say1 t ?is is compos$ ( an olig>*y1 a mon>*y1 & a democracy1 _! k+s repres5t+ ! mon>*ical "p1 ! s5ate ! olig>*ical2 &1 t 9 ! ephori may be f\nd ! democratical1 z ^! are tak5 f ! p4 ,b "s say1 t 9 ! ephori is absolute p[]1 & t x is _! common meal & daily c\rse ( life1 9 :i* ! democratical =m is repres5t$4 ,x is also said 9 ?is treatise ( #abff;a ,laws1 t ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t mu/1 be "o compos$ ( a democracy & a tyranny2 ?\gh su* a mixture no "o else w\ld ev] all[ to be any gov]nm5t at all1 or if x is1 ! wor/ possible2 ^? propose :at is mu* bett] :o bl5d _m gov]nm5ts toge!r2 = ! mo/ p]fect is t :i* is =m$ ( _m p>ts4 ,b n[ 9 ?is gov]nm5t ( ,plato's !re are no traces ( a mon>*y1 only ( an olig>*y & democracy2 ?\gh he seems to *oose t x %\ld r incl9e to an olig>*y1 z is evid5t f ! appo9tm5t ( ! magi/rates2 = to *oose !m by lot is common to bo?2 b t a man ( =tune mu/ necess>ily be a memb] ( ! assembly1 or to elect ! magi/rates1 or take "p 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 :ile o!rs are pass$ ov]1 makes ! /ate incl9e to an olig>*y2 z does ! endeav\r+ t ! great] "p ( ! ri* may be 9 (fice1 & t ! rank ( _! appo9tm5ts may correspond ) _! =tunes4 ,! same pr9ciple prevails also 9 ! *oice ( _! s5ate2 ! mann] ( elect+ :i* is fav\rable also to an olig>*y2 = all are oblig$ to vote = ^? :o are s5ators ( ! fir/ class1 aft]w>ds !y vote = ! same numb] out ( ! second1 & !n out ( ! ?ird2 b ?is compulsion to vote at ! election ( s5ators does n ext5d to ! ?ird & f\r? classes & ! fir/ & second class only are oblig$ to vote = ! f\r?4 ,by ?is means he says he %all necess>ily h an equal numb] ( ea* rank1 b he is mi/ak5--= ! majority w always consi/ ( ^? ( ! fir/ rank1 & ! mo/ consid]able p2 & = ?is reason1 t _m ( ! commonalty n be+ oblig$ to x1 w n att5d ! elections4 ,f h5ce x is evid5t1 t su* a /ate w n consi/ ( a democracy & a mon>*y1 & ?is w be fur!r prov$ by :at we %all say :5 we come p>ticul>ly to consid] ?is =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re w also great dang] arise f ! mann] ( elect+ ! s5ate1 :5 ^? :o are elect$ !mselves are aft]w>ds to elect o!rs2 = by ?is means1 if a c]ta9 numb] *oose to comb9e toge!r1 ?\gh n v consid]able1 ! election w always fall accord+ to _! pleasure4 ,su* are ! ?+s :i* ,plato proposes conc]n+ gov]nm5t 9 8 book ( ,laws4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,!re are also "s o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t1 :i* h be5 propos$ ei!r by private p]sons1 or philosoph]s1 or politicians1 all ( :i* come mu* ne>] to ^? :i* h be5 really e/abli%$1 or n[ exi/1 ?an ^! two ( ,plato's2 = nei!r h !y introduc$ ! innovation ( a community ( wives & *ildr51 & public tables = ! wom51 b h be5 cont5t$ to set out ) e/abli%+ su* rules z are absolutely necess>y4 ,!re are "s p]sons :o ?9k1 t ! fir/ object ( gov]nm5t %\ld be to regulate well ev]y?+ relat+ to private prop]ty2 = !y say1 t a neglect h]e9 is ! s\rce ( all s$itions :atsoev]4 ,= ?is reason1 ,phaleas ! ,*alc$onian fir/ propos$1 t ! =tunes ( ! citiz5s %\ld be equal1 :i* he ?\ght 0 n difficult to accompli% :5 a community 0 fir/ settl$1 b t x 0 a "w ( great] difficulty 9 "o t _h be5 long e/abli%$2 b yet t x might be effect$1 & an equality ( circum/ances introduc$ by ^! means1 t ! ri* %\ld give m>riage portions1 b nev] receive any1 :ile ! poor %\ld always receive1 b nev] give4 ,b ,plato1 9 8 treatise ( ,laws1 ?9ks t a diff]5ce 9 circum/ances %\ld be p]mitt$ to a c]ta9 degree2 b t no citiz5 %\ld be all[$ to possess m ?an five times z mu* z ! l[e/ c5sus1 z we h already m5tion$4 ,b legislators :o w\ld e/abli% ?is pr9ciple are apt to ov]look :at !y ought to consid]2 t :ile !y regulate ! quantity ( provisions :i* ea* individual %all possess1 !y ought also to regulate ! numb] ( 8 *ildr52 = if ^! exce$ ! allott$ quantity ( provision1 ! law mu/ necess>ily be repeal$2 & yet1 9 spite ( ! repeal1 x w h ! bad effect ( r$uc+ _m f weal? to pov]ty1 s difficult is x = innovators n to fall into su* mi/akes4 ,t an equality ( goods 0 9 "s degree s]viceable to /r5g!n ! b&s ( society1 seems to h be5 kn[n to "s ( ! anci5ts2 = ,solon made a law1 z did "s o!rs also1 to re/ra9 p]sons f possess+ z mu* l& z !y pleas$4 ,& ^u ! same pr9ciple !re are laws :i* =bid m5 to sell _! prop]ty1 z among ! ,locrians1 unless !y c prove t "s notori\s mis=tune has befall5 !m4 ,!y 7 also to pres]ve _! anci5t patrimony1 :i* cu/om be+ brok5 ?r\gh by ! ,leucadians1 made _! gov]nm5t too democratic2 = by t means x 0 no long] necess>y to be possess$ ( a c]ta9 =tune to be qualifi$ to be a magi/rate4 ,b if an equality ( goods is e/abli%$1 ?is may be ei!r too mu*1 :5 x enables ! p to live luxuri\sly1 or too little1 :5 x obliges !m to live h>d4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t x is n prop] = ! legislator to e/abli% an equality ( circum/ances1 b to fix a prop] m$ium4 ,besides1 if any "o %\ld regulate ! division ( prop]ty 9 su* a mann] t !re %\ld be a mod]ate suffici5cy = all1 x w\ld be ( no use2 = x is ( m consequ5ce t ! citiz5 %\ld ent]ta9 a simil>ity ( s5tim5ts ?an an equality ( circum/ances2 b ?is c nev] be atta9$ unless !y are prop]ly educat$ "u ! direction ( ! law4 ,b probably ,phaleas may say1 t ?is 9 :at he himself m5tions2 = he bo? proposes a equality ( prop]ty & "o plan ( education 9 8 city4 ,b he %\ld h said p>ticul>ly :at education he int5d$1 nor is x ( any s]vice to h ?is to mu* "o2 = ?is education may be "o1 & yet su* z w make ! citiz5s ov]-gre$y1 to grasp aft] hon\rs1 or ri*es1 or bo?4 ,besides1 n only an inequality ( possessions1 b also ( hon\rs1 w occasion #abfg;a s$itions1 b ?is ^u contr>y gr\nds2 = ! vulg> w be s$iti\s if !re be an inequality ( goods1 by ^? ( m elevat$ s5tim5ts1 if !re is an equality ( hon\rs4 ,:5 good & bad d equal hon\rs %>e4 ,= m5 are n guilty ( crimes = necess>ies only 7= :i* he ?9ks an equality ( goods w\ld be a suffici5t rem$y1 z !y w\ld !n h no occasion to /eal cold or hung]71 b t !y may enjoy :at !y desire1 & n wi% = x 9 va92 = if _! desire ext5d beyond ! common necess>ies ( life1 !y 7 be wick$ to gratify !m2 & n only s1 b if _! wi%es po9t t way1 !y w d ! same to enjoy ^? pleasures :i* are free f ! alloy ( pa94 ,:at rem$y !n %all we f9d = ^! ?ree disord]s8 ,& fir/1 to prev5t /eal+ f necessity1 let e "o be suppli$ ) a mod]ate subsi/5ce1 :i* may make ! addition ( 8 own indu/ry necess>y2 second to prev5t /eal+ to procure ! luxuries ( life1 temp]ance be enjo9$2 & ?irdly1 let ^? :o wi% = pleasure 9 itself seek = x only 9 philosophy1 all o!rs want ! assi/ance ( m54 ,s9ce !n m5 are guilty ( ! greate/ crimes f ambition1 & n f necessity1 no "o1 = in/ance aims at be+ a tyrant to keep him f ! cold1 h5ce great hon\r is due to him :o kills n a ?ief1 b tyrant2 s t polity :i* ,phaleas e/abli%es w\ld only be salut>y to prev5t little crimes4 ,he has also be5 v desir\s to e/abli% su* rules z w conduce to p]fect ! int]nal policy ( 8 /ate1 & he ought also to h done ! same ) respect to its neighb\rs & all =eign nations2 = ! consid]ations ( ! milit>y e/abli%m5t %\ld take place 9 plann+ e gov]nm5t1 t x may n be unprovid$ 9 case ( a w>1 ( :i* he has said no?+2 s also ) respect to prop]ty1 x ought n only to be adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( ! /ate1 b also to su* dang]s z may arise f )\t4 ,?us x %\ld n be s mu* z to tempt ^? :o are ne>1 & m p[]ful to invade x1 :ile ^? :o possess x are n able to drive out ! invad]s1 nor s little z t ! /ate %\ld n be able to g to w> ) ^? :o are q equal to itself1 & ( ?is he has det]m9$ no?+2 x mu/ inde$ be all[$ t x is advantage\s to a community to be r ri* ?an poor2 probably ! prop] b\nd>y is ?is1 n to possess en\gh to make x wor? :ile = a m p[]ful neighb\r to attack y1 any m ?an he w\ld ^? :o _h n s mu* z y\rself2 ?us :5 ,autophradatus propos$ to besiege ,at>neus1 ,eubulus advis$ him to consid] :at "t x w\ld require to take ! city1 & !n w\ld h him det]m9e :e!r x w\ld answ]1 = t he %\ld *oose1 if x w\ld ev5 take less ?an he propos$1 to quit ! place2 8 say+ ?is made ,autophradatus reflect ^u ! bus9ess & give ov] ! siege4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "s advantage 9 an equality ( goods among/ ! citiz5s to prev5t s$itions2 & yet1 to say tru?1 no v great "o2 = m5 ( great abilities w /oma* _! be+ put ^u a level ) ! re/ ( ! community4 ,= :i* reason !y w v (t5 appe> ready = e commotion & s$ition2 = ! wick$ness ( mank9d is insatiable4 ,= ?\gh at fir/ two oboli might be suffici5t1 yet :5 once x is become cu/om>y1 !y cont9ually want some?+ m1 until !y set no limits to _! expectations2 = x is ! nature ( our desires to be b\ndless1 & _m live only to gratify !m4 ,b = ?is purpose ! fir/ object is1 n s mu* to e/abli% an equality ( =tune1 z to prev5t ^? :o are ( a good disposition f desir+ m ?an _! own1 & ^? :o are ( a bad "o f be+ able to acquire x2 & ?is may be done if !y are kept 9 an inf]ior /ation1 & n expos$ to inju/ice4 ,nor has he treat$ well ! equality ( goods1 = he has ext5d$ 8 regulation only to l&2 :]eas a man's sub/ance consi/s n only 9 ?is1 b also 9 slaves1 cattle1 money1 & all t v>iety ( ?+s :i* fall "u ! "n ( *attels2 n[ !re mu/ be ei!r an equality e/abli%$ 9 all ^!1 or "s c]ta9 rule1 or !y mu/ be left entirely at l>ge4 ,x appe>s too by 8 laws1 t he int5ds to e/abli% only a small /ate1 z all ! artific]s are to belong to ! public1 & add no?+ to ! complem5t ( citiz5s2 b if all ^? :o are to be employ$ 9 public works are to be ! slaves ( ! public1 x %\ld be done 9 ! same mann] z x is at ,epidamnum1 & z ,diophantus =m]ly regulat$ x at ,a!ns4 ,f ^! p>ticul>s any "o may ne>ly judge :e!r ,phaleas's community is well or ill e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,hippodamus1 ! son ( ,euruphon a ,milesian1 contriv$ ! art ( lay+ out t[ns1 & sep>at$ ! ,pireus4 ,?is man 0 9 o!r respects too eag] aft] notice1 & seem$ to _m to live 9 a v affect$ mann]1 ) 8 fl[+ locks & 8 exp5sive ornam5ts1 & a co>se w>m ve/ :i* he wore1 n only 9 ! w9t]1 b also 9 ! hot wea!r4 ,z he 0 v desir\s ( ! "* ( a univ]sal s*ol>1 he 0 ! fir/ :o1 n be+ actually engag$ 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 sat himself to inquire :at sort ( gov]nm5t 0 be/2 & he plann$ a /ate1 consi/+ ( t5 ?\s& p]sons1 divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 "o consi/+ ( artisans1 ano!r ( husb&m51 & ! ?ird ( soldi]s2 he also divid$ ! l&s into ?ree p>ts1 & allott$ "o to sacr$ purposes1 ano!r to ! public1 & ! ?ird to individuals4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 to supply :at 0 necess>y = ! e/abli%$ wor%ip ( ! gods2 ! second 0 to be allott$ to ! support ( ! soldi]y2 & ! ?ird 0 to be ! prop]ty ( ! husb&man4 ,he ?\ght also t !re ne$ only be ?ree sorts ( laws1 correspond+ to ! ?ree sorts ( actions :i* c be br\ght1 namely1 = assault1 trespasses1 or dea?4 ,he ord]$ also t !re %\ld be a p>ticul> c\rt ( appeal1 into :i* all causes might be remov$ :i* 7 suppos$ to h be5 unju/ly det]m9$ else:]e2 :i* c\rt %\ld be compos$ ( old m5 *os5 = t purpose4 ,he ?\ght also #abfh;a t !y %\ld n pass s5t5ce by votes2 b t e "o %\ld br+ ) him a tablet1 on :i* he %\ld write1 t he f\nd ! p>ty guilty1 if x 0 s1 b if n1 he %\ld br+ a pla9 tablet2 b if he acquitt$ him ( "o "p ( ! indictm5t b n ( ! o!r1 he %\ld express t also on ! tablet2 = he disapprov$ ( t g5]al cu/om already e/abli%$1 z x obliges ! judges to be guilty ( p]jury if !y det]m9$ positively ei!r on ! "o side or ! o!r4 ,he also made a law1 t ^? %\ld be rew>d$ :o f\nd out any?+ = ! good ( ! city1 & t ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o fell 9 battle %\ld be educat$ at ! public exp5se2 :i* law _h nev] be5 propos$ by any o!r legislator1 ?\gh x is at pres5t 9 use at ,a!ns z well z 9 o!r cities1 he w\ld h ! magi/rates *os5 out ( ! p 9 g5]al1 by :om he meant ! ?ree p>ts be=e spok5 (2 & t ^? :o 7 s elect$ %\ld be ! p>ticul> gu>dians ( :at belong$ to ! public1 to /rang]s1 & to orphans4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal p>ts & mo/ wor?y ( notice 9 ,hippodamus's plan4 ,b "s p]sons might d\bt ! propriety ( 8 division ( ! citiz5s into ?ree p>ts2 = ! artisans1 ! husb&m51 & ! soldi]s are to compose "o community1 :]e ! husb&m5 are to h no arms1 & ! artisans nei!r arms nor l&1 :i* w\ld 9 a mann] r5d] !m slaves to ! soldi]y4 ,x is also impossible t ! :ole community %\ld p>take ( all ! hon\rable employm5ts 9 x--= ! g5]als & ! gu>dians ( ! /ate mu/ necess>ily be appo9t$ out ( ! soldi]y1 & inde$ ! mo/ hon\rable magi/rates2 b z ! two o!r p>ts w n h _! %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 h[ c !y be expect$ to h any affection = x8 ,b x is necess>y t ! soldi]y %\ld be sup]ior to ! o!r two p>ts1 & ?is sup]iority w n be easily ga9$ )\t !y are v num]\s2 & if !y are s1 :y %\ld ! community consi/ ( any o!r memb]s8 :y %\ld any o!rs h a "r to elect ! magi/rates8 ,besides1 ( :at use are ! husb&m5 to ?is community8 ,artisans1 'tis true1 are necess>y1 = ^! e city wants1 & !y c live ^u _! bus9ess4 ,if ! husb&m5 inde$ furni%$ ! soldi]s ) provisions1 !y w\ld be prop]ly "p ( ! community2 b ^! are suppos$ to h _! private prop]ty1 & to cultivate x = _! own use4 ,moreov]1 if ! soldi]s !mselves are to cultivate t common l& :i* is appropriat$ = _! support1 !re w be no di/9ction betwe5 ! soldi] & ! husb&man1 :i* ! legislator int5d$ !re %\ld be2 & if !re %\ld be any o!rs :o are to cultivate ! private prop]ty ( ! husb&man & ! common l&s ( ! milit>y1 !re w be a f\r? ord] 9 ! /ate :i* w h no %>e 9 x1 & always ent]ta9 ho/ile s5tim5ts t[>ds x4 ,if any "o %\ld propose t ! same p]sons %\ld cultivate _! own l&s & ! public ones also1 !n !re w\ld be a defici5cy #abfh;b ( provisions to supply two families1 z ! l&s w\ld n imm$iately yield en\gh = !mselves & ! soldi]s also2 & all ^! ?+s w\ld occasion great confusion4 ,nor d ,i approve ( 8 me?od ( det]m9+ causes1 :5 he w\ld h ! judge split ! case :i* comes simply be=e him2 & ?us1 in/ead ( be+ a judge1 become an arbitrator4 ,n[ :5 any matt] is br\ght to arbitration1 x is cu/om>y = _m p]sons to conf] toge!r ^u ! bus9ess t is be=e !m2 b :5 a cause is br\ght be=e judges x is n s2 & _m legislators take c>e t ! judges %all n h x 9 _! p[] to communicate _! s5tim5ts to ea* o!r4 ,besides1 :at c prev5t confusion on ! b5* :5 "o judge ?9ks a f9e %\ld be diff]5t f :at ano!r has set x at2 "o propos+ tw5ty m9ae1 ano!r t51 or be x m or less1 ano!r f\r1 & ano!r five2 & x is evid5t1 t 9 ?is mann] !y w diff] f ea* o!r1 :ile "s w give ! :ole damages su$ =1 & o!rs no?+2 9 ?is situation1 h[ %all _! det]m9ations be settl$8 ,besides1 a judge _c be oblig$ to p]jure himself :o simply acquits or condemns1 if ! action is fairly & ju/ly br\ght2 = he :o acquits ! p>ty does n say t he ought n to pay any f9e at all1 b t he ought n to pay a f9e ( tw5ty m9ae4 ,b he t condemns him is guilty ( p]jury if he s5t5ces him to pay tw5ty m9ae :ile he believes ! damages ought n to be s mu*4 ,n[ ) respect to ^! hon\rs :i* he proposes to be/[ on ^? :o c give any in=mation useful to ! community1 ?is1 ?\gh v pleas+ 9 speculation1 is :at ! legislator %\ld n settle1 = x w\ld enc\rage in=m]s1 & probably occasion commotions 9 ! /ate4 ,& ?is proposal ( 8 gives rise also to fur!r conjectures & inquiries2 = "s p]sons h d\bt$ :e!r x is useful or hurtful to alt] ! e/abli%$ law ( any c\ntry1 if ev5 = ! bett]2 = :i* reason "o _c imm$iately det]m9e ^u :at he "h says1 :e!r x is advantage\s to alt] ! law or n4 ,we "k1 inde$1 t x is possible to propose to new model bo? ! laws & gov]nm5t z a common good2 & s9ce we h m5tion$ ?is subject1 x may be v prop] to ent] into a few p>ticul>s conc]n+ x1 = x conta9s "s difficulties1 z ,i h already said1 & x may appe> bett] to alt] !m1 s9ce x has be5 f\nd useful 9 o!r sci5ces4 ,?us ! sci5ce ( physic is ext5d$ beyond its anci5t b\nds2 s is ! gymna/ic1 & inde$ all o!r arts & p[]s2 s t "o may lay x d[n = c]ta9 t ! same ?+ w necess>ily hold good 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,& x may also be affirm$1 t exp]i5ce itself gives a pro( ( ?is2 = ! anci5t laws are too simple & b>b>\s2 :i* all[$ ! ,greeks to we> swords 9 ! city1 & to buy _! wives ( ea* #abfi;a4 o!r4 ,& inde$ all ! rema9s ( old laws :i* we h are v simple2 = in/ance1 a law 9 ,cuma relative to murd]4 ,if any p]son :o prosecutes ano!r = murd] c produce a c]ta9 numb] ( witnesses to x ( 8 own relations1 ! accus$ p]son %all be held guilty4 ,^u ! :ole1 all p]sons ought to endeav\r to foll[ :at is "r1 & n :at is e/abli%$2 & x is probable t ! fir/ m51 :e!r !y sprung out ( ! e>?1 or 7 sav$ f "s g5]al calamity1 _h v little und]/&+ or k1 z is affirm$ ( ^! aborig9es2 s t x w\ld be absurd to cont9ue 9 ! practice ( _! rules4 ,nor is x1 moreov]1 "r to p]mit writt5 laws always to rema9 )\t alt]ation2 = z 9 all o!r sci5ces1 s 9 politics1 x is impossible to express ev]y?+ 9 writ+ ) p]fect exactness2 = :5 we commit any?+ to writ+ we mu/ use g5]al t]ms1 b 9 e action !re is some?+ p>ticul> to itself1 :i* ^! may n compreh5d2 f :5ce x is evid5t1 t c]ta9 laws w at c]ta9 times admit ( alt]ations4 ,b if we consid] ?is matt] 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 x w appe> to require great caution2 = :5 ! advantage propos$ is trifl+1 z ! accu/om+ ! p easily to aboli% _! laws is ( bad consequ5ce1 x is evid5tly bett] to pass ov] "s faults :i* ei!r ! legislator or ! magi/rates may h committ$2 = ! alt]ations w n be ( s mu* s]vice z a habit ( disobey+ ! magi/rates w be ( diss]vice4 ,besides1 ! in/ance br\ght f ! arts is fallaci\s2 = x is n ! same ?+ to alt] ! "o z ! o!r4 ,= a law d]ives all its /r5g? f cu/om1 & ?is requires long "t to e/abli%2 s t1 to make x an easy matt] to pass f ! e/abli%$ laws to o!r new ones1 is to weak5 ! p[] ( laws4 ,besides1 "h is ano!r "q2 if ! laws are to be alt]$1 are !y all to be alt]$1 & 9 e gov]nm5t or n1 & :e!r at ! pleasure ( "o p]son or _m8 all :i* p>ticul>s w make a great diff]5ce2 = :i* reason we w at pres5t drop ! inquiry1 to pursue x at "s o!r "t4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,!re are two consid]ations :i* (f] !mselves ) respect to ! gov]nm5t e/abli%$ at ,lac$aemon & ,crete1 & inde$ 9 almo/ all o!r /ates :atsoev]2 "o is :e!r _! laws d or d n promote ! be/ e/abli%m5t possible8 ! o!r is :e!r !re is any?+1 if we consid] ei!r ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x is f\nd$ or ! executive "p ( x1 :i* prev5ts ! =m ( gov]nm5t t !y _h propos$ to foll[ f be+ obs]v$2 n[ x is all[$ t 9 e well-regulat$ /ate ! memb]s ( x %\ld be free f s]vile lab\r2 b 9 :at mann] ?is %all be effect$ is n s easy to det]m9e2 = ! ,p5e/se h v (t5 attack$ ! ,!ssalians1 & ! ,helots ! ,lac$aemonians1 = !y 9 a mann] cont9ually wat* an opportunity = "s mis=tune befall+ !m4 ,b no su* ?+ has ev] happ5$ to ! ,cretans2 ! #abfi;b reason = :i* probably is1 t al?\gh !y are engag$ 9 frequ5t w>s ) ! neighb\r+ cities1 yet none ( ^! w\ld ent] into an alliance ) ! revolt]s1 z x w\ld be disadvantage\s = !m1 :o !mselves also h _! villa9s4 ,b n[ !re is p]petual enmity betwe5 ! ,lac$aemonians & all _! neighb\rs1 ! ,argives1 ! ,mess5ians1 & ! ,arcadians4 ,_! slaves also fir/ revolt$ f ! ,!ssalians :ile !y 7 engag$ 9 w>s ) _! neighb\rs ! ,a*eans1 ! ,p]rabeans1 & ! ,magnesians4 ,x seems to me inde$1 if no?+ else1 yet some?+ v tr\blesome to keep ^u prop] t]ms ) !m2 = if y are remiss 9 y\r discipl9e !y gr[ insol5t1 & ?9k !mselves ^u an equality ) _! ma/]s2 & if !y are h>dly us$ !y are cont9ually plott+ aga9/ y & hate y4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ^? :o employ slaves h n z yet hit ^u ! "r way ( manag+ !m4 ,z to ! indulg+ ( wom5 9 any p>ticul> lib]ties1 x is hurtful to ! end ( gov]nm5t & ! prosp]ity ( ! city2 = z a man & 8 wife are ! two p>ts ( a family1 if we suppose a city to be divid$ into two p>ts1 we mu/ all[ t ! numb] ( m5 & wom5 w be equal4 ,9 :atev] city !n ! wom5 are n "u good regulations1 we mu/ look ^u "o half ( x z n "u ! re/ra9t ( law1 z x !re happ5$2 = ! legislator1 desir+ to make 8 :ole city a collection ( w>riors ) respect to ! m51 he mo/ evid5tly accompli%$ 8 design2 b 9 ! meantime ! wom5 7 q neglect$1 = !y live )\t re/ra9t 9 e improp] indulg5ce & luxury4 ,s t 9 su* a /ate ri*es w necess>ily be 9 g5]al e/eem1 p>ticul>ly if ! m5 are gov]n$ by _! wives1 :i* has be5 ! case ) _m a brave & w>like p except ! ,celts1 & ^? o!r nations1 if !re are any su*1 :o op5ly practise p$]a/y4 ,& ! fir/ my?ologi/s seem n improp]ly to h jo9$ ,m>s & ,v5us toge!r2 = all nations ( ?is "* are greatly addict$ ei!r to ! love ( wom5 or ( boys1 = :i* reason x 0 ?us at ,lac$aemon2 & _m ?+s 9 _! /ate 7 done by ! au?ority ( ! wom54 ,= :at is ! diff]5ce1 if ! p[] is 9 ! h&s ( ! wom51 or 9 ! h&s ( ^? :om !y !mselves gov]n8 x mu/ turn to ! same acc\nt4 ,z ?is boldness ( ! wom5 c be ( no use 9 any common occurr5ces1 if x 0 ev] s1 x mu/ be 9 w>2 b ev5 "h we f9d t ! ,lac$aemonian wom5 7 ( ! greate/ diss]vice1 z 0 prov$ at ! "t ( ! ,!ban invasion1 :5 !y 7 ( no use at all1 z !y are 9 o!r cities1 b made m di/urbance ?an ev5 ! enemy4 ,! orig9 ( ?is indulg5ce :i* ! ,lac$aemonian wom5 enjoy is easily acc\nt$ =1 f ! long "t ! m5 7 abs5t f home ^u =eign exp$itions #abgj;a aga9/ ! ,argives1 & aft]w>ds ! ,arcadians & ,mess5ians1 s t1 :5 ^! w>s 7 at an end1 _! milit>y life1 9 :i* !re is no little virtue1 prep>$ !m to obey ! precepts ( _! law-giv]2 b we are told1 t :5 ,lycurgus endeav\r$ also to r$uce ! wom5 to an ob$i5ce to 8 laws1 ^u _! refusal he decl9$ x4 ,x may inde$ be said t ! wom5 7 ! causes ( ^! ?+s1 & ( c\rse all ! fault 0 !irs4 ,b we are n n[ consid]+ :]e ! fault lies1 or :]e x does n lie1 b :at is "r & :at is wrong2 & :5 ! mann]s ( ! wom5 are n well regulat$1 z ,i h already said1 x mu/ n only occasion faults :i* are disgraceful to ! /ate1 b also increase ! love ( money4 ,9 ! next place1 fault may be f\nd ) 8 unequal division ( prop]ty1 = "s w h f> too mu*1 o!rs too little2 by :i* means ! l& w come into few h&s1 :i* bus9ess is badly regulat$ by 8 laws4 ,= he made x infam\s = any "o ei!r to buy or sell _! possessions1 9 :i* he did "r2 b he p]mitt$ any "o t *ose x to give !m away1 or bequea? !m1 al?\gh ne>ly ! same consequ5ces w arise f "o practice z f ! o!r4 ,x is suppos$ t ne> two p>ts 9 five ( ! :ole c\ntry is ! prop]ty ( wom51 ow+ to _! be+ s (t5 sole heirs1 & hav+ su* l>ge =tunes 9 m>riage2 ?\gh x w\ld be bett] to all[ !m none1 or a little1 or a c]ta9 regulat$ proportion4 ,n[ e "o is p]mitt$ to make a woman 8 heir if he pleases2 & if he dies inte/ate1 he :o succe$s z heir at law gives x to :om he pleases4 ,f :5ce x happ5s t al?\gh ! c\ntry is able to support fifte5 hundr$ horse & ?irty ?\s& foot1 ! numb] does n am\nt to "o ?\s&4 ,& f ^! facts x is evid5t1 t ?is p>ticul> is badly regulat$2 = ! city c\ld n support "o %ock1 b 0 ru9$ = want ( m54 ,!y say1 t dur+ ! reigns ( _! anci5t k+s !y us$ to pres5t =eign]s ) ! fre$om ( _! city1 to prev5t !re be+ a want ( m5 :ile !y c>ri$ on long w>s2 x is also affirm$ t ! numb] ( ,sp>tans 0 =m]ly t5 ?\s&2 b be t z x w1 an equality ( prop]ty conduces mu* to increase ! numb] ( ! p4 ,! law1 too1 :i* he made to enc\rage population 0 by no means calculat$ to correct ?is inequality2 = be+ will+ t ! ,sp>tans %\ld be z num]\s z #abgj;b possible1 to make !m desir\s ( hav+ l>ge families he ord]$ t he :o _h ?ree *ildr5 %\ld be excus$ ! night-wat*1 & t he :o _h f\r %\ld pay no taxes3 ?\gh x is v evid5t1 t :ile ! l& 0 divid$ 9 ?is mann]1 t if ! p increas$ !re mu/ _m ( !m be v poor4 ,nor 0 he less blamable = ! mann] 9 :i* he con/itut$ ! ephori2 = ^! magi/rates take cognisance ( ?+s ( ! la/ importance1 & yet !y are *os5 out ( ! p 9 g5]al2 s t x (t5 happ5s t a v poor p]son is elect$ to t (fice1 :o1 f t circum/ance1 is easily b\ght4 ,!re h be5 _m in/ances ( ?is =m]ly1 z well z 9 ! late affair at ,&ros4 ,& ^! m51 be+ corrupt$ ) money1 w5t z f> z !y c\ld to ru9 ! city3 &1 because _! p[] 0 too great & ne>ly tyrannical1 _! k+s 7 oblig$ to natt] !m1 :i* contribut$ greatly to hurt ! /ate2 s t x alt]$ f an ari/ocracy to a democracy4 ,?is magi/racy is inde$ ! great support ( ! /ate2 = ! p are easy1 kn[+ t !y are eligible to ! fir/ (fice 9 x2 s t1 :e!r x took place by ! int5tion ( ! legislator1 or :e!r x happ5$ by *ance1 ?is is ( great s]vice to _! affairs2 = x is necess>y t e memb] ( ! /ate %\ld endeav\r t ea* "p ( ! gov]nm5t %\ld be pres]v$1 & cont9ue ! same4 ,& ^u ?is pr9ciple _! k+s h always act$1 out ( reg>d to _! hon\r2 ! wise & good f _! atta*m5t to ! s5ate1 a seat :]e9 !y consid] z ! rew>d ( virtue2 & ! common p1 t !y may support ! ephori1 ( :om !y consi/4 ,& x is prop] t ^! magi/rates %\ld be *os5 out ( ! :ole community1 n z ! cu/om is at pres5t1 :i* is v ridicul\s4 ,! ephori are ! supreme judges 9 causes ( ! la/ consequ5ce2 b z x is q accid5tal :at sort ( p]sons !y may be1 x is n "r t !y %\ld det]m9e accord+ to _! own op9ion1 b by a writt5 law or e/abli%$ cu/om4 ,_! way ( life also is n consi/5t ) ! mann]s ( ! city1 = x is too indulg5t2 :]eas t ( o!rs is too sev]e2 s t !y _c support x1 b are oblig$ privately to act contr>y to law1 t !y may enjoy "s ( ! pleasures ( s5se4 ,!re are also great defects 9 ! in/itution ( _! s5ators4 ,if inde$ !y 7 fitly tra9$ to ! practice ( e human virtue1 e "o w\ld readily admit t !y w\ld be useful to ! gov]nm5t2 b /ill x might be debat$ :e!r !y %\ld be cont9u$ judges = life1 to det]m9e po9ts ( ! greate/ mom5t1 s9ce ! m9d has its old age z well z ! body2 b z !y are s br\ght up1 #abga;a t ev5 ! legislator c\ld n dep5d ^u !m z good m51 _! p[] mu/ be inconsi/5t ) ! safety ( ! /ate3 = x is kn[n t ! memb]s ( t body h be5 guilty bo? ( brib]y & p>tiality 9 _m public affairs2 = :i* reason x _h be5 mu* bett] if !y _h be5 made answ]able = _! conduct1 :i* !y are n4 ,b x may be said ! ephori seem to h a *eck ^u all ! magi/rates4 ,!y h inde$ 9 ?is p>ticul> v great p[]2 b ,i affirm t !y %\ld n be entru/$ ) ?is control 9 ! mann] !y are4 ,moreov]1 ! mode ( *oice :i* !y make use ( at ! election ( _! s5ators is v *ildi%4 ,nor is x "r = any "o to solicit = a place he is desir\s (2 = e p]son1 :e!r he *ooses x or n1 ought to execute any (fice he is fit =4 ,b 8 int5tion 0 evid5tly ! same 9 ?is z 9 ! o!r p>ts ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,= mak+ 8 citiz5s ambiti\s aft] hon\rs1 ) m5 ( t disposition he has fill$ 8 s5ate1 s9ce no o!rs w solicit = t (fice2 & yet ! pr9cipal "p ( ^? crimes :i* m5 are delib]ately guilty ( arise f ambition & av>ice4 ,we w inquire at ano!r "t :e!r ! (fice ( a k+ is useful to ! /ate3 ?us mu* is c]ta91 t !y %\ld be *os5 f a consid]ation ( _! conduct & n z !y are n[4 ,b t ! legislator himself did n expect to make all 8 citiz5s hon\rable & completely virtu\s is evid5t f ?is1 t he di/ru/s !m z n be+ good m52 = he s5t ^? ^u ! same embassy t 7 at v>iance ) ea* o!r2 & ?\ght1 t 9 ! dispute ( ! k+s ! safety ( ! /ate consi/$4 ,nei!r 7 _! common meals at fir/ well e/abli%$3 = ^! %\ld r h be5 provid$ at ! public exp5se1 z at ,crete1 :]e1 z at ,lac$aemon1 e "o 0 oblig$ to buy 8 portion1 al?\gh he might be v poor1 & c\ld by no means be> ! exp5se1 by :i* means ! contr>y happ5$ to :at ! legislator desir$3 = he int5d$ t ^? public meals %\ld /r5g!n ! democratic "p ( 8 gov]nm5t3 b ?is regulation _h q ! contr>y effect1 = ^? :o 7 v poor c\ld n take "p 9 !m2 & x 0 an obs]vation ( _! =efa!rs1 t ! n all[+ ^? :o c\ld n contribute _! proportion to ! common tables to p>take ( !m1 w\ld be ! ru9 ( ! /ate4 ,o!r p]sons h c5sur$ 8 laws conc]n+ naval affairs1 & n )\t reason1 z x gave rise to disputes4 ,= ! comm&] ( ! fleet is 9 a mann] set up 9 opposition to ! k+s1 :o are g5]als ( ! army = life4 #abga;b ,!re is also ano!r defect 9 8 laws wor?y ( c5sure1 :i* ,plato has giv5 9 8 book ( ,laws2 t ! :ole con/itution 0 calculat$ only = ! bus9ess ( w>3 x is inde$ excell5t to make !m conqu]ors2 = :i* reason ! pres]vation ( ! /ate dep5d$ !reon4 ,! de/ruction ( x comm5c$ ) _! victories3 = !y knew n h[ to be idle1 or engage 9 any o!r employm5t ?an w>4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> also !y 7 mi/ak51 t ?\gh !y rightly ?\ght1 t ^? ?+s :i* are ! objects ( cont5tion among/ mank9d are bett] procur$ by virtue ?an vice1 yet !y wrongfully pref]r$ ! ?+s !mselves to virtue4 ,nor 0 ! public rev5ue well manag$ at ,sp>ta1 = ! /ate 0 wor? no?+ :ile !y 7 oblig$ to c>ry on ! mo/ ext5sive w>s1 & ! subsidies 7 v badly rais$2 = z ! ,sp>tans possess$ a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry1 !y 7 n exact ^u ea* o!r z to :at !y paid 94 ,& ?us an ev5t contr>y to ! legislator's int5tion took place2 = ! /ate 0 poor1 ! individuals av>ici\s4 ,en\gh ( ! ,lac$aemonian gov]nm5t2 = ^! seem ! *ief defects 9 x4 ,,*apt] ,x ,! gov]nm5t ( ,crete be>s a ne> resemblance to ?is1 9 "s few p>ticul>s x is n worse1 b 9 g5]al x is f> inf]ior 9 its contrivance4 ,= x appe>s & is all[$ 9 _m p>ticul>s ! con/itution ( ,lac$aemon 0 =m$ 9 imitation ( t ( ,crete2 & 9 g5]al mo/ new ?+s are an improvem5t ^u ! old4 ,= !y say1 t :5 ,lycurgus ceas$ to be gu>dian to ,k+ ,*>illes he w5t abroad & sp5t a long "t ) 8 relations 9 ,crete1 = ! ,lycians are a colony ( ! ,lac$aemonians2 & ^? :o fir/ settl$ !re adopt$ t body ( laws :i* !y f\nd already e/abli%$ by ! inhabitants2 9 l mann] also ^? :o n[ live ne> !m h ! v laws :i* ,m9os fir/ drew up4 ,?is isl& seems =m$ by nature to be ! mi/ress ( ,greece1 = x is entirely surr\nd$ by a navigable ocean :i* wa%es almo/ all ! m>itime p>ts ( t c\ntry1 & is n f> di/ant on ! "o side f ,peloponnesus1 on ! o!r1 :i* looks t[>ds ,asia1 f ,triopium & ,rhodes4 ,by means ( ?is situation ,m9os acquir$ ! empire ( ! sea & ! isl&s2 "s ( :i* he subdu$1 9 o!rs plant$ colonies3 at la/ he di$ at ,camicus :ile he 0 attack+ ,sicily4 ,!re is ?is analogy betwe5 ! cu/oms ( ! ,lac$aemonians & ! ,cretans1 ! ,helots cultivate ! gr\nds #abgb;a = ! "o1 ! dome/ic slaves = ! o!r4 ,bo? /ates h _! common meals1 & ! ,lac$aemonians call$ ^! =m]ly n psiditia b &pia1 z ! ,cretans d2 :i* proves f :5ce ! cu/om arose4 ,9 ?is p>ticul> _! gov]nm5ts are also alike3 ! ephori h ! same p[] ) ^? ( ,crete1 :o are call$ kosmoi2 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! numb] ( ! "o is five1 ( ! o!r t54 ,! s5ators are ! same z ^? :om ! ,cretans call ! c\ncil4 ,!re 0 =m]ly also a k+ly p[] 9 ,crete2 b x 0 aft]w>ds dissolv$1 & ! comm& ( _! armies 0 giv5 to ! kosmoi4 ,e "o also has a vote 9 _! public assembly2 b ?is has only ! p[] ( confirm+ :at has already pass$ ! c\ncil & ! kosmoi4 ,! ,cretans conduct$ _! public meals bett] ?an ! ,lac$aemonians1 = at ,lac$aemon ea* individual 0 oblig$ to furni% :at 0 assess$ ^u him2 :i* if he c\ld n d1 !re 0 a law :i* depriv$ him ( ! rights ( a citiz51 z has be5 already m5tion$3 b 9 ,crete !y 7 furni%$ by ! community2 = all ! corn & cattle1 taxes & contributions1 :i* ! dome/ic slaves 7 oblig$ to furni%1 7 divid$ into p>ts & allott$ to ! gods1 ! exig5cies ( ! /ate1 & ^! public meals2 s t all ! m51 wom51 & *ildr5 7 ma9ta9$ f a common /ock4 ,! legislator gave great att5tion to enc\rage a habit ( eat+ sp>+ly1 z v useful to ! citiz5s4 ,he also endeav\r$1 t 8 community might n be too popul\s1 to less5 ! connection ) wom51 by introduc+ ! love ( boys3 :e!r 9 ?is he did well or ill we %all h "s o!r opportunity ( consid]+4 ,b t ! public meals 7 bett] ord]$ at ,crete ?an at ,lac$aemon is v evid5t4 ,! in/itution ( ! kosmoi1 0 /ill worse ?an t ( ! ephori3 = x conta9$ all ! faults incid5t to t magi/racy & "s peculi> to itself2 = 9 bo? cases x is unc]ta9 :o w be elect$3 b ! ,lac$aemonians h ?is advantage :i* ! o!rs h n1 t z all are eligible1 ! :ole community h a %>e 9 ! highe/ hon\rs1 & !re=e all desire to pres]ve ! /ate3 :]eas among ! ,cretans ! kosmoi are n *os5 out ( ! p 9 g5]al1 b out ( "s c]ta9 families1 & ! s5ate out ( ! kosmoi4 ,& ! same obs]vations :i* may be made on ! s5ate at ,lac$aemon may be appli$ to ^!2 = _! be+ "u no control1 & _! cont9u+ = life1 is an hon\r great] ?an !y m]it2 & to h _! proce$+s n regulat$ by a writt5 law1 b left to _! own discretion1 is dang]\s4 7,z to !re be+ no insurrections1 al?\gh ! p %>e n 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 ?is is no pro( ( a well-con/itut$ gov]nm5t1 z ! kosmoi h no opportunity ( be+ brib$ l ! ephori1 z !y live 9 an #abgb;b isl& f> f ^? :o w\ld corrupt !m47 ,b ! me?od !y take to correct t fault is absurd1 impolitic1 & tyrannical3 = v (t5 ei!r _! fell[-magi/rates or "s private p]sons conspire toge!r & turn out ! kosmoi4 ,!y are also p]mitt$ to resign _! (fice be=e _! "t is elaps$1 & if all ?is 0 done by law x w\ld be well1 & n at ! pleasure ( ! individuals1 :i* is a bad rule to foll[4 ,b :at is wor/ ( all is1 t g5]al confusion :i* ^? :o are 9 p[] introduce to imp$e ! ord9>y c\rse ( ju/ice2 :i* suffici5tly %[s :at is ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t1 or r lawless =ce3 = x is usual ) ! pr9cipal p]sons among/ !m to collect toge!r "s ( ! common p & _! fri5ds1 & !n revolt & set up = !mselves1 & come to bl[s ) ea* o!r4 ,& :at is ! diff]5ce1 if a /ate is dissolv$ at once by su* viol5t means1 or if x gradually s alt]s 9 process ( "t z to be no long] ! same con/itution8 ,a /ate l ?is w\ld ev] be expos$ to ! invasions ( ^? :o 7 p[]ful & incl9$ to attack x2 b1 z has be5 already m5tion$1 its situation pres]ves x1 z x is free f ! inroads ( =eign]s2 & = ?is reason ! family slaves /ill rema9 quiet at ,crete1 :ile ! ,helots are p]petually revolt+3 = ! ,cretans take no "p 9 =eign affairs1 & x is b lately t any =eign troops h made an attack ^u ! isl&2 & _! ravages soon prov$ ! ineffectualness ( _! laws4 ,& ?us mu* = ! gov]nm5t ( ,crete4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! gov]nm5t ( ,c>?age seems well e/abli%$1 & 9 _m respects sup]ior to o!rs2 9 "s p>ticul>s x be>s a ne> resemblance to ! ,lac$aemonians2 & inde$ ^! ?ree /ates1 ! ,cretans1 ! ,lac$aemonians & ! ,c>?ag9ians are 9 "s ?+s v l ea* o!r1 9 o!rs !y diff] greatly4 ,among/ _m excell5t con/itutions ?is may %[ h[ well _! gov]nm5t is fram$1 t al?\gh ! p are admitt$ to a %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration1 ! =m ( x rema9s unalt]$1 )\t any popul> insurrections1 wor? notice1 on ! "o h&1 or deg5]at+ into a tyranny on ! o!r4 ,n[ ! ,c>?ag9ians h ^! ?+s 9 common ) ! ,lac$aemonians3 public tables = ^? :o are connect$ toge!r by ! tie ( mutual fri5d%ip1 aft] ! mann] ( _! ,phiditia2 !y h also a magi/racy1 consi/+ ( an hundr$ & f\r p]sons1 simil> to ! ephori1 or r select$ ) m judgm5t2 = among/ ! ,lac$aemonians1 all ! citiz5s are eligible1 b among/ ! ,c>?ag9ians1 !y are *os5 out ( ^? ( ! bett] sort3 !re is also "s analogy betwe5 ! k+ & ! s5ate 9 bo? ^! gov]nm5ts1 ?\gh ! ,c>?ag9ian me?od ( appo9t+ _! k+s is be/1 = !y d n conf9e !mselves to "o family2 nor d !y p]mit ! election to be at l>ge1 nor h !y any reg>d to s5iority2 = if among/ ! c&idates !re are any ( great] m]it ?an ! re/1 ^! !y pref] to ^? :o may be old]2 = z _! p[] is v ext5sive1 if !y are #abgc;a p]sons ( no acc\nt1 !y may be v hurtful to ! /ate1 z !y h always be5 to ! ,lac$aemonians2 also ! great] "p ( ^? ?+s :i* become repreh5sible by _! excess are common to all ^? gov]nm5ts :i* we h describ$4 ,n[ ( ^? pr9ciples on :i* ! ,c>?ag9ians h e/abli%$ _! mix$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 compos$ ( an ari/ocracy & democracy1 "s incl9e to produce a democracy1 o!rs an olig>*y3 = in/ance1 if ! k+s & ! s5ate are unanim\s ^u any po9t 9 debate1 !y c *oose :e!r !y w br+ x be=e ! p or no2 b if !y disagree1 x is to ^! !y mu/ appeal1 :o are n only to he> :at has be5 approv$ ( by ! s5ate1 b are f9ally to det]m9e ^u x2 & :osoev] *ooses x1 has a "r to speak aga9/ any matt] :atsoev] t may be propos$1 :i* is n p]mitt$ 9 o!r cases4 ,! five1 :o elect ea* o!r1 h v great & ext5sive p[]s2 & ^! *oose ! hundr$1 :o are magi/rates ( ! highe/ rank3 _! p[] also cont9ues long] ?an any o!r magi/rates1 = x comm5ces be=e !y come into (fice1 & is prolong$ aft] !y are out ( x2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> ! /ate incl9es to an olig>*y3 b z !y are n elect$ by lot1 b by suffrage1 & are n p]mitt$ to take money1 !y are ! greate/ support]s imag9able ( an ari/ocracy4 ,! det]m9+ all causes by ! same magi/rates1 & n orae 9 "o c\rt & ano!r 9 ano!r1 z at ,lac$aemon1 has ! same influ5ce4 ,! con/itution ( ,c>?age is n[ %ift+ f an ari/ocracy to an olig>*y1 9 consequ5ce ( an op9ion :i* is fav\rably ent]ta9$ by _m1 :o ?9k t ! magi/rates 9 ! community ought n to be p]sons ( family only1 b ( =tune also2 z x is impossible = ^? :o are 9 bad circum/ances to support ! dignity ( _! (fice1 or to be at leisure to apply to public bus9ess4 ,z *oos+ m5 ( =tune to be magi/rates make a /ate incl9e to an olig>*y1 & m5 ( abilities to an ari/ocracy1 s is !re a ?ird me?od ( proce$+ :i* took place 9 ! polity ( ,c>?age2 = !y h an eye to ^! two p>ticul>s :5 !y elect _! (fic]s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! highe/ rank1 _! k+s & _! g5]als4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 t x 0 a great fault 9 _! legislator n to gu>d aga9/ ! con/itution's deg5]at+ f an ari/ocracy2 = ?is is a mo/ necess>y ?+ to provide = at fir/1 t ^? citiz5s :o h ! be/ abilities %\ld nev] be oblig$ to d any?+ unwor?y _! "*1 b be always at leisure to s]ve ! public1 n only :5 9 (fice1 b also :5 private p]sons2 = if once y are oblig$ to look among ! weal?y1 t y may h m5 at leisure to s]ve y1 y\r greate/ (fices1 ( k+ & g5]al1 w soon become v5al2 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 ri*es w be m hon\rable ?an virtue & a love ( money be ! rul+ pr9ciple 9 ! city-= :at ^? :o h ! *ief p[] reg>d z hon\rable w necess>ily be ! object :i* ! #abgc;b citiz5s 9 g5]al w aim at2 & :]e ! fir/ hon\rs are n paid to virtue1 !re ! ari/ocratic =m ( gov]nm5t _c fl\ri%3 = x is reasonable to conclude1 t ^? :o b\ght _! places %\ld g5]ally make an advantage ( :at !y laid out _! money =2 z x is absurd to suppose1 t if a man ( probity :o is poor %\ld be desir\s ( ga9+ some?+1 a bad man %\ld n endeav\r to d ! same1 especially to reimburse himself2 = :i* reason ! magi/racy %\ld be =m$ ( ^? :o are mo/ able to support an ari/ocracy4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] = ! legislature to h pass$ ov] ! pov]ty ( m5 ( m]it1 & only to h tak5 c>e to h ensur$ !m suffici5t leisure1 :5 9 (fice1 to att5d to public affairs4 ,x seems also improp]1 t "o p]son %\ld execute sev]al (fices1 :i* 0 approv$ ( at ,c>?age2 = "o bus9ess is be/ done by "o p]son2 & x is ! duty ( ! legislator to look to ?is1 & n make ! same p]son a musician & a %oemak]3 s t :]e ! /ate is n small x is m politic & m popul> to admit _m p]sons to h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 =1 z ,i j n[ said1 x is n only m usual1 b ev]y?+ is bett] & soon] done1 :5 "o ?+ only is allott$ to "o p]son3 & ?is is evid5t bo? 9 ! army & navy1 :]e almo/ e "o1 9 8 turn1 bo? comm&s & is "u comm&4 ,b z _! gov]nm5t incl9es to an olig>*y1 !y avoid ! ill effects ( x by always appo9t+ "s ( ! popul> p>ty to ! gov]nm5t ( cities to make _! =tunes4 ,?us !y consult ?is fault 9 _! con/itution & r5d] x /able2 b ?is is dep5d+ on *ance2 :]eas ! legislator ought to frame 8 gov]nm5t1 t !re ! no room = insurrections4 ,b n[1 if !re %\ld be any g5]al calamity1 & ! p %\ld revolt f _! rul]s1 !re is no rem$y = r$uc+ !m to ob$i5ce by ! laws4 ,& ^! are ! p>ticul>s ( ! ,lac$aemonian1 ! ,cretan1 & ! ,c>?ag9ian gov]nm5ts :i* seem wor?y ( comm5dation4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,"s ( ^? p]sons :o h writt5 ^u gov]nm5t _h nev] any %>e 9 public affairs1 b always l$ a private life4 ,ev]y?+ wor?y ( notice 9 _! works we h already spoke to4 ,o!rs 7 legislators1 "s 9 _! own cities1 o!rs 7 employ$ 9 regulat+ ! gov]nm5ts ( =eign /ates4 ,"s ( !m only compos$ a body ( laws2 o!rs =m$ ! con/itution also1 z ,lycurgus2 & ,solon1 :o did bo?4 ,! ,lac$aemonians h be5 already m5tion$4 ,"s p]sons ?9k t ,solon 0 an excell5t legislator1 :o c\ld dissolve a pure olig>*y1 & save ! p f t slav]y :i* hung ov] !m1 & e/abli% ! anci5t democratic =m ( gov]nm5t 9 8 c\ntry2 :]e9 e "p ( x 0 s fram$ z to be well adapt$ to ! :ole4 ,9 ! s5ate ( ,areopagus an olig>*y 0 pres]v$2 by ! mann] ( elect+ _! #abgd;a magi/rates1 an ari/ocracy2 & 9 _! c\rts ( ju/ice1 a democracy4 ,solon seems n to h alt]$ ! e/abli%$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 ei!r ) respect to ! s5ate or ! mode ( elect+ _! magi/rates2 b to h rais$ ! p to great consid]ation 9 ! /ate by allott+ ! supreme judicial dep>tm5t to !m2 & = ?is "s p]sons blame him1 z hav+ done :at w\ld soon ov]turn t balance ( p[] he int5d$ to e/abli%2 = by try+ all causes :atsoev] be=e ! p1 :o 7 *os5 by lot to det]m9e !m1 x 0 necess>y to flatt] a tyrannical populace :o _h got ?is p[]2 :i* contribut$ to br+ ! gov]nm5t to t pure democracy x n[ is4 ,bo? ,ephialtes & ,p]icles abridg$ ! p[] ( ! ,areopagites1 ! latt] ( :om introduc$ ! me?od ( pay+ ^? :o att5d$ ! c\rts ( ju/ice3 & ?us e "o :o aim$ at be+ popul> proce$$ increas+ ! p[] ( ! p to :at we n[ see x4 ,b x is evid5t t ?is 0 n ,solon's int5tion1 b t x arose f accid5t2 = ! p be+ ! cause ( ! naval victory ov] ! ,m$es1 assum$ greatly ^u x1 & enli/$ !mselves "u facti\s demagogues1 al?\gh oppos$ by ! bett] "p ( ! citiz5s4 ,he ?\ght x inde$ mo/ necess>y to entru/ ! p ) ! *oice ( _! magi/rates & ! p[] ( call+ !m to acc\nt2 = )\t t !y mu/ h be5 slaves & enemies to ! o!r citiz5s3 b he ord]$ !m to elect ^? only :o 7 p]sons ( good acc\nt & prop]ty1 ei!r out ( ^? :o 7 wor? five hundr$ m$imns1 or ^? :o 7 call$ xeugitai1 or ^? ( ! ?ird c5sus1 :o 7 call$ horsem54 ,z = ^? ( ! f\r?1 :i* consi/$ ( me*anics1 !y 7 incapable ( any (fice4 ,zaleucus 0 ! legislator ( ! ,we/]n ,locrians1 z 0 ,*>ondas1 ! ,catanean1 ( 8 own cities1 & ^? also 9 ,italy & ,sicily :i* belong$ to ! ,calcidians4 ,"s p]sons endeav\r to prove t ,onomacritus1 ! ,locrian1 0 ! fir/ p]son ( note :o drew up laws2 & t he employ$ himself 9 t bus9ess :ile he 0 at ,crete1 :]e he cont9u$ "s "t to le>n ! prophetic art3 & !y say1 t ,?ales 0 8 companion2 & t ,lycurgus & ,zaleucus 7 ! s*ol>s ( ,?ales1 & ,*>ondas ( ,zaleucus2 b ^? :o advance ?is1 advance :at is repugnant to *ronology4 ,philolaus also1 ( ! family ( ! ,bac*iades1 0 a ,!ban legislator4 ,?is man 0 v fond ( ,diocles1 a victor 9 ! ,olympic games1 & :5 he left 8 c\ntry f a disgu/ at an improp] passion :i* 8 "m ,ali?oe _h ent]ta9$ = him1 & settl$ at ,!bes1 ,philolaus foll[$ him1 :]e !y bo? di$1 & :]e !y /ill %[ _! tombs plac$ 9 view ( ea* o!r1 b s dispos$1 t "o ( !m looks t[>ds ,cor9?1 ! o!r does n2 ! reason !y give = ?is is1 t ,diodes1 f 8 dete/ation ( 8 "m's passion1 w\ld h 8 tomb s plac$ t no "o c\ld see ,cor9? f x2 b ,philolaus *ose t x might be se5 f 83 & ?is 0 ! cause ( _! liv+ at ,!bes4 #abgd;b ,z ,philolaus gave !m laws conc]n+ _m o!r ?+s1 s did he ^u adoption1 :i* !y call adoptive laws2 & ?is he 9 p>ticul> did to pres]ve ! numb] ( families4 ,*>ondas did no?+ new1 except 9 actions = p]jury1 :i* he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o took into p>ticul> consid]ation4 ,he also drew up 8 laws ) great] elegance & accuracy ?an ev5 any ( our pres5t legislators4 ,philolaus introduc$ ! law = ! equal di/ribution ( goods2 ,plato t = ! community ( wom51 *ildr51 & goods1 & also = public tables = ! wom52 & "o conc]n+ drunk5ness1 t !y might obs]ve sobriety 9 _! symposiums4 ,he also made a law conc]n+ _! w>like ex]cises2 t !y %\ld acquire a habit ( us+ bo? h&s alike1 z x 0 necess>y t "o h& %\ld be z useful z ! o!r4 ,z = ,draco's laws1 !y 7 publi%$ :5 ! gov]nm5t 0 already e/abli%$1 & !y h no?+ p>ticul> 9 !m wor? m5tion+1 except _! sev]ity on acc\nt ( ! enormity ( _! puni%m5ts4 ,pittacus 0 ! au?or ( "s laws1 b nev] drew up any =m ( gov]nm5t2 "o ( :i* 0 ?is1 t if a drunk5 man beat any p]son he %\ld be puni%$ m ?an if he did x :5 sob]2 = z p are m apt to be abusive :5 drunk ?an sob]1 he paid no consid]ation to ! excuse :i* drunk5ness might claim1 b reg>d$ only ! common b5efit4 ,&romadas ,regmus 0 also a lawgiv] to ! ,?racian talcidians4 ,!re are "s laws ( 8 conc]n+ murd]s & heiresses extant1 b ^! conta9 no?+ t any "o c say is new & 8 own4 ,& ?us mu* = diff]5t sorts ( gov]nm5ts1 z well ^? :i* really exi/ z ^? :i* diff]5t p]sons h propos$4 ,,book ,,iii ,,*apt] ,i ,e "o :o inquires into ! nature ( gov]nm5t1 & :at are its diff]5t =ms1 %\ld make ?is almo/ 8 fir/ "q1 ,:at is a city8 ,= ^u ?is !re is a dispute3 = "s p]sons say ! city did ?is or t1 :ile o!rs say1 n ! city1 b ! olig>*y1 or ! tyranny4 ,we see t ! city is ! only object :i* bo? ! politician & legislator h 9 view 9 all !y d3 b gov]nm5t is a c]ta9 ord]+ ( ^? :o inhabit a city4 ,z a city is a collective body1 &1 l o!r :oles1 compos$ ( _m p>ts1 x is evid5t our fir/ inquiry mu/ be1 :at a citiz5 is3 = a city is a c]ta9 numb] ( citiz5s4 ,s t we mu/ consid] :om we ought to call citiz51 & :o is "o2 = ?is is (t5 d\btful3 = e "o w n all[ t ?is "* is applicable to ! same p]son2 = t man :o w\ld be a citiz5 9 a republic w\ld v (t5 n be "o 9 an olig>*y4 ,we d n include 9 ?is inquiry _m ( ^? :o acquire ?is appellation out ( ! ord9>y way1 z honor>y p]sons1 = in/ance1 b ^? only :o h a natural "r to x4 ,n[ x is n resid5ce :i* con/itutes a man a citiz52 = 9 ?is soj\rn]s & slaves are ^u an equality ) him2 nor w x be suffici5t = ?is purpose1 t y h ! privilege ( ! laws1 & may plead or be implead$1 = ?is all ^? ( diff]5t nations1 betwe5 :om !re is a mutual agreem5t = t purpose1 are all[$2 al?\gh x v (t5 happ5s1 t soj\rn]s h n a p]fect "r !re9 )\t ! protection ( a patron1 to :om !y are oblig$ to apply1 :i* %[s t _! %>e 9 ! community is incomplete4 ,9 l mann]1 ) respect to boys :o are n yet enroll$1 or old m5 :o are pa/ w>1 we admit t !y are 9 "s respects citiz5s1 b n completely s1 b ) "s exceptions1 = ^! are n yet arriv$ to ye>s ( maturity1 & ^? are pa/ s]vice2 nor is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,b :at we mean is suffici5tly intelligible & cle>1 we want a complete citiz51 "o 9 :om !re is no defici5cy to be correct$ to make him s4 ,z to ^? :o are bani%$1 or infam\s1 !re may be ! same objections made & ! same answ] giv54 ,!re is no?+ t m *>act]ises a complete citiz5 ?an hav+ a %>e 9 ! judicial & executive "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,) respect to (fices1 "s are fix$ to a p>ticul> "t1 s t no p]son is1 on any acc\nt1 p]mitt$ to fill !m twice2 or else n till "s c]ta9 p]iod has int]v5$2 o!rs are n fix$1 z a juryman's1 & a memb] ( ! g5]al assembly3 b probably "s "o may say ^! are n (fices1 nor h ! citiz5s 9 ^! capacities any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 ?\gh surely x is ridicul\s to say t ^? :o h ! pr9cipal p[] 9 ! /ate be> no (fice 9 x4 ,b ?is objection is ( no weight1 = x is only a dispute ab\t words2 z !re is no g5]al t]m :i* c be appli$ bo? to ! (fice ( a juryman & a memb] ( ! assembly4 ,= ! sake ( di/9ction1 suppose we call x an indet]m9ate (fice3 b ,i lay x d[n z a maxim1 t ^? are citiz5s :o c\ld ex]cise x4 ,su* !n is ! description ( a citiz5 :o comes ne>e/ to :at all ^? :o are call$ citiz5s are4 ,e "o also %\ld "k1 t ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ^? ?+s :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 species1 aft] ! fir/ or second remove1 ^? :i* foll[ h ei!r no?