,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,tractor ,,pr9ciples ,,! ,,action1 ,,me*anism1 ,,h&l+1 ,,c>e1 ,,ma9t5ance ,,& ,,repair ,,( ,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,tractor ,,by ,,rog] ,b4 ,,:itman ,,au?or ,,( 8,,motor ,,c> ,,pr9ciples10 8,,gas ,,eng9e ,,pr9ciples10 8,,motor-,,cycle ,,pr9ciples10 ,,etc4 ,illu/ration ,,fully ,,illu/rat$ ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,london #aibj ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ,,=eword ,! tractor ( to-day is built 9 almo/ z _m types & designs z !re are tractor mak]s1 & is f> f be+ z /&>d z ! automobile4 ,!re are tractors ) "o driv+ :eel1 ) two driv+ :eels1 ) ?ree & ) f\r1 z well z ?ree arrangem5ts ( ! crawl] pr9ciple2 !re are two-:eel]s1 ?ree-:eel]s & f\r-:eel]s2 tractors t are controll$ by p$als & lev]s & tractors t are driv5 by re9s4 ,?us if a man :o is compet5t to h&le & c>e = "o make is giv5 ano!r make to run1 he may be entirely at a loss z to h[ x works & h[ x %\ld be h&l$4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is book to expla9 & describe all ( ! me*anisms t are 9 common use 9 tractor con/ruction1 to ! end t ! read] may be able to id5tify & und]/& ! p>ts ( :atev] make he may see or h&le4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,tractor ,,pr9ciples ,comp>ison betwe5 tractors & automobiles--,:at is requir$ = ea*--,advantage ( und]/&+ ! me*anism--,no /&>d tractor design--,pr9cipal p>ts ( a tractor--,necessity = ea* #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,eng9e ,,pr9ciples ,p[] atta9$ f heat--,combu/ible mixture--,pr9ciple ( eng9e op]ation--,combu/ion space--,gas eng9e cycle--,dead /rokes--,fly:eel--,/>t+ an eng9e--,inlet /roke--,compression /roke--,importance ( compression--,ignition--,advance & ret>d ( ignition--,p[] /roke--,exhau/ /roke--,production ( p[]--,v]tical & horizontal eng9es--,fir+ ord] #i ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,eng9e ,,p>ts ,base--,be>+s--,cyl9d]s--,crank%aft--,pi /on--,connect+ rod--,wri/ p9--,pi/on r+s--,valves--,cam--,valve me*anisms--,cool+ sy/em #cj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fuels ,,& ,,c>buretion ,oxyg5 necess>y = combu/ion--,=m+ a mixture--,ri* & poor mixtures--,c>bon--,preignition-- ,c>buret]--,spray nozzle--,evaporation ( fuels--,c>buret] pr9ciples-- ,extra air inlet--,effect ( heat on mixture--,load+-- ,/rangl] #eb ,,*apt] ,v ,,c>buret]s ,c>buret] p>ts--,manifold--,action ( c>buret]--,float fe$--,k]os5e & gasol9e--,descriptions ( c>buret]s--,pump fe$--,use ( wat] 9 ! mixture--,application ( heat--,fuel pumps--,air clean]s--,gov]nors #gj ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ignition ,pr9ciple ( ignition--,po9t ( ignition--,preignition--,advance & ret>d--,p>ts ( ignition sy/em--,magnetism--,induction--,magneto- -,action ( armature--,armature w9d+s--,circuit break]--,circuit--,%uttle & inductor armatures--,sp>k+ curr5t--,gr\nd$ circuit-- ,magneto p>ts--,impulse />t] #ajb ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,batt]y ,,ignition ,,sy/ems ,pr9ciple ( sp>k coil--,w9d+s--,tim]--,atwat]-,k5t sy/em--,vibrator--,sp>k plugs #aca ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,transmission ,transmission p>ts--,clut*es--,necessity = *ange spe$ ge>--,high & l[ ge>--,types ( *ange spe$ ge>s--,necessity = diff]5tial--,pr9ciple ( diff]5tial--,drives--,worm #adc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,tractor ,,arrangem5t ,tractor requirem5ts--,tractor types--,eng9e position-- ,front axles--,spr+ supports #afg ,,*apt] ,x ,,lubrication ,importance ( lubrication--,effect ( oil--,k9ds ( oil--,effect ( temp]ature on oil--,us+ ! "r k9d ( oil--,burn+ po9t--,viscosity--,lubrication *>ts--,oil+ sy/ems--,oil pumps--,me*anical oil]-- ,oil cup--,grease cup #age ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tractor ,,op]ation ,us+ a new tractor--,break+ 9--,daily inspection--,driv+--,%ift+ ge>s--,driv+ on hills--,us+ ! eng9e z a brake--,cold wea!r conditions--,/>t+ 9 cold wea!r--,protection aga9/ freez+--,/>t+ a tractor #bja ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,eng9e ,,ma9t5ance ,fuel sy/em & c>buret]--,c>buret] adju/m5t--,dirt 9 ! fuel--,runn+ on k]os5e--,c>e--,magneto & ignition sy/em--,c>e ( magneto--,smoo?+ plat9um po9ts--,adju/m5t--,tim+ a magneto--,te/+ a magneto--,ignition tr\ble--,compression--,te/+ = compression leaks--,valve gr9d+--,valve tim+--,c>bon--,remov+ c>bon #bac ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,locat+ ,,tr\ble ,eng9e w n />t--,eng9e loses p[]--,eng9e /ops--,eng9e misses--,eng9e />ts2 b /ops--,eng9e ov]heats--,eng9e smokes #bde ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,causes ,,( ,,tr\ble ,tr\bles & _! causes 9 tabul> =m #bei ,,index #bfa ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page #a ,! ,gas ,eng9e ,cycle #ae #b #a-;cyl9d] p[] diagram #ba #c #b-;cyl9d] p[] diagram #bb #d #b-;cyl9d] p[] diagram1 #ahj %aft #bd #e ,h4 ,d4 ,o4 p[] diagram #bf #f #d-;cyl9d] p[] diagram #bg #g #b-;cyl9d] crank %aft #ca #h #d-;cyl9d] crank %aft #cb #i ,half ( a pla9 be>+ #cb #aj ,connect+ rod be>+s #cc #aa ,pi/on complete & 9 section #cd #ab ,wri/ p9 fa/5+s #cf #ac ,valve #ch #ad ,action ( cam #ci #ae 8,tw9 ,city0 tractor eng9e #da #af 8,h>t-,p>r0 valve me*anism #dc #ag 8,h>t-,p>r0 eng9e #de #ah 8,oil-,pull0 eng9e #dg #ai ,horizontal d\ble oppos$ eng9e #di #bj 8,mon>*0 eng9e #ea #ba ,pr9ciple ( c>buretor #ei #bb ,pr9ciple ( extra air inlet #fd #bc 8,k+/on0 c>buretor1 model ,l #gb #bd 8,k+/on0 c>buretor1 model ,e #ge #be 8,k+/on0 c>buretor1 dual model #gg #bf 8,e-,b0 c>buretor #gi #bg 8,e-,b0 c>buretor1 side view #ha #bh ,pump-f$ c>buretor #hb #bi 8,titan0 c>buretor #hd #cj ,pump-f$ c>buretor ) two fuel nozzles #he #ca 8,h>t-,p>r0 mixture heat] #hg #cb 8,tw9 ,city0 manifold #hh #cc ,fuel pump #ij #cd 8,av]y0 fuel connections #ib #ce 8,oil-,pull0 fuel sy/em #ic #cf ,air wa%] #ie #cg ,air /ra9] #if #ch 8,e-,b0 gov]nor #ig #ci 8,case0 gov]nor #ih #dj 8,h>t-,p>r0 gov]nor #ii #da ,v]tical gov]nor #aja #db ,armature #ajg #dc ,fl[ ( magnetism ?r\gh armature core #ajh #dd ,"o complete revolution ( ! armature #aaa #de ,connections ( ,bos* magneto #aab #df 8,k-,w0 inductor #aae #dg 8,k-,w0 inductor 9 ?ree positions #aag #dh 8,dixie0 inductor #aah #di ,?ree positions ( 8,dixie0 inductor #abj #ej 8,bos*0 circuit break] #aba #ea 8,k-,w0 circuit break] #abb #eb 8,bos*0 magneto 9 section #abf #ec 8,k-,w0 magneto 9 section #abi #ed ,magnetism 9 a copp] wire #acb #ee ,magnetism f electricity #acc #ef ,pr9ciple ( sp>k coil #acd #eg 8,atwat]-,k5t0 ignition sy/em #acf #eh ,vibrator coil ignition sy/em #aci #ei ,sp>k plug #ada #fj ,int]nal clut* #add #fa ,plate clut* #adg #fb ,pr9ciple ( slid+ ge> #aee #fc ,pr9ciple ( jaw clut* *ange spe$ ge> #aeg #fd 8,i4 ,h4 ,c40 *a9 drive1 %[+ diff]5tial #afb #fe 8,case0 re> axle #afc #ff 8,oil-,pull0 re> axle #afd #fg ,driv+ worm #afe #fh ,tractor arrangem5t #afh #fi ,tractor arrangem5t #afi #gj 8,gray0 tractor #aga #ga ,types ( front axles #agb #gb ,spr+ support #agc #gc 8,mogul0 oil+ diagram #ahj #gd 8,ill9ois0 oil+ diagram #ahc #ge ,end ( 8,tw9 ,city0 connect+ rod #ahe #gf ,wri/ p9 lubrication #ahf #gg ,=ce fe$ oil+ sy/em ( 8,gray0 eng9e #ahg #gh ,oil pump #ahh #gi 8,e-,b0 oil pump #ahi #hj ,oil pump ) holl[ plung] #aij #ha ,me?ods ( prev5t+ oil leaks #aia #hb 8,titan0 lubricator #aib #hc 8,i4 ,h4 ,c40 me?od ( oil+ crank p9s #aic #hd 8,h>t-,p>r0 oil+ sy/em #aid #he ,oil cup #aie #hf ,prop] use ( a grease cup #aif #hg 8,titan0 #aj-bj oil+ diagram #aih #hh 8,int]national0 oil+ diagram #aii #hi ,gr9d+ valve 9 eng9e ) fix$ head #bca #ij ,gr9d+ valve 9 deta*able head #bcc #ia ,gr9d+ valve 9 deta*able seat #bcd #ib ,valve seat cutt] #bce #ic 8,holt0 valve arrangem5t #bcf #id ,valve tim+1 us+ m>ks on fly:eel #bch #ie ,valve tim+ #bci ,,tractor ,,pr9ciples ,,*apt] ,i ,,tractor ,,pr9ciples ,:ile tractors & automobiles are ! same 9 g5]al pr9ciples1 !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 design1 con/ruction1 & h&l+1 due to ! diff]5ces 9 ! "w t !y d & 9 ! conditions "u :i* !y d x4 ,an automobile is requir$ to move only itself & ! load t x c>ries4 ,:ile x c run ov] r\gh roads1 ^! mu/ be h>d en\gh to support x2 on s(t gr\nd x w s9k 9 & be unable to get itself out4 ,x c make great spe$ ov] smoo?1 level roads2 b only r>ely d road & police conditions p]mit x to run its fa/e/ = m ?an a few m9utes at a "t4 ,= ! great] "p ( its life x develops only a portion ( ! p[] ( :i* x is capable4 ,a tractor1 on ! o!r h&1 is int5d$ n to c>ry1 b to haul4 ,x mu/ run & d its "w on r\gh hillsides1 s(t bottoms1 or any o!r l& :]e x is requir$ to g4 ,in/ead ( develop+ spe$ x develops pull+ p[]1 & mu/ be able to develop its full p[] cont9u\sly4 ,appe>ance & com=t c\nt = a great deal 9 an automobile1 & mu* att5tion is devot$ to mak+ x noiseless & simple to manage4 ,^! ?+s d n apply 9 a tractor1 :i* is a labor-sav+ & money-mak+ ma*9e1 valuable only = ! "w t x c d4 ,!re is no "q ( uphol/]y or nickel-plat+2 all t is want$ is a ma*9e t w d ! requir$ "w ) ! lea/ possible co/ ( op]ation4 ,z is ! case ) any k9d ( ma*9e t is pur*as$ z a money-mak]1 its co/ %\ld be z l[ z is consi/5t ) its ability to d its "w4 ,any extra co/ = accessories1 or f9i%1 or o!r detail1 is wa/$ unless x p]mits ! ma*9e to d m "w1 or1 by mak+ ! op]ator m com=table1 all[s him to run ! ma*9e = a long] /ret* ( "t or ) great] effici5cy4 ,x may be tak5 = grant$ t any tractor w run & w d its "w ) satisfaction1 provid$ x is s5sibly h&l$ & c>$ =4 ,f> m tr\bles & breakd[ns come f c>eless h&l+ & f neglect ?an f faulty design & mat]ial4 ,a tractor t is runn+ & do+ its "w is e>n+ a return on ! money inve/$ 9 x2 :5 x is laid up = repairs !re is n only a loss ( int]e/ on ! inve/m5t1 b a loss ( ! value ( ! "w t x might be do+4 ,to keep a tractor runn+ is a matt] only ( und]/&+ & ( common s5se2 common s5se to realize t any piece ( ma*9]y ne$s "s degree ( c>e & att5tion1 & und]/&+ ( :]e ! c>e & att5tion %\ld be appli$4 ,! m ?or\ghly a tractor op]ator und]/&s 8 ma*9e1 ! m "w he w be able to get out ( x1 & ! m cont9u\sly x w run4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( say+ t und]/&+ & k pay a direct return 9 "w done & money e>n$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! automobile !re 7 z _m types ( c>s z !re 7 manufactur]s4 ,z "t has gone on1 ! unsatisfactory ideas h be5 we$$ out1 & automobiles h approa*$ :at may be call$ a /&>d design4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 tractor designs are v>i$1 & x is h>dly possible to speak ( any type z /&>d4 ,! reason = ?is lies 9 ! fact t _m manufactur]s />t ) a design = "o special "p1 & build ! tractor ar\nd x4 ,= example1 a manufactur] may develop a me?od ( driv+ ! :eels t he feels is especially good = tractor "w4 ,9 apply+ x he may f9d t ! eng9e mu/ be s plac$ on ! frame t :5 ! p[] pulley is 9 position ! belt w int]f]e ) ! front :eels unless !y are small2 he !re=e uses small front :eels1 & advocates !m = tractors4 ,ano!r manufactur] ) a pat5t /e]+ ge> may be able to place ! p[] pulley s t !re is ample cle>ance = ! belt2 he f9ds t by us+ high front :eels he c get a bett] support = ! frame1 & !re=e claims t high front :eels are an advantage4 ,o!r designs may be bas$ on hav+ ?ree :eels1 or two2 advantages are claim$ = ea* type1 & ea* type und\bt$ly has !m4 ,! selection ( a tractor is bas$ on "o's own exp]i5ce or on t ( neighbors1 or on ! ability ( ! salesman to br+ out ! advantages ( ! make t he sells2 b :5 ! tractor is b\ght & deliv]$1 its ability to d ! "w promis$ = x dep5ds solely on ! c>e ) :i* x is h&l$ & look$ aft]4 ,:atev] ! design ( a tractor may be1 !re are c]ta9 p>ts t x mu/ h 9 ord] to d ! "w requir$ ( x4 ,^! p>ts1 or gr\ps ( p>ts1 are z foll[s3 ,eng9e4--,?is furni%es ! p[] by :i* ! tractor op]ates4 ,clut*4--,by means ( a clut* ! eng9e may be connect$ ) ! me*anism1 s t ! tractor moves1 or x may be disconnect$1 s t x may run )\t mov+ ! tractor4 ,*ange ,spe$ ,ge>4--,z w be expla9$ 9 lat] *apt]s1 an eng9e1 9 ord] to "w mo/ effici5tly1 %\ld run at a fix$ spe$2 ! tractor %\ld be able to run fa/ or sl[1 accord+ to conditions4 ,a *ange spe$ ge> is !re=e provid$1 by :i* ! spe$ ( ! tractor may be *ang$1 al?\gh !re is no *ange 9 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,drive4--,! drive is ! me*anism t applies ! p[] ( ! eng9e to ! :eels1 & makes !m turn4 ,diff]5tial4--,:5 a tractor makes a turn1 ! outside :eels cov] a l>g] circle ?an ! inside :eels1 & !re=e mu/ run fa/] 9 ord] to get ar\nd 9 ! same "t4 ,x is usually ! case t ! p[] ( ! eng9e is appli$ to bo? driv+ :eels2 if bo? 7 solid on ! axle1 l ! :eels ( a railroad c>1 "o w\ld be =c$ to slip :5 mak+ a turn1 :i* w\ld wa/e p[]4 ,by apply+ a diff]5tial1 ! eng9e c drive bo? :eels1 b ! :eels may run at diff]5t spe$s :5 conditions require x4 ,! clut*1 *ange spe$ ge>1 drive & diff]5tial =m ! transmission4 ,/e]+ ge>4--,by means ( ! /e]+ ge> ! direction 9 :i* ! tractor moves may be *ang$4 ,supports4--,a tractor moves on broad-tir$ :eels1 or on crawl]s1 :i* are s =m$ t !y grip ! gr\nd & d n slip4 ,!y give s broad a support t ev5 on s(t gr\nd ! weight ( ! tractor w n pack ! soil suffici5tly to injure x z a se$ b$4 ,frame4--,! frame is ! f\ndation ( ! tractor1 & holds ! p>ts 9 ! prop] relation to ea* o!r4 ,x is usually made ( *annel /eel1 ! p>ts be+ bolt$ to x2 9 "s tractors1 h[ev]1 ! p>ts are s atta*$ to ea* o!r t !y =m _! own support1 & no o!r frame is ne$$4 ,tractor manufactur]s make ^! p>ts 9 diff]5t ways2 all accompli% ! same result1 b d x by diff]5t me?ods4 ,! ma9 pr9ciples are mu* ! same1 & %\ld be kn[n & und]/ood4 ,!y are describ$ & expla9$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,eng9e ,,pr9ciples ,! work+ "p ( a tractor is ! eng9e2 x is ?is t furni%es ! p[] t makes ! ma*9e g4 ,! eng9e gets its p[] f ! burn+ ( a mixture ( fuel vapor & air4 ,:5 ?is mixture burns1 x becomes heat$1 &1 z is usual ) hot ?+s1 x tries to exp&1 or to occupy m room4 ,! mixture is plac$ 9 a cyl9d]1 betwe5 ! clos$ end & ! pi/on2 x is !n heat$ by be+ burn$1 &1 9 /ruggl+ to exp&1 x =ces ! pi/on to slide d[n ! cyl9d]4 ,?is movem5t ( ! pi/on makes ! crank %aft revolve1 :i* 9 turn drives ! tractor4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 mak+ ! eng9e run is to put a *>ge ( mixture into ! cyl9d]1 & x is cle> t if ! burn+ ( ! *>ge is to move ! pi/on1 ! pi/on mu/ be 9 su* a position t x is able to move4 ,:5 ! mixture is burn$1 ! pi/on mu/ !re=e be at ! clos$ end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,aft] ! *>ge ( mixture has be5 burn$1 ! cyl9d] mu/ be cle>$ ( ! dead & useless gases t rema91 9 ord] to make room = a fre% *>ge4 ,! *>ge ( mixture is drawn into ! cyl9d] j z a pump sucks 9 wat]4 ,at a "t :5 ! pi/on is at ! clos$ end ( ! cyl9d]1 a valve is op5$ connect+ ! space above ! pi/on ) ! device t =ms ! mixture2 !n by mov+ ! pi/on outw>d1 mixture is suck$ into ! space above x4 ,:5 ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke ! cyl9d] has be5 fill$ ) mixture1 & ! valve !n closes4 ,x w\ld be useless to set fire to ! mixture at t "t1 = ! pi/on is z f> d[n ! cyl9d] z x c be1 & pressure c\ld n move x any f>!r4 ,to get ! pi/on into su* a position t ! exp&+ mixture c move x1 x is =c$ back to ! clos$ end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is squeezes or compresses1 ! cyl9d]ful ( mixture into ! small space1 call$ ! combu/ion *amb]1 betwe5 ! pi/on & ! cyl9d] head4 ,if ! mixture is n[ burn$1 ! pi/on c move ! l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 & 9 s do+ x develops p[]4 ,! cyl9d] is cle>$ ( ! burn$ & useless gases by op5+ a valve & pu%+ !m out by mov+ ! pi/on back to ! inn] end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ?is has be5 done1 ! valve is clos$1 &1 by op5+ ! inlet valve & mov+ ! pi/on outw>d1 a fre% *>ge is suck$ 91 & ! sev]al /eps ( ! gas eng9e cycle are repeat$4 ,! "n cycle is giv5 to any s]ies ( /eps or ev5ts t mu/ be gone ?r\gh 9 ord] t a ?+ may happ54 ,?us ! empty %ell mu/ be tak5 out ( a gun & a fre% c>tridge put 9 be=e ! gun c be fir$ aga91 & t s]ies ( /eps might be call$ ! gun cycle4 ,! gas eng9e cycle requires ! pi/on to make f\r /rokes4 ,an outw>d /roke sucks 9 a *>ge ( mixture1 & an inw>d /roke returns ! pi/on to ! fir+ position & compresses ! *>ge4 ,!n comes ! outw>d /roke :5 ! pi/on moves "u p[]1 foll[$ by ! inw>d /roke t cle>s ! cyl9d] ( ! burn$ gases4 ,= e /roke ( ! pi/on ! crank %aft makes a half-revolution2 ! crank %aft !re=e makes two revolutions to f\r /rokes ( ! pi/on & to ea* repetition ( ! gas eng9e cycle4 ,( ^! f\r /rokes ( ! pi/on only "o produces p[]4 ,! o!r ?ree /rokes1 call$ ! dead /rokes1 are requir$ to prep>e = ano!r p[] /roke4 ,a gas eng9e cyl9d] ?us produces p[] = only "o qu>t] ( ! "t t x runs4 ,?is is "o ( ! /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! gas eng9e & ! /eam eng9e1 = ! pi/on ( a /eam eng9e moves "u p[] all ( ! "t t ! eng9e runs4 ,a "o-cyl9d] gas eng9e mu/ h some?+ to make ! pi/on g ?r\gh ! dead /rokes1 = o!rwise ! pi/on w\ld /op at ! end ( ! p[] /roke2 ! pi/on is kept 9 motion by heavy fly:eels atta*$ to ! crank %aft4 ,^!1 l any object1 try to cont9ue 9 motion :5 once !y are />t$2 a p[] /roke />ts ! crank %aft revolv+ & its fly:eels keep x go+4 ,?us1 ! pi/on drives ! crank %aft dur+ ! p[] /roke1 & ! crank %aft drives ! pi/on dur+ ! dead /rokes4 ,to />t an eng9e1 ! crank %aft is revolv$ to make ! pi/on suck 9 a *>ge ( mixture & compress x2 !n ! *>ge is burn$1 ! p[] /roke takes place1 & ! eng9e runs4 ,a cle> idea ( :at goes on inside ( ! cyl9d] is q necess>y 9 ord] to take prop] c>e ( an eng9e & to get ! be/ "w out ( x4 ,! foll[+ description applies to any cyl9d]1 = ! action 9 all cyl9d]s ( an eng9e is ! same4 ,inlet ,/roke4--,dur+ ! inlet /roke 7,no4 #a1 ,fig4 #a71 ! pi/on moves outw>d2 ! inlet valve is op51 & ! exhau/ valve is clos$4 ,?is movem5t ( ! pi/on creates suction1 & if !re are leaks 9 ! cyl9d]1 air w be suck$ 9 & w spoil ! proportions ( ! *>ge4 ,?is w prev5t ! prop] burn+ ( ! mixture1 & ! eng9e w lose p[]4 ,! pi/on moves at su* high spe$ t ! mixture _c ent] fa/ en\gh to keep up ) x2 mixture is /ill fl[+ 9 :5 ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke1 & ev5 :5 x beg9s to move inw>d on ! next /roke4 ,! m mixture !re is 9 ! cyl9d]1 ! m p[]fully ! eng9e w run2 ! inlet valve is !re=e held op5 = z long a "t z ! mixture cont9ues to ent]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,cycle ,9 sl[-spe$ #a-;cyl9d] & #b-;cyl9d] eng9es ! valve closes :5 ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( its /roke2 on high-spe$ eng9es ! valve does n close until ! pi/on has mov$ in* or in* on ! compression /roke4 ,compression ,/roke4--,dur+ ! compression /roke 7,no4 #b1 ,fig4 #a7 ! pi/on moves inw>d1 & bo? valves are clos$4 ,?is movem5t places ! pi/on 9 position to move outw>d on ! p[] /roke4 ,z ! outlets to ! cyl9d] are clos$1 ! *>ge ( mixture _c escape1 & is !re=e compress$ into ! space betwe5 ! pi/on & ! cyl9d] head :5 ! pi/on is at ! inn] end ( its /roke4 ,?is space is usually ab\t "o qu>t] ! volume ( ! cyl9d]2 ! *>ge is !re=e compress$ to ab\t "o qu>t] ( its orig9al volume4 ,?is compression ( ! *>ge is v important 9 ! op]ation ( ! gas eng9e1 & any int]f]5ce ) x w make ! eng9e run poorly4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x improves ! quality ( ! *>ge1 & makes x burn v mu* bett]4 ,:5 ! *>ge ent]s ! cyl9d]1 ! fuel vapor & air are n ?or\ghly mix$2 mu* ( ! fuel is n turn$ into vapor4 ,by compress+ ! *>ge x becomes heat$2 ?is vaporizes ! fuel1 & vapor & air become ?or\ghly mix$4 ,compression also increases ! p[]4 ,suppose t ! cyl9d] conta9s a qu>t ( mixture :i*1 :5 heat$1 w exp& to a gallon4 ,if ?is qu>t ( mixture is compress$ to a half p9t1 x w n lose its ability to exp& to a gallon1 & w ex]t m pressure 9 exp&+ f a half p9t to a gallon ?an f a qu>t to a gallon4 ,a leaky cyl9d] w cause a fur!r loss ( p[] because "s ( ! *>ge w escape dur+ ! compression /roke1 :i* w leave less to be burn$ & to develop p[]4 ,ignition4--,sett+ fire to ! *>ge ( mixture is call$ ! ignition ( ! *>ge1 & x takes place close to ! end ( ! compression /roke4 ,to get ! greate/ p[]1 all ( ! mixture %\ld be on fire & heat$ mo/ int5sely z ! pi/on beg9s ! p[] /roke4 ,:5 ! mixture is set on fire1 x does n explode l gunp[d]1 b burns comp>atively sl[ly2 ! *>ge is ignit$ by an electric sp>k1 & ! flame spreads f t po9t until x is all on fire4 ,9 ord] to give ! flame "t to spread1 ! sp>k passes suffici5tly be=e ! end ( ! compression /roke to h ! entire *>ge on fire z ! p[] /roke beg9s4 ,?is is call$ ! advance ( ! ignition4 ,! flame takes ! same "t to spread ?r\gh ! *>ge :5 ! eng9e is runn+ fa/ z :5 x is runn+ sl[4 ,!re=e if ! eng9e is spe$$ up1 ! sp>k mu/ be advanc$1 = o!rwise ! pi/on w\ld be on ! p[] /roke be=e ! flame w\ld h "t to spread all ?r\gh ! mixture4 ,:5 ! eng9e is sl[$ d[n1 ! sp>k mu/ h less advance1 or mu/ be ret>d$1 =1 if x 7 n1 ! *>ge w\ld all be 9 flame1 & ex]t+ its full pressure1 be=e ! pi/on rea*$ ! end ( its compression /roke4 ,! subject ( ignition1 :i* is ( great importance1 is cov]$ m fully 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,p[] ,/roke4--,dur+ ! p[] /roke 7,no4 #c1 ,fig4 #a7 ! pi/on moves outw>d1 & bo? valves are clos$4 ,z x beg9s1 ! mixture is all on fire1 & great pressure is ex]t$ aga9/ ! pi/on4 ,z ! pi/on moves outw>d ! combu/ion space becomes l>g]1 & ! gases obta9 ! room = expansion t !y seek4 ,z !y exp&1 ! pressure t !y ex]t becomes less4 ,by ! "t ! pi/on is ?ree qu>t]s ! way d[n ! p[] /roke1 ! pressure is s r$uc$ t x has little or no effect2 ! gases are /ill try+ to exp&1 h[ev]1 s ! exhau/ valve is op5$ at t po9t1 & !y beg9 to escape4 ,exhau/ ,/roke4--,dur+ ! exhau/ /roke 7,no4 #d1 ,fig4 #a7 ! pi/on moves inw>d & ! exhau/ valve is op54 ,?is movem5t ( ! pi/on pu%es ! burn$ gases out ( ! cyl9d]1 & x is cle> t ! m ?or\ghly ! cyl9d] is empti$ ( !m1 ! m room !re w be = a fre% *>ge4 ,9 high-spe$ eng9es ! gases _c escape z fa/ z ! pi/on moves2 !y are /ill fl[+ out :5 ! end ( ! /roke is rea*$4 ,!re=e ! valve is clos$1 n at ! end ( ! /roke1 b :5 ! pi/on has mov$ ab\t in* outw>d on ! inlet /roke4 ,! inlet valve op5s z ! exhau/ valve closes4 ,x c be se5 t ?r\gh ! inlet & compression /rokes a leak w r$uce ! *>ge & s int]f]e ) ! production ( full p[]4 ,! pi/on mu/ make a tight fit 9 ! cyl9d]1 ! valves mu/ seat tightly1 & gaskets & o!r p>ts mu/ be 9 prop] condition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--a-;,,cyl9d] ,,p[] ,,diagram ,figure #b %[s a p[] diagram = a #a-;cyl9d] eng9e1 9 :i* ! crank %aft moves "u p[] dur+ "o /roke out ( e f\r4 ,an eng9e ) two cyl9d]s c be built s t fir/ "o cyl9d] applies p[] & !n ! o!r1 9 :i* case ! crank %aft moves "u p[] dur+ two /rokes out ( e f\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--b-;,,cyl9d] ,,p[] ,,diagram ,figure #c is a p[] diagram ( an eng9e ( ?is sort4 ,if pi/on #a is mov+ d[n "u p[]1 pi/on #b is also mov+ d[n1 b on ! inlet /roke4 ,! foll[+ /roke is exhau/ 9 cyl9d] #a & compression 9 cyl9d] #b1 & cyl9d] #b w !n deliv] a p[] /roke :ile cyl9d] #a is on inlet4 ,?us ! crank %aft w receive a p[] /roke1 foll[$ by a dead /roke2 !n ano!r p[] /roke & ano!r dead /roke1 & s on4 ,!re w be ! disadvantage1 h[ev]1 t ! pi/ons1 mov+ up & d[n toge!r1 w cause vibration1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t w be likely to give tr\ble4 ,to ov]come ?is1 a #b-;cyl9d] eng9e c be built z indicat$ 9 ,figure #d4 ,9 ?is eng9e ! cranks project on opposite sides ( ! crank %aft in/ead ( on ! same side1 z 9 ,figure #c2 ! pi/ons ?us move 9 opposite directions1 & produce no vibration4 ,p[] w be unev5ly appli$1 h[ev]1 = bo? p[] /rokes occur 9 "o revolution1 ) two dead /rokes 9 ! succe$+ revolution4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--b-;,,cyl9d] ,,p[] ,,diagram1 #ahj ,,%aft ,) pi/on #a mov+ d[n on p[]1 pi/on #b1 mov+ upw>d1 c only be p]=m+ compression or exhau/4 ,if x is on compression1 its p[] /roke w foll[ ! p[] /roke ( pi/on #a1 :ile if x is on exhau/ its p[] /roke w h occurr$ imm$iately be=e ! p[] /roke ( pi/on #a4 ,9 ei!r case "o p[] /roke foll[s ! o!r1 tak+ place 9 "o revolution ( ! crank %aft1 :ile 9 ! foll[+ revolution bo? pi/ons w be p]=m+ dead /rokes4 ,:ile !re is no vibration f ! movem5t ( ! pi/ons 9 ?is eng9e1 ! unev5 production ( p[] w produce vibration ( ano!r k9d4 ,^! two types may be built ) ! cyl9d]s /&+ up or ly+ d[n2 t is1 !y may be ei!r v]tical eng9es or horizontal eng9es4 ,! d\ble oppos$ eng9e1 :i* is built only 9 horizontal =m1 is free f ei!r k9d ( vibration1 b has ! disadvantage ( occupy+ m room ?an ! o!rs4 ,! cyl9d]s1 in/ead ( be+ side by side1 & on ! same side ( ! crank %aft1 are plac$ end to end1 ) ! crank %aft betwe5 !m1 z %[n 9 ,figure #e4 ,! pi/ons make _! inw>d & outw>d /rokes toge!r1 b 9 s do+ !y move 9 opposite directions4 ,?us e p[] /roke is foll[$ by a dead /roke1 z 9 ! eng9e %[n 9 ,figure #c1 :ile ! movem5t ( "o pi/on balances t ( ! o!r1 z is ! case ) ! eng9e %[n 9 ,figure #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,h4 ,d4 ,o4 ,,p[] ,,diagram ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--d-;,,cyl9d] ,,p[] ,,diagram ,9 a #d-;cyl9d] eng9e "o p[] /roke foll[s ano!r )\t any dead /roke int]vals1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 makes ! crank %aft revolve m smoo?ly & ) a /eadi] application ( p[]4 ,! p[] diagram is %[n 9 ,figure #f2 9 /udy+ ?is x %\ld be rememb]$ t if two pi/ons move 9 opposite directions1 z 9 ,figure #d1 "o p[] /roke foll[s ano!r1 :ile if !y move 9 ! same direction1 z 9 ,figure #c1 !re is an int]val ( "o /roke betwe5 _! p[] /rokes4 ,! crank %aft ( a #d-;cyl9d] eng9e is s made t ! middle pi/ons move 9 ! same direction1 & opposite to ! end pi/ons4 ,?is con/ruction has be5 f\nd to make a smoo!r runn+ eng9e ?an if pi/ons #a & #c mov$ "o way :ile pi/ons #b & #d mov$ ! o!r4 ,if pi/on #a is on ! p[] /roke1 ei!r pi/on #b or pi/on #c c foll[1 = !y are mov+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,if we say t pi/on #b is ! next1 !n pi/on #d mu/ be ! ?ird to give a p[] /roke1 = x is ! only "o left t is mov+ 9 ! opposite direction to pi/on #b4 ,pi/on #c is ?us ! f\r? to move "u p[]1 & x is foll[$ by ano!r p[] /roke by pi/on #a2 ! fir+ ord] is !n said to be #a1 #b1 #d1 #c4 ,if x is pi/on #c t foll[s pi/on #a1 pi/on #d w aga9 be ! ?ird to produce p[]1 & pi/on #b w be ! f\r?4 ,! fir+ ord] w !n be #a1 #c1 #d1 #b4 ,!re is no o!r ord] 9 :i* a #d-;cyl9d] eng9e c produce p[]1 & !re is no *oice betwe5 !m4 ,! fir+ ord] ( an eng9e is e/abli%$ by ! manufactur]1 & dep5ds on ! ord] 9 :i* ! valves are op]at$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,eng9e ,,p>ts ,! f\ndation ( an eng9e is ! base1 :i* supports ! be>+s 9 :i* ! crank %aft revolves1 & to :i* ! cyl9d]s are atta*$4 ,! cyl9d]s ( tractor eng9es are made ( ca/-iron1 & ! cyl9d] heads1 :i* close ! upp] ends ( ! cyl9d]s1 are usually 9 a sep>ate piece1 bolt$ on4 ,! jo9t betwe5 ! cyl9d]s & ! cyl9d] head is made tight by plac+ betwe5 !m a gasket ( asbe/os & ?9 %eet metal4 ,! crank %aft has z _m cranks1 or ?r[s1 z ! eng9e has cyl9d]s4 ,crank %afts = #b-;cyl9d] eng9es are %[n 9 ,figure #g2 ! upp] "o is = an eng9e ( ! type %[n 9 ,figure #c1 ) pi/ons mov+ 9 ! same direction4 ,) bo? cranks project+ f "o side ! %aft is out ( balance1 s balance weights are atta*$ to ! opposite side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--b-;,,cyl9d] ,,crank ,,%aft ,! o!r %aft %[n 9 ,figure #g does n ne$ balance weights1 = "o crank balances ! o!r4 ,a f\r-cyl9d] crank %aft1 ,figure #h1 is also 9 balance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--d-;,,cyl9d] ,,crank ,,%aft ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,half ,,( ,a ,,pla9 ,,be>+ ,crank %afts revolve 9 ma9 be>+s1 :i* are set 9 ! eng9e base4 ,9 tractor eng9es ^! are usually pla9 be>+s1 a half ( su* a be>+ be+ %[n 9 ,figure #i4 ,?is is a bronze %ell l9$ ) a s(t] metal1 mak+ an exact fit on ! %aft2 ) ! two halves 9 place1 ! %aft %\ld turn freely1 b )\t loos5ess or side play4 ,! grooves %[n are to admit lubricat+ oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,connect+ ,,rod ,,be>+s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,pi/on ,,complete ,,& ,,9 ,,section ,! pi/on is atta*$ to ! crank %aft by a connect+ rod1 :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #aj4 ,pi/ons are %[n 9 ,figures #aa & #ab2 !y are made z light z is consi/5t ) ! pressure t !y mu/ be>1 & are holl[1 & op5 at ! l[] end4 ,! pi/on is atta*$ to ! connect+ rod by a wri/ p91 or pi/on p91 :i* is a %aft pass+ ?r\gh x f side to side1 & also ?r\gh ! be>+ 9 ! upp] end ( ! connect+ rod4 ,! connect+ rod sw+s on ! wri/ p9 9 foll[+ ! rotation ( ! crank %aft1 & its atta*m5t to ! wri/ p9 mu/ p]mit ?is )\t be+ loose4 ,! be>+s at ! two ends ( a connect+ rod are usually adju/able1 s t we> c be tak5 up2 "s ( ! me?ods ( do+ ?is are illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #aj4 ,9 ,a1 ! wri/ p9 be>+ is a pla9 tube1 gr\nd to an exact fit2 :5 x is worn x mu/ be replac$4 ,9 ,b1 ! be>+ is split1 & ! ends are drawn toge!r by a bolt to ! correct fit4 ,! be>+ 9 ,c is 9 two p>ts1 held toge!r by a ,u-%ap$ bolt1 :ile 9 ,d ! two p>ts are held toge!r by a cap bolt$ to ! end ( ! connect+ rod4 ,9 ,e1 ! end ( ! connect+ rod is a squ>e loop enclos+ ! two p>ts ( ! be>+2 ! p>ts are held 9 ! prop] position by a w$ge adju/$ by screws4 ,! crank %aft be>+ ( ! connect+ rod %[n 9 ,f is 9 two p>ts :i* are h+$ toge!r4 ,g1 ,h1 & ,k %[ ! =ms usually us$ 9 tractor eng9es1 :i* consi/ ( two p>ts bolt$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,wri/ ,,p9 ,,fa/5+s ,! wri/ p9 is usually firmly atta*$ to ! pi/on1 s t ! connect+ rod sw+s on x2 me?ods ( secur+ ! wri/ p9 are %[n 9 ,figure #ab1 ! wri/ p9 be+ held 9 supports ca/ 9 ! pi/on4 ,9 ,a1 ! wri/ p9 is held by two set screws1 & 9 ,b1 by p9s pass+ ?r\gh x4 ,! wri/ p9 %[n 9 ,d is holl[1 z is v common1 & a bolt passes ?r\gh "p ( ! pi/on & into ! wri/ p94 ,9 ! con/ruction %[n 9 ,c ! wri/ p9 is secur$ to ! connect+ rod & moves 9 be>+s 9 ! pi/on4 ,9 ,e1 a r+ fitt+ 9 a groove ar\nd ! pi/on prev5ts ! wri/ p9 f mov+ endways4 ,! eng9e mu/ usually be tak5 to pieces 9 ord] to get at ! wri/ p92 lock nuts1 lock wa%]s or cott] p9s are always us$ to prev5t ! tr\ble t w\ld be caus$ if ! wri/ p9 work$ loose4 ,a leak-pro( jo9t betwe5 ! pi/on & ! cyl9d] is made by means ( pi/on r+s t fit 9 grooves ar\nd ! pi/on1 z %[n 9 ,e1 ,figure #ab4 ,pi/on r+ grooves are %[n 9 ,figure #aa4 ,pi/on r+s are n solid1 b are split s t !y are ela/ic2 !y fit snugly 9 _! grooves1 & t5d to spr+ op5 to a great] size ?an ! cyl9d]4 ,?is causes !m to ma9ta9 a close fit aga9/ ! cyl9d]1 & ! gases are prev5t$ f leak+ pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,valve ,ea* cyl9d] is provid$ ) two valves3 ! inlet valve t admits fre% mixture & ! exhau/ valve ?r\gh :i* ! burn$ gases escape4 ,^! valves are metal disks ) funnel-%ap$ edges fitt+ into funnel holes4 ,a valve & its /em are %[n 9 ,figure #ac & also 9 ,figure #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,action ,,( ,a ,,cam ,a valve is op5$ at ! prop] "t by a cam1 & clos$ by a spr+4 ,a cam is a :eel ) a bulge on "o side1 s t its rim is ecc5tric to its %aft1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ad1 :i* %[s a cam 9 ?ree positions ( a revolution4 ,a rod re/+ on ! rim ( ! cam is mov$ endways z ! bulge passes "u x1 & ! valve is op]at$ by connect+ x ) ! rod4 ,a valve is op5$ once dur+ two revolutions ( ! crank %aft2 !re=e ! cam _c be plac$ on ! crank %aft1 =1 if x 71 ! valve w\ld be op5$ e revolution4 ,! cam is plac$ on a sep>ate %aft :i* is driv5 by ! crank %aft at half its spe$4 ,?is is usually done ) ge>s1 a ge> on ! crank %aft me%+ ) a ge> on ! cam %aft hav+ twice z _m tee?2 ! crank %aft ge> mu/ make two revolutions 9 turn+ ! cam %aft ge> once4 ,! valve 9 ,figure #ac is held on its seat by a spr+4 ,! cam be>s aga9/ ! end ( ! valve /em1 & z x revolves its bulge =ces ! valve /em & valve to move endways & ?us to uncov] ! valve op5+4 ,z ! movem5t ( ! pi/on dep5ds on ! crank %aft1 ! valve c be made to op5 at ! "r "t by a prop] sett+ ( ! ge>s t drive ! cam %aft4 ,! l5g? ( "t t ! cam w hold ! valve op5 dep5ds on ! %ape ( ! bulge ( ! cam4 ,x c be se5 t ! po9t$ cam ( ,figure #ac w n hold ! valve op5 = z long a "t z ! flat-end cam ( ,figure #ad4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--8,,tw9 ,,city0 ,,tractor ,,eng9e ,9 ! design %[n 9 ,figure #ac ! cam be>s directly aga9/ ! end ( ! valve /em1 ! cam %aft 9 ?is case ly+ along ! cyl9d] head4 ,9 ! con/ruction %[n 9 ,figure #ae ! valves are n plac$ 9 ! cyl9d] head1 b are 9 an ext5sion or valve pocket project+ f ! combu/ion *amb]2 ?is cam %aft is ne> ! crank %aft4 ,x w\ld n be practicable to make ! valve /em long en\gh to rea* d[n to ! cam1 s a l5g? ( rod1 call$ a pu% rod1 or tappet1 is plac$ betwe5 !m2 ! cam moves ! pu% rod & ! pu% rod 9 turn moves ! valve4 ,?is is a con/ruction frequ5tly us$ = automobile eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--8;,,h>t-,,p>r0 ,,valve ,,me*anism ,9 tractor eng9es ! cam %aft is usually plac$ ne> ! crank %aft1 z 9 ,figure #ae1 & ! valves are 9 ! head1 s t a valve moves 9 ! opposite direction to ! movem5t ( ! pu% rod4 ,?is requires /ill ano!r "p to be us$1 call$ ! rock] arm4 ,x is %[n 9 ,figure #af4 ,x is a %ort b>1 pivot$ at or ne> ! c5t]1 ) "o end at ! pu% rod & ! o!r at ! valve /em4 ,:5 x is mov$ by ! pu% rod x 9 turn moves ! valve4 ,valves op]at$ by pu% rods & rock] arms are also %[n 9 ,figures #ag1 #ah & #ai2 ,figure #ah is a s+le-cyl9d] horizontal eng9e1 :ile ,figure #ai is a horizontal d\ble oppos$ eng9e1 9 :i* "o cam op]ates a valve 9 ea* cyl9d]4 ,figure #bj %[s ! valve me*anism ( a v]tical eng9e 9 :i* all p>ts1 includ+ ! rock] arm1 are enclos$ to protect !m f du/1 & s !y c run 9 oil4 ,a small space is always left some:]e betwe5 ! cam & ! valve /em1 to give ! valve /em room to l5g!n1 :i* x w d :5 x gets hot4 ,if ?is space 7 n left1 ! valve /em1 9 l5g!n+ z x became hot1 w\ld /rike ! "p next to x1 & ! valve w\ld be lift$ f its seat4 ,?is w\ld cause ! eng9e to lose p[]4 ,?is space mu/ be kept prop]ly adju/$1 & in/ructions = ?is w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--8;,,h>t-,,p>r0 ,,eng9e ,a valve is held aga9/ its seat by a spr+1 :i* mu/ be compress$ :5 ! valve is op5$4 ,if ?is spr+ is too weak1 x w n hold ! valve tightly on its seat1 :ile if x is too /iff1 ! cam %aft & o!r p>ts w be ne$lessly /ra9$ 9 compress+ x4 ,friction betwe5 ! cam & ! end ( ! valve /em or pu% rod w\ld cause rapid we> if ^! p>ts 7 n ( h>d5$ /eel1 & kept well oil$4 ,/ill fur!r to r$uce we>1 !re is usually a roll] on ! end ( ! pu% rod1 z %[n 9 ,figure #af & "s ( ! o!r illu/rations4 ,figure #ae %[s a con/ruction 9 :i* ! end ( ! pu% rod is a flat disk1 :i* rotates z ! cam comes into contact ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--8,,oil-,,pull0 ,,eng9e ,:5 ! mixture burns1 ! top ( ! pi/on1 ! cyl9d] head1 & ! walls ( ! combu/ion *amb] become heat$1 & if x is n prev5t$ !y w get s hot t !y w exp& suffici5tly to cause ! pi/on to /ick1 or seize4 ,! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d] is1 !re=e1 provid$ ) a cool+ sy/em t keeps ^! p>ts f gett+ ov]heat$4 ,*annels are provid$ ?r\gh :i* wat] is circulat$2 ! wat] takes ! heat f ! metal p>ts1 becom+ heat$ itself1 & !n passes to a cool]1 or radiator1 :]e x gives up ! heat to curr5ts ( air4 ,9 addition to ! *annels1 or wat] jackets1 ar\nd ! cyl9d]1 a cool+ sy/em includes ! radiator1 ! connections1 & usually a pump t keeps ! wat] 9 motion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,horizontal ,,d\ble ,,oppos$ ,,eng9e ,9 "s tractors1 notably ! ,=dson1 no pump is us$2 ! wat] circulates because x is heat$4 ,?is is call$ a !rmo-syphon sy/em4 ,:5 ! eng9e runs1 ! wat] 9 ! cyl9d] jackets becomes heat$2 z hot wat] is light] ?an cold wat]1 x rises & fl[s out ( ! jackets to ! radiator1 its place be+ tak5 by cool wat] f ! bottom ( ! radiator4 ,?is circulation cont9ues z long z ! wat] 9 "o "p ( ! sy/em is hott] ?an ! wat] 9 "s o!r "p ( ! sy/em4 ,! lubrication ( an eng9e is describ$ & expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--8,,mon>*0 ,,eng9e ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,fuels ,,& ,,c>buretion ,9 ord] t a ?+ may burn1 x mu/ be provid$ ) oxyg54 ,oxyg5 is f\nd 9 air1 s x is usual to say t air is necess>y 9 ord] t any?+ may burn4 ,to prove ?is1 light a c&le & place an empty bottle ov] x1 upside d[n2 9 a v %ort "t ! oxyg5 9 ! bottle w be us$ up1 & ! flame w flick] & get smoky1 & f9ally die out4 ,if a c>d is laid on ! *imney ( a coal-oil lamp s t x cov]s ! op5+1 t flame also w flick]1 get smoky & g out4 ,9 ord] to dead5 ! fire 9 a /ove1 ! damp]s are clos$ to prev5t air f ent]+2 ! fire is kept alight by ! v small quantity ( air t leaks 9 bel[ ! fire-box4 ,:5 ! drafts are op5$ ! fire w burn up brightly because a pl5tiful volume ( air c !n ent]4 ,9 a simil> way1 air mu/ be us$ 9 a gas eng9e 9 ord] t ! fuel may burn4 ,x is n possible to mix air ) a liquid2 ! fir/ /ep 9 mak+ a gas t w burn is1 !re=e1 to turn ! fuel1 :e!r x is gasol9e1 k]os5e1 di/illate1 or o!r oil1 into a vapor2 ?is vapor is !n mix$ ) air4 ,= good results x is v necess>y t ! vapor & air be 9 prop] proportions4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ) ! c&le & ! bottle x 0 se5 t z ! air 0 us$ up1 ! c&le flame became yell[ & smoky3 ?is is ! effect ( insuffici5t air4 ,if !re is n en\gh air 9 ! mixture1 "p ( ! vapor w n be able to burn1 & w only smoke4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is too mu* air1 ! mixture1 if x w burn at all1 w burn sl[ly1 & ! extra volume ( air w r$uce ! heat4 ,9 a mixture ( ! prop] proportions ( air & fuel vapor1 ! burn+1 or combu/ion1 w be v rapid1 result+ 9 ! sudd5 production ( ! greate/ possible am\nt ( heat4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is :at is necess>y if ! eng9e is to produce its fulle/ p[]4 ,) su* a mixture1 combu/ion w be complete be=e ! pi/on has done m ?an />t outw>d on ! p[] /roke1 & ! greate/ possible1 or maximum1 pressure w !n be produc$4 ,:5 a mixture burns sl[ly1 ! pi/on w h gone ?r\gh mu* ( ! p[] /roke be=e combu/ion is complete1 9 :i* case a consid]able "p ( ! pressure t %\ld h be5 appli$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke w be wa/$4 ,a mixture t is n correct w burn unev5ly2 x may burn bett] dur+ "o p[] /roke ?an dur+ ano!r1 :i* w make ! eng9e run un/eadily4 ,if ! mixture has too mu* air 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( vapor1 x is kn[n z a ?9 mixture1 or a lean or poor mixture4 ,x burns s sl[ly t x is q possible = ! mixture t />t$ burn+ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! p[] /roke to cont9ue burn+ ?r\gh ! exhau/ /roke1 & = en\gh flame to rema9 9 ! cyl9d] to set fire to ! fre% *>ge t ent]s dur+ ! next inlet /roke4 ,?is w produce :at is kn[n z a backfire2 t is1 ! mixture ent]+ ! cyl9d] w cat* fire1 & 9 burn+ w bl[ back ?r\gh ! op5 inlet valve4 ,?is is a dang]\s condition1 = ! flame might spread to fuel dripp+ f ! c>buretor1 or to ! fuel tank4 ,a mixture t has n en\gh air is call$ a ri* mixture2 ! air t is pres5t w burn "p ( ! vapor1 :ile ! re/ w g out ( ! exhau/ unburn$1 or w "w pa/ ! pi/on into ! oil 9 ! crank case4 ,?is is wa/eful ( fuel4 ,! mo/ s]i\s result ( a ri* mixture1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! production ( c>bon1 & ! c>bonization ( ! eng9e4 ,! flame ( a ri* mixture is smoky2 ! smoke ( ?is flame1 z is ! case ) smoke f all o!r s\rces1 is compos$ ( f9e p>ticles ( c>bon1 or soot4 ,^! p>ticles ( c>bon w deposit on all p>ts ( ! combu/ion space3 on ! top ( ! pi/on1 on ! valves1 on ! sp>k plugs1 & on ! inn] wall ( ! cyl9d] head4 ,at fir/ x is gummy1 b x rapidly h>d5s & =ms a cru/ t mu/ be scrap$ (f ) a /eel tool4 ,c>bon 9 an eng9e w r$uce ! p[] ?r\gh caus+ preignition1 or1 9 o!r words1 by sett+ fire to ! fre% *>ge be=e ! prop] po9t 9 ! /roke4 ,! heat ( ! combu/ion w cause ! c>bon deposit to become s heat$ t x w gl[1 ^! gl[+ p>ticles be+ suffici5t to ignite ! incom+ fre% *>ge4 ,! rem$y = ?is condition is to remove ! c>bon1 :i* is usually done by tak+ (f ! cyl9d] head & scrap+ away ! deposit4 ,x may be add$ t c>bon is also =m$ by ! use ( too mu* lubricat+ oil1 z w be expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on lubrication4 ,?us x is se5 t if ! eng9e is to run prop]ly1 & is to be kept 9 good condition1 ! proportions ( ! mixture mu/ be v c>efully ma9ta9$4 ,! mixture is =m$ 9 a c>buretor1 or mix]4 ,?is is1 r\ghly1 9 ! =m ( a tube ?r\gh :i* air is suck$ dur+ ! inlet /roke2 project+ into x is a f9e tube call$ a spray nozzle ?r\gh :i* ! fuel ent]s4 ,9 action x is some:at simil> to ! atomiz] t is us$ = spray+ ! nose & ?roat4 ,by =c+ ! fuel to fl[ rapidly ?r\gh ?is small tube x comes out 9 ! =m ( spray1 & ! t9y drops are pick$ up by ! curr5t ( air & are c>ri$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,x is mu* easi] to =m a mixture ( gasol9e ?an ( k]os5e or di/illate1 because gasol9e vaporizes m readily at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,if sauc]s ( gasol9e & k]os5e are plac$ 9 ! sun1 ! gasol9e w evaporate rapidly & completely1 leav+ only a fa9t oily deposit4 ,! k]os5e1 on ! o!r h&1 w evaporate sl[ly1 & mu* ( x w n evaporate at all4 ,to make k]os5e & di/illate evaporate completely1 !y mu/ be heat$1 j z wat] mu/ be heat$ to make x evaporate4 ,9 ! case ( a c>buretor = gasol9e1 ! curr5t ( air ne$s only to be w>m$2 ! spray ( gasol9e w evaporate on com+ into contact ) ! w>m$ air1 & mu* ( x w ent] ! cyl9d] z vapor4 ,9 ord] to evaporate k]os5e & di/illate mu* m heat mu/ be provid$1 & x is usually consid]$ necess>y to heat n only ! curr5t ( air1 b ! liquid fuel z well4 ,me?ods ( do+ ?is w be expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,c>buretor ,:5 k]os5e or di/illate is us$1 !re are conditions t make x necess>y to add wat] vapor to ! mixture1 :i* prev5ts ! ov]heat+ ( ! cyl9d] & r$uces ! deposit ( c>bon4 ,! difficulty ( mak+ a complete vapor ( k]os5e & di/illate results 9 a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ^! fuels to c>bonize ! cyl9d]s2 ! use ( wat] aids 9 keep+ ! cyl9d]s clean4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( a c>buretor is %[n 9 ,figure #ba1 "o draw+ illu/rat+ conditions :5 ! inlet valve is clos$ & ! o!r :5 x is op54 ,x %[s an eng9e cyl9d] connect$ ) an inlet pipe or mix+ *amb]1 ?r\gh :i* !re is a swift fl[ ( air dur+ an inlet /roke4 ,project+ into ! intake pipe is ! spray nozzle1 :i* is connect$ ) a small *amb] conta9+ fuel2 inside ( ?is *amb] is a float1 usually made ( cork1 al?