,transcrib]'s ,notes ,texts pr9t$ 9 italics & bold face h be5 transcrib$ betwe5 und]scores & equal signs respectively4 ,small capitals h be5 replac$ ) ,,all ,,capitals4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,illu/ration3 ,f4 ,d4 ,coburn ,x is ! pleasure ( ! publi%]s to pres5t to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 alfalfa1 ! man :o decl9$ an appo9tm5t z ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator1 t he might cont9ue to direct ! affairs ( ! ,kansas ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 9 g5]al & ( f>m]s 9 p>ticul>4--,orange ,judd ,company4 ,! ,book ( ,alfalfa ,,hi/ory1 ,,cultivation ,,& ,,m]its4 ,,its ,,uses ,,z ,a ,,=age ,,& ,,f]tiliz]4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 ,spani% clov]1 su* z has ,usurp$ ! ,occid5t & dwells ,on ,sacram5to's sund[n hills1 ,& all ! v]dant valley fills ,) fragrance sweet & delicate ,z woo+ brea? ( woman is4 --,joaqu9 ,mill]4 ,by ,f4 ,d4 ,,coburn ,secret>y ,kansas ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,illu/rat$ #aiab ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,new ,york ,copyright1 #aijf by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,new ,revis$ ,edition ,copyright$ #aijg by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,!re ,,are ,,"s ,,sil5t ,,subsoil]s ,,t ,,d ,,_! ,,"w ,,) ,,ease1 ,,& ,,9 ,,_! ,,way1 ,,m ,,effectually ,,?an ,,any ,,team ,,or ,,pl[ ,,ev] ,,hit*$4 ,,! ,,clov] ,,plant ,,is ,,righte\sly ,,fam$ ,,z ,,"o ,,( ,,^!1 ,,b ,,alfalfa ,,is ,,its ,,sup]ior4 ,,its ,,roots ,,"w1 ,,sunday ,,z ,,well ,,z ,,saturday1 ,,night ,,& ,,day2 ,,!y ,,/rike #e1 #aj1 #ae ,,or #bj ,,feet ,,deep1 ,,mak+ ,,innum]able ,,p]=ations1 ,,:ile ,,/or+ ,,up ,,nitrog51 ,,& ,,:5 ,,^! ,,roots ,,decay ,,!y ,,leave ,,n ,,only ,a ,,g5]\s ,,supply ,,( ,,f]tility ,,= ,,any ,,desir$ ,,crop1 ,,b ,,millions ,,( ,,op5+s ,,into ,,:i* ,,! ,,air ,,& ,,ra9 ,,( ,,heav5 ,,f9d ,,_! ,,way1 ,,& ,,help ,,to ,,con/itute ,,an ,,unfail+ ,,res]voir ,,( ,,weal?1 ,,^u ,,:i* ,,! ,,husb&man ,,c ,,draw ,,) ,,little ,,fe> ,,( ,,prote/ ,,or ,,ov]drafts4 8,its long1 bran*+ roots p5etrate f> d[n1 pu% & cr[d ! e>? ?is way & t1 & ?us con/itute a gigantic subsoil]4 ,^! become an imm5se magaz9e ( f]tility4 ,z soon z cut1 !y beg9 to decay & lib]ate ! va/ res]voir ( f]tiliz+ matt] bel[ ! pl[1 to be drawn ^u by o!r crops = ye>s to come40 ,! ,au?or's ,=eword ,?is volume1 h[ev] /rong its /atem5ts 9 favor ( alfalfa may appe> to ^? unacqua9t$ ) t plant's productivity & b5efic5ce1 is by no means pres5t$ z an argum5t t ev]yone %\ld raise alfalfa4 ,x is int5d$ r z a cons]vative sett+ =? ( :at o!rs h f\nd alfalfa to be & d "u wide v>iations ( soil1 climate1 condition & locality2 ( its *>act]i/ics & uses2 ! mo/ approv$ me?ods ( its rais+ & utilization1 & ! e/imates ( x by ^? :o h kn[n x mo/ intimately & longe/ z a f>m =age crop & a re/or] & r5ovator ( ! soil4 ,! au?or believes 9 alfalfa2 he believes 9 x = ! big f>m] z a pr(it-br+] 9 ! =m ( hay1 or cond5s$ into beef1 pork1 mutton1 or products ( ! c[2 b he has a /ill m abid+ fai? 9 x z a ma9/ay ( ! small f>m]2 = fe$ = all 8 live /ock & = ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,to avoid ! appe>ance ( bo? special plead+ & exagg]ation ! /atem5ts h be5 gu>d$1 & _m ( a laudatory nature1 :i* fully au!nticat$ facts seem$ to ju/ify1 h be5 omitt$1 z nei!r ! au?or nor ! publi%]s h desire or will+ness to extol unduly a commodity s little ne$+ x z t ( :i* ! volume treats4 ,alfalfa's /ronge/ comm5dations are inv>iably f ^? :o "k x be/2 none are incr$ul\s :o "k x well1 & none h gr[n x b wi%$ _! acreage increas$4 ,f4 ,d4 ,,coburn4 ,topeka1 ,kansas4 #aijf ,introductory ,,by ,=m] ,gov]nor ,w4 ,d4 ,ho>d1 ( ,wiscons9 ,editor ,ho>d's ,dairyman ,i am exce$+ly gratifi$ by ! prep>ation & publication ( a new & l>g] "w devot$ to ! subject ( ,alfalfa4 ,! e>li] ef=t by ,mr4 ,coburn ^u ! same subject 0 9 _m respects a classic1 & ,i am sure f>m]s ev]y:]e w n[ hail ) joy ! adv5t ( a k9dr$ "w by him1 /ill m complete4 ,x is /range1 ?is late awak5+ all ov] ! ,union & 9 ,canada to ! fe$+ value & possibilities ( ?is m>vel\s plant4 ,aga91 x is wond]ful to me t )9 a few ye>s f>m]s ev]y:]e are be+ compell$ to revise _! judgm5t z to _! *ances ( success ) x4 ,a l>ge correspond5ce on ?is subject comes to me f e /ate 9 ! ,union & ! prov9ces ( ,canada1 & success is be+ _h 9 ! gr[+ ( alfalfa :]e n m ?an ?ree ye>s ago x 0 deem$ impossible to make x live4 ,( c\rse ! "q ( gr[+ alfalfa conta9s a ?\s& or m *ances = good or poor judgm5t4 ,m5 :o are n too conceit$1 too ignorant or too /ubborn to le>n by read+ o!r m5's exp]i5ce w g ahead rapidly & soon make a success ( x4 ,i believe ?is alfalfa movem5t is ! mo/ important agricultural ev5t ( ! c5tury4 ,= ! production ( beef1 mutton & milk1 ! comb9ation ( corn ensilage & rightly cur$ alfalfa hay1 furni%es almo/ a p]fect ration1 requir+ b a small addition ( gra9 fe$4 ,bo? ( ^! c be *eaply & easily produc$ on ne>ly e f>m 9 ! l&4 ,9 my h]d ( ne>ly fifty regi/]$ & grade ,gu]nsey c[s ^! fe$s con/itute ! %eet an*or ( my dairy "w4 ,no "o m lit]ally abets ! gr[? ( two blades ( grass :]e "o grew be=e ?an he :o effectively urges ! cultivation ( alfalfa ^u ^? :o are /rang]s to x1 & no "o is m truly work+ = ! b5efit ( agriculture1 ! basis ( all prosp]ity1 ?an he :o proclaims its excell5ce z ! =emo/ =age4 ,ho>d's ,dairyman w d all 9 its p[] to enhance ! circulation & read+ ( su* a book z ,mr4 ,coburn has made4 ,w4 ,d4 ,,ho>d4 ,=t ,atk9son1 ,wiscons94 #aijf ,publi%]'s ,ann\ncem5t ,all ! plates ( ! 8,book ( ,alfalfa0 7 de/roy$ 9 ! disa/r\s fire t consum$ our me*anical dep>tm5t ,janu>y #bh1 #aijg4 ,we h tak5 advantage ( ?is em]g5cy & pres5t ! pres5t volume 9 a new & revis$ edition1 ) ! additional mat]ial furni%$ by ! au?or4 ,,orange ,,judd ,,company4 ,table ( ,cont5ts ,page ,! ,au?or's ,=eword iv ,introductory v ,,*apt] ,i ,hi/ory1 ,description1 ,v>ieties & ,habits #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,univ]sality ( ,alfalfa #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii ,yields1 & ,comp>isons ) o!r ,crops #bj ,,*apt] ,,iv ,se$ & ,se$ ,selection #bg ,,*apt] ,v ,soil & ,se$+ #dd ,,*apt] ,,vi ,cultivation #fg ,,*apt] ,,vii ,h>ve/+ #gi ,,*apt] ,,viii ,/or+ #ic ,,*apt] ,,ix ,pa/ur+ & ,soil+ #ajg ,,*apt] ,x ,alfalfa z a ,fe$ ,/uff #abe ,,*apt] ,,xi ,alfalfa 9 ,beef-,mak+ #ach ,,*apt] ,,xii ,alfalfa & ! ,dairy #adc ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,alfalfa = ,sw9e #aed ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,alfalfa = ,horses & ,mules #afe ,,*apt] ,,xv ,alfalfa & ,%eep ,rais+ #aga ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,alfalfa & ,bees #age ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,alfalfa & ,p\ltry #ahj ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,alfalfa ,food ,prep>ations #ahb ,,*apt] ,,xix ,alfalfa = ,t[n & ,city #ahg ,,*apt] ,,xx ,alfalfa 9 ,crop ,rotation #ahi ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,nitro-,culture #aig ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,alfalfa z a ,comm]cial ,factor #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,! ,enemies ( ,alfalfa #bjf ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,difficulties & ,disc\ragem5ts #bbj ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,miscellane\s #bbc ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,alfalfa 9 ,diff]5t ,/ates #bca ,index #cbe ,li/ ( ,illu/rations ,page #a4 ,f4 ,d4 ,coburn ,frontispiece #b4 ,a ,typical ,alfalfa ,plant #a #c4 ,typical ,/ems & ,foliage ( ! ,alfalfa ,plant #a #d4 ,an ,eight-ye>-old ,alfalfa ,plant #f #e4 ,cr[n ( ,plant ,%[n 9 ! ,prec$+ ,illu/ration #f #f4 ,alfalfa ,blossoms ,enl>g$ #g #g4 ,int]grad+ ,types ( ,se$ ,betwe5 ,alfalfa & ,sweet ,clov] #ab #h4 ,se$s ( ! ,we$ ,kn[n z ,buck-horn #ac #i4 ,alfalfa ,se$s ,magnifi$ ,five ,diamet]s #ac #aj4 ,sweet ,clov]--,alfalfa--,yell[ ,trefoil #bf #aa4 ,?ree ,di/9ctive ,types ( ,alfalfa ,se$ ,magnifi$ ,twelve ,times #bg #ab4 ,yell[ ,trefoil ,pods #cb #ac4 ,alfalfa ,se$ ,pods #cb #ad4 ,sweet ,clov] ,pods #cc #ae4 ,bur ,clov] ,se$ ,pods #cc #af4 ,yell[ ,trefoil3 ,black ,m$ic3 ,hop ,clov] 7,m$icago lupul9a7 #cg #ag4 ,?ree ,g5]al ,types ( ,alfalfa ,se$ #dd #ah4 ,dodd] ,se$ ,magnifi$ #de #ai4 ,alfalfa ,se$ ,magnifi$ #de #bj4 ,dodd] ,plant on an ,alfalfa ,/em #df #ba4 ,dodd] 7,cuscuta arv5sis7 #dg #bb4 ,alfalfa & ,dodd] ,se$ 7,actual ,size7 #dg #bc4 ,dodd] 7,cuscuta epi?ymum7 #dg #bd4 ,bur ,clov] ,pod #ff #be4 ,yell[ ,trefoil ,se$ ,pod #ff #bf4 ,alfalfa ,se$ ,pod #fg #bg4 ,spott$ ,clov] ,pod #fg #bh4 ,ga!r+ ,alfalfa ,hay into ,w9dr[s ) a ,side-deliv]y ,hors]ake #gh #bi4 ,cutt+ a ,f9e ,field ( ,alfalfa #gi #cj4 ,ga!r+ an ,alfalfa ,crop 9 ,page ,c\nty1 ,i[a #ib #ca4 ,alfalfa ,h>ve/+ ,sc5e 9 ,yell[/one ,c\nty1 ,montana #ib #cb4 ,ma/ & ,boom ,/ack]1 ) ,six-t9$ ,jackson ,=k #ic #cc4 ,a ,d]rick ,/ack] #ic #cd4 ,lattice ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,cattle #ajf #ce4 ,box ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,%eep #ajf #cf4 ,lattice ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,%eep #ajg #cg4 ,box ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,cattle #ajg #ch4 ,troc> & ,cannula #aai #ci4 ,alfalfa ,field 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york #abd #dj4 ,f\r? ,cutt+ ( ,alfalfa 9 ,%awnee ,c\nty1 ,kansas #abd #da4 ,a ,second ,cutt+ ( ,alfalfa 7,july #bh7 9 ,%awnee ,c\nty1 ,ea/]n ,kansas #abe #db4 ,kansas ,f>m] ,view+ ,"o ( ,8 ,alfalfa ,fields #ach #dc4 ,h>ve/+ ,alfalfa 9 ,ohio #aci #dd4 ,%[+ ,advantage ( ,e>ly ,fall ,s[+ #aed #de4 ,five-ye>-old ,alfalfa #aee #df4 ,alfalfa ,"o ,ye> ,old1 ,%[+ ,effects ( ,inoculation #agj #dg4 ,a ,good ,type ( a ,f\r-ye>-old ,alfalfa ,plant #aga #dh4 ,alfalfa ,plant & ,roots ,%[+ ,bact]ia ,nodules #aif #di4 ,tub]cles on ,clov] ,roots #aig #ej4 ,peculi> ,nodules 9 ,gr\ps on ,small ,rootlets #bjf #ea4 ,alfalfa ,roots ,%[+ ,normal ,nodules #bjg #eb4 ,goph] ,poison+ ,tool #bad #ec4 ,& ,!re's ,/ill ,m to ,foll[ #bbj #ed4 ,dead ,prairie ,dogs #bba #ee4 ,pot ,culture ,exp]im5ts at ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois #bcj #ef4 ,six ,mon?s' ,gr[? ( ,alfalfa ,foliage #bca #eg4 ,cutt+ ,alfalfa 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia #bef #eh4 ,bal+ ,alfalfa 9 ,s\!rn ,oklahoma #bef #ei4 ,a #djj-ton ,rick ( ,alfalfa #beg #fj4 ,a ,cable ,d]rick1 ,provid$ ) a ,grapple ,=k #beg #fa4 ,sweet ,clov] 7,melilotus alba7 #bhh #fb4 ,yell[ ,trefoil 7,m$icago lupul9a7 #bhi ,illu/ration3 ,a ,typical ,alfalfa ,plant z x appe>s be=e ! blossoms are develop$4 ,f ,mi*igan ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet9 ,no4 #bbe ,illu/ration3 ,typical ,/ems & ,foliage ( ! ,alfalfa ,plant :5 beg9n+ to blossom ! mo/ suitable = hay4 ,gr[n 9 ,%awnee ,c\nty1 ,kansas1 on unirrigat$ upl& prairie ) a 8gumbo0 or h>dpan subsoil4 ,f ! season's ?ird cutt+1 ,augu/ #bj2 height #bd & #bf in*es ,,alfalfa 7,m$icago sativa1 ,l9n47 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,hi/ory1 ,description1 ,v>ieties & ,habits ,,has ,,always ,,be5 ,,kn[n ,!re appe>s no record ( a "t :5 alfalfa 0 n 9 "s portions ( ! _w e/eem$ "o ( ,nature's mo/ g5]\s b5efactions to husb&ry & an important feature ( a pr(itable agriculture4 ,its beg9n+ seems to h be5 contempor>y ) t ( man1 &1 z ) man1 its fir/ habitat 0 c5tral ,asia1 :]e ! prog5itors ( our race knew its capabilities 9 su/a9+ all h]bivor\s animal life1 & :]e1 possibly1 x too af=d$ ! h]bage :i* su/a9$ ,nebu*adnezz> 9 8 humiliat+ exile1 & ev5tually re/or$ him to sanity & manhood4 ,x 0 c>ri$ by ! ,p]sians into ,greece ) ! invasion by ,x]xes 9 #dij ,b4 ,c41 utiliz$ by ! ,romans 9 _! conque/ ( ,greece1 & c>ri$ to ,rome 9 #adf ,b4 ,c4 ,pl9y & o!r writ]s praise x z a =age plant & x has be5 9 cultivation 9 p>ts ( ,italy cont9u\sly f its introduction4 ,"s writ]s are dispos$ to av] t x 0 br\ght to ,spa9 & ,france by ! ,roman soldi]y "u ,cs> & e>ly !reaft]1 b m probably x 0 n introduc$ into ^? c\ntries until sev]al c5turies lat]4 ,x is kn[n to h be5 cultivat$ 9 ,nor!rn ,africa ab\t ! "t x 0 fir/ br\ght to ,italy2 & ! "n 8alfalfa0 be+ ,arabic ! inf]5ce might be reasonable t x 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,moors f ,nor!rn ,africa at ! "t ( _! conque/ ( ,spa9 ab\t #gaa ,a4 ,d41 b ?is is ( small consequ5ce to ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,f ,spa9 x cross$ to ,france1 & lat] to ,belgium & ,engl&4 ,x 0 highly spok5 ( by an ,engli% writ] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,am]ica ,,indebt$ ,,to ,,spa9 ,b 9 ^? ages ,europe 0 n s mu* int]e/$ 9 agriculture z 9 w>4 ,l& t5ures 7 n well fix$ & own]%ips 7 unc]ta94 ,spa91 h[ev]1 0 to p]=m at lea/ two important s]vices = half ! _w1 if none = h]self4 ,%e 0 to reveal to civilization a new cont95t1 & give to x ! mo/ valuable =age plant ev] kn[n4 ,& s1 9 #aeai1 ,cortes1 ! ,spani>d1 & 8 remorseless brig&s c>ri$ murd]1 rap9e & havoc to ,mexico1 b gave alfalfa4 ,less ?an a score ye>s lat] ,spa9 also wrote 9 ,p]u & ,*ili "s ( ! bloodie/ pages ( human hi/ory1 b left alfalfa !re1 :]e x has s9ce luxuriantly fl\ri%$4 ,if x 0 br\ght to ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 t c5tury1 x 0 n adopt$ by ! ,indian inhabitants1 :o 7 n an agricultural p1 nor by ! e>ly ,european settl]s4 ,x 0 n until ab\t #ahec or #ahed t x 0 introduc$ into nor!rn ,cali=nia1 ! leg5ds say f ,*ili1 b x _h be5 gr[n by ! ,spani>ds & ,indians 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia = probably a hundr$ ye>s1 hav+ _h a gradual migration f ,mexico4 ,/range to relate1 :ile x is ev5 n[ on ! ,atlantic coa/ discuss$ z a new plant1 !re is good evid5ce t x has be5 9 cultivation on a small scale 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,new ,york & ,p5nsylvania = probably "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,c]ta9ly !re are small fields 9 ^? /ates t h be5 produc+ = ov] sixty ye>s1 & !re are to be f\nd articles & lett]s writt5 f> e>li] %[+ t x 0 !n kn[n & _h be5 prov54 ,"o ,spurri]1 9 a book d$icat$ to ,?omas ,jeff]son1 & writt5 9 #agic1 spoke highly ( alfalfa1 call$ 8luc]ne20 told h[ x %\ld be cultivat$1 & t ?ree crops ( valuable hay c\ld be cut annually4 ,9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agriculture10 publi%$ at ,albany 9 #ahja1 x 0 favorably m5tion$1 & 9 ! 8,f>m]s' ,assi/ant10 pr9t$ 9 ,albany 9 #ahae1 alfalfa 0 prais$ & ! /atem5t made ( its yield+ #f to #i tons ( hay p] acre 8"u ! be/ cultivation & pl5tiful manur+40 ,yet its cultivation did n spread4 ,! in]tia ( f>m]s1 or p]haps _! indiff]5ce to new ideas1 9 ! e>ly days mu/ h be5 m>vel\s4 ,accord+ to ,spurri] ! difficulties 7 n consid]$ great] ?an n[2 he said "o plant+ w\ld survive _m ye>s & ! yield 0 ?ree times z great z t ( any o!r =age plant4 ,! se$ 0 no d\bt introduc$ !re f ,engl& or ,france2 x 0 probably sc>ce1 & difficult to secure f gr[+s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,,! ,,"n ,,& ,,its ,,orig9 ,! "n 8,alfalfa0 is f an ,arabic ^w mean+ 8! be/ fodd]10 :i* honor x c c]ta9ly /ill claim4 ,_m writ]s h assum$ t ! "n 8,luc]ne0 :i* x be>s 9 ,france & ,engl&1 0 f ! "n ( ! ,swiss canton1 ,luc]ne4 ,?is is a mi/ake z x 0 n kn[n !re until long aft] x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! "n is probably f ! ,spani% ^w 8,us]das0 :i* ! ,fr5* *ang$ to 8,la-cuz]do0 & lat] to 8,luz]ne10 /ill lat] to 8,liz]ne0 & !n to 8,luc]ne40 ,among o!r names by :i* alfalfa is kn[n are ! foll[+3 ,luc]ne2 ,fr5* ,luc]ne2 ,fr5* ,clov]1 9 "p2 ,mexican ,clov]1 9 "p2 ,luc]ne ,clov]2 ,luc]ne ,m$icago2 ,alfalfa ,clov]2 ,*ilian ,clov]2 ,brazilian ,clov]2 ,syrian ,clov]2 ,sa9fo91 errone\sly2 ,spani% ,trefoil2 ,purple ,m$ick2 ,manur$ ,m$ick2 ,cultivat$ ,m$icago2 ,m$ick4 ,p]sian1 ,isfi/2 ,greek1 ,m$icai2 ,lat91 ,m$ica1 ,h]ba ,m$ica2 ,italian1 ,h]ba ,spagna2 ,spani%1 ,melga or ,meilga1 also 7f ! ,arabic71 ,alfalfa1 ,alfasafat2 ,fr5*1 ,la ,luc]ne2 ,g]man1 ,luc]ne1 ,common ,fodd]1 ,snail ,clov]1 ,blue ,snail ,clov]1 ,bran*+ ,clov]1 ,/em ,clov]1 ,mon?ly ,clov]1 ,horn$ ,clov]1 9 "p1 ,p]5nial ,clov]1 ,blue ,p]5nial ,clov]1 ,burgundy ,clov]1 ,wel% ,clov]1 ,sicilian ,clov]4 ,alfalfa belongs to ! botanical family ,legum9osae1 or ! legumes1 ( :i* !re are ?\s&s ( species1 & is ?us relat$ to all clov]s1 peas1 vet*es & beans4 ,its botanical "n is ,m$icago sativa4 ,!re are "s fifty species ( ! g5us ,m$icago t are kn[n1 b alfalfa & "o or two o!rs are all t are ( practical value z fodd]s4 ,x is a true p]5nial plant1 smoo?1 upright1 bran*+1 ord9>ily gr[+ f "o to f\r feet high1 yet 9 "s in/ances mu* high]1 ow+ to conditions ( soil1 climate & cultivation4 ,its leaves are ?ree p>t$1 ea* leaflet be+ broade/ ab\t ! middle1 r\nd$ 9 outl9e & slightly too!d t[>d ! apex4 ,! purple pea-l fl[]s in/ead ( be+ 9 a head1 z 9 r$ clov]1 are 9 long1 loose clu/]s or racemes4 ,^! are scatt]$ along ! plant's /ems & bran*es1 in/ead ( be+ especially borne1 z 9 r$ clov]1 on ! extremities ( ! bran*es4 ,! matur$ se$-pods are spirally twi/$ ?r\gh two or ?ree complete curves1 & ea* pod conta9s sev]al se$s4 ,! se$s are kidney-%ap$1 & av]age ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in* long by half z ?ick4 ,!y are ab\t "o-half l>g] ?an se$s ( r$ clov]1 & 9 color are at _! be/ an olive gre5 or a bright egg-yell[1 in/ead ( a r$di% or mu/>d yell[1 or fad$ br[n4 ,! ends ( ! se$s are slightly compress$ :]e !y are cr[d$ toge!r 9 ! pod4 ,alfalfa is v long-liv$2 fields 9 ,mexico1 x is claim$1 h be5 cont9u\sly productive )\t replant+ = ov] two hundr$ ye>s1 & o!rs 9 ,france are kn[n to h fl\ri%$ = m ?an a c5tury4 ,its usual life 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is probably f t5 to tw5ty-five ye>s1 al?\gh !re is a field 9 ,new ,york t has be5 m[n successively = ov] sixty ye>s4 ,x is n unlikely t "u its normal conditions & ) normal c>e x w\ld well-nigh be1 z x is call$1 ev]la/+4 ,,its ,,wond]ful ,,root ,,sy/em ,9 its root gr[? x is probably ! greate/ wond] among plants4 ,:ile x usually gr[s no high] ?an f\r or five feet 7al?\gh x has be5 kn[n to rea* m ?an t5 feet2 an unirrigat$ /alk is on exhibition at ! (fice ( ! ,kansas ,bo>d ( ,agriculture1 measur+ ne>ly sev5 feet7 & its normal height is ab\t ?ree feet1 its roots g d[n t51 tw5ty1 or m feet1 & "o case 9 ,nevada is report$ by ,*>les ,w4 ,iri%1 *ief ( ,irrigation ,inquiry ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 :]e ! roots 7 f\nd p5etrat+ ?r\gh crevices 9 ! ro( ( a tunnel "o hundr$ & tw5ty-n9e feet bel[ ! surface ( an alfalfa field4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,headd5 ( ,colorado f\nd roots n9e feet long f alfalfa only n9e mon?s old1 & ano!r reports roots sev5te5 in*es long ( b f\r weeks' gr[?1 ! plants be+ b six in*es high4 ,x usually has a sl5d] taproot1 ) _m bran*es t5d+ d[nw>d1 yet ) consid]able lat]al gr[?4 ,z ! taproot is pi]c+ ! e>? x is also s5d+ out new fibr\s roots1 :ile ! upp] ones1 decay+1 are leav+ humus & provid+ innum]able op5+s = air1 ! ra9s1 & f]tiliz+ elem5ts f ! surface soil4 ,! me*anical effect ( ?is root-gr[? & decay 9 ! soil con/itutes "o ( ! greate/ virtues ( ! plant1 & by its roots alfalfa becomes1 self-act+1 by f> ! mo/ effici5t1 deep rea*+ subsoil] & r5ovator kn[n to agriculture4 ,,v>ieties ,,& ,,peculi>ities ,!re are sev]al o!r v>ieties ( alfalfa besides ,m$icago sativa1 ! mo/ common be+ ! ,int]m$iate ,luc]ne or ,m$icago m$ia1 ! ,yell[ ,luc]ne or ,m$icago foliata & ,turke/an alfalfa or ,m$icago sativa ,turke/anica4 ,none ( ^! h su* unqualifi$ value z ! ord9>y alfalfa2 9 fact ! fir/ two are prop]ly reg>d$ z we$s :5 f\nd ) ,m$icago sativa4 ,9 #ahih :5 !re _h be5 report$ _m failures 9 ! alfalfa di/ricts ( ! extreme ,nor? & ! extreme ,s\?we/1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture s5t ,pr(4 ,n4 ,e4 ,hans5 ( ,s\? ,dakota to ,russia1 especially ! cold1 arid & semi-arid portions ( nor!rn ,turke/an1 to discov] if possible a m h>dy /ra9 ( alfalfa ?an t gr[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,he br\ght back f !re sev]al hundr$ bu%els ( se$ :i* 0 di/ribut$ to gov]nm5t /ations & individual exp]im5t]s 9 =ty-sev5 /ates & t]ritories4 ,! reports ( its behavior v>i$ greatly1 "s gr[]s be+ en?usia/ically 9 its favor1 :ile mo/ report$ results bel[ or n above ! av]age f o!r sorts1 & "s practically a failure4 ,x w\ld appe> f ! cons5sus ( op9ion at ?is "t t ! ,turke/an alfalfa has n demon/rat$ 9 ,am]ica any su* sup]iority z to ju/ify its g5]al adoption1 ev5 9 ! dry & w>m regions ( ! ,s\?we/1 9 our cold] /ates1 or 9 ,canada4 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,eight-ye>-old ,alfalfa ,plant ) #cab /ems gr[+ f "o root4 ,gr[n at ,manhattan1 ,kan41 on high upl& prairie hav+ a /iff1 h>dpan subsoil4 ,dep? to wat] #ahj feet ,height ( gr[? ,may #f1 t5 in*es ,illu/ration3 ,cr[n ( ,plant ,%[n 9 ! ,prec$+ ,illu/ration ,/alks remov$ to %[ bran*+ cr[n ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,blossoms ,enl>g$ ,among o!r claims = ,turke/an alfalfa by ! gov]nm5t (ficials 9 *>ge ( its introduction & exploitation h be5 t 8its se$ w g]m9ate mu* quick] & ! plants />t into gr[? e>li] "u ! same conditions ?an common alfalfa4 ,! plants are m leafy1 gr[ m rapidly1 & h a /rong]1 m vigor\s root sy/em4 ,ano!r advantage :i* ! ,turke/an v>iety has is t ! /ems are m sl5d] & less woody1 ! plants mak+ a m nutriti\s hay ( f9] quality4 ,t x w )/& dr\ght "u ! same conditions bett] ?an ord9>y alfalfa seems c]ta9 f ! reports ( ! exp]im5t]s4 ,9 ! ,we/ & ,nor?we/1 at lea/1 x seems to be m productive1 bo? ) & )\t irrigation40 ,at ! ,nor? ,dakota /ation ,turke/an alfalfa s[n 9 #aija yield$ 9 ! ?ree ye>s foll[+ 7#aijb-c-d7 at ! av]age rate ( slightly m ?an two tons p] acre annually4 ,acclimation ( alfalfa is a sl[ process1 & num]\s close obs]v]s ?9k !re are too _m radical diff]5ces 9 climate & possibly ( soil betwe5 ,turke/an & ,new ,mexico1 or ,nor? ,dakota1 to admit ( ?is v>iety's becom+ a preem95tly valuable acquisition to ,am]ica4 ,x is ?\ght m reasonable to let ! ,am]ican-gr[n alfalfa gradually accu/om itself1 z x w1 to any p>ticul> region1 s[+ se$ f ne>ly ! same latitude & gr[n "u z ne>ly z possible ! conditions x w enc\nt] 9 its new environm5t4 ,9 #aijc ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture began exp]im5t+ on a small scale at /ations 9 ,arizona1 ,cali=nia & ! w>m regions ) alfalfa se$ procur$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,fair*ild1 f ,arabia4 ,! (ficials 9 *>ge obs]ve t ! plants f ?is se$ appe> to make a mu* quick] gr[? aft] cutt+1 & z a result ( ?is "o m crop 9 a season ?an is obta9$ f o!r alfalfa may be possible4 ,x diff]s f o!r /ra9s 9 hav+ l>g] leaflets & 9 be+ mu* m hairy4 8,x is ?\ght v probable t by c>eful selection h>d9ess c be br$ into ,arabian alfalfa s t x w gr[ mu* f>!r nor? ?an x does at pres5t40 ,,an ,,op9ion ,,f ,,headqu>t]s ,z a latt] day op9ion or e/imate ( alfalfa f an (ficial :o is presum$ to speak z an au?ority1 )\t bias & kn[+ 8 subject1 ! words ( ,w4 ,j4 ,spillman1 agro/ologi/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 %\ld c>ry weight4 ,9 an address be=e ! elev5? annual conv5tion ( ! ,national ,hay ,association1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 9 #aijd1 ,pr(essor ,spillman said3 8,alfalfa is ! olde/ plant kn[n to man2 x is ! mo/ valuable =age plant ev] discov]$4 ,x has n be5 appreciat$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates until ! la/ five ye>s4 ,we are n[ gr[+ x successfully 9 e /ate 9 ! ,union1 & ,i believe x is safe to say 9 e agricultural c\nty 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is be+ gr[n ) success4 ,two weeks ago ,i secur$ a picture ( a field ( alfalfa 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a t 0 s[$ ov] sixty-n9e ye>s ago4 ,x 0 /ill 9 pretty good condition4 ,i "k ( ano!r field 9 ,new ,york ,/ate s[$ =ty-five ye>s ago1 & "o 9 ,m9nesota t 0 s[$ ?irty-?ree ye>s ago4 ,all ov] ! ,we/ !re are ?\s&s ( fields ( alfalfa t 7 s[$ tw5ty-five ye>s ago t are /ill yield+ l>ge crops4 ,9 ,wiscons9 alfalfa yields ?ree crops ( hay a ye>1 & 9 ,texas1 f\r & five l>ge crops4 ,9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 bel[ sea-level1 :]e !y nev] h any fro/1 !y cut alfalfa elev5 times a ye>1 & 9 ,texas1 s\? ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 !y cut x n9e times a ye>4 8,alfalfa does n exhau/ ! soil4 ,nitrog5 is ! soil's mo/ important elem5t1 & ! "o mo/ liable to give out2 ! "o ! f>m] is call$ ^u to supply fir/4 ,alfalfa does n ask ! f>m] = nitrog5 at all1 because x c get its nitrog5 out ( ! atmosph]e4 ,f\r-fif?s ( ! atmosph]e consi/s ( nitrog54 ,ord9>ily1 plants _c make use ( t nitrog5 at all2 ! roots ( ! alfalfa w leave 9 ! soil eight or t5 times z mu* nitrog5 z 0 !re be=e4 ,! f>m] :o plants alfalfa1 clov] or peas does n h to get nitrog5 f ! f]tiliz] factories4 ,i "k "o f>m] :o = ! pa/ eight ye>s has made an av]age ( eight & "o-half tons p] acre ( alfalfa on irrigat$ l& 9 ! /ate ( ,wa%+ton4 ,i h he>d ( o!r m5 t produc$ twelve tons an acre 9 s\!rn ,texas on irrigat$ l&4 ,x w\ld h>dly be possible to produce t mu* on l& t is n irrigat$1 because ra9 does n come to ord]4 8,i h liv$ t5 ye>s 9 a c\ntry :]e ! horses1 cattle1 %eep1 hogs & *ick5s eat alfalfa hay1 or gre5 alfalfa1 ! ye> r\nd4 ,x is ! ri*e/ hay food kn[n4 ,elev5 p\nds ( x is wor? z mu* = fe$+ purposes z t5 p\nds ( bran40 ,a mo/ pleas+ ^w-picture ( alfalfa is t by ,geo4 ,l4 ,clo?i]1 ,m4 ,s41 :o has /udi$ 8 subject closely 9 ! field1 ! fe$ lot & ! laboratory1 & he pa9ts x ?us3 8,! cultivation & fe$+ ( alfalfa m>k ! highe/ developm5t ( our mod]n agriculture4 ,alfalfa is "o ( nature's *oice/ gifts to man4 ,x is ! pres]v] & ! cons]v] ( ! home/ead4 ,x is peculi>ly adapt$ to a c\ntry ) a republican gov]nm5t1 = x smiles alike on ! ri* & ! poor4 ,x does n fail f old age4 ,x loves ! sun%9e1 conv]t+ ! sunbeams into gold co9 9 ! pockets ( ! ?rifty husb&man4 ,x is ! greate/ mortgage lift] yet discov]$4 8,! alfalfa plant furni%es ! prote9 to con/ruct & repair ! bra9s ( /atesm54 ,x builds up ! muscles & bones ( ! w>-horse1 & gives 8 rid] s9ews ( iron4 ,alfalfa makes ! h5s cackle & ! turkeys gobble4 ,x induces ! pigs to squeal & grunt ) satisfaction4 ,x causes ! cont5t$ c[ to give pailsful ( creamy milk1 & ! ,%or?orn & :ite-fac$ /e]s to bawl = ! fe$ rack4 ,alfalfa s(t5s ! disposition ( ! colt & h>d5s 8 bones & muscles4 ,x fatt5s lambs z no o!r fe$1 & promotes a wool clip t is a v]itable gold5 fleece4 ,x compels skim-milk calves to make ga9s ( two p\nds p] day4 ,x helps ! f>m] to produce pork at a c5t & a half a p\nd & beef at two c5ts4 8,alfalfa trans=ms ! upl& f>m f a sometime wa/e ( gulli$ clay banks into an undulat+ mead[ fecund ) plant-food4 ,x drills = wat]1 work+ #cfe days 9 ! ye> )\t any recomp5se f man4 ,! labor x p]=ms 9 p5etrat+ ! subsoil is enorm\s4 ,no o!r agricultural plant leaves ! soil 9 su* good physical condition z alfalfa4 ,x prospects b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>? & br+s h] hidd5 treasures to ! light ( day4 ,x takes ! e>?1 air1 moi/ure & sun%9e1 & transmutes !m into n\ri%+ fe$ /uffs & into t9ts ( gre5 & purple1 & into nect> & sweet p]fumes1 allur+ ! busy bees to visits ( reciprocity1 :]eon !y c>ess ! alfalfa blossoms1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 p\r out secretions ( nect> fit = ,jupit] to sip4 ,x =ms a p>tn]%ip ) ! micro-organisms ( ! e>? by :i* x is enabl$ to enri* ! soil ^u :i* x fe$s4 ,x br+s gold into ! f>m]'s purse by processes m my/]i\s ?an ! al*emy ( old4 ,! f>m] ) a fifty-acre mead[ ( alfalfa w h /eady1 enjoyable employm5t f ,june to ,octob]2 = z soon z he has f9i%$ ga!r+ ! hay at "o end ( ! field x w be aga9 ready = ! m[] at ! o!r4 ,! homes surr\nd$ by fields ( alfalfa h an e/hetic advantage unkn[n to ^? :]e ! plant is n gr[n4 ,! alfalfa mead[ is clo!d ) purple & gre5 & exhales fragrant1 balmy odors ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season to be waft$ by ! breezes into ! adjac5t f>mh\ses40 ,illu/ration3 ,int]grad+ ,types ( ,se$ ,betwe5 ,alfalfa & ,sweet ,clov] ,! six se$s to ! left be+ alfalfa1 ! five to ! "r ,sweet clov]4 ,magnifi$ eight diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,se$s ( ! ,we$ ,kn[n z ,buck-horn ,ribb$ planta91 ,engli% planta91 or ,rib-grass1 7,plantago lanceolata74 ,v commonly pres5t 9 alfalfa se$1 especially t ( ,european orig9 ,a bad we$4 ,magnification five diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,se$s ,magnifi$ ,five ,diamet]s ,note ! *>act]i/ic angul> po9t at "o end1 typical ( alfalfa4 ,! kidney-%ap$ type1 z 9 8a0 is also *>act]i/ic4 ,! r\nd$ type 8b0 is r>e1 & resembles ,sweet clov]4 ,se$s m>k$ 8c0 & 8d0 resemble ,yell[ trefoil 9 ! project+ 8beak0 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,univ]sality ( ,alfalfa ,,its ,,wide ,,di/ribution ,z ! hi/ory ( alfalfa is trac$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! conclusion is rea*$ t its di/ribution is n to be circumscrib$ by any h>d & fa/ l9es ( climate & soil4 ,x is gr[n pr(itably 9 e c\ntry ( ,europe1 9 c5tral ,asia1 its orig9al home1 9 ,au/ralia1 ! isl&s ( ! sea1 & 9 almo/ e /ate & t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ,canada4 ,only two /ates1 ,ma9e & ,new ,hamp%ire1 & only "o t]ritory1 ,alaska1 are left :olly 9 ! exp]im5tal column4 ,ev]y:]e else !re h be5 su* results z to prove t x ought to become1 9 great] or less degree1 a /aple crop on practically e f>m1 dep5d5t only ^u m en]gy1 fai? & skill on ! "p ( ! f>m]1 & a natural acclimation4 ,!re are sev]al o!r /ates su* z ,v]mont1 ,massa*usetts1 ,connecticut1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,mi*igan1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,arkansas & ,nor? ,dakota :]e ! exp]im5t /ation exp]ts are n fully ready to recomm5d x z a regul> crop = e f>m1 yet1 9 ea* ( ^! !re are ent]pris+ f>m]s :o h = ye>s f\nd pr(it 9 its rais+4 ,! /ation au?orities 9 ,v]mont say t success ) alfalfa !re 8dep5ds fir/ on ! man1 & second on ! soil40 ,w4 ,r4 ,dodson1 botani/ ( ! ,l\isiana /ation1 says x is 8 firm conviction t no?+ w contribute s mu* z alfalfa t[>d mak+ ! s\!rn f>m self-suppli$ ) fe$ = "w animals1 = ! production ( dairy products1 & home rais$ meat4 8,i d\bt10 he also says1 8if alfalfa does bett] any:]e outside ! irrigat$ regions ( ! ,we/ ?an x does 9 ! alluvial l&s ( ,l\isiana4 ,we h _h z high z eight cutt+s 9 "o ye>1 ) a total tonnage l>g] ?an is _h 9 ,kansas or ,nebraska1 & our annual ra9fall is sixty-five in*es1 or m40 ,f ,ont>io1 ,canada1 comes a report ( a yield ( f\r tons to ! acre 9 ?ree cutt+s1 on a clay hillside2 at f>-(f ,m$ic9e ,hat1 ,nor?we/ ,t]ritory1 x makes a gr[? pron\nc$ 8ph5om5al10 & at ! exp]im5tal f>m at ,br&on1 ,manitoba1 ?ree cutt+s p] ye> are h>ve/$4 ,on a gravelly hill 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 a field 0 s[n 9 ,april1 #aijj4 ,two crops 7 cut f x t summ]1 ?ree 9 #aija1 & ! fir/ cutt+ 9 #aijb yield$ ?ree tons p] acre4 ,9 s\!rn ,m9nesota1 "s ?rifty ,g]mans1 n kn[+ t 8alfalfa w n gr[ 9 ,m9nesota10 h be5 rais+ x s9ce #ahgb1 :ile o!rs 7 decl>+ x impossible4 ,a half-score ( m5 9 ! sagebru% wilds ( ,nevada decid$ to try x1 & 9 #ahgb !y _h #fbe prosp]\s acres1 )\t pl[+ & )\t irrigation4 ,j4 ,h4 ,grisdale1 agriculturi/ ( ! ,c5tral exp]im5tal f>m at ,ottawa1 7,bul4 ,no4 #df7 says1 8x is gr[n 9 ,canada m or less ext5sively f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,x is ! /aple =age plant = w9t] 9 ! dry] "p ( ,briti% ,columbia1 & x has be5 gr[n 9 ,s\!rn ,alb]ta = _m ye>s4 ,x is n mu* kn[n 9 ,manitoba1 b is possible ( easy propagation 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ,ont>io4 ,x is1 & has be5 gr[n long & successfully 9 ,quebec1 & is n unkn[n 9 ,nova ,scotia & ,new ,brunswick40 ,9 ,cape ,colony1 ,s\? ,africa1 8luc]ne c be cut f f\r to six times 9 summ] & f once to twice 9 w9t]1 & is ! greate/ =age plant 9 ! _w40 ,9 #aija ! ,briti% consul at ,bu5os ,ayres report$ alfalfa z cov]+ 8an enorm\s area 9 ,arg5t9a1 & e ye> becom+ m important40 ,,n ,,p>ticul> ,,z ,,to ,,soil ,:ile exp]ts h be5 decl>+ t alfalfa w\ld only gr[ 9 c]ta9 soils & 9 c]ta9 climates x has prov5 adaptability to ne>ly all climates & almo/ all soils4 ,x produces ) a ra9fall z scant z #ad in*es1 & 9 ! ,gulf /ates fl\ri%es ) #fe in*es4 ,x gives crops at an elevation ( #hjjj feet above sea level1 & 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia x gr[s bel[ sea level to a height ( six feet or ov]1 ) n9e cutt+s a ye>1 aggregat+ t5 to twelve tons4 ,an au!nticat$ photograph 9 possession ( ! writ]1 reproduc$ opposite page #bca1 %[s a wond]ful alfalfa plant rais$ 9 ! 7irrigat$7 des]t ( s\!rn ,cali=nia1 sixty feet bel[ sea level1 t measur$ consid]ably m ?an t5 feet 9 height4 ,satisfactory crops are rais$1 b on limit$ areas z yet1 9 ,v]mont & ,florida4 ,new ,york has gr[n x = ov] "o hundr$ ye>s 9 h] clay & gravel2 ,nebraska gr[s x 9 h] we/]n s& hills )\t pl[+1 z does ,nevada on h] sagebru% des]t4 ,! deplet$ cotton soils ( ,alabama & ri* corn l&s ( ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri ea* respond g5]\sly ) pr(itable yields to ! ent]pris+ f>m]1 :ile its accumulat$ nitrog5 & ! sub-soil+ x effects are mak+ ! ri* l& m valuable & giv+ back to ! crop-worn ! priceless elem5ts ( :i* x has be5 9 successive g5]ations despoil$ by a consci5celess husb&ry4 ,its introduction into ,m>yl& 0 l>gely ?r\gh ! p]sev]ance ( ,pr(4 ,w4 ,t4 ,l4 ,taliaf]ro ( ! agricultural college1 :o says3 8,! future = alfalfa = s\!rn ,m>yl& is bright1 inde$1 & ) its g5]al introduction w come a new era ( prosp]ity = ! #8l[] c\nties4' ,live /ock f>m+ w take ! place ( tobacco f>m+4 ,! f]tiliz+ elem5ts ( ! soil w be conc5trat$ at home in/ead ( be+ %ipp$ abroad4 ,l>g] crops w be rais$4 ,soil improvem5t w take ! place ( soil exhau/ion2 worn-out f>ms w be re/or$ to _! orig9al f]tility40 ,,! ,,oracles ,,refut$ ,"o by "o ! oracul> /atem5ts ( s-call$ exp]ts h be5 %[n at fault4 ,"o said1 8x w gr[ :]ev] corn w gr[20 & z promptly m5 f ,new ,york & ,l\isiana rise & say t !y are gr[+ x :]e corn w n gr[4 ,ano!r decl>es1 8x w n gr[ ov] a h>dpan or gumbo subsoil20 at once a ,new ,york man reports a good field ( alfalfa ) roots fifte5 feet long t pass ?r\gh six in*es ( h>dpan :i* 0 s h>d t x _h to be brok5 ) a pick axe 9 foll[+ ! root4 ,a ,kansas man writes t he has eighty acres t has /ood five ye>s & promises to cont9ue indef9itely1 yield+ #d tons f ?ree cutt+s a ye>1 & ! :ole ( x on gumbo soil :]e corn rais+ 0 a failure4 ,ano!r decl>es1 8x mu/ h a ri*1 s&y loam10 & =?) f ! des]ts ( ,nevada1 ! s& hills ( ,nebraska & ! ?91 worn1 clay soils ( ! ,s\? come reports ( satisfactory yields4 ,su* results are significant1 indicat+ bett] returns ?an any o!r crop br+s f ^! v>i$ soils1 & t few f>m]s are ju/ifi$ 9 po/pon+ ! addition ( alfalfa to _! agriculture because ( suppos$ h9drance ( soil & climate4 ,a ,,new ,,york ,,example ,z cit+ an example1 & sugge/ive ( ! fact t alfalfa n only gr[s b fl\ri%es 9 ! ea/]n /ates :]e ! claim has be5 made t x w\ld n gr[1 ! foll[+ by ! editor ( ! ,rural ,new-,york]1 9 8 j\rnal ( ,septemb] #c1 #aijd1 is =cibly to ! po9t3 8,a f>m] visit+ ! ,new ,york /ate fair ?is ye> w d well to take "t to look at "s ( ! alfalfa fields ne> ,syracuse4 ,:e!r x means t ! soil 9 ?is locality is well suit$ to alfalfa1 or t f>m]s h le>n$ h[ to gr[ x1 x is a fact t ! crop makes a wond]ful %[+ !re4 ,y f9d x ev]y:]e--9 great bill[y fields ( gre51 along ! roadsides--ev5 9 vacant city lots4 ,! crop cr[ds 9 :e!r ! se$ is s[n by h&1 dropp$ f a pass+ load or scatt]$ by ! w9d4 ,! majority ( ! f>ms %[ great fields ( x1 & ! "* ( f>m+ is sl[ly *ang+ z m & m alfalfa is cut4 ,on fruit f>ms or small private places ! crop is *ang+ me?ods & habits4 ,a few acres 9 alfalfa provides all ! r\ghness ne$$ = /ock on ^! small places1 & gives extra room = fruit or simil> crops4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ^! alfalfa fields is ! way !y are *ang+ ! entire conditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is simil> to :at happ5s :5 a new indu/ry is e/abli%$ 9 a t[n or city4 8,! ,grange meet+ at a ,mr4 ,work]'s f>m1 0 held 9 a great b>n4 ,he _h delay$ ! alfalfa cutt+ s t ! b>n might be empty4 ,"s o!r f>m]s ne>by _h already cut4 ,i _h a *ance to see alfalfa gr[+ "u :at seem$ to me ab\t ! t\ghe/ *ance y c give a plant4 ,! city ( ,syracuse is buy+ gravel f 8 field1 to use on ! /reet4 ,! workm5 are digg+ "r into ! hill1 & x requires h>d labor to pick up ?is t\gh1 h>d soil4 ,z !y dig !y foll[ ! roots ( ! alfalfa d[n4 ,"s ( ! roots are q z l>ge z my ?umb1 & ,i am sure t _m ( !m _h gone d[n tw5ty feet at lea/ into ?is t\gh soil4 ,^! big roots make pl[+ an alfalfa sod any?+ b fun4 ,?is is "o ( ! few objections to ! crop4 ,i _h suppos$ t ! plant does its be/ :]e x c "w d[n into an op5 or gravel subsoil4 ,i h be5 told by "o :o is call$ an #8exp]t' t alfalfa _c ?rive on a h>dpan subsoil1 yet "h x 0 go+ d[n into ! t\ghe/ soil ,i ev] saw1 & cov]+ ! surface ) a p]fect mat ( gre5 /alks4 ,mr4 ,work] goes s f> z to say t ! t\gh] ! subsoil ! bett] ! alfalfa goes ?r\gh x1 provid$ wat] does n /& ab\t ! roots4 ,t is "o po9t ^u :i* all agree--! alfalfa _c /& wet feet4 ,x mu/ h wat] en\gh2 t is :y its roots g d[n s f>1 b x w n ?rive 9 wet fields :]e wat] does n run easily away4 8,on o!r f>ms ,i saw ! alfalfa gr[+ at ! top ( /eep clay hills1 :i* 7 =m]ly almo/ useless = f>m purposes unless /uff$ ) /able manure4 ,n[ t alfalfa has be5 />t$ ^! hill-tops h become ab\t ! mo/ pr(itable fields on ! f>m4 ,at ano!r place ,i saw a fair crop ( alfalfa gr[+ 9 a ?9 /reak ( soil ov] a rocky l$ge4 ,!re 7 n eighte5 in*es ( soil cov]+ ! solid rock1 yet ! alfalfa 0 ?riv+4 ,i h be5 told t ?is is ! condition "u :i* alfalfa w n gr[1 yet "h x 0 giv+ m =age ?an any r$ clov] we c gr[4 ,i h said t ! spread+ ( ^! alfalfa fields is *ang+ ! "* ( f>m+ 9 c5tral ,new ,york4 ,x is n easy to realize j :at ?is means )\t visit+ ?is favor$ section4 ,?is new =age plant br+s f]tility & fe$ to ! f>m4 ,x is j l hav+ a f]tiliz] factory & a fe$ /ore drop out ( ! skies ^u ! f>m1 to get ?is alfalfa well />t$4 ,( c\rse z ! f>m] le>ns :at ! crop w d he uses x m & m to fe$ bo? /ock & ! f>m4 ,x w\ld n be a v bright f>m] :o w\ld cont9ue to gr[ :eat or "s o!r annual crop :i* br+s him #be p] acre :5 a p]man5t crop l alfalfa w gu>antee #fj4 ,"s f>m]s are quick] to see ?is ?an o!rs1 b 9 ! end ! majority ( !m see x & !n we see a *ange4 ,^! alfalfa f>m]s are giv+ a great object lesson1 & _! f>ms are m int]e/+ ?an any exhibit at ! /ate fair40 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,yields1 & ,comp>isons ,) ,o!r ,crops ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,clov] ,_m ?+s are und]/ood be/ ?r\gh contra/s ) o!rs bett] kn[n4 ,9 e "p ( ! c\ntry c]ta9 crops are consid]$ /&>d1 & all o!rs are judg$ by comp>ison ) ^!4 ,= example1 r$ clov] 9 mo/ p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is rank$ z ! ri*e/ & be/ yield+ =age1 & ! f]tiliz] & r5ovator p> excell5ce4 ,! ,massa*usetts exp]im5t /ation aft] a s]ies ( te/s reports t #ajj p\nds ( clov] conta9 #dg4di p\nds ( dige/ible food & #f4ie p\nds ( proteids1 :ile #ajj p\nds ( alfalfa conta9 #ed4dc p\nds ( dige/ible food & #aa4bb p\nds ( proteids4 ,! ,new ,j]sey /ation reports t ! av]age yield p] annum ( gre5 clov] to ! acre is #ad1jjj p\nds1 & ( gre5 alfalfa #cf1ejj p\nds2 ! prote9 9 ! clov] is #faf p\nds & 9 ! alfalfa1 #bbad p\nds2 "o ton ( alfalfa has #bfe p\nds ( prote91 & clov] only #bdf p\nds4 ,b alfalfa w produce ?ree1 f\r1 or m cutt+s ea* ye>1 :ile clov] w produce b "o or at mo/ two4 ,fur!r1 clov] w ord9>ily survive b two ye>s1 :ile alfalfa w la/ f t5 to "o hundr$1 ?us sav+ _m pl[+s & se$+s4 ,x is also e/imat$ t ! /ubble & root-gr[? ( alfalfa are wor? at lea/ f\r times z mu* = humus z are ^? ( clov]1 :ile ! me*anical & o!r b5efic5t effects ( ! long alfalfa roots f> excel ^? ( clov]4 ,! alfalfa field is gre5 = pa/urage a mon? e>li] 9 ! spr+ ?an clov] & may be m[$ a mon? e>li]4 ,x />ts a vigor\s gr[? at once aft] cutt+1 cov]+ ! gr\nd ) its luxuriant foliage be=e ! second gr[? ( clov] has made any sub/antial progress4 ,! ,wiscons9 exp]im5t /ation says t 8"o acre ( alfalfa yields z mu* prote9 z ?ree acres ( clov]1 z mu* z n9e acres ( timo?y & twelve times z mu* z an acre ( brome grass40 ,,comp>isons ,,) ,,sev]al ,,grasses ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,yield ,plat ,hay1p] acre1 ,no4 ,v>iety ,gr[n lbs4 lbs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,june ,clov] #dgc #b1cfe #b ,mammo? ,clov] #dge #b1cge #c ,alsike ,clov] #dac #b1jfe #da;,alfalfa 7fir/ cutt+7 #bf in*es high1 ,june #bi? #haf #d1jhj #e ,blue-grass #ege #b1hge #f ,or*>d grass #dgh #b1cij #g ,timo?y #efj #b1hjj #h ,r$-top #dgj #b1cej #i ,mead[ fescue #cge #a1hge #aj ,tall mead[ oat grass #fjj #c1jjj #aa ,italian rye grass 4444 4444 #abb ,timo?y1 blue-grass & or*>d grass mix$ #bjc #a1jae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #a ,! alfalfa plat yield$ a second cutt+ #bf in*es high on ,augu/ #bnd1 & a ?ird #bd in*es high ,septemb] #a/2 !re 0 also a six-in* aft]-gr[? e/imat$ at #ahj p\nds4 ,! total alfalfa yield 0 equival5t1 8approximately to #f tons ( good dry =age40 ,none ( ! o!r clov]s or grasses gave m ?an "o cutt+4 #b ,robb$ some:at ( bo? plant food & moi/ure by an adjac5t r[ ( gr[n cottonwood trees4 ,! ,nebraska exp]im5t /ation has made v c>eful te/s ( ! comp>ative yields ( v>i\s grasses1 clov]s & mixtures4 ,^! 7 on plats ( "o-fif? ( an acre4 ,! =ego+ table %[s ! yields ! second ye> f plant+1 :i* ow+ to ! v dry spr+ 0 a q unfavorable season4 ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,corn ,! ,colorado /ation reports a comp>ison ) corn z foll[s3 ------------------------------------ ,yield p] acre ( ,corn & ,alfalfa ---------------------------------- ,corn1 ,alfalfa1 lbs4 lbs4 ---------------------------------- ,dry ,matt] #c1fje #e1faa ,album9oids #bif #a1aih ,/>*1 ,sug>1 etc4 #b1ahf #c1aad ,fib] #a1jfj #a1aih ,fat #fc #aja ---------------------------------- ,,individual ,,in/ances ,,( ,,ca% ,,returns ,a ,l9coln c\nty1 ,kansas1 f>m] writes t f five acres ( alfalfa he receiv$ 9 "o season #ajj = hay1 #aej = se$ & #bj = /raw4 ,a f>m] ne> ,atwood1 ,rawl9s c\nty1 ,kansas1 cut two crops = hay & ?re%$ ! ?ird crop = se$1 realiz+ #ac bu%els p] acre1 :i* sold at #e p] bu%el4 ,a ,h>lan c\nty1 ,nebraska1 f>m] reports an income ( #ggd 9 "o ye> f se$ & hay f six acres4 ,scott ,bros41 ( ,pottawatomie c\nty1 ,kansas1 report to ! au?or z foll[s conc]n+ _! returns f a twelve-acre field 9 "o ye>3 #b hay crops1 #cj tons at #ab #cfj #aje bu%els ( se$ at #f #fcj ,/raw #ej ,f\r? cutt+1 #ab tons at #ab #add ------ ,total1 "o ye>'s return #a1ahd ,a ,buffalo c\nty1 ,nebraska1 f>m] sold f a ye>'s gr[? on #bb acres1 hay wor? #cbh4ab1 se$ #ajjj1 & /raw #aej4 ,a ,montgom]y c\nty1 ,kansas1 f>m] reports to ! au?or a return ( #ajf p] acre 9 "o ye> f hay1 se$ & /raw4 ,ano!r report 0 s5t 9 #aijd f s\!rn ,kansas1 ( five cutt+s1 mak+ #h tons p] acre1 :i* sold at #e p] ton 9 ! field4 ,,"s ,,reports ,,( ,,yields ,a f>m] ( ,h>vey c\nty1 ,kansas1 report$ 9 #aijc two hay crops & "o se$ crop1 ! hay1 se$ & /raw return+ m ?an #ej p] acre f a field t two ye>s be=e _h fail$ to yield en\gh corn to ju/ify its ga!r+4 ,sixte5 acres 9 ,r5o c\nty1 ,kansas1 are report$ to h pa/ur$ 9 #aijd f\r hundr$ pigs & yield$ "o cutt+ ( hay ( ov] #af tons4 ,an alfalfa field ( elev5 acres 9 ,wa%+ton1 on ! bank ( ! ,columbia riv]1 "u irrigation1 produc$ 9 #aija ov] #ajj tons ( hay4 ,=m] ,gov]nor ,w4 ,d4 ,ho>d1 ( ,wiscons91 reports f ?ree-fif?s ( an acre on 8 f>m 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate1 f\r cutt+s 9 "o season1 yield+ #e4g tons ( hay4 ,alva ,lang/on1 ( ,h5ry c\nty1 ,indiana1 s[$ five acres ( alfalfa ,may #bj?1 & h>ve/$ ne>ly #a tons ( hay p] acre ,augu/ #be? foll[+1 & ab\t ! same quantity ,septemb] #bj? to #be?4 ,?is 0 on upl&1 ?irty or m ye>s 9 cultivation4 ,! alfalfa 0 clipp$ twice be=e ! cutt+ = hay4 ,9 #aijb ,f4 ,s4 ,kirk ( ,g>field c\nty1 ,oklahoma1 s[$ a field ne> a creek1 b ab\t #be feet above wat]1 ) ?irty to ?irty-five p\nds ( alfalfa se$ p] acre1 broadca/4 ,! soil1 :i* he calls 8high bottom10 0 a d>k br[n & conta9$ consid]able s&4 ,= two ye>s no att5tion 0 giv5 ! alfalfa except h>ve/+ f x ?ree crops ! second ye> & f\r ! ?ird ye>4 ,9 #aije he h>ve/$ f t5 acres n9e cutt+s1 e/imat$ to weigh fully "o & "o-half tons ea*1 p] acre4 ,! longe/ "t betwe5 any two cutt+s 0 tw5ty-two days1 & ! %orte/ f\rte5 days4 ,dur+ ! season ( #aijd sev5 cutt+s 7 made & ! field 0 gone ov] ) a disk h>r[ e>ly ea* "t aft] remov+ ! hay f ! field4 ,x 0 possible to cut ano!r gr[? ( #h to #ab in*es1 _h he n pref]r$ to use x z pa/urage = /ock4 ,mr4 ,kirk does n irrigate & ma9ta9s t 9 8 "p ( ! c\ntry 8! be/ irrigation = alfalfa is ) a disk h>r[40 ,he also insi/s t 8alfalfa c be entirely kill$ by disk+ 9 ! d>k ( ! moon10 especially if ! wea!r t foll[s is hot & dry4 ,he pa/ures 8 alfalfa ) cattle & horses 9 fall & spr+1 & disks 9 ! spr+ z soon z ! /ock is remov$4 ,,"s ,,money ,,comp>isons ,a good acre corn crop 9 ,ohio is =ty bu%els1 wor? n to exce$ #bj1 aft] all ! labor ( cultivat+ & husk+2 ! /ov]1 if prop]ly c>$ =1 ought to be wor? #e1 mak+ a total ( #be4 ,an ,ohio f>m] reports a yield ( #d tons ( alfalfa hay p] acre1 wor? = fe$ z comp>$ ) ! price ( bran ab\t #ab p] ton1 or a total value ( #ed1 f only "o pl[+ 9 six ye>s 7z long z he let x /&7 & ) less labor 9 h>ve/+ ?an = husk+ corn & c>+ = ! /ov]4 ,a good ,kansas or ,nebraska corn yield 7f> above ! /ate av]age7 is #ej bu%els p] acre1 wor? ord9>ily ab\t #ag1 ) /ov] wor? #c4 ,! f>m] %\ld obta9 f 8 alfalfa at lea/ f\r to five tons1 wor? to him = fe$ = cattle1 hogs or %eep f #aj to #ab p] ton--practically two or ?ree times 8 income f an acre ( corn1 :ile ! co/ ( production is mu* less4 ,! av]age ye>'s corn or :eat crop is wor? only ab\t #aj p] acre1 :ile ! av]age alfalfa crop is wor? on ! m>ket f #ae to #ce1 or m1 p] acre1 ow+ to ! m>ket appreciation ( ! crop1 & f #ce to #fj z fe$ = /ock4 ,_m ?\s&s ( acres 9 we/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska are n[ return+ f _! alfalfa fields an income ( f #ae to #be p] acre :]e b a few ye>s e>li] ! l& 0 deem$ wor?less = agriculture4 ,hundr$s ( acres 9 we/]n ,new ,york t 7 return+ only a small income above co/ ( labor & f]tilization are n[ support+ great money mak+ dairies f alfalfa4 ,cotton l& 9 ! ,s\? r5ts = #e p] acre1 :ile alfalfa fields br+ a ye>ly r5tal ( ?ree times t am\nt4 ,illu/ration3 ,sweet ,clov] ,alfalfa ,yell[ ,trefoil ,! ,sweet clov] & alfalfa are magnifi$ five diamet]s & ! trefoil sev5 diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,?ree ,di/9ctive ,types ( ,alfalfa ,se$ ,magnifi$ ,twelve ,times ,! "o at ! left r\nd$2 ! "o at ! "r kidney-%ap$2 & ! "o 9 ! middle angul> po9t$4 ,! latt] is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic =m se5 9 alfalfa se$ ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,se$ & ,se$ ,selection ,,no ,,success ,,)\t ,,good ,,se$ ,x is a "t-worn b no less true say+ t good se$ is ess5tial to good agriculture4 ,no matt] h[ well ! f>m] prep>es 8 l&1 no matt] h[ mu* "t1 labor & money he sp5ds on x1 if mu* or all ( 8 se$ fails to gr[1 he w ei!r h a poor crop or be oblig$ to rese$1 ?us los+ "t & labor4 ,_m causes may contribute to prev5t a good /&1 b if he c elim9ate any "o ( ^!1 he is by s mu* ! ga9]4 ,poor se$ is a prim>y & great cause ( a poor /&4 ,! f>m] obta9s 8 se$ f "o ( two s\rces2 he raises x or buys x4 ,if ! =m]1 !re %\ld be less dang]1 z ! *ief s\rce ( poor se$ is c>eless h&l+ 9 h>ve/+ & /or+4 ,if ! se$ becomes damp1 mold w damage mu* ( x1 or x w spr\t1 !n dry out1 & ! g]m be kill$4 ,if se$ is b\ght ( /rang]s or f a di/ance1 ! *ances ( poor quality increase _m fold4 ,if all se$ 7 b\ght ( reliable deal]s1 !re w\ld be less cause = compla9t1 b f>m]s too (t5 buy :]e !y c buy *eape/4 ,!y pay = tra% t is ei!r full ( h>mful we$ se$s or has a lib]al admixture ( old & dead se$s left ov] f previ\s seasons4 ,be=e se$ is pur*as$ x %\ld be te/$ = purity & g]m9ation4 ,! adage t a doll> sav$ is a doll> e>n$ well applies "h2 x is an easy matt] to wa/e a doll> on se$1 & :5 pr(it dep5ds on avoidance ( useless exp5diture ! use ( inf]ior se$ po9ts its own moral4 ,,importance ,,( ,,simil> ,,conditions ,! f>m] :o has br\ght himself to ! po9t ( introduc+ alfalfa ^u 8 f>m %\ld be extremely c>eful 9 ! selection ( se$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is important t he %\ld s[ su* z is produc$ 9 ab\t ! same latitude z 8 f>m & f a region ( ab\t ! same ra9fall1 ?us keep+ 9 a l9e ( acclimation1 & ) ! habits & habitat1 z x 71 ( :at he is seek+ to raise4 ,next1 he %\ld n s[ se$ rais$ "u irrigation if he is 9 a non-irrigation region4 ,a ,mi*igan f>m]1 = example1 %\ld s[ se$ gr[n z ne> to 8 latitude z possible1 say1 f ,wiscons91 ,m9nesota or ! ,dakotas1 or n s\? ( ,nebraska or ,kansas4 ,x is que/ionable1 at pres5t1 :e!r x is wise or pr(itable to attempt rais+ alfalfa se$ 9 ! m humid di/ricts ( ! ea/]n & s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x may be economy to leave ! rais+ ( se$ to ^? regions ) ! lea/ summ] ra9fall1 keep+ always 9 m9d ! secur+ ( se$ gr[n "u conditions ne>ly l ^? to :i* ! se$ is to be introduc$4 ,speak+ ( ! alleg$ diff]5t v>ieties ( alfalfa1 ! se$ ( :i* is urg$ ^u buy]s by se$sm51 ! editor ( ! ,oklahoma ,f>m ,j\rnal p]t95tly says3 8,we see occasional ref]5ces to #8dry l&' alfalfa & /atem5ts t x's a k9d t j longs = ! hilltops s t x may turn (f big crops ( ri* hay f l& too dry & h>d to yield good sorghum4 ,don't =get t ! "o ?+ to look = :5 pur*as+ alfalfa se$ is good se$1 t w gr[4 ,x's h>d to f9d & ! price is usually high4 ,:5 y buy x1 buy subject to te/ & s5d a fair sample ( ab\t an ounce to y\r exp]im5t /ation1 :]e x w be te/$ )\t *>ge4 ,at ! pres5t "t !re is b "o v>iety ( alfalfa t ,oklahoma f>m]s %\ld buy1 & t is good alfalfa se$4 ,!re is no #8dry l&' v>iety ( alfalfa1 & ! mu* boom$ ,turke/an v>iety isn't z good = s[+ 9 ,oklahoma z ,oklahoma or ,kansas gr[n se$4 ,ri* soil1 ?or\gh prep>ation1 good se$ well s[$1 cutt+ at ! "r "t1 h>r[+ :5 we$s & grass bo!r1 all ^! are requisite to success ) ?is mo/ valuable crop1 & x pays = all ! bo!r40 ,se$ f ,nebraska & nor?we/]n ,kansas has be5 g5]ally successful ?r\gh ,i[a & ,ill9ois1 & is probably adapt$ to ,ohio & s\!rn ,p5nsylvania4 ,utah se$ produces good crops 9 ,m9nesota1 ! extremes ( cold & heat 9 ,utah hav+ develop$ a /ra9 t does well 9 cold climates4 ,! writ] w\ld use ,utah gr[n se$ = ,new ,york1 nor!rn ,new ,j]sey & nor!rn ,p5nsylvania1 & se$ f ,wyom+ or ,montana = ,new ,engl&4 ,on ! s&y l& ( s\!rn ,new ,j]sey1 9 ,delaw>e & ,m>yl&1 ! se$ gr[n 9 s\!rn ,colorado & s\!rn ,kansas ought to d well4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,m4 ,cottrell1 =m]ly agriculturi/ ( ! ,kansas exp]im5t /ation1 says3 8,"o ye> ,i s[$ #bj acres to alfalfa--#ai acres ) ,utah gr[n se$ & "o acre ) import$ se$2 bo? %[$ a g]m9ation ( ov] #ih p] c5t1 & ! gr[? 0 good f bo? lots all ?r\gh ! season1 ) no diff]5ce t c\ld be detect$4 ,! next spr+ !re 0 a good /& all ov] ! #ai acres se$$ ) ,utah se$1 & n a s+le live plant on ! acre se$$ ) ! import$ se$4 ,i h se5 sev]al trials ) import$ se$1 & nev] yet saw a good crop h>ve/$ f x4 ,usually aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ w9t] !re is f "o-f\r? to "o-half a /& f su* se$2 ! plants make a weak gr[? &1 if all[$ to rema91 mo/ ( !m die out 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,descriptions ( ! puny gr[? 9 reports ( failures ( ?is crop1 giv5 by ea/]n gr[]s1 make "o ?9k t probably import$ se$ _h be5 s[n4 ,no intellig5t f>m] w\ld take corn gr[n 9 ! w>m soil & climate & long season ( s\!rn ,kansas & expect to gr[ a good crop 9 ,new ,york on heavy soil ) %ort seasons4 ,x is ev5 m difficult to succe$ ) s great a *ange 9 gr[+ alfalfa1 z x w\ld h to )/& ! long sev]e w9t]1 z well z ! *ange 9 summ] conditions4 ,no "o %\ld s[ alfalfa se$ )\t kn[+ :]e & "u :at conditions x 0 gr[n40 ,new se$1 o!r conditions be+ "r1 is always pref]able1 al?\gh t kept = sev]al ye>s1 prop]ly c>$ =1 may h reta9$ mo/ ( its g]m9ability4 ,su* te/s z h be5 made appe>$ to %[ a loss 9 well /or$ se$ ( only ab\t "o & "o-half p] c5t ( g]m9ability 9 five ye>s4 ,w4 ,p4 ,headd5 7,colorado ,bul4 ,no4 #ce7 aft] v>i\s exp]im5ts decl>es1 8! results are positive 9 %[+ t ! age ( se$ up to six ye>s does n affect its g]m9at+ p[]40 ,x is usually h&l$ & /or$ by se$sm5 9 ! ord9>y seamless cotton sacks hold+ f #aej to #afj p\nds1 & quot$ & sold by ! p\nd or hundr$-p\nds in/ead ( by ! bu%el4 ,! legal weight ( a bu%el ( reclean$ alfalfa se$ is sixty p\nds4 ,al?\gh ! se$ is h&l$ 9 sacks = conv5i5ce1 se$sm5 say !re is no good reason :y x might n be safely /or$ 9 bulk 9 b9s )\t any det]ioration f heat+1 or o!rwise4 ,!re might1 h[ev]1 be "s degree ( dang] f weevils or o!r insect pe/s 9 w>m wea!r4 ,expos$ to too mu* light1 se$ w lose its bright yell[ color & *ange to a br[ni% ca/4 ,:5 /or$1 deal]s say1 x does n g ?r\gh a 8sweat+0 process z d ! se$s ( "s o!r =age plants & grasses4 ,,imports ,,& ,,exports ,,( ,,se$ ,9 ye>s ( l>ge production 9 ,am]ica & a %ortage 9 o!r c\ntries1 consid]able ,am]ican se$ goes abroad to ,italy1 ,france1 ,g]many & ,au/ralia4 ,! l>ge/ portion is consign$ to ,g]many because ext5sive se$ h\ses at ,hamburg act z di/ribut]s to all portions ( ! _w1 f :i* !y receive dem&s4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 a buy] r ?an a sell]1 & imports h be5 z foll[s3 ,ye> ,lbs4 #aijb-c #a1jah1eei #aijc-d #b1bjj1bfg #aijd-e #b1hfe1cbd ,accord+ to ! gov]nm5t au?orities ! bulk ( ! import$ se$ comes f ,g]many & ,france4 ,t hav+ ! be/ reputation 9 ,europe comes f ,prov5ce1 7s\!a/]n7 ,france4 ,a small quantity comes f ,italy1 b x is n g5]ally consid]$ to be ( z good quality z t gr[n f>!r nor?4 ,se$sm5 compla9 t _m consignm5ts ( ! =eign se$ conta9 l>ge quantities ( ,yell[ trefoil & ,bur clov]4 ,x is a fallacy popul> among f>m]s & c\ntry se$ deal]s t great quantities ( alfalfa se$ are export$ to be us$ = dye+ purposes4 ,!re is no f\ndation 9 fact = su* a belief1 & ! exportations made1 l ! importations1 are = se$+ purposes exclusively4 ,,impurities ,,& ,,adult]ations ,a =emo/ s\rce ( dang] & loss1 aside f inf]tile se$1 is impurities & adult]ants 9 ! alfalfa se$ plant$4 ,gr[]s (t5 are c>eless & d n exam9e _! alfalfa be=e or at ! "t ( h>ve/+1 & d n reclean _! se$ aft] ?re%+1 ?us s5d+ out among innoc5t pur*as]s se$ mix$ ) ^? ( we$s1 inf]ior grasses & =age plants1 & ) v>i\s tra% :i* adds bulk & weight b has no value4 ,! commone/ se$ adult]ants or impurities are ^? ( ,sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba7 7,illus4 opp4 p4 #bf71 ,bur clov] 7,m$icago d5ticulata71 ,spott$ clov] 7,m$icago ,arabica7 7p4 #fg71 ,yell[ trefoil or ,hop clov] 7,m$icago lupul9a7 7p4 #bf71 & ! ,dodd]s 7,cuscuta epi?ymum & ,cuscuta arv5sis71 7pp4 #de & #dg74 ,illu/ration3 ,yell[ ,trefoil ,pods ,! pods ( ,yell[ trefoil are %ap$ z "h %[n & conta9 b a s+le se$4 ,magnifi$ f\r diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,se$ ,pods ,alfalfa has a spiral pod ( two or ?ree turns1 (t5 conta9+ five or six se$s4 ,magnifi$ f\r diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,sweet ,clov] ,pods ,magnifi$ f\r diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,bur ,clov] ,se$ ,pods ,! se$s are enclos$ 9 a coil$ pod :i* is cov]$ ) bri/ly projections z %[n above4 ,magnifi$ f\r diamet]s ,t an extraord9>y proportion ( ! alfalfa se$ 9 ! m>kets1 :]esoev] f1 is adult]at$ to an amaz+ ext5t ) se$s ( undesirable plants or load$ ) wor?less1 if n actually h>mful impurities1 is be+ demon/rat$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,9 a circul> p]ta9+ to ?is "w is giv5 ! foll[+1 %[+ ! adult]ants f\nd 9 samples b\ght 9 ! op5 m>kets ( ! cities nam$3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,se$s us$ z adult]ants4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,sweet ,bur ,yell[ ,total ,city :]e b\ght clov] clov] trefoil adult]ants ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,p] ,c5t,p] ,c5t,p] ,c5t,p] ,c5t ,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 4444 #c4dg #cb4hf #cf4cc ,d5v]1 ,colo4 4444 #af4hf 4444 #af4hf ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 4444 #e4jb #ci4dh #dd4ej ,milwaukee1 ,wis4 4444 #e4gd 4444 #e4gd ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 4444 #d4bg #ch4dc #db4gj 4444 #c4ij #ci4ec #dc4dc ,m>blehead1 ,mass4 4444 #c4jj 4444 #c4jj ,pet]sburg1 ,va4 4444 4444 #a4be #a4be ,c$> ,rapids1 ,i[a 4444 #e4di 4444 #e4di ,indianapolis1 ,ind4 4444 #c4cg #ch4ed #da4ia ,pittsfield1 ,mass4 #i4eb 4444 4444 #i4eb ,atlanta1 ,ga4 4444 #aj4jd 4444 #aj4jd ,salem1 ,ill4 4444 4444 #f4ih #f4ih ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n4 4444 4444 #ca4gg #ca4gg ,l\isville1 ,ky4 4444 #af4ec 4444 #af4ec ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 4444 #e4hh #ci4he #de4gc ,indep5d5ce1 ,i[a 4444 #ab4fi 4444 #ab4fi ,new ,orleans1 ,la4 4444 #b4eg 4#fc #c4bj ,troy1 ,n4 ,y4 4444 #f4bc #ca4bf #cg4di ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #aid ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is giv5 ! table on page #cd to %[ ! result ( analyses ( alfalfa se$ import$ )9 a p]iod ( six mon?s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,brok5 ,numb] ,numb] ,alfalfa se$ ( we$( dodd] se$ ,laboratory,alfalfa & ,we$se$s 9se$s 9 t'll ,am\nt te/ ,no4 se$ dirt se$s#a p\nd #a p\nd gr[ import$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,p] ,p],p] ,p] ,ct4 ,ct4,ct4 ,ct4 ,p\nds #bajjj #ic4ch #e4h #j4hb #b1afj 4444 #fc4gc #d1jjj #bajja #ib4a #g4cd 4#ef #ijj 4444 #ei4ag #cj1hjj #bajjb #hb4bh #ae4ib #a4h #c1jfj 4444 #ff4fd #e1ejj #bajjc #hd4gb #aa4eh #c4g #c1dbj 4444 #eg4ci #cb1hgg #bajjd #hi4af #h4gh #b4jf #b1gjj #ij #fb4ah #ad1gjj #bajje #gd4jf #ba4ch #d4ef #ae1ibh #b1ebj #ec4hg #g1fac #bajjf #eh4gd #cd4df #f4h #cb1dbj #e1dij #bh4gh #cc1jge #bajjg #hf4ab #aa4cd #b4ed #h1ifd #bgj #fa4cf #h1ggi #bajjh #gc4jb #bb4cb #d4ff #ab1hbi #ij #di4fe #cb1ifc #bajji #if4hb #b4gb 4#df #iij 4444 #he4b #cc1jjj #bajaj #hf4b #ab4a #a4g #c1jfj 4444 #ee4ei #cj1hjj #bajaa #if4if #b4af 4#hh #a1gaj 4444 #hg4bf #e1ejj #bajab #hh4hd #c4ih #g4ah #ag1bii 4444 #dc4b #cc1jjj #bajac #if4bd #b4ff #a4a #c1eaj 4444 #gg4dg #ba1cdj #bajad #ia4jf #e4dd #c4e #g1fej 4444 #fb4ad #h1ggh #bajae #ic4dd #b4g #c4hf #h1ebf 4444 #gg4jh #cc1jjj #bajaf #gg4gh #af4jd #f4ah #af1dce #cfj #dg4hc #cc1jjj #bajag #ha4eb #ab4ah #f4c #ba1hdh #gbj #g4ac #af1bhj #bajah #fi4dh #bc4gh #f4gd #bc1jhb #haj #e4ba #ch1agb #bajai #if4e #c4jd 4#df #a1jhj 4444 #hh4ec #dd1jjj #bajbj #if4d #b4hb 4#gh #a1bfj 4444 #ia4hb #dd1jjj #bajba #id4d #e4jd 4#ef #a1fbj 4444 #ij4ae #gb1fjj #bajbb #bd4e #gj4if #d4ed #ba1jgj #d1iej #f4cd #ab1edj #bajbc #id4ad #a4h #d4jf #c1ghj 4444 #gc4dc #bcd #bajbd #id4eh #c4dd #a4ih #c1jfj 4444 #ea4gh #e1ejj #bajca #hg4gb #aa4jb #a4bf #d1adj #ij #ha4ad #adc1jjj #bajcb #ij4ef #h4jh #a4cf #c1dbj 4444 #gf4bi #cc1jjj #bajcc #hi4jd #aj4e 4#df #a1bfj #ij #hd4g #f1fgc #bajce #gb4cf #bg4a 4#ed #bgj 4444 #fd4eh #ac1eaf ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,be>+ also ^u ! adult]ations1 impurities & defectives f\nd 9 alfalfa se$ sold 9 ! m>kets1 extracts f reports ( te/s made at ! ,woo/]1 ,ohio /ation 7,bul4 ,no4 #adb7 are exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,9 fifte5 samples b\ght1 ea* ( "o doll>'s wor?1 ! quantity ( pure g]m9able se$ 0 f\nd to range f #e4a to #i4c p\nds2 ! numb] ( noxi\s se$s f\nd 9 a doll>'s wor? ( t b\ght z alfalfa se$ rang$ f #cfj to #ahe1idj4 ,sev5 ( ! fifte5 "o-doll> samples ea* c>ri$ m ?an #bc1jjj noxi\s se$s4 ,se$ b\ght at #g4hj p] bu%el %[$ z l[ z #fa4b p] c5t t 0 g]m9able1 ( :i* ! actual co/ 0 #ab4gd p] bu%el4 ,none ( ! fifte5 samples _h less ?an #gg p] c5t ( g]m9able se$4 ,"o p\nd sample conta9$ #ba1gbh noxi\s se$s1 ( :i* #ah1add 7 lamb's-qu>t] or pigwe$s2 ! same p\nd also _h #cabf se$s ( dodd]4 ,ano!r p\nd c>ri$ #fdbj se$s ( crab grass1 & "o _h #ccbe se$s ( foxtail4 ,! /ation au?orities recomm5d t no alfalfa se$ be s[n until c>efully scre5$ ?r\gh a scre5 f9e en\gh to remove dodd] se$s4 ,wire sieves or scre5s ) tw5ty me%es to ! in* are f\nd to s]ve ! purpose4 ,,adult]ants ,,describ$ ,,& ,,illu/rat$ ,z a fur!r & m ?or\gh discussion ( ! frequ5t adult]ants1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,f4 ,rob]ts1 botani/ ( ! ,kansas exp]im5t /ation1 has k9dly prep>$1 ) illu/rations1 = ?is volume ! quot$ /atem5ts :i* foll[ "h3 8,! imm5se & /eadily increas+ value ( alfalfa z a =age crop 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! high price ( ! se$1 make ! secur+ ( s\nd1 pure se$ a matt] ( supreme importance to f>m]s1 & r5d] x equally important = !m to be able to recognize1 by sight1 ! pres5ce 9 alfalfa se$ ( ! adult]ants & se$s ( c]ta9 we$s mo/ commonly kn[n to occur4 ,!re is conclusive evid5ce t an am\nt ( adult]ation & sub/itution is actually practic$ ) alfalfa se$4 ,x is usually *>g$ t ?is is done abroad1 especially1 z is alleg$1 9 ,g]many4 8,! writ] has be5 in=m$ t1 to a limit$ ext5t1 ! practice exi/s 9 ,am]ica4 ,! *ief adult]ant us$ is ! se$ ( ! ,yell[ trefoil1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ,hop clov] or ,black m$ick4 7,see illu/rations opposite pages #bf & #cb47 ,ab\t fifty species ( plants are kn[n z #8m$icks' or1 sci5tifically1 ,m$icago2 b x s happ5s t ! only p]5nial species among !m is alfalfa1 :i* goes "u ! botanical "n ( ,m$icago sativa1 7p4 #a74 ,o!r species su* z ,yell[ trefoil 7,m$icago lupul9a7 7p4 #ch7 & ,bur clov] 7,m$icago d5ticulata17 :ile !y possess "s =age value & are useful to a limit$ ext5t1 lack1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! lu%1 abundant gr[? ( alfalfa itself1 & are notably inf]ior ?r\gh ! fact ( _! annual habit4 ,x is because ( its p]5nial nature1 !re=e1 z well z on acc\nt ( its rank1 succul5t gr[?1 t no species ( annual legum9\s plant c hope to compete ) alfalfa = a mom5t 9 importance4 ,?is means1 !n1 t any sub/itute = alfalfa se$1 or adult]ation ( x ) ! se$ ( ano!r relat$ species1 su* z ,yell[ trefoil or ,bur clov]1 is di/9ctly a fraud ( s]i\s "*1 despite ! fact t ! adult]ants are plants t make fair pa/urage & h "s =age value4 ,!y are m]ely annuals1 end+ _! life ) ! season1 :]eas a field ( alfalfa %\ld live tw5ty ye>s or m1 "u "r conditions4 ,,! ,,*ief ,,adult]ant 8,at pres5t1 z /at$1 ,yell[ trefoil is ! *ief adult]ant us$ 9 ,am]ican alfalfa se$4 ,a numb] ( cases1 inde$1 ( complete or almo/ complete sub/itution ( ,yell[ trefoil = alfalfa se$ h come to ! writ]'s att5tion )9 ! pa/ ye>4 ,x is important1 !re=e1 = f>m]s to "k ! *>act]i/ic m>ks ( di/9ction betwe5 ! se$ ( alfalfa & ( its *ief adult]ants4 ,:at are ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( alfalfa se$8 ,fac+ page #ac are samples ( pure alfalfa se$1 photograph$ "u a magnification ( five diamet]s4 ,x w be not$ t se$s ( ?ree g5]al types exi/3 7#a7 ,a kidney-%ap$ type1 m>k$ #8a' 9 ! illu/ration2 7#b7 a type 9 :i* "o end t]m9ates 9 an acute w$ge1 m>k$ #8e'2 & 7#c7 a type t is r\nd or ne>ly s1 m>k$ #8b'4 ,^! types cle>ly illu/rat$1 arrang$ = comp>ison 9 p>allel r[s are %[n opposite page #dd4 ,see also page #bg4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t type #b is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & frequ5t1 & t ! p]fectly r\nd type is extremely r>e4 ,?is angul> slant t[>d "o tip ( ! se$ is f\nd n[h]e among any ( ! adult]ants4 ,nei!r does ! kidney %ape ( se$ occur1 except 9 ,bur clov]2 &1 9 t case1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! se$s ( ! two species is suffici5t to di/+ui% !m1 9 mo/ in/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,yell[ ,trefoil3 ,black ,m$ic3 ,hop ,clov] 7,m$icago lupul9a7 8,x is :5 we consid] ! r\nd or r\ndi% type ( alfalfa se$ t !re is difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ f alfalfa ! se$s ( ,yell[ trefoil & ( ,sweet clov] 7illus4 opp4 p4 #bf71 :i* latt] frequ5tly occurs z a we$ se$1 & possibly 9 "s cases 9 suffici5t quantity to be suspect$ z an adult]ant4 ,by comp>ison ( ! se$s ( alfalfa ) ! two adult]ants j m5tion$1 7p4 #bf7 ! resemblances & diff]5ces ( ! ?ree species w become evid5t4 ,9 g5]al ! se$s ( ,yell[ trefoil are %ort] & r\nd] ?an ^? ( alfalfa1 ! l>ge/ se$s ( trefoil measur+ #j4jfbi in* wide by #j4jhig in* long2 :]eas ! l>ge/ alfalfa se$s measure #j4jfec in* wide by #j4aaec in* long2 s t ! l>ge/ alfalfa se$s are a trifle wid] & m ?an a ?ird aga9 z long z ! l>ge/ trefoil se$s4 ,! smalle/ se$s ( ,yell[ trefoil are usually plump] & %ort] ?an ^? ( alfalfa 7#j4jeaa in* wide by #j4jbia in* long1 z comp>$ ) #j4jdif in* wide by #j4jgea in* long 9 alfalfa72 nev]!less1 among bo? ! small & ! l>ge se$s1 s f> z ! crit]ion ( size goes1 individuals occur t equally well belong to ei!r species1 & ! av]age diff]5ces 9 size are n s great z ! diff]5ces f\nd on comp>+ ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/ se$s ( ! two species1 ! av]age = ! trefoil be+ #j4jegd in* by #j4jgii in*1 & = alfalfa #j4jehb in* by #j4jidd in*4 ,s x w be se5 at once t :ile trefoil se$s z a rule are small]1 %ort] & r\nd] ?an ^? ( alfalfa1 ! rule is transgress$ by _m individuals4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 turn to ! =m & g5]al outl9e ( ! se$4 ,a f>m] c detect at once an attempt to sub/itute :olly ,yell[ trefoil = alfalfa se$ by ! fact t 9 no case w ! kidney-%ap$ or ! regul>-po9t$ types ( se$ be f\nd 9 trefoil1 :]eas ^! always occur 9 alfalfa4 7,illu/rat$ opp p4 #bf47 8,9 ! m common cases1 :]e adult]ation r ?an complete sub/itution is practic$1 detection is m difficult--is practically impossible1 9 fact1 )\t ! aid ( a l5s or magnify+ glass hav+ a p[] ( ab\t fifte5 diamet]s4 ,!re are _m se$s ( trefoil :i* c sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f c]ta9 r\nd$ se$s ( alfalfa4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 ! trefoil se$ has a little projection or 8beak0 on ! middle l9e ( ! se$1 j back ( ! sc> m>k+ :]e ! se$ 0 atta*$ to ! pod4 ,?is is r>ely f\nd 9 alfalfa4 8,bur clov] z an adult]ant is probably n s frequ5tly us$ z ,yell[ trefoil1 s9ce ! l>g] size ( its se$ r5d]s detection easy4 ,7 x n = ?is fact1 ,bur clov] w\ld be a mo/ effective adult]ant1 because its se$s resemble ^? ( alfalfa m closely ?an d ^? ( ,yell[ trefoil4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 small] se$s ( ,bur clov] & l>g] se$s ( alfalfa t approximate ea* o!r 9 size1 b ! av]age ,bur clov] se$s measure #j4jfjd in* by #j4aahh in*1 z comp>$ ) an av]age = alfalfa ( only #j4jehb in* by #j4jidd in*4 8,s f> z ! plants ( ,yell[ trefoil & ,bur clov] are conc]n$1 !y are easily di/+ui%able f alfalfa4 ,bo? are ( l[] gr[?1 z a rule1 ?an alfalfa4 ,bo? h wid] leaflets1 :i*1 9 ,bur clov]1 are l broad1 inv]t$ w$ges4 ,! fl[]s ( ^! plants are yell[1 & are borne 9 scanty clu/]s4 ,! pods are :olly unlike ^? ( alfalfa4 ,alfalfa has a spiral pod ( two or ?ree turns 7p4 #cb71 conta9+ z _m z five or six se$s4 ,yell[ trefoil has a /raight pod 7p4 #cb71 conta9+ b "o se$4 ,bur clov] has a coil$ pod 7p4 #cc71 b cov]$ ) bri/ly projections t give ! plant its "n4 ,:]e adult]ation or sub/itution is practic$1 "s ( ! pods are v apt to occur 9 ! bulk se$1 & !y c !n easily be id5tifi$ & di/+ui%$ f ^? ( alfalfa4 8,se$ ( ,sweet clov] seems to occur frequ5tly 9 we/]n-gr[n alfalfa se$ 7p4 #bf74 ,sweet clov] 7illu/rat$ 9 ?is book7 gr[s to a height frequ5tly ( f f\r to six feet1 be>+ small1 :ite fl[]s on sl5d] spikes ?ree or f\r in*es long4 ,un=tunately1 & unlike ,yell[ trefoil & ,bur clov]1 ,sweet clov] is g5]ally reject$ by /ock4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 x is a plant ( no g5]ally e/abli%$ value = hay or z pa/ure1 al?