+ at all or v little common to ea*4 ,n[ we see t gov]nm5ts diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! =m1 & t "s ( !m are defective1 o!rs #abge;b z excell5t z possible3 = x is evid5t1 t ^? :i* h _m defici5cies & deg5]acies 9 !m mu/ be f> inf]ior to ^? :i* are )\t su* faults4 ,:at ,i mean by deg5]acies w be h]eaft] expla9$4 ,h5ce x is cle> t ! (fice ( a citiz5 mu/ diff] z gov]nm5ts d f ea* o!r3 = :i* reason he :o is call$ a citiz5 has1 9 a democracy1 e privilege :i* t /ation supposes4 ,9 o!r =ms ( gov]nm5t he may enjoy !m2 b n necess>ily3 = 9 "s /ates ! p h no p[]2 nor h !y any g5]al assembly1 b a few select m54 ,! trial also ( diff]5t causes is allott$ to diff]5t p]sons2 z at ,lac$aemon all disputes conc]n+ contracts are br\ght be=e "s ( ! ephori3 ! s5ate are ! judges 9 cases ( murd]1 & s on2 "s be+ to be he>d by "o magi/rate1 o!rs by ano!r3 & ?us at ,c>?age c]ta9 magi/rates det]m9e all causes4 ,b our =m] description ( a citiz5 w admit ( correction2 = 9 "s gov]nm5ts ! (fice ( a juryman & a memb] ( ! g5]al assembly is n an indet]m9ate "o2 b !re are p>ticul> p]sons appo9t$ = ^! purposes1 "s or all ( ! citiz5s be+ appo9t$ jurym5 or memb]s ( ! g5]al assembly1 & ?is ei!r = all causes & all public bus9ess :atsoev]1 or else = "s p>ticul> "o3 & ?is may be suffici5t to %[ :at a citiz5 is2 = he :o has a "r to a %>e 9 ! judicial & executive "p ( gov]nm5t 9 any city1 him we call a citiz5 ( t place2 & a city1 9 "o ^w1 is a collective body ( su* p]sons suffici5t 9 !mselves to all ! purposes ( life4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,9 common use !y def9e a citiz5 to be "o :o is sprung f citiz5s on bo? sides1 n on ! fa!r's or ! "m's only4 ,o!rs c>ry ! matt] /ill fur!r1 & inquire h[ _m ( 8 ance/ors h be5 citiz5s1 z 8 gr&fa!r1 great-gr&fa!r1 etc41 b "s p]sons h que/ion$ h[ ! fir/ ( ! family c\ld prove !mselves citiz5s1 accord+ to ?is popul> & c>eless def9ition4 ,gorgias ( ,leontium1 p>tly ent]ta9+ ! same d\bt1 & p>tly 9 je/1 says1 t z a mort> is made by a mort>-mak]1 s a citiz5 is made by a citiz5-mak]1 & a ,l>isssean by a ,l>isssean-mak]4 ,?is is inde$ a v simple acc\nt ( ! matt]2 = if citiz5s are s1 accord+ to ?is def9ition1 x w be impossible to apply x to ! fir/ f\nd]s or fir/ inhabitants ( /ates1 :o _c possibly claim 9 "r ei!r ( _! fa!r or "m4 ,x is probably a matt] ( /ill m difficulty to det]m9e _! rights z citiz5s :o are admitt$ to _! fre$om aft] any revolution 9 ! /ate4 ,z1 = in/ance1 at ,a!ns1 aft] ! expulsion ( ! tyrants1 :5 ,cli/h5es enroll$ _m =eign]s & city-slaves among/ ! tribes2 & ! d\bt ) respect to !m 01 n :e!r !y 7 citiz5s or no1 b :e!r !y 7 legally s or n4 ,?\gh inde$ "s p]sons may h ?is fur!r #abgf;a d\bt1 :e!r a citiz5 c be a citiz5 :5 he is illegally made2 z if an illegal citiz51 & "o :o is no citiz5 at all1 7 9 ! same pr$icam5t3 b s9ce we see "s p]sons gov]n unju/ly1 :om yet we admit to gov]n1 ?\gh n ju/ly1 & ! def9ition ( a citiz5 is "o :o ex]cises c]ta9 (fices1 = su* a "o we h def9$ a citiz5 to be1 x is evid5t1 t a citiz5 illegally creat$ yet cont9ues to be a citiz51 b :e!r ju/ly or unju/ly s belongs to ! =m] inquiry4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,x has also be5 d\bt$ :at 0 & :at 0 n ! act ( ! city2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 a democracy arises out ( an ari/ocracy or a tyranny2 = "s p]sons !n refuse to fulfil _! contracts2 z if ! "r to receive ! money 0 9 ! tyrant & n 9 ! /ate1 & _m o!r ?+s ( ! same nature2 z if any cov5ant 0 f\nd$ = viol5ce & n = ! common good4 ,s 9 l mann]1 if any?+ is done by ^? :o h ! managem5t ( public affairs :]e a democracy is e/abli%$1 _! actions are to be consid]$ z ! actions ( ! /ate1 z well z 9 ! olig>*y or tyranny4 ,& "h x seems v prop] to consid] ?is "q1 ,:5 %all we say t a city is ! same1 & :5 %all we say t x is diff]5t8 ,x is b a sup]ficial mode ( exam9+ into ?is "q to beg9 ) ! place & ! p2 = x may happ5 t ^! may be divid$ f t1 or t "s "o ( !m may live 9 "o place1 & "s 9 ano!r 7b ?is "q may be reg>d$ z no v knotty "o2 =1 z a city may acquire t appellation on _m acc\nts1 x may be solv$ _m ways72 & 9 l mann]1 :5 m5 inhabit "o common place1 :5 %all we say t !y inhabit ! same city1 or t ! city is ! same8 = x does n dep5d ^u ! walls2 = ,i c suppose ,peloponnesus itself surr\nd$ ) a wall1 z ,babylon 01 & e o!r place1 :i* r encircles _m nations ?an "o city1 & t !y say 0 tak5 ?ree days :5 "s ( ! inhabitants knew no?+ ( x3 b we %all f9d a prop] "t to det]m9e ?is "q2 = ! ext5t ( a city1 h[ l>ge x %\ld be1 & :e!r x %\ld consi/ ( m ?an "o p1 ^! are p>ticul>s t ! politician %\ld by no means be unacqua9t$ )4 ,?is1 too1 is a matt] ( inquiry1 :e!r we %all say t a city is ! same :ile x is inhabit$ by ! same race ( m51 ?\gh "s ( !m are p]petually dy+1 o!rs com+ into ! _w1 z we say t a riv] or a f\nta9 is ! same1 ?\gh ! wat]s are cont9ually *ang+2 or :5 a revolution takes place %all we #abgf;b say ! m5 are ! same1 b ! city is diff]5t3 = if a city is a community1 x is a community ( citiz5s2 b if ! mode ( gov]nm5t %\ld alt]1 & become ( ano!r sort1 x w\ld seem a necess>y consequ5ce t ! city is n ! same2 z we reg>d ! tragic *orus z diff]5t f ! comic1 ?\gh x may probably consi/ ( ! same p]=m]s3 ?us e o!r community or composition is said to be diff]5t if ! species ( composition is diff]5t2 z 9 music ! same h&s produce diff]5t h>mony1 z ! ,doric & ,phrygian4 ,if ?is is true1 x is evid5t1 t :5 we speak ( a city z be+ ! same we ref] to ! gov]nm5t !re e/abli%$2 & ?is1 :e!r x is call$ by ! same "n or any o!r1 or inhabit$ by ! same m5 or diff]5t4 ,b :e!r or no x is "r to dissolve ! community :5 ! con/itution is alt]$ is ano!r "q4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,:at has be5 said1 x foll[s t we %\ld consid] :e!r ! same virtues :i* con/itute a good man make a valuable citiz51 or diff]5t2 & if a p>ticul> inquiry is necess>y = ?is matt] we mu/ fir/ give a g5]al description ( ! virtues ( a good citiz52 = z a sailor is "o ( ^? :o make up a community1 s is a citiz51 al?\gh ! prov9ce ( "o sailor may be diff]5t f ano!r's 7= "o is a r[]1 ano!r a /e]sman1 a ?ird a boatswa91 & s on1 ea* hav+ _! sev]al appo9tm5ts71 x is evid5t t ! mo/ accurate description ( any "o good sailor mu/ ref] to 8 peculi> abilities1 yet !re are "s ?+s 9 :i* ! same description may be appli$ to ! :ole crew1 z ! safety ( ! %ip is ! common bus9ess ( all ( !m1 = ?is is ! g5]al c5tre ( all _! c>es3 s also ) respect to citiz5s1 al?\gh !y may 9 a few p>ticul>s be v diff]5t1 yet !re is "o c>e common to !m all1 ! safety ( ! community1 = ! community ( ! citiz5s composes ! /ate2 = :i* reason ! virtue ( a citiz5 has necess>ily a ref]5ce to ! /ate4 ,b if !re are diff]5t sorts ( gov]nm5ts1 x is evid5t t ^? actions :i* con/itute ! virtue ( an excell5t citiz5 9 "o community w n con/itute x 9 ano!r2 :]e=e ! virtue ( su* a "o _c be p]fect3 b we say1 a man is good :5 8 virtues are p]fect2 f :5ce x foll[s1 t an excell5t citiz5 does n possess t virtue :i* con/itutes a good man4 ,^? :o are any ways d\btful conc]n+ ?is "q may be conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( x by exam9+ into ! be/ =m$ /ates3 =1 if x is impossible t a city %\ld consi/ entirely ( excell5t citiz5s 7:ile x is necess>y t e "o %\ld d well 9 8 call+1 9 :i* consi/s 8 excell5ce1 z x is impossible t all ! citiz5s %\ld h ! same #abgg;a qualifications7 x is impossible t ! virtue ( a citiz5 & a good man %\ld be ! same2 = all %\ld possess ! virtue ( an excell5t citiz53 = f h5ce necess>ily arise ! p]fection ( ! city3 b t e "o %\ld possess ! virtue ( a good man is impossible )\t all ! citiz5s 9 a well-regulat$ /ate 7 necess>ily virtu\s4 ,besides1 z a city is compos$ ( dissimil> p>ts1 z an animal is ( life & body2 ! s\l ( reason & appetite2 a family ( a man & 8 wife--prop]ty ( a ma/] & a slave2 9 ! same mann]1 z a city is compos$ ( all ^! & _m o!r v diff]5t p>ts1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! virtue ( all ! citiz5s _c be ! same2 z ! bus9ess ( him :o leads ! b& is diff]5t f ! o!r danc]s4 ,f all :i* pro(s x is evid5t t ! virtues ( a citiz5 _c be "o & ! same4 ,b d we nev] f9d ^? virtues unit$ :i* con/itute a good man & excell5t citiz58 = we say1 su* a "o is an excell5t magi/rate & a prud5t & good man2 b prud5ce is a necess>y qualification = all ^? :o engage 9 public affairs4 ,nay1 "s p]sons affirm t ! education ( ^? :o are int5d$ to comm& %\ld1 f ! beg9n+1 be diff]5t f o!r citiz5s1 z ! *ildr5 ( k+s are g5]ally in/ruct$ 9 rid+ & w>like ex]cises2 & ?us ,euripides says3 444 ,no %[y arts ,be m9e1 b tea* me :at ! /ate requires4 ,z if ^? :o are to rule 7 to h an education peculi> to !mselves4 ,b if we all[1 t ! virtues ( a good man & a good magi/rate may be ! same1 & a citiz5 is "o :o obeys ! magi/rate1 x foll[s t ! virtue ( ! "o _c 9 g5]al be ! same z ! virtue ( ! o!r1 al?\gh x may be true ( "s p>ticul> citiz52 = ! virtue ( ! magi/rate mu/ be diff]5t f ! virtue ( ! citiz54 ,= :i* reason ,jason decl>$ t 0 he depriv$ ( 8 k+dom he %\ld p9e away ) regret1 z n kn[+ h[ to live a private man4 ,b x is a great recomm5dation to "k h[ to comm& z well z to obey2 & to d bo? ^! ?+s well is ! virtue ( an accompli%$ citiz54 ,if !n ! virtue ( a good man consi/s only 9 be+ able to comm&1 b ! virtue ( a good citiz5 r5d]s him equally fit = ! "o z well z ! o!r1 ! comm5dation ( bo? ( !m is n ! same4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t bo? he :o comm&s & he :o obeys %\ld ea* ( !m le>n _! sep>ate bus9ess3 b t ! citiz5 %\ld be ma/] ( & take "p 9 bo? ^!1 z any "o may easily p]ceive2 9 a family gov]nm5t !re is no occasion = ! ma/] to "k h[ to p]=m ! necess>y (fices1 b r to enjoy ! lab\r ( o!rs2 = to d ! o!r is a s]vile "p4 ,i mean by ! o!r1 ! common family bus9ess ( ! slave4 ,!re are _m sorts ( slaves2 = _! employm5ts are v>i\s3 ( ^! ! h&icraftsm5 are "o1 :o1 z _! "n imports1 get _! liv+ by ! lab\r ( _! h&s1 & among/ ^! all me*anics are includ$2 #abgg;b = :i* reasons su* workm51 9 "s /ates1 7 n =m]ly admitt$ into any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 till at l5g? democracies 7 e/abli%$3 x is n !re=e prop] = any man ( hon\r1 or any citiz51 or any "o :o engages 9 public affairs1 to le>n ^! s]vile employm5ts )\t !y h occasion = !m = _! own use2 = )\t ?is 0 obs]v$ ! di/9ction betwe5 a ma/] & a slave w\ld be lo/4 ,b !re is a gov]nm5t ( ano!r sort1 9 :i* m5 gov]n ^? :o are _! equals 9 rank1 & freem51 :i* we call a political gov]nm5t1 9 :i* m5 le>n to comm& by fir/ submitt+ to obey1 z a good g5]al ( horse1 or a comm&]-9-*ief1 mu/ acquire a k ( _! duty by hav+ be5 long "u ! comm& ( ano!r1 & ! l 9 e appo9tm5t 9 ! army3 = well is x said1 no "o kn[s h[ to comm& :o has n himself be5 "u comm& ( ano!r4 ,! virtues ( ^? are inde$ diff]5t1 b a good citiz5 mu/ necess>ily be end[$ ) !m2 he ought also to "k 9 :at mann] freem5 ought to gov]n1 z well z be gov]n$3 & ?is1 too1 is ! duty ( a good man4 ,& if ! temp]ance & ju/ice ( him :o comm&s is diff]5t f 8 :o1 ?\gh a freeman1 is "u comm&1 x is evid5t t ! virtues ( a good citiz5 _c be ! same z ju/ice1 = in/ance b mu/ be ( a diff]5t species 9 ^! two diff]5t situations1 z ! temp]ance & c\rage ( a man & a woman are diff]5t f ea* o!r2 = a man w\ld appe> a c[>d :o _h only t c\rage :i* w\ld be graceful 9 a woman1 & a woman w\ld be ?\ght a talk] :o %\ld take z l>ge a "p 9 ! conv]sation z w\ld become a man ( consequ5ce4 ,! dome/ic employm5ts ( ea* ( !m are also diff]5t2 x is ! man's bus9ess to acquire subsi/5ce1 ! woman's to take c>e ( x4 ,b direction & k ( public affairs is a virtue peculi> to ^? :o gov]n1 :ile all o!rs seem to be equally requisite = bo? p>ties2 b ) ?is ! gov]n$ h no conc]n1 x is !irs to ent]ta9 j notions3 !y inde$ are l flute-mak]s1 :ile ^? :o gov]n are ! musicians :o play on !m4 ,& ?us mu* to %[ :e!r ! virtue ( a good man & an excell5t citiz5 is ! same1 or if x is diff]5t1 & also h[ f> x is ! same1 & h[ f> diff]5t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,b ) respect to citiz5s !re is a d\bt rema9+1 :e!r ^? only are truly s :o are all[$ to %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 or :e!r ! me*anics also are to be consid]$ z su*8 = if ^? :o are n p]mitt$ to rule are to be reckon$ among !m1 x is impossible t ! virtue ( all ! citiz5s %\ld be ! same1 = ^! also are citiz5s2 & if none ( !m are admitt$ to be citiz5s1 :]e %all !y be rank$8 = !y are nei!r #abgh;a soj\rn]s nor =eign]s8 or %all we say t !re w no inconv5i5ce arise f _! n be+ citiz5s1 z !y are nei!r slaves nor fre$m53 = ?is is c]ta9ly true1 t all ^? are n citiz5s :o are necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( a city1 z boys are n citiz5s 9 ! same mann] t m5 are1 = ^? are p]fectly s1 ! o!rs "u "s conditions2 = !y are citiz5s1 ?\gh imp]fect ones3 = 9 =m] times among "s p ! me*anics 7 ei!r slaves or =eign]s1 = :i* reason _m ( !m are s n[3 & inde$ ! be/ regulat$ /ates w n p]mit a me*anic to be a citiz52 b if x be all[$ !m1 we _c !n attribute ! virtue we h describ$ to e citiz5 or freeman1 b to ^? only :o are dis5gag$ f s]vile (fices4 ,n[ ^? :o are employ$ by "o p]son 9 !m are slaves2 ^? :o d !m = money are me*anics & hir$ s]vants3 h5ce x is evid5t on ! lea/ reflection :at is _! situation1 = :at ,i h said is fully expla9$ by appe>ances4 ,s9ce ! numb] ( communities is v great1 x foll[s necess>ily t !re w be _m diff]5t sorts ( citiz5s1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :o are gov]n$ by o!rs1 s t 9 "o /ate x may be necess>y to admit me*anics & hir$ s]vants to be citiz5s1 b 9 o!rs x may be impossible2 z p>ticul>ly 9 an ari/ocracy1 :]e hon\rs are be/[$ on virtue & dignity3 = x is impossible = "o :o lives ! life ( a me*anic or hir$ s]vant to acquire ! practice ( virtue4 ,9 an olig>*y also hir$ s]vants are n admitt$ to be citiz5s2 because !re a man's "r to be> any (fice is regulat$ by 8 =tune2 b me*anics are1 = _m citiz5s are v ri*4 ,!re 0 a law at ,!bes t no "o c\ld h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t till he _h be5 t5 ye>s out ( trade4 ,9 _m /ates ! law invites /rang]s to accept ! fre$om ( ! city2 & 9 "s democracies ! son ( a free-woman is himself free4 ,! same is also obs]v$ 9 _m o!rs ) respect to natural *ildr52 b x is ?r\gh want ( citiz5s regul>ly born t !y admit su*3 = ^! laws are always made 9 consequ5ce ( a sc>city ( inhabitants2 s1 z _! numb]s increase1 !y fir/ deprive ! *ildr5 ( a male or female slave ( ?is privilege1 next ! *ild ( a free-woman1 & la/ ( all !y w admit none b ^? ^: fa!rs & mo!rs 7 bo? free4 ,t !re are _m sorts ( citiz5s1 & t he may be said to be z completely :o %>es ! hon\rs ( ! /ate1 is evid5t f :at has be5 already said4 ,?us ,a*illes1 9 ,hom]1 compla9s ( ,agamemnon's treat+ him l an unhon\r$ /rang]2 = a /rang] or soj\rn] is "o :o does n p>take ( ! hon\rs ( ! /ate3 & :5ev] ! "r to ! fre$om ( ! city is kept obscure1 x is = ! sake ( ! inhabitants4 #abgh;b ,f :at has be5 said x is pla9 :e!r ! virtue ( a good man & an excell5t citiz5 is ! same or diff]5t3 & we f9d t 9 "s /ates x is ! same1 9 o!rs n2 & also t ?is is n true ( ea* citiz51 b ( ^? only :o take ! lead1 or are capable ( tak+ ! lead1 9 public affairs1 ei!r alone or 9 conjunction ) o!rs4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,hav+ e/abli%$ ^! po9ts1 we proce$ next to consid] :e!r "o =m ( gov]nm5t only %\ld be e/abli%$1 or m ?an "o2 & if m1 h[ _m1 & ( :at sort1 & :at are ! diff]5ces betwe5 !m4 ,! =m ( gov]nm5t is ! ord]+ & regulat+ ( ! city1 & all ! (fices 9 x1 p>ticul>ly ^? :]e9 ! supreme p[] is lodg$2 & ?is p[] is always possess$ by ! adm9i/ration2 b ! adm9i/ration itself is t p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t :i* is e/abli%$ 9 any /ate3 ?us 9 a democracy ! supreme p[] is lodg$ 9 ! :ole p2 on ! contr>y1 9 an olig>*y x is 9 ! h&s ( a few4 ,we say !n1 t ! =m ( gov]nm5t 9 ^! /ates is diff]5t1 & we %all f9d ! same ?+ hold good 9 o!rs4 ,let u fir/ det]m9e = ^: sake a city is e/abli%$2 & po9t out ! diff]5t species ( rule :i* man may submit to 9 social life4 ,i h already m5tion$ 9 my treatise on ! managem5t ( a family1 & ! p[] ( ! ma/]1 t man is an animal naturally =m$ = society1 & t !re=e1 :5 he does n want any =eign assi/ance1 he w ( 8 own accord desire to live ) o!rs2 n b t mutual advantage induces !m to x1 z f> z x enables ea* p]son to live m agreeably2 & ?is is inde$ ! great object n only to all 9 g5]al1 b also to ea* individual3 b x is n m]ely matt] ( *oice1 b !y jo9 9 society also1 ev5 t !y may be able to live1 :i* probably is n )\t "s %>e ( m]it1 & !y also support civil society1 ev5 = ! sake ( pres]v+ life1 )\t !y are griev\sly ov]:elm$ ) ! mis]ies ( x3 = x is v evid5t t m5 w endure _m calamities = ! sake ( liv+1 z be+ some?+ naturally sweet & desirable4 ,x is easy to po9t out ! diff]5t modes ( gov]nm5t1 & we h already settl$ !m 9 our exot]ic disc\rses4 ,! p[] ( ! ma/]1 ?\gh by nature equally s]viceable1 bo? to ! ma/] & to ! slave1 yet nev]!less has = its object ! b5efit ( ! ma/]1 :ile ! b5efit ( ! slave arises accid5tally2 = if ! slave is de/roy$1 ! p[] ( ! ma/] is at an end3 b ! au?ority :i* a man has ov] 8 wife1 & *ildr51 & 8 family1 :i* we call dome/ic gov]nm5t1 is ei!r = ! b5efit ( ^? :o are "u subjection1 or else = ! common b5efit ( ! :ole3 b its p>ticul> object is ! b5efit ( ! gov]n$1 z we see 9 o!r arts2 9 physic1 = in/ance1 & ! gymna/ic ex]cises1 :]e91 if any b5efit #abgi;a arise to ! ma/]1 x is accid5tal2 = no?+ =bids ! ma/] ( ! ex]cises f sometimes be+ himself "o ( ^? :o ex]cises1 z ! /e]sman is always "o ( ! sailors2 b bo? ! ma/] ( ! ex]cises & ! /e]sman consid] ! good ( ^? :o are "u _! gov]nm5t4 ,:atev] good may happ5 to ! /e]sman :5 he is a sailor1 or to ! ma/] ( ! ex]cises :5 he himself makes "o at ! games1 is n int5tional1 or ! object ( _! p[]2 ?us 9 all political gov]nm5ts :i* are e/abli%$ to pres]ve & def5d ! equality ( ! citiz5s x is held "r to rule by turns4 ,=m]ly1 z 0 natural1 e "o expect$ t ea* ( 8 fell[-citiz5s %\ld 9 8 turn s]ve ! public1 & ?us adm9i/] to 8 private good1 z he himself :5 9 (fice _h done = o!rs2 b n[ e "o is desir\s ( be+ cont9ually 9 p[]1 t he may enjoy ! advantage :i* he makes ( public bus9ess & be+ 9 (fice2 z if places 7 a nev]-fail+ rem$y = e compla9t1 & 7 on t acc\nt s eag]ly s\ght aft]4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t all ^? gov]nm5ts :i* h a common good 9 view are rightly e/abli%$ & /rictly j1 b ^? :o h 9 view only ! good ( ! rul]s are all f\nd$ on wrong pr9ciples1 & are widely diff]5t f :at a gov]nm5t ought to be1 = !y are tyranny ov] slaves1 :]eas a city is a community ( freem54 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,hav+ e/abli%$ ^! p>ticul>s1 we come to consid] next ! diff]5t numb] ( gov]nm5ts :i* !re are1 & :at !y are2 & fir/1 :at are _! excell5cies3 = :5 we h det]m9$ ?is1 _! defects w be evid5t en\gh4 ,x is evid5t t e =m ( gov]nm5t or adm9i/ration1 = ! words are ( ! same import1 mu/ conta9 a supreme p[] ov] ! :ole /ate1 & ?is supreme p[] mu/ necess>ily be 9 ! h&s ( "o p]son1 or a few1 or _m2 & :5 ei!r ( ^! apply _! p[] = ! common good1 su* /ates are well gov]n$2 b :5 ! int]e/ ( ! "o1 ! few1 or ! _m :o enjoy ?is p[] is alone consult$1 !n ill2 = y mu/ ei!r affirm t ^? :o make up ! community are n citiz5s1 or else let ^! %>e 9 ! advantages ( gov]nm5t4 ,we usually call a /ate :i* is gov]n$ by "o p]son = ! common good1 a k+dom2 "o t is gov]n$ by m ?an "o1 b by a few only1 an ari/ocracy2 ei!r because ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( ! mo/ wor?y citiz5s1 or because x is ! be/ =m = ! city & its inhabitants4 ,:5 ! citiz5s at l>ge gov]n = ! public good1 x is call$ a /ate2 :i* is also a common "n = all o!r gov]nm5ts1 & ^! di/9ctions are consonant to reason2 = x w n be difficult to f9d "o p]son1 or a v few1 ( v di/+ui%$ abilities1 b almo/ impossible to meet ) ! majority #abgi;b ( a p em95t = e virtue2 b if !re is "o common to a :ole nation x is val\r2 = ?is is creat$ & support$ by numb]s3 = :i* reason 9 su* a /ate ! pr(ession ( arms w always h ! greate/ %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,n[ ! corruptions att5d+ ea* ( ^! gov]nm5ts are ^!2 a k+dom may deg5]ate into a tyranny1 an ari/ocracy into an olig>*y1 & a /ate into a democracy4 ,n[ a tyranny is a mon>*y :]e ! good ( "o man only is ! object ( gov]nm5t1 an olig>*y consid]s only ! ri*1 & a democracy only ! poor2 b nei!r ( !m h a common good 9 view4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,x w be necess>y to enl>ge a little m ^u ! nature ( ea* ( ^! /ates1 :i* is n )\t "s difficulty1 = he :o w\ld ent] into a philosophical inquiry into ! pr9ciples ( !m1 & n cont5t himself ) a sup]ficial view ( _! outw>d conduct1 mu/ pass ov] & omit no?+1 b expla9 ! true _s ( ea* ( !m4 ,a tyranny !n is1 z has be5 said1 a mon>*y1 :]e "o p]son has an absolute & despotic p[] ov] ! :ole community & e memb] !re93 an olig>*y1 :]e ! supreme p[] ( ! /ate is lodg$ ) ! ri*3 a democracy1 on ! contr>y1 is :]e ^? h x :o are wor? little or no?+4 ,b ! fir/ difficulty t arises f ! di/9ctions :i* we h laid d[n is ?is1 %\ld x happ5 t ! majority ( ! inhabitants :o possess ! p[] ( ! /ate 7= ?is is a democracy7 %\ld be ri*1 ! "q is1 h[ does ?is agree ) :at we h said8 ,! same difficulty occurs1 %\ld x ev] happ5 t ! poor compose a small] "p ( ! p ?an ! ri*1 b f _! sup]ior abilities acquire ! supreme p[]2 = ?is is :at !y call an olig>*y2 x %\ld seem !n t our def9ition ( ! diff]5t /ates 0 n correct3 nay1 moreov]1 c\ld any "o suppose t ! majority ( ! p 7 poor1 & ! m9ority ri*1 & !n describe ! /ate 9 ?is mann]1 t an olig>*y 0 a gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! ri*1 be+ few 9 numb]1 possess$ ! supreme p[]1 & t a democracy 0 a /ate 9 :i* ! poor1 be+ _m 9 numb]1 possess$ x1 /ill !re w be ano!r difficulty2 = :at "n %all we give to ^? /ates we h be5 describ+8 ,i mean1 t 9 :i* ! great] numb] are ri*1 & t 9 :i* ! less] numb] are poor 7:]e ea* ( ^! possess ! supreme p[]71 if !re are no o!r /ates ?an ^? we h describ$4 ,x seems !re=e evid5t to reason1 t :e!r ! supreme p[] is ve/$ 9 ! h&s ( _m or few may be a matt] ( accid5t2 b t x is cle> en\gh1 t :5 x is 9 ! h&s ( ! few1 x w be a gov]nm5t ( ! ri*2 :5 9 ! h&s ( ! _m1 x w be a gov]nm5t ( ! poor2 s9ce 9 all c\ntries !re are _m poor & few ri*3 x is n !re=e ! cause t has be5 already assign$ 7namely1 ! numb] ( p 9 p[]7 t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two gov]nm5ts2 b an olig>*y & democracy diff] 9 ?is f ea* o!r1 9 ! pov]ty ( ^? :o gov]n 9 ! "o1 & ! ri*es ,i#bhoa ( ^? :o gov]n 9 ! o!r2 = :5 ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( ! ri*1 be !y few or be !y m1 x is an olig>*y2 :5 x is 9 ! h&s ( ! poor1 x is a democracy3 b1 z we h already said1 ! "o w be always few1 ! o!r num]\s1 b bo? w enjoy lib]ty2 & f ! claims ( weal? & lib]ty w arise cont9ual disputes ) ea* o!r = ! lead 9 public affairs4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,let u fir/ det]m9e :at are ! prop] limits ( an olig>*y & a democracy1 & :at is j 9 ea* ( ^! /ates2 = all m5 h "s natural incl9ation to ju/ice2 b !y proce$ !re9 only to a c]ta9 degree2 nor c !y univ]sally po9t out :at is absolutely j2 z1 = in/ance1 :at is equal appe>s j1 & is s2 b n to all2 only among ^? :o are equals3 & :at is unequal appe>s j1 & is s2 b n to all1 only among/ ^? :o are unequals2 :i* circum/ance "s p neglect1 & !re=e judge ill2 ! reason = :i* is1 !y judge = !mselves1 & e "o almo/ is ! wor/ judge 9 8 own cause4 ,s9ce !n ju/ice has ref]5ce to p]sons1 ! same di/9ctions mu/ be made ) respect to p]sons :i* are made ) respect to ?+s1 9 ! mann] t ,i h already describ$ 9 my ,e?ics4 ,z to ! equality ( ! ?+s1 ^! !y agree 92 b _! dispute is conc]n+ ! equality ( ! p]sons1 & *iefly = ! reason above assign$2 because !y judge ill 9 _! own cause2 & also because ea* p>ty ?9ks1 t if !y admit :at is "r 9 "s p>ticul>s1 !y h done ju/ice on ! :ole3 ?us1 = in/ance1 if "s p]sons are unequal 9 ri*es1 !y suppose !m unequal 9 ! :ole2 or1 on ! contr>y1 if !y are equal 9 lib]ty1 !y suppose !m equal 9 ! :ole3 b :at is absolutely j !y omit2 = if civil society 0 f\nd$ = ! sake ( pres]v+ & increas+ prop]ty1 e "o's "r 9 ! city w\ld be equal to 8 =tune2 & !n ! reason+ ( ^? :o insi/ ^u an olig>*y w\ld be valid2 = x w\ld n be "r t he :o contribut$ "o m9a %\ld h an equal %>e 9 ! hundr$ along ) him :o br\ght 9 all ! re/1 ei!r ( ! orig9al money or :at 0 aft]w>ds acquir$4 ,nor 0 civil society f\nd$ m]ely to pres]ve ! lives ( its memb]s2 b t !y might live well3 = o!rwise a /ate might be compos$ ( slaves1 or ! animal creation3 b ?is is n s2 = ^! h no %>e 9 ! happ9ess ( x2 nor d !y live aft] _! own *oice2 nor is x an alliance mutually to def5d ea* o!r f injuries1 or = a comm]cial int]c\rse3 = !n ! ,tyrrh5ians & ,c>?ag9ians1 & all o!r nations betwe5 :om treaties ( comm]ce subsi/1 w\ld be citiz5s ( "o city2 = !y h articles to regulate _! exports & imports1 & engagem5ts = mutual protection1 & alliances = mutual def5ce2 b #abhj;b yet !y h n all ! same magi/rates e/abli%$ among !m1 b !y are diff]5t among ! diff]5t p2 nor does ! "o take any c>e1 t ! morals ( ! o!r %\ld be z !y ought1 or t none ( ^? :o h ent]$ into ! common agreem5ts %\ld be unju/1 or 9 any degree vici\s1 only t !y d n injure any memb] ( ! conf$]acy4 ,b :osoev] endeav\rs to e/abli% :olesome laws 9 a /ate1 att5ds to ! virtues & ! vices ( ea* individual :o composes x2 f :5ce x is evid5t1 t ! fir/ c>e ( him :o w\ld f\nd a city1 truly des]v+ t "n1 & n nom9ally s1 mu/ be to h 8 citiz5s virtu\s2 = o!rwise x is m]ely an alliance = self-def5ce2 diff]+ f ^? ( ! same ca/ :i* are made betwe5 diff]5t p only 9 place3 = law is an agreem5t & a pl$ge1 z ! sophi/ ,lycophron says1 betwe5 ! citiz5s ( _! int5d+ to d ju/ice to ea* o!r1 ?\gh n suffici5t to make all ! citiz5s j & good3 & t ?is is fact is evid5t1 = c\ld any "o br+ diff]5t places toge!r1 z1 = in/ance1 enclose ,meg>a & ,cor9? 9 a wall1 yet !y w\ld n be "o city1 n ev5 if ! inhabitants int]m>ri$ ) ea* o!r1 ?\gh ?is int]-community contributes mu* to make a place "o city4 ,besides1 c\ld we suppose a set ( p to live sep>ate f ea* o!r1 b )9 su* a di/ance z w\ld admit ( an int]c\rse1 & t !re 7 laws subsi/+ betwe5 ea* p>ty1 to prev5t _! injur+ "o ano!r 9 _! mutual deal+s1 suppos+ "o a c>p5t]1 ano!r a husb&man1 %oemak]1 & ! l1 & t _! numb]s 7 t5 ?\s&1 /ill all t !y w\ld h toge!r 9 common w\ld be a t>iff = trade1 or an alliance = mutual def5ce1 b n ! same city4 ,& :y8 n because _! mutual int]c\rse is n ne> en\gh1 = ev5 if p]sons s situat$ %\ld come to "o place1 & e "o %\ld live 9 8 own h\se z 9 8 native city1 & !re %\ld be alliances subsi/+ betwe5 ea* p>ty to mutually assi/ & prev5t any injury be+ done to ! o!r1 /ill !y w\ld n be admitt$ to be a city by ^? :o ?9k correctly1 if !y pres]v$ ! same cu/oms :5 !y 7 toge!r z :5 !y 7 sep>ate4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t a city is n a community ( place2 nor e/abli%$ = ! sake ( mutual safety or traffic ) ea* o!r2 b t ^! ?+s are ! necess>y consequ5ces ( a city1 al?\gh !y may all exi/ :]e !re is no city3 b a city is a society ( p jo9+ toge!r ) _! families & _! *ildr5 to live agreeably = ! sake ( hav+ _! lives z happy & z indep5d5t z possible3 & = ?is purpose x is necess>y t !y %\ld live 9 "o place & int]m>ry ) ea* o!r3 h5ce 9 all cities !re are family-meet+s1 clubs1 sacrifices1 & public ent]ta9m5ts to promote fri5d%ip2 = a love ( sociability is fri5d%ip itself2 s t ! end !n = :i* a city is e/abli%$ is1 t ! inhabitants ( x may live happy1 & ^! ?+s are conducive to t end3 = x is a community ( families & villages = ! sake ( a p]fect indep5d5t life2 t is1 z we h already said1 = ! sake ( liv+ well & happily4 ,x is n !re=e f\nd$ = ! purpose ( m5's m]ely #abha;a liv+ toge!r1 b = _! liv+ z m5 ought2 = :i* reason ^? :o contribute mo/ to ?is end des]ve to h great] p[] 9 ! city ?an ^? :o are _! equals 9 family & fre$om1 b _! inf]iors 9 civil virtue1 or ^? :o excel !m 9 weal? b are bel[ !m 9 wor?4 ,x is evid5t f :at has be5 said1 t 9 all disputes ^u gov]nm5t ea* p>ty says some?+ t is j4 ,,*apt] ,x ,x may also be a d\bt :]e ! supreme p[] ought to be lodg$4 ,%all x be ) ! majority1 or ! weal?y1 ) a numb] ( prop] p]sons1 or "o bett] ?an ! re/1 or ) a tyrant8 ,b :i*ev] ( ^! we pref] "s difficulty w arise4 ,= :at8 %all ! poor h x because !y are ! majority8 !y may !n divide among !mselves1 :at belongs to ! ri*3 nor is ?is unju/2 because truly x has be5 s judg$ by ! supreme p[]4 ,b :at avails x to po9t out :at is ! height ( inju/ice if ?is is n8 ,aga91 if ! _m seize into _! own h&s ev]y?+ :i* belongs to ! few1 x is evid5t t ! city w be at an end4 ,b virtue w nev] de/roy :at is virtu\s2 nor c :at is "r be ! ru9 ( ! /ate3 !re=e su* a law c nev] be "r1 nor c ! acts ( a tyrant ev] be wrong1 = ( necessity !y mu/ all be j2 = he1 f 8 unlimit$ p[]1 compels e "o to obey 8 comm&1 z ! multitude oppress ! ri*4 ,is x "r !n t ! ri*1 ! few1 %\ld h ! supreme p[]8 & :at if !y be guilty ( ! same rap9e & plund] ! possessions ( ! majority1 t w be z "r z ! o!r3 b t all ?+s ( ?is sort are wrong & unju/ is evid5t4 ,well !n1 ^! ( ! bett] sort %all h x3 b mu/ n !n all ! o!r citiz5s live unhon\r$1 )\t %>+ ! (fices ( ! city2 = ! (fices ( a city are its hon\rs1 & if "o set ( m5 are always 9 p[]1 x is evid5t t ! re/ mu/ be )\t hon\r4 ,well !n1 let x be ) "o p]son ( all o!rs ! fitte/ = x3 b by ?is means ! p[] w be /ill m contract$1 & a great] numb] ?an be=e cont9ue unhon\r$4 ,b "s "o may say1 t x is wrong to let man h ! supreme p[] & n ! law1 z 8 s\l is subject to s _m passions4 ,b if ?is law appo9ts an ari/ocracy1 or a democracy1 h[ w x help u 9 our pres5t d\bts8 = ^? ?+s w happ5 :i* we h already m5tion$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,o!r p>ticul>s we w consid] sep>ately2 b x seems prop] to prove1 t ! supreme p[] ought to be lodg$ ) ! _m1 r ?an ) ^? ( ! bett] sort1 :o are few2 & also to expla9 :at d\bts 7& probably j ones7 may arise3 n[1 ?\gh n "o individual ( ! _m may himself be fit = ! supreme p[]1 yet :5 ^! _m are jo9$ toge!r1 x does n foll[ b !y may be bett] qualifi$ = x ?an ^?2 & ?is n sep>ately1 b z a collective body2 z ! public supp]s exce$ ^? :i* are giv5 at "o p]son's private exp5se3 =1 z !y are _m1 ea* p]son br+s 9 8 %>e ( virtue & wisdom2 & ?us1 com+ toge!r1 !y are l "o man made up ( a multitude1 ) _m feet1 _m h&s1 & _m intellig5ces3 ?us is x ) respect to ! mann]s & und]/&+s ( ! multitude tak5 toge!r2 = :i* reason ! public are ! be/ judges ( music & poetry2 = "s und]/& "o "p1 "s ano!r1 & all collectively ! :ole2 & 9 ?is p>ticul> m5 ( consequ5ce diff] f ea* ( ! _m2 z !y say ^? :o are beautiful d f ^? :o are n s1 & z f9e pictures excel any natural objects1 by collect+ ! sev]al beautiful p>ts :i* 7 disp]s$ among diff]5t orig9als into "o1 al?\gh ! sep>ate p>ts1 z ! eye or any o!r1 might be h&som] ?an 9 ! picture4 ,b if ?is di/9ction is to be made betwe5 e p & e g5]al assembly1 & "s few m5 ( consequ5ce1 x may be d\btful :e!r x is true2 nay1 x is cle> en\gh t1 ) respect to a few1 x is n2 s9ce ! same conclusion might be appli$ ev5 to brutes3 & inde$ :]e9 d "s m5 diff] f brutes8 ,n b t no?+ prev5ts :at ,i h said be+ true ( ! p 9 "s /ates4 ,! d\bt !n :i* we h lately propos$1 ) all its consequ5ces1 may be settl$ 9 ?is mann]2 x is necess>y t ! freem5 :o compose ! bulk ( ! p %\ld h absolute p[] 9 "s ?+s2 b z !y are nei!r m5 ( prop]ty1 nor act uni=mly ^u pr9ciples ( virtue1 x is n safe to tru/ !m ) ! fir/ (fices 9 ! /ate1 bo? on acc\nt ( _! iniquity & _! ignorance2 f ! "o ( :i* !y w d :at is wrong1 f ! o!r !y w mi/ake3 & yet x is dang]\s to all[ !m no p[] or %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 = :5 !re are _m poor p :o are incapable ( acquir+ ! hon\rs ( _! c\ntry1 ! /ate mu/ necess>ily h _m enemies 9 x2 let !m !n be p]mitt$ to vote 9 ! public assemblies & to det]m9e causes2 = :i* reason ,socrates1 & "s o!r legislators1 gave !m ! p[] ( elect+ ! (fic]s ( ! /ate1 & also ( inquir+ into _! conduct :5 !y came out ( (fice1 & only prev5t$ _! be+ magi/rates by !mselves2 = ! multitude :5 !y are collect$ toge!r h all ( !m suffici5t und]/&+ = ^! purposes1 &1 mix+ among ^? ( high] rank1 are s]viceable to ! city1 z "s ?+s1 :i* alone are improp] = food1 :5 mix$ ) o!rs make ! :ole m :olesome ?an a few ( !m w\ld be4 ,b !re is a difficulty att5d+ ?is =m ( gov]nm5t1 = x seems1 t ! p]son :o himself 0 capable ( cur+ any "o :o 0 !n sick1 mu/ be ! be/ judge :om to employ z a physician2 b su* a "o mu/ be himself a physician2 & ! same holds true 9 e o!r practice & art3 & z a physician ought #abhb;a to give an acc\nt ( 8 practice to a physician1 s ought x to be 9 o!r arts3 ^? ^: bus9ess is physic may be divid$ into ?ree sorts1 ! fir/ ( ^! is he :o makes up ! m$ic9es2 ! second prescribes1 & is to ! o!r z ! ar*itect is to ! mason2 ! ?ird is he :o und]/&s ! sci5ce1 b nev] practises x3 n[ ^! ?ree di/9ctions may be f\nd 9 ^? :o und]/& all o!r arts2 nor h we less op9ion ( _! judgm5t :o are only in/ruct$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! art ?an ( ^? :o practise x3 & ) respect to elections ! same me?od ( proce$+ seems "r2 = to elect a prop] p]son 9 any sci5ce is ! bus9ess ( ^? :o are skilful !re92 z 9 geometry1 ( geometricians2 9 /e]+1 ( /e]sm53 b if "s individuals %\ld "k some?+ ( p>ticul> arts & works1 !y d n "k m ?an ! pr(essors ( !m3 s t ev5 ^u ?is pr9ciple nei!r ! election ( magi/rates1 nor ! c5sure ( _! conduct1 %\ld be entru/$ to ! _m4 ,b probably all t has be5 "h said may n be "r2 =1 to resume ! argum5t ,i lately us$1 if ! p are n v brutal inde$1 al?\gh we all[ t ea* individual kn[s less ( ^! affairs ?an ^? :o h giv5 p>ticul> att5tion to !m1 yet :5 !y come toge!r !y w "k !m bett]1 or at lea/ n worse2 besides1 9 "s p>ticul> arts x is n ! workman only :o is ! be/ judge2 namely1 9 ^? ! works ( :i* are und]/ood by ^? :o d n pr(ess !m3 ?us he :o builds a h\se is n ! only judge ( x1 = ! ma/] ( ! family :o inhabits x is a bett]2 ?us also a /e]sman is a bett] judge ( a till] ?an he :o made x2 & he :o gives an ent]ta9m5t ?an ! cook4 ,:at has be5 said seems a suffici5t solution ( ?is difficulty2 b !re is ano!r t foll[s3 = x seems absurd t ! p[] ( ! /ate %\ld be lodg$ ) ^? :o are b ( indiff]5t morals1 in/ead ( ^? :o are ( excell5t *>act]s4 ,n[ ! p[] ( election & c5sure are ( ! utmo/ consequ5ce1 & ?is1 z has be5 said1 9 "s /ates !y entru/ to ! p2 = ! g5]al assembly is ! supreme c\rt ( all1 & !y h a voice 9 ?is1 & delib]ate 9 all public affairs1 & try all causes1 )\t any objection to ! meanness ( _! circum/ances1 & at any age3 b _! treasur]s1 g5]als1 & o!r great (fic]s ( /ate are tak5 f m5 ( great =tune & wor?4 ,?is difficulty also may be solv$ ^u ! same pr9ciple2 & "h too !y may be "r1 = ! p[] is n 9 ! man :o is memb] ( ! assembly1 or c\ncil1 b ! assembly itself1 & ! c\ncil1 & ! p1 ( :i* ea* individual ( ! :ole community are ! p>ts1 ,i mean z s5ator1 advis]1 or judge2 = :i* reason x is v "r1 t ! _m %\ld h ! greate/ p[]s 9 _! own h&s2 = ! p1 ! c\ncil1 & ! judges are compos$ ( !m1 & ! prop]ty ( all ^! collectively is m ?an ! prop]ty ( any p]son or a few :o fill ! great (fices ( ! /ate3 & ?us ,i det]m9e ^! po9ts4 ,! fir/ "q t we /at$ %[s pla9ly1 t ! supreme p[] %\ld be lodg$ 9 laws duly made & t ! magi/rate or magi/rates1 ei!r "o or m1 %\ld be au?oris$ to det]m9e ^? cases :i* ! laws _c p>ticul>ly speak to1 z x is impossible = !m1 9 g5]al language1 to expla9 !mselves ^u ev]y?+ t may arise3 b :at ^! laws are :i* are e/abli%$ ^u ! be/ f\ndations has n be5 yet expla9$1 b /ill rema9s a matt] ( "s "q3 b ! laws ( e /ate w necess>ily be l e /ate1 ei!r trifl+ or excell5t1 j or unju/2 = x is evid5t1 t ! laws mu/ be fram$ correspond5t to ! con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t2 &1 if s1 x is pla91 t a well-=m$ gov]nm5t w h good laws1 a bad "o1 bad ones4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,s9ce 9 e art & sci5ce ! end aim$ at is always good1 s p>ticul>ly 9 ?is1 :i* is ! mo/ excell5t ( all1 ! f\nd+ ( civil society1 ! good :]e9 aim$ at is ju/ice2 = x is ?is :i* is = ! b5efit ( all4 ,n[1 x is ! common op9ion1 t ju/ice is a c]ta9 equality2 & 9 ?is po9t all ! philosoph]s are agre$ :5 !y treat ( morals3 = !y say :at is j1 & to :om2 & t equals ought to receive equal3 b we %\ld "k h[ we are to det]m9e :at ?+s are equal & :at unequal2 & 9 ?is !re is "s difficulty1 :i* calls = ! philosophy ( ! politician4 ,"s p]sons w probably say1 t ! employm5ts ( ! /ate ought to be giv5 accord+ to e p>ticul> excell5ce ( ea* citiz51 if !re is no o!r diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! re/ ( ! community1 b !y are 9 e respect else alike3 = ju/ice attributes diff]5t ?+s to p]sons diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _! "*1 accord+ to _! respective m]its4 ,b if ?is is admitt$ to be true1 complexion1 or height1 or any su* advantage w be a claim = a great] %>e ( ! public rights4 ,b t ?is is evid5tly absurd is cle> f o!r arts & sci5ces2 = ) respect to musicians :o play on ! flute toge!r1 ! be/ flute is n giv5 to him :o is ( ! be/ family1 = he w play nev] ! bett] = t1 b ! be/ in/rum5t ought to be giv5 to him :o is ! be/ arti/4 ,if :at is n[ said does n make ?is cle>1 we w expla9 x /ill fur!r3 if !re %\ld be any "o1 a v excell5t play] on ! flute1 b v defici5t 9 family & beauty1 ?\gh ea* ( !m are m valuable end[m5ts ?an a skill 9 music1 & excel ?is art 9 a high] degree ?an t play] excels o!rs1 yet ! be/ flutes ought to be giv5 to him2 = ! sup]iority #abhc;a 9 beauty & =tune %\ld h a ref]5ce to ! bus9ess 9 h&2 b ^! h none4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ?is reason+1 e possible excell5ce might come 9 comp>ison ) e o!r2 = if bodily /r5g? might dispute ! po9t ) ri*es or lib]ty1 ev5 any bodily /r5g? might d x2 s t if "o p]son excell$ 9 size m ?an ano!r did 9 virtue1 & 8 size 0 to qualify him to take place ( ! o!r's virtue1 ev]y?+ mu/ !n admit ( a comp>ison ) ea* o!r2 = if su* a size is great] ?an virtue by s mu*1 x is evid5t ano!r mu/ be equal to x3 b1 s9ce ?is is impossible1 x is pla9 t x w\ld be contr>y to common s5se to dispute a "r to any (fice 9 ! /ate f e sup]iority :atsoev]3 = if "o p]son is sl[ & ! o!r swift1 nei!r is ! "o bett] qualifi$ nor ! o!r worse on t acc\nt1 ?\gh 9 ! gymna/ic races a diff]5ce 9 ^! p>ticul>s w\ld ga9 ! prize2 b a pret5sion to ! (fices ( ! /ate %\ld be f\nd$ on a sup]iority 9 ^? qualifications :i* are useful to x3 = :i* reason ^? ( family1 indep5d5cy1 & =tune1 ) great propriety1 cont5d ) ea* o!r = !m2 = ^! are ! fit p]sons to fill !m3 = a city c no m consi/ ( all poor m5 ?an x c ( all slaves ,b if su* p]sons are requisite1 x is evid5t t ^? also :o are j & valiant are equally s2 = )\t ju/ice & val\r no /ate c be support$1 ! =m] be+ necess>y = its exi/5ce1 ! latt] = its happ9ess4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,x seems1 !n1 requisite = ! e/abli%m5t ( a /ate1 t all1 or at lea/ _m ( ^! p>ticul>s %\ld be well canvass$ & inquir$ into2 & t virtue & education may mo/ ju/ly claim ! "r ( be+ consid]$ z ! necess>y means ( mak+ ! citiz5s happy1 z we h already said4 ,z ^? :o are equal 9 "o p>ticul> are n !re=e equal 9 all1 & ^? :o are unequal 9 "o p>ticul> are n !re=e unequal 9 all1 x foll[s t all ^? gov]nm5ts :i* are e/abli%$ ^u a pr9ciple :i* supposes !y are1 are errone\s4 ,we h already said1 t all ! memb]s ( ! community w dispute ) ea* o!r = ! (fices ( ! /ate2 & 9 "s p>ticul>s ju/ly1 b n s 9 g5]al2 ! ri*1 = in/ance1 because !y h ! greate/ l&$ prop]ty1 & ! ultimate "r to ! soil is ve/$ 9 ! community2 & also because _! fidelity is 9 g5]al mo/ to be dep5d$ on4 ,! freem5 & m5 ( family w dispute ! po9t ) ea* o!r1 z ne>ly on an equality2 = ^! latt] h a "r to a high] reg>d z citiz5s ?an obscure p]sons1 = hon\rable desc5t is ev]y:]e ( great e/eem3 nor is x an improp] conclusion1 t ! desc5dants ( m5 ( wor? w be m5 ( wor? !mselves2 = noble bir? is ! f\nta9 ( virtue to m5 ( family3 = ! same reason also we ju/ly say1 t virtue has a "r to put 9 h] pret5sions4 ,ju/ice1 = in/ance1 is a virtue1 & s necess>y to society1 t all o!rs mu/ yield h] ! prec$5ce4 ,let u n[ see :at ! _m h to urge on _! side aga9/ ! few2 & !y may say1 t if1 :5 collectively tak51 !y are comp>$ ) !m1 !y are /rong]1 ri*]1 & bett] ?an !y are4 ,b %\ld x ev] happ5 t all ^! %\ld inhabit ! #abhc;b same city1 ,i mean ! good1 ! ri*1 ! noble1 z well z ! _m1 su* z usually make up ! community1 ,i ask1 w !re !n be any reason to dispute conc]n+ :o %all gov]n1 or w !re n8 = 9 e community :i* we h m5tion$ !re is no dispute :]e ! supreme p[] %\ld be plac$2 = z ^! diff] f ea* o!r1 s d ^? 9 :om t is plac$2 = 9 "o /ate ! ri* enjoy x1 9 o!rs ! m]itori\s1 & ?us ea* accord+ to _! sep>ate mann]s4 ,let u h[ev] consid] :at is to be done :5 all ^! happ5 at ! same "t to inhabit ! same city4 ,if ! virtu\s %\ld be v few 9 numb]1 h[ !n %all we act8 %all we pref] ! virtu\s on acc\nt ( _! abilities1 if !y are capable ( gov]n+ ! city8 or %\ld !y be s _m z almo/ entirely to compose ! /ate8 ,!re is also a d\bt conc]n+ ! pret5sions ( all ^? :o claim ! hon\rs ( gov]nm5t3 = ^? :o f\nd !m ei!r on =tune or family h no?+ :i* !y c ju/ly say 9 _! def5ce2 s9ce x is evid5t ^u _! pr9ciple1 t if any "o p]son c be f\nd ri*] ?an all ! re/1 ! "r ( gov]n+ all ^! w be ju/ly ve/$ 9 ?is "o p]son4 ,9 ! same mann]1 "o man :o is ( ! be/ family w claim x f ^? :o dispute ! po9t ^u family m]it3 & probably 9 an ari/ocracy ! same dispute might arise on ! score ( virtue1 if !re is "o man bett] ?an all ! o!r m5 ( wor? :o are 9 ! same community2 x seems j1 by ! same reason+1 t he %\ld enjoy ! supreme p[]4 ,& ^u ?is pr9ciple also1 :ile ! _m suppose !y ought to h ! supreme comm&1 z be+ m p[]ful ?an ! few1 if "o or m ?an "o1 ?\gh a small numb] %\ld be f\nd /rong] ?an !mselves1 ^! ought r to h x ?an !y4 ,all ^! ?+s seem to make x pla91 t none ( ^! pr9ciples are ju/ly f\nd$ on :i* ^! p]sons w\ld e/abli% _! "r to ! supreme p[]2 & t all m5 :atsoev] ought to obey !m3 = ) respect to ^? :o claim x z due to _! virtue or _! =tune1 !y might h ju/ly "s objection to make2 = no?+ h9d]s b t x may sometimes happ51 t ! _m may be bett] or ri*] ?an ! few1 n z individuals1 b 9 _! collective capacity4 ,z to ! d\bt :i* "s p]sons h propos$ & object$1 we may answ] x 9 ?is mann]2 x is ?is1 :e!r a legislator1 :o w\ld e/abli% ! mo/ p]fect sy/em ( laws1 %\ld calculate !m = ! use ( ! bett] "p ( ! citiz5s1 or ! _m1 9 ! circum/ances we h already m5tion$8 ,! rectitude ( any?+ consi/s 9 its equality2 t !re=e :i* is equally "r w be advantage\s to ! :ole /ate1 & to e memb] ( x 9 common4 ,n[1 9 g5]al1 a citiz5 is "o :o bo? %>es 9 ! gov]nm5t & also 9 8 turn submits to be gov]n$2 #abhd;a _! condition1 x is true1 is diff]5t 9 diff]5t /ates3 ! be/ is t 9 :i* a man is enabl$ to *oose & to p]sev]e 9 a c\rse ( virtue dur+ 8 :ole life1 bo? 9 8 public & private /ate4 ,b %\ld !re be "o p]son1 or a v few1 em95t = an uncommon degree ( virtue1 ?\gh n en\gh to make up a civil /ate1 s t ! virtue ( ! _m1 or _! political abilities1 %\ld be too inf]ior to come 9 comp>ison ) !irs1 if m ?an "o2 or if b "o1 ) 8 only2 su* are n to be consid]$ z "p ( ! city2 = x w\ld be do+ !m inju/ice to rate !m on a level ) ^? :o are s f> _! inf]iors 9 virtue & political abilities1 t !y appe> to !m l a god among/ m54 ,f :5ce x is evid5t1 t a sy/em ( laws mu/ be calculat$ = ^? :o are equal to ea* o!r 9 nature & p[]4 ,su* m51 !re=e1 are n ! object ( law2 = !y are !mselves a law3 & x w\ld be ridicul\s 9 any "o to endeav\r to include !m 9 ! p5alties ( a law3 = probably !y might say :at ,anti/h5es tells u ! lions did to ! h>es :5 !y dem&$ to be admitt$ to an equal %>e ) !m 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,& x is on ?is acc\nt t democratic /ates h e/abli%$ ! o/racism2 = an equality seems ! pr9cipal object ( _! gov]nm5t4 ,= :i* reason !y compel all ^? :o are v em95t = _! p[]1 _! =tune1 _! fri5d%ips1 or any o!r cause :i* may give !m too great weight 9 ! gov]nm5t1 to submit to ! o/racism1 & leave ! city = a /at$ "t2 z ! fabul\s hi/ories relate ! ,argonauts s]v$ ,h]cules1 = !y refus$ to take him ) !m 9 ! %ip ,argo on acc\nt ( 8 sup]ior val\r4 ,= :i* reason ^? :o hate a tyranny & f9d fault ) ! advice :i* ,p]i&] gave to ,?rasybulus1 mu/ n ?9k !re 0 no?+ to be said 9 its def5ce2 = ! /ory goes1 t ,p]i&] said no?+ to ! mess5g] 9 answ] to ! bus9ess he 0 consult$ ab\t1 b /rik+ (f ^? e>s ( corn :i* 7 high] ?an ! re/1 r$uc$ ! :ole crop to a level2 s t ! mess5g]1 )\t kn[+ ! cause ( :at 0 done1 relat$ ! fact to ,?rasybulus1 :o und]/ood by x t he mu/ take (f all ! pr9cipal m5 9 ! city4 ,nor is ?is s]viceable to tyrants only2 nor is x tyrants only :o d x2 = ! same ?+ is practis$ bo? 9 olig>*ies & democracies3 = ! o/racism has 9 a mann] ne>ly ! same p[]1 by re/ra9+ & bani%+ ^? :o are too great2 & :at is done 9 "o city is done also by ^? :o h ! supreme p[] 9 sep>ate /ates2 z ! ,a!nians ) respect to ! ,samians1 ! ,*ians1 & ! ,lesbians2 = :5 !y sudd5ly acquir$ ! sup]iority ov] all ,greece1 !y br\ght ! o!r /ates into subjection1 contr>y to ! treaties :i* subsi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,! ,k+ ( ,p]sia also v (t5 r$uces ! ,m$es & ,babylonians :5 !y assume ^u _! =m] p[]3 #abhd;b & ?is is a pr9ciple :i* all gov]nm5ts :atsoev] keep 9 _! eye2 ev5 ^? :i* are be/ adm9i/]$1 z well z ^? :i* are n1 d x2 ^! = ! sake ( private utility1 ! o!rs = ! public good4 ,! same ?+ is to be p]ceiv$ 9 ! o!r arts & sci5ces2 = a pa9t] w\ld n repres5t an animal ) a foot disproportionally l>ge1 ?\gh he _h drawn x rem>kably beautiful2 nor w\ld ! %ipwright make ! pr[ or any o!r "p ( ! vessel l>g] ?an x ought to be2 nor w ! ma/] ( ! b& p]mit any :o s+s l\d] & bett] ?an ! re/ to s+ 9 conc]t ) !m4 ,!re is !re=e no reason t a mon>* %\ld n act 9 agreem5t ) free /ates1 to support 8 own p[]1 if !y d ! same ?+ = ! b5efit ( _! respective communities2 ^u :i* acc\nt :5 !re is any ackn[l$g$ diff]5ce 9 ! p[] ( ! citiz5s1 ! reason ^u :i* ! o/racism is f\nd$ w be politically j2 b x is bett] = ! legislator s to e/abli% 8 /ate at ! beg9n+ z n to want ?is rem$y3 b if 9 c\rse ( "t su* an inconv5i5ce %\ld arise1 to endeav\r to am5d x by "s su* correction4 ,n t ?is 0 ! use x 0 put to3 = _m did n reg>d ! b5efit ( _! respective communities1 b made ! o/racism a weapon 9 ! h& ( s$ition4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t 9 corrupt gov]nm5ts x is p>tly j & useful to ! individual1 ?\gh probably x is z cle> t x is n entirely j3 = 9 a well-gov]n$ /ate !re may be great d\bts ab\t ! use ( x1 n on acc\nt ( ! pre-em95ce :i* "o may h 9 /r5g?1 ri*es1 or connection3 b :5 ! pre-em95ce is virtue1 :at !n is to be done8 = x seems n "r to turn out & bani% su* a "o2 nei!r does x seem "r to gov]n him1 = t w\ld be l desir+ to %>e ! p[] ) ,jupit] & to gov]n him3 no?+ !n rema9s b :at inde$ seems natural1 & t is = all p]sons quietly to submit to ! gov]nm5t ( ^? :o are ?us em95tly virtu\s1 & let !m be p]petually k+s 9 ! sep>ate /ates4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,:at has be5 n[ said1 x seems prop] to *ange our subject & to inquire into ! nature ( mon>*ies2 = we h already admitt$ !m to be "o ( ^? species ( gov]nm5t :i* are prop]ly f\nd$4 ,& "h let u consid] :e!r a k+ly gov]nm5t is prop] = a city or a c\ntry ^: pr9cipal object is ! happ9ess ( ! inhabitants1 or r "s o!r4 ,b let u fir/ det]m9e :e!r ?is is ( "o k9d only1 or m2 #abhe;a & x is easy to "k t x consi/s ( _m diff]5t species1 & t ! =ms ( gov]nm5t are n ! same 9 all3 = at ,sp>ta ! k+ly p[] seems *iefly regulat$ by ! laws2 = x is n supreme 9 all circum/ances2 b :5 ! k+ quits ! t]ritories ( ! /ate he is _! g5]al 9 w>2 & all religi\s affairs are entru/$ to him3 inde$ ! k+ly p[] ) !m is *iefly t ( a g5]al :o _c be call$ to an acc\nt = 8 conduct1 & ^: comm& is = life3 = he has n ! p[] ( life & dea?1 except z a g5]al2 z !y frequ5tly _h 9 _! exp$itions by m>tial law1 :i* we le>n f ,hom]2 = :5 ,agamemnon is affront$ 9 c\ncil1 he re/ra9s 8 res5tm5t1 b :5 he is 9 ! field & arm$ ) ?is p[]1 he tells ! ,greeks3 ,:oe'er ,i "k %all %un ?' imp5d+ fight1 ,to dogs & vultures soon %all be a prey2 ,= dea? is m9e4444 ,?is1 !n1 is "o species ( mon>*ical gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! k+ly p[] is 9 a g5]al = life2 & is sometimes h]$it>y1 sometimes elective3 besides1 !re is also ano!r1 :i* is to be met ) among "s ( ! b>b>ians1 9 :i* ! k+s are inve/$ ) p[]s ne>ly equal to a tyranny1 yet are1 9 "s respects1 b\nd by ! laws & ! cu/oms ( _! c\ntry2 = z ! b>b>ians are by nature m prone to slav]y ?an ! ,greeks1 & ^? 9 ,asia m ?an ^? 9 ,europe1 !y endure )\t murmur+ a despotic gov]nm5t2 = ?is reason _! gov]nm5ts are tyrannies2 b yet n liable to be ov]?r[n1 z be+ cu/om>y & accord+ to law4 ,_! gu>ds also are su* z are us$ 9 a k+ly gov]nm5t1 n a despotic "o2 = ! gu>ds ( _! k+s are 8 citiz5s1 b a tyrant's are =eign]s4 ,! "o comm&s1 9 ! mann] ! law directs1 ^? :o will+ly obey2 ! o!r1 arbitr>ily1 ^? :o cons5t n4 ,! "o1 !re=e1 is gu>d$ by ! citiz5s1 ! o!r aga9/ !m4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! two diff]5t sorts ( ^! mon>*ies1 & ano!r is t :i* 9 anci5t ,greece !y call$ aesumnetes2 :i* is no?