\gh x is sometimes a light metal box4 ,! fuel is int5d$ to fill ! *amb] to a c]ta9 height1 at :i* ! valve w be clos$ by ! float ris+ on ! fuel4 ,?is level is su* t ! fuel does n q rea* ! tip ( ! spray nozzle4 ,dur+ ! compression1 p[]1 & exhau/ /rokes1 ! fuel /&s at ?is level1 = x _c run out ( ! spray nozzle1 & ! float holds ! valve clos$4 ,z soon z ! inlet valve op5s1 air ru%es ?r\gh ! intake pipe & sucks fuel out ( ! spray nozzle4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 takes fuel out ( ! float *amb]2 ! float 9 s9k+ op5s ! valve1 & en\gh fuel ent]s to re/ore ! level4 ,! fuel comes out ( ! nozzle 9 ! =m ( f9e spray2 x is 9 su* small drops t x evaporates quickly1 & ! result+ mixture ( fuel vapor & air passes into ! cyl9d]4 ,by us+ a spray nozzle ( ! prop] size1 any desir$ proportion ( fuel & air may be obta9$4 ,if an eng9e runs at a s+le spe$1 a c>buretor z simple z ?is "o w\ld be satisfactory1 = if ! suction is always ! same1 !re w be little or no *ange 9 ! proportions ( ! mixture t is =m$4 ,to get ! be/ results1 ! proportions ( fuel vapor & air %\ld be ! same = all runn+ spe$s ( ! eng9e4 ,! proportions ( ! mixture1 h[ev]1 dep5d on ! viol5ce ( ! suction1 :i* *anges z ! eng9e spe$ *anges1 becom+ great] z ! spe$ increases4 ,! simple c>buretor illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ba c be adju/$ to give a correct mixture = any p>ticul> spe$1 b w be out ( adju/m5t = any o!r spe$4 ,! spe$ ( a #a-;cyl9d] eng9e does n *ange v greatly2 x is built to run at practically a con/ant spe$1 & a simple c>buretor is satisfactory = x4 ,! spe$ ( eng9es ) a great] numb] ( cyl9d]s may be greatly *ang$1 & ! c>buretor mu/ be s made t x w give ! same proportions ( vapor & air at l[ spe$ z at high4 ,9 ! simple c>buretor describ$1 ! spe$+-up ( ! eng9e w result 9 a great] ru% ( air ?r\gh ! intake pipe1 :i* 9 turn w suck out a mu* great] quantity ( fuel4 ,if ! c>buretor is adju/$ to give ! prop] quantity ( fuel = ! air t passes at l[ spe$1 at high spe$ x w give f> m fuel ?an w be requir$ by ! quantity ( air t !n passes4 ,?us at high spe$ ! mixture w be too ri*4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is c>buretor is adju/$ to give a prop] mixture at high spe$1 too little fuel w be suck$ out :5 ! eng9e runs sl[ly1 & ! mixture w be too lean4 ,a c>buretor mu/ ?us h an additional device t w keep ! mixture correct1 reg>dless ( ! spe$ at :i* ! eng9e runs4 ,?is is sometimes done by *ang+ ! size ( ! spray nozzle s t a great] or less quantity ( fuel fl[s out1 b m usually by p]mitt+ an extra quantity ( air to ent] ! c>buretor z ! eng9e spe$s up4 ,?is is done ) an extra air intake1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #bb4 ,z w be se51 ?is c>buretor has two op5+s = air1 "o be+ ! ma9 air inlet & ! o!r ! extra air inlet4 ,! latt] is an op5+ provid$ ) a valve :i* is held on its seat by a spr+4 ,! suction creat$ by an inlet /roke is ex]t$ 9 ! c>buretor1 b at l[ spe$ is n suffici5t to suck ! extra air valve f its seat4 ,air !n ent]s only ?r\gh ! ma9 air inlet1 & ! spray nozzle is adju/$ to give ! prop] proportion ( fuel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,extra ,,air ,,inlet ,z ! eng9e spe$ increases ! mixture becomes ri*]2 b !re is also an increase 9 suction1 :i* becomes /rong en\gh to pull ! extra air valve f its seat4 ,?is provides ano!r op5+ into ! c>buretor1 ?r\gh :i* en\gh air ent]s to keep ! mixture 9 prop] proportion4 ,! high] ! spe$ ( ! eng9e ! m ! valve w op51 & ! great] w be ! quantity ( air admitt$4 ,9 ord] to get ! fulle/ p[] f an eng9e1 ! c>buretor is built to give its mo/ p]fect mixture at ! usual work+ spe$4 ,?is w be ! spe$ at :i* ! eng9e w run "u ord9>y conditions4 ,z ! eng9e w run at ?is spe$ mo/ ( ! "t1 ! c>buretor %\ld !n deliv] its be/ mixture on ! lea/ possible quantity ( fuel4 ,z an eng9e is run at l[ spe$ s little ( ! "t1 x is n necess>y t ! mixture %\ld !n be s p]fect or t ! fuel %\ld be us$ s economically4 ,! design ( a c>buretor is a complicat$ matt]1 because ! production ( mixture is due to ! fl[ ( air1 :i* is a v *angeable ?+4 ,on a cold1 damp day1 ! air w be heavi] & d5s] ?an on a day t is hot & dry1 & diff]5t quantities ( fuel w be necess>y = ! =mation ( ! mixture4 ,! c>buretor manufactur] _c make a comm]cial c>buretor t w take c>e ( su* a diff]5ce z ?is2 he /rikes an av]age t gives good g5]al results1 & expects ! us] to *ange ! adju/m5ts :5 wea!r & temp]ature make x necess>y4 ,! =mation ( ! mixture is affect$ by ! condition ( ! eng9e4 ,:5 all ( ! p>ts ( ! eng9e are tight1 ! suction 9 ! c>buretor is m viol5t ?an :5 !re is a leakage ( air pa/ ! pi/on r+s1 or ?r\gh a leaky valve or sp>k plug4 ,on a dry1 hot day ! fuel evaporates mu* m readily ?an on a day t is cold & damp2 m ( ! fuel t fl[s out ( ! spray nozzle w be vaporiz$ & ! =mation ( ! mixture w be easi]4 ,on a cold1 damp day ! fuel w n vaporize 9 ! c>buretor to any ext5t1 & mu* ( x w pass to ! cyl9d] 9 drops t ev5 !re w n vaporize 9 "t to =m a mixture4 ,9 ord] to assure ! vaporization ( en\gh fuel to =m a mixture "u su* conditions1 ! fuel & ! air mu/ be heat$ to a great] degree4 ,z ! eng9e becomes heat$ up1 m & m ( ! fuel w vaporize1 & ! am\nt fl[+ out ( ! spray nozzle may !re=e be cut d[n4 ,) fuels l k]os5e & di/illate1 :i* d n vaporize z readily z gasol9e1 x is n unusual to h !m cond5se on ! walls ( ! inlet pipe1 :i* produces a condition kn[n z load+4 ,?is cond5sation is simil> to ! sweat+ ( an ice-wat] pit*] on a hot day4 ,if an eng9e is runn+ at a con/ant spe$1 load+ does n make mu* diff]5ce1 because ! c>buretor is s adju/$ t x gives a prop] mixture4 ,if ! eng9e is sudd5ly spe$$ up1 h[ev]1 ! great] ru% ( air w pick up ! cond5s$ fuel1 & ! mixture w in/antly become too ri*1 cont9u+ s until ?is extra supply ( fuel is us$ up4 ,! result w be to *oke ! eng9e & make x lose p[] j at ! "t :5 extra p[] is ne$$4 ,load+ c be prev5t$ by heat+ ! inlet pipe to su* an ext5t t ! fuel w n cond5se on x4 ,! spe$ ( a tractor eng9e is practically always controll$ by a ?rottle1 :i* is a valve set 9 ! passage ( ! c>buretor4 ,x op]ates exactly ! same z a damp] 9 a /ovepipe2 :5 x is clos$1 x %uts ! passage & prev5ts ! fl[ ( mixture to ! eng9e4 ,z x is op5$1 x p]mits a great] quantity ( mixture to fl[1 & x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t z ! *>ges ( mixture become l>g]1 ! eng9e runs ) m p[]4 ,a tractor c>buretor usually has two ?rottles1 "o be+ op]at$ by h& & ! o!r by ! gov]nor4 ,x is usual = a c>buretor to be fitt$ ) a /rangl]1 or *oke1 :i* makes x easi] to =m a mixture at sl[ />t+ spe$4 ,:5 an eng9e is cold1 ! fuel evaporates sl[ly2 &1 fur!rmore1 :5 an eng9e is crank$ by h& its spe$ is s l[ t ! suction 9 ! c>buretor is n suffici5t to draw out en\gh fuel to =m a mixture4 ,! /rangl] is a valve simil> 9 e way to ! ?rottle1 b plac$ betwe5 ! ma9 air inlet & ! spray nozzle4 ,:5 x is clos$ & ! eng9e is crank$1 v little air c ent] ! c>buretor2 ! suction is !re=e v great4 ,f> m fuel ?an usual is !n suck$ out ( ! spray nozzle1 & ( ?is great] am\nt en\gh rea*es ! cyl9d] to =m a combu/ible mixture4 ,! eng9e w />t1 b z soon z x does s1 ! /rangl] mu/ be op5$ s t ! normal am\nt ( air ent]s4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! excessive suction w draw s mu* fuel out ( ! spray nozzle t ! mixture =m$ w be too ri* to burn4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,c>buretors ,! app>atus t =ms ! mixture is 9 two p>ts1 "o be+ ! c>buretor t proportions ! fuel to ! quantity ( air drawn into ! cyl9d]1 & ! o!r ! mix+ *amb]1 or manifold1 t connects ! c>buretor ) ! valve *amb]4 ,! mix+ *amb] has no adju/m5ts2 x is a passage1 (t5 a pipe1 t is %ap$ to fit ! conditions1 & accord+ to ! ideas ( ! manufactur]4 ,:5 k]os5e & di/illate are us$1 ! mix+ *amb] mu/ be heat$1 s x is frequ5tly built into ! exhau/ manifold1 :i* is ! pipe t conducts ! burn$ gases away f ! eng9e4 ,9 "s cases x gets heat f ! wat] jacket ( ! eng9e1 a wat] jacket =m$ ar\nd x be+ connect$ ) ! cool+ sy/em4 ,! c>buretor1 on ! o!r h&1 has adju/m5ts t mu/ be und]/ood 9 ord] to run ! eng9e economically4 ,! und]/&+ ( ^! adju/m5ts is simplifi$ if x is rememb]$ t ! object ( ! c>buretor is to ma9ta9 a correct proportion ( fuel to ! volume ( air t passes ?r\gh x4 ,all tractor c>buretors op]ate on ! same pr9ciples1 & ! pr9ciples are appli$ 9 mu* ! same way4 ,if ^! pr9ciples are und]/ood1 & !re is an und]/&+ ( :at ! p>ts ( a c>buretor are = & :at !y d1 !re %\ld be no difficulty 9 adju/+ & c>+ = any k9d ( a c>buretor t may be (f]$4 ,! ma9 body ( ! c>buretor is ! tube ?r\gh :i* ! air passes4 ,?is is a ca/+1 & _c be adju/$ or alt]$4 ,into ?is passage projects ! spray nozzle1 :i* is usually provid$ ) an adju/m5t to control ! am\nt ( liquid t may fl[ out ( x4 ,:5 no adju/m5t is provid$1 ! spray nozzle is made removable1 s t a nozzle ) an op5+ ( any desir$ size may be ins]t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--8,,k+/on0 ,,c>buretor1 ,,model ,l ,on "s c>buretors ! extra air valve is set by ! manufactur]s1 :ile on o!rs x is adju/able by controll+ ! /r5g? ( ! spr+ t holds x aga9/ its seat4 ,! c>buretor %[n 9 ,figure #bc has a spray nozzle adju/m5t ( a v usual type4 ,a rod is s arrang$ t its po9t$ end projects into ! op5+ ( ! spray nozzle2 by screw+ x up or d[n ! op5+ may be made l>g] or small]1 s t m or less fuel may fl[ out4 ,! extra air valve is a flap valve t closes ! air passage until ! suction is great en\gh to lift x f its seat4 ,ar\nd ! spray nozzle is a tube t connects ! passage bel[ ! extra air valve ) ! passage above x2 :5 ! suction is too l[ to lift ! extra air valve f its seat1 any air fl[+ ?r\gh ! c>buretor passes ?r\gh ?is tube4 ,! tube is s small t ev5 a little air pass+ ?r\gh x is en\gh to suck fuel out ( ! spray nozzle1 & ! spray nozzle is s adju/$ t en\gh fuel comes out to make a prop] mixture ) t volume ( air4 ,?is is ! l[-spe$ adju/m5t1 :i* gives a mixture on :i* ! eng9e w />t & w run at its l[e/ or idl+ spe$4 ,at ?is spe$ ! eng9e produces j en\gh p[] to keep itself go+4 ,:5 ! eng9e spe$s up1 & suction increases1 ! extra air valve is lift$ (f its seat1 & a great] volume ( air fl[s ?r\gh ! c>buretor4 ,! increas$ suction also draws m fuel out ( ! spray nozzle4 ,if ! great] am\nt ( fuel 7 9 proportion to ! great] volume ( air1 !re w\ld be no *ange 9 ! mixture1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,z suction increases1 ! proportion ( fuel drawn out ( ! spray nozzle becomes too great = ! air1 & ! mixture becomes too ri*4 ,to ov]come ?is1 ! extra air valve p]mits a /ill great] volume ( air to pass1 s t ! proportions ( fuel & air d n *ange4 ,! *amb] bel[ ! air passage 9 ,figure #bb is ! fuel cup1 into :i* fuel fl[s f ! tank4 ,inside ! fuel cup is a r+ ( cork atta*$ to a pivot$ lev]1 on ! o!r end ( :i* is a ne$le valve t c close ! op5+ ?r\gh :i* ! fuel ent]s ! cup4 ,z ! cup fills1 ! cork floats on x1 & 9 ris+ x moves ! lev] on its pivot4 ,:5 ! fuel rea*es su* a level t x is ne> ! tip ( ! spray nozzle1 ! valve closes ! op5+ & prev5ts m fuel f ent]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--8,,k+/on0 ,,c>buretor1 ,,model ,e ,9 ! c>buretor %[n 9 ,figure #bd1 ! pr9cipal air passage is pa/ ! spray nozzle1 & all air goes by ?is passage :5 ! eng9e is runn+ at l[ spe$4 ,! extra air inlet consi/s ( a numb] ( holes ?r\gh :i* air c pass )\t go+ pa/ ! spray nozzle4 ,on ea* ( ^! holes is a ball2 :5 ! suction is l[ ! balls completely close ! holes4 ,:5 spe$ increases1 ! suction becomes great en\gh to lift ! balls (f ! holes1 & ! extra volume ( air t is necess>y is p]mitt$ to ent]4 ,by mak+ ! balls ( diff]5t weights1 x c be se5 t ! volume ( air admitt$ = any spe$ is "u good control4 ,l ! c>buretor %[n 9 ,figure #bc1 ?is c>buretor is ( ! float fe$ type2 t is1 ! fl[ ( fuel to x is controll$ by a valve t is op]at$ by a float4 ,ei!r ( ^! two c>buretors may be adju/$ = gasol9e or = k]os5e1 b ! adju/m5t t is "r = "o is wrong = ! o!r4 ,?us1 if an eng9e is />t$ on gasol9e1 ) ! int5tion ( runn+ on k]os5e1 ! c>buretor mu/ be readju/$ :5 ! *ange is made4 ,?is is unsatisfactory1 s a d\ble c>buretor is sometimes us$1 z %[n 9 ,figure #be4 ,?is consi/s ( two c>buretors ( ! k9d %[n 9 ,figure #bd1 hav+ a s+le mixture outlet1 "o be+ adju/$ = gasol9e & ! o!r = k]os5e4 ,ei!r ( !m c be connect$ ) ! mixture outlet by means ( a swit* valve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--8,,k+/on0 ,,c>buretor1 ,,dual ,,model ,9 ord] to run on k]os5e or di/illate x is necess>y to apply heat = ! reason t ^! oils d n evaporate readily at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,gasol9e1 on ! o!r h&1 evaporates readily1 & a cold eng9e c be />t$ on x4 ,tractors t run on k]os5e or di/illate are !re=e />t$ on gasol9e & run on x until !y are hot en\gh to vaporize ! heavi] oil4 ,a c>buretor t w run on ei!r gasol9e or k]os5e is %[n 9 ,figure #bf4 ,! ma9 air inlet is at ,e1 :i* leads ! air ar\nd ! spray nozzle & into ! *amb] ,g4 ,! mixture fl[s to ! cyl9d] by ! passage ,b4 ,! control ( ! fuel at work+ spe$s is by ! high-spe$ adju/m5t1 :i* is a ne$le valve screw+ into ! spray nozzle4 ,above ?is is ano!r ne$le valve t adju/s ! fl[ ( fuel = sl[ spe$4 ,extra air ent]s ?r\gh ! op5+ ,a1 :i* is clos$ at sl[ spe$ by a valve held aga9/ x by a spr+4 ,?is valve be>s aga9/ "o end ( a pivot$ lev]1 ! o!r end ( :i* is atta*$ to ! sl[-spe$ ne$le valve2 :5 ! extra air valve op5s x moves ! lev] & ! sl[-spe$ ne$le valve is lift$ to p]mit ! fl[ ( a great] volume ( fuel f ! spray nozzle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--8;,e-,b0 ,,c>buretor ,?is c>buretor is />t$ on gasol9e4 ,:5 ! eng9e is hot1 a swit* valve is op]at$ to p]mit ! burn$ gases f ! eng9e to fl[ ?r\gh ! c>buretor2 !y pass ?r\gh ! pipe ,c1 ,d1 & z ! *amb] ,g is directly 9 _! pa? x becomes int5sely heat$4 ,! c>buretor c !n be swit*$ to k]os5e4 ,a side view ( ?is c>buretor is %[n 9 ,figure #bg4 ,^! c>buretors are all ( ! float fe$ type1 & are us$ on eng9es ( :i* ! spe$ is v>iable4 ,a c>buretor t is f$ by a pump is %[n 9 ,figure #bh4 ,?is is a simple tube ) a fuel cup ca/ on "o side ( x4 ,fuel is pump$ to ! b[l1 & ! prop] level is ma9ta9$ by an ov]fl[ ?r\gh :i* excess fuel passes back to ! tank4 ,?is c>buretor is int5d$ = an eng9e ( :i* ! spe$ does n *ange greatly4 ,its only adju/m5t is ! spray nozzle1 & ?is is alt]$ to correspond ) *anges 9 eng9e spe$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--8;,e-,b0 ,,c>buretor1 ,,side ,,view ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,pump-,,f$ ,,c>buretor ,if an eng9e is clean & 9 good condition1 x w run z well on k]os5e z on gasol9e1 al?\gh ! heat+ effect ( k]os5e is great]4 ,:5 an eng9e is c>boniz$1 z is usually ! case1 a condition kn[n z preignition w occur unless x is prev5t$4 ,c>bon f unburn$ fuel or f lubricat+ oil w deposit on ! pi/on head & ! p>ts ( ! combu/ion *amb]1 & p>ticles w become heat$ to ! gl[+ po9t1 :5 !y w set fire to ! fre% mixture dur+ ! compression /roke & be=e ! prop] "t4 ,! effect is to make ! eng9e lose p[]1 & x also gives rise to a %>p metallic knock+4 ,by r$uc+ ! temp]ature 9 ! cyl9d] dur+ ! compression /roke ?is condition c be prev5t$4 ,?is c be done by add+ wat] vapor to ! mixture1 & k]os5e c>buretors are !re=e built ) a wat] atta*m5t4 ,z c be se5 9 ,figure #bh1 ?is is a wat] cup & spray nozzle l ^? = ! fuel4 ,:5 ! eng9e knocks1 & %[s t preignition is occurr+1 wat] is turn$ on1 &1 be+ c>ri$ into ! cyl9d]1 keeps ! mixture f be+ heat$ to ! po9t ( ignition be=e ! prop] "t4 ,figure #bi %[s ! atta*m5t ( ?is c>buretor to an eng9e :i*1 9 ?is case1 is horizontal4 ,to />t ! eng9e1 gasol9e is inject$ into ! c>buretor1 z %[n2 ?is w give a suffici5tly good mixture = ! purpose1 & en\gh heat = runn+ on k]os5e is ?us obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--8,,titan0 ,,c>buretor ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,pump-,,f$ ,,c>buretor ,,) ,,two ,,fuel ,,nozzles ,! c>buretor %[n 9 ,figure #cj is simil>1 b has a b[l & spray nozzle = gasol9e1 to use 9 />t+4 ,x is also provid$ ) a heat+ jacket ?r\gh :i* hot wat] or hot gases may circulate4 ,9 _m cases ! fuel is heat$ be=e rea*+ ! c>buretor4 ,?is is done by coil+ ! fe$ pipe ar\nd ! exhau/ pipe or putt+ x 9 a jacket ?r\gh :i* hot wat] circulates4 ,ano!r device s5ds ! mixture ?r\gh a *amb] heat$ by ! exhau/1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ca4 ,figure #cb %[s an arrangem5t 9 :i* ! mixture passes ?r\gh a jacket ar\nd "o bran* ( ! exhau/ pipe4 ,by means ( a swit* valve1 ,a1 m or less ( ! exhau/ gases may be p]mitt$ to fl[ ?r\gh ?is bran*1 s t ! mixture may be heat$ to any desir$ degree4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--8;,,h>t-,,p>r0 ,,mixture ,,heat] ,all ( ^! heat+ devices are s arrang$ t ! heat is "u ! control ( ! driv]1 :i* p]mits him to heat ! mixture z mu* z he judges to be necess>y4 ,en\gh heat mu/ be us$ to prev5t ! fuel f cond5s+2 b too mu* heat w cut d[n ! effici5cy ( ! eng9e because x w cause s mu* expansion ( ! mixture t a cyl9d]ful ( x w n produce ! maximum p[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--8,,tw9 ,,city0 ,,manifold ,figure #cc %[s ! pump t is us$ 9 a =ce fe$ c>buretor ( ! type %[n 9 ,figure #bh4 ,its plung] is =c$ ?r\gh an inw>d /roke by a cam1 & makes an outw>d /roke z its spr+ returns x to position4 ,! inlet & outlet op5+s ( ! cyl9d] are clos$ by ball *eck valves1 ! inlet *eck be+ op5 on ! outw>d /rokes1 & ! outlet *eck be+ op5 on ! inw>d /rokes4 ,a pump ( ?is sort requires no att5tion beyond see+ t ! *eck valves "w prop]ly1 & t !re are no leaks4 ,figure #cd %[s ! connections betwe5 ! fuel tank & ! c>buretor4 ,"u ! tank1 #a1 is a *amb] conta9+ a f9e wire /ra9]1 #d1 ?r\gh :i* ! fuel mu/ pass to rea* ! c>buretor2 any dirt t may be pres5t is /ra9$ out1 & collects 9 ! cup1 #b4 ,wat] 9 ! fuel also settles "h1 & ! cup is clean$ out by unscrew+ ! plug1 #c4 #e is ! %ut-(f cock2 x %\ld always be clos$ :5 ! tractor is n work+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,fuel ,,pump ,a complete fuel sy/em is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ce1 %[+ ! connections ( ! tanks1 pumps1 & c>buretor4 ,z dirt is injuri\s to an eng9e1 ! air t =ms ! mixture mu/ be clean1 s :5 a tractor works 9 a du/y field1 x %\ld be equipp$ ) an air clean]1 ( :i* !re are ?ree k9ds4 ,9 "o ( ^! ! air is requir$ to pass ?r\gh wat]1 :i* wa%es x4 ,a clean] ( ?is type is %[n 9 ,figure #cf4 ,! du/y air ent]s ! c5tral passage1 & is =c$ to pass ?r\gh ! wat] 9 ord] to rea* ! outlet4 ,passage ?r\gh ! wat] & ?r\gh ! baffle plates frees ! air ( all its du/4 ,9 ! clean] %[n 9 ,figure #cg1 ! air is pass$ ?r\gh loose wool1 :i* filt]s out ! du/4 ,ano!r type ( clean] works on ! same pr9ciple z a cream sep>ator2 ! air is giv5 a :irl+ motion1 :i* ?r[s ! dirt out at ! sides1 & x is collect$ 9 a glass j>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--8;,,av]y0 ,,fuel ,,connections ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--8,,oil-,,pull0 ,,fuel ,,sy/em ,^! air clean]s mu/ be empti$ frequ5tly1 = if !y are n kept clean x _c be expect$ t !y w d _! "w4 ,a tractor eng9e is built to develop its maximum p[] at a c]ta9 spe$2 if x runs at great] spe$1 x w n op]ate effici5tly1 & !re w be unnecess>y we> ( its p>ts4 ,^! eng9es are !re=e usually fitt$ ) gov]nors :i* hold !m at _! mo/ effici5t spe$4 ,a gov]nor op]ates by c5trifugal =ce4 ,any?