\gh1 9 "s in/ances1 x is successfully us$4 ,! se$s ( ,sweet clov] are ( a gold5 yell[ :5 ripe2 ^? ( alfalfa1 trefoil & ,bur clov] be+ gre5i% yell[4 ,! se$ coat ( ,sweet clov] se$ is cov]$ ) m9ute elevations1 :ile alfalfa se$ is smoo?4 ,! se$s ( ,sweet clov] 7p4 #bf7 are r\nd] & plump] ?an ^? ( alfalfa1 & h a v pron\nc$ groove betwe5 ! ma9 body ( ! se$ & ! ridge :i* m>ks ! location ( ! rootlet ( ! "y plant )94 ,x is ?is ridge t 9 alfalfa se$s runs (f1 z a rule1 9 a m>k$ slant1 b :i* 9 bo? trefoil & ,sweet clov]1 especially 9 ! latt]1 =ms a well-r\nd$ curve to ! tip ( ! se$4 ,no po9t$ or kidney-%ap$ se$s are ev] se5 9 ,sweet clov]4 7,see illus4 opp4 p4 #bf47 ,a ,,common ,,we$ ,,9 ,,import$ ,,alfalfa ,,se$ 8,x rema9s to m5tion ! mo/ common we$ f\nd 9 import$ alfalfa se$--! ,engli% or ,ribb$ planta91 or1 z x is m g5]ally call$ 9 ! ,we/1 ,buck-horn or ,rib grass4 ,x is a difficult we$ to eradicate1 lots ( se$ conta9+ any noticeable p]c5tage ( x %\ld be reject$4 7,see illus4 opp4 p4 #ac47 8,! f>m] is (t5 to blame = ! poor se$ ( :i* he makes compla9t4 ,prime alfalfa se$ is exp5sive1 & a *eap grade w inevitably be poor 9 quality1 conta9+ mu* dead se$1 rubbi%1 & ! se$s ( _m k9ds ( we$s4 ,:]e #8*eap' alfalfa se$ is dem&$ x w always be sold1 & buy]s ne$ n be surpris$ by its quality4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no excuse or palliation = ! (f5se ( sell+1 "u ! "n & at ! price ( /&>d alfalfa se$1 se$ ( sub/itut$ species4 ,x is ! duty ( se$ deal]s to asc]ta9 be=eh& ! "* & g5u95ess ( se$ t !y sell "u any giv5 "n1 & ?is applies to ! retail]s z well z to ! :olesale deal]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 f>m]s _c expect to obta9 ! be/ se$ unless !y are will+ to pay ! price x br+s40 ,,dodd] ,,se$ ,dodd] se$s are some:at small] ?an alfalfa se$s 7pp4 #de & #dg71 b are n sep>at$ f !m except by c>eful reclean+2 consequ5tly1 !y are (t5 s[n along ) ! alfalfa se$1 especially 9 t :i* has be5 import$4 ,if a field is badly infe/$1 x %\ld be pl[$ up & devot$ to "s o!r crop = a few ye>s4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4 ,hillman ( ,nevada 7,bul4 ,no4 #dg7 says !re are sev]al k9ds t infe/ alfalfa1 b two k9ds are especially common & de/ructive 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,cuscuta epi?ymum is ! common]4 8,! se$s ( ?is 7p4 #dg7 are v small1 & are almo/ sure to escape detection on casual exam9ation ( ! samples2 yet1 once recogniz$ "u ! l5s1 _! pres5ce may be easily discov]$4 ,!y are s mu* small] ?an alfalfa se$s t ! use ( a sieve ( tw5ty me%es p] in* sep>ates !m f ! latt] :5 only free dodd] se$s are pres5t4 ,n only are v>i\s o!r small we$ se$s dispos$ ( 9 ! process1 b little if any alfalfa se$ wor? buy+ is lo/4 ,! few rip5$ fl[]s ( dodd] reta9+ matur$ se$s1 :i* sometimes pass ! ?re%] un9jur$1 may be remov$ by prop] fann+4 ,x is safe to say t no pur*as] ( alfalfa se$ c af=d to neglect sift+ 8 se$ c>efully ) a tw5ty-me% sieve1 :i* is ! me% ! writ] recomm5ds = ! sep>ation ( ?is k9d ( dodd] f alfalfa se$4 8,cuscuta arv5sis is ano!r dodd] z de/ructive :5 once e/abli%$4 ,its se$s 7p4 #dg7 seem to be less common1 h[ev]4 ,!y are l>g] ?an ! prec$+1 _m ( !m be+ practically ! same size z ! small]1 m r\nd$ alfalfa se$s1 :i* !y (t5 /rik+ly resemble4 ,?us !y are h>d to detect1 & _c be remov$ )\t ! loss ( mu* small alfalfa se$4 ,?is %\ld be ! m dread$ ( ! two dodd]s1 because alfalfa se$ infe/$ ) se$s ( ,cuscuta epi?ymum c be made practically free f !m ) comp>atively little loss & exp5se4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) se$ conta9+ ,cuscuta arv5sis1 :i* %\ld n be pur*as$ at any price4 ,dodd] se$s c sc>cely be reg>d$ z an adult]ant1 yet z an impurity !y are v common & mo/ objectionable40 7,see illu/rations opp4 pp4 #de1 #df & #dg47 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,soil & ,se$+ ,,v>iate1 ,,yet ,,uni=m ,9 ?is d\ble title we h a case ( ! wide/ v>iations & ! mo/ positive & rigid uni=mity4 ,alfalfa may be gr[n 9 almo/ e possible k9d ( soil & "u almo/ all soil conditions 7save two71 b omitt+ ^! ! se$+1 includ+ ! til? ( ! gr\nd1 is bas$1 s f> z any future success is conc]n$1 on p]fect cultivation4 ,! dictum1 8,alfalfa mu/ h a dry1 w>m1 s&y loam1 v ri*0 has become obsolete1 z already po9t$ out4 ,!re are j two soil conditions t seem absolutely aga9/ ! gr[? ( alfalfa4 ,! fir/ is a soil con/antly wet4 ,! common rem>k1 8,alfalfa w n /& #8wet feet'10 seems to be ! expression ( a law4 ,x does n d well :]e ! wat] is ne>] to ! surface ?an six feet1 or :]e 9 w9t] wat] w /& on ! gr\nd = ov] =ty-eight h\rs4 ,?is inv>iably smo!rs ! plants2 9 fact x usually kills any crop4 ,if wat] fl[s ov] ! field = "s su* "t1 due to a fre%et1 ! alfalfa is (t5 f\nd un9jur$ if too mu* soil has n be5 deposit$ on & ar\nd ! plants4 ,ev5 9 su* in/ances fields h be5 sav$ by a disk+ once or twice1 b x is :olly unwise to s[ on a field subject to ov]fl[1 or "o :]e wat] rises to ! surface 9 w9t] or spr+2 likewise on a field s flat t wat] w n run (f 9 "t ( a heavy ra9 or promptly dra9 out ?r\gh ! sub-surface4 ,! "t is rapidly com+ ev]y:]e :5 ! intellig5t f>m] w n try to raise any crop on su* a field1 undra9$4 ,! alfalfa roots w f9d _! way to moi/ure if giv5 ! "r surface conditions4 ,!re are pr(itable alfalfa mead[s 9 p>ts ( ,kansas :]e x is eighty feet to wat]1 b !re has n yet be5 f\nd "o t is prosp]\s :]e wat] comes close to ! surface1 or :]e x /&s on ! gr\nd 9 w9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,?ree ,g5]al ,types ( ,alfalfa ,se$ ,! "r-h& column1 kidney-%ap$1 a *>act]i/ic =m1 b n s common z ! type 9 ! c5tral column4 ,! left-h& column approa*es m ne>ly ! r\nd$ type ( ,sweet clov]4 ,magnification five diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,dodd] ,se$ ,magnifi$ ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,se$ ,magnifi$ ,! o!r k9d ( soil :]e alfalfa refuses to gr[ is t 9 :i* !re is too mu* acidity4 ,?is is (t5 ! case :]e corn & :eat h be5 rais$ = _m ye>s1 ?us robb+ ! soil ( mu* lime2 a condition t may be rem$i$ by an application ( lime to ! l& j be=e s[+ ! alfalfa1 h>r[+ x 9 be=eh& or1 if ! se$ is to be broadca/$1 ! lime may be appli$ j be=e s[+1 :5 once h>r[+ w suffice = bo?1 or x may be s[n ) a drill--#ejj to #ajjj p\nds p] acre4 ,a simple te/ = acidity is to make a deep cut 9 ! gr\nd ) a knife1 press+ ! e>? slightly ap>t2 !n pu% a piece ( litmus pap] into ! op5+ & press ! e>? toge!r4 ,leave ! pap] !re = a few h\rs4 ,if ^u exam9ation ! litmus pap] has a p9k appe>ance x is pro( ( acidity1 & ?is1 z already said1 may be/ be rem$i$ ) lime4 ,,soil ,,prep>ation ,) ! only two negative po9ts consid]$1 ! m important conditions ^u :i* success w dep5d may be discuss$4 ,"o *ief ess5tial is ! advance prep>ation4 ,_m ( ! mo/ successful gr[]s beg9 _! prep>ations two or ?ree ye>s be=e !y s[ ! se$4 ,!re mu/ be1 by rights1 ! mo/ p]fect physical condition ( ! soil4 ,x %\ld h be5 pl[$ deep = at lea/ two ye>s1 & 9 mo/ fields 9 ! c5tral & nor!rn /ates a two- or ?ree-in* subsoil+ along ) a sev5- or eight-in* pl[+ w be v helpful4 ,if corn is to prec$e a spr+ s[+1 ! gr\nd %\ld h a lib]al dress+ ( /able manure pl[$ "u = humus1 to enc\rage e>?worms & to introduce ! p>ticul> bact]ia s ess5tial to alfalfa's welf>e or at lea/ furni% favorable conditions = bact]ia1 & ! h>r[ %\ld foll[ ! pl[ ea* day4 ,! soil's condition %\ld be l t = a g>d54 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 nev] to "w ) ! gr\nd :5 too wet1 z su* work+ almo/ inevitably results 9 clods & bak$ soil4 ,! corn %\ld be cultivat$ (t51 & a lib]al s[+ ( c[peas j be=e ! la/ cultivation1 :i* %\ld be %all[1 has be5 f\nd q helpful4 ,?is crop w repress & take ! place ( we$s1 furni% a ri* food = fatt5+ pigs or lambs aft] ! corn is cut1 add f]tility to ! soil1 & also introduce bact]ia simil> to ! bact]ia = ! alfalfa4 ,! c[pea1 be+ a legume1 prep>es ! way = alfalfa1 its ne> relative4 ,illu/ration3 ,dodd] ,plant on an ,alfalfa ,/em ,illu/ration3 ,dodd]1 7,cuscuta arv5sis7 7a7 ,a gr\p ( se$s 7enl>g$71 %[+ ! prevail+ =ms2 7a1 b1 & c7 individual se$s hav+ some:at ! =m ( clov] se$s2 7d7 a gr\p %[+ ! natural size ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa & ,dodd] ,se$4 ,actual ,size ,illu/ration3 ,dodd]1 7,cuscuta epi?ymum7 7a7 ,a gr\p ( se$s %[+ comp>ative =ms & relative size 7enl>g$72 7b7 a gr\p %[+ ! natural size2 7c7 ! embryo remov$ f ! se$1 %[+ ! =m x usually assumes2 7d7 a section ( a se$1 %[+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! embryo lies imb$d$ 9 ! endosp]m ,,keep ,,d[n ,,! ,,we$s ,x is always timely to emphasize ! v great importance ( keep+ d[n we$s 9 ! cornfield :]e alfalfa is to be s[$ ! next spr+4 ,if corn is husk$ f ! fields1 ! /alks %\ld n be pa/ur$ except :5 ! gr\nd is fully froz54 ,lat] !y %\ld be ?or\ghly brok51 rak$ & burn$1 to leave ! l& 9 ! be/ condition = spr+ "w4 ,if ! corn is cut & fodd] haul$ (f1 ! /ubs %\ld be brok5 9 cold wea!r by a pole or o!r drag1 & rak$ & burn$ z recomm5d$ = ! /alks4 ,?is adapts ! gr\nd = disk+ & h>r[+ e>ly 9 ,m>*4 ,!n e t5 days ! field %\ld be disk$ or h>r[$ to cons]ve moi/ure1 to />t we$s & !n kill !m1 & to br+ ! gr\nd into ! desirable til?4 ,ord9>ily1 9 ! c5tral /ates1 s[+ may be done e>ly 9 ,april1 :ile 9 ! ,s\? ?is may be done by ! middle ( ,m>*1 & 9 ,wiscons9 & ,canada by ! la/ ( ,april or e>ly ,may1 al?\gh ! dates are v>iable4 ,_m report se$+ 9 ,kansas ! middle ( ,may1 obta9+ a clipp+ 9 ,july & a hay crop 9 ,septemb]4 ,o!rs report s[+ 9 ,m>* & cutt+ a hay crop 9 ,june4 ,"s ,wiscons9 reports say t ! fir/ ( ,june is e>ly en\gh1 :ile o!rs 9 t /ate & 9 ,m9nesota pref] to s[ two or ?ree weeks e>li]1 & /ill o!rs 9 ,wiscons9 s[ 9 ,april4 ,! important ?+s to keep 9 m9d are to h ! soil "r & ! we$s dispos$ (1 & to s[ :5 ! wea!r & moi/ure & conditions are "r4 ,alfalfa is a *ild ( ! sun2 p]man5t %ade f any s\rce is its enemy1 & :5 "y x is n a good fight] aga9/ adv]s>ies ( any sort4 ,m failures are due to we$s ?an to any o!r "o cause1 & un=tunately all ! we$s d n gr[ on ! l& ( ! f>m] :o is %iftless or neglectful4 ,! latt] is s b5evol5t z to p]mit 8 we$s to scatt] _! se$s to ! fields ( 8 neighbors4 ,if a spr+ s[+ is to be made on :eat gr\nd1 ! l& w be help$ by a lib]al dress+ ( manure imm$iately aft] ! h>ve/1 & by pl[+ & h>r[+ at once2 !n s[+ ab\t ! la/ ( ,augu/ to rye or :eat = fall & w9t] pa/urage1 & to prev5t ! soil f lea*+ or wa%+4 ,9 ! spr+ ! l& %\ld be disk$ & h>r[$ = alfalfa1 keep+ 9 m9d ! po9t emphasiz$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph4 ,in/ead ( ! rye or :eat1 c[peas may be s[$ aft] ! :eat h>ve/2 ?us bo? f]tility & bact]ia w be add$ to ! soil1 & ! f>m] h a valuable pa/ure crop = pigs or lambs4 ,if ! season is extremely favorable1 a hay crop may be cut 9 e>ly ,octob]4 ,if potatoes are to prec$e a spr+ s[+ ( alfalfa1 m ?an usual c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! field clean ( we$s4 ,"s f>m]s d well by s[+ millet ) ! la/ cultivation ( potatoes1 leav+ ! potatoes 9 ! gr\nd until aft] ! millet is h>ve/$1 & :5 ! crop is dug ! l& is free f we$s4 ,!n x may be h>r[$ or disk$ & se$$ to rye = w9t] pa/ure4 ,"s pl[ ! potato gr\nd 9 ! fall & s[ to :eat or rye4 ,c]ta9ly if we$s are pres5t ! gr\nd %\ld be pl[$ z soon z ! potatoes are dug4 ,! idea is to secure a f9e se$ b$ & h ! gr\nd free f we$s1 ! great curse ( ! ,am]ican f>m4 ,all ?+s consid]$ !re is probably no crop :i* leaves ! soil 9 f9] physical condition = alfalfa-s[+ ?an millet1 & none t is m unsatisfactory = a l purpose ?an sorghum or ,kafir corn t 0 plant$ 9 hills or r[s4 ,a clov] sod = a spr+ s[+ %\ld be pl[$ 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 disk$ or h>r[$1 & n infrequ5tly a light s[+ ( rye = w9t] pa/ure is feasible4 ,9 e>ly spr+ use disk & too? h>r[s on ! l&4 ,x is excell5t if a lib]al application ( rott$ /able manure is pl[$ "u ) ! clov] sod4 ,usually x is bett] to foll[ clov] ) a corn or potato crop be=e se$+ to alfalfa4 ,,fall ,,s[+ ,fall s[+ pres5ts few] difficulties ?an spr+ s[+4 ,corn is n ! prec$+ crop & h5ce ! we$ problem is n s =midable4 ,usually a fall s[+ foll[s millet or oats1 c[peas or potatoes4 ,almo/ any crop except ! sorghums may be gr[n to prec$e alfalfa = a fall s[+2 ^! %\ld n be z !y consume too mu* moi/ure4 ,if possible1 put on a dress+ ( /able manure ! prec$+ w9t]2 pl[ deep 9 ! spr+ & "w to a f9e til? = ! summ] crop4 ,s\? ( ! latitude ( #dj degrees c[peas is "o ( ! be/ prep>atory crops4 ,!y are legumes1 & ! bact]ia t live on _! roots are simil> to ^? ^u ! alfalfa roots2 !y are also nitrog5-ga!r]s1 tak+ nitrog5 f ! air z does ! alfalfa1 & ?us !y prep>e ! soil = alfalfa4 ,besides1 c[peas are a valuable =age1 ! hay be+ wor? almo/ z mu*1 p\nd = p\nd1 z t ( alfalfa4 ,:5 cut (f !y leave ! gr\nd ready = disk+ & o!r prep>ation4 ,millet is also excell5t = ?is purpose1 leav+ ! soil unusually friable4 ,potatoes make a satisfactory prep>atory crop1 b ! dang] f !m too (t5 is neglect to keep ! we$s d[n4 ,z soon z ! l& is free1 x %\ld be disk$ & h>r[$1 & ?is repeat$ ab\t e t5 days until ! "t = s[+4 ,,rec5t ,,pl[+ ,,n ,,desirable ,x is se5 t pl[+ = alfalfa j prec$+ ! se$+ is n recomm5d$4 ,pl[+ leaves ! sub-surface too loose1 ?us depriv+ ! roots ( a suffici5tly firm foot+ & mak+ a full s[+ m liable to h>m f freez+ & ?aw+1 & ! spr+ s[+ to h>m f a dry summ]4 ,! necessity ( ! mo/ p]fect surface conditions _c be to (t5 emphasiz$1 & ?is too includes consid]able compactness r ?an a too light or a%y condition4 ,!re mu/ be no clods1 no /iff & /ubborn humps4 ,if alfalfa is to foll[ clov]1 & to be se$$ 9 ! fall1 ! sod %\ld be brok5 e>ly aft] ! clov] is h>ve/$ & ea* day's pl[+ h>r[$ t day2 !n ! field disk$ & cross-disk$ & h>r[$ aga94 ,aft] t x %\ld be disk$1 lapp+ half1 e t5 or fifte5 days until "t = se$+4 ,alfalfa may foll[ timo?y if ! sod is n too old & /ubborn1 & x may be treat$ ! same z clov] sod4 ,,introduce ,,bact]ia ,,by ,,prep>atory ,,s[+ ,ano!r =m ( prep>ation foll[$ by _m successful gr[]s1 m5 :o d n compla9 ab\t alfalfa n do+ well 8"h10 is ! s[+ ( a few p\nds ( alfalfa se$ on ! field two or ?ree ye>s be=e x is int5d$ to s[ = a p]man5t crop4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,e4 ,w+1 ( c5tral we/]n ,ohio1 a widely kn[n f>m]1 /ockman1 & writ] on matt]s agricultural1 uses alfalfa 9 a regul> rotation1 & two ye>s be=e he is ready to s[ x on a giv5 field z a ma9 crop1 s[s clov] & timo?y along ) two or ?ree p\nds ( alfalfa se$1 = a pa/ure crop4 ,?us ! bact]ia are introduc$1 & :5 ! pa/ure is pl[$ = ! full s[+ ( alfalfa1 ! disk+ & h>r[+ t foll[ di/ribute ! bact]ia ?r\gh\t ! soil1 & ! probabilities ( a good /& are greatly enhanc$4 ,he sometimes s[s two or ?ree p\nds ( alfalfa se$ to ! acre ) a :eat crop two ye>s be=e he is to s[ ! field entirely to alfalfa4 ,ano!r1 9 a /ate :]e ! exp]im5t /ation director /ill decl>es alfalfa-rais+ to be d\btful1 writes t he has n _h a failure 9 a decade1 & 8 plan is to prec$e alfalfa ) w9t] :eat1 s[+ a little alfalfa se$ ) ! :eat1 probably ?ree p\nds to ! acre1 & ! next fall aft] giv+ ! l& a ?or\gh prep>ation he s[s fifte5 p\nds ( alfalfa se$ to ! acre4 ,ano!r reports pleas+ results 9 two diff]5t fields by s[+ 9 ! spr+ five p\nds ( alfalfa se$ ) clov]2 9 two ye>s ! alfalfa /ood ?ick on ! gr\nd1 hav+ cr[d$ out ! clov]4 ,if ^! plans introduce ! bact]ia into ! soil1 x may be wond]$ :y x w\ld n be equally helpful to s[ two or ?ree p\nds ( alfalfa se$ p] acre ) ! oats or millet 9 ! spr+1 prep>atory to ! ?or\gh se$+ to alfalfa 9 ! fall4 ,ano!r man1 ^: pr(it 9 rais+ alfalfa has be5 m>k$1 reports t 8 soil is v waxy & h>d to deal )4 ,he has met ?is tr\ble by li/+ 8 gr\nd 9 ! fall & leav+ x ?us op5 = h>d freez+ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,he !n disks & cross-disks 9 ! spr+1 putt+ ! soil 9 f9e til?1 & s[+ millet z a prep>atory crop4 ,he has occasionally s[$ alfalfa 9 ! spr+1 foll[+ ! fall li/+ & lat] freez+ ( 8 gr\nd4 ,,all ,,crops ,,dem& ,,conditions ,alfalfa1 l corn & cotton1 dem&s c]ta9 conditions ( ! soil & c]ta9 con/itu5ts 9 t soil4 ,e crop dem&s its c]ta9 foods4 ,all crops except alfalfa & ! o!r legumes obta9 practically all _! food1 includ+ nitrog51 f ! soil4 ,! latt] crops use nitrog5 b get x f ! air4 ,alfalfa takes nitrog5 f ! soil only dur+ ! fir/ few mon?s ( its gr[?1 & !reaft] n only takes its own necess>y supply f ! air1 b a l>ge surplus :i* x /ores 9 ! soil1 available = :atev] crop may foll[4 ,o!r crops take mu* nitrog5 f ! soil1 b contribute no?+ to its enri*m5t4 ,,spr+ ,,or ,,fall ,,s[+--,,:i*8 ,?is has be5 a mu* argu$ "q ) exp]im5t]s4 ,possibly x w be f\nd to be ( m9or importance 9 itself1 dep5d+ m ^u o!r conditions ?an ! season4 ,f ! nor!rn ti] ( /ates _m reports favor spr+ s[+1 yet f ea* come lett]s 9 favor ( fall s[+4 ,sev]al exp]im5t /ations 9 ! ,s\? are 9 favor ( spr+ s[+1 yet report satisfactory results f fall se$+4 ,x seems pretty well e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 t fall s[+ is saf] 9 ! c5tral latitude /ates1 say includ+ ,ohio1 ,nebraska1 ,miss\ri1 ,kansas1 ,colorado & ,utah1 & /ates )9 ! same p>allels4 ,9 o!r /ates prevail+ op9ions favor spr+ s[+4 ,nev]!less1 :5 all conditions are und]/ood1 fall s[+ seems likely to become ! e/abli%$ practice ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is 9 l9e ) ! sy/em = ! m /aple crops & common rotation2 x gives opportunity to br+ ! gr\nd into bett] condition2 ! prep>ation & s[+ come at ! mo/ conv5i5t season1 & "o ( relatively great] leisure2 !re is less int]ruption by unfavorable wea!r2 ! soil1 respond+ m readily to surface cultivation1 p]mits ! "w to be done ) less dang] ( surface wat] ret>d+ normal root developm5t1 & ! annual we$s be+ dead !y _c int]f]e ) ! fir/ gr[? ( ! alfalfa4 ,s[n 9 ! fall1 ) "t to secure "s gr[? = w9t] protection1 alfalfa w be ready to respond to ! fir/ call ( spr+1 & = ! m[] e>ly 9 ,june4 ,moreov]1 if x fails f freez+ or o!r cause1 little crop-"t is lo/4 ,! f>m] has b to disk & h>r[ 9 ,april or e>ly ,may1 & s[ half z mu* se$ z he s[$ 9 ! fall1 & he w h prospect ( a cutt+ 9 eighty or n9ety days1 at an exp5diture ( b few p\nds ( se$ & a little labor4 ,,disadvantages ,,( ,,spr+ ,,s[+ ,ord9>ily1 if a f>m] s[s 9 ! spr+1 he has 8 old enemy1 ! we$s1 to cont5d )4 ,if ! season be damp & cl\dy1 ! alfalfa may n gr[ fa/1 b we$s w4 ,!re=e1 ,june may see him m[+ to ret>d a rampant gr[? ( we$s in/ead ( ga!r+ a pr(itable cutt+ ( prime hay4 ,x is n improbable t he may be do+ ! same 9 ,july or 9 ,septemb]1 ?us los+ a :ole season4 ,aga91 ! spr+ prep>ation comes :5 ! f>m] ne$s to be work+ 8 corn & potato l&2 h5ce he is likely to slight or neglect ! c>eful prep>ation ( ! alfalfa gr\nd & s d a poor job1 )1 9 su* cases1 ! usual result ( a 8poor /&40 ,!n too1 ! frequ5t ra9s int]f]e ) regul> disk+ & h>r[+ & ! we$s may obta9 a />t ! f>m] _c *eck4 ,9 mo/ cases fall s[+ means ?ree cutt+s ! foll[+ ye>4 ,9 _m in/ances spr+ s[+ means no crop ! fir/ season1 al?\gh bett] f>m+ w ga9 a ,septemb] crop1 :ile ! be/ f>m+1 ) no we$s1 may give two if n ?ree crops2 n heavy ones1 p]haps1 b ( no inconsid]able value4 ,comm5t+ on spr+ s[+ 9 ! m nor!rn /ates1 ,h5ry ,wallace1 editor ( ,wallaces' ,f>m]1 says3 8,our own exp]i5ce 9 gr[+ alfalfa bo? 9 ,nebraska & ,i[a has taught u t x is a wa/e ( "t & labor to s[ 9 ! spr+4 ,if s[n 9 ! spr+ )\t a nurse crop1 x w h to be m[$ twice1 probably ?ree times1 to keep d[n ! we$s1 & ev5 !n x w n be 9 z good condition z if a crop ( e>ly corn or ev5 oats 0 tak5 (f1 & ! gr\nd put 9 f9e condition & se$$ 9 ,augu/4 8,9 #aijd we s[$ 9 ! spr+ #bej acres ( alfalfa on our ,nebraska f>m1 & "s tw5ty or ?irty acres ( x 0 wa%$ 9 ridges by a v heavy ra9 imm$iately aft]4 ,we rese$$ ! vacant spaces 9 ! fall & lat] c\ld see no diff]5ce betwe5 ! fall s[+ & ! spr+ s[+4 ,we did ! same ?+ on "o ( our ,i[a f>ms1 s[+ 9 ! spr+ & m[+ ?ree times4 ,ano!r piece 0 s[$ 9 ,augu/4 ,! ,augu/ s[+ 0 mu* bett] ?an ! spr+ s[+4 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t ! l& 0 ri*] & ! diff]5ce 0 !re=e n all due to ! "t ( s[+4 ,s long z ,kansas f>m]s cont9u$ to s[ _! alfalfa 9 ! spr+ !y _h b p>tial success1 ow+ to ! fact t ,crab grass & o!r grasses w come up 9 ! e>ly fall & smo!r out ! spr+ s[+4 ,by us+ "s o!r crop ! fir/ "p ( ! season1 !n putt+ ! l& 9 f9e condition 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ or ev5 by ,septemb] #a/1 an alfalfa crop c be />t$ :i* w h a /rong en\gh gr[? to smo!r out ! we$s ! next spr+4 8,we don't "k t we w\ld insi/ on ?is s /rongly = nor!rn ,i[a & ,m9nesota1 b c]ta9ly f ! latitude ( ! ,nor?we/]n railroad 9 ,i[a1 s\?1 & correspond+ latitude 9 o!r /ates1 we w\ld ab&on spr+ s[+ & s[ alfalfa on well prep>$ gr\nd 9 ,augu/4 ,we w\ld n1 h[ev]1 pl[ ! gr\nd = ?is fall s[+1 b put ! soil 9 fir/-class condition = a spr+ crop1 !n use a disk & h>r[ = ! fall prep>ation40 ,,se$+ ,,by ,,drill ,,or ,,broadca/8 ,"h too1 !re is a v>iety ( op9ions1 all bas$ on exp]i5ce4 ,^? :o object mo/ to drills may h us$ poor implem5ts1 ) fe$+ ge>s n well regulat$1 or possibly !y h n kn[n h[ to use ! drills4 ,_m :o object to ! broadca/ me?od h _h little tra9+ or skill 9 x4 ,x is reasonable to suppose1 h[ev]1 t giv5 soil 9 f9e til?1 & a good drill rightly adju/$1 !re w be a m ev51 & h5ce a m economical di/ribution & a bett] & m uni=m cov]+ ( ! se$4 ,x is also claim$ t drill+ secures a m uni=m di/ribution ( soil moi/ure4 ,! g5]al op9ion is t by s[+ ) a drill1 prop]ly regulat$1 "o c safely use five p\nds less ( se$ p] acre4 ,"s alfalfa rais]s use a :eelb>r[ se$]2 o!rs use a k9d ( sw+ se$] /rapp$ to ! s[]'s body2 /ill o!rs1 :o h _h tra9+ 9 ! old-fa%ion$ me?od ( broadca/+1 decl>e x ! be/1 b ! exp]im5t /ations ( practically all ! /ates1 & mo/ up-to-date f>m]s1 favor ! use ( ! press drill4 ,!re are n[ on ! m>ket diff]5t types ( alfalfa se$]s :i* c be atta*$ or are already atta*$ to ! ord9>y gra9 drill1 & t w di/ribute ! se$ 9 any desir$ quantities p] acre ) broadca/ effect or leave x 9 drill r[s z may be pref]r$4 ,at ! ,kansas ,exp]im5t ,/ation success has foll[$ broadca/+1 & cross-drill+ gave no p>ticul> advantage4 ,,h[ ,,mu* ,,se$ ,,to ,,! ,,acre8 ,reports ( se$ s[n1 v>y+ f six to sixty p\nds to ! acre1 indicate mu* ignorance ( ! nature ( ! alfalfa plant2 or a great recklessness & extravagance4 ,tw5ty p\nds to ! acre1 if all se$s g]m9at$1 w\ld mean #b1ejj1jjj to #c1jjj1jjj plants1 :]eas a /& ( #ejj1jjj is ample4 ,mo/ ( ! exp]im5t /ations favor tw5ty to ?irty p\nds to ! acre1 al?\gh sev]al exp]ts at ^! /ations insi/ t fifte5 p\nds ( clean1 g]m9able se$ to ! acre is z mu* z %\ld be s[$4 ,ev5 if ^! all grew x w\ld give ne>ly #dd plants to ! foot squ>e ( l&1 or f\r to five times z _m z w\ld ?rive aft] two ye>s old4 ,( c\rse ! quantity may dep5d ^u a v>iety ( circum/ances1 su* z ! vitality ( ! se$1 condition ( ! surface soil1 condition ( ! subsoil z to moi/ure1 ! me?od ( s[+1 wea!r conditions at ! "t ( s[+ or imm$iately aft]1 also ! natural f]tility ( ! soil & ! bact]ial life pres5t1 or at lea/ ! conditions = propagat+ or su/a9+ bact]ial life4 ,) l& prep>$ by s[+ a few p\nds ( se$ six mon?s or a ye> prec$+1 ) a heavy application ( /able manure pl[$ "u six mon?s be=e1 p]fect soil prep>ation1 normal moi/ure1 & clean se$1 te/+ n9ety p] c5t g]m9able1 !re %\ld be no ne$ = m ?an t5 p\nds to ! acre4 ,disk+ t ! field %\ld h lat] w split ! cr[ns & _m new /alks w be s5t up2 s t 9 a few ye>s a squ>e foot ( surface w n accommodate m ?an six to t5 robu/1 vigor\s plants1 & hav+ ^! ! ideal /& has pretty ne>ly be5 atta9$4 ,"o plant has be5 kn[n to s5d out z _m z #cfj bran*es f its s+le ma9 root1 resembl+ 9 =m a spread+ bu%4 ,a successful f>m] 9 ,ge>y c\nty1 ,kansas1 :o has be5 rais+ alfalfa = tw5ty ye>s1 seldom s[s m ?an six p\nds ( se$ to ! acre & nev] m ?an t54 ,a prom95t ,ohio f>m] usually s[s b t51 & nev] ov] twelve or fifte5 p\nds to ! acre1 al?\gh he has always introduc$ alfalfa bact]ia into ! soil "o or two ye>s be=e ready to give x a full se$+4 ,( /rictly good se$1 well clean$1 twelve p\nds w\ld likely be too mu* r ?an too little1 o!r conditions be+ "r4 ,,) ,,or ,,)\t ,a ,,nurse ,,crop8 ,! practice ( s[+ a nurse crop ) alfalfa 0 inaugurat$ :5 ! nature ( ! plant 0 n z well und]/ood z n[4 ,x 0 also some:at on ! !ory too t 8a half-loaf is bett] ?an no bread40 ,x began :5 !re 0 a good deal ( d\bt ab\t 8gett+ a /&10 & ! f>m] ?\ght no d\bt t a crop ( oats or b>ley w\ld pay = ! pl[+ ev5 if ! alfalfa fail$4 ,:ile ! practice is cont9u$ by _m1 ! preval5t lat] me?od is to provide no nurse crop4 ,few :o h ab&on$ ! nurse crop h return$ to x4 ,! alfalfa plant does n ne$ protection f ! sun1 nor is x bett]$ by divid+ any ( ! soil moi/ure or f]tility ) ^? ( ano!r crop4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if alfalfa is s[$ 9 ! spr+1 x is important t x obta9 an e>ly />t 9 ord] t its roots c quickly "w _! way d[n into ! moi/ure ( ! subsoil1 aga9/ ! dry days ( ,july & ,augu/4 ,:5 a nurse crop ( any vigor is remov$ ! alfalfa plants are likely to be f\nd weak1 sp9dl+ & ) little root gr[?2 ! nurse crop also has tak5 up "s ( ! soil nitrog5 ne$$ by ! "y alfalfa2 or if ! nurse crop is heavy & has lodg$1 !re w be left b>e spots1 :]e ! alfalfa has be5 smo!r$ out4 ,cutt+ ! nurse crop is likely to be att5d$ ) no little damage to ! t5d] alfalfa plants by trampl+ _! cr[ns into ! gr\nd1 or by break+ !m (f4 ,practically all ! exp]im5t /ations favor s[+ alone4 ,) few exceptions ! second & ?ird ye>s h br\ght heavi] yields :]e no nurse crop 0 us$4 ,! !ory t ! nurse crop w prev5t ! we$s *ok+ ! alfalfa is app>5tly1 z a rule1 n well f\nd$4 ,9 ! fir/ place alfalfa %\ld n be s[n on f\l l&1 & 9 ! second place prop] disk+ & h>r[+1 at ne> int]vals = f\r or six weeks be=e s[+1 w di/urb or kill f> m we$s ?an c any nurse crop4 ,besides1 ! oats or b>ley s[n z a nurse w :5 cut leave we$s 9 good gr[?1 or dormant & ready to spr+ up z fa/ or fa/] ?an ! alfalfa4 ,no nurse crop is ev] us$ ) fall s[+4 ,:5 gr\nd has be5 ?or\ghly prep>$ = ! prec$+ crop1 & !n prop]ly c>$ =1 & made ready = ! alfalfa by ! prelim9>y we$ de/ruction1 x w be f\nd advisable to s[ alfalfa alone1 ev5 9 ! spr+4 ,,inoculat+ ,,! ,,soil ,x has be5 f\nd :]e alfalfa %[s ?rifty vigor1 is mak+ a good /&1 & is at lea/ two ye>s old1 t on ! roots are little nodules or w>t-l protub]ances4 ,on fields :]e ! alfalfa is un?rifty or fail+ to make a good /&1 exam9ation w probably fail to discov] any ( ^! nodules4 ,sci5ti/s tell u t ^! nodules are ! homes ( bact]ia1 microscopic vegetable organisms obta9+ _! su/5ance f ! nitrog5 ( ! air & ! />* ( ! plant2 t !y collect mu* m nitrog5 ?an !y ne$1 ! ov]-supply be+ tak5 up by ! alfalfa1 :i*1 aft] ^! nodules are =m$ & occupi$1 takes no m nitrog5 f ! soil1 b annually /ores ab\t its roots m f ! air1 ?us add+ to ! nitrog5 supply 9 ! soil in/ead ( tak+ f x z d all o!r f>m crops except ! legumes4 ,ea* legume--clov]1 alfalfa1 c[peas1 etc4--has a di/9ct species ( bact]ia1 or at lea/ bact]ia ) a di/9ct developm5t1 except+1 z has be5 f\nd1 t ,sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba7 & ,bur clov] 7,m$icago d5ticulata7 develop ! same species z does alfalfa4 ,,buy+ ,,infect$ ,,soil ,sev]al me?ods ( prep>+ l& = alfalfa by introduc+ its peculi> bact]ia h be5 sugge/$1 & practic$ to "s ext5t4 ,_m f>m]s & exp]im5t]s h us$ ) success infect$ soil ^u _! l&s2 soil f e/abli%$ alfalfa fields1 or t f along ! roads or creeks :]e ! ,sweet clov] or ,bur clov] has be5 gr[+4 ,?is soil is spread ^u ! field or s[n ) alfalfa j be=e ! se$+4 ,if ! drill is to be us$ ! inoculat$ soil is spread on & h>r[$ 94 ,if ! se$ is to be broadca/$1 ! infect$ soil may be h>r[$ 9 ) ! se$4 ,x is bett]1 h[ev]1 to h>r[ ?is infect$ soil 9 ?or\ghly be=e se$+4 ,exp]im5t /ations recomm5d an application ( two hundr$ p\nds ( su* soil to e acre1 b good results h be5 secur$ f half t quantity4 ,?is w dep5d v mu* ^u ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! subsoil especially4 ,_m fields seem to h ^! bact]ia wait+ = ! com+ ( alfalfa4 ,l& t has be5 well manur$ & conta9s abundant humus1 & l& t is light & friable w usually respond to ! bact]ial life atta*$ to ! alfalfa se$4 ,mo/ f>m]s :o h e/abli%$ fields w sell soil to _! neighbors1 :i* %\ld be f ! top six or eight in*es1 & include roots1 /ubble & e>?4 ,bo? ,sweet clov] & ,bur clov] are f\nd 9 almo/ e neighborhood 9 ! nor!rn /ates1 :ile ! latt] is v g5]al 9 ! ,s\?4 ,"s alfalfa rais]s make a bus9ess ( sell+ & %ipp+ inoculat$ soil4 ,probably any exp]im5t /ation w %ip small quantities to f>m]s )9 its /ate1 at ab\t ! co/ ( digg+1 sack+ & deliv]+ at ! railroad /ation4 ,!re=e1 if a f>m] desires to use x1 little labor or exp5se is atta*$ to do+ s4 ,!re is reason1 h[ev]1 to d\bt ! ne$ ( ?is me?od 9 any ( ! we/]n or c5tral we/]n /ates :]e ! sugge/ions m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! *apt] are closely foll[$4 ,no d\bt !re are advantages 9 us+ x 9 mo/ /ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 9 ord] to ha/5 ! developm5t ( ! bact]ia & to make a good /& m c]ta94 ,prep>ation "o or two ye>s 9 advance z already describ$1 by a light s[+ ( alfalfa se$ = introduc+ its peculi> bact]ia1 is less exp5sive1 & requires less labor & c>ries no risk ( introduc+ ! se$s ( o!r clov]s or we$s4 ,mo/ f>ms h en\gh we$ se$s already4 ,,dang]s ,,( ,,inoculation ,,by ,,soil ,,transf] ,t\*+ ^u ! dang]s possibly result+ f inoculation by soil transf] a bullet9 f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has ?is to sugge/3 8,satisfactory inoculations h be5 obta9$ by transf]r+ soil f old fields on :i* ! legume has be5 gr[n1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t !re are dang]s incid5t to su* me?ods ( soil transf] :i* x is wise to avoid4 8,! s\rce ( supply ( su* soil %\ld be def9itely kn[n1 & 9 no case %\ld soil be us$ f fields :i* h previ\sly borne any crop affect$ ) a fung\s disease1 a bact]ial disease1 or ) nematodes4 ,:]e a rotation ( crops is practic$1 x is (t5 difficult to make sure ( ?is factor1 s t ! me?od ( soil transf] is1 "u av]age circum/ances1 op5 to suspicion1 if n to positive objection4 ,num]\s animal & plant p>asites live 9 ! soil = ye>s1 & are already e/abli%$ 9 s _m localities t x is manife/ly unwise to %ip soil indiscrim9ately f "o portion ( ! c\ntry to ano!r4 8,! bact]ial diseases ( ! tomato1 potato1 & egg plant1 & ! club-root1 br[n rot1 & wilt disease ( ! cabbage1 all m or less widely di/ribut$1 are readily transmitt$ 9 ! soil2 :ile 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ !re are ! wilt diseases ( cotton1 melons1 sweet potatoes1 c[peas1 & flax1 & v>i\s nematoid & root-rot diseases :i* might easily become a s]i\s m5ace ov] areas mu* l>g] ?an !y n[ occupy if delib]ately spread by ! c>eless use ( soil = inoculation purposes4 ,!re are sev]al insects & fung\s diseases ( clov] to be avoid$1 & v>i\s diseases ( beans & peas4 ,!re is also a disease ( alfalfa1 ! #8leaf spot1' :i* is caus+ damage 9 "s regions4 ,^! are only a few ( _m diseases liable to be transmitt$ 9 soils4 ,! f>m] %\ld !re=e be on 8 gu>d4 ,! dang] f su* s\rces is by no means imag9>y4 ,! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has _h specific cases ( su* accid5tal di/ribution report$1 & if ! bus9ess ( sell+ soil = inoculation is made to fl\ri% by f>m]s pur*as+ )\t "q #8alfalfa soil1' #8c[pea soil1' etc41 !re is e reason to believe t exp]i5ce w demon/rate ! folly ( su* haphaz>d me?ods4 8,( sc>cely less importance is ! dang] ( dissem9at+ noxi\s we$s & insect pe/s ?r\gh ?is plan ( inoculation by means ( soils4 ,ev5 ?\gh we$s may n h be5 s]i\s 9 ! field1 ! great numb] ( dormant se$s1 requir+ b a slight *ange 9 surr\nd+s to produce g]m9ation1 is always a m5ace4 ,! enorm\s damage to crops caus$ by introduc$ insects & we$s %\ld convey a w>n+ & lead to caution4 ,x is n ! "p ( good judgm5t to view ! risk z a slight "o40 ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,inoculation ,!re are two or ?ree bett] ways ( inoculat+ l& ?an by us+ a neighbor's soil4 ,"s alfalfa rais]s recomm5d ! s[+ ( alfalfa meal ) ! se$4 ,ano!r plan :i* appe>s reasonable & practicable is = ! f>m] :o wi%es to introduce alfalfa to buy alfalfa hay ! ye> be=e & fe$ x to 8 live /ock2 !n haul ! manure to ! fields & pl[ x "u = ! crop to prec$e alfalfa4 ,x is claim$ by ^? :o h done ?is t a satisfactory /& is well-nigh c]ta91 o!r conditions be+ met4 ,x c be said1 h[ev]1 t "s high au?orities on ?is crop1 m5 :o h exp]im5t$ on _m diff]5t k9ds ( soil & :o h succe$$ "u v>y+ conditions1 decl>e t nei!r soil nor se$ inoculation is necess>y4 ,x is altoge!r probable t if a field has be5 well f>m$ = a few ye>s previ\s to ! alfalfa-s[+1 ) unusually good cultivation ! prec$+ ye>1 a heavy application ( /able manure pl[$ "u at lea/ five mon?s be=e1 !n giv5 ! prop] prep>ation & se$+1 us+ se$ rais$ 9 ab\t ! same latitude & "u simil> conditions 9 :i* ! new crop mu/ gr[1 & ) se$ te/+ n9ety p] c5t g]m9able1 !re %\ld be little anxiety ab\t ! ne$ ( inoculation4 ,( c\rse old1 worn-out l& may require m f]tiliz]s1 re/or+ to ! soil n only necess>y nitrog5 t has be5 exhau/$ by o!r crops1 b also ! pota% & phosphorus4 ,9 ea/]n /ates x has be5 f\nd advantage\s also to apply a v light top-dress+ ( /able manure j be=e s[+ ! se$4 ,if lime is defici5t1 t mu/ be appli$4 ,an exam9ation ( any p>ticul> soil w usually be made )\t *>ge by ! /ate *emi/s1 & ! f>m] may ?us approximately asc]ta9 j :at ! soil w ne$ = alfalfa1 corn1 or any o!r crop he may desire to raise4 ,,keep ,,on ,,try+ ,x is important to say to ! ea/]n f>m]s1 especially1 t !re is little diff]5ce betwe5 successful alfalfa-gr[+ & ! successful gr[+ ( o!r crops4 ,poor f>m+ nev] br+s big crops1 nor w poor l& produce z big yields z ! m f]tile4 ,failure to re/ore to ! soil ! necess>y elem5ts ( :i* x has be5 robb$ means ! same 9 ,new ,york1 ,kansas1 ,virg9ia1 or any:]e else4 ,e f>m plant1 to prosp]1 mu/ f9d 9 ! soil1 readily available1 ! elem5ts ne$$ = its developm5t4 ,if a f>m] f9ds ! soil lack+ 9 elem5ts ne$$ = c]ta9 crops1 he %\ld ei!r apply ! defici5cy or n attempt _! rais+4 ,?is is true ( corn or :eat1 cotton1 or tobacco1 no less ?an alfalfa4 ,alfalfa ne$s especially nitrog51 pota% & phosphorus4 ,! av]age virg9 soil 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates conta9s en\gh ( ^! to la/ sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,if !re _h be5 at all times an intellig5t rotation ( crops1 ^! *emical elem5ts w\ld be f\nd 9 j z l>ge proportions 9 ! soil t has be5 f>m$ a hundr$ ye>s z 9 ! soil nev] cultivat$4 ,h5ce1 if aft] try+ alfalfa a man meets ) failure1 he %\ld n /op1 & say1 8,alfalfa won't gr[ #8"h'10 b try x aga9 imm$iately4 ,if he discov]s a seem+ failure 9 ,m>* or ,april1 he %\ld disk & h>r[ & z e>ly z possible s[ ab\t t5 p\nds ( se$ to ! acre2 9 _m in/ances he w h to clip 8 alfalfa 9 ab\t six or eight weeks & c m[ a crop ( hay 9 ,septemb]1 or possibly two hay crops 9 ! season4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s cases report$ :]e ?ree hay crops 7 secur$ ! fir/ season aft] su* cultivation1 :5 ! fields _h be5 pron\nc$ a failure 9 ,m>*4 ,alfalfa may be s[n on su* gr\nd z late z ! fir/ ( ,june if ! we$s h be5 ?or\ghly subdu$4 ,or1 if x has be5 s[n 9 ! spr+ & ! we$s seem to be ov]topp+ x 9 ,july1 m[ close to ! gr\nd1 rake into w9dr[s & burn4 ,!n disk & h>r[ ?or\ghly & s[ aga94 ,9 all probability !re w be some?+ ( a crop to m[ e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 ) a consid]able autumn gr[? to foll[4 ,if x is n desir$ to s[ alfalfa 9 midsumm]1 disk ?is gr\nd & s[ to rye or oats = pa/ure2 !n late 9 ,augu/ disk & put 9 read9ess = ,septemb] s[+4 ,! failure may h be5 because ! soil _h n en\gh bact]ia1 or favorable environm5t = ! bact]ia4 ,"s ( ! se$ s[$ at fir/ und\bt$ly g]m9at$ & "s bact]ia 7 develop$2 en\gh c]ta9ly to prep>e ! soil = ! second s[+4 ,x is unwise aft] su* a failure to g to ano!r field or to wait = ano!r ye>4 ,x is wis] to meet ! conditions at once1 & vigor\sly p]sev]e4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! application ( lime1 m5tion$ on a prec$+ page1 x %\ld be not$ t ! lat] exp]im5ts seem to indicate t x is bett] to apply small] quantities at %ort] int]vals ?an l>g] quantities at long] int]vals2 also t air-slack$ lime is less cau/ic ?an ! quicklime1 & n s liable1 :5 rec5tly appli$1 to h>m ! "y plants :i* may come 9 contact ) x1 h5ce m ( ! =m] may be us$ & ) great] safety4 ,ord9>ily quicklime is consid]$ ! mo/ b5eficial4 ,illu/ration3 ,bur ,clov] ,pod ,magnifi$ six diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,yell[ ,trefoil ,se$ ,pod ,magnifi$ twelve diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,se$ ,pod ,magnifi$ six diamet]s ,illu/ration3 ,spott$ ,clov] ,pod ,magnifi$ six diamet]s ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,cultivation ,,clipp+ ,,is ,,an ,,invigorant ,/range z ?is title may seem x sugge/s a v important means ( secur+ a satisfactory /&4 ,9 fact 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,s\?1 :]e ! l& has become v f\l1 x is occasionally recomm5d$ to s[ ! alfalfa 9 r[s1 eighte5 in*es ap>t1 = regul> cultivation ! fir/ season4 ,aft] ! second ye> ! cr[ns w h s5t up s _m /ems t ! surface ( ! gr\nd w be well occupi$4 ,spurri]1 9 8 "w ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,i1 recomm5d$ drill+ 9 r[s & cultivat+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,b x is bett] to get rid ( ! we$s be=e try+ alfalfa4 ,! cultivation "h recomm5d$ is clipp+1 manur+1 disk+ & h>r[+4 ,frequ5tly :5 alfalfa is s[$ 9 ! spr+ x comes up weak & sp9dl+4 ,9 su* case clip x j be=e ready to bloom1 hav+ ! m[] sickle set r high4 ,if ! gr[? is n v heavy1 leave ?is cutt+ on ! gr\nd2 if q heavy1 remove x4 ,! field may ne$ to be clipp$ aga9 dur+ ! summ]1 b ! f>m] c feel reasonably assur$ t he w h a good /& ! foll[+ spr+4 ,if ! leaves turn yell[1 m[+ is ! rem$y4 ,if !re is any sign ( ! 8spott$ leaf0 disease1 ! m[] %\ld be us$ =?)4 ,( c\rse if alfalfa comes up /rong1 vigor\s1 & free f we$s1 x %\ld /& until blossom+ is well begun & !n be m[n = hay4 ,x %\ld n be suppos$ t ! purpose 9 clipp+ & all[+ ! clipp+s to rema9 on ! gr\nd is prim>ily to make a mul*4 ,x is to ret>d ! we$s1 & z no o!r way equally conv5i5t & economical has pres5t$ itself1 ! "y gr[?s are m[n & left on ! gr\nd4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ,crab grass 7,panicum sangu9ale7 is ! plant or we$ t mo/ p]si/5tly int]f]es ) ! prosp]ity ( alfalfa dur+ its fir/ ye>1 & frequ5t m[+ is ! rem$y mo/ recomm5d$ & resort$ to1 b !re are gr[]s :o ma9ta9 t su* treatm5t is n be/4 ,an ext5sive & v successful gr[] 9 s\!rn ,kansas tells ! au?or repeat$ exp]i5ce has demon/rat$ to 8 satisfaction t ! advice to m[ alfalfa frequ5tly dur+ ! fir/ summ] may "u "s circum/ances be q wrong4 ,if ! season happ5s to be wet1 & !re is a rank gr[? ( ,crab grass1 frequ5t m[+ causes ! ,crab grass to set 9 a close sod & smo!r out ! alfalfa4 ,he says3 8,my practice has be51 "u ^! conditions1 to let ! ,crab grass gr[ ) ! alfalfa until matur$1 be=e m[+4 ,! "y alfalfa w usually keep its head out suffici5tly to brea!1 & w survive until ! ,crab grass is matur$ & all is cut4 ,if all[$ to mature1 ! ,crab grass w n />t a second "t1 & ! alfalfa imm$iately spr+s up & occupies ! gr\nd4 ,:]e ! ,crab grass is v rank x may sometimes be bl[n d[n 9 spots & smo!r out "s alfalfa1 b ev5 "u ^! conditions "o w h a mu* bett] /& ?an is possible by repeat$ m[+s4 ,?is is n m]e !ory1 b has be5 prov5 correct by frequ5t exp]i5ce & close obs]vation ( ! o!r me?od dur+ ! same seasons40 ,some?+ simil> may be said ( ,wit*-grass 7,panicum capill>e71 :i*1 h[ev]1 is less obnoxi\s ?an ! ,crab grass1 because ( n hav+ ! habit ( root+ at ! jo9ts4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry ,crab grass 7,panicum sangu9ale7 is ! plant or we$ t mo/ p]si/5tly z to make burn+ 9 ! spr+ seem ! mo/ feasible means ( gett+ rid ( !m1 & fire is resort$ to4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,m4 ,t5 ,eyck says he has se5 ?is done a numb] ( times )\t injury to ! alfalfa cr[ns4 ,he1 h[ev]1 recomm5ds disk+ aft] burn+1 to loos5 ! expos$ soil & leave ! surface g5]ally 9 a bett] condition4 ,s[+ additional se$ on ! gr\nd be=e su* disk+ may d mu* to improve & ?ick5 ! /&4 ,! editor ( ! ,nebraska ,f>m] has be5 collect+ in=mation on alfalfa culture f e section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! pa/ t5 ye>s1 & z a result ( ?is "w unhesitat+ly advances ! op9ion t 8n9e-t5?s ( ! failures ) alfalfa h be5 due to failure or neglect to cut x z %\ld h be5 done :5 "y4 ,?is is ! law ( alfalfa culture2 x mu/ be cut d[n4 ,& ! man :o has n ! c\rage1 morally & physically1 to use a m[+ ma*9e p]si/5tly _h be/ pass by alfalfa culture4 ,x takes moral c\rage to cut baby alfalfa2 b x mu/ be cut d[n to save x40 ,,manur+ ,a light top-dress+ ( manure aft] s[+1 or1 9 case ( fall s[+1 any "t dur+ ! w9t]1 helps to cons]ve moi/ure z well z to give ! gr[+ plants "s nitrog5\s food4 ,apply+ a top-dress+ ( /able manure at lea/ e second or ?ird w9t] is c]ta9 to prove pr(itable4 ,if x conta9s co>se /raw or o!r litt]1 ?is %\ld be rak$ & haul$ (f lat]1 b be=e ! alfalfa gr[s too high1 especially if ! hay is int5d$ = ! city m>ket4 ,_m successful gr[]s 9 ,kansas1 :o claim to cut f five to sev5 tons ( alfalfa hay p] acre 9 a season apply a top-dress+ ( manure e w9t]4 ,! highe/ yields report$ f ea/]n /ates are :]e ?is practice is foll[$4 ,"s exp]im5t /ation m5 believe t :]e ?is is n done ! crop w aft] eight or t5 ye>s t5d to impov]i% ! l& in/ead ( fur!r improv+ x4 ,,disk+ ,! =emo/ me?od ( cultivation is ) ! disk h>r[1 "o ( ! mo/ excell5t f>m implem5ts ev] inv5t$4 ,alfalfa s[n 9 ! fall is almo/ inv>iably help$ by disk+ ! foll[+ spr+1 ) ! disks set q /raight1 s z n to cut ! cr[ns b to split !m4 ,x is usually well to foll[ ?is disk+ ) a too? h>r[1 ) its tee? set /raight4 ,occasionally 9 a dry summ] ! disk may be us$ to great advantage aft] ! second1 & possibly ! ?ird1 cutt+ also4 ,_m disk _! alfalfa field e spr+1 & "s aft] ea* cutt+1 o!rs d s only once 9 e two or ?ree ye>s1 ow+ to wea!r conditions & ! conditions ( ! alfalfa4 ,9 "s in/ances ! common h>r[ is us$ in/ead ( a disk4 ,! disk+ has sev]al b5eficial effects4 ,x splits & spreads ! cr[ns1 caus+ m & consequ5tly f9] /ems to spr+ up1 af=d+ hay ( ! mo/ delightful quality1 easily cur$2 x loos5s ! soil ab\t ! cr[ns1 cons]ves moi/ure & de/roys ! we$s4 ,!re ne$ be no fe> ( kill+ ! plants if ! disks & ! h>r[-tee? are set /raight & weight$ or o!rwise adju/$ to give direct & /eady =w>d movem5t4 ,z an implem5t = ! cultivation & invigoration ( an alfalfa field ! disk h>r[ has no equal1 & its frequ5t use is by ^? :o "k x be/ deem$ q indisp5sable4 ,,rese$+ ,if x is a "q ( rese$+ ! :ole field1 ! problem is simple4 ,9 t case disk & h>r[ ! gr\nd & s[ half z mu* se$ z 0 s[$ at fir/4 ,b to re/ore b>e spots is m difficult2 ! "y plants f ! rese$+ 9 ^! spots w be %ad$ by ! l>g] gr[? ab\t !m1 & su* rese$+ seldom gives ! desir$ results4 ,!re is no d\bt t v _m fields are giv5 up z failures & inf]ior crops plant$ 9 !m1 :5 a ?or\gh disk+ w\ld h r5ew$ ! gr[?1 sav$ a crop1 &1 :at is m important1 a /& ( alfalfa4 ,_m reports h come to ! writ] ( fields t _h little sign ( life ! fir/ ( ,m>*1 yet :5 ?or\ghly disk$1 cross-disk$ & h>r[$1 surpris$ ! neighborhood by %[+ 9 two weeks a /rong gr[?4 ,"s wi%+ to be on ! safe side1 h s[n a little se$ aft] ?is heavy disk+ & h>r[+1 b _m ( !m h report$ an entire loss ( ! se$1 z ! plants f ! previ\s s[+ came up s ?ick z to *oke out ^? f ! lat] se$+4 ,9 "s /ates a common plan ( ?ick5+ a /& is to let ! ?ird crop rip5 se$1 & !n ab\t ! la/ ( ,septemb] disk & h>r[ ! se$ into ! gr\nd :]e x grew4 ,?is frequ5tly saves ! /& & adds _m ye>s to its life4 ,b :]e a field beg9s to fail aft] a ?ird ye> x is usually bett] to pl[ x up & raise "o or two crops ( corn1 a crop ( oats or ( millet1 & !n rese$4 ,,alfalfa ,,"u ,,irrigation ,! greate/ yields ( alfalfa are produc$ by irrigation4 ,report$ yields ( six or m cutt+s1 aggregat+ eight to twelve tons p] acre ea* ye>1 are almo/ inv>iably1 yet n always1 f di/ricts :]e irrigation is practic$4 ,x is claim$ by exp]im5t /ation exp]ts f ! irrigation /ates t ! t5d5cy is to use too mu* wat]2 too mu* at a "t & too (t54 ,! g5]al recomm5dation is to irrigate ?or\ghly be=e ! gr\nd is pl[$ or disk$1 & n aga9 till ! alfalfa is ab\t f\r in*es high4 ,!n aga9 a week be=e ea* cutt+4 ,x has be5 f\nd t old alfalfa fields d n ne$ z mu* wat] z new fields1 ! alfalfa roots seem+ to f9d moi/ure & br+ x to ! surface4 ,x is insi/$ t ! surface mu/ be p]fectly smoo? to keep wat] f settl+ into l[ places & smo!r+ ! plants4 ,"s f>m]s d n irrigate = ! second crop if z mu* z two in*es ( ra9 falls aft] ! fir/ m[+4 ,o!rs claim t old fields d n ne$ flood+ = ! second crop ev5 if !re has be5 no ra9fall aft] ! fir/ cutt+4 ,wilcox 9 8 8,irrigation ,f>m+0#c says3 8,! critical "t ) alfalfa is ! fir/ six weeks ( its gr[?4 ,flood+ dur+ ?is p]iod is q c]ta9 to give ! plants a backset f :i* !y seldom fully recov] be=e ! second1 & sometimes n be=e ! ?ird ye>1 & x is n (t5 9 ! arid /ates t ra9 falls ) suffici5t frequ5cy to disp5se ) ! necessity = irrigat+ ! plants :ile small4 ,by soak+ ! e>? f ?irty-six to =ty-eight h\rs be=e se$+1 h[ev]1 ! plants w make vigor\s gr[? until !y are t5 to twelve in*es high1 aft] :i* !y may be irrigat$ ) safety4 #c 8,irrigation ,f>m+10 by ,lute ,wilcox3 #cad pp4 ,orange ,judd ,company1 ,new ,york4 8,:5 alfalfa has become e/abli%$1 a s+le copi\s irrigation aft] ea* cutt+ w ord9>ily be f\nd suffici5t4 ,irrigation be=e cutt+ is undesirable1 because x leaves ! e>? s s(t z to int]f]e ) ! movem5t ( ma*9]y & loads4 ,x also makes ! /alks m sappy1 &1 :ile !y w reta9 ! leaves bett]1 !re is m difficulty to be exp]i5c$ 9 ! cur+ at h>ve/ "t2 & tak5 all 9 all1 we mu* pref] to irrigate aft] ea* cutt+4 ,9 ,colorado we cut alfalfa ?ree times & (t5 f\r times 9 a season1 h5ce ! /& gets z _m irrigations4 ,"s p irrigate v e>ly 9 spr+time1 be=e ! cr[ns h awak5$ f _! hib]nal re/1 b ?is practice is n "r4 ,! *ill ( ! wat] 9 v e>ly spr+ is n conducive to quick gr[? & may (t5 ret>d ! plants 9 gett+ an e>ly />t4 ,we d n irrigate prior to ! fir/ cutt+ unless ! season is p>ticul>ly dry & ! plants seem to actually dem& wat]4 ,we irrigate late 9 ! fall & apply a top-dress+ ( light b>ny>d manure1 :i* is f\nd to be ( great s]vice 9 sev]al ways40 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,irrigation ,,^u ,,composition ,i f9d no report ( exp]im5ts publi%$ by any /ation 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( irrigation ^u alfalfa hay is made a special /udy1 b ,bullet9 ,no4 #hj ( ! ,utah /ation conta9s a great deal ( in=mation along ?is l9e relative to gra9 crops1 potatoes1 & mix$ grasses4 ,9 summ+ up ! results ( ! exp]im5ts1 ! foll[+ conclusions are 8,heavy irrigations increase ! p]c5tage ( weight ( ! heads ( plants2 light irrigations increase ! relative weight ( leaves4 8,irrigation modifies def9itely ! composition ( plants & plant p>ts2 ! se$s are affect$ m ?an any o!r plant "p4 8,! p]c5tage ( prote9 9 corn k]nels 0 increas$ f #ab4je to #ae4jh1 z ! am\nt ( irrigation decreas$2 9 oat k]nels f #ad4jg to #bj4gi2 9 :eat k]nels f #ae4bf to #bf4gb4 ,9 all ^! se$s ! fat & nitrog5-free extracts 7 increas$ by lib]al wat]+s4 8,increas$ irrigations increas$ ! />* cont5t & decreas$ ! prote9 cont5t ( potatoes4 8,! wat] 9 plants is some:at dep5d5t on ! wat] 9 ! soil4 8,! proportion ( e> corn to /ov] increas$ regul>ly ) ! increas$ application ( wat]4 8,! p]c5tage ( gra9 9 ! :eat crop increas$ ) increas$ irrigations4 8,! yield ( :eat increas$ up to ?irty in*es ( wat]4 8,crops 9 an arid di/rict require a great] numb] ( p\nds ( wat] = "o p\nd ( dry matt] ?an 9 humid climates40 ,! exp]im5ts cit$ d n include alfalfa1 yet ! results ) o!r crops w\ld indicate t ! p]c5tage ( prote9 9 alfalfa hay may be less :]e ! crop is gr[n by irrigation ?an :]e x is gr[n by dry-l& f>m+4 ,! composition ( ! hay1 h[ev]1 w dep5d ^u ! quantity ( wat] suppli$ to ! crop & n ^u ! me?od2 t is1 alfalfa :i* receives z mu* natural ra9fall z o!r alfalfa w\ld receive by irrigation1 w\ld be simil>ly affect$ 9 composition1 & f ! exp]im5ts ) gra9s report$ 9 ! bullet9 not$1 x w\ld appe> t ) ! application ( l>ge quantities ( wat] ! p]c5tage ( prote9 is decreas$2 yet1 ! yield is increas$1 & al?\gh ! fe$+ value ( ! crop may be a little less1 ! quantity may be great]1 due to l>ge applications ( wat]4 ,,wide ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,cont5t ,pr(essor ,t5 ,eyck compil$ f _! /ation bullet9s ! foll[+ figures on ! composition ( alfalfa hay 9 f\r diff]5t /ates3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,bullet9 ,c>bo- ,numb] ( ,numb] ,prote9 hydrates ,fat ,analyses ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,p] ,c5t,p] ,c5t,p] ,c5t ,new ,j]sey #adh #ae4hd #ch4ig #c4hb #b ,colorado #ci #ag4cf #cf4ga #a4fe #i ,utah #fa #i4bb #dc4be 4#ig #bi ,kansas #aad #aa4hi #da4jc 4#ff #c ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,on ?is %[+ he rem>ks3 8,al?\gh x 0 n def9itely /at$1 ,i take x t ! ,colorado & ,utah hay 7 gr[n by irrigation1 :ile ! ,new ,j]sey & ,kansas hay receiv$ no irrigation4 ,x w be obs]v$ t :ile ! p]c5tages ( prote9 & fat 9 ! ,utah samples are l[1 ! p]c5tage ( c>bohydrates is high2 yet ! ,colorado samples gr[n "u irrigation %[ a l>g] p]c5tage ( prote9 & fat ?an ! ,kansas samples gr[n )\t irrigation4 ,! crude prote9 (t5 v>ies 9 quantity accord+ to ! /age ( maturity ( ! alfalfa :5 x is cut = hay1 z %[n by exp]im5ts at ! ,kansas /ation1 & describ$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aad4 8,! g5]al conclusion may be t ! prote9 cont5t ( alfalfa hay w decrease to "s ext5t1 accord+ z ! supply ( wat] furni%$ ! crop is increas$2 t is1 by supply+ ! "r quantity ( wat]1 a bett] quality ( hay may be gr[n by irrigation ?an is (t5 gr[n 9 humid climates 9 soil :i* receives only ! natural ra9fall4 ,f :at ,i "k ( ! ,colorado & ,utah /ations1 ,i w\ld judge t ! quantity ( wat] suppli$ at ! ,utah /ation 0 mu* l>g] ?an t suppli$ at ! ,colorado /ation4 ,at ! ,colorado /ation ! supply ( irrigation wat] is (t5 limit$1 & h5ce1 ! l>g] p]c5tage ( prote9 & fat :i* appe>s 9 ! samples ( hay gr[n & analyz$ at t /ation40 ,! annual report ( ! secret>y ( agriculture 7#aijd7 says t at ! ,utah /ation a s]ies ( co-op]ative exp]im5ts is 9 progress to det]m9e ! wat] necess>y1 & ! mo/ favorable me?od ( application1 to insure a maximum yield ( alfalfa1 & also exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! m9imum application ( wat] requir$ to secure a crop4 8,x has be5 f\nd t abundant irrigation ?r\gh\t ! season1 #fa in*es ( wat] be+ appli$1 gave a yield ( #f4b tons p] acre1 :ile f\r irrigations 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season ) only #be in*es gave five tons p] acre1 %[+ t beyond a c]ta9 supply ! excess is wa/$40 ,a4 ,s4 ,hit*cock1 9 ,unit$ ,/ates ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #bae1 speak+ ( ! ,utah exp]im5t j m5tion$1 says t :]e ! supply ( wat] is limit$ a mu* less quantity ?an is ord9>ily us$ w produce pay+ crops4 ,! m9imum quantity to produce a crop ( alfalfa1 & ! "t at :i* ! wat] %\ld be appli$1 dep5ds ^u ! soil & climatic conditions4 ,bel[ are results ( exp]im5ts 9 #aijc1 by ! ,utah /ation3 ,,wat] ,,requir$ ,,by ,,alfalfa2 ,,quantity ,,& ,,date ,,( ,,application ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,date ( ea* irrigation & quantity ( wat] appli$ ,total ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,wat] ,fir/ ,second ,?ird ,f\r? appli$ ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,acre ,acre ,acre ,acre ,acre 94 94 94 94 94 ,june #af #c4cfj;,july #bi #c4cei 4444 4444 4444 4444 #f4gai ,june #bi #e4igj;,july #bi #c4cei;,aug4 #ai #c4cei 4444 4444 #ab4fhh ,june #af #e4jgj;,july #h #e4jcf;,aug4 #f #e4jjc 4444 4444 #ae4aji ,june #bi #g4jbj;,july #h #e4jcf;,aug4 #ai #e4jjb 4444 4444 #ag4jeh ,june #ae #e4jcj;,july #c #e4ajj;,aug4 #a #e4jcf;,aug4 #bd #e4jjbbj4afh ,june #bj #f4ggd;,july #h #f4fid;,aug4 #ai #f4fhb 4444 4444 #bj4aej ,july #hab4dij;,aug4 #i #ab4ejf 4444 4444 4444 4444 #be4jjb ,june #bj #h4cjc;,july #f #h4ceb;,aug4 #ai #h4cfb 4444 4444 #be4jag ,june #ae #f4cbj;,july #f #f4bdh;,aug4 #a #f4bdh;,aug4 #bi #f4bejbe4jff ,june #af #f4bej;,june #bc #d4bhj;,june #cj #e4gje;,july #g #de4bcjfa4dfe ,june #bc #f4bej;,july #g #f4bbj;,aug4 #ae #f4bej;,aug4 #ca #f4bejbd4igj ,june #af #f4bej;,july #g #f4bbj;,aug4 #f #f4gej;,aug4 #ca #f4bejbe4dgj ,june #bc #f4faj;,july #g #c4gbj;,aug4 #ae #c4bej;,aug4 #ca #c4gejag4ccj ,june #af #c4ihj;,july #g #c4gbj;,aug4 #f #c4gej;,aug4 #ca #c4gejae4bjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #d ,?is plat 0 giv5 #e in*es ( wat] on ea* ( ! foll[+ dates3 ,july #ad1 ,july #bb1 ,july #bh1 ,augu/ #d1 ,augu/ #ag1 ,augu/ #be1 ,augu/ #ca1 ,septemb] #h4 ,,date ,,( ,,h>ve/ ,,& ,,yield ,,( ,,hay ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,date ( h>ve/ & yield ( hay at ea* cutt+ ,total ,calculat$ ---------------------------------------- -------- yield yield ,fir/ ,second ,?ird ( plat p] acre ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds 4444 ,p\nds,p\nds ,tons ,june #bf #bfd ,aug4 #ab #ej 4444 4444 #cad #c4ade ,june #bf #agg ,aug4 #ab #aja 4444 4444 #bgh #b4ghj ,june #bf #bfa ,aug4 #ab #fh 4444 4444 #cbi #c4bje ,june #bf #bjd ,aug4 #ab #ajh 4444 4444 #cab #c4abe ,june #bf #aia ,aug4 #ab #he 4444 4444 #bgf #b4gfe ,june #bf #age ,aug4 #ab #gd 4444 4444 #bdi #b4dij ,june #bf #ic ,aug4 #ab #fb 4444 4444 #aee #a4eej ,june #bf #ii ,aug4 #ab #dd 4444 4444 #adc #a4dcj ,june #bf #bbd ,aug4 #ab #adj 4444 4444 #cfd #c4fdj ,june #ah #agf;,aug4 #aj #agg,oct4 #af #abj #dgd #f4bdc ,june #ah #agj;,aug4 #aj #acf,oct4 #af #gc #chj #e4jag ,june #ah #adg ,aug4 #aj #ada ,oct4 #af #fa #cdi #d4eih ,june #ah #aje ,aug4 #aj #aab,oct4 #af #df #bfc #c4dfh ,june #ah #aab;,aug4 #aj #ajf ,oct4 #af #ce #bec #c4cdj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 8,x w be obs]v$ t ! maximum crop 0 produc$ by apply+ pl5ty ( wat] ?r\gh\t ! gr[+ season4 ,h[ev]1 x is also to be not$ t a mu* less quantity ( wat]1 :5 appli$ at int]vals ( ?ree or f\r weeks1 produc$ a fair crop4 ,fifte5 & #ag in*es ( wat] appli$ 9 ?is way produc$ m ?an half z mu* z #fa in*es appli$ at frequ5t int]vals4 ,fur!rmore1 ?ree irrigations ( #ae to #ag in*es produc$ ab\t ! same results z ! same am\nt appli$ at f\r irrigations4 ,9 apply+ irrigation wat] to fields x is necess>y to saturate ! soil to a reasonable dep?4 ,all ! wat] t dra9s (f beyond ! am\nt requir$ = use is lo/ to ! crop4 ,x is n necess>y to apply wat] aga9 until ! crop has remov$ a l>ge "p ( ! available supply40 ,illu/ration3 ,ga!r+ ,alfalfa ,hay 9 ,w9dr[s ) a ,side-deliv]y ,hors]ake ,illu/ration3 ,cutt+ a ,f9e ,field ( ,alfalfa ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,h>ve/+ ,,calls ,,= ,,intellig5ce ,,& ,,pa9/ak+ ,consid]able space 9 ?is volume is devot$ to ! discussion ( soil & se$+1 b _! importance _c well be ov]-e/imat$4 ,really ! :ole subject ( alfalfa might well be treat$ "u ! two heads1 8,se$+0 & 8,h>ve/+10 s v inclusive are ^! two phases ( ! subject4 ,)\t c>eful se$+ "o _c h a crop to h>ve/1 & )\t c>eful h>ve/+ he might almo/ z well n h a crop4 ,bo? call = intellig5ce & pa9/ak+ f>m+1 & mu* pati5ce & h>d "w4 ,b ! rew>ds ( ^! virtues & labors are heavy yields f ! mo/ valuable =age plant4 ,if x is wor? n9e times z mu* z timo?y1 x c well dem& a little m "t & labor ?an ! av]age crop4 ,,great ,,value ,,( ,,leaves ,! fir/ po9t to acc5tuate z we approa* ! subject ( h>ve/+ is ! preem95t value ( ! leaves4 ,^! conta9 f sev5ty-five to eighty p] c5t ( ! prote9 ( ! :ole plant1 t valuable comp\nd t goes to produce milk & meat4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t a ton ( prop]ly cur$ alfalfa leaves is equal 9 prote9 to #bhjj p\nds ( :eat bran2 & :5 x is also e/imat$ by c>eful obs]v]s t ! loss ( leaves 9 h>ve/+1 ev5 "u favor+ circum/ances1 ranges f fifte5 to ?irty or m p] c5t x is readily se5 t ! h>ve/+ is an important "p 9 alfalfa haymak+4 ,,:5 ,,to ,,cut ,= ! be/ hay ! cutt+ %\ld beg9 :5 ! alfalfa is ab\t "o-t5? 9 bloom4 ,( c\rse1 if ! acreage is small1 call+ = b "o or two days' cutt+1 x might /& )\t p>ticul> h>m until a fif? or f\r? 0 9 bloom4 ,cutt+ %\ld be complet$1 if possible1 by ! "t "o-half is 9 bloom1 z aft] t x is cut at a loss ( leaves4 ,z !y h m exp]i5ce ! t5d5cy among f>m]s is to cut alfalfa e>li] ?an _h be=e be5 believ$ at all desirable1 & "s exp]i5c$ gr[]s & fe$]s n[ insi/ ^u cutt+ j be=e ! blossom+ /age is rea*$4 ,exp]im5ts seem to %[ t horses l ! hay t has be5 cut :5 at lea/ half 9 bloom1 or lat]1 bett] ?an d o!r /ock4 ,= sake ( ! aft] effects on ! plant1 x is highly important t ! fir/ cutt+ be made 9 ! e>ly bloom1 z1 if x is delay$1 ! second crop />ts m sl[ly & gives a light] yield4 ,frequ5tly a %ort delay 9 cutt+ ! fir/ crop means t ! field w produce b two crops in/ead ( ?ree or f\r4 ,s important is ?is t ,pr(4 ,h4 ,m4 ,cottrell decl>es t he has f\nd x pr(itable to cut ! fir/ crop ( a season 9 e>lie/ bloom ev5 if x 7 to be injur$ by be+ ra9$ ^u1 or 9 fact entirely lo/4 ,,mo/ ,,prote9 ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,cutt+s ,! ,utah exp]im5t /ation f\nd by a fe$+ te/ t ! e>ly cut alfalfa 0 wor? f> m ?an any lat] cutt+4 ,x report$3 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,hay wor?1 ,beef1 lbs4 ,/age ( ,gr[? p] ton produc$ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,:5 9 bloom #e4ce #gjf ,:5 9 full bloom #d4ij #efb ,:5 ( blooms h fall5 #d4ce #dij ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,! ,kansas /ation f\nd ! prote9 cont5t to be3 ,/age ( ,gr[? ,prote9 cont5t ,:5 9 bloom #ah4e p] c5t4 ,:5 9 bloom #ag4b ,:5 9 full bloom #ad4d ,,con/ant ,,wat*fulness ,,dem&$ ,9 humid regions1 ! alfalfa f>m] at ! "t ( ! fir/ cutt+ (t5 f9ds himself 9 a try+ position4 ,! value ( ! leaves dem&s e>ly cutt+1 & ?is may be j :5 x is likely to ra9 ) great frequ5cy4 ,he kn[s t a wett+ w injure 8 hay1 & t ?is results 9 m or less loss ( "s ( its mo/ valuable p>ts f ! h\r ( cutt+ until x is ?or\ghly cur$4 ,! ,colorado /ation reports t alfalfa hay left out = fifte5 days aft] cutt+ & ra9$ on twice1 lo/ #bf4a p] c5t ( its fe$+ value4 ,hay left out = sev5 days & hav+ only "o light ra91 lo/ #aj p] c5t4 ,ano!r lot left out ?ree days1 )\t ra91 lo/ #e p] c5t4 ,wett+ delays ! cur+1 & by ! wa%+ ! hay loses mu* sug>1 dextr9 & o!r soluble matt]s1 & also develops fungi4 ,h[ev]1 ! only ?