+ m ?an an elective tyranny2 & its diff]5ce f t :i* is to be f\nd among/ ! b>b>ians consi/s n 9 its n be+ accord+ to law1 b only 9 its n be+ accord+ to ! anci5t cu/oms ( ! c\ntry4 ,"s p]sons possess$ ?is p[] = life1 o!rs only = a p>ticul> "t or p>ticul> purpose1 z ! p ( ,mityl5e elect$ ,pittacus to oppose ! exiles1 :o 7 head$ by ,antim5ides & ,alcaeus ! poet1 z we le>n f a poem ( 82 = he upbraids ! ,mityl5ians = hav+ *os5 ,pittacus = _! tyrant1 & ) "o #abhe;b voice extoll+ him to ! skies :o 0 ! ru9 ( a ra% & devot$ p4 ,^! sorts ( gov]nm5t !n are1 & ev] 71 despotic1 on acc\nt ( _! be+ tyrannies2 b inasmu* z !y are elective1 & ov] a free p1 !y are also k+ly4 ,a f\r? species ( k+ly gov]nm5t is t :i* 0 9 use 9 ! h]oic times1 :5 a free p submitt$ to a k+ly gov]nm5t1 accord+ to ! laws & cu/oms ( _! c\ntry4 ,= ^? :o 7 at fir/ ( b5efit to mank9d1 ei!r 9 arts or arms1 or by collect+ !m into civil society1 or procur+ !m an e/abli%m5t1 became ! k+s ( a will+ p1 & e/abli%$ an h]$it>y mon>*y4 ,!y 7 p>ticul>ly _! g5]als 9 w>1 & presid$ ov] _! sacrifices1 except+ su* only z belong$ to ! prie/s3 !y 7 also ! supreme judges ov] ! p2 & 9 ?is case "s ( !m took an oa?1 o!rs did n2 !y did1 ! =m ( swe>+ 0 by _! sceptre held out4 ,9 anci5t times ! p[] ( ! k+s ext5d$ to ev]y?+ :atsoev]1 bo? civil1 dome/ic1 & =eign2 b 9 aft]-times !y rel9qui%$ "s ( _! privileges1 & o!rs ! p assum$1 s t1 9 "s /ates1 !y left _! k+s only ! "r ( presid+ ov] ! sacrifices2 & ev5 ^? :om x 7 wor? :ile to call by t "n _h only ! "r ( be+ comm&]-9-*ief 9 _! =eign w>s4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! f\r sorts ( k+doms3 ! fir/ is t ( ! h]oic times2 :i* 0 a gov]nm5t ov] a free p1 ) its rights 9 "s p>ticul>s m>k$ out2 = ! k+ 0 _! g5]al1 _! judge1 & _! high prie/4 ,! second1 t ( ! b>b>ians2 :i* is an h]$it>y despotic gov]nm5t regulat$ by laws3 ! ?ird is t :i* !y call aesumnetic1 :i* is an elective tyranny4 ,! f\r? is ! ,lac$aemonian2 & ?is1 9 few words1 is no?+ m ?an an h]$it>y g5]al%ip3 & 9 ^! p>ticul>s !y diff] f ea* o!r4 ,!re is a fif? species ( k+ly gov]nm5t1 :i* is :5 "o p]son has a supreme p[] ov] all ?+s :atsoev]1 9 ! mann] t e /ate & e city has ov] ^? ?+s :i* belong to ! public3 = z ! ma/] ( a family is k+ 9 8 own h\se1 s su* a k+ is ma/] ( a family 9 8 own city or /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,b ! diff]5t sorts ( k+ly gov]nm5ts may1 if ,i may s say1 be r$uc$ to two2 :i* we w consid] m p>ticul>ly4 ,! la/ spok5 (1 & ! ,lac$aemonian1 = ! *ief ( ! o!rs are plac$ betwe5 ^!1 :i* are z x 7 at ! extremities1 !y hav+ less p[] ?an an absolute gov]nm5t1 & yet m ?an ! ,lac$aemonians2 s t ! :ole matt] 9 "q may be r$uc$ to ^! two po9ts2 ! "o is1 :e!r x is advantage\s to ! citiz5s to h ! (fice ( g5]al cont9ue 9 "o p]son = life1 & :e!r x %\ld be conf9$ to any p>ticul> families or :e!r e "o %\ld be eligible3 ! o!r1 :e!r #abhf;a x is advantage\s = "o p]son to h ! supreme p[] ov] ev]y?+ or n4 ,b to ent] into ! p>ticul>s conc]n+ ! (fice ( a ,lac$aemonian g5]al w\ld be r to frame laws = a /ate ?an to consid] ! nature & utility ( its con/itution1 s9ce we "k t ! appo9t+ ( a g5]al is :at is done 9 e /ate4 ,pass+ ov] ?is "q !n1 we w proce$ to consid] ! o!r "p ( _! gov]nm5t1 :i* is ! polity ( ! /ate2 & ?is x w be necess>y to exam9e p>ticul>ly into1 & to g ?r\gh su* que/ions z may arise4 ,n[ ! fir/ ?+ :i* pres5ts itself to our consid]ation is ?is1 :e!r x is be/ to be gov]n$ by a good man1 or by good laws8 ,^? :o pref] a k+ly gov]nm5t ?9k t laws c only speak a g5]al language1 b _c adapt !mselves to p>ticul> circum/ances2 = :i* reason x is absurd 9 any sci5ce to foll[ writt5 rule2 & ev5 9 ,egypt ! physician 0 all[$ to alt] ! mode ( cure :i* ! law prescrib$ to him1 aft] ! f\r? day2 b if he did x soon] x 0 at 8 own p]il3 f :5ce x is evid5t1 on ! v same acc\nt1 t a gov]nm5t ( writt5 laws is n ! be/2 & yet g5]al reason+ is necess>y to all ^? :o are to gov]n1 & x w be mu* m p]fect 9 ^? :o are entirely free f passions ?an 9 ^? to :om !y are natural4 ,b n[ ?is is a quality :i* laws possess2 :ile ! o!r is natural to ! human s\l4 ,b "s "o w say 9 answ] to ?is1 t man w be a bett] judge ( p>ticul>s4 ,x w be necess>y1 !n1 = a k+ to be a lawgiv]1 & t 8 laws %\ld be publi%$1 b t ^? %\ld h no au?ority :i* are absurd1 z ^? :i* are n1 %\ld4 ,b :e!r is x bett] = ! community t ^? ?+s :i* _c possibly come "u ! cognisance ( ! law ei!r at all or prop]ly %\ld be "u ! gov]nm5t ( e wor?y citiz51 z ! pres5t me?od is1 :5 ! public community1 9 _! g5]al assemblies1 act z judges & c\nsellors1 :]e all _! det]m9ations are ^u p>ticul> cases1 = "o individual1 be he :o he w1 w be f\nd1 ^u comp>ison1 inf]ior to a :ole p tak5 collectively3 b ?is is :at a city is1 z a public ent]ta9m5t is bett] ?an "o man's portion3 = ?is reason ! multitude judge ( _m ?+s bett] ?an any "o s+le p]son4 ,!y are also less liable to corruption f _! numb]s1 z wat] is f its quantity3 besides1 ! judgm5t ( an individual mu/ necess>ily be p]v]t$ if he is ov]come by ang] or any o!r passion2 b x w\ld be h>d inde$ if ! :ole community %\ld be misl$ by ang]4 ,moreov]1 let ! p be free1 & !y w d no?+ b 9 con=mity to ! law1 except only 9 ^? cases :i* ! law _c speak to4 ,b ?\gh :at ,i am go+ to propose may n easily be met )1 yet if ! majority ( ! /ate %\ld happ5 to be good m51 %\ld !y pref] "o uncorrupt gov]nor or _m equally good1 is x n evid5t t !y %\ld *oose ! _m8 ,b !re may be divisions among #abhf;b ^! :i* _c happ5 :5 !re is b "o4 ,9 answ] to ?is x may be repli$ t all _! s\ls w be z mu* animat$ ) virtue z ?is "o man's4 ,if !n a gov]nm5t ( _m1 & all ( !m good m51 compose an ari/ocracy1 & ! gov]nm5t ( "o a k+ly p[]1 x is evid5t t ! p %\ld r *oose ! fir/ ?an ! la/2 & ?is :e!r ! /ate is p[]ful or n1 if _m su* p]sons s alike c be met )3 & = ?is reason probable x 01 t ! fir/ gov]nm5ts 7 g5]ally mon>*ies2 because x 0 difficult to f9d a numb] ( p]sons em95tly virtu\s1 m p>ticul>ly z ! _w 0 !n divid$ into small communities2 besides1 k+s 7 appo9t$ 9 return = ! b5efits !y _h conf]r$ on mank9d2 b su* actions are peculi> to good m53 b :5 _m p]sons equal 9 virtue appe>$ at ! "t1 !y brook$ n a sup]iority1 b s\ght aft] an equality & e/abli%$ a free /ate2 b aft] ?is1 :5 !y deg5]at$1 !y made a prop]ty ( ! public2 :i* probably gave rise to olig>*ies2 = !y made weal? m]itori\s1 & ! hon\rs ( gov]nm5t 7 res]v$ = ! ri*3 & ^! aft]w>ds turn$ to tyrannies & ^! 9 _! turn gave rise to democracies2 = ! p[] ( ! tyrants cont9ually decreas+1 on acc\nt ( _! rapaci\s av>ice1 ! p grew p[]ful en\gh to frame & e/abli% democracies3 & z cities aft] t happ5$ to increase1 probably x 0 n easy = !m to be "u any o!r gov]nm5t ?an a democracy4 ,b if any p]son pref]s a k+ly gov]nm5t 9 a /ate1 :at is to be done ) ! k+'s *ildr58 ,is ! family also to reign8 ,b %\ld !y h su* *ildr5 z "s p]sons usually h1 x w be v detrim5tal4 ,x may be said1 t !n ! k+ :o has x 9 8 p[] w nev] p]mit su* *ildr5 to succe$ to 8 k+dom4 ,b x is n easy to tru/ to t2 = x is v h>d & requires great] virtue ?an is to be met ) 9 human nature4 ,!re is also a d\bt conc]n+ ! p[] ) :i* a k+ %\ld be entru/$3 :e!r he %\ld be all[$ =ce suffici5t to compel ^? :o d n *oose to be ob$i5t to ! laws1 & h[ he is to support 8 gov]nm5t8 = if he is to gov]n accord+ to law & d no?+ ( 8 own w :i* is contr>y !reunto1 at ! same "t x w be necess>y to protect t p[] ) :i* he gu>ds ! law1 ,?is matt] h[ev] may n be v difficult to det]m9e2 = he ought to h a prop] p[]1 & su* a "o is t :i* w be suffici5t to make ! k+ sup]ior to any "o p]son or ev5 a l>ge "p ( ! community1 b inf]ior to ! :ole1 z ! anci5ts always appo9t$ gu>ds = t p]son :om !y creat$ aesumnetes or tyrant2 & "s "o advis$ ! ,syracusians1 :5 ,dionysius ask$ = gu>ds1 to all[ him su*4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi #abhg;a ,we w next consid] ! absolute mon>* t we h j m5tion$1 :o does ev]y?+ accord+ to 8 own w3 = a k+ gov]n+ "u ! direction ( laws :i* he is oblig$ to foll[ does n ( himself create any p>ticul> species ( gov]nm5t1 z we h already said3 = 9 e /ate :atsoev]1 ei!r ari/ocracy or democracy1 x is easy to appo9t a g5]al = life2 & !re are _m :o entru/ ! adm9i/ration ( affairs to "o p]son only2 su* is ! gov]nm5t at ,dyrra*ium1 & ne>ly ! same at ,opus4 ,z = an absolute mon>*y z x is call$1 t is to say1 :5 ! :ole /ate is :olly subject to ! w ( "o p]son1 namely ! k+1 x seems to _m t x is unnatural t "o man %\ld h ! entire rule ov] 8 fell[-citiz5s :5 ! /ate consi/s ( equals3 = nature requires t ! same "r & ! same rank %\ld necess>ily take place among/ all ^? :o are equal by nature3 = z x w\ld be hurtful to ! body = ^? :o are ( diff]5t con/itutions to obs]ve ! same regim51 ei!r ( diet or clo?+1 s is x ) respect to ! hon\rs ( ! /ate z hurtful1 t ^? :o are equal 9 m]it %\ld be unequal 9 rank2 = :i* reason x is z mu* a man's duty to submit to comm& z to assume x1 & ?is also by rotation2 = ?is is law1 = ord] is law2 & x is m prop] t law %\ld gov]n ?an any "o ( ! citiz5s3 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 if x is advantage\s to place ! supreme p[] 9 "s p>ticul> p]sons1 !y %\ld be appo9t$ to be only gu>dians1 & ! s]vants ( ! laws1 = ! supreme p[] mu/ be plac$ some:]e2 b !y say1 t x is unju/ t :]e all are equal "o p]son %\ld cont9ually enjoy x4 ,b x seems unlikely t man %\ld be able to adju/ t :i* ! law _c det]m9e2 x may be repli$1 t ! law hav+ laid d[n ! be/ rules possible1 leaves ! adju/m5t & application ( p>ticul>s to ! discretion ( ! magi/rate2 besides1 x all[s any?+ to be alt]$ :i* exp]i5ce proves may be bett] e/abli%$4 ,moreov]1 he :o w\ld place ! supreme p[] 9 m9d1 w\ld place x 9 ,god & ! laws2 b he :o entru/s man ) x1 gives x to a wild bea/1 = su* 8 appetites sometimes make him2 = passion influ5ces ^? :o are 9 p[]1 ev5 ! v be/ ( m53 = :i* reason law is reason )\t desire4 ,! in/ance tak5 f ! arts seems fallaci\s3 :]e9 x is said to be wrong = a sick p]son to apply = a rem$y to books1 b t x w\ld be f> m eligible to employ ^? :o are skilful 9 physic2 = ^! d no?+ contr>y to reason f motives ( fri5d%ip b e>n _! money by cur+ ! sick1 :]eas ^? :o h ! managem5t ( public affairs d _m ?+s ?r\gh hatr$ or fav\r4 ,&1 z a pro( ( :at we h advanc$1 x may be obs]v$1 t :5ev] a sick p]son suspects t 8 physician has be5 p]suad$ by 8 enemies to be guilty ( any f\l practice to him 9 8 pr(ession1 he !n r *ooses to apply to books = 8 cure3 & n only ?is #abhg;b b ev5 physicians !mselves :5 !y are ill call 9 o!r physicians3 & ^? :o tea* o!rs ! gymna/ic ex]cises1 ex]cise ) ^? ( ! same pr(ession1 z be+ incapable f self-p>tiality to =m a prop] judgm5t ( :at conc]ns !mselves4 ,f :5ce x is evid5t1 t ^? :o seek = :at is j1 seek = a mean2 n[ law is a mean4 ,moreov]2 ! moral law is f> sup]ior & conv]sant ) f> sup]ior objects ?an ! writt5 law2 = ! supreme magi/rate is saf] to be tru/$ to ?an ! "o1 ?\gh he is inf]ior to ! o!r4 ,b z x is impossible t "o p]son %\ld h an eye to ev]y?+ himself1 x w be necess>y t ! supreme magi/rate %\ld employ sev]al subord9ate ones "u him2 :y !n %\ld n ?is be done at fir/1 in/ead ( appo9t+ "o p]son 9 ?is mann]8 ,besides1 if1 accord+ to :at has be5 already said1 ! man ( wor? is on t acc\nt fit to gov]n1 two m5 ( wor? are c]ta9ly bett] ?an "o3 z1 = in/ance1 9 ,hom]1 ,let two toge!r g3 & also ,agamemnon's wi%2 ,7 t5 su* fai?ful c\nsel m9e6 ,n b t !re are ev5 n[ "s p>ticul> magi/rates inve/$ ) supreme p[] to decide1 z judges1 ^? ?+s :i* ! law _c1 z be+ "o ( ^? cases :i* comes n prop]ly "u its jurisdiction2 = ( ^? :i* c !re is no d\bt3 s9ce !n laws compreh5d "s ?+s1 b n all1 x is necess>y to enquire & consid] :i* ( ! two is pref]able1 t ! be/ man or ! be/ law %\ld gov]n2 = to r$uce e subject :i* c come "u ! delib]ation ( man into a law is impossible4 ,no "o !n d5ies1 t x is necess>y t !re %\ld be "s p]son to decide ^? cases :i* _c come "u ! cognisance ( a writt5 law3 b we say1 t x is bett] to h _m ?an "o2 = ?\gh e "o :o decides accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ! law decides ju/ly2 yet surely x seems absurd to suppose1 t "o p]son c see bett] ) two eyes1 & he> bett] ) two e>s1 or d bett] ) two h&s & two feet1 ?an _m c d ) _m3 = we see t absolute mon>*s n[ furni% !mselves ) _m eyes & e>s & h&s & feet2 = !y entru/ ^? :o are fri5ds to !m & _! gov]nm5t ) "p ( _! p[]2 = if !y are n fri5ds to ! mon>*1 !y w n d :at he *ooses2 b if !y are fri5ds to him1 !y are fri5ds also to 8 gov]nm5t3 b a fri5d is an equal & l 8 fri5d3 if !n he ?9ks t su* %\ld gov]n1 he ?9ks t 8 equal also %\ld gov]n4 ,^! are ne>ly ! objections :i* are usually made to a k+ly p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,probably :at we h said may be true ( "s p]sons1 b n ( o!rs2 = "s m5 are by nature =m$ to be "u ! gov]nm5t ( a ma/]2 o!rs1 ( a k+2 o!rs1 to be ! citiz5s ( a free /ate1 j & useful2 b a tyranny is n accord+ to nature1 nor ! o!r p]v]t$ =ms ( gov]nm5t2 = !y are contr>y to x4 ,b x is evid5t f :at has be5 said1 t among equals x is nei!r advantage\s nor #abhh;a "r t "o p]son %\ld be "l ov] all :]e !re are no e/abli%$ laws1 b 8 w is ! law2 or :]e !re are2 nor is x "r t "o :o is good %\ld h x ov] ^? :o are good2 or "o :o is n good ov] ^? :o are n good2 nor "o :o is sup]ior to ! re/ 9 wor?1 except 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 :i* %all be describ$1 ?\gh inde$ x has be5 already m5tion$4 ,b let u next det]m9e :at p are be/ qualifi$ = a k+ly gov]nm5t1 :at = an ari/ocratic1 & :at = a democratic4 ,&1 fir/1 = a k+ly2 & x %\ld be ^? :o are accu/om$ by nature to submit ! civil gov]nm5t ( !mselves to a family em95t = virtue3 = an ari/ocracy1 ^? :o are naturally fram$ to be> ! rule ( free m51 ^: sup]ior virtue makes !m wor?y ( ! managem5t ( o!rs3 = a free /ate1 a w>-l p1 =m$ by nature bo? to gov]n & be gov]n$ by laws :i* admit ! poore/ citiz5 to %>e ! hon\rs ( ! commonweal? accord+ to 8 wor?4 ,b :5ev] a :ole family or any "o ( ano!r %all happ5 s f> to excel 9 virtue z to exce$ all o!r p]sons 9 ! community1 !n x is "r t ! k+ly p[] %\ld be 9 !m1 or if x is an individual :o does s1 t he %\ld be k+ & "l ( all2 = ?is1 z we h j m5tion$1 is n only correspond5t to t pr9ciple ( "r :i* all f\nd]s ( all /ates1 :e!r ari/ocracies1 olig>*ies1 or democracies1 h a reg>d to 7= 9 plac+ ! supreme p[] !y all ?9k x "r to fix x to excell5ce1 ?\gh n ! same72 b x is also agreeable to :at has be5 already said2 z x w\ld n be "r to kill1 or bani%1 or o/racise su* a "o = 8 sup]ior m]it4 ,nor w\ld x be prop] to let him h ! supreme p[] only 9 turn2 = x is contr>y to nature t :at is highe/ %\ld ev] be l[e/3 b ?is w\ld be ! case %\ld su* a "o ev] be gov]n$ by o!rs4 ,s t !re c no?+ else be done b to submit1 & p]mit him cont9ually to enjoy ! supreme p[]4 ,& ?us mu* ) respect to k+ly p[] 9 diff]5t /ates1 & :e!r x is or is n advantage\s to !m1 & to :at1 & 9 :at mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,s9ce !n we h said t !re are ?ree sorts ( regul> gov]nm5ts1 & ( ^! ! be/ mu/ necess>ily be t :i* is adm9i/]$ by ! be/ m5 7& ?is mu/ be t :i* happ5s to h "o man1 or "o family1 or a numb] ( p]sons excell+ all ! re/ 9 virtue1 :o are able to gov]n & be gov]n$ 9 su* a mann] z w make life mo/ agreeable1 & we h already %[n t ! virtue ( a good man & ( a citiz5 9 ! mo/ p]fect gov]nm5t w be ! same71 x is evid5t1 t 9 ! same mann]1 & = ^? v qualities :i* w\ld procure a man ! "* ( good1 any "o w\ld say1 t ! gov]nm5t ( a /ate 0 a well-e/abli%$ ari/ocracy or k+dom2 s t x w be f\nd to be education & #abhh;b morals t are almo/ ! :ole :i* g to make a good man1 & ! same qualities w make a good citiz5 or good k+4 ,^! p>ticul>s be+ treat$ (1 we w n[ proce$ to consid] :at sort ( gov]nm5t is be/1 h[ x naturally arises1 & h[ x is e/abli%$2 = x is necess>y to make a prop] inquiry conc]n+ ?is4 ,,book ,,iv ,,*apt] ,i ,9 e art & sci5ce :i* is n conv]sant 9 p>ts b 9 "s "o g5us 9 :i* x is complete1 x is ! bus9ess ( t art alone to det]m9e :at is fitt$ to its p>ticul> g5us2 z :at p>ticul> ex]cise is fitt$ to a c]ta9 p>ticul> body1 & suits x be/3 = t body :i* is =m$ by nature ! mo/ p]fect & sup]ior to o!rs necess>ily requires ! be/ ex]cise-& also ( :at "o k9d t mu/ be :i* w suit ! g5]ality2 & ?is is ! bus9ess ( ! gymna/ic arts3 & al?\gh any "o %\ld n desire to acquire an exact k & skill 9 ^! ex]cises1 yet x is n1 on t acc\nt1 ! less necess>y t he :o pr(esses to be a ma/] & in/ruct ! y\? 9 !m %\ld be p]fect !re93 & we see t ?is is :at equally befalls ! heal+1 %ipbuild+1 clo?-mak+1 & inde$ all o!r arts2 s t x evid5tly belongs to ! same art to f9d out :at k9d ( gov]nm5t is be/1 & w\ld ( all o!rs be mo/ correspond5t to our wi%1 :ile x receiv$ no mole/ation f )\t3 & :at p>ticul> species ( x is adapt$ to p>ticul> p]sons2 = !re are _m :o probably are incapable ( enjoy+ ! be/ =m3 s t ! legislator1 & he :o is truly a politician1 ought to be acqua9t$ n only ) t :i* is mo/ p]fect imag9able1 b also t :i* is ! be/ suit$ to any giv5 circum/ances4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a ?ird sort1 an imag9>y "o1 & he ought1 if su* a "o %\ld be pres5t$ to 8 consid]ation1 to be able to disc]n :at sort ( "o x w\ld be at ! beg9n+2 &1 :5 once e/abli%$1 :at w\ld be ! prop] means to pres]ve x a long "t4 ,i mean1 = in/ance1 if a /ate %\ld happ5 n to h ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t1 or be defici5t 9 :at 0 necess>y1 or n receive e advantage possible1 b some?+ less4 ,&1 besides all ?is1 x is necess>y to "k :at sort ( gov]nm5t is be/ fitt+ = all cities3 = mo/ ( ^? writ]s :o h treat$ ?is subject1 h[ev] speci\sly !y may h&le o!r p>ts ( x1 h fail$ 9 describ+ ! practical p>ts3 = x is n en\gh to be able to p]ceive :at is be/ )\t x is :at c be put 9 practice4 ,x %\ld also be simple1 & easy = all to atta9 to4 ,b "s seek only ! mo/ subtile =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,o!rs aga91 *oos+ #abhi;a r to treat ( :at is common1 c5sure ^? "u :i* !y live1 & extol ! excell5ce ( a p>ticul> /ate1 z ! ,lac$aemonian1 or "s o!r3 b e legislator ought to e/abli% su* a =m ( gov]nm5t z f ! pres5t /ate & disposition ( ! p :o are to receive x !y w mo/ readily submit to & p]suade ! community to p>take (3 = x is n a bus9ess ( less tr\ble to correct ! mi/akes ( an e/abli%$ gov]nm5t ?an to =m a new "o2 z x is z difficult to recov] :at we h =got z to le>n any?+ afre%4 ,he1 !re=e1 :o aspires to ! "* ( a legislator1 ought1 besides all we h already said1 to be able to correct ! mi/akes ( a gov]nm5t already e/abli%$1 z we h be=e m5tion$4 ,b ?is is impossible to be done by him :o does n "k h[ _m diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t !re are3 "s p]sons ?9k t !re is only "o species bo? ( democracy & olig>*y2 b ?is is n true3 s t e "o %\ld be acqua9t$ ) ! diff]5ce ( ^! gov]nm5ts1 h[ great !y are1 & :5ce !y arise2 & %\ld h equal k to p]ceive :at laws are be/1 & :at are mo/ suitable to ea* p>ticul> gov]nm5t3 = all laws are1 & ought to be1 fram$ agreeable to ! /ate t is to be gov]n$ by !m1 & n ! /ate to ! laws3 = gov]nm5t is a c]ta9 ord]+ 9 a /ate :i* p>ticul>ly respects ! magi/rates 9 :at mann] !y %all be regulat$1 & :]e ! supreme p[] %all be plac$2 & :at %all be ! f9al object :i* ea* community %all h 9 view2 b ! laws are some?+ diff]5t f :at regulates & expresses ! =m ( ! con/itution-x is _! (fice to direct ! conduct ( ! magi/rate 9 ! execution ( 8 (fice & ! puni%m5t ( (f5d]s4 ,f :5ce x is evid5t1 t ! f\nd]s ( laws %\ld att5d bo? to ! numb] & ! diff]5t sorts ( gov]nm5t2 = x is impossible t ! same laws %\ld be calculat$ = all sorts ( olig>*ies & all sorts ( democracies1 = ( bo? ^! gov]nm5ts !re are _m species1 n "o only4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,s9ce1 !n1 accord+ to our fir/ me?od 9 treat+ ( ! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t1 we h divid$ ^? :i* are regul> into ?ree sorts1 ! k+ly1 ! ari/ocratical1 ! free /ates1 & %[n ! ?ree excesses :i* ^! are liable to3 ! k+ly1 ( becom+ tyrannical2 ! ari/ocratical1 olig>*ical2 & ! free /ate1 democratical3 & z we h already treat$ ( ! ari/ocratical & k+ly2 = to ent] into an inquiry :at sort ( gov]nm5t is be/ is ! same ?+ z to treat ( ^! two expressly2 = ea* ( !m desires to be e/abli%$ ^u ! pr9ciples ( virtue3 & z1 moreov]1 we h already det]m9$ :]e9 a k+ly p[] & an ari/ocracy diff] f ea* o!r1 & :5 a /ate may be said to be gov]n$ by a k+1 x n[ rema9s t we exam9e into a free /ate1 & also ^! o!r gov]nm5ts1 an olig>*y1 a democracy1 & a #abhi;b tyranny2 & x is evid5t ( ^! ?ree excesses :i* mu/ be ! wor/ ( all1 & :i* next to x2 =1 ( c\rse1 ! excesses ( ! be/ & mo/ holy mu/ be ! wor/2 = x mu/ necess>ily happ5 ei!r t ! "n ( k+ only w rema91 or else t ! k+ w assume m p[] ?an belongs to him1 f :5ce tyranny w arise1 ! wor/ excess imag9able1 a gov]nm5t ! mo/ contr>y possible to a free /ate4 ,! excess next hurtful is an olig>*y2 = an ari/ocracy diff]s mu* f ?is sort ( gov]nm5t3 t :i* is lea/ s is a democracy4 ,?is subject has be5 already treat$ ( by "o ( ^? writ]s :o h gone be=e me1 ?\gh 8 s5tim5ts are n ! same z m9e3 = he ?\ght1 t ( all excell5t con/itutions1 z a good olig>*y or ! l1 a democracy 0 ! wor/1 b ( all bad ones1 ! be/4 ,n[ ,i affirm1 t all ^! /ates h1 )\t exception1 fall5 into excess2 & also t he %\ld n h said t "o olig>*y 0 bett] ?an ano!r1 b t x 0 n q s bad4 ,b ?is "q we %all n ent] into at pres5t4 ,we %all fir/ inquire h[ _m diff]5t sorts ( free /ates !re are2 s9ce !re are _m species ( democracies & olig>*ies2 & :i* ( !m is ! mo/ compreh5sive1 & mo/ desirable aft] ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t2 or if !re is any o!r l an ari/ocracy1 well e/abli%$2 & also :i* ( ^! is be/ adapt$ to mo/ cities1 & :i* ( !m is pref]able = p>ticul> p]sons3 =1 probably1 "s may suit bett] ) an olig>*y ?an a democracy1 & o!rs bett] ) a democracy ?an an olig>*y2 & aft]w>ds 9 :at mann] any "o ought to proce$ :o desires to e/abli% ei!r ( ^! /ates1 ,i mean e species ( democracy1 & also ( olig>*y4 ,& to conclude1 :5 we %all h briefly gone ?r\gh ev]y?+ t is necess>y1 we w endeav\r to po9t out ! s\rces ( corruption1 & /ability1 9 gov]nm5t1 z well ^? :i* are common to all z ^? :i* are peculi> to ea* /ate1 & f :at causes !y *iefly arise4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! reason = !re be+ _m diff]5t sorts ( gov]nm5ts is ?is1 t ea* /ate consi/s ( a great numb] ( p>ts2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 we see t all cities are made up ( families3 & aga91 ( ! multitude ( ^! "s mu/ be ri*1 "s poor1 & o!rs 9 ! middle /ation2 & t1 bo? ( ! ri* & poor1 "s w be us$ to arms1 o!rs n4 ,we see also1 t "s ( ! common p are husb&m51 o!rs att5d ! m>ket1 & o!rs are artific]s4 ,!re is also a diff]5ce betwe5 ! nobles 9 _! weal?1 & ! dignity 9 :i* !y live3 = in/ance1 9 ! numb] ( horses !y bre$2 = ?is _c be support$ )\t a l>ge =tune3 = :i* reason1 9 =m] times1 ^? cities ^: /r5g? consi/$ 9 horse became by t means olig>*ies2 & !y us$ horse 9 _! exp$itions aga9/ ! neighb\r+ cities2 z ! ,eretrians ! ,*alcidians1 ! ,magnetians1 :o liv$ ne> ! riv] ,me&]1 & _m o!rs 9 ,asia4 ,moreov]1 besides ! diff]5ce ( =tune1 !re is t :i* arises f family & m]it2 or1 if !re are any o!r di/9ctions #abij;a :i* make "p ( ! city1 !y h be5 already m5tion$ 9 treat+ ( an ari/ocracy1 = !re we consid]$ h[ _m p>ts ea* city mu/ necess>ily be compos$ (2 & sometimes ea* ( ^! h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 sometimes a few1 sometimes m4 ,x is evid5t !n1 t !re mu/ be _m =ms ( gov]nm5t1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 _! p>ticul> con/itution3 = ! p>ts ( :i* !y are compos$ ea* diff] f ! o!r4 ,= gov]nm5t is ! ord]+ ( ! magi/racies ( ! /ate2 & ^! ! community %>e betwe5 !mselves1 ei!r z !y c atta9 !m by =ce1 or accord+ to "s common equality :i* !re is among/ !m1 z pov]ty1 weal?1 or some?+ :i* !y bo? p>take (4 ,!re mu/ !re=e necess>ily be z _m diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5ts z !re are diff]5t ranks 9 ! society1 aris+ f ! sup]iority ( "s ov] o!rs1 & _! diff]5t situations4 ,& ^! seem *iefly to be two1 z !y say1 ( ! w9ds3 namely1 ! nor? & ! s\?2 & all ! o!rs are decl9ations f ^!4 ,& ?us 9 politics1 !re is ! gov]nm5t ( ! _m & ! gov]nm5t ( ! few2 or a democracy & an olig>*y3 = an ari/ocracy may be consid]$ z a species ( olig>*y1 z be+ also a gov]nm5t ( ! few2 & :at we call a free /ate may be consid]$ z a democracy3 z 9 ! w9ds !y consid] ! we/ z "p ( ! nor?1 & ! ea/ z "p ( ! s\?3 & ?us x is 9 music1 accord+ to "s1 :o say !re are only two species ( x1 ! ,doric & ! ,phrygian1 & all o!r species ( composition !y call aft] "o ( ^! names2 & _m p are accu/om$ to consid] ! nature ( gov]nm5t 9 ! same light2 b x is bo? m conv5i5t & m correspond5t to tru? to di/+ui% gov]nm5ts z ,i h done1 into two species3 "o1 ( ^? :i* are e/abli%$ ^u prop] pr9ciples2 ( :i* !re may be "o or two sorts3 ! o!r1 :i* includes all ! diff]5t excesses ( ^!2 s t we may comp>e ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t to ! mo/ h>moni\s piece ( music2 ! olig>*ic & despotic to ! m viol5t tunes2 & ! democratic to ! s(t & g5tle airs4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,we ought n to def9e a democracy z "s d1 :o say simply1 t x is a gov]nm5t :]e ! supreme p[] is lodg$ 9 ! p2 = ev5 9 olig>*ies ! supreme p[] is 9 ! majority4 ,nor %\ld !y def9e an olig>*y a gov]nm5t :]e ! supreme p[] is 9 ! h&s ( a few3 = let u suppose ! numb] ( a p to be ?irte5 hundr$1 & t ( ^! "o ?\s& 7 ri*1 :o w\ld n p]mit ! ?ree hundr$ poor to h any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 al?\gh !y 7 free1 & _! equal 9 ev]y?+ else2 no "o w\ld say1 t ?is gov]nm5t 0 a democracy4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! poor1 :5 few 9 numb]1 %\ld acquire ! p[] ov] ! ri*1 ?\gh m ?an !mselves1 no "o w\ld say1 t ?is 0 an olig>*y2 nor ?is1 :5 ! re/ :o are ri* h no %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,we %\ld r say1 t a democracy is :5 ! supreme p[] is 9 ! #abij;b h&s ( ! freem52 an olig>*y1 :5 x is 9 ! h&s ( ! ri*3 x happ5s inde$ t 9 ! "o case ! _m w possess x1 9 ! o!r ! few2 because !re are _m poor & few ri*4 ,& if ! p[] ( ! /ate 0 to be di/ribut$ accord+ to ! size ( ! citiz5s1 z !y say x is 9 ,e?iopia1 or accord+ to _! beauty1 x w\ld be an olig>*y3 = ! numb] ( ^? :o are l>ge & beautiful is small4 ,nor are ^? ?+s :i* we h already m5tion$ alone suffici5t to describe ^! /ates2 = s9ce !re are _m species bo? ( a democracy & an olig>*y1 ! matt] requires fur!r consid]ation2 z we _c admit1 t if a few p]sons :o are free possess ! supreme p[] ov] ! _m :o are n free1 t ?is gov]nm5t is a democracy3 z 9 ,apollonia1 9 ,ionia1 & 9 ,!ra3 = 9 ea* ( ^! cities ! hon\rs ( ! /ate belong to "s few p>ticul> families1 :o fir/ f\nd$ ! colonies4 ,nor w\ld ! ri*1 because !y are sup]ior 9 numb]s1 =m a democracy1 z =m]ly at ,colophon2 = !re ! majority _h l>ge possessions be=e ! ,lydian w>3 b a democracy is a /ate :]e ! freem5 & ! poor1 be+ ! majority1 are inve/$ ) ! p[] ( ! /ate4 ,an olig>*y is a /ate :]e ! ri* & ^? ( noble families1 be+ few1 possess x4 ,we h n[ prov$ t !re are v>i\s =ms ( gov]nm5t & h assign$ a reason = x2 & %all proce$ to %[ t !re are ev5 m ?an ^!1 & :at !y are1 & :y2 sett+ out ) ! pr9ciple we h already laid d[n4 ,we admit t e city consi/s n ( "o1 b _m p>ts3 ?us1 if we %\ld endeav\r to compreh5d ! diff]5t species ( animals we %\ld fir/ ( all note ^? p>ts :i* e animal mu/ h1 z a c]ta9 s5sorium1 & also :at is necess>y to acquire & reta9 food1 z a m\? & a belly2 besides c]ta9 p>ts to enable x to move f place to place4 ,if1 !n1 ^! are ! only p>ts ( an animal & !re are diff]5ces betwe5 !m2 namely1 9 _! v>i\s sorts ( /oma*s1 bellies1 & s5soriums3 to :i* we mu/ add _! motive p[]s2 ! numb] ( ! comb9ations ( all ^! mu/ necess>ily make up ! diff]5t species ( animals4 ,= x is n possible t ! same k9d ( animal %\ld h any v great diff]5ce 9 its m\? or e>s2 s t :5 all ^! are collect$1 :o happ5 to h ^! ?+s simil> 9 all1 !y make up a species ( animals ( :i* !re are z _m z !re are ( ^! g5]al comb9ations ( necess>y p>ts4 ,! same ?+ is true ( :at are call$ /ates2 = a city is n made ( "o b _m p>ts1 z has already be5 (t5 said2 "o ( :i* is ^? :o supply x ) provisions1 call$ husb&m51 ano!r call$ me*anics1 #abia;a ^: employm5t is 9 ! manual arts1 )\t :i* ! city c\ld n be inhabit$2 ( ^! "s are busi$ ab\t :at is absolutely necess>y1 o!rs 9 :at contribute to ! elegancies & pleasures ( life2 ! ?ird sort are y\r ex*ange-m51 ,i mean by ^! y\r buy]s1 sell]s1 m]*ants1 & victuall]s2 ! f\r? are y\r hir$ lab\r]s or workm52 ! fif? are ! m5-at-arms1 a rank n less useful ?an ! o!r1 )\t y w\ld h ! community slaves to e invad]2 b :at _c def5d itself is unwor?y ( ! "n ( a city2 = a city is self-suffici5t1 a slave n4 ,s t :5 ,socrates1 9 ,plato's ,republic1 says t a city is necess>ily compos$ ( f\r sorts ( p1 he speaks elegantly b n correctly1 & ^! are1 accord+ to him1 weav]s1 husb&m51 %oe-mak]s1 & build]s2 he !n adds1 z if ^! 7 n suffici5t1 smi?s1 h]dsm5 = :at cattle are necess>y1 & also m]*ants & victuall]s1 & ^! are by way ( app5dix to 8 fir/ li/2 z if a city 0 e/abli%$ = necessity1 & n happ9ess1 or z if a %oe-mak] & a husb&man 7 equally useful4 ,he reckons n ! milit>y a "p be=e ! increase ( t]ritory & jo9+ to ! bord]s ( ! neighb\r+ p[]s w make w> necess>y3 & ev5 among/ !m :o compose 8 f\r divisions1 or :oev] h any connection ) ea* o!r1 x w be necess>y to h "s "o to di/ribute ju/ice1 & det]m9e betwe5 man & man4 ,if1 !n1 ! m9d is a m valuable "p ( man ?an ! body1 e "o w\ld wi% to h ^? ?+s m reg>d$ 9 8 city :i* t5d to ! advantage ( ^! ?an common matt]s1 su* are w> & ju/ice2 to :i* may be add$ c\ncil1 :i* is ! bus9ess ( civil wisdom 7nor is x ( any consequ5ce :e!r ^! diff]5t employm5ts are fill$ by diff]5t p]sons or "o1 z ! same man is (t5times bo? a soldi] & a husb&man73 s t if bo? ! judge & ! s5ator are p>ts ( ! city1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! soldi] mu/ be s also4 ,! sev5? sort are ^? :o s]ve ! public 9 exp5sive employm5ts at _! own *>ge3 ^! are call$ ! ri*4 ,! eigh? are ^? :o execute ! diff]5t (fices ( ! /ate1 & )\t ^! x c\ld n possibly subsi/3 x is !re=e necess>y t !re %\ld be "s p]sons capable ( gov]n+ & fill+ ! places 9 ! city2 & ?is ei!r = life or 9 rotation3 ! (fice ( s5ator1 & judge1 ( :i* we h already suffici5tly treat$1 are ! only ones rema9+4 ,if1 !n1 ^! ?+s are necess>y = a /ate1 t x may be happy & j1 x foll[s t ! citiz5s :o engage 9 public affairs %\ld be m5 ( abilities !re94 #abia;b ,sev]al p]sons ?9k1 t diff]5t employm5ts may be allott$ to ! same p]son2 z a soldi]'s1 a husb&man's1 & an artific]'s2 z also t o!rs may be bo? s5ators & judges4 ,besides1 e "o supposes himself a man ( political abilities1 & t he is qualifi$ = almo/ e dep>tm5t 9 ! /ate4 ,b ! same p]son _c at once be poor & ri*3 = :i* reason ! mo/ obvi\s division ( ! city is into two p>ts1 ! poor & ri*2 moreov]1 s9ce = ! g5]ality ! "o are few1 ! o!r _m1 !y seem ( all ! p>ts ( a city mo/ contr>y to ea* o!r2 s t z ! "o or ! o!r prevail !y =m diff]5t /ates2 & ^! are ! democracy & ! olig>*y4 ,b t !re are _m diff]5t /ates1 & f :at causes !y arise1 has be5 already m5tion$3 & t !re are also diff]5t species bo? ( democracies & olig>*ies we w n[ %[4 ,?\gh ?is inde$ is evid5t f :at we h already said3 !re are also _m diff]5t sorts ( common p1 & also ( ^? :o are call$ g5tlem54 ,( ! diff]5t sorts ( ! fir/ are husb&m51 artific]s1 ex*ange-m51 :o are employ$ 9 buy+ & sell+1 seam51 ( :i* "s are engag$ 9 w>1 "s 9 traffic1 "s 9 c>ry+ goods & pass5g]s f place to place1 o!rs 9 fi%+1 & ( ea* ( ^! !re are (t5 _m1 z fi%]m5 at ,t>5tum & ,byzantium1 ma/]s ( galleys at ,a!ns1 m]*ants at ,a,egina & ,*ios1 ^? :o let %ips on freight at ,t5$os2 we may add to ^! ^? :o live by _! manual lab\r & h b little prop]ty2 s t !y _c live )\t "s employ3 & also ^? :o are n free-born on bo? sides1 & :atev] o!r sort ( common p !re may be4 ,z = g5tlem51 !y are su* z are di/+ui%$ ei!r by _! =tune1 _! bir?1 _! abilities1 or _! education1 or any su*-l excell5ce :i* is attribut$ to !m4 ,! mo/ pure democracy is t :i* is s call$ pr9cipally f t equality :i* prevails 9 x3 = ?is is :at ! law 9 t /ate directs2 t ! poor %all be 9 no great] subjection ?an ! ri*2 nor t ! supreme p[] %all be lodg$ ) ei!r ( ^!1 b t bo? %all %>e x4 ,= if lib]ty & equality1 z "s p]sons suppose1 are *iefly to be f\nd 9 a democracy1 x mu/ be mo/ s by e dep>tm5t ( gov]nm5t be+ alike op5 to all2 b z ! p are ! majority1 & :at !y vote is law1 x foll[s t su* a /ate mu/ be a democracy4 ,?is1 !n1 is "o species !re(4 ,ano!r is1 :5 ! magi/rates are elect$ by a c]ta9 c5sus2 b ?is %\ld be b small1 & e "o :o 0 includ$ 9 x %\ld be eligible1 b z soon z he 0 bel[ x %\ld lose t "r4 #abib;a ,ano!r sort is1 9 :i* e citiz5 :o is n infam\s has a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 b :]e ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! laws4 ,ano!r1 :]e e citiz5 )\t exception has ?is "r4 ,ano!r is l ^! 9 o!r p>ticul>s1 b !re ! p gov]n1 & n ! law3 & ?is takes place :5 ev]y?+ is det]m9$ by a majority ( votes1 & n by a law2 :i* happ5s :5 ! p are influ5c$ by ! demagogues3 = :]e a democracy is gov]n$ by /at$ laws !re is no room = !m1 b m5 ( wor? fill ! fir/ (fices 9 ! /ate3 b :]e ! p[] is n ve/$ 9 ! laws1 !re demagogues ab\nd3 = !re ! p rule ) k+ly p[]3 ! :ole compos+ "o body2 = !y are supreme1 n z individuals b 9 _! collective capacity4 ,hom] also discomm5ds ! gov]nm5t ( _m2 b :e!r he means ?is we are speak+ (1 or :]e ea* p]son ex]cises 8 p[] sep>ately1 is unc]ta94 ,:5 ! p possess ?is p[] !y desire to be altoge!r absolute1 t !y may n be "u ! control ( ! law1 & ?is is ! "t :5 flatt]]s are held 9 repute4 ,nor is !re any diff]5ce betwe5 su* a p & mon>*s 9 a tyranny3 = _! mann]s are ! same1 & !y bo? hold a despotic p[] ov] bett] p]sons ?an !mselves4 ,= _! decrees are l ! o!rs' edicts2 _! demagogues l ! o!rs' flatt]]s3 b _! greate/ resemblance consi/s 9 ! mutual support !y give to ea* o!r1 ! flatt]] to ! tyrant1 ! demagogue to ! p3 & to !m x is ow+ t ! supreme p[] is lodg$ 9 ! votes ( ! p1 & n 9 ! laws2 = !y br+ ev]y?+ be=e !m1 z _! influ5ce is ow+ to _! be+ supreme ^: op9ions !y entirely direct2 = ^! are !y :om ! multitude obey4 ,besides1 ^? :o accuse ! magi/rates insi/ ^u x1 t ! "r ( det]m9+ on _! conduct lies 9 ! p1 :o gladly receive _! compla9ts z ! means ( de/roy+ all _! (fices4 ,any "o1 !re=e1 may ) great ju/ice blame su* a gov]nm5t z be+ a democracy1 & n a free /ate2 = :]e ! gov]nm5t is n 9 ! laws1 !n !re is no free /ate1 = ! law ought to be supreme ov] all ?+s2 & p>ticul> incid5ts :i* arise %\ld be det]m9$ by ! magi/rates or ! /ate4 ,if1 !re=e1 a democracy is to be reckon$ a free /ate1 x is evid5t t any su* e/abli%m5t :i* c5tres all p[] 9 ! votes ( ! p _c1 prop]ly speak+1 be a democracy3 = _! decrees _c be g5]al 9 _! ext5t4 ,?us1 !n1 we may describe ! sev]al species ( democracies4 ,,*apt] ,v ,( ! diff]5t species ( olig>*ies "o is1 :5 ! "r to ! (fices is regulat$ by a c]ta9 c5sus2 s t ! poor1 al?\gh ! majority1 h no %>e 9 x2 :ile all ^? :o are includ$ !re9 take "p 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs4 ,ano!r sort is1 :5 #abib;b ! magi/rates are m5 ( v small =tune1 :o ^u any vacancy d !mselves fill x up3 & if !y d ?is out ( ! community at l>ge1 ! /ate approa*es to an ari/ocracy2 if out ( any p>ticul> class ( p1 x w be an olig>*y4 ,ano!r sort ( olig>*y is1 :5 ! p[] is an h]$it>y nobility4 ,! f\r? is1 :5 ! p[] is 9 ! same h&s z ! o!r1 b n "u ! control ( law2 & ?is sort ( olig>*y exactly corresponds to a tyranny 9 mon>*ies1 & to t p>ticul> species ( democracies :i* ,i la/ m5tion$ 9 treat+ ( t /ate3 ?is has ! p>ticul> "n ( a dyna/y4 ,^! are ! diff]5t sorts ( olig>*ies & democracies4 ,x %\ld also be kn[n1 t x (t5 happ5s t a free /ate1 :]e ! supreme p[] is 9 ! laws1 may n be democratic1 & yet 9 consequ5ce ( ! e/abli%$ mann]s & cu/oms ( ! p1 may be gov]n$ z if x 02 s1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! laws may c\nt5ance a m democratic =m ( gov]nm5t1 ^! may make ! /ate incl9+ to an olig>*y2 & ?is *iefly happ5s :5 !re has be5 any alt]ation 9 ! gov]nm5t2 = ! p d n easily *ange1 b love _! own anci5t cu/oms2 & x is by small degrees only t "o ?+ takes place ( ano!r2 s t ! anci5t laws w rema91 :ile ! p[] w be 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o h br\ght ab\t a revolution 9 ! /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,x is evid5t f :at has be5 said1 t !re are z _m diff]5t sorts ( democracies & olig>*ies z ,i h reckon$ up3 =1 ( necessity1 ei!r all ranks ( ! p :i* ,i h enum]at$ mu/ h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 or "s only1 & o!rs n2 = :5 ! husb&m51 & ^? only :o possess mod]ate =tunes1 h ! supreme p[]1 !y w gov]n accord+ to law2 = z !y mu/ get _! liv+s by _! employs1 !y h b little leisure = public bus9ess3 !y w !re=e e/abli% prop] laws1 & nev] call public assemblies b :5 !re is a necessity = !m2 & !y w readily let e "o p>take ) !m 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs z soon z !y possess t =tune :i* ! law requires = _! qualification3 e "o1 !re=e1 :o is qualifi$ w h 8 %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t3 = to exclude any w\ld be to make ! gov]nm5t an olig>*y1 & = all to h leisure to att5d )\t !y _h a subsi/5ce w\ld be impossible3 = ^! reasons1 !re=e1 ?is gov]nm5t is a species ( democracy4 ,ano!r species is di/+ui%$ by ! mode ( elect+ _! magi/rates1 9 :i* e "o is eligible1 to ^: bir? !re are no objections1 provid$ he is suppos$ to h leisure to att5d3 = :i* reason 9 su* a democracy ! supreme p[] w be ve/$ 9 ! laws1 z !re w be no?+ paid to ^? :o g to ! public assemblies4 ,a ?ird species is :]e e freeman has a "r to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 :i* he w n accept = ! cause already assign$2 = :i* reason "h also ! supreme p[] w be 9 ! law4 ,! f\r? species #abic;a ( democracy1 ! la/ :i* 0 e/abli%$ 9 ord] ( "t1 arose :5 cities 7 greatly enl>g$ to :at !y 7 at fir/1 & :5 ! public rev5ue became some?+ consid]able2 = !n ! populace1 on acc\nt ( _! numb]s1 7 admitt$ to %>e 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 = !n ev5 ! poore/ p 7 at leisure to att5d to !m1 z !y receiv$ wages = s do+2 nay1 !y 7 m s ?an o!rs1 z !y 7 n h9d]$ by hav+ any?+ ( _! own to m9d1 z ! ri* _h2 = :i* reason ^! la/ v (t5 did n frequ5t ! public assemblies & ! c\rts ( ju/ice3 ?us ! supreme p[] 0 lodg$ 9 ! poor1 & n 9 ! laws4 ,^! are ! diff]5t sorts ( democracies1 & su* are ! causes :i* necess>ily gave bir? to !m4 ,! fir/ species ( olig>*y is1 :5 ! g5]ality ( ! /ate are m5 ( mod]ate & n too l>ge prop]ty2 = ?is gives !m leisure = ! managem5t ( public affairs3 &1 z !y are a num]\s body1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! supreme p[] mu/ be 9 ! laws1 & n 9 m52 = z !y are f> remov$ f a mon>*ical gov]nm5t1 & h n suffici5t =tune to neglect _! private affairs1 :ile !y are too _m to be support$ by ! public1 !y w ( c\rse det]m9e to be gov]n$ by ! laws1 & n by ea* o!r4 ,b if ! m5 ( prop]ty 9 ! /ate are b few1 & _! prop]ty is l>ge1 !n an olig>*y ( ! second sort w take place2 = ^? :o h mo/ p[] w ?9k t !y h a "r to "l x ov] ! o!rs2 &1 to accompli% ?is1 !y w associate to !mselves "s :o h an incl9ation = public affairs1 & z !y are n p[]ful en\gh to gov]n )\t law1 !y w make a law = t purpose4 ,& if ^? few :o h l>ge =tunes %\ld acquire /ill great] p[]1 ! olig>*y w !n alt] into "o ( ! ?ird sort2 = !y w get all ! (fices ( ! /ate into _! own h&s by a law :i* directs ! son to succe$ ^u ! dea? ( 8 fa!r2 &1 aft] t1 :51 by means ( _! increas+ weal? & p[]ful connections1 !y ext5d /ill fur!r _! oppression1 a mon>*ical dyna/y w directly succe$ :]e9 m5 w be supreme1 & n ! law2 & ?is is ! f\r? species ( an olig>*y correspond5t to ! la/-m5tion$ class ( democracies4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,!re are besides two o!r /ates1 a democracy & an olig>*y1 "o ( :i* all speak (1 & x is always e/eem$ a species ( ! f\r sorts2 & ?us !y reckon !m up2 a mon>*y1 an olig>*y1 a democracy1 & ?is f\r? :i* !y call an ari/ocracy4 ,!re is also a fif?1 :i* be>s a "n t is also common to ! o!r f\r1 namely1 a /ate3 b z ?is is seldom to be met )1 x has escap$ ^? :o h endeav\r$ to enum]ate ! diff]5t sorts ( gov]nm5ts1 :i* #abic;b !y fix at f\r only1 z does ,plato 9 8 ,republic4 ,an ari/ocracy1 ( :i* ,i h already treat$ 9 ! fir/ book1 is rightly call$ s2 = a /ate gov]n$ by ! be/ m51 ^u ! mo/ virtu\s pr9ciples1 & n ^u any hypo!sis1 :i* ev5 good m5 may propose1 has alone a "r to be call$ an ari/ocracy1 = x is !re only t a man is at once a good man & a good citiz52 :ile 9 o!r /ates m5 are good only relative to ^? /ates4 ,moreov]1 !re are "s o!r /ates :i* are call$ by ! same "n1 t diff] bo? f olig>*ies & free /ates1 :]e9 n only ! ri* b also ! virtu\s h a %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration2 & h !re=e acquir$ ! "n ( ari/ocracies2 = 9 ^? gov]nm5ts :]e9 virtue is n _! common c>e1 !re are /ill m5 ( wor? & approv$ goodness4 ,:atev] /ate1 !n1 l ! ,c>?ag9ians1 fav\rs ! ri*1 ! virtu\s1 & ! citiz5s at l>ge1 is a sort ( ari/ocracy3 :5 only ! two latt] are held 9 e/eem1 z at ,lac$aemon1 & ! /ate is jo9tly compos$ ( ^!1 x is a virtu\s democracy4 ,^! are ! two species ( ari/ocracies aft] ! fir/1 :i* is ! be/ ( all gov]nm5ts4 ,!re is also a ?ird1 :i* is1 :5ev] a free /ate incl9es to ! dom9ion ( a few4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,x n[ rema9s = u to treat ( t gov]nm5t :i* is p>ticul>ly call$ a free /ate1 & also ( a tyranny2 & ! reason = my *oos+ to place t free /ate "h is1 because ?is1 z well z ^? ari/ocracies already m5tion$1 al?\gh !y d n seem excesses1 yet1 to speak true1 !y h all dep>t$ f :at a p]fect gov]nm5t is4 ,nay1 !y are deviations bo? ( !m equally f o!r =ms1 z ,i said at ! beg9n+4 ,x is prop] to m5tion a tyranny ! la/ ( all gov]nm5ts1 = x is ( all o!rs ! lea/ l "o3 b z my int5tion is to treat ( all gov]nm5ts 9 g5]al1 = ?is reason t also1 z ,i h said1 w be tak5 into consid]ation 9 its prop] place4 ,i %all n[ inquire into a free /ate & %[ :at x is2 & we %all ! bett] und]/& its positive nature z we h already describ$ an olig>*y & a democracy2 = a free /ate is inde$ no?+ m ?an a mixture ( !m1 & x has be5 usual to call ^? :i* incl9e mo/ to a democracy1 a free /ate2 ^? :i* incl9e mo/ to an olig>*y1 an ari/ocracy1 because ^? :o are ri* are g5]ally m5 ( family & education2 besides1 !y enjoy ^? ?+s :i* o!rs are (t5 guilty ( crimes to procure3 = :i* reason !y are reg>d$ z m5 ( wor? & hon\r & note4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x is ! g5ius ( an ari/ocracy to allot ! l>g] "p ( ! gov]nm5t to ! be/ citiz5s1 !y !re=e say1 t an olig>*y is *iefly compos$ ( ^? m5 :o are wor?y & hon\rable3 n[ x #abid;a seems impossible t :]e ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( ! good1 !re ! laws %\ld n be good1 b bad2 or1 on ! contr>y1 t :]e ! gov]nm5t is 9 ! h&s ( ! bad1 !re ! laws %\ld be good2 nor is a gov]nm5t well con/itut$ because ! laws are1 )\t at ! same "t c>e is tak5 t !y are obs]v$2 = to en=ce ob$i5ce to ! laws :i* x makes is "o pro( ( a good con/itution 9 ! /ate-ano!r is1 to h laws well calculat$ = ^? :o are to abide by !m2 = if !y are improp] !y mu/ be obey$3 & ?is may be done two ways1 ei!r by _! be+ ! be/ relative to ! p>ticul> /ate1 or ! be/ absolutely4 ,an ari/ocracy seems mo/ likely to conf] ! hon\rs ( ! /ate on ! virtu\s2 = virtue is ! object ( an ari/ocracy1 ri*es ( an olig>*y1 & lib]ty ( a democracy2 = :at is approv$ ( by ! majority w prevail 9 all or 9 ea* ( ^! ?ree diff]5t /ates2 & t :i* seems good to mo/ ( ^? :o compose ! community w prevail3 = :at is call$ a /ate prevails 9 _m communities1 :i* aim at a mixture ( ri* & poor1 ri*es & lib]ty3 z = ! ri*1 !y are usually suppos$ to take ! place ( ! wor?y & hon\rable4 ,z !re are ?ree ?+s :i* claim an equal rank 9 ! /ate1 fre$om1 ri*es1 & virtue 7= z = ! f\r?1 rank1 x is an att5dant on two ( ! o!rs1 = virtue & ri*es are ! orig9 ( family71 x is evid5t1 t ! conjuncture ( ! ri* & ! poor make up a free /ate2 b t all ?ree t5d to an ari/ocracy m ?an any o!r1 except t :i* is truly s1 :i* holds ! fir/ rank4 ,we h already se5 t !re are gov]nm5ts diff]5t f a mon>*y1 a democracy1 & an olig>*y2 & :at !y are1 & :]e9 !y diff] f ea* o!r2 & also ari/ocracies & /ates prop]ly s call$1 :i* are d]iv$ f !m2 & x is evid5t t ^! are n mu* unlike ea* o!r4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,we %all next proce$ to %[ h[ t gov]nm5t :i* is peculi>ly call$ a /ate arises alongside ( democracy & olig>*y1 & h[ x ought to be e/abli%$2 & ?is w at ! same "t %[ :at are ! prop] b\nd>ies ( bo? ^! gov]nm5ts1 = we mu/ m>k out :]e9 !y diff] f "o ano!r1 & !n f bo? ^! compose a /ate ( su* p>ts ( ea* ( !m z w %[ f :5ce !y 7 tak54 ,!re are ?ree diff]5t ways 9 :i* two /ates may be bl5d$ & jo9$ toge!r2 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 all ^? rules may be adopt$ :i* ! laws ( ea* ( !m h ord]$2 z = in/ance 9 ! judicial dep>tm5t1 = 9 an olig>*y ! ri* are f9$ if !y d n come to ! c\rt z jurym51 b ! poor are n paid = _! att5dance2 b 9 democracies !y are1 :ile ! ri* are n f9$ = _! neglect4 ,n[ ^! ?+s1 z be+ common to bo?1 are fit to be obs]v$ 9 a free #abid;b /ate :i* is compos$ ( bo?4 ,?is1 !n1 is "o way 9 :i* !y may be jo9$ toge!r4 ,9 ! second place1 a m$ium may be tak5 betwe5 ! diff]5t me?ods :i* ea* /ate obs]ves2 = in/ance1 9 a democracy ! "r to vote 9 ! public assembly is ei!r conf9$ by no c5sus at all1 or limit$ by a v small "o2 9 an olig>*y none enjoy x b ^? ^: c5sus is high3 !re=e1 z ^! two practices are contr>y to ea* o!r1 a c5sus betwe5 ea* may be e/abli%$ 9 su* a /ate4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 diff]5t laws ( ea* community may be adopt$2 z1 = in/ance1 z x seems correspond5t to ! nature ( a democracy1 t ! magi/rates %\ld be *os5 by lot1 b an ari/ocracy by vote1 & 9 ! "o /ate accord+ to a c5sus1 b n 9 ! o!r3 let1 !n1 an ari/ocracy & a free /ate copy some?+ f ea* ( !m2 let !m foll[ an olig>*y 9 *oos+ _! magi/rates by vote1 b a democracy 9 n admitt+ ( any c5sus1 & ?us bl5d toge!r ! diff]5t cu/oms ( ! two gov]nm5ts4 ,b ! be/ pro( ( a happy mixture ( a democracy & an olig>*y is ?is1 :5 a p]son may prop]ly call ! same /ate a democracy & an olig>*y4 ,x is evid5t t ^? :o speak ( x 9 ?is mann] are induc$ to x because bo? ^! gov]nm5ts are !re well bl5d$ toge!r3 & inde$ ?is is common to all m$iums1 t ! extremes ( ea* side %\ld be disc]n$ !re91 z at ,lac$aemon2 = _m affirm t x is a democracy f ! _m p>ticul>s 9 :i* x foll[s t =m ( gov]nm5t2 z = in/ance1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! br++ up ( _! *ildr51 = ! ri* & poor are br\ght up 9 ! same mann]2 & _! education is su* t ! *ildr5 ( ! poor may p>take ( x2 & ! same rules are obs]v$ :5 !y are y\?s & m51 !re is no di/9ction betwe5 a ri* p]son & a poor "o2 & 9 _! public tables ! same provision is s]v$ to all4 ,! ri* also we> only su* clo!s z ! poore/ man is able to pur*ase4 ,moreov]1 ) respect to two magi/racies ( ! highe/ rank1 "o !y h a "r to elect to1 ! o!r to fill2 namely1 ! s5ate & ! ephori4 ,o!rs consid] x z an olig>*y1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* x foll[s 9 _m ?+s1 z 9 *oos+ all _! (fic]s by vote1 & n by lot2 9 !re be+ b a few :o h a "r to sit 9 judgm5t on capital causes & ! l4 ,inde$1 a /ate :i* is well compos$ ( two o!rs ought to resemble !m bo?1 & nei!r1 ,su* a /ate ought to h its means ( pres]vation 9 itself1 & n )\t2 & :5 ,i say 9 itself1 ,i d n mean t x %\ld owe ?is to ! =be>ance ( _! neighb\rs1 = ?is may happ5 to a bad gov]nm5t1 b to e memb] ( ! community's n be+ will+ t !re %\ld be ! lea/ alt]ation 9 _! con/itution4 ,su* is ! me?od 9 :i* a free /ate or ari/ocracy ought to be e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,x ,x n[ rema9s to treat ( a tyranny2 n t !re is #abie;a mu* to be said on t subject1 b z x makes "p ( our plan1 s9ce we enum]at$ x among/ our diff]5t sorts ( gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is "w we inquir$ into ! nature ( k+ly gov]nm5t1 & ent]$ into a p>ticul> exam9ation ( :at 0 mo/ prop]ly call$ s1 & :e!r x 0 advantage\s to a /ate or n1 & :at x %\ld be1 & h[ e/abli%$2 & we divid$ a tyranny into two pieces :5 we 7 ^u ?is subject1 because !re is some?