,transcriber's ,notes ,texts printed in italics in the source document have been transcribed between underscores4 ,small capitals have been replaced with ,,all ,,capitals4 ,more ,transcriber's ,notes may be found at the end of this text4 ,,cheating ,,the ,,junk-,,pile ,cheating the ,junk-,pile ,,the ,,purchase ,,and ,,maintenance ,,of ,,household ,,equipments ,,by ,,ethel ,r4 ,,peyser ,,with ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,richardson ,,wright ,editor of 8,house and ,garden ,magazine0 ,illustrated by drawings by ,,harry ,,richardson and by photographs ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,company #fha ,,fifth ,,avenue ,copyright1 #aibb1 ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,and ,,company ,all ,rights ,reserved ,,printed ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,central ,oil and ,gas ,stove ,company ,,bungalow ,,and ,,palace ,,can ,,be ,,fed ,,with ,,the ,,newer ,,oil ,,ranges ,,with ,,plenty ,,of ,,space ,,and ,,ovens ,to 8,,home ,,and ,,mother0 ,the ,experience of ,both has ,made this ,collection ,possible ,,acknowledgments ,this book cannot go on its way without acknowledging ,richardson ,wright1 ,editor of ,house and ,garden ,magazine1 at whose request the chapters were written1 as the source of it and as the stimulus to the gathering of the material4 ,i also want to acknowledge the unflagging services of ,celia ,arbeit1 his secretary1 who at every point helped in collating the straying text and furtive photographs4 ,i must not forget the manufacturers1 who have supplied me with information1 illustration1 and enthusiasm1 and also the several experts who were philanthropic enough to read every chapter 7before they came out in ,house and ,garden7 to eradicate any technical or scientific anachronism that might have lurked therein4 ,to all these and others who have helped ,i am very grateful4 ,e4 ,r4 ,p4 ,new ,york ,city ,august #aibb ,,author',s ,,foreword ,ignorant buying is the junk-pile's subsistence4 ,this book is in no way intended to be a book on household efficiency1 in the usual sense of the word--it is no religio-culinaris1 no domestic ,baedecker or home ,taylor4 ,it is merely meant to be a means to the purchase and care of the best household equipments and to be an instruction before not after the purchase is made4 ,further1 it is meant to cheat the junk-pile1 by inspiring the buyer to get the maximum advantage out of every purchase of the thing he buys and by the proper care of it after he gets it4 ,it is a book which conspires against the aspiring junk heap in the yard or in the store-room4 ,there is so much in the market to-day in the way of household equipments and devices1 that a book like this is necessary to give the home-keeper as much of an idea as to what to eliminate as to what to choose4 ,it is necessary1 too1 to give the home-keeper an idea of the maintenance of what she has elected to buy1 as the proper care of possessions adds #ajj to their longevity4 ,in every case in this book the very best devices are discussed4 ,if the reader feels that in any case a too expensive article has been delineated at least he 7or she7 will get from the discussion of the thing1 an idea and ideal of what is to be demanded of this sort of device 444 and if she 7or he7 be improvident1 will immediately buy a cheap thing instead of waiting until he 7or she7 can afford a better article if not the best4 ,in short1 the purchaser should demand in every purchase the largest collection of 8best traits40 ,so this book1 then1 aims to give the purchaser an idea of what things or qualities to buy2 to stimulate the manufacturer who is ready to furnish them when given a reason for doing so2 to make of every purchase a paying investment1 not a mere expenditure2 and to cheat the ,crsus-like junk-man out of his expected heritage4 ,due to the time it takes to print and publish a book the reader will realize that there may be new things created which could not be included herein4 ,e4 ,r4 ,p4 ,,introduction ,,the ,,housewife ,,as ,,manager ,,and ,,purchasing ,,agent ,several years ago we heard a great deal of talk about women's place being in the home4 ,the slogan was used as a campaign challenge and as a sneer4 ,it was bandied up and down the country-side until we got pretty tired of hearing it4 ,since the privilege of voting has been given women and since their weight is being felt in elections1 the cry has died down4 ,the simple reason is that neither the employment of women in war-work nor the radical challenges of the ultra-feminist has altered the fundamental fact that the home is a woman's realm4 ,now you can banish her to the home and make it such a place of drudgery that she loathes it2 or she can abide there as a queenly figure1 director of its work4 ,thanks to the inventive genius of our manufacturers1 the home has ceased to be a place of exile for a woman4 ,the long hours that used to obtain in housework1 the wear and tear on nerves and muscles1 are being cut down by labor-saving equipment4 ,the shortage of servants is being met with the same devices4 ,it can never be expected that a big house will be totally servantless4 ,utopia is still far away4 ,but it can be reasonably expected that every house will get along with fewer servants4 ,the hope of this expectation lies in two salient features of these times3 7#a7 the simplifying of our home life2 7#b7 the position of the housewife as a manager4 ,one of the reasons for the high cost of living has been the complication of our living4 ,the past generation has been brought up to feel that so many more things are necessary to comfort than was the previous generation4 ,short cuts to comfort cost money4 ,the grocery order sent over the telephone saves steps but adds to the bill4 ,the dress bought ready-made is a convenience--and an extra expense4 ,the food and drink picked up at shops have added to the cost of living--especially the drink4 ,nowadays ,congress is encouraging the making of drinks at home1 sensible women will take a basket on arm and supervise their own buying at grocery stores1 and we are forgetting the silly twaddle about clothes not looking tailor-made4 ,the way to meet the high cost of living is to simplify the manner of living4 ,and the way to simplify the manner of living is to live more at home and do more at home4 ,we've reached the ebb-tide4 ,the flood is leaving the restaurant and the cabaret and turning toward home4 ,make no mistake about that4 ,we are being cleansed with the fire that we ourselves kindled4 ,the home is coming into its own1 and with it1 the woman in the home4 ,taking them by and large1 our grandmothers were pretty good managers4 ,they didn't have vacuum cleaners or electric toasters or telephones or a lot of other equipment that has cut down housework today1 but1 if you will remember1 they did have a very decided system in running and managing their households4 ,our mother's day saw the introduction of labor-saving devices4 ,the household work then stood on the threshold of a new era1 but it didn't have the courage to put a foot across4 ,moreover1 the equipment had not reached the degree of proficiency where it could be considered practical4 ,the machinery of household equipment complicated living4 ,this present generation has the perfected machinery and much more to come1 but it lacks what our grandmothers had--a system4 ,we are dealing with old problems with new equipment4 ,it is a case of old wine in new bottles1 and we have to find a way of handling it4 ,the secret1 of course1 is a system1 a policy4 ,the housewife of today is to her home what a man is to his office4 ,she is a house manager1 a ,domiologist1 as the author of this book suitably coined4 ,to be successful in that sphere she must apply the same principles of management to her work that her husband does to his4 ,she must consider three things3 7#a7 household policy2 7#b7 household equipment2 7#c7 employed personnel4 ,the employed personnel not only includes the cook and the other servants of the house1 but also the grocer from whom the vegetables are bought1 the butcher1 the dealer in housewares4 ,there is just as much reason for looking into the character of her butcher before she buys from him as for looking into her cook's reputation before she hires her4 ,in this respect the housewife is a purchasing agent and she should apply the same exacting principles that a purchasing agent of a factory does4 ,the household equipment can generally be divided into departments1 just as office work is divided into departments4 ,there is the cooking department1 the laundry department and the cleaning department4 ,these will be large and small according to the size of the family and the house4 ,each requires its own equipment and each should be kept separate--the cleaning instruments such as brushes1 brooms1 vacuum cleaner1 dust cloths1 etc41 in their own department or closet2 the things appertaining to the kitchen in the kitchen2 the laundry equipment1 soap1 clothes-lines etc4 in the laundry4 ,some household managers may say that this is an old story4 ,yes1 to them4 ,but hundreds of women complicate the household work by not using this departmental idea4 ,so soon as they do1 household work begins to straighten out4 ,a household policy is less easy to define4 ,in an office a policy is the way of conducting business--both the way and the purpose4 ,in a house it should be the same4 ,it is this that the author of this book reiterates over and over again1 a policy and system in the department of the installing of labor-saving and work-doing machinery and devices and operations to reduce the irksomeness of household management4 ,it is this that the readers of ,house and ,garden ,magazine1 wherein this book appeared serially1 have enjoyed4 ,men and women have profited by its accurate technical discussion and by the delightful presentation with its occasional bits of humor4 ,for these reasons ,i gladly recommend it to its future public which ,i feel sure has need of it1 consciously or unconsciously4 ,,richardson ,,wright ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction4 ,,the ,,housekeeper ,,as ,,manager4 ,,by ,,richardson ,,wright1 ,editor of ,house and ,garden ,magazine xi ,,chapter ,i4 ,,introducing ,,you ,,to ,,electricity #a ,electricity simplified for your many uses4 ,,ii4 ,,keeping ,,out ,,of ,,hot ,,water #ac ,making dishwashing a pleasant game4 ,how the drudgery of dishwashing is banished by electricity4 ,,iii4 ,,electrocuting ,,the ,,wash #bb ,no more wasting the laundress4 ,electric laundries make washing1 drying and ironing swifter and cleaner4 ,,iv4 ,,the ,,portable ,,vacuum ,,cleaner #de ,makes a clean sweep if you buy the right kind4 ,v4 ,a ,,pipe ,,dream #ed ,the stationary vacuum plant in your cellar is piped for convenience1 like water to your chambers4 ,,vi4 ,,cooking ,,by ,,electric ,,current #fb ,not a currant jam1 but a release of time and a gain in cleanliness and comfort4 ,,vii4 ,,taking ,,guesswork ,,out ,,of ,,gas ,,cookery #ge ,done by the new devices for timing and temperatures and the new surfaces for cooking4 ,,viii4 ,,the ,,oil ,,range #hf ,these days can never say 8,call me oily1 mother dear10 as the new ranges are odorless1 swift and clean cookers4 ,,ix4 ,,cooking ,,by ,,absent ,,treatment #if ,the method of the new fireless electric cookers4 ,x4 ,,questions ,,from ,,the ,,league ,,of ,,rations #ajj ,well met by the new kitchenette equipments4 ,,xi4 ,,keeping ,,it ,,cool #ajf ,the refrigerator is good only if you buy the best types4 ,the points are here for your digestion4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,passing ,,of ,,the ,,ice ,,man #aac ,the irrevocable tragedy with the advent of the ice-making refrigerators4 ,,xiii4 ,a ,,burning ,,question #aai ,the incinerator4 ,the right kind of incineration is the only way to answer the question4 ,,xiv4 ,,air ,,and ,,its ,,entrance ,,and ,,exit #abf ,depend on many things detailed in this chapter4 ,,xv4 ,,the ,,plumbing ,,in ,,your ,,kitchen #acf ,a 8piping0 chapter in reference to sinks of all kinds1 refrigerator