+ to d is to cut1 ex]cis+ good judgm5t ( c\rse z to ! am\nt ea* day4 ,,losses ,,9 ,,cur+ ,headd5 f\nd1 at ! ,colorado /ation1 t 9 an av]age alfalfa plant ! /ems am\nt$ to =ty to fifty p] c5t ( ! weight1 :ile ) v leafy1 small-/emm$ plants ! leaves sometimes =m m ?an sixty p] c5t ( ! entire weight4 ,! leaves 7 readily lo/ if ! hay 0 n h&l$ c>efully4 ,he conclud$ t ! m9imum loss f ! fall+ (f ( ! leaves & /ems 9 c>eful haymak+ am\nts to f fifte5 to tw5ty p] c5t2 & 9 cases :]e conditions h be5 unfavorable1 z mu* z sixty or ev5 sixty-six p] c5t ( ! entire dry crop is lo/4 ,/at$ 9 ano!r way1 ) ! be/ ( conditions1 & ) great c>e1 = e #a1gjj p\nds ( hay tak5 (f ! field1 at lea/ #cjj p\nds ( leaves & /ems are left scatt]$ on ! gr\nd1 8&1 9 v bad cases1 z mu* z #a1bjj p\nds may be left = ea* #hjj p\nds tak540 ,a /udy ( ^! facts %\ld induce ! c>eful haymak] to use all possible skill 9 cur+ alfalfa1 & !y %[ t x w be pr(itable to exp5d m ?an ! usual am\nt ( labor 9 sav+ ! leaves1 consid]+ t !y are wor?1 p\nd = p\nd1 ne>ly f\r times z mu* z ! /ems4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,9 ,,humid ,,regions ,ord9>ily1 x is n well to cut alfalfa imm$iately aft] a heavy ra91 because ! wet gr\nd w op]ate aga9/ prop] cur+4 ,beg9 cutt+ 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! dew is well (f4 ,if ! wea!r is fair1 ! t$d] ought to foll[ ab\t two h\rs beh9d ! m[]4 ,x is a mi/ake to ?9k t ! sun is ! great cur+ ag5t4 ,too long exposure to ! sun makes ! cur+ all ! m unsatisfactory1 besides dry+ ! leaves 9 su* a way t !y crumble & drop (f4 ,z long z alfalfa rema9s 8alive0 wat] w be exhal$ f ! surface ( ! leaves & be pump$ con/antly f ! /alks 9 a natural way mu* z ?\gh !y 7 /ill /&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if newly cut alfalfa is spread too long 9 hot sun%9e1 ! leaves are scor*$ to su* an ext5t t transpiration ( moi/ure f pores becomes impossible4 ,h5ce1 t 9 ! /alks c only escape by simple evaporation1 :i* is v sl[4 ,by ?is means mu* undesirable1 9 fact h>mful1 moi/ure 9 ! hay is br\ght to ! b>n or /ack1 al?\gh ! leaves ( ! hay are dry & crisp4 ,z ,j4 ,e4 ,w+ has well said 9 8 bullet9 7,bul4 ,no4 #abi prep>$ = ! ,p5nsylvania dep>tm5t ( agriculture71 8!re is a pr9ciple to be obs]v$ 9 mak+ alfalfa hay t applies to mak+ hay f all clov]s4 ,if x c be s manag$ t ! leaves are n at once burn$ & dri$ to p[d]1 ! moi/ure f ! /ems is ! m easily remov$4 ,leaves are natural evaporators ( sap2 /ems are n4 ,!re=e1 :ile ! leaf has yet pliancy & "s semblance ( its natural condition1 x is mo/ effici5tly c>ry+ away ! sap ( ! /em1 b :5 x is dri$ up x no long] aids 9 dry+ ! plant at all4 ,!re=e1 ! be/ hay 9 all respects is made p>tly 9 ! %ade1 9 loosely turn$ w9dr[s1 or 9 n>r[ cocks40 ,two or ?ree h\rs beh9d ! t$d] />t ! rake & keep x go+ reg>dless ( ! noon h\r1 & unless ! hay is v heavy x may be put into small cocks1 ?is to be complet$ be=e ! dew =ms4 ,9 humid regions1 hay is cur$ be/ & ) greate/ safety by ! use ( hay-caps1 & ^! %\ld be put on ! cocks also be=e ! dew =ms1 & remov$ ea* morn+4 ,! hay may be left 9 ^! cocks = f\r or five days1 z f\nd necess>y1 & !n /ack$ or /or$ 9 ! b>n4 ,?is may n foll[1 h[ev]1 unless ! wea!r is favorable4 ,_m pref] to leave ! hay 9 ! w9dr[s until ! second morn+1 turn+ !m by h& or o!rwise be=e noon & putt+ into cocks 9 ! aft]noon1 lett+ ^! /& = two or ?ree days4 ,if x is left 9 ! cocks ov] ?ree days1 !y %\ld be mov$ or ! plants "u !m w be smo!r$4 ,all agree t alfalfa %\ld n lie 9 ! swa? ov] two or ?ree h\rs4 ,mo/ :o h ev] us$ a t$d] l x if ! alfalfa is less ?an half 9 bloom4 ,if half or m 9 bloom1 ! t$d] may cause ! break+ (f & loss ( _m leaves4 ,mo/ exp]im5t /ations recomm5d t ! hay be put into small cocks on ! day ( ! cutt+1 if ! wea!r is at all fair1 n risk+ x 9 ! w9dr[s ov] night4 ,x is a fact t cock$ gre5 alfalfa1 ev5 )\t caps1 w %$ mu* ra91 :ile :5 fairly well-cur$ x w n d s4 ,a ,colorado f>m] report$ t he />t$ ! m[] "o morn+ z soon z ! dew 0 (f1 foll[$ x ) ! t$d] "o h\r lat]1 & ) ! rake "o h\r beh9d ! t$d]2 he kept a =ce ( m5 only two h\rs beh9d ! rake putt+ ! alfalfa1 yet q gre51 into small cocks4 ,^! /ood ?r\gh two days ( heavy ra94 ,lat] ! cocks 7 op5$ & f\nd to be unh>m$1 & aft] "o day ! hay 0 put into /acks 9 excell5t condition4 ,?is 0 a some:at unusual circum/ance1 surely1 & might n (t5 occur 9 a climate less dry ?an t 9 "s p>ts ( ,colorado4 ,a gr[] 9 s\!rn ,kansas1 h[ev]1 :o h>ve/s ab\t "o ?\s& tons ( alfalfa p] ye>1 & is work+ ) x ne>ly e day f ! second week 9 ,may until ,novemb] #aj1 insi/s t alfalfa1 "u ! same conditions ( ra9fall1 is mu* easi] to save 9 fair fe$+ condition ?an r$ clov]4 ,he f9ds ! side-deliv]y rake especially excell5t = turn+ ov] ! gre5 or wet w9dr[s to ! sun & air ) ! lea/ loss ( leaves1 & cur$ ?us1 aft] be+ wet1 ! natural color is bett] pres]v$4 8,t alfalfa hay has a high] fe$+ value ?an almo/ any o!r1 ev5 :5 sav$ "u ! mo/ unfavorable circum/ances1 %\ld be impress$ ^u ! inexp]i5c$40 ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,hay-,,caps ,any man :o goes into ! bus9ess ( rais+ alfalfa any:]e 9 ! ra9 belt _c well af=d to ignore hay-caps z a "p ( 8 equipm5t4 ,comp>atively ! co/ is slight & ! tr\ble ( us+ !m small consid]$ 9 ! light ( _! great utility1 al?\gh ! exp5se1 & ! use & c>e ( !m may at fir/ blu% appe> to be q =midable4 ,am]ican haymak]s d n seem to appreciate ! bad effect ( dew ^u ! color & aroma ( all k9ds ( hay4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h4 ,/or] 9 8 8,agriculture0 7,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #eei7 says3 8,"o advantage ga9$ by ! use ( hay-caps to protect ! cocks dur+ ! night1 is t !y hold 9 ! rak$-up w>m?1 & keep ! hay f cool+ (f4 ,?us x happ5s t ! hay n only improves a little z to dryness dur+ ! night1 b is all ready to dry rapidly :5 ! cocks are aga9 expos$ to ! air & sun%9e1 on be+ uncov]$ 9 ! morn+4 ,all ?is z a normal & con/ant b5efit1 to say no?+ ( ! advantages d]iv$ f ! caps 9 case light ra9s1 or ev5 heavy ra9s1 %\ld fall be=e ! cocks are aga9 op5$4 ,! caps keep dew f settl+ ^u ! hay1 moreov]1 & ?us prev5t ! loss ( aromatic matt]s t w\ld result if ! dew 7 to dry (f f ! hay40 8,) reg>d to ! exclusion ( dew1 x is n alone its p[] to c>ry (f aroma t %\ld be consid]$4 ,:5 dew #8falls' x mu/ t5d to c>ry ) x any p>ticles ( solid matt] t may happ5 to be 9 ! air f :i* x is deposit$1 &1 9 ?is way ! spores ( fungi1 su* z w\ld cause ! hay to mold1 are put ^u x4 ,x c sc>cely be que/ion$ t _m ( ! organisms deposit$ ) ! dew are likely to promote hurtful decomposition1 especially 9 case ! hay %\ld rema9 or become damp1 & ! less ( ^! organisms t infe/ ! hay ! bett] x w be40 ,:5 ! f>m] consid]s t a ton ( well-cur$ alfalfa hay is wor? ab\t z mu* z a ton ( :eat bran1 he ought to see t x is pr(itable to protect x f ! ra9 & ! dew4 ,he w\ld sc>cely hesitate to provide suitable cov]+ if he _h sev]al tons ( bran 9 ! field expos$ to ! elem5ts4 ,hay-caps w soon pay = !mselves by ! f9] quality ( ! hay !y assure1 aside f ! l>g] quantity ( ! be/ grade t _! protection gu>antees4 ,/or] fur!r says1 8!re c be no "q z to ! v great m]it ( hay-caps :5 prop]ly us$4 ,!y are simply pieces ( /\t1 cotton clo? ( suitable size1 say #dj to #de in*es squ>e z a m9imum1 7#fj in*es squ>e w\ld be f> bett]--,au?or7 :i* are ?r[n ov] ! cocks :5 ra9 is imm95t1 or at nightfall4 ,^! clo?s may h wood5 pegs or "s sort ( weight atta*$ to ea* corn] to hold !m 9 place2 ! pegs c be driv5 into ! gr\nd or pu%$ "u ! hay1 z seems mo/ suitable to ! size ( ! cock or conditions ( ! wea!r4 ,! porosity ( ! cotton clo? h9d]s dampness f collect+ b5ea? x at ! top ( ! cock :i* x cov]s40 ,cur+ alfalfa 9 dry regions :]e ! problems & dang]s ( ra9fall d n ne$ any l>ge consid]ation1 is att5d$ ) few ( ! difficulties :i* confront ! gr[] 9 a region ( mu* humidity4 ,9 we/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska1 & 9 ,texas & o!r /ates :]e summ] ra9s are some:at infrequ5t1 ! m[]s />t at ! beg9n+ & d n /op until ! field or fields ( alfalfa are all 9 ! swa?4 ,! rakes foll[ close beh9d1 frequ5tly ! side-deliv]y rake1 & !n ! ga!r+ implem5t1 usually designat$ z a 8g-devil10 keep only ab\t a half-day beh9d1 dragg+ ! cur$ hay to ! /ack or rick :]e ! horse-=k lifts & c>ries x to ! c5t] ( ! /ack1 to be di/ribut$ & plac$ by m5 ) pit*=ks4 ,! m>ket & fe$+ value ( hay s cur$ & ga!r$1 is deem$ by "s au?orities z n ! highe/4 ,cur+ 9 ! w9dr[ alone is likely to be a m]e dry+ 7p]haps too rapid dry+7 ( "o side ( ! expos$ portions4 ,alfalfa %\ld cure successively 9 ! swa?1 w9dr[1 cock & /ack or m[1 to develop its greate/ value4 ,! man :o has s _m acres t he _c cure x 9 ?is way might d bett] ) few] acres = hay1 & pa/ure hogs on ! rema9d]1 or use ! l& = o!r crops4 ,/ill x is true t alfalfa ev5 poorly cur$ has no inconsid]able fe$+ value4 ,_m f>m]s 9 ! ,we/ & ,middle ,we/ claim to secure v good hay by e>ly foll[+ ! m[] ) ! t$d]1 ?is ) ! rake1 & !n ! 8bun*]10 lett+ ! hay rema9 9 bun*es ov] night & dragg+ x to ! /ack ! next day4 ,o!rs take f ! w9dr[ to wagons by a hay-load]1 pref]ably "o op]at$ by a belt4 ,aft] all is said & done1 & reg>dless ( ?rift & yield1 x is unque/ionable t ! gr[] ( alfalfa 9 humid regions meets ) difficulties 9 ! matt] ( satisfactory cur+ t 9 "s ye>s are almo/ or q di%e>t5+1 & ( a "* to :i* 8 bro!r 9 arid t]ritory is virtually a total /rang]4 ,cur+ 9 ! two regions pres5ts diff]5t problems1 ) advantage all ! "t favor+ ! man 9 ! c\ntry ( little ra9fall4 ,second & lat] cutt+s are n s mu* endang]$ by ra9s z is ! fir/1 &1 h5ce1 ^! are usually cur$ 9 bett] condition4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 virtually all te/s po9t out t ! fir/ cutt+ has m fe$+ value & is bett] reli%$ by all k9ds ( /ock4 ,mo/ f>m]s are agre$ t x pays to cut e "t ! alfalfa blooms1 up to ! la/ ( ,septemb] 9 ! ,nor?1 & possibly a mon? lat] 9 ! m s\!rn latitudes4 ,a few h report$ t !y pref] to make b two cutt+s a ye>1 claim+ to realize a great] fe$+ value by s do+2 b x seems t ! loss 9 leaves & prote91 toge!r ) ! fact t live /ock has less reli% = ! m mature cutt+s1 makes frequ5t cutt+ by f> ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,to sum up1 ! po9ts to be emphasiz$ 9 cutt+ alfalfa = hay1 & its treatm5t imm$iately aft]1 are3 ,cut 9 e>ly bloom4 ,h&le z little z possible4 ,prev5t its be+ wet aft] cutt+4 ,cure if possible p>tly 9 ! swa?1 9 ! w9dr[1 9 ! cock & 9 ! /ack or m[4 ,cut z (t5 z x blooms1 :i* w range f twice 9 ,new ,engl& to n9e times a ye> 9 s\!rn ,oklahoma1 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 ,texas & ,l\isiana4 ,9 a region ( frequ5t ra9s protect ) hay-caps4 ,,h>ve/+ ,,= ,,se$ ,! fir/ cutt+ %\ld n be us$ = se$ = ?ree reasons3 ,fir/1 if t cutt+ is delay$ until ! se$ has rip5$1 ! second & ?ird cutt+s w be v light1 & 9 ! extreme nor!rn alfalfa t]ritory !re may n be ev5 a second4 ,a /rong] reason is t at ! "t ( ! fir/ cutt+1 favorable wea!r is likely to be mu* less c]ta9 & ra9s w int]f]e ) ! /ack+ ( ! se$ crop1 :i*1 to insure its be/ value1 mu/ be put 9 ! /ack or m[ )\t wett+4 ,ano!r is t ! se$ pods at t season are n usually s well fill$ & ! proportion ( f]tile se$s is less because ! bees & o!r insects h n s e>ly 9 ! season _h "t & opportunity to aid 9 ! poll5ation4 ,cutt+ %\ld be done :5 ! great] proportion ( ! se$s are h>d1 b n suffici5tly ripe to %ell4 ,at ?is /age a majority ( ! pods are turn$ a d>k-br[n color & ! se$s are fully develop$4 ,frequ5tly ! cutt+ c be rak$ into w9dr[s aft] two h\rs if ! wea!r is dry+1 & 9 two or ?ree h\rs m put into cocks & let /& = tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs1 z ! wea!r may ju/ify4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be well cur$ & ?or\ghly dry :5 put 9 ! /ack1 or !re is dang] ( heat+1 & /ack-heat+ s]i\sly injures ! vitality ( ! se$4 ,x is n uncommon1 if extremely ripe1 to leave ! cutt+ 9 ! swa? only an h\r or a half-h\r1 !n /ack1 & let /& = autumn or lat] ?re%+4 ,if all[$ to /& 9 ! /ack = ab\t ?irty days1 ! entire mass goes ?r\gh a sweat+ & cur+ process :i* makes ! ?re%+ easi]1 :ile less ( ! se$ is left 9 ! /raw ?an w\ld be if x _h n /ack-cur$4 ,9 we/]n ,kansas _m se$ rais]s cut _! se$ crop ) a self-b9d]1 put ! %eaves 9 %ocks ! same day & ?re% 9 ab\t t5 days1 or put x into a /ack to await a conv5i5t ?re%+ "t4 ,!y claim to secure #bj p] c5t m ( ! se$ 9 ?is way ?an if !y cut ) ! ord9>y m[]4 ,o!rs cut ) a m[] hav+ a dropp] atta*m5t :i* leaves ! alfalfa 9 small bun*es at ! w ( ! driv]1 9 ! c5t] ( ! swa?1 & ^! are 8/raddl$0 by ! team & ! :eels ( ! m[] 9 ! subsequ5t r\nds4 ,^! bun*es are left = two or ?ree days & !n /ack$4 ,!re is little1 if any1 dang] f mold or spontane\s combu/ion 9 /acks ( alfalfa cut = se$1 b !re is dang] ( ! se$ heat+ 9 ! /ack if /ack$ :5 damp4 ,if bright1 clean se$ is expect$1 ! /acks mu/ be well topp$ ) sl\gh grass1 or cov]$ ) t>paul9s or bo>ds1 or giv5 o!r protection4 ,x is bett] /ill to put ! alfalfa int5d$ = se$ into a b>n4 ,"o ,kansas f>m] 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! /ate reports t he us$ a self-b9d+ h>ve/]1 %ock$ ! %eaves l ^? ( gra91 let !m /& t5 days & !n put 9 a m[1 ) no bad results4 ,,yields ,,( ,,se$ ,! yield ( se$ ranges all ! way f two to ?irte5 bu%els p] acre1 ! normal yield 9 ! se$ regions be+ f\r to eight bu%els4 ,x is ?re%$ ) ord9>y gra9 sep>ators ) se$ atta*m5ts1 al?\gh ! clov]-hull] is usually pref]r$4 ,no ?re%+ ma*9e cleans ! se$ satisfactorily or suffici5tly1 & a c>eful reclean+ is necess>y4 ,fann+ mills or se$-clean]s are n[ made t w remove mo/ we$ se$s1 se$s ( dodd]1 & all light-weight & probably inf]tile alfalfa se$s4 ,h[ev]1 no rais] %\ld by rights ?re%1 to say no?+ ( m>ket+1 ! se$s ( ! dodd] or any o!r we$ ) 8 alfalfa2 ^! %\ld be cut out ( ! field ) scy!1 sickle or knife a mon? be=e ! alfalfa is cut4 ,! ?re%$ alfalfa /raw is wor? only ab\t half z mu* z ! hay1 yet x makes excell5t fe$ = horses1 colts & calves4 ,or1 if put into /acks ( alfalfa ( ! ?ird cutt+1 9 alt]nate lay]s1 x may be f$ to any /ock to good advantage1 z x is reli%$ q z well z ord9>y ?ird cutt+s1 not)/&+ its l[] fe$+ value4 ,,! ,,?ird ,,cutt+ ,,= ,,se$ ,se$ rais]s 9 "s in/ances1 especially 9 ,kansas1 use ! ?ird cutt+ = se$1 claim+ t ! pods are m uni=mly fill$ & ! se$s m g5]ally f]tile1 due to ! assi/ance ( ! bees 9 poll5ation4 ,!y claim1 too1 t ?is cutt+ has few] we$s & we$ se$s ?an its pr$ecessors2 also t !y are ?us sure ( two good hay crops1 :ile (t5 if !y use ! second crop = se$1 ! ?ird crop is h>dly wor? m ?an ! cutt+4 ,! only po9t left 9 favor ( us+ ! second cutt+ = se$1 :]e ! f>m] is confid5t ( a ?ird1 is t ! prote9 value ( ! second is ! l[e/1 & h5ce its hay c bett] be sp>$ ?an t f any o!r cutt+4 ,! rais+ ( se$ 9 ! m humid ea/]n /ates %\ld n1 g5]ally1 be attempt$1 z x w n only int]f]e ) obta9+ full value 9 ! hay crop1 b ! less f]tile soil w n produce z vigor\s se$ z w ! new] & ri*] l&s we/ ( ! ,miss\ri riv]4 ,at pres5t ! be/ se$ = g5]al use is produc$ betwe5 t riv] & ! ,rocky m\nta9s4 ,utah produces a h>dy se$1 b mu* if n mo/ ( x is rais$ "u irrigation1 &1 h5ce1 at lea/ !oretically1 n deem$ be/ adapt$ = regions dep5d5t entirely ^u soil moi/ure f ra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,ga!r+ an ,alfalfa ,crop 9 ,page ,c\nty1 ,i[a ,photograph by c\rtesy ( ,h5ry ,field ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,h>ve/+ ,sc5e 9 ,yell[/one ,c\nty1 ,montana ,illu/ration3 ,ma/ & ,boom ,/ack]1 ) ,six-,t9$ ,jackson ,=k ,! ma/ is held 9 place by guy ropes f ! top4 ,lead+ to ! "r may be se5 ! rope to :i* is atta*$ a team ( horses4 ,! base ( ! d]rick is 9 ! =m ( sl$ runn]s1 s t ! :ole may be drawn along ! /ack by atta*+ a team ,illu/ration3 ,a ,d]rick ,/ack] ) six-t9$ ,jackson or ,cali=nia =k4 ,! d]rick is sub/antial1 & guy ropes are n necess>y4 ,/akes driv5 into ! gr\nd ar\nd ! base hold ! d]rick 9 place ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,/or+ ,,c>e ,,9 ,,cur+ ,aft] all possible c>e has be5 tak5 9 se$+1 cultivat+ & h>ve/+ alfalfa1 its fe$+ value may be greatly impair$ or q lo/ by ignorance or c>elessness 9 /or+2 t is1 by /ack+ or putt+ x into %$s or b>ns1 or by bal+ x = m>ket :5 9 an unsuitable condition4 ,! only pa? to safety 9 /ack+ or /or+ 9 %$ or m[ is hav+ ! hay 9 prop] condition = complet+ its own cur+4 ,! true m$ium = its cur+ is air1 n sun2 ! sun has done possibly m ?an its %>e already4 ,b good hay is n completely & prop]ly cur$ 9 swa?1 w9dr[ & cock4 ,if cur$ 9 ! w9dr[1 ! expos$ p>ts are liable to be mu* injur$ by ! sun4 ,!re=e ! pr9ciple /&s1 8,h&le alfalfa gre540 ,x mu/ be cut gre51 t$d]$1 rak$ & cock$ or bun*$ :ile comp>atively gre51 & mu/ n !n be all[$ to dry & p>* to brittl5ess4 ,true1 x mu/ n be put into a /ack s long z x is possible to wr+ wat] out ( ! /alks4 ,a con/ant /udy %\ld be to f9d ! be/ me?od ( gett+ ! hay into /orage )\t loss ( its natural color4 ,! me?od t w safely /ore x gre5e/ w be ! be/ to foll[4 ,h&l$ gre5 ! leaves are sav$1 & ^! con/itute f #ej to #ge p] c5t ( ! :ole value4 ,,putt+ ,,into ,,w9t] ,,qu>t]s ,:5 79 regions ( mu* humidity7 ! hay is safely 9 cock1 cov]$ ) hay-caps1 & has _h a few days ( cur+1 x is ready = p]man5t qu>t]s4 ,rememb]+ t ! hay aft] its dry+ has begun %\ld be h&l$ z little z possible1 ! cocks h be5 made small en\gh s t two m5 may lift !m bodily onto a wagon1 if a wagon is us$ 9 ! /ack+4 ,f ! wagon1 ! hay is lift$ by a hay=k to ! /ack4 ,or1 m c>eful /ill1 ! f>m] w use ?ree sl+s to ea* wagon1 :i* are lift$ by a hook to ! /ack or m[4 ,a sl+ is a heavy %eet ! size ( ! wagon hayrack4 ,"o is spread on ! bottom ( ! rack1 ano!r on top ( ! fir/ "o-?ird ( ! load1 & ! o!r on top ( ! second ?ird4 ,^! sl+s are b&$ at ! ends2 ! ends are drawn toge!r & a ?ird ( ! load lift$ to ! /ack or m[1 ?us sav+ 9 "s in/ances a ?ird m leaves ?an any o!r me?od4 ,9 arid & semi-arid t]ritory1 cock+ & load+ on or (f wagons are disp5s$ ) by dragg+ ! rapidly dri$ hay directly to /acks built 9 ! fields1 :]e ! lift+ into place is done ) great exp$ition by horse implem5ts4 ,a :eel-rake or 8g-devil0 is us$ to take at once sev]al cocks1 bun*es or a "p ( a w9dr[ to a ne>by /ack4 ,o!rs use a rope to drag "o or m l>ge cocks to ! /ack2 or1 if ! hay is to be tak5 f w9dr[s1 x may be put ^u wagons ) a load]4 ,! load] is an excell5t implem5t = h&l+ timo?y & clov]1 b is apt to %ake (f a good _m leaves ( alfalfa if ! hay is v dry4 ,! m common sl+ n[ on ! m>ket is made ( ropes1 f\r ropes ! l5g? ( ! hayrack & ) ropes across l a rope ladd]1 & us$ to h&le "o-?ird or "o-f\r? ( a load4 ,o!rs are made l ! c>ri]s ( a ?re%+ ma*9e ) slats & ropes4 ,,/or+ ,,9 ,,! ,,b>n ,! b>n is ! be/ place = alfalfa if all conditions are "r4 ,cases ( spontane\s combu/ion 9 /ack & m[ make f>m]s fe>ful ( us+ ! b>n1 especially = ! fir/ cutt+1 :i* is always mo/ difficult to cure4 ,!re are c]ta9 conditions t mu/ be obs]v$ if ?is hay is to complete its cur+ prop]ly & safely 9 ! m[4 ,! bottom ( ! m[ %\ld be elevat$ at lea/ a foot f ! gr\nd1 floor$ ) poles or joi/s1 & !y %\ld be ab\t two-?irds cov]$ ) bo>ds or o!r mat]ial 9 su* a way z to provide num]\s op5+s or air spaces ( consid]able size4 ,if ! m[ already has a tight floor1 a "p ( ! floor+ %\ld be remov$ be=e ! hay is put 94 ,!n a box or b>rel %\ld be plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! space & lift$ up z ! fill+ proce$s4 ,if ! m[ is ov] ?irty feet long1 a second b>rel %\ld be us$2 t is1 an air %aft %\ld be left 9 ab\t ea* fifte5 to tw5ty feet4 ,a lay] ( dry hay or /raw s&wi*$ 9 ab\t e f\r ( five feet1 z ! m[ fills1 c be us$ to mu* advantage4 ,if ! m[ is l>ge en\gh 9 l5g? & wid?1 an excell5t1 safe plan is to spread ! fir/ cutt+ ov] ! entire bottom1 fill+ up to a height ( f\r or five feet4 ,! second cutt+ may be plac$ ov] ?is1 on top ( a lay] ( /raw1 & ! ?ird cutt+ ov] ?is4 ,!re is virtually no dang] f spontane\s combu/ion or f mold if ?is is done1 & ! hay w be z bright & gre5 & almo/ z ri* 9 prote9 9 ,janu>y z :5 h>ve/$4 ,j4 ,w4 ,b]ry ( ,jewell c\nty1 ,kansas1 memb] ( ! bo>d ( reg5ts ( ! /ate agricultural college1 uses ?is me?od & bales 8 hay 9 ,octob] = ! city m>kets1 f9d+ x 9 p]fect condition4 ,he puts 8 hay into ! m[ gre5 b n wet1 direct f ! cocks1 or w9dr[s ! day x is cut1 9 lay]s ab\t f\r feet deep1 ) ! slighte/ possible loss ( leaves1 no blea*+ & no injury by dew4 ,9 #aije he cut 8 alfalfa f\r times & /or$ ! f\r? cutt+ on top ( ! ?ree prec$+4 ,he says t hav+ an op5 floor & pl5ty ( air f ! outside1 ! hay c be put 9 ! b>n z describ$2 t x %\ld n be tramp$1 & x w settle & cure p]fectly4 ,! bottom lay] or fir/ cutt+ may %[ "s du/ :5 tak5 out if h&l$ loose1 b ! color w be good & x w bale 9 ) ! o!r cutt+s & all grade well4 ,hay cur$ 9 ?is way 9 #aijd grad$ 8*oice0 9 ! ,/4 ,l\is m>ket4 ,spontane\s combu/ion does n occur v (t51 b x is a possibility1 & x is well to be> 9 m9d t hay may be put 9 ! b>n too gre54 ,obs]vation tea*es t x nev] takes place unless ! hay has be5 put 9 ! b>n :ile conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( moi/ure1 & pil$ too deep4 ,alfalfa & o!r clov] hays may safely be put 9 ! b>n :5 !y conta9 n to exce$ #cj p] c5t ( wat]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y conta9 mu* m ?an ?is !re is consid]able dang]1 especially :]e l>ge quantities are put toge!r1 z is ! case 9 l>ge1 deep m[s & sometimes 9 l>ge /acks4 ,a practical te/ :i* may be safely foll[$ is to take a h&ful ( hay1 twi/ x z h>d z possible1 & if no juice c be wrung out ( its /ems1 x is dry en\gh to be put 9 ! m[4 ,bun*es ( wet hay mix$ ) dry hay h (t5 caus$ combu/ion4 ,su* %\ld always be disc>d$4 ,x is poor policy to haul clov] hays into a b>n aft] sund[n1 z at t "t x absorbs moi/ure f ! atmosph]e v rapidly4 ,x is a good plan = ! haymak] to g into 8 m[ e morn+ :ile ! hay is cur+ & obs]ve ! conditions1 b he %\ld n1 h[ev]1 become al>m$ if he f9ds t ! top ( 8 hay is v damp4 ,?is w always be ! case1 ev5 if x 0 comp>atively dry :5 put 92 consid]able heat develops dur+ ! night1 :i* 9 turn evaporates moi/ure4 ,! foll[+ morn+1 :5 ! air is cool1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ?is1 especially if ! m[ is n well v5tilat$1 is cond5s$ & settles back on ! hay4 ,if ! moi/ure1 h[ev]1 is excessive1 x is a good plan to scatt] a load ( dry /raw ov] ! top4 ,?is w absorb ! moi/ure 9 "p1 aft] :i* fill+ may be cont9u$4 ,9 case a load has be5 put 9 ! b>n too wet1 x %\ld be spread to ! out] edges1 z !re is mu* less dang] ( combu/ion at ^! places ?an 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 fact1 ! greate/ heat is always develop$ 9 ! c5t]1 :]e ! s-call$ crat]s =m1 & f :i* moi/ure & gases are giv5 (f z a result ( heat+ & oxidation bel[4 ,f ! fact t spontane\s combu/ion _c take place until ! wat] has all be5 evaporat$1 !re is no dang] until ?ree to f\r weeks aft] ! hay has be5 /or$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week or s1 if ! hay heats to su* an ext5t t !re is dang] ( combu/ion1 x is well to op5 up ! c5t] z mu* z possible & all[ "s ( ! heat to escape4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! heat+ has cont9u$ mu* long]1 x is dang]\s practice to op5 ! hay at all1 because all t is ne$$1 aft] ! wat] has be5 evaporat$1 is air1 or oxyg5 to support combu/ion1 & ! mass w at once bur/ into flames4 ,sometimes combu/ion takes place )\t flames1 9 :i* case ! c5t] ( ! m[ gradually *>s1 leav+ ! hay !re z black z *>coal1 & )\t value4 ,pr(essor ,cottrell1 discuss+ spontane\s combu/ion 7,kansas ,bul4 ,no4 #aad71 says t all cases obs]v$ by him h occurr$ 9 hay ( ! season's fir/ cutt+--cut at a "t :5 ! gr[? 0 rank & ! cur+ mo/ difficult4 ,a p]iod ( wet1 muggy wea!r 9 ,july or ,augu/ increases ! dang]1 :i* 9 dry wea!r seems mu* less4 ,on acc\nt ( previ\s tr\ble f heat+ 9 ! b>n1 he _h f\r ye>s prior to writ+ /ack$ ! fir/ cutt+ out ( doors & put only ! lat] cutt+s 9 ! b>n4 ,,losses ,,f ,,/ack+ ,! ,colorado /ation f\nd t ! loss 9 fe$+ value f ! h\r ( cock+ to ! h\r ( tak+ f ! /ack 0 #ab4d p] c5t1 :ile ! loss 9 hay /or$ 9 ! b>n 0 ab\t #b4e p] c5t4 ,if we add to ?is ! /ack$ hay lo/ by exposure1 x w easily rea* m ?an #bj p] c5t "u av]age conditions :ile 9 _m cases x w\ld rea* #dj p] c5t4 ,?is c]ta9ly repres5ts an enorm\s wa/e1 & by prev5t+ x a man ) any consid]able area ( alfalfa c\ld soon save en\gh to pay = a b>n4 ,,! ,,hay ,,%$ ,aft] a b>n ! next be/ place = /or+ hay is a %$ ) an adju/able or lift+ ro(4 ,! gr\nd dim5sions %\ld be ample to all[ ! fir/ cutt+ to cov] its floor & n be ov] five or possibly six feet deep :5 fir/ put 94 ,! bottom ( ! m[ %\ld be rais$ at lea/ "o foot f ! gr\nd1 & ! floor %\ld h at lea/ a twelve-in* air space ab\t e ?ree feet4 ,poles or joi/s cov]$ ) dry /raw or old hay make a good floor4 ,spread ! hay ov] ! entire floor surface1 on a lay] ( /raw or o!r dry mat]ial4 ,use b>rels or boxes z recomm5d$ = v5tilation 9 ! b>n1 & l[] ! ro( until ! second cutt+4 ,= su* a ro( ! cov]+ %\ld be ( "s su* mat]ial z rub]oid1 & ! raft]s ne$ n be heavy1 except ab\t e sixte5 feet4 ,/rong iron clamps c be easily adju/$ to ! supports4 ,:5 ! second cutt+ is ready1 raise ! ro(1 :i* %\ld be 9 sections1 & put ! second crop on top ( ! fir/4 ,foll[ ?is plan = all o!r cutt+s4 ,if a %$ ) a /ation>y ro( is us$1 dry /raw1 or hay1 or corn /ov] %\ld be put on top ( ea* cutt+ to protect ! alfalfa f ra94 ,almo/ any k9d ( a %$ or cov]$ /ructure is pref]able to a /ack4 ,,conditions ,,= ,,/ack+ ,if ! hay is to be /ack$1 !re are also special conditions t ! exp]i5c$ insi/ %\ld be obs]v$4 ,?is is n to say t alfalfa hay /ack$ "u conditions q diff]5t may n give fair results1 & mu* dep5ds on ! locality & ! climate4 ,h[ev]1 ! result desir$ is palatable & nutriti\s hay & n su* z is moldy1 /ack-burn$ or du/y4 ,/ack+ ! hay directly on ! gr\nd is sure to mean a loss ( "s portion ( x4 ,elevate ! bottom ( ! /ack ) poles1 timb]s or o!r l mat]ial2 put /raw at ! bottom &1 pref]ably1 build a rick r ?an a r\nd /ack4 ,/>t ! bottom sixte5 or eighte5 feet wide & build /raight up in/ead ( tap]+ or slant+ ! sides1 z alfalfa hay w n %$ ra9 or sn[ wat]4 ,if !re is mu* moi/ure & x is conv5i5t to d s1 use a lay] ( /raw or dry hay ( "s k9d e five or six feet4 ,keep ! /ack full 9 ! middle1 or a little high] ?an ! sides1 & well tramp$ all ! "t4 ,:5 ! /ack has rea*$ ! desir$ height1 top x out ) sl\gh grass1 or dry timo?y or prairie hay1 or v gre5 alfalfa1 or protect ) t>paul9s or bo>ds2 ! bo>ds may be nail$ & *a9$ toge!r1 lapp$ & weight$ at ! corn]s1 mak+ a v satisfactory ro(4 ,if ^! directions are foll[$1 ! losses w be kept at a m9imum4 ,! ,kansas exp]im5t /ation au?orities say t 9 an exp]im5t made !re an application ( salt to ! hay :5 be+ /or$ seem$ to decrease1 if any?+1 r ?an increase its fe$+ value4 ,lime appli$ 9 /ack+ is claim$ to h a b5eficial effect 9 prev5t+ mold4 ,! rais$ bottom & lay]s ( /raw are useful accessories = ! /ack1 %$ or m[1 :ile ! b>rel or o!r v5tilat+ contrivances %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 ei!r %$s or m[s4 ,,/or+ ,,z ,,silage ,z l& values increase & f>m]s & dairym5 come to m fully appreciate ! wor? ( gre5 fe$ 9 w9t]1 ! silo gr[s 9 e/imation4 ,ea/]n f>m]s :o keep c[s or "y /ock ( any k9d use ! silo m or less1 to cons]ve = w9t] ! value ( bo? gre5 grass & corn4 ,alfalfa makes an excell5t silage1 b its peculi> quality ( reta9+ its gre5 food value1 z hay1 :5 prop]ly cur$1 makes its ensil+ mu* less a necessity4 ,alfalfa hay tak5 f ! m[ 9 ,febru>y1 gre51 appetiz+ & nutriti\s1 falls little1 if any1 %ort ( s]v+ ! purposes ( silage4 ,,(t5 ,,pr(itable ,,to ,,ensile ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cutt+ ,h[ev]1 x is n infrequ5tly f\nd t ! fir/ cutt+ ( alfalfa may be ensil$ directly f ! field at a season :5 ra9s w\ld prev5t its prop] cur+ = hay4 ,if ?is is done1 x is important t ! rakes & wagons foll[ v closely aft] ! m[]1 z ev5 two h\rs ( sun exposure 9 ! swa? less5s its value = silage4 ,m5 :o h cut alfalfa dur+ a light ra9 & rak$ & haul$ x directly to ! silo h report$ satisfactory results4 ,o!rs report hav+ cut x 9 ! late aft]noon &1 ! next morn+1 aft] a heavy ra91 rak$ & haul$ x to ! silo :ile dripp+ wet4 ,!re=e ! f>m] 9 ! ea/]n & s\!rn /ates1 9 ! ,pacific ,nor?we/1 or ev5 9 ! c5tral /ates may1 on occasion1 plan = ! ensil+ ( 8 fir/ cutt+1 9 ! fai? t x w come out 9 f9e condition if 8 silo is prop]ly con/ruct$4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,silo+ ,! ,kansas & ,colorado exp]im5t /ations recomm5d t alfalfa = silage %\ld be cut into l5g?s (1 say1 two in*es4 ,long alfalfa does n pack suffici5tly close 9 ! silo1 & :5 s /or$ ! loss is mu* m ?an if 9 %ort l5g?s4 ,x %\ld always be heavily weight$ & great c>e tak5 to pack x well at ! out] edges4 ,r\nd silos are mo/ approv$ because _! cont5ts are m readily compact$4 ,! po9ts urg$ by ,pr(essor ,t5 ,eyck1 ( ! ,kansas exp]im5t /ation1 are1 7a7 gett+ ! alfalfa to ! silo quickly aft] m[+1 all[+ little1 if any1 cur+2 7b7 cutt+ ! alfalfa into %ort l5g?s r ?an /or+ x :ole2 7c7 pack+ x tightly1 & weight+ heavily :5 all 94 ,he says1 h[ev]1 t if ! wea!r w p]mit prop] cur+ ( ! alfalfa1 x w make m valuable w9t] fe$ z hay ?an z silage4 ,,bal+ ,! increas+ g5]al dem& = alfalfa hay 9 ! city m>kets ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 away f ! di/9ct alfalfa regions1 has made f9d+ a me?od ( prep>+ x = economic %ipm5t ( mu* importance4 ,! compress+ ( timo?y & prairie hay has become s g5]al t alfalfa rais]s & %ipp]s are also foll[+ ?is me?od4 ,! problem ( sav+ ! leaves1 &1 at ! same "t1 be+ able to m>ket alfalfa gre51 has be5 h>d to solve4 ,bal+ x uncur$ meant mold1 & bal+ x :5 v dry meant loss ( leaves &1 h5ce1 loss 9 fe$+ & sell+ value4 ,! ,kansas /ation a few ye>s ago c>ri$ on a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ext5d+ ov] sev]al ye>s f :i* ! conclusion 0 t ! only safe proc$ure is to cure c>efully 9 ! field1 put 9 ! /ack or m[1 & bale aft] ! f9al sweat+--say ?irty days4 ,mo/ ( ! hay cur$ & bal$ 9 ! field 0 moldy or br[n4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t a m c>eful cur+1 ! use ( hay-caps1 lett+ x /& = sev]al days 9 cock1 bal+1 & !n /or+ 9 an op5 %$1 ! bales /ack$ on edge & sep>at$ ab\t e ?ird lay] by poles1 rails or raft]s1 might result 9 secur+ high-grade hay direct f ! field )\t /ack+4 ,seem+ly x w nev] be safe1 away f ! semi-arid regions1 to bale ! fir/ cutt+ f ! field2 b ! secret may yet be f\nd ( s bal+ ! second & ?ird cutt+s & obta9+ prime hay4 ,its do+ is n likely to prove satisfactory1 h[ev]1 except 9 ! dri] portions ( ! alfalfa di/rict :]e l>ge cocks (1 say1 #ejj p\nds may be made & left /&+ = sev]al days be=e bal+4 ,b bal+ is n likely to be l>gely foll[$ except 9 t]ritory :]e ext5sive areas are devot$ to alfalfa4 ,:5 practically e f>m] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has 8 field ( alfalfa z he n[ has ( corn1 cotton or clov]1 ! great] "p ( ! product w be f$ on ! f>m & ! surplus haul$ direct to ! local m>kets4 ,we/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska alfalfa rais]s are hav+ ?is problem solv$ = !m by ! gr[+ practice ( /ockm5 %ipp+ cattle & %eep f ! m\nta9 ranges to be f$ or fatt5$ :]e ! hay is rais$1 & haul$ directly f ! /ack to ! fe$ lots4 ,,poor ,,/uff ,hay deal]s report t mu* ( ! bal$ alfalfa %ipp$ is poor /uff4 ,!y advise small bales1 weigh+ ab\t sixty to eighty p\nds2 ab\t #bg to #cf in*es long1 #ad or #ae in*es ?ick & #ah in*es high :5 laid on edge4 ,!y also recomm5d t 9 load+ a c> ! bales be plac$ on _! edges in/ead ( on ! sides1 z !y are less liable to heat4 ,! problem ( ! city hay deal] is to sell :at he has receiv$1 ) satisfaction to ! pur*as] & pr(it to himself & to 8 cli5t4 ,if he receives moldy1 dead hay1 ) little prote9 value1 he is n able to please 8 cu/om]1 n able to secure a good price1 & h5ce1 n able to please ei!r %ipp] or buy]4 ,! f>m] :o raises & %ips hay & receives two doll>s less p] ton = x ?an 8 neighbor1 %\ld le>n by su* money losses ! necessity ( h>ve/+ & /or+ 8 product prop]ly4 ,a4 ,s4 ,hit*cock says 9 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 ,no4 #bae1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 t ! bal$ hay = export to ,alaska1 ,hawaii1 & o!r trans-oceanic po9ts is compress$ by ! process kn[n z d\ble compression1 done ) bal+ ma*9es op]at$ by electricity or hydraulic p[]4 ,! hay obta9$ by loos5+ ! ord9>y bale is compress$ into squ>e or cyl9drical packages ( small] & m compact =m ?an ! ord9>y bale4 ,! hydraulic presses us$ = mak+ ! r\nd bales are simil> to ^? us$ = ! cyl9drical bales ( cotton4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! diff]5t types ( d\ble-compress$ bales are ab\t z foll[s3 ,squ>e1 #ae by #ah by #ch in*es1 weight #afj p\nds2 squ>e bale = ,alaskan trade1 #ad by #ah by #bf in*es1 weight #ajj p\nds2 r\nd bale1 #b feet 9 diamet]1 #bd in*es long1 weight #ade p\nds1 or #cf in*es long1 weight #bfj p\nds4 ,! sav+ ( space 9 transit may be/ be und]/ood by comp>+ ! weight & cubic cont5ts ( bal$ & compress$ hay4 ,! ord9>y bale occupies #adj to #afj cubic feet p] ton1 & r\nd bales #ee feet p] ton4 ,! mo/ ess5tial po9t 9 load+ new hay into a c> is to see t x is n load$ flat1 t is1 ) ! flat sides ( ! bale up4 ,:5 load$ 9 ?is way1 ) ! smoo? sides ( ! bales toge!r1 no space is left = air & z a consequ5ce ! hay n infrequ5tly heats4 ,a prop]ly load$ c> has ! edges or r\gh sides ( ! bales toge!r4 ,?is all[s air space betwe5 ! bales & always prev5ts dang] ( heat+4 ,a new ma*9e is be+ introduc$ :i* makes 7f ! w9dr[ if desir$7 a cyl9drical bale1 ) a holl[ space l5g?wise ?r\gh its middle4 ,?is op5 space mu/ und\bt$ly facilitate ! cur+ ( hay bal$ be=e suffici5tly dry4 ,! ma*9e has a capacity ( f\r to six tons p] h\r1 makes a bale ?irty-six in*es long & tw5ty in*es or less 9 diamet]1 z desir$1 b\nd ) tw9e1 & ! hay c be eat5 f ! bale1 ) a m9imum ( wa/e1 )\t unfa/5+4 ,?is bal]1 if x ju/ifies ! claims ( its inv5tors1 %\ld be v useful to ^? :o gr[ alfalfa = m>ket+ away f ! f>m4 ,,grad+ ,,& ,,grades ,,( ,,alfalfa ,,hay ,on acc\nt ( ! increas+ dem&s = alfalfa hay1 & gr[? 9 ! bus9ess ( sell+ x 9 cities1 deal]s h f\nd t ! e/abli%m5t ( "s uni=m & g5]ally accept$ me?od ( grad+ ! diff]5t qualities 0 a bus9ess necessity4 ,z a result ( ?is its consid]ation 0 tak5 up by ! ,national ,hay ,association's committee on grades & ^u ! committee's recomm5dation ! association 9 #aije adopt$ ! foll[+ classification3 ,*oice ,alfalfa--,%all be reasonably f9e1 leafy alfalfa1 ( bright gre5 color1 prop]ly cur$1 s\nd1 sweet & well bal$4 ,no4 #a ,alfalfa--,%all be co>se alfalfa ( bright1 gre5 color1 or reasonably f9e1 leafy1 ( good color1 & may conta9 five p] c5t ( =eign grasses2 mu/ be well bal$1 s\nd & sweet4 ,no4 #b ,alfalfa--,%all include alfalfa some:at blea*$1 b ( fair color1 reasonably leafy1 n m ?an "o-eigh? =eign grasses1 s\nd & well bal$4 ,no4 #c ,alfalfa--,%all include blea*$ alfalfa1 or alfalfa mix$ ) n to exce$ "o-f\r? =eign grasses1 b :5 mix$ mu/ be ( fair color1 s\nd & well bal$4 ,no ,grade ,alfalfa--,%all include all alfalfa n good en\gh = o!r grades1 cak$1 mu/y1 grassy1 or ?re%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,lattice ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,cattle ,illu/ration3 ,box ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,%eep ,illu/ration3 ,lattice ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,%eep ,illu/ration3 ,box ,rack = ,fe$+ ,alfalfa to ,cattle ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,pa/ur+ & ,soil+ ,,pa/ur+ ,,n ,,always ,,economy ,its p]5nial nature & ! reports ( its wond]fully productive & nutritive qualities might naturally lead ! f>m]1 )\t bett] acqua9tance1 to suppose t ) alfalfa he has p]petual pa/ure2 t he w op5 ! gate to 8 live /ock 9 ! spr+1 s5d = ! but*] or buy] 9 ,octob]1 & !n w9t] 9 luxuri\s leisure4 ,b he f9ds t ! easie/ is n always ! mo/ pr(itable way4 ,pa/ur+ ) any /ock is an exp5sive & extravagant me?od ( ga!r+ a valuable crop f high-pric$ l&4 ,:]e l& is *eap & pa/ure is wild1 /ock are n exp5sive help 9 ga!r+ a *eap crop2 b x is easily demon/rat$ t :5 l& values are high & a crop value is 9 a l altitude1 man ) ma*9]y c d ! h>ve/+ m economically ?an c a c[1 a /e] or ev5 a %eep4 ,,alfalfa ,a ,,t5d] ,,plant ,9 "s respects alfalfa does n seem to be a natural pa/ure plant4 ,! /ems are delicate1 x w n ?rive 9 a h>d1 trampl$ soil1 & ! cr[ns :5 brok5 (f w n revive2 if "s ( ! plants bloom & drop _! fl[]s e>ly 9 ! season1 !y lose vigor & _m ( !m die4 ,^! peculi>ities w\ld at lea/ indicate t x %\ld n be pa/ur$ at all until x has become e/abli%$1 has its cr[ns well spread1 has abundant /ems & its roots h a /rong />t on _! und]gr\nd c>e]4 ,n an animal %\ld be turn$ on an alfalfa field until ! second or ?ird ye> if x is desir$ t ! /& endure = sev]al ye>s1 nor %\ld x be pa/ur$ too e>ly 9 ! spr+ or too late 9 ! fall4 ,!re %\ld be some?+ ( a gr[? left = w9t] protection4 ,c>eful alfalfa rais]s are kn[n :o pa/ure _! old] fields1 b nev] put on a full quota ( /ock until !y h cut ov] ! field :5 ! plants are fir/ com+ into bloom4 ,!y insi/ t ?is cutt+ invigorates & gives ! plants new life4 ,!y !n pa/ure q closely until "s "t 9 ,septemb]1 aft] :i* !re is "t = "s f9al gr[? = w9t] protection4 ,a ,,good ,,sw9e ,,pa/ure ,a *ief exception t mo/ f>m]s insi/ on is t x is an excell5t pa/ure = pigs &1 if x is n /ock$ too heavily1 its use = graz+ "y sw9e w n l>gely decrease ! yield ( hay4 ,its m>k$ prote9 prop]ty seems to give to ! pigs a sup]ior gr[? ( frame & fle%4 ,f>m]s claim t pigs a few weeks old turn$ into an alfalfa field d]ive almo/ _! entire liv+ f x & leave ! s[s two weeks e>li] ?an o!r pigs1 com+ 9 ,septemb] ) a ga9 ( f #ajj to #abe p\nds1 :ile ! field has yield$ its ?ree cutt+s ( hay4 ,( c\rse1 if too _m pigs are graz$1 ! hay yield w be less4 ,b ev5 "h ! "q ( labor v]sus hay mu/ be consid]$4 ,,dang]s ,,to ,,cattle ,,& ,,%eep ,! greate/ objection to pa/ur+ alfalfa is its bloat+ cattle & %eep4 ,hogs & horses d n suff]1 al?\gh a ,texas f>m] writes t he lo/ "s pigs f some?+ simil> to bloat t he attribut$ to ! alfalfa4 ,b ?is may be consid]$ que/ionable1 z ?\s&s h regul>ly pa/ur$ hogs & horses on alfalfa ) no symptoms ( bloat4 ,f hundr$s ( inquiries s5t out by ! exp]im5t /ations1 x is det]m9$ t ov] n9ety p] c5t ( ^? :o h pa/ur$ cattle or %eep on alfalfa h lo/ "o or m animals by do+ s1 yet _m report hav+ pa/ur$ ! same k9d ( /ock on alfalfa = ye>s1 regul>ly e season1 )\t loss4 ,c>eful inve/igations h be5 made ) ! purpose ( f9d+ out :y "s h be5 immune :ile o!rs suff]$4 ,s9ce1 9 ! cases ( loss1 only a small proportion ( ! animals pa/ur$ are affect$1 x may be inf]r$ t mu* dep5ds ^u ! nature & condition ( ! individual animal4 ,practically e we/]n /ation has c>efully exp]im5t$1 foll[+ ! directions ( m5 :o h be5 free f loss1 yet x has co/ ea* /ation valuable animals4 ,horse /ock ( all ages f9d alfalfa pa/urage conducive to gr[?1 fatt5+1 & _! g5]al heal?4 ,if ! foliage is %ort & scant1 horses are sev]e on ! fields us$ 9 w9t] because !y are able to crop close1 & n infrequ5tly paw loose dirt away f ! plants1 bit+ (f ! cr[ns a f\r? or ev5 half in* bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! loss ( ! bud or gr[+ po9t may be detrim5tal to ! gr[? & usefulness ( ! plants1 caus+ _m to die1 result+ 9 b>e spots lat] to be ov]gr[n by noxi\s we$s & grasses4 ,aft] ! damage is done !re rema9s no rem$y b to pl[ up ! field & rese$1 or to disk ?or\ghly & !n rese$ ! b>e spots4 ,if ! field has n det]iorat$ too mu*1 ! latt] is mu* to be pref]r$4 ,by dilig5ce & c>eful treatm5t1 or prompt action closely foll[+ any encroa*m5ts ^u ! life ( ! plants1 ! quality & yield may be ma9ta9$ & ! pr(its relatively enhanc$4 ,alfalfa has wond]ful recup]ative p[]s1 b cont9u\s nipp+ ( ! cr[ns w d mo/ s]i\s h>m & ev5tually decrease ! yield n a little4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,) ,,cattle ,"o man reports turn+ eighty /e]s into "o alfalfa field :]e !re 0 runn+ wat]1 & a second h]d into ano!r field )\t runn+ wat]1 b wat] ran ?r\gh a wild grass mead[ adjo9+1 into :i* ?is h]d 0 driv5 e aft]noon & turn$ back into ! alfalfa ! next morn+4 ,! fir/ h]d suff]$ no loss1 :ile five valuable animals di$ 9 ! second field on ! second day1 be=e !y c\ld be remov$4 ,:5 all 7 put into ! fir/ field !re 0 no m bloat4 ,ano!r report$ turn+ c[s into a small field :]e !re 0 a tr\gh full ( wat] all ! "t4 ,"h1 z 9 ! case ( ! /e]s1 a full fe$ 0 giv5 be=e ! c[s 7 turn$ on ! alfalfa4 ,be=e noon "o c[ _h to be reliev$ by a troc>1 & ano!r by be+ driv5 rapidly ab\t ! field4 ,! :]e=es ( su* occurr5ces pres5t a problem yet to be solv$4 ,c]ta9ly !re is m dang] 9 pa/ur+ c[s & %eep on alfalfa ?an mo/ p c>e to risk4 ,aside f ! f9ancial loss1 !re is1 also1 ! humane side ( ! "q4 ,a v fair /atem5t1 repres5tative ( ^? made by p>ties :o pa/ure cattle on alfalfa )\t losses f bloat1 is ! foll[+1 giv5 to ! au?or by ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,hanna1 an ext5sive & reputable bre$] ( ,%or?orns1 9 ,elk c\nty1 7s\!rn7 ,kansas1 :o says3 8,i h be5 pa/ur+ alfalfa successfully )\t bloat+ my cattle = a numb] ( ye>s2 9 fact1 ,i h nev] lo/ an animal f alfalfa bloat4 ,z ,i am rais+ high pric$1 pure br$ ,%or?orns & graze !m on my mead[s m or less at all times ( ye>1 ,i always s[ a good mixture ( ,engli% blue-grass 7,fe/uca elatior7 & or*>d grass 7,dactylis glom]ata7 ) x1 mak+ alfalfa ! base & pr9cipal se$+4 ,i am v p>tial to or*>d grass 9 ?is mixture because x makes consid]able hay1 & spr+s up s quickly aft] ea* m[+4 ,9 ?is section or*>d grass is a /ay]1 & w hold its own aga9/ all com]s4 8,i always am cauti\s :5 we fir/ turn ! cattle on alfalfa1 see+ to x t !y h a good fill on some?+ else be=eh&1 & hold !m at fir/ on "s "p ( ! field :]e ! mix$ grasses are ! ?icke/1 s !y c graze !re fir/4 ,9 tw5ty m9utes !y w be safe to g :]e !y wi%1 & may be all[$ to run at w !reaft]4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t on ! cle> alfalfa mead[s !re is almo/ no dang] f bloat aft] ! plants h begun to bloom4 ,i usually h "s hay /ack$ 9 ! pa/ures1 t ! cattle may run to4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 pa/ur$ alfalfa 9 all /ages :]e !re w\ld be p]haps tw5ty acres ( alfalfa 9 "o place1 & "s prairie grass & also tame grasses 9 ! same enclosure1 & _h no bloat4 ,?is has be51 too1 sometimes 9 ,may & ,june1 :5 %[]s 7 frequ5t & ! alfalfa mo/ succul5t4 ,x w\ld seem t ! cattle w take c>e ( !mselves if !y h a good *ance4 ,i usually sup]9t5d ^! *anges p]sonally1 & see t all conditions are "r4 8,i f9d we get almo/ z mu* hay f ! mix$ fields z f ! exclusively alfalfa mead[s1 & ! fall aft]ma? is mu* bett]4 ,! !ory t alfalfa w n fl\ri% ) ! o!r grasses is wrong4 ,my favorite mead[s conta9 a mixture ( ?is k9d1 includ+ "s r$ clov]1 & ,i h cut f\r good crops ( hay f !m ?is season1 aft] pa/ur+ mod]ately f ,m>* #ae to ,may #a4 ,i always get ! /ock horses & mules on pa/ure by ,m>* #ae1 & ! cattle ab\t ,april #a1 & move !m to wild grass prairie pa/ure ab\t ,may #a1 except a few t we w keep on ! mead[s all season4 ,^! we *ange f "o field to ano!r :5 ! alfalfa becomes tall en\gh to be trampl$ d[n or damag$4 8,if my object 0 only to raise hay = m>ket1 ,i w\ld s[ ! alfalfa alone & keep ! /ock (f altoge!r1 b = my purpose ,i pref] a mixture4 ,by do+ my way ,i nev] miss a good /&1 & ! mixture keeps d[n ! foxtail & crab grass4 ,i h be5 s[+ ?is mixture = ab\t fifte5 ye>s1 & h ov] #cjj acres40 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,/odd] ( ,c[ley c\nty1 ,kansas1 a prom95t bre$] ( pure br$ cattle1 makes ?is /atem5t to ! au?or1 :i* is simply fur!r te/imony t a mixture ( o!r grasses ) alfalfa int5d$ = graz+ greatly dim9i%es1 if x does n entirely elim9ate1 ! risk & dang]s ( bloat3 8,i h sev]al fields ( mix$ grasses4 ,^! conta9 en\gh alfalfa s t we cut !m = hay at regul> times1 & ! proportion ( grasses & alfalfa is l>gely 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,9 su* fields z ^! ,i pa/ure cattle at w1 & h nev] se5 any evid5ce ( bloat !refrom4 ,b my exp]i5ce ) ! /raight alfalfa fields leads me to be v cauti\s4 ,i f9d t ,i c pa/ure !m at times )\t dang]1 & at o!r times a l>ge proportion ( ! cattle w bloat4 ,x is possible t ,i h made ! /atem5t t ,i nev] lo/ cattle by pa/ur+ alfalfa1 :i* is true1 because we h always be5 lucky en\gh to discov] ! ail+ animals 9 "t to give !m relief40 ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,kirk ( ,oklahoma1 m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii1 pa/ures 8 cattle on alfalfa 9 fall & spr+1 b does n give !m access to 8 mead[s 9 ! morn+ until ! dew has dri$ (f1 & = only tw5ty or ?irty m9utes ! fir/ day or two2 !n = an h\r or two = a few days1 & aft] t !y are left 9 ! pa/ures until sund[n4 ,,g5]ally ,,dang]\s ,,to ,,%eep ,exp]im5ts ) %eep seem to be ev5 m disa/r\s ?an ) cattle4 ,9 an inve/igation conduct$ by ! ,colorado /ation1 losses 7 report$ by ne>ly e man :o _h pa/ur$ %eep on alfalfa4 ,"s lo/ b "o or two1 :ile o!rs lo/ =ty or fifty4 ,a few report$ t ea* spr+ !y lo/ a few %eep ! fir/ day !y 7 on ! pa/ure1 & !n no m1 & t ! losses ( old %eep 7 ( less importance ?an ! gr[? ( ! lambs1 ^! be+ seldom affect$ by bloat4 ,mo/1 h[ev]1 advis$ t ! old %\ld n be turn$ on alfalfa "u any circum/ances1 b t lambs1 if well f$ 9 ! morn+1 let on ! alfalfa aft] ! dew 0 (f & !n kept !re night & day w\ld d well1 & ! loss be small] ?an t 9 a normal season f o!r causes4 ,j4 ,e4 ,w+ /ates t 8 loss f pa/ur+ lambs on alfalfa 9 ,ohio is less ?an x =m]ly 0 f "o or two p>asitic diseases t nev] tr\ble alfalfa-pa/ur$ lambs4 ,he gives 8 lambs a full fe$ 9 ! morn+1 turns !m on ! alfalfa field ab\t t5 o'clock1 & leaves !m !re cont9u\sly until ,septemb]4 ,he beg9s ! pa/ur+ j be=e ! seasons fir/ gr[? ( ! alfalfa blooms4 ,:ile by no means )\t risk1 pa/ur+ %eep on alfalfa is n always necess>ily fatal & ! foll[+1 relat$ 9 ! ,bre$]'s ,gazette by ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,williams ( ,p[ell c\nty1 ,montana1 is int]e/+3 8,we h be5 pa/ur+ %eep 9 l>ge numb]s on alfalfa = ! pa/ eight ye>s4 ,we h lo/ f bloat z _m z #bf 9 "o day f a flock ( #afjj1 b we seldom lose "o n[4 ,we f9d !y are mu* m apt to bloat on w9dy days2 m especially if ! w9d bl[s f ! s\? & is s(t & balmy4 ,?is may seem /range1 b we believe x a fact4 ,we h 9 our employ a %eph]d :o has dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 life h]d$ %eep on alfalfa 9 ! vic9ity ( ,pau & d',oloron1 ,france4 ,! day we lo/ #bf ewes f bloat ?is man 0 sev]al miles f ! home ran*4 ,:5 visit$ by ! campt5d] he rem>k$3 #8,?is w be a bad day = ! old ewes on ! alfalfa4' ,:y s8 #8,because ! w9d is s(t & w>m1' said he4 ,t aft]noon we f\nd #bf dead4 8,our ,fr5* %eph]d has a simple & nev] fail+ rem$y = bloat f alfalfa or clov]4 ,x is simply a half-p9t ( sweet milk adm9i/]$ to ! animal :5 f\nd bloat$4 ,i sav$ a f9e ram lamb ! o!r day4 ,he 0 fe>fully bloat$1 unable to walk & sc>cely able to brea!4 ,i f\nd an old c 9 ! road1 ha/5$ to ! pa/ure1 milk$ a half p9t ( milk f a c[1 set ! lamb on 8 rump & p\r$ ! milk d[n 8 ?roat4 ,9 a half h\r he 0 all "r & foll[+ ! flock4 ,milk f a ewe w answ] j z well4 ,we h adopt$ ! foll[+ rules3 ,nev] all[ ! %eep to g on alfalfa pa/ure :5 v hungry2 if possible get a little dry fe$ 9 _! /oma*s 9 ! morn+ be=e go+ to ! alfalfa2 wat* !m closely on w9dy days1 & h ! h]d]s c>ry a bottle ( sweet milk40 ,a ,,possible ,,explanation ,! mo/ ( ! losses report$ 7 ( animals :i* _h be5 tak5 (f ! pa/ure at night & turn$ back ! second morn+ :5 hungry & eag] to graze4 ,yet !re are reports ( sev]e losses ! fir/ day1 ev5 aft] a full fe$4 ,possibly x w be f\nd t ! animals t suff] f bloat are n 9 good physical condition1 & are m n]v\s & gre$y 9 _! habit ( eat+ ?an ^? n affect$4 ,x may be t an intellig5t sort+ ( ! animals to be turn$ on ! pa/ure might save loss4 ,x is also q g5]ally believ$ t alfalfa gr[+ on upl&s is less liable to cause bloat ?an t rais$ on bottom l&s4 ,,rules ,,= ,,pa/ur+ ,! mo/ g5]ally approv$ rules 9 reg>d to pa/ur+ are3 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pa/ur+ season give animals a heavy fe$+ 9 ! morn+ be=e turn+ ^u ! alfalfa4 ,h wat] 9 ! pa/ure all ! "t4 ,keep ! animals 9 ! pa/ure night & day1 aft] !y h become accu/om$ to x1 until remov$ p]man5tly4 ,use upl& 9 pref]5ce to bottom fields = pa/ure4 ,wat* ! /ock closely ! fir/ few days & remove p]man5tly animals t %[ symptoms ( bloat4 ,s[ blue-grass1 brome grass1 or mead[ fescue ) alfalfa 9 fields int5d$ = p]man5t pa/ure4 ,! foll[+ valuable in=mation ^u bloat 7tympanitis7 & its treatm5t 0 prep>$ by ,nelson ,s4 ,mayo1 =m]ly pr(essor ( vet]9>y sci5ce at ! ,kansas agricultural college3 8,bloat+1 9 all cases1 is accumulation ( gas 9 ! /oma* or inte/9es1 or bo?1 b m p>ticul>ly 9 ! paun* 7rum574 ,?is gas is produc$ by a f]m5tation1 simil> to t obs]v$ :5 cid] is #8work+' & ! gas escapes 9 bubbles4 ,!re is usually a small quantity ( gas giv5 (f f ! food dur+ normal1 heal?y dige/ion1 b s small t x causes no tr\ble1 & passes (f readily ?r\gh ! inte/9es1 ?\gh sometimes f ! /oma*1 up ! esophagus1 & out ( ! nose or m\?--#8bel*$ up1' z x is commonly express$4 ,^! gases :i* cause an animal to bloat are g5]at$ 9 consid]able quantities if a l>ge am\nt ( juicy1 gre5 food is eat54 ,alfalfa1 clov] & froz5 roots are v liable to produce bloat+4 8,x is well kn[n t only "p ( ! animals 9 a h]d pa/ur+ ^u clov] or alfalfa bloat2 s ! blame _c be laid entirely ^u ! food1 b is probably ! result ( a slight d]angem5t ( ! dige/ive organs1 n ord9>ily notic$1 b easily aggravat$ by c]ta9 foods :i* f]m5t easily4 ,animals t are ail+ are v liable to bloat :5 turn$ on alfalfa pa/ures4 ,alfalfa & clov] are mu* m liable to produce bloat+ if wet ) ra9 or dew1 & especially ho> fro/1 & animals are m apt to bloat if turn$ into ! pa/ures :5 v hungry1 z !y gorge !mselves1 & ! food is n prop]ly ma/icat$4 ,h5ce1 cattle %\ld n be all[$ to g hungry to ! pa/ures4 8,x is g5]ally believ$ by ^? :o h _h consid]able exp]i5ce 9 pa/ur+ clov] or alfalfa1 t cattle & %eep are less liable to bloat if !y h free access to dry food1 su* z hay or /raw4 ,common bloat+1 or hoove1 occurs 9 animals hav+ a comp\nd /oma* & t *ew ! cud--rum9ants1 z !y are call$4 ,( our common dome/ic animals1 cattle & %eep belong to ?is ord]4 8,"o ( ! fir/ symptoms notic$ is t ! animal /ops fe$+1 & rema9s lagg+ beh9d or /&s by itself4 ,rum9ation1 or *ew+ ( ! cud1 is susp5d$2 ! animal appe>s dull & li/less1 ! back slightly ar*$2 ! :ole abdom5 or belly is di/5d$ ) a prom95t swell+ on ! left side j =w>d ( ! po9t ( ! hip4 ,if ! swell+ is tapp$ lightly ) ! f+]s !re is a holl[1 drum-l s\nd2 h5ce ! te*nical "n1 tympanitis4 8,! rum5 be+ di/5d$ ) gas n only makes ! animal appe> mu* full] ?an usual1 b x presses =w>d on ! diaphragm1 or #8midriff1' & ?is presses aga9/ ! lungs1 & int]f]es s]i\sly ) ! animal's brea?+4 ,! brea? is %ort & rapid4 ,! animal (t5 grunts1 or moans1 ) ea* brea?4 ,! animal's nose protrudes1 & !re is a drivel+ ( saliva f ! m\?4 ,sometimes !re are q sev]e colicky pa9s1 %[n by ! animal's kick+ at its belly & /epp+ ab\t uneasily4 ,sometimes1 also1 ! pressure is s great z to cause ev]sion or bulg+ out ( ! rectum4 ,! symptoms ( bloat+ are s prom95t1 especially :5 ! hi/ory ( ! case is tak5 into acc\nt1 z to make ?is disease v easy to recognize1 ev5 by an ord9>y obs]v]4 8,:5 animals die f bloat+1 dea? usually takes place 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! diaphragm is press$ aga9/ ! lungs s h>d t ! animal _c brea!1 & x dies ( suffocation4 ,animals usually rema9 /&+ until ne> ! end1 :5 !y gradually lose consci\sness1 /agg]1 & fall1 & 9 fall+ rupture "s ( ! vital organs4 8,treatm5t mu/ dep5d some:at ^u ! condition ( ! animal4 ,if ! animal is badly bloat$1 ) labor$ brea?+ & /agg]+ gait1 en]getic measures mu/ be resort$ to at once4 ,! be/ & mo/ satisfactory treatm5t = bad cases is tapp+4 ,?is consi/s 9 mak+ a hole ?r\gh ! sk9 & muscles1 ov] ! prom95t swell+ on ! left side1 into ! rum5 or #8paun*1' ?us all[+ ! gas to escape at once1 reliev+ ! animal4 8,! be/ me?od ( tapp+ is by means ( an in/rum5t call$ a troc> & cannula4 ,a troc> is a %>p-po9t$ in/rum5t1 five or six in*es long1 & ab\t ! size ( a lead p5cil1 ) a h&le at "o end4 ,ov] ! po9t ( ! troc> slips a tube1 call$ a cannula1 n q z long z ! troc>1 ) a wide flange ar\nd ! upp] end ( ! tube1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration h]e)4 ,,troc> ,,& ,,cannula 8,to use a troc> & cannula1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,tie ! animal s x _c get away4 ,) a %>p knife1 make a small incision ?r\gh ! sk9 ov] ! prom95t "p ( ! swell+ on ! left side4 ,?is incision %\ld be made ab\t half way betwe5 ! po9t ( ! hip & ! la/ rib1 & %\ld be l>ge en\gh to admit ! troc> & cannula readily4 ,! incision %\ld be made quickly2 !n ! animal w n notice x4 ,aft] ! incision is made ! troc> & cannula are pu%$ quickly 9 & direct$ d[nw>d1 inw>d1 & =w>d2 pu% ! troc> 9 until ! flange ( ! cannula re/s aga9/ ! sk94 ,)draw ! troc> & ! gas w ru% out2 t is1 x usually does s2 occasionally1 h[ev]1 ! end ( ! cannula is plugg$ up ) gre5 food4 ,?is c usually be rem$i$ by pull+ out ! cannula "p way1 or pu%+ ! troc> 9 aga9 & )draw+ x4 ,if ?is doesn't "w1 tap ! /oma* aga9 9 ano!r place1 us+ ! same hole ?r\gh ! sk94 ,! escape ( gas is usually accompani$ by a small quantity ( gre5 food4 ,illu/ration3 ,troc> & ,cannula 8,if a troc> & cannula are n available 9 an urg5t case1 a knife c be us$ v successfully--a good-siz$ pocket knife blade1 pu%$ quickly ?r\gh ! sk9 & muscles1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = ! troc> & cannula4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! %>p edge ( ! blade is n turn$ t[>ds ! animal's tail1 z x sometimes jumps =w>d1 & a mu* l>g] hole is cut ?an 0 orig9ally int5d$4 8,a c>eful & obs]v+ /ockman ( ,colorado1 :o has _h a l>ge exp]i5ce ) alfalfa bloat+1 in=ms me t he pref]s a mod]ately small1 %>p but*] knife to ei!r a troc> & cannula or a pocket knife4 ,x gives relief quick] & ) no bad effects4 ,sometimes1 if ! op5+ ?r\gh ! sk9 is small1 made by a small knife1 a quill or small tube is fa/5$ 9 to keep ! incision op51 s ! gas c escape4 ,x is usually necess>y to keep ! incision op5 = sev]al h\rs4 ,! only bad result ( tapp+ is t occasionally gre5 food gets outside ( ! rum5 into ! abdom9al cavity 9 suffici5t quantities to cause inflammation & dea?2 b if ! op]ation is intellig5tly p]=m$1 ^! bad results are extremely r>e--probably n m ?an "o case 9 #ajj4 ,if ! wea!r is w>m1 c>e %\ld be tak5 t flies d n bo!r ! w\nd 9 ! sk94 8,if ! case is n sev]e en\gh to w>rant tapp+1 ! foll[+ rem$ies w be f\nd useful3 ,a gag made by w9d+ a good-siz$ rope back ( ! horns & ?r\gh ! m\?1 or a bit1 made ( a piece ( wood ! size ( a =k h&le1 c be ti$ 9 ! animal's m\?4 ,! bit %\ld be smoo?1 to prev5t injur+ ! m\?4 ,!n a small h&ful ( salt %\ld be ?r[n well back on ! roots ( ! tongue4 ,?is causes ! animal to "w its tongue1 increases ! fl[ ( saliva1 & ?us favors ! regurgitation1 or gulp+ up1 ( ! gas4 ,! salt & saliva swall[$ help to /op f]m5tation4 8,blankets wrung out ( cold wat] & wrapp$ ar\nd ! abdom5 or belly1 or cold wat] da%$ on ) a bucket1 (t5 give relief4 ,turp5t9e giv5 z a dr5*1 9 milk suffici5t t x w n irritate ! animal1 is good1 two ounces ( turp5t9e = adult cattle & "o-half ounce = %eep be+ a dose4 ,hyposulphite ( soda1 dissolv$ 9 wat] & giv5 z a dr5*1 is good2 "o ounce = cattle & two dra*ms = %eep4 ,?is c be repeat$ e half h\r = two or ?ree doses4 ,aqua ammonia1 two ounces = cattle & "o-half ounce = %eep1 well dilut$ ) wat]2 c>bolic acid1 cattle #cj drops1 %eep #h to #aj drops 9 suffici5t wat]2 common soda1 9 half-ounce doses = cattle & "o-half dra*m = %eep1 c be giv54 ,9 giv+ m$ic9e z dr5*es1 !y %\ld be well dilut$ ) wat] or o!r sub/ances until !y w n burn :5 t\*$ to ! tongue4 ,9 giv+ dr5*es1 be c>eful & n *oke ! animal4 ,if ! animal c\ghs or /ruggles viol5tly1 /op at once until x recov]s some:at4 ,give dr5*es sl[ly4 8,dr5*es are mo/ly adm9i/]$ f a long-neck$1 ?ick1 glass bottle1 or dr5*+ horn4 ,take hold ( ! nose ) ! left h&1 by putt+ ! ?umb & f+] 9 ! no/rils1 :ile an assi/ant takes hold ( ! horns1 & tips ! head back4 ,/&+ on ! "r side ( ! animal1 ) ! "r h& put ! neck ( ! bottle 9 ! "r corn] ( ! m\?1 & p\r ! m$ic9e 9 sl[ly4 ,aft] ! bloat+ has be5 reliev$1 x is a good plan to give ! animal a purgative--"o p\nd ( ,epsom salts1 ) "o-half p\nd common salt1 = cattle2 & = a %eep1 six ounces ( ,epsom salts & ?ree ounces ( common salt1 dissolv$ 9 pl5ty ( w>m wat]1 & giv5 z a dr5*4 ,! animals %\ld also be diet$ until _! dige/ive organs rega9 _! normal condition4 ,by diet+1 ,i d n mean />v+1 b pl5ty ( easily dige/$ & nutriti\s food4 ,an animal t bloats once is v liable to bloat aga94 ,by judici\s h&l+ & fe$+1 by wat*+ animals closely1 & treat+ !m 9 "t1 few w be lo/ by alfalfa bloat+40 ,,alfalfa ,,z ,a ,,soil+ ,,crop ,alfalfa may be cut = soil+ j :5 x conta9s ! highe/ p] c5t ( prote91 :ile if pa/ur$ "s is eat5 be=e its be/ p]iod1 ! mo/ ( x aft] t po9t is rea*$1 & probably a l>ge portion ( ! leaves is lo/ entirely4 ,cut = soil+ & f$ daily1 :5 wilt$1 !re is less dang] f bloat1 z 9 ?is way animals w eat /alks z well z leaves3 ! entire product is us$ & !re is no loss f trampl+ ! fields nor by plants be+ cov]$ & smo!r$ ) animal dropp+s4 ,,"s ,,comp>isons ,! ,nebraska /ation reports t 9 an exp]im5t !re x requir$ 4#ga ( an acre to keep a c[ = a giv5 "t by soil+1 :ile by pa/ur+ x requir$ #c4fc acres2 also t ! c[s kept on pa/ure dur+ ! exp]im5t actually consum$ m gra9 ?an ^? t 7 soil$4 ,?is report fur!r /ates t :ile ! pa/ur$ c[s gave m milk ea* day1 ! co/ ( production 0 great]4 ,by ano!r exp]im5t ) c[s = a s+le ye> x 0 indicat$ 7,bul4 ,no4 #fi7 8t ab\t twice z mu* fe$ 0 secur$ f ! l& :5 ! alfalfa 0 soil$ z :5 x 0 pa/ur$4 ,! av]age daily production ( milk & ( butt]fat 0 m>k$ly great] :5 ! crop 0 pa/ur$ ?an :5 soil$4 ,9 "o te/ ?is am\nt$ to "o-?ird m1 b 9 ! o!r te/ ! diff]5ce 0 n s great4 ,! pr(its f soil+ z comp>$ ) pa/ur+ w dep5d l>gely on two factors--! price ( labor & ! value ( ! l&40 ,a we/]n ,kansas f>m] writes t "o acre ( alfalfa cut daily = soil+ ma9ta9$ z _m c[s z he 0 able to keep on a five-acre field us$ z pa/ure4 ,! ,kansas /ation report$ t 9 an exp]im5t1 la/+ #add days1 ! c[s on alfalfa pa/ure return$ an income1 less co/ ( gra9 f$1 ( #d4bc1 :ile c[s soil$ on alfalfa cut & f$ gre5 return$ an income1 less ! gra9 f$1 ( #ah4jh4 ,?is /ation also report$ t a neighbor+ dairyman ma9ta9$ t5 mil* c[s = a :ole summ]1 )\t any gra91 on two acres ( alfalfa1 cut & f$ to !m fre% ?ree times a day4 ,a ,,me?od ,,= ,,! ,,small ,,f>m] ,9 ! ,c5tral ,we/ :]e labor is sc>ce & l& comp>atively l[ 9 price1 f>m]s are n likely to adopt ! soil+ sy/em :ile su* conditions exi/2 b ea/ ( ! ,mississippi riv]1 & especially 9 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,engl&1 :]e l& is high & labor sc>ce1 alfalfa (f]s great possibilities z a soil+ crop4 ,! small f>m] :o n[ _c af=d to raise _m pigs1 because he does n raise en\gh corn to fatt5 !m1 w f9d t by soil+ alfalfa he c ma9ta9 f ,may to ,septemb] f five acres z _m z t5 c[s & fifty pigs2 & t ^! pigs1 ) "s gra9 f ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 :ile be+ f$ gre5 alfalfa1 may by ! middle ( ,novemb] be made ready = m>ket4 ,if he has ano!r five acres ( alfalfa = hay1 x w yield en\gh 9 ?ree cutt+s to g f> t[>d w9t]+ 8 c[s1 a team ( horses1 & 8 s[s4 ,8 t5 acres w be gr[+ ri*] e ye>1 & at ! end ( five ye>s be 9 prime condition to yield him big returns 9 corn1 :eat1 or potatoes & o!r vegetables4 ,alfalfa is di/9ctly a crop adapt$ to ! small f>m]1 ev]y:]e2 !re is1 z a rule1 little "q t ?is me?od ( utiliz+ x br+s mu* great] returns p] acre ?an if x 7 us$ z pa/urage or hay4 ,gre5 alfalfa :5 pa/ur$1 7b>r+ bloat71 or cut & f$ daily is peculi>ly valuable = all su* "y /ock z colts1 lambs1 calves & pigs4 ,x t5ds to develop /r5g? ( bone & ha/5s ! gr[? ( muscle4 ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,field 9 ,c5tral ,new ,york ,%[+ gr[? ,augu/ #bb1 #aijg1 sev5 days aft] ?ird cutt+ ,illu/ration3 ,f\r? ,cutt+ ( ,alfalfa 9 ,%awnee ,c\nty1 ,kansas ,photo tak5 9 ,septemb] ,illu/ration3 ,a ,second ,cutt+ ( ,alfalfa 7,july #bh7 9 ,%awnee ,c\nty1 ,ea/]n ,kansas ,?is 0 s[n on ! la/ half ( ! prec$+ ,septemb]4 ,f\r cutt+s probable ) an aggregate yield ( f\r tons p] acre ,,*apt] ,x4 ,alfalfa z a ,fe$ ,/uff ,,z ,,an ,,appetiz] ,! fe$+ value ( alfalfa is l>gely 9 its *emical comp\nd kn[n z prote92 its extreme dige/ibility is ano!r desirable quality to be consid]$1 & n lea/ is its appetiz+ "*4 ,n only d all animals l x1 b :5 giv5 9 mod]ate quantities x seems to increase ! g5]al appetite = m fat-mak+ fe$s4 ,/e]s beg9n+ to 8fall (f0 on a heavy diet ( corn w come to _! appetites aft] be+ f$ only a few p\nds ( alfalfa daily1 & w eat & assimilate m corn ?an be=e4 ,alfalfa alone is n a fat-mak+ fe$4 ,animals f$ ^u x gr[ 9 weight1 b ! weight is pr9cipally ( bone1 blood & muscle4 ,x is )\t a suffici5cy ( fat & c>bohydrates1 & ^! %\ld be add$ 9 su* foods z corn1 corn meal1 ,kafir corn1 or ,kafir corn meal2 or to a limit$ degree ev5 9 corn /ov]1 sorghum or millet4 ,:5 alfalfa is f$ alone all ! prote9 _c be dige/$1 &1 !re=e1 x is always economical to add "s c>bonace\s foods1 if animals are fatt5+ = m>ket4 ,= sev]al ye>s fe$]s h be5 deplor+ ! fact t fatt5+ ma9ly ) corn 0 becom+ less & less pr(itable4 ,:5 !y began to figure ! exact co/ ( ea* p\nd ( ga9 on a /e] or hog1 !y saw cle>ly t corn alone made ! p\nd ( ga9 co/ too mu*2 sometimes z mu* z x 0 wor? 9 ! m>ket1 leav+ nei!r pr(it nor int]e/ on ! inve/m5t4 ,! problem !n became h[ to produce ! p\nd ( meat m economically4 ,su* a condition has prompt$ ! /ate /ations to make te/s to det]m9e ! fe$+ value ( v>i\s articles1 & especially ! value ( alfalfa z a balance to ! m c>bonace\s foods4 ,! tables "h app5d$ are wor? /udy+3 ,,food ,,value ,,( ,,sev]al ,,fodd] ,,crops 7,f ,new ,york exp]im5t /ation ,bul4 ,no4 #aah47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,total ,yield p] ,dry dige/ible acre ( matt] matt] ,dige/ible total cropp] acre p] acre prote9 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,p\nds ,alfalfa #cd1ajj #h1jjj #e1bhj #hge ,corn1 entire plant #bh1jjj #e1hjj #c1hjj #cjj ,r$ clov] #ah1jjj #e1bbj #c1bjj #dia ,oats & peas #ac1jjj #c1abj #b1eba #cej ,timo?y #aj1jjj #c1ejj #b1jjj #bbh ,rutabagas #ca1gjj #c1djj #c1jjj #bgi ,mangels #be1jjj #c1ejj #b1gej #bcb ,sug> beets #ag1hjj #b1ejj #a1hjj #bac ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,analyses ,,( ,,fe$/uffs ,! foll[+ table gives ! analyses ( a numb] ( fe$/uffs1 %[+ ! p]c5tage ( dige/ible nutri5ts & f]tiliz+ con/itu5ts 9 ea*3 7,f ,texas exp]im5t /ation ,bul4 ,no4 #ff7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,dige/ible ,f]tiliz] con- nutri5ts /itu5ts 9 #ajjj ,dry 9 #ajj p\nds p\nds matt]----------------------------------- - 9 ,c>bo- ,e!r ,phos- #ajj ,pro- hy- ,ex- ,nitro-phoric p\nds te9 drates tract g5 acid ,pota% ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,hays3 ,alfalfa #ia4f #aa4j #ci4f #a4b #ba4i #e4a #af4h ,c[pea #hi4c #aj4h #ch4f #a4a #ai4e #e4b #ad4g ,oat hay #ia4a #d4c #df4d #a4e 4444 4444 4444 ,fodd] corn #eg4h #b4e #cd4f #a4b #ag4f #e4d #h4i ,sorghum #hb4jd #b4d #dj4f #a4b 4444 4444 4444 ,cottonse$ hulls #hh4i 4#c #cc4a #a4g #f4i #b4e #aj4b ,,gre5 ,,fe$s3 ,alfalfa #bh4b #c4i #ab4g 4#e #g4b #a4c #e4f ,c[pea #af4d #a4h #h4g 4#b #b4g #a4j #c4a ,oat fodd] #cg4h #a4f #ah4i #a4j #d4i #a4c #c4h ,corn silage #bj4i 4#i #aa4c 4#g #b4h #a4a #c4g ,sorghum #hb4d #b4d #d4a #a4b 4444 4444 4444 ,rape #ad4j #a4e #h4a 4#b #d4e #a4e #c4f ,,gra9s3 ,:eat bran #hh4a #ab4b #ci4b #b4g #bf4g #bh4i #af4a ,cottonse$ meal #ia4h #cg4b #af4i #ab4b #fg4i #bh4h #h4g ,corn #hi4a #g4i #ff4g #d4c #ah4b #g4j #d4j ,c[pea #he4b #ah4c #ed4b #a4a #cc4c 4444 4444 ,cotton se$ #hi4g #ab4e #cj4j #ag4c #ca4c #ab4g #aa4g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,f ! above table we f9d t five tons ( alfalfa hay conta9s #a1ajj p\nds ( prote91 equal to ?is food elem5t 9 ,cotton se$ meal #b1ief p\nds ,l9se$ meal #c1ged p\nds ,:eat bran #i1jaf p\nds ,c[pea hay #aj1ahe p\nds ,r$ clov] hay #af1agf p\nds ,timo?y hay #ci1bhe p\nds ,,relative ,,values ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,cutt+s ,! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts compreh5d+ te/s ( ! comp>ative yield1 composition & dige/ibility ( e>ly1 m$ium & late cutt+s ( alfalfa1 ( ! fir/1 second & ?ird crops2 ! relative fe$+ value ( ! v>i\s cutt+s1 & ( ! diff]5t crops1 h be5 made at ! ,utah /ation1 details ( :i* are record$ 9 ! /ation's bullet9s ,nos4 #ca1 #dd & #fa4 ,^! te/s & inve/igations ext5d$ cont9u\sly ?r\gh a p]iod ( five ye>s1 & foll[+ are ! m important facts develop$ & ! conclusions t may be legitimately drawn f !m1 z summ>iz$ 7,bul4 ,no4 #fa7 by ,pr(s4 ,lu!r ,fo/] & ,l4 ,a4 ,m]rill :o sup]vis$ ! "w3 #a4 ,! l>ge/ annual yield ( hay p] acre is obta9$ by ! me?od ( e>ly cutt+ & ! l[e/ by ! late1 ! av]age result /&+ z foll[s3 e>ly cutt+1 #ajj2 m$ium1 #ib2 & late1 #he4 #b4 ,! e>ly cut alfalfa conta9s ! highe/ p] c5t ( prote9 & fat1 ! mo/ valuable food con/itu5ts1 & ! l[e/ p] c5t ( crude fib]1 ! mo/ indige/ible portion4 ,! =m] decrease con/antly :ile ! latt] increases rapidly f e>ly bloom to ! full maturity ( ! plant4 #c4 ,! proportionate am\nt ( leaves to /ems is great] at e>ly bloom t at any subsequ5t "t1 & bo? leaves & /ems conta9 a great] p] c5t ( prote9 & a less p] c5t ( crude fib] at ?is "t ?an at any lat] p]iod 9 ! gr[? ( ! plant4 ,! relative proportion ( leaves to /ems 9 ! diff]5t cutt+s is z foll[s3 e>ly1 #db to #eh2 m$ium1 #dj to #fj2 & late1 #cc to #fg4 #d4 ,alfalfa leaves z comp>$ ) /ems are v mu* ri*] 9 prote91 fat & nitrog5-free extract1 & !y conta9 a mu* small] proportion ( crude fib]4 ,! p] c5t ( ! prote9 & fat gr[s con/antly less1 & t ( ! crude fib] great]1 f ! "t ( e>ly bloom to maturity4 ,! av]age composition ( all cutt+s & crops %[s ! leaves to conta9 #aej p] c5t m prote9 ?an ! /ems1 #cjj p] c5t m fat1 #ce p] c5t m nitrog5-free extract1 & #bef p] c5t less crude fib]4 #e4 ,! m important nutri5ts1 prote9 & fat1 h ! highe/ p] c5t ( dige/ibility 9 ! e>ly cutt+s & x gr[s less & less ) ! age ( ! plant4 #f4 ,9 ! fe$+ te/s1 ! highe/ ga9s 7 made f ! e>ly cutt+s & ! l[e/ f ! late1 ! results /&+ proportionately z foll[s3 e>ly cutt+1 #ajj2 m$ium1 #he2 & late1 #ge4 #g4 ,! v>iation 9 ! am\nt ( ! diff]5t cutt+s eat5 p] day 0 v slight1 be+ ! highe/ = ! e>ly cutt+ & ! l[e/ = ! late1 b ! quantity ( dry matt] & also ( dige/ible matt] requir$ = a p\nd ( ga9 0 decid$ly l[e/ = ! e>ly cutt+ & highe/ = ! late1 ! relative am\nts ( dry matt] /&+ z foll[s3 e>ly cutt+1 #ajj2 m$ium1 #aca2 & late1 #aff4 #h4 ,! annual beef product p] acre 0 l>ge/ f ! e>ly cutt+s1 n only 9 ! g5]al av]age b 9 ea* sep>ate season's te/1 & t f ! late cutt+s 0 smalle/1 ! proportional products /&+ z foll[s3 e>ly cutt+1 #ajj2 m$ium1 #gi2 & late1 #fi4 #i4 ,tak+ all po9ts ( comp>ison into consid]ation1 bo? sep>ately & collectively1 includ+ ev]y?+ t p]ta9s to ! l>ge/ yield & ! highe/ fe$+ value1 ! te/s favor cutt+ alfalfa = cattle fe$+ :5 ! fir/ blooms appe>4 ,,crop ,,comp>isons #aj4 ,! fir/ crop gave ! l>ge/ yield 9 ea* ( ! five te/s & 9 f\rte5 out ( ! fifte5 cutt+s1 :ile ! ?ird crop gave ! l[e/ = e te/ & 9 e cutt+ b "o4 ,! av]age acre yields = ! five ye>s1 includ+ all cutt+s1 /& 9 ! foll[+ relation3 fir/ crop1 #ajj2 second1 #gh2 & ?ird1 #ci2 = ! e>ly cutt+s alone1 fir/ crop1 #ajj2 second1 #hc2 & ?ird1 #ff4 #aa4 ,9 ! av]age composition ( all cutt+s = ?ree ye>s1 ! nutri5ts ( ! ?ree crops v>y b little4 ,! second has slightly ! highe/ p] c5t ( prote9 & fib]2 & ! ?ird ! mo/ fat & nitrog5-free extract4 #ab4 ,! ?ird crop has ! l>ge/ proportion ( leaves to /ems2 b ! p] c5t ( prote9 9 ! leaves is highe/ 9 ! second crop2 & next highe/ 9 ! fir/4 ,! leaves ( ! fir/ crop conta9 ! mo/ fat & ( ! second1 ! lea/4 #ac4 ,! ?ird crop produc$ a high] av]age rate ( ga9 9 ! fe$+ te/s ?an ! fir/ or second & also high] ?an any ( ! sep>ate cutt+s4 ,! am\nt eat5 daily 0 also highe/ ( all1 b ! dry matt] & dige/ible matt] = a p\nd ( ga9 7 ! l[e/4 ,9 a p\nd p] p\nd comp>ison ! ga9s /ood z foll[s3 fir/ crop1 #ajj2 second1 #ha2 & ?ird1 #abf2 dry matt] = a p\nd ( ga91 fir/ crop1 #ajj2 second1 #aae2 & ?ird1 #fi4 #ad4 ,! beef product p] acre1 tak+ ! av]age result ( all cutt+s = ! five ye>s1 0 v mu* ! highe/ = ! fir/ crop & decid$ly ! l[e/ = ! ?ird1 /&+ z foll[s3 fir/ crop1 #ajj2 second1 #fa2 & ?ird1 #de4 ,b tak+ ! e>ly cutt+s alone !y /&1 fir/ crop1 #ajj2 second1 #hj2 & ?ird1 #fi4 #ae4 ,p\nd = p\nd1 tak5 z a :ole1 ! results %[ ! highe/ fe$+ value = ! ?ird crop & ! l[e/ = ! second4 #af4 ,! av]age annual beef product f e>ly cut alfalfa 0 #gje4fa p\nds p] acre2 x requir$ #iege p\nds ( timo?y to produce an equal weight2 #aa1ifg p\nds ( r$ clov]1 & #aj1jhc p\nds ( %r$d$ corn fodd]4 ,pr(4 ,john ,a4 ,widtsoe at ! ,utah /ation 7,bul4 ,no4 #dh7 made a /udy ( ! nutri5ts ( ! alfalfa crop1 & "s ( ! facts ga!r$ are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,fir/ ,,cutt+ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,condition ( gr[? ,prote9 ,nitro- g5-free ,crude ,e!r extract fib] extract ,a% ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,p\nds,p\nds,p\nds,p\nds,p\nds ,may #d4 ,height1 #f 9 4444 #fjg #afh #dj #afg ,june #a4 ,height1 #ah 9 #fig #a1bdg #fah #ajc #cfi ,july #g4 ,full fl[] #gde #b1bgh #b1ajh #aah #dca ,aug4 #aj4 ,fl[]s fall51 leaves dry #fdd #b1bih #b1eca #aaf #dbc ,aug4 #bd4 ,/ill dri] #dbh #a1ggf #b1edd #id #caa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,second ,,cutt+ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,july #g4 ,budd+ #ccd #feg #ceg #ej #aig ,july #bj4 ,m$ium bloom #eai #a1adj #a1jca #gh #cad ,aug4 #c4 ,full fl[] #eea #a1ebi #a1caf #ha #cbc ,aug4 #bd4 ,leaves dry #chh #a1dhd #a1cbi #ha #ccc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,?ird ,,cutt+ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,aug4 #ag #ach #cag #aee #ag #he ,aug4 #ca #cbb #geg #fcd #cc #baa ,sept4 #ad #bih #icd #hah #dc #bad ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,comp>ative ,,crop ,,& ,,fe$+ ,,values ,! foll[+ is ano!r table %[+ ! av]age yield ( alfalfa z comp>$ ) "s ( ! m common fodd] crops & hays1 z f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey /ation ,bullet9 ,no4 #adh4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,total ,yield ,dry ,total ,gre5 ,=age ,matt] ,prote9 p] acre p] acrep] acre ---------------------------------------- ------- ,p\nds ,p\nds,p\nds ,alfalfa #cf1edj #h1beh #b1bad ,corn 7entire plant7 #bd1jjj #e1jdj #djh ,r$ clov] #ad1jjj #d1jhh #faf ,b>ny>d millet #af1jjj #d1jjj #chd ,crimson clov] #ad1jjj #b1fgd #dcd ,c[peas #af1jjj #b1fbd #chd ,oats & peas #ad1jjj #b1ajg #cfc ---------------------------------------- ------- ,dry ,total ,matt] ,prote9 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,p\nds,p\nds #a ton alfalfa hay conta9s #a1hji #bfe #a r$ clov] hay conta9s #a1fid #bdf #a oats & peas conta9s #a1cge #age #a timo?y conta9s #a1gcf #aah #a :eat bran conta9s #a1gfb #cjh #a :eat middl+s conta9s #a1geh #cab #a rye bran conta9s #a1gfh #bid #a oats conta9s #a1ghj #bcf #a rice meal conta9s #a1gif #bdj #a buck:eat bran conta9s #a1gij #bdh ---------------------------------------- -------- ,at ! ,colorado /ation 7,bul4 ,no4 #bf7 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,w4 ,cooke comp>$ an acre ( d5t 7,gold5 ,beauty7 corn1 plant$ ,may #af & h>ve/$ ,septemb] #ba1 ) returns f an acre ( alfalfa on an adjo9+ plat1 ?ree ye>s se$$4 ,! corn crop 0 a fair "o1 & includ+ e>s & /alks weigh$ #ae1ejj p\nds1 conta9+ #ce4fb p] c5t or #eeci p\nds ( dry matt]4 ,! alfalfa yield$ ?ree cutt+s ( hay weigh+ respectively #dfjj1 #ccej & #cbej p\nds1 or #e4f tons1 conta9+ #aj1cjd p\nds ( dry matt]4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,cooke says1 ?is is n q a fair comp>ison1 = a p\nd ( dry matt] f ! corn crop is m dige/ible & has a high] fe$+ value ?an an equal am\nt f ! alfalfa4 ,! corn crop conta9$ #cfje p\nds ( dige/ible fe$+ mat]ial1 :ile ! alfalfa crop conta9$ #efaa p\nds1 or a little m ?an half z mu* aga94 ,! corn crop p] acre 9 fe$+ value 0 equival5t to ?ree & a half tons ( alfalfa hay4 ,! total dige/ible nutri5ts ( ! two crops are pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ table3 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,total ,,dige/ible -------------------------------- ,corn ,alfalfa ,corn ,alfalfa ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,p\nds,p\nds,p\nds,p\nds ,dry matt] #e1eci #aj1cjd #c1fje #e1faa ,album9oids #dje #a1fjb #bif #a1aih ,/>*1 sug>1 etc4 #c1bfc #d1ghb #b1ahf #c1aad ,fib] #a1dgb #b1hjj #a1jfj #a1aih ,fat 7e!r extract7 #hd #bdf #fc #aja ,a% #cae #hbi 4444 4444 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,,comp>ative ,,values ,,( ,,alfalfa ,,hay ,,& ,,o!r ,,fe$ ,,/uffs ,,= ,,prote9 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,value p] ton :5 prairie hay is wor? p] ton-- ,fe$/uff #b4jj #c4jj #d4jj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,alfalfa hay 7av]age7 #f4je #i4jh #ab4aa ,r$ clov] hay #c4hh #e4hb #g4gg ,or*>d-grass hay #b4gd #d4aa #e4dh ,millet hay #b4eg #c4he #e4ad ,timo?y hay #a4fe #b4dh #c4ca ,sorghum hay #a4cg #b4je #b4gd ,corn-fodd] 7/ov]7 #a4ad #a4ga #b4bh ,oat /raw 4#ia #a4cg #a4hb ,:eat /raw 4#de 4#fh 4#ia ,sug> beets 4#fb 4#id #a4be ,mangel-wurzels 4#eg 4#he #a4ad ,alfalfa hay conta9+ #ab4i p] c5t dige/ible prote9 #g4cf #aa4je #ad4gc ,:eat bran #g4jb #aj4ec #ad4jd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,x is se5 t ! alfalfa yield$ ne>ly twice z _m p\nds ( dry matt] z ! corn1 ) ! dige/ible nutri5ts f> 9 ! lead1 & ! prote9 ( ! alfalfa 0 ?ree times t ( ! corn4 ,,! ,,balanc$ ,,ration ,no fe$] c le>n to use alfalfa1 or 9 fact any =age or gra91 9 ! mo/ economical way until he und]/&s some:at ! comp\nd+ ( a balanc$ ration4 ,all food/uffs = ei!r man or bea/ are1 z already /at$1 made up ( ?ree classes ( sub/ances--namely1 prote9 or proteids1 c>bohydrates & fats4 ,! animal's dige/ive & assimilative organs are s con/ruct$ t x _c use ^! ?ree classes ( sub/ances int]*angeably2 9 o!r words1 an animal f$ :olly ^u any "o ( ^! ?ree w\ld be 9 process ( gradual />vation4 ,giv5 9 ! proportions ne$$ to be/ supply ! vital organs ( ! body1 ^! sub/ances become ! su/5ance = animal life & gr[?4 ,! prote9 builds up ! bra91 n]ves1 muscles & o!r tissues 9 :i* ! life =ce is active1 & )\t prote9 !re w\ld be no life4 ,to balance a ration = dome/ic animals is to s adju/ ! quantity ( dige/ible proteids1 fats & c>bohydrates x conta9s t ! animal economy may use ea* )\t wa/e4 ,! balanc$ ration means an economical ration1 all[+ ! dige/ive organs to "w at _! highe/ effici5cy2 an unbalanc$ ration is "o 9 :i* "o ( ! ?ree classes ( food sub/ances is 9 excess1 or is defici5t4 ,f$ su* a ration1 ! animal retaliates ^u its own] by failure to dige/ ! excess1 :i* is worse ?an wa/$2 = ! fe$+ ( any class ( sub/ances 9 excess adds to ! labor ( ! dige/ive organs & r$uces _! effici5cy4 ,,mak+ ,a ,,balanc$ ,,ration ,9 ,press ,bullet9 ,no4 #ab1 f ! ,kansas /ation1 ! foll[+ is giv5 to illu/rate some:at h[ a balanc$ ration w\ld diff] f o!rs into :i* consid]ation ( a prop] balance _h n ent]$3 8,!re are ?ree important gr\ps ( sub/ances 9 fe$s--prote91 c>bohydrates1 & fat4 ,prote9 includes all mat]ials 9 fe$s :i* conta9 nitrog54 ,x ent]s into ! composition ( milk1 blood1 muscle1 hair & ! bra9 & n]ves2 is necess>y 9 ! =mation ( ^!1 & no o!r sub/ance c take its place4 ,prote9 is also us$ 9 ! body 9 produc+ heat1 en]gy & fat4 ,c>bohydrates include ! fib] ( fe$s1 ! sug>s1 />*1 & gums1 & furni% heat1 en]gy & fat 9 ! body4 ,c>bohydrates & fat c take ea* o!r's places1 "o p\nd ( fat be+ wor? #b4b p\nds ( c>bohydrates = production ( heat 9 ! body4 8,ext5d$ inve/igations h %[n t to obta9 ! be/ results1 fe$ %\ld be giv5 :i* w furni% ^! mat]ials 9 ! foll[+ proportions3 8,dairy c[--prote91 #b p\nds2 c>bohydrates1 #ab p\nds2 fat1 p\nd4 8,fatt5+ /e]--prote91 #b to #c p\nds2 c>bohydrates1 #ae p\nds2 fat1 to p\nd4 8,gr[+ cattle--prote91 #d p\nds2 c>bohydrates1 #ac p\nds2 fat1 #b p\nds4 8,= a "y animal 7cattle7 gradually decrease ! proportion ( prote9 until at ! age ( two ye>s ! proportions are simil> to ^? = ! fatt5+ /e]1 b less 9 quantity4 ,a pig two to ?ree mon?s old ne$s fe$s conta9+ sev5 & "o-half p\nds ( prote9 to ea* ?irty p\nds ( c>bohydrates & fat1 :ile a ye>-old pig ne$s sev5 & "o-half p\nds ( prote9 to ea* =ty-eight p\nds ( c>bohydrates & fat4 ,fe$s conta9+ a great] proportion ( prote9 ?an call$ = by ^! /&>ds c be f$1 because prote9 c take ! place ( ! o!r mat]ials4 ,c>bohydrates & fat _c take ! place ( prote91 h[ev]1 & no matt] 9 h[ l>ge quantities !y may be f$1 if prote9 is lack+1 ! gr[? or ga9 w be less4 8,! weak po9t 9 fe$+ is t ! av]age rations are greatly defici5t 9 prote91 & h too mu* c>bohydrates & fat4 ,e fe$] kn[s t good pa/urage produces rapid gr[?1 good ga9s1 & abundant milk yields4 ,x furni%es nutrim5t 9 ! proportion ( ?ree p\nds ( prote91 twelve p\nds ( c>bohydrates1 & "o-half p\nd ( fat4 ,! proportions 9 "s ( our fe$s 9 p\nds p] #ajj p\nds ( fe$1 are z foll[s3 ------------------------------- ,c>bo- ,prote9hydrates ,fat ------------------------------- ,corn #g4h #ff4g #a4f ,kafir-corn #g4h #eg4a #b4g ,prairie hay #c4e #da4h #a4d ,corn fodd] #b4j #cc4b #j4f ,sorghum hay #b4d #dj4f #a4b ------------------------------- 8,x w be se5 t none ( ^! conta9 a suffici5t proportion ( prote9 to secure be/ results1 & all comb9ations ( ^! fe$s w h ! same defect4 8,"s fe$s h too great a proportion ( prote9 to be f$ alone1 z %[n bel[1 ! figures indicat+ p\nds p] #ajj p\nds ( fe$3 -------------------------------------- ,c>bo- ,prote9hydrates ,fat -------------------------------------- ,alfalfa hay #aj4f #cg4c #a4d ,glut5-meal #ca4a #dc4i #d4h ,l9se$-oil meal #bh4h #cb4h #g4a ,cottonse$-meal #cg4j #af4e #ab4f ,soy-beans #ci4f #bb4c #ad4d -------------------------------------- 8,mak+ a balanc$ ration is comb9+ ! fe$s defici5t 9 prote9 ) ^? hav+ an excess ( x1 to make a ration :i* w conta9 ! "r proportions = ! animals f$40 ,,v>iations ,,9 ,,analysis ,v>iations 9 ! =ego+ tables w\ld indicate t ! analysis is likely to v>y ) ! product ( diff]5t soils & diff]5t cultivations4 ,9 spite ( v>iations x may be readily se5 t alfalfa ) its high prote9 value makes a v effective & economical balance = corn = heavy fe$+4 ,:5 x is tak5 into consid]ation t ?is =age s ri* 9 prote9 c be rais$ at home1 & t its gr[+ is at ! same "t enri*+ ! soil1 ! conclusion is easy t alfalfa hay may pr(itably con/itute a "p ( all ! fatt5+ op]ations2 x is also cle> t ! economical way to m>ket alfalfa is ?r\gh ! f>m's live /ock4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,alfalfa 9 ,beef-,mak+ ,! cattle fe$] is n mu* giv5 to s5tim5t & c>es less = ! beauty ( ! purple fl[]s ( ! alfalfa ?an he does = ! be/ me?od ( conv]t+ ^? purple fl[]s & ! accompany+ foliage into m>ketable beef4 ,an accept$ b unwritt5 rule ( cornfe$+ is t #ajjj p\nds ( gra9 ) ord9>y =age w produce #ajj p\nds ( ga91 "u normal conditions4 ,,"s ,,fe$+ ,,te/s ,! ,kansas /ation 9 a c>eful fe$+ te/ ( #aec days produc$ #ajj p\nds ( ga9 ) #gah p\nds ( gra9 by us+ alfalfa hay = r\ghness4 ,?is te/ also gave ! foll[+ table ( ga9 9 values1 f ! use ( diff]5t fe$s 9 ! same giv5 "t3 ,corn & alfalfa hay #aji4gd ,corn & prairie hay #ef4if ,corn & sorghum hay #bg4ji ,corn & oat /raw #dc4bh ,b>ley & alfalfa hay #eg4af ,! ,utah /ation aft] a fe$+ te/ publi%$ ! /atem5t t to produce #gje4fa p\nds ( beef x requir$3 ,( alfalfa hay #g1ahb p\nds ,( timo?y hay #i1ege ,( r$ clov] hay #aa1ifg ,( %r$d$ corn fodd] #aj1jhc ,illu/ration3 ,kansas ,f>m] ,view+ ,"o ( ,8 ,alfalfa ,fields ,%[+ t5 days' gr[? aft] fir/ cutt+ 9 #aijg ,illu/ration3 ,h>ve/+ ,alfalfa 9 ,ohio ,at ?is /ation /e]s made a mo/ rapid ga9 :5 f$ ^u e>ly cut alfalfa hay1 ei!r ) or )\t an accompany+ ration ( gra94 8,by e>ly cut hay 0 meant hay cut j be=e bloom4 ,! ga9 ^u ?is e>ly cut alfalfa hay 0 "o-?ird m ?an t ^u hay cut :5 9 full bloom or lat]40 ,! ,utah /ation also reports a cattle fe$+ te/ 7,bul4 ,no4 #fa7 9 :i* #ajj p\nds ( ga9 f fe$+ alfalfa hay co/ #c4gf2 f timo?y1 #d4ga1 & f corn fodd]1 #f4ba4 ,at ! ,nebraska /ation ,pr(4 ,h[>d ,r4 ,smi? 7,buls4 #he & #ij7 f$ #ej ye>l+ & #ej two-ye>-old grade /e]s 9 lots ( t5 = six mon?s1 ea* lot ( ea* fifty hav+ rations diff]5t f ! o!rs1 & ! table h]e) %[s ! av]age co/ p] p\nd ( ga9 made by ea* /e] ( ea* lot ( ye>l+s3 ,lot f$ corn & prairie hay #h4bg c5ts corn #ij p] c5t1 oil meal #aj p] c5t1 & prairie hay #f4hb corn #ij p] c5t1 oil meal #aj p] c5t1 & corn /ov] #f4ji corn #ij p] c5t1 oil meal #aj p] c5t1 & sorghum hay #g4jj corn & alfalfa hay #f4jd ,bel[ is %[n ! co/ "u simil> conditions ) ! two-ye>-olds1 7! co/ ( ! corn & oil meal f$ !m hav+ be5 slightly great] ?an t f$ ! ye>l+s73 ,lot f$ corn & prairie hay #h4bc c5ts corn #ij p] c5t1 oil meal #aj p] c5t1 & prairie hay #h4bg corn #ij p] c5t1 oil meal #aj p] c5t1 & corn /ov] #f4di corn #ij p] c5t1 oil meal #aj p] c5t1 & sorghum hay #g4hg corn & alfalfa hay #f4hi ,among ! d$uctions f ^! exp]im5ts1 ,pr(essor ,smi? records ! foll[+1 be>+ ^u ! use ( alfalfa3 8,alfalfa is mu* sup]ior to prairie hay :5 ! gra9 consi/s ( corn alone4 ,x also prov$ to be a *eap] s\rce ( prote9 ?an oil meal4 ,! returns on ! cattle f$ alfalfa hay1 7 ! alfalfa figur$ at #aa4ad p] ton1 w\ld h be5 z great z ! returns on prairie hay at #f p] ton1 ) corn z ! gra9 ration at #ci c5ts p] bu%el4 ,9 comp>ison ) prairie hay at #f :5 oil meal wor? #bh p] ton 0 a "p ( ! gra9 ration1 ! alfalfa return$ a value ( #h4bh p] ton4 7,9 ^! exp]im5ts ! co/ ( all alfalfa hay & all prairie hay 0 figur$ at ! "o price ( #f p] ton4--,au?or47 8,bright1 well-cur$ corn /ov] f$ ) an equal weight ( alfalfa1 ! gra9 consi/+ ( corn alone1 gave slightly l>g] ga9s ?an corn & alfalfa1 & prov$ ! mo/ economical ration 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,! addition ( corn /ov] may h improv$1 to "s ext5t1 ! corn & alfalfa ration by furni%+ great] v>iety1 & by its t5d5cy to *eck sc\rs sometimes caus$ by alfalfa4 ,! /ov] f$ ) alfalfa return$ a value ( #d4eg p] ton 9 comp>ison ) alfalfa at #f p] ton z ! sole r\ghness4 8,by fe$+ alfalfa hay1 :i* is a prote9-ri* r\ghness1 extremely palatable & readily ma/icat$1 9 place ( prairie hay ) corn alone1 #ad p] c5t less gra9 0 requir$ = ea* p\nd ( ga9 on two-ye>-olds & #bg p] c5t less on ye>l+s4 8,alfalfa hay1 f$ once p] day 9 connection ) corn & well-cur$ corn/alks1 furni%$ suffici5t prote9 = two-ye>-olds to make ! ?ree foods a comb9ation produc+ heavy & v economical ga9s--m economical ?an any o!r ration 9 ! exp]im5t4 8,alfalfa is pron\nc$ly sup]ior to prairie hay = beef production1 & ! m rapid ! ext5sion ( ! area ( l& devot$ to ! production ( alfalfa1 supplant+ ! less valuable & l[] yield+ native hay1 ! m rapid w be ! production ( weal? f our soil40 ,"o au?ority :o has made a /udy ( su* problems says1 8/e]s c be fatt5$ on "o-?ird less corn ) alfalfa = r\ghness ?an )\t40 ,w4 ,h4 ,jordan1 director ( ! ,new ,york 7,g5eva7 exp]im5t /ation says3 8,probably no species ( =age are kn[n t are m economical s\rces ( high-class cattle food ?an alfalfa & corn1 & if 9 ! realms ( /ock rais+ corn is k+1 alfalfa is que540 ,,fe$+ ,,too ,,mu* ,,alfalfa ,_m fe$]s make ! mi/ake ( fe$+ too mu* alfalfa hay to "y /e]s gra9$ heavily on corn4 ,c>eful te/s seem to prove t cattle on a heavy fe$ ( corn1 corn meal1 ,kafir-corn or ,kafir-corn meal ga9 z mu* ) #ae or #bj p\nds ( alfalfa hay p] day z by hav+ #ce p\nds1 ! v common quantity 9 fe$+4 ,x is also report$ by exp]i5c$ fe$]s t /e]s ov] ?ree ye>s old may be fatt5$ on alfalfa ) a mod]ate fe$ ( corn1 :ile = y\ng] /e]s ! heavy fe$ %\ld be corn ) #ae to #be p\nds ( alfalfa hay p] day4 ,a ,colorado fe$] put a lot ( /e]s ne>ly f\r ye>s old on a daily ration ( t5 p\nds ( corn *op & fifte5 p\nds ( alfalfa hay = #ajj days4 ,! ga9 0 surpris+ & ! /e]s weigh$ on ! ,d5v] m>ket ab\t #adcj p\nds p] head4 ,a fe$] 9 ,osborne c\nty1 ,kansas1 report$ to ! au?or ! foll[+3 8,began fe$+ #bb two-ye>-old /e]s on ,febru>y #crd1 av]ag+ #ida p\nds 9 weight4 ,gave !m no fe$ b alfalfa hay until ,m>* #d?4 ,f ,m>* #d? until ,may #a/ f$ all ! alfalfa !y want$ & #bdc bu%els ( corn *op1 :5 !y weigh$ out at an av]age ga9 ( #bei p\nds ea* 9 #hf days1 or ?ree p\nds p] day on a fe$ ( #aa bu%els ( corn *op & pl5ty ( alfalfa hay p] /e]40 ,we/]n fe$]s g5]ally claim to be able to put fat cattle on ! m>ket f #bj to #cj p] c5t *eap] ) alfalfa z ! balance ?an on corn alone1 or ) corn & bran or any pur*as$ prote9 foods4 ,! *eape/ beef-mak+ 9 ! ,we/ is ! rais+ ( calves on alfalfa1 & at #bj to #bd mon?s fatt5+ !m by a heavy fe$+ ( corn & alfalfa hay = #ajj days4 ,cattle c>ri$ to #ajjj to #abjj p\nds on alfalfa1 & !n f9i%$ by /rong fe$+ on corn ) alfalfa hay = fifty to sixty days1 make beef ( a *oice quality at a l[ co/4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,alfalfa & ! ,dairy ,,mak+ ,a ,,m>g9 ,! mo/ en?usia/ic advocates ( alfalfa are dairym54 ,! m>ket price ( milk is q well fix$ & ! price ( butt]fat at ! cream]ies rema9s1 9 ! diff]5t seasons1 pretty mu* ! same ye> by ye>4 ,h5ce1 ! problem ( increas+ 8 f9ancial returns mu/ dep5d ^u ! dairyman's be+ able to increase ! volume ( 8 product or to decrease ! co/1 or bo?4 ,if he is sell+ butt]fat at a pr(it ( five c5ts & he _c =ce ! price any high]1 x is ! s5sible ?+ to decrease ! co/ p] p\nd & !reby enl>ge 8 pr(it4 ,! dairyman :o buys all 8 fe$ has b little m>g94 ,to raise en\gh clov] calls = consid]able l&4 ,alfalfa w yield a l>ge bulk ( excell5t fe$ f a few acres ( well treat$ l&4 ,= pr(it he mu/ raise m fe$/uff & buy less4 ,! ,kansas /ation report$ t ) common scrub c[s f$ on alfalfa hay & ,kafir corn meal x 0 possible to produce butt]fat at a co/ ( sev5 c5ts a p\nd4 ,,"s ,,milk+ ,,te/ ,,valuations ,! ,new ,j]sey /ation z a result ( a v pa9/ak+ milk+ te/ report$3 7#a7 ,9 a ration :]e alfalfa hay 0 te/$ aga9/ :eat bran & dri$ brew]s' gra9 ! sav+ 9 ! co/ ( milk 0 #ab4g c5ts p] hundr$1 & #b4c c5ts p] p\nd ( butt] :5 alfalfa hay 0 us$4 ,?is sav+ means a great deal :5 x is consid]$ t ! alfalfa is rais$ & n pur*as$4 7#b7 ,t ! milk value ( "o acre ( alfalfa 0 #gd4 ,a ,kansas dairyman is report$ to h kept t5 c[s ?r\gh "o summ] on ! alfalfa cut daily f a pat* conta9+ f\r squ>e rods less ?an two acres4 ,"s dairym5 believe t !re is a great sav+ 9 ! alfalfa hay by cutt+ x into two-in* l5g?s1 & fe$+ x dry4 ,x is also believ$ t x w always be a matt] ( economy to fe$ ) ! alfalfa1 gre5 or z hay1 a small ration ( c>bonace\s food1 ev5 corn-/ov] s]v+ su* a purpose4 ,=m] ,gov]nor ,ho>d1 editor ( ,ho>d's ,dairyman1 says t ) alfalfa hay at #aj & bran at #bj p] ton !re is a sav+1 by us+ alfalfa1 ( #b4hj = e #ajj p\nds ( butt] made1 & a sav+ ( #ai4h c5ts = e #ajj p\nds ( milk4 ,9 a section ( ,new ,york :]e alfalfa has be5 q g5]ally introduc$1 dairym5 claim an increase 9 _! pr(its ( #ae to #cj p] c5t by its use1 besides ! enri*m5t ( _! f>ms = o!r crops4 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,h4 ,otis1 tell+ ( exp]im5ts ) ! dairy h]d at ! ,kansas agricultural college1 /ates t1 8x is usually recomm5d$ to fe$ a c[ all ! r\gh fe$ %e w eat1 & !n balance up ! ration ) gra94 ,! exp]i5ce at ! college indicates t mu* r\gh fe$ is wa/$ 9 c>eless fe$+4 ,! c[ w eat ! be/ fir/1 &1 if giv5 too mu*1 w pick ! mo/ desirable morsels1 leav+ :at might be call$ passably good1 :i* too frequ5tly is treat$ z wa/e & ?r[n "u foot4 ,no m hay %\ld be giv5 an animal ?an x w eat up clean4 ,?is ref]s to fir/-class quality1 h[ev]1 z a c[ c\ld n be expect$ to eat poor hay clean4 8,9 fe$+ ! r\gh fe$s1 ! foll[+ table has be5 us$ by ! college z a guide3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,r\ghness4--,value p] ton :5 alfalfa is wor? #a4jj p] ton ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,total ,prote9 ,total ,prote9 nutri- nutri- nutri- nutri- ,,fe$ ents ents ,,fe$ ents ents ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,dry ,,r\ghness ,,gre5 ,,r\ghness ,alfalfa #a4jj #a4jj ,alfalfa #j4cd #j4cg ,corn-fodd] 4#cb 4#ai ,corn silage 4#ac 4#ab ,c[peas 4#ig #a4jb ,fodd] corn 4#ad 4#ji ,fodd] ,corn 4#dj 4#bd ,pa/ure grasses 4#jc 4#bd ,millet 4#fd 4#db ,sorghum fodd] 4#ab 4#jf ,oat hay 4#ei 4#da ,soy-beans 4#bh 4#cj ,oat /raw 4#cc 4#ae ,or*>d-grass 4#fj 4#de ,,roots ,,& ,,tub]s ,prairie hay 4#ea 4#cc ,mangels 4#aj 4#ji ,r$ clov] 4#gj 4#fd ,sug>-beets 4#ad 4#aj ,sorghum 4#dc 4#bc ,turnips 4#aa 4#jh ,soy-beans 4#ih #a4jb ,mix$ hay 4#fg 4#ef ,timo?y 4#dg 4#bg ,:eat /raw 4#be 4#jh ---------------------------------------- -------------------- 8,/ud5ts work+ ) ! dairy h]d 7 anxi\s to h ! c[s make ! be/ possible yields1 & 7 tempt$ to give all ! good alfalfa hay ! c[s w\ld eat4 ,:5 we discov]$ ! alfalfa hay go+ too rapidly we look$ = ! cause & f\nd t ! dairy c[s _h consum$ an av]age ( =ty-?ree p\nds p] head daily1 besides fifte5 p\nds ( ,kafir corn fodd]4 ,! quantity ( alfalfa 0 r$uc$ to ?irty-?ree p\nds & ! ,kafir-corn fodd] to ?ree & "o-half p\nds daily p] c[1 & we f\nd t ! daily yield ( milk 0 slightly increas$4 ,! quality ( ! hay 0 ! same 9 bo? in/ances4 ,9 ! latt] case x 0 eat5 up clean1 :ile 9 ! =m] consid]able 0 haul$ away & f$ to dry c[s4 ,lat] records %[ a /ill great] r$uction 9 ! all[ance ( alfalfa )\t decreas+ ! fl[ ( milk4 ,?is exp]i5ce %[s "s ( ! leaks t may take place 9 fe$+ r\ghness1 especially :5 ^? fe$s are appetiz+1 l alfalfa & r$ clov]4 8,= ease ( calculation ! r\ghness is figur$ on ! basis ( alfalfa hay sell+ = "o doll> p] ton4 ,:5 alfalfa is wor? six doll>s p] ton ! o!r r\gh fe$s are wor? six times ! am\nt indicat$ 9 ! table2 :5 alfalfa is wor? eight doll>s p] ton ! o!r fe$s are wor? eight times z mu*1 & s on4 ,usually we f9d t we c give practically all ! r\gh fe$ t ! c[s c eat1 al?\gh1 z indicat$ above1 ) a good quality ( alfalfa or clov] hay m may be eat5 ?an w be consum$ at a pr(it4 ,at ?is writ+ alfalfa hay is sell+ 9 ,manhattan at sev5 doll>s p] ton4 ,?is w\ld make ! fe$+ values ( ! o!r r\gh fe$s wor? sev5 times ! am\nt indicat$ 9 ! table4 ,r$ clov]1 = in/ance1 w\ld be wor? sev5 times sev5ty c5ts or #d4ij p] ton2 prairie hay w\ld be wor? #c4eg p] ton2 & millet hay w\ld be wor? #d4dh p] ton4 ,if ! problem 0 to select ! mo/ economical r\ghness1 we w\ld select alfalfa at sev5 doll>s p] ton1 9 pref]5ce to r$ clov] at six doll>s p] ton1 or prairie hay at f\r doll>s p] ton1 or millet at five doll>s p] ton4 ,kn[+ ! co/ ( ^! diff]5t r\gh fe$s & hav+ ?is table be=e him1 a fe$] c tell :i* is ! mo/ economical fe$ to use4 ,x w be notic$ t ! table is divid$ into two p>ts1 ! fir/ "p giv+ ! value ( ! total nutri5ts1 & ! second "o ! value ( ! prote9 nutri5ts4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t we h pl5ty ( c>bohydrates & fat1 b t we are lack+ 9 prote94 ,9 ?is case we w\ld consult ! #8prote9 nutri5ts' column 9 ord] to det]m9e :at fe$ to buy 9 ord] to furni% ! prote9 mo/ economically4 ,if x be c>bohydrates & fat z well z prote9 t is requir$1 z 0 ! condition 9 ! dry ye> ( #aija1 !n we %\ld take ! total nutri5ts' column4 ,:5 x is possible to get a r\gh fe$ conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( prote91 we f9d t 9 fe$+ a lib]al all[ance ( r\ghness ! gra9 c be r$uc$4 ,h5ce1 ! importance ( provid+ r\ghness ri* 9 prote91 l alfalfa40 ,,sell+ ,,f>m ,,products ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,c[ ,no o!r bran* ( agriculture pres5ts m advantages ?an dairy+--dispos+ ( ! products ( ! f>m z milk & butt]fat4 ,:5 ! latt] may be sold to cream]y /ations & ! skim milk f$ to calves & pigs along ) alfalfa ! pr(its are great] ?an f almo/ any o!r =m ( agriculture4 ,no o!r bus9ess t5ds s rapidly to build up ! f]tility ( ! f>m1 &1 :5 judici\sly conduct$1 no o!r bran* ( f>m+ yields m satisfactory f9ancial returns4 ,rais+ & fe$+ alfalfa w add f #ae to #cj p] c5t to ! pr(its ( dairy+ ov] ! use ( any o!r fe$/uff t may be rais$ or b\ght4 ,! pr(it problem = ! dairyman is con/antly to f9d ! fe$ t w decrease ! co/ ( 8 production4 ,! diagram bel[1 prep>$ by ! editor ( ! ,nebraska ,f>m]1 is to 8repres5t ! dige/ible prote9 or milk prop]ty conta9$ 9 diff]5t k9ds ( r\ghness4 ,po9ts repres5t ! decimals ( a p\nd1 & ! b>s are an exact repres5tation ( ! sup]iority ( "o k9d ( food ov] ano!r = ! production ( milk4 ,ea* b> repres5ts #aj p\nds ( r\ghness4 ,! approximate yield is also giv5 p] acre30 ,approximate ,yield ,p] ,acre4 ,corn ,/ov] #f to #h ,tons #ag ,po9ts ------------- ,drill$ ,corn ,fodd] #aj to #ad ,tons #be ,po9ts ------------------- ,timo?y ,hay #b ,tons #bh ,po9ts -------------------------- ,prairie ,hay #b ,tons #cj ,po9ts -------------------------------- ,millet ,hay #c ,tons #cb ,po9ts --------------------------------------- ,oat ,hay #c to #d ,tons #dc ,po9ts ---------------------------------------- ----- ,r$ ,top #b ,tons #dh ,po9ts ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,r$ ,clov] #b ,tons #fh ,po9ts ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,alsike #c ,tons #hd ,po9ts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,alfalfa #f to #h ,tons #aaj ,po9ts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a4 ,s4 ,hit*cock cites z an illu/ration ( fe$+ alfalfa alone1 ! case ( ! dairy f>ms 9 ! vic9ity ( ,moneta1 ,cal41 :]e ! /ock are ord9>ily f$ no o!r ration ?an alfalfa4 ,z alfalfa is n a balanc$ ration1 a numb] ( local dairym5 tri$ to replace a "p ( ! alfalfa by sorghum1 ?us giv+ a m ne>ly balanc$ ration4 ,! c[s1 h[ev]1 did n give z mu* milk ^u ?is comb9ation z ^u pure alfalfa4 8,?is result may be assign$ to ! fact t ! cattle 7 unable to consume a suffici5t quantity ( ! mixture to produce ! same results z ! alfalfa alone4 ,^! dairym5 f9d !y c secure a l>g] yield by fe$+ a little gra92 b ! increas$ yield does n pay = ! gra91 :i* is high pric$ 9 ?is locality40 ,,an ,,ess5tial ,,9 ,,milk ,,production ,osc> ,erf1 pr(essor ( dairy+ at ! ,kansas exp]im5t /ation1 writ+ = ?is volume1 says3 8,alfalfa is q indisp5sable 9 successful dairy op]ations1 be+ "o ( ! *eape/ s\rces ( prote91 t mo/ ess5tial comp\nd 9 fe$s = milk production4 ,! ,kansas /ation f\nd t = milk #a p\nds ( well-leav$ alfalfa hay1 conta9+ a high p] c5t ( prote91 is equal 9 fe$+ value to a p\nd ( bran4 ,9 case ! alfalfa is ( a /emmy nature x requires #a p\nds to equal ! fe$+ value ( a p\nd ( bran4 ,alfalfa hay is wor? f #d to #g p] ton on ! f>m1 :ile bran co/s f #ad to #bj p] ton1 h5ce x is f> m economical to fe$ ! alfalfa hay4 8,l o!r hays alfalfa v>ies 9 composition accord+ to ! "t ( cutt+1 ! soil on :i* x gr[s1 & its p] c5t ( leaves4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ?ree-f\r?s ( a p\nd ( alfalfa hay is equal 9 fe$+ value to a p\nd ( clov] hay ( equal brightness & quality4 ,a good /& ( clov] yields ab\t #b tons p] acre p] ye>1 :ile a good /& ( alfalfa yields ab\t #e tons p] acre p] ye>4 ,h5ce1 on an acre ( l&1 #aajj p\nds ( prote9 c be produc$ by rais+ alfalfa :ile only #cdj p\nds c be produc$ by gr[+ clov]1 ! prote9 9 ! alfalfa & t 9 ! clov] be+ equally dige/ible4 ,?is comp>ison is *os5 f ! fact t clov] is ! next *eap] s\rce ( prote9 f\nd on ! f>m4 8,at ! ,kansas /ation ! foll[+ exp]im5t 0 conduct$1 & illu/rates ! l[ co/ ( a ration includ+ alfalfa hay = r\ghness z comp>$ ) a ration 9 :i* prairie hay 0 us$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 ) t5 c[s4 ,! fir/ ration consi/$ ( #ba p\nds ( alfalfa hay & #i p\nds ( corn4 ,:ile ! c[s 7 on ?is ration ea* produc$ an av]age #bf p\nds ( milk p] day1 ! milk conta9+ #c4i p] c5t ( butt]fat4 ,to =mulate a ration f prairie hay & bran :i* _h ! same am\nt ( nutri5ts1 we 7 oblig$ to fe$ #ai p\nds ( bran & #ae ( hay4 ,f$ on ?is ea* c[ produc$ only #bd p\nds ( milk p] day1 conta9+ #d p] c5t ( butt]fat4 ,! #ba p\nds ( alfalfa hay at #g p] ton1 :i* is r a high e/imate1 & #i p\nds ( corn at #gj c5ts p] hundr$ weight co/ #ac4f c5ts p] day4 ,at ?is rate x co/ #c c5ts to produce a gallon ( milk1 or approximately #ac4e c5ts = a p\nd ( butt]fat4 ,e/imat+ bran at #af p] ton & prairie hay at #e p] ton1 ! co/ ( ! second ration 0 #ah4ie c5ts p] day1 & milk approximately #g c5ts p] gallon1 mak+ ! butt]fat wor? #ai4g c5ts p] p\nd4 8,! foll[+ two tables %[ ! diff]5ce 9 co/ betwe5 a ration 9 :i* alfalfa is us$ = "p ( ! r\ghness & "o :i* conta9s no alfalfa b has ! same am\nt ( dige/ible nutri5ts3 ,alfalfa hay #ai lbs at #g4jj p] ton 4#jff ,corn #g lbs at 4#gj p] cwt 4#jdi ,bran #b lbs at #ah4jj p] ton 4#jbbe ------- 4#acge ,sorghum hay #aj lbs at #c4ej p] ton 4#jage ,prairie hay #ab lbs at #f4jj p] ton 4#jcf ,gr\nd :eat #h lbs at 4#hj p] bu 4#ajff ,cottonse$ meal #c lbs at #bd4jj p] ton 4#jcf ------- 4#aifa 8,z %[n by ! table a ga9 ( #e4hf c5ts is made by fe$+ ! alfalfa4 ,be+ a prote9ace\s fe$ x c to a great ext5t be sub/itut$ = cottonse$ meal1 l9se$ meal or glut5 meal1 & w entirely sub/itute o!r legum9\s hays & =ages1 su* z soy bean hay1 c[pea hay1 clov] hay & vet* hay1 any "o ( :i* is m exp5sive1 = nutri5ts conta9$1 ?an alfalfa hay4 8,! ,kansas /ation has f\nd x practicable1 f results obta9$ 9 ! pa/ ?ree ye>s1 to ensile gre5 alfalfa = dairy c[s4 ,?is is sup]ior to dry alfalfa1 ow+ to its succul5t nature4 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ensil+ alfalfa has ano!r advantage 9 t all cutt+s c be h>ve/$ 9 p]fect condition4 ,z a rule ! fir/ cutt+ ?r\gh\t ?is :ole t]ritory is liable to be damag$ m or less by ra9s4 ,by putt+ ! gre5 alfalfa into a well con/ruct$ silo ?is loss c be obviat$ & ! full value reta9$4 ,= example3 a man has #dj acres ( alfalfa1 f :i* he h>ve/s = ! fir/ crop #a tons p] acre4 ,e/imat+ ! price ( good1 clean alfalfa hay at #g a ton1 ?is w\ld be wor? #dbj4 ,%\ld ! hay be damag$ by ra9 its value w\ld be greatly r$uc$ &1 z has be5 ! case = _m ye>s1 su* damag$ hay c\ld be pur*as$ = #b or less p] ton4 ,accord+ly ?is damag$ hay w\ld be wor? #abj4 ,! loss caus$ by ra9 w\ld !re=e be #cjj4 ,put into ! silo ?is fir/ cutt+ w\ld be equal 9 value to ! be/ bright hay4 8,! co/ ( a #ajj-ton silo is #bej1 h5ce ! own] c\ld n only save ! fir/ cutt+1 b money besides4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n infrequ5tly ! case t alfalfa ( ! fir/ cutt+ is ( a /emmy nature1 & x has be5 e/imat$ t fully #bh p] c5t ( su* hay is wa/$ :5 f$ to c[s1 z !y d n eat ! co>se /ems4 ,?is loss c be entirely elim9at$ by ! silo+1 = c[s w readily eat ! /ems z silage4 8,! value ( alfalfa silage 9 influ5c+ ! milk fl[ 0 indicat$ :5 a ration 0 f$ to sixte5 c[s1 9 :i* #ab p\nds ( alfalfa hay1 #bj p\nds ( corn silage1 #e p\nds ( bran & #d p\nds ( corn meal 7 us$2 ?is ration 0 aft]w>d *ang$ by sub/itut+ alfalfa silage = ! corn silage1 & at ! same "t ! bran 0 r$uc$ to #a p\nd1 & ! corn increas$ #a p\nd4 ,by ^! *anges ! milk 0 increas$ #aj p] c5t4 8,) butt]fat wor? #bc c5ts a p\nd ! value ( a ton ( alfalfa silage has be5 e/imat$ at approximately #h4 ,?is silage solves ! problem ( fe$+ c[s economically 9 summ]1 z well z 9 w9t]1 "u a sy/em ( int5sive f>m+40 ,w4 ,j4 ,fras]1 *ief 9 dairy husb&ry at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 says3 8,corn silage & alfalfa1 two ( ! be/ fe$s = dairy c[s1 make practically a complete or balanc$ ration 9 !mselves4 ,sev]al ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 supply+ ! univ]sity dairy h]d ) v>i\s k9ds ( soil+ crops 9 midsumm] has l$ to ?is high recomm5dation ( corn silage & alfalfa40 ,alfalfa hay has mu* ! same laxative effect z ,june pa/ure4 ,an ,elg91 ,ill41 dairyman1 ) fifty c[s1 says3 8,e mon? ,i fe$ alfalfa 9 w9t] gives me a mon? 9 :i* ,i h practically pa/ure conditions4 ,! c[s %[ ! pa/ure-effect 9 ! glossy condition ( _! hair & 9 ! yield ( milk1 & h nev] be=e look$ q s well40 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,alfalfa = ,sw9e ,,hogs ,,w ,,eat ,,hay ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] x 0 /at$ t alfalfa is a valuable pa/ure or soil+ crop = pigs4 ,x is equally true t !y w actually eat alfalfa hay4 ,a hog is n usually rank$ z a hay-eat+ animal b an exception mu/ be made z to 8 eat+ alfalfa hay4 ,z a pa/ure or soil+ crop = s[s & "y pigs1 alfalfa proves a wond]fully helpful ration = milk-mak+ 9 ! s[ & = gr[? 9 ! pigs4 ,exp]im5ts h %[n t pigs make bett] gr[? :5 ! dam is f$ consid]able alfalfa ?an ^? f s[s f$ ! be/ ( comm]cial rations1 b ) no alfalfa4 ,giv5 two sets ( pigs1 "o f$ clov]1 rape & soak$ corn & ! o!r f$ only alfalfa =age1 ! latt] seem$ to gr[ ! m rapidly4 ,= brood s[s x is a mo/ valuable food1 ei!r z hay1 a soil+ crop1 or z pa/ure4 ,! litt]s ( su* s[s are g5]ally l>ge & vigor\s & ! dams h a /rong fl[ ( nutriti\s milk4 ,alfalfa meal 9 slop may be us$ ) pr(it :]e ! hay is n to be obta9$4 ,x is also claim$ t s[s f$ on alfalfa dur+ pregnancy w n dev\r _! "y1 its m9]al elem5ts seem+ to satisfy ! appetite ( ! s[1 :ile contribut+ to ! fetal developm5t ( ! pigs4 ,illu/ration3 ,five-ye>-old ,alfalfa at ! "t ( its ?ird cutt+4 ,septemb] #h1 & its root developm5t4 ,gr[n at ,manhattan1 ,kansas1 on upl& prairie hav+ a heavy clay subsoil ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,advantage ( ,e>ly ,fall ,s[+ ,beg9n+ on ! left ! se$ 0 s[n ,augu/ #ai1 ,septemb] #ae & ,octob] #a respectively4 ,all 7 dug up ,april #ac ( ! foll[+ spr+4 ,nebraska ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet9 #hd ,on a f>m ( ,gov]nor ,ho>d1 9 ,wiscons91 all ! brood s[s h = sev]al ye>s be5 w9t]$ on alfalfa hay ( ! ?ird cutt+1 & _! dr9k1 )\t any gra9 until ! la/ two weeks ( ge/ation4 ,mr4 ,ho>d says ! object 0 to give ! s[s a food t %\ld keep !m 9 a non-fev]i% /ate & furni% prote9 suffici5t to build ! bodies ( ! =?com+ pigs4 7,_! 8dr9k0 0 ! skim milk f ! dairy47 8,x 0 a matt] ( exp]im5t at fir/1 our only guide be+ :at k & reason we c\ld ex]cise f :at we knew1 or ?\ght we knew1 ( ! philosophy ( ge/ation4 ,! exp]im5t prov$ to be a success f ! fir/4 ,! s[s w5t ?r\gh _! "w 9 f9e condition1 giv+ milk abundantly4 ,! pigs came ) spl5did vitality1 ?us r$uc+ our losses f e>ly dea? fully #cj p] c5t ov] :at !y _h previ\sly be54 ,! hay is f$ dry & is ?r[n into ! p5 on ! fe$+ floor )\t any cutt+ or *aff+ :atev]4 ,we h sometimes ?\ght we w\ld try ! exp]im5t ( cutt+ x into half-in* l5g?s & moi/5+ x4 ,possibly x w\ld take less hay 9 ?is way4 ,! s[s keep 9 good fle%1 fully z mu* s z we l40 ,a ,f9ney c\nty1 ,kansas1 f>m] reports hav+ pa/ur$ #cj pigs on "o acre ( alfalfa f ,may #a/ to ,septemb] #a/1 :5 !y weigh$ #ajj p\nds ea* & 7 9 f9e condition = fatt5+4 ,ano!r ,kansas f>m] reports keep+ #ajj pigs f ab\t ! middle ( ,april to ,septemb] on five acres ( alfalfa pa/ure4 ,a little gra9 dur+ ! la/ two mon?s w\ld h ga9$ him _m p\nds ( pork4 ,_m alfalfa rais+ pig-gr[]s insi/ t _! pigs c be ma9ta9$ f ,may to ,octob] on alfalfa = "o-half :at x w\ld co/ = almo/ any o!r fe$4 ,! ,utah /ation f\nd t "y %oats ga9$ "o-?ird ( a p\nd a day on alfalfa pa/ure )\t gra94 ,b ! /ation f\nd also t ! ga9 0 n s great 9 old] hogs4 ,a ,wiscons9 dairyman report$ t he kept n9e s[s all w9t] & spr+ on alfalfa hay & skim milk1 )\t any gra91 & rais$ f !m #ge pigs1 all heal?y & vigor\s4 ,! ,colorado /ation consid]s t a ration ( ?ree-f\r?s corn & "o-f\r? alfalfa hay is ! be/ = fatt5+ hogs = m>ket1 b = "y hogs n ready = fatt5+ ! proportions %\ld be rev]s$4 ,! /ation does n recomm5d gr9d+ alfalfa hay = hogs1 probably on ! !ory t ! hog's "t is n wor? mu* at be/4 ,a ,,valuable ,,fe$+ ,,te/ ,! ,kansas /ation 9 ! fall ( #ahih made a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ( int]e/ to fe$]s ev]y:]e4 ,! te/ 0 to det]m9e ! value ( alfalfa hay f$ to fatt5+ hogs t 7 receiv+ all ! gra9 !y w\ld eat4 ,! results are relat$ "h 9 ! language ( ! bullet93 8,! hogs f$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 7 b\ght ( f>m]s1 & av]ag$ 9 weight #abe p\nds ea*4 ,!y 7 plac$ 9 lots ( t5 ea*1 9 l>ge p5s1 hav+ = %elt] "s %$s op5 to ! s\?4 ,! alfalfa hay us$ 0 ( ! be/ quality1 c>efully cur$4 ,blackhull$ ,:ite ,kafir-corn 0 ! gra9 us$1 ! hogs be+ f$ all !y w\ld eat )\t wa/e4 ,! hay 0 f$ dry 9 =kfuls 9 a l>ge flat tr\gh4 ,! pigs 7 giv5 m ?an !y c\ld eat1 & !y pick$ out ! leaves & f9] /ems1 reject+ ! co>s] /ems4 ,"o lot ( hogs 0 f$ ,kafir-corn meal dry & alfalfa hay2 "o lot :ole ,kafir-corn dry2 "o lot ,kafir-corn meal dry1 & "o lot ,kafir-corn meal wet4 8,! exp]im5t began on ,novemb] #bd & la/$ n9e weeks4 ,by t "t ! alfalfa-f$ hogs became well fatt5$1 & 7 m>ket$4 ,we e/imat$ t x w\ld require f\r to five weeks additional fe$+1 ) ord9>y wea!r1 to get ! hogs t 7 f$ gra9 alone into good m>ketable condition4 8,! ga9 9 n9e weeks f ! diff]5t me?ods ( fe$+ 7 z foll[s3 ,ga9s p] hog 9 p\nds ,kafir-corn meal dry & alfalfa hay #ij4i ,kafir-corn :ole #ei4d ,kafir-corn meal f$ dry #eb4d ,kafir-corn meal f$ wet #fc4c 8,! ga9 f fe$+ alfalfa hay ) ,kafir-corn meal f$ dry1 ov] ! meal alone f$ dry1 is m ?an #gc p] c5t4 8,! ga9s p] bu%el ( fe$ 7 z foll[s3 ,p\nds ,kafir-corn meal dry & #g4hc p\nds alfalfa hay #aj4hh ,kafir-corn :ole #h4ef ,kafir-corn meal f$ dry #g4dh ,kafir-corn meal f$ wet #h4ji 8,t5 hogs 9 n9e weeks 7 f$ #fef p\nds ( alfalfa hay2 & z %[n above1 = ea* #g4hc p\nds ( alfalfa hay f$ ) ! dry ,kafir-corn meal1 ! hogs ga9$ #c4d p\nds ov] ^? hav+ dry ,kafir-corn meal alone--a ga9 ( #hfh p\nds ( pork p] ton ( alfalfa hay4 ,^! results are n due to ! fe$+ value ( ! alfalfa alone1 b also to its influ5ce 9 aid+ ! hogs to bett] dige/ ! ,kafir-corn4 ,! alfalfa hay also gave a v>iety to ! ration1 mak+ x m appetiz+ & induc+ ! hogs to eat m gra94 ,! t5 hogs hav+ gra9 alone ate #chhe p\nds ( dry ,kafir-corn meal1 :ile ! t5 hogs hav+ hay & gra9 ate #dfgi p\nds ( ! ,kafir-corn meal & #fef p\nds ( alfalfa hay4 ,! hay-f$ hogs ate m gra9 & ga9$ m = ea* bu%el eat54 8,9 a =m] exp]im5t pigs 7 pa/ur$ ?r\gh ! summ] on alfalfa ) a light fe$+ ( corn4 ,aft] d$uct+ ! probable ga9 f ! corn1 ! ga9 p] acre f ! alfalfa pa/ure 0 #ggf p\nds ( pork4 8,^! facts indicate t to produce pork mo/ *eaply ! ,kansas f>m] mu/ h alfalfa pa/ure 9 summ] & alfalfa hay 9 w9t]40 ,! ,kansas /ation also f\nd 9 ano!r te/ t "o acre ( alfalfa produc$ pork wor? #bj4cj1 :ile "o acre ( rape produc$ pork wor? #aj4je4 ,! ,i[a /ation director e/imat$ t "o acre ( alfalfa pa/ur$ 0 wor? at lea/ ?ree acres ( blue-grass = pigs4 ,x is claim$ by ,kansas f>m]s t an av]age acre ( alfalfa w pa/ure #ae pigs1 :ile "s report hav+ pa/ur$ #bj or m pigs p] acre4 ,^? :o h us$ alfalfa z a soil+ crop = pigs admit1 h[ev]1 t "o acre s utiliz$ is equal to two if n ?ree us$ z pa/ure4 ,x is argu$ by fe$]s t z _m hogs may pr(itably be all[$ ) cattle t are be+ fatt5$ on corn & alfalfa z :5 f$ corn alone1 z ! fe$]s believe 9 clean+ out ! fe$-racks e few days & giv+ ! left-ov] /ems to ! hogs4 ,if necess>y1 a little corn is add$ to ! hog ration4 ,a ,,nebraska ,,te/ ,! ,nebraska exp]im5t /ation1 f a hog-fe$+ te/ made 9 #aijc report$ ! foll[+3 8,) ! alfalfa hay wor? #g p] ton1 ! leaves1 conta9+ #dj p] c5t m prote91 w\ld be wor? approximately #aj p] ton4 ,! %orts co/ #ab4ej p] ton deliv]$4 ,! dairy dep>tm5t *>g$ #ae c5ts p] hundr$ = ! skim milk us$4 ,corn 0 deliv]$ to ! b>ns at #cj c5ts p] bu%el4 ,add+ ! usual rate ( #f c5ts p] hundr$ = gr9d+1 ! corn meal co/ #ab p] ton4 ,at ^! prices1 ea* hundr$ p\nds ( ga9 9 ! sev]al lots co/ z foll[s3 ,lot #a1 corn alone #d4dh ,lot #b1 corn & skim milk #c4ig ,lot #c1 corn & %orts #c4ec ,lot #d1 corn & alfalfa #c4dj 8,?is exp]im5t %[s t at ! m>ket prices quot$ & ! proportions us$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 skim milk w make corn br+ f\r c5ts m p] bu%el1 :eat %orts eight c5ts m1 & alfalfa leaves n9e c5ts m4 ,assum+ t only five p] c5t ( ! #beb1ebj1agc bu%els ( corn produc$ 9 ,nebraska ?is ye> is be+ f$ to hogs z a s+le food1 ^! figures w\ld g to %[ t #a1jjj1jjj m weal? w\ld be add$ to ! /ate if :eat %orts or alfalfa 7 sub/itut$ = "o-fif? ( ! corn f$40 ,,cut ,,alfalfa ,,e>ly ,,= ,,hogs ,x is especially important t alfalfa int5d$ to be f$ to hogs %\ld be cut e>ly4 ,an exp]im5t at ! ,kansas /ation %[$ t a ton ( e>ly cut & well-cur$ alfalfa1 f$ ) gra91 produc$ #hfh p\nds ( pork :ile a ton late cut & poorly cur$1 f$ ) gra91 produc$ only #ccc p\nds4 ,= fatt5+ hogs x is well to fe$ ab\t "o ton ( well-cur$ alfalfa hay ) ea* #bej bu%els ( gra94 ,f>m]'s ,bullet9 ,no4 #bae ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture decl>es t alfalfa is an ideal pa/ure plant = hogs4 8,!re is no dang] f bloat & ) a limit$ numb] ( hogs !re is practically no injury to ! alfalfa field4 ,vigor\s alfalfa w support #ae to #be head ( pigs p] acre4 ,x is be/ to limit ! numb] ( pigs to t :i* w be insuffici5t to keep d[n an alfalfa field4 ,cutt+s ( hay may !n be made at int]vals & ! gr[? ?us rejuv5at$4 ,on ! av]age pigs weigh+ #cj to #fj p\nds 9 ! spr+ w make a ga9 ( ab\t #ajj p\nds ea* dur+ ! season4 ,al?\gh pigs may be gr[n & fatt5$ ^u alfalfa alone1 x is be/ to comb9e ! alfalfa ) "s k9d ( a gra9 ration4 ,alfalfa by itself is too ri* 9 prote9 to give a balanc$ ration4 ,:]e pigs are pa/ur$ ^u alfalfa alone !y may be prep>$ = ! m>ket by fe$+ = a few weeks ^u corn4 ,x is /ill bett]1 h[ev]1 to fe$ a ?ird to a half ( a ration ( corn or o!r gra9 dur+ ! "t ( pa/ur+40 ,! great mi/ake made by too _m :o attempt to pa/ure sw9e on alfalfa is 9 ov]/ock+4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to keep )9 a small pa/ure m /ock ?an x c com=tably support1 ) ! result t ! /& is gnaw$1 trampl$ & root$ out1 :ile ! animals fail to prosp] z !y w\ld "u m rational treatm5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ ext5sive & successful sw9e rais]s 9 ,kansas tells ! au?or ?is3 8,tw5ty-five ye>s ( pa/ur+ hogs ( all ages on alfalfa has prov5 conclusively to me t ) a f\r? to a half gra9 ration1 :ile !y are on su* pa/ure1 w produce 9 !m a great] gr[? p] day ?an :5 9 dry lots on full fe$s ( corn4 ,hogs w ma9ta9 a reasonable gr[?1 b n fatt5 mu*1 on alfalfa pa/ure alone2 ,i believe x pr(itable to fe$ !m "s gra9 :ile runn+ on gre5 alfalfa4 ,if x is desir$ to full-fe$ hogs1 !y w make a rapid fatt5+ gr[? by increas+ ! gra9 ration :ile on ! pa/ure1 & ) ! full gra9 ration ! meat w be ne>ly z firm z ^? ( ! dry lot1 :]e gra9 alone has be5 f$4 ,i f9d no di/9ction on ! m>ket betwe5 alfalfa-f$ sw9e & ^? purely gra9-f$1 & !y sell price & price alike4 ,! g5]al heal? ( ! alfalfa-f$ hogs is equal to t ( ^? ma9ta9$ on any o!r fe$1 & !y are prolific40 ,! ,kansas /ation realiz$ #aa4ij p] acre f rape pa/ure & #bd4aj p] acre f alfalfa pa/ure 9 n9ety-eight days4 ,^! results 7 obta9$ f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 begun ,july #be & conclud$ ,octob] #ca4 ,?irty %oats1 av]ag+ fifty-two p\nds 9 weight1 7 divid$ z ne>ly equally z possible into ?ree lots ( t5 ea*4 ,lot ,i 0 f$ on a gra9 mixture ( %orts "o-half1 corn meal "o-f\r?1 & ,kafir-corn meal "o-f\r?1 9 a dry lot4 ,! o!r two lots 7 f$ ! same gra9 ration1 b "o receiv$ rape pa/ure & ! o!r alfalfa pa/ure 9 addition4 ,ea* lot 0 giv5 :at gra9 ! hogs w\ld eat up clean1 & ea* _h access to wat] & a%es4 ,! weights ( gra9 consum$ & ga9s made are z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,gra9 ,total ,gra9 consum$ ,fe$ consum$ga91 9 p] #ajj lbs4 9 p\nds p\nds ga91 9 p\nds ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,i4 ,no pa/ure #c1hja #a1jbc #cga ,,ii4 ,rape pa/ure #c1bdd #a1jgf #cja ,,iii4 ,alfalfa pa/ure #c1bdd #a1jgh #cjj ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! ga9s ( ! ?ree lots are v ne>ly equal4 ,! dry lot consum$ #eeg p\nds 7or sev5ty p\nds = e #ajj p\nds ( ga97 m gra9 ?an ! pa/ure lots4 ,! lot on rape requir$ "o acre ( pa/ure1 :ile ! alfalfa lot us$ a trifle less ?an "o-half acre4 ,! lot )\t pa/ure requir$ #c4ga p\nds ( gra9 to produce "o p\nd ( ga94 ,assign+ ! same value to ! gra9 f$ ! hogs on rape pa/ure1 we h #hgg p\nds ( pork cr$it$ to ! gra9 & #aii p\nds cr$it$ to ! rape4 ,at six c5ts p] p\nd1 ! price at :i* hogs 7 sell+ at ! close ( ! exp]im5t1 ?is w\ld be a cr$it ( #aa4ij p] acre = ! rape4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! alfalfa is cr$it$ ) #bja p\nds ( pork1 equal to #ab4je1 & z !re 0 only a half-acre ( alfalfa1 ?is makes a rate ( #bd4aj p] acre4 ,! co/ ( prep>+ ! se$ b$ & se$+ ! rape 0 #a4hj p] acre4 ,x 0 se$$ 9 ! fe$ lots1 on soil t w\ld o!rwise h rema9$ idle or w\ld h gr[n up to we$s4 ,! %oats on pa/ure enjoy$ _! diet & seem$ satisfi$4 ,^? 9 dry lot seem$ to be hank]+ aft] some?+ gre51 & _! appetites seem$ unsatisfi$ )\t "s k9d ( r\ghness4 ,!y w\ld ev5 nibble at /raw1 9 a va9 attempt to satisfy _! crav+4 8,! exp]im5t10 says ,pr(4 ,d4 ,h4 ,otis1 8emphasizes ! sup]ior value ( alfalfa pa/ure4 ,:]e alfalfa is n available1 or :]e v>iety is want$1 or x is desir$ to utilize o!rwise wa/e l&1 ,dw>f ,essex rape1 se$$ at ! rate ( six to eight p\nds p] acre1 any "t f e>ly spr+ to late summ]1 w furni% an excell5t diet t is greatly reli%$ by ! hogs40 ,j4 ,e4 ,wood=d1 ( ,c(fey c\nty1 ,kansas1 ,april #a1 #aije1 plac$ t5 *oice pure br$ ,pol&-,*9a brood s[s f twelve to eighte5 mon?s old t 7 due to f>r[ 9 ! latt] days ( ,june1 on a five-acre field ( alfalfa4 ,!y 7 giv5 no o!r fe$ ?an ! alfalfa pa/urage until !y _h f>r[$ & _! pigs 7 a week old4 ,aft] t ! s[s _h 9 addition to ! alfalfa "s bran slop until ab\t ,augu/ #bj1 :5 new corn 0 fit = fe$+4 ,he says3 8,! s[s f ! "t !y 7 turn$ on ! alfalfa until ! la/ week 9 ,june made a rem>kable gr[?1 besides ga9+ some:at 9 fle%4 ,!y did well ) _! pigs1 re>$ an av]age ( sev5 to ea* s[1 & z suckl]s !y 7 a sight to see4 ,! pigs 7 ! mo/ attractive bun* ev] rais$ 9 ,c(fey c\nty1 z admitt$ by our bre$+ competitors4 ,we weigh$ a gilt f ?is lot :5 six mon?s & five days old1 & h] weight ( two hundr$ & tw5ty-five p\nds 0 n above ! av]age ( ! :ole lot4 ,9 our lifelong exp]i5ce 9 re>+ sw9e we h f\nd no?+ ( ! grass k9d = !m t 9 value approa*es alfalfa40 ,a plat ( ?rifty1 well-e/abli%$ alfalfa suitably f5c$ & us$ = pa/ur+ sw9e ( :atev] age c sc>cely fall %ort ( be+ among ! mo/ pr(itable p>ts ( any f>m ^u :i* sw9e husb&ry is giv5 att5tion4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,alfalfa = ,horses & ,mules ,j4 ,w4 ,robison1 a ,kansas bre$] ( ,p]*]ons1 :o ranks among ! =emo/ any:]e1 raises 8 colts to ?ree ye>s at an av]age weight ( #agjj p\nds & 8 f\r-ye>-olds at #aijj p\nds1 ready = ! sale y>d1 on alfalfa1 except su* limit$ quantities ( gra9 z w make x m ne>ly a prop]ly balanc$ food1 & incid5tally exp$ite gr[?4 ,8 op9ion1 =tifi$ by sixty ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 is t alfalfa z pa/urage & hay con/itutes by f> ! mo/ excell5t & economical frame- & muscle-=m+ food available to ! live /ock indu/ry4 ,8 colts h alfalfa z _! fir/ gre5 food1 &1 if foal$ 9 w9t]1 are taught 9 a few days to nibble ! cut hay4 ,he also says colts re>$ ma9ly on alfalfa h equal _s & vigor & bett] dispositions ?an ^? giv5 mu* gra94 ,8 brood m>es are made to rely on alfalfa z _! ma9 ration1 & = ?ree mon?s be=e foal+ x is practically1 unless 9 midw9t]1 _! only fe$4 ,z a result !y are always 9 ideal condition1 _! colts are deliv]$ easily1 ! m>es give an abundance ( n\ri%+ milk1 free f fev]i% t5d5cies1 & ! colts are robu/ly rugg$ f _! beg9n+4 ,! co/ ( re>+ colts & horses by ?is me?od1 he says1 is less1 quality & rapidity ( _! gr[? consid]$1 ?an by any o!r ( :i* he has k4 ,! well-kn[n ,j4 ,e4 ,w+1 ( ,ohio1 says3 8,!re is no "o ?+ s good = ! "w horse z alfalfa4 ,he ne$s less gra91 & has m life & _s ?an :5 f$ ^u any o!r hay1 yet ev5 work+ teams c1 on acc\nt ( its ri*ness1 be f$ too mu*4 ,?is puts an undue /ra9 ^u _! excretory organs to elim9ate ! unnecess>y food sub/ances f ! tissues4 ,! ov]fe$+ ( alfalfa hay to horses has 9 "s localities caus$ ! use ( x to become unpopul>1 & to raise an outcry aga9/ x4 ,! writ] has f$ no o!r hay to 8 horses--work+ teams1 driv+ horses1 m>es & foals--= _m ye>s1 & has yet to obs]ve ! fir/ in/ance ( evil result1 save t ! driv+ horses :5 n us$ regul>ly become s(t & easily sweat$4 ,,good ,,= ,,"w ,,horses ,until rec5tly x 0 n ?\ght 9 ! ea/]n /ates t alfalfa 0 an especially good fe$ = horses4 ,on ! some:at not$ ,watson ran* at ,ke>ney1 ,nebraska1 ! gra9 supply became exhau/$ "o summ] :5 ! prices 7 high4 ,!re 0 an abundance ( alfalfa hay1 & al?\gh x 0 9 ,augu/ & ! horses 7 at heavy "w1 su* z pl[+ & dit*+1 ! entire =ce ( eighty 0 kept on alfalfa hay & b little gra91 )\t any injuri\s effect4 ,!y reli%$ ! hay1 did ! h>d "w e day & look$ z sleek z if on pa/ure4 ,s9ce t "t alfalfa hay has be5 ! pr9cipal ration = all ( ! f>m's "w horses1 colts & driv+ /ock4 ,9 we/]n ,kansas f>m horses h be5 w9t]$ on a daily fe$ ( #aj p\nds ( alfalfa hay & "s corn /ov]1 & ?9 horses fatt5$ on alfalfa hay & a little corn4 ,,cresceus ,,eats ,,alfalfa ,aga91 ! preval5t notion t x is n good = driv+ horses has be5 contradict$ by hundr$s ( f>m]s :o use x = su* horses1 & by hundr$s 9 we/]n t[ns :o use x = deliv]y horses1 dray horses1 & light driv]s1 z well4 ,9 p>ts ( ,cali=nia x is ! only hay f$ to horses4 8,cresceus1 ! great race horse1 is said to h be5 rais$ on x & x is said t he is f$ no o!r hay1 ev5 :ile on ! rac+ circuit40 ,! same 0 said ( ,sysonby1 ! fleete/ ,?or\ghbr$ 9 ! races ( #aije4 ,_m ( ! city transf] companies 9 ,d5v]1 ,kansas ,city & ,omaha use alfalfa hay1 claim+ t x enables !m to r$uce _! gra9 ration1 :ile _! horses seem /rong] & look bett] ?an !y did ) ! =m] fe$ ( corn & timo?y4 ,,too ,,mu* ,,hay ,,f$ ,x is no d\bt true t ,am]icans fe$ _! horses too mu* hay4 ,x is common among horse own]s to let horses /& to full mang]s :5 n at "w4 ,9 ,london ! cab horses1 = example1 are giv5 hay = b two h\rs a day1 9 ! ev5+4 ,at ! end ( two h\rs ! mang]s are cle>$4 ,c>eful te/+ 9 decreas+ ! timo?y hay ration "o-half has n %[n t ! horses requir$ any m gra9 ?an be=e to keep !m 9 equally good condition4 ,horses d n ne$ a heavy ration ( alfalfa hay4 ,f$ ) gra91 probably #aj or #ae p\nds ( x is equal to a mang] full ( o!r hay4 ,z !y become accu/om$ to ! alfalfa x may be increas$ a little1 & ! gra9 decreas$4 ,x is a ri* food & %\ld n be us$ z freely z hays ) less prote94 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,a4 ,m]rill ( ! ,utah /ation made six te/s ( alfalfa hay 9 comp>ison ) timo?y = horses "u v>y+ conditions ( "w1 & f\nd t x 0 less difficult to ma9ta9 _! weight ) alfalfa4 ,! appe>ance ( ! horses 9 e comp>ison 0 9 favor ( ! alfalfa-f$ horse1 & no ill results 7 not$ on _! heal? by long-cont9u$ alfalfa fe$+4 ,f\rte5-hundr$ p\nd horses at h>d "w c\ld be ma9ta9$ 9 condition on #cb4f p\nds ( alfalfa hay p] day1 & at re/ #bj p\nds 0 suffici5t = ! same horses4 ,! quantity ( hay f$ on mo/ f>ms c\ld be r$uc$ at lea/ "o-half4 ,) all its m]its alfalfa hay is by no means a prop]ly balanc$ ration = all purposes1 & ^? unacqua9t$ ) ?is fact are liable to fe$ x1 exclusively or o!rwise1 9 su* quantities z are bo? extravagant & h>mful4 ,d4 ,c4 ,smead1 a vet]9>ian ( note1 9 writ+ ab\t us+ ! hay 9 too great quantities1 especially 9 fe$+ horses1 says ?is3 8,!re is m dang] 9 d]ang+ ! dige/ion or man or bea/ by an excess ( prote9 ?an by ov]fe$+ on a c>bonace\s food4 ,! prote9s 9 food are m easily act$ ^u by ! dige/ive fluids1 & ?us m easily dige/$ & c>ri$ into ! blood1 :]e an excess means "w = ! kidneys to c>ry x (f4 ,we c f\nd] a horse m easily on :eat ?an on corn = ?is v reason4 ,alfalfa has a nutritive ratio ( practically #a to #d4 ,an ord9>y #ajjj-p\nd horse1 if giv5 all x w eat ( x1 w eat f ?irty to =ty p\nds 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,z ! alfalfa conta9s ab\t #aa p] c5t ( easily dige/$ prote9s1 y w readily see t ! horse w\ld be tak+ into 8 sy/em ne>ly f\r & "o-half p\nds ( prote94 8,ab\t two & "o-half p\nds ( dige/ible prote9 is all t an ord9>y horse or c[ ( a ?\s& p\nds weight1 :5 at "w or 9 milk1 c utilize4 ,9 ! alfalfa hay we h ne>ly twice z mu* z is ne$$4 ,if x 7 n = "s ( x be+ physick$ (f1 we w\ld soon h an animal ) ov]work$ kidneys or muscul> /iffness ( a rheumatic nature4 ,9 case ( a m>e 9 foal1 :5 f$ on alfalfa & no?+ else1 ! *ances are %e w\ld drop h] colt prematurely1 or if x w5t full "t1 ! colt w\ld be a nice1 fat1 little1 plump fell[1 ) little vitality & ) a t5d5cy to rickets or b[el disease1 all because ! alfalfa 0 too n>r[ a ration4 8,n[ if we f$ ?is m>e alfalfa hay once a day or ev5 twice a day1 9 mod]ate quantities1 say fifte5 p\nds1 & gave h] "o fe$ ( /raw or timo?y hay or corn fodd]1 :i* are c>bonace\s foods1 ) a qu>t ( oats a day to imp>t a little n]ve =ce1 we w\ld h h] practically on "r l9es4 ,alfalfa1 good z x is1 is n an all-suffici5t food = any animal4 ,! dang] lies 9 sections :]e x is be+ ?r[n to ! animals reli%+ x s well & ! own] hav+ x 9 su* abundance t x w come to be consid]$ all-suffici5t1 & !n tr\ble is liable to foll[4 ,b f$ ) judgm5t x is ! be/ ( all prote9 foods1 & w enable ! f>m] to fe$ wisely & well _m ( ! unm>ketable r\gh foods he raises1 l /raw & corn /ov]1 ! "o balanc+ ! o!r40 ,"h & !re are horses ) dige/ive app>atus n suit$ = ! be/ use ( alfalfa1 b !y are r>e exceptions r ?an ! rule4 ,,produces ,,rapid ,,gr[? ,"o ( ! =emo/ horse bre$]s 9 ,am]ica1 :o con/antly ma9ta9s upw>ds ( "o hundr$ head ( v>i\s ages1 writes ! au?or ?is3 8,9 my exp]i5ce ( tw5ty-five ye>s 9 pa/ur+ horses on alfalfa1 results h conv9c$ me t x produces m bone1 muscle & blood 9 horses 9 less "t ?an any o!r pa/urage ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,b ,i believe x pr(itable 9 rais+ ! be/ horses to also use a mod]ate gra9 ration1 to /imulate rapid gr[? & e>ly developm5t2 my horses1 h[ev]1 h %[n no ill effects f pa/ur+ on alfalfa )\t gra91 or o!r fe$1 & ,i h f\nd su* pa/ur+ conducive to heal? & prolificacy1 matur+ animals equal = s]vice to any re>$ o!rwise4 ,i h rais$ ?ree-ye>-olds gr[n on alfalfa & a light gra9 ration to exce$ a ton 9 weight1 c>ry+ all ! good qualities ( ! bre$ to :i* !y belong$4 ,fur!r1 ,i f9d us+ alfalfa z a horse pa/ure a mu* m economical me?od ( rais+ horses ?an any o!r40 ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,"o ,ye> ,old ,%[+ ,effects ( ,inoculation ,plants on ! left inoculat$ ) 8nitro-culture10 ^? on ! "r n inoculat$ ,illu/ration3 ,a ,good ,type ( a ,f\r-ye>-old ,alfalfa ,plant gr[n on ,kansas upl&4 ,height1 ,may #bh1 #cf in*es4 ,! cr[n %[s ! effect ( splitt+ ) a disk h>r[ ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,alfalfa & ,%eep-,rais+ ,! day is n f> di/ant :5 ! free 8range0 w be practically elim9at$ f ! /ockman's assets4 ,8 /ock mu/ be re>$ on cultivat$ crops in/ead ( by graz+ on grasses t co/ no?+4 ,p\nd = p\nd alfalfa is m fatt5+ = "y lambs or old %eep ?an clov]4 ,lambs soil$ on alfalfa cut daily make a ph5om5al gr[? & are z a rule free f disease4 ,!y may be c>ri$ ?r\gh ! summ] on a light fe$+ ( gre5 alfalfa & g5]al pa/ure or f>m graz+1 & fatt5$ 9 ! fall on alfalfa hay & c[peas or a little gra91 at a g5]\s pr(it4 ,?\s&s ( %eep & lambs are e ye> br\ght f ,colorado & ,montana to we/]n ,kansas & ,nebraska & fatt5$ = m>ket on alfalfa hay & gra91 mak+ = ^! commodities a conv5i5t m>ket at good prices4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prev5t ,,bloat+ ,pa/ur+ %eep or lambs on alfalfa is dang]\s1 al?\gh !re are %eep rais]s :o make x a ma9 reliance4 ,"o man reports absolute fre$om f loss = sev]al ye>s1 & 8 me?od is to h 8 %eep p5 adjo9+ ! alfalfa field & e>ly 9 ,april :5 ! alfalfa is j beg9n+ to put on its gre51 he arranges a 8creep0 = ! lambs to g ?r\gh into ! field1 & lets !m /ay !re at pleasure4 ,!y soon wean !mselves2 ! 8creep0 is !n clos$ & a safe p5 9 ! alfalfa field is us$ = %elt] f ra9s & protection f dogs4 ,:5 necess>y to fa/5 !m 9 at night to gu>d aga9/ dogs or wolves1 he cuts gre5 alfalfa ea* ev5+ to give !m ) a little gra9 9 ! morn+ be=e turn+ !m back to ! field4 ,! lambs gr[ rapidly & none ev] bloat4 ,nev]!less1 mo/ %eep rais]s w cont9ue to reckon alfalfa pa/ure too exp5sive :5 x co/s s _m animals = ! privilege ( its use4 ,safety is ! exception1 & n ! rule4 ,own]s ( l>ge flocks ( %eep claim to be able to m>ket lambs f alfalfa pa/ure1 or :5 soil$1 at "o-half to "o-?ird ! co/ ( ma9t5ance ) any o!r crop4 ,gre5 or cur$ x seems to ha/5 developm5t & ! lambs are 9 f9e condition = fatt5+ 9 ,octob]1 or ! ewes to put into ! bre$+ p54 ,! ,nebraska /ation 9 a w9t] exp]im5t ( #ih days ) "o hundr$ #ej-p\nd lambs1 divid$ into diff]5t lots & v>i\sly f$ ) prairie hay1 alfalfa hay1 %ell$ corn1 :eat bran1 oats & l9se$ meal figur$ at ! prices !n curr5t1 rea*$ ^! results3 #a4 ,! alfalfa-f$ lambs consum$ #a4cd p\nds ( alfalfa hay & "o p\nd ( gra9 p] day z aga9/ 4#hh p\nd ( prairie hay & 4#hi p\nd ( gra9 consum$ by ! prairie hay f$ lambs4 #b4 ,! alfalfa-f$ lambs made fifty-two p] c5t great] ga9s ?an ! lambs f$ prairie hay & ! same gra9 ration4 #c4 ,! lambs f$ prairie hay ) corn & #af p] c5t ( oil meal made #bf p] c5t l>g] ga9s ?an ! lots f$ prairie hay ) a gra9 ration ( %ell$ corn1 or %ell$ corn ) #be p] c5t ( bran or oats add$4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fif? annual report ( ! ,ont>io agricultural college are "s int]e/+ reports on fe$+ lambs on v>i\s foods4 ,! fe$+ p]iods 7 #gd days = ! fir/ exp]im5t & #db = ! second4 ,by ^! te/s alfalfa hay 0 %[n to be slightly bett] = ! lambs 9 e way ?an clov] hay "u practically equival5t conditions4 ,! fir/ & second cutt+s ( alfalfa 7 equal 9 value2 ! ?ird cutt+ 0 slightly bett] ?an ! fir/4 ,w4 ,l4 ,c>lyle1 dean ( ! ,colorado agricultural college decl>es alfalfa hay is ! basis ( ! fe$+ indu/ry 9 nor!rn ,colorado4 8,)\t alfalfa our agriculture w\ld be ( v little mom5t4 ,alfalfa =ms ! basis ( all our sug>-beet gr[+4 ,x n only enri*es ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s1 b prep>es x = ! gr[+ ( sug>-beets 9 a way t no o!r crop or sy/em or cultivation c1 & :ile do+ ?is prep>atory "w x yields an enorm\s tonnage ( ! mo/ valuable fe$ = fatt5+ %eep & cattle4 ,usually lambs are giv5 free access to ! hay & are all[$ to eat all ( x t !y w40 ,lamb fe$+ 9 nor!rn ,colorado has be5 c>ri$ on q ext5sively = a numb] ( ye>s1 & ) su* success t 8,=t ,coll9s lambs0 are recogniz$ 9 ! ea/]n m>kets z sup]ior to any?+ t is %ipp$ f any o!r section ( ! c\ntry4 ,! "n 8,=t ,coll9s %eep0 has ext5d$ to all ( nor!rn ,colorado1 j z ! 8,greeley potato0 is ! t]m giv5 to all potatoes gr[n 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate4 ,9 rec5t ye>s _m ?\s&s ( old ewes h be5 f$ at ! v>i\s sug> factories ^u beet pulp1 alfalfa hay & corn4 ,! old ewes ?rive mu* bett] ^u ! beet pulp ?an ! lambs or y\ng] %eep4 ,x produces a v desirable sapp9ess ( fle%1 & :5 ^! %eep h be5 on ?is fe$ ) alfalfa hay = two or ?ree mon?s & are !n f9i%$ ) corn1 !y br+ ! highe/ price on ! m>ket4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,alfalfa & ,bees ,,! ,,bee ,,f]tilizes ,,! ,,alfalfa ,x has be5 discov]$ t ! honey bee is ( ev5 m importance to ! alfalfa ?an ! alfalfa is to ! bee4 ,! wond]ful /r5g? & spe$ ( ! bees take !m long di/ances = _! food & !y h rec\rse to a great v>iety ( plants4 ,b ! peculi> con/ruction ( ! alfalfa blossom r5d]s x unable to f]tilize itself & its %ape makes cross f]tilization v difficult4 ,9 ! m>vel\s 8balance ( good0 9 nature1 alfalfa1 l ?