,illu/ration3 ,engrav$ by ,j4 ,s>ta94--,f a orig9al ,talbotype4 ,g\ld ,l9coln1 ,bo/on ,,! ,,foot-,,pr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator3 ,,or1 ,,! ,,a/]olepis ,,( ,,/romness4 ,,by ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one10 ,,etc4 8,:5 ,i ask$ him h[ ?is e>? c\ld h be5 repeopl$ if ev] x _h und]gone ! same fate x 0 ?reat5$ ) by ! comet ( #afhj1 he answ]$1--#8t requir$ ! p[] ( a ,creator4'0--,conduit's 8,conv]sation ) ,sir ,isaac ,newton04 ,,f ,,! ,,?ird ,,london ,,edition4 ,,) ,a ,,memoir ,,( ,,! ,,au?or ,,by ,,l\is ,,agassiz4 ,,bo/on3 ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln4 #fi ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,%eldon ,,& ,,company4 ,,c9c9nati3 ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,blan*>d4 #ahfh4 ,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahej1 by ,,g\ld1 ,,k5dall ,,& ,,l9coln1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt = ! ,di/rict ( ,massa*usetts4 ,,to ,,sir ,,philip ,,de ,,malpas ,,grey ,,eg]ton1 ,,b>t4 ,m4,p41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,g4,s4 ,to y1 ,sir1 z our highe/ ,briti% au?ority on fossil fi%es1 ,i take ! lib]ty ( d$icat+ ?is little volume4 ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ,creation1 z illu/rat$ 9 t i*?yic division ( ! v]tebrata :i* is at once ! mo/ anci5t & ! mo/ ext5sively pres]v$1 ,i h introduc$ a consid]able am\nt ( fact & obs]vation1 = ! g5]al integrity ( :i* my appeal mu/ lie1 n to ! writ+s ( my fri5ds ! geologi/s1 b to ! /rangely significant record inscrib$ 9 ! rocks1 :i* x is _! highe/ m]it ju/ly to int]pret & fai?fully to transcribe4 ,! +5i\s & popul> au?or ^: views on ,creation ,i attempt controv]t+1 virtually c>ries 8 appeal f sci5ce to ! want ( x4 ,i w\ld fa9 adopt an opposite c\rse3 ,& my use1 on ?is occasion1 ( y\r "n1 may s]ve to ev9ce ! desire :i* ,i ent]ta9 t ! collation ( my transcripts ( hi!rto uncopi$ portions ( ! geologic hi/ory ) ! hi/ory itself1 %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( m5 qualifi$1 by orig9al vigor ( faculty & ! pati5t rese>* ( ye>s1 ei!r to detect ! errone\s or to c]tify ! true4 ,fur!r1 ,i feel peculi> pleasure 9 avail+ myself ( ! opportunity furni%$ me1 by ! publication ( ?is little "w1 ( giv+ expression to my s9c]e respect = "o :o1 occupy+ a high place 9 society1 & d]iv+ 8 desc5t f names illu/ri\s 9 hi/ory1 has wisely tak5 up ! true position ( bir? & rank 9 an enlight5$ c\ntry & age2 & :o1 9 ass]t+1 by 8 mode/1 p]sev]+ labors1 8 prop] /&+ 9 ! sci5tific _w1 has r5d]$ himself fir/ among 8 c\ntrym5 9 an int]e/+ dep>tm5t ( ,natural ,sci5ce1 to :i* !re is no ari/ocratic or 8royal road40 ,i h ! honor to be1 ,sir1 ,) admiration & respect1 ,y\r ob$i5t humble s]vant1 ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,,to ,,! ,,read]4 ,!re are *apt]s 9 ?is little volume :i* w1 ,i am afraid1 be deem$ too prolix by ! g5]al read]1 & :i* yet ! geologi/ w\ld l less 7 !re any portion ( !m away4 ,!y ref] *iefly to organisms n hi!rto figur$ nor describ$1 & mu/ owe _! modicum ( value to t v m9ut5ess ( detail :i*1 by critics ( ! m]ely lit]>y type1 unacqua9t$ ) fossils1 & n greatly int]e/$ 9 !m1 may be reg>d$ z a =midable defect1 suit$ to ov]lay ! g5]al subject ( ! "w4 ,p]haps ! be/ mode ( compromis+ ! matt] may be to intimate1 z if by beacon1 at ! outset1 ! m repulsive *apt]s2 some:at 9 ! way t ! s]vants ( ! ,humane ,society indicate to ! skat] :o frequ5ts 9 w9t] ! lakes 9 ! neighborhood ( ,ed9burgh1 ^? p>ts ( ! ice on :i* he might be 9 dang] ( los+ himself4 ,i w\ld recomm5d1 !n1 read]s n p>ticul>ly palontological1 to pass b lightly ov] ! :ole ( my f\r? & fif? *apt]s1 ) ! latt] half ( ! ?ird1 m>k+1 h[ev]1 z !y skim ! pages1 ! conclusions at :i* ,i arrive reg>d+ ! bulk & organization ( ! extraord9>y animal describ$1 & ! data on :i* ^! are f\nd$4 ,my book1 l an ,iri% l&scape dott$ ) gre5 bogs1 has its portions on :i* x may be p]il\s = ! unpractis$ surveyor to make any consid]able /&1 b across :i* he may safely take 8 sights & lay d[n 8 angles4 ,x w1 ,i tru/1 be f\nd1 t 9 deal+ ) errors :i*1 9 at lea/ _! prim>y be>+1 affect que/ions ( sci5ce1 ,i h n (f5d$ aga9/ ! c\rtesies ( sci5tific controv]sy4 ,true1 !y are errors :i* also involve moral consequ5ces4 ,!re is a species ( sup]/ition :i* incl9es m5 to take on tru/ :atev] assumes ! "n ( sci5ce2 & :i* seems to be a reaction on ! old sup]/ition1 t _h fai? 9 wit*es1 b none 9 ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 & believ$ 9 gho/s1 b fail$ to cr$it ! ,gregorian cal5d>4 ,&1 ow+ ma9ly to ! wide diffusion ( ?is cr$ul\s _s ( ! mod]n type1 z little dispos$ to exam9e :at x receives z its anci5t unreason+ pr$ecessor1 ! developm5t doctr9es are do+ mu* h>m on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 especially among intellig5t me*anics1 & a class ( "y m5 engag$ 9 ! subord9ate dep>tm5ts ( trade & ! law4 ,& ! h>m1 ?us consid]able 9 am\nt1 mu/ be necess>ily m ?an m]ely consid]able 9 degree4 ,= x inv>iably happ5s1 t :5 p]sons 9 ^! walks become mat]iali/s1 !y become also turbul5t subjects & bad m54 ,t belief 9 ! exi/5ce aft] dea?1 :i* =ms ! di/+ui%+ in/9ct ( humanity1 is too ess5tial a "p ( man's moral con/itution n to be miss$ :5 away2 & s1 :5 once fairly eradicat$1 ! life & conduct r>ely fail to betray its abs5ce4 ,b ,i h n1 f any consid]ation ( ! mis*ief ?us effect$1 writt5 z if argum5ts1 l cannon-balls1 c\ld be r5d]$ m =midable ?an 9 ! cool /ate by be+ made r$-hot4 ,i h n ev5 felt1 9 discuss+ ! "q1 z if ,i _h a man be=e me z an oppon5t2 = ?\gh my "w conta9s num]\s ref]5ces to ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 ,i h inv>iably ?\ght on ^! occasions1 n ( ! anonym\s writ] ( ! volume1 ( :om ,i "k no?+1 b simply ( an +5i\s1 well-writt5 book1 un=tunate 9 its facts & n always v happy 9 its reason+s4 ,fur!r1 ,i d n ?9k t palontological fact1 9 its be>+ on ! po9ts at issue1 is ( su* a d\btful complexion z to leave ! geologi/1 h[ev] mu* f moral consid]ations 9 e>ne/ 9 ! matt]1 any v s]i\s excuse = los+ 8 temp]4 ,9 my ref]5ce to ! ?ree great divisions ( ! geologic scale1 ,i designate z ,palozoic all ! fossilif]\s rocks1 f ! fir/ appe>ance ( organic exi/5ce d[n to ! close ( ! ,p]mian sy/em2 all z ,second>y1 f ! close ( ! ,p]mian sy/em d[n to ! close ( ! ,cretace\s deposits2 & all z ,t]ti>y1 f ! close ( ! ,cretace\s deposits d[n to ! introduction ( man4 ,! wood-cuts ( ! volume1 ( :i* at lea/ n9e t5?s ( ! :ole repres5t objects nev] figur$ be=e1 7 drawn & cut by ,mr4 ,john ,adams ( ,ed9burgh1 7#h1 ,h]iot ,place17 ) a degree ( c>e & skill :i* has left me no reason to regret my di/ance f ! ,london arti/s & engrav]s4 ,s f> at lea/ z ! objects c\ld be adequately repres5t$ on wood1 & 9 ! limit$ space at ,mr4 ,adams' comm&1 _! tru? is su* t ,i c safely recomm5d !m to ! palontologi/4 ,9 ! accompany+ descriptions1 & 9 my /atem5ts ( geologic fact 9 g5]al1 x w1 ,i hope1 be se5 t ,i h n exagg]at$ ! peculi> features on :i* ,i h f\nd$1 nor r5d]$ tru? p>tial 9 ord] to make x s]ve a purpose4 ,:]e ,i h reason$ & inf]r$1 ! read] w ( c\rse be able to judge = himself :e!r ! argum5t be s\nd or ! d$uction j2 & to weigh1 :]e ,i h m]ely speculat$1 ! probability ( ! speculation2 b z1 9 at lea/ "s ( my /atem5ts ( fact1 he might lie m at my m]cy1 ,i h /riv5 9 e in/ance to make ^! adequately repres5tative ( ! actualities to :i* !y ref]4 ,& s1 if x be ultimately f\nd t on "s occasions ,i h misl$ o!rs1 x w1 ,i hope1 be also se5 to be only 9 cases 9 :i* ,i h be5 mi/ak5 myself4 ,! fir/ or popul> title ( my "w1 8,foot-pr9ts ( ! ,creator10 ,i owe to ,dr4 ,he!r+ton1 ! well-kn[n hi/orian ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,my o!r v>i\s obligations to my fri5ds1 lit]>y & sci5tific1 ! read] w f9d ackn[l$g$ 9 ! body ( ! volume1 z ! occasion occurs ( avail+ myself ( ei!r ! in=mation communicat$1 or ! organism1 rec5t or ext9ct1 l5t me or giv54 ,,hugh ,,mill]1 ,,au?or ,,( 8,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one0 ,,& 8,,footpr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator40 ,! geological works ( ,hugh ,mill] h excit$ ! greate/ int]e/1 n only among sci5tific m51 b also among g5]al read]s4 ,!re is 9 !m a fre%ness ( conception1 a p[] ( argum5tation1 a dep? ( ?\ght1 a purity ( feel+s1 r>ely met ) 9 works ( t "*1 :i* are well calculat$ to call =? sympa?y1 & to increase ! popul>ity ( a sci5ce :i* has already done s mu* to exp& our views ( ! ,plan ( ,creation4 ,! sci5tific illu/rations publi%$ by ,mr4 ,mill] are mo/ happily comb9$ ) consid]ations ( a high] ord]1 r5d]+ bo? equally acceptable to ! ?9k+ read]4 ,b :at is 9 a great degree peculi> to our au?or1 is ! successful comb9ation ( ,*ri/ian doctr9es ) pure sci5tific tru?s4 ,on t acc\nt1 8 works des]ve peculi> att5tion4 ,8 g5]alizations h no?+ ( ! vagu5ess :i* too (t5 *>act]ize ! writ+s ( ^? au?ors :o h attempt$ to make ! results ( sci5ce subs]vi5t to ! cause ( religion4 ,/ruck ) ! beauty ( ,mr4 ,mill]'s works1 x has = "s "t pa/ be5 my wi% to see !m m ext5sively circulat$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ,i h obta9$ leave f ! au?or to publi% an ,am]ican edition ( 8 8,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator10 = :i* he has mo/ lib]ally furni%$ ! publi%]s ) ! admirable wood-cuts ( ! orig9al4 ,:ile prep>+ "s additional *apt]s1 & v>i\s notes illu/rative ( c]ta9 po9ts allud$ to incid5tally 9 ?is "w1 x 0 deem$ advisable to preface x ) a %ort biographical notice ( ! au?or4 ,i _h already sket*$ su* a pap]1 :5 ,i became acqua9t$ ) a full memoir ( ?is rem>kable man1 conta9+ mo/ int]e/+ details ( 8 e>li] life1 writt5 by t em95t hi/orian ( ! 8,m>tyrs ( ,sci5ce10 ! great natural philosoph] ( ,scotl&4 ,x has occurr$ to me t1 ow+ to ! frequ5t ref]5ces :i* ,i c\ld n avoid to my own rese>*es1 ,i _h bett] sub/itute ?is ample ,biography = my %ort sket*1 ) su* alt]ations & additions z ! connection 9 :i* x is br\ght "h w\ld require4 ,i !re=e proce$ to introduce our au?or ) ,sir ,david ,brew/]'s own words3-- ,( all ! /udies :i* relate to ! mat]ial univ]se1 !re is none1 p]haps1 :i* appeals s p[]fully to our s5ses1 or :i* comes into su* close & imm$iate contact ) our wants & enjoym5ts1 z t ( ,geology4 ,9 our h\rly walks1 :e!r on bus9ess or = pleasure1 we tread ) he$less /ep ^u ! app>5tly un9t]e/+ objects :i* x embraces3 b c\ld we rightly int]rogate ! r\nd$ pebble at our feet1 x w\ld read u an excit+ *apt] on ! hi/ory ( primeval times1 & w\ld tell u ( ! convulsions by :i* x 0 wr5*$ f its p>5t rock1 & ( ! floods by :i* x 0 abrad$ & transport$ to its pres5t humble locality4 ,9 our visit to ! picturesque & ! sublime 9 nature1 we are br\ght into clos] proximity to ! m int]e/+ ph5om5a ( geology4 ,9 ! precipices :i* protect our rock-girt %ores1 :i* flank our m\nta9 gl5s1 or :i* v>iegate our l[l& valleys1 & 9 ! %apeless fragm5ts at _! base1 :i* ! li*5 colors1 & r\nd :i* ! ivy tw9es1 we see ! remnants ( uplift$ & %att]$ b$s1 :i* once repos$ 9 peace at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 ,nor does ! r\nd$ b\ld]1 :i* w\ld h defi$ ! lapid>y's :eel ( ! ,giant ,age1 give =? a less oracul> response f its grave ( clay1 or f its lair ( s&4 ,float$ by ice f "s ,alp9e summit1 or hurri$ along 9 torr5ts ( mud1 & floods ( wat]1 x may h trav]s$ a qu>t] ( ! globe1 amid ! cra% ( fall+ =e/s1 & ! dea? %rieks ( ! noble animals :i* !y %elt]$4 ,! m\nta9 range1 too1 ) its catacombs bel[1 along :i* ! e>?quake transmits its t]rific s\nds1 rem9ds u ( ! mighty p[] by :i* x 0 upheav$2--:ile ! l(ty peak1 ) its cap ( ice1 or its no/rils ( fire1 places 9 our view ! trem5d\s ag5cies :i* h be5 at "w b5ea? u4 ,b x is n m]ely amid ! p[]s ( ext]nal nature t ! once hidd5 ?+s ( ! ,e>? are pres5t$ to our view4 ,our temples & our palaces are =m$ f ! rocks ( a primeval age2 be>+ ! v ripple-m>ks ( a ,pre-,adamite ocean1--groov$ by ! passage ( ! once mov+ b\ld]1 & embosom+ ! relics ( anci5t life1 & ! plants by :i* x 0 su/a9$4 ,our dwell+s1 too1 are ornam5t$ ) ! v>iegat$ lime/ones1--! indurat$ tombs ( mollusc\s life1--& our ap>tm5ts heat$ ) ! c>bon ( primeval =e/s1 & light$ ) ! gase\s elem5t :i* x conf9es4 ,! obelisk ( granite1 & ! colossal bronze :i* transmit to future ages ! de$s ( ! h]o & ! sage1 are equally ! production ( ! ,e>?'s prolific womb2 & f ! gre5 b$ ( ! ocean has be5 rais$ ! pure & spotless m>ble1 to m\ld ! div9e l9eam5ts ( beauty1 & p]petuate ! expressions ( intellectual p[]4 ,f a remot] age1 & a /ill great] dep?1 ! prim>y & second>y rocks h yield$ a ri* tribute to ! *aplet ( rank1 & to ! processes ( art4 ,exhibit+1 z x peculi>ly does1 almo/ all ^? objects ( int]e/ & rese>*1 ,scotl& has be5 dilig5tly /udi$ bo? by native & =eign obs]v]s2 & %e has s5t into ! geological field a di/+ui%$ gr\p ( inquir]s1 :o h p]=m$ a noble feat 9 explor+ ! g5]al /ructure ( ! ,e>?1 9 decyph]+ its anci5t monum5ts1 & 9 unlock+ ^? /oreh\ses ( m9]al weal?1 f :i* civiliz$ man d]ives ! elem5ts ( t gigantic p[] :i* 8 o!rwise feeble arm wields ov] nature4 ,! occurr5ce ( %ells on ! highe/ m\nta9s1 & ! rema9s ( plants & animals1 :i* ! mo/ sup]ficial obs]v] c\ld n fail to notice1 9 ! rocks ar\nd him1 h = c5turies comm&$ ! att5tion & ex]cis$ ! +5uity ( e /ud5t ( nature4 ,b ?\gh sp>ks ( geological tru? 7 f "t to "t elicit$ by speculative m9ds1 x 0 n till ! end ( ! la/ c5tury t its great lights broke =?1 & t x took ! =m & "* ( "o ( ! noble/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,)\t und]valu+ ! labors ( ,w]n]1 & o!r illu/ri\s =eign]s1 or ^? ( our s\!rn c\ntrym51 ,mit*ell & ,smi?1 at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 we may *>act]ize ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t z ! brighte/ p]iod ( geological discov]y1 & place its mo/ active locality 9 ! nor!rn metropolis ( our isl&4 ,x 0 d\btless f ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 z a c5tre1 t a great geological impulse 0 propagat$ s\?w>d1 & x 0 by ! collision ( ! ,w]n]ian & ,huttonian views1 ! antagoni/ !ories ( wat] & ( fire1 t m5 ( intellectual p[] 7 summon$ f o!r /udies2 & t gr& tru?s1 :i* fanaticism & intol]ance _h hi!rto abjur$1 rose triumphant ov] ! ignorance & bigotry ( ! age4 ,! ,geological ,society ( ,london1 :i* d\btless sprung f ! excitem5t 9 ! ,scotti% metropolis1 ent]$ on ! new field ( rese>* ) a falt]+ /ep4 ,! prejudices ( ! ,engli% m9d _h be5 m>%all$ ) illib]al viol5ce aga9/ ! ,huttonian doctr9es4 ,infidelity & ,a!ism 7 *>g$ aga9/ _! support]s2 & _h !re be5 a ,prote/ant ,inquisition 9 ,engl& at t p]iod ( g5]al political excitem5t1 ! geologi/s ( ! nor? w\ld h be5 immur$ 9 its deepe/ dungeons4 ,tru?1 h[ev]1 m>*$ apace2 & ?\gh h] simple b maje/ic procession be (t5 solemn & sl[1 & h] vot>ies few & deject$1 yet on ?is1 z on e occasion1 %e triumph$ ov] ! mo/ invet]ate prepossessions1 & f9ally took up h] abode 9 ^? v halls & in/itutions :]e %e _h be5 p]secut$ & revil$4 ,:5 _! sci5ce _h be5 ?us acquitt$ ( ! *>ge ( impiety & irreligion1 ! memb]s ( ! ,geological ,society left _! humble & timid position ( be+ ! collectors only ( ! mat]ials ( future g5]alizations1 & became at once ! mo/ successful obs]v]s ( geological ph5om5a1 & ! bolde/ ass]t]s ( geological tru?4 ,9 ?is field ( rese>*1 9 :i* ! physical1 z well z ! intellectual1 frame ( ! philosoph] is made tribut>y to sci5ce1 two ( our c\ntrym5--,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell--h be5 among our mo/ active labor]s4 ,f ! /udy ( _! native gl5s1 ^! di/+ui%$ travell]s1 l ! ,humboldts & ! ,von ,bu*s ( ! cont95t1 h pass$ into =eign l&s1 explor+ ! nor? & ! s\? ( ,europe1 & ext5d+ _! labors to ! ea/]n ranges ( ! ,ural & ! ,timan1 & to ! ,apalla*ians & ! ,alleghanies 9 ! f> we/4 ,b :ile our two c\ntrym5 7 int]rogat+ ! /rata ( o!r l&s1 _m able & active labor]s _h be5 at "w 9 _! own4 ,among ! em95t /ud5ts ( ! /ructure ( ! e>?1 ,mr4 ,hugh ,mill] holds a l(ty place1 n m]ely f ! discov]y ( new & undescrib$ organisms 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 b f ! accuracy & beauty ( 8 descriptions1 ! purity & elegance ( 8 composition1 & ! high tone ( philosophy & religion :i* di/+ui%es all 8 writ+s4 ,mr4 ,mill] is "o ( ! few individuals 9 ! hi/ory ( ,scotti% sci5ce :o h rais$ !mselves above ! labors ( an humble pr(ession1 by ! =ce ( _! g5ius & ! excell5ce ( _! "*1 to a comp>atively high place 9 ! social scale4 ,mr4 ,tel=d1 l ,mr4 ,mill]1 foll[$ ! pr(ession ( a /one-mason1 be=e 8 indu/ry & self-tuition qualifi$ him = ! high] functions ( an ar*itect & an eng9e]4 ,& ,mr4 ,watt & ,mr4 ,r5nie rose to weal? & fame )\t ! aid ( a univ]sity education4 ,b1 di/+ui%$ z ^! individuals 71 none ( !m possess$ ^? qualities ( m9d :i* ,mr4 ,mill] has exhibit$ 9 8 writ+s2 &1 ) ! exception ( ,burns1 ! un$ucat$ g5ius :i* has done honor to ,scotl& dur+ ! la/ c5tury1 has nev] display$ t m5tal ref9em5t1 & classical ta/e1 & intellectual en]gy1 :i* m>k all ! writ+s ( our au?or4 ,we wi% t we c\ld h gratifi$ our read]s ) an au!ntic & ev5 detail$ n>rative ( ! previ\s hi/ory ( s rem>kable a writ]1 & ( ! /eps by :i* 8 k 0 acquir$1 & ! difficulties :i* he enc\nt]$ 9 its pursuit2 b ?\gh ?is is n1 to any great ext5t1 9 our p[]1 we %all at lea/ be able1 *iefly f ,mr4 ,mill]'s own writ+s1 to foll[ him ?r\gh\t 8 geological c>e]4 ,mr4 ,mill] 0 born at ,crom>ty1 ( humble b respectable p>5ts1 ^: hi/ory w\ld h possess$ no inconsid]able int]e/1 ev5 if x _h n d]iv$ "o ( a high] k9d f ! g5ius & =tunes ( _! *ild4 ,by ! pat]nal side he 0 desc5d$ f a race ( sea-f>+ p1 ^: family bury+-gr\nd1 if we judge f ! pa/1 seems to be ! sea4 ,"u its gre5 waves 8 fa!r sleeps3 8 gr&fa!r1 8 two gr&uncles1 "o ( :om sail$ r\nd ! _w ) ,anson1 lie also !re2 & ! same ext5sive cemet]y conta9s ! relics ( sev]al ( 8 m di/ant relatives4 ,8 fa!r 0 b an infant ( sc>cely a ye> old1 at ! dea? ( our au?or's gr&fa!r1 & _h to comm5ce life z a poor %ip-boy2 b su* 0 ! en]gy ( 8 m9d1 t1 :5 little turn$ ( ?irty1 he _h become ! ma/] & own] ( a f9e l>ge sloop1 & _h built himself a good h\se1 :i* entitl$ 8 son to ! fran*ise on ! pass+ ( ! ,re=m ,bill4 ,hav+ un=tunately lo/ 8 sloop 9 a /orm1 he _h to beg9 ! _w anew1 & he soon became ma/] & own] ( ano!r1 & w\ld h ?riv51 _h he liv$2 b ! h]$it>y fate 0 too /rong = him1 & :5 our au?or 0 a little boy ( five summ]s1 8 fa!r's f9e new sloop f\nd]$ at sea 9 a t]rible tempe/1 & he & 8 crew 7 nev] m he>d (4 ,mr4 ,mill] _h two si/]s y\ng] ?an himself1 bo? ( :om di$ ere !y atta9$ to womanhood4 ,8 "m exp]i5c$ ! usual difficulties :i* a wid[ has to enc\nt] 9 ! dec5t education ( h] family2 b %e /ruggl$ hone/ly & successfully1 & ultimately f\nd h] rew>d 9 ! "* & fame ( h] son4 ,x is f ?is excell5t woman t ,mr4 ,mill] has inh]it$ ^? s5tim5ts & feel+s :i* h giv5 en]gy to 8 tal5ts z ! def5d] ( reveal$ tru?1 & ! *ampion ( ! ,*ur* ( 8 fa!rs4 ,%e 0 ! great gr&daught] ( a v5]able man1 /ill well kn[n to tradition 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl& z ,donald ,roy ( ,nigg1--a sort ( nor!rn ,p$51 :o is describ$ 9 ! hi/ory ( our ,*ur* z ! s+le individual :o1 at ! age ( eighty1 :5 ! presbyt]y ( ! di/rict _h assembl$ 9 ! empty *ur* = ! purpose ( induct+ an obnoxi\s pres5tee1 _h ! c\rage to prote/ aga9/ ! intrusion1 & to decl>e 8t ! blood ( ! p ( ,nigg w\ld be requir$ at _! h&s1 if !y settl$ a man to ! walls ( t *ur*40 ,tradition has repres5t$ him z a se] ( visions1 & a prophesi] ( prophecies2 b :atev] cr$it may be giv5 to /ories ( ?is k9d1 :i* h be5 told also ( ,knox1 ,wel%1 & ,ru!r=d1 ?is anci5t *ampion ( ,non-,intrusion 0 a man ( g5u9e piety1 & ! savor ( 8 ennobl+ beliefs & 8 /rict morals has surviv$ 9 8 family = g5]ations4 ,if ! *ild ( su* p>5ts did n receive ! be/ education :i* 8 native t[n c\ld af=d1 x 0 n _! fault1 nor t ( 8 tea*]4 ,! fett]s ( a gymnasium are n easily worn by ! adv5tur\s y\? :o has s\ght & f\nd 8 pleasures among ! hills & on ! wat]s4 ,!y *afe ! "y & active limb t has gr[n vigor\s "u ! blue sky1 & nev] kn[n repose b at midnight4 ,! "y philosoph] ( ,crom>ty 0 a memb] ( ?is re/less community2 & he _h be5 ! h]o ( adv5tures & accid5ts among rocks & woods1 :i* are /ill rememb]$ 9 8 native t[n4 ,! p>i% s*ool 0 !re=e n ! sc5e ( 8 enjoym5ts2 & :ile he 0 a truant1 &1 ) rev]5ce be x spok51 a dunce1 :ile "u its jurisdiction1 he 0 busy 9 ! fields & on ! sea-%ore 9 collect+ ^? /ores ( k :i* he 0 born to disp5se among 8 fell[-m54 ,he escap$1 h[ev]1 f s*ool1 ) ! k ( read+1 writ+1 & a little ari?metic1 & ) ! cr$it ( unit+ a great memory ) a little s*ol>%ip4 ,unlike 8 illu/ri\s pr$ecessor1 ,cuvi]1 he _h /udi$ ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! fields & among ! m\nta9s ere he _h s\ght = x 9 books2 :ile ! ,fr5* philosoph] _h become a le>n$ naturali/ be=e he _h ev5 look$ ^u ! _w ( ,nature4 ,?is s+ul> contra/ is n difficult to expla94 ,) a sickly con/itution & a delicate frame1 ! y\?ful ,cuvi] want$ t physical activity :i* ! obs]vation ( ,nature dem&s4 ,our ,scotti% geologi/1 on ! contr>y1 9 vigor\s heal?1 & ) an iron frame1 ru%$ to ! rocks & ! sea-%ore 9 se>* ( ! in/ruction :i* 0 n provid$ = him at s*ool1 & :i* he c\ld f9d no books to supply4 ,aft] receiv+ ?is measure ( education1 ,mr4 ,mill] set out 9 ,febru>y1 #ahba1 ) a heavy he>t1 z he himself confesses1 8to make 8 fir/ acqua9tance ) a life ( labor & re/ra9t30-- 8,i 0 b a slim1 loose-jo9t$ boy at ! "t1 fond ( ! pretty intangibilities ( romance1 & ( dream+ :5 broad awake2 & w(ul *ange6 ,i 0 n[ go+ to "w at :at ,burns has in/anc$ 9 8 #8,twa ,dogs' z "o ( ! mo/ disagreeable ( all employm5ts--to "w 9 a qu>ry4 ,bat+ ! pass+ uneas9ess occasion$ by a few gloomy anticipations1 ! portion ( my life :i* _h already gone by _h be5 happy beyond ! common lot4 ,i _h be5 a w&]] among rocks & woods1--a read] ( curi\s books1 :5 ,i c\ld get !m1--a glean] ( old tradition>y /ories1--& n[ ,i 0 go+ to ex*ange all my day-dreams & all my amusem5ts = ! k9d ( life 9 :i* m5 toil e day t !y may be enabl$ to eat1 & eat e day t !y may be enabl$ to toil4 ,! qu>ry 9 :i* ,i wr\ght lay on ! s\!rn %ore ( a noble inl& bay1 or fri?1 r1 7! ,bay ( ,crom>ty17 ) a little1 cle> /ream on ! "o side1 & a ?ick fir wood on ! o!r4 ,x _h be5 op5$ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ! di/rict1 & 0 ov]topp$ by a huge bank ( diluvial clay1 & :i* rose ov] x 9 "s places to ! height ( ne>ly ?irty feet40--,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 p4 #d4 ,aft] remov+ ! loose fragm5ts bel[1 picks & w$ges & lev]s 7 appli$ 9 va9 by our au?or & 8 bro!r workm5 to te> up & remove ! huge /rata b5ea?4 ,bla/+ by gunp[d] became necess>y4 ,a mass ( ! diluvial clay came tumbl+ d[n1 8be>+ ) x two dead birds1 t 9 a rec5t /orm _h crept into "o ( ! deep] fissures1 to die 9 ! %elt]40 ,:ile admir+ ! pretty cock goldf9*1 & ! light-blue & grayi%-yell[ woodpeck]1 & moraliz+ on _! fate1 ! workm5 7 ord]$ to lay aside _! tools1 & ?us end$ ! fir/ day's labor ( our "y geologi/4 ,! sun 0 !n s9k+ beh9d ! ?ick fir wood beh9d him1 & ! long d>k %ad[s ( ! trees /ret*+ to ! %ore4 ,not)/&+ 8 bli/]$ h&s1 & ! fatigue :i* bli/]$ !m1 he f\nd himself next morn+ z light ( he>t z 8 fell[-labor]s1 & able to enjoy ! magnific5t sc5]y ar\nd him1 :i* he ?us s beautifully describes3-- 8,!re _h be5 a sm>t fro/ dur+ ! night1 & ! rime lay :ite on ! grass z we pass$ onw>ds ?r\gh ! fields2 b ! sun rose 9 a cle> atmosph]e1 & ! day mell[$ z x advanc$ into "o ( ^? delightful days ( e>ly spr+ :i* give s pleas+ an e>ne/ ( :atev] is mild & g5ial 9 ! bett] half ( ! ye>4 ,all ! workm5 re/$ at midday1 & ,i w5t to enjoy my half h\r alone on a mossy knoll 9 ! neighbor+ wood1 :i* comm&s ?r\gh ! trees a wide prospect ( ! bay & ! opposite %ore4 ,!re 0 n a wr9kle on ! wat]1 nor a cl\d 9 ! sky2 & ! bran*es 7 z moveless 9 ! calm z if !y _h be5 trac$ on canvas4 ,f a wood$ promontory t /ret*$ half way across ! fri?1 !re asc5d$ a ?9 column ( smoke4 ,x rose /raight on ! l9e ( a plummet = m ?an a ?\s& y>ds2 & !n1 z rea*+ a ?9n] /ratum ( air1 spread out equally on e side1 l ! foliage ( a /ately tree4 ,b5 ,wevis rose to ! we/1 :ite ) ! yet unwa/$ sn[s ( w9t]1 & z %>ply def9$ 9 ! cle> atmosph]e z if all its sunny slopes & blue retir+ holl[s _h be5 *isell$ 9 m>ble4 ,a l9e ( sn[ ran along ! opposite hills2 all above 0 :ite1 & all bel[ 0 purple40--,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 pp4 #f1 #g4 ,9 rais+ f its b$ ! l>ge mass ( /rata :i* ! gunp[d] _h loos5$1 on ! surface ( ! solid /one1 our "y qu>ri] descri$ ! ridg$ & furr[$ ripple m>ks :i* ! tide leaves ^u e s&y %ore1 & he wond]$ :at _h become ( ! waves t _h ?us frett$ ! solid rock1 & ( :at elem5t !y _h be5 compos$4 ,8 admiration 0 equally excit$ by a circul> depression 9 ! s&/one1 8brok5 & flaw$ 9 e direction1 z if x _h be5 ! bottom ( a pool rec5tly dri$ up1 :i* _h %runk & split 9 ! h>d5+40 ,& be=e ! day clos$1 a s]ies ( l>ge /ones _h roll$ d[n f ! clay1 8all r\nd$ & wat]-worn1 z if !y _h be5 toss$ 9 ! sea or ! b$ ( a riv] = hundr$s ( ye>s40 ,0 ! clay :i* enclos$ !m creat$ on ! rock ^u :i* x lay8 ,no workman ev] manufactures a half-worn article6--7 ! ejaculations ( ! geologi/ at 8 alphabet4 ,our au?or & 8 companions 7 soon remov$ to an easi] wr\ght qu>ry1 & "o m pregnant ) int]e/1 :i* _h be5 op5$ 89 a l(ty wall ( cliffs t ov]hangs ! nor!rn %ore ( ! ,moray ,fri?40 ,"h ! geology ( ! di/rict exhibit$ itself 9 section4 8,we see 9 "o place ! prim>y rock1 ) its ve9s ( granite & qu>tz1--its dizzy precipices ( gneiss1 & its huge masses ( hornbl5de2 we f9d ! second>y rock 9 ano!r1 ) its b$ ( s&/one & %ale1--its sp>s1 its clays1 & its nodul> lime/ones4 ,we discov] ! /ill little kn[n b highly int]e/+ fossils ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 "o deposition2 we f9d ! beautifully pres]v$ %ells & lignites ( ! lias 9 ano!r4 ,!re are ! rema9s ( two sev]al creations at once be=e u4 ,! %ore1 too1 is heap$ ) roll$ fragm5ts ( almo/ e v>iety ( rock1--basalts1 iron/ones1 hyp]/h5es1 porphyries1 bitum9\s %ales1 & micace\s s*i/s4 ,9 %ort1 ! "y geologi/1 _h he all ,europe be=e him1 c\ld h>dly *oose = himself a bett] field4 ,i _h1 h[ev]1 no "o to tell me s at ! "t1 = geology _h n yet travell$ s f> nor?2 & s1 )\t guide or vocabul>y1 ,i _h to grope my way z ,i be/ might1 & f9d out all its wond]s = myself4 ,b s sl[ 0 ! process1 & s mu* 0 ,i a seek] 9 ! d>k1 t ! facts conta9$ 9 ^! few s5t5ces 7 ! pati5t ga!r+s ( ye>s40--,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 pp4 #i1 #aj4 ,9 ?is ri* field ( inquiry1 our au?or enc\nt]$1 almo/ daily1 new objects ( wond] & in/ruction4 ,9 "o nodul> mass ( lime/one he f\nd ! beautiful ammonite1 l "o ( ! f9ely sculptur$ volutes ( an ,ionic capital4 ,)9 o!rs1 fi%-scales & bivalve %ells2 & 9 ! c5tre ( ano!r he detect$ a piece ( decay$ wood4 ,^u quitt+ ! qu>ry = ! build+ ^u :i* ! workm5 7 to be employ$1 ! workm5 receiv$ half a holiday1 & our "y philosoph] devot$ ?is valuable int]val to se>* = c]ta9 curi\sly %ap$ /ones1 :i* "o ( ! qu>ri]s told him resembl$ ! heads ( bo>d+-pikes1 & :i*1 "u ! "n ( ?und]-bolts1 7 held to be a sov]eign rem$y = cattle t _h be5 bewit*$4 ,on ! %ore two miles (f1 :]e he expect$ ^! rem>kable bodies1 he f\nd deposits q diff]5t ei!r f ! s&/one cliffs or ! prim>y rocks fur!r to ! we/4 ,!y consi/$ ( 8?9 /rata ( lime/one1 alt]nat+ ) ?ick] b$s ( a black slaty sub/ance10 :i* burn$ ) a bright flame & a bitum9\s odor4 ,?\gh only ! eigh? "p ( an in* ?ick1 ea* lay] conta9$ ?\s&s ( fossils peculi> to ! lias1--scallops & gryphites1 ammonites1 twigs & leaves ( plants1 cones ( p9e1 pieces ( *>coal1 & scales ( fi%es1--! impressions be+ ( a *alky :it5ess1 contra/+ /rik+ly ) _! black bitum9\s lair4 ,among ^! fragm5ts ( animal & vegetable life1 he at la/ detect$ 8 ?und]-bolt 9 ! =m ( a ,belemnite1 ! rema9s ( a k9d ( cuttle-fi% long s9ce ext9ct4 ,9 ! ex]cise ( 8 pr(ession1 :i* 80 a w&]+ "o10 our au?or advanc$ /eadily1 ?\gh sl[ly & surely1 9 8 geological acquirem5ts4 8,i rememb]10 says he1 8pass+ direct on "o occasion f ! wild we/]n coa/ ( ,ross-%ire1 :]e ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one leans at a high angle aga9/ ! prevail+ qu>tz rock ( ! di/rict1 to :]e1 on ! s\!rn skirts ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 ! m\nta9 lime/one rises amid ! coal4 ,i h resid$ "o season on a rais$ bea* on ! ,moray ,fri?4 ,i h sp5t ! season imm$iately foll[+ amid ! anci5t granites & contort$ s*i/s ( ! c5tral ,highl&s4 ,9 ! nor?1 ,i h laid op5 by ?\s&s ! %ells & lignites ( ! ,oolite2 9 ! s\?1 ,i h dis9t]r$ f _! matrices ( /one or ( %ale ! huge re$s & tree f]ns ( ! c>bonif]\s p]iod4444 ,9 ! nor?1 !re occurs a va/ gap 9 ! scale4 ,! ,lias leans uncon=mably aga9/ ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 !re is no m\nta9 lime/one1 no coal measures1 none ( ! ,new ,r$ ,m>ls or ,s&/ones4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree entire sy/ems omitt$4 ,b ! upp] portion ( ! scale is well-nigh complete4 ,9 "o locality we may pass f ! ,l[] to ! ,upp] ,lias1 9 ano!r f ! ,inf]ior to ! ,great ,oolite1 & onw>d to ! ,ox=d ,clay & ! ,coral ,rag4 ,we may explore 9 a ?ird locality b$s id5tical 9 _! organisms ) ! ,weald5 ( ,sussex4 ,9 a f\r?1 we f9d ! fl9ts & fossils ( ! *alk4 ,! l[] "p ( ! scale is also well-nigh complete4 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one is amply develop$ 9 ,moray1 ,cai?ness1 & ,ross1 & ! ,grauwacke v ext5sively 9 ,banff%ire4 ,b to acqua9t "o's self ) ! ?ree miss+ =mations1--to complete "o's k ( ! entire scale1 by fill+ up ! hiatus1--x is necess>y to remove to ! s\?4 ,! geology ( ! ,lo?ians is ! geology ( at lea/ two ?irds ( ! gap1 & p]haps a little m2--! geology ( ,arran wants only a few ( ! upp] b$s ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one to fill x entirely40--,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 pp4 #ac-ag4 ,aft] hav+ sp5t ne>ly fifte5 ye>s 9 ! pr(ession ( a /one-mason1 ,mr4 ,mill] 0 promot$ to a position m suit$ to 8 g5ius4 ,:5 a bank 0 e/abli%$ 9 8 native t[n ( ,crom>ty1 he receiv$ ! appo9tm5t ( acc\ntant1 & he 0 ?us employ$1 = five ye>s1 9 keep+ l$g]s & disc\nt+ bills4 ,:5 ! conte/ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl& _h come to a close1 by ! decision ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords 9 ! ,au*t]urd] ,case1 ,mr4 ,mill]'s celebrat$ lett] to ,"l ,br\gham attract$ ! p>ticul> att5tion ( ! p>ty :i* 0 ab\t to leave ! ,e/abli%m5t1 & he 0 select$ z ! mo/ compet5t p]son to conduct ! ,witness newspap]1 ! pr9cipal metropolitan organ ( ! ,free ,*ur*4 ,! great success :i* ?is j\rnal has met ) is ow+1 d\btless1 to ! f9e articles1 political1 ecclesia/ical1 & geological1 :i* ,mr4 ,mill] has writt5 = x4 ,9 ! few leisure h\rs :i* s engross+ an occupation has all[$ him to enjoy1 he has devot$ himself to ! ard5t prosecution ( sci5tific inquiries2 & we tru/ ! "t is n f> di/ant :5 ! lib]ality ( 8 c\ntry1 to :i* he has done s mu* honor1 w all[ him to give 8 :ole "t to ! prosecution ( sci5ce4 ,geologi/s ( high "* _h believ$ t ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 0 defective 9 organic rema9s2 & x 0 n till aft] t5 ye>s' acqua9tance ) x t ,mr4 ,mill] discov]$ x to be ri*ly fossilif]\s4 ,! labors ( o!r t5 ye>s 7 requir$ to assign to its fossils _! exact place 9 ! scale4 ,among ! fossils discov]$ by our au?or1 ! ,pt]i*?ys or w+$ fi% is d\btless ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,he _h dis9t]r$ x s e>ly z #ahca1 b x 0 only 9 #ahch t he 8introduc$ x to ! acqua9tance ( geologi/s40 ,x 0 n till #ahca t ,mr4 ,mill] began to receive assi/ance 9 8 /udies f )\t4 ,9 ! app5dix to ,messrs4 ,&]son ( ,inv]ness's admirable ,guide to ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 :i* 8he p]us$ ) int5se int]e/10 he f\nd ! mo/ important in=mation respect+ ! geology ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&2 & dur+ a correspond5ce ) ! accompli%$ au?ors ( t "w1 _m ( 8 views 7 develop$1 & 8 difficulties remov$4 ,9 #ahch1 he communicat$ to ,dr4 ,malcolmson ( ,madras1 !n 9 ,p>is1 a draw+ & description ( ! ,pt]i*?ys4 ,8 lett] 0 submitt$ to ,agassiz1 & subsequ5tly a re/or$ draw+ 0 communicat$ to ! ,elg9 ,sci5tific ,society4 ,! great naturali/1 z well z ! memb]s ( ! prov9cial society1 7 surpris$ at ! new =m ( life :i* ,mr4 ,mill] _h disclos$1 & "s ( !m1 no d\bt1 reg>d$ x ) a sceptical eye4 8,n _m mon?s aft]1 h[ev]1 a true bona fide ,pt]i*?ys 0 turn$ up 9 "o ( ! newly-discov]$ b$s ( ,nairn%ire40 ,9 8 la/ visit to ,scotl&1 ,agassiz f\nd six species ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1 ?ree ( :i*1 & ! w+s ( a f\r?1 7 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s collection4 ,?is rem>kable animal has less resemblance ?an any o!r fossil ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one to any?+ t n[ exi/s4 ,:5 fir/ br\ght to view by ! s+le bl[ ( a hamm]1 !re appe>$ on a gr\nd ( light-color$ lime/one ! effigy ( a creature1 fa%ion$ app>5tly out ( jet1 ) a body cov]$ ) plates1 two p[]ful look+ arms articulat$ at ! %\ld]s1 a head z entirely lo/ 9 ! trunk z t ( ! ray1 7or skate17 & a long angul> tail1 equal 9 l5g? to a ?ird ( ! entire figure4 ,its g5]al resemblance is to ! lett] ,t1--! upp] "p ( ! v]tical l9e be+ swell$ out1 & ! l[] "p end+ 9 an angul> po9t1 ! two horizontal portions be+1 9 ! op9ion ( ,agassiz1 organs ( locomotion4 ,to ?is rem>kable fossil ,m4 ,agassiz has giv5 ! appropriate "n ( ,pt]i*?ys ,mill]i4 ,an acc\nt ( x1 accompani$ ) two f9e specim5s1 0 communicat$ to ! ,geological ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,glasg[1 9 ,septemb]1 #ahdj2 & ! mo/ ample details1 ) accurate draw+s1 7 aft]w>ds publi%$1 9 #ahda1 9 ,mr4 ,mill]'s fir/ "w1 ,! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 :i* 0 d$icat$ to ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 :o 0 born on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ! ,nor?1 9 ! same di/rict z ,mr4 ,mill]1 & ^: great acquirem5ts & di/+ui%$ labors are kn[n all ov] ! _w among sci5tific m54 ,?is admirable "w has already pass$ ?r\gh ?ree editions4 ,f ! orig9ality & accuracy ( its descriptions1 & ! importance ( ! rese>*es :i* x conta9s1 x has obta9$ = its au?or a high reputation among geologi/s2 :ile f ! elegance & purity ( its /yle1 & ! =ce & livel9ess ( its illu/rations1 x has receiv$ ! highe/ praise f its m g5]al read]s4#a ,al?\gh we h be5 oblig$1 f ! in=mation :i* x conta9s ( our au?or's e>ly /udies1 to m5tion ! 8,old ,r$ ,s&/one0 z if x _h be5 8 fir/ "w2 yet s e>ly z #ahcj1 aft] he _h made 8 fir/ fossil discov]ies at ,crom>ty1 he compos$ a pap] on ! subject1 78 fir/ publi%$ production17 :i* appe>$ z "o ( ! *apt]s ( a small leg5d>y & descriptive "w1 entitl$ ,! ,traditional ,hi/ory ( ,crom>ty1 :i* did n appe> till #ahce4 ,?is *apt]1 entitl$ 8,! ,antiqu>y ( ! ,_w10 possesses a high degree ( int]e/4 ,aft] describ+ ! sc5e ar\nd him 9 its pictorial aspect1 & "u ! w>m associations1 :i* l9k x ) exi/+ life1 he surveys x ) ! cool eye ( an 8antiqu>y ( ! _w10 /udy+ its once buri$ monum5ts1 & decyph]+ ! alphabet ( plants & animals1 ! hi]oglyphics :i* embosom ! hi/ory ( pa/ times & ( successive creations4 ,! gigantic ,b5 ,wevis1 ) its att5dant hills1 rose abruptly to ! we/4 ,! di/ant peaks ( ,b5 ,vai*>d appe>$ 9 ! s\?1 & f> to ! nor? 7 descri$ ! l(ty hills ( ,su!rl&1 & ev5 ! ,ord-hill ( ,cai?ness4 ,desc5d+ f ! t[]s ( nature's l(ty edifice he surveys its ru9s1 its brok5 sculptures1 & its half-defac$ inscriptions1 z exhibit$ 9 c]ta9 ,i*?yic rema9s ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one :i* _h !n no "n1 & :i* 7 unkn[n to ! mo/ accompli%$ geologi/s4 ,among ^! he specially notices 8a confus$ bitum9\s-look+ mass t _h mu* ! appe>ance ( a toad or frog10 ?us %ad[+ =? 9 ! morn+ twilight ! curi\s ,pt]i*?ys1 :i* he 0 able aft]w>ds1 9 bett] specim5s1 to exhibit 9 op5 day4 ,z we h already ref]r$1 ) "s m9ut5ess1 to ! fossils :i* our au?or _h at ?is "t discov]$ 9 ! great *>nel-h\se ( ! old _w1 we %all indulge our read]s ) a specim5 ( ! noble s5tim5ts :i* !y inspir$1 & ( ! beautiful language 9 :i* ^! s5tim5ts are clo!d4 8,b let u quit ?is wond]ful city ( ! dead1 ) all its recl9+ obelisks1 & all its sculptur$ tumuli1 ! memorials ( a race t exi/ only 9 _! tombs4 ,& yet1 ere we g1 x 7 well1 p]haps1 to indulge 9 "s ( ^? s]i\s ?\ghts :i* we s naturally associate ) ! solit>y bury+-gr\nd & ! mutilat$ rema9s ( ! dep>t$4 ,let u once m look ar\nd u1 & say1 :e!r1 ( all m51 ! ,geologi/ does n /& mo/ 9 ne$ ( ! ,bible1 h[ev] mu* he may contemn x 9 ! pride ( speculation4 ,we tread on ! rema9s ( organiz$ & s5ti5t creatures1 :i*1 ?\gh m num]\s at "o p]iod ?an ! :ole family ( man1 h long s9ce ceas$ to exi/2 ! individuals p]i%$ "o aft] "o--_! rema9s s]v$ only to elevate ! floor on :i* _! desc5dants pursu$ ! v>i\s in/9cts ( _! nature1 & !n sunk1 l ! o!rs1 to =m a /ill high] lay] ( soil2 & n[ t ! :ole race has pass$ f ! e>?1 & we see ! animals ( a diff]5t tribe occupy+ _! places1 :at survives ( !m b a mass ( in]t & s5seless matt]1 nev] aga9 to be animat$ by ! my/]i\s _s ( vitality--t _s :i*1 dissipat$ 9 ! air1 or diffus$ 9 ! ocean1 c1 l ! sweet s\nds & pleasant odors ( ! pa/1 be nei!r ga!r$ up nor recall$6 ,& ,o1 h[ d>k ! analogy :i* w\ld lead u to anticipate a simil> fate = ourselves6 ,z individuals1 we are b z ye/]day2 to-morr[ we %all be laid 9 our graves1 & ! tread ( ! com+ g5]ation %all be ov] our heads4 ,nay1 h we n se5 a t]rible disease sweep away1 9 a few ye>s1 m ?an eighty millions ( ! race to :i* we belong2 & c we ?9k ( ?is & say t a "t may n come :51 l ! fossils ( ^! b$s our :ole species %all be m+l$ ) ! soil1 & :51 ?\gh ! sun may look d[n 9 8 /r5g? on our pleasant dwell+s & our gre5 fields1 !re %all be sil5ce 9 all our bord]s1 & desolation 9 all our gates1 & we %all h no ?\ght ( t pa/ :i* x is n[ our delight to recall1 & no portion 9 t future :i* x is n[ our v nature to anticipate4 ,surely x is well to believe t a widely diff]5t de/9y awaits u--t ! ,god :o end[$ u ) ^? wond]ful p[]s1 :i* enable u to live 9 e dep>t$ era1 e com+ p]iod1 has giv5 u to possess ^! p[]s =ev]2 t n only does he numb] ! hairs ( our heads1 b t 8 c>es are ext5d$ to ev5 our v rema9s2 t our v bones1 in/ead ( be+ left1 l ! exuvi ar\nd u1 to =m ! rocks & clays ( a future _w1 %all1 l ^? 9 ! valley ( vision1 be aga9 clo!d ) muscle & s9ew1 & t our bodies1 animat$ by ! w>m? & vigor ( life1 %all aga9 connect our s\ls to ! matt] exi/+ ar\nd u1 & be ob$i5t to e impulse ( ! w4 ,x is surely no "t1 :5 we walk amid ! d>k cemet]ies ( a dep>t$ _w1 & see ! cold blank %ad[s ( ! tombs fall+ dre>ily a?w>t ! way--x is surely no "t to ext+ui% ! light giv5 u to %9e s fully & s *e]fully on our own prop] pa?1 m]ely because its beams d n enlight5 ! recesses t yawn ar\nd u4 ,& ,o1 :at m unwor?y ( reasonable m5 ?an to reject s consol+ a revelation on no ju/] qu>rel1 ?an :5 x unveils to u mu* ( :at c\ld n o!rwise be kn[n1 & )\t ! k ( :i* we c\ld n be o!r ?an unhappy1 x leaves to ! invigorat+ ex]cises ( our own p[]s :atev]1 9 ! wide circle ( creation1 lies fully )9 _! grasp60--,! ,antiqu>y ( ! ,_w1 pp4 #ef-eh4 ,! next "w publi%$ by ,mr4 ,mill] 0 entitl$ 8,fir/ ,impressions ( ,engl& & its ,p10#b a popul> & int]e/+ volume1 :i* has already gone ?r\gh two editions1 & :i* may be read ) equal int]e/ by ! geologi/1 ! philan?ropi/1 & ! g5]al read]4 ,x is full ( k & ( anecdote1 & is writt5 9 t attractive /yle :i* comm&s ! att5tion ev5 ( ! mo/ incuri\s read]s4 ,?is delightful "w1 ?\gh only 9 "o volume1 is equal to ?ree ( ! ord9>y type1 & _c fail to be p]us$ ) high gratification by all classes ( read]s4 ,x treats ( e subject :i* is pres5t$ to ! notice ( an accompli%$ travell] :ile he visits ! great cities & romantic localities ( m]ry ,engl&4 ,we "k ( no t\r 9 ,engl& writt5 by a native 9 :i* s mu* pleasant read+ & sub/antial in/ruction are comb9$2 & ?\gh we are occasionally /opp$ 9 a v delightful locality by a precipice ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or fright5$ by a dis9t]r$ skeleton1 or sob]$ by ! burial-s]vice ov] ,palozoic graves1 we soon recov] our equanimity1 & aga9 ent] ^u ! sunny pa? to :i* our au?or nev] fails to re/ore u4 ,mr4 ,mill]'s new "w1 ! 8,footpr9ts ( ! ,creator10 ( :i* we publi% n[ ano!r edition1 au?oriz$ by ! writ]1 is v appropriately d$icat$ to ,sir ,philip ,grey ,eg]ton1 ,b>t41 ,m4 ,p4 = ,*e%ire--a g5tleman :o possesses a magnific5t collection ( fossils1 & ^: skill & acquirem5ts 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( geology is kn[n & appreciat$ bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,! "w itself is divid$ into fifte5 *apt]s1 9 :i* ! au?or treats ( ! fossil geology ( ! ,orkneys1 z exhibit$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,/romness2 ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 & its consequ5ces2 ( ! hi/ory & /ructure ( t rem>kable fi%1 ! ,a/]olepis2 ( ! fi%es ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian rocks2 ( ! progress ( degradation1 & its hi/ory2 ( ! ,lam>ckian hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( plants1 & its consequ5ces2 ( ! ,m>9e & ,t]re/rial floras2 & ( f9al causes1 & _! be>+ on geological hi/ory4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! *apt]s ,mr4 ,mill] discusses ! developm5t hypo!sis1 or ! hypo!sis ( natural law1 z ma9ta9$ by ,lam>ck & by ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 & has subject$ x1 9 its geological aspect1 to ! mo/ rigor\s exam9ation4 ,driv5 by ! discov]ies ( ,"l ,rosse f ! doma9s ( a/ronomy1 :]e x once seem$ to hold a plausible position1 x might h l+]$ ) ! appe>ance ( life among ! ambiguities ( ! ,palozoic =mations2 b ,mr4 ,mill] has1 ) an +5uity & pati5ce wor?y ( a bett] subject1 /ripp$ x ev5 ( its semblance ( tru?1 & re/or$ to ! ,creator1 z ,gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 t p[] & ^? functions :i* he 0 suppos$ to h resign$ at its bir?4 ,hav+ impos$ ^u himself ! task ( exam9+ 9 detail ! v>i\s fossilif]\s =mations ( ,scotl&1 our au?or ext5d$ 8 inquiries into ! ma9l& ( ,orkney1 & resid$ = "s "t 9 ! vic9ity ( ! busy seaport t[n ( ,/romness1 z a c5tral po9t f :i* ! /ructure ( ! ,orkney gr\p ( isl&s c\ld be mo/ advantage\sly /udi$4 ,l t ( ,cai?ness1 ! geology ( ^! isl&s owes its pr9cipal int]e/ to ! imm5se developm5t ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one =mation1 & to ! s+ul> abundance ( its v]tebrate fossils4 ,?\gh ! ,orkneys conta9 only ! ?ird "p ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 :i*1 b a few ye>s ago1 0 suppos$ to be ! lea/ productive 9 fossils ( any ( ! geological =mations1 yet x furni%es1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,mill]1 m fossil fi% ?an e o!r geological sy/em 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales1 f ! ,coal ,measures to ! ,*alk1 inclusive4 ,x is1 9 %ort1 8! l& ( fi%10 & 8c\ld supply ) i*?yolites1 by ! ton & by ! %ip-load1 ! museums ( ! _w40 ,its v>i\s deposits1 ) ! curi\s organisms :i* !y inclose1 h be5 upheav$ f _! orig9al position aga9/ a granitic axis1 ab\t six miles long & "o broad1 8=m+ ! great back-bone ( ! we/]n di/rict ( ! ,isl& ,pomona2 & on ?is granitic axis1 fa/ jamb$ 9 betwe5 a /eep hill & ! sea1 /&s ! t[n ( ,/romness40 ,! mass or pile ( /rata ?us uplift$ is describ$ by ,mr4 ,mill] z a ?ree-b>r$ pyramid re/+ on its granite base1 exhibit+ ?ree broad ti]s--r$1 black1 & gray--sculptur$ ) ! hi]oglyphics 9 :i* its hi/ory is record$4 ,! great conglom]ate base on :i* x re/s1 cov]+ f #aj1jjj to #ae1jjj squ>e miles1 f ! dep? ( f #ajj to #djj feet1 consi/s ( r\gh s& & wat]-worn pebbles2 & above ?is h be5 deposit$ successive /rata ( mud1 equal 9 height to ! highe/ ( our m\nta9s1 n[ conta9+ ! rema9s ( millions & t5s ( millions ( fi% :i* _h p]i%$ 9 "s sudd5 & my/]i\s cata/rophe4 ,9 ! exam9ation ( ! diff]5t b$s ( ! ?ree-b>r$ =mation1 our au?or discov]$ a well-m>k$ bone1 l a petrifi$ l>ge ro(+ nail1 9 a grayi%-color$ lay] ( h>d flag1 ab\t #ajj y>ds ov] ! granite1 & ab\t #afj feet ov] ! upp] /ratum ( ! conglom]ate4 ,?is s+ul> bone1 :i* ,mr4 ,mill] has repres5t$ 9 a figure1 0 probably ! olde/ v]tebrate organism yet discov]$ 9 ,orkney4 ,x 0 #e in*es long1 #b in*es across ! head1 & ?s ( an in* ?ick 9 ! /em1 & =m$ a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! ,a/]olepis1 z yet ! mo/ gigantic ( ! ganoid fi%es1 & probably "o ( ! fir/ ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,9 8 =m] rese>*es1 our au?or _h f\nd t all ( ! _m hundr$ i*?yolites :i* he _h dis9t]r$ f ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 7 comp>atively ( a small size1 :ile ^? 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ 7 ( great bulk2 & h5ce he _h naturally inf]r$1 t v]tebrate life _h increas$ t[>ds ! close ( ! sy/em--t1 9 %ort1 x began ) an age ( dw>fs1 & end$ ) an age ( giants2 b he _h ?us greatly err$1 l ! support]s ( ! developm5t sy/em1 9 f\nd+ positive conclusions on m]ely negative evid5ce2 = "h1 at ! v base ( ! sy/em1 :]e no dw>fs 7 to be f\nd1 he _h discov]$ "o ( ! mo/ colossal ( its giants4 ,aft] ?is mo/ important discov]y1 ,mr4 ,mill] ext5d$ 8 inquiries ea/]ly = sev]al miles along ! b>e & unwood$ ,lake ( ,/5nis1 ab\t f\rte5 miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & divid$ into an upp] arm l[] %eet ( wat] by two long promontories jutt+ out f ea* side & ne>ly meet+ 9 ! middle4 ,! sea ent]s ?is lake ?r\gh ! op5+s ( a long ru/ic bridge1 & h5ce ! l[] division ( ! lake 8is salt 9 its ne!r rea*es1 & bracki% 9 its upp] ones2 :ile ! high] division is m]ely bracki% 9 its ne!r rea*es1 & fre% en\gh 9 its upp] ones to be potable40 ,! fauna & flora ( ! lake are !re=e ( a mix$ "*1 ! m>9e & fre% wat] animals hav+ ea* _! own rea*es1 ?\gh ea* k9d makes c]ta9 encroa*m5ts on ! prov9ce ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! m>9e & lacu/r9e floras ( ! lake1 ,mr4 ,mill] obs]v$ *anges /ill m palpable4 ,at ! entrance ( ! sea1 ! ,fucus nodosus & ,fucus vesiculosus fl\ri% 9 _! prop] =m & magnitude4 ,a little f>!r on 9 ! lake1 ! ,f4 nodosus disappe>s1 & ! ,f4 vesiculosus1 ?\gh cont9u+ to exi/ = mile aft] mile1 gr[s dw>fi% & /unt$1 & f9ally disappe>s1 giv+ place to ru%es & o!r aquatic grasses1 till ! lacu/r9e has entirely displac$ ! m>9e flora4 ,f ^! two important facts1 ! exi/5ce ( ! fragm5t ( ,a/]olepis 9 ! l[] flag/ones ( ! ,orkneys1 & ( ! 8curi\sly mix$ semi-m>9e semi-lacu/r9e vegetation 9 ! ,lo* ( ,/5nis10 :i* our au?or reg>ds z be>+ directly on ! developm5t hypo!sis1 he takes occasion to submit t hypo!sis to a sev]e exam9ation1 & to po9t out its consequ5ces--its incompatibility ) ! great tru?s ( morality & reveal$ religion4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ok51 "o ( ! able/ support]s ( ! developm5t !ory1 8,!re are two k9ds ( g5]ation 9 ! _w1 ! creation prop]1 & ! propagation t is sequ5t !reon1 or ! orig9al & second>y g5]ation4 ,consequ5tly1 no organism has be5 creat$ ( l>g] size ?an an infusorial po9t4 ,no organism is1 or ev] has be5 creat$1 :i* is n microscopic4 ,:atev] is l>ge has n be5 creat$1 b develop$4 ,man has n be5 creat$1 b develop$40 ,h5ce x foll[s t dur+ ! great geological p]iod1 :5 race aft] race 0 de/roy$1 & new =ms ( life call$ into be+1 8nature _h be5 pregnant ) ! human race10 & t immortal & intellectual ,man is b ! developm5t ( ! ,brute--itself ! developm5t ( "s monad or mollusc1 :i* has be5 smitt5 into life by ! action ( electricity ^u a portion ( gelat9\s matt]4 ,if ! developm5t !ory be true1 8! e>ly fossils ought to be v small 9 size10 & 8v l[ 9 organization40 ,9 ! e>lie/ /rata we ought to f9d only 8m]e embryos & ftuses2 & if we f9d in/ead ! full-gr[n & mature1 !n mu/ we hold t ! te/imony ( geology is n only n 9 accordance ) ! !ory1 b 9 positive opposition to x40 ,hav+ laid ?is d[n z ! pr9ciple by :i* ! "q is to be decid$1 our au?or proce$s to consid] 8:at are ! facts40 ,! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness seems to be ! olde/ organism yet discov]$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t geological sy/em ( ,scotl&1 9 :i* v]tebrate rema9s occur4 ,x is probably ! olde/ ,clacan? t ! _w has yet produc$1 = !re is no c]ta9 trace ( ?is family 9 ! great ,silurian sy/em1 :i* lies und]nea?1 & on :i*1 accord+ to our exi/+ k1 organic exi/5ce fir/ began4 8,h[1 !n10 asks ,mr4 ,mill]1 8on ! two relevant po9ts--bulk & organization--does x answ] to ! dem&s ( ! developm5t hypo!sis8 ,0 x a m]e ftus ( ! f9ny tribe1 ( m9ute size & imp]fect embryonic faculty8 ,or 0 x (1 at lea/1 ! ord9>y bulk1 &1 = its class1 ( ! av]age organization80 ,9 ord] to answ] ^! que/ions1 ,mr4 ,mill] proce$s 9 8 ?ird *apt] to give ! rec5t hi/ory ( ! ,a/]olepis2 9 8 f\r?1 to asc]ta9 ! c]ebral developm5t ( ! e>li] v]tebrata2 & 9 8 fif? *apt] to describe ! /ructure1 bulk1 & aspect ( ! ,a/]olepis4 ,9 ! rocks ( ,russia c]ta9 fossil rema9s _h be5 long ago discov]$1 ( su* a s+ul> nature z to h p]plex$ ,lam>ck & o!r naturali/s4 ,_! true place among fi%es 0 subsequ5tly asc]ta9$ by ,m4 ,ei*wald1 a liv+ naturali/2 & ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison f\nd t !y 7 ,i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,agassiz gave !m ! "n ( ,*eloni*?ys2 b 9 consequ5ce ( v f9e specim5s hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,russia1 :i* ,pr(essor ,asmus ( ,dorpat s5t to ! ,briti% ,museum1 & :i* exhibit$ />-l m>k+s1 he ab&on$ 8 "n ( ,*eloni*?ys1 & adopt$ t ( ,a/]olepis1 or />-scale1 :i* ,ei*wald _h propos$4 ,_m po9ts1 h[ev]1 respect+ ?is curi\s fossil rema9$ to be det]m9$1 & x 0 =tunate = sci5ce t ,mr4 ,mill] 0 enabl$ to accompli% ?is object by means ( a v>iety ( excell5t specim5s :i* he receiv$ f ,mr4 ,rob]t ,dick1 8an intellig5t tradesman ( ,?urso1 "o ( ^? work+ m5 ( ,scotl&1 ( active curiosity & well develop$ intellect1 t give "* & /&+ to ! re/40 ,agassiz _h inf]r$1 f v imp]fect fragm5ts1 t ! ,a/]olepis 0 a /rongly-helm$ fi% ( ! ,clacan?s1 or holl[ sp9e family--t x 0 probably a flat-head$ animal1 & t ! discov]y ( a head or ( a jaw might prove t ! g5us ,d5drodus did n diff] f x4 ,all ^! conjectures 7 completely confirm$ by ,mr4 ,mill]1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! specim5s ( ,mr4 ,dick4 ,be=e proce$+ to describe ! /ructure ( ! gigantic ,a/]olepis1 ,mr4 ,mill] devotes a long & elaborate *apt] to ! subject ( ! c]ebral developm5t ( ! e>li] v]tebrata1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 9 :at mann] _! true bra9s 7 lodg$1 & to discov] ! modification :i* ! cranium1 z _! protect+ box1 receiv$ 9 subsequ5t p]iods4 ,?is inquiry1 :i* he has conduct$ ) great skill & ability1 is n only highly int]e/+ 9 itself1 b w be f\nd to h a direct be>+ on ! great "q :i* x is 8 object to discuss & decide4 ,! facts & reason+s conta9$ 9 ?is *apt] w1 we d\bt n1 %ake to its v base ! bold !ory ( ,pr(essor ,ok51 :i* has be5 s g5]ally receiv$ abroad1 & :i* is beg9n+ to f9d support]s ev5 among ! solid ?9k]s ( our own c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,isis ( #ahah1 ,pr(essor ,lor5z ,ok5 has giv5 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! hypo!sis to :i* we allude4 8,9 ,augu/1 #ahjf10 says he1 8,i made a j\rney ov] ! ,h>tz4 ,i slid d[n ?r\gh ! wood on ! s\? side1 & /raight be=e me1 at my v feet1 lay a mo/ beautiful blan*$ skull ( a h9d4 ,i pick$ x up1 turn$ x r\nd1 reg>d$ x int5sely2--! ?+ 0 done4 #8,x is a v]tebral column1' /ruck me l a flood ( lightn+1 #8to ! m>r[ & bone2' & s9ce t "t ! skull has be5 reg>d$ z a v]tebral column40 ,?is rem>kable hypo!sis 0 at fir/ receiv$ ) en?usiasm by ! naturali/s ( ,g]many1 &1 among o!rs1 by ,agassiz1 :o1 f gr\nds n ( a geological k9d1 has m rec5tly reject$ x4 ,x has be5 adopt$ by our di/+ui%$ c\ntryman1 ,pr(essor ,ow51 & =ms ! c5tral idea 9 8 lately publi%$ & +5i\s "w 8,on ! ,nature ( ,limbs40 ,! conclusion at :i* he arrives1 t ! =e-limbs ( ! v]tebrata are ! ribs ( ! occipital bone or v]tebra set free1 & 79 all ! v]tebrata high] 9 ! scale ?an ! ord9>y fi%es7 c>ri$ d[n along ! v]tebral column by a sort ( natural dislocation1 is a d$uction f ! idea t />tl$ ,pr(essor ,ok5 9 ! =e/ ( ! ,h>tz4 ,:atev] support ?is hypo!sis might h expect$ f ,geology1 has be5 /ruck f b5ea? x by ?is rem>kable *apt] ( ,mr4 ,mill]'s "w2 & ?\gh anatomi/s may = a :ile ma9ta9 x "u ! influ5ce ( s high an au?ority z ,pr(essor ,ow51 we are mu* mi/ak5 if x ev] =ms a "p ( ! cre$ ( ! geologi/4 ,mr4 ,mill] inde$ has1 by a mo/ skilful exam9ation ( ! heads ( ! e>lie/ v]tebrata kn[n to geologi/s1 prov$ t ! hypo!sis d]ives no support f ! /ructure :i* !y exhibit1 & ,agassiz has ev5 ^u g5]al pr9ciples reject$ x z unt5able4 ,mr4 ,mill]'s next *apt] on ! /ructure1 bulk1 & aspect ( ! ,a/]olepis1 is1 l t :i* prec$es x1 ! "w ( a ma/]1 ev9c+ ! highe/ p[]s ( obs]vation & analysis4 ,its size 9 ! l>g] specim5s mu/ h be5 v great2 & f a comp>ison ( ! proportion ( ! head 9 ! ,ganoids to ! l5g? ( ! body1 :i* is sometimes z "o to five1 or "o to six1 or "o to six & a half1 or ev5 "o to sev51 our au?or concludes t ! total l5g? ( ! specim5s 9 8 possession mu/ h be5 at lea/ eight feet ?ree in*es1 or f n9e feet n9e to n9e feet t5 in*es4 ,! rema9s ( an ,a/]olepis f\nd by ,mr4 ,dick at ,?urso1 indicate a l5g? ( f twelve feet five to ?irte5 feet eight in*es2 & "o ( ! ,russian specim5s ( ,pr(essor ,asmus mu/ h be5 f eighte5 to tw5ty-?ree feet long4 8,h5ce10 says ,mr4 ,mill]1 89 ! n unimportant circum/ance ( size--! mo/ anci5t ,clacan?s yet kn[n1 in/ead ( tak+ _! places agreeably to ! dem&s ( ! developm5t hypo!sis among ! sprats1 /icklebacks1 & m9n[s ( _! class1 took _! place among its huge bask+ %>ks1 gigantic /urgeons1 & bulky swordfi%es4 ,!y 7 giants1 n dw>fs40 ,aga91 judg+ by ! analogies :i* its /ructure exhibits to t ( fi%es ( ! exi/+ p]iod1 ! ,a/]olepis mu/ h be5 a fi% high 9 ! scale ( organization4 ,a specim5 ( ,a/]olepis1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,dick1 among ! ,?urso rocks1 & s5t to ,mr4 ,mill]1 exhibit$ ! s+ul> ph5om5on ( a quantity ( ?ick t> ly+ b5ea? x1 :i* /uck to ! f+]s :5 lift+ ! pieces ( rock4 8,:at _h be5 once ! n]ves1 muscles1 & blood ( ?is anci5t ,ganoid1 /ill lay "u its bones10 a ph5om5on :i* our au?or _h previ\sly se5 b5ea? ! body ( a poor suicide1 ^: grave 9 a s&y bank _h be5 laid op5 by ! encroa*m5ts ( a riv]1 ! s& b5ea? x hav+ be5 8consolidat$ into a d>k color$ pit*y mass10 ext5d+ a full y>d b5ea? ! body4 ,9 l mann]1 ! animal juices ( ! ,a/]olepis _h pres]v$ its rema9s1 by 8! p]vad+ bitum51 greatly m cons]vative 9 its effects ?an ! oil & gum ( an old ,egyptian und]tak]40 ,! bones1 ?\gh black z pit* reta9$ to a consid]able degree ! peculi> qualities ( ! orig9al sub/ance1 9 ! same mann] z ! adipocire ( wet bury+-gr\nds pres]ves fre% & gre5 ! bones :i* x encloses4 ,9 support ( 8 anti-developm5t views1 ,mr4 ,mill] devotes 8 next & six? *apt] to ! rec5t hi/ory1 ord]1 & size ( ! fi%es ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian rocks4 ,( ^! anci5t =mations1 ! bone b$ ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rocks is ! only "o :i*1 besides def5sive sp9es ( fi%1 conta9s tee?1 fragm5ts ( jaws1 & %agre5 po9ts1 :]eas1 9 ! inf]ior deposits1 def5sive spates alone are f\nd4 ,! species discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,phillips1 9 ! ,w5lock %ale1 7 microscopic2 & ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges took advantage ( ?is insulat$ fact to support 8 views1 by pron\nc+ ! little creatures to :i* ! species belong$ z ! ftal embryos ( _! class4 ,mr4 ,mill] has1 h[ev]1 ev5 on ?is gr\nd1 defeat$ 8 oppon5t4 ,by comp>+ ! def5sive sp9es ( ! ,on*us ,mur*isoni ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ b$ ) ^? ( a rec5t ,sp9ax ,acan?ias1 or dog-fi%1 & ( ! ,ce/racion ,phillippi1 or ,port ,jackson %>k1 he arrives at ! conclusion1 t ! fi%es to :i* ! species belong$ mu/ be all ( consid]able size2 & 9 ! foll[+ *apt] on ! high /&+ ( ! ,placoids he %ews t ! same e>ly fi%es 7 high 9 intellig5ce & organization4 ,9 8 n9? *apt] on ! ,hi/ory & ,progress ( ,degradation1 our au?or ent]s ^u a new & int]e/+ subject4 ,! object ( x is to det]m9e ! prop] gr\nd on :i* ! /&+ ( ! e>li] v]tebrata %\ld be decid$1 namely1 ! te/ ( :at he t]ms homological symmetry ( organization4 ,9 nature !re are mon/] families1 j z !re are 9 families mon/] individuals--m5 )\t feet1 h&s1 or eyes1 or ) !m 9 a wrong place--%eep ) legs gr[+ f _! necks1 duckl+s ) w+s on _! haun*es1 & dogs & cats ) m legs ?an !y require4 ,we h ?us1 accord+ to our au?or--#a1 mon/rosity ?r\gh defect ( p>ts2 #b1 mon/rosity ?r\gh r$undancy ( p>ts2 & #c1 mon/rosity ?r\gh displacem5t ( p>ts4 ,?is la/ species1 unit$ 9 "s cases ) ! o!r two1 our au?or f9ds curi\sly exemplifi$ 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! fi%1 :i* he consid]s bett] kn[n ?an t ( any o!r division ( ! v]tebrata2 & he is conv9c$ t x is f a survey ( ! progress ( degradation 9 ! great ,i*?yic division t ! /&+ ( ! k+ly fi%es ( ! e>li] p]iods is to be det]m9$4 ,9 ! e>lie/ v]tebrate p]iod1 namely1 ! ,silurian1 our au?or %ews t ! fi%es 7 homologically symmetrical 9 _! organization1 z exhibit$ 9 ! ,placoids4 ,9 ! second great ,i*?yic p]iod1 t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 he f9ds ! fir/ example 9 ! class ( fi%es ( mon/rosity1 by displacem5t ( p>ts4 ,9 all ! ,ganoids ( ! p]iod1 !re is ! same dep>ture f symmetry z w\ld take place 9 man if 8 neck 0 annihilat$1 & ! arms /uck to ! back ( ! head4 ,9 ! ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys ( ! same p]iod1 he f9ds ! fir/ example ( degradation ?r\gh defect1 ! =m] resembl+ a human mon/] )\t h&s1 & ! latt] "o )\t feet4 ,aft] ages & c5turies h pass$ away1 & !n aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! ,palozoic p]iod1 a *ange takes place 9 ! =mation ( ! fi% tail4 8,o!r ages & c5turies pass away1 dur+ :i* ! reptile class atta9s to its fulle/ developm5t 9 po9t ( size1 organization1 & numb]2 & !n1 aft] ! times ( ! cretace\s deposits h begun1 we f9d yet ano!r rem>kable mon/rosity ( displacem5t introduc$ among all ! fi%es ( "o v num]\s ord]1 & among no inconsid]able proportion ( ! fi%es ( ano!r4 ,9 ! newly-introduc$ ,ct5oids 7,acan?opt]ygii17 & 9 ^? families ( ! ,cycloids :i* ,cuvi] erect$ into ! ord] ,malacopt]ygii sub-bra*iati1 ! h9d] limbs are br\ght =w>d & /uck on to ! base ( ! previ\sly misplac$ =e limbs4 ,all ! f\r limbs1 by a /range mon/rosity ( displacem5t1 are cr[d$ into ! place ( ! ext+ui%$ neck4 ,& su*1 9 ! pres5t day1 is ! preval5t type among fi%es4 ,mon/rosity ?r\gh defect is also f\nd to increase2 s t ! snake-l apoda1 or feet-want+ fi%es1 =m a num]\s ord]1 "s ( ^: g5]a are devoid1 z 9 ! common eels & ! cong]s1 ( only ! h9d] limbs1 :ile 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! g5]a ,murna & ,synbran*us1 bo? h9d] & =e-limbs are want+40 ,f ^! & o!r facts1 our au?or concludes t z 9 exi/+ fi%es we f9d _m m pro(s ( ! mon/rosity1 bo? f displacem5t & defect ( p>ts1 ?an 9 all ! o!r ?ree classes ( ! v]tebrata1 & z ^! mon/rosities did n appe> e>ly1 b late1 8! progress ( ! race z a :ole1 ?\gh x /ill reta9s n a few ( ! high] =ms1 has be5 a progress n ( developm5t f ! l[ to ! high1 b ( degradation f ! high to ! l[40 ,an extreme example ( ! degradation ( di/ortion1 sup]add$ to t ( displacem5t1 may be se5 9 ! fl\nd]1 plaice1 halibut1 or turbot1--fi%es ( a family ( :i* !re is no trace 9 ! e>li] p]iods4 ,! creature is twi/$ half r\nd & laid on its side4 ,! tail1 too1 is horizontal4 ,half ! features ( its head are twi/$ to "o side1 & ! o!r half to ! o!r1 :ile its wry m\? is 9 keep+ ) its squ9t eyes4 ,"o jaw is /raight1 & ! o!r l a b[2 & :ile "o conta9s f f\r to six tee?1 ! o!r conta9s f ?irty to ?irty-five4 ,aid$ by facts l ^!1 an +5i\s !ori/ might1 z our au?or rem>ks1 8get up z unexceptionable a !ory ( degradation z ( developm5t40 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 ! pr9ciple ( degradation actually exi/s1 & 8! hi/ory ( its progress 9 creation be>s directly aga9/ ! assumption t ! e>li] v]tebrata 7 ( a l[] type ?an ! v]tebrata ( ! same ,i*?yic class :i* exi/ n[40 ,9 8 next & t5? *apt]1 our au?or controv]ts ) 8 usual p[] ! argum5t 9 favor ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 drawn f ! pr$om9ance ( ! ,bra*iopods among ! ,silurian ,molluscs4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! highly organiz$ ,cephalopods1 9 ! same =mation1 n only neutralizes ?is argum5t1 b au?orizes ! conclusion t an animal ( a v high ord] ( organization exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ =mation4 ,x is ( no consequ5ce :e!r ! ,cephalopods1 or ! ,bra*iopods 7 mo/ num]\s4 ,_h !re be5 only "o cuttle fi% 9 ! ,silurian seas1 & a million ( ,bra*iopods1 ! fact w\ld equally h ov]turn$ ! developm5t sy/em4 ,9 ! same *apt]1 ,mr4 ,mill] treats ( ! geological hi/ory ( ! ,fossil flora1 :i* has be5 press$ into ! s]vice ( ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,on ! au?ority ( ,adolphe ,brongni>t1 x 0 ma9ta9$ t1 previ\s to ! age ( ! ,lias1 8,nature _h fail$ to a*ieve a tree--& t ! ri* vegetation ( ! ,coal ,measures _h be5 exclusively compos$ ( magnific5t immaturities ( ! vegetable k+dom1 ( gigantic f]ns & club mosses1 t atta9$ to ! size ( =e/ trees1 & ( ?ickets ( ! swamp-lov+ horse-tail family ( plants40 ,true exog5\s trees1 h[ev]1 d exi/ ( va/ size1 & 9 great numb]s1 9 all ! coal-fields ( our own c\ntry1 z has be5 prov$ by ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,nay1 he himself discov]$ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,lignite1 :i* is prov$ to h =m$ "p ( a true gymnosp]m\s tree1 repres5t$ by ! p9es ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 or m probably1 z ,mr4 ,mill] believes1 by ! ,arauc>ians ( ,*ili & ,new ,zeal&4 ,?is important discov]y is pregnant ) in/ruction4 ,! anci5t ,conif] mu/ h wav$ its gre5 foliage ov] dry l&1 & x is n probable t x 0 ! only tree 9 ! primeval =e/4 8,! %ip c>p5t]10 z our au?or obs]ves1 8might h hopefully tak5 axe 9 h& to explore ! woods = "s su* /ately p9e z ! "o describ$ by ,milton1-- #8,hewn on ,norwegian hills1 to be ! ma/ ,( "s great admiral4'0 ,view+ ?is olive leaf ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one z n at all devoid ( poetry1 our au?or invites u to a voyage f ! late/ =mation up to ! fir/ zone ( ! ,silurian =mation1--?us pass+ f anci5t to /ill m anci5t sc5es ( be+1 & f9d+1 z at ! comm5cem5t ( our voyage1 a graceful int]mixture ( l& & wat]1 cont95t1 riv]1 & sea4 ,b ?\gh ! exi/5ce ( a true ,placoid1 a real v]tebrat$ fi%1 9 ! ,cambrian lime/one ( ,bala1 & ( true wood at ! base ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 are utt]ly incompatible ) ! developm5t hypo!sis1 its support]s1 ?us driv5 to ! wall1 may take %elt] "u ! vague & unque/ion$ tru? t ! l[] plants & animals prec$$ ! high]1 & t ! ord] ( creation 0 fi%1 reptiles1 birds1 mammalia1 quadrumana1 & man4 ,f ?is res\rce1 too1 our au?or has cut (f 8 oppon5ts1 & proce$s to %[ t su* an ord] ( creation1 8at once wond]ful & beautiful10 does n af=d ev5 ! slighte/ presumption 9 favor ( ! hypo!sis :i* x is adduc$ to support4 ,?is argum5t is c>ri$ on 9 a popul> & amus+ dialogue 9 ! elev5? *apt]4 ,mr4 ,mill] %[s1 9 ! cle>e/ mann]1 t 8sup]position is n p>5tal relation10 or t an organism ly+ above ano!r gives u no gr\nd = believ+ t ! l[] organism 0 ! p>5t ( ! high]4 ,! !ori/1 h[ev]1 looks only at ^? phases ( tru? :i* are 9 unison ) 8 own views2 &1 :5 tru? pres5ts no su* favorable aspect1 he f9ally wraps himself up 9 ! folds ( ignorance & ambiguity--! w9d+-%eet ( error refut$ & expos$4 ,we h n yet p5etrat$1 says he1 9 feeble acc5ts1 to ! =mations :i* repres5t ! dawn ( be+1 & ! simple/ organism may yet be detect$ b5ea? ! l[e/ fossilif]\s rocks4 ,?is und\bt$ly may be1 & ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,mr4 ,leon>d ,horn] are ( op9ion t su* rocks may yet be discov]$2 :ile ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison & ,pr(essor ,s$gwick & ,mr4 ,mill] are ( an opposite op9ion4 ,b ev5 7 su* rocks discov]$ to-morr[1 x w\ld n foll[ t _! organisms gave ! lea/ support to ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,9 ! ye> #ahcg1 :5 fi%es 7 n discov]$ 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian rocks1 ! !ori/ w\ld h rightly pr$ict$ ! exi/5ce ( l[] fossilif]\s b$s2 b :5 !y are discov]$1 & _! fossils exam9$1 !y furni% ! /ronge/ argum5t t c\ld be desir$ aga9/ ! !ory !y 7 expect$ to su/a94 ,?is fact1 no d\bt1 is s f> 9 favor ( ! supposition t !re may be /ill l[] fossil-be>+ /rata2 b1 z ,mr4 ,mill] obs]ves1 8,! pyramid ( organiz$ exi/5ce1 z x asc5ds into ! by-pa/ et]nity1 incl9es s5sibly t[>ds its apex1--t apex ( #8beg9n+' on :i*1 on f> o!r ?an geological gr\nds1 x is our privilege to believe4 ,! broad base ( ! sup]/ructure plant$ on ! exi/+ sc5e /ret*es across ! entire scale on life1 animal & vegetable2 b x contracts z x rises into ! pa/2--man1--! quadrumana1--! quadrup$al man1--! bird & ! reptile are ea* 9 succession /ruck f (f its bread?1 till we at l5g? see x ) ! v]tebrata1 repres5t$ by only ! fi%1 n>r[+ z x 7 to a po9t2 & ?\gh ! cl\ds ( ! upp] region may hide its apex1 we inf]1 f ! decl9ation ( its sides1 t x _c p5etrate mu* f>!r into ! pr(\nd40 ,9 our au?or's next *apt]1 ! twelf? ( ! s]ies1 he proce$s to exam9e ! 8,lam>ckian hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( plants1 & its consequ5ces40 ,9 8 ?irte5? *apt]1 on 8,! two ,floras1 m>9e & t]re/rial10 he has %[n t all our exp]i5ce is oppos$ to ! op9ion1 t ! "o has be5 transmut$ into ! o!r4 ,if ! m>9e _h be5 conv]t$ into t]re/rial vegetation1 we ought to h1 9 ! ,lake ( ,/5nis1 = example1 plants ( an int]m$iate "* betwe5 ! alg ( ! sea1 & ! monocotyl$ons ( ! lake4 ,b no su* transition-plants are f\nd4 ,! alg1 z our au?or obs]ves1 become dw>fi% & ill-develop$4 ,!y cease to exi/ z ! wat] becomes fre%]1 8until at l5g? we f9d1 in/ead ( ! br[n1 rootless1 fl[]less fucoids & conf]v ( ! ocean1 ! gre51 root$1 fl[]+ flags1 ru%es1 & aquatic grasses ( ! fre% wat]4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ye>s h fail$ to orig9ate a s+le int]m$iate plant40 ,! same conclusion may be drawn f ! "* ( ! vegetation along ! ext5sive %ores ( ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,no botani/ has ev] f\nd a s+le plant 9 ! transition /ate4 ,! f\rte5? *apt] ( ! 8,footpr9ts0 w be p]us$ ) great int]e/ by ! g5]al read]4 ,x is a p[]ful & argum5tative exposure ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! subject has be5 treat$ 9 ! 8,ve/iges40 ,:e!r we consid] x 9 its nature1 9 its hi/ory1 or 9 ! "* ( ! intellects ) :om x orig9at$1 or by :om x has be5 receiv$ & support$1 ,mr4 ,mill] has %[n t x has no?+ to recomm5d x4 ,x exi/$ z a wild dream be=e ,geology _h any be+ z a sci5ce4 ,x 0 broa*$ m ?an a c5tury ago by ,de ,maillet1 :o knew no?+ ( ! geology ev5 ( 8 day4 ,9 a translation ( 8 ,telham$1 publi%$ 9 #agej1 ,mr4 ,mill] f9ds v ne>ly ! same acc\nt giv5 ( ! orig9 ( plants & animals1 z t 9 ! 8,ve/iges10 & 9 :i* ! sea is describ$ z t 8great & fruitful womb ( nature1 9 :i* organization & life fir/ beg940 ,lam>ck1 ?\gh a skilful botani/ & con*ologi/1 0 unacqua9t$ ) geology2 & z he fir/ publi%$ 8 developm5t hypo!sis 9 #ahjb1 7an hypo!sis id5tical ) t ( ! 8,ve/iges107 x is probable t he 0 n !n a v skilful zoologi/4 ,nor has ,pr(essor ,ok5 any high] claims to geological acquirem5ts4 ,he confesses t he wrote ! fir/ edition ( 8 "w 9 a k9d ( inspiration6 & x is n difficult to e/imate ! intellig5ce ( ! inspir+ idol t ann\nc$ to ! ,g]man sage t ! globe 0 a va/ cry/al1 a little flaw$ 9 ! facets1 & t qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica1 ! ?ree con/itu5ts ( granite1 7 ! hail-drops ( heavy %[]s ( /one t fell into ! orig9al ocean1 & accumulat$ into rocks at ! bottom6 ,su* is ! unsci5tific p>5tage ( ! !ories promulgat$ 9 ! 8,ve/iges40 ,b ! au?or ( ?is "w appeals 9 ! fir/ in/ance to sci5ce4 ,a/ronomy1 ,geology1 ,botany1 & ,zoology are call$ ^u to give evid5ce 9 8 favor2 b ! a/ronom]1 geologi/1 botani/1 & ! zoologi/1 all refuse him _! te/imony1 d5y 8 premises1 & reject 8 results4 8,x is n10 z ,mr4 ,mill] happily obs]ves1 8! illib]al religioni/ t ca/s him (f4 ,x is ! inductive philosoph]40 ,sci5ce addresses him 9 ! language ( ! possess$3 8,! a/ronom] ,i "k1 & ! geologi/ ,i "k2 b :o are ye80 ,?us left alone 9 a cl\d ( />-du/1 or 9 bracki% wat] betwe5 ! m>9e & t]re/rial flora1 he 8appeals f sci5ce to ! want ( x10 ca/s a /one at our ,sci5tific ,in/itutions1 & dem&s a jury ( 8ord9>y read]s10 z ! only 8tribunal0 by :i* 8! new philosophy is to be truly & righte\sly judg$40 ,! la/ & fifte5? *apt] ( ,mr4 ,mill]'s "w1 8,on ! ,be>+ ( ,f9al ,causes on ,geologic ,hi/ory10 if read ) c>e & ?