+ analog\s betwe5 ?is & a k+ly gov]nm5t1 = !y are bo? ( !m e/abli%$ by law2 = among "s ( ! b>b>ians !y elect a mon>* ) absolute p[]1 & =m]ly among ! ,greeks !re 7 "s su*1 :om !y call$ sesumnetes4 ,n[ ^! diff] f ea* o!r2 = "s possess only k+ly p[] regulat$ by law1 & rule ^? :o volunt>ily submit to _! gov]nm5t2 o!rs rule despotically accord+ to _! own w4 ,!re is a ?ird species ( tyranny1 mo/ prop]ly s call$1 :i* is ! v opposite to k+ly p[]2 = ?is is ! gov]nm5t ( "o :o rules ov] 8 equals & sup]iors )\t be+ acc\ntable = 8 conduct1 & ^: object is 8 own advantage1 & n ! advantage ( ^? he gov]ns2 = :i* reason he rules by compulsion1 = no freem5 w ev] will+ly submit to su* a gov]nm5t4 ,^! are ! diff]5t species ( tyrannies1 _! pr9ciples1 & _! causes4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,we proce$ n[ to inquire :at =m ( gov]nm5t & :at mann] ( life is be/ = communities 9 g5]al1 n adapt+ x to t sup]ior virtue :i* is above ! rea* ( ! vulg>1 or t education :i* e advantage ( nature & =tune only c furni%1 nor to ^? imag9>y plans :i* may be =m$ at pleasure2 b to t mode ( life :i* ! great] "p ( mank9d c atta9 to1 & t gov]nm5t :i* mo/ cities may e/abli%3 = z to ^? ari/ocracies :i* we h n[ m5tion$1 !y are ei!r too p]fect = a /ate to support1 or "o s ne>ly alike to t /ate we n[ go+ to inquire into1 t we %all treat ( !m bo? z "o4 ,! op9ions :i* we =m ^u ^! subjects mu/ dep5d ^u "o common pr9ciple3 = if :at ,i h said 9 my treatise on ,morals is true1 a happy life mu/ arise f an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( virtue2 & if virtue consi/s 9 a c]ta9 m$ium1 ! middle life mu/ c]ta9ly be ! happie/2 :i* m$ium is atta9able #abie;b by e "o4 ,! b\nd>ies ( virtue & vice 9 ! /ate mu/ also necess>ily be ! same z 9 a private p]son2 = ! =m ( gov]nm5t is ! life ( ! city4 ,9 e city ! p are divid$ into ?ree sorts2 ! v ri*1 ! v poor1 & ^? :o are betwe5 !m4 ,if ?is is univ]sally admitt$1 t ! mean is be/1 x is evid5t t ev5 9 po9t ( =tune m$iocrity is to be pref]r$2 = t /ate is mo/ submissive to reason2 = ^? :o are v h&some1 or v /rong1 or v noble1 or v ri*2 or1 on ! contr>y2 ^? :o are v poor1 or v weak1 or v mean1 ) difficulty obey x2 = ! "o are caprici\s & greatly flagiti\s1 ! o!r rascally & mean1 ! crimes ( ea* aris+ f _! diff]5t excesses3 nor w !y g ?r\gh ! diff]5t (fices ( ! /ate2 :i* is detrim5tal to x3 besides1 ^? :o excel 9 /r5g?1 9 ri*es1 or fri5ds1 or ! l1 nei!r "k h[ nor are will+ to submit to comm&3 & ?is beg9s at home :5 !y are boys2 = !re !y are br\ght up too delicately to be accu/om$ to obey _! preceptors3 z = ! v poor1 _! g5]al & excessive want ( :at ! ri* enjoy r$uces !m to a /ate too mean3 s t ! "o "k n h[ to comm&1 b to be comm&$ z slaves1 ! o!rs "k n h[ to submit to any comm&1 nor to comm& !mselves b ) despotic p[]4 ,a city compos$ ( su* m5 mu/ !re=e consi/ ( slaves & ma/]s1 n freem52 :]e "o p>ty mu/ hate1 & ! o!r despise1 :]e !re c\ld be no possibility ( fri5d%ip or political community3 = community supposes affection2 = we d n ev5 on ! road associate ) our enemies4 ,x is also ! g5ius ( a city to be compos$ z mu* z possible ( equals2 :i* w be mo/ s :5 ! inhabitants are 9 ! middle /ate3 f :5ce x foll[s1 t t city mu/ be be/ fram$ :i* is compos$ ( ^? :om we say are naturally its prop] memb]s4 ,x is m5 ( ?is /ation also :o w be be/ assur$ ( safety & protection2 = !y w nei!r covet :at belongs to o!rs1 z ! poor d2 nor w o!rs covet :at is !irs1 z ! poor d :at belongs to ! ri*2 & ?us1 )\t plott+ aga9/ any "o1 or hav+ any "o plot aga9/ !m1 !y w live free f dang]3 = :i* reason ,phocylides wisely wi%es = ! middle /ate1 z be+ mo/ productive ( happ9ess4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t ! mo/ p]fect political community mu/ be among/ ^? :o are 9 ! middle rank1 & ^? /ates are be/ in/itut$ :]e9 ^! are a l>g] & m respectable "p1 if possible1 ?an bo? ! o!r2 or1 if t _c be1 at lea/ ?an ei!r ( !m sep>ate2 s t be+ ?r[n into ! balance x may prev5t ei!r scale f prepond]at+4 ,x is !re=e ! greate/ happ9ess :i* ! citiz5s c enjoy to possess a mod]ate & conv5i5t =tune2 = :5 "s possess too mu*1 & o!rs no?+ at #abif;a all1 ! gov]nm5t mu/ ei!r be 9 ! h&s ( ! meane/ rabble or else a pure olig>*y2 or1 f ! excesses ( bo?1 a tyranny2 = ?is arises f a head/rong democracy or an olig>*y1 b v seldom :5 ! memb]s ( ! community are ne>ly on an equality ) ea* o!r4 ,we w assign a reason = ?is :5 we come to treat ( ! alt]ations :i* diff]5t /ates are likely to und]go4 ,! middle /ate is !re=e be/1 z be+ lea/ liable to ^? s$itions & insurrections :i* di/urb ! community2 & = ! same reason ext5sive gov]nm5ts are lea/ liable to ^! inconv5i5ces2 = !re ^? 9 a middle /ate are v num]\s1 :]eas 9 small ones x is easy to pass to ! two extremes1 s z h>dly to h any 9 a m$ium rema9+1 b ! "o half ri*1 ! o!r poor3 & f ! same pr9ciple x is t democracies are m firmly e/abli%$ & ( long] cont9uance ?an olig>*ies2 b ev5 9 ^? :5 !re is a want ( a prop] numb] ( m5 ( middl+ =tune1 ! poor ext5d _! p[] too f>1 abuses arise1 & ! gov]nm5t is soon at an end4 ,we ought to consid] z a pro( ( :at ,i n[ advance1 t ! be/ lawgiv]s !mselves 7 ^? 9 ! middle rank ( life1 among/ :om 0 ,solon1 z is evid5t f 8 poems1 & ,lycurgus1 = he 0 n a k+1 & ,*>ondas1 & inde$ mo/ o!rs4 ,:at has be5 said w %[ u :y ( s _m free /ates "s h *ang$ to democracies1 o!rs to olig>*ies3 = :5ev] ! numb] ( ^? 9 ! middle /ate has be5 too small1 ^? :o 7 ! m num]\s1 :e!r ! ri* or ! poor1 always ov]p[]$ !m & assum$ to !mselves ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs2 f h5ce arose ei!r a democracy or an olig>*y4 ,moreov]1 :5 9 consequ5ce ( _! disputes & qu>rels ) ea* o!r1 ei!r ! ri* get ! bett] ( ! poor1 or ! poor ( ! ri*1 nei!r ( !m w e/abli% a free /ate2 b1 z ! record ( _! victory1 "o :i* incl9es to _! own pr9ciples1 & =m ei!r a democracy or an olig>*y4 ,^? :o made conque/s 9 ,greece1 hav+ all ( !m an eye to ! respective =ms ( gov]nm5t 9 _! own cities1 e/abli%$ ei!r democracies or olig>*ies1 n consid]+ :at 0 s]viceable to ! /ate1 b :at 0 simil> to _! own2 = :i* reason a gov]nm5t has nev] be5 e/abli%$ :]e ! supreme p[] has be5 plac$ among/ ^? ( ! middl+ rank1 or v seldom2 &1 among/ a few1 "o man only ( ^? :o h yet be5 conqu]ors has be5 p]suad$ to give ! pref]5ce to ?is ord] ( #abif;b m53 x is inde$ an e/abli%$ cu/om ) ! inhabitants ( mo/ cities n to desire an equality1 b ei!r to aspire to gov]n1 or :5 !y are conqu]$1 to submit4 ,?us we h %[n :at ! be/ /ate is1 & :y4 ,x w n be difficult to p]ceive ( ! _m /ates :i* !re are1 = we h se5 t !re are v>i\s =ms bo? ( democracies & olig>*ies1 to :i* we %\ld give ! fir/ place1 to :i* ! second1 & 9 ! same mann] ! next also2 & to obs]ve :at are ! p>ticul> excell5ces & defects ( ea*1 aft] we h fir/ describ$ ! be/ possible2 = t mu/ be ! be/ :i* is ne>e/ to ?is1 t wor/ :i* is mo/ di/ant f ! m$ium1 )\t any "o has a p>ticul> plan ( 8 own :i* he judges by4 ,i mean by ?is1 t x may happ51 t al?\gh "o =m ( gov]nm5t may be bett] ?an ano!r1 yet !re is no reason to prev5t ano!r f be+ pref]able !reunto 9 p>ticul> circum/ances & = p>ticul> purposes4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,aft] :at has be5 said1 x foll[s t we %\ld n[ %[ :at p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t is mo/ suitable = p>ticul> p]sons2 fir/ lay+ ?is d[n z a g5]al maxim1 t t p>ty :i* desires to support ! actual adm9i/ration ( ! /ate ought always to be sup]ior to t :i* w\ld alt] x4 ,e city is made up ( quality & quantity3 by quality ,i mean lib]ty1 ri*es1 education1 & family1 & by quantity its relative popul\sness3 n[ x may happ5 t quality may exi/ 9 "o ( ^? p>ts ( :i* ! city is compos$1 & quantity 9 ano!r2 ?us ! numb] ( ! ignoble may be great] ?an ! numb] ( ^? ( family1 ! numb] ( ! poor ?an t ( ! ri*2 b n s t ! quantity ( ! "o %all ov]balance ! quality ( ! o!r2 ^? mu/ be prop]ly adju/$ to ea* o!r2 = :]e ! numb] ( ! poor exce$s ! proportion we h m5tion$1 !re a democracy w rise up1 & if ! husb&ry %\ld h m p[] ?an o!rs1 x w be a democracy ( husb&m52 & ! democracy w be a p>ticul> species accord+ to t class ( m5 :i* may happ5 to be mo/ num]\s3 ?us1 %\ld ^! be ! husb&m51 x w be ( ^!1 & ! be/2 if ( me*anics & ^? :o hire !mselves out1 ! wor/ possible3 9 ! same mann] x may be ( any o!r set betwe5 ^! two4 ,b :5 ! ri* & ! noble prevail m by _! quality ?an !y are defici5t 9 quantity1 !re an olig>*y ensues2 & ?is olig>*y may be ( diff]5t species1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! prevail+ p>ty4 ,e legislator 9 fram+ 8 con/itution ought to h a p>ticul> reg>d to ^? 9 ! middle rank ( life2 & if he int5ds an olig>*y1 ^! %\ld be ! object ( 8 laws2 if a democracy1 to ^! !y %\ld be entru/$2 & :5ev] _! numb] exce$s t ( ! two o!rs1 or at lea/ "o ( !m1 !y give #abig;a /ability to ! con/itution2 = !re is no fe> t ! ri* & ! poor %\ld agree to conspire toge!r aga9/ !m1 = nei!r ( ^! w *oose to s]ve ! o!r4 ,if any "o w\ld *oose to fix ! adm9i/ration on ! wide/ basis1 he w f9d none pref]able to ?is2 = to rule by turns is :at ! ri* & ! poor w n submit to1 on acc\nt ( _! hatr$ to ea* o!r4 ,x is1 moreov]1 all[$ t an arbitrator is ! mo/ prop] p]son = bo? p>ties to tru/ to2 n[ ?is arbitrator is ! middle rank4 ,^? :o w\ld e/abli% ari/ocratical gov]nm5ts are mi/ak5 n only 9 giv+ too mu* p[] to ! ri*1 b also 9 deceiv+ ! common p2 = at la/1 in/ead ( an imag9>y good1 !y mu/ feel a real evil1 = ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ri* are m de/ructive to ! /ate ?an ^? ( ! poor4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,!re are five p>ticul>s 9 :i*1 "u fair pret5ces1 ! ri* craftily endeav\r to und]m9e ! rights ( ! p1 ^! are _! public assemblies1 _! (fices ( /ate1 _! c\rts ( ju/ice1 _! milit>y p[]1 & _! gymna/ic ex]cises4 ,) respect to _! public assemblies1 9 hav+ !m op5 to all1 b 9 f9+ ! ri* only1 or o!rs v little1 = n att5d+2 ) respect to (fices1 9 p]mitt+ ! poor to swe> (f1 b n grant+ ?is indulg5ce to ^? :o are )9 ! c5sus2 ) respect to _! c\rts ( ju/ice1 9 f9+ ! ri* = non-att5dance1 b ! poor n at all1 or ^? a great deal1 & ^! v little1 z 0 done by ! laws ( ,*>ondas4 ,9 "s places e citiz5 :o 0 enroll$ _h a "r to att5d ! public assemblies & to try causes2 :i* if !y did n d1 a v heavy f9e 0 laid ^u !m2 t ?r\gh fe> ( ! f9e !y might avoid be+ enroll$1 z !y 7 !n oblig$ to d nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,! same _s ( legislation prevail$ ) respect to _! be>+ arms & _! gymna/ic ex]cises2 = ! poor are excus$ if !y h no arms1 b ! ri* are f9$2 ! same me?od takes place if !y d n att5d _! gymna/ic ex]cises1 !re is no p5alty on "o1 b !re is on ! o!r3 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t ! fe> ( ?is p5alty induces ! ri* to keep ! "o & att5d ! o!r1 :ile ! poor d nei!r4 ,^! are ! deceitful contrivances ( olig>*ical legislators4 ,! contr>y prevails 9 a democracy2 = !re !y make ! poor a prop] all[ance = att5d+ ! assemblies & ! c\rts1 b give ! ri* no?+ = do+ x3 :5ce x is evid5t1 t if any "o w\ld prop]ly bl5d ^! cu/oms toge!r1 !y mu/ ext5d bo? ! pay & ! f9e to e memb] ( ! community1 & !n e "o w\ld %>e 9 x1 :]eas "p only n[ d4 ,! citiz5s ( a free /ate ought to #abig;b consi/ ( ^? only :o be> arms3 ) respect to _! c5sus x is n easy to det]m9e exactly :at x ought to be1 b ! rule t %\ld direct ^u ?is subject %\ld be to make x z ext5sive z possible1 s t ^? :o are enroll$ 9 x make up a great] "p ( ! p ?an ^? :o are n2 = ^? :o are poor1 al?\gh !y p>take n ( ! (fices ( ! /ate1 are will+ to live quiet1 provid$ t no "o di/urbs !m 9 _! prop]ty3 b ?is is n an easy matt]2 = x may n always happ51 t ^? :o are at ! head ( public affairs are ( a humane behavi\r4 ,9 "t ( w> ! poor are accu/om$ to %[ no alacrity )\t !y h provisions f\nd !m2 :5 !y h1 !n inde$ !y are will+ to fight4 ,9 "s gov]nm5ts ! p[] is ve/$ n only 9 ^? :o be> arms1 b also 9 ^? :o h borne !m4 ,among ! ,mali5ses ! /ate 0 compos$ ( ^! latt] only1 = all ! (fic]s 7 soldi]s :o _h s]v$ _! "t4 ,& ! fir/ /ates 9 ,greece :i* succe$$ ^? :]e k+ly p[] 0 e/abli%$1 7 gov]n$ by ! milit>y4 ,fir/ ( all ! horse1 = at t "t ! /r5g? & excell5ce ( ! army dep5d$ on ! horse1 = z to ! heavy-arm$ foot !y 7 useless )\t prop] discipl9e2 b ! art ( tactics 0 n kn[n to ! anci5ts1 = :i* reason _! /r5g? lay 9 _! horse3 b :5 cities grew l>g]1 & !y dep5d$ m on _! foot1 great] numb]s p>took ( ! fre$om ( ! city2 = :i* reason :at we call republics 7 =m]ly call$ democracies4 ,! anci5t gov]nm5ts 7 prop]ly olig>*ies or k+doms2 = on acc\nt ( ! few p]sons 9 ea* /ate1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to h f\nd a suffici5t numb] ( ! middle rank2 s ^! be+ b few1 & ^? us$ to subord9ation1 !y m easily submitt$ to be gov]n$4 ,we h n[ %[n :y !re are _m sorts ( gov]nm5ts1 & o!rs diff]5t f ^? we h treat$ (3 = !re are m species ( democracies ?an "o1 & ! l is true ( o!r =ms1 & :at are _! diff]5ces1 & :5ce !y arise2 & also ( all o!rs :i* is ! be/1 at lea/ 9 g5]al2 & :i* is be/ suit$ = p>ticul> p4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,we w n[ proce$ to make "s g5]al reflections ^u ! gov]nm5ts next 9 ord]1 & also to consid] ea* ( !m 9 p>ticul>2 beg9n+ ) ^? pr9ciples :i* app]ta9 to ea*3 n[ !re are ?ree ?+s 9 all /ates :i* a c>eful legislator ought well to consid]1 :i* are ( great consequ5ce to all1 & :i* prop]ly att5d$ to ! /ate mu/ necess>ily be happy2 & accord+ to ! v>iation ( :i* ! "o w diff] f ! o!r4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! #abih;a public assembly2 ! second ! (fic]s ( ! /ate1 t is1 :o !y ought to be1 & ) :at p[] !y %\ld be entru/$1 & 9 :at mann] !y %\ld be appo9t$2 ! ?ird1 ! judicial dep>tm5t4 ,n[ x is ! prop] bus9ess ( ! public assembly to det]m9e conc]n+ w> & peace1 mak+ or break+ (f alliances1 to enact laws1 to s5t5ce to dea?1 bani%m5t1 or confiscation ( goods1 & to call ! magi/rates to acc\nt = _! behavi\r :5 9 (fice4 ,n[ ^! p[]s mu/ necess>ily be entru/$ to ! citiz5s 9 g5]al1 or all ( !m to "s2 ei!r to "o magi/rate or m2 or "s to "o1 & "s to ano!r1 or "s to all1 b o!rs to "s3 to entru/ all to all is 9 ! _s ( a democracy1 = ! p aim at equality4 ,!re are _m me?ods ( delegat+ ^! p[]s to ! citiz5s at l>ge1 "o ( :i* is to let !m execute !m by turn1 & n altoge!r1 z 0 done by ,tellecles1 ! ,milesian1 9 8 /ate4 ,9 o!rs ! supreme c\ncil is compos$ ( ! diff]5t magi/rates1 & !y succe$ to ! (fices ( ! community by prop] divisions ( tribes1 w>ds1 & o!r v small proportions1 till e "o 9 8 turn goes ?r\gh !m3 nor does ! :ole community ev] meet toge!r1 )\t x is :5 new laws are enact$1 or "s national affair is debat$1 or to he> :at ! magi/rates h to propose to !m4 ,ano!r me?od is = ! p to meet 9 a collective body1 b only = ! purpose ( hold+ ! comitia1 mak+ laws1 det]m9+ conc]n+ w> or peace1 & inquir+ into ! conduct ( _! magi/rates1 :ile ! rema9+ "p ( ! public bus9ess is conduct$ by ! magi/rates1 :o h _! sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 & are *os5 out ( ! :ole community ei!r by vote or ballot4 ,ano!r me?od is = ! p 9 g5]al to meet = ! *oice ( ! magi/rates1 & to exam9e into _! conduct2 & also to delib]ate conc]n+ w> & alliances1 & to leave o!r ?+s to ! magi/rates1 :oev] happ5 to be *os51 ^: p>ticul> employm5ts are su* z necess>ily require p]sons well skill$ !re94 ,a f\r? me?od is = e p]son to delib]ate ^u e subject 9 public assembly1 :]e ! magi/rates c det]m9e no?+ ( !mselves1 & h only ! privilege ( giv+ _! op9ions fir/2 & ?is is ! me?od ( ! mo/ pure democracy1 :i* is analog\s to ! proce$+s 9 a dyna/ic olig>*y & a tyrannic mon>*y4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! me?ods 9 :i* public bus9ess is conduct$ 9 a democracy4 ,:5 ! p[] is 9 ! h&s ( "p ( ! community only1 x is an olig>*y & ?is also admits ( diff]5t cu/oms2 = :5ev] ! (fic]s ( ! /ate are *os5 out ( ^? :o h a mod]ate =tune1 & ^! f t circum/ance are _m1 & :5 !y dep>t n f t l9e :i* ! law has laid d[n1 b c>efully foll[ x1 & :5 all )9 ! c5sus are eligible1 c]ta9ly x is !n an olig>*y1 b f\nd$ on true pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t #abih;b f its mod]ation4 ,:5 ! p 9 g5]al d n p>take ( ! delib]ative p[]1 b c]ta9 p]sons *os5 = t purpose1 :o gov]n accord+ to law2 ?is also1 l ! fir/1 is an olig>*y4 ,:5 ^? :o h ! delib]ative p[] elect ea* o!r1 & ! son succe$s to ! fa!r1 & :5 !y c sup]s$e ! laws1 su* a gov]nm5t is ( necessity a /rict olig>*y4 ,:5 "s p]sons det]m9e on "o ?+1 & o!rs on ano!r1 z w> & peace1 & :5 all inquire into ! conduct ( _! magi/rates1 & o!r ?+s are left to diff]5t (fic]s1 elect$ ei!r by vote or lot1 !n ! gov]nm5t is an ari/ocracy or a free /ate4 ,:5 "s are *os5 by vote & o!rs by lot1 & ^! ei!r f ! p 9 g5]al1 or f a c]ta9 numb] elect$ = t purpose1 or if bo? ! votes & ! lots are op5 to all1 su* a /ate is p>tly an ari/ocracy1 p>tly a free gov]nm5t itself4 ,^! are ! diff]5t me?ods 9 :i* ! delib]ative p[] is ve/$ 9 diff]5t /ates1 all ( :om foll[ "s regulation "h laid d[n4 ,x is advantage\s to a democracy1 9 ! pres5t s5se ( ! ^w1 by :i* ,i mean a /ate :]e9 ! p at l>ge h a supreme p[]1 ev5 ov] ! laws1 to hold frequ5t public assemblies2 & x w be be/ 9 ?is p>ticul> to imitate ! example ( olig>*ies 9 _! c\rts ( ju/ice2 = !y f9e ^? :o are appo9t$ to try causes if !y d n att5d1 s %\ld !y rew>d ! poor = com+ to ! public assemblies3 & _! c\nsels w be be/ :5 all advise ) ea* o!r1 ! citiz5s ) ! nobles1 ! nobles ) ! citiz5s4 ,x is also advisable :5 ! c\ncil is to be compos$ ( "p ( ! citiz5s1 to elect1 ei!r by vote or lot1 an equal numb] ( bo? ranks4 ,x is also prop]1 if ! common p 9 ! /ate are v num]\s1 ei!r n to pay e "o = 8 att5dance1 b su* a numb] only z w make !m equal to ! nobles1 or to reject _m ( !m by lot4 ,9 an olig>*y !y %\ld ei!r call up "s ( ! common p to ! c\ncil1 or else e/abli% a c\rt1 z is done 9 "s o!r /ates1 :om !y call pre-advis]s or gu>dians ( ! laws1 ^: bus9ess %\ld be to propose fir/ :at !y %\ld aft]w>ds enact4 ,by ?is means ! p w\ld h a place 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs1 )\t hav+ x 9 _! p[] to occasion any disord] 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,moreov]1 ! p may be all[$ to h a vote 9 :atev] bill is propos$1 b may n !mselves propose any?+ contr>y !reto2 or !y may give _! advice1 :ile ! p[] ( det]m9+ may be ) ! magi/rates only4 ,x is also necess>y to foll[ a contr>y practice to :at is e/abli%$ 9 democracies1 = ! p %\ld be all[$ ! p[] ( p>don+1 b n ( condemn+1 = ! cause %\ld be ref]r$ back aga9 to ! magi/rates3 :]eas ! contr>y takes place 9 republics2 = ! p[] ( p>don+ is ) ! few1 b n ( condemn+1 :i* is always ref]r$ #abii;a to ! p at l>ge4 ,& ?us we det]m9e conc]n+ ! delib]ative p[] 9 any /ate1 & 9 ^: h&s x %all be4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,we n[ proce$ to consid] ! *oice ( magi/rates2 = ?is bran* ( public bus9ess conta9s _m diff]5t ,p>ts1 z h[ _m !re %all be1 :at %all be _! p>ticul> (fice1 & ) respect to "t h[ long ea* ( !m %all cont9ue 9 place2 = "s make x six mon?s1 o!rs %ort]1 o!rs = a ye>1 o!rs = a mu* long] "t2 or :e!r !y %\ld be p]petual or = a long "t1 or nei!r2 = ! same p]son may fill ! same (fice sev]al times1 or he may n be all[$ to enjoy x ev5 twice1 b only once3 & also ) respect to ! appo9tm5t ( magi/rates1 :o are to be eligible1 :o is to *oose !m1 & 9 :at mann]2 = 9 all ^! p>ticul>s we ought prop]ly to di/+ui% ! diff]5t ways :i* may be foll[$2 & !n to %[ :i* ( ^! is be/ suit$ to su* & su* gov]nm5ts4 ,n[ x is n easy to det]m9e to :om we ought prop]ly to give ! "n ( magi/rate1 = a gov]nm5t requires _m p]sons 9 (fice2 b e "o ( ^? :o is ei!r *os5 by vote or lot is n to be reckon$ a magi/rate4 ,! prie/s1 = in/ance1 9 ! fir/ place2 = ^! are to be consid]$ z v diff]5t f civil magi/rates3 to ^! we may add ! *oregi & h]alds2 nay1 ev5 ambassadors are elect$3 !re are "s civil employm5ts :i* belong to ! citiz5s2 & ^! are ei!r :5 !y are all engag$ 9 "o ?+1 z :5 z soldi]s !y obey _! g5]al1 or :5 "p ( !m only are1 z 9 gov]n+ ! wom5 or educat+ ! y\?2 & also "s economic1 = !y (t5 elect corn-met]s3 o!rs are s]vile1 & 9 :i*1 if !y are ri*1 !y employ slaves4 ,b inde$ !y are mo/ prop]ly call$ magi/rates1 :o are memb]s ( ! delib]ative c\ncil1 or decide causes1 or are 9 "s comm&1 ! la/ m especially1 = to comm& is peculi> to magi/rates4 ,b to speak tru?1 ?is "q is ( no great consequ5ce1 nor is x ! prov9ce ( ! judges to decide betwe5 ^? :o dispute ab\t words2 x may inde$ be an object ( speculative inquiry2 b to inquire :at (fic]s are necess>y 9 a /ate1 & h[ _m1 & :at1 ?\gh n mo/ necess>y1 may yet be advantage\s 9 a well-e/abli%$ gov]nm5t1 is a mu* m useful employm5t1 & ?is ) respect to all /ates 9 g5]al1 z well z to small cities4 ,9 ext5sive gov]nm5ts x is prop] to allot "o employm5t to "o p]son1 z !re are _m to s]ve ! public 9 s num]\s a society1 :]e "s may be pass$ ov] = a long "t1 & o!rs nev] be 9 (fice b once2 & inde$ ev]y?+ is bett] done :i* has ! :ole att5tion ( "o p]son1 ?an :5 t #abii;b att5tion is divid$ among/ _m2 b 9 small /ates x is necess>y t a few ( ! citiz5s %\ld execute _m employm5ts2 = _! numb]s are s small x w n be conv5i5t to h _m ( !m 9 (fice at ! same "t2 = :]e %all we f9d o!rs to succe$ !m 9 turn8 ,small /ates w sometimes want ! same magi/rates & ! same laws z l>ge ones2 b ! "o w n want to employ !m s (t5 z ! o!r2 s t diff]5t *>ges may be intru/$ to ! same p]son )\t any inconv5i5ce1 = !y w n int]f]e ) ea* o!r1 & = want ( suffici5t memb]s 9 ! community x w be necess>y4 ,if we c\ld tell h[ _m magi/rates are necess>y 9 e city1 & h[ _m1 ?\gh n necess>y1 x is yet prop] to h1 we c\ld !n ! bett] "k h[ _m diff]5t (fices "o might assign to "o magi/rate4 ,x is also necess>y to "k :at tribunals 9 diff]5t places %\ld h diff]5t ?+s "u _! jurisdiction1 & also :at ?+s %\ld always come "u ! cognisance ( ! same magi/rate2 z1 = in/ance1 dec5cy ( mann]s1 %all ! cl]k ( ! m>ket take cognisance ( t if ! cause arises 9 ! m>ket1 & ano!r magi/rate 9 ano!r place1 or ! same magi/rate ev]y:]e3 or %all !re be a di/9ction made ( ! fact1 or ! p>ties8 z1 = in/ance1 9 dec5cy ( mann]s1 %all x be "o cause :5 x relates to a man1 ano!r :5 x relates to a woman8 ,9 diff]5t /ates %all ! magi/rates be diff]5t or ! same8 ,i mean1 :e!r 9 a democracy1 an olig>*y1 an ari/ocracy1 & a mon>*y1 ! same p]sons %all h ! same p[]8 or %all x v>y accord+ to ! diff]5t =mation ( ! gov]nm5t8 z 9 an ari/ocracy ! (fices ( ! /ate are allott$ to ^? :o are well educat$2 9 an olig>*y to ^? :o are ri*2 9 a democracy to ! freem58 ,or %all ! magi/rates diff] z ! communities diff]8 ,= x may happ5 t ! v same may be sometimes prop]1 sometimes o!rwise3 9 ?is /ate x may be necess>y t ! magi/rate h great p[]s1 9 t b small4 ,!re are also c]ta9 magi/rates peculi> to c]ta9 /ates--z ! pre-advis]s are n prop] 9 a democracy1 b a s5ate is2 = "o su* ord] is necess>y1 ^: bus9ess %all be to consid] be=eh& & prep>e ^? bills :i* %all be br\ght be=e ! p t !y may h leisure to att5d to _! own affairs2 & :5 ^! are few 9 numb] ! /ate incl9es to an olig>*y4 ,! pre-advis]s inde$ mu/ always be few = !y are peculi> to an olig>*y3 & :]e !re are bo? ^! (fices 9 ! same /ate1 ! pre-advis]'s is sup]ior to ! s5ator's1 ! "o hav+ only a democratical p[]1 ! o!r an olig>*ical3 & inde$ ! #acjj;a p[] ( ! s5ate is lo/ 9 ^? democracies1 9 :i* ! p1 meet+ 9 "o public assembly1 take all ! bus9ess into _! own h&s2 & ?is is likely to happ5 ei!r :5 ! community 9 g5]al are 9 easy circum/ances1 or :5 !y are paid = _! att5dance2 = !y are !n at leisure (t5 to meet toge!r & det]m9e ev]y?+ = !mselves4 ,a magi/rate ^: bus9ess is to control ! mann]s ( ! boys1 or wom51 or :o takes any dep>tm5t simil> to ?is1 is to be f\nd 9 an ari/ocracy1 n 9 a democracy2 = :o c =bid ! wives ( ! poor f appe>+ 9 public8 nei!r is su* a "o to be met ) 9 an olig>*y2 = ! wom5 !re are too delicate to be> control4 ,& ?us mu* = ?is subject4 ,let u endeav\r to treat at l>ge ( ! e/abli%m5t ( magi/rates1 beg9n+ f fir/ pr9ciples4 ,n[1 !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 ?ree ways1 f :i*1 bl5d$ toge!r1 all ! v>ieties :i* c be imag9$ arise4 ,! fir/ ( ^! diff]5ces is 9 ^? :o appo9t ! magi/rates1 ! second consi/s 9 ^? :o are appo9t$1 ! ?ird 9 ! mode ( appo9tm5t2 & ea* ( ^! ?ree diff] 9 ?ree mann]s2 = ei!r all ! citiz5s may appo9t collectively1 or "s out ( _! :ole body1 or "s out ( a p>ticul> ord] 9 x1 accord+ to =tune1 family1 or virtue1 or "s o!r rule 7z at ,meg>a1 :]e ! "r ( election 0 among/ ^? :o _h return$ toge!r to _! c\ntry1 & _h re9/at$ !mselves by =ce ( arms7 & ?is ei!r by vote or lot4 ,aga91 ^! sev]al modes may be diff]5tly =m$ toge!r1 z "s magi/rates may be *os5 by "p ( ! community1 o!rs by ! :ole2 "s out ( "p1 o!rs out ( ! :ole2 "s by vote1 o!rs by lot3 & ea* ( ^! diff]5t modes admit ( a f\r-fold subdivision2 = ei!r all may elect all by vote or by lot2 & :5 all elect1 !y may ei!r proce$ )\t any di/9ction1 or !y may elect by a c]ta9 division ( tribes1 w>ds1 or companies1 till !y h gone ?r\gh ! :ole community3 & "s magi/rates may be elect$ "o way1 & o!rs ano!r4 ,aga91 if "s magi/rates are elect$ ei!r by vote or lot ( all ! citiz5s1 or by ! vote ( "s & ! lot ( "s1 or "s "o way & "s ano!r2 t is to say1 "s by ! vote ( all1 o!rs by ! lot ( all1 !re w !n be twelve diff]5t me?ods ( elect+ ! magi/rates1 )\t bl5d+ ! two toge!r4 ,( ^! !re are two adapt$ to a democracy2 namely1 to h all ! magi/rates *os5 out ( all ! p1 ei!r by vote or lot1 or bo?2 t is to say1 "s ( !m by lot1 "s by vote4 ,9 a free /ate ! :ole community %\ld n elect at ! same "t1 b "s out ( ! :ole1 or out ( "s p>ticul> rank2 & ?is ei!r by lot1 or vote1 or bo?3 & !y %\ld elect ei!r out ( ! :ole community1 or out ( "s p>ticul> p]sons 9 x1 & ?is bo? by lot & vote4 ,9 an olig>*y x is prop] to *oose "s magi/rates out ( ! :ole body ( ! citiz5s1 "s by vote1 "s by lot1 o!rs by bo?3 by lot is mo/ correspond5t to t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 a free ari/ocracy1 "s magi/rates #acjj;b %\ld be *os5 out ( ! community 9 g5]al1 o!rs out ( a p>ticul> rank1 or ^! by *oice1 ^? by lot4 ,9 a pure olig>*y1 ! magi/rates %\ld be *os5 out ( c]ta9 ranks1 & by c]ta9 p]sons1 & "s ( ^? by lot1 o!rs by bo? me?ods2 b to *oose !m out ( ! :ole community is n correspond5t to ! nature ( ?is gov]nm5t4 ,x is prop] 9 an ari/ocracy = ! :ole community to elect _! magi/rates out ( p>ticul> p]sons1 & ?is by vote4 ,^! !n are all ! diff]5t ways ( elect+ ( magi/rates2 & !y h be5 allott$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! diff]5t communities2 b :at mode ( proce$+ is prop] = diff]5t communities1 or h[ ! (fices ought to be e/abli%$1 or ) :at p[]s %all be p>ticul>ly expla9$4 ,i mean by ! p[]s ( a magi/rate1 :at %\ld be 8 p>ticul> prov9ce1 z ! managem5t ( ! f9ances or ! laws ( ! /ate2 = diff]5t magi/rates h diff]5t p[]s1 z t ( ! g5]al ( ! army diff]s f ! cl]k ( ! m>ket4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,( ! ?ree p>ts ( :i* a gov]nm5t is =m$1 we n[ come to consid] ! judicial2 & ?is also we %all divide 9 ! same mann] z we did ! magi/]ial1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,( :om ! judges %all consi/1 & = :at causes1 & h[4 ,:5 ,i say ( :om1 ,i mean :e!r !y %all be ! :ole p1 or "s p>ticul>s2 by = :at causes ,i mean1 h[ _m diff]5t c\rts %all be appo9t$2 by h[1 :e!r !y %all be elect$ by vote or lot4 ,let u fir/ det]m9e h[ _m diff]5t c\rts !re ought to be4 ,n[ ^! are eight4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! c\rt ( inspection ov] ! behavi\r ( ! magi/rates :5 !y h quitt$ _! (fice2 ! second is to puni% ^? :o h injur$ ! public2 ! ?ird is to take cognisance ( ^? causes 9 :i* ! /ate is a p>ty2 ! f\r? is to decide betwe5 magi/rates & private p]sons1 :o appeal f a f9e laid ^u !m2 ! fif? is to det]m9e disputes :i* may arise conc]n+ contracts ( great value2 ! six? is to judge betwe5 =eign]s1 & ( murd]s1 ( :i* !re are diff]5t species2 & ^! may all be tri$ by ! same judges or by diff]5t ones2 = !re are murd]s ( malice prep5se & ( *ance-m$ley2 !re is also ju/ifiable homicide1 :]e ! fact is admitt$1 & ! legality ( x disput$4 ,!re is also ano!r c\rt call$ at ,a!ns ! ,c\rt ( ,phreattae1 :i* det]m9es po9ts relat+ to a murd] committ$ by "o :o has run away1 to decide :e!r he %all return2 ?\gh su* an affair happ5s b seldom1 & 9 v l>ge cities2 ! sev5?1 to det]m9e causes :]e9 /rang]s are conc]n$1 & ?is :e!r !y are betwe5 /rang] & /rang] or betwe5 a /rang] & a citiz54 ,! eigh? & la/ is = small actions1 f "o to five dra*ma's1 or a little m2 = ^! ought also to be legally det]m9$1 b n to be br\ght be=e ! :ole body ( ! judges4 ,b )\t ent]+ into any p>ticul>s conc]n+ actions = murd]1 & ^? :]e9 /rang]s are ! p>ties1 let u p>ticul>ly treat ( ^? c\rts :i* h ! jurisdiction ( ^? matt]s :i* m p>ticul>ly relate to ! affairs ( ! community & :i* if n well conduct$ occasion s$itions & commotions 9 ! /ate4 ,n[1 ( necessity1 ei!r all p]sons mu/ h a "r to judge ( all ^! diff]5t causes1 appo9t$ = t purpose1 ei!r by vote or lot1 or all ( all1 "s ( !m by vote1 & o!rs by lot1 or 9 "s causes by vote1 9 o!rs by lot4 ,?us !re w be f\r sorts ( judges4 ,!re #acja;a w be j ! same numb] also if !y are *os5 out ( "p ( ! p only2 = ei!r all ! judges mu/ be *os5 out ( t "p ei!r by vote or lot1 or "s by lot & "s by vote1 or ! judges 9 p>ticul> causes mu/ be *os5 "s by vote1 o!rs by lot2 by :i* means !re w be ! same numb] ( !m also z 0 m5tion$4 ,besides1 diff]5t judges may be jo9$ toge!r2 ,i mean ^? :o are *os5 out ( ! :ole p or "p ( !m or bo?2 s t all ?ree may sit toge!r 9 ! same c\rt1 & ?is ei!r by vote1 lot1 or bo?4 ,& ?us mu* = ! diff]5t sorts ( judges4 ,( ^! appo9tm5ts t :i* admits all ! community to be judges 9 all causes is mo/ suitable to a democracy2 ! second1 :i* appo9ts t c]ta9 p]sons %all judge all causes1 to an olig>*y2 ! ?ird1 :i* appo9ts ! :ole community to be judges 9 "s causes1 b p>ticul> p]sons 9 o!rs1 to an ari/ocracy or free /ate4 ,,book ,v ,,*apt] ,i ,we h n[ gone ?r\gh ^? p>ticul>s we propos$ to speak (2 x rema9s t we next consid] f :at causes & h[ alt]ations 9 gov]nm5t arise1 & ( :at nature !y are1 & to :at ! de/ruction ( ea* /ate is ow+2 & also to :at =m any =m ( polity is mo/ likely to %ift into1 & :at are ! means to be us$ = ! g5]al pres]vation ( gov]nm5ts1 z well z :at are applicable to any p>ticul> /ate2 & also ( ! rem$ies :i* are to be appli$ ei!r to all 9 g5]al1 or to any "o consid]$ sep>ately1 :5 !y are 9 a /ate ( corruption3 & "h we ought fir/ to lay d[n ?is pr9ciple1 t !re are _m gov]nm5ts1 all ( :i* approve ( :at is j & :at is analogically equal2 & yet h fail$ f atta9+ !reunto1 z we h already m5tion$2 ?us democracies h aris5 f suppos+ t ^? :o are equal 9 "o ?+ are s 9 e o!r circum/ance2 z1 because !y are equal 9 lib]ty1 !y are equal 9 ev]y?+ else2 & olig>*ies1 f suppos+ t ^? :o are unequal 9 "o ?+ are unequal 9 all2 t :5 m5 are s 9 po9t ( =tune1 t inequality ext5ds to ev]y?+ else4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ^? :o 9 "s respects are equal ) o!rs ?9k x "r to endeav\r to p>take ( an equality ) !m 9 ev]y?+2 & ^? :o are sup]ior to o!rs endeav\r to get /ill m2 & x is ?is m :i* is ! inequality3 ?us mo/ /ates1 ?\gh !y h "s notion ( :at is j1 yet are almo/ totally wrong2 &1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 :5 ei!r p>ty has n t %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration :i* answ]s to 8 expectations1 he becomes s$iti\s3 b ^? :o ( all o!rs h ! greate/ "r to be s are ! la/ t are2 namely1 ^? :o excel 9 virtue2 = !y alone c be call$ g5]ally sup]ior4 ,!re are1 too1 "s p]sons ( di/+ui%$ families :o1 because !y are s1 disda9 to be on an equality ) o!rs1 = ^? e/eem !mselves noble :o boa/ ( _! ance/ors' m]it & =tune3 ^!1 to speak tru?1 are ! orig9 & f\nta9 f :5ce s$itions arise4 ,! alt]ations :i* m5 may propose to make 9 gov]nm5ts are two2 = ei!r !y may *ange ! /ate already e/abli%$ into "s o!r1 z :5 !y propose to erect an olig>*y :]e !re is a democracy2 or a democracy1 or free /ate1 :]e !re is an olig>*y1 or an ari/ocracy f ^!1 or ^? f t2 or else1 :5 !y h no objection to ! e/abli%$ gov]nm5t1 :i* !y l v well1 b *oose to h ! sole managem5t 9 x !mselves2 ei!r 9 ! h&s ( a few or "o only4 ,!y w also raise commotions conc]n+ ! degree 9 :i* !y w\ld h ! e/abli%$ p[]2 z if1 = in/ance1 ! gov]nm5t is an olig>*y1 to h x m purely s1 & 9 ! same mann] if x is a democracy1 or else to h x less s2 &1 9 l mann]1 :atev] may be ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t1 ei!r to ext5d or contract its p[]s2 or else to make "s alt]ations 9 "s p>ts ( x2 z to e/abli% or aboli% a p>ticul> magi/racy1 z "s p]sons say ,lys&] endeav\r$ to aboli% ! k+ly p[] 9 ,sp>ta2 & ,pausanias t ( ! ephori4 ,?us 9 ,epidamnus !re 0 an alt]ation 9 "o "p ( ! con/itution1 = in/ead ( ! phil>*i !y e/abli%$ a s5ate4 ,x is also necess>y = all ! magi/rates at ,a!ns2 to att5d 9 ! c\rt ( ! ,helisea :5 any new magi/rate is creat$3 ! p[] ( ! ar*on also 9 t /ate p>takes ( ! nature ( an olig>*y3 inequality is always ! occasion ( s$ition1 b n :5 ^? :o are unequal are treat$ 9 a diff]5t mann] correspond5t to t inequality4 ,?us k+ly p[] is unequal :5 ex]cis$ ov] equals4 ,^u ! :ole1 ^? :o aim aft] an equality are ! cause ( s$itions4 ,equality is tw(old1 ei!r 9 numb] or value4 ,equality 9 numb] is :5 two ?+s conta9 ! same p>ts or ! same quantity2 equality 9 value is by proportion z two exce$s "o1 & ?ree two by ! same numb]-?us by proportion f\r exce$s two1 & two "o 9 ! same degree1 = two is ! same "p ( f\r t "o is ( two2 t is to say1 half4 ,n[1 all agree 9 :at is absolutely & simply j2 b1 z we h already said !y dispute conc]n+ proportionate value2 = "s p]sons1 if !y are equal 9 "o respect1 ?9k !mselves equal 9 all2 o!rs1 if !y are sup]ior 9 "o ?+1 ?9k !y may claim ! sup]iority 9 all2 f :5ce *iefly arise two sorts ( gov]nm5ts1 a democracy & an olig>*y2 = nobility & virtue are to be f\nd only #acjb;a among/ a few2 ! contr>y among/ ! _m2 !re be+ 9 no place a hundr$ ( ! fir/ to be met )1 b en\gh ( ! la/ ev]y:]e4 ,b to e/abli% a gov]nm5t entirely ^u ei!r ( ^! equalities is wrong1 & ?is ! example ( ^? s e/abli%$ makes evid5t1 = none ( !m h be5 /able2 & = ?is reason1 t x is impossible t :atev] is wrong at ! fir/ & 9 its pr9ciples %\ld n at la/ meet ) a bad end3 = :i* reason 9 "s ?+s an equality ( numb]s ought to take place1 9 o!rs an equality 9 value4 ,h[ev]1 a democracy is saf] & less liable to s$ition ?an an olig>*y2 = 9 ?is latt] x may arise f two causes1 = ei!r ! few 9 p[] may conspire aga9/ ea* o!r or aga9/ ! p2 b 9 a democracy only "o2 namely1 aga9/ ! few :o aim at exclusive p[]2 b !re is no in/ance wor? speak+ (1 ( a s$ition ( ! p aga9/ !mselves4 ,moreov]1 a gov]nm5t compos$ ( m5 ( mod]ate =tunes comes mu* ne>] to a democracy ?an an olig>*y1 & is ! safe/ ( all su* /ates4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,s9ce we are inquir+ into ! causes ( s$itions & revolutions 9 gov]nm5ts1 we mu/ beg9 entirely ) ! fir/ pr9ciples f :5ce !y arise4 ,n[ ^!1 s to speak1 are ne>ly ?ree 9 numb]2 :i* we mu/ fir/ di/+ui% 9 g5]al f ea* o!r1 & endeav\r to %[ 9 :at situation p are :o beg9 a s$ition2 & = :at causes2 & ?irdly1 :at are ! beg9n+s ( political tr\bles & mutual qu>rels ) ea* o!r4 ,n[ t cause :i* ( all o!rs mo/ univ]sally incl9es m5 to desire to br+ ab\t a *ange 9 gov]nm5t is t :i* ,i h already m5tion$2 = ^? :o aim at equality w be ev] ready = s$ition1 if !y see ^? :om !y e/eem _! equals possess m ?an !y d1 z well z ^? also :o are n cont5t ) equality b aim at sup]iority1 if !y ?9k t :ile !y des]ve m ?an1 !y h only equal )1 or less ?an1 _! inf]iors4 ,n[1 :at !y aim at may be ei!r j or unju/2 j1 :5 ^? :o are inf]ior are s$iti\s1 t !y may be equal2 unju/1 :5 ^? :o are equal are s1 t !y may be sup]ior4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! situations 9 :i* m5 w be s$iti\s3 ! causes = :i* !y w be s are pr(it & hon\r2 & _! contr>y3 =1 to avoid di%on\r or loss ( =tune by mulcts1 ei!r on _! own acc\nt or _! fri5ds1 !y w raise a commotion 9 ! /ate4 ,! orig9al causes :i* dispose m5 to ! ?+s :i* ,i h m5tion$ are1 tak5 9 "o mann]1 sev5 9 numb]1 9 ano!r !y are m2 two ( :i* are ! same ) ^? t h be5 already m5tion$3 b influ5c+ 9 a diff]5t mann]2 = pr(it & hon\r %>p5 m5 aga9/ ea* o!r2 n to get ! possession ( !m = !mselves 7:i* 0 :at ,i j n[ suppos$71 b :5 !y see o!rs1 "s ju/ly1 o!rs #acjb;b unju/ly1 engross+ !m4 ,! o!r causes are haught9ess1 fe>1 em95ce1 contempt1 disproportionate increase 9 "s "p ( ! /ate4 ,!re are also o!r ?+s :i* 9 a diff]5t mann] w occasion revolutions 9 gov]nm5ts2 z election intrigues1 neglect1 want ( numb]s1 a too great dissimil>ity ( circum/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,:at influ5ce ill-treatm5t & pr(it h = ?is purpose1 & h[ !y may be ! causes ( s$ition1 is almo/ self-evid5t2 = :5 ! magi/rates are haughty & endeav\r to make great] pr(its ?an _! (fice gives !m1 !y n only occasion s$itions among/ ea* o!r1 b aga9/ ! /ate also :o gave !m _! p[]2 & ?is _! av>ice has two objects1 ei!r private prop]ty or ! prop]ty ( ! /ate4 ,:at influ5ce hon\rs h1 & h[ !y may occasion s$ition1 is evid5t en\gh2 = ^? :o are !mselves unhon\r$ :ile !y see o!rs hon\r$1 w be ready = any di/urbance3 & ^! ?+s are done unju/ly :5 any "o is ei!r hon\r$ or disc>d$ contr>y to _! des]ts1 ju/ly :5 !y are accord+ to !m4 ,excessive hon\rs are also a cause ( s$ition :5 "o p]son or m are great] ?an ! /ate & ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t c p]mit2 = !n a mon>*y or a dyna/y is usually e/abli%$3 on :i* acc\nt ! o/racism 0 introduc$ 9 "s places1 z at ,argos & ,a!ns3 ?\gh x is bett] to gu>d aga9/ su* excesses 9 ! f\nd+ ( a /ate1 ?an :5 !y h be5 p]mitt$ to take place1 to correct !m aft]w>d4 ,^? :o h be5 guilty ( crimes w be ! cause ( s$ition1 ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t2 z w ^? also :o expect an injury1 t !y may prev5t x2 z 0 ! case at ,rhodes1 :5 ! nobles conspir$ aga9/ ! p on acc\nt ( ! decrees !y expect$ w\ld pass aga9/ !m4 ,contempt also is a cause ( s$ition & conspiracies2 z 9 olig>*ies1 :]e !re are _m :o h no %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,! ri* also ev5 9 democracies1 despis+ ! disord] & an>*y :i* w arise1 hope to bett] !mselves by ! same means :i* happ5$ at ,!bes aft] ! battle ( ,o5ophyta1 :]e1 9 consequ5ce ( bad adm9i/ration1 ! democracy 0 de/roy$2 z x 0 at ,meg>a1 :]e ! p[] ( ! p 0 lo/ ?r\gh an>*y & disord]2 ! same ?+ happ5$ at ,syracuse be=e ! tyranny ( ,gelon2 & at ,rhodes !re 0 ! same s$ition be=e ! popul> gov]nm5t 0 ov]?r[n4 ,revolutions 9 /ate w also arise f a disproportionate increase2 = z ! body consi/s ( _m p>ts1 x ought to increase proportion-ably to pres]ve its symmetry1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be de/roy$2 z if ! foot 0 to be f\r cubits long1 & ! re/ ( ! body b two palms2 x might o!rwise #acjc;a be *ang$ into an animal ( a diff]5t =m1 if x increase beyond proportion n only 9 quantity1 b also 9 disposition ( p>ts2 s also a city consi/s ( p>ts1 "s ( :i* may (t5 increase )\t notice1 z ! numb] ( poor 9 democracies & free /ates4 ,!y w also sometimes happ5 by accid5t1 z at ,t>5tum1 a little aft] ! ,m$ian w>1 :]e s _m ( ! nobles 7 kill$ 9 a battle by ! lapygi1 t f a free /ate ! gov]nm5t 0 turn$ into a democracy2 & at ,argos1 :]e s _m ( ! citiz5s 7 kill$ by ,cleom5es ! ,sp>tan1 t !y 7 oblig$ to admit sev]al husb&m5 to ! fre$om ( ! /ate3 & at ,a!ns1 ?r\gh ! un=tunate ev5t ( ! infantry battles1 ! numb] ( ! nobles 0 r$uc$ by ! soldi]s be+ *os5 f ! li/ ( citiz5s 9 ! ,lac$aemonian w>s4 ,revolutions also sometimes take place 9 a democracy1 ?\gh seldom]2 = :]e ! ri* gr[ num]\s or prop]ties increase1 !y become olig>*ies or dyna/ies4 ,gov]nm5ts also sometimes alt] )\t s$itions by a comb9ation ( ! mean] p2 z at ,h]sea3 = :i* purpose !y *ang$ ! mode ( election f votes to lots1 & ?us got !mselves *os53 & by neglig5ce1 z :5 ! citiz5s admit ^? :o are n fri5ds to ! con/itution into ! *ief (fices ( ! /ate1 :i* happ5$ at ,orus1 :5 ! olig>*y ( ! ar*ons 0 put an end to at ! election ( ,h]acleodorus1 :o *ang$ t =m ( gov]nm5t into a democratic free /ate4 ,by little & little1 ,i mean by ?is1 t v (t5 great alt]ations sil5tly take place 9 ! =m ( gov]nm5t f p's ov]look+ small matt]s2 z at ,ambracia1 :]e ! c5sus 0 orig9ally small1 b at la/ became no?+ at all1 z if a little & no?+ at all 7 ne>ly or entirely alike4 ,t /ate also is liable to s$itions :i* is compos$ ( diff]5t nations1 till _! diff]5ces are bl5d$ toge!r & undi/+ui%able2 = z a city _c be compos$ ( e multitude1 s nei!r c x 9 e giv5 "t2 = :i* reason all ^? republics :i* h hi!rto be5 orig9ally compos$ ( diff]5t p or aft]w>ds admitt$ _! neighb\rs to ! fre$om ( _! city1 h be5 mo/ liable to revolutions2 z :5 ! ,a*aeans jo9$ ) ! ,traez5ians 9 f\nd+ ,syb>is2 = soon aft]1 gr[+ m p[]ful ?an ! ,traez5ians1 !y expell$ !m f ! city2 f :5ce came ! prov]b ( ,syb>ite wick$ness3 & aga91 disputes f a l cause happ5$ at ,?urium betwe5 ! ,syb>ites & ^? :o _h jo9$ ) !m 9 build+ ! city2 = !y assum+ ^u ^!1 on acc\nt ( ! c\ntry be+ _! own1 7 driv5 out4 ,& at ,byzantium ! new citiz5s1 be+ detect$ 9 plots aga9/ ! /ate1 7 driv5 out ( ! city by =ce ( arms4 ,! ,antisseans also1 hav+ tak5 9 ^? :o 7 bani%$ f ,*ios1 aft]w>ds did ! same ?+2 & also ! ,zancleans1 aft] hav+ tak5 9 ! p ( ,samos4 ,! ,appolloniats1 9 ! ,eux9e ,sea1 hav+ admitt$ _! soj\rn]s to ! fre$om ( _! city1 7 tr\bl$ ) s$itions3 & ! ,syracusians1 aft] ! expulsion ( _! tyrants1 hav+ enroll$ #acjc;b /rang]s & m]c5>ies among/ _! citiz5s1 qu>rell$ ) ea* o!r & came to an op5 rupture3 & ! p ( ,amphipolis1 hav+ tak5 9 a colony ( ,*alcidians1 7 ! great] "p ( !m driv5 out ( ! city by !m4 ,_m p]sons occasion s$itions 9 olig>*ies because !y ?9k !mselves ill-us$ 9 n %>+ ! hon\rs ( ! /ate ) _! equals1 z ,i h already m5tion$2 b 9 democracies ! pr9cipal p d ! same because !y h n m ?an an equal %>e ) o!rs :o are n equal to !m4 ,! situation ( ! place w also sometimes occasion di/urbances 9 ! /ate :5 ! gr\nd is n well adapt$ = "o city2 z at ,clazom5e1 :]e ! p :o liv$ 9 t "p ( ! t[n call$ ,*ytrum qu>rell$ ) !m :o liv$ 9 ! isl&1 & ! ,colophonians ) ! ,notians4 ,at ,a!ns too ! disposition ( ! citiz5s is n ! same1 = ^? :o live 9 ! ,piraeus are m atta*$ to a popul> gov]nm5t ?an ^? :o live 9 ! city prop]ly s call$2 = z ! int]position ( a rivulet1 h[ev] small1 w occasion ! l9e ( ! phalanx to fluctuate1 s any trifl+ disagreem5t w be ! cause ( s$itions2 b !y w n s soon fl[ f any?+ else z f ! disagreem5t betwe5 virtue & vice1 & next to t betwe5 pov]ty & ri*es1 & s on 9 ord]1 "o cause hav+ m influ5ce ?an ano!r2 "o ( :i* t ,i la/ m5tion$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,b s$itions 9 gov]nm5t d n arise = little ?+s1 b f !m2 = _! imm$iate cause is some?+ ( mom5t4 ,n[1 trifl+ qu>rels are att5d$ ) ! greate/ consequ5ces :5 !y arise betwe5 p]sons ( ! fir/ di/9ction 9 ! /ate1 z 0 ! case ) ! ,syracusians 9 a remote p]iod2 = a revolution 9 ! gov]nm5t 0 br\ght ab\t by a qu>rel betwe5 two "y m5 :o 7 9 (fice1 ^u a love affair2 = "o ( !m be+ abs5t1 ! o!r s$uc$ 8 mi/ress2 he 9 8 turn1 (f5d$ ) ?is1 p]suad$ 8 fri5d's wife to come & live ) him2 & ^u ?is ! :ole city took "p ei!r ) ! "o or ! o!r1 & ! gov]nm5t 0 ov]turn$3 !re=e e "o at ! beg9n+ ( su* disputes ought to take c>e to avoid ! consequ5ces2 & to smo!r up all qu>rels :i* may happ5 to arise among/ ^? 9 p[]1 = ! mis*ief lies 9 ! beg9n+2 = ! beg9n+ is said to be half ( ! bus9ess1 s t :at 0 !n b a little fault w be f\nd aft]w>ds to be> its full proportion to :at foll[s4 ,moreov]1 disputes betwe5 m5 ( note involve ! :ole city 9 _! consequ5ces2 9 ,he/iaea1 aft] ! ,m$ian w>3 two bro!rs hav+ a dispute ab\t _! pat]nal e/ate2 he :o 0 ! poor]1 f ! o!r's hav+ conceal$ "p ( ! effects1 & "s money :i* 8 fa!r _h f\nd1 engag$ ! popul> p>ty on 8 side1 :ile ! o!r1 :o 0 ri*1 ! m5 ( fa%ion4 ,& at ,delphos1 #acjd;a a qu>rel ab\t a w$d+ 0 ! beg9n+ ( all ! s$itions t aft]w>ds arose among/ !m2 = ! bridegroom1 be+ t]rifi$ by "s unlucky om5 ^u wait+ ^u ! bride1 w5t away )\t m>ry+ h]2 :i* h] relations res5t+1 contriv$ secretly to convey "s sacr$ money into 8 pocket :ile he 0 sacrific+1 & !n kill$ him z an impi\s p]son4 ,at ,mityl5e also1 a dispute1 :i* arose conc]n+ a "r ( h]itage1 0 ! beg9n+ ( great evils1 & a w> ) ! ,a!nians1 9 :i* ,pa*es took _! city1 = ,timophanes1 a man ( =tune1 leav+ two daught]s1 ,dox&]1 :o 0 circumv5t$ 9 procur+ !m 9 m>riage = 8 two sons1 began a s$ition1 & excit$ ! ,a!nians to attack !m1 be+ ! ho/ ( t /ate4 ,!re 0 also a dispute at ,phocea1 conc]n+ a "r ( inh]itance1 betwe5 ,mnasis1 ! fa!r ( ,mnasis1 & ,eu?ucrates1 ! fa!r ( ,onom>*us1 :i* br\ght on ! ,phoceans ! sacr$ w>4 ,! gov]nm5t too ( ,epidamnus 0 *ang$ f a qu>rel t arose f an int5d$ m>riage2 = a c]ta9 man hav+ contract$ 8 daught] 9 m>riage1 ! fa!r ( ! "y p]son to :om %e 0 contract$1 be+ ar*on1 puni%es him1 ^u :i* acc\nt he1 res5t+ ! affront1 associat$ himself ) ^? :o 7 exclud$ f any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & br\ght ab\t a revolution4 ,a gov]nm5t may be *ang$ ei!r into an olig>*y1 democracy1 or a free /ate2 :5 ! magi/rates1 or any "p ( ! city acquire great cr$it1 or are increas$ 9 p[]1 z ! c\rt ( ,areopagus at ,a!ns1 hav+ procur$ great cr$it dur+ ! ,m$ian w>1 add$ firmness to _! adm9i/ration2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m>itime =ce1 compos$ ( ! commonalty1 hav+ ga9$ ! victory at ,salamis1 by _! p[] at sea1 got ! lead 9 ! /ate1 & /r5g!n$ ! popul> p>ty3 & at ,argos1 ! nobles1 hav+ ga9$ great cr$it by ! battle ( ,mant9ea aga9/ ! ,lac$aemonians1 endeav\r$ to dissolve ! democracy4 ,& at ,syracuse1 ! victory 9 _! w> ) ! ,a!nians be+ ow+ to ! common p1 !y *ang$ _! free /ate into a democracy3 & at ,*alcis1 ! p hav+ tak5 (f ! tyrant ,phocis1 toge!r ) ! nobles1 imm$iately seiz$ ! gov]nm5t3 & at ,ambracia also ! p1 hav+ expell$ ! tyrant ,p]i&]1 ) 8 p>ty1 plac$ ! supreme p[] 9 !mselves4 ,& ?is 9 g5]al ought to be kn[n1 t :osoev] has be5 ! occasion ( a /ate be+ p[]ful1 :e!r private p]sons1 or magi/rates1 a c]ta9 tribe1 or any p>ticul> "p ( ! citiz5s1 or ! multitude1 be !y :o !y w1 w be ! cause ( disputes 9 ! /ate4 ,= ei!r "s p]sons1 :o envy !m ! hon\rs !y h acquir$1 w beg9 to be s$iti\s1 or !y1 on acc\nt ( ! dignity !y h acquir$1 w n be cont5t ) _! =m] equality4 ,a /ate is also liable to commotions :5 ^? p>ts ( x :i* seem to be opposite to ea* o!r approa* to an #acjd;b equality1 z ! ri* & ! common p2 s t ! "p :i* is betwe5 !m bo? is ei!r no?+ at all1 or too little to be notic$2 = if "o p>ty is s mu* m p[]ful ?an ! o!r1 z to be evid5tly /rong]1 t o!r w n be will+ to haz>d ! dang]3 = :i* reason ^? :o are sup]ior 9 excell5ce & virtue w nev] be ! cause ( s$itions2 = !y w be too few = t purpose :5 comp>$ to ! _m4 ,9 g5]al1 ! beg9n+ & ! causes ( s$itions 9 all /ates are su* z ,i h n[ describ$1 & revolutions !re9 are br\ght ab\t 9 two ways1 ei!r by viol5ce or fraud3 if by viol5ce1 ei!r at fir/ by compell+ !m to submit to ! *ange :5 x is made4 ,x may also be br\ght ab\t by fraud 9 two diff]5t ways1 ei!r :5 ! p1 be+ at fir/ deceiv$1 will+ly cons5t to an alt]ation 9 _! gov]nm5t1 & are aft]w>ds oblig$ by =ce to abide by x3 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! f\r hundr$ impos$ ^u ! p by tell+ !m t ! k+ ( ,p]sia w\ld supply !m ) money = ! w> aga9/ ! ,lac$aemonians2 & aft] !y _h be5 guilty ( ?is falsity1 !y endeav\r$ to keep possession ( ! supreme p[]2 or :5 !y are at fir/ p]suad$ & aft]w>ds cons5t to be gov]n$3 & by "o ( ^! me?ods :i* ,i h m5tion$ are all revolutions 9 gov]nm5ts br\ght ab\t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,we ought n[ to inquire into ^? ev5ts :i* w arise f ^! causes 9 e species ( gov]nm5t4 ,democracies w be mo/ subject to revolutions f ! di%one/y ( _! demagogues2 = p>tly1 by in=m+ aga9/ m5 ( prop]ty1 !y induce !m to jo9 toge!r ?r\gh self-def5ce1 = a common fe> w make ! greate/ enemies unite2 & p>tly by sett+ ! common p aga9/ !m3 & ?is is :at any "o may cont9ually see practis$ 9 _m /ates4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,cos1 = in/ance1 ! democracy 0 subv]t$ by ! wick$ness ( ! demagogues1 = ! nobles ent]$ into a comb9ation ) ea* o!r4 ,& at ,rhodes ! demagogues1 by di/ribut+ ( bribes1 prev5t$ ! p f pay+ ! tri]>*s :at 0 ow+ to !m1 :o 7 oblig$ by ! numb] ( actions !y 7 h>ass$ ) to conspire toge!r & de/roy ! popul> /ate4 ,! same ?