connection1 etc4 ,,xvi4 ,,knife-,,life ,,in ,,the ,,kitchen #aej ,speaks for their habits1 habitat1 uses1 and abilities4 ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,wood ,,implements #afc ,their place in your modern economy4 ,,xviii4 ,,glass ,,ware #agj ,some transparent but overlooked facts4 ,,xix4 ,,the ,,bride',s ,,kitchen #age ,with its accessories is the same as any first equipment for any kitchen 7utensils1 function1 etc474 ,,xx4 ,,canning ,,and ,,preserving #ahg ,with many new angles4 ,,xxi4 ,,casseroles ,,or ,,the ,,revolution ,,culinary #aig ,an exciting title for a casserole discussion4 ,,xxii4 ,,furnishing ,,your ,,kitchen #bjb ,the best1 according to your purse1 is suggested here4 ,tables much discussed4 ,,xxiii4 ,,kitchen ,,cosmetics #baa ,how to 8make-up0 the kitchen with paint and varnish4 ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,great ,,american ,,dish #bbj ,ice cream is made possible by proper implements4 ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,kitchen ,,rotary ,,club #bbi ,tells of the new and old buffers and mixers for culinary amalgamations1 etc41 and how to 8beat it0 modernly4 ,,xxvi4 ,,flaws ,,or ,,floors ,,in ,,your ,,kitchen #bcf ,gives advice as to choice and treatment of floorings4 ,,xxvii4 ,,federalizing ,,your ,,kitchen #bdd ,having kitchen cabinets built the right way1 so that from them kitchen processes can comfortably be directed4 ,,xxviii4 ,,when ,,the ,,pot ,,hangs ,,high #bej ,a plea for the convenient arrangement of everyday kitchen utensils4 ,hooks versus closets1 and daylight versus dark4 ,,xxix4 ,,brushing ,,up ,,on ,,brushes #bee ,their manufacture1 functions1 treatment1 and adaptability to different things4 ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,quiet ,,house #bfd ,how by insulations1 and various other devices1 quiet may be had in any home4 ,,xxxi4 ,,ostracizing ,,the ,,fly #bfi ,by screens 7and cleanliness74 ,here cleanliness is taken for granted and screens are discussed--not movie but movable screens4 ,,xxxii4 ,,polishing ,,the ,,water ,,supply #bhb ,another way of saying1 8,here are ways to filter water properly40 ,,xxxiii4 ,,outstripping ,,the ,,gale #bib ,by weather stripping4 ,a discussion of weather strips to save time1 money and health4 ,,xxxiv4 ,,beauty ,,and ,,the ,,bath #cjb ,retails the new bathroom fixings which make them less like a hospital in appearance4 ,,xxxv4 ,,the ,,winter ,,of ,,your ,,content #cac ,can be had only by heating plants properly bought and kept4 ,,xxxvi4 ,,outlets ,,save ,,your ,,income #cbh ,in lighting the house4 ,,xxxvii4 ,,tin ,,ware1 ,,rubber ,,and ,,paper #ccg ,mere articles of use and comfort4 ,,xxxviii4 ,,come ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,parlor #cdc ,and see what lovely gifts you can give from the realm of the kitchen4 ,,xxxix4 ,,latest ,,inventions #cdh ,at least as late as the printing of a new book permitted4 ,,xl4 ,,measure ,,for ,,measure #ced ,a warning in terms of weights and measures for kitchen economy4 ,,xli4 ,,taking ,,the ,,kitchen ,,along #cff ,when motoring or picnicking what to carry4 ,,xlii4 ,,the ,,fire ,,hazard #cgj ,ways to decrease the danger of fire4 ,,xliii4 ,,taking ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,household ,,equipment #cij ,the only way to cheat the junk-pile after buying the best devices4 ,,xliv4 ,a ,,few ,,suggestive ,,books #djj ,in which you may read further about things we could not touch upon in this short collection4 ,,illustrations ,bungalow and palace can be fed with the newer oil ranges with plenty of space and ovens ,frontispiece ,,page ,a way to keep out of 8hot water0--,the portable dishwasher #ae ,the dishwasher which is a table when not washing #ai ,wet days can be dry days no matter what the law may be with the indoor dryer #cc ,looking for the dust which was sucked down from above stairs6 #ee ,electric range #fc ,,to ,,face ,,page ,hood and stove heated by gas and wood #ge ,the smooth top #ch gas range takes the stoop out of stoopid cookery #gg ,taking the guess work out of oven temperatures by the use of an automatic heat regulator #ha ,,to ,,face ,,page ,a corner in ,walter ,russell's kitchenette #ajj ,,to ,,face ,,page ,when there is a cellar used for the laundry1 the ice-maker coils can be set down there with ease and simplicity #ajf ,nor cold nor heat can get beyond these fortifications #aji ,she is cool even in summer with moving air #abi ,devices designed by the author for keeping cutlery in cutting form #aeh ,another device designed by the author for keeping cutlery in cutting form #afj ,,to ,,face ,,page ,showing the meat-chopping table1 range #bjb ,a member of the kitchen rotary club at work on cake-mixing #bca ,,to ,,face ,,page ,an ideal kitchen with linotile floor1 built-in steel kitchen cabinet units and cook's table1 with pot hanger comfort #bcf ,,to ,,face ,,page ,a steel unit kitchen cabinet flanked by broom and duster closets #bdd ,the screen which rolls up is a comfort as well as a safe and sure insect ostracizer #bge ,double hung or ordinary sliding window treatment with weatherstrips obviates draughts1 dust and noise--saves coal6 #bie ,a method of heating water by means of a faucet attachment #cbe ,detach plug from iron as well as from socket if you want your home intact #chb ,she has prepared the way for a nice little fire #chc ,,cheating ,,the ,,junk-,,pile ,cheating ,the ,junk-,pile ,,chapter ,i ,,introducing ,,you ,,to ,,electricity ,what's a watt8 ,this is not a comic opera refrain1 but a question asked so many times that it is typical of the lack of knowledge people have to-day of the force which they are using constantly in their own homes and others4 ,we have lived to see women go to automobile schools and learn the working of the car which is theirs to drive4 ,but as yet there seems to be no course even in the domestic science school which gives the household engineer an inkling of what is to be her mechanical field in the realm of electricity or ordinary mechanical construction4 ,we hope this will come4 ,for have you ever stopped to think that the housekeeper to-day presides over an extensive electric installation8 ,even if she has but a telephone and an electric bell in the house1 there is much that happens that ought to be familiar to her4 ,but people to-day have much more than these few things2 they have at least three or four of the following3 ironing machine1 washing machine1 vacuum cleaner1 telephone1 warming pad1 electric lights1 toaster1 electric piano1 sewing machine1 curling iron1 electric range1 electric iron1 etc41 yet the underlying principles and vocabulary are still as ,sanskrit to the majority of users4 ,this article is but to make simple and comfortable electric terminologies and we will use this for an excuse to get at a few electrical misusages4 ,it is to make electricity familiar rather than a stranger to the user4 ,nobody knows what electricity is1 so fortunately1 we don't have to stop and define it4 ,all that we know is that it acts in certain definite ways4 ,we get electricity from the battery and from the generator 7dynamo74 ,the battery consists of celled containers which come under the heads of dry and wet batteries in so far as they contain liquid or solid 7wet7 ingredients1 through which the electricity is generated and passed out by means of wires4 ,in short the battery produces electricity by means of chemicals4 ,the primary battery produces electricity and the storage battery stores it in the form of chemical energy4 ,it is useless for purveying very much electrical power as there never can be enough pressure 7voltage7 to send along the electricity to do big jobs1 unless hundreds of cells connected in a certain way were used1 which would be a foolish waste of material and time1 etc4 ,in order to obviate such manufacturing the generator or dynamo is used and electricity is made in this way by induction4 ,in other words1 we make it by letting a coil of wire 7or several coils7 be revolved by steam or water power 7usually7 as it cuts through the area of magnetism 7field7 of a giant magnet something like those we used when we were children4 ,this coil catches the electricity and it is led off by wires wherever we want it to perform4 ,the coil on the spindle is called the armature1 where the wire is attached to lead off the electricity from the armature are contact-pieces1 and the plates which make the contact with the contact pieces and to which are attached the wires of the out-going electric circuit are called the brushes4 ,there is much more to say1 but not in this article4 ,if you are interested we refer you to ,charles ,r4 ,gibson's 8,romance of ,electricity0 for simple electrical explanations4 ,the motor with a few mechanical changes is the reverse of the dynamo2 it works by electricity and changes it into mechanical power to work our washing machines1 etc4 ,there are on the market ,a4 ,c41 ,d4 ,c41 and ,universal motors4 ,these you will understand after the next section which takes up ,a4 ,c4 and ,d4 ,c4 electricity4 8,madam1 do you use ,a4 ,c4 or ,d4 ,c480 asks the man selling you a washing machine4 ,most decent folks are quite at sea at this seemingly geographic question1 and yet after all it is the most complicated simple thing in the world4 ,d4 ,c4 doesn't mean ,district of ,columbia2 it simply means ,direct ,current4 ,and ,a4 ,c4 means ,alternating ,current4 ,and on these two kinds hang all the wires of electric profits4 ,direct ,current or ,d4 ,c4 is a current that runs in one direction over the wire like water through a pipe4 ,it is simple to visualize1 even if electricity does flow #afc1jjj miles per second4 ,but alternating current 7,a4 ,c47 is electricity which alternates and goes back and forth1 generally4 ,even though it goes back and forth in waves of tremendous rapidity1 you can see that there must be a time in this period when the electricity is for an infinitesimal space of time at low power1 and another infinitesimal space of time at high4 ,in order to keep the supply even and steady1 two and sometimes three coils of wire are used in the generator to catch the electricity so that there is scant opportunity for the electric supply to be anything but even1 for when one coil is up the other is down and thus they even up the strength of the current4 ,so when your salesman asks you when you buy a motor1 8,if you have ,a4 ,c4 or ,d4 ,c4 electricity0 and you say ,a4 ,c4 he may go on and say1 8,how many phase80 ,then you should find out the answer from your lighting company4 ,he then may ask you how many cycles1 which when translated means the electric period it takes for the alternating current to flow back and forth4 ,now dynamos for ,d4 ,c4 and ,a4 ,c4 electricity vary slightly1 but that need not trouble us4 ,the reason for two kinds of electricity at all is that each1 though obeying the larger laws1 has its own peculiar habits and good points4 ,for example1 alternating current can be carried long distances at high pressure 7high voltage7 and side-tracked by a transformer to a little home and the pressure very simply reduced4 ,in other cases the pressure can be very simply increased4 ,therefore in country districts one is very prone to see ,a4 ,c4 in vogue4 ,the same amount of current1 whether ,d4 ,c4 or ,a4 ,c41 is used for lighting1 etc4 ,a4 ,c4 is not used for electro-plating1 etc41 or for storage batteries4 ,this is a good point to remember if you have storage batteries to supply for bells1 etc41 and your current is ,a4 ,c4 ,you will have to have your batteries charged from a plant which makes ,d4 ,c4 or install a small 8converter40 ,if you attempt to use the ,a4 ,c4 you will burn out your plates4 ,but how is electricity measured8 ,how1 in other words1 do we know how much we use and how can we test our bills8 ,the following paradigm will give the electric measures translated into more familiar terms of water measurement3 ,volt ,pressure ,ampere ,rate of flow of current per second ,watt ,fraction of horsepower 7,h4,p47 ,kilowatt 7#ajjj watts7 #a ,h4,p4 ,resistance ,friction 7as water resists the sides