\ght1 w prove at once delightful & in/ructive4 ,! pr9ciple ( f9al causes1 or ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 af=ds a wide scope to our reason 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 b especially 9 ,geology4 ,x becomes an int]e/+ inquiry1 if any reason c be assign$ :y at c]ta9 p]iods species began to exi/1 & became ext9ct aft] ! lapse ( l5g!n$ p]iods ( "t1 & :y ! high] classes ( be+ succe$$ ! l[] 9 ! ord] ( creation8 ,! incomplet5ess ( geological sci5ce1 h[ev]1 does n p]mit u to remove1 = ! pres5t1 ! veil :i* hangs ov] ?is my/]i\s *ronology2 b our au?or is ( op9ion t 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 9 a favor$ locality l ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 geological hi/ory 8w assume a v extraord9>y =m40 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 :i* w yet lead to s+ul> results1 t ,cuvi]'s arrangem5t ( ! f\r classes ( v]tebrate animals %\ld exhibit ! same ord] z t 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 ! /rata ( ! e>?4 ,9 ! fi%1 ! av]age proportion ( ! bra9 to ! sp9al cord is only z #b to #a4 ,9 ! reptile1 ! ratio is #b to #a4 ,9 ! bird1 x is z #c to #a4 ,9 ! mammalia1 x is z #d to #a2 & 9 man1 x is z #bc to #a4 ,no less rem>kable is ! ftal progress ( ! human bra94 ,x fir/ becomes a bra9 resembl+ t ( a fi%2 !n x gr[s into ! =m ( t ( a reptile2 !n into t ( a bird2 !n into t ( a mammif]\s quadrup$1 & f9ally x assumes ! =m ( a human bra91 8?us compris+ 9 its ftal progress an epitome ( geological hi/ory1 z if man 7 9 himself a comp5dium ( all animat$ nature1 & ( k9 to e creature t lives40 ,) ^! consid]ations1 ,mr4 ,mill] has br\ght 8 subject to ! po9t at :i* ,sci5ce 9 its onw>d progress n[ /&s4 ,x is to embryology we are 9 future to look = fur!r in=mation ^u ! mo/ intimate relations :i* exi/ betwe5 all organiz$ be+s4 ,we may fairly ent]ta9 ! hope t ! "t is n f> :5 we %all n only fully und]/& ! ,plan ( ,creation1 b ev5 lift "s corn] ( ! veil :i* has hi!rto prev5t$ u f =m+ adequate ideas ( ! fir/ introduction ( animal & vegetable life ^u e>?1 & ( ! *anges :i* bo? k+doms h und]gone 9 ! succession ( geological ages4 ,l4 ,,agassiz4 ,,cambridge1 ,septemb]1 #ahej4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,/romness ,,& ,,its ,,a/]olepis4--,,! ,,lake ,,( ,,/5nis #ba ,,! ,,developm5t ,,hypo!sis1 ,,& ,,its ,,consequ5ces #cg ,,! ,,rec5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,a/]olepis4--,,its ,,family #dh ,,c]ebral ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,e>li] ,,v]tebrata4--,,its ,,app>5t ,,pr9ciple #fb ,,! ,,a/]olepis4--,,its ,,/ructure1 ,,bulk1 ,,& ,,aspect #id ,,fi%es ,,( ,,! ,,silurian ,,rocks1 ,,upp] ,,& ,,l[]4--,,_! ,,rec5t ,,hi/ory1 ,,ord]1 ,,& ,,size #acj ,,high ,,/&+ ,,( ,,! ,,placoids4--,,objections ,,consid]$ #adg ,,! ,,placoid ,,bra94--,,embryonic ,,*>act]i/ics ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,( ,a ,,l[ ,,ord] #afj ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,degradation4--,,its ,,hi/ory #aha ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,silurian ,,molluscs4--,,( ,,! ,,fossil ,,flora4--,,anci5t ,,tree #bje ,,sup]position ,,n ,,p>5tal ,,relation4--,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,life #bcj ,,lam>ckian ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,plants4--,,its ,,consequ5ces #bdc ,,! ,,two ,,floras1 ,,m>9e ,,& ,,t]re/rial4--,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,argum5t #bfb ,,! ,,developm5t ,,hypo!sis ,,9 ,,its ,,embryonic ,,/ate4--,,old] ,,?an ,,its ,,alleg$ ,,f\ndations #bgg ,,f9al ,,causes--,,_! ,,be>+ ,,on ,,geologic ,,hi/ory--,,conclusion #cjc ,,li/ ,,( ,,wood-,,cuts ,,page #a4 ,int]nal ridge ( hyoid plate ( ,a/]olepis #ca #b4 ,%agre5 ( ,raja clavata3--( ,sphagodus #ed #c4 ,scales ( ,acan?odes sulcatus3--%agre5 ( ,scyllium /ell>e #ee #d4 ,scales ( ,*eiracan?us microlepidotus3--%agre5 ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias #ef #e4 ,section ( %agre5 ( ,scyllium /ell>e3--( scales ( ,*eiracan?us microlepidotus #ef #f4 ,scales ( ,o/eolepis microlepidotus3--( an undescrib$ species ( ,glyptolepis #eg #g4 ,osse\s po9ts ,( ,placoid ,cranium #fe #h4 ,osse\s c5trum ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias3--( ,raja clavata #fg #i4 ,portions ( caudal f9 ( ,*eiracan?us3--( ,*eirolepis #fi #aj4 ,upp] surface ( cranium ( ,cod #gb #aa4 ,cranial buckl] ( ,cocco/eus #gd #ab4 ,cranial buckl] ( ,o/eolepis #ge #ac4 ,upp] surface ( head ( ,o/eolepis #gg #ad4 ,"u surface ( head ( ,o/eolepis #gi #ae4 ,head ( ,o/eolepis1 se5 9 pr(ile #hj #af4 ,cranial buckl] ( ,diplopt]us #ha #ag4 ,ditto #hb #ah4 ,palatal d>t-head1 & gr\p ( palatal tee?1 ( ,dipt]us #hc #ai4 ,cranial buckl] ( ,dipt]us #he #bj4 ,base ( cranium ( ,dipt]us #hf #ba4 ,"u jaw ( ,dipt]us #hg #bb4 ,longitud9al section ( head ( ,dipt]us #hh #bc4 ,section ( v]tebral c5trum ( ,?ornback #ib #bd4 ,d]mal tub]cles ( ,a/]olepis #ie #be4 ,scales ( ,a/]olepis #if #bf4 ,portion ( c>v$ surface ( scale #if #bg4 ,cranial buckl] ( ,a/]olepis #ih #bh4 ,inn] surface ( cranial buckl] ( ,a/]olepis #ii #bi4 ,plates ( cranial buckl] ( ,a/]olepis #ajb #cj4 ,portion ( "u jaw ( ,a/]olepis #ajc #ca4 ,inn] side ( portion ( "u jaw ( ,a/]olepis #ajd #cb4 ,portion ( transv]se section ( reptile too? ( ,a/]olepis #aje #cc4 ,section ( jaw ( ,a/]olepis #ajf #cd4 ,maxill>y bone8 #ajh #ce4 ,inn] surface ( op]culum ( ,a/]olepis #aji #cf4 ,hyoid plate #aaj #cg4 ,nail-l bone ( hyoid plate #aaa #ch4 ,%\ld] plate ( ,a/]olepis #aab #ci4 ,d]mal bones ( ,a/]olepis #aac #dj4 ,int]nal bones ( ,a/]olepis #aad #da4 ,ditto #aae #db4 ,is*ium ( ,a/]olepis #aaf #dc4 ,jo9t ( ray ( ,?ornback3--( ,a/]olepis #aag #dd4 ,coprolites ( ,a/]olepis #aah #de4 ,hyoid plate ( ,?urso ,a/]olepis #abd #df4 ,hyoid plate ( ,russian ,a/]olepis #abg #dg4 ,sp9e ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias3--fragm5t ( ,onondago sp9e #adc #dh4 ,tail ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ius3--( ,i*?yosaurus t5uiro/ris #agb #di4 ,port ,jackson ,%>k 7,ce/racion ,phillippi7 #agg #ej4 ,tail ( ,o/eolepis #aie #ea4 ,tail ( ,lepido/eus osseus #aif #eb4 ,tail ( ,p]* #aig #ec4 ,alt+ia excelsa 7,norfolk-,isl& ,p9e7 #bab #ed4 ,fucoids ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one #baf #ee4 ,two species ( ,old ,r$ ,fucoids #bag #ef4 ,f]n 787 ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one #bai #eg4 ,lignite ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one #bba #eh4 ,int]nal /ructure ( lignite ( ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one #bbc ,,/romness ,,& ,,its ,,a/]olepis4 ,,! ,,lake ,,( ,,/5nis4 ,:5 engag$ 9 prosecut+ ! self-impos$ task ( exam9+ 9 detail ! v>i\s fossilif]\s deposits ( ,scotl&1 9 ! hope ( ultimately acqua9t+ myself ) !m all1 ,i ext5d$ my exploratory ramble1 ab\t two ye>s ago1 into ! ,ma9l& ( ,orkney1 & resid$ = "s "t 9 ! vic9ity ( ,/romness4 ,?is busy seaport t[n =ms t special c5tre1 9 ?is nor!rn ar*ipelago1 f :i* ! /ructure ( ! entire gr\p c be mo/ advantage\sly /udi$4 ,! geology ( ! ,orkneys1 l t ( ,cai?ness1 owes its *ief int]e/ to ! imm5se developm5t :i* x exhibits ( "o =mation1--! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--& to ! extraord9>y abundance ( its v]tebrate rema9s4 ,x is n too mu* to affirm1 t 9 ! comp>atively small portion :i* ?is clu/] ( isl&s conta9s ( ! ?ird "p ( a sy/em reg>d$ only a few ye>s ago z ! lea/ fossilif]\s 9 ! geologic scale1 !re are m fossil fi% enclos$ ?an 9 e o!r geologic sy/em 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales1 f ! ,coal ,measures to ! ,*alk inclusive4 ,orkney is emphatically1 to ! geologi/1 :at a juv5ile ,%etl& poetess designates h] c\ntry1 9 *all5g+ = x a /&+ indep5d5t ( ! 8,l& ( ,cakes10--a 8,l& ( ,fi%20 &1 7 ! trade once fairly op5$ up1 c\ld supply ) i*?yolites1 by ! ton & ! %ip-load1 ! museums ( ! _w4 ,its v>i\s deposits1 ) all _! /range organisms1 h be5 uptilt$ f ! bottom aga9/ a granitic axis1 r m ?an six miles 9 l5g? by ab\t a mile 9 bread?1 :i* =ms ! great back-bone ( ! we/]n di/rict ( ,pomona2 & on ?is granitic axis--fa/ jamm$ 9 betwe5 a /eep hill & ! sea--/&s ! t[n ( ,/romness4 ,situat$ ?us at ! bottom ( ! upturn$ deposits ( ! isl&1 x occupies exactly su* a po9t ( obs]vation z t :i* ! curi\s ea/]n travell] w\ld select1 9 front ( "s huge pyramid or hi]oglyphic-cov]$ obelisk1 z a prop] site = 8 t5t4 ,x pres5ts1 besides1 n a few facilities = /udy+ ) ! geological ph5om5a1 v>i\s int]e/+ po9ts 9 physical sci5ce ( a cognate "*4 ,re/+ on its granitic base1 9 front ( ! /rangely sculptur$ pyramid ( ?ree broad ti]s1--r$1 black1 & gray1--:i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ^! isl&s may be reg>d$ z =m+1 x is b a %ort half mile f ! ,great ,conglom]ate base ( ! =mation1 & sc>cely a qu>t] ( a mile m f ! old] b$s ( its c5tral flag/one deposit2 :ile an h\r's sail on ! "o h& op5s to ! explor] ! ov]ly+ ar5ace\s deposit ( ,hoy1 & an h\r's walk on ! o!r introduces him to ! ,lo* ( ,/5nis1 ) its curi\sly mix$ flora & fauna4 ,b ( ! ,lo* ( ,/5nis & its productions m anon4 ,! day 0 f> sp5t :5 ,i rea*$ ,/romness3 b z ,i _h a f9e bright ev5+ /ill be=e me1 long] by "s ?ree or f\r degrees ( nor? latitude ?an ! midsumm] ev5+s ( ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 ,i set out1 hamm] 9 h&1 to exam9e ! junction ( ! granite & ! ,great ,conglom]ate1 :]e x has be5 laid b>e by ! sea along ! l[ promontory :i* =ms ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! h>bor4 ,! granite "h is a t]n>y ( ! usual compon5ts1 some:at int]m$iate 9 gra9 & color betwe5 ! granites ( ,pet]head & ,ab]de52 & ! conglom]ate consi/s ( mat]ials almo/ exclusively d]iv$ f x1--evid5ce en\gh ( itself1 t :5 ?is anci5t me*anical deposit 0 9 c\rse ( =m+1 ! granite--exactly su* a comp\nd !n z x is n[--0 "o ( ! surface rocks ( ! locality1 & mu* expos$ to dis9tegrat+ influ5ces4 ,?is conglom]ate base ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,scotl&--:i* pres5ts1 ov] an area ( _m ?\s& squ>e miles1 su* an id5tity ( "*1 t specim5s tak5 f ! neighborhood ( ,l]wick1 9 ,%etl&1 or ( ,gamrie1 9 ,banff1 c sc>ce be di/+ui%$ f specim5s deta*$ f ! hills :i* rise ov] ! ,great ,cal$onian ,valley1 or f ! cliffs imm$iately 9 front ( ! village ( ,cont9--seems to h be5 =m$ 9 a va/ oceanic bas9 ( prim>y rock1--a ,palozoic ,hudson's or ,baff9's ,bay1--p>tially surr\nd$1 mayhap1 by prim>y cont95ts1 swept by num]\s /reams1 rapid & headlong1 & *>g$ ) ! brok5 debris ( ! inhospitable regions :i* !y dra9$4 ,! graptolite be>+ grauwacke ( ,banff%ire seems to h be5 ! only fossilif]\s rock t occurr$ ?r\gh\t ! entire ext5t ( ?is anci5t nor!rn bas92 & its few organisms n[ s]ve to op5 ! sole vi/a ?r\gh :i* ! geological explor] to ! nor? ( ! ,grampians c cat* a glimpse ( an e>li] p]iod ( exi/5ce ?an t repres5t$ by ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,v _m ages mu/ h pass$ ere1 amid waves & curr5ts1 ! wat]-worn debris :i* n[ =ms ! ,great ,conglom]ate c\ld h accumulat$ ov] tracts ( sea-bottom f t5 to fifte5 ?\s& squ>e miles 9 area1 to its pres5t dep? ( f "o to f\r hundr$ feet4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 a ?or\gh *ange took place2 b we c only d\btfully speculate reg>d+ its nature or cause4 ,! bottom ( ! ,palozoic bas9 became greatly less expos$4 ,"s protect+ circle ( coa/ _h be5 ?r[n up ar\nd x2 or1 :at is p]haps m probable1 x _h sunk to a pr(\nd] dep?1 & ! anci5t %ores & /reams _h rec$$1 ?r\gh ! depression1 to mu* great] di/ances4 ,&1 9 consequ5ce1 ! deposition ( r\gh s& & roll$ pebbles 0 foll[$ by a deposition ( mud4 ,myriads ( fi%1 ( =ms ! mo/ anci5t & obsolete1 congregat$ on its banks or %elt]$ 9 its holl[s2 g5]ation succe$$ g5]ation1 millions & t5s ( millions p]i%$ my/]i\sly by sudd5 dea?2 %oals aft] %oals 7 annihilat$2 b ! productive p[]s ( nature 7 /rong1 & ! wa/e 0 kept up4 ,b :o among m5 %all reckon ! ye>s or c5turies dur+ :i* ^! races exi/$1 & ?is muddy ocean ( ! remote pa/ spread out to unkn[n & nameless %ores ar\nd !m8 ,z 9 ^? great cities ( ! des]t t lie un9habit$ & wa/e1 we c b conjecture _! t]m ( exi/5ce f ! va/ ext5t ( _! cemet]ies4 ,we only "k t ! d>k1 f9ely-gra9$ s*i/s 9 :i* !y s abundantly occur mu/ h be5 ( comp>atively sl[ =mation1 & t yet ! ?ickness ( ! deposit m ?an equals ! height ( our l(tie/ ,scotti% m\nta9s4 ,x w\ld seem z if a p]iod equal to t 9 :i* all human hi/ory is compris$ might be cut out ( a corn] ( ! p]iod repres5t$ by ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & be sc>ce miss$ :5 away2 = e ye> dur+ :i* man has liv$ ^u e>?1 x is n improbable t ! ,pt]i*?ys & its contempor>ies may h liv$ a c5tury4 ,_! la/ h\r1 h[ev]1 at l5g? came4 ,ov] ! d>k-color$ i*?yolitic s*i/s s imm5sely develop$ 9 ,cai?ness & ,orkney1 !re occurs a pale-t9t$1 unfossilif]\s s&/one1 :i* 9 ! isl& ( ,hoy rises into hills ( f f\rte5 to sixte5 hundr$ feet 9 height2 & among ! organisms ( ^? new] =mations ( ! ,old ,r$ :i* ov]lie ?is deposit1 n a species ( i*?yolite id5tical ) ! species entomb$ 9 ! l[] s*i/s has yet be5 detect$4 ,9 ! blank int]val :i* ! ar5ace\s deposit repres5ts1 tribes & families p]i%$ & disappe>$1 leav+ none ( _! race to succe$ !m1 t o!r tribes & families might be call$ into be+1 & fall into _! vacant places 9 ! onw>d m>* ( creation4 ,su*1 s f> z ! v>i\s hi]oglyphics ( ! pile h yet r5d]$ _! mean+s to ! geologi/1 is ! /range /ory record$ on ! ?ree-b>r$ pyramid ( ,/romness4 ,i trac$ ! =mation upw>ds ?is ev5+ along ! edges ( ! upturn$ /rata1 f :]e ! ,great ,conglom]ate leans aga9/ ! granite1 till :]e x m]ges into ! i*?yolitic flag/ones2 & !n pursu$ ^! f old] & l[] to new] & high] lay]s1 desir\s ( asc]ta9+ at :at di/ance ov] ! base ( ! sy/em its m anci5t organisms fir/ appe>1 & :at _! "* & k9d4 ,&1 emb$d$ 9 a grayi%-color$ lay] ( h>d flag1 some:at less ?an a hundr$ y>ds ov] ! granite1 & ab\t a hundr$ & sixty feet ov] ! upp] /ratum ( ! conglom]ate1 ,i f\nd :at ,i s\ght1--a well-m>k$ bone1--9 all probability ! olde/ v]tebrate rema9 yet discov]$ 9 ,orkney4 ,:at1 asks ! read]1 0 ! "* ( ?is anci5t organism ( ! ,palozoic bas98 ,z %[n by its cancellat$ texture1 palpable to ! nak$ eye1 & /ill m unequivocally by ! irregul> complexity ( fabric :i* x exhibits "u ! microscope1--by its speck-l life-po9ts or canaliculi1 t rem9d "o ( air-bubbles 9 ice1--its bran*+ *annels1 l m9ute ve9s1 ?r\gh :i* ! blood mu/ once h fl[n1--& its g5]al gr\ndwork ( irregul> l9es ( corpuscul> fibre1 t w9d ?r\gh ! :ole l curr5ts 9 a riv] /udd$ ) isl&s1--x 0 z truly osse\s 9 its composition z ! solid bones ( any ( ! reptiles ( ! ,second>y1 or ! quadrup$s ( ! ,t]ti>y p]iods4 ,& 9 =m x closely resembl$ a l>ge ro(+-nail4 ,) ?is bone our m practis$ palontologi/s are b little acqua9t$1 = no rema9s ( ! animal to :i* x belong$ h yet be5 discov]$ 9 ,brita9 to ! s\? ( ! ,grampians1#c nor1 except 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,russia1 has x be5 detect$ any :]e on ! ,cont95t4 ,nor am ,i aw>e t1 save 9 ! accompany+ wood-cut1 7fig4 #a17 x has ev] be5 figur$4 ,! amateur geologi/s ( ,cai?ness & ,orkney h1 h[ev]1 le>n$ to recognize x z ! 8petrifi$ nail40 ,! l5g? ( ! entire specim5 9 ?is in/ance 0 five sev5 eigh? in*es1 ! transv]se bread? ( ! head two in*es & a qu>t]1 & ! ?ickness ( ! /em ne>ly ?ree t5? p>ts ( an in*4 ,?is nail-l bone =m$ a *>act]i/ic portion ( ! ,a/]olepis1--s f> z is yet kn[n1 ! mo/ gigantic ganoid ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 &1 judg+ f ! place ( ?is fragm5t1 app>5tly "o ( ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,int]nal ,,ridge ,,( ,,hyoid ,,plate ,,( ,,a/]olepsis4#d 7,"o ?ird ! natural size1 l9e>47 ,!re 7 v>i\s consid]ations :i* l$ me to reg>d ! 8petrifi$ nail0 9 ?is case z "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ fossils ,i _h ev] se52 &1 be=e quitt+ ,orkney1 to pursue my explorations f>!r to ! s\?1 ,i br\ght two intellig5t geologi/s ( ! di/rict1#e to m>k its place & "*1 t !y might be able to po9t x out to geological visitors 9 ! future1 or1 if !y pref]r$ remov+ x to _! t[n museum1 to indicate to !m ! /ratum 9 :i* x _h la94 ,x %[$ me1 among o!r ?+s1 h[ unsafe x is = ! geologi/ to base positive conclusions on m]ely negative data4 ,f\nd+ on ! fact t1 ( _m hundr$ i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one :i* ,i _h dis9t]r$ & exam9$1 all 7 ( comp>atively small size1 :ile 9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ _m ( ! i*?yolites are ( great mass & bulk1 ,i _h inf]r$ t v]tebrate life _h be5 re/rict$ to m9ut] =ms at ! comm5cem5t ?an at ! close ( ! sy/em4 ,x _h begun1 ,i _h v5tur$ to /ate 9 ! e>li] editions ( a little "w on ! 8,old ,r$ ,s&/one10 ) an age ( dw>fs1 & _h end$ ) an age ( giants4 ,& n[1 "h1 at ! v base ( ! sy/em1 unaccompani$ by aught to e/abli% ! contempor>y exi/5ce ( its dw>fs1--:i* appe>1 h[ev]1 9 an ov]ly+ b$ ab\t a hundr$ feet high] up1--0 !re unequivocal pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( "o ( ! mo/ colossal ( its giants4 ,b n unfrequ5tly1 9 ! geologic field1 has ! practice ( bas+ positive conclusions on m]ely negative gr\nds l$ to a misread+ ( ! record4 ,f evid5ce ( a k9d exactly simil> to t on :i* ,i _h built1 x 0 inf]r$1 "s two or ?ree ye>s ago1 t !re _h liv$ no reptiles dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,coal ,measures1 & no fi% 9 ! times ( ! ,l[] ,silurian ,sy/em4 ,i ext5d$ my rese>*es1 a few days aft]1 9 an ea/]ly direction f ! t[n ( ,/romness1 & walk$ = sev]al miles along ! %ores ( ! ,lo* ( ,/5nis1--a l>ge lake ab\t f\rte5 miles 9 circumf]5ce1 b>e & treeless1 l all ! o!r lakes & lo*s ( ,orkney1 b picturesque ( outl9e1 & divid$ into an upp] & l[] %eet ( wat] by two l[1 long promontories1 t jut out f opposite sides1 & s ne>ly meet 9 ! middle z to be connect$ by a ?read-l l9e ( road1 half m\nd1 half bridge4 8,! ,lo* ( ,/5nis10 says ,mr4 ,david ,v$d]1 ! sailor-poet ( ,orkney1 8is a beautiful ,m$it]ranean 9 m9iature40 ,x gives admission to ! sea by a n>r[ /rait1 cross$1 l t :i* sep>ates ! two promontories 9 ! middle1 by a long ru/ic bridge2 &1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is peculi>ity1 ! l[] division ( ! lake is salt 9 its ne!r rea*es & bracki% 9 its upp] ones1 :ile ! high] division is m]ely bracki% 9 its ne!r rea*es1 & fre% en\gh 9 its upp] ones to be potable4 ,view$ f ! ea/1 9 "o ( ! long1 cle>1 sun%9y ev5+s ( ! ,orkney summ]1 x seems n unwor?y ! eulogium ( ,v$d]4 ,!re are moory hills & a few rude cottages 9 front2 & 9 ! backgr\nd1 "s eight or t5 miles away1 ! bold1 /eep m\nta9 masses ( ,hoy2 :ile on ! promontories ( ! lake1 9 ! middle di/ance1 conspicu\s 9 ! l&scape1 f ! relief furni%$ by ! blue gr\nd ( ! surr\nd+ wat]s1 /& ! tall gray obelisks ( ,/5nis--"o gr\p on ! nor!rn promontory1 ! o!r on ! s\?1-- 8,old ev5 beyond tradition's brea?40 ,! %ores ( bo? ! upp] & l[] divisions ( ! lake 7 /rew$1 at ! "t ,i pass$1 by a l9e ( wrack1 consi/+1 = ! fir/ few miles f :]e ! l[] lo* op5s to ! sea1 ( only m>9e plants1 !n ( m>9e plants mix$ ) ^? ( fre%-wat] gr[?1 & !n1 9 ! upp] %eet ( wat]1 ( lacu/r9e plants exclusively4 ,& ! fauna ( ! lo* is1 ,i 0 in=m$1 ( z mix$ a "* z its flora1--! m>9e & fre%-wat] animals hav+ ea* _! own rea*es1 ) c]ta9 debatable tracts betwe51 9 :i* ea* k9d expatiates ) m or less fre$om1 accord+ to its specific nature & con/itution1--"s ( ! sea-fi% advanc+ f> on ! fre% wat]1 & o!rs1 among ! prop] d5iz5s ( ! lake1 encroa*+ f> on ! salt4 ,! common fre%-wat] eel /rikes out1 ,i 0 told1 f>!/ into ! sea-wat]2 9 :i*1 inde$1 rev]s+ ! habits ( ! salmon1 x is kn[n 9 v>i\s places to deposit its spawn4 ,x seeks1 too1 impati5t ( a l[ temp]ature1 to escape f ! cold ( w9t]1 by tak+ refuge 9 wat] bracki% en\gh1 9 a climate su* z ours1 to resi/ ! influ5ce ( fro/4 ,( ! m>9e fi%1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i f\nd t ! fl\nd] got greatly high] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 inhabit+ rea*es ( ! lake almo/ entirely fre%4 ,i h _h an opportunity else:]e ( obs]v+ a curi\s *ange :i* fre% wat] induces 9 ?is fi%4 ,9 ! bracki% wat] ( an e/u>y1 ! animal becomes1 )\t dim9i%+ 9 g5]al size1 ?ick] & m fle%y ?an :5 9 its legitimate habitat1 ! sea3 b ! fle% loses 9 quality :at x ga9s 9 quantity2--x gr[s flabby & insipid1 & ! m>g9-f9 lacks always its /rip ( transp>5t fat4 ,b ! *ange induc$ 9 ! two floras ( ! lake--m>9e & lacu/r9e--is consid]ably m palpable & obvi\s ?an t induc$ 9 its two faunas4 ,z ,i pass$ along ! /rait1 ?r\gh :i* x gives admission to ! sea1 ,i f\nd ! common] fucoids ( our sea-coa/s /ream+ 9 great luxuriance 9 ! tideway1 f ! /ones & rocks ( ! bottom4 ,i m>k$1 among ! o!rs1 ! two species ( kelp-we$1 s well kn[n to our ,scot* kelp-burn]s1--,fucus nodosus & ,fucus vesiculosus1--fl\ri%+ 9 _! uncurtail$ proportions2 & ! n inelegant ,halidrys siliquosa1 or 8tree 9 ! sea10 pres5t+ its ample/ spread ( pod & frond4 ,a little f>!r 91 ,halidrys & ,fucus nodosus disappe>1 & ,fucus vesiculosus becomes greatly /unt$1 & no long] exhibits its *>act]i/ic d\ble r[s ( bladd]s4 ,b = mile aft] mile x cont9ues to exi/1 bl5t ) "s ( ! h>di] conf]v1 until at l5g? x becomes z dw>fi% & ne>ly z slim ( frond z ! conf]v !mselves2 & x is only by trac+ x ?r\gh ! int]m$iate =ms t we succe$ 9 conv9c+ ourselves t1 9 ! br[n /unt$ tufts ( f "o to ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* cont9ue to fr+e ! middle rea*es ( ! lake1 we h 9 reality ! well-kn[n ,fucus be=e u4 ,ru%es1 flags1 & aquatic grasses may n[ be se5 /&+ 9 dim9utive tufts out ( ! wat]2 & a t]re/rial vegetation at lea/ cont9ues to exi/1 ?\gh x c sc>ce be said to ?rive1 on banks cov]$ by ! tide at full4 ,! lacu/r9e flora increases1 bo? 9 ext5t & luxuriance1 z t ( ! sea dim9i%es2 & 9 ! upp] rea*es we fail to detect all trace ( m>9e plants3 ! alg1 s luxuriant ( gr[? along ! /raits ( ?is 8m9iature ,m$it]ranean10 altoge!r cease2 & a semi-aquatic vegetation atta9s1 9 turn1 to ! /ate ( fulle/ developm5t any :]e p]mitt$ by ! temp]ature ( ?is nor!rn locality4 ,a memoir descriptive ( ! ,lo* ( ,/5nis1 & its productions1 animal & vegetable1 su* z old ,gilb]t ,:ite ( ,selborne c\ld h produc$1 w\ld be at once a v valuable & curi\s docum5t1 important to ! naturali/1 & n )\t its use to ! geological /ud5t4 ,i "k n h[ x may be ) o!rs2 b ! special ph5om5a connect$ ) ,orkney t mo/ decid$ly bore fruit 9 my m9d1 & to :i* my ?\ghts h mo/ frequ5tly rev]t$1 7 ^? exhibit$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,/romness4 ,i w\ld m p>ticul>ly ref] to ! *>act]i/ic fragm5t ( ,a/]olepis1 :i* ,i detect$ 9 its l[] flag/ones1 & to ! curi\sly mix$1 semi-m>9e1 semi-lacu/r9e vegetation ( ! ,lo* ( ,/5nis4 ,bo? seem to be> v directly on t developm5t hypo!sis1--fa/ spread+ among an active & +5i\s ord] ( m9ds1 bo? 9 ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 & :i* has be5 long kn[n on ! ,cont95t1--t w\ld fa9 transf] ! "w ( creation f ! dep>tm5t ( miracle to ! prov9ce ( natural law1 & w\ld /rike d[n1 9 ! process ( removal1 all ! old l&m>ks1 e?ical & religi\s4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,hypo!sis1 ,,& ,,its ,,consequ5ces4 ,e individual1 :atev] its species or ord]1 beg9s & increases until x atta9s to its /ate ( fulle/ developm5t1 "u c]ta9 fix$ laws1 & 9 consequ5ce ( _! op]ation4 ,! microscopic monad develops into a ftus1 ! ftus into a *ild1 ! *ild into a man2 &1 h[ev] m>vell\s ! process1 9 none ( its /ages is !re ! slighte/ mixture ( miracle2 f beg9n+ to end1 all is progressive developm5t1 accord+ to a det]m9ate ord] ( ?+s4 ,has ,nature1 dur+ ! va/ geologic p]iods1 be5 pregnant1 9 l mann]1 ) ! human race8 & is ! species1 l ! individual1 an effect ( progressive developm5t1 induc$ & regulat$ by law8 ,! ass]tors ( ! reviv$ hypo!sis ( ,maillet & ,lam>ck reply 9 ! affirmative4 ,nor1 be x rem>k$1 is !re positive a!ism involv$ 9 ! belief4 ,god might z c]ta9ly h orig9at$ ! species by a law ( developm5t1 z he ma9ta9s x by a law ( developm5t2 ! exi/5ce ( a ,fir/ ,great ,cause is z p]fectly compatible ) ! "o s*eme z ) ! o!r2 & x may be necess>y ?us broadly to /ate ! fact1 n only 9 ju/ice to ! ,lam>ckians1 b also fairly to w>n _! non-geological oppon5ts1 t 9 ?is conte/ ! old anti-a!i/ic argum5ts1 :e!r f\nd$ on ! evid5ce ( design1 or on ! prelim9>y doctr9e ( f9al causes1 _c be br\ght to be>4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 beliefs1 9 no degree less important to ! morali/ or ! ,*ri/ian ?an ev5 t 9 ! be+ ( a ,god1 :i* seem :olly incompatible ) ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,x1 dur+ a p]iod s va/ z to be sc>ce expressible by figures1 ! creatures n[ human h be5 ris+1 by almo/ inf9itesimals1 f comp\nd microscopic cells1--m9ute vital globules )9 globules1 begot by electricity on dead gelat9\s matt]1--until !y h at l5g? become ! m5 & wom5 :om we see ar\nd u1 we mu/ hold ei!r ! mon/r\s belief1 t all ! vitalities1 :e!r ^? ( monads or ( mites1 ( fi%es or ( reptiles1 ( birds or ( bea/s1 are individually & inh]5tly immortal & undy+1 or t human s\ls are n s4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dy+ & ! undy+1--betwe5 ! _s ( ! brute t goe? d[nw>d1 & ! _s ( ! man t goe? upw>d1--is n a diff]5ce inf9itesimally1 or ev5 atomically small4 ,x possesses all ! bread? ( ! et]nity to come1 & is an inf9itely great diff]5ce4 ,x _c1 if ,i may s express myself1 be %ad$ (f by inf9itesimals or atoms2 = x is a diff]5ce :i*--z !re c be no class ( be+s int]m$iate 9 _! nature betwe5 ! dy+ & ! undy+--admits n ( gradation at all4 ,:at m9d1 regulat$ by ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( human belief1 c possibly hold t e "o ( ! ?\s& vital po9ts :i* swim 9 a drop ( /agnant wat] are inh]5tly fitt$ to ma9ta9 _! individuality ?r\gh\t et]nity8 ,or h[ c x be rationally held t a m]e progressive /ep1 9 itself no great] or m important ?an t effect$ by ! addition ( a s+le brick to a h\se 9 ! build+ /ate1 or ( a s+le atom to a body 9 ! gr[+ /ate1 c\ld ev] h produc$ immortality8 ,& yet1 if ! _s ( a monad or ( a mollusc be n immortal1 !n mu/ !re ei!r h be5 a po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! species at :i* a dy+ brute--diff]+ f its (fspr+ m]ely by an inf]iority ( developm5t1 repres5t$ by a few atoms1 mayhap by a s+le atom--produc$ an undy+ man1 or man 9 8 pres5t /ate mu/ be a m]e animal1 possess$ ( no immortal s\l1 & z irresponsible = 8 actions to ! ,god be=e ^: b> he is1 9 consequ5ce1 nev] to appe>1 z 8 presum$ relatives & prog5itors ! bea/s t p]i%4 ,nor w x d to attempt escap+ f ! difficulty1 by alleg+ t ,god at "s c]ta9 l9k 9 ! *a9 might h conv]t$ a mortal creature into an immortal exi/5ce1 by brea?+ into x a 8liv+ s\l20 see+ t a r5unciation ( any su* direct int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ,deity 9 ! "w ( creation =ms ! prom95t & *>act]i/ic feature ( ! s*eme1--nay1 t x con/itutes ! v nucleus r\nd :i* ! s*eme has orig9at$4 ,& ?us1 ?\gh ! developm5t !ory be n a!i/ic1 x is at lea/ practically tantam\nt to a!ism4 ,=1 if man be a dy+ creature1 re/rict$ 9 8 exi/5ce to ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s1 :at does x really matt] to him1 = any "o moral purpose1 :e!r !re be a ,god or no8 ,if 9 reality on ! same religi\s level ) ! dog1 wolf1 & fox1 t are by nature a!i/s1--a nature mo/ prop]ly c\pl$ ) irresponsibility1--to :at "o practical purpose %\ld he "k or believe 9 a ,god :om he1 z c]ta9ly z !y1 is nev] to meet z 8 ,judge8 or :y %\ld he squ>e 8 conduct by ! requirem5ts ( ! moral code1 f>!r ?an a l[ & conv5i5t exp$i5cy may *ance to dem&8#f ,nor does ! purely ,*ri/ian objection to ! developm5t hypo!sis seem less1 b ev5 m insup]able ?an t d]iv$ f ! prov9ce ( natural !ology4 ,! belief :i* is p]haps ( all o!rs mo/ fundam5tally ess5tial to ! reveal$ s*eme ( salvation1 is ! belief t 8,god creat$ man upright10 & t man1 in/ead ( proce$+ onw>d & upw>d f ?is high & fair beg9n+1 to a yet high] & fair] /&+ 9 ! scale ( creation1 sank & became morally lo/ & degrad$4 ,& h5ce ! necessity = t second disp5sation ( recov]y & re/oration :i* =ms ! entire burd5 ( ,god's reveal$ message to man4 ,if1 accord+ to ! developm5t !ory1 ! progress ( ! 8fir/ ,adam0 0 an upw>d progress1 ! exi/5ce ( ! 8second ,adam0--t 8happi] man10 accord+ to ,milton1 ^: special "w x is to 8re/ore0 & 8rega9 ! blissful seat0 ( ! laps$ race--is simply a mean+less anomaly4 ,*ri/ianity1 if ! developm5t !ory be true1 is exactly :at "s ( ! m extreme ,mod]ate div9es ( ! la/ age us$ to make x--an idle & unsightly excresc5ce on a code ( morals t w\ld be p]fect 7 x away4 ,i may be 9 error 9 tak+ ?is s]i\s view ( ! matt]2 &1 if s1 w\ld feel grateful to ! man :o c\ld po9t out to me t special l9k 9 ! *a9 ( inf]5ce at :i*1 ) respect to ! be>+ ( ! !ory on ! two !ologies--natural & reveal$--! mi/ake has tak5 place4 ,b if ,i be 9 error at all1 x is an error into :i* ,i f9d n a few ( ! fir/ m5 ( ! age1--repres5t$1 z a class1 by our ,pr(essor ,s$gwicks & ,sir ,david ,brew/]s1--h also fall52 & until x be %[n to be an error1 & t ! developm5t !ory is 9 no degree incompatible ) a belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l--9 ! responsibility ( man to ,god z ! f9al ,judge--or 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( salvation--x is e hone/ man's duty to prote/ aga9/ any ex p>te /atem5t ( ! "q1 t w\ld insidi\sly repres5t x z e?ically an indiff]5t "o1 or z unimportant 9 its !ologic be>+1 save to 8little religi\s sects & sci5tific cot]ies40 ,9 an address on ! fossil flora1 made 9 ,septemb] la/ by a g5tleman ( ,ed9burgh to ! ,/4 ,&rew's ,horticultural ,society1 !re occurs ! foll[+ passage on ?is subject3 8,life is gov]n$ by ext]nal conditions1 & new conditions imply new races2 b !n z to _! creation1 t is ! #8my/]y ( my/]ies4' ,are !y creat$ by an imm$iate fiat & direct act ( ! ,almighty8 or has ,he orig9ally impress$ life ) an ela/icity & adaptability1 s t x %all take ^u itself new =ms & *>act]s1 accord+ to ! conditions to :i* x %all be subject$8 ,ea* op9ion has _h1 & /ill has1 its advocates & oppon5ts2 b ! tru? is1 t sci5ce1 s f> z x kn[s1 or r s f> z x has _h ! hone/y & c\rage to av[1 has yet be5 unable to pron\nce a satisfactory decision4 ,ei!r way1 x matt]s little1 physically or morally1 ei!r mode implies ! same omnipot5ce1 & wisdom1 & =esight1 & protection2 & x is only y\r little religi\s sects & sci5tific cot]ies :i* make a po!r ab\t ! matt]1--sects & cot]ies ( :i* x may be ju/ly said1 t !y w\ld almo/ exclude ,god f ! managem5t ( 8 own _w1 if n manag$ & direct$ 9 ! way t !y w\ld h x40 ,n[1 ?is is surely a mo/ unfair repres5tation ( ! consequ5ces1 e?ical & religi\s involv$ 9 ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,x is n its compatibility ) belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,fir/ ,great ,cause t has to be e/abli%$1 9 ord] to prove x h>mless2 b its compatibility ) c]ta9 o!r all-important beliefs1 )\t :i* simple ,!ism is ( no moral value :atev]--a belief 9 ! immortality & responsibility ( man1 & 9 ! s*eme ( salvation by a ,m$iator & ,r$eem]4 ,dissociat$ f ^! beliefs1 a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,god is ( z little e?ical value z a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! great sea-s]p5t4 ,let u see :e!r we _c det]m9e :at ! te/imony ( ,geology1 on ?is "q ( creation by developm5t1 really is4 ,x is always p]il\s to "u-e/imate ! /r5g? ( an enemy2 & ! dang] f ! developm5t hypo!sis to an +5i\s ord] ( m9ds1 smitt5 ) ! novel fasc9ations ( physical sci5ce1 has be5 "u-e/imat$ v consid]ably inde$4 ,save by a few /udi\s m51 :o to ! cultivation ( ,geology & ! cognate bran*es add "s acqua9tance ) metaphysical sci5ce1 ! g5]al correspond5ce ( ! l9e ( assault tak5 up by ?is new s*ool ( infidelity1 ) t occupi$ by ! old1 & ! consequ5t ability ( ! assailants to br+1 n only ! rec5tly =g$1 b also ! previ\sly employ$ artill]y into full play along its front1 has n only n be5 m>k$1 b ev5 n s mu* z suspect$4 ,& yet1 9 ord] to %[ t !re actually is su* a correspond5ce1 x c be b necess>y to /ate1 t ! great antagoni/ po9ts 9 ! array ( ! opposite l9es1 are simply ! law ( developm5t v]sus ! miracle ( creation4 ,! evangeli/ic ,*ur*es _c1 9 consi/5cy ) _! "*1 or ) a due reg>d to ! int]e/s ( _! p1 slight or ov]look a =m ( error at once exce$+ly plausible & consummately dang]\s1 & :i* is tell+ s widely on society1 t "o c sc>ce travel by railway or 9 a /eamboat1 or enc\nt] a gr\p ( intellig5t me*anics1 )\t f9d+ decid$ trace ( its ravages4 ,b ere ! ,*ur*es c be prep>$ compet5tly to deal ) x1 or ) ! o!r objections ( a simil> class :i* ! infidelity ( an age s l>gely engag$ z ! pres5t 9 physical pursuits w be f "t to "t orig9at+ !y mu/ greatly ext5d _! educational walks into ! field ( physical sci5ce4 ,! mighty *ange :i* has tak5 place dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! m9ds ( ! fir/ ord] are op]at+1 ?\gh indicat$ on ! face ( ! c\ntry 9 *>act]s :i* _c be mi/ak51 seems to h too mu* escap$ ! notice ( our !ologians4 ,speculative !ology & ! metaphysics are cognate bran*es ( ! same sci5ce2 & :51 z 9 ! la/ & ! prec$+ ages1 ! high] philosophy ( ! _w 0 metaphysical1 ! ,*ur*es took ready cognizance ( ! fact1 &1 9 due accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! "t1 ! battle ( ! ,evid5ces 0 f\ght on metaphysical gr\nd4 ,b1 judg+ f ! prep>ations made 9 _! colleges & halls1 !y d n n[ seem suffici5tly aw>e--?\gh ! l[ ?und] ( e railway1 & ! snort ( e /eam eng9e1 & ! :i/le ( ! w9d amid ! wires ( e electric telegraph1 s]ve to publi% ! fact--t x is 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( physics1 n ( metaphysics1 t ! great] m9ds ( ! age are engag$1--t ! ,lockes1 ,humes1 ,kants1 ,b]keleys1 ,dugald ,/ew>ts1 & ,?omas ,br[ns1 belong to ! pa/1--& t ! philosoph]s ( ! pres5t "t1 tall en\gh to be se5 all ! _w ov]1 are ! ,humboldts1 ! ,aragos1 ! ,agassizes1 ! ,liebigs1 ! ,ow5s1 ! ,h]s*els1 ! ,buckl&s1 & ! ,brew/]s4 ,9 t educational c\rse ?r\gh :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry1 c&idates = ! m9i/ry pass1 9 prep>ation = _! (fice1 ,i f9d e gr\p ( great m9ds :i* has 9 turn influ5c$ & direct$ ! m9d ( ,europe = ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 repres5t$1 m or less adequately1 save ! la/4 ,x is an epitome ( all k9ds ( le>n+1 ) ! exception ( ! k9d mo/ imp]atively requir$1 because mo/ 9 accordance ) ! g5ius ( ! "t4 ,! re/or]s ( classic lit]ature--! ,bu*anans & ,erasmuses--we see repres5t$ 9 our ,univ]sities by ! ,greek & :at are t]m$ ! ,humanity c\rses2 ! ,galileos1 ,boyles1 & ,newtons1 by ! ,ma!matical & ,natural ,philosophy c\rses2 & ! ,lockes1 ,kants1 ,humes1 & ,b]keleys1 by ! ,metaphysical c\rse4 ,b ! ,cuvi]s1 ! ,huttons1 ! ,cav5di%es1 & ! ,watts1 ) _! successors1 ! practical philosoph]s ( ! pres5t age1--m5 ^: a*ievem5ts 9 physical sci5ce we f9d m>k$ on ! surface ( ! c\ntry 9 *>act]s :i* might be read f ! moon1--are n adequately repres5t$4 ,x w\ld be p]haps m correct to say1 t !y are n repres5t$ at all2#g & ! cl]gy1 z a class1 suff] !mselves to l+] f> 9 ! re> ( an intellig5t & accompli%$ laity--a full age beh9d ! requirem5ts ( ! "t4 ,let !m n %ut _! eyes to ! dang] :i* is obvi\sly com+4 ,! battle ( ! ,evid5ces w h z c]ta9ly to be f\ght on ! field ( physical sci5ce1 z x 0 conte/$ 9 ! la/ age on t ( ! metaphysics4 ,& on ?is new ar5a ! combatants w h to employ new weapons1 :i* x w be ! privilege ( ! *all5g] to *oose4 ,! old1 oppos$ to ^!1 w\ld prove b ( little avail4 ,9 an age ( muskets & artill]y1 ! b[s & arr[s ( an obsolete s*ool ( w>f>e w\ld be f\nd greatly less ?an suffici5t1 9 ! field ( battle1 = purposes ei!r ( assault or def5ce4 8,!re are two k9ds ( g5]ation 9 ! _w10 says ,pr(essor ,lor5z ,ok51 9 8 8,elem5ts ( ,physio-philosophy20 8! creation prop]1 & ! propagation t is sequ5t !reupon--or ! g5]atio orig9>ia & secund>ia4 ,consequ5tly1 no organism has be5 creat$ ( l>g] size ?an an infusorial po9t4 ,no organism is1 nor ev] has "o be5 creat$1 :i* is n microscopic4 ,:atev] is l>g] has n be5 creat$1 b develop$4 ,man has n be5 creat$1 b develop$40 ,su*1 9 a few brief dogmatic s5t5ces1 is ! developm5t !ory4 ,:at1 9 ord] to e/abli% its tru?1 or ev5 to r5d] x 9 "s degree probable1 ought to be ! geological evid5ce reg>d+ x8 ,! reply seems obvi\s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! e>li] fossils ought to be v small 9 size2 9 ! second1 v l[ 9 organization4 ,9 cutt+ into ! /ony womb ( nature1 9 ord] to det]m9e :at x conta9$ mayhap millions ( ages ago1 we mu/ expect1 if ! developm5t !ory be true1 to look ^u m]e embryos & ftuses4 ,& if we f9d1 in/ead1 ! full gr[n & ! mature1 !n mu/ we hold t ! te/imony ( ,geology is n only n 9 accordance ) ! !ory1 b 9 positive opposition to x4 ,su*1 palpably1 is ! pr9ciple on :i*1 9 ?is matt]1 we ought to decide4 ,:at are ! facts8 ,! olde/ organism yet discov]$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t geological sy/em ( ,scotl& 9 :i* v]tebrate rema9s occur1 seems to be ! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness4 ,aft] ! explorations ( _m ye>s ov] a wide area1 ,i h detect$ none o!r equally l[ 9 ! sy/em2 nor h ,i asc]ta9$ t any bro!r-explor] 9 ! same field has be5 m =tunate4 ,x is1 up to ! pres5t "t1 ! mo/ anci5t ,scot* witness ( ! great class ( fi%es t c 9 ?is case be br\ght into c\rt2 nay1 x is 9 all probability ! olde/ ganoid witness ! _w has yet produc$2 = !re appe>s no c]ta9 trace ( ?is ord] ( fi%es 9 ! great ,silurian sy/em :i* lies und]nea?1 & 9 :i*1 s f> z geologi/s yet "k1 organic exi/5ce fir/ began4 ,h[1 !n1 on ! two relevant po9ts--bulk & organization--does x answ] to ! dem&s ( ! developm5t hypo!sis8 ,0 x a m]e ftus ( ! f9ny tribe1 ( m9ute size1 & imp]fect1 embryonic faculty8 ,or 0 x ( at lea/ ! ord9>y bulk1 &1 = its class1 ( ! av]age organization8 ,may ,i solicit ! =be>ance ( ! non-geological read]1 %\ld my reply to ^! app>5tly simple que/ions seem unnecess>ily prolix & elaborate8 ,peculi> opportunities ( obs]vation1 & ! possession ( a set ( unique fossils1 enable me to submit to our palontologi/s a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation reg>d+ ?is anci5t ganoid1 :i* !y w deem at once int]e/+ & new2 & ! be>+ ( my /atem5ts on ! g5]al argum5t w1 ,i tru/1 become app>5t z ,i proce$4 ,,! ,,rec5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,a/]olepis4 ,,its ,,family4 ,x _h be5 long kn[n to ! cont95tal naturali/s1 t 9 c]ta9 ,russian deposits1 v ext5sively develop$1 !re occur 9 consid]able abundance c]ta9 animal organisms2 b = _m ye>s nei!r _! position nor "* c\ld be satisfactorily det]m9$4 ,by "s !y 7 plac$ too high 9 ! scale ( organiz$ be+2 by o!rs too l[4 ,kutorga1 a writ] n v famili>ly kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry1 describ$ ! rema9s z ^? ( mammals2--! ,russian rocks conta9$1 he said1 bones ( quadrup$s1 &1 9 especial1 ! tee? ( sw9e3 :]eas ,lam>ck1 a bett] kn[n au?ority1 ?\gh n inv>iably a safe "o1--= he _h a trick ( dream+ :5 wide awake1 & ( call+ 8 dreams philosophy1--assign$ to !m a place among ! corals4 ,!y belong$1 he ass]t$1 z %[n by c]ta9 />-l m>k+s ) :i* !y are frett$1 to ! ,polyp>ia4 ,he ev5 erect$ = _! reception a new g5us ( ,a/rea1 :i* he designat$1 f ! little r\nd$ hillock :i* rises 9 ! middle ( ea* />1 ! g5us ,monticul>ia4 ,x 0 left to a liv+ naturali/1 ,m4 ,ei*wald1 to fix _! true position zoologically among ! class ( fi%es1 & to ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison to det]m9e _! position geologically z i*?yolites ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,sir ,rod]ick1 on 8 return f 8 great ,russian campaigns1 9 :i* he f>$ f> o!rwise ?an ,napoleon1 & accompli%$ m1 submitt$ to ,agassiz a s]ies ( fragm5ts ( ^! gigantic ,ganoids2 & ! celebrat$ i*?yologi/1 :o _h be5 introduc$ little m ?an a twelvemon? be=e to ! ,pt]i*?ys ( ,crom>ty1 0 at fir/ incl9$ to reg>d !m z ! rema9s ( a l>ge cuirass$ fi% ( ! ,cephalaspian type1 b g5]ically new4 ,"u ?is impression he be/[$ ^u ! yet unkn[n i*?yolite ( :i* !y _h =m$ "p1 ! "n ,*eloni*?ys1 f ! resemblance borne by ! brok5 plates to ^? ( ! c>apace & pla/ron ( "s ( ! ,*elonians4 ,at ?is /age1 h[ev]1 ! ,russian ,old ,r$ yield$ a set ( greatly f9] rema9s ?an x _h previ\sly furni%$2 & ( ^! ca/s 7 transmitt$ by ,pr(essor ,asmus1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,dorpat1 to ! ,briti% & ,london ,geological ,museums1 & to ,agassiz4 8,i knew n at fir/ :at to d10 says ! i*?yologi/1 8) bones ( s s+ul> a con=mation t ,i c\ld ref] !m to no kn[n type40 ,detect+1 h[ev]1 on _! ext]ior surfaces ! />-l m>k+s :i* _h misl$ ,lam>ck1 & :i* he _h also detect$ on ! less] fragm5ts submitt$ to him by ,sir ,rod]ick1 he succe$$ 9 id5tify+ bo? ! fragm5ts & bones z rema9s ( ! same g5us & on asc]ta9+ t ,m4 ,ei*wald _h be/[$ ^u x1 f ^! *>act]i/ic sculptur+s1 ! g5]ic "n ,a/]olepis1 or />-scale1 he suff]$ ! "n :i* he himself _h orig9at$ to drop4 ,ev5 ?is second "n1 h[ev]1 :i* ! i*?yolite /ill cont9ues to be>1 is 9 "s degree f\nd$ 9 error4 ,its true scales1 z ,i %all by & by %[1 7 n /ellif]\s1 b frett$ by a peculi> /yle ( ornam5t1 consi/+ ( wav$ ana/omos+ ridges1 break+ atop into angul>-%ap$ dots1 scoop$ out int]nally l ! lett] ,v2 & 7 evid5tly int]m$iate 9 _! "* betwe5 ! scales :i* cov] ! ,glyptolepis & ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius4 ,& ! /ellate m>k+s :i* ,m4 ,ei*wald graphically describes z m9ute paps ris+ out ( ! middle ( />-l wrea?s ( little leaflets1 7 re/rict$ to ! d]mal plates ( ! head4 ,agassiz ultimately succe$$ 9 class+ ! bones :i* _h at fir/ s puzzl$ him1 into two divisions--int]ior & d]mal2 & ! latt] he divid$ yet fur!r1 ?\gh n )\t fir/ lodg+ a precaution>y prote/1 f\nd$ on ! extreme obscurity ( ! subject1 into cranial & op]cul>4 ,( ! int]ior bones he specifi$ two1--a sup]-scapul> bone1 7supra-scapulaire17--t bone :i* 9 osse\s fi%es completes ! scapul> ar* or belt1 by unit+ ! scapula to ! cranium2 & a maxill>y or upp] jaw-bone4 ,b 8 _w-wide acqua9tance ) exi/+ fi%es c\ld l5d him no assi/ance 9 det]m9+ ! places ( ! d]mal bones3 !y =m$ ! m]e fragm5ts ( a brok5 puzzle1 ( :i* ! key 0 lo/4 ,ev5 9 _! deta*$ & irr$ucible /ate1 h[ev]1 he succe$$ 9 bas+ ^u !m sev]al %rewd d$uctions4 ,he inf]r$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ,a/]olepis 0 n1 z _h be5 at fir/ suppos$1 a cuirass$ fi%1 :i* took its place among ! ,cephalaspians1 b a /rongly helm$ fi% ( t ,clacan? family to :i* ! ,holopty*ius & ,glyptolepis belong2 9 ! second1 t1 l sev]al ( its bulki] cog5]s1 x 0 9 all probability a broad1 flat-head$ animal2 &1 9 ! ?ird1 t z its rema9s are f\nd associat$ 9 ! ,russian b$s ) num]\s deta*$ tee? ( l>ge size1--! bo> tusks ( ,kutorga--:i* pres5t int]nally t peculi> microscopic "* on :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 has erect$ 8 ,d5drodic or tree-too!d family ( fi%es1--x w\ld 9 all likelihood be f\nd t bo? bones & tee? belong$ to ! same gr\p4 8,x appe>s m ?an probable10 he said1 8t "o day1 by ! discov]y ( a head or an entire jaw1 x w be %[n t ! g5]a ,d5drodus & ,a/]olepis =m b "o40 ,z we proce$1 ! read] w see h[ ju/ly ! i*?yologi/ assign$ to ! ,a/]olepis its place among ! ,clacan?s1 & h[ entirely 8 two o!r conjectures reg>d+ x h be5 confirm$4 8,i h _h 9 g5]al10 he conclud$1 8b small & mutilat$ fragm5ts ( ! creature's bones submitt$ to me1 & ( ^!1 ev5 ! surface ornam5ts n well pres]v$2 b ,i hope ! imm5se mat]ials ) :i* ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,russia has furni%$ ! savans ( t c\ntry w n be lo/ to sci5ce2 & t my labors on ?is int]e/+ g5us1 incomplete z !y are1 w excite m & m ! att5tion ( geologi/s1 by %[+ !m h[ ignorant we are ( all ! ess5tial facts conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ! fir/ inhabitants ( our globe40 ,i "k n :at ! savans ( ,russia h be5 do+ = ! la/ few ye>s2 b ma9ly ?r\gh ! labors ( an intellig5t tradesman ( ,?urso1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,dick1--"o ( ^? work+ m5 ( ,scotl& ( active curiosity & well-develop$ intellect1 t give "* & /&+ to ! re/1--,i am enabl$ to ju/ify ! classification & confirm ! conjectures ( ,agassiz4 ,mr4 ,dick1 aft] acqua9t+ himself1 9 ! leisure h\rs ( a labori\s pr(ession1 ) ! %ells1 insects1 & plants ( ! nor!rn locality 9 :i* he resides1 _h set himself to /udy its geology2 & ) ?is view he procur$ a copy ( ! little treatise on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 & :i* 0 at t "t1 z ,agassiz's ,monograph ( ! ,old ,r$ fi%es _h n yet appe>$1 ! only "w specially devot$ to ! palontology ( ! sy/em1 s l>gely develop$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,?urso4 ,) p]haps a s+le exception1--= ! ,?urso rocks d n yet seem to h yield$ a ,pt]i*?ys1--he succe$$ 9 f9d+ specim5s1 9 a /ate ( bett] or worse keep+1 ( all ! v>i\s i*?yolites :i* ,i _h describ$ z peculi> to ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 :at ,i _h n describ$1--! rema9s ( app>5tly a v gigantic i*?yolite2 &1 communicat+ ) me ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a common fri5d1 he submitt$ to me1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 draw+s ( 8 new set ( fossils2 & ultimately1 z ,i c\ld arrive at no satisfactory conclusion f ! draw+s1 he ) great lib]ality made ov] to me ! fossils !mselves4 ,agassiz's ,monograph 0 n yet publi%$2 nor _h ,i an opportunity ( exam9+1 until ab\t a twelvemon? aft]1 ! ca/s1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ( ! fossils ( ,pr(essor ,asmus4 ,besides1 all ! little in=mation1 d]iv$ f v>i\s s\rces1 :i* ,i _h acquir$ respect+ ! ,russian ,*eloni*?ys1--= su* 0 its "n at ! "t1--ref]r$ x to ! cuirass$ type1 & s]v$ b to mislead4 ,i 0 assur$1 = in/ance1 t ,pr(essor ,asmus reg>d$ 8 set ( rema9s z portions ( ! plates & paddles ( a gigantic ,pt]i*?ys1 ( f tw5ty to ?irty feet 9 l5g?4 ,& s1 z ,i _h recogniz$ 9 ! ,?urso fossils ! peculi>ities ( ! ,holopty*ian 7,clacan?7 family1 ,i at fir/ fail$ to id5tify !m ) ! rema9s ( ! great ,russian fi%4 ,all ! l>g] bones s5t me by ,mr4 ,dick 71 ,i f\nd1 c]ebral2 & ! scales associat$ ) ^! indicat$1 n a cuirass-protect$1 b a scale-cov]$ body & exhibit$1 9 _! sculptur$ & broadly imbricat$ surfaces1 ! well-m>k$ ,clacan? /yle ( disposition & ornam5t4 ,b ?\gh ,i c\ld n recognize 9 ei!r bones or scales ! rema9s ( "o i*?yolite m ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 8t c\ld be reg>d$ z manife/+ z peculi> a type among fi%es z d ! ,i*?yosauri & ,plesiosauri among reptiles10#h ,i 0 engag$ at ! "t 9 a c\rse ( inquiry reg>d+ ! c]ebral developm5t ( ! e>li] v]tebrata1 t made me deem !m sc>ce less int]e/+ ?an if ,i c\ld4 ,ere1 h[ev]1 ,i attempt communicat+ to ! read] ! result ( my rese>*es1 ,i mu/ introduce him1 9 ord] t he may be able to set out ) me to ! exam9ation ( ! ,a/]olepis f ! same />t+-po9t1 to ! ,clacan? family1--indisputably "o ( ! olde/1 & n ! lea/ int]e/+1 ( its ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 a4 ,%agre5 ( ! ,?ornback 7,raja clavata47 b4 ,%agre5 ( ,sphagodus1--a placoid ( ! ,upp] ,silurian4#i ,s f> z is yet kn[n1 all ! fi% ( ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s sy/em belong$ to ! placoid or 8broad plat$0 ord]1--a great division ( fi%es1 repres5t$ 9 ! exi/+ seas by ! ,%>ks & ,rays1--animals t to an int]nal skeleton ( c>tilage unite a d]mal cov]+ ( po9ts1 plates1 or sp9es ( enamell$ bone1 & h _! gills fix$4 ,! d]mal or cuticul> bones ( ?is ord] v>y greatly 9 =m1 accord+ to ! species or family3 9 "s cases !y ev5 v>y1 accord+ to _! place1 on ! same individual4 ,^? button-l tub]cles1 = in/ance1 ) an enamell$ ?orn1 b5t l a hook1 gr[+ out ( ! c5tre ( ea*1 :i* run d[n ! back & tail1 & /ud ! pectorals ( ! ?orn-back1 7,raja clavata17 diff] v mu* f ! small] ?orns1 ) />-=m$ bases1 :i* r\gh5 ! o!r p>ts ( ! creature's body2 & ! bony po9ts :i* mottle ! back & sides ( ! %>ks are1 9 mo/ ( ! kn[n species1 consid]ably m elongat$ & prickly ?an ! po9ts :i* cov] _! f9s1 belly1 & sn\t4 ,! extreme =ms1 h[ev]1 ( ! %agre5 tub]cle or plate seem to be ^? ( ! upright prickle or sp9e on ! "o h&1 & ( ! slant-laid1 rhomboidal1 scale-%ap$ plate on ! o!r4 ,! m9ut] ?orns ( ! ray 7fig4 #b1 a7 exemplify ! extreme ( ! prickly type2 ! f9s1 abdom51 & ant]ior "p ( ! head ( ! spott$ dog-fi% 7,scyllium /ell>e7 are cov]$ by loz5ge-%ap$ little plates1 :i* gli/5 ) enamel1 & are s ?ickly set t !y cov] ! entire surface ( ! sk91 7fig4 #c1 b17--& ^! seem equally illu/rative ( ! scale-l =m4 ,!y are %agre5 po9ts pass+ into osse\s scales1 )\t1 h[ev]1 becom+ really su*2 ?\gh !y approa* !m s ne>ly 9 ! %ape & disposition ( _! upp] disks1 t ! true scales1 also osse\s1 ( ! ,acan?odes sulcatus1 7fig4 #c1 a17 a ,ganoid ( ! ,coal ,measures1 c sc>ce be di/+ui%$ f !m1 ev5 :5 microscopically exam9$4 ,x is only :5 se5 9 section t ! di/9ctive diff]5ce appe>s4 ,! true scale ( ! ,acan?odes1 ?\gh consid]ably elevat$ 9 ! c5tre1 seems to h be5 plant$ on ! sk92 :]eas ! scale-l %agre5 ( ! dog-fi% is elevat$ ov] x on an osse\s p$icle or foot/alk 7fig4 #e1 a7 z a mu%room is elevat$ ov] ! sw>d on its /em2 & ! base ( ! /alk is f\nd to resemble 9 its /ellate "* t ( a %agre5 po9t ( ! prickly type4 ,! app>5t scale is1 we f9d1 a bony prickle b5t at "r angles a little ov] its base1 & flatt5$ into a rhomboidal disk atop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 a4 ,scales ( ,acan?odes sulcatus4 b4 ,%agre5 ( ,scyllium /ell>e1 7,sn\t47 7,mag4 eight diamet]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 a4 ,scales ( ,*eiracan?us microlepidotus4 b4 ,%agre5 ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias4 7,sn\t47 7,mag4 eight diamet]s47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 a4 ,section ( %agre5 ( ,scyllium /ell>e4 b4 ,"u surface ( d4 c4 ,section ( scales ( ,*eiracan?us microlepidotus4 d4 ,"u surface ( d4 7,mag4 eight diamet]s47 ,9 small fragm5ts ( %agre51 7fig4 #b b7 :i* h be5 detect$ 9 ! bone-b$ ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rocks1 7,upp] ,silurian17 & con/itute ! mo/ anci5t portions ( ?is sub/ance kn[n to ! palontologi/1 ! osse\s tub]cles are1 z 9 ! m9ut] spikes ( ! ray1 ( ! upright ?orn-l type2 !y m]ely s]ve to %[ t ! placoids ( ! fir/ p]iod possess$1 l ^? ( ! exi/+ seas1 an ability ( secret+ solid bone on _! cuticul> surfaces2 & t1 ?\gh at lea/ su* ( !m z h bequea!d to u specim5s ( _! d]mal armature possess$ x 9 ! =m f>!/ remov$ f t ( _! imm$iate successors ! ganoid fi%es1 !y resembl$ !m n less 9 ! sub/ance ( :i* _! d]moskeletal1 ?an 9 t ( :i* _! endoskeletal1 p>ts 7 compos$4 ,= ! int]nal skeleton 9 bo? ord]s1 dur+ ^! e>ly ages1 seems to h be5 equally c>tilag9\s1 & ! cuticul> skeleton equally osse\s4 ,9 ! i*?yolitic =mation imm$iately ov] ! ,silurians1--t ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--! ,ganoids fir/ appe>2 & ! memb]s ( at lea/ "o ( ! families ( ! deposit1 ! ,acan?s1--a family ri* 9 g5]a & species1--seem to h =m$ connect+ l9ks betwe5 ?is second ord] & _! placoid pr$ecessors4 ,!y 7 cov]$ ) true scales 7fig4 #d1 a17 & _! free gills 7 protect$ by gill-cov]s2 & s !y mu/ be reg>d$ z real ,ganoids b z ! %agre5 ( ! spott$ dog-fi% ne>ly approa*es1 9 =m & "*1 to ganoid scales1 )\t be+ really su*1 ! scales ( ?is family1 on ! o!r h&1 approa*$ equally ne>1 )\t *ang+ _! nature1 to ! %agre5 ( ! ,placoids1 especially to t ( ! spik$ dogfi%1 7,sp9ax ,acan?ias47 7,fig4 #d1 b47 ,we ev5 f9d on _! "u surfaces :at seems to be an approximation to ! *>act]i/ic foot/alk4 ,!y s consid]ably ?ick5 9 ! middle f _! edges inw>ds1 7fig4 #e1 c17 z to t]m9ate 9 _! c5tres 9 obtuse po9ts4 ,) ^! %agre5-l scales1 ! heads1 bodies1 & f9s ( all ! species ( at lea/ two ( ! ,acan? g5]a1--,*eiracan?us & ,diplacan?us1--7 z ?ickly cov]$ z ! heads1 bodies1 & f9s ( ! %>ks are ) _! %agre52 & s slight 0 ! degree ( imbrication1 t ! portion ( ea* scale ov]laid by ! two scales 9 imm$iate advance ( x did n exce$ ! "o twelf? "p ( its entire area4 ,9 ! scale ( ! ,*eiracan?us we f9d ! cov]$ portion indicat$ by a smoo?1 n>r[ b&1 t ran along its ant]ior edges1 & :i* ! furr[s t frett$ ! expos$ surface did n trav]se4 ,x may be add$1 t bo? g5]a _h ! ant]ior edge ( _! f9s arm$ ) /rong sp9es1--a *>act]i/ic ( sev]al ( ! ,placoid families4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 a4 ,scales ( ,o/eolepis macrolepidotus4 b4 ,scales ( an undescrib$ species ( ,glyptolepis4#aj 7,! s+le scales mag4 two diamet]s2--! o!rs nat4 size47 ,9 ! ,dipt]ian g5]a ,o/eolepis & ,diplopt]us ! scales 7 m unequivocally su* ?an 9 ! ,acan?s1 & m remov$ f %agre54 ,! "u surface ( ea* 0 trav]s$ longitud9ally by a rais$ b>1 :i* atta*$ x to ! sk91 & :i*1 9 ! transv]se section1 s]ves to rem9d "o ( ! %agre5 foot/alk4 ,!y are1 besides1 ( a rhomboidal =m2 &1 :5 se5 9 ! f9] specim5s1 ly+ 9 _! prop] places on :at _h be5 once ! creature's body1 !y seem m]ely laid d[n side by side 9 l9e1 l ^? r[s ( glaz$ tiles t pave a ca!dral floor2 b on m c>eful exam9ation1 we f9d t ea* little tile 0 deeply groov$ on its high] side & end1 7= x lay diagonally 9 relation to ! head17 l ! flags ( a /one ro(1 7fig4 #f1 a17--t its lat]al & ant]ior neighbors imp+$ ^u x along ^! grooves to ! ext5t ( ab\t "o ?ird its area1--& t x imp+$1 9 turn1 to ! same ext5t on ! scales t bord]$ on x po/]iorly & lat]o-po/]iorly4 ,n[1 9 ! ,clacan? family1 7& on ?is special po9t ! =ego+ rem>ks are int5d$ to be>17 ! scales1 :i* 7 g5]ally ( a r\nd or irregul>ly oval =m1 7fig4 #f1 b17 ov]lapp$ ea* o!r to z great an ext5t z 9 any ( ! exi/+ fi%es ( ! ,cycloid or ,ct5oid ord]s1--to z great an ext5t1 = in/ance1 z 9 ! c>p1 salmon1 or h]r+4 ,9 a slat$ ro( !re is no "p on :i* ! slates d n lie d\ble1 & along ! l[] edge ( ea* ti] !y lie triple2--!re is m ( slate cov]$ ?an ( slate se53 :]eas 9 a tile-ro(1 ! cov]$ portion is re/rict$ to a small /rip runn+ along ! top & "o ( ! edges ( ea* tile1 & ! tiles d n lie d\ble 9 m ?an ! same degree 9 :i* ! slates lie triple4 ,! scaly cov] ( ! two g5]a ( ,dipt]ians to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 0 a cov] on ! tile-ro( pr9ciple2 & ?is is an exce$+ly common *>act]i/ic ( ! scales ( ! ,ganoids4 ,! scaly cov] ( ! ,clacan?s1 on ! o!r h&1 0 a cov] on ! slate-ro( pr9ciple2--!re 0 9 "s ( _! g5]a ab\t "o ?ird m ( ea* scale cov]$ ?an expos$2 & ?is is s r>e a ganoidal mode ( arrangem5t1 t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,dipt]us1--a g5us :i*1 ?\gh x gives its "n to ! ,dipt]ian sept1 diff]$ greatly f e o!r ,dipt]ian1--,i "k n1 beyond ! limits ( ! anci5t ,clacan? family1 a s+le ,ganoid t possess$ x4 ,! bony cov]+ ( ! ,clacan?s 0 f>!/ remov$ 9 "* f %agre51 z t ( _! contempor>ies ! ,acan?s approximat$ to x mo/ ne>ly2 !y 71 9 ?is respect1 ! two extremes ( _! ord]2 & did we f9d ! ,clacan?s 9 b ! lat] geological =mations1 :ile ! ,acan?s 7 re/rict$ to ! e>li]1 x might be argu$ by ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 t ! amply imbricat$1 slate-l scale ( ! latt] _h be5 develop$ 9 ! lapse ( ages f ! %agre5 tub]cle1 by pass+ 9 its d[nw>d c\rse--broad5+ & exp&+ z x desc5d$--?r\gh ! m9ute1 sc>cely imbricat$ disks ( ! ,acan?s1 & ! m amply imbricat$ tile-l rhombs ( ! ,dipt]ians & ,palonisci1 until x _h rea*$ its full ext5t ( imbrication 9 ! famili> mod]n type exemplifi$ 9 bo? ! ,clacan?s & ! ord9>y fi%es4 ,b su* is n ! ord] :i* nature has obs]v$2--! two extremes ( ! ganoid scale appe> toge!r 9 ! same e>ly =mation3 bo? become ext9ct at a p]iod geologically remote2 & ! ganoid scales ( ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s :i* mo/ ne>ly resemble ^? ( anci5t "t are scales =m$ on ! int]m$iate or tile-ro( pr9ciple4 ,! scales ( ! ,clacan?s 71 9 almo/ all ! g5]a :i* compose ! family1 ( great size2 9 "s species1 ( ! greate/ size to :i* ?is k9d ( integum5t ev] atta9$4 ,( a ,clacan? ( ! ,coal ,measures1 ! ,holopty*ius ,hibb]ti1 ! scales 9 ! l>g] specim5s 7 occasionally f five to six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,ev5 9 ! ,holopty*ius nobilissimus1 9 an individual sc>cely exce$+ two & a half feet 9 l5g?1 !y measur$ f an in* & a half to an in* & ?ree qu>t]s ea* way4 ,9 ! spl5did specim5 ( ?is la/ species1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 !re occur b f\rte5 scales betwe5 ! v5trals1 ?\gh ^! lie l[ on ! creature's body1 & ! head2 & 9 a specim5 ( a small] species1--! ,holopty*ius ,&]soni1--b ab\t sev5te54 ,! expos$ portion ( ! scale 0 9 mo/ species ( ! family curi\sly frett$ by int]m+l$ ridges & furr[s1 pits & tub]cles1 :i* 7 ei!r boldly reliev$1 z 9 ! ,holopty*ius1 or exi/$1 z 9 ! ,glyptolepis1 z slim1 delicately *isell$ ?reads1 l9es1 & dots4 ,! head 0 cov]$ by /rong plates1 :i* 7 r\gh5$ ) tub]cles ei!r conflu5t or deta*$1 or holl[$1 z 9 ! ,bo?riolepis1 into %all[ pits4 ,! jaws 7 ?ickly set ) an out] range ( true fi% tee?1 & m ?9ly ) an inn] range ( :at seem reptile tee?1 t /ood up1 tall & bulky1 beh9d ! o!rs1 l (fic]s on horseback se5 ov] ! heads ( _! foot-soldi]s 9 front4 ,! d\ble f9s1--pectorals & v5trals1--7 *>act]iz$ ea* by a ?ick1 angul>1 scale-cov]$ c5tre1 fr+$ by ! rays2 & !y mu/ h borne ext]nally some:at ! =m ( ! sweep+ paddles ( ! ,i*?yosaurian g5us1--a peculi>ity %>$ also by ! d\ble f9s ( ! ,dipt]us4 ,! s+le f9s1 9 all ! memb]s ( ! family ( :i* specim5s h be5 f\nd suffici5tly entire to indicate ! fact1 7 f\r 9 numb]1--an anal1 a caudal1 & two dorsal f9s2 &1 ) ! exception ( ! ant]ior dorsal1 :i* 0 comp>atively small1 & b5t d[nw>ds along ! back1 z if its rays _h be5 di/ort$ :5 "y1#aa !y 7 all ( l>ge size4 ,!y cr[d$ ?ickly on ! po/]ior portion ( ! body1--! ant]ior dorsal opposite ! v5trals1 & ! po/]ior dorsal opposite ! anal f94 ,! f9-rays ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! family1 & su* ( _! sp9\s processes z h be5 detect$1 7 holl[ tubul> bones2 or r1 l ! l>g] pieces 9 ! framework ( ! ,placoids1 !y 7 c>tilag9\s )91 & cov]$ ext]nally by a ?9 osse\s cru/ or %ell1 :i* alone survives2 & to ?is peculi>ity !y owe _! family "n1 ,clacan?1 or 8holl[-sp9e40 ,! int]nal holl[1 i4 e4 c>tilag9\s c5tre1 01 h[ev]1 equally a *>act]i/ic ( ! sp9\s processes ( ! ,cocco/eus4 ,9 _! g5]al proportions1 ! ,clacan?s1 if we p]haps except "o species1--! ,glyptolepis microlepidotus1--7 all squat1 robu/1 /rongly-built fi%es1 ( ! ,dirk ,hatt]ick or ,balf\r-(-,burley type2 & n only 9 ! l>g] specim5s gigantic 9 _! proportions1 b rem>kable = ! /r5g? & weight ( _! armor1 ev5 :5 ( b mod]ate /ature4 ,! specim5 ( ,holopty*ius nobilissimus 9 ! ,briti% ,museum c\ld h measur$ little m ?an ?ree feet f sn\t to tail :5 mo/ entire2 b x mu/ h be5 ne>ly a foot 9 bread?1 & a bullet w\ld h reb\nd$ flatt5$ f its scales4 ,& su* 0 t anci5t ,clacan? family1 ( :i* ! olde/ ( our ,scot* ,ganoids1--! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness1--=m$ "o ( ! memb]s1 & :i* = untold ages has _h no liv+ repres5tative4 ,let u n[ ent] on our propos$ inquiry reg>d+ ! c]ebral developm5t ( ! e>li] v]tebrata1 & see :e!r we _c asc]ta9 aft] :at mann] ! fir/ true bra9s 7 lodg$1 & :at ^? modifications 7 :i* _! protect+ box1 ! cranium1 receiv$ 9 ! subsequ5t p]iods4 ,indep5d5tly ( its own special int]e/1 ! inquiry w be f\nd to h a direct be>+ on our g5]al subject4 ,,c]ebral ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,e>li] ,,v]tebrata4 ,,its ,,app>5t ,,pr9ciple4 ,x is held by a class ( naturali/s1 "s ( !m ( ! highe/ /&+1 t ! skulls ( ! v]tebrata consi/1 l ! columns to :i* !y are atta*$1 ( v]tebral jo9ts1 compos$ ea*1 9 ! m typical =ms ( head1 z !y are 9 ! trunk1 ( five p>ts or elem5ts1--! c5trum or body1 ! two sp9\s processes :i* enclose ! sp9al cord1 & ! two ribs4 ,^! cranial v]tebr1 f\r 9 numb]1 correspond1 x is said1 to ! f\r s5ses t h _! seat 9 ! head3 !re is ! nasal v]tebra1 ! c5trum ( :i* is ! vom]1 its sp9al processes ! nasal & e?moid bones1 & its ribs ! upp] jaws2 !re is ! ocul> v]tebra1 ! c5trum ( :i* is ! ant]ior portion ( ! sph5oid bone1 its sp9al processes ! frontals1 & its ribs ! "u jaws2 !re is ! l+ual v]tebra1 ! c5trum ( :i* is ! po/]ior sph5oid bone1 its sp9al processes ! p>ietals1 & its ribs ! hyoid & bran*ial bones1--portions ( ! skeleton l>gely develop$ 9 fi%es2 &1 la/ly1 !re is ! auditory v]tebra1 ! c5trum ( :i* is ! base ( ! occipital bone1 & its sp9al processes ! occipital cre/1 & :i* 9 ! osse\s fi%es be>s atta*$ to x1 z its ribs1 ! bones ( ! scapul> r+4 ,& ! c]ebral segm5ts ?us con/ruct$ we f9d repres5t$ 9 typical diagrams ( ! skull1 z real v]tebr4 ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 8 lately publi%$ treatise on 8,! ,nature ( ,limbs10--"w *>g$ ) valuable fact1 & in/9ct ) philosophy1--figures 9 8 draught ( ! ar*etypal skeleton ( ! v]tebrata1 ! f\r v]tebr ( ! head1 9 a =m z unequivocally su* z any ( ! v]tebr ( ! neck or body4 ,n[1 = c]ta9 purposes ( g5]alization1 ,i d\bt n t ! conception may h its value4 ,!re are 9 all nature & 9 all philosophy c]ta9 c5tral ideas ( g5]al be>+1 r\nd :i*1 at di/ances less or m remote1 ! subord9ate & p>ticul> ideas arrange !mselves1 8,cycle & epicycle1 orb 9 orb40 ,9 ! classifications ( ! naturali/1 = in/ance1 all species range r\nd "s c5tral g5]ic idea2 all g5]a r\nd "s c5tral idea1 to :i* we give ! "n ( ord]2 all ord]s r\nd "s c5tral idea ( class2 all classes r\nd "s c5tral idea ( division2 & all divisions r\nd ! int]ior c5tral idea :i* con/itutes a k+dom4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds =ms 8 !ory ( beauty on ?is pr9ciple ( c5tral ideas4 8,e species ( ! animal1 z well z ( ! vegetable creation10 he rem>ks1 8may be said to h a fix$ or det]m9ate =m1 t[>ds :i* nature is cont9ually incl9+1 l v>i\s l9es t]m9at+ 9 a c5tre2 or x may be comp>$ to p5dulums vibrat+ 9 diff]5t directions ov] "o c5tral po9t1 :i* !y all cross1 ?\gh only "o ( _! numb] passes ?r\gh any o!r po9t40 ,he in/ances1 9 illu/rat+ 8 !ory1 ! ,grecian beau ideal ( ! human nose1 z se5 9 ! /atues ( ! ,greek deities4 ,x =m$ a /raight l9e2 :]eas all de=mity ( nose is ( a convex or concave "*1 & occasion$ by ei!r a ris+ above or a s9k+ bel[ ?is m$ial l9e ( beauty4 ,& x may be ( use1 z x is unque/ionably ( int]e/1 to conceive1 aft] ?is mann]1 ( a c]ta9 type ( skeleton1 embody+1 z x 71 ! c5tral or prim>y type ( all v]tebral skeletons1 & consi/+ ( a d\ble range ( r+s1 unit$ by ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 z ! two r+s ( a figure #h are unit$ at _! po9t ( junction2 ! upp] r+ =m+ ! enclosure ( ! bra91--sp9al1 & cephalic2 ! l[] t ( ! visc]a1--respiratory1 circulatory1 & dige/ive4 ,su* is ! idea embodi$ 9 ,pr(essor ,ow5's ar*etypal skeleton4 ,x is a s]ies ( v]tebr compos+ d\ble r+s1--_! bra9-r+s comp>atively small 9 ! v]tebr ( ! trunk1 b ( mu* great] size 9 ! v]tebr ( ! head4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott51 t c5tral ideas1 h[ev] necess>y to ! classification ( ! naturali/1 are n hi/oric facts4 ,we may safely hold1 ) ! philosophic pa9t]1 t ! outl9e ( ! typical human nose is a /raight l9e2 b x w\ld be v unsafe to hold1 z a consequ5ce1 t ! fir/ m5 _h all /raight noses4 ,& :5 we f9d x urg$ by at lea/ "o em95t ass]tor ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1--,pr(essor ,ok51--t light 0 ! ma9 ag5t 9 develop+ ! sub/ance ( n]ve1--t ! n]ves1 rang$ 9 pairs1 9 turn develop$ ! v]tebr1 ea* v]tebra be+ b 8! p]iph]y or envelope ( a pair ( n]ves10--& t ! n]ves ( ^? f\r s5ses ( smell1 sight1 ta/e1 & he>+1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,pr(essor1 8make up ! head10 orig9at$ ! f\r cranial v]tebr :i* con/itute ! skull1--x becomes u to te/ ! c5tral idea1 ?us conv]t$ into a sort ( hi/oric my?1 by ! realities ( actual hi/ory4 ,:at1 !n1 let u inquire1 is ! real hi/ory ( ! c]ebral developm5t ( ! v]tebrata1 z record$ 9 ! rocks ( ! e>li] geologic p]iods8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,osse\s po9ts ( placoid cranium4#ab 7,mag4 twelve diamet]s7 ,?\gh ! v]tebrata exi/$ 9 ! i*?yic =m ?r\gh\t ! va/ly ext5d$ ,silurian p]iod1 we f9d 9 t sy/em no rema9s ( ! cranium3 ! ,silurian fi%es seem1 z has be5 already said1 7page #ec17 to h be5 exclusively ,placoid1 & ! purely c>tilag9\s box =m$ by nature = ! protection ( ! bra9 9 ?is ord] has 9 no case be5 pres]v$4 ,tee?1 &1 9 at lea/ "o or two in/ances1 ! m9ute jaws ov] :i* !y 7 plant$ h be5 f\nd1 b no portion ( ! skull4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! fi%es ( ! same ord] :i* n[ exi/1 ! cranium consi/s ( "o undivid$ piece ( a c>tilag9\s sub/ance1 set ?ickly ov] its out] surface ) m9ute polygonal po9ts ( bone1 7fig4 #g17 compos$ int]nally ( />-l rays1 t radiate f ! c5tre ( ossification1 & t pres5t1 9 consequ5ce1 se5 ?r\gh a microscope1 ! appe>ance ( ! polygonal cells ( a coral ( ! g5us ,a/rea4 ,! patt]n induc$ is t ( />s set )9 polygons4 ,along ! sides or top ( ?is unbrok5 cranial box1 t exhibits no m>k ( suture1 we f9d ! p]=ations ?r\gh :i* ! n]ves ( smell1 sight1 ta/e1 & he>+ pass$ f ! bra9 outw>ds1 & see t !y h fail$ to orig9ate di/9ct v]tebral envelopes = !mselves2--!y all lodge 9 "o undivid$ mansion-h\se1 & h m]ely sep>ate doors4 ,we f9d1 fur!r1 t ! homotypal ribs ( ! entire cranium consi/1 n ( f\r1 b simply ( a s+le pair1 atta*$ to ! occiput1 & :i* s]ves bo? to susp5d ! jaws1 upp] & ne!r1 9 _! place "u ! middle ( ! head1 & to l5d support to ! hyoid & bran*ial framework2 :ile ! scapul> r+ we f9d exi/+1 z 9 ! high] v]tebrata1 n z a c]ebral1 b z a c]vical or dorsal app5dage4 ,9 ! wide range ( ! animal k+dom !re are sc>ce any two pieces ( organization t less resemble "o ano!r 9 =m ?an ! v]tebr ( ! placoids resemble _! skulls2 & ! diff]5ce is n m]ely ext]nal1 b ext5ds to ev5 _! int]nal con/ruction4 ,9 bo? skull & v]tebr we detect an union ( bone & c>tilage2 b ! bone ( ea* v]tebra =ms an int]nal cont9u\s nucleus1 r\nd :i* ! c>tilage is arrang$1 :]eas 9 ! skulls x is ! c>tilage t is int]nal1 & ! bone is spread 9 granul> po9ts ov] x4 ,if we dip ! body ( "o ( ! dorsal v]tebr ( a h]r+ into melt$ wax1 & !n )draw x1 we w f9d x to repres5t 9 its cru/$ /ate ! v]tebral c5trum ( a ,placoid1--s(t )\t1 & osse\s )92 b 9 ord] to repres5t ! placoid skull1 we w\ld h fir/ to m\ld x out ( "o unbrok5 piece ( wax1 & !n to cov] x ov] ) a prim+ ( bone-du/4 ,& su* is ! effect ( ?is arrangem5t1 t1 :ile ! skull ( a ,placoid1 expos$ to a r$ heat1 falls into du/1 f ! circum/ance t ! support+ framework on :i* ! granul> bone 0 arrang$ p]i%es 9 ! fire1 ! v]tebral c5trum1 ^: int]nal framework is itself bone1 & s n p]i%able1 comes out 9 a /ate ( beautiful entir5ess1--resembl+ 9 ! ?ornback a squat s&-glass1 elegantly f5c$ r\nd by ! lat]al pill>s1 7fig4 #h1 b27 & 9 ! dog-fi% 7a7 a m elongat$ s&-glass1 9 :i* ! lat]al pill>s are want+4 ,su* are ! heads & v]tebral jo9ts ( ! exi/+ ,placoids2 & su*1 reason+ f analogy1 seem to h be5 ! "* & con/ruction ( ! heads & v]tebral jo9ts ( ! ,placoids ( ! ,silurian p]iod1--e>lie/-born ( ! ,v]tebrata4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 a4 ,osse\s c5trum ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias4 b4 ,osse\s c5trum ( ,raja clavata4 7,nat4 size47 ,! mo/ anci5t bra9-be>+ craniums t h come d[n to u 9 ! fossil /ate1 are ^? ( ! ,ganoids ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 & 9 ^! fi%es ! true skull appe>s to h be5 z entirely a simple c>tilag9\s box1 z t ( ! ,placoids ( ei!r ! ,silurian p]iod or ( ! pres5t "t1 or ( ^? exi/+ ,ganoids1 ! /urgeons4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ g5]a ,*eiracan?us & ,diplacan?us1 ?\gh ! heads are frequ5tly pres]v$ z amorph\s masses ( color$ matt]1 we detect no trace ( int]nal bone1 save p]haps 9 ! gill-cov]s ( ! fir/-nam$ g5us1 :i* 7 fr+$ by f eighte5 to tw5ty m9ute osse\s rays4 ,! cranium seems to h be5 cov]$1 z 9 ! %>k family1 by sk91 & ! sk9 by m9ute %agre5-l scales2 & all ( ! int]ior c]ebral framework :i* appe>s und]nea? exi/s simply z fa9t impressions ( an undivid$ body1 cov]$ by :at seem to be osse\s po9ts1--! bony molecules1 x is probable1 :i* encru/$ ! c>tilage4 ,! jaws1 9 ! bett] specim5s1 are also pres]v$ 9 ! same d\btful /yle1 & ?is /ate ( keep+ is ! common "o 9 deposits 9 :i* e true bone1 h[ev] delicate1 pres5ts an outl9e z %>p z :5 x occupi$ its place 9 ! liv+ animal4 ,! d]mal or sk9-skeleton ( bo? g5]a1 :i* consi/$1 z has be5 %[n 7pages #ee1 #ef7 ( %agre5-l osse\s scales & sl5d] sp9es1 bo? brilliantly enamell$1 is pres]v$ entire2 :]e z ! int]ior framework ( ! head exi/s z m]e po9t speckl$ impressions2 & ! inf]5ce appe>s unavoidable t p>ts :i* s inv>iably diff] 9 _! /ate ( keep+ n[1 mu/ h ess5tially diff]$ 9 _! sub/ance orig9ally4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 a4 ,portion ( caudal f9 ( ,*eiracan?us4#ac b4 ,portion ( caudal f9 ( ,*eirolepis ,cumm+i4 7,mag4 ?ree diamet]s47 ,n[1 9 ! ,*eiracan?us we detect ! fir/ fa9t indications ( a peculi> arrangem5t ( ! d]mal skeleton1 9 relation to c]ta9 p>ts ( ! skeleton )91 :i*--greatly m develop$ 9 "s ( its contempor>ies--l$ to important results 9 ! g5]al /ructure ( ^! ,ganoids1 & furni%es ! true key to ! "* ( ! e>ly ganoid head4 ,9 su* ( ! exi/+ ,placoids z ,i h _h an opportunity ( exam9+1 ! only portions ( ! d]mal skeleton ( bone :i* con=m 9 _! arrangem5t to portions ( ! int]ior skeleton ( c>tilage1 are ! tee?1 :i* are always laid on a base ( sk9 "r ov] ! jaws3 !re is also an approximation to arrangem5t ( a correspond+ k9d1 ?\gh a di/ant "o1 9 ^? hook-arm$ tub]cles ( c]ta9 species ( rays :i* run along ! v]tebral column2 b 9 ! %agre5 by :i* ! creatures are cov]$ ,i h be5 able to detect no su* arrangem5t4 ,:e!r x occurs on ! f9s1 ! body1 or ! head1 or 9 ! scale =m1 or 9 t ( ! prickle1 x manife/s ! same c>eless irregul>ity4 ,& on ! head & body ( ! ,*eiracan?us1 & on all its f9s save "o1 ! %agre5-l scales1 ?\gh laid d[n m symmetrically 9 l9es ?an true %agre51 manife/$ an equal abs5ce ( arrangem5t 9 relation to ! framework )94 ,on t "o f91 h[ev]2--! caudal1--! scales1 pass+ f _! ord9>y rhomboidal to a m rectangul> =m1 rang$ !mselves 9 "r l9es ov] ! int]nal rays1 7fig4 #i1 a17 & imp>t$ to ^! su* /r5g? z a spl9t ( wood or :alebone fa/5$ ov] a fractur$ toe or f+] imp>ts to ! injur$ digit1--a provision :i* 0 probably r5d]$ necess>y 9 ! case ( ?is important organ ( motion1 f ! circum/ance t x 0 ! only f9 :i* ! creature possess$ t 0 n /r5g!n$ & protect$ ant]iorly by a /rong sp9e4 ,9 ! ,*eirolepis1--a contempor>y fi%1 *>act]iz$1 l its cog5]s ! ,*eiracan?us & ,diplacan?us1 by %agre5-l scales1 b 9 :i* ! sp9es 7 want+1--we f9d a f>!r developm5t ( ! provision4 ,9 all ! f9s ! ri*ly-enamell$ d]mal-cov]+ 0 arrang$ 9 l9es ov] ! rays1 7fig4 #i1 b27 & ! scale1 :i* assumes 9 ! f9s1 l ! scales on ! tail ( ! ,*eiracan?us1 ?