,a ,critical ,analysis of ,patriotism   
,as an ,ethical ,concept        ,,by    
,,clarence ,,reidenbach        ,a       
,,dissertation    ,,presented ,,to ,,the
 ,,faculty ,,of ,,the    ,,graduate     
,,school ,,of ,,yale ,,university       
,,in ,,candidacy ,,for ,,the ,,degree   
,,of    ,,doctor ,,of ,,philosophy      
,,may #a1 #aiah            ,,table ,,of 
,,contents                              
,page      ,,part ,i4 ,,the ,,impulses  
,,of ,,patriotism      ,chapter ,i4 ,the
 ,impulses of ,attachment               
#i      ,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,impulses of
 ,antipathy                         #af 
,,part ,,ii4 ,,the ,,habituation ,,of   
,,patriotism      ,chapter ,,iii4 ,the  
,deliberate ,habituation                
#bg      ,chapter ,,iv4 ,the            
,spontaneous ,habituation               
#ce        ,,part ,,iii4 ,,the ,,beliefs
 ,,of ,,patriotism      ,chapter ,v4    
,the ,country as ,protector of ,self    
#de      ,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,oneness of
 ,country and ,self                     

#eb      ,chapter ,,vii4 ,the ,intrinsic
 ,value of ,one's ,country              
#eg        ,,part ,,iv4 ,,the ,,nature  
,,and ,,value ,,of ,,patriotism         
,chapter ,,viii4 ,the ,will to ,national
 ,individuality              #ga        
,chapter ,,ix4 ,the ,nation as an       
,individual                       #he   
,chapter ,x4 ,the ,ethical ,value of    
,patriotism in the    ,concrete         
#ii        ,,notes        ,,bibliography
          ,,preface      ,patriotism is 
a live issue4 ,it is almost impossible  
for any one to be  neutral about it4    
,all men seem to feel that the issue    
involved is one  that touches the       
fundamental interests of their lives4   
,patriotism is an  important concept4   
,but not all men take the same stand    
regarding patriotism4 ,there is hot     
disagreement upon the question of its   
moral value4 ,some champion it  as one  
of the noblest of all virtues2 others   
spurn it as one of the  basest4         
,therefore it is highly desirable to    

arrive at a fair judgment  of the       
ethical value of patriotism4    ,one of 
the chief reasons for the radical       
disagreement about the  morality of     
patriotism is that there are widely     
different assumptions  as to its nature4
 ,it is a sentiment of manifold         
varieties1 and the word  patriotism may 
carry quite different implications to   
different minds4  ,the first necessary  
step1 then1 before one can pass an      
ethical judgment  upon it1 is to find   
out what the core of patriotism is4     
,this dissertation begins1 therefore1 by
 undertaking to determine the  nature of
 patriotism1 and with no more of a clue 
in hand than the one  that it is 8the   
love of country0 tries1 by an inductive 
investigation  of what has actually been
 called patriotism1 to bring together   
the  important facts in which patriotism
 is manifested4 ,hence1 while the  main 
purpose of the essay is an ethical one1 
a large portion of it  is given to      
inductive analysis4 ,the first three    

parts are mainly  analytical4 ,the      
fourth part endeavors to unify in a     
central concept the  data gathered      
together in the preceding parts1 and1 in
 the light of  that concept and all the 
facts1 to evaluate patriotism as an     
ethical  ideal4 ,it may be noted here   
that the first three parts are printed  
as they were in the typewritten form    
presented to ,yale ,university as  a    
thesis1 but that part four has undergone
 much rearrangement and  revision4      
,chapter eight has been largely         
rewritten2 chapter nine is  entirely    
new2 and what here appears as chapter   
ten has been somewhat  changed4         
,acknowledgement is hereby made to the  
members of the faculty of  the          
department of philosophy in ,yale       
,university for many helpful            
criticisms4 ,especially is a debt owed  
to ,professor ,charles ,a4  ,bennett1   
who suggested the field of patriotism as
 a fruitful one for  investigation1     
under whose direction the work was done1

 and whose  criticisms and suggestions  
have made more definite than would      
otherwise  have been the case1 the      
problems involved4 ,thanks are due to   
,professor  ,luther ,a4 ,weigle1 who    
read the manuscript1 and helped to      
clarify and  make accurate the          
expression of the ideas4 ,and my        
gratitude is given to  my wife1 whose   
assistance in the final preparation of  
the manuscript  was invaluable1 and who 
by her constant helpfulness and loyalty 
made it  possible for the whole work to 
be brought to completion4               
,indianapolis1 ,january1 #aibj4         
,,part ,i      ,,the ,,impulses ,,of    
,,patriotism          ,,chapter ,i      
,,the ,,impulses ,,of ,,attachment      
,when in #aiad the great war broke out1 
the world was astounded4 ,there  were   
forces at work which men were confident 
would make another  war between         
first-class powers impossible4          
,international relations  and groupings1
 such as those of commerce1 labor1 art1 

science1 and  learning1 had increased in
 strength and number4 ,the terribleness 
and  waste of war were deemed to be so  
fully realized that modern nations      
would have no taste for armed conflict4 
,but the war came on1 and  there must   
have been mighty causes to be able to   
produce so gigantic  a result4 ,what    
were they8 ,what could be the nature of 
such tremendous  causes1 that yet       
remained concealed and in their issuance
 so took men  by surprise8 ,the factors 
were various1 and some1 of course1 had  
been  noted1 but one factor which was   
unnoticed by the general public and yet 
which is one of fundamental importance  
is the rle taken in patriotism  by men's
 unreasoned dispositions of character4  
,if the phenomenon of  patriotism is to 
be fully understood1 it must be analyzed
 with a  view of discovering what are   
these deeply ingrained sets of mind and 
character which are its raw material and
 which make it so powerful4#a           
,patriotism is a complex sentiment4     

,there is1 in other words1 no single    
instinctive response in all human beings
 to the stimulus1 country4  ,what1 then1
 are some of the dispositions of which  
patriotism is  composed8 ,there are     
impulses which make primarily for       
attachment1  and there are those that   
make primarily for antipathy4 ,one of   
the  most important of the impulses of  
attachment is the disposition of        
gregariousness4 ,hobbes1 indeed1 and    
others after him1 built their  theories 
of the state upon the doctrine that man 
would have been able  to live alone had 
not the company of others been forced   
upon him1 but  that there is an impulse 
of gregariousness seems indisputable4   
,it is  simply an observable fact that  
there are species of animals that not   
only live in herds1 packs1 or flocks1   
but which also show uneasiness  and     
distress at being separated from their  
fellows4 ,james cites the  observation  
of ,galton on the gregariousness of the 
,south ,african  cattle4#b ,if an       

individual of this species were         
separated from the  herd it would direct
 its whole activity towards getting back
 once  more1 and when its object was    
attained1 would plunge into the heart   
of the herd as if to bathe its very body
 in contact with its fellows4  ,now man1
 as well as other animals1 lives a group
 life1 and it seems  almost inevitable  
that he should develop an impulse       
parallel to the  outward facts of his   
existence1 even were it not probable    
that he has  inherited gregariousness as
 a psychical disposition from his animal
  ancestors4 ,that the impulse is       
actually present in the human species   
is shown by the fact that there is in   
man a strong abhorrence of  prolonged   
solitude4 ,professor ,james' words on   
this point have come to  be almost      
classical3 8,to be alone is one of the  
greatest evils for him  the normal man4 
,solitary confinement is by many        
regarded as a mode of  torture too cruel
 and unnatural for civilized countries  

to adopt4 ,to  one long pent up on a    
desert island the sight of a human      
footprint or  a human form in the       
distance would be the most tumultuously 
exciting  of experiences40#c ,but the   
impulse is also apparent in more normal 
experiences4 ,so much do men desire the 
company of others that it is not  only  
an element of recreation usually1 but   
the more serious tasks of  life often   
derive their value not more because of  
the ostensible end  sought after than   
because of the human association which  
is involved4    ,wilfred ,trotter#d has 
made gregariousness central in his study
  of society4 ,he begins by approving of
 the method of those who  have come at  
the study from the standpoint of the    
instincts1 but  expresses               
dissatisfaction with the limits of their
 results1 that  is1 dissatisfaction with
 the kind of analysis that would explain
  man by referring the whole of his     
conduct to the instincts of             
self-preservation1 nutrition1 and sex4  

,such an explanation1 he finds1  has    
been historically attempted1 but after  
it has gone as far as it  could1 there  
has always been left over an unexplained
 ,x4 ,trotter  accepts                  
self-preservation1 nutrition1 and sex as
 fundamental instincts1  but completes  
the list by bringing forward the        
instinct of the herd  which he offers as
 the explanation of all human activity  
which was  left unexplained by the other
 three instincts mentioned above4 ,to   
,trotter there have been two great      
epoch-making forward steps in the       
evolution of life4 ,the first came with 
the change from unicellular  to         
multicellular organisms1 the great      
advantage of which was to make  the     
group of cells the unit of selection1   
thus to some extent  relieving the      
single cell of the burden of the        
struggle for existence1  and permitting 
it a greater chance for variability     
without running  a greater risk of      
extinction4 ,this arrangement1 says     

,trotter1 had  important influences upon
 all the cells comprised in the         
organism4 ,the  second great            
evolutionary advance came with the      
change from solitary to  gregarious     
animals1 and was attended by            
modifications just as profound  as had  
accompanied the advance from unicellular
 to multicellular  organisms4 ,here     
again the power of natural evolution    
operated upon the  group as a unit1 thus
 permitting once more greater           
variability on the  part of the         
individual4 ,association in the herd    
became increasingly  valuable in the    
struggle for existence1 and tended to   
become more and  more strongly fixed as 
a disposition of animal nature1 a fact  
which  had fundamental influence upon   
the mental characteristics of the       
individual4 ,there are psychological    
traits which would not exist but  for   
the fact of gregariousness4 ,shyness1   
embarrassment1 fear1 anger1  love1      
sympathy1 sorrow1 and gratitude would be

 devoid of meaning apart  from their    
connection with social relations4       
,the first important result of the      
instinct of gregariousness is that  it  
makes for homogeneity4 ,that is1 it is  
an impulse making primarily  for        
attachment4 ,each individual tends to   
become thoroughly assimilated  in the   
life of the group2 the group's ways have
 a vital meaning to  him4 ,sensitiveness
 to the behavior of his fellows is      
heightened1 and  resistiveness to the   
suggestions of the herd is lowered4 ,a  
suggestion  from outside is likely to be
 rejected1 and direct experience tends  
to  have little meaning1 if its         
teachings are at variance with the      
beliefs  of the group4 ,altruism arises2
 it is a natural product of the         
situation  where the conditions of life 
are such that each individual is of     
necessity constantly in the habit of    
regarding the welfare of others  as well
 as that of himself4 ,danger from the   
outside stimulates each  individual1 and

 spreads fear through the whole group4  
,the herd huddles  together1 and each   
shares in the panic of all4 ,loneliness 
at such a  time is unbearable4    ,now  
man is a social creature1 and has the   
characteristics that result  from herd  
instinct4 ,he tends to become solidified
 with those of his  own kind1 and feel  
uncomfortable when out of touch with    
them2 to be  suggestible to the         
influences of his group1 and resistive  
to the  influences of other groups2 to  
feel altruism towards those of his own  
herd and aversion towards those of other
 herds2 to be aroused when the  nation  
is threatened1 and huddle in the group  
in the face of danger4  ,all these      
characteristics under the proper stimuli
 are manifested  by patriotism4 ,a      
definition of patriotism from the       
standpoint of  attachment to the group  
is that of ,sumner3 8,patriotism is     
loyalty to  the civic group to which one
 belongs by birth or other group bond4  
,it  is a sentiment of fellowship and   

coperation in all the hopes1 work1  and 
sufferings of the group4#e    ,the herd 
is not tolerant of the nonconformist4   
,the nonconformist has  in a way become 
a stranger4 ,he has put himself out of  
touch with the  group4 ,the group knows 
him and his ways1 but he has not        
permitted  himself to be thoroughly     
assimilated by it4 ,and the very thing  
that  the herd desires and insists upon 
is homogeneity4 ,in the words of one    
writer1 8,the crowd not only needs to   
make adherents and thus maintain  its   
existence and increase in volume and    
power2 it needs no less to  assimilate1 
to digest1 the individuals which it     
swallows up40#f ,the  individual1 then1 
cannot be too insistent upon the        
expression of his  own personality4 ,his
 life1 even his inner life1 must conform
 to that of  the group4 ,his emotions   
will not be a matter merely of his own  
concern4  8,herd-union does not         
intensify all emotions4 ,it intensifies 
those  which are felt in common1 but it 

actually deadens and shuts down those   
which are only felt by the              
individual40#g ,and independent thought 
is  even more taboo4 8,thought 444 is   
markedly individual and personal4444    
,thought is critical1 and the ,herd     
wants unanimity1 not criticism4         
,consequently ,herd-union deadens       
thought40#h ,hence the nonconformist    
gets himself disliked1 and the outcome  
of the situation has usually  been to   
submerge the individual1 and assimilate 
him to the group4 ,the  moral of the    
tale is that patriotism acts in that    
way4 8,patriotism1  which is the        
crowd-emotion of a ,nation1 makes at    
times supreme claims  on every citizen  
and enforces them by public opinion so  
powerful that  few can or desire to     
evade them40#i    ,these observations   
throw light upon the question whether   
patriotism  is a political or national  
emotion4 ,is patriotism attachment to   
the government or state1 or is it love  
of one's national group8 ,there  can be 

no doubt that it is the latter rather   
than the former4 ,it is an  outgrowth of
 tribal feeling4 ,bertrand ,russell is  
only overstating a  truth when he says  
that 8,tribal feeling1 which always     
underlay loyalty  to the sovereign1 has 
remained as strong as it ever was1 and  
is now the  chief support for the power 
of the ,state40#aj    ,there is an      
egoistic element in the attachment of   
patriotism4 ,it is an  adhesion to one's
 own1 and one's own is but an extension 
of himself4  ,patriotism is a personal  
matter4 ,that is1 it is based upon a    
personal  relationship4 ,one cleaves to 
his group not on account of its         
intrinsic  worth simply but because of  
what it is worth to him4 ,the majority  
of men are most loyal to what is nearest
 themselves4 ,each one of them  seems to
 himself to be the center of his sphere1
 and things vary in  importance in      
direct ratio to their nearness to the   
center4 ,this fact  gives the key to a  
very common kind of patriotism4 ,it is  

simply the  loyalty that men feel to the
 extension of their own ego4    8,one's 
own0 includes the people of his group1  
i4 e41 the people who  are most like    
himself4 ,these people share many things
 in common with  himself4 ,they have    
similar habits and customs1 and all this
 conduces to  render them one's own4    
8,one's own0 also includes the soil4 ,it
 is that  which is beneath one's very   
feet2 it sustains one2 it nourishes one4
  ,furthermore1 one knows it as he      
cannot know any strange land1 and as no 
stranger can know his land4 ,he lives in
 it throughout the whole year1  and     
knows it intimately in all its          
peculiarities and changing moods4       
,consequently1 his patriotism has in it 
a love of the 8land where his  fathers  
died40 ,virgil understood the meaning of
 this love of the soil4  ,he himself    
felt it keenly1 and because of it       
refused to accept the old  home estate  
of a ,roman sent into exile4 ,it was    
characteristic that he  made neas lament

 ,troy even when he was going out to    
establish ,rome  itself4 ,it was because
 of this understanding1 in part at      
least1 that he  was led to urge the     
,romans to get back to the soil1        
realizing that from  a love of the soil 
to a love of our soil is but a step4#aa 
,however1 what one has been used to     
should not be taken as the only  kind of
 the patriotism of attachment that there
 is4 ,if adhesion to  one's own could   
not be overcome1 loyalty to one's       
earliest home would  quite uniformly be 
stronger than patriotism4 ,but sometimes
 one begins  to feel that his childhood 
was spent in cramped quarters1 and that 
his early opinions were inadequate4 ,the
 emotion that he may be very  likely to 
feel under such conditions is not that  
of affection but  that of contempt and  
disgust4 ,quite often when there is a   
conflict  between loyalty to the nation 
and loyalty to the community1 loyalty to
  the nation proves the stronger4       
,another indication that men are not    

inseparably bound to what they have been
 used to is that they change  their     
nation1 adopt another country1 and side 
with it even against  the country of    
their birth4 ,some time ago there       
appeared in one of  the large newspapers
 a letter from a naturalized ,german in 
which was  this sentence3 8,perhaps you 
would appreciate your ,american         
citizenship  better if1 like me1 you had
 been born and brought up in            
,germany40#ab    ,a reason for this     
attachment to one's own is the impulse  
which impels  one to want to feel at    
home in his world4 ,it is an impulse    
which craves  order2 and it shows itself
 in a desire for a unified world4 ,there
  seems to be an esthetic element in it2
 the normal mind with a sense of  beauty
 cannot endure chaos4 ,it represents a  
rational demand2 it is1 for  instance1 a
 driving force in philosophy4 ,it finds 
another root in the  desire for safety4 
,one wants a friendly world in which he 
feels sure  of himself and where he can 

live freely without being troubled by   
the  strange or unknown4 ,now one's     
country presents a world that he knows  
and can find his way in2 consequently1  
it satisfies this demand for a  unified 
world organized about one's own life1   
and by virtue of this  character it is  
able to furnish an additional item in   
the stimuli to  patriotism4    ,man is  
attached to his country very much as he 
is attached to himself2  he could not   
very well help the one any more than he 
could help the  other4 ,but what is in  
one way a mere expression of egoism     
becomes also  an affection4 ,unless     
there is some special reason for the    
contrary1  one is likely to cherish a   
real affection for that with which he   
has  long been associated1 and          
especially so1 if it has been of use to 
him4  ,this fact gives justification for
 the popular definition of patriotism   
as 8the love of country40 ,this         
affection even may be selfish1 but  it  
may also take on a more altruistic      

character4 ,altruism naturally  and     
perforce develops in a gregarious       
society4 ,and1 moreover1 the  parental  
instinct adds its strength4 ,the        
protection of the home is a  strong     
sentiment in patriotism4 ,and the tender
 emotion of the parental  instinct may  
be extended to others besides offspring4
 ,patriotism  gets colored by it1 and   
becomes very much like it4 ,mc,dougall  
says  that1 8,like the fully developed  
parental sentiment1 the patriotism  of  
many men is a fusion of this            
quasi-altruistic extension of  the      
self-regarding sentiment with the truly 
altruistic sentiment  of love40#ac      
,patriotism is1 then1 in part egoistic  
and in part  altruistic4 ,in a nation   
beset with enemies it will indeed take  
the form  of animosity toward the enemy1
 but in a prosperous nation will direct 
itself very frequently to internal      
improvement4 ,and it may be said that   
it retains something of altruism as well
 as egoism even in war4 ,it is1  even   

while being combative towards the       
out-group1 altruistic towards  the      
in-group4#ad    ,the spirit of          
attachment in patriotism may even go so 
far as to  become a worship4 ,religious 
impulse has frequently been an element  
in patriotism4 ,religion and patriotism 
were almost the same thing  in ,israel4 
,but there are modern parallels4 ,a     
clergyman not long ago  was reported to 
have said that the men who died upon the
 field of  battle 7he was thinking of   
men of his own nation7 would straightway
  reach heaven1 since they had died for 
their fellow men4 ,it is evident  that  
being a patriot held something of a     
religious fervor for that  clergyman4   
,probably the ,kaiser feels a religious 
exaltation which  sustains him in the   
belief that he is the instrument of     
,god4    ,alfred ,loisy#ae opposes      
,christianity and patriotism to one     
another1  much to the credit of         
patriotism4 ,according to ,loisy1 the   
teachings of  ,christianity and         

patriotism are incompatible1 and those  
of ,christianity  are quite inadequate  
for the present crisis4 ,therefore      
patriotism is  much nobler and not only 
should but will supplant ,christianity4 
,the  only living faith1 so he says1 is 
that of devotion to one's country4  ,for
 that men will sacrifice4 8,certainly10 
says ,loisy1 8it is an august  life for 
which a man will sacrifice his own      
without grudging it2 but  it is not for 
a blessed immortality in the company of 
,christ and the  saints2 it is for the  
life of the country40#af ,this account  
of what  ,loisy says is set down here   
not so much because it gives an idea of 
patriotism1 but because through it      
,loisy passionately expresses his  own  
ideal4 ,in his book there breathes a    
most intense love for ,france4  ,this   
love1 he says1 is the absorbing passion 
of the people of ,france1  and is what  
unites them4 ,again we quote his own    
words3 8,there are a  faith and love in 
which it the army is unanimous as       

against the  lack of unanimity in       
,christianity3 the love of our country1 
and an  imperishable belief in her      
future2 over these sentiments1 all are  
in  communion1 and the whole country    
agrees with the army4 ,here is our      
common religion3 one which has no       
unbelievers2 in which those who are     
faithful to the old creed may fraternize
 indiscriminately with the  adherents of
 the newer principles4444 ,differences  
of religion count  no longer in face of 
the absorbing interest1 the burning     
passion1 the  true religion1 both of    
this and of every moment1 namely        
devotion to the  immortality of         
,france40#ag 8,so long as we live1 we   
are determined to  live in our own way2 
and that which gives us our vigour now  
against the  invader is neither a lust  
of conquest1 nor the hate which an      
unjust1  cruel1 and fanatical enemy     
deserves1 but the love of our ancient   
,france1 who is our all1 whom we yearn  
to preserve1 and whom we are  vowed to  

save40#ah ,here is a devotion which     
amounts to a religion1  and it furnishes
 an example of the working of the       
religious impulse in  patriotism4    ,it
 is not yet time to draw final          
conclusions1 but it is not out of  place
 to note in passing that patriotism was 
not condemned by its  egoistic          
ingredients1 and is not now justified by
 its elements of  altruism4 ,viewed as a
 religion1 one may say that it is too   
likely  to become fanatical4 ,the       
willingness to die upon the battlefield1
  rather than goodness1 becomes the     
final test of the desirable citizen4    
,moreover1 the injury worked upon others
 is apt to be overlooked4  ,as a        
religion1 patriotism has the strength1  
but not the necessary  universality4    
,what it does is wrongly to elevate a   
good to the  standard of the ,good4     
,,chapter ,,ii    ,,the ,,impulses ,,of 
,,antipathy      ,the impulses of       
antipathy have played an important role 
in the  development of patriotism4 ,when

 one becomes aware of the existence of  
other peoples unlike himself1 the sense 
of difference which arises  is liable to
 take on the character of a strong and  
active aversion  to and depreciation of 
them4 ,nothing is more common than the  
feeling  that one's own people is a kind
 of chosen race1 and that all other     
races are inferior4 ,a speaker who had  
lived many years among the  ,navajo     
,indians once said that they regarded   
and called themselves 8,the  ,people40  
,they were at the top of mankind2 the   
,mexicans ranked next to  them2 the     
,americans came third and last4 ,this   
was their arrangement of  all the       
peoples that they knew4 ,the same       
attitude appears in civilized  man4 ,he 
is characterized by self-satisfaction1  
and the peculiarities  of others1 even  
of dialect and pronunciation1 are enough
 to call  forth contempt and ridicule4  
,it follows that strangers can easily   
be enemies4 ,in ,latin1 the word hostis 
which at first meant simply  stranger or

 foreigner came later to mean enemy4    
,the words of  ,loisy are again         
appropriate3 8,in the lower stages of   
human evolution1  a foreigner is not far
 from being an enemy1 if he be not one  
actually4  ,in the higher stages of our 
evolution1 among people who think they  
are really civilized1 he still seems in 
practice to be of another  species1     
because he has a different mentality1   
and unusual ways4 ,each  separate human 
group has thus a fashion of collective  
egoism1 whence  comes self-satisfaction1
 a pride which may possess dignity1     
which  may be a power1 but which also   
may become a source of blindness and    
wickedness40#ai ,this antipathy to      
foreigners has been strong even  when   
other forces appeared to be in the      
ascendancy4 ,such was the case1  for    
instance1 when religion seemed to have  
the center of the stage2  nationalistic 
jealousy was a factor in the movements  
which centered  about ,wiclif1 ,huss1   
,luther1 ,henry ,,viii1 and ,john ,knox4

 ,these men could  all count upon       
antipathy to foreigners4 ,and the same  
antipathy shows  itself today in the    
fact that the peoples of different      
nations not only  hate the enemy1 but   
also show a lack of solicitude about    
their allies4  ,in the outcry for       
increased production in the spring of   
#aiag1 some  individuals expressed      
themselves as being ready to plant for  
,american  consumption1 but unwilling   
that any of the products should go to   
foreigners4 ,and the 8foreigners0 that  
were in mind in some instances  were the
 ,canadians1 our next-door neighbors4   
,it may be added1 however1  that it does
 not seem as if there is in race hatred 
any insurmountable  obstacles to        
overcoming it4 ,races which are thrown  
into contact become  accustomed to one  
another1 and are able to live in        
harmony4    ,the form assumed by the    
general impulse of aversion or antipathy
  may be either defensive or aggressive1
 and may tend toward either             

self-preservation or self-assertion4    
,there are nations which of their  own  
motion will not be warlike1 but in which
 the warlike temper will  flare up when 
they are once attacked4 ,in such nations
 patriotism has  been associated with   
the fight for freedom4 ,sometimes it    
seems as  if the definition of the      
patriot was that he was one who defended
  his country's liberty4 ,this love of  
freedom is featured in ,american        
expressions of patriotism4 ,a verse from
 8,hail1 ,columbia10 will serve as  an  
example3      8,immortal patriots6 rise 
once more3    ,defend your rights1      
defend your shore3    ,let no rude foe  
with impious hand    ,let no rude foe   
with impious hand    ,invade the shrine 
where sacred lies    ,of toil and blood 
the well-earned prize40    ,the call in 
this verse is that for defense4         
,there is an instinct that attends this 
impulse to self-preservation  that      
strikes one forcibly as being prominent 
in the patriotism of the  present time1 

and that is fear4 ,it is an impulse that
 manifests itself  when one's existence 
or vital interests are threatened4 ,the 
peoples of  the world today are in an   
excitement of fear because each one of  
them  believes that national existence  
and the personal values that depend     
upon it are endangered4 ,there is a     
reason why it is easy for nations1      
while trusting in their own good        
intentions1 to be suspicious of one     
another4 ,when the individual looks at  
his own country1 he is likely to  see   
the common people who are all about him 
and are like himself4 ,and1  since he   
feels that his own purposes are good1 he
 can easily credit  good motives to his 
fellow-citizens4 ,but when1 on the other
 hand1 he  looks into another country1  
he is likely to see the governing class 
looming up1 since that is the class that
 figures most prominently  in the       
newspapers4 ,and it is this class which 
is likely to be most  aggressively      
nationalistic1 and is1 moreover1 the    

object of very little  understanding by 
the ordinary man4 ,hence1 while he      
thinks that all the  good people that he
 knows cannot comprise anything that is 
inhuman1 he  can believe that there may 
very well be foreign monsters4 ,the     
result is  fear1 fear of other          
countries1 a fear that breaks out into a
 panic when  danger arises1 and drives  
men to seek the safety of the           
fatherland4 ,now  the present is a time 
of panic1 and the impulse of fear has   
put its  impress deep upon current      
patriotism4    ,but what is feared tends
 to become hated too1 and so patriotism 
gets  tinged with hate4 ,examples of it 
are at hand4 ,this war has produced  its
 8,hymn of ,hate10 so labeled1 and      
others not so labeled4 ,many of the     
,psalms are expressions of patriotic    
hate1 and since the war began have  been
 read as such4 ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson#bj    
contends that patriotism is  nothing    
else but fear and hatred4 ,to his mind  
patriotism is not love  or affection at 

all1 and the only apparent affection    
there may be1 is  that which is         
compelled by the necessity for common   
action against an  enemy4 ,fear itself1 
,robertson points out1 implies a hostile
 impulse2  love and hate1 cohesion and  
repulsion1 are to him strictly          
correlative  terms2 there is no love    
which is not linked with hate4 8,it is  
not10 he  says1 8brotherhood1 or        
sympathy1 or goodwill that unites the   
general  population in a flush of       
passion against another population3 the 
ostensible brotherhood of the moment is 
merely a passing product of the  union  
of egoisms40#ba    ,it is certain that  
in great measure ,robertson is right4   
,but one may  well doubt the truth of   
the assertion that it is necessary to   
hate in  order to love4 ,it is not      
necessary to hate one woman in order to 
love  another1 or to have an enemy in   
order to possess a friend4 ,neither does
  it seem essential in the nature of    
things to hate one country in order  to 

be able to love another4 ,moreover1     
hatred is not unqualifiedly a  term of  
opprobrium4 ,how can one rightly care   
for anything without in  some way       
resenting attacks upon it8 ,there are   
such things as righteous  wrath and     
righteous hatred if they be directed    
against what is evil4    ,these remarks 
upon fear and hatred throw further light
 upon some of the  phenomena of         
patriotism already touched upon4 ,one   
can better understand  now the frantic  
excitement that often attends a national
 crisis2 fear  8more than 444 any other 
instinct1 tends to bring to an end at   
once all  other mental activity1        
riveting the attention upon its object  
to the  exclusion of all others40#bb    
,new light is thrown upon the solidarity
  the group shows4 ,under the stimulus  
of fear1 the herd instinctively  unites4
 ,unity is the basis of morale4 ,and the
 individual subordinates  himself to the
 group2 his normal intolerance of       
isolation is heightened  in the presence

 of fear4 ,and a corollary of all this  
is that the  patriotism of fear is      
destructive of thought1 but is prolific 
in unity  of emotion and action4        
,self-assertion is an attitude which    
under the conflict of interests  with   
others may be induced4 ,and in the      
external affairs of nations1  it may be 
brought to triumph over the motive of   
security4 ,the means  by which this is  
done is through the argument that only  
by taking  an aggressive part can one   
defend himself1 the argument in other   
words1 that the best defense is a good  
offense4 ,the result is that  the       
distinction between defensive and       
offensive warfare is liable  to be      
obliterated1 a fact which adds to the   
perplexities of the  problem of war4    
8,the feeling that war is always        
defensive wrecks the  peace propaganda4 
,the word defensive is capable of being 
stretched  indefinitely4 ,it is not     
confined necessarily to preventing an   
invasion4  ,a people will feel that it  

is fighting a defensive war if it       
attacks  a nation which may attack it in
 the future4444 ,or the people may feel 
that what it regards as its legitimate  
expansion is being thwarted4444  ,so by 
imperceptible gradations every war can  
be justified1 and1 as a  matter of fact1
 is justified as defensive40#bc ,when   
once a war is  started1 a people will   
support it1 even if it is aggressive1   
and if one  couples with this the fact  
that when a nation arms in self-defense1
  it acquires the means of aggression1  
he can understand how easily a          
patriotism which supports only a policy 
of self-preservation can be  brought to 
support a policy of self-assertion4     
,one way in which the will to           
self-assertion is likely to manifest    
itself is as an impulse to expansion4 ,a
 stationary condition is not            
satisfactory to the group2 it desires to
 reach out4 ,this impulse shows  itself 
in churches and orders of all kinds by  
the constant demand for  new members4   

,the group wants to see itself grow4    
,but if nations grow1  they are apt to  
think that they need more land4 ,and    
when this occurs  their patriotism will 
attach itself to the desire for         
expansion1 and  become imperialism4 ,j4 
,m4 ,robertson couples the words        
,patriotism and  ,empire in the title of
 a book1 and in that book he says1      
8,patriotism  conventionally defined as 
the love of country1 444 turns out      
rather  obviously to stand for love of  
more country40#bd ,and where there is   
coupled with this the impulse of        
acquisition1 it becomes plain why the   
economic rivalry of nations has been so 
important in bringing about the         
situation out of which war arises4      
,the impulse of expansion undergoes but 
a slight change to become the  will to  
domination4 ,this latter is a primitive 
impulse4 ,the ,indian was  taught to    
despise manual labor1 but to glory in   
the overcoming and  plundering of other 
tribes4 ,it is still dominant in the    

race4 ,what men  desire1 at least in the
 ,western world1 is power1 and they     
would rather  exercise dominion over    
others than be free themselves4 ,goethe 
puts the  idea in poetical form3        
8,how often has it arisen6 ,yes1 and it 
will arise    ,ever and evermore6 ,no   
man yields sovereignty    ,unto his     
fellow3 none will yield to him    ,who  
won the power by force1 and by force    
keeps his hold4    ,for man1 who cannot 
rule his own unruly heart1    ,is hot to
 rule his neighbor1 bind him to his     
will40#be    ,the desire for dominion   
was awakened by the ,napoleonic         
aggressions1  and has played a great    
part in fanning the flame of nationalism
 in the  nineteenth century4 ,it has    
given nationalism an aggressive and     
militant  character4 ,and the people of 
a democratic country are not immune from
  the virus2 they as well as kings      
sometimes give themselves up to the     
thirst for domination1 a fact which has 
at least some bearing upon  whether or  

not democracy will make the world safe4 
,the citizen rarely  disputes the       
external sovereignty of his country4    
,consequently the fact  of internal     
democracy by no means gives assurance   
that a country will  uniformly abstain  
from assuming the attitude of a dynastic
 state when  it faces the world4        
,democracy often ceases at the water's  
edge4    ,pride is a part of patriotism4
 ,men walk with heads up and chests out 
at the consciousness of belonging to a  
conquering or respected nation4  ,the   
triumphal processions of the ,romans    
were a spectacle that no doubt  stirred 
patriotism of this variety in noble     
,roman hearts4 ,they could  8point with 
pride0 to their glory4 ,and a little    
touch of glory makes  the whole world   
kin2 modern men in their swelling       
national pride are of  the same stock as
 the ancient men of ,rome4 ,men now     
identify themselves  with their group1  
and feel that along with it1 they       
themselves rise or  fall in importance4 

,if the country submits to another's    
will1 they hang  their heads in shame2  
if it imposes upon another its own will1
 they  hold their heads high4 ,an       
important practical consequence of      
national  pride is that no people now   
would voluntarily consent to peace      
without  honor1 which is food for       
thought in the planning of peace4       
,the patriotism of pride is not loath to
 meet its adversary upon the  field of  
honor4 ,when nations have a lively sense
 of power and prestige1  a situation is 
created which furnishes admirable fuel  
for trouble4  ,for insecure pride will  
induce fear1 and fearful pride will     
allow no  nation to do other than to    
resent insults1 real or supposed1       
promptly  and bitterly4 ,material       
interests need not clash in order that a
 war be  provoked4 ,if the patriot says 
to himself that the country's honor has 
been assailed1 the fight is on1 no      
matter what the insult may consist  in2 
it may have to do with only a matter of 

mere punctilio4 ,an insult  has been    
offered1 and injured pride does not     
enjoy itself until it  reaps revenge4   
,of course the crime is that the insult 
is a public one4  8,the act that1 more  
certainly than any other1 provokes      
vengeful emotion  is the public insult1 
which1 if not immediately resented1     
lowers one  in the eyes of one's        
fellows4 ,such an insult calls out one's
 positive  self-feeling1 with its       
impulse to assert oneself and to make   
good one's  value and power in the      
public eye40#bf    ,but it does not     
happen that any one country is allowed  
to assert  itself without opposition4   
,others will follow the example1 attempt
 to  assert themselves1 and make good   
their prestige4 ,what then happens  is  
that there is a race for power1 and     
patriotism becomes a spirit  of rivalry 
or emulation4#bg ,the fact is that what 
most of us desire  is not only          
well-being but prestige1 not only the   
,good1 but the  ,better or the ,best4   