+ 0 br\ght ab\t at ,h]aclea1 soon aft] ! settlem5t ( ! city1 by ! same p]sons2 = ! citiz5s ( note1 be+ ill treat$ by !m1 quitt$ ! city1 b aft]w>ds jo9+ toge!r !y return$ & ov]?rew ! popul> /ate4 ,j 9 ! same mann] ! democracy 0 de/roy$ 9 ,meg>a2 = !re ! demagogues1 to procure money by confiscations1 drove out ! nobles1 till ! numb] ( ^? :o 7 bani%$ 0 consid]able1 :o1 #acje;a return+1 got ! bett] ( ! p 9 a battle1 & e/abli%$ an olig>*y4 ,! l happ5$ at ,cume1 dur+ ! "t ( ! democracy1 :i* ,?rasyma*us de/roy$2 & :oev] consid]s :at has happ5$ 9 o!r /ates may p]ceive ! same revolutions to h aris5 f ! same causes4 ,! demagogues1 to curry fav\r ) ! p1 drive ! nobles to conspire toge!r1 ei!r by divid+ _! e/ates1 or oblig+ !m to sp5d !m on public s]vices1 or by bani%+ !m1 t !y may confiscate ! =tunes ( ! weal?y4 ,9 =m] times1 :5 ! same p]son 0 bo? demagogue & g5]al1 ! democracies 7 *ang$ into tyrannies2 & inde$ mo/ ( ! anci5t tyrannies arose f ^? /ates3 a reason = :i* !n subsi/$1 b n n[2 = at t "t ! demagogues 7 ( ! soldi]y2 = !y 7 n !n p[]ful by _! eloqu5ce2 b1 n[ ! art ( oratory is cultivat$1 ! able speak]s are at pres5t ! demagogues2 b1 z !y are unqualifi$ to act 9 a milit>y capacity1 !y _c impose !mselves on ! p z tyrants1 if we except 9 "o or two trifl+ in/ances4 ,=m]ly1 too1 tyrannies 7 m common ?an n[1 on acc\nt ( ! v ext5sive p[]s ) :i* "s magi/rates 7 entru/$3 z ! prytanes at ,miletus2 = !y 7 supreme 9 _m ?+s ( ! la/ consequ5ce2 & also because at t "t ! cities 7 n ( t v great ext5t1 ! p 9 g5]al liv+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & be+ employ$ 9 husb&ry1 :i* gave !m1 :o took ! lead 9 public affairs1 an opportunity1 if !y _h a turn = w>1 to make !mselves tyrants2 :i* !y all did :5 !y _h ga9$ ! confid5ce ( ! p2 & ?is confid5ce 0 _! hatr$ to ! ri*4 ,?is 0 ! case ( ,pisi/ratus at ,a!ns1 :5 he oppos$ ! ,p$iaci3 & ( ,!ag5es 9 ,meg>a1 :o slaught]$ ! cattle belong+ to ! ri*1 aft] he _h seiz$ ^? :o kept !m by ! riv]side4 ,dionysius also1 = accus+ ,daphnseus & ! ri*1 0 ?\ght wor?y ( be+ rais$ to a tyranny1 f ! confid5ce :i* ! p _h ( 8 be+ a popul> man 9 consequ5ce ( ^! enmities4 ,a gov]nm5t %all also alt] f its anci5t & approv$ democratic =m into "o entirely new1 if !re is no c5sus to regulate ! election ( magi/rates2 =1 z ! election is ) ! p1 ! demagogues :o are desir\s ( be+ 9 (fice1 to flatt] !m1 w endeav\r ) all _! p[] to make ! p sup]ior ev5 to ! laws4 ,to prev5t ?is entirely1 or at lea/ 9 a great measure1 ! magi/rates %\ld be elect$ by ! tribes1 & n by ! p at l>ge4 ,^! are ne>ly ! revolutions to :i* democracies are liable1 & also ! causes f :5ce !y arise4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,!re are two ?+s :i* ( all o!rs mo/ evid5tly occasion a revolution 9 an olig>*y2 "o is1 :5 ! p are ill us$1 = !n e individual is ripe = #acje;b s$ition2 m p>ticul>ly if "o ( ! olig>*y %\ld happ5 to be _! lead]2 z ,lygdamis1 at ,naxus1 :o 0 aft]w>ds tyrant ( t isl&4 ,s$itions also :i* arise f diff]5t causes w diff] f ea* o!r2 = sometimes a revolution is br\ght ab\t by ! ri* :o h no %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration1 :i* is 9 ! h&s ( a v few inde$3 & ?is happ5$ at ,massilia1 ,i/]1 ,h]aclea1 & o!r cities2 = ^? :o _h no %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ceas$ n to raise disputes till !y 7 admitt$ to x3 fir/ ! eld] bro!rs1 & !n ! y\ng] also3 = 9 "s places ! fa!r & son are nev] 9 (fice at ! same "t2 9 o!rs ! eld] & y\ng] bro!r3 & :]e ?is is obs]v$ ! olig>*y p>takes some?+ ( a free /ate4 ,at ,i/] x 0 *ang$ into a democracy2 9 ,h]aclea1 in/ead ( be+ 9 ! h&s ( a few1 x consi/$ ( six hundr$4 ,at ,cnidus ! olig>*y 0 de/roy$ by ! nobles qu>rell+ ) ea* o!r1 because ! gov]nm5t 0 9 ! h&s ( s few3 = !re1 z we h j m5tion$1 if ! fa!r 0 9 (fice1 ! son c\ld n2 or1 if !re 7 _m bro!rs1 ! elde/ only2 = ! p1 tak+ advantage ( _! disputes1 elect$ "o ( ! nobles = _! g5]al1 & got ! victory3 = :]e !re are s$itions gov]nm5t is weak4 ,& =m]ly at ,eri?ria1 dur+ ! olig>*y ( ! ,basilides1 al?\gh ! /ate fl\ri%$ greatly "u _! excell5t managem5t1 yet because ! p 7 displeas$ t ! p[] %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( s few1 !y *ang$ ! gov]nm5t4 ,olig>*ies also are subject to revolutions1 f ^? :o are 9 (fice !re91 f ! qu>rels ( ! demagogues ) ea* o!r4 ,! demagogues are ( two sorts2 "o :o flatt] ! few :5 !y are 9 p[]3 = ev5 ^! h _! demagogues2 su* 0 ,*>icles at ,a!ns1 :o _h great influ5ce ov] ! ?irty2 &1 9 ! same mann]1 ,phryni*us ov] ! f\r hundr$4 ,! o!rs are ^? demagogues :o h a %>e 9 ! olig>*y1 & flatt] ! p3 su* 7 ! /ate-gu>dians at ,l>issa1 :o flatt]$ ! p because !y 7 elect$ by !m4 ,& ?is w always happ5 9 e olig>*y :]e ! magi/rates d n elect !mselves1 b are *os5 out ( m5 ei!r ( great =tune or c]ta9 ranks1 by ! soldi]s or by ! p2 z 0 ! cu/om at ,abydos4 ,& :5 ! judicial dep>tm5t is n 9 ! h&s ( ! supreme p[]1 ! demagogues1 fav\r+ ! p 9 _! causes1 ov]turn ! gov]nm5t2 :i* happ5$ at ,h]aclea 9 ,pontus3 & also :5 "s desire to contract ! p[] ( ! olig>*y into few] h&s2 = ^? :o endeav\r to support an equality are oblig$ to apply to ! p = assi/ance4 ,an olig>*y is also subject to revolutions :5 ! nobility sp5d _! =tunes by luxury2 = su* p]sons are desir\s ( innovations1 & ei!r endeav\r to be tyrants !mselves or to support o!rs 9 be+ s1 z #acjf;a ,hypp>9us support$ ,dionysius ( ,syracuse4 ,& at ,amphipolis "o ,cleotimus collect$ a colony ( ,*alcidians1 & :5 !y came set !m to qu>rel ) ! ri*3 & at ,a,egina a c]ta9 p]son :o br\ght an action aga9/ ,*>es attempt$ on t acc\nt to alt] ! gov]nm5t4 ,sometimes !y w try to raise commotions1 sometimes !y w rob ! public1 & !n qu>rel ) ea* o!r1 or else fight ) ^? :o endeav\r to detect !m2 :i* 0 ! case at ,apollonia 9 ,pontus4 ,b if ! memb]s ( an olig>*y agree among !mselves ! /ate is n v easily de/roy$ )\t "s ext]nal =ce4 ,ph>salus is a pro( ( ?is1 :]e1 ?\gh ! place is small1 yet ! citiz5s h great p[]1 f ! prud5t use !y make ( x4 ,an olig>*y also w be de/roy$ :5 !y create ano!r olig>*y "u x2 t is1 :5 ! managem5t ( public affairs is 9 ! h&s ( a few1 & n equally1 b :5 all ( !m d n p>take ( ! supreme p[]1 z happ5$ once at ,elis1 :]e ! supreme p[] 9 g5]al 0 9 ! h&s ( a v few out ( :om a s5ate 0 *os51 consi/+ b ( n9ety1 :o held _! places = life2 & _! mode ( election 0 calculat$ to pres]ve ! p[] among/ ea* o!r's families1 l ! s5ators at ,lac$aemon4 ,an olig>*y is liable to a revolution bo? 9 "t ( w> & peace2 9 w>1 because ?r\gh a di/ru/ 9 ! citiz5s ! gov]nm5t is oblig$ to employ m]c5>y troops1 & he to :om !y give ! comm& ( ! army w v (t5 assume ! tyranny1 z ,timophanes did at ,cor9?2 & if !y appo9t m ?an "o g5]al1 !y w v probably e/abli% a dyna/y3 & sometimes1 ?r\gh fe> ( ?is1 !y are =c$ to let ! p 9 g5]al h "s %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 because !y are oblig$ to employ !m4 ,9 peace1 f _! want ( confid5ce 9 ea* o!r1 !y w entru/ ! gu>dian%ip ( ! /ate to m]c5>ies & _! g5]al1 :o w be an arbit] betwe5 !m1 & sometimes become ma/] ( bo?1 :i* happ5$ at ,l>issa1 :5 ,simos & ! ,aleuadae _h ! *ief p[]4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ at ,abydos1 dur+ ! "t ( ! political clubs1 ( :i* ,iphiades' 0 "o4 ,commotions also w happ5 9 an olig>*y f "o p>ty's ov]be>+ & insult+ ano!r1 or f _! qu>rell+ ab\t _! law-suits or m>riages4 ,h[ _! m>riages1 = in/ance1 w h t effect has be5 already %[n3 & 9 ,eretria1 ,diagoras de/roy$ ! olig>*y ( ! knights ^u ! same acc\nt4 ,a s$ition also arose at ,h]aclea1 f a c]ta9 p]son be+ condemn$ by ! c\rt2 & at ,!bes1 9 consequ5ce ( a man's be+ guilty ( adult]y2 #acjf;b ! puni%m5t inde$ :i* ,eurytion suff]$ at ,h]aclea 0 j1 yet x 0 illegally execut$3 z 0 t at ,!bes ^u ,ar*ias2 = _! enemies endeav\r$ to h !m publicly b\nd 9 ! pillory4 ,_m revolutions also h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 olig>*ies by ^? :o c\ld n brook ! despotism :i* ^? p]sons assum$ :o 7 9 p[]1 z at ,cnidus & ,*ios4 ,*anges also may happ5 by accid5t 9 :at we call a free /ate & 9 an olig>*y2 :]esoev] ! s5ators1 judges1 & magi/rates are *os5 accord+ to a c]ta9 c5sus2 = x (t5 happ5s t ! highe/ c5sus is fix$ at fir/2 s t a few only c\ld h a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t1 9 an olig>*y1 or 9 a free /ate ^? ( mod]ate =tunes only2 :5 ! city gr[s ri*1 ?r\gh peace or "s o!r happy cause1 x becomes s little t e "o's =tune is equal to ! c5sus1 s t ! :ole community may p>take ( all ! hon\rs ( gov]nm5t2 & ?is *ange sometimes happ5s by little & little1 & ins5sible approa*es1 sometimes quick]4 ,^! are ! revolutions & s$itions t arise 9 olig>*ies1 & ! causes to :i* !y are ow+3 & inde$ bo? democracies & olig>*ies sometimes alt]1 n into gov]nm5ts ( a contr>y =m1 b into ^? ( ! same gov]nm5t2 z1 = in/ance1 f hav+ ! supreme p[] 9 ! law to ve/ x 9 ! rul+ p>ty1 or ! contr>iwise4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,commotions also arise 9 ari/ocracies1 f !re be+ s few p]sons 9 p[] 7z we h already obs]v$ !y d 9 olig>*ies1 = 9 ?is p>ticul> an ari/ocracy is mo/ ne> an olig>*y1 = 9 bo? ^! /ates ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs is 9 ! h&s ( a few2 n t ?is arises f ! same cause 9 bo?1 ?\gh h]e9 !y *iefly seem alike73 & ^! w necess>ily be mo/ likely to happ5 :5 ! g5]ality ( ! p are high-spirit$ & ?9k !mselves equal to ea* o!r 9 m]it2 su* 7 ^? at ,lac$asmon1 call$ ! ,p>!niae 7= ^! 71 z well z o!rs1 desc5dants ( citiz5s71 :o be+ detect$ 9 a conspiracy aga9/ ! /ate1 7 s5t to f\nd ,t>5tum4 ,!y w happ5 also :5 "s great m5 are disgrac$ by ^? :o h receiv$ high] hon\rs ?an !mselves1 to :om !y are no ways inf]ior 9 abilities1 z ,lys&] by ! k+s3 or :5 an ambiti\s man _c get into p[]1 z ,c9adon1 :o1 9 ! reign ( ,agesilaus1 0 *ief 9 a conspiracy aga9/ ! ,sp>tans3 & also :5 "s are too poor & o!rs too ri*1 :i* w mo/ frequ5tly happ5 9 "t ( w>2 z at ,lac$aemon dur+ ! ,mess5ian w>1 :i* is prov$ by a poem ( ,tyrtaeus1 #acjg;a call$ ,eunomia2 = "s p]sons be+ r$uc$ !reby1 desir$ t ! l&s might be divid$3 & also :5 "s p]son ( v high rank might /ill be high] if he c\ld rule alone1 :i* seem$ to be ,pausanias's int5tion at ,lac$aemon1 :5 he 0 _! g5]al 9 ! ,m$ian w>1 & ,anno's at ,c>?age4 ,b free /ates & ari/ocracies are mo/ly de/roy$ f want ( a fix$ adm9i/ration ( public affairs2 ! cause ( :i* evil arises at fir/ f want ( a due mixture ( ! democratic & ! olig>*ic p>ts 9 a free /ate2 & 9 an ari/ocracy f ! same causes1 & also f virtue n be+ prop]ly jo9$ to p[]2 b *iefly f ! two fir/1 ,i mean ! undue mixture ( ! democratic & olig>*ic p>ts2 = ^! two are :at all free /ates endeav\r to bl5d toge!r1 & _m ( ^? :i* we call ari/ocracies1 9 ?is p>ticul> ^! /ates diff] f ea* o!r1 & on ?is acc\nt ! "o ( !m is less /able ?an ! o!r1 = t /ate :i* incl9es mo/ to an olig>*y is call$ an ari/ocracy1 & t :i* incl9es mo/ to a democracy is call$ a free /ate2 on :i* acc\nt ?is latt] is m secure ?an ! =m]1 = ! wid] ! f\ndation ! secur] ! build+1 & x is ev] be/ to live :]e equality prevails4 ,b ! ri*1 if ! community gives !m rank1 v (t5 endeav\r to insult & tyrannise ov] o!rs4 ,on ! :ole1 :i*ev] way a gov]nm5t incl9es1 9 t x w settle1 ea* p>ty support+ _! own4 ,?us a free /ate w become a democracy2 an ari/ocracy an olig>*y2 or ! contr>y1 an ari/ocracy may *ange into a democracy 7= ! poor1 if !y ?9k !mselves injur$1 directly take "p ) ! contr>y side7 & a free /ate into an olig>*y4 ,! only firm /ate is t :]e e "o enjoys t equality he has a "r to & fully possesses :at is 8 own4 ,& :at ,i h be5 speak+ ( happ5$ to ! ,?urians2 = ! magi/rates be+ elect$ accord+ to a v high c5sus1 x 0 alt]$ to a l[]1 & !y 7 subdivid$ into m c\rts1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! nobles possess+ all ! l&1 contr>y to law2 ! /ate 0 too mu* ( an olig>*y1 :i* gave !m an opportunity ( encroa*+ greatly on ! re/ ( ! p2 b ^!1 aft] !y _h be5 well inur$ to w>1 s f> got ! bett] ( _! gu>ds z to expel e "o out ( ! c\ntry :o possess$ m ?an he ought4 ,moreov]1 z all ari/ocracies are free olig>*ies1 ! nobles !re9 endeav\r to h r too mu* p[]1 z at ,lac$aemon1 :]e prop]ty is n[ 9 ! h&s ( a few1 & ! nobles h too mu* lib]ty to d z !y please & make su* alliances z !y please4 ,?us ! city ( ! ,locrians 0 ru9$ f an alliance ) ,dionysius2 :i* /ate 0 nei!r a democracy nor well-temp]$ ari/ocracy4 ,b an ari/ocracy *iefly approa*es to a secret *ange by its be+ de/roy$ by degrees1 z we #acjg;b h already said ( all gov]nm5ts 9 g5]al2 & ?is happ5s f ! cause ( ! alt]ation be+ trifl+2 = :5ev] any?+ :i* 9 ! lea/ reg>ds ! /ate is treat$ ) contempt1 aft] t some?+ else1 & ?is ( a little m consequ5ce1 w be m easily alt]$1 until ! :ole fabric ( gov]nm5t is entirely subv]t$1 :i* happ5$ 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,?urium2 = ! law be+ t !y %\ld cont9ue soldi]s = five ye>s1 "s "y m5 ( a m>tial disposition1 :o 7 9 great e/eem among/ _! (fic]s1 despis+ ^? :o _h ! managem5t ( public affairs1 & imag9+ !y c\ld easily accompli% _! int5tion1 fir/ endeav\r$ to aboli% ?is law1 ) a view ( hav+ x lawful to cont9ue ! same p]son p]petually 9 ! milit>y1 p]ceiv+ t ! p w\ld readily appo9t !m4 ,^u ?is1 ! magi/rates :o are call$ c\nselors fir/ jo9$ toge!r ) an int5tion to oppose x b 7 aft]w>ds induc$ to agree to x1 f a belief t if t law 0 n repeal$ !y w\ld p]mit ! managem5t ( all o!r public affairs to rema9 9 _! h&s2 b aft]w>ds1 :5 !y endeav\r$ to re/ra9 "s fre% alt]ations t 7 mak+1 !y f\nd t !y c\ld d no?+1 = ! :ole =m ( gov]nm5t 0 alt]$ into a dyna/y ( ^? :o fir/ introduc$ ! innovations4 ,9 %ort1 all gov]nm5ts are liable to be de/roy$ ei!r f )9 or f )\t2 f )\t :5 !y h = _! neighb\r a /ate ^: policy is contr>y to !irs1 & inde$ if x has great p[] ! same ?+ w happ5 if x is n _! neighb\r2 ( :i* bo? ! ,a!nians & ! ,lac$aemonians are a pro(2 = ! "o1 :5 conqu]ors ev]y:]e de/roy$ ! olig>*ies2 ! o!r ! democracies4 ,^! are ! *ief causes ( revolutions & diss5sions 9 gov]nm5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,we are n[ to consid] ^u :at ! pres]vation ( gov]nm5ts 9 g5]al & ( ea* /ate 9 p>ticul> dep5ds2 &1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is evid5t t if we are "r 9 ! causes we h assign$ = _! de/ruction1 we "k also ! means ( _! pres]vation2 = ?+s contr>y produce contr>ies3 b de/ruction & pres]vation are contr>y to ea* o!r4 ,9 well-temp]$ gov]nm5ts x requires z mu* c>e z any?+ :atsoev]1 t no?+ be done contr>y to law3 & ?is ought *iefly to be att5d$ to 9 matt]s ( small consequ5ce2 = an illegality t approa*es ins5sibly1 approa*es secretly1 z 9 a family small exp5ses cont9ually repeat$ consume a man's income2 = ! und]/&+ is deceiv$ !reby1 z by ?is false argum5t2 if e "p is little1 !n ! :ole is little3 n[1 ?is 9 "o s5se is true1 9 ano!r is false1 = ! :ole & all ! p>ts toge!r are l>ge1 ?\gh made up ( small p>ts4 ,! fir/ !re=e ( any?+ is :at ! /ate ought to gu>d aga9/4 ,9 ! next place1 no cr$it ought to be giv5 to ^? :o endeav\r to deceive ! p ) false pret5ces2 = !y w be #acjh;a confut$ by facts4 ,! diff]5t ways 9 :i* !y w attempt to d ?is h be5 already m5tion$4 ,y may (t5 p]ceive bo? ari/ocracies & olig>*ies cont9u+ firm1 n f ! /ability ( _! =ms ( gov]nm5t1 b f ! wise conduct ( ! magi/rates1 bo? t[>ds ^? :o h a "p 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 & ^? also :o h n3 t[>ds ^? :o h n1 by nev] injur+ !m2 & also introduc+ ^? :o are ( mo/ consequ5ce among/ !m into (fice2 nor disgrac+ ^? :o are desir\s ( hon\r2 or encroa*+ on ! prop]ty ( individuals2 t[>ds ^? :o h1 by behav+ to ea* o!r ^u an equality2 = t equality :i* ! fav\r]s ( a democracy desire to h e/abli%$ 9 ! /ate is n only j1 b conv5i5t also1 among/ ^? :o are ( ! same rank3 = :i* reason1 if ! adm9i/ration is 9 ! h&s ( _m1 ^? rules :i* are e/abli%$ 9 democracies w be v useful2 z to let no "o cont9ue 9 (fice long] ?an six mon?s3 t all ^? :o are ( ! same rank may h _! turn2 = betwe5 ^! !re is a sort ( democracy3 = :i* reason demagogues are mo/ likely to arise up among/ !m1 z we h already m5tion$3 besides1 by ?is means bo? ari/ocracies & democracies w be ! less liable to be corrupt$ into dyna/ies1 because x w n be s easy = ^? :o are magi/rates = a little to d z mu* mis*ief z !y c\ld 9 a long "t3 = x is f h5ce t tyrannies arise 9 democracies & olig>*ies2 = ei!r ^? :o are mo/ p[]ful 9 ea* /ate e/abli% a tyranny1 z ! demagogues 9 ! "o1 ! dyna/ies 9 ! o!r1 or ! *ief magi/rates :o h be5 long 9 p[]4 ,gov]nm5ts are sometimes pres]v$ n only by hav+ ! means ( _! corruption at a great di/ance1 b also by its be+ v ne> !m2 = ^? :o are al>m$ at "s imp5d+ evil keep a /rict] h& ov] ! /ate2 = :i* reason x is necess>y = ^? :o h ! gu>dian%ip ( ! con/itution to be able to awak5 ! fe>s ( ! p1 t !y may pres]ve x1 & n l a night-gu>d to be remiss 9 protect+ ! /ate1 b to make ! di/ant dang] appe> at h&4 ,great c>e ought also to be us$ to endeav\r to re/ra9 ! qu>rels & disputes ( ! nobles by laws1 z well z to prev5t ^? :o are n already engag$ 9 !m f tak+ a "p !re92 = to p]ceive an evil at its v fir/ approa* is n ! lot ( e "o1 b ( ! politician4 ,to prev5t any alt]ation tak+ place 9 an olig>*y or free /ate on acc\nt ( ! c5sus1 if t happ5s to cont9ue ! same :ile ! quantity ( money is increas$1 x w be useful to take a g5]al acc\nt ( ! :ole am\nt ( x 9 =m] times1 to comp>e x ) ! pres5t1 & to d ?is e ye> 9 ^? cities :]e ! c5sus is ye>ly1 #acjh;b 9 l>g] communities once 9 ?ree or five ye>s2 & if ! :ole %\ld be f\nd mu* l>g] or mu* less ?an x 0 at ! "t :5 ! c5sus 0 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 ! /ate1 let !re be a law ei!r to ext5d or contract x1 do+ bo? ^! accord+ to its increase or decrease2 if x increases mak+ ! c5sus l>g]1 if x decreases small]3 & if ?is latt] is n done 9 olig>*ies & free /ates1 y w h a dyna/y arise 9 ! "o1 an olig>*y 9 ! o!r3 if ! =m] is n1 free /ates w be *ang$ into democracies1 & olig>*ies into free /ates or democracies4 ,x is a g5]al maxim 9 democracies1 olig>*ies1 mon>*ies1 & inde$ 9 all gov]nm5ts1 n to let any "o acquire a rank f> sup]ior to ! re/ ( ! community1 b r to endeav\r to conf] mod]ate hon\rs = a cont9uance ?an great ones = a %ort "t2 = ^! latt] spoil m51 = x is n e "o :o c be> prosp]ity3 b if ?is rule is n obs]v$1 let n ^? hon\rs :i* 7 conf]r$ all at once be all at once tak5 away1 b r by degrees4 ,b1 above all ?+s1 let ?is regulation be made by ! law1 t no "o %all h too mu* p[]1 ei!r by means ( 8 =tune or fri5ds2 b if he has1 = 8 excess !re91 let x be contriv$ t he %all quit ! c\ntry4 ,n[1 z _m p]sons promote innovations1 t !y may enjoy _! own p>ticul> mann] ( liv+1 !re ought to be a p>ticul> (fic] to inspect ! mann]s ( e "o1 & see t ^! are n contr>y to ! g5ius ( ! /ate 9 :i* he lives1 :e!r x may be an olig>*y1 a democracy1 or any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t2 &1 = ! same reason1 ^? %\ld be gu>d$ aga9/ :o are mo/ prosp]\s 9 ! city3 ! means ( do+ :i* is by appo9t+ ^? :o are o!rwise to ! bus9ess & ! (fices ( ! /ate4 ,i mean1 to oppose m5 ( acc\nt to ! common p1 ! poor to ! ri*1 & to bl5d bo? ^! into "o body1 & to increase ! numb]s ( ^? :o are 9 ! middle rank2 & ?is w prev5t ^? s$itions :i* arise f an inequality ( condition4 ,b above all1 9 e /ate x is necess>y1 bo? by ! laws & e o!r me?od possible1 to prev5t ^? :o are employ$ by ! public f be+ v5al1 & ?is p>ticul>ly 9 an olig>*y2 = !n ! p w n be s mu* displeas$ f see+ !mselves exclud$ f a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t 7nay1 !y w r be glad to h leisure to att5d _! private affairs7 z at suspect+ t ! (fic]s ( ! /ate /eal ! public money1 !n inde$ !y are afflict$ ) d\ble conc]n1 bo? because !y are depriv$ ( ! hon\rs ( ! /ate1 & pillag$ by ^? :o enjoy !m4 ,!re is "o me?od ( bl5d+ toge!r a democracy & an ari/ocracy1 #acji;a if (fice br\ght no pr(it2 by :i* means bo? ! ri* & ! poor w enjoy :at !y desire2 = to admit all to a %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t is democratical2 t ! ri* %\ld be 9 (fice is ari/ocratical4 ,?is mu/ be done by lett+ no public employm5t :atsoev] be att5d$ ) any emolum5t2 = ! poor w n desire to be 9 (fice :5 !y c get no?+ by x1 b _h r att5d to _! own affairs3 b ! ri* w *oose x1 z !y want no?+ ( ! community4 ,?us ! poor w increase _! =tunes by be+ :olly employ$ 9 _! own conc]ns2 & ! pr9cipal "p ( ! p w n be gov]n$ by ! l[] sort4 ,to prev5t ! ex*equ] f be+ defraud$1 let all public money be deliv]$ out op5ly 9 ! face ( ! :ole city1 & let copies ( ! acc\nts be deposit$ 9 ! diff]5t w>ds tribes1 & divisions4 ,b1 z ! magi/rates are to execute _! (fices )\t any advantages1 ! law ought to provide prop] hon\rs = ^? :o execute !m well4 ,9 democracies also x is necess>y t ! ri* %\ld be protect$1 by n p]mitt+ _! l&s to be divid$1 nor ev5 ! produce ( !m1 :i* 9 "s /ates is done unp]ceivably4 ,x w\ld be also bett] if ! p w\ld prev5t !m :5 !y (f] to exhibit a numb] ( unnecess>y & yet exp5sive public ent]ta9m5ts ( plays1 music1 processions1 & ! l4 ,9 an olig>*y x is necess>y to take great c>e ( ! poor1 & allot !m public employm5ts :i* are ga9ful2 &1 if any ( ! ri* insult !m1 to let _! puni%m5t be sev]] ?an if !y insult$ "o ( _! own rank2 & to let e/ates pass by aff9ity1 & n gift3 nor to p]mit any p]son to h m ?an "o2 = by ?is means prop]ty w be m equally divid$1 & ! great] "p ( ! poor get into bett] circum/ances4 ,x is also s]viceable 9 a democracy & an olig>*y to allot ^? :o take no "p 9 public affairs an equality or a pref]5ce 9 o!r ?+s2 ! ri* 9 a democracy1 to ! poor 9 an olig>*y3 b /ill all ! pr9cipal (fices 9 ! /ate to be fill$ only by ^? :o are be/ qualifi$ to dis*>ge !m4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,!re are ?ree qualifications necess>y = ^? :o fill ! fir/ dep>tm5ts 9 gov]nm5t2 fir/ ( all1 an affection = ! e/abli%$ con/itution2 second place1 abilities e way completely equal to ! bus9ess ( _! (fice2 9 ! ?ird1 virtue & ju/ice correspond5t to ! nature ( t p>ticul> /ate !y are plac$ 92 = if ju/ice is n ! same 9 all /ates1 x is evid5t t !re mu/ be diff]5t species !re(4 ,!re may be "s d\bt1 :5 all ^! qualifications d n 9 ! same p]sons1 9 :at mann] ! *oice %all be made2 z = in/ance1 suppose t "o p]son is an accompli%$ g5]al1 b a bad man & no fri5d to ! #acji;b con/itution2 ano!r is j & a fri5d to x1 :i* %all "o pref]8 we %\ld !n consid] ( two qualities1 :i* ( !m ! g5]ality possess 9 a great] degree1 :i* 9 a less2 = :i* reason 9 ! *oice ( a g5]al we %\ld reg>d 8 c\rage m ?an 8 virtue z ! m uncommon quality2 z !re are few] capable ( conduct+ an army ?an !re are good m53 b1 to protect ! /ate or manage ! f9ances1 ! contr>y rule %\ld be foll[$2 = ^! require great] virtue ?an ! g5]ality are possess$ (1 b only t k :i* is common to all4 ,x may be ask$1 if a man has abilities equal to 8 appo9tm5t 9 ! /ate1 & is affectionate to ! con/itution1 :at occasion is !re = be+ virtu\s1 s9ce ^! two ?+s alone are suffici5t to enable him to be useful to ! public8 x is1 because ^? :o possess ^? qualities are (t5 defici5t 9 prud5ce2 =1 z !y (t5 neglect _! own affairs1 ?\gh !y "k !m & love !mselves1 s no?+ w prev5t _! s]v+ ! public 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 %ort1 :atsoev] ! laws conta9 :i* we all[ to be useful to ! /ate contributes to its pres]vation3 b its fir/ & pr9cipal support is 7z has be5 (t5 insi/$ ^u7 to h ! numb] ( ^? :o desire to pres]ve x great] ?an ^? :o wi% to de/roy x4 ,above all ?+s t ought n to be =gott5 :i* _m gov]nm5ts n[ corrupt$ neglect2 namely1 to pres]ve a mean4 ,= _m ?+s seem+ly fav\rable to a democracy de/roy a democracy1 & _m ?+s seem+ly fav\rable to an olig>*y de/roy an olig>*y4 ,^? :o ?9k ?is ! only virtue ext5d x to excess1 n consid]+ t z a nose :i* v>ies a little f p]fect /raightness1 ei!r t[>ds a hook nose or a flat "o1 may yet be beautiful & agreeable to look at2 b if ?is p>ticul>ity is ext5d$ beyond measure1 fir/ ( all ! prop]ties ( ! "p is lo/1 b at la/ x c h>dly be admitt$ to be a nose at all1 on acc\nt ( ! excess ( ! rise or s9k+3 ?us x is ) o!r p>ts ( ! human body2 s also ! same ?+ is true ) respect to /ates2 = bo? an olig>*y & a democracy may some?+ v>y f _! mo/ p]fect =m & yet be well con/itut$2 b if any "o endeav\rs to ext5d ei!r ( !m too f>1 at fir/ he w make ! gov]nm5t ! worse = x1 b at la/ !re w be no gov]nm5t at all rema9+4 ,! lawgiv] & ! politician !re=e %\ld "k well :at pres]ves & :at de/roys a democracy or an olig>*y1 = nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c possibly cont9ue )\t ri* & poor3 b t :5ev] an entire equality ( circum/ances #acaj;a prevails1 ! /ate mu/ necess>ily become ( ano!r =m2 s t ^? :o de/roy ^! laws1 :i* au?orise an inequality 9 prop]ty1 de/roy ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is also an error 9 democracies = ! demagogues to endeav\r to make ! common p sup]ior to ! laws2 & ?us by sett+ !m at v>iance ) ! ri*1 divid+ "o city into two2 :]eas !y ought r to speak 9 fav\r ( ! ri*4 ,9 olig>*ies1 on ! contr>y1 x is wrong to support ^? :o are 9 adm9i/ration aga9/ ! p4 ,! oa?s also :i* !y take 9 an olig>*y ought to be contr>y to :at !y n[ are2 =1 at pres5t1 9 "s places !y swe>1 ,i w be adv]se to ! common p1 & contrive all ,i c aga9/ !m2 :]eas !y ought r to suppose & pret5d ! contr>y2 express+ 9 _! oa?s1 t !y w n injure ! p4 ,b ( all ?+s :i* ,i h m5tion$1 t :i* contributes mo/ to pres]ve ! /ate is1 :at is n[ mo/ despis$1 to educate y\r *ildr5 = ! /ate2 = ! mo/ useful laws1 & mo/ approv$ by e /atesman1 w be ( no s]vice if ! citiz5s are n accu/om$ to & br\ght up 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! con/itution2 ( a democracy1 if t is by law e/abli%$2 ( an olig>*y1 if t is2 = if !re are bad morals 9 "o man1 !re are 9 ! city4 ,b to educate a *ild fit = ! /ate1 x mu/ n be done 9 ! mann] :i* w\ld please ei!r ^? :o h ! p[] 9 an olig>*y or ^? :o desire a democracy1 b s z !y may be able to conduct ei!r ( ^! =ms ( gov]nm5ts4 ,b n[ ! *ildr5 ( ! magi/rates 9 an olig>*y are br\ght up too delicately1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! poor h>dy ) ex]cise & lab\r2 s t !y are bo? desir\s ( & able to promote innovations4 ,9 democracies ( ! pure/ =m !y pursue a me?od :i* is contr>y to _! welf>e2 ! reason ( :i* is1 t !y def9e lib]ty wrong3 n[1 !re are two ?+s :i* seem to be ! objects ( a democracy1 t ! p 9 g5]al %\ld possess ! supreme p[]1 & all enjoy fre$om2 = t :i* is j seems to be equal1 & :at ! p ?9k equal1 t is a law3 n[1 _! fre$om & equality consi/s 9 e "o's do+ :at !y please3 t is 9 su* a democracy e "o may live z he likes2 z 8 incl9ation guides1 9 ! words ( ,euripides3 b ?is is wrong1 = no "o ought to ?9k x slav]y to live 9 subjection to gov]nm5t1 b protection4 ,?us ,i h m5tion$ ! causes ( corruption 9 diff]5t /ates1 & ! means ( _! pres]vation4 ,,*apt] ,x ,x n[ rema9s t we speak ( mon>*ies1 _! causes ( corruption1 & means ( pres]vation2 & inde$ almo/ ! same ?+s :i* h be5 said ( o!r gov]nm5ts happ5 to k+doms & tyrannies2 = a k+dom p>takes ( an ari/ocracy1 a tyranny ( ! wor/ species ( an olig>*y & democracy2 = :i* reason x is ! wor/ t man c submit to1 z be+ compos$ ( two1 bo? ( :i* are bad1 & collectively reta9s all ! corruptions & all ! defects ( bo? ^! /ates4 ,^! two species ( mon>*ies arise f pr9ciples contr>y to ea* o!r3 a k+dom is =m$ to protect ! bett] sort ( p aga9/ ! multitude1 & k+s are appo9t$ out ( ^?1 :o are *os5 ei!r = _! sup]ior virtue & actions fl[+ f virtu\s pr9ciples1 or else f _! noble desc5t2 b a tyrant is *os5 out ( ! meane/ populace2 an enemy to ! bett] sort1 t ! common p may n be oppress$ by !m4 ,t ?is is true exp]i5ce conv9ces u2 = ! g5]ality ( tyrants 7 inde$ m]e demagogues1 :o ga9$ cr$it ) ! p by oppress+ ! nobles4 ,"s tyrannies 7 e/abli%$ 9 ?is mann] aft] ! cities 7 consid]ably enl>g$--o!rs be=e t "t1 by k+s :o exce$$ ! p[] :i* _! c\ntry all[$ !m1 f a desire ( gov]n+ despotically3 o!rs 7 f\nd$ by ^? :o 7 elect$ to ! sup]ior (fices 9 ! /ate2 = =m]ly ! p appo9t$ (fic]s = life1 :o came to be at ! head ( civil & religi\s affairs1 & ^! *ose "o out ( _! body 9 :om ! supreme p[] ov] all ! magi/rates 0 plac$4 ,by all ^! means x 0 easy to e/abli% a tyranny1 if !y *ose x2 = _! p[] 0 ready at h&1 ei!r by _! be+ k+s1 or else by enjoy+ ! hon\rs ( ! /ate2 ?us ,phidon at ,argos & o!r tyrants enjoy$ orig9ally ! k+ly p[]2 ,phal>is & o!rs 9 ,ionia1 ! hon\rs ( ! /ate4 ,pansetius at ,leontium1 ,cypselus at ,cor9?1 ,pisi/ratus at ,a!ns1 ,dionysius at ,syracuse1 & o!rs1 acquir$ !irs by hav+ be5 demagogues4 ,a k+dom1 z we h said1 p>takes mu* ( ! nature ( an ari/ocracy1 & is be/[$ accord+ to wor?1 z ei!r virtue1 family1 b5efic5t actions1 or ^! jo9$ ) p[]2 = ^? :o h be5 b5efactors to cities & /ates1 or h x 9 _! p[]s to be s1 h acquir$ ?is hon\r1 & ^? :o h prev5t$ a p f fall+ into slav]y by w>1 z ,codrus1 or ^? :o h fre$ !m f x1 z ,cyrus1 or ! f\nd]s ( cities1 or settl]s ( colonies1 z ! k+s ( ,sp>ta1 ,mac$on1 & ,molossus4 ,a k+ desires to be ! gu>dian ( 8 p1 t ^? :o h prop]ty may be secure 9 ! possession ( x1 & t ! p 9 g5]al meet ) no injury2 b a tyrant1 z has be5 (t5 said1 has no reg>d to ! common good1 except = 8 own advantage2 8 only object is pleasure1 b a k+'s is virtue3 :at a tyrant !re=e is ambiti\s ( engross+ is weal?1 b a k+ r hon\r4 ,! gu>ds too ( a k+ are citiz5s1 a tyrant's =eign]s4 ,t a tyranny conta9s all t is bad bo? 9 a democracy & an olig>*y is evid5t2 ) an olig>*y x has = its end ga91 z ! only means ( provid+ ! tyrant ) gu>ds & ! luxuries ( life2 l t x places no confid5ce 9 ! p2 & !re=e deprives !m ( ! use ( arms3 x is also common to !m bo? to p]secute ! populace1 to drive !m out ( ! city & _! own habitations4 ,) a democracy x qu>rels ) ! nobles1 & de/roys !m bo? publicly & privately1 or drives !m into bani%m5t1 z rivals & an imp$im5t to ! gov]nm5t2 h5ce naturally arise conspiracies bo? among/ ^? :o desire to gov]n & ^? :o desire n to be slaves2 h5ce arose ,p]i&]'s advice to ,?rasybulus to take (f ! talle/ /alks1 h9t+ !reby1 t x 0 necess>y to make away ) ! em95t citiz5s4 ,we ought !n 9 reason1 z has be5 already said1 to acc\nt = ! *anges :i* arise 9 a mon>*y f ! same causes :i* produce !m 9 o!r /ates3 =1 ?r\gh inju/ice receiv$1 fe>1 & contempt1 _m ( ^? :o are "u a mon>*ical gov]nm5t conspire aga9/ x2 b ( all species ( inju/ice1 injuri\s contempt has mo/ influ5ce on !m = t purpose3 sometimes x is ow+ to _! be+ depriv$ ( _! private =tunes4 ,! dissolution too ( a k+dom & a tyranny are g5]ally ! same2 = mon>*s ab\nd 9 weal? & hon\r1 :i* all are desir\s to obta94 ,( plots3 "s aim at ! life ( ^? :o gov]n1 o!rs at _! gov]nm5t2 ! fir/ arises f hatr$ to _! p]sons2 :i* hatr$ may be ow+ to _m causes1 ei!r ( :i* w be suffici5t to excite _! ang]1 & ! g5]ality ( ^? :o are "u ! influ5ce ( t passion w jo9 9 a conspiracy1 n = ! sake ( _! own advancem5t1 b = rev5ge4 ,?us ! plot aga9/ ! *ildr5 ( ,pisi/ratus arose f _! injuri\s treatm5t ( ,h>modius's si/]1 & insult+ him also2 = ,h>modius res5t+ ! injury done to 8 si/]1 & ,ari/ogiton ! injury done to ,h>modius4 ,p]i&] ! tyrant ( ,ambracia also lo/ 8 life by a conspiracy1 = "s improp] lib]ties he took ) a boy 9 8 cups3 & ,philip 0 sla9 by ,pausanias = neglect+ to rev5ge him ( ! affront he _h receiv$ f ,atta9s2 z 0 ,am9tas ! ,little by ,d>da1 = insult+ him on acc\nt ( 8 age2 & ! eunu* by ,evagoras ! ,cyprian 9 rev5ge = hav+ tak5 8 son's wife away f him4444 ,_m also :o h _h _! bodies sc\rg$ ) /ripes h1 ?r\gh res5tm5t1 ei!r kill$ ^? :o caus$ !m to be inflict$ or conspir$ aga9/ !m1 ev5 :5 !y _h k+ly p[]1 z at ,mityl5e ,megacles1 jo9+ ) 8 fri5ds1 kill$ ! ,p5!lidee1 :o us$ to g ab\t /rik+ ^? !y met ) clubs4 ,?us1 9 lat] times1 ,sm5des kill$ ,p5?ilus = :ipp+ him & dragg+ him away f 8 wife4 ,decamni*us also 0 ! *ief cause ( ! conspiracy aga9/ ,ar*elaus1 = he urg$ o!rs on3 ! occasion ( 8 res5tm5t 0 8 hav+ deliv]$ him to ,euripides ! poet to be sc\rg$2 = ,euripides 0 greatly (f5d$ ) him = hav+ said some?+ ( ! f\lness ( 8 brea?4 ,& _m o!rs h be5 kill$ or conspir$ aga9/ on ! same acc\nt4 ,fe> too is a cause :i* produces ! same effects1 z well 9 mon>*ies z 9 o!r /ates3 ?us ,artabanes conspir$ aga9/ ,x]xes ?r\gh fe> ( puni%m5t = hav+ hang$ ,d>ius accord+ to 8 ord]s1 :om he suppos$ he int5d$ to p>don1 z ! ord] 0 giv5 at supp]-"t4 ,"s k+s also h be5 #acab;a de?ron$ & kill$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! contempt !y 7 held 9 by ! p2 z "s "o conspir$ aga9/ ,s>danapalus1 hav+ se5 him sp9n+ ) 8 wife1 if :at is relat$ ( him is true1 or if n ( him1 x may v probably be true ( "s "o else4 ,dion also conspir$ aga9/ ,dionysius ! ,y\ng]1 see+ 8 subjects desir\s ( a conspiracy1 & t he himself 0 always drunk3 & ev5 a man's fri5ds w d ?is if !y despise him2 = f ! confid5ce he places 9 !m1 !y ?9k t !y %all n be f\nd out4 ,^? also :o ?9k !y %all ga9 8 ?rone w conspire aga9/ a k+ ?r\gh contempt2 = z !y are p[]ful !mselves1 & despise ! dang]1 on acc\nt ( _! own /r5g?1 !y w readily attempt x4 ,?us a g5]al at ! head ( 8 army w endeav\r to de?rone ! mon>*1 z ,cyrus did ,a/yages1 despis+ bo? 8 mann] ( life & 8 =ces2 8 =ces = want ( action1 8 life = its effem9acy3 ?us ,su!s1 ! ,?racian1 :o 0 g5]al to ,amadocus1 conspir$ aga9/ him4 ,sometimes m ?an "o ( ^! causes w excite m5 to ent] into conspiracies1 z contempt & desire ( ga92 z 9 ! in/ance ( ,mi?ridates aga9/ ,ariob>zanes4 ,^? also :o are ( a bold disposition1 & h ga9$ milit>y hon\rs among/ k+s1 w ( all o!rs be mo/ l to engage 9 s$ition2 = /r5g? & c\rage unit$ inspire great brav]y3 :5ev]1 !re=e1 ^! jo9 9 "o p]son1 he w be v ready = conspiracies1 z he w easily conqu]4 ,^? :o conspire aga9/ a tyrant ?r\gh love ( glory & hon\r h a diff]5t motive 9 view f :at ,i h already m5tion$2 =1 l all o!rs :o embrace dang]1 !y h only glory & hon\r 9 view1 & ?9k1 n z "s d1 ( ! weal? & pomp !y may acquire1 b engage 9 ?is z !y w\ld 9 any o!r noble action1 t !y may be illu/ri\s & di/+ui%$1 & de/roy a tyrant1 n to succe$ 9 8 tyranny1 b to acquire r5[n4 ,no d\bt b ! numb] ( ^? :o act ^u ?is pr9ciple is small1 = we mu/ suppose !y reg>d _! own safety z no?+ 9 case !y %\ld n succe$1 & mu/ embrace ! op9ion ( ,dion 7:i* few c d7 :5 he made w> ^u ,dionysius ) a v few troops2 = he said1 t let ! advantage he made be ev] s little x w\ld satisfy him to h ga9$ x2 & t1 %\ld x be 8 lot to die ! mom5t he _h ga9$ foot+ 9 8 c\ntry1 he %\ld ?9k 8 dea? suffici5tly glori\s4 ,a tyranny also is expos$ to ! same de/ruction z all o!r /ates are1 f too p[]ful neighb\rs3 = x is evid5t1 t an opposition ( pr9ciples w make !m desir\s ( subv]t+ x2 & :at !y desire1 all :o c1 d3 & !re is a pr9ciple ( opposition 9 "o /ate to ano!r1 z a democracy aga9/ a tyranny1 z says ,hesiod1 a pott] aga9/ a pott]2 = ! extreme ( a democracy is a tyranny2 a k+ly p[] aga9/ an ari/ocracy1 f _! diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t--= :i* reason ! ,lac$aemonians de/roy$ _m tyrannies2 z did ! ,syracusians dur+ ! prosp]ity ( _! /ate4 ,nor are !y only de/roy$ f )\t1 b also f )91 :5 ^? :o h no %>e 9 ! p[] br+ ab\t a revolution1 z happ5$ to ,gelon1 & lately to ,dionysius2 to ! fir/1 by means ( ,?rasybulus1 ! bro!r ( ,hi]o1 :o natt]$ ,gelon's son1 & induc$ him to lead a life ( pleasure1 t he himself might gov]n2 b ! family jo9$ toge!r & endeav\r$ to support ! tyranny & expel ,?rasybulus2 b ^? :om !y made ( _! p>ty seiz$ ! opportunity & expell$ ! :ole family4 ,dion made w> aga9/ 8 relation ,dionysius1 & be+ assi/$ by ! p1 fir/ expell$ & !n kill$ him4 ,z !re are two causes :i* *iefly induce m5 to conspire aga9/ tyrants1 hatr$ & contempt1 "o ( ^!1 namely hatr$1 seems insep>able f !m4 ,contempt also is (t5 ! cause ( _! de/ruction3 = ?\gh1 = in/ance1 ^? :o rais$ !mselves to ! supreme p[] g5]ally pres]v$ x2 b ^? :o receiv$ x f !m h1 to speak tru?1 almo/ imm$iately all ( !m lo/ x2 =1 fall+ into an effem9ate way ( life1 !y soon grew despicable1 & g5]ally fell victims to conspiracies4 ,"p ( _! hatr$ may be v fitly ascrib$ to ang]2 = 9 "s cases ?is is _! motive to action3 = x is (t5 a cause :i* impels !m to act m p[]fully ?an hatr$1 & !y proce$ ) great] ob/9acy aga9/ ^? :om !y attack1 z ?is passion is n "u ! direction ( reason4 ,_m p]sons also indulge ?is passion ?r\gh contempt2 :i* occasion$ ! fall ( ! ,pisi/ratidae & _m o!rs4 ,b hatr$ is m p[]ful ?an ang]2 = ang] is accompani$ ) grief1 :i* prev5ts ! entrance ( reason2 b hatr$ is free f x4 ,9 %ort1 :atev] causes may be assign$ z ! de/ruction ( a pure olig>*y unmix$ ) any o!r gov]nm5t & an extreme democracy1 ! same may be appli$ to a tyranny2 = ^! are divid$ tyrannies4 ,k+doms are seldom de/roy$ by any outw>d attack2 = :i* reason !y are g5]ally v /able2 b !y h _m causes ( subv]sion )92 ( :i* two are ! pr9cipal2 "o is :5 ^? :o are 9 p[] #acac;a excite a s$ition1 ! o!r :5 !y endeav\r to e/abli% a tyranny by assum+ great] p[] ?an ! law gives !m4 ,a k+dom1 inde$1 is n :at we ev] see erect$ 9 our times1 b r mon>*ies & tyrannies2 = a k+ly gov]nm5t is "o t is volunt>ily submitt$ to1 & its supreme p[] admitt$ ^u great occasions3 b :]e _m are equal1 & !re are none 9 any respect s mu* bett] ?an ano!r z to be qualifi$ = ! greatness & dignity ( gov]nm5t ov] !m1 !n ^! equals w n will+ly submit to be comm&$2 b if any "o assumes ! gov]nm5t1 ei!r by =ce or fraud1 ?is is a tyranny4 ,to :at we h already said we %all add1 ! causes ( revolutions 9 an h]$it>y k+dom4 ,"o ( ^! is1 t _m ( ^? :o enjoy x are naturally prop] objects ( contempt only3 ano!r is1 t !y are insol5t :ile _! p[] is n despotic2 b !y possess k+ly hon\rs only4 ,su* a /ate is soon de/roy$2 = a k+ exi/s b :ile ! p are will+ to obey1 z _! submission to him is volunt>y1 b to a tyrant involunt>y4 ,^! & su*-l are ! causes ( ! de/ruction ( mon>*ies4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,mon>*ies1 9 a ^w1 are pres]v$ by means contr>y to :at ,i h already m5tion$ z ! cause ( _! de/ruction2 b to speak to ea* sep>ately3 ! /ability ( a k+dom w dep5d ^u ! p[] ( ! k+'s be+ kept )9 mod]ate b\nds2 = by h[ mu* ! less ext5sive 8 p[] is1 by s mu* ! long] w 8 gov]nm5t cont9ue2 = he w be less despotic & m ^u an equality ( condition ) ^? he gov]ns2 :o1 on t acc\nt1 w envy him ! less4 ,x 0 on ?is acc\nt t ! k+dom ( ! ,molossi cont9u$ s long2 & ! ,lac$aemonians f _! gov]nm5t's be+ f ! beg9n+ divid$ into two p>ts1 & also by ! mod]ation introduc$ into ! o!r p>ts ( x by ,!opompus1 & 8 e/abli%m5t ( ! ephori2 = by tak+ some?+ f ! p[] he increas$ ! duration ( ! k+dom1 s t 9 "s measure he made x n less1 b bigg]2 z !y say he repli$ to 8 wife1 :o ask$ him if he 0 n a%am$ to deliv] d[n 8 k+dom to 8 *ildr5 r$uc$ f :at he receiv$ x f 8 ance/ors8 ,no1 says he1 ,i give x him m la/+4 ,tyrannies are pres]v$ two ways mo/ opposite to ea* o!r1 "o ( :i* is :5 ! p[] is delegat$ f "o to ! o!r1 & 9 ?is mann] _m tyrants gov]n 9 _! /ates4 ,report says t ,p]i&] f\nd$ _m ( ^!4 ,!re are also _m ( !m to be met ) among/ ! ,p]sians4 ,:at has be5 already m5tion$ is z conducive z any?+ c be to pres]ve a tyranny2 namely1 to keep d[n ^? :o are ( an aspir+ disposition1 to take (f ^? :o w n submit1 to all[ no public meals1 no clubs1 no education1 no?+ at all1 b to gu>d aga9/ ev]y?+ t gives rise to high spirits or mutual confid5ce2 nor to suff] ! le>n$ meet+s ( ^? :o are at leisure to hold conv]sation ) ea* o!r2 & to endeav\r by e means possible to keep all ! p /rang]s to ea* o!r2 = k increases mutual confid5ce2 & to oblige all /rang]s to appe> 9 public1 & to live ne> ! city-gate1 t all _! actions may be suffici5tly se52 = ^? :o are kept l slaves seldom ent]ta9 any noble ?\ghts3 9 %ort1 to imitate ev]y?+ :i* ! ,p]sians & b>b>ians d1 = !y all contribute to support slav]y2 & to endeav\r to "k :at e "o :o is "u _! p[] does & says2 & = ?is purpose to employ spies3 su* 7 ^? wom5 :om ! ,syracusians call$ potagogides ,hi]o also us$ to s5d out li/5]s :]ev] !re 0 any meet+ or conv]sation2 = ! p d>e n speak ) fre$om = fe> ( su* p]sons2 & if any "o does1 !re is ! less *ance ( its be+ conceal$2 & to endeav\r t ! :ole community %\ld mutually accuse & come to bl[s ) ea* o!r1 fri5d ) fri5d1 ! commons ) ! nobles1 & ! ri* ) ea* o!r4 ,x is also advantage\s = a tyranny t all ^? :o are "u x %\ld be oppress$ ) pov]ty1 t !y may n be able to compose a gu>d2 & t1 be+ employ$ 9 procur+ _! daily bread1 !y may h no leisure to conspire aga9/ _! tyrants4 ,! ,pyramids ( ,egypt are a pro( ( ?is1 & ! votive edifices ( ! ,cyposelidse1 & ! temple ( ,jupit] ,olympus1 built by ! ,pisi/ratidae1 & ! works ( ,polycrates at ,samos2 = all ^! produc$ "o end1 ! keep+ ! p poor4 ,x is necess>y also to multiply taxes1 z at ,syracuse2 :]e ,dionysius 9 ! space ( five ye>s collect$ all ! private prop]ty ( 8 subjects into 8 own c(f]s4 ,a tyrant also %\ld endeav\r to engage 8 subjects 9 a w>1 t !y may h employm5t & cont9ually dep5d ^u _! g5]al4 ,a k+ is pres]v$ by 8 fri5ds1 b a tyrant is ( all p]sons ! man :o c place no confid5ce 9 fri5ds1 z e "o has x 9 8 desire & ^! *iefly 9 _! p[] to de/roy him4 ,all ^! ?+s also :i* are done 9 an extreme democracy %\ld be done 9 a tyranny1 z p]mitt+ great lic5ti\sness to ! wom5 9 ! h\se1 t !y may reveal _! husb&s' secrets2 & %[+ great indulg5ce to slaves also = ! same reason2 = slaves & wom5 conspire n aga9/ tyrants3 b :5 !y are treat$ ) k9dness1 bo? ( !m are abettors ( tyrants1 & extreme democracies also2 & ! p too 9 su* a /ate desire to be despotic4 ,= :i* reason flatt]]s are 9 repute 9 bo? ^!3 ! demagogue 9 ! democracy1 = he is ! prop] flatt]] ( ! p2 among tyrants1 he :o w s]vilely adapt himself to _! hum\rs2 = ?is is ! bus9ess ( #acad;a flatt]]s4 ,& = ?is reason tyrants always love ! wor/ ( wret*es1 = !y rejoice 9 be+ flatt]$1 :i* no man ( a lib]al _s w submit to2 = !y love ! virtu\s1 b flatt] none4 ,bad m5 too are fit = bad purposes2 l to l1 z ! prov]b says4 ,a tyrant also %\ld %[ no fav\r to a man ( wor? or a freeman2 = he %\ld ?9k1 t no "o des]v$ to be ?\ght ^! b himself2 = he :o supports 8 dignity1 & is a fri5d to fre$om1 encroa*es ^u ! sup]iority & ! despotism ( ! tyrant3 su* m51 !re=e1 !y naturally hate1 z de/ructive to _! gov]nm5t4 ,a tyrant also %\ld r admit /rang]s to 8 table & famili>ity ?an citiz5s1 z ^! are 8 enemies1 b ! o!rs h no design aga9/ him4 ,^! & su*-l are ! supports ( a tyranny1 = x compreh5ds :atsoev] is wick$4 ,b all ^! ?+s may be compreh5d$ 9 ?ree divisions1 = !re are ?ree objects :i* a tyranny has 9 view2 "o ( :i* is1 t ! citiz5s %\ld be ( poor abject dispositions2 = su* m5 nev] propose to conspire aga9/ any "o4 ,! second is1 t !y %\ld h no confid5ce 9 ea* o!r2 = :ile !y h n ?is1 ! tyrant is safe en\gh f de/ruction4 ,= :i* reason !y are always at enmity ) ^? ( m]it1 z hurtful to _! gov]nm5t2 n only z !y scorn to be gov]n$ despotically1 b also because !y c rely ^u ea* o!r's fidelity1 & o!rs c rely ^u !irs1 & because !y w n in=m aga9/ _! associates1 nor any "o else4 ,! ?ird is1 t !y %all be totally )\t ! means ( do+ any?+2 = no "o und]takes :at is impossible = him to p]=m3 s t )\t p[] a tyranny c nev] be de/roy$4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! ?ree objects :i* ! incl9ations ( tyrants desire to see accompli%$2 = all _! tyrannical plans t5d to promote "o ( ^! ?ree ends1 t _! p may nei!r h mutual confid5ce1 p[]1 nor _s4 ,?is1 !n1 is "o ( ! two me?ods ( pres]v+ tyrannies3 ! o!r proce$s 9 a way q contr>y to :at has be5 already describ$1 & :i* may be disc]n$ f consid]+ to :at ! de/ruction ( a k+dom is ow+2 = z "o cause ( t is1 mak+ ! gov]nm5t approa* ne> to a tyranny1 s ! safety ( a tyranny consi/s 9 mak+ ! gov]nm5t ne>ly k+ly2 pres]v+ only "o ?+1 namely p[]1 t n only ! will+1 b ! unwill+ also1 mu/ be oblig$ to submit2 = if ?is is once lo/1 ! tyranny is at an end4 ,?is1 !n1 z ! f\ndation1 mu/ be pres]v$3 9 o!r p>ticul>s c>efully d & affect to seem l a k+2 fir/1 appe> to pay a great att5tion #acad;b to :at belongs to ! public2 nor make su* pr(use pres5ts z w (f5d ! p2 :ile !y are to supply ! money out ( ! h>d lab\r ( _! own h&s1 & see x giv5 9 pr(usion to mi/resses1 =eign]s1 & fiddl]s2 keep+ an exact acc\nt bo? ( :at y receive & pay2 :i* is a practice "s tyrants d actually foll[1 by :i* means !y seem r fa!rs ( families ?an tyrants3 nor ne$ y ev] fe> ! want ( money :ile y h ! supreme p[] ( ! /ate 9 y\r own h&s4 ,x is also mu* bett] = ^? tyrants :o quit _! k+dom to d ?is ?an to leave beh9d !m money !y h ho>d$ up2 = _! reg5ts w be mu* less desir\s ( mak+ innovations1 & !y are m to be dread$ by abs5t tyrants ?an ! citiz5s2 = su* ( !m z he suspects he takes ) him1 b ^! reg5ts mu/ be left beh9d4 ,he %\ld also endeav\r to appe> to collect su* taxes & require su* s]vices z ! exig5cies ( ! /ate dem&1 t :5ev] !y are want$ !y may be ready 9 "t ( w>2 & p>ticul>ly to take c>e t he appe> to collect & keep !m n z 8 own prop]ty1 b ! public's4 ,8 appe>ance also %\ld n be sev]e1 b respectable1 s t he %\ld inspire ^? :o approa* him ) v5]ation & n fe>2 b ?is w n be easily accompli%$ if he is despis$4 ,if1 !re=e1 he w n take ! pa9s to acquire any o!r1 he ought to endeav\r to be a man ( political abilities1 & to fix t op9ion ( himself 9 ! judgm5t ( 8 subjects4 ,he %\ld also take c>e n to appe> to be guilty ( ! lea/ (f5ce aga9/ mode/y1 nor to suff] x 9 ^? "u him3 nor to p]mit ! wom5 ( 8 family to treat o!rs haughtily2 = ! haught9ess ( wom5 has be5 ! ru9 ( _m tyrants4 ,) respect to ! pleasures ( s5se1 he ought to d directly contr>y to ! practice ( "s tyrants at pres5t2 = !y d n only cont9ually indulge !mselves 9 !m = _m days toge!r1 b !y seem also to desire to h o!r witnesses ( x1 t !y may wond] at _! happ9ess2 :]eas he ought really to be mod]ate 9 ^!1 &1 if n1 to appe> to o!rs to avoid !m-= x is n ! sob] man :o is expos$ ei!r to plots or contempt1 b ! drunk>d2 n ! e>ly ris]1 b ! slugg>d4 ,8 conduct 9 g5]al %\ld also be contr>y to :at is report$ ( =m] tyrants2 = he ought to improve & adorn 8 city1 s z to seem a gu>dian & n a tyrant2 &1 moreov]41 always to #acae;a seem p>ticul>ly att5tive to ! wor%ip ( ! gods2 = f p]sons ( su* a "* m5 ent]ta9 less fe>s ( suff]+ any?+ illegal :ile !y suppose t he :o gov]ns !m is religi\s & rev]5ces ! gods2 & !y w be less incl9$ to raise ins9uations aga9/ su* a "o1 z be+ peculi>ly "u _! protection3 b ?is mu/ be s done z to give no occasion = any suspicion ( hypocrisy4 ,he %\ld also take c>e to %[ su* respect to m5 ( m]it 9 e p>ticul>1 t !y %\ld n ?9k !y c\ld be treat$ ) great] di/9ction by _! fell[-citiz5s 9 a free /ate4 ,he %\ld also let all hon\rs fl[ imm$iately f himself1 b e c5sure f 8 subord9ate (fic]s & judges4 ,x is also a common protection ( all mon>*ies n to make "o p]son too great1 or1 c]ta9ly1 n _m2 = !y w support ea* o!r3 b1 if x is necess>y to entru/ any l>ge p[]s to "o p]son1 to take c>e t x is n "o ( an ard5t _s2 = ?is disposition is ^u e opportunity mo/ ready = a revolution3 &1 if x %\ld seem necess>y to deprive any "o ( 8 p[]1 to d x by degrees1 & n r$uce him all at once4 ,x is also necess>y to ab/a9 f all k9ds ( insol5ce2 m p>ticul>ly f corporal puni%m5t2 :i* y mu/ be mo/ cauti\s nev] to ex]cise ov] ^? :o h a delicate s5se ( hon\r2 =1 z ^? :o love money are t\*$ to ! quick :5 any?+ affects _! prop]ty1 s are m5 ( hon\r & pr9ciple :5 !y receive any disgrace3 !re=e1 ei!r nev] employ p]sonal puni%m5t1 or1 if y d1 let x be only 9 ! mann] 9 :i* a fa!r w\ld correct 8 son1 & n ) contempt2 &1 ^u ! :ole1 make am5ds = any seem+ disgrace by be/[+ great] hon\rs4 ,b ( all p]sons :o are mo/ likely to ent]ta9 designs aga9/ ! p]son ( a tyrant1 ^? are *iefly to be fe>$ & gu>d$ aga9/ :o reg>d z no?+ ! loss ( _! own lives1 s t !y c b accompli% _! purpose3 be v c>eful !re=e ( ^? :o ei!r ?9k !mselves affront$1 or ^? :o are de> to !m2 = ^? :o are excit$ by ang] to rev5ge reg>d z no?