of a pipe47 ,ohms 7the unit of ,friction 7as water resists the sides of a measuring resistance74 pipe74 ,the volt takes its name from ,volta1 an ,italian scientist2 the ampere from a ,frenchman1 the ohm from a ,german1 the watt from an ,englishman4 ,we hear most about volts and watts4 ,voltage is found by multiplying the ohms by the amperes4 ,the volt is the pressure that makes electricity flow through the wire1 and the friction of resistance to its flow is measured by the ohm4 ,the amount of work a given number of amperes will do at a certain voltage 7pressure7 is known as watts4 ,so if by chance you ever need formul here is a little one for your card catalogue3 ,ohmsamperesvolts4 ,voltsohmampere4 ,voltsamperewatts4 #a ,kilowatt#ajjj watts4 #ajjj watts#a ,h4 ,p4 ,the next thing which is necessary for the householder to know is how to compute costs of electrical usage4 ,the amount of electric power used1 for example1 by the electric light is measured in watts4 ,look on any incandescent bulb and you will see thereon the number of watts--usually around #ej or #fj4 ,in order to know how many watts a light consumes1 divide the number of watts it consumes by #ajjj to reduce it to a something of a kilowatt4 ,then multiply this result by the number of hours the lamp has been lit by the kilowatt to get the kilowatt hour of electricity4 ,the kilowatt hour1 of course1 multiplied by the rate per kilowatt hour in your locality will give you the cost4 ,the rate is always figured on the kilowatt hour4 ,watt#ajjjkilowatts4 ,kilowatthourskilowatt hours4 ,kilowatt hoursratecost4 ,probably it would be a good thing to know how to read the meter1 which generally consists of four little dials which are read from right to left4 ,the first dial measures the tens1 the second the hundreds1 the third the thousands1 the fourth the ten thousands4 ,therefore if the hand in the left has passed #i1 that would stand for #ijjj ,in #bnd dial nearest to #a that would stand for #ajj ,in #crd dial nearest to #b1 that would stand for #bj ,in #dth dial nearest to #a1 that would stand for #a ---- #iaba ,the total is #iaba kilowatt hours and this multiplied by the rate 7say ten cents7 as it is in some places1 would mean that the bill for this consumption would be #ib4b4 ,now1 knowing from your last month's bill that the reading of the meter then was #hbjjj--;by subtracting you find that the actual current consumed was #iba ,k4 ,w4 hours1 which multiplied by rate 7say ten cents7 gives you #ib4aj as your bill4 ,to quote from an article in this series on electric ranges will give you an idea as to how to buy in accordance with voltage and how the cost is reckoned in watts3 8,it is necessary when ordering a range to give the voltage of your electricity supply4 ,the stoves are usually prepared for #aaj-bbj1 #aaj volts with two wire service from the street or #aaj-bbj volts with three wire service4 ,in some stoves the cut-out box is built on the range directly back of the switches4 ,this1 then1 can be easily opened if anything happens4 ,in the stock stove there is made an extra charge for voltage exceeding #bbj or less than #aaj1 because alterations have to be made4 ,according to the size of heating elements in the stove1 etc41 the wattage runs from #aj1jjj watts or #aj kilowatts1 which is the same thing1 to about #bejj watts1 or #b kilowatts on a small three-heating-unit range4 ,this gives its total capacity if everything goes at once4 ,the number of watts used1 multiplied by our local rate1 say four cents1 gives the cost per kilowatt hour1 which in this case would be #dj cents per hour4 ,have you ever wondered how electricity changes from current to heat8 ,have you ever wondered how we can cook1 and iron1 and warm a room by it8 ,it is due to electricity's resistance1 which is measured in ohms4 ,it is resistance which is turned into heat4 ,the process of overcoming resistance results in throwing off heat4 ,it is quite familiar4 ,did you ever rub a piece of wood in the palm of your hand for a little while and feel the heat given off8 ,we call it friction1 but it is really the giving off of heat due to expenditure of mechanical energy4 ,the same thing happens with the electricity4 ,this electricity which travels at the speed of #afc1jjj miles a second1 when it comes into frictional relation with its conductor pushes aside the molecules of the metal1 and here the mechanical energy is magically transformed into heat4 ,,some ,,technical ,,terms ,when we hear short-circuit mentioned1 what does it mean to us8 ,well1 it should mean that the path of the electricity 7electric circuit7 has been suddenly shortened1 the electricity has escaped through the ground or over another conductor4 ,insulation is the covering by which the escape of electricity through the wire is made impossible4 ,always see to it that the insulation is in perfect condition4 ,all wires must be insulated4 ,in damp places rubber covered wire must be used4 ,wires must always be protected with porcelain tubes passing through partition walls1 girders1 and where they pass over pipes1 and other wires1 etc4 ,incandescent lights are merely globes with a vacuum in which a filament of tungsten or some other highly resistant material meets the electric current and glows through its very resistant power4 ,the switch is merely a device to open and close the path of electricity4 ,the socket is the termination of two wires from the generator or battery1 into which the bulb of the light is put and other connections made4 ,you will notice two wires on every electric connection4 ,this is to make a complete electric circuit 7path7 to and from the points where it is used4 ,the outlet is the opening where the socket can be placed4 ,the more outlets you have in your home before building the better off you will be forever and ever4 ,a convenient outlet 7sometimes called a baseboard or wall receptacle7 is simply a place for conveniently connecting electric appliances to your electric current4 ,fuses are things we hear much about4 ,they are the stop-gaps really between danger and safety and though they make a splutter when they 8blow out0 it is right that they should4 ,briefly1 the fuse is a bit of lead or other metal with a low melting point so placed that when the circuit gets overloaded for any reason the metal will melt and open the circuit1 stopping the electricity and preventing danger4 ,when the fuse burns1 we call that a blow-out1 but this burning has saved us from dangerous currents4 ,every house should be well supplied with fuses1 and as soon as they are blown out1 restored4 ,your superintendent or electrician will show you how to restore the oft blown-out fuse4 ,so it is wise to keep a few new fuses in one's home4 ,the fuse will blow out sometimes if you allow a bit of metal from a lamp shade to cavort too intimately with the excitable parts of your incandescent bulb2 then the wire gets overloaded and the tin or lead conductor on the fuse melts and prevents the greater current doing any damage4 ,it's simple1 isn't it8 ,the fuses come in convenient shape4 ,sometimes it is wise to use a rubber glove when putting them in4 ,we have seen a sparking do a bit of burning4 ,electricity is not dangerous when properly employed4 ,it is dangerous when you use it wrongly4 ,if you put your hand under a boiling hot stream of water you will get burnt4 ,if you put your hand on a red hot stove you will get burnt2 if you burn a fire in a wooden box you will have more fire than you bargained for2 if you inhale gas you will die4 ,such is the case with electricity1 which is a most controllable force if you are not ignorant as to how to use it4 ,however1 if you will put a hot curling iron on your table without turning off your current you will have a cozy little fire start up2 so you would if you laid down a cigaret without putting it out4 ,most accidents occur simply because of such ridiculous carelessness4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,m4 ,grant of the ,manhattan ,electrical ,supply ,company said a wise thing in reference to this subject3 8,before connecting any appliance to your lamp socket turn out the light in your bulb2 then you know that your current is off4 ,never attach anything to anything electrical until the current is off and never go away and leave an appliance with the electricity turned on40 ,more specifically1 in using any electric appliance non-continuously1 shut off the current immediately upon stopping4 ,do not only pull out the plug but turn off the electricity4 ,in using the flat-iron detach the plug at the iron as well as turn off the current from the socket4 ,remove the iron from the goods and detach the plug when called away from the ironing board4 ,never pull the plug out by the cord2 always grip it at the spring4 ,always replace at once frayed wires--as the ends often collide and make blow-outs4 ,don't leave your electric curling iron on the table cloth and do something else about the room without first turning off the current--or you'll have a cute little fire4 ,care must be taken in using too many cluster plugs1 because the electric circuit 7path7 may be overloaded4 ,that is1 too much electricity drawn over the wire which is made for a certain load4 ,then your fuse will blow out4 ,extra appliances should be attached to different circuits4 ,this a good electrician will regulate for you4 ,too much wattage 7horsepower7 over one circuit is like forcing any machinery to the breaking point4 ,a percolator1 toaster and a lamp are too heavy a load for the ordinary circuit4 ,connect at the same place only those appliances that are of low wattage4 ,some firms have now made percolators and water heaters with fuse-nut or safety fuse devices which melt if overloaded or allowed to heat up without any liquid in them to be heated4 ,you must not let a percolator 8perc0 without any water in it4 ,people complain more about good percolators because their heating element burns out1 either because they do this or because they have it connected up with too many other devices4 ,even if you do the right thing in these respects1 don't forget to disconnect the electricity by pulling out the plug4 ,don't get your electricity heating pad wet4 ,in fact1 don't wet any electric appliance carelessly or you may have a short circuit4 ,remember that electricity1 magic as it is1 can burn as well as any flame1 so don't let your curtains blow against a red hot electric radiator and then blame it on the electricity which after all is your servant if you make it so by right treatment4 ,always ask your salesman to what the device purchased should be attached4 ,some things are designed for the ordinary lamp socket1 and others need different connections4 ,many electric appliances have the pilot light to tell you whether your electric current is on or off4 ,yet it is wise to be your own pilot and remember what you are doing4 ,do not leave your electrical installation entirely to your architect4 ,watch what is happening4 ,remember you need as many outlets as you possibly can afford2 the more you have the better lighting you can have1 the better electric comforts you can have4 ,if you have few outlets you are very prone to overload your circuit1 and in the future as more electric devices come into being you will have to pass them up4 ,outlets consume no electricity but are simply entrances where electricity can be located as soon as the appliance is connected up with it and turned on4 ,above all1 have your electric installation put in by the most responsible and experienced people you can get to do it4 ,when you buy appliances always ask what voltage they require and find out what your own voltage is before you buy2 also find out whether you have ,d4 ,c4 or ,a4 ,c41 and if ,a4 ,c4 find out what phase and cycle4 ,these things will save you time and money and free you from any apprehension of calamity from the use of electricity4 ,there is much left unsaid in this chapter4 ,it would take a book by itself to say everything4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,keeping ,,out ,,of ,,hot ,,water ,there is