\s&s ( o!r plants1 is aid$ 9 its lease on life by ! insect _w4 ,x is n kn[n j h[ _m insects or birds assi/ ?is rem>kable plant1 b ! honey bee is ! mo/ conspicu\s1 ! mo/ indu/ri\s1 ! mo/ eag]1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ useful4 ,c>eful obs]vations h be5 made ( se$ pods gr[n ne> colonies ( bees1 & also ( ^? s f> f any bee colonies t x 0 safely assum$ no bees _h visit$ ! fields produc+ ! pods4 ,9 e case x 0 f\nd t ^? f ne>by fields _h f #ej to #ge p] c5t m se$s ?an ! o!rs & t !y 7 l>g] & m p]fectly develop$4 ,9 ,colorado & we/]n ,kansas1 :]e bee culture has be5 greatly develop$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 x is f\nd t ! alfalfa se$ crop 9 fields ne>e/ to bee colonies is mu* heavi] & ( bett] quality ?an t ( fields b a few miles away4 ,at ! ,kansas exp]im5t /ation a small plat ( vigor\s alfalfa 0 cov]$ j be=e com+ into bloom ) mosquito nett+ support$ on /icks4 ,x 0 !re=e kn[n t no bees nor o!r insects c\ld come into contact ) ! blossoms4 ,lat] a c>eful exam9ation disclos$ t ! pods :i* _h =m$ 7 entirely )\t se$s4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,f]tiliz+ ,,is ,,accompli%$ ,z sugge/+ some?+ ( ! relation ( bees & l insects to ! cross f]tilization ( alfalfa blossoms & consequ5t increas$ se$ production1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,j4 ,hunt]1 entomologi/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,kansas1 :o has sp5t mu* "t mak+ critical obs]vations ( bees 9 ! alfalfa fields ( ! ,middle ,we/1 writes ! foll[+ = ?is volume3 8,e f>m] is famili> ) ! evil effects ( cont9u\s inbre$+ among live /ock4 ,9 plant life ?is same cont9u\s f]tilization ( "o plant by its own poll5 works no less injury to its race ( plants4 ,to prev5t su* inbre$+ among plants nature has devis$ sev]al means4 ,"o ( ^! is illu/rat$ 9 ! alfalfa blossom4 ,if ! read] w te> away ! purple blossom expos+ ! true organs ( f]tilization1 x w be se5 t ! c5tral r\nd body1 ! /igma1 design$ to receive ! poll5 gra9s1 is high] ?an ! surr\nd+1 elongat$1 poll5-be>+ an!rs4 ,x w become evid5t1 !n1 t x w be possible & mo/ likely = ! poll5 to drop to ! base ( ! fl[] )\t com+ 9 contact ) ! /igma1 & ! fl[] w ?us g unf]tiliz$4 ,?is is z nature int5d$ x %\ld be1 namely1 t ! plant %\ld g unf]tiliz$ if x c\ld be f]tiliz$ only by ! poll5 ( its own blossom4 ,provision1 h[ev]1 is made = cross f]tilization1 t is1 f]tilization f ! poll5 ( ano!r fl[]4 8,! color ( ! fl[] itself1 its fragrance1 & f9ally ! sip ( nect> secret$ at ! base ( ! fl[]1 are all int5d$ to attract fl[]-frequ5t+ insects4 ,*ief among ^! is ! honey bee4 ,! fragrance ( ! fl[] draws ! insect f af>4 ,! color ( ! fl[] reveals its exact location to ! insect & :5 ! tongue ( ! bee is ins]t$ into ! fl[]1 9 que/ ( ! covet$ nect>1 ! /am5s & pi/il spr+ up1 /rik+ ! "u "p ( ! hairy-cov]$ head4 ,^! hairs are b>b$ & readily reta9 ! poll51 s t ! fl[] bo? dis*>ges its own poll5 & also takes f ! head & brea/ ( ! bee poll5 previ\sly collect$ f o!r fl[]s4 ,obvi\sly1 ! fir/ fl[] :i* ! insect visits is n cross-f]tiliz$4 ,practical obs]vations ^u ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ! honey bee & ! alfalfa plant are ( value 9 illu/rat+ ! effects ( ! bees ^u alfalfa4 8,a case 9 po9t3 ,a hundr$ well matur$ pods 7 collect$ ^u an alfalfa field less ?an "o-half mile away f a l>ge api>y4 ,a simil> numb] 7 tak5 f ano!r field4 ,! two fields 7 z ne>ly id5tical z possible 9 ! matt] ( soil1 culture1 & conditions gov]n+ ! vegetable gr[? ( ! alfalfa plant4 ,! second field1 h[ev]1 0 ab\t tw5ty-five miles away f a colony ( bees4 ,no bees 7 obs]v$ 9 ! field & s9ce !re 0 no timb]1 nor o!r place ( %elt] :]e bees might possibly live1 x seem$ reasonably safe to say t !re 7 no wild bees 9 ! vic9ity4 ,an exam9ation ( ! se$ pods f ea* ( ! two localities 0 made & ! numb] ( se$s c\nt$4 ,9 ! field ne> ! api>y ! av]age numb] ( se$s 9 a pod 0 f\nd to be #e4eh4 ,! se$s 7 plump & ! pods 7 num]\s ^u a clu/]4 ,! pods !mselves _h sev]al spirals4 ,9 ! o!r field1 ! "o remote f a kn[n colony ( bees1 ! av]age numb] ( se$s 9 a pod 0 #c4ce4 ,! se$s 9 at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! pods 7 small & %rivel$4 ,! pods 7 few 9 ! clu/]1 %ort1 & ) b few spirals4 ,! se$ crop ( ! fir/ field c\ld be e/imat$ on ?is basis at two-?irds great] ?an t ( ! second field4 8,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! se$ yield p] acre = ,r$ clov] is comp>atively small4 ,r$ clov] belongs to ! same family ( plants z alfalfa & x1 too1 is dep5d5t ^u insects = f]tilization ( its fl[]s4 ,! "w1 h[ev]1 is re/rict$ l>gely to ! bumble bee1 s9ce b few o!r insects h tongues long en\gh to rea* d[n to ! nect> ( ! clov] blossom & consequ5tly d n visit ! clov] blossom & br+ ab\t prop] =mation ( se$4 ,s 9 proportion z ! bumble bees ?rive1 ! clov] fl\ri%es4 ,alfalfa1 h[ev]1 is n s limit$ 9 its numb] ( insect assi/ants1 s9ce ! fl[] itself is %ort] & ! nect> accord+ly accessible to a great] numb] ( insects40 ,,! ,,honey ,,product ,alfalfa rais]s f9d x to _! advantage to h a few /&s ( bees4 ,z ! orig9al co/ is slight & ! bees provide _! own food1 g aft] ! raw mat]ial = ! manufacture ( honey1 dem& b slight att5tion & make su* b\ntiful returns1 bee culture has come to be a valuable 8side l9e0 = ! f>m4 ,z blooms are to be f\nd 9 alfalfa di/ricts e day f e>ly ,may to late ,octob]1 ! bees h a con/ant opportunity = s]vice4 ,alfalfa honey is :ite & cle>1 9 an extremely delicate comb1 has a delici\s flavor1 & an aroma t is delightful4 ,"o au!ntic report f a we/]n ,kansas c\nty is ( a s+le hive t conta9$ ne>ly two hundr$ p\nds1 & ( ano!r hav+ n9ety-six p\nds4 ,! own] ( ^! _h tw5ty-five acres ( alfalfa :i* 9 "o ye> yield$ him ov] "o hundr$ tons ( *oice hay besides ! honey4 ,! next ye> he increas$ 8 api>y to fifty /&s4 ,:ile ! av]age yield p] hive else:]e v>ies f fifte5 to ?irty p\nds1 ! av]age 9 ! alfalfa-gr[+ t]ritory is f> high]4 ,?us ! f9ancial returns ( alfalfa may be greatly increas$ & 9 "s in/ances d\bl$ by hav+1 say1 two colonies ( bees = ea* acre4 ,or if only a "p ( ! alfalfa rais]s 9 a neighborhood keep bees1 ?is ratio c\ld be d\bl$ or trebl$ by ^? :o d4 ,unlike o!r trespass]s on neighbors' fields ! bees d ! neighbors a di/9ct favor1 by f]tiliz+ _! alfalfa4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,alfalfa & ,p\ltry ,,bett] ,,?an ,,m$ic9e ,at fir/ x might seem t too mu* 0 claim$ = alfalfa if writt5 ( z a specially valuable adjunct 9 p\ltry rais+4 ,! p\ltry indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is mak+ wond]ful advances1 & ! volume ( its returns is enorm\s2 ! figures are well-nigh incr$ible4 ,"o ( ! h&icaps is disease4 ,p\ltry m5 are a unit 9 say+ t :]e alfalfa 9 any =m c be suppli$ to p\ltry disease is almo/ unkn[n4 ,f[ls l x gre51 & :e!r all[$ ! run ( ! field or x is giv5 to !m daily !y eat x gre$ily & ?rive4 ,_m f>m]s say emphatically t ! h5s lay m & l>g] eggs :5 all[$ alfalfa 9 any =m4 ,its nitrog5 contributes to ! album5 ( ! eggs & to ! gr[? ( ! "y *ick5s4 ,,may ,,influ5ce ,,egg ,,f]tility ,sci5tific te/s ( fe$+ alfalfa to p\ltry h n be5 made1 b1 no d\bt1 w be 9 ! ne> future4 ,if x is f\nd t ! eggs are l>g] :5 ! h5s are giv5 alfalfa1 x may also be f\nd t ! p]c5tage ( f]tility is great]4 ,= ye>s ! compla9t has be5 made by f>m]s & p\ltrym5 t !re are too _m inf]tile eggs4 ,! f9ancial losses are great if a f\r? or ?ird ( ! eggs us$ = incubation prove inf]tile4 ,x w\ld seem t ! same elem5ts t contribute to ! gr[? ( ! hat*$ *ick5 %\ld also add to ! vitality ( ! embryo1 increas+ ! p]c5tage ( f]tility & add+ to ! vigor ( ! newly hat*$ *ick4 ,,aids ,,9 ,,prep>+ ,,= ,,m>ket ,! gr[? ( "y *ick5s is greatly aid$ by alfalfa4 ,"o man reports an exp]im5t ) five hundr$ capons1 hat*$ e>ly 9 ,m>*1 t av]ag$ 9 ,decemb] ne>ly eight p\nds & sold 9 ! city m>ket at n9ete5 c5ts p] p\nd4 ,!y 7 giv5 ! run ( a pat* ( alfalfa = a "t & ate little o!r fe$4 ,lat] !y 7 put 9 ! y>ds & f$ ) alfalfa cut into %ort l5g?s1 ) a little gra92 /ill lat] alfalfa meal 0 add$1 ) a little :eat4 ,!n1 f9ally1 alfalfa hay 0 cut & /eam$ & add$ to ! ration4 ,! co/ ( ma9t5ance & fatt5+ mu/ h be5 small comp>$ ) ! l>ge returns4 ,?is item is f ! ,h>p]1 ,kansas1 ,s5t9el3 ,a subscrib] tells u t ! mites & *ick5 lice 7 completely driv5 out ( 8 b>n & h5 h\se1 z soon z he _h alfalfa hay put 9 8 b>n & us$ x 9 ! h\se = ne/s4 ,he says t be=e ! hay 0 cut1 x 0 impossible to keep a horse 9 ! b>n or to h a h5 hat* a ne/ ( eggs1 b nei!r mites nor lice c be f\nd n[4 ,?is is a new use = alfalfa1 b if x does ! "w1 x w be lots *eap] ?an buy+ poison\s decoctions & spray+ pumps to get rid ( lice & mites1 ! greate/ pe/s to p\ltry rais]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,alfalfa ,food ,prep>ation ,! gr[+ appreciation ( alfalfa z a /ock & dairy food & ! exp5se ( bal+ & %ipp+ x z hay1 ! loss ( leaves1 & ! liability to heat & mold unless well cur$1 h l$ to ! manufacture f x ( sev]al food prep>ations4 ,^! 9 "s cases are made by simply gr9d+ into a meal1 & 9 o!rs by mix+ ! meal ) molasses1 or a v>iety ( food products1 & assum$ condim5ts & appetiz]s4 ,! ,colorado /ation 9 a fe$+ te/ conclud$ t ! gr\nd alfalfa 0 n an economical fe$ = fatt5+ pigs4 ,) cut alfalfa hay co/+ #h a ton & gr\nd alfalfa #af a ton ! co/ ( produc+ "o hundr$ p\nds ( ga9 ) ! =m] 0 #b4fb & ) ! alfalfa meal #c4ab4 ,) corn & cut alfalfa hay f$ 9 equal p>ts by weight ! co/ ( produc+ "o hundr$ p\nds ( ga9 0 #b4gb4 ,) corn & alfalfa meal f$ 9 equal p>ts by weight ! co/ 0 #c4if4 ,x is n improbable1 h[ev]1 t bett] results w\ld h be5 obta9$ if a less proportion ( gr\nd or cut alfalfa _h be5 f$4 ,x is also probable t ! hog's gr9d+ ma*9]y is bett] adapt$ to 8 dige/ive app>atus ?an is any o!r4 ,,pr(essor ,,cottrell ,,on ,,alfalfa ,,meal ,x is wor? :ile1 h[ev]1 to consid] ! argum5ts 9 favor ( gr9d+ alfalfa4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,m4 ,cottrell says3 8,gr9d+ alfalfa increases its dige/ibility4 ,h[ mu* has n be5 det]m9$4 ,gr9d+ increases ! dige/ibility ( corn & oats z mu* z #ad p] c5t1 & ( :eat #aj p] c5t4 ,x is probable t !re is a great] ga9 9 dige/ibility f gr9d+ alfalfa1 a co>se fe$1 ?an !re is f gr9d+ gra94 8,:5 alfalfa is to be f$ at a di/ance f ! place :]e gr[n x mu/ be bal$ = %ipp+4 ,:5 ! bales are op5$ & scatt]$ 9 fe$+ a consid]able "p ( ! leaves is wa/$4 ,ov] #h p] c5t ( ! prote9 9 alfalfa is f\nd 9 ! leaves1 & ! loss ( prote9 f leaves wa/$ 9 fe$+ bal$ hay is frequ5tly f "o-f\r? to "o-half ( ! total am\nt 9 ! orig9al hay4 ,) gr\nd alfalfa !re is no wa/e 9 fe$+ ei!r f leaf or /em4 ,alfalfa gr\nd is 9 ! be/ condition = %ipp+ & h&l+ *eaply & )\t wa/e4 8,gr\nd alfalfa is n only a good fe$ itself b :5 mix$ ) gra9 aids 9 ! dige/ion ( ! o!r fe$s1 enabl+ ! fe$] to get m out ( 8 home gr[n gra94 8,exp]im5ts h n be5 made to det]m9e ! exact value ( ?is dilut+ effect ( alfalfa meal 9 increas+ ! fe$ value ( heavy gra9s4 ,te/s h %[n t corn-&-cob meal has ! same fe$+ value z an equal weight ( cle> corn meal4 ,practically wor?less gr\nd cobs by _! #8light5+ up' ! heavy corn meal add #bj p] c5t to ! fe$+ value ( ! meal ) :i* !y are mix$4 ,x is reasonable to believe t a ri* fe$ l gr\nd alfalfa has ev5 a great] influ5ce :5 mix$ ) corn meal4 ,! m intimate ! mixture ! great] ! b5efits f alfalfa1 & = ?is reason gr\nd alfalfa is f> sup]ior to ! :ole hay4 8,gr9d+ alfalfa hay r$uces ! p[] ne$$ to dige/ & assimilate x4 ,x takes p[] = an animal to *ew ! fe$1 dige/ x & br+ ab\t ! *emical *anges t conv]t x into fle% or milk4 ,all ?is en]gy is tak5 f ! actual food mat]ial 9 ! alfalfa4 ,exp]im5ts %[ t a mu* l>g] am\nt ( food value is us$ up 9 ?is way ) co>se fe$s ?an ) conc5trat$ f9e fe$s4 ,9 corn1 a conc5trat$ fe$ easily work$ up 9 ! animal's body1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! prote9 actually 9 ! hay is dige/$2 & 9 /raw1 a /ill co>s] fe$1 only "o-t5?4 ,=ty-eight p] c5t ( all ! en]gy 9 co>se hay is us$ up 9 *ew+ & dige/+ x1 :ile only tw5ty p] c5t ( ! en]gy 9 oats is us$ 9 ^! processes4 ,?is %[s ! value ( prep>+ fe$ 9 su* a way z to require ! lea/ ef=t on ! "p ( ! animal to use x4 8,9 a well con/ruct$ mill x requires "o horse-p[] t5 h\rs to gr9d alfalfa suffici5t = a mon?'s ration = a dairy c[ 9 full milk4 ,?is indicates :at a sav+ ! gr9d+ ( alfalfa makes 9 its effective use by an animal4 8,exp]im5ts %[ t good alfalfa hay & :eat bran h practically ! same value 9 fe$+ = milk4 ,9 a te/ made ( bran & alfalfa meal1 two lots ( c[s 7 select$ t 7 giv+ equal weights ( milk4 ,"o lot 0 f$ bran1 ! o!r lot ! same weight ( alfalfa meal4 ,= ea* #ajj p\nds ( milk giv5 by ! c[s f$ bran1 #ada p\nds 7 yield$ by ! c[s f$ alfalfa meal40 ,z an example1 8,alfamo0 is ! "n ( "o ( ! num]\s new fe$s on ! m>ket1 hav+ alfalfa meal z its pr9cipal +r$i5t4 ,aft] a ye> ( exp]im5t+ ) gr9d+ & mix+ v>i\s fe$s x 0 det]m9$ by ! manufactur]s t a fe$ made ( ?ree p>ts alfalfa meal & "o "p beet-sug> molasses w\ld possess a v high value4 ,! +r$i5ts are mix$ by a special app>atus & subject$ to a process :i* reta9s & pres]ves ! high nutrim5t ( ! fe$4 ,pr(4 ,samuel ,av]y ( ! ,nebraska /ation made an analysis ( 8,alfamo10 :i* %[$ ! foll[+ composition3 ,p] c5t ,moi/ure #b4gd ,prote9 #ae4jd ,c>bohydrates #ej4dh ,a% #ac4hg ,crude fib] #ag4he ,pr(essor ,av]y also /ates3 8,?is fe$ 0 made by mix+ molasses ) alfalfa meal :i* conta9$ #af4ae p] c5t prote94 ,x w be notic$ t ! prote9 cont5t is n greatly r$uc$1 :ile a l>ge quantity ( nutriti\s matt] has be5 add$ 9 ! molasses4 ,an analysis ( ! molasses us$ 9 ?is product1 %[$ practically fifty p] c5t sug>1 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! sug> 9 molasses is all dige/ible & ready = ! animal )\t extra ef=t on ! animal's "p1 :i* is n s 9 corn or o!r foods1 /rong 9 c>bohydrates f :i* ! />* mu/ be extract$ by ! dige/ive app>atus40 ,,solv+ ,,! ,,transportation ,,problem ,sev]al mills = ! manufacture ( alfalfa foods h be5 & are be+ e/abli%$1 & x is reasonable to assume t ! use ( ^! foods w become q g5]al 9 cities & di/ricts remote f ! alfalfa regions4 ,:e!r or n ! actual fe$+ value is appreciably increas$1 or ! nutritive con/itu5ts made m ?or\ghly available1 is z yet n det]m9$ by suffici5t te/s1 nor has x be5 det]m9$ by any /ation te/ t any factory food prep>ation is m economical ?an alfalfa hay1 :]e ! hay c be obta9$ well cur$ & ) a reasonable proportion ( its leaves4 ,x is altoge!r probable1 h[ev]1 t alfalfa meal w be m economical 9 di/ant cities ?an bal$ hay4 ,if ^! prep>ations ( alfalfa prove to be satisfactory to consum]s 9 di/ant m>kets1 x w lead to ! multiplication ( mills 9 ! alfalfa regions1 !reby decreas+ ! co/ ( transportation & giv+ ! gr[] a wid] & probably a bett] m>ket4 ,! use ( ! meal or ! food prep>ations is likely to prove mo/ especially valuable = dairy c[s & p\ltry4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,alfalfa = ,t[n & ,city ,:ile ! prec$+ *apt]s h dealt ) almo/ e phase ( alfalfa1 x is ?\ght well to emphasize ! advantages ( its m g5]al use 9 cities & t[ns4 ,9 ! m9ds ( _m !re is an undef9$ impression t alfalfa is = f>m consumption only4 ,(t5 :5 fir/ introduc$ into a community1 f>m]s :o raise m ?an !y h /ock to consume1 compla9 t x is difficult to sell 9 small t[ns4 ,,! ,,t[n ,,c[ ,,ne$s ,,alfalfa ,milk produc]s :o "k x be/ conc$e t alfalfa is an invaluable fe$ 9 ! dairy1 closely ak9 to :eat bran 9 results & usually mu* less exp5sive4 ,9 ! av]age small t[n or city !re is ab\t "o c[ = e t5 or fifte5 p4 ,!re=e1 9 a t[n ( "o ?\s& population1 !re w probably be sev5ty-five to "o hundr$ c[s4 ,if alfalfa w increase ! quantity ( _! milk & butt]fat1 giv+ a product at a l[] co/ ?an ! conc5trat$ foods1 x %\ld be m us$4 ,b z yet x is n g5]ally us$1 because x is n und]/ood & appreciat$4 ,! be/ "t to secure a supply is :5 x is be+ h>ve/$ & c be tak5 directly f ! field4 ,if ! m[ is l>ge en\gh = ?ree or m tons1 a ton c be /or$ f ea* ( ! diff]5t cutt+s1 & be cur$ 9 sup]ior condition almo/ reg>dless ( ! wea!r4 ,x w\ld be f\nd a mo/ economical fe$ = ! family c[ &1 if f[ls are kept1 x c\ld con/itute "o-?ird ( _! ration1 add+ to gr[? & to ! egg supply4 ,a ,,*eap ,,fe$ ,,= ,,horses ,! l>g] us]s ( hay 9 ! t[ns & cities are liv]ym51 deliv]ym5 & team/]s4 ,^! h be5 unacqua9t$ ) or d\btful ( ! utility ( alfalfa & h nev] giv5 x a fair trial1 or possibly any trial at all4 ,^? :o h us$ x & ?\ght its effects h>mful h p]haps n und]/ood its highly nutriti\s "* & may h f$ x 9 too l>ge quantities4 ,hav+ su* a l>ge prote9 cont5t x %\ld n be us$ ) ! same prodigality z prairie hay4 ,= driv+ horses x %\ld be cut :5 m matur$ ?an = o!r /ock1 or :5 ab\t half 9 bloom1 & %\ld be well cur$4 ,f$ !n1 9 reasonable rations ( f t5 to tw5ty p\nds a day1 liv]y horses may be kept 9 vigor\s ?rift ) a small additional quantity ( gra91 & ?us a sav+ be made ( tw5ty to ?irty p] c5t 9 co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,9 ! alfalfa di/ricts !re may be f\nd _m liv]ym5 :o1 hav+ _h exp]i5ce ) alfalfa hay1 fe$ _! horses little ( any?+ else4 ,9 ! la/ few ye>s !re has be5 a gr[+ dem& = alfalfa hay = s\!rn t[ns & cities4 ,! coat & g5]al appe>ance ( horses f$ alfalfa are improv$1 z comp>$ ) ^? f$ timo?y or prairie hay & ! t5d5cy to con/ipation & indige/ion is greatly less5$4 ,x is r>ely t an alfalfa-f$ animal ( any k9d is con/ipat$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,alfalfa 9 ,crop ,rotation ,,ma9ta9+ ,,f]tility ,x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! be/ agriculture t e acre %\ld be kept con/antly at its highe/ productive capacity4 ,9 "o s5se ! f>m is a great ma*9e = ! production ( food4 ,all prosp]ity mu/ orig9ate on & emanate f ! f>m2 ! f>m] is really ! only orig9al produc]4 ,! measure ( ! _w's mat]ial success mu/ be ! relative am\nt ( ! product ( ! f>m4 ,z l&s decrease 9 f]tility1 ! co/ ( liv+ increases 9 direct proportion4 ,z f]tility decreases1 l& values decrease & rural population decreases4 ,already !re are di/ricts 9 ,am]ica t are almo/ depopulat$ because ( ! b>r5ness ( :at 01 b a %ort :ile ago1 f]tile l&4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ma9ta9+ f]tility is to re/ore to ! l& annually ^? *emical elem5ts tak5 f x by ! crops gr[n4 ,a prom95t import] ( horses relates t he 0 once ent]ta9$ on a great horse f>m 9 ,france1 ^: own] told him t mu* ( ! f>m _h be5 9 cultivation = ov] eight hundr$ ye>s & 01 he believ$1 z productive n[ z ev] 9 its hi/ory4 ,alfalfa ranks z ! greate/ f]tiliz+ plant kn[n to sci5tific agriculture4 ,all c]eal crops use l>ge quantities ( nitrog54 ,a field cropp$ = ye>s 9 corn or :eat w come to h too little nitrog5 = ! production ( a pr(itable crop4 ,alfalfa1 z has already be5 /at$1 aft] ! fir/ few mon?s ( its life obta9s its :ole supply ( nitrog5 f ! air2 9 fact1 m ?an x really ne$s4 ,z a soil improv] x possesses at lea/ five valuable prop]ties3 #a4 ,x ga!rs nitrog5 f ! air = its own ma9t5ance & a surplus t is con/antly be+ add$ to ! soil4 #b4 ,x is a deep fe$] & its roots p5etrate ! e>? to extraord9>y dep?s1 draw+ t[>d ! surface & utiliz+ moi/ure & valuable m9]al elem5ts t o!r crops w\ld nev] rea*1 leav+ ! desirable elem5ts !re = future crops1 ( :atev] k9ds4 #c4 ,by capill>ity1 ^! roots & rootlets draw up moi/ure f bel[ ! surface until x modifies ! v top soil1 *ang+ wond]fully ! nature ( ! field4 ,! analysis ( a cubic foot ( e>? ( a fl\ri%+ alfalfa field %[s a m>vel\s *ange 9 moi/ure cont5t s9ce ! s[+4 #d4 ,! m]e me*anical effect ( ! ext5sive root sy/em c sc>cely be ov]-e/imat$4 ,z soon z g]m9ation beg9s ! plant />ts its t9y roots d[nw>d on ! se>* = moi/ure4 ,roots f\r feet long h be5 f\nd on alfalfa b f\r mon?s old2 roots n9e feet long h be5 f\nd bel[ alfalfa b n9e mon?s old4 ,aft] ! taproot rea*es a few in*es bel[ ! surface1 x s5ds out small] roots t h a lat]al gr[? ( b a few in*es1 :5 !y too1 take a d[nw>d c\rse = moi/ure & = m9]al elem5ts ne$$ = ! gr[? above4 ,^! fir/ small] roots decay & o!rs />t out f ! taproot l[] d[n4 ,^! decay & /ill o!rs />t4 ,! decay+ roots add humus to ! soil1 & ! op5+s left by !m =m a wond]ful sy/em ( *annels = ! p5etration ( air & wat] into ! soil4 ,! er/:ile compact e>? is honeycomb$ & air & wat] p5etrate ! graves ( ! dead roots until1 :5 ! alfalfa field is ready to be us$ = a diff]5t crop1 ! soil has be5 wond]fully *ang$ n only 9 its *emical elem5ts b 9 its physical "*4 #e4 ,! regul> deposit ( alfalfa leaves1 f ! cutt+s1 "u ! be/ c>e1 has be5 e/imat$ at "o-half ton or m p] acre e ye>4 ,z ^! leaves conta9 a great p]c5tage ( prote91 x c readily be se5 t !y make a heavy contribution to ! soil's f]tility4 ,,value ,,( ,,/ubble ,,& ,,roots ,:5 9 8 sy/em ( rotation ! f>m] is ready to pl[ up 8 alfalfa1 he has ano!r ine/imable contribution to ! l&'s f]tility 9 ! /ubble & roots4 ,x is n recomm5d$ to pl[ "u any consid]able gr[? z a gre5 manure1 z ! hay crop is too valuable4 ,its m>ket value w\ld buy m f]tiliz]s ?an ! same gr[? is wor? = humus4 ,aft] a field has /ood = five or six ye>s1 ! roots h add$ l>gely to ! humus cont5t4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p4 ,headd5 ( ,colorado1 e/imat$ t ! f]tiliz+ value ( ! /ubble & #f in*es ( roots pl[$ "u is ab\t #bj p] acre1 :ile ! value ( ! /ubble & entire root sy/em is n less ?an #ce p] acre4 ,! ,new ,j]sey /ation e/imat$ t ! am\nts ( plant food ga!r$ by an acre ( alfalfa 9 two ye>s 7 equival5t 9 nitrog5 to t conta9$ 9 #cejj p\nds ( nitrate ( soda2 9 phosphoric acid to t conta9$ 9 #fjj p\nds ( boneblack sup]phosphate1 & 9 pota% to ! am\nt conta9$ 9 #abjj p\nds ( muriate ( pota%1 or equal to :at w\ld h co/ #abd4 ,,effects ,,on ,,succe$+ ,,crops ,! ,wyom+ /ation1 at ,l>amie1 "u direction ( ,pr(4 ,b4 ,c4 ,buffum 7,bul4 ,no4 #dd7 made "s te/s t prov$ ! m>ket f]tiliz+ value ( alfalfa4 ,a plot ( gr\nd t _h be5 9 alfalfa = five ye>s adjo9$ a plot ( ! same size t _h be5 9 v>i$ crops1 :eat1 oats1 potatoes1 etc4 ,aft] ! alfalfa sod 0 brok5 ! two plots 7 prep>$ toge!r & plant$ crosswise to :eat1 oats & potatoes1 ) half ( ea* on ! brok5 sod & half on ! o!r plot ) ! foll[+ yields & ga9s3 ,aft] ,aft] ,o!r ,money ,alfalfa ,crops ,ga9 ,:eat #cj bu4 #ah bu4 #h to #ab ,oats #gh bu4 #cg bu4 #af ,potatoes #ha bu4 #eb bu4 #af ,/at+ ! results 9 ano!r way1 ,pr(4 ,buffum says3 8,! value ( alfalfa h>ve/$ f "o-half acre ( l& = five ye>s 0 ab\t #ej m ?an ! co/ ( produc+ x4 8,! value ( potatoes & gra9 f an adjo9+ half-acre = five ye>s 0 ab\t #dd m ?an ! co/ ( produc+1 at local prices4 8,:5 ! alfalfa half-acre 0 pl[$ & plant$ to :eat x produc$ #h to #ab m value 9 :eat p] acre ?an ! l& :i* _h gr[n potatoes & gra9 be=e4 8,:5 ! alfalfa half-acre 0 pl[$ & plant$ to oats x produc$ #af wor? ( gra9 m ?an l& :i* _h gr[n potatoes & gra9 be=e4 8,:5 ! alfalfa half-acre 0 pl[$ & plant$ to potatoes x gave #af wor? m ( potatoes p] acre ?an 0 obta9$ f l& :i* _h gr[n potatoes & gra9 be=e4 8,by gr[+ alfalfa ! increase ( yields & values 7 produc$ ) absolutely no co/ = f]tiliz+ ! l&40 ,?is ga91 x w be not$1 co/ no?+ 9 ! way ( f]tilization1 z ! alfalfa _h e ye> be5 m pr(itable ?an ! o!r crops4 ,a ,m>ion c\nty1 ,kansas1 manag] ( l>ge e/ates reports t a field ( :eat aft] alfalfa av]ag$ =ty bu%els p] acre :ile an adjo9+ field ( equal orig9al f]tility av]ag$ b fifte5 bu%els4 ,^! results h be5 duplicat$ 9 innum]able in/ances :]e alfalfa fields h be5 pl[$ & plant$ to o!r crops4 ,a ,colorado man :o f>ms #ajjj acres1 ) #bjj acres ( x 9 alfalfa1 says he _c af=d n to pl[ 8 alfalfa aft] he has _h f x f\r ye>s' crops2 t x is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! g5]al f>m f]tility & obta9 big crops ( corn1 oats & potatoes4 ,9 ! potato di/ricts ( ,colorado alfalfa is us$ sy/ematically z a rotation to ma9ta9 ! yields & quality ( _! potatoes1 bo? ( :i* are s fam\s4 ,9 ! corn belt1 :i* may be said to ext5d f ! c5tral m]idian ( ,kansas to ,p5nsylvania1 alfalfa us$ 9 rotation w d mu* to prev5t ! disgrace ( rais+ an av]age ( b tw5ty or tw5ty-five bu%els ( corn to ! acre4 ,& s 9 :at 7 once fam\s :eat belts1 alfalfa w re/ore ! crop records1 if prop]ly us$ 9 a rotation4 ,,rotation ,a ,,necessity ,"s exp]im5t /ation m5 insi/ t :]e alfalfa is all[$ to /& = _m ye>s x w cease to h a f]tiliz+ value2 t alfalfa draws heavily on ! pota% & phosphoric acid 9 ! soil1 & w aft]1 say1 eight or t5 ye>s beg9 to deplete x ( ^! important elem5ts4 ,!re=e !y insi/ t alfalfa %\ld n be all[$ to /& = ov] six or eight ye>s unless x is giv5 an annual top-dress+ ( manure4 ,!y favor pl[+ up ! alfalfa aft] ab\t five ye>s & cropp+ to corn or cotton4 ,=m] ,gov]nor ,ho>d 9 speak+ ( ! value ( alfalfa z comp>$ ) t ( clov] 9 a crop rotation says t1 8alfalfa hav+ a mu* l>g] root developm5t goes deep] d[n1 ?or\ghly subsoils ! gr\nd1 br+s up phosphorus & pota% f ! l[] /rata1 & leaves mu* m vegetable matt] to decay & furni% humus4 ,no?+ else we h ev] tri$ equals alfalfa = putt+ ! soil 9 good til?40 ,,spreads ,,! ,,bact]ia ,,ov] ,,! ,,f>m ,m5 :o are rais+ alfalfa = use 9 a regul> rotation nev] leave x ov] six ye>s2 _m pref] five1 :ile o!rs make x a rule to pl[ up _! fields e f\r ye>s2 ?us ! bact]ia becomes fix$ 9 ! soil ( ! :ole f>m4 ,su* f>m]s use alfalfa z !y =m]ly us$ clov]1 to re/ore f]tility ne$$ = pr(itable crops ( gra91 hay & =age4 ,! sod is h>d to pl[4 ,x is well to d ! break+ imm$iately aft] ! season's cutt+1 if possible2 disk & h>r[ x sev]al times & s[ to rye = w9t] pa/ure1 & plant to corn or cotton or potatoes 9 ! spr+4 ,! w9t]'s freez+ w help to put x 9 f9e til?4 ,if x is desir$ to foll[ ) :eat 7n always advisable1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( caus+ a too rank gr[?71 ! sod may be pl[$ aft] ! ye>'s second m[+1 disk$ & s[$ to rye to prev5t ! soil f lea*+4 ,break+ up a well set alfalfa field is no trifl+ matt]4 ,x may be done ) ?ree heavy horses1 b x is h>d "w = !m1 & !y w n be able to break m ?an "o acre a day4 ,an au?ority says ! be/ plan is to use five heavy horses--?ree 9 ! lead & two on ! end ( ! beam4 ,!y c g "r along & pl[ two acres a day4 ,alfalfa roots are v t\gh & /rong :5 ! plants h atta9$ full gr[?1 & !y give a j]ky motion to ! pl[1 :i* is sev]e on horses' %\ld]s4 ,a ca/ /eel pl[ is ! be/ to use & if x is temp]$ "r a file c j cut x4 ,x c be hamm]$ out ?9 at ! blacksmi?'s %op :5 x becomes too ?ick to file easily4 8,! reason = fil+1 r ?an us+ ! h>d1 ?9 edge z 9 o!r pl[+ is t ! edge ne$s to be r\gh z well z ?91 or ! roots w slip along ! slop+ edge ( ! %>e & n be cut40 ,x is important t ! furr[ turn$ %all n be wid] ?an ! pl[%>e w all ! "t cut clean1 z any ma9 roots t are left uncut w s5d up a m vigor\s gr[? ( /ems ?an be=e1 :i*1 9 ano!r cultivat$ crop w be ! same z we$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,plant & ,roots ,%[+ ,bact]ia ,nodules ,illu/ration3 ,tub]cles on ,clov] ,roots ,9 untreat$ soil ,9 inoculat$ soil ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,nitro-,culture ,,an ,,old-,,new ,,!ory ,! inoculation ( soil1 l _m o!r lately exploit$ !ories1 has no d\bt be5 kn[n = hundr$s ( ye>s4 ,!re are evid5ces t x 0 practic$ 9 ,engl& at lea/ a c5tury ago1 & x is ?\ght to be an old cu/om among ! ,*9ese4 ,"s space 0 giv5 to 8soil inoculation0 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 att5tion !re be+ devot$ to ! simple me?ods ( infect+ soil ) bact]ia4 ,,important ,,discov]ies ,"s tw5ty ye>s ago a ,g]man sci5ti/1 ,nobbe1 discov]$ t ! small nodules f\nd on ! roots ( ! legum9\s plants conta9$ bact]ia t took nitrog5 f ! air & transf]r$ x to ! plant4 ,x _h be5 kn[n t cultivat$ soils 7 rapidly los+ _! orig9al supply ( nitrog5 & !re seem$ no practicable way ( re/or+ x 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,comm]cial nitrog5 co/s fifte5 c5ts p] p\nd & ! exp5se ( apply+ x to ! l& to equalize ! loss f an ord9>y f>m crop is almo/ equal to ! value ( a crop4 ,h5ce1 ! discov]y t ! legumes 7 nitrog5-ga!r+1 by means ( ^! bact]ia1 0 hail$ z "o ( ! greate/ ( ! age4 ,) millions ( p\nds ( nitrog5 ov] 8 l& !re seem$ n[ a me?od :]eby ! f>m] c\ld utilize "s ne$$ portions ( x4 ,! bact]ia live 9 tub]cles ^u ! roots ( v>i\s legum9\s plants1 su* z ,r$ clov]1 ,sweet clov]1 ,bur clov]1 alfalfa1 c[peas1 g>d5 peas1 vet*es & beans4 ,^! tub]cles are ! home ( ! bact]ia1 m9ute =ms ( vegetable life1 too small to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,! legumes h no p[] 9 !mselves to draw nitrog5 f ! air1 yet ^! bact]ia seem to h ! p[] to absorb ! free nitrog5 & cause x to comb9e ) o!r elem5ts1 =m+ nitrates or o!r assimilable comp\nds suitable = plant food4 ,x has also be5 demon/rat$ t1 z a rule1 !re are diff]5t species ( ^! bact]ia = diff]5t species ( legumes4 ,aft] ,g]man sci5ti/s _h made _! discov]ies1 "o ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! bact]ia on ! roots ( ! legumes & ano!r t 9 ! laboratory1 ^! organisms c\ld be br$ & multipli$1 !y seem$ unable to develop !m ( suffici5t vigor to survive any g5]al di/ribution4 ,at ?is po9t ,dr4 ,george ,t4 ,moore ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 hit ^u a plan ( cultivat+ !m 9 a way by :i* !y c\ld be pres]v$ = _m mon?s1 & he also gave !m a mu* great] p[]4 ,?is nitrog5-fix+ p[] 0 s develop$ t se$s soak$ 9 ! solution1 x is claim$1 spr\t$ & produc$ plants 9 s& t possess$ no nitrates4 ,he !n f\nd t ^! bact]ia :5 gr[n ^u nitrog5-free m$ia w reta9 a high activity = a long "t1 if c>efully dri$ out & !n reviv$ 9 a liquid m$ium4 ,he also devis$ a plan by :i* !y c\ld be mail$ to any "p ( ! _w & arrive 9 p]fect condition4 ,mo/ exp]im5t /ation m5 h giv5 to ,dr4 ,moore great cr$it = 8 discov]ies & h tri$1 ) r m>k$ success1 8 me?od ( nitro-culture2 on ! o!r h& a few h be5 oppos$ to ! me?od f ! beg9n+ & are /ill oppos$4 ,x w\ld seem t ! te/s made prove t nitro-culture does introduce bact]ia :5 directions are foll[$4 ,( c\rse if a f>m]'s soil has ! alfalfa bact]ia1 x is n necess>y to use any sy/em ( inoculation4 ,if ,sweet clov] or ,bur clov] is gr[+ 9 ! vic9ity1 or if alfalfa is ?riftily gr[+ ne> )\t ! aid ( inoculation1 x is h>dly necess>y to make !re fur!r ef=ts = ! introduction ( bact]ia4 ,,sugge/ions ,,f ,,! ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,agriculture ,9 a prec$+ *apt] ! op9ion 0 express$ t 9 mo/ /ates1 & 9 mo/ localities 9 ^? /ates1 inoculation 0 unnecess>y because bact]ia 7 already pres5t2 yet x is true t ^! bact]ia are pres5t1 if at all1 9 v>y+ quantity4 ,if comp>atively few are pres5t1 any me?od ( inoculation t w introduce m into ! soil1 to ha/5 ! gr[? ( ! tub]cles & promote ! ga!r+ ( nitrog51 w be helpful4 ,! fact is1 we "k z yet comp>atively little ( all !re is to be le>n$ ab\t ?is wond]ful pr9ciple4 ,x is altoge!r probable t ! use ( nitro-culture is z practicable & z free f objections z ! use ( inoculat$ soil1 especially f di/ant & unkn[n fields4 ,9 "o ( its bullet9s ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has summ>iz$ its advice z to inoculation z foll[s3 ,:5 ,inoculation is ,necess>y4--,inoculation is necess>y-- #a4 ,on a soil l[ 9 organic matt] t has n previ\sly borne legum9\s crops4 #b4 ,if ! legumes previ\sly gr[n on ! same l& 7 devoid ( nodules1 ( 8nitrog5 knots10 ?us %[+ ! ne$ ( ! nodule-=m+ bact]ia4 #c4 ,:5 ! legume to be s[n belongs to a species n closely relat$ to "o previ\sly gr[n on ! same soil4 ,= in/ance1 soil 9 :i* ,r$ clov] =ms nodules w (t5 fail to produce nodules on alfalfa :5 s[n ) ! latt] crop = ! fir/ "t4 ,:5 ,inoculation ,may ,prove ,advantage\s4--,inoculation may prove advantage\s-- #a4 ,:5 ! soil produces a sickly gr[? ( legumes1 ev5 ?\gh _! roots %[ "s nodules4 ,if ! cultures introduc$ are ( ! highe/ virility1 _! use w (t5 result 9 a m vigor\s gr[?4 #b4 ,:5 a legum9\s crop already s[n has made a /&1 b %[s signs ( fail+1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( root nodules4 ,! use ( ! culture liquid z a spray or by mixture ) soil & top-dress+ may save ! /& if o!r conditions are favorable4 ,:5 ,inoculation is ,unnecess>y4--,on ! o!r h&1 inoculation is unnecess>y & (f]s little prospect ( ga9-- #a4 ,:5 ! legum9\s crops t are usually gr[n are produc+ up to ! av]age1 & ! roots %[ nodules 9 normal abundance4 ,cultures ( nitrog5-fix+ bact]ia are n to be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( f]tiliz]s1 or z capable ( increas+ ! yield "u av]age conditions4 ,!y d n conta9 nitrog5 itself1 b bact]ia1 :i* make x possible = ! legumes to secure nitrog5 f ! air 7?r\gh ! =mation ( root nodules74 ,:]e ! soil is already adequately suppli$ ) ^! bact]ia1 x w n usually pay to practice artificial inoculation4 #b4 ,:5 ! soil is already ri* 9 nitrog54 ,x is nei!r necess>y nor pr(itable to inoculate a soil ri* 9 nitrog5 :5 s[+ legumes4 ,n only does ! available nitrog5 9 ! soil r5d] ! =mation ( nodules less necess>y1 b ! nitrog5\s mat]ials 9 ! soil l>gely prev5t ! bact]ia f =m+ nodules4 ,any increas$ virility 9 nitrog5-fix+ p[] possess$ by any ( ! types ( bact]ia yet di/ribut$1 may be rapidly lo/ 9 a soil conta9+ an abundance ( nitrog51 because ! bact]ia are 9 a m$ium 9 :i* !re is no dem& = activity 9 secur+ atmosph]ic nitrog54 ,:5 ,failure is to be ,expect$4--,inoculation w fail :]e o!r conditions 7aside f ! ne$ ( bact]ia7 are n tak5 into acc\nt1 among :i* are ! foll[+-- #a4 ,9 soil t is acid & 9 ne$ ( lime4 ,lim+ to correct acidity is z important = ! prop] acidity ( ! bact]ia z = ! gr[? ( ! plants4 #b4 ,9 soil t is defici5t 9 f]tiliz]s1 su* z pota%1 phosphoric acid or lime4 ,! activity ( ! bact]ia 9 secur+ nitrog5 f ! air & r5d]+ x available to ! legumes does n d away ) ! ne$ = su* f]tiliz+ elem5ts z pota% & phosphorus4 #c4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t inoculation does n 8act l magic02 x w n ov]come results due to bad se$1 improp] prep>ation & cultivation ( ! gr\nd1 & decid$ly adv]se conditions ( wea!r & climate4 ,9 ! use ( ! cultures1 also1 failure is almo/ c]ta9 :]e ! directions are n c>efully /udi$ & intellig5tly foll[$4 ,,sweet ,,clov] ,,soil ,,us$ ,,to ,,inoculate ,,alfalfa ,,fields ,! discov]y 9 ,ill9ois t inoculation ( ! soil = alfalfa 0 necess>y 9 c]ta9 places & n 9 o!rs sugge/$ ! !ory t bact]ia liv+ on "s o!r1 probably native1 plant 7 id5tical ) ! alfalfa bact]ia4 ,inve/igations l$ to satisfactory evid5ce t ?is 0 ! case & t ! native plant 0 ! ord9>y ,sweet clov] 7,melilotus alba74 ,! illu/ration fac+ page #bcj %[s ! results ( a s]ies ( pot culture exp]im5ts made at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois & report$ 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #id by ,pr(4 ,cyril ,g4 ,hopk9s4 ,! f\r photographs 7 made five1 six1 sev5 & eight weeks1 respectively1 f ! "t ( plant+4 ,alfalfa se$ 7 plant$ 9 ea* ( ! five pots1 9 c>efully prep>$ soil practically free ( comb9$ nitrog51 & at ! same "t f\r ( ! five pots 7 inoculat$ z foll[s3 ,pot ,no4 #a4--,n inoculat$4 ,pot ,no4 #b4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f infect$ alfalfa soil4 ,pot ,no4 #c4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f alfalfa root tub]cles4 ,pot ,no4 #d4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f infect$ ,sweet clov] soil4 ,pot ,no4 #e4--;,inoculat$ ) bact]ia obta9$ f ,sweet clov] root tub]cles4 ,! results indicate t ! same effect is produc$ ^u ! gr[? ( ! alfalfa by ! nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia obta9$ f ,sweet clov] z by ^? f ! old] alfalfa1 & seem to prove t infect$ ,sweet clov] soil c be us$ = ! inoculation ( alfalfa fields4 ,inve/igations h %[n t #ajj p\nds ( ?or\ghly infect$ soil to ! acre is suffici5t to produce a satisfactory inoculation )9 "o ye> f ! "t x is appli$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,alfalfa z a ,comm]cial ,factor ,,effect ,,on ,,l& ,,values ,only a few ye>s ago alfalfa hay 0 n nam$ 9 ! m>ket reports4 ,n[ x is conspicu\s 9 ! li/s ( hays4 ,!n !re 7 ?\s&s ( s&y acres 9 ,kansas & ,nebraska be+ held at f #b to #e p] acre t n[1 se$$ to alfalfa1 are sell+ at f #cj to #ge p] acre4 ,!n1 cultivat$ f>ms 9 ^? di/ricts c\ld be r5t$ = #a p] acre2 n[1 se$$ "o-half to alfalfa1 !y r5t = #c to #e & m p] acre4 ,9 ! ,s\? cotton l&s r5t = #e1 & alfalfa l&s at #ae p] acre4 ,l& 9 ! ,yell[/one valley 0 wor?1 wild1 #a4ej p] acre2 n[1 "u irrigation & se$$ half to alfalfa & half to :eat x comm&s #ajj p] acre4 ,a few ye>s ago labor comm&$ 9 ^? di/ricts t n[ raise alfalfa ab\t #a a day2 s9ce !n1 dur+ alfalfa h>ve/1 hundr$s ( m5 h be5 import$ !re & paid #b or #b4ej p] day4 ,!n f>m]s 7 poor & trade 0 dull2 n[1 a f>m] :o owns eighty acres well set 9 alfalfa1 h>ve/s ab\t #cjj tons ( hay wor? f #e to #ab p] ton & has ! proce$s available = add$ com=ts1 improvem5ts & luxuries4 ,a few ye>s ago x 0 ?\ght t ,am]ica 0 approa*+ a crisis 9 ! matt] ( beef & pork & mutton production because ( ! rapid dim9i%+ ( ! free public ranges by ! =e/ res]ves1 irrigation projects1 & ! l4 ,x 0 insi/$ t ! f>m]s c\ld n ne>ly su/a9 ! meat supply4 ,possibly !y _c1 b alfalfa is do+ wond]s 9 help+ to solve ! problem ( *eap meat production4 ,millions ( %eep & ?\s&s ( cattle are be+ fatt5$ annually on ! alfalfa ( ,cali=nia1 ,montana1 ,colorado1 ,kansas & ,nebraska1 & 9 "s portions :]e a few ye>s ago ! s&y prairies gave b a scant subsi/5ce to scrawny range cattle4 ,,enhances ,,dairy ,,int]e/s ,9 p>ts ( ! ,ea/ s9ce ! introduction ( alfalfa1 ! numb] ( dairy c[s 9 _m t[n%ips has trebl$ & ! dairy product m ?an quadrupl$4 ,:5 two acres ( alfalfa w c>ry t5 dairy c[s ?r\gh a summ]1 ! day & opportunity ( ! small dairyman are c]ta9ly at h&4 ,:51 z is ! case1 alfalfa increases ! r5tal & sell+ value & consequ5tly ! taxable value ( l&2 :5 x increases ! dem& = & price ( labor2 :5 x increases ! f]tility ( ! l& = o!r crops t may foll[2 :5 x br+s enl>g$ pr(its to ! entire /ock-rais+ & /ock-fatt5+ int]e/s1 & puts m money 9 circulation1 x is inevitably to be consid]$ a comm]cial factor4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,! ,enemies ( ,alfalfa ,! mo/ notable enemies ( alfalfa are we$s1 insects1 p>asites1 & animals4 ,m failures to raise alfalfa are caus$ by we$s ?an by all o!r enemies comb9$4 ,! cause ( we$s 9 a field is usually poor f>m+4 ,clipp+ alfalfa e>ly 9 ,may w kill _m we$s4 ,if ! we$s gr[ up1 clip aga9 & d ! same e "t !y ?reat5 to become rampant4 ,if !y are kept f se$+1 & d n 9 a l>ge measure cr[d out ! alfalfa1 good crops may be _h f x ! second season4 ,if s[$ 9 ! fall1 disk+ e>ly 9 ,april may kill mo/ ( ! we$s4 ,x is folly to s[ alfalfa on a f\l field1 z x is f> less exp5sive to kill out ! we$s be=eh&4 ,disk+ & clipp+ w d mu* to de/roy !m1 b if !y secure a /rong foo?old ! be/ ?+ to d is to pl[ up ! field1 plant x 9 corn1 give x clean cultivation1 & s[ alfalfa aga9 :5 ! we$s h be5 ext]m9at$4 ,,dodd] ,dodd] is an annoy+ enemy4 ,x is a p>asite1 belong+ to ! morn+-glory family1 gr[+ f its own small se$ b atta*+ itself v soon to ! alfalfa /alk4 ,x !n sep>ates itself f its own root & !reaft] lives on ! juices ( ! alfalfa until x rip5s its se$s or has kill$ ! alfalfa4 ,! wise/ & safe/ ?+ to d is to s[ only se$ s ?or\ghly clean$ t !re w be no dodd] ) x4 ,if1 lat]1 x is f\nd t any dodd] se$ escap$ ! clean+ op]ations & is gr[+1 ! gr[] %\ld g ?r\gh ! field ) a knife or sickle & a l>ge basket or sack & cut out & burn e dodd] v9e & e plant to :i* dodd] is atta*$4 ,if s un=tunate z to h s[n se$ ) a consid]able mixture ( dodd]1 clip ! alfalfa e>ly 9 ,may1 let ! clipp+s dry = two or ?ree days or long]1 & !n burn on ! field1 wat*+ c>efully to h ! fire t\* e "p4 ,x w facilitate a complete burn+ to spr9kle p>ts n burn+ readily1 ) k]os5e4 ,if !re is a poor /& ( alfalfa1 l>gely infe/$ ) dodd]1 safety lies 9 pl[+ x up & cultivat+ ! field 9 corn or potatoes = two or ?ree ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,peculi> ,nodules 9 ,gr\ps on ,small ,rootlets & di/ant f ! l>ge alfalfa roots4 ,f ,mi*igan ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet9 ,no4 #bbe ,illu/ration3 ,alfalfa ,roots ,%[+ ,normal ,nodules small & ne> ! l>ge roots4 ,f ,mi*igan ,exp]im5t ,/ation ,bullet9 ,no4 #bbe ,f an excell5t article on ! dodd] t infe/s alfalfa 7,cuscuta epi?ymum7 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,dawley1 a ,new ,york au?ority on alfalfa1 & pr9t$ ) illu/rations 9 ! ,c\ntry ,g5tleman1 ! exc]pts "h foll[+ are tak53 8,! only sure me?od ( keep+ alfalfa fields free f dodd] is ?r\gh ex]cis+ great] caution 9 ! pur*ase ( se$4 ,!re is no reason :y ?or\ghly reclean$ alfalfa se$ %\ld h any dodd] se$ 9 x1 z ref]5ce to ! illu/rations w %[4 ,! relative sizes & =ms ( ! se$s ( alfalfa & dodd] are %[n h]e)4 ,x w be se5 t !re is a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 bo? ! sizes & ! %apes ( ! se$s4 ,! alfalfa se$ is %ap$ l a little kidney bean1 & v>ies 9 color f light yell[i%-gre5 to a ri* gold5-yell[1 & 9 "s in/ances1 because ( wea!r+1 or sweat+ 9 ! cock1 or p]haps /&+ too long1 x %[s a r$di%-br[n color4 ,! dodd] se$ is d>k] 9 color ?an ! alfalfa1 all ( t :i* ,i h succe$$ 9 ga!r+ f ! plants be+ a ri* gold5-br[n4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ ! =m ( ! dodd] & alfalfa se$ respectively4 8,! se$s1 be+ s[n1 g]m9ate 9 ! soil1 ?r[+ up a sl5d]1 ?read-l /em some:at resembl+ a corn silk1 :i* reta9s its connection ) ! gr\nd until x comes 9 contact ) ! /em ( ! alfalfa plant4 ,x tw9es ar\nd ?is tightly1 s5d+ its fe$+ suck]s ?r\gh ! outside b>k1 & z soon z x is firmly atta*$ to ! ho/ plant1 ! gr\nd connection is sev]$ & x is su/a9$ by ! plant juices :i* are tak5 9 by ! suck]s4 ,x cont9ues to gr[ & spread1 tw9+ ar\nd o!r /alks & increas+ v rapidly until a colony is e/abli%$4 ,cont9u+ to gr[1 x climbs t[>d ! upp] portion ( ! plants1 fe$+ on _! juices & sapp+ _! vitality1 b nev] goes to ! extreme top1 seem+ to pref] ! dampness & d>kness ( ! matt$ alfalfa r ?an sunlight4 ,! plants fir/ attack$ beg9 to die1 & ! dodd]1 spread+ out 9 all directions1 =ms a circle or r+4 8,! rapidity ) :i* ! pe/ spreads makes x a s]i\s m5ace to ! alfalfa gr[]4 ,comp>atively little "w has be5 done by sci5tific m5 9 /udy+ ! dodd]s & me?ods ( eradication1 & ! fact t ! little rootlets or suck]s 7hau/oria7 become s firmly affix$ to ! ho/ plant t x mu/ be de/roy$ toge!r ) ! p>asite1 has made ! "w h>d & ! results obta9$ unsatisfactory4 ,!re are a numb] ( me?ods by :i* dodd] may be spread ?r\gh a field4 ,z soon z x becomes ?or\ghly e/abli%$ on a ho/ plant1 ! _m little bran*es1 wav+ ab\t l ! %oot produc$ f ! se$1 atta* !mselves to o!r plants1 & ?us ! colony is increas$ 9 size4 ,9 legumes1 ! ho/ plant fir/ attack$ soon dies1 b be=e ?is occurs1 ! p>asite has become firmly e/abli%$ on adjo9+ plants & is rea*+ out & complet+ ! colony4 ,z soon z a ho/ dies1 ! dodd] also p]i%es1 b be=e ?is happ5s x is v likely to h blossom$ & se$$4 8,9 ! op]ations ( m[+1 t$d+1 rak+ & draw+ ! alfalfa hay1 ^! little colonies are spread ab\t ! fields by ! ma*9es & ! workm51 & on ! horses' feet4 ,! sale ( infe/$ hay is a prolific means ( dissem9ation4 ,hunt]s & pleasure seek]s1 walk+ ?r\gh ! fields1 notice ! peculi> corn-silk-l gr[?s & (t51 by pick+ up p>ticles ( x :i* are soon ca/ away1 e/abli% new colonies4 ,! fl[] is v peculi> & attracts ! att5tion ( p pass+1 :o are apt to pick !m toge!r ) "s ( ! matur+ se$1 & scatt] ^! ov] ! fields4 ,9 a pa/ur$ field1 ! animals spread ! se$ to "s ext5t :ile mov+ f place to place 9 fe$+4 ,! mo/ s]i\s m5ace1 h[ev]1 is f ! pur*ase ( impure se$2 f>m]s %\ld always be absolutely c]ta9 t ! alfalfa se$ :i* !y are buy+ is ?or\ghly reclean$ & t no small we$ se$ is to be f\nd 9 x4 ,"o %\ld nev] s[ clov] or alfalfa f a field or ev5 f a locality 9 :i* dodd] is kn[n to exi/4 ,x is probable t ! se$s ?or\ghly rip5$ w reta9 _! g]m9at+ p[]s = "s ye>s4 ,! pur*ase ( hay f dodd] infe/$ fields1 or ! pur*ase ( manure f b>ns :]e infe/$ hay has be5 f$1 are sure s\rces ( contam9ation4 8,:]e a newly se$$ alfalfa field %[s evid5ce ( q g5]al dodd] infection1 x is useless to attempt to eradicate x1 & ! field %\ld be pl[$ up & plant$ ) "s ho$ crop = a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,old fields t h be5 ?or\ghly infe/$ w probably be m economically treat$ 9 ?is mann] ?an 9 any o!r4 ,9 newly s[n fields1 "o ( ! mo/ effective me?ods is probably hoe+ ov] ! spots :]e ! dodd] appe>s1 go+ ov] !m once 9 two weeks & all[+ no?+ to gr[ on !m until ! dodd] se$ is g]m9at$4 ,a modification ( ?is me?od has be5 us$ successfully by spad+ 9 fields :]e ! colonies ( dodd] 7 se51 rak+ out all ! tops1 roots & bran*es1 add+ a little /raw or hay & burn+ ! mass1 & !n keep+ ! spot ?or\ghly ho$ = a season4 ,= fields :]e ! colonies are small & scatt]$1 ?is me?od ( hoe+ & %all[ cultivation is probably ! mo/ practicable1 z x helps to secure ! e>ly g]m9ation ( any se$s t 7 left 9 ! gr\nd1 & also kills !m z soon z !y are g]m9at$4 ,if ! se$ has develop$1 "o mu/ be c>eful n to spade x 9 too deep1 z x may reta9 its vitality = "s ye>s if left cov]$ 9 ! moi/ soil4 8,burn+ has be5 recomm5d$ by "s1 rak+ ! dodd] v9es & :at is left ( ! alfalfa to ! c5t] ( ! colonies1 putt+ bru% or /raw ) x1 toge!r ) "s f9e1 light wood or *ips & spr9kl+ ) k]os5e1 s t ! alfalfa plants w be burn$ close to ! gr\nd4 ,?is is necess>y f ! fact t ! little coils ( dodd] close to ! cr[n ( ! plants w reta9 _! vitality & gr[ aft] a v sev]e burn+1 provid+ ! alfalfa :i* is above ! gr\nd is n kill$ also4 ,! mo/ difficult problem to be confront$ 9 kill+ out dodd] :]e x has become e/abli%$1 arises f ! fact t if ^! little coils :i* w9d !mselves closely ar\nd ! plant are n kill$ or remov$1 ! dodd] w spread f ^! & make a new gr[?4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 made ) *emicals1 b none ( !m h prov$ :olly successful1 f ! fact t ^! little r+s 7 n de/roy$4 ,all ! re/ ( ! plant 0 kill$ & ! production ( fl[]s & se$ prev5t$2 b z ^! little r+s 7 n kill$1 ! dodd] began gr[+ aga9 & cont9u$ to gr[ ?r\gh\t ! season40 ,,leaf ,,spot ,leaf spot is a v peculi> disease &1 =tunately1 n common 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x has be5 kn[n 9 ,france s9ce #ahcb4 ,9 #ahia x 0 de/ructive 9 ,i[a alfalfa1 ! loss 9 ! neighborhood ( ! exp]im5t /ation be+ e/imat$ at #ej p] c5t4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is infliction ! ,i[a /ation1 among o!r in=mation1 pr9t$ ! foll[+3 8,any "t aft] ! plant has atta9$ a gr[? ( f\r to six in*es f ! se$1 b mo/ commonly aft] ! fir/ ye>'s gr[?1 !re appe>s ^u ! upp] side ( ! leaves small1 irregul> br[ni% spots1 :i* enl>ge to ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet] & ext5d ?r\gh ! leaf to ! "u side1 turn+ all p>ts br[n4 ,:5 _m spots occur on ! same leaf ! :ole leaf soon turns yell[ & falls (f4 ,?is fall+ ( ! leaves & ! natural loss 9 vigor1 due to ! diseas$ condition be=e ! fall+1 con/itute its great damage4 ,frequ5t cutt+ ( ! crop mat]ially prev5ts ! disease40 ,9 ea/]n /ates f>m]s report t !re are frequ5t pat*es 9 _! fields :]e ! leaves turn r$ & ! plant dies4 ,! probable explanation ( ?is tr\ble is 8wet feet10 :i* alfalfa w n abide4 ,don't expect to get a crop ( alfalfa f a field 9 :i* wat] is ne> ! surface4 ,dra9 x or use ano!r field4 ,,root ,,rot ,a disease peculi> to portions ( ! s\!rn /ates is call$ 8root rot10 & simil> to ! root rot f\nd 9 cotton fields4 ,! alfalfa dies 9 spots1 ^! spots wid5+ 9 circul> =m4 ,?is is a fungus t spreads only 9 summ]4 ,! only means ( eradicat+ s f> 7report$ by ! ,texas /ation7 is ! application ( common salt & k]os5e4 ,x has n prov5 a s]i\s annoyance4 ,,goph]s ,,& ,,prairie ,,dogs ,goph]s & prairie dogs are great pe/s 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,middle ,we/1 & ab\t ! only successful means ( combat+ !m is poison4 ,! /ate ( ,kansas has1 probably m ?an any o!r1 made a sy/ematic ef=t to de/roy its goph]s & prairie dogs1 by lib]al appropriations & a field ag5t to sup]vise ! "w to be c>ri$ out "u provisions ( law by local (ficials4 ,! injury done by ! goph]s consi/s *iefly 9 ?r[+ up m\nds ( soil tak5 f ! burr[s & ^! greatly int]f]e ) op]at+ ! m[+ ma*9e 9 h>ve/+4 ,9 ! alfalfa fields !re is also a noticeable ?9n+ out ( ! plants1 by reason ( ! cutt+ (f ( ! roots4 ,^! root cutt+s are /or$ 9 ! burr[s 9 consid]able piles1 & are us$ 9 cold wea!r by ! goph]s = food4 ,x is claim$ by "s alfalfa gr[]s t ?is process ( ?9n+ out ! plants is a b5efit r ?an an injury to ! field1 b1 says ,pr(4 ,d4 ,e4 ,lantz1 ! (ficial =m]ly 9 *>ge ( ! ,kansas "w1 8,i h kn[n fields :]e ?is ?9n+ has cont9u$ until ! crop did n half cov] ! gr\nd at cutt+ "t1 & ! fields 7 pl[$ up = ! plant+ ( o!r crops4 ,! loss f goph] depr$ations to ! alfalfa gr[]s ( ,kansas dur+ #aija 0 probably fully "o-t5? ( ! entire product1 & _h a money value ( at lea/ #ejj1jjj40 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,lantz1 c>bon bisulphide & o!r poison\s gases h frequ5tly be5 recomm5d$ = ! de/ruction ( ! pocket-goph]1 b ! great l5g? ( ! burr[s & _! irregul>ities 9 dep? prev5t ! gases f fl[+ into e "p1 & ! animals (t5 escape4 ,trapp+1 if prop]ly done1 is a sure me?od ( kill+ ! goph]2 b x is att5d$ ) consid]able labor & is v sl[4 ,an excell5t trap = g5]al use is ! ,no4 ,o ord9>y /eel trap4 ,s9k x 9 loose soil to ! level ( ! runway1 ne>ly conceal x by spr9kl+ f9e e>? ov] x1 & leave ! hole op54 ,goph]s are easily poison$4 ,!y are fond ( potatoes1 sweet potatoes1 apples1 rais9s & prunes4 ,! pres5ce ( /ry*n9e1 ars5ic or o!r poisons does n seem to det] !m f eat+ ! food2 b if ! poison is sweet5$ !y seem to eat x m readily4 ,9 summ] x may be desirable to sweet5 ! poison1 b 9 ! fall & e>ly spr+ x does n seem wor? :ile4 ,! poison$ food be+ introduc$ to ! burr[s bel[ ! surface1 !re is no dang] ( poison+ /ock4 ,x might be well1 h[ev]1 n to let sw9e run 9 ! fields = a "t aft] ! poison has be5 put out4 ,! foll[+ me?od ( introduc+ poison is recomm5d$3 ,cut ! potatoes or o!r food into pieces n m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,cut a slit 9 ea* piece & ) a po9t ( ! knife blade ins]t a little sulphate ( /ry*n9e2 z mu* z half ! bulk ( a gra9 ( :eat4 ,hav+ prep>$ ! bait 9 suffici5t quantity1 g to ! field arm$ ) a r\nd1 %>p-po9t$ implem5t an in* or an in* & a half 9 diamet] & ( suffici5t l5g?4 ,! tool "h illu/rat$ 0 made by a blacksmi?4 ,illu/ration ,x is a spade h&le %od ) an iron po9t4 ,a b> is atta*$ ab\t fifte5 in*es f ! po9t to enable ! op]ator to use 8 foot 9 press+ x into ! soil4 ,) ?is tool x is only necess>y to f9d ! runway ( ! goph]4 ,! h&le is suffici5tly ?ick to make a hole l>ge en\gh to p]mit "o to drop ! poison$ potato directly into ! burr[4 ,! op]ator !n passes on to ano!r place1 leav+ ! hole op54 ,no digg+ ) a spade or o!r h>d labor is necess>y4 ,an exp]i5c$ p]son c di/ribute poison to _m acres ( alfalfa 9 a day2 & if prop] c>e is tak5 to rightly di/ribute ! bait1 x w n be necess>y to g ov] ! gr\nd a second "t4 ,"s exp]i5ce is requir$ to f9d ! burr[s quickly4 ,x is be/ to ins]t ! food z ne> z possible to ! fre%e/ m\nds ( e>?4 ,two or ?ree pieces ( potato at t place are wor? _m scatt]$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! runway4 ,! op]ator %\ld avoid ! l>g] m\nds & ^? t are n fre%ly made4 ,= de/roy+ prairie dogs1 ,pr(essor ,lantz says t out ( ?\s&s ( sugge/ions no?+ has be5 f\nd m effective ?an /ry*n9e poison & c>bon bisulphide4 ,foll[+ are directions = prep>+ & us+ ! /ry*n9e3 8,dissolve "o & a half ounces ( /ry*n9e sulphate 9 a qu>t ( hot wat]4 ,add a qu>t ( syrup--molasses1 sorghum1 or ?ick sug> & wat]--& a teaspoonful ( oil ( anise4 ,?or\ghly heat & mix ! liquid4 ,:ile hot p\r x ov] a bu%el ( clean :eat & mix completely4 ,!n /ir 9 two or m p\nds ( f9e corn meal4 ,! quantity ( corn meal ne$$ w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( extra moi/ure pres5t4 ,!re %\ld be en\gh to wet e gra9 ( ! :eat & no m4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t !re is no leakage f ! vessel 9 :i* ! :eat is mix$4 ,let ! poison$ gra9 /& ov] night1 & di/ribute x 9 ! e>ly morn+ ( a bright day4 ,use a tablespoonful ( ! :eat to ea* hole occupi$ by prairie dogs1 putt+ x ne> ! m\? ( ! burr[ 9 two or ?ree little bun*es4 ,d n put out ! poison 9 cold or /ormy wea!r4 ,x w keep = a consid]able "t1 & is mu* m effective aft] a cold p]iod1 z ! animals are !n hungry & eat ! gra9 readily4 ,a bu%el ( :eat %\ld poison #ajjj to #abjj holes4 ,an excell5t sub/itute = ! oil ( anise 9 ?is =mula c be made by soak+ two ounces ( gre5 c(fee b]ries 9 ! :ites ( ?ree eggs4 ,let ?is /& = ab\t twelve h\rs1 & use ! liquid in/ead ( anise oil40 ,a tablespoonful ( c>bon bisulphide1 ^u "s su* absorb5t mat]ial z cotton1 dry horse manure1 or a piece ( corn-cob1 & roll$ into ! burr[s1 is effective4 ,x is be/ imm$iately to cov] ! hole ) a sod & /amp d[n firmly4 ,,gras%opp]s ,gras%opp]s are a s\rce ( no little loss to alfalfa gr[]s 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,we/4 ,!y usually d _! greate/ damage to ! season's second crop1 ! "y n be+ v de/ructive to ! fir/4 ,! be/ rem$y1 or r prev5tion1 is deep disk+ 9 ,april & !n h>r[+ to de/roy ! eggs4 ,:]e ! pe/s attack or are ab\t to attack a field ( alfalfa1 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,brun]1 ( ! ,nebraska /ation recomm5ds ! use ( a 8hopp] doz]10 :i* is 8simply a long1 %all[ pan ( /ove-pipe iron or galvaniz$ iron m\nt$ on runn]s & back$ by a light frame cov]$ ) clo?4 ,! pan is ab\t f\r in*es deep1 f eighte5 in*es to two feet wide1 & f t5 to sixte5 feet long4 ,x is p>tly fill$ ) wat] & a little k]os5e4 ,a horse drags ! ma*9e across ! field ov] ! /ubble ( ! fir/ crop & ! half-gr[n hopp]s jump into ! pan :]e ! oil coats !m ov] & kills e "o t x t\*es4 ,! hopp] doz] works be/ on level l&4 ,on slop+ gr\nd ! oil & wat] run to "o end & slop ov]4 ,to prev5t ?is ! pan is usually divid$ into sections by a numb] ( p>titions4 ,! runn]s %\ld /ick out 9 front ( ! pan ab\t a foot & "o-half1 & a piece ( *a9 or heavy rope %\ld be /ret*$ loosely betwe5 !m to drag ahead ( ! ma*9e & make ! hopp]s jump4 ,on level fields !re are no great difficulties 9 ! use ( ! hopp] doz]4 ,c>eless driv+ may spill oil on "s alfalfa & kill x4 ,if ^! ma*9es are to be really effective1 !y mu/ be us$ be=e ! gras%opp]s get _! w+s4 ,! fir/ crop ( alfalfa %\ld be cut z e>ly z possible1 & ! hopp] doz]s %\ld foll[ ! rakes z closely z may be4 ,on ! :ole1 !y %\ld be us$ only :]e pl[+ & h>r[+ h n be5 done or h fail$ to keep ! gras%opp]s 9 *eck40 ,( ! use ( ?is implem5t or ma*9e ,pr(4 ,s4 ,j4 ,hunt] has ?is to say3 8,! height ( ! runn]s dep5ds ^u ! height ( crop to be protect$4 ,x is important t !re be no timb]s 9 front ( ! pan1 s t its front l9e may come 9 contact ) ! gra9 pass$ ov]4 ,! insects !n fall directly into ! fluid4 ,:5 ready = use place two buckets ( wat] & "o-half gallon ( coal-oil 9 a pan1 & !n drive back & =? across ! end ( ! field :]e ! gras%opp]s are ent]+ until y h fill$ ! pans2 remove ! insects1 repl5i% ) oil & wat]1 & cont9ue until ! field is rid ( ! pe/4 8,_m gras%opp]s w be se5 /rike ! %eet-iron back1 drop into ! pans & imm$iately jump out aga94 ,^? f>m]s :o obs]v$ ! exp]im5ts 7 at fir/ ( ! op9ion t ! locu/s t jump$ out _h jump$ away #8to live ano!r day4' ,! writ] ask$ ^? int]e/$ to wat* ! insects & note ! actions ( gras%opp]s t _h jump$ out4 ,9 e case ! report 0 t ! insects became sick & soon di$4 ,9 fact1 p]sons go+ ov] fields :]e a day or s be=e ! hopp] doz] _h be5 at "w1 7 impress$ ) ! numb] ( dead gras%opp]s on ! gr\nd4 ,an exam9ation %[$ ! pres5ce ( coal-oil ^u ! body4 ,?is k]os5e & wat] is an ext]nal irritant1 & my obs]vations h be5 t ! mixture is m effective ?an ! oil alone4 8,! use ( ! ma*9e may be be/ %[n by examples4 ,9 ,=d c\nty1 ,kansas1 a l>ge tract ( alfalfa 0 cut1 & ! locu/s at once began mov+ into a l>ge field ( ,kafir corn :i* _h be5 s[n broadca/4 ,! hopp] doz] 0 drawn back & =? across ! end ( ! corn field ne>e/ ! alfalfa l& until a portion ( ! field ab\t tw5ty rods deep _h be5 gone ov]4 ,"h x 0 app>5t t !re 7 v few gras%opp]s2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! advance l9e ( ! locu/s' m>* only ext5d$ tw5ty rods into ! field4 ,two days lat] ! same area ( gr\nd 0 cov]$1 b n z _m insects 7 tak54 ,gras%opp]s no long] ent]$ ?is corn & ! hopp] doz] 0 no long] us$ at ?is po9t4 8,x has be5 my exp]i5ce ) ?is ma*9e t aft] x has pass$ ov] vegetation x does n injure ! plants1 b 9 "s way r5d]s ! vegetation di/a/eful to ! gras%opp]s1 s t !y turn _! c\rse & seek food else:]e4 ,i h obs]v$ t ^! native gras%opp]s ent] a field f "o corn] or side1 & t !y are n z a rule scatt]$ ov] ! :ole field1 b occur 9 great numb]s 9 pat*es4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x is evid5t t ) v little labor ) ?is ma*9e ! products ( a field c be giv5 full opportunity to mature40 ,,army ,,worms ,9 ,nebraska ! fall army worm has caus$ consid]able damage4 ,x is di/9ct f ! true army worm1 hav+ small hairs gr[+ out f small black spots2 x has a :iti% 8,y0 %ap$ m>k ^u ! head4 ,! p>5t ( ! worms is a mo? ( a yell[i%1 a%-gray color4 ,! female mo? deposits h] eggs 9 clu/]s ^u ! leaves & /ems4 ,) ! approa* ( cold wea!r ! worms pass into ! gr\nd & ent] ! *rysalis /age ab\t "o or two in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,:5 v num]\s ! only effective treatm5t is to disk ?or\ghly 9 ! spr+4 ,,b9d ,,we$ ,b9dwe$1 belong+ to ! morn+-glory family1 is "o ( ! meane/ we$s t annoy alfalfa rais]s4 ,x spreads f ! root1 & is m ?an liable to smo!r out alfalfa or any o!r crop :i* tries to occupy its gr\nd4 ,if infe/$ fields c\ld be graz$ closely ) hogs or %eep1 !y might keep ! b9dwe$ d[n & f9ally eradicate x4 ,if ?is _c be done1 ! only rem$y is to pl[ & use ! l& = "s o!r crop4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,difficulties & ,disc\ragem5ts ,not)/&+ ! fact t alfalfa is n[ gr[n successfully 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 almo/ all k9ds ( soils & "u _m dissimil> conditions ( climate1 !re are gr\p$ "h z a summ>y f prec$+ *apt]s ! sev]al difficulties & disc\ragem5ts t may confront ! "o :o w\ld gr[ x4 #a4 ,secur+ a ,good ,/&4 ,!oretically1 ! f>m] %\ld secure a good /& e ye> ) e crop1 b he does n4 ,he obta9s1 h[ev]1 poor /&s ( :eat & corn & potatoes (t5] ?an a poor /& ( alfalfa4 ,:y does he fail ) alfalfa8 ,! foll[+1 at lea/ 9 "p1 sugge/s :y3 a ,he neglects to prep>e suffici5tly 9 advance4 ,he %\ld select 8 alfalfa field "o or two ye>s be=e he int5ds s[+4 ,if he raises :eat1 he %\ld s[ a little alfalfa se$ ) :eat1 "o or ev5 two ye>s be=e ready = alfalfa4 ,?is w leave a few roots & ! prop] bact]ia w h be5 introduc$ into ! soil4 ,= two ye>s !re %\ld be a vigor\s fight aga9/ we$s1 ! fewe/ possible be+ p]mitt$ to rip5 se$4 b ,he neglects to prep>e prop]ly = ! prec$+ crop1 & sometimes plants ! wrong crop1 al?\gh sorghum & ,kafir corn are ab\t ! only v objectionable plant+ to prec$e alfalfa4 ,^! h usually tak5 too mu* ( ! l&'s moi/ure1 especially if ! season has be5 some:at dry1 to p]mit a prosp]\s beg9n+ ( ! plants f fall s[n se$4 ,millet1 oats or c[peas are ! be/ crops to prec$e1 i4 e4 = ! fir/ trial4 ,! pl[+ = ?is prec$+ crop %\ld be deep4 ,9 clay l& a subsoil pl[ 7! k9d :i* loos5s b does n ?r[ ! subsoil to ! surface7 %\ld foll[4 ,x is extremely important t a dress+ ( /able manure be pl[$ "u = ?is prec$+ crop4 ,! se$ b$ %\ld be c>efully prep>$1 & "u favorable conditions4 ,work+ ! gr\nd :5 too wet w\ld make x impossible to secure a prop] se$ b$ lat] :5 prep>+ = alfalfa4 ,illu/ration3 ,& ,!re's ,/ill ,m to ,foll[ ,illu/ration3 ,dead ,prairie ,dogs ga!r$ up 9 a #bj-m9ute walk ?r\gh a 8t[n0 t _h be5 poison$4 ,ne>ly all ! animals die inside _! burr[s4 ,! co/ ( de/roy+ !m1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,lantz1 is n ov] two c5ts p] acre1 n c\nt+ ! labor1 & a man c di/ribute ! poison ov] ab\t a qu>t]-section 9 a day c ,he neglects to prep>e ! alfalfa se$ b$ prop]ly4 ,he %\ld beg9 disk+ & h>r[+ z soon z ! prep>atory crop is (f ! gr\nd1 & cont9ue ?is at int]vals ( t5 or fifte5 days until "t = s[+1 :5 ! soil %\ld be z f9e z = an onion b$4 d ,he uses poor se$2 se$ t is inf]tile1 or adult]at$ ) we$ se$s--undesirable & unreliable 9 e way4 #b4 ,dy+ out ! second ye>1 :i* 9 mo/ in/ances is due to "o ( two causes1 viz43 neglect to pl[ "u /able manure = ! prec$+ crop1 or pa/ur+ alfalfa 9 its fir/ ye>4 ,n an animal %\ld be turn$ on an alfalfa field = pa/ure until ! second or1 pref]ably1 ! ?ird ye>4 ,ano!r cause is di/urbance ( ! soil & plants by sev]e freez+4 ,?is may (t5 be prev5t$ 9 a degree by a light top-dress+ ( manure 9 ,decemb]4 #c4 ,failure ?r\gh h>ve/+ & /ack+4 #d4 ,injury f insects or disease4 ,^! are practically all ! ?+s t ne$ occasion s]i\s vexation4 ,( c\rse alfalfa calls = m "w 9 h>ve/+ ?an corn1 or clov]1 or timo?y2 b "o acre ( prosp]\s alfalfa is wor? two or ?ree ( corn1 or clov] or timo?y1 ev5 = m>ket1 :ile = fe$+ purposes ! diff]5ce is ev5 great]4 ,! 8poor0 f>m]1 ! lazy f>m]1 ! 8corn] groc]y0 f>m] %\ld n s[ alfalfa4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,miscellane\s ,,alfalfa ,,9 ,,! ,,or*>d ,probably n9e-t5?s ( ^? :o h writt5 on ?is subject h condemn$ ! practice ( s[+ alfalfa 9 ! or*>d4 ,!y h said t ! alfalfa dem&$ s mu* moi/ure t ! trees w\ld be dw>f$ if n de/roy$4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh an imm5se am\nt ( mat]ial 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is book only two in/ances h be5 f\nd ( m5 :o claim t ! alfalfa is a b5efit to or*>ds4 ,"o ( ^! 