+ _! own p]sons3 =1 z ,h]aclitus says1 x is dang]\s to fight ) an angry man :o w pur*ase ) 8 life ! ?+ he aims at4 ,z all cities are compos$ ( two sorts ( p]sons1 ! ri* & ! poor1 x is necess>y t bo? ^! %\ld f9d equal protection f him :o gov]ns !m1 & t ! "o p>ty %\ld n h x 9 _! p[] to injure ! o!r2 b t ! tyrant %\ld atta* to himself t p>ty :i* is ! mo/ p[]ful2 :i*1 if he does1 he w h no occasion ei!r to make 8 slaves free1 or to deprive citiz5s ( _! arms2 = ! /r5g? ( ei!r ( ! p>ties add$ to 8 own =ces w r5d] him sup]ior to any conspiracy4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to g ?r\gh all p>ticul>s2 = ! rule ( conduct :i* ! tyrant ought to pursue is evid5t en\gh1 & t is1 to affect to appe> n ! tyrant1 b ! k+2 ! gu>dian ( ^? he gov]ns1 n _! plund]]1 #acae;b b _! protector1 & to affect ! middle rank 9 life1 n "o sup]ior to all o!rs3 he %\ld1 !re=e1 associate 8 nobles ) him & soo! 8 p2 = 8 gov]nm5t w n only be necess>ily m hon\rable & wor?y ( imitation1 z x w be ov] m5 ( wor?1 & n abject wret*es :o p]petually bo? hate & fe> him2 b x w be also m durable4 ,let him also frame 8 life s t 8 mann]s may be cons5tane\s to virtue1 or at lea/ let half ( !m be s1 t he may n be altoge!r wick$1 b only s 9 "p4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,inde$ an olig>*y & a tyranny are ( all gov]nm5ts ( ! %orte/ duration4 ,! tyranny ( ,or?agoras & 8 family at ,sicyon1 x is true1 cont9u$ long] ?an any o!r3 ! reason = :i* 01 t !y us$ _! p[] ) mod]ation1 & 7 9 _m p>ticul>s ob$i5t to ! laws2 &1 z ,cli/h5es 0 an able g5]al1 he nev] fell into contempt1 & by ! c>e he took t 9 _m p>ticul>s 8 gov]nm5t %\ld be popul>4 ,he is report$ also to h pres5t$ a p]son ) a cr[n :o adjudg$ ! victory to ano!r2 & "s say t x is ! /atue ( t judge :i* is plac$ 9 ! =um4 ,!y say also1 t ,pisi/ratus submitt$ to be summon$ into ! c\rt ( ! ,areopagites4 ,! second t we %all m5tion is ! tyranny ( ! ,cypselidse1 at ,cor9?1 :i* cont9u$ sev5ty-sev5 ye>s & six mon?s2 = ,cypselus 0 tyrant !re ?irty ye>s1 ,p]i&] =ty-f\r1 & ,psammeti*us1 ! son ( ,georgias1 ?ree ye>s2 ! reason = :i* 01 t ,cypselus 0 a popul> man1 & gov]n$ )\t gu>ds4 ,p]i&] inde$ rul$ l a tyrant1 b !n he 0 an able g5]al4 ,! ?ird 0 t ( ! ,pisi/radidae at ,a!ns2 b x 0 n cont9ual3 = ,pisi/ratus himself 0 twice expell$2 s t out ( ?irty-?ree ye>s he 0 only fifte5 9 p[]1 & 8 son eighte52 s t ! :ole "t 0 ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,( ! re/ we %all m5tion t ( ,hi]o1 & ,gelo at ,syracuse2 & ?is did n cont9ue long1 = bo? _! reigns 7 only eighte5 ye>s2 = ,gelo di$ 9 ! eigh? ye> ( 8 tyranny1 & ,hi]o 9 8 t5?4 ,?rasybulus fell 9 8 elev5? mon?1 & _m o!r tyrannies h cont9u$ a v %ort "t4 ,we h n[ gone ?r\gh ! g5]al cases ( corruption & #acaf;a means ( pres]vation bo? 9 free /ates & mon>*ies4 ,9 ,plato's ,republic1 ,socrates is introduc$ treat+ ^u ! *anges :i* diff]5t gov]nm5ts are liable to3 b 8 disc\rse is faulty2 = he does n p>ticul>ly m5tion :at *anges ! be/ & fir/ gov]nm5ts are liable to2 = he only assigns ! g5]al cause1 ( no?+ be+ immutable1 b t 9 "t ev]y?+ w alt] 999999tr43 text is un9telligible "h999999 he conceives t nature w !n produce bad m51 :o w n submit to education1 & 9 ?is1 probably1 he is n wrong2 = x is c]ta9 t !re are "s p]sons :om x is impossible by any education to make good m52 b :y %\ld ?is *ange be m peculi> to :at he calls ! be/-=m$ gov]nm5t1 ?an to all o!r =ms1 & inde$ to all o!r ?+s t exi/8 & 9 respect to 8 assign$ "t1 z ! cause ( ! alt]ation ( all ?+s1 we f9d t ^? :i* did n beg9 to exi/ at ! same "t cease to be at ! same "t2 s t1 if any?+ came into beg9n+ ! day be=e ! sol/ice1 x mu/ alt] at ! same "t4 ,besides1 :y %\ld su* a =m ( gov]nm5t be *ang$ into ! ,lac$aemonian8 =1 9 g5]al1 :5 gov]nm5ts alt]1 !y alt] into ! contr>y species to :at !y be=e 71 & n into "o l _! =m]4 ,& ?is reason+ holds true ( o!r *anges2 = he says1 t f ! ,lac$aemonian =m x *anges into an olig>*y1 & f !nce into a democracy1 & f a democracy into a tyranny3 & sometimes a contr>y *ange takes place1 z f a democracy into an olig>*y1 r ?an into a mon>*y4 ,) respect to a tyranny he nei!r says :e!r !re w be any *ange 9 x2 or if n1 to :at cause x w be ow+2 or if !re is1 into :at o!r /ate x w alt]3 b ! reason ( ?is is1 t a tyranny is an indet]m9ate gov]nm5t2 &1 accord+ to him1 e /ate ought to alt] into ! fir/1 & mo/ p]fect1 ?us ! cont9uity & circle w\ld be pres]v$4 ,b "o tyranny (t5 *ang$ into ano!r2 z at ,syria1 f ,myron's to ,cli/h5es'2 or into an olig>*y1 z 0 ,antileo's at ,*alcas2 or into a democracy1 z 0 ,gelo's at ,syracuse2 or into an ari/ocracy1 z 0 ,*>ilaus's at ,lac$aemon1 & at ,c>?age4 ,an olig>*y is also *ang$ into a tyranny2 su* 0 ! rise ( mo/ ( ! anci5t tyrannies 9 ,sicily2 at ,leont9i1 into ! tyranny ( ,panaetius2 at ,gela1 into t ( ,cle&]2 at ,rhegium into t ( ,anaxilaus2 & ! l 9 _m o!r cities4 ,x is absurd also to suppose1 t a /ate is *ang$ into an olig>*y because ^? :o are 9 p[] are av>ici\s & gre$y ( money1 & n because ^? :o are by f> ri*] ?an _! fell[ citiz5s ?9k x unfair t ^? :o h no?+ %\ld h an equal %>e 9 ! rule ( ! /ate ) !mselves1 :o possess s mu*-= 9 _m olig>*ies x is n all[able to be employ$ 9 money-gett+1 & !re are _m laws to prev5t x4 ,b 9 ,c>?age1 :i* is a democracy1 money-gett+ is cr$itable1 & yet _! =m ( gov]nm5t rema9s unalt]$4 ,x is also absurd to say1 t 9 an olig>*y !re are two cities1 "o ( ! poor & ano!r ( ! ri*2 = :y %\ld ?is happ5 to !m m ?an to ! ,lac$aemonians1 or any o!r /ate :]e all possess n equal prop]ty1 or :]e all are n equally good8 = ?\gh no "o memb] ( ! community %\ld be poor] ?an he 0 be=e1 yet a democracy might nev]!less *ange into an olig>*y2 if ! ri* %\ld be m p[]ful ?an ! poor1 & ! "o too neglig5t1 & ! o!r att5tive3 & ?\gh ^! *anges are ow+ to _m causes1 yet he m5tions b "o only1 t ! citiz5s become poor by luxury1 & pay+ int]e/-money2 z if at fir/ !y 7 all ri*1 or ! great] "p ( !m3 b ?is is n s1 b :5 "s ( ^? :o h ! pr9cipal managem5t ( public affairs lose _! =tunes1 !y w endeav\r to br+ ab\t a revolution2 b :5 o!rs d1 no?+ ( consequ5ce w foll[1 nor :5 su* /ates d alt] is !re any m reason = _! alt]+ into a democracy ?an any o!r4 ,besides1 ?\gh "s ( ! memb]s ( ! community may n h sp5t _! =tunes1 yet if !y %>e n 9 ! hon\rs ( ! /ate1 or if !y are ill-us$ & insult$1 !y w endeav\r to raise s$itions1 & br+ ab\t a revolution1 t !y may be all[$ to d z !y l2 :i*1 ,plato says1 arises f too mu* lib]ty4 ,al?\gh !re are _m olig>*ies & democracies1 yet ,socrates1 :5 he is treat+ ( ! *anges !y may und]go1 speaks ( !m z if !re 0 b "o ( ea* sort4 ,,book ,,vi ,,*apt] ,i ,we h already %[n :at is ! nature ( ! supreme c\ncil 9 ! /ate1 & :]e9 "o may diff] f ano!r1 & h[ ! diff]5t magi/rates %\ld be regulat$2 & also ! judicial dep>tm5t1 & :at is be/ suit$ to :at /ate2 & also to :at causes bo? ! de/ruction & pres]vation ( gov]nm5ts are ow+4 ,z !re are v _m species ( democracies1 z well z ( o!r /ates1 x w n be amiss to consid] at ! same "t any?+ :i* we may h omitt$ to m5tion conc]n+ ei!r ( !m1 & to allot to ea* t mode ( conduct :i* is peculi> to & advantage\s = !m2 & also to inquire into ! comb9ations ( all ^! diff]5t modes ( gov]nm5t :i* we #acag;a h m5tion$2 = z ^! are bl5d$ toge!r ! gov]nm5t is alt]$1 z f an ari/ocracy to be an olig>*y1 & f a free /ate to be a democracy4 ,n[1 ,i mean by ^? comb9ations ( gov]nm5t 7:i* ,i ought to exam9e into1 b h n yet done71 namely1 :e!r ! delib]ative dep>tm5t & ! election ( magi/rates is regulat$ 9 a mann] correspond5t to an olig>*y1 or ! judicial to an ari/ocracy1 or ! delib]ative "p only to an olig>*y1 & ! election ( magi/rates to an ari/ocracy1 or :e!r1 9 any o!r mann]1 ev]y?+ is n regulat$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,b we w fir/ consid] :at p>ticul> sort ( democracy is fitt$ to a p>ticul> city1 & also :at p>ticul> olig>*y to a p>ticul> p2 & ( o!r /ates1 :at is advantage\s to :at4 ,x is also necess>y to %[ cle>ly1 n only :i* ( ^! gov]nm5ts is be/ = a /ate1 b also h[ x ought to be e/abli%$ !re1 & o!r ?+s we w treat ( briefly4 ,& fir/1 we w speak ( a democracy2 & ?is w at ! same "t %[ cle>ly ! nature ( its opposite :i* "s p]sons call an olig>*y2 & 9 do+ ?is we mu/ exam9e into all ! p>ts ( a democracy1 & ev]y?+ t is connect$ !re)2 = f ! mann] 9 :i* ^! are comp\nd$ toge!r diff]5t species ( democracies arise3 & h5ce x is t !y are m ?an "o1 & ( v>i\s natures4 ,n[1 !re are two causes :i* occasion !re be+ s _m democracies2 "o ( :i* is t :i* we h already m5tion$2 namely1 !re be+ diff]5t sorts ( p2 = 9 "o c\ntry ! majority are husb&m51 9 ano!r me*anics1 & hir$ s]vants2 if ! fir/ ( ^! is add$ to ! second1 & ! ?ird to bo? ( !m1 ! democracy w n only diff] 9 ! p>ticul> ( bett] or worse1 b 9 ?is1 t x w be no long] ! same gov]nm5t2 ! o!r is t :i* we w n[ speak (4 ,! diff]5t ?+s :i* are connect$ ) democracies & seem to make "p ( ^! /ates1 d1 f _! be+ jo9$ to !m1 r5d] !m diff]5t f o!rs3 ?is att5d+ a few1 t m1 & ano!r all4 ,x is necess>y t he :o w\ld f\nd any /ate :i* he may happ5 to approve (1 or correct "o1 %\ld be acqua9t$ ) all ^! p>ticul>s4 ,all f\nd]s ( /ates endeav\r to compreh5d )9 _! own plan ev]y?+ ( ne>ly ! same k9d ) x2 b 9 do+ ?is !y err1 9 ! mann] ,i h already describ$ 9 treat+ ( ! pres]vation & de/ruction ( gov]nm5ts4 ,i w n[ speak ( ^! fir/ pr9ciples & mann]s1 & :atev] else a democratical /ate requires4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,n[ ! f\ndation ( a democratical /ate is lib]ty1 & p h be5 accu/om$ to say ?is z if "h only lib]ty 0 to be f\nd2 = !y affirm t ?is is ! end propos$ by e democracy4 ,b "o "p ( lib]ty is to gov]n & be gov]n$ alt]nately2 =1 accord+ to democratical ju/ice1 equality is measur$ by numb]s1 & n by wor?3 & ?is be+ j1 x is necess>y t ! supreme p[] %\ld be ve/$ 9 ! p at l>ge2 & t :at ! majority det]m9e %\ld be f9al3 s t 9 a democracy ! poor ought to h m p[] ?an ! ri*1 z be+ ! great] numb]2 = ?is is "o m>k ( lib]ty :i* all fram]s ( a democracy lay d[n z a crit]ion ( t /ate2 ano!r is1 to live z e "o likes2 = ?is1 !y say1 is a "r :i* lib]ty gives1 s9ce he is a slave :o mu/ live z he likes n4 ,?is1 !n1 is ano!r crit]ion ( a democracy4 ,h5ce arises ! claim to be "u no comm& :atsoev] to any "o1 ^u any acc\nt1 any o!rwise ?an by rotation1 & t j z f> only z t p]son is1 9 8 turn1 "u 8 also4 ,?is also is conducive to t equality :i* lib]ty dem&s4 ,^! ?+s be+ premis$1 & su* be+ ! gov]nm5t1 x foll[s t su* rules z ! foll[+ %\ld be obs]v$ 9 x1 t all ! magi/rates %\ld be *os5 out ( all ! p1 & all to comm& ea*1 & ea* 9 8 turn all3 t all ! magi/rates %\ld be *os5 by lot1 except to ^? (fices only :i* requir$ "s p>ticul> k & skill3 t no c5sus1 or a v small "o1 %\ld be requir$ to qualify a man = any (fice3 t none %\ld be 9 ! same employm5t twice1 or v few1 & v seldom1 except 9 ! army3 t all _! appo9tm5ts %\ld be limit$ to a v %ort "t1 or at lea/ z _m z possible3 t ! :ole community %\ld be qualifi$ to judge 9 all causes :atsoev]1 let ! object be ev] s ext5sive1 ev] s int]e/+1 or ( ev] s high a nature2 z at ,a!ns1 :]e ! p at l>ge judge ! magi/rates :5 !y come out ( (fice1 & decide conc]n+ public affairs z well z private contracts3 t ! supreme p[] %\ld be 9 ! public assembly2 & t no magi/rate %\ld be all[$ any discretion>y p[] b 9 a few in/ances1 & ( no consequ5ce to public bus9ess4 ,( all magi/rates a s5ate is be/ suit$ to a democracy1 :]e ! :ole community is n paid = giv+ _! att5dance2 = 9 t case x loses its p[]2 = !n ! p w br+ all causes be=e !m1 by appeal1 z we h already m5tion$ 9 a =m] book4 ,9 ! next place1 !re %\ld1 if possible1 be a fund to pay all ! citiz5s--:o h any %>e 9 ! managem5t ( public affairs1 ei!r z memb]s ( ! assembly1 judges1 & magi/rates2 b if ?is _c be done1 at lea/ ! magi/rates1 ! judges ! s5ators1 & memb]s ( ! supreme assembly1 & also ^? (fic]s :o are oblig$ to eat at a common table ought to be paid4 ,moreov]1 z an olig>*y is said to be a gov]nm5t ( m5 ( family1 =tune1 & education2 s1 on ! contr>y1 a democracy is a gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( m5 ( no bir?1 indig5t circum/ances1 & me*anical employm5ts4 ,9 ?is /ate also no (fice #acah;a %\ld be = life2 &1 if any su* %\ld rema9 aft] ! gov]nm5t has be5 long *ang$ into a democracy1 !y %\ld endeav\r by degrees to dim9i% ! p[]2 & also elect by lot in/ead ( vote4 ,^! ?+s1 !n1 app]ta9 to all democracies2 namely1 to be e/abli%$ on t pr9ciple ( ju/ice :i* is homog5e\s to ^? gov]nm5ts2 t is1 t all ! memb]s ( ! /ate1 by numb]1 %\ld enjoy an equality1 :i* seems *iefly to con/itute a democracy1 or gov]nm5t ( ! p3 = x seems p]fectly equal t ! ri* %\ld h no m %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ?an ! poor1 nor be alone 9 p[]2 b t all %\ld be equal1 accord+ to numb]2 = ?us1 !y ?9k1 ! equality & lib]ty ( ! /ate be/ pres]v$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,9 ! next place we mu/ inquire h[ ?is equality is to be procur$4 ,%all ! qualifications be divid$ s t five hundr$ ri* %\ld be equal to a ?\s& poor1 or %all ! ?\s& h equal p[] ) ! five hundr$8 or %all we n e/abli% our equality 9 ?is mann]8 b divide inde$ ?us1 & aft]w>ds tak+ an equal numb] bo? out ( ! five hundr$ & ! ?\s&1 inve/ !m ) ! p[] ( creat+ ! magi/rates & judges4 ,is ?is /ate !n e/abli%$ accord+ to p]fect democratical ju/ice1 or r t :i* is guid$ by numb]s only8 ,= ! def5d]s ( a democracy say1 t t is j :i* ! majority approve (3 b ! fav\r]s ( an olig>*y say1 t t is j :i* ^? :o h mo/ approve (2 & t we ought to be direct$ by ! value ( prop]ty4 ,bo? ! propositions are unju/2 = if we agree ) :at ! few propose we erect a tyranny3 = if x %\ld happ5 t an individual %\ld h m ?an ! re/ :o are ri*1 accord+ to olig>*ical ju/ice1 ?is man alone has a "r to ! supreme p[]2 b if sup]iority ( numb]s is to prevail1 inju/ice w !n be done by confiscat+ ! prop]ty ( ! ri*1 :o are few1 z we h already said4 ,:at !n t equality is1 :i* bo? p>ties w admit1 mu/ be collect$ f ! def9ition ( "r :i* is common to !m bo?2 = !y bo? say t :at ! majority ( ! /ate approves ( ought to be e/abli%$4 ,be x s2 b n entirely3 b s9ce a city happ5s to be made up ( two diff]5t ranks ( p1 ! ri* & ! poor1 let t be e/abli%$ :i* is approv$ ( by bo? ^!1 or ! great] "p3 b %\ld !re be opposite s5tim5ts1 let t be e/abli%$ :i* %all be approv$ ( by ! great] "p3 b let ?is be accord+ to ! c5sus2 = in/ance1 if !re %\ld be t5 ( ! ri* & tw5ty ( ! poor1 & six ( ! fir/ & fifte5 ( ! la/ %\ld agree ^u any measure1 & ! rema9+ f\r ( ! ri* %\ld jo9 ) ! rema9+ five ( ! poor 9 oppos+ x1 t p>ty ^: c5sus :5 add$ toge!r %\ld det]m9e :i* op9ion %\ld be law1 & %\ld ^! happ5 to be equal1 x %\ld be reg>d$ z a case simil> to an assembly or c\rt ( ju/ice divid+ equally ^u any "q t comes be=e !m1 :o ei!r det]m9e x by lot or "s su* me?od4 ,b al?\gh1 ) #acah;b respect to :at is equal & j1 x may be v difficult to e/abli% ! tru?1 yet x is mu* easi] to d ?an to p]suade ^? :o h x 9 _! p[] to encroa* ^u o!rs to be guid$ !reby2 = ! weak always desire :at is equal & j1 b ! p[]ful pay no reg>d !reunto4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,!re are f\r k9ds ( democracies4 ,! be/ is t :i* is compos$ ( ^? fir/ 9 ord]1 z we h already said1 & ?is also is ! mo/ anci5t ( any4 ,i call t ! fir/ :i* e "o w\ld place s1 0 he to divide ! p2 = ! be/ "p ( ^! are ! husb&m54 ,we see1 !n1 t a democracy may be fram$ :]e ! majority live by tillage or pa/urage2 =1 z _! prop]ty is b small1 !y w n be at leisure p]petually to hold public assemblies1 b w be cont9ually employ$ 9 foll[+ _! own bus9ess1 n hav+ o!rwise ! means ( liv+2 nor w !y be desir\s ( :at ano!r enjoys1 b w r l to foll[ _! own bus9ess ?an m$dle ) /ate affairs & accept ! (fices ( gov]nm5t1 :i* w be att5d$ ) no great pr(it2 = ! major "p ( mank9d are r desir\s ( ri*es ?an hon\r 7a pro( ( ?is is1 t !y submitt$ to ! tyrannies 9 anci5t times1 & d n[ submit to ! olig>*ies1 if no "o h9d]s !m 9 _! usual occupations1 or deprives !m ( _! prop]ty2 = "s ( !m soon get ri*1 o!rs are remov$ f pov]ty72 besides1 _! hav+ ! "r ( election & call+ _! magi/rates to acc\nt = _! conduct :5 !y come out ( (fice1 w satisfy _! desire ( hon\rs1 if any ( !m ent]ta9 t passion3 = 9 "s /ates1 ?\gh ! commonalty h n ! "r ( elect+ ! magi/rates1 yet x is ve/$ 9 "p ( t body *os5 to repres5t !m3 & x is suffici5t = ! p at l>ge to possess ! delib]ative p[]3 & ?is ought to be consid]$ z a species ( democracy2 su* 0 t =m]ly at ,mant9sea3 = :i* reason x is prop] = ! democracy we h be5 n[ treat+ ( to h a p[] 7& x has be5 usual = !m to h x7 ( c5sur+ _! magi/rates :5 out ( (fice1 & sitt+ 9 judgm5t ^u all causes3 b t ! *ief magi/rates %\ld be elect$1 & accord+ to a c]ta9 c5sus1 :i* %\ld v>y ) ! rank ( _! (fice1 or else n by a c5sus1 b accord+ to _! abilities = _! respective appo9tm5ts4 ,a /ate ?us con/itut$ mu/ be well con/itut$2 = ! magi/racies w be always fill$ ) ! be/ m5 ) ! approbation ( ! p2 :o w n envy _! sup]iors3 & ^! & ! nobles %\ld be cont5t ) ?is "p 9 ! adm9i/ration2 = !y w n be gov]n$ by _! inf]iors4 ,!y w be also c>eful to use _! p[] ) mod]ation1 z !re are o!rs to :om full p[] is delegat$ to c5sure _! conduct2 = x is v s]viceable to ! /ate to h !m dep5d5t ^u o!rs1 & n to be p]mitt$ to d :atsoev] !y *oose2 = ) su* a lib]ty !re w\ld be no *eck to t evil p>ticle !re is 9 e "o3 !re=e x is #acai;a necess>y & mo/ = ! b5efit ( ! /ate t ! (fices !re( %\ld be fill$ by ! pr9cipal p]sons 9 x1 ^: *>act]s are unblemi%$1 & t ! p are n oppress$4 ,x is n[ evid5t t ?is is ! be/ species ( democracy1 & on :at acc\nt2 because ! p are su* & h su* p[]s z !y ought to h4 ,to e/abli% a democracy ( husb&m5 "s ( ^? laws :i* 7 obs]v$ 9 _m anci5t /ates are univ]sally useful2 z1 = in/ance1 on no acc\nt to p]mit any "o to possess m ?an a c]ta9 quantity ( l&1 or )9 a c]ta9 di/ance f ! city4 ,=m]ly also1 9 "s /ates1 no "o 0 all[$ to sell _! orig9al lot ( l&4 ,!y also m5tion a law ( "o ,oxylus1 :i* =bade any "o to add to _! patrimony by usury4 ,we ought also to foll[ ! law ( ! ,aphutaeans1 z useful to direct u 9 ?is p>ticul> we are n[ speak+ (2 = !y hav+ b v little gr\nd1 :ile !y 7 a num]\s p1 & at ! same "t 7 all husb&m51 did n include all _! l&s )9 ! c5sus1 b divid$ !m 9 su* a mann] t1 accord+ to ! c5sus1 ! poor _h m p[] ?an ! ri*4 ,next to ! commonalty ( husb&m5 is "o ( %eph]ds & h]dsm52 = !y h _m ?+s 9 common ) !m1 &1 by _! way ( life1 are excell5tly qualifi$ to make good soldi]s1 /\t 9 body1 & able to cont9ue 9 ! op5 air all night4 ,! g5]ality ( ! p ( :om o!r democracies are compos$ are mu* worse ?an ^!2 = _! lives are wret*$ nor h !y any bus9ess ) virtue 9 any?+ !y d2 ^! are y\r me*anics1 y\r ex*ange-m51 & hir$ s]vants2 z all ^! sorts ( m5 frequ5t ! ex*ange & ! citadel1 !y c readily att5d ! public assembly2 :]eas ! husb&m51 be+ m disp]s$ 9 ! c\ntry1 _c s easily meet toge!r2 nor are !y equally desir\s ( do+ x ) ^! o!rs6 ,:5 a c\ntry happ5s to be s situat$ t a great "p ( ! l& lies at a di/ance f ! city1 !re x is easy to e/abli% a good democracy or a free /ate = ! p 9 g5]al w be oblig$ to live 9 ! c\ntry2 s t x w be necess>y 9 su* a democracy1 ?\gh !re may be an ex*ange-mob at h&1 nev] to all[ a legal assembly )\t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry att5d4 ,we h %[n 9 :at mann] ! fir/ & be/ democracy ought to be e/abli%$1 & x w be equally evid5t z to ! re/1 = f ^! we #acai;b %\ld proce$ z a guide1 & always sep>ate ! meane/ ( ! p f ! re/4 ,b ! la/ & wor/1 :i* gives to e citiz5 )\t di/9ction a %>e 9 e "p ( ! adm9i/ration1 is :at few citiz5s c be>1 nor is x easy to pres]ve = any long "t1 unless well support$ by laws & mann]s4 ,we h already notic$ almo/ e cause t c de/roy ei!r ?is or any o!r /ate4 ,^? :o h tak5 ! lead 9 su* a democracy h endeav\r$ to support x1 & make ! p p[]ful by collect+ toge!r z _m p]sons z !y c\ld & giv+ !m _! fre$om1 n only legitimately b naturally born1 & also if ei!r ( _! p>5ts 7 citiz5s1 t is to say1 if ei!r _! fa!r or "m2 & ?is me?od is bett] suit$ to ?is /ate ?an any o!r3 & ?us ! demagogues h usually manag$4 ,!y ought1 h[ev]1 to take c>e1 & d ?is no long] ?an ! common p are sup]ior to ! nobles & ^? ( ! middle rank1 & !n /op2 =1 if !y proce$ /ill fur!r1 !y w make ! /ate disord]ly1 & ! nobles w ill brook ! p[] ( ! common p1 & be full ( res5tm5t aga9/ x2 :i* 0 ! cause ( an insurrection at ,cyr5e3 = a little evil is ov]look$1 b :5 x becomes a great "o x /rikes ! eye4 ,x is1 moreov]1 v-useful 9 su* a /ate to d z ,cli/h5es did at ,a!ns1 :5 he 0 desir\s ( increas+ ! p[] ( ! p1 & z ^? did :o e/abli%$ ! democracy 9 ,cyr5e2 t is1 to in/itute _m tribes & frat]nities1 & to make ! religi\s rites ( private p]sons few1 & ^? common2 & e means is to be contriv$ to associate & bl5d ! p toge!r z mu* z possible2 & t all =m] cu/oms be brok5 ?r\gh4 ,moreov]1 :atsoev] is practis$ 9 a tyranny seems adapt$ to a democracy ( ?is species2 z1 = in/ance1 ! lic5ti\sness ( ! slaves1 ! wom51 & ! *ildr52 = ?is to a c]ta9 degree is useful 9 su* a /ate2 & also to ov]look e "o's liv+ z !y *oose2 = _m w support su* a gov]nm5t3 = x is m agreeable to _m to live )\t any control ?an z prud5ce w\ld direct4 ,,*apt] ,v ,x is also ! bus9ess ( ! legislator & all ^? :o w\ld support a gov]nm5t ( ?is sort n to make x too great a "w1 or too p]fect2 b to aim only to r5d] x /able3 =1 let a /ate be con/itut$ ev] s badly1 !re is no difficulty 9 its cont9u+ a few days3 !y %\ld !re=e endeav\r to procure its safety by all ^? ways :i* we h describ$ 9 assign+ ! causes ( ! pres]vation & de/ruction ( gov]nm5ts2 avoid+ :at is hurtful1 & by fram+ su* laws1 writt5 & unwritt51 z conta9 ^? ?+s :i* *iefly t5d to ! pres]vation ( ! /ate2 nor to suppose t t is useful ei!r = a democratic or #acbj;a an olig>*ic =m ( gov]nm5t :i* contributes to make !m m purely s1 b :at w contribute to _! duration3 b our demagogues at pres5t1 to flatt] ! p1 occasion frequ5t confiscations 9 ! c\rts2 = :i* reason ^? :o h ! welf>e ( ! /ate really at he>t %\ld act directly opposite to :at !y d1 & enact a law to prev5t =feitures f be+ divid$ among/ ! p or paid into ! treasury1 b to h !m set ap>t = sacr$ uses3 = ^? :o are ( a bad disposition w\ld n !n be ! less cauti\s1 z _! puni%m5t w\ld be ! same2 & ! community w\ld n be s ready to condemn ^? :om !y sat 9 judgm5t on :5 !y 7 to get no?+ by x3 !y %\ld also take c>e t ! causes :i* are br\ght be=e ! public %\ld be z few z possible1 & puni% ) ! utmo/ sev]ity ^? :o ra%ly br\ght an action aga9/ any "o2 = x is n ! commons b ! nobles :o are g5]ally prosecut$3 = 9 all ?+s ! citiz5s ( ! same /ate ought to be affectionate to ea* o!r1 at lea/ n to treat ^? :o h ! *ief p[] 9 x z _! enemies4 ,n[1 z ! democracies :i* h be5 lately e/abli%$ are v num]\s1 & x is difficult to get ! common p to att5d ! public assemblies )\t !y are paid = x1 ?is1 :5 !re is n a suffici5t public rev5ue1 is fatal to ! nobles2 = ! defici5cies !re9 mu/ be necess>ily made up by taxes1 confiscations1 & f9es impos$ by corrupt c\rts ( ju/ice3 :i* ?+s h already de/roy$ _m democracies4 ,:5ev]1 !n1 ! rev5ues ( ! /ate are small1 !re %\ld be b few public assemblies & b few c\rts ( ju/ice3 ^!1 h[ev]1 %\ld h v ext5sive jurisdictions1 b %\ld cont9ue sitt+ a few days only1 = by ?is means ! ri* w\ld n fe> ! exp5se1 al?\gh !y %\ld receive no?+ = _! att5dance1 ?\gh ! poor did2 & judgm5t also w\ld be giv5 mu* bett]2 = ! ri* w n *oose to be long abs5t f _! own affairs1 b w will+ly be s = a %ort "t3 &1 :5 !re are suffici5t rev5ues1 a diff]5t conduct ought to be pursu$ f :at ! demagogues at pres5t foll[2 = n[ !y divide ! surplus ( ! public money among/ ! poor2 ^! receive x & aga9 want ! same supply1 :ile ! giv+ x is l p\r+ wat] into a sieve3 b ! true patriot 9 a democracy ought to take c>e t ! majority ( ! community are n too poor1 = ?is is ! cause ( rapacity 9 t gov]nm5t2 he !re=e %\ld endeav\r t !y may enjoy p]petual pl5ty2 & z ?is also is advantage\s to ! ri*1 :at c be sav$ out ( ! public money %\ld be put by1 & !n divid$ at once among/ ! poor1 if possible1 9 su* a quantity z may enable e "o ( !m to pur*ase a little field1 &1 if t _c be done1 at lea/ to give ea* ( !m en\gh to procure ! implem5ts #acbj;b ( trade & husb&ry2 & if !re is n en\gh = all to receive s mu* at once1 !n to divide x accord+ to tribes or any o!r allotm5t4 ,9 ! meantime let ! ri* pay !m = necess>y s]vices1 b n be oblig$ to f9d !m 9 useless amusem5ts4 ,& some?+ l ?is 0 ! mann] 9 :i* !y manag$ at ,c>?age1 & pres]v$ ! affections ( ! p2 = by cont9ually s5d+ "s ( _! community into colonies !y procur$ pl5ty4 ,x is also wor?y ( a s5sible & g5]\s nobility to divide ! poor among/ !m1 & supply+ !m ) :at is necess>y1 induce !m to "w2 or to imitate ! conduct ( ! p at ,t>5tum3 = !y1 p]mitt+ ! poor to p>take 9 common ( ev]y?+ :i* is ne$ful = !m1 ga9 ! affections ( ! commonalty4 ,!y h also two diff]5t ways ( elect+ _! magi/rates2 = "s are *os5 by vote1 o!rs by lot2 by ! la/1 t ! p at l>ge may h "s %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration2 by ! =m]1 t ! /ate may be well gov]n$3 ! same may be accompli%$ if ( ! same magi/rates y *oose "s by vote1 o!rs by lot4 ,& ?us mu* = ! mann] 9 :i* democracies ought to be e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,:at has be5 already said w almo/ ( itself suffici5tly %[ h[ an olig>*y ought to be f\nd$2 = he :o w\ld frame su* a /ate %\ld h 9 8 view a democracy to oppose x2 = e species ( olig>*y %\ld be f\nd$ on pr9ciples diametrically opposite to "s species ( democracy4 ,! fir/ & be/-fram$ olig>*y is t :i* approa*es ne> to :at we call a free /ate2 9 :i* !re ought to be two diff]5t c5sus1 ! "o high1 ! o!r l[3 f ^? :o are )9 ! latt] ! ord9>y (fic]s ( ! /ate ought to be *os52 f ! =m] ! supreme magi/rates3 nor %\ld any "o be exclud$ f a "p ( ! adm9i/ration :o 0 )9 ! c5sus2 :i* %\ld be s regulat$ t ! commonalty :o are includ$ 9 x %\ld by means !re( be sup]ior to ^? :o h no %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t2 = ^? :o are to h ! managem5t ( public affairs ought always to be *os5 out ( ! bett] sort ( ! p4 ,mu* 9 ! same mann] ought t olig>*y to be e/abli%$ :i* is next 9 ord]3 b z to t :i* is mo/ opposite to a pure democracy1 & approa*es ne>e/ to a dyna/y & a tyranny1 z x is ( all o!rs ! wor/1 s x requires ! greate/ c>e & caution to pres]ve x3 = z bodies ( s\nd & heal?y con/itutions & %ips :i* are well mann$ & well f\nd = sail+ c be> _m injuries )\t p]i%+1 :ile a diseas$ body or a leaky %ip ) an indiff]5t crew _c support ! #acba;a lea/ %ock2 s ! wor/-e/abli%$ gov]nm5ts want mo/ look+ aft]4 ,a numb] ( citiz5s is ! pres]vation ( a democracy2 = ^! are oppos$ to ^? rights :i* are f\nd$ 9 rank3 on ! contr>y1 ! pres]vation ( an olig>*y dep5ds ^u ! due regulation ( ! diff]5t ord]s 9 ! society4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,z ! great] "p ( ! community are divid$ into f\r sorts ( p2 husb&m51 me*anics1 trad]s1 & hir$ s]vants2 & z ^? :o are employ$ 9 w> may likewise be divid$ into f\r2 ! horsem51 ! heavy-arm$ soldi]1 ! light-arm$1 & ! sailor1 :]e ! nature ( ! c\ntry c admit a great numb] ( horse2 !re a p[]ful olig>*y may be easily e/abli%$3 = ! safety ( ! inhabitants dep5ds ^u a =ce ( t sort2 b ^? :o c support ! exp5se ( horsem5 mu/ be p]sons ( "s consid]able =tune4 ,:]e ! troops are *iefly heavy-arm$1 !re an olig>*y1 inf]ior 9 p[] to ! o!r1 may be e/abli%$2 = ! heavy-arm$ are r made up ( m5 ( sub/ance ?an ! poor3 b ! light-arm$ & ! sailors always contribute to support a democracy3 b :]e ! numb] ( ^! is v great & a s$ition arises1 ! o!r p>ts ( ! community fight at a disadvantage2 b a rem$y = ?is evil is to be le>n$ f skilful g5]als1 :o always mix a prop] numb] ( light-arm$ soldi]s ) _! horse & heavy-arm$3 = x is ) ^? t ! populace get ! bett] ( ! m5 ( =tune 9 an insurrection2 = ^! be+ light] are easily a mat* = ! horse & ! heavy-arm$3 s t = an olig>*y to =m a body ( troops f ^! is to =m x aga9/ itself3 b z a city is compos$ ( p]sons ( diff]5t ages1 "s "y & "s old1 ! fa!rs %\ld tea* _! sons1 :ile !y 7 v "y1 a light & easy ex]cise2 b1 :5 !y are gr[n up1 !y %\ld be p]fect 9 e w>like ex]cise4 ,n[1 ! admission ( ! p to any %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t %\ld ei!r be 7z ,i said be=e7 regulat$ by a c5sus1 or else1 z at ,!bes1 all[$ to ^? :o = a c]ta9 "t h ceas$ f any me*anic employm5t1 or z at ,massalia1 :]e !y are *os5 accord+ to _! wor?1 :e!r citiz5s or =eign]s4 ,) respect to ! magi/rates ( ! highe/ rank :i* x may be necess>y to h 9 a /ate1 ! s]vices !y are b\nd to d ! public %\ld be expressly laid d[n1 to prev5t ! common p f be+ desir\s ( accept+ _! employm5ts1 & also to induce !m to reg>d _! magi/rates ) fav\r :5 !y "k :at a price !y pay = _! hon\rs4 ,x is also necess>y t ! magi/rates1 ^u ent]+ into _! (fices1 %\ld make magnific5t sacrifices & erect "s public /ructure1 t ! p p>tak+ ( ! ent]ta9m5t1 & see+ ! city ornam5t$ ) votive gifts 9 _! temples & public /ructures1 may see ) pleasure ! /ability ( ! gov]nm5t3 add to ?is also1 t ! nobles w h _! g5]osity record$3 b n[ ?is is n ! conduct :i* ^? :o are at pres5t at ! head ( an olig>*y pursue1 b ! contr>y2 = !y are n m desir\s ( hon\r ?an ( ga92 = :i* reason su* olig>*ies may m prop]ly be call$ little democracies4 ,?us #acba;b we h expla9$ on :at pr9ciples a democracy & an olig>*y ought to be e/abli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,aft] :at has be5 said ,i proce$ next to treat p>ticul>ly ( ! magi/rates2 ( :at nature !y %\ld be1 h[ _m1 & = :at purpose1 z ,i h already m5tion$3 = )\t necess>y magi/rates no /ate c exi/1 nor )\t ^? :i* contribute to its dignity & good ord] c exi/ happily3 n[ x is necess>y t 9 small /ates ! magi/rates %\ld be few2 9 a l>ge "o1 _m3 also to "k well :at (fices may be jo9$ toge!r1 & :at ought to be sep>at$4 ,! fir/ ?+ necess>y is to e/abli% prop] regulators 9 ! m>kets2 = :i* purpose a c]ta9 magi/rate %\ld be appo9t$ to inspect _! contracts & pres]ve good ord]2 = ( necessity1 9 almo/ e city !re mu/ be bo? buy]s & sell]s to supply ea* o!r's mutual wants3 & ?is is :at is mo/ productive ( ! com=ts ( life2 = ! sake ( :i* m5 seem to h jo9$ toge!r 9 "o community4 ,a second c>e1 & ne>ly relat$ to ! fir/1 is to h an eye bo? to ! public & private edifices 9 ! city1 t !y may be an ornam5t2 & also to take c>e ( all build+s :i* are likely to fall3 & to see t ! highways are kept 9 prop] repair2 & also t ! l&m>ks betwe5 diff]5t e/ates are pres]v$1 t !re may be no disputes on t acc\nt2 & all o!r bus9ess ( ! same nature4 ,n[1 ?is bus9ess may be divid$ into sev]al bran*es1 ov] ea* ( :i* 9 popul\s cities !y appo9t a sep>ate p]son2 "o to inspect ! build+s1 ano!r ! f\nta9s1 ano!r ! h>b\rs2 & !y are call$ ! inspectors ( ! city4 ,a ?ird1 :i* is v l ! la/1 & conv]sant ne>ly ab\t ! same objects1 only 9 ! c\ntry1 is to take c>e ( :at is done out ( ! city4 ,! (fic]s :o h ?is employm5t we call inspectors ( ! l&s1 or inspectors ( ! woods2 b ! bus9ess ( all ?ree ( !m is ! same4 ,!re mu/ also be o!r (fic]s appo9t$ to receive ! public rev5ue & to deliv] x out to ^? :o are 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! /ate3 ^! are call$ receiv]s or quae/ors4 ,!re mu/ also be ano!r1 be=e :om all private contracts & s5t5ces ( c\rts %\ld be enroll$1 z well z proce$+s & decl>ations4 ,sometimes ?is employm5t is divid$ among/ _m1 b !re is "o supreme ov] ! re/2 ^! are call$ proctors1 not>ies1 & ! l4 ,next to ^! is an (fic] ^: bus9ess is ( all o!rs ! mo/ necess>y1 & yet mo/ difficult2 namely1 to take c>e t s5t5ce is execut$ ^u ^? :o are condemn$2 & t e "o pays ! f9es laid on him2 & also to h ! *>ge ( ^? :o are 9 prison4 #acbb;a ,?is (fice is v disagreeable on acc\nt ( ! odium att5d+ x1 s t no "o w engage !re9 )\t x is made v pr(itable1 or1 if !y d1 w !y be will+ to execute x accord+ to law2 b x is mo/ necess>y1 z x is ( no s]vice to pass judgm5t 9 any cause )\t t judgm5t is c>ri$ into execution3 = )\t ?is human society c\ld n subsi/3 = :i* reason x is be/ t ?is (fice %\ld n be execut$ by "o p]son1 b by "s ( ! magi/rates ( ! o!r c\rts4 ,9 l mann]1 ! tak+ c>e t ^? f9es :i* are ord]$ by ! judges are levi$ %\ld be divid$ among/ diff]5t p]sons4 ,& z diff]5t magi/rates judge diff]5t causes1 let ! causes ( ! "y be he>d by ! "y3 & z to ^? :i* are already br\ght to a he>+1 let "o p]son pass s5t5ce1 & ano!r see x execut$3 z1 = in/ance1 let ! magi/rates :o h ! c>e ( ! public build+s execute ! s5t5ce :i* ! inspectors ( ! m>kets h pass$1 & ! l 9 o!r cases3 = by s mu* ! less odium att5ds ^? :o c>ry ! laws into execution1 by s mu* ! easi] w !y be prop]ly put 9 =ce3 !re=e = ! same p]sons to pass ! s5t5ce & to execute x w subject !m to g5]al hatr$2 & if !y pass x ^u all1 !y w be consid]$ z ! enemies ( all4 ,?us "o p]son has (t5 ! cu/ody ( ! prison]'s body1 :ile ano!r sees ! s5t5ce aga9/ him execut$1 z ! elev5 did at ,a!ns3 = :i* reason x is prud5t to sep>ate ^! (fices1 & to give great att5tion !reunto z equally necess>y ) any?+ we h already m5tion$2 = x w c]ta9ly happ5 t m5 ( "* w decl9e accept+ ?is (fice1 & wor?less p]sons _c prop]ly be entru/$ ) x1 z hav+ !mselves r an occasion = a gu>d ?an be+ qualifi$ to gu>d o!rs4 ,?is1 !re=e1 ought by no means to be a sep>ate (fice f o!rs2 nor %\ld x be cont9ually allott$ to any individuals1 b ! "y m52 :]e !re is a city-gu>d1 ! y\?s ought 9 turns to take ^! (fices ^u !m4 ,^!1 !n1 z ! mo/ necess>y magi/rates1 ought to be fir/ m5tion$3 next to ^! are o!rs no less necess>y1 b ( mu* high] rank1 = !y ought to be m5 ( great skill & fidelity4 ,^! are !y :o h ! gu>d ( ! city1 & provide ev]y?+ t is necess>y = w>2 ^: bus9ess x is1 bo? 9 w> & peace1 to def5d ! walls & ! gates1 & to take c>e to mu/] & m>%al ! citiz5s4 ,ov] all ^! !re are sometimes m (fic]s1 sometimes few]3 ?us 9 little cities !re is only "o :om !y call ei!r g5]al or polem>*2 b :]e !re are horse & light-arm$ troops1 & b[m51 & sailors1 !y sometimes put di/9ct comm&]s ov] ea* ( ^!2 :o aga9 h o!rs "u !m1 accord+ to _! diff]5t divisions2 all ( :i* jo9 toge!r to make "o milit>y body3 & ?us mu* = ?is dep>tm5t4 ,s9ce "s ( ! magi/rates1 if n all1 h bus9ess ) ! public money1 x is necess>y t !re %\ld be o!r (fic]s1 ^: employm5t %\ld be no?+ else ?an to take an acc\nt ( :at !y h1 & correct any mismanagem5t !re94 ,b besides all ^! magi/rates !re is "o :o is supreme ov] !m all1 :o v (t5 has 9 8 own p[] ! disposal ( ! public rev5ue & taxes2 :o presides ov] ! p :5 ! supreme p[] is 9 !m2 = !re mu/ be "s magi/rate :o has a p[] to summon !m toge!r1 & to preside z head ( ! /ate4 ,^! are sometimes call$ preadvis]s2 b :]e !re are _m1 m prop]ly a c\ncil4 ,^! are ne>ly ! civil magi/rates :i* are requisite to a gov]nm5t3 b !re are o!r p]sons ^: bus9ess is conf9$ to religion2 z ! prie/s1 & ^? :o are to take c>e ( ! temples1 t !y are kept 9 prop] repair1 or1 if !y fall d[n1 t !y may be rebuilt2 & :atev] else belongs to public wor%ip4 ,?is *>ge is sometimes entru/$ to "o p]son1 z 9 v small cities3 9 o!rs x is delegat$ to _m1 & ^! di/9ct f ! prie/hood1 z ! build]s or keep]s ( holy places1 & (fic]s ( ! sacr$ rev5ue4 ,next to ^! are ^? :o are appo9t$ to h ! g5]al c>e ( all ^? public sacrifices to ! tutel> god ( ! /ate1 :i* ! laws d n entru/ to ! prie/s3 & ^! 9 diff]5t /ates h diff]5t appellations4 ,to enum]ate 9 few words ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( all ^? magi/rates :o are necess>y3 ^! are ei!r religion1 w>1 taxes1 exp5ditures1 m>kets1 public build+s1 h>b\rs1 highways4 ,belong+ to ! c\rts ( ju/ice !re are scribes to enroll private contracts2 & !re mu/ also be gu>ds set ov] ! prison]s1 o!rs to see ! law is execut$1 c\ncil on ei!r side1 & also o!rs to wat* ov] ! conduct ( ^? :o are to decide ! causes4 ,among/ ! magi/rates also may f9ally be reckon$ ^? :o are to give _! advice 9 public affairs4 ,b sep>ate /ates1 :o are peculi>ly happy & h leisure to att5d to m m9ute p>ticul>s1 & are v att5tive to good ord]1 require p>ticul> magi/rates = !mselves2 su* z ^? :o h ! gov]nm5t ( ! wom52 :o are to see ! laws are execut$2 :o take c>e ( ! boys & preside ov] _! education4 ,to ^! may be add$ ^? :o h ! c>e ( _! gymna/ic ex]cises1 #acbc;a _! !atres1 & e o!r public spectacle :i* !re may happ5 to be4 ,"s ( ^!1 h[ev]1 are n ( g5]al use2 z ! gov]nors ( ! wom53 = ! poor are oblig$ to employ _! wives & *ildr5 9 s]vile (fices = want ( slaves4 ,z !re are ?ree magi/rates to :om "s /ates entru/ ! supreme p[]2 namely1 gu>dians ( ! laws1 preadvis]s1 & s5ators2 gu>dians ( ! laws suit be/ to an ari/ocracy1 preadvis]s to an olig>*y1 & a s5ate to a democracy4 ,& ?us mu* briefly conc]n+ all magi/rates4 ,,book ,,vii ,,*apt] ,i ,he :o proposes to make t inquiry :i* is necess>y conc]n+ :at gov]nm5t is be/1 ought fir/ to det]m9e :at mann] ( liv+ is mo/ eligible2 = :ile ?is rema9s unc]ta9 x w also be equally unc]ta9 :at gov]nm5t is be/3 =1 provid$ no unexpect$ accid5ts int]f]e1 x is highly probable1 t ^? :o enjoy ! be/ gov]nm5t w live ! mo/ happily accord+ to _! circum/ances2 he ought1 !re=e1 fir/ to "k :at mann] ( life is mo/ desirable = all2 & aft]w>ds :e!r ?is life is ! same to ! man & ! citiz51 or diff]5t4 ,z ,i imag9e t ,i h already suffici5tly %[n :at sort ( life is be/ 9 my popul> disc\rses on t subject1 ,i ?9k ,i may v prop]ly repeat ! same "h2 z mo/ c]ta9ly no "o ev] call$ 9 "q ! propriety ( "o ( ! divisions2 namely1 t z :at is good1 relative to man1 may be divid$ into ?ree sorts1 :at is ext]nal1 :at app]ta9s to ! body1 & :at to ! s\l1 x is evid5t t all ^! mu/ conspire to make a man happy3 = no "o w\ld say t a man 0 happy :o _h no =titude1 no temp]ance1 no ju/ice1 no prud5ce2 b 0 afraid ( ! flies t flew r\nd him3 nor w\ld ab/a9 f ! meane/ !ft if he 0 ei!r hungry or dry1 or w\ld murd] 8 de>e/ fri5d = a f>?+2 & also 0 9 e p>ticul> z want+ 9 8 und]/&+ z an infant or an idiot4 ,^! tru?s are s evid5t t all mu/ agree to !m2 ?\gh "s may dispute ab\t ! quantity & ! degree3 = !y may ?9k1 t a v little virtue is suffici5t = happ9ess2 b = ri*es1 prop]ty1 p[]1 hon\r1 & all su* ?+s1 !y endeav\r to increase !m )\t b\nds3 b to su* we reply1 t x is easy to prove f :at exp]i5ce tea*es u 9 ^! cases1 t ^! ext]nal goods produce n virtue1 b virtue !m4 ,z to a happy life1 :e!r x is to be f\nd 9 pleasure or virtue or bo?1 c]ta9 x is1 t ^? ^: morals are mo/ pure1 & ^: und]/&+s are be/ cultivat$1 w enjoy m ( x1 al?\gh _! =tune is b mod]ate ?an ^? d :o own an exub]ance ( weal?1 are defici5t 9 ^?2 & ?is utility any "o :o reflects may easily conv9ce himself (2 = :atsoev] is ext]nal has its b\nd>y1 z a ma*9e1 & :atsoev] is useful 9 its excess is ei!r necess>ily hurtful1 or at be/ useless to ! possessor2 b e good quality ( ! s\l ! high] x is 9 degree1 s mu* ! m useful x is1 if x is p]mitt$ on ?is subject to use ! ^w useful z well z noble4 ,x is also v evid5t1 t ! accid5ts ( ea* subject take place ( ea* o!r1 z ! subjects !mselves1 ( :i* we all[ !y are accid5ts1 diff] f ea* o!r 9 value2 s t if ! s\l is m noble ?an any outw>d possession1 z ! body1 bo? 9 itself & ) respect to u1 x mu/ be admitt$ ( c\rse t ! be/ accid5ts ( ea* mu/ foll[ ! same analogy4 ,besides1 x is = ! sake ( ! s\l t ^! ?+s are desirable2 & x is on ?is acc\nt t wise m5 %\ld desire !m1 n ! s\l = !m4 ,let u !re=e be well assur$1 t e "o enjoys z mu* happ9ess z he possesses virtue & wisdom1 & acts accord+ to _! dictates2 s9ce = ?is we h ! example ( ,,god ,himself1 :o is completely happy1 n f any ext]nal good1 b 9 ,himself1 & because su* is ,8 nature4 ,= good =tune is some?+ diff]5t f happ9ess1 z e good :i* dep5ds n on ! m9d is ow+ to *ance or =tune2 b x is n f =tune t any "o is wise & j3 h5ce x foll[s1 t t city is happie/ :i* is ! be/ & acts be/3 = no "o c d well :o acts n well2 nor c ! de$s ei!r ( man or city be praisewor?y )\t virtue & wisdom2 = :atsoev] is j1 or wise1 or prud5t 9 a man1 ! same ?+s are j1 wise1 & prud5t 9 a city4 ,?us mu* by way ( introduction2 = ,i c\ld n b j t\* ^u ?is subject1 ?\gh ,i c\ld n g ?r\gh a complete inve/igation ( x1 z x prop]ly belongs to ano!r "q3 let u at pres5t suppose s mu*1 t a man's happie/ life1 bo? z an individual & z a citiz51 is a life ( virtue1 accompani$ ) ^? enjoym5ts :i* virtue usually procures4 ,if #acbd;a !re are any :o are n conv9c$ by :at ,i h said1 _! d\bts %all be answ]$ h]eaft]1 at pres5t we %all proce$ accord+ to our int5d$ me?od4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,x n[ rema9s = u to say :e!r ! happ9ess ( any individual man & ! city is ! same or diff]5t3 b ?is also is evid5t2 = :osoev] supposes t ri*es w make a p]son happy1 mu/ place ! happ9ess ( ! city 9 ri*es if x possesses !m2 ^? :o pref] a life :i* enjoys a tyrannic p[] ov] o!rs w also ?9k1 t ! city :i* has _m o!rs "u its comm& is mo/ happy3 ?us also if any "o approves a man = 8 virtue1 he w ?9k ! mo/ wor?y city ! happie/3 b "h !re are two p>ticul>s :i* require consid]ation1 "o ( :i* is1 :e!r x is ! mo/ eligible life to be a memb] ( ! community & enjoy ! rights ( a citiz51 or :e!r to live z a /rang]1 )\t int]f]+ 9 public affairs2 & also :at =m ( gov]nm5t is to be pref]r$1 & :at disposition ( ! /ate is be/2 :e!r ! :ole community %\ld be eligible to a %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration1 or only ! great] "p1 & "s only3 z ?is1 !re=e1 is a subject ( political exam9ation & speculation1 & n :at conc]ns ! individual1 & ! fir/ ( ^! is :at we are at pres5t engag$ 91 ! "o ( ^! ,i am n oblig$ to speak to1 ! o!r is ! prop] bus9ess ( my pres5t design4 ,x is evid5t t gov]nm5t mu/ be ! be/ :i* is s e/abli%$1 t e "o !re9 may h x 9 8 p[] to act virtu\sly & live happily3 b "s1 :o admit t a life ( virtue is mo/ eligible1 /ill d\bt :i* is pref]able a public life ( active virtue1 or "o entirely dis5gag$ f :at is )\t & sp5t 9 contemplation2 :i* "s say is ! only "o wor?y ( a philosoph]2 & "o ( ^! two diff]5t modes ( life bo? n[ & =m]ly seem to h be5 *os5 by all ^? :o 7 ! mo/ virtu\s m52 ,i mean ! public or philosophic4 ,& yet x is ( no little consequ5ce on :i* side ! tru? lies2 = a man ( s5se mu/ naturally incl9e to ! bett] *oice2 bo? z an individual & a citiz54 ,"s ?9k t a tyrannic gov]nm5t ov] ^? ne> u is ! greate/ inju/ice2 b t a political "o is n unju/3 b t /ill is a re/ra9t on ! pleasures & tranquillity ( life4 ,o!rs hold ! q contr>y op9ion1 & ?9k t a public & active life is ! only life = man3 = t private p]sons h no opportunity ( practis+ any "o virtue1 m ?an !y h :o are engag$ 9 public life ! managem5t ( ! #acbd;b /ate4 ,^! are _! s5tim5ts2 o!rs say1 t a tyrannical & despotical mode ( gov]nm5t is ! only happy "o2 = ev5 among/ "s free /ates ! object ( _! laws seems to be to tyrannise ov] _! neighb\rs3 s t ! g5]ality ( political in/itutions1 :]esoev] disp]s$1 if !y h any "o common object 9 view1 h all ( !m ?is1 to conqu] & gov]n4 ,x is evid5t1 bo? f ! laws ( ! ,lac$aemonians & ,cretans1 z well z by ! mann] 9 :i* !y educat$ _! *ildr51 t all :i* !y _h 9 view 0 to make !m soldi]s3 besides1 among all nations1 ^? :o h p[] en\gh & r$uce o!rs to s]vitude are hon\r$ on t acc\nt2 z 7 ! ,scy?ians1 ,p]sians1 ,?racians1 & ,gauls3 ) "s !re are laws to height5 ! virtue ( c\rage2 ?us !y tell u t at ,c>?age !y all[$ e p]son to we> z _m r+s = di/9ction z he _h s]v$ campaigns4 ,!re 0 also a law 9 ,mac$onia1 t a man :o _h n himself kill$ an enemy %\ld be oblig$ to we> a halt]2 among ! ,scy?ians1 at a fe/ival1 none 7 p]mitt$ to dr9k out ( ! cup 0 c>ri$ ab\t :o _h n done ! same ?+4 ,among ! ,ib]ians1 a w>like nation1 !y fix$ z _m columns ^u a man's tomb z he _h sla9 enemies3 & among diff]5t nations diff]5t ?+s ( ?is sort prevail1 "s ( !m e/abli%$ by law1 o!rs by cu/om4 ,probably x may seem too absurd to ^? :o are will+ to take ?is subject into _! consid]ation to inquire :e!r x is ! bus9ess ( a legislator to be able to po9t out by :at means a /ate may gov]n & tyrannise ov] its neighb\rs1 :e!r !y w1 or w n3 = h[ c t belong ei!r to ! politician or legislator :i* is unlawful8 = t _c be lawful :i* is done n only ju/ly1 b unju/ly also3 = a conque/ may be unju/ly made4 ,b we see no?+ ( ?is 9 ! arts3 = x is ! bus9ess nei!r ( ! physician nor ! pilot to use ei!r p]suasion or =ce1 ! "o to 8 pati5ts1 ! o!r to 8 pass5g]s3 & yet _m seem to ?9k a despotic gov]nm5t is a political "o1 & :at !y w\ld n all[ to be j or prop]1 if ex]cis$ ov] !mselves1 !y w n blu% to ex]cise ov] o!rs2 = !y endeav\r to be wisely gov]n$ !mselves1 b ?9k x ( no consequ5ce :e!r o!rs are s or n3 b a despotic p[] is absurd1 except only :]e nature has fram$ ! "o p>ty = dom9ion1 ! o!r = subord9ation2 & !re=e no "o ought to assume x ov] all 9 g5]al1 b ^? only :i* are ! prop] objects !re(3 ?us no "o %\ld hunt m5 ei!r = food or sacrifice1 b :at is fit = ^? purposes1 & ^! are wild animals :i* are eatable4 ,n[ a city :i* is well gov]n$ might be v #acbe;a happy 9 itself :ile x enjoy$ a good sy/em ( laws1 al?\gh x %\ld happ5 to be s situat$ z to h no connection ) any o!r /ate1 ?\gh its con/itution %\ld n be fram$ = w> or conque/2 = x w\ld !n h no occasion = ^!4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t ! bus9ess ( w> is to be consid]$ z comm5dable1 n z a f9al end1 b z ! means ( procur+ x4 ,x is ! duty ( a good legislator to exam9e c>efully into 8 /ate2 & ! nature ( ! p1 & h[ !y may p>take ( e int]c\rse1 ( a good life1 & ( ! happ9ess :i* results f x3 & 9 ?is respect "s laws & cu/oms diff] f o!rs4 ,x is also ! duty ( a legislator1 if he has any neighb\r+ /ates to consid] 9 :at mann] he %all oppose ea* ( !m1 or :at good (fices he %all %[ !m4 ,b :at %\ld be ! f9al end ( ! be/ gov]nm5ts w be consid]$ h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,we w n[ speak to ^? :o1 :ile !y agree t a life ( virtue is mo/ eligible1 yet diff] 9 ! use ( x address+ ourselves to bo? ^! p>ties2 = !re are "s :o disapprove ( all political gov]nm5ts1 & ?9k t ! life ( "o :o is really free is diff]5t f ! life ( a citiz51 & ( all o!rs mo/ eligible3 o!rs aga9 ?9k t ! citiz5 is ! be/2 & t x is impossible = him :o does no?+ to be well employ$2 b t virtu\s activity & happ9ess are ! same ?+4 ,n[ bo? p>ties 9 "s p>ticul>s say :at is "r1 9 o!rs :at is wrong1 ?us1 t ! life ( a freeman is bett] ?an ! life ( a slave is true1 = a slave1 z a slave1 is employ$ 9 no?+ hon\rable2 = ! common s]vile employm5ts :i* he is comm&$ to p]=m h no?+ virtu\s 9 !m2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is n true t a submission to all sorts ( gov]nm5ts is slav]y2 = ! gov]nm5t ( freem5 diff]s n m f ! gov]nm5t ( slaves ?an slav]y & fre$om diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! nature2 & h[ !y d has be5 already m5tion$4 ,to pref] do+ ( no?+ to virtu\s activity is also wrong1 = happ9ess consi/s 9 action1 & _m noble ends are produc$ by ! actions ( ! j & wise4 ,f :at we h already det]m9$ on ?is subject1 "s "o probably may ?9k1 t supreme p[] is ( all ?+s be/1 z t w enable a man to comm& v _m useful s]vices f o!rs2 s t he :o c obta9 ?is ought n to give x up to ano!r1 b r to seize x3 &1 = ?is purpose1 ! fa!r %\ld h no att5tion or reg>d = ! son1 or ! son = ! fa!r1 or fri5d = fri5d2 = :at is be/ is mo/ eligible3 b to be a memb] ( ! community & be 9 felicity is be/4 ,:at ^! p]sons advance might probably be true1 if ! supreme good 0 c]ta9ly !irs :o plund] & use viol5ce to o!rs3 b x is #acbe;b mo/ unlikely t x %\ld be s2 = x is a m]e supposition3 = x does n foll[ t _! actions are hon\rable :o ?us assume ! supreme p[] ov] o!rs1 )\t !y 7 by nature z sup]ior to !m z a man to a woman1 a fa!r to a *ild1 a ma/] to a slave3 s t he :o s f> =sakes ! pa?s ( virtue c nev] return back f :5ce he dep>t$ f !m3 = among/ equals :atev] is fair & j ought to be reciprocal2 = ?is is equal & "r2 b t equals %\ld n p>take ( :at is equal1 or l to l1 is contr>y to nature3 b :atev] is contr>y to nature is n "r2 !re=e1 if !re is any "o sup]ior to ! re/ ( ! community 9 virtue & abilities = active life1 him x is prop] to foll[1 him x is "r to obey1 b ! "o alone w n d1 b mu/ be jo9$ to ! o!r also3 &1 if we are "r 9 :at we h n[ said1 x foll[s t happ9ess consi/s 9 virtu\s activity1 & t bo? ) respect to ! community z well z ! individual an active life is ! happie/3 n t an active life mu/ necess>ily ref] to o!r p]sons1 z "s ?9k1 or t ^? /udies alone are practical :i* are pursu$ to tea* o!rs :at to d2 = ^? are mu* m s ^: f9al object is 9 !mselves1 & to improve ! judgm5t & und]/&+ ( ! man2 = virtu\s activity has an end1 !re=e is some?