never any magic about household equipment4 ,you must not expect to do the impossible4 ,if you have a dishwasher you must not expect it to do any more processes of washing than you expect of your player piano of playing4 ,the dishwasher is to wash1 the piano to play4 ,many women have said1 8,i think a dishwasher is a nuisance1 you have to stack your dishes1 hand-scrape pots and pans1 carry water by the pailful and then have the job of cleaning the dishwasher itself4 ,the only thing it does is to wash off some of the dishes40 ,well1 it is only a dishwasher4 ,doesn't the automobile have to be cleaned and oiled8 ,why should the dishwasher be expected to polish silver4 ,yet we do solemnly think that the dishwasher attached to the plumbing of the house1 so that the fresh water comes in unlifted by the operator and goes out unheeded1 is the only dishwasher to buy1 regardless of how it is worked--by hand1 by water force or by electricity4 ,this is only one type4 ,some of the best dishwashers are made unattached to the plumbing so that they can be wheeled into the dining room and be stacked as they leave the table4 ,this is a rather perfect type for some homes1 but you must have it fixed so that when it arrives dish laden in the kitchen or pantry it can be attached to the water supply and emptied through the sewer4 ,this is the only way to get maximum comfort1 unless you or your cook enjoy hauling pails of water4 ,yet we can imagine many women who would rather haul water than handle dish water4 ,and here is where the 8unattached0 dishwasher wins out over the old-fashioned style of washing dishes4 ,the chances of breakage are less where the dishes are not washed separately and rehandled for drying separately4 ,dishes handled when dry do not slip so readily1 to fall or break4 ,for the most part these machines are equipped with a motor which propels a fan or paddle to spray or 8swish0 and whirl the water about among the dishes4 ,the efficiency depends not only on the speed the water travels but on the direction4 ,for example1 one of the most interesting of dishwashers is not run by hand or electricity1 but it is attached to the drain and water supply4 ,the hot water is distributed and so forced against the dishes that1 without soap1 they are washed noiselessly4 ,no soap is required with this machine4 ,it has taken us a long time to be sold to this dishwasher1 but we are convinced that it is the type to use when one has to do one's own work4 ,if it is possible to use very hot water in your dishwasher1 you can leave the top of your machine off and the dishes will dry without handwork4 ,of course1 there will be no polish on the glass and silver1 but they will be dry4 ,the following is advice given by those who sell dishwashers3 #a4 ,you must have hot water--really hot water--to use an electric dishwasher successfully4 #b4 ,use the soap powder the manufacturer supplies or recommends4 ,remember that suds are unnecessary for cleansing and are hard to rinse off1 anyway4 ,you need an ash powder which will cut grease4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,whirlpool ,mfg4 ,co4 ,a ,,way ,,to ,,keep ,,out ,,of 8,,hot ,,water0--,,the ,,portable ,,dishwasher #c4 ,dishes covered with egg1 flour mixtures1 etc41 should first be held under cold water4 ,hot water boils these mixtures and makes them stick closer to dishes4 #d4 ,follow the manufacturer's directions as to placing dishes1 silver1 etc4 ,get the knack--which is easily acquired--of putting in the dishes with the fewest motions possible4 #e4 ,experiment with the much disputed point of whether dishwashers will wash pots and pans4 ,most dishwashers will clean them of everything except burnt-on food or particles which have to be taken off with a powder4 #f4 ,note how easy it is to dry the silver and polish glassware1 and that while you are doing this the china dries itself and needs only to be put away4 #g4 ,if you have a small family do not wash the dishes after every meal1 but stack them in the dishwasher and wash them once a day1 say after breakfast4 #h4 ,remember that dishwashing is but one of a series of kitchen operations4 ,to begin at the beginning1 and to get the utmost value out of the electric dishwasher1 glass1 aluminum and enamel cooking utensils are to be recommended1 wherever possible without handles1 so that they do not take up too much space in the machine4 ,in cooking and serving1 clean up as you go1 using as few utensils as possible in your cooking 7all modern houseworkers recommend this procedure1 although it does not always meet with the approval of housekeepers generally71 stacking bowls1 plates1 spoons1 etc41 in the dishwasher as you work1 thus having a comparatively clean kitchen when you are ready to serve the meal4 #i4 ,see that the dishwasher is properly placed in relation to the entire dishwashing performance4 ,the ideal placement is near the dining room or pantry door1 so that it receives the dishes without extra steps1 and adjacent to cupboard where dishes are put away4 ,you will perhaps think this is a lot to do1 but didn't you have to learn to 8do0 things on your vacuum cleaner1 your washing machine1 your typewriter1 too8 ,weren't you willing to learn how to run your own car8 ,when buying a dishwasher1 look at the racks4 ,be sure they are smooth and easily cleaned1 finished so that there is naught to peel off and catch food4 ,also be sure these racks fit and are not cantankerous in going back into the machine4 ,if they are difficult to manipulate the misery is untold4 ,in purchasing look for the following points3 #a4 ,the dishwasher must be smooth inside4 #b4 ,no corners to harbor bits of food4 #c4 ,self cleansing4 #d4 ,dishes placed so as to be unmoveable and not stick together4 #e4 ,cost of electricity low1 from one to two cents per washing4 #f4 ,capacity to be convenient to your uses4 #g4 ,operates in kitchen or pantry4 #h4 ,operates from three to fifteen minutes4 #i4 ,the water penetrates all sides of dishes4 #aj4 ,easy to fill and empty whether attached or unattached to water and outlet systems4 ,some booklets advertise the fact that machines require only six quarts of water--less water than in ordinary dishwashing4 ,the water1 unless it is to be hand handled1 need not trouble anyone4 ,but it is a well known fact that dishes to be washed satisfactorily must have water used on them without stint4 ,the most satisfactory soaps are the white powders4 ,a new powder1 on the market1 which isn't soap at all1 does not leave a greasy residue and make a difficulty of cleaning out the dishwater4 ,in a good dishwasher1 however1 the water force banishes residue of all kinds4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,western ,electric ,co4 ,,the ,,dishwasher ,,which ,,is ,a ,,table ,,when ,,not ,,washing ,one manufacturer of a good dishwasher is honest enough to say that for a good effect silver and glasses should always be polished coming out of the dishwasher1 because any method of washing will always leave a film4 ,many a dishwasher has been sold on the pretext that this is unnecessary and the result has been dissatisfaction and a psychological dislike of the machine4 ,to be sure1 an ordinary dirty pot or pan can be cleaned on a dishwasher4 ,the burnt-on type of dirt must be scraped off by hand4 ,warning3 don't burn in food1 so use utensils where you reduce this possibility to a minimum4 ,some dishwasher concerns supply you with hand-saving scrapers4 ,a dishwasher in the shape of a table1 beautifully finished1 makes it unnecessary to have an extra table about4 ,this does its work well4 ,one example of this table-high dishwasher has a device whereby the rack of dishes is lifted to a reachable height by lifting the lid4 ,another supplies you with extra baskets in which to stack your dishes while the full basket is being used in the washer4 ,yet another cylinder type has a cover that goes back flat1 on which can be laid the tray to be filled with dishes4 ,at present some of these machines make a slight noise in operation2 yet many do not mind this4 ,but in telling a story we must tell it all4 ,of course many other machines used in the home are no 8modest violets0 either4 ,we don't need to listen hard to hear vacuum cleaners or patent brooms1 but they work well despite their blatansies4 ,washing machines are made in cylindrical and rectangular form and can be placed in small kitchens as well as large without inconvenience4 ,of course there are some machines called 8,domestic0 that are meant for the domesticity of a home where there are seventeen servants and other things equally hotel-like4 ,these are big and efficient but the ordinary apartment or small home could not afford to house them4 ,the dishwasher really is the crux of the economic problem4 ,many a girl would marry gladly without a maid1 if the dishwashing was reduced to a minimum4 ,one of these days when lovers offer dishwashers in addition to the conventional platinum solitaires1 they will find winning a bride a much easier task than it is at present4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,electrocuting ,,the ,,wash6 8,can't afford10 is the first thing that is said against the installation of electrical equipment in the home4 ,equipment for offices is placed because it is saving of time and money and energy1 but equipment for the home is often grudgingly installed just because makeshifts have been the rule for so long4 ,quite true is it1 that you often have a hard time to prove to your husband that the washer is a money saver1 that the ironer too is a saver of money4 ,but this can be done very easily4 ,let money talk and the machinery will almost install itself6 ,the laundry equipment1 of course1 is a serious thing and must be taken so4 ,many things should be investigated before buying1 your needs known to yourself4 ,equipment should not1 like marriage1 be entered into unadvisedly1 for when you spend money you must spend it as an investment and not as a mere lark4 ,you must get your return on the investment or you have thrown it away4 ,if you do not know what to get1 read1 use shoe leather and ask those who have the thing you want4 ,the manufacturers too are glad to talk over your needs4 ,,requirements ,,of ,,the ,,home ,,laundry ,a satisfactory laundry depends on3-- #a4 ,the location of room1 its relation to outdoor drying and its relation to the source of supply of incoming laundry4 #b4 ,proper floor1 ceiling and walls4 ,all joints curved1 no corners4 #c4 ,selection of equipment4 ,the types and kinds best fitted to size of family and room4 #d4 ,the advantageous disposal of appliances purchased4 #e4 ,thorough instruction of operators in the use of the machinery1 as a good machine is useless unless the operator knows the requirements4 #f4 ,proper care of appliances4 #g4 ,sanitary conditions3 light and ventilation4 ,good air is part of all good laundry work4 #h4 ,the acceptance of the worker to use cheerfully the machinery and the adequate payment of the worker4 #i4 ,knowledge on the part of the housekeeper or mistress of the laundry procedure in order to oversee more intelligently the work done4 ,women seem to think a knowledge of cookery necessary but give little heed to the importance of the laundry4 #aj4 ,a system developed and maintained for the laundering of clothes4 ,so much for the general principles4 ,this chapter will not deal at all with methods of laundry work 444 as is4 ,the only reason for the electric laundry is that it does save time1 money and energy and prolongs the life of clothes to a certain degree4 ,in doing missionary work in the past for these things1 people said3 8you can lead a maid to the washer but you can't make her wash40 ,they said this too about the horse and the trough1 yet if he never drank he would have died of thirst6 ,so much for that argument4 ,you may as well say3 ,you can lead a cook to the soup pot but you can't make him stir6 ,money talks to husbands6 you can prove the saving4 ,less work talks to laundresses1 you can prove the saving4 ,,generally ,,speaking ,a good equipment for a house with six in the family and three