,athletic contests are invested with    
such great  interest not only because   
they may be good games1 but because they
  are contests1 contests perhaps between
 traditional rivals1 or are  for the    
championship of this1 that1 or the      
other4 ,it is likewise with  countries4 
,national welfare is viewed at the      
present time very largely  as a         
competitive success4 ,and affairs have  
come to such a condition  that no one   
country dares to let up in its vigilance
 in the universal  competition4         
,individually it is helpless4 ,if it    
relaxes1 its competitor  will monopolize
 all the advantages1 its own prestige   
will be lowered1  and it will be        
inviting aggression in which it will be 
preyed upon4  ,there doesn't seem to be 
much help for the situation except in   
the  concerted action of nations4 ,but  
in the meanwhile the struggle goes on1  
and patriots throw themselves into the  
spirit of it with abandon4    ,it should
 be said that it is not inevitable that 

the impulse of rivalry  should issue    
exclusively in destructive conflict4    
,one does not need to  destroy his      
competitor in order that he himself     
should be benefited1  and in fact       
enlightened competition does desire the 
preservation and  welfare of the        
competitors4 ,one way in which the      
emulative impulse  differs from the     
combative impulse1 for instance1 is just
 this1 that it  does seek to preserve a 
defeated competitor4 ,the possibility   
is1 then1  that patriotism may be       
sublimated into a higher and more       
innocent form  of rivalry than what we  
have at present4    ,we have1 however1  
to deal with the present fact that the  
rivalry of  nations is likely to issue  
in war4 ,and hence it becomes necessary 
to  take into consideration the impulse 
of pugnacity4 ,the plain fact is  that  
war has a fascination4 ,even if one's   
own country be not involved1  one turns 
eagerly to the war news in the daily    
papers4 ,history is  the history of     

wars4 ,the attractiveness of war is     
expressed in the  following verse of    
,richard ,le ,gallienne3      8,war     
,i abhor    ,and yet how sweet    ,the  
sound along the marching street    ,of  
drum and fife6 and ,i forget    ,wet    
eyes of widows1 and forget    ,broken   
old mothers1 and the whole    ,dark     
butchery without a soul40    ,there is  
that about the martial life which       
excites enthusiasm1 and that  enthusiasm
 gets connected with patriotism4        
,patriotism runs at high tide  in war   
times4#bh    ,and now1 does the presence
 of the instinct of pugnacity compel at 
once  an unfavorable verdict on         
patriotism8 ,there is no doubt that     
pugnacity  may lead to what is          
undesirable2 it does become 8dark       
butchery without  a soul40 ,is          
patriotism for that to be condemned8 ,in
 answer to this two  things may be said4
 ,to begin with1 militancy may be a     
good1 and can no  more be condemned in  
the abstract than can pacifism4 ,there  

is no ground  for saying that pacifism  
is a virtue in itself4 ,one might be    
pacifistic  simply because he did not   
care about his fellow men1 or simply    
because  he was afraid to fight4        
,nonresistance is indeed under some     
conditions a  good1 and so is the       
impulse of pugnacity4 ,totally devoid of
 it1 neither  the individual nor the    
nation can live in other than           
pusillanimous  cowardice2 their ideals  
will not be much1 and from them shall be
 taken  even the little that they have4 
,in the second place1 patriotism does   
not issue exclusively in war4 ,it has   
already been shown that it has a        
positive character of attachment1 and   
may develop without reference to  war1  
but wholly with reference to the        
pursuits of peace4    ,the analysis of  
the impulses of patriotism has          
emphasized the truth of  a proposition  
that was stated at the beginning2       
patriotism is a complex  phenomenon4 ,it
 is1 as it actually appears1 composed of

 a wide variety  of impulses1 which     
appear in shifting combinations1 and    
show themselves  now in one person and  
time and now in another4    ,the        
conclusion may also be drawn that there 
has been found here no  ground for      
passing a final verdict either favorable
 or unfavorable upon  patriotism4 ,there
 has been found in the instinctive basis
 of patriotism  an element which gives  
it its tremendous power1 but that result
 does  not answer the question regarding
 the moral worth of patriotism4         
,instincts are just tendencies that     
taken simply as instincts have no  moral
 character at all4 ,their moral worth   
depends upon the way in which  they are 
used4 ,consequently1 before one can     
estimate the worth of  patriotism1 he   
must see how these impulses are used in 
it4    ,the impulses themselves are not 
patriotism4 ,they form raw material  for
 and give character to it1 but they     
themselves are not patriotism4  ,they   
serve equally well as raw material for  

other human interests far  removed from 
this one4 ,instincts alone are          
unorganized1 and are capable  of being  
shaped into an indefinite number of     
meanings4 ,the further  question that   
will ultimately have to be answered is  
that concerning  what the organizing    
factor is that can ever give to any     
combination  of impulses the            
meaning1--patriotism4 ,that             
investigation will next be  entered     
upon4          ,,part ,,ii    ,,the     
,,habituation ,,of ,,patriotism         
,,chapter ,,iii    ,,the ,,deliberate   
,,habituation      ,one way by which the
 impulses and dispositions of human     
character are  amalgamated in patriotism
 is by habituation4 ,the habits of      
patriotism  are just as powerful and    
important as the impulses4 ,the         
impulses1  in fact1 are molded into     
habits1 and are profoundly modified by  
the  environment and regimen to which   
they are subjected4 ,the habits become  
the masters of the impulses4 ,thought at

 this point enters into the  problem1   
but it is not the individual's own      
thought2 it is the thought  of the      
society which surrounds him4 ,his       
articles of faith are habits  acquired  
from society4 8444 ,it is through habit 
that the influence  of intelligence has 
most control over the lives of the      
majority of  civilized men40#bi ,on the 
part of the individual1 the thought is  
involuntary1 or at least unvoluntary1   
and is accompanied by like  action4     
,most of man's beliefs are nonrational1 
even though he supposes  that he has    
come to hold them by his own free and   
deliberate choice4  ,society holds      
tremendous power over the building of   
character2 in large  measure1 it        
controls the material that the mind has 
to work on4 ,and  this control is of    
primary importance4 8444 ,the essential 
fact which  has made the ,great ,society
 possible is the discovery1 handed down 
by  tradition and instruction1 that     
,thought can be fed by deliberately     

collected material1 and stimulated1     
sustained1 and to a certain extent1     
controlled by an effort of will40#cj    
,now1 the patriotic spirit1 along with  
other dispositions1 may be  acquired as 
a habit1 and the mold into which        
patriotism runs is  notoriously with    
most men a matter of circumstances and  
habituation4  ,along this line1 it is   
interesting to speculate as to what     
,american  patriotism would be if this  
country had never separated from        
,england1  if the thirteen colonies had 
not been able to form a federation1 or  
if the ,south had been successful in the
 ,civil ,war4 ,the loyalty of           
,americans would have been totally      
different1 but no doubt would be just   
as devoted as it actually is4 ,it is a  
historical fact that ,english           
patriotism has modified itself to       
correspond to the expansion of the      
empire4 ,in view of all this1 one can   
hardly resist the conclusion that       
patriotism depends quite largely upon   

habituation and use and wont4           
,patriotism is a national habit2 and it 
is a habit which even were it  proved to
 be nothing but evil1 would not be      
easily broken1 since it is  acquired    
from life's earliest years onward4      
8,the superstitions of our early years1 
,e'en when we know them to be nothing   
more1    ,lose not for that their hold  
upon our hearts2    ,not all are free   
who ridicule their chains40#ca    ,there
 are two kinds of the habituation of    
patriotism1 deliberate and  spontaneous1
 conscious and unconscious1 direct and  
indirect4 ,the more  obvious of the two 
is that of conscious and deliberate     
habituation4  ,there are agencies that  
are constantly being used with          
deliberate  purpose towards the         
regimentation of the populace in        
patriotism4  8,patriotism is            
systematically cultivated by            
anniversaries1 pilgrimages1  symbols1   
songs1 recitations1 etc40#cb ,there are 
numerous patriotic  societies1 such as  

the ,grand ,army of the ,republic1 the  
,daughters of the  ,american            
,revolution1 the ,sons of ,veterans1 the
 ,woman's ,relief ,corps1  the          
,daughters of the ,confederacy1 and     
others4#cc    ,but there are other and  
more important forces back of the       
inculcation  of patriotism4 ,in most    
countries the state with all its power  
is  vigilant lest patriotism be allowed 
to become otiose4 ,and it has means  at 
its disposal that range from the        
selection and repression of news to  the
 active use of all sorts of influences  
which sway the mind of the  public4 ,and
 these influences do not go unemployed4 
,there are those in  the state who have 
a special interest in arousing a strong 
sentiment  of patriotism4 ,conspicuous  
among such are the professional         
soldiers4  ,they1 of course1 want a     
solidified population4 ,their training  
has  emphasized their appreciation of   
the value of obedience and uniformity4  
,these virtues are essentials in the    

discipline of an army1 and in  terms of 
military logic they seem to be          
essentials in the organization  of a    
country4 ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson has a       
division of a book which he has  devoted
 to a discussion of the regimentation of
 militarism4#cd ,but  the guardianship  
of the patriotic fire within the state  
is not turned  over entirely into       
soldierly hands4 ,other interests1 whose
 nature and  motives in contrast with   
the straightforward purposes of the     
country's  guardians are such as to make
 it difficult to describe them in the   
dispassionate spirit of scientific and  
philosophic discourse1 are ready  with  
their assistance4 ,and1 of course1 the  
ordinary civilian temper is  not averse 
to the rigorous regimentation of        
patriotic loyalty4    ,hegel#ce thought 
that it was both right and necessary    
that the  state should control public   
opinion4 ,he considered that the people 
had no opinions of very great worth4    
8444 ,the people1 in so far as  this    

term signifies a special part of the    
citizens1 does not know what  it wills4 
,to know what we will1 and further what 
the absolute will1  namely1 reason1     
wills1 is the fruit of deep knowledge   
and insight1  and is therefore not the  
property of the people40#cf ,public     
opinion  without the guidance of the    
state was unorganized and dangerous4    
8,the  many as individuals1 whom we are 
prone to call the people1 are indeed  a 
collective whole1 but merely as a       
multitude or formless mass1 whose       
movement and action would be elemental1 
void of reason1 violent1 and            
terrible40#cf ,therefore it was         
necessary for the proper source of      
authority to organize public opinion4   
,and1 of course1 this work of           
organization and direction was to be the
 task of the officials of the  state4   
8,the highest state officials have      
necessarily deeper and more             
comprehensive insight into the workings 
and needs of the state1 and  also       

greater skill and wider practical       
experience40#cg ,there are  others who  
do not hold ,hegel's philosophical      
system that yet agree with  him in      
upholding the high sovereignty and      
controlling supervision of  the state4  
,ecclesiastical institutions often serve
 as habituators of nationalistic        
spirit4 ,the rise of nationalism in     
,spain affords an interesting  example1 
for religious motives were at the height
 of their strength  in those days4      
,ferdinand and ,isabella got control of 
the hierarchical  religious             
organizations in their dominions by     
taking from the ,pope and  to themselves
 the power to name the prelates of the  
,catholic church  in ,spain4 ,the       
,crusading ,orders had great vogue in   
the country1 and  ,ferdinand got himself
 elected to the office of ,grand ,master
 in the most  important of them4 ,these 
measures accomplished1 they were made to
 tell  by the rulers of ,spain in the   
process of furthering their dynastic and

  nationalistic ambitions4 ,in ,japan1  
,bushido1 a mixture of ,confucian and   
,shinto elements1 is a spirit of        
patriotism which is at the disposal  of 
the state4 ,in ,germany1 the pastors of 
the established churches are  state     
officials2 they are state-appointed and 
state-paid1 and they  reflect the       
state's purposes4 ,in all ,christian    
countries1 including  our own1 the      
churches observe the national patriotic 
holidays both in  time of war and peace1
 and in time of war preach patriotism   
from the  pulpits1 sometimes at the     
solicitation of the state1 sometimes of 
their  own volition4    ,the newspapers 
are of cardinal importance as agencies  
of the  inculcation of patriotism4 ,it  
is natural that the newspapers should be
  insurgently patriotic4 ,they are      
dependent upon the public for their     
subsistence4 ,and the mass of the public
 is conservative4 ,consequently1  the   
newspapers are as a rule conservative   
also4 ,now patriotism is a  venerable   

virtue easy for the public to believe   
in1 and it is almost  inevitable that   
journalism should play up that virtue4  
,it is also  almost as inevitable that  
the patriotism of the press should be of
  the militant kind4 ,to take that      
character is simply to follow the  line 
of least resistance4 ,public opinion    
reacts upon the press and  circumscribes
 its initiative4 ,and when a people     
becomes inflamed  against another       
people1 the newspapers as a rule 7there 
are1 of course1  some that are          
independent in their thought and        
leadership7 have to fall  in line2 the  
sheet that opposed the trend of public  
emotion would have  to pay for its      
folly4 ,the newspapers1 moreover1 on the
 whole represent  the gentlemanly       
business class1 and wars promise most to
 the interests  of that class4 ,conflict
 is quite apt to grow out of economic   
rivalry1  whence it naturally follows   
that those who are most nearly concerned
 in  that rivalry 7and the newspapers   

are controlled by such as are of that   
class7 will be most interested in the   
prosecution of a war which bids  fair to
 enlarge the economic opportunities of  
their own country4    ,along with the   
newspapers as habituators of patriotism 
go also less  ephemeral kinds of        
literature4 8,the ,man ,without a       
,country10#ch for  instance1 has a      
definite patriotic purpose4 ,and        
patriotic orations1  songs1 and poetry  
have the same purpose4 ,sometimes these 
compositions  are not jingoistic1 but   
very often they are4 ,wordsworth's      
poetry1  for instance1 is of the        
nonjingoistic character2 it is strongly 
marked by love of the soil4 ,but        
,wordsworth was of unusually broad      
sympathies1 and his is not the kind of  
poetry usually made use of in  teaching 
patriotism4 ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson has      
written an essay in which he  called    
attention to the proclivity of poets to 
write in a jingoistic  strain4#ci       
,virgil1 himself a man of broad         

sympathies1 wrote the neid  at the      
request of ,augustus1 whose             
empire-building purposes needed an  epic
 after the model of ,homer about the    
founding of ,rome4    ,an important     
habituator of patriotism in the training
 of the young is  the public school     
system4 ,the public schools are almost  
always used  by those who have them in  
charge for the maintenance of the       
existing  order4 ,but the 8existing     
order0 quite regularly means the        
political  one1 and hence the road is   
opened for the teaching of patriotism4  
,prussia seems to be an extreme case of 
the deliberate use of the  schools for  
pushing the pet programs of the         
politically favored  classes4 8,in      
,prussia the avowed use of the schools1 
not for the spread  of truth but for the
 #8,war against social-democracy' may be
 in part  responsible for that absence  
of ,love between members of different   
classes1 that class-war of which the    
growth of social-democracy is only  one 

symptom40#dj ,prussia also exhibits a   
peculiarly active brand  of patriotism4 
,it has been commonly assumed in the    
,united ,states  that education will    
make for democracy but it is not        
necessarily so4  ,education1 instead of 
being aimed at freeing and developing   
the mind1  may be aimed only at         
regimentation in a certain system of    
ideas4 ,the  fact of the business is    
that as a rule it is so aimed1 even     
where there  is no such clear and       
persistent purpose as there is in       
,prussia2 it  is all too easy to fall   
into the rut of doing the same old      
things in  the same old way4 ,it is     
simply easier to inculcate the same old 
ideas  than it is to teach the          
ever-varying young idea how to shoot4   
,and what  education turns out under    
such methods is not free and independent
  thinkers1 but a habituated uniform    
product4 8,school education1 unless  it 
is regulated by the best knowledge and  
good sense1 will produce  men and women 

who are all of one pattern1 as if turned
 in a lathe4444  ,any institution which 
runs for years in the same hands will   
produce  a type4444 ,in the continental 
schools and barracks1 in newspapers1    
books1 etc41 what is developed by       
education is dynastic sentiment1        
national sentiment1 soldierly           
sentiment40#da ,and so the schools are  
used for the maintenance of             
patriotism1--patriotism which only too  
often is narrow and militaristic4 ,an   
example of the better kind of  purpose  
to teach patriotism is that in view in  
,bosanquet's lecture on  the subject4#db
 ,an example of the kind which is likely
 not to be so  temperate and            
well-considered is that which grows out 
of the demand  for the teaching of      
patriotism which arises under the       
stimulus of war4  ,on ,may #ag1 #aiag1  
there appeared in a small-town          
newspaper#dc an  article dated from ,new
 ,york ,city1 and which was evidently   
furnished by  some news association4    

,the headlines were as follows3         
8,college ,course  in ,patriotism4      
,chicago's ,mayor ,starts ,chair in     
,lincoln ,university4  ,students ,true  
,americans40 ,the opening paragraph ran 
thus3 8,for the  first time in the      
history of ,american education a chair  
has been  established for the teaching  
of ,american ,patriotism4 ,inspired by  
the  work being done by the ,lincoln    
,memorial ,university1 ,william ,hale   
,thompson1 ,mayor of ,chicago1 will     
provide #be1jjj for this purpose40 ,a   
little further on occurred the sentence1
 8,plans have already been made  for the
 opening of the ,patriotism             
,department40 ,these plans may not have 
been actually carried out1 and if they  
were1 may have obtained solid  results1 
but the sound of the article was such as
 would lead one to  suspect that what   
was accomplished would rather prove to  
be superficial  and sensational4 ,this  
whole attempt has been cited here not   
because it  is an isolated incident1 but

 for the reason that it is an           
illustration1  extreme though it may be1
 of a tendency4    ,the public schools  
have textbooks for the purpose of       
training in  patriotic loyalty1 books   
which tell of the duties of citizens1   
and are  replete with songs and poems to
 illustrate the points brought out4#dd  
,the schools of our land make it a part 
of their chief business to  teach       
loyalty to the country4 ,for this       
business history is plastic  material4  
8,history1 in every country1 is so      
taught as to magnify that  country3     
children learn to believe that their own
 country has always  been in the right  
and almost always victorious1 that it   
has produced  almost all the great men1 
and that it is in all respects superior 
to  all other countries4 ,since these   
beliefs are flattering1 they are  easily
 absorbed1 and hardly ever dislodged    
from instinct by later  knowledge40#de  
,the unpleasant facts are not brought   
out4 ,americans1  for example1 do not   

usually have it called to their         
attention that in  the ,war of #ahab1   
most of their vessels were tied up in   
port at the end  of the war1 their      
national capital was captured by the    
enemy1 they won  only one important land
 battle and that after the war was over1
 and  that their representatives in the 
peace negotiations had to surrender  the
 principle for which the war was fought4
 ,the war ended because both  sides were
 willing to return to the status quo    
ante4 ,the patriotic  bias dominates    
even the historian himself4 8,no        
historian ever gets out  of the mores of
 his own society of origin4444 ,even if 
he rises above  the limitations of      
party1 he does not get outside the      
patriotic and  ethical horizon in which 
he has been educated1 especially when he
 deals  with the history of other       
countries and other times than his own4 
,each  historian regards his own nation 
as the torchbearer of civilization2  its
 mores give him his ethical standards by

 which he estimates whatever  he learns 
of other peoples4444 ,in modern ,russian
 literature may be  found passages about
 the #8,civilizing mission' of ,russia  
which might  be translated1 mutatis     
mutandis1 from passages in ,english1    
,french1  or ,german literature about   
the civilizing mission of ,england1     
,france1  or ,germany4 ,probably the    
same is true of ,turkish1 ,hindoo1 or   
,chinese  literature4 ,the patriotism of
 the historian rules his judgment1      
especially as to excuses and apologies  
for things done in the past1 and  most  
of all as to the edifying omissions1--a 
very important part of the  task of the 
historian4444 ,there is a compulsion on 
the historian to act  in this way1 for  
if he wrote otherwise1 his              
fellow-countrymen would  ignore his     
work40#df    ,the habituation of        
patriotism finds in symbols an          
instrument  admirably suited to its     
purpose4 ,the mind really reacts more   
strongly  to symbols than it does to the

 facts of sense-experience4 ,the potency
  of symbols does not suffer from the   
admixture of distractions by  which     
direct sense-experience is accompanied4 
,symbols are more purely  meaning1 and  
they come with the momentum of their    
meaning4 ,now the  word 8country10      
embodying an abstract and fairly simple 
idea1 serves  as a symbol and produces a
 pure emotion as in art4 ,other words   
and  phrases could be named that are    
similar in the responses that they      
elicit4 8,the ,monroe ,doctrine0 is one 
of the pet symbols of the ,united       
,states4 ,in patriotic poetry and       
hymnology the flag is featured4 ,it is  
a symbol of the country4 ,children are  
taught to sing about the flag1  by means
 of which a symbol is implanted in their
 minds1 the love of  music is appealed  
to1 and patriotism is connected with    
their childhood  sentiments4 ,the appeal
 of symbols comes home to one when he   
stands  at the dividing line between two
 countries1 at ,niagara ,falls1 let us  

say1 and gazes upon two flags1 one of   
them his own and the other not4  ,at the
 present time ,great ,britain is our    
ally1 but the emotion upon  beholding   
the ,british flag is nothing as compared
 with the feeling of  affection         
experienced upon beholding the ,american
 flag4 ,the ,british  emblem1 though    
respected1 is strange2 the ,american    
flag is one's  own4 ,sumner discusses   
what he calls the tyranny of the        
apparatus of  suggestion1 that is1      
symbols or tokens1 and from him is worth
 quoting  the following pertinent       
passage3 8,the tyranny is greatest in   
regard to  #8,american' and             
#8,americanism4' ,who dare say that he  
is not #8,american'8  ,who dare         
repudiate what is declared to be        
#8,americanism'8 ,it follows  that if   
anything is base and bogus it is always 
labeled #8,american4'  ,if a thing is to
 be recommended which cannot be         
justified1 it is put  under             
#8,americanism4' ,who does not shudder  

at the fear of being called             
#8unpatriotic'8 ,and to repudiate what  
any one chooses to call #8,american'  is
 to be unpatriotic4 ,if there is any    
document of ,americanism1 it is  the    
,declaration of ,independence4 ,those   
who have ,americanism especially  in    
charge have repudiated the doctrine that
 #8governments derive their  just powers
 from the consent of the governed1'     
because it stood in the  way of what    
they wanted to do4 ,they denounce those 
who cling to the  doctrine as           
un-,american4 ,then we see what         
,americanism and patriotism  are4 ,they 
are the duty laid upon us all to        
applaud1 follow1 and obey  whatever a   
ruling clique of newspapers and         
politicians chooses to  say or wants to 
do4 #8,england' has always been1 amongst
 us1 a kind of  counter token1 or token 
of things to be resisted and repudiated4
 ,the  #8symbols' or #8tokens' always   
have this utility for suggestion4 ,they 
carry a coercion with them and overwhelm

 people who are not trained to  verify  
assertions and dissect fallacies40#dg   
,when one's attention  is called to     
these things1 it cannot help but impose 
upon him the  obligation of examining   
the bases and nature of his own         
patriotic  enthusiasm4    ,the          
deliberate habituation of patriotism has
 a bearing upon the problem  of peace4  
,knowledge of other peoples will not    
bring harmony and mutual  goodwill      
unless it is sympathetic knowledge1 and1
 if it is to be  sympathetic1 our mental
 prepossessions must be shaped so as to 
open our  minds to a just appreciation  
of unwelcome facts and ways at variance 
with our own4 ,and to accomplish this1  
the teaching of patriotism will  have to
 be directed towards the realizing of   
the devoutly to be wished  consummation4
          ,,chapter ,,iv    ,,the       
,,spontaneous ,,habituation      ,the   
spontaneous habituation of patriotism   
has no conscious and set  purpose1      
institution1 or program4 ,this is the   

habituation that makes  itself felt from
 the mere fact that individuals in a    
society tend  more and more to become   
assimilated to one another4 ,germany    
affords  an extreme example of the      
deliberate habituation in patriotism4   
,every agency within the empire1        
including state1 church1 newspapers1    
schools1 and so on1 has been used       
towards securing a uniform result1  that
 of nationalistic passion4 ,but every   
country offers an example  of the       
spontaneous habituation of patriotism4  
,there is no less of  nationalistic     
loyalty among the ,allies than there is 
in ,germany4 ,it is  interesting that   
the two kinds of habituation have come  
into combat4  8,among the number of     
embattled principles and counter        
principles which  this war has brought  
into the field1 we must include as not  
the least  interesting the duel between 
conscious national direction on the one 
side and unconscious national will and  
knowledge on the other40#dh ,in  the    

spontaneous habituation of patriotism we
 are dealing with a more  subtle and    
powerful force than the deliberate      
habituation4 ,the former  goes deeper   
than the latter into human life4 ,what  
we try to teach may  not be learned1 but
 what we are sets copy in the copybook  
of life4 8,the  genuine beliefs1 though 
not usually the professed precepts1 of  
parents  and teachers are almost        
unconsciously acquired by most children2
 and  even if they depart from these    
beliefs in later life1 something of     
them remains deeply implanted1 ready to 
emerge in a time of stress or           
crisis40#di    ,it is natural that the  
citizens of a country should be thus    
habituated4  ,in fact1 in large measure1
 they habituate themselves4 ,the basis  
of  it is first of all that men are     
alike1 and are faced with similar       
problems4 ,the fact that men have like  
instincts1 instincts1 moreover1  that   
have to adjust themselves to identical  
life conditions1  makes it easy to      

assimilate them to one another and to   
the group4  ,suggestibility is one of   
these dispositions of human nature4     
,mc,dougall  defines it as 8a process of
 communication resulting in the         
acceptance  with conviction of the      
communicated proposition in the absence 
of  logically adequate grounds for its  
acceptance40#ej ,suggestion1 of  course1
 is not omnipotent4 ,there is1 for one  
thing1 what is known as  a              
contra-suggestion1 that is1 behavior in 
which people do just the  opposite to   
what one tries to persuade them to do4  
,early in the regime  of ,mr4 ,herbert  
,hoover as food administrator one       
butcher reported that  his customers    
wanted meat more on meatless than on any
 other days4 ,and  there is always the  
possibility that suggestion may be      
disregarded  altogether4 ,but human     
beings are interdependent1 and are open 
to  guidance through suggestions from   
the ideas and practices of their        
fellows4 ,an individual cannot think    

everything out for himself4 ,some       
hardly ever do any serious thinking and 
even the more serious take  the bulk of 
their thoughts1 at least in other fields
 than their own  special one1 upon      
suggestion4 ,choice is exhausting4 ,it  
is hard business  thinking1 and we are  
likely to shirk the irksomeness of it if
 we can4  8,either to be exceptional or 
to appreciate the exceptional requires a
  considerable expenditure of energy1   
and no one can afford this in many      
directions40#ea ,the chances are1 then1 
that except in such cases as  where for 
some reason we are specially critical1  
an idea suggested will  find lodgement  
in the mind and tend to issue in action2
 and this fact  is tremendously         
important in the understanding of a     
social phenomenon  such as patriotism4  
,it is rather ominous that today        
political thought does not seem to be   
as active as it once was4 8,my own      
impression10 says ,graham ,wallas1      
8formed after questioning a good many   

people in different parts of  ,england  
is that1 in our country1 the quantity of
 such discussion  serious discussion on 
public questions which takes place 444  
is  diminishing40#eb ,the great cause of
 this is the modern industrial  system1 
and it is likely that what is true of   
,england is true also of  ,america4 ,and
 if serious discussion is diminishing it
 means probably  that men are doing less
 serious thinking on political subjects1
 and  that they are likely to become    
more suggestible with regard to them4   
,the application to the subject of      
patriotism is obvious4    ,imitation#ec 
is another disposition of human nature  
that is close  to that of               
suggestibility4 ,there is               
contra-imitation as well as             
contra-suggestion1 and besides imitation
 there is also invention4 ,but  it is a 
powerful social force4 ,for the         
interdependence of man makes for        
imitation as well as suggestibility4    
,and society really owes a great  deal  

to it4 ,an invention in social living   
cannot hope to survive unless  it is    
freely adopted by masses who have no    
thought of stopping to  reason out its  
utility4 ,and the effect of imitation is
 that it causes  an immense impetus     
towards uniformity and solidarity within
 the group4  8444 ,men and other animals
 imitate what they see others1          
especially  they of their own species1  
do40#ed ,and imitation of one's own     
group tends to assimilate him to it1 to 
habituate him in its ways1  and secure  
his loyalty to it and its ideals1 which 
is to say1 that  imitation is a factor  
in the making of patriotism4    ,the    
fact that suggestion and imitation      
exercise their greatest force  within   
the group makes it pertinent to         
recognize the part that the  group plays
 in the process of habituation in       
patriotism4 ,the fact is  that because  
of the individual's membership in a     
group1 the suggestions  that come to him
 impinge upon his consciousness with a  

good deal of  force4 ,they strike him   
from all directions at almost the same  
time1  and have a multiple dynamic      
behind them4 ,now the nation is a group4
  ,the space-annihilating devices of the
 present day in conjunction with  the   
photographs and vivid descriptive       
reporting of the newspapers have        
extended and intensified the connections
 between the individual and his         
national group4 ,the crowd for the      
individual may now well be1 and in  time
 of national crisis is1 the people of   
his country4    ,this1 however1 is      
especially true of city populations1 a  
fact which  must have allowance made for
 it in the gauging of public opinion4   
,it is  the voice of the city-population
 that has too often been taken as the   
expression of public opinion4 8,the     
voice of #8the people' is very often    
nowadays only the voice of the city     
crowd1 faintly re-echoed1 if echoed  at 
all1 in the smaller towns4 ,sometimes   
also the noise is that of a few  editors

 of newspapers40#ee ,another fact which 
ought to be noted is  that there are    
prestige-groups within society4         
,examples of such are an  old-fashioned 
aristocracy1 the governing class1 and in
 a democracy1 the  majority4 ,such      
groups often exercise compelling        
coercive power4    ,the coerciveness of 
the crowd makes for national unity1 but 
it has  unwelcome features4 ,it is too  
likely to lead to a high disregard of   
the  rights of the nonconformist and an 
unsympathetic and uncompromising        
attitude towards other nations4 ,there  
are no incentives to broad-minded       
thought and sympathy within a           
homogeneous crowd4 ,opposition is the   
real  matrix out of which reason and    
tolerance are extracted4 ,the government
  of the ,united ,states of ,america had
 a tolerant spirit stamped upon it      
because the makers of our institutions  
were many men of many minds4 ,the  only 
way to do justice to their differences  
was by compromise4 ,close  agreement    

confirms convictions1 but does not      
stimulate the imagination4  8,where all 
think alike1 no one thinks very much4   
,but whatever he does  think1 he can    
think with all his soul40#ef ,without   
the differences it  is more than likely 
that ,america would not have been quite 
so tolerant4  ,it follows that the      
nation1 because it has no critic to     
which it  listens1 is likely to be      
hard-minded1 fanatical1 and unyielding4 
,the atmosphere in which the individual 
lives and moves and has  his being is   
that of his people's customs or mores4  
,these are  intellectualized folkways4  
,folkways are the group's ways of       
dealing  with its environment4 ,mores   
are the folkways plus the convictions   
as to their relation to welfare4 ,sumner
 defines them as follows3  8,the mores  
are the folkways1 including the         
philosophical and ethical               
generalizations as to societal welfare  
which are suggested by them1 and        
inherent in them1 as they grow40#eg     

,tradition1 which is crowd-memory1      
perpetuates the mores1 and they become  
the life milieu of the  individuals of  
each generation4 ,a large part of one's 
education1  especially his moral        
education1 is gained from the traditions
 and mores  of his people4 ,and their   
teachings are all the more authoritative
  because one is almost wholly          
unconscious of learning from them4 8,we 
learn the mores as unconsciously as we  
learn to walk and eat and  breathe4 ,the
 masses never learn how we walk1 and    
eat1 and breathe1  and they never know  
any reason why the mores are what they  
are4 ,the  justification of them is that
 when we wake to consciousness of life  
we find them facts which already hold us
 in the bonds of tradition1  custom1 and
 habit4444 ,the most important fact     
about the mores is their  dominion over 
the individual4 ,arising he knows not   
whence or how1  they meet his opening   
mind in earliest childhood1 give him his
 outfit  of ideas1 faiths1 and tastes1  

and lead him into prescribed mental     
processes4 ,they bring to him codes of  
action1 standards1 and rules of         
ethics40#eh    ,the mores have a bearing
 upon patriotism in various ways4 ,in   
the first  place1 they are teachers of  
loyalty4 ,they teach loyalty to the     
group  and to country4 ,patriotism has  
become imbedded in the mores1 and when  
one learns from them1 he becomes        
indoctrinated with patriotism4 ,the     
concept of patriotism has a long        
history1 and has become a venerable     
ideal4 ,it is not possible that the     
masses should escape having it  taught  
them4 ,the ,japanese provide an example 
of a race that par  excellence shows the
 effects of centuries of training in    
nationalistic  loyalty2 it has given to 
them a marvellous solidarity4 8,in the  
war with  ,russia1 in #aijd1 this people
 showed what a group is capable of when 
it  has a strong ethos4 ,they understand
 each other2 they act as one man2  they 
are capable of discipline to the death4 

,our western tacticians  have had rules 
for the percentage of loss which troops 
would endure1  standing under fire1     
before breaking and running4 ,the rule  
failed  for the ,japanese4 ,they stood  
to the last man4 ,their prowess at ,port
  ,arthur against the strongest         
fortifications1 and on the battlefields 
of ,manchuria1 surpassed all record4    
,they showed what can be done in  the   
way of concealing military and naval    
movements when every soul in  the       
population is in a voluntary conspiracy 
not to reveal anything4  ,these traits  
belong to a people which has been       
trained by generations  of invariable   
mores40#ei ,one of the most thoroughly  
grounded ideals of  the ,japanese mores 
is that of patriotism4    ,in view of   
the function of the mores as teachers of
 loyalty1 it becomes  necessary to      
recognize that peace is not going to be 
easily provided  for by facile external 
arrangements or even by the use of      
information1  persuasion1 and reason4   