\gh some:at m irregul>ly1 a rectangul> %ape1 is s consid]ably elongat$1 t x assumes = its normal "* z a scale1 t ( ! jo9t ( an ext]nal ray4 ,a simil> arrangem5t ( ext]nal protection takes place 9 ?is g5us ov] ! bones ( ! head2 ! c>tilag9\s jaws receive _! osse\s d]mal cov]+1 &1 ) ^!1 ! hyoid bones1 ! op]cules1 & ! cranium4 ,& x is 9 ^! d]mal plates1 :i* cov]$ an int]ior skull1 ( :i*1 save 9 "o g5us1--! ,dipt]us1--n a ve/ige rema9s 9 any ( ! ,old ,r$ fi%es ?us protect$1 t we fir/ trace :at seem to be ! homologues ( ! cranial bones ( ! osse\s fi%es1--at lea/ _! homologues s f> z ! cuticul> c repres5t ! int]nal4 ,!y appe> = ! fir/ "t1 n z modifi$ sp9\s processes1 broad5$1 z 9 ! c>apace ( ! ,*elonians1 into osse\s plates1 b l ^? corne\s ext]nal plates ( ?is ord] ( reptiles1 7kn[n 9 "o species z ! tortoise-%ell ( comm]ce17 ! orig9 ( :i* is purely cuticul>1 & :i* ev9ce s little correspond5ce 9 _! divisions ) ! sutures ( ! bones on :i* !y re/1 t !y h be5 in/anc$1 9 _! relation to ! jo9+s b5ea?1 z admirable illu/rations ( ! cross-b&+ ( ! me*anician4 ,9 ! heads ( ! osse\s fi%es1 ! cranium prop]1 ?\gh consi/+1 l ! skulls ( birds1 reptiles1 & mammals1 ( sev]al bones1 exi/s f sn\t to nape1 & f ma/oid to ma/oid1 z "o unbrok5 box2 :]eas all ! o!r bones ( ! head1 su* z ! maxill>ies & int]maxill>ies1 ! l[] jaws1 ! op]cul> app5dages1 ! bran*ial ar*es1 & ! bran*io/eg\s rays1 are connect$ b by muscle & ligam5t1 & fall ap>t "u ! putrefactive influ5ces1 or 9 ! process ( boil+4 ,?is unbrok5 box1 :i* consi/s1 9 ! cod1 ( tw5ty-five bones1 is ! homologue ( t cranial box ( ! ,placoids :i* consi/s ( "o entire piece1 & ! homotype1 accord+ to ,ok51 ( ! bodies & sp9al processes ( f\r v]tebr2 :ile ! loos] bones :i* drop away repres5t _! ribs4 ,! upp] surface ( ! box1--t ext5d+ f ! nasal bone to ! nape1--is ! only "p ov] :i* a d]mal buckl] c\ld be laid1 z x is ! only "p ) :i* ! ext]nal sk9 comes 9 contact2 & s x is betwe5 ?is upp] surface & ! cranial buckl]s ( ! e>li] ,ganoids t we h to in/itute comp>isons4 ,= x is a curi\s fact1 t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,old ,r$ g5]a ,acan?odus1 ,*eiracan?us1 & ,diplacan?us1#ad all ! ,ganoids ( ! p]iod 9 :i* ,ganoids fir/ appe> h d]mal buckl]s plac$ "r ov] _! true skulls1 & t ^!1 ?\gh z unit$ 9 _! p>ts z ! bones prop] to ! cranium 9 quadrup$s & fi%es1 are compos$ ( sev]al pieces1 furni%$ ea* ) its indep5d5t c5tre ( ossification4 ,! ,dipt]ians1 ! ,clacan?s1 ! ,cephalaspians1 & at lea/ "o g5us plac$ r d\btfully among ! ,acan?s1--! g5us ,*eirolepis1--all possess$ cranial buckl]s ext5d+ f ! nape to ! sn\t1 9 :i* ! plates1 v>i\s1 9 ! sev]al g5]a1 9 =m & position1 7 fa/ sold]$ toge!r1 ?\gh 9 e in/ance ! l9es ( suture 7 di/9ctly m>k$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,,upp] ,,surface ,,( ,,cranium ,,( ,,cod4#ae ,a1 ,occipital bone4 ,b1 ,b1 ,p>ietals4 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,sup]ior frontal4 ,d1 ,d1 ,ant]ior frontal4 ,i1 ,nasal bone4 ,f1 ,f1 ,po/]ior frontals4 ,e1 ,e1 ,ma/oid bones4 #b1 #b1 ,eye orbits4 a1 a1 ,p>-occipital bones4 ,on ea* side ( ?is ext]nal cranium ! v>i\s c]ebral plates1 l ! correspond+ c]ebral ribs 9 ! osse\s fi%es1 7 free1 at lea/ n an*ylos$ toge!r2 & "s ( _! numb] unequivocally p]=m$1 9 "p at lea/1 ! functions ( two ( ^! c]ebral ribs1 viz4 ! upp] & "u jaws1 ) ! functions ( ! op]cul> app5dages atta*$ to ! latt]4 ,9 ! cod1 z 9 mo/ o!r osse\s fi%es1 ! upp] portion ( ! cranium consi/s ( ?irte5 bones1 :i* repres5t1 h[ev]1 only sev5 bones 9 ! human skull1--! nasal1 ! frontal1 ! two p>ietal1 ! occipital1 & "o-half ! two temporal bones4 ,& :]eas 9 man1 & 9 mo/ ( ! mammals1 !re are f\r ( ^! plac$ 9 ! m$ial l9e1--! f\r :i*1 accord+ to ! ass]tors ( ! v]tebral !ory1 =m ! sp9al cre/s ( ! f\r c]ebral v]tebr1--9 ! cod !re are b ?ree4 ,! sup]-occipital bone1 ,a1 7fig4 #aj17 pieces on to ! sup]ior frontal1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c2 & ! p>ietals1 ,b1 ,b1 :i* 9 ! human subject f ! upp] & middle portions ( ! cranial vault1 are ?ru/ out lat]ally & po/]iorly1 & take _! places1 9 a subord9ate capacity1 on ea* side ( ! sup]-occipital4 ,?is is n an inv>iable arrangem5t among fi%es2--9 ! c>p g5us1 = in/ance1 ! p>ietals assume _! prop] m$ial place betwe5 ! occipital & frontal bones2 b s v g5]al is ! displacem5t1 t ,pr(essor ,ow5 reg>ds x z *>act]i/ic ( ! great i*?yic class1 & z ! fir/ example 9 ! v]tebrata1 reckon+ f ! l[] =ms upw>ds1 ( a sort ( natural dislocation among ! bones1--8a modification10 he rem>ks1 8:i*1 sometimes accompani$ by great *ange ( place1 has t5d$ mo/ to obscure ! ess5tial nature ( p>ts1 & _! true relations to ! ar*etype40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,cocco/eus ,,decipi5s4 a1 a1 ,po9ts ( atta*m5t to ! cuirass :i* cov]$ ! upp] "p ( ! creature's body4 ,( all ! c]ebral buckl]s ( ! fir/ ganoid p]iod1 t :i* be/ be>s comp>ison ) ! cranial front ( ! cod is ! buckl] ( ! ,cocco/eus1 7fig4 #aa47 ,! g5]al proportions ( ?is portion ( ! anci5t ,cephalaspian head diff] v consid]ably f ^? ( ! correspond+ "p 9 ! mod]n cycloid "o2 b 9 _! l>g] divisions1 ! mod]n & ! anci5t answ] bone to bone4 ,?ree osse\s plates 9 ! ,cocco/eus1 ,a1 ,c1 ,i1 ! homologues1 app>5tly1 ( ! occipital1 frontal1 & nasal bones1 range along ! m$ial l9e4 ,! app>5t homologues ( ! p>ietals1 ,b1 ,b1 occupy ! same position ( lat]al displacem5t z ! p>ietals ( ! cod & ( s _m o!r fi%es4 ,! po/]ior frontals1 ,f1 & ! ant]ior frontals1 ,d1 also occupy places relatively ! same1 ?\gh ! latt]1 :i* are ( great] proportional size1 encroa* mu* fur!r1 lat]ally & po/]iorly1 on ! sup]ior frontal ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 & sweep entirely r\nd ! upp] half ( ! eye orbits1 #b1 #b4 ,! app>5t homologue ( ! ma/oid bone1 ,e1 :i* also occupies its prop] place1 jo9s po/]iorly to a little plate1 a1 imp]fectly sep>at$ 9 mo/ specim5s f ! p>ietal1 b :i* seems to repres5t ! p>-occipital bone2 & x is a curi\s circum/ance1 t z1 9 _m ( ! osse\s fi%es1 x is to ^! bones t ! =ks ( ! scapul> ar* are atta*$1 !y unite 9 ! ,cocco/eus 9 furni%+1 9 l mann]1 a po9t ( atta*m5t to ! cuirass :i* cov]$ ! upp] "p ( ! creature's body4 ,( ! true int]nal skull ( ! ,cocco/eus !re rema9s n a ve/ige ,l t ( ! /urgeon1 x mu/ h be5 a p]i%able c>tilag9\s box4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,o/eolepis4 ,9 ! ,o/eolepis1--an animal ! :ole ( ^: ext]nal head ,i h1 at an exp5se ( "s labor1 & f ! exam9ation ( _m specim5s1 be5 enabl$ to re/ore1--! cranial buckl] 7fig4 #ab7 0 divid$ 9 a m arbitr>y /yle2 & we f9d t an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty m+les ) our inf]5ces reg>d+ x1 f ! circum/ance t "s ( its l9es ( division1 especially 9 ! frontal half1 7 n real sutures1 b =m$ m]ely a k9d ( surface-tatoo+1 resort$ to z if = purposes ( ornam5t4 ,! cranial buckl] ( ! ,a/]olepis exhibit$1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds h occasion to %[1 a simil> peculi>ity2--bo? _h _! pseudo-sutures1 resembl+ ^? false jo9ts introduc$ by ! ar*itect into 8 ru/icat$ basem5ts1 9 ord] to imp>t ! necess>y aspect ( regul>ity to :at is te*nically t]m$ ! c\rs+ & b&+ ( ! fabric4 ,we c h[ev]1 det]m9e1 not)/&+ ! induc$ obscurity t ! buckl] ( ! ,o/eolepis 0 divid$ transv]sely 9 ! middle into two ma9 p>ts or segm5ts1--an occipital "p1 ,c1 & a frontal "p1 ,a2 & t ! occipital segm5t seems to include also ! p>ietal & ma/oid plates1 & ! frontal segm5t to comprise1 ) its own prop] plates1 n only ! nasal plate1 b also ! repres5tative ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! vom]4 ,all1 h[ev]1 is obscure4 ,b 9 our unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! homologies ( ! divisions ( ?is d]mal buckl]1 let u n =get ! homology ( ! buckl] itself1 z a :ole1 ) ! upp] surface ( ! true cranium 9 ! osse\s fi%es4 ,?\gh frequ5tly cru%$ & brok51 x exi/s 9 all ! f9] specim5s ( my collection z a symmetrically arrang$ collocation ( enamell$ plates1 z firmly unit$ into "o piece1 ?\gh !y all indicate _! di/9ct c5tres ( ossification1 z ! correspond+ surface ( ! cranium 9 ! c>p or cod4 ,! lat]al curves 9 ! frontal "p imm$iately opposite ! loz5ge-%ap$ plate 9 ! c5tre1 %[ ! position ( ! eyes1 :i* 7 plac$ 9 ?is g5us1 z 9 "s ( ! c>nivor\s turtles1 imm$iately ov] ! m\?1--an arrangem5t common to almo/ all ! ,ganoids ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,! ne>ly semicircul> t]m9ation ( ! buckl] =m$ ! creature's sn\t2 & 9 ! ,o/eolepis1 z 9 ! ,glyptolepis & ! ,diplopt]us1 x 0 arm$ on ! "u side1 l ! vom] ( s _m ( ! osse\s fi%es1 ) %>p tee?4 ,"s ( my specim5s indicate ! nasal op5+s a little 9 advance ( ! eyes4 ,! nape ( ! creature 0 cov]$ by ?ree deta*$ plates1 7#i1 #i1 #i1 fig4 #ac17 :i* re/$ ^u ant]ior dorsal scales1 & ^: homologies1 9 ! osse\s fi%es1 may possibly be f\nd 9 ^? bones :i*1 unit+ ! %\ld]-bones to ! head1 complete ! scapul> belt or r+4 ,! op]culum we f9d repres5t$ by a s+le plate 7#h7 :i* _h atta*$ to x1 z its sub-op]culum1 a plate 7#ac7 ( ne>ly equal size1 7see figs4 #ad & #ae47 ,f\r small plates 7#b1 #d1 #e7 =m$ ! "u curve ( ! eyes1 describ$ 9 _m ( ! osse\s fi%es by a *a9 ( small bones or ossicles2 a consid]ably l>g] plate 7#f7 occupi$ ! place ( ! preop]cul> bone2 :ile ! int]maxill>ies _h _! repres5tatives 9 well-m>k$ plates1 7#c1 #c17 :i*1 9 ! g5]a ,o/eolepis1 ,diplopt]us1 & ,glyptolepis1 we f9d bri/l+ s ?ickly ) tee? along _! l[] edges1 z to rem9d u ( ! m9iature saws employ$ by ! jo9] 9 cutt+ out circul> holes4 ,^! ext]nal int]maxill>ies did n1 z 9 ! p]* or cod1 meet 9 front ( ! nasal bone & vom]1 b jo9$ on at ! side1 a little 9 advance ( ! eyes1 leav+ ! r\nd$ t]m9ation ( ! cranial buckl]1 :i*1 l ! int]maxill>ies1 0 ?ickly fr+$ ) tee?1 to =m1 z has be5 already said1 ! creature's sn\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,upp] ,,"p ,,( ,,head ,,( ,,o/eolepis4 ,! "u jaws 7#aj7--/rongly-m>k$ bones 9 at lea/ all ! ,dipt]ian & ,clacan? g5]a--we f9d repres5t$ ext]nally by massy plates1 be>+1 l ^? ( ! upp] jaw1 _! range ( tee?4 ,z %[n 9 a well-pres]v$ specim5 ( ! l[] jaw ( ,holopty*ius1 9 my possession1 !y 7 boxes ( bone enclos+ a bulky nucleus ( c>tilage1 :i*1 9 approa*+ t[>ds ! condyloid process1 :]e great /r5g? 0 necess>y1 0 ?ickly trav]s$ by osse\s cancelli1 & pass$ at ! jo9t into true bone4 ,x is 9 ! "u jaws ( ! e>li] ,ganoids t we fir/ detect a true union ( ! ext]nal ) ! int]nal skeleton1--( ! bony plates & tee?1 :i* 7 m]e plates & tee? ( ! sk91 ) ! osse\s1 granul> walls :i* enclos$ at lea/ all ! l>g] pieces ( ! c>tilag9\s framework ( ! int]ior4 ,! jaws ( ! ,rays & ,%>ks1 =m$ ( c>tilage1 & f5c$ r\nd on _! sides & edges by _! ?9 cov]+s ( polygonal1 bony po9ts1 are :olly int]nal & sk9-cov]$2 :]eas ! tee?1 :i* re/ on ! s(t cuticul> integum5t "r ov] !m1 are z purely d]mal z ! surr\nd+ %agre54 ,tee? & %agre5 may1 we f9d1 be alike /ripp$ (f ) ! sk94 ,n[1 9 ! e>li] ganoidal jaw1 two sides ( ! osse\s box :i* x compos$1--its out] & "u sides1--7 m]e d]mal plates1 repres5tative ( ! sk9 ( ! placoids1 or ( _! %agre52 :ile ! o!r two1--its upp] & inn] sides1--seem to h be5 developm5ts ( ! int]ior osse\s walls :i* cov]$ ! endo-skeletal c>tilage4 ,nor is x unwor?y ( notice1 t ! reptile fi%es ( ! p]iod _h _! i*?yic tee? rang$ along ! edge ( an ext]ior d]mal plate :i* cov]$ ! out] side ( ! jaw2 :]eas _! reptile tee? 7 plant$ on a plate1 app>5tly ( int]ior developm5t1 :i* cov]$ its upp] edge4 ,x is fur!r wor?y ( rem>k1 t :ile ! tee? ( ! d]mal plate1--!mselves also d]mal1--seem z if !y _h gr[n out ( x1 & =m$ "p ( x1--j z ! tee? ( ! ,placoids grew out ( ! sk9 on :i* !y re/1--! reptile tee? )9 re/$ 9 %all[ pits1--! fir/ fa9t indications ( true sockets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,"u ,,"p ,,( ,,head ,,( ,,o/eolepis4#af ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,head ,,( ,,o/eolepis1 ,,se5 ,,9 ,,pr(ile4 ,t space includ$ )9 ! ar* =m$ by ! sweep ( ! "u jaws1 :i* we f9d occupi$ 9 ! osse\s fi%es by ! hyoid bones & ! bran*io/eg\s rays1 0 fill$ up ext]nally1 9 ! ,dipt]ians & ,clacan?s1 & 9 at lea/ two g5]a ( ,cephalaspians1 by d]mal plates2 9 "s g5]a1 su* z ! ,diplopt]us1 by ?ree plates2 9 o!rs1 su* z ! ,holopty*ius & ,glyptolepis1 by two2 & 9 ! ,a/]olepis1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 by b a s+le plate4 ,9 ! ,o/eolepis ^! plates 7 increas$ to five 9 numb]1 by ! little plates #ad1 #ad1 7fig4 #ad17 :i*1 h[ev]1 may h be5 also pres5t 9 ! ,diplopt]us1 ?\gh my specim5s fail to %[ !m4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t 0 ( mu* elegance1--an elegance1 h[ev]1 :i*1 9 ! accompany+ re/orations1 ! dislocation ( ! free plates1 drawn ap>t to indicate _! deta*$ "*1 some:at t5ds to obscure4 ,b ! position ( ! eyes mu/ h imp>t$ to ! animal a s9i/] reptile-l aspect4 ,! pr(ile1 7fig4 #ae17 ! result1 n ( a *ance-drawn outl9e1 arbitr>ily fill$ up1 b produc$ by ! c>eful arrangem5t 9 _! prop] places ( actually exi/+ plates1 s]ves to %[ h[ p]fectly ! d]mo-skeletal p>ts ( ! creature 7 develop$4 ,"s ( ! animals ) :i* we are be/ acqua9t$1 if repres5t$ by b _! cuticul> skeleton1 w\ld appe> simply z sets ( ho(s & horns4 ,ev5 ! tortoise or p5gol9 w\ld pres5t ab\t ! head & limbs _! gaps & miss+ portions2 b ! d]mo-skeleton ( ! ,o/eolepis1 compos$ ( solid bone1 & burni%$ ) enamel1 exhibit$ ! outl9e ( ! fi% entire1 &1 ) ! exception ( ! eye1 ! fill+ up ( all its ext]nal p>ts4 ,pres5t+ outside1 9 its orig9al /ate1 no fragm5t ( sk9 or membrane1 & ) ev5 its mo/ flexible organs %ea!d 9 enamell$ bone1 ! ,o/eolepis mu/ h v mu* resembl$ a fi% c>v$ 9 ivory2 &1 ?\gh s effectually cov]$1 x w\ld h appe>$1 f ! circum/ance1 t x wore almo/ all its bone outside1 z nak$ z ! human tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,diplopt]us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,diplopt]us4 ,! cranial buckl] ( ! ,diplopt]us 7fig4 #af7 some:at resembl$ t ( its fell[-dipt]ian ! ,o/eolepis1 b exhibit$ great] elegance ( outl9e4 ,my fir/ p]fect specim51 :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,john ,mill]1 ( ,?urso1 an intellig5t geologi/ ( ! nor?1 rem9d$ me1 z x glitt]$ 9 jet-black enamel on its gr\nd ( pale gray1 ( ^? ,roman cuirasses :i* "o sees 9 old pr9ts1 impal$ on /akes1 z ! c5tral objects 9 w>like trophies =m$ ( spoils tak5 9 battle4 ,! r\nd$ sn\t repres5t$ ! *e/ & %\ld]s1 ! middle portion ! wai/1 & ! expansion at ! nape ! piece ( dress atta*$1 :i*1 l ! ,highl& kilt1 fell ad[n ! ?ighs4 ,! addition ( a fragm5t ( a sleeve1 susp5d$ a little ov] ! eye orbits1 #b1 #b1 seem$ all t 0 necess>y 9 ord] to r5d] ! resemblance complete4 ,b z ,i dis9t]r$ ! buri$ edges ( ! specim5 ) a grav]1 ! =m1 ?\gh x grew /ill m elegant1 became less t ( ! anci5t coat ( armor2 ! sn\t exp&$ into a semicircle2 ! eye orbits gradually deep5$2 & ! entire fossil became n p>ticul>ly l any ?+ b ! ?+ x once 01--! cranial buckl] ( ! ,diplopt]us4 ,! pr9t 7fig4 #ag7 exhibits its true =m4 ,x consi/s ( two ma9 divisions1 occipital 7,a7 & frontal1 7,c1 fig4 #af27 & 9 ea* ( ^! we f9d a pair ( small] divisions1 ) :at seem to be indications ( yet fur!r division1 m>k$1 n by l9es1 b by dots2 ?\gh ,i h hi!rto fail$ to det]m9e :e!r ! plates :i* ^! la/ indicate possess _! indep5d5t c5tres ( ossification4 ,n unfrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 has ! comp>ative anatomi/ to seek ! analogues ( two bones 9 "o2 nor is x at lea/ m difficult to trace 9 ! fa9t divisions ( ! cranial buckl] ( ! ,diplopt]us1 ! homologues ( ! occipital1 frontal1 p>ietal1 ma/oid1 & nasal bones1 ?an to recognize ! repres5tatives ( ! c>pals ( ! middle & r+ f+] 9 man1 9 ! cannon bone ( ! =e leg ( ! ox4 ,i may m5tion 9 pass+1 t ! little c5tral plate ( ! frontal division1 7#a1 fig4 #af17 :i* s ne>ly corresponds ) t ( ! ,o/eolepis1 occurr$1 ?\gh ) consid]able v>iations ( =m & homology1 & "s slight diff]5ce ( position1 9 all ! ,ganoids ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ^: craniums 7 cov]$ ) an osse\s buckl]1 & t its place 0 always ei!r imm$iately betwe5 ! eyes or a v little ov] !m4 ,its nev]-fail+ recurr5ce %[s t x mu/ h _h "s mean+1 ?\gh x may be difficult to say :at4 ,9 ! ,cocco/eus x takes ! =m ( ! male dovetail1 :i* unit$ ! nasal plate or sn\t to ! plate repres5tative ( ! sup]ior frontal4 ,( ! c>tilag9\s box :i* =m$ ! int]ior skull ( ei!r ,o/eolepis1 or ,diplopt]us1 or1 ) b "o exception1 ( ! int]ior skulls ( any ( _! contempor>ies1 no trace1 z ,i h said1 has yet be5 detect$4 ,! solit>y exception 9 ! case is1 h[ev]1 "o ( s+ul> int]e/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 a4 ,palatal d>t-head4 b4 ,gr\p ( palatal tee?4 ,9 a collection ( miscellane\s fragm5ts s5t me by ,mr4 ,dick f ! rocks ( ,?urso1 ,i detect$ pat*es ( palatal tee? rang$ 9 ne>ly ! quadratures ( circles1 & :i* radiat$ outw>ds f ! rectangul> angle or c5tre1 7fig4 #ah1 b47 ,& ) ! pat*es !re occurr$ plates exactly resembl+ ! b>b$ head ( a d>t1 7a17 ) :i* ,i _h be5 previ\sly acqua9t$1 ?\gh ,i _h fail$ to det]m9e _! "* or place4 ,! excell5t /ate ( keep+ ( "s ( ,mr4 ,dick's specim5s n[ enabl$ me to trace ! pat*es ) ! d>t-head1 & sev]al o!r plates1 to a curi\s piece ( palatal me*anism1 rang$ along ! base ( a ganoid cranium1 cov]$ ext]nally by a brightly enamell$ buckl]1 & to asc]ta9 ! ord] 9 :i* pat*es & plates occurr$4 ,& !n1 ?\gh n )\t "s labor1 ,i succe$$ 9 trac+ ! buckl] ) :i* !y 7 associat$ to ! ,dipt]us1--a fi% :i*1 ?\gh x has engag$ ! att5tion ( bo? ,cuvi] & ,agassiz1 has n yet be5 adequately re/or$4 ,x is on an ill-pres]v$ ,orkney specim5 ( ! cranial buckl] ( ?is ,ganoid t ! i*?yologi/ has f\nd$ 8 g5us ,polyphractus2 :ile gr\pes ( its palatal tee? f ! ,old ,r$ ( ,russia he ref]s to a suppos$ ,placoid1--! ,ct5odus4 ,b 9 ! e>li] /ages ( palontological rese>*1 mi/akes ( ?is "* are :olly unavoidable4 ,! palontologi/ :o did avoid !m w\ld be ei!r v unobs]vant1 or at once v ra% & v =tunate 9 8 guesses4 ,if1 ere an entire skeleton ( ! ,i*?yosaurus _h turn$ up1 !re _h be5 f\nd 9 diff]5t localities1 9 ! ,liasic =mation1 a beak l t ( a porpoise1 tee? l t ( a crocodile1 a head & /]num l t ( a liz>d1 paddles l ^? ( a cetacean1 & v]tebr l ^? ( a fi%1 x w\ld h be5 greatly m judici\s1 & m 9 accordance ) ! exi/+ analogies1 to h erect$1 provisionally at lea/1 places specifically1 or ev5 g5]ically sep>at$1 9 :i* to range ! sep>ate pieces1 ?an to hold t !y _h all unit$ 9 "o anomal\s g5us2 ?\gh su* 0 actually ! fact4 ,& ,agassiz1 9 erect+ ?ree di/9ct g5]a out ( ! fragm5ts ( a s+le g5us1 has 9 reality act$ at once m prud5tly & m intellig5tly ?an if he _h avoid$ ! error by ra%ly unit+ p>ts :i* 9 _! sep>ate /ate indicate no tie ( connection4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,dipt]us4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,,base ,,( ,,cranium ,,( ,,dipt]us4 ,! cranial buckl] ( ! ,dipt]us 7fig4 #ai7 01 l t ( ! ,diplopt]us1 ( great beauty4 ,9 "s ( ! f9] specim5s1 we f9d ! enamel ornately tatoo$1 )9 ! m /rongly-m>k$ divisions1 by delicately trac$ l9es1 wav$ & b5t1 z if ^u ! pr9ciple ( ,hog>?2 & ?\gh ! lat]al plates are num]\s & small1 & defy ! homologies1 we may trace 9 ^? ( ! c5tral l9e1 f ! sn\t to ! nape1 :at seem to be ! repres5tatives ( ! frontal1 p>ietal1 & occipital bones1--! p>ietals rang+1 z 9 ! skull ( ! c>p & 9 t ( mo/ ( ! mammals1 9 _! prop] place 9 ! m$ial l9e4 ,b ! "u surface ( ! cranium1 arm$1 z on ! upp] surface1 ) plates ( bone1 exhibit$ an arrangem5t /ill m peculi>1 7fig4 #bj47 ,its rectangul> pat*es ( palatal tee?1 its curi\s d>t-l bone1 plac$ imm$iately beh9d ^!1 & atta*$1 z ! d>t-head is atta*$ to ! h&le1 to a broad loz5ge-%ap$ plate1 ) two /rong osse\s processes project+ on ei!r side1 =ms su* a t\t ensemble z is unique among fi%es4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 !re may be trac$ at lea/ a %ade ( homological resemblance to ! bones :i* =m ! base ( ! osse\s skull4 ,! s+le loz5ge-%ap$ plate1 7,a17 ) its d>t-head1 occupies ! place ( ! basi-occipital bone2 ! po/]ior portion ( ! vom] seems repres5t$ by a /rong bony ridge1 ext5d+ t[>ds ! sn\t2 two sep>ate bones1 ea* be>+ "o ( ! angul> pat*es ( tee?1 corresponds to ! sph5oid bone & its al2 & atta*$ lat]ally to ea* ( ^! !re is ! /rong project+ bone1 on :i* ! l[] jaw appe>s to h h+$1 & :i* app>5tly repres5ts ! l[] "p ( ! temporal bone4 ,n less s+ul> 0 ! =m ( ! creature's "u jaw1 7fig4 #ba47 ,i "k no o!r fi%-jaw1 :e!r ( ! rec5t or ! ext9ct races1 t might be s readily mi/ak5 = t ( a quadrup$4 ,x exhibits n only ! condyloid1 b also ! coronoid processes2 &1 save t x broad5s on its upp] edges1 :]e 9 mammals ! gr9d]s are plac$1 s z to furni% field en\gh = angul> pat*es ( tee?1 :i* correspond ) ! angul> pat*es 9 ! palate1 x might be reg>d$1 f\nd deta*$1 z at lea/ a reptilian1 if n mammalian1 bone4 ,! disposition ( ! palatal tee? ( ! ,dipt]us w sc>ce fail to rem9d ! me*ani/ ( ! /yle ( groov+ resort$ to 9 ! =mation ( mill-/ones = ! gr9d+ ( fl\r2 nor is x :olly improbable t1 9 correspond5ce ) ! rotatory motion ( ! /ones to :i* ! groov+ is specially adapt$1 jaws s h+$ may h possess$ "s su* p[] ( lat]al motion z t exemplifi$ by ! human subject 9 ! use ( ! mol> tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,,"u ,,jaw ,,( ,,dipt]us4 ,! protection af=d$ by ! osse\s cov]+ ( bo? ! upp] & "u surface ( ! cranium ( ?is i*?yolite has result$1 9 sev]al in/ances1 9 ! pres]vation1 ?\gh always 9 a greatly compress$ /ate1 ( ! cranium itself1 & ! consequ5t exhibition ( two v important cranial cavities1 ! bra9-pan prop]1 & ! passage ?r\gh :i* ! sp9al cord pass$ into ! bra94 ,9 ! /urgeon ! bra9 occupies ne>ly ! middle ( ! head2 & !re is a consid]able "p ( ! occipital region trav]s$ by ! sp9e 9 a curv$ *annel1 :i*1 se5 9 pr(ile1 appe>s wide at ! nape1 b consid]ably n>r[] :]e x ent]s ! bra9-pan1 & altoge!r v mu* resembl+ ! int]ior ( a m9iature hunt+-horn4 ,& su* exactly 0 ! arrangem5t ( ! great] cavities 9 ! head ( ! ,dipt]us4 ,! portion ( ! cranium :i* 0 ov]laid by :at may be reg>d$ z ! occipital plate 0 trav]s$ by a cavity %ap$ l a ,lilliputian bugle-horn2 :ile ! holl[ 9 :i* ! bra9 0 lodg$ lay "u ! two p>ietal plates1 & ! little elliptical plate 9 ! c5tre4 ,! accompany+ pr9t1 7fig4 #bb17 ?\gh ( b slight %[1 may be reg>d$ by ! read] ) "s little int]e/1 z a n inadequate repres5tation ( ! mo/ anci5t bra9-pan on :i* human eye has yet look$1--z1 9 %ort1 ! type ( cell 9 :i*1 myriads ( ages ago1 9 at lea/ "o g5us1 t my/]i\s sub/ance 0 lodg$1 on ^: place & developm5t s v mu* 9 ! s*eme ( creation 0 de/9$ to dep5d4 ,! specim5 f :i* ! figure is tak5 0 laid op5 lat]ally by *ance exposure to ! waves on ! %ores ( ,?urso1 ano!r specim51 cut longitud9ally by ! saw ( ! lapid>y1 yields a simil> section1 b greatly m compress$ 9 ! cavities2 on :i*1 ( c\rse1 z unsupport$ holl[s1 ! compression to :i* ! entire cranium _h be5 expos$ *iefly act$4 ,:5 ! top & bottom ( a box are viol5tly =c$ toge!r1 x is ! empty space :i* ! box encloses t is annihilat$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! viol5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,,longitud9al ,,section ,,( ,,head ,,( ,,dipt]us ,x is des]v+ ( notice1 t ! analogies ( ! cranial cavities 9 ?is anci5t ,ganoid %\ld po9t s directly on ! cranial cavities ( t special ,ganoid ( ! pres5t "t :i* unites a true skull ( c>tilage to a d]mal skull ( osse\s plates1--a circum/ance /rongly corroborative ( ! g5]al evid5ce1 negative & positive1 on :i* ,i h conclud$ t ! true skulls ( ! fir/ ,ganoids 7 also c>tilag9\s4 ,x is fur!r wor?y ( obs]vation1 t 9 all ! sections ( ! cranium ( ,dipt]us :i* ,i h yet exam9$1 ! int]nal l9e is cont9u\s1 z 9 ! ,placoids1 f nape to sn\t1 & t ! true skull pres5ts no trace ( ^? c]ebral v]tebr ( :i* skulls are reg>d$ by ,ok5 & 8 disciples z developm5ts4 ,hi/orically at lea/1 ! progress ( ! i*?yic head seems to h be5 a progress f simple c>tilag9\s boxes to c>tilag9\s boxes cov]$ ) osse\s plates1 t p]=m$ ! functions :e!r active or passive1 ( int]nal bones2 & !n f ext]nal plates to ! int]ior bones :i* ! plates _h previ\sly repres5t$1 & ^: prop] "w !y _h done4 ,! pr9ciple :i* r5d]$ x necess>y t ! divisions :i* exi/ 9 ! d]mal skulls ( ! fir/ ,ganoids %\ld s closely correspond ) ! divisions :i* exi/ 9 ! int]nal skulls ( ! osse\s fi%es ( a greatly lat] p]iod1 does n seem to lie f> f ! surface4 ,( ! solid p>ts ( ! i*?yic head1 a c]ta9 set ( pieces af=d protection to ! bra9 & c]ebral n]ves1 & to "s ( ! organs ( ! s5ses1 su* z ^? ( see+ & he>+2 :ile ano!r c]ta9 set ( pieces con/itute ! framework ?r\gh :i* an important class ( functions1 m&ucatory & respiratory1 are p]=m$4 ,! protective bones ( m]ely passive function are fix$1 :]eas ! bones ( active function1 su* z ! jaws1 ! osse\s framework ( ! op]cules1 & ! hyoid bones1 are to ! necess>y ext5t free1 i4 e4 capable ( indep5d5t motion4 ,( c\rse1 ! deta*$ "* necess>y to ! free c]ebral bones w\ld be equally necess>y 9 c]ebral plates unit$ d]mally to ! pieces ( ! c>tilag9\s framework1 :i* p]=m$ 9 ! anci5t fi% ! functions ( ^! free bones4 ,& h5ce jaw plates1 op]cul> plates1 & hyoid plates1 ^: homological relation ) rec5t jaws & op]cul> & hyoid bones _c be mi/ak54 ,!y 7 op]ative 9 p]=m+ id5tical me*anical functions1 & _h to exi/1 9 consequ5ce1 9 id5tical me*anical conditions4 ,& an equally simple1 ?\gh some:at diff]5t pr9ciple1 seems to h regulat$ ! divisions ( ! fix$ cranial buckl]s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,ganoids1 & to h det]m9$ _! homologies ) ! fix$ c]ebral bones ( ! osse\s fi%es4 ,^! cranial buckl]s1 ext5d+ f nape to sn\t1 protect$ ! expos$ upp] surface ( ! c>tilag9\s skull1 & con=m$ to x 9 %ape1 z a helmet con=ms to ! %ape ( ! head1 or a brea/-plate to ! %ape ( ! *e/4 ,& z ! c>tilag9\s heads resembl$ 9 g5]al outl9e ! osse\s ones1 ! buckl] :i* cov]$ _! upp] surface resembl$ 9 g5]al outl9e ! upp] surface ( ! osse\s skull4 ,x 0 9 no case entirely a flat plate2 b 9 e species r\nd$ ov] ! sn\t & 9 mo/ species at ! sides2 & s1 9 ord] t its *>act]i/ic proportions might be pres]v$ ?r\gh\t ! v>i\s /ages ( gr[? 9 ! head :i* x cov]$1 x _h to be =m$ f sev]al di/9ct c5tres ( ossification1 & to ext5d 9 area ar\nd ! edges ( ! plates orig9at$ f ^!4 ,! workman f9ds no difficulty 9 add+ to ! size ( a piece ( /raight wall1 :e!r by height5+ or l5g!n+ x2 b he _c add to ! size ( a dome or ar*1 )\t fir/ tak+ x d[n1 & !n erect+ x anew on a l>g] scale4 ,9 ! domes & ar*es ( ! animal k+dom1 ! problem is solv$ by build+ !m up ( di/9ct pieces1 few or _m1 accord+ to ! dem&s ( ! figure :i* !y compose1 & r5d]+ ^! pieces capable ( increase along _! edges4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t ! ,cy/idea1 ! ,e*9id1 ! ,*elonian c>apace & pla/ron1 & ! skulls ( ! osse\s ,v]tebrata1 are con/ruct$4 ,x is also ! pr9ciple on :i* ! cranial buckl]s ( ! anci5t ,ganoids 7 =m$4#ag ,& f ! g5]al resemblance 9 figure ( ^! buckl]s to ! upp] surface ( ! osse\s skull1 ! sep>ate p>ts necess>y = ! build+ up ( ! "o 7 anticipat$1 by _m ages1 9 ! build+ up ( ! o!r2 j z we f9d ext]nal ar*es ( /one :i* 7 erect$ two ?\s& ye>s ago1 con/ruct$ on ! same pr9ciple1 & relatively ( ! same p>ts1 z int]nal ar*es ( brick built 9 ! pres5t age4 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 ) ?is me*anical necessity = correspond5ce ( p>ts 9 ! =mation ( correspond+ erections1 !re may h m+l$ t reg>d = typical resemblance :i* seems s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic ( ! /yle1 if ,i may s express myself1 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,ar*itect gives expression to 8 ideas4 ,! ext]nal osse\s buckl] ,he divid$ aft] ! g5]al patt]n :i* 0 to be exemplifi$1 9 latt] times1 9 ! divisions ( ! int]nal osse\s skull2 z if 9 illu/ration ( t 8ideal exempl>0 :i* dwelt 9 8 m9d f et]nity1 & on ! palpable exi/5ce ( :i* sob] sci5ce has bas$ d$uctions id5tical 9 _! scope & be>+ ) "s ( ! sublime/ doctr9es ( ! !ologian4 8,! recognition10 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 8( an ideal exempl> = ! v]tebrat$ animals1 proves t ! k ( su* a be+ z man exi/$ be=e man appe>$2 = ! ,div9e m9d :i* plann$ ! ar*etype also =eknew all its modifications4 ,! ar*etypal idea 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 "u div]s su* modifications1 ^u ?is planet1 long prior to ! exi/5ce ( ^? animal species t actually exemplify x40 ,b :ile we f9d place 9 t geological hi/ory 9 :i* e "* is an organism1 = ! 8ideal exempl>0 ( ,pr(essor ,ow51 we f9d no place 9 x = ! v]tebr-develop$ skull ( ,pr(essor ,ok54 ,! true g5ealogy ( ! head runs 9 an entirely diff]5t l9e4 ,! n]ves ( ! c]ebral s5ses did n1 we f9d1 orig9ate c]ebral v]tebr1 see+ t ! heads ( ! fir/ & second geologic p]iods _h _! c]ebral n]ves1 b n _! c]ebral v]tebr2 & t :at are reg>d$ z c]ebral-v]tebr appe> = ! fir/ "t1 n 9 ! e>ly fi%es1 b 9 ! reptiles ( ! ,coal =mation4 ,! l9e ( succession ?r\gh ! fi%1 indicat$ by ! ,cont95tal ass]tor ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 is a l9e cut (f4 ,all ! exi/+ evid5ce conspires to %[ t ! placoid heads ( ! ,silurian sy/em 71 l ! placoid heads ( ! rec5t p]iod1 m]e c>tilag9\s boxes2 & t 9 ! succe$+ sy/em !re exi/$ ganoidal heads1 t to ! int]nal c>tilag9\s box add$ ext]nal plates ( bone1 ! homologues1 app>5tly1--s f> at lea/ z ! m]ely cuticul> c\ld be repres5tative ( ! endo-skeletal1--( ! op]cul>1 maxill>y1 frontal1 & occipital bones 9 ! osse\s fi%es ( a long po/]ior p]iod1--fi%es t 7 n u%]$ ^u ! sc5e until aft] ! appe>ance ( ! reptile 9 its highe/ =ms & ( ev5 ! m>supial quadrup$4 ,,! ,,a/]olepis1 ,,its ,,/ructure1 ,,bulk1 ,,& ,,aspect4 ,) ! read]1 if he has accompani$ me ?us f>1 ,i %all n[ pass on to ! consid]ation ( ! rema9s ( ! ,a/]olepis4 ,our prelim9>y acqua9tance ) ! c]ebral peculi>ities ( a few ( its less gigantic contempor>ies w be f\nd ( use 9 enabl+ u to det]m9e reg>d+ a class ( some:at resembl+ peculi>ities :i* *>act]iz$ ?is huge/ ,ganoid ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,d]mal tub]cles ( ,a/]olepis 7,mag4 two diamet]s47 ,! head ( ! ,a/]olepis1 l ! heads ( all ! o!r ,clacan?s1 & ( all ! ,dipt]ians1 0 cov]$ ) osse\s plates1--its body ) osse\s scales2 &1 z ,i h already _h occasion to m5tion1 x is f ! />-l tub]cles by :i* ! c]ebral plates 7 frett$ t ,m4 ,ei*wald be/[$ on ! creature its g5]ic "n4 ,agassiz has ev5 erect$ species on c]ta9 v>ieties 9 ! patt]n ( ! />s1 z exhibit$ on deta*$ fragm5ts2 b ,i am f> f be+ satisfi$ t we are to seek 9 _! peculi>ities ( /yle ! *>act]s by :i* ! sev]al species 7 di/+ui%$4 ,! /ell> =m ( ! tub]cle seems to h be5 its normal or mo/ p]fect =m z x 0 also1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 t ( ! tub]cle ( ! ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys2 b its developm5t z a complete /> 0 comp>atively r>e3 9 mo/ cases ! tub]cles exi/$ )\t ! rays1--frequ5tly 9 ! insulat$ pap-l %ape1 b n r>ely conflu5t1 or ( an elongat$ or b5t =m2 & :5 to ^! ! *>act]i/ic rays 7 add$1 ! />s produc$ 7 ( a r ecc5tric ord]1--/>s some:at resembl+ ! %ad[s ( />s se5 9 wat]4 ,individual specim5s h already be5 f\nd1 on :i*1 if we recognize ! =m ( ! tub]cle z a specific "*1 sev]al species might be erect$4 ,! accompany+ wood-cut 7fig4 #bd7 repres5ts1 f a ,?urso specim51 :at seems to be ! true normal patt]n ( ^! c]ebral c>v+s4 ,se5 9 pr(ile 7b7 ! tub]cles resemble little hillocks1 p]=at$ at _! base by s+le l9es ( ?ickly-set caves2 :ile se5 f above1 7a17 ! n>r[ pi]s ( bone by :i* ! caves are divid$ take ! =m ( rays4 ,! read] w sc>ce fail to recognise 9 ?is pr9t ! coral ,monticul>ia ( ,lam>ck1 or to detect1 9 at lea/ ! pr(ile1 ! peculi>ity :i* sugge/$ ! "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,,scales ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,nat4 size47 a4 ,inn] surface ( scale4 b4 ,ext]ior surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,,portion ,,( ,,c>v$ ,,surface ,,( ,,scale4 7,mag4 f\r diamet]s47 ,! scales :i* cov]$ ! creature's body 7fig4 #be7 71 9 proportion to its size1 consid]ably small] & ?9n] ?an ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius1 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y greatly resemble 9 _! g5]al /yle ( sculpture4 ,ea*1 on ! l[] "p ( its expos$ field1 01 we see1 frett$ by longitud9al ana/omos+ ridges1 :i*1 9 ! upp] "p1 break into deta*$ angul> tub]cles1 plac$ ) ! apex d[nw>ds1 & holl[$1 leaf-l1 9 ! c5tre2 :ile t cov]$ portion :i* 0 ov]laid by ! scales imm$iately above we f9d ?ickly pitt$ by microscopic holl[s1 t give to ?is "p ( ! field1 view$ "u a tol]ably high magnify+ p[]1 a honeycomb$ appe>ance4 ,! c5tral & l[] p>ts ( ! int]ior surface ( ! scale 7a7 are 9 mo/ ( ! specim5s irregul>ly r\gh5$2 :ile a broad1 smoo? b&1 :i* runs along ! top & sides1 & seems to h furni%$ ! l9e ( atta*m5t to ! creature's body1 is comp>atively smoo?4 ,! ext]ior c>v+s1 ?\gh !y dem& ! assi/ance ( ! l5s to see !m aright1 are ( s+ul> elegance & beauty2 z p]haps ! accompany+ wood-cut1 7fig4 #bf17 :i* gives a magnifi$ view ( a portion ( ! scale imm$iately above 7b7 f ! middle ( ! honeycomb$ field on ! "r side1 to :]e ! ana/omos+ ridges b5d gracefully 9 _! desc5t1 may 9 "s degree s]ve to %[4 ,i h se5 a ri*ly inlaid coat ( mail1 :i* 0 once worn by ! puissant ,*>les ! ,fif?2 b its elaborate c>v+s1 ?\gh !y belong$ to ! age ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 7 rude & unf9i%$1 comp>$ ) ^? :i* frett$ ! armor ( ! ,a/]olepis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o fif? nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,! creature's cranial buckl]1 :i* 0 ( great size & /r5g?1 might well be mi/ak5 = ! c>apace ( "s ,*elonian fi% ( no inconsid]able bulk4 ,! cranial buckl]s ( ! l>g] ,dipt]ians 7 ample en\gh to h cov]$ ! correspond+ "p 9 ! skulls ( our middle-siz$ m>ket-fi%1 su* z ! haddock & :it+2 ! buckl] ( a ,cocco/eus ( ! extreme size w\ld h cov]$1 if a little alt]$ 9 %ape1 ! upp] surface ( ! skull ( a cod1 b ! cranial buckl] ( ,a/]olepis1 f :i* ! accompany+ wood-cut 0 tak51 7fig4 #bg17 w\ld h consid]ably m ?an cov]$ ! correspond+ "p 9 ! skull ( a l>ge horse2 & ,i h at lea/ "o specim5 9 my collection :i* w\ld h fully cov]$ ! front skull ( an elephant4 ,9 ! small] specim5s1 ! buckl] some:at resembles a labor]'s %ovel dive/$ ( its h&le1 & sorely ru/-eat5 along its l[] or cutt+ edge4 ,x consi/$ ( plates1 connect$ at ! edges by flat squam\s sutures1 or1 z a jo9] might p]haps say1 glu$ toge!r 9 bevell$ jo9ts4 ,& 9 consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t1 ! same plates :i* seem broad on ! ext]ior surface appe> comp>atively n>r[ on ! int]ior "o1 & vice v]sa2 ! occipital plate1 7a17 :i*1 runn+ f ! nape along ! c5tre ( ! buckl]1 occupies s consid]able a space on its out] surface1 exhibits inside a sup]ficies r$uc$ at lea/ "o half4 ,l n9e t5?s ( its contempor>ies1 ! ,a/]olepis exhibits ! little c5tral plate betwe5 ! eyes2 b ! eye orbits1 unlike ^? ( ! ,cocco/eus1 & ( all ! ,dipt]ian g5]a1 :i* 7 half-scoop$ out ( ! cranial buckl]1 half-encircl$ by deta*$ plates1 7 plac$ completely )9 ! field ( ! buckl]1--a circum/ance 9 :i* !y resemble ! eye orbits ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1 &1 among exi/+ fi%1 ^? ( ! sea-wolf4 ,! *>act]i/ic is also a di/9ctive "o 9 ,cuvi]'s second family ( ! ,acan?opt]ygii1--! 8fi%es ) h>d *eeks40 ,a deep l9e imm$iately ov] ! eyes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 indicat$ no suture1 b seems to h be5 m]ely ornam5tal1 =ms a sort ( rudely tatoo$ eyebr[2 ! m>g9al l9es p>allel to ! lat]al edges ( ! buckl] 7 also m]e tatoo+s2 b all ! o!rs indicat$ jo9ts :i*1 ?\gh m or less an*ylos$1 _h a real exi/5ce4 ,s flat 0 ! surface1 t ! edge ( a rul] re/s ^u x1 9 my sev]al specim5s1 bo? l5g?wise & across2 b x 0 trav]s$ by two flat ridges1 :i*1 /ret*+ f ! corn]s ( ! lat]o-po/]ior1 i4 e4 p>ietal1 plates1 7b1 b17 conv]g$ at ! little plate betwe5 ! eyes1 :ile along ! c5tre ( ! depress$ angle :i* !y =m$1 a ?ird ridge1 equally flat ) ! o!rs1 ran t[>ds ! same po9t ( conv]g5ce f ! nape4 ,! ?ree ridges1 :5 /rongly reliev$ by a slant light1 resemble n inadequately an impression1 on a l>ge scale1 ( ! ,que5's broad arr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,,inn] ,,surface ,,( ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o fif? nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,! inn] surface ( ! cranial buckl] ( ,a/]olepis1 7fig4 #bh17--t :i* re/$ on ! c>tilag9\s box :i* =m$ ! creature's int]ior skull1--/&s out 9 bold] relief f ! /one ?an its out] surface1 & =ms a m picturesque object4 ,l ! inn] surfaces ( ! buckl]s ( ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys1 b mu* m ?ickly ?an ^!1 x 0 trav]s$ by m9ute *annell$ m>k+s1 some:at resembl+ ^? /ri :i* may be detect$ 9 ! flatt] bones ( ! ord9>y fi%es1 & :i* seem 9 ^! to be m]e int]/ices betwe5 ! osse\s fibres4 ,& 9 ! plates1 z 9 ! bones1 !y radiate f ! c5tres ( ossification1 :i* are comp>atively d5se & massy1 t[>ds ! ?9n] ov]lapp+ edges4 ,^! radiat+ l9es are equally well m>k$ 9 ! c]ebral bones ( ! human ftus4 ,! ?ree conv]g+ ridges on ! out] surface we f9d on ! inn] surface also1--! lat]al ones a little b5t 9 ! middle1 b s directly opposite ^? outside1 t ! ?ick5+ ( ! buckl] :i* takes place along _! l9e is at lea/ z mu* a consequ5ce ( _! inn] z ( _! out] elevation ov] ! g5]al plat=m4 ,a f\r? b> ran transv]sely along ! nape1 & =m$ ! cross beam on :i* ! o!rs re/$2 = ! ?ree longitud9al ridges may be prop]ly reg>d$ z ?ree /rong beams1 :i*1 ext5d+ f ! transv]se beam at ! nape to ! front1 :]e !y conv]g$ l ! spokes ( a :eel at ! nave1 gave to ! cranial ro( a degree ( support ( :i*1 f its great flatness1 x may h /ood 9 ne$4 ,9 cranial buckl]s 9 :i* ! av]age ?ickness ( ! plates does n exce$ ?ree eigh? p>ts ( an in*1 _! ?ickness 9 ! c5tre ( ! ridges exce$s ?ree qu>t]s4 ,! head ( ! l>ge/ crocodile ( ! exi/+ p]iod is def5d$ by an armature greatly less /rong ?an t worn by ! ,a/]olepis ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,:y ?is anci5t ,ganoid %\ld h be5 s pond]\sly helm$ we c b d\btfully guess2 we only "k1 t :5 nature arms h] soldi]y1 !re are assailants to be resi/$ & a /ate ( w> to be ma9ta9$4 ,! po/]ior c5tral plate1 ! homologue app>5tly ( ! occipital bone1 0 curi\sly c>v$ into an ornate massive leaf1 l "o ( ! l>g] leaves ( a ,cor9?ian capital1 & t]m9at$ b5ea?1 :]e ! /em %\ld h be51 9 a /rong osse\s knob1 fa%ion$ l a pike head4 ,two plates imm$iately ov] x1 ! homologues ( ! sup]ior frontal bone1 ) ! little nasal plate :i*1 p]*$ atop 9 ! middle1 lay betwe5 ! creature's eyes1 resembl$ ! head & brea/ 9 ! female figure1 at lea/ n less closely ?an ^? ( ! 8lady 9 ! lob/]20 ! po/]ior frontal plates 9 :i* ! out] & ne!r half ( ! eye orbits 7 holl[$ =m$ a pair ( sweep+ w+s1 & ?us 9 ! c5tre ( ! buckl] we are pres5t$ ) ! figure ( an angel1 rob$ & w+$1 & ( :i* ! l>ge sculptur$ leaf =ms ! body1 trac$ 9 a /yle 9 no degree m rude ?an we might expect to see exemplifi$ on ! li*5-encru/$ %ield ( "s anci5t tomb/one ( t ,h\se ( ,av5el :i* bore z its arms ! effigies ( ! ,spectre ,lady4 ,*ildr5 h a peculi> knack 9 detect+ su* resemblances2 & ! discov]y ( ! angel 9 ! cranium ( ! ,a/]olepis ,i owe to "o ( m9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,,plate ,,( ,,cranial ,,buckl] ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 ,x is on ?is inn] side ( ! cranial buckl]1 :]e !re are no su* pseudo-jo9+s indicat$ z on ! ext]nal surface1 t ! homologies ( ! plates ( :i* x is compos$ c be be/ trac$4 ,x might be well1 h[ev]1 ere sett+ "o's self to ! "w ( comp>ison1 to exam9e ! skulls ( a few ( ! osse\s fi%es ( our coa/1 & to m>k h[ v consid]ably !y diff] f "o ano!r 9 _! l9es ( suture & _! g5]al =m4 ,! c]ebral divisions ( ! cong]-eel1 = in/ance1 are v unlike ^? ( ! haddock or :it+2 & ! sutures 9 ! head ( ! gurn>d are dissimil>ly arrang$ f ^? 9 ! head ( ! p]*4 ,& aft] trac+ ! g5]al type 9 ! m anomal\s =ms1 & f9d+1 ) ,cuvi]1 t 9 ev5 ^! ! 8skull consi/s ( ! same bones1 ?\gh mu* subdivid$1 z ! skulls ( ! o!r v]tebrata10 we w be ! bett] qualifi$ = grappl+ ) ! n great] anomalies :i* occur 9 ! cranial buckl] ( ! ,a/]olepis4 ,! occipital plate1 ,a1 a1 a1 7fig4 #bi17 occupies its ord9>y place opposite ! c5tre ( ! nape2 ! two p>ietals1 ,b1 ,b1 re/ beside x 9 _! usual i*?yic position ( displacem5t2 ! sup]ior frontal we f9d exi/+1 z 9 ! "y ( _m animals1 9 two pieces1 ,c1 ,c2 ! nasal plate ,i1 plac$ imm$iately 9 advance ( x1 is flank$1 z 9 ! cod1 by ! ant]ior frontals1 ,d1 ,d2 ! po/]ior frontals1 ,f1 ,f1 :i*1 :5 view$ z 9 ! pr9t1 f b5ea?1 seem ( consid]able size1 & describe lat]ally & po/]iorly ab\t "o half ! eye orbits1 h _! area on ! ext]ior surface greatly r$uc$ by ! ov]rid+ squamose sutures ( ! plates to :i* !y jo92 & la/ly1 two ( ^! ov]ly+ plates1 ,e1 ,e1--:i*1 occurr+ 9 ! l9e ( ! lat]al b> or beam1 are ( great /r5g? & ?ickness1 & lie = two ?irds ( _! l5g? along ! p>ietals1 & = ! rema9+ ?ird along ! sup]ior frontals1--repres5t ! ma/oid bones4 ,su*1 s f> z ,i h be5 yet able to read ! cranial buckl] ( ! ,a/]olepis1 seem to be ! homologies ( its compon5t plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,,portion ,,( ,,"u ,,jaw ,,( ,,a/]olepis1 7,,out] ,,side47 7,"o half nat4 size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,,portion ,,( ,,"u ,,jaw ,,( ,,a/]olepis1 7,,inn] ,,side47 7,"o half nat4 size47 ,!re 7 no p>ts ( ! animal m rem>kable ?an its jaws4 ,! "u jaws1--= ! ne!r maxill>y consi/$1 9 ?is fi%1 z 9 ! placoid fi%es1 & 9 ! quadrup$s g5]ally1 ( two pieces jo9$ 9 ! middle1--71 l ^? ( ! ,holopty*ius1 boxes ( bone1 :i* enclos$ c5tral masses ( c>tilage4 ,! out] & "u sides 7 ?ickly cov]$ ) ! *>act]i/ic />-l tub]cles2 & along ! upp] m>g9 or lip !re ran a ?ickly-set r[ ( small broadly-bas$ tee?1 plant$ z directly on ! edge ( ! ext]ior plate z iron spikes on ! upp] edge ( a gate 7fig4 #cj47 ,mr4 ,p>k9son expresses "s wond]1 9 8 "w on fossils1 t1 9 a f9e i*?yolite 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 n only ! tee? %\ld h be5 pres]v$1 b also ! lips2 b we n[ "k en\gh ( ! con/ruction ( ! anci5t ,ganoids to cease wond]+4 ,! lips 7 =m$ ( z solid bone z ! tee? !mselves1 & _h z fair a *ance ( be+ pres]v$ entire2 j z ! metallic rim ( a cogg$ :eel has z fair a *ance ( be+ pres]v$ z ! metallic cogs t project f x4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! front r[1--9 :i* ! tee? pres5t ! ord9>y i*?yic appe>ance1--!re ran a ?9ly-set r[ ( huge reptile tee?1 bas$ on an int]ior plat=m ( bone1 :i* =m$ ! top ( ! c>tilage-enclos+ box compos+ ! jaw4 ,^! 7 at once b5t outw>ds & twi/$ lat]ally1 some:at l nails t h be5 drawn out ( wood by ! claw ( a c>p5t]'s hamm]1 & b5t awry ) ! wr5*1 7fig4 #ca47 ,!y 7 furr[$ longitud9ally f po9t to base by m9ute ?ickly-set /ri & 7 furni%$ lat]ally1 9 mo/ ( ! specim5s ?\gh n 9 all1 ) two %>p cutt+ edges4 ,! reptile _h z yet no exi/5ce 9 creation2 b we see its future com+ symboliz$ 9 ! d5tition ( ?is anci5t ,ganoid3 x1 z x 71 %[s u ! crocodile ly+ entr5*$ beh9d ! fi%4 ,! int]ior /ructure ( ^! reptile tee? is v rem>kable4 ,9 ! longitud9al section we f9d num]\s cancelli1 rang$ l5g?wise along ! out] edges1 b mu* cross$1 net-l1 )91--greatly m op5 t[>ds ! base ?an at ! po9t1--& giv+ place 9 ! c5tre to a holl[ space1 occasionally trav]s$ by a few slim osse\s p>titions4 ,9 ! transv]se section ^! cancelli are f\nd to radiate f ! op5 c5tre t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 l ! spokes ( a :eel f ! nave2 & ea* spoke seems z if1 l ,a>on's rod1 x _h become in/9ct ) vegetative life1 & _h spr\t$ into bran* & blossom4 ,se5 9 a microscope ( limit$ field1 t takes 91 z 9 ! accompany+ pr9t1 7fig4 #cb17 n m ?an a f\r? "p ( ! section1 ! appe>ance pres5t$ is t ( a well-tra9$ wall tree4 ,& h5ce ! g5]ic "n ,d5drodus1 giv5 by ,pr(essor ,ow5 to tee? f\nd deta*$ 9 ! deposits ( ,moray1 :5 ! creatures to :i* !y _h belong$ 7 /ill unkn[n1--a "n1 h[ev]1 :i* w1 ,i suspect1 be f\nd synonym\s r ) t ( a family ?an ( a g5us2 = s f> z ,i h yet exam9$1 ,i f9d t ! d5drodic or tree-l too?1 0 9 at lea/ ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 a *>act]i/ic ( all ! ,clacan? family4 ,i may m5tion1 h[ev]1 z a curi\s subject ( inquiry1 t ! ,clacan?s ( ! ,coal ,measures seem to h _h _! reptile tee? =m$ ( pure ivory1--a sub/ance1 :i* ,i h n yet detect$ among ! reptile-fi% ( ! ,old ,r$4 ,t[>ds ! base ( ! reptile tee? ( ,a/]olepis1 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! bran*es greatly wid51 z 9 ! bran*es ( a tree 9 w9t] dive/$ ( its foliage1 7fig4 #cc1 c27 ! texture also op5s t[>ds ! base 9 ! fi%-tee?1 outside1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! patt]n 9 ! transv]se section is greatly less complex & ornate ?an t :i* ! reptile tee? exhibits4 ,:5 cut across ne> ! po9t1 !y appe> ea* z a ?ick r+1 7b17 trav]s$ by l9es t radiate t[>ds ! c5tre2 :5 cut across ab\t half way d[n1 !y some:at resemble1 se5 "u a high magnify+ p[] ^? ca/-iron :eels on :i* ! eng9e] m\nts 8 railway c>riages1 7a47 ,9 ! longitud9al section _! l9e ( junction ) ! jaw is m>k$ by num]\s op5+s1 b by no l9e ( division1 & !y appe> z ?ickly dott$ by :at 7 once canaliculi1 or life po9ts1 z any portion ( ! d]mal bone on :i* !y re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,,portion ,,( ,,transv]se ,,section ,,( ,,reptile ,,too? ,,( ,,a/]olepis a4 ,nat4 size4 b4 ,mag4 twelve diamet]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,a4 ,section ( ,jaw ( ,a/]olepis4 c4 ,reptile too? z %[n 9 section4 a1 b1 c4 ,r[ ( i*?yic tee? 9 d]mal plate ( jaw4 ,b4 ,magnifi$ repres5tatives ( i*?yic tee?1 a & b1 9 ,a4 ,x seems truly wond]ful1 :5 "o consid]s x1 to :at m9ute & obscure ramifications t v>iety ( patt]n :i* nature s loves to ma9ta9 is f\nd to desc5d4 ,x desc5ds 9 ! fi%es1 bo? rec5t & ext9ct1 to ev5 ! microscopic /ructure ( _! tee?2 & we f9d1 9 consequ5ce1 n less v>iety ( figure 9 ! slic$ fragm5ts ( ! tee? ( ! i*?yolites ( a s+le =mation1 ?an 9 ! c>v$ blocks ( an ext5sive calico pr9t-y>d4 ,ea* species has its own di/9ct patt]n1 z if1 9 all ! individuals ( :i* x consi/$1 ! same block _h be5 employ$ to /amp x2 & ea* g5us its own g5]al type ( patt]n1 z if ! same radical idea1 v>i\sly alt]$ & modifi$1 _h be5 wr\ght ^u 9 all4 ,9 ! ,d5drodic 7,clacan?87 family1 = in/ance1 x is ! radical type1 t f a c5tral nave !re %\ld radiate1 spoke-l1 a numb] ( arboresc5t bran*es2 b 9 ! sev]al g5]a & species ( ! family1 ! bran*es belong1 if ,i may s express myself1 to diff]5t %rubs1 & pres5t dissimil> outl9es4 ,x has appe>$ to me1 t at lea/ a presumption aga9/ ! transmutation ( species might be bas$ on ^? inh]5t peculi>ities ( /ructure :i* are ?us f\nd to p]vade ! entire texture ( ! framework ( animals4 ,if we f9d erections diff]+ f "o ano!r m]ely 9 ext]nal =m1 we h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ h[1 by additions & alt]ations1 !y might be br\ght to exhibit a p]fect uni=mity ( plan & aspect3 transmutation1--developm5t1--progression 1--7if "o may use su* t]ms17--seem possible 9 su* circum/ances4 ,b if ! build+s diff] f ea* o!r1 n only 9 ext]nal =m1 b also 9 e brick & beam1 bolt & nail1 no m]e s*eme ( ext]nal alt]ation c\ld ev] induce a real resemblance4 ,e brick w\ld h to be tak5 d[n1 & e beam & bolt remov$4 ,! problem c\ld n be wr\ght by ! remodell+ ( an old h\se3 ! only mode ( solv+ x w\ld be by ! erection ( a new "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,,maxill>y ,,bone8 7,"o f\r? nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,( ! upp] maxill>y bones ( ! ,a/]olepis1 ,i only "k t a consid]able fragm5t ( "o ( ! pieces1 recogniz$ z su* by ,agassiz1 has be5 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ,?urso by ,mr4 ,dick1 unaccompani$1 h[ev]1 by any evid5ce respect+ its place or function4 ,x exhibits none ( ! *>act]i/ic tub]cles ( ! d]mal bones1 & no appe>ance ( tee?2 b is simply a long b5t bone1 resembl+ some:at less ?an ! half ( an anci5t b[ ( /eel or horn1--su* a b[ z t :i* ,ulysses b5d$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! suitors4 ,by "s ( ! ,russian geologi/s ?is bone 0 at fir/ reg>d$ z a portion ( ! arm or w+ ( "s gigantic ,pt]i*?ys4 ,9 ! accompany+ pr9t 7fig4 #cd7 ,i h borr[$ ! g5]al outl9e f t ( a specim5 ( ,pr(essor ,asmus1 ( :i* a ca/ may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 :ile ! %ad$ portion repres5ts ! fragm5t f\nd by ,mr4 ,dick4 ,! int]maxill>y bones1 l ! d]mal plates ( ! l[] jaw1 7 /udd$ by />-l tub]cles1 & bri/l$ ?ickly along _! l[] edges ) ! i*?yic tee?1 flank$ by tee? ( ! reptilian "*4 ,! op]cules ( ! animal consi/$1 z 9 ! /urgeon1 ( s+le plates 7fig4 #ce7 ( great massiv5ess & size1 ?ickly tub]cl$ outside1 )\t trace ( jo9t or suture1 & m>k$ on _! "u surface by *annell$ l9es1 t radiate1 z 9 ! o!r plates1 f ! c5tre ( ossification4 ,t space along ! nape :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! op]cules1 0 occupi$1 z 9 ! ,dipt]us & ,diplopt]us1 by ?ree plates1 :i* cov]$ r ! ant]ior portion ( ! body ?an ! po/]ior portion ( ! head1 & :i*1 9 ! re/oration ( ,o/eolepis1 7fig4 #ac17 appe> z ! plates1 #i1 #i1 #i4 ,i c say sc>ce any ?+ reg>d+ ! lat]al plates :i* lay betwe5 ! int]maxill>ies & ! cranial buckl]1 & :i* exi/ 9 ! ,o/eolepis1 fig4 #ac1 z ! plates #b1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #g2 nor d ,i "k h[ ! sn\t t]m9at$1 save t 9 a v imp]fect specim5 x exhibits1 z 9 ! ,diplopt]us & ,o/eolepis1 a r\nd$ outl9e1 & 0 set ) tee?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,,inn] ,,surface ,,( ,,op]culum ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o fif? nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,,hyoid ,,plate4 7,"o n9? nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,t space compris$ )9 ! ar* ( ! l[] jaws1 9 :i* ! hyoid bone & bran*io/eg\s rays ( ! osse\s fi%es occur1 0 fill$ by a s+le plate ( great size & /r5g?1 & ( s+ul> =m1 7fig4 #cf27 & to ?is plate1 exi/+ z a /eep ridge runn+ along ! c5tre ( ! int]ior surface1 & ?ick5+ into a massy knob at ! ant]ior t]m9ation1 t nail-%ap$ organism1 :i* ,i h describ$ z "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic bones ( ! ,a/]olepis1 belong$4 ,9 ! ,o/eolepis1 ! space correspond+ to t occupi$ by ?is hyoid plate 0 fill$1 z %[n 9 fig4 #ad1 by five plates ( n inelegant =m2 & ! divisions ( ! ar* resembl$ ^? ( a small ,go?ic w9d[1 9 :i* ! s+le c5tral mullion p>ts into two bran*es atop4 ,9 ! ,holopty*ius & ,glyptolepis !re 7 b two plates2 = ! c5tral mullion1 i4 e4 l9e ( division1 did n bran* atop2 & 9 ! ,a/]olepis1 :]e !re 0 no l9e ( division1 ! /rong nail-l bone occupi$ ! place ( ! c5tral mullion4 ,! hyoidal armature ( ! latt] fi% 0 /ronge/ 9 ! l9e 9 :i* ! o!rs 7 weake/4 ,ea* ( ! five hyoid plates ( ! ,o/eolepis1 or ( ! two plates ( ! ,glyptolepis or ,holopty*ius1 _h its own c5tre ( ossification2 & 9 ! s+le plate ( ,a/]olepis1 ! c5tre ( ossification1 z %[n by ! radiations ( ! fibre1 0 ! nail-head4 ,?is head1 plac$ 9 imm$iate contact ) ! /rong boxes ( bone :i* compos$ ! "u jaw1 j :]e _! c5tral jo9+ occurr$1 seems to h l5t !m a consid]able degree ( support1 :i* at su* a juncture may h be5 n unnecess>y4 ,9 "s ( ! nail-heads1 belong+1 x is probable1 to a diff]5t species ( ,a/]olepis f t 9 :i* ! nail figur$ 9 page #g1 & ! plate 9 ! opposite page1 occurr$1--= its g5]al =m is diff]5t1 7fig4 #cg17--!re appe> well-m>k$ ligam5t>y impressions closely resembl+ t little spongy pit 9 ! head ( ! human ?igh-bone to :i* :at is t]m$ ! r\nd ligam5t is atta*$4 ,! entire hyoid-plate1 view$ on its out] side1 resembles 9 =m ! hyoid-bone1--or c>tilage r1--( ! spott$ dog-fi%1 7,scyllium /ell>e27 b its area 0 at lea/ a hundr$ times m ext5sive ?an 9 ! l>ge/ ,scyllium1 &1 l all ! d]mal plates ( ! ,a/]olepis1 x 0 ?ickly frett$ by ! *>act]i/ic tub]cles4 ,9 ! ,ray1 z 9 ! ,%>ks1 ! piece ( ?9 c>tilage ( :i* ?is plate seems ! homologue1 is a flat1 semi-transp>5t disk2 & !re is no "p ( ! animal 9 :i* ! progress ( ^? bony molecules :i* encru/ ! int]nal framework may be m di/9ctly trac$1 z if 9 ! act ( creep+ ov] :at !y cov]1 9 slim ?reads or %oot+ po9ts1--& mu* resembl+ new ice creep+ 9 a fro/y ev5+ ov] ! surface ( a pool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,,nail-,,l ,,bone ,,( ,,hyoid ,,plate4 7,"o half nat4 size47 ,t suite ( %\ld]-bones t 9 ! osse\s fi%es =ms ! belt or frame on :i* ! op]cules re/1 & furni%es ! base ( ! pectorals1 0 repres5t$ 9 ! ,a/]olepis1 z 9 ! /urgeon1 by a r+ ( /rong osse\s plates1 :i*1 9 "o ( ! two species ( :i* trace is to be f\nd among ! rocks ( ,?urso1 7 curi\sly frett$ on _! ext]nal surfaces1 & 9 ! o!r species comp>atively smoo?4 ,! l>ge/1 or coracoidian plate ( ! r+1 z x occurs 9 ! m ornate species1 7fig4 #ch17 might be readily en\gh mi/ak51 :5 se5 ) only its surface expos$ = ! i*?yodorulite ( "s l>ge fi%1 alli$1 mayhap1 to ! ,gyracan?us =mosus ( ! ,coal ,measures2 b :5 deta*$ f ! /one1 ! holl[ =m & peculi> /ri ( ! inf]ior surface s]ve to e/abli% its true "* z a d]mal plate4 ,! diagonal furr[+s :i* trav]s$ x1 z ! twi/$ flut+s trav]se a ,go?ic column m\ld$ aft] ! type ( ! ,appr5tice ,pill> 9 ,rosl9 *apel1 seem to h und]laid ! edge ( ! op]cule2 at lea/ ,i f9d a simil> arrangem5t 9 ! %\ld]-plates ( a l>ge species ( ,diplopt]us1 :i* are deeply groov$ & furr[$ :]e ! op]cule re/$1 z if ) ! design ( keep+ up a communication betwe5 ! bran*i & ! ext]nal elem5t1 ev5 :5 ! gill-cov] 0 press$ closely d[n ^u !m4 ,&1--z 9 ^! %\ld]-plates ( ! ,diplopt]us ! furr[s yield _! place beyond ! edge ( ! op]cule to ! punctulat$ enamel common to ! out] surface ( all ! creature's ext]nal plates & scales1--we f9d !m yield+ _! place1 9 ! %\ld]-plates ( ! ,a/]olepis1 to ! />r$ tub]cles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,,%\ld] 7i4 e4 ,,coracoid87 ,,plate ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o ?ird nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,,d]mal ,,bones ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o ?ird nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,,int]nal ,,bones ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o half nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,a few deta*$ bones1 t be> on _! out] surfaces ! d]mal m>k+s1 mu/ h belong$ to t angul>-%ap$ portion ( ! head :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! cranial buckl] & ! int]maxill>y bone2 b ! key = assign+ to !m _! prop] place is /ill to f9d2 & ,i suspect t no am\nt ( skill on ! "p ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ w ev] qualify him to complete ! "w ( re/oration )\t x4 ,i h submitt$ to ! read] ! cranial buckl]s ( five sev]al g5]a ( ! ganoids ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 b no am\nt ( /udy be/[$ on ^! w\ld enable ev5 ! mo/ skilful i*?yologi/ to re/ore a six?2 nor is ! lat]al area ( ! head1 :i* 01 ,i f9d1 v>i\sly occupi$ 9 ea* g5us1 less difficult to re/ore ?an ! buckl] :i* surm\nt$ x4 ,two ( ! m entire ( ^! d]mal bones ,i h figur$ 7fig4 #ci1 a & b7 9 ! hope ( assi/+ future inquir]s1 :o1 7 !y to pick up all ! o!r plates1 might yet be unable1 lack+ ! figur$ ones1 to complete ! :ole4 ,! curi\sly-%ap$ plate a1 repres5t$ 9 its v>i\s sides by ! figures #a1 #b1 #c1 is ( an acutely angul> =m 9 ! transv]se section1 7! ext]nal surface1 #a1 =m+ an angle :i* v>ies f ?irty to =ty-five degrees ) ! base1 #c27 & z x lay1 x is probable :5 9 its orig9al place1 imm$iately "u ! edge ( ! cranial buckl]1 x may h s]v$ to comm5ce ! l9e ( deflection f ! flat top ( ! head to ! /eep desc5t ( ! sides1 j z :at are te*nically t]m$ ! spur-/ones 9 a gable-head s]ve to comm5ce ! l9e ( deflection f ! v]tical outl9e ( ! wall to ! incl9$ l9e ( ! ro(1 or z ! spr+-/ones ( an ar* s]ve to comm5ce ! curve4 ,a few int]nal bones 9 my possession are curi\s1 b exce$+ly puzzl+4 ,! bone a1 fig4 #dj1 :i* resembles a rib1 or bran*io/eg\s ray1 ( "o ( ! ord9>y fi%es1 =m$ app>5tly "p ( t osse\s /yle :i* 9 fi%es su* z ! haddock & cod we f9d atta*$ to ! suite ( %\ld]-bones1 & :i*1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 is ! analogue ( ! coracoidian bone1 &1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ow51 ! analogue ( ! clavicle4 ,fig4 b is a m]e fragm5t1 brok5 at bo? ends1 b exhibit+1 9 a /ate ( good keep+1 lat]al expansions1 l ^? ( an anci5t halb]t4 ,fig4 c1 #da1 :i* is also a fragm5t1 ?\gh a m consid]able "o1 be>s 9 its ?ick] & /raight] edge a groove l t ( an i*?yodorulite1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! bone itself 9 no degree resembles4 ,fig4 d is a flat bone1 ( a type common 9 ! skeleton ( fi%es1 b :i*1 9 mammals1 we f9d exemplifi$ 9 b ! scapul>s4 ,x seems1 l ^!1 to h furni%$ ! base to :i* "s suite ( movable bones 0 articulat$1--9 all likelihood t proportion ( ! c>nal bonelets ( ! pectoral f9s :i* are atta*$ 9 ! osse\s fi%es to its app>5t homologue1 ! radius4 ,fig4 e1 a slim light bone1 :i* n>r[s & ?ick5s 9 ! c5tre1 & flatt5s & broad5s at ea* end1 0 probably a scapula or %\ld]-blade1--a bone :i* 9 mo/ fi%es splices on1 z a sailor w\ld say1 by squamose jo9t+s1 to ! coracoidian bone at ! "o end1 & ! sup]-scapul> bone at ! o!r4 ,z indicat$ by its size1 x mu/ h belong$ to a small individual3 x is1 h[ev]1 twice z long1 & ab\t six times z bulky1 z ! scapula ( a l>ge cod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,,int]nal ,,bones ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o ?ird nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,,is*ium ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o half nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,( ! bone repres5t$ 9 fig4 #db1 ,i h det]m9$1 f a ,crom>ty specim51 ! place & use3 x =m$ ! int]ior base to :i* "o ( ! v5tral f9s 0 atta*$4 ,9 all fi%es ! bones ( ! h9d] extremities are inadequately repres5t$3 9 none d we f9d ! pelvic ar* complete2 & to t ne!r portion ( x :i* we d f9d repres5t$1 & :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 reg>ds z ! homologue ( ! os is*ium or hip-bone1 ! homologues ( ! metat>sal & toe-bones are atta*$1 to ! exclusion ( ! bones ( ! ?igh & leg4 ,9 ! ,abdom9ales1--fi%es su* z ! salmon & c>p1--t h ! v5trals plac$ beh9d ! abdom51 9 ! position analog\s to t 9 :i* ! h9d] legs ( ! reptiles & mammals occur1 ! is*iatic bones g5]ally exi/ z flat triangul> plates1 ) _! heads ei!r turn$ inw>ds & d[nw>ds1 z 9 ! h]r+1 or outw>ds & d[nw>ds1 z 9 ! pike2 :]eas 9 "s ( ! c>tilag9\s fi%es1 su* z ! ,rays & ,%>ks1 !y exi/ z an undivid$ c>tilag9\s b&1 /ret*$ transv]sely f v5tral to v5tral4 ,& su*1 ) b an upw>d direction1 appe>s to h be5 _! position 9 ! ,a/]olepis4 ,!y seem to h unit$ at ! n>r[ neck ,a1 ov] ! middle ( ! l[] portion ( ! abdom52 & to ! not*es ( ! flat expansion ,b1--not*es :i* exactly resemble ^? ( ! imm5sely develop$ c>pal bones ( ! ,ray1--five metat>sal bones 7 atta*$1 f :i* ! f9 exp&$4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d ! numb] 9 ?is anci5t repres5tative ( ! v]tebrata re/rict$ to five1--a numb] greatly exce$$ 9 mo/ ( ! exi/+ fi%es1 b :i* is ! true normal numb] ( ! v]tebrate sub-k+dom z %[n 9 all ! high] examples su* z man1 ! quadrumana1 & 9 mo/ ( ! c>n>ia4 ,! =m ( ?is bone some:at resembles t ( ! analog\s bone 9 ^? fi%es1 su* z ! p]* & gurn>d1 cod & haddock1 :i* h _! v5trals susp5d$ to ! scapul> belt2 b its position 9 ! ,crom>ty specim51 & t ( ! v5trals 9 ! v>i\s specim5s ( ! ,clacan? family 9 :i* _! place is /ill %[n1 =bids ! supposition t x 0 s susp5d$1--a circum/ance 9 keep+ ) all ! exi/+ geological evid5ce on ! subject1 :i* agrees 9 indicat+1 t ( ! l[ type ( fi%es t h1 mon/]-l1 _! feet atta*$ to _! necks1 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one does n af=d a trace4 ,?is inf]ior type1 n[ by f> ! mo/ preval5t 9 ! i*?yic division ( ! animal k+dom1 does n seem to h be5 introduc$ until ne> ! close ( ! ,second>y p]iod1 long aft] ! fi% _h be5 degrad$ f its primal place 9 ! =e front ( creation4 ,9 "o ( my specim5s a few fragm5ts ( ! rays are pres]v$1 7fig4 #dc1 b47 ,!y are ab\t ! eigh? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]3 depress$ 9 "s cases 9 ! c5t]1 z if1 ov] ! int]nal holl[ =m$ by ! decay ( ! c>tilag9\s c5tre1 ! bony cru/ ( :i* !y are compos$ _h giv5 way2 &1 l ! rays ( ! ?ornback1 !y are ?ick5$ at ! jo9ts1 & at ! processes by :i* !y 7 atta*$ to ! is*iatic base4 ,x may be prop]1 ,i %\ld "h /ate1 t ( "s ( ! int]nal bones figur$ above ,i h no bett] evid5ce t !y belong$ to ! ,a/]olepis1 ?an t !y occur 9 ! same b$s ) ! d]mal plates :i* be> ! *>act]i/ic />-l m>k+s1--t !y are ( v consid]able size1--& t !y =m$ no "p ( ! kn[n fi%es ( ! =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 a4 ,s+le jo9t ( ray ( ,?ornback4 b4 ,s+le jo9t ( ray ( ,a/]olepis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,,coprolites ,,( ,,a/]olepis4 7,nat4 ,size4#ah7 ,on exactly ! same gr\nds ,i inf] t c]ta9 l>ge coprolites ( common occurr5ce 9 ! ,?urso flag/ones1 :i* conta9 ! brok5 scales ( ,dipt]ians1 & exhibit a curi\sly twi/$ =m1 7fig4 #dd17 also belong$ to ! ,a/]olepis2 & f ^!1 t ! creature 0 c>nivor\s 9 its habits1--an inf]5ce :i* ! "* ( its tee? fully corroborates2 & f>!r1 t1 l ! %>ks & rays1 & "s ( ! ext9ct ,enaliosaurs1 x possess$ ! spiral disposition ( inte/9e4 ,paley1 9 8 *apt] on ! comp5satory contrivances palpable 9 ! /ructure ( v>i\s animals1 ref]s to a peculi> sub/itutory provision :i* occurs 9 a c]ta9 amphibi\s animal describ$ 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 8,! read] w rememb]10 he says1 8:at we h already obs]v$ conc]n+ ! inte/9al canal1--t its l5g?1 s _m times exce$+ t ( ! body1 promotes ! extraction ( ! *yle f ! alim5t1 by giv+ room = ! lacteal vessels to act ^u x ?r\gh a great] space4 ,?is long inte/9e1 :5ev] x occurs1 is 9 o!r animals dispos$ 9 ! abdom5 f side to side1 9 return+ folds4 ,b 9 ! animal n[ "u our notice1 ! matt] is manag$ o!rwise4 ,! same int5tion is me*anically effectuat$1 b by a me*anism ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,! animal ( :i* ,i speak is an amphibi\s quadrup$1 :i* our au?ors call ! ,alopecias or sea-fox4 ,! inte/9e is /raight f "o end to ! o!r b 9 ?is /raight1 & consequ5tly %ort inte/9e1 is a w9d+1 cork-screw1 spiral passage1 ?r\gh :i* ! food1 n )\t sev]al circumvolutions1 &1 9 fact1 by a long r\te1 is conduct$ to its exit4 ,"h ! %ortness ( ! gut is comp5sat$ by ! obliquity ( ! p]=ation40 ,?is /ructure ( inte/9e1 :i* all ! true ,placoids possess1 & at lea/ ! ,/uriones among exi/+ ,ganoids1 seems to h be5 an exce$+ly common "o dur+ bo? ! ,palozoic & ,second>y p]iods4 ,x has left its impress on all ! bett] pres]v$ coprolites ( ! ,coal ,measures1 s abundant 9 ! %ales ( ,ne:av5 & ,burdie ,h\se1 & on ^? ( ! ,lias & ,*alk4 ,x seems to be equally a *>act]i/ic ( well nigh all ! bulki] coprolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4#ai ,9 ^!1 h[ev]1 x manife/s a peculi> trait1 :i* ,i h fail$ to detect 9 any ( ! rec5t fi%es2 nor h ,i yet se5 x indicat$1 9 at lea/ ! same degree1 by ! ,c>bonif]\s or ,second>y coprolitic rema9s4 ,9 ! b[els :i* m\ld$ ! coprolites ( ,lyme-,regis1 ( ! ,*alk1 & ( ! ,ne:av5 & ,granton b$s1 a s+le screw mu/ h w9d$ )9 ! cyl9drical tube1 z a turnpike /air w9ds )9 its holl[ %aft2 & su* also is ! arrangem5t 9 ! exi/+ ,%>ks & ,rays2 :]eas ! b[els :i* m\ld$ ! coprolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one mu/ h be5 trav]s$ by triple or quadruple screws laid closely toge!r1 z we f9d ! /alk ( an old-fa%ion$ w9e-glass trav]s$ by its ?ickly-set spiral l9es ( ?read-l *9a4 ,& s1 :ile on ! surface ( bo? ! ,second>y & ,c>bonif]\s coprolites !re is space betwe5 ! screw-l l9es = num]\s cross m>k+s t correspond to ! ?ickly set ve9y bran*es :i* trav]se ! sides ( ! rec5t placoid b[el1 ! entire surface ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ coprolites is trav]s$ by ! spiral m>k+s4 ,is !re no?+ /range 9 ! fact1 t aft] ! lapse ( mayhap millions ( ye>s1--nay1 x is possible1 millions ( ages1--we %\ld be ?us able to detect at once g5]al resemblance & special dissimil>ity 9 ev5 ! mo/ p]i%able p>ts ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,ganoids8 ,i mu/ adv]t1 9 pass+1 to a peculi>ity exemplifi$ 9 ! /ate ( keep+ ( ! bones ( ?is anci5t ,ganoid1 9 at lea/ ! deposits ( ,orkney & ,cai?ness4 ,! orig9al animal matt] has be5 conv]t$ into a d>k-color$ bitum51 :i* 9 "s places1 :]e ! rema9s lie ?ick1 p]vades ! crevices ( ! rocks1 & has n unfrequ5tly be5 mi/ak5 = coal4 ,9 its m solid /ate x c h>dly be di/+ui%$1 :5 us$ 9 seal+ a lett]1--a purpose :i* x s]ves indiff]5tly well1--f black wax ( ! ord9>y quality2 :5 m fluid1 x adh]es sc>ce less /rongly to ! h&s ?an ! coal-t> ( our gas-works & dock-y>ds4 ,und]nea? a specim5 ( ,a/]olepis1 fir/ po9t$ out to me 9 its b$ among ! ,?urso rocks by ,mr4 ,dick1 & :i*1 at my reque/1 he aft]w>ds rais$ & s5t me to ,ed9burgh1 pack$ up 9 a box1 !re lay a quantity ( ?ick t>1 :i* /uck z fa/ to my f+]s1 on lift+ out ! pieces ( rock1 z if ,i _h laid hold ( ! plank+ ( a newly t>r$ yawl4 ,:at _h be5 once ! n]ves1 muscles1 & blood ( ?is anci5t ,ganoid /ill lay "u its bones1 & rem9d$ me ( ! appe>ance pres5t$ by ! rema9s ( a poor suicide1 ^: solit>y grave1 dug 9 a s&y bank 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 _h be5 laid op5 by ! encroa*m5ts ( a riv]4 ,! skeleton1 ) pieces ( ! dress /ill wrapp$ r\nd x1 lay at l5g? along ! section2 &1 = a full y>d b5ea?1 ! :ite dry s& 0 consolidat$ into a d>k-color$ pit*y mass1 by ! alt]$ animal matt] :i* _h escap$ f x1 p]colat+ d[nw>ds1 9 ! process ( decay4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! curi\s *emical *ange :i* has ?us tak5 place 9 ! animal juices ( ! ,a/]olepis1 its rema9s (t5 occur 9 a /ate ( beautiful pres]vation3 ! p]vad+ bitum51 greatly m cons]vative 9 its effects ?an ! oils & gums ( an old ,egyptian und]tak]1 has ma9ta9$1 9 _! orig9al integrity1 e scale1 plate1 & bone4 ,!y may h be5 mu* brok5 ere !y 7 fir/ committ$ to ! keep+ ( ! rock1 or 9 dis5tangl+ !m f its rigid embrace2 b !y h1 we f9d1 caught no h>m :5 "u its c>e4 ,ere ! skeleton ( ! ,bruce1 dis9t]r$ aft] ! lapse ( five c5turies1 0 recommitt$ to ! tomb1 su* measures 7 tak5 to secure its pres]vation1 t1 7 x to be aga9 dis9t]r$1 ev5 aft] z _m m c5turies _h pass$1 x might be f\nd reta9+ unbrok5 its gigantic proportions4 ,!re 0 molt5 pit* p\r$ ov] ! bones1 9 a /ate ( suffici5t fluidity to p]meate all ! pores1 & fill up ! c5tral holl[s1 & :i*1 soon h>d5+ ar\nd !m1 =m$ a bitum9\s matrix1 9 :i* !y may lie un*ang$ = a ?\s& ye>s4 ,n[1 exactly su* 0 ! process to :i* nature resort$ ) ^! gigantic skeletons ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,l ! bones ( ! ,bruce1 !y are bones /eep$ 9 pit*2 & s ?or\ghly is e pore & holl[ /ill occupi$1 t1 :5 ca/ into ! fire1 !y flame l tor*es4 ,?\gh black z jet1 !y /ill reta91 too1 9 a consid]able degree1 ! peculi> qualities ( ! orig9al sub/ance4 ,! late ,mr4 ,george ,s&]son ( ,ed9burgh1 "o ( ! mo/ +5i\s lapid>ies 9 ! k+dom1 & a ?or\ghly intellig5t man1 made sev]al prep>ations = me1 = microscopic exam9ation1 f ! tee? & bones2 & ?