0 f ,texas & ! newspap] quot+ him did n give 8 "n4 ,he 0 report$ to h us$ 8 or*>d = hog pa/ure1 keep+ on five acres f t5 to fifte5 s[s ) _! pigs f e>ly ,april to ,septemb]4 ,he claim$ t ! alfalfa in/ead ( robb+ ! or*>d ( moi/ure actually contribut$ to ! surface moi/ure & b5efit$ ! trees4 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,l4 ,watr\s1 ( ! ,colorado /ation1 is an e>ne/ advocate ( ! use ( alfalfa 9 ! or*>d & f an article ( 8 ?is is quot$3 8,:atev] may h be5 believ$ or imag9$ z to ! uncong5iality ( trees & alfalfa ! !ory is de/9$ to an e>ly d[nfall4 ,! evid5ce is at h& n[ to %[ t n only is alfalfa n a detrim5t :5 gr[n among fruit trees1 b 9 _m ways x is a positive b5efit1 l5d+ itself & its prop]ties to ! advantage ( ! trees4 8,on l& :]e moi/ure c be f\nd at f six to t5 feet f ! surface1 ! cong5iality ( ! alfalfa plant & ! apple tree becomes app>5t4 ,bo? ne$ pl5ty ( wat] ! fir/ ye>1 a little less ! second1 & v little or none !reaft]4 8,aft] trees become old en\gh to be> & ne$ all ! l& betwe5 !m1 & t f]tiliz$ & r5ovat$1 alfalfa may be us$ z a food ga!r] & di/ribut]4 ,x pu%es d[n into ! l[] /rata1 br++ up m9]al elem5ts1 captures nitrog5 f ! air ?r\gh its root processes1 & br+s all toge!r ne> ! surface1 ?us giv+ to ! trees ! food !y ne$ to fill up & mature fruit4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,! alfalfa fall+ on ! gr\nd makes a s(t cov] ^u :i* w9dfalls may drop ) little bruis+2 x s occupies ! soil z to all[ no f\l gr[? to creep 92 x does away ) ! "w ( we$+ or cultivat+1 & keeps ! surface cool & por\s1 furni%+ excell5t pa/ure = hogs if ! trees are protect$4 ,x w\ld be possible1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is sy/em ( co-op]ation betwe5 fruit trees & alfalfa to secure a crop ( hay or se$ dur+ ! (f ye>s = fruit1 b :e!r ?is w\ld prove pr(itable may be que/ion$4 ,or*>ds gr[+ "u ! conditions describ$ h produc$ magnific5t crops ( fruit :i*1 = size1 quality & color+1 is seldom equal$40 ,,"s ,,alfalfa 8,,mu/s0 ,,& 8,,don',,ts0 ,a ,knox c\nty1 ,ohio1 man1 9 express+ himself z to "s ( ! requisites = success ) alfalfa1 z obs]v$ f 8 viewpo9t has ?is to say3 8,i h kn[n ab\t alfalfa f boyhood2 be5 famili> ) x = ?irty ye>s1 & h gr[n x successfully on _m soils1 f a /iff clay1 upw>ds4 ,! failures :i* ,i h se5 h be5 acc\nt$ = by ! non-p]=mance ( "s ( ! ess5tials4 ,!re are c]ta9 #8mu/s'1 n #8%\lds1' to be obs]v$ to secure success4 ,"h !y are f my exp]i5ce3 8,fir/ ( all ! se$ mu/ be pure1 ( high g]m9at+ p[]1 & ( ! highe/ possible vitality4 ,if ,i d\bt$ my own pr(ici5cy 9 ^! det]m9ations1 ,i w\ld consult ! ne>e/ exp]im5t /ation4 ,i h _h occasion to consult exp]im5t /ations1 f ,new ,j]sey to ,wiscons91 on v>i\s subjects1 & 9 e in/ance h met ) prompt & valuable--& sympa!tic--assi/ance4 8,! soil mu/ h lime2 ei!r z "o ( its natural con/itu5ts1 or lime mu/ be add$4 ,if ! soil is defici5t1 !n ! lime mu/ be incorporat$ ) ! soil "s mon?s be=e se$+4 8,! l& mu/ h effici5t dra9age1 ei!r natural1 or1 z 9 ! case ( clay & heavy clay loams1 artificial4 8,! l& mu/ be f]tile to a dep? ( at lea/ n9e in*es4 ,beyond t dep? ! taproot 9 its se>* = wat] w take c>e ( itself40 ,ano!r writ]1 impress$ by practices he reg>ds z repreh5sible1 enum]ates !m z foll[s3 8,don't s[ any nurse crop4 8,don't s[ on fre%ly pl[$ l&1 no matt] h[ c>efully prep>$4 8,don't let we$s or grass gr[ ov] six in*es high )\t clipp+4 8,don't clip or m[ :5 wet ) ra9 or dew4 8,don't let alfalfa /&2 if turn+ yell[1 cut x4 8,don't s[ old se$4 8,don't s[ less ?an tw5ty p\nds p] acre1 "o-half ea* way4 8,don't s[ tw5ty-five acres at fir/2 s[ five4 8,don't pa/ure x4 8,don't put any ( ! rott5 manure any:]e b on y\r alfalfa plot4 8,don't dep5d ^u #8culture cakes' or soil f "s di/ant field4 8,don't let any wat] /& on x4 8,don't let x g if a ?9 /&1 b disk 9 m se$2 don't be afraid y w kill x4 8,don't repl[ ! l&1 disk x4 8,don't wait = x to /ool2 x nev] does4 8,don't try to cut = hay until ! alfalfa takes ! field4 8,don't s[ on any l& n well und]dra9$4 8,don't leave y\r l& r\gh2 use a roll] or a plank float to level & smoo? x4 8,don't give up40 ,,alfil]illa ,,or 8,,alfil>ia0 7,erodium citcut>ium47 ,on acc\nt ( ! simil>ity ( its "n to t ( alfalfa & ! possibility ( ! two plants be+ confus$ 9 ! m9ds ( ^? n acqua9t$ ) !m1 x is prop] to make m5tion "h ( ! plant ref]r$ to 9 ! caption above4 ,x is n g5]ally kn[n nor widely di/ribut$1 & has z yet its pr9cipal habitat 9 semi-arid p>ts ( ! s\?we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! ,c5tury ,diction>y calls x ,p9-clov] or ,p9-grass1 & classifies x ) ! ,g]anium family4 ,web/]'s ,diction>y speaks ( x z a we$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,x is an annual & se$s pr(usely2 a few se$s scatt]$ ov] q a l>ge area result 9 a ?or\gh se$+ ! second ye>4 ,a /ockman 9 ,arizona writes t x w gr[ on any k9d ( soil except alkali2 t x 0 introduc$ f ,au/ralia by %eep c>ry+ x 9 _! wool4 ,x is a s\!rn plant & %\ld n be se$$ l>gely nor? ( ! nor!rn l9e ( ,oklahoma until te/$ by ! exp]im5t /ations4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) alfalfa1 z x is entirely dissimil> & n relat$4 ,9 discuss+ ?is plant an ,arizona editor writes ! foll[+3 8,x is by no means a new or exp]im5tal crop1 = x 0 ! ma9 reliance ( ,arizona /ockm5 dur+ t5 ye>s ( dr\?4 ,we suppose t ! exp]im5t /ations 9 ! ,we/ h giv5 x little att5tion because x is z well kn[n z alfalfa "h1 & millions ( acres are cov]$ ) x 9 v>i\s portions ( ! ,t]ritory4 8,we "k f _m ye>s exp]i5ce t alfil>ia w ?rive & keep /ock 9 good condition :]e no grass roots w\ld live ?r\gh "o ( ! dry seasons4 ,x is peculi>ly adapt$ to ! poor] soils 9 we/]n ,kansas1 ,nebraska1 ! ,texas ,panh&le1 ,new ,mexico1 & portions ( ! nor!rn section ( ,mexico4 8,its m]its are t x w gr[ 9 seasons s dry t o!r =age fails & t x w keep cattle 9 bett] heal? & condition z to fle% & gr[? ?an any?+ else we c gr[ 9 ,arizona1 n except+ alfalfa4 ,9 ! spr+ cattle & horses w g miles to f9d x & x is bett] ?an #8condition p[d]s' to put !m 9 condition = summ] gr[?4 8,:at x w d on o!r classes ( soil1 "u excess ( moi/ure1 is a matt] ( exp]im5t2 b :]e x is ne$$ mo/--z above outl9$1 !re is no?+ t has ev] be5 te/$ "u ^! adv]se conditions :i* c comp>e ) alfil>ia4 ,?is w be c]tifi$ to by e ran*man & cattleman 9 ?is section ( ,arizona40 ,,measur+ ,,hay ,,9 ,,! ,,/ack ,"s me?od ( arriv+ at ! quantity 9 a /ack1 rick1 or m[ )\t weigh+ x1 is1 at "o "t & ano!r1 f\nd desirable by ev]yone :o has to d ) loose hay4 ,!re c be no absolute rule laid d[n = ?is because ( ! v>y+ compactness ! hay atta9s "u diff]+ conditions ( co>s5ess or f95ess1 moi/ure1 l5g? ( "t /ack$ or /or$ & ! weight :i* has re/$ ^u x4 ,= prairie hay /ack$ n less ?an ?irty days a cube sev5 feet squ>e 7#cdc cubic feet7 is n uncommonly b\ght or sold z a ton2 yet sev5-&-a-half feet squ>e1 or #dbb cubic feet1 are (t5 made ! basis ( e/imat+4 ,! au?or is advis$ t 9 ! alfalfa gr[+ di/ricts ( ! ,yell[/one valley x is ! g5]al cu/om to accept z a ton #dbb cubic feet ( alfalfa hay if x has settl$ ?irty days or m4 ,also t hay-m5 f9d !re is a noticeable v>iation betwe5 ! diff]5t cutt+s4 ,! fir/ cutt+ w fall %ort ( actual weight m ?an ! second1 :ile ! ?ird cutt+ w hold up 9 weight1 & sometimes ov]run4 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,a4 ,burnett1 ( ! ,nebraska exp]im5t /ation1 ?9ks an eight-foot cube1 or #eab cubic feet1 a fair figure4 ,pr(essor ,t5 ,eyck says3 8,! rules = measur+ hay 9 ! /ack w v>y accord+ to ! l5g? ( "t ! hay has be5 /ack$ & ! k9d & quality ( ! hay1 & also accord+ to ! "* ( ! /ack4 ,) alfalfa or prairie hay :i* has be5 /ack$ = ?irty days x is usual to compute an eight-foot cube or #eab cubic feet z a ton4 ,:5 ! hay has be5 /ack$ five or six mon?s1 usually a sev5-&-a-half-foot cube or #dbb cubic feet is calculat$ = a ton4 ,9 old /acks :i* h be5 /ack$ a ye> or m a sev5-foot cube or #cdc cubic feet is all[$ = a ton4 8,!re are diff]5t me?ods ( measur+ a /ack1 dep5d+ ^u its %ape & also its size4 ,= a long /ack or rick ! usual me?od is to ?r[ a l9e ov] ! /ack measur+ ! di/ance 79 two or ?ree places1 & use ! av]age7 f ! bottom on "o side to ! bottom on ! o!r2 add to ?is ! av]age wid? ( ! /ack1 divide ?is sum by f\r 7:i* equals "o side ( ! squ>e7 & multiply ! quoti5t by itself & ?is product by ! l5g? ( ! /ack2 ?is w give ! numb] ( cubic feet 9 ! /ack1 :i* may be divid$ by #eab1 #dbb1 or #cdc 9 ord] to f9d ! numb] ( tons4 ,= small1 l[ ricks ! rule is to subtract ! wid? f ! #8ov]1' divide by #b1 multiply by ! wid? & multiply ! product by ! l5g?1 divid+ ! result by ! numb] ( cubic feet 9 a ton4 8,!re is no e/abli%$ rule = measur+ r\nd /acks1 b ?is "o w approximate ! cont5ts ( "o ( ! ord9>y conical =m3 ,f9d ! circumf]5ce at or above ! base or #8bulge' at a height t w av]age ! base f !re to ! gr\nd1 f9d ! v]tical height ( ! measur$ circumf]5ce f ! gr\nd & ! slant height f ! circumf]5ce to ! top ( ! /ack4 ,multiply ! circumf]5ce by itself & divide by #ajj & multiply by #h1 !n multiply ! result by ! height ( ! base plus "o-?ird ( ! slant height ( top4 ,! hay 9 a r\nd is necess>ily less compact ?an 9 a rectangul> /ack1 h5ce a great] numb] ( feet %\ld be all[$ = a ton2 ) well settl$ hay1 probably #eab feet4 8,! rules giv5 may also be us$ 9 measur+ any k9d ( hay1 sorghum or ,kafir-fodd] 9 ! /ack4 ,h[ev]1 = sorghum or ,kafir-fodd] only approximate results c be procur$ by /ack measurem5ts because ! fodd] is apt to v>y greatly 9 weight1 accord+ to ! moi/ure x conta9s40 ,illu/ration3 ,pot ,culture ,exp]im5ts at ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois %[+ effect produc$ ^u gr[? ( alfalfa by nitrog5-ga!r+ bact]ia obta9$ f old] alfalfa & ,sweet clov]4 ,read+ f top to bottom ! f\r photographs 7 made five1 six1 sev5 & eight weeks1 respectively1 f "t ( plant+ ---------------------------------------- ------ ,bottom r[1 signs f left to "r3 ,,alfalfa4 ,no ,bact]ia4 ,,alfalfa4 ,bact]ia f ,alfalfa soil4 ,,alfalfa4 ,bact]ia f ,alfalfa ,tub]cles4 ,,alfalfa4 ,bact]ia f ,sweet ,clov] ,soil4 ,,alfalfa4 ,bact]ia f ,sweet ,clov] ,tub]cles4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,illu/ration3 ,six ,mon?s ,gr[? ( ,alfalfa ,foliage gr[n f "o cr[n "u irrigation 9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 sixty feet bel[ sea level ,height slightly less ?an elev5 feet ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,practical ,exp]i5ces ( ,alfalfa ,gr[]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,alabama ,pr(4 ,j4 ,f4 ,dugg>1 ,director ,alabama exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa is gr[n 9 ,alabama ) entire success on ! lime soil ( ! c5tral prairie region ( ! /ate4 ,?is is a /rip ( l& f #aj to #bj miles wide1 ext5d+ s\!a/ & nor?we/ almo/ across ! /ate & into ,mississippi4 ,beg9n+ ne> ,union ,spr+s1 ?is prairie passes ne> ,montgom]y1 ,selma1 ,demopolis1 ,gre5sboro & nor?we/w>d t[>ds ,columbus1 ,miss4 ,on ! prairie l&s 9 ?is area alfalfa af=ds f ?ree to six cutt+s p] ye>1 usually f\r1 & ! yield is f ?ree to six tons p] acre4 ,irrigation is n practic$4 ,! se$ is s[n ei!r 9 ,septemb] or 9 ! e>ly "p ( ,m>*1 usually f #bj to #bd p\nds p] acre4 ,almo/ a full crop is secur$ ! fir/ ye> f fall se$+1 b only f "o-?ird to two-?irds ( a full crop is secur$ ! fir/ ye> f s[+ se$ 9 ,m>*4 ,x is n cu/om>y on ?is soil to use f]tiliz] on alfalfa1 b an application ( ev5 a light coat ( /able manure imm5sely increases ! yield on ! poor spots4 ,failure has g5]ally att5d$ attempts to gr[ alfalfa on non-calc>e\s or s&y soils1 ?\gh "u favorable conditions1 ) lib]al manur+ & con/ant w>f>e aga9/ crab-grass1 x occasionally succe$s4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #abg ( ! ,alabama exp]im5t /ation ! results 9 alfalfa gr[+ are summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,usually ! be/ crop to prec$e spr+ s[n alfalfa is cotton1 especially if cotton foll[s melilotus 7,sweet clov]74 ,! be/ crop to prep>e ! l& = fall s[n alfalfa is c[peas1 s[n v ?ickly4 ,f>m]s h f\nd t alfalfa ?rives :5 s[n on ,johnson grass mead[s1 hold+ its own1 at lea/ = ! fir/ few ye>s1 aga9/ ?is aggressive grass4 ,dodd]1 a yell[ ?readlike gr[?1 is a s]i\s enemy ( alfalfa4 ,"o ( ! rem$ies consi/s 9 m[+ & burn+4 ,se$ m]*ants (t5 pass alfalfa se$ ?r\gh a ma*9e :i* is claim$ to remove ! dodd] se$4 ,on s&y upl& soils at ,auburn1 alfalfa has n af=d$ v pr(itable yields4 ,on su* soils x requires heavy applications ( lime or b>ny>d manure1 & x is believ$ t m pr(itable use c be made ( manure4 ,at ,auburn nei!r nitrate ( soda nor cottonse$ meal v greatly increas$ ! yield ( alfalfa t 0 prop]ly /ock$ ) root tub]cles4 ,acid phosphate & pota% f]tiliz]s are consid]$ indisp5sable "h1 & g5]ally advisable on s&y or o!r soils n ri* 9 lime4 ,inoculation ) soil f old fields ( ei!r alfalfa or ,bur clov] greatly increases ! yields ( alfalfa gr[+ on s&y l&4 ,! g]m t causes tub]cles to develop on ,sweet clov] also causes tub]cles to develop on ! roots ( alfalfa4 ,h5ce artificial inoculation ( alfalfa is n necess>y :5 x is gr[n on prairie l& t has rec5tly borne a crop ( melilotus4 ,artificial inoculation ( alfalfa is probably advisable ev5 = prairie soils :5 x is unc]ta9 :e!r ei!r ! melilotus or alfalfa g]ms are pres5t 9 great numb]s4 ,9 regions 9 ,alabama :]e nei!r alfalfa1 melilotus1 nor ,bur clov] is ext5sively gr[n1 inoculation ( alfalfa is advisable4 ,= ?is purpose "o may use soil f old fields ( ei!r ( ^! plants or inoculat+ mat]ial prep>$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,,arizona ,john ,blake1 ,graham c\nty4--,alfalfa is ! k+ ( =age plants "h4 ,x w /& consid]able dry wea!r & live1 b x w n yield pr(itably unless irrigat$1 or on naturally damp gr\nd4 ,x does n d well "h on clay soil1 & if clay subsoil is ne> ! surface x is likely to dry out1 unless wat]$4 ,i h gr[n alfalfa = eight ye>s on #age acres1 fir/ & second bottom1 & upl&1 ) s&y & loam soils1 ) small pat*es ( clay & v>i\s subsoils2 ! alluvial bottoms are usually loam ( diff]5t dep?s1 und]laid ) s& & gravel2 ! next bottom m clayey1 ) quicks& ab\t #ac feet deep & gravel ab\t #cj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,on fir/ bottoms1 well wat] is rea*$ at a dep? ( #c to #h feet1 ! soil be+ dry on ! surface only2 on ! upl&1 ! soil is dry = #bj to #cj feet1 or until wat] is rea*$4 ,l& int5d$ = alfalfa _h be/ be cultivat$ 9 o!r crops = two or ?ree ye>s1 ?us insur+ ! kill+ (f ( native bru% & grass1 & _! roots2 !n x mu/ be laid (f 9 8l&s0 ( v>i\s wid?s1 accord+ to ! slope1 ea* l& be+ level$ uni=mly & bord]$ to hold wat]4 ,se$ may be s[n 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 & ,octob]2 9 fact1 all ! ye>1 except f ! middle ( ,april to ! fir/ ( ,augu/1 :5 x is s hot & dry "h4 ,! quantity ( se$ us$ v>ies ) ! prep>ation1 f #ab to #bj p\nds p] acre4 ,s[ ) a 8,cahoon0 se$]1 & cov] ) a bru% or light h>r[4 ,x is g5]ally s[n "h ) b>ley1 :eat1 or oats4 ,! gra9 is cut e>ly = hay1 or rip5$ & head$1 9 :i* case ! /ubble & alfalfa are cut imm$iately aft]w>d & haul$ (f4 ,! gr\nd is !n irrigat$1 & if x has previ\sly be5 f\l1 !re w be pl5ty ( we$s4 ,ano!r cutt+ 9 good "t w usually eradicate ^!4 ,! plant w n w9t]kill "h if old en\gh to h f\r leaves be=e fro/4 ,we irrigate abundantly1 f ! ,gila riv]1 9 w9t] & spr+1 fill+ up ! soil & ?us mak+ less ne$ = wat] dur+ ! hot1 dry p]iod4 ,irrigate aft] ea* crop is tak5 (f1 & "s l& is b5efit$ by two irrigations = ea* cutt+4 ,! quantity ( wat] ne$$ dep5ds on ! "* ( ! soil & subsoil2 "s on ! bottoms ne$s b little aft] ! fir/ ye>1 & x is a good plan1 if ! subsoil is op51 to let ! plant g )\t artificial wat] aft] x has a good />t1 z x s5ds its roots d[n to moi/ure or wat]1 if at a reasonable dep? bel[2 x w !n ?rive on mu* less wat]1 & ! crop w be m nutriti\s4 ,if "o is rais+ hay = quantity1 ( c\rse ?is does n apply4 ,! f\r crops p] season yield on an av]age3 ,fir/1 #a to #b tons2 second & ?ird1 #a to #d2 f\r?1 ?ree-f\r?s to "o ton4 ,if cutt+ = quantity1 m[ :5 fairly 9 bloom2 if = fe$+1 :5 ! se$ has =m$4 ,i h rais$ no se$1 b ! crop us$ = t purpose is usually ! second1 & x is n irrigat$4 ,! "t requir$ = cur+ dep5ds on ! /age at :i* ! hay is cut1 ! dryness ( ! gr\nd1 etc42 a good rule is to rake z soon z ! rake w take x up clean1 & let x cure 9 w9dr[s or cocks4 ,i use a 8,l&50 s+le pole /ack]1 ) sl+s1 :i* puts ! hay1 j z x laid on ! wagon1 9 ! c5t] ( ! /ack4 ,! se$1 ?re%$ on an ord9>y ?re%]1 conta9s /raw & *aff1 :i* are easily tak5 out by runn+ ?r\gh ord9>y wire scre5-door nett+1 & !n x is suitable = ! 8,cahoon0 se$]4 ,on l& wor? #dj p] acre1 ! hay 9 ! /ack co/s #c p] ton4 ,bal+ co/s #b p] ton1 ! be/ size be+ #ajj or #aej p\nds 9 weight4 ,size does n affect ! keep+ quality ( ! hay4 ,! hay has sold "h = #f to #ab1 av]ag+ ab\t #g4ej1 & ! se$ sold "h la/ ye> = #i c5ts p] p\nd4 ,i d n ?9k ! /raw is ( mu* value4 ,alfalfa w yield abundantly ! second ye>1 &1 if h>r[$ ) a good h>r[1 digg+ up ! soil1 x w yield = a v long p]iod4 ,m9e1 :i* is #aj ye>s old1 looks z well z x did :5 two ye>s old4 ,to rid l& ( x1 x w\ld be well to pl[ :5 dry1 !n cross pl[ lat] on4 ,on naturally damp bottom x is h>d to kill4 ,cattle pa/ur$ on rank alfalfa 9 ! spr+ are liable to bloat4 ,?omas ,c4 ,graham1 ,p9al c\nty4--,?\gh ,i h be5 famili> ) alfalfa gr[+ = #aj ye>s1 my fir/ exp]i5ce on a l>ge scale 0 five ye>s ago1 :5 ,i se$$ ! ,k5ilwor? f>ms1 conta9+ #ijj acres4 ,i 0 successful 9 secur+ a good /& on ! entire tract4 ,"s ( ! l& is upl&1 ) s&y loam soil1 wa%$ f ! m\nta9s1 & v>i\s subsoils1 h>dpan be+1 9 places1 only #aj in*es bel[ ! surface2 ! rema9d] ( ! l& is l[1 or bottom1 ) adobe soil4 ,well wat] is f\nd at a dep? ( #ie feet1 & ! soil is dry f ! surface to )9 a few feet ( ! wat] /ratum4 ,be=e s[+1 ! surface soil is pl[$ & h>r[$ ?or\ghly2 #bj p\nds ( se$ is us$ to ! acre1 & cov]$ n m ?an "o-half in* deep4 ,9 our section1 ! be/ "t = se$+ is 9 ,septemb] & ,octob]1 & !re is no dang] f ! w9t] fro/4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season we cut twice or ?ree times1 to de/roy all we$s1 & obta9 #b or #c tons ( hay p] acre1 b h nev] be5 able to get a pay+ crop ( se$ f ! fir/ season's cutt+4 ,= irrigation1 we obta9 wat] f ! ,gila & ,salt riv]s1 b 9 "s sections ( our c\ntry wat] is pump$ f wells by /eam pumps4 ,x has n be5 f\nd practicable to lift ! wat] f a great] dep? ?an #ej feet = ?is purpose4 ,! fir/ ye>1 z ! l& is v dry1 x requires twice ! quantity ( wat] t is ne$$ ! second ye> & aft]4 ,we flood ! alfalfa five or six times a ye>--once 9 ! fall1 9 ! spr+1 & aft] ea* cutt+1 us+ wat] en\gh to cov] ! l& to a dep? ( ab\t "o in*4 ,we h no ra9 to am\nt to any?+ "h1 & dep5d entirely on irrigation4 ,i ?9k ! gr\nd %\ld be prep>$ 9 ! fall1 & se$$ 9 ,febru>y or ,m>* z1 if se$$ 9 ! fall1 ! "y plants might be liable to injury f fro/4 ,9 all cases1 ! soil %\ld be ?or\ghly prep>$1 & ! se$ n cov]$ m ?an "o-half in* deep4 ,x is n uncommon to h>ve/ six crops ( alfalfa 9 a s+le season1 & its fe$+ qualities are unequal$ = cattle1 horses1 or sw9e4 ,x is f\nd1 by c>eful te/s1 t alfalfa is #de p] c5t bett] ?an clov] & #fe p] c5t bett] ?an timo?y = fe$+ f>m animals4 ,9 my op9ion1 !re is no o!r hay t w equal prop]ly cur$ alfalfa4 ,t gr[n )\t irrigation is mu* bett]1 z x conta9s less sap & is n s /alky4 ,! ?re%$ hay is spl5did fe$ = mil* c[s1 & is sold "h = ! same price br\ght by ! hay cut e>li]4 ,la/ season ,i pa/ur$ #fe head ( hogs on #aj acres ( alfalfa1 & !y did well4 ,9 my exp]i5ce1 x is f> bett] ?an clov]1 f ! fact t x _c be dislodg$1 ! roots p5etrat+ to a dep? ( #aj to #bj feet4 ,! pa/urage is pr(itable & satisfactory = %eep & horses1 & #de p] c5t bett] = cattle ?an clov]4 ,!y w bloat sometimes1 b if prop]ly h&l$ !re is little dang]4 ,! be/ prev5tive is to n all[ ! cattle to become too hungry4 ,we get1 on an av]age1 ?ree cutt+s a ye>1 av]ag+ #a to #a tons p] acre ea*1 & h pa/ure = five or six mon?s4 ,= hay1 we m[ :5 9 full bloom1 rake z soon z possible1 & let /& 9 w9dr[s until ! /ems are ab\t half dry2 !n put 9 ! cock = two days1 & /ack 9 l>ge ricks ( ab\t #hj to #ajj tons ea*4 ,if put up damp or gre51 x w mold4 ,! se$ is h>ve/$1 usually1 f ! second crop1 :5 ! pods turn black & c be %ell$ out by rubb+ 9 ! h&4 ,x is cut1 rak$ 9 w9dr[s1 & all[$ to /& until ?or\ghly dry4 ,i us$1 ?is season1 a ,j4 ,i4 ,case sep>ator1 & ?re%$ & clean$ #fjjj p\nds ( se$ 9 ?ree days4 ,an ord9>y yield is #ajj p\nds to ! acre1 & ! co/ ( cutt+ & ?re%+ is #c c5ts a p\nd4 ,! total co/ ( ! hay 9 ! /ack is ab\t #c a ton on #ej l&1 ) #ae c5ts an acre = irrigation4 ,! av]age sell+ price = hay is #d a ton1 & = se$1 #aj c5ts a p\nd4 ,) prop] c>e1 alfalfa w la/ "t )\t end1 & improve ea* ye>1 & x is difficult to kill x out1 z x makes m or less se$ e crop4 ,an op5 soil1 free f h>dpan1 is be/ = x4 ,,cali=nia ,h5ry ,mill]1 ,san ,mateo c\nty4--,s9ce #ahga1 we h gradually increas$ our acreage ( alfalfa1 until we n[ h ab\t #bj1jjj acres4 ,?is is on reclaim$ swamp & upl&1 "u a complete sy/em ( irrigation1 ) ! exception ( a little light1 loamy soil1 ) wat] ne> ! surface & no irrigation4 ,on ! latt] gr\nd ! plant is %ort-liv$1 on acc\nt ( ! goph]s4 ,! dep? at :i* well wat] is f\nd v>ies f #aj to #dj feet1 &1 ) irrigation1 x is immat]ial :e!r ! soil is naturally moi/ or dry4 ,! prep>ation = se$+ consi/s ( deep pl[+ & cross pl[+1 & ! dep? = plant+ is n ov] two or ?ree in*es4 ,= light1 loamy soils1 #ab p\nds ( se$ to ! acre is ample1 :ile = h>d1 r\gh1 new l&1 f #af to #bj p\nds is requir$ to insure a good /&4 ,se$+ may be done "h aft] ! cold season1 & :5 dang] ( heavy fro/ is pa/1 b 9 "t to take advantage ( ! spr+ ra9s1 :i* are v ess5tial4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season1 ! we$s %\ld be m[$ z !y require x1 )\t reg>d to returns ( alfalfa1 & aft] !y are subdu$ x is well to let ! fir/ ye>'s gr[? g to se$ & all[ x to be trampl$ into ! soil by "y /ock1 b if !re is a full /& ?is is n necess>y4 ,we irrigate f /reams1 apply+ wat] z soon z ! spr+ op5s & e "t a crop is cut1 ! quantity ( wat] ne$$ dep5d+ on ! quality ( ! soil4 ,dra9age is v necess>y1 especially :5 irrigation is done 9 w>m wea!r4 ,aft] ! fir/ irrigation1 less wat] is ne$$ at an application ?an at fir/4 ,w9t]kill+ seems to be effectually prev5t$ by wat]+ 9 ! fall4 ,alfalfa w atta9 its be/ /ate 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & its condition aft] t w dep5d ^u its treatm5t4 ,we put /ock on our l& g5]ally aft] ! fir/ & second gr[? is cut1 & ! only re/ ! l& receives is :5 x is be+ irrigat$4 ,aft] hay has be5 cut = sev]al ye>s1 we h>r[ 9 ! spr+ ) a heavy h>r[ or disk cutt]1 & take ! opportunity to rese$ t :i* %[s lack ( vigor4 ,! m sun & ! less %ade !re is1 ! bett] ! gr[? & ! m satisfactory ! yield4 ,we f9d x m difficult to get a /& ?an to get rid ( x2 b1 9 "s in/ances1 :]e we h want$ ! l& = or*>d1 vegetables1 or root crops1 we f\nd sev]al pl[+s w\ld de/roy x4 ,)\t irrigation1 we h n f\nd ! crop v pr(itable1 b !re are a few favor$ spots 9 ! /ate :]e x c be gr[n )\t wat]2 b :5 we plant we usually select su* l& z c be put "u a p]fect sy/em ( irrigation be=e us+4 ,longevity ( ! plant dep5ds on treatm5t & on ! nature ( ! soil4 ,on heavy adobe soil x w n live & ?rive z long z on loamy soil1 & on s&y1 light soil x w be ( %ort duration )\t con/ant & judici\s irrigation4 ,aft] ! fir/ season1 we make two cutt+s a ye>1 & consid] two tons to ! acre ea* "t a good yield4 ,= hay1 we cut :5 ! fir/ crop is mod]ately ripe--say ne>ly 9 full bloom2 ! second crop & any lat] ones are cut :5 ! bloom fir/ %[s2 o!rwise ! l[] leaves w drop (f4 ,! fir/ crop is g5]ally pref]able = se$1 provid$ butt]flies & o!r insects h n injur$ ! bloom1 z !y (t5 d4 ,if ! second crop is us$ = se$1 x %\ld rip5 long] ?an ! fir/4 ,! crop = se$ is m[$1 w9dr[$ z soon z possible1 all[$ to dry 9 t /ate1 ga!r$ ) a h& =k1 load$ on hay wagons1 & put 9 /ack z g5tly z possible4 ,we f9d a good crop ( se$ a r>e ?+1 b use ! ord9>y ?re%+ outfit1 & turn out #hjj to #ajjj p\nds a day1 9 r>e in/ances d\ble t quantity1 ) a co/ = ?re%+ & clean+ ( ab\t #e c5ts a p\nd4 ,! hay we nev] put 9 b>ns1 b /ack 9 small1 n>r[ ricks1 to avoid dang] ( heat+1 endeavor+ to get x 9 ! rick z dry z possible1 ga!r+ 9 ! =5oons to avoid %ell+4 ,:5 we use our own press & m51 ! co/ ( bal+ does n exce$ #a p] ton4 ,! weight ( ! bale dep5ds on ! k9d ( press us$4 ,an av]age1 h&y bale weighs ab\t #aej to #age p\nds1 & we nev] h any tr\ble ab\t ! hay keep+ p]fectly 9 bales ( t size4 ,! av]age price p] ton = hay 9 our ,san ,francisco m>ket is ab\t #h to #aj2 ( se$1 by ! ton1 #h to #ab c5ts a p\nd1 #aj c5ts a p\nd be+ ab\t ! usual av]age price4 ,= fe$+ f>m animals1 good1 well-cur$ alfalfa hay is bett] ?an clov]4 ,= mil* /ock1 especially1 we consid] x fully z good z any o!r hay4 ,we f9d b little diff]5ce betwe5 ! /raw & ! hay1 & :ile all /ock l ! /raw bett]1 !re is no d\bt t ! hay conta9s ! m nutrim5t4 ,l all rank gr[?s1 alfalfa w produce d\ble "u irrigation1 & ! quantity w greatly ov]balance any possible improvem5t 9 quality )\t irrigation1 = ,i h f\nd little diff]5ce betwe5 t gr[n by irrigation & "u natural moi/ure4 ,= horses1 !re is no pa/ure bett] ?an ! alfalfa2 = %eep & cattle1 x sometimes works injury by way ( bloat1 caus$ by too rapid graz+1 especially :5 !re is dew1 ?9 cattle & "y /ock be+ mo/ liable4 ,cattle 9 high condition & c[s suckl+ or well =w>d 9 calf d n bloat4 ,z prev5tive ( ! bloat1 hay %\ld be kept 9 ! pa/ure :]e ! /ock c run to x1 & a good supply ( salt 9 tr\ghs to :i* !y h con/ant access4 ,! plant w n /& trampl+ by /ock unless ! surface ( ! gr\nd be entirely dry1 & we d n all[ %eep or cattle on ! fields dur+ c]ta9 /ages ( gr[? nor dur+ c]ta9 /ates ( ! wea!r4 ,we consid] ?is pa/ure bett] ?an clov] = sw9e1 especially :5 ! gr\nd has a smoo? surface1 b if ! soil is ( a s&y nature1 & all[$ to dry1 x is n s good4 ,! capacity p] acre dep5ds on ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! ga9 9 weight made by ! hogs dep5ds on ! bre$ & on ! com=t !y h4 ,we c raise hogs on alfalfa1 & by fe$+ !m two mon?s on gra9 7say b>ley1 :eat1 or ,egyptian corn7 !y w av]age1 :5 #aj mon?s old1 #bej p\nds1 gross4 ,j4 ,b4 ,de ,j>nette1 ,colusa c\nty4--,i h _h #aa ye>s' exp]i5ce ) alfalfa1 & h ab\t #ajj acres bord]+ on ! ,sacram5to riv]4 ,! soil ranges 9 dep? f #aj to #bj feet1 & re/s on a clay subsoil1 :ile wat] is rea*$ at a dep? ( f #ab to #bj feet4 ,9 s9k+ two wells on my place1 ! soil 0 f\nd z foll[s3 ,fir/ #ab feet1 decompos$ vegetable matt]2 #d feet ( quicks&2 #d feet ( clay loam2 #d feet ( h>dpan2 #af feet ( yell[ clay2 #f feet ( h>dpan2 #b feet ( black s&1 & at #dh feet1 co>se gravel4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be ?or\ghly pulv]iz$--! f9] ! bett]--aft] pl[+ at lea/ #ab in*es deep1 & !n se$$ ) n less ?an #be p\nds ( se$ to ! acre4 ,i h _h ! be/ results f s[+ 9 ! e>ly fall1 imm$iately aft] ! fir/ ra9s1 us+ ! 8,gem0 se$]1 h>r[+ 9 ) v light h>r[1 & roll+ ! gr\nd well4 ,! fir/ crop is usually q we$y1 & ( little value1 b ! second is bett]1 produc+ ab\t #a tons ( hay to ! acre1 if ! /& is good4 ,/ock ( all k9ds %\ld be kept (f ! fir/ ye>4 ,!re is no dang] "h ( w9t]kill+1 & by ! second ye> ! full yield is realiz$4 ,! l5g? ( "t ! plant cont9ues vigor\s dep5ds on ! treatm5t4 ,if pa/ur$ ext5sively1 x w require to be rese$$ 9 f five to eight ye>s2 b o!rwise x may g consid]ably long]4 ,i inv>iably obta9 ?ree crops a ye>1 av]ag+ p] acre = ! fir/ #b1 & = ! o!rs #a to #b tons4 ,i irrigate only 9 ! w9t]1 :5 ! riv] is bank full & ,i c turn 9 wat] f x4 ,alfalfa produces ! be/ results ) irrigation aft] ea* cutt+1 & 9 t case !re are five to sev5 cutt+s obta9able1 :]e ) w9t] flood+ ,i c secure ! ?ree only4 ,i m[ = hay z soon z ! bloom beg9s to develop1 rak+ 9 ! aft]noon foll[+ ! morn+ cutt+1 comm5ce haul+ ab\t ! ?ird day aft]1 & !n put 9 ! b>n ) pl5ty ( salt4 ,! ?ird crop is giv5 ! pref]5ce = se$1 & is h>ve/$ :5 ! plant is well matur$4 ,i let x cure 9 ! w9dr[s & haul to ! ?re%]1 h&l+ z little z possible4 ,! common yield ( se$ is f #ajj p\nds up1 accord+ to ! /&4 ,! co/ ( my hay1 on l& wor? #ajj to #aej p] acre1 does n exce$ #b p] ton1 & x sells = f #e to #h1 :ile se$ br+s f #h to #af c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! hay aft] ?re%+ is ( b little value4 ,! pa/ure is unque/ionably ! mo/ pr(itable ,i h ev] _h any exp]i5ce )1 support+ m /ock ( any k9d to ! acre ?an any o!r =age plant4 ,9 e>ly spr+1 cattle are liable to bloat on ! rank alfalfa1 b aft] ! fir/ ( ,june ,i h _h no tr\ble4 ,!re is no special difficulty 9 ridd+ l& ( ! plant1 & x is und\bt$ly z good = f]tiliz+ z ,r$ clov]4 ,,colorado ,jacob ,d[n+1 ,arapahoe c\nty4--,i introduc$ alfalfa into ,colorado 9 #ahfb1 & h betwe5 #ejj & #gjj acres4 ,x is on upl&1 clay1 s&y & loam soil1 ) "s adobe subsoil1 b mo/ly s&y loam2 x is g5]ally dry to s& rock1 & !n x is necess>y to drill #ej to #ajj feet to get wat]4 ,! plant w n ?rive :]e !re is h>dpan1 b w gr[ 9 any soil t is dry4 ,unlike mo/ o!r =age plants x d]ives consid]able n\ri%m5t f ! air & wat]1 ?\gh too mu* moi/ure w kill x4 ,aft] deep pl[+ & ?or\gh pulv]iz+ ( ! soil1 ! l& %\ld be scrap$ ?or\ghly smoo?1 z ?is _c be done aft] s[+1 & is ne$$ to make ! m[] "w smoo?ly4 ,i s[ ab\t #be p\nds to ! acre1 drill+ 9 ab\t two in*es deep1 #ab p\nds "o way1 & ! o!r #ab p\nds across x1 ?us mak+ an ev5 /&4 ,pref] to s[ 9 ! spr+1 e>ly4 ,aft] ! plant is eight in*es high1 x may be cut & us$ = fe$1 b is n v good4 ,aft] ?is !re w be no we$s4 ,x matures 9 ?ree ye>s1 & aft] t is good = se$4 ,i h se51 ne> ! city ( ,mexico1 fields ( alfalfa #cjj ye>s old t _h be5 con/antly cropp$ & nev] rese$$4 ,x w la/ #ajjj ye>s1 & possibly =ev]4 ,irrigate f /reams1 z is requir$2 :5 !re is a great deal ( heat & w9d1 probably ?ree times4 ,! wat] mu/ n run too long1 or ! plant w be kill$1 & ! l& %\ld be kept z dry z possible dur+ ! w9t]1 p>ticul>ly 9 cold climates1 z on wet soil alfalfa w9t]kills4 ,well wat] is bett] ?an ! /ream1 provid$ x is pump$ into a res]voir & all[$ to get w>m4 ,wat] is br\ght f ! /reams by dit*es4 ,less wat] c be us$ ! fir/ ye> ?an aft] ! plant is matur$4 ,i am five miles we/ ( ,d5v]1 & #ejj feet above ! city1 9 w>m valleys4 ,) pl5ty ( wat]1 ,i c obta9 ?ree cutt+s a ye>4 ,h rais$ z mu* z #c tons to ! acre at "o cutt+1 & my highe/ yield ( se$ p] acre has be5 n9e bu%els4 ,hay is cut :5 ! plant is 9 bloom1 cur$ until x is dry to ! t\* ( ! h&4 ,/ack+ by h& makes ! be/ hay1 z ma*9]y is likely to pack x 9 bun*es1 caus+ x to heat & become du/y4 ,hay 9 ! /ack co/s ab\t #a4ej p] ton4 ,bal+ co/s #b p] ton2 #ajj-p\nd bales are well e/eem$1 b x is probable t l>ge bales keep bett] ?an small1 if prop]ly cur$4 ,! se$ pod assumes ! =m ( a cornucopia1 &1 :5 ! se$ is ripe1 x is ( a ri* br[n or mahogany color4 ,! fir/ crop is pref]able = se$1 & %\ld be cut & /ack$ z ! hay is4 ,x c be left & ?re%$ :5 mo/ conv5i5t1 b ! long] x rema9s 9 ! /ack ! m easily its ?re%es4 ,! ord9>y ?re%+ ma*9e does = ! alfalfa1 b ! se$ mu/ be fann$ to be m>ketable4 ,six bu%els is a common yield1 & ! co/ ( ?re%+ & clean+ is probably #be c5ts p] bu%el4 ,! price ( hay has rang$ f #e to #ae p] ton1 & ( se$1 f #h to #bj c5ts p] p\nd4 ,! /raw has almo/ no value1 z x is cut up v f9e1 & c be us$ only :]e x is ?re%$2 if f$ !re1 x is v fatt5+4 ,= fe$+ horses = sl[ "w1 ! hay is bett] ?an clov] or timo?y4 ,= fatt5+ purposes1 x is ! be/ 9 ! _w1 =1 :ile ! animal lays on fat1 x is nev] fev]i%1 b always heal?y4 ,= pa/ur+ cattle & sw9e1 alfalfa is sup]ior to any?+ else1 &1 aft] x is m[n1 x makes v excell5t fe$ = horses & %eep4 ,if ! alfalfa is wet1 rum9ants pa/ur$ on x bloat & die v quickly4 ,x is n prop]ly a pa/ure plant1 & su* animals %\ld be kept away f x1 b ! hay1 prop]ly cur$1 is sup]ior to any o!r food rais$ = fatt5+ purposes4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ridd+ l& ( ! plant1 z a good team & %>p pl[ w cut x out )\t any tr\ble4 ,i h pl[$ fields ( alfalfa "u & put 9 oats1 obta9+ ?ree or f\r times ! usual yield1 & h kn[n ( #ej bu%els ( :eat to ! acre on brok5 alfalfa l&4 ,l4 ,w4 ,m>kham1 ,pr[]s c\nty4--,i h _h f\r ye>s' exp]i5ce ) alfalfa4 ,h "u my *>ge #ejj acres4 ,x is on bo? second bottom & upl&2 "p has clay subsoil1 o!r d>k loam1 & all has m or less s&4 ,wat] is rea*$ at f #aj to #dj feet1 & on l& n irrigat$ ! soil is dry all ! way d[n to ! wat] ve9s4 ,! pref]r$ "t = s[+ is ei!r ,april #a or ,augu/ #a4 ,h z good success "r on ! sod z on old l&4 ,if to raise se$ only1 #aj p\nds is suffici5t to ! acre2 = hay1 #bj p\nds is n too mu*4 ,se$ n m ?an two in*es deep4 ,ab\t ,june #ae cut we$s & tops ( "y alfalfa1 & !n irrigate well1 & y get "o-half to "o ton ( hay 9 ,septemb]4 ,x is be/ to n try = se$ ! fir/ ye>1 b give all ! /r5g? to ! roots4 ,x does n w9t]kill "h4 ,we irrigate f ! ,arkansas riv]1 & ! numb] ( irrigations dep5ds on ! soil4 ,! fir/ ye> requires twice z mu* wat] z lat] ones4 ,usually ?ree applications are ne$$3 9 e>ly spr+1 mid-summ]1 & late fall4 ,i h #afj acres n irrigat$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,we h ?ree cutt+s1 yield+ #a to #b tons p] acre ea*4 ,cut = hay j :5 com+ into full bloom1 & /ack 9 ! field--nev] 9 b>n--9 long ricks1 #ab feet wide by #hj to #abj feet long4 ,x w n heat 9 ! /ack4 ,let all pods become d>k br[n or black be=e cutt+ = se$4 ,! second crop is pref]able1 unless !re is a l>ge acreage1 :5 ,i take "o-half ! fir/ crop & "o-half ! second1 9 ord] to help ! f>m] out ) "w4 ,h m5 foll[ ! ma*9e closely1 & cock up1 to rema9 f\r or five days be=e /ack+4 ,nev] cut = se$ ) a m[+ ma*9e1 z y w lose "o-?ird ( ! crop 9 try+ to ga!r x4 ,! co/ ( alfalfa 9 ! /ack is n ov] #b at ! outside4 ,to bale--pref]ably 9 #hj-p\nd bales--co/s #a4ej p] ton4 ,an ord9>y yield ( se$ is five bu%els p] acre4 ,! co/ = ?re%+ is #fj c5ts p] bu%el4 ,!re is a special alfalfa hull]1 z ev5 ! ord9>y clov] hull] is n a success4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! av]age price paid ! f>m] = alfalfa se$ has be5 #d4ej p] bu%el1 & hay 9 ! /ack has sold = #c4ej to #e4 ,= fe$+ f>m animals1 alfalfa hay is f> m valuable ?an timo?y or clov]4 ,horses w "w & d well ! ye> r\nd on ! fir/ cutt+ ( alfalfa1 & no gra9 :atev]4 ,! pa/urage = hogs & cattle is f> bett] ?an clov]1 & is pr(itable & satisfactory = horses & %eep4 ,i h #bej hogs n[1 & raise !m to weigh #bjj p\nds on gre5 alfalfa alone2 turn ! s[s 9 ! lot 9 e>ly spr+2 !y raise _! "y1 & ,i nev] bo!r !m = eight mon?s at a "t1 z !y h pl5ty ( alfalfa & wat]4 ,put cattle on ! pa/ure 9 e>ly spr+ & let !m run1 & few1 if any1 w bloat2 b :5 !y are n us$ to x1 !y eat too fa/1 or too mu*1 & bloat4 ,! hay is n s good aft] x is ?re%$ z t cut e>li] = hay alone1 b ! /raw sells readily at #a4ej 9 ! /ack4 ,! /& gets bett] e ye> = hay1 & ,i "k ( fields 9 old ,mexico #fj ye>s old t h nev] be5 rese$$4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ridd+ l& ( ! plant if x is pl[$ "u eight in*es deep :ile gre54 ,x makes f> bett] gre5 manure ?an does r$ clov]4 ,on ! same qu>t] section1 :eat gr[n on old :eat l& produc$ #bj bu%els p] acre1 & t on brok5 alfalfa l& #ej bu%els p] acre4 ,,connecticut ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,j5k9s1 ,director ,connecticut exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa has be5 tri$ 9 a haphaz>d way 9 ,connecticut = _m ye>s & scatt]$ plants & colonies may (t5 be se5 9 f5ce corn]s & headl&s4 ,)9 five ye>s1 h[ev]1 "s f>m]s "u direction ( ! agricultural /ation at ,new ,hav51 or on _! own initiative1 h made m c>eful exp]im5ts & :ile failures are num]\s1 !re are at pres5t a numb] ( small areas well e/abli%$1 yield+ ?ree or f\r cutt+s ye>ly & highly valu$ by _! own]s4 ,on ! f>m ( ,c4 ,w4 ,bea* ( ,we/ ,h>t=d1 ,f4 ,h4 ,/admuell] _h = sev5 ye>s a consid]able field ( alfalfa :i* yield$ well & 0 us$ z a soil+ crop4 ,mr4 ,b>n>d ( ,nor? ,hav51 aft] repeat$ failures1 has a f9e field & fe$s x to bo? c[s & p\ltry4 ,! ,gaylord ,f>m sanatorium at ,wall+=d1 ,john ,mat?ies ( ,new ,mil=d & o!rs might be cit$ z successful gr[]s ( alfalfa4 ,x does well on a v>iety ( soils ) u4 ,lim+ heavily1 #aejj to #bjjj p\nds p] acre1 is a necessity4 ,"s =m ( inoculation ( ! soil is g5]ally requir$ & clean1 well-till$ l&4 ,we$s are ! wor/ enemy ( ! newly se$$ alfalfa & easily smo!r ! crop4 ,= t reason we pref] ,augu/ se$+1 us+ at lea/ #cj p\nds ( clean1 fre% se$4 ,x w pay to fall[ ! l&1 9 ord] to kill ! we$s be=e se$+ d[n4 ,?9 spots _c be successfully pat*$ by se$+ lat]4 ,great c>e 9 prep>+ ! l& pays ) a p]man5t crop l alfalfa4 ,,delaw>e ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,t4 ,neale1 ,director ,delaw>e exp]im5t /ation4--,tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i drill$ alfalfa 9 r[s #ah in*es ap>t1 & cultivat$ at int]vals ( t5 days until ! crop occupi$ ! gr\nd1 se$+ late 9 ,m>*1 say ! #bh?4 ,! fir/ cutt+ ( ne>ly #h tons ( gre5 =age p] acre 0 made n9e weeks lat]4 ,!reaft] f\r additional cutt+s 7 made t season1 result+ 9 a total yield ( #ba tons ( gre5 =age p] acre4 ,?is plot rema9$ 9 good pr(it1 all told1 = five ye>s4 ,an adjo9+ plot se$$ broadca/1 grew into a we$ crop ! fir/ ye>1 b dur+ f\r succe$+ ye>s 0 9 e respect ! equal ( its neighbor1 ! drill$ plot4 ,tw5ty simil> exp]im5ts made dur+ t ye> 9 z _m o!r sections ( ! /ate fail$ utt]ly4 ,! dates ( se$+ 7 9 e in/ance subsequ5t to ,m>* #bh1 b foll[$ ea* o!r z rapidly z m5 c\ld travel f po9t to po9t1 drill+ ! se$ on well & previ\sly prep>$ soil4 ,two ye>s lat] n9e simil> failures result$ f spr+ se$+s4 ,late summ] is n[ ! "t mo/ frequ5tly select$ = alfalfa se$+s1 b success is by no means inv>iably atta9$ ev5 !n4 ,lim+ has be5 ( s]vice 9 "o five-acre te/ conduct$ 9 ,k5t c\nty1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,dickson 9 co-op]ation ) ?is /ation4 ,! ?ird trial )9 f\r consecutive ye>s appe>s at pres5t to be a complete success4 ,! fir/ se$+ gave a satisfactory /&1 b ! plants di$ late 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! gr\nd 0 lim$ t summ]1 aft] ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! se$b$4 ,nitro-cultures f f$]al s\rces 7 us$ ^u portions ( ! se$1 & #ajjj p\nds ( soil p] acre f a successful alfalfa plantation 7 appli$ to ! o!r areas4 ,?is second se$+ also fail$4 ,! five-acre plot 0 !n pl[$1 :eat 0 drill$ & a fair crop result$4 ,! :eat 0 h>ve/$1 lime 0 aga9 us$ aft] ! se$b$ _h be5 prep>$1 & alfalfa se$ s[n z usual4 ,! crop ?is ye> has exce$$ anticipations4 ,! *eck /rip1 to :i* no lime :atev] has be5 appli$1 b ^u :i* nitro-cultures 7 us$1 c>ries no crop4 ,x w be disk$ aft] ! ?ird cutt+ ( alfalfa ?is ye>1 well lim$ & aga9 se$$4 ,,georgia ,pr(4 ,r4 ,j4 ,r$d+1 ,director ,georgia exp]im5t /ation4--,?is /ation has successfully cultivat$ alfalfa = #ab ye>s1 & we h nev] f\nd x necess>y to inoculate :5 we h s[n ! se$ on ri*1 well prep>$ l&4 ,! plants at once became suppli$ ) nitrog5 tub]cles & grew z luxuriantly z might be expect$ f ! quality ( ! l&4 ,our practice is to f]tilize annually 9 ,janu>y or ,febru>y by s[+ f #hjj to #ajjj p\nds ( acid phosphate & "o-f\r? z mu* muriate ( pota% p] acre4 ,we run a cutaway h>r[ ov] ! alfalfa two or ?ree times 9 diff]5t directions4 ,we !n use a smoo?+ h>r[ & f9ally a heavy roll]4 ,?is puts ! l& 9 good %ape = ! m[+ ma*9e & at ! same "t de/roys we$s t come up dur+ ! fall & e>ly w9t]4 ,i believe t x is n desirable to cont9ue l& 9 alfalfa m ?an six or eight ye>s1 because ( ! impossibility ( prev5t+ infe/ation ( we$s to su* ext5t z to v greatly dim9i% ! yield ( alfalfa4 ,we h a plot gr[+1 t 0 s[n ab\t ,april #aj1 :i* seems to be z favorable a "t z any1 provid$ !re %all be "o or two good ra9s to give ! "y plants a />t4 ,! ma9 factors 9 success are3 ,fir/1 a deep1 well-prep>$ & well-dra9$ soil1 made v ri*2 & second1 good se$1 c>efully s[n & repeat$ m[+s at ! prop] "t4 ,,idaho ,h4 ,w4 ,kief]1 ,b+ham c\nty4--,i h gr[n alfalfa 9 ,idaho1 "u irrigation1 = #ab ye>s4 ,h #dj acres on second bottom1 heavy clay soil = #ab feet4 ,?is subsoil pulv]izes by ! action ( ! air1 & w produce a good crop ( small gra94 ,wat] is rea*$ at #ajj feet4 ,! #ab feet ( clay is dry2 ! gravel & s& bel[ are m or less moi/ till wat] is rea*$4 ,l& hav+ produc$ two successive crops ( small gra9 is pref]r$ = alfalfa4 ,s[ #bj p\nds1 9 ! spr+1 & cov] lightly ) h>r[1 bru%1 or drag1 or roll4 ,! plants %\ld be vigor\s en\gh to *oke out we$s4 ,am\nt ( hay obta9$ ! fir/ ye> is gov]n$ by conditions & treatm5t4 ,:5 sudd5 freez+ & ?aw+ occur1 x is liable to w9t]kill4 ,! frequ5cy ( our irrigation is gov]n$ by ! ra9fall1 b is usually done :5 ! gr\nd is dry1 )\t reg>d to /age ( gr[?1 all[+ ! wat] to run until ! soil is wet ! dep? ( a spade2 usually av]age two irrigations to ea* cutt+4 ,our supply ( wat] comes f ,snake riv] & tribut>ies1 :i* furni% suffici5t = ! ,snake riv] valley4 ,h notic$ no diff]5ce 9 am\nt ( wat] requir$ dur+ fir/ or lat] ye>s1 except z affect$ by ! am\nt ( ra9fall4 ,we get ?ree cutt+s1 av]ag+ ab\t five tons = ! season1 cutt+ = hay :5 9 bloom1 & = se$ :5 se$ is matur$1 :i* g5]ally requires ! entire season to mature 9 ?is locality4 ,! se$ crop %\ld be h&l$ z little z possible1 to avoid loss ( se$4 ,alfalfa %\ld cure at lea/ two days1 &1 if dry1 w n mold 9 /ack4 ,! co/ ( alfalfa hay1 if irrigat$1 is ab\t #b p] ton4 ,co/ ( bal+1 #a4ge p] ton1 9 bales weigh+ #ge to #ajj p\nds1 ! keep+ be+ gov]n$ m by ! solidity ?an size ( bale4 ,dur+ ! pa/ six ye>s1 hay has av]ag$ ab\t #d p] ton1 9 ! /ack1 & se$ ab\t #h c5ts p] p\nd4 ,alfalfa makes satisfactory pa/urage = %eep & horses4 ,cattle are liable to bloat1 b1 if tak5 9 "t1 may be reliev$ ) a gag1 & by ex]cise :i* w cause ! gases to escape2 ! knife is us$ z a la/ resort4 ,! /raw f :i* se$ has be5 ?re%$ has ab\t ! same value z gre5 oat /raw4 ,! v>i\s soils "h appe> equally favorable to longevity4 ,usually ! ?ird ye> gives ab\t ! be/ yield4 ,if n damag$ by freez+1 x w n ne$ rese$+ = #aj or #ae ye>s4 ,we h no tr\ble 9 ridd+ l& ( alfalfa4 ,we cut a hay crop1 & pl[ "u1 = spr+ :eat1 ) good results4 ,our be/ alfalfa l& is clay1 :i* requires moi/ure1 artificial or natural4 ,our be/ yields h be5 six tons p] acre = ! season4 ,! fe$+ qualities ( ! hay h be5 well e/abli%$4 ,james ,ott]son1 ,logan c\nty4--,h _h #ab ye>s' exp]i5ce gr[+ alfalfa on sagebru% l&1 t w gr[ no?+ b sagebru% )\t irrigation4 ,x is f9e1 s&y loam1 ext5d+ d[n #f to #aj feet1 :]e lava is enc\nt]$1 :i* is f #a to #ajj feet deep4 ,! soil is dry until wat] is /ruck1 :i* is at a dep? ( f #ajj to #bjj feet4 ,!re is no wat] 9 ! soil4 ,:5 prep>+ = alfalfa1 we pl[ well1 level ! gr\nd1 & s[ #ae to #bj p\nds ( se$ p] acre1 & h>r[ lightly1 or bru% x 94 ,s[ z e>ly z ! gr\nd c be work$--ab\t ,m>* #a4 ,! fir/ crop1 if prop]ly h&l$1 w yield f ?ree to five tons p] acre2 x w h m or less sunfl[]s1 :i* are a protection :ile ! plant is gett+ a />t4 ,x seldom w9t]kills4 ,we irrigate by flood+ ! gr\nd twice ea* season f a /ream4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye>1 ?ree cutt+s are _h2 #b tons p] acre ! fir/2 #a to #b ! second2 & "o ton p] acre ! ?ird4 ,cut = hay z soon z well blossom$4 ,x gr[s too rank "h = se$4 ,hay %\ld cure 9 f "o to two days1 &1 if prop]ly cur$1 /ack z o!r hay4 ,alfalfa co/s1 9 /ack1 #c p] ton4 ,! size ( bales is immat]ial1 except 9 fitt+ c>s4 ,prices = hay h rang$ f #e to #aj p] ton2 = se$1 f #g to #ae c5ts p] p\nd4 ,x is ! be/ hay 9 use = f>m animals4 ,horses w ?rive on x )\t gra91 if prop]ly h&l$4 ,= sw9e pa/ure x is f> ahead ( clov]4 ,x is satisfactory = %eep4 ,9 "s localities x w cause cattle to bloat2 z a prev5tive1 fe$ well ) dry hay be=e turn+ !m on ! pa/ure4 ,deep soil is ! be/ = ! long life ( ! plant4 ,! second ye> x is at its be/1 &1 if prop]ly h&l$1 & does n w9t]kill1 w la/ = all "t4 ,x is mu* bett] ?an ,r$ clov] = gre5 manure4 ,,ill9ois ,pr(4 ,c4 ,g4 ,hopk9s1 ,agronomi/ ,ill9ois exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa is be+ introduc$ into ,ill9ois to a consid]able ext5t4 ,v c>eful & some:at ext5sive inve/igations conduct$ by ! exp]im5t /ation1 beg9n+ 9 #aija1 h positively e/abli%$ ! fact t alfalfa c be gr[n 9 ?is /ate on sev]al ( our mo/ abundant types ( soil4 ,z a rule1 x is m>k$ly advantage\s to ?or\ghly inoculate ! soil ) alfalfa bact]ia1 pref]ably by tak+ infect$ soil f a well-e/abli%$ alfalfa field1 :]e root tub]cles are f\nd 9 abundance or f l& :]e ,sweet clov] 7melilotus71 has be5 gr[+ successfully = sev]al ye>s4 ,infect$ ,sweet clov] soil s]ves j z well z infect$ alfalfa soil = ! inoculation ( alfalfa fields4 ,z a rule1 ! be/ results are secur$ f summ] se$+4 ,! l& %\ld be ?or\ghly prep>$ & made z free f we$s & f\l grass z possible & !n se$$ betwe5 ,june #ae & ,augu/ #ae1 if ! conditions are favorable4 ,"u exceptional conditions good results are obta9$ f e>li] & lat] se$+4 ,?ree cutt+s are usually obta9$ 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! /ate & f\r 9 ! s\!rn "p4 ,! av]age yield is five or six tons p] acre4 ,a lib]al use ( f>m manure 9 gett+ ! alfalfa />t$ is advantage\s & on "s soils ! application ( lime is necess>y 9 ord] to correct ! acidity ( ! soil4 ,z a rule1 ! yield is increas$ by add+ to ! soil "s =m ( phosphor\s4 ,a yield ( #h tons ( ?or\ghly air-dry hay has be5 obta9$ :]e a special ef=t has be5 made to make ! conditions favorable4 ,,indiana ,c4 ,m4 ,g9!r1 ,wayne c\nty writes 9 ,orange ,judd ,f>m]1 ,july #h1 #aije3--8,up to la/ ye> !re _h n be5 half a doz5 attempts to gr[ alfalfa 9 ,wayne c\nty1 n because !re 0 no desire on ! "p ( ! f>m]s to raise ! crop1 b because ! f>m]s knew absolutely no?+ ab\t ! me?ods to pursue 9 ord] to get a fair /&4 ,la/ ye>1 h[ev]1 a numb] ( agriculturi/s 9 ! c\nty det]m9$ to try ! crop4 ,a mile we/ ( ,ri*mond lies ! f>m ( ,j4 ,h4 ,holl+swor?1 a well-kn[n f>m]1 ^: practical ideas ab\t f>m+ h giv5 him a local reputation4 ,he is an advocate ( int5sive f>m+ & cultivates 8 crops 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]4 ,he keeps a h]d ( dairy cattle & 9 8 se>* = m economical food ?an mill /uffs & clov] hay1 he decid$ to try alfalfa & fe$ x ) a ration ( corn meal4 ,he _h a tract ( five acres4 ,?is l& 0 a clay loam ) a good mixture ( s&4 ,x 0 n und]dra9$1 & ,mr4 ,holl+swor? believes ! result w\ld h be5 bett] _h !re be5 a ?or\gh sy/em ( und]dra9age4 ,! soil is :at is kn[n "h z sug> tree l&4 ,ab\t ,may #a ( la/ ye>1 ! tract 0 pl[$ mod]ately & !n roll$4 ,dur+ ! previ\s w9t] a heavy top-dress+ ( b>ny>d manure _h be5 appli$ to two acres = ! purpose ( comp>ison4 ,"o week lat] ! roll] 0 run ov] x aga94 ,aft] ?is ! gr\nd 0 ?or\ghly torn up ) a two-horse cultivator4 ,?is 0 = ! purpose ( kill+ ! we$s1 :i* _h be5 giv5 "t to take a />t4 ,aft] ! cultivator _h ?or\ghly torn up ! gr\nd1 ! field 0 h>r[$ twice bo? ways4 ,x 0 !n roll$1 & pron\nc$ 9 fir/-class condition4 ,! we$s _h succumb$ to ^! repeat$ attacks & b v few appe>$ 9 ! crop lat]4 ,?is ?or\gh prep>ation ( ! gr\nd is absolutely necess>y = ! successful />t+ ( alfalfa4 ,x is a fa/idi\s plant1 requir+ ! mo/ favorable surr\nd+s 9 its e>ly life1 b gradually gr[s q robu/ & /rong4 ,its e>ly weeks seem to be ! critical "t 9 its life1 & if x c once be />t$ well its ?rifty nature w ass]t itself & x w gr[ ) amaz+ rapidity4 ,on ,june #aa ! se$ 0 plant$4 ,x 0 s[n broadca/ & h>r[$ 9 lightly4 ,"o hundr$ p\nds pure alfalfa se$ 7 s[n1 :i* 0 #bj p\nds to ! acre4 ,! exp]i5ce ( _m o!rs is t #ae p\nds p] acre is bett]4 ,! se$ 0 fir/ treat$ ) bact]ia1 procur$ f ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture at ,wa%+ton1 & :5 ! se$s 7 ?or\ghly dry1 !y 7 plant$4 ,exactly five weeks aft] ! se$ 0 plant$1 ! crop 0 #a foot high & cov]$ ! gr\nd ev]y:]e4 ,on t day x 0 clipp$ fir/ & lat] giv5 two m clipp+s dur+ ! season4 ,! effect ( ! clipp+ 0 to cause ! crop to become m /alky1 & spread out m ov] ! gr\nd4 ,none ( ! crop 0 remov$ f ! soil la/ ye>1 ! ?ree clipp+s be+ all[$ to rema9 ab\t ! roots z a mul*4 ,?is 0 reg>d$ z highly important & its effect 0 noticeable 9 ! p]fect mann] 9 :i* ! crop pass$ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,e>ly ?is spr+ x />t$ to gr[ & on ,april #ah ! plants av]ag$ #ab in*es high all ov] ! tract4 ,mr4 ,holl+swor? is a firm believ] 9 ! efficacy ( ! bact]ial treatm5t ( ! se$ be=e plant+4 ,he attributes ! wond]ful gr[? ( ?is crop to ! effect ( ! organisms produc$ by inoculation4 ,x is int]e/+ to note ! effect ( ! top-dress+ :i* 0 appli$ to two acres ( ! tract4 ,! crop on t "p ( ! gr\nd is l>g] & m luxuriant ?an ! "p t receiv$ no dress+4 ,! crop all ov] ! tract appe>s vigor\s & heal?y1 b ! two acres %[ a decid$ improvem5t & sup]iority40 ,illu/ration3 ,cutt+ ,alfalfa 9 ,s\!rn ,cali=nia ,illu/ration3 ,bail+ ,alfalfa 9 ,s\!rn ,oklahoma ,illu/ration3 ,a #djj-ton ,rick ( ,alfalfa 9 ,malheur ,c\nty1 s\!a/]n ,oregon4 ,dim5sions1 #djjx#cjx#bf feet ,illu/ration3 ,a ,cable ,d]rick1 ,provid$ ) a ,grapple ,=k ,! cable is support$ by poles at ! ends1 & ^! 9 turn by guy ropes ,f>m]s ,guide says3--,) alfalfa m g5]ally gr[n ?r\gh\t ,indiana we are he>+ less compla9t reg>d+ hay crop failures4 ,9 fact1 "s f>m]s :o h tak5 our advice & tri$ ! crop are n[ say+ t !y are hav+ all !y c d to take c>e ( _! crops ( hay4 ,?9k ( cutt+ f\r or ev5 ?ree crops ( good hay f ! same area ea* season4 ,isn't x wor? be+ busy & n go+ fi%+ :5 a f>m] c d t8 ,x means an enorm\s sav+ 9 high-pric$ l& :5 t5 acres w produce z mu* hay z ?irty or m =m]ly did1 & hay bett] 9 quality also4 ,& !n1 ?9k ( keep+ a field 9 mead[ ?irty1 =ty1 or m ye>s & hav+ x gr[+ bett] ea* ye>4 ,!re is n mu* necessity = crop rotation "u ^? conditions1 is !re8 especially :5 e season means ?ree or f\r crops ( good hay4 ,b t is ! way ) alfalfa & ! m f>m]s get ( x ! m !y usually want4 ,we are glad s _m ,indiana f>m]s are gett+ busy ) ?is crop1 & !re is no "q ( its keep+ !m busy if !y w only give x a trial4 ,,i[a4 ,pr( ,m4 ,l4 ,b[man1 ,dep>tm5t ,f>m ,crops1 ,i[a exp]im5t /ation4--,we are receiv+ v good results f ! alfalfa :i* is be+ gr[n at ?is /ation1 mak+ f ?ree to f\r cutt+s ea* season ) ! yield rang+ f #d to #g tons to ! acre4 ,f "o field1 se$$ 9 ,augu/1 #aije1 ! fir/ cutt+ 0 tak5 ,june #aa1 #aijf1 & yield$ #b4ag tons p] acre4 ,two o!r cutt+s 7 made4 ,we believe alfalfa is sure to become "o ( ,i[a's great crops z desirable results are be+ obta9$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! /ate :]e l& is prop]ly se$$4 ,we take great pa9s to see t ! gr\nd is 9 good physical condition & t ! se$ is s[n 9 late summ]1 "s "t betwe5 ,augu/ #e & #ae1 s t ! "y plants w make suffici5t gr[? to )/& ! w9t]4 ,if ! se$+ takes place 9 ! fall1 ! alfalfa plants w n make suffici5t gr[? to )/& ! w9t]4 ,alfalfa %\ld n be pa/ur$ ! fir/ season4 ,! gr[? f se$+ "t until w9t] sets 9 %\ld be #f to #h in*es & %\ld be left on ! gr\nd = w9t] protection4 ,a nurse crop %\ld n be us$4 ,alfalfa w n d well on l[1 wet gr\nd1 b mu/ h l& t is well dra9$4 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! /ate x may be s[n 9 ! spr+1 & 9 ?is case desirable results h be5 secur$ by us+ a nurse crop4 ,if oats are us$ at all1 !y %\ld be an e>ly v>iety4 ,:eat or b>ley is mu* bett]4 ,!y are n s likely to lodge4 ,if ! nurse crop is heavy1 a poor /& ( alfalfa is almo/ sure to foll[4 ,n m ?an "o-half ! usual am\nt ( gra9 %\ld be s[n to ! acre4 ,bett] results may be expect$ if no nurse crop is us$4 ,9 ?is case1 x w be necess>y = ! we$s to be m[$ d[n two or ?ree times dur+ ! summ]1 s t ! alfalfa w n be *ok$ out4 ,x is bett] to s[ 9 ! spr+ ?an late 9 ! fall4 ,late summ] se$+ is ! be/4 ,! foll[+ ye> x w be fre] f we$s & h a bett] /& ?an t :i* 0 s[n ! spr+ be=e4 ,corn/alk gr\nd :i* 0 well manur$ ! ye> be=e = corn is g5]ally us$ = spr+ se$+4 ,! /alks %\ld fir/ be remov$4 ,! field may !n be ?or\ghly disk$ & h>r[$4 ,! se$ %\ld be s[n ab\t ! middle ( ,april4 ,,kansas4 ,c4 ,d4 ,p]ry1 ,cl>k c\nty4--,9 #ahhg1 ,i s[$ #bjj acres ( alfalfa1 & n[ h #bgj acres4 ,?is is ne>ly all on second bottom l&1 ) black1 s&y loam1 black s&1 & gumbo4 ,! l& is l>gely 8made0 l&1 ab\t #f to #ab feet ( good soil1 ) gumbo only on top = #ab or #ad in*es4 ,on ! heavy l& ! dry soil beg9s at ! top1 &1 at ! break+ ( ! sod1 ext5d$ d[n eight or n9e feet4 ,wat] is f\nd at a dep? ( #ab to #ba feet4 ,we irrigate mo/ ( our crop f ! ,cim>ron riv]4 ,! fir/ "t ! l& is wat]$ x takes f two to five times z mu* wat] z is requir$ lat]1 & n[ we f9d ! be/ results are obta9$ by wat]+ ab\t #aj days be=e cutt+1 us+ ?ree or f\r in*es ( wat]4 ,!re is no damage by fro/1 except on l[1 wet l&4 ,)\t irrigation1 ,i %\ld d\ble pl[ ! gr\nd be=e se$+1 hav+ "o pl[ foll[ ! o!r 9 ! same furr[1 & go+ z deep z possible4 ,se$ by drill+ "o-half to "o in* deep1 #aj p\nds to ! acre = se$1 #bj p\nds = hay1 & #cj p\nds = pa/ure1 usually ab\t ,m>* #ae "h4 ,we m[ ! we$s ! fir/ ye> be=e !y se$1 leav+ !m on ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ?is1 !re w be a yield ( ?ree-f\r?s to two tons ( hay1 or "o to six bu%els ( se$ to ! acre1 dep5d+ on ! season4 ,9 two or ?ree ye>s ! plant is at its be/1 & does n seem to ne$ rese$+ aft] t4 ,we h f ?ree to five crops a ye> dep5d+ on promptness 9 wat]+ & cutt+4 ,any lat] cutt+ is bett] ?an ! fir/ = se$1 &1 be=e cutt+1 two-?irds ( ! se$ pods %\ld be black4 ,we m[1 !n rake & cock at once1 /ack+ z soon z well cur$4 ,hay %\ld be cut :5 x is com+ into bloom4 ,to make good hay1 let x lie = half a day 7if dry wea!r71 !n rake & cock1 & let cure ?or\ghly4 ,we /ack 9 long ricks1 & x keeps well4 ,! alfalfa l& is valu$ at #ej an acre1 & ! f\r irrigations co/ #be c5ts ea*2 ! e/imat$ co/ ( ! alfalfa 9 ! /ack is #b4ae a ton4 ,an av]age yield ( se$ is ?ree bu%els to ! acre1 & ! co/ ( ?re%+ & clean+ x is #hj c5ts a bu%el4 ,hay has sold = #e a ton1 & se$ = #f1 #h & #aj c5ts a p\nd4 ,! ?re%$ hay is n s good z t cut e>li]1 b cattle eat x all clean4 ,! pa/ure is excell5t = horses1 hogs1 & cattle4 ,if ! alfalfa is wet1 x is liable to cause bloat+ ) %eep2 = cattle1 !re is n mu* dang]1 except = ! fir/ few days !y are turn$ on4 ,if ! animal is se5 9 "t1 x may be reliev$ by driv+ ar\nd1 b if too bad to be help$ 9 t way1 x ne$s ! troc>4 ,i h _h #ej hogs on six acres ( pa/ure ?is summ]1 & h #ej pigs1 #c to #ab weeks old2 us$ two bu%els ( gr\nd :eat & b>ley ea* day1 & ?9k ,i c\ld h _h z _m m hogs on ! pa/ure4 ,! sod is v h>d to pl[1 b x c be kill$4 ,on a piece ( hog pa/ure pl[$ "u1 ,i rais$ #gj bu%els ( b>ley to ! acre4 ,my alfalfa seems to d ! be/ on black1 s&y l& & on gumbo1 ) s& or op5 subsoil bel[4 ,j4 ,r4 ,black%]e1 ,*ase c\nty4--,i began ) alfalfa 9 #ahge1 by s[+ #a bu%els ( se$ b\ght 9 ,san ,francisco1 at ! rate ( #ba p] bu%el4 ,z ! g]m9ation 0 defective1 or ! se$ gr[n s f> away 0 n adapt$ to our soil or climatic conditions1 a good /& 0 n at fir/ obta9$1 b ,i n[ h #gjj acres on ,cottonwood riv] bottom l&1 hav+ a clay subsoil und]laid by a lay] ( s& #bj feet bel[1 & ) a good portion ( gumbo1 :]e ! be/ alfalfa gr[s4 ,! soil is n especially moi/ until wat]1 #bj to #cj feet bel[1 is rea*$4 ,my be/ results h be5 obta9$ on corn l&1 cutt+ across ! r[s ) a disk h>r[1 level+ ) a plank drag1 & s[+1 aft] dang] ( freez+ is pa/1 #bj p\nds ( se$ p] acre ) a disk hav+ se$] atta*m5t1 be+ sure to h all ! se$ cov]$4 ,i cut ! we$s (f ) a m[]1 & leave !m on ! gr\nd4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye> my av]age product annually = #aj or #ab ye>s has be5 ab\t five tons p] acre4 ,t p]mitt$ to rip5 se$ yields ?ree to five bu%els p] acre4 ,i d n irrigate4 ,! plant w ?rive on upl& hav+ a clay subsoil )\t a /ratum ( h>dpan4 ,graz$ closely late 9 ! fall1 x is liable to die out 9 a dry w9t]4 ,b5j4 ,br[n1 ,osborne c\nty4--,i h _h f\r ye>s' exp]i5ce ) alfalfa gr[+ 9 ?is c\ntry1 & h also gr[n x 9 ,engl&1 )\t any irrigation1 & n[ h #de acres4 ,! l& is bottom ris+ to second bottom1 ) vegetable loam & "s gumbo 9 ! upp] portion1 & loam subsoil1 simil> to surface1 b some:at pal]1 = #ae feet d[n4 ,well wat] is f\nd by digg+ #aa to #bb feet ?r\gh ! soil1 :i* is usually moi/ except 9 dry wea!r1 :5 ! upp] two or ?ree feet are n4 ,x has be5 f\nd be/ to pl[ six in*es deep1 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb]2 to roll or level ) a heavy float ab\t ,april #ae1 !n h>r[1 & broadca/ #be p\nds 7or drill #bj p\nds7 ( se$ to ! acre4 ,i broadca/ all ( m9e1 & h>r[ & roll or level4 ,! be/ "t = s[+ "h is ,april #ad to #cj1 z x almo/ inv>iably ra9s "h ab\t ,april #bj1 & fro/s h nev] hurt my crop1 nor does x w9t]kill4 ,m[ fir/ :5 ! we$s are six to n9e in*es high1 &1 if wor? haul+1 /ack2 if n1 let lie2 g5]ally m[ aga9 ab\t ,july #d to #bj1 & /ack2 !re may be "o-f\r? to "o-half ton ( hay p] acre4 ,! second season we cut ?ree times1 unless we rip5 se$1 & obta9 f "o-f\r? to "o ton ea* cutt+2 aft] ?is x gr[s ab\t a foot high by ,octob]4 ,= hay1 m[ z soon z ab\t half full ( fl[]s1 rake ! same morn+1 & haul 9 "o or two days1 z ! leaves fall if dry4 ,x does n heat nor mold "h if ! sap is half out & ! /raw long2 ,i use ! 8,acme0 hay h>ve/]1 mak+ /acks ) r\nd$ ends1 n9e /eps long by five wide1 & top out ) /raw or hay1 tak+ c>e to keep ! middle well fill$4 ,! total co/ ( hay 9 /ack is ab\t #a4ej p] ton1 ! l& be+ valu$ at #ae p] acre1 or #fj ) a good /& ( alfalfa4 ,! hay has sold = #d to #f p] ton dur+ ! pa/ f\r ye>s4 ,! be/ crop = se$ dep5ds on ! wea!r2 sometimes ! fir/ fl[]s set be/1 & aga9 ! lat] ones d bett]2 on my bottom l& ! plant gr[s too l>ge = se$1 unless 9 a dry "t4 ,if se$ is ripe1 cut only :ile damp or 9 ! e>ly morn+1 rake into r[s imm$iately or e>ly ! next morn+1 haul ) a 8,mon>*0 rake1 & use a /ack]4 ,la/ ye> & ye> be=e ,i obta9$ f\r bu%els ( se$ to ! acre1 & x co/ me #fj c5ts p] bu%el = clean+4 ,us$ ord9>y ?re%+ outfit1 & set h9d end ( ?re%] #aj in*es l[] ?an front4 ,! se$ has sold "h dur+ f\r ye>s = #e to #h p] bu%el4 ,horses & %eep %\ld n be pa/ur$ on ! alfalfa1 z x pays to m[ & haul x to !m1 ei!r gre5 or dry4 ,x makes good pa/urage = cattle1 b !y mu/ n be turn$ on :5 ! gr\nd is froz51 nor :5 !y are hungry1 z x is necess>y to />t !m gradually to avoid bloat+4 ,m9e nev] h bloat$1 & ,i fe$ mil* c[s 9 ! e>ly spr+ & on ! f\r? crop 9 ! fall4 ,alfalfa rip5$ & ?re%$ has little value1 z x breaks up into du/ & *aff4 ,my /& improv$ e ye>2 0 ab\t at its be/ ! six? ye>1 & cont9ues ab\t ! same = an indef9ite "t4 ,if x gets a fair />t1 & is cut ?ree times1 a good /& c be kept2 b if x is pa/ur$1 & ! we$s are n eat51 x is apt to ?9 itself4 ,a neighbor pl[$ "u alfalfa = gre5 manure1 b ! next ye> x grew up z ?ick & /rong z if n pl[$4 ,we d n ne$ manure "h4 ,i h se5 sev]al pieces ( fairly good alfalfa on high prairie1 ) "s gumbo 9 ! soil1 b x gr[s be/ :]e ! subsoil is fairly op54 ,upl& is g5]ally be/ = se$1 z ! plants %\ld gr[ only "o to two feet high1 & m9e on ! bottom gr[s #b to #c aft] ! second ye>4 ,i ?9k !re is no o!r crop "h to comp>e ) alfalfa4 ,my ?ird ye>'s crop cle>$ me ov] #bj p] acre4 ,i h kn[n ( n9e bu%els ( se$ on "o acre1 & h he>d ( #ae 9 ?is c\nty4 ,my bottom l&s w gr[ ?ree good crops ( hay almo/ )\t ra91 & kill out all ! we$s4 ,,k5tucky ,pr(4 ,h4 ,g>man1 ,botani/ ,k5tucky exp]im5t /ation4--,we h gr[n alfalfa on ! exp]im5t f>m = a good _m ye>s & h be5 impress$ ) its _m good qualities1 al?\gh we h n f\nd x z well adapt$ to our soil & climate z x appe>s to be 9 ! we/]n /ates4 ,9 our small exp]im5tal plots1 on good soil1 x has rec5tly done rem>kably well4 ,?is is p>tly ! result ( und]/&+ x bett] ?an =m]ly1 & p>tly due to ! c>e :i* ^! plots receive4 ,la/ ye> we h>ve/$1 f "s ( !m1 hay at ! rate ( f #f4cb to #aj4jc tons p] acre4 ,! same plots are yield+ v well ?is season1 b ,i ?9k w n produce q z mu* hay z la/ ye>1 ?\gh !y look v well at pres5t4 ,f>m]s 9 ?is /ate are becom+ int]e/$ 9 alfalfa1 /imulat$ by ! reports made to !m at f>m]s' in/itutes1 & urg$ by failure to gr[ ,r$ clov] successfully 9 "s p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,b ?us f> !y h n met ) uni=m success4 ,"p ( ?is is due to a lack ( acqua9tance ) ! plant & "p may be attribut$ to our climate4 ,a few m5 h be5 gr[+ alfalfa successfully = eight or #aj ye>s1 & ,i c see no reason :y _m o!rs %\ld n succe$ ) x4 ,! *ief difficulty appe>s to come 9 gett+ a />t4 ,alfalfa1 ?or\ghly />t$1 holds its own bett] ?an ,r$ clov] & yields mu* m =age4 ,! value ( ! =age is recogniz$ by ev]ybody1 & ,i expect to see 9 ! c\rse ( ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury a mu* l>g] acreage s[n 9 ,k5tucky4 ,,l\isiana4 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r4 ,dodson1 ,director ,l\isiana exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa has be5 gr[n by ! ,l\isiana /ations s9ce #ahhg4 ,at ! "t ! /ations 7 e/abli%$ !re 0 little or no alfalfa gr[n 9 ! /ate4 ,f ! v fir/ exp]im5ts conduct$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,/ubbs1 x 0 app>5t t ! plant 0 well suit$ to ! alluvial l&s ( ! ,mississippi & ,r$ riv]s4 ,dr4 ,/ubbs nev] lo/ an opportunity to advocate its culture1 & ! great progress made 9 secur+ its ext5sive cultivation is l>gely due to 8 ef=ts4 ,alfalfa is n[ ext5sively gr[n 9 ! ,r$ riv] bottoms1 & a v l>ge p]c5tage ( ! sug> plant]s gr[ x = soil+ & = hay = ! plantation mules4 ,we get f f\r to sev5 cutt+s p] ye>4 ,! av]age is ab\t #a tons = ! fir/ ?ree cutt+s1 b less = ! la/ cutt+s4 ,! /ation "o ye> secur$ a h>ve/ ( #ab tons ( cur$ hay p] acre2 six tons 9 a season is a good yield4 ,7 x n t "o or m ( ^! cutt+s w fall due dur+ a ra9y season1 :5 x is difficult to cure hay1 we w\ld g into ! bus9ess v ext5sively 9 ?is /ate4 ,z to ! quality ( ! hay or =age1 !re is no "q ab\t its place at ! head ( ! li/ ( desirable =age crops4 ,! sug> plant]s f9d x especially desirable to mix ) _! *eap molasses1 z ! =m] is ri* 9 prote9 & ! latt] ri* 9 c>bohydrates4 ,9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! /ate be/ results are secur$ by plant+ 9 ! fall4 ,9 ! nor!rn portion good results are secur$ f e>ly spr+ plant+4 ,we use f #be to #cj p\nds ( se$ to ! acre4 ,"s plant]s use m ?an ?is4 ,l& t is lea/ suit$ = gr[+ corn 9 ,l\isiana1 because ( its /iffness1 is ! v be/ l& = alfalfa4 ,:]e ! crop has once be5 us$ & ! local supply runs %ort1 x is %ipp$ 9 f ,colorado to supply ! dem&4 ,x is sell+ n[ = #ae a ton4 ,no bett] te/imonial ne$ be giv5 ( ! p's e/imate ( its value4 ,,massa*usetts4 ,pr(4 ,william ,p4 ,brooks1 ,director ,hat* exp]im5t /ation4--,our exp]im5ts ) alfalfa h be5 cont9u$ bo? ^u our own gr\nds & ^? ( a few select$ f>ms 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ate4 ,we are br++ to be> ^u ^! exp]im5ts in=mation 9 reg>d to successful me?ods f e possible s\rce4 ,we f9d 9 all cases a di/9ct b5efit f a heavy initial application ( lime4 ,we h us$ f #b1jjj to #c1jjj p\nds p] acre4 ,we are enri*+ soils already naturally good by heavy applications bo? ( manures & f]tiliz]s1 us+ mat]ials :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ be/4 ,we are also giv+ ! soil a mo/ ?or\gh prep>atory tillage4 ,x has usually be5 fall-pl[$1 & 9 addition x is pl[$ 9 ! spr+1 & repeat$ly h>r[$ to de/roy we$s :i* />t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season4 ,we h tri$ inoculat+ ! soil1 bo? ) e>? obta9$ f a field 9 ,new ,york1 :]e alfalfa is successfully gr[n & ) ! cultures s5t out by ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture & prep>$ by private firms4 ,we h n atta9$ su* degree ( success z ju/ifies u 9 recomm5d+ ! crop4 ,we h occasionally got a fair /& ( alfalfa1 b 9 all cases ! w9t]s prove m or less injuri\s4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ! alfalfa is mo/ly cr[d$ out by grasses & clov]s4 ,! alfalfa almo/ e ye> suff]s f leaf spot1 :i* t5ds to cut d[n ! yield4 ,we h f\nd a v di/9ct b5efit f ! inoculation ) e>? f ! ,new ,york alfalfa field4 ,we h n f\nd an equally di/9ct b5efit to foll[ inoculation ) any ( ! cultures2 &1 al?\gh we are n z yet ready to make a f9al report1 x %\ld be "h rem>k$ t ! mo/ c>eful exp]im5ts on ! use ( ^! cultures 9 /]iliz$ soils1 "u conditions calculat$ to give accurate results1 indicate t !y h little1 if any1 value4 ,9 our v>i\s exp]im5ts alfalfa has be5 tri$ on a wide v>iety ( soils4 ,we h _h a qu>t] ( an acre field ^u a co>se-textur$ soil ^u a f>m 9 ?is neighborhood :]e !re is nev] any /&+ wat] )9 #ej to #fj feet ( ! surface4 ,ev5 on ?is soil ! alfalfa1 al?\gh x did fairly well = a ye>1 has be5 injur$ by successive w9t]s1 until x is at ! pres5t "t almo/ ru9$4 ,9 ?is connection ,i call att5tion fur!r to ! fact t ,d4 ,s4 ,bliss ( ! dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 :o has be5 mak+ special ef=ts to promote ! introduction ( alfalfa into ,new ,engl&1 & :o has travel$ ext5sively = ! purpose ( /udy+ ! results obta9$1 n[ speaks v disc\rag+ly z to ! outlook 9 g5]al4 ,9 conclusion1 :ile we are n incl9$ to disc\rage exp]im5ts ) alfalfa1 we d wi% mo/ emphatically to caution aga9/ engag+ 9 ^! exp]im5ts ^u an ext5d$ scale1 = we feel t disappo9tm5t is almo/ inevitable4 ,,mi*igan ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d4 ,smi?1 ,director ,mi*igan exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa has _h & is hav+ a *eck]$ c>e]4 ,"u favorable conditions x makes a good /&4 ,"s fields h produc$ crops = _m ye>s1 ! gr\nd be+ occasionally f]tiliz$ by manurial salts4 ,! difficulties t environ ! crop are3 7#a7 ,! sev]e w9t]s1 :i* sometimes kill (f :ole fields1 leav+ sc>cely a root alive2 ?is has happ5$ to fields two1 ?ree1 or f\r ye>s old4 7#b7 ,! ,blue grass cr[ds x out badly2 7#c7 ! ignorance ( ! f>m]s 9 reg>d to ! requirem5ts ( ! crop & ! consequ5t imp]fect prep>ation ( ! soil 9 ! matt] ( tillage or f]tilization1 has made x difficult to introduce x 9 a broad way4 ,not)/&+ ^! difficulties & ! f>!r consid]ation t alfalfa does n easily l5d itself to a %ort rotation1 ! crop is advanc+ 9 ! /ate by leaps & b\nds4 ,hundr$s ( f>m]s are exp]im5t+ ) x & are le>n+ h[ to prep>e ! gr\nd1 s[ x & c>e = ! crop aft]w>ds4 ,/ati/ics are n at h& to %[ h[ _m acres ( alfalfa !re are 9 ! /ate1 nor c def9ite figures be giv5 z to ! gr[? ( int]e/ 9 ! crop & its actual acreage4 ,:5 prop] /ra9s h be5 develop$1 x seems fair to presume t alfalfa w be "o ( ! /aple crops 9 ,mi*igan4 ,on ! /ation gr\nds at ! agricultural college fields ( alfalfa h be5 cont9u\sly ma9ta9$ f #ahig to #aijd4 ,!re are fields "h s[n 9 #aijc be>+ _! ?ree crops ea* ye>1 yield+ f #e to #g tons ( dry hay annually p] acre4 ,!re has be5 "s difficulty 9 gett+ pure & vigor\s se$4 ,,m9nesota ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m4 ,liggett1 ,director ,m9nesota exp]im5t /ation4--,our exp]i5ce ) alfalfa has ext5d$ ov] #ab or #ae ye>s4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ?is /ation1 x 0 n v successfully gr[n4 ,dur+ ! pa/ eight or t5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! *anges 9 soil due to manures & cultivation & ! discov]y ( sev]al v>ieties ( alfalfa :i* appe> to be h>dy1 h made x possible to gr[ x successfully 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! /ate4 ,= ! pa/ five ye>s we h cut ?ree crops ( alfalfa hay1 yield+ f #d to #e tons p] acre ea* ye>4 ,) ! l& prop]ly prep>$ & "s att5tion giv5 to se$+ at ! "r "t1 !re is no difficulty 9 gr[+ x on ! /ate f>m4 ,occasionally x w w9t]kill4 ,we 7 un=tunate en\gh to h a heavy1 driv+ ra9 dur+ ,m>* ( ! pres5t ye> :i* froze z x fell & smo!r$ ! alfalfa crop4 ,we are n disc\rag$1 h[ev]1 z ! clov] crop 9 s\!a/]n ,m9nesota 0 kill$ at ! same "t & f ! same cause4 ,we reg>d alfalfa j z sure z ,r$ clov]4 ,x is sometimes a little difficult to get a /& "u c>eless me?ods ( f>m+4 ,) ! l& nicely prep>$ & ) a good supply ( humus 9 su* condition t ! plant food is readily available1 /rong1 vigor\s gr[? & a good /& c be secur$ dur+ any normal ye>4 ,we h alfalfa gr[+ at ! nor?we/ sub-/ation at ,crook/on1 & 9 sev]al localities 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! /ate1 :]e ev5 clov] is n suppos$ to gr[4 ,! outlook at ! pres5t "t = ?is crop is v bright4 ,dairym51 sw9e rais]s & %eep m5 unite 9 prais+ its m]its z /ock food4 ,,miss\ri ,pr(4 ,m4 ,f4 ,mill]1 ,agronomi/1 ,miss\ri exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa is be+ gr[n ) success on v>i\s types ( soil1 al?