,if patriotic loyalty is in such large  
part a  matter of habituation1 then a   
change in it will have to be something  
of  a matter of habituation too4    ,the
 mores are the objects of loyalty4 ,one 
gets into the way of  saying1 8,these   
ways are my ways and ,i am going to     
stick by them4 ,they  are mine2 ,i am   
going to preserve and foster them1 and  
no one shall take  them from me40       
,loyalty to the mores forms national    
character4 ,it is  tradition which forms
 a nation of ,british1 ,saxon1 and      
,norman strains4  ,tradition unites     
,walloon and ,fleming in ,belgium1      
,breton and ,gens du  ,midi in          
,france4#fj ,the likenesses of a people 
owe no more to the  fact of race than to
 that of the mores4 ,and so the mores   
become what  the patriot is conscious of
 being loyal to4 ,his patriotism is not 
so  much love of country as love of the 
mores4 ,the mores for such a spirit  of 
loyalty are the country4 ,when it sings1
 its song should be1 8,my  mores1 'tis  

of thee1 of thee ,i sing40 ,what it     
claims for itself is  the right to be   
true to the traditions of its own       
people4 ,when asked to  justify its     
allegiance1 it in turn asks the         
question3      8,and who are they who   
best may claim our trust8    ,surely our
 own people1 of whose blood we are2     
,who from our infancy have proved their 
love1    ,and never have deceived us1   
save1 perchance1    ,when kindly guile  
was wholesomer for us    ,than truth    
itself40#fa    ,the loyalty to national 
customs stiffens patriotism1 and because
 of  that is1 from the standpoint of the
 patriot1 highly desirable1 but the     
problem that it sets is that of         
preventing it from being satisfied to   
remain a mere unreasoning superstition4 
,the mores get embodied in character1   
and come to be a veritable  spirit of   
loyalty4 ,they grow out of the life of  
the people1 and  return to that life4   
,they become actually constituent in    
personality4  ,the mores become a part  

of ourselves2 we not only think of them1
 we  think with them4 ,they are so      
natural that we do not notice them4     
8,the more thoroughly ,american a man   
is1 the less he can perceive            
,americanism4 ,he will embody it2 all he
 does1 says1 or writes will  be full of 
it2 but he can never truly see it1      
simply because he has  no exterior point
 of view from which to look at it40#fb  
,under such  conditions1 how could one  
help being patriotic8 ,it is not        
something  that he strives after2 it is 
to be what he cannot help being4 ,he is 
patriotic simply because he is himself4 
,some conclusions from the study of the 
habits of patriotism may now  be drawn4 
,the complexity of patriotism has       
further manifested itself4  ,and it is  
evident that the habits of patriotism1  
like the impulses1  may be either good  
or bad1 or so far as the motive of the  
individual  is concerned1 ethically     
colorless4 ,the patriotism of           
habituation is  natural1 like breathing4

 ,the habituated patriot will go with   
the  group1 and groups like individuals 
sometimes fall into bad habits4 ,but    
groups also acquire good habits1 and    
will in those matters be worth  serving4
 ,habituation and conformity in such a  
case will be valuable4  ,their weakening
 would often be really disastrous4      
8,there are cases in  which the         
discrediting of tradition is like       
picking out the mortar that  holds      
together the fabric of society40#fc     
,there are times when the  discrediting 
of patriotism would mean the destruction
 of the nation4    ,the great objection 
to the patriotism of habituation is that
 it cannot  criticize itself4 ,the lack 
of criticism will1 of course1 make for  
overwhelming strength4 ,in commenting   
upon the patriotism of the present      
time1 ,russell has written as follows3  
8,this instinct patriotism1 just        
because1 in its intense form1 it was new
 and unfamiliar1 had remained           
uninfected by thought1 not paralyzed or 

devitalized by doubt and cold           
detachment40#fd ,but it is just an      
accident if such patriotism is good4    
,it may easily be the patriotism of the 
man who takes the stand1 8,my  country1 
right or wrong10 a position which1 while
 there is something  to be said for it  
on the ground that countries are        
fundamental  institutions which must not
 be lightly abandoned to destruction1 is
  hardly one to be striven for as an    
ethical ideal4 ,the road to goodness  is
 not by chance1 but by intelligent      
self-direction4 ,and the goodness  of   
patriotism rests upon the use of        
intelligence4 ,patriotism could not  as 
matters now stand be done away with by  
criticism1 but its nature  could be     
molded4 ,we could habituate ourselves to
 admire and serve in  our life what     
really was to be admired and served4    
,but the process of habituation1 while  
it produces a powerful spirit  of group 
loyalty1 can hardly give a full account 
of the rise of a  conscious ideal like  

patriotism4 ,the question would remain1 
8,why the  habituation1 and why so much 
insistence upon it80 ,the process       
implies  a reason for its existence4    
,and reasons become effective through   
the  action of an intelligent agent4    
,the objection to a theory like that  of
 ,sumner is that by it social activity  
is looked at too exclusively  on the    
outside when it ought also to be looked 
at on the inside4 ,the  theory does not 
do justice to the initiative of the     
mind4 ,the mores  for the most part seem
 almost to be active entities1 which1   
starting  from environmental conditions1
 develop themselves4 ,minds are held in 
their grip4 ,but mores are products of  
human activity and reflection1  and if  
one would understand them1 he must      
understand the mind1 with  not only its 
impulses1 but also its ways of thought4 
,sumner's own work  shows that he       
believes in something beyond the mores1 
and that he has  an ideal of acting     
above them4 ,his confidence is placed in

 thought4 ,he  believes that he at least
 can reflect upon the group ways1 and   
that a  science1 or perhaps even a      
philosophy1 of the mores can be         
established4  ,the following are his own
 words3 8,since it appears that the old 
mores  are mischievous if they last     
beyond the duration of the conditions   
and  needs to which they are adapted1   
and that constant1 gradual1 smooth1  and
 easy readjustment is the course of     
things which is conducive to  healthful 
life1 it follows that free and rational 
criticism of  traditional mores is      
essential to societal welfare40#fe      
,human beings are moved not only by     
instincts and habits1 but also by       
reasons4 ,and it is with the reasoned   
beliefs of patriotism that the          
following part will deal4               
,,part ,,iii    ,,the ,,beliefs ,,of    
,,patriotism          ,,chapter ,v      
,,the ,,country ,,as ,,protector ,,of   
,,self      ,patriotism has reasons upon
 which it rests2 it is not a mere       

instinctive reaction1 nor yet simply a  
habit4#ff ,thought exists1 and  men     
think4 ,graham ,wallas says that there  
is an impulse to think4 8,this          
independent action of ,intelligence is1 
,i believe1 in its simplest  forms as   
#8natural' to us1 as much due to        
inherited disposition1 as is  the       
working of anyone of the usual list of  
instincts40#fg ,there is  a rationale of
 patriotism4 ,patriotism may be         
unreasoned1 but is not  for that        
necessarily unreasonable4 ,it may       
coincide with the passions  of the      
masses1 but may nevertheless rest on    
logical grounds1 and on  ideals4 ,it may
 be the object of conscious choice4 ,the
 treatment of the  immigrant shows that 
we have a belief that patriotism can be 
chosen by  the individual4 ,we insist on
 the loyalty of the ,german-,american1  
which  being interpreted means that we  
are demanding loyalty to a country  of  
choice rather than to the country of    
birth4 ,and for those born  ,americans1 

we adopt the injunction of ,tennyson1   
8,love thou thy land1 with love         
far-brought    ,from out the storied    
,past1 and used    ,within the ,present1
 but transfused    ,thro' future time by
 power of thought40#fh    ,the fact that
 men do think and have ideals is one of 
the very reasons  why patriotism is now 
so strong4    ,what are the reasons     
urged why one should be patriotic8 ,one 
belief is  that one owes his earthly    
salvation to his country4 ,it is a      
belief  that expresses on the level of  
consciousness the impulse to seek       
safety and help4 ,men believe that the  
country is the protector in this        
present world of all the values of life4
 ,it is the feeling that ,spencer       
expressed when he apostrophized the     
state in the following language3 8,i    
supposed you were to act the part of an 
,argus-eyed and ,briareus-armed         
guardian1 ever watching over my         
interests1 ever ready to step in and    
defend them2 so that whether sleeping or

 waking1 absorbed in business  or       
immersed in pleasure1 ,i might have the 
gratifying consciousness of  being      
carefully shielded from injury40#fi     
,webster appealed to the same  feeling  
in his reply to ,hayne3 8,it is to that 
,union we owe our safety  at home1 and  
our consideration and dignity abroad4444
 ,it has been to us  all a copious      
fountain of national1 social1 personal  
happiness40#gj  ,and the patriot feels  
that for the protection that he has     
received he  must show his gratitude4   
,in return for the blessings of the     
country1  he will offer up the sacrifice
 of patriotism4 ,if one asks the plain  
man why he is patriotic1 why he thinks1 
for instance1 that he ought to  enlist1 
the answer that is often made is that1  
8,the country has done a  lot for me1   
and now she needs me4 ,i am going to do 
what ,i can for my  country40    ,the   
country affords protection within the   
group that it organizes4  ,and for this 
reason1 the citizens will support the   

state4 ,they feel  that government is a 
good thing2 it guarantees justice and   
fair play4  ,and patriotism with them   
will grow out of that feeling4 ,it will1
 of  course1 be a give and take affair4 
,it will not be selfless1 altruistic    
devotion4 ,patriotism of this kind      
demands that justice be consistently    
dispensed4 ,most men will not long serve
 a state that treats them  unfairly4 ,no
 patriotism will survive flagrant and   
continued injustice4  ,and1 in truth1   
why should it8 ,green states the answer3
 8,if the  authority of any             
government--its claim on our            
obedience--is held to be  derived not   
from an original covenant1 or from any  
covenant1 but from  the function which  
it serves in maintaining those          
conditions of freedom  which are        
conditions of the moral life1 then no   
act of the people in  revocation of a   
prior act need be reckoned necessary to 
justify its  dissolution4 ,if it ceases 
to serve this function1 it loses its    

claim  on our obedience40#ga    ,a      
country is a peace unit4 ,and men will  
welcome it as such1 for there  is in men
 an impulse to peace4 ,the state in     
modern times arose in  part as a keeper 
of the peace4 ,the church was once the  
power that  policed ,europe1 and when   
that was so1 men gave the church their  
supreme  allegiance4 ,but the time came 
when the fear of ,god was no longer a   
sufficient power to keep men in order1  
so it became necessary for some  other  
agency than the church to take up the   
task4 ,semi-official bodies  arose whose
 business it was to preserve peace1 but 
they passed away4  ,there was then no   
power to keep the lawless forces in     
check4 ,the nobles  of feudalism fought 
with one another1 and were petty and    
irresponsible  tyrants over their       
people4 ,their regime became unbearable4
 ,consequently  the people united with  
the kings1 and a central power was      
established  that stopped the wars of   
the nobles and cities1 and gave peace4  

,the state within its boundaries is the 
preserver of law and order4 ,and  the   
discharge of that function recommends   
the state to its citizens4  ,hobbes#gb  
exalted the state because of his desire 
for order4 ,the  ,england of his day was
 torn by civil war4 ,even ,j4 ,s4       
,mill#gc  expressed some sympathy with  
speculative ,toryism1 as for instance it
  appeared in ,wordsworth1 because what 
it meant in such a case1 ,mill  said1   
was the proposition that man ought to be
 governed4 ,patriotic  eloquence takes  
account of the benefit that the state   
affords as the  preserver of the peace4 
,josiah ,quincy1 ,jr41 called for       
patriotic  loyalty to country on the    
ground that in it 8,each individual1 of 
whatever condition1 has the             
consciousness of living under known     
laws1  which secure equal rights1 and   
guarantee to each whatever portion of   
the goods of life1 be it great or small1
 chance or talent or industry  may have 
bestowed40#gd    ,the civilized life    

itself at present depends upon the      
state4 ,the word  civilization is       
derived from a stem meaning 8state40    
,civilization is  that which is possible
 to men in states1 that is1 where peace1
 law1  and order prevail4 ,the state has
 been a tremendous gain because it  has 
been a larger integration of men1 a     
larger unit of coperation4  ,just that  
is its primary function1--to make it    
possible for men to  live together4 ,and
 without the exercise of that function  
by the state1  we should be likely to be
 plunged back again into the chaos of   
petty  warring factions4 ,now patriotism
 gets connected with this desire that   
government be preserved4 ,the patriot is
 very apt to feel that if his  country  
should be destroyed1 it would be a blow 
at the very foundations  of all         
government and safety4 ,he connects     
civilization with his own  state1 and   
feels that1 8444 they who assail the    
idea1 the ideal1 of  the country itself1
 assail all civilized life and1 so far  

forth1 are  suicides as well as         
traitors40#ge    ,but the state does not
 stop with the bare maintenance of law  
and order4  ,it does other things which 
are believed to be for the general      
welfare4  ,it looks out for education1  
transportation1 sanitation1 the care of 
the infirm1 and so forth2 it works for  
better social1 industrial1 and  class   
conditions4 ,the state1 in other words1 
is felt to have a right  to do all those
 things which will promote the welfare  
of mankind4  ,mill said1 8444 it is not 
admissible that the protection of       
persons  and that of property are the   
sole purposes of government4 ,the ends  
of  government are as comprehensive as  
those of the social union40#gf  ,and    
,aristotle#gg intimated that the state  
should not only make bare  existence    
possible1 but should promote the good   
life4    ,the result has been that men  
have taken an attitude toward the state 
very much like the attitude that they   
have taken toward ,god4 ,to many  people

 the state has become ,god4 ,they feel  
that all the values of life  depend upon
 it1 as ,plato#gh felt that all the     
values of life depended  upon the state 
that he described4 ,that does not mean  
that they go  directly to the state for 
everything that they want2 they do not  
do  that with ,god4 ,they simply expect 
the state somehow to guarantee these    
values1 and to supply them only as a    
last resort4 ,but they will go to  it   
for everything that they want and which 
they can secure in no other  way4 ,in   
the following quotation1 the state is   
described in terms that  might almost   
refer to ,providence3 8,no ,american boy
 or girl 444 lived  a day1 even1 at the 
beginning of his life1 when he was not  
protected  by the law of the            
,united-,states4 ,from that moment the  
,united-,states  watched over him in    
ways perhaps which he never thought of4 
,perhaps the  school in which these     
words are read would not have existed   
except for  the ,united-,states laws    

with regard to education4 ,very likely  
the bread  and butter which the boy had 
for breakfast could never have existed  
but  that the country called the        
,united-,states had made laws and       
carried on  government in such ways that
 the grain could be raised1 that the    
cattle  could be fed1 and the butter    
made4 ,it is in a thousand such ways as 
this that the country in which we live  
takes care of us in every hour  of our  
lives4444 ,the tie which binds you and  
me to the country which  takes care of  
us is a tie as real and it involves     
duties as distinct  as the ties which   
bind a boy to his mother to whom he owes
 his life  and who has always taken care
 of him40#gi ,what happens when a       
country  towards which men have felt in 
this way1 calls for the allegiance of   
its citizens8 ,their loyalty will be    
accorded it in the same measure as  the 
completeness with which they have       
trusted to it4    ,the state is the only
 institution in a given area that       

embodies the  general will1 and         
consequently it federates the largest   
number of  loyalties among the people   
who live there4 ,a class organization   
could  not federate so many loyalties4  
,it could not be done1 for instance1 by 
syndicalistic organizations4#hj ,if a   
man were a member of all such           
organizations that he was eligible to1  
his whole life would still lack  unity4 
,there must1 then1 be something that    
will unify the life of the  individual1 
and unify the whole of society4 ,the    
fact of the matter is  that the state at
 the present time is1 and in the        
predictable future is  likely to be1 the
 factor which does this4 ,and it is     
therefore likely  also to continue to   
draw the supreme loyalty of men4    ,one
 kind of patriotism is1 then1 based upon
 the belief that the country  is the    
preserver of law and order4 ,if         
necessary1 the patriot will place       
himself at the service of the state in  
order to help it discharge  its function

 as a police power4 ,and he feels it to 
be necessary also  to show his          
patriotism in his own obedience to the  
laws4 ,in the  ,crito1#ha ,socrates1 who
 had shown his patriotism upon the      
battlefield1  showed it again by        
submitting himself to the laws of that  
country which  by its institutions had  
nourished and protected him4 ,bosanquet 
cites  this action of ,socrates1 and    
himself adds the comment3 8,that is one 
thing2 true patriotism is the           
law-abiding spirit40#hb    ,the state   
also acts as a protector against        
aggressions from without1  and on this  
account men cling to it4 ,the patriot   
fears other  nations2 he believes that  
they are actuated by sinister designs4  
,the  foe in patriotic songs and poetry 
is always #8haughty' and #8wicked4'  ,he
 believes also that if the opportunity  
is presented1 they will  work those     
sinister designs against his country4   
,nor is the fear  altogether groundless4
 ,to say the least1 most governments    

cannot be  trusted to look after the    
interests of their competitors as well  
as they look after their own1 and the   
way in which the world is at  present   
organized makes it seem necessary for   
each nation to look  out for itself4    
,even ,russell says that 8the fear by   
which the ,state  is strengthened is    
reasonable under present                
circumstances40#hc ,then  why should not
 the state protect its own interests and
 the interests  of its citizens8 ,the   
citizen himself will not admit that the 
state's  protection should simply be    
limited to the prevention of the harm   
that  his fellow-citizens might do4 ,he 
will say3 8,when we agreed that it was  
the essential function of the state to  
protect--to administer the law  of equal
 freedom--to maintain men's rights--we  
virtually assigned to  it the duty1 not 
only of shielding each citizen from the 
trespasses  of his neighbours1 but of   
defending him1 in common with the       
community  at large1 against foreign    

aggression40#hd ,the efforts to provide 
protection has indeed proved to be too  
big a job for even the state1  acting   
alone1 and has led to alliances between 
states4 ,such alliance is  deemed       
essential4 ,diplomatic isolation could  
not now be tolerated by  scarcely any   
government or population but the most   
primitive4 ,perhaps  in this very       
direction lies a way to world           
internationalism4 ,but the  protection  
is still state protection2 the alliances
 themselves are the  results of the     
activities of states4    ,the fear of   
other states sometimes gets expressed as
 the belief that  existence itself1 both
 national and personal1 is threatened4  
,loisy  gives vent to this belief3 8,are
 we then right to be patriotic1 even  at
 the risk of being less or not at all   
,christian8 ,doubtless2 because  our    
only chance of living is bound up with  
our patriotism40#he ,what  he seems to  
fear is ,french extermination4 ,but more
 often the patriot  believes that by his

 loyalty1 his own and his country's     
freedom are  preserved4 ,patriotism is a
 demand for freedom4 ,zimmerman a long  
time  ago pointed out that nearly every 
people glories in its real or  supposed 
freedom4 8,not a few nations10 he says1 
8are seen resembling  the primitive     
,greeks1 in overvaluing themselves on   
their real liberty2  and others1 like   
the degenerate ,greeks1 priding         
themselves only on  the shadow of an    
antiquated liberty40#hf ,the ,united    
,states came into  existence only after 
a severe fight for liberty1 and         
consequently  ,american patriotism has  
had the ideal of freedom deeply         
impressed upon  it4 ,the words of       
,patrick ,henry come the nearest to     
being classical4  8,is life so dear1 or 
peace so sweet1 as to be purchased at   
the price  of chains and slavery8       
,forbid it1 ,almighty ,god6 ,i know not 
what course  others may take2 but as for
 me1 give me liberty or give me         
death60#hg  ,the ,constitution          

enumerates liberty next to the          
possession of life  among the           
inalienable rights of men4 ,lincoln     
expressed it again in his  ,gettysburg  
address4 8444 ,we here highly resolve   
that these dead shall  not have died in 
vain2 that this nation1 under ,god1     
shall have a new  birth of freedom1 and 
that government of the people1 by the   
people1  and for the people1 shall not  
perish from the earth40#hh ,the notes   
of freedom and self-rule of the people  
are the dominant ones in the  passage   
with which ,lincoln closed the speech4  
,it has been the ,president  of the     
,united ,states who has most clearly and
 consistently defined the  aim of the   
,allies in this present war as that of  
making the world safe  for democracy1 i4
 e41 for freedom4 ,but the countries    
which are called  autocratic also insist
 that they are fighting for freedom1 and
 they are  proclaiming to their peoples 
that they are fighting on the defensive1
  and in the cause of liberty4 ,the     

ideal of freedom is dear to all4        
,along with the demand for freedom goes 
the insistence that those  things which 
are of great value to one shall be held 
sacred4 ,the  defense of homes is a     
cause that arouses masculine patriotism4
 ,there  is an old saying found in      
,bacon that 8,love of his country begins
 in a  man's own house40#hi ,the patriot
 will sacrifice for his home2 and he    
will die that his posterity may enjoy   
the privileges of a free country4       
,the pursuit of happiness is another of 
the privileges that men  deem           
inalienable4 ,and the pursuit of        
happiness in grown-ups seems to  be     
mostly the pursuit of trade4            
,consequently they will prize what      
protects1 and hate what threatens       
business4 ,one hates the invader of  his
 country because he does not want the   
means of his livelihood to  pass under  
the control of an unsympathetic power4  
,the land is the form  of wealth that is
 inevitably seized by the invader4 ,and 

patriotism1  because of this1 gains     
another connection with the soil4 8444  
,patriotism envelops the real estate    
because the real estate nourishes  the  
lives and careers of the patriots4444   
,the emotions of loyalty  and value     
congregate about the #8vital interests' 
of our lives40#ij  ,the laying on of    
burdens of taxation too grievous to be  
borne is an  unwarrantable interference 
with the pursuit of happiness4 ,and so  
patriotism often starts over taxes4 ,it 
was so in the formation of the  ,united 
,states4 ,the following extract from a  
speech by ,samuel ,adams  to the newly  
elected representatives to the          
,massachusetts colonial  legislature    
from ,boston1 will show what the drift  
then was3 8444 ,as  you represent a town
 which lives by its trade10 he said1 8we
 expect  in a very particular manner1   
though you make it the object of your   
attention to support our commerce in all
 its just rights1 to vindicate  it from 
all unreasonable impositions and promote

 its prosperity40#ia  ,the trader looks 
to his government for protection1 and   
when he receives  it1 he has a          
particular reason for desiring the      
continued good health  of his country4  
,the same holds true of workingmen4     
,john ,dewey says3  8444 ,the simple    
fact of the case is that at present     
workingmen have  more to gain from their
 own national state in the way of       
legislative  and administrative         
concessions than they have from some    
other state1 or  from any international 
organization40#ib ,and as long as this  
is true1  tradesmen1 laborers1 and all  
others who have anything to gain by it  
will be patriots1 and violent patriots4 
,what kind of patriotism is it that     
rests upon the belief in one's  country 
as the protector of self8 ,is it        
patriotism at all8 ,it is  not that     
disinterested love of country that the  
common man has been  formally taught to 
regard as patriotism4 ,but it is loyalty
 to country1  and whatever answers to   

that description must be patriotism4 ,it
 no  doubt makes the state a kind of    
business affair4 ,the primary motive  is
 that of prudence4 ,a man defends his   
country because he needs it4  ,but some 
men serve ,god in that way1 and we call 
it religion4 ,and so  this              
profit-and-loss attachment to country   
may come under the term  patriotism4    
,one reason1 therefore1 for patriotism  
is that the country  is needful for the 
protection of life's values4 ,but1 on   
the other  hand1 the attachment to      
country is not patriotism1 if the       
country is  looked at merely as means4  
,patriotism views the country somehow as
  end4 ,if the real and only motive     
which is getting expressed is that of   
self-interest1 any show of patriotism is
 after all mere camouflage4  ,the point 
is that men will actually come to feel  
real gratitude and  love for the country
 which has protected them4 ,it is a     
psychological  fact that affection      
attaches itself to what has been useful4

 ,in this  way and for this reason1     
affection attaches itself to country1   
and  becomes patriotism4                
,,chapter ,,vi    ,,the ,,oneness ,,of  
,,country ,,and ,,self      ,the patriot
 identifies himself with his country4   
,he believes that he  and his country   
are one4 ,this belief is the coming to  
consciousness of  the impulse to cling  
to one's own4 ,and this conviction      
becomes another  reason for patriotism4 
,patriotic loyalty of this kind is not a
 business  affair4 ,it will not abandon 
the country even if the latter should   
prove  unsuccessful in providing        
protection1 but will remain steadfast   
through  all the country's vicissitudes4
 ,one's country may fail to protect     
him1 but if it is still a recognizable  
expression of himself1 he will  love it4
 ,the government or state may be faulty1
 and yet the patriot  will still be     
true4 ,veblen intimates that one might  
just as well have  foreign officials as 
home-grown capitalists administer one's 

affairs of  government4#ic ,but the     
patriot is not likely to be persuaded to
 think  ,veblen's way1 and the reason is
 that the home-grown capitalists somehow
  seem closer than the foreign          
officials4 ,it is quite true that there 
are  those who refuse to be patriotic   
because their country does not give     
them what they believe to be justice4   
,anarchists are not patriotic4          
,socialists sometimes are not patriotic4
 ,some among the laboring classes  have 
come to wear their patriotic allegiance 
but lightly4 ,but the issue  for them   
has ceased to be merely that of getting 
justice4 ,it has come  to the point     
where the injustice of the industrial   
situation has gone  so far that the     
dissatisfied classes do not even        
recognize themselves  in the state that 
is supposed to represent them4 ,and when
 that feeling  of strangeness creeps    
into a man's heart1 he is no longer     
likely to be  a patriot4 ,patriotism is 
rendered to a country that is one's own4

 ,in  view of this1 it seems rather     
significant that the rise of nationalism
  has been cotemporal with the rise of  
democracy4    ,the country is a part of 
one's objectified self4 ,and one cannot 
be  a self without being objectified4   
,he has to come to expression in  some  
way1 and he has to have the means and   
material through which to  express      
himself4 ,the individual would lose in  
individuality if his  group were broken 
up4 ,he cannot be a normal human being  
independent  of the group2 and the group
 for the civilized man includes         
8country40  8,in a profound sense1 man  
is born under the relations of country  
and  of government4 ,he can no more live
 a rational1 civilized life without  a  
country1 and apart from government1 than
 without the family and  apart from the 
social order4 ,scarce human is the      
individual to whom  are applicable      
,homer's contemptuous words1--#8,no     
tribe1 nor state1 nor  home hath        
he4'0#id ,the country pours itself into 

the individual4  ,jacks says3 8,the     
distinction between our own thoughts and
 the nation's  thoughts is being        
obliterated4 ,ask the first honest man  
you meet to  tell you what he is        
thinking1 and if he answers faithfully1 
he will  tell you something of what the 
nation is thinking40#ie ,the patriot    
instinctively feels the oneness between 
his country and himself1 and  often has 
a clear belief concerning it4           
,washington spoke of 8that  country1 in 
whose service ,i have spent the prime of
 my life2 for whose  sake ,i have       
consumed so many anxious days and       
watchful nights1 and  whose happiness1  
being extremely dear to me1 will always 
constitute  no inconsiderable part of my
 own40#if ,washington identified himself
  with ,america1 and so do all patriots 
identify themselves with their  country4
 ,if the patriot were asked why one     
should love his country1 his  reply     
might very well be1 8,why should one    
love himself80    ,the identification of

 oneself with his country is greatly    
helped out  by the fact that the country
 is an outgrowth of the family4 ,the    
idea  of kinship has been extended to   
the national group4 ,the nation is      
believed to be of one race4 ,mc,dougall 
in speaking of the self-regarding       
instinct calls attention to the fact    
that it is extended to others1  and     
says3 8444 ,this extension should not1  
and usually does not1 stop  short at the
 family2 in primitive societies the     
tribe and the clan1  which are the      
collective objects of the regards of    
other tribes and  clans1 become also the
 objects of this sentiment2 and among   
ourselves  the growing child is led on  
in the same way to identify himself     
with1  and to extend his self-regarding 
sentiment to his school1 his college1   
his town1 his profession as a class or  
collective unit1 and finally to  his    
country or nation as a whole4#ig ,the   
extension of the sentiment  culminates  
in its application to the country1 and  

this application has  been historically 
possible because the country has been   
believed to be  the organization of a   
homogeneous race4    ,but the feeling of
 oneness with the country does not rest 
solely upon  the belief in blood        
kinship4 ,ethnologists are now pretty   
well agreed  that there are no pure     
races1 and that nationality does not    
coincide  with race homogeneity4 ,c4 ,d4
 ,burns points out that the ,belgians1  
at  the time they were seeking          
nationality1 were of different blood4   
8,the  group had asserted their common  
ambition and their distinction from all 
other groups4 ,they were not all the    
same blood or language1 but their       
traditions and purposes were the        
same40#ih ,it is not exclusively  a     
common ancestry1 then1 that provides the
 basis for one to feel at  one with his 
country4 ,it is not so much a question  
of genesis as of  condition4 ,one feels 
at home in a country which in general   
has the  same sort of character and life

 as his own4 ,the largest factor is that
  of a common consciousness1 no matter  
how produced4 ,what this means  may be  
understood from the words of ,bosanquet3
 8,broadly speaking1 the  limit of a    
country or nation is the limit of a     
common experience1 such  that the people
 share the same mind and feelings1 and  
can understand  each other's ways of    
living and make allowance for each other
 so that  the same laws and institutions
 are acceptable and workable for all of 
them40#ii ,the patriot in a foreign land
 feels truly like an innocent  abroad1  
but his own country is home1 sweet home 
to him4    ,the love of the country as  
one's objectified self coincides with   
the  desire for attachment4 ,man1 in    
other words1 wants to objectify himself4
  ,he is not satisfied with solipcism4  
,he wants a world1 and a world that     
somehow represents himself4 ,without    
that he is a lost soul4 8,the man       
without a country0 is pathetic because  
he has no attachment1 no fixed  world   

that he can call his own4 ,the country  
provides a satisfying  object of        
attachment1 in which the patriot's soul 
can be at rest4    ,patriotism is       
devotion to a cause1 and the cause is   
one's own4 ,the  patriot has made it his
 by his own choice4 ,it is a part of    
himself4  ,royce in speaking of         
patriotic loyalty says3 8,this plan of  
the patriot  has two features3 7#a7 ,it 
is through and through a social plan1   
obedient  to the general will of one's  
country1 submissive2 7#b7 it is through 
and through an exaltation of the self1  
of the inner man1 who now feels         
glorified through his sacrifice1        
dignified in his self-surrender1 glad   
to be his country's servant and         
martyr1--yet sure that through this     
very readiness for self-destruction he  
wins the rank of hero40#ajj  ,the call  
of war is not only a call to sacrifice1 
but also a call to  self-expression4    
,royce continues3 8,this war-spirit1 for
 the time at  least1 makes              

self-sacrifice seem to be               
self-expression1 makes obedience  to the
 country's call seem to be the proudest 
sort of display of one's  own powers4   
,honor now means submission1 and to obey
 means to have one's  way4 ,power and   
service are at one4 ,conformity is no   
longer opposed to  having one's own     
will4 ,one has no will but that of the  
country40#aja  ,patriotism in this      
character simplifies the problem of     
duty4 ,it  provides a cause into which  
one can throw himself with all his      
heart1  avoid the conflict of a divided 
mind1 and it is able to do all this  for
 a man for the reason that the cause is 
his own4 ,it makes a joy out  of a duty4
 ,an expression of the joy that comes to
 one in the service  of his country's   
cause is to be found in the words       
supposed to have  been uttered by       
,epaminondas when he was dying upon the 
battlefield4  ,zimmermann cites the     
incident3 8,epaminondas1 the ,theban1   
when lying  on the ground mortally      

wounded with a spear at the battle of   
,leuctra1  all that troubled him was the
 event of the battle1 and what was to   
become of his arms2 but on his shield   
being held up to him1 and with          
assurances that the day had gone for the
 ,theban side1 he said to the           
bystanders with a cheerful countenance1 
#8,let not this day1 friends1 be        
considered as the end of my life1 but as
 the beginning of my happiness  and the 
consummation of my glory4 ,i have the   
satisfaction of leaving  my country     
victorious1 haughty ,sparta humbled1 and
 ,greece freed4'  ,then drawing the     
spear out of his breast1 he             
expired40#ajb ,even if  ,epaminondas did
 not express any such dramatic          
sentiment1 it was a  common enough      
experience among mankind to be the      
subject of a credible  bit of fiction4  
,the joy was in the fact that the cause 
had triumphed1 a  cause that he had made
 his own4 ,the patriot identifies       
himself with his  country2 in it he sees

 himself2 and he shares its sorrows and 
successes4    ,the patriot is           
provincial4 ,he begins his life of      
attachment by being  loyal to what is   
nearest the center of his own interests4
 ,and such  attachment is natural4 ,we  
are not likely to be so vitally         
interested in  far-away things as in the
 things that are near4 ,it is simply a  
case of  where the power of gravitation 
varies in inverse ratio to the distance 
between the gravitating bodies4 ,now1   
the patriot's own nation is nearer  to  
him than is any other1 and consequently 
to it he renders his warmest  devotion4 
,even many who deplore the narrowness of
 nationalism and  themselves do not     
share that narrowness1 do nevertheless  
have a warm  devotion for their own     
country4 ,this devotion1 strong in spite
 of a  consciousness of the country's   
shortcomings1 shows itself in ,cowper's 
line3      8,england1 with all thy      
faults1 ,i love thee still40#ajc    ,the
 patriot believes that he is an         

unnatural son if he is not devoted  to  
his country4 ,to turn against the       
country is comparable to turning        
against his own mother4 ,and of course  
no real man of flesh and blood  and the 
ordinary feelings of normal human       
beings1 would do such a thing  as that4 
,the traitor is abnormal1 and is        
something amounting to almost  a        
monster4 ,all normal men are believed to
 thrill to the sentiment1      8,this is
 my own1 my native land60#ajd    ,the   
country is so close that it is felt to  
be inhuman baseness not to  be true to  
the ties that bind one to it4           
,patriotism is1 then1 in part a clinging
 to the nation as an expression  of     
one's own life4 ,the patriot fiercely   
resents attacks upon the  nation1 for   
they are attacks upon himself4 ,they    
assail the periphery  of his            
personality4 ,he wants his country to be
 free because in it he  finds himself   
expressed1 and because he claims the    
right to continue  his self-expression  

through the country4 ,therefore he hates
 conquest by  an enemy4 ,he would rather
 die fighting than be subjugated1       
because in  dying for his country he    
asserts himself in one last final       
defiant act4  ,it is a supreme act of   
self-assertion4 ,the country is the     
patriot's1 it  is vital to him1 and     
while life lasts he will not see it     
perish from  the earth4                 
,,chapter ,,vii    ,,the ,,intrinsic    
,,value ,,of ,,one',s ,,country         
,the patriot believes that his country  
is intrinsically a fundamental  value4  
,it is a cause that is worthy4 ,he sees 
various things in the  country that     
furnish the bases for this belief4      
,sometimes he beholds in  the state a   
sacred or semi-sacred institution4 ,a   
philosophy which put  the theory of the 
state in such a way as to furnish a     
basis for this  belief was that of      
,hegel4 ,for ,hegel1 the state was the  
development of  the absolute ,idea in   
the world4 ,the state did not arise in  

response to  the needs of men1 as       
philosophers like ,mill and ,spencer#aje
 have held1  and as would probably be   
held by the patriot who looks upon the  
country  as protector or expression of  
himself4 ,hegel said1 8,it is a very    
distorted account of the matter when the
 state1 in demanding sacrifices  from   
the citizens1 is taken to be simply the 
civic community1 whose  object is merely
 the security of life and property4     
,security cannot  possibly be obtained  
by the sacrifice of what is to be       
secured4444 ,the  nation as a state is  
the spirit substantively realized and   
directly  real4 ,hence1 it is the       
absolute power on earth40#ajf ,hegel    
felt that  way about the ,prussian      
,state4 ,and others have felt almost the
 same way  about their state4 ,the      
desire for a solid and immutable        
condition of  life that the view        
represents is a fundamental one4 ,and   
when ,hegel or  any one else takes that 
view of his state1 he is at once likely 

to be a  devoted patriot4    ,the       
popular parallel to ,hegel's conclusion 
is the belief that the  country comes   
from ,god4 ,men seem to want to feel    
that their origins are  worthy of       
reverence1 and that they are especially 
favored4 ,in ancient  times most people 
traced their ancestry back to their     
,god4 ,the ,japanese  do the same thing 
in modern times1 and have a religion    
which is the  expression of that belief4
 ,the ,shinto religion inculcates       
reverence for  the sovereign1 ancestral 
memory1 filial piety1 nature worship1   
and the  belief that the imperial       
family1 which is descended from their   
god1  is the fountain head of the whole 
nation4 ,these elements have been       
infused into ,bushido1 which ,nitobe    
calls ,the ,soul of ,japan1 and which   
embodies and inculcates the ,japanese   
national ideals4 ,but the belief in  the
 semi-sacred character of the nation is 
common in all countries4 ,how  often do 
we hear it said that ,america is ,god's 