\gh !y 7 by f> ! olde/ v]tebrate rema9s he _h ev] se51 !y exhibit$1 he in=m$ me1 9 ! work+1 m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( rec5t tee? & bone ?an any o!r fossils he _h ev] op]at$ ^u4 ,rec5t bone :5 9 ! c\rse ( be+ r$uc$ on ! :eel to ! degree ( ?9ness necess>y to secure transp>5cy1 is apt1 "u ! heat induc$ by ! friction1 to acquire a spr+y ela/icity1 & to />t up f ! glass slip to :i* x has be5 cem5t$2 :]eas bone 9 ! fossil /ate usually lies z passive1 9 su* circum/ances1 z ! /one :i* envelopes x4 ,mr4 ,s&]son 01 h[ev]1 surpris$ to f9d t ! bone ( ! ,a/]olepis /ill reta9$ its ela/icity1 & 0 sc>ce less liable1 :5 heat$1 to />t f ! glass1--a peculi>ity ?r\gh :i* he at fir/ lo/ sev]al prep>ations4 ,i h se5 a human bone t _h = ages be5 p>tially emb$d$ 9 a mass ( adipoc]e1 p>tially envelop$ 9 ! common m\ld ( a *ur*y>d1 exhibit two v diff]5t /yles ( keep+4 ,9 ! adipoc]e x 0 z fre% & gre5 z if x _h be5 dive/$ ( ! integum5ts only a few weeks previ\s2 :]eas ! portion :i* project$ into ! m\ld _h become brittle & por\s1 & pres5t$ ! ord9>y appe>ance ( an old *ur*y>d bone4 ,& :at ! adipoc]e _h done = ! human bone 9 ?is case1 seems to h be5 done = ! bones ( ! ,a/]olepis by ! animal bitum54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,,hyoid ,,plate ,,( ,,?urso ,,a/]olepis4#bj 7,"o fif? ! nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,! size ( ! ,a/]olepis mu/1 9 ! l>g] specim5s1 h be5 v great4 ,9 all ^? ganoidal fi%es ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one t _h ! head cov]$ ) osse\s plates1 we f9d t ! cranial buckl] bore a c]ta9 def9ite proportion1--v>i\s 9 ! sev]al g5]a & species1--to ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,! draw+-ma/] /ill tea*es 8 pupils to regulate ! proportions ( ! human figure by ! sev5 head-l5g?s :i* x conta9s2 & p]haps %[s !m h[ an o!rwise m]itori\s draftsman1#ba mu* employ$ half an age ago 9 draw+ = ! wood-engrav]1 us$ to r5d] 8 figures squat & ungraceful by mak+ !m a head too %ort4 ,n[1 ^? anci5t ,ganoids :i* possess$ a cranial buckl] may1 we f9d1 be also measur$ by head-l5g?s4 ,?us1 9 ! ,cocco/eus decipi5s1 ! l5g? ( ! cranial buckl] f nape to sn\t equall$ "o fif? ! entire l5g? ( ! creature f sn\t to tail4 ,! entire l5g? ( ! ,glyptolepis 0 equal to ab\t five "o half times t ( its cranial buckl]4 ,! ,pt]i*?ys 0 =m$ 9 ne>ly ! same proportions4 ,! ,diplopt]us 0 fully sev5 times ! l5g? ( its buckl]3 & ! ,o/eolepis f six & a half to sev54 ,9 all ! cranial buckl]s ( ! ,a/]olepis yet f\nd1 ! sn\t is want+4 ,! v f9e specim5 figur$ 9 page #ii 7fig4 #bh7 t]m9ates abruptly at ! little plate betwe5 ! eyes1 ! specim5 figur$ 9 page #ih 7fig4 #bg7 t]m9ates at ! upp] l9e ( ! eye4 ,! t]m9al portion :i* =m$ ! sn\t is want+ 9 bo?1 & we ?us lack ! measure1 or module1 z ! ar*itect might say1 by :i* ! proportions ( ! re/ ( ! creature 7 regulat$4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 v ne>ly approximate to x4 ,a hyoid plate 9 my collection 7fig4 #de7 is1 ,i f9d1 s exactly proportion$ 9 size to ! cranial buckl]1 7fig4 #bh17 t x might h belong$ to ! same individual2 & by fitt+ x 9 its prop] place1 & !n mak+ ! necess>y all[ance = ! bread? ( ! ne!r jaw1 :i* swept two ?irds ar\nd x1 & 0 surm\nt$ by ! sn\t1 we asc]ta9 t ! buckl]1 :5 entire1 mu/ h be51 z ne>ly z may be1 a foot 9 l5g?4 ,if ! ,a/]olepis 0 =m$ 9 ! proportions ( ! ,cocco/eus1 ! buckl] 7fig4 #bh7 mu/ h belong$ to an individual five feet 9 l5g?2 if 9 ! proportions ( ! ,pt]i*?ys or ,glyptolepis1 to an individual five & a half feet 9 l5g?2 & if 9 ^? ( ! ,diplopt]us or ,o/eolepis1 to an individual ( f six & a half to sev5 feet 9 l5g?4 ,n[ ,i f9d t ! hyoid plate c be inscrib$--su* is its =m--9 a semicircle1 ( :i* ! nail-%ap$ ridge 9 ! middle 7if we /rike (f a m9ute portion ( ! %>p po9t1 usually want+ 9 deta*$ specim5s7 =ms v ne>ly ! radius1 & ( :i* ! diamet] equals ! bread? ( ! cranial buckl]1 along a l9e drawn across at a di/ance f ! nape1 equal to two ?irds ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! nape & ! eyes4 ,?us1 ! l>ge/ diamet] ( a hyoid plate :i* belong$ to a cranial buckl] a foot 9 l5g? is1 ,i f9d1 equal to sev5 "o qu>t] in*es1 :ile ! l5g? ( its nape some:at exce$s ?ree five eigh? in*es4 ,! nail ( ! ,/romness specim5 measures five & a half in*es4 ,x mu/ h run along a hyoid plate elev5 in*es 9 transv]se bread?1 & h be5 associat$ ) a cranial buckl] eighte5 "o eigh? in*es 9 l5g?2 & ! ,a/]olepis to :i* x belong$ mu/ h measur$ f sn\t to tail1 if =m$1 z x probably 01 9 ! proportions ( its bro!r ,clacan? ! ,glyptolepis1 eight feet ?ree in*es2 & if 9 ^? ( ! ,diplopt]us1 f n9e feet n9e to t5 feet six in*es4 ,?is olde/ ( ,scotti% fi%--?is e>lie/-born ( ! ,ganoids yet kn[n--0 at lea/ z bulky z a l>ge porpoise4 ,x 0 small1 h[ev]1 comp>$ ) specim5s ( ! ,a/]olepis f\nd else:]e4 ,! hyoid plate figur$ 9 page #aaj1 7fig4 #cf17--;a ,?urso specim5 :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,dick1--measures ne>ly f\rte5 in*es1 & ! cranial buckl] ( ! same individual1 fifte5 "o f\r? in*es1 9 bread?4 ,! latt]1 :5 entire1 mu/ h measur$ tw5ty-?ree "o half in*es 9 l5g?2 & ! fi% to :i* x belong$1 if =m$ 9 ! proportions ( ! ,glyptolepis1 t5 feet six in*es2 & if 9 ^? ( ! ,diplopt]us1 f twelve feet five to ?irte5 feet eight in*es 9 l5g?4 ,did ! %ield /ill exi/ 9 its orig9al /ate z a buckl] ( t\gh1 enamel-cru/$ bone1 x might be conv]t$ into a ,highl& t>get1 ne>ly broad en\gh to cov] ! ample *e/ ( a ,rob ,roy or ,allan ,m',aulay1 & /rong en\gh to da% aside ! ke5e/ broadsword4 ,ano!r hyoid plate f\nd by ,mr4 ,dick measures sixte5 "o half in*es 9 bread?2 & a ca/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f "o ( ! ,russian specim5s ( ,pr(essor ,asmus1 7fig4 #df17 tw5ty-f\r in*es4 ,! individual to :i* ?is la/ plate belong$ mu/1 if built 9 ! %ort] proportions1 h measur$ eighte51 & if 9 ! long]1 tw5ty-?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,! two hyoid plates ( ! specim5 ( ,holopty*ius 9 ! ,briti% ,museum measure b f\r & a half in*es along t transv]se l9e 9 :i* ! ,russian ,a/]olepis measures two feet1 & ! l>ge/ ,?urso specim5 sixte5 in*es & a half4 ,! maxill>y bone ( a cod-fi% two & a half feet f sn\t to tail measures ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,"o ( ! ,russian maxill>y bones 9 ! possession ( ,pr(essor ,asmus measures 9 l5g? tw5ty-eight in*es4 ,& t space circumscrib$ by ! sweep ( ! l[] jaw :i* x took1 9 ! ,russian specim51 a hyoid plate tw5ty-f\r in*es 9 bread? to fill1 c\ld be fill$ 9 ! two-&-a-half-feet cod by a plate ^: bread? equall$ b an in* & a half4 ,?us1 9 ! n unimportant circum/ance ( size1 ! mo/ anci5t ,ganoids yet kn[n1 in/ead ( tak+ _! places1 agreeably to ! dem&s ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 among ! sprats1 /icklebacks1 & m9n[s ( _! class1 took _! place among its huge bask+ %>ks1 gigantic /urgeons1 & bulky sword-fi%es4 ,!y 7 giants1 n dw>fs4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,,hyoid ,,plate ,,( ,,russian ,,a/]olepis4 7,"o twelf? ! natural size1 l9e>47 ,b :at ( _! organization8 ,7 !y fi%es l[ or high 9 ! scale8 ,on ?is head we c1 ( c\rse1 det]m9e m]ely by ! analogies :i* _! /ructure exhibits to t ( fi%es ( ! exi/+ p]iod2 & ^! po9t 9 ?ree sev]al directions2--9 two ( ! numb]1 directly on g5]a ( ! high ,ganoid ord]2 & 9 ! ?ird1 on ! /ill high] ,placoids & ,enaliosaurs4 ,no trace ( v]tebr has yet be5 f\nd2 & s we inf]--lodg+1 h[ev]1 a precaution>y prote/1 z ! evid5ce is purely negative1 & !re=e x "s degree inconclusive--t ! v]tebral column ( ! ,a/]olepis 01 l t ( ! /urgeon1 c>tilag9\s4 ,respect+ its ext]nal cov]+1 we positively "k1 z has be5 already %[n1 t1 l ! ,lepido/eus ( ,am]ica & ! ,polypt]us ( ! ,nile1 x 0 compos$ ( /rong plates & scales ( solid bone2 &1 reg>d+ its d5tition1 t1 z 9 ^! la/ g5]a1 & ev5 m decid$ly ?an 9 ^!1 x 0 ( ! mix$ i*?yic-reptilian "*1--an out] r[ ( ?ickly-set fi%-tee? be+ back$ by an inn] r[ ( ?9ly-set reptile-tee?4 ,& its =m ( coprolite indicates ! spiral disposition ( inte/9e common to ! ,rays & ,%>ks ( ! exi/+ p]iod1 & ( ! ,i*?yosauri ( ! ,second>y ages4 ,in/ead ( be+1 z ! developm5t hypo!sis w\ld require1 a fi% l[ 9 its organization1 x seems to h rang$ on ! level ( ! highe/ i*?yic-reptilian families ev] call$ into exi/5ce4 ,_h an intellig5t be+1 ignorant ( :at 0 go+ on ^u e>? dur+ ! week ( creation1 visit$ ,ed5 on ! morn+ ( ! six? day1 he w\ld h f\nd 9 x _m ( ! inf]ior animals1 b no trace ( man4 ,_h he return$ aga9 9 ! ev5+1 he w\ld h se51 in/all$ 9 ! (fice ( keep]s ( ! g>d51 & rul+ ) no tyrant sway z ! humble mon>*s ( its brute inhabitants1 two mature human creatures1 p]fect 9 _! organization1 & arriv$ at ! full /ature ( _! race4 ,! entire evid5ce reg>d+ !m1 9 ! abs5ce ( all su* in=mation z t imp>t$ to ,adam by ,milton's angel1 w\ld am\nt simply to ?is1 t 9 ! morn+ man 0 n1 & t 9 ! ev5+ he 04 ,!re1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n exi/1 9 ! circum/ances1 a s+le appe>ance to sanction ! belief t ! two human creatures :om he saw walk+ toge!r among ! trees at sunset _h be5 8develop$ f infusorial po9ts10 n creat$ mature4 ,! evid5ce w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 lie all ! o!r way4 ,& 9 no degree does ! geologic te/imony respect+ ! e>lie/ ,ganoids diff] f :at1 9 ! suppos$ case1 w\ld be ! te/imony ( ,ed5 reg>d+ ! e>lie/ m54 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! geologic scale we f9d t ! ,ganoids are n2 & :5 !y at l5g? make _! appe>ance ^u ! /age1 !y ent] l>ge 9 _! /ature & high 9 _! organization4 ,,fi%es ,,( ,,! ,,silurian ,,rocks--,,upp] ,,& ,,l[]4 ,,_! ,,rec5t ,,hi/ory1 ,,ord]1 ,,& ,,size4 ,b ! sy/em ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one repres5ts ! second1 n ! fir/1 great p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!re 0 a prec$+ p]iod at lea/ equally ext5d$1 p]haps greatly m s1 repres5t$ by ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian =mations4 ,& :at is ! te/imony ( ?is morn+ p]iod ( organic exi/5ce1 9 :i*1 s f> z c yet be %[n1 vitality1 9 ! planet :i* man inhabits1 & ( ^: hi/ory or productions he kn[s any?+1 0 fir/ associat$ ) matt]8 ,may n ! developm5t hypo!sis f9d a /&+ 9 ! sy/em repres5tative ( ?is e>lie/ age ( creation1 :i* x fails to f9d 9 ! sy/em ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one8 ,x has be5 confid5tly ass]t$1 n m]ely t x may1 b t x does4 ,ev] s9ce ! publication1 9 #ahci1 ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison's great "w on ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 x _h be5 kn[n t ! rema9s ( fi%es occur 9 a b$ ( ! 8,ludl[ ,rock10--"o ( ! mo/ mod]n deposits ( ! ,upp] ,silurian division2 & subsequ5t discov]ies bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 _h %[n t ev5 ! base ( ?is division has its i*?yic organisms4 ,b = ye> aft] ye>1 ! l[] half ( ! sy/em1--a division m ?an ?ree ?\s& feet 9 ?ickness1--_h fail$1 ?\gh !re 7 h&s & eyes busy among its deposits1 to yield any v]tebrate rema9s4 ,dur+ ! e>li] half ( ! fir/ great p]iod ( organic exi/5ce1 ?\gh ! polyp>ia1 radiata1 articulata1 & mollusca1 exi/$1 z _! rema9s te/ifi$1 by myriads1 fi% _h1 x 0 held1 n yet ent]$ ^u ! sc5e2 & ! ass]tors ( ! developm5t !ory f\nd$ l>gely on ! presum$ fact ( _! abs5ce4 8,x is /ill cu/om>y10 says ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges ( ,creation10 9 8 volume ( 8,explanations10 8to speak ( ! e>lie/ fauna z "o ( an elevat$ k9d4 ,:5 rigidly exam9$1 x is n f\nd to be s4 ,,9 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,place1 ,,x ,,conta9s ,,no ,,fi%4 ,!re 7 seas support+ cru/acean & molluscan life1 b utt]ly devoid ( a class ( t5ants :o seem able to live 9 e example ( t elem5t :i* supports mean] creatures4 ,?is s+le fact1 t only inv]tebrat$ animals n[ liv$1 is surely 9 itself a /rong pro( t1 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 "t 0 necess>y = ! creation ( ! sup]ior creatures4 ,& if s1 x und\bt$ly is a p[]ful evid5ce ( su* a !ory ( developm5t z t :i* ,i h pres5t$4 ,if n1 let me he> an equally plausible reason = ! great & amaz+ fact1 t seas 7 = numb]less ages de/itute ( fi%4 ,i fix my oppon5ts d[n to ! consid]ation ( ?is fact1 s t no div]sion respect+ high molluscs %all avail !m40 ,& h[ is ?is bold *all5ge to be met8 ,mo/ directly1 & aft] a fa%ion t at once discomfits ! *all5g]4 ,x might be rationally en\gh argu$ 9 ! case1 t ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 0 build+ greatly m on a piece ( purely negative evid5ce1--! presum$ abs5ce ( fi% f ! ,l[] ,silurian =mations1--?an purely negative evid5ce is1 f its nature z su*1 suit$ to be>2 t only a v few ye>s _h pass$ s9ce x 0 kn[n t v]tebrate rema9s occurr$ 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian1 & only a few m s9ce !y _h be5 detect$ 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 nay1 t )9 ! pres5t c5tury _! frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ev5 ! ,coal ,measures 0 sc>ce suspect$2 & t1 z 8 argum5t1 _h x be5 f\nd$ twelve ye>s ago on ! suppos$ abs5ce ( fi%es f ! ,upp] ,silurian1 or tw5ty ye>s ago on ! suppos$ abs5ce ( fi%es f ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 w\ld h be5 q z plausible 9 ref]5ce to its negative data !n z 9 ref]5ce to its negative data n[1 s x might n[ be q z errone\s z x assur$ly w\ld h be5 !n4 ,or x might be urg$1 t ! fact ( ! abs5ce ( fi% f ! ,l[] ,silurians1 ev5 7 x really a fact1 w\ld be 9 no degree less reconcilable ) ! !ory ( creation by direct act1 ?an ) ! hypo!sis ( gradual developm5t4 ,! fact t ,adam did n exi/ dur+ ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? days ( ! introductory week ( ,scripture n>rative1 furni%es no argum5t :atev] aga9/ ! fact ( 8 creation on ! six? day4 ,& ! rem>k w\ld ( c\rse equally apply to ! non-exi/5ce ( fi%es dur+ ! ,l[] ,silurian p]iod1 _h !y be5 really non-exi/5t at ! "t1 & to _! sudd5 appe>ance 9 t ( ! ,upp]4 ,b ! objection admits ( a greatly m conclusive answ]4 8,i fix my oppon5ts d[n10 says ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 8to ! consid]ation ( ?is fact10 i4 e4 t ( ! abs5ce ( fi%es f ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s =mations4 ,& ,i1 9 turn1 fix y d[n1 ,i reply1 to ! consid]ation ( ! antagoni/ fact1 n negative1 b positive1 & n[1 9 ! c\rse ( geological discov]y1 fully e/abli%$1 t fi%es 7 n abs5t f ! e>lie/ fossilif]\s =mations4 ,f none ( ! great geological =mations 7 fi%es abs5t1--n ev5 f ! =mations ( ! ,cambrian division4 8,! ,l[] ,silurian10 says ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 9 a communication ) :i*1 9 #ahdg1 he honor$ ! writ] ( ^! *apt]s1 8is no long] to be view$ z an inv]tebrate p]iod2 = ! ,on*us 7species n yet decid$7 has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ll&eilo ,flags & 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks ( ,bala4 ,9 "o respect ,i am gratifi$ by ! discov]y2 = ! =m is s v l t ( ! ,on*us ,mur*isoni ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock1 t x is cle> ! ,silurian sy/em is "o great natural-hi/ory s]ies1 z is prov$1 inde$1 by all its o!r organic rema9s40 ,x may be m5tion$ fur!r1 9 addition to ?is int]e/+ /atem5t1 t ! ,bala sp9e 0 detect$ 9 its calc>e\s matrix by ! geologi/s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,survey1 & describ$ to ,sir ,rod]ick z t ( an ,on*us1 by a v compet5t au?ority 9 su* matt]s1--,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes1 & t ! annunciation ( ! exi/5ce ( sp9es ( fi%es 9 ! ,ll&eilo ,flags we owe to "o ( ! mo/ cauti\s & practis$ geologi/s ( ! pres5t age1--,pr(essor ,s$gwick ( ,cambridge4 ,s mu* = ! fact ( ! exi/5ce ( v]tebrata 9 ! ,l[] ,silurian =mations1 & ! argum5t f\nd$ on _! presum$ abs5ce4 ,let me n[ ref]--_! pres5ce be+ det]m9$--to ! te/s ( size & organization4 ,7 ^! ,silurian fi%es ( a bulk s inconsid]able z 9 any degree to sanction ! belief t !y _h be5 develop$ %ortly be=e f microscopic po9ts8 ,or 7 !y ( a /ructure s l[ z to r5d] x probable t _! developm5t 0 at ! "t incomplete8 ,7 !y1 9 o!r words1 ! embryos & ftuses ( _! class8 or did !y1 on ! contr>y1 rank ) ! high] & l>g] fi%es ( ! pres5t "t8 ,x is ( importance t n only ! direct be>+1 b also ! actual am\nt1 ( ! evid5ce 9 ?is case1 %\ld be fairly /at$4 ,s f> z x ext5ds1 ! te/imony is cle>2 b x does n ext5d f>4 ,all ! v]tebrate rema9s yet detect$ 9 ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 if we except ! debris ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ bone-b$1 might be s5t ?r\gh ! ,po/-,(fice 9 a box sc>cely twice ! size ( a copy ( ! 8,ve/iges40 ,! naturali/ ( an explor+ p>ty1 :o1 9 cross+ "s unkn[n lake1 _h look$ d[n ov] ! side ( 8 canoe1 & se5 a few fi% glid+ ?r\gh ! obscure dep?s ( ! wat]1 w\ld be b indiff]5tly qualifi$1 f :at he _h witness$1 to write a hi/ory ( all its fi%4 ,nor1 7 ! "s six or eight individuals ( :i* he _h caught a glimpse to be ( small size1 w\ld x be legitimate = him to inf] t only small-siz$ fi% liv$ 9 ! lake2 ?\gh1 7 !re to be "s two or ?ree l>ge ones among !m1 he might safely affirm ! contr>y4 ,n[1 ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! fi%es ( ! ,silurian =mation v mu* resembles :at t ( ! naturali/ w\ld be1 9 ! suppos$ case1 reg>d+ ! fi%es ( ! unexplor$ lake2 )1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 t z ! deposits ( ! anci5t sy/em 9 :i* !y occur h be5 exam9$ = ye>s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & all its *>act]i/ic organisms1 save ! i*?yic ones1 f\nd 9 great abundance & f9e keep+1 we may conclude t ! fi% ( ! p]iod 7 comp>atively few4 ,! palontologi/1 s f> z ! "q ( numb] is involv$1 is 9 ! circum/ances1 n ( ! naturali/ :o has only once cross$ ! unkn[n lake1 b ( ! angl] :o1 day aft] day1 ca/s 8 l9e into "s inl& sea ab\nd+ 9 %ell-fi% & cru/acea1 &1 aft] ! lapse ( mon?s1 c sc>ce detect a nibble1 &1 aft] ! lapse ( ye>s1 c reckon up all ! fi% :i* he has caught z consid]ably "u a score4 ,! exi/5ce ( ?is great division ( ! animal k+dom1 l t ( ! e>li] reptiles dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 did n =m a prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ^? ages ( ! e>?'s hi/ory 9 :i* !y began to be4 ,! e>lie/ discov]$ v]tebral rema9s ( ! sy/em--^? ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock--7 f\nd 9 digg+ ! f\ndations ( a h\se at ,lud=d1 on ! conf9es ( ,%rop%ire1 & submitt$1 9 #ahch1 by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison to ,agassiz1 ?r\gh ! late ,dr4 ,malcolmson ( ,madras4 ,i us$ at ! "t to correspond on geological subjects ) ,dr4 ,malcolmson1--an accompli%$ geologi/ & a good man1 too e>ly lo/ to sci5ce & 8 fri5ds1--& /ill rememb] ! int]e/ :i* atta*$ on ?is occasion to 8 communication be>+ ! ,p>is po/-m>k1 f :i* ,i le>n$ = ! fir/ "t t !re exi/$ i*?yic fragm5ts greatly old] ?an ev5 ! i*?yolites ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & :i* made me acqua9t$ ) ,agassiz's e>lie/ =m$ decision reg>d+ !m4 ,?\gh exi/+ 9 an exce$+ly fragm5t>y condition1--= ! mat]ials ( ! ?9 d>k-color$ lay] 9 :i* !y _h la9 seem$ z if !y _h be5 triturat$ 9 a mort>1--! i*?yologi/ succe$$ 9 erect+ !m into six g5]a2 ?\gh x may be v possible1--z "s ( ^! 7 =m$ = ! reception ( deta*$ sp9es1 & o!rs = ! reception ( deta*$ tee?1--t1 z 9 ! case ( ,dipt]us & ,a/]olepis1 ! fragm5ts ( b a s+le g5us may h be5 multipli$ into two g5]a or m4 ,& m9ute scale-l m>k+s1 :i* m+l$ ) ! g5]al mass1 & 7 at fir/ reg>d$ z ! impressions ( real scales1 h be5 s9ce recogniz$ z ( ! same "* ) ! scale-l m>k+s ( ! ,s]aphim ( ,=f>%ire1 a huge cru/acean4 ,ev5 admitt+1 h[ev]1 t a set ( tee? & sp9es1 ) p]haps ! %agre5 po9ts repres5t$ 9 page #ed1 fig4 #b1 b1 9 addition1 may h all belong$ to b a s+le species ( fi%1 !re seem to be mat]ials en\gh1 among ! rema9s f\nd1 = ! erection ( two species m4 ,& we h evid5ce t at lea/ two ( ! ?ree k9ds 7 fi%es ( ! ,placoid ord]1 7,on*us ,mur*isoni & ,on*us t5ui/riatus17 &--z ! suppos$ scales mu/ be giv5 up--no good evid5ce t ! o!r k9d 0 n4 ,! i*?yic rema9s ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em next discov]$ 7 fir/ introduc$ to ! notice ( geologi/s by ,pr(essor ,phillips1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahdb4bb ,!y occurr$1 he /at$1 9 a qu>ry ne> ,hales ,end1 at ! base ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock1 imm$iately ov] ! ,ayme/ry ,lime/one1 & 7 s exce$+ly dim9utive1 t !y appe>$ to ! nak$ eye z m]e discolor$ spots2 b resolv$ "u ! microscope into scatt]$ gr\pes ( m9ute sp9es1 l ^? ( ! ,*eiracan?us1 ) :at seem$ to be /ill m m9ute scales1 or1 p]haps1--:at 9 su* circum/ances c\ld sc>ce be di/+ui%$ f scales1--%agre5 po9ts ( ! scale-l type4 ,! next i*?yic organism detect$ 9 ! ,silurian rocks occurr$ 9 ! ,w5lock ,lime/one1 a consid]ably l[] & old] deposit1 & 0 fir/ describ$ 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,review0 = #ahde by a vigor\s writ] & ma/]ly geologi/1 7g5]ally und]/ood to be ,pr(essor ,s$gwick ( ,cambridge17 z 8a *>act]i/ic portion ( a fi% und\bt$ly belong+ to ! ,ce/raciont family ( ! ,placoid ord]40 ,9 ! 8,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce0 = #ahdf1 ,pr(essor ,silliman figur$1 f a "w ( ! ,/ates' ,surveyors1 ! def5sive sp9e ( a ,placoid f\nd 9 ! ,onondago ,lime/one ( ,new ,york1--a rock :i* occurs ne> ! base ( ! ,upp] ,silurian ,sy/em1 z develop$ 9 ! we/]n _w2#bc & 9 ! same passage he made ref]5ce to a mutilat$ sp9e detect$ 9 a /ill l[] ,am]ican deposit1--! ,oriskany ,s&/one4 ,9 ! ,geological ,j\rnal = #ahdg1 x 0 ann\nc$ by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 t he _h f\nd 8def5ces ( fi%es0 9 ! ,upp] ,ll&eilo ,flags1 & by ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 t ! 8def5ce ( an ,on*us0 _h be5 detect$ by ! geologi/s ( ! ,gov]nm5t survey1 9 ! ,lime/one ne> ,bala4 ,sir ,rod]ick ref]r$ 9 ! same numb] to ! rema9s ( a fi% f\nd by ,pr(essor ,phillips 9 ! ,w5lock ,%ale4 ,& su*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 is ! actual am\nt ( ! evid5ce ) :i* we h to deal1 & ! dates ( its piecemeal production4 ,let u next consid] ! ord] ( its occurr5ce 9 ! geologic scale4 ----- ,upp] ,fi%1 #ahch1 ,ludl[4 #a 7,mur*ison47 ,fi%1 #ahdb1 ----- 7,phillips47 ,ayme/ry ,lime/one4 #b ----- ,,upp] ,,silurian ,,rocks4 ,l[] ,ludl[4 #c ----- ,w5lock ,fi%1 #ahde1 ,lime/one4 #d 7,s$gwick47 ,fi%1 #ahdf1 ----- 7,silliman47 ,w5lock #e ,fi%1 #ahdg4 ,%ale4 7,phillips47 ----- ----- ----- ,c>adoc ,s&/one1 #f c4 ,,l[] ,,silurian ,,rocks4 ----- ,ll&eilo ,fi%1 #ahdg1 ,flags1 c4 #g 7,s$gwick47 ----- ----- ----- ,plynlimmon ,gr\p4 a ----- ,bala ,fi%1 #ahdg1 ,,cambrian ,,rocks4 ,lime/one4 b 7,geologi/s ( ,gov]nm5t ----- ,survey47 ,sn[don ,gr\p4 c ,fucoids4 ----- ,! bett] m>k$ sub-divisions ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 z describ$ 9 ! great "w specially devot$ to x1 may be reg>d$ z sev5 9 numb]4 ,an eight has s9ce be5 add$1 by ! transf]5ce ( ! ,tile/ones f ! l[] "p ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one gr\p1 to ! upp] "p ( ! ,silurian gr\p und]nea?2 b 9 ord] ! bett] to %[ h[ i*?yic discov]y has 9 its sl[ c\rse p5etrat$ into ! dep?s1 ,i %all reta9 ! divisions recogniz$ z ^? ( ! sy/em :5 t c\rse began4 ,! highe/ or mo/ mod]n ,silurian deposit1 !n1 7,no4 #a ( ! accompany+ diagram17 is ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,rock2 & x is 9 ! sup]ior /rata ( ?is division t ! bone-b$ discov]$ 9 #ahch occurs2 :ile ! exce$+ly m9ute v]tebrate rema9s describ$ by ,pr(essor ,phillips 9 #ahdb occur 9 its base4 ,! division next 9 ! desc5d+ ord] is ! ,ayme/ry ,lime/one1 7,no4 #b27 ! next 7,no4 #c47 ! ,l[] ,ludl[ rock2 !n 7,no4 #d47 ! ,w5lock or ,dudley ,lime/one occurs2 & !n1 la/ & olde/ deposit ( ! ,upp] ,silurian =mation1 ! ,w5lock %ale1 7,no4 #e47 ,x is 9 ! f\r?1 or ,w5lock ,lime/one division1 t ! def5sive sp9e describ$ 9 ! 8,ed9burgh ,review0 = #ahde z ! olde/ v]tebrate organism kn[n at ! "t1 0 f\nd2#bd :ile ! v]tebrate organism f\nd by ,pr(essor ,phillips belongs to ! fif?1 or base deposit ( ! ,upp] ,silurian4 ,fur!r1 ! ,am]ican sp9es ( ,onondago & ,oriskany1 describ$ 9 #ahdf1 occurr$ 9 rocks deem$ contempor>y ) ^? ( ! ,w5lock division4 ,we next cross ! l9e :i* sep>ates ! base ( ! ,upp] f ! top ( ! ,l[] ,silurian deposits1 & f9d a great ar5ace\s =mation1 7,no4 #f17 kn[n z ! ,c>adoc ,s&/ones2 :ile ! ,ll&eilo ,flags1 7,no4 #g17 ! =mation ^u :i* ! s&/ones re/1 compose1 accord+ to ! sections ( ,sir ,rod]ick1 publi%$ 9 #ahci1 ! l[e/ deposit ( ! ,l[] ,silurian rocks4 ,& x is 9 ! upp] "p ( ?is l[e/ memb] ( ! sy/em t ! i*?yic def5ces1 ann\nc$ 9 #ahdg by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 occur4 ,v]tebrate rema9s h n[ be5 detect$ 9 ! same relative position 9 ! sev5? & mo/ anci5t memb] ( ! sy/em1 t !y 7 f\nd to occupy 9 its fir/ & mo/ mod]n memb] t5 ye>s ago4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,b5ea? ! ,l[] ,silurian division !re occur va/ fossilif]\s deposits1 to :i* ! "n 8,cambrian ,sy/em0 0 giv51 m]ely provisionally1 by ,sir ,rod]ick1 b :i* ,pr(essor ,s$gwick /ill reta9s z repres5tative ( a di/9ct geologic p]iod2 & x is 9 ^!1 greatly bel[ ! ,l[] ,silurian base l9e1 z drawn 9 #ahci1 t ! ,bala ,lime/ones occur4 ,! ,plynlimmon rocks 7a7--a s]ies ( conglom]ate1 grauwacke1 & slate b$s1 sev]al ?\s& y>ds 9 ?ickness--int]v5e betwe5 ! ,ll&eilo ,flags & ! ,lime/ones ( ,bala1 7b47 ,&1 ( consequ5ce1 ! def5sive sp9e ( ! ,on*us1 ann\nc$ 9 #ahdg z detect$ 9 ^! lime/ones by ! geologi/s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,survey1 mu/ h =m$ "p ( a fi% t p]i%$ _m ages ere ! olde/ ( ! ,l[] ,silurian =mations began to be deposit$4 ,let u n[1 aft] ?is survey ( bo? ! am\nt ( our mat]ials1 & ! ord] & "t ( _! occurr5ce1 pass on to ! "q ( size1 z already /at$4 ,did ! i*?yic rema9s ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em1 hi!rto exam9$ & describ$1 belong to l>ge or to small fi%es8 ,! "q _c be altoge!r s conclusively answ]$ z 9 ! case ( ^? ,ganoids ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ^: d]mal skeletons indicate _! orig9al dim5sions & =m4 ,9 fi%es ( ! ,placoid ord]1 su* z ! ,%>ks & ,rays1 ! d]mal skeleton is greatly less cont9u\s & p]si/5t ?an 9 su* ,ganoids z ! ,dipt]ians & ,clacan?s2 & :5 _! rema9s occur 9 ! fossil /ate1 we c reason1 9 mo/ in/ances1 reg>d+ ! bulk ( ! individuals ( :i* !y =m$ "p1 m]ely f t ( deta*$ tee? or sp9es1 ^: proportion to ! entire size ( ! animals t bore !m _c be /rictly det]m9$4 ,we c1 inde$1 d little m ?an inf]1 t ?\gh a l>ge ,placoid may h be5 arm$ ) b small sp9es or tee?1 a small ,placoid c\ld n h borne v l>ge ones4 ,& to ?is ,placoid ord] all ! ,silurian fi%1 f ! ,ayme/ry ,lime/one to ! ,cambrian deposits ( ,bala inclusive1 unequivocally belong4 ,nor1 z has be5 already said1 is !re suffici5t evid5ce to %[ t any ( ! i*?yic rema9s ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rocks d n belong to x4 ,x is peculi>ly ! ord] ( ! sy/em4 ,! ,ludl[ bone-b$ conta9s n only def5sive sp9es1 b also tee?1 fragm5ts ( jaws1 & %agre5 po9ts2 :]eas1 9 all ! inf]ior deposits :i* yield any trace ( ! v]tebrata1 ! rema9s are ^? ( def5sive sp9es exclusively4 ,let u1 !n1 take ! def5sive sp9e z ! "p on :i* to f\nd our comp>ison4 ,"o ( ! be/ m>k$ ,placoids ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ bone-b$ is t ,on*us ,mur*isoni to :i* ! di/+ui%$ geologi/ ^: "n x be>s ref]s1 9 8 communication1 z s ne>ly resembl+ ! olde/ ,placoid yet kn[n1--t ( ! ,bala ,lime/one4 ,& ! liv+ fi%es ) :i* ! ,on*us ,mur*isoni mu/ be comp>$1 says ,agassiz1 ?\gh 8! aff9ity10 he adds1 8may be r di/ant10 are ^? ( ! g5]a 8,ce/racion1 ,c5tr9a1 & ,sp9ax40 ,i h plac$ be=e me a specim5 ( rec5t ,sp9ax1 ( a species well kn[n to all my read]s on ! sea-coa/1 ! ,sp9ax ,acan?ias1 or common dog-fi%1 s little a favorite ) our fi%]m54 ,x measures exactly two feet ?ree in*es 9 l5g?2 & ( ! def5sive sp9es ( its two dorsals1--^! spe>-l ?orns on ! creature's back imm$iately 9 advance ( ! f9s1 :i* s frequ5tly w\nd ! fi%]'s h&1--! ant]ior & small] measures1 f base to po9t1 an in* & a half1 & ! po/]ior & l>g]1 two in*es4 ,i h also plac$ be=e me a specim5 ( ,ce/racion ,phillippi1 7! ,port ,jackson ,%>k17 a fi% n[ recogniz$ z ! true/ exi/+ analogue ( ! ,silurian ,placoids4 ,x measures tw5ty-two ?ree f\r? in*es 9 l5g?1 & is furni%$1 l ,sp9ax1 ) two dorsal sp9es1 ( :i* ! ant]ior & l>g] measures f base to po9t "o "o half in*1 & ! po/]ior & small]1 "o "o fif? in*4 ,b ! def5sive sp9e ( ! ,on*us ,mur*isoni1 z exhibit$ 9 "o ( ! ,ludl[ specim5s1 measures1 ?\gh mutilat$ at bo? ends1 ?ree in*es & five eigh? p>ts 9 l5g?4 ,ev5 ?\gh exi/+ b z a fragm5t1 x is z su* ne>ly twice ! l5g? ( ! l>ge/ sp9e ( ! dog-fi%1 unmutilat$ & entire1 & consid]ably m ?an twice ! l5g? ( ! l>ge/ sp9e ( ! ,port ,jackson ,%>k4 ,! sp9es detect$ by ,pr(essor ,phillips1 9 an inf]ior /ratum ( ! same upp] deposit1 71 z has be5 %[n1 ( microscopic m9ut5ess2 & :5 !y seem$ to re/ on ! extreme horizon ( i*?yic exi/5ce z ! mo/ anci5t rema9s ( _! k9d1 ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 avail$ himself ( ! fact4 ,he reg>d$ ! little creatures to :i* !y _h belong$ is ! ftal embryos ( _! class1 or--to employ ! language ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review]--z 8! tok5s ( ,nature's fir/ & half-abortive ef=ts to make fi% out ( ! l[] animals40 ,f ! latt] editions ( 8 "w1 ! p>agraph to :i* ! ,review] ref]s has1 ,i f9d1 be5 expung$2 = ! horizon has greatly ext5d$1 & :at seem$ to be its l9e ( extreme di/ance has travell$ into ! middle ( ! prospect4 ,b t ! passage %\ld h at all exi/$ is a n un9/ructive circum/ance1 & %[s h[ unsafe x is1 9 m ?an ext]nal nature1 to reg>d ! l9e at :i*1 = ! "t1 ! l&scape closes1 & heav5 & e>? seem to meet1 z 9 reality ! _w's end4 ,! ,w5lock sp9e1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n microscopic1 is1 ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton1 ( b small size2 :]eas ! contempor>y sp9e ( ! ,onondago ,lime/one1 ?\gh comp>atively m a fragm5t ?an ! sp9e ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,on*us1--= x measures only ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1--is at lea/ five times z bulky z ! l>ge/ sp9e ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias4 ,repres5t+ "o ( ! massi] fi%es disport+ amid ! "s f\r or five small ones1 ( :i* 9 my illu/ration1 ! naturali/ cat*es a glimpse 9 =d+ ! unkn[n lake1 x at lea/ s]ves to %[ t all ! ,silurian i*?yolites mu/ n be describ$ z small1 see+ t n only might _m ( its undetect$ fi% h be5 l>ge1 b t "s ( ^? :i* h be5 detect$ 7 actually s4 ,ano!r ,am]ican sp9e1 ( ne>ly ! same =mation1--= x occurs 9 a lime/one1 v>y+ f tw5ty to sev5ty feet 9 ?ickness1 :i* imm$iately ov]lies t ( ! ,onondago deposit1 ?\gh /ill m fragm5t>y ?an ! fir/1 = its l5g? is only two ?ree eigh? in*es1--ma9ta9s ?r\gh\t a ne>ly equal ?ickness1--a circum/ance 9 itself indicative ( consid]able size2 & 9 positive bulk x almo/ rivals ! ,onondago "o4 ,( ! ,l[] ,silurian & ,bala fi%es no descriptions or figures h yet appe>$4 ,& su*1 up to ! pres5t "t1 is ! te/imony d]iv$ f ?is dep>tm5t ( ,geology1 s f> z ,i h be5 able to det]m9e x1 reg>d+ ! size ( ! anci5t ,silurian v]tebrata4 8,no organism10 says ,pr(essor ,ok51 8is1 nor ev] has "o be51 creat$1 :i* is n microscopic40 ,! ,pr(essor's pupils & abettors1 ! ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 appeal to ! geological evid5ce z altoge!r on _! side 9 ! case2 & /raightway a few witnesses ent] c\rt4 ,b1 lo6 among ! expect$ dw>fs1 !re appe> individuals ( m ?an ! av]age bulk & /ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 a4 ,po/]ior ,sp9e ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias4 b4 ,fragm5t ( ,onondago ,sp9e4 7,natural ,size47 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ! "q ( organization rema9s4 ,did ^! anci5t ,placoid fi%es /& high or l[ 9 ! scale8 ,accord+ to ! poet1 8,:at c we reason b f :at we "k80 ,we are acqua9t$ ) ! ,placoid fi%es ( ! pres5t "t2 & f ^! only1 tak+ analogy z our guide1 c we =m any judgm5t reg>d+ ! rank & /&+ ( _! pr$ecessors1 ! ,placoids ( ! geologic p]iods4 ,b ! consid]ation ( ?is "q1 z x is specially "o on :i* ! lat] ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis conc5trate !mselves1 ,i mu/1 to secure ! space necess>y = its discussion1 def] till my next *apt]4 ,mean:ile1 ,i am consci\s ,i owe an apology to ! read] = :at he mu/ deem t$i\s m9ut5ess ( description1 & a too prolix amplitude ( /atem5t4 ,x is only by repres5t+ ?+s z !y actually are1 & 9 ! true ord] ( _! occurr5ce1 t ! effect ( ! p>tially select$ facts & exagg]at$ descriptions ( ! ,lam>ckian c be adequately met4 ,true1 ! disadvantages ( ! m sob] mode are unavoidably great4 ,he :o feels himself at lib]ty to arrange 8 collect$ %ells1 corals1 & fi%-bones1 into arti/ically design$ figures1 & to select only ! pretty ones1 w be ( c\rse able to make ( !m a mu* f9] %[ ?an he :o is necessitat$ to repres5t !m 9 ! ord] & num]ical proportions 9 :i* !y occur on "s pebbly bea* wa%$ by ! sea4 ,& su* is ! advantage1 9 a lit]>y po9t ( view1 ( ! +5i\s !ori/1 :o1 9 mak+ figures ( 8 geological facts1 takes no m ( !m ?an suits 8 purpose1 ov] ! man :o has to communicate ! facts z he f9ds !m4 ,b ! homeli] mode is ! true "o4 8,c\ld we obta910 says a di/+ui%$ metaphysician1 8a di/9ct & full hi/ory ( all t has pass$ 9 ! m9d ( a *ild1 f ! beg9n+ ( life & s5sation till x gr[s up to ! use ( reason1--h[ its infant faculties began to "w1 & h[ !y br\ght =? & rip5$ all ! v>i\s notions1 op9ions1 & s5tim5ts :i* we f9d 9 ourselves :5 we come to be capable ( reflection1--?is w\ld be a treasure ( natural hi/ory :i* w\ld probably give m light into ! human faculties ?an all ! sy/ems ( philosoph]s ab\t !m s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,b x is 9 va910 he adds1 8to wi% = :at nature has n put )9 ! rea* ( our p[]40 ,9 l mann]1 c\ld we obta91 x may be rem>k$1 a full & di/9ct acc\nt ( a s+le class ( ! animal k+dom1 f its fir/ appe>ance till ! pres5t "t1 8?is w\ld be a treasure ( natural hi/ory :i* w\ld ca/ m light0 on ! orig9 ( liv+ exi/5ces1 & ! true economy ( creation1 ?an all ! !ories ( all ! philosoph]s 8s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w40 ,& 9 ord] to approximate to su* a hi/ory z ne>ly z possible1--& x does seem possible to approximate ne> en\gh to sub/antiate ! true read+s ( ! volume1 & to correct ! false ones1--x is necess>y t ! real ve/iges ( creation %\ld be c>efully inve/igat$1 & _! ord] ( succession asc]ta9$4 ,,high ,,/&+ ,,( ,,! ,,placoids4--,,objections ,,consid]$4 ,we h se5 t "s ( ! ,silurian ,placoids 7 l>ge ( size3 ! "q /ill rema9s1 ,7 !y high 9 intellig5ce & organization8 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review]1 9 cont5d+ ) ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 replies 9 ! affirmative1 by claim+ = !m ! fir/ place among fi%es4 8,tak+ into acc\nt10 he says1 8! bra9 & ! :ole n]v\s1 circulat+1 & g5]ative sy/ems1 !y /& at ! highe/ po9t ( a natural asc5d+ scale40 ,!y are fi%es1 he aga9 rem>ks1 t rank among 8! v highe/ types ( _! class40 8,! fi%es ( ?is e>ly age1 & ( all o!r ages previ\s to ! ,*alk10 says 8 antagoni/1 9 reply1 8are1 = ! mo/ "p1 c>tilag9\s4 ,! c>tilag9\s fi%es--,*ondropt]ygii ( ,cuvi]--are plac$ by t naturali/ z a second s]ies 9 8 desc5d+ scale2 be+1 h[ev]1 he says1 #89 "s measure p>allel to ! fir/4' ,h[ f> ?is is diff]5t f _! be+ ! highe/ types ( ! fi% class1 ne$ n be l>gely insi/$ ^u4 ,l9nu1 aga91 0 s impress$ by ! l[ *>act]s ( _m ( ?is ord]1 t he actually rank$ !m ) worms4 ,"s ( ! c>tilag9\s fi%es1 nev]!less1 h c]ta9 peculi> features ( organization1 *iefly connect$ ) reproduction1 9 :i* !y excel o!r fi%2 b su* features are p>tly p>tak5 ( by families 9 inf]ior sub-k+doms1 %[+ t !y _c truly be reg>d$ z m>ks ( grade 9 _! own class4 ,:5 we look to ! great fundam5tal *>act]s p>ticul>ly to ! framework = ! atta*m5t ( ! muscles1 :at d we f9d8--:y1 t ( ^! ,placoids1--#8! highe/ types ( _! class1'--x is b>ely possible to e/abli% _! be+ v]tebrata at all1 ! back-bone hav+ g5]ally be5 too slight = pres]vation1 al?\gh ! v]tebral columns ( lat] fossil fi%es are z entire z ^? ( any o!r animals4 ,9 _m ( !m traces c be obs]v$ ( ! muscles hav+ be5 atta*$ to ! ext]nal plates1 /rik+ly indicat+ _! l[ grade z v]tebrate animals4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review] #8highe/ types ( _! class' are 9 reality a sep>ate s]ies ( t class1 g5]ally inf]ior1 tak+ ! lead+ features ( organization ( /ructure z a crit]ion1 b :5 details ( organization are reg>d$1 /ret*+ f>!r1 bo? d[nw>d & upw>d1 ?an ! o!r s]ies2 s t1 look+ at "o extremity1 we are z mu* entitl$ to call !m ! l[e/1 z ! ,review]1 look+ at ano!r extremity1 is to call !m ! #8highe/ ( _! class4' ,( ! g5]al inf]iority !re c be no room = d\bt4 ,_! c>tilag9\s /ructure is1 9 ! fir/ place1 analog\s to ! embryonic /ate ( v]tebrat$ animals 9 g5]al4 ,! maxill>y & int]maxill>y bones are 9 !m rudim5tal4 ,_! tails are f9n$ on ! "u side only1--an admitt$ feature ( ! salmon 9 an embryonic /age2 & ! m\? is plac$ on ! "u side ( ! head1--also a mean & embryonic feature ( /ructure4 ,^! *>act]s are ess5tial & important1 :atev] ! ,ed9burgh ,review] may say to ! contr>y2 !y are ! *>act]s :i*1 above all1 ,i am *iefly conc]n$ 9 look+ to1 = !y are features ( embryonic progress1 & embryonic progress is ! gr& key to ! !ory ( developm5t40 ,su* is ! +5i\s piece ( special plead+ :i* ?is mo/ popul> ( ! ,lam>ckians directs aga9/ ! /&+ & organization ( ! e>li] fi%es4 ,let u exam9e x some:at 9 detail1 & see :e!r ! slight admixture ( tru? :i* x conta9s s]ves to d aught m ?an to r5d] curr5t1 l ! gild+ ( a c\nt]feit gu9ea spread ov] ! base metal1 ! am\nt ( error :i* lies b5ea?4 ,i "k n a bett] example ?an t :i* x furni%es1 ( ! entanglem5t & p]plexity :i* ! me%es ( an artificial classification1 :5 conv]t$1 9 argum5tative processes1 into symbols & ab/ractions1 are sure to involve subjects simple en\gh 9 !mselves4 ,fi%es1 accord+ to ! classification ( a prepond]at+ majority ( ! i*?yologi/s t h fl\ri%$ f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ^? ( ,agassiz1 h be5 divid$ into two great s]ies1 ! ,ord9>y or osse\s1 & ! ,*ondropt]ygii or c>tilag9\s4 ,& ^! two divisions ( ! class1 in/ead ( be+ rang$ consecutively 9 a cont9u\s l9e1 ! "o 9 advance ( ! o!r1 h be5 rang$ 9 two p>allel l9es1 ! "o directly abrea/ ( ! o!r4 ,!re is ?is fur!r peculi>ity 9 ! arrangem5t1 t ! l9e ( ! c>tilag9\s s]ies1 f ! circum/ance t "s ( its families rise high] & "s s9k l[] 9 ! scale ?an any ( ! ord9>y fi%es1 outflanks ! array ( ! osse\s s]ies at bo? ends4 ,! front :i* x pres5ts conta9s few] g5]a & species ?an t ( ! osse\s division2 b1 l ! front ( an army drawn out 9 s+le file1 x ext5ds along a great] l5g? ( gr\nd4 ,& to ?is long-front$ s]ies ( ! c>tilag9\s1 or1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 *ondropt]ygian fi%es1 ! ,placoid families ( ,agassiz belong1--among ! re/1 ! ,placoids ( ! ,silurian =mations1 ,upp] & ,l[]4 ,b ?\gh all ! ,placoids ( ?is latt] naturali/ be c>tilag9\s fi%es1 all c>tilag9\s fi%es are n ,placoids4 ,! ,/urionid are c>tilag9\s1 & are1 z su*1 rank$ by ,cuvi] among ! ,*ondropt]ygii1 :]eas ,agassiz places !m 9 8 ,ganoid ord]4 ,_m ( ! ext9ct fi%es1 too1 su* z ! ,acan?odei1 ,dipt]id1 ,cephalaspid1 71 z we h se51 c>tilag9\s 9 _! int]nal framework1 & yet true ,ganoids not)/&+4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,agassiz's classification :olly diff]s f t ( ,cuvi] & ! old] i*?yologi/s2 = x is a classification f\nd$1 n on ! "* ( ! int]nal b on t ( ! cuticul> or d]mal skeleton4 ,& :ile to ! geologi/ x possesses great & obvi\s advantages ov] e o!r1--= ( ! e>li] fi%es v little m ?an ! cuticul> skeleton survives1--x has ?is fur!r recomm5dation to ! naturali/1 t1 79 s f> at lea/ z its au?or has be5 true to 8 own pr9ciples17 in/ead ( anomal\sly unit+ ! highe/ & l[e/ specim5s ( _! class1--! fi%es t mo/ ne>ly approximate to ! reptiles on ! "o h&1 & ! fi%es t s9k fur!/ t[>ds ! worms on ! o!r1--x ga!rs into "o consi/5t ord] all ! individuals ( ! high] type1 di/+ui%$ above _! fell[s by _! developm5t ( bra91 ! ext5sive range ( _! in/9cts1 & ! p]fection ( _! g5]ative sy/ems4 ,fur!r1 ! hi/ory ( animal exi/5ces1 z record$ 9 ! s$im5t>y rocks ( our planet1 reads a recomm5dation ( ?is s*eme ( classification :i* x ext5ds to no o!r4 ,we f9d t 9 ! progress ( creation ! fi%es began to be by gr\pes & septs1 arrang$ accord+ to ! pr9ciple on :i* x erects its ord]s4 ,! ,placoids came fir/1 ! ,ganoids succe$$ !m1 & ! ,ct5oids & ,cycloids br\ght up ! re>4 ,! m>* has be5 m>%all$ accord+ to an appo9t$ programme1 ! ord] ( :i* x is peculi>ly ! m]it ( ,agassiz to h asc]ta9$4 ,n[1 may ,i reque/ ! read] to m>k1 9 ! fir/ place t :at we h specially to deal ) at ! pres5t /age ( ! argum5t are ! ,placoid fi%es ( ! ,silurian =mations1 ,upp] & ,l[]4 ,may ,i ask him to take note1 9 ! second1 t ! long-front$ *ondropt]ygian s]ies ( ,cuvi]1 ?\gh x includes1 z has already be5 said1 ! ,placoid ord] ( ,agassiz1--j z ! r$-blood$ division ( animals includes ! bimana & quadrumana1--is no m to be reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! ,placoids1 ?an ! r$-blood$ animals are to be reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! apes or ) ! human family4 ,x simply includes !m 9 ! "* ( "o ( ! ?ree great divisions into :i* x has be5 sep>at$1--! division rang$1 if ,i may s express myself1 on ! extreme "r ( ! l9e2 its middle portion1 or ma9 body1 be+ compos$ ( ! ,/uriones1 a family on ! g5]al level ( ! osse\s fi%es2 :ile1 rang$ on ! extreme left1 we f9d ! l[ division ( ! ,suctorii1 i4 e4 ,cyclo/omi1 or ,lampreys4 ,b ) ! middle & l[] divisions we h at pres5t no?+ to d2 = ( nei!r ( !m1 :e!r ,/uriones or ,suctorii1 does ! ,silurian ,sy/em exhibit a trace4 ,fur!r be x rem>k$1 t ! s*eme ( classification :i* gives an ab/ract /&+ to ! ,*ondropt]ygii1 is 9 itself m]ely a c]ta9 p]ception ( resemblance :i* exi/$ 9 c]ta9 m9ds1 hav+ c>tilage = its g5]al idea2 j z ano!r c]ta9 p]ception ( resemblance 9 "o o!r c]ta9 m9d _h cuticul> skeleton = its g5]al idea1 & z yet ano!r p]ception ( resemblance 9 yet o!r c]ta9 m9ds _h r$ blood = its g5]al idea4 ,z %[n by ! disp>ities :i* obta9 among ! section :i* ! s*eme s]ves to sep>ate f ! o!rs1 x no m det]m9es rank or /&+ ?an t greatly m anci5t s*eme ( classification into 8r+-/reak$ & spott$10 :i* s]v$ to di/+ui% ! flocks ( ! patri>* ,jacob f ^? ( ,laban 8 fa!r-9-law1 b :i* did n di/+ui% goats f %eep1 nor %eep f cattle4 ,! effect ( introduc+1 aft] ?is mann]1 g5]alizations made altoge!r irrespective ( rank1 & av[$ly )\t ref]5ce to x1 into :at are inh]5tly & specifically que/ions ( rank1 admits ( a simple illu/ration4 ,let u suppose t x 0 n ) ! /&+ ( ! ,silurian ,placoids t we _h to deal1 b ) t ( ! mammals ( ! rec5t p]iod1 includ+ ! quadrumana1 & ev5 ! bimana1 & t we _h v5tur$ to describe !m1 9 ! words ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review]1 z 8! v highe/ types ( _! class40 ,:at w\ld be ?\ght ( ! reason] :o1 9 *all5g+ ! ju/ice ( ! e/imate1 w\ld argue t ^! creatures1 m5 z well z monkeys1 belong$ simply to t division ( r$-blood$ animals :i* includes1 ) ! bimana & quadrumana1 ! frog1 ! gudgeon1 & ! e>?worm8--a division1 he might add1 8:i*1 :5 details ( organization are reg>d$1 /ret*es f>!r1 bo? d[nw>d & upw>d10 ?an t division ( ! :ite-blood$ animals to :i* ! crab1 ! spid]1 ! cuttle-fi%1 & ! dragon fly belong2 8s t1 look+ at "o extremity1 any "o is z mu* entitl$ to call ! r$-blood$ animals ! l[e/ division1 z any o!r1 look+ at ano!r extremity1 is to call !m ! highe/ division1 ( animals40 ,:at1 x might well be ask$ 9 reply1 has ! e>?worm1 ) its r$-blood to d 9 a "q respect+ ! place & /&+ ( ! bimana8 ,or :at1 9 ! p>allel case1 h ! ,suctorii--! worms ( ,l9nu--to d 9 a "q respect+ ! place & /&+ ( ! real ,placoids8 ,true x is t1 accord+ to "o pr9ciple ( classification1 n[ gr[n some:at obsolete1 m5 & e>?worms are equally r$-blood$ animals2 true x is t1 accord+ to ano!r pr9ciple ( classification1 ! ,placoids ( ,agassiz & ! c>tilag9\s worms ( ,l9nu are equally ,*ondropt]ygii4 ,! bimana & ! e>?worm h _! r$ blood 9 common2 ! glut9\s hag & ! true ,placoids h z c]ta9ly _! int]nal c>tilage 9 common2 & if ! fact ( ! r$ blood ( ! worm l[]s 9 no degree ! rank ( ! bimana1 !n1 on ! same pr9ciple1 ! fact ( ! int]nal c>tilage ( ! glut9\s hag _c possibly detract f ! /&+ ( ! true ,placoid4 ,9 bo? cases !y are creatures t entirely diff]1--! e>?worms f ! bimana1 & ! c>tilag9\s worms f ! ,placoids2 & ! classification :i* tags !m toge!r1 :e!r x be t ( ,ari/otle or t ( ,cuvi]1 _c be conv]t$ into a sort ( m9us quantity1 ( =ce en\gh to detract f ! value & /&+ ( ! bimana 9 ! "o case1 or ( ! true ,placoids 9 ! o!r4 ,x is 9 no degree d]ogatory to ! human family t e>?worms possess r$ blood2 x is 9 no degree d]ogatory to ! true ,placoids t ! ,suctorii possess c>tilag9\s skeletons4 ,let ! read] n[ m>k ! use :i* has be5 made1 by ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 ( ! "n & au?ority ( ,l9nu4 8,l9nu10 he /ates1 80 s impress$ by ! l[ "* ( _m ( ?is ord]1 7! ,*ondropt]ygii17 t he actually rank$ !m ) worms40 ,n[1 :at is ! fact "h8 ,simply t ,l9nu _h no su* g5]al ord] z ! ,*ondropt]ygii 9 8 eye at all4 ,?\gh *iefly rem>kable z a naturali/ = ! artificialness ( 8 classifications1 8 e/imate ( ! c>tilag9\s fi%es 0 rem>kable--?\gh c>ri$ too f> 9 its extremes1 & 9 "s degree f\nd$ 9 error--= an opposite quality4 ,x 0 an e/imate =m$1 9 ! ma91 on a natural basis4 ,in/ead ( tak+ _! c>tilag9\s skeleton into acc\nt1 he look$ *iefly at _! /&+ z animals2 &1 /ruck ) t ext5t ( front :i* !y pres5t1 & ) bo? _! sup]iority on ! extreme "r1 & _! inf]iority on ! extreme left1 to ! ord9>y fi%es1 he erect$ !m into two sep>ate ord]s1 ! "o l[] & ! o!r high] ?an ! memb]s ( ! osse\s l9e4 ,& s f> 0 he f reg>d+ ! true ,placoids--^? ,*ondropt]ygii :i* to an int]nal skeleton ( c>tilage add ext]nal plates1 po9ts1 or sp9es ( bone--z l[ 9 ! scale1 t he actually rais$ !m above fi%es altoge!r1 by erect+ !m into an ord] ( reptiles1--! old] ,amphibia ,nantes4 ,surely1 if ! "n ( ,l9nu 0 to be introduc$ into ?is controv]sy at all1 x ought to h be5 9 connection ) ?is special fact2 see+ t ! po9t to be det]m9$ 9 ! "q "u discussion is simply ! place & /&+ ( t v ord] :i* ! naturali/ rat$ s high1--n ! place & /&+ ( ! ord] :i* he degrad$4 ,x s happ5s t !re is "o ( ! ,*ondropt]ygii :i*1 s f> f be+ a true ,placoid1 does n possess a s+le osse\s plate1 po9t1 or sp9e3 x is a worm l creature1 )\t eyes1 )\t movable jaws1 )\t v]tebral jo9ts1 )\t scales1 always envelop$ 9 slime1 & greatly abhorr$ by our ,scot* boatm5 ( ! ,moray ,fri?1 :o hold t x burr[s1 l ! grave-worm1 9 ! decay+ bodies ( ! dead4 ,& ?is creature1 8! glut9\s hag10 or1 accord+ to nor?-c\ntry fi%]m51 ! 8ramp]-eel10 or 8poison-ramp]10 0 reg>d$ by ,l9nu z belong+1 n to ! class ( fi%es1 b to ! ,v]mes4 ,n[1 ?is is ! special fact ) :i*1 9 ! developm5t controv]sy1 ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 connects ! "n ( ! ,sw$i% naturali/6 ,all ! fi% ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em belong$ to t true ,placoid ord] :i* ,l9nu1 impress$ by its high /&+1 erect$ into an ord]1 n ( worms1 b ( reptiles4 ,he elevat$ ,a1 ! true ,placoid1 :ile he degrad$ ,b1 ! glut9\s hag4 ,b x 0 necess>y to ! argum5t ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 t ! e>lie/ exi/+ fi% %\ld be repres5t$ z fi% l[ 9 ! scale2 & s he has cit$ ! "n & au?ority ( ,l9nu 9 its be>+ aga9/ ! glut9\s hag ,b1 z if x _h borne aga9/ ! /&+ ( ! true ,placoid ,a4 ,! ,patagonians are ! talle/ & bulkie/ m5 9 ! _w1 :]eas _! neighbors1 ! ,fuegians are a slim & dim9utive race4 ,& if1 9 "s controv]sy rais$ reg>d+ ! real size ( ! m gigantic tribe1 !y 7 to be describ$ z ! 8v talle/ types ( _! class10 any /atem5t 9 reply1 to ! effect t "s tru/wor?y voyag] _h exam9$ c]ta9 races ( ! extreme s\? ( ,am]ica1 & _h f\nd t !y 7 bo? %ort & ?91 w\ld be nei!r relevant 9 its facts nor legitimate 9 its be>+4 ,b if ! controv]siali/ :o ?us /rove to /r5g!n 8 case by ! voyag]'s au?ority1 0 at ! same "t fully aw>e t ! voyag] _h se5 n only ! dim9utive ,fuegians1 b also ! gigantic ,patagonians1 & t he _h describ$ ^! la/ z v gigantic inde$1 ! introduction ( ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! small] race1 :5 he :olly sank ! /atem5t reg>d+ ! l>g]1 w\ld be n m]ely v irrelevant 9 ! circum/ances1 b also v unfair4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! /yle ( /atem5t to :i* ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 has 7,i tru/ inadv]t5tly7 resort$ 9 ?is controv]sy4 ,x is n un9/ructive to m>k h[ sl[ly & gradually ! naturali/s h be5 grop+ _! way to a "r classification 9 ! i*?yic dep>tm5t ( _! sci5ce1 & h[ x has be5 t id5tical p]ception ( resemblance1 hav+ c>tilage = its g5]al idea1 to :i* ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 atta*es s mu* importance1 t has s]v$ ma9ly to ret>d _! progress4 ,n a few ( ! m di/+ui%$ among _! numb] deem$ x too important a di/9ction to be reg>d$ z m]ely second>y2 & s long z x 0 reta9$ z a prim>y *>act]i/ic1 ! fi%es fail$ to range !mselves 9 ! natural ord]2--dissimil> tribes 7 br\ght into close neighborhood1 :ile tribes ne>ly alli$ 7 widely sep>at$4 ,x fail$1 z has be5 %[n1 to influ5ce ,l9nu2 & ?\gh he no d\bt press$ 8 peculi> views too f> :5 he degrad$ ! glut9\s hag into a worm1 & elevat$ ! ,%>ks & ,rays into reptiles1 x is c]ta9ly wor?y ( rem>k1 t1 9 ! s*eme ( classification :i* is n[ reg>d$ z ! mo/ natural1--t ( ,pr(essor ,mull]1 modifi$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51--! i*?yic worms ( ! ,sw$e are plac$ 9 ! fir/ & l[e/ ord] ( fi%es1--! ,d]mopt]i1--& ! great] "p ( 8 i*?yic reptiles1 9 ! elev5? & highe/1--! ,plagio/omi4 ,cuvi] yield$1 z has be5 %[n1 to ! idea ( resemblance f\nd$ on ! mat]ial ( ! i*?yic framework1 & s rang$ 8 fi%es into two p>allel l9es4 ,pr(essor ,ok51 aft] fir/ enunciat+ z law t 8! *>act]i/ic organ ( fi%es is ! osse\s sy/em10 confess$ ! 8great difficulty0 :i* atta*es to ! "q ( skeletal 8texture or sub/ance10 & f9ally gave up ! di/9ction f\nd$ on x z ob/9ately irr$ucible to ! purposes ( a natural classification4 8,! c>tilag9\s fi%es10 he says1 8appe> to belong to ea* o!r1 & are also usually arrang$ toge!r2 yet among/ !m we f9d ^? species1 su* z ! ,lampreys1 :i* obvi\sly occupy ! l[e/ grade ( all fi%es1 :ile ! ,%>ks & ,rays rem9d u ( ! ,reptilia40 ,& s1 s9k+ ! consid]ation ( texture altoge!r1 he plac$ ! family ( ! ,lamprey1 includ+ ! glut9\s hag1 at ! bottom ( ! scale1 & ! ,%>ks & ,rays at ! top4 ,agassiz's sy/em1 peculi>ly 8 own1 has _h ! r>e m]it1 z ,i h %[n1 ( furni%+ a key to ! hi/ory ( ! fi% 9 its sev]al dyna/ies1 :i* we may 9 va9 seek 9 any o!r4 ,8 divisions1--if1 reta9+ 8 /rongly-m>k$ ,placoids & ,ganoids1 z ord]s /amp$ 9 ! m9t ( nature1 we ?r[ 8 p]haps less obvi\sly divisible ,ct5oids & ,cycloids into "o ord]1--! corne\s or horn-cov]$1--are sc>cely less repres5tative ( p]iods ?an ^? great classes ( ! v]tebrata1 mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 & fi%es1 :i* we f9d n less regul>ly rang$ 9 _! ord] ( succession 9 ! geologic record ?an 9 ! 8,animal ,k+dom0 ( ,cuvi]1--a %rewd corroboration1 9 bo? cases1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 ( ! rectitude ( ! arrangem5t4 ,:at seems to be ! special defect ( 8 sy/em is1 t hav+ erect$ 8 f\r ord]s1 & !n f9d+ a c]ta9 numb] ( residu>y families t1 on 8 pr9ciple ( cuticul> "*1 /ubbornly refus$ to fall into any det]m9ate place1 he di/ribut$ !m among ! o!rs1 ) ref]5ce *iefly to ! totally di/9ct pr9ciple ( ,cuvi]4 ,?us ! ,suctorii1 s(t1 smoo?1 slimy-sk9n$ fi%es1 t d n possess a s+le placoid "*1 & are n true ,placoids1 he has yet plac$ 9 8 ,placoid ord]1 influ5c$1 app>5tly1 by ! 8p]ception ( resemblance t has c>tilage = its c5tral idea20 & ! effect has be5 a mass+ into "o anomal\s & entangl$ gr\p ! fi%es ( ! fir/ p]iod ( geologic hi/ory1 ) fi%es ( :i* we d n f9d a trace save 9 ! exi/+ sc5e ( ?+s1 & ( ! highe/ families ( _! class ) families t occupy ! l[e/ place4 ,b we live 9 an age 9 :i* ev5 ! b5efactors ( ! _w ( m9d _c make false /eps ) impunity2 & s1 :ile ,agassiz's ?ree i*?yic ord]s w cont9ue to be recogniz$ by ! palontologi/ z ! ord]s ( ?ree great geologic p]iods1 ! ,suctorii h already be5 /ruck f (f 8 high] fi%es by ! classification ( ,mull] & ,ow51 & c>ri$ to t l[e/ po9t 9 ! scale 7indicat$ by ,l9nu & ,ok57 :i* _! inf]ior /&+ r5d]s s obvi\sly ! natural "o4 ,"s ( my read]s may p]haps rememb] h[ f9ely ,bacon1 9 8 8,wisdom ( ! ,anci5ts10 int]prets ! old my?ologic /ory ( ,prome!us4 ,prome!us1 says ! philosoph]1 _h conf]r$ ine/imable favors on m51 by m\ld+ _! =ms into %ape1 & br++ !m fire f heav52 & yet !y compla9$ ( him & 8 tea*+s to ,jupit]4 ,& ! god1 in/ead ( c5sur+ _! +ratitude1 0 pleas$ ) ! compla9t1 & rew>d$ !m ) gifts4 ,9 putt+ nature to ! "q1 x is em95tly :olesome to be d\bt+1 cross-exam9+1 compla9+2 ev] dem&+ ( our ma/]s & b5efactors ! philosoph]s1 t !y %\ld reign ov] u1 n arbitr>ily & despotically1 8,l ! old k+s1 ) high exact+ looks1 ,sceptr$ & glob$10 b l our mod]n con/itutional mon>*s1 :o gov]n by law2 &1 fur!r1 t an appeal f _! decisions on all subjects )9 ! jurisdiction ( ,nature %\ld = ev] be op5 to ,nature h]self4 ,! seem+ +ratitude ( su* a c\rse1 if ! 8compla9ts0 be made 9 a "r _s & on prop] gr\nds1 ,jupit] always rew>ds ) gifts4 ,let u n[ see = ourselves1 9 ?is _s1 :e!r !re may n be some?+ absolutely d]ogatory1 9 ! exi/5ce ( a c>tilag9\s skeleton1 to ! creatures possess+ x2 or :e!r a deficit ( int]nal bone may n be greatly m ?an neutraliz$1 z x assur$ly mu/ h be5 9 ! view ( ,l9nu1 ,mull]1 & ,ow51 by a l>g] ?an ord9>y %>e ( a va/ly m important sub/ance4 ,,! ,,placoid ,,bra94 ,,embryonic ,,*>act]i/ics ,,n ,,necess>ily ,,( ,a ,,l[ ,,ord]4 ,t special sub/ance1 accord+ to ^: mass & degree ( developm5t all ! creatures ( ?is _w take rank 9 ! scale ( creation1 is n bone1 b bra94 ,7 animals to be rang$ accord+ to ! solidity ( _! bones1 ! class ( birds w\ld be assign$ ! fir/ place2 ! family ( ! ,felid1 includ+ ! tig] & lion1 ! second2 & ! o!r t]re/rial c>nivora ! ?ird4 ,man & ! h]bivor\s animals1 ?\gh tol]ably l[ 9 ! scale1 w\ld be 9 advance ( at lea/ ! reptiles4 ,mo/ ( ^!1 h[ev]1 w\ld take prec$5ce ( ! sagaci\s ,delph9id2 ! osse\s fi%es w\ld come next 9 ord]2 ! true ,placoids w\ld foll[1 succe$$ by ! ,/uriones2 & ! ,suctorii1 i4 e4 ,cyclo/omi or ,lampreys1 w\ld br+ up ! re>4 ,!re w\ld be evid5tly no ord] "h3 ! utt] confusion ( su* an arrangem5t1 l t ( ! bits ( a dissect$ map flung c>elessly out ( its box by a *ild1 w\ld ( itself demon/rate ! inadequacy & errone\sness ( ! regulat+ pr9ciple4 ,b h[ v diff]5t ! appe>ance pres5t$1 :5 = solidity ( bone we sub/itute developm5t ( bra96 ,man takes 8 prop] place at ! head ( creation2 ! l[] mammalia foll[1--ea* species 9 due ord]1 accord+ to its modicum ( intellig5ce2 ! birds succe$ ! mammalia2 ! reptiles succe$ ! birds2 ! fi%es succe$ ! reptiles2 next 9 ! long procession come ! inv]tebrate animals2 & ^!1 too1 take rank1 if n accord+ to _! developm5t ( bra9 prop]1 at lea/ accord+ to _! developm5t ( ! sub/ance ( bra94 ,! occipital n]v\s ganglion ( ! scorpion greatly exce$s 9 size t ( ! e>?worm2 & ! occipital n]v\s r+ ( ! lob/]1 t ( ! inte/9al ,asc>is4 ,at l5g?1 :5 we rea* ! l[e/ or acrite division ( ! animal k+dom1 ! sub/ance ( bra9 altoge!r disappe>s4 ,x has be5 calculat$ by naturali/s1 t 9 ! v]tebrata1 ! bra9 9 ! class ( fi%es be>s an av]age proportion to ! sp9al cord ( ab\t two to "o2 9 ! class ( reptiles1 ( ab\t two & a half to "o2 9 ! class ( birds1 ( ab\t ?ree to "o2 9 ! class ( mammals1 ( ab\t f\r to "o2 & 9 ! high-plac$1 sceptre-be>+ human family1 a proportion ( n less ?an tw5ty-?ree to "o4 ,x is palpably accord+ to developm5t ( bra91 n developm5t ( bone1 t we are to det]m9e po9ts ( prec$5ce among ! animals1--a fact ( :i* no "o c be m ?or\ghly aw>e ?an ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 himself4 ,( ?is let me adduce a /rik+ in/ance1 ( :i* ,i %all make fur!r use anon4 8,all life10 says ,ok51 8is f ! sea2 none f ! cont95t4 ,man also is a *ild ( ! w>m & %all[ p>ts ( ! sea 9 ! neighborhood ( ! l&40 ,su* also 0 ! hypo!sis ( ,lam>ck & ,maillet4 ,9 foll[+ up ! view ( 8 ma/]s1 ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 fixes on ! ,delph9id z ! sea-inhabit+ prog5itors ( ! simial family1 &1 ?r\gh ! simial family1 ( man ,= t highe/ ord] ( ! mammalia to :i* ! ,simiad 7monkeys7 belong1 8!re rema9s10 he says1 8a basis 9 ! ,delph9id1 ! la/ & smalle/ ( ! cetacean tribes4 ,?is affiliation has a special support 9 ! bra9 ( ! dolph9 family1 :i* is di/9ctly all[$ to be1 9 proportion to g5]al bulk1 ! greate/ among mammalia next to ! orang-outang & man4 ,we le>n f ,ti$emann1 t ea* ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es is compos$1 z 9 man & ! monkey tribe1 ( ?ree lobes1--an ant]ior1 a middle1 & a po/]ior2 & ^! hemisph]es pres5t mu* m num]\s circumvolutions & grooves ?an ^? ( any o!r animal4 ,"h x might be ra% to f\nd any ?+ ^u ! anci5t acc\nts ( ! dolph91--its famili>ity ) man1 & its help+ him 9 %ipwreck & v>i\s m>9e disa/]s2 al?\gh x is difficult to believe ^! /ories to be altoge!r )\t "s basis 9 fact4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! dolph9 ev9ces a pr$ilection = human society1 & *>ms ! m>9] by ! gambols :i* x p]=ms beside 8 vessel40 ,"h1 !n1 ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 palpably f\nds on a l>ge developm5t ( bra9 9 ! dolph91 & on ! manife/ation ( a correspond+ly high ord] ( in/9cts1--& ?is altoge!r irrespective ( ! /ructure or composition ( ! creature's int]nal skeleton4 ,! sub/ance to :i* he looks z all-important 9 ! case is bra91 n bone4 ,= 7 he to e/imate ! /&+ ( ! dolph91 n by its bra91 b by its skeleton1 he w\ld h to assign to x a place1 n only n 9 advance ( its bre?r5 ! mammalia ( ! sea1 b ev5 9 ! re> ( ! reptiles ( ! sea1 ! m>9e tortoises1 or turtles1--& sc>ce m ?an abrea/ ( ! osse\s fi%es4 8,fi%es10 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 8 8,lectures on ! ,v]tebrate ,animals10 8h ! lea/ proportion ( e>?y matt] 9 _! bones2 birds ! l>ge/4 ,! mammalia1 especially ! active1 pr$atory species1 h m e>?1 or h>d] bones1 ?an reptiles4 ,9 ea* class1 h[ev]1 !re are diff]5ces 9 ! d5sity ( bone among its sev]al memb]s4 ,= example1 9 ! fre%-wat] fi%es1 ! bones are light]1 & reta9 m animal matt]1 ?an 9 ^? :i* swim 9 ! d5s] sea4 ,& 9 ! dolph91 a w>m-blood$ m>9e animal1 !y diff] little 9 ?is respect f ^? ( ! sea-fi%40 ,su* be+ ! fact1 x is surely b fair to inquire ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 :y he %\ld det]m9e ! rank & /&+ ( ! ,delph9id accord+ to "o set ( pr9ciples1 & ! rank & /&+ ( ! ,placoids accord+ to ano!r & entirely diff]5t set8 ,if ! ,delph9id are to be plac$ high 9 ! scale1 not)/&+ ! s(tness ( _! skeletons1 simply because _! bra9s are l>ge1 :y are ! ,placoids to be plac$ l[ 9 ! scale1 not)/&+ ! l>g5ess ( _! bra9s1 simply because _! skeletons are s(t8 ,x is n too mu* to dem&1 t on ! pr9ciple :i* he himself recognizes z j1 he %\ld ei!r degrade ! dolph9 or elevate ! ,placoid4 ,= x is altoge!r inadmissible t he %\ld reason on "o set ( laws :5 ! exig5cies ( 8 hypo!sis require t creatures ) s(t skeletons %\ld be rais$ 9 ! scale1 & on ano!r & entirely diff]5t set :5 its necessities dem& t !y %\ld be depress$4 ,b d ! ,placoids possess 9 reality a l>ge developm5t ( bra98 ,i h exam9$ ! bra9s ( almo/ all ! common fi% ( our coa/1 bo? osse\s & c>tilag9\s1 n1 ,i fe>1 ) ! skill ( a ,ti$emann1 b all ! m intellig5tly 9 consequ5ce ( :at ,ti$emann _h previ\sly done & writt53 & s ,i c speak ) "s little confid5ce on ! subject1 s f> at lea/ z my modicum ( exp]i5ce1 ?us acquir$1 ext5ds4 ,( all ! common fi% ( ! ,scotti% seas1 ! spott$ or less] dog-fi% be>s1 9 proportion to its size1 ! l>ge/ bra92 ! gray or pick$ dog-fi% ranks next 9 its degree ( developm5t2 ! ,rays1 9 _! v>i\s species1 foll[ aft]2 & ! osse\s fi%es compose at lea/ ! great body ( ! re>2 :ile /ill fur!r beh9d1 !re lags a hapless class--! ,suctorii1 "o ( :i*1 ! glut9\s hag1 has sc>ce any bra91 & "o1 ! ,amphioxus or lancelet1 wants bra9 altoge!r4 ,i h comp>$ ! bra9 ( ! spott$ dog-fi% ) t ( a "y alligator1 & h f\nd t 9 sc>ce any p]ceptible degree 0 x inf]ior1 9 po9t ( bulk1 & v slightly inde$ 9 po9t ( organization1 to ! bra9 ( ! reptile4 ,& ! in/9cts ( ?is ,placoid family1--"o ( ! true/ exi/+ repres5tatives ( ! ,placoids ( ! ,silurian ,sy/em#be to :i* we c appeal1--correspond1 we inv>iably f9d1 ) _! sup]ior c]ebral developm5t4 ,i h se5 ! common dog-fi%1 ,sp9ax ,acan?ias1 hov]+ 9 packs 9 ! ,moray ,fri?1 "s "o or two fa?oms away f ! side ( ! h]r+ boat f :i*1 :5 ! fi%]m5 7 engag$ 9 haul+ _! nets1 ,i h wat*$ !m1 & h admir$ ! caution :i*1 ) all _! f]ocity ( disposition1 !y r>ely fail$ to manife/2--h[ !y kept alo( f ! net1 ev5 m w>ily ?an ! cetacea !mselves1--?\gh bo? dog-fi% & cetacea are occasionally entangl$2--& h[1 :5 a few h]r+s 7 %ak5 loose f ! me%es !y at once d>t$ ^u !m1 exhibit+ = a mom5t1 ?r\gh ! gre5 dep?s1 ! pale gleam ( _! abdom5s1 z !y turn$ ^u _! sides to seize ! desir$ morsels1--a motion r5d]$ necess>y by ! position ( ! m\? 9 ?is family2 & h[ next1 _! object accompli%$1 !y fell back into _! old position1 & wait$ on z be=e4 ,& ,i h be5 assur$ by intellig5t fi%]m51 t at ! deep-sea :ite-fi%+1 9 :i* bait$ hooks1 n nets1 are employ$1 ! degree ( %rewd caution ex]cis$ by ^! creatures seems m extraord9>y /ill4 ,! hatr$ :i* ! fi%] be>s to !m arises n m f ! actual am\nt ( mis*ief :i* !y d him1 ?an f ! circum/ance t 9 mo/ cases !y p]si/ 9 do+ x ) complete impunity to !mselves4 ,i h se51 said an obs]vant ,crom>ty fi%]man to ! writ] ( ^! *apt]s1 a pack ( dog-fi% wat*+ beside our boat1 z we 7 haul+ our l9es1 & sev]+ ! hook$ fi%1 z !y pass$ !m1 at a bite1 j a little above ! v5t1 s t !y !mselves escap$ ! swall[$ hook2 & ,i h frequ5tly lo/1 9 ?is way1 no inconsid]able portion ( a fi%+4 ,i h obs]v$1 h[ev]1 he cont9u$1 t :5 a fre% pack ( hungry dog-fi% came up1 & jo9$ ! pack t _h be5 robb+ u s coolly1 & at _! leisure1 a sudd5 ra%ness w\ld seize ! :ole1--! unit$ packs w\ld become a m]e he$less mob1 &1 ru%+ =w>d1 !y w\ld swall[ our fi% entire1 & be caught !mselves by ! score & ! hundr$4 ,we may see some?+ v simil> to ?is tak+ place among ev5 ! %rewd] mammalia4 ,:5 pig refuses to take 8 food1 8 mi/ress /raightway calls ^u ! cat1 &1 quick5$ by ! dread ( ! com+ rival1 he gobbles up 8 rations at once4 ,) ! comp>atively l>ge developm5t ( bra91 & ! correspond+ manife/ations ( in/9ct1 :i* ! true ,placoids exhibit1 we f9d o!r unequivocal m>ks ( a g5]al sup]iority to _! class4 ,9 _! reproductive organs !y rank n ) ! common fi%es1 nor ev5 ) ! l[] reptiles1 b ) ! ,*elonians & ! ,sauria4 ,among ! ,rays1 z among ! high] animals1 !re are individual atta*m5ts =m$ betwe5 male & female3 _! eggs unlike ! m]e spawn ( ! osse\s fi%es1 or ( ev5 ! ,batra*ians1 are1 l ^? ( ! tortoise & ! crocodile1 comp>atively few 9 numb]1 & ( consid]able size3 _! "y1 too1 l ! "y ( birds & ( ! high] reptiles1 pass ?r\gh no su* metamorphosis z ^? ( ! toad & frog1 or ( ! amphibia g5]ally4 ,& "s ( _! numb]--! common dog-fi% = in/ance--are ovovivip>\s1 br++ =? _! "y1 l ! common vip] & ! vivip>\s liz>d1 alive & fully =m$4 8,b su* features10 says ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 ref]r+ *iefly to c]ta9 provisions connect$ ) ! reproductory sy/em 9 ! ,placoids1 8are p>tly p>tak5 ( by families 9 inf]ior sub-k+doms1 %[+ t !y _c truly be reg>d$ z m>ks ( grade 9 _! own class40 ,nay1 s+le features d "h & !re occur 9 ! inf]ior sub-k+doms1 :i* v ne>ly resemble s+le features 9 ! placoid "* & organization1 :i* ev5 v ne>ly resemble s+le features 9 ! human "* & organization2 b is !re any ( ! inf]ior sub-k+doms 9 :i* !re occurs su* a collocation ( features8 or does su* a collocation occur 9 any class ( animals--sett+ ! ,placoids :olly out ( view--:i* is n a high class8 ,nay1 fur!r1 does !re occur 9 any ( ! inf]ior sub-k+doms--exi/+ ev5 z a s+le feature--t mo/ prom95t1 lead+ *>act]i/ic ( ?is s]ies ( fi%es1--a l>ge bra98 ,b is n ! 8c>tilag9\s /ructure0 ( ! ,placoids analog\s to ! embryonic /ate ( v]tebrat$ animals 9 g5]al8 ,d n ! o!r placoid peculi>ities to :i* ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 ref]s1--su* z ! het]oc]cal or "o-sid$ tail1 ! position ( ! m\? on ! "u side ( ! head1 & ! rudim5tal /ate ( ! maxill>ies & int]maxill>ies1--be> fur!r analogies ) ! embryonic /ate ( ! high] animals8 ,& is n 8embryonic progress ! gr& key to ! !ory ( developm5t80 ,let u exam9e ?is matt]4 8,^! are ! *>act]s10 says ?is +5i\s writ]1 8:i*1 above all1 ,i am *iefly conc]n$ 9 look+ to2 = !y are features ( embryonic progress1 & embryonic progress is ! gr& key to ! !ory ( developm5t40 ,bold ass]tion1 c]ta9ly2 b1 !n1 ass]tion is n argum5t6 ,! /atem5t is n a reason = ! fai? t is 9 ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 b simply an av[al ( x2 x is simply a confession1 n a def5ce1 ( ! ,lam>ckian cre$2 &1 in/ead ( be+ admitt$ z embody+ a fir/ pr9ciple1 x mu/ be put /r+5tly to ! "q1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r x conta9 a pr9ciple at all4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 let u rem>k1 t ! c>tilag9\s /ructure ( ! ,placoids be>s no v /rik+ analogy to ! c>tilag9\s /ructure ( ! high] v]tebrata 9 ! embryonic /ate4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,delph9id1 ) _! s(t skeletons1 ! analogy is greatly m close4 ,bone consi/s ( animal matt]1 *iefly gelat9\s1 h>d5$ by a diffusion ( inorganic e>?4 ,9 ! bones ( "y & ftal mammalia1 inhabitants ( ! l&1 ! gelat9\s prevails2 9 ! old & middle-ag$ !re is a prepond]ance ( ! e>?4 ,n[1 9 ! bones ( ! dolph9 !re is comp>atively little e>?4 ,! analogies ( its int]nal skeleton be>1 n on ! skeletons ( its bre?r5 ! mature full-gr[n mammals ( ! l&1 b on ! skeletons ( _! immature or ftal (fspr+4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! true ,placoids t analogy is fa9t inde$4 ,_! skeletons conta9 true bone2--! v]tebral jo9ts ( ! ,%>ks & ,rays possess ea*1 z has be5 %[n1 an osse\s nucleus1 :i* reta9s1 :5 subject$ to ! heat ( a common fire1 ! complete =m ( ! jo9t2 & _! cranial framework has its surface always cov]$ ov] ) h>d osse\s po9ts4 ,b ?\gh _! skeletons possess ?us _! modicum ( bone1 unlike ^? ( embryonic birds or mammals1 !y conta91 9 :at is prop]ly _! c>tilage1 no gelat9e4 ,! analogy signally fails 9 ! v po9t 9 :i* x has be5 deem$ specially to exi/4 ,! c>tilage ( ! ,*ondropt]ygii is a sub/ance s ess5tially diff]5t f t ( "y or embryonic birds & mammals1 & s unique 9 ! animal k+dom1 t ! heat$ wat] 9 :i* ! "o readily dissolves has no effect :atev] ^u ! o!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s circum/ance1 exemplifi$ 9 "s ( ! ,%>k family1#bf ?\gh x m]ely s]ves1 9 its exceptive "*1 to e/abli% ! g5]al fact1 t :ile ! rays ( ! d\ble f9s1 :i* answ] to ! phalanges1 are all =m$ ( ?is indissoluble c>tilage1 ^? rays :i* con/itute _! out] framework1 ) ! rays :i* con/itute ! framework ( all ! s+le f9s1 are compos$ ( a mucoidal c>tilage1 :i* boils into glue4 ,at c]ta9 def9ite l9es a *ange occurs 9 ! texture ( ! skeleton2 & x is c]ta9ly sugge/ive ( ?\ght1 t ! diff]5ce ( sub/ance :i* ! *ange involves di/+ui%es t "p ( ! skeleton :i* is homologically repres5tative ( ! skeletons ( ! high] v]tebrata1 f t "p ( x :i* is peculi> to ! creature z a fi%1 viz4 ! dorsal & caudal rays1 & ! extremities ( ! d\ble f9s4 ,^! emphatically i*?yic portions ( ! animal may be dissipat$ by boil+1 :]eas :at ,l9nu w\ld p]haps t]m its reptilian portion abides ! heat )\t r$uction4 ,b is n ! "o-sid$ tail1 s *>act]i/ic ( ! %>ks1 & ( almo/ all ! anci5t ,ganoids1 also a *>act]i/ic ( ! "y salmon j bur/ f ! egg8 ,yes1 assur$ly2 &1 s f> z rese>* on ! subject has yet ext5d$1 ( n only ! salmon1 b ( all ! o!r osse\s fi%es 9 _! ftal /ate4 ,! salmon1 on its escape f ! egg1 is a little mon/] ( ab\t ?ree qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a huge he>t-%ap$ bag1 z bulky z all ! re/ ( its body1 dep5d+ f its abdom54 ,9 ?is bag provid5t nature has pack$ up = x1 9 lieu ( a nurse1 food = five weeks2 &1 mov+ ab\t e :]e 9 its %all[ pool1 ) its provision knapsack slung fa/ to x1 x rem9ds "o dispos$ to be fanciful1 save t its burd5 is on ! wrong side1 ( ,scotti% soldi]s ( ! old5 "t summon$ to att5d _! k+ 9 w>1-- 8,ea* on 8 back1 a sl5d] /ore1 ,8 =ty days' provision bore1 ,z anci5t /atutes tell40 ,ar\nd t t]m9al "p ( ! creature's body trav]s$ by ! caudal portion ( ! v]tebral column1 :i* comm5ces 9 ! salmon imm$iately beh9d ! v5trals1 !re runs at ?is p]iod1 & = ! ensu+ five weeks 9 :i* x does n fe$1 a membran\s fr+e or f91 :i* exactly resembles t ( ! tadpole1 & :i*1 exi/+ simply z an expansion ( ! sk91 exhibits no m>k or rays4 ,9 ! place ( ! true caudal f91 h[ev]1 we may detect ) ! assi/ance ( a l5s1 an int]nal framework ) two well-m>k$ lobes1 & asc]ta91 fur!r1 t ?is tail is set on awry1--! effect ( a slight upw>d b5d 9 ! creature's body4 ,& :5 view$ 9 a /rong light z a transp>5cy1 we p]ceive t ! sp9al cord takes ! same upw>d b5d1 &1 z 9 ! /urgeon1 passes 9 an exce$+ly att5uat$ =m into ! upp] lobe4 ,:at may be reg>d$ z ! design ( ! arrangem5t is probably to be f\nd 9 ! peculi> =m giv5 to ! little creature by ! protub]an bag 9 front4 ,a wise in/9ct tea*es x1 f ! mom5t ( its exclusion f ! egg1 to avoid its enemies4 ,9 ! in/ant ! human %ad[ falls ^u its pool1 we see x d>t+ into "s recess at ! side or bottom1 ) s+ul> alacrity2 & 9 ord] to enable x to d s1 & to /e] itself aright1--z1 l an ill-trimm$ vessel1 deep 9 ! wat] ahead1 ! balance ( its body is imp]fect1--!re is1 if ,i may s express myself1 a het]oc]cal peculi>ity ( helm requir$4 ,x has got an irregul>ly-develop$ tail to balance an irregul>ly-develop$ body1 z skiffs lean on ! "o beam & full on ! o!r require1 9 r[+1 a ca/ ( ! rudd] to keep !m /raight 9 _! c\rse4 ,s9k+ altoge!r1 h[ev]1 ! f9al cause ( ! peculi>ity1 & reg>d+ x simply z a ftal "o1 t indicates a c]ta9 /age ( imp]fection 9 ! creature 9 :i* x occurs1 on :at pr9ciple1 ,i ask1 are we to inf] t :at is a sign ( immaturity 9 ! "y ( "o set ( animals1 is a m>k ( inf]ior organization 9 ! adult =ms ( ano!r set8 ,! want ( eyes 9 any ( ! animal families1 or ! want ( organs ( progression1 or a fix$ & s$5t>y condition1 l t ( ! oy/]1 are all m>ks ( great inf]iority4 ,& yet1 if we admit ! pr9ciple1 t :at are evid5ces ( immaturity 9 ! "y memb]s ( "o family are signs ( inf]ior organization 9 ! fully-gr[n memb]s ( ano!r1 x c\ld easily be %[n t eyes & legs are defects1 & t ! unmov+ oy/] /&s high] 9 ! scale ?an ! ev]-re/less fi% or bird4 ,! immature ,tubul>ia possess locomotive p[]s1 :]eas 9 _! fully develop$ /ate !y rema9 fix$ to "o spot 9 _! convolut$ tubes4 ,! immature ,lepas is furni%$ ) memb]s well adapt$ = swimm+1 & ) :i* x swims freely2 z x rises t[>ds maturity1 ^! become blight$ & weak2 &1 :5 fully gr[n1--fix$ by its fle%y p$icle to ! rock or float+ log to :i* x atta*$ itself 9 its transition /ate1--x is no long] able to swim4 ,! immature ,balanus is furni%$ ) two eyes3 9 its /ate ( maturity ^! are ext+ui%$1 & x passes its p]iod ( full developm5t 9 d>kness4 ,fur!r1 x is n g5]ally held t 9 ! human family a :ite sk9 is a decid$ m>k ( degradation1 b r ! rev]se2 & yet no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t ! ,negro ftus has a :ite sk94 ,s9ce eyes1 & organs ( progression1 & a p[] ( mov+ freely1 & a :ite sk91 are m]e embryonic peculi>ities 9 ! ,balanus1 ! ,lepas1 ! ,tubul>ia1 & ! ,negro1 & yet are 9 !mselves1 :5 f\nd 9 ! mature animal1 evid5ces ( a high1 n ( a l[ /&+1 on :at pr9ciple1 ,i ask are we to inf] t ! peculi>ity ( a het]oc]cal tail1 embryonic 9 ! salmon1 is1 :5 f\nd 9 ! mature ,placoid1 an evid5ce1 n ( a high /&+1 b ( a l[8 ,e true analogy 9 ! case favors an exactly opposite view4 ,9 ! het]oc]cal or "o-sid$ tail1 ! v]tebral jo9ts gradually dim9i%1 z 9 ! tails ( ! ,sauria & ,ophidia1 till !y t]m9ate 9 a po9t2 :]eas ! homoc]cal tail common to ! osse\s fi%es exhibits no true analogy ) ! tails ( ! high] ord]s4 ,its abruptly t]m9at+ v]tebral column1 imm5sely develop$ po/]ior processes1 & broadly exp&$ osse\s rays1 seem to be simply a few ( ! _m m>ks ( decl9e & degradation :i* fi%es1 ! olde/ ( ! v]tebrata1 exhibit 9 ?is late age ( ! _w1 & :i*1 9 at lea/ ! e>li] geologic p]iods1 :5 !y 7 greatly y\ng] z a class1 !y did n betray4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 a4 ,tail ( ,sp9ax ,acan?ias4 b4 ,tail ( ,i*?yosaurus ,t5uiro/ris1 7,buckl&47 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is view1 ,i w\ld fa9 recomm5d to ! read] a simple exp]im5t4 ,let him procure ! tail ( a common dog-fi%1 7fig4 #dh1 a17 & cutt+ x across ab\t half an in* above :]e ! caudal f9 beg9s1 let him boil x sm>tly = ab\t half an h\r4 ,he w fir/ see x swell & !n bur/1 all ar\nd ^? ?9n] p>ts ( ! f9 t are trav]s$ by ! caudal rays1--:olly mucoidal1 z %[n by ?is te/1 9 _! texture1 & :i* yield to ! boil+ wat]1 z if =m$ ( is+lass4 ,!y f9ally dissolve1 & drop away1 ) ! surr\nd+ cuticul> integum5t2 & !n !re only rema9s1 z ! insoluble framework ( ! :ole1 ! bodies ( ! v]tebr1 ) _! neural & hmal processes4 ,! tail has n[ lo/ mu* ( its i*?yic "*1 & has acquir$1 in/ead1 a consid]able degree ( resemblance to ! reptilian tail1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! saurians4 ,i h introduc$ into ! wood-cut1 = ! purpose ( comp>ison1 ! tail ( ! i*?yosaurus1 7b47 ,x consi/s1 l ! o!r1 ( a s]ies ( gradually dim9i%+ v]tebr1 & mu/ h also support$1 says ,pr(essor ,ow51 a propell+ f91 plac$ v]tically1 z 9 ! %>k1 :i*1 h[ev]1 f its p]i%able nature1 has 9 e in/ance disappe>$ 9 ! e>?1 z t ( ! dog-fi% disappe>s 9 ! boil+ wat]4 ,x w be se5 t its processes are comp>atively small] ?an ^? ( ! fi%1 & t ! bodies ( its v]tebr are %ort] & bulki]2 b !re is at lea/ a g5]al correspond5ce ( ! p>ts2 & 7 ! tail ( ! crocodile1 ( :i* ! v]tebral bodies are sl5d] & ! processes l>ge1 to be sub/itut$ = t ( ! enaliosaur "h1 ! correspond5ce w\ld be m m>k$ /ill4 ,aft] ?us develop+ ! tail ( ! reptile out ( t ( ! fi%1--z ! cauldron-be>+ ,iri% magician ( ! tale develop$ "y ladies out ( old wom51--simply by boil+1 let ! read] proce$ to a second /age ( ! exp]im5t1 & see :e!r he may n be able /ill fur!r to develope ! reptilian tail s obta9$1 into t ( ! mammal1 by burn+4 ,let him spread x out on a piece ( iron hoop1 & ?ru/ x into ! fire2 & !n1 aft] exposure = "s "t to a r$ heat has consum$ & dissipat$ its m]ely c>tilag9\s portions1 su* z ! neural & hmal processes1 ) ! little pieces :i* =m ! sides ( ! neural ar*1 & left only ! :it5$ bodies ( ! v]tebr1 let him say :e!r ! bony portion :i* rema9s does n pres5t a m exact resemblance to ! mammif]\s tail--t ( ! dog1 = example--?an any ?