to four servants is as follows3 ,a tiled floor4 ,the large blue tile is interesting and less glaring for the floor than the white4 ,linoleum floors too are splendid and cream walls4 ,washer h4 p42 solid copper lined with planished tin to prevent corrosion1 white enamel ironing machine1 two rolls2 clothes dryer with four heating units2 clothes boiler solid copper lined with planished tin with screen for holding clothes off the bottom of the boiler2 combination sleeve and skirt board2 two metal tables2 overhead clothes dryer1 copper clothes extractor2 four stationary tubs2 electric irons for valeting and fine work4 ,,the ,,electric ,,ironer ,a great fuss has been made about setting the clock ahead one hour to save time and daylight1 but little attention has been given the problem of saving four hours every ironing day by means of electricity and the ironing machine4 ,a good machine1 unlike the mangle which only folds and is not heated1 should be able to iron at the rate of seven or eight feet per minute4 ,in this way the ordinary ironing can be done four times as quickly as by the old method4 ,many a house-wife without a maid has found ironing good sport with a good ironer and the labor saving devices have often made marriage possible--where a servant was too much of a luxury4 ,roughly1 the ordinary laundry takes about half a day--one hour for eight pieces for the average family of five1 including all things from table linen to handkerchiefs4 ,by hand this is about four and a half to five hours4 ,this costs about #ej to #ajj a year or #ejj to #a1jjj for ten years' supply of laundered possessions4 ,the fuel consumed for the average ironing with coal or electricity costs about #ae4fj per year3 ,with a good machine ironing by electricity or gas will come to about one and a half cents1 or a total of three cents for ironing and heating1 which is a saving of twenty-seven cents a week or #ad4jd yearly4 ,in ten years a saving of #adj4 ,this is apart from the benefit to health and strength4 ,there is one on the market with a bench attached on which the worker can sit down to her work4 ,as the feed is so arranged that the material turns under1 because of the adjustable delivery board1 one doesn't have to rise at all1 and the saving of strength and comfort is beyond calculation4 ,an ordinary table cloth on an ironing machine takes about three or four minutes4 ,with a good electric iron it takes about twenty-five to thirty4 ,besides this the cloth is ironed evenly and the pattern1 if it be embroidered1 is evenly brought out4 ,initials come out in beautiful relief1 buttons on garments do not break because of the deeply padded felt rolls which are covered with an especially-made muslin4 ,as an ironing machine has proven a practical1 money-saving proposition1 what is the best way to purchase one8 ,first1 you should have a good idea as to the breadth on the average of your sheets and table cloths1 not forgetting that it is wise to have a machine wide enough to carry two table napkins at once4 ,this saves time1 saves the over-impression of the felt in one spot and also uses up the whole length of heat along the roll4 ,in large households1 where the work is unusually heavy1 often taking more than one day1 a machine about #dh or #ef is used for #b-c yards of linen4 ,these rolls should be padded1 the heavier the better1 to take care of heavily embroidered initials4 ,many persons think that an ironing machine is a mangle limited to ironing only the coarser flat work such as sheets1 towels1 etc4 ,it is1 however1 not a mangle but an ironer and will iron practically everything except the more fancy shirt waists and elaborate dresses4 ,it will iron to the entire satisfaction kitchen aprons1 nightgowns1 pajamas1 underwear1 children's play clothes1 hosiery1 men's negligee and silk shirts1 and iron1 better than an expert laundress can do by hand1 tablecloths1 napkins and centerpieces1 doilies1 dresser scarfs1 blankets1 sheets1 bed spreads1 pillow cases1 towels and handkerchiefs4 ,it is a great help to curtains1 as they will hang perfectly after ironing4 ,trousers may also be pressed in such a machine4 ,the ironing machines on the market claim certain best points4 ,one that a moveable shoe 7the heated part under which the garment is passed7 is good because you can remove starchy accumulations and clean it easily4 ,some say that the stationary shoe is the best because the ironing cannot help being done evenly4 ,you will have to pick your machine4 ,in another machine the manufacturers use their patented gas burner of drilled holes and their air mixture as a talking point to afford a gas saving4 ,another claims that oiling is necessary only every six months4 ,the feed board is a requisite part which must be perfect4 ,lowering the feed board removes the roll from contact with the ironing surface in some machines4 ,this is the same principle as putting the hand iron on the rest4 ,at the same time the motion of the roll is automatically stopped1 so that the goods can be withdrawn at any time4 ,it also enables one to lay a folded piece or a number of them on and over the roll1 and it insures a straight start at all times4 ,on single or double thicknesses of goods the feed-board need not be lowered1 as these will start in readily4 ,this patented feature means safety to the operator and safety to the goods being ironed4 ,the feed-board is the flat piece of board running the length of the machine over which the linen passes4 ,some machines are advertised as having all gears enclosed and protected4 ,this1 of course1 makes operation safer4 ,the swinging arms1 two generally1 provided for hanging linen on1 are a convenient addition4 ,,an ,,extraordinary ,,advance ,the above is the usual list of machines made to-day but there is an unusual one now on the market4 ,this one works entirely by electricity1 it can be heated by gas or electricity4 ,there are no levers to handle1 no treadles to tread4 ,it works completely by a switch and dial4 ,the little finger is sufficient only to do the job if all your other fingers were disabled6 ,it is a very convenient size for family use and has been in use now long enough to assure perfection of adaptability for the home4 ,in case this all-electric machine has a blow out1 and to protect the clothes from burning on the shoe there is simple provision to guard against this and all ills4 ,the shoe by a button works back and forth if necessary1 and taken altogether it is a beautiful mechanism4 ,a few excellent machines1 too1 have the two rollers instead of one4 ,this is supposed to hold material firmer and work more expeditiously4 ,,good ,,points ,in some cases the gas burner and electric heater are divided in the center so that the burner can be used on warm work without scorching the unused part of the roll4 ,the machines should be so made that they are comparatively easy to clean4 ,levers are not quite as good as the automatic1 adjustable feed-board1 which insures ease of control4 ,it is worked by raising and lowering4 ,this brings the roll in contact with the ironing surface1 the same principle as a hand iron is brought to and from its rest4 ,the action also stops and starts the rotation of the roller4 ,in other words1 it is automatic and there is no possibility of the operator becoming confused at a critical moment4 ,there are no levers to pull or switches to turn2 the control is instinctive and always under the hands of the operator for instant use4 ,moreover1 you can lay your work over the roll while idle1 insuring a straight edge and start the work again at your convenience4 ,ironing on these machines is done on the same principle as with a flat iron1 only instead of passing the iron over the goods1 the goods are moved against a stationary iron4 ,,power ,,and ,,fuel ,gas1 gasoline and electricity are the fuels used to heat the machines4 ,electricity and hand-power turn them4 ,motors come from to horse power depending on the size of the machine4 ,when buying one1 be sure to tell agent whether you have ,alternating ,current 7,a4 ,c47 or ,direct ,current 7,d4 ,c47 and what voltage you have4 ,motors are generally supplied #aaj1 #bbj volts ,d4 ,c4 and #fj ,cycle #aaj1 or #bbj volts ,a4 ,c4 7,we are not considering here the belt driven larger sizes47 ,about of a pint of gasoline is used on the smaller size machine4 ,sometimes the amount increases to #a pints2 from about #ag to #cc cubic feet of gas4 ,in the case of electricity as fuel for high heat1 #b4e to #f kilowatts are used4 ,for medium #a4g to #d4 ,for low 4#he to #b4 ,the current driving the machine is from #ahj to #cbj watts per hour4 ,,size ,the household models come in #df1 #db1 #cg1 #cb actual ironing widths4 ,the #df and #db seem to be popular with some manufacturers4 ,the former is for #b yards or #ij wide and #bb small linen1 and the latter for #b yards or #ha wide or #bj small linen4 ,the #cg for #b yards-wide linen4 ,size #cb takes up actually about #db #bf of floor space1 the #cg--dg #bf1 the #df--eh #be1 etc4 ,there is one ironing machine on the market that is separate from its base so that it can be set up in an apartment on the top of a radiator or on a #ad shelf4 ,this answers the wants of the 8flat dweller40 ,it is an interesting fact that one agent in ,new ,york is shipping #ajjj ironing machines daily1 many of which go to ,boston4 ,this is due to the low rate of electricity that prevails in that city4 ,and here's a point3--even in some vicinities where the rate is low1 where two lines only supply a whole state with electricity1 it is not advisable to use electricity for machines4 ,you must have a good current1 even service1 etc41 to make it worth while4 ,,how ,,to ,,operate ,you light the burners on these machines as you light the gas1 turn the electric switch and iron4 ,it is quite simple and safe4 ,many of the machines have a pilot light to tell when the current 7electric7 is on or off4 ,to heat by electricity all you do is to attach the cord to the ordinary wall socket4 ,a hand-power machine is driven by turning a handle4 ,thirty-five turns a minute is the right speed4 ,it can be converted any time into a belt-driven machine and attached to the washing machine or anything else that goes by motor4 ,the saving in health of operator whether wife or servant and the saving of the life of linens1 etc41 is beyond computation4 ,the best type of ironer has 7#a7 the stationary ironing shoe under which the felt padded cylinder revolves4 ,this insures evenly distributed heat and avoids the chance of scorching clothes4 ,in some machines this shoe can be set back in case of accident and prevents the clothes on roller from being burnt4 7#b7 ,feed board instead of lever4 ,this gives more rapid control and is more responsive to the touch4 7#c7 ,electric switch instead of lever or feed board4 ,a ,,few ,,pertinent ,,questions ,,and ,,answers ,how long would it take to iron a table cloth by the machine8 ,about three or four minutes in comparison to twenty-five or thirty by the expert laundress using an electric iron4 ,a saving in current and time4 ,what about handsome linens with heavy initials8 8,the pad on the roller should be plenty soft enough to imbed not only the initials but carry buttons and not break them60 8,what things can't you iron with it80 8,only fancy waists and skirts4 ,laces can be beautifully done and1 of course1 all the table and bed linens1 trousers1 etc41 etc41 etc40 8,how big are these machines80 8,they come in four different sizes1 but the ordinary home can use the #df-;inch cylinder or at least as wide as your widest linen to the best advantage4 ,that enables fewer folds and more ironing lay-out on roll1 enabling you to put a few napkins on the roll at the same time instead of one40 ,,the ,,washing ,,machine ,the variety of washing machines on the market to-day are scheduled in three figures4 ,the following will give you an idea of the better known types from which to weed out yours4 ,a4 ,types #a4 ,rotary or cylinder4 ,in which the wash is put into a perforated cylinder which revolves through the soapy water4 #b4 ,oscillating4 ,in