,modern ,chosen ,people4  ,and at least 
one of the sovereigns of ,europe does   
not cease to mention  the patriotism of 
his tutelary god not only in his        
prayers1 but also in  his proclamations4
    ,this belief in the sacredness of   
one's country has in monarchies a       
splendid symbol to which to attach      
itself in the person of the king or     
emperor4 ,the ruling classes encourage  
this attachment2 they themselves  feel  
that they rule by divine right4 ,they   
have inherited the belief  from the     
traditions of the ,middle ,ages and from
 such philosophical  theories as that of
 ,hegel4 ,and the people1 also          
habituated to a certain  extent in those
 ideas1 share the same belief4 ,if they 
are thoroughly  loyal1 they take an     
attitude towards their king similar to  
that assumed  by religious devotees     
towards their ,god4 ,but emperor-worship
 is not  at all necessary to            
state-worship4 ,many who no longer      
believe in the  divine right of kings   

still believe in the divine right of    
states4 ,the  state is still often      
looked upon as sacred and sovereign4    
,the ,greek  conception of the          
omnipotent polis is in the hinterland of
 our minds4  ,there has come down from  
the ,middle ,ages a habit of sovereignty
 which  the world has not shaken off4   
,and1 moreover1 men want a supreme power
  which guarantees safety4 ,patriotism  
thrives in such soil4 ,when people  are 
possessed of these beliefs1 patriotism  
with them can become almost  a religion4
    ,the belief that one has a glorious 
country is a form of the belief in  its 
value4 ,this kind of patriotism is fed  
by contemplation of the great  names of 
the past and the deeds of conquering    
heroes4 ,it can attach  itself to any   
characteristic in which the country     
excels4 ,some of the  reasons for       
patriotism advanced in a school textbook
 ran somewhat as  follows3 ,our country 
is a great nation4 ,our territory is    
big4 ,we have  an immense population4   

,our wealth is surpassingly great4 ,our 
power is  tremendous4 ,our educational  
standards are high4 ,and we are the     
great  exponent of a land of            
freedom4#ajg ,the moral was that any    
,american  boy or girl ought to         
recognize that he lived in a grand and  
glorious  country4 ,one of the very     
common causes of pride is the extent of 
commerce1 and in this way the economic  
factor makes another connection  with   
patriotism4 ,a few years ago1 one of the
 potent reasons for the  proposal to    
subsidize an ,american merchant marine  
was that the country  did not like to   
feel that the flag was not floating over
 the sea as it  once had4    ,the       
consciousness of national glory grows on
 the pride of power4 ,the  belief in the
 country's greatness fuses with and     
derives dynamic from  the impulse to    
power4 ,national power is precious to a 
certain type of  patriot4 ,it is even   
more precious than peace4 8,the plain   
fact is that  people do not prize       

tranquillity above all other goods4     
,they desire  influence and power1 and  
are willing to accept the               
responsibilities  and the suffering that
 these entail40#ajh ,these facts throw  
light upon  the patriotism of aggressive
 nations4 ,the patriots of those nations
  glory in their country's glory1 and   
grow great in the consciousness of  its 
power4 ,imperialism grows out of this   
temper4 ,and once a country is  embarked
 on a career of imperialism1 it is      
hardly to be satisfied short  of        
dominion over the world4 ,even then it  
will sigh for new worlds to  conquer4   
,and this characteristic of an          
insatiable lust for glory should  not be
 lost sight of when we are considering  
the taming of an enemy by               
nonresistance4    ,the patriotism that  
feeds upon the country's glory is       
jealous of the  national prestige4      
,prestige is glory4 ,and a nation cannot
 continue  to glory either at home or   
abroad if it suffers its prestige to be 

lowered4 ,consequently it must sometimes
 fight simply to protect that  prestige4
 ,many of our citizens during the period
 of crisis with ,mexico  over the       
exploits of ,villa and also during the  
critical time in our  affairs with      
,germany before war was declared1       
believed that if we did  not fight1 our 
prestige value would be lowered all over
 the world1 and  that we should be      
deprived of the power of acting         
effectively in world  politics4 ,the    
desire of a nation for revenge also is  
the desire1 as  much as anything else1  
to restore her fallen prestige4         
,solicitude for the country's honor is  
another outgrowth of the  patriotism    
that delights in national glory4 ,one   
kind of honor is that  of ,belgium      
standing up in the face of aggression   
for its integrity and  for its loyalty  
to its international obligations4 ,a    
weaker kind is very  much like the      
desire for prestige4 ,it is a desire for
 the respect of  others4 ,it appears in 

the reason that ,nitobe gives for       
,japan's opening  its doors to the      
western world4 8,the sense of honor     
which cannot bear  being looked down    
upon as an inferior power1--that was the
 strongest of  motives40#aji ,this sense
 of honor will lead to high             
achievements1 but  the tragedy is that  
it will so easily lead to war4 ,c4 ,d4  
,broad says1  8444 ,it is chiefly when  
people can be persuaded that questions  
of honor  are involved that they can be 
got to fight40#aaj ,and when a war is   
started1 no country wants to accept     
defeat4 ,each one emblazons on its      
sword the device which is said to have  
been on the sword of a faithful  knight 
of feudal times3 8,never draw me without
 right2 never sheathe me  without       
honor40    ,the trouble which is        
implicit in the situation is that       
nations believe  that their glory and   
welfare are matters of competitive      
success4 ,it  is all too commonly       
believed that the gain of one nation    

must mean  the loss of another4         
,consequently1 the attitude that is     
taken on all  sides is simply that of   
intelligent self-interest4 ,jealousy    
arises  out of such a situation1 and    
jealousy is one of the effective causes 
of war4 ,one of the most significant    
factors in the diplomatic history       
preceding the present war was that of   
the rivalry of the great ,european      
powers for strategic land areas1 and for
 control of the important sea  routes of
 the world4 ,there has been a problem of
 the ,mediterranean1 the  ,adriatic1    
,constantinople1 the ,north ,sea1 the   
,baltic1 the ,china ,sea1 the  ,persian 
,gulf1 and so on4 ,germany1 younger than
 the other nations1 has  been making a  
desperate effort to catch up with them1 
and the present  war is in great part   
the outgrowth of the friction arising   
out of that  effort4#aaa    ,but it is  
encouraging that the glory of nations   
does not consist  exclusively in        
competitive success1 and that there are 

those who  realize it4 ,there are those 
who see that the true good of all       
countries  may be worked out at the same
 time4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill expressed a high   
ideal  of patriotism when he said3 8,i  
believe that the good of no country can 
be obtained by any means but such as    
tend to that of all countries1  nor     
ought to be sought otherwise1 even if   
attainable40#aab ,this may  be matched  
by a passage from ,american patriotic   
eloquence uttered by  no less a patriot 
than ,charles ,sumner3 8,i hope to      
rescue those terms  national glory1 so  
powerful over the minds of men1 from the
 mistaken  objects to which they are    
applied1 from deeds of war and the      
extension  of empire1 that henceforward 
they may be attached only to acts of    
justice and humanity40#aac ,the highest 
good of nations really lies in  the use 
of those things which do not perish in  
the using and of which  there is enough 
for all4 ,they are the things of the    
mind and of the  spirit4 ,the hope is   

that the rivalry of nations may be      
transferred from  destructive to        
constructive pursuits4 ,much better     
would be friendly  rivalry in the       
accomplishments of science1 art1        
scholarship1 social  welfare1 and like  
things4    ,the belief in the value of  
one's country sometimes expresses itself
  in the conviction that the country    
embodies lofty ideals4 ,patriots        
believe that their nation represents a  
great tradition1 and stands for  ideals 
that are important to the human race4 ,a
 country may be said to  be organized   
about these beliefs4 ,a people is not   
really effectively  unified until it is 
held together by the power of a common  
ideal4 ,and  that ideal is a source of  
strength to patriotism4 ,this idealistic
  character has impressed itself upon   
even the warlike temper of peoples4     
,they do not usually fight over causes  
that are avowedly materialistic  and    
predatory4 ,it takes a big idea to      
appeal to the people4 8444  ,peoples in 

their larger corporate activities are   
not mercenary1 but  idealist4 ,they know
 that wars do not #8pay' in the low1    
material sense4  ,they are not seeking  
present ease and comfort1 seldom a      
present good  of any kind1 but the      
triumph of an ideal which they associate
 with  their national life4 ,their      
method may be wrong1 but their purpose  
is essentially altruistic1 perhaps the  
least selfish of any activity  we       
know40#aad ,and the ideal that moves a  
people must be a morally high  ideal1 or
 at least must seem to be so4 ,a        
government could scarcely hope  to win a
 hard war without having first enlisted 
the community's moral  convictions4     
,ideals are in part inherited from the  
nation's past4 ,what has united  in the 
past has been these common ideals2 and  
it is because there  were such that the 
memory of the past is so valuable4 ,but 
for the  idealist the future is fully as
 important as the past4 ,a people is    
held together by what ,green calls its  

8social expectation40#aae ,what  binds  
us together in ,america is not so much  
the past as the future4 ,our  past is a 
vital factor in our unity4 ,it is       
remarkable how the various  elements in 
our population can apparently so        
naturally appropriate  8the ,puritan    
fathers0 as their own4 ,the ,puritan    
fathers were only  one element in the   
founding of the ,united ,states1 and at 
least  three-quarters of the present    
inhabitants of this land have no        
physical  inheritance from them1 but a  
far greater proportion of the ,american 
people count themselves as their        
spiritual progeny4 ,nevertheless1 the   
,american people contains great         
heterogeneous groups and masses who     
have never been assimilated to the      
,puritan ideals or traditions4 ,there   
is no common past for all our people4   
,we root back into many lands  and many 
traditions4 ,the tie that really binds  
is what we believe to  be our common    
destiny1 the ideals that we believe     

ourselves to be  progressively          
realizing4 ,the roots of our unity are  
in the sky4    ,the ideals which a      
nation believes that it exemplifies are 
various4  ,sometimes it is that of good 
government4 ,virgil felt that ,rome was 
spreading peace and order throughout the
 world4#aaf ,sometimes it is  the ideal 
of justice4 ,the patriot seems to feel  
that in his country's  just cause       
eternal justice itself is being         
incarnated4 8,a patriot he  ,washington 
was in the highest sense1 not because he
 loved his country  with a selfish love1
 but because he loved justice on the    
broadest  scale1 and believed that the  
cause of his country was that of eternal
  justice40#aag ,but the ideal which has
 been exploited perhaps more  than any  
other is that of freedom4 ,patriots     
thrill at the thought  that not only is 
their country the guardian of their     
freedom1 but is  the champion of freedom
 throughout all the world4 ,this ideal  
has the  honor of having most keenly    

aroused the consciences of states4 8,it 
is  a curious fact that practically     
every case in which altruistic action   
has been professed by or recommended to 
a nation has been a case in  which the  
#8liberty' of some human beings was in  
question4 ,thus both the  antislavery   
and the ,bulgarian agitations in        
,england were questions  of liberty2 and
 the whole ,palmerstonian policy was    
directed against  tyranny4 ,there is    
indeed some ground for believing that   
the positive  international moral sense 
has at present only developed with      
regard to  freedom4 ,there are many     
people1 especially in this country1 who 
would  say that it is the duty of a     
state1 regardless of its own interests1 
to  protect the freedom of another      
state1 especially if the inhabitants of 
the latter are of kindred race to       
themselves40#aah    ,patriotism often   
rests upon the belief in the value of   
the country's  civilization4 ,the       
civilization of a country is its art1   

culture1  customs1 and in general its   
way of living4 ,it is its kultur4 ,loisy
  speaks for ,france1 8444 though we do 
not brag of our culture1 we are  sure   
that the ruin of ,france would be no    
gain to civilization4444  ,we are       
safeguarding a notable portion of our   
human inheritance from  the madness of  
the destroyer40#aai ,sometimes the      
element of the  civilization cherished  
most is that of religion4 ,the ,jewish  
patriotism  was an example of this4     
,sometimes there is a belief that one's 
own  nation has a way of doing things   
better than others4 ,germany is an      
example4 ,at other times1 pride is      
founded upon the greatness of one's     
institutions4 ,the ,english and         
,americans feel such pride4 ,sometimes  
patriotism waxes enthusiastic over      
economic accomplishment4 ,the  following
 is an expression of patriotism which1  
while it will no doubt  be astonishing  
to most people1 nevertheless seems to be
 sincere3 8,it  is an element of        

patriotism to reverence the successful  
business  man of ,america1 and ,our     
,nation must request and heed the advice
 and  admonitions of men experienced in 
affairs40#abj ,the context shows that   
the author likes the status quo of      
industry and wealth1 and wants  more of 
the same thing4    ,each state group has
 its own history1 and is convinced that 
it  makes its own contribution to the   
world's civilization4 ,the patriot      
applies to his own country the spirit   
that was expressed by ,mazzini3  8,every
 people has its special mission1 which  
will coperate towards  the fulfillment  
of the general mission of ,humanity4    
,that mission  constitutes its          
nationality4 ,nationality is            
sacred40#aba ,the sense of  having a    
mission possessed ,israel2 it possesses 
,germany2 it possesses  ,america4       
,longfellow wrote to ,america1          
8,humanity with all its fears1    ,with 
all the hopes of future years1    ,is   
hanging breathless on thy fate40#abb    

,in fact1 the number of the civilizing  
missions that the world is  favored with
 is identically equal to the number of  
countries that have  each a national    
consciousness4 ,the consciousness of    
being the anointed  one sometimes       
strikes the level of the ludicrous4 ,the
 following is not  an example1--for the 
,new ,englander3 8,as from the first to 
this day1 let  ,new ,england continue to
 be an example to the world of the      
blessings of  free government1 and of   
the means and capacity of men to        
maintain it4  ,and in all times to come1
 as in all times past1 may ,boston be   
among the  foremost and boldest to      
exemplify and uphold whatever           
constitutes the  prosperity1 the        
happiness1 and the glory of ,new        
,england40#abc    ,the patriotism that  
justifies itself with the reason that   
the country  is an intrinsic value often
 expresses itself in a desire for a     
better  country4 ,patriotism is not     
exclusively love of country just as it  

is4  ,it is love of an ideal country4   
,the actual country becomes a subject of
  criticism4 ,literary men have often   
satirized their country at the same     
time that they loved it4 ,and the       
criticism may be all the more bitter    
because the love is great4 ,the         
country's shortcomings are felt by those
  who love it the most4 ,the following  
lines inflict the faithful wound of  a  
true patriot3      8,the ever-lustrous  
name of patriot    ,to no man may be    
denied because he saw    ,where in his  
country's wholeness lay the flaw1       
,where1 on her whiteness1 the unseemly  
blot4    ,england6 thy loyal sons       
condemn thee4--,what6    ,shall we be   
meek who from thine own breasts draw    
,our fierceness8 ,not ev'n thou shalt   
overawe    ,us1 thy proud children      
nowise basely got4    ,be this the      
measure of our loyalty--    ,to feel    
thee noble and weep thy lapse the more4 
,this truth by thy true servants is     
confess'd--    ,thy sins1 who love thee 

most1 do most deplore4    ,know thou thy
 faithful6 ,best they honour thee       
,who honour in thee only what is        
best40#abd    ,patriotism consequently  
does not mean blind devotion to country1
 right  or wrong4 ,and the plain fact is
 that there actually are patriots who   
do not conceive that devotion to country
 must be consistent even at  the expense
 of one's moral convictions4 ,loyalty to
 country with them  does not set aside  
loyalty to the moral law4 ,the following
 lines are  taken from an essay         
commendatory to patriotism3 8,let       
patriotism wholly  conform itself to the
 moral law2 let it judge all things1    
national as  well as individual1 by the 
unalterable1 supreme1 standard of right 
and wrong2 let it sanction no blind     
following of the flag1 nor any          
unethical exalting of the country's     
dominance above the country's           
righteousness2 let it reject the notion 
that because war has been  declared1    
patriots must enlist2 let it repudiate  

the idea that because  a war has been   
begun1 it must be allowed to end only   
when victory has  been secured2--and    
there will not only be fewer wars1 but  
also1 on one  side at least1 wars more  
in keeping with justice and truth40#abe 
,the  author is a patriot1 but his      
patriotism is directed by a high ethical
  ideal4    ,it follows that patriotism 
is not inextricably bound up with       
jingoism4  ,patriotism is not           
exclusively a war-time virtue4 ,in truth
 pacifists may  well assert1 and do     
sometimes1 that they are patriots1 and  
differ from  other patriots only in the 
way in which they show their patriotism4
  ,there are uses for the patriot in    
time of peace as well as in time  of    
war4 ,a practical statesman in a        
patriotic address has said1 8,we  need  
men who will not only be ready to       
sacrifice for their country in  time of 
war1 but who will not be a menace to it 
in time of peace6 ,we  want patriots in 
finance4 ,we want patriotism in the     

organization of  corporations4 ,we want 
patriots in the conduct of public       
utilities4 ,we  want patriots in        
rendering loyal obedience to the        
law40#abf ,washington1  who was a       
patriot in war1 preferred peace1 and was
 a patriot in peace  as well as in war4 
,when he was about to resign his        
commission as  commander-in-chief of the
 army1 he wrote his 8,letter to the     
,governors0  in which he made           
suggestions for putting the ,federal    
,government on  a right basis4 ,his     
8,farewell ,address0 was characterized  
by paternal  solicitude for the future  
of his country4 ,on both occasions      
,washington1  first in peace as well as 
in war1 expressed what was a true spirit
 of  patriotism4    ,the patriotism that
 looks within the country demands public
 spirit4  ,it calls for unselfishness on
 the part of the individual and devotion
  to the betterment of the country4 ,j4 
,s4 ,mill's ,autobiography shows  in its
 pages that ,mill was actuated in his   

work by an unselfish and  devoted public
 spirit4 ,high-minded patriots demand   
everyday devotion  to the country4      
,bosanquet tells us what patriotism     
means to him4 ,he  says3 8,in their     
patriotism1 their feeling for the       
community1 ,hegel  tells us1 people are 
apt to follow their custom of being     
generous  before they are just1 and     
excuse themselves by a potential        
romantic  magnanimity for a lack of     
prosaic everyday loyalty to the         
commonwealth4  ,but it is this latter1  
the sense of daily duty1 which is real  
patriotism--the foundation and seed-plot
 of the former40#abg    ,this public    
spirit means1 for one thing1 that the   
individual himself  be a good citizen4  
8444 ,patriotism demands that1 in       
ourselves1 we  be good and true4 ,the   
country's worthy citizen must be        
personally  worthy1--emulous of culture1
 devoted to virtue4 ,no man personally  
dishonorable1 can be patriotic in the   
highest degree40#abh ,it means1  for    

another thing1 that a man shall be      
interested in the welfare of  the people
 of his country4 ,although an enthusiasm
 for the people  sometimes weakens      
nationalistic feeling1 as in the case of
 ,tolstoy1  nevertheless patriotism     
often derives great strength from       
humanitarian  sympathy4 ,this sympathy  
shows itself nowadays in the desire for 
a  greater measure of justice in the    
relations between the classes4 ,in a    
patriotic address1 ,john ,grier ,hibben 
says3 8,in the throes of its new  birth 
the world today needs a new industrial  
conscience1 a new sense  of social      
responsibility1 a new standard of       
national integrity4 ,we  must realize   
that the strength of a nation lies      
ultimately not in its  natural          
resources1 or in its method of          
efficiency1 or in its numerical         
superiority1 or in its army1 or navy1   
but in its moral and spiritual          
vigor40#abi ,even ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson1   
who on the whole thinks that  patriotism

 is a bad thing1 has for the nation an  
ideal of 8scientific  social            
development40#acj ,it is easy to see in 
his book that he has  a large sympathy  
with 8the people0 not only of other     
countries1 but  also of his own4 ,that  
is his patriotism4 ,the ,international  
,reform  ,bureau published a book       
entitled 8,patriotic ,studies40 ,and it 
was not1  as one might suppose1 a series
 of learned articles on the subject  of 
,patriotism4 ,it was a compilation of   
,congressional documents of  the years  
#ahhh-aije for the study of public      
questions4 ,the questions  treated in   
this volume were the following3 8#a4    
,moral and ,social  ,functions of       
,education4 #b4 ,municipal ,reform4 #c4 
,immigration4 #d4 ,the  ,lord's ,day and
 the ,rest ,day4 #e4 ,the ,labor        
,problem4 #f4 ,the ,family4 #g4         
,national ,reforms4 #h4 ,amusements1    
,with ,special ,reference to ,purity4   
#i4 ,gambling4 #aj4 ,prevention and     
,punishment of ,crime4 #aa4 ,the ,liquor

  ,problem4 #ab4 ,the ,new              
,charity40#aca ,all this was considered 
by an  ,international ,bureau of ,reform
 to be 8patriotic studies40 ,patriotism 
then1 reveals itself in the doing of    
those things that aim at the  true      
welfare of mankind within a country4    
,and such activities are  patriotism4   
8,in the peace movement1 the temperance 
reform1 the  judicious and practicable  
schemes for the abolition of bondage1   
the  attempts to discover a more        
,christian organization of society2--in 
every association and all efforts that  
seek the highest welfare of man1  and   
prepare the way for his free culture and
 rightful enjoyment1 as a  creature of  
,god1 the ,american idea justifies      
itself and culminates2  and by          
strengthening this tendency1 and only   
thus can ,patriotism be  faithful to its
 law1 and vindicate its nature40#acb    
,it is quite consistent with patriotism 
that the country should be  cherished as
 the servant of humanity4 ,the ideal of 

service sometimes  becomes a reason for 
patriotism4 ,mazzini's#acc patriotism   
was of  this kind4 ,his ideal was that a
 nation should claim not its own        
aggrandizement1 but its right to serve  
humanity as a distinct group4  ,this    
kind of patriotism is that which ,royce 
would recommend as an  example of the   
best loyalty4 8,enlightened loyalty     
takes no delight in  great armies or in 
great navies for their own sake4 ,if it 
consents to  them1 it views them merely 
as transiently necessary calamities4 ,it
 has  no joy in national prowess1 except
 in so far as that prowess means  a     
furtherance of universal loyalty4444 ,we
 want loyalty to loyalty  taught by     
helping many people to be loyal to their
 own special causes1  and by showing    
them that loyalty is a precious common  
human good1 and  that it can never be a 
good to harm any man's loyalty except   
solely in  necessary defense of our own 
loyalty4444 ,and so1 a cause is good1   
not  only for me1 but for mankind1 in so

 far as it is essentially a loyalty  to 
loyalty1 that is1 is an aid and a       
furtherance of loyalty in my            
fellows40#acd ,and ,royce1 in his last  
book1 made the application to           
patriotism3 8,let us1 with all our      
might1 with whatever moral influence  we
 possess1 with our own honor1 with our  
lives if necessary1 be ready1  if ever  
and whenever the call comes to our      
people1 to sacrifice for  mankind as    
,belgium has sacrificed2 to hazard all1 
as ,belgium has  hazarded all1 for the  
truer union of mankind and for the      
future of  human brotherhood04#ace ,the 
truest patriot1 from this point of view1
  will be the man whose insight will    
reveal to him what his nation can  most 
naturally and best do for humanity1 and 
who uses his powers to win  the devotion
 of the nation to the ideal of          
performing that service4    ,what       
conclusions now are yielded by the      
bearings of the reasons of  patriotism8 
,is patriotism either justified or      

discredited by them8  ,once more it is  
apparent that no ground has been reached
 upon which  alone to base a general    
judgment4 ,to begin with1 no reason     
simply as  such is either good or bad2  
some of the reasons of patriotism are   
good  and some are evil4 ,moreover1     
these beliefs are often based merely    
upon  impulse and regimentation4 ,there 
is 8instinctive inference as well  as   
444 instinctive impulse40#acf ,one will 
hunt reasons for what he  believes2 many
 of his reasons are simply              
after-thoughts4 ,and sometimes  beliefs 
are not as accurate as instincts and    
habits4 ,a man's feelings  may often    
have more meaning than his beliefs4 ,so 
the fact that a thing  appears to be    
reasoned does not necessarily make it   
reasonable4    ,the reasons found in    
patriotism are another element adding to
 its  complexity4 ,and the complexity is
 all the more involved because  impulses
 and habits have remained in patriotism 
along with reasons4  ,patriotism is     

composed of all three1--impulses1       
habits1 and reasons4  ,the nature of    
patriotism will have to be found in a   
concept that  unifies all these         
elements1 and its ethical value can be  
clearly  assessed only in the light of  
that concept4 ,therefore1 the nature and
  value of patriotism will be the       
objects of attention in the remaining   
chapters4          ,,part ,,iv    ,,the 
,,nature ,,and ,,value ,,of ,,patriotism
          ,,chapter ,,viii    ,,the     
,,will ,,to ,,national ,,individuality  
,patriotism is a complex sentiment4 ,it 
grows out of a great variety of  roots  
and reasons1 and finds expression in    
many forms4 ,in the preceding  parts of 
this treatise these foundations and     
expressions of patriotism  have been    
dealt with4 ,they throw light upon the  
questions of why  patriotism is and why 
it is what it is4 ,it remains for       
patriotism to be  defined4    ,no one of
 the many causes or appearances of the  
sentiment adequately  defines it4 ,those

 who fix upon some one impulse1 habit1  
or reason1 and  try to fit all the facts
 of patriotism into that1 oversimplify  
the  situation4 ,they leave out         
essential features4 ,this would hold    
true of  ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson1#acg who    
makes patriotism to consist of the      
impulses  of fear and hatred4 ,there are
 important kinds of patriotism1 directed
  toward the internal improvement of the
 country for instance1 which  cannot be 
so classified4 ,if one followed the clue
 of ,trotter1#ach he  would explain the 
phenomenon as the result of the herd    
instinct4 ,but  patriotism is not purely
 instinctive4 ,veblen#aci would lead one
 to make  the economic motive and the   
impulse of rivalry or emulation         
prominent4  ,but patriotism is something
 more than a contest and a contest1 too1
  which is mainly for material goods4   
,loisy#adj would make patriotism a      
worthy religion1 and recommend it as    
such4 ,but the love of country does  not
 always attain the dignity that it has  

in ,loisy4 ,powers#ada makes  men's     
interest in their civilization the root 
of their patriotism4 ,but  he opens his 
book with the recognition that men do   
fight over material  things4 ,none of   
these accounts can be used as an        
adequate basis from  which to define and
 present the central concept of         
patriotism4    ,yet patriotism is one4  
,there is a common center about which   
all the  impulses1 habits1 and beliefs  
of the sentiment cluster4 ,there is a   
concept 8patriotism40 ,it is that       
concept1 though perhaps inarticulate1   
which guides even in the gathering of   
material for its own definition4  ,it   
will be enlarged after the preliminary  
examination1 but it is  present from the
 beginning4    ,the clue that one really
 has in hand when he sets out to study  
patriotism is the popular definition    
that it is 8the love of  country40#adb  
,and it is a hopeful clue from which to 
start4 ,it does  lead one to the        
material that he seeks4 ,moreover1 it   

shows what  patriotism has meant in     
racial wisdom1 the wisdom of the plain  
people  who have long and intimately    
been associated with and been most moved
  by the sentiment4    ,it must be said 
that in one way the result of an        
examination of this  popular definition 
is negative4 ,the preliminary study made
 in this  dissertation shows that4      
,patriotism is hardly to be defined     
simply as  the love of country4         
,devotion to one's native land is in one
 phase an  exalted and intelligent      
loyalty to country as an ideal1 but it  
may show  another character4 ,its nature
 has instinctive roots4 ,it may be no   
more  than a habit4 ,even the reasoned  
support of country is not exclusively   
what may be described as love2 at any   
rate1 it not uncommonly appears  as a   
quite self-interested affection4 ,the   
conduct of patriots has  often been such
 as to cause wonder if the emotion      
consuming them were  really pure1       
unmixed love4 ,it has frequently seemed 

that there was  mixed in a full portion 
of hate4 ,the phrase1 8the love of      
country10  covers a multitude of sins4  
,patriotism is a pure white light1 but  
seems to be one in the sense that it can
 be broken up and any color  desired    
extracted from it4 ,love of country1 in 
view of such facts as  these1 frequently
 gets to look like something not quite  
the same as the  exalted sentiment of   
school textbooks and ,fourth-of-,july   
oratory4    ,and yet there must have    
been some considerations that led to the
  definition of patriotism as the love  
of country4 ,out of what facts did  the 
definition grow8 ,in the light of all   
the instincts1 habits1 and  reasons of  
patriotism1 what does it seem that the  
phrase 8the love of  country0 covers8   
,it seems obvious1 for one thing1 that  
patriotism is an attitude  toward       
country4 ,it is easily seen that        
8country0 is a constant in the          
phenomena of patriotism4 ,the country is
 the object of the patriot's  emotions4 

,patriotism1 in other words1 has to do  
with 8mother country0  or 8fatherland40 
,and that is to say that patriotism is a
 feeling of  nationality4 8,patriotism  
is the sentiment in which consciousness 
of  nationality normally expresses      
itself40#adc ,one would not know where  
to look for patriotism at all if to     
begin with he did not know in a  general
 way that it was this nationalistic     
sentiment4 ,generically1  patriotism is 
like family pride1 civic pride1 team    
spirit1 university  spirit1 and the     
like2 specifically1 it is nationalistic 
spirit4 ,it  might be necessary that    
this be said only for the sake of       
completeness  were there not a confusion
 of language on the subject4 ,it is1    
strictly  speaking1 a strange and       
metaphorical use of words to talk about 
8patriots of the world40 ,such a        
combination of words may serve a  useful
 purpose of propagandism in furthering a
 desirable spirit of  internationalism  
or cosmopolitanism1 and it may in time  

take on the  further connotation1 but it
 is not historically accurate4          
,patriotism in  its meaning as a word   
and as a matter of fact has to do with a
 country1  and it will serve to keep    
thinking clear if we hold the term to   
its  historical meaning4 ,patriotism is 
the sentiment of attachment to one's    
national group4    ,the quality of the  
sentiment impresses one4 ,patriotism is 
not merely  consciousness of            
nationality4 ,it is more active and     
explosive than  that4 ,it is not even   
such an emotion as that of thankfulness 
for the  country4 ,thankfulness or joy1 
is the feeling of returning soldiers as 
they land back upon ,american shores4   
,is that feeling of satisfaction  with  
the homeland at getting back1           
patriotism8 ,a kind of love of  country 
it may be said to be4 ,but ask the man  
in the street if it is  patriotism1 and 
he will hesitate4 ,he will1 however1 be 
quite sure that  it is not anything like
 as patriotic as the acts of the same   

soldiers  in going across to ,europe1 or
 in breaking up socialistic parades     
after they get back4 ,the mere joy at   
being once more in the bosom of  one's  
country doesn't seem to be patriotism   
par excellence4 ,there  appears to be a 
great difference between liking one's   
country and  loving it4 ,the immigrant  
may like his new home1 like it better   
than  any other1 and still not be       
patriotic4 ,what is it that must be     
added  to turn the liking of country    
into patriotism8 ,patriots demand homage
  to the country4 ,faith must be shown  
by works4 ,patriotism is a passion      
inspiring active allegiance4 ,it is     
devotion that means service1 if         
necessary 8the service40 ,the patriot is
 solicitous for his native land4  ,he   
not only pronounces his country good2 he
 also wants some good for  it4 ,he is1  
moreover1 determined upon that good4    
,that it be secured  and maintained is  
part of his ruling purpose4 ,in sum1 his
 will is  set upon it4 ,patriotism has  

it as an essential characteristic that  
it  includes a will towards one's       
country4    ,what is it that the patriot
 wills8 ,briefly1 he is vitally         
interested in  the selfhood of his      
country4 ,the thought of self as to the 
country  is always present4 ,patriotism 
is the will that the country do some    
such  thing as be1 remain1 express1 or  
develop itself4 ,the thorough-going     
patriot in so far as he is such1 is     
interested in the country1 the  whole   
country1 and nothing but the            
country4#add ,it becomes the this  of   
his consciousness and affection4 ,he has
 just one object in the  focus of his   
interests1 and that object is this      
country4 ,the patriot  says1            
8,this1--this is my own1 my native      
land40 ,patriotism shows an  intense    
singleness of affection4 ,the country   
for the patriot is the  one4    ,and    
now1 the fact that patriotism is a will 
toward the country as it  is in and for 
itself may be expressed in another way  

by saying that  the patriot has a will  
toward the country as an individual1 and
 his  will as to its selfhood is a will 
toward its individuality4 ,a self is  an
 individual considered as an identity4  
,the country has an individual  place in
 the patriot's heart2 and he desires a  
singleness of the  country corresponding
 to his singleness of affection4 ,love  
of country  has done what all love does2
 it has individualized its object4 ,it  
makes  its object the one1 the          
individual1 of its devotion4 ,it is with
 country  as with woman4 ,a man can love
 but one4#add ,it is the one to him4    
,and  he wants it to be the one among   
all others4 ,what it means to him he    
wants it to be objectively4    ,and so  
patriotism may be described as the will 
to national  individuality4 ,it is      
individualism expressed upon the        
national plane4  ,one can see what it is
 when he observes the reaction of       
patriots to  any suggestion touching the
 identity of their country4 ,opposition 

to  the proposal for a league of nations
 is patriotism4 ,it is narrow1  perhaps1
 but nevertheless patriotism it is4     
,those who oppose the idea  are actuated
 by the fear that loyalty to the league 
will develop at the  expense of loyalty 
to the nation4 ,the patriot feels for   
his country1  puts himself in its place1
 and cannot bear to see its selfhood or 
individuality impaired4    ,it should be
 noted that the will to individuality   
may exist in strong  measure when the   
external basis for it seems to be weak1 
and vice  versa4 ,switzerland has an    
active patriotism with a heterogeneous  
people1 while ,sweden has a weaker      
patriotism with a homogeneous people4   
,however1 this merely amounts to saying 
that patriotism is sometimes  weak and  
sometimes strong4 ,the nature of        
patriotism remains the same4  ,there is 
simply a stronger set of stimuli urging 
it to express itself  in the one case   
than in the other4 ,and the fact of     
individuality is not  exclusively the   