+ practical2 nay1 ^? :o contrive ! plan :i* o!rs foll[ are m p>ticul>ly said to act1 & are sup]ior to ! workm5 :o execute _! designs4 ,b x is n necess>y t /ates :i* *oose to h no int]c\rse ) o!rs %\ld rema9 inactive2 = ! sev]al memb]s !re( may h mutual int]c\rse ) ea* o!r2 = !re are _m opportunities = ?is among ! diff]5t citiz5s2 ! same ?+ is true ( e individual3 =1 0 x o!rwise1 nei!r c\ld ! ,deity nor ! univ]se be p]fect2 to nei!r ( :om c any?+ ext]nal sep>ately exi/4 ,h5ce x is evid5t t t v same life :i* is happy = ea* individual is happy also = ! /ate & e memb] ( x4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,z ,i h n[ f9i%$ :at 0 introductory to ?is subject1 & consid]$ at l>ge ! nature ( o!r /ates1 x n[ rema9s t ,i %\ld fir/ say :at ought to be ! e/abli%m5t ( a city :i* "o %\ld =m accord+ to "o's wi%2 = no good /ate c exi/ )\t a mod]ate proportion ( :at is necess>y4 ,_m ?+s !re=e ought to be =e?\ght ( z desirable1 b none ( !m su* z are impossible3 ,i mean relative to ! numb] ( citiz5s & ! ext5t ( ! t]ritory3 = z o!r artific]s1 su* z ! weav] & ! %ipwright1 ought to h su* mat]ials z are fit = _! "w1 s9ce s mu* ! bett] !y are1 by s mu* #acbf;a sup]ior w ! "w itself necess>ily be2 s also ought ! legislator & politician endeav\r to procure prop] mat]ials = ! bus9ess !y h 9 h&4 ,n[ ! fir/ & pr9cipal in/rum5t ( ! politician is ! numb] ( ! p2 he %\ld !re=e "k h[ _m1 & :at !y naturally ought to be3 9 l mann] ! c\ntry1 h[ l>ge1 & :at x is4 ,mo/ p]sons ?9k t x is necess>y = a city to be l>ge to be happy3 b1 %\ld ?is be true1 !y _c tell :at is a l>ge "o & :at a small "o2 = accord+ to ! multitude ( ! inhabitants !y e/imate ! greatness ( x2 b !y ought r to consid] its /r5g? ?an its numb]s2 = a /ate has a c]ta9 object 9 view1 & f ! p[] :i* x has 9 itself ( accompli%+ x1 its greatness ought to be e/imat$2 z a p]son might say1 t ,hippocrates 0 a great] physician1 ?\gh n a great] man1 ?an "o t exce$$ him 9 ! size ( 8 body3 b if x 0 prop] to det]m9e ! /r5g? ( ! city f ! numb] ( ! inhabitants1 x %\ld nev] be collect$ f ! multitude 9 g5]al :o may happ5 to be 9 x2 = 9 a city !re mu/ necess>ily be _m slaves1 soj\rn]s1 & =eign]s2 b f ^? :o are really "p ( ! city & prop]ly con/itute its memb]s2 a multitude ( ^! is inde$ a pro( ( a l>ge city1 b 9 a /ate :]e a l>ge numb] ( me*anics inhabit1 & b few soldi]s1 su* a /ate _c be great2 = ! greatness ( ! city1 & ! numb] ( m5 9 x1 are n ! same ?+4 ,?is too is evid5t f fact1 t x is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to gov]n prop]ly a v num]\s body ( m52 = ( all ! /ates :i* appe> well gov]n$ we f9d n "o :]e ! rights ( a citiz5 are op5 to an indiscrim9ate multitude4 ,& ?is is also evid5t f ! nature ( ! ?+2 = z law is a c]ta9 ord]1 s good law is ( c\rse a c]ta9 good ord]3 b too l>ge a multitude are incapable ( ?is1 unless "u ! gov]nm5t ( t ,,div9e ,,p[] :i* compreh5ds ! univ]se4 ,n b t1 z quantity & v>iety are usually ess5tial to beauty1 ! p]fection ( a city consi/s 9 ! l>g5ess ( x z f> z t l>g5ess is consi/5t ) t ord] already m5tion$3 b /ill !re is a det]m9ate size to all cities1 z well z ev]y?+ else1 :e!r animals1 plants1 or ma*9es1 = ea* ( ^!1 if !y are nei!r too little nor too big1 h _! prop] p[]s2 b :5 !y h n _! due gr[?1 or are badly con/ruct$1 z a %ip a span long is n prop]ly a %ip1 nor "o ( two furlongs l5g?1 b :5 x is ( a fit size2 = ei!r f its smallness or f its l>g5ess x may be q useless3 s is x ) a city2 "o t is too small has n #acbf;b 9 itself ! p[] ( self-def5ce1 b ?is is ess5tial to a city3 "o t is too l>ge is capable ( self-def5ce 9 :at is necess>y2 b !n x is a nation & n a city3 = x w be v difficult to accommodate a =m ( gov]nm5t to x3 = :o w\ld *oose to be ! g5]al ( su* an unwieldy multitude1 or :o c\ld be _! h]ald b a /5tor8 ,! fir/ ?+ !re=e necess>y is1 t a city %\ld consi/ ( su* numb]s z w be suffici5t to enable ! inhabitants to live happily 9 _! political community3 & x foll[s1 t ! m ! inhabitants exce$ t necess>y numb] ! great] w ! city be3 b ?is mu/ n be1 z we h already said1 )\t b\nds2 b :at is its prop] limit exp]i5ce w easily %[1 & ?is exp]i5ce is to be collect$ f ! actions bo? ( ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$4 ,n[1 z x belongs to ! fir/ to direct ! inf]ior magi/rates & to act z judges1 x foll[s t !y c nei!r det]m9e causes ) ju/ice nor issue _! ord]s ) propriety )\t !y "k ! *>act]s ( _! fell[-citiz5s3 s t :5ev] ?is happ5s n to be done 9 ^! two p>ticul>s1 ! /ate mu/ ( necessity be badly manag$2 = 9 bo? ( !m x is n "r to det]m9e too ha/ily & )\t prop] k1 :i* mu/ evid5tly be ! case :]e ! numb] ( ! citiz5s is too _m3 besides1 x is m easy = /rang]s & soj\rn]s to assume ! rights ( citiz5s1 z !y w easily escape detection 9 s great a multitude4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! be/ b\nd>y = a city is t :]e9 ! numb]s are ! greate/ possible1 t !y may be ! bett] able to be suffici5t 9 !mselves1 :ile at ! same "t !y are n too l>ge to be "u ! eye & gov]nm5t ( ! magi/rates4 ,& ?us let u det]m9e ! ext5t ( a city4 ,,*apt] ,v ,:at we h said conc]n+ a city may ne>ly be appli$ to a c\ntry2 = z to :at soil x %\ld be1 e "o evid5tly w comm5d x if x is su* z is suffici5t 9 itself to furni% :at w make ! inhabitants happy2 = :i* purpose x mu/ be able to supply !m ) all ! necess>ies ( life2 = x is ! hav+ ^! 9 pl5ty1 )\t any want1 :i* makes !m cont5t4 ,z to its ext5t1 x %\ld be su* z may enable ! inhabitants to live at _! ease ) fre$om & temp]ance4 ,:e!r we h done "r or wrong 9 fix+ ?is limit to ! t]ritory %all be consid]$ m m9utely h]eaft]1 :5 we come p>ticul>ly to inquire into prop]ty1 & :at =tune is requisite = a man to live on1 & h[ & 9 :at mann] !y ought to employ x2 = !re are _m d\bts ^u ?is "q1 :ile ea* p>ty insi/s ^u _! own plan ( life be+ c>ri$ to an excess1 ! "o ( sev]ity1 ! o!r ( indulg5ce4 ,:at ! situation ( ! c\ntry %\ld be x is n difficult to det]m9e1 9 "s p>ticul>s respect+ t we ought to be advis$ by ^? :o are skilful 9 milit>y affairs4 ,x %\ld be difficult ( access to an enemy1 b easy to ! inhabitants3 & z we said1 t ! numb] ( #acbg;a inhabitants ought to be su* z c come "u ! eye ( ! magi/rate1 s %\ld x be ) ! c\ntry2 = !n x is easily def5d$4 ,z to ! position ( ! city1 if "o c\ld place x to "o's wi%1 x is conv5i5t to fix x on ! seaside3 ) respect to ! c\ntry1 "o situation :i* x ought to h has be5 already m5tion$1 namely1 t x %\ld be s plac$ z easily to give assi/ance to all places1 & also to receive ! necess>ies ( life f all p>ts1 & also wood1 or any o!r mat]ials :i* may happ5 to be 9 ! c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,b ) respect to plac+ a city 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea1 !re are "s :o h _m d\bts :e!r x is s]viceable or hurtful to a well-regulat$ /ate2 = !y say1 t ! resort ( p]sons br\ght up "u a diff]5t sy/em ( gov]nm5t is diss]viceable to ! /ate1 z well by imp$+ ! laws z by _! numb]s2 = a multitude ( m]*ants mu/ necess>ily arise f _! traffick+ backw>d & =w>d ^u ! seas1 :i* w h9d] ! well-gov]n+ ( ! city3 b if ?is inconv5i5ce %\ld n arise1 x is evid5t t x is bett]1 bo? on acc\nt ( safety & also = ! easi] acquisition ( ! necess>ies ( life1 t bo? ! city & ! c\ntry %\ld be ne> ! sea2 = x is necess>y t ^? :o are to su/a9 ! attack ( ! enemy %\ld be ready ) _! assi/ance bo? by l& & by sea1 & to oppose any inroad1 bo? ways if possible b if n1 at lea/ :]e !y are mo/ p[]ful1 :i* !y may d :ile !y possess bo?4 ,a m>itime situation is also useful = receiv+ f o!rs :at y\r own c\ntry w n produce1 & export+ ^? necess>ies ( y\r own gr[? :i* are m ?an y h occasion =2 b a city ought to traffic to supply its own wants1 & n ! wants ( o!rs2 = ^? :o !mselves furni% an op5 m>ket = e "o1 d x = ! sake ( ga92 :i* x is n prop] = a well-e/abli%$ /ate to d1 nei!r %\ld !y enc\rage su* a comm]ce4 ,n[1 z we see t _m places & cities h docks & h>b\rs ly+ v conv5i5t = ! city1 :ile ^? :o frequ5t !m h no communication ) ! citadel1 & yet !y are n too f> (f1 b are surr\nd$ by walls & su*-l =tifications1 x is evid5t1 t if any good arises f su* an int]c\rse ! city w receive x1 b if any?+ hurtful1 x w be easy to re/ra9 x by a law decl>+ & deput+ :om ! /ate w all[ to h an int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 & :om n4 ,z to a naval p[]1 x is by no means d\btful t x is necess>y to h "o to a c]ta9 degree2 & ?is n only = ! sake ( ! #acbg;b city itself1 b also because x may be necess>y to appe> =midable to "s ( ! neighb\r+ /ates1 or to be able to assi/ !m z well by sea z by l&2 b to "k h[ great t =ce %\ld be1 ! heal? ( ! /ate %\ld be inquir$ into1 & if t appe>s vigor\s & enables h] to take ! lead ( o!r communities1 x is necess>y t h] =ce %\ld correspond ) h] actions4 ,z = t multitude ( p :i* a m>itime p[] creates1 !y are by no means necess>y to a /ate1 nor ought !y to make a "p ( ! citiz5s2 = ! m>9]s & infantry1 :o h ! comm&1 are freem51 & ^u ^! dep5ds a naval engagem5t3 b :5 !re are _m s]vants & husb&m51 !re !y w always h a numb] ( sailors1 z we n[ see happ5s to "s /ates1 z 9 ,h]aclea1 :]e !y man _m triremes1 ?\gh ! ext5t ( _! city is mu* inf]ior to "s o!rs4 ,& ?us we det]m9e conc]n+ ! c\ntry1 ! port1 ! city1 ! sea1 & a m>itime p[]3 z to ! numb] ( ! citiz5s1 :at t ought to be we h already said4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,we n[ proce$ to po9t out :at natural disposition ! memb]s ( ! community ought to be (3 b ?is any "o w easily p]ceive :o w ca/ 8 eye ov] ! /ates ( ,greece1 ( all o!rs ! mo/ celebrat$1 & also ! o!r diff]5t nations ( ?is habitable _w4 ,^? :o live 9 cold c\ntries1 z ! nor? ( ,europe1 are full ( c\rage1 b want+ 9 und]/&+ & ! arts3 !re=e !y are v t5aci\s ( _! lib]ty2 b1 n be+ politicians1 !y _c r$uce _! neighb\rs "u _! p[]3 b ! ,asiatics1 ^: und]/&+s are quick1 & :o are conv]sant 9 ! arts1 are defici5t 9 c\rage2 & !re=e are always conqu]$ & ! slaves ( o!rs3 b ! ,grecians1 plac$ z x 7 betwe5 ^! two b\nd>ies1 s p>take ( !m bo? z to be at ! same "t bo? c\rage\s & s5sible2 = :i* reason ,greece cont9ues free1 & gov]n$ 9 ! be/ mann] possible1 & capable ( comm&+ ! :ole _w1 c\ld !y agree ^u "o sy/em ( policy4 ,n[ ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,grecians & o!r nations1 t ! latt] h b "o ( ^! qualities1 :]eas 9 ! =m] !y are bo? happily bl5d$ toge!r4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t ^? p]sons ought to be bo? s5sible & c\rage\s :o w readily obey a legislator1 ! object ( ^: laws is virtue4 ,z to :at "s p]sons say1 t ! milit>y mu/ be mild & t5d] to ^? !y "k1 b sev]e & cruel to ^? !y "k n1 x is c\rage :i* #acbh;a makes any "o lovely2 = t is ! faculty ( ! s\l :i* we mo/ admire3 z a pro( ( ?is1 our res5tm5t rises high] aga9/ our fri5ds & acqua9tance ?an aga9/ ^? we "k n3 = :i* reason ,ar*ilaus accus+ 8 fri5ds says v prop]ly to himself1 ,%all my fri5ds insult me8 ,! _s ( fre$om & comm& also is :at all inh]it :o are ( ?is disposition = c\rage is comm&+ & inv9cible4 ,x also is n "r = any "o to say1 t y %\ld be sev]e to ^? y "k n2 = ?is behavi\r is prop] = no "o3 nor are ^? :o are ( a noble disposition h>% 9 _! mann]s1 except+ only to ! wick$2 & :5 !y are p>ticul>ly s1 x is1 z has be5 already said1 aga9/ _! fri5ds1 :5 !y ?9k !y h injur$ !m2 :i* is agreeable to reason3 = :5 ^? :o ?9k !y ought to receive a fav\r f any "o d n receive x1 beside ! injury done !m1 !y consid] :at !y are depriv$ (3 h5ce ! say+1 ,cruel are ! w>s ( bro!rs2 & ?is1 ,^? :o h greatly lov$ d greatly hate4 ,& ?us we h ne>ly det]m9$ h[ _m ! inhabitants ( a city ought to be1 & :at _! natural disposition1 & also ! c\ntry h[ l>ge1 & ( :at sort is necess>y2 ,i say ne>ly1 because x is ne$less to endeav\r at z great accuracy 9 ^? ?+s :i* are ! objects ( ! s5ses z 9 ^? :i* are inquir$ into by ! und]/&+ only4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,z 9 natural bodies ^? ?+s are n admitt$ to be p>ts ( !m )\t :i* ! :ole w\ld n exi/1 s also x is evid5t t 9 a political /ate ev]y?+ t is necess>y !reunto is n to be consid]$ z a "p ( x1 nor any o!r community f :5ce "o :ole is made2 = "o ?+ ought to be common & ! same to ! community1 :e!r !y p>take ( x equally or unequally1 z1 = in/ance1 food1 l&1 or ! l2 b :5 "o ?+ is = ! b5efit ( "o p]son1 & ano!r = ! b5efit ( ano!r1 9 ?is !re is no?+ l a community1 except+ t "o makes x & ! o!r uses x2 z1 = in/ance1 betwe5 any in/rum5t employ$ 9 mak+ any "w1 & ! workm51 z !re is no?+ common betwe5 ! h\se & ! build]1 b ! art ( ! build] is employ$ on ! h\se4 ,?us prop]ty is necess>y = /ates1 b prop]ty is no "p ( ! /ate1 ?\gh _m species ( x h life2 b a city is a community ( equals1 = ! purpose ( enjoy+ ! be/ life possible3 b ! happie/ life is ! be/ :i* consi/s 9 ! p]fect practice ( virtu\s en]gies3 z !re=e "s p]sons h great1 o!rs little or no opportunity ( be+ employ$ 9 ^!1 x is evid5t t ?is is ! cause ( ! diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! diff]5t cities & communities !re are to be f\nd2 = :ile ea* ( ^! endeav\r to acquire :at is be/ by v>i\s & diff]5t means1 !y give #acbh;b rise to diff]5t modes ( liv+ & diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t4 ,we are n[ to consid] :at ^? ?+s are )\t :i* a city _c possibly exi/2 = :at we call p>ts ( ! city mu/ ( necessity inh]e 9 x3 & ?is we %all pla9ly und]/&1 if we "k ! numb] ( ?+s necess>y to a city3 fir/1 ! inhabitants mu/ h food3 secondly1 arts1 = _m in/rum5ts are necess>y 9 life3 ?irdly1 arms1 = x is necess>y t ! community %\ld h an arm$ =ce )9 !mselves1 bo? to support _! gov]nm5t aga9/ ^? ( _! own body :o might refuse ob$i5ce to x1 & also to def5d x f ^? :o might attempt to attack x f )\t3 f\r?ly1 a c]ta9 rev5ue1 z well = ! int]nal necessities ( ! /ate z = ! bus9ess ( w>3 fif?ly1 :i* is inde$ ! *ief conc]n1 a religi\s e/abli%m5t3 six?ly 9 ord]1 b fir/ ( all 9 necessity1 a c\rt to det]m9e bo? crim9al & civil causes4 ,^! ?+s are absolutely necess>y1 s to speak1 9 e /ate2 = a city is a numb] ( p n accid5tally met toge!r1 b ) a purpose ( ensur+ to !mselves suffici5t indep5d5cy & self-protection2 & if any?+ necess>y = ^! purposes is want+1 x is impossible t 9 su* a situation ^! ends c be obta9$4 ,x is necess>y !re=e t a city %\ld be capable ( acquir+ all ^! ?+s3 = ?is purpose a prop] numb] ( husb&m5 are necess>y to procure food1 also artific]s & soldi]s1 & ri* m51 & prie/s & judges1 to det]m9e :at is "r & prop]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,hav+ det]m9$ ?us f>1 x rema9s t we consid] :e!r all ^! diff]5t employm5ts %all be op5 to all2 = x is possible to cont9ue ! same p]sons always husb&m51 artific]s1 judges1 or c\nsellors2 or %all we appo9t diff]5t p]sons to ea* ( ^? employm5ts :i* we h already m5tion$2 or %all "s ( !m be appropriat$ to p>ticul>s1 & o!rs ( c\rse common to all8 b ?is does n take place 9 e /ate1 =1 z we h already said1 x is possible t all may be common to all1 or n1 b only common to "s2 & ?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o gov]nm5t & ano!r3 = 9 democracies ! :ole community p>takes ( ev]y?+1 b 9 olig>*ies x is diff]5t4 ,s9ce we are inquir+ :at is ! be/ gov]nm5t possible1 & x is admitt$ to be t 9 :i* ! citiz5s are happy2 & t1 z we h already said1 x is impossible to obta9 happ9ess )\t virtue2 x foll[s1 t 9 ! be/-gov]n$ /ates1 :]e ! citiz5s are really m5 ( intr9sic & n relative goodness1 none ( !m %\ld be p]mitt$ to ex]cise any me*anic employm5t or foll[ m]*&ise1 z be+ ignoble & de/ructive to virtue2 nei!r %\ld !y be husb&-#acbi;a m51 t !y may be at leisure to improve 9 virtue & p]=m ! duty !y owe to ! /ate4 ,) respect to ! employm5ts ( a soldi]1 a s5ator1 & a judge1 :i* are evid5tly necess>y to ! community1 %all !y be allott$ to diff]5t p]sons1 or %all ! same p]son execute bo?8 ,?is "q1 too1 is easily answ]$3 = 9 "s cases ! same p]sons may execute !m1 9 o!rs !y %\ld be diff]5t1 :]e ! diff]5t employm5ts require diff]5t abilities1 z :5 c\rage is want+ = "o1 judgm5t = ! o!r1 !re !y %\ld be allott$ to diff]5t p]sons2 b :5 x is evid5t1 t x is impossible to oblige ^? :o h arms 9 _! h&s1 & c insi/ on _! own t]ms1 to be always "u comm&2 !re ^! diff]5t employm5ts %\ld be tru/$ to "o p]son2 = ^? :o h arms 9 _! h&s h x 9 _! option :e!r !y w or w n assume ! supreme p[]3 to ^! two 7namely1 ^? :o h c\rage & judgm5t7 ! gov]nm5t mu/ be entru/$2 b n 9 ! same mann]1 b z nature directs2 :at requires c\rage to ! "y1 :at requires judgm5t to ! old2 = ) ! "y is c\rage1 ) ! old is wisdom3 ?us ea* w be allott$ ! "p !y are fit = accord+ to _! diff]5t m]its4 ,x is also necess>y t ! l&$ prop]ty %\ld belong to ^! m52 = x is necess>y t ! citiz5s %\ld be ri*1 & ^! are ! m5 prop] = citiz5s2 = no me*anic ought to be admitt$ to ! rights ( a citiz51 nor any o!r sort ( p ^: employm5t is n entirely noble1 hon\rable1 & virtu\s2 ?is is evid5t f ! pr9ciple we at fir/ set out )2 = to be happy x is necess>y to be virtu\s2 & no "o %\ld say t a city is happy :ile he consid]s only "o "p ( its citiz5s1 b = t purpose he ought to exam9e into all ( !m4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! l&$ prop]ty %\ld belong to ^!1 ?\gh x may be necess>y = !m to h husb&m51 ei!r slaves1 b>b>ians1 or s]vants4 ,!re rema9s ( ! diff]5t classes ( ! p :om we h enum]at$1 ! prie/s1 = ^! evid5tly compose a rank by !mselves2 = nei!r are !y to be reckon$ among/ ! husb&m5 nor ! me*anics2 = rev]5ce to ! gods is highly becom+ e /ate3 & s9ce ! citiz5s h be5 divid$ into ord]s1 ! milit>y & ! c\ncil1 & x is prop] to (f] due wor%ip to ! gods1 & s9ce x is necess>y t ^? :o are employ$ 9 _! s]vice %\ld h no?+ else to d1 let ! bus9ess ( ! prie/hood be allott$ to ^? :o are 9 ye>s4 ,we h n[ %[n :at is necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( a city1 & ( :at p>ts x consi/s1 & t husb&m51 me*anic1 & m]c5>y s]vants are necess>y to a city2 b t ! p>ts ( x are soldi]s & sailors1 & t ^! are always diff]5t f ^?1 b f ea* o!r only occasionally4 ,,*apt] ,x ,x seems nei!r n[ nor v lately to h be5 kn[n #acbi;b to ^? philosoph]s :o h made politics _! /udy1 t a city ought to be divid$ by families into diff]5t ord]s ( m52 & t ! husb&m5 & soldi]s %\ld be kept sep>ate f ea* o!r2 :i* cu/om is ev5 to ?is day pres]v$ 9 ,egypt & 9 ,crete2 also ,seso/ris hav+ f\nd$ x 9 ,egypt1 ,m9os 9 ,crete4 ,common meals seem also to h be5 an anci5t regulation1 & to h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,crete dur+ ! reign ( ,m9os1 & 9 a /ill m remote p]iod 9 ,italy2 = ^? :o are ! be/ judges 9 t c\ntry say t "o ,italus be+ k+ ( ,a,enotria41 f :om ! p1 *ang+ _! names1 7 call$ ,italians in/ead ( ,a,enotrians1 & t "p ( ,europe 0 call$ ,italy :i* is b\nd$ by ! ,scylletic ,gulf on ! "o side & ! ,lametic on ! o!r1 ! di/ance betwe5 :i* is ab\t half a day's j\rney4 ,?is ,italus1 !y relate1 made ! ,a,enotrians1 :o 7 =m]ly %eph]ds1 husb&m51 & gave !m diff]5t laws f :at !y _h be=e1 & to h be5 ! fir/ :o e/abli%$ common meals1 = :i* reason "s ( 8 desc5dants /ill use !m1 & obs]ve "s ( 8 laws4 ,! ,opici inhabit t "p :i* lies t[>ds ! ,tyrrh5ian ,sea1 :o bo? n[ are & =m]ly 7 call$ ,ausonians4 ,! ,*ones inhabit$ ! "p t[>d ,iapigia & ! ,ionian ,sea :i* is call$ ,syrtis4 ,^! ,*ones 7 desc5d$ f ! ,a,enotrians4 ,h5ce arose ! cu/om ( common meals1 b ! sep>ation ( ! citiz5s into diff]5t families f ,egypt3 = ! reign ( ,seso/ris is ( mu* high] antiquity ?an t ( ,m9os4 ,z we ought to ?9k t mo/ o!r ?+s 7 f\nd out 9 a long1 nay1 ev5 9 a b\ndless "t 7reason tea*+ u t want w\ld make u fir/ inv5t t :i* 0 necess>y1 &1 :5 t 0 obta9$1 !n ^? ?+s :i* 7 requisite = ! conv5i5ces & ornam5t ( life71 s %\ld we conclude ! same ) respect to a political /ate2 n[ ev]y?+ 9 ,egypt be>s ! m>ks ( ! mo/ remote antiquity1 = ^! p seem to be ! mo/ anci5t ( all o!rs1 & to h acquir$ laws & political ord]2 we %\ld !re=e make a prop] use ( :at is told u ( !m1 & endeav\r to f9d out :at !y h omitt$4 ,we h already said1 t ! l&$ prop]ty ought to belong to ! milit>y & ^? :o p>take ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate2 & t !re=e ! husb&m5 %\ld be a sep>ate ord] ( p2 & h[ l>ge & ( :at nature ! c\ntry ought to be3 we w fir/ treat ( ! division ( ! l&1 & ( ! husb&m51 h[ _m & ( :at sort !y ought to be2 s9ce we by no means hold t prop]ty ought to be common1 z "s p]sons h said1 only ?us f>1 9 fri5d%ip1 x #accj;a %\ld be _! cu/om to let no citiz5 want subsi/5ce4 ,z to common meals1 x is 9 g5]al agre$ t !y are prop] 9 well-regulat$ cities2 my reasons = approv+ ( !m %all be m5tion$ h]eaft]3 !y are :at all ! citiz5s ought to p>take (2 b x w n be easy = ! poor1 out ( :at is _! own1 to furni% z mu* z !y are ord]$ to d1 & supply _! own h\se besides4 ,! exp5se also ( religi\s wor%ip %\ld be defray$ by ! :ole /ate4 ,( necessity !re=e ! l& ought to be divid$ into two p>ts1 "o ( :i* %\ld belong to ! community 9 g5]al1 ! o!r to ! individuals sep>ately2 & ea* ( ^! p>ts %\ld aga9 be subdivid$ into two3 half ( t :i* belongs to ! public %\ld be appropriat$ to ma9ta9 ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 ! o!r half to support ! common meals4 ,half ( t :i* belongs to ! individuals %\ld be at ! extremity ( ! c\ntry1 ! o!r half ne> ! city1 s t ^! two portions be+ allott$ to ea* p]son1 all w\ld p>take ( l& 9 bo? places1 :i* w\ld be bo? equal & "r2 & induce !m to act 9 conc]t ) great] h>mony 9 any w> ) _! neighb\rs3 = :5 ! l& is n divid$ 9 ?is mann]1 "o p>ty neglects ! inroads ( ! enemy on ! bord]s1 ! o!r makes x a matt] ( too mu* consequ5ce & m ?an is necess>y2 = :i* reason 9 "s places !re is a law :i* =bids ! inhabitants ( ! bord]s to h any vote 9 ! c\ncil :5 !y are debat+ ^u a w> :i* is made aga9/ !m z _! private int]e/ might prev5t _! vot+ imp>tially4 ,?us !re=e ! c\ntry ought to be divid$ & = ! reasons be=e m5tion$4 ,c\ld "o h "o's *oice1 ! husb&m5 %\ld by all means be slaves1 n ( ! same nation1 or m5 ( any _s2 = ?us !y w\ld be labori\s 9 _! bus9ess1 & safe f attempt+ any novelties3 next to ^! b>b>ian s]vants are to be pref]r$1 simil> 9 natural disposition to ^! we h already m5tion$4 ,( ^!1 let ^? :o are to cultivate ! private prop]ty ( ! individual belong to t individual1 & ^? :o are to cultivate ! public t]ritory belong to ! public4 ,9 :at mann] ^! slaves ought to be us$1 & = :at reason x is v prop] t !y %\ld h ! promise ( _! lib]ty made !m1 z a rew>d = _! s]vices1 %all be m5tion$ h]eaft]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,we h already m5tion$1 t bo? ! city & all ! c\ntry %\ld communicate bo? ) ! sea & ! cont95t z mu* z possible4 ,!re are ^! f\r ?+s :i* we %\ld be p>ticul>ly desir\s ( 9 ! position ( ! city ) respect to itself3 9 ! fir/ place1 heal? is to be consult$ z ! fir/ ?+ necess>y3 n[ a city :i* fronts ! ea/ & receives ! w9ds :i* bl[ f !nce is e/eem$ mo/ heal?ful2 next to ?is t :i* has a nor!rn position is to be pref]r$1 z be/ 9 w9t]4 ,x %\ld next be contriv$ t x may h a prop] situation = ! bus9ess ( gov]nm5t & = def5ce 9 w>3 t 9 w> ! citiz5s may #accj;b h easy access to x2 b t x may be difficult ( access to1 & h>dly to be tak5 by1 ! enemy4 ,9 ! next place p>ticul>ly1 t !re may be pl5ty ( wat]1 & riv]s ne> at h&3 b if ^? _c be f\nd1 v l>ge ci/]ns mu/ be prep>$ to save ra9-wat]1 s t !re may be no want ( x 9 case !y %\ld be driv5 into ! t[n 9 "t ( w>4 ,& z great c>e %\ld be tak5 ( ! heal? ( ! inhabitants1 ! fir/ ?+ to be att5d$ to is1 t ! city %\ld h a good situation & a good position2 ! second is1 t !y may h good wat] to dr9k2 & ?is n be neglig5tly tak5 c>e (2 = :at we *iefly & mo/ frequ5tly use = ! support ( ! body mu/ pr9cipally influ5ce ! heal? ( x2 & ?is influ5ce is :at ! air & wat] naturally h3 = :i* reason 9 all wise gov]nm5ts ! wat]s ought to be appropriat$ to diff]5t purposes1 & if !y are n equally good1 & if !re is n a pl5ty ( necess>y wat]1 t :i* is to dr9k %\ld be sep>at$ f t :i* is = o!r uses4 ,z to =tifi$ places1 :at is prop] = "s gov]nm5ts is n prop] = all2 z1 = in/ance1 a l(ty citadel is prop] = a mon>*y & an olig>*y2 a city built ^u a pla9 suits a democracy2 nei!r ( ^! = an ari/ocracy1 b r _m /rong places4 ,z to ! =m ( private h\ses1 ^? are ?\ght to be be/ & mo/ useful = _! diff]5t purposes :i* are di/9ct & sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & built 9 ! mod]n mann]1 aft] ! plan ( ,hippodamus3 b = safety 9 "t ( w>1 on ! contr>y1 !y %\ld be built z !y =m]ly 72 = !y 7 su* t /rang]s c\ld n easily f9d _! way out ( !m1 & ! me?od ( access to !m su* z an enemy c\ld ) difficulty f9d out if he propos$ to besiege !m4 ,a city !re=e %\ld h bo? ^! sorts ( build+s1 :i* may easily be contriv$ if any "o w s regulate !m z ! plant]s d _! r[s ( v9es2 n t ! build+s ?r\gh\t ! city %\ld be deta*$ f ea* o!r1 only 9 "s p>ts ( x2 ?us elegance & safety w be equally consult$4 ,) respect to walls1 ^? :o say t a c\rage\s p ought n to h any1 pay too mu* respect to obsolete notions2 p>ticul>ly z we may see ^? :o pride !mselves !re9 cont9ually confut$ by facts4 ,x is inde$ disreputable = ^? :o are equal1 or ne>ly s1 to ! enemy1 to endeav\r to take refuge )9 _! walls--b s9ce x v (t5 happ5s1 t ^? :o make ! attack are too p[]ful = ! brav]y & c\rage ( ^? few :o oppose !m to resi/1 if y w\ld n suff] ! calamities ( w> & ! insol5ce ( ! enemy1 x mu/ be ?\ght ! "p ( a good soldi] to seek = safety "u ! %elt] & protection ( walls m especially s9ce s _m missile weapons & ma*9es h be5 mo/ +5i\sly inv5t$ to besiege cities )4 ,inde$ to neglect surr\nd+ a city ) a wall w\ld be simil> to *oos+ a c\ntry :i* is easy ( access to an enemy1 or levell+ ! em95ces ( x2 or z if an individual %\ld n h a wall to 8 h\se le/ x %\ld be ?\ght t ! own] ( x 0 a c[>d3 nor %\ld ?is be left unconsid]$1 t ^? :o h a city surr\nd$ ) walls may act bo? ways1 ei!r z if x _h or z if x _h n2 b :]e x has n !y _c d ?is4 ,if ?is is true1 x is n only necess>y to h walls1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y may be a prop] ornam5t to ! city1 z well z a def5ce 9 "t ( w>2 n only accord+ to ! old me?ods1 b ! mod]n improvem5ts also3 = z ^? :o make (f5sive w> endeav\r by e way possible to ga9 advantages ov] _! adv]s>ies1 s %\ld ^? :o are ^u ! def5sive employ all ! means already kn[n1 & su* new ones z philosophy c inv5t1 to def5d !mselves3 = ^? :o are well prep>$ are seldom fir/ attack$4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,z ! citiz5s 9 g5]al are to eat at public tables 9 c]ta9 companies1 & x is necess>y t ! walls %\ld h bulw>ks & t[]s 9 prop] places & at prop] di/ances1 x is evid5t t x w be v necess>y to h "s ( ^! 9 ! t[]s2 let ! build+s = ?is purpose be made ! ornam5ts ( ! walls4 ,z to temples = public wor%ip1 & ! hall = ! public tables ( ! *ief magi/rates1 !y ought to be built 9 prop] places1 & contigu\s to ea* o!r1 except ^? temples :i* ! law or ! oracle ord]s to be sep>ate f all o!r build+s2 & let ^! be 9 su* a conspicu\s em95ce1 t !y may h e advantage ( situation1 & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t "p ( ! city :i* is be/ =tifi$4 ,adjo9+ to ?is place !re ought to be a l>ge squ>e1 l t :i* !y call 9 ,!ssaly ,! ,squ>e ( ,fre$om1 9 :i* no?+ is p]mitt$ to be b\ght or sold2 into :i* no me*anic nor husb&man1 nor any su* p]son1 %\ld be p]mitt$ to ent]1 unless comm&$ by ! magi/rates4 ,x w also be an ornam5t to ?is place if ! gymna/ic ex]cises ( ! eld]s are p]=m$ 9 x4 ,x is also prop]1 t = p]=m+ ^! ex]cises ! citiz5s %\ld be divid$ into di/9ct classes1 accord+ to _! ages1 & t ! "y p]sons %\ld h prop] (fic]s to be ) !m1 & t ! s5iors %\ld be ) ! magi/rates2 = hav+ !m be=e _! eyes w\ld greatly inspire true mode/y & +5u\s fe>4 ,!re ought to be ano!r squ>e #acca;b sep>ate f ?is = buy+ & sell+1 :i* %\ld be s situat$ z to be commodi\s = ! reception ( goods bo? by sea & l&4 ,z ! citiz5s may be divid$ into magi/rates & prie/s1 x is prop] t ! public tables ( ! prie/s %\ld be 9 build+s ne> ! temples4 ,^? ( ! magi/rates :o preside ov] contracts1 indictm5ts1 & su*-l1 & also ov] ! m>kets1 & ! public /reets ne> ! squ>e1 or "s public way1 ,i mean ! squ>e :]e ?+s are b\ght & sold2 = ,i int5d$ ! o!r = ^? :o are at leisure1 & ?is = necess>y bus9ess4 ,! same ord] :i* ,i h direct$ "h %\ld be obs]v$ also 9 ! c\ntry2 = !re also _! magi/rates su* z ! surveyors ( ! woods & ov]se]s ( ! gr\nds1 mu/ necess>ily h _! common tables & _! t[]s1 = ! purpose ( protection aga9/ an enemy4 ,!re ought also to be temples erect$ at prop] places1 bo? to ! gods & ! h]oes2 b x is unnecess>y to dwell long] & mo/ m9utely on ^! p>ticul>s--= x is by no means difficult to plan ^! ?+s1 x is r s to c>ry !m into execution2 = ! !ory is ! *ild ( our wi%es1 b ! practical "p mu/ dep5d ^u =tune2 = :i* reason we %all decl9e say+ any?+ f>!r ^u ^! subjects4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,we w n[ %[ ( :at numb]s & ( :at sort ( p a gov]nm5t ought to consi/1 t ! /ate may be happy & well adm9i/]$4 ,z !re are two p>ticul>s on :i* ! excell5ce & p]fection ( ev]y?+ dep5d1 "o ( ^! is1 t ! object & end propos$ %\ld be prop]2 ! o!r1 t ! means to accompli% x %\ld be adapt$ to t purpose2 = x may happ5 t ^! may ei!r agree or disagree ) ea* o!r2 = ! end we propose may be good1 b 9 tak+ ! means to obta9 x we may err2 at o!r times we may h ! "r & prop] means 9 our p[]1 b ! end may be bad1 & sometimes we may mi/ake 9 bo?2 z 9 ! art ( m$ic9e ! physician does n sometimes "k 9 :at situation ! body ought to be1 to be heal?y2 nor :at to d to procure ! end he aims at4 ,9 e art & sci5ce1 !re=e1 we %\ld be ma/] ( ?is k1 namely1 ! prop] end1 & ! means to obta9 x4 ,n[ x is evid5t t all p]sons are desir\s to live well & be happy2 b t "s h ! means !re( 9 _! own p[]1 o!rs n2 & ?is ei!r ?r\gh nature #accb;a or =tune2 = _m +r$i5ts are necess>y to a happy life2 b few] to ^? :o are ( a good ?an to ^? :o are ( a bad disposition4 ,!re are o!rs :o cont9ually h ! means ( happ9ess 9 _! own p[]1 b d n rightly apply !m4 ,s9ce we propose to inquire :at gov]nm5t is be/1 namely1 t by :i* a /ate may be be/ adm9i/]$1 & t /ate is be/ adm9i/]$ :]e ! p are ! happie/1 x is evid5t t happ9ess is a ?+ we %\ld n be unacqua9t$ )4 ,n[1 ,i h already said 9 my treatise on ,morals 7if ,i may "h make any use ( :at ,i h !re %[n71 t happ9ess consi/s 9 ! en]gy & p]fect practice ( virtue2 & ?is n relatively1 b simply2 ,i mean by relatively1 :at is necess>y 9 "s c]ta9 circum/ances2 by simply1 :at is good & fair 9 itself3 ( ! fir/ sort are j puni%m5ts1 & re/ra9ts 9 a j cause2 = !y arise f virtue & are necess>y1 & on t acc\nt are virtu\s2 ?\gh x is m desirable t nei!r any /ate nor any individual %\ld /& 9 ne$ ( !m2 b ^? actions :i* are int5d$ ei!r to procure hon\r or weal? are simply good2 ! o!rs eligible only to remove an evil2 ^!1 on ! contr>y1 are ! f\ndation & means ( relative good4 ,a wor?y man inde$ w be> pov]ty1 disease1 & o!r un=tunate accid5ts ) a noble m9d2 b happ9ess consi/s 9 ! contr>y to ^! 7n[ we h already det]m9$ 9 our treatise on ,morals1 t he is a man ( wor? :o consid]s :at is good because x is virtu\s z :at is simply good2 x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t all ! actions ( su* a "o mu/ be wor?y & simply good73 ?is has l$ "s p]sons to conclude1 t ! cause ( happ9ess 0 ext]nal goods2 :i* w\ld be z if any "o %\ld suppose t ! play+ well ^u ! lyre 0 ow+ to ! in/rum5t1 & n to ! art4 ,x necess>ily foll[s f :at has be5 said1 t "s ?+s %\ld be ready at h& & o!rs procur$ by ! legislator2 = :i* reason 9 f\nd+ a city we e>ne/ly wi% t !re may be pl5ty ( ^? ?+s :i* are suppos$ to be "u ! dom9ion ( =tune 7= "s ?+s we admit h] to be mi/ress ov]72 b = a /ate to be wor?y & great is n only ! "w ( =tune b ( k & judgm5t also4 ,b = a /ate to be wor?y x is necess>y t ^? citiz5s :i* are 9 ! adm9i/ration %\ld be wor?y also2 b z 9 our city e citiz5 is to be s1 we mu/ consid] h[ ?is may be accompli%$2 = if ?is is :at e "o c\ld be1 & n "s individuals only1 x w\ld be m desirable2 = !n x w\ld foll[1 t :at might be done by "o might be done by all4 ,m5 are wor?y & good ?ree ways2 by nature1 by cu/om1 by reason4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a man ought to be born a man1 & n any o!r animal2 t is to say1 he ought to h bo? a body & s\l2 b x avails n to be only born #accb;b ) "s ?+s1 = cu/om makes great alt]ations2 = !re are "s ?+s 9 nature capable ( alt]ation ei!r way :i* are fix$ by cu/om1 ei!r = ! bett] or ! worse4 ,n[1 o!r animals live *iefly a life ( nature2 & 9 v few ?+s accord+ to cu/om2 b man lives accord+ to reason also1 :i* he alone is end[$ )2 :]e=e he ought to make all ^! accord ) ea* o!r2 = if m5 foll[$ reason1 & 7 p]suad$ t x 0 be/ to obey h]1 !y w\ld act 9 _m respects contr>y to nature & cu/om4 ,:at m5 ought naturally to be1 to make good memb]s ( a community1 ,i h already det]m9$2 ! re/ ( ?is disc\rse !re=e %all be ^u education2 = "s ?+s are acquir$ by habit1 o!rs by he>+ !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,z e political community consi/s ( ^? :o gov]n & ( ^? :o are gov]n$1 let u consid] :e!r dur+ ! cont9uance ( _! lives !y ought to be ! same p]sons or diff]5t2 = x is evid5t t ! mode ( education %\ld be adapt$ to ?is di/9ction4 ,n[1 if "o man diff]$ f ano!r z mu*1 z we believe1 ! gods & h]oes diff] f m53 9 ! fir/ place1 be+ f> _! sup]iors 9 body2 &1 secondly1 9 ! s\l3 s t ! sup]iority ( ! gov]nors ov] ! gov]n$ might be evid5t beyond a d\bt1 x is c]ta9 t x w\ld be bett] = ! "o always to gov]n1 ! o!r always to be gov]n$3 b1 z ?is is n easy to obta91 & k+s are n s sup]ior to ^? !y gov]n z ,scylax in=ms u !y are 9 ,india1 x is evid5t t = _m reasons x is necess>y t all 9 _! turns %\ld bo? gov]n & be gov]n$3 = x is j t ^? :o are equal %\ld h ev]y?+ alike2 & x is difficult = a /ate to cont9ue :i* is f\nd$ 9 inju/ice2 = all ^? 9 ! c\ntry :o are desir\s ( innovation w apply !mselves to ^? :o are "u ! gov]nm5t ( ! re/1 & su* w be _! numb]s 9 ! /ate1 t x w be impossible = ! magi/rates to get ! bett] ( !m4 ,b t ! gov]nors ought to excel ! gov]n$ is beyond a d\bt2 ! legislator !re=e ought to consid] h[ ?is %all be1 & h[ x may be contriv$ t all %all h _! equal %>e 9 ! adm9i/ration4 ,n[1 ) respect to ?is x w be fir/ said1 t nature h]self has direct$ u 9 our *oice1 lay+ d[n ! selfsame ?+ :5 %e has made "s "y1 o!rs old3 ! fir/ ( :om x becomes to obey1 ! latt] to comm&2 = no "o :5 he is "y is (f5d$ at 8 be+ "u gov]nm5t1 or ?9ks himself too good = x2 m especially :5 he consid]s t he himself %all receive ! same hon\rs :i* he pays :5 he %all arrive at a prop] age4 ,9 "s respects x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t ! gov]nors & ! gov]n$ are ! same1 9 o!rs !y are diff]5t2 x is !re=e necess>y t _! education %\ld be 9 #accc;a "s respect ! same1 9 o!rs diff]5t3 z !y say1 t he w be a good gov]nor :o has fir/ le>nt to obey4 ,n[ ( gov]nm5ts1 z we h already said1 "s are in/itut$ = ! sake ( him :o comm&s2 o!rs = him :o obeys3 ( ! fir/ sort is t ( ! ma/] ov] ! s]vant2 ( ! latt]1 t ( freem5 ov] ea* o!r4 ,n[ "s ?+s :i* are comm&$ diff] f o!rs2 n 9 ! bus9ess1 b 9 ! end propos$ !reby3 = :i* reason _m works1 ev5 ( a s]vile nature1 are n disgraceful = "y freem5 to p]=m2 = _m ?+s :i* are ord]$ to be done are n hon\rable or di%on\rable s mu* 9 _! own nature z 9 ! end :i* is propos$1 & ! reason = :i* !y are und]tak54 ,s9ce !n we h det]m9$1 t ! virtue ( a good citiz5 & good gov]nor is ! same z ( a good man2 & t e "o be=e he comm&s %\ld h fir/ obey$1 x is ! bus9ess ( ! legislator to consid] h[ 8 citiz5s may be good m51 :at education is necess>y to t purpose1 & :at is ! f9al object ( a good life4 ,! s\l ( man may be divid$ into two p>ts2 t :i* has reason 9 itself1 & t :i* ha? n1 b is capable ( obey+ its dictates3 & accord+ to ! virtues ( ^! two p>ts a man is said to be good3 b ( ^? virtues :i* are ! ends1 x w n be difficult = ^? to det]m9e :o adopt ! division ,i h already giv52 = ! inf]ior is always = ! sake ( ! sup]ior2 & ?is is equally evid5t bo? 9 ! works ( art z well z 9 ^? ( nature2 b t is sup]ior :i* has reason4 ,reason itself also is divid$ into two p>ts1 9 ! mann] we usually divide x2 ! !oretic & ! practical2 :i* division !re=e seems necess>y = ?is "p also3 ! same analogy holds good ) respect to actions2 ( :i* ^? :i* are ( a sup]ior nature ought always to be *os5 by ^? :o h x 9 _! p[]2 = t is always mo/ eligible to e "o :i* w procure ! be/ ends4 ,n[ life is divid$ into lab\r & re/1 w> & peace2 & ( :at we d ! objects are p>tly necess>y & useful1 p>tly noble3 & we %\ld give ! same pref]5ce to ^! t we d to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l & its actions1 z w> to procure peace2 lab\r1 re/2 & ! useful1 ! noble4 ,! politician1 !re=e1 :o composes a body ( laws ought to ext5d 8 views to ev]y?+2 ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l & _! actions2 m p>ticul>ly to ^? ?+s :i* are ( a sup]ior nature & ends2 &1 9 ! same mann]1 to ! lives ( m5 & _! diff]5t actions4 ,!y ought to be fitt$ bo? = lab\r & w>1 b r #accc;b = re/ & peace2 & also to d :at is necess>y & useful1 b r :at is fair & noble4 ,x is to ^? objects t ! education ( ! *ildr5 ought to t5d1 & ( all ! y\?s :o want in/ruction4 ,all ! ,grecian /ates :i* n[ seem be/ gov]n$1 & ! legislators :o f\nd$ ^? /ates1 appe> n to h fram$ _! polity ) a view to ! be/ end1 or to e virtue1 9 _! laws & education2 b eag]ly to h att5d$ to :at is useful & productive ( ga93 & ne>ly ( ! same op9ion ) ^! are "s p]sons :o h writt5 lately1 :o1 by prais+ ! ,lac$aemonian /ate1 %[ !y approve ( ! int5tion ( ! legislator 9 mak+ w> & victory ! end ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,b h[ contr>y to reason ?is is1 is easily prov$ by argum5t1 & has already be5 prov$ by facts 7b z ! g5]ality ( m5 desire to h an ext5sive comm&1 t !y may h ev]y?+ desirable 9 ! great] abundance2 s ,?ibron & o!rs :o h writt5 on t /ate seem to approve ( _! legislator = hav+ procur$ !m an ext5sive comm& by cont9ually enur+ !m to all sorts ( dang]s & h>d%ips73 = x is evid5t1 s9ce ! ,lac$emonians h n[ no hope t ! supreme p[] w be 9 _! own h&1 t nei!r are !y happy nor 0 _! legislator wise4 ,?is also is ridicul\s1 t :ile !y pres]v$ an ob$i5ce to _! laws1 & no "o oppos$ _! be+ gov]n$ by !m1 !y lo/ ! means ( be+ hon\rable3 b ^! p und]/& n rightly :at sort ( gov]nm5t x is :i* ought to reflect hon\r on ! legislator2 = a gov]nm5t ( freem5 is nobl] ?an despotic p[]1 & m consonant to virtue4 ,moreov]1 nei!r %\ld a city be ?\ght happy1 nor %\ld a legislator be comm5d$1 because he has s tra9$ ! p z to conqu] _! neighb\rs2 = 9 ?is !re is a great inconv5i5ce3 s9ce x is evid5t t ^u ?is pr9ciple e citiz5 :o c w endeav\r to procure ! supreme p[] 9 8 own city2 :i* crime ! ,lac$aemonians accuse ,pausanias (1 ?\gh he enjoy$ su* great hon\rs4 ,su* reason+ & su* laws are nei!r political1 useful nor true3 b a legislator ought to in/il ^? laws on ! m9ds ( m5 :i* are mo/ useful = !m1 bo? 9 _! public & private capacities4 ,! r5d]+ a p fit = w>1 t !y may enslave _! inf]iors ought n to be ! c>e ( ! legislator2 b t !y may n !mselves be r$uc$ to slav]y by o!rs4 ,9 #accd;a ! next place1 he %\ld take c>e t ! object ( 8 gov]nm5t is ! safety ( ^? :o are "u x1 & n a despotism ov] all3 9 ! ?ird place1 t ^? only are slaves :o are fit to be only s4 ,reason inde$ concurs ) exp]i5ce 9 %[+ t all ! att5tion :i* ! legislator pays to ! bus9ess ( w>1 & all o!r rules :i* he lays d[n1 %\ld h = _! object re/ & peace2 s9ce mo/ ( ^? /ates 7:i* we usually see7 are pres]v$ by w>2 b1 aft] !y h acquir$ a supreme p[] ov] ^? ar\nd !m1 are ru9$2 = dur+ peace1 l a sword1 !y lose _! brightness3 ! fault ( :i* lies 9 ! legislator1 :o nev] taught !m h[ to be at re/4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,z !re is "o end common to a man bo? z an individual & a citiz51 x is evid5t t a good man & a good citiz5 mu/ h ! same object 9 view2 x is evid5t t all ! virtues :i* lead to re/ are necess>y2 =1 z we h (t5 said1 ! end ( w> is peace1 ( lab\r1 re/2 b ^? virtues ^: object is re/1 & ^? also ^: object is lab\r1 are necess>y = a lib]al life & re/2 = we want a supply ( _m necess>y ?+s t we may be at re/4 ,a city !re=e ought to be temp]ate1 brave1 & pati5t2 =1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 ,re/ is n = slaves2 b ^? :o _c bravely face dang] are ! slaves ( ^? :o attack !m4 ,brav]y1 !re=e1 & pati5ce are necess>y = lab\r1 philosophy = re/1 & temp]ance & ju/ice 9 bo?2 b ^! *iefly 9 "t ( peace & re/2 = w> obliges m5 to be j & temp]ate2 b ! enjoym5t ( pleasure1 ) ! re/ ( peace1 is m apt to produce insol5ce2 ^? inde$ :o are easy 9 _! circum/ances1 & enjoy ev]y?+ t c make !m happy1 h great occasion = ! virtues ( temp]ance & ju/ice4 ,?us if !re are1 z ! poets tell u1 any inhabitants 9 ! happy isles1 to ^! a high] degree ( philosophy1 temp]ance1 & ju/ice w be necess>y1 z !y live at _! ease 9 ! full pl5ty ( e s5sual pleasure4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ^! virtues are necess>y 9 e /ate t w\ld be happy or wor?y2 = he :o is wor?less c nev] enjoy real good1 mu* less is he qualifi$ to be at re/2 b c appe> good only by lab\r & be+ at w>1 b 9 peace & at re/ ! meane/ ( creatures4 ,= :i* reason virtue %\ld n be cultivat$ z ! ,lac$aemonians did2 = !y did n diff] f o!rs 9 _! op9ion conc]n+ ! supreme good1 b 9 #accd;b imag9+ ?is good 0 to be procur$ by a p>ticul> virtue2 b s9ce !re are great] goods ?an ^? ( w>1 x is evid5t t ! enjoym5t ( ^? :i* are valuable 9 !mselves %\ld be desir$1 r ?an ^? virtues :i* are useful 9 w>2 b h[ & by :at means ?is is to be acquir$ is n[ to be consid]$4 ,we h already assign$ ?ree causes on :i* x w dep5d2 nature1 cu/om1 & reason1 arid %[n :at sort ( m5 nature mu/ produce = ?is purpose2 x rema9s !n t we det]m9e :i* we %all fir/ beg9 by 9 education1 reason or cu/om1 = ^! ought always to pres]ve ! mo/ entire h>mony ) ea* o!r2 = x may happ5 t reason may err f ! end propos$1 & be correct$ by cu/om4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is evid5t t 9 ?is z 9 o!r ?+s1 its beg9n+ or production arises f "s pr9ciple1 & its end also arises f ano!r pr9ciple1 :i* is itself an end4 ,n[1 ) u1 reason & intellig5ce are ! end ( nature2 our production1 !re=e1 & our mann]s ought to be accommodat$ to bo? ^!4 ,9 ! next place1 z ! s\l & ! body are two di/9ct ?+s1 s also we see t ! s\l is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! reason+ & n-reason+1 ) _! habits :i* are two 9 numb]1 "o belong+ to ea*1 namely appetite & intellig5ce2 & z ! body is 9 production be=e ! s\l1 s is ! n-reason+ "p ( ! s\l be=e ! reason+2 & ?is is evid5t2 = ang]1 w & desire are to be se5 9 *ildr5 ne>ly z soon z !y are born2 b reason & intellig5ce spr+ up z !y gr[ to maturity4 ,! body1 !re=e1 necess>ily dem&s our c>e be=e ! s\l2 next ! appetites = ! sake ( ! m9d2 ! body = ! sake ( ! s\l4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,if !n ! legislator ought to take c>e t ! bodies ( ! *ildr5 are z p]fect z possible1 8 fir/ att5tion ought to be giv5 to matrimony2 at :at "t & 9 :at situation x is prop] t ! citiz5s %\ld engage 9 ! nuptial contract4 ,n[1 ) respect to ?is alliance1 ! legislator ought bo? to consid] ! p>ties & _! "t ( life1 t !y may gr[ old at ! same "p ( "t1 & t _! bodily p[]s may n be diff]5t2 t is to say1 ! man be+ able to h *ildr51 b ! woman too old to be> !m2 or1 on ! contr>y1 ! woman be "y en\gh to produce *ildr51 b ! man too old to be a fa!r2 = f su* a situation discords & disputes cont9ually arise4 ,9 ! next place1 ) respect to ! succession ( *ildr51 !re ought n to be too great an int]val ( "t betwe5 !m & _! p>5ts2 = :5 !re is1 ! p>5t c receive no b5efit f 8 *ild's affection1 or ! *ild any advantage f 8 fa!r's protection2 #acce;a nei!r %\ld ! diff]5ce 9 ye>s be too little1 z great inconv5i5ces may arise f x2 z x prev5ts t prop] rev]5ce be+ %[n to a fa!r by a boy :o consid]s him z ne>ly 8 equal 9 age1 & also f ! disputes x occasions 9 ! economy ( ! family4 ,b1 to return f ?is digression1 c>e ought to be tak5 t ! bodies ( ! *ildr5 may be su* z w answ] ! expectations ( ! legislator2 ?is also w be affect$ by ! same means4 ,s9ce season = ! production ( *ildr5 is det]m9$ 7n exactly1 b to speak 9 g5]al71 namely1 = ! man till sev5ty ye>s1 & ! woman till fifty1 ! ent]+ into ! m>riage /ate1 z f> z "t is conc]n$1 %\ld be regulat$ by ^! p]iods4 ,x is extremely bad = ! *ildr5 :5 ! fa!r is too "y2 = 9 all animals :atsoev] ! p>ts ( ! "y are imp]fect1 & are m likely to be productive ( females ?an males1 & dim9utive also 9 size2 ! same ?+ ( c\rse necess>ily holds true 9 m52 z a pro( ( ?is y may see 9 ^? cities :]e ! m5 & wom5 usually m>ry v "y1 ! p 9 g5]al are v small & ill fram$2 9 *ild-bir? also ! wom5 suff] m1 & _m ( !m die4 ,& ?us "s p]sons tell u ! oracle ( ,traez5ium %\ld be expla9$1 z if x ref]r$ to ! _m wom5 :o 7 de/roy$ by too e>ly m>riages1 & n _! ga!r+ _! fruits too soon4 ,x is also conducive to temp]ance n to m>ry too soon2 = wom5 :o d s are apt to be intemp]ate4 ,x also prev5ts ! bodies ( m5 f acquir+ _! full size if !y m>ry be=e _! gr[? is complet$2 = ?is is ! det]m9ate p]iod1 :i* prev5ts any fur!r increase2 = :i* reason ! prop] "t = a woman to m>ry is eighte51 = a man ?irty-sev51 a little m or less2 = :5 !y m>ry at t "t _! bodies are 9 p]fection1 & !y w also cease to h *ildr5 at a prop] "t2 & moreov] ) respect to ! succession ( ! *ildr51 if !y h !m at ! "t :i* may reasonably be expect$1 !y w be j arriv+ into p]fection :5 _! p>5ts are s9k+ d[n "u ! load ( sev5ty ye>s4 ,& ?us mu* = ! "t :i* is prop] = m>riage2 b moreov] a prop] season ( ! ye> %\ld be obs]v$1 z _m p]sons d n[1 & appropriate ! w9t] = ?is bus9ess4 ,! m>ri$ c\ple ought also to reg>d ! precepts ( physicians & naturali/s1 ea* ( :om h treat$ on ^! #acce;b subjects4 ,:at is ! fit disposition ( ! body w be bett] m5tion$ :5 we come to speak ( ! education ( ! *ild2 we w j slightly m5tion a few p>ticul>s4 ,n[1 !re is no occasion t any "o %\ld h ! habit ( body ( a wre/l] to be ei!r a good citiz51 or to enjoy a good con/itution1 or to be ! fa!r ( heal?y *ildr52 nei!r %\ld he be infirm or too mu* dispirit$ by mis=tunes1 b betwe5 bo? ^!4 ,he ought to h a habit ( lab\r1 b n ( too viol5t lab\r2 nor %\ld t be conf9$ to "o object only1 z ! wre/l]'s is2 b to su* ?+s z are prop] = freem54 ,^! ?+s are equally necess>y bo? = m5 & wom54 ,wom5 ) *ild %\ld also take c>e t _! diet is n too sp>+1 & t !y use suffici5t ex]cise2 :i* x w be easy = ! legislator to effect if he comm&s !m once e day to repair to ! wor%ip ( ! gods :o are suppos$ to preside ov] matrimony4 ,b1 contr>y to :at is prop] = ! body1 ! m9d ought to be kept z tranquil z possible2 = z plants p>take ( ! nature ( ! soil1 s does ! *ild receive mu* ( ! disposition ( ! "m4 ,) respect to ! expos+ or br++ up ( *ildr51 let x be a law1 t no?+ imp]fect or maim$ %all be br\ght up14444444444 ,z ! prop] "t has be5 po9t$ out = a man & a woman to ent] into ! m>riage /ate1 s also let u det]m9e h[ long x is advantage\s = ! community t !y %\ld h *ildr52 = z ! *ildr5 ( ^? :o are too "y are imp]fect bo? 9 body & m9d1 s also ^? ^: p>5ts are too old are weak 9 bo?3 :ile !re=e ! body cont9ues 9 p]fection1 :i* 7z "s poets say1 :o reckon ! diff]5t p]iods ( life by sev5s7 is till fifty ye>s1 or f\r or five m1 ! *ildr5 may be equally p]fect2 b :5 ! p>5ts are pa/ t age x is bett] !y %\ld h no m4 ,) respect to any connection betwe5 a man & a woman1 or a woman & a man1 :5 ei!r ( ! p>ties are betro!d1 let x be held 9 utt] dete/ation #accf;a on any pretext :atsoev]2 b %\ld any "o be guilty ( su* a ?+ aft] ! m>riage is consummat$1 let 8 infamy be z great z 8 guilt des]ves4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,:5 a *ild is born x mu/ be suppos$ t ! /r5g? ( its body w dep5d greatly ^u ! quality ( its food4 ,n[ :oev] w exam9e into ! nature ( animals1 & also obs]ve ^? p :o are v desir\s _! *ildr5 %\ld acquire a w>like habit1 w f9d t !y fe$ !m *iefly ) milk1 z be+ be/ accommodat$ to _! bodies1 b )\t w9e1 to prev5t any di/emp]s3 ^? motions also :i* are natural to _! age are v s]viceable2 & to prev5t any ( _! limbs f be+ crook$1 on acc\nt ( _! extreme ductility1 "s p ev5 n[ use p>ticul> ma*9es t _! bodies may n be di/ort$4 ,x is also useful to enure !m to ! cold :5 !y are v little2 = ?is is v s]viceable = _! heal?2 & also to enure !m to ! bus9ess ( w>2 = :i* reason x is cu/om>y ) _m ( ! b>b>ians to dip _! *ildr5 9 riv]s :5 ! wat] is cold2 ) o!rs to clo! !m v slightly1 z among ! ,celts2 = :atev] x is possible to accu/om *ildr5 to1 x is be/ to accu/om !m to x at fir/1 b to d x by degrees3 besides1 boys h naturally a habit ( lov+ ! cold1 on acc\nt ( ! heat4 ,^!1 !n1 & su*-l ?