+ 9 motion tries to move 9 a /raight l9e2 if x is =c$ to move 9 a circle1 x w ex]t =ce 9 try+ to move away f its c5t]4 ,x is ?is t is call$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,x is c5trifugal =ce t holds wat] 9 a pail t is be+ swung ar\nd ! head1 & t makes ! pail fly (f if x is releas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,,air ,,wa%] ,9 apply+ ?is pr9ciple to a gov]nor1 weights are atta*$ to a plate & made to revolve2 spr+s hold !m toge!r1 b 9 spite ( ?is1 c5trifugal =ce ?r[s !m outw>d4 ,9 mov+1 !y act on a rod t op]ates ! ?rottle2 z ! spe$ increases1 ! move outw>d m & m1 & x is a simple matt] ( adju/m5t to cause !m to close ! ?rottle :5 ! spe$ rea*es a desir$ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,air ,,/ra9] ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--8;,e-,b0 ,,gov]nor ,a gov]nor & its connections are %[n 9 ,figure #ch4 ,! weights1 ,r1 are ,l-%ap$1 & pivot$ at ! angle to a plate driv5 by ! eng9e4 ,! %aft t drives ! plate also supports a coll>1 ,p1 t is loose on x & c slide endways2 ! coll> re/s aga9/ ! %ort b> ( ! ,l-%ap$ weights4 ,! o!r end ( ! coll> t\*es ! lev]1 ,e1 :i* is mov$ :5 ! coll> moves4 ,z ! lev] is connect$ ) ! ?rottle1 a movem5t ( ! coll> w control ! position ( ! ?rottle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--8;,,case0 ,,gov]nor ,:5 ! %aft revolves1 ! long arms ( ! ,l-%ap$ weights t5d to fly outw>d2 ?is moves !m on _! pivots1 & ! %ort arms !reupon =ce ! coll> to slide on ! %aft1 :i* moves ! lev] & op]ates ! ?rottle4 ,! spe$ at :i* ! ?rottle w beg9 to close is det]m9$ by ! sett+ ( ! spr+ t holds ! weights 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--8;,,h>t-,,p>r0 ,,gov]nor ,gov]nors & gov]nor connections are %[n 9 ,figures #ci & #dj4 ,! gov]nor %[n 9 ,figure #da is enclos$ 9 a h\s+ t c be lock$ or seal$4 ,?is prev5ts ! unau?oriz$ *ang+ ( ! adju/m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,v]tical ,,gov]nor ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ignition ,9 ord] t a gas eng9e may run prop]ly1 ! mixture mu/ be set on fire1 or ignit$1 at exactly ! "r "t2 if ignition occurs too e>ly or too late1 !re w be a loss ( p[]4 ,! greate/ pressure w be obta9$ at ! in/ant :5 all ( ! mixture is burn+1 & ?is %\ld take place j z ! pi/on beg9s to move outw>d on ! p[] /roke4 ,a little "t is requir$ = ! mixture to burn2 !re is a brief int]val betwe5 ! in/ant :5 x is set on fire & ! in/ant :5 x is all 9 flame4 ,?us x is cle> t if ! mixture is all to be burn+ z ! pi/on />ts ! p[] /roke1 x mu/ be set on fire be=e t "t1 or1 9 o!r words1 t[>d ! end ( ! compression /roke4 ,! po9t at :i* ignition %\ld occur dep5ds on ! spe$ ( ! eng9e & %\ld *ange :5 ! spe$ *anges4 ,! "t requir$ = ! flame to spread ?r\gh\t ! mixture does n *ange2 let u say t1 ) ! eng9e runn+ at #abjj revolutions a m9ute1 ! mixture c be ignit$ :5 ! pi/on is in* f ! end ( ! compression /roke1 & w all be 9 flame by ! "t ! pi/on />ts on ! p[] /roke4 ,if ! eng9e is sl[$ d[n to #fjj revolutions a m9ute & no *ange is made 9 ! ignition1 ! mixture w all be 9 flame be=e ! pi/on rea*es ! end ( ! compression /roke2 pressure w !n be produc$ be=e ! pi/on is 9 position to p]=m ! p[] /roke4 ,! pressure w try to make ! eng9e run backw>ds2 x w sometimes be suffici5t to make ! eng9e /op4 ,if ! mom5tum ( ! fly:eel is suffici5t to =ce ! pi/on to ! end ( ! /roke aga9/ ! pressure1 ?is condition w cause a loss ( p[]4 ,?is is call$ preignition1 or ignition t occurs too soon4 ,"o effect ( x is to produce a h>d1 metallic knock+1 due to ! oil be+ squeez$ out ( ! be>+s by ! great pressure1 :i* p]mits ! be>+ & %aft to /rike4 ,! rem$y is to make ignition occur lat] 9 ! /roke4 ,if ! eng9e is spe$$ up above #abjj revolutions1 ! pi/on w h _h "t to move "s di/ance on ! p[] /roke be=e ! mixture is all 9 flame2 ! combu/ion space w !n be too l>ge to p]mit ! mixture to produce its greate/ pressure1 & aga9 !re w be a loss ( p[]4 ,! rem$y 9 ?is case is to make ignition occur e>li] 9 ! compression /roke4 ,:5 ignition is made to occur e>ly 9 ! compression /roke1 x is said to be advanc$2 :5 x is made to occur late 9 ! /roke1 x is said to be ret>d$4 ,to get ! be/ results1 ! eng9e %\ld be run ) ignition advanc$ z f> z is possible )\t caus+ knock+4 ,! *>ge ( mixture is always set on fire by an electric sp>k1 & ! p>ts t produce & control ?is sp>k are call$ ! ignition sy/em4 ,an ignition sy/em consi/s (3 ,fir/1 ! app>atus t produces ! electric curr5t1 :i* is usually a magneto2 second1 a tim]1 :i* controls ! in/ant at :i* ! sp>k occurs2 ?ird1 ! sp>k plugs1 :i* project into ! cyl9d]s1 & at :i* ! sp>ks take place2 f\r?1 a swit*1 by :i* ! sp>k+ curr5t c be turn$ on or (f1 & fif?1 ! wires1 or cables1 by :i* ! p>ts are connect$4 ,! electric curr5t t gives ! sp>k is always produc$ by magnetism4 ,9 a magneto1 magnetism is obta9$ f ! heavy /eel magnets t are "p ( x2 !re is a con/ant fl[ ( magnetism f "o end ( ^! to ! o!r4 ,to obta9 an electric curr5t1 a coil ( wire is plac$ 9 ! magnetism1 & ! /r5g? ( ! magnetism is made to *ange2 x alt]nately becomes weak & /rong4 ,:5ev] a *ange 9 /r5g? takes place1 an electric curr5t fl[s 9 ! wire1 & x cont9ues to fl[ z long z ! magnetism cont9ues to *ange 9 /r5g?4 ,:5 ! *ange 9 /r5g? is v great1 t is1 :5 ! magnetism *anges f v weak to v /rong1 or f v /rong to v weak1 ! electric curr5t is m p[]ful ?an :5 !re is only a little *ange 9 /r5g?4 ,a m p[]ful curr5t is also produc$ by a *ange t takes place sudd5ly ?an by a *ange t takes place sl[ly4 ,! electrical pr9ciple t produces a curr5t 9 ?is mann] is call$ induction2 ! curr5t produc$ is kn[n z an induc$ curr5t4 ,a magneto has two or m magnets1 & betwe5 _! ends1 or poles1 !re revolves a piece ( iron call$ ! armature4 ,a piece ( iron plac$ betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet becomes a magnet itself2 ! armature is s %ap$ t1 z x revolves1 its magnetism cont9ually *anges 9 /r5g?1 & x is ! *anges 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetism ( ! armature t produce ! sp>k+ curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--;,,armature ,! iron armature ( ! ,bos* magneto1 :i* is ! be/ kn[n type1 is %[n 9 ,figure #db4 ,x has a c5tral b> ) two heads1 ! wire be+ w\nd ar\nd ! c5tral b>1 or core4 ,! %afts on :i* x revolves are atta*$ to ! ends ( ! heads4 ,figure #dc %[s diff]5t positions ( ! armature betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet1 & illu/rates ! *anges 9 ! magnetism ( ! c5tral b>4 ,!re is a cont9ual fl[ ( magnetism f "o pole ( a magnet to ! o!r2 if a piece ( iron lies betwe5 !m ! magnetism w use x z a bridge1 b (t5 its easie/ pa? w be ?r\gh ! air4 ,9 ,a1 ,figure #dc1 ! armature lies crossways1 & its c5tral b> or core =ms a p]fect bridge = ! magnetism4 ,practically all ( ! magnetism fl[s ?r\gh x1 & x !n becomes a p[]ful magnet itself4 ,x sets up its own fl[ ( magnetism1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! core to "o head1 ?r\gh ! air to ! o!r head1 & s back to ! core4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,,fl[ ,,( ,,magnetism ,,?r\gh ,,armature ,,core ,9 ,b1 ! armature has revolv$ a little4 ,mo/ ( ! magnetism is /ill fl[+ ?r\gh ! core1 b "s ( x is f9d+ an easi] pa? by fl[+ ?r\gh ! heads & across ! air space to ! o!r pole4 ,! magnetism ( ! core is1 !re=e1 a little weak] ?an x is 9 ,a4 ,9 ,c1 ! heads alone =m bridges betwe5 ! poles1 & none ( ! magnetism fl[s by ! core because t no long] =ms a pa?4 ,! core is no long] produc+ magnetism2 9 mov+ f ,a to ,c !re has ?us be5 a complete *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetism ( ! core1 = f full /r5g? x has di$ away to no?+4 ,by a fur!r movem5t1 z 9 ,d1 ! core aga9 acts z a bridge1 & ano!r *ange 9 /r5g? occurs1 ?is "t f no?+ to full /r5g? aga94 ,9 mov+ f ,d to ,b1 !re are slight *anges 9 /r5g?1 b n en\gh to produce a sp>k+ curr5t2 x is only 9 pass+ f ,b to ,d t a sp>k+ curr5t c be produc$4 ,9 ?is type ( magneto ! space betwe5 ! heads is w\nd full ( wire1 :i* ( c\rse revolves ) ! armature2 ! m turns ( wire !re are1 ! m int5se w be ! curr5t1 s v f9e wire is us$ to get ! greate/ possible numb] ( turns4 ,9 ! ,bos* magneto ! fir/ few lay]s are ( co>se wire1 & are ! prim>y w9d+4 ,! rema9d]1 call$ ! second>y w9d+1 is v f9e wire1 & ! two are connect$ s t "o =ms an ext5sion ( ! o!r4 ,x has be5 expla9$ t x is mo/ important to h ! sp>k occur at exactly ! "r in/ant 9 ! /roke4 ,on a magneto ! in/ant ( sp>k+ is controll$ by a tim]1 or circuit break]1 :i* is a swit* t is automatically op]at$ at ! "t :5 ! magneto is produc+ a curr5t suffici5tly int5se to =m a sp>k4 ,figure #dd illu/rates "o complete revolution ( ! armature1 & x w be se5 t x passes twice f position ,b to position ,d4 ,?is %[s t x gives a sp>k+ curr5t twice dur+ ea* revolution4 ,! circuit break] mu/ !re=e op]ate twice dur+ ea* revolution4 ,x is plac$ at ! end ( ! magneto2 9 "s makes x revolves ) ! armature & is op]at$ by /ation>y cams1 :ile 9 o!rs x is /ation>y1 & is op]at$ by a cam on ! armature %aft4 ,9 ei!r case ! effect is ! same4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,"o ,,complete ,,revolution ,,( ,,! ,,armature ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,connections ,,( ,,bos* ,,magneto ,figure #de %[s ! way 9 :i* ! w9d+ on ! armature ( a ,bos* magneto is connect$ ) ! circuit break] & ) ! armature4 ,! circuit break] %[n is n ! k9d us$ on ! ,bos*1 & s]ves only to illu/rate ! pr9ciple4 ,x consi/s ( a lev] pivot$ at "o end1 ) ! o!r end re/+ aga9/ ! tip ( a screw4 ,a cam be>s aga9/ ! lev] & c move x to break ! contact ) ! screw4 ,! cam is s set t x moves ! lev] at ! "t :5 ! curr5t is mo/ int5se4 ,! co>se wire1 or prim>y w9d+1 on ! armature is connect$ ) ! lev] & ) ! screw ( ! circuit break]2 :5 ! lev] is t\*+ ! screw1 any curr5t produc$ 9 ! prim>y w9d+ has a complete pa?1 or circuit1 9 :i* to fl[4 ,! f9e wire1 or second>y w9d+1 is w\nd on top ( ! prim>y1 & its inmo/ end is connect$ to ! outmo/ end ( ! prim>y s t "o =ms a cont9uation ( ! o!r4 ,! outmo/ end ( ! second>y leads to ! sp>k plug2 any curr5t produc$ 9 ! second>y w9d+ fl[s to ! sp>k plug1 &1 if int5se en\gh1 w jump across ! small gap 9 ! plug1 & return to ! second>y by way ( ! prim>y4 ,ref]r+ to ,figure #dc1 a weak curr5t is produc$ 9 ! prim>y :ile ! armature revolves f ,d to ,b2 at t "t ! circuit break] is clos$1 s ! curr5t c fl[ 9 ! pa? ?us provid$ = x4 ,a curr5t also tries to fl[ 9 ! second>y1 b is too weak to jump across ! gap 9 ! sp>k plug4 ,z ! armature comes clos] to ! po9t ,c1 ,figure #dc1 ! prim>y curr5t becomes m int5se1 & ! electricity 9 ! second>y increases its endeavor to jump ! gap 9 ! sp>k plug1 b is /ill unable to d s4 ,z ! armature passes ov] ! po9t ,c1 ! circuit break] op5s4 ,! prim>y curr5t1 :i* is !n mo/ int5se1 f9ds its pa? tak5 away f x1 & x seeks ano!r1 :i* x f9ds by fl[+ into ! second>y w9d+4 ,?is fl[ ( prim>y curr5t1 add$ to ! pressure already exi/+ 9 ! second>y1 =ms a curr5t suffici5tly int5se to jump across ! gap 9 ! sp>k plug1 & 9 s jump+ x produces ! ignition sp>k4 ,z ! armature passes to position ,d1 ,figure #dc1 ! circuit break] closes1 & ! action is repeat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--8,k-,w0 ,,inductor ,a magneto ( ?is type is ?us se5 to give two sp>ks to e revolution ( ! armature4 ,k-,w & ,dixie magnetos op]ate on ! same g5]al pr9ciple z ! ,bos*1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! wire w9d+s are sep>ate f ! armature1 & d n revolve4 ,! revolv+ "p1 :i* is call$ an inductor1 consi/s ( blocks ( iron1 s %ap$ t1 z !y revolve1 !y alt]nately lead ! magnetism to ! core ( ! w9d+ & !n away f x4 ,! result is t ! core ga9s magnetism & !n loses x1 & ^! cont9ual *anges 9 /r5g? produce sp>k+ curr5ts 9 ! w9d+4 ,! inductor ( a ,k-,w magneto is %[n 9 ,figure #df4 ,x consi/s ( a %aft on :i* are m\nt$ two blocks ( iron at "r angles4 ,! section ( %aft t jo9s !m is ! core ( ! w9d+2 ! wire is w\nd on x j z ?read is w\nd on a spool1 b ) a space betwe51 s t ! %aft may revolve inside ( ! coil4 ,figure #dg %[s ! inductor 9 ?ree positions ( its revolution betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,:5 x is 9 ! fir/ position1 magnetism c fl[ f "o pole ( ! magnet to ! o!r by go+ into "o end1 ,a1 ( "o block1 ?r\gh ! core1 & out ( "o end1 ,c1 ( ! o!r block4 ,?is makes a magnet ( ! core & x =ms magnetism ( its own4 ,:5 ! inductor turns to ! second position magnetism c get across )\t fl[+ ?r\gh ! core1 = ! blocks n[ give x a pa?4 ,z ! fl[ ?r\gh ! core ceases1 ! core's magnetism dies away1 :i* gives ! *ange 9 /r5g? t is ne$$ to produce a sp>k+ curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--8,k-,w0 ,,inductor ,,9 ,,?ree ,,positions ,:5 ! inductor is 9 ! ?ird position1 ! core aga9 becomes ! pa? = ! magnetism & is magnetiz$2 ^! *anges cont9ue z long z ! inductor turns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--8;,,dixie0 ,,inductor ,:ile an armature type ( magneto1 l ! ,bos*1 produces two sp>ks to e revolution1 ! ,k-,w produces f\r1 = !re are f\r p]iods dur+ e revolution :5 !re is suffici5t *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetism ( ! core to produce a sp>k+ curr5t4 ,9 ^! magnetos ! revolv+ %aft is p>allel to ! ends ( ! magnets1 b 9 ! ,dixie magneto x is at a "r angle1 z %[n 9 ,figure #dh4 ,! %aft is ( "s metal1 su* z brass or bronze1 ?r\gh :i* magnetism w n fl[2 o!rwise ! %aft w\ld =m a cont9u\s pa?4 ,! inductor blocks are m\nt$ on ! %aft1 & act z ext5sions ( ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,! core on :i* ! wire is w\nd is a sep>ate piece1 plac$ "u ! ar* ( ! magnets1 ) ends t ext5d d[n & =m a tunnel 9 :i* ! inductor revolves4 ,figure #di %[s an end view ( ! inductor1 ! magnets be+ cut away s t ! core may be se54 ,z inductor block ,a is an ext5sion ( "o pole ( ! magnet1 magnetism tries to fl[ f x to block ,b1 :i* is an ext5sion ( ! o!r pole ( ! magnet4 ,:5 ! inductor is 9 position #a1 ,figure #di1 magnetism c fl[ f block ,a ?r\gh ! core to block ,b1 ! core !n be+ magnetiz$4 ,9 position #b1 magnetism c fl[ f "o block to ! o!r by go+ ?r\gh ! ends ( ! core in/ead ( ?r\gh ! core itself2 ! core !n loses its magnetism1 b rega9s x :5 ! inductor moves to position #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,?ree ,,positions ,,( 8,,dixie0 ,,inductor ,9 practically all makes ( magnetos ! circuit break] is at ! end ( ! armature or inductor %aft1 & is op]at$ by x4 ,! ,bos* circuit break] is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ej1 ! p>ts be+ m\nt$ on a plate atta*$ to ! %aft & revolv+ ) x4 ,! lev] is ,l-%ap$1 pivot$ at ! angle1 ) "o end re/+ on ! tip ( a screw4 ,:5 ! %aft revolves1 ! o!r end ( ! lev] is dragg$ ov] a block ( metal t acts z a cam2 ?is makes x move on its pivot & sep>ates x f ! screw4 ,by turn+ ! screw ! di/ance ( sep>ation may be adju/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--8;,,bos*0 ,,circuit ,,break] ,9 ! circuit break] ( ! ,k-,w magneto x is ! cam t revolves1 :ile ! lev] is /ation>y1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ea4 ,x w be notic$ t ! cam w move ! lev] only twice dur+ ea* revolution2 ! magneto c produce f\r sp>ks dur+ a revolution1 b ) ?is arrangem5t ( ! cam only two ( !m are us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--8,k-,w0 ,,circuit ,,break] ,x has be5 said t an int5se sp>k+ curr5t is produc$ :5 !re is a great *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetism1 & :5 ! *ange 9 /r5g? occurs sudd5ly4 ,!re _c be any alt]ation 9 ! *ange 9 /r5g?1 = ! greate/ magnetic /r5g? ( ! core is :at is giv5 x by ! magnet1 & *ang+ f ?is to no?+ is ! greate/ *ange possible4 ,! sudd5ness ) :i* ! *ange takes place1 h[ev]1 dep5ds on ! spe$ at :i* ! magneto runs4 ,a #d-;cyl9d] eng9e requires two sp>ks to ea* revolution ( ! crank %aft2 ! armature ( a ,bos* magneto = ?is eng9e w !re=e run at ! same spe$ z ! crank %aft4 ,! ,k-,w magneto1 giv+ f\r sp>ks to ! revolution1 c\ld run at half ( ! spe$ ( ! crank %aft1 b !n ! *ange 9 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetism w\ld take place sl[ly1 & ! sp>k+ curr5t w\ld n be suffici5tly int5se4 ,by us+ only two ( ! sp>ks ! magneto is run at ! same spe$ z ! crank %aft2 ! *ange 9 /r5g? !n takes place m sudd5ly1 & a m int5se sp>k+ curr5t is produc$4 ,! circuit break] ( a magneto = a #a-;cyl9d] eng9e has only "o cam1 s t a s+le sp>k is produc$ dur+ ea* revolution ( ! armature2 ! armature makes "o revolution to e two revolutions ( ! crank %aft4 ,h[ev] _m cyl9d]s an eng9e may h1 ! magneto mu/ be revolv$ f "o po9t ( sp>k+ to ! next 9 ! int]val betwe5 ignition 9 "o cyl9d] & ignition 9 ! next cyl9d] to fire4 ,a magneto is driv5 by ! crank %aft ?r\gh ge>s or by a *a91 :i* are s proportion$ & set t ! magneto is at a po9t ( sp>k+ at ! in/ant :5 a pi/on is 9 position = ignition4 ,a magneto = an eng9e ) m ?an "o cyl9d] is provid$ ) a di/ributor1 :i* passes ! sp>k+ curr5t to ! p>ticul> cyl9d] t is ready = ignition4 ,a di/ributor is a revolv+ swit* built into ! magneto1 ) z _m po9ts1 or contacts1 z ! eng9e has cyl9d]s4 ,at ! in/ant :5 ! magneto produces a sp>k+ curr5t1 ! revolv+ di/ributor arm is 9 position to pass ! curr5t to "o ( ! contacts1 & ! curr5t fl[s to ! sp>k plug ) :i* x is connect$4 ,an electric curr5t mu/ h a complete pa?1 or circuit1 9 ord] to be able to fl[4 ,9 a magneto ignition sy/em ?is pa? is p>tly ( wire & p>tly ( ! metal ( ! eng9e4 ,! diagram 9 ,figure #de indicates t ! curr5t returns to ! magneto f ! circuit break] lev] & ! sp>k plug by wire1 b 9 actual con/ruction x returns by ! metal ( ! eng9e4 ,?is is call$ a gr\nd return2 ! circuit is said to be gr\nd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--8;,,bos*0 ,,magneto ,,9 ,,section ,figure #eb is a side view ( a ,bos* magneto1 p>tly brok5 away to %[ ! int]ior4 ,z c be se51 "o end ( ! prim>y w9d+ is screw$ to ! armature1 & is !reby connect$ ) ! metal ( ! magneto2 z ! magneto is atta*$ to ! eng9e ! prim>y w9d+ is ?us 9 contact ) t also4 ,! o!r end ( ! prim>y w9d+ leads to ! insulat$ block ( ! circuit break]1 ,figure #ej4 ,?is block is insulat$ f ! disk2 t is1 :ile x is atta*$ to ! disk1 x is kept f t\*+ x by means ( pieces ( h>d rubb] or mica4 ,?r\gh ^! an electric curr5t _c pass4 ,! lev] is gr\nd$2 t is1 x is 9 contact ) ! metal ( ! magneto4 ,:5 ! lev] t\*es ! screw ( ! insulat$ block1 curr5t c fl[2 :5 !y are sep>at$1 ! circuit is brok54 ,"o end ( ! second>y w9d+1 ,figure #eb1 is atta*$ to ! out] end ( ! prim>y4 ,! o!r end leads to ! slip r+1 :i* is a metal rim on a h>d rubb] :eel atta*$ to ! armature & revolv+ ) x4 ,sp>k+ curr5t fl[+ to ! slip r+ is l$ (f by a c>bon bru% & pass$ to ! di/ributor4 ,%\ld a sp>k plug wire fall (f :ile ! eng9e is runn+1 ! curr5t w\ld lose its pa? & w\ld seek ano!r2 x is q p[]ful en\gh to make a pa? = itself by break+ ?r\gh ! w9d+s4 ,z ?is w\ld injure ! magneto1 su* a ?+ is prev5t$ by provid+ a safety sp>k gap1 :i* acts l a safety valve 9 giv+ ! curr5t a pa? :5 ! regul> pa? is int]rupt$4 ,x consi/s ( two po9ts ( metal1 "o atta*$ to ! metal ( ! magneto & ! o!r connect$ ) ! slip r+ bru%2 x is a m difficult pa? ?an ! "o ?r\gh ! sp>k plug1 b easi] ?an break+ d[n ! w9d+s4 ,figure #ec is a section ( ! ,k-,w magneto4 ,z ! coil does n revolve1 no slip r+ is necess>y2 ! sp>k+ curr5t fl[s directly to ! di/ributor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--8,k-,w0 ,,magneto ,,9 ,,section ,to />t an eng9e1 ! crank %aft mu/ be turn$ at suffici5t spe$ to drive ! magneto fa/ en\gh to produce a sp>k4 ,) l>ge eng9es ?is is (t5 a difficult matt]1 s x is v usual to equip a magneto ) an impulse />t]4 ,"o "p ( ?is is atta*$ to ! magneto %aft & ! o!r to ! eng9e %aft t drives ! magneto2 ! two are connect$ by a spr+4 ,:5 />t+1 a cat* holds ! armature & prev5ts x f turn+4 ,! drive %aft turns1 h[ev]1 & 9 s do+ w9ds up ! spr+4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t ! cat* is automatically releas$1 & ! spr+ !n ?r[s ! armature ov] at a spe$ t gives a good sp>k4 ,a sp>k is ?us assur$1 ev5 ?