stimulus to the will to it4 ,there might
 be a will to an  individuality which as
 yet existed only in ideal1 and there   
can be a  real individuality which leads
 only to a very weak fervor for itself4 
,in the case of ,switzerland and        
,sweden1 the explanation is that the    
,swiss have had to fight for their      
identity much more than the ,swedish4   
,there must1 however1 be an actual      
individuality at least possible in      
order to justify the will4 ,what we are 
at present concerned with is the        
description of patriotism as a          
sentiment4 ,where there is patriotism   
it is such as described1 whatever the   
stimuli may be4 ,national  individuality
 is what the ,swiss aim at4 ,the next   
chapter will take up  the question of   
whether or not patriotism finds a real  
individuality  to rest itself upon4 ,an 
integrating spectroscope is a           
spectroscope the  slit of which is      
illuminated by light from every part of 
the source  under examination2 this     

concept of the will to national         
individuality  is the integrating       
spectroscope of the data of patriotism4 
,but the term individuality is an       
elastic one4 ,it is necessary that it   
should be so4 ,it has to be able to     
cover a great deal as a concept         
defining patriotism1 for the            
manifestations of patriotism are        
various4  ,patriotism is so manifold    
that the limits of the definition cannot
  be drawn too closely4 ,individuality  
is a comprehensive term4 ,it is1        
however1 comprehensible4 ,what does it  
mean8 ,what are the main forms  that the
 will to national individuality takes8  
,and are the main forms  of patriotism  
discovered in the answer to that        
question8 ,does a  knowledge of the     
characteristics of an individual furnish
 the material  for the understanding of 
the tendencies of patriotism8    ,the   
first characteristic of an individual is
 that it is unique4 ,this  proposition  
is agreed upon by practically all       

philosophers whatever  may be the school
 of metaphysics to which they belong4   
,all would  agree with ,royce1 for      
instance1 in saying that1 8,an          
individual is  unique4 ,there is no     
other of its individual kind4 ,if       
,socrates is an  individual1 then there 
is only one ,socrates in the universe4  
,if you are  an individual1 then in     
reality there is no other precisely     
capable of  taking your place4 ,if ,god 
is an individual1 then1 as ethical      
monotheism  began by saying1 ,there is  
no ,other40#ade 8,taken individually0   
means  taken separately4 ,individuality 
means1 in some sense1 separateness4  ,an
 individual case is a distinct or       
isolated case4 ,when1 therefore1  one   
demands that he be allowed to be an     
individual1 he means that he  demands   
the right to be and remain himself4     
,and just this is a fundamental demand  
in patriotism4 ,it is of no use  to tell
 a country1 even though it seems to     
others an insignificant  one1 that it   

will be better off in another country2  
that its citizens  could enjoy to a     
greater extent the physical             
satisfactions of life2 and  that they   
will be able to share in a greater      
kultur4 ,they will not  listen4 ,they do
 not wish to live more comfortably as   
animals2 they do  not wish to live under
 the gis of some one else's greatness1  
no matter  how great that may be4 ,an   
individual will hardly consent to unself
  himself4 ,the citizens of any country 
wish to be themselves1 and retain  their
 own national individuality4 ,veblen#adf
 suggests that so far as  creature      
comforts are concerned1 we might all be 
fairly well off if we  voluntarily      
surrendered to ,germany4 ,art might also
 be furthered4 ,and  in view of the high
 cost of resistance1 so ,veblen says1 it
 might be  well to accept the ,german   
imperial rule4 ,but ,veblen also knows  
that no  nation will listen to his      
proposal4 ,and why8 ,it is simply       
because we do  not live primarily for   

creature comforts1 or that a classical  
science  and philosophy should be       
developed4 ,self-preservation is the    
first  law of nature4 ,we want to exist1
 and exist as separate and unique4 ,we  
want to be ourselves1 and have an       
individuality that has a continuous     
history of its own4 ,at its lowest      
terms1 the will to individuality is a   
will to live4 ,france will not listen to
 a counsel to negate that will2  neither
 will ,belgium2 neither will ,britain2  
neither will ,america2 and  neither will
 ,germany4 ,patriotism seeks to make the
 country unique2 that  very will itself 
becomes a factor making for the         
uniqueness of the  country4 ,the country
 is what the patriot wills2 it is his2  
he cherishes  it2 and in its place he   
will accept no other4 ,the will to      
uniqueness1  which is a form of the will
 to individuality1 does in fact turn out
 to  be one of the important forms of   
patriotism4    ,in the second place1 an 
individual is a unitary being4 ,it is   

one  whole1 an individuum4 ,in          
comparison with others1 it is separate2 
in its own inner constitution1 it is a  
unity4 ,it is one in both  its external 
and internal relations4 ,unity is of two
 grades1 simple  and complex4 ,the      
simple unity means solidarity and that  
in the last  analysis the individual    
cannot be further subdivided4 ,an atom  
would  be an individual of this kind4   
,but in our actual experience we do not 
meet with such individuals4 ,what we    
ordinarily mean by an individual  is not
 that which is such by virtue of its    
indivisibility4 ,taken  just as a       
physical fact1 it is divisible4 ,it is  
when we take it as  a fact of meaning   
that we see what we ordinarily have in  
mind as an  individual4 ,an individual  
is such because nothing can be          
subtracted  from it without destroying  
its distinctive character4 ,it is a     
unity not  because of physical          
indivisibility1 not because it is a     
simple unit1  but because1 even in      

complexity1 it has in it a principle of 
unity4  ,the richness of variety in it  
only contributes to the richness of its 
individuality4 ,bosanquet has made the  
distinction between the two kinds  of   
individuals4 8,individuality1 it has    
been said1 has prima facie two          
extremes4 ,an #8atom' may claim it1 on  
the ground that it is less than  can be 
divided2 a world may claim it1 on the   
ground that its positive  nature is     
ruined if anything is added or taken    
away40#adg ,in another  place he says   
that an individuality is 8a world       
self-complete40#adh  ,the principle that
 individuality means unity and the      
distinction  between the two kinds of   
unity are well summed up in the         
following  quotation3 8,that            
individuality always involves some sort 
of unity  will hardly be denied4 ,that  
which is in no sense one is in no sense 
an individual2 and the more truly a     
thing can be called one1 the more  truly
 can it be called an individual4 ,we    

must distinguish1 however1  between two 
aspects of unity1--the quantitative     
aspect or numerical  unity1 and the     
qualitative aspect or inner             
coherence40#adi ,the atom  was an       
example of numerical individuality2 the 
qualitative individual  would be        
exemplified in the life of a man4 ,a    
human being can of course  be rent limb 
from limb1 but so far as bodily life is 
concerned he  ceases then to be a man2  
his identity as a human individual has  
been  destroyed4    ,now a country is an
 individual by virtue of being a        
qualitative unity4  ,it is a unity in   
difference4 ,aristotle says3 8,a state  
is not made up  only of so many men1 but
 of different kinds of men2 for similars
 do  not constitute a state40#aej ,the  
unity of a country is not a simple  but 
a complex unity4 ,it is often quite     
rudimentary1 but its essentials  are    
there1 if there is any country at all4  
,and those essentials may  be developed4
 ,they at least exist as the material   

for an ideal unity4  ,national          
individuality1 to be sure1 is often an  
ideal rather than a  present fact4 ,but 
the patriot holds just this unity of his
 country  in ideal1 and strives towards 
it4 ,his is a will to national unity1   
national individuality4 ,there were in  
the revolutionary period two  movements 
developing side by side1--the movements 
towards independence  and unity4        
,washington was a patriot not only      
because he sought for  separation from  
,england1 but because he consistently   
counselled unity  as among the colonies4
 ,lincoln was a patriot not in the sense
 that he  stood for the separation of   
his country from other countries 7there 
was  no call for that71 but in that he  
stood for the preservation of the  unity
 of the ,united ,states4 ,he preserved  
the ,union4 ,the nationalistic          
movements of the nineteenth century in  
,europe were directed in large  part    
towards unity4 ,the ,germans and        
,italians strove to the end that  all   

their people might be united4 ,those    
movements were struggles for  national  
unity1 and hence struggles for national 
individuality4    ,the stimulus of war  
brings out in supreme degree the demand 
of the  patriot for national unity4 ,the
 present war has compelled unity  within
 each individual nation to an           
unparalleled extent4 ,the whole         
population in each country has had to be
 organized for the war4 ,the  civil and 
military populations are not now as     
distinct as they once  were4 8,the war  
is waged not only by the soldier but by 
the baker1 the  manufacturer1 the       
engineer1 the farmer1 the small         
investor1 the women4  ,unless1          
therefore1 the emotions of the entire   
country can be keyed up  to volunteer   
pitch and maintained at the point of    
fighting efficiency1  the war machine   
loses momentum40#aea ,the patriot sees  
the necessities  of the times1 and      
insists upon absolute unity4 ,it is the 
form that his  will to national         

individuality then takes4    ,the       
patriot ought1 however1 to remember that
 unity does not mean  solidarity1 and   
that a true individual is not one which 
has to be  maintained by the suppression
 of all differences4 ,the patriot       
insists  so strongly upon unity1 no     
doubt1 because he believes that to act  
as one is the only way in which the     
national individuality can be           
preserved4 ,but he should remember1 as  
some one has remarked1 that 8a  solid   
front does not necessitate a solid      
head40 ,the unity of patriotism  is one 
of will1 and moreover is one of good    
will4 ,there cannot be  national unity  
on any basis that ignores that fact4    
,the honest pacifist  should be treated 
accordingly4 ,on the other hand1 there  
is no reason  why the pacifist should be
 made the recipient of peculiar honors  
or  the object of special solicitude4   
,he has thrown his opinion into the     
arena of human affairs1 and will have to
 take his chances4 ,and he in  his turn 

should remember that the patriot is     
fighting for priceless  possessions1    
more valuable than any material         
possessions1 his own  individuality and 
the individuality of his country4 ,if   
the pacifist has  a right to insist upon
 his opinion1 he must accord the patriot
 the same  right to insist upon his4    
,what will take place if the patriot    
happens  to have a large majority1 and  
deems it most fair to enact a selective 
draft law8 ,the pacifist can do no other
 than insist upon his inmost            
convictions4 ,but neither can the       
patriot4 ,there is inevitably a clash1  
and the problem is to be solved not only
 as a question of right1 but  also of   
expediency4 ,it may easily be most      
expedient1 it usually is so1  for the   
patriot to grant easy terms to the      
pacifist4 ,and the latter's  right to   
free speech and agitation1 as long as he
 does not actually  break or incite to  
the breaking of a law1 is really        
indisputable4 ,but  the danger to       

national individuality may be great4 ,it
 is conceivable  that an aggressive     
enemy may be at the very doors4 ,in that
 case1 the  nonconformist will have to  
become in some sense a martyr4 ,if his  
country needs him1 he ought either to   
serve or pay the penalty4 ,he  might    
have to suffer imprisonment4 ,or he     
might find it wisest and most  effective
 to martyr his convictions to the extent
 of performing some  patriotic service1 
even to bearing arms4 ,the fact that the
 majority  differs from him might well  
be an indication that he is wrong1 and  
that  he should revise his opinions or  
at least not insist upon them too       
strongly2 and moreover1 if one martyrs  
his convictions to the extent of        
helping win the war1 he may expect then 
to get a more ready hearing  for his    
opinions4 ,one is always listened to    
more respectfully when he  has          
identified himself with the group than  
when he has cut himself off  from it4   
,conformity for the present might prove 

the best method of  making his ideals   
effective in the long run4 ,it is often 
easier to work  from the inside than    
from the outside4 ,the chick within the 
shell is in  the very best position in  
the world for breaking through it4      
,but the essential point is that        
patriotism insists on unity within the  
nation4 ,there is no nation engaged in  
the war which is not insisting  upon the
 utmost unity of action and even of     
thought4 ,and this rests  back upon the 
unity that had already really been      
developed4 ,if each  country had not    
developed and marshaled its resources to
 such an  extent in peace time1 they    
could not be so mobilized in war time1  
and  indeed there would be no need for  
it2 the enemy would not be bringing     
such resources to bear4 ,it is just the 
very complexity and unity in  complexity
 in modern nations that makes war so    
drastic1 and makes it so  necessary that
 neither side should neglect the        
bringing of any of its  resources to    

bear upon the waging of the war4 ,the   
will to unity1 a form  of the will to   
individuality1 is quite characteristic  
of patriotism4    ,a characteristic of  
individuality in human beings and their 
institutions is that an individual is   
self-directing2 its destiny  is worked  
out from within4 ,the following         
quotation sums up what is  meant3 8,we  
pass on to the third factor in          
individuality4 ,we have  spoken of it as
 completeness or self-sufficiency2 but  
in its higher  degrees it may also be   
called self-direction4 ,that some       
measure of  independence is essential to
 our notion of individuality will hardly
  be questioned40#aeb ,the phrase 8have 
some individuality0 means1 in  part at  
least1 that one make his actions the    
expression of his own true  self4 ,it   
means to think and act for oneself4 ,if 
one does not do that1  we say that he is
 not a real individual4 ,if one is not  
self-directing1  and is subject to the  
will of another1 his individuality is1  

in so far1  taken from him1 and he      
becomes a part of the individuality of  
that  other4 ,if he is integrated in the
 other's will1 he really in a true      
sense ceases to be even unique4 ,fite   
says3 8,as a spiritual individual  ,i am
 found in every action that expresses my
 meaning1 whether it be  that of my     
hand1 my typewriter1 my servant1 or my  
political party2 and  any object that   
refuses to express my meaning1 though it
 be a member  of my own body1 is so far 
not truly myself40#aec ,it follows that 
one  has to be free and independent to  
be an individual4 ,and this is the      
reason that freedom is so precious2 not 
because the free man will  live in      
better material circumstances1 but      
because he wants to be an  individual4  
,he wants to be himself1 and have his   
chance of working out  his life in his  
own way4    ,and patriotism involves    
just this demand for liberty4 ,the      
patriot  wants his country to be free4  
,it must1 to satisfy him1 be not only a 

recognizable separate unit as among the 
peoples of the world1 but must  run its 
own affairs4 ,he wants it to be         
self-directing and autonomous4  ,he     
cannot bear to have his country used as 
a thing1 or a mere piece of  mechanism  
at the mercy of another's will4 ,any one
 who is patriotic in  ,china will not be
 satisfied with a situation where any   
foreign power  has concessions over     
parts of his country's soil4 ,weak      
governments  frequently find it         
necessary to guard their neutrality1 and
 they do it  jealously because the      
patriotic spirit will not permit them to
 allow  others to put them in subjection
 as a means to the furtherance of alien 
designs4 ,belgium is an instance4       
,belgium does not want to be a roadway  
or the battlefield of ,europe4 ,she does
 not want to be a pawn in a game4  ,she 
wants her territory to be the expression
 of her own free life4 ,to  stand for   
her neutrality is to stand for her      
sovereignty1 and to assert  herself4    

,belgium might utterly perish1 but in   
doing so1 she would  have asserted      
herself1 and she would rather die in    
that magnificent  self-assertion than to
 be the tool of another4 ,it is not     
often that a  supposedly sovereign power
 will1 like ,luxemburg1 allow its       
neutrality  to be disregarded without a 
struggle4 ,president ,wilson understood 
the  sensitiveness of patriots when he  
insisted that no foreign troops  should 
be landed in ,russia without her        
consent4 ,patriotism is often  thought  
of altogether as the fight for freedom4 
,the patriot insists  upon the freedom1 
the autonomy1 the sovereignty of his    
country2 the  will to self-direction is 
one of the moving forces of patriotism4 
,to be a true individual is to have some
 significance of one's own4             
,individuality comes to mean marked     
individuality4 ,it stands for  the      
opposite of the quality of being common4
 ,the phrase 8have some  individuality0 
often means to have something for which 

one stands1 and  something that is      
really significant in the world4 ,it    
means that one's  activities should be  
the expression of a life plan which is  
his1 and  which has real value4 ,this   
characteristic takes a step beyond those
 of  mere separateness and independence4
 ,when we say of one that he has no     
individuality1 we do not mean that he is
 not numerically separate from  other   
men1 but1 in part at least1 that he has 
no life plan which is  specially his    
own4 ,he has no significance4 ,the man  
who is an individual  is one who has a  
specific character4 ,and if he prides   
himself upon  being an individual he    
wants to 8be somebody40 ,he has         
8self-respect40  ,he regards himself as 
significant4 ,he wants not only to count
 as one2  he wants to count4    ,and1   
again1 this is a characteristic of      
patriotism4 ,patriotism is a  will to be
 nationally significant4 ,it is national
 pride4 ,it is  national ambition1 a    
will to self-respect and the respect of 

others1 a  will to national standing1   
greatness1 distinction1 importance1     
power4  ,the existence of this will to  
be significant is why nations are so    
sensitive on points of honor and        
prestige4 ,their national significance  
is lowered if they allow1 let us say1 a 
public insult to go unavenged4  ,it is a
 reason why nations cannot back down in 
a war when it once gets  started1 and   
why they can all be for peace after the 
war1 but not while  it is being waged4  
,national significance1 as national     
significance  now goes1 will not permit 
them to do other than win the war4 ,this
  is why states like to regard          
themselves as 8powers10 for it is as a  
8power0 that a nation finds itself      
significant in world politics4 ,it  is  
why countries fight for their           
8civilization40 ,the predominance of    
their civilization means the fulfillment
 of their desire for national           
significance4 ,it is why the knowledge  
of the history and literature of  one's 

country is likely to produce patriotism2
 such knowledge creates  both a         
conviction of the country's significance
 and the desire to  realize it further4 
,the grounds upon which a country       
asserts its significance is an          
important matter4 ,as long as military  
prowess and possession of much          
territory are esteemed to be things of  
great importance1 the nations  will     
strive to be significant by being       
distinguished for those things4  ,if the
 ideals of mankind can be more largely  
turned to constructive  activities1 the 
nations will strive to be significant   
along those  lines4 ,there are patriots 
whose ideals are of the latter type4    
,they  seek the internal development of 
their country as a means of making  it  
more worth while and hence more         
significant4 ,the significance  that    
they seek is not merely that which      
glories in the admiration  and perhaps  
envy of the world2 it is not a          
significance adjudged by  a jury of     

mankind1 but one that they themselves   
find in making their  country           
approximate an ideal4 ,patriotism is the
 will to be nationally  significant2    
another main characteristic of the will 
to individuality  is what is working in 
important manifestations of patriotism4 
,an individual1 at least a finite       
individual1 is one of a community4  ,and
 its individuality1 therefore1 rests    
upon a 8broad basis of  likeness40#aed  
,the conscious individual1 for instance1
 does not  strive to make his           
individuality consist in absolute       
difference4 ,he  wants to be different  
only within certain limits4 ,he does not
 want  to be 8outlandish40 ,he wants in 
certain broad ways to be like his       
fellows4 ,he would1 if it were called to
 his attention1 agree that his          
individuality rested in great measure   
upon membership in his community4    ,it
 is impossible for one to avoid seeing  
the fact that he is one in  a world with
 others4 ,the human individual is a     

social animal4#aee  ,and this fact is   
formulative of his very individuality4  
,fite says1  8,not only does 444        
intercourse with others broaden the     
range of your  self-consciousness2 it   
also furnishes the basis of contrast    
through  which you become aware of      
yourself1 and define yourself1 and are  
enabled to assert yourself as a distinct
 and unique individual40#aef  ,two      
points are involved in what ,fite says4 
,first1 we become  self-conscious in    
contrast with others2 we know ourselves 
in that way4  ,second1 our own          
individuality becomes richer because    
others exist4  ,what they have become   
broadens one's own vision of the range  
of human  possibilities by so much the  
more2 and that broader vision enriches  
and enlarges one's own life4 ,one will1 
then1 find his life expanded  by the    
multiplication of his social relations4 
8,if our argument has  shown anything1  
it has shown that through the extension 
of his social  relations1 the individual

 becomes1 not less1 but more of an      
individual1  and acquires a greater     
individual freedom40#aeg ,the high      
integration  of society is not          
necessarily inimical to the development 
of the  individual4 ,the fact is that as
 society has been builded into larger   
wholes1 the individual has also become  
more and more significant4 ,royce  says1
 8444 our time shows us that            
individualism and collectivism are      
tendencies1 each of which1 as our social
 order grows1 intensifies  the          
other40#aeh ,and ,royce draws this      
conclusion3 8,no individual  human self 
can be saved except through the ceasing 
to be a mere  individual40#aei    ,the  
existence of others has important       
consequences for one's practical        
attitude toward life4 ,when one becomes 
aware of such existence he  can no      
longer act as if it were not4 8,when ,i 
have perceived even a  chair standing in
 my way ,i can no longer proceed as if  
it were not  there40#afj ,and one's     

conduct will usually be more radically  
changed  when it is human individuals   
that are in the way4 ,the same knowledge
  which shows one himself shows him also
 other human beings who are just  as    
real and important as himself1 and upon 
the basis of that knowledge  he can     
logically and ethically find no good    
reason for treating them  merely as     
means for the furtherance of his own    
interests4 ,he cannot  simply walk over 
them as if they were not there4 ,but if 
one is even  wise1 he will adopt no such
 ruthless plan of life4 ,he will realize
  that consideration for others is best 
for himself4 ,he will not only  have    
less trouble1 but he will also find his 
individuality enriched  by his          
intercourse with other free beings who  
have their own meaning4  ,one cannot be 
a positive reality unless his neighbors 
are also4 ,and if  these things are     
true1 it means that the interests of the
 individuals  of a community may be     
harmonized4 ,when each one understands  

his own  true nature1 he at the same    
time realizes that his own good is best 
found in harmony with the others of his 
community4 ,individualism1  rightly     
interpreted1 attains the results desired
 by those who place  the emphasis upon  
collectivism4 ,howison says3 8,the very 
quality of  personality is1 that a      
person is a being who recognizes others 
as  having a reality as unquestionable  
as his own1 and who thus sees  himself  
as a member of a moral republic1        
standing to other persons in  an        
immutable relationship of reciprocal    
duties and rights1 himself  endowed with
 dignity1 and acknowledging the dignity 
of all the  rest40#afa ,this is an ideal
 of individuality as it appears in      
persons4  ,the enlightened individual is
 really concerned about finding his     
proper  place in his world4    ,does    
patriotism recognize that individuality 
involves membership in a  community8    
,does the patriot actually wish to      
realize the individuality  of his       

country in that way8 ,the answer is that
 he often does4 ,there  are patriots who
 have their hearts in the desire that   
their country  be a good neighbor4 ,this
 desire is1 of course1 not always       
present in  the patriotic state of mind4
 ,but neither are the other             
characteristics  of individuality always
 invariably present4 ,some of them are  
always  present1 and together they make 
up the will to individuality which is   
the essence of patriotism4 ,it must be  
admitted that only too often  does the  
patriot think of the individuality of   
his country as realized  apart from or  
at the expense of others4 ,the more     
generous notion of  patriotism is still 
as much a problem as a fact4 ,and yet1  
in times of  peace at least1 the patriot
 sees the good of countries other than  
his  own4 ,it is a defensible           
proposition that even the common man is 
capable  of and actually does possess   
such vision4 ,certainly there are       
examples  of illustrious patriots in    

whom it is found4 ,the following has    
been  penned concerning ,professor      
,royce3 8444 his ethical idealism is    
best  understood as an interpretation of
 the spirit of modern civilization  as  
it had found expression in his native   
land4 ,not that there was  anything of  
the ,chauvinist in ,royce4 ,if there    
were aught of value in  our social and  
political ideals it was due to the fact 
that they rested  on principles that    
cross the boundaries between nations1   
and might  equally serve as the basis of
 that community of nations to which he  
hopefully looked forward40#afb ,but one 
can also place in evidence  the very    
words of one of the greatest patriots of
 all time1 ,joseph  ,mazzini4 ,mazzini  
was devoted to the ideal of serving     
humanity4 ,he wrote  to the laboring    
people of his country3 8,your first     
duties--first as  regards               
importance--are1 as ,i have already told
 you1 towards ,humanity4  ,you are men  
before you are either citizens or       

fathers40#afc ,but he  was also an      
ardent patriot4 ,he was devoted to      
,italy1 to her freedom1  unity1 and     
significance4 ,and he thought that      
,italians1 like all other  men1 could   
serve humanity effectively only by being
 in association4  8,this means of       
effective association10 he says1 8was   
provided for  you by ,god when he gave  
you a country2 when1 as a wise overseer 
of  labor distributes the various       
branches of employment according to the 
different capacities of the workman1 he 
divided ,humanity into distinct  groups 
or nuclei upon the face of the earth1   
thus creating the germ  of              
,nationalities40#afd ,the duty of a     
nation was to be the servant of         
humanity1 but that was also its glory   
and its right to be4 ,patriotism  and   
internationalism were complementary4    
8,in labouring for our own  country on  
the right principle1 we labour for      
,humanity4 ,our country  is the fulcrum 
of the lever we have to wield for the   

common good4  ,if we abandon that       
fulcrum1 we run the risk of rendering   
ourselves  useless not only to humanity1
 but to our country itself4 ,before men 
can  associate with the nations of which
 humanity is composed1 they must  have a
 ,national existence4 ,there is no true 
association except among  equals4 ,it is
 only through our country that we can   
have a recognized  collective           
existence40#afe ,this1 then1 patriotism 
quite often  actually is4 ,and once     
more1 in its positive recognition of the
 country  as truly one of a community1  
patriotism turns out to be the working  
of  the will to national individuality4 
,this last phase is an altruistic  form 
of the will4    ,the concept of the will
 to national individuality1 derived from
 the  popular definition of patriotism  
as the love of country and wrought  out 
in the light of the data which clusters 
about that popular idea1  proves to be a
 seminal principle4 ,if one follows out 
the various forms  of the will1 he comes

 to the main forms of patriotism4 ,he   
could1 by a  knowledge of the           
characteristics of the will to          
individuality1 foretell  in general what
 the manifestations of patriotism would 
be found to be4          ,,chapter ,,ix 
,,the ,,nation ,,as ,,an ,,individual   
,patriotism is the will to national     
individuality4 ,what justification  for 
its existence is there in the groundwork
 of fact8 ,is there really  any         
individuality for the will to rest      
itself upon8 ,is the country an         
individual8    ,there are those who deny
 that patriotism really has anything    
objective  to feed upon4 ,it is hard1   
they say1 to find anything that the flag
  stands for or to which one addresses  
his choral chant when he sings1  8,my   
,country6 'tis of thee40 ,they ask what 
one's country can mean to  him4 ,when   
one speaks of country1 is he not        
thinking of that spot of  earth which he
 calls home1 those activities and       
institutions which  he has seen working 

in his own community1 or perhaps only   
the map8 ,a  country as big as the      
,united ,states1 for example1 can hardly
 be said  to be appreciated by the mind 
of a single man4 ,most of the country   
no one has ever even seen4 ,the         
8collective mind0 is shown to be a      
fiction4 ,a people does not form a      
8person10 but remains only a group  of  
individuals4 ,and the corollary seems to
 be that the only ground  on which to   
posit a nation has been taken away4 ,the
 state is said  to be unreal and        
artificial4 ,peoples may be the product 
of history2  a state can be made in a   
day4 ,ponsonby looks upon a nation as   
such  a construction3 8,a nation is not 
in its composition primarily a          
geographical nor a racial1 but a        
political unit4444 ,it must be able  to 
uphold its independent political        
sovereignty40#aff ,without the          
necessity for a common defense1 that is1
 there would be no nation4  ,charles    
,kingsley remarked in the preface to one

 of his books that while  there can be  
loyalty to a king or a queen1 there     
cannot be loyalty to  one's country4#afg
 ,and so it is that a 8country0 is an   
abstraction4  ,for the ordinary patriot 
at least there really is no such thing4 
,the  country is not an individual1 and 
there is no individuality in it for  the
 citizen to rest his patriotism upon4   
,patriotism is thus left up in  the air4
    ,now one is not driven to the       
extreme view of the nation as a 8person0
  in order to answer the criticisms     
suggested in the foregoing4 ,that  the  
state is a 8person0 is a well-known     
theory4 ,it is held by those  impressed 
by the philosophy of ,hegel4 ,it is     
reflected everywhere in the  terms they 
use4 ,they talk constantly of such      
things as a 8collective  mind0 and a    
8general will40 ,but the state is not   
personal in the sense  in which human   
beings are personal4 ,we expect a person
 to have a body1  a brain1 and a nervous
 system4 ,a state or nation has none    

such4 ,but a  thing does not have to be 
a person in order to be an individual4  
,not  all individuals are personal4 ,all
 individuals have inner unity4 ,the     
nation has such unity1 and it is this   
which the philosophers feel whose       
theory has just been described4 ,they   
are the 8unity philosophers40  ,and they
 feel a unity in a state which they seek
 to describe in terms  of personality4  
,we all feel the unity4 ,for instance1  
we assume a  continuity as existent in a
 country4 ,even a democratic country    
must  through successive administrations
 employ the same policy abroad4  ,only  
we do not feel it necessary to describe 
the unity in terms of  personality4 ,the
 conception of organization will serve  
to explain the  unity we find in the    
nation4 ,what the organization is like  
is further  to appear4    ,an indication
 that a great people forms a unit is the
 fact that it is a  growth4 ,the ties   
that bind the nation together are1 in a 
larger sphere1  very much like those    

that bind together the family and the   
tribe4 ,the  ties of kinship were likely
 the first that bound together          
associations  of men4 ,perhaps what     
first appeared was an undifferentiated  
horde4 ,but  at least the family must   
have been the first of any close        
associations  of men4 ,the great        
majority of students are united on this 
point4  ,mc,dougall says3 8,primitive   
human society was probably a            
comparatively  small group of near blood
 relatives40#afh ,green says1 8,every   
form of  right first appeared within    
societies founded on kinship1 these     
being  naturally the societies within   
which the constraining conception of a  
common well being is first              
operative40#afi ,sumner's words reflect 
his  view3 8,the kin tie1 which had been
 the primitive mode of association  and 
coherence in groups1 began to break down
 in the sixth century1  ,b4 ,c41 in     
,greece4 ,it was superseded by the      
social tie of a common  religious faith 

and ritual4 ,the ,pythagorean and       
,orphic sects developed  this tie40#agj 
,the religious bond succeeded the kin   
tie in this case4  ,the well-knit state 
or polis seems to have come even later4 
,at any  rate1 civil units come later   
than kin units1 and grow out of them4   
,the  ,eskimos now have no civil        
organization outside of the family4 ,but
 it is  only in backward areas that no  
larger unit than that of the family has 
arisen4 ,a process of integration has   
been working1 and it is a process  which
 has resulted in nations4 ,spencer      
speaks on this point1 8444 ,in  the     
earliest stage of civilization1 when the
 repulsive force is strong  and the     
aggressive force weak1 only small       
communities are possible2  a            
modification of character causes these  
tribes1 and satrapies1  and gentes and  
feudal lordships1 and clans1 to coalesce
 into  nations40#aga ,friction and      
growing interests between families would
  in some cases draw them together into 

a tribe2 the same process would  draw   
tribes into a nation4 ,the conception   
that holds these societies  together is 
that of a common well-being4 ,but the   
conception first arose  in a natural    
group1 the family1 and was gradually    
extended through the  tribe and up to   
the nation4 ,green points out that while
 force has been  used in the formation  
of states1 8it has only formed states as
 it has  operated in and through a      
pre-existing medium of political1 or    
tribal1  or family rights40#agb ,a      
people is a natural product of natural  
forces4 ,it at least is not an          
artificial creation4    ,now a nation is
 formed when a people is organized under
 an institution1  a state4 ,what of the 
state8 ,is it an artificial creation8   
,it is charged  that states come to be  
ends in themselves1 cut themselves off  
from the  people1 and cause wars over   
artificial values4    ,some             
philosophers1 those who uphold the high 
sovereignty of the  state1 in capital   

letters1 really identify the state with 
the nation4  ,if this view be accepted  
the whole case of the critics of the    
state  as artificial is1 of course1 at  
once disposed of4 ,but the state is  not
 identical with the nation4 ,a state may
 embrace several nations4  ,the ,british
 empire is such a super-national state4 
,the state is an  institutional         
organization4 ,and yet there is good    
ground upon which to  maintain that the 
state is not an artificial creation4 ,as
 a people is  a growth so also is the   
state4 ,it is true1 as is sometimes     
asserted1  that states can be made in a 
day and that there can be artificial    
states1 that is1 states not resting upon
 a homogeneous people1 but it  is not   
true that the state was made in a day4  
,as a people1 the raw  material of a    
nation1 grew out of the family and tribe
 units1 so the  state which is the      
institution of a people1 grew out of the
 political  institutions of the family  
and the tribe4 ,the first institutions  

of  men1 as for instance that of the    
family1 were probably the result  of    
natural unreflective coperation4 ,they  
resulted almost as do the  effects of a 
natural law4 ,the actions which gave    
rise to them were in  a way like the    
tropisms of primitive organisms4        
8,genuinely primitive  association must 
have been blind1 without forethought of 
advantage  to those participating40#agc 
,upon these unreflective associations   
states grew1 also without forethought on
 the whole1 although some  reflection no
 doubt entered into the process4        
,spencer says1 8,men did  not           
deliberately establish political        
arrangements1 but grew into them        
unconsciously--probably had no          
conception of an associated condition   
until they found themselves in it40#agd 
,men did not go about it  deliberately  
to form a state as represented in the   
contract theory  of ,hobbes1 but waked  
up to find they were in a state which   
had grown  out of their actions in      

pursuance of satisfaction for their     
needs4  ,the state did not precede man's
 political character1 but arose out of  
it4 ,men recognized common rights and   
duties1 and the state arose in  their   
efforts to safeguard and give expression
 to them4 ,thus ,green  says1 8,the     
state1 or the sovereign as a            
characteristic institution of  the      
state1 does not create rights1 but gives
 fuller reality to rights  already      
existing4 ,it secures and extends the   
exercise of powers1 which  men1         
influenced in dealing with each other by
 an idea of common good1  had recognized
 in each other as capable of direction  
to that common  good1 and had already in
 a certain measure secured to each other
 in  consequence of that                
recognition40#age    ,the maturity of   
nations has come in the modern period4  
,likewise  patriotism1 in the strong    
degree in which we know it1 is          
comparatively  modern4 ,the ,united     
,states1 ,germany1 ,italy are modern    

states4 ,tribal  loyalty was once the   
strongest bond4 ,but the tribe settled  
down to and  came to rule a definite    
extent of territory4 ,localized tribes  
formed  small units of government4 ,the 
government was not the representative   
of the will of the whole people1 but    
expressed the will of the man or  small 
group of men strong enough to possess   
the seat of authority4  ,gradually      
government became more representative4  
,in time small states  arose4 ,there    
were such city-states as ,athens4 ,these
 small states did  not organize all the 
people of the same race as those under  
their  jurisdiction4 ,and when they were
 enlarged by conquest1 they were        
representative of only a comparatively  
small group near the seat of            
government4 ,all conquests were ruled   
from the outside and from the  height of
 superior power4 ,this power became     
capable of tremendous  extension4 ,the  
city of ,rome became ruler of a large   
empire4 ,then ensued  the medival period

 in which the notion of catholicity was 
dominant1  and in whose political       
thinking the all-inclusive and sovereign
 empire  was the ideal4 ,the period of  
nationalism had not yet come4 ,the      
empires  of ,rome and of ,charlemagne   
were not nations4 ,their strength       
depended  not upon the spirit of the    
whole1 but upon the existence of a      
strong  force at the center4 ,the fact  
should be noted that the dialectic      
toward nationalism has not been in a    
simple straight line4 ,sometimes  there 
have been cases of dissolution on the   
part of large and strong  integrations  
of government4 ,but on the whole there  
is a pretty clear  movement toward      
larger and larger governmental          
integrations1 and these  integrations   
have in the main been forced to follow  
the building up of  peoples4 ,the       
medival empires fell4 ,the papacy became
 distrusted as a  corrupt and tyrannical
 foreign power4 ,the bloody chaos of    
feudalism  became unbearable4 ,the      