which the wash is put into the machine and is washed by being shaken back and forth with enough friction and motion to clean clothes thoroughly4 ,the bottoms of these machines are corrugated or in some shape to offer resistance and cause the necessary friction4 #c4 ,vacuum4 ,in which the clothes are put into machine and are washed by the operation of vacuum or suction cups raised up and down1 drawing the water through clothes4 #d4 ,dolly4 ,in which clothes are washed by the semi-rotating dolly or device which looks like a milking stool4 #e4 ,combination of these types such as the ,dolly and ,disc ,twin tubs with a mechanism in each1 washers with a bench upon which to place wash basket1 etc41 oscillating cylinder as well as rotating4 ,as to wringers on these machines1 they are stationary1 swinging or sliding4 ,the latest type is the alternating4 ,here the drum rotates1 and is divided into two compartments by a perforated plate4 ,the clothing to be washed is divided equally between the two compartments1 and the mechanical action of the machine produces alternately the action of the cylinder1 oscillating and the vacuum method4 #f4 ,a good combination in cylinder1 oscillating and vacuum type1 has just been added to the market4 #g4 ,balance drum1 in which the clothes are put in a drum and it shakes on a pivot4 #h4 ,cylinder type worked by water force--for hotel room use4 #i4 ,vacuum and cylinder types for tub use run by electricity--for houses too small in which to bring a washing machine4 ,b4 ,general ,requirements of ,washers #a4 ,all parts which might tear clothes should be covered4 #b4 ,all washers1 if not stationary1 should be equipped with swinging reversible wringer4 #c4 ,hard wood outside or copper or some hard metal and to prevent corrosion in the case of copper exterior1 planished tin interiors are the best4 #d4 ,durability4 #e4 ,ease and simplicity of operation4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,scientific ,heater ,co4 ,,wet ,,days ,,can ,,be ,,dry ,,days1 ,,no ,,matter ,,what ,,the ,,law ,,may ,,be1 ,,with ,,the ,,indoor ,,dryer #f4 ,minimum parts to take out and clean4 #g4 ,less wear and tear on clothes4 #h4 ,automatic release on wringer in case finger is caught4 #i4 ,all interiors smooth1 non-absorbent of soil or odors4 #aj4 ,wash and wring at same time or separately4 ,now you have the requirements1 you can take your choice after you have gone about comparing and examining all the different types4 ,,dryers 8,what about the dryers80 ,they are one of the things that you could get along without if you wanted to waste time in drying4 ,they are expensive to buy1 but you are never held up by weather4 ,they dry clothes a good color and you do not miss the sun4 ,they are heated by their own heat1 electric or gas1 or can be attached to the coal stove and get the overflow heat4 ,they are made to allow no heat to escape even when extended4 7,see illustration47 ,up until late years women not convicts have been time servers4 ,but long before the vote was women's1 there was a mighty revolt and women decided it became them better to be time savers and not time servers4 ,for this reason in gallant fashion manufacturers have rushed to fill the needs of women in their homes and from soaps to ironing machines have they labored and not in vain4 ,for example1 in ancient days if it rained on ,monday 7then called ,moan day7 or was ,monday humid1 the work either had to be given up because drying was impossible or the whole household work had to be dislocated by the transference of wash day to a more sunny occasion1 to a day when drying was not a theory but an inevitable accomplishment4 ,no longer need we say1 8,if at first you can't succeed1 dry1 dry again40 ,for the heated air dryer has come for the laundry of the private home as well as for the apartment cellar1 and drying has become an indoor sport rather than an outdoor hazard4 ,these dryers are merely galvanized metal of from two to ten compartments from #df to #ec wide and about #e high4 ,the compartments pull out as easily as a watch stem and each drying rack has six drying rods #ff long or a total of #cc of rack4 ,each rack is about #aj wide4 ,the ordinary length of the rack is #e #aj and the distance from the back of the cabinet to the end of the racks is about #aa #h4 ,when the cabinet is closed the track which protrudes overhead can be used to hang clothes on4 ,the overhead track is far more convenient than the floor wheels upon which some racks pull out1 as the floor1 should it be uneven1 will prevent ease of operation of the racks and annoyance will ensue4 ,single dryers can be bought with two racks only #bc or so wide for smaller rooms4 ,these cabinets can be sunk flush in the wall and take up no more room if the building is so constructed or lie against or at right angles to the wall4 ,the heat does not permeate the room in well-made dryers4 ,any stove used in the laundry should not be in connection with the dryer4 ,the dryer which really does its work should3 #a4 ,not overheat clothes4 #b4 ,not sweat them4 #c4 ,not turn them yellow4 #d4 ,thoroughly ventilate them4 #e4 ,remove all odors4 #f4 ,dry them rapidly4 #g4 ,make them easy to iron4 ,,theory ,,and ,,practice ,it has been imagined that sun and wind alone dry clothes but the fact is that air is the drying medium and therefore the best dryers provide a good circulation of air plus heat4 ,dry air has a tremendous love for moisture and eats it up as a blotter eats up ink4 ,the warmer the air the more moisture it will hug4 ,this would seem enough1 just to bake the clothes1 but baking does not remove odors and does render them yellow2 they are unventilated and smell like the laundry1 so people are prone to say 8,sun drying or nothing40 ,however1 the best dryers provide for circulation of air4 ,at its best the air changes from #bej to #cjj times an hour4 ,the air must change1 for after one lot of air holds all the moisture it can1 it cannot take any more from the clothes1 and new arid air must be substituted for that which is moisture-fed4 ,this is accomplished by a moist air exhaust in the newer dryers1 which are larger than the older types4 ,the result is white1 odorless1 air-swept clothing4 ,the stream of air is usually accomplished by the use of ordinary chimney draft assisted by the warm products of heating from the heater4 ,the hot air products of combustion pass through a tapered nozzle into the moist air exhaust pipe1 and by the speed a suction is created which helps to pull the moist air out of the cabinet and up the chimney4 ,when you buy a dryer see to it that the exhaust pipe is large so that you will have wind and heat instead of just heat4 ,air circulation is what you are really buying4 ,see that you get it4 ,,superficial ,,points ,all parts upon which clothes hang should be non-rusting4 ,the racks must pull out without any expenditure of strength and must run quietly4 ,racks must be within the reach of the average sized woman1 to avoid stretching4 ,the heating burner must be simple and easily reached so that you can tell at a glance how much heat you have turned on4 ,there must be ample screening so that should a garment fall it cannot possibly get scorched4 ,the finish of these dryers must be smooth1 without protuberances which could in any case tear the garments to be dried4 ,dryers are best heated with gas1 electricity or kerosene4 ,care must be given to get the best kerosene burner as they are troublesome when not perfection4 ,dryers are simple to operate1 and you are saved3 7#a7 tugging clothes to roof or yard2 7#b7 putting up a wash-line2 7#c7 fastening clothes and tearing them with clothes-pins2 7#d7 carrying heavy baskets anywhere2 7#e7 sprinkling and rolling clothes1 because you keep them drying only long enough to be ready to iron2 7#f7 the wear and tear from the exposure to dust1 sunburn1 fading1 snow and other outdoor contaminations4 ,,electricity ,,or ,,none ,a very good little dryer1 simple as a broiler1 is the over-head slatted dryer1 which1 on a pulley1 is spread with clothes and pulled up to the ceiling where the clothes dry by the risen heat of the room4 ,in a small kitchen where the washing and cooking is done1 it is a real boon1 and in the laundry1 too1 it is a genuine convenience4 ,the rack is about #cb to #fd1 and on the ceiling it is comfortable and useful and out of the way4 ,it comes in two sizes4 ,your clothes go directly from the wringer to the rack as in the big dryers1 you obviate unnecessary handling1 clothes-pin destruction1 etc4 ,it can be pulled down to your own level and hitched on a wall pin so as to make it reliably firm while you load it4 ,,tables ,,and ,,shelves ,shelves in a laundry are very much more useful than a quarter of a dozen tables or to buy two or three tables for laundries and abandon them for needed foot room1 yet long for some room to put things on4 ,the steel unit of shelves is a very convenient way out4 ,by using a continuous running shelf1 like an amplified plate rail1 any place in the laundry can be a handy one for placing a bit of soap1 a clothes-pin1 washing powder1 clothing waiting for starching1 or any other thing4 ,steps could be saved and wit conserved4 ,tables are a necessity1 especially the large #g table or smaller4 ,the wooden one for a laundry is quite useful and so also is the all-metal table4 ,but too many tables spoil the temper1 and the shelf is a comfort4 ,they should be from #ca to #ch inches high1 if possible adjustable4 ,the tops are most satisfactory in a non-porous porcelain or porcelain enamel4 ,some people like hard wood or metal4 ,,ironing ,,boards ,there are many varieties of ironing boards on the market4 ,some fold back against the wall and some do not4 ,some fold back in self closets against the wall4 ,some are adjustable to different heights1 others are not4 ,they come in various sizes and finishes and do away with the falling and slipping ironing board which has caused so many useless burns4 ,in large houses the valets have tables such as you can purchase with sleeve boards1 swinging bodyguard1 supply cabinet for cleaning fluids and brushes1 and with electric iron equipment1 snap switches and automatic signal pilot lamps for each iron4 ,these tables are made of seasoned pine painted white4 ,legs1 underbody1 cabinet1 brackets and cord supporters are in silver bronze paint4 ,the boards are covered with the best quality felt4 ,unbleached muslin makes a good covering for any ironing board and is generally used4 ,the ironing board is indispensable for fancy things1 even when the ironing machine is regularly used4 ,a ,,burning ,,shame ,when un-electric irons are used1 there should be an ample supply of iron holders4 ,if your irons are not of the removable insulated handle type1 iron holders of ticking or soft bits of carpet can be used4 ,this sounds very elementary1 but many scorchings would not have taken place had the laundress not rushed to get through to save the hurting hand4 ,this is truly a burning shame if anything could so be called4 ,it is possible1 too1 to get a thin bit of asbestos encased in a bit of ticking and so protect the laundress from discomfort and your clothing from destruction4 ,these iron holders could be made by the children of the house who are always looking for something that they can make to give to ,mother1 ,auntie or ,grandma4 ,,the ,,laundry ,,chute ,much time could be saved in the laundry if whenever it were possible a chute could be built into which clothes can be thrown and go directly to the laundry where is situated a basket or a terminal closet to receive them4 ,here stuffing the dumb waiter is obviated1 also carrying the clothes in baskets down the lift or just using the ugly clothes hamper in dressing room or bath room4 ,here is a more or less suggestive plan of arrangement4 ,,arrangement ,assuring less expenditure in labor and money4 #a4 ,soiled linen chute in one corner of the room4 #b4 ,a table near to sort laundry before washing4 #c4 ,tubs in center of the room to be accessible4 #d4 ,after clothes are washed and blued they can be partially dried in