+ else he ev] saw4 ,! ,lam>ckians may well deem x an unlucky circum/ance1 t "o special portion ( _! !ory %\ld dem& ! depreciation ( ! het]oc]cal tail1 see+ t x might be repres5t$ ) excell5t effect 9 ano!r1 z n m]ely a connect+ l9k 9 ! upw>d m>* ( progression betwe5 ! tail ( ! true fi% & t ( ! true reptile1 b z actually conta9+ 9 itself--z ! cat]pill> conta9s ! future pupa & butt]fly--! elem5ts ( ! reptilian & mammif]\s tail4 ,if !re be any virtue 9 analogy1 ! het]oc]cal tail is1 ,i repeat1 ( a decid$ly high] type ?an ! homoc]cal "o4 ,x furni%es ! fir/ example 9 ! v]tebrata ( ! coccygeal v]tebr dim9i%+ to a po9t1 :i* *>act]izes n only all ! high] reptiles1 b also all ! high] mammals1 & :i* we f9d repres5t$ by ! ,os coccygis 9 man himself4 ,b to ?is special po9t ,i %all aga9 ref]4 ,) reg>d to t rudim5t>y /ate ( ! occipital framework ( ! ,placoids to :i* ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 ref]s1 x may be b necess>y to say t1 not)/&+ ! simplicity ( _! box-l skulls1 !y be> 9 _! "*1 z cases = ! protection ( ! bra91 at lea/ z close an analogy to ! skulls ( ! high] animals1 z ^? ( ! osse\s fi%es1 :i* consi/ usually ( ! extraord9>y numb] ( f sixty to eighty bones1--a m>k--! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 himself be+ judge 9 ! case--r ( inf]iority ?an ! rev]se4 8,elevation is m>k$ 9 ! scale10 we f9d him say+1 8by an animal ex*ang+ a multiplicity ( p>ts s]v+ "o end1 = a small] numb]40 ,! skull ( a cod consi/s ( ab\t ?rice z _m sep>ate bones z t ( a man4 ,b ,i d n well see t 9 ?is case ! fact ei!r ( simplicity 9 excess or ( multiplicity 9 excess c be insi/$ ^u 9 ei!r direction1 z a prop] basis = argum5t4 ,ne>ly ! same rem>k applies to ! maxill>ies z to ! skull4 ,! "u jaw 9 man consi/s ( a s+le bone2 t ( ! ?ornback--if we d n include ! two susp5d+ ribs1 :i* belong equally to ! upp] jaw--( two bones1 7! numb] 9 all ! mammif]\s quadrup$s37 t ( ! cod ( f\r bones1 &1 if we include ! susp5d+ ribs1 ( twelve4 ,on :at pr9ciple are we to hold1 ) "o z ! repres5tative numb] ( ! highe/ type ( jaw1 t two indicates a l[] /&+ ?an f\r1 or f\r ?an twelve8 ,9 ref]5ce to ! fur!r /atem5t1 t 9 _m ( ! anci5t fi%es 8traces c be obs]v$ ( ! muscles hav+ be5 atta*$ to ! ext]nal plates1 /rik+ly indicat+ _! l[ grade z v]tebrate animals10 x may be answ] en\gh to /ate1 t ! peculi>ity 9 "q 0 n a *>act]i/ic ( ! mo/ anci5t fi%es1--! ,placoids ( ! ,silurian sy/em1--b ( "s ,ganoids ( ! succe$+ sy/ems4 ,! read] may rememb]1 z a case 9 po9t1 ! example furni%$ by ! nail-l bone ( ,a/]olepis1 figur$ 9 page #aaa1 9 :i* !re exi/s depressions resembl+ t ( ! r\nd ligam5t 9 ! head ( ! quadrup$al ?igh-bone4 ,& z = ! rem>k t ! op5+ ( ! m\? ( ! ,placoid1 8on ! "u side ( ! head10 is indicative ( a l[ embryonic condition1 x might be almo/ suffici5t to rem>k1 9 turn1 t ! l[e/ family ( fi%es--t to :i* ! suppos$ worms ( ,l9nu belong--h ! m\? n "u1 b at ! ant]ior t]m9ation ( ! head1--9 itself an evid5ce t ! position ( ! m\? at ! extremity ( ! muzzle1 common to ! great] numb] ( ! osse\s fi%es1 c be no v high "*1 see+ t ! humble/ ( ! ,suctorii possess x2 & t _m osse\s fi%es1 ^: m\?s op51 n on ! "u1 b ! upp] side ( ! sn\t1 z 9 ! di/ort$ & asymmetrical g5us ,platessa1 are n only 9 no degree sup]ior to _! bony neighbors1 & f> inf]ior to ! placoid ones1 b be>1 9 direct consequ5ce ( ! arrangem5t1 an expression ( unmi/akable /upidity4 ,! objection1 h[ev]1 admits ( a greatly m conclusive reply4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,,port ,,jackson ,,%>k1 7,ce/racion ,phillippi47 8,?is fi%1 to speak 9 ! te*nical language ( ,agassiz10 says ! ,ed9burgh ,review]1 9 ref]5ce to ! anci5t i*?yolite ( ! ,w5lock ,%ale1 8und\bt$ly belongs to ! ,ce/raciont family ( ! ,placoid ord]1--prov+ to demon/ration t ! olde/ kn[n fossil fi% #ahde belongs to ! highe/ type ( t division ( ! v]tebrata40 ,i may add1 t ! "* & family ( ?is anci5t specim5 0 det]m9$ by our highe/ ,briti% au?ority 9 fossil i*?yology1 ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton4 ,& x is 9 depreciation ( ,pr(essor ,s$gwick's /atem5t reg>d+ its high /&+ t ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 ref]s to ! suppos$ inf]iority indicat$ by a m\? op5+1 n at ! extremity ( ! muzzle1 b "u ! head4 ,let u1 !n1 fully grant1 = ! argum5t's sake1 t ! occurr5ce ( ! m\? 9 ! muzzle is a sign ( sup]iority1 & its occurr5ce "u ! head a m>k ( great inf]iority1 & !n asc]ta9 h[ ! fact /&s ) reg>d to ! ,ce/racion4 8,! ,ce/racion sub-g5us10 says ,mr4 ,james ,wilson1 9 8 admirable treatise on fi%es1 :i* =ms ! article ,,i*?yology 9 ! 8,encyclopdia ,britannica10 8has ! temporal ap]ture1 ! anal f91 & r\nd$ tee?1 ( ,squalus ,mu/elus2 b ! m\? is ,,t]m9al1 or ,,at ,,! ,,extremity ,,( ,,! ,,po9t$ ,,muzzle40 ,! accompany+ figure1 7fig4 #di17 tak5 f a specim5 ( ,ce/racion 9 ! collection ( ,pr(essor ,john ,flem+1 may be record$ z ( "s little int]e/1 bo? f its direct be>+ on ! po9t 9 "q1 & f ! circum/ance t x repres5ts1 n inadequately = its size1 ! sole surviv+ species 7,ce/racion ,phillippi7 ( ! olde/ v]tebrate family ( creation4 ,) ?is family1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 i*?yic exi/5ce fir/ began4 ,x does n appe> t on ! globe :i* we inhabit !re 0 ev] an ocean t5ant$ by liv+ creatures at all t _h n its ,ce/racion1--a /atem5t :i* c\ld n be made reg>d+ any o!r v]tebrate family4 ,9 ,agassiz's 8,tabul> ,view ( ! ,g5ealogy ( ,fi%es10 ! ,ce/racionts1 & !y only1 sweep across ! entire geologic scale4 ,&1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! m\? 9 ?is anci5t family1 in/ead ( op5+1 z 9 ! ord9>y %>ks1 "u ! middle ( ! head1 to expose !m to ! suspicion ( be+ creatures ( l[ & embryonic "*1 op5$ 9 a broad1 hone/-look+ muzzle1 v mu* resembl+ t ( ! hog4 ,! m\?s ( ! mo/ anci5t ,placoids ( :i* we "k any ?+1 did n1 ,i reit]ate1 op5 "u _! heads4 ,b :y introduce ! elem5t ( embryonic progress into ?is "q at all8 ,x is n a "q ( embryonic progress4 ,! v leg]dema9 ( ! sophi/--! juggl+ by :i* he sub/itutes 8 :ite balls = black1 or conv]ts 8 pigeons into cr[s--consi/s 9 ! art ( atta*+ ! conclusions f\nd$ on ! facts or conditions ( "o subject1 to "s o!r subject ess5tially di/9ct 9 its nature4 ,ge/ation is n creation4 ,! hi/ory ( ! "y ( animals 9 _! embryonic /ate is simply ! hi/ory ( ! ftal "y2 j z ! hi/ory ( insect trans=mation1 9 :i* x has be5 held by good m51 b weak reason]s1 t !re exi/s direct evid5ce ( ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection1 is ! hi/ory ( insect trans=mation1 & ( no?+ else4 ,true1 ! human m9d is s con/itut$ t x conv]ts all nature into a /oreh\se ( comp>isons & analogies2 & ?is fact ( ! metamorphosis ( ! creep+ cat]pill>1 aft] fir/ pass+ ?r\gh an int]m$iate p]iod ( app>5t dea? z an in]t aurelia1 into a w+$ image1 seem$ to h seiz$ on ! human fancy at a v e>ly age1 z wond]fully illu/rative ( life1 dea?1 & ! future /ate4 ,! ,egyptians wrapp$ up ! bodies ( _! dead 9 ! *rysalis =m1 s t a mummy1 9 _! appreh5sion1 0 simply a human pupa1 wait+ ! p]iod ( its enl>gem5t2 & ! ,greeks _h b "o ^w 9 _! language = butt]fly & ! s\l4 ,b n ! less true is x1 not)/&+1 t ! facts ( insect trans=mation furni% no legitimate key to ! totally di/9ct facts ( a resurrection ( ! body1 & ( a life aft] dea?4 ,& on :at pr9ciple1 !n1 are we to trace ! orig9 ( pa/ dyna/ies 9 ! *anges ( ! ftus if n ! rise ( ! future dyna/y 9 ! trans=mations ( ! cat]pill>8 8,^! embryonic *>act]s t ( ! het]oc]cal tail1 & ( ! m\? ( ! ord9>y %>k type are ess5tial & important10 rem>ks ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 8:atev] ! ,ed9burgh ,review] may say to ! contr>y2--!y are ! *>act]s :i*1 above all1 ,i am *iefly conc]n$ 9 look+ to1 = !y are ! features ( embryonic progress1 & embryonic progress is ! gr& key to ! !ory ( developm5t40 ,yes2 ! gr& key to ! !ory ( ftal developm5t2 = embryonic progress is ftal developm5t4 ,b on :at is ! ass]tion bas$ t !y =m a key to ! hi/ory ( creation8 ,aurelia are n human bodies laid out = ! sepul*re1 nor are butt]flies human s\ls2 z c]ta9ly ge/ation is n creation1 nor a life ( mon?s 9 ! ut]us a succession ( races = millions ( ages outside ( x4 ,on :at gr\nds1 !n1 is ! ass]tion made8 ,does x embody ! result ( a discov]y or ann\nce ! message ( a revelation8 ,did ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 f9d x out = himself1 or did an angel f heav5 tell x him8 ,if x be a discov]y1 %[ u1 we ask1 ! /eps ?r\gh :i* y h be5 conduct$ to x2 if a revolution produce1 = our satisfaction1 ! evid5ce on :i* x re/s4 ,= we are n to accept z data1 9 a "q ( sci5ce1 idle comp>isons or vague analogies1 :e!r produc$ ?r\gh ! int5tional juggl+ ( ! sophi/1 or involunt>ily conjur$ up 9 ! dreamy delirium ( an excit$ fancy4 ,x is "o ( ! difficulties incid5t to ! task ( reply+ to any dogmatic /atem5t ( error1 t e m]e annunciation ( a false fact or false pr9ciple mu/ be met by elaborate c\nt]-/atem5t or c>efully con/ruct$ argum5t & t prolixity is ?us unavoidably entail$ on ! controv]siali/ :o labors to set "r :at 8 antagoni/ has set wrong4 ,! promulgator ( error may be lively & ent]ta9+1 :]eas 8 pa9s-tak+ confutator runs no small risk ( be+ t$i\s & dull4 ,may ,i1 h[ev]1 solicit ! =be>ance ( ! read]1 if1 aft] already sp5d+ mu* "t 9 skirmi%+ on gr\nd tak5 up by ! enemy1--"o ( ! disadvantages incid5t to ! m]e def5dant 9 a controv]sy ( ?is nature1--,i sp5d a little m 9 indicat+ :at ,i deem ! prop] gr\nd on :i* ! /&+ ( ! e>li] v]tebrata %\ld be decid$4 ,to ! te/ ( bra9 ,i h already ref]r$1 z all-important 9 ! "q3 ,i w\ld n[ ref] to ! te/ ( :at may be t]m$ homological symmetry ( organization4 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,degradation4 ,,its ,,hi/ory4 ,?\gh all animals be fitt$ by nature = ! life :i* _! in/9cts tea* !m to pursue1 naturali/s h le>n$ to recognize among !m c]ta9 ab]rant & mutilat$ =ms1 9 :i* ! type ( ! special class to :i* !y belong seems di/ort$ & degrad$4 ,!y exi/ z ! mon/] families ( creation1 j z among families !re appe> f "t to "t mon/] individuals1--m51 = in/ance1 )\t feet1 or h&s1 or eyes1 or ) _! feet1 h&s1 or eyes griev\sly misplac$1--%eep ) _! =e legs gr[+ out ( _! necks1 or duckl+s ) _! w+s atta*$ to _! haun*es4 ,among ^! degrad$ races1 t ( ! footless s]p5t1 :i* 8goe? ^u its belly10 has be5 long not$ by ! !ologian z a race typical1 9 its condition & nature1 ( an ord] ( hopelessly degrad$ be+s1 borne d[n to ! du/ by a cl++ curse2 &1 curi\sly en\gh1 :5 ! fir/ comp>ative anatomi/s 9 ! _w give _! readie/ & mo/ prom95t in/ance ( degradation among ! d5iz5s ( ! natural _w1 x is ?is v ord] ( footless reptiles t !y select4 ,s f> z ! geologi/ yet kn[s1 ! ,ophidians did n appe> dur+ ! ,second>y ages1 :5 ! mon>*s ( creation belong$ to ! reptilian division1 b 7 u%]$ ^u ! sc5e 9 ! times ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits1 :5 ! mammalian dyna/y _h supplant$ t ( ! ,iguanodon & ,megalosaurus4 ,_! ill om5$ bir? took place :5 ! influ5ce ( _! h\se 0 on ! wane1 z if to set su* a /amp ( utt] hopelessness on its fall5 condition1 z t set by ! bir? ( a wor?less or idiot heir on ! =tunes ( a s9k+ family4 ,! degradation ( ! ,ophidians consi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( limbs1--an abs5ce total 9 by mu* ! great] numb] ( _! families1 & repres5t$ 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! boas & py?ons1 by m]e abortive h9d] limbs conceal$ 9 ! sk92 b !y are ?us n only mon/]s ?r\gh defect ( p>ts1 if ,i may s express myself1 b also mon/]s ?r\gh r$undancy1 z a vegetative repetition ( v]tebra & ribs1 to ! numb] ( ?ree or f\r hundr$1 =ms ! special contrivance by :i* ! want ( ^! is comp5sat$4 ,i am also dispos$ to reg>d ! poison-bag ( ! v5om\s snakes z a m>k ( degradation2--x seems1 judg+ f analogy1 to be a protective provision ( a l[ "*1 exemplifi$ *iefly 9 ! inv]tebrate families1--ants1 c5tip$es1 & mosquitos1--spid]s1 wasps1 & scorpions4 ,! high] c>nivora are1 we f9d1 furni%$ ) unpoison$ weapons1 :i*1 l ^? ( civiliz$ man1 are suffici5tly effective1 simply f ! excell5ce ( _! con/ruction1 & ! p[] ) :i* !y are wield$1 = e purpose ( assault or def5ce4 ,x is only ! squalid savages & degrad$ bos*m5 ( creation t h _! feeble tee? & t9y /+s /eep$ 9 v5om1 & s made =midable4 ,mon/rosity ?r\gh displacem5t ( p>ts con/itutes yet ano!r =m ( degradation2 & ?is =m1 unit$1 9 "s in/ances1 to ! o!r two1 we f9d curi\sly exemplifi$ 9 ! geological hi/ory ( ! fi%1--a hi/ory :i*1 ) all its blanks & miss+ portions1 is yet bett] kn[n ?an t ( any o!r division ( ! v]tebrata4 ,& x is1 ,i am conv9c$1 f a survey ( ! progress ( degradation 9 ! great i*?yic division1--a progress record$ z 8) a p5 ( iron 9 ! rock = ev]10--& n f sup]ficial views f\nd$ on ! c>tilag9\s or non-c>tilag9\s texture ( ! i*?yic skeleton1 t ! /&+ ( ! k+ly fi%es ( ! e>li] p]iods is to be adequately det]m9$4 ,any o!r mode ( survey1 save ! p>allel mode :i* takes developm5t ( bra9 into acc\nt1 evolves1 we f9d1 no?+ l pr9ciple1 & l&s ! inquir] 9 inextricable difficulties & inconsi/5cies4 ,9 all ! high] non-degrad$ v]tebrata we f9d a c]ta9 uni=m type ( skeleton1 consi/+ ( ! head1 ! v]tebral column1 & f\r limbs2 & ^! la/1 9 ! v>i\s symmetrical =ms1 :e!r exemplifi$ 9 ! high] fi%1 ! high] reptiles1 ! high] birds1 ! high] mammals1 or 9 man himself1 occur always 9 a c]ta9 det]m9ate ord]4 ,9 all ! mammals1 ! scapul> bases ( ! =e limbs beg9 opposite ! eigh? v]tebra f ! skull backw>ds1 ! sev5 :i* g be=e be+ c]vical or neck v]tebr2 9 ! birds1--a division ( ! v]tebrata t1 f _! peculi> organization1 require long] & m flexible necks ?an ! mammals1--! scapul>s beg9 at di/ances f ! occiput1 v>y+1 accord+ to ! species1 f opposite ! ?irte5? to opposite ! tw5ty-f\r? v]tebra2 & 9 ! reptiles--a division :i*1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 8pres5ts a great] div]sity ( =ms1 *>act]s1 & modes ( gait1 ?an any ( ! o!r two10--!y occur at almo/ all po9ts1 f opposite ! second v]tebra1 z 9 ! frog1 to opposite ! ?irty-?ird or ?irty-f\r? v]tebra1 z 9 "s species ( plesiosaurus4 ,b 9 all1--:e!r mammals1 birds1 or undegrad$ reptiles1--!y are s plac$1 t ! creatures possess necks1 ( great] or less l5g?1 z an ess5tial portion ( _! g5]al type4 ,! h9d] limbs h also 9 all ^! ?ree divisions ( ! animal k+dom _! typical place4 ,!y occur opposite1 or v ne>ly opposite1 ! po/]ior t]m9ation ( ! abdom9al cavity1 & m>k ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! v]tebr ( ! trunk 7dorsal1 lumb>1 & sacral7 & ! ?ird & la/1 or caudal division ( ! column1--a division repres5t$ 9 man by b f\r v]tebr1 & 9 ! crocodile by ab\t ?irty-five1 b :i* is f\nd to exi/1 z ,i h already said1 9 all ! m p]fect =ms4 ,! limbs1 !n1 9 all ! symmetrical animals ( ! fir/ ?ree classes ( ! v]tebrata1 m>k ! ?ree great divisions ( ! v]tebral column1--! division ( ! neck1 ! division ( ! trunk1 & ! division ( ! tail4 ,let u n[ inquire h[ ! case /&s ) ! f\r? & l[e/ class1--t ( ! fi%es4 ,9 ^? exi/+ ,placoids t repres5t ! fi%es ( ! e>lie/ v]tebrate p]iod1 ! places ( ! d\ble f9s1--pectorals & v5trals1--:i* =m 9 ! i*?yic class ! true homologues ( ! limbs1 correspond to ! places :i* ^! occupy 9 ! symmetrical mammals1 birds1 & reptiles4 ,! scapul> bases ( ! =e or pectoral f9s ord9>ily beg9 opposite ! twelf? or f\rte5? v]tebra2#bg b !y range1 z 9 man & ! mammals1 9 a =w>d direction1 s t ! f9s !mselves are opposite ! eigh? or t5?4 ,! pelvic bases ( ! v5tral f9s are plac$ ne>ly opposite ! base ( ! abdom51 s t1 z 9 all ! symmetrical animals1 ! v5t op5s betwe51 or ne>ly betwe51 ^? h9d] limbs :i* ! bases support4 ,9 ! ,rays1 :i*1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 did n appe> 9 creation until ! ,second>y ages _h begun1 ! bases ( ! =e limbs1 i4 e4 pectoral f9s1 are atta*$ to ! l[] "p ( a huge c]vical v]tebra1 ne>ly equal 9 l5g? to all ! trunk v]tebr unit$2 & 9 ! ,*im]id1 :i* also fir/ appe> 9 ! ,second>y division1 !y are atta*$1 z 9 ! osse\s fi%es1 to ! h9d] "p ( ! head4 ,b 9 ! repres5tatives ( all ^? ,silurian ,placoids yet kn[n1 ( :i* ! family c be det]m9$1 or any ?+ ) safety pr$icat$1 ! c]vical division is f\nd to occur z a s]ies ( v]tebr3 !y pres5t 9 ?is1 z 9 ! h9d] portion ( _! bodies1 ! homological symmetry ( organization typical ( t v]tebral sub-k+dom to :i* !y belong4 ,9 ! second great p]iod ( i*?yic exi/5ce1--t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--we f9d ! fir/ example1 9 ! class ( fi%es1 ( 8mon/rosity ?r\gh displacem5t ( p>ts10 & app>5tly also--9 at lea/ two g5]a1 ?\gh ! evid5ce on ?is head be n yet q complete--( 8mon/rosity ?r\gh defect ( p>ts40 ,9 all ! ,ganoids ( ! p]iod1 ) 7s f> z we c det]m9e ! po9t7 only two exceptions1 ! scapul> bases ( ! =e limbs are br\ght =w>d f _! typical place opposite ! base ( ! c]vical v]tebr1 & /uck on to ! occipital plate4 ,!re occurs1 9 consequ5ce1 9 "o great ord] ( ! i*?yic class1 su* a dep>ture f ! symmetrical type z w\ld take place 9 a mon/] example ( ! human family 9 :om ! neck _h be5 annihilat$1 & ! arms /uck on to ! back ( ! head4 ,& 9 ! g5]a ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys we f9d ! fir/ example ( degradation ?r\gh defect4 ,9 ! ,pt]i*?ys ! h9d] limbs seem want+1 & 9 ! ,cocco/eus we f9d no trace ( ! =e limbs4 ,! "o resembles a mon/] ( ! human family born )\t h&s1 & ! o!r a mon/] born )\t feet4 ,ages & c5turies pass1 & long unreckon$ p]iods come to a close2 & !n1 aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! ,palozoic p]iod1 we see t *ange tak+ place 9 ! =m ( ! i*?yic tail1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 7& to :i* ,i mu/ ref] at lea/ once m17 z s+ul>ly illu/rative ( ! progress ( degradation4 ,yet o!r ages & c5turies pass away1 dur+ :i* ! reptile class atta9s to its fulle/ developm5t1 9 po9t ( size1 organization1 & numb]2 & !n1 aft] ! times ( ! ,cretace\s deposits h begun1 we f9d yet ano!r rem>kable mon/rosity ( displacem5t introduc$ among all ! fi%es ( "o v num]\s ord]1 & among no inconsid]able proportion ( ! fi%es ( ano!r4 ,9 ! newly-introduc$ ,ct5oids1 7,acan?opt]ygii17 & 9 ^? families ( ! ,cycloids :i* ,cuvi] erect$ into ! ord] ,malacopt]ygii sub-bra*iati1 ! h9d] limbs are br\ght =w>d1 & /uck on to ! base ( ! previ\sly misplac$ =e limbs4 ,all ! f\r limbs1 by a /range mon/rosity ( displacem5t1 are cr[d$ into ! place ( ! ext+ui%$ neck4 ,& su*1 at ! pres5t day1 is ! preval5t type among fi%es4 ,mon/rosity ?r\gh defect is also f\nd to increase2 s t ! snake-l apoda1 or feet-want+ fi%es1 =m a num]\s ord]1 "s ( ^: g5]a are devoid1 z 9 ! common eels & ! cong]s1 ( only ! h9d] limbs1 :ile 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! g5]a ,murna & ,synbran*us1 bo? h9d] & =e limbs are want+4 ,9 ! class ( fi%es1 z fi%es n[ exi/1 we f9d _m m evid5ces ( ! mon/rosity :i* results f bo? ! misplacem5t & defect ( p>ts1 ?an 9 ! o!r ?ree classes ( ! v]tebrata unit$1 & kn[+ _! geological hi/ory bett] ?an t ( any ( ! o!rs1 we "k1 9 consequ5ce1 t ! mon/rosities did n appe> e>ly1 b late1 & t ! progress ( ! race z a :ole1 ?\gh x /ill reta9s n a few ( ! high] =ms1 has be5 a progress1 n ( developm5t f ! l[ to ! high1 b ( degradation f ! high to ! l[4 ,! read] may m>k = himself1 9 ! fl\nd]1 plaice1 halibut1 or turbot1--fi%es ( a family ( :i* !re appe>s no trace 9 ! e>li] p]iods1--an extreme example ( ! degradation ( di/ortion sup]add$ to t ( displacem5t4 ,at a fir/ glance ! limbs seem b to exhibit m]ely ! am\nt ( natural mis>rangem5t & misord] common to ! ,acan?opt]ygii & ,sub-bra*iati2--! base ( ! pectorals are /uck on to ! head1 & ! base ( ! v5trals atta*$ to t ( ! pectorals4 ,f ! circum/ance1 h[ev]1 t ! creature is twi/$ half r\nd & laid on its side1 we f9d t at lea/ "o ( ! pairs ( d\ble f9s--! pectorals--p]=m ! "p ( s+le f9s1--"o project+ f ! animal's sup]ior1 ! o!r f its inf]ior side1 9 ! way ! anal & dorsal f9s project f ! upp] & "u surfaces ( o!r fi%es2 :ile its real dorsal & anal f9s1 bo? develop$ v l>gely1 &--9 ord] to pres]ve its balance--9 ab\t an equal degree1 & wond]fully correspond5t 9 =m1 p]=m1 f _! lat]al position1 ! functions ( s+le f9s4 ,inde$1 at a fir/ glance !y seem ! analogues ( ! l>gely-develop$ pectorals ( a v diff]5t family ( flat fi%es1--! ,rays4 ,x w\ld appe> z if s+le & d\ble f9s1 by "s su* mutual agreem5t z t :i*1 accord+ to ! old ballad1 took place betwe5 ! *url ( ,au*t]mu*ty & 8 wife1 _h agre$ to ex*ange call+s1 & p]=m ea* ! "w ( ! o!r4 ,! tail1 too1 possesses1 9 consequ5ce ( ! twi/1 n ! v]tical position ( o!r fi%-tails1 b is spread out horizontally1 l ! tails ( ! cetacea4 ,x is h[ev]1 9 ! head ( ! fl\nd] & its cog5]s t we f9d ! m extraord9>y di/ortions exemplifi$4 ,9 ord] to accommodate x to ! g5]al twi/1 :i* r5d]$ lat]al :at 9 o!r fi%es is dorsal & abdom9al1 & dorsal & abdom9al :at 9 o!r fi%es is lat]al1 "o half its features _h to be twi/$ to ! "o side1 & ! o!r half to ! o!r4 ,! face & cranium h und]gone su* a *ange z t :i* ! human face & cranium w\ld und]go1 7 ! eyes to be drawn t[>ds ! left e>1 & ! m\? t[>ds ! "r4 ,! skull1 9 consequ5ce1 exhibits1 9 its fix$ bones1 a /range ,cyclopean "*1 unique among ! families ( creation3 x has its "o well-m>k$ eye orbit op5+1 l t ( ,polyphemus1 direct 9 ! middle ( ! =e "p ( its head2 :ile ! o!r1 ext]nal to ! cranium altoge!r1 we f9d plac$ among ! free bones1 directly ov] ! maxill>ies4 ,& ! wry m\?--twi/$ 9 ! opposite direction1 z if to keep up su* a balance ( de=mity z t :i* ! brea/-hump ( a hun*back =ms to ! hump beh9d--is 9 keep+ ) ! squ9t eyes4 ,! jaws are /rangely asymmetrical4 ,9 symmetrical fi%es ! two bones t compose ! ant]ior half ( ! l[] jaw are z p]fectly correspond5t 9 =m & size z ! left h& or left foot is correspond5t1 9 ! human subject1 to ! "r h& or "r foot2 b n su* _! "* 9 ! fl\nd]4 ,! "o is a broad1 %ort1 ne>ly /raight bone2 ! o!r is l>g]1 n>r[]1 & b5t l a b[2 & :ile ! "o conta9s only f f\r to six tee?1 ! o!r conta9s f ?irty to ?irty-five4 ,sc>cely 9 ! entire i*?yic k+dom are !re any two jaws t less resemble "o ano!r ?an ! two halves ( ! jaw ( ! fl\nd]1 turbot1 halibut1 or plaice4 ,! int]maxill>y bones are equally ill mat*$3 ! "o is fully twice ! size ( ! o!r1 & conta9s ab\t ?rice z _m tee?4 ,t bilat]al symmetry ( ! skeleton :i* is s inv>iable a *>act]i/ic ( ! v]tebrata1 t ord9>y obs]v]s1 :o h eyes = only ! r>e & ! uncommon1 fail to rem>k x1 b :i* a ,newton c\ld reg>d z s wond]ful1 & s ?or\ghly 9 h>mony ) ! uni=mity ( ! planet>y sy/em1 has sc>ce any place 9 ! asymmetrical head ( ! fl\nd]4 ,!re exi/s 9 "s ( our nor? c\ntry fi%+ villages an anci5t apologue1 :i*1 ?\gh n rem>kable = po9t or mean+1 at lea/ s]ves to %[ t ?is peculi> example ( di/ortion ! rude fi%]m5 ( a =m] age 7 obs]vant en\gh to detect4 ,once on a "t ! fi%es met1 x is said1 to elect a k+2 & _! *oice fell on ! h]r+4 8,! h]r+ k+60 contemptu\sly exclaim$ ! fl\nd]1 a fi% ( consummate vanity1 & greatly piqu$ on ?is occasion t its own presum$ claims %\ld h be5 ov]look$2 8:]e1 !n1 am ,i80 ,& /raightway1 9 puni%m5t ( its conceit & rebellion1 8its eyes turn$ to ! back ( its head40 ,"h is !re a /ory palpably f\nd$ on ! degradation ( misplacem5t & di/ortion1 :i* orig9at$ ages ere ! naturali/ _h recogniz$ ei!r ! t]m or ! pr9ciple4 ,x w\ld be an easy matt] = an +5i\s !ori/1 n mu* dispos$ to di/+ui% betwe5 ! m9or & ! ma/] laws ( organiz$ be+1 to get up q z unexceptionable a !ory ( degradation z ( developm5t4 ,! "o-ey$1 "o-legg$ ,*elsea p5sion]1 :o _h a *ild1 unborn at ! "t1 laid to 8 *>ge1 agre$ to recognize 8 relation%ip to ! little creature1 if1 on its com+ into ! _w1 x 0 f\nd to h a gre5 pat* ov] its eye1 & a wood5 leg4 ,&1 9 ord] to con/ruct a hypo!sis ( progressive degradation1 ! !ori/ has b to take = grant$ ! transmission to o!r g5]ations ( defects & comp5sat+ r$undancies at once z extreme & accid5tal z ! loss ( eyes or limbs1 & ! acquisition ( timb] legs or gre5 pat*es4 ,! snake1 = in/ance1 he might reg>d z a saurian1 t1 hav+ accid5tally lo/ its limbs1 ex]t$ itself to su* acc\nt ?r\gh\t a s]ies ( g5]ations1 9 mak+ up = _! abs5ce1 z to sp9 out = itself1 by d9t ( wri?+ & wriggl+1 r m ?an a hundr$ additional v]tebr1 & to alt]1 = purposes ( great] flexibility1 ! /ructure ( all ! re/4 ,& z fi%es1 :5 ne>ly /unn$ by a bl[1 swim = a few seconds on _! side1 he might reg>d ! fl\nd]s z a race ( half-/unn$ fi%es1 previ\sly degrad$ by ! misplacem5t ( _! limbs1 t1 in/ead ( recov]+ !mselves f ! bl[ giv5 to "s remote p>5t ( ! family1 _h exp5d$ all _! en]gies 9 twi/+ _! m\?s r\nd to :at *anc$ to be ! "u side on :i* !y 7 laid1 & _! eyes to :at *anc$ to be ! upp]1 & t made _! pectorals s]ve = anal & dorsal f9s1 & _! anal & dorsal f9s s]ve = pectorals4 ,b :ile we mu/ recognize 9 nature c]ta9 laws ( di/urbance1 if ,i may s speak1 ?r\gh :i*1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 traits :i* are ! result ( habit or circum/ance 9 ! p>5ts are communicat$ to _! (fspr+1 we w\ld err z egregi\sly1 did we take only ^! into acc\nt1 )\t not+ t inf9itely /rong] antagoni/ law ( reproduction & re/oration :i*1 by ev] gravitat+ t[>ds ! orig9al type1 pres]ves ! integrity ( races1 z ! a/ronom] w\ld1 :o1 9 con/ruct+ 8 orr]y1 recogniz$ only t law ( propulsion ?r\gh :i* ! planets spe$ ?r\gh ! heav5s1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt t antagoni/ law ( gravitation :i*1 by ma9ta9+ !m 9 _! orbits1 insures ! regul>ity ( _! movem5ts4 ,! law ( re/oration w\ld recov] & "r ! /unn$ fi% laid on its side2 ! law ( reproduction w\ld give limbs to ! (fspr+ ( ! mutilat$ saurian4 ,we h evid5ce1 9 ! extrem5ess ( ! degradation 9 ^! cases1 t x _c be a degradation h]$it>ily d]iv$ f accid5t4 ,nature is1 we f9d1 active1 n 9 p]petuat+ ! accid5tal wood5 legs & gre5 pat*es ( ance/ors 9 _! desc5dants1 b 9 re/or+ to ! (fspr+ ! true limbs & eyes :i* ! p>5ts h lo/4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n ) a !ory ( h]$it>y degradation1 b a hypo!sis ( gradual developm5t1 t ,i h at pres5t to deal2 & :at ,i h to e/abli% z prop] to ! pres5t /age ( my argum5t is1 t ?is pr9ciple ( degradation really exi/s1 & t ! hi/ory ( its progress 9 creation be>s directly aga9/ ! assumption t ! e>li] v]tebrata 7 ( a l[] type ?an ! v]tebrata ( ! same i*?yic class :i* exi/ n[4#bh ,! progress ( ! i*?yic tail1 z record$ 9 geologic hi/ory1 corresponds ) t ( ! i*?yic limbs4 ,& z 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s we f9d fi%es t ne>ly repres5t1 9 ?is respect1 all ! great geologic p]iods1--,i say ne>ly1 n fully1 = ,i am acqua9t$ ) no fi% adequately repres5tative ( ! p]iod ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--x may be well to ca/ a glance ov] ! contempor>y s]ies1 z illu/rative ( ! consecutive "o4 ,9 ^? ,placoids ( ! %>k family t to a l>ge bra9 unite homological symmetry ( organization1 & repres5t ! fi%es ( ! fir/ p]iod1 we f9d1 z ,i h already %[n1 t ! v]tebr gradually dim9i% 9 ! caudal division ( ! column1 until !y t]m9ate 9 a po9t1--a circum/ance 9 :i* !y resemble n m]ely ! betail$ reptiles1 b also all ! high] mammif]\s quadrup$s1 & ev5 man himself4 ,& x is ?is peculi>ity1 /amp$ ^u ! less de/ructible portions ( ! framework ( ! tail1--v]tebr & processes1--r ?an ! "o-sid$ or het]oc]cal =m ( ! surr\nd+ f91 compos$ ( b a mucoidal sub/ance1 t con/itutes its gr& *>act]i/ic2 see+ t 9 "s ,placoid g5]a1 su* z ,scyllium ,/ell>e1 ! t]m9al portion ( ! f9 is sc>ce less l>gely develop$ above ?an bel[1 & t 9 o!rs1 z 9 mo/ ( ! ,ray family1 ! "u lobe ( ! f9 is :olly want+4 ,9 ! /urgeon1--"o ( ! few ,ganoids ( ! pres5t "t1--we become s5sible ( a peculi> modification 9 ?is het]oc]cal type ( tail3 ! l[] lobe is1 we f9d1 compos$1 z 9 ,sp9ax & ,scyllium1 ( rays exclusively2 :ile ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! upp] lobe !re runs an acutely angul> pat* ( loz5ge-%ap$ plates1 l t :i* runs ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! d\ble f9s ( ,dipt]us & ! ,clacan?s4 ,b :ile 9 ! %>ks ! gradually dim9i%+ v]tebr /& out 9 bold relief1 & =m ! ?icke/ portion ( ! tail1 t :i* repres5ts !m 9 ! /urgeon 7! angul> pat*7 is slim & ?91--slimm] 9 ! middle ?an ev5 at ! sides2--9 "p a consequ5ce1 no d\bt1 ( ! want1 9 ?is fi%1 ( solid v]tebr1 b a consequ5ce also ( ! extreme att5uation ( ! n]v\s cord1 9 its prolongation into ! lobe ( ! f94 ,fur!r1 ! rays ( ! tail--its peculi>ly i*?yic portion1 :i* are purely mucoidal 9 ,sp9ax1 ,scyllium1 & ,ce/racion--h become osse\s 9 ! /urgeon4 ,! fi% has set & become fix$1 z cem5t sets 9 a build+1 or colors are fix$ by a mordant4 ,& x is wor?y ( special rem>k t1 correspond5t ) ! peculi>ly i*?yic developm5t ( tail 9 ?is fi%1 we f9d ! prevail+ i*?yic displacem5t ( ! =e limbs4 ,aga91 9 ! ,lepido/eus1 ano!r ( ! true ,ganoids :i* /ill exi/1 ! int]nal angle ( ! upp] lobe ( ! tail :olly disappe>s1 & ) ! int]nal angle ! prolongation ( ! n]v\s cord4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 x is :at ! tail ( ! /urgeon w\ld become 7 ! angul> pat* to be oblit]at$1 & rays sub/itut$ in/ead1--x is a tail set on awry4 ,& 9 ?is fi% also we f9d ! i*?yic displacem5t ( =e limb4 ,"o /ep m1 & we arrive at ! homoc]cal or equal-lob$ tail1 :i* seems to atta9 to its mo/ extreme type 9 ^? fi%es 9 :i*1 z 9 ! p]* & fl\nd]1 ! la/ v]tebral jo9t1 ei!r v little or v abruptly dim9i%$ 9 size1 exp&s into broad processes )\t homologue 9 ! high] animals1 on :i* ! caudal rays re/ z _! bases4 ,& 9 by mu* ! l>g] proportion ( ^! fi%es all ! f\r limbs are slung r\nd ! neck2--!y at once exhibit ! homoc]cal tail 9 its broade/ type1 & displacem5t ( limb 9 its mo/ extreme =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,,tail ,,( ,,o/eolepis4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,,tail ,,( ,,lepido/eus ,,osseus4 ,n[1 9 trac+ ! geologic hi/ory ( ! i*?yic tail1 we f9d ^! sev]al /eps or gradations f ! het]oc]cal to ! homoc]cal1 repres5t$ by p]iods & =mations4 ,! ,siluran p]iods may be reg>d$ z repres5tative ( t true het]oc]cal tail ( ! ,placoids1 exemplifi$ 9 ,sp9ax1 7page #agb1 fig4 #dh17 & ,ce/racion1 7page #agg1 fig4 #di47 ,! :ole caudal portion ( ?is latt] animal1 comm5c+ imm$iately beh9d ! v5trals1 is1 z becomes a true tail1 slim1 :5 comp>$ ) its trunk2 ! v]tebr are ( v consid]able solidity2 ! rays mucoidal2 & :]e ! sp9al column runs into ! t]m9al f91 x takes su* an upw>d turn z t :i* ! horse-jockey imp>ts1 by ! process ( nick+1 to ! tails ( ! hunt] & ! racehorse4 ,& ) ! het]oc]cal tail1 s true 9 its homologies to ! tails ( ! high] v]tebrata1 we f9d associat$1 z has be5 %[n1 ! true homological position ( ! =e limbs4 ,) ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ! ganoidal tail fir/ pres5ts itself2 & we become s5sible ( a *ange 9 ! /ructure ( ! atta*$ f91 simil> to t exemplifi$ 9 ! caudal rays ( ! /urgeon4 ,z %[n by ! irregul>ly-angul> pat* ( scales :i* 9 all ! true ,clacan?s1 & almo/ all ! ,dipt]ians1#bi runs ?r\gh ! upp] lobe ( ! f91 & t]m9ates 9 a po9t1 7see fig4 #ej17 x mu/ h possess$ ! gradually dim9i%+ v]tebr1 or a dim9i%+ sp9al cord1 _! analogue2 b ! rays1 fairly set1 z _! /ate ( keep+ 9 ! rocks c]tify1 exi/ z n>r[ oblong plates ( solid bone2 & _! ant]ior edges are /r5g!n$ by a l9e ( osse\s def5ces1 t pass f scales into rays4 ,& 9 h>moni\s accompanim5t ) ?is fairly /]eotyp$ edition ( ! i*?yic tail1 we f9d1 9 ! fi%es 9 :i* x appe>s1 ! fir/ in/ance ( displacem5t ( limb1--! bases ( ! pectorals be+ remov$ f _! orig9al position1 & /uck on to ! nape ( ! neck4 ,x may be rem>k$1 9 pass+1 t 9 ! tails ( two ganoidal g5]a ( ?is p]iod1--! ,cocco/eus & ,pt]i*?ys1--! analogies traceable lie r 9 ! direction ( ! tails ( ! ,rays ?an 9 ^? ( ! ,%>ks2 & t "o ( ^!1 ! ,cocco/eus1 seems1 z has be5 already intimat$1 to h _h no pectorals1 :ile x is d\btful :e!r 9 ! ,pt]i*?ys ! pectorals 7 n atta*$ to ! %\ld]1 in/ead on ! head4 ,9 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,p]mian sy/ems !re occur1 especially among ! num]\s species ( ! g5us ,paloniscus1 tails ( ! type exemplifi$ by ! int]nal angle ( ! tail ( ! /urgeon3 ! loz5ge-%ap$ scales run 9 acutely angul> pat*es ?r\gh _! upp] lobes2 b su* is _! extreme flatness1 z %[n by ! disposition ( ! enamell$ cov]+1 t x appe>s exce$+ly d\btful :e!r any v]tebral column ran b5ea?2--!y seem b to h cov]$ greatly dim9i%$ prolongations ( ! sp9al cord4 ,9 ! base ( ! ,second>y division1--ano!r long /age t[>ds ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1--we f9d1 ) ! homoc]cal tail1 :i* n[ appe>s = ! fir/ "t1 num]\s tails l t ( ! ,lepido/eus1 7fig4 #ea17 ( an int]m$iate type2--!y are r tails set on awry ?an truly het]oc]cal4 ,! dim9i%$ cord has disappe>$ f among ! f9 rays4 ,9 ! num]\s ,lepidoid g5us1 & ! g5]a ,semionotus & ,tetra gonolepis1--all ganoidal fi%es ( ! ,second>y p]iod--?is int]m$iate /yle is v m>k$2 :ile 9 _! contempor>ies ( ! g5]a ,uru1 ,microdon1 & ,pycnodus1 we f9d ! e>lie/ examples ( true homoc]cal tails4 ,& 9 ! ,ct5oids & ,cycloids ( ! ,*alk ! homoc]cal tail receives its fulle/ developm5t4 ,x f9ds bases = its rays 9 broad non-homological processes1 t spread out beh9d abruptly-t]m9at+ v]tebr1 7fig4 #eb17 9 ! same p]iod 9 :i*1 by a /range process ( degradation1 ! f\r i*?yic limbs are fir/ ga!r$ into a clu/]1 & hung ab\t ! neck4#cj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,,tail ,,( ,,p]*4 ,i am aw>e t by "s v di/+ui%$ comp>ative anatomi/s1 among ! re/ ,pr(essor ,ow51 ! atta*m5t1 s common among fi%es1 ( ! scapul> ar* & ! =e limbs to ! occipital bone1 is reg>d$1 n z a displacem5t1 b z a normal & prim>y condition ( ! p>ts4 ,recogniz+ 9 ! scapul> bones ! ribs ( ! occipital c5trum1 ! anatomi/s ( ?is s*ool ( c\rse consid] !m1 :5 f\nd articulat$ to ! occiput1 z 9 _! prop] & orig9al place1 & z 9 a /ate ( natural dislocation :5 remov$1 z 9 all ! reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 f>!r d[n4 ,we f9d ,pr(essor ,ok5 borr[+ support to 8 hypo!sis f ?is view4 ,! limbs1 he tells u1 are simply ribs1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ages h be5 set free1 & h become by developm5t :at !y n[ are4 ,& x is unque/ionably a curi\s & int]e/+ fact1 t !re are c]ta9 animals1 su* z ! crocodile1 9 :i* e c5trum ( ! v]tebral column1 & ( e v]tebra ( ! head1 has its ribs or rib-l app5dages1 ) ! exception ( ! occipital c5trum4 ,& x is ano!r equally curi\s fact1 t !re is ano!r c]ta9 class ( animals1 su* z ! osse\s horn-cov]$ fi%es1 ) ! ,/urionid1 ,salam&roidei1 & at lea/ "o g5us among ! ,placoids1 7! ,*imroidei17 9 :i* ?is occipital c5trum be>s z its ribs ! scapul> bones1 ) _! app5dages ! =e limbs4 ,x is ! c5trum )\t ribs t is select$ 9 ^! animals z ! c5trum to :i* ! scapul> ribs %\ld be atta*$4 ,be x rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t :ile x is unque/ionably ! "p ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ to det]m9e ! relations & homologies ( ^? p>ts ( :i* all animals are compos$1 & to int]pret ! significancy 9 ! scale ( be+ ( ! v>i\s modes & =ms 9 :i* !y exi/1 x is z unque/ionably ! "p ( ! geologi/ to decl>e _! hi/ory1 & ! ord] ( _! succession 9 "t4 ,! que/ions :i* fall to be det]m9$ by ! geologi/ & anatomi/ are entirely diff]5t4 ,x is ! function ( ! anatomi/ to decide reg>d+ ! high & ! l[1 ! typical & ! ab]rant2 & s1 beg9n+ at :at is l[e/ or highe/ 9 ! scale1 or lea/ or mo/ symmetrical 9 type1 he passes ?r\gh ! int]m$iate =ms to ! opposite extreme3 & su* is ! ord] natural & prop] to 8 sci5ce4 ,x is ! vocation ( ! geologi/1 on ! o!r h&1 to decide reg>d+ ! e>ly & ! late4 ,x is ) "t1 n ) rank1 t he has to deal4 ,nor is x 9 ! lea/ surpris+ t he %\ld seem at issue ) ! comp>ative anatomi/1 :51 9 classify+ 8 gr\pes ( organiz$ be+ accord+ to ! p]iods ( _! appe>ance1 !re is an ord] ( arrangem5t =c$ ^u him1 diff]5t f t :i*1 on an entirely diff]5t pr9ciple1 ! anatomi/ pursues4 ,nor c !re be a bett] illu/ration ( a collision ( ?is k9d1 ?an ! "o furni%$ by ! case 9 po9t4 ,t peculi>ity ( /ructure :i*1 z ! l[e/ 9 ! v]tebral skeleton1 is to ! comp>ative anatomi/ ! prim>y & orig9al "o1 & :i*1 z su*1 furni%es him ) 8 />t+ po9t1 is to ! geologi/ n prim>y1 b second>y1 simply because x 0 n prim>y1 b second>y1 9 ! ord] ( its occurr5ce4 ,x belongs1 s f> z we yet "k1 n to ! fir/ p]iod ( v]tebrate exi/5ce1 b to ! second2 & appe>s 9 geologic hi/ory z does t savage /ate :i* c]ta9 philosoph]s h deem$ ! orig9al condition ( ! human species1 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 :5 read by ! light ( ! ,reveal$ ,record1 "u ! %ad[ ( ^? gigantic ru9s ( ! ,ea/ t date only a few c5turies aft] ! ,flood4 ,x is f\nd to be a degradation fir/ introduc$ dur+ ! lapse ( an int]m$iate age1--n ! normal condition :i* obta9$ dur+ ! long cycles ( ! primal "o4 ,x indicates1 n ! />t+ po9t f :i* ! race ( creation began1 b ! /age ( retrogradation beyond x at :i* ! pilgrims :o set out 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! goal fir/ arriv$4#ca ,?is fact ( degradation1 /rangely indicat$ 9 geologic hi/ory1 ) ref]5ce to all ! great] divisions ( ! animal k+dom1 has (t5 appe>$ to me a surpass+ly wond]ful "o4 ,we c see b imp]fectly1 9 ^? twilight dep?s to :i* all su* subjects necess>ily belong2 & yet at times en\gh does appe> to %[ u :at a v sup]ficial ?+ infidelity may be4 ,! g5]al advance 9 creation has be5 incalculably great4 ,! l[] divisions ( ! v]tebrata prec$$ ! high]2--! fi% prec$$ ! reptile1 ! reptile prec$$ ! bird1 ! bird prec$$ ! mammif]\s quadrup$1 & ! mammif]\s quadrup$ prec$$ man4 ,& yet1 is !re "o ( ^! great divisions 9 :i*1 9 at lea/ "s prom95t feature1 ! pres5t1 ?r\gh ?is my/]i\s elem5t ( degradation1 is n inf]ior to ! pa/8 ,!re 0 a "t 9 :i* ! i*?yic =m con/itut$ ! highe/ example ( life2 b ! seas dur+ t p]iod did n sw>m ) fi% ( ! degrad$ type4 ,!re 01 9 l mann]1 a "t :5 all ! c>nivora & all ! h]bivor\s quadrup$s 7 repres5t$ by reptiles2 b !re are no su* magnific5t reptiles on ! e>? n[ z reign$ ov] x !n4 ,!re 0 an aft] "t1 :5 birds seem to h be5 ! sole repres5tatives ( ! w>m-blood$ animals2 b we f9d1 f ! pr9ts ( _! feet left 9 s&/one1 t ! talle/ m5 might h 8,walk$ "u _! huge legs1 & peep$ ab\t40 ,fur!r1 !re 0 an age :5 ! quadrup$al mammals 7 ! magnates ( creation2 b x 0 an age 9 :i* ! sagaci\s elephant1 n[ ext9ct1 save 9 ! comp>atively small ,asiatic & ,african circles1 & re/rict$ to two species1 0 ! inhabitant ( e c\ntry ( ! ,old ,_w1 f its s\!rn extremity to ! froz5 %ores ( ! nor!rn ocean2 & :5 va/ h]ds ( a closely alli$ & equally colossal g5us occupi$ its place 9 ! ,new4 ,& n[1 9 ! times ( ! high-plac$ human dyna/y1--( ^? =mally delegat$ mon>*s ( creation1 ^: nature x is to look beh9d !m ^u ! pa/1 & be=e !m1 ) m+l$ fe> & hope1 ^u ! future1--d we n z c]ta9ly see ! elem5ts ( a /ate ( ev]-s9k+ degradation1 :i* is to exi/ = ev]1 z ( a /ate ( ev]-increas+ p]fectibility1 to :i* !re is to be no end8 ,nay1 ( a high] race1 ( :i* we "k b little1 ?is mu* we at lea/ "k1 t !y long s9ce sep>at$ into two great classes1--t ( ! 8elect angels10 & ( 8angels1 t kept n _! fir/ e/ate40 ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,! ,,silurian ,,molluscs--,,( ,,! ,,fossil ,,flora4 ,,anci5t ,,tree4 ,aft] dwell+ at su* l5g? on ! e>li] fi%es1 x may seem sc>ce necess>y to adv]t to _! l[] contempor>ies ! mollusca1--t great division ( ! animal k+dom :i* ,cuvi] places second 9 ! desc5d+ ord]1 9 8 survey ( ! entire s]ies1 & fir/ among ! inv]tebrates2 & :i* ,ok5 reg>ds z ! division out ( :i* ! imm$iately prec$+ class ( ! v]tebral animals h be5 develop$4 8,! fi%10 he says1 8is to be view$ z a mussel1 f betwe5 ^: %ells a mon/r\s abdom5 has gr[n out40 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a peculi>ity 9 ! molluscan gr\p ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 to :i* ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ briefly to ref]1 z1 to employ ! figure ( ,/]ne1 x pres5ts 8two h&les0 ( an ess5tially diff]5t k9d1 & z 9 all su* two-h&l$ cases1 ! m]e special plead] is sure to avail himself ( only ! h&le :i* be/ suits 8 purpose = ! "t4 ,cuvi]'s fir/ & highe/ class ( ! molluscs is =m$ ( :at are t]m$ ! ,cephalopods1--a class ( creatures possess$ ( great fre$om ( motion3 !y c walk1 swim1 & seize _! prey2 !y h :at ev5 ! l[e/ fi%es su* z ! lancelet1 want1--a bra9 enclos$ 9 a c>tilag9\s cavity 9 ! head1 & p]fectly =m$ organs ( sight2 !y possess1 too1 :at is f\nd 9 no o!r mollusc1--organs ( he>+2 & 9 sagacity & activity !y prove m ?an mat*es = ! small] fi%es1 _m ( :i* !y ov]ma/] & dev\r4 ,) ?is highe/ class !re contra/s an exce$+ly l[ mollusc\s class at ! bottom ( ! scale1 or1 at lea/1 at :at is n[ ! bottom ( ! scale2 = !y con/itute ,cuvi]'s fif? class2 :ile 8 six? & la/1 ! ,cirrhopodes1 has be5 s9ce )drawn f ! molluscs altoge!r1 & plac$ 9 a diff]5t division ( ! animal k+dom4 ,& ?is l[ class1 ! ,bra*iopods1 are creatures t1 liv+ 9 bivalve %ells1 unfurni%$ ) spr+ h+es to ?r[ !m op51 & always fa/ an*or$ to ! same spot1 c b ?ru/ =?1 ?r\gh ! int]/itial *9ks ( _! prison-h\ses1 spiral arms1 cov]$ ) cilia1 & w9n[ ! wat] = a liv+4 ,n[1 x s happ5s t ! molluscan gr\p ( ! ,silurian sy/em is compos$ *iefly ( ^! two extreme classes4 ,x conta9s "s ( ! o!r =ms2 b !y are few 9 numb]1 & give no "* to ! rocks 9 :i* !y occur4 ,!re 0 no?+ by :i* ,i 0 m impress$1 9 a visit to a ,silurian region1 ?an t 9 its anci5t gravey>ds1 z 9 ^? ( ! pres5t day1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t s5se1 ! high & ! l[ %\ld s inv>iably meet toge!r4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n impossible t1 9 ev5 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 a simil> union ( ! extreme =ms ( ! m>9e mollusca may be tak+ place 9 deep-sea deposits4 ,mo/ ( ! int]m$iate =ms provid$ ) %ells capable ( pres]vation1 su* z ! %ell$ ,ga/]opoda & ! ,con*if]s1 are ei!r littoral1 or re/rict$ to comp>atively small dep?s2 :]eas ! ,bra*iopoda are deep-sea %ells2 & ! ,cephalopoda may be f\nd voyag+ f> f l&1 9 ! upp] /rata ( ! sea above !m4 ,ev5 9 ! seas t surr\nd our own isl&1 ! ,bra*iopod\s molluscs--t]ebratula & crania--h be5 f\nd1 ev] s9ce deep-sea dr$g+ became common1 to be n v r>e %ells2 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e !y are less r>e /ill1 fleets ( ,argonauts1 ! repres5tatives ( a highly organiz$ family ( ! ,cephalopods1 to :i* x is n[ believ$ ! ,bell]ophon ( ! ,palozoic rocks belong$1 may be se5 skimm+ along ! surface1 ) sail & o>1 high ov] ! pr(\nd dep?s 9 :i* !y lie4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 :5 dea? comes1 t comes to high & l[1 ! rema9s ( bo? ,argonauts & ,bra*iopods mu/ lie toge!r at ! bottom1 9 b$s almo/ totally devoid ( ! int]m$iate =ms4 ,n[1 ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 9 ma9ta9+ 8 hypo!sis1 susp5ds x on ! h&le furni%$ him by ! imm5se abundance ( ! ,silurian ,bra*iopods4 ,! ,silurian p]iod1 he says1 exhibits 8a scanty & mo/ defective developm5t ( life2 s mu* s1 t ,mr4 ,lyell calls x1 p> excell5ce1 ! age ( ,bra*iopods1 ) ref]5ce to ! by no means exalt$ bivalve %ell-fi% :i* =ms its pr$om9ant class4 ,su* be+ ! actual /ate ( ! case1 ,i mu/ p]si/ 9 describ+ ev5 ! fauna ( ?is age1 :i* we n[ "k 0 n ! fir/1 z1 g5]ally speak+1 su* a humble exhibition ( ! animal k+dom z we might expect1 ^u ! developm5t !ory1 to f9d at an e>ly /age ( ! hi/ory ( organization40 ,! read] w at once disc]n ! fallacy "h4 ,! ,silurian p]iod 0 peculi>ly an age ( ,bra*iopods1 = 9 no o!r p]iod 7 ,bra*iopods s num]\s1 specifically or individually1 or ( su* size or importance2 :]eas x 0 n s peculi>ly an age ( ,cephalopods1 = ^! we f9d introduc$ 9 /ill great] numb]s dur+ ! ,liasic & ,oolitic p]iods4 ,9 #ahdh1 :5 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes edit$ ! ,palontological map ( ,brita9 & ,irel&1 :i* =ms "o ( ! v admirable s]ies ( 8,john/one's ,physical ,atlas10 ! ,cephalopods ( ! ,silurian rocks ( ,engl& & ,wales 7 e/imat$ at =ty-eight species1 & ! ,bra*iopods at "o hundr$ & fifty2 :]eas at ! same date !re 7 two hundr$ & five ,cephalopods ( ! ,oolitic =mations enum]at$1 & b fifty-f\r ,bra*iopods4 ,x is ! molluscs ( ! inf]ior1 n ^? ( ! sup]ior class1 t con/itute 7) _! contempor>ies ! ,trilobites7 ! *>act]i/ic fossils ( ! ,silurian rocks2 & h5ce ! propriety ( ! di/9ctive "n sugge/$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,b 9 ! developm5t "q1 :at we h specially to consid] is1 n ! numb]s ( ! l[1 b ! /&+ ( ! high4 ,a c\ntry may be di/9ctively a c\ntry ( flocks & h]ds1 or a c\ntry ( ! c>nivor\s mammalia1 or1 l ,new ,s\? ,wales or ! ,galapagos1 a c\ntry ( m>supial animals or ( reptiles4 ,its human inhabitants may be m]ely a few hunt]s or %eph]ds1 too inconsid]able 9 numb]s1 & too mu* l _! bre?r5 else:]e1 to give x any peculi> /&+ z a home ( m54 ,b 9 e/imat+ ! highe/ po9t 9 ! scale to :i* ! animal k+dom has atta9$ )9 its limits1 x is ( its few m51 n ( its _m bea/s1 t we mu/ take note4 ,& ! po9t to be specially decid$ reg>d+ ! organisms ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 9 ?is "q1 is1 n ! proportion 9 numb] :i* ! l[] =ms bore to ! high]1 b ! exact rank :i* ! high] bore 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce4 ,did ! sy/em furni% b a s+le ,cephalopod or a s+le fi%1 we w\ld yet h z c]ta9ly to det]m9e t ! *a9 ( be+ rea*$ z high z ! ,cephalopod or ! fi%1 z if ! rema9s ( ^! creatures con/itut$ its mo/ abundant fossils4 ,! *a9 ( animal life rea*$ q z high on ! ev5+ ( ! six? day ( creation1 :5 ! human family 0 re/rict$ to a s+le pair1 z x does n[1 :5 our /ati/s reckon up by millions ! inhabitants ( ! great] capitals ( ! _w2 & ! special plead] :o1 9 ass]t+ ! contr>y1 w\ld insi/ on det]m9+ ! po9t1 n by ! rank ( ! m5 ( ,ed51 b by ! numb] ( m9n[s or /icklebacks t sw>m$ 9 its riv]s1 might be p]haps deem$ +5i\s 9 8 exp$i5ts1 b c]ta9ly n v judici\s 9 ! use ( !m4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ! ,bra*iopods ( ^? ,palozoic p]iods 9 :i* ! gr\p occupi$ su* l>ge space 9 creation1 consi/$ ( greatly l>g] & m important animals ?an any :i* x conta9s 9 ! pres5t day4 ,x has yield$ to :at geological hi/ory %[s to be ! common fate1 & sunk into a /ate ( degradation & decl9e4 ,! geological hi/ory ( ! vegetable1 l t ( ! animal k+dom1 has be5 press$ into ! s]vice ( ! developm5t hypo!sis2 & c]ta9ly _! respective c\rses1 bo? 9 actual arrangem5t & 9 _! relation to human k1 seem wond]fully alike4 ,x is n mu* m ?an tw5ty ye>s s9ce x 0 held t no exog5\s plant exi/$ dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ,conif] 9 ! ,second>y deposits _h be5 conclusively det]m9$ f num]\s specim5s2 b1 f\nd+ on :at seem$ a l>ge am\nt ( negative evid5ce1 x 0 conclud$ t1 previ\s to ! ,liasic age1 nature _h fail$ to a*ieve a tree1 & t ! ri* vegetation ( ! ,coal ,measures _h be5 exclusively compos$ ( magnific5t immaturities ( ! vegetable k+dom1--( gigantic f]ns & club-mosses1 t atta9$ to ! size ( =e/ trees1 & ( ?ickets ( ! swamp-lov+ horsetail family ( plants1 t well nigh rivall$ 9 height ^? =e/s ( ma/s :i* d>k5 ! riv]s ( our great comm]cial cities4 ,su* 0 ! view promulgat$ by ,m4 ,adolphe ,brongni>t2 & x may be well to rem>k t1 s f> z ! evid5ce on :i* x 0 bas$ 0 positive1 ! view 0 s\nd4 ,x is a fact1 t inf]ior ord]s ( plants 7 develop$ 9 ^? ages 9 a /yle :i*1 9 _! pres5t /ate ( degradation1 !y nev] exemplify3 !y took _! place1 n1 z n[1 among ! pigmies & abortions ( creation1 b among its talle/ & goodlie/ productions4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n a fact t !y 7 ! highe/ vegetable =ms ( _! "t4 ,true exog5\s trees also exi/$ 9 great numb]s & ( va/ size4 ,9 v>i\s localities 9 ! coal fields ( bo? ,engl& & ,scotl&1--su* z ,l5nel ,braes & ,allan ,bank 9 ,b]wick%ire1 ,high-,hewor?1 ,fellon1 ,gate%ead1 & ,wideop5 ne> ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 & 9 qu>ries to ! we/ ( ! city ( ,durham1--! mo/ abundant fossils ( ! sy/em are its true woods4 ,9 ! qu>ry ( ,craiglei?1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 ?ree huge trunks h be5 laid op5 dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 )9 ! space ( ab\t a hundr$ & fifty y>ds1 & two equally massy trunks1 )9 half t space1 9 ! neighbor+ qu>ry ( ,granton1 all l[ 9 ! ,coal ,measures4 ,!y lie diagonally a?w>t ! /rata1--at an angle ( ab\t ?irty1--) ! ne!r & weighti] portion ( _! boles bel[1 l snags 9 ! ,mississippi2 & we inf]1 f _! g5]al direction1 t ! /ream to :i* !y recl9$ mu/ h fl[$ f ne>ly nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,! curr5t 0 probably t ( a noble riv]1 :i* reflect$ on its broad bosom ! %ad[ ( _m a /ately tree4 ,) ! exception ( "o ( ! ,granton specim5s1 :i* /ill reta9s its /rong-kne$ roots1 !y are all m]e portions ( trees1 r\nd$ at bo? ends z if by attrition or decay2 & yet "o ( ^! portions measures ab\t six feet 9 diamet] by sixty-"o feet 9 l5g?2 ano!r f\r feet 9 diamet] by sev5ty feet 9 l5g?2 & ! o!rs1 ( v>i\s ?ickness1 b all bulky en\gh to equal ! ma/s ( l>ge vessels1 range 9 l5g? f ?irty-six to =ty-sev5 feet4 ,x seems /range to "o :o d]ives 8 supply ( dome/ic fuel f ! ,dalkei? & ,falkirk coal-fields1 t ! ,c>bonif]\s flora c\ld ev] h be5 describ$ z devoid ( trees4 ,i c sc>ce take up a piece ( coal f beside my /udy fire1 )\t detect+ 9 x fragm5ts ( c>boniz$ wood1 :i* almo/ always exhibit ! *>act]i/ic longitud9al fibres1 & n unfrequ5tly ! m$ull>y rays4 ,ev5 ! trap-rocks ( ! di/rict enclose1 9 "s in/ances1 _! masses ( lignite1 :i* pres5t 9 _! transv]se sections1 :5 cut by ! lapid>y1 ! net-l reticulations ( ! conif]4 ,! fossil botani/1 :o devot$ himself *iefly to ! /udy ( microscopic /ructure1 w\ld h to decide1 f ! facts ( ! case1 n t trees 7 abs5t dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 b t1 9 consequ5ce ( _! hav+ be5 pres5t 9 amaz+ numb]s1 _! rema9s _h ent]$ m palpably & ext5sively into ! composition ( coal ?an ^? ( any o!r vegetable4#cb ,s f> z is yet kn[n1 !y all belong$ to ! two great divisions ( ! conif]\s family1 arauc>ians & p9es4 ,! huge trees ( ,craiglei? & ,granton 7 ( ! =m] tribe1 & approximate m ne>ly to ,alt+ia excelsa1 ! ,norfolk-,isl& p9e1--a noble arauc>ian1 t re>s its pr\d head f a hundr$ & sixty to two hundr$ feet ov] ! soil1 & exhibits a gre5 & luxuriant bread? ( foliage r>e among ! ,conif]1--?an any o!r liv+ tree4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,,alt+ia ,,excelsa1 7,,norfolk-,,isl& ,,p9e47 ,f a "y specim5 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d51 ,ed9burgh4 ,beyond ! ,coal ,measures t]re/rial plants become extremely r>e4 ,! fossil botani/1 on tak+ leave ( ! l[] ,c>bonif]\s b$s1 quits ! l&1 & sets out to sea2 & x seems 9 no way surpris+1 t ! specim5s :i* he !re adds to 8 h]b>ium %\ld consi/ ma9ly ( ,fucace & ,conf]ve4 ,! developm5t hypo!sis c borr[ no support f ! simple fact1 t :ile a high t]re/rial vegetation gr[s ^u dry l&1 only alg gr[ 9 ! sea2 & ev5 did ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ,silurian sy/ems furni%1 z _! vegetable organisms1 fucoids exclusively1 ! evid5ce w\ld am\nt to no m ?an simply ?is1 t ! l& ( ! ,palozoic p]iods produc$ plants ( ! l&1 & ! sea ( ! ,palozoic p]iods produc$ plants ( ! sea4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1--! =mation ( ! ,holopty*ius & ! ,/agonolepis1--! only vegetable rema9s :i* ,i h yet se5 are ( a "* s exce$+ly obscure & d\btful1 t all ,i c\ld v5ture to premise reg>d+ !m is1 t !y seem to be ! fragm5ts ( sorely comm9ut$ fucoids4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! ,middle ,old ,r$1--t ( ! ,cephalaspis & ! gigantic lob/] ( ,c>mylie1--! vegetable rema9s are at once m num]\s & bett] def9$4 ,i h detect$ among ! gray micace\s s&/ones ( ,=f>%ire a fucoid furni%$ ) a ?ick1 squat /em1 t bran*es into num]\s div]g5t leaflets or fronds1 ( a slim p>allelogrammical1 grass-l =m1 & :i*1 z a :ole1 some:at resembles ! sc\rge ( cords atta*$ to a h&le ) :i* a boy :ips 8 top4 ,& ,pr(essor ,flem+ describes a /ill m rem>kable vegetable organism ( ! same =mation1 8:i*1 occurr+ 9 ! =m ( circul>1 flat pat*es1 compos$ ea* ( num]\s small] contigu\s circul> pieces1 is altoge!r n unlike :at might be expect$ to result f a compress$ b]ry1 su* z ! bramble or rasp40 ,9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$1--! =mation ( ! ,cocco/eus & ,*eiracan?us1--! rema9s ( fucoids are m num]\s /ill4 ,!re are gray slaty b$s among ! rocks ( ,navity1 t owe _! fissile "* ma9ly to _! lay]s ( c>boniz$ we$2 & 8among ! rocks ( ,s&y-,bay1 ne> ,?urso10 says ,mr4 ,dick1 8! d>k impressions ( l>ge fucoids are s num]\s1 t !y rem9d "o ( ! int]lac$ b\ghs & less bulky p9e-trunks t lie deep 9 our mosses40 ,a portion ( a /em f ! la/ locality1 :i* ,i owe to ,mr4 ,dick1 measures ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 b ! ill-compact$ cellul> tissue ( ! alg is b indiff]5tly suit$ = pres]vation2 & s x exi/s z a m]e coaly film1 sc>cely half a l9e 9 ?ickness4 ,! mo/ consid]able collection ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ fucoids :i* ,i h yet se5 is t ( ! ,rev4 ,*>les ,cl\/on ( ,s&wick1 9 ,orkney1--a skilful cultivator ( geological sci5ce1 :o has specially direct$ 8 palontological inquiries on ! vegetable rema9s ( ! flag/ones ( 8 di/rict1 z ! dep>tm5t 9 :i* mo/ rema9$ to be done2 b 8 num]\s specim5s only s]ve to %[ :at a pov]ty-/rick5 flora t ( ! ocean ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one mu/ h be54 ,i c\ld detect among !m b two species ( plants2--! "o an imp]fectly pres]v$ vegetable1 m ne>ly resembl+ a club-moss ?an aught else :i* ,i h se51 b :i* bore on its surface1 in/ead ( ! well-m>k$ scales ( ! ,lycopodiace1 irregul> r[s ( tub]cles1 t1 :5 elongat$ 9 ! pr(ile1 z sometimes happ5s1 might be mi/ak5 = m9ute1 ill-def9$ leaves2 ! o!r1 a smoo?-/emm$ fucoid1 exi/+ on ! /one 9 mo/ cases z a m]e film1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ?ickly-set longitud9al fibres are occasionally traceable1 & :i* may be always di/+ui%$ f ! o!r by its %>p-edg$ outl9e1 & f ! circum/ance t its /ems cont9ue to reta9 ! same diamet] = consid]able di/ances1 aft] ?r[+ (f at acute angles num]\s bran*es ne>ly z bulky z !mselves4 ,9 a ,?urso specim51 ab\t two feet 9 l5g?1 :i* ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,dick1 !re are /ems cont9u\s ?r\gh\t1 t1 ?\gh !y ramify 9 t space into f six to eight bran*es1 are ne>ly z ?ick atop z at bottom4 ,!y are ! rema9s1 9 all probability1 ( a long1 flexible we$1 t may h some:at resembl$ ^? fucoids ( ! int]tropical seas1 :i*1 /ream+ slantwise 9 ! tide1 rise n unfrequ5tly to ! surface 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty fa?oms ( wat]2 & z1 not)/&+ _! obscurity1 !y are among ! mo/ p]fect specim5s ( _! class yet f\nd1 & contra/ ) ! /ately arauc>ians ( ! ,coal ,measures1 9 a /yle :i* _c fail to delight ! he>t ( e ass]tor ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 ,i pres5t !m to ! read] f ,mr4 ,dick's specim51 9 a figure 7fig4 #ed7 :i*1 h[ev] slight its int]e/1 has at lea/ ! m]it ( be+ true4 ,! /one exhibits specim5s ( ! two species ( ,mr4 ,cl\/on's collection1--! %>p-edg$1 f9ely-/riat$ we$1 a1 & t r\gh5$ by tub]cles1 b2 :i*1 besides ! di/9ctive "* manife/$ on its surface1 diff]s f ! o!r 9 rapidly los+ brea? ) e bran* :i* x ?r[s (f1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 runs soon to a po9t4 ,! cut on ! opposite page 7fig4 #ee7 repres5ts n inadequately ! cortical peculi>ities ( ! two species :5 be/ pres]v$4 ,! surface ( ! tub]cl$ "o w p]haps rem9d ! ,algologi/ ( ! knobb$ surface ( ! ?ong or receptacle ( ,himan?alia lorea1 a rec5t fucoid1 common on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&1 b r>e on ! ea/4 ,an ,orkney specim5 lately s5t me by ,mr4 ,william ,watt1 f a qu>ry at ,skaill1 has mu* ! appe>ance ( "o ( ! small] f]ns1 su* z ! moor-worts1 sea sple5-worts1 or maid5-hairs4 ,x exi/s z an impression 9 dilut$ black1 on a gr\nd ( d>k gray1 & has s little %>pness ( outl9e1 t1 l m9ute figures 9 oil-pa9t+s1 x seems m di/9ct :5 view$ at arm's l5g? ?an :5 microscopically exam9$2 b en\gh rema9s to %[ t x mu/ h be5 a t]re/rial1 n a m>9e plant4 ,! accompany+ pr9t 7fig4 #ef7 may be reg>d$ z no unfai?ful repres5tation ( ?is unique fossil its /ate ( imp]fect keep+4 ,! vegetation ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 f its upp] b$s d[n till :]e we rea* ! z]o ( life1 is1 l t ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 almo/ exclusively fucoidal4 ,9 ! old] fossilif]\s deposits ( ! sy/em 9 ,sw$51 ,russia1 ! ,lake ,di/ricts ( ,engl&1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 fucoids occur1 to ! exclusion1 s f> z is yet kn[n1 ( e o!r vegetable =m2 & su* is _! abundance 9 "s localities1 t !y r5d] ! argillace\s rocks 9 :i* !y lie diffus$1 capable ( be+ fir$ z an alum slate1 & exi/ 9 o!rs z seams ( a compact an?racite1 occasionally us$ z fuel4 ,!y also occur 9 ^? di/ricts ( ,wales 9 :i* ! place & sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s ,silurian =mations 7 fir/ det]m9$1 ?\gh app>5tly 9 a /ate ( keep+ f :i* little c be premis$ reg>d+ _! orig9al =ms4 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison sums up 8 notice ( ! vegetable rema9s ( ! sy/em 9 ! prov9ce :5ce x d]ives its "n1 by /at+ t he _h submitt$ 8 specim5s to 8,mr4 ,rob]t ,br[n & ,dr4 ,greville1 & t nei!r ( ^! em95t botani/s 7 able to say mu* m reg>d+ !m ?an t !y 7 fucoid-l bodies40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,,fucoids ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 a4 ,smoo?-/emm$ species4 b4 ,tub]cl$ species4 7,"o six? nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 a4 ,smoo?-/emm$ species4 b4 ,tub]cl$ species4 7,natural size47 ,su* are ! vegetable organisms ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ,silurian sy/ems3 !y are ! rema9s ( ! anci5t m>9e plants ( anci5t m>9e deposits &1 z su*1 l5d q z little support to ! developm5t hypo!sis z ! rec5t alg ( our exi/+ seas4 ,! case1 /at$ 9 its mo/ favorable =m1 am\nts simply to ?is1--t at c]ta9 e>ly p]iods1--repres5t$ by ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurian & ! ,old ,r$ deposits1--! seas produc$ sea-plants2 & t1 at a c]ta9 lat] p]iod1--t ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1--! l& produc$ l&-plants4 ,b ev5 ?is1 did x /& alone1 w\ld be a too favorable /atem5t4 ,i h se51 on "o occasion1 ! fi%]man br+ up ) 8 nets1 f> 9 ! op5 sea1 a wild rose-bu%1 t1 ?\gh x /ill bore its *>act]i/ic ?orns1 0 encru/$ ) s]pula1 & lad5 ) p5dul\s lobul>ia4 ,x _h be5 swept f its orig9al habitat by "s riv] 9 flood1 t _h und]m9$ & torn d[n ! bank on :i* x grew2 & aft] float+ ab\t1 mayhap = mon?s1 _h become s saturat$ ) wat]1 t x c\ld float no long]4 ,& 9 t s+le rose-bu%1 dragg$ up to ! light & air f its place among ,s]tul>ia1 ,flu/ra1 ,s]pula1 & ! deep-sea fucoids1 ,i _h z c]ta9 an evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! dicotyl$on\s plant1 z if ,i _h all ! families ( ! ,rosaec be=e me4 ,n[1 we are furni%$ by ! m anci5t =mations ) evid5ce reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( a t]re/rial vegetation1 su* z t :i* ! rose-bu% 9 ?is case suppli$4 ,we _c expect t ! pro(s %\ld be num]\s4 ,9 ! *>t ( ! ,pacific atta*$ to ! bett] editions ( 8,cook's ,voyages10 !re are sev]al notes along ! tract ( ! great navigator1 t indicate :]e1 9 mid ocean1 trees or fragm5ts ( trees _h be5 pick$ up4 ,^! entries1 h[ev]1 are b few1 ?\gh !y belong to all ! ?ree voyages toge!r3 if ,i rememb] aright1 !re are only five entries 9 all1--two 9 ! ,nor!rn1 & ?ree 9 ! ,s\!rn ,pacific4 ,! float+ %rub or tree1 at a great di/ance f l&1 is ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ev5 ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s1 ?\gh ! bread? ( l& be great1 & trees num]\s2 & 9 ! times ( ! ,silurian & ,old ,r$ ,s&/one sy/ems1 :5 ! bread? ( l& 0 app>5tly n great1 & trees & %rubs1 9 consequ5ce1 n num]\s1 x mu/ h be5 ( r>] occurr5ce /ill4 ,we le>n1 h[ev]1 f ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 t 9 ! 8,hamilton gr\p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1--a s]ies ( b$s t corresponds 9 _m ( its fossils ) ! ,ludl[ rocks ( ,engl&1--plants alli$ to ! ,lepidod5dra ( ! ,c>bonif]\s type are abundant2 & t 9 ! l[] ,devonian /rata ( ,new ,york ! same plants occur associat$ ) f]ns40 ,& ,i am able to demon/rate1 f an int]e/+ fossil at pres5t be=e me1 t !re exi/$ 9 ! p]iod ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one vegetable =ms ( a class greatly high] ?an ei!r ,lepidod5dra or f]ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,,f]n8 ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 7,natural size47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,,lignite ,,( ,,! ,,l[] ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 7,"o ?ird nat4 size1 l9e>47 ,9 my little "w on ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,i h ref]r$ to an app>5t lignite ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ( ,crom>ty1 :i* pres5t$1 :5 view$ by ! microscope1 m>ks ( ! int]nal fibre4 ,! surface1 :5 "u ! glass1 resembl$1 ,i said1 a bundle ( horse-hairs ly+ /ret*$ 9 p>allel l9es3 & 9 ?is specim5 alone1 x 0 add$1 _h ,i f\nd aught 9 ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one approa*+ to pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( dry l&4 ,ab\t f\r ye>s ago ,i _h ?is lignite put /r+5tly to ! "q by ,mr4 ,s&]son1 & deeply int]e/+ 0 ! result4 ,i mu/ fir/ m5tion1 h[ev]1 t !re _c re/ ! %ad[ ( a d\bt reg>d+ ! place ( ! organism 9 ! geologic scale4 ,x is unequivocally a fossil ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one4 ,i f\nd x p>tially emb$d$1 ) _m o!r nodules half-dis9t]r$ by ! sea1 9 an i*?yolitic deposit1 a few hundr$ y>ds to ! ea/ ( ! t[n ( ,crom>ty1 :i* occurs m ?an f\r hundr$ feet ov] ! ,great ,conglom]ate base ( ! sy/em4 ,a nodule t lay imm$iately beside x conta9$ a well-pres]v$ specim5 ( ! ,cocco/eus ,decipi5s2 & 9 ! nodule 9 :i* ! lignite itself is conta9$1 7fig4 #eg17 ! practis$ eye may detect a scatt]$ gr\p ( scales ( ,diplacan?us1 a sc>ce less *>act]i/ic organism ( ! l[] =mation4 ,& :at1 asks ! read]1 is ! "* ( ?is v anci5t vegetable1--! mo/ anci5t1 by ?ree :ole =mations1 t has pres5t$ its int]nal /ructure to ! microscope8 ,is x z l[ 9 ! scale ( developm5t z 9 ! geological scale8 ,does ?is v5]able ,adam ( ! =e/ appe>1 l ! ,adam ( ! infidel1 z a squalid1 ill-=m$ savage1 ) a rugg$ %aggy nature1 :i* x w\ld require ! sugge/ive necessities ( _m ages pa9fully to lick into civilization8 ,or does x appe> r l ! ,adam ( ! poet & ! !ologian1 indep5d5t1 9 its in/antane\sly-d]iv$ p]fection1 ( all aft] developm5t8 8,adam1 ! goodlie/ man ( m5 s9ce born ,8 sons40 ,is its tissue vascul> or cellul>1 or1 l t ( "s ( ! cryptogamia1 int]m$iate8 ,or :at1 9 f9e1 is ! nature & be>+ ( its mute b emphatic te/imony1 on t doctr9e ( progressive developm5t ( late s /rangely resuscitat$8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ?is anci5t fossil is a true wood1--a ,dicotyl$on\s or ,polycotyl$on\s ,gymnosp]m1 t1 l ! p9es & l>*es ( our exi/+ =e/s1 bore nak$ se$s1 :i*1 9 _! /ate ( g]m9ation1 develop$ ei!r d\ble lobes to %elt] ! embryo )91 or %ot out a fr+e ( v]ticillate spikes1 :i* p]=m$ ! same protective functions1 & t1 z x increas$ 9 bulk ye> aft] ye>1 receiv$ its accessions ( gr[? 9 outside lay]s4 ,9 ! transv]se section ! cells be> ! reticulat$ appe>ance :i* di/+ui% ! conif]1 7fig4 #eh1 a27 ! lignite _h be5 expos$ 9 its b$ to a consid]able degree ( pressure2 & s ! op5+s some:at resemble ! me%es ( a net t has be5 drawn a little awry2 b no g5]al oblit]ation ( _! orig9al "* has tak5 place1 save 9 m9ute pat*es1 :]e !y h be5 injur$ by compression or ! bitum9iz+ process4 ,all ! tubes indicat$ by ! op5+s are1 z 9 rec5t conif]1 ( ne>ly ! same size2 & ?\gh1 z 9 _m ( ! m anci5t lignites1 !re are no indications ( annual r+s1 ! direction ( ! m$ull>y rays is di/9ctly traceable4 ,! longitud9al sections are r less di/9ct ?an ! transv]se "o2 9 ! section p>allel to ! radius ( ! /em or bole ! circul> disks ( ! conif] 7 at fir/ n at all detect$2 &1 z s9ce %[n by a v f9e microscope1 !y appe> simply z d\ble & triple l9es ( undef9$ dots1 7b17 t some:at resemble ! /ippl$ m>k+s ( ! m9iature pa9t]2 nor are ! op5+s ( ! m$ull>y rays frequ5t 9 ! tang5tal section 7i4 e4 t p>allel to ! b>k17 7c27 b no?+ c be bett] def9$ ?an ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! woody fibre1 & ! longitud9al =m ( ! cells4 ,su* is ! "* ( ?is1 ! mo/ anci5t ( lignites yet f\nd1 t yields to ! microscope ! peculi>ities ( its orig9al /ructure4 ,we f9d 9 x an unfall5 ,adam1--n a half-develop$ savage4#cc ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 ,,int]nal ,,/ructure ,,( ,,lignite ,,( ,,l[] ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 a4 ,transv]se section4 b4 ,longitud9al section1 7p>allel to radius1 or m$ull>y rays47 c4 ,longitud9al section1 7tang5tal1 or p>allel to ! b>k47 7,mag4 =ty diamet]s47 ,! olive leaf :i* ! dove br\ght to ,noah e/abli%$ at lea/ ?ree important facts1 & indicat$ a few m4 ,x %[$ mo/ conclusively t !re 0 dry l&1 t !re 7 olive trees1 & t ! climate ( ! surr\nd+ region1 :atev] *ange x might h und]gone1 0 /ill favorable to ! developm5t ( vegetable life4 ,&1 fur!r1 x might be v safely inf]r$ f x1 t if olive trees _h surviv$1 o!r trees & plants mu/ h surviv$ also2 & t ! d>k muddy prom95ces r\nd :i* ! ebb+ curr5ts 7 fa/ sweep+ to l[] levels1 w\ld soon pres5t1 z 9 ant$iluvian times1 _! cov]+s ( *e]ful gre54 ,! olive leaf spoke n ( m]ely a p>tial1 b ( a g5]al vegetation4 ,n[1 ! conif]\s lignite ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one we f9d *>g$1 l ! olive leaf1 ) a v>i\s & s+ul>ly int]e/+ evid5ce4 ,x is some?+ to "k1 t 9 ! times ( ! ,cocco/eus & ,a/]olepis !re exi/$ dry l&1 & t t l& wore1 z at aft] p]iods1 its s(t1 gay mantle ( gre54 ,x is some?+ also to "k1 t ! v]dant t9t 0 n ow+ to a pr(use developm5t ( ! m]e immaturities ( ! vegetable k+dom1--crisp1 sl[-gr[+ li*5s1 or wat]y spore-propagat$ fungi t %oot up to _! full size 9 a night1--nor ev5 to an abundance ( ! m highly organiz$ families ( ! liv]worts & ! mosses4 ,^! may h ab\nd$ !n1 z n[2 ?\gh we h n a %ad[ ( evid5ce t !y did4 ,b :ile we h no pro( :atev] ( _! exi/5ce1 we h conclusive pro( t !re exi/$ ord]s & families ( a rank f> above !m4 ,on ! dry l& ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 on :i*1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,adolphe ,brogni>t1 no?