,crusades acquainted men with others who
 were  like or unlike themselves4 ,the  
,renaissance heightened the emotions of 
men1 and prepared the soil for          
nationalistic passion4 ,peoples became  
welded together1 and at the beginning of
 the modern period nations  emerged     
which took up into themselves the       
feudalistic establishments  and         
city-states which had flourished during 
the ,middle ,ages4 ,these  nations met  
the needs of men1 and persisted4 ,they  
entrenched  themselves1 and gathered    
force4 ,thus they came to the beginning 
of  the nineteenth century when the     
spirit of nationalism was fanned  into a
 consuming flame by the wars of         
,napoleon1 and when again the           
nationalistic passion was ministered to 
by the romantic movement which  aroused 
once more the emotional side of human   
nature4 ,the crowning  height of the    
process has been reached at the present 
time when the  ,great ,war has made     
nationalistic loyalty the ruling passion

 of mankind4    ,a state1 then1 is the  
outgrowth of the life of a people4 ,the 
people is  a growth1 and the state is an
 institution which has grown along with 
the people4 ,therefore it would seem as 
if there were good indications  for     
calling each of them real4    ,what     
makes a nation8 ,the elements of a      
nation show both objective  reality and 
inner unity4 ,there are1 roughly1 three 
things which  enter into the makeup of a
 country4 ,the first of these is a      
people  with a common language1 customs1
 traditions1 history1 and land with  its
 associations4 ,sometimes religion has  
been an element4 ,in the  case of       
cultured peoples1 literature has also   
been such4 8,the dawn  of ,english      
nationality coincided with the dawn of a
 truly ,english  literature40#agf ,we   
have already seen how such a people     
grows4 ,it is a  natural group2 it is   
based on instinctive association and the
 stress of  the struggle for existence4 
,the instincts of patriotism are        

themselves  instrumental in forming the 
objective basis of patriotism4 ,they    
make  for the solidarity of a people4   
,this people doesn't have to belong to  
one race1 for it may be made up of a    
fusion of races4 ,there may be  a       
diversity of classes and interests      
within the nation4 ,it does not  have to
 be absolutely homogeneous1 for only a  
very small group indeed  could be such4 
,similars do not constitute a nation4 ,a
 country is a  qualitative individual4  
,a unity can be obtained in diverse     
elements4  ,the things that have been   
named seem to be sufficient to weld     
together  such a unity1 a people4 ,a    
people is an objective reality1 and one 
of  the bases of a nation4    ,the      
second element is an organization1 an   
institution1 in other words1  a state4  
,the ,poles have a common language1     
customs1 traditions1 and  land1 but they
 have no government of their own1 and do
 not form a  nation4 ,a nation comes    
into being when a state is formed by a  

people4  ,the state1 if a true one1     
grows out of the life of the people1 and
 is  to the people what the body is to  
the soul4 ,the state and the people     
form a unity4 ,moreover1 the institution
 is just as real as the people  and     
their desires1 and with the people forms
 the objective basis of a  nation4      
,the third element is that of a common  
consciousness4 ,this is built upon  and 
implied in the conditions already named4
 ,a people and a state are  both        
external and internal facts4 ,the raw   
material of which they are  formed is   
external and objective4 ,but that raw   
material does not come  to its full     
meaning until there is added to it a    
consciousness in which  it is taken up  
in unity4 ,there would really be no     
unified people and  no state1 as the    
expression of united political life1 in 
spite of the  external elements which   
are necessary to the being of people and
 state1  unless there existed in the    
individuals' minds a common             

consciousness  or consciousness of      
community4 ,the very existence of a     
common language  testifies to the       
existence of a common consciousness1 as 
do common  customs1 traditions1 history1
 literature1 and ideals4 ,a land even is
  something which a people possesses1   
and which furnishes a common bond       
between the individuals of the group4   
,there was a time when the land  was    
literally a common possession1 in the   
sense that there was no  private        
property1 but ownership is not the only 
way in which a people  can have a common
 interest in the land2 there may be many
 associations  besides that of common   
ownership connected with it4 ,esthetic  
appreciation is one of them4 ,affection 
for the scenes of childhood is  another4
 ,esenwein1 in describing the art of    
,gogol1 the ,russian author1  uses the  
following phrases3 8,rarely do power and
 delicacy unite in a  stylist as they do
 in ,gogol4 ,for the one power1 we may  
find an origin  in his love for the     

sun-steeped and snow-blown plains of his
 native  ,cossack country44440#agg ,what
 gifted writers have felt other more    
common folk have felt also4    ,these   
things1 then1 imply a common            
consciousness4 ,this consciousness is  a
 recognition and ratification of        
existing interrelationships1 and such  a
 community of thought and feeling and   
will is fundamentally important  in the 
unity of a nation4 8,no mere interaction
 will constitute a social  relation4    
,nor yet an interaction of otherwise    
self-conscious agents4  ,not merely must
 each agent know himself1 he must know  
the others4444  ,unless there be on both
 sides a perfect consciousness of self  
and of  other1 and of the relations of  
self and other--in a word1 perfect      
mutual understanding--there will be1 so 
far1 no completely social  relation4 ,a 
social relation is a self-conscious     
relation4444 ,in other  words1 society  
is constituted by mutual                
understanding40#agh ,this  understanding

 is that which enables the group to act 
as one4 8,through  this mutual knowledge
 the group1 like the individual1 is     
enabled  to assert itself as an         
independent force40#agi ,mazzini        
understood  that the unity of a country 
rested upon a sense of oneness in the   
minds of the people3 8,country is not a 
mere zone of territory4 ,the  true      
country is the ,idea to which it gives  
birth2 it is the thought  of love1 the  
sense of communion which unites in one  
all the sons of  that territory40#ahj   
,here we get a suggestion regarding the 
unity  of ,switzerland4 ,it is1 in large
 part1 a unity in idea4 ,that is not    
saying that it has no objective basis4  
,the ,swiss have a common land and      
other bonds of oneness4 ,but the        
strongest bond seems to be that of a    
conception of common welfare4 ,the unity
 of ,switzerland has1 of course1  been  
stimulated from without4 ,one of the    
most potent reasons for ,swiss  unity is
 that of necessity for defence4 ,they   

must be one to preserve  their freedom4 
,but the fact is that whatever the      
stimulus was1 whatever  the difficulties
 that stood in the way1 however diverse 
the original  materials may have been1  
the ,swiss are now one in the beliefs of
 the  individual members of the nation1 
and that feeling of communion is        
actually unity in fact4    ,it is true1 
then1 that in one way the essence of an 
institution is in  idea4 8,perhaps the  
,identical1 in this matter of groups1 is
 neither a  real person nor a nominalist
 fiction4 ,let us call it an            
idea44440#aha  ,all true unity is really
 contributed by the mind4 ,the external 
falls  apart1 and becomes a mere        
congeries and not a unity when not held 
together in idea4 ,the external elements
 form the materials for a unity2  they  
make up the basis of an institution2    
they aid in giving rise to a  common    
consciousness2 but it is the common     
consciousness itself that is  the       
essence of the unity4 ,in this way the  

will to individuality as an  inner fact 
will in turn make for individuality in  
objective reality4  ,only1 it should be 
noted on the other hand1 when the unity 
is based on  external grounds1 it is not
 a mere fiction1 and is not left up in  
the  air4    ,to have a common          
consciousness1 the individuals of a     
group do not have  to be acquainted by  
sense experience with all their land or 
its people4  ,imagination and sympathy  
are means by which men feel themselves  
one of  a society and parts of an       
institution4 ,and if1 even after        
imagination  and sympathy have come to  
one's help1 a country and its ideals are
 said  to be abstract and vague1 even   
so1 it is such abstract things that     
become a cause1 and it is such vague    
ideals that have the greatest  motive   
power4 ,they possess us4 ,we think with 
them rather than of them1  and they     
become a spirit in which we approach all
 things4 ,it is not  necessary that we  
should have an exact formula of them in 

order to make  them real4 ,realities do 
not only then come to exist when we have
 a  clear-cut formula for them1 nor do  
ideas first have being when they are    
put into formal expression4    ,one     
quest of men has been1 consciously or   
unconsciously1 to create  for themselves
 a unified world4 ,in doing this they   
have1 among other  things1 formed       
themselves into nations4 ,nations have  
met their needs1  and helped them to    
feel at home in their world4 ,countries 
are real1 and  come close home4 ,with   
this in mind we can appreciate the      
feeling of  the traveler abroad who has 
a sense of the wholeness of his         
home-land  and longs for it4 ,the       
following quotation is an illustration  
of this  feeling at the same time that  
it catalogues some of the elements that 
go into the makeup of a country4 8,every
 time his passport is presented1  every 
time he enters a new dominion or crosses
 a new frontier1 every  time he is      
delayed at the custom-house1 or         

questioned by a policeman1  or          
challenged by a sentinel1 every time he 
is perplexed by a new  language1 or     
puzzled by a new variety of coinage or  
currency1--he  thanks his ,god with     
fresh fervency that through all the     
length  and breadth of that land1 beyond
 the swelling floods1 which he is       
privileged and proud to call his own    
land1 there is a common language1  a    
common currency1 a common ,constitution1
 common laws and liberties1 a  common   
inheritance of glory from the past1 and1
 if it be only true to  itself1 a common
 destiny of glory for the future60#ahb  
,is there anything to indicate that the 
organizing principles of a  nation are  
permanently necessary ones8 ,the        
ultimate existence and value  of        
patriotism will be involved in the      
answer to that question4 ,is  patriotism
 called for by the fundamental order of 
reality8    ,one of the essential       
centers of life is a community1 a       
neighborhood1  those who live near      

enough to one another that the interests
 of their  lives are closely interwoven 
by the fact of association in space4    
,this  would seem to be a self-evident  
proposition4 ,mazzini hit the truth when
  he said that mankind had been placed  
in groups or nuclei upon the face  of   
the earth4 ,the community is an         
irreducible minimum of association      
among mankind4 ,it is a permanent       
association1 and the sentiments that    
grow out of it will be permanent4 ,there
 is true reason why one of the          
fundamental virtues is that of being a  
good neighbor4 ,and ,veblen was  right  
in saying1 8,even with no patriotism1   
love of country1 and use  and wont as it
 runs in one's home area and among one's
 own people1  would not pass40#ahc      
,patriotism seems to be vitally         
connected with a  permanent sentiment1  
community spirit4    ,a community is    
attached to the soil4 ,it has its basis 
in a local area4  ,that is what makes a 
community4 ,in other words1 it is       

organized upon  the geographical        
principle4 ,the geographical principle  
is one of the  permanently necessary    
principles of human association4 ,now a 
nation  is so associated4 ,a country    
must have a territory1 and it is the    
only  institution of which this can be  
said4 8,a nation 444 is primarily a     
group of men and women related          
physically4444 ,the state represents not
  the common interests of those who are 
intellectual1 or musical1 or  religious1
 but chiefly the common interest of     
those who live in the  same             
district40#ahd ,patriotism is loyalty to
 one's native land4 ,at  least one      
fundamental principle of a country is a 
permanent one1 the  geographical        
principle4 ,we have here a suggestion as
 to why the soil  is so important in    
patriotism4 ,patriotism is nourished by 
the soil4  ,the soil not only is what   
sustains the vital economic interests of
  those who live upon it1 but is the    
basis of the existence of the nation    

itself4 ,without the land1 and land is  
country1 there would be no  patriotism4 
,there has arisen of late the contention
 that it would be better  to do away    
with the geographical principle of      
government4 ,russell  says1 8,there is  
no reason why all governmental units    
should be  geographical40#ahe ,it is    
felt that if geographical frontiers were
  destroyed the cause of peace would be 
furthered4 8,when civil war breaks  out 
in a country1 no real fighting is       
possible until the contending  factions 
are organized on separate               
territory40#ahf ,it is worse when       
trouble with another country arises4    
8,in domestic affairs we live  with and 
know the men who disagree with us2 in   
foreign affairs the  opposition lives   
behind a frontier1 and probably speaks a
 different  language40#ahg ,but it is   
not clear that we shall gain anything by
  heeding these suggestions to          
obliterate national frontiers4 ,the     
substitute planned is that of           

syndicalistic organizations4 ,but under 
such an arrangement frontiers would be  
infinitely multiplied4 ,men of          
conflicting loyalties and interests     
would be in touch everywhere4 ,it  would
 simply be an exchange of one antagonism
 for another4 ,and class  wars would be 
no better than nationalistic wars4 ,it  
would be no better  to have class       
against class than nation against       
nation4 ,so what we come  back to is    
governmental organization upon the      
geographical principle4  ,and this means
 that we come back to some such unit as 
the nation4 ,and  why not8 ,environment 
makes people alike1 and to have a       
homogeneous  people is one of the       
necessities of a successful government4 
,moreover1  we must form an attachment  
somewhere1 else live entirely alone4    
,and it  is right to begin where we are4
      8,god gave all men all earth to   
love1      ,but since our hearts are    
small1    ,ordained for each one spot   
should prove      ,beloved over all40   

,we have said that the territorial      
arrangement is an inescapable  one in   
government1 and that the community is a 
unit below which we  cannot go4 ,but    
there cannot help but be interests      
growing up between  communities4 ,and   
historically these interests have led to
 association  of communities4 ,rivalry  
and friction arise4 ,war follows4 ,the  
medival  city-states fought with one    
another4 ,new ,york and ,new ,jersey are
  rivals2 the writer recalls one        
occasion when ,new ,jersey was          
threatening  suit against ,new ,york for
 befouling the ,hudson ,river4 ,the only
  safeguard against internecine warfare 
between communities is a more           
comprehensive power4 ,so a larger unit  
grows4 ,and these units must be  still  
further integrated4 ,the process will   
not stop until it comes to  the nation  
with its government1 the state4 ,how    
much further it will go  will be        
disclosed by future events4    ,is the  
state a permanently necessary           

institution8 ,the principle of          
integration embodied in the state is a  
fundamental one4 ,it is the  principle  
of coperation for coperation4 ,the good 
of any institution  is that of          
coperation for some end4 ,the primary   
end of the state is  that of coperation 
itself4 ,its purpose is that of enabling
 men to live  and work together in      
peace4 ,loyalty to the national group is
 loyalty to  the principle of human     
coperation4 ,the most valuable thing    
about the  state is not that it does    
this or that1 but that it gets men      
working  together4 ,it provides the     
setting for further cooperation4 ,in its
  protection against enemies either     
within or without the group1 it is      
acting to keep the coperation of the    
members of the group from being         
interfered with4    ,thus it will be    
seen that the state is essentially a    
peace unit4 ,there  are those who deny  
this4 ,there are two theories of the    
state4 ,one is  that it is a peace unit4

 ,the other is that it is a war unit4   
,it is1  according to this latter view1 
organized for the waging of war4        
,because  of this latter view there has 
been of late a great deal of opposition 
to and criticism of the state4 ,it is   
alleged that all the other things       
besides fighting which the state once   
did have been taken over by other       
agencies better fitted to do them1 and  
that really the only thing which  the   
state now has as its purpose is that of 
declaring and making war4  ,the citizens
 coperate in the state only when they   
have a fight on with  another state4    
,but it may be replied that it is hardly
 fair to charge  all our troubles in war
 to the state4 ,wars have been waged    
where there  was no state in the modern 
sense2 they have been carried on by     
other  agencies than states2 and states 
have lived together peaceably4 ,savage  
individuals1 savage tribes1 feudal      
barons have all fought4 ,race riots     
have given vent to hatred4              

,representatives of labor and capital   
have  fought pitched battles4 ,the      
,united ,states and ,canada have lived  
side  by side without ever having found 
it necessary to declare war or even     
fortify the frontier4    ,and the state 
is really a peace unit4 ,it exists      
primarily for the  purpose of keeping   
order within the area of its            
jurisdiction4 ,it  becomes apparent here
 how some of the beliefs of patriotism  
are  well-founded4 ,the state is needed 
as the protector of one's self4  ,in the
 ,middle ,ages1 in the absence of any   
other agency to provide  protection1    
there grew up voluntary associations1   
founded and operated  usually by        
warriors1 and called regna1 whose       
business it was to keep  the peace4     
,here was an attempt to do the work of  
the state4 ,but the  attempt failed1 and
 there are now no such organizations4   
,one would not  miss the mark far in    
hazarding the opinion that they failed  
because  they did not represent a peace 

unit composed of an integrated people   
occupying a given extent of territory4  
,what has been said here would  indicate
 that what we need to do is so to extend
 the integration of  society that the   
whole world will be a peace unit4 ,the  
whole problem of  keeping peace should  
be made an internal problem4 ,there     
should be no  foes without4    ,the     
state is the ultimate protector of all  
the values of life4 ,the  citizen was   
right when he believed that his earthly 
salvation depended  upon his state4 ,the
 state itself does not usually furnish  
the goods  of life1 although it does on 
occasion furnish them4 ,that is not its 
primary business4 ,it does not even     
guarantee the goods of life4 ,much1  of 
course1 depends upon the individual     
himself4 ,but the just state  does      
ultimately protect the individual in all
 rightful opportunities  in which he as 
an individual or in voluntary           
association with others  cannot protect 
himself4 ,the civilized life itself at  

present depends  upon the state4 ,the   
very word 8civilization0 is derived from
 a term  meaning 8state40 ,it is that   
which is possible where there is a      
settled  order provided by the state4   
,one can imagine what the state means if
  he pictures himself at the fringe of  
civilization where he would miss  the   
many values of life which the state     
makes possible4 ,the state does  its    
work for the most part noiselessly1 but 
it is just because it is so  efficient  
that it is so noiseless4 ,we are not    
conscious of its working1  and therefore
 assume that it is otiose4 ,but it is   
with us all the time1  and providing the
 opportunity for all the values of life4
 ,the state  is a kind of second nature 
which does not guarantee happy living1  
but  offers the opportunities for such a
 life4    ,the state does1 however1 go  
beyond its primary purpose4 ,it has not1
  as a matter of fact1 been restricted  
purely to acting the part of  policeman 
or night-watchman4 ,philosophers have   

disputed a good deal  about the         
functions of the state4 ,but when all is
 said and done it has  been found       
necessary for the state to engage in    
some activities which  were not purely  
those of providing protection1 but were 
designed to  promote positively the     
general welfare4 ,the state truly1 as   
,aristotle  said1 even though it has    
originated in the bare needs of life1   
has  continued for the sake of the good 
life4 ,the state strives to aid  men in 
a positive way4 ,some community         
interests thought to be in  the province
 of the state are those of education1   
transportation1  communication1         
sanitation1 taxation1 and the           
maintenance of economic  justice4 ,and  
this positive character of the state's  
functions renders  patriotism all the   
more strongly entrenched4    ,as already
 has been intimated1 syndicalistic      
organizations are being  put forward as 
rivals of the state4 ,industry is one of
 the chief  interests of men1 and is    

especially virulent at the present time4
  ,there are those who would organize   
society according to occupation4  ,and  
when society was completely organized in
 this way there would be1  so it is     
thought1 no further excuse for the      
existence of the state4  ,all the       
legitimate common concerns of men would 
be taken care of by  syndicalistic      
organizations4 ,the economic arguments  
for or against  syndicalism are of      
secondary importance in this connection2
 the point  of interest is that which   
bears on syndicalism as a principle of  
government4 ,graham ,wallas has studied 
these questions4 ,he points to  the     
medival experience under the guild      
system4 ,he says that quarrels  between 
the crafts were rife1 as were quarrels  
between the craftsmen  and the          
merchants2 that the people hated        
strangers as well as the  police2 that  
the public health was neglected2 and    
that the cities  found it impossible to 
keep order in their own streets during a

 trade  dispute4#ahh ,the fact is that  
the growth of power on the part of      
,labor  and ,capital and the conflicts  
arising because of that power render the
  state more necessary rather than less 
so4    ,there is a true sense in which  
the state embodies the general will4    
,it is1 in the area of its jurisdiction1
 the representatives not of a  class1   
but of all the people living in that    
area4 ,it is the repository  of the     
collective will of its citizens4        
,therefore1 it is fitted to  keep the   
peace1 and to be for the purpose of     
keeping peace1 the user  of force4 ,the 
cry has been raised1 8,why is the state 
armed8 ,no other  institution feels it  
necessary to be equipped with an        
armament40 ,but  the truth is that it is
 just because the state is armed that no
 other  institution needs to be4 ,one   
police force is enough4 ,we shall always
  need the state to keep other          
institutions in harmony4 ,and           
institutions  which exist for other     

purposes than that of the maintenance of
 law and  order will have to submit to  
regulation by the state for the sake of 
law and order4 ,it will be the state's  
business1 among other things1 to        
maintain a democracy of institutions4   
,the state1 because of the generality of
 its character1 plays an  important role
 in federating the loyalties of men4    
,economic interests1  religious         
interests1 and so on1 do not exhaust the
 catalogue of human  activities4 ,each  
individual will have touch with other   
individuals with  whom he would not     
outside the state be organized in any   
institution4  ,one may have a neighbor  
who is of another trade or church4 ,the 
state  brings one into a common life    
with his neighbors4 ,the state's        
character  as a power helps it to occupy
 this role as federator of loyalties4   
,it  is back of all the institutions of 
life2 it sustains them4 ,consequently   
the loyalties given to the other        
institutions tend to head up in the     

state4 ,it is a universal1 too1 because 
its unifying principle1 that of  space1 
is so universal4 ,such a principle is   
very general1 and may be  empty unless  
enriched by many differentiations within
 itself2 the life  that it unifies may  
be very meagre without those            
differentiations1 but  generality is    
akin to universality1 and just because  
the principle is  so general1 it may act
 as a unifier of many in one4 ,a loyalty
 that  shall be an organizer of all     
loyalties is needed4 ,for the           
individual1  even after he is a member  
of all the voluntary organizations to   
which  he is eligible1 there ought to be
 that which will unify his whole  life4 
,so likewise there ought to be that     
which will unify the whole  of mankind4 
,the state and the church seem to be the
 only institutions  which in ideal are  
capable of achieving these results4 ,and
 at the  present time we seem nearer a  
universal political than religious      
unification of mankind4 ,human nature is

 a long way from being ready to  warrant
 putting one's trust in it as the       
guarantee of peace and justice  because 
each human being loves his neighbor as  
himself4 ,at any rate1  the state will  
have a fundamental purpose as an        
integration of mankind  for so long a   
time to come that it may be said to be  
permanently  necessary4 ,the character  
of the state as being the condition of  
all the  values of civilized life1 the  
embodiment of the general will1 and the 
federator of human loyalties1 throws    
light upon the phenomenon that  when the
 state calls the individual every other 
loyalty must go4    ,the state seems    
still to be entitled to its place in the
 sun4 ,but we  must keep ourselves at   
the point where we can criticize our    
political  loyalties4 ,some states on   
occasion need reform4 ,the morality of  
nations  must be criticized4 ,states    
have grown in response to the needs of  
human  beings4 ,they must be kept       
subservient to those needs4 ,the state  

is not  divine4 ,there is no divine     
right of kings1 and there is no divine  
right  of states1 except as these       
institutions meet the real needs of real
  human beings4 ,the state has justified
 its existence1 but that doesn't  mean  
that the existence of any particular    
kind of state is justified4    ,in other
 words1 patriotism seems to be          
necessitated by the fundamental  order  
of reality4 ,its existence is justified4
 ,patriotism is essentially  a          
fundamental human good4 ,but that fact  
doesn't justify all that is  found in   
patriotism4 ,consequently1 the problem  
is not only to evaluate  patriotism as  
an essential ideal1 but also to         
criticize the faults and  virtues of its
 different forms4 ,something of that    
criticism will be the  effort of the    
concluding chapter4          ,,chapter  
,x    ,,the ,,ethical ,,value ,,of      
,,patriotism ,,in ,,the ,,concrete      
,patriotism serves a necessary purpose1 
and is therefore a fundamental  human   

good4 ,in some form it is existentially 
necessary4 ,the problem of  patriotism  
now becomes1 then1 8,what is its form to
 be80 ,for patriotism  as it actually   
appears in persons and nations is not   
all good4 ,it may  be1 as an individual 
possession1 morally colorless4 ,there   
are barnacles  attached to the ship of  
state4 ,zimmermann made a keen remark   
when he  said1 8,the love of one's      
country1 however extolled1 is1 in many  
cases1  no more than the love of an ass 
for its stall40#ahi ,it may be either   
noble or narrow4 ,there is a higher and 
lower patriotism4 ,it depends  on how it
 expresses itself4 ,before the ethical  
value of nationalistic  loyalty can be  
fully determined it must be looked at in
 its concrete  forms4 ,the varying      
motives and effects of patriotism must  
be considered4    ,why is patriotism    
noble8 ,the reason why it has been      
popularly extolled  is that it is a form
 of unselfishness4 ,there is hardly     
another cause  in the world today that  

calls forth such heroic self-sacrifice  
as the  cause of one's country4 ,royce  
included the state among the causes     
that have organized men in unselfish    
devotion4 ,he said1 8444 we have        
certain human activities that do now    
already tend to the impersonal          
organization of the life of those       
engaged in them4 ,such activities  are  
found in the work of art1 in the pursuit
 of truth1 and in genuine  public       
spirit4 ,beauty1 ,knowledge1 and the    
,state1 are three ideal  objects that do
 actually claim from those who serve    
them harmony1  freedom from selfishness1
 and a wholly impersonal devotion40#aij 
,and  unselfishness is one of the       
fundamental human virtues4 ,it makes the
  individual himself a better man1 and  
is most certainly needed in the         
structure of society4    ,patriotism has
 the tendency to make men idealists4 ,it
 is hard enough to  get men's thoughts  
off of purely material things1 and      
whatever can draw  their devotion to an 

ideal cause is1 so far1 worth while4    
,patriotism has made for coperation     
among men4 ,the primary purpose  of the 
state is that of coperation1 that is1 of
 making it possible  for men            
successfully to live together4 ,that1 on
 the face of it1  is a noble purpose4   
,and the state has actually secured a   
larger  range of coperation than what   
had been attained before it4 ,it has    
secured a wider range of peace4 ,it is a
 larger peace unit4 ,hence1  the state  
as an integration of men is a gain1 and 
is not1 if it is  avoidable1 to be      
destroyed4 ,it would not1 for instance1 
be a gain  to condemn even ,germany to  
destruction as long as any other mode of
  treatment is possible4 ,of course this
 argument assumes that the state  is    
indispensable as an institution for the 
integration of mankind4  ,but it really 
is indispensable4 ,an irreducible unit  
of society is  a community--those living
 in close contact in some given limited 
territory4 ,hence1 the territorial      

principle is an inescapable one in  the 
organization of society4 ,and1 if so1   
communities will1 by their  conflicts1  
if by nothing else1 be organized into   
states4 ,that is what  has happened4 ,no
 organization of society on any other   
plan is likely to  find it possible to  
dispense with the state4 ,and now1 if   
the state is  so necessary and valuable 
in the organization of society1         
patriotism as  a force that preserves   
the state and its benefits is of value  
to men4    ,but the relations of        
patriotism to war and internationalism  
are now  its most crucial problems4 ,it 
is often argued that while patriotism   
has done and does what is claimed for   
it1 it has in large measure  outlived   
its usefulness1 and is a prolific source
 of the world's  greatest troubles at   
the present time in that it makes for   
jealousy1  conflict1 and war4           
,patriotism is said to be divisive1 when
 thought of  in world terms4 ,hasn't it1
 therefore1 outlived its usefulness1 and

  isn't it time to entrust the keeping  
of the coperation of men to a  still    
larger institution that shall be        
worldwide1 and thus avoid the  conflicts
 of the present8 ,the feeling that      
prompts this argument is  embodied in   
the following words3 8444 a striking    
factor in today's  thinking is the      
perception of the immoral consequences  
of patriotism4  ,we see that while      
devotion to country entails the final   
sacrifice of  self1 it entails also the 
most inhumane sacrifice of others4 ,we  
have  not yet been able to think the    
matter out4 ,distraught1 we reverence   
the  men who are dying for their        
separate flags and strain our eyes      
beyond  the battlefields for the        
oriflamme of internationalism40#aia ,it 
is  evident that when countries go to   
war1 all cannot be right1 and that  fact
 puts the patriots of some country in a 
false position4 ,one cannot  take simply
 the attitude of uncritical patriotism4 
,the good man and  the good patriot are 

not necessarily one and the same4 ,if   
the contrary  were true1 then neither we
 nor the ,germans would have any moral  
grounds  upon which to be indignant at  
one another4 ,not all causes become just
  simply for the reason that one's      
country chooses to defend them4         
,aristotle called attention to the fact 
of varying governments in the  world1   
and drew the following conclusion3 8,if1
 then1 there are many  forms of         
government1 it is evident that the      
virtue of the good citizen  cannot be   
the one perfect virtue4 ,but we say that
 a good man is he who  has perfect      
virtue4 ,hence1 it is evident that the  
good citizen need  not of necessity     
possess the virtue which makes a good   
man40#aib ,a  larger view than that of  
uncritical patriotism is therefore      
needed1 and  the critic says that such  
is just what the patriot cannot be      
expected  to attain4 ,the critic makes  
the charge that the coperation that has 
been gained in patriotism is an         

obstruction in the way of attaining a   
larger coperation4 ,patriotism1 in other
 words1 is not a proper force  for      
saving the world4 ,for one thing1 it    
contents a man with his own  country2   
the patriot doesn't strive for any      
higher organization of men1  and so the 
spirit of progress is deadened4         
,moreover1 so the critic  sometimes     
says1 patriotism is simply a coperation 
for conflict4 ,it is  setting men at    
each other's throats4    ,it will have  
to be admitted first of all that        
patriotism may be the  kind of force    
that its critic describes it to be4 ,and
 if it were  irrevocably and wholly     
committed to be such a spirit1 one would
 have  to pass an unfavorable verdict   
upon it4 ,whatever its benefits might   
otherwise be1 the world would not       
tolerate it1 if that meant to be        
forever confronted with the possibility 
of another conflict such as the  present
 one4 ,it may1 however1 be pleaded that 
the present internecine  conflict of    

patriots is not a permanent condition of
 mankind4 ,it is  a stage through which 
the race is having to pass in its       
development  towards world-wide         
organization4 ,and it is not altogether 
strange that  in the process1 patriotism
 should be a temporary difficulty1 just 
as  family1 clan1 and provincial pride  
once were4 ,the factors making for a    
world integration have not yet fully    
found themselves1 and of course1  are   
not adequate for the job of overcoming  
the prejudices of patriots4  ,moreover1 
it is natural for any stage of progress 
gained to be a bar  to further progress4
 ,each stage has to be sharply and      
definitely  conceived in order to be    
reached1 but that in turn makes it a bar
 to  further development4 ,the vision of
 the next step simply doesn't come      
easily to men's minds4 ,moreover1 it is 
easy for them to take achieved  results 
as final4 ,those results have to be     
taken seriously1 if they are  to yield  
their full value4 ,and besides1 a stage 

of progress doesn't  know itself simply 
as a link in a single logical line of   
development2  it has many individual    
interests of its own1--interests which  
may  give it a tendency to fly out of   
what has been the line of progress4     
,other things1 too1 get mixed up with it
 that tend to pull it out of  its       
straight and narrow path4 ,patriotism   
has been mixed up with  and betrayed by 
junkeristic1 dynastic1 and profiteering 
interests4  ,patriotism itself surely   
should not have to bear the full blame  
for  the faults of those evil           
companions1 although patriotism1 it must
 be  admitted1 has been in bad company4 
,in the light of all the facts1 it      
seems most accurate to say that         
patriotism taken as a whole does offer  
difficulties in the way of welding men  
into larger peace units4 ,but  after all
 they are only difficulties1 and not    
impassable barriers4 ,they  are         
practical rather than theoretical1 not  
rational and necessary4 ,they  offer no 

grounds for a final condemnation of     
patriotism4    ,it does not seem to be  
fair1 at any rate1 to say that          
patriotism is  a disintegrating factor  
in world affairs4 ,there is no larger   
unit of  cooperation that it is breaking
 up4 ,and patriotism can claim for      
itself  that it has come in as a force  
making for larger groupings of men4 ,if 
patriotism were at one sudden blow      
stricken out of the world1 we should  be
 set backward rather than forward in the
 process of winning the  conditions of  
world peace4    ,patriotism cannot be   
set down as an ultimate enemy of peace  
on earth  and good will among men       
because it sometimes supports a war4    
,the  purpose of a state is not         
primarily that of waging war1 but that  
of  enabling men to live together in    
peace4 ,and correspondingly patriotism  
is not exclusively or mainly a          
war-waging virtue4 ,in fact1 it more    
commonly expresses itself as a peaceful 
and constructive public spirit4         