dryer and ironed4 #e4 ,then a table on which to place clothes to be ironed4 #f4 ,ironer next in the best light possible and arranged away from wall to permit two people working at it1 if necessary4 #g4 ,skirt and sleeve board next4 #h4 ,after which another skirt and sleeve board or a valet table or another plain table4 ,some people keep a sewing table in the laundry but it is easier to have the sewing done in the sewing room and away from the laundry work4 ,because the different maids might much better stay in their own territory and failing maids it's easier to keep your threads any place but in a laundry4 ,,flat ,,irons ,because there are some dainty things that cannot be put through a machine1 electric flatirons are absolutely indispensable in a laundry4 ,for that reason there are many kinds on the market4 ,they are usually made from #b s4 to #ae s4 ,most have but one heat1 but some have three heats4 ,a traveler will be pleased with the adjustable #c lb4 iron which has a voltage adjustment making it practical with #bbj or #aaj voltage4 ,,soaps ,,and ,,powders ,with the best washing machines you get bad results if you do not use good soaps or cleaning powders4 ,there is a very good powder on the market which not only cleans the clothes well1 and leaves no greasy residue1 but is really not a soap at all4 ,it combines rapidly with water1 and makes a fine suds and cleans very rapidly4 ,for the most part to-day1 yellow soaps and white soaps as cleaners are on a par but are not as good for laundry purposes1 since the resin in the yellow soap combines unhappily with your clothes4 ,white soaps are best1 if you want good results4 ,another delightful new thing on the market is the starch which does not starch but which imparts a gloss and resistance without a stiffness4 ,this will come as a boon to many women who do not want their lingeries stiff but do want it to look as a starched bit of linen does4 ,in the same way as starch this composition permits the lingerie to stand up longer under use4 ,the foregoing is just a group of ideas in concrete form to add to the comfort of laundry days4 ,they can be passed on to friends as ideas1 even ideals1 or as practical1 concrete gifts4 ,all three or any would be acceptable to the thinking housekeeper who wants one hundred and one things done better than a man can do one thing well4 ,so all aids in the home are worth not only considering but investigating with eye and ear as well as heart and soul4 ,,to ,,avoid ,,blow-,,outs ,perhaps more money is wasted on blow-outs in homes that utilize electricity than any other cause4 ,if you follow the rules1 illustrated here and first published by the ,edison ,company1 not only will you save expense in the home1 but you will save the ,fire ,department1 which is constantly called upon to save lives and property because of unnecessary fires due to carelessness 7,not to electricity7 in handling flat irons4 ,the cardinal principle for the use of all electrical appliances is this3 ,when you are not continuously using any device1 shut off the current4 ,to do this1 entirely disconnect the flatiron1 curling iron or whatever the device may be1 by pulling out the plug4 ,do not be content with turning off the current at the lamp socket4 ,it is absolutely necessary that the current be completely cut off when the iron is not in constant use4 ,sometimes the current has been inadvertently turned on when the flatiron has been left connected at the lamp socket1 and material has been badly scorched or even more serious damage has resulted4 ,an electric coil for heating water has caused fire when carelessly left near inflammable material4 ,in like manner a connected curling iron when heedlessly placed on a bureau scarf has also caused damage4 ,remember the invariable rule for the use of all electrical appliances--pull out the plug to disconnect when not using4 ,l',,envoie ,go to the best dealer4 ,buy the best only2 it reduces later costs4 ,simplicity1 safety and serviceability necessary4 ,avoid machinery with extra parts to be cleaned or upon which injury to attendant or clothes can be perpetrated4 ,don't buy until you are perfectly sure by numerous comparisons and other experience what are the best types of machinery to install4 ,be sure to apply the three ,s tests3 ,service1 ,safety1 ,simplicity4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,portable ,,vacuum ,,cleaner 8,i have seen ten vacuum cleaners at the ,electrical ,show and every one1 according to the salesman1 is the best on the market6 ,i want one1 but which one shall ,i buy8 ,it's most confusing60 ,this was said to me no less than ten times4 ,the answer is3 that you must find out in the same way as you found out about your motor car before buying it4 ,you didn't buy your car because a salesman said it was a good car and because he made you sign a slip and because he promised you1 as he departed1 a quick delivery4 ,no1 indeed1 you tried out the car first or last and you asked your friends1 who had purchased the same make1 how they liked it and you talked a lot about cost of upkeep1 efficiency1 wear and economy and the service possible to be had from the makers4 ,didn't you8 ,well1 the same process is necessary in buying a vacuum cleaner or any other piece of machinery for the house and every ,domiologist knows this to be a fact4 8,,all ,,is ,,not ,,gold1 ,,etc40 ,all vacuum cleaners look charming and shiny and all seem very perfect in the shop6 ,and they all do their stunts beautifully as the skilled operator thrillingly draws designs in the flour or bi-carbonate 7clean1 unclinging dirt7 on the patient carpet4 ,the operator talks glibly1 often failing to give the failings of his machine because he doesn't know them4 ,so the only thing to do is to try it1 in your own home1 under your own special conditions1 and see that it gets under your furniture1 removes threads1 lint1 hair1 dust1 matches and other substances with the least possible noise 7for noise wears on the operator's nerves and raises a dislike for the cleaner7 and the least possible effort4 ,it must be light weight1 easy to operate and economical and durable4 ,there is nothing so hard to remove as 8natural born dust40 ,it becomes imbedded in the carpet and it takes force to remove it and the sort of force that will not destroy4 ,taking up the differences in the various machines1 it is the better part of valor to know what the nature of our prey is before we start to hunt6 ,so we will examine the animal dust in its hunting-grounds4 ,,dust',s ,,hunting ,,grounds ,in your home you have on the floor woolen or grass fabrics2 rugs large and small1 and carpets1 grass rugs and mattings4 ,the carpets or rugs may have a long nap loosely woven 7,chinese7 ,axminster1 ,wilton1 ,velvet ,chenille or the pile in loops 7,brussels7 or just woven threads such as ingrain without any nap or pile4 ,grass rugs 7,crex1 etc47 and matting are of this kind4 ,it is easily understood that1 as the carpet or flooring is walked on1 the dust becomes deeply imbedded and gets tangled up in the fibres1 and that surface sweeping never can take out the dust and you have to send carpets each year to the cleaners to restore their color1 etc4 ,above the floors are1 of course1 the hangings1 mattresses1 books1 pictures1 moldings1 ceilings and walls4 ,as to the dust and the litter1 such as matches1 hair1 lint1 collects1 #he-ij of it gathers on the floor1 and #aj-ae in the rest of the room4 ,therefore the cleaning is reduced on the upper regions if the floor is kept really clean4 ,of all dirt considering the surface dust not walked on that blows in on clothing1 etc41 litter1 threads1 hair1 lint1 and pieces of paper1 imbedded dirt1 grit tracked in and entangling itself in the carpet1 the worst of these1 of course1 is the hair and lint and grit4 ,these are hard to remove but they must be taken out1 especially the grit1 which is the destructive agent in dirt4 ,in the ,oriental regions1 where the street shoes are left on the door-step1 the vacuum cleaner might seem useless4 ,the carpet doesn't wear out so much from the top as it does by being cut from the roots by the stamping in of the cutting grit4 ,therefore1 the vacuum cleaner has been invented to save the carpet1 and not only to destroy the carpet destroying factors1 but to annihilate the microbe drawn into the house from the street on your offending shoes4 ,,we ,,are ,,three ,,kinds6 ,and so 444 to have the cleaner that really functions1 every machine must be constructed so that it can be easily taken apart and adjusted1 and in order to know how to know whether the machine is useful1 the following resum of the kind of cleaners may be of service4 ,these will be treated in functioning classes rather than in technical terminologies4 ,the portable cleaner 7we will not discuss the installed types7 are divisible into three classes3 #a4 ,using air only as a cleaning agent #b4 ,using air plus a brush #c4 ,using air plus beating and sweeping brush ,first3 ,in this class are the tank machines having vacuum pumps as well as fans1 single or multiple 7many fans mounted on the motor shaft7 and the small fan portables4 ,all these machines are on the same principle1 having the motor1 fans or pumps for moving the air1 a dust bag to collect the dirt1 and the hose in the tank machines' case and the extra tools4 ,in the small portable machines1 which we are considering1 the narrow slatted tool attached directly to the motor and the fan case is the medium through which the dust from the floor is taken up and the hose1 as in the tank type of cleaner1 is eliminated for floor work and is only used for altitude cleaning4 ,so the only difference in these types--the tank and the slatted portables--is that the tool for the floor work is directly on the motor case1 in the slatted or fan portables1 and on the end of the hose in the tank types4 ,in some machines the dust bag is before the fan1 in some behind it1 in some the bag is enclosed 7there are hardly any on the market now7 and in others it is hung on the handle4 ,wherever the bag is1 it must be so made that it does not slip from its mooring and spill4 ,the principle1 however1 is the same in each case3 drawing air through the tool which slides easily over the carpet1 plus the velocity of the air as the instrument upon which the cleaning is dependent4 ,upon the rapidity and frequency of the passing of this machine over the carpet depends the thoroughness of the cleaning operation4 ,when the carrier wheels are on either side of the nozzle or just back of it1 keeping the nozzle slightly above the carpet1 the operator1 if skilful1 can do a good job4 ,second3 ,using air plus a brush3 ,the brushes are used as follows3--7#a7 ,straight bristle brush 7looks like a comb of bristles7 attached inside or outside of nozzle1 projecting slightly below it so that it will comb the carpet4 7#b7 ,spirally wound bristle brush fitted inside the nozzle opening and operated by the carrier wheels1 either with a belt or gears4 ,this brush moves in the opposite direction to that in which the cleaner is pushed1 and takes up the lint and hair1 etc4 ,,as ,,to ,,motive ,,power ,motor driven brushes are driven by a belt attached to the motor4 ,it is continually in action when the motor is running except1 of course1 when the brush is removed for any reason4 ,the surface is continuously swept as the air passes through the nozzle1 and there is1 of course1 more power in the motor driven brush4 ,but its enemies in the friction brush camp aver strongly that the brush is prone by its velocity to wear the carpet6 ,these brushes generally have two rows of spirally wound bristle1 and in this type you get away from the old-time carpet sweeper where lint and threads adhere for a long time to the bristles and often return again to the carpet4 ,third3 ,using air with beating and sweeping4 ,these sweepers have a large brush in a large nozzle and the brushes are spirally wound in two rows with a simple belt connection to the motor4 ,these machines are generally adjusted so that the nozzle is about above the carpet4 ,the bristles extend