+ high] ?an a li*5 or a moss c\ld h be5 expect$1 ! %ip-c>p5t] might h hopefully tak5 axe 9 h&1 to explore ! woods = "s su* /ately p9e z ! "o describ$ by ,milton1-- 8,hewn on ,norwegian hills1 to be ! ma/ ,( "s great admiral40 ,view$ simply 9 its picturesque aspect1 ?is olive leaf ( ! ,old ,r$ seems n at all devoid ( poetry4 ,we sail upw>ds into ! high geologic zones1 pass+ f anci5t to /ill m anci5t sc5es ( be+2 &1 z we voyage along1 f9d ev] 9 ! surr\nd+ prospect1 z 9 ! exi/+ sc5e f :i* we set out1 a graceful int]mixture ( l& & wat]1 cont95t1 riv]1 & sea4 ,we fir/ coa/ along ! l& ( ! ,t]ti>y1 inhabit$ by ! /range quadrup$s ( ,cuvi]1 & wav+ ) ! re$s & palms ( ! ,p>is ,bas92 ! l& ( ! ,weald51 ) its gigantic iguanodon ru/l+ amid its tree f]ns & its cycade1 comes next2 !n comes ! gre5 l& ( ! ,oolite1 ) its little p\*$ insectivor\s quadrup$1 its fly+ reptiles1 its va/ jungles ( ! ,brora equisetum1 & its =e/s ( ! ,helmsdale p9e2 & !n1 dimly z ?r\gh a haze1 we m>k1 z we spe$ on1 ! ?9ly scatt]$ isl&s ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one1 & pick up 9 our c\rse a l>ge float+ leaf1 ve9$ l t ( a cabbage1 :i* n a little puzzles ! botani/s ( ! exp$ition4 ,& n[ we ne> ! va/ ,c>bonif]\s cont95t1 & see along ! undulat+ outl9e1 betwe5 u & ! sky1 ! /range =ms ( a vegetation1 comp>$ ) :i* t ( e previ\sly se5 l& seems /unt$ & poor4 ,we spe$ day aft] day along endless =e/s1 9 :i* gigantic club-mosses wave 9 air a hundr$ feet ov] head1 & skirt int]m9able m>%es1 9 :i* ?ickets ( re$s ov]top ! ma/-head4 ,&1 :]e mighty riv]s come roll+ to ! sea1 we m>k1 ?r\gh ! long-retir+ vi/as :i* !y op5 into ! int]ior1 ! high] gr\nds ( ! c\ntry cov]$ ) conif]\s trees1 & see dodd]$ trunks ( va/ size1 l ^? ( ,granton & ,craiglei?1 recl9+ "u ! banks 9 deep muddy rea*es1 ) _! decay+ tops turn$ ad[n ! curr5t4 ,at l5g? ! fur!rmo/ promontory ( ?is long range ( coa/ comes full 9 view3 we ne> x1--we h come up abrea/ ( x3 we see ! %ells ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one glitt]+ :ite along its fur!r %ore1 & ! gre5 dep?s "u our keel light5$ by ! flu% ( innum]able corals2 & !n1 bidd+ f>ewell to ! l& =ev]1--= s ! geologi/s ( b five ye>s ago w\ld h advis$1--we laun* into ! unmeasur$ ocean ( ! ,old ,r$1 ) its ?ree consecutive zones ( animal life4 ,n a s+le pat* ( l& m d ^? geologic *>ts exhibit :i* we /ill reg>d z new4 ,! zones ( ! ,silurian & ,cambrian succe$ ! zones ( ! ,old ,r$2 &1 d>kly fr+$ by an obscure bank ( cl\d rang$ along ! la/ zone 9 ! s]ies1 a night t nev] dissipates settles d[n ^u ! deep4 ,our voyage1 l t ( ! old fabul\s navigators ( five c5turies ago1 t]m9ates on ! sea 9 a ?ick d>kness1 beyond :i* !re lies no %ore & !re dawns no light4 ,& x is 9 ! middle ( ?is va/ ocean1 j :]e ! la/ zone ( ! ,old ,r$ leans aga9/ ! fir/ zone ( ! ,silurian1 t we h succe$$ 9 discov]+ a solit>y isl& unse5 be=e1--a %rub-be>+ l&1 mu* envelop$ 9 fog1 b ) hills t at lea/ look gre5 9 ! di/ance4 ,!re are pat*es ( float+ sea-we$ mu* comm9ut$ by ! surf all ar\nd x2 & on "o project+ headl& we see cle> ?r\gh our glasses a cone-be>+ tree4 ,?is c]ta9ly is n ! sort ( arrangem5t dem&$ by ! exig5cies ( ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,a true wood at ! base ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 or a true ,placoid 9 ! ,lime/ones ( ,bala1 v consid]ably b5ea? ! base ( ! ,l[] ,silurian sy/em1 are unt[>d misplacem5ts = ! purposes ( ! ,lam>ckian2 & :o t has wat*$ ! progress ( discov]y = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & se5 ! place ( ! e>lie/ i*?yolite transf]r$ f ! ,c>bonif]\s to ! ,cambrian sy/em1 & t ( ! e>lie/ exog5\s lignite f ! ,lias to ! ,l[] ,devonian1 w n[ v5ture to say t fossil wood may n yet be detect$ z l[ 9 ! scale z any vegetable organism :atev]1 or fossil fi% z l[ z ! rema9s ( any animal8 ,b ?\gh ! response ( ! e>li] geologic sy/ems be ?us unfavorable to ! developm5t hypo!sis1 may n m5 su* z ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 urge1 t ! geologic evid5ce1 tak5 z a :ole1 & 9 its be>+ on gr\pes & p]iods1 e/abli%es ! g5]al fact t ! l[] plants & animals prec$$ ! high]1--t ! conif]a1 = in/ance1 prec$$ our true =e/ trees1 su* z ! oak & elm1--t1 9 l mann]1 ! fi% prec$$ ! reptile1 t ! reptile prec$$ ! bird1 t ! bird prec$$ ! mammif]\s quadrup$ & ! quadrumana1 & t ! mammif]\s quadrup$ & ! quadrumana prec$$ man8 ,assur$ly yes6 ,!y may & d urge t ,geology furni%es evid5ce ( su* a succession ( exi/5ces2 & ! arrangem5t seems at once a v wond]ful & v beautiful "o4 ,( t great & impos+ procession ( be+ ( :i* ?is _w has be5 ! sc5e1 ! programme has be5 admirably m>%all$4 ,b ! ord] ( ! arrangem5t 9 no degree ju/ifies ! inf]5ce bas$ ^u x by ! ,lam>ckian4 ,! fact t fi%es & reptiles 7 creat$ on an e>li] day ?an ! bea/s ( ! field & ! human family1 gives no gr\nd :atev] = ! belief t 8! peopl+ ( ! e>? 0 "o ( a natural k9d1 requir+ "t10 or t ! reptiles & fi%es h be5 n only ! pr$ecessors1 b also ! prog5itors ( ! bea/s & ( man4 ,! geological ph5om5a1 ev5 _h ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 be5 consult$ 9 _! arrangem5t1 & p]mitt$ to det]m9e _! sequ5ce1 w\ld yet h fail$ to furni%1 n m]ely an adequate f\ndation = ! developm5t hypo!sis1 b ev5 ! slighte/ presumption 9 its favor4 ,9 mak+ good ! ass]tion1 may ,i ask ! read] to foll[ me ?r\gh ! details ( a simple ?\gh some:at l5g!n$ illu/ration8 ,,sup]position ,,n ,,p>5tal ,,relation4 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,life4 ,sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago1 ere ! upheaval ( ! la/ ( our rais$ bea*es1 !re exi/$ some:]e on ! ,briti% coa/ a subm>9e b$1 ri* 9 sea-we$ & ! less de/ructible zoophytes1 & inhabit$ by ! common] cru/ace & molluscs4 ,%oals ( h]r+s frequ5t$ x e autumn1 haunt$ by _! usual enemies ! dog-fi%1 ! cod1 & ! porpoise2 &1 dur+ ! o!r seasons ( ! ye>1 x 0 swum ov] by ! l+1 ! hake1 & ! turbot4 ,a consid]able /ream1 t trav]s$ a wide ext5t ( m>%y c\ntry1 wav+ ) flags & re$s1 & 9 :i* ! frog & ! newt br$ by millions1 ent]$ ! sea a few hundr$ y>ds away1 & bore d[n1 :5 9 flood1 its modicum ( reptilian rema9s1 "s ( :i*1 s9k+ ov] ! subm>9e b$1 f\nd a lodgm5t at ! bottom4 ,portions ( re$s & flags 7 also occasionally entomb$1 ) n[ & !n b\ghs ( ! p9e & junip]1 swept f ! high] gr\nds4 ,?r\gh frequ5t depositions ( e>?y matt] br\ght d[n by ! /reamlet1 & ( s& ?r[n up by ! sea1 a gradual elevation ( ! bottom w5t on1 till at l5g? ! deep-sea b$ came to exi/ z a %all[ bank1 ov] :i* birds ( ! wad] family /alk$ mid-leg deep :5 ply+ = food2 & on "o occasion a small porpoise1 los+ 8 way1 & gett+ entangl$ amid its %oals1 p]i%$ on x1 & left 8 c>cass to be cov]$ up by its mud & silt4 ,t elevation ( ! l&1 or recession ( ! sea1 to :i* ! c\ntry owes its la/ acquir$ m>g9al /rip ( soil1 took place1 & ! %all[ bank became a flat mead[1 rais$ "s six or eight feet above ! sea-level4 ,h]bs1 %rubs1 & trees1 9 c\rse ( "t cov]$ x ov]2 & !n1 z c5tury succe$$ c5tury1 x ga!r$ atop a ?ick /ratum ( peaty m\ld1 emb$d+ portions ( bir* & hazel bu%es1 & a few dodd]$ oaks4 ,:5 9 ?is /ate1 at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 an ,italian boy1 accompani$ by 8 monkey1 0 pass+ ov] x1 :5 ! poor monkey1 h>d-wr\ght & ill-f$1 & )al b indiff]5tly suit$ orig9ally = brav+ ! rigors ( a ke5 nor!rn climate1 lay d[n & di$1 & 8 sorr[+ ma/] cov]$ up ! rema9s4 ,n _m ye>s aft]1 ! mutilat$ corpse ( a poor %ipwreck$ sailor 0 ?r[n up1 dur+ a night-/orm1 on ! neighbor+ bea*3 x 0 a m]e fragm5t ( ! human frame1--a m\ld]+ unsightly mass1 decompos+ 9 ! sun2 & a humane h]d-boy1 scoop+ out a %all[ grave = x1 imm$iately ov] t ( ! monkey1 buri$ x up4 ,la/ ( all1 a f>m]1 b5t on agricultural improvem5t1 furr[$ ! flat mead[ to ! dep? ( "s six or eight feet1 by a broad dit*1 t laid op5 its organic cont5ts f top to bottom4 ,& !n a philosoph] ( ! s*ool ( ,maillet & ,lam>ck1 *anc+ to come t way1 /epp$ aside to exam9e ! ph5om5a1 & squ>e !m ) 8 !ory4 ,fir/1 along ! bottom ( ! deep dit* he detects m>9e organisms ( a l[ ord]1 & g5]ally ( a small size ,!re are d>k indi/9ct m>k+s trav]s+ ! gray silt :i* he correctly en\gh reg>ds z ! rema9s ( fucoids & bl5t ) ^!1 he f9ds ! /ony cells ( flu/ra1 ! calc>e\s sp9dles ( ! sea-p51 ! sp9es ( e*9us1 & ! ?9 granul> plates ( ! cru/acea4 ,lay]s ( mussel & pect5 %ells come next1 mix$ up ) ! %ells ( bucc9um1 natica1 & tro*us4 ,ov] ! %ells !re occur def5sive sp9es ( ! dog-fi%1 bl5t ) ! button-l1 ?ornset b\cles ( ! ray4 ,& ! m9ute skeletons ( h]r+s1 ) ! v]tebral & c]ebral bones ( cod1 re/ ov] ^! 9 turn4 ,he f9ds1 also1 well-pres]v$ bits ( re$1 & a fragm5t ( p9e4 ,high] up1 ! well-m>k$ bones ( ! frog occur1 & ! m9ute skeleton ( a newt2 high] /ill1 ! bones ( birds ( ! div] family2 high] /ill1 ! skeleton ( a porpoise2 & /ill high]1 he discov]s t ( a monkey1 re/+ amid ! decay$ boles & bran*es ( dicotyl$on\s plants & trees4 ,he pursues 8 se>*1 va/ly delight$ to f9d 8 doctr9e ( progressive developm5t s beautifully illu/rat$2 & la/ ( all he detects1 only a few in*es f ! surface1 ! brok5 rema9s ( ! poor sailor4 ,& hav+ ?us collect$ 8 facts1 he sets himself to collate !m ) 8 hypo!sis4 ,to hold t ! zoophytes _h be5 creat$ zoophytes1 ! molluscs molluscs1 ! fi%es fi%es1 ! reptiles reptiles1 or ! man a man1 w\ld be1 accord+ to our philosoph]1 alike d]ogatory to ! ,div9e wisdom & to ! acum5 & vigor ( ! human intellect3 x w\ld be 8di/ress+ to him to be compell$ to picture ! p[] ( ,god1 z put =? 9 any o!r mann] ?an 9 ^? sl[1 my/]i\s1 univ]sal laws1 :i* h s pla9ly an et]nity to "w 920 nor1 ) s l>ge an am\nt ( evid5ce be=e him z t :i* ! dit* furni%es1--evid5ce conclusive to ! effect t creation is b developm5t1--does he f9d x necess>y ei!r to cramp 8 faculties or outrage 8 ta/e1 by a weak yield+ to ! requirem5ts ( any su* belief4 ,mean:ile ! f>m]1--a pla91 obs]vant1 eld]ly man1 comes up1 & he & ! philosoph] ent] into conv]sation4 8,i h be5 read+ ! hi/ory ( creation 9 ! side ( y\r deep dit*10 says ! philosoph]1 8& f9d ! record really v complete4 ,look !re10 he adds1 po9t+ to ! unfossilif]\s /rip t runs along ! bottom ( ! bank2 8!re1 life1 bo? vegetable & animal1 fir/ began4 ,x began1 /ruck by electricity out ( album51 z a cong]ies ( m9ute globe-%ap$ atoms1--ea* a holl[ sph]e )9 a sph]e1 z 9 ! well-kn[n ,*9ese puzzle2 & f ^! liv+ atoms 7 all ! high] =ms progressively develop$4 ,! dit*1 ( c\rse1 exhibits none ( ! atoms ) :i* be+ fir/ comm5c$2 = ! atoms don't keep2--we m]ely see _! place indicat$ by t unfossilif]\s b& at ! bottom2 b we may detect imm$iately ov] x almo/ ! fir/ organisms into :i*--p>t+ ?us e>ly into ! two great bran*es ( organic be+--!y 7 develop$4 ,!re are ! fucoids1 fir/-born among vegetables1--& !re ! zoophytes1 well nigh ! l[e/ ( ! animal =ms4 ,! fucoids are m>9e plants2 =1 accord+ to ,ok51 #8all life is f ! sea1--none f ! cont95t2' b !re1 a few feet high]1 we may see ! rema9s ( re$s & flags1--semi-aque\s1 semi-a]ial plants ( ! comp>atively l[ monocotyl$on\s ord] into :i* ! fucoids 7 develop$2 high] /ill we detect fragm5ts ( p9es1 &1 ,i ?9k1 junip]1--trees & %rubs ( ! l& ( an int]m$iate ord]1 into :i* ! re$s & flags 7 develop$ 9 turn2 & 9 t peaty lay] imm$iately b5ea? ! vegetable m\ld1 !re occur b\ghs & trunks ( black5$ oak1--a noble tree ( ! dicotyl$on\s division1--! highe/ to :i* vegetation 9 its upw>d c\rse has yet atta9$4 ,nor is ! progress ( ! o!r great bran* ( organiz$ be+--t ( ! animal k+dom--less di/9ctly traceable4 ,! zoophytes became cru/acea & molluscs1--! cru/acea & molluscs1 dog-fi%es & h]r+s1--! dog-fi%1 a l[ placoid1 %ot up *iefly into turbot1 cod1 & l+2 b ! small] osse\s fi% 0 gradually conv]t$ into a batra*ian reptile2 9 %ort1 ! h]r+ became a frog1--an animal t /ill te/ifies to its i*?yological orig91 by comm5c+ life z a fi%4 ,gradually1 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 ! reptile1 exp&+ 9 size & improv+ 9 faculty1 pass$ into a w>m-blood$ porpoise2 ! porpoise at l5g?1 tir+ ( ! wat] z he began to "k bett]1 quitt$ x altoge!r1 & became a monkey1 & ! monkey by sl[ degrees improv$ into man1--yes1 into man1 my fri5d1 :o has /ill a t5d5cy1 especially :5 j %oot+ up to 8 full /ature1 & /udy+ ! #8,ve/iges1' to resume ! monkey4 ,su*1 ,sir1 is ! true hi/ory ( creation1 z cle>ly record$ 9 ! section ( e>?1 moss1 & silt1 :i* y h s opportunely laid b>e4 ,:]e t dit* n[ op5s1 ! g5]ations ( ! man atop liv$1 di$1 & 7 develop$4 ,!re fl\ri%$ & decay$ 8 great-great-great-great-gr&fa!r ! sea-p51--8 great-great-great-gr&fa!r ! mussel1--8 great-great-gr&fa!r ! h]r+1--8 great-gr&fa!r ! frog1--8 gr&fa!r ! porpoise1--& 8 fa!r ! monkey4 ,& !re also liv$1 di$1 & 7 develop$1 ! g5]ations ( ! oak1 f ! kelp-we$ & tangle to ! re$ & ! flag1 & f ! re$ & ! flag1 to ! p9e1 ! junip]1 ! hazel1 & ! bir*40 8,ma/]10 replies ! f>m]1 8,i see y are a s*ol> &1 ,i suspect1 a wag4 ,x w\ld take a great deal ( believ+ to believe all t4 ,9 ! days ( my poor old neighbor ! infidel weav]1 :o di$ ( delirium trem5s ?irty ye>s ago1 ,i us$ to read ,tom ,pa9e2 &1 z ,i 0 a little wild at ! "t1 ,i 01 ,i am afraid1 a bit ( a sceptic4 ,x wasn't easy "w always to be z unbeliev+ z ,tom1 especially :5 ! consci5ce )9 got queasy2 b x w\ld be a va/ deal easi]1 ,ma/]1 to d\bt ) ,tom ?an to believe ) y4 ,i am a pla9 man1 b n q a fool2 & z ,i h n[ be5 look+ ab\t me 9 ?is neighborhood = ! la/ =ty ye>s1 ,i h come to "k t x gives no assurance t any "o ?+ grew out ( any o!r ?+ because x *ances to be f\nd atop ( x1 ,ma/]4 ,see1 yond] is ,dobb9 ly+ lazily atop ( 8 bundle ( hay2 & yond] little ,jack1 ) bridle 9 h&1 & he 9 a few m9utes w be atop ( ,dobb94 ,& all ,i see 9 t dit*1 ,ma/]1 f top to bottom1 is nei!r m nor less ?an a c]ta9 top-^u-bottom ord] ( ?+s4 ,i see sets ( bones & dead plants ly+ on ! top ( o!r sets ( bones & dead plants1--?+s ly+ atop ( ?+s1 z ,i say1 l ,dobb9 on ! hay & ,jack ^u ,dobb94 ,i d\bt n ! sea 0 once "h1 ,ma/]1 j z x 0 once :]e y see ! l[-ly+ field yond]1 :i* ,i won f x t5 ye>s ago4 ,i h c>t$ tangle & kelp-we$ :]e ,i n[ cut clov] & rye-grass1 & h ga!r$ p]iw9kles :]e ,i n[ see snails4 ,b x is clean aga9/ exp]i5ce1 z my poor old neighbor ! weav] us$ to say1--aga9/ my exp]i5ce1 ,ma/]1--t x 0 ! kelp-we$ t became ! rye-grass1 or t ! p]iw9kles fre%5$ into snails4 ,! kelp-we$ & p]iw9kles belong to ^? plants & animals ( ! sea t we f9d gr[+ 9 only ! sea2 ! rye-grass & snails1 to ^? plants & animals ( ! l& t we f9d gr[+ on only ! l&4 ,x is contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 & all te/imony too1 t ! "o pass$ into ! o!r1 & s ,i _c believe x2 b ,i d & mu/ believe1 in/ead1--= x is n contr>y to exp]i5ce1 & mu* accord+ to te/imony1--t ! ,au?or ( all creat$ bo? l& productions & sea productions at ! #8times be=e appo9t$1' & #8det]m9$ ! b\nds ( _! habitation4' #8,by fai? we und]/& t ! worlds 7 fram$ by ! ^w ( ,god2' & ,i f9d ,i c be a believ] on ,god's t]ms at a mu* less exp5se ( cr$ulity ?an an infidel on y\rs40 ,b 9 ?is =m at lea/ x c be sc>ce necess>y t ! argum5t %\ld be prolong$4 ,! geological ph5om5a1 ,i repeat1 ev5 _h ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 be5 consult$ 9 _! arrangem5t1 & p]mitt$ to det]m9e _! sequ5ce1 w\ld fail to furni% a s+le presumption 9 favor ( ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,does ! dit*-side ( my illu/ration furni% x ) a s+le favor+ presumption8 ,! arrangem5t & sequ5ce ( ! v>i\s organisms are complete 9 bo? ! zoological & phytological bran*4 ,! flag & re$ succe$ ! fucoid2 ! fir & junip] succe$ ! flag & re$2 & ! hazel1 bir*1 & oak succe$ ! fir & junip]4 ,9 l mann]1 & ) equal regul>ity1 zoophytes1 ! radiata1 ! articulata1 mollusca1 fi%es1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 are rang$1 ! sup]ior 9 succession ov] ! inf]ior classes1 9 ! true asc5d+ ord]2 & yet we at once see t ! evid5ce ( ! dit*-side1 am\nt+ 9 ! aggregate to no m ?an ?is1 t ! rema9s ( ! high] lie ov] ^? ( ! l[] organisms1 gives n a %ad[ ( support to ! hypo!sis t ! l[] produc$ ! high]4 ,=1 accord+ to ! hone/ f>m]1 ! fact t any "o ?+ is f\nd ly+ on ! top ( any o!r ?+1 furni%es no presumption :atev] t ! ?+ bel[ /&s 9 ! relation ( p>5t to ! ?+ above4 ,& ! evid5ce :i* ! well-rang$ organisms ( ! dit*-side d n furni%1 ! organisms ( ! entire geologic scale1 ev5 7 !y equally well rang$1 w\ld fail to supply4 ,! fossilif]\s portion ( ! dit*-side ( my illu/ration may be1 let u suppose1 "s five or six feet 9 ?ickness2 ! fossilif]\s portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ mu/ be "s five or six miles 9 ?ickness4 ,b ! m]e circum/ance ( space introduces no new elem5t into ! "q4 ,equally 9 bo? cases ! fact ( sup]position is n id5tical ) ! fact ( p>5tal relation1 nor ev5 9 any degree an analog\s fact4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! succession ( rema9s 9 ! fossilif]\s s]ies ( rocks is inf9itely less favorable to ! developm5t hypo!sis ?an t ( ! organisms ( ! dit*-side1 x is n v surpris+ t ! disciples ( ! developm5t s*ool %\ld be n[ ev9c+ a disposition to escape f ! asc]ta9$ facts ( ,geology1 & ! legitimate conclusions bas$ ^u ^!1 unto unkn[n & unexplor$ prov9ces ( ! sci5ce2 or t !y %\ld be f\nd virtually urg+1 t ?\gh "s ( ! asc]ta9$ facts may seem to be> aga9/ !m1 ! facts n yet asc]ta9$ may be f\nd tell+ 9 _! favor4 ,su*1 9 effect1 is ! c\rse tak5 by ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 9 8 8,explanations10 :51 avail+ himself ( a diff]5ce ( op9ion :i* exi/s among "s ( our mo/ accompli%$ geologi/s reg>d+ ! fir/ epo*s ( organiz$ exi/5ce1 he takes "p ) ! section :o hold t we h n yet p5etrat$ to ! deposits repres5tative ( ! dawn ( be+1 & t fossil-*>g$ =mations may yet be detect$ b5ea? ! olde/ rocks ( :at is n[ reg>d$ z ! l[e/ fossilif]\s sy/em4 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell & ,mr4 ,leon>d ,hornet repres5t ! abl] & bett]-kn[n ass]tors ( ?is la/ view2 :ile ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison & ,pr(essor ,s$gwick rank among ! m di/+ui%$ ass]tors ( ! antagoni/ "o4 ,x w\ld be ( c\rse utt]ly presumptu\s 9 ! writ] ( ^! pages to attempt decid+ a "q reg>d+ :i* su* m5 diff]2 b 9 =m+ a judgm5t = myself1 v>i\s consid]ations incl9e me to hold1 t ! po9t is n[ v ne>ly det]m9$ at :i*1 to employ ! language ( ,sir ,rod]ick1 8life 0 fir/ brea!d into ! wat]s40 ,! pyramid ( organiz$ exi/5ce1 z x asc5ds 9 ! by-pa/ et]nity1 incl9es s5sibly t[>ds its apex1--t apex ( 8beg9n+0 9 :i*1 on f> o!r ?an geological gr\nds1 x is our privilege to believe4 ,! broad base ( ! sup]/ructure1 plant$ on ! exi/+ n[1 /ret*es across ! entire scale ( life1 animal & vegetable2 b x contracts z x rises into ! pa/2--man--! quadrumana--! quadrup$al mammal--! bird--& ! reptile--are ea* 9 succession /ruck f (f its bread?1 till we at l5g? see x ) ! v]tebrata1 repres5t$ by only ! fi%1 n>r[+1 z x 71 to a po9t2 & ?\gh ! cl\ds ( ! upp] region may hide its extreme apex1 we inf] f ! decl9ation ( its sides1 t x _c p5etrate mu* f>!r into ! pr(\nd4 ,:5 ,/eele & ,addison 7 engag$ 9 break+ up1 piecemeal1 _! ,spectator ,club1--kill+ (f good ,sir ,rog] de ,cov]ly ) a defluction1 m>ry+ ,w ,honeycomb to 8 t5ant's daught]1 & s5d+ away ,capta9 ,s5try & ,sir ,&rew ,freeport to _! e/ates to ! c\ntry1--x 0 %rewdly inf]r$ t ! 8,spectator0 himself 0 v soon to quit ! field2 & ! sudd5 discont9uance ( 8 lucubrations ju/ifi$ ! inf]5ce4 ,& a correspond+ /yle ( reason+1 bas$ on ! correspond+ fact ( ! break+ up & piecemeal disappe>ance ( ! gr\p ( organiz$ be+1 seems equally admissible4 ,x is some:at difficult to conceive h[ at lea/ _m m volumes ( ! geologic record ?an ! kn[n ones c\ld be got up )\t ! club4 ,fur!r1--s f> z yet appe>s1 ! fi% mu/ h liv$ 9 advance ( ! reptile dur+ ! ?ree protract$ p]iods ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ! two /ill m protract$ p]iods ( ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,silurians1 & ! p]haps m protract$ p]iod /ill ( ! ,cambrian deposits2--9 all1 app>5tly1 a greatly m ext5d$ space ?an t 9 :i* ! reptile liv$ 9 advance ( ! quadrup$al mammal1 or ! quadrup$al mammal liv$ 9 advance ( man4 ,on pr9ciples some:at simil> to ^? on :i*1 ) ref]5ce to ! av]age t]m ( life1 ! g5ealogi/ fixes ! probable p]iod ( "s bir? 9 8 *a9 ( succession ( :i* he _c det]m9e ! exact date1 x seems natural to inf] t ! bir? ( ! fi% %\ld h tak5 place at lea/ n e>li] ?an ! times ( ! ,cambrian sy/em4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation1 ( at lea/ equal1 if n great] weight4 ,a g5]al correspond5ce is f\nd to obta9 9 widely-sep>at$ localities1 9 ! organic cont5ts ( t l[e/ b& ( ! ,l[] ,silurian or ,cambrian sy/em 9 :i* fossils h be5 detect$4 ,9 ,russia1 9 ,sw$51 9 ,norway1 9 ! ,lake di/rict ( ,engl&1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re are c]ta9 rocks :i* occupy relatively ! same place1 & enclose :at may be describ$ g5]ally z ! same rema9s4 ,!y occur 9 ,sc&9avia z t 8fucoidal b&0 ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison :i* =ms ! base ( ! va/ ,palozoic bas9 ( ! ,baltic2 !y exi/ 9 ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel& z ! ,skiddaw slates ( ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 & be> also _! fucoidal impressions1 bl5t ) graptolites2 !y are pres5t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica z ^? ,potsdam s&/ones ( ! ,/ates' geologi/s 9 :i* fucoids s ab\nd1 mix$ ) a m9ute l+ula1 t !y imp>t to "s portions ( ! /rata a c>bonif]\s "*4 ,b ) ^! deep-ly+ b$s 9 all ! sev]al localities1 ?\s&s ( miles ap>t1 9 :i* _! passage into ! inf]ior deposits has be5 trac$1 fossils cease4 ,& :y cease ) !m8 ,9 "o locality ! anci5t ocean may h be5 ( su* a dep? 9 ! p]iod imm$iately previ\s1 & repres5t$1 9 consequ5ce1 by ! /rata imm$iately b5ea?1 t no animal c\ld h liv$ at its bottom1--?\gh ,i d n well see :y ! rema9s ( ^? animals :o1 l ! %>k & pilot-fi%1 are frequ5tly se5 swimm+ ov] ! pr(\nde/ dep?s1 might n1 did su* exi/ at ! "t1 be not)/&+ f\nd at its bottom2 or 9 ano!r locality e trace ( organization 9 ! ne!r rocks may h be5 oblit]at$1 at "s po/]ior p]iod1 by fire4 ,b x is difficult to imag9e t t uni=m cessation ( organiz$ life at "o po9t1 :i* seems to h conduct$ ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison & ,pr(essor ,s$gwick to _! conclusion1 %\ld h be5 ?us a m]e effect ( accid5t4 ,accid5t has its laws1 b uni=mity is n "o ( !m2 & %\ld ! exp]i5ce be inv>iable1 z x already seems ext5sive1 t imm$iately b5ea? ! fucoidal b$s organic rema9s cease1 ,i d n see h[ ! conclusion is to be avoid$1 t !y repres5t ! p]iod 9 :i* at lea/ exi/5ces capable ( pres]vation 7 fir/ introduc$4 ,e case ( co9cid5t cessation :i* has occurr$ s9ce ! det]m9ation ( ! second case1 mu/ be reckon$1 n simply z an additional unit 9 evid5ce1 b1 on ! pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ma!matical probability1 z a unit multipli$ fir/ by ! *ances aga9/ its occurr5ce1 reg>d$ z a m]e cont+5cy 9 t exact =mation1 & second1 by ! sum ( all ! previ\s occurr5ces at ! same po9t4 ,9 ?is curi\s "q1 h[ev]1 :i* x mu/ be ! "p ( future explor]s 9 ! geological field def9itely to settle1 ! ,lam>ckian c h no legitimate /ake4 ,x is b natural t1 9 8 anxiety to secure an ultimate retreat = 8 hypo!sis1 he %\ld desire to see t d>kness 9 :i* gho/s love to walk settl+ d[n on ! extreme v]ge ( ! geological horizon1 & envelop+ 9 its folds ! fir/ beg9n+s ( life4 ,b ev5 did ! cl\d exi/1 x is1 if ,i may s express myself1 on its ne>] side1 :]e !re is light1--n )9 nor beyond x1 :]e !re is none1--t ! battle mu/ be f\ght4 ,x is to ,geology z x is kn[n to be1 t ! ,lam>ckian has appeal$1--n to ,geology z x is n kn[n to be4 ,he has summon$ into c\rt exi/+ witnesses2 &1 f9d+ _! te/imony unfavorable1 he seeks to neutralize _! evid5ce by call+ f ! 8va/y deep10 ( ! unexam9$ & ! obscure1 witnesses t 8won't come10--t by ! legitimate au?orities are n kn[n ev5 to exi/1--& ) :i* he himself is1 on 8 own confession1 :olly unacqua9t$1 save 9 ! old s*ola/ic "* ( m]e possibilities4 ,! possible fossil c h no m /&+ 9 ?is controv]sy ?an ! 8possible angel40 ,he tells u t we h n yet got d[n to t base-l9e ( all ! fossilif]\s sy/ems at :i* life fir/ began2 & v possibly we h n4 ,b :at ( t8 ,he has c>ri$ 8 appeal to ,geology z x is2--he has ref]r$ 8 case to ! te/imony ( ! kn[n witnesses1 = 9 no case c ! unkn[n ones be summon$ or produc$4 ,x is on ! evid5ce ( ! kn[n1 & ! kn[n only1 t ! exact value ( 8 claims mu/ be det]m9$2 & 8 appeal to ! unkn[n s]ves b to %[ h[ ?or\ghly he himself feels t ! actually asc]ta9$ evid5ce be>s aga9/ him4 ,! sev]e c5sure ( ,johnson on reason]s ( ?is class is 9 no degree ov]-sev]e4 8,he :o w det]m9e10 said ! morali/1 8aga9/ t :i* he kn[s1 because !re may be some?+ :i* he kn[s n1--he t c set hypo!tical possibility aga9/ ackn[l$g$ c]ta9ty1--is n to be admitt$ among reasonable be+s40 ,b ! hone/ f>m]'s rem9isc5ces ( 8 deceas$ neighbor ! weav]1 & 8 use at second-h& ( ,hume's exp]i5ce-argum5t1 naturally lead me to ano!r bran* ( ! subject4 ,,lam>ckian ,,hypo!sis ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,plants4 ,,its ,,consequ5ces4 ,i h said t ! curi\sly-mix$1 semi-m>9e1 semi-lacu/r9e flora ( ! ,lake ( ,/5nis became associat$ 9 my m9d1 l ! anci5t ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness1 ) ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,! fossil1 z has be5 %[n1 repres5ts n inadequately ! geologic evid5ce 9 ! "q1--! mix$ vegetation ( ! lake may be reg>d$ z =m+ a portion ( ! phytological evid5ce4 8,all life10 says ,ok51 8is f ! sea4 ,:]e ! sea organism1 by self-elevation1 succe$s 9 atta9+ into =m1 !re issues =? f x a high] organism4 ,love arose out ( ! sea-foam4 ,! prim>y mucus 7t 9 :i* electricity orig9ates life7 01 & is /ill1 g5]at$ 9 ^? v p>ts ( ! sea :]e ! wat] is 9 contact ) e>? & air1 & ?us ^u ! %ores4 ,! fir/ creation ( ! organic took place :]e ! fir/ m\nta9 summits project$ out ( ! wat]1--inde$1 )\t d\bt1 9 ,india1 if ! ,himalaya be ! highe/ m\nta94 ,! fir/ organic =ms1 :e!r plants or animals1 em]g$ f ! %all[ p>ts ( ! sea40 ,maillet wrote to exactly ! same effect a full c5tury ago4 8,9 a ^w10 we f9d him say+1 9 8 8,telliam$10 8d n h]bs1 plants1 roots1 gra9s1 & all ( ?is k9d t ! e>? produces & n\ri%es1 come f ! sea8 ,is x n at lea/ natural to ?9k s1 s9ce we are c]ta9 t all our habitable l&s came orig9ally f ! sea8 ,besides1 9 small isl&s f> f ! cont95t1 :i* h appe>$ b a few ages ago at mo/1 & :]e x is manife/ t nev] any man _h be51 we f9d %rubs1 h]bs1 roots1 & sometimes animals4 ,n[1 y mu/ be =c$ to own ei!r t ^! productions ow$ _! orig9 to ! sea1 or to a new creation1 :i* is absurd40 ,x is a curi\s fact1 to :i*1 9 ! pass+1 ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to call ! att5tion ( ! read]1 t all ! lead+ ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis h be5 bad geologi/s4 ,maillet _h = 8 errors & defici5cies ! excell5t apology t he wrote m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 :5 ! !ory ( a univ]sal ocean1 promulgat$ by ,leibnitz ne>ly a c5tury e>li]1 0 q z good z any ( ! o!r !ories ( ! "t1 & :5 ,geology1 z a sci5ce1 _h no exi/5ce4 ,& s we d n wond] at an ignorance :i* 0 simply t ( 8 age1 :5 we f9d him tell+ 8 read]s t plants mu/ h orig9at$ 9 ! sea1 see+ t 8all our habitable l&s came orig9ally f ! sea20 mean+1 ( c\rse1 by ! /atem5t1 n at all :at ! mod]n geologi/ w\ld mean 7 he to employ ev5 ! same words1 b simply t !re 0 a "t :5 ! univ]sal ocean cov]$ ! :ole globe1 & t1 z ! wat]s gradually dim9i%$1 ! l(ti] m\nta9 summits & high] table-l&s1 9 appe>+ 9 _! new "* z isl&s & cont95ts1 d]iv$ _! flora f :at1 9 a univ]sal ocean c\ld be ! only possible exi/+ flora1--t ( ! sea4 ,b :at %all we say ( ! equally pr(\nd ignorance manife/$ by ,pr(essor ,ok51 a liv+ au?ority1 :om we f9d prefac+ = ! ,ray ,society1 9 #ahdg1 ! ,engli% translation ( 8 8,elem5ts ( ,physio-philosophy80 8,! fir/ creation ( ! organic took place10 we f9d him say+1 8:]e ! fir/ m\nta9 summits project$ out ( ! sea1--inde$1 )\t d\bt1 9 ,india1 if ! ,himalaya be ! highe/ m\nta940 ,"h1 evid5tly1 9 ?is late age ( ! _w1 9 :i* ,geology does exi/ z a sci5ce1 d we f9d ! gho/ ( ! univ]sal ocean ( ,leibnitz walk+ once m1 z if x _h nev] be5 laid4 ,is !re n[ 9 all ,brita9 ev5 a tyro geologi/ s unacqua9t$ ) geological fact z n to "k t ! ri*e/ flora :i* ! globe ev] saw _h exi/$ = myriads ( ages1 & !n1 becom+ ext9ct1 _h slept 9 ! fossil /ate = myriads ( ages m1 ere ! highe/ summits ( ! ,himalayan range rose ov] ! surface ( ! deep8 ,! ,himalayas di/urb$1 & bore up along ) !m 9 _! upheaval1 va/ b$s ( ! ,oolitic sy/em4 ,belemnites & ammonites h be5 dug out ( _! sides along ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 sev5te5 ?\s& feet ov] ! level ( ! sea4 ,:at 9 ! rec5t p]iod =m ! l(tie/ m\nta9s ( ! globe1 exi/$ z portions ( a deep-sea bottom1 swum ov] by ! fi%es & reptiles ( ! great ,second>y p]iod1 :5 :at is n[ ,scotl& _h its d>k =e/s ( /ately p9e1--repres5t$ 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w by ! lignites ( ,helmsdale1 ,ea?ie1 & ,eigg1--& :5 ! plants ( a =m] creation lay dead & buri$ deep b5ea?1 9 %ales & fire-clay1--exi/+ z va/ b$s ( coal1 or entomb$ 9 solid rock1 z ! br[n massy trunks ( ,granton & ,craiglei?4 ,& ev5 ere ^! la/ exi/$ z liv+ trees1 ! conif]\s lignite ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one f\nd at ,crom>ty _h pass$ into ! fossil /ate1 & lay z a semi-calc>e\s1 semi-bitum9\s mass1 amid p]i%$ ,dipt]ians & ext9ct ,cocco/ei4 ,s mu* = ! ,geology ( ! ,g]man ,pr(essor4 ,& be x rem>k$1 t ! actualities 9 ?is "q c be det]m9$ by only ! geologi/4 ,! m]e naturali/ may indicate f ! analogies ( 8 sci5ce1 :at possibly might h tak5 place1 b :at really did take place1 & ! true ord] 9 :i* ! ev5ts occurr$1 x is ! "p ( ! geologi/ to det]m9e4 ,x _c be out ( place to rem>k1 fur!r1 t geological discov]y is 9 no degree responsible = ! infidelity ( ! developm5t hypo!sis2 see+ t1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! hypo!sis is greatly m anci5t ?an ! discov]ies1 &1 9 ! second1 t its m prom95t ass]tors are exactly ! m5 :o "k lea/ ( geological fact4 ,b to ?is special po9t ,i %all aga9 ref]4 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 is at "o1 reg>d+ ! suppos$ m>9e orig9 ( t]re/rial plants1 ) ,maillet & ,ok52 & he reg>ds ! !ory1 we f9d him /at+ 9 8 8,explanations10 z ! true key to ! well-e/abli%$ fact1 t ! vegetation ( gr\pes ( isl&s g5]ally corresponds ) t ( ! l>g] masses ( l& 9 _! neighborhood4 ,m>9e plants ( ! same k9ds crept out ( ! sea1 x w\ld seem1 ^u ! isl&s on ! "o h&1 & ^u ! l>g] masses ( l& on ! o!r1 & ?us produc$ ! same flora 9 ea*2 j z tadpoles1 aft] pass+ _! transition /ate1 creep out ( _! canal or riv] on ! opposite banks1 & ?us give to ! fields or mead[s on ! "r-h& side a supply ( frogs1 ( ! same appe>ance & size z ^? p\r$ out ^u ! fields & mead[s ( ! left4 8,?us1 = example10 we f9d him say+1 8! ,galapagos exhibit g5]al *>act]s 9 common ) ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ! ,cape de ,v]d isl&s1 ) ,africa4 ,!y are1 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's happy phrase1 satellites to ^? cont95ts1 9 respect ( natural hi/ory4 ,aga910 he cont9ues1 8:5 masses ( l& are only divid$ f ea* o!r by n>r[ seas1 !re is usually a community ( =ms4 ,! ,european & ,african %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean pres5t an example4 ,our own isl&s af=d ano!r ( f> high] value4 ,x appe>s t ! flora ( ,irel& & ,great ,brita9 is v>i\s1 or r t we h five floras or di/9ct sets ( plants1 & t ea* ( ^! is p>tak5 ( by a portion ( ! opposite cont95t4 ,!re are1 fir/1 a flora conf9$ to ! we/ ( ,irel&1 & imp>t$ likewise to ! nor?-we/ ( ,spa92 second1 a flora 9 ! s\?-we/ promontory ( ,engl& & ( ,irel&1 ext5d+ across ! ,*annel to ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,france2 ?ird1 "o common to ! s\?-ea/ ( ,engl& & nor? ( ,france2 f\r?1 an ,alp9e flora develop$ 9 ! ,scotti% & ,wel% ,highl&s1 & intimately relat$ to t ( ! ,norwegian ,alps2 fif?1 a flora :i* prevails ov] a l>ge "p ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 #8m+l$ ) o!r floras1 & dim9i%+ slightly z we proce$ we/w>d3' ?is be>s intimate relation ) ! flora ( ,g]many4 ,facts s rem>kable w\ld =ce ! meane/ fact-collector or species-demon/rator into g5]alization4 ,! really +5i\s man :o lately br\ght !m "u notice 7,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes7 c\ld only surmise1 z _! explanation1 t ! spaces n[ occupi$ by ! int]m$iate seas mu/ h be5 dry l& at ! "t :5 ^! floras 7 creat$4 ,9 t case1 ei!r ! orig9al arrangem5t ( ! floras1 or ! selection ( l& = subm]g5ce1 mu/ h be5 apposite to ! case 9 a degree f> f usual4 ,! necessity = a simpl] cause is obvi\s1 & x is f\nd 9 ! hypo!sis ( a spread ( t]re/rial vegetation f ! sea into ! l&s adjac5t4 ,! community ( =ms 9 ! v>i\s regions oppos$ to ea* o!r m]ely indicates a di/9ct m>9e creation 9 ea* ( ! oceanic areas respectively int]pos$1 & :i* w\ld naturally advance into ! l&s ne>e/ to x1 z f> z circum/ances ( soil & climate 7 f\nd agreeable40 ,su*1 reg>d+ ! orig9 ( t]re/rial vegetation1 are ! views ( ,maillet1 ,ok51 & ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges40 ,!y all agree 9 hold+ t ! plants ( ! l& exi/$ 9 _! fir/ condition z we$s ( ! sea4 ,let me reque/ ! read] at ?is /age1 ere we pass on to ! consid]ation ( ! exp]i5ce-argum5t1 to rem>k a few incid5tal1 b by no means unimportant1 consequ5ces ( ! belief4 ,&1 fir/1 let him weigh = a mom5t ! comp>ative dem&s on 8 cr$ulity ( ! !ory by :i* ,pr(essor ,=bes acc\nts = ! v>i\s floras ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 & t hypo!sis ( transmutation :i* ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 w\ld s fa9 put 9 its place1 z greatly m simple1 &1 ( c\rse1 m 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( human belief4 ,9 ord] to ! reception ( ! ,pr(essor's !ory1 x is necess>y to hold1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! creation ( ea* species ( plant took place1 n by repetition ( production 9 v>i\s widely-sep>at$ c5tres1 b 9 "s s+le c5tre1 f :i* ! species propagat$ itself by se$1 bud1 or scion1 across ! special area :i* x is n[ f\nd to occupy4 ,& ?is1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is ( c\rse z mu* an assumption z any ( ^? assum$ numb]s or assum$ l9es ) :i*1 9 algebra & ! ma!matics1 x is necess>y 9 s _m calculations to set out1 9 que/ ( "s requir$ numb] or l9e1 :i*1 )\t ! assi/ance ( ! assum$ ones1 we might despair ( ev] f9d+4 ,b ! assumption is 9 itself nei!r unnatural nor viol5t2 !re are v>i\s v rem>kable analogies :i* l5d x support2 ! facts :i* seem lea/ to h>monize ) x are n :olly irreconcilable1 & are1 besides1 ( a m]ely exceptional "*2 &1 fur!r1 x has be5 adopt$ by botani/s ( ! highe/ /&+4#cd ,x is necess>y to hold1 9 ! second place1 9 ord] to ! reception ( ! !ory1 t ! area ( ! e>?'s surface occupi$ by ! ,briti% ,isl&s & ! neighbor+ coa/s ( ! ,cont95t once /ood fifty fa?oms high]1 9 relation to ! exi/+ sea-level1 ?an x does n[1--a belief :i*1 :atev] its specific gr\nds or /&+ 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 is at lea/ 9 /rict accordance ) ! g5]al geological ph5om5a ( subsid5ce & elevation1 & :i*1 s f> f outrag+ any exp]i5ce f\nd$ on obs]vation or te/imony1 runs 9 ! same track ) :at is kn[n ( wide areas n[ 9 ! c\rse ( s9k+1 l t on ! ,italian coa/1 9 :i* ! ,bay ( ,bai & ! ru9s ( ! temple ( ,s]apis occur1 or t 9 ,asia1 :i* includes ! ,run ( ,cut*2 or ( :at is kn[n ( areas 9 ! c\rse ( ris+1 l "p ( ! coa/ ( ,sw$51 or "p ( ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 or 9 ,asia along ! we/]n %ores ( ,aracan4 ,:]eas1 9 ord] to close ) ! simpl] antagoni/ic belief ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 x is necess>y to hold1 contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 t dulce & h5w>e#ce became1 ?r\gh a v wond]ful metamorphosis1 cabbage & sp9nage2 t kelp-we$ & tangle b\rgeon$ into oaks & will[s2 & t slack1 rope-we$1 & gre5-raw1#cf %ot up into mangel-wurzel1 rye-grass1 & clov]4 ,simple1 c]ta9ly6 ,an infidel on t]ms su* z ^! c\ld ) no propriety be reg>d$ z an unbeliev]4 ,x is well t ! ,new ,te/am5t makes no su* extraord9>y dem&s on human cr$ulity4 ,let u rem>k fur!r1 at ?is /age1 t1 judg+ f ! g5]ally receiv$ geological evid5ce 9 ! case1 v little "t seems to be all[$ by ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 = t miracul\s process ( transmutation ?r\gh :i* ! l[ alg ( our sea-%ores are held to h pass$ into high ord]s ( plants :i* con/itute ! prevail+ ,briti% flora4 ,! b\ld] clay1 :i* rises s high along our hills1 & :i*1 z %[n by its inf]ior position on ! l[] gr\nds1 is decid$ly ! mo/ anci5t ( ! c\ntry's sup]ficial deposits1 is yet s mod]n1 geologically1 t x conta9s only rec5t %ells4 ,x belongs to t cold1 glacial1 po/-,t]ti>y p]iod1 9 :i* :at is n[ ,brita9 exi/$ z a few gr\pes ( insulat$ hill-tops1 be>+ ! semi-arctic vegetation ( our f\r? flora1--t true ,celtic flora ( ! c\ntry :i* we n[ f9d1 l ! c\ntry's ,celtic races ( our own species1 coop$ up among ! m\nta9s4 ,! fif? or ,g]manic flora mu/ h be5 introduc$1 x is held1 at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ! climate _h greatly meliorat$4 ,& if we are to hold t ! plants ( ?is la/ flora 7 develop$ f sea-we$1 n propagat$ across a cont9uity ( l& f ! orig9al c5tre 9 ,g]many1 or borne by curr5ts f ! m\?s ( ! ,g]manic riv]s1--! !ory ( ,mon4 ,c4 ,m>t9s1--!n mu/ we also hold t t developm5t took place s9ce ! times ( ! b\ld] clay1 & t fucoids & conf]v became dicotyl$on\s & monocotyl$on\s plants dur+ a brief p]iod1 9 :i* ! ,purpura lapillus & ,turritella t]ebra did n alt] a s+le :orl1 & ! ,cypr9a isl&ica & ,a/>te borealis reta9$ un*ang$ ea* m9ute projection ( _! h+es1 & ea* nic] peculi>ity ( _! muscul> impressions4 ,creation w\ld be greatly less wond]ful ?an a sudd5 transmutative process su* z ?is1 re/rict$ 9 its op]ation to gr\pes ( ,engli%1 ,iri%1 & ,manx plants1 id5tical ) gr\pes 9 ,g]many1 :5 all ! v>i\s organisms ar\nd !m1 su* z our sea-%ells1 cont9u$ to be exactly :at !y _h be5 = ages be=e4 ,a process ( developm5t f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ =ms1 rigidly re/rict$ to ! flora ( a c\ntry1 w\ld be simply ! miracle ( ,jonah's g\rd sev]al ?\s& times repeat$4 ,i mu/ "h indulge 9 a few rem>ks m1 :i*1 ?\gh !y may seem ( an incid5tal "*1 h a direct be>+ on ! g5]al subject4 ,! geologi/ inf]s1 9 all 8 reason+s f\nd$ on fossils1 t a race or species has exi/$ f "s "o c]ta9 po9t 9 ! scale to "s o!r c]ta9 po9t1 if he f9d x occurr+ at bo? po9ts toge!r4 ,he inf]s on ?is pr9ciple1 = in/ance1 t ! b\ld] clay1 :i* conta9s only rec5t %ells1 belongs to ! rec5t or po/-,t]ti>y p]iod2 & t ! ,oolite & ,lias1 :i* conta9 no rec5t %ells1 repres5t a p]iod ^: exi/5ces h all become ext9ct4 ,& all exp]i5ce s]ves to %[ t 8 pr9ciple is a s\nd "o4 ,9 creation !re are _m species l9k$ toge!r1 f _! degree ( simil>ity1 by ! g5]ic tie2 b no p]fect v]isimilitude obta9s among !m1 unless h]$it>ily d]iv$ f ! "o1 two1 or m individuals1 ( contempor>y orig91 ) :i* ! race began4 ,true1 !re are "s races t h spread ov] v wide circles1--! circle ( ! human family has become id5tical ) t ( ! globe2 & !re are c]ta9 plants & animals t1 f peculi> p[]s ( adaptation to ! v>ieties ( soil & climate1--mayhap also f ! t5aci\s vitality ( _! se$s1 & _! facilities ( transport by natural means1--are likewise diffus$ v widely4 ,!re are plants1 too1 su* z ! common nettle & "s ( ! ord9>y grasses1 :i* accompany civiliz$ man all ov] ! globe1 he sc>ce kn[s h[1 & spr+ up unbidd5 :]e-ev] he fixes 8 habitation4 ,he1 besides1 c>ries ) him ! common agricultural we$s3 !re are localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 says ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :]e ^! exotics outnumb] ! native plants2 b ^! are exceptions to ! prevail+ economy ( di/ribution2 & ! circles ( species g5]ally are comp>atively limit$ & well def9$4 ,! m\nta9s ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e h1 l ^? ( ,switz]l& & ! ,scot* ,highl&s1 _! =e/s ( conif]\s trees2 b !y furni% no ,swiss p9es or ,scot* firs2 nor d ! coa/s ( ,new ,zeal& or ,van ,dieman's ,l& supply ! ,european %ells or fi%4 ,true1 !re may be mu* to puzzle 9 ! id5tity ( :at may be t]m$ ! exceptional plants1 equally indig5\s1 app>5tly1 9 circles widely sep>at$ by space4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t !re exi/ ab\t a hundr$ ?\s& vegetable species1 & ( ^!1 ?irty ,ant>ctic =ms h be5 recogniz$ by ,dr4 ,hook] z id5tical ) ,european ones4 ,_h ,rob9son ,crusoe fail$ to rememb] t he _h %ak5 ! old corn-bag :]e he f\nd ! :eat & b>ley e>s spr++ up on 8 isl&1 he might h held t he _h discov]$ a new c5tre ( ! ,european c]ealia4 ,& ! process analog\s to ! %ak+ ( ! bag is frequ5tly a process n to be rememb]$4 ,!re are sev]al m9ute lo*ans 9 ! ,hebrides & ! we/ ( ,irel& 9 :i* !re occurs a small plant ( ! cord-ru% family1 7,eriocaulon septangul>e17 :i*1 ?\gh common 9 ,am]ica1 is n[h]e to be f\nd on ! ,european ,cont95t4 ,x is ! only ,briti% plant :i* belongs to no o!r "p ( ,europe4 ,h[ 0 x transport$ across ! ,atlantic8 ,entangl$1 mayhap1 9 ! =m ( a s+le se$1--= its se$s are exce$+ly light & small1--9 ! plumage ( "s wat]-f[l1 free ( bo? sea & lake1 x _h be5 c>ri$ 9 ! g]m f ! we$-skirt$ edge ( "s ,am]ican swamp or m]e1 to "s mossy lo*an ( ,connaught or ( ,skye2 & "o su* se$ transport$ by "o su* accid5t1 unique 9 its occurr5ce 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 w\ld be q suffici5t to puzzle all ! botani/s =ev] aft]4 ,i h se5 ! se$ ( "o ( our ,scot* grasses1 t _h be5 orig9ally caught 9 ! matt$ fleece ( a %eep re>$ among ! hills ( ,su!rl&1 & !n wr\ght into a co>se1 ill-dress$ wooll5 clo?1 c>ri$ ab\t = mon?s 9 a piece ( und]clo?+4 ,x might h gone ov] half ! globe 9 t "t1 &1 :5 ca/ away ) ! worn ve/m5t1 might h orig9at$ a new circle = its species 9 ,s\? ,am]ica or ,new ,holl&4 ,!re are se$s specially contriv$ by ! ,great ,design] to be c>ri$ f> f _! orig9al habitats 9 ! coats ( animals1--a mode :i* admits ( transport to mu* great] di/ances ?an ! mode1 also ext5sively op]ative1 ( consign+ !m = conveyance to _! /oma*s2 & :5 we see ! "w 9 its effects1 we are puzzl$ by ! want ( a record ( an emigratory process1 ( :i*1 9 ! circum/ances1 no record c\ld possibly exi/4 ,unable to make out a case = ! 8%ak+ ( ! bag10 we be?9k u1 9 ! em]g5cy1 ( repetition ( creation4 ,b 9 circles sep>at$ by "t1 n space1--by "t1 across ^: dim gulfs no voyag] sails1 & no bird flies1 & ov] :i* !re are no means ( transport f ! po9t :]e a race once fails1 to any o!r po9t 9 ! future1--we f9d no repetition ( species4 ,if ! production ( p]fect duplicates or triplicates 9 indep5d5t c5tres 7 a law ( nature1 our works ( physical sci5ce c\ld sc>ce fail to tell u ( id5tical species f\nd occurr+ 9 widely-sep>at$ sy/ems1--,scot* firs & l>*es1 = in/ance1 among ! lignites ( ! ,lias1 or ,cypr9a isl&ica & ,o/rea edulis among ! %ells ( ! ,m\nta9 ,lime/one4 ,b nev] yet has ! geologi/ f\nd 9 8 sy/ems or =mations any su* evid5ce z facts su* z ^! might be legitimately held to furni%1 ( ! indep5d5t de novo production ( individual memb]s ( any s+le species4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! evid5ce lies s entirely ! o!r way1 t he reasons on ! exi/5ce ( a family relation obta9+ betwe5 all ! memb]s ( ea* species1 z "o ( 8 be/ e/abli%$ pr9ciples4 ,if memb]s ( ! same species may exi/ ?r\gh de novo production1 )\t h]$it>y relation%ip1 s ?or\ghly1 9 consequ5ce1 does ! fabric ( geological reason+ fall to ! gr\nd1 t we f9d ourselves incapacitat$ f reg>d+ ev5 ! b$ ( common cockle or mussel %ells1 :i* we f9d ly+ a few feet f ! surface on our rais$ bea*es1 z ( ! exi/+ creation at all4 ,nay1 ev5 ! human rema9s ( our moors may h belong$1 if our pr9ciple ( relation%ip 9 ea* species be n a true "o1 to "s =m] creation1 cut (f f t to :i* we ourselves belong1 by a wide p]iod ( dea?4 ,all palontological reason+ is at an end =ev]1 if id5tical species c orig9ate 9 indep5d5t c5tres1 widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r by p]iods ( "t2 & if !y fail to orig9ate 9 p]iods sep>at$ by "t1 h[ or :y 9 c5tres sep>at$ by space8 ,let ! read] rem>k fur!r1 ! be>+ ( ^? facts f :i* ?is pr9ciple ( geological reason+ has be5 d]iv$1 on ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,we f9d species re/rict$ to circles & p]iods2 & ?\gh /raggl]s are occasionally f\nd outside ! circle 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s1 nev] are !y f\nd beyond _! p]iod among ! rema9s ( ! pa/4 ,x 0 pr(\ndly argu$ by ,cuvi]1 t life c\ld n possibly h _h a *emical orig94 8,9 fact10 we f9d him rem>k+1 8life ex]cis+ ^u ! elem5ts :i* at e in/ant =m "p ( ! liv+ body1 & ^u ^? :i* x attracts to x1 an action contr>y to t :i* w\ld be produc$ )\t x by ! usual *emical aff9ities1 x is inconsi/5t to suppose t x c itself be produc$ by ^! aff9ities40 ,& ! ph5om5a ( re/riction to circle & p]iod te/ify to ! same effect4 ,no?+1 on ! "o h&1 c be m v>i\s 9 "* & aspect ?an ! organiz$ exi/5ces ( ! v>i\s circles & p]iods2 no?+ m inv>iable1 on ! o!r1 ?an ! results ( *emical or electrical exp]im5t4 ,& yet1 to use almo/ ! words ( ,cuvi]1 8we "k ( no o!r p[] 9 nature capable ( reunit+ previ\sly sep>at$ molecules10 ?an ! electric & ! *emical4 ,to ^! ag5ts1 accord+ly1 all ! ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis h _h rec\rse = at lea/ ! orig9ation ( life4 ,air1 wat]1 e>? exi/+ z a sal9e mucus1 & an active p]si/5t electricity1 are ! creative +r$i5ts ( ,ok54 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 is r less explicit on ! subject3 he simply ref]s to ! fact1 t ! 8basis ( all vegetable & animal sub/ances consi/s ( nucleat$ cells1--t is1 ( cells hav+ granules )9 !m20 & /ates t globules ( a resembl+ "* 8c be produc$ 9 album5 by electricity20 & t ?\gh album5 itself has n yet be5 produc$ by artificial means1--! only /ep 9 ! process ( creation :i* is want+1--x is yet kn[n to be a *emical composition1 ! mode ( ^: production may 8be any day discov]$ 9 ! laboratory40 ,fur!r1 he adopts1 z "p ( ! f\ndation ( 8 hypo!sis1 ! pseudo-exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,weekes1 :o holds t out ( c]ta9 sal9e prep>ations1 act$ ^u by electricity1 he c produce c]ta9 liv+ animalcula ( ! mite family2--! vital & ! organiz$ out ( ! inorganic & ! dead4 ,9 all su* cases1 electricity1 or r1 accord+ to ,ok51 galvanism1 is reg>d$ z ! vitaliz+ pr9ciple4 8,organism10 says ! ,g]man1 8is galvanism resid+ 9 a ?or\ghly homog5e\s mass4444 ,a galvanic pile p\nd$ into atoms mu/ become alive4 ,9 ?is mann] nature br+s =? organic bodies40 ,i h ev5 he>d x s]i\sly ask$ :e!r electricity be n ,god6 ,alas6 c\ld su* a god1 limit$ 9 its capacity ( action1 l ^? 8gods ( ! pla9s0 9 :i* ! old ,syrian tru/$1 h wr\ght1 9 ! "* ( ,creator1 ) a v>iety ( result s endless1 t 9 no geologic p]iod has repetition tak5 place8 ,9 all t purports to be exp]im5t on ! developm5t side ( ! "q1 we see no?+ else save repetition4 ,! ,ac>us ,crossi ( ,mr4 ,weekes is n a new species1 b ! repetition ( an old "o1 :i* has be5 long kn[n z ! ,ac>us horridus1 a little bri/le-cov]$ creature ( ! mite family1 t h>bors 9 damp corn]s among ! debris ( ou?\ses1 & ! du/ & dirt ( neglect$ work%ops & laboratories4 ,nay1 ev5 a *ange 9 ! *emical portion ( ! exp]im5t by :i* he believ$ ! creature to be produc$1 fail$ to secure v>iety4 ,a p[]ful electric curr5t _h be5 s5t1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ?r\gh a solution ( silicate ( pota%1 &1 aft] a "t1 ! ,ac>us horridus crawl$ out ( ! fluid4 ,! curr5t 0 !n s5t ?r\gh a solution ( nitrate ( copp]1 & aft] a due space1 ! ,ac>us horridus aga9 creep$ out4 ,a solution ( f]ro-cyanate ( pota% 0 next subject$ to ! curr5t1 & yet aga91 & 9 great] numb]s ?an on ! two =m] occasions1 !re appe>$1 z 9 virtue1 x w\ld seem1 ( its extraord9>y appet5cy1 to be ! same ev]-recurr+ ,ac>us horridus4 ,h[1 or 9 :at =m1 ! little creature %\ld h be5 introduc$ into ! sev]al exp]im5ts1 x is n ! "p ( ^? :o "q _! legitimacy to expla92 x is en\gh = u to "k1 t individuals ( ! family to :i* ! ,ac>us belongs are s rem>kable = _! p[]s ( life1 ev5 9 _! fully develop$ /ate1 z to resi/1 = a "t1 ! application ( boil+ wat]1 & to live long 9 alcohol4 ,we "k1 fur!r1 t ! g]ms ( ! l[] animals are greatly m t5aci\s ( vitality ?an ! animals !mselves2 & t !y may exi/ 9 _! /ate ( embryonism 9 ! mo/ un?\ght ( & elusive =ms2 nay1--z ! rec5t discov]ies reg>d+ alt]ations ( g5]ation h conclusively %[n1--t ! g]m :i* produc$ ! p>5t may be :olly unlike ! g]m t produces its (fspr+1 & yet id5tical ) t :i* produc$ ! p>5t's p>5t4 ,save on ! !ory ( a quiesc5t vitality1 ma9ta9$ by se$s = c5turies )9 a few in*es ( ! e>?'s surface1 we "k n h[ a lay] ( %ell1 s&1 or m>l1 spread ov] ! bleak moors ( ,h>ris1 %\ld produce crops ( :ite clov]1 :]e only hea? _h gr[n be=e2 nor h[ brakes ( dodd]$ furze burnt d[n on ! slopes ( ! ,crom>ty ,sutors %\ld be s frequ5tly succe$$ by ?ickets ( raspb]ry4 ,we are n1 h[ev] to give up ! unkn[n1--t illimitable prov9ce 9 :i* sci5ce discov]s1--to be a wild region ( dream1 9 :i* fantasy may inv5t4 ,!re are _m d>k places 9 ! field ( human k :i* ev5 ! rese>*es ( ages may fail :olly to enlight52 b no "o d]ives a "r f t circum/ance to p !m ) *im]as & phantoms4 ,!y belong to ! philosoph]s ( ! future1--n to ! vision>ies ( ! pres5t4 ,b :ile x is n our "p to expla9 h[1 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,weekes1 ! *a9 ( life f life has be5 ma9ta9$ unbrok51 we c mo/ conclusively %[1 t t _w ( organiz$ exi/5ce ( :i* we ourselves =m "p1 is1 & ev] has be51 a _w1 n ( tame repetition1 b ( endless v>iety4 ,x is palpably n a _w ( ,ac>id ( "o species1 nor yet ( creatures develop$ f ^!1 "u ^? electric or *emical laws ( :i* ! gr& *>act]i/ic is inv>iability ( result4 ,! va/ v>iety ( its exi/5ces speak n ( ! op]ation ( unv>y+ laws1 t repres5t1 9 _! uni=mity ( result1 ! un*angeabl5ess ( ! ,div9ity1 b ( creative acts1 t exemplify ! inf9ity ( ,8 res\rces4 ,let ! read] yet fur!r rem>k1 if he has foll[$ me ?r\gh ^! prelim9>y obs]vations1 :at is really involv$ 9 ! hypo!sis ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 reg>d+ ! v>i\s floras common to ! ,briti% isl&s & ! ,cont95t4 ,if x 0 ^u 8 s*eme t ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ! ma9l& ( ,europe came to possess an id5tical flora1 production de novo & by repetition ( ! same species mu/ h tak5 place 9 ?\s&s ( in/ances along ! %ores ( ea* isl& & ( ! ma9l&4 ,8 hypo!sis dem&s t ! sea-we$ on ! coa/ ( ,irel& %\ld h be5 develop$1 fir/ ?r\gh l[]1 & !n high] =ms1 into ?\s&s ( t]re/rial plants1--t exactly ! same process ( developm5t f sea-we$ into t]re/rial plants ( ! same species %\ld h tak5 place on ! coa/ ( ,engl&1 & aga9 on ! coa/s ( ! ,cont95t g5]ally1--& t id5tically ! same vegetation %\ld h be5 orig9at$ 9 ?is way 9 at lea/ ?ree great c5tres4 ,& if plants ( ! same species c\ld h _h ?ree di/9ct c5tres ( organization & developm5t1 :y n ?ree hundr$1 or ?ree ?\s&1 or ?ree hundr$ ?\s&8 ,nor w x d to attempt escap+ f ! difficulty1 by alleg+ t !re is ! gr\ndwork 9 ! case ( at lea/ a common m>9e vegetation to />t f2 & t ?us1 if we h n prop]ly ! exi/5ce ( ! direct h]$it>y tie among ! v>i\s individuals ( ea* species1 we may yet recognize at lea/ a sort ( collat]al relation%ip among !m1 d]iv$ f ! relation%ip ( _! m>9e ance/ry4 ,= relation%ip1 9 ev5 ! prim>y /age1 ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 virtually repudiates1 by adopt+1 z "o ( ! f\ndations ( 8 hypo!sis1 )1 ( c\rse1 all ! legitimate consequ5ces1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,weekes4 ,! animalcul-mak+ process is in/anc$ z repres5tative ( ! fir/ /age ( be+1--t 9 :i* dead inorganic matt] assumes vitality2 & x corresponds1 9 ! zoological bran*1 to ! production ( a l[ m>9e vegetation 9 ! phytological "o4 ,a c]ta9 semi-*emical1 semi-electrical process1 orig9ates1 "t aft] "t1 c]ta9 num]\s l[ =ms ( life1 id5tical 9 species1 b connect$ by no tie ( relation%ip3 su* is ! presum$ result ( ! ,weekes exp]im5t4 ,a c]ta9 fur!r process ( developm5t matures l[ =ms ( life1 ?us orig9at$1 into high] species1 also id5tical1 & also :olly unconnect$ by ! family tie3 su* are ! consequ5ces legitimately involv$ 9 t isl&-vegetation !ory promulgat$ by ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges40 ,& be x rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,weekes' process1 s f> z x is simply electrical & *emical1 is a process :i* is z capable ( hav+ be5 gone ?r\gh 9 all times & all places1 z t o!r process ( /rew+ m>l ^u a moor1 ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 ru/ic exp]im5t]s h held t !y produc$ :ite clov]4 ,x c\ld h be5 gone ?r\gh dur+ ! ,c>bonif]\s or ! ,silurian p]iod2 = all truly *emical & electrical exp]im5ts w\ld h result$ 9 manife/ations ( ! same ph5om5a !n z n[3--an acid w\ld h eff]vesc$ z freely ) an alkali2 & ea* fibre ( an electrifi$ fea!r--_h fea!rs !n exi/$--w\ld h /ood out z decid$ly ap>t f all its neighbors4 ,we mu/ !re=e hold1 if we believe ) ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 fir/1 f ! ,weekes exp]im5t1 t 9 all times1 & 9 all places1 e c5tre ( a c]ta9 *emical & electric action w\ld h become a new c5tre ( creation to c]ta9 rec5t species ( l[1 b n v l[1 organization2 &1 second1 f 8 doctr9e reg>d+ ! id5tity ( ! ,briti% & ,cont95tal floras1 t 9 ! c\rse ( subsequ5t developm5t f ^! l[ =ms1 ! process 9 ea* ( _m widely-sep>at$ c5tres1--widely sep>at$ bo? by space & "t1--w\ld be s nicely correspond5t ) ! process 9 all ! o!rs1 t ! same high] rec5t =ms w\ld be matur$ 9 all4 ,& to doctr9es su* z ^!1 ! exp]i5ce ( all ,geologi/s1 all ,phytologi/s1 all ,zoologi/s1 is diametrically oppos$4 ,if ^! doctr9es be true1 _! sci5ces are false 9 _! facts1 & idle & unf\nd$ 9 _! pr9ciples4 ,,! ,,two ,,floras1 ,,m>9e ,,& ,,t]re/rial4 ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,exp]i5ce ,,argum5t4 ,is ! read] acqua9t$ ) ! graphic v]se1 & sc>ce less graphic prose1 9 :i* ,crabbe describes ! appe>ances pres5t$ by a t]re/rial vegetation affect$ by ! wat]s ( ! sea8 ,9 bo? passages1 z 9 all 8 purely descriptive writ+s1 !re is a solidity ( tru?ful obs]vation exhibit$1 :i* triumphs ov] _! g5]al homel9ess ( ve94 8,on ei!r side ,is level f51 a prospect wild & wide1 ,) dykes on ei!r h&1 by ocean self-suppli$4 ,f> on ! "r ! di/ant sea is se51 ,& salt ! spr+s t fe$ ! m>% betwe52 ,b5ea? an anci5t bridge ! /rait5$ flood ,rolls ?r\gh its slop+ banks ( slimy mud2 ,ne> x a sunk5 boat resi/s ! tide1 ,t frets & hurries to ! oppos+ side2 ,! ru%es %>p1 t on ! bord]s gr[1 ,b5d _! br[n florets to ! /ream bel[1 ,impure 9 all its c\rse1 9 all its progress sl[4 ,"h a grave ,flora sc>cely deigns to bloom1 ,nor we>s a rosy blu%1 nor %$s p]fume4 ,! few dull fl[]s t o'er ! place are spread1 ,p>take ! nature ( _! f5ny b$2 ,"h on its wiry /em1 9 rigid bloom1 ,gr[s ! salt lav5d]1 t lacks p]fume2 ,"h ! dw>f sall[s creep1 ! septfoil h>%1 ,& ! s(t slimy mall[ ( ! m>%4 ,l[ on ! e> ! di/ant bill[s s\nd1 ,& j 9 view appe>s _! /ony b\nd40 8,! dit*es ( a f5 s ne> ! ocean10 says ! poet1 9 ! note :i* accompanies ?is passage1 8are l9$ ) irregul> pat*es ( a co>se-/a9$ lav]2 a muddy s$im5t re/s on ! horse-tail & o!r p]5nial h]bs :i* 9 "p conceal ! %all[ness ( ! /ream2 a fat-leav$1 pale-fl[]+ scurvy-grass appe>s e>ly 9 ! ye>1 & ! razor-edg$ bullru% 9 ! summ] & autumn4 ,! f5 itself has a d>k & sal9e h]bage3 !re are ru%es & arr[-head2 & 9 a few pat*es ! flakes ( ! cotton-grass are se51 b m commonly ! sea-a/]1 ! dulle/ ( t num]\s & h>dy g5us2 a ?rift1 blue 9 fl[]1 b )]+1 & rema9+ )]$ till ! w9t] scatt]s x2 ! salt-wort1 bo? simple & %rubby2 a few k9ds ( grass *ang$ by ! soil & atmosph]e2 & l[ plants ( two or ?ree d5om9ations1 undi/+ui%$ 9 ! g5]al view ( sc5]y2--su* is ! vegetation ( ! f5 :]e x is at a small di/ance f ! ocean40 ,& su* are ! descriptions ( ,crabbe1 at once a poet & a botani/4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! blue t9t exhibit$ 9 salt-f5s by ! p9k-color$ fl[] ( ! ?rift1 7,/atice ,arm]ia17 he might h add$1 t ! g5]al gre5 ( ! t]re/rial vegetation likewise assumes1 :5 subject$ to ^? modifi$ m>9e influ5ces "u :i* plants ( ! l& c cont9ue to live1 a decid$ t+e ( blue4 ,x is fur!r noticeable1 t ! g5]al br[n ( at lea/ ! l>g] alg pres5ts1 z !y creep upw>ds ^u ! bea* to meet ) ^!1 a m>k$ t+e ( yell[4 ,! prevail+ br[n ( ! "o flora approximates t[>ds yell[1--! prevail+ gre5 ( ! o!r t[>ds blue2 & ?us1 in/ead ( mutually m]g+ into "s neutral t9t1 !y assume at _! l9e ( meet+ directly antagoni/ic hues4 ,b :at does exp]i5ce say reg>d+ ! transmutative conv]sion ( a m>9e into a t]re/rial vegetation1--t exp]i5ce on :i* ! sceptic f\nds s mu*8 ,z ,i walk$ along ! gre5 edge ( ! ,lake ( ,/5nis1 selvag$ by ! l9e ( deta*$ we$s ) :i* a rec5t gale _h /rew$ its %ores1 & m>k$ t = ! fir/ few miles ! accumulation consi/$ ( m>9e alg1 "h & !re mix$ ) tufts ( /unt$ re$s or ru%es1 & t z ,i rec$$ f ! sea x 0 ! alg t became /unt$ & dw>fi%1 & t ! re$s1 aquatic grasses1 & ru%es1 gr[n greatly m bulky 9 ! mass1 7 also m fully develop$ individually1 till at l5g? ! m>9e vegetation altoge!r disappe>$1 & ! vegetable debris ( ! %ore became purely lacu/r9e1--,i ask$ myself :e!r "h1 if any:]e1 a transition flora betwe5 lake & sea ought n to be f\nd8 ,= _m ?\s& ye>s ere ! tall gray obelisks ( ,/5nis1 ^: =ms ,i saw ?is morn+ reflect$ 9 ! wat]1 _h be5 torn f ! qu>ry1 or laid d[n 9 my/ic circle on _! flat promontories1 _h ?is lake admitt$ ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & be5 salt 9 its l[] rea*es & fre% 9 its high]4 ,& dur+ ?is protract$ p]iod _h its quiet1 well-%att]$ bottom be5 expos$ to no di/urb+ influ5ces ?r\gh :i* ! delicate process ( transmutation c\ld h be5 m>r$ or arre/$4 ,"h1 !n1 if 9 any circum/ances1 ought we to h _h 9 ! broad1 p]man5tly bracki% rea*es1 at lea/ indications ( a vegetation int]m$iate 9 its nature betwe5 ! monocotyl$ons ( ! lake & ! alg ( ! sea2 & yet n a ve/ige ( su* an int]m$iate vegetation c\ld ,i f9d among ! up-pil$ debris ( ! mix$ floras1 m>9e & lacu/r9e4 ,! lake possesses no su* int]m$iate vegetation4 ,z ! wat] fre%5s 9 its middle rea*es1 ! alg become dw>fi% & ill-develop$2 "o species aft] ano!r ceases to appe>1 z ! habitat becomes :olly unfavorable to x1 until at l5g? we f9d1 in/ead ( ! br[n1 rootless1 fl[]less fucoids & conf]v ( ! ocean1 ! gre51 root$1 fl[]-be>+ flags1 ru%es1 & aquatic grasses ( ! fre% wat]4 ,_m ?\s&s ( ye>s h fail$ to orig9ate a s+le int]m$iate plant4 ,& su*1 te/$ by a s+ul>ly ext5sive exp]i5ce1 is ! g5]al evid5ce4 ,!re is sc>ce a *a9-l5g? ( ! %ores ( ,brita9 & ,irel& t has n be5 a hundr$ & a hundr$ times explor$ by ! botani/1--ke5 to collect & prompt to regi/] e r>ity ( ! vegetable k+dom2 b has he ev] yet succe$$ 9 transf]r+ to 8 h]b>ium a s+le plant caught 9 ! transition /ate8 ,nay1 are !re any ( ! laws "u :i* ! vegetable k+dom exi/s bett] kn[n ?an ^? laws :i* fix c]ta9 species ( ! alg to c]ta9 zones ( coa/1 9 :i* ea*1 accord+ to ! ov]ly+ dep? ( wat] & ! nature ( ! bottom1 f9ds ! only habitat 9 :i* x c exi/8 ,! r\gh-/emm$ tangle 7,lam9>ia digitata7 c exi/ no high] on ! %ore ?an ! l[ l9e ( ebb dur+ /ream-tides2 ! smoo?-/emm$ tangle 7,lam9>ia sac*>9a7 fl\ri%es along an inn] belt1 p>tially uncov]$ dur+ ! ebbs ( ! l>g] neaps2 ! =k$ & crack] kelp-we$s 7,fucus s]ratus & ,fucus nodosus7 ?rive 9 a zone /ill less deeply cov]$ by wat]1 & :i* ev5 ! l[] neaps expose4 ,& at lea/ "o o!r species ( kelp-we$1 ! ,fucus vesiculosus1 occurs 9 a zone high] /ill1 ?\gh1 z x creeps upw>ds on ! rocky bea*1 x loses its *>act]i/ic bladd]s1 & becomes %ort & n>r[ ( frond4 ,! ?ick br[n tufts ( ,fucus canaliculatus1 :i* 9 ! l[] & middle rea*es ( ! ,lake ( ,/5nis ,i f\nd heap$ up 9 great abundance along ! %ores1 also rises high on rocky bea*es1--s high 9 "s in/ances1 t dur+ neap-tides x rema9s uncov]$ by ! wat] = days toge!r4 ,if1 z is n uncommon1 !re be an escape ( l& spr+s along ! bea*1 !re may be f\nd1 :]e ! fre% wat] oozes out ?r\gh ! s& & gravel1 an upp] t]m9al zone ( ! conf]v1 *iefly ( a gre5 color1 mix$ ) ! ribbon-l gre5 lay]1 7,ulva latissima17 ! purpli%-br[n lay]1 7,porphyra lac9iata17 & /ill m l>gely ) ! gre5 silky ,ent]omorpha1 7,e4 compressa47#cg ,& !n1 decid$ly )9 ! l9e ( ! /orm-bea*es ( w9t]1--n unfrequ5tly 9 l[ %elt]$ bays1 su* z ! ,bay ( ,udale or ( ,nigg1 :]e ! ripple ( e high] flood wa%es1--we may f9d ! vegetation ( ! l&--repres5t$ by ! s5t9els & picquets ( its outpo/s--com+ d[n1 z if to meet ) ! high]-gr[+ plants ( ! sea4 ,9 salt m>%es ! two vegetations may be se51 if ,i may s express myself1 dovetail$ toge!r at _! edges1--at lea/ "o species ( club-ru% 7,scirpus m>itimus7 & ! common saltwort & glasswort 7,salsola kali & ,salicornia procumb5s7 encroa*+ s f> ^u ! sea z to m+le ) a ?9ly-scatt]$ & sorely-dim9i%$ fucus1--t bladd]less v>iety ( ! ,fucus vesiculosus to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 & :i* may be detect$ 9 su* localities1 %oot+ =? its m9ute br[n fronds f ! pebbles4 ,on rocky coa/s1 :]e spr+s ( fre% wat] come trickl+ d[n along ! fissures ( ! precipices1 ! obs]v] may see a v>iety ( ,rhodom5ia palmata--! fre%-wat] dulse ( ! ,moray ,fri?--creep+ upw>ds f ! l[] limits ( production1 till j :]e ! common gray balanus ceases to gr[4 ,& !re1 %ort & ?ick1 & ( a blea*$ yell[ hue1 x ceases also2 b "o ( ! common] m>9e conf]v1--! ,conf]va arcta1 bl5t ) a dw>f$ ,ent]omorpha1--comm5c+ a v little bel[ :]e ! dulse ends1 & tak+ its place1 clo!s ov] ! runnels ) its cov]+ ( gre5 = sev]al feet high]3 9 "s cases1 :]e x is frequ5tly wa%$ by ! upw>d da% ( ! waves1 x rises above ev5 ! flood-l9e2 & 9 "s crevice ( ! rock beside x1 (t5 z l[ z its upp] edge1 we may detect /unt$ tufts ( ! sea-p9k or ( ! scurvy-grass4 ,b :ile !re is ?us a vegetation int]m$iate 9 place betwe5 ! l& & ! sea1 we f9d1 z if x _h be5 select$ purposely to conf\nd ! transmutation !ory1 t x is 9 no degree int]m$iate 9 "*4 ,=1 :ile x is *iefly m>9e we$s ( ! l[] division ( ! conf]v t creep upw>ds f ! sea to meet ! vegetation ( ! l&1 x is *iefly t]re/rial plants ( ! high] division ( ! dicotyl$ons t creep d[nw>ds f ! l& to meet ! vegetation ( ! sea4 ,! salt-worts1 ! glass-worts1 ! ar5>ia1 ! ?rift1 & ! scurvy-grass1 are all dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,nature draws a deeply-m>k$ l9e ( division :]e ! requirem5ts ( ! transmutative hypo!sis w\ld dem& ! nicely graduat$ s(tness ( a %ad$ "o2 &1 address+ ! /rongly m>k$ floras on ei!r h&1 ev5 m /]nly ?an ! waves !mselves1 dem&s t to a c]ta9 def9ite b\rne %\ld !y come1 & no f>!r4 ,b 9 :at =m1 x may be ask$1 or ) :at limitations1 ought ! ,*ri/ian controv]siali/ to avail himself1 9 ?is "q1 ( ! exp]i5ce argum5t8 ,mu* ought to dep5d1 ,i reply1 on ! position tak5 up by ! opposite side4 ,we f9d no direct ref]5ce made by ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 to ! anti-miracle argum5t1 fir/ broa*$ by ,hume1 9 a purely metaphysical %ape1 9 8 well-kn[n 8,inquiry10 & aft]w>ds ?r[n into ! algebraic =m by ,la ,place1 9 8 ,essai philosophique sur les ,probabilits4 ,b we d n detect its influ5ces op]ative ?r\gh\t ! entire "w4 ,x is because ( "s felt impracticability on ! "p ( its au?or1 ( atta9+ to ! prevail+ belief 9 ! miracle ( creation1 t he has rec\rse1 in/ead1 to ! s-call$ law ( developm5t4 ,! law & ! miracle are ! alt]natives plac$ be=e him2 &1 reject+ ! miracle1 he closes ) ! law4 ,n[1 9 su* circum/ances1 he c h no m cause ( compla9t1 if1 pres5t+ him ) ! exp]i5ce argum5t ( ,hume & ,la ,place1 we dem& t he squ>e ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! exi/5ce ( 8 law /rictly accord+ to its requirem5ts1 ?an ! soldi] ( an army t *>g$ its field-pieces ) ru/y nails w\ld h cause ( compla9t if he f\nd himself w\nd$ by a missile ( a simil> k9d1 s5t aga9/ him by ! artill]y ( ! enemy4 ,y _c1 x might be fairly said1 9 address+ him1 acquiesce 9 ! miracle "h1 because1 z a violation ( ! laws ( nature1 !re are c]ta9 objections1 f\nd$ on inv>iable exp]i5ce1 :i* be> direct aga9/ y\r belief 9 x4 ,well1 "h are ! objections1 9 ! /ronge/ =m 9 :i* !y h yet be5 /at$2 & "h is y\r hypo!sis respect+ ! developm5t ( m>9e alg into t]re/rial plants4 ,we hold t aga9/ t hypo!sis ! objections be> at lea/ z directly z aga9/ any miracle :atev]1--nay1 t n only is x contr>y to an inv>iable exp]i5ce1 b oppos$ also to all te/imony4 ,we reg>d x z a m]e idle dream4 ,maillet dream$ x1--& ,lam>ck dream$ x1--& ,ok5 dream$ x2 b none ( !m did m ?an m]ely dream x3 its exi/5ce re/s on exactly ! same basis ( evid5ce z t ( ,:ang ! mill]'s 8mon/r\s pot ( gold & diamonds10 ( :i* he dream$ ?ree nights 9 succession1 b :i* he nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+4 ,if we are 9 error 9 our e/imate1 "h is ! argum5t1 & "h ! hypo!sis2 give u1 9 support ( ! hypo!sis1 ! am\nt ( evid5ce1 f\nd$ on a solid exp]i5ce1 :i* ! argum5t dem&s4 ,b to leave ! exp]i5ce argum5t 9 exactly ! /ate 9 :i* x 0 left by ,hume & ,la ,place1 w\ld be do+ no real ju/ice to our subject4 ,x is 9 t /ate q suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact1 t !re c be no real escape f belief 9 acts ( creation nev] witness$ by man1 to processes ( developm5t nev] witness$ by man2 see+ t a presum$ law beyond ! cognizance ( exp]i5ce mu/ be z c]ta9ly reject$1 on ! pr9ciple ( ! argum5t1 z a presum$ miracle beyond t cognizance4 ,x places ! presum$ law & ! presum$ miracle on exactly ! same level4 ,b !re is a palpable flaw 9 ! anti-miracle argum5t4 ,x does n prove t miracles may n h tak5 place1 b t miracles1 :e!r !y h tak5 place or no1 are n to be cr$it$1 & ?is simply because !y are miracles1 i4 e4 violations ( ! e/abli%$ laws ( nature4 ,& if x be possible = ev5ts to take place :i* man1 on c]ta9 pr9ciples1 is imp]atively requir$ n to cr$it1 ^! pr9ciples mu/ ( c\rse s]ve m]ely to e/abli% a discrepancy betwe5 ! actual /ate ( ?+s1 & :at is to be believ$ reg>d+ x4 ,& ?us1 in/ead ( s]v+ purposes ( tru?1 !y are made to subs]ve purposes ( error2 = ! exi/5ce ( tru? 9 ! m9d is nei!r m nor less ?an ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 conceptions & beliefs1 adequately repres5tative ( :at actually is1 or :at really has tak5 place4 ,i _c bett] illu/rate ?is direct t5d5cy ( ! anti-miracle argum5t to de/roy tru? 9 ! m9d1 by br++ ! m5tal beliefs into a /ate ( noncon=mity ) ! possible & actual1 ?an by a quotation f ,la ,place himself3 8,we w\ld n10 he says1 8give cr$it to a man :o w\ld affirm t he saw a hundr$ dice ?r[n into ! air1 & t !y all fell on ! same faces4 ,if we _h ourselves be5 spectators ( su* an ev5t1 we w\ld n believe our own eyes till we _h scrupul\sly exam9$ all ! circum/ances1 & assur$ ourselves t !re 0 no trick or deception4 ,aft] su* an exam9ation1 we w\ld n hesitate to admit x1 not)/&+ its great improbability2 & no "o w\ld h rec\rse to an inv]sion ( ! laws ( vision 9 ord] to acc\nt = x40 ,n[1 "h is ! pr9ciple broadly laid d[n1 t x is impossible to communicate by ! evid5ce ( te/imony1 belief 9 an ev5t :i* might happ51 & :i*1 if x happ5$1 ought on c]ta9 conditions to be cr$it$4 ,no "o knew bett] ?an ,la ,place himself1 t ! possibility ( ! ev5t :i* he in/anc$ c\ld be repres5t$ ) ! utmo/ exactitude by figures4 ,! probability1 9 ?r[+ a s+le die1 t ! ace w be pres5t$ on its upp] face1 is z "o 9 six1--six be+ ! entire numb] ( sides :i* ! cube c possibly pres5t1 & ! side ) ! ace be+ "o ( ^!2--! probability t 9 ?r[+ a pair ( dice ! aces ( bo? w be at once pres5t$ on _! upp] faces1 is z "o 9 ?irty-six1 z aga9/ ! "o six? *ance ( ! ace be+ pres5t$ by ! "o1 !re are also six *ances t ! ace ( ! o!r %\ld n concur ) x2--& 9 ?r[+ ?ree dice1 ! probability t _! ?ree aces %\ld be at once pres5t$ is1 ( c\rse1 on ! same pr9ciple1 z "o 9 six times ?irty-six1 or1 9 o!r words1 z "o 9 two hundr$ & sixte54 ,& ?us1 9 asc]ta9+ ! exact degree ( probability ( ! hundr$ aces at once turn+ up1 we h to g on multiply+ by six1 = ea* die we add to ! numb]1 ! product ( ! imm$iately previ\s calculation4 ,unque/ionably1 ! numb] ( *ances aga9/1 ?us balanc$ ) ! s+le *ance =1 w\ld be v great2 b its exi/5ce z a def9ite numb] w\ld e/abli%1 ) all ! =ce ( ari?metical demon/ration1 ! possibility ( ! ev5t2 & if an et]nity 7 to be devot$ to ! ?r[+ into ! air ( ! hundr$ dice1 x w\ld occur an inf9ite numb] ( times4 ,& yet ! pr9ciple ( ,hume & ,la ,place =ms1 :5 adopt$1 an impassable gulf betwe5 ?is possibility & human belief4 ,! possibility might be embodi$1 z we see1 9 an actual occurr5ce1--an occurr5ce witness$ by hundr$s2 & yet ! anti-miracle argum5t1 z illu/rat$ by ,la ,place1 w\ld cut (f all communication reg>d+ x betwe5 ^! hundr$s ( witnesses1 h[ev] unexceptionable _! "* z su*1 & ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,! pr9ciple1 in/ead ( giv+ u a "r rule ?r\gh :i* ! beliefs 9 ! m9d are to be r5d]$ correspond5t ) ! reality ( ?+s1 goes m]ely to e/abli% a c]ta9 imp]fection ( transmission f "o m9d to ano!r1 9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 realities 9 fact1 if v extraord9>y ones1 c\ld n possibly be receiv$ z objects ( belief1 nor ! m5tal appreciation ( ?+s be r5d]$ adequately concurr5t ) ! /ate 9 :i* ! ?+s really exi/$4 ,nor is ! case diff]5t :51 = a possibility :i* ! ari?metician c repres5t by figures1 we sub/itute ! miracle prop]4 ,nei!r ,hume nor ,la ,place ev] attempt$ to %[ t miracles c\ld n take place2 !y m]ely direct$ _! argum5t aga9/ a belief 9 !m4 ,! wilde/ sceptic mu/ admit1 if 9 any degree a reasonable man1 t !re may exi/ a ,god1 & t t ,god may h giv5 laws to nature4 ,no demon/ration ( ! non-exi/5ce ( a ,great ,fir/ ,cause has be5 ev] yet attempt$1 nor1 until ! k ( "s sceptic ext5ds ov] all space1 ev] c be rationally attempt$4 ,m]ely to d\bt ! fact ( ,god's exi/5ce1 & to give reasons = ! d\bt1 mu/ till !n =m ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( scepticism4 ,& ! ,god :o may ?us exi/1 & :o may h giv5 laws to nature1 may also h reveal$ himself to man1 &1 9 ord] to secure man's reasonable belief 9 ! reality ( ! revelation1 may h tempor>ily susp5d$ 9 its op]ation "s great natural law1 & h ?us %[n himself to be its ,au?or & ,ma/]4 ,su* seems to be ! philosophy ( miracles2 :i* are ?us evid5tly n only n impossibilities1 b ev5 n improbabilities4 ,ev5 7 we to p]mit ! sceptic himself to fix ! numb]s repres5tative ( ^? sev]al mays 9 ! case1 :i* ,i h j repeat$1 ! *ances aga9/ !m1 s to speak1 w\ld be less by _m ?