+s ought to be ! fir/ object ( our att5tion3 ! next age to ?is cont9ues till ! *ild is five ye>s old2 dur+ :i* "t x is be/ to tea* him no?+ at all1 n ev5 necess>y lab\r1 le/ x %\ld h9d] 8 gr[?2 b he %\ld be accu/om$ to use s mu* motion z n to acquire a lazy habit ( body2 :i* he w get by v>i\s means & by play also3 8 play also ought to be nei!r illib]al nor too labori\s nor lazy4 ,_! gov]nors & preceptors also %\ld take c>e :at sort ( tales & /ories x may be prop] = !m to he>2 = all ^! ought to pave ! way = _! future in/ruction3 = :i* reason ! g5]ality ( _! play %\ld be imitations ( :at !y are aft]w>ds to d s]i\sly4 ,!y too d wrong :o =bid by laws ! disputes betwe5 boys & _! qu>rels1 = !y contribute to increase _! gr[?--z !y are a sort ( ex]cise to ! body3 = ! /ruggles ( ! he>t & ! compression ( ! spirits give /r5g? to ^? :o lab\r1 :i* happ5s to boys 9 _! disputes4 ,! preceptors also ought to h an eye ^u _! mann] ( life1 & ^? ) :om !y conv]se2 & to take c>e t !y are nev] 9 ! company ( slaves4 ,at ?is "t & till !y are sev5 #accf;b ye>s old x is necess>y t !y %\ld be educat$ at home4 ,x is also v prop] to bani%1 bo? f _! he>+ & sight1 ev]y?+ :i* is illib]al & ! l4 ,inde$ x is z mu* ! bus9ess ( ! legislator z any?+ else1 to bani% e indec5t expression out ( ! /ate3 = f a p]mission to speak :atev] is %ameful1 v quickly arises ! do+ x1 & ?is p>ticul>ly ) "y p3 = :i* reason let !m nev] speak nor he> any su* ?+3 b if x appe>s t any freeman has done or said any?+ t is =bidd5 be=e he is ( age to be ?\ght fit to p>take ( ! common meals1 let him be puni%$ by disgrace & /ripes2 b if a p]son above t age does s1 let him be treat$ z y w\ld a slave1 on acc\nt ( 8 be+ infam\s4 ,s9ce we =bid 8 speak+ ev]y?+ :i* is =bidd51 x is necess>y t he nei!r sees obsc5e /ories nor pictures2 ! magi/rates !re=e are to take c>e t !re are no /atues or pictures ( any?+ ( ?is nature1 except only to ^? gods to :om ! law p]mits !m1 & to :i* ! law all[s p]sons ( a c]ta9 age to pay _! devotions1 = !mselves1 _! wives1 & *ildr54 ,x %\ld also be illegal = "y p]sons to be pres5t ei!r at iambics or com$ies be=e !y are arriv$ at t age :5 !y are all[$ to p>take ( ! pleasures ( ! table3 inde$ a good education w pres]ve !m f all ! evils :i* att5d on ^! ?+s4 ,we h at pres5t j t\*$ ^u ?is subject2 x w be our bus9ess h]eaft]1 :5 we prop]ly come to x1 to det]m9e :e!r ?is c>e ( *ildr5 is unnecess>y1 or1 if necess>y1 9 :at mann] x mu/ be done2 at pres5t we h only m5tion$ x z necess>y4 ,probably ! say+ ( ,!odoras1 ! tragic actor1 0 n a bad "o3 ,t he w\ld p]mit no "o1 n ev5 ! meane/ actor1 to g ^u ! /age be=e him1 t he might fir/ engage ! e> ( ! audi5ce4 ,! same ?+ happ5s bo? 9 our connections ) m5 & ?+s3 :at we meet ) fir/ pleases be/2 = :i* reason *ildr5 %\ld be kept /rang]s to ev]y?+ :i* is bad1 m p>ticul>ly :atsoev] is loose & (f5sive to good mann]s4 ,:5 five ye>s are accompli%$1 ! two next may be v prop]ly employ$ 9 be+ spectators ( ^? ex]cises !y w aft]w>ds h to le>n4 ,!re are two p]iods into :i* education ought to be divid$1 accord+ to ! age ( ! *ild2 ! "o is f 8 be+ sev5 ye>s ( age to ! "t ( pub]ty2 ! o!r f !nce till he is "o-&-tw5ty3 = ^? :o divide ages by ! numb] sev5 #accg;a are 9 g5]al wrong3 x is mu* bett] to foll[ ! division ( nature2 = e art & e in/ruction is int5d$ to complete :at nature has left defective3 we mu/ fir/ consid] if any regulation :atsoev] is requisite = *ildr52 9 ! next place1 if x is advantage\s to make x a common c>e1 or t e "o %\ld act !re9 z he pleases1 :i* is ! g5]al practice 9 mo/ cities2 9 ! ?ird place1 :at x ought to be4 ,,book ,,viii ,,*apt] ,i ,no "o c d\bt t ! magi/rate ought greatly to int]e/ himself 9 ! c>e ( y\?2 = :]e x is neglect$ x is hurtful to ! city1 = e /ate ought to be gov]n$ accord+ to its p>ticul> nature2 = ! =m & mann]s ( ea* gov]nm5t are peculi> to itself2 & ^!1 z !y orig9ally e/abli%$ x1 s !y usually /ill pres]ve x4 ,= in/ance1 democratic =ms & mann]s a democracy2 olig>*ic1 an olig>*y3 b1 univ]sally1 ! be/ mann]s produce ! be/ gov]nm5t4 ,besides1 z 9 e bus9ess & art !re are "s ?+s :i* m5 are to le>n fir/ & be made accu/om$ to1 :i* are necess>y to p]=m _! sev]al works2 s x is evid5t t ! same ?+ is necess>y 9 ! practice ( virtue4 ,z !re is "o end 9 view 9 e city1 x is evid5t t education ought to be "o & ! same 9 ea*2 & t ?is %\ld be a common c>e1 & n ! individual's1 z x n[ is1 :5 e "o takes c>e ( 8 own *ildr5 sep>ately2 & _! in/ructions are p>ticul> also1 ea* p]son tea*+ !m z !y please2 b :at ought to be engag$ 9 ought to be common to all4 ,besides1 no "o ought to ?9k t any citiz5 belongs to him 9 p>ticul>1 b to ! /ate 9 g5]al2 = ea* "o is a "p ( ! /ate1 & x is ! natural duty ( ea* "p to reg>d ! good ( ! :ole3 & = ?is ! ,lac$aemonians may be prais$2 = !y give ! greate/ att5tion to education1 & make x public4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t !re %\ld be laws conc]n+ education1 & t x %\ld be public4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,:at education is1 & h[ *ildr5 ought to be in/ruct$1 is :at %\ld be well kn[n2 = !re are d\bts conc]n+ ! bus9ess ( x1 z all p d n agree 9 ^? ?+s !y w\ld h a *ild taught1 bo? ) respect to _! improvem5t 9 virtue & a happy life3 nor is x cle> :e!r ! object ( x %\ld be to improve ! reason or rectify ! morals4 ,f ! pres5t mode ( education we _c det]m9e ) c]ta9ty to :i* m5 incl9e1 :e!r to in/ruct a *ild 9 :at w be useful to him 9 life2 or :at t5ds to virtue1 & :at is excell5t3 = all ^! ?+s h _! sep>ate def5d]s4 ,z to virtue1 !re is no p>ticul> #accg;b 9 :i* !y all agree3 = z all d n equally e/eem all virtues1 x reasonably foll[s t !y w n cultivate ! same4 ,x is evid5t t :at is necess>y ought to be taught to all3 b t :i* is necess>y = "o is n necess>y = all2 = !re ought to be a di/9ction betwe5 ! employm5t ( a freeman & a slave4 ,! fir/ ( ^! %\ld be taught ev]y?+ useful :i* w n make ^? :o "k x mean4 ,e "w is to be e/eem$ mean1 & e art & e discipl9e :i* r5d]s ! body1 ! m9d1 or ! und]/&+ ( freem5 unfit = ! habit & practice ( virtue3 = :i* reason all ^? arts :i* t5d to de=m ! body are call$ mean1 & all ^? employm5ts :i* are ex]cis$ = ga92 = !y take (f f ! fre$om ( ! m9d & r5d] x sordid4 ,!re are also "s lib]al arts :i* are n improp] = freem5 to apply to 9 a c]ta9 degree2 b to endeav\r to acquire a p]fect skill 9 !m is expos$ to ! faults ,i h j m5tion$2 = !re is a great deal ( diff]5ce 9 ! reason = :i* any "o does or le>ns any?+3 = x is n illib]al to engage 9 x = "o's self1 "o's fri5d1 or 9 ! cause ( virtue2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 to d x = ! sake ( ano!r may seem to be act+ ! "p ( a s]vant & a slave4 ,! mode ( in/ruction :i* n[ prevails seems to p>take ( bo? p>ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,!re are f\r ?+s :i* x is usual to tea* *ildr5--read+1 gymna/ic ex]cises1 & music1 to :i* 79 ! f\r? place7 "s add pa9t+4 ,read+ & pa9t+ are bo? ( !m ( s+ul> use 9 life1 & gymna/ic ex]cises1 z productive ( c\rage4 ,z to music1 "s p]sons may d\bt1 z mo/ p]sons n[ use x = ! sake ( pleasure3 b ^? :o orig9ally made x "p ( education did x because1 z has be5 already said1 nature requires t we %\ld n only be prop]ly employ$1 b to be able to enjoy leisure hon\rably3 = ?is 7to repeat :at ,i h already said7 is ( all ?+s ! pr9cipal4 ,b1 ?\gh bo? lab\r & re/ are necess>y1 yet ! latt] is pref]able to ! fir/2 & by all means we ought to le>n :at we %\ld d :5 at re/3 = we ought n to employ t "t at play2 = !n play w\ld be ! necess>y bus9ess ( our lives4 ,b if ?is _c be1 play is m necess>y = ^? :o lab\r ?an ^? :o are at re/3 = he :o lab\rs requires relaxation2 :i* play w supply3 = z lab\r is att5d$ ) pa9 & cont9u$ ex]tion1 x is necess>y t play %\ld be introduc$1 "u prop] regulations1 z a m$ic9e3 = su* an employm5t ( ! m9d is a relaxation to x1 & eases ) pleasure4 #acch;a ,n[ re/ itself seems to p>take ( pleasure1 ( happ9ess1 & an agreeable life3 b ?is _c be !irs :o lab\r1 b !irs :o are at re/2 = he :o lab\rs1 lab\rs = ! sake ( "s end :i* he has n3 b happ9ess is an end :i* all p]sons ?9k is att5d$ ) pleasure & n ) pa93 b all p]sons d n agree 9 mak+ ?is pleasure consi/ 9 ! same ?+2 = ea* "o has 8 p>ticul> /&>d1 correspond5t to 8 own habits2 b ! be/ man proposes ! be/ pleasure1 & t :i* arises f ! noble/ actions4 ,b x is evid5t1 t to live a life ( re/ !re are "s ?+s :i* a man mu/ le>n & be in/ruct$ 92 & t ! object ( ?is le>n+ & ?is in/ruction c5tres 9 _! acquisition3 b ! le>n+ & in/ruction :i* is giv5 = lab\r has = its object o!r ?+s2 = :i* reason ! anci5ts made music a "p ( education2 n z a ?+ necess>y1 = x is n ( t nature1 nor z a ?+ useful1 z read+1 9 ! common c\rse ( life1 or = manag+ ( a family1 or = le>n+ any?+ z useful 9 public life4 ,pa9t+ also seems useful to enable a man to judge m accurately ( ! productions ( ! f9] arts3 nor is x l ! gymna/ic ex]cises1 :i* contribute to heal? & /r5g?2 = nei!r ( ^! ?+s d we see produc$ by music2 !re rema9s = x !n to be ! employm5t ( our re/1 :i* !y _h 9 view :o introduc$ x2 &1 ?9k+ x a prop] employm5t = freem51 to !m !y allott$ x2 z ,hom] s+s3 ,h[ "r to call ,?alia to ! fea/3 & ( "s o!rs he says3 ,! b>d 0 call'd1 to ravi% e e>3 &1 9 ano!r place1 he makes ,ulysses say ! happie/ "p ( man's life is ,:5 at ! fe/al bo>d1 9 ord] plac'd1 ,!y he> ! song4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t !re is a c]ta9 education 9 :i* a *ild may be in/ruct$1 n z useful nor z necess>y1 b z noble & lib]al3 b :e!r ?is is "o or m ?an "o1 & ( :at sort !y are1 & h[ to be taught1 %all be consid]$ h]eaft]3 we are n[ got s f> on our way z to %[ t we h ! te/imony ( ! anci5ts 9 our fav\r1 by :at !y h deliv]$ d[n ^u education--= music makes ?is pla94 ,moreov]1 x is necess>y to in/ruct *ildr5 9 :at is useful1 n only on acc\nt ( its be+ useful 9 itself1 z1 = in/ance1 to le>n to read1 b also z ! means ( acquir+ o!r diff]5t sorts ( in/ruction3 ?us !y %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 pa9t+1 n only to prev5t _! be+ mi/ak5 9 pur*as+ pictures1 or 9 buy+ or sell+ ( vases1 b r z x makes #acch;b !m judges ( ! beauties ( ! human =m2 = to be always hunt+ aft] ! pr(itable ill agrees ) great & freeborn s\ls4 ,z x is evid5t :e!r a boy %\ld be fir/ taught morals or reason+1 & :e!r 8 body or 8 und]/&+ %\ld be fir/ cultivat$1 x is pla9 t boys %\ld be fir/ put "u ! c>e ( ! diff]5t ma/]s ( ! gymna/ic arts1 bo? to =m _! bodies & tea* !m _! ex]cises4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,n[ ^? /ates :i* seem to take ! greate/ c>e ( _! *ildr5's education1 be/[ _! *ief att5tion on wre/l+1 ?\gh x bo? prev5ts ! increase ( ! body & hurts ! =m ( x4 ,?is fault ! ,lac$aemonians did n fall into1 = !y made _! *ildr5 fi]ce by pa9ful lab\r1 z *iefly useful to inspire !m ) c\rage3 ?\gh1 z we h already (t5 said1 ?is is nei!r ! only ?+ nor ! pr9cipal ?+ necess>y to att5d to2 & ev5 ) respect to ?is !y may n ?us atta9 _! end2 = we d n f9d ei!r 9 o!r animals1 or o!r nations1 t c\rage necess>ily att5ds ! mo/ cruel1 b r ! mild]1 & ^? :o h ! dispositions ( lions3 = !re are _m p :o are eag] bo? to kill m5 & to dev\r human fle%1 z ! ,a*aeans & ,h5io*i 9 ,pontus1 & _m o!rs 9 ,asia1 "s ( :om are z bad1 o!rs worse ?an ^!1 :o inde$ live by tyranny1 b are m5 ( no c\rage4 ,nay1 we "k t ! ,lac$aemonians !mselves1 :ile !y cont9u$ ^? pa9ful lab\rs1 & 7 sup]ior to all o!rs 7?\gh n[ !y are inf]ior to _m1 bo? 9 w> & gymna/ic ex]cises71 did n acquire _! sup]iority by tra9+ _! y\? to ^! ex]cises1 b because ^? :o 7 discipl9$ oppos$ ^? :o 7 n discipl9$ at all4 ,:at is fair & hon\rable ought !n to take place 9 education ( :at is fi]ce & cruel3 = x is n a wolf1 nor any o!r wild bea/1 :i* w brave any noble dang]1 b r a good man4 ,s t ^? :o p]mit boys to engage too e>ne/ly 9 ^! ex]cises1 :ile !y d n take c>e to in/ruct !m 9 :at is necess>y to d1 to speak ! real tru?1 r5d] !m mean & vile1 accompli%$ only 9 "o duty ( a citiz51 & 9 e o!r respect1 z reason ev9ces1 good = no?+4 ,nor %\ld we =m our judgm5ts f pa/ ev5ts1 b f :at we see at pres5t3 = n[ !y h rivals 9 _! mode ( education1 :]eas =m]ly !y _h n4 ,t gymna/ic ex]cises are useful1 & 9 :at mann]1 is admitt$2 = dur+ y\? x is v prop] to g ?r\gh a c\rse ( ^? :i* are mo/ g5tle1 omitt+ t viol5t diet & ^? pa9ful ex]cises :i* are prescrib$ z necess>y2 t !y may n prev5t ! gr[? ( ! body3 & x is no small pro( t !y h ?is effect1 t among/ ! ,olympic c&idates we c sc>ce f9d two or ?ree :o h ga9$ a victory bo? :5 boys & m53 because ! necess>y ex]cises !y w5t ?r\gh :5 "y depriv$ !m ( _! /r5g?4 ,:5 !y h allott$ ?ree ye>s f ! "t ( pub]ty to o!r p>ts ( education1 !y are !n ( a prop] age to submit to lab\r & a regulat$ diet2 = x is impossible = ! m9d & body bo? to lab\r at ! same "t1 z !y are productive ( contr>y evils to ea* o!r2 ! lab\r ( ! body prev5t+ ! progress ( ! m9d1 & ! m9d ( ! body4 ,,*apt] ,v ,) respect to music we h already spok5 a little 9 a d\btful mann] ^u ?is subject4 ,x w be prop] to g ov] aga9 m p>ticul>ly :at we !n said1 :i* may s]ve z an introduction to :at any o!r p]son may *oose to (f] !reon2 = x is no easy matt] to di/9ctly po9t out :at p[] x has1 nor on :at acc\nts "o %\ld apply x1 :e!r z an amusem5t & refre%m5t1 z sleep or w9e2 z ^! are no?+ s]i\s1 b pleas+1 & ! kill]s ( c>e1 z ,euripides says2 = :i* reason !y class 9 ! same ord] & use = ! same purpose all ^!1 namely1 sleep1 w9e1 & music1 to :i* "s add danc+2 or %all we r suppose t music t5ds to be productive ( virtue1 hav+ a p[]1 z ! gymna/ic ex]cises h to =m ! body 9 a c]ta9 way1 to influ5ce ! mann]s s z to accu/om its pr(essors to rejoice rightly8 or %all we say1 t x is ( any s]vice 9 ! conduct ( life1 & an assi/ant to prud5ce8 = ?is also is a ?ird prop]ty :i* has be5 attribut$ to x4 ,n[ t boys are n to be in/ruct$ 9 x z play is evid5t2 = ^? :o le>n don't play1 = to le>n is r tr\blesome2 nei!r is x prop] to p]mit boys at _! age to enjoy p]fect leisure2 = to cease to improve is by no means fit = :at is z yet imp]fect2 b x may be ?\ght t ! e>ne/ att5tion ( boys 9 ?is art is = ! sake ( t amusem5t !y w enjoy :5 !y come to be m5 & completely =m$2 b1 if ?is is ! case1 :y are !y !mselves to le>n x1 & n foll[ ! practice ( ! k+s ( ! ,m$es & ,p]sians1 :o enjoy ! pleasure ( music by he>+ o!rs play1 & be+ %[n its beauties by !m2 = ( necessity ^? mu/ be bett] skill$ !re9 :o make ?is sci5ce _! p>ticul> /udy & bus9ess1 ?an ^? :o h only sp5t s mu* "t at x z 0 suffici5t j to le>n ! pr9ciples ( x4 ,b if ?is is a reason = a *ild's be+ taught any?+1 !y ought also to le>n ! art ( cook]y1 b ?is is absurd4 ,! same d\bt occurs if music has a p[] ( improv+ ! mann]s2 = :y %\ld !y on ?is acc\nt !mselves le>n x1 & n reap e advantage ( regulat+ ! passions or =m+ a judgm5t #acci;b on ! m]its ( ! p]=mance by he>+ o!rs1 z ! ,lac$aemonians2 = !y1 )\t hav+ ev] le>nt music1 are yet able to judge accurately :at is good & :at is bad2 ! same reason+ may be appli$ if music is suppos$ to be ! amusem5t ( ^? :o live an elegant & easy life1 :y %\ld !y le>n !mselves1 & n r enjoy ! b5efit ( o!rs' skill4 ,let u "h consid] :at is our belief ( ! immortal gods 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,n[ we f9d ! poets nev] repres5t ,jupit] himself z s++ & play+2 nay1 we ourselves treat ! pr(essors ( ^! arts z mean p1 & say t no "o w\ld practise !m b a drunk>d or a buffoon4 ,b probably we may consid] ?is subject m at l>ge h]eaft]4 ,! fir/ "q is1 :e!r music is or is n to make a "p ( education8 & ( ^? ?ree ?+s :i* h be5 assign$ z its prop] employm5t1 :i* is ! "r8 ,is x to in/ruct1 to amuse1 or to employ ! vacant h\rs ( ^? :o live at re/8 or may n all ?ree be prop]ly allott$ to x8 = x appe>s to p>take ( !m all2 = play is necess>y = relaxation1 & relaxation pleasant1 z x is a m$ic9e = t uneas9ess :i* arises f lab\r4 ,x is admitt$ also t a happy life mu/ be an hon\rable "o1 & a pleasant "o too1 s9ce happ9ess consi/s 9 bo? ^!2 & we all agree t music is "o ( ! mo/ pleas+ ?+s1 :e!r alone or accompani$ ) a voice2 z ,musseus says1 ,music's ! sweete/ joy ( man2 = :i* reason x is ju/ly admitt$ into e company & e happy life1 z hav+ ! p[] ( inspir+ joy4 ,s t f ?is any "o may suppose t x is necess>y to in/ruct "y p]sons 9 x2 = all ^? pleasures :i* are h>mless are n only conducive to ! f9al end ( life1 b s]ve also z relaxations2 &1 z m5 are b r>ely 9 ! atta9m5t ( t f9al end1 !y (t5 cease f _! lab\r & apply to amusem5t1 ) no fur!r view ?an to acquire ! pleasure att5d+ x4 ,x is !re=e useful to enjoy su* pleasures z ^!4 ,!re are "s p]sons :o make play & amusem5t _! end1 & probably t end has "s pleasure annex$ to x1 b n :at %\ld be2 b :ile m5 seek ! "o !y accept ! o!r = x2 because !re is "s lik5ess 9 human actions to ! end2 = ! end is pursu$ = ! sake ( no?+ else t att5ds x2 b = itself only2 & pleasures l ^! are s\ght =1 n on acc\nt ( :at foll[s !m1 b on acc\nt ( :at has gone be=e !m1 z lab\r & grief2 = :i* reason !y seek = happ9ess 9 ^! sort ( pleasures2 & t ?is is ! reason any "o may easily p]ceive4 ,t music %\ld be pursu$1 n on ?is acc\nt only1 b also z x is v s]viceable dur+ ! h\rs ( relaxation f lab\r1 probably no #acdj;a "o d\bts2 we %\ld also inquire :e!r besides ?is use x may n also h ano!r ( nobl] nature--& we ought n only to p>take ( ! common pleasure aris+ f x 7:i* all h ! s5sation (1 = music naturally gives pleasure1 !re=e ! use ( x is agreeable to all ages & all dispositions72 b also to exam9e if x t5ds any?+ to improve our mann]s & our s\ls4 ,& ?is w be easily kn[n if we feel our dispositions any way influ5c$ !reby2 & t !y are s is evid5t f _m o!r in/ances1 z well z ! music at ! ,olympic games2 & ?is confess$ly fills ! s\l ) en?usiasm2 b en?usiasm is an affection ( ! s\l :i* /rongly agitates ! disposition4 ,besides1 all ^? :o he> any imitations sympa?ise !re)2 & ?is :5 !y are convey$ ev5 )\t rhy?m or v]se4 ,moreov]1 z music is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are pleasant1 & z virtue itself consi/s 9 rightly enjoy+1 lov+1 & hat+1 x is evid5t t we ought n to le>n or accu/om ourselves to any?+ s mu* z to judge "r & rejoice 9 hon\rable mann]s & noble actions4 ,b ang] & mildness1 c\rage & mode/y1 & _! contr>ies1 z well z all o!r dispositions ( ! m9d1 are mo/ naturally imitat$ by music & poetry2 :i* is pla9 by exp]i5ce1 = :5 we he> ^! our v s\l is alt]$2 & he :o is affect$ ei!r ) joy or grief by ! imitation ( any objects1 is 9 v ne>ly ! same situation z if he 0 affect$ by ! objects !mselves2 ?us1 if any p]son is pleas$ ) see+ a /atue ( any "o on no o!r acc\nt b its beauty1 x is evid5t t ! sight ( ! orig9al f :5ce x 0 tak5 w\ld also be pleas+2 n[ x happ5s 9 ! o!r s5ses !re is no imitation ( mann]s2 t is to say1 9 ! t\* & ! ta/e2 9 ! objects ( sight1 a v little2 = ^! are m]ely repres5tations ( ?+s1 & ! p]ceptions :i* !y excite are 9 a mann] common to all4 ,besides1 /atues & pa9t+s are n prop]ly imitations ( mann]s1 b r signs & m>ks :i* %[ ! body is affect$ by "s passion4 ,h[ev]1 ! diff]5ce is n great1 yet "y m5 ought n to view ! pa9t+s ( ,pauso1 b ( ,polygnotus1 or any o!r pa9t] or /atu>y :o expresses mann]s4 ,b 9 poetry & music !re are imitations ( mann]s2 & ?is is evid5t1 = diff]5t h>monies diff] f ea* o!r s mu* by nature1 t ^? :o he> !m are diff]5tly affect$1 & are n 9 ! same disposition ( m9d :5 "o is p]=m$ z :5 ano!r is2 ! "o1 = in/ance1 occasions grief #acdjf & contracts ! s\l1 z ! mix$ ,lydian3 o!rs s(t5 ! m9d1 & z x 7 dissolve ! he>t3 o!rs fix x 9 a firm & settl$ /ate1 su* is ! p[] ( ! ,doric music only2 :ile ! ,phrygian fills ! s\l ) en?usiasm1 z has be5 well describ$ by ^? :o h writt5 philosophically ^u ?is "p ( education2 = !y br+ examples ( :at !y advance f ! ?+s !mselves4 ,! same holds true ) respect to rhy?m2 "s fix ! disposition1 o!rs occasion a *ange 9 x2 "s act m viol5tly1 o!rs m lib]ally4 ,f :at has be5 said x is evid5t :at an influ5ce music has ov] ! disposition ( ! m9d1 & h[ v>i\sly x c fasc9ate x3 & if x c d ?is1 mo/ c]ta9ly x is :at y\? ought to be in/ruct$ 94 ,& inde$ ! le>n+ ( music is p>ticul>ly adapt$ to _! disposition2 = at _! "t ( life !y d n will+ly att5d to any?+ :i* is n agreeable2 b music is naturally "o ( ! mo/ agreeable ?+s2 & !re seems to be a c]ta9 connection betwe5 h>mony & rhy?m2 = :i* reason "s wise m5 held ! s\l itself to be h>mony2 o!rs1 t x conta9s x4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,we w n[ det]m9e :e!r x is prop] t *ildr5 %\ld be taught to s+1 & play ^u any in/rum5t1 :i* we h be=e made a matt] ( d\bt4 ,n[1 x is well kn[n t x makes a great deal ( diff]5ce :5 y w\ld qualify any "o 9 any art1 = ! p]son himself to le>n ! practical "p ( x2 = x is a ?+ v difficult1 if n impossible1 = a man to be a good judge ( :at he himself _c d4 ,x is also v necess>y t *ildr5 %\ld h "s employm5t :i* w amuse !m2 = :i* reason ! rattle ( ,ar*ytas seems well contriv$1 :i* !y give *ildr5 to play )1 to prev5t _! break+ ^? ?+s :i* are ab\t ! h\se2 = at _! age !y _c sit /ill3 ?is !re=e is well adapt$ to infants1 z in/ruction ought to be _! rattle z !y gr[ up2 h5ce x is evid5t t !y %\ld be s taught music z to be able to practise x4 ,nor is x difficult to say :at is becom+ or unbecom+ ( _! age1 or to answ] ! objections :i* "s make to ?is employm5t z mean & l[4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is necess>y = !m to practise1 t !y may be judges ( ! art3 = :i* reason ?is %\ld be done :5 !y are "y2 b :5 !y are gr[n old] ! practical "p may be dropp$2 :ile !y w /ill cont9ue judges ( :at is excell5t 9 ! art1 & take a prop] pleasure !re91 f ! k !y acquir$ ( x 9 _! y\?4 ,z to ! c5sure :i* "s p]sons ?r[ ^u music1 z some?+ mean & l[1 x is n difficult to answ] t1 if we w b consid] h[ f> we propose ^? :o are to be educat$ s z to become good citiz5s %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 ?is art1 #acda;a & :at music & :at rhy?ms !y %\ld be acqua9t$ )2 & also :at in/rum5ts !y %\ld play ^u2 = 9 ^! !re is probably a diff]5ce4 ,su* !n is ! prop] answ] to t c5sure3 = x mu/ be admitt$1 t 9 "s cases no?+ c prev5t music be+ att5d$1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ) ! bad effects :i* are ascrib$ to x2 x is !re=e cle> t ! le>n+ ( x %\ld nev] prev5t ! bus9ess ( rip] ye>s2 nor r5d] ! body effem9ate1 & unfit = ! bus9ess ( w> or ! /ate2 b x %\ld be practis$ by ! "y1 judg$ ( by ! old4 ,t *ildr5 may le>n music prop]ly1 x is necess>y t !y %\ld n be employ$ 9 ^? p>ts ( x :i* are ! objects ( dispute betwe5 ! ma/]s 9 t sci5ce2 nor %\ld !y p]=m su* pieces z are wond]$ at f ! difficulty ( _! execution2 & :i*1 f be+ fir/ exhibit$ 9 ! public games1 are n[ become a "p ( education2 b let !m le>n s mu* ( x z to be able to receive prop] pleasure f excell5t music & rhy?ms2 & n t only :i* music mu/ make all animals feel1 & also slaves & boys1 b m4 ,x is !re=e pla9 :at in/rum5ts !y %\ld use2 ?us1 !y %\ld nev] be taught to play ^u ! flute1 or any o!r in/rum5t :i* requires great skill1 z ! h>p or ! l1 b on su* z w make !m good judges ( music1 or any o!r in/ruction3 besides1 ! flute is n a moral in/rum5t1 b r "o t w inflame ! passions1 & is !re=e r to be us$ :5 ! s\l is to be animat$ ?an :5 in/ruction is int5d$4 ,let me add also1 t !re is some?+ !re9 :i* is q contr>y to :at education requires2 z ! play] on ! flute is prev5t$ f speak+3 = :i* reason our =efa!rs v prop]ly =bade ! use ( x to y\? & freem51 ?\gh !y !mselves at fir/ us$ x2 = :5 _! ri*es procur$ !m great] leisure1 !y grew m animat$ 9 ! cause ( virtue2 & bo? be=e & aft] ! ,m$ian w> _! noble actions s exalt$ _! m9ds t !y att5d$ to e "p ( education2 select+ no "o 9 p>ticul>1 b endeav\r+ to collect ! :ole3 = :i* reason !y introduc$ ! flute also1 z "o ( ! in/rum5ts !y 7 to le>n to play on4 ,at ,lac$aemon ! *oregus himself play$ on ! flute2 & x 0 s common at ,a!ns t almo/ e freeman und]/ood x1 z is evid5t f ! tablet :i* ,?rasippus d$icat$ :5 he 0 *oregus2 b aft]w>ds !y reject$ x z dang]\s2 hav+ become bett] judges ( :at t5d$ to promote virtue & :at did n4 ,= ! same reason _m ( ! anci5t in/rum5ts 7 ?r[n aside1 z ! dulcim] & ! lyre2 z also ^? :i* 7 to inspire ^? :o play$ on !m ) pleasure1 & :i* requir$ a nice f+] & great skill to play well on4 ,:at ! anci5ts tell u1 by way ( fable1 ( ! flute is inde$ v rational2 namely1 t aft] ,m9]va _h f\nd x1 %e ?rew x away3 nor are !y wrong :o say t ! goddess dislik$ x = de=m+ ! face ( him :o play$ !reon3 n b t x is m probable t %e reject$ x z ! k !re( contribut$ no?+ to ! improvem5t ( ! m9d4 ,n[1 we reg>d ,m9]va z ! inv5tress ( arts & sci5ces4 ,z we disapprove ( a *ild's be+ taught to und]/& in/rum5ts1 & to play l a ma/] 7:i* we w\ld h conf9$ to ^? :o are c&idates = ! prize 9 t sci5ce2 = !y play n to improve !mselves 9 virtue1 b to please ^? :o he> !m1 & gratify _! importunity72 !re=e we ?9k ! practice ( x unfit = freem52 b !n x %\ld be conf9$ to ^? :o are paid = do+ x2 = x usually gives p sordid notions1 = ! end !y h 9 view is bad3 = ! imp]t95t spectator is accu/om$ to make !m *ange _! music2 s t ! arti/s :o att5d to him regulate _! bodies accord+ to 8 motions4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,we are n[ to ent] into an inquiry conc]n+ h>mony & rhy?m2 :e!r all sorts ( ^! are to be employ$ 9 education1 or :e!r "s peculi> ones are to be select$2 & also :e!r we %\ld give ! same directions to ^? :o are engag$ 9 music z "p ( education1 or :e!r !re is some?+ diff]5t f ^! two4 ,n[1 z all music consi/s 9 melody & rhy?m1 we ought n to be unacqua9t$ ) ! p[] :i* ea* ( ^! has 9 education2 & :e!r we %\ld r *oose music 9 :i* melody prevails1 or rhy?m3 b :5 ,i consid] h[ _m ?+s h be5 well writt5 ^u ^! subjects1 n only by "s musicians ( ! pres5t age1 b also by "s philosoph]s :o are p]fectly skill$ 9 t "p ( music :i* belongs to education2 we w ref] ^? :o desire a v p>ticul> k !re9 to ^? writ]s1 & %all only treat ( x 9 g5]al t]ms1 )\t desc5d+ to p>ticul>s4 ,melody is divid$ by "s philosoph]s1 ^: notions we approve (1 into moral1 practical1 & t :i* fills ! m9d ) en?usiasm3 !y also allot to ea* ( ^! a p>ticul> k9d ( h>mony :i* naturally corresponds !re)3 & we say t music %\ld n be appli$ to "o purpose only1 b _m2 bo? = in/ruction & purify+ ! s\l 7n[ ,i use ! ^w purify+ at pres5t )\t any explanation1 b %all speak m at l>ge ( x 9 my ,poetics72 &1 9 ! ?ird place1 z an agreeable mann] ( sp5d+ ! "t & a relaxation f ! uneas9ess ( ! m9d4 #acdb;a ,x is evid5t t all h>monies are to be us$2 b n = all purposes2 b ! mo/ moral 9 education3 b to please ! e>1 :5 o!rs play1 ! mo/ active & en?usia/ic2 = t passion :i* is to be f\nd v /rong 9 "s s\ls is to be met ) also 9 all2 b ! diff]5ce 9 diff]5t p]sons consi/s 9 its be+ 9 a less or great] degree1 z pity1 fe>1 & en?usiasm also2 :i* latt] is s p[]ful 9 "s z to ov]p[] ! s\l3 & yet we see ^? p]sons1 by ! application ( sacr$ music to soo! _! m9d1 r5d]$ z s$ate & compos$ z if !y _h employ$ ! art ( ! physician3 & ?is mu/ necess>ily happ5 to ! compassionate1 ! fe>ful1 & all ^? :o are subdu$ by _! passions3 nay1 all p]sons1 z f> z !y are affect$ ) ^? passions1 admit ( ! same cure1 & are re/or$ to tranquillity ) pleasure4 ,9 ! same mann]1 all music :i* has ! p[] ( purify+ ! s\l af=ds a h>mless pleasure to man4 ,su*1 !re=e1 %\ld be ! h>mony & su* ! music :i* ^? :o cont5d ) ea* o!r 9 ! !atre %\ld exhibit3 b z ! audi5ce is compos$ ( two sorts ( p1 ! free & ! well-in/ruct$1 ! rude ! mean me*anics1 & hir$ s]vants1 & a long collection ( ! l1 !re mu/ be "s music & "s spectacles to please & soo! !m2 = z _! m9ds are z x 7 p]v]t$ f _! natural habits1 s also is !re an unnatural h>mony1 & ov]*>g$ music :i* is accommodat$ to _! ta/e3 b :at is accord+ to nature gives pleasure to e "o1 !re=e ^? :o are to cont5d ^u ! !atre %\ld be all[$ to use ?is species ( music4 ,b 9 education e?ic melody & e?ic h>mony %\ld be us$1 :i* is ! ,doric1 z we h already said1 or any o!r :i* ^? philosoph]s :o are skilful 9 t music :i* is to be employ$ 9 education %all approve (4 ,b ,socrates1 9 ,plato's ,republic1 is v wrong :5 he #acdb;b p]mits only ! ,phrygian music to be us$ z well z ! ,doric1 p>ticul>ly z among/ o!r in/rum5ts he bani%es ! flute2 = ! ,phrygian music has ! same p[] 9 h>mony z ! flute has among/ ! in/rum5ts2 = !y are bo? pa!tic & raise ! m9d3 & ?is ! practice ( ! poets proves2 = 9 _! bac*anal songs1 or :5ev] !y describe any viol5t emotions ( ! m9d1 ! flute is ! in/rum5t !y *iefly use3 & ! ,phrygian h>mony is mo/ suitable to ^! subjects4 ,n[1 t ! di?yrambic measure is ,phrygian is all[$ by g5]al cons5t2 & ^? :o are conv]sant 9 /udies ( ?is sort br+ _m pro(s ( x2 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ,philox5us endeav\r$ to compose di?yrambic music = ,doric h>mony1 he naturally fell back aga9 into ,phrygian1 z be+ fitte/ = t purpose2 z e "o inde$ agrees1 t ! ,doric music is mo/ s]i\s1 & fitte/ to inspire c\rage3 &1 z we always comm5d ! middle z be+ betwe5 ! two extremes1 & ! ,doric has ?is relation ) respect to o!r h>monies1 x is evid5t t is :at ! y\? ought to be in/ruct$ 94 ,!re are two ?+s to be tak5 into consid]ation1 bo? :at is possible & :at is prop]2 e "o !n %\ld *iefly endeav\r to atta9 ^? ?+s :i* conta9 bo? ^! qualities3 b ?is is to be regulat$ by diff]5t times ( life2 = in/ance1 x is n easy = ^? :o are advanc$ 9 ye>s to s+ su* pieces ( music z require v high notes1 = nature po9ts out to !m ^? :i* are g5tle & require little /r5g? ( voice 7= :i* reason "s :o are skilful 9 music ju/ly f9d fault ) ,socrates = =bidd+ ! y\? to be in/ruct$ 9 g5tle h>mony2 z if1 l w9e1 x w\ld make !m drunk1 :]eas ! effect ( t is to r5d] m5 bac*anals1 & n make !m languid73 ^! !re=e are :at %\ld employ ^? :o are gr[n old4 ,moreov]1 if !re is any h>mony :i* is prop] = a *ild's age1 z be+ at ! same "t elegant & in/ructive1 z ! ,lydian ( all o!rs seems *iefly to be-,^! !n are z x 7 ! ?ree b\nd>ies ( education1 mod]ation1 possibility1 & decorum4 ,,index ,,a*illes1 #gf ,act ( ! city1 :at1 #fi ,actions1 _! orig9al spr+1 i ,adm9i/ration1 #gf2 :e!r to be %>$ by ! :ole community1 #bjc ,a,esumnetes1 #if ,a,ethiopia1 9 :at mann] ! p[] ( ! /ate is !re regulat$1 #aab ,alt]ations 9 gov]nm5t1 :5ce !y arise1 #adb2 :at !y are1 #adc ,ambractia1 ! gov]nm5t (1 *ang$1 #aea ,&romadas ,reg9us1 a lawgiv] to ! ,?racian ,calcidians1 #fe ,animals1 _! diff]5t provisions by nature1 #ad2 int5d$ by nature = ! b5efit ( man1 #ad2 :at con/itutes _! diff]5t species1 #aac ,animals1 tame1 :y bett] ?an wild1 #h ,arbitrator & judge1 _! diff]5ce1 #di ,ar*itas 8 rattle1 #bdh ,areopagus1 s5ate (1 #fc ,argonauts refuse to take ,h]cules ) !m1 #ic ,ari/ocracies1 causes ( commotions 9 !m1 #aeg2 *ief cause ( _! alt]ation1 #aeh2 may deg5]ate into an olig>*y1 #gi ,ari/ocracy1 :at1 #gh2 treat$ (1 #abj2 its object1 #aba ,art1 works (1 :i* mo/ excell5t1 #bj ,artific]s & slaves1 _! diff]5ce1 #bd ,assemblies1 public1 advantage\s to a democracy1 #acd ,assembly1 public1 its prop] bus9ess1 #acc ,a!ns1 diff]5t dispositions ( ! citiz5s (1 #adi ,b>t]1 its orig9al1 #ae ,be+1 :at ! nature ( e "o is1 #c ,be+s1 :y "s comm&1 o!rs obey1 #b ,body by nature to be gov]n$1 #h2 requires our c>e be=e ! s\l1 #bcb ,cal*is1 ! gov]nm5t (1 *ang$1 #aea ,calcidians1 #fe ,c>?ag9ian gov]nm5t describ$1 #fj ,c5sus 9 a free /ate %\ld be z ext5sive z possible1 #aca2 h[ to be alt]$1 #afb ,*>ondas suppos$ to be ! s*ol> ( ,zaleucus1 #fd ,*ild1 h[ to be manag$ :5 fir/ born1 #bce2 %\ld be taught no?+ till he is five ye>s old1 #bce2 h[ !n to be educat$1 #bcf ,*ildr51 ! prop] gov]nm5t (1 #bb2 :at _! prop] virtues1 #bc2 :at !y are usually taught1 #bdj ,cities1 h[ gov]n$ at fir/1 #c2 :at1 #c2 ! "w ( nature1 #c2 prior 9 contemplation to a family1 or an individual1 #d ,citiz51 :o is "o8 #ff1 #fh2 %\ld "k bo? h[ to comm& & obey1 #gc ,citiz5s mu/ h "s ?+s 9 common1 #bf2 %\ld be exempt$ f s]vile lab\r1 #ea2 privileges diff]5t 9 diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 #fh2 if illegally made1 :e!r illegal1 #fi2 :o admitt$ to be1 #ge2 9 ! be/ /ates ought n to foll[ m]*&ise1 #baf ,city1 may be too mu* "o1 #bg1 #ce2 :at1 #ff1 #hb2 :5 x cont9ues ! same1 #gj2 = ^: sake e/abli%$1 #gf2 its end1 #hc2 ( :at p>ts made up1 #aac2 be/ compos$ ( equals1 #abf ,city ( ! be/ =m1 :at its e/abli%m5t ought to be1 #adi2 :]e9 its greatness consi/s1 #adi2 may be ei!r too l>ge or too small1 #bji2 :at %\ld be its situation1 #baa2 :e!r prop] ne> ! sea1 #baa2 ought to be divid$ by families into diff]5t sorts ( m51 #bah ,city & conf$]acy1 _! diff]5ce1 #cg2 :]e9 x %\ld be "o1 #bg ,comm& among/ equals %\ld be 9 rotation1 #aja ,common meals n well e/abli%$ at ,lac$aemon-well at ,crete1 #ef2 ! model f :5ce ! ,lac$aemonian 0 tak51 #ef2 inf]ior to x 9 "s respects1 #ef ,community1 its recomm5dations deceitful1 #cd2 into :at p x may be divid$1 #aid ,community ( *ildr51 #bi1 #cj2 inconv5i5ces att5d+ x1 #ca ,community ( goods1 its inconv5i5ces1 #bh2 de/ructive ( mode/y & lib]ality1 #cd ,community ( wives1 its inconv5i5ces1 #bg ,contempt a cause ( s$ition1 #adf ,c\rage ( a man diff]5t f a woman's1 #gd ,c\rts1 h[ _m !re ought to be1 #adj ,c\rts ( ju/ice %\ld be few 9 a small /ate1 #aib ,cretan cu/oms simil> to ! ,lac$asmonian1 #eg2 assembly op5 to e citiz51 #eh ,cretans1 _! p[]1 #eh2 _! public meals1 h[ conduct$ #eh ,crete1 ! gov]nm5t (1 #eg2 description ( ! isl& ( #eg ,cu/oms at ,c>?age1 ,lac$aemon1 & among/ ! ,scy?ians & ,ib]ians1 conc]n+ ^? :o _h kill$ an enemy1 #bjd1 #bje ,dadalus's /atues1 #f4 ,delphos1 an acc\nt ( a s$ition !re1 #aej ,demagogues1 _! influ5ce 9 a democracy1 #aaf4 ,democracies1 arose out ( tyrannies1 #ajj2 :5ce !y arose1 #adb2 :5 *ang$ into tyrannies1 #aec2 _! diff]5t sorts1 #ahd1 #ahh2 g5]al rules = _! e/abli%m5t1 #ahe2 %\ld n be made too p]fect1 #aia ,democracy1 :at1 #gi1 #hj2 its def9ition1 #aab1 #aac2 diff]5t sorts (1 #aae1 #aah2 its object1 #abb2 h[ subv]t$ 9 ! ,isle ( ,cos1 #aeb ,democracy & ari/ocracy1 h[ !y may be bl5d$ toge!r1 #afc ,democratical /ate1 its f\ndation1 #ahd ,despotic p[] absurd1 #bje ,dion1 8 noble resolution1 #aga ,dionysius1 8 taxes1 #age ,dissolution ( k+doms & tyrannies1 #afi ,dome/ic employm5ts ( m5 & wom5 diff]5t1 #gd ,dome/ic gov]nm5t1 its object1 #gg ,dome/ic society ! fir/1 #c ,draco1 #fe ,dyrra*ium1 gov]nm5t (1 #aja ,economy & money-gett+1 diff]5ce1 #ag ,education necess>y = ! happ9ess ( ! city1 #ij2 ( all ?+s mo/ necess>y to pres]ve ! /ate1 #aff2 :at x ought to be1 #aff2 ! objects ( x1 #bbh1 #bbi2 %\ld be tak5 c>e ( by ! magi/rate1 & correspond to ! nature ( gov]nm5t1 #bch2 %\ld be a common c>e1 & regulat$ by laws1 #bch ,employm5t1 "o to be allott$ to "o p]son 9 an ext5sive gov]nm5t1 #acf ,employm5ts 9 ! /ate1 h[ to be dispos$ (1 #hh-ij2 :e!r all %\ld be op5 to all1 #baf ,ephialtes abridges ! p[] ( ! s5ate ( ,areopagus1 #fc ,ephori1 at ,sp>ta1 _! p[] too great1 #ed2 improp]ly *os51 #ed2 flatt]$ by _! k+s1 #ed2 ! supreme judges1 #ee2 mann] ( life too indulg5t1 #ee ,epidamnus1 an acc\nt ( a revolution !re1 #aej ,equality1 h[ tw(old1 #adc2 9 a democracy1 h[ to be procur$1 #ahf ,euripides quot$1 #gb ,family gov]nm5t1 ( :at x consi/s1 #e ,fa!r %\ld n be too "y1 #bcb ,females & slaves1 :]e9 !y diff]1 #b2 :y ^u a level among/ b>b>ians1 #c ,=feitures1 h[ to be appli$1 #aib ,=tune improp] pret5sion = p[]1 #ia ,freem5 9 g5]al1 :at p[] !y ought to h1 #hf ,free /ate treat$ (1 #aba2 h[ x arises out ( a democracy & olig>*y1 #abb1 #abc ,fri5d%ip weak5$ by a community ( *ildr51 #ca ,g5]al1 ! (fice (1 h[ to be dispos$ (1 #ih ,gods1 :y suppos$ subject to k+ly gov]nm5t1 #c ,good1 relative to man1 h[ divid$1 #bja ,good & evil1 ! p]ception (1 necess>y to =m a family & a city1 #d ,good =tune some?+ diff]5t f happ9ess1 #bjb ,gov]nm5t %\ld cont9ue z mu* z possible 9 ! same h&s1 #bh2 9 :at mann] x %\ld be 9 rotation1 #bh2 :at1 #ff2 :i* be/1 ( a good man or good laws1 #ih2 good1 to :at x %\ld owe its pres]vation1 #abd2 :at ! be/1 #bbe ,gov]nm5t ( ! ma/] ov] ! slave sometimes reciprocally useful1 ii ,gov]nm5ts1 h[ diff]5t f ea* o!r1 #fg2 :e!r m ?an "o =m %\ld be e/abli%$1 #gf2 %\ld endeav\r to prev5t o!rs f be+ too p[]ful-- in/ances ( x1 #ic2 h[ comp>$ to music1 92 9 g5]al1 to :at !y owe _! pres]vation1 #afj ,gov]nm5ts1 political1 regal1 family1 & s]vile1 _! diff]5ce f ea* o!r1 i ,gov]nors & gov]n$1 :e!r _! virtues are ! same or diff]5t1 #bc2 :e!r !y %\ld be ! same p]sons or diff]5t1 #bbg ,grecians1 _! sup]iority ov] o!r p1 #bac ,gu>ds ( a k+ natives1 #if1afh2 ( a tyrant =eign]s1 #if1 #afh ,gymna/ic ex]cises1 :5 to be p]=m$1 #bbc2 h[ f> !y %\ld be made a "p ( education1 #bdb1 #bdc ,happ9ess1 :]e9 x consi/s1 #bjg ,happy life1 :]e mo/ likely to be f\nd1 #bjb ,h>mony1 :e!r all k9ds ( x are to be us$ 9 education1 #bea ,helots tr\blesome to ! ,lac$aemonians1 #hg ,h]dsm5 compose ! second-be/ democracy1 #ahi ,hippodamus1 an acc\nt (1 #df2 8 plan ( gov]nm5t1 #df1 #dg3 object$ to1 #dg1 #dh ,hom] quot$1 #ie1 #aaf ,hon\rs1 an inequality (1 occasions s$itions1 #dd ,horse mo/ suitable to an olig>*y1 #aie ,h\ses1 private1 _! be/ =m1 #bba ,human fle% dev\r$ by "s nations1 #bdb ,husb&m5 compose ! be/ democracy1 #ahi2 w *oose to gov]n accord+ to law1 #aah ,husb&ry1 art (1 :e!r "p ( money-gett+1 #ac ,in/rum5ts1 _! diff]5ce f ea* o!r1 #f2 :]e9 !y diff] f possessions1 #f ,italy1 its anci5t b\nd>y1 #bah ,jason's decl>ation1 #gb ,judge %\ld n act z an arbitrator1 #dh1 #di2 :i* is be/ = an individual1 or ! p 9 g5]al1 #ih1 #ii ,judges1 _m bett] ?an "o1 #ajb2 ( :om to consi/1 #ajb2 h[ _m diff]5t sorts are necess>y1 #ada ,judicial "p ( gov]nm5t1 h[ to be divid$1 #adj ,jurym51 p>ticul> p[]s sometimes appo9t$ to t (fice1 #fh ,ju/ice1 :at1 #hh2 ! c\rse (1 imp$$ 9 ,crete1 #ei2 diff]5t 9 diff]5t situations1 #gd ,k+1 f :om to be *os5 #fj2 ! gu>dian ( 8 p #afh ,k+'s *ildr51 :at to be done )1 #ajj ,k+'s p[]1 :at x %\ld be #ajj2 :5 unequal1 #adc ,k+dom1 :at1 #gh ,k+doms1 _! object1 #afg2 h[ be/[$1 #afh2 causes ( _! dissolution1 #agc2 h[ pres]v$1 #agc ,k+ly gov]nm5t 9 ! h]oic times1 :at1 #if ,k+ly p[] regulat$ by ! laws at ,sp>ta 9 peace1 #ie2 absolute 9 w>1 #ie ,k+s =m]ly 9 ,crete1 #eh2 _! p[] aft]w>ds devolv$ to ! kosmoi1 #eh2 me?od ( elect+ !m at ,c>?age1 #fj ,k ( ! ma/] & slave diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ii ,kosmoi1 ! p[] (1 #eh2 _! numb]1 #eh2 :]e9 inf]ior to ! ephori1 #eh2 all[$ to resign _! (fice be=e _! "t is elaps$1 #ei ,lac$amonian cu/oms simil> to ! ,cretan1 #eg ,lac$aemonian gov]nm5t mu* e/eem$1 #da2 ! faults ( x1 #ec-ef2 calculat$ only = w>1 #ef2 h[ compos$ ( a democracy & olig>*y1 #abd ,lac$aemonian rev5ue badly rais$1 #ef1 #eg ,lac$aemonians1 :]e9 !y admit ?+s to be common1 #cc ,l& %\ld be divid$ into two p>ts1 #bai ,law makes "o man a slave1 ano!r free1 #f2 :e!r j or n1 #i2 at ,!bes respect+ tradesm51 #ge2 no?+ %\ld be done contr>y to x1 #afj ,law & gov]nm5t1 _! diff]5ce1 #ajg1 #ajh ,laws1 :5 advantage\s to alt] !m1 #di1ej1 #eb2 ( e /ate w be l ! /ate1 #hh2 :om !y %\ld be calculat$ =1 #ib2 decide bett] ?an m51 #aja2 moral pref]able to writt51 #ajb2 mu/ sometimes b5d to anci5t cu/oms1 #aag2 %\ld be fram$ to ! /ate1 #ajg2 ! same suit n all gov]nm5ts1 #ajh ,legislator ought to "k n only :at is be/1 b :at is practical1 n ,legislators %\ld fix a prop] m$ium 9 prop]ty1 #df ,lib]ty1 :]e9 x p>tly consi/s1 #ahd1 #ahe ,life1 happy1 ow+ to a c\rse ( virtue1 #abe2 h[ divid$1 #bbh ,locrians =bid m5 to sell _! prop]ty1 #dc ,lycophron's acc\nt ( law1 #hb ,lycurgus gave ov] r$uc+ ! wom5 to ob$i5ce1 #ec2 made x infam\s = any "o to sell 8 possessions1 #ec2 "s ( 8 laws c5sur$1 #ed2 sp5t mu* "t at ,crete1 #eg2 suppos$ to be ! s*ol> ( ,?ales1 #fd ,lys&] want$ to aboli% ! k+ly p[] 9 ,sp>ta1 #adc ,magi/rate1 to :om t "n is prop]ly giv51 #acf ,magi/rates1 :5 !y make ! /ate incl9e to an olig>*y1 #fa2 :5 to an ari/ocracy1 #fa2 at ,a!ns1 f :om to be *os51 #fd2 to det]m9e ^? causes :i* ! law _c be appli$ to1 #hh2 :e!r _! p[] is to be ! same1 or diff]5t 9 diff]5t communities1 #acg2 h[ !y diff] f ea* o!r1 #ach2 9 ^? :o appo9t !m1 #ach2 %\ld be cont9u$ b a %ort "t 9 democracies1 #afa2 h[ to be *os5 9 a democracy1 #ahe2 diff]5t sorts & employm5ts1 #aif ,mak+ & us+1 _! diff]5ce1 #f ,mali5ses1 _! =m ( gov]nm5t1 #aca ,man prov$ to be a political animal1 #d2 has alone a p]ception ( good & evil1 #d2 )\t law & ju/ice ! wor/ ( be+s1 #e ,ma/]1 p[] (1 :5ce x arises1 z "s ?9k1 #e ,matrimony1 :5 to be engag$ 91 #bcb ,meals1 common1 e/abli%$ 9 ,crete & ,italy1 #bah2 exp5se (1 %\ld be defray$ by ! :ole /ate1 #bai ,me*anic employm5ts useful = citiz5s1 #gc ,me*anics1 :e!r !y %\ld be all[$ to be citiz5s1 #gd1 #ge2 _c acquire ! practice ( virtue1 #ge2 admitt$ to be citiz5s 9 an olig>*y1 #ge ,m$ium ( circum/ances be/1 #abf ,memb]s ( ! community1 _! diff]5t pret5ces to ! employm5ts ( ! /ate1 #ij2 :at natural dispositions !y ought to be (1 #bac ,m51 "s di/+ui%$ by nature = gov]nors1 o!rs to be gov]n$1 #g2 _! diff]5t modes ( liv+1 #ac2 wor?y ?ree ways1 #bbf ,m]*&ise1 ?ree diff]5t ways ( c>ry+ x on1 #bj ,middle rank ( m5 make ! be/ citiz5s1 #abg2 mo/ conducive to ! pres]vation ( ! /ate1 #abh2 %\ld be p>ticul>ly att5d$ to by ! legislators1 #acj ,milit>y1 h[ divid$1 #aid ,mityl5e1 an acc\nt ( a dispute !re1 #aej ,mon>*1 absolute1 #ajj ,mon>*ies1 _! nature1 #ie1 #if2 sometimes elective1 #ie2 sometimes h]$it>y1 #ie2 :5ce !y sometimes arise1 #adf2 causes ( corruption 9 !m1 #afg2 h[ pres]v$1 #agc ,money1 h[ x made its way into comm]ce1 #af2 fir/ weigh$1 #af2 aft]w>ds /amp$1 #af2 its value dep5d5t on agreem5t1 #af2 h[ ga9$ by ex*ange1 #ai ,money--gett+ consid]$ at l>ge1 #ag1 #ah ,monopolis+ ga9ful1 #ba2 sometimes practis$ by cities1 #ba ,monopoly ( iron 9 ,sicily1 a rem>kable in/ance ( ! pr(it ( x1 #ba ,music1 h[ _m species ( x1 92 :y a "p ( education1 #bdj2 h[ f> x %\ld be taught1 #bdb1 #bdc2 pr(essors ( x consid]$ z mean p1 #bdd2 imitates ! disposition ( ! m9d1 #bdf2 improves our mann]s1 #bdf2 ,lydian1 s(t5s ! m9d1 #bdg2 pieces (1 difficult 9 _! execution1 n to be taught to *ildr51 #bdi ,nature requires equality among/ equals1 #aja ,naval p[] %\ld be regulat$ by ! /r5g? ( ! city1 #bab ,necess>y p>ts ( a city1 :at1 #bae ,nobles1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 no2 %\ld take c>e ( ! poor1 #aic ,oa?1 an improp] "o 9 an olig>*y1 #aff ,(fic]s ( /ate1 :o !y ought to be1 #ace2 h[ long to cont9ue1 #ace2 :o to *oose !m1 #acf ,(fices1 di/9ction betwe5 !m1 #fg2 :5 subv]sive ( ! rights ( ! p1 #acj ,(fspr+1 an in/ance ( ! lik5ess (1 to ! sire1 #cj ,olig>*ies arise :]e ! /r5g? ( ! /ate consi/s 9 horse1 no2 :5ce !y arose1 #adb ,olig>*y admits n hir$ s]vants to be citiz5s1 #ge2 its object1 #gi2 :at1 #gi1 #ha2 its def9ition1 #aab2 diff]5t sorts (1 #aag1 #aai2 its object1 #abb2 h[ x ought to be f\nd$1 #aie ,onomacritus suppos$ to h drawn up laws1 #fd ,o/racism1 :y e/abli%$1 #ic1 #adf2 its p[]1 #ic2 a weapon 9 ! h& ( s$ition1 #id ,pa9t+1 :y x %\ld be made a "p ( education1 #bda ,p>ticul>s1 five1 9 :i* ! rights ( ! p w be und]m9$1 #acj ,pausanias want$ to aboli% ! ephori1 #adc ,p1 h[ !y %\ld be made "o1 #ce2 ( ,a!ns assume ^u _! victory ov] ! ,m$es1 #fd2 :at be/ to submit to a k+ly gov]nm5t1 #ajd2 to an ari/ocratic1 #ajd2 to a free /ate1 #ajd2 %\ld be all[$ ! p[] ( p>don+1 n ( condemn+1 #ace ,p]i&]'s advice to ,?rasy-bulus1 #ic1 #afi ,p]icles introduces ! pay+ ( ^? :o att5d$ ! c\rt ( ju/ice1 #fd ,philolaus1 a ,!ban legislator1 quits 8 native c\ntry1 #fd ,phocea1 an acc\nt ( a dispute !re1 #aej ,physician1 8 bus9ess1 #hf ,physicians1 _! mode ( practice 9 ,egypt1 #ih2 :5 ill consult o!rs1 #ajb ,pittacus1 #fe ,plato c5sur$1 #ahj ,poor excus$ f be>+ arms & f gymna/ic ex]cises 9 an olig>*y1 #aca2 paid = att5d+ ! public assemblies 9 a democracy1 #aca ,p[] ( ! ma/]1 its object1 #gg ,p[]1 supreme1 :]e x ought to be lodg$1 #hd2 :y ) ! _m1 #he1 #hg ,p[]s ( a /ate1 diff]5t me?ods ( delegat+ !m to ! citiz5s1 #acb-acd ,preadvis]s1 c\rt (1 #ace ,prie/hood1 to :om to be allott$1 #bag ,prison]s ( w>1 :e!r !y may be ju/ly made slaves1 #i ,private prop]ty n regulat$ ! s\rce ( s$ition1 #db2 ,phaleas w\ld h x equal1 #db2 h[ ,phaleas w\ld correct ! irregul>ities ( x1 #dc2 ,plato w\ld all[ a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9 x1 #dc ,prop]ty1 its nature1 #ab2 h[ x %\ld be regulat$1 #cb1 #cc2 ! advantages ( hav+ x private1 #cd2 :at quantity ! public ought to h1 #dd2 ought n to be common1 #bai ,public assemblies1 :5 subv]sive ( ! lib]ties ( ! p1 #acj ,public money1 h[ to be divid$1 #aic ,qualifications necess>y = ^? :o are to fill ! fir/ dep>tm5ts 9 gov]nm5t1 #afd ,quality ( a city1 :at meant by x1 #abi ,quantity1 #abi ,re/ & peace ! prop] objects ( ! legislator1 #bcj ,revolutions 9 a democracy1 :5ce !y arise1 #aeb2 9 an olig>*y1 #aef ,ri* f9$ 9 an olig>*y = n be>+ arms & att5d+ ! gymna/ic ex]cises1 #aca2 receive no?+ = att5d+ ! public assemblies 9 a democracy1 #aca ,rights ( a citiz51 :e!r advantage\s or n1 #bjc ,s$itions sometimes prev5t$ by equality1 #de2 _! causes1 #add-adf2 h[ to be prev5t$1 #afc ,s5ate suits a democracy1 #ahe ,%eph]ds compose ! second-be/ democracy1 #ahi ,slave1 8 nature & use1 #f2 a *attel1 #g2 by law1 h[1 #i ,slav]y n f\nd$ 9 nature b law1 z "s ?9k1 #f ,slaves1 an inquiry into ! virtues !y are capable (1 #bc2 difficult to manage prop]ly1 #ea2 _! diff]5t sorts1 #gc ,society necess>y to man1 #gg ,society1 civil1 ! greate/ bless+ to man1 #d2 diff]5t f a comm]cial int]c\rse1 #hb ,socrates1 8 mi/akes on gov]nm5t1 ,book ,,ii4 passim2 8 division ( ! inhabitants1 #ch2 w\ld h ! wom5 g to w>1 #ch2 ,ari/otle's op9ion ( 8 disc\rses1 #ch2 8 city w\ld require a c\ntry ( immeasurable ext5t1 #ci2 8 comp>ison ( ! human species to diff]5t k9ds ( metals1 #dj2 8 acc\nt ( ! diff]5t ord]s ( m5 9 a city imp]fect1 #c ,soj\rn]s1 _! situation1 #ff ,solon's op9ion ( ri*es1 #ad2 law = re/ra9+ prop]ty1 #dc2 alt]s ! ,a!nian gov]nm5t1 #fc ,s\l by nature ! gov]nor ov] ! body1 & 9 :at mann]1 #h2 ( man h[ divid$1 #bbh1 #bca ,spee* a pro( t man 0 =m$ = society1 #d ,/ate1 ea*1 consi/s ( a great numb] ( p>ts1 #aji2 its disproportionate increase ! cause ( revolutions1 #adg2 firm1 :at1 #aei ,/eal+1 h[ to be prev5t$1 #dd ,submission to gov]nm5t1 :5 x is slav]y1 #bjf ,supreme p[] %\ld be ultimately ve/$ 9 ! laws1 #aja ,syracuse1 ! gov]nm5t (1 languid1 #aea ,temp]ance 9 a man diff]5t f a woman1 #gd ,temples1 h[ to be built1 #bbc ,?ales1 8 contrivance to get money1 #ba2 suppos$ to be ! companion ( ,onomacritus1 #fd ,?+s necess>y to be kn[n = ! managem5t ( dome/ic affairs1 #ai1 #bj2 necess>y 9 ! position ( a city1 #bbj ,tribunals1 :at diff]5t ?+s !y %\ld h "u _! jurisdictions1 #acg ,tyrannies1 h[ e/abli%$1 #afh2 h[ pres]v$1 #agd1 #agf2 ( %ort duration1 #ahj2 in/ances !re(1 #ahj ,tyranny1 :at1 #gi2 n natural1 #ajc2 :5ce x arises1 #ajh2 treat$ (1 #abd2 conta9s all t is bad 9 all gov]nm5ts1 #abe ,tyrant1 f :om usually *os51 #afg2 8 object1 #afh2 8 gu>ds1 #afh ,tyrants1 _m ( !m orig9ally enjoy$ only k+ly p[]1 #afh2 ! causes ( _! be+ conspir$ aga9/1 #afi1 #agj2 always love ! wor/ ( m51 #age ,uses ( possessions1 two1 #ae ,usury dete/$1 #ai ,v5ality to be gu>d$ aga9/1 ,,ids ,village1 :at1 #c ,virtue ( a citiz5 has ref]5ce to ! /ate1 #ga2 diff]5t 9 diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 #ga ,virtues diff]5t 9 diff]5t p]sons1 #bc1 #bd2 :e!r ! same con/itute a good man & a valuable citiz51 #ga ,walls necess>y = a city1 #bbb ,w>1 :at is ga9$ by x 9 "s degree a natural acquisition1 #ad2 n a f9al end1 #bje1 #bbi ,wife1 ! prop] gov]nm5t (1 #bb ,wom51 :at _! prop] virtue1 #bc2 n to be indulg$ 9 improp] lib]ties1 #eb2 _h great influ5ce at ,lac$aemon1 #eb2 ( great diss]vice to ! ,lac$emonians1 #eb2 :y indulg$ by !m1 #ec2 _! prop] "t ( m>ry+1 #bcc2 h[ to be manag$ :5 ) *ild1 #bcd ,zaleucus1 legislator ( ! ,we/]n ,locrians1 #fd2 suppos$ to be ! s*ol> ( ,?ales1 #fd