\gh ! eng9e is be+ crank$ v sl[ly4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,batt]y ,,ignition ,,sy/ems ,:ile ! great] numb] ( tractor eng9es use magneto ignition1 _m use batt]y & coil sy/ems1 :i* are ! same 9 g5]al pr9ciple z magneto sy/ems1 b produce magnetism 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,copp] is a nonmagnetic metal2 t is1 magnetism w n fl[ ?r\gh x1 nor c x be magnetiz$4 ,if a pile ( iron fil+s is /irr$ ) a copp] wire !re w be no effect1 z might be expect$2 b if a curr5t ( electricity fl[s ?r\gh ! wire1 ! iron fil+s w cl+ to x1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ed1 z if x 7 a real magnet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,magnetism ,,9 ,a ,,copp] ,,wire ,x is "o ( ! pr9ciples ( electricity t :5 a curr5t fl[s ?r\gh a wire1 ! wire is surr\nd$ by magnetism1 :i* cont9ues z long z ! curr5t fl[s2 :5 ! circuit is brok5 & ! curr5t /ops fl[+1 ! magnetism dies away4 ,! magnetism produc$ is feeble & c be v greatly increas$ by w9d+ ! wire ar\nd an iron b>4 ,! magnetism produc$ by ! curr5t !n fl[s into ! b>1 & t1 l ! core ( ! w9d+ ( a magneto1 ?r[s out magnetism ( its own4 ,?is is indicat$ 9 ,figure #ee4 ,by *ang+ ! int5sity ( ! electric curr5t1 or by cutt+ x (f1 ! /r5g? ( ! magnetism c be made to *ange1 & ?is *ange ( /r5g? c produce a sp>k+ curr5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,magnetism ,,f ,,electricity ,! pr9ciple employ$ is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ef4 ,a is a coil ( wire w\nd ar\nd "o end ( an iron b> & connect$ ) a batt]y2 ,b is an entirely sep>ate coil ( wire w\nd ar\nd ! o!r end ( ! b>1 ) its ends sep>at$ by a %ort di/ance4 ,by clos+ ! batt]y swit* ! curr5t w be p]mitt$ to fl[ 9 coil ,a1 & ! b> w become magnetiz$2 ! magnetism t x ?r[s out w be felt by coil ,b4 ,:5 ! swit* is op5$ ! curr5t /ops fl[+ & ! magnetism dies out ( ! b>2 ^! *anges 9 /r5g? w create an electric curr5t 9 coil ,b1 :i* w =m a sp>k z x passes across ! space betwe5 ! ends4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,sp>k ,,coil ,9 ignition coils1 coil ,b is w\nd on top ( coil ,a4 ,coil ,a1 call$ ! prim>y w9d+1 consi/s ( a few lay]s ( co>se wire4 ,! m turns ( wire !re are 9 coil ,b1 call$ ! second>y w9d+1 ! m int5se w be ! curr5t t x produces1 & ! int5sity is also increas$ by keep+ ! w9d+s close to ! iron core4 ,! second>y w9d+ is1 !re=e1 made ( exce$+ly f9e wire1 & has a v great numb] ( turns4 ,to obta9 a sp>k1 a curr5t is p]mitt$ to fl[ ?r\gh ! prim>y w9d+ to create magnetism1 & ! fl[ is !n /opp$ to cause ! magnetism to die away4 ,! second>y w9d+ is affect$ by ea* ( ^! *anges 9 magnetic /r5g?4 ,! b> loses magnetism m rapidly ?an x ga9s x1 h[ev]2 x is !re=e ! dy+ out ( ! magnetism t has ! great] effect on ! second>y w9d+1 & t causes x to produce a sp>k+ curr5t4 ,to use ?is pr9ciple = ignition1 ! eng9e is fitt$ ) a revolv+ swit*1 :i* closes ! circuit z a pi/on is on ! compression /roke1 & !n breaks ! circuit at ! in/ant :5 a sp>k is desir$4 ,comb9$ ) ! revolv+ swit*1 or tim]1 is a di/ributor l ! di/ributor ( a magneto1 :i* passes ! sp>k+ curr5t to ! cyl9d] t is ready to receive x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--8;,,atwat]-,,k5t0 ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,to produce an int5se sp>k+ curr5t1 x is necess>y to break ! circuit z abruptly z possible1 9 ord] to cause ! magnetism to die away sudd5ly4 ,figure #eg %[s h[ ?is is done 9 ! ,atwat]-,k5t sy/em4 ,! p>ts ( ! circuit break] are c>ri$ on a plate1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* revolves a %aft ) a not* 9 x4 ,aga9/ ! side ( ?is %aft re/s ! hook$ end ( ! slid+ cat*2 z ! not* comes "u ?is hook$ end1 ! slid+ cat* is drawn =w>d1 only to be snapp$ back by its spr+ z ! not* moves f "u x4 ,! lift] is a bit ( metal1 pivot$ at "o end1 ) its free end ly+ betwe5 ! slid+ cat* & ! flat /eel spr+ t c>ries "o ( ! contact po9ts4 ,a1 ,figure #eg1 is a diagram ( ! sy/em4 ,b %[s ! position ( ! p>ts z ! not* c>ries ! slid+ cat* =w>d1 & ,c %[s _! positions z ! spr+ snaps ! slid+ cat* back to its place4 ,x w be se5 t 9 ?us mov+ back x /rikes ! lift]1 :i* 9 turn moves ! contact spr+1 & s closes ! circuit2 b ! circuit is in/antly brok5 z ! p>ts spr+ back to position4 ,! movem5t ( ! p>ts is s rapid t to ! eye !y seem to be /&+ /ill4 ,! circuit is clos$ only = an in/ant1 b t is suffici5t to magnetize & demagnetize ! coil1 & to produce a sp>k+ curr5t4 ,! op]ation ( ?is sy/em dep5ds on ! v great swiftness ) :i* ! circuit is made & brok52 !re is n suffici5t "t = ! core to get ?or\ghly magnetiz$1 b su* magnetism z is produc$ *anges /r5g? s quickly t x gives a suffici5tly int5se curr5t to create an ignition sp>k4 ,9 o!r batt]y sy/ems ( l pr9ciple1 ! circuit is clos$ = a long en\gh "t to all[ ! core to become fully magnetiz$1 ! circuit !n be+ sudd5ly brok54 ,9 "s ( ^! sy/ems ! tim] breaks ! circuit1 :ile 9 o!rs x is brok5 by ! magnetism1 ?r\gh a vibrator4 ,a vibrator coil sy/em is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #eh4 ,! tim] is a r+ made ( "s k9d ( insulat+ mat]ial1 ) a plate ( metal set 9 x & =m+ "o ( ! tim] contacts4 ,! o!r contact is ! revolv+ bru%1 driv5 by ! eng9e2 ! circuit is clos$ :5 ! bru% t\*es ! metal plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,vibrator ,,coil ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,opposite ! end ( ! core is a flat /eel spr+1 or vibrator blade1 re/+ aga9/ ! tip ( a screw2 :5 ! core is magnetiz$ x draws ! end ( ! blade to x1 & sep>ates x f ! screw4 ,! batt]y curr5t fl[s f ! tim] contact to ! screw1 !n to ! vibrator blade & to ! prim>y w9d+ ( ! coil4 ,! core !n becomes magnetiz$1 & draws ! blade away f ! screw1 :i* breaks ! circuit2 ?is causes ! magnetism to die away1 & a sp>k+ curr5t is produc$ 9 ! second>y w9d+ ( ! coil4 ,! vibrator blade1 no long] held d[n by ! magnetism1 spr+s back aga9/ ! screw2 ! circuit is aga9 made1 & ! action is repeat$4 ,! movem5t ( ! vibrator blade is v rapid1 be+ "s hundr$s ( vibrations a second4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,,sp>k ,,plug ,a sp>k plug is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ei4 ,x consi/s ( a metal %ell screw$ into ! cyl9d]1 enclos+ an insulator ( porcela91 mica1 or "s simil> mat]ial4 ,?r\gh ! insulator passes ! c5t] electrode1 :i* is a rod ( metal1 ) its l[] end sep>at$ by a %ort di/ance f ! %ell or f a wire atta*$ to ! %ell4 ,?is sep>ation is ! gap across :i* ! sp>k+ curr5t passes1 & at :i* ! sp>k occurs4 ,sp>k plugs receive ! pressure ( ! p[] /roke1 & mu/ be /rongly made 9 ord] to )/& x4 ,a leaky sp>k plug w cut d[n ! p[] ( ! eng9e1 j z a leaky valve w4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,transmission ,! p>ts ( a tractor by :i* ! p[] ( ! eng9e is appli$ to ! driv+ :eels are call$ ! transmission1 & include ! clut*1 ! *ange spe$ ge>1 ! diff]5tial & ! drive4 ,x has be5 %[n t a gas eng9e deliv]s p[] only :5 x is runn+ at spe$2 x _c run until "s outside p[] drives x ?r\gh ! inlet & compression /rokes4 ,! tractor _c move until ! eng9e is runn+ & deliv]+ p[]1 & x foll[s1 !re=e1 t x mu/ be possible to disconnect ! eng9e f ! driv+ me*anism 9 ord] t x may run indep5d5tly4 ,?is is done by means ( a clut*1 :i* is a device t connects two %afts1 or disconnects !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,int]nal ,,clut* ,a clut* mu/ be s made t :5 x is engag$ x takes hold1 n sudd5ly1 b gradually4 ,if x took hold sudd5ly1 ! tractor w\ld be requir$ to jump at once into full motion2 ?is w\ld cause a sev]e /ra9+ ( ! p>ts & probable breakage4 ,! alt]native w\ld be ! abrupt /opp+ ( ! eng9e1 & ?is w\ld also /ra9 ?+s4 ,by mak+ ! clut* 9 su* a way t x slips1 & takes hold little by little1 ! tractor />ts sl[ly1 & gradually comes up to spe$2 ! slipp+ ( ! clut* !n ceases1 & x takes hold firmly4 ,all clut*es op]ate by ! friction ( "o surface aga9/ ano!r2 9 "s1 ! surfaces are curv$ & 9 o!rs flat1 :ile 9 /ill o!rs ! clut* is a b& ar\nd a :eel1 or drum4 ,a clut* is op]at$ by a h& lev] or by a foot p$al4 ,figure #fj %[s a type ( clut* t op]ates inside a drum1 :i* is (t5 ! ov]hang+ rim ( ! fly:eel4 ,! %aft 9 ! c5t] is indep5d5t ( ! fly:eel1 & x is ! purpose ( ! clut*1 :i* is atta*$ to ! %aft1 to lock ! %aft & fly:eel toge!r :5 ! tractor is to be />t$4 ,! brake %oes1 :i* be> aga9/ ! drum1 =m ! ends ( pivot$ lev]s1 & are l9$ ) an asbe/os mat]ial t resi/s ! heat caus$ by ! friction aga9/ ! drum4 ,a cone-%ap$ block ( /eel slides l5g?ways on ! %aft2 :5 x is pu%$ into position1 x =ces out ! yokes1 & ?us presses ! brake %oes aga9/ ! drum4 ,a plate clut*1 or disk clut*1 is %[n 9 ,figure #fa4 ,! pr9ciple ( a plate clut* may be illu/rat$ by plac+ a half-doll> betwe5 two qu>t]s & p9*+ !m ) ! ?umb & =ef+]4 ,if !y are held loosely1 ! half-doll> may be turn$ betwe5 ! qu>t]s1 b if !y are p9*$ tightly1 ! friction betwe5 ! co9s w be s great t "o _c be turn$ )\t turn+ ! o!rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,plate ,,clut* ,atta*$ to ! fly:eel are /uds1 :i* support a disk1 or plate2 ?is plate revolves ) ! fly:eel1 & is practically a "p ( x4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is plate are o!r plates t are support$ on ! drive %aft2 !y revolve ) x1 b c slide along x4 ,! end ( ! %aft is squ>e & fits a squ>e hole 9 a coll>1 s t :ile ! coll> may slide along ! %aft1 ! two mu/ turn toge!r4 ,cams are m\nt$ on ! hub ( "o ( ! plates 9 su* a position t !y c press ! outside plates toge!r & p9* ! fly:eel plate betwe54 ,! cams are op]at$ by press+ ! coll> aga9/ !m4 ,! fir/ draw+ %[s ! clut* out1 or releas$2 ! fly:eel may !n turn )\t turn+ ! %aft1 = ! plates are n 9 contact4 ,! second draw+ %[s ! clut* 91 or engag$4 ,! coll> is press$ aga9/ ! cams1 & ! plates 9 turn are drawn toge!r1 p9*+ ! fly:eel plate betwe5 !m4 ,! fly:eel & ! drive %aft !n revolve toge!r4 ,plate clut*es are (t5 made ) m ?an ?ree plates2 "s makes run 9 a ba? ( oil1 & "s are int5d$ to "w dry4 ,9 a cone clut*1 ! ov]hang+ rim ( ! fly:eel is funnel-%ap$1 & into x fits a cone-%ap$ disk c>ri$ on ! end ( ! drive %aft4 ,to engage ! clut*1 ! disk is slid along ! %aft aga9/ ! fly:eel1 ! friction betwe5 ! two be+ suffici5t to drive ! %aft4 ,:5 a clut* is ?r[n 9 x %\ld take hold gradually1 slipp+ at fir/1 b f9ally hav+ a firm grip4 ,:5 x is ?r[n out1 x %\ld release in/antly & completely4 ,! p[] deliv]$ by an eng9e dep5ds on ! bore & /roke ( ! cyl9d]1 & on ! spe$4 ,! great] ! bore1 or diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 & ! great] ! /roke1 or di/ance ! pi/on moves 9 a half-revolution ( ! crank %aft1 ! l>g] w be ! combu/ion space1 & ! l>g] w be ! *>ge ( mixture t x c take 92 ! l>g] ! *>ge1 ! great] w be ! p[] produc$ :5 ! *>ge burns4 ,ea* cyl9d] produces p[] once dur+ e two revolutions ( ! crank %aft2 if ! eng9e runs at #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute !re w be twice z _m p[] /rokes z !re w\ld be if x ran at #ejj revolutions p] m9ute1 & dur+ t m9ute x w produce twice z mu* p[]4 ,a traction eng9e is int5d$ to run at a c]ta9 spe$1 at :i* x w produce its greate/ p[] )\t ov]/ra9+ its p>ts4 ,?is normal spe$ = any p>ticul> eng9e dep5ds on ! numb] ( cyl9d]s1 _! size & design1 & o!r details e/abli%$ by ! manufactur]4 ,to get ! be/ f ! eng9e1 ?is is ! spe$ at :i* x %\ld always be run4 ,! p[] requir$ to move ! tractor dep5ds on v>i\s ?+s2 ! h>dness & smoo?ness ( ! gr\nd1 ! grade1 ! load x is pull+1 & s on4 ,! tractor might be runn+ on level gr\nd1 pull+ s great a load t ! eng9e is call$ on = all ( ! p[] t x c deliv]4 ,on com+ to a hill1 /ill m p[] w be requir$1 = n[ ! tractor & its load mu/ be lift$ z well z mov$ =w>d4 ,! eng9e1 already work+ at its limit1 _c deliv] ! extra p[] ne$$1 & w sl[ d[n & /op unless some?+ is done to aid x4 ,9 su* a case1 ! *ange spe$ ge> is us$ to give ! eng9e a great] lev]age on its "w1 j z a block & tackle gives a great] lev]age or pur*ase to a man :o mu/ lift a heavy weight4 ,let u say t ! normal spe$ ( ! eng9e is #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & t x is s connect$ t x makes #dj revolutions :ile ! driv+ :eels make #a1 ! spe$ ( ! tractor be+ #c miles p] h\r4 ,if x is a #d-;cyl9d] eng9e !re w ?us be #hj p[] /rokes to e revolution ( ! driv+ :eels4 ,! eng9e is deliv]+ its full p[] & _c d m %\ld ! tractor be call$ on = an extra ex]tion1 su* z climb+ a hill or cross+ r\gh gr\nd4 ,by *ang+ ! connections betwe5 ! eng9e & ! driv+ :eels1 ! eng9e c be made to run twice z _m revolutions to "o turn ( ! driv+ :eels1 :i* w give d\ble ! numb] ( p[] /rokes2 ! :eels w ?us be turn$ ) twice ! =ce4 ,z no *ange is made 9 ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 ! :eels w n[ turn at half _! =m] spe$1 & ! tractor w run at #a miles p] h\r4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 h twice ! ability to ov]come ob/acles4 ,?is *ange 9 ! connections betwe5 ! eng9e & ! drive is p]=m$ by ! *ange spe$ ge>1 :i* is driv5 by ! eng9e & :i* 9 turn drives ! :eels4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( *ange spe$ ge>s1 b ! ma9 pr9ciple 9 !m all is ! same1 = !y dep5d on ! action ( cog-:eels1 or ge>s4 ,:5 two ge>s runn+ toge!r1 or 9 me%1 h ! same numb] ( tee?1 !y w revolve at ! same spe$4 ,if "o has half z _m tee? z ! o!r--#aj tee? & #bj1 let u say--! #aj-too? ge> w make two revolutions :ile ! #bj-too? ge> is mak+ "o4 ,!re are two %afts 9 a *ange spe$ ge>1 "o driv5 by ! eng9e & ! o!r driv+ ! :eels2 ea* c>ries ge>s t me% ) ge>s on ! o!r %aft4 ,^! pairs ( ge>s are ( diff]5t sizes1 & any pair may be us$2 ! %aft driv5 by ! eng9e runs z ! eng9e runs1 :ile ! spe$ ( ! o!r %aft dep5ds on ! pair ( ge>s t is be+ us$4 ,by *ang+ f "o pair ( ge>s to ano!r1 ! driv5 %aft1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! :eels1 may be run at a great] or less numb] ( revolutions1 :ile ! spe$ ( ! eng9e & ! driv+ %aft d n *ange4 ,! numb] ( p[] /rokes t occur dur+ "o revolution ( ! :eels is ?us *ang$1 & !y turn ) m =ce or ) less4 ,high spe$1 or high ge>1 means ! comb9ation ( ge>s t gives ! greate/ spe$ to ! :eels1 b ! fewe/ p[] /rokes to ea* revolution4 ,! comb9ation t gives ! sl[e/ spe$ to ! :eels1 b ! greate/ numb] ( p[] /rokes1 is call$ l[ spe$1 or l[ ge>4 ,_m tractors h b two spe$s1 a l[ & a high2 b o!rs h an int]m$iate comb9ation = conditions too sev]e = runn+ on high ge> b too easy = l[4 ,! *ange spe$ ge> me*anism also provides = rev]s+ or back+ ! tractor4 ,two ge>s runn+ toge!r turn 9 opposite directions1 :ile 9 a tra9 ( ?ree ge>s ! outside ge>s turn 9 ! same direction4 ,! usual comb9ation 9 a *ange spe$ ge> uses two ge>s = go+ ahead2 to run ! driv5 %aft ! o!r way1 :i* w make ! tractor back1 a ?ird ge> is me%$ betwe5 ! two4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 v>i\s makes ( *ange spe$ ge>s are 9 ! me?ods us$ to put into action ! desir$ pair ( ge>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,slid+ ,,ge> ,two g5]al plans are us$4 ,9 "o ( !m1 a ge> ( ea* pair c slide endways on its %aft1 b mu/ revolve ) x2 ?us x c be slid into me% or out4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! ge>s ( a pair are always 9 me%1 b "o ( !m is loose on its %aft1 s t %aft & ge> c revolve indep5d5tly4 ,to make ! pair ( ge>s op]ate1 ! loose ge> is lock$ to its %aft4 ,figure #fb %[s ! pr9ciple ( ! slid+ ge> type4 ,"o "p ( ! %aft driv5 by ! eng9e is squ>e1 & fits into squ>e holes 9 its ge>s1 :i* may ?us slide along x1 b mu/ revolve ) x4 ,ea* slid+ ge> is mov$ by a %ift] block1 :i* is op]at$ by a %ift lev]4 ,!re is a %ift] block = ea* ge>1 & ! %ift lev] may be mov$ sideways to op]ate ei!r "o ( !m4 ,figure #fc %[s ! jaw clut* type ( *ange spe$ ge>1 9 :i* ! ge>s are 9 me% all ( ! "t1 b run loose on _! %aft :5 !y are n work+4 ,! draw+ %[s bevel ge>s1 :i* are us$ :5 ! driv+ & driv5 %afts are at a "r angle4 ,! same pr9ciple is us$ = spur ge>s on %afts t are p>allel1 z 9 ,figure #fb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,jaw ,,clut* ,,*ange ,,spe$ ,,ge> ,! c5t] ( ! %aft is squ>e1 & fits a block t c slide endways1 b t mu/ revolve ) x4 ,! ends ( ! block h heavy tee? t c me% ) tee? on ! hubs ( ! loose ge>s2 me%+ ! block ) "o ( ! ge>s =ces t ge> to revolve ) ! %aft4 ,! draw+ %[s only "o spe$ =w>d2 ! rev]se is obta9$ by a second ge> on ! same %aft1 :i* is plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! c5t] ( ! driv5 ge>1 & turns x 9 ! opposite direction4 ,:5 a tractor turns1 ! outside :eel makes a l>g] circle ?an ! inside :eel1 & has a long] pa? to travel4 ,bo? :eels travel _! pa?s 9 ! same "t1 s x foll[s t ! outside :eel mu/ move fa/] ?an ! inside :eel1 al?\gh bo? are be+ driv5 by ! eng9e4 ,?is is all[$ = by ! diff]5tial1 :i* is driv5 by ! *ange spe$ ge>1 & :i* 9 turn drives ! :eels2 x op]ates automatically by ! diff]5ce 9 ! resi/ance to ! roll+ ( ! :eels4 ,! action ( ! diff]5tial is illu/rat$ by an exp]im5t t requires a pair ( :eels on an axle1 l buggy :eels1 & a /ick long en\gh to rea* f "o to ! o!r4 ,) ! :eels on smoo? gr\nd1 put ! ends ( ! /ick ?r\gh ! :eels at ! top1 ea* end press+ aga9/ a spoke4 ,hold ! /ick at its c5t] & pu% x =w>d2 ! /ick w transmit ! pressure to ! spokes1 & ! :eels w turn4 ,! :eels be+ on smoo? gr\nd1 !re is equal resi/ance to _! movem5t1 & !y w run /raight =w>d4 ,n[ repeat ! exp]im5t ) ! :eels s plac$ t "o is on a smoo? roadway & ! o!r on s&2 z ! :eel on ! smoo? surface meets ) less resi/ance ?an ! o!r does1 x moves fa/]1 & ! pair ( :eels circles1 al?\gh ! /ick applies equal pressure to bo?4 ,! p[] develop$ by ! eng9e is transmitt$ by ! diff]5tial to bo? re> :eels2 :5 ! :eels meet ) equal resi/ance1 !y turn equally1 b :5 "o :eel meets ) great] resi/ance ?an ! o!r1 x sl[s d[n1 :ile ! o!r spe$s up to correspond4 ,a tractor ) two driv+ :eels mu/ use a diff]5tial 9 ord] to make turns easily4 ,)\t a diff]5tial1 ! :eels w\ld run always at equal spe$1 & 9 mak+ a turn "o w\ld be oblig$ to slip4 ,! use ( a diff]5tial has a disadvantage1 h[ev]4 ,if "o :eel is 9 a mudhole & ! o!r is on h>d gr\nd1 ! :eel 9 ! mud meets ) little resi/ance1 & all ( ! p[] ( ! eng9e goes to x2 x sp9s )\t mov+ ! tractor1 :ile ! o!r :eel rema9s /ation>y4 ,9 su* a case all ( ! p[] %\ld be appli$ to ! :eel t has traction 9 ord] to move ! tractor1 b ?is ! diff]5tial fails to all[4 ,9 "s tractors ! diff]5tial is s made t ! p>ts may be lock$ toge!r4 ,?is lock is us$ :5 "o :eel is 9 a mud hole1 & z by its use p[] is transmitt$ equally to bo? :eels1 ! tractor moves4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to unlock ! diff]5tial z soon z ! ne$ = ! lock has pass$1 = o!rwise ! :eels w\ld slip on a turn1 & ! p>ts ( ! transmission might be /ra9$ or brok54 ,a diff]5tial is usually made ) two bevel ge>s plac$ face to face2 betwe5 !m is a frame hold+ ?ree or m small bevel ge>s t are 9 me% ) !m bo?4 ,! eng9e revolves ! frame ) its small ge>s2 ea* ( ! l>ge bevel ge>s revolves a driv+ :eel4 ,:5 ! tractor moves /raight ahead ! diff]5tial turns z if x 7 "o solid piece4 ,:5 !re is less resi/ance to "o driv+ :eel ?an to ! o!r1 ! small bevel ge>s1 9 addition to revolv+ ) ! frame t c>ries !m1 turn on _! %afts4 ,?is transmits ! p[] ( ! eng9e to "o :eel m ?an ! o!r1 accord+ to ! resi/ance ( ! :eels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--8;,i4 ,h4 ,c40 ,,*a9 ,,drive1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,diff]5tial ,figure #fd %[s "o ( ! l>ge bevel ge>s ( a diff]5tial1 ) ! ?ree small ge>s1 ! o!r l>ge bevel ge> be+ remov$4 ,a diff]5tial 9 section is %[n 9 ,figure #fe4 ,a tractor ) only "o driv+ :eel has no diff]5tial4 ,su* tractors usually h two :eels1 b "o ( !m runs loose on ! axle1 & s]ves only to support ! tractor4 ,! re> axle con/ruction ( a tractor ) a #a-:eel drive is %[n 9 ,figure #ff1 :i* %\ld be comp>$ ) ! #b-:eel re> con/ruction %[n 9 ,figure #fe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--8;,,case0 ,,re> ,,axle ,!re are a numb] ( me?ods us$ = transmitt+ p[] to ! driv+ :eels4 ,9 ,figure #fd a *a9 is us$2 !re are tractors ) b "o *a91 & o!rs ) a *a9 = ea* driv+ :eel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--8,,oil-,,pull0 ,,re> ,,axle ,! mo/ usual me?od is by a ma/] ge>1 or bull ge>1 :i* is a l>ge & heavy ge> atta*$ to ! driv+ :eel1 z %[n 9 ,figures #fe & #ff4 ,9 "s tractors ?is ge> is ne>ly ! size ( ! :eel1 & is fully expos$2 9 o!rs x is small]1 & enclos$ 9 an oil-tight h\s+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,driv+ ,,worm ,! small ge>s t drive ! bull ge>s are on ! ends ( ! cross %aft1 call$ ! jack %aft1 t c>ries ! diff]5tial4 ,9 ! ,=dson tractor ! diff]5tial is built into ! axle1 z x is 9 an automobile1 & p[] is appli$ by a worm4 ,! worm is driv5 by ! *ange spe$ ge>1 & is a screw me%+ ) a ge> on ! diff]5tial1 ^: tee? are cut at ! prop] angle to make !m fit ! ?reads ( ! worm4 ,a worm1 :i* is %[n 9 ,figure #fg1 is always enclos$1 & runs 9 oil4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,tractor ,,arrangem5t ,! unev5 gr\nd ov] :i* tractors mu/ "w requires ! weight to be kept l[1 to prev5t capsiz+1 & !y are also built wide1 = ! n>r[] !y are ! m easily !y tip ov]4 ,!y _c be broad 9 front1 h[ev]1 = if !y are ! /e]+ :eels _c be swung en\gh to p]mit !m to turn 9 ! small circle t is desirable4 ,to give a small turn+ circle "s tractors are built ) ! front ( ! frame rais$ en\gh to p]mit ! :eels to cut "u4 ,o!rs use small /e]+ :eels1 b ?is is n desirable because small :eels w n run ov] r\gh gr\nd z readily z l>ge ones1 & /e]+ is difficult4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,tractor ,,arrangem5t ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,tractor ,,arrangem5t ,types ( tractors are indicat$ 9 ,figures #fh & #fi4 ,a has a #d-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9e 9 front1 driv+ bo? :eels by bull ge>s1 :ile ,b is a #b-;cyl9d] horizontal eng9e 9 ! c5t]1 driv+ bo? :eels by *a9s4 ,c has a #d-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9e set across ! frame4 ,^! ?ree types h rivet$ /eel frames1 to :i* ! p>ts are atta*$4 ,9 ,d1 ! drive is entirely enclos$ )9 ! re> axle h\s+1 & ! re> "p ( ! frame is =m$ by ! axle h\s+ & ! h\s+ ( ! *ange spe$ ge>4 ,e has a #a-;cyl9d] horizontal eng9e ) a s+le *a9 drive1 :ile ,f has a simil> eng9e b drives to bo? :eels4 ,g has no frame1 its place be+ tak5 by ! crank case ( ! eng9e & ! h\s+s ( ! p>ts ( ! transmission4 ,g & ,h h #d-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9es1 ,g driv+ ?r\gh an enclos$ re> axle & ,h ?r\gh bull ge>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--8;,,gray0 ,,tractor ,figure #gj has "o broad :eel in/ead ( two n>r[] ones1 ?is be+ plac$ inside ( ! frame in/ead ( outside4 ,x has a #d-;cyl9d] v]tical eng9e plac$ across ! frame1 & drives ?r\gh two *a9s4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,types ,,( ,,front ,,axles ,! front axle ( a tractor is almo/ always atta*$ to ! frame by a pivot1 s t ! :eels w foll[ unev5 gr\nd4 ,"s ( ! =ms ( front axles are %[n 9 ,figure #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,spr+ ,,support ,! fir/ is a pla9 b>1 :ile ! second is ar*$ to raise ! front ( ! frame 9 ord] to p]mit ! /e]+ :eels to cut "u4 ,9 ! ?ird ! :eel axles are m\nt$ on spr+s1 :i* take up "s ( ! vibration & act z %ock absorb]s4 ,! f\r? axle %[n is built ( /eel b>s rivet$ toge!r to =m a truss1 & ! fif? is simil>1 ) ! frame pivot c>ri$ on spr+s4 ,! sket*es at ! bottom indicate ! ext5t to :i* ! pivot$ front axle may sw+4 ,figure #gb %[s a spr+ support = ! axles1 front & re>4 ,! axle be>+ is 9 a block slid+ 9 guides1 ! weight be+ support$ by a heavy spr+4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,lubrication ,! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! c>e ( a tractor is to oil x2 e mov+ "p %\ld be lubricat$1 & ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to assure a nev]-fail+ supply ( oil & grease4 ,c>elessness 9 lubrication is ! pr9cipal cause ( tractor tr\ble4 ,!re is no?+ complicat$ or difficult ab\t keep+ a tractor prop]ly oil$2 yet m tractors break d[n f c>eless lubrication ?an f any o!r cause4 ,e tractor-mak] issues an oil+ diagram & oil+ in/ructions1 & !re is no excuse = an op]ator ^: ma*9e does n get ! "r k9d ( lubricant 9 ! "r quantity at ea* place :]e lubrication is necess>y4 ,! cause ( we> is friction2 oil r$uces friction & s r$uces we>4 ,no matt] h[ smoo? & highly poli%$ two pieces ( /eel may be1 !re w be friction betwe5 !m if !y are rubb$ toge!r1 & !y w we> ea* o!r4 ,if !y are oil$1 ! p>ticles ( oil w keep ! pieces f t\*+ ea* o!r1 & !re w be no we>4 ,o!r sub/ances ?an oil c be us$2 !re are "s k9ds ( ma*9]y t are lubricat$ ) wat]1 = in/ance4 ,= g5]al use1 h[ev]1 oil & grease are ! be/1 & are practically always us$4 ,! object ( a lubricant is to keep two pieces ( metal f t\*+2 x mu/ !re=e be able to get betwe5 !m1 & mu/ /ay !re4 ,if ! pieces are l>ge & heavy1 !re w be mu* great] pressure on ! oil ?an if !y are small & light1 & ! oil mu/ be able to )/& ?is pressure & resi/ be+ squeez$ out4 ,! oil t w\ld keep ! small1 light pieces ap>t might n be able to /& ! pressure ( a great] weight1 & might be squeez$ out f betwe5 two heavy pieces4 ,oil has a t5d5cy to cl+ to :atev] x t\*es1 & ?ick oil or grease has m ( ?is t5d5cy ?an a ?91 or 8runny0 oil4 ,if a ?ick oil or grease is us$ on light ma*9]y1 su* z a sew+ ma*9e1 ?is cl++ t5d5cy w\ld make ! ma*9e run h>d1 & might ev5 prev5t its op]ation4 ,:5 oil is heat$1 x becomes ?9n]1 or m 8runny40 ,?r\gh ?is1 an oil us$ 9 a hot place might get s ?9 t x w\ld n lubricate2 & on ! o!r h&1 an oil t works all "r 9 ! heat ( summ] might get s ?ick on a cold w9t] day z to be useless4 ,a sl[-mov+ "p ( a ma*9e uses a ?ick oil or a grease2 a ?9 oil mu/ be us$ = a "p t moves at high spe$4 ,"s ( ! p>ts ( a tractor move sl[ly & "s at high spe$2 "s are cool & "s are hot4 ,diff]5t k9ds ( lubricants are !re=e requir$1 & x is a grave mi/ake to use a lubricant t is n suitable to ! "w t x is requir$ to d4 ,! eng9e is ! mo/ difficult "p ( a tractor to lubricate1 & ! "p t suff]s mo/ if ! supply fails or if ! wrong k9d ( lubricant is us$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is s hot t any oil w burn1 be+ turn$ to c>bon2 ! be/ t c be expect$ ( an oil is t x w resi/ burn+ until x has done its "w ( lubricat+ ! pi/on & cyl9d]4 ,a tractor eng9e is m difficult to oil ?an an automobile or truck eng9e = ! reason t x works h>d] & m /eadily4 ,an automobile eng9e is r>ely driv5 to ! limit ( its p[]2 x has frequ5t opportunities to cool :5 runn+ d[n hill4 ,a tractor eng9e1 on ! o!r h&1 works at its full p[] all day long ) no opportunities to cool (f4 ,an oil t gives good satisfaction on an automobile might ru9 a tractor eng9e ?r\gh its inability to )/& ! great] heat4 ,! mak]s ( tractors und]/& ! importance ( us+ prop] oils1 & recomm5d c]ta9 br&s & grades2 ^! recomm5dations %\ld be foll[$ 9 ord] to get ! be/ possible results4 ,all mak]s specify at lea/ two k9ds ( lubricants1 & mo/ ( !m ?ree2 "o specifies six1 :i* range f a light sew+ ma*9e oil to a grease s ?ick t x is ne>ly solid4 ,:atev] ! recomm5dations may be1 !y %\ld be foll[$4 ,9 g5]al1 lubricants are classifi$ accord+ to _! ?ickness1 & !y range f ! light oil us$ = typewrit]s & sew+ ma*9es to grease s ?ick t x may be cut l butt]4 ,! ?9ne/ oil is us$ = ! circuit break] pivot2 ?is "p is usually mov$ 9 "o direction by a cam & 9 ! o!r by a light spr+4 ,a ?ick oil w\ld gum ! be>+ to su* an ext5t t ! spr+ might n be able to move ! lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--8,,mogul0 ,,oil+ ,,diagram ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,key ,,description ,,quantity ,,lubrication ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,once ,,e ,,h\r ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,l ,re> axle be>+ ,two complete turns ,cup ,grease ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,once ,,e ,,two ,,h\rs ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,a ,diff]5tial hub ,"o complete turn ,cup ,grease ,b ,re> :eel hub ,"o complete turn ,cup ,grease ,c ,diff]5tial p9ion ,"o complete turn ,cup ,grease ,h ,front :eel hub ,two complete turns ,cup ,grease ,t ,gov]nor & cam ,two complete turns ,cup ,grease %aft be>+ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,twice ,,e ,,day ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,e ,gov]nor ,oil ,cyl9d] oil ,f ,outbo>d be>+ ,two complete turns :5 ,cup ,grease grease cups pl[+ ,g ,transmission ,"o p9t ,see note bel[ ,magneto trip ,grease e #e h\rs ,cup ,grease ,n ,magneto roll] & ,oil e #e h\rs ,oil slide ,j ,/e]+ worm ,keep cov]$ ,cup ,grease ,w ,/e]+ hub grease ,"o complete turn ,cup ,grease cups ,v ,/e]+ worm %aft ,oil e #e h\rs ,r ,lubricator ecc5tric ,oil e #e h\rs 7keep wool 9 pocket7 ,p ,cam roll] slide ,oil e #e h\rs ,k ,valve lev]s ,fill ) oil e #e h\rs 7keep wool 9 pockets7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,once ,,e ,,day ,,tractor ,,is ,,9 ,,use ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,u ,/e]+ sector %aft ,"o complete turn ,cup ,grease ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,d ,,me*anical ,,lubricator ,fill ) a good grade ( heavy gas eng9e cyl9d] oil4 ,turn ! crank on ! me*anical oil] #dj to #ej times :5 />t+ ! eng9e4 ,,important ,9 cool or cold wea!r ! oil 9 lubricator tank mu/ be w>m$ z x w n fl[ readily unless ( ! "r temp]ature4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,g ,,transmission ,9 w>m wea!r1 use heavy oil su* z 8#fjj0 transmission or ,pol>9e transmission oil2 9 cold wea!r1 use a good light oil4 ,s ,,gov]nor ,cyl9d] oil 9 gov]nor %\ld cov] %oe4 ,m ,,magneto ,oil magneto be>+s once a week ) sew+ ma*9e or cream sep>ator oil4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! oil us$ 9 an eng9e is ?ick]1 & has a high burn+ po9t & high viscosity2 t is1 x %\ld be able to resi/ burn+1 & %\ld n get s ?9 :5 x is heat$ t x w be squeez$ out ( ! be>+s4 ,! same k9d ( oil t is us$ 9 ! eng9e c be us$ 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! tractor4 ,grease is usually us$ = ! ge>s ( ! transmission & drive4 ,!re is v great pressure betwe5 ! tee? ( two me%+ ge>s1 & only ?ick oil & grease h suffici5t viscosity to resi/ be+ squeez$ out4 ,! ?icke/ grease is us$ on ! tracks ( cat]pill>-type tractors4 ,be=e op]at+ a tractor1 ! lubrication *>t suppli$ by ! manufactur] %\ld be /udi$ ) great c>e1 & all ( its requirem5ts %\ld be obs]v$4 ,?is *>t is usually 9 ! =m ( a diagram accompani$ by a table1 z %[n 9 ,figure #gc1 :i* is ! lubrication *>t ( "o ( ! ,int]national ,h>ve/] tractors4 ,?is figure illu/rates ! con/ant att5tion t is dem&$ by ?is mo/ important "p ( tractor op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--8;,,ill9ois0 ,,oil+ ,,diagram ,! table calls = f\r lubricants1 ^! be+ sew+ ma*9e oil1 :i* is v ?9 & liquid2 gas eng9e cyl9d] oil2 transmission oil1 :i* is z ?ick z molasses2 & cup grease1 :i* is l butt]4 ,! eng9e is oil$ automatically1 ! only requirem5ts be+ to keep ! oil tank fill$1 & to be sure t ! oil] is work+4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ! tractor are oil$ or greas$ by h&4 ,figure #gd is ! oil+ *>t ( ! ,ill9ois tractor4 ,!re are ?ree sy/ems us$ = eng9e lubrication3 spla%1 =ce fe$1 & by a me*anical oil]4 ,9 ! spla% sy/em1 a pool ( oil is ma9ta9$ 9 ! crank case1 ( su* a dep? t ! ends ( ! connect+ rods j dip into x4 ,!y /rike x ) suffici5t =ce to spla% x to all p>ts ( ! crank case1 ! oil t /rikes ! pi/ons be+ c>ri$ up into ! cyl9d]s & lubricat+ ! walls4 ,! end ( ! connect+ rod is (t5 fitt$ ) a dipp]1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ge1 to /rike into ! oil1 z well z an oil cat*]1 %[n 9 ! same draw+1 :i* is a little tr\gh t cat*es ! spla%+ oil & guides x to ! connect+ rod be>+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,end ,,( 8,,tw9 ,,city0 ,,connect+ ,,rod ,to oil ! wri/ p9 be>+ !re is an oil groove ar\nd ! pi/on t collects oil f ! cyl9d] walls2 a hole connects ?is groove ) ! holl[ wri/ p91 f :i* o!r oil holes lead to ! be>+4 ,?is is %[n 9 ,figure #gf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,wri/ ,,p9 ,,lubrication ,9 ! =ce fe$ sy/em a pump driv5 by ! eng9e =ces oil ?r\gh pipes & *annels to all ( ! be>+ surfaces4 ,oil collects 9 a pocket 9 ! crank case1 call$ ! sump1 & is drawn f x by ! pump4 ,! sump is usually provid$ ) a wire me% /ra9] t sep>ates out any dirt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,=ce ,,fe$ ,,oil+ ,,sy/em ,,( 8,,gray0 ,,eng9e ,f ! oil pump ! oil is =c$ to ! be>+s by pipes & by holes drill$ 9 ! crank %aft & o!r p>ts1 z %[n 9 ,figure #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,oil ,,pump ,an oil pump is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #gh4 ,x consi/s ( a plung] driv5 by ! eng9e1 work+ 9 a cyl9d] provid$ ) two ball *eck valves1 "o = inlet & ! o!r = outlet4 ,on an upw>d /roke ( ! plung] ! cyl9d] fills ) oil1 :i* is =c$ to ! eng9e be>+s by ! foll[+ inw>d /roke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--8;,e4,b40 ,,oil ,,pump ,figure #gi %[s a simil> pump ) a /ra9] ov] ! intake1 ! outlet be+ ?r\gh ! holes ,l 9 ! pipe ,h4 ,9 ! pump illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #hj ! plung] is holl[1 & fills ) oil dur+ an inw>d /roke2 ! oil is =c$ out to a passage ar\nd ! plung]1 & passes to ! be>+s by ! holes ,h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,,oil ,,pump ,,) ,,holl[ ,,plung] ,figure #ha %[s two me?ods ( prev5t+ oil f leak+ out ar\nd ! plung]4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^!1 a *annel is =m$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! pump cyl9d]1 lead+ to ! crank case2 any oil t leaks pa/ ! plung] fl[s to ! crank case by ?is dra9 pipe & is n wa/$4 ,9 ! second me?od a pack+ ( s(t mat]ial1 su* z cotton or asbe/os1 is plac$ ar\nd ! plung]1 & is press$ aga9/ x by a gl&1 :i* is l a ?ick wa%]4 ,a pack+ nut screws aga9/ ! gl&1 & ?us squeezes ! pack+ aga9/ ! plung]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,me?ods ,,( ,,prev5t+ ,,oil ,,leaks ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--8,,titan0 ,,lubricator ,a me*anical lubricator1 or oil]1 consi/s ( sev]al small oil pumps plac$ 9 an oil tank1 ea* pump fe$+ "o special be>+1 & all driv5 by ! eng9e4 ,figure #hb is a top view ( a #b-;cyl9d] horizontal eng9e oil$ by a six-fe$ oil]4 ,! be>+s t x oils are ! two ends ( ! crank %aft1 ! two ends ( ! cam %aft1 & ! two cyl9d]s2 ! ge>s & o!r be>+s are oil$ by spla%4 ,an oil] is adju/able1 s t x w fe$ any desir$ quantity ( oil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--8;,i4,h4,c40 ,,me?od ,,( ,,oil+ ,,crank ,,p9s ,figure #hc %[s a side view & an end view ( ! crank %aft ( a #b-;cyl9d] horizontal eng9e4 ,to ea* end ( ! crank is atta*$ a r+1 ,b1 =m$ into a *annel2 oil spla%+ into ?is r+ is ?r[n into ! *annel by c5trifugal =ce1 & fl[s by holes1 ,a1 to ! crank p9 be>+s4 ,! oil =c$ to ! cyl9d]s f ! oil]1 ,figure #hb1 rea*es ! wri/ p9 by grooves & holes1 ,a1 ,figure #hc4 ,a #f-;fe$ oil] is also %[n 9 ,figure #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--8;,,h>t-,,p>r0 ,,oil+ ,,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,,oil ,,cup ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,,prop] ,,use ,,( ,a ,,grease ,,cup ,figure #he is an oil cup1 :i* is us$ to fe$ an individual be>+4 ,x is a glass cup hold+ oil ) an op5+ at ! bottom into :i* fits a ne$le valve4 ,:5 ! eng9e is at re/1 ! ne$le valve h&le at ! top is turn$ d[n1 :i* all[s a spr+ to close ! ne$le valve2 on />t+ ! eng9e ! ne$le valve is rais$1 & ! oil fl[s out by gravity4 ,! dripp+ oil may be se5 ?r\gh a sight glass at ! bottom4 ,9 ! =ce fe$ & oil] sy/ems ! oil fe$s only :5 ! eng9e is runn+1 b ) an oil cup ! oil fe$s all ( ! "t t ! ne$le valve is rais$4 ,c>e mu/ !re=e be tak5 to turn on ! oil cup :5 />t+ ! eng9e1 & to turn x (f :5 ! eng9e is /opp$4 ,*ange spe$ ge>s & diff]5tials are usually enclos$ 9 oil-tight h\s+s t conta9 a supply ( oil or grease4 ,! only att5tion t is requir$ is to see t !y h ! necess>y am\nt1 & t ! lubricant is ( ! "r k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--8,,titan0 #aj-bj ,,oil+ ,,diagram ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--8;,,int]national0 ,,oil+ ,,diagram ,! be>+s ( :eels & ( _m o!r p>ts ( a tractor are lubricat$ ) grease f$ by grease cups2 a grease cup has a cov] t1 :5 screw$ d[n1 =ces ! grease out ( a hole 9 ! bottom ( ! cup4 ,9 us+ a grease cup x is n suffici5t simply to give ! cov] a turn or two2 ! cov] %\ld be screw$ d[n en\gh to =ce an ample supply ( grease to ! be>+4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #hf4 ,figures #hg & #hh are oil+ diagrams4 ,!y %[ ! _m po9ts at :i* a tractor mu/ be lubricat$1 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! failure to ma9ta9 a pl5tiful supply ( lubricant at any "o ( ^! po9ts w mean ! we> & breakd[n ( t p>ticul> "p4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,tractor ,,op]ation ,be=e runn+ a new tractor x %\ld be giv5 a c>eful exam9ation to make sure t all nuts & bolts are tight1 & n secur$ only by pa9t2 t all grease cups are 9 position & fill$2 t all p>ts ( ! me*anism are prop]ly lubricat$2 t oil holes are free f grit1 & t no?+ is crack$1 brok5 or miss+4 ,x %\ld be clean$ ( c9d]s & mud t may h collect$ 9 %ipm5t1 & 9 g5]al x %\ld be se5 to be 9 prop] condition4 ,a tractor1 l any o!r piece ( ma*9]y1 requires break+ 91 & = ! fir/ few days x %\ld be run sl[ly & ) light loads4 ,all p>ts %\ld be pl5tifully oil$1 = !re w be r\gh & unev5 places on ! be>+s t mu/ be worn smoo?1 & )\t oil ^! w\ld heat & be injur$4 ,a cont9ual wat* %\ld be kept = loose nuts & bolts1 :i* %\ld be tight5$ )\t delay4 ,readju/m5ts ( ! clut* & brake w be f\nd necess>y1 = _! l9+s :5 new may be lumpy2 z ^! lumps we> d[n ?r\gh use ! clut* or brake w beg9 to slip & mu/ be tight5$4 ,:5 ! l9+s are worn 91 ?is tr\ble w disappe>1 & readju/m5ts w be necess>y only at consid]able int]vals4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! fill] caps ( ! fuel & oil tanks clean & free f dirt4 ,if ^! are dirty1 ! dirt w be c>ri$ into ! tank :5 fill+1 & w soon] or lat] cause tr\ble4 ,! v5t holes 9 ! fill] caps %\ld be kept cle>4 ,if !y are plugg$ ) dirt1 air _c ent] ! tank to take ! place ( ! fuel t fl[s out1 & ! fe$ ( fuel w /op4 ,beg9n+ :5 ! tractor is new1 a sy/em ( daily inspection %\ld be />t$1 & %\ld be cont9u$ = ! work+ season4 ,big tr\ble />ts ) small tr\ble1 & if small tr\ble is cur$ )\t delay1 big tr\ble w be avoid$4 ,tr\ble usually beg9s ) loos5ess1 :i* may be due to a slack nut or bolt1 or may come ) we>4 ,if ! loose "p is n tight5$1 x w beg9 to %ift its position2 x w we>1 & w rapidly lead to a breakd[n4 ,e day1 )\t fail1 all p>ts ( ! tractor %\ld be inspect$ = loose nuts1 bolts1 pipe & electrical connections1 petcocks1 dra9 plugs1 /e]+ connections1 etc4 ,?is is also ! "t = wip+ (f ! work+ p>ts1 & clean+ mud & grit f rods1 %afts1 jo9ts1 & o!r places at :i* dirt c\ld make its way into be>+s4 ,! *ange spe$ ge>s ( a tractor %\ld n be %ift$ :ile 9 motion1 ?is be+ "o ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 a tractor & an automobile4 ,9 ! slid+ ge> type ( *ange spe$ me*anism1 ! ge>s slide into me% sideways1 a too? ( "o be+ opposite a space betwe5 two tee? ( ! o!r4 ,if ! ge>s are n 9 ! "r position = ?is1 "o too? w /rike ano!r1 & ! ge>s _c be me%$4 ,9 su* a case ! clut* is let 9 = a slight t\* to move "o ge>1 n = a doz5 or tw5ty revolutions1 b en\gh to br+ a space betwe5 two tee? ( "o ge> opposite a too? ( ! o!r4 ,if an attempt is made to %ift ! ge>s :ile !y are 9 motion1 ! result w be t "o w gr9d aga9/ ! o!r1 & !re w be rapid we> & probable breakage4 ,x is because ge>s _c be %ift$ :ile !y are mov+ t manufactur]s in/ruct us]s n to attempt to %ift on a hill )\t fir/ block+ ! :eels4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! brakes may n hold ! tractor1 & if ! ge>s are pull$ out ( me%1 ! ma*9e may />t to run d[n hill2 z ano!r spe$ _c !n be engag$ because ! ge>s are mov+1 !re w be no control ov] ! tractor4 ,nev] coa/ d[n hill2 always run ) "o ( ! spe$s engag$4 ,by swit*+ (f ! ignition ! motion ( ! tractor w drive ! eng9e1 & ?is provides ! be/ possible brake4 ,on l[ ge>1 ! eng9e w turn 9 ! neighborhood ( eighty revolutions to "o turn ( ! driv+ :eels1 & ! "w requir$ to d ?is w *eck ! tractor on ! /eepe/ ( practicable grades4 ,a tractor is n built = z accurate & delicate /e]+ z an automobile & %\ld always be sl[$ 9 mak+ a turn2 ?is is especially true :5 haul+ pl[s or o!r loads 9 ! field4 ,x is difficult to control ! tractor if a turn is made at high spe$1 & ! ma*9e is liable to tip ov]4 ,9 /e]+ & 9 engag+ ! clut*1 ! action %\ld n be j]ky & abrupt1 b gradual & smoo?4 ,lett+ 9 ! clut* sudd5ly w />t ! tractor ) a j]k t w /ra9 x f end to end1 & an abrupt sw+ ( ! /e]+ :eel w h ! same effect4 ,mak+ ^! motions smoo?ly & /eadily w cause ! tractor to *ange its direction or pace ) ! lea/ possible /ra9 & ef=t4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 increases ! tractor's life4 ,9 mu* ( ! "w done by ! tractor1 ! v>y+ conditions ( field & soil make a cont9ual *ange 9 ! load1 & ! tractor mu/ be h&l$ accord+ly4 ,! *ange f an uphill to a d[nhill haul1 & f s& or light loam to gumbo1 w require ! ge>s to be %ift$ 9 ord] t ! eng9e may nei!r labor nor race 9 keep+ ! outfit at its "w4 ,!re %\ld be no hesitation 9 com+ d[n to l[ spe$ :5 ! eng9e %[s by its labor+ t ! ef=t ( work+ on high ge> is becom+ too great4 ,! eng9e _c deliv] its full p[] unless its spe$ is ma9ta9$1 & l[ ge> is provid$ = ^? times :5 ! load is too great to be h&l$ on high4 ,use high spe$ :5ev] x is possible1 b try+ to =ce ! tractor to run on high ) too great a load w lead to a breakd[n4 ,high spe$ %\ld be us$ = light "w or = mov+ f place to place1 b ! eng9e %\ld nev] be run at a great] numb] ( revolutions ?an t specifi$ by ! manufactur]s4 ,x is v poor policy to run ! tractor fa/ ov] r\gh roads1 z ! p\nd+ w inevitably injure x4 ,cold wea!r *anges conditions 9 ! h&l+ & op]ation ( a tractor2 !re is difficulty 9 />t+1 lubrication is likely to be faulty1 & !re is dang] ( breakage 9 eng9e1 radiator1 & air wa%] ?r\gh freez+4 ,difficulty 9 />t+ comes f ! use ( ! usual m$ium grade ( gasol9e1 :i* is satisfactory 9 mild wea!r1 b w n vaporize at l[ temp]atures4 ,cold gasol9e w n vaporize 9 a cold eng9e2 to =m a mixture x is necess>y to use high te/ gasol9e1 :i* w vaporize at l[ temp]atures1 or to w>m ! eng9e to a temp]ature at :i* m$ium grade gasol9e w vaporize4 ,x is advisable to keep on h& a few gallons ( high te/ gasol9e to use 9 />t+1 or ev5 a mixture ( high te/ gasol9e & e!r1 half-&-half1 = extreme cold wea!r4 ,! eng9e may be w>m$ by p\r+ a bucket ( hot wat] into ! cool+ sy/em1 crank+ ! eng9e to get x into ! wat] jackets ( ! cyl9d]s4 ,ano!r plan is to wrap clo? ar\nd ! intake manifold & c>buretor1 soak+ x ) hot wat]1 be+ c>eful n to get wat] into ! air intake4 ,a drop ( liquid gasol9e on ! po9ts ( ! sp>k plug w %ort-circuit !m & prev5t ! =mation ( a sp>k2 ! po9ts %\ld be dry1 & x is an advantage to heat ! plugs1 screw+ !m hot into ! eng9e at ! la/ mom5t be=e try+ to />t4 ,k]os5e is ?ick] :5 cold ?an :5 w>m2 x w n fl[ s freely1 & ! ne$le valve ( ! c>buretor mu/ be op5$ m 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ] to obta9 a prop] mixture4 ,lubricat+ oil also ?ick5s 9 cold wea!r1 & fl[s mu* m sluggi%ly4 ,! lubrication adju/m5ts t are correct = summ] w !re=e be incorrect = w9t]4 ,?is may be provid$ = to a great ext5t by us+ a ?9n] oil 9 w9t] ?an ! oil us$ 9 summ]4 ,a cold snap is likely to result 9 burn$ be>+s if ! *ange 9 lubrication t x br+s is n all[$ =4 ,grease ?ick5s 9 cold wea!r m ?an oil does1 & "s k9ds freeze solid4 ,9 w9t] a light1 s(t grease %\ld be us$1 & ! grease cups %\ld be turn$ d[n sev]al m turns ?an is usual :5 ! wea!r is w>m4 ,:ile antifreez+ comp\nds c be us$ 9 ! cool+ sy/ems ( automobiles1 !y are n suitable = tractors because ! great] & m cont9u\s heat quickly evaporates !m4 ,! dang] ( freez+ is v great1 & mu/ be avoid$2 ! wat] 9 ! radiator & jackets is 9 ?9 %eets1 & w freeze :5 a bucket ( wat] /&+ 9 ! op5 w n %[ any signs ( ice4 ,! only real protection aga9/ freez+ is to dra9 out all ! wat] :5ev] ! tractor is to /& idle = a suffici5t "t = x to cool (f4 ,petcocks are provid$ = ?is at ! l[e/ po9ts ( ! sy/em1 & also 9 ! pump :5 =c$ circulation is us$4 ,! freez+ ( ev5 a small pocket ( wat] w be en\gh to crack a ca/-iron wat] jacket wall1 & ! be/ assurance t ! sy/em is ?or\ghly dra9$ is to op5 ! dra9 cocks :ile ! eng9e is /ill runn+1 %utt+ d[n z ! fl[ /ops4 ,:5 putt+ up a tractor = ! w9t] x %\ld be ?or\ghly protect$ f ru/ & corrosion4 ,! la/ "t t ! tanks are fill$ a qu>t ( light oil %\ld be add$ = e five gallons ( gasol9e or k]os5e2 z ! tank empties ?is w leave a coat+ ( oil on ! inside walls4 ,fuel tanks & wat] sy/em %\ld be dra9$1 & p>ticul> c>e %\ld be tak5 t all ! wat] is out2 ! dra9 cocks %\ld be left op54 ,a me*anical oil] %\ld be fill$ full1 to protect ! /eel p>ts ( ! pumps f ru/4 ,a half p9t ( ?ick oil %\ld be put into ea* cyl9d]1 & spread to ! cyl9d] & pi/on walls by crank+ = a few turns4 ,oil %\ld be run betwe5 ! valves & _! seats4 ,all ext]ior p>ts %\ld be protect$ by a coat ( ?ick oil or by pa9t4 ,! gov]nor rod1 pu% rods1 & simil> p>ts %\ld be especially look$ aft]4 ,x is advisable to take (f ! magneto & /ore x 9 a safe1 dry place2 sp>k plugs %\ld be left 9 position4 ,! tractor %\ld be cov]$ ) a t>paul9 & /or$ 9 a tight %$4 ,:5 go+ ov] a tractor prep>atory to lay+ x up1 a li/ %\ld be made ( all p>ts t ne$ r5ewal4 ,^! p>ts %\ld be procur$ at once2 !y are m readily obta9$ dur+ ! w9t] ?an 9 ! op]at+ season1 & w be on h& = ! spr+ ov]haul4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,eng9e ,,ma9t5ance ,,fuel ,,sy/em ,,& ,,c>buretor ,! op]ation ( a c>buretor dep5ds on s _m ?