\s& times ?an ! *ances aga9/ ! hundr$ dice ( ,la ,place's illu/ration all turn+ up aces4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,great ,fir/ ,cause is at lea/ z probable--! sceptic himself be+ judge 9 ! matt]--z ! non-exi/5ce ( a ,great ,fir/ ,cause2 & s ! probability 9 ?is fir/ /age ( ! argum5t1 in/ead ( be+1 z 9 ! case ( ! s+le die1 only "o to six1 is z "o to "o4 ,aga91--9 accordance ) an expectation s g5]al among ! human family z to =m "o ( ! great in/9cts ( our nature1--an in/9ct to :i* e =m ( religion1 true or false1 be>s evid5ce1--x is 9 no degree less probable t ?is ,god %\ld h reveal$ himself to man1 ?an t he %\ld n h reveal$ himself to man2 & "h ! *ances are aga9 z "o to "o1--n1 z 9 ! second /age ( ! calculation on ! dice1 z "o to ?irty-six4 ,nor1 9 ! ?ird & la/ /age1 is x less probable t ,god1 9 reveal+ himself to man %\ld h giv5 miracul\s evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ! revelation1 s t man 8might believe 9 ,him = ,8 "w's sake10 ?an t ,he %\ld n h done s2 & "h yet aga9 ! *ances are z "o to "o1--n z "o to two hundr$ & sixte54 ,no rational sceptic c\ld fix ! *ances l[]2 nay1 no rational sceptic1 s f> z ! exi/5ce ( a ,great ,fir/ ,cause is conc]n$1 w\ld be incl9$ to fix !m s l[3 & yet x is 9 ord] to annihilate all belief 9 a possibility aga9/ :i* ! *ances are s few z to be repres5t$--scepticism itself be+ ! actu>y 9 ! case--by ?ree units1 t ,hume & ,la ,place h fram$ _! argum5t4 ,miracles may h tak5 place1--! probabilities aga9/ !m1 /at$ 9 _! mo/ extreme & exagg]at$ =m1 are by no means _m or /rong2 b we are nev]!less n to believe t !y did take place1 simply because miracles !y 74 ,n[1 ! effect ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a pr9ciple su* z ?is w\ld be simply1 ,i repeat1 ! de/ruction ( ! ability ( transmitt+ c]ta9 beliefs1 h[ev] well f\nd$ orig9ally1 f "o set or g5]ation ( m5 to ano!r4 ,^! beliefs ! fir/ set or g5]ation might1 on ,la ,place's own pr9ciples1 be compell$ to ent]ta94 ,! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 h[ev] wond]ful ! ev5t :i* !y c]tifi$1 is n1 he himself tells u1 to be resi/$4 ,b ! conviction :i*1 on "o set ( pr9ciples1 ^! m5 7 on no acc\nt to resi/1 ! m5 t came imm$iately aft] !m 71 on q ano!r set ( pr9ciples1 on no acc\nt to ent]ta94 ,& ?us ! anti-miracle argum5t1 in/ead ( lead+1 z all true philosophy ought1 to an exact correspond5ce betwe5 ! realities ( ?+s & ! convictions receiv$ by ! m9d reg>d+ !m1 palpably =ms a b> to ! reception ( beliefs1 adequate to ! possibilities ( actual occurr5ce or ev5t1 & s con/itutes an imp]fection or flaw 9 ! m5tal economy1 in/ead ( work+ an improvem5t4 ,&1 9 accordance ) ?is view1 we f9d t 9 ! economy ( m9ds ( ! v highe/ ord] ?is imp]fection or flaw has _h no place4 ,locke /udi$ & wrote ^u ! subject ( miracles prop]1 & exhibit$ 9 8 8,disc\rse0 all ! pr(undity ( 8 extraord9>y m9d2 & yet ,locke 0 a believ]4 ,newton /udi$ & wrote on ! subject ( miracles ( ano!r k9d1--^? ( prophecy2 & he also1 z %[n by 8 8,obs]vations on ! ,prophecies ( ,daniel & ! ,apocalypse10 0 a believ]4 ,butl] /udi$ & wrote on ! subject ( miracles1 *iefly 9 connection ) 8,miracul\s ,revelation20 & he also 0 a believ]4 ,*alm]s /udi$ & wrote on ! subject ( miracles 9 8 8,evid5ces10 aft] ,hume1 ,la ,place1 & ,playfair _h all promulgat$ _! peculi> views reg>d+ x2 & he also 0 a believ]4 ,& 9 none ( ! truly di/+ui%$ m5 ( ! pres5t day1 ?\gh all intimately acqua9t$ ) ! anti-miracle argum5t1 is ?is flaw or imp]fection f\nd to exi/3 on ! contr>y1 !y all hold1 z becomes ! philosophic intellect & "*1 t :atev] is possible may occur1 & t :atev] occurs ought1 on ! prop] evid5ce1 to be believ$4 ,b ?\gh ! exp]i5ce argum5t is ( no real =ce1 &1 z %[n by ! beliefs ( ! high] ord] ( m9ds1 ( no real effect1 :5 br\ght to be> aga9/ miracles support$ by ! prop] te/imony1 x is ( great =ce & effect :5 br\ght to be>1 n aga9/ miracles1 b aga9/ "s presum$ law4 ,x is exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce only1 t det]m9es :at is or is n law1 & x is law1 & law only1 t con/itutes ! subject-matt] ( ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce1 9 det]m9+ :at is really miracle1 does s simply ?r\gh its positive k ( law3 by kn[+ law1 x kn[s also :at w\ld be a violation ( x4 ,& s miracle _c possibly =m ! subject-matt] ( exp]i5ce 9 ! s5se ( ,hume4 ,= did miracle con/itute ! subject-matt] ( exp]i5ce1 ! law ( :i* ! miracle 0 a violation c\ld n3 mo/ emphatically1 9 ?is case1 7 !re 8no law0 !re c\ld be 8no transgression20 & s exp]i5ce w\ld be unable to recognize1 n only ! exi/5ce ( ! law transgress$1 b also ( ! miracle1 9 its "* z su*1 :i* 0 a transgression ( ! law4 ,we det]m9e f exp]i5ce t !re exi/s a c]ta9 fix$ law1 kn[n among m5 z ! law ( gravitation2 & t1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is law1 if a human creature attempt /&+ ^u ! sea1 he w s9k into x2 or if he attempt ris+ f ! e>? into ! heav5s1 he w rema9 fix$ to ! spot on :i* ! attempt is made4 ,su*1 9 ^! cases1 w\ld be ! direct effects ( ?is gravitation law2 & any presum$ law antagoni/ic 9 its "* c\ld n be o!r ?an a law contr>y to t inv>iable exp]i5ce by :i* ! exi/5ce ( ! real law 9 ! case is det]m9$4 ,b c]ta9 x is--= ! evid5ce reg>d+ ! facts _c be resi/$1 & by ! greate/ m9ds has n be5 resi/$--t a man did once walk ^u ! sea )\t s9k+ into x1 & did once asc5d f ! e>? into ! sky2 & ^! miracles ought n to be te/$--& by e>ne/ inquir]s aft] tru? really nev] h be5 te/$--by any exp]i5ce ( ! uni=mity ( ! law ( :i* !y 7 pr(ess$ transgressions1 see+ x 0 ess5tially & obvi\sly necess>y t1 9 ord] to s]ve ! great moral purpose :i* ,god int5d$ by !m1 ! law :i* !y violat$ %\ld h be5 a uni=m law1 & t !y %\ld h be5 palpable violations ( x4 ,b :ile ! exp]i5ce argum5t is ?us ( no value :5 direct$ aga9/ well-atte/$ miracle1 x is1 z ,i h said1 all-pot5t :5 direct$ aga9/ presum$ law4 ,( law we "k no?+1 ,i repeat1 except :at exp]i5ce tells u4 ,a miracle contr>y to exp]i5ce 9 ! s5se ( ,hume is simply a miracle2 a presum$ law contr>y to exp]i5ce is no law at all4 ,= x is f exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce only1 t we "k any ?+ ( natural law4 ,! argum5t ( ,hume & ,la ,place is p]fect1 z su*1 :5 direct$ aga9/ ! developm5t visions ( ! ,lam>ckian4 ,,! ,,developm5t ,,hypo!sis ,,9 ,,its ,,embryonic ,,/ate4 ,,old] ,,?an ,,its ,,alleg$ ,,f\ndations4 ,:5 ,maillet fir/ promulgat$ 8 hypo!sis1 _m ( ! dep>tm5ts ( natural hi/ory exi/$ z m]e regions ( fable & romance2 &1 9 address+ himself to ! ,muscad9s ( ,p>is1 9 a popul> "w z wild & amus+ z a fairy tale1 he c\ld safely take ! lib]ty1 & he did take x v freely1 ( exagg]at+ ! m>vell\s1 & add+ fre% fictions to ! untrue4 ,& 9 prep>+ !m = 8 !ory ( ! metamorphoses ( a m>9e into a t]re/rial vegetation1 he set himself1 9 accordance ) 8 g5]al "*1 to %[ t really ! transmutation did n am\nt to mu*4 8,i "k y h resid$ a long "t10 8 ,indian ,philosoph] is made to say1 8at ,m>seilles4 ,n[1 y c be> me witness1 t ! fi%]m5 !re daily f9d 9 _! nets1 & among _! fi%1 plants ( a hundr$ k9ds1 ) _! fruits /ill ^u !m2 & ?\gh ^! fruits are n s l>ge & s well n\ri%$ z ^? ( our e>?1 yet ! species ( ^! plants is 9 no o!r respect dubi\s4 ,!y !re f9d clu/]s ( :ite & black grapes1 pea*-trees1 pe>-trees1 prune-trees1 apple-trees1 & all sorts ( fl[]s4 ,:5 9 t city1 ,i saw1 9 ! cab9et ( a curi\s g5tleman1 a prodigi\s numb] ( ^? sea-productions ( diff]5t qualities1 especially ( rose-trees1 :i* _h _! roses v r$ :5 !y came out ( ! sea4 ,i 0 !re pres5t$ ) a clu/] ( black sea-grapes4 ,x 0 at ! "t ( ! v9tage1 & !re 7 two grapes p]fectly ripe40 ,n[1 all ?is1 & mu* m ( ! same nature1 address$ to ! ,p>isians ( ! reign ( ,l\is ! ,fifte5?1 pass$1 ,i d\bt n1 wond]fully well2 b x w n d n[1 :5 almo/ e "y girl1 :e!r 9 t[n or c\ntry1 is a botani/1 & works on ! alg h become popul>4 ,s9ce ,maillet wrote1 ,hume promulgat$ 8 argum5t on ,miracles1 & ,la ,place 8 doctr9e ( ,probabilities4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! h ex]t$ a :olesome influ5ce on ! laws ( evid5ce2 & by ^! laws1 z re/rict$ & am5d$1--laws to :i*1 bo? 9 sci5ce & religion1 we ourselves con=m1--we insi/ on try+ ! ,lam>ckian hypo!sis1 & 9 condemn+ x1--%\ld x be f\nd to h nei!r /&+ 9 exp]i5ce nor support f te/imony1--z a m]e fev]i% dream1 incoh]5t 9 its p>ts & baseless 9 its fabric4 ,give1 we ask1 b "o well-atte/$ in/ance ( transmutation f ! alg to ev5 ! l[] =ms ( t]re/rial vegetation common on our sea-coa/s1 & we w keep ! "q op51 9 expectation ( m4 ,x w n d to tell u--z ,cuvi] 0 told1 :5 he appeal$ to ! fact1 det]m9$ by ! mummy birds & reptiles ( ,egypt1 ( ! fixity ( species 9 all1 ev5 ! slighte/ p>ticul>s1 = at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s--t imm5sely ext5d$ p]iods ( "t are necess>y to effect specific *anges1 & t human obs]vation has n be5 spread ov] a p]iod suffici5tly ample to furni% ! requir$ data reg>d+ !m4 ,! apology is simply a confession t1 9 ^! ages ( ! sev]e inductive philosophy1 y h be5 dream+ y\r dream1 cut (f1 z if by ! /ate ( sleep1 f all ! tangibilities ( ! real wak+-day _w1 & t y h n a ve/ige ( te/imony ) :i* to support y\r +5i\s vag>ies4 ,b on ano!r acc\nt d we refuse to su/a9 ! excuse4 ,x is n true t human obs]vation has n be5 spread ov] a p]iod suffici5tly ext5d$ to furni% ! necess>y data = te/+ ! developm5t hypo!sis4 ,9 "o special walk1--t :i* be>s on ! suppos$ transmutation ( alg into t]re/rial plants1--human obs]vation has be5 spread ov] :at is /rictly analog\s to millions ( ye>s4 ,= ext5t ( space 9 ?is matt] is exactly correspond5t ) duration ( "t4 ,no man1 9 ?is late p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 atta9s to ! age ( five hundr$ ye>s2 & z "s ( our l>g] ,engli% oaks h be5 kn[n to increase 9 bulk ( trunk & ext5t ( b\gh = five c5turies toge!r1 no man c possibly h se5 ! same huge oak pass1 accord+ to ,c[p]1 ?r\gh its v>i\s /ages ( 8tree%ip10-- 8,fir/ a se$l+ hid 9 grass2 ,!n twig2 !n sapl+2 &1 z c5tury rolls ,sl[ aft] c5tury1 a giant bulk1 ,( gir? enorm\s1 ) moss-cu%ion$ root ,upheav$ above ! soil1 & sides emboss$ ,) prom95t w5s globose40 ,b ?\gh no man lives ?r\gh\t five hundr$ ye>s ( "t1 he c trace1 by pass+ 9 "s ( ! ,engli% =e/s ?r\gh five hundr$ y>ds ( space1 ! hi/ory ( ! oak 9 all its /ages ( gr[?1 z correctly z if he did live ?r\gh\t ! five hundr$ ye>s4 ,oaks1 9 ! space ( a few hundr$ y>ds1 may be se5 9 e /age ( gr[?1 f ! newly bur/ acorn1 t pres5ts to ! light its two fle%y lobes1 ) ! fir/ t5d] rudim5ts ( a leaflet betwe51 up to ! giant ( ! =e/1 9 ! holl[ ( ^: trunk ! r$ de] may %elt]1 & f9d ample room = ! broad spread ( 8 antl]s4 ,! fact ( ! developm5t ( ! oak1 f ! m9ute two-lob$ se$l+ ( a week's gr[? up to ! gigantic tree ( five c5turies1 is z capable ( be+ demon/rat$ by obs]vation spread ov] five hundr$ y>ds ( space1 z by obs]vation spread ov] five hundr$ ye>s ( "t4 ,& be x rememb]$1 t ! sea-coa/s ( ! _w are sev]al hundr$ ?\s& miles 9 ext5t4 ,europe is by f> ! smalle/ ( ! e>?'s f\r l>ge divisions1 & x is b\nd$1 9 proportion to its size1 by a great] ext5t ( l& ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,& yet ! sea-coa/s ( ,europe alone1 includ+ ^? ( its isl&s1 exce$ tw5ty-five ?\s& miles4 ,we h results be=e u1 9 ?is ext5t ( space1 id5tical ) ^? ( _m hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ( "t2 & if t]re/rial plants 7 z c]ta9ly developm5ts ( ! l[ plants ( ! sea z ! huge oak is a developm5t ( ! immature se$l+1 j sprung f ! acorn1 s va/ a /ret* ( sea-coa/ c\ld n fail to pres5t u ) ! int]m$iate vegetation 9 all its /ages4 ,b ! sea-coa/s fail to exhibit ev5 a ve/ige ( ! int]m$iate vegetation4 ,exp]i5ce spread ov] an ext5t ( space analog\s to millions ( ye>s ( "t1 does n furni%1 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 a s+le fact corroborative ( ! developm5t !ory1 b1 on ! contr>y1 _m hundr$s ( facts t be> directly aga9/ x4 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 is evid5tly a practis$ & ta/eful writ]1 & 8 "w ab\nds 9 +5i\s comb9ations ( ?\ght2 b ^? p[]s ( ab/ract reflection on ^: vigor\s ex]cise ! orig9ation ( argum5t dep5ds1 nature seems to h d5i$ him4 ,!re are two ?+s 9 especial :i* 8 "w wants1--orig9al obs]vation & ab/ract ?\ght1--! p[] ( see+ = himself & ( reason+ = himself2 & :at we f9d in/ead is simply a vivid appreciation ( ! images ( ?+s1 z ^! images exi/ 9 o!r m9ds1 & a vigor\s p]ception ( ! v>i\s %ades ( resemblance :i* obta9 among !m4 ,!re is a l>ge am\nt ( analogical p[] exhibit$2 b t basis ( tru? :i* correct obs]vation c alone furni%1 & t ability ( nicely di/+ui%+ diff]5ces by :i* ! faculty ( disc]n+ simil>ity mu/ be =ev] regulat$ & gov]n$1 are want+1 9 :at1 9 a m9d ( f9e g5]al texture & quality1 mu/ be reg>d$ z an extraord9>y degree4 ,& h5ce an +5i\s b v unsolid "w1--full ( images transf]r$1 n f ! sci5tific field1 b f ! field ( sci5tific m9d1 & *>g$ ) glitt]+ b vague resemblances1 /amp$ 9 ! m9t ( fancy2 :i*1 7 !y to be us$ z m]e c\nt]s 9 "s light lit]>y game ( /ory-tell+ or "*-sket*+1 w\ld be 9 no respect out ( place1 b :i*1 :5 pass$ curr5t z ! prop] co9 ( philosophic argum5t1 are really frauds on ! popul> und]/&+4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 n a few in/ances 9 ! 8,ve/iges0 & its 8,sequel10 9 :i* t defect ( reflective p[] to :i* ,i ref] r enhances ?an dim9i%es ! difficulty ( reply1 by pres5t+ to ! controv]siali/ m]e intangible cl\ds ) :i* to grapple2 t yet1 ?r\gh ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 sup]/ition 9 ! popul> m9d1 z pr$ispos$ to accept z true :atev] takes ! =m ( sci5ce1 z its pr$ecessor ! old sup]/ition 0 incl9$ a c5tury ago to reject sci5ce itself1 are at lea/ suit$ to bl9d & bewild]4 ,( ?is k9d ( difficulty1 ! foll[+ passage1 9 :i* ! au?or ( ! "w ca%i]s ! ,creator z su*1 & sub/itutes1 in/ead1 a m]e animal-manufactur+ piece ( clock-"w1 :i* be>s ! "n ( natural law1#ch furni%es u ) a rem>kable in/ance4 8,admitt+10 he rem>ks1 8t we see n n[ any su* fact z ! production ( new species1 we at lea/ "k1 t :ile su* facts 7 occurr+ ^u e>?1 !re 7 associat$ ph5om5a 9 progress ( a "* p]fectly ord9>y4 ,= example1 :5 ! e>? receiv$ its fir/ fi%es1 s&/one & lime/one 7 =m+ 9 ! mann] exemplifi$ a few ye>s ago 9 ! +5i\s exp]im5ts ( ,sir ,james ,hall2 basaltic columns rose = ! future wond] ( man1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple :i* ,dr4 ,gregory ,watt %[$ 9 op]ation be=e ! eyes ( our fa!rs2 & holl[s 9 ! igne\s rocks 7 fill$ ) cry/als1 precisely z !y c\ld n[ be by virtue ( electric action1 z %[n )9 ! la/ few ye>s by ,crosse & ,becqu]el4 ,! seas obey$ ! impulse ( g5tle breezes1 & rippl$ _! s&y bottoms1 z seas ( ! pres5t day are do+2 ! trees grew z n[1 by favor ( sun & w9d1 ?riv+ 9 good seasons & p9+ 9 bad3 ?is :ile ! animals above fi%es 7 yet to be creat$4 ,! movem5ts ( ! sea1 ! meteorological ag5cies1 ! disposition :i* we see 9 ! g5]ality ( plants to ?rive :5 heat & moi/ure 7 mo/ abundant1 7 kept up 9 sil5t s]5ity1 z matt]s ( simply natural ord]1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ages :i* saw reptiles ent] 9 _! v>i\s =ms ^u ! sea & l&4 ,x 0 ab\t ! "t ( ! fir/ mammals t ! =e/ ( ! ,dirt-,b$ 0 s9k+ 9 natural ru9 amid/ ! sea sludge1 z =e/s ( ! ,plantag5ets h be5 do+ = sev]al c5turies ^u ! coa/ ( ,engl&4 ,9 %ort all ! common op]ations ( ! physical _w 7 go+ on 9 _! usual simplicity1 obey+ t ord] :i* we /ill see gov]n+ !m2 :ile ! suppos$ extraord9>y causes 7 9 requisition = ! developm5t ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,!re surely h5ce arises a /rong presumption aga9/ any su* causes4 ,x becomes mu* m likely t ! latt] ph5om5a 7 evolv$ 9 ! mann] ( law also1 & t we only dream ( extraord9>y causes "h1 z m5 once dreamt ( a special action ( ,deity 9 e *ange ( w9d & ! results ( ea* season1 m]ely because !y did n "k ! laws by :i* ! ev5ts 9 "q 7 evolv$40 ,h[1 let u suppose1 w\ld ,david ,hume--! greate/ ?9k] ( :i* infidelity c boa/--h greet$ ! auxili>y :o c\ld h br\ght him su* an argum5t z a contribution to ! cause8 8,y\r objection1 s f> z y h /at$ x10 ! philosoph] might h said1 8am\nts simply to ?is3--,creation by direct act is a miracle2 :]eas all t exi/s is propagat$ & ma9ta9$ by natural law4 ,natural laws--to v>y ! illu/ration--7 9 full op]ation at ! p]iod :5 ! ,au?or ( ! ,*ri/ian religion 01 x is said1 engag$ 9 work+ 8 miracles4 ,:51 accord+ to our oppon5ts1 he walk$ ^u ! surface ( ! sea1 ,pet]1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! natural law ( gravitation1 0 s9k+ into x2 :5 he )]$1 by a ^w1 ! b>r5 fig-tree1 !re 7 o!r trees on ! ,m\nt ?riv+ 9 con=mity ) ! vegetative laws1 "u ! influ5ce ( sun & %[]2 :5 he rais$ ! dead ,laz>us1 !re 7 corpses 9 ! neighbor+ tombs pass+1 ?r\gh ! natural putrefactive f]m5tation1 into a /ate ( utt] decomposition4 ,9 f9e1 at ! "t :5 he 0 engag$1 z ,reid & ,campbell believe1 9 work+ miracles 9 violation ( law1 ! laws ( :i* ^! 7 a violation actually exi/$1 & 7 e :]e actively op]ative2 or1 to employ y\r own words1 :5 ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles 71 x is alleg$1 9 ! act ( be+ wr\ght1 #8all ! common op]ations ( ! physical _w 7 go+ on 9 _! usual simplicity1 obey+ t ord] :i* we /ill see gov]n+ !m4' ,su* is ! portion ( y\r /atem5t already made2 :at next80 8,x is surely v unlikely10 replies ! auxili>y1 8t 9 su* a complex mass ( ph5om5a !re %\ld h be5 two totally di/9ct modes ( ! ex]cise ( ! ,div9e p[]1--! mode by miracle & ! mode by law40 8,unlikely60 rejo9s ! philosoph]2 8on :at gr\nds80 8,o1 j unlikely10 says ! auxili>y2--8unlikely t ,god %\ld be at once op]at+ on matt] ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( natural laws1 ( :i* man kn[s mu*1 & ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( miracul\s acts1 ( ! nature ( :i* man kn[s no?+4 ,b ,i h n ?\ght out ! subject any fur!r3 y h1 9 ! /atem5t already made1 my entire argum5t40 8,ay1 ,i see10 ! au?or ( ! 8,essay on ,miracles0 w\ld probably h rem>k$2 8y deem x unlikely t ,deity %\ld n only "w 9 "p1 z he has always done1 by means ( :i* m51--clev] fell[s l y & me--?9k !y "k a great deal b t he %\ld also "w 9 "p1 z he has always done1 by means ( :i* !y "k no?+ at all4 ,admirably reason$ out6 ,y are1 ,i make no d\bt1 a s\nd1 zeal\s unbeliev] 9 y\r private capacity1 & y\r argum5t may h great weight ) y\r own m9d1 & be1 9 consequ5ce1 wor?y ( enc\ragem5t 9 a small way2 b all[ me to sugge/ t1 = ! sake ( ! g5]al cause1 x %\ld be kept out ( rea* ( ! enemy4 ,!re are 9 ! ,*ur*es ,militant on bo? sides ( ! ,twe$ %rewd combatants1 :o h ne>ly z mu* wit z ourselves40 ,i ?9k ,i und]/& ! ref]5ce ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 to ! dream 8( a special action ( ,deity 9 e *ange ( w9d & ! results ( ea* season40 ,tak5 ) :at imm$iately goes be=e1 x means some?+ consid]ably diff]5t f ^? fancies ( ! 8untutor$ ,indian10 :o1 accord+ to ! poet1 8,sees ,god 9 cl\ds1 or he>s him 9 ! w9d40 ,!re is a s*ool ( infidelity1 tol]ably well kn[n 9 ! capital ( ,scotl& z by f> ! mo/ sup]ficial :i* our c\ntry has yet se51 t measures m9d ) a tape-l9e & ! callip]s1 &1 albeit n ,*ri/ian1 laudably exemplifies1 9 a l\dly express$ reg>d = sci5ce1 ! ,*ri/ian grace ( lov+ its enemy4 ,& ! belief 9 a special ,provid5ce1 :o wat*es ov] & ord]s all ?+s1 & )\t ^: p]mission !re falle? n ev5 a 8sp>r[ to ! gr\nd10 ! apo/les ( ?is s*ool set :olly aside1 sub/itut+1 in/ead1 a belief 9 ! indiscrim9at+ op]ation ( natural laws2 z if1 ) ! broad fact be=e !m t ev5 man c "w out 8 w m]ely by kn[+ & direct+ ^! laws1 ! ,god by :om !y 7 in/itut$ %\ld lack ei!r ! p[] or ! wisdom to make !m ! pliant m9i/]s ( 84 ,x is1 ,i fe>1 to ! di/9ctive t5et 9 ! cre$ ( ?is hapless s*ool t ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 ref]s4 ,nor is x 9 ! lea/ surpris+1 t a writ] :o labors ?r\gh two c>efully writt5 volumes1#ci to de/roy ! exi/+ belief 9 8,god's works ( ,creation10 %\ld affect to hold t ! belief 9 8 8works ( ,provid5ce0 _h be5 de/roy$ already4 ,b fai? 9 a special sup]9t5d5ce ( ,deity is n yet dead3 nay1 m1 ,he :o creat$ ! human m9d took especial c>e1 9 its con/ruction1 t1 save 9 a few defective specim5s ( ! race1 ! belief %\ld nev] die4 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 compla9s ( ! illib]ality ) :i* he has be5 treat$4 8,x has appe>$ to v>i\s critics10 we f9d him say+1 8t v sacr$ pr9ciples are ?reat5$ by a doctr9e ( univ]sal law4 ,a natural orig9 ( life1 & a natural basis 9 organization = ! op]ations ( ! human m9d1 speak to !m ( fatalism & mat]ialism4 ,&1 /range to say1 ^? :o e day give views ( physical cosmogony altoge!r discrepant 9 appe>ance ) t ( ,moses1 apply h>d names to my book = sugge/+ an organic cosmogony 9 ! same way1 liable to inconsid]ate odium4 ,i mu/ firmly prote/ aga9/ ?is mode ( meet+ speculations reg>d+ nature4 ,! object ( my book1 :atev] may be said ( ! mann] 9 :i* x is treat$1 is purely sci5tific4 ,! views :i* ,i give ( ! hi/ory ( organization /& exactly on ! same gr\nd ^u :i* ! geological doctr9es /ood fifty ye>s ago4 ,i am m]ely endeavor+ to read aright ano!r *apt] ( ! my/ic book :i* ,god has plac$ "u ! att5tion ( 8 creatures4444 ,! abs5ce ( all lib]ality 9 my review]s is /rik+1 & especially s 9 ^? ^: geological doctr9es h expos$ !m to simil> miscon/ruction4 ,if ! m5 newly em]g$ f ! odium :i* 0 ?r[n ^u ,newton's !ory ( ! planet>y motions _h ru%$ =w>d to turn t odium ^u ! patrons ( ! dawn+ sci5ce ( ,geology1 !y w\ld h be5 prefigur+ ! conduct ( sev]al ( my critics1 !mselves h>dly escap$ f ! rude h&s ( ! n>r[-m9d$1 yet eag] to jo9 t rabble aga9/ a new & equally unfri5d$ /rang]1 z if su* 7 ! be/ means ( pur*as+ impunity = !mselves4 ,i tru/ t a little "t w enable ! public to p5etrate ?is policy40 ,n[1 !re is "o v important po9t to :i* ! au?or ( ?is compla9t does n seem to h adv]t$4 ,! a/ronom] f\nd$ 8 belief 9 ! mobility ( ! e>? & ! immobility ( ! sun1 n on a m]e dream-l hypo!sis1 f\nd$ on no?+1 b on a wide & solid base ( pure induction4 ,galileo 0 no m]e dream]2--he 0 a discov]] ( great tru?s1 & a pr(\nd reason] reg>d+ !m3 & on 8 discov]ies & 8 reason+s1 compell$ by ! inexorable laws ( 8 m5tal con/itution1 did he build up c]ta9 d$uctive beliefs1 :i* _h no previ\s exi/5ce 9 8 m9d4 ,8 convictions 7 consequ5ts1 n antec$5ts4 ,su*1 also1 is ! "* ( geological discov]y & inf]5ce1 & ( ! exi/+ belief1--_! jo9t production1--reg>d+ ! great antiquity ( ! globe4 ,no geologi/ wor?y ( ! "n began ) ! belief1 & !n set himself to squ>e geological ph5om5a ) its requirem5ts4 ,x is a d$uction1--a result2--n ! />t+ assumption1 or giv5 sum1 9 a process ( calculation1 b its ultimate f9d+ or answ]4 ,cl]gym5 ( ! or?odox ,*ur*es1 su* z ! ,sumn]s1 ,s$gwicks1 ,buckl&s1 ,conybe>es1 & ,pye ,smi?s ( ,engl&1 or ! ,*alm]ses1 ,duncans1 & ,flem+s ( our own c\ntry1 mu/ h come to ! /udy ( ?is "q ( ! _w's age ) at lea/ no bias 9 favor ( ! geological e/imate4 ,! old1 &1 z x has prov51 errone\s read+ ( ! ,mosaic acc\nt1 0 by mu* too g5]al a "o e>ly 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 n to h ex]t$ ^u !m1 9 _! "* z m9i/]s ( religion1 a s5sible influ5ce ( a directly opposite nature4 ,& ! fact ( ! complete rev]sal ( _! orig9al bias1 & ( ! broad unhesitat+ f9d+ on ! subject :i* !y ultimately sub/itut$ in/ead1 s]ves to intimate to ! un9itiat$ ! /r5g? ( ! evid5ce to :i* !y submitt$4 ,!re c be no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t x is m9ds ( ! same calibre & class1 engag$ 9 ! same inductive track1 t yield$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ! a/ronomical evid5ce reg>d+ ! e>?'s motion1 &1 9 ! second1 to ! geological evid5ce reg>d+ ! e>?'s age4#dj ,b h[ v diff]5t ! nature & hi/ory ( ! developm5t hypo!sis1 & ! "* ( ! intellects ) :om x orig9at$1 or by :om x has be5 s9ce adopt$6 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x exi/$ z a wild dream ere ,geology _h any be+ z a sci5ce4 ,x 0 an antec$5t1 n a consequ5t1--a />t+ assumption1 n a result4 ,no "o w cont5d t ,maillet 0 a geologi/4 ,geology has no place among ! sci5ces 9 ! age 9 :i* he liv$ & ev5 no "n4 ,& yet !re is a translation ( 8 ,telliam$ n[ ly+ be=e me1 be>+ date #agej1 9 :i* ,i f9d v ne>ly ! same acc\nt giv5 ( ! orig9 ( animals & plants z t 9 ! 8,ve/iges10 & 9 :i* ! sea is describ$ z t great & fruitful womb ( nature 9 :i* organization & life fir/ began4 ,lam>ck1 at ! "t :5 ,maillet wrote1 0 a boy 9 8 six? ye>4 ,he became1 comp>atively e>ly 9 life1 a skilful botani/ & con*ologi/2 b n until turn$ ( fifty did he set himself to /udy g5]al zoology2 & 8 great] "w on ! inv]tebrate animals1 on :i* 8 fame z a naturali/ *iefly re/s1 did n beg9 to appe>--= x 0 publi%$ s]ially--until ! ye> #ahae4 ,b 8 developm5t hypo!sis1 id5tical ) t ( ! 8,ve/iges10 0 giv5 to ! _w long be=e1--9 #ahjb2 at a "t :5 x _h n be5 asc]ta9$ t !re exi/$ placoids dur+ ! ,silurian p]iod1 or ganoids dur+ ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one p]iod1 or enaliosaurs dur+ ! ,oolitic p]iod2 & :51 ?\gh ,smi? _h con/ruct$ 8 8,tabul> ,view ( ! ,briti% ,/rata10 8 map _h n yet appe>$1 & !re 0 little m kn[n reg>d+ ! laws ( sup]position among ! /ratifi$ rocks ?an 0 to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,w]n]4 ,& if ! presumption be /rong1 9 ! circum/ances1 t ,lam>ck orig9at$ 8 developm5t hypo!sis ere he became 9 any v great degree skilful z a zoologi/1 x is no m]e presumption1 b a demon/rable tru?1 t he orig9at$ x ere he became a geologi/2 = a geologi/ he nev] became4 ,9 common ) ,maillet & ,buffon1 he held by ,leibnitz's !ory ( a univ]sal ocean2 & su*1 z we h already se51 0 8 ignorance ( fossils1 t he erect$ d]mal fragm5ts ( ! ,russian ,a/]olepis into a new g5us ( ,polyp>ia1--an error into :i* ! m]e/ tyro 9 palontology c\ld n n[ fall4 ,su*1 9 relation to ^! sci5ces1 0 ! man :o p]fect$ ! dream ( developm5t4 ,nor has ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( its cont95tal ass]tors n[ liv+1--,pr(essor ,ok51--any high] claim to be reg>d$ z a disciple ( ! inductive s*ool ( ,geology ?an ,lam>ck4 ,9 ! preface to ! rec5tly publi%$ translation ( 8 8,physio-,philosophy10 we f9d ! foll[+ curi\s confession3--8,i wrote ! fir/ edition ( #ahaj 9 a k9d ( inspiration1 & on t acc\nt x 0 n s well arrang$ z a sy/ematic "w ought to be4 ,n[1 ?\gh ?is may appe> to h be5 am5d$ 9 ! second & ?ird edition1 yet /ill x 0 n possible = me to completely atta9 ! object held 9 view4 ,! book has !re=e rema9$ ess5tially ! same z reg>ds its fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,x is only ! empirical arrangem5t into s]ies ( plants & animals t has be5 modifi$ f "t to "t1 9 accordance ) ! sci5tific elevation ( _! sev]al dep>tm5ts1 or j z discov]ies & anatomical inve/igations h increas$1 & r5d]$ "s o!r position ( ! objects a matt] ( necessity40 ,an int]e/+ piece ( evid5ce ?is2 b c]ta9ly r simple z a confession4 ,x w be f\nd t :ile :atev] gives value to ! 8,physio-,philosophy0 ( ! ,g]man ,pr(essor 7a "w :i*1 if dive/$ ( all ! inspir$ bits1 w\ld be really a good "o7 0 acquir$ ei!r be=e or s9ce its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ord9>y way1 its developm5t hypo!sis came direct f ! god4 ,fur!r1 z ,i h already _h occasion to /ate1 ,ok5 holds1 l ,lam>ck & ,maillet1 by ! univ]sal ocean ( ,leibnitz2 he holds1 also1 t ! globe is a va/ cry/al1 j a little flaw$ 9 ! facets3 & t ! ?ree granitic compon5ts--qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica--are simply ! hail-drops ( heavy /one %[]s t %ot a?w>t ! orig9al ocean1 & accumulat$ into rock at ! bottom1 z sn[ or hail %oots a?w>t ! upp] atmosph]e1 & accumulates1 9 ! =m ( ice1 on ! summits ( high hills1 or 9 ! arctic or ant>ctic regions4 ,su*1 9 ! pres5t day1 are ! geological notions ( ,ok56 ,!y 7 d\btless all promulgat$ 9 :at is mode/ly en\gh t]m$ 8a k9d ( inspiration20 & !re are few n[ s ignorant ( ,geology z n to "k t ! possess+ ag5t 9 ! case--= inspiration is n q ! prop] ^w--mu/ h be5 at lea/ ( k9 to t +5i\s p]sonage :o volunte]$ ( old to be a ly+ _s 9 ! m\?s ( ! f\r hundr$ prophets4 ,& ! well-kn[n fact1 t ! mo/ popul> contempor>y exp\nd] ( ,ok5's hypo!sis--! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0--has 9 e edition ( 8 "w be5 correct+1 modify+1 or altoge!r )draw+ 8 /atem5ts reg>d+ bo? geological & zoological ph5om5a1 & t 8 gradual developm5t z a geologi/ & zoologi/1 f ! suffici5tly l[ type ( acquirem5t to :i* 8 fir/ edition bore witness1 may be trac$1 9 consequ5ce1 ) a di/9ctness & c]ta9ty :i* we 9 va9 seek 9 ! cases ( presum$ developm5t :i* he w\ld s fa9 e/abli%1--has 9 its be>+ exactly ! same effect4 ,8 developm5t hypo!sis 0 complete at a "t :5 8 geology & zoology 7 rudim5tal & imp]fect4 ,give me y\r facts1 said ! ,fr5*man1 t ,i may accommodate !m to my !ory4 ,& no "o c look at ! progress ( ! ,lam>ckian hypo!sis1 ) ref]5ce to ! dates :51 & ! m5 by :om1 x 0 promulgat$1 )\t recogniz+ 9 x "o ( p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ embodim5ts ( ! ,fr5*man's pr9ciple :i* ! _w ev] saw4 ,x is n ! illib]al religioni/ t rejects & ca/s x (f1--x is ! inductive philosoph]4 ,sci5ce addresses its ass]tors 9 ! language ( ! possess$ to ! sons ( ,sceva ! ,jew2--8,! a/ronom] ,i "k1 & ! geologi/ ,i "k2 b :o are ye80 ,"o ( ! /range/ passages 9 ! 8,sequel to ! ,ve/iges10 is t 9 :i* its au?or c>ries 8 appeal f ! tribunal ( sci5ce to 8ano!r tribunal10 indicat$ b n nam$1 be=e :i* 8?is new philosophy0 rem>kable *iefly = be+ nei!r philosophy nor new 8is to be truly & righte\sly judg$40 ,! pr9ciple is obvi\s1 on :i*1 7 8 oppon5ts m]e !ologians1 :olly unable1 ?\gh !y saw ! mis*iev\s "* & t5d5cy ( 8 conclusions1 to disprove !m sci5tifically1 he might appeal f !ology to sci5ce3 8x is ) sci5tific tru?10 he might urge1 8n ) moral consequ5ces1 t ,i h aught to d40 ,b on :at all[able pr9ciple1 pr(ess+1 z he does1 to f\nd 8 !ory on sci5tific fact1 c he appeal f sci5ce to ! want ( x8 8,aft] discuss+10 he says1 8! :ole argum5ts on bo? sides 9 s ample a mann]1 x may be h>dly necess>y to adv]t to ! objection aris+ f ! m]e fact1 t ne>ly all ! sci5tific m5 are oppos$ to ! !ory ( ! #8,ve/iges4' ,z ?is objection1 h[ev]1 is likely to be ( "s avail ) _m m9ds1 x ought n to be entirely pass$ ov]4 ,if ,i did n ?9k !re 7 reasons1 indep5d5t ( judgm5t1 = ! sci5tific class com+ s g5]ally to ?is conclusion1 ,i might feel ! m emb>rass$ 9 pres5t+ myself 9 direct opposition to s _m m5 possess+ tal5ts & in=mation4 ,z ! case really /&s1 ! ability ( ?is class to give at ! pres5t a true response ^u su* a subject appe>s extremely *all5geable4 ,x is no discr$it to !m t !y are1 almo/ )\t exception1 engag$ ea* 9 8 own little dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 & able to give little or no att5tion to o!r p>ts ( t va/ field4 ,f ye> to ye>1 & f age to age1 we see !m at "w1 add+1 no d\bt1 mu* to ! kn[n1 & advanc+ _m important int]e/s1 b at ! same "t do+ little = ! e/abli%m5t ( compreh5sive views ( nature ,exp]im5ts 9 h[ev] n>r[ a walk1 facts ( :atev] m9ut5ess1 make reputations 9 sci5tific societies2 all beyond is reg>d$ ) suspicion & di/ru/4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t philosophy1 z x exi/s among/ u1 does no?+ to raise its vot>ies above ! common ideas ( _! "t4 ,!re c !re=e be no?+ m conclusive aga9/ our hypo!sis 9 ! disfavor ( ! sci5tific class1 ?an 9 t ( any o!r section ( educat$ m540 ,?is is surely a v /range /atem5t4 ,waiv+ altoge!r ! g5]al fact1 t great orig9al discov]]s 9 any dep>tm5t ( k are nev] m5 ( "o sci5ce or "o faculty1 b possess1 on ! contr>y1 bread? ( m9d & multiplicity ( acquirem5t2--waiv+1 too1 ! p>ticul> fact1 t ! m di/+ui%$ orig9al discov]]s ( ! pres5t day rank among at once its mo/ philosophic1 mo/ elegant1 & mo/ ext5sively in=m$ writ]s2--grant+1 = ! argum5t's sake1 t our sci5tific m5 are m5 ( n>r[ acquirem5t1 & 8exclusively engag$1 ea* 9 8 own little dep>tm5t ( sci5ce20--x is surely rational to hold1 not)/&+1 t 9 at lea/ ^! little dep>tm5ts !y h a bett] "r to be he>d ?an any o!r class ( p]sons :atev]4 ,we mu/ surely n refuse to ! man ( sci5ce :at we at once grant to ! common me*anic4 ,a cotton-weav] or calico-pr9t] may be a v n>r[ man1 8exclusively engag$ 9 8 own little dep>tm5t20 & yet c]ta9 x is t1 9 a "q ( cotton-weav+ or calico-pr9t+1 8 evid5ce is ju/ly deem$ m conclusive 9 c\rts ( law ?an t ( any o!r man1 h[ev] mu* 8 sup]ior 9 g5]al bread? & intellig5ce4 ,& _h ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 f\nd$ 8 hypo!sis on c]ta9 facts p]ta9+ to ! arts ( cotton-weav+ & calico-pr9t+1 ! cotton-weav] & calico-pr9t] w\ld h an indisputable "r to be he>d on ! "q ( _! g5]al correctness4 ,are we to reg>d ! case z diff]5t because x is on facts p]ta9+ to sci5ce1 n to cotton-weav+ or calico-pr9t+1 t he pr(esses to f\nd8 ,8 hypo!sis1 unless support$ by sci5tific evid5ce1 is a m]e dream1--a fiction z baseless & wild z any 9 ! 8,fairy ,tales0 or ! 8,arabian ,nights40 ,&1 fully s5sible ( ! fact1 he calls 9 z witnesses ! physical sci5ces1 & pr(esses to take d[n _! evid5ce4 ,he calls into c\rt ,a/ronomy1 ,geology1 ,phytology1 & ,zoology4 8,hold60 exclaims ! a/ronom]1 z ! exam9ation goes on2 8y are tak+ ! evid5ce ( my special sci5ce mo/ unfairly2 ,i *all5ge a "r ( cross-exam9+ ! witness40 8,hold60 cries ! geologi/2 8y are putt+ my sci5ce to ! "q1 & extort+ f x1 9 its agony1 a :ole s]ies ( fictions3 ,i claim ! "r ( exam9+ x fairly & s(tly1 & gett+ f x j ! sob] tru?1 & no?+ m40 ,& ! phytologi/ & zoologi/ urge exactly simil> claims4 8,no1 g5tlem510 replies ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 8y are n>r[ m51 conf9$ ea* ( y to 8 own little dep>tm5t1 & s ,i w n p]mit y to cross-exam9e ! witnesses40 8,:at60 rejo9 ! m5 ( sci5ce1 8n p]mit u to exam9e our own witnesses6--refuse to u :at y w\ld at once conc$e to ! cotton-weav] or ! calico-pr9t]1 7 ! "q "o ( cotton-weav+ or ( calico-pr9t+6 ,we are surely n mu* n>r[] m5 ?an ! man ( cotton or ! man ( calico4 ,x is b 9 our own little dep>tm5ts t we ask to be he>d40 8,b y %all n be he>d1 g5tlem510 says ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges20 8at all ev5ts1 ,i %all n c>e "o f>?+ = any?+ y say4 ,= obs]ve1 g5tlem51 my hypo!sis is no?+ )\t ! evid5ce ( y\r sci5ces2 & y all unite1 ,i see1 9 tak+ t evid5ce f me2 & s ,i confid5tly raise my appeal 9 ?is matt] to p :o "k no?+ ab\t ei!r y or y\r sci5ces4 ,x mu/ be be=e ano!r tribunal t ! new philosophy is to be truly & righte\sly judg$40 ,alas6 :at c ?is mean8 or :]e are we to seek = t tribunal ( la/ resort to :i* ?is +5i\s man ref]s ) su* confid5ce ! consid]ation ( 8 case8 ,c x mean1 t he appeals f ! only class ( p]sons qualifi$ to judge ( 8 facts1 to a class ignorant ( ^!1 b dispos$ by habits ( previ\s scepticism to acquiesce 9 8 conclusions1 & take 8 premises = grant$2--t he appeals f a/ronom]s & geologi/s to l[-m9d$ mat]iali/s & %all[ phr5olog]s1--f phytologi/s & zoologi/s to mesm]i/s & phr5o-mesm]i/s8 ,i rememb] be+ mu* /ruck1 sev]al ye>s ago1 by a rem>k dropp$ 9 conv]sation by ! late ,rev4 ,mr4 ,/ew>t ( ,crom>ty1 "o ( ! mo/ orig9al-m9d$ m5 ,i ev] knew4 8,9 read+ 9 my ,greek ,new ,te/am5t ?is morn+10 he said1 8,i 0 curi\sly impress$ by a ?\ght :i*1 simple z x may seem1 nev] occurr$ to me be=e4 ,! portion :i* ,i p]us$ 0 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,pet]2 & z ,i pass$ f ! ?9k+ ( ! passage to ! language 9 :i* x is express$1--#8,?is ,greek ( ! untaught ,galilean fi%]man1'--,i said1 #8s admir$ by s*ol>s & critics = its unaffect$ dignity & =ce1 0 n acquir$1 z t ( ,paul may h be51 9 ! ord9>y way1 b =m$ a portion ( ! ,p5teco/al gift6 ,"h1 !n1 imm$iately "u my eye1 on ^! pages1 are !re embodi$1 n1 z 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,scriptures1 ! m]e details ( a miracle1 b ! direct results ( a miracle4 ,h[ /range6 ,_h ! old tables ( /one be5 plac$ be=e me1 ) :at an awe-/ruck feel+ w\ld ,i h look$ on ! *>act]s trac$ ^u !m by ,god's own f+]6 ,h[ is x t ,i h fail$ to rememb] t1 9 ! language ( ^! ,epi/les1 miracul\sly impress$ by ! ,div9e p[] ^u ! m9d1 ,i possess$ z significant & sugge/ive a relic z t :i* ! inscription miracul\sly impress$ by ! ,div9e p[] ^u ! /one c\ld possibly h furni%$80 ,x 0 a /rik+ ?\ght2 & 9 ! c\rse ( our walk1 :i* l$ u ov] ri*ly fossilif]\s b$s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 to a deposit ( ! ,ea?ie ,lias1 l>gely *>g$ ) ! *>act]i/ic rema9s ( t =mation1 ,i v5tur$ to connect x ) ano!r4 8,9 ei!r case10 ,i rem>k$1 z we seat$ ourselves beside a sea-cliff1 sculptur$ ov] ) ! impressions ( ext9ct plants & %ells1 8y\r relics1 :e!r ( ! ,p5teco/al ,greek or ( ! *>act]s inscrib$ on ! old tables ( /one1 c\ld address !mselves to b previ\sly exi/+ belief4 ,! sceptic w\ld see 9 ! ,s9aitic *>act]s1 7 !y plac$ be=e him1 m]ely ! "w ( an ord9>y tool2 & 9 ! ,greek ( ,pet] & ,john1 a well-kn[n language1 acquir$1 he w\ld hold1 9 ! common way4 ,b :at say y to ! relics t /& out 9 su* bold relief f ! rocks beside u1 9 _! "* z ! results ( miracle8 ,! p]i%$ tribes & races :i* !y repres5t all began to exi/4 ,!re is no tru? :i* sci5ce c m conclusively demon/rate ?an t !y _h all a beg9n+4 ,! infidel :o1 9 ?is late age ( ! _w1 w\ld attempt fall+ back on ! fiction ( an #8inf9ite s]ies1' w\ld be laugh$ to scorn4 ,!y all began to be4 ,b h[8 ,no true geologi/ holds by ! developm5t hypo!sis2--x has be5 resign$ to scioli/s & smatt]]s2--& !re is b "o o!r alt]native4 ,!y began to be1 ?r\gh ! miracle ( creation4 ,f ! evid5ce furni%$ by ^! rocks we are %ut d[n ei!r to ! belief 9 miracle1 or to ! belief 9 some?+ else inf9itely h>d] ( reception1 & z ?or\ghly unsupport$ by te/imony z x is contr>y to exp]i5ce4 ,hume is at l5g? answ]$ by ! sev]e tru?s ( ! /ony sci5ce4 ,he 0 n1 accord+ to ,job1 #89 league ) ! /ones ( ! field1' & !y h ris5 9 irresi/ible w>f>e aga9/ him 9 ! ,creator's behalf40 ,,f9al ,,causes4--,,_! ,,be>+ ,,on ,,geologic ,,hi/ory4 ,,conclusion4 8,natural ,hi/ory has a pr9ciple on :i* to reason10 says ,cuvi]1 8:i* is peculi> to x1 & :i* x employs advantage\sly on _m occasions3 x is t ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 commonly t]m$ f9al causes40 ,9 ,geology1 :i* is ,natural ,hi/ory ext5d$ ov] all ages1 ?is pr9ciple has a /ill wid] scope1--embrac+ n m]ely ! *>act]i/ics & conditions ( ! be+s :i* n[ exi/1 b ( all1 s f> z we c le>n reg>d+ !m1 :i* h ev] exi/$1 & involv+ ! consid]ation ( n m]ely _! peculi>ities z races plac$ be=e u )\t relation to "t1 b also ( ! hi/ory ( _! rise1 increase1 decl9e1 & ext9ction4 ,9 /udy+ ! biography1 if ,i may s express myself1 ( an individual animal1 we h to acqua9t ourselves ) ! circum/ances 9 :i* nature has plac$ x1--its adaptation to ^!1 bo? 9 /ructure & in/9ct1--! po9ts ( resemblance :i* x pres5ts to ! individuals ( o!r races & families1 & ! laws :i* det]m9e its t]ms ( developm5t1 vigor\s exi/5ce1 & decay4 ,& all ,natural ,hi/ory1 :5 re/rict$ to ! pass+ n[ ( ! _w's annals1 is simply a cong]ies ( biographies4 ,x is :5 we ext5d our view into ! geological field t x passes f biography into hi/ory prop]1 & t we h to rise f ! consid]ation ( ! bir? & dea? ( individuals1 :i*1 9 all m]e biographies1 =m ! great t]m9al ev5ts t con/itute beg9n+ & end1 to a survey ( ! bir? & dea? ( races1 & ! elevation or degradation ( dyna/ies & sub-k+doms4 ,we le>n f human hi/ory t nations are z c]ta9ly mortal z m54 ,!y enjoy a greatly long] t]m ( exi/5ce1 b !y die at la/3 ,roll9's ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,nations is a hi/ory ( ! dead4 ,& we are taught by geological hi/ory1 9 l mann]1 t species are z mortal z individuals & nations1 & t ev5 g5]a & families become ext9ct4 ,!re is no man ^u e>? at ! pres5t mom5t ^: age greatly exce$s an hundr$ ye>s2--!re is no nation n[ ^u e>? 7if we p]haps except ! long-liv$ ,*9ese7 t also fl\ri%$ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago2--!re is no species n[ liv+ ^u e>? t dates beyond ! times ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,all be> ! /amp ( dea?1--individuals1--nations1--species2 & we may sc>ce less safely pr$icate1 look+ ^u ! pa/1 t x is appo9t$ = nations & species to die1 ?an t x 8is appo9t$ = man once to die40 ,ev5 our own species1 z n[ con/itut$1--) in/9cts t con=m to ! orig9al injunction1 8increase & multiply10 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 8m>ry & are giv5 9 m>riage10--%all "o day cease to exi/3 a fact n less 9 accordance ) beliefs insep>able f ! fai? ( ! ,*ri/ian1 ?an ) ! widely-f\nd$ exp]i5ce ( ! geologi/4 ,n[1 x is sc>ce possible = ! human m9d to become acqua9t$ ) ! fact1 t at c]ta9 p]iods species began to exi/ & !n1 aft] ! lapse ( untold ages1 ceas$ to be1 )\t inquir+ :e!r1 f ! 8conditions ( exi/5ce1 commonly t]m$ f9al causes10 we _c d$uce a reason = _! rise or decl9e1 or :y _! t]m ( be+ %\ld h be5 includ$ r 9 "o c]ta9 p]iod ( "t ?an ano!r4 ,! same faculty :i* f9ds employm5t 9 trac+ to _! causes ! rise & fall ( nations1 & :i* x is ! m]it ( ! philosophic hi/orian judici\sly to ex]cise1 w to a c]ta9ty seek employm5t 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( hi/ory also2 & t !re w be an appet5cy = su* speculations 9 ! public m9d1 we may inf] f ! success1 z a lit]>y und]tak+1 ( ! 8,ve/iges ( ,creation10--a "w t be>s ! same sort ( relation1 9 ?is special field to sob] inquiry1 f\nd$ on ! true conditions ( ?+s1 t ! leg5ds ( ! old *ronicl]s bore to au!ntic hi/ory4 ,! progressive /ate ( geologic sci5ce has hi!rto militat$ aga9/ ! =mation ( !ory ( ! sob]] "*4 ,its facts--/ill m]ely 9 ! =m+--are necess>ily imp]fect 9 _! classification1 & limit$ 9 _! am\nt2 & ?us ! ess5tial data cont9ues incomplete4 ,besides1 ! m5 be/ acqua9t$ ) ! basis ( fact :i* already exi/s1 h q en\gh to engage !m 9 add+ to x4 ,b !re are limits to ! field ( palontological discov]y1 9 its relation to :at may be t]m$ ! *ronology ( organiz$ exi/5ce1 :i*1 judg+ f ! progress ( ! sci5ce 9 ! pa/1 may be well nigh rea*$ 9 favor$ localities1 su* z ! ,briti% isl&s1 9 ab\t a qu>t] ( a c5tury f ! pres5t "t2 & !n1 ,i d\bt n1 geological hi/ory1 9 legitimate con=mity ) ! laws ( m9d1 & f ! exi/5ce ( ! pregnant pr9ciple peculi>1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1 to t sci5ce ( :i* ,geology is simply an ext5sion1 w assume a v extraord9>y =m4 ,we _c yet aspire 8to ! height ( ?is great argum5t30 our f\ndations are 9 p>ts /ill unconsolidat$ & incomplete1 & unfitt$ to su/a9 ! p]fect sup]/ructure :i* %all "o day assur$ly rise ^u !m2 b f ! little :i* we c n[ see1 8z if 9 a glass d>kly10 en\gh appe>s f :i* to 8,ass]t et]nal ,provid5ce1 ,& ju/ify ! ways ( ,god to m540 ,! hi/ory ( ! f\r great mon>*ies ( ! _w 0 typifi$1 9 ! prophetic dream ( ! anci5t ,babyloni% k+1 by a colossal image1 8t]rible 9 its =m & brightness10 ( :i* ! 8head 0 pure gold10 ! 8brea/ & arms ( silv]10 ! 8belly & ?ighs ( brass10 & ! legs & feet 8( iron1 & ( iron m+l$ ) clay40 ,! vision 9 :i* x =m$ ! c5tral object 0 appropriately t ( a puissant mon>*2 & ! image itself typifi$ ! m]ely human mon>*ies ( ! e>?4 ,x w\ld require a widely diff]5t figure to symbolize ! great mon>*ies ( creation4 ,& yet ,revelation does furni% su* a figure4 ,x is t :i* 0 witness$ by ! captive prophet beside 8! riv] ,*eb>10 :5 8! heav5s 7 op5$1 & he saw visions ( ,god40 ,9 t *>iot ( ,deity1 gl[+ 9 fire & amb]1 ) its complex :eels 8s high t !y 7 dreadful10 set r\nd ab\t ) eyes1 !re 7 liv+ creatures1 ( ^: f\r faces ?ree 7 brute & "o human2 & high ov] all sat ! ,son ( ,man4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if1 9 ?is sublime vision1--9 :i*1 ) features di/9ct en\gh to impress ! imag9ation1 !re m+le ! elem5ts ( an awful incompreh5sibility1 & :i* ev5 ! g5ius ( ,raffaelle has fail$ adequately to portray1--! hi/ory ( all ! pa/ & ( all ! future _h be5 symboliz$4 ,9 ! ord] ( ,provid5ce intimat$ 9 ! geologic record1 ! brute faces1 z 9 ! vision1 outnumb] ! human2--! human dyna/y is "o1 & ! dyna/ies ( ! inf]ior animals are ?ree2 & yet :o c d\bt t !y all equally compose p>ts ( a well-ord]$ & p]fect :ole1 z ! f\r faces =m$ b "o *]ubim2 t !y h be5 mov+ onw>d to a def9ite goal1 9 ! unity ( "o gr& h>moni\s design1--n[ 8lift$ up high0 ov] ! compreh5sion ( e>?1--n[ let d[n to its humble level2 & t ! ,creator ( all has be5 ev] seat$ ov] !m on ! ?rone ( 8 provid5ce1--a 8lik5ess 9 ! appe>ance ( a man10--embody+ ! p]fection ( 8 nature 9 8 work+s1 & det]m9+ ! end f ! beg9n+8 ,!re is geologic evid5ce1 z has be5 %[n1 t 9 ! c\rse ( creation ! high] ord]s succe$$ ! l[]4 ,we h no good reason to believe t ! mollusc & cru/acean prec$$ ! fi%1 see+ t discov]y1 9 its sl[ c\rse1 has already trac$ ! v]tebrata 9 ! i*?yic =m1 d[n to deposits :i* only a few ye>s ago 7 reg>d$ z repres5tatives ( ! fir/ beg9n+s ( organiz$ exi/5ce on our planet1 & t x has at ! same "t fail$ to add a l[] sy/em to t 9 :i* _! rema9s occur4 ,b ! fi% seems mo/ c]ta9ly to h prec$$ ! reptile & ! bird2 ! reptile & ! bird to h prec$$ ! mammif]\s quadrup$2 & ! mammif]\s quadrup$ to h prec$$ man1--rational1 acc\ntable man1 :om ,god creat$ 9 8 own image1--! mu*-lov$ ,b5jam9 ( ! family1--la/-born ( all creatures4 ,x is ( itself an extraord9>y fact1 )\t ref]5ce to o!r consid]ations1 t ! ord] adopt$ by ,cuvi]1 9 8 animal k+dom1 z t 9 :i* ! f\r great classes ( v]tebrate animals1 :5 m>%all$ accord+ to _! rank & /&+1 naturally range %\ld be also t 9 :i* !y occur 9 ord] ( "t4 ,! bra9 :i* be>s an av]age proportion to ! sp9al cord ( n m ?an two to "o1 came fir/1--x is ! bra9 ( ! fi%2 t :i* be>s to ! sp9al cord an av]age proportion ( two & a half to "o succe$$ x1--x is ! bra9 ( ! reptile2 !n came ! bra9 av]ag+ z ?ree to "o1--x is t ( ! bird2 next 9 succession came ! bra9 t av]ages z f\r to "o1--x is t ( ! mammal2 & la/ ( all !re appe>$ a bra9 t av]ages z tw5ty-?ree to "o1--reason+1 calculat+ man _h come ^u ! sc5e4 ,all ! facts ( geological sci5ce are ho/ile to ! ,lam>ckian conclusion1 t ! l[] bra9s 7 develop$ into ! high]4 ,z if ) ! express int5tion ( prev5t+ s gross a mis-read+ ( ! record1 we f9d1 9 at lea/ two classes ( animals1--fi%es & reptiles1--! high] races plac$ at ! beg9n+3 ! slope ( ! incl9$ plane is laid1 if "o may s speak1 9 ! rev]se way1 &1 in/ead ( ris+ t[>ds ! level ( ! succe$+ class1 incl9es d[nw>ds1 ) at lea/ ! effect1 if n ! design1 ( mak+ ! break :]e !y meet exce$+ly well m>k$ & conspicu\s4 ,& yet ! record does seem to speak ( developm5t & progression2--n1 h[ev]1 9 ! prov9ce ( organiz$ exi/5ce1 b 9 t ( ins5sate matt]1 subject to ! purely *emical laws4 ,x is 9 ! /yle & "* ( ! dwell+-place t gradual improvem5t seems to h tak5 place2--n 9 ! functions or ! rank ( any class ( its inhabitants2 & x is ) special ref]5ce to ?is gradual improvem5t 9 our common mansion-h\se ! e>?1 9 its be>+ on ! 8conditions ( exi/5ce10 t n a few ( our reason+s reg>d+ ! introduction & ext9ction ( species & g5]a mu/ proce$4 ,t def9ite p]iod at :i* man 0 introduc$ ^u ! sc5e seems to h be5 specially det]m9$ by ! conditions ( correspond5ce :i* ! ph5om5a ( 8 habitation _h at l5g? come to assume ) ! pr$e/9$ con/itution ( 8 m9d4 ,! l>ge reason+ bra9 w\ld h be5 :olly out ( place 9 ! e>li] ages4 ,x is indubitably ! nature ( man to base ! conclusions :i* regulate all 8 actions on fix$ ph5om5a1--he reasons f cause to effect1 or f effect to cause2 & :5 plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i*1 f "s lack ( ! necess>y basis1 he _c s reason1 he becomes a wret*$1 timid1 sup]/iti\s creature1 greatly m helpless & abject ?an ev5 ! inf]ior animals4 ,?is unhappy /ate is /rik+ly exemplifi$ by t deep & peculi> impression made on ! m9d by a sev]e e>?quake1 :i* ,humboldt1 f 8 own exp]i5ce1 s p[]fully describes4 8,?is impression10 he says1 8is n1 9 my op9ion1 ! result ( a recollection ( ^? fe>ful pictures ( deva/ation pres5t$ to our imag9ation by ! hi/orical n>ratives ( ! pa/1 b is r due to ! sudd5 revelation ( ! delusive nature ( ! inh]5t fai? by :i* we _h clung to a belief 9 ! immobility ( ! solid p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,we are accu/om$ f e>ly *ildhood to draw a contra/ betwe5 ! mobility ( wat] & ! immobility ( ! soil on :i* we tread2 & ?is feel+ is confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,:51 !re=e1 we sudd5ly feel ! gr\nd move b5ea? u1 a my/]i\s =ce1 ) :i* we 7 previ\sly unacqua9t$1 is reveal$ to u z an active di/urb] ( /ability4 ,a mom5t de/roys ! illusion ( a :ole life2 our deceptive fai? 9 ! repose ( nature vani%es2 & we feel transport$ into a realm ( unkn[n de/ructive =ces4 ,e s\nd--! fa9te/ motion ( ! air--arre/s our att5tion1 & we no long] tru/ ! gr\nd on :i* we /&4 ,!re is an idea convey$ to ! m9d1 ( "s univ]sal & unlimit$ dang]4 ,we may flee f ! crat] ( a volcano 9 active eruption1 or f ! dwell+ ^: de/ruction is ?reat5$ by ! approa* ( ! lava /ream2 b 9 an e>?quake1 direct our flight :i!rsoev] we w1 we /ill feel z if we trod ^u ! v focus ( de/ruction40 ,n less /rik+ is ! te/imony ( ,dr4 ,ts*udi1 9 8 8,travels 9 ,p]u10 reg>d+ ?is s+ul> effect ( e>?quakes on ! human m9d4 8,no famili>ity ) ! ph5om5on c10 he rem>ks1 8blunt ! feel+4 ,! inhabitant ( ,lima1 :o f *ildhood has frequ5tly witness$ ^! convulsions ( nature1 is r\s$ f 8 sleep by ! %ock1 & ru%es f 8 ap>tm5t ) ! cry ( #8,mis]icordia6' ,! =eign] f ! nor? ( ,europe1 :o kn[s no?+ ( e>?quakes b by description1 waits ) impati5ce to feel ! movem5ts ( ! e>?1 & longs to he> ) 8 own e> ! subt]ranean s\nds1 :i* he has hi!rto consid]$ fabul\s4 ,) levity he treats ! appreh5sion ( a com+ convulsion1 & laughs at ! fe>s ( ! natives2 b z soon z 8 wi% is gratifi$1 he is t]ror-/rick51 & is involunt>ily prompt$ to seek safety 9 flight40 ,n[1 a p>tially consolidat$ planet1 tempe/$ by frequ5t e>?quakes ( su* t]rible pot5cy1 t ^? ( ! hi/oric ages w\ld be b m]e ripples ( ! e>?'s surface 9 comp>ison1 c\ld be no prop] home = a creature s con/itut$4 ,! fi% or reptile1--animals ( a limit$ range ( in/9ct1 exce$+ly t5aci\s ( life 9 mo/ ( _! v>ieties1 ovip>\s1 prolific1 & ^: "y imm$iately on _! escape f ! egg c provide = !mselves1 might enjoy exi/5ce 9 su* circum/ances1 to ! full ext5t ( _! n>r[ capacities2 & :5 sudd5 dea? fell ^u !m1--?\gh _! rema9s1 scatt]$ ov] wide areas1 cont9ue to exhibit t di/ortion ( po/ure incid5t to viol5t dissolution1 :i* seems to speak ( t]ror & suff]+1--we may safely conclude !re 0 b little real suff]+ on ! case3 !y 7 happy up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & unconsci\s =ev] aft]4 ,fi%es & reptiles 7 ! prop] inhabitants ( our planet dur+ ! ages ( ! e>?-tempe/s2 & :51 "u ! op]ation ( ! *emical laws1 ^! _h become less frequ5t & t]rible1 ! high] mammals 7 introduc$4 ,t prolong$ ages ( ^! tempe/s did exi/1 & t !y gradually settl$ d[n1 until ! /ate ( ?+s became at l5g? comp>atively fix$ & /able1 few geologi/s w be dispos$ to d5y4 ,! evid5ce :i* supports ?is special !ory ( ! developm5t ( our planet 9 its capabilities z a sc5e ( organiz$ & s5ti5t be+1 seems palpable at e /ep4 ,look fir/ at ^! ,grauwacke rocks2 &1 aft] m>k+ h[ 9 "o place ! /rata h be5 upturn$ on _! edges = miles toge!r1 & h[ 9 ano!r ! ,plutonic rock has ris5 molt5 f bel[1 pass on to ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 & exam9e its significant plat=ms ( viol5t dea?1--its faults1 displacem5ts1 & dislocations2 see1 next1 9 ! ,coal ,measures1 ^? evid5ces ( s9k+ & ev]-s9k+ /rata1 = ?\s&s ( feet toge!r2 m>k 9 ! ,oolite ^? va/ ov]ly+ masses ( trap1 /ret*+ a?w>t ! l&scape1 f> z ! eye c rea*2 obs]ve c>efully h[ ! signs ( convulsion & cata/rophe gradually less5 z we desc5d to ! times ( ! ,t]ti>y1 ?\gh ev5 9 ^! ages ( ! mammif]\s quadrup$ ! e>? mu/ h _h its (t-recurr+ ague fits ( frightful int5sity2 & !n1 on clos+ ! survey1 consid] h[ exce$+ly p>tial & unfrequ5t ^! e>?-tempe/s h become 9 ! rec5t p]iods4 ,yes2 we f9d e :]e m>ks ( at once progression & id5tity1--( progress made1 & yet id5tity ma9ta9$2 b x is 9 ! habitation t we f9d !m1--n 9 ! inhabitants4 ,!re is a tract ( c\ntry 9 ,h9du/an t conta9s ne>ly z _m squ>e miles z all ,great ,brita91 cov]$ to ! dep? ( hundr$s ( feet by "o va/ ov]fl[ ( trap2 a track simil>ly ov]fl[n1 :i* exce$s 9 area all ,engl&1 occurs 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,! e>?'s surface is r\gh5$ ) su*1--mottl$ z ?ickly by ! ,plutonic masses z ! sk9 ( ! leop>d by its spots4 ,! trap di/rict :i* surr\nds our ,scotti% metropolis1 & imp>ts s impos+ a "* to its sc5]y1 is too inconsid]able to be m>k$ on geological maps ( ! _w1 t we yet see /reak$ & speckl$ ) simil> memorials1 ?\gh on an imm5sely va/] scale1 ( ! eruption & ov]fl[ :i* took place 9 ! e>?quake ages4 ,:at c\ld man h done on ! globe at a "t :5 su* outbur/s 7 comp>atively common occurr5ces8 ,:at c\ld he h done :]e ,ed9burgh n[ /&s dur+ t ov]fl[ ( trap porphyry ( :i* ! ,p5tl& range =ms b a fragm5t1 or t outbur/ ( gre5/one ( :i* b a portion rema9s 9 ! d>k pond]\s cop+ ( ,salisbury ,craigs1 or :5 ! ?ick floor ( rock on :i* ! city /&s 0 brok5 up1 l ! ice ( an arctic sea dur+ a tempe/ 9 spr+1 & laid on edge f :]e x leans aga9/ ! ,ca/le ,hill to beyond ! qu>ries at ,joppa8 ,! reason+ bra9 w\ld h be5 :olly at fault 9 a sc5e ( ?+s 9 :i* x c\ld nei!r =esee ! ext]m9at+ calamity :ile yet di/ant1 nor control x :5 x _h come2 & s ! reason+ bra9 0 n produc$ until ! sc5e _h und]gone a sl[ b ?or\gh process ( *ange1 dur+ :i*1 at ea* progressive /age1 x _h furni%$ a plat=m = high] & /ill high] life4 ,:5 ! conif] c\ld fl\ri% on ! l&1 & fi%es subsi/ 9 ! seas1 fi%es & cone-be>+ plants 7 creat$2 :5 ! e>? became a fit habitat = reptiles & birds1 reptiles & birds 7 produc$2 ) ! dawn ( a m /able & mature /ate ( ?+s ! sagaci\s quadrup$ 0 u%]$ 92 &1 la/ ( all1 :5 man's h\se 0 fully prep>$ = him1--:5 ! data on :i* x is 8 nature to reason & calculate _h become fix$ & c]ta91--! reason+1 calculat+ bra9 0 m\ld$ by ! creative f+]1 & man became a liv+ s\l4 ,su* seems to be ! true read+ ( ! wondr\s inscription *isell$ deep 9 ! rocks4 ,x furni%es u ) no clue by :i* to unravel ! unapproa*able my/]ies ( creation2--^! my/]ies belong to ! wondr\s ,creator1 & to ,him only4 ,we attempt to !orize ^u !m1 & to r$uce !m to law1 & all nature rises up aga9/ u 9 our presumptu\s rebellion4 ,a /ray spl9t] ( cone-be>+ wood1--a fi%'s skull or too?1--! v]tebra ( a reptile1--! hum]us ( a bird1--! jaw ( a quadrup$1--all1 any ( ^! ?+s1 weak & insignificant z !y may seem1 become 9 su* a qu>rel too /rong = u & our !ory3 ! puny fragm5t1 9 ! grasp ( tru?1 =ms z irresi/ible a weapon z ! dry bone did 9 t ( ,samson ( old2 & our slaught]$ sophisms lie pil$ up1 8heaps ^u heaps10 be=e x4 ,!re is no geological fact nor reveal$ doctr9e ) :i* ?is special s*eme ( developm5t does n agree4 ,to e tru?1 too1 really su*1 f :i* ! antagoni/ s*eme d]ives its %ad[y analogies1 x leaves its full value4 ,x has no qu>rel ) ! facts ( ev5 ! 8,ve/iges10 9 _! "* z realities4 ,!re is c]ta9ly some?+ v extraord9>y 9 t ftal progress ( ! human bra9 on :i* ! ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis h f\nd$ s mu*4 ,nature1 9 con/ruct+ ?is curi\s organ1 fir/ lays d[n a groov$ cord1 z ! c>p5t] lays d[n ! keel ( 8 vessel2 & on ?is n>r[ base ! p]fect bra91 z mon? aft] mon? passes by1 is gradually built up1 l ! vessel f ! keel4 ,fir/ x gr[s up into a bra9 closely resembl+ t ( a fi%2 a few additions m conv]t x into a bra9 undi/+ui%able f t ( a reptile2 a few additions m imp>t to x ! p]fect appe>ance ( ! bra9 ( a bird2 x !n developes into a bra9 exce$+ly l t ( a mammif]\s quadrup$2 &1 f9ally1 exp&+ atop1 & spread+ out its deeply corrugat$ lobes1 till !y project widely ov] ! base1 x assumes its unique "* z a human bra94 ,radically su* f ! fir/1 x passes t[>ds its full developm5t1 ?r\gh all ! inf]ior =ms1 f t ( ! fi% upw>ds1--?us compris+1 dur+ its ftal progress1 an epitome ( geologic hi/ory1 z if ea* man 7 9 himself1 n ! microcosm ( ! old fanciful philosoph]1 b some?+ greatly m wond]ful1--a comp5dium ( all animat$ nature1 & ( k9 to e creature t lives4 ,h5ce ! rem>k1 t man is ! sum total ( all animals1--8! animal equival5t10 says ,ok51 8to ! :ole animal k+dom40 ,we are p]haps too mu* 9 ! habit ( sett+ aside real facts1 :5 !y h be5 fir/ seiz$ ^u by ! infidel1 & appropriat$ to ! purposes ( unbelief1 z if !y _h suff]$ contam9ation 9 8 h&s4 ,we =get1 l ! bro!r 8weak 9 ! fai?10 in/anc$ by ! ,apo/le1 t !y are 9 !mselves 8creatures ( ,god20 & too readily reject ! lesson :i* !y tea*1 simply because !y h be5 (f]$ 9 sacrifice to an idol4 ,& ?is /range fact ( ! progress ( ! human bra9 is assur$ly a fact none ! less wor? look+ at f ! circum/ance t infidelity has look$ at x fir/4 ,on no pr9ciple recognizable 9 "r reason c x be urg$ 9 support ( ! developm5t hypo!sis2--x is a fact ( ftal developm5t1 & ( t only4 ,b x w\ld be well %\ld x lead our metaphysicians to inquire :e!r !y h n be5 r5d]+ _! sci5ce too insulat$ & exclusive2 & :e!r ! m9d t works by a bra9 ?us 8fe>fully & wond]fully made10 ought n to be view$ r 9 connection ) all animat$ nature1 especially z we f9d nature exemplifi$ 9 ! v>i\s v]tebral =ms1 ?an z a ?+ fundam5tally ab/ract & di/9ct4 ,! bra9 built up ( all ! types ( bra91 may be ! organ ( a m9d comp\nd$1 if ,i may s express myself1 ( all ! v>ieties ( m9d4 ,x w\ld be p]haps ov] fanciful to urge t x is ! creature :o has made himself free ( all ! elem5ts1 ^: bra9 has be5 ?us 9 succession t ( all _! prop] d5iz5s2 & t !re is no animal in/9ct1 ! function ( :i* _c be illu/rat$ by "s art ma/]$ by man3 b !re c be no?+ ov] fanciful 9 ! sugge/ion1 f\nd$ on ?is fact ( ftal developm5t1 t possibly "s ( ! m obscure signs impress$ ^u ! human "* may be be/ read ?r\gh ! spectacles ( physical sci5ce4 ,! successive phases ( ! ftal bra9 give at lea/ fair w>n+ t1 9 trac+ to its fir/ pr9ciples ! moral & intellectual nature ( man1 :at is prop]ly 8 8natural hi/ory0 %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,ok51 aft] describ+ ! human creature 9 "o passage z 8equival5t to ! :ole animal k+dom10 designates him 9 ano!r z 8,god :olly manife/$10 & z 8,god become man20--a /yle ( expression at :i* ! ,engli% read] may />t1 z t ( ! 8big m\? speak+ blasphemy10 b :i* has become exce$+ly common among ! nationali/s ( ! ,cont95t4 ,! irrev]5t naturali/ ought surely to h rememb]$1 t ! sum total ( all ! animals _c be diff]5t 9 its nature f ! v>i\s sums ( :i* x is an aggregate1--see+ t no summation ev] diff]s 9 quality f ! items summ$ up1 :i* compose x1--& t1 ?\gh x may am\nt 9 ?is case to man ! animal1--to man1 z he may be weigh$1 & measur$1 & subject$ to ! dissect+ knife1--x _c possibly am\nt to ,god4 ,is ,god m]ely a sum total ( birds & bea/s1 reptiles & fi%es2--a m]e ,egyptian deity1 compos$ ( fanta/ic hi]oglyphics d]iv$ f ! =ms ( ! brute creation8 ,! impieties ( ! transc5d5tali/ may1 h[ev]1 s]ve to illu/rate t mode ( seiz+ on t]ms :i*1 z ! mo/ sacr$ 9 ! message ( revelation1 h be5 long c\pl$ 9 ! popul> m9d ) sav+ tru?s1 & =cibly compell+ !m to be> "s vision>y & illusive mean+1 :olly =eign to t ) :i* !y 7 orig9ally inve/$1 :i* has become s rem>kable a "p ( ! policy ( mod]n infidelity4 ,rationalism has le>n$ to sacrifice to ,deity ) a c]ta9 measure ( con=mity to ! requir$ patt]n2 b x is a con=mity 9 appe>ance only1 n 9 reality3 ! sacrifice always resembles t ( ,prome!us ( old1 :o pres5t$ to ,jupit] :at1 ?\gh x seem$ to be an ox )\t blemi%1 0 m]ely an ox-sk9 /uff$ full ( bones & g>bage4 ,!re is ano!r v rem>kable class ( facts 9 geological hi/ory1 :i* appe> to fall z legitimately )9 ! scope ( argum5t f\nd$ on f9al causes1 z ^? :i* be> on ! appe>ance ( man at 8 prop] era4 ,! p]iod ( ! mammif]\s quadrup$s seems1 l ! succe$+ human p]iod1 to h be5 det]m9$1 z ,i h said1 by ! e>?'s fitness at ! "t z a place ( habitation = creatures s =m$4 ,& ! bulk to :i*1 9 ! m extreme cases1 !y atta9$1 appe>s to h be5 regulat$1 z 9 ! high] mammals n[1 ) ref]5ce to ! =ce ( gravity at ! e>?'s surface4 ,! ,mega!rium & ! ,ma/odon1 ! ,d9o!rium & ! ext9ct elephant1 increas$ 9 bulk1 9 ob$i5ce to ! laws ( ! specific con/itution imp>t$ to !m at _! creation2 & ^! laws bore ref]5ce1 9 turn1 to ano!r law1--t law ( gravity :i* det]m9es t no creature :i* moves 9 air & treads ! surface ( ! e>? %\ld exce$ a c]ta9 weight or size4 ,to v ne> ! limits assign$ by ?is law "s ( ! anci5t quadrup$s arose4 ,x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ! ,d9o!rium1 ! mo/ gigantic ( mammals1 may n h be51 l ! exi/+ sea-lions & morses1 ma9ly an aquatic quadrup$2--an inf]5ce gr\nd$ on ! circum/ance t1 9 at lea/ portions ( its framework1 x seems to h ris5 beyond ^! limits4 ,n[1 x does n seem wond]ful t1 ) app>5t ref]5ce to ! po9t at :i* ! gravity ( bodies at ! e>?'s surface bisects ! conditions ( texture & matt] necess>y to exi/5ce among ! sub-a]ial v]tebrata1 ! reptiles ( ! ,second>y p]iods %\ld h gr[n up 9 "s ( _! species & g5]a to ! extreme size4 ,a _w ( frogs1 newts1 & liz>ds w\ld h borne /amp$ ^u x ! impress ( a tame & mis]able m$iocrity1 t w\ld h h>moniz$ ill ) ! ext5t ( ! e>?'s capabilities = support+ life on a l>ge scale4 ,!re w\ld be no pr9ciple ( adaptation or rule ( proportion ma9ta9$ betwe5 an animal k+dom compos$ ( s contemptible a gr\p ( be+s1 & ei!r ! dynamic laws "u :i* matt] exi/s on our planet1 or ! luxuriant vegetation :i* x bore dur+ ! ,second>y ages4 ,& su* 0 n ! "* ( ! gr\p :i* compos$ ! reptile dyna/y4 ,! ,iguanodon mu/ h be5 q z tall z ! elephant1--greatly long]1 &1 x w\ld seem1 at lea/ z bulky4 ,! ,megalosaurus mu/ h at lea/ equall$ ! rh9oc]os2 ! ,hylosaurus w\ld h outweigh$ ! hippopotamus4 ,& :5 reptiles t rivall$ 9 size our huge/ mammals inhabit$ ! l&1 o!r reptiles1--,i*?yosaurs1 ,plesiosaurs1 & ,cetiosaurs1--sc>ce less bulky ?an ! cetacea !mselves1 possess$ ! sea4 ,n only 0 ! plat=m ( be+ occupi$ 9 all its bread?1 b also 9 all its height2 & x is accord+ to our simpl] & m obvi\s ideas ( adaptation--simple & obvi\s because glean$ f ! v surface ( ! univ]se ( life--t su* %\ld h be5 ! case4 ,b x does appe> /range1 because "u ! regulation1 x w\ld seem1 ( a pr9ciple ( adaptation m occult1 &1 if ,i may s speak1 m ,provid5tial1 t no soon] are ! huge mammals introduc$ z a gr\p1 ?an1 ) b a few exceptions1 ! reptiles appe> 9 greatly dim9i%$ proportions4 ,!y no long] occupy ! plat=m to its full ext5t ( height4 ,ev5 9 tropical c\ntries1 9 :i* c]ta9 families ( mammals /ill atta9 to ! maximum size1 ! reptiles1 if we except ! crocodilean family1 a few h>mless turtles1 & ! degrad$ boas & py?ons1 are a small & comp>atively unimportant race4 ,nay1 ! exi/+ giants ( ! class--! crocodiles & boas--h>dly equal 9 bulk ! ?ird-rate reptiles ( ! ages ( ! ,oolite & ! ,weald54 ,s f> z c be se51 !re is no reason d$uceable f ! nature ( ?+s1 :y ! c\ntry t su/a9s a mammal bulky z ! elephant1 %\ld n also support a reptile huge z ! ,iguanodon2 or :y ! ,megalosaurus1 ,hylosaurus1 & ,dicynodon1 might n h be5 contempor>y ) ! lion1 tig]1 & rh9oc]os4 ,! *ange :i* took place 9 ! reptile gr\p imm$iately on _! de?ronem5t at ! close ( ! ,second>y p]iod1 seems sc>ce less /range ?an t sung by ,milton3-- 8,behold a wond]6 ,!y b n[ :o seem$ ,9 bigness to surpass e>?'s giant sons1 ,n[ less ?an smalle/ dw>fs1 9 n>r[ room ,?rong$ numb]less2 l t pygmean race ,beyond ! ,indian m\nt2 or fairy elves1 ,^: midnight revels1 by a =e/ side ,or f\nta91 "s belat$ peasant sees1 ,or dreams he sees1 :ile1 ov]head1 ! moon ,sits arbitress1 & ne>] to ! e>? ,:eels h] pale c\rse40 ,b ?\gh we _c assign a cause = ?is g5]al r$uction ( ! reptile class1 save simply ! w ( ! all-wise ,creator1 ! reason :y x %\ld h tak5 place seems easily assignable4 ,x 0 a bold say+ ( ! old philosophic hea!n1 t 8,god is ! s\l ( brutes20 b writ]s on in/9ct 9 ev5 our own times h said less w>rantable ?+s4 ,god does seem to d = _m ( ! inf]ior animals ( ! l[] divisions1 :i*1 ?\gh devoid ( bra9 & v]tebral column1 are yet skilful *emi/s & accompli%$ ar*itects & ma!maticians1 :at he enables man1 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( ! reason+ faculty1 to d = himself2 & ! anci5t philosoph] meant no m4 ,& 9 cle>+ away ! giants ( ! reptile dyna/y1 :5 _! k+dom _h pass$ away1 & !n re-introduc+ ! class z mu* %runk5 9 _! proportions z re/rict$ 9 _! doma9s1 ! ,creator seems to h be5 do+ = ! mammals :at man1 9 ! "* ( a 8mighty hunt] be=e ! ,"l10 does = himself4 ,!re is 9 nature v little ( :at c be call$ w>4 ,! cities ( ?is c\ntry _c be said to be 9 a /ate ( w>1 ?\gh _! cattle-m>kets are ?rong$ e week ) animals = slaught] & ! but*] & fi%mong] f9d _! places ( bus9ess ?rong$ ) cu/om]s4 ,& su*1 9 ! ma91 is ! condition ( ! animal _w2--x consi/s ( its two classes1--animals ( prey1 & ! animals ^u :i* !y prey3 its w>s are simply ^? ( ! but*] & fi%]1 light5$ by a da% ( ! enjoym5ts ( ! sportsman4 8,! creatures see ( flood & field1 ,& ^? t travel on ! w9d1 ,) !m no /rife c la/2 !y live ,9 peace & peace ( m9d40 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! c>nivor\s mammalia respect "o ano!r3 lion does n w> ) tig]1 nor ! leop>d cont5d ) ! hy5a4 ,b ! c>nivor\s reptiles manife/ no su* respect = ! c>nivor\s mammals4 ,!re are fi]ce conte/s 9 _! native jungles1 on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 betwe5 ! gavial & ! tig]2 & 9 ! /eam+ =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! boa-con/rictor ca/s 8 t]rible coil sc>ce less readily r\nd ! puma ?an ! antelope4 ,a _w :i*1 aft] x _h become a home ( ! high] h]bivor\s & m p[]ful c>nivor\s mammals1 cont9u$ to reta9 ! gigantic reptiles ( its e>li] ages1 w\ld be a _w ( horrid1 ext]m9at+ w>1 & altoge!r r a place ( torm5t ?an a sc5e ( int]m$iate "*1 9 :i*1 ?\gh x sometimes re*oes ! groans ( suff]+ nature1 life is1 9 ! ma91 enjoym5t4 ,& s1--save 9 a few exceptional cases1 t1 :ile !y e/abli% ! rule z a fact1 s]ve also z a key to unlock t pr9ciple ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t on :i* x appe>s to re/1--no soon] 0 ! reptile remov$ f 8 place 9 ! =e-front ( creation1 & creatures ( a high] ord] introduc$ into x ! consolidat+ & fa/-rip5+ planet ( :i* he _h be5 s long ! mon>*1 ?an 8 bulk %rank & 8 /r5g? less5$1 & he assum$ a humility ( =m & aspect at once 9 keep+ ) 8 r$uc$ circum/ances1 & compatible ) ! g5]al welf>e4 ,b ?\gh ! reason ( ! r$uction appe>s obvi\s1 ,i "k n t x c be ref]r$ to any o!r cause ?an simply ! w ( ! ,all-,wise ,creator4 ,!re hangs a my/]y greatly m pr(\nd ov] ! fact ( ! degradation ?an ov] t ( ! r$uction & dim9ution ( classes4 ,we c assign :at at lea/ seems to be a suffici5t reason :y1 :5 reptiles =m$ z a class ! highe/ repres5tatives ( ! v]tebrata1 !y %\ld be ( impos+ bulk & /r5g?1 & altoge!r wor?y ( t po/ ( prec$5ce :i* !y !n occupi$ among ! animals4 ,we c also assign a reason = ! /range r$uction :i* took place among !m 9 /r5g? & bulk imm$iately on _! removal f ! fir/ to ! second place4 ,b :y n only r$uction1 b also degradation8 ,:y1 z division />t$ up 9 advance ( division1--fir/ ! reptiles 9 front ( ! fi%es1 !n ! quadrup$al mammals 9 front ( ! reptiles1 &1 la/ ( all1 man 9 front ( ! quadrup$al mammals1--%\ld ! supplant$ classes1--two ( !m at lea/1--fi%es & reptiles1--= !re seem to h be5 no additions made to ! mammals s9ce man ent]$ ^u ! sc5e1--:y %\ld !y h become ! receptacles ( ord]s & families ( a degrad$ "*1 :i* _h no place among !m 9 _! mon>*ical /ate8 ,! fi%es remov$ beyond all analogy ) ! high] v]tebrata1 by _! homoc]cal tails1--! fi%es 7,acan?opt]ygii & ,sub-bra*iati7 ) _! f\r limbs slung 9 a belt r\nd _! necks1--! flat fi%es1 7,pleuronectid17 t1 9 addition to ?is de=mity1 are s twi/$ to a side1 t :ile ! "o eye occupies a s+le orbit 9 ! middle ( ! skull1 ! o!r is ?ru/ out to its edge1--! irregul> fi%es g5]ally 7sun-fi%es1 frog-fi%es1 hippocampi1 c47 7 n introduc$ into ! i*?yic division until aft] ! full developm5t ( ! reptile dyna/y2 nor did ! h& t makes no slips 9 its work+ 8=m ! crook$ s]p5t10 footless1 grovell+1 v5om-be>+1 ! au?oriz$ type ( a fall5 & degrad$ creature1 until aft] ! introduction ( ! mammals4 ,:at c ?is fact ( degradation mean8 ,species & g5]a seem to be greatly m num]\s 9 ! pres5t age ( ! _w ?an 9 any ( ! geologic ages4 ,is x n possible t ! ext5sion ( ! *a9 ( be+ :i* has ?us tak5 place--n only1 z we f9d1 ?r\gh ! addition ( ! high] divisions ( animals to its upp] end1 b also ?r\gh ! int]polations ( l[] l9ks into ! previ\sly exi/+ divisions--may h borne ref]5ce to "s pr$et]m9$ s*eme ( well-proportion$ gradation1 or1 accord+ to ! poet1 8,( g5]al ,,ord] s9ce ! :ole began80 ,may n1 9 %ort1 :at we t]m degradation be m]ely "o ( ! modes resort$ to = fill+ up ! voids 9 creation1 & !reby p]fect+ a scale :i* mu/ h be5 orig9ally n m]ely a scale ( n>r[ compass1 b also ( innum]able breaks & blanks1 hiatuses & *asms8 ,su*1 c]ta9ly1 w\ld be ! read+ ( ! enigma :i* a ,soame ,j5yns or a ,bol+broke w\ld sugge/2 b ! geologi/ has le>n$ f 8 sci5ce1 t ! completion ( a *a9 ( at lea/ contempor>y be+1 p]fect 9 its gradations1 _c possibly h =m$ ! design ( ,provid5ce4 ,almo/ ev] s9ce ,god unit$ vitality to matt]1 ! l9ks 9 ?is *a9 ( animat$ nature1 z if compos$ ( a mat]ial too brittle to be> _! own weight :5 /ret*$ across ! geologic ages1 h be5 dropp+ "o aft] out1 f 8 h&1 & s9k+1 fractur$ & brok51 into ! rocks bel[4 ,x is urg$ by ,pope1 t 7 8we to press on sup]ior p[]s10 & rise f our own assign$ place to ! place imm$iately above all1 we w\ld1 9 consequ5ce ( ! transposition1 8,9 ! full creation leave a void1 ,:]e1 "o /ep brok51 ! great scale's de/roy$4 ,f nature's *a9 :atev] l9k we /rike1 ,t5? or t5 ?