\gh _m soils are n well adapt$ to its gr[?4 ,a k ( ! peculi>ities ( ! plant w ultimately make x possible to ext5d ,its culture to mo/ soil types ( ! /ate4 ,lib]al manur+ is ! key to successful culture on upl& soils4 ,! manure may be appli$ be=e pl[+ & also z frequ5t top-dress+s4 ,! value ( ! crop z a fe$ & its high yield1 :]e favorable conditions are suppli$1 make x a p>ticul>ly desirable "o to gr[1 at lea/ 9 small areas1 on f>ms :]e mix$ fann+ or dairy f>m+ is practic$4 ,:ile alfalfa makes a mo/ nutriti\s pa/ure crop1 x does n l5d itself well to pa/ur+ unless c]ta9 precautions are tak54 ,:]e x is gr[n = hay1 difficulty is (t5 exp]i5c$ 9 h>ve/+ ! fir/1 & sometimes o!r cutt+s1 on acc\nt ( wet wea!r4 ,! silo may be us$ 9 su* cases4 ,! /iff subsoils ( ! /ate are responsible = mo/ failures report$1 because x requires "s k ( ! me?ods ( h&l+ ! crop to make x succe$ "u su* conditions4 ,alfalfa is n adapt$ to our soils1 lim+1 manur+ or dra9age be+ necess>y to prep>e su* = ! crop4 ,if s[n on upl& soils t h nev] gr[n alfalfa or ,sweet clov]1 x is b5efit$ by inoculation4 ,on bottom l&s or l&s t are v f]tile1 inoculation has little or no effect4 ,! sure/ & (t5 ! simple/ means ( inoculation is by means ( inoculat$ soil4 ,! cultures prep>$ = se$ inoculation h 9 _m cases giv5 excell5t results1 b !y are /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age & "s skill is requir$ to h&le !m prop]ly4 ,! be/ prep>ation ( ! se$b$ is t :i* all[s ( an e>ly pl[+ & ! use ( a h>r[ e "t a cru/ =ms or we$s />t be=e "t to s[ ! se$4 ,! se$b$ %\ld be mu* l t = :eat--loose above b firm bel[4 ,! be/ "t to s[ 9 ?is /ate is betwe5 ! middle ( ,augu/ & ! middle ( ,septemb]1 ! la/ week 9 ,augu/ usually giv+ be/ results4 ,! am\nt ( se$ to s[ is betwe5 #ae & #bj p\nds1 dep5d+ ^u ! quality & ! "* ( ! soil4 ,x is be/ s[n )\t a nurse crop4 ,x mu/ be clipp$ frequ5tly ! fir/ & sometimes ! second season1 especially on soils to :i* x is n well adapt$4 ,x %\ld usually be cut :5 ! l[] leaves beg9 to turn yell[4 ,,montana ,alfr$ ,rasicot1 ,de] ,lodge c\nty4--,alfalfa is ! mo/ valuable crop t is rais$ 9 ,idaho or ,utah = hay1 gr[+ on any k9d ( l& b t :i* is l[ & wet1 yield+ five to sev5 tons ( hay to ! acre1 & provid+ excell5t fe$ = all k9ds ( f>m animals4 ,= ab\t #bj ye>s ,i h gr[n f #bj to #ej acres on second bottom & upl& ( heavy clay soil1 ) gravel bel[ & wat] at a dep? v>y+ f #af to #ajj feet on diff]5t localities4 ,we irrigate f /reams1 flood+ ! l& & turn+ ! wat] (f z soon z ! l& has be5 all cov]$1 apply+ once = ! fir/ cutt+ & twice = ea* succe$+ cutt+1 :5ev] ! gr\nd is dry4 ,! fir/ ye> on new l& requires fully "o-?ird m wat] ?an is ne$$ aft]w>d4 ,be=e se$+1 ! gr\nd %\ld be mell[1 !n h>r[$ ) ! back "p ( ! h>r[ or bru%$1 & se$$ ) #ae to #bj p\nds to ! acre1 betwe5 ! fir/ & middle ( ,april4 ,! plant w usually run out ! we$s1 & on t acc\nt no special treatm5t is ne$$4 ,! fir/ season w produce a small crop ( hay1 b no good se$4 ,unless wat] is all[$ to freeze on ! l&1 alfalfa does n w9t]kill "h1 & at two or ?ree ye>s ( age x is at its be/1 cont9u+ vigor\s = #aj1 #bj or #cj ye>s )\t se$+4 ,! fir/ cutt+ ( ! season yields ab\t #b to #c tons to ! acre1 ! second ab\t #b to #b1 & ! ?ird #a to #a tons4 ,! hay is cut :5 ! plant has be5 9 bloom #h or #aj days1 all[$ to lie = #bd to #cf h\rs1 & treat$ z ,r$ clov] is4 ,! second crop is always ! be/ = se$ "h4 ,! co/ 9 ! /ack1 on #be l&1 irrigation co/+ #ej to #ge c5ts an acre1 is #b a ton4 ,to put ?is into #ajj-p\nd bales co/s #b4ej a ton4 ,on ! gr\nd x sells = #c to #e a ton1 :ile ! se$ br+s #c1 #d & #e a bu%el4 ,an ord9>y yield ( se$ is #cjj p\nds to ! acre1 & ?is is ?re%$ ) ! same ma*9e us$ = gra91 at a co/ ( ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! se$4 ,! /raw is wor? ab\t "o-f\r? z mu* z ! hay4 ,we consid] alfalfa hay1 = cattle1 %eep1 & hogs1 f> sup]ior to clov]1 b = horses timo?y is be/4 ,x w keep /e]s & %eep fat all w9t]1 provid+ !y are "u %elt]1 & is excell5t = mil* c[s4 ,! pa/ure = sw9e & cattle is f> bett] ?an clov]1 & = "w horses & %eep x is good1 b n ! be/ = horses t are driv5 fa/4 ,cattle w bloat ab\t z !y d on ,r$ clov] :5 turn$ onto x aft] ra91 dew1 or fro/4 ,to rid l& ( a /& ( alfalfa is v difficult1 requir+ f\r /\t horses ) a v %>p pl[ to turn x ov]1 b z a gre5 manure x has ab\t ! same effect z ,r$ clov]1 produc+ two or ?ree extra crops aft]w>ds4 ,,nebraska ,olm/ead ,olm/ead1 ,furnas c\nty4--,alfalfa1 :ile excell5t = all o!r /ock1 is preem95tly ! fe$ = hogs4 ,its e>ly appe>ance1 its wond]fully rapid gr[?1 its nutriti\s prop]ties1 its p]5nial nature 7keep+ gre5 until ab\t ,decemb]71 its resi/ance to dr\?1 its wond]ful fecundity1 &1 la/ly1 its adaptability z a dry fe$1 make x1 9 our op9ion1 ! mo/ pr(itable crop t c be gr[n4 ,t5 acres ( alfalfa w pa/ure #aej head ( hogs1 & give !m abundance4 ,f ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 or at mo/ n lat] ?an ! #ae? ( ,april1 hogs & cattle c be turn$ on pa/ure1 & kept !re until sn[ flies4 ,on fir/ bottoms1 six tons p] acre c be dep5d$ ^u z a fair1 av]age yield1 :ile _m fields ?is ye> h made z high z eight4 ,on divide1 or high l&1 :]e x has be5 te/$ = ?ree ye>s1 x av]ages ab\t two to f\r tons p] acre1 b ?is l& gives ! be/ returns = se$1 n gr[+ too rank4 ,s9ce we h be5 inve/igat+ & ga!r+ in=mation on ?is subject1 we h _h report$ to u a yield z high z eight bu%els ( se$ p] acre1 & q a numb] z high z n9e1 & "s elev54 ,six bu%els an acre on a good /& is an av]age yield1 :ile "s w fall bel[ t4 ,! se$ has nev] sold "h bel[ #d p] bu%el4 ,la/ ye> & ?is1 all se$ gr[n 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry sold readily at #e p] bu%el1 & = ! next five ye>s w probably n g l[] ?an #c4 ,"o crop ( se$ & two ( hay are ! av]age on l[ l&1 & "o crop less ( hay on high l&4 ,! ?re%$ hay is ne>ly z good = fe$ z ! un?re%$4 ,!re is no wa/e 9 fe$+ ?is hay1 & horses are especially fond ( ! co>se /ems4 ,x /&s our w9t]s rem>kably well1 s f>1 com+ ?r\gh 9 excell5t condition4 ,!re is no /ock b eats alfalfa hay z well or bett] ?an clov] or timo?y4 ,"y colts & calves w w9t] 9 f9e condition on ?is hay1 ) little or no gra94 ,if ! la/ cutt+ is all[$ to /&1 ) a gr[? f six to eight in*es1 horses & cattle w graze on x ?r\gh ! w9t]1 ! same z on ,r$ clov]1 do+ equally z well4 ,n[1 z to ! o!r side4 ,w ?is clov] gr[ 9 all latitudes & longitudes z well z ,r$ clov]8 ,we ?9k x d\btful4 ,x requires a dry1 por\s soil1 9 :i* !re is no h>dpan nor too mu* clay1 & x does n l too mu* wat]4 ,x does well :]e ! soil is some:at s&y1 its roots p5etrat+ to a dep? ( f #ae to #be feet1 ?us draw+ its nutrition f v>i\s /rata ( soil4 ,:at else aga9/ x8 ,if cattle are turn$ on aft] a ra91 :5 x is wet1 or dew is on1 !y (t5 bloat & die2 b if turn$ on 9 ! spr+1 & kept on cont9u\sly1 h little dang] ( gorg+ !mselves or bloat+4 ,no o!r /ock is adv]sely affect$ by x4 ,?is is all t c be hone/ly said aga9/ alfalfa1 & ?is is obviat$ by a little c>e by ! f>m]1 :ile ! _m good ?+s said ab\t x mu/ c]ta9ly recomm5d x to ! intellig5t husb&man4 ,?us we c enum]ate3 ,fir/1 its c]ta9ty z a crop2 second1 its enorm\s yield2 ?ird1 its excell5t pa/urage qualities2 f\r?1 its nutriti\s qualities1 be+ equally good gre5 or dry2 fif?1 its yield & price ( se$1 :i* is ?re%$ ) an ord9>y gra9 sep>ator2 six?1 its trem5d\sly rapid gr[? dur+ ! summ] season4 ,!re are _m m attributes t c be cr$it$ to alfalfa4 ,w4 ,o4 ,?ompson1 ,l9coln c\nty4--,i h _h #bj ye>s' exp]i5ce ) alfalfa1 on second bottom & upl&4 ,! upl& has a clay subsoil2 ! second bottom soil is ?ree feet deep1 und]laid ) a b$ ( s& & gravel4 ,abundant wat] is f\nd f #h to #bc feet f ! surface4 ,if dry soil is f\nd1 x is ! fir/ ?ree feet bel[ ! surface4 ,l& %\ld be till$ sev]al ye>s be=e se$+1 9 ord] to p]fectly subdue ! sod4 ,use ab\t #af p\nds ( se$ p] acre1 & prep>e ! gr\nd ! same z = :eat1 s[+ 9 ! spr+4 ,! fir/ crop w be ne>ly all we$s2 cut & haul ^! (f ! gr\nd4 ,! second crop w produce ab\t "o ton ( hay p] acre4 ,alfalfa is liable to w9t]kill if ! w9t] is w>m & dry4 ,i irrigate f a /ream two or ?ree times dur+ ! season1 ) suffici5t wat] to flood all ! gr\nd4 ,! fir/ ye> ! gr\nd is s(t & por\s1 & twice ! wat] is requir$ z 9 ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,f ?ree to f\r crops are rais$ dur+ ! season1 yield+ f #a to #b tons ea* cutt+1 or f five to six tons p] acre 9 "o season4 ,cut :5 9 bloom = hay1 & let ! se$ rip5 be=e cutt+ = se$1 us+ ei!r ! fir/ or second crop = ?is se$4 ,:5 cutt+ = se$1 x %\ld be pit*$ out ( ! way ( ! m[] aft] ea* r\nd2 !n let x dry be=e /ack+1 b n en\gh = ! leaves to fall (f :5 h&l$4 ,/ack 9 ! ord9>y way1 b be sure ! hay is ?or\ghly dry 9 ! %ock be=e /ack+4 ,x is m liable to get moldy 9 ! b>n ?an 9 ! /ack4 ,ab\t #b p] ton w cov] all exp5ses ( rais+1 on l& wor? #ej p] acre4 ,! exp5se ( bal+ is ab\t #a4ej p] ton1 #ajj-p\nd bales be+ pref]r$4 ,x %\ld n be bal$ until p]fectly dry 9 ! /ack4 ,ab\t six bu%els p] acre is ! av]age yield ( se$1 & x co/s ab\t #ge c5ts p] bu%el to ?re% & clean4 ,a clov] hull] is ! mo/ satisfactory = ?re%+ alfalfa4 ,! hay has sold "h at #c to #aj p] ton1 av]ag+ #f4 ,! se$ has br\ght f #c to #aj p] bu%el av]ag+ #e4 ,"o acre ( alfalfa w raise #ce hogs1 ) ! aid ( a little gra94 ,horses ?rive on x1 b x is unsafe = %eep & cattle4 ,animals :i* *ew ! cud w bloat if pa/ur$ on alfalfa4 ,! only way to prev5t x is to keep !m f ! pa/ure4 ,! be/ way to cure x is to ins]t a tube into ! paun*1 to all[ ! gas to escape4 ,z to ! longevity ( ! plant1 ,i call to m9d a pat* s[n 9 #ahgc1 on upl&1 & x is /ill gr[+4 ,alfalfa atta9s its be/ gr[? 9 ab\t two ye>s4 ,i d n ?9k x c be pr(itably rais$ on high1 arid gr\nd1 )\t irrigation4 ,hogs c be w9t]$ on alfalfa hay & a v little gra91 & cattle c be fatt5$ = ! home m>ket1 b x produces s(t] fle%1 & !y c\ld n be %ipp$ a great di/ance 9 ! be/ condition4 ,ri*>d ,/olley1 ,hall c\nty4--,9 read+ ! f>m pap]s ,i see _m articles ab\t se$+ alfalfa1 b h fail$ to see any?+ 9 ! l9e ( advice reg>d+ a sure way to kill x1 if x has to be done4 ,we h _h alfalfa on our place z long z ,i c rememb]--ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,at fir/ x 0 a small piece1 j = exp]im5t's sake4 ,f9ally we s[$ ab\t n9e acres on good soil & _h x well manur$ be=e s[+4 ,! result 0 imm5se crops1 z high z f\r cutt+s2 &1 really1 ! wor/ feature 0 to h>ve/ ! crop s (t51 s9ce x came j z regul>ly z clock-"w4 ,x actually /ood 9 ! way ( alfalfa1 = ,i ask$ "o ( our neighbors1 :o _h v little hay1 :y he did n s[ alfalfa1 & all he c\ld answ] 03 8,well1 ,i h to h>ve/ x too (t5 & ,i hav5't ! "t to d x40 ,we did n s[ m ( x until we got m improv$ me?ods ( h&l+ x1 & we h _h z high z fifty to sixty acres on a #afj-;acre f>m "h at home4 ,"s fields run out 9 ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,our plan is to !n pl[ x up4 ,! fir/ ?+ y le>n is to h a v %>p pl[1 & x mu/ h a /rong cutt] bolt$ to ! %>e1 be+ long en\gh to rea* well ?r\gh ! sod4 ,!n if y h ?ree good horses y are fix$ out4 ,a rid+ pl[ t we tri$ 0 ?r[n out too easily or pull$ too h>d4 ,o!rs _h ! same exp]i5ce1 & ! old reliable f\rte5 or sixte5-in* walk+ pl[ fills ! bill be/4 ,we pl[$ "s ( x q e>ly 9 ! spr+ & aft] h>ve/+ ! oats we _h a wond]ful /& on ! field 9 ! fall4 ,all ! inconv5i5ce ! clov] _h 0 to take a little "t to />t "w at ! cr[n & />t spr\t at ! o!r end2 t is ! root end4 ,i d n "k ( any o!r plant t is n a we$ t has ?is peculi>ity4 ,plant+ corn on alfalfa sod _c "w well1 because ! roots are s t\gh t no cultivator w be able to cut !m1 & s9ce burn+ does n make any diff]5ce1 x only has a t5d5cy to />t roots & spr\ts at bo? ends at ! same "t4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only possible 9 a wet ye>4 ,n[1 we tri$ late pl[+ 9 ! spr+2 t is1 let ! clov] get up to ab\t six or eight in*es4 ,we _h a *a9 on ! pl[ & disk$ & h>r[$ x well1 & to kill x sure1 put 9 millet to smo!r x4 ,we int5d$ to raise se$ f ! millet1 b ! crop got too heavy & we cut x = hay4 ,aft] putt+ x up ,i saw v little alfalfa signs & w5t home cont5t$ t all 0 dead4 ,"s nice ra9s came on & soon ,i notic$ f our h\se1 s9ce ,i did n g to t corn] ( ! f>m 9 betwe51 t all ( x 0 gre5 aga91 & sure en\gh1 !re 0 a comp>atively good /& & ! spr\ts %[$ q a bit ( vigor4 ,?is surpris$ me4 ,i _h no "t to pl[ "r away & hav+ a l>ge h>ve/ ( bottom hay1 ,i did n g to ! field = ?ree weeks1 & :5 ,i saw x aga9 x 0 j ab\t ready to cut4 ,i actually did cut & h>ve/ x & x 0 well wor? ! "t x took u to d ! "w4 ,! next pl[+ & disk+1 ( c\rse1 ?9n$ x out1 & especially z dry wea!r came j "r to assi/ 9 kill+ x4 ,all ?is made x cle> to my m9d t we did n f9d ! "r "t to pl[ alfalfa1 s ! next "t ,i tri$ x /ill lat]2 9 fact1 x 0 almo/ 9 bloom1 &1 be+ a wet ye>1 !re 0 little diff]5ce 9 ! result4 ,?is ye> ,i wait$ ! second "t = ! alfalfa to come up a foot high be=e pl[+ x back & drill$ 9 sweet corn1 & n[ ,i c h>dly see any diff]5ce on p>ts ( ! field4 ,,new ,,hamp%ire ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,taylor1 ,agriculturi/ ,new ,hamp%ire exp]im5t /ation4--,we h tri$ to secure a /& ( alfalfa = f\r consecutive seasons1 b s f> our ef=ts h be5 unsuccessful4 ,v>i\s types ( soil1 f a heavy b\ld] clay to a light s&y loam1 h be5 tri$1 &1 contr>y to our expectations1 ! mo/ promis+ crop 0 on ! heavy clay soil4 ,our *ief difficulty has be5 9 hav+ ! alfalfa keep ahead ( ! we$s & 9 gett+ a uni=m cat* t w\ld )/& our w9t]s4 ,f "o-f\r? to "o-half ( ! plants h usually w9t]$ ov] 9 good condition & made a vigor\s gr[? ! next season1 b !re has n be5 en\gh ( !m to say t we h made a success ) alfalfa4 ,we h l>gely elim9at$ ! se$ "q by pl[+ ! gr\nd e>ly & keep+ x h>r[$ until ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 :5 x is s[n4 ,our exp]i5ce seems to indicate t an application ( lime is b5eficial1 if n absolutely necess>y1 9 ?is section & we h accord+ly be5 us+ x at ! rate ( a ton to ! acre4 ,we h also tri$ inoculation ) ! v>i\s cultures1 b 9 no case h any b5efits be5 obs]v$4 ,s f> z we "k1 !re h be5 no successful attempts to gr[ alfalfa on a m$ium or l>ge scale 9 ?is /ate1 al?\gh sev]al f>m]s 9 ! ,connecticut riv] valley h report$ success on "s areas ( an acre or less4 ,:5 we m ?or\ghly und]/& ! plant1 & ! conditions necess>y = its gr[?1 we believe x c be gr[n ^u "s ( our soils4 ,,new ,,j]sey ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,voorhees1 ,director ,new ,j]sey exp]im5t /ation4--,! f>m]s ( ! /ate h manife/$ mu* int]e/ 9 ! gr[+ ( alfalfa1 & _m exp]im5tal plots h be5 se$$ 9 ! pa/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,9 ord] to obta9 accurate in=mation z to ! me?ods employ$1 & ! results obta9$1 a circul> lett] 0 s5t out dur+ ! pa/ summ] to #adj gr[]s4 ,detail$ replies 7 obta9$ f #aja gr[]s4 ,( ^! !re 7 #eg di/ribut$ ov] #ae c\nties1 :i* %[$ ! successful e/abli%m5t ( ! crop4 ,! soils ^u :i* ^! successful crops are gr[+ v>y widely1 bo? 9 _! physical & *emical "*1 rang+ f a light1 s&y loam1 ) s&y subsoil1 to a m$ium heavy clay1 ) compact clay subsoil1 :i* indicates cle>ly t success does n dep5d s mu* ^u ! "* ( ! soil z ^u ! me?ods ( se$+1 f]tilization & aft]-treatm5t1 ?\gh ! mo/ successful /&s 71 z a rule1 obta9$ ^u s&y soils1 ov]ly+ a reasonably op5 subsoil4 ,tw5ty-sev5 gr[]s _h a m or less satisfactory exp]i5ce1 :ile #ag 7 absolute failures4 ,a /udy ( ! reports ( failures %[s t 9 mo/ in/ances !y 7 due to lack ( obs]vation ( ! me?ods recomm5d$ = ! se$+ & c>e ( ! crop1 :i* exp]i5ce at ! /ation %[$ to be ess5tial = success4 ,9 mo/ cases ! l& 0 imp]fectly prep>$2 9 _m an insuffici5t am\nt ( f]tiliz] or manure 0 appli$4 ,9 _m cases1 too little se$ 0 us$2 9 o!rs ! date ( se$+ 0 contr>y to all recomm5dations1 or ! crop 0 n clipp$ (t51 & ?us *ok$ out by we$s4 ,9 _m in/ances1 :]e lime _h n be5 us$ = _m ye>s1 none 0 appli$ at ! "t ( se$+4 ,9 ! case ( ^? hav+ m or less success1 ! recomm5dations 7 n fully obs]v$ or soil conditions 7 imp]fect4 ,d4 ,c4 ,lewis ( ,middlesex c\nty1 9 ! summ] ( #aijc se$$ ab\t #a acres ) alfalfa1 obs]v+ closely all ( ! recomm5dations ( ! exp]im5t /ation 9 ref]5ce to se$+1 b did n inoculate ! soil4 ,! se$ g]m9at$ well1 & ! crop grew nicely dur+ ! fall1 b entirely disappe>$ lat]4 ,9 #aijd1 ! same area1 aft] an oat crop 0 gr[n1 0 se$$ aga91 on ,augu/ #aj4 ,! soil is a clay loam1 ) a clay subsoil1 & 9 a good /ate ( f]tility4 ,! l& _h be5 previ\sly 9 grass & corn4 ,! corn 0 manur$ & ! alfalfa area well lim$ previ\s to se$+ 9 #aijc4 ,! se$ 0 at ! rate ( ab\t #be p\nds1 & at "t ( se$+ #hjj p\nds ( ,mapes' f]tiliz] & an extra bag ( high-grade sulphate ( pota% 7 appli$1 & ! field 0 inoculat$ ) ab\t #cjj p\nds ( soil1 tak5 f ! old alfalfa pat* at ! exp]im5t /ation4 ,! se$ g]m9at$ well1 & made a rapid & l>ge fall gr[? & pass$ ! w9t] successfully4 ,! yield p] acre 0 ab\t ?ree tons ( hay = ! fir/ cutt+4 ,?is exp]im5t is /rik+ly sugge/ive 9 %[+ ! importance ( soil inoculation1 = :ile inoculation is n app>5tly ess5tial 9 all cases1 x w\ld seem t :]e soils h n be5 heavily manur$ t ?is po9t %\ld be c>efully obs]v$4 ,j4 ,p4 ,nelson ( ,monm\? c\nty has _h a v successful exp]i5ce 9 ! gr[? ( alfalfa1 s9ce he has obs]v$ all ( ! recomm5dations made z to me?ods ( se$+ & aft]-treatm5t4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( 8 me?od & ! results obta9$ f a se$+ made ,augu/ #aj1 #aijd4 ,! surface soil is a m$ium clay loam1 und]laid ) a gravelly clay subsoil4 ,! crops prec$+ 7 grass & corn1 & ! manures us$ 7 b>ny>d manure & #fjj p\nds p] acre ( gr\nd bone4 ,! corn prec$+ ! alfalfa 0 lim$ at ! rate ( #a1jjj p\nds p] acre1 & #a1djj p\nds p] acre 7 appli$ j previ\s to ! se$+ ( alfalfa4 ,?irty p\nds ( se$ 7 us$ p] acre1 & lightly h>r[$ 9 & ! l& roll$4 ,! g]m9ation & e>ly gr[? 7 good1 & ! fir/ crop 0 h>ve/$ ,june #a1 #aije4 ,! yield 0 two big1 two-horse loads ( cur$ hay p] acre4 ,e4 ,t4 ,gill ( ,camd5 c\nty has a s&y loam1 und]laid by a subsoil v>y+ f s& to clay4 ,he has an area ( #bd acres1 rang+ f two to six ye>s 9 age4 ,! fir/ se$+ ( ab\t two acres is /ill gr[+ pr(itable crops1 ?\gh n uni=m 9 /&4 ,! lat] se$+s %[ an excell5t /& & l>ge & pr(itable crops are annually h>ve/$4 ,usually f\r cuts are made ea* ye>1 :i* are us$ bo? = soil+ & = hay1 ) spl5did results4 ,! practice on ?is f>m is to top-dress ) manure dur+ ! w9t] at ! rate ( ab\t eight tons p] acre4 ,mr4 ,gill's exp]i5ce leads him to believe t ! /& is (t5 injur$1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! fir/ ye>1 by all[+ ! crop to rea* too great maturity & !n cutt+ :5 ! plants are j beg9n+ to bloom1 & leav+ a /ubble ( at lea/ ?ree in*es4 ,mr4 ,gill did n inoculate ! se$ or soil at 8 fir/ se$+1 b did foll[ ?is practice ) rec5t se$+s1 & believes x to be a wise precaution1 especially on soils t h n be5 previ\sly heavily manur$4 ,,new ,,mexico ,?omas ,j4 ,cl>k1 ,grant c\nty4--,i h _h #ae ye>s' exp]i5ce ) alfalfa on fir/ & second bottom l& ) gravel soil1 dry to )9 f\r feet ( wat]1 :i* is rea*$ at a dep? ( #ae feet4 ,i irrigate f ! ,gila riv]1 & my alfalfa1 :i* is #ad ye>s old1 is z good to-day z at any "t s9ce x 0 s[n4 ,! se$ is s[n z turnip se$ is4 ,i pl[ ! l& ?or\ghly1 h>r[ x ov] smoo?ly1 !n s[ ! se$ 9 ,m>*1 & h>r[ lightly once4 ,!n ! wat] is turn$ on1 & ! gr\nd w rema9 moi/ until ! se$s spr\t4 ,aft] ! alfalfa is six in*es high1 ,i cut x to make x spread & de/roy all ! l>ge we$s2 & !re may be two cutt+s ( hay t same season4 ,wat] w n injure ! plant unless x /&s on x 9 l[ places4 ,/agnant wat] /&+ on ! plant1 or m9]al wat] s ne> ! surface t ! roots rea* x1 w kill ! plant1 b x is n liable to injury f w9t] fro/4 ,aft] ! fir/ season !re are ?ree or f\r crops1 ! fir/ be+ usually *os5 = se$ & n irrigat$4 ,= hay x is cut :5 9 full bloom1 &1 if ! sun is %9+1 %\ld cure #bd h\rs if 9 ,june1 or #bj 9 ,july or ,augu/1 be=e rak+1 & !n #cj h\rs 9 ! cock4 ,x mu/ be ?or\ghly cur$ be=e /ack+1 & !n w n mold4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t bales weigh #ij to #ajj p\nds1 & ! co/ ( prep>+ !m is #b a ton4 ,! total co/ ( hay 9 ! /ack is ab\t #c a ton1 & ! av]age yield ab\t ?ree tons to ! acre ea* ye>4 ,:5 ! burs turn br[n ! se$ is h>ve/$1 & :5 well cur$ %\ld be /ack$ 9 a dry place4 ,an av]age yield is #ejj to #fjj p\nds to ! acre1 & x sells = #d a bu%el4 ,! hay makes excell5t fe$ = f>m animals1 keep+ !m 9 good condition ! ye> ar\nd )\t gra94 ,! alfalfa pa/urage is bett] = sw9e & cattle ?an clov]1 & yields m l>gely2 %eep may be kept on x to advantage also4 ,a good acre w keep five gr[n hogs 9 excell5t condition1 b w n make !m fat4 ,if !y are tak5 up 9 ,octob] & f$ ab\t #dj days on gra91 !y w be m>ketable4 ,cattle on ! pa/ure sometimes bloat1 b ,i h _h #ajj head ( c[s & calves on m9e = two mon?s1 & h _h no tr\ble4 ,! irrigat$ alfalfa is bett] ?an t gr[n on l& t requires no wat]4 ,! /raw is ab\t equal to oat /raw1 b n half s good z ! alfalfa hay4 ,to rid l& ( ! plant requires a /rong team & a %>p #aj-;in* pl[4 ,! roots rot at once aft] pl[+1 & ! l& is well f]tiliz$ = o!r crops4 ,9 my op9ion1 alfalfa is ! be/ =age plant kn[n 9 ?is we/]n c\ntry4 ,x is mo/ easily rais$1 produces ! l>ge/ yield1 comm&s ! be/ price1 & c be plant$ at any "t f ,m>* to ,septemb]4 ,l& se$$ to x is ! mo/ valuable1 & ! f>m] :o has pl5ty ( x is ! mo/ prosp]\s4 ,f>m+ "h _c be a success )\t x1 & ,i take pleasure 9 recomm5d+ x to my bro!r f>m]s4 ,x w lie dormant all summ] if x is dry1 & ) fall ra9s revive & make good pa/ure4 ,x is ! e>lie/ plant up 9 ! spr+1 & ! la/ to /ay gre5 9 ! fall4 ,9 o!r words1 x is ! be/ ( all4 ,h>tman ,weil1 ,san ,miguel c\nty4--,we h be5 deal]s 9 alfalfa hay = eight ye>s1 & h "s small fields ( our own4 ,?is is on bo? bottom & upl&4 ,9 ! bottom1 ! subsoil is s& & b[ld]s2 on ! upl&1 /iff blui% clay1 & 9 "s places blue lime/one4 ,well wat] is rea*$ on ! bottom l& at a dep? ( #h to #aj feet1 ?r\gh soil moi/ all ! way2 on ! upl&1 x is necess>y to dig #fj to #ajj feet1 &1 beg9n+ two or f\r feet f ! surface1 ! gr\nd is dry4 ,:5 se$ is plant$ 9 ! spr+1 ! soil %\ld be well pulv]iz$1 moi/1 & w>m1 t ! se$ may g]m9ate quickly4 ,x %\ld n be put 9 deep] ?an #a in*es1 & may be plant$ 9 ,may or ,june1 or any "t 9 ! spr+ aft] ! soil becomes w>m4 ,9 our climate1 x is be/ to s[ ab\t #cj p\nds ( good se$ to ! acre1 besides j en\gh oats to %ade ! gr\nd & protect ! "y alfalfa f ! hot sun4 ,once well />t$1 x w kill out all we$s1 & does n w9t]kill "h4 ,we irrigate f /reams4 ,alfalfa %\ld n be irrigat$ :5 q "y1 =1 if ! small plant is cov]$ ) soil1 :5 wat]$1 x w n come up aga91 b1 aft] x gets a good />t1 x is n easily kill$4 ,!re %\ld be ab\t two irrigations to ea* crop h>ve/$1 or ord9>ily1 six 9 a season4 ,! heavi] ! /& ! m wat] is ne$$4 ,we h ?ree cutt+s1 yield+ ab\t #c1jjj p\nds ( cur$ hay p] acre p] cutt+4 ,:5 ! plant is fairly well 9 bloom1 x is cut1 & is be/ :5 cur$ "u l>ge %$s or 9 ! %ade4 ,if left until dry :]e cut1 ! foliage w fall (f & pulv]ize4 ,x is be/ to /ack 9 n>r[ ricks1 z x is liable to heat if put 9 l>ge /acks1 & x %\ld be salt$ lib]ally :5 /ack$4 ,! la/ cutt+ is pref]r$ = se$1 :i* is m[$ :5 mo/ ( ! pods are well matur$2 9 ?is case only two crops %\ld be cut dur+ ! ye>4 ,! /raw makes good fe$ = /ock 9 w9t]1 hav+ ab\t half ! value ( ! hay4 ,ea* irrigation co/s ab\t #ej c5ts p] acre1 & ! total co/ ( hay 9 ! /ack is ab\t #c4ej p] ton4 ,bal+ co/s #a4be p] ton1 ) #ej c5ts additional = wire4 ,! common yield ( se$ is #f to #aj bu%els f ! acre4 8,reeves0 clov] hull] w ?re% ab\t #ab bu%els p] h\r4 ,! price ( hay1 bal$1 9 ,new ,mexico has av]ag$ ab\t #h p] ton = ! pa/ eight ye>s & se$ = ! same "t ab\t #e p] bu%el4 ,our exp]i5ce indicates t alfalfa hay is a m nutriti\s food = f>m animals ?an ei!r clov] or timo?y4 ,we h f\nd no?+ bett] to fe$ cattle = m>ket2 x makes good1 solid beef1 & !y take on fat v fa/4 ,! pa/urage is excell5t = sw9e1 horses1 & cattle4 ,if ov]f$1 animals w sometimes bloat on rank alfalfa1 especially if unaccu/om$ to x4 ,ab\t ! ?ird ye> f se$+1 ! plant has acquir$ its be/ yield4 ,x is difficult to rid l& ( x1 z pl[+ "u is sometimes b5eficial1 mak+ x come up ?ick] ?an be=e4 ,success ) x on high prairies dep5ds ^u ! precipitation dur+ ! gr[+ season4 ,we ?9k f\r in*es ( ra9fall dur+ ! "t ( its gr[? w\ld make a fair crop ( hay2 or #h to #ab in*es f ,may to ,septemb]1 = two or ?ree cutt+s4 ,,new ,,york ,isaac ,zoll]1 ,montgom]y c\nty1 writes 9 a rec5t article 9 ,am]ican ,agriculturi/3--8,9 ! spr+ ( #ahhi1 ,i s[$ my fir/ t5 acres ( alfalfa4 ,! field 0 rese$$ = ! second "t 9 ,april1 #aije4 ,i n[ h #be acres4 ,! l& 0 pl[$ 9 ! fall aft] be+ manur$4 ,9 ! spr+1 g5]ally dur+ ! la/ two weeks ( ,april1 ! surface = five or six in*es is made extra f9e & #be to #cj p\nds ( ! be/ se$ are s[n ) ?ree pecks ( oats z a nurse crop4 ,by ,june #a ! oats are cut ?ree in*es above gr\nd & aga9 e f\r weeks dur+ ! fir/ season4 ,! foll[+ ,june dur+ ! ?ird week ! fir/ crop is cut1 usually yield+ ab\t ?ree tons4 ,! second cutt+ g5]ally comes dur+ ! la/ week 9 ,july :5 #a tons is an av]age4 ,by ,septemb]1 ! ?ird cutt+ is made1 b ,i g5]ally let %eep br[se x1 b n v close or aft] x is froz54 ,! season ( #aije x 0 cut & all[$ to wilt1 rak$ ) a side deliv]y rake1 all[$ to lie a c\ple ( h\rs1 !n roll$ ov] ) ! rake & drawn to ! b>n4 ,=m]ly ,i us$ to %ock x & all[ x to sweat1 b ?is is too mu* "w4 ,i fe$ x to %eep & f9d x equal1 if n sup]ior to ,r$ clov]4 ,to be at its be/ x mu/ be cut :5 ab\t "o-t5? ( ! blossoms are out4 ,! soil 9 :i* my alfalfa gr[s is a heavy1 clay loam & roll+1 b is und]dra9$4 ,! soil "h is apt to heave ?ree or f\r in*es dur+ w9t] & injure clov]4 ,b :]e prop]ly dra9$1 ?is does n occur on alfalfa fields4 ,i am c]ta9 alfalfa c be m ext5sively & economically gr[n "h40 ,h4 ,b4 ,full]ton1 ,long ,isl&4--,z an exp]im5t1 an acre ( scrub-oak1 wa/e l& 0 cle>$ & ! bru% & /umps burn$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aije4 ,ab\t #b1jjj p\nds ( wood a%es 7 appli$ & turn$ "u at once4 ,9 ,april ab\t t5 tons ( manure 0 appli$ s t ea* qu>t] acre w\ld h ab\t #b1ejj p\nds4 ,?ree weeks lat] #djj p\nds ( ka9it 7 appli$ & t5 days lat] #bjj p\nds ( ,canada wood a%es4 ,s9ce ! soil1 :5 te/$1 /ill %[$ acidity1 ab\t #djj p\nds m ( a%es 7 spread1 *iefly because ( its high p]c5tage ( vegetable lime1 #dj p] c5t4 ,! lime ( a%es on ,long ,isl& soils is consid]$ sup]ior to t ( /one or %ells4 ,e>ly 9 ,june ! te/ acre1 be+ consid]$ ready1 0 f9ally prep>$ & s[n to alfalfa 9 two directions crosswise ov] ea* qu>t] acre4 ,9 less ?an a week ! plants appe>$ ev5ly on all f\r plots4 ,%[]y wea!r cont9u$ f be=e se$+ until well into ,june4 ,"o ( ! qu>t] acre plots s[n ) a dress+ ( #aej p\nds ( soil f an old alfalfa field at ,fayetteville1 ,n4 ,y41 e>ly took ! lead 9 color & vigor & ab\t six weeks f s[+ c\ld be readily di/+ui%$ at a di/ance by ! ri*ness ( its foliage4 ,x 0 also 9 fl[] be=e ! o!r plots1 "o ( :i* 0 un9oculat$1 ! o!r two s[n ) inoculat$ se$4 ,unfavorable wea!r prev5t$ cutt+ until mid-,augu/ :5 all f\r plots 7 cut1 ! few l>ge we$s 7 remov$ & ! alfalfa weigh$4 ,! plot inoculat$ ) alfalfa soil yield$ #afgc gre5 p\nds :i* cur$ to #gja dry2 ! un9oculat$ plot yield$ #gbf gre5 & #cac dry1 ! o!r two plots s[n ) inoculat$ se$ #daf & #cgg p\nds gre5 or #ahi & #afh p\nds dry respectively4 ,^! results po9t favorably to inoculat+ ! soil f old alfalfa fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,sweet ,clov] 7,melilotus alba47 ,! se$ ( ,sweet clov] is an occasional adult]ant ( alfalfa4 ,! plant is mu* tall] ?an any ( ! species ( ,m$icago4 ,! fl[]s are :ite & borne 9 r[s on elongat$ fl[] /ems ,illu/ration3 ,yell[ ,trefoil 7,m$icago lupul9a47 ,a common adult]ant ( alfalfa4 ,! leaflets are broad] & m clov]-l ?an alfalfa4 ,! fl[]s are yell[ & sp>sely scatt]$ 9 small1 hop-l clu/]s at tips ( long fl[] /ems ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,dr4 ,b4 ,w4 ,kilgore1 ,director ,nor? ,c>ol9a exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa has be5 gr[n 9 a small way 9 ?is /ate1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! section ar\nd ,hillsboro1 = #ge to #ajj ye>s4 ,! soil !re has become well inoculat$ & !re are "s small areas ( good alfalfa gr[n !re4 ,!re has be5 = a numb] ( ye>s pa/ consid]able int]e/ 9 ! production ( ?is crop1 b its cultivation has n be5 v successful4 ,on our exp]im5t f>ms 9 diff]5t sections ( ! /ate x has done reasonably well1 & !re h be5 put out q a l>ge numb] ( small areas dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 :i* give hopes ( success ) ! crop4 ,:5 "s fur!r details reg>d+ ! "t & me?od = se$+ & treatm5t1 especially to prev5t crab grass & we$s f gett+ ! upp] h& ( ! crop dur+ ! summ] h be5 work$ out1 we believe t alfalfa w be gr[n to q a l>ge ext5t & be a mo/ valuable addition to our pres5t =age crops4 ,,nor? ,,dakota ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,%epp]d1 ,dean ( ! ,nor? ,dakota ,agricultural college4--,alfalfa has n be5 giv5 a ?or\gh trial by ! p ( ,nor? ,dakota1 b ! results secur$ by ! exp]im5t /ation indicate t x is capable ( produc+ pay+ crops "h4 ,x w yield two or m tons ( hay p] acre annually & w1 :5 s[n on well dra9$ l&1 cont9ue to live f ye> to ye> z x does 9 old alfalfa di/ricts4 ,a little gr[? %\ld be all[$ to /& ?r\gh ! w9t] season to protect ! roots by cat*+ a cov]+ ( sn[ ov] ! entire field4 ,our p are ?or\ghly awak5$ & enc\rag$ by ! results secur$ at ! exp]im5t /ation1 & its gr[? is likely to soon be a common practice 9 ! /ate4 ,,ohio ,pr(4 ,*>les ,e4 ,?orne1 ,director ,ohio exp]im5t /ation4--,num]\s attempts 7 made dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to gr[ alfalfa 9 ,ohio1 b s f> z ! k ( ! writ] goes1 t ( ,joseph ,e4 ,w+ ( ,me*anicsburg 0 ! fir/ t c\ld be pron\nc$ a decid$ success4 ,mr4 ,w+ _h se5 ! plant gr[+ 9 ! arid region ( ! ,we/1 & 0 =tunately able to make 8 initial exp]im5ts on ! soil =m$ f ! decompos+ lime/one gravels ( ,*ampaign c\nty1 a soil possess+ ?ree ( ! indisp5sable requisites = alfalfa culture4 ,pl5ty ( lime1 pl5ty ( humus & good dra9age4 ,o!r f>m]s dur+ rec5t ye>s h attempt$ ! culture ( ?is plant1 & :]e exp]im5ts h be5 conduct$ ^u suitable soils & c>ri$ out ) suffici5t c>e & p]si/5ce1 !y h be5 successful4 ,?us f> ! mo/ promis+ alfalfa fields 9 ! /ate are to be f\nd ei!r 9 su* localities z ^? ( ,mr4 ,w+1 namely ^u ! soils und]laid ) lime/one gravel :i* are f\nd ov] ! we/]n half ( ! /ate1 or ^u su* ( ! riv] bottom l&s ( ! /ate z are above ov]fl[ & are und]laid ) gravel1 giv+ natural dra9age4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,ohio gr[]s ( alfalfa has demon/rat$ ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ,alfalfa mu/ h lime4 ,if ! soil is naturally defici5t 9 ?is sub/ance x mu/ be add$ artificially4 7#b7 ,alfalfa mu/ h humus4 ,x is idle to attempt to gr[ x ^u a soil :i* has be5 worn s ?9 t x w n gr[ a good crop ( corn4 ,su* soils mu/ be manur$ be=e !y w successfully produce alfalfa4 ,9 ?is respect x is v diff]5t f ! plant :i* x s closely resembles 9 habit ( gr[?1 ,sweet clov]4 7#c7 ,alfalfa w n gr[ ) wet feet1 yet x is a great consum] ( wat]1 & ! soil mu/ be ( su* a "* z to hold l>ge /ores ( wat] )\t be+ wat] logg$4 ,h5ce ! value ( bottom l&s naturally und]dra9$ by /rata ( gravel a few feet bel[ ! surface4 7#d7 ,:5 lime1 humus & dra9age are suppli$1 ! bact]ial organisms ?r\gh :i* atmosph]ic nitrog5 is assimilat$ w gradually appe> ^u ! alfalfa roots1 b _! gr[? may be ha/5$ by inoculat+ ! l& ) soil f a field 9 :i* alfalfa or ,sweet clov] has previ\sly gr[n4 ,! exp]im5t /ation has be5 mo/ successful 9 gett+ a /& ( alfalfa :]e ! l& 0 ?or\ghly prep>$ 9 ! spr+ & !n h>r[$ e week or t5 days until ,july or ,augu/4 ,! se$ 0 !n s[n & h>r[$ 94 ,by ?is means ! we$ se$s 7 g]m9at$ & de/roy$ be=e ! alfalfa 0 s[n4 ,,oklahoma ,agricultural exp]im5t /ation3 ,bul4 #ga1 by ,pr(4 ,f4 ,c4 ,burtis & ,l4 ,a4 ,moorh\se4--,?is crop is be+ gr[n 9 e c\nty 9 ,oklahoma & 9 "s sections1 a fair acreage is pres5t4 ,f _m fields z l>ge yields are obta9$ z are produc$ any place else 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t irrigation4 ,on ! upl&s 9 ,oklahoma1 z else:]e1 ! returns v>y4 ,:]e ! subsoil is h>d & imp]vi\s1 ! yields are q meag] "u unfavorable climatic conditions & ! crop ne$s consid]able nurs+ su* z disk+ & h>r[+1 to keep ! crab grass f tak+ ! field 9 a few ye>s4 ,on ^! upl& soils ) ! h>dpan subsoils :i* gr[ c[peas to p]fection1 ! f>m] :o is n will+ to in=m himself ab\t prop] me?ods & to give 8 alfalfa fields mu* att5tion & c>e1 %\ld gr[ c[peas in/ead4 ,b z has be5 indicat$ be=e1 alfalfa is be+ gr[n on su* soil successfully & pr(itably1 b only 9 small areas4 ,! soil ( ! exp]im5t /ation f>m at ,/illwat]1 on :i* ! foll[+ yields ( alfalfa 7 obta9$ is a clay loam und]laid by a v /iff1 imp]vi\s subsoil ( a h>dpan nature4 ,yields ( ,field ,f1 conta9+ ab\t f\r acres2 cur$ hay = ! season4 #aijb--a4gf tons hay p] acre 9 #e cutt+s4 #aijc--a4bc tons hay p] acre 9 #e cutt+s4 #aijd--c4ac tons hay p] acre 9 #d cutt+s4 #aije--c4ac tons hay p] acre 9 #e cutt+s4 ,av]age = f\r ye>s1 #b4ca tons ( hay p] acre4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #aijd ! field receiv$ an application ( b>ny>d manure at ! rate ( #ae tons p] acre4 ,e season1 ! field 0 disk$ f ?ree to f\r times & h>r[$4 ,dur+ #aijc & #aijd1 web worms damag$ ! crop4 ,yields ( ,plats #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d1 ,field ,e4 ,! plats are on simil> soil to t ( ,field ,f & h be5 h&l$ ab\t ! same z t field4 ,! yield is giv5 = all ! plats toge!r4 #aijb--b4fg tons hay p] acre4 #aijc--c4bg tons hay p] acre4 #aijd--c4ca tons hay p] acre4 ,av]age = ?ree ye>s1 #c4jh tons ( hay p] acre4 ,yield ( ,field ,h1 conta9+ ab\t five acres3 #aijb--d4bj tons hay p] acre 9 #e cutt+s4 #aijc--b4hh tons hay p] acre 9 #e cutt+s4 #aijd--b4ab tons hay p] acre 9 #e cutt+s4 #aije--b4bg tons hay p] acre 9 #e cutt+s4 ,av]age = f\r ye>s #b4fi tons p] acre4 ,b>ny>d manure 0 appli$ to ?is field 9 #aijj-'ja1 & x 0 giv5 ! same treatm5t z 0 receiv$ by ! fields previ\sly m5tion$4 ,o!r results w be giv5 9 a lat] bullet91 b ^? cit$ give a fair idea ( :at may be expect$ on upl& :]e ! subsoil is a h>dpan4 ,! hay f all ! fields m5tion$ above1 obta9$ 9 ! la/ two or ?ree cutt+s1 conta9$ v>y+ am\nts ( crab grass1 s ! yields giv5 are n all alfalfa4 ,s9ce ! above results 7 obta9$1 "s good bottom l& has be5 acquir$ by ! exp]im5t /ation & alfalfa has already be5 se$$ on "s ( x4 ,9 a few ye>s1 yields t w look bett] :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( our be/ alfalfa gr[]s c probably be report$4 ,! foll[+ summ>y w be helpful4 #a4 ,alfalfa is a great & valuable crop = ,oklahoma1 :]e !re are z good alfalfa soils z are f\nd 9 ! _w & z good yields are produc$ z any:]e4 #b4 ,! acreage ( alfalfa %\ld be greatly increas$ 9 ,oklahoma4 ,!re are b few f>ms "h t d n conta9 a few acres at lea/ t w gr[ ! crop pr(itably4 #c4 ,select ! be/ soil on ! f>m = ! fir/ trial1 & try only a few acres at fir/4 #d4 ,decide a ye> or two 9 advance ( se$+ "t :at field is to be se$$ to alfalfa1 & foll[ ! be/ me?ods ( cropp+ & prep>ation kn[n4 #e4 ,buy only ! v be/ se$4 ,get a sample & te/ x be=e buy+ & pur*ase y\r se$ a ye> be=e y expect to s[ x unless y are sure y c get good se$ j :5 y want x4 #f4 ,tw5ty p\nds ( good se$ to ! acre is pl5ty & z l[ z twelve p\nds is all t is us$ by _m4 #g4 ,se$ ei!r ) ! drill or by broadca/+4 ,conditions mu/ be "r = ei!r to succe$4 #h4 ,fall se$+ & spr+ se$+ are bo? foll[$ 9 ,oklahoma ) good success4 ,if ! conditions are n "r at se$+ "t1 or turn out unfavorable aft] se$+1 or :ile ! plants are small1 ei!r may fail4 #i4 ,z a rule fall se$+ is pref]able 9 ,oklahoma1 p>ticul>ly on ! less adapt$ soils4 #aj4 ,take due c>e 9 h>ve/+ ! hay t half its value is n lo/ at t "t4 #aa4 ,don't give up try+ to raise ! crop because y fail 9 y\r fir/ attempt or ev5 if ! failure cont9ues to ! second & ?ird attempts4 ,successful alfalfa rais]s h /at$ t 9 in/ances !y h fail$ z _m z five times 9 gett+ c]ta9 fields />t$ to alfalfa1 & aft] !y did get ! field se$$1 ! returns f x w\ld ju/ify rese$+ t5 times if necess>y4 ,,oregon ,george ,w4 ,dunn1 ,jackson c\nty4--,= eight ye>s ,i h gr[n #fj acres ( alfalfa on bottom l& ) granite loam soil1 gravelly & s&y4 ,! plant does n gr[ well unless ! soil is deep & well dra9$1 & w n gr[ :]e !re is a clay subsoil or /agnant wat]4 ,well wat] is rea*$ at a dep? ( #aj to #ab feet1 & ! soil1 unless cultivat$ or irrigat$1 becomes dry & h>d 9 ! summ]4 ,z soon z ! heavy fro/s 9 ! spr+ are ov]1 se$ may be put 91 aft] ?or\gh1 deep pl[+ & pulv]iz+4 ,i always s[ broadca/1 #bj to #be p\nds to ! acre1 !n h>r[ 9 & clod-ma% or roll4 ,wat] = irrigation is obta9$ f /reams1 & x %\ld be appli$ z quickly z possible1 ! be/ way be+ to flood ! :ole field = a few days1 & !n take all ! wat] (f1 z /&+ wat] w kill ! plant quick] ?an any?+ else4 ,! quantity ( wat] ne$$ ! fir/ & lat] ye>s does n seem to diff] mat]ially4 ,z soon z ! "y alfalfa is high en\gh1 x %\ld be m[$4 ,?is kills ! we$s1 & gives bett] *ance = gr[?4 ,!n ,i cut = hay1 b x does n pay mu* ! fir/ ye>4 ,if l& is well dra9$1 ! plant lives ?r\gh ! w9t] easily1 & by ! second or ?ird ye> is at its be/4 ,9 gr\nd adapt$ to its gr[?1 x is almo/ ev]la/+1 unless kill$ by goph]s or hogs4 ,aft] ! fir/ season1 !re are ?ree or f\r cutt+s1 av]ag+ ea* f "o to ?ree tons to ! acre4 ,= hay1 ,i cut z soon z x beg9s to bloom freely1 ord9>ily rak+ ! next day1 & cock+ ! ?ird1 9 ?is dry atmosph]e4 ,! /ack does n %$ wat] well1 & ! be/ plan is to put 9 a good b>n4 ,! hay bales well1 & ! size ( bale is simply a matt] ( op9ion or conv5i5ce1 !re be+ no diff]5ce 9 ! keep+ quality4 ,! second crop is ! "o = se$1 z ! fir/ always conta9s m or less f\l /uff1 & ! ?ird w n mature se$4 ,i dispose ( hay at f #d to #aj a ton--! same price z o!r hay 9 ! same m>ket--& x is 9 great dem& = mil* c[s4 ,! se$ co/s me f #aj to #af c5ts a p\nd4 ,! /raw makes good fe$1 b ( c\rse is n s good z ! hay4 ,= fe$+ f>m animals1 alfalfa is sup]ior to clov] or timo?y4 ,we produce z f9e beef "h1 by fe$+ alfalfa alone1 z c be done 9 ,kansas or else:]e by fe$+ ord9>y hay & corn4 ,! pa/urage is pr(itable & satisfactory = horses & %eep1 & = hogs x is unsurpass$--!y w gr[ & fatt5 on x )\t o!r food4 ,cattle on ! pa/ure sometimes bloat1 b n :5 !y are us$ to x1 or :5 x is dry4 ,i keep ab\t #aej head1 & 9 eight ye>s h lo/ b two4 ,! roots w gr[ to1 b n into1 wat]1 & ?rive 9 deep gravelly or s&y soil4 ,! plant s5ds d[n a l>ge1 /raight taproot1 :i*1 z x approa*es wat]1 bran*es & spreads out into num]\s small rootlets4 ,,p5nsylvania ,pr(4 ,george ,c4 ,watson1 ,p5nsylvania exp]im5t /ation4--,! exp]im5t /ation has receiv$ _m lett]s reque/+ in=mation p]ta9+ to ! gr[? & cultivation ( alfalfa4 ,f ^! communications x has be5 le>n$ t _m f>m]s h attempt$ to gr[ alfalfa on l& t is n at all well suit$ = ?is purpose1 & consequ5tly1 _m failures h result$4 ,! fir/ attempts to gr[ alfalfa 7 made :olly by spr+ se$+1 :i*1 9 mo/ in/ances1 has prov$ q unsatisfactory4 ,z alfalfa />ts sl[ly & exi/s z a small plant = a consid]able l5g? ( "t1 ! we$s h an abundant opportunity to g]m9ate & outgr[ ! m delicate alfalfa plants4 ,:atev] conditions favor ! gr[? ( we$s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! gr[+ season1 mat]ially increase ! risk ( failure ) alfalfa4 ,l>gely on acc\nt ( ! we$s & grass1 late 9 summ] or fall se$+ has be5 mo/ satisfactory4 ,:ile a dr\? at ?is "t may s]i\sly int]f]e ) g]m9ation1 yet ! injury f insuffici5t moi/ure is n likely to be s great z t f a rank gr[? ( we$s e>li] 9 ! season4 ,l& t has be5 cultivat$ = a few weeks dur+ ! summ] may be s[n to alfalfa 9 ,augu/ or ,septemb] ) comp>atively little dang] f annual we$s1 :i* are s tr\blesome 9 spr+ se$+4 ,l& t is infe/$ ) noxi\s p]5nial we$s & grass w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 be 9 suitable condition = se$+ aft] a few weeks ( cultivation1 no matt] h[ ?or\gh x may be4 ,! mo/ t5aci\s grasses & we$s1 l ,canada ?i/les & quack grass1 %\ld be giv5 at lea/ a few mon?s ( ?or\gh cultivation be=e se$+4 ,exp]im5ts indicate t alfalfa w n survive cont9u$ alt]nate freez+ & ?aw+ if ! soil conta9s v mu* moi/ure4 ,l& t is at all incl9$ to 8heave0 is n suit$ = ! gr[? ( ?is crop4 ,! soil ( ! /ation f>m1 ^u :i* mo/ ( ^! exp]im5ts h be5 made1 is a por\s lime/one clay und]laid ) lime/one rocks :i* af=d abundant dra9age ?r\gh ! fissures4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t ! soil is naturally well dra9$1 9 "s places x seems to hold too mu* wat] to af=d a mo/ cong5ial home = alfalfa4 ,?is crop w endure sev]e freez+1 provid$ ! soil is suffici5tly dry s t x has no t5d5cy to 8heave40 ,l& ^u :i* clov] w 8heave0 und\bt$ly conta9s too mu* moi/ure = alfalfa4 ,x seems to be able to endure ! rigors ( w9t] bett] ?an clov]1 provid$ ! moi/ure conditions are favorable4 ,,rhode ,,isl& ,dr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,:eel]1 ,director ,rhode ,isl& exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa culture 9 ,rhode ,isl& is a v unc]ta9 und]tak+4 ,a few p]sons h occasionally met ) "s success1 b ! majority ( exp]im5ts h be5 failures because3 7#a7 ,mo/ ( ! soil 9 ?is /ate is too defici5t 9 c>bonate ( lime to enable alfalfa to succe$ ev5 if o!r conditions are favorable4 7#b7 ,x is occasionally almo/ de/roy$ by clov] leaf spot4 7#c7 ,! g5]al culture ( alfalfa 9 ?is /ate _c be made successful ev5 if all ( ! conditions aside f ! climate are made favorable4 ,f>!r nor? :]e ! sn[ falls be=e ! gr\nd freezes & rema9s until ! op5+ ( spr+1 ?is plant c be gr[n successfully4 ,f>!r s\? :]e ! *anges are less sev]e1 ! same is true4 ,9 ,colorado & o!r places :]e irrigation is practic$1 if x is desir$ to get rid ( a field ( alfalfa1 ! gr\nd is flood$ aft] x is froz5 & ! freez+ ( wat] ov] ! surface accompli%es :at is desir$4 ,9 ,rhode ,isl& x n infrequ5tly happ5s t we h 9 w9t] a consid]able fall ( sn[4 ,a w>m s\!a/]ly ra9 may fall :i* trans=ms x v %ortly to slu%4 ,9 a few h\rs ! temp]ature may drop to z]o or bel[4 ,sometimes ra9 :i* falls freezes ov] ! surface1 =m+ a solid coat+4 ,^! conditions 9 ?is /ate de/roy ! alfalfa j z ! flood+ does x 9 ! ,we/1 & :ile alfalfa may be c>ri$ successfully ?r\gh ! w9t]1 if ! season is favorable1 ,i believe ! *ances are too great to make x a promis+ crop4 ,la/ w9t] we c>ri$ "s ?r\gh successfully & h done s once or twice be=e1 b my advice to ,rhode ,isl& f>m]s is to gr[ ! clov]s1 soy beans1 & possibly c[peas r ?an attempt to emb>k 9 gr[+ alfalfa until x has be5 def9itely %[n by exp]im5t t ! climate & o!r conditions c be successfully combat$4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,pr(4 ,c4 ,l4 ,newman1 ,agriculturi/ ,s\? ,c>ol9a exp]im5t /ation4--,we h1 to "s ext5t1 _h rem>kable success ) alfalfa4 ,on ! old exposition gr\nds at ,*>le/on1 ov] six tons ( cur$ hay 7 cut la/ ye> on "o acre4 ,?is ye> "o cutt+ af=d$ #d4ae p\nds ( cur$ hay4 ,9 ! upp] portion ( ! /ate1 alfalfa is gr[n ) consid]ably great] difficulty4 ,at ,&]son1 ! c\nty seat ( ,&]son c\nty1 !re is an alfalfa field t 0 s[n #fe ye>s ago & x /ill af=ds "s return4 ,,s\? ,,dakota ,pr(4 ,james ,w4 ,wilson1 ,director ,s\? ,dakota exp]im5t /ation4--,exp]i5ce %[s t a good /& ( alfalfa c be secur$1 if ord9>y c>e be ex]cis$ 9 prep>+ ! se$b$4 ,x is n a plant t does well :5 s[$ on ! native prairie sod aft] disk+4 ,on ! college f>m dur+ ! spr+ ( #aijd a small area ( native sod 0 disk$ five times2 "p 0 s[$ to alfalfa & "p to clov]4 ,! next spr+ only a few scatt]+ plants ( alfalfa c\ld be f\nd1 :ile a fair /& ( clov] 0 secur$4 ,good results h be5 obta9$ ) bo? ! ,turke/an & ! ,am]ican v>ieties4 ,nei!r has w9t]kill$ dur+ ! "t1 & ! yield p] acre 9 ea* case has be5 good4 ,a field s[$ to ,turke/an alfalfa 9 #ahii at ,highmore ,=age te/+ /ation /ill produces good yields4 ,! quantity ( se$ to s[ p] acre dep5ds l>gely on ! way x is s[$1 requir+ m if broadca/ ?an :5 drill$4 ,we sugge/ #bj p\nds :5 drill$ & #be p\nds :5 s[n broadca/4 ,! "t to s[ dep5ds ^u ! condition ( til?4 ,contr>y to :at is sometimes suppos$1 alfalfa does n require a wet soil1 b "o t is well dra9$1 ) a loose subsoil4 ,! plants w /& cutt+ sev]al times dur+ ! fir/ ye>4 ,?is me?od %\ld be resort$ to :5 s[n on a field badly infe/$ ) we$s1 9 ord] to secure a /& ( alfalfa4 ,9 #aijb a field r5t$ by ! college f>m1 :i* _h be5 cropp$ = sev]al ye>s & become f\l ) mu/>d1 0 s[$ to alfalfa4 ,x 0 cut ?ree times dur+ ! gr[+ season1 & ! result 0 t 9 #aijc !re 0 practically no mu/>d to be se51 b a fir/ class /& ( alfalfa 0 obta9$4 ,george ,e4 ,mc,eathron ( ,beadle c\nty writes3 8,i consid] alfalfa & clov] culture practicable 9 ?is locality4 ,i d n ?9k x necess>y to inoculate soil = ^! crops 9 ,s\? ,dakota4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye> ,i cut my alfalfa fields ?ree times & secur$ an av]age yield ( five tons to ! acre4 ,i h nev] all[$ se$ to mature1 always cutt+ = hay4 ,no tr\ble f w9t]kill+ has be5 notic$40 ,o4 ,s4 ,jones ( ,lake c\nty writes3 8,i began rais+ alfalfa on my place two miles we/ ( ,madison five ye>s ago4 ,! soil is a d>k loam ) "s s& 9 x1 lays level & has a s& & gravel subsoil4 ,wat] is obta9$ at a dep? ( eight to t5 feet4 ,i h us$ bo? ! ,turke/an & ! common alfalfa1 & ,i consid] ! latt] ! bett] = my l&1 z x gr[s rank]1 ) m leaf & bett] color ?an ! =m]4 ,i h _h ! be/ success 9 s[+ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may1 )\t a nurse crop4 ,on "o f\r-acre piece se$$ ?ree ye>s ago1 ,i pa/ur$ #aej to #age head ( hogs & spr+ pigs = two mon?s ?is ye> & also cut betwe5 #ae & #af tons ( hay 9 two cutt+s4 ,i s[$ #ab acres ?is ye> 9 two six-acre fields1 t h be5 pa/ur$1 cont9ually1 ) #age head ( hogs & pigs & t5 head ( "y cattle s9ce e>ly 9 ,july1 & a great deal ( x matur$ se$4 ,i c\ld h cut ^! pieces 9 ,augu/ ) pr(it _h ,i s desir$1 & !n _h pl5ty ( gr[? to h kept ! /ock 9 pa/ure1 *ang+ pa/ures ea* week40 ,n4 ,o4 ,p4 ,synogr\nd ( ,br[n c\nty writes3 8,i consid] alfalfa & clov] culture practicable 9 ?is locality4 ,i also consid] ! ,turke/an v>iety sup]ior to ! home-gr[n v>ieties4 ,cut ! field twice ! fir/ ye> & receiv$ f\r tons p] acre4 ,i h nev] cut any = se$4 ,^! crops h n w9t]kill$ "h40 ,,t5nessee ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a4 ,morgan1 ,director ,t5nessee exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa has be5 kn[n 9 ,t5nessee = _m ye>s1 b n until ! g5]al failure ( ,r$ clov]1 due to "o or m species ( ,colletotri*um1 & ! se>* = sub/itutes = ,r$ clov]1 7 any s]i\s ef=ts made to gr[ alfalfa 9 ?is /ate4 ,on alluvial l& along ! ,mississippi riv] 9 we/ ,t5nessee1 9 :at is kn[n z ! ,c5tral ,bas9 section ( middle ,t5nessee1 & on ! ri*] l&s ( ea/ ,t5nessee1 alfalfa has be5 gr[n v successfully1 & ea* ye> l>ge areas are be+ s[n to ?is clov]4 ,mr4 ,l4 ,donaldson1 ( ,lake c\nty1 gives ! foll[+ relative to ! prep>ation ( soil1 etc41 = alfalfa 9 ! alluvial area ( we/ ,t5nessee3 8,! l& is pl[$ deep ) l>ge moldbo>d break+ pl[s 9 ,septemb] or ab\t ! fir/ ( ,m>*4 ,x is !n h>r[$ until ?or\ghly pulv]iz$1 & ei!r ab\t ,octob] #aj or ,april #a1 two gallons ( se$ are s[n1 by ma*9e or by h&4 ,! h>r[ is us$ = cov]+ ! se$4 ,we h no m tr\ble ) ! crop aft] se$+4 ,! plants g]m9ate & take root rapidly4 ,i h kn[n alfalfa roots to rea* a l5g? ( two feet f ! la/ ( ,m>* to ,june #be4 ,we frequ5tly cut ! crop five times p] ye>40 ,george ,campbell ,br[n ( ,maury c\nty /ates t he has s[n alfalfa 9 ,m>* us+ spr+ b>ley z nurse crop1 & 9 ,septemb] ) success4 ,l& s[n to alfalfa 9 #aija yield$ f\r cutt+s p] ye> 9 #aijb1 #aijc1 & #aijd1 av]ag+ f #af to #ah tons p] acre 9 ! ?ree ye>s4 ,mr4 ,br[n uses soil = inoculat+1 & believes he has gott5 well-def9$ results f nitro-culture s5t out by ,unit$ ,/ates dep>tm5t ( agriculture4 ,at ! exp]im5t /ation at ,knoxville1 alfalfa has be5 successfully gr[n = _m ye>s4 ,heavy applications ( f>my>d manure & ! use ( #cjj p\nds ( acid phosphate & #be bu%els ( lime p] acre inv>iably insures l>ge yields ( alfalfa4 ,crab grass1 ,panicum sangu9ale1 9 summ] & *ickwe$1 ,/ell>ia m$ia1 9 w9t] are enemies to alfalfa 9 ?is latitude4 ,^! pe/s %\ld be gott5 rid ( by ! use ( clean culture crops prep>atory to ! s[+ ( alfalfa4 ,) pl5ty ( /able manure1 lime1 & phosphor\s1 artificial inoculation seems unnecess>y4 ,any soil ( ov] a few feet deep may be prep>$ s z to gr[ pr(itable crops ( alfalfa4 ,?is prep>ation is mu* m exp5sive on "s soils ?an o!rs4 ,,texas ,pr(4 ,b4 ,c4 ,pittuck1 ,agriculturi/ ( ! ,texas exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa %\ld receive ! att5tion ( f>m]s 9 e section ( ,texas :]e conditions are 9 any way favorable to its gr[?4 ,at pres5t prices1 aft] x is once e/abli%$1 a yield ( "o ton ( hay p] acre w af=d a good pr(it1 :ile yields ( f\r & six tons1 :i* are n unusual on favorable soils1 make ! inve/m5t exce$+ly pr(itable4 ,! pres5t dem& is mu* great] ?an ! supply & bids fair to increase 9 great] proportion dur+ ! com+ ye>4 ,its increas+ popul>ity ) ! f>m] is bas$ ^u s\nd bus9ess pr9ciples1 z its value does n consi/ solely 9 its m>ket price1 b 9 its value z food = 8 /ock & food = 8 soil4 ,x w furni% gre5 pa/urage & hay ( ! be/ quality )\t mat]ially impov]i%+ ! soil4 ,_m f>m]s refra9 f plant+ alfalfa because "s neighbor1 f> or ne>1 plant$ on l& app>5tly simil> to !irs1 & x di$ ( ! disease commonly kn[n z cotton root rot4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] = ea* f>m] to te/ 8 own l&1 = alfalfa may be affect$ by ?is fungus at "o place & entirely unaffect$ on gr\nd only a few rods away4 ,! value ( an alfalfa mead[ is su* z to w>rant a f>m] 9 giv+ consid]able "t1 labor & /udy to ! plant1 be=e decid+ t natural conditions prohibit him f successfully gr[+ x4 ,,utah ,a>on ,f4 ,f>r1 ,jr41 ,ca*e c\nty4--,fifte5 ye>s ago1 :5 ,i began rais+ alfalfa1 ,i _h #dj acres1 & = ! pa/ eight ye>s ,i h _h ab\t #ace acres1 all on heavy clay soil1 conta9+ consid]able salt1 & und]laid ) v /iff1 :ite clay4 ,! soil is dry on top1 b bel[ a dep? ( #b feet is damp1 & salty wat] is f\nd at a dep? ( eight feet4 ,small gra9 0 rais$ on ! new l& = "o or two ye>s1 aft] :i* ! gr\nd 0 pl[$ 9 ! fall1 & aga9 9 ! spr+1 h>r[$1 & well pulv]iz$4 ,se$ 0 put 91 #ab p\nds to ! acre1 two in*es deep1 ) a press drill4 ,! "t = s[+ is ab\t ! same z = corn1 9 ,april or ,may4 ,if !re is pl5ty ( wat]1 x is well to s[ ! alfalfa ) oats1 & !n cut = hay ! fir/ season4 ,"s ( my l& is irrigat$1 by flood+1 ?ree times 9 ! season1 by means ( a l>ge canal f ! riv]4 ,! m wat] is us$1 ! m alfalfa !re w be1 b ! hay f unirrigat$ l& is less sappy ?an t :i* has be5 wat]$4 ,! plant is n liable to w9t]kill "h1 & on s&y loam & gravel soils ! full yield is atta9$ ! second ye>1 :ile1 on heavy soils1 x requires ?ree or f\r ye>s4 ,i h "s t is #bj ye>s old1 & _c say h[ long x w yet cont9ue vigor\s4 ,!re is difficulty 9 ridd+ l& ( ! plant1 unless x is flood$ 9 ! w9t] "t4 ,we h usually two cutt+s ea* season1 ) an av]age yield = ea* ( ab\t two tons to ! acre1 al?\gh "s p>ts ( ! l& yield f\r tons at ea* cutt+4 ,i h f\nd x m pr(itable to raise se$ ?an hay1 & = ?is purpose ,i pref] ! second cutt+1 us+ ! self-rake1 all[+ ! alfalfa to lie 9 small piles until dry1 !n haul+1 /ack+1 & ?re%+1 ! same z :eat4 ,! hay lies ab\t #bb h\rs 9 ! swa?1 #bd h\rs 9 ! w9dr[1 & "o or two days 9 ! cock1 aft] :i* x is /ack$ 9 l>ge ricks ) a horse =k4 ,if prop]ly cur$1 x w n mold or heat1 z x w if damp4 ,on l& valu$ at #cj an acre1 ! co/ ( ! alfalfa1 9 ! /ack1 is ab\t #a4ej a ton4 ,! co/ ( bal+ is ab\t #b a ton1 ! popul> weight = bales be+ ab\t #ajj p\nds4 ,an av]age yield ( se$ is f #cjj to #ejj p\nds to ! acre4 ,?re%]s take "o-six? toll1 & c ?re% ab\t #ajj bu%els 9 a day4 ,! common ma*9]y saves only ab\t two-?irds ( ! se$4 ,a bu%el ( se$ weighs m ?an #fj p\nds1 & we put #age p\nds 9 a two-bu%el seamless sack4 ,! av]age sell+ price ( ! se$ is ab\t #c4ej a bu%el4 ,i h "o piece ( l&1 conta9+ #fj acres1 n irrigat$1 valu$ at #cj an acre1 f :i*1 = t5 ye>s1 ,i h cut "o crop ( hay1 & "o ( se$1 & realiz$ an annual net pr(it ( #ajjj ca%4 ,z comp>$ ) clov] & timo?y = fe$+ f>m animals1 my op9ion is t alfalfa w fatt5 quick]1 b w n g s f>4 ,! pa/urage is pr(itable & satisfactory = horses & %eep2 = hogs1 "o acre ( x is z good z #b ( ,r$ clov]1 & = cattle1 "o acre is z good z two ( clov]1 provid$ ! l& is dry4 ,on wet l&1 ! clov] is bett] = cattle1 &1 z to bloat+1 ! dang] is j ! same f ! two plants4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! plant w d well on side-hills1 :]e ! dra9age is good1 if ! l& is pl[$ deep1 & ! se$ drill$ 9 two in*es deep & roll$ ) a heavy roll]4 ,once />t$1 ! plant lives almo/ =ev]1 on any soil1 unless ! wrong k9d ( a w9t] /rikes x4 ,i h an alfalfa root1 tak5 up 9 digg+ a well1 t is #ba feet long4 ,! roots ( alfalfa are sure to f9d ! wat]1 if any:]e at all )9 reasonable rea*4 ,john ,jones1 ,utah c\nty4--,i h rais$ alfalfa #bj ye>s1 & n[ h #bej acres1 mo/ly on s&y loam upl&2 h "s on bottom l&1 :]e x gr[s too rank = se$4 ,! subsoil is light clay1 ) wat] f #ae to #bj feet f ! surface4 ,on l& ) h>dpan subsoil1 x decl9es aft] a few ye>s1 unless irrigat$ (t54 ,9 digg+ = wat]1 we f9d ! subsoil beg9s to get dry at ab\t #ah in*es1 & cont9ues q dry = #h or #aj feet2 !n moi/ure increases until wat] is rea*$4 ,we prep>e gr\nd by pl[+ 9 ! fall1 drag v f9e 9 ! spr+1 & s[ z e>ly z ! season w p]mit1 9 ord] to cat* ! spr+ ra9s1 us+ #bj to #be p\nds ( se$ p] acre4 ,our fir/ cutt+ is made ab\t ,june #bj1 & is a little we$y1 b !re are few] we$s 9 lat] cutt+s4 ,we get ab\t two tons ! fir/ cutt+1 if ! /& is good1 & ab\t ! same ! o!r cutt+s t ye>2 h no tr\ble "h ab\t w9t]kill+2 /&+ wat] is injuri\s to ! plant4 ,"h alfalfa on upl&s is wat]$ ?ree or f\r times ea* season2 "s l& ne$s only "o or two flood+s1 :ile o!r l[] l&s h no irrigation4 ,aft] gett+ a good />t f ! se$1 we beg9 wat]+ ab\t ,may #a1 f small m\nta9 /reams4 ,! fir/ ye> requires wat] ab\t e week2 aft] t1 once a mon? is suffici5t4 ,= hay1 we beg9 cutt+ ) ! fir/ bloom1 obta9+ #b to #b tons f ! fir/ cutt+1 ab\t #b ! second1 & f #a to #a ! ?ird cutt+2 let x lie ab\t two days be=e haul+ to /ack1 be+ c>eful n to /ack too gre54 ,= se$1 beg9 cutt+ :5 se$ is ripe1 ! second crop be+ consid]$ be/4 ,! gras%opp]s h be5 tr\bl+ ! second crop to "s ext5t1 & we h on t acc\nt be5 cutt+ ! fir/ crop = se$1 us+ a reap] & sep>at+ ) a ?re%+ ma*9e4 ,on a basis ( #g p] c5t int]e/ on #cj p] acre ) five tons ( hay p] acre ea* ye>1 x has co/ ab\t #a4ee p] ton to raise alfalfa4 ,we e/imate #a p] ton = cutt+ & /ack+1 & #fj c5ts p] acre = wat] tax4 ,x co/s #b4be p] ton = bal+1 #ajj to #abe-p\nd bale1 ! size hav+ no effect z to ! keep+ ( prop]ly cur$ hay4 ,f #h to #aj bu%els is a fair av]age se$ yield1 ! co/ ( ?re%+ & clean+ be+ ab\t #dj c5ts p] bu%el4 ,bal$ hay is wor? 7free on bo>d7 ab\t #f4ej1 & loose1 ab\t #d p] ton2 se$ sells = ab\t #g c5ts p] p\nd4 ,alfalfa hay is pref]able to timo?y or clov]1 ton = ton1 = fe$+ )\t gra92 ) gra91 our liv]ym5 pref] timo?y4 ,we f9d alfalfa ) gra9 equal to timo?y = draft horses1 b = driv]s1 timo?y is pref]r$4 ,alfalfa is consid]$ bett] ?an clov] by our hog rais]s2 x makes good pa/urage = horses1 & is bett] ?an ,r$ clov] = cattle4 ,if cattle are kept cont9ually on ! alfalfa1 !y are n v likely to bloat2 ! tr\ble arises f turn+ hungry animals on x4 ,we use a gag1 made ( a /ick ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 to =ce ! m\? op51 b sometimes h to make an op5+ 9 ! paun* ) a knife4 ,irrigation seems to improve ! quantity )\t increas+ ! quality4 ,! e>ly cut hay has at lea/ #bj p] c5t m value ?an ! /raw f ! se$ crop2 we h _h v good results f fe$+ ! /raw1 z x always conta9s m or less se$4 ,alfalfa s[n on clay soil1 ) h>dpan subsoil1 gradually dies out aft] two or ?ree ye>s2 also :5 wat] is ne> ! surface2 :5 ! roots rea* wat] too ne> by1 ! plant dies4 ,s[n on good s&y loam1 x rea*es its be/ yield ab\t ! second ye>2 on heavi] soils1 ab\t ! ?ird ye>4 ,we h alfalfa #bj ye>s old1 z vigor\s & good to yield z :5 />t$4 ,x is pref]able to clov] = turn+ "u1 z ! l>ge roots make m manure1 & ! tops are mu* heavi]4 ,we gr[ alfalfa on our upl&s )\t irrigation1 b x requires two or ?ree ye>s to get a />t2 ! fir/ ye>1 x makes a gr[? ( #h or #aj in*es1 & wilts2 second ye>1 x gr[s a little tall]1 ?ick5s up some:at1 & !n1 app>5tly1 dies2 ! ?ird ye>1 x ga9s 9 height & /r5g?1 & yields a good crop1 or ev5 two crops1 accord+ to ! subsoil4 ,if ! subsoil is h>dpan1 ,i w\ld n pr$ict ! result z wor? ! ef=t4 ,i d n see h[ ,utah w\ld get along )\t alfalfa4 ,i h #ajj acres1 f :i* are cut f #b to #b tons ( hay p] acre1 & f #hjj to #acjj bu%els ( se$ ea* ye>1 & x has n be5 irrigat$ = #ae ye>s4 ,la/ ye> ! se$ yield 0 #ifh bu%els1 & ! gras%opp]s damag$ x consid]ably2 ! se$ br\ght #aj c5ts p] p\nd on ! track "h4 ,we make good beef f ! hay alone1 & h done s on ! ?re%$ /raw4 ,,v]mont ,pr(4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hill1 ,director ,v]mont exp]im5t /ation1 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aad says t popul> int]e/ 9 ! "q ( alfalfa culture 0 nev] s great 9 ,v]mont z x is today4 ,! result ( #ef trials at z _m ,v]mont po9ts are summ>iz$3 z1 p]man5t successes1 #ab2 tempor>y successes1 t52 success at outset1 eight2 seem+ success1 five2 que/ionable1 sev52 failure1 #ad4 ,?irty-six p] c5t ( ! trials may fairly be said to h be5 a success1 & #fh p] c5t ( ^! 7 locat$ 9 ! ,*ampla9 valley4 ,only #aj ( ! #ef alfalfa gr[]s appe> to h s[n m ?an an acre4 ,x %\ld be not$ t success ) a fraction ( an acre does n ( necessity imply t an equal degree ( success w\ld be atta9$ ) plant+s on l>g] areas4 ,! preem95ce ( ! ,*ampla9 valley 9 alfalfa gr[+ seems to be due to ! "* ( ! f>m+ 9 t section & to ! nature ( its soil4 ,failures may g5]ally be ascrib$ to "o or m ( sev]al unfavorable soil or wea!r conditions1 to we$s1 to disease1 or to se$ :i* ei!r is inf]ior or f an unsuitable s\rce4 ,!re seems to be a suffici5t proportion ( successes 9 ! /ate to ju/ify ! enc\ragem5t ( fur!r trials4 ,x is equally cle>1 h[ev]1 t anyone plant+ alfalfa = ! fir/ "t %\ld n only give c>eful he$ to ! ne$s ( ! plant & to ! me?ods ( culture outl9$ lat]1 b %\ld beg9 by exp]im5t+ 9 a small way4 ,! mo/ significant ?+ develop$ by ! analysis ( ! returns to date is t ! crop seems to succe$ be/ 9 ! ,*ampla9 valley4 ,:y is ?is8 ,probably "o factor1 n app>5t on ! surface1 is t ! m5 :o h succe$$ 9 ,addison c\nty are l>gely %eep bre$]s :o value ! crop s highly 9 _! special indu/ry t !y are will+ to give m att5tion to its culture ?an are ! dairy f>m]s4 ,x %\ld be recall$ 9 ?is connection1 h[ev]1 t ! evid5ce review$ indicates practical success ) alfalfa at ,plattsburgh & 9 adjac5t ,canadian t]ritory4 ,)\t press+ ! matt] to a def9ite conclusion1 we consid] two ?+s to be at lea/ /rongly sugge/$ & wor?y to be borne 9 m9d 9 connection ) fur!r exp]im5ts 9 alfalfa culture3 7#a7 ,! *ances ( p]man5t success ) x are probably bett] 9 ,v]mont ?an !y are f>!r s\? & ea/ 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,?is may be 9 "p attributable to soil conditions & 9 "p to climate1 ! latt] be+ associat$ ) great] remot5ess f ! sea%ore4 7#b7 ,9 ,v]mont ! *ance ( success 9 its culture seem to be great] 9 ! ,*ampla9 valley ?an else:]e4 ,! reasons sugge/$ 9 ! above may apply 9 explanation ( ?is4 ,! nature ( ! geological =mations is also wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,x seems n unlikely t ! relative ri*ness ( ! soil ( ?is region 9 lime & pota% & its o!r *emical & physical *>act]s make x especially favorable to alfalfa gr[+4 ,,virg9ia ,pr(4 ,&rew ,m4 ,s\le1 ,director ,virg9ia exp]im5t /ation4--,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #aed f ?is /ation we summ>ize z foll[s3 ,alfalfa is be+ gr[n ) success 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,virg9ia & ! indications are t x w d well 9 humid climates1 provid+ ! soil is br\ght into suitable condition = its gr[?4 ,alfalfa has _m useful qualities4 ,x yields f ?ree to five tons ( cur$ hay 9 a ye>1 & rema9s on ! l& = a long p]iod ( "t :5 once well e/abli%$4 ,x gr[s be/ on deep1 op51 por\s soils well suppli$ ) vegetable matt]4 ,! roots ( alfalfa are f five to #ae feet 9 l5g?1 enabl+ x to draw mu* ( its food f ! subsoil4 ,x ?us enri*es ! l& = succe$+ crops & op5s x up to ! action ( air & wat]4 ,l& int5d$ = alfalfa %\ld be made v ri* by pl[+ "u legumes or apply+ f>my>d manure4 ,9 addition1 f #bjj to #djj p\nds ( acid phosphate1 ,?omas slag or bone meal1 ) #ajj p\nds ( muriate ( pota%1 %\ld be appli$ p] acre4 ,if ! l& is acid1 :i* may be det]m9$ by te/+ ) blue litmus pap]1 an application ( #be bu%els ( lime %\ld be made4 ,x is g5]ally be/ to use ! unslak$ lime1 :i* may be appli$ ) a manure spread]1 a gra9 drill or broadca/$ ov] ! l& & cov]$ ) a h>r[4 ,l& int5d$ = alfalfa %\ld be c>efully cultivat$ 9 ho$ crops or summ] fall[$ s z to de/roy we$s1 ! wor/ enemy ( alfalfa dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( its gr[?4 ,alfalfa may be se$$ ei!r fall or spr+4 ,:5 fall s[n x c be cut = hay ! next summ]1 :]eas1 ! spr+ s[n crop %\ld be clipp$ sev]al times dur+ ! fir/ season & left to mul* ! gr\nd4 ,alfalfa se$ is sometimes infe/$ ) dodd]1 :i* gr[s z a p>asite on ! plant4 ,! orange-yell[ ?readlike appe>ance ( dodd] gives w>n+ ( its pres5ce1 & x c be easily de/roy$ by cutt+ & burn+ if tak5 at ! outset4 ,alfalfa is frequ5tly attack$ by leaf spot 9 ! ea/]n /ates4 ,! disease is easily recogniz$ z its "n indicates1 & p]si/5t clipp+ w g5]ally eradicate x4 ,! am\nt ( se$ to s[ v>ies1 b #bj p\nds w answ] z a rule4 ,alfalfa %\ld be cut = hay :5 com+ into bloom1 z x yields m nutri5ts p] acre at t "t1 & succe$+ crops yield bett]4 ,alfalfa is n m difficult to make into hay ?an is ,r$ clov]4 ,x may also be pa/ur$ to advantage1 ?\gh !re is "s dang] ( bloat1 &1 ow+ to ! high fe$+ value ( ! hay1 x is d\btful :e!r x w\ld be good practice to graze x 9 ! ,ea/1 except ) hogs4 ,alfalfa be+ a legume has ! p[] ( assimilat+ atmosph]ic nitrog5 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x is ?us a soil improv]4 ,f>m]s _c af=d to pur*ase nitrog5 :5 !y c ga!r x f ! air ?r\gh ! action ( legum9\s plants4 ,alfalfa (t5 fails1 ev5 ?