+s t no exact in/ructions = its adju/m5t c be giv54 ,! be/ t c be done is to give a g5]al idea ( ! requirem5ts1 & to outl9e a plan by :i* ! adju/m5t c be arriv$ at4 ,! _m makes & designs ( c>buretors & vaporiz]s t are us$ on tractors h diff]5t k9ds ( adju/m5ts2 on mo/ ( !m ! only adju/m5t is ! ne$le valve t controls ! fuel1 b "s also h adju/able air valves4 ,9 any case1 ! manufactur]'s in/ruction book %\ld be /udi$ = ! und]/&+ ( ! p>ticul> c>buretor 9 "q4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 adju/+ a c>buretor is to get ! eng9e runn+4 ,! ne$le valve %\ld be clos$1 & !n op5$ en\gh to give a mixture on :i* ! eng9e w />t2 on _m c>buretors ?is w be ab\t "o & "o half turns4 ,! eng9e %\ld !n be prim$2 t is1 a little gasol9e %\ld be put 9 ! cyl9d]1 :i* may be done ) a squirt c4 ,:5 ! eng9e is runn+1 & is well heat$1 ! ne$le valve %\ld be gradually clos$ until ! eng9e beg9s to miss1 & to s5d jets ( flame out ( ! c>buretor1 or little explosions occur 9 ! c>buretor4 ,^! are signs ( a ?9 mixture1 & ! ne$le valve %\ld be gradually op5$ to make ! mixture ri*]4 ,! eng9e w run m /eadily1 & w pick up spe$ until ! mixture becomes too ri*1 :5 x w *oke & black smoke w come out ( ! exhau/4 ,! positions ( ! ne$le valve = a mixture t is too ?9 & "o t is too ri* h ?us be5 f\nd1 & x rema9s to set x at t po9t betwe5 at :i* ! eng9e runs mo/ /eadily & at ! be/ spe$4 ,) adju/able air valves x is usual to adju/ = idl+1 t is1 ! sl[e/ spe$ at :i* ! eng9e w run /eadily )\t load1 & !n to make any necess>y additional adju/m5t = full spe$ & p[]4 ,if a c>buretor _c be adju/$ by foll[+ ! usual me?ods1 tr\ble may be look$ =1 & ?is may be 9 ! c>buretor itself1 9 ! fuel supply1 or 9 ! intake manifold1 tak+ = grant$1 ( c\rse1 t ! eng9e is 9 prop] condition & t ! ignition sy/em is op]at+ correctly4 ,dirt "u ! float valve w prev5t ! valve f seat+1 & ! level 9 ! float *amb] w be too high1 s t ! mixture is too ri*4 ,lift+ ! valve f its seat w let fuel ru% ?r\gh1 & loose p>ticles w ?us be wa%$ away4 ,if dirt is gr\nd into ! valve & seat1 or if ^! p>ts are worn1 ! valve mu/ be reseat$1 :i* is done by turn+ ! valve aga9/ its seat ) light pressure1 ! end ( ! valve be+ g5tly tapp$ ) a light hamm]4 ,"u no conditions use a gr9d+ comp\nd1 = ! p>ticles w\ld become imb$d$ 9 ! s(t metal & w\ld ru9 ! valve4 ,o!r causes ( flood+ are a b5t valve1 ! /ick+ ( ! float pivot1 & ! soak+ ( fuel into ! cork float1 :i* is !reby made too heavy to float prop]ly4 ,! rem$y is to dry x1 & !n to give x ?ree coats ( %ellac4 ,a frequ5t cause ( tr\ble is dirt 9 ! pipe f ! tank to ! c>buretor4 ,:ile !re may n be en\gh dirt to prev5t ! eng9e f runn+ sl[ly1 x is suffici5t to prev5t ! fl[ ( suffici5t fuel = full p[]4 ,a /ra9] is always provid$1 & ?is %\ld be dra9$ e day2 if ?is is n done frequ5tly1 dirt w "w its way ?r\gh4 ,a gra9 ( s& 9 ! spray nozzle w *oke x1 & e precaution %\ld be tak5 to keep ?is f happ5+1 z well z ! o!r tr\bles t dirt br+s4 ,! be/ precaution is to /ra9 ! fuel ?r\gh *amois lea!r1 or1 if ?is is n obta9able1 ?r\gh a v f9e metal wire scre54 ,9 fuel sy/ems t use a pump1 ! /ick+ ( ! *eck valves1 & ! leak+ ( ! pump ?r\gh poor pack+1 w cut d[n ! supply ( fuel4 ,if air c leak into ! c>buretor or intake manifold1 ! proportions ( ! mixture w be alt]$4 ,to te/ = leaks1 run ! eng9e1 & ) a squirt c squirt gasol9e on ! jo9ts or o!r places t are suspect$ ( leak+ air4 ,if !re is a leak1 ! gasol9e c be se5 be+ suck$ 94 ,air mu/ ent] ! tank to take ! place ( ! fuel t fl[s out1 & ?is is provid$ = by a small hole drill$ 9 ! tank-fill+ cap4 ,if ?is hole becomes /opp$ up1 ! fuel w n fl[1 & ! eng9e w come to a /op4 ,!re is a simil> hole 9 ! top ( ! float b[l ( mo/ c>buretors1 & ?is also mu/ be kept op54 ,an eng9e is always />t$ on gasol9e1 = t w =m a mixture :5 x is cold4 ,be=e swit*+ to k]os5e ! eng9e mu/ be hot1 & ?is w take sev]al m9utes ( runn+ on gasol9e4 ,) a d\ble c>buretor1 :i* has a sep>ate fuel b[l & spray nozzle = ea* fuel1 no?+ m is requir$ ?an ! swit*+ ( "o or ! o!r into action2 :5 ! two p>ts h once be5 adju/$1 !y require no fur!r adju/m5t4 ,c>buretors t use ! same spray nozzle = bo? gasol9e & k]os5e w require a readju/m5t :5 ! swit* is made1 =1 z k]os5e is ?ick] ?an gasol9e1 x w require a l>g] op5+ = a suffici5t quantity to pass4 ,?is readju/m5t is a slight op5+ ( ! ne$le valve on swit*+ to k]os5e1 & an equal clos+ :5 gasol9e is aga9 us$4 ,a few m9utes be=e ! eng9e is /opp$ ! c>buretor %\ld be swit*$ f k]os5e to gasol9e1 s t :5 x is %ut d[n ! fuel b[l w conta9 gasol9e & ! cyl9d]s gasol9e mixture4 ,?is is done to make x possible to />t ! eng9e4 ,if ! eng9e is /opp$ on k]os5e1 x _c be />t$ if x has _h "t to cool4 ,9 su* a case ! fuel b[l mu/ be dra9$ ( k]os5e & fill$ ) gasol9e1 & ! eng9e mu/ be crank$ until ! cyl9d]s receive a clean gasol9e mixture4 ,:5 an eng9e is work+ at full p[] on k]os5e1 x gets mu* hott] ?an w\ld be ! case ) a gasol9e mixture4 ,c>bon p>ticles 9 ! cyl9d]1 & project+ bits ( metal1 su* z ?9 sp>k plug po9ts or ! edge ( a screw ?read1 become s hot t !y gl[1 ) ! result t !y ignite ! incom+ fre% *>ge & cause preignition4 ,! effect ( ?is is to cause a p\nd+ or knock+ t is v noticeable4 ,x is !n necess>y to use wat]1 :i* is provid$ = 9 ! c>buretor4 ,wat] has ! effect ( cool+ ! int5sely heat$ p>ts1 & only en\gh %\ld be us$ to prev5t preignition4 ,:5 ! knock+ is he>d1 wat] %\ld gradually be turn$ on1 us+ no m ?an is necess>y to /op ! noise4 ,too mu* wat] w cause ! eng9e to miss by collect+ on ! sp>k plug po9ts1 !reby prev5t+ ! pass+ ( ! ignition sp>k4 ,h>d wat] %\ld n be us$1 = x w =m scale1 :i* w int]f]e ) ! action ( ! c>buretor4 ,only s(t wat] %\ld be us$1 & pref]ably ra9 wat]4 ,:5ev] ! eng9e is /opp$1 ! fuel valve at ! tank %\ld be clos$ to %ut (f ! c>buretor supply4 ,if ?is is n done1 ! float valve w be ! only ?+ t prev5ts ! fuel f runn+ out1 & %\ld ! float valve leak1 ! fuel w be wa/$4 ,,magneto ,,& ,,ignition ,,sy/em ,a magneto t is kept clean & prop]ly oil$ r>ely gives tr\ble1 & x is a mi/ake to blame x :5ev] ! eng9e runs irregul>ly or w n />t4 ,its adju/m5ts %\ld be *ang$ only :5 ! o!r p>ts ( ! eng9e h be5 prov$ to be 9 good condition4 ,! work+ p>ts ( a magneto are enclos$1 & practically pro( aga9/ du/4 ,x %\ld be wip$ (f frequ5tly1 & du/ & grit %\ld n be all[$ to collect ar\nd ! oil holes1 = o!rwise x w "w into ! be>+s & damage !m4 ,du/ & dirt are especially injuri\s to ! circuit break]1 :i* %\ld be frequ5tly inspect$ & clean$4 ,v little oil %\ld be us$ on x1 & ?is %\ld be ! light oil us$ = typewrit]s & sew+ ma*9es4 ,a ?ick] oil w become gummy1 & w prev5t ! free action ( ! lev]4 ,if !re is mu* sp>k+ at ! plat9um po9ts1 s t !y become corrod$ & r\gh1 x is an indication t ! cond5s] ( ! magneto is n op]at+ z x %\ld1 = ! object ( ! cond5s] is to prev5t su* sp>k+4 ,! only rem$y is to r5ew ! cond5s]4 ,r\gh po9ts w sp>k m ?an smoo? ones2 %\ld !y get into ?is condition1 !y %\ld be lightly fil$ ) a file ( ! cut kn[n z 8dead smoo?40 ,if ?is file _c be obta9$1 p9* a /rip ( ! f9e/ s& pap]--n em]y pap]--betwe5 ! po9ts1 & draw x g5tly back & =?1 smoo?+ d[n fir/ "o po9t & !n ! o!r4 ,9 smoo?+ plat9um po9ts ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to make !m flat & true to ea* o!r4 ,aft] smoo?+ ! po9ts !y %\ld be readju/$ s t :5 !y are sep>at$ by ! cam !y are f _/ to _/ in* ap>t4 ,a di/ributor made ) a c>bon bru% t slides across ! contacts w require wip+ (f at lea/ once a mon?4 ,c>bon du/ w rub (f ! bru% & collect on ! face ( ! di/ributor2 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?is w cause a %ort-circuit4 ,! di/ributor is always made s t x c easily be clean$4 ,a magneto is tim$ to an eng9e s t :5 ! sp>k control is fully ret>d$1 ! circuit break] po9ts are j sep>at+ z a pi/on goes ov] top c5t]4 ,! eng9e is crank$ until "o ( ! pi/ons is at top c5t]2 ! magneto %\ld be 9 position1 b its c\pl+ %\ld be loose1 s t ! armature c be revolv$4 ,! sp>k control is ret>d$2 t is1 x is mov$ z f> z possible 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! armature turns4 ,! armature is !n revolv$ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x w be driv5 by ! eng9e until x is se5 t ! contact po9ts are beg9n+ to sep>ate2 hold+ ! armature1 ! c\pl+ is !n made fa/4 ,x w n[ be f\nd t ! di/ributor bru% is t\*+ "o ( ! contacts2 t contact is to be connect$ ) ! sp>k plug ( ! cyl9d] t is at top c5t] ( ! compression /roke4 ,! foll[+ di/ributor contacts are connect$ to ! rema9+ sp>k plugs 9 ! ord] 9 :i* _! cyl9d]s fire4 ,%\ld ! magneto be suspect$ ( be+ out ( ord]1 ! fir/ te/ is to disconnect a wire f its sp>k plug1 & support ! tip in* f ! metal ( ! eng9e :ile ! eng9e is crank$ briskly2 if a sp>k appe>s1 x is evid5ce t ! magneto is op]at+ & t ! tr\ble is else:]e4 ,if !re is no sp>k1 repeat ! te/ ) ! swit* wire disconnect$ f ! magneto4 ,?is wire & ! swit* =m a circuit f ! metal ( ! eng9e to ! insulat$ "p ( ! circuit break]2 :5 ! swit* is clos$1 or 9 ! 8(f0 position1 ?is circuit is complet$1 & z ! magneto curr5t fl[s ov] x in/ead ( ov] ! regul> sp>k+ circuit1 no sp>k is produc$ at ! plug4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! swit* or wire is defective1 & all[s ! curr5t to take t circuit ev5 :5 ! swit* is 9 ! op5 or 8run0 position4 ,if ?is is ! case x w be %[n by a sp>k on crank+ ! eng9e ) ! swit* wire disconnect$ at ! magneto1 & no sp>k :5 x is connect$4 ,if ! swit* & wire are all "r1 exam9e ! circuit break] to see :e!r ! contact po9ts are clean1 & t !y t\* :5 ! cam all[s !m to2 t\* ! circuit break] lev] to see t x is free to move & t its spr+ is n brok54 ,9 "s tractors ! magneto is 9 su* a position t ! circuit break] _c easily be se52 9 su* a case hold a small mirror 9 front ( ! circuit break] & exam9e ! reflection4 ,if ! circuit break] is 9 good condition1 exam9e ! di/ributor to see :e!r x is dirty1 or ! bru% brok52 if ^! p>ts are all "r1 ! tr\ble is ( su* a "* z requires ! magneto to be return$ = repair4 ,ignition tr\ble is usually 9 ! sp>k plugs4 ,! insulator cracks easily 9 _m makes1 :i* w p]mit ! curr5t to leak across )\t =m+ a sp>k2 x is frequ5tly ! case t ! crack does n %[1 & ! be/ te/ is to replace ! suspect$ plug ) a plug t is kn[n to be good4 ,if ! cyl9d] fires ) "o plug & n ) ! o!r1 !re is no "q z to ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,! insulator ( ! plug mu/ be kept clean1 = a deposit ( c>bon on x w =m a pa? by :i* ! curr5t c pass )\t =m+ a sp>k4 ,a dirty plug c be/ be clean$ by bru%+ x ) a /iff too?bru% dipp$ 9 gasol9e4 ,a c>bon deposit c be s(t5$ by soak+ ! plug 9 gasol9e = a few h\rs1 & c !n be bru%$ (f m easily4 ,! sp>k gap ( a plug %\ld be f _/ to _/ in*4 ,aft] consid]able use ! po9ts w be burn$ (f1 & ! gap w become too wide2 ! po9ts %\ld !n be b5t to =m a prop] gap4 ,oil & grease w rot rubb]1 & ! ignition wires %\ld !re=e be wip$ clean4 ,oil-soak$ cables w give tr\ble1 & %\ld be replac$ ) new ones4 ,x is frequ5tly difficult to locate a leakage ( curr5t4 ,if ! eng9e is misfir+ & los+ p[]1 & a leakage ( curr5t ?r\gh poor insulation is suspect$1 ! easie/ way to detect x is to run ! eng9e 9 ! d>k4 ,leaks w %[ !mselves by sp>ks1 :i* are !n easily se54 ,,compression ,9 ord] to deliv] its full p[] a gas eng9e mu/ h good compression1 & compression %\ld frequ5tly be te/$ by crank+ ! eng9e sl[ly & /eadily ) ! ignition swit*$ (f4 ,if compression is good1 !re w be a spr+y1 ela/ic resi/ance t becomes great] z a pi/on approa*es ! end ( a compression /roke1 & t ?r[s ! pi/on outw>d z dead c5t] is pass$4 ,compression %\ld be ! same = all cyl9d]s4 ,if !re is a leakage ( compression1 ! only resi/ance w be f ! be>+s1 & x w be ! same = all p>ts ( ! /roke4 ,a compression leak (t5 makes a hiss+ noise t c be di/9ctly he>d1 & by :i* x c be locat$1 b m (t5 x makes no s\nd1 & its location mu/ be f\nd by te/+4 ,! leak may be at any ( ! op5+s into ! combu/ion space2 at ! valves1 ar\nd ! sp>k plugs or pi/on r+s1 or at ! cyl9d] head gasket4 ,to discov] :e!r ! gasket leaks1 run gasol9e along ! l9e ( ! gasket jo9t ) a squirt c :ile ! eng9e is be+ crank$ briskly2 at a leaky place x w be suck$ 9 or bl[n out4 ,! same te/ %\ld be made ar\nd ! sp>k plug4 ,! rem$y is to reset ! cyl9d] head1 us+ a new gasket1 & be+ sure t ! surfaces are clean & free f grit4 ,pi/on r+ leaks are usually caus$ by ! r+s /ick+ 9 _! grooves ?r\gh ! =mation ( c>bon4 ,to te/ = pi/on r+ leaks1 p\r a half p9t ( cyl9d] oil into ea* cyl9d]1 & crank ! eng9e sl[ly4 ,! oil w =m a seal ar\nd ! pi/ons1 & if compression is !n improv$1 ! r+s are %[n to be at fault4 ,to free ! r+s1 p\r a few tablespoonfuls ( k]os5e into ea* cyl9d]1 & spread x by giv+ ! eng9e a few turns2 aft] /&+ = an h\r or s ! c>bon %\ld be suffici5tly s(t5$ to free ! r+s4 ,if ! leakage ( compression is due to ! r+s be+ worn & loose 9 _! grooves1 !y mu/ be replac$4 ,! mo/ usual cause ( compression loss is leak+ valves4 ,) its cont9ual p\nd+ aga9/ its seat1 & ! heat to :i* x is expos$1 a valve & its seat w become r\gh & pitt$1 & w leak2 :5 9 ?is condition ! valve mu/ be gr\nd4 ,a valve is gr\nd by spread+ gr9d+ comp\nd on ! seat1 & turn+ ! valve aga9/ x4 ,?is requires ! valve spr+ to be tak5 (f2 ! exact me?od ( do+ ?is dep5ds on h[ ^! p>ts are made4 ,if ! valves are 9 a removable cyl9d] head1 valve gr9d+ is mo/ easily done by tak+ ! cyl9d] head to a b5*4 ,9 _m designs ! valve seats are "p ( ! cyl9d] ca/+1 & ! job is done on ! tractor4 ,9 gr9d+ a valve ! valve is n turn$ ar\nd 9 "o direction only1 = ?is w\ld cut grooves 9 ! valve & seat4 ,to obta9 smoo? surfaces ! valve %\ld be giv5 "p ( a turn 9 "o direction1 & !n turn$ equally 9 ! o!r direction2 aft] e few turns ! valve %\ld be lift$ & dropp$ to ano!r position on ! seat4 ,9 ?is way ! gr9d+ is made ev5 all ar\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,,gr9d+ ,,valve ,,9 ,,eng9e ,,) ,,fix$ ,,head ,! be/ tool = valve gr9d+ is a c>p5t]'s brace ) a screw driv] blade fitt+ ! slot 9 ! valve1 z %[n 9 ,figure #hi4 ,?is draw+ illu/rates a cyl9d] ) a fix$ head2 ! valve is rea*$ by unscrew+ ! plug f ! op5+ directly above x4 ,:5 gr9d+ valves 9 an eng9e ( ?is design ! op5+ betwe5 ! valve pocket & ! combu/ion space %\ld be plugg$ ) a rag or wa/e to prev5t ! gr9d+ comp\nd f gett+ into ! cyl9d]4 ,) ! valve gr9d+ tool 9 position1 sw+ ! h&le back & =? t5 or twelve times2 !n lift ! valve1 place x 9 a new position1 & repeat4 ,! valve is lift$ mo/ easily by a light spr+ plac$ "u ! valve disk1 z %[n 9 ,figure #hi4 ,f "t to "t ! valve disk & seat %\ld be clean$ (f & exam9$ to see :e!r !y are smoo? & free f pits & scores4 ,if !y appe> to be1 make m>ks ar\nd ! valve disk ) a lead p5cil1 replace ! valve1 & give x a complete turn4 ,if ?is wipes (f ! p5cil m>ks all ar\nd ! valve1 ! gr9d+ is complete1 & ! valve may be replac$ ) its spr+ & spr+ reta9]4 ,x is n necess>y to gr9d until ! entire ?ickness ( ! valve disk & seat are smoo?2 a n>r[ b& all ar\nd w make ! valve tight4 ,aft] gr9d+1 & be=e replac+ ! valve1 all traces ( ! gr9d+ comp\nd %\ld be wip$ (f1 & great c>e tak5 t none ( x gets into ! cyl9d]1 valve /em guide1 or o!r work+ "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,gr9d+ ,,valve ,,9 ,,deta*able ,,head ,on an eng9e ) a removable head conta9+ ! valves1 ! head may be tak5 to a "w b5*1 :i* makes gr9d+ easi]4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ij4 ,on an eng9e 9 :i* ! valve & its seat may be tak5 out1 ! seat may be clamp$ 9 a vise1 z %[n 9 ,figure #ia4 ,) valves ( ei!r ( ^! types1 ! gr9d+ may be te/$ by turn+ ! head or ! seat s t ! disk is d[n1 & p\r+ 9 gasol9e4 ,if ! valve is n tight1 ! gasol9e w leak ?r\gh1 & gr9d+ mu/ be cont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,,gr9d+ ,,valve ,,9 ,,deta*able ,,seat ,:5 a valve seat is v badly worn x mu/ be r$ress$1 :i* is done ) a cutt+ tool to be obta9$ f ! mak] ( ! tractor1 & illu/rat$ 9 ,figure #ib4 ,?is has a /em fitt+ ! valve /em guide :i* c5t]s ! tool & assures a true cut4 ,if a seat is s worn z to ne$ r$ress+1 ! valve w be 9 su* bad condition t x mu/ be disc>d$ & a new "o us$4 ,?is mu/ be gr\nd 9 be=e ! eng9e is run4 ,gr9d+ a valve l[]s x 9 its seat1 & usually makes x necess>y to readju/ ! pu% rod4 ,:5 an eng9e is cold !re is a space ( ab\t _/ in* some:]e betwe5 ! cam & ! valve /em2 9 ,figure #ic1 ?is space is %[n to be betwe5 ! valve /em & ! rock] arm4 ,z ! eng9e heats up ! valve /em l5g!ns1 & ?is space p]mits x to d s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,,valve ,,seat ,,cutt] ,if ! space is too small1 ! /em w come aga9/ ! rock] arm or ! pu% rod1 & ! valve w be held (f its seat1 caus+ a compression leak4 ,if ! space is too great1 ! valve w op5 too late & close too e>ly4 ,! space mu/ !re=e be c>efully adju/$1 & ?is is arrang$ = on practically all makes ( tractor eng9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--8;,,holt0 ,,valve ,,arrangem5t ,"o-?irty-second ( an in* is ! ?ickness ( a #aj-;c5t piece2 x %\ld j be possible to slip a slightly worn dime into ! space :5 ! eng9e is cold4 ,,valve ,,tim+ ,by tim+ ! valves is meant ! sett+ ( ! cam %aft 9 su* a position t ! valves are op5$ at ! correct po9t 9 ! /roke4 ,x is necess>y to "t ! valves only :5 ! cam %aft has be5 tak5 out & mu/ be replac$4 ,! pr9ciple ( valve tim+ %\ld be und]/ood1 h[ev]1 9 ord] to be able to tell :e!r an eng9e is tim$ correctly4 ,x w usually be f\nd t ! face ( ! fly:eel be>s lett]s & figures t are indicators ( ! tim+ ( ! valves4 ,?is arrangem5t on ! ,e-,b eng9es is %[n 9 ,figure #id4 ,two l9es are cut 9 ! face ( ! fly:eel1 "o m>k$ ex4 cl4 #a-d1 :i* means exhau/ valve closes1 cyl9d]s #a & #d1 & ! o!r m>k$ ,,c5t] #a-d1 to indicate t ! pi/ons 9 ^? cyl9d]s are on c5t]4 ,a /raight-edge is held aga9/ ! f9i%$ surface ( ! h\s+ & ! crank %aft is turn$ to br+ "o ( ! m>ks 9 l9e ) x2 at t po9t ! valves or pi/ons are z indicat$ by ! lett]+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,,valve ,,tim+1 ,,us+ ,,m>ks ,,on ,,fly:eel ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,,valve ,,tim+ ,! fly:eel is also m>k$ ) a dot to indicate ! fir+ po9t4 ,:5 ! dot is 9 l9e ) ! /raight-edge1 ignition %\ld occur ) ! sp>k control fully advanc$4 ,figure #ie %[s ! valve arrangem5t ( ! same eng9e1 ) ! exhau/ valve j clos+2 ! po9t ( ! cam has pass$ "u ! lift] or pu% rod1 & has p]mitt$ ! valve to come to its seat1 b is /ill hold+ ! lift] aga9/ ! valve /em4 ,to *eck ! valve sett+1 hold a slip ( tissue pap]1 su* z a cig>ette pap]1 9 ! space betwe5 ! lift] & ! valve /em1 :ile ! eng9e is crank$ sl[ly4 ,:ile ! cam is hold+ ! valve (f its seat ! pap] w be p9*$ betwe5 ! lift] & ! valve /em & held firmly4 ,at ! in/ant :5 ! pap] is fre$ & c be mov$1 ! valve is seat$ & ! po9t ( ! cam is j pass+ f "u2 ! prop] m>k on ! fly:eel %\ld !n be 9 l9e ) ! /raight-edge4 ,z ! cams = all valves are 9 "o piece ) ! cam %aft1 sett+ "o valve sets !m all & *eck+ ! sett+ ( "o *ecks ! sett+ ( all4 ,be=e tak+ out a cam %aft1 two adjo9+ tee? ( its ge> %\ld be m>k$ ) a prick pun* or a small cold *isel1 & a simil> m>k %\ld be made on ! too? ( ! crank %aft ge> t comes betwe5 !m4 ,9 replac+ ! cam %aft x is !n necess>y only to return ! tee? to ! same position4 ,tim+ ge>s are usually m>k$ 9 ?is way by ! manufactur]s4 ,,c>bon ,a k]os5e lamp t is turn$ too high gives a d5se black smoke t is compos$ ( f9e p>ticles ( c>bon4 ,a piece ( pap] held 9 ! smoke is quickly cov]$ ) a deposit ( c>bon1 commonly call$ soot1 or lamp-black4 ,all fuel oils & lubricat+ oils conta9 c>bon4 ,:5 ^! oils burn 9 ! cyl9d]1 !y produce c>bon1 mu* ( :i* passes out ( ! exhau/1 :ile ! re/ deposits on ! valves & on all p>ts ( ! combu/ion space4 ,?is deposit h>d5s1 & ev5tually makes tr\ble ?r\gh caus+ preignition4 ,! deposit is r\gh1 & ! heat 9 ! cyl9d] is suffici5t to make ! out/&+ p>ticles gl[2 !y ignite ! incom+ *>ge1 & cause preignition4 ,! sign ( c>bon tr\ble is a %>p knock+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 especially :5 ! eng9e is "u a heavy load4 ,! s\nd is ! same z t caus$ by too great an advance ( ! sp>k4 ,c>bon deposit c be greatly r$uc$ by p\r+ a few tablespoonfuls ( k]os5e into ea* cyl9d] & crank+ = a few turns to spread x to all p>ts ( ! combu/ion space4 ,?is w s(t5 ! c>bon & mu* ( x w be bl[n out :5 ! eng9e is next />t$4 ,be/ results w be obta9$ if ! k]os5e is p\r$ 9 aft] a run1 :5 ! eng9e is hot4 ,if ! c>bon deposit is too h>d to be s(t5$ by k]os5e1 x c be remov$ by scrap+4 ,?is requires ! cyl9d] head to be tak5 (f1 :5 ! deposit c be scrap$ & *ipp$ ) a screwdriv]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! c>bon crumbs f gett+ into ! cyl9d]s1 valve /em guides1 or o!r places :]e x w\ld cause we>4 ,9 tak+ (f ! cyl9d] head ! gasket %\ld be h&l$ c>efully1 & protect$ f d5t+ & b5d+4 ,a batt]$ or b5t gasket is a sure cause ( compression leaks4 ,9 replac+ a metal gasket1 give x a coat ( cyl9d] oil on bo? sides to improve its seat+4 ,:5 replac+ ! cyl9d] head1 set all ( ! bolts up a little at a "t1 in/ead ( screw+ "s ( !m tight :ile o!rs are loose4 ,"o bolt drawn tight may tilt ! cyl9d] head slightly1 & !re w be a di/ortion :5 ano!r bolt is tight5$4 ,?is is avoid$ by sett+ up all ( ! bolts a little at a "t4 ,runn+ on too ri* a mixture1 giv+ ! eng9e too mu* oil1 & n us+ an air clean] 9 du/y "w w c>bonize an eng9e rapidly4 ,blue smoke at ! exhau/ is a sign t too mu* lubricat+ oil is be+ us$2 black smoke indicates too ri* a mixture4 ,c>boniz+ c be greatly r$uc$ by c>eful adju/m5t ( ! lubricator & c>buretor4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,locat+ ,,tr\ble ,!re are _m ways 9 :i* an eng9e c give tr\ble1 b ^! are n s]i\s to an op]ator :o und]/&s ! action ( an eng9e1 & :o works ) 8 bra9 z well z ) 8 h&s4 ,ea* ( ^! tr\bles has a di/9ct cause2 prop] c>e w avoid !m1 b if !y come ! reasons = !m c be det]m9$ by simple te/s4 ,9 ord] to develop full p[]1 an eng9e mu/ be 9 good me*anical condition2 t is1 ! be>+s mu/ be free )\t be+ loose1 ! ge>s mu/ run well1 ! pi/ons & _! r+s mu/ n b9d or be too free1 & s on4 ,x mu/ be prop]ly lubricat$ & cool$1 compression mu/ be correct1 x mu/ get a good mixture1 & ignition mu/ take place at ! "r "t4 ,if an eng9e gives tr\ble1 x is because "o ( ^! sy/ems is n work+ prop]ly1 & x is n at all difficult to locate ! cause & to correct x4 ,if an eng9e gets a good mixture1 :i* is ignit$ prop]ly1 x w run2 if x w n give any explosions x is because "o or ! o!r ( ^! sy/ems is n work+ prop]ly4 ,an inspection or a simple te/ w %[ :i* "o is at fault4 ,,eng9e ,,w ,,n ,,/>t ,if an eng9e w n />t aft] be+ crank$ a doz5 or tw5ty times1 x is useless to cont9ue to crank x4 ,x is n gett+ ei!r a prop] mixture or an ignition sp>k1 & x saves "t & en]gy to f9d out :]e ! tr\ble is1 r ?an to keep on crank+ 9 ! hope t some?+ may happ54 ,:5 a tractor eng9e refuses to />t1 ! tr\ble is usually ) ! mixture1 &1 m (t5 ?an n1 ?is is due to c>elessness or to =getfulness4 ,! tank may be empty1 or ! fuel valve may be clos$1 s t ! c>buretor is dry2 see if !re is fuel 9 ! c>buretor b[l4 ,! eng9e may h be5 %ut d[n :ile runn+ on k]os5e1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 swit*$ to gasol9e = ! la/ few m9utes ( its run1 s t ! c>buretor1 intake manifold & cyl9d]s conta9 k]os5e1 :i* w n vaporize )\t heat1 in/ead ( gasol9e1 :i* w4 ,9 ?is case ! eng9e mu/ be prim$ ) gasol9e4 ,if too mu* gasol9e has be5 us$ = prim+1 ! cyl9d]s may conta9 a mixture t is too ri* to ignite2 ! eng9e %\ld !n be crank$ briskly ) ! fuel %ut (f & ! compression relief cocks op51 to cle> out ! ri* mixture & fill ! cyl9d]s ) air4 ,wat] 9 ! fuel w make />t+ difficult or impossible4 ,x is easy to =get to %ut (f ! wat] valve ( ! c>buretor :5 /opp+ ! eng9e1 & :5 />t+1 wat] f ?is valve w prev5t ! =m+ ( a mixture & w also int]f]e ) ! ignition4 ,if ! mixture is app>5tly all "r1 ! fault may be 9 ! ignition4 ,a drop ( liquid fuel or ( wat]1 = in/ance1 may be on ! sp>k plug po9ts2 ?is w %ort-circuit !m & no sp>k w be =m$1 al?\gh ! sp>k+ curr5t is pass+4 ,if !re is a suspicion t ! ignition sy/em is at fault1 & t ! magneto is n produc+ a sp>k+ curr5t1 x %\ld be te/$1 z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,/>t+ 9 cold wea!r is always m difficult ?an />t+ :5 x is w>m4 ,helps 9 cold wea!r />t+ are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,a leaky inlet manifold w admit an extra am\nt ( air t w completely alt] ! proportions ( a mixture4 ,?us ! mixture w be wrong1 al?\gh ! c>buretor adju/m5t seems to be correct4 ,manifold leaks are usually at ! jo9ts1 b occasionally a manifold is f\nd ) a hole 9 x due to poor ca/+ or mat]ial1 or a crack may develop4 ,difficulty 9 />t+ due to poor compression caus$ by /uck valves or r+s w %[ its cause by ! ease ) :i* ! eng9e c be crank$4 ,if an eng9e is free en\gh to turn ov]1 poor lubrication or cool+ w n int]f]e ) />t+ x4 ,faults 9 ^! sy/ems %[ !mselves only :5 an eng9e is runn+4 ,,eng9e ,,loses ,,p[] ,an eng9e w lose p[] ?r\gh a defect ( compression1 c>buretion1 ignition1 cool+ or lubrication1 or because ( a me*anical fault4 ,if ! tr\ble comes f cool+ or lubrication1 ! eng9e w ov]heat & ?us make ! cause kn[n4 ,a be>+ t b9ds w become v hot1 :ile if ! cool+ sy/em fails1 ! eng9e w be hot all ov]4 ,:5 ! eng9e is excessively hot1 ! pi/ons w exp&1 & mu* ( ! p[] ( ! eng9e w be us$ up 9 =c+ !m to move4 ,an eng9e t is n hott] ?an usual1 & is hav+ regul> & ev5 explosions1 probably loses p[] ?r\gh a loss ( compression4 ,?is is ! mo/ usual cause ( ?is tr\ble1 & x is locat$ & rem$i$ z expla9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,if compression is good1 ! loss ( p[] may be due to a clogg$ muffl] or exhau/ pipe1 :i* w n p]mit ! free escape ( ! burn$ gases4 ,?is condition w prev5t full *>ges ( fre% mixture f ent]+ ! cyl9d]s1 & ! eng9e !n _c be expect$ to deliv] full p[]4 ,ano!r possible cause ( a loss ( p[] ) ! eng9e app>5tly 9 prop] condition is ! /ick+ or poor adju/m5t ( ! gov]nor4 ,! factory adju/m5t ( ! gov]nor %\ld n be *ang$1 h[ev]1 until x is def9itely prov$ t t is :]e ! tr\ble lies4 ,if ! eng9e misses fire1 or runs irregul>ly1 ! loss ( p[] w be due to faulty c>buretion or ignition4 ,! mixture may be too ri* or too lean2 9 ei!r case ! tr\ble w be rem$i$ by readju/+ ! c>buretor4 ,a mixture t is v mu* too lean w make itself kn[n by backfir+2 !re w be little explosions at ! c>buretor4 ,?is %\ld be rem$i$ at once1 = ! dang] ( fire f x is v great4 ,black smoke at ! exhau/ is a sign ( a mixture t is too ri*4 ,an eng9e w n deliv] full p[] if x is run on a ret>d$ sp>k4 ,a loss ( p[] f ?is cause w be accompani$ by g5]al ov]heat+ ( ! eng9e4 ,,eng9e ,,/ops ,! mann] 9 :i* an eng9e /ops w indicate ! reason = x4 ,a failure ( ! ignition sy/em t /ops ! =mation ( curr5t1 l ! /ick+ ( ! circuit break] lev]1 w cut (f all explosions in/antly2 ! eng9e w /op abruptly4 ,an eng9e w n /op abruptly f any fault ) ! mixture2 ) mixture tr\ble ! explosions w become weak] & weak] until !y cease4 ,if an eng9e /ops ?r\gh a failure ( ! lubrication or cool+ sy/ems x w be int5sely hot1 :i* w n be ! case if ! fault is ) c>buretion or ignition4 ,a runn+ eng9e w n be br\ght to a /op by a loss ( compression4 ,,eng9e ,,misses ,a /eady or irregul> miss 9 "o cyl9d] is usually due to ! sp>k plug's be+ crack$ or dirty4 ,c>buretor tr\ble w affect all ! cyl9d]s2 x _c affect "o cyl9d] only1 & miss+ 9 "o cyl9d] may be put d[n z ignition tr\ble4 ,9 ?is case ignition tr\ble does n mean magneto tr\ble1 = if ! magneto produces sp>k+ curr5t = "o cyl9d] x w produce x = all4 ,!re=e ignition tr\ble 9 only "o cyl9d] is 9 ^? p>ts ( ! ignition sy/em supply+ t cyl9d]2 t is1 9 ! sp>k plug or 9 ! sp>k plug cable4 ,a less likely cause = miss+ 9 "o cyl9d] only is poor compression4 ,x is usually ! case t if compression is poor 9 "o cyl9d] x is poor 9 !m all1 b a brok5 valve or pi/on r+ or a weak valve spr+ w weak5 compression 9 "o & n 9 ! o!rs4 ,a cyl9d] t misses is cool] ?an ! o!rs1 & c be locat$ by feel+4 ,x c also be locat$ by %ort-circuit+ ! sp>k plugs "o at a "t2 ?is w make no diff]5ce 9 ! dead cyl9d]1 b :5 ! sp>k plug ( an active cyl9d] is %ort-circuit$ ! spe$ ( ! eng9e w drop4 ,to %ort-circuit a sp>k plug1 take a wood5-h&l$ screwdriv] or o!r tool & re/ ! blade on ! eng9e ne> ! sp>k plug2 !n tilt until its %ank is close to ! sp>k plug t]m9al4 ,! sp>k curr5t w !n pass to ! metal ( ! eng9e by way ( ! tool in/ead ( by ! sp>k plug po9ts4 ,?is is also a te/ ( ignition1 = a sp>k w pass betwe5 ! t]m9al & ! tool4 ,irregul> miss+ 9 all cyl9d]s may be due to a fault at "o ( ! p>ts ( ! ignition sy/em t supplies !m all2 a dirty di/ributor1 = in/ance1 or a /ick+ circuit break] lev]1 or r\gh plat9um po9ts4 ,x may also be due to a clogg$ fuel l9e1 :i* prev5ts ! c>buretor f gett+ a regul> & suffici5t fl[4 ,irregul> miss+ w also be caus$ by loose ignition connections1 & by loose swit* p>ts4 ,,eng9e ,,/>ts2 ,,b ,,/ops ,:5 an eng9e />ts readily b quickly sl[s d[n & /ops1 ! reason is almo/ always an insuffici5t supply ( fuel4 ,an ob/ruction 9 ! pipe may prev5t ! fuel f fl[+ fa/ en\gh to keep ! c>buretor b[l fill$ :5 ! eng9e is runn+2 :5 ! eng9e />ts1 ! fuel is suck$ out ( ! spray nozzle fa/] ?an x comes 9 ?r\gh ! float valve1 s ! c>buretor is soon dra9$ & ! eng9e /ops4 ,! b[l !n fills1 only to be suck$ dry aga9 :5 ! eng9e is next />t$4 ,?is difficulty is caus$ by dirt 9 ! fuel1 :i* collects 9 ! /ra9] or ! fuel pipe4 ,! /ra9] is s arrang$ t x may be easily dra9$ & clean$2 to cle> out ! pipe1 %ut (f ! fuel at ! tank1 disconnect ! pipe at bo? ends1 & bl[ ?r\gh x4 ,! /ra9] %\ld be dra9$ e day2 x is suffici5t to op5 ! /ra9] dra9 cock = two or ?ree seconds4 ,mo/ ( ! tr\bles due to dirt 9 ! fuel w be avoid$ if ! fuel is /ra9$ :5 fill+ ! tank4 ,ano!r ?+ t w br+ an eng9e to a /op is ! clogg+ ( ! v5t holes 9 ! tank fill] cap & 9 ! top ( ! c>buretor b[l4 ,^! holes %\ld be cle>1 s t air c ent] to replace ! fuel t is us$2 if air _c ent] ! fuel w n fl[1 & ! tank is !n said to be air-b\nd4 ,,eng9e ,,ov]heats ,an eng9e may ov]heat ei!r because x produces m heat ?an ! cool+ sy/em c take c>e (1 or because ! cool+ sy/em is n tak+ (f all ( ! heat t x %\ld4 ,runn+ an eng9e ) ! sp>k ret>d$ w cause x to ov]heat2 s w a failure ( ! lubrication & an ob/ruction to ! passage ( ! exhau/ gases4 ,if an eng9e has be5 tak5 d[n & ov]heats :5 x is reassembl$1 x may be t ! magneto has be5 wrongly tim$1 & produces its sp>k too late4 ,if an eng9e has be5 runn+ prop]ly b beg9s to ov]heat1 ! ignition cause w be ! faulty sett+ ( ! sp>k control1 or ! slipp+ ( ! sp>k control rod4 ,:5 an eng9e is run on k]os5e1 ! oil 9 ! crankcase mu/ be frequ5tly dra9$ (f & replac$ ) fre% oil4 ,! reason = ?is is t "p ( ! k]os5e t goes to ! cyl9d]s does n vaporize & burn1 b works its way pa/ ! pi/ons & into ! crankcase1 :]e x ?9s ! lubricat+ oil4 ,z ! oil ?9s1 x loses its ability to lubricate1 & ! eng9e beg9s to ov]heat4 ,any?+ t produces extra friction w cause ov]heat+1 z1 = example1 a wri/ p9 t works endways & rubs aga9/ ! cyl9d] wall1 or a tight be>+4 ,= a cool+ sy/em to "w prop]ly x mu/ conta9 a full supply ( wat]1 ! passages mu/ be cle>1 suffici5t air mu/ pass ?r\gh ! radiator1 & ! pump mu/ be 9 prop] condition4 ,hose connections w rot1 & a /rip ( rubb] may peel (f ! inside & be drawn across ! passage2 or if dirty wat] is us$1 ! dirt may *oke ! f9e radiator passages or o!r *annels4 ,if ! radiator is cov]$ ) mud1 air _c get at ! tubes to take ! heat f ! wat] t !y conta94 ,a v usual cause ( ov]heat+ is a slipp+ fan belt2 an adju/m5t is provid$ by :i* ! belt c be tight5$ :5 x works loose4 ,,eng9e ,,smokes ,black smoke indicates t ! mixture is too ri*2 blue smoke is a sign ( too pl5tiful lubrication4 ,oil t is too ?91 or t is ( a poor grade1 w cause smok+2 good quality oil ( ! grade recomm5d$ by ! manufactur] %\ld always be us$4 ,brok5 pi/on r+s1 or r+s /uck 9 _! grooves1 w be ! cause ( smok+ because !y w p]mit an excess ( oil to pass by !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,causes ,,( ,,tr\ble ,eng9e w n />t4 ,no mixture4 ,no ignition4 ,no compression4 ,eng9e />ts1 ,clogg$ fuel pipe or /ra9]4 b w n ,air-b\nd tank or c>buretor4 cont9ue runn+4 ,clogg$ exhau/4 ,wet sp>k plugs4 ,gov]nor out ( adju/m5t4 ,eng9e loses p[]4 ,ret>d$ sp>k4 ,poor compression4 ,ov]heat+4 ,clogg$ exhau/4 ,incorrect mixture4 ,gov]nor out ( adju/m5t4 ,tight be>+s4 ,dragg+ brake4 ,slipp+ clut*4 ,ov]load$4 ,eng9e /ops sudd5ly4 ,ignition tr\ble4 ,eng9e sl[s d[n ,clogg$ fuel supply4 & /ops4 ,incorrect mixture4 ,ov]heat$4 ,regul> miss 9 "o cyl9d]4 ,defective sp>k plug or wire4 ,irregul> miss 9 all ,/ick+ contact break]4 cyl9d]s4 ,defective di/ributor4 ,clogg$ fuel l9e4 ,irregul> fuel fe$4 ,wat] 9 fuel4 ,faulty ignition connections4 ,eng9e runs unev5ly4 ,incorrect sp>k plug gap4 ,incorrect mixture4 ,b9d+ c>buretor float4 ,/ick+ valves4 ,/ick+ gov]nor4 ,eng9e ov]heats4 ,sp>k ret>d$4 ,faulty cool+4 ,faulty lubrication4 ,eng9e smokes4 ,black smoke2 mixture too ri*4 ,blue smoke2 too mu* oil4 ,brok5 or /uck pi/on r+s4 ,poor oil4 ,eng9e backfires ,mixture too lean4 ?r\gh c>buretor4 ,/ick+ inlet valve or weak inlet valve spr+4 ,explosions 9 exhau/ ,miss+ sp>k4 pipe4 ,mixture too ri*4 ,/ick+ exhau/ valve4 ,,index ,adju/+ a c>buretor1 #bac ,advance ( ignition2 !ory (1 #ah ,air clean] or wa%]1 #ga ,air inlet2 extra1 #fc ,armature1 #ajf ,atwat]-,k5t ignition sy/em1 #acf ,automatic c>buretor1 #fc ,automobiles & tractors comp>$1 #a ,axles2 types ( front1 #agb ,backfire1 #ee ,balance weights1 #ca ,be>+s1 #ca ,bos* magneto2 !ory (1 #aaj ,bos* magneto circuit1 #aaa ,bos* magneto w9d+s1 #aaj ,bull ge> drive1 #afe ,burn+ po9t ( oil1 #ahb ,cam1 #ci ,c>bon2 =mation (1 #ef ,c>bonization1 #ef ,c>bon2 remov+1 #bdb ,c>buretor1 #eg ,c>buretor action1 #fj ,c>buretor adju/m5t1 #bac ,c>buretor adju/m5t = two fuels1 #bah ,c>buretor2 comp5sat+1 #fc ,c>buretor connections1 #hi ,c>buretor2 description (1 #gb ,c>buretor2 float fe$1 #gf ,c>buretor2 heat+ !1 #gj ,c>buretor2 p>ts (1 #gj ,c>buretor2 pump fe$1 #hj ,c>buretor2 /opp+ on gasol9e1 #bah ,c>buretor /ra9]1 #hi ,c>buretor2 tr\ble )1 #bae ,c>buretor2 us+ wat] 91 #bai ,causes ( tr\ble1 #bei ,c5trifugal =ce1 #id ,*ange spe$ ge>2 action (1 #aeb ,*ange spe$ ge>2 jaw clut*1 #aef ,*ange spe$ ge>2 purpose (1 #f ,*ange spe$ ge>2 %ift+1 #bjc ,*ange spe$ ge>2 slid+1 #aed ,*ange spe$ ge>2 !ory (1 #adi ,*oke1 #fg ,circuit2 ,bos* magneto1 #aaa ,circuit break]2 magneto1 #aaj ,clean]2 air1 #ia ,clut*2 action (1 #add ,clut*2 exp&+1 #ade ,clut*2 h[ to use1 #bje ,clut*2 plate or disk1 #adf ,clut*2 purpose (1 #f ,cold wea!r c>e ( tractor1 #bjg ,cold wea!r />t+1 #bjg ,combu/ion space1 #aa ,combu/ion2 !ory (1 #eb ,compression2 importance (1 #af ,compression leaks2 locat+1 #bbh ,compression /roke1 #af ,compression2 te/+ !1 #bbg ,connect+ rod1 #ce ,cool+ sy/em1 #df ,crank %aft1 #cj ,cycle2 gas eng9e1 #aa ,dead /rokes1 #ab ,diff]5tial2 action (1 #afa ,diff]5tial2 purpose (1 #g ,diff]5tial2 !ory (1 #aeh ,dirt 9 ! fuel1 #bae ,disk clut*1 #adf ,di/ributor2 magneto1 #abd ,dixie magneto action1 #aai ,d\ble b[l c>buretor2 adju/m5t (1 #bah ,d\ble oppos$ eng9e1 #be ,drive2 ma/] ge> or bull ge>1 #afe ,drive2 purpose (1 #f ,drive2 worm1 #aff ,eng9e base1 #cj ,eng9e2 d\ble oppos$1 #be ,eng9e2 horizontal1 #be ,eng9e2 h[ p[] is deliv]$ by1 #ba ,eng9e loses p[]1 #bdi ,eng9e misses1 #beb ,eng9e ov]heats1 #bef ,eng9e2 prim+1 #bad ,eng9e2 pr9ciple (1 #i ,eng9e2 purpose (1 #f ,eng9e smokes1 #beh ,eng9e />ts2 b /ops1 #bed ,eng9e /ops1 #bea ,eng9e tr\ble2 locat+1 #bdf ,eng9e2 v]tical1 #be ,eng9e w n />t1 #bdf ,exhau/ /roke1 #bj ,exhau/ valve1 #ch ,exp&+ clut*1 #ade ,extra air inlet1 #fc ,fir+ ord]1 #bh ,float fe$ c>buretor1 #gf ,=ce fe$ oil+ sy/em1 #ahf ,frame2 purpose (1 #h ,freez+2 to prev5t1 #bji ,front axles2 types (1 #agb ,fuel2 dirt 9 !1 #bae ,fuel2 /ra9+ !1 #hi ,gas eng9e cycle1 #aa ,gasket1 #cj ,gasol9e mixture1 #eg ,gov]nor1 #id ,grease cup1 #aig ,grease2 :5 us$1 #ahb ,gr9d+ valves1 #bbi ,gr\nd$ circuit or gr\nd return1 #abe ,heat2 action (1 #i ,heat2 effect on oil (1 #agg ,heat necess>y 9 =m+ mixture1 #eh ,heat+ ! c>buretor1 #gj ,heat+ ! mixture1 #hf ,horizontal eng9e1 #be ,ignition po9t2 *ang+ !1 #ajc ,ignition sy/em2 ,atwat]-,k5t1 #acf ,ignition sy/em2 p>ts (1 #aje ,ignition2 !ory (1 #ag1 #ajb ,impulse />t]1 #abh ,induction & induc$ curr5t1 #ajf ,inductor magneto1 #aae ,inlet /roke1 #ad ,inlet valve1 #ch ,jack %aft1 #afe ,jaw clut* *ange spe$ ge>1 #aef ,k-,w magneto action1 #aae ,k]os5e mixture1 #eg ,leaks ( compression2 locat+1 #bbh ,lean mixture1 #ed ,load+1 #fg ,lubricat+ sy/ems1 #ahd ,lubrication *>t2 use (1 #ahb ,lubrication2 importance (1 #age ,magnetism1 #aje ,magnet2 poles (1 #ajf ,magneto action2 ,bos*1 #aaj ,magneto action2 ,dixie1 #aai ,magneto action2 ,k-,w1 #aae ,magneto di/ributor1 #abd ,magneto di/ributor2 clean+1 #bbb ,magneto inductor1 #aae ,magneto2 oil+ a1 #bba ,magneto plat9um po9ts2 c>e (1 #bba ,magneto safety sp>k gap1 #abg ,magneto sp>k2 !ory (1 #aje ,magneto2 !ory ( ,bos*1 #aaj ,magneto tim] or circuit break]1 #aaj ,magneto tim+1 #bbc ,magneto tr\ble2 te/+ =1 #bbd ,manifold1 #gj ,ma/] ge> drive1 #afe ,me*anical oil]1 #aib ,mix]1 #eg ,mix+ *amb]1 #gj ,mixture *anges ) eng9e spe$1 #fb ,mixture2 =mation (1 #ec ,mixture2 gasol9e & k]os5e1 #eg ,mixture2 heat+ !1 #hf ,mixture2 heat necess>y to =m1 #eh ,mixture2 ri*1 #ee ,mixture2 !ory (1 #i ,mixture2 ?91 or lean1 #ed ,oil affect$ by heat1 #agg ,oil2 burn+ po9t & viscosity1 #ahb ,oil cup1 #aic ,oil]2 me*anical1 #aib ,oil+ *>t2 use (1 #ahb ,oil+2 importance (1 #age ,oil+ sy/ems1 #ahd ,oil pump1 #ahh ,oil2 v>ieties us$ on tractors1 #agi ,pi/on1 #cd ,pi/on p91 #cd ,pi/on r+s1 #cg ,pi/on r+s2 c>e (1 #bbh ,plate clut*1 #adf ,poles ( magnet1 #ajf ,p[] diagram1 #ba ,p[] production1 #ab ,p[] /roke1 #ai ,preignition1 #ef1 #hc1 #ajd ,prim+ ! eng9e1 #bad ,pump fe$ c>buretor1 #hj ,pu% rod1 #db ,pu% rod adju/m5t1 #bcd ,radiator1 #dh ,ret>d ( ignition2 !ory (1 #ai ,ri* mixture1 #ee ,rock] arm1 #db ,safety sp>k gap1 #abg ,%uttle armature1 #ajg ,slid+ *ange spe$ ge>1 #aed ,sp>k coil2 pr9ciple (1 #acc ,sp>k coil2 vibrator1 #ach ,sp>k coil2 w9d+s (1 #acd ,sp>k plug1 #adj ,sp>k plug gap1 #bbf ,sp>k plugs2 tr\ble )1 #bbe ,spla% oil+ sy/em1 #ahd ,spray nozzle1 #eg ,spr+ support1 #agc ,/>t]2 impulse1 #abh ,/>t+ 9 cold wea!r1 #bjg ,/>t+ ! eng9e2 !ory (1 #ac ,/e]+ ge>2 purpose (1 #g ,/e]+2 in/ruction 91 #bje ,/or+ a tractor1 #baj ,/ra9+ ! fuel1 #hi ,/rangl]1 #fi ,tappet1 #db ,tappet adju/m5t1 #bcd ,temp]ature2 effect ( *anges on mixture1 #ff ,te/+ = magneto tr\ble1 #bbd ,te/+ ! compression1 #bbg ,!ory ( gas eng9e1 #i ,!rmo-syphon cool+ sy/em1 #dh ,?9 mixture1 #ed ,?rottle1 #fh ,?r[s ( crank %aft1 #cj ,tim]2 magneto1 #aaj1 #aba1 #abb ,tim+ a magneto1 #bbc ,tim+ ! valves1 #bcg ,tractor2 c>+ = 9 cold wea!r1 #bjg ,tractor2 difficulties 9 oil+1 #agh ,tractor driv+1 #bje ,tractor2 h&l+ a new1 #bja ,tractor inspection1 #bjc ,tractors & automobiles comp>$1 #a ,tractor2 /or+1 #baj ,tractor types1 #afg ,transmission2 p>ts (1 #adc ,tr\ble2 causes (1 #bei ,tr\ble2 locat+1 #bdf ,valve2 exhau/1 #ch ,valve gr9d+1 #bbi ,valve2 inlet1 #ch ,valve me*anism1 #db ,valve op]ation1 #ci ,valve seat2 r$ress+1 #bcd ,valve tim+1 #bcg ,v]tical eng9e1 #be ,vibrator coil1 #ach ,viscosity ( oil1 #ahb ,wa%]2 air1 #ia ,wat] add$ to mixture1 #eh1 #hc1 #bai ,wat] jackets1 #dh ,w9d+s2 ,bos* magneto1 #aaj ,w9d+s ( sp>k coil1 #acd ,worm drive1 #aff ,wri/ p91 #cd