,patriotism1 as matters now stand1 is   
not likely to cause the opening  of     
hostilities1 although it will support a 
war which has already been  started4    
,and it is1 even in war1 usually a      
defensive rather than an  offensive     
attitude4 ,this is virtually proved by  
the fact that all the  belligerent      
countries have to make their peoples    
believe that they are  fighting a       
defensive war4 ,that is the way in which
 the martial spirit  of patriots has to 
be appealed to4 ,and it is a significant
 thing that  such is the case4 ,it      
indicates that the destruction of       
patriotism  is not necessary to the     
attainment of world peace1 but that the 
end  may be secured simply through the  
decay of the bellicose spirit4 ,as  a   
matter of fact1 the conscience of the   
world has already undergone  great      
changes with regard to war4 ,it is      
probable that the earliest  savage state
 was that of almost incessant warfare4  
,and in those days1  it wasn't necessary

 to find any pretext for opening        
hostilities4 ,the  sufficient reason for
 an attack was that the other group had 
something  that the party of the first  
part wanted4 ,the earliest stage of     
savage  and even civilized life1        
therefore1 was one in which wars could  
quite  uniformly be frankly wars of     
aggression4 ,the stage in which the     
present  generation seems to be living  
is that of 8wars of defense40 ,there are
  some signs that the next era will be  
that of peace4 ,the whole world  is     
getting tired of war1 and longing for   
internationalism4 ,and1 what  is new1   
these feelings are springing up all over
 the world at the  same time4 ,perhaps  
we are already in the transitional      
period4 ,at any  rate1 it does not seem 
to be quite accurate to charge that     
patriotism  is the first cause of wars  
in these days4 ,it is safe to say that  
the  populations of the world wanted    
peace in #aiad4 ,something else is the  
first cause of wars4 ,a dispute arises  

between two governments1 and            
patriotism1 to be sure1 adds fuel to the
 flames4 ,but patriotism in  itself is  
for the most part peaceful until it is  
fanned into fury4    ,but even if       
patriotism does go to war1 it is not    
simply for that to  be condemned without
 further ado4 ,the resistance that a    
nation offers  is often really a service
 to the cause of integration in the     
world4  ,for world coperation cannot be 
based upon world conquest4 ,that is  not
 the way to a broader unity4 ,and       
whoever opposes such conquest is  the   
friend of true unity4 ,there can be such
 a thing as an integration  on a        
thoroughly bad principle4 ,a robber band
 or a conscienceless  monopolistic      
8trust0 would be examples of just such  
an organization4  ,and there also may be
 a thoroughly unholy alliance in the    
political  realm4 ,it is just that which
 the spirit of patriotism is at the     
present time preventing4 ,world         
domination and world brotherhood are    

incompatible1 and that proposition right
 now just as truly has a  practical     
application1 although in a different    
way1 for those who  live west of the    
,rhine as for those who live on the     
other side4 ,if it  is wrong for        
,germany to build up a world-empire on  
the principle of  domination1 it is     
wrong for us to let her do it4          
,integration implies  a unity of        
differences4 ,there can1 then1 be no    
true integration  where significant     
differences are ignored4 ,and there will
 be no just  organization of all the    
peoples of the world where the          
individuality  of some of the parts is  
disregarded4 ,within the nation1 we     
demand that  the individuality of each  
unit be respected4 ,the pacifist makes  
that  demand for himself4 ,and it is    
just as much right that the             
individuality  of each nation should be 
respected in the community of which it  
is a  part4 ,the nation occupies the    
same position with regard to the world  

that the individual occupies with regard
 to the country4 ,similar rights  and   
similar duties may be claimed for both4 
,it is fair that the  same organizing   
principle should be applied on both the 
national and  international levels1     
namely1 unity in difference4    ,in     
other words1 the same principles of     
justice and liberty that must  guide    
within the nation must also be normative
 of the relations between  states4 ,the 
integration of a nation is one of will1 
and1 moreover1 one  of good will4 ,the  
same thing can be said of a world       
organization4  ,the permanent           
integration of the world will have to be
 upon the basis  of good will4 ,and that
 cannot have been accomplished where a  
great  many apparently within the fold  
are not in it at heart4 ,peace wouldn't 
necessarily mean good will or true      
integration4 ,if1 for instance1 we      
voluntarily surrendered to ,germany1 as 
the pacifists sometimes urge1  and      
showed good will on our part1 that      

wouldn't necessarily call forth  the    
same spirit on the part of ,germany4    
,their spirit might simply be  that of  
exaggerated egoism4 ,but on the other   
hand1 will it make for  good will to go 
on fighting ,germany8 ,in the long run1 
it seems to be  the way that is         
necessary to follow in order to bring   
her to a frame of  mind where she can be
 coperated with4    ,it is therefore not
 completely out of harmony with the     
cause of world  coperation that a state 
should sometimes go to war4 ,and the    
nation  itself has rights and duties4   
,it would not be any more morally good  
for a country to consent to its         
extinction or the serious crippling  of 
its individuality than it would be for  
the human individual to  commit suicide 
or incapacitate himself4 ,the state     
fights for its  individuality1 and      
individuality is a thing worth fighting 
for4 ,it is  right that each individual 
nation should have the privilege of     
living a  life of its own1 that is1 as  

long as it does not forfeit its         
privilege  by ignoring the rights of    
others4    ,the recognition of the      
tendencies and power of patriotism shut 
one  up to the conclusion that a world  
organization will have to be            
established along the lines of          
internationalism rather than those  of  
cosmopolitanism4 ,each group has its own
 consciousness which will  have to be   
taken into account4 ,wallas says that1  
8,in ,england the  #8particularism' of  
trades and professions and the racial   
feeling of  ,wales and ,ulster1 of      
,scotland or ,catholic ,ireland1 seem to
 be growing  stronger and not           
weaker40#aic ,it will be the same with  
patriotism  in a world organization4    
,the successful line of development in  
world  organization seems to be one in  
which the preceding stages are not      
wiped out1 but are preserved and made   
the basis of a new integration4         
,therefore1 it seems as if the next     
larger grouping or groupings of men     

will have to be joined onto nationalism4
 ,sumner stated a truth when he  said1  
8444 changes which run with the mores   
are easily brought about1  but 444      
changes which are opposed to the mores  
require long and patient  effort1 if    
they are possible at all40#aid ,if a    
reform is to be made in  the direction  
of a world integration1 it will1 if it  
wishes to succeed1  have to be joined   
onto patriotism4    ,but there are      
reasons why it is better that we should 
develop into  internationalism rather   
than cosmopolitanism4 ,the latter       
contains  fundamental dangers4 ,it makes
 too much for detachment1 aloofness1 and
  selfishness4 ,the ,stoics were an     
example of how cosmopolitanism passed   
into those things4 ,the eighteenth      
century was an 8age of ,reason0 which   
tended towards cosmopolitanism1 and it  
was a cosmopolitanism which  though     
enlightened was chill and abstract4     
,cosmopolitanism tends to  reduce all   
life to a mediocre type4 ,this danger is

 well pointed out in  the following     
words3 8,i believe largely in the       
comparative permanence  of what we call 
racial characteristics2 ,i sincerely    
hope they will not  be merged into a    
common humanity4444 ,nearly every group 
of peoples has  developed its own       
mentality1 its own psychology1 ideas and
 ideals4 ,we  need to preserve the      
difference between those ideas and      
ideals4 ,if you  merge them1 you get a  
common--a very common--humanity4 ,all   
progress  takes place in the reaction   
between extremes4 ,all philosophy has   
arisen  from a mixture of races which   
brought to one another different ideas  
and ideals40#aie ,the condition of      
progress is the preservation of         
national characteristics4 ,but1 what is 
even more important1 there are  in      
cosmopolitanism grave moral dangers     
involved4 ,g4 ,f4 ,barbour says3  8,the 
great meeting-places where the currents 
of ,oriental and ,occidental  life have 
come together have indeed produced a    

vivid and brilliant type  of life1 but  
hardly one that has been morally stable 
and sound40#aif  ,each side finds it    
easy to adopt the vices of the other1   
but not the  virtues1 and both sides are
 liable to become superficial4 ,the     
brilliant  but shallow and immoral life 
of ,corinth in the days of ,paul offers 
an  example4    ,the problem at the     
present time is to federate groups4     
,individuals have  already become       
unified4 ,but what sets the problem     
gives rise also to a  hope4 ,the        
existence of groups will prove an aid in
 the accomplishment  of world           
unification4 ,and the wise humanitarian 
will work through the  groups that      
already exist1 that is1 countries4      
,world cosmopolitanism would1 at least  
at present1 leave the individual  cold2 
he could not comprehend it1 and could   
not be intelligently loyal  to it4      
,hence1 in order to get effective       
sympathy and action among  men1 there   
must exist a group of the size and      

meaning that is able to  appeal to the  
individual4 ,there must be aroused      
something like what  ,royce called      
8provincialism40 ,provincialism might be
 interpreted in  one way as loyalty to  
that integration of men whose           
individuality  expressed the            
individuality of oneself4 ,and from it  
will be derived  dynamic for            
humanitarianism4 ,royce said that1 8444 
philanthropy that  is not founded upon a
 personal loyalty of the individual to  
his own  family and to his own personal 
duties is notoriously a worthless       
abstraction40#aig ,and the application  
was that 8the province will not  serve  
the nation best by forgetting itself1   
but by loyally emphasizing  its own duty
 to the nation and therefore its right  
to attain and to  cultivate its own     
unique wisdom40#aih ,therefore ,royce   
said that1  8,every one 444 ought1      
ideally speaking1 to be provincial1--and
 that no  matter how cultivated1 or     
humanitarian1 or universal in purpose or

 in  experience he may be or may        
become40#aii ,provincialism did not mean
  exclusiveness or jealousy4 ,to ,royce1
 8444 our province1 like our own        
individuality1 ought to be to all of us 
rather an ideal than a mere  boast4444  
,the better aspect of our provincial    
consciousness is always  its longing for
 the improvement of the community40#bjj 
,but the point  is that the spirit of   
provincialism is a useful force in      
securing  the attachment of men4 ,and   
the clue that one finds in it is that   
the  best way to get a world integration
 is to do it by the federation of       
nationalities4 ,the organization of     
patriotic loyalties would secure  an    
integration that would hang together4   
,under such an arrangement1  the patriot
 would contribute strength to           
internationalism by his very  attachment
 and loyalty to his own nation4         
,nationalism would thus become  a spur  
to a wider humanitarian impulse4 ,and   
patriotism can1 if properly  educated1  

be counted upon to support international
 government4 ,the  patriot himself will 
develop an insistent demand for         
internationalism  when he once clearly  
sees1 what is true1 that the            
individuality of his  own nation is best
 realized in a community of nations     
where legitimate  national differences  
are synthesized in justice4    ,this    
program of the unification of           
nationalities is to be taken  seriously4
 ,emphasis must be laid not only on     
nationality but also upon  unification4 
,the patriot must really recognize that 
he has another  loyalty than that to    
country1 namely1 that to                
internationalism4 ,it  is plain that    
improvements can be made upon the       
present world order1  and the most      
important thing to do is to work towards
 some kind of  arrangement whereby      
national disputes can be settled        
according to  international law1 and the
 peace can be kept at the same time that
  justice is done4 ,as a matter of fact1

 most thoughtful individuals do  long   
for some kind of internationalism at the
 same time that they are  patriotic4 ,in
 a situation like the present many are  
torn by a conflict  between loyalty to  
humanitarianism on the one hand and     
patriotism on  the other4 ,and it is a  
situation with which the individual     
cannot deal  satisfactorily alone4      
,there must be an end put to the system 
which  makes such conflicts possible4   
,but one must remember also that the    
nation is just about as helpless as the 
individual4 ,the nation1 too1 is  faced 
with a conflict of loyalties which it   
cannot by itself solve4 ,the  rescue    
must come out of a concerted action of  
nations4 ,the situation  must be dealt  
with in the very beginning by an        
international act4 ,it is  not to be    
expected that any one country can deal  
adequately with the  present world      
problems4 ,the disarmament or           
non-resistance of any one  nation will  
not be a solution1 and it seems         

unreasonable for any one  to counsel his
 own country to take any such action4   
,however1 we must  relate our patriotism
 to internationalism4 8,we must keep    
patriotism1  and yet go beyond it1 if we
 are to save what is best in patriotism 
itself1 just as for the sake of         
religion1 religious men had to go       
beyond their own willingness to die for 
their own faith4 ,toleration  demanded  
not irreligion1 but a better religion1  
and we might have a  better patriotism  
if we could remember that we are also   
citizens of the  world40#bja ,the       
nations must be in some respects like   
the planets in  the system of the       
universe4 ,the planets have each a free 
swing in their  own orbits1 but they do 
not collide4 ,each helps to hold all the
 rest  in place1 and together they all  
form one system4 ,we all have1 at the   
present time1 in addition to the duty of
 winning the war1 the further           
obligation of working for permanent     
conditions of peace4 ,we may fairly     

claim that we have inherited this war   
and are not really responsible  for it1 
but if we do not discharge our          
international duties both now  and when 
the conditions of peace are being       
planned at the end of this  present     
conflict1 we shall be responsible for   
the next war4    ,it is a reassuring    
fact to the internationalist at the same
 time  that it is a justification for   
the continued existence of patriotism   
that there actually have been and are   
tendencies making not only for  closer  
relations between nations1 but also for 
the moralizing of those  relations4#bjb 
,in material things countries have been 
drawn closer  and closer together4 ,they
 are not economic wholes4 ,they are     
debtors  and creditors of one another4  
,they do not keep improved methods of   
industry in the country where they      
originated2 even improved methods  of   
war have not been so restricted4 ,and   
they are interdependent in  non-material
 things4 ,physicians and surgeons do not

 hide their ideas  within their own     
group4 ,and art and science1 of course1 
have long  been ties that have bound    
together associations of the citizens of
  diverse countries4 ,there is1 in      
short1 a wide unofficial intercourse    
between the citizens of different       
countries1 a fact which leads ,burns  to
 exclaim1 8,nor will even diplomatic    
subtleties be able to keep us  back3 for
 trust between the citizens of diverse  
states is trust between  the states1 and
 the official governments will soon have
 to submit to  the new situation40#bjc  
,but states as such consider themselves 
to be  in moral relations with one      
another4 ,what else can it mean that    
they  have foreign secretaries1 and     
employ an extensive diplomatic service  
which does a continuous business2 that  
they have been increasingly  taking     
common action for the control of disease
 or the management of  postal and       
telegraphic communication2 that they    
have been more and more  concluding such

 peace treaties as exist1 for instance1 
between ,england  and the ,united       
,states8#bjd    ,the present war even is
 proving that the nations of the world  
are  closely interrelated4 ,the struggle
 is world-wide1 and it could not  have  
assumed such tremendous proportions were
 not every part of the  world in close  
touch with all the rest4 ,and it is     
significant that  the contestants are   
alliances4 ,lippman well remarks3 8,the 
process of  fusion has gone so far that 
war itself has ceased to be a national  
enterprise40#bje ,the existence of      
alliance is portentous of the  relations
 of the future4 ,it will do something   
towards creating a  feeling of sympathy 
between the citizens of the allied      
countries1  and it will show that the   
nations can work together4 ,and if they 
can  coperate in war1 it ought to be    
fairly easy for them to draw the        
conclusion that they can act together in
 peace4 ,moreover1 if the ,allies  win  
the present war1 the peace that will    

result will be representative  of the   
interests of a large group of very      
different peoples4 ,it is  encouraging1 
too1 in the attitude of at least one    
nation that ,president  ,wilson1 at the 
very time when he went to war1 declared 
for a league  of nations4 ,we should do 
well to remind ourselves that one form  
of  patriotism finds its satisfaction in
 its country as a good neighbor and  a  
servant of humanity4    ,the observation
 of moral relations as expressed in the 
8rules of  war0 has received a jolt in  
this present conflict4 ,but that doesn't
  necessarily mean that the morality of 
nations is smashed4 ,the  essential     
moral temper of the world is shown by   
the horror that  has been manifested at 
the atrocities that have been committed4
  ,and1 moreover1 every belligerent     
nation has been eager to justify  itself
 before the world4 ,that in itself is an
 indication that a world  sentiment has 
been formed on the conduct of nations in
 the declaring  and waging of war4 ,a   

century ago militarists did not need to 
bother  themselves much about the       
world's opinion4 ,the moral             
relationships of  states in war is      
further illustrated by the fact that we 
even hear what  is officially announced 
in the war bulletins of our enemies1 and
 that  we send word to them upon        
questions in which they still have a    
common  interest with ourselves4#bjf ,in
 view of all these facts it may well be 
asked what forces are doing any better  
in the direction of a broader           
integration of mankind than the several 
countries and the patriotic  citizens of
 those countries4    ,the fact of the   
business is that patriotism is a stage  
in the growth  of loyalty4 ,states and  
nations are steps in the process of     
world  integration4 ,after families1    
tribes1 city-states1 and all the rest1  
have come nations4 ,nations must have   
the loyalty of mankind because  they are
 the largest peace units so far         
attained1 and because they  will be the 

foundations of larger peace units4 ,the 
next step in the  organization of the   
race seems to be that of                
internationalism4 ,and the  logic of    
history seems to indicate that          
international government will  come4    
,the tendency of societal organization  
has been toward larger and  larger      
wholes4 8,the tendency to the           
enlargement of the social unit has  been
 going on with certain temporary        
relapses throughout human history4      
,though repeatedly checked by the       
instability of the larger units1 it  has
 always resumed its activity1 so that it
 should probably be regarded  as a      
fundamental biological drift the        
existence of which is a factor  which   
must always be taken into account in    
dealing with the structure  of human    
society40#bjg ,the process of           
enlargement is still carrying  on4      
,states and nations have actually grown 
very close together1 and are            
increasingly establishing official      

relations between themselves4 ,and  the 
temper of the patriotic spirit has      
become such that on the whole  it will  
not only welcome but further            
international government4 ,in this      
character patriotism shows itself to be 
a force making not only for  the        
salvation of the one country but of     
mankind4 ,this is at once its           
justification and an indication of what 
there is in it that the morally  good   
man ought to approve and support4 ,if   
the fundamental justification  of       
patriotism is that it strengthens the   
principle of coperation  among men and  
makes for peace1 then its continued     
vindication will  be in its further     
support and extension of the primary    
principle for  which it stands4 ,there  
is good reason why its relations to war 
and  internationalism are crucial       
problems of patriotism4 ,the fundamental
  good of the nation is that it is a    
peace unit1 and if patriotism comes  to 
the place where it stands for war more  

than for peace1 and is in  the way of   
larger groupings of men1 it will have   
defeated itself4 ,the  higher patriotism
 is that which looks toward             
internationalism4    ,the practical     
ethical problem in patriotism is that of
 separating the  good from the evil1 and
 of preserving the former while allowing
 the  latter to fall into disuse4 ,it is
 fairly certain that nationalism and    
patriotism could not be destroyed even  
if one thought that such was the  best  
thing to do4 ,some form of an           
organization of men based upon the      
geographical principle is with us to    
stay in at least the predictable        
future4 ,and countries will not consent 
to extinction4 ,patriotism is  the will 
to national individuality1 and patriots 
will insist upon that  individuality4   
,in view of these facts1 it seems that  
our salvation does  not lie in breaking 
up the units that already exist1 but in 
securing  a larger measure of coperation
 between them4 ,and it is all the more  

sure that we should proceed in that way 
for the reason that patriotism  secures 
things of great value in the world4 ,if 
we destroyed it1 we  should lose the    
good along with the evil4 ,this can be  
illustrated4  ,patriotism in one way is 
national pride4 ,and pride often causes 
trouble4 ,but on the other hand1 it     
often causes good4 ,it may be said  of  
national pride along with ,zimmerman3   
8,virtues and vices are often  put in   
motion by the same spring4 ,it is the   
philosopher's part to make  known these 
springs1 and the legislator to profit by
 them4 ,pride is  the gem of so many    
talents and apparent virtues1 that to   
destroy it is  wrong1 it should only be 
turned to good4     8,were men not proud
 what merit should we miss60#bjh    ,if 
patriotism were destroyed1 it is likely 
that we should be forced to  recreate   
it4    ,the literature on the subject of
 the details of reconstruction after    
the war proposes two main lines of      
approach4 ,some writers place the       

greatest stress upon the readjustment of
 the arrangements of national  and      
international government4 ,for instance1
 this school emphasizes the  need for   
the international control of backward   
countries and the main  highways upon   
the seas4 ,lippmann says1 8444 the      
supreme task of world  politics is not  
the prevention of war1 but a            
satisfactory organization  of mankind4  
,peace will follow that40#bji ,the idea 
seems to be that  if the causes of      
friction are effectively removed1       
trouble will not  arise4 ,another school
 of writers places its reliance upon    
broadening  the vision of men4 ,powers  
represents this method of approach4 ,he 
says1 8,the chief remedy--perhaps we may
 say the only remedy--for ills  that    
flesh is heir to1 is to be found in the 
increased intelligence  and forbearance 
of men40#baj ,these methods will have to
 be used  in conjunction with each      
other4 ,it is not safe in the near      
future  to trust entirely to human      

nature as long as irritating causes of  
friction remain1 and by removing the    
causes of friction we may allow  the    
belligerent type of patriotism to fall  
into disuse4 ,but neither  will any     
merely external arrangements provide    
security so long as human  nature finds 
its glory in a chauvinistic patriotism4 
,patriotism is the  will to national    
individuality4 ,it is a major task of   
mankind to see  that that will is       
intellectualized and ethicized4         
,,notes      ,,part ,i    #a ,there is a
 widespread recognition among           
psychologists and  students of character
 that the study of conduct should begin 
with  these unreasoned impulses4 ,for   
examples of such a recognition see the  
following3 ,jas4 ,r4 ,angell1 ,chapters 
from ,modern ,psychology1 pp4 #bd1  #be2
 ,wm4 ,mc,dougall1 ,an ,introduction to 
,social ,psychology1 pp4 #b1  #c1 #dc2  
,gilbert ,murray1 ,herd ,instinct and   
the ,war1 a lecture in ,the             
,international ,conflict by ,murray and 

others1 p4 #bc2 ,wilfred ,trotter1  ,the
 ,instincts of the ,herd in ,peace and  
,war1 p4 #ae2 ,graham ,wallas1  ,the    
,great ,society1 p4 #da2 ,e4 ,b4 ,holt1 
,the ,freudian ,wish1 p4 #acb2  ,walter 
,lippmann1 ,the ,stakes of ,diplomacy1  
p4 #ej2 ,a4 ,f4 ,shand1 ,the            
,foundations of ,character1             
,introduction1 pp4 #a-i4    #b ,cf4     
,francis ,galton3 ,inquiries ,into      
,human ,faculty and ,its  ,development1 
p4 #gb4    #c ,wm4 ,james3 ,the         
,principles of ,psychology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 
p4 #dcj4 ,quoted  by ,wm4 ,mc,dougall3  
,social ,psychology1 pp4 #he1 #hf4    #d
 ,wilfred ,trotter3 ,the ,instincts of  
the ,herd in ,peace and ,war4  ,other   
writers have emphasized gregariousness1 
but ,trotter's book is the  most        
elaborate and important in recent       
literature4 ,aristotle declared  that   
man was a social animal4 ,see ,politics1
 ,book ,i1 ,chap4 ,i4 ,cf4 also         
,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psychology1 p4    
#hd4    #e ,w4 ,g4 ,sumner3 ,folkways1  

p4 #ae4    #f ,martin ,conway3 ,the     
,crowd in ,peace and ,war1 p4 #gf4    #g
 ,gilbert ,murray3 ,herd ,instinct and  
the ,war1 p4 #cd4    #h ,ibid41 p4 #cg4 
#i ,conway3 ,the ,crowd1 p4 #gi4    #aj 
,bertrand ,russell3 ,why ,men ,fight1 p4
 #ea4    #aa ,we have been following    
here an article by ,anne ,c4 ,e4        
,allinson  entitled 8,virgil and the    
,new ,patriotism0 in the ,yale ,review1 
,october1  #aiag4    #ab ,prof4 ,max ,f4
 ,meyer1 of the ,university of          
,missouri1 in a letter in  the ,new     
,york ,times of ,august #af1 #aiag4     
#ac ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psychology1 p4
 #bjh4 ,footnote4    #ad ,the terms     
out-group and in-group are borrowed from
 ,sumner4 ,see  ,w4 ,g4 ,sumner3        
,folkways4    #ae ,alfred ,loisy3 ,the  
,war and ,religion4    #af ,ibid41 p4   
#fe4    #ag ,ibid41 p4 #fb4    #ah      
,ibid41 p4 #bj4    #ai ,ibid41 p4 #gi4  
#bj ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson3 ,patriotism and 
,empire4    #ba ,ibid41 p4 #cf4    #bb  
,wm4 ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psychology1  

p4 #ee4    #bc ,walter ,lippmann3 ,the  
,stakes of ,diplomacy1 p4 #bjh4    #bd  
,j4 ,m4 ,robertson3 ,patriotism and     
,empire1 p4 #ach4    #be ,goethe3       
,faust1 ,part ,,ii1 ,act #b4 ,the       
translation here used is  quoted by ,f4 
,m4 ,stawell3 ,patriotism and ,humanity4
 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41 ,april1  #aiae1 p4 #bii4  
#bf ,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psychology1 p4
 #adj4    #bg ,for a book that          
emphasizes the emulative impulse in its 
account of  the behavior of nations see 
,thorstein ,veblen3 ,the ,nature of     
,peace4  ,cf4 pp4 #ca ff4    #bh        
,william ,james has contended that the  
center of the problem of  peace and war 
is that there is an impulse of          
pugnacity4 ,cf4 ,the ,moral  ,equivalent
 of ,war and ,remarks at the ,peace     
,banquet in ,memories and  ,studies4    
,,part ,,ii    #bi ,graham ,wallas3 ,the
 ,great ,society1 p4 #ej4    #cj ,ibid41
 p4 #ej4    #ca ,lessing3 ,nathan the   
,wise1 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iv4 ,the     
translation used  here is that of the   

edition of ,geo4 ,alex4 ,kohut4 ,new    
,york1 #aiag4    #cb ,w4 ,g4 ,sumner3   
,folkways1 p4 #bc4    #cc ,for data     
concerning such societies in ,america   
see ,sydney ,aaron  ,phillips3          
,patriotic ,societies of the ,united    
,states4 ,no less than  forty-four are  
listed4    #cd ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson3      
,patriotism and ,empire4 ,part ,,ii4    
,the ,militarist  ,regimen4    #ce      
,hegel3 ,the ,philosophy of ,right1     
,dyde's edition4    #cf ,ibid41 p4 #caj4
    #cg ,ibid41 pp4 #cac1 #cad4    #ch  
,edward ,everett ,hale3 ,the ,man       
,without a ,country4    #ci ,j4 ,m4     
,robertson3 ,the ,jingoism of ,poets4   
,see his ,criticisms1 ,vol4  ,,ii4      
#dj ,graham ,wallas3 ,the ,great        
,society1 p4 #aec4    #da ,sumner3      
,folkways1 pp4 #fcj1 #fca4    #db ,the  
,teaching of ,patriotism4 ,in ,social   
and ,international ,ideals4  ,lect4 ,i4 
#dc ,the ,citizen of ,milford1 ,conn4   
#dd ,cf4 ,harry ,pratt ,judson3 ,the    
,young ,american2 ,ella ,lyman ,cabot   

and  ,others3 ,a ,course in             
,citizenship2 ,constance ,d',arcy       
,mackay3 ,patriotic  ,plays and         
,pageants for ,young ,people4    #de    
,russell3 ,why ,men ,fight1 pp4 #afj1   
#afa4    #df ,w4 ,g4 ,sumner3 ,folkways1
 pp4 #fce1 #fcf4    #dg ,ibid41 p4 #agg4
    #dh ,trotter3 ,instincts of the     
,herd in ,peace and ,war1 p4 #bje4      
#di ,russell3 ,why ,men ,fight1 p4 #aed4
    #ej ,mc,dougall3 ,social            
,psychology1 p4 #ig4    #ea ,cooley3    
,human ,nature and the ,social ,order1  
p4 #bfe4    #eb ,graham ,wallas3 ,the   
,great ,society1 pp4 #bha1 #bhb4    #ec 
,m4 ,gabriel ,tarde has made more of    
this disposition than any other  writer4
 ,see ,tarde3 ,the ,laws of ,imitation4 
,his definition of imitation  is on p4  
,,xiv1 in preface to the second edition4
    #ed ,sumner3 ,folkways1 p4 #e4      
,italics mine4    #ee ,c4 ,d4 ,burns3   
,the ,morality of ,nations1 p4 #ajf4    
#ef ,lippmann3 ,the ,stakes of          
,diplomacy1 p4 #ea4    #eg ,sumner3     

,folkways1 p4 #cj4    #eh ,ibid41 pp4   
#gg1 #agc1 #agd4    #ei ,ibid41 p4 #ga4 
#fj ,cf4 ,c4 ,d4 ,burns3 ,the ,morality 
of ,nations1 pp4 #ad1 #ae4    #fa       
,lessing3 ,nathan the ,wise1 ,act ,,iii1
 ,sc4 ,,vii4 ,kohut's edition4    #fb   
,cooley3 ,human ,nature and the ,social 
,order1 p4 #cf4 ,quoted by  ,ross3      
,social ,psychology1 p4 #d4    #fc      
,ross3 ,social ,psychology1 p4 #bgc4    
#fd ,russell3 ,why ,men ,fight1 p4 #bcf4
 ,the fact that patriotism has  been    
relatively uncriticized is not its only 
source of strength2 it is  an important 
one4    #fe ,sumner3 ,folkways1 p4 #ie4 
,italics mine4      ,,part ,,iii    #ff 
,the beliefs1 however1 are often closely
 related to the impulses  and habits1   
and may simply be the latter raised to  
the level of  consciousness4 ,in fact1  
when an impulse or a habit gets raised  
to the  conscious level1 it becomes a   
belief4    #fg ,graham ,wallas3 ,the    
,great ,society1 p4 #cf4    #fh ,alfred 
,tennyson4 ,poem has no title4 ,stanza  

given is the opening  one4 ,see ,the    
,works of ,alfred ,lord ,tennyson1      
,london and ,new ,york1  ,mac,millan    
,co41 #ahib1 p4 #fd4    #fi ,herbert    
,spencer3 ,social ,statics1 p4 #bhc4    
#gj ,daniel ,webster3 ,reply to ,hayne4 
,jan4 #bf1 #ahcj4    #ga ,green3 ,works4
 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,the ,principles of        
,political ,obligation1  p4 #chd4       
,italics mine4    #gb ,cf4 ,thomas      
,hobbes3 ,leviathan4    #gc ,j4 ,s4     
,mill4 ,in letter to ,john ,sterling1   
,oct4 #bj-bb1 #ahca4 ,elliott3          
,letters1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ae4    #gd      
,josiah ,quincy1 ,jr43 ,second          
,centennial of ,boston4 ,sept4 #ag1     
#ahcj4    #ge ,l4 ,t4 ,chamberlin3      
,patriotism and ,the ,moral ,law1 p4    
#aj4    #gf ,j4 ,s4 ,mill3 ,principles  
of ,political ,economy1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4  
#cig4    #gg ,cf4 ,aristotle3 ,politics1
 ,bk4 ,i1 ,chap4 #a1 p4 #c4 ,jowett's   
edition4    #gh ,cf4 ,plato3 ,the       
,republic4    #gi ,edward ,everett      
,hale3 ,the ,man ,without a ,country4   

,preface1 pp4 ,,iv1  ,v4 ,school        
edition2 ,boston2 ,little1 ,brown1 and  
,co42 #aije4    #hj ,the term           
8syndicalism0 as here used means roughly
 the principle  that societal control   
should be in the hands of organizations 
based  upon the fact of common          
occupation4 ,cf4 ,g4 ,d4 ,h4 ,cole3 ,the
 ,world of  ,labour4    #ha ,plato3     
,crito1 pp4 #cga ff4 ,jowett's edition4 
#hb ,bernard ,bosanquet3 ,social and    
,international ,ideals1 p4 #h4    #hc   
,bertrand ,russell3 ,why ,men ,fight1 p4
 #ee4    #hd ,herbert ,spencer3 ,social 
,statics1 pp4 #bif1 #big4    #he ,loisy3
 ,the ,war and ,religion1 pp4 #cf1 #cg4 
#hf ,zimmermann3 ,on ,national ,pride1  
p4 #id4    #hg ,patrick ,henry3 ,speech 
in ,virginia ,legislature1 #agge4    #hh
 ,abraham ,lincoln3 ,gettysburg         
,address4 ,nov4 #ai1 #ahfc4    #hi      
,bacon3 ,de ,augmentis ,scientarum1 ,b4 
,,vi1 ,ch4 ,,iii4 7,spedding and        
,ellis74 ,quoted by ,alexander ,f4      
,shand3 ,the ,foundations of ,character1

  p4 #g4    #ij ,walter ,lippmann3 ,the 
,stakes of ,diplomacy1 pp4 #gd1 #ge4    
#ia ,samuel ,adams3 ,protest of ,boston 
,against ,taxation4 ,may #bd1 #agfd4    
#ib ,john ,dewey3 ,progress1 ,i4 ,j4    
,e41 ,april1 #aiaf1 p4 #cba4    #ic ,cf4
 ,veblen3 ,the ,nature of ,peace1 pp4   
#aff1 #afg4    #id ,chamberlain3        
,patriotism and ,the ,moral ,law1 p4 #f4
    #ie ,l4 ,p4 ,jacks3 ,the ,changing  
,mind of a ,nation at ,war1 pp4 #gh1    
#gi4  ,jacks is talking of war-time     
conditions4    #if ,george ,washington3 
,letter to the ,governors4 ,june #ah1   
#aghc4 ,italics  mine4    #ig           
,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psychology1 p4    
#bjg4    #ih ,c4 ,d4 ,burns3 ,the       
,morality of ,nations1 p4 #aa4    #ii   
,bosanquet3 ,social and ,international  
,ideals1 p4 #c4    #ajj ,royce3 ,the    
,philosophy of ,loyalty1 p4 #dj4    #aja
 ,ibid41 p4 #da4    #ajb ,zimmermann3   
,on ,national ,pride1 pp4 #bhj1 #bha4   
#ajc ,william ,cowper3 ,the ,task1 ,,ii1
 #bjf4    #ajd ,sir ,walter ,scott3 ,the

 ,lay of the ,last ,minstrel4 ,canto    
,sixth4    #aje ,cf4 ,mill3 ,on         
,liberty2 and ,spencer3 ,social         
,statics4    #ajf ,hegel3 ,the          
,philosophy of ,right1 pp4 #ccj1 #ccg4  
#ajg ,cf4 ,h4 ,p4 ,judson3 ,the ,young  
,american4 ,chap4 ,i1 pp4 #i1 #aj4      
#ajh ,h4 ,h4 ,powers3 ,the ,things ,men 
,fight ,for1 p4 #bhc4    #aji ,nitobe3  
,bushido1 ,the ,soul of ,japan1 p4 #aaf4
    #aaj ,c4 ,d4 ,broad3 ,the           
,prevention of ,war4 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41 ,jan41
 #aiaf1 p4  #bdc4    #aaa ,for a clear  
statement of the diplomatic aims of the 
different  nations in this present war  
see ,h4 ,h4 ,powers3 ,the ,things ,men  
,fight  ,for4    #aab ,j4 ,s4 ,mill3    
,letter dated ,oct4 #be1 #ahfe4         
,elliott3 ,letters4 ,vol4  ,,ii1 p4 #dg4
    #aac ,chas4 ,sumner3 ,the ,true     
,grandeur of ,nations4 ,boston1 ,july   
#d1 #ahde4    #aad ,powers3 ,the ,things
 ,men ,fight ,for1 p4 #cdj4    #aae     
,green3 ,works4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,the        
,principles of ,political ,obligation1  

p4 #cch4    #aaf ,see ,anne ,c4 ,e4     
,allinson3 ,virgil and the ,new         
,patriotism1 ,yale  ,review1 ,oct41     
#aiag1 p4 #aeh4    #aag ,king3          
,washington or ,greatness4 ,in          
,patriotism and ,other ,papers1  pp4    
#gb1 #gc4    #aah ,l4 ,s4 ,woolf3       
,international ,morality4 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41  
,oct41 #aiae1 p4  #ah4    #aai ,loisy3  
,the ,war and ,religion1 p4 #ba4    #abj
 ,elroy ,headley3 ,patriotic ,essays1   
,introduction1 p4 ,,xv4    #aba         
,mazzini3 #ahcd4 ,quoted by ,rose3      
,nationality in ,modern ,history1  p4   
#gd4    #abb ,longfellow3 ,the ,building
 of the ,ship4    #abc ,josiah ,quincy1 
,jr4 ,speech at ,second ,centennial of  
,boston1 ,sept4  #ag1 #ahcj4    #abd    
,wm4 ,watson3 ,the ,true ,patriotism4   
,see ,the ,poems of ,william  ,watson1  
,new ,york and ,london1 ,macmillan ,co41
 #ahic1 p4 #gf4    #abe ,chamberlin3    
,patriotism and ,the ,moral ,law1 pp4   
#bd1 #be4    #abf ,chas4 ,e4 ,hughes3   
,addresses ,before the ,empire ,state   