\gh all ! physical conditions seem favorable1 because ! bact]ia :i* live 9 ! nodules on its roots are n pres5t 9 ! soil4 ,?is defici5cy may be suppli$ by gett+ soil f an old alfalfa field or f fields :]e ,sweet clov] or ,bur clov] previ\sly grew ) success1 or by means ( artificial cultures4 ,! ,virg9ia exp]im5t /ation1 realiz+ ! importance ( alfalfa to ,virg9ia f>m]s & ! difficulty ( secur+ inoculat$ soil at a reasonable co/1 has und]tak5 ! prep>ation ( pure cultures :i* x is di/ribut+ at a co/ ( #be c5ts p] acre4 ,soil inoculation ?r\gh artificial cultures is /ill 9 its exp]im5tal /ages1 b x seems wise t ,virg9ia f>m]s %\ld be giv5 an opportunity to te/ ^! cultures at a mod]ate co/ & det]m9e once = all _! real value "u field conditions4 ,! high fe$+ value ( alfalfa has long be5 recogniz$4 ,x is admirably adapt$ to ! ne$s ( all classes ( live /ock4 ,x has be5 f$ ) pr(it to horses1 cattle1 %eep & sw9e4 ,x c be s utiliz$ z to l>gely take ! place ( :eat bran & o!r exp5sive conc5trates4 ,! plats ( alfalfa se$$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aijd1 bo? on ! /ation f>m & on ,bru% m\nta91 %[ ! importance ( soil inoculation & ! advantages ( us+ lime & phosphates on l& int5d$ = ?is crop4 ,f a g5]al review ( ! situation x appe>s t !re is no reason :y alfalfa1 "u good managem5t1 %\ld n succe$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,virg9ia4 ,,wa%+ton ,f4 ,m4 ,l[d51 ,walla ,walla c\nty4--,9 #bb ye>s ,i h _h exp]i5ce ) f #a to #djj acres ( alfalfa1 on bottom1 second bottom1 & upl&1 ) clay1 s& & loam soils1 ) subsoil ( h>dpan & /rong alkali f #ah to #bj in*es bel[ ! surface1 & wat] at dep? ( #ah to #bj feet4 ,! soil is seldom moi/ all ! way d[n1 ! dry soil beg9n+ five to eight feet bel[ ! surface & end+ )9 two or ?ree feet ( ! wat]4 ,aft] pl[+ deep & h>r[+ well1 ,i s[ 9 ! spr+1 late en\gh to miss fro/1 #be to #cj p\nds to ! acre2 !n cov]1 9 light soil f "o to two in*es1 & 9 clay soil less4 ,dur+ ! fir/ season x %\ld be m[$ s t ! we$s _c *oke x out1 & !n !re w be ab\t a ton ( hay to ! acre to be cut 9 ,augu/4 ,i irrigate ) wat] f /reams ?or\ghly 9 ! spr+ & aft] ea* cutt+1 us+ en\gh wat] to soak ! gr\nd = a few days4 ,new l& requires m wat] ?an old1 b ! quantity ne$$ is ab\t ! same e ye>4 ,at ?ree ye>s ! plant atta9s its be/ yields1 & ) prop] c>e w n ne$ rese$+4 ,!re are usually ?ree cutt+s ea* season1 ) an av]age ( #a tons to ! acre1 & ,i h kn[n five cutt+s4 ,x is m[$ = hay :5 x comm5ces to bloom1 & = se$ any "t be=e ! fro/ comes1 ! second crop be+ be/ = ! latt] use4 ,! se$ is m[$1 ?re%$ & dri$ z any o!r clov] is4 ,! hay %\ld lie be=e rak+ until x is ?or\ghly wilt$1 !n cure 9 cock two or ?ree days4 ,we /ack 9 ricks #af to #ah feet wide & any desir$ height or l5g?4 ,! hay w n heat if well cur$ be=e /ack+4 ,on l& valu$ at #dj an acre1 ! co/ ( hay 9 ! /ack is ab\t #a4ej1 & to bale ?is co/s #b a ton4 ,! yield ( se$ is #e to #aj bu%els to ! acre1 & x sells = #d4ej to #g4ej a bu%el1 :ile hay br+s #d1 =m]ly #h4 ,= ?re%+1 a clov] hull] is bett] ?an ! common ma*9e4 ,! alfalfa /raw is ( d\ble ! value ( any o!r /raw = fe$+4 ,! hay gr[n )\t irrigation is n s rank z t :i* is wat]$1 & is consequ5tly m valuable z a fe$2 any is bett] ?an timo?y1 & equal to clov] = cattle1 b ! se$ mu/ =m 9 x to make x valuable = work+ horses4 ,aft] cutt+ ?ree crops 9 a season1 ,i usually use ! field 9 ! fall = pa/ur+ cattle1 & x furni%es ne>ly d\ble ! fe$ t ,r$ clov] w1 acre = acre4 ,= hogs ! pa/urage is mu* bett] ?an clov]1 & ,i s[ ) blue grass & clov]1 on ri* gr\nd4 ,= horses & %eep ! pa/urage is bett] ?an clov]1 b causes bloat 9 ! same way4 ,x is difficult to pl[ up alfalfa1 b cont9u$ cultivation w rid l& ( x :5 desir$4 ,osc> ,drumhell]1 ,walla ,walla c\nty4--,h gr[n alfalfa = six ye>s1 & n[ h #aej acres1 "p on bottom1 "s on clay1 & a "p on slightly s&y soil2 subsoil is a ?9 lay] ( h>dpan2 bel[ t a sort ( gumbo1 & und]nea? t a :ite clay4 ,abundant wat] is f\nd at #aj to #ah feet1 moi/ soil rea*+ to ! wat]4 ,our l& requires no special prep>ation = alfalfa2 manure is spread on weak spots2 we s[ #bj p\nds ( se$ broadca/1 ab\t ,may #a/1 & h>r[ once to cov]4 ,"s cut x ! fir/ ye>2 "s ye>s ! crop is n wor? t\*+ = ei!r hay or se$2 !re is no tr\ble "h f w9t]kill+4 ,we nev] irrigate4 ,! fir/ cutt+ yields ab\t ?ree tons1 ! second1 ab\t two & "o-half tons1 ! ?ird1 ab\t two tons1 & ! f\r?1 "o ton4 ,= hay1 cutt+ %\ld beg9 :5 9 full bloom2 we nev] cut = se$1 b ! fir/ crop is be/4 ,! season mu/ gov]n ! "t = cur+1 :e!r two days or #aj2 x w heat & mold if n dry be=e /ack+2 no *oice 9 size ( /acks4 ,on l& wor? #dj p] acre1 x co/s ab\t #a4ej p] ton to gr[ & put alfalfa 9 ! /ack2 bal+ co/s #a4ej to #b p] ton1 ! bales weigh+ #aej p\nds4 ,alfalfa hay sold = #ab p] ton 9 #ahij1 & is n[ sell+ = #b4ej2 se$ sells = #aj to #ab c5ts p] p\nd4 ,= cattle1 alfalfa hay leads all o!rs2 = "w animals1 x is a little 8wa%y10 b we use no?+ else2 = pa/ur+ hogs1 "o acre ( alfalfa is wor? two ( clov]1 & x is f\nd satisfactory = horses & %eep2 alfalfa w pa/ure m cattle ?an clov]1 b is m productive ( bloat1 especially on w9dy days4 ,! be/ rem$y = bloat is to get ! =ep>ts ( ! animal on high gr\nd & spla% cold wat] on its back2 :5 all else fails1 apply ! knife to ! left side4 ,we pref] unirrigat$ hay1 :i* seems firm] & less 8wa%y40 ,alfalfa rea*es its be/ yields ab\t ! ?ird ye>1 & w la/ #bj ye>s2 x is n difficult to kill2 x is simil> to ,r$ clov] = turn+ "u = gre5 manure4 ,all cattle "h are f$ on alfalfa hay alone4 ,i h f$ cattle 9 op5 y>ds 9 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y1 & made !m ga9 #afj p\nds p] /e] 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,if beef on ! ,pacific coa/ w\ld br+ #c c5ts1 !re w\ld be no bett] inve/m5t ?an alfalfa4 ,9 #ahib1 we sold hay = #fj p] acre2 to-day x w n sell = a ?ird ( t4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h4 ,/ew>t1 ,director ,we/ ,virg9ia exp]im5t /ation4--,v little alfalfa is gr[n 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,)9 ! pa/ f\r or five ye>s "s /imulus has be5 giv5 x by curr5t publications1 etc41 b ext5sive gr[? has n obta9$ z yet4 ,! attempts to gr[ x on our small f>m at ! exp]im5t /ation h 9 fact be5 failures4 ,h[ev]1 !re are a few small tracts t h done well 9 portions ( ! /ate4 ,hon4 ,t4 ,b4 ,davis ( ,m9]al c\nty & ,e4 ,w4 ,mc,neil ( ,h>dy c\nty are p]sons :o h be5 successful4 ,i am frank to say1 h[ev]1 t ! exp]i5ces & practice ?us f> 9 ?is /ate h n prov5 x to be a dep5dable crop4 ,,wiscons9 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,a4 ,m1 ,agronomi/ ,wiscons9 exp]im5t /ation4--,alfalfa is receiv+ great att5tion 9 ,wiscons9 & dairym5 h be5 quick to p]ceive its value4 ,?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! exp]im5t /ation1 alfalfa se$ has be5 dissem9at$ 9 e c\nty 9 ! /ate & crops h be5 gr[n :i* 7 highly satisfactory4 ,exp]im5ts at ! /ation %[ t z mu* prote9 c be secur$ f "o acre ( alfalfa z f ?ree acres ( clov]1 n9e acres ( timo?y or #ab ( ,brome grass4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t f\r cutt+s ( alfalfa 7 secur$1 two cutt+s ( clov] & "o cutt+ ea* ( timo?y & ,brome grass4 ,alfalfa se$ %\ld h its viability te/$ be=e ! se$ is pur*as$4 ,se$ t does n give a g]m9ation te/ ( #ij p] c5t or above %\ld be reject$4 ,we advise select+ high1 well-dra9$ l& incl9$ to be roll+4 ,a clay loam on a gravelly subsoil is be/ suit$ = gr[?s ( alfalfa4 ,s[ 9 spr+ z soon z gr\nd works well1 putt+ on ab\t twice ! cultivation necess>y = c]eal crops4 ,:]e l& is incl9$ to be we$y1 s[ ?ree pecks ( b>ley p] acre z a nurse crop4 ,if gr\nd is free f we$s1 s[ alfalfa se$ )\t nurse crop1 us+ at lea/ #bj p\nds ( se$ p] acre4 ,sev]al hundr$ memb]s ( ! ,wiscons9 exp]im5t association h be5 c>ry+ on te/s ) alfalfa s9ce #aijc1 & practically all h succe$$ 9 gett+ good fields />t$4 ,bact]ia-lad5 soil has be5 %ipp$ to memb]s ( ! exp]im5t association1 :o are mak+ te/s1 ) directions = scatt]+ on a small plot1 9 ord] to get ! prop] bact]ia e/abli%$ 9 ! soil4 ,! s[+ ( "s alfalfa se$ ) clov] = ! purpose ( gett+ a few alfalfa plants e/abli%$ z bact]ia di/ribut]s has be5 foll[$ ) good success4 ,^! l&s :5 lat] s[n to alfalfa result 9 good cat*es4 ,alfalfa %\ld be cut :5 "o-t5? is 9 blossom1 & n lat] ?an ! fir/ week 9 ,septemb]4 ,we look = greatly increas$ acreage f ye> to ye> z our f>m]s le>n ! value ( ?is great =age plant4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ho>d1 ,editor ,ho>d's ,dairyman4--,x is n[ twelve ye>s s9ce ! editor ( ! ,dairyman comm5c$ ! practical /udy ( alfalfa4 ,a good deal ( exp]i5ce z well z obs]vation ( ! practices ( o!rs has come to him 9 t "t4 ,he does n feel t he has exhau/$ ! subject by any means1 b !re are a few ?+s :i* he believes to be well settl$ pr9ciples4 ,!y may be enum]at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ri*] ! soil ! bett]4 #b4 ,a c>efully prep>$ se$ b$4 ,too mu* pa9s _c be _h "h4 #c4 ,good se$2 e f>m] %\ld te/ ! se$ he expects to s[4 ,a great am\nt ( failure has come f weak1 inf]tile se$4 #d4 ,side hills :]e ! ra9 or melt$ sn[ 9 ,m>* w readily run (f & ?us prev5t an ice cap f sudd5 freez+ is mu* ! pref]able location4 #e4 ,cutt+ x ea* "t z soon z ! fir/ blossoms appe> w always br+ a /rong] succe$+ gr[? = ! next crop4 #f4 ,nev] pa/ure x unless y wi% to weak5 x s x w break up m easily ! next spr+4 #g4 ,always cure x 9 ! cock ) hay caps if possible4 ,! quality ( ! hay is greatly sup]ior to t :i* is cur$ 9 ! sun or w9dr[4 ,! nutritive quality & value ( alfalfa z well z clov] may be greatly less5$ & ! own] n be aw>e ( x1 by all[+ too mu* sun%9e on ! hay4 ,to ?r[ away ! fe$+ value ( any food by unwise me?ods ( h&l+ or cur+ is v poor economy4 ,= ?is reason f>m]s %\ld make a clos] /udy ?an !y d z to ! "r "t ( cutt+ alfalfa & clov] & ! "r way ( cur+ x4 ,too _m f>m]s look only at ! labor involv$4 ,!y want to d x quick4 ,h5ce !y wait be=e cutt+ till ! /alks are ov]ripe s !y w dry quickly & !n !y use hay load]s t w take up ! hay 9 ! swa? ov]dri$ & ! goodness evaporat$ out ( x by ! action ( ! sun4 ,all ?is "t !y are nev] giv+ a mom5t's ?\ght to ! great "q3 8,:at k9d ( food is ?is go+ to make = my c[s next w9t]80 ,! be/ ( /udy & c>e %\ld be giv5 to ?is matt] ( cur+ alfalfa & clov]4 ,nicely cur$ clov] is wor? half z mu* z bran z a milk produc+ food1 & alfalfa is wor? fully z mu*4 ,we h demon/rat$ 9 our own /ables t ) #ce p\nds ( corn ensilage & #aj p\nds ( nice alfalfa hay a day1 we c save half ( ! gra9 ration t w\ld be necess>y if we f$ o!r hay4 #h4 ,z a r5ew] & r5ovator ( f]tility we "k ( no?+ t w equal alfalfa4 ,! pres5t ye> is prov+ t 9 ,wiscons9 mo/ conv9c+ly4 ,ne>ly all ( ! old alfalfa1 z well z clov] se$+1 0 kill$ by an ice /orm 9 ,m>*4 ,t compell$ ! f>m]s to pl[ up ^! old fields & plant !m to corn1 potatoes or "s s[$ crop4 ,! great] gr[? ( crops on ^! old alfalfa fields is univ]sally notic$4 ,! f>m]s ( ! c\ntry h n half begun to "k ! wond]ful value ( ! alfalfa plant4 ,= j ?is reason !y %\ld n be disc\rag$ 9 try+ to gr[ x4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,alex&]1 ,wiscons9 exp]im5t /ation4--,aft] all t has be5 writt5 & said 9 favor ( ! m g5]al cultivation ( alfalfa1 x seems /range to f9d mu* prejudice & ignorance /ill exi/+ among f>m]s relative to ! m]its ( ?is magnific5t =age plant4 ,:5 we ask a f>m] :y he has n se$$ an area ( l& to alfalfa he almo/ inv>iably answ]s by ano!r "q2 viz41 8,d y ?9k ,i c make x cat*80 ,& x is ?is d\bt s g5]ally exi/5t t keeps d[n ! area ( alfalfa1 & h5ce ! pr(its ( _m a man :o c\ld make x a wond]ful success4 ,to our m9d !re has be5 too mu* alleg$ sci5tific talk relative to 8nitrification10 8root nodules0 & 8soil inoculation0 = alfalfa2 s mu* ( x1 9 fact1 z a fad1 t ! av]age f>m] has become possess$ ( ! errone\s idea t x requires a deeply sci5tific k ( ! subject & mu* tr\ble ( v>i\s sorts to secure a /& ( alfalfa4 ,= ?is reason _m a man has dismiss$ ! subject f 8 m9d & deem$ x be/ to ?9k mo/ ( ! simple ?+s )9 8 k51 b 9 s do+ he has miss$ "s ( ! greate/ boons & bless+s possible 9 8 bus9ess4 ,alfalfa w gr[ on mo/ any good l& t w produce clov] & t is 9 no way wat]logg$4 ,!re is little my/]y 9 its successful cultivation1 & ! 8tricks0 ( ! bus9ess are easily le>n$ f ! lit]ature m5tion$4 ,we believe x to be "o ( ! v f9e/ ( =age plants & a gr& adjunct 9 ! fe$+ ( hogs2 a crop 9 fact t is b\nd to become common & t %\ld at once be giv5 f> m g5]al att5tion ?an is n[ ! case4 ,x is nei!r difficult to obta9 a cat* nor make ! crop a success if ! f>m] w b try & 9 />t+ foll[ ! simple in/ructions n[ publi%$ by _m ( ! agricultural exp]im5t /ations4 ,,wyom+ ,asil ,t4 ,wilson1 ,fremont c\nty4--,= six ye>s ,i h be5 rais+ alfalfa on fir/-b5* upl&1 a gravelly loam1 ) a cem5t subsoil ( a lime nature4 ,wat] is f\nd at #dj feet2 moi/ soil is enc\nt]$ at a dep? ( #ab feet f ! surface1 & cont9ues until wat] is rea*$4 ,a dep? ( "o in* = se$+ is be/4 ,s[ 9 e>ly spr+4 ,if alfalfa & timo?y are s[n toge!r1 s[ #bj p\nds ( ! =m] to #f ( ! latt]2 if alone1 #bj p\nds ( alfalfa4 ,no we$s w tr\ble2 cut ei!r crop = hay2 ! fir/ crop = se$4 ,wat]+ aft] ! la/ cutt+ w cause alfalfa to w9t]kill4 ,irrigate z e>ly z possible1 if dry1 & :5ev] gett+ dry1 also ab\t five days be=e cutt+2 ! soil be+ moi/ aft] cutt+1 ! next crop w />t up quickly4 ,! l>g] ! quantity ( wat] us$ ! bett] if x runs (f quickly4 ,we obta9 wat] f a /ream4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye> ,i cut twice1 obta9+ two tons ea* cutt+4 ,i cut = hay j z x comes into bloom1 z x is n s woody & m leaves are sav$4 ,! fir/ cutt+ is pref]able = se$4 ,:5 cutt+ = se$1 wait until ! curls get well fill$ & black2 put x into cocks & ?re% :5 dry4 ,alfalfa hay %\ld be cut "o day & rak$ ! next2 !n cock1 & let x /& two or ?ree days be=e /ack+2 by s do+ all ! leaves are sav$1 & x cures 9 ! cock s !re is no dang] ( mold+ 9 ! /ack4 ,my alfalfa 9 /ack co/s #a p] ton1 f l& valu$ at #e p] acre4 ,irrigation co/s #bj c5ts p] acre4 ,bal+ co/s #c p] ton1 #aej p\nds 9 bale4 ,se$ yields six bu%els p] acre2 ?re%+ co/s #a p] bu%el4 ,prices = hay h rang$ f #e to #aj p] ton1 & #g p] bu%el = se$4 ,alfalfa hay is equal to clov] or timo?y = f>m animals4 ,= sw9e pa/urage x is bett] ?an clov]2 "o acre w pa/ure #aj head ( sw9e1 ga9+ "o p\nd p] head ea* day4 ,= horses & %eep x is good1 & z good = cattle z clov]1 b dang]\s1 z !y bloat & die4 ,! be/ yields on upl& are f ?ree to five ye>s aft] se$+2 &1 if wat]$ at prop] int]vals1 x w la/ #bj ye>s4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ridd+ l& ( alfalfa2 pl[ x late 9 ! fall1 level x d[n & m>k x1 !n wat]1 & let x freeze up 9 w9t]4 ,alfalfa = gre5 manure is z good or bett] ?an ,r$ clov]4 ,)\t pl5ty ( ra91 ,i w\ld n recomm5d gr[+ alfalfa 9 any locality4 ,se$ rais$ f alfalfa ?9 on ! gr\nd is be/4 ,john ,h4 ,gordon1 ,l>amie c\nty4--,dur+ ! pa/ #aj ye>s1 ,i h _h f #aj to #bjj acres ( alfalfa on second bottom & upl&1 ) s&y loam f two in*es to six feet deep1 & bel[ ?is s(t rock1 wat] be+ f\nd at dep?s ( #bj to #bjj feet4 ,i pl[ or break ! soil ! fir/ ye>1 & raise a crop ( :eat or oats2 ! second ye> pl[ deep1 s[ ab\t half a crop ( oats1 & :5 ?is is well h>r[$1 s[ #bj p\nds ( alfalfa se$ & cov] x ab\t two in*es deep4 ,to get ! be/ results1 ?is se$+ is done ab\t ,april #a/1 & !re is no tr\ble "h ) we$s4 ,9 cutt+ ! gra91 ! alfalfa is cut (f too1 b x does n gr[ tall en\gh = hay ! fir/ ye>4 ,! plant does n w9t]kill1 & rea*es its full yields by ! ?ird or f\r? ye>2 ,i h f\nd no necessity = rese$+ any ( my l&4 ,we irrigate f /reams1 ! quantity ( wat] us$ dep5d+ on ! season4 ,!re are g5]ally ?ree applications ( wat]1 ab\t six in*es ea* "t4 ,aft] ! fir/ two or ?ree ye>s1 only ab\t half ! quantity us$ at fir/ w be ne$$4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye> ,i cut twice1 & obta9 ab\t #a tons to ! acre ea* "t4 ,! fir/ crop is be/ = se$1 & is h>ve/$ :5 ! top bolls are dead ripe1 rak$ ! day aft] cutt+1 bun*$ = two days & !n /ack$1 to be ?re%$ ) ! common ?re%+ ma*9]y1 putt+ ?r\gh twice4 ,five bu%els to ! acre is a common yield ( se$1 & ! clean+ & ?re%+ co/ #ej to #ge c5ts a bu%el4 ,! hay is cut :5 ! great] "p is 9 bloom1 all[$ to lie ab\t a day be=e rak+1 cur$ ab\t ?ree days1 & !n /ack$1 #ad to #af feet wide1 #fj feet long1 & #bj feet high4 ,x does n seem to heat or mold "h4 ,! total co/ 9 ! /ack is ab\t #a4ej a ton1 & bal+1 9 #ajj-p\nd bales1 co/s #b a ton4 ,sell+ price ( loose hay 9 ?is section is #e a ton1 & ! se$1 #aj to #ab c5ts p] p\nd 9 ! m>ket4 ,! /raw is wor? ab\t z mu* z ! hay = fe$4 ,i am well satisfi$ ) ! g5]al results ( gr[+ alfalfa "h1 & am n[ prep>+ #bjj acres = se$+4 ,:]e x w gr[ well1 x is ! be/ =age plant ev] discov]$1 be+ good fe$ = cattle1 hogs1 %eep1 f[ls1 &1 9 fact1 all animals on ! f>m1 :ile z a f]tiliz] x _c be surpass$4 ,b "o _c d any?+ ) x if !re is n suffici5t moi/ure to raise :eat or oats4 ,,index4 ,,page ,alabama1 alfalfa 9 #af ,alb]ta1 alfalfa 9 #ae ,exp]im5ts #bca ,acclimation #h1 #ac1 #bh ,acid soil1 te/ = #de ,unfavorable #dd1 #bja ,acreage1 too great #hg ,address1 ,pr(essor ,spillman's #i ,adult]ants #cb1 #ce1 #cf1 #cg1 #ci1 #dj ,africa1 alfalfa introduc$ #b ,s\?1 alfalfa 9 #ae ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t bullet9 #cc ,agriculture1 ,/ov]'s2 hay-caps #he ,agro/ologi/'s op9ion #i ,air %aft 9 m[ #ie ,alaska1 hay = #ajd ,album9oids #bb ,alfalfa fields #bjj ye>s old #e ,alfalfa1 fails 8"h0 #ea ,description #e ,bel[ sea level #ae ,improves l& values #bjd ,orig9 ( "n #b ,objection to #ah ,prep>ations #ahb ,is 8que50 #ada ,replaces o!r legumes #aea ,synonyms #d ,alfamo #ahe ,alfil>ia1 m]its ( #bbg1 #bbh ,alsike & alfalfa comp>$ #ba1 #adh ,analyses1 corn #bb ,se$ #cc ,soil1 free #fd ,v>y #acg ,animals1 keep (f field #bba ,annual manur+ #gj ,appetiz]1 alfalfa z an #abe ,apples & alfalfa toge!r #bbd ,arabian se$1 import$ #h ,arapahoe ,c\nty1 ,colorado #bdc ,arg5t9e ,republic1 alfalfa 9 #ae ,arizona1 alfil>ia 9 #bbg ,exp]im5ts #h1 #bcc ,army worm #bai ,asiatic se$ introduc$ #g ,assimilative re/rictions #acd ,av]y1 ,pr(4 ,s41 on alfamo #ahe ,bact]ia1 c[peas increase #dh ,humus helps #fa ,9 "s soils #fa ,9 nodules #fj1 #aih ,introduc+ #df1 #ej1 #ea ,introduc+ unnecess>y #aii ,lack+1 failure result #ff ,ne$ nitrog5 #fj ,n f]tiliz]s #bja ,on c[peas #di ,spread on f>m #aid ,bale1 holl[ #aje ,bales1 heat+ #ajd ,load+ #aje ,poor prices = #ajd ,r\nd #ajd ,size #ajd ,%ipp+ #ajd ,bal+ #ajb ,new ,mexico #bhc ,ma*9e1 new #aje ,space sav$ #aje ,b>ley z nurse crop #eh ,leaves we$s #ei ,b>e spots re/or$ #ga ,b>n1 /or+ #ie ,bea*1 ,c4 ,w4 #bdh ,beadle ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,dakota #cjj ,beak on trefoil se$ #ci ,beef1 balanc$ ration = #ace ,*eap we/]n #adb ,mak+ #ach ,yield to acre #acj1 #aca ,bees & alfalfa #ab1 #age ,belgium1 alfalfa introduc$ #b ,b]ry1 ,j4 ,w41 /or+ #if ,b9dwe$ #bai ,black%]e1 ,j4 ,r41 report #bfj ,blake1 ,john1 exp]im5ts #bcc ,bliss1 ,d4 ,s41 report #bfg ,bloat1 lambs d n #agb ,prev5t+ #aaj1 #aac1 #aga ,prev5t+1 9 ,kansas #aaa ,pr(essor ,mayo on #aaf ,rem$y #aae1 #aba1 #caf ,rules to prev5t #aae ,tapp+ = #aai ,n due to food #aag ,on alfalfa pa/ure #aji ,bloom1 cutt+ 9 #hj ,cut 9 #hh ,blossom+1 cut be=e #hj ,blue grass or alfalfa = pigs #aeh ,blue-grass1 yields #ba ,) alfalfa #aaa ,botany ( alfalfa #d ,b[man1 ,pr(4 ,m4 ,l41 report #beg ,bran analysis #abg ,& alfalfa comp>$ #aj1 #gi1 #he1 #add ,& alfalfa meal = c[s #ahd ,food value #acb ,s[n ) se$ #ef ,br&on1 ,manitoba1 yield #ad ,break+ sod h>d "w #aie ,bre$]s' ,gazette on %eep pa/ure #aad ,brew]s' gra9s & alfalfa comp>$ #aad ,briti% ,columbia1 alfalfa 9 #ad ,broadca/ se$+ #ee ,brome grass & alfalfa comp>$ #ba ,brooks1 ,pr(4 ,william ,p41 report #bff ,br[n1 ,b5jam91 report #bfa ,br[n ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,dakota #cjb ,br[n1 ,george ,campbell1 report #cjc ,brun]1 ,pr(4 ,l41 on hopp] doz] #baf ,buck-horn 9 alfalfa se$ #da ,buck:eat bran1 food value #acb ,buffum1 ,pr(4 ,b4 ,c41 on f]tiliz+ value #aib ,bullet91 ,alabama #bcb ,f>m]s'1 bal$ alfalfa #ajd ,f>m]s'1 irrigation #gg ,f>m]s'1 alfalfa = hogs #afj ,kansas1 hog rais+ #aef ,nebraska1 soil+ & pa/ure #abc ,nebraska1 fe$ te/ #aci ,new ,j]sey1 fe$ values #acb ,new ,york1 fodd] crops #abf ,ohio1 impure se$ #cc ,texas1 fe$/uffs #abg ,utah1 cutt+s #abh ,utah1 irrigation #gd ,v]mont #cji ,virg9ia #caa ,wyom+1 f]tiliz+ value #aib ,bullet9s1 v>i\s hay composition #ge ,bun*] #hg ,burnett1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,a41 dim5sions ( ton #bbi ,burn+ we$s #fi ,bu%el weight #ca ,butt] fat1 co/ #aej ,butt]1 ! m>ketable product #adg ,buy] to blame #da ,buy+ soil1 necessity ( #fa ,dang]s ( #fb ,n necess>y #fa ,ca*e ,c\nty1 ,utah #cjd ,cali=nia1 alfalfa introduc$ #b ,cutt+ 9 #hi ,elev5 cutt+s #aj ,exp]im5ts #h1 #bch ,fe$+ alfalfa alone #adh ,%eep fatt5+ #bje ,camd5 ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey #bhb ,canada1 alfalfa 9 #ad ,"t to s[ #dg ,canadian ,nor?we/ yield #ad ,cannula = bloat #aai ,cape ,colony1 alfalfa 9 #ae ,capons on alfalfa #ahg ,c>bohydrates & fats int]*angeable #ace ,function ( #ace ,n replace prote9 #acf ,9 excess #acf ,9 hay #gf ,lack+ #abe ,c>bonace\s foods ne$$ #abe ,c>lyle1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,l41 hay #agc ,cattle1 dang]s 9 pa/ure #aji ,exp]i5ces ) #aaj ,gr[+1 balanc$ ration #ace ,"y1 balanc$ ration #ace ,pa/ur+ #bce ,utah1 f$ #be ,*ase ,c\nty1 ,kansas #bfj ,*ampla9 ,valley #caj ,*>act]i/ics1 se$ #cg ,*ick we$1 de/roy+ #cjc ,city use ( alfalfa #ahg ,cl>k ,c\nty1 ,kansas #beh ,cl>k1 ,?omas ,j41 report #bhc ,clay1 alfalfa on #ae1 #ai1 #ag ,climates adapt$ to #ae ,affects irrigation #gg ,cur+ 9 dry #hg ,arid1 effect on hay #gf1 #hh1 #id ,arid1 irrigation 9 #gc ,humid1 cur+ difficulties #hh ,humid1 difficulties #ha ,humid1 effect on hay #gf ,humid1 h>ve/+ #hb ,humid1 hay-caps #he1 #hi ,humid1 hay+ 9 #id ,humid1 se$ rais+ #ib ,clipp+ be=e bloom #fg ,invigorates #fg ,clo?i] praises alfalfa #aj ,clov]1 alfalfa foll[+ #ej ,& alfalfa comp>$ #bj1 #ba1 #abg1 #adc1 #adf1 #adh1 #adi1 #bbb ,beat5 on ?9 soil #ai ,bur1 adult]ant #cb1 #cc1 #dj ,bur1 bact]ia on #aii ,bur1 ev]y:]e #fa ,bur1 se$ recogniz$ #ci ,bur1 se$ 9 alfalfa #cb ,fe$ value #abf1 #acb1 #ade ,hay mak+ #hc ,hop1 an adult]ant #ce ,hull] = ?re%+ #ia ,p9 #bbg ,pl[$ = alfalfa #di ,prote9 value #acc ,sweet1 adult]ants #cb1 #cc1 #dj ,sweet1 bact]ia #fj ,sweet1 ev]y:]e #fa ,sweet1 /ock reject #dj ,sweet1 se$ describ$ #dj ,) alfalfa #ea1 #aab ,clov] soil1 ,sweet1 = inoculat+ #fj1 #bjb ,cock+ at night #hd ,colorado1 alfalfa prec$es sug> beet #agc ,alfalfa 9 or*>ds #bbc ,bees 9 #age ,corn & alfalfa comp>$ #acb ,cutt+ 9 #gc ,exp]im5ts #bdc ,fall s[+ 9 #ec ,fe$+ 9 #ada ,gr\nd alfalfa = pigs #ahb ,h>ve/+ 9 #hd ,hay composition #gf ,hog rations #aef ,lamb fe$+ #agc ,losses f /ack+ #ih ,losses 9 cur+ #hb ,pa/ur+ %eep #aac ,pl[+ alfalfa = o!r crops #aic ,se$ #bi ,%eep fatt5+ #bje ,silo+ #ajb ,value ( /ubble #aia ,wett$ hay #ha ,colusa ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia #bda ,combu/ion1 spontane\s1 ,see ,fire ,composition1 irrigation influ5ces #gd ,pr(4 ,t5 ,eyck quot$ #ge ,v>ies #adi ,compression1 d\ble #ajd ,connecticut1 exp]im5ts #bdg ,cooke1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,w41 corn & alfalfa #acb ,co-op]ative irrigation exp]im5ts #gf ,corn analysis #abg ,& alfalfa comp>$ #bb1 #acb1 #bbb ,be=e rese$+ #gb ,composition #acf ,fails #af1 #ag1 #bc ,f$ ) alfalfa #abe ,fe$ value #acb ,fodd] & alfalfa comp>$ #adh ,fodd]1 fe$ composition #acf ,fodd]1 fe$ value #ade ,fodd]1 analyses #abg ,fodd]1 prote9 value #acc ,fodd]1 value #abf ,foll[+ alfalfa #aic ,increas+ yield ) alfalfa #aid ,l&s1 ,ill9ois1 alfalfa on #af ,meal s[n ) se$ #ef ,prec$es alfalfa #df ,money f acre #be ,silage & alfalfa = c[s comm5d$ #aeb ,/ov] & alfalfa comp>$ #adh ,unpr(itable fatt5+ food #abf ,cortes br+s alfalfa to ,am]ica #b ,cottonse$1 analysis #abg ,meal replac$ by alfalfa #aea ,hulls1 analysis #abg ,analysis #abg ,composition #acg ,cotton soils1 deplet$1 = alfalfa #af ,cottonwood riv] bottom l&s #bfj ,cottrell1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,m41 alfalfa meal #ahc ,e>ly cutt+ #hj ,s[+ #cj ,spontane\s combu/ion #ih ,c\ntry ,g5tleman1 dodd] #bjg ,cov] crop1 w9t] be=e alfalfa #dh ,c[pea analysis #abg ,c[peas1 bact]ia #di ,be=e fall se$+ #di ,fe$ value #acb1 #ade ,increase bact]ia #dh ,increase f]tility #dh ,prec$+ alfalfa #df ,prep>e soil = alfalfa #df ,w9t] cov] #dh ,c[s1 numb] to acre #bje ,scrub f$ 9 ,kansas #adc ,sell f>m produce #adg ,crab grass1 de/roy+ #cjc ,9 se$ #ce ,keep+ d[n #aab ,p]si/5t enemy #fh ,crat]s 9 c5t]1 prev5t+ #ig ,creep1 9 pa/ur+ lambs #agb ,cresceus eats alfalfa #afg ,critical "t ) alfalfa #gc ,crops1 small #fe ,comp>isons #acj ,fir/ season #fe ,to introduce bact]ia #ej ,crop-worn l& improv$ #af ,cultivation1 p]fect1 ess5tial #dd ,cur+1 ,arizona #bce ,case 9 #ic ,difficult aft] ra9 #hb ,dry climates #hg ,hay-caps = #hd ,important ag5t 9 #ic ,improp] #hc ,kansas #bei ,losses 9 #hb1 #ic ,new ,mexico #bhc ,p5nsylvania bullet9 #hc ,poor me?od #hg ,prop] #hc ,rules #hi ,/ack #ij ,te/ #ig ,utah #cjd ,wa%+ton #cad ,w9dr[ #hg ,cuscuta arv5sis #db ,cuscuta epi?ymum #db1 #bjg ,cut = c[s #add ,cutt+ aft] ra9 #hb ,be=e or aft] irrigation #gc ,colorado #bdf ,dates1 ,utah #gh ,difficulties 9 humid climate #ha ,e>ly #ba ,e>ly1 objections #hi ,e>ly1 ,pr(essor ,cottrell quot$ #hj ,ensilage fir/ #aja ,fir/1 n = se$ #hi ,= silo #aja1 #ajb ,frequ5t #hh ,9 bloom #hh ,kansas #bfa ,montana #bga ,numb] ( times #hi ,rules #hi ,se$ "t #hi ,second1 = se$ #ib ,?ird1 = se$ #ia ,"t #hj1 #hb1 #hi ,utah #cjd ,clov] & alfalfa comp>$ #bj ,e>ly1 mo/ prote9 9 #ha ,n9e a ye> #aj ,numb] 9 ,alabama #bca ,numb] 9 ,cali=nia #bdb ,relative values #abg ,six or m "u irrigation #gb ,"t betwe5 #bd ,two pref]r$ #hh ,dactylis glom]ata ) alfalfa #aaa ,damp hay1 /or+ #ig ,dampness 9 m[ #ig ,dang]s 9 irrigation #gc ,dang]s f dampness #ig ,dairy c[1 balanc$ ration #ace ,int]e/s enhanc$ #bje ,products 9 ,s\? #ad ,dairies1 alfalfa #bf ,dairy+1 alfalfa 9 #adc ,davis1 ,hon4 ,t4 ,b41 alfalfa 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia #cag ,dawley1 ,f4 ,e41 dodd] #bjg ,de ,j>nette1 ,j4 ,b4 exp]im5ts #bda ,de] ,lodge ,c\nty1 ,montana #bga ,defective alfalfa se$ #cc ,delaw>e1 exp]im5ts #bdh ,se$ = #bi ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture exp]im5ts #h ,buy+ soil #fb ,imports ,asiatic se$ #g ,hog rais+ #afj ,dep?s roots g #f ,description ( alfalfa #e ,des]t1 alfalfa 9 ,nevada #af1 #ag ,dew on hay1 effects #he ,dextr9 losses 9 hay #ha ,dickson1 ,w4 ,h41 exp]im5ts #bdi ,difficulties 9 gr[+ 9 #agic #c ,r$uc$ by fall s[+ #di ,dige/ible matt] to acre #abf ,dige/ive re/rictions #acd ,dim5sions to ton #bbi ,diseas$ soil = inoculation #fb ,disk+ #gj ,aft] fre%ets #dd ,aft] turn+ #fi ,b5efits ( #ga ,ea* spr+ #gj ,fields aft] cutt+ #bd ,ov]comes failure #ga ,splits cr[ns #eg ,to kill we$s #ei ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 yield 9 #ad ,di/ribution ( alfalfa #ac1 #ad ,dodd]1 annoy+ enemy #bjf ,cut ) scy! #ia ,de/roy+1 ,alabama #bcb ,eradicat+ #baj ,fight+ #bjg ,9 alfalfa se$ #cb1 #ce ,virg9ia #caa ,mo/ dread$ #db ,objectionable impurity #db ,se$ describ$ #da ,se$ n adult]ant #db ,se$ remov+ #db1 #ia ,spread+ #bji ,to get rid ( #db ,dodson1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,r41 alfalfa = ,l\isiana #ad ,report #bfd ,donaldson1 ,l41 report #cjb 8,don'ts0 #bbe ,d\ble compression #ajd ,d[n+1 ,jacob1 exp]im5ts #bdc ,dra9age necess>y #ah ,dr5*+ animals #abb ,drill se$+ #ee ,favor$ by ,spurri] #fg ,drumhell]1 ,osc>1 report #cae 8,dry l&0 alfalfa #bi ,dry matt] 9 corn #bb ,dry+ out1 dang] ( soil #ej ,dugg>1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,f41 ,alabama #bca ,dunn1 ,george ,w41 report #bie ,dye+ ) alfalfa se$ #cb ,dy+ out #bba ,e>?worms1 enc\rag+ #df ,economy ( alfalfa #aea ,( alfalfa 9 dairy+ #adi ,( balanc$ ration #acd ,( labor #ba1 #be ,( root gr[? #f ,eight cutt+s 9 ,l\isiana #ad ,eighty feet to wat] #dd ,elem5ts specially ne$$ #fe ,elev5 cutt+s a ye> #aj ,elg9 dairyman praises alfalfa #aec ,enemies #bjj ,ensil+ #bgj ,kansas #aea ,engl&1 gr[+ 9 #bfa ,alfalfa introduc$ #b ,exam9ation ( soil #fd ,example ( success #ag ,exhibition /alk1 l>ge #f ,exp]im5t /ations disfavor nurse #ei ,favor inoculation #fj ,export alfalfa hay #ajd ,exports1 se$s #ca ,erf1 ,pr(4 ,osc>1 alfalfa = c[s #adj ,erodium citcut>ium #bbg ,ess5tials ( gr[+ #dd ,( prep>+ soil #df ,evaporation 9 cur+ #hc ,9 m[ #ig ,failures1 because n cut #fi ,causes ( #bbj ,due to we$s #dh ,( se$ #cj ,ov]come by disk+ #ga ,r$eem+ #fe ,to be expect$ #bja ,fair*ild1 ,d4 ,g41 ,arabian se$ #h ,fall s[+ #di1 #eb1 #ec ,fann+ mill #ia ,fann+ removes dodd] #db ,f>r1 ,a>on ,f4 ,jr41 report #cjd ,fat & c>bohydrates int]*angeable #ace ,9 corn #ba ,9 hay #gf ,n replaceable by prote9 #acf ,fats 9 excess #acf ,lack+ 9 alfalfa #abe ,fatt5+ ) corn unpr(itable #abf ,f>m+1 "* alt]$ #ag ,f>m]s' ,assi/ant m5tions alfalfa #c ,f>ms1 fruit1 alfalfa on #ag ,fe$1 quality #ade ,value1 fodd] crops #abf ,values1 v>i\s #ade ,fe$+ alfalfa alone #adh ,be=e pa/ur+ #aaj ,colorado #ada ,c[s economically #aeb ,economical we/]n #adb ,exp]im5ts = milk #ahd ,hogs1 ,nebraska #aei ,te/s #ach ,te/s1 hog #aef ,te/s1 ,kansas #ach1 #adb ,te/s1 ,nebraska #aci ,te/s1 v>i\s cutt+s #ha ,te/s1 ,utah #ach ,wa/e 9 #add ,value1 ,arizona #bcf ,value1 ,cali=nia #bda ,value1 ,colorado #bdg ,value1 ,idaho #bec ,value1 ,kansas #bei ,value1 ,utah #cje1 #cjf ,value1 v>i\s cutt+s #hh ,value1 v>i\s crops #acb ,fe$/uffs1 analysis #abf ,f]tility1 be/ means ( improv+ #adg ,increas$ by c[peas #dh ,robb$ by nurse crops #eh ,f]tilization by bees #agg ,f]tiliz]s1 ,alabama #bca1 #bcb ,specially ne$$ #fe ,f]tiliz+1 ,georgia #bej ,virg9ia #cab ,long ,isl& #bhh ,fescue1 mead[ yields #ba ,fe/uca elatior ) alfalfa #aaa ,fib] 9 corn #bb ,fields disk$ aft] cutt+ #bd ,( alfalfa #bjj ye>s old #e ,old1 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a #i ,old 9 ,we/ #i ,fire = we$s #fi ,prev5t+ #if ,fires caus$ by wet hay #ig ,occur1 :5 #ih ,pr(essor ,cottrell discusses #ih ,r>e #if ,fle% =m+ #aa ,flood+ at critical "t #gc ,effects #dd ,= second crop #gb ,floor1 loose pref]r$ = /or+ #ie ,florida1 alfalfa 9 #ae ,fodd] corn1 fe$ value #ade ,crops1 fe$ value ( #abf ,fodd]s1 values ( v>i\s #ade ,=t ,coll9s lambs #agc ,fo/]1 ,pr(4 ,l41 cutt+s #abh ,foxtail1 keep+ d[n #aab ,france1 alfalfa introduc$ #a1 #b ,olde/ fields 9 #e ,se$ f #cb ,fras]1 ,w4 ,j41 fe$ = c[s #aeb ,fraud 9 alfalfa se$ #cf ,fre%et1 disk+ aft] #dd ,fre%ets1 effect #dd ,freez+ effect on soil #aie ,h>m f #ej ,soil = se$+ #eb ,fruit f>ms1 alfalfa on #ag ,rais+1 alfalfa 9 #bbc ,full]ton1 ,h4 ,b41 report #bhh ,furnas ,c\nty1 ,nebraska #bgc ,g>man1 ,pr(4 ,h41 report #bfd ,gaylord ,f>m ,sanatorium #bdh ,georgia1 exp]im5ts #bej ,g]m kill$ #bg ,g]many1 se$ f #cb ,g]m9ability1 /or+ impairs #cj ,g]m9ation1 conditions influ5c+ #eg ,te/ se$ = #bh ,gila ,riv] irrigation #bcd1 #bhc ,g9!r1 ,c4 ,m41 report #bed ,gill1 ,e4 ,t41 report #bhb ,glut5 meal1 fe$ composition #acg ,replac$ #aea ,g-devil #hg1 #ie ,goph]s injure alfalfa #bab ,grades & grad+ hay #aje ,graham1 ,?omas ,c41 exp]im5ts #bce ,gra9 & alfalfa comp>$ #afa ,enc\rages we$s #ei ,grange meet+ at ,mr4 ,work]'s #ah ,grant ,c\nty1 ,new ,mexico #bhc ,grasses & alfalfa comp>$ #ba ,grass1 de/roy+ by fire #fi ,p9 #bbg ,prec$+ alfalfa #ej ,prote9 value #acc ,grasses 9 pa/ures #aaf ,) alfalfa #aaa1 #aac ,gras%opp]s #baf ,gravel1 alfalfa on #ae1 #ah ,greece1 alfalfa tak5 to #a ,gr9d+1 "t & p[] requir$ #ahd ,gr[? aft] cutt+ #ba ,delay$ by cold wat] #gc ,f import$ se$ #cj ,gumbo1 soil1 alfalfa succe$s #ag ,habitat ( alfalfa #a ,influ5ce #bh ,habits alt]$ by locality #bh ,f>m1 *ang$ by alfalfa #aha ,h&l+ hay #hi ,little advisable #id ,hanna1 ,s4 ,c41 bloat #aaa ,hans51 ,pr(4 ,n4 ,e4 9 ,asia #g ,h>r[1 common n disk #gj ,h>r[+ aft] cutt+ #bd ,to kill we$s #ei ,h>r[s #gj ,h>tman & ,weil1 report #bhe ,h>ve/1 dates ,utah #gh ,e>ly = hogs #afj ,h>ve/]1 ,acme #bfb ,h>ve/+ #gi ,by /ock #ajg ,few & _m #hh ,humid climates #hb ,l gra9 #hh ,loss ( leaves #hj ,op]ations1 "t betwe5 #hg ,se$ #hi ,"t #hj ,"t to beg9 #hb ,hawaii1 hay = #ajd ,hay & silage comp>$ #ajb ,association1 ,national1 grades #ajf ,association1 ,spillman's address #i ,bal+1 ,cali=nia #bdj ,composition dep5ds on wat] #ge ,fe$ value #ade ,fir/ season #fe ,grades #aje ,9 m[1 wat* #ig ,9 w9dr[s #hd ,ly+ 9 swa? #hd ,mak+1 ,arizona #bcg ,mak+1 losses 9 #hb ,meal *eap] ?an bal$ #ahf ,measur+ 9 /ack #bbh ,money 9 #bb1 #bc ,poorly cur$1 value #hg ,pres]v$1 color #id ,prairie & alfalfa comp>$ #adj1 #ada1 #adh1 #aej ,prairie1 composition #acf ,prairie1 dim5sions ( ton #bbi ,prairie1 fe$ value #ade ,value ( #ia ,values1 ,arizona #bce ,v>i\s1 & alfalfa comp>$ #adh ,yield to acre1 ,utah #gh ,hay-caps advantages #he ,describ$ #hf ,favor bal+ #ajc ,humid regions #hd ,size ( #hf ,use ( #he1 #hf1 #hi ,hay+1 "t betwe5 op]ations #hd ,hay-load]1 belt #hh ,headd51 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,p41 /ubble value #aia ,long roots #f ,cur+ #hb ,se$ /or+ #ca ,heat+1 prev5t 9 transit #aje ,se$ #ca ,se$ /ack #ij ,/ack #ij ,heav+1 dang] ( #ej ,height1 normal #f ,highmore =age te/+ /ation #cjj ,hill1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,l41 report #cji ,hillman1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h41 dodd] #db ,hit*cock1 ,a4 ,s41 bal$ alfalfa #ajd ,fe$+ alfalfa alone #adh ,quot$ on irrigation #gg ,ho>d1 ,gov41 brood s[s #aee ,yield #bc ,rotation #aid ,ho>d's ,dairyman1 economical butt] #add ,hogs1 alfalfa or blue grass = #aeh ,balanc$ ration = #acf ,cut e>ly = #afj ,food = fatt5+ #df ,kansas #aee ,l alfalfa #bc1 #aed1 #bcg ,ov] /ock+ ) #afa ,pa/ur$ on surplus acres #hg ,pa/ure = #dh1 #ajh ,holl+swor?1 ,j4 ,h4 #bee ,honey f alfalfa #ab1 #agh ,hoove1 ,see ,bloat4 ,hopp] doz] #baf ,kansas #bah ,pr(4 ,s4 ,j4 ,hunt] #bag ,hopk9s1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,g41 pot cultures #bjb ,report #bec ,hog rais+1 ,kansas #afa ,horse rais+1 ,ohio #aff ,rais+ #afe1 #aff ,horses1 alfalfa = "w #aff ,alfalfa = driv+ #afg ,*eap fe$ = #ahh ,injure pa/ure #aji ,on pa/ure #agj ,ov]f$ #aff ,?rive on pa/ure #aji ,humus favors bact]ia #fa ,hunt]1 ,pr(4 ,s4 ,j41 hopp] doz] #bag ,bees #agf ,idaho1 exp]im5ts #bea ,italy1 alfalfa introduc$ #a ,ill9ois1 alfalfa 9 #af ,exp]im5ts #bec ,fe$+ c[s 9 #aeb ,pot culture exp]im5ts #bjb ,se$ = #bi ,import$ se$ #cj1 #ca ,impurities 9 se$ #cb1 #cc ,income1 alfalfa #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #bf ,indiana1 exp]im5ts #bed ,yield 9 #bc ,infect$ soil #fj ,injuries f lime #ff ,inoculation1 ,alabama #bcb ,any me?od helpful #aii ,dang]s ( #fb ,se$ n ne$$ #fd ,failures expect$ #bja ,ill9ois #bed ,long ,isl& #bhh ,massa*usetts #bff ,me?ods v>i\s #fc ,necess>y #bjj ,n l magic #bjb ,old !ory #aig ,soil1 n ne$$ #fd ,soil1 ,sweet clov] #bjb ,unnecess>y #bjj ,virg9ia #caa ,) diseas$ soil #fb ,insects c>ri$ by soil #fc ,9 se$s #ca ,introduc+ on f>m #bh ,i[a1 exp]im5ts #beg ,leaf spot 9 #baa ,pig rais+ #aeh ,se$ = #bi ,spr+ s[+ #ed1 #ee ,iri%1 ,c4 ,w41 dep? ( root gr[? #f ,irrigation aft] cutt+ #gc ,alfalfa "u #gb ,be=e cutt+ #gc ,cali=nia #bch ,colorado #bdd ,co-op]ative exp]im5ts #gf ,effect on hay #gf ,excessive #gb ,gila ,riv] #bcd ,h>r[ #bd ,idaho #bec ,influ5ce on composition #gd ,influ5ce on se$ #bh ,increases prote9 #ge ,necess>y to saturate soil #gh ,new ,mexico #bhc ,oregon #bie ,salt ,riv] #bcf ,spr+ #gc ,utah bullet9 #gd ,wat] to acre1 ,utah #gg ,irrigation ,f>m+ quot$ #gc ,irrigat$ l&1 yield #aj1 #bc ,irrigations1 numb] ( #gg ,italy1 se$ f #cb ,jeff]son1 book d$icat$ to #c ,j5k9s1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h41 report #bdg ,jones1 ,john1 report #cjf ,jones1 ,o4 ,s41 report #cja ,jordan1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h41 op9ion ( fe$ #ada ,kafir corn prec$+ alfalfa #di ,f$ ) alfalfa #abe ,fe$ composition #acf ,kansas1 alfalfa fl[]s #agf ,alfalfa = dairyman #adi ,alfil>ia = #bbh ,annual top dress+ #gj ,bees #age1 #agf ,bullet91 balanc$ ration #ace ,broadca/+ at exp]im5t /ation #ef ,c[s on small area #add ,cur+ 9 #hg ,e>ly cut hay = hogs #afj ,ensil+ #aea ,crab grass #fh ,eighty feet to wat] #de ,exp]im5ts #bei ,fall s[+ #ec ,fe$+ c[s #add ,fe$+ te/s #ach1 #adb ,grass 9 alfalfa fields #aab ,goph] injuries #bac ,hay1 composition ( #gf ,hog rais+ #aee1 #afa1 #afc ,hopp] doz] #bah ,horses rais$ #afe ,l&s1 values increas$ #bjd ,l[ co/ ration #aej ,prairie dogs #bab ,pr(it f hogs #afb ,pr(it 9 #bb1 #bc1 #be ,prev5t+ bloat #aaa ,prote9 9 cutt+s #ha ,se$ #bi ,se$ rais+ #ij ,self-b9d] = h>ve/+ #hh ,%eep fatt5$ #aga1 #bhg ,silo+ #ajb ,soil+ & pa/ur+ #abc ,s[+ #eg ,spr+ s[+ #ee ,/ation disfavors salt #ajj ,/ation on bal+ #ajc ,/ock fe$+ #ajc ,/or+ 9 #if ,"t to s[ #dg ,?ird cutt+ = se$ #ia ,:eat aft] alfalfa #aic ,w9t]+ horses #afg ,"w ) scrub c[s #adc ,k5ilwor? ,f>ms1 ,arizona #bce ,k5t ,c\nty1 ,delaw>e #bdi ,k5tucky exp]im5ts #bfd ,kief]1 ,h4 ,w41 report #bea ,kilgore1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,w41 report #bhi ,kirk1 ,f4 ,s41 pa/ur+ #aac ,yield #bd ,labor prices #bjd ,sav$ #be ,lake ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,dakota #cja ,lamb-fe$+1 ,nebraska #agb ,lambs1 fatt5+ #df ,=t ,coll9s #agc ,on pa/ure #aad ,nev] bloat #agb ,pa/urage = #dh ,qu>t] 9 se$ #ce ,l&1 alfalfa on bottom #bd ,f\l1 unfit = alfalfa #ei ,values improv$ #bjd ,wor?less made valuable #be ,lang/on1 ,alva1 yield #bd ,lantz1 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,e41 goph] injuries #bac ,l>ge alfalfa roots #ah ,latitude influ5ce on se$ #bh ,lea*+1 w9t] prev5t$ #dh ,leaf spot #fc1 #baa ,legumes1 bact]ia on #fj ,prep>e soil #di ,leaves & /ems1 fe$ value comp>$ #hb ,brok5 by t$d] #hd ,lo/ 9 cur+ #hj1 #hb1 #ahc ,help 9 cur+ #hc ,proportion to /ems #abh ,sav$ by sl+s #id ,pay = floor #ii ,value #gi ,lewis1 ,d4 ,c41 report #bha ,light discolors se$ #ca ,liggett1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,m41 report #bfi ,lime1 air slak$ #ff ,injuries #ff ,mu/ be appli$ #fd ,ne$$ #de1 #bja ,prev5ts mold #ajj ,small dress+s advisable #ff ,soil = #bca ,lim+ #bdi ,connecticut #bdh ,massa*usetts #bff ,ohio #bij ,l9coln ,c\nty1 ,nebraska #bge ,l9se$ meal & alfalfa comp>$ #abg ,fe$ composition #acg ,replac$ by alfalfa #aea ,li/+ waxy gr\nd #eb ,litmus = te/+ soil #de ,load]1 disadvantages #ie ,load+1 sl+s #id ,localities influ5ce se$ #bh ,logan ,c\nty1 ,idaho #beb ,long ,isl&1 exp]im5ts #bhh ,loss f impure se$ #cb ,losses due to wett+ #ha ,9 cur+ #hb ,l\isiana1 alfalfa 9 #ad ,cutt+ 9 #hi ,exp]im5ts #bfe ,l[d51 ,f4 ,m41 report #cad ,luc]ne1 book d$icat$ to ,jeff]son #c ,int]m$iate #gf ,orig9 ( "n #d ,yell[ #g ,lumps1 soil1 bad #ej ,mangels1 fe$ value #abf1 #ade ,prote9 value #acc ,manitoba1 alfalfa 9 #ad1 #ae ,mammo? clov] yields #ba ,manure be=e se$+ #fd ,manur+ #df1 #gj ,:eat l& = alfalfa #dh ,m>e1 ration = brood #afe1 #afi ,m>ket+ #acg ,m>kham1 ,l4 ,w41 exp]im5ts #bde ,m>yl&1 alfalfa 9 #af ,se$ = #bi ,massa*usetts1 analyses1 clov] #bj ,exp]im5ts #bff ,mat?ies1 ,john #bdh ,maximum yield1 irrigation #gg ,maury ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee #cjc ,mayo1 ,pr(4 ,n4 ,s41 bloat #aaf ,mc,eathron1 ,george ,e41 report #cja ,mc,neil1 ,e4 ,w41 succe$s 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia #cag ,mead[ fescue & alfalfa comp>$ #ba ,fescue & alfalfa yields #ba ,meal1 ,pr(4 ,cottrell's op9ion #ahc ,sup]ior to hay #ahd ,s[n ) se$ #ef ,meat production 9 ,s\? #ad ,m$icago d5ticulata1 bact]ia #fj foliata1 #g m$ia1 #gf sativa1 #d ,m$ic9e ,hat1 yield #ad ,m$ick1 black1 an adult]ant #ce ,m$icks1 fifty species #cf ,meet+ at ,mr4 ,work]'s #ah ,melilotus1 bact]ia on #fj ,m]rill1 ,pr(4 ,l4 ,a41 f$ horses #afh ,on cutt+s #abh ,mexican fields1 old #e ,mexico1 alfalfa introduc$ 9 #b ,alfil>ia = #bbh ,gr[+ #bdd ,mi*igan1 exp]im5ts #bfh ,middlesex ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey #bha ,middl+s1 food value #acb ,milk1 alfalfa 9 mak+ #adc ,balanc$ ration #ace ,co/ ( gallon #aej ,fl[ increas$ #aeb ,te/s #adc ,! m>ketable product #adg ,value an acre #add ,yield increas$ #adf ,yield1 pa/ure & soil+ #abc ,mill]1 ,h5ry1 exp]im5ts #bch ,mill]1 ,pr(4 ,m4 ,f41 report #bgj ,millet1 alfalfa s[n ) #ea ,& alfalfa comp>$ #adf1 #adh ,z prep>atory crop #eb ,be=e rese$+ #gb ,be/ to prec$e alfalfa #di ,betwe5 potatoes & alfalfa #dh ,f$ ) alfalfa #abe ,fe$ value #acb1 #ade ,good to prec$e #ej ,prote9 value #acc ,m9imum wat] to apply #gg ,m9nesota1 exp]im5ts #bfj ,field1 old #i ,se$ = #bi ,spr+ s[+ #ee ,"t to s[ #dg ,yield 9 #ad ,miss\ri1 alfalfa 9 #af ,exp]im5ts #bgj ,fall s[+ #ec ,moi/ure absorb$ by /raw #ig ,cons]ve be=e se$+ #dg ,robb$ by nurse crop #eh ,molasses1 adult]at$ ) #bfe ,) alfalfa #ahe ,mold1 prev5t 9 /acks #ij ,moldy se$ #bg ,monm\? ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey #bhb ,montana1 exp]im5ts #bga ,pa/ur+ %eep #aad ,se$ #bi ,%eep fatt5+ #bje ,moore1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,t41 bre$s bact]ia #ajh ,moore1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,a41 report #caa ,morgan1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,a41 report #cjb ,mortgage lift] #aa ,m[1 fires #ie ,/or+ #ie ,m[] n favor$ = se$ h>ve/ #ij ,m[+1 e>ly #ba ,= yell[ leaf #fg ,improves /& #fg ,9 wet season #fh ,may be wrong #fh ,mul* n ne$$ #fh 8,mu/s0 #bbe ,national ,hay ,association grades #ajf ,neale1 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,f41 report #bdh ,nebraska1 alfamo #ahe ,alfil>ia = #bbh ,comp>ative yields #ba ,cur+ #hg ,exp]im5ts #bgc ,fall s[+ #ec ,fe$ te/s #aci ,hog fe$+ te/ #aei ,hopp] doz] #baf ,lamb fe$+ #agb ,l&s1 values increas$ #bjd ,pr(it #bb1 #bc1 #be ,s& hills #ae1 #ag ,se$ #bi ,%eep fatt5$ #aga1 #bje ,soil+ #abc ,spr+ s[+ #ed ,/ock fe$+ #ajc ,"w horses f$ #aff ,nebraska ,f>m]1 on cutt+ #fi ,nebraska ,f>m]1 v>i\s fields #adh ,nelson1 ,j4 ,p41 report #bhb ,nematodes 9 soil #fb ,nevada1 alfalfa 9 #ad ,alfalfa1 on sagebru% l& #ae ,des]ts1 alfalfa succe$s 9 #ag ,new ,brunswick1 alfalfa unkn[n 9 #ae ,new ,engl&1 cutt+ #hi ,se$ = #bi ,soil+ #abd ,success #caa ,new ,hamp%ire1 exp]im5ts #bgi ,new ,j]sey1 exp]im5ts #bhj ,hay composition #gf ,milk te/ #adc ,fe$ values #acb ,plant food to acre #aib ,se$ = #bi ,yields ( clov] #bj ,new ,mexico1 alfil>ia = #bbh ,exp]im5ts #bhc ,new ,mil=d1 ,connecticut #bdh ,se$1 new pref]r$ #cj ,new ,york1 alfalfa introduc$ #c ,alfalfa success #ag ,dairym5 claim pr(its #add ,exp]im5ts #bhg ,l&s improv$ #bf ,old field #i ,se$ = #bi ,soil+ advisable #abd ,new ,york ,/ation fodd] crops #abf ,newman1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,l41 report #bii ,nitro-cultures #bdi ,nitrog5 f roots #aj ,f soil #eb ,ga!r$ #aij1 #aib ,ga!r$ by c[peas #di ,n ne$$ #aj ,old plants ne$ none #fj ,robb$ by nurse crop #eh ,specially ne$$ #fe ,su/a9s bact]ia #fj ,nobbe1 discov]y ( bact]ia #aig ,nodules =m$ #ei ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 exp]im5ts #bhi ,nor? ,dakota1 exp]im5ts #bhf ,turke/an alfalfa #h ,nova ,scotia1 alfalfa unkn[n #ae ,nurse crop1 effects ( cutt+ alfalfa #ei ,i[a #beg ,or n8 #eh ,nutri5t values1 v>i\s #ade ,oat grass yields #ba ,oat hay1 analysis #abg ,& alfalfa comp>$ #adh ,fe$ value #ade ,oat /raw fe$ value #ade ,prote9 value #acc ,oats1 s[n ) alfalfa #ea ,& peas1 fe$ value #abf1 #acb ,z nurse crop #eh ,be=e rese$+ #gb ,foll[+ alfalfa #aic ,fe$ value #acb ,fo/] we$s #ei ,ohio bullet91 se$ #cc1 #cd ,exp]im5ts #bij ,fall s[+ #ec ,f>m] s[s ?ickly #eh ,horse rais+ #aff ,pa/ur+ lambs #aad ,prelim9>y se$+ #ea ,requisites 9 gr[+ #bbe ,se$ = #bi ,oil meal & alfalfa comp>$ #adj ,oklahoma1 cutt+ #hi ,exp]im5ts #bib ,pa/ur+ #aac ,se$ #bi ,yield #bd ,olm/ead & ,olm/ead1 report #bgc ,ont>io1 lamb fe$+ #agc ,yield #ad ,or*>d1 alfalfa 9 #bbc ,or*>d-grass1 yields #ba ,fe$ value #ade ,prote9 value #acc ,) alfalfa #aaa ,oregon1 exp]im5ts #bie ,osborne ,c\nty1 ,kansas #bfj ,ott]son1 ,james1 report #beb ,otis1 ,pr(4 ,d4 ,h41 fe$+ c[s #add ,pa/ure = hogs #afc ,ov]fe$+ horses #aff ,ov] /ock+ ) hogs #afa ,panicum capill>e1 a we$ #fi ,panicum sangu9ale1 a we$ #fh ,de/roy+ #cjc ,p>asites 9 pur*as$ soil #fb ,pa/ure1 alfalfa 9 grass #ea ,& soil+ comp>$ #abc ,cattle #bfc ,grasses1 fe$ value #ade ,horses #bfc ,lamb #dh ,only :5 e/abli%$ #ajh ,pig #dh ,p\ltry #ahj ,%eep #bfc ,/ock #bd ,upl&s #aaf ,pa/ur+ #ajg ,cattle #aac ,horses #agj ,previ\s to se$+ #dg ,rules = #aaf ,:5 to /op #ajh ,p5nsylvania1 alfalfa introduc$ #c ,bullet91 cur+ #hc ,exp]im5ts #big ,se$ = #bi ,soil+ advisable #abd ,p]ry1 ,c4 ,d41 report #bei ,physical effects1 root gr[? #f ,effects on soil #ba ,phosphoric acid ne$$ #fe ,pig1 ,see ,hog4 ,pigs1 dea? rate r$uc$ #aee ,pigwe$ 9 se$ #ce ,p9al ,c\nty1 ,arizona #bce ,p9-clov] #bbg ,pittuck1 ,pr(4 ,b4 ,c41 report #big ,planta9 9 se$ #da ,plants smo!r 9 wet l& #dd ,smo!r$ "u w9dr[s #hd ,weak ) nurse crops #eh ,pl9y prais$ alfalfa #a ,pl[1 "* ( tool #aie ,pl[+1 deep1 necess>y #df ,difficult #aie ,= o!r crops #aic ,importance ( c>eful #aie ,prop] #bba ,rec5t n good #ej ,sod1 rate ( #aie ,/& r5ew$ by #gb ,pl[+s sav$ #ba ,pods poorly fill$ #hi ,pork1 produc+ *eap #aeh ,pota% specially ne$$ #fe ,potatoes foll[+ alfalfa #aic ,prec$e alfalfa #dh1 #ej ,p\ltry ?rive on #ahj ,prairie dogs1 de/roy+ #bae ,injure alfalfa #bab ,prep>ation1 prop] #bbj ,soil #df ,prep>atory crops #di1 #ej ,presses = bal+ #ajd ,press drills favor$ #ef ,prices receiv$ #bb1 #bc ,pr(it r$uc$ 9 fe$+ c[s #adf ,pr(its #bb1 #bc1 #be1 #add1 #adg ,protection1 w9t] #ajh ,f sun n ne$$ #eh ,prote91 abundance 9 alfalfa #abe ,& c>bohydrates n int]*angeable #acf ,dige/ible #abf ,excess 9 ration #acg ,function ( #acd ,highe/ 9 fir/ cutt+ #abi ,9 clov] #bj1 #ba ,increas$ by irrigation #ge ,9 e>ly cutt+s #ha ,9 hay #gf ,p]c5tage 9 leaves #gi ,values1 v>i\s fe$s #ade ,prov5ce1 se$ f #cb ,pr[]s ,c\nty1 ,colorado #bde ,purgatives = bloat #abb ,quebec1 alfalfa 9 #ae ,quicklime v cau/ic #ff ,ra91 cutt+ aft] #hb ,hay-caps #hi ,ra9-fall effect on hay #ge ,influ5ce on se$ #bh ,raiscot1 ,alfr$1 report #bga ,rake1 ,mon>* #bfb ,side deliv]y #hg ,"t to />t #hd ,range ( soils #af1 #ag ,rape1 analysis #abg ,& alfalfa = hogs comp>$ #afb ,ration1 balanc$ #acd ,balanc$1 expla9$ #ace ,co/ ( #aej1 #aea ,money value #ach ,unbalanc$ #acd ,receipts #bb1 #bc1 #be ,reclean+ se$1 importance #cb ,reclean+ to remove dodd] #db ,r$d+1 ,pr(4 ,r4 ,j41 report #bej ,r$-top & alfalfa comp>$ #adh ,yields #ba ,r5ew+ gr[? #ga ,r5tals ( l& #bf ,rese$+ #fe1 #ff1 #ga1 #gb ,rhode ,isl&1 exp]im5ts #bih ,rib grass 9 alfalfa se$ #da ,rice meal1 food value #acb ,ri*mond1 ,indiana #bee ,rick1 measur+ = tonnage #bbi ,pref]r$ #ajj ,rob]ts1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,f41 adult]ants #ce ,rob9son1 ,j4 ,w41 raises horses #afe ,rome1 alfalfa tak5 to #a ,ro(+ = hay %$s #ii ,root gr[? #aij ,gr[?1 physical effect #f ,sy/em #f ,roots1 deep #f ,nitrog5 9 soil f #aj ,sp9dl+1 ) nurse crop #eh ,?umb-siz$ #ah ,value ( #ba1 #aia ,rot1 root #bab ,rotation necess>y #aid ,r\ghness suppli$ by alfalfa #ah ,v>i\s k9ds to fe$ #ade ,rural ,new-,york]1 article quot$ #ag ,rutabagas1 fodd] value #abf ,rye bran1 food value #acb ,grass yields #ba ,w9t] cov] #dh1 #di ,sacram5to ,riv]1 gr[? #bda ,sagebru% l& = #beb ,l&1 new alfalfa on #ae ,sales #bb1 #bc ,salt ,riv]1 irrigation #bcf ,salt 9 /or+ hay #ajj ,san ,mateo ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia #bch ,san ,miguel ,c\nty1 ,new ,mexico #bhe ,s& hills1 ,nebraska1 alfalfa succe$s #ae1 #ag ,scott ,bros41 yield #bb1 #bc ,scre5$ alfalfa se$ recomm5d$ #cf ,scrub-oak l& = #bhh ,se$1 adult]at$ #cc ,analysis #cc ,b$1 secur+ a f9e #dh ,bees insure f]tile #age ,be/ co/ly #da ,be/ f ,prov5ce #cb ,buck-horn 9 #da ,bur clov] 9 #ci ,bu%el weight #ca ,*>act]i/ics #cg ,*eap #bg1 #da ,conditions influ5c+ g]m9ation #eg ,cutt+ "t #hi ,damp #bg ,dodd] describ$ #da ,dodd] 9 #cb ,exports & imports #ca ,failures1 import$ #cj ,f>m] to blame = poor b\ght #da ,fir/ cutt+ n = #hi ,= ,ill9ois #bi ,= ,i[a #bi ,= ,ohio #bi ,= ,p5nsylvania #bi ,=mation1 bees help 9 #agf ,good co/ly #bi ,good1 ess5tial #bg ,h>ve/+ #hi ,importance ( pure #ce ,impurities #cb ,import$1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture #g ,increas$ by bees #age ,influ5ces affect+ #bh ,injuries by /or+ #cj ,inoculation n ne$$ #fd ,insects 9 #ca ,introduc$ f ,europe #c ,kansas #bi ,kept sev]al ye>s #cj ,k9d to buy #bi ,l>ge & small #ch ,losses 9 /or$ #cj ,moldy #bg ,nebraska #bi ,necessity ( dry+ #ij ,new pref]r$ #cj ,nor!rn gr[n #bh ,noxi\s #cd ,oklahoma #bi ,old #bg ,planta9 9 #da ,pods1 poorly fill$ #hi ,poor1 cause failures #bba ,precautions 9 buy+ #bi ,pure #bh ,pure/ 9 ?ird cutt+ #ia ,quality ( #bg ,quantity s[$ #bd1 #ef ,rais+1 dry climate #bh ,rais+1 humid climates #bh1 #ib ,rais+1 ,kansas #ij ,remov+ inf]tile #ia ,remov+ we$ #ia ,returns #bb1 #bc ,rib grass 9 #da ,rob]ts on pure #ce ,selection #bg1 #bh ,sift+ to remove dodd] #db ,size ( ,bur clov] #ci ,size ( #ch ,/or+ #ca ,sub/itution ( trefoil #ci ,te/ be=e buy+ #bi ,?ird crop self s[n #gb ,?ird cutt+ = #ia ,types ( #cg ,utah vs4 import$ #cj ,value 9 ,arizona #bce ,vitality injur$ 9 /ack #ij ,we$ 9 alfalfa #cd ,yield #ia ,yield1 ,arizona #bcg ,se$+ #dd ,aft] disk+ unnecess>y #ga ,alabama #bca ,arizona #bcc ,cali=nia #bch ,colorado #bdd ,drill or broadca/ #ee ,fall #di ,importance ( #gi ,july #ff ,kansas #beh ,manure be=e #fd ,p5nsylvania #big ,prelim9>y #ea ,soak+ soil be=e #gc ,se$]1 ,cahoon #bcd ,gem #bdb ,se$]s1 v>i\s #ef ,se$s dead #bg ,f]tile few #hi ,se$sm5 to blame = bad se$ #da ,selection ( se$ #bg1 #bh ,self s[+ ?ird crop #gb ,self-b9d]1 h>ve/+ ) #hh ,9 se$ h>ve/ #ij ,sell+ inoculat$ soil #fa ,sep>ator1 ,j4 ,i4 ,case #bcg ,sep>ators 9 ?re%+ se$ #ia ,%$1 hay #ii ,%eep1 dang]s to1 f pa/ur+ #aji1 #aac ,eat b9dwe$ #bai ,=t ,coll9s #agd ,losses f bloat #aac ,old1 kept (f pa/ure #aad ,%epp]d1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h41 report #bhi ,sift+ out dodd] #db ,silage = c[s #aeb ,/or+ z #aja ,sup]ior to hay #aea ,silo1 advantages ( us+ #aea ,co/ ( #aeb ,= alfalfa #aja ,silo+ sugge/ions #ajb ,sl+s 9 /ack+ #id ,smead1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,c41 horse fe$+ #afh ,smi?1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,d41 report #bfh ,smi?1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,r41 fe$ te/ #aci ,smo!r+ "u w9dr[s #hd ,9 wet l& #dd ,snake ,riv] irrigation #bea ,soak+ soil be=e se$+ #gc ,sod1 break+1 = alfalfa #ej ,h>d to pl[ #aie ,soil acid1 unfavorable #dd ,acidity det]m9$ #de ,adobe #bci ,& se$+ #dd ,bak$1 avoid #df ,bur clov] = inoculat+ #fj ,buy+ inoculat$ #fj1 #fa ,buy+ n necess>y #fa ,buy+ infect$ #fj ,buy+1 objections to #fa ,"* affects irrigation #gg ,conditions dem&$ #eb ,conditions ess5tial #df ,deplet$1 improv$ #af ,diseas$1 = inoculation #fb ,= alfalfa #ae ,gumbo #bfa ,h>dpan #af1 #ah ,improv$ by alfalfa #af1 #aij ,improvem5t due to alfalfa #af ,inoculat$ = sale #fa ,inoculat$1 quantity to acre #fa ,inoculation #ei1 #aig ,inoculation1 dang]s ( #fb ,inoculation1 meal or hay = #fc ,inoculation1 n necess>y #fc1 #fd ,li/$ #eb ,nev] "w wet #df ,n exhau/$ by alfalfa #aj ,prep>ation #df1 #big ,prep>+1 ,arizona #bcc1 #bcf ,prep>+1 ,colorado #bdc ,prep>ation1 ,wa%+ton #cad ,re/rictions1 obsolete #dd ,robb$ ( lime #dd ,rocky #ai ,sug> tree l& #bee ,waxy #eb ,wet makes failures #dd ,soil+ #ajg1 #abb ,advis$ 9 ,ea/ #abd ,& pa/ur+ comp>$ #abc ,nebraska #abc ,pigs #abd ,sorghum analysis #abg ,bad to prec$e alfalfa #di ,consumes moi/ure #di ,fails to increase milk fl[ #adh ,f$ ) alfalfa #abe ,fe$ value #ade ,hay1 fe$ composition #acf ,prote9 value #acc ,s\le1 ,pr(4 ,&rew ,m41 report #caa ,s\? ,africa1 alfalfa 9 #ae ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 exp]im5ts 9 #bii ,old field #i ,s\? ,dakota1 exp]im5ts #cjj ,s\? favors spr+ s[+ #eb ,l& values increas$ #bje ,s[+ "t #dg ,s\!rn f>ms1 self suppli$ #ad ,s\!rn se$ #bh ,s[+ dates #dg ,fall #di1 #ec ,f\l l& #ei ,spr+ disadvantages #ec ,spr+ or fall8 #eb ,spr+1 on :eat gr\nd #dh ,po9ts to rememb] #dg ,"t1 ,s\? #dg ,"t1 ,c5tral ,/ates #dg ,s[s1 brood1 ,mississippi #aee ,l alfalfa #aed ,soy beans1 fe$ value #ade ,fe$ composition #acg ,spa91 alfalfa introduc$ #a1 #b ,takes alfalfa to ,am]ica #b ,spillman1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,j41 op9ion #i ,spontane\s combu/ion1 ,see ,fire4 ,spot1 leaf #baa ,spots1 b>e1 9 lodg$ nurse crop #ei ,re/or+ b>e #ga ,spott$ leaf1 m[+ = #fg ,spr+ or fall s[+8 #eb ,spr+ s[+1 disadvantages #ec ,s[+ favor$ #ec ,s[+1 importance ( e>ly #eh ,spurri] on alfalfa #c ,favors drills #fg ,/ack1 cur+ 9 #ij ,elevate bottom ( #ajj ,fires 9 #ie ,protect top #ajj ,sweat+ 9 #ij ,/acks1 condemn$ #ii ,cov]+ se$ #ij ,prev5t+ mold 9 #ij ,/ack]1 ,l&5 #bce ,/ack+1 conditions #ajj ,dry #ic ,9 ricks #bei ,losses f #ih ,op]ations 9 #hg ,precautions #ij ,se$ crop #hi ,sl+s recomm5d$ #id ,/admuell]1 ,f4 ,h4 #bdh ,/&1 ideal #eg ,improv+ #fg ,increas+ #ea ,pl[+ to r5ew #gb ,poor #bg1 #cj1 #ed ,secur+ good #bbj ,?ick5+ #gb ,) nurse crop #eh ,/>* 9 corn #bb ,ne$$ by bact]ia #fj ,/e]s pick up on alfalfa #abe ,/ell>ia m$ia1 de/roy+ #big ,/ems & leaves1 food value comp>$ #hb ,/ew>t1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,h41 report #caj ,/ock1 be/ way to m>ket alfalfa #acg ,f$1 ,utah #be ,injure alfalfa #ajg ,keep (f field #bba ,/odd]1 ,j4 ,f41 bloat #aab ,/or]1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,h41 hay-caps #he1 #hf ,/or+ #ic ,z silage #aja ,9 b>n #ie ,9 ev5+ #ig ,se$ #ca ,/ov] & alfalfa comp>$ #adj1 #adh ,f$ ) alfalfa #abe1 #add ,prote9 value #acc ,/raw1 fe$ value #ade ,fe$+ value1 ,colorado #bde ,= /ack fe$ #ia ,money 9 #bb1 #bc ,on damp hay #ig ,prote9 value #acc ,value ( #ia1 #bdj ,/ubble1 value ( #ba1 #aia ,/ubbs1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c41 exp]im5ts #bfe ,subsoil1 t\gh1 roots 9 #ah ,subsoil+ effects ( alfalfa #af1 #aid ,sub/itute = alfalfa #cf ,sub/itutes1 recognis+ #dj ,sub/itution ( trefoil = alfalfa #ci ,success dep5ds on cultivation #dd ,typical 9 ,new ,york #ag ,sug> & alfalfa #ahe ,sug> beet dep5d5t on alfalfa #agc ,sug> beets1 fe$ value #abf1 #ade ,prote9 value #acc ,sug>1 losses 9 hay #ha ,sun n greate/ cur+ ag5t #hc ,swa?1 alfalfa ly+ 9 #hd ,sweat+ be=e bal+ #ajc ,9 /ack #ij ,sweet clov] 9 alfalfa se$ #cb ,clov] soil = inoculation #fj1 #bjb ,sw9e1 ,see ,hogs4 ,sw+ se$] #ef ,synogr\nd1 ,n4 ,o4 ,p41 report #cjb ,syracuse1 alfalfa ne> #ag ,sysonby eats alfalfa #afg ,taliaf]ro1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,t4 ,l41 op9ion #af ,tapp+ = bloat #aai ,taproot #f ,taylor1 ,pr(4 ,fr$]ick ,w41 report #bgi ,t$d]1 loss f us+ #hd ,/>t+ #hd ,t5 ,eyck1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,m41 burn+ we$s #fi ,dim5sions ( ton #bbi ,hay #gf ,hay composition #ge ,silo #ajb ,t5nessee1 exp]im5ts #cjb ,te/+ soil = acidity #de ,texas1 alfalfa cut n9e times #aj ,alfil>ia = #bbh ,bullet91 fe$ /uffs #abg ,cur+ #hg ,cutt+ #hi ,exp]im5ts #cjc ,yields #i ,?aw+1 h>m f #ej ,?ick5+ /& #gb ,?ompson1 ,w4 ,o41 report #bge ,?orne1 ,pr(4 ,*>les ,e41 report #bij ,?re%+ made easy #ij ,"t betwe5 cutt+s #bd ,to cut #hi ,to s[ #dg ,timo?y & alfalfa comp>$ #ba1 #gi1 #abg1 #adh1 #bbb ,alfalfa s[n ) #ea ,be=e alfalfa #ej ,fodd] value #abf1 #acb1 #ade ,prote9 value #acc ,ton1 cubic feet 9 #bbi ,top-dress+ annual #gj ,b5efit ( #gd ,trampl+1 effects ( #ei ,transportation1 solv+ problems #ahf ,trefoil se$ 9 alfalfa #cb ,yell[1 adult]ant #cc ,yell[1 9 alfalfa #cf ,yell[1 beak on se$ #ci ,yell[1 *ief adult]ant #ce ,yell[1 di/+ui%$ #ci ,yell[1 size ( se$ #cc ,yell[1 to di/+ui% se$ #cg ,yell[1 recogniz+ se$ #ci ,troc> = bloat #aai ,tub]cles =m$ #ei ,(fice ( #aig ,turke/an1 alfalfa #g1 #bi ,alfalfa1 ,nor? ,dakota #h ,alfalfa1 ,s\? ,dakota #cjj ,turnips1 fe$ value #ade ,utah bullet91 nutri5ts #aca ,bullet91 v>i\s cutt+s #abh ,bullet91 irrigation #gd ,bullet91 ,utah c\nty1 ,utah #cjf ,co-op]ative "w #gf ,dates ( cutt+ #gh ,exp]im5ts #cjd ,exp]im5ts1 e>ly cutt+ #ha ,fall s[+ #ec ,fe$+ te/ #ach ,h>dy se$ #ib ,hay1 composition #gf ,horsefe$+ #afh ,reports pr(its #be ,se$ #bi ,se$ n favor$ #ib ,se$ s[n by ,cottrell #cj ,%oat rais+ #aef ,wat] appli$ 9 #gg ,value1 leaves #gi ,/raw #ia ,poorly cur$ hay #hg ,values receiv$ #be ,fe$1 v>i\s #ade ,v>ieties #f ,alleg$ #bh ,v5tilation 9 hay %$ #ii ,v]mont1 exp]im5ts #ae1 #cji ,virg9ia1 exp]im5t #caa ,vitality1 injur$ 9 /ack #ij ,voorhees1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,b41 report #bhj ,wallace1 ,h5ry1 spr+ s[+ #ed ,wallaces' ,f>m]1 spr+ s[+ #ed ,walla ,walla ,c\nty1 ,wa%+ton #cjg1 #cad1 #cae ,wall+=d1 ,connecticut #bdh ,wa%+1 soil1 prev5t$ #dh ,wa%+ton1 yield #aj1 #bc ,exp]im5ts #cad ,wa/e1 fe$+ c[s #add1 #adf1 #aeb ,wat]1 effect on hay composition #gf ,cold1 delays gr[? #gc ,too mu* irrigation #gb ,effects on composition ( hay #gd1 #ge ,quantity to acre1 ,utah #gg ,eighty feet bel[ surface #dd ,am\nt requir$1 ,arizona #bcd ,watr\s1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,l41 alfalfa 9 or*>ds #bbc ,watson1 ,pr(4 ,george ,c41 report #big ,watson ran*1 horses f$ alfalfa #aff ,wayne ,c\nty1 ,indiana #bed ,we$ se$s 9 alfalfa #cb1 #bg1 #cd1 #da ,se$s1 remov+ #ia ,we$s1 burn+ #fi ,c>ri$ by soil #fc ,*ief enemies #bjf ,failures due to #dh ,few] 9 ?ird cutt+ #ia ,9 horse pa/ure #aaj ,keep+ d[n #dg ,kill1 be=e se$+ #bjf ,n prev5t$ by nurse crop #ei ,poor f>m+ causes #bjf ,prev5t+ #dg ,repress$ #df ,ret>d$ by clipp+ #fh ,subdu+ 9 ,july #ff ,weevils 9 se$ #ca ,weight ( bu%el #ca ,we/ ,virg9ia1 exp]im5ts #cag ,wet feet1 alfalfa c't /& #ah1 #dd1 #bab ,wett+ delays cur+ #ha ,:eat & alfalfa comp>$ #ai1 #be ,foll[+ alfalfa #aic ,increas+ yield #aid ,/raw1 prote9 value #acc ,) alfalfa #ea ,:eelb>r[ se$] #ef ,:eel]1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,j41 report #bjh ,widtsoe1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,a41 nutri5ts #aca ,wilcox1 ,lute1 quot$ #gc ,williams1 ,c4 ,h41 pa/ur+ %eep #aad ,wilson1 ,pr(4 ,james ,w41 report #cjj ,w+1 ,joseph ,e4 #bij ,cur+ #hc ,horse rais+ #aff ,pa/ur+ lambs #aad ,prelim9>y se$+ #ea ,w9dr[s1 cur+ 9 #hg ,leav+ hay 9 #hd ,smo!r+ "u #hd ,wiscons91 brood s[s #aee ,report #cag ,"t to s[ #dg ,w9t]+ s[s #aef ,yield #i1 #bc ,wit*-grass less bad ?an crab grass #fi ,wood=d1 ,j4 ,e41 hog rais+ #afc ,"w animals1 alfalfa = #ad ,work]'s1 grange meet+ at ,mr4 #ah ,worm1 army #bai ,worn-out soils re/or$ #af ,wyom+1 f]tiliz+ value ( alfalfa #aib ,exp]im5ts #cbb ,se$ #bi ,x]xes c>ri$ alfalfa to ,greece #a ,yield1 acre #abf ,affect$ by irrigation #gg ,alfalfa & grass comp>$ #ba ,arabian alfalfa #h ,arizona #bcd ,bel[ sea level #ae ,be/ :5 no nurse crop #ei ,butt]1 pa/ure & soil+ #abc ,comp>$ ) clov] #bj ,corn & alfalfa #bb ,di/rict ( ,columbia #ad #ahae #c ,fodd]s1 v>i\s #adh ,increas$ by irrigation #gd ,indiana #bd ,irrigations affect #gg ,irrigat$ l& #aj1 #bc ,l>ge/ annual #abh ,l\isiana #ad ,manitoba #ad ,maximum "u irrigation #gh ,m$ic9e ,hat #ad ,milk increas$ #adf ,m9nesota #ad ,new ,j]sey #bj ,n impair$ by hogs #ajh ,oklahoma #bd ,ont>io #ad ,r$uc$ by wrong cutt+ #hj ,se$ #ia ,s\? ,africa #ae ,turke/an1 ,nor? ,dakota #h ,twelve tons "u irrigation #gb ,wa%+ton #aj ,wiscons9 #bc ,yields1 big1 poor l& #fe ,irrigation1 ,utah #gh ,pr(itable #bb1 #bc ,texas #i ,wiscons9 #i1 #bc ,zoll]1 ,isaac1 report #bhg ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! language us$ is t ( ! s\rce docum5t1 includ+ unusual1 inconsi/5t & ar*aic spell+1 hyph5ation1 capitalisation1 etc41 unless li/$ "u ,*anges bel[4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text & _! sett+s1 n all elem5ts may display z int5d$4 ,page #ahg1 *>t3 ! l5g?s ( ! b>s are approximations ( ^? giv5 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page ix-xi1 ,li/ ( ,illu/rations3 ,full-page illu/rations 7 7usually7 pr9t$ on unnumb]$ pages1 & ! page numb]s giv5 9 ! li/ are !re=e (t5 ! page numb]s opposite :i* ! illu/rations 7 pr9t$4 ,figure numb]s #dd & #de are li/$ 9 rev]se ord]4 ,9 ! text1 ref]5ces to illu/rations are hyp]l9k$ to ! illu/rations4 ,descriptions su* z ,actual size 9 illu/ration captions are n necess>ily applicable to ?is text4 ,page #fi1 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry 444 t mo/ p]si/5tly3 ,9 ! s\rce docum5t ! fir/ two l9es ( ?is p>agraph are repeat$ f ! previ\s p>agraph4 ,9 ! fir/ edition 7#aijf7 ( ! book1 ?is p>agraph />ts3 8,x is sometimes ! case t a field ( alfalfa is left infe/$ 9 ! fall ) su* a gr[? ( grass & we$s z to make burn+ 9 ! spr+ 44440 ,page #gg1 table3 n all irrigation data add up to ! totals giv54 ,page #afe & #cch1 ,j4 ,w4 ,robison_/,rob9son3 x is n cle> :e!r ! "n is ,robison or ,rob9son4 ,page #aff1 8,!re is no "o ?+ s good 4443 !re is no clos+ quote m>k4 ,page #bjg1 444 & pr9t$ ) illu/rations 4443 ! illu/rations are n includ$ explicitly 9 ! s\rce docum5t1 b figures #ba-bc may act z su*4 ,pages #bga & #cch1 ,alfr$ ,rasicot & ,alfr$ ,raiscot probably ref] to ! same p]son4 ,index3 ! 7n consi/5tly alphabetical7 ord] ( entries z pr9t$ 9 ! s\rce docum5t has be5 reta9$4 ,*anges3 ,illu/rations & tables h be5 mov$ out ( text p>agraphs2 footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly "u ! p>agraph or table to :i* !y belong4 ,fractions 7=ms #a_/b & #a-b bo? occur 9 ! s\rce docum5t7 h be5 /&>dis$ to 4 ,"s 7m9or7 obvi\s punctuation & typographical errors h be5 correct$ sil5tly4 ,texts 9 a da%$ box h = legibility's sake be5 transcrib$ f ! accompany+ illu/ration1 & d n occur z texts 9 ! s\rce docum5t4 ,page viii3 entry ,index add$ to ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,page ix-xi3 ,illu/ration numb]s h be5 add$ to ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations4 ,! small] illu/rations h be5 add$ to ! li/1 ) a descriptive caption add$ :]e t 0 n pres5t 9 ! book4 ,page #b3 444 x 0 n introduc$ into ^? c\nties 444 *ang$ to 444 x 0 n introduc$ into ^? c\ntries 4444 ,page #cd3 444 to sn[ ! result 444 *ang$ to 444 to %[ ! result 4444 ,page #fb3 ,num]\s animal & plant p>asite 444 *ang$ to ,num]\s animal & plant p>asites 4444 ,page #ih3 444 f\r ye> prior to writ+ 444 *ang$ to 444 f\r ye>s prior to writ+ 4444 ,page #acb1 la/ table r[3 buckweat *ang$ to buck:eat4 ,page #aec3 clos+ quote m>k add$ aft] 444 corn silage & alfalfa4 & aft] 444 h nev] be=e look$ q s well4 ,page #afd3 clos+ quote m>k add$ aft] 444 t 9 value approa*es alfalfa4 ,page #bjb3 444 fac+ page #bca 444 *ang$ to 444 fac+ page #bcj 4444 ,page #beg3 ,p>agraph break ins]t$ be=e ,f>m]s ,guide says3 4444 ,page #bib3 #aijd-a4bc tons hay 444 *ang$ to #aijc-a4bc tons hay 4444 ,page #bib1 #bic3 %ort da%es betwe5 ye> & yield *ang$ to long da%es = cl>ity4 ,page #cjj3 444 at ,highmore ,=ge te/+ /ation 444 *ang$ to 444 at ,highmore ,=age te/+ /ation 4444 ,page #cja3 ,george ,e4 ,mc,eathron ( ,beadle c\nty writes3 444 *ang$ to ,george ,e4 ,mc,eathron ( ,beadle c\nty writes3 4444 ,pages #cbe1 #ccf3 ,alfalmo & alfalmo *ang$ to ,alfamo & alfamo4 ,page #cbf1 #cci3 ,buckhorn *ang$ to ,buck-horn4 ,page #cbg3 ,colusca ,c\nty *ang$ to ,colusa ,c\nty4 ,page #cbi3 ,dextr9e *ang$ to ,dextr94 ,page #ccd3 ,lumps1 soll1 bad1 444 *ang$ to ,lumps1 soil1 bad1 4444 ,page #cch3 ,r$top *ang$ to ,r$-top4