\s&?1 breaks ! *a9 alike40 ,! poet c\ld sc>ce h anticipat$ t !re 0 a sci5ce !n sleep+ 9 its cradle1 & dream+ ! dreams ( ,:i/on1 ,leibnitz1 & ,burnet1 :i* 0 "o day to rise & demon/rate t bo? ! t5? & ! t5 ?\s&? l9k 9 ! *a9 _h be5 already brok5 & laid by1 ) all ! ?\s&s ( l9ks betwe52 & t man might laudably 8press on sup]ior p[]s10 & atta9 to a 8new nature10 )\t 9 ! lea/ affect+ ! symmetry ( creation by ! void :i* 8 elevation w\ld necess>ily create2 t1 9 f9e1 voids & blanks 9 ! scale are exce$+ly common ?+s2 & t1 if m5 c\ld1 by ris+ into angels1 make "o blank m1 !y might d s ) p]fect impunity4 ,fur!r1 ev5 7 ! graduat$ *a9 ( ,bol+broke a reality1 & n :at ,johnson well designates x1 an 8absurd hypo!sis10 & 7 :at ,i h t]m$ ! int]polation ( l9ks necess>y to its completion1 ! m]e fill+ up ( ! orig9al blanks & *asms w\ld n necess>ily involve ! fact ( degradation1 see+ t ea* blank c\ld be fill$ up1 if ,i may g express myself1 f its l[] end4 ,ea* c\ld be z c]ta9ly occupi$ to ! full by an elevation ( l[] =ms1 z by a humiliation ( ! high]4 ,we might receive ! hypo!sis ( ,bol+broke1 & yet f9d ! my/]i\s fact ( degradation rema9 an unsolv$ riddle 9 our h&s4 ,b ?\gh ,i c assign nei!r reason nor cause = ! fact1 ,i _c avoid ! conclusion1 t x is associat$ ) c]ta9 o!r great facts 9 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 by ^? ?reads ( analogical connection :i* run ?r\gh ! entire tissue ( ,creation & ,provid5ce1 & imp>t to x t "* ( unity :i* speaks ( ! s+le produc+ ,m9d4 ,! fir/ idea ( e religion on e>? :i* has aris5 out ( :at may be t]m$ ! spiritual in/9cts ( man's nature1 is t ( a ,future ,/ate2 ! second idea is1 t 9 ?is /ate m5 %all exi/ 9 two sep>ate classes1--! "o 9 advance ( _! pres5t condition1 ! o!r f> 9 ! re> ( x4 ,x is on ^! two great beliefs t consci5ce e :]e f9ds ! fulcrum f :i* x acts ^u ! conduct2 & x is1 we f9d1 :olly inop]ative z a =ce )\t !m4 ,& 9 t "o religion among m5 t1 in/ead ( retir+1 l ! pale gho/s ( ! o!rs1 be=e ! light ( civilization1 bright5s & exp&s 9 its beams1 & 9 favor ( ^: claim z a revelation f ,god ! highe/ philosophy has decl>$1 we f9d ^! two ma/] ideas occupy+ a /ill m prom95t place ?an 9 any ( ^? m]ely indig5\s religions t spr+ up 9 ! human m9d ( !mselves4 ,! special lesson :i* ! ,adorable ,savi\r1 dur+ 8 m9i/ry on e>?1 (t5e/ en=c$1 & to :i* all ! o!rs bore ref]5ce1 0 ! lesson ( a f9al sep>ation ( mank9d into two great divisions1--a division ( ,god-l m51 ( ^: high ,/&+ & full-orb$ happ9ess man1 9 ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s1 c =m no adequate conception2 & a division ( m5 f9ally lo/1 & doom$ to unutt]able mis]y & hopeless degradation4 ,!re is n 9 all ,revelation a s+le doctr9e :i* we f9d (t5] or m cle>ly en=c$ ?an t !re %all cont9ue to exi/1 ?r\gh\t ! endless cycles ( ! future1 a race ( degrad$ m5 & ( degrad$ angels4 ,n[1 x is truly wond]ful h[ ?or\ghly1 9 its g5]al scope1 ! reveal$ pieces on to ! geologic record4 ,we "k1 z geologi/s1 t ! dyna/y ( ! fi% 0 succe$$ by t ( ! reptile1--t ! dyna/y ( ! reptile 0 succe$$ by t ( ! mammif]\s quadrup$1--& t ! dyna/y ( ! mammif]\s quadrup$ 0 succe$$ by t ( man z man n[ exi/s1--a creature ( mix$ "*1 & subject1 9 all conditions1 to wide alt]nations ( enjoym5t & suff]+4 ,we "k1 fur!r--s f> at lea/ z we h yet succe$$ 9 deciph]+ ! record1--t ! sev]al dyna/ies 7 introduc$1 n 9 _! l[]1 b 9 _! high] =ms2--t1 9 %ort1 9 ! impos+ programme ( creation x 0 arrang$1 z a g5]al rule1 t 9 ea* ( ! great divisions ( ! procession ! magnates %\ld walk fir/4 ,we recognize yet fur!r ! fact ( degradation specially exemplifi$ 9 ! fi% & ! reptile4 ,& !n1 pass+ on to ! reveal$ record1 we le>n t ! dyna/y ( man 9 ! mix$ /ate & "* is n ! f9al "o1 b t !re is to be yet ano!r creation1 or1 m prop]ly1 re-creation1 kn[n !ologically z ! ,resurrection1 :i* %all be connect$ 9 its physical compon5ts1 by bonds ( my/]i\s pat]nity1 ) ! dyna/y :i* n[ reigns1 & be b\nd to x m5tally by ! *a9 ( id5tity1 consci\s & actual2 b :i*1 9 all t con/itutes sup]iority1 %all be z va/ly its sup]ior z ! dyna/y ( responsible man is sup]ior to ev5 ! l[e/ ( ! prelim9>y dyna/ies4 ,we are fur!r taught1 t at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is la/ ( ! dyna/ies1 !re w be a re-creation ( n only elevat$1 b also ( degrad$ be+s1--a re-creation ( ! lo/4 ,we are taught yet fur!r1 t ?\gh ! pres5t dyna/y be t ( a laps$ race1 :i* at _! fir/ introduction 7 plac$ on high] gr\nd ?an t on :i* !y n[ /&1 & sank by _! own act1 x 0 yet "p ( ! orig9al design1 f ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 t !y %\ld occupy ! exi/+ plat=m2 & t ,r$emption is ?us no aft]-?\ght1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! fall1 b1 on ! contr>y1 "p ( a g5]al s*eme1 = :i* provision _h be5 made f ! beg9n+2 s t ! ,div9e ,man1 ?r\gh :om ! "w ( re/oration has be5 effect$1 0 9 reality1 9 ref]5ce to ! purposes ( ! ,et]nal1 :at he is designat$ 9 ! rem>kable text1 8! ,lamb sla9 f ! f\ndations ( ! _w40 ,sla9 f ! f\ndations ( ! _w6 ,c\ld ! ass]tors ( ! /ony sci5ce ask = language m express8 ,by piec+ ! two records toge!r1--t reveal$ 9 ,scripture & t reveal$ 9 ! rocks1--records :i*1 h[ev] widely geologi/s may mi/ake ! "o1 or comm5tators misund]/& ! o!r1 h emanat$ f ! same great ,au?or--we le>n t 9 sl[ & solemn maje/y has p]iod succe$$ p]iod1 ea* 9 succession u%]+ 9 a high] end yet high] sc5e ( exi/5ce1--t fi%1 reptiles1 mammif]\s quadrup$s1 h reign$ 9 turn1--t responsible man1 8made 9 ! image ( ,god10 & ) dom9ion ov] all creatures1 ultimately ent]$ into a _w rip5$ = 8 reception2 b1 fur!r1 t ?is pass+ sc5e1 9 :i* he =ms ! prom95t figure1 is n ! f9al "o 9 ! long s]ies1 b m]ely ! la/ ( ! prelim9>y sc5es2 & t t p]iod to :i* ! bygone ages1 incalculable 9 am\nt1 ) all _! well-proportion$ gradations ( be+1 =m ! impos+ ve/ibule1 %all h p]fection = its occupant1 & et]nity = its duration4 ,i "k n h[ x may appe> to o!rs2 b = my own "p1 ,i _c avoid ?9k+ t !re w\ld be a lack ( proportion 9 ! s]ies ( be+1 7 ! p]iod ( p]fect & glorifi$ humanity abruptly connect$1 )\t ! introduction ( an int]m$iate creation ( responsible imp]fection1 ) t ( ! dy+ irresponsible brute4 ,t sc5e ( ?+s 9 :i* ,god became ,man1 & suff]$1 seems1 z x no d\bt is1 a necess>y l9k 9 ! *a94 ,i am aw>e t ,i /& on ! conf9es ( a my/]y :i* man1 s9ce ! fir/ introduction ( s9 into ! _w till n[1 has 8va9ly aspir$ to compreh5d40 ,b ,i h no new read+ ( ! enigma to (f]4 ,i "k n :y x is t moral evil exi/s 9 ! univ]se ( ! ,all-,wise & ! ,all-,p[]ful2 nor ?r\gh :at occult law ( ,deity x is t 8p]fection %\ld come ?r\gh suff]+40 ,! "q1 l t satellite1 ev] att5dant ^u our planet1 :i* pres5ts bo? its sides to ! sun1 b inv>iably ! same side to ! e>?1 hides "o ( its faces f man1 & turns x to b ! ,eye f :i* all light emanates4 ,& x is 9 t ,god-w>d phase ( ! "q t ! my/]y dwells4 ,we c map & measure e protub]ance & holl[ :i* r\gh5s ! ne!r disk ( ! moon1 z1 dur+ ! %ades ( night1 x looks d[n ^u our pa? to *e] & enlight52 b :at c we "k ( ! o!r8 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 seem1 t ev5 9 ?is field ( my/]y ! ext5t ( ! inexplicable & ! unkn[n is capable ( r$uction1 & t ! human und]/&+ is ve/$ 9 an ability ( progress+ t[>ds ! c5tral po9t ( t d>k field ?r\gh\t all "t1 mayhap all et]nity1 z ! asymptote progresses ^u its curve4 ,ev5 ?\gh ! ess5ce ( ! "q %\ld =ev] rema9 a my/]y1 x may yet 9 its r$uc$ & def9$ /ate1 s]ve z a key = ! lay+ ( o!r my/]ies op54 ,! philosoph]s are /ill z ignorant z ev] respect+ ! intr9sic nature ( gravitation2 b reg>d$ simply z a =ce1 h[ _m enigmas has x n s]v$ to unlock6 ,& t moral gravitation t[>ds evil1 manife/$ by ! only two classes ( responsible be+s ( :i* !re is aught kn[n to man1 & ( :i* a degradation l9k$ by my/]i\s analogy ) a class ( facts s+ul>ly prom95t 9 geologic hi/ory is ! result1 occupies app>5tly a simil> place1 z a =ce1 9 ! moral dynamics ( ! univ]se1 & seems suit$ to p]=m a simil> "p4 ,inexplicable itself1 x is yet a key to ! solution ( all ! m9or inexplicabilities 9 ! s*eme ( ,provid5ce4 ,9 a matt] ( su* extreme nic5ess & difficulty1 %all ,i d>e v5ture on an illu/rative example8 ,s f> z bo? ! geologic & ! ,scriptural evid5ce ext5ds1 no species or family ( exi/5ces seems to h be5 introduc$ by creation into ! pres5t sc5e ( be+ s9ce ! appe>ance ( man4 ,9 ,scripture ! =mation ( ! human race is describ$ z ! t]m9al act ( a s]ies1 8good0 9 all its previ\s /ages1 b :i* became 8v good0 !n2 & geologi/s1 judg+ f ! modicum ( evid5ce :i* !y h hi!rto succe$$ 9 collect+ on ! subject1--evid5ce /ill meagre1 b1 s f> z x goes1 indep5d5t & di/9ct1--pron\nce 8po/-,adamic creations0 at lea/ 8improbable40 ,! naturali/ f9ds c]ta9 animal & vegetable species re/rict$ to c]ta9 circles1 & t 9 c]ta9 foci 9 ^! circles !y atta9 to _! fulle/ developm5t & _! maximum numb]4 ,& ^! foci he reg>ds z ! orig9al c5tres ( creation1 :5ce1 9 ea* in/ance 9 ! process ( increase & multiplication1 ! plant or creature propagat$ itself outw>ds 9 circul> wavelets ( life1 t sank at ea* /age z !y wid5$ till at l5g?1 at ! circumf]5ce ( ! area1 !y :olly ceas$4 ,n[ we f9d x argu$ by ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,=bes t 8s9ce man's appe>ance1 c]ta9 geological areas1 bo? ( l& & wat]1 h be5 =m$1 pres5t+ su* physical conditions z to entitle u to expect )9 _! b\nds "o1 or 9 "s in/ances m ?an "o1 c5tre ( creation1 or po9t ( maximum ( a zoological or botanical prov9ce4 ,b a critical exam9ation r5d]s evid5t10 ! ,pr(essor adds1 8t in/ead ( %[+ di/9ct foci ( creation1 !y h be5 9 all in/ances peopl$ by colonization1 i4 e4 by migration ( species f pre-exi/+1 & 9 e case pre-,adamic1 prov9ces4 ,among ! t]re/rial areas ! ,briti% isles may s]ve z an example2 among m>9e1 ! ,baltic1 ,m$it]ranean1 & ,black ,seas4 ,! ,briti% isl&s h be5 coloniz$ f v>i\s c5tres ( creation 9 7n[7 cont95tal ,europe2 ! ,baltic ,sea f ! ,celtic region1 al?\gh x runs itself into ! conditions ( ! ,boreal "o2 & ! ,m$it]ranean1 z x n[ appe>s1 f ! fauna & flora ( ! m anci5t ,lusitanian prov9ce40 ,pr(essor ,=bes1 x is /at$ fur!r1 9 ! report ( 8 pap] to :i* ,i owe ^! details1--a pap] read at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,m>* la/1--8exhibit$1 9 support ( ! same view1 a map1 %[+ ! relation :i* ! c5tres ( creation ( ! air-brea?+ molluscs 9 ,europe be> to ! geological hi/ory ( ! respective areas1 & prov+ t ! :ole snail population ( its nor!rn & c5tral ext5t 7! portion ( ! ,cont95t ( newe/ & probably po/-,adamic orig97 _h be5 d]iv$ f foci ( creation seat$ 9 pre-,adamic l&s4 ,& ^! rem>kable facts h induc$ ! ,pr(essor10 x 0 add$1 8to ma9ta9 ! improbability ( po/-,adamic creations40 ,) ! introduction ( man into ! sc5e ( exi/5ce1 creation1 ,i repeat1 seems to h ceas$4 ,:at is x t n[ takes its place1 & p]=ms its "w8 ,dur+ ! previ\s dyna/ies1 all elevation 9 ! scale 0 an effect simply ( creation4 ,nature lay dead 9 a wa/e !atre ( rock1 vapor1 & sea1 9 :i* ! ins5sate laws1 *emical2 me*anical1 & electric1 c>ri$ on _! bl9d1 un9tellig5t processes3 ! creative fiat w5t =?2 &1 amid wat]s t /raightway teem$ ) life 9 its l[] =ms1 vegetable & animal1 ! dyna/y ( ! fi% 0 introduc$4 ,_m ages pass$1 dur+ :i* !re took place no fur!r elevation3 on ! contr>y1 9 n a few ( ! newly introduc$ species ( ! reign+ class !re occurr$ = ! fir/ "t examples ( an asymmetrical misplacem5t ( p>ts1 &1 9 at lea/ "o family ( fi%es1 in/ances ( defect ( p>ts3 !re 0 ! manife/ation ( a d[nw>d t5d5cy t[>ds ! degradation ( mon/rosity1 :5 ! elevatory fiat aga9 w5t =?1 &1 ?r\gh an act ( creation1 ! dyna/y ( ! reptile began4 ,aga9 _m ages pass$ by1 m>k$1 app>5tly1 by ! introduction ( a w>m-blood$ ovip>\s animal1 ! bird1 & ( a few m>supial quadrup$s1 b 9 :i* ! prevail+ class reign$ undepos$1 ?\gh at lea/ unelevat$4 ,yet aga91 h[ev]1 ! elevatory fiat w5t =?1 & ?r\gh an act ( creation ! dyna/y ( ! mammif]\s quadrup$ began4 ,& aft] ! fur!r lapse ( ages1 ! elevatory fiat w5t =? yet once m 9 an act ( creation2 & ) ! human1 heav5-aspir+ dyna/y1 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,god1 9 its connection ) at lea/ ! _w :i* we inhabit1 8took beg9n+40 ,& !n creation ceas$4 ,:y8 ,simply because ,god's moral gov]nm5t _h begun1--because 9 necess>y con=mity ) ! in/itution ( t gov]nm5t1 !re 0 to be a ?or\gh id5tity ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! glorifi$ & immortal be+s ( ! t]m9al dyna/y1 & ! dy+ magnates ( ! dyna/y :i* n[ is2 & because1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ma9t5ance ( ?is id5tity z an ess5tial condition ( ?is moral gov]nm5t1 m]e acts ( creation c\ld no long] c>ry on ! elevatory process4 ,! "w analog\s 9 its end & object to ^? acts ( creation :i* gave to our planet its successive dyna/ies ( high] & yet high] exi/5ces1 is ! "w ( ,,r$emption4 ,x is ! elevatory process ( ! pres5t "t1--! only possible provision = t f9al act ( re-creation 8to ev]la/+ life10 :i* %all u%] 9 ! t]m9al dyna/y4 ,i _c avoid ?9k+ t _m ( our !ologians atta* a too n>r[ mean+ to ! rem>kable reason 8annex$ to ! ,f\r? ,comm&m5t0 by ! ,div9e ,lawgiv]4 8,god re/$ on ! sev5? day10 says ! text1 8f all 8 "w :i* ,he _h creat$ & made2 & ,god bless$ ! sev5? day1 & sanctifi$ x40 ,& su* is ! reason giv5 9 ! ,decalogue :y man %\ld also re/ on ! sev5? day4 ,god re/$ on ! ,sabba?1 & sanctifi$ x2 & !re=e man ought also to re/ on ! ,sabba?1 & keep x holy4 ,b ,i "k n :]e we %all f9d gr\nds = ! belief t t ,sabba?-day dur+ :i* ,god re/$ 0 m]ely comm5surate 9 its duration ) "o ( ! ,sabba?s ( %ort-liv$ man1--a brief p]iod1 measur$ by a s+le revolution ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,we h n1 z has be5 %[n1 a %ad[ ( evid5ce t ,he resum$ 8 "w ( creation on ! morr[3 ! geologi/ f9ds no trace ( po/-,adamic creation1--! !ologian c tell u ( none4 ,god's ,sabba? ( re/ may /ill exi/2--! "w ( ,,r$emption may be ! "w ( 8 ,sabba? day4 ,t elevatory process ?r\gh successive acts ( creation :i* engag$ ,him dur+ myriads ( ages1 0 ( an ord9>y week-day "*2 b 9 :5 ! t]m ( 8 moral gov]nm5t began1 ! elevatory process prop] to x assum$ ! ,div9e "* ( ! ,sabba?4 ,?is special view appe>s to l5d peculi> emphasis to ! reason embodi$ 9 ! comm&m5t4 ,! collation ( ! passage ) ! geologic record seems1 z if by a species ( re-translation1 to make x enunciate z its injunction1 8,keep ?is day1 n m]ely z a day ( memorial relat$ to a pa/ fact1 b also z a day ( cop]ation ) ,god 9 ! "w ( elevation 9 relation bo? to a pres5t fact & a future purpose4 ,god keeps 8 ,sabba?10 x says1 89 ord] t ,he may save2 keep y\rs also1 9 ord] t ye may be sav$40 ,x s]ves1 besides1 to ?r[ light on ! prom95ce ( ! ,sabbatical comm&1 9 a dige/ ( law ( :i* no "p or tittle c pass away until ! fulfilm5t ( all ?+s4 ,dur+ ! pres5t dyna/y ( probation & trial1 t special "w ( bo? ,god & man on :i* ! "* ( ! future dyna/y dep5ds1 is ! ,sabba?-day "w ( sav+ & be+ sav$4#da ,x is 9 ?is dyna/y ( ! future t man's moral & intellectual faculties w receive _! full developm5t ,! expectation ( any v great advance 9 ! pres5t sc5e ( ?+s--great1 at lea/1 :5 measur$ by man's l>ge capacity ( conceiv+ ( ! good & fair--seems to be1 l all human hope :5 re/rict$ to "t1 an expectation doom$ to disappo9tm5t4 ,!re are c]ta9 limits )9 :i* ! race improves2--civilization is bett] ?an ! want ( x1 & ! taught sup]ior to ! untaught man4 ,!re is a *ange1 too1 effect$ 9 ! moral nature1 ?r\gh t ,_s :i*1 by work+ belief 9 ! he>t1 br+s its aspirations into h>mony ) ! realities ( ! unse5 _w1 t1 9 at lea/ its relation to ! future /ate1 _c be e/imat$ too highly4 ,b conception c travel v f> beyond ev5 its be/ effects 9 _! m]ely secul> be>+2 nay1 x is peculi>ly its nature to %[ ! m5 mo/ truly ! subjects ( x1 h[ mis]ably !y fall %ort ( ! high /&>d ( conduct & feel+ :i* x erects1 & to tea* !m1 m emphatically ?an by words1 t _! degree ( happ9ess mu/ ( necessity be z l[ z _! moral atta9m5ts are humble4 ,fur!r1--man1 ?\gh he has be5 increas+ 9 k ev] s9ce 8 appe>ance on e>?1 has n be5 improv+ 9 faculty2--a %rewd fact1 :i* !y :o expect mo/ f ! future ( ?is _w w\ld d well to consid]4 ,! anci5t ma/]s ( m9d 7 9 no respect inf]ior 9 calibre to _! pr$ecessors4 ,we h n yet %ot ahead ( ! old ,greeks 9 ei!r ! p]ception ( ! beautiful1 or 9 ! ability ( produc+ x2 !re has be5 no improvem5t 9 ! inv5tive faculty s9ce ! ,iliad 0 writt51 "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago2 nor has ta/e become m exquisite1 or ! p]ception ( ! h>mony ( numb]s m nice1 s9ce ! age ( ! neid4 ,sci5ce is cumulative 9 its "*2 & s its vot>ies 9 mod]n times /& on a high] p$e/al ?an _! pr$ecessors4 ,b ?\gh nature produc$ a ,newton "s two c5turies ago1 z %e produc$ a ,golia? ( ,ga? at an e>li] p]iod1 ! mod]n philosoph]s1 z a class1 d n exce$ 9 actual /ature ! worse in=m$ anci5ts1--! ,euclids1 ,ar*im$eses1 & ,ari/otles4 ,we w\ld be )\t excuse if1 ) ! ,bacon1 ,milton1 & ,%akspe>e ( ^! latt] ages ( ! _w full be=e u1 we recurr$ to ! obsolete belief t ! human race is det]iorat+2 b !n1 on ! o!r h&1 we h c]ta9 evid5ce1 t s9ce g5ius fir/ began unconsci\sly to regi/] 9 its works its own bulk & proportions1 !re has be5 no increase 9 ! mass or improvem5t 9 ! quality ( individual m9d4 ,z = ! dream t !re is to be "s extraord9>y elevation ( ! g5]al plat=m ( ! race a*iev$ by means ( education1 x is simply ! halluc9ation ( ! age1--! _w's pres5t al*emical exp$i5t = conv]t+ f>?+s into gu9eas1 %e]ly by d9t ( sc\r+4 ,n b t education is good2 x ex]cises1 &1 9 ! ord9>y m9d1 developes1 faculty4 ,b x w n anticipate ! t]m9al dyna/y4 ,yet fur!r1-- man's av]age capacity ( happ9ess seems to be z limit$ & z incapable ( increase z 8 av]age rea* ( intellect3 x is a m$iocre capacity at be/2 nor is x great] by a %ade n[1 9 ^! days ( p[]-looms & portable manures1 ?an 9 ! times ( ! old patri>*s4 ,s long1 too1 z ! law ( increase cont9ues1 man mu/ be subject to ! law ( dea?1 ) its /]n att5dants1 suff]+ & sorr[2 = ! two laws g necess>ily toge!r2 & s long z dea? reigns1 human creatures1 9 ev5 ! be/ ( times1 w cont9ue to quit ?is sc5e ( be+ )\t pr(ess+ mu* satisfaction at :at !y h f\nd ei!r 9 x or !mselves4 ,x w no d\bt be a less mis]able _w ?an x is n[1 :5 ! good come1 z !re is reason to hope !y "o day %all1 to be a majority2 b x w be felt to be an inf]ior sort ( _w ev5 !n1 & be ev5 full] ?an n[ ( wi%es & long+s = a bett]4 ,let x improve z x may1 x w be a sc5e ( probation & trial till ! end4 ,& s ,fai?1 undeceiv$ by ! mirage ( ! midway des]t1 :atev] =m or "n1 political or religi\s1 ! phantasmagoria may be>1 mu/ cont9ue to look beyond its unsolid & tremul\s glitt]1--its b>e rocks exagg]at$ by ! vapor into air-drawn ca/les1 & its /unt$ bu%es magnifi$ into goodly trees1--&1 fix+ h] gaze ^u ! re-creation yet future1--! t]m9al dyna/y yet unbegun1--%e mu/ be cont5t to ent] ^u h] f9al re/--= %e w n ent] ^u x e>li]--8at return0 8,( ,him1 ! ,woman's ,se$1 ,la/ 9 ! cl\ds1 f heav5 to be reveal$ ,9 glory ( ! ,fa!r1 to dissolve ,satan ) 8 p]v]t$ _w1 !n raise ,f ! conflagrant mass1 purg$ & ref9$1 ,new heav5s1 new e>?1 ages ( endless date1 ,f\nd$ 9 righte\sness1 & peace1 & love1 ,to br+ =? fruits1--joy & et]nal bliss40 ,b x may be judg$ t ,i am trespass+ on a field into :i* ,i h no "r to ent]4 ,save1 h[ev]1 = its close proximity ) t 9 :i* ! geologi/ expatiates z prop]ly 8 own1 ?is little volume w\ld nev] h be5 writt54 ,x is ! fact t man mu/ believ+ly cop]ate ) ,god 9 ! "w ( prep>ation = ! f9al dyna/y1 or exi/ ?r\gh\t its nev]-end+ cycles z a lo/ & degrad$ creature1 t alone r5d]s ! developm5t hypo!sis =midable4 ,b inculcat+ t ! elevatory process is "o ( ! natural law1 n ( moral endeavor1--by tea*+1 inf]5tially at lea/1 t 9 ! bett] /ate ( ?+s :i* is com+ !re is to be an id5tity ( race ) t ( ! exi/+ dyna/y1 b no id5tity ( individual consci\sness1--t1 on ! contr>y1 ! life aft] dea? :i* we are to inh]it is to be m]ely a horrid life ( wriggl+ impurities1 orig9at$ 9 ! putrefactive mucus1--& t ?us ! m5 :o n[ live possess no real /ake 9 ! k+dom ( ! future1--x is its direct t5d5cy1 s f> z its influ5ce ext5ds1 to r5d] ! requir$ cop]ation ) ,god an impossibility4 ,= t cop]ation _c exi/ )\t belief z its basis4 ,! hypo!sis involves a misread+ ( ! geologic record1 :i* n m]ely affects its mean+ 9 relation to ! m9d1 & ?us1 9 a "q ( sci5ce1 sub/itutes error = tru?1 b :i* also ?reat5s to affect ! record itself1 9 relation to ! de/9y ( e individual p]v]t$ & l$ a/ray4 ,x ?reat5s to write d[n among ! degrad$ & ! lo/1 m5 :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( an un%ak5 fai?1 might h ris5 at ! dawn ( ! t]m9al p]iod1 to enjoy ! fulness ( et]nity among ! glorifi$ & ! good4 ,,footnotes #a ,mr4 ,mill] is ! au?or also ( ,sc5es & ,leg5ds ( ! ,nor? ( ,scotl&1 "o vol4 #hvo42 ,a ,lett] f "o ( ! ,scot* p to ! ,"r ,honorable ,"l ,br\gham & ,vaux1 on ! op9ions express$ by 8 ,lord%ip 9 ! ,au*t]>d] ,case2 & ,! ,:iggism ( ! ,old ,s*ool1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,pa/ ,hi/ory & ,pres5t ,position ( ! ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,! second ( ^! works is well *>act]iz$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one z 8an able1 elegant1 & mascul9e production40 #b ,london1 #ahdg1 pp4 #dji #c ,s9ce ! above s5t5ce 0 writt5 & set 9 type1 ,i h le>n$ t my +5i\s fri5d1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,pea* ( ! ,cu/oms1 ,f[ey1 s well kn[n = 8 palontological discov]ies1 has j f\nd 9 ! ,devonian sy/em ( ,cornwall1 fragm5ts ( :at seem to be d]mal plates ( ,a/]olepis4 ,x is a some:at curi\s circum/ance1 t ! two f>!/ remov$ extremities ( ,great ,brita9--,cornwall & ,cai?ness--%\ld be tipp$ by fossilif]\s deposits ( ! same anci5t sy/em1 & t organisms :i*1 :5 !y liv$1 7 contempor>y1 %\ld be f\nd emb$d$ 9 ! rocks :i* rise ov] ! ,briti% ,*annel on ! "o extremity1 & ov]hang ! ,p5tl& ,fri? on ! o!r4 #d ,figur$ f a ,?urso specim51 slightly diff]5t 9 its proportions f ! ,/romness specim5 describ$4 #e ,dr4 ,george ,g>son1 ,/romness1 & ,mr4 ,william ,watt1 jun4 ,skaill4 #f ,! ,cont95tal ass]tors ( ! developm5t hypo!sis are greatly m frank ?an ^? ( our own c\ntry reg>d+ ! 8life aft] dea?10 & :at man has to expect f x4 ,! individual1 !y tell u1 p]i%es =ev]2 b1 !n1 out ( 8 rema9s !re spr+ up o!r vitalities4 ,! immortality ( ! s\l is1 x w\ld seem1 an idle figm5t1 = !re really exi/s no su* ?+s z s\ls2 b is !re no com=t 9 be+ taught1 in/ead1 t we are to resolve into monads & maggots8 ,job solac$ himself ) ! assurance t1 ev5 aft] worms _h de/roy$ 8 body1 he 0 9 ! fle% to see ,god4 ,_h ,pr(essor ,ok5 be5 "o ( 8 com=t]s1 he w\ld h s\ght to re/rict 8 hopes to ! prospect ( liv+ 9 ! worms4 8,if ! organic fundam5tal sub/ance consi/ ( infusoria10 says ! ,pr(essor1 8s mu/ ! :ole organic _w orig9ate f infusoria4 ,plants & animals c only be metamorphoses ( infusoria4 ,?is be+ grant$1 s also mu/ all organizations consi/ ( infusoria1 &1 dur+ _! de/ruction1 dissolve into ! same4 ,e plant1 e animal1 is conv]t$ by mac]ation into a muc\s mass2 ?is putrefies1 & ! moi/ure is /ock$ ) infusoria4 ,putrefaction is no?+ else ?an a division ( organisms into infusoria1--a r$uction ( ! high] to ! prim>y life4444 ,dea? is no annihilation1 b only a *ange4 ,"o individual em]ges out ( ano!r4 ,dea? is only a transition to ano!r life1--n into dea?4 ,?is transition f "o life to ano!r takes place ?r\gh ! prim>y condition ( ! organic1 or ! mucus40--,physio-,philosophy1 pp4 #ahg-ahi4 #g ,i tru/ t at lea/ by & by !re may be an exception claim$1 f ! g5]al1 b1 ,i am sure1 well-meant1 c5sure ( ?is passage1 9 favor ( ! ,free ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,x has got z its ,pr(essor ( ,physical ,sci5ce--?anks to ! sagacity ( ,*alm]s--,dr4 ,john ,flem+1 a man ( ,european reputation1 & all t seems fur!r necess>y1 9 ord] to secure ! b5efits contemplat$ 9 ! appo9tm5t1 is1 t att5dance on 8 c\rse %\ld be r5d]$ imp]ative on all ,free ,*ur* c&idates = ! m9i/ry4 #h ,agassiz's description ( ! ,pt]i*?ys1 z quot$ by ,humboldt1 9 8 ,cosmos4 #i ,f ,mur*ison's ,silurian ,sy/em4 #aj ,^! scales1 :i* occur 9 a deta*$ /ate1 9 a /ratifi$ clay ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ne> ,crom>ty1 pres5t = _! size a l>g] ext5t ( cov] ?an ! scales ( any o!r ,ganoid4 #aa ,a peculi>ity :i* also occurs 9 ! ant]ior dorsal ( ! ,dipt]us4 #ab ,f ! head ( ,raja clavata4 #ac ,! d>k]1 upp] pat* 9 ?is figure indicates a portion 9 :i* ! scales ( ! f9s 9 ! fossil /ill reta9 _! enamel2--! light]1 a portion f :i* ! enamel has disappe>$4 #ad ,! ,acan?s ( ! ,coal ,measures possess ! cranial buckl]4 #ae ,pr(essor ,ow51 9 fix+ ! homologies ( ! i*?yic head1 diff]s consid]ably f ,cuvi]2 b 8 view seems to be demon/rably ! correct "o4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be se51 t 9 my attempt$ comp>ison ( ! divisions ( ! anci5t ganoid cranium ) ^? ( ! craniums ( exi/+ fi%es1 ! po9ts at issue betwe5 ! two great naturali/s are n involv$1 o!rwise ?an z m]e que/ions ( words4 ,! matt] to be det]m9$1 = in/ance1 is n :e!r plate ,a 9 ! skulls ( ! cod & ,cocco/eus be ! homologue ( a "p ( ! occipital or t ( a "p ( ! p>ietal bones1 b :e!r plate ,a 9 ! ,cocco/eus be ! homologue ( plate ,a 9 ! cod4 ,! lett]s employ$ ,i h borr[$ f ,agassiz's re/oration ( ! ,cocco/eus2 :]eas ! figures intimate divisions :i* ! imp]fect keep+ ( ! specim5s on :i* ! i*?yologi/ f\nd$ did n enable him to detect4 #af ,! jaws 7#aj1 #aj7 :i* exhibit 9 ! pr9t _! greate/ bread?1 w\ld h pres5t$ 9 ! animal1 se5 f b5ea?1 _! n>r[ "u-edges1 & h ne>ly fall5 into ! l9e ( ! sub-op]cul> plates1 7#ac1 #ac47 #ag ,9 all probability x is likewise ! pr9ciple ( ! placoid skull4 ,! num]\s osse\s po9ts by :i* ! latt] is encru/$1 ea* capable ( increase at ! edges1 seem ! m9ute bricks ( an ample dome4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t new po9ts may be =m$ 9 ! int]/ices betwe5 ! fir/ =m$ ones1 z :at anatomi/s t]m ! triquetra or ,wormiana =m betwe5 ! s]rat$ edges ( ! lambdoidal suture 9 ! human skull2 & t ! osse\s surface ( ! c]ebral dome may ?us ext5d1 z ! dome itself increases 9 size1 n ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ! previ\sly exi/+ pieces1--! m9ute bricks ( my illu/ration1--b ?r\gh ! addition ( new ones4 ,equally1 9 ei!r case1 h[ev]1 t ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! placoid skull & ! placoid v]tebra1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 appe>s to h+e on ! circum/ance1 t :ile ! osse\s nucleus ( ea* v]tebral c5trum c\ld =m1 9 ev5 its mo/ complicat$ %ape1 f a s+le po9t1 ! osse\s walls ( ! cranium _h to be =m$ f hundr$s4 ,! accompany+ diagram s]ves to %[ aft] :at mann] ! v]tebral c5trum 9 ! ,ray enl>ges ) ! gr[? ( ! animal1 by addition ( bony matt] ext]nal to ! po9t 9 ! middle1 at :i* ossification fir/ beg9s4 ,! horizontal l9es indicate ! l9es ( increm5t 9 ! two int]nal cones :i* ea* c5trum comprises1 & ! v]tical ones ! l9es ( increm5t 9 ! lat]al pill>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,,section ,,( ,,v]tebral ,,c5trum ,,( ,,?ornback4 #ah ,"o ( ! ,?urso coprolites 9 my possession is ab\t "o f\r? long] ?an ! l>g] ( ! two specim5s figur$ "h1 & ne>ly ?rice z broad4 #ai ,9 two ( ^!1 9 a collection ( sev]al score1 ,i h fail$ to detect ! spiral m>k+s1 ?\gh _! /ate ( keep+ is decid$ly good4 ,!re are o!r appe>ances :i* lead me to suspect t ! ,a/]olepis 0 n ! only l>ge fi% ( ! ,l[] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 b my facts on ! subject are too inconclusive to ju/ify aught m ?an s$ul\s inquiry4 #bj ,! %ad$ plate1 7a17 accid5tally pres5t$ 9 ?is specim51 belongs to ! upp] "p ( ! head4 ,x is ! po/]ior frontal plate ,f1 :i* half-encircl$ ! eye orbit1 7see fig4 #bi27 & ,i h introduc$ x into ! pr9t "h1 z 9 none ( ! o!r pr9ts1 or ( any o!r specim5s1 is its upp] surface %[n4 #ba ,! late ,mr4 ,john ,?ur/on4 #bb 8,mr4 ,phillips proce$$ to describe "s rema9s ( a small fi%1 resembl+ ! ,*eiracan?us ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 scales & sp9es ( :i* he _h f\nd 9 a qu>ry at ,hales ,end1 on ! we/]n side ( ! ,malv]ns4 ,! section pres5t$ b$s ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one incl9$ to ! we/2 b5ea? ^! 7 ar5ace\s b$s ( a light] color1 =m+ ! junction ) ,silurian %ales2 ^!1 aga91 pass+ on to calc>e\s b$s 9 ! l[] "p ( ! qu>ry1 conta9+ ! corals & %ells ( ! ,ayme/ry ,lime/one1 ( _! agreem5t ) :i* /rong] evid5ce might be obta9$ else:]e4 ,he _h f\nd none ( ^! scales 9 ! junction b$s or 9 ! ,upp] ,ludl[ ,%ales2 b ab\t sixty or "o hundr$ feet l[]1 j above ! ,ayme/ry ,lime/one1 8 att5tion _h be5 attract$ to discolor$ spots on ! surface ( ! b$s1 :i*1 ^u microscopic exam9ation1 prov$ to be ! m9ute scales & sp9es be=e m5tion$4 ,^! rema9s 7 only app>5t on ! surface1 :il/ ! #8fi%-b$' ( ! ,upp] ,ludl[ rock1 z x usually occurr$1 0 an in* ?ick1 consi/+ ( innum]able small tee? & sp9es40--,report1 9 8,a!num0 = #ahdb1 ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,twelf? ,meet+ ( ,briti% ,association1 7,man*e/]47 #bc 8,?is is ! l[e/ position0 7t ( ! ,onondago ,lime/one7 89 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 9 :i* any rema9s h be5 f\nd high] 9 ! scale ( organiz$ be+s ?an ,cru/acea1 ) ! exception ( an imp]fectly pres]v$ fi%-bone discov]$ by ,hall 9 ! ,oriskany ,s&/one4 ,t specim51 toge!r ) ! def5sive fi%-bone f\nd 9 ?is "p ( ! ,new ,york sy/em1 furni%es evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( animals belong+ to ! class v]tebrata dur+ ! deposition ( ! middle "p ( ! protozoic /rata40--,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce & ,arts = #ahdf1 p4 #fc4 #bd 8,! %ales alt]nat+ ) ! ,w5lock ,lime/one40 7,ed9burgh ,review47 #be ,! ,silurian ,placoids are mo/ adequately repres5t$ by ! ,ce/racion ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 b ,i "k n t ( ! peculi> "* & in/9cts ( ?is int]e/+ ,placoid1--! la/ ( its race1--!re is any ?+ kn[n4 ,= its =m & g5]al appe>ance see fig4 #di1 page #agg4 #bf ,su* z ! dog-fi%es1 pick$ & spott$4 #bg ,! twelf? 9 ,sp9ax ,acan?ius1 & ! f\rte5? 9 ,scyllium ,/ell>e4 #bh ,x w sc>ce be urg$ aga9/ ! degradation !ory1 t ^? races :i*1 tri$ by ! te/s ( defect or misplacem5t ( p>ts1 we deem degrad$1 are n less fitt$ = c>ry+ on :at 9 _! own little sph]es is ! prop] bus9ess ( life1 ?an ! non-degrad$ ord]s & families4 ,! objection is1 h[ev]1 a possible "o1 & "o :i* a s+le rem>k may s]ve to obviate4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t ! degrad$ families are ?or\ghly fitt$ = ! p]=mance ( all ! "w giv5 !m to d4 ,!y greatly increase :5 plac$ 9 favorable circum/ances1 &1 :5 vigor\s & ?riv+1 enjoy exi/5ce4 ,b !n ! same may be said ( all animals1 )\t ref]5ce to _! place 9 ! scale2--! mollusc is z ?or\ghly adapt$ to its circum/ances & z fitt$ to accompli% ! end prop] to its be+1 z ! mammif]\s quadrup$1 & ! mammif]\s quadrup$ z man himself2 b ! fact ( p]fect adaptation 9 no degree invalidates ! o!r n less c]ta9 fact ( diff]5ce ( rank1 nor proves t ! mollusc is equal to ! quadrup$1 or ! quadrup$ to man4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 ! rem>k equally be>s on ! r$uc$ z on ! unelevat$1--on l[ness ( place :5 a result ( degradation 9 races p]ta9+ to a high] division ( animals1 z on l[ness ( place :5 a result ( ! humble /&+ ( ! division to :i* ! races belong4 #bi ,! v]tebral column 9 ! g5us ,diplopt]us ran1 z 9 ! placoid g5us ,scyllium1 ne>ly ?r\gh ! middle ( ! caudal f94 #cj ,9 ! foll[+ diagram a few simple l9es s]ve to exhibit ! progress ( degradation4 ,fig4 a repres5ts ! symmetrical ,placoids ( ! ,silurian p]iod1 consi/+ ( head1 neck1 body1 tail1 =e limbs & h9d] limbs2 fig4 b repres5ts ^? het]oc]cal ,ganoids ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 ,coal ,measures1 & ,p]mian ,sy/em1 9 :i* ! neck is ext+ui%$1 & ! =e limbs /uck on to ! occiput2 fig4 c1 ^? homoc]cal ,ganoids ( ! ,trias ,lias1 ,oolite1 & ,weald51 ^: tails spread out into broad t]m9al processes1 )\t homologue 9 ! high] animals2 fig4 d1 ^? ,acan?opt]ygii ( ! ,*alk t1 9 addition to ! non-homological processes1 h bo? =e limbs & h9d] limbs /uck r\nd ! head2 :ile fig4 e repres5ts ! asymmetrical ,platessa1 ( ! same p]iod1 ) "o ( its eyes 9 ! middle ( its head1 & ! o!r ?ru/ out to ! side4 ,illu/ration #ca ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 respectfully sugge/1 t t !ory ( c]ebral v]tebr1 on :i*1 9 ?is "q1 ! comp>ative anatomi/s proce$ z _! pr9ciple1 & :i* f9ds z little support 9 ! geologic record f ! actual hi/ory ( ! =e limbs z f ! actual hi/ory ( ! bones ( ! cranium1 may be m +5i\s ?an s\nd4 ,x is a %rewd circum/ance1 t ! rocks refuse to te/ify 9 its favor4 ,agassiz1 ,i f9d1 decides aga9/ x on o!r ?an geological gr\nds2 & 8 conclusion is c]ta9ly r5d]$ n ! less wor?y ( c>eful consid]ation by ! fact t1 yield+ to ! =ce ( evid5ce1 8 views on ! subject und]w5t a ?or\gh *ange4 ,he _h fir/ held1 & !n reject$ x4 8,i h %>$10 he says1 8) a multitude ( o!r naturali/s1 ! op9ion :i* reg>ds ! cranium z compos$ ( v]tebr2 & ,i am consequ5tly 9 "s degree call$ ^u to po9t out ! motives :i* h induc$ me to reject x40 8,m4 ,ok510 he cont9ues1 80 ! fir/ to assign ?is signification to ! bones ( ! cranium4 ,! new doctr9e he exp\nd$ 0 receiv$ 9 ,g]many ) great en?usiasm by ! s*ool ( ! philosoph]s ( nature4 ,! au?or conceiv$ ! cranium to consi/ ( ?ree v]tebr1 & ! basal occipital1 ! sph5oid1 & ! e?moid1 7 reg>d$ z ! c5tral p>ts ( ^! cranial v]tebr4 ,on ^! alleg$ bodies ( v]tebr1 ! ar*es envelop+ ! c5tral p>ts ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7 rais$1 :ile on ! opposite side 7 atta*$ ! inf]ior pieces1 :i* w5t to =m ! vegetative ar* de/9$ to embrace ! inte/9al canal & ! l>ge vessels4 ,x w\ld be too t$i\s to enum]ate 9 ?is place ! *anges :i* ea* au?or introduc$1 9 ord] to modify ?is matt] s z to make x suit 8 own views4 ,"s w5t ! l5g? ( affirm+ t ! v]tebr ( ! head 7 z complete z ^? ( ! trunk2 &1 by means ( v>i\s dismemb]m5ts1 sep>ations1 & comb9ations1 all ! =ms ( ! cranium 7 ref]r$ to ! v]tebr1 by admitt+ t ! numb] ( pieces 0 inv>iably fix$ 9 e head1 & t all ! v]tebrata1 :atev] might be _! organization 9 o!r respects1 _h 9 _! heads ! same numb] ( po9ts ( ossification4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 :at 0 errone\s 9 ?is mann] ( reg>d+ ! subject 0 detect$2 b ! idea ( ! v]tebral composition ( ! head 0 /ill reta9$4 ,x 0 admitt$ z a g5]al law1 t ! cranium 0 compos$ ( ?ree primitive v]tebr1 z ! embryo is ( ?ree bla/od]mic leaflets2 b t ^! v]tebr1 l ! leaflets1 exi/$ only ideally1 & t _! pres5ce1 al?\gh easily demon/rat$ 9 c]ta9 cases1 c\ld only be slightly trac$1 & ) ! greate/ difficulty1 9 o!r in/ances4 ,! notion ?us laid d[n ( ! virtual exi/5ce ( cranial v]tebr did n enc\nt] v great opposition2 x c\ld n be d5i$ t !re 0 a c]ta9 g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! osse\s case ( ! bra9 & ! ra*idian canal2 ! occipital1 9 p>ticul>1 _h all ! *>act]i/ic features ( a v]tebra4 ,b :5ev] an attempt 0 made to pu% ! analogy fur!r1 & to det]m9e rigor\sly ! ant]ior v]tebr ( ! cranium1 ! obs]v] f\nd himself arre/$ by insurm\ntable ob/acles1 & he 0 oblig$ always to rev]t to ! virtual exi/5ce4 8,9 ord] to expla9 my idea cle>ly1 let me h rec\rse to an example4 ,x is c]ta9 t organiz$ bodies are sometimes end[$ ) virtual qualities1 :i*1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( ! be+'s life1 elude dissection1 & all our means ( inve/igation4 ,x is ?us t at ! mom5t ( _! orig91 ! eggs ( all animals h su* a resemblance to ea* o!r1 t x w\ld be impossible to di/+ui%1 ev5 by ! aid ( ! mo/ p[]ful microscope1 ! ov>ial egg ( a craw-fi%1 = example1 f t ( true fi%4 ,& yet :o w\ld d5y t be+s 9 e respect diff]5t f ea* o!r exi/ 9 ^! eggs8 ,x is precisely because ! diff]5ce manife/s itself at a lat] p]iod1 9 proportion z ! embryo develops itself1 t we are au?oriz$ to conclude1 t1 ev5 f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 ! eggs 7 diff]5t1--t ea* _h virtual qualities prop] to itself1 al?\gh !y c\ld n be discov]$ by our s5ses4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 any "o %\ld f9d two eggs p]fectly alike1 & %\ld obs]ve two be+s p]fectly id5tical issue f !m1 he w\ld greatly err if he ascrib$ to ^! eggs diff]5t virtual qualities4 ,x is !re=e necess>y1 9 ord] to be 9 a condition to suppose t virtual prop]ties peculi> to x are conceal$ 9 an animal1 t ^! prop]ties %\ld manife/ !mselves once1 9 "s phase or o!r ( its developm5t4 ,n[1 apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! !ory ( cranial v]tebr1 we %\ld say1 t if ^! v]tebr virtually exi/ 9 ! adult1 !y mu/ ne$s %[ !mselves 9 reality1 at a c]ta9 p]iod ( developm5t4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 !y are f\nd nei!r 9 ! embryo nor ! adult1 ,i am ( op9ion t we are entitl$ likewise to dispute _! virtual exi/5ce4 8,"h1 h[ev]1 an objection may be made to me1 drawn f ! physiological value ( ! v]tebr1 ! function ( :i*1 z is well kn[n1 is1 on ! "o h&1 to furni% a solid support to ! muscul> contractions :i* det]m9e ! movem5ts ( ! trunk1 &1 on ! o!r1 to protect ! c5tres ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 by =m+ a m or less solid case completely ar\nd !m4 ,! bodies ( ! v]tebr are p>ticul>ly de/9$ to ! fir/ ( ^! (fices2 ! neurapophyses to ! second4 ,:at c be m natural ?an to admit1 f ! consid]ation ( ?is1 t 9 ! head1 ! bodies ( ! v]tebr dim9i% 9 proportion z ! mov+ function becomes lo/1 :ile ! neurapophyses are consid]ably develop$ = protect+ ! bra91 ! volume ( :i* is v consid]able1 :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! sp9al m>r[8 ,h we n an example ( ?is fact 9 ! v]tebr ( ! tail1 :]e ! neurapophyses become completely oblit]at$1 & a simple cyl9drical body alone rema9s8 ,n[1 may x n be ! case1 t 9 ! head1 ! bodies ( ! v]tebr h disappe>$2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 !re is a prolongation ( ! cord only z f> z ! mov+ functions ( ! v]tebr ext5d8 ,!re is "s tru? 9 ?is argum5t1 & x w\ld be difficult to refute x a priori4 ,b x loses all its =ce ! mom5t t we ent] ^u a detail$ exam9ation ( ! bones ( ! head4 ,?us1 :at w\ld we call1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 ! pr9cipal sph5oid1 ! great w+s ( ! sph5oid1 & ! e?moid1 :i* =m ! floor ( ! c]ebral cavity8 ,x may be said !y are apophyses4 ,b ! apophyses protect ! n]v\s c5tres only on ! side & above4 ,x may be said t !y are ! bodies ( ! v]tebr4 ,b !y are =m$ )\t ! concurr5ce ( ! dorsal cord2 !y _c1 !re=e1 be ! bodies ( ! v]tebr4 ,x mu/ !re=e be all[$1 t ^! bones at lea/ d n ent] into ! v]tebral type2 t !y are 9 "s measure peculi>4 ,& if ?is be ! case ) !m1 :y may n ! o!r protective plates be equally indep5d5t ( ! v]tebral type2 ! m s1 because ! relations ( ! frontals & p>ietals v>y s mu*1 t x w\ld be almo/ impossible to assign to !m a con/ant place80 #cb ,x is /at$ by ,mr4 ,)am1 t1 8except 9 a few in/ances1 he _h ineffectually tri$1 ) ! aid ( ! microscope1 to obta9 "s insight into ! /ructure ( coal4 ,ow+10 he adds1 8to its great opacity1 :i* is probably due to me*anical pressure1 ! action ( *emical aff9ity1 & ! p]colation ( acidul\s wat]s1 all traces ( organization appe> to h be5 oblit]at$40 ,i h he>d ! late ,mr4 ,s&]son1 :o prep>$ = ,mr4 ,)am mo/ ( ! specim5s figur$ 9 8 well-kn[n "w on ! 8,int]nal ,/ructure ( ,fossil ,vegetables10 & f :om ! mat]ials ( 8 /atem5t on ?is po9t seem to h be5 d]iv$1 make a simil> rem>k4 ,x 0 r>e1 he said1 to f9d a bit ( coal t exhibit$ ! organic /ructure4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is f> o!rwise2 & ! +5i\s me*anic & 8 employ] 7 misl$1 simply by ! circum/ance1 t x is r>e to f9d pieces ( coal :i* exhibit ! ligne\s fibre1 exi/+ 9 a /ate ( keep+ solid en\gh to /& ! gr9d+ ( ! lapid>y's :eel4 ,! lignite usually occurs 9 ?9 lay]s ( a sub/ance resembl+ s(t *>coal1 at :i*1 f ! loose adhesion ( ! fibres1 ! coal splits at a /roke2 & z x _c be prep>$ z a transp>5cy1 x is be/ exam9$ by a ,/anhope l5s4 ,x w be f\nd1 tri$ 9 ?is mann]1 t s f> is vegetable fibre f be+ ( r>e occurr5ce 9 coal1--our ,scot* coal at lea/1--t almo/ e cubic in* conta9s its hundr$s1 nay1 its ?\s&s1 ( cells4 #cc ,on a po9t ( su* importance ,i f9d x necess>y to /r5g!n my te/imony by auxili>y evid5ce4 ,! foll[+ is ! judgm5t1 on ?is anci5t petrifaction1 ( ,mr4 ,nicol ( ,ed9burgh1--confess$ly "o ( our highe/ liv+ au?orities 9 t division ( fossil botany :i* takes cognizance ( ! int]nal /ructure ( lignites1 & decides1 f _! anatomy1 _! race & family3-- 8,ed9burgh1 #ai? ,july1 #ahde4 8,,de> ,,sir1--,i h exam9$ ! /ructure ( ! fossil wood :i* y f\nd 9 ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one at ,crom>ty1 & h no hesitation 9 /at+1 t ! reticulat$ texture ( ! transv]se sections1 ?\gh some:at compress$1 cle>ly indicates a conif]\s orig92 b z !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( a disc to be se5 9 ! longitud9al sections p>allel to ! m$ull>y rays1 x is impossible to say :e!r x belongs to ! ,p9e or ,arauc>ian division4 ,i am1 c41 8,,william ,,nicol40 ,x w be se5 t ,mr4 ,nicol fail$ to detect :at ,i n[ deem ! discs ( ?is conif]1--^? /ippl$ m>k+s to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 & :i* ! engrav] has indicat$ 9 no exagg]at$ /yle1 9 "o ( ! longitud9al sections 7b7 ( ! wood-cut giv5 above4 ,b ev5 7 ?is portion ( ! evid5ce :olly want+1 we w\ld be left 9 d\bt1 9 consequ5ce1 n :e!r ! ,old ,r$ lignite =m$ "p ( a true gymnosp]m\s tree1 b :e!r t tree is n[ repres5t$ by ! p9es ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 or by ! arauc>ians ( ,*ili & ,new ,zeal&4 ,7 ,i to risk an op9ion 9 a dep>tm5t n p>ticul>ly my prov9ce x w\ld be 9 favor ( an arauc>ian relation%ip4 #cd ,! foll[+ dige/ f ,pr(essor ,balf\r's v admirable 8,manual ( ,botany10 ( :at is held on ?is curi\s subject1 may be n unacceptable to ! read]4 8,x is an int]e/+ "q to det]m9e ! mode 9 :i* ! v>i\s species & tribes ( plants 7 orig9ally scatt]$ ov] ! globe4 ,v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 advanc$ on ! subject4 ,l9nu ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t !re 0 at fir/ only "o primitive c5tre ( vegetation1 f :i* plants 7 di/ribut$ ov] ! globe4 ,"s1 avoid+ all discussions & difficulties1 suppose t plants 7 produc$ at fir/ 9 ! localities :]e !y are n[ se5 vegetat+4 ,o!rs ?9k t ea* species ( plant orig9at$ 91 & 0 diffus$ f1 a s+le primitive c5tre2 & t !re 7 num]\s su* c5tres situat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w1 ea* c5tre be+ ! seat ( a p>ticul> numb] ( species4 ,!y ?us admit great vegetable migrations1 simil> to ^? ( ! human races4 ,^? :o adopt ! latt] view recognize 9 ! di/ribution ( plants "s ( ! la/ revolutions ( our planet1 & ! action ( num]\s & v>i$ =ces1 :i* imp$e or favor ! dissem9ation ( vegetables 9 ! pres5t day4 ,!y endeavor to asc]ta9 ! primitive flora ( c\ntries1 & to trace ! vegetable migrations :i* h tak5 place4 ,daub5y says1 t analogy favors ! supposition t ea* species ( plant 0 orig9ally =m$ 9 "s p>ticul> locality1 :5ce x spread itself gradually ov] a c]ta9 area1 r ?an t ! e>? 0 at once1 by ! fiat ( ! ,almighty1 cov]$ ) vegetation 9 ! mann] we at pres5t behold x4 ,! human race rose f a s+le pair2 & ! di/ribution ( plants & animals ov] a c]ta9 def9ite area w\ld seem to imply t ! same 0 ! g5]al law4 ,analogy w\ld lead u to believe t ! ext5sion ( species ov] ! e>? orig9ally took place on ! same plan on :i* x is conduct$ at pres5t1 :5 a new isl& />ts up 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean1 produc$ ei!r by a coral reef or a volcano4 ,9 ^! cases ! :ole surface is n at once ov]spread ) plants1 b a gradual progress ( vegetation is trac$ f ! accid5tal introduction ( a s+le se$1 p]haps1 ( ea* species1 waft$ by w9ds or float$ by curr5ts4 ,! rem>kable limitation ( c]ta9 species to s+le spots on ! globe seems to favor ! supposition ( specific c5tres40 #ce ,rhodom5ia palmata & ,al>ia escul5ta4 #cf ,porphyra lac9iata1 ,*orda filum1 & ,ent]omorpha compressa4 #cg 8,dr4 ,neill m5tions10 says ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,l&sbor\gh1 9 8 complete & v int]e/+ 8,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,sea-,we$s10 8t on our %ores alg g5]ally occupy zones 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 beg9n+ f deep wat]3--,f4 ,filum2 ,f4 escul5tus & bulbosus1 ,f4 digitatus1 sac*>9us1 & loreus2 ,f4 s]ratus & crispus2 ,f4 nodosus & vesiculosus2 ,f4 canaliculatus2 &1 la/ ( all1 ,f4 pygmu2 :i* is satisfi$ if x be )9 rea* ( ! spray40 #ch ,we are suppli$ ) a curi\s example ( t ev]-return+ cycle ( speculation 9 :i* ! human m9d op]ates1 by n only ! introduction ( ! pr9ciple ( ,epicurus into ! 8,ve/iges10 b also by ! unconsci\s employm5t ( ev5 8 v argum5ts1 slightly modifi$ by ! float+ semi-sci5tific notions ( ! "t4 ,! foll[+ passages1 tak51 ! "o f ! mod]n "w1 ! o!r f ,fnlon's life ( ! old ,greek philosoph]1 are n unwor?y ( be+ /udi$1 z curi\sly illu/rative ( ! cycle ( ?\ght4 ,epicurus1 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 fir/ rem9d ! read]1 9 ! words ( 8 biograph]1 8suppos$ t m51 & all o!r animals1 7 orig9ally produc$ by ! gr\nd4 ,accord+ to him1 ! primitive e>? 0 fat & nitr\s2 & ! sun1 gradually w>m+ x1 soon cov]$ x ) h]bage & %rubs3 !re also began to arise on ! surface ( ! gr\nd a great numb] ( small tumors l mu%rooms1 :i* hav+ 9 a c]ta9 "t come to maturity1 ! sk9 bur/1 & !re came =? little animals1 :i*1 gradually retir+ f ! place :]e !y 7 produc$1 began to respire40 ,& !re c be little d\bt1 t _h ! microscope be5 a discov]y ( e>ly ,greece1 ! passage "h w\ld h told u1 n ( mu%room-l tumors1 b ( monads4 ,save t ! elem5t ( microscopic fact is awant+ 9 ! "o & pres5t 9 ! o!r1 ! foll[+ are /rictly p>allel l9es ( argum5t3-- 8,to ! natural objection t ! e>? does n n[ produce m51 lions1 & dogs1 ,epicurus replies t ! fecundity ( ! e>? is n[ exhau/$4 ,9 advanc$ age a woman ceases to be> *ildr52 a piece ( l& nev] be=e cultivat$ produces mu* m dur+ ! few fir/ ye>s ?an x does aft]w>ds2 & :5 a =e/ is once cut d[n1 ! soil nev] produces trees equal to ^? :i* h be5 root$ up4 ,^? :i* are aft]w>ds plant$ become dw>fi%1 & are p]petually deg5]at+4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 he argues1 by no means c]ta9 b !re may be at pres5t rabbits1 h>es1 foxes1 be>s1 & o!r animals1 produc$ by ! e>? 9 _! p]fect /ate4 ,! reason :y we are backw>d 9 admitt+ x is1 t x happ5s 9 retir$ places1 & nev] falls "u our view2 &1 nev] see+ rats b su* z h be5 produc$ by o!r rats1 we adopt ! op9ion t ! e>? nev] produc$ any40 7,fnlon's ,lives ( ! ,anci5t ,philosoph]s47 8,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no reason to suppose t1 ?\gh life _h be5 imp>t$ by natural means1 aft] ! fir/ cool+ ( ! surface to a suitable temp]am5t1 x w\ld cont9ue !reaft] to be capable ( be+ imp>t$ 9 l mann]4 ,! great "w ( ! peopl+ ( ?is globe ) liv+ species is ma9ly a fact accompli%$3 ! highe/ kn[n species came z a cr[n+ ef=t ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,! "w be+ ?us to all appe>ance f9i%$1 we are n necess>ily to expect t ! orig9ation ( life & ( species %\ld be conspicu\sly exemplifi$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,we are r to expect t ! vital ph5om5a pres5t$ to our eyes %\ld ma9ly1 if n entirely1 be limit$ to a regul> & unv>y+ succession ( races by ! ord9>y means ( g5]ation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no m an argum5t aga9/ a "t :5 ph5om5a ( ! fir/ k9d prevail$1 ?an x w\ld be a pro( aga9/ ! fact ( a mature man hav+ once be5 a gr[+ y\?1 t he is n[ se5 gr[+ no long]44444 ,secondly1 x is f> f be+ c]ta9 t ! primitive imp>t+ ( life & =m to inorganic elem5ts is n a fact ( our times40 7,ve/iges ( ,creation47 #ci 8,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation10 & 8,explanations1 be+ a ,sequel to ! ,ve/iges40 #dj ,! *apt] 9 :i* ?is passage occurs orig9ally appe>$1 ) sev]al ( ! o!rs1 9 ! ,witness newspap]1 9 a s]ies ( articles1 entitl$ 8,rambles ( a ,geologi/10 & drew =? ! foll[+ lett] f a correspond5t ( ! ,scotti% ,press1 ! organ ( a p[]ful & ?or\ghly respectable section ( ! old ,diss5t]s ( ,scotl&4 ,i pres5t x to ! read] m]ely to %[1 t if1 accord+ to ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 geologi/s assail$ ! developm5t hypo!sis 9 ! fond hope ( 8pur*as+ impunity = !mselves10 !y w\ld succe$ 9 secur+ only disappo9tm5t = _! pa9s3-- 8,,! ,,pre-,,adamite ,,e>?4 8,to ! ,editor ( ! ,scotti% ,press4 8,,sir1--,i occasionally obs]ve articles 9 y\r neighbor & contempor>y ! ,witness1 *>act]i/ically head$ #8,rambles ( a ,geologi/1' :]e9 ! writ] ) great zeal once m #8slays ! sla9' h]esies ( ! #8,ve/iges ( ,creation4' ,?is writ] 7( ! #8,rambles1' ,i mean7 nev]!less1 & at ! same "t1 ann\nces 8 own t5ets to be mu* ( ! same sort1 z appli$ to m]e dead matt]1 t ^? ( ! #8,ve/iges' are ) reg>d to liv+ organisms4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! _w1 dur+ ! la/ million ( ye>s1 has be5 ( itself ris+ or develop+1 )\t ! int]position ( a miracle1 f *aos into its pres5t /ate2 &1 ( c\rse1 z x is /ill1 z a _w1 confess$ly f> bel[ ! acme ( physical p]fection1 t x mu/ be j n[ on its passage1 self-progress+1 t[>ds t po9t1 :i* t]m9us x may rea* 9 ano!r million ( ye>s h5ce4666 ,! au?or ( ! #8,ve/iges1' z quot$ by ! au?or ( ! #8,rambles1' 9 ! la/ numb] ( ! ,witness1 compla9s t ! latt] & 8 allies are n at all s lib]al to him z1 f _! pres5t circum/ances & position1 he _h a "r to expect4 ,he 7! au?or ( ! #8,ve/iges'7 rem9ds 8 oppon5ts t !y h !mselves only lately em]g$ f ! antiquat$ scriptural notions t our _w 0 ! direct & almo/ imm$iate con/ruction ( its ,creator1--z mu* s1 9 fact1 z any ( its organiz$ t5ants1--& t x 0 !n creat$ 9 a /ate ( physical excell5ce1 ! highe/ possible1 to r5d] x a suitable habitation = ^! t5ants1 & all ?is only ab\t six or sev5 ?\s& ye>s ago1--to ! new light ( _! pres5t physico-,lam>ckian views2 & he asks1 & c]ta9ly n )\t reason1 :y %\ld ^! m51 s circum/anc$1 be s anxi\s to /op him 9 8 attempt to move "o /ep fur!r =w>d 9 ! v direction !y !mselves h made ! la/ move8--t is1 9 8 endeavor to ext5d _! own pr9ciples ( self-developm5t f m]e matt] to liv+ creatures4 ,n[1 ,sir1 ,i confess myself to be "o ( ^? 7& possibly y may h m read]s simil>ly con/itut$7 :o n only _c see any great diff]5ce betwe5 m]ely physical & organic developm5t166 b :o w\ld be incl9$ to all[ ! latt]1 absurd z x is1 ! advantage 9 po9t ( likelihood4666 ,! au?or ( ! #8,rambles1' h[ev]1 9 ! face ( ?is1 assures u t 8 views ( physical self-developm5t & long *ronology belong to ! inductive sci5ces4 ,n[1 ,i c\ld at ?is /age ( 8 rambles h wi%$ v mu* t1 in/ead ( m]ely say+ s1 he _h giv5 8 demon/ration4 ,he ref]s1 inde$1 to sev]al great m51 :o1 he says1 are ( 8 op9ion4 ,mo/ t ^! m5 h writt5 on ! "q at issue ,i h se51 b x appe>$ f> f demon/rative1 & "s ( !m1 ,i "k1 _h n fully made up _! m9d on ! po9t4666 ,p]haps ! au?or ( ! #8,rambles' c\ld favor u ) ! inductive process t conv]t$ himself2 &1 z ! atta9m5t ( tru?1 & n victory1 is my object1 ,i promise ei!r to acquiesce 9 or rationally refute x48 ,till !n ,i hold by my antiquat$ t5ets1 t our _w1 nay1 ! :ole mat]ial univ]se1 0 creat$ ab\t six or sev5 ?\s& ye>s ago1 & t 9 a /ate ( physical excell5ce ( :i* we h 9 our pres5t fall5 _w only ! #8ve/iges ( creation4' ,i conclude by m5tion+ t ?is view ,i h held n[ = ne>ly ?irty ye>s1 &1 amid/ all ! vicissitudes ( ! philosophical _w dur+ t p]iod1 ,i h nev] se5 cause to *ange x4 ,( c\rse1 ) ?is view ,i 01 dur+ ! int]val ref]r$ to1 a con/ant oppon5t ( ! once fam\s1 ?\gh n[ explod$1 nebul> hypo!sis ( ,la ,place2 & ,i yet expect to see physical developm5t & long *ronology )] also on ?is e>?1 n[ t ,,_! ,,root 7! said hypo!sis7 has be5 eradicat$ f ! ,,sky4666--,i am1 ,sir1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 8,,philale!s40 ,i am afraid !re is little hope ( conv]t+ a man :o has held s /\tly by 8 notions 8= ne>ly ?irty ye>s20 especially z1 dur+ t p]iod1 he has be5 acqua9t+ himself ) :at writ]s su* z ,drs4 ,*alm]s1 ,buckl&1 & ,pye ,smi? h writt5 on ! o!r side4 ,b = ! demon/ration :i* he asks1 z ,i h conduct$ x1 ,i beg leave to ref] him to ! sev5te5? *apt] ( my little "w1 8,fir/ ,impressions ( ,engl& & its ,p40 ,i am1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to suspect t he is "o ( a class ^: objections are de/9$ to be remov$ r by ! op]ation ( ! laws ( matt] ?an ( ^? ( m9d4 ,= x is a com=table consid]ation1 t 9 ?is controv]sy ! geologi/s h ! laws ( matt] on _! side2--8! />s 9 _! c\rses fight aga9/ ,sis]a40 ,_! oppon5ts n[1 l ! oppon5ts ( ! a/ronom] 9 ! ages gone by1 are1 9 mo/ in/ances1 m5 :o h be5 /udy+ ! matt] 8= ne>ly ?irty ye>s40 ,:5 !y /udy x = a few ye>s long] !y disappe>2 & ! m5 ( ! same ca/ & calibre :o succe$ !m are exactly ! m5 :o ?r[ !mselves mo/ confid5tly into ! arms ( ! enemy1 & look d[n ^u _! poor sil5t pr$ecessors ) ! l(tie/ commis]ation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n un9/ructive to rem>k h[ ?or\ghly1 9 "s in/ances1 ! weak] fri5ds & ! wili] enemies ( ,revelation are at "o 9 _! conclusions respect+ natural ph5om5a4 ,! correspond5t ( ! ,scotti% ,press m]ely reg>ds ! views ( ! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges0 z possess+ 8! advantage1 9 po9t ( likelihood10 ov] ^? ( ! geologi/s 8 antagoni/s3 8 ally ! ,dean ( ,york goes greatly fur!r1 & /&s up z /\tly = ! transmutation ( species z ,lam>ck himself4 ,descant+1 9 8 ,new ,sy/em ( ,geology1 on ! v>i\s =ms ( trilobites1 ammonites1 belemnites1 c4 ,dean ,cockburn says1-- 8,^! creatures appe> to h possess$ ! p[] ( secret+ f ! /one b5ea? !m a limy cov]+ = _! backs1 & p]haps1 f$ p>tly on ! same solid mat]ial4 ,suppos+1 n[ t ! fir/ trilobites 7 de/roy$ by ! ,ll&eilo ,slates1 "s spawn ( ^! creatures w\ld arise above ^! flags1 &1 aft] a "t1 w\ld be w>m$ into exi/5ce4 ,^! molluscs166 !n1 hav+ a bett] mat]ial f :i* to extract _! food & cov]+1 w\ld probably exp& 9 a slightly diff]5t =m1 & ) a m ext5sive mantle ?an :at belong$ to ! p>5t species4 ,! same w\ld be /ill m ! case ) a new g5]ation1 f$ ^u a new deposit f "s deep] volcano1 su* z ! ,c>adoc or ,w5lock ,lime/one1 9 :i* lime m & m pr$om9ates4 ,n[1 if any "o w exam9e ! v>i\s pr9ts ( trilobites 9 ,sir ,r4 ,mur*ison's valuable "w1 he w f9d b v trifl+ diff]5ces 9 any ( !m166 & ^? diff]5ces only 9 ! /ony cov]+ ( _! backs4 ,i knew two bro!rs once mu* alike3 ! "o became a curate ) a l>ge family2 ! o!r a ,london ald]man4 ,if ! sk9s ( ^! two pa*yd]mata _h be5 pres]v$ 9 a fossil /ate1 !re w\ld h be5 less resemblance betwe5 !m ?an betwe5 an ,asaphus tyrannus & an ,asaphus caudatus4444 ,a c>eful & labori\s inve/igation has discov]$1 z 9 ! trilobites1 a diff]5ce 9 ! ammonites ( diff]5t /rata2 b su* diff]5ces1 z 9 ! =m] case1 exi/ only 9 ! =m ( ! ext]nal %ell1 & may be expla9$ 9 ! same mann]466 444 ,z to ! scaphites1 baculites1 belemnites1 & all ! o!r ites :i* le>n$ +5uity has s nam$1 y f9d !m 9 v>i\s /rata ! same 9 all important p>ticul>s1 b also diff]+ slightly 9 _! outw>d cov]+s1 z might be expect$ f ! diff]5t circum/ances 9 :i* ea* v>iety 0 plac$466 ,! %eep 9 ! w>m valleys ( ,&alusia h a f9e cov]+ l to hair2 b remove !m to a nor!rn climate1 & 9 a few g5]ations ! back is cov]$ ) %aggy wool4 ,! animal is ! same1--! cov]+ only is *ang$4444 ,! le>n$ h class$ ^? %ells "u ! names ( t]ebratula1 or?is1 atrypa1 pect51 c4 ,!y are all mu* alike4666 ,x requires an exp]i5c$ eye to di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r3 :at little diff]5ces h be5 po9t$ out may readily be ascrib$1 z be=e1 to diff]5ce ( situation40666 ,! au?or ( ! 8,ve/iges10 ) ?is1 ! fundam5tal portion ( 8 case1 grant$ to him by ! ,dean1 w h exce$+ly little difficulty 9 mak+ out ! re/ = himself4 ,! passage is1 h[ev]1 n )\t its value1 z illu/rative ( ! d>kness1 9 matt]s ( physical sci5ce1 8ev5 d>kness :i* may be felt10 t is suff]$ to l+]1 9 ?is ! mo/ sci5tific ( ages1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,buckl&1 ,s$gwick1 & ,conybe>e4 #da ,! common objection to t special view :i* reg>ds ! days ( creation z imm5sely protract$ p]iods ( "t1 furni%es a specim51 if n ( reason+ 9 a circle1 at lea/ ( reason+ f a m]e assumption4 ,x fir/ takes = grant$1 t ! ,sabba? day dur+ :i* ,god re/$ 0 a day ( b tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 & !n argues1 f ! supposition1 t 9 ord] to keep up ! proportion betwe5 ! six previ\s work+ days & ! sev5? day ( re/1 :i* ! reason annex$ to ! f\r? comm&m5t dem&s1 ^! previ\s days mu/ also h be5 days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea*4 ,x w\ld1 ,i h begun to suspect1 squ>e bett] ) ! asc]ta9$ facts1 & be at lea/ equally 9 accordance ) ,scripture1 to rev]se ! process1 & argue t1 because ,god's work+ days 7 imm5sely protract$ p]iods1 8 ,sabba? mu/ also be an imm5sely protract$ p]iod4 ,! reason atta*$ to ! law ( ! ,sabba? seems to be simply a reason ( proportion2--! objection to :i* ,i ref] is an objection palpably f\nd$ on consid]ations ( proportion4 ,& c]ta9ly1 7 ! reason to be dive/$ ( proportion1 x w\ld be dive/$ also ( its di/9ctive "* z a reason4 ,7 x to run z foll[s1 x c\ld n be at all und]/ood3--8,six days %alt ?\ labor1 c41 b on ! sev5? day %alt ?\ d no labor1 c42 = 9 six imm5sely protract$ p]iods ( _m ?\s& ye>s ea* did ! ,"l make ! heav5s & e>?1 c41 & !n re/$ dur+ a brief day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 !re=e ! ,"l bless$ ! brief day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & hall[$ x40 ,?is1 ,i repeat1 w\ld n be reason4 ,all1 h[ev]1 t seems necess>y to ! integrity ( ! reason1 9 its "* z su*1 is1 t ! proportion ( six p>ts to sev5 %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,god's p]iods may be p]iods express$ algebraically by lett]s symbolical ( unkn[n quantity1 & man's p]iods by lett]s symbolical ( quantities well kn[n2 b if ,god's ,sabba? be equal to "o ( 8 six work+ days1 & man's ,sabba? equal to "o ( 8 six work+ days1 ! integrity ( proportion is ma9ta9$4 ,:5 ,i see ! palpable absurdity ( su* a read+ ( ! reason z ! "o giv5 above1 ,i c see no absurdity :atev] 9 ! read+ :i* ,i subjo93--8,six p]iods 7aaaaaa7 %alt ?\ labor1 c41 b on ! sev5? p]iod 7ba7 %alt ?\ d no labor1 c42 = 9 six p]iods 7xxxxxx7 ! ,"l made heav5 & e>?1 c41 & re/$ ! sev5? p]iod1 7yx27 !re=e ! ,"l bless$ ! sev5? p]iod1 & hall[$ x0 ,! reason1 9 its "* z a reason ( proportion1 survives "h 9 all its integrity4 ,man1 :5 9 8 unfall5 e/ate1 bore ! image ( ,god1 b x mu/ h be5 a m9iature image at be/2--! proportion ( man's week to t ( 8 ,mak] may1 = aught t appe>s1 be ma!matically j 9 its proportions1 & yet be a m9iature image too1--! m]e scale ( a map1 on :i* in*es repres5t geographical degrees4 ,all ^? week days & ,sabba? days ( man :i* h come & gone s9ce man fir/ ent]$ ^u ?is sc5e ( be+1 ) all :i* %all yet come & g1 until ! resurrection ( ! dead t]m9ates ! "w ( ,r$emption1 may be includ$1 & probably are includ$1 9 ! "o ,sabba? day ( ,god4 ,valuable ,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,g\ld ,,& ,,l9coln1 #ei ,wa%+ton ,/reet1 ,bo/on4 ,,hamilton',s ,,lectures1 embrac+ ! ,,metaphysical & ,,logical ,,c\rses2 ) ,notes1 f ,orig9al ,mat]ials1 & an ,app5dix1 conta9+ ! ,au?or's ,late/ ,developm5t ( 8 ,new ,logical ,!ory4 ,edit$ by ,rev4 ,,h5ry ,,longueville ,,mansel1 ,b4 ,d41 ,pr(4 ( ,moral & ,metaphysical ,philosophy 9 ,magdal5 ,college1 ,ox=d1 & ,,john ,,veit*1 ,m4 ,a41 ( ,ed9burgh4 ,9 two royal octavo volumes1 viz41 ,i4 ,,metaphysical ,,lectures4 ,royal octavo1 clo?1 #c4ej4 ,,ii4 ,,logical ,,lectures4 ,royal octavo1 clo?1 #c4ej4 ,g4 ,l41 by a special arrangem5t ) ! family ( ! late ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 are ! au?oriz$1 & only au?oriz$1 ,am]ican publi%]s ( ?is di/+ui%$ au?or's mat*less ,,lectures ,,on ,,metaphysics ,,& ,,logic4 ,! above h already be5 introduc$ into ne>ly all our lead+ colleges4 ,,loomis' ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,geology2 adapt$ to ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,loomis1 ,presid5t ( ,lewisburg ,univ]sity1 ,pa4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 8,x is surpass$ by no "w be=e ! ,am]ican public40--,m4 ,b4 ,&]son1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,presid5t ,ro*e/] ,univ]sity4 ,,peabody',s ,,*ri/ianity ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,nature4 ,lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,l[ell ,in/itute 9 #ahfc1 by ,a4 ,p4 ,,peabody1 ,d4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,prea*] to ! ,univ]sity1 & ,plumm] ,pr(essor ( ,*ri/ian ,morals1 ,h>v>d ,college4 ,royal #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,a ma/]ly production1 di/+ui%$ = its acut5ess & e>ne/ness1 its =ce ( logic & fairness ( /atem5t1 writt5 9 a /yle ( s+ul> accuracy & beauty4 ,,paley',s ,,natural ,,!ology3 ,illu/rat$ by =ty ,plates1 ) ,selections f ! ,notes ( ,dr4 ,paxton1 & ,additional ,notes1 ,orig9al & ,select$1 ) a ,vocabul>y ( ,sci5tific ,t]ms4 ,edit$ by ,,john ,,w>e1 ,m4 ,d4 ,improv$ edition1 ) elegant illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 emboss$1 #a4ge4 ,,mansel',s ,,prolegom5a ,,logica2 ! ,psy*ological ,"* ( ,logical ,processes4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,longueville ,,mansel1 ,b4 ,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4be4 ,,"y ,,ladies' ,,class ,,book3 a ,selection ( ,lessons = ,read+ ( ,prose & ,v]se4 ,by ,,eb5ez] ,,bailey1 ,a4 ,m4 ,clo?1 emboss$1 #a4be4 ,,hav5',s ,,m5tal ,,philosophy2 ,includ+ ! ,intellect1 ! ,s5sibilities1 & ! ,w4 ,by ,,joseph ,,hav51 ,pr(essor ( ,intellectual & ,moral ,philosophy1 ,*icago ,univ]sity4 ,royal #abmo1 clo?1 emboss$1 #b4jj4 ,x is believ$ ?is "w w be f\nd prem95tly di/+ui%$ = ! ,,complet5ess ) :i* x pres5ts ! :ole subject4 ,,hav5',s ,,moral ,,philosophy2 ,includ+ ,!oretical & ,practical ,e?ics4 ,by ,,joseph ,,hav51 ,d4 ,d41 late ,pr(essor ( ,moral & ,intellectual ,philosophy 9 ,*icago ,univ]sity4 ,royal #abmo1 clo?1 emboss$1 #a4ge4 ,x is em95tly sci5tific 9 me?od1 & ?or\gh 9 discussion1 & its views on unsettl$ que/ions 9 morals are discrim9at+ & s\nd4 ,,hopk9s' ,,lectures ,,on ,,moral ,,sci5ce1 deliv]$ be=e ! ,l[ell ,in/itute1 ,bo/on1 by ,,m>k ,,hopk9s1 ,d4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,williams ,college4 ,royal #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,an important "w f ! p5 ( "o ( ! mo/ pr(\nd ?9k]s ( ! age4 ,,wayl&',s ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,moral ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,,francis ,,wayl&1 ,d4 ,d41 late ,presid5t ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,wayl&',s ,,moral ,,sci5ce ,,abridg$1 & adapt$ to ! use ( ,s*ools & ,academies1 by ! ,au?or4 ,half mor41 #gj cts4 ,! same1 ,,*eap ,,s*ool ,,edition1 bo>ds1 #de cts4 ,,wayl&',s ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,political ,,economy4 ,by ,,francis ,,wayl&1 ,d4 ,d4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,wayl&',s ,,political ,,economy ,,abridg$1 & adapt$ to ! use ( ,s*ools & ,academies1 by ! ,au?or4 ,half mor41 #gj c5ts4 ,all ! above works by ,dr4 ,wayl& are us$ z text-books 9 mo/ ( ! colleges & high] s*ools ?r\gh\t ! ,union1 & are highly approv$4 ,,agassiz ,,& ,,g\ld',s ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,zo,,logy2 ,t\*+ ! ,/ructure1 ,developm5t1 ,di/ribution1 & ,natural ,arrangem5t1 ( ! ,,races ,,( ,,animals1 liv+ & ext9ct1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,= ! use ( ,s*ools & ,colleges4 ,"p ,i4 ,,comp>ative ,,physiology4 ,by ,,l\is ,,agassiz & ,,augu/us ,a4 ,,g\ld4 ,revis$ edition4 #a4ej4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,sy/ematic ,zology4 ,9 prep>ation4 8,x is simple & elem5t>y 9 its /yle1 full 9 its illu/rations1 compreh5sive 9 its range1 yet well cond5s$1 & br\ght into ! n>r[ compass requisite = ! purpose int5d$40--,silliman's ,j\rnal4 ,,ritt]',s ,,geographical ,,/udies4 ,translat$ f ! ,g]man ( ,c>l ,ritt]1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,gage4 ,) a ,sket* ( ! ,au?or's ,life1 & a ,portrait4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,?is volume conta9s ! gr& g5]alizations ( ,ritt]'s life-"w1 ! ,erdknde1 9 eighte5 volumes2 8 lectures on ! ,relations ( ,geography & ,hi/ory1 & a numb] ( important pap]s on ,physical ,geography4 ,,progressive ,,p5man%ip1 ,pla9 & ornam5tal1 = ! use ( ,s*ools4 ,by ,n4 ,d4 ,,g\ld1 au?or ( 8,beauties ( ,writ+10 8,writ+ ,ma/]'s ,assi/ant10 etc4 ,9 five p>ts1 ea*1 #bj cts4 ,,roget',s ,,!saurus ,,( ,,engli% ,,words ,,& ,,phrases1 s classifi$ & arrang$ z to facilitate ! expression ( ideas1 & assi/ 9 lit]>y composition4 ,new & improv$ edition4 ,by ,,pet] ,,m>k ,,roget1 late ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,london1 etc4 ,revis$ & edit$1 ) a ,li/ ( ,=eign ,words def9$ 9 ,engli%1 & o!r additions1 by ,,b>nas ,,se>s1 ,d4 ,d41 ,presid5t ( ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,a ,,new ,,am]ican ,edition1 ) ,,additions ,,& ,,improvem5ts4 #abmo1 clo?1 #b4jj4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican edition hav+ be5 prep>$ by ,pr(4 ,se>s = /rictly educational purposes1 ^? words & phrases prop]ly t]m$ 8vulg>10 incorporat$ 9 ! orig9al "w1 7 omitt$4 ,^! expurgat$ portions h1 9 ! pres5t edition1 be5 re/or$1 b by su* an arrangem5t ( ! matt] z n to int]f]e ) ! educational purposes ( ! ,am]ican editor4 ,besides ?is x conta9s important additions n 9 ! ,engli% edition1 ( words & phrases1 & also an alphabetical li/ ( 8,,=eign ,,words ,,& ,,phrases0--,lat91 ,fr5*1 ,italian1 ,spani%1 ,greek1 etc4--:i* mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 works ( g5]al lit]ature1 def9$ 9 ,engli%1 mak+ x 9 all respects m full & p]fect ?an ! au?or's edition4 ,,guyot',s ,,e>? ,,& ,,man2 ,lectures on ,,comp>ative ,,physical ,,geography1 9 its relation to ! ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d4 ,by ,,arnold ,,guyot4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,guyot',s ,,mural ,,maps4 ,a s]ies ( elegant ,color$ ,maps1 project$ on a l>ge scale = ! ,recitation ,room1 consi/+ ( a ,map ( ! ,_w1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,geographical ,elem5ts1 c41 exhibit+ ! ,physical ,ph5om5a ( ! ,globe4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,arnold ,,guyot1 viz41 ,,guyot',s ,,map ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 m\nt$1 #ab4jj4 ,,guyot',s ,,map ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 m\nt$1 #aa4jj4 ,,guyot',s ,,map ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica1 m\nt$1 #aa4jj4 ,,guyot',s ,,geographical ,,elem5ts1 m\nt$1 #aa4jj4 ,^! elegant & entirely orig9al ,mural ,maps are project$ on a l>ge scale1 s t :5 susp5d$ 9 ! recitation room !y may be se5 f any po9t1 & ! del9eations )\t difficulty trac$ di/9ctly ) ! eye4 ,!y are beautifully pr9t$ 9 colors1 & neatly m\nt$ = use4 ,,b>ton',s ,,easy ,,lessons ,,9 ,,engli% ,,gramm>1 = ,"y ,beg9n]s4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,b>ton1 ,a4 ,m4 #abmo1 half mor41 #ge cts4 ,design$ z a ,,sequel ,,to ,,! ,,au?or',s ,,new ,,sy/em ,,( ,,engli% ,,gramm>1 :i* =ms a gradual introduction to ! fir/ pr9ciples ( composition4 ,,b>ton',s ,,new ,,int]m$iate ,,sy/em ,,( ,,engli% ,,gramm>4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,b>ton1 ,a4 ,m4 #abmo1 half mor41 #a4jj4 ,,b>ton',s ,,practical ,,ex]cises ,,9 ,,engli% ,,composition2 or1 ,,! ,,"y ,,compos]',s ,,guide4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,,b>ton1 ,a4 ,m4 #abmo1 half mor41 #a4jj4 ,,b>ton',s ,,high ,,s*ool ,,gramm>2 or1 an ,exposition ( ,grammatical ,/ructure ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,by ,w4 ,s4 ,b>ton1 ,a4 ,m4 #abmo4 half mor41 #a4ej4 ,! above works by ,pr(4 ,b>ton1 design$ z text-books = ! use ( s*ools & academies1 are ! result ( long exp]i5ce1 & w be f\nd to possess _m & peculi> m]its4 ,,mill]',s ,,cruise ,,( ,,! ,,betsey2 or1 a ,summ] ,ramble among ! ,fossilif]\s ,deposits ( ! ,hebrides4 ,) ,rambles ( a ,geologi/2 or1 ,t5 ,?\s& ,miles ov] ! ,fossilif]\s ,deposits ( ,scotl&4 #abmo1 ,,pp4 #ebd1 clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,mill]',s ,,essays1 ,hi/orical & ,biographical1 ,political & ,social1 ,lit]>y & ,sci5tific4 ,by ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,) ,preface by ,pet] ,bayne4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,mill]',s ,,foot-,,pr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator2 or1 ! ,a/]olepis ( ,/romness1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,) a ,memoir ( ! ,au?or1 by ,,l\is ,,agassiz4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,mill]',s ,,fir/ ,,impressions ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,its ,,p4 ,) a f9e ,engrav+ ( ! ,au?or4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ej4 ,,mill]',s ,,head%ip ,,( ,,*ri/1 & ! ,rights ( ! ,*ri/ian ,p1 a ,collection ( ,p]sonal ,portraitures1 ,hi/orical & ,descriptive ,sket*es & ,essays1 ) ! ,au?or's celebrat$ ,lett] to ,"l ,br\gham4 ,by ,,hugh ,,mill]4 ,edit$1 ) a ,preface1 by ,,pet] ,,bayne1 ,a4 ,m4 #abmo1 clo?1 #a4ge4 ,,mill]',s ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one2 or1 ,new ,walks 9 an ,old ,field4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates & ,geological ,sections4 ,,new ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,mu* ,,enl>g$1 by ! 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