,society1 ,s4  ,a4 ,r4 ,nov4 #bf1 #aijf4
    #abg ,bosanquet3 ,social and        
,international ,ideals1 preface1 pp4    
,,vi1  ,,vii4    #abh ,chamberlin3      
,patriotism and ,the ,moral ,law1 p4    
#ad4    #abi ,john ,grier ,hibben3 ,the 
,higher ,patriotism1 p4 #ah4    #acj ,j4
 ,m4 ,robertson3 ,patriotism and        
,empire1 p4 #bjb4    #aca ,international
 ,reform ,bureau3 ,patriotic ,studies1  
#ahhh-aije4    #acb ,thos4 ,s4 ,king3   
,patriotism and ,other ,papers1 p4 #di4 
#acc ,cf4 ,e4 ,a4 ,venturi3 ,joseph     
,mazzini1 with two essays by ,mazzini3  
,thoughts on ,democracy and ,the ,duties
 of ,man4    #acd ,royce3 ,loyalty1 pp4 
#bad1 #bae1 #aah4    #ace ,royce3       
,duties of ,americans in the ,present   
,war4 ,in ,the ,hope of  the ,great     
,community1 pp4 #c1 #d4 ,italics mine4  
#acf ,graham ,wallas3 ,human ,nature in 
,politics1 p4 #ajj4      ,,part ,,iv    
#acg ,j4 ,m4 ,robertson3 ,patriotism and
 ,empire4    #ach ,w4 ,trotter3 ,the    
,instincts of the ,herd in ,peace and   

,war4    #aci ,t4 ,veblen3 ,the ,nature 
of ,peace4    #adj ,loisy3 ,the ,war and
 ,religion4    #ada ,h4 ,h4 ,powers3    
,the ,things ,men ,fight ,for4    #adb  
,cf4 statement of procedure in the      
preface4    #adc ,sophie ,bryant3       
,hastings ,encyclopedia of ,religion and
 ,ethics1  ,vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #fgh3b4       
#add ,of course1 one can care about the 
fate of countries other than  his own   
and be interested in institutions of    
another order1 the church1  for         
instance1 but when he does these things1
 he does them in his  character as      
something other than a patriot4 ,no     
person is merely a  patriot4 ,in so far 
as he is a patriot his interest is      
absorbed in his  country4    #ade       
,royce3 ,the ,world and the ,individual1
 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bib4    #adf ,veblen3    
,the ,nature of ,peace4 ,cf4 ,chap4     
,,iv1 ,peace ,without ,honour4    #adg  
,bosanquet3 ,the ,principle of          
,individuality and ,value1 p4 #fh4      
#adh ,ibid41 margin of p4 #fh4    #adi  

,e4 ,b4 ,talbot3 ,individuality and     
,freedom4 ,philosophical ,review1       
,november1 #aiji1 p4 #fjj4    #aej      
,aristotle3 ,politics4 ,book ,,ii1      
,chap4 #b1 p4 #bh4 ,jowett's            
translation4    #aea ,gertrude ,b4      
,king3 ,the ,servile ,mind4 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41
 ,july1 #aiaf1 p4  #ejc4    #aeb ,ellen 
,b4 ,talbot3 ,individuality and         
,freedom4 ,philosophical  ,review1      
,november1 #aiji1 p4 #fjc4    #aec      
,warner ,fite3 ,individualism1 p4 #ad4  
#aed ,ellen ,b4 ,talbot3 ,individuality 
and ,freedom4 ,philosophical  ,review1  
,november1 #aiji1 p4 #fjb4    #aee ,cf4 
,aristotle3 ,politics4 ,book ,i1 ,chap4 
#b1 p4 #d4 ,jowett's  edition4    #aef  
,warner ,fite3 ,individualism1 p4 #abf4 
#aeg ,ibid41 p4 #abb4    #aeh ,royce3   
,the ,problem of ,christianity1 ,vol4   
,i1 p4 #aeb4    #aei ,ibid41 preface1 p4
 ,,xxv4    #afj ,fite3 ,individualism1  
p4 #agc4    #afa ,howison3 ,the ,limits 
of ,evolution1 p4 #g4    #afb ,c4 ,m4   
,bakewell3 ,royce ,as an ,interpreter of

 ,american ,ideals4 ,i4  ,j4 ,e41 p4    
#cjg1 ,april1 #aiag1 ,vol4 ,,xxvii4     
#afc ,joseph ,mazzini3 ,on the ,duties  
of ,man1 ,ch4 ,v4 ,in ,e4 ,a4 ,venturi3 
,joseph ,mazzini1 p4 #cab4    #afd      
,ibid41 p4 #cac4    #afe ,ibid41 pp4    
#cad1 #cae4    #aff ,arthur ,ponsonby1  
,i4 ,j4 ,e41 ,jan41 #aiae1 pp4 #adc1    
#add4    #afg ,cited by ,edward ,everett
 ,hale3 ,the ,man ,without a ,country1  
introduction1 p4 ,,viii4    #afh        
,mc,dougall3 ,social ,psychology1 p4    
#he4    #afi ,green3 ,works1 ,vol4 ,,ii1
 ,principles of ,political ,obligation1 
p4  #ebc4    #agj ,sumner3 ,folkways1   
pp4 #eff1 #efg4    #aga ,spencer3       
,social ,statics1 p4 #cjj4    #agb      
,green3 ,works1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,principles 
of ,political ,obligation1  table of    
contents1 p4 ,,xxxv1 for p4 #ddf4       
#agc ,h4 ,c4 ,brown3 ,human ,nature and 
the ,state1 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41 ,jan41 #aiaf1  
p4 #agi4    #agd ,spencer3 ,social      
,statics1 p4 #bgi4    #age ,green3      
,works1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,principles of      

,political ,obligation1 p4  #ddd4       
#agf ,rose3 ,nationality in ,modern     
,history1 p4 #ab4    #agg ,j4 ,berg     
,esenwein3 ,short ,story ,masterpieces3 
,russian4  ,introduction to ,gogol1 p4  
#fg4    #agh ,warner ,fite3             
,individualism1 p4 #ajj4 ,italics mine4 
,the last  sentence1 also1 comes before 
the rest of the passage in the author's 
own text4    #agi ,ibid41 p4 #aab4      
#ahj ,joseph ,mazzini3 ,on the ,duties  
of ,man1 ,ch4 ,v4 ,in ,e4 ,a4 ,venturi3 
,joseph ,mazzini1 p4 #cag4    #aha      
,ernest ,barker3 ,the ,discredited      
,state1 ,political ,quarterly1  ,feb41  
#aiae1 p4 #aaa4    #ahb ,robert ,c4     
,winthrop3 ,the ,patriot ,traveler in a 
,foreign ,land4 ,see  ,h4 ,p4 ,judson3  
,the ,young ,american1 p4 #aah4    #ahc 
,veblen3 ,the ,nature of ,peace1 p4     
#adb4    #ahd ,c4 ,d4 ,burns3 ,the      
,morality of ,nations1 pp4 #g1 #fe4     
#ahe ,russell3 ,why ,men ,fight1 p4     
#aea4    #ahf ,lippmann3 ,the ,stakes of
 ,diplomacy1 p4 #ch4    #ahg ,ibid41 p4 

#ej4    #ahh ,cf4 ,graham ,wallas3 ,the 
,great ,society1 p4 #cjh4    #ahi       
,zimmermann3 ,on ,national ,pride1 p4   
#acg4    #aij ,royce3 ,the ,religious   
,aspect of ,philosophy1 p4 #bab4        
,italics mine4    #aia ,anne ,c4 ,e4    
,allinson3 ,virgil and the ,new         
,patriotism1 ,yale  ,review1 ,october1  
#aiag1 p4 #ada4    #aib ,aristotle3     
,politics1 ,book ,,iii1 ,ch4 #c1 p4 #gb4
 ,jowett's  translation4    #aic ,graham
 ,wallas3 ,the ,great ,society1 p4 #aj4 
#aid ,sumner3 ,folkways1 p4 #id4    #aie
 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon3 ,universal ,races     
,congress1 ,record of ,proceedings1     
,london1 #aiaa1 p4 #bf4 ,quoted by ,g4  
,f4 ,barbour1 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41 ,oct41 #aiac1
  pp4 #ad1 #ae4 ,footnote4    #aif ,g4  
,f4 ,barbour1 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41 ,oct41 #aiac1
 p4 #ae4    #aig ,royce3 ,provincialism1
 p4 #ii4 ,in ,race ,questions and ,other
  ,american ,problems4    #aih ,ibid41  
p4 #ii4    #aii ,ibid41 p4 #fe4    #bjj 
,ibid41 pp4 #ajj1 #ajb4    #bja ,f4     
,melian ,stawell1 ,i4 ,j4 ,e41 ,april1  

#aiae1 pp4 #bif1 #big4    #bjb ,c4 ,d4  
,burns and ,l4 ,s4 ,woolf have made a   
good deal of these  tendencies4 ,cf4 ,c4
 ,d4 ,burns3 ,the ,morality of ,nations1
 and ,l4 ,s4  ,woolf3 ,international    
,government4    #bjc ,c4 ,d4 ,burns3    
,the ,morality of ,nations1 p4 #bcg4    
#bjd ,for these and similar facts see   
,c4 ,d4 ,burns3 ,the ,state and  ,its   
,external ,relations4 ,proceedings of   
the ,aristotelian ,society1  #aiae-aiaf1
 p4 #cjj4    #bje ,lippmann3 ,the       
,stakes of ,diplomacy1 p4 #de4    #bjf  
,the ,new ,york ,times of ,nov4 #bg1    
#aiag1 contained a report to  the effect
 that the ,united ,states ,government   
was preparing to notify  ,berlin of the 
steps that had been taken in the ,united
 ,states regarding  the internment of   
unnaturalized ,germans in this country4 
,it was the  purpose to inform ,germany 
of the number of those interned1 who    
they  were1 and how they were treated4  
,the object was to reassure ,germany    
that the interned ,germans were not     

being ill-treated1 and so to protect    
,americans interned in ,germany4    #bjg
 ,trotter3 ,the ,instincts of the ,herd 
in ,peace and ,war1 pp4 #aba1  #abb4    
#bjh ,zimmerman3 ,on ,national ,pride1  
p4 #cjf4    #bji ,lippmann3 ,the ,stakes
 of ,diplomacy1 p4 #bbd4    #baj ,h4 ,h4
 ,powers3 ,the ,things ,men ,fight ,for1
 p4 #g4          ,,bibliography         
,adams1 ,samuel         ,protest of     
,boston ,against ,taxation1 #agfd4      
,allen1 ,stephen ,h4     ,the ,moral    
,responsibility for ,wars4              
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,october1 #aiae4      ,allinson1 ,anne  
,c4 ,e4  ,virgil and the ,new           
,patriotism4 ,yale ,review1             
,october1 #aiag4      ,andrews1 ,mary   
,raymond ,shipman   ,the ,perfect       
,tribute4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4            
,angell1 ,james ,r4      ,chapters from 
,modern ,psychology4 ,new ,york1        
,london1 etc41 #aiab4      ,aristotle   
,politics4 ,translation by ,b4 ,jowett4 
,oxford1                          #ahhe4

      ,bacon1 ,dolores        ,songs    
,every ,child ,should ,know4 ,new ,york1
 #aijf4      ,bakewell1 ,c4 ,m4         
,royce as an ,interpreter of ,american  
,ideals4                                
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,april1 #aiag4      ,bang1 ,j4 ,p4      
,hurrah and ,hallelujah4 ,with          
introduction by                         
,ralph ,connor4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4      
,barbour1 ,g4 ,f4        ,christian     
,ethics and the ,ideal of ,nationality4 
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,october1 #aiac4      ,barker1 ,ernest  
,the ,discredited ,state4 ,political    
,quarterly1                             
,february1 #aiae4      ,bell1 ,clive    
,art and ,war4 ,international ,journal  
of ,ethics1                             
,october1 #aiae4      ,bosanquet1       
,bernard    ,note on ,mr4 ,cole's paper1
 ,conflicting ,social                   
,obligations4 ,proceedings of the       
,aristotelian                           
,society1 #aiad-ae4                     

,patriotism in the ,perfect ,state4 ,in 
,the                                    
,international ,crisis in ,its ,ethical 
and                                     
,psychological ,aspects1 by ,eleanor    
,sidgwick and                           
,others4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 etc41     
#aiae4                            ,the  
,principle of ,individuality and ,value4
                          ,london1      
#aiab4                            ,the  
,philosophical ,theory of the ,state4   
,london1                          #aiaj4
 ,first published1 #ahii4               
,the ,reality of the ,general ,will4    
,international                          
,journal of ,ethics1 ,april1 #ahid4     
,social and ,international              
,ideals--,being ,studies                
in ,patriotism4 ,london1 #aiag4         
,the ,value and ,destiny of the         
,individual4                            
,london1 #aiac4      ,bradley1 ,a4 ,c4  
,international ,morality3 ,the ,united  
,states of                              

,europe4 ,in ,the ,international ,crisis
 in ,its                                
,ethical and ,psychological ,aspects1 by
 ,eleanor                               
,sidgwick and ,others4 ,london1 ,new    
,york1 etc41                            
#aiae4      ,broad1 ,c4 ,d4             
,the ,prevention of ,war4 ,international
 ,journal                          of   
,ethics1 ,january1 #aiaf4      ,brown1  
,harold ,chapman   ,human ,nature and   
the ,state4 ,international              
,journal of ,ethics1 ,january1 #aiaf4   
,social ,psychology and the ,problem of 
a ,higher                               
,nationality4 ,international ,journal of
 ,ethics1                               
,october1 #aiag4      ,bryant1 ,sophie  
,article on ,patriotism in ,hasting's   
,encyclopedia of ,religion and ,ethics1 
,vol4 ,,ix4      ,bryce1 ,james         
,opening address in ,the ,international 
,crisis3                          ,the  
,theory of the ,state1 by ,louise       
,creighton                          and 

,others4 ,london1 ,new ,york1 etc41     
#aiaf4      ,burns1 ,c4 ,deslisle       
,the ,nature of the ,state in ,view of  
,its ,external                          
,relations4 ,proceedings of the         
,aristotelian                           
,society1 #aiae-aiaf4                   
,the ,moral ,effects of ,war and ,peace4
                          ,international
 ,journal of ,ethics1 ,april1 #aiae4    
,the ,morality of ,nations4 ,london1    
#aiae4                            ,when 
,peace ,breaks ,out4 ,international     
,journal                          of    
,ethics1 ,october1 #aiae4      ,cabot1  
,ella ,lyman     ,a ,course in          
,citizenship4 ,introduction by          
,william ,howard ,taft4 ,boston1 ,new   
,york1 etc41                            
#aiad4      ,carr1 ,h4 ,w4              
,instincts and ,intelligence4 ,the      
,british                                
,journal of ,psychology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1   
#aiji-aiaj4      ,chamberlain1 ,l4 ,t4  
,patriotism and the ,moral ,law4 ,new   

,york1 #aijj4      ,clarke1 ,george ,h4 
,a ,treasury of ,war ,poetry4 ,boston1  
,new ,york1                             
#aiag4      ,cohen1 ,morris ,r4         
,recent ,philosophical-,legal           
,literature in                          
,french1 ,german and ,italian1          
#aiab-aiad4                             
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,july1 #aiaf4      ,cole1 ,g4 ,d4 ,h4   
,conflicting ,social ,obligations4      
,proceedings of                         
the ,aristotelian ,society1 #aiad-ae4   
,the ,nature of the ,state in ,view of  
,its ,external                          
,relations4 ,proceedings of the         
,aristotelian                           
,society1 #aiae-af4                     
,the ,world of ,labour4 ,london1 #aiac4 
,congress of ,constructive ,patriotism  
,proceedings1 ,january #be1 #aiag1      
held under the auspices of the ,national
 ,security                              
,league4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4             
,conway1 ,martin        ,the ,crowd in  

,peace and ,war4 ,new ,york1 etc41      
#aiae4      ,cooley1 ,charles ,h4       
,human ,nature and the ,social ,order4  
,new ,york1                             
etc41 #aijb4      ,cowper1 ,william     
,the ,task4      ,cox1 ,g4 ,c4          
,individuality ,through ,democracy4 ,the
 ,journal                          of   
,philosophy1 ,psychology and ,scientific
                          ,methods1 ,may
 #bg1 #aiae4      ,creighton1 ,louise   
,church and ,state4 ,in ,the            
,international                          
,crisis3 ,the ,theory of the ,state1 by 
,louise                                 
,creighton and ,others4 ,london1 ,new   
,york1 etc41                            
#aiaf4      ,curtis1 ,g4 ,w4            
,patriotism 7#aheg74 ,education and     
,local                                  
,patriotism 7#ahia74 ,in his ,orations  
and                          ,addresses1
 ,vol4 ,i4 ,new ,york1 #ahid4           
,dearmer1 ,percy        ,patriotism4    
,oxford ,pamphlets for ,war ,time1 ,no4 

#ac4 ,london1 ,new ,york1 etc41 #aiae4  
,dewey1 ,john           ,force and      
,coercion4 ,international ,journal of   
,ethics1 ,april1 #aiaf4                 
,progress4 ,international ,journal of   
,ethics1                                
,april1 #aiaf4      ,dewey and ,tufts   
,ethics4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 #aiaj4    
,first                                  
published1 #aijh4      ,emery1 ,henry   
,c4       ,what ,is ,realpolitik8       
,international ,journal of              
,ethics1 ,july1 #aiae4      ,esenwein1  
,j4 ,berg     ,short ,story             
,masterpieces3 ,russian4 ,new ,york     
and ,philadelphia1 #aiab4      ,fite1   
,warner          ,individualism4 ,new   
,york1 etc41 #aiaa4      ,frend1        
,william        ,patriotism4 ,london1   
#ahjd4      ,galton1 ,francis           
,inquiries into ,human ,faculty and ,its
                          ,development4 
,new ,york1 #ahhc4      ,giddings1 ,f4  
,h4       ,the ,principles of           
,sociology4 ,new ,york1 ,london1        

#ahif4      ,goethe                     
,faust4      ,green1 ,t4 ,h4            
,works4 ,edited by ,r4 ,l4 ,nettleship1 
,vol4 ,,ii1                             
,lectures on the ,principles of         
,political                              
,obligation4 ,london1 #ahhf4            
,haddon1 ,a4 ,c4         ,speech at     
,universal ,races ,congress4 ,congress  
,record of ,proceedings4 ,london1 #aiaa4
      ,hale1 ,edward ,everett  ,the ,man
 ,without a ,country4 ,school edition   
with                                    
,introduction and ,notes by the ,author4
 ,boston1                               
#aije4      ,hall1 ,charles ,h4         
,patriotism and ,national ,defense4     
,economic                               
,tracts1 ,no4 #ah4 ,new ,york1 #ahhe4   
,hall1 ,james ,parker    ,the ,force of 
,precedents in ,international ,law4     
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,january1 #aiaf4      ,headley1 ,elroy  
,patriotic ,essays4 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j41   
#aiag4      ,hegel1 ,g4 ,w4 ,f4         

,the ,philosophy of ,right4 ,translated 
by ,s4 ,w4                              
,dyde4 ,london1 #ahif4      ,henry1     
,patrick        ,speech in ,virginia    
,legislature1 #agge4      ,hershey1     
,amos ,s4      ,neutrality and          
,international ,law4                    
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,january1 #aiaf4      ,hibben1 ,john    
,grier    ,the ,higher ,patriotism4     
,north ,american ,review1               
#aiae2 and ,new ,york1 #aiae4           
,hobbes1 ,thomas        ,leviathan4     
,london1 #afea4      ,holmes1 ,s4 ,j4   
,the ,evolution of ,animal              
,intelligence4                          
,new ,york1 #aiaa4      ,holt1 ,e4 ,b4  
,the ,freudian ,wish and ,its ,place in 
,ethics4 ,new                           
,york1 #aiae4      ,howison1 ,g4 ,h4    
,the ,limits of ,evolution4 ,new ,york1 
,london1                          #aijd4
      ,hughes1 ,charles ,e4    ,address 
before ,empire ,state ,society of the   
,sons                          of the   

,american ,revolution1 ,november #bf1   
#aijf4      ,international ,reform      
,bureau   ,patriotic ,studies4          
,washington1 #aije4      ,jacks1 ,l4 ,p4
          ,the ,changing ,mind of a     
,nation at ,war4 ,in ,the               
,international ,crisis in ,its ,ethical 
and                                     
,psychological ,aspects1 by ,e4         
,sidgwick and                           
,others4 ,london1 ,new ,york1 etc41     
#aiae4      ,james1 ,william            
,memories and ,studies3 ,,xi4 ,the      
,moral                                  
,equivalent of ,war2 ,,xii4 ,remarks at 
the ,peace                              
,banquet4 ,new ,york1 ,london1 #aiaa4   
,the ,principles of ,psychology4 #b     
,vols4 ,new                             
,york1 #ahij4      ,judd1 ,charles ,h4  
,psychology4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4         
,judson1 ,harry ,pratt   ,the ,young    
,american4 ,new ,york1 #ahig4           
,king1 ,gertrude ,besse  ,the ,servile  
,mind4 ,international ,journal of       

,ethics1 ,july1 #aiaf4      ,king1      
,thomas ,starr    ,patriotism and ,other
 ,papers3 ,i4 ,patriotism4              
,,ii4 ,washington or ,greatness4        
,boston1 #ahfd4      ,laski1 ,h4 ,j4    
,studies in the ,problem of             
,sovereignty4 ,new                      
,haven1 #aiag4                          
,the ,sovereignty of the ,state4 ,the   
,journal of                             
,philosophy1 ,psychology1 and           
,scientific ,methods1                   
,february #ag1 #aiaf4      ,lessing1    
,gotthold ,ephraim   ,nathan the ,wise4 
,edited by ,george                      
,alexander ,kohut4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4   
,lincoln1 ,abraham      ,gettysburg     
,address4      ,lindsay1 ,a4 ,d4        
,the ,state and ,society4 ,in ,the      
,international                          
,crisis3 ,the ,theory of the ,state1 by 
,louise                                 
,creighton and ,others4 ,london1 ,new   
,york1 etc41                            
#aiaf4      ,lippmann1 ,walter      ,the

 ,stakes of ,diplomacy4 ,new ,york1     
#aiae4                          ,second 
edition1 #aiag4      ,lloyd1 ,alfred ,h4
      ,the ,doctrinaire in ,time of     
,crisis4                                
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,july1 #aiaf4      ,loisy1 ,alfred      
,the ,war and ,religion4 ,translated    
into ,english                           
by ,arthur ,galton4 ,oxford1 #aiae4     
,longfellow1 ,henry ,w4  ,the ,building 
of the ,ship4      ,mackay1 ,constance  
,d',arcy   ,patriotic ,plays and        
,pageants for ,young                    
,people4 ,new ,york1 #aiab4             
,mackenzie1 ,j4 ,s4      ,might and     
,right4 ,in ,the ,international ,crisis3
                          ,the ,theory  
of the ,state1 by ,louise ,creighton    
and ,others4 ,london1 ,new ,york1 etc41 
#aiaf4      ,marshall1 ,h4 ,r4          
,the ,relation of ,instinct and         
,intelligence4 ,the                     
,british ,journal of ,psychology1 ,vol4 
,v1 #aiab-ac4      ,mc,dougall1 ,william

    ,instinct and ,intelligence4 ,the   
,british ,journal                       
of ,psychology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #aiji-aj4  
,an ,introduction to ,social            
,psychology4 ,london1                   
#aijh4 ,eighth edition1 #aiad4          
,meredith1 ,h4 ,o4       ,class         
,distinctions4 ,international ,journal  
of ,ethics1 ,october1 #aiad4            
,meredith1 ,james       ,perpetual      
,peace and the ,doctrine of     ,creed  
,neutrality4 ,international ,journal of 
,ethics1                          ,july1
 #aiae4      ,meyers1 ,charles ,s4      
,instinct and ,intelligence4 ,the       
,british ,journal                       
of ,psychology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #aiji-aj4  
,mill1 ,john ,stuart     ,autobiography4
 ,new ,york1 #ahgc4                     
,on ,liberty4 ,boston1 #ahfc4           
,principles of ,political ,economy4 #b  
,vols4                          ,london1
 #ahdh4 ,london1 ,new ,york1 etc41      
#aiji4                                  
,representative ,government4 ,london1   

#ahfa4 ,new                             
,york1 #ahhb4                           
,the ,letters of ,john ,stuart ,mill4   
,edited by ,hugh                        
,s4 ,r4 ,elliot1 with note on ,mill's   
private life                          by
 ,mary ,taylor4 ,london1 ,new ,york1    
etc41 #aiaj4      ,miller1 ,joseph ,dana
   ,the ,difficulties of ,democracy4    
,international                          
,journal of ,ethics1 ,january1 #aiae4   
,morgan1 ,c4 ,lloyd      ,instinct and  
,intelligence4 ,the ,british ,journal   
of ,psychology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #aiji-aj4  
,murray1 ,gilbert       ,herd ,instinct 
and the ,war4 ,in ,the                  
,international ,crisis in ,its ,ethical 
and                                     
,psychological ,aspects1 by ,eleanor ,m4
 ,sidgwick                          and 
,others4 ,london1 ,new ,york1 etc41     
#aiae4                          ,faith1 
,war1 and ,policy4 ,boston1 ,new ,york1 
#aiag4      ,nitobe1 ,inazo ,o4         
,bushido1 the ,soul of ,japan4          

,philadelphia1                          
#aijj4      ,oakeley1 ,hilda ,d4        
,the ,idea of a ,general ,will4 ,in ,the
                          ,international
 ,crisis3 ,the ,theory of the ,state1   
by ,louise ,creighton and ,others4      
,london1 ,new                           
,york1 etc41 #aiaf4      ,orth1 ,samuel 
,p4       ,law and ,force in            
,international ,affairs4                
,international ,journal of ,ethics1     
,april1 #aiaf4      ,peabody1 ,selim ,h4
     ,american ,patriotism4 ,new ,york1 
#ahha4      ,perry1 ,ralph ,barton      
,non-,resistance and the ,present       
,war--,a ,reply to                      
,mr4 ,russell4 ,international ,journal  
of ,ethics1                             
,april1 #aiae4      ,phillips1 ,sydney  
,patriotic ,societies of the ,united    
,states4      ,aaron               ,new 
,york1 #aiad4      ,philp1 ,j4 ,h4      
,the ,principle of ,individuation in the
                          ,philosophy of
 ,josiah ,royce4 ,yale ,ph4 ,d4         

,thesis1 #aiaf4      ,plato             
,crito4 ,translated by ,b4 ,jowett4     
,oxford1 #ahga4                         
,the ,republic4 ,translated by ,b4      
,jowett4 ,oxford1                       
#ahga4      ,ponsonby1 ,arthur          
,international ,morality4 ,international
 ,journal                          of   
,ethics1 ,january1 #aiae4      ,powers1 
,h4 ,h4         ,the ,things ,men ,fight
 ,for4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4      ,quincy1 
,josiah1 ,jr4   ,second ,centennial of  
,boston1 #ahcj4      ,rashdall1         
,hastings    ,egoism1 ,personal and     
,national4 ,in ,the                     
,international ,crisis3 ,the ,theory of 
the ,state1                          by 
,louise ,creighton and ,others4 ,london1
 ,new                          ,york1   
etc41 #aiaf4      ,rhodes1 ,d4 ,p4      
,the ,great ,resolve4 ,boston1 #aiaf4   
,robertson1 ,j4 ,m4      ,criticisms4   
,vol4 ,,ii4 ,essay on ,the ,jingoism of 
,poets 7#ahhg74 ,london1 #aijc4         
,patriotism and ,empire4 ,london1 #ahii4

      ,rogers1 ,a4 ,k4         ,the     
,formulas for ,state ,action4           
,international                          
,journal of ,ethics1 ,april1 #aiaf4     
,the ,philosophy of ,loyalty4 ,the      
,journal of                             
,philosophy1 ,psychology1 and           
,scientific ,methods1                   
,january1 #aiah4      ,rose1 ,j4 ,h4    
,nationality in ,modern ,history4 ,new  
,york1 #aiaf4      ,ross1 ,e4 ,a4       
,social ,psychology4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 
,royce1 ,josiah         ,race           
,questions1 ,provincialism1 and ,other  
,american ,problems4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 
,the ,conception of ,god4 ,new ,york1   
#aijb4                            ,the  
,hope of the ,great ,community1         
including                          ,the 
,duties of ,americans in the ,present   
,war4                          ,new     
,york1 #aiaf4                           
,the ,philosophy of ,loyalty4 ,new      
,york1 #aiad4                           
,first published1 #aijh4                

,the ,problem of ,christianity4 #b      
,vols4 ,new ,york1                      
#aiac4                            ,the  
,religious ,aspect of ,philosophy4      
,boston1                          ,new  
,york1 #ahhe4                           
,the ,world and the ,individual4 #b     
,vols4 ,vol4 ,i1                        
#ahii4 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #aija4 ,new ,york1   
,london1 etc41                          
#aiab4      ,russell1 ,bertrand     ,the
 ,ethics of ,war4 ,international        
,journal of                             
,ethics1 ,january1 #aiae4               
,the ,nature of the ,state in ,view of  
,its ,external                          
,relations4 ,proceedings of the         
,aristotelian                           
,society1 #aiae-af4                     
,war3 ,the ,offspring of ,fear4 ,union  
of                          ,democratic 
,control1 ,pamphlet #c4 ,london1 #aiae4 
,the ,war and ,non-,resistance--,a      
,rejoinder to                           
,professor ,perry4 ,international       

,journal of                             
,ethics1 ,october1 #aiae4               
,why ,men ,fight4 ,new ,york1 #aiag4    
,scott1 ,j4 ,f4          ,patriots in   
the ,making4 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4         
,scott1 ,walter         ,the ,lay of the
 ,last ,minstrel4      ,seymour1        
,charles      ,the ,diplomatic          
,background of the                      
,war--#ahgj-aiad4 ,new ,haven1 #aiaf4   
,shand1 ,a4 ,f4          ,the           
,foundations of ,character4 ,london1    
#aiad4      ,shelton1 ,h4 ,s4           
,the ,hegelian ,concept of the ,state   
and ,modern                             
,individualism4 ,international ,journal 
of ,ethics1                             
,october1 #aiac4      ,sidgwick1        
,eleanor ,m4  ,the ,morality of ,strife 
in ,relation to the ,war4               
,in ,the ,international ,crisis in ,its 
,ethical and                            
,psychological ,aspects1 by ,e4         
,sidgwick and                           
,others4 ,london1 ,new ,york1 etc41     

#aiae4      ,sons of the ,american      
,revolution2 ,empire ,state ,society    
,addresses at the                       
banquet of the ,empire ,state ,society  
of the ,sons                          of
 the ,american ,revolution1 ,november   
#bf1 #aijf4                             
,new ,york1 #aijg4      ,sorley1 ,w4 ,r4
         ,the ,state and ,morality4 ,in 
,the ,international                     
,crisis3 ,the ,theory of the ,state1 by 
,louise                                 
,creighton and ,others4 ,london1 ,new   
,york1 etc41                            
#aiaf4      ,spencer1 ,herbert          
,patriotism4 ,in ,facts and ,comments4  
,new ,york1                             
#aijb4                                  
,social ,statics4 ,american edition4    
,new ,york1                             
#ahhb4      ,stawell1 ,f4 ,melian       
,patriotism and ,humanity4              
,international ,journal                 
of ,ethics1 ,april1 #aiae4              
,stephen1 ,leslie       ,thomas ,hobbes4

 ,english ,men of ,letters ,series4     
,new ,york1 ,london1 #aijd4             
,stirner1 ,max 7,johann  ,the ,ego and  
,his ,own4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4           
,kaspar ,schmidt7      ,stout1 ,g4 ,f4  
,instinct and ,intelligence4 ,the       
,british ,journal                       
of ,psychology1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 #aiji-aj4  
,war and ,hatred4 ,in ,the              
,international ,crisis                  
in ,its ,ethical and ,psychological     
,aspects1 by ,e4                        
,sidgwick and ,others4 ,london1 ,new    
,york1 etc41                            
#aiae4      ,stratton1 ,george      ,the
 ,docility of the ,fighter4             
,international        ,malcolm          
,journal of ,ethics1 ,april1 #aiaf4     
,sumner1 ,w4 ,g4         ,folkways4     
,boston1 #aijg4      ,sumner1 ,charles  
,the ,true ,grandeur of ,nations1 ,july 
#d1 #ahde4      ,talbot1 ,ellen ,b4     
,individuality and ,freedom4 ,the       
,philosophical                          
,review1 ,vol4 #ah1 #aiji4      ,tarde1 

,gabriel        ,the ,laws of           
,imitation4 ,new ,york1 #aijc4          
,tennyson1 ,alfred      ,poetical       
,works4 ,london and ,new ,york1 #ahib4  
,townsend1 ,harvey      ,the ,principle 
of ,individuality in the       ,gates   
,philosophy of ,thomas ,hill ,green4    
,cornell ,ph4 ,d4                       
,thesis4 ,lancaster1 ,pa41 #aiad4       
,trotter1 ,wilfred      ,the ,instincts 
of the ,herd in ,peace and ,war4        
,new ,york1 #aiag4      ,veblen1        
,thorstein     ,an ,inquiry into the    
,nature of ,peace and the               
,terms of ,its ,perpetuation4 ,new      
,york1 ,london1                         
etc41 #aiag4      ,venturi1 ,e4 ,a4     
,joseph ,mazzini4 ,with two essays by   
,mazzini3                               
,thoughts on ,democracy and ,the ,duties
 of ,man4                               
,london1 #ahge4      ,wallas1 ,graham   
,human ,nature in ,politics4 ,london1   
#aijh4                            ,the  
,great ,society4 ,new ,york1 #aiad4     

,washington1 ,george    ,letter to the  
,governors1 #aghc4                      
,farewell ,address1 #agif4      ,watson1
 ,j4 ,b4         ,behavior4 ,new ,york1 
#aiad4      ,watson1 ,william       ,the
 ,true ,patriotism4 ,in ,works4 ,new    
,york1                          ,london1
 etc41 #ahic4      ,webster1 ,daniel    
,reply to ,hayne1 #ahcj4                
,wordsworth1 ,william   ,complete       
,poetical ,works4 ,london1 #aiji4       
,woolf1 ,l4 ,s4          ,international 
,morality4 ,international ,journal      
of ,ethics1 ,october1 #aiae4            
,international ,government4 ,fabian     
,research                               
,department4 ,london1 #aiaf4            
,zimmerman1 ,j4 ,g4      ,on ,national  
,pride4 ,translated from the ,german4   
,london1 #agga4          ,transcriber's 
,note    ,in a few cases1 obvious errors
 in punctuation have been corrected4    
,page #bh3 8essentials in the disipline0
 changed to 8essentials in the          
discipline0    ,page #cb3 8,there is a  

compusion0 changed to 8,there is a      
compulsion0    ,page #cc3 8is is put    
under0 changed to 8it is put under0     
,page #dg3 8it is not admissable0       
changed to 8it is not admissible0       
,page #dh3 8ties which binds0 changed to
 8ties which bind0    ,page #ha3 8will  
be to be nationally0 changed to 8will to
 be nationally0    ,page #he3 8existence
 in there0 changed to 8existence is     
there0    ,page #ajc3 8,at at rate0     
changed to 8,at any rate0