enough below the nozzle so that the bristles push away the carpet as the air draws it up4 ,this gives the shaking motion at the same time the bristles1 coming down at an angle on the carpet1 beat it and passing through the nap comb and sweep it automatically4 ,the bristles comb the nap and the air1 passing through1 cleans the carpet and the imbedded dirt is loosened by the shaking4 ,the surface litter and hair is swept up and it cleans efficiently by applying all the laws of cleaning at the same time4 ,of course1 with the cleaner come tools for altitude cleaning1 for blowing out dust from books1 moldings1 upholstery tuftings1 etc41 etc4 ,the extra tools are absolutely necessary and it is well to remember that the price is generally given you without the extra #g to #aj being added4 ,tools are made of aluminum steel and fibre1 which means that they are durable and will withstand much wear and tear4 ,if you should own the best vacuum cleaner in the world and take no care of it1 it would be as if you had none4 ,every bit of machinery that was ever or will ever be made needs care4 ,any mechanism 8acts up0 if neglected4 ,it is true1 that the vacuum cleaner needs very little care1 probably oiling once a month and the removal of the dust after every cleaning operation4 ,the oiling is easy to understand1 but the reason for removing the dust after every operation is3 that1 if the dust bags clog up1 the egress of the air is impeded1 and therefore the action of the motor is impeded1 and the fan's speed is diminished1 causing a decrease in velocity and air supply which is what makes the cleaner more useful than a broom4 ,do not be fooled by big talk and glib printed matter about high vacuum power1 and long air and water columns4 ,what is needed for a good cleaner is air displacement at a sufficiently concentrated point or surface to maintain a high air velocity4 ,a vacuum cleaner might show in a technical test a tremendous vacuum and when used on the carpet the nozzle be so constructed as to mitigate the power of the suction so created and1 therefore1 be ineffectual as a cleaner4 ,therefore1 the salesman can talk glibly to the uninformed about vacuums and tests and never say 8but our nozzle is so large or so high or so low that the air intake is bad40 ,too much vacuum often makes the machine heavy by sucking too heavily upon the carpets4 ,of course1 raising the nozzle here will help this fault4 ,,motors6 ,another battling point is the question of whether the motor put in horizontally into the casting or that which is put in vertically is the better4 ,they all talk glibly on this subject1 but heed it not4 ,all that is necessary for the purchaser of a cleaner to know about the motor is that it should be made by a reputable firm1 have a good speed that is spectacular and that it be not imbedded too deeply in unnecessary fixings to be oiled and cleaned4 ,the universal motor is best for the average purchaser as it works well on indirect or direct current1 whichever is supplied to you in your neighborhood4 ,nearly every cleaner employs a universal motor4 ,every vacuum cleaner manufacturer has some point of his own that makes him the most delightful of talkers4 ,here are some very useful devices which are worthy of mention1 but for the most part are matters for individual choice3 ,the enclosed dust bag4 ,steel motor case4 ,nickled steel motor case4 ,aluminum motor case4 ,wheel bearings inside the nozzle4 ,wheel bearings outside the nozzle4 ,detachable nozzle4 ,air cooled motor 7most motors are cooled by in and outgoing air74 ,dust bag on top of the handle shaft4 ,adjustment with nut for stair cleaning4 ,self adjustment to keep handle erect when released from holding 7very convenient74 ,automatic current cut off4 ,extra roomy hooks for electric cord on the handle4 ,oil cups protected from dust 7should be always74 ,and general attachments made as simple as possible4 ,dust bag lined and sometimes partitioned4 ,dust bag easy to put on and take off with a collar to hold between the soles of shoes to empty without making dust escape4 ,automatic closing valve where dust bag collar comes off--to prevent dust flying back into motor casing4 ,rubber bumper to protect furniture4 ,,requisite ,,qualities ,in short1 the satisfactory cleaner must3 #a4 ,sweep loose the adhering dirt such as thread1 lint1 dust particle1 and brush up matted nap or pile to restore color tone4 #b4 ,loosen and shake to the surface ground-in dirt that kills rugs and carpets1 so that it can be removed4 #c4 ,have suction enough to carry away all dirt after the soft hair brush loosens it to make it possible4 ,this is about the whole story4 ,and as to the expense of operation1 they cost not even as much as an electric iron1 and far less than the cost of extra cleaning folk to-day4 ,cleaning becomes interesting and the household without a maid or with one1 saves time and money4 ,the rugs can be cleaned at home and stored at home in the summer4 ,here you save summer's many costs6 ,cleaning becomes almost a pleasure1 at least a pleasanter performance1 not a bug-bear--or in this case we might say--a rug-bear6 ,it is an economy1 a comfort and a gold lined investment in which the interest is health1 money saved1 and fabrics preserved4 ,could you ask for more in a sweeper8 ,but don't expect miracles4 ,the vacuum cleaner needs slight pushing over the floor--it can't roll by itself4 ,,chapter ,v ,a ,,pipe ,,dream ,as soon as you get accustomed to the intricacies of one method of doing anything to-day1 something new crops up4 ,this is probably more true in the realm of housekeeping than in any other except that of military science4 ,you have no sooner mastered the points of what not to do and what you should do with portable vacuum cleaners than up comes the stationary vacuum cleaner and you have to know about it1 too4 ,and so this article after one on the portable cleaner4 ,if you forget the technicalities see ,chapter ,,iv4 ,to refresh your memory1 every vacuum cleaner has five elements3 #a4 ,air producer 7vacuum is a misnomer73 the pump or fan series employed to create the air current4 #b4 ,dust collector3 bag1 box1 pail1 etc4 #c4 ,dust conduit3 piping4 #d4 ,cleaning tool3 brush1 felt1 etc41 etc4 #e4 ,human direction3 the hand that steers4 ,the portable type of cleaner has the first four parts mounted on one unit1 so that the whole machine is moved in its chase for the enemy ,dust4 ,besides this the electric wire must be applied to an electric connection in a baseboard or electric fixture4 ,in the case of the stationary cleaner1 the mechanism is larger and the air producer and dust collector are in the cellar or basement1 and the dust conduit impartially spreads itself throughout the house through walls and ceilings and politely connects at convenient intervals with the cleaning tool1 via the agency of the vents in baseboards4 ,with this cleaner the only thing that is manipulated by the worker is the cleaning tool which 8bites the dust40 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,american ,radiator ,co4 ,,looking ,,for ,,the ,,dust ,,which ,,was ,,sucked ,,down ,,from ,,above ,,stairs6 ,,pros ,,and ,,cons ,but why should you have the installed cleaner8 ,why not have the portable8 ,the fact is that neither of these cleaners is in competition very directly4 ,but let us quote an expert who has given most of his time to the subject of air cleaning3 8,there is unquestionably a legitimate field for both types of cleaners1 but the stationary type more nearly reaches the ideal40 ,the next statement of his will explain that3 8,if we observe the action of the wind in an open field1 we find that a gentle breeze will move light material4444 ,if the breeze changes to a hurricane1 we find that the moving air has the power 444 to move anything in its path1 including fences1 trees1 houses1 etc40 ,therefore in considering purchasing a cleaner you must ask yourself first3 8,do ,i want a gentle breeze or a little hurricane in my home8 ,that's the first and foremost question6 ,is my home large enough to afford the much more expensive plant which makes the hurricane1 at a higher running cost2 or isn't the portable just the thing ,i need because of its various adaptabilities and small running and installation costs80 ,it has been held against the installed vacuum cleaner that it is-- #a4 ,expensive4 #b4 ,unusual skill must be employed in installation4 #c4 ,suction is altered by length of pipe4 #d4 ,cost of operation is high4 #e4 ,wear and tear on the house too great4 #f4 ,it must be installed when the house is built4 ,of course the stationary type is more expensive than the portables1 because of the larger machine1 the indefinitely long pipe system and the larger motor4 ,the motor has from six to twelve times and upwards the horsepower of the portable machine4 ,it is1 therefore1 more costly to run because it eats up more electricity1 but it can do heavier work and quicker4 ,great skill must be employed in the installation of all machinery4 ,not long ago mistakes were made when putting in the air system1 but now engineers know this department of work as well as they know gas and electric installations1 and with the length of hose used there is no lessening of suction because of the construction of the entire pipeage4 ,the objection that with this apparatus there is tremendous wear and tear because the hose is taken through the doorway from the hall so that the door must needs be scratched when it closes on the hose as it is dragged through1 may be nullified by installing double end hose connections in the wall near the door so that one line of hose will connect from the valve to the connection in the hall and another shorter piece of hose used inside of the room4 ,there is no trouble at all about installing the stationary vacuum cleaner after the building is erected1 but naturally it is less expensive to put it in during the building and when planned for ahead than it is to put pipes through a house after it is built4 ,,operation ,with the stationary type cleaner you have no machine to move about--you simply move the tool attached to the hose and the tools are just as light as those of the portable machines4 ,there is no electric connection to make1 no electric wire to carry unconsciously along4 ,all there is to be done by the worker is to slip the end of the cleaner hose into the suction pipe opening in the baseboard of the room4 ,a patented device prevents the hose from becoming detached accidentally4 ,the usual tools come with the installed cleaner1 such as handle1 blower1 felted sweeper1 book cleaner1 duster1 etc4 ,other tools can be made to order to fit any particular need4 ,one thing delightfully obviated in the stationary cleaner is the noise4 ,the writer has what she considers the best portable cleaner on the market1 yet the noise is a great drawback4 ,the stationary cleaner is therefore a boon to the sick room and it is easy to see why the newer hospitals take as readily to them as to the piped water system4 ,then1 too1 having the baseboard vent in each area in large houses1 with the consequent needlessness of carrying a cleaner upstairs and down1 over hill and dale1 is a selling point for the piped cleaner4 ,also the swiftness of the cleaning1 due of course to the tremendous air velocity--a canned hurricane4 ,however1 in the small residence the greater cost would be unwarranted because of the great efficiency of the portable machines4 ,where there is a garage in the family1 and it is piped for cleaning1 the machinery1 instead of being permanently installed1 can be mounted on rollers and can be wheeled and attached to the pipes in that building4 ,therefore the necessity of two machines is obviated where the other building is piped4 ,yet when the buildings are widely separated it is best to have one of the good portable machines which are on the market in so many designs1 and are adapted to so many and varied uses4 ,therefore you see the portables as indispensable and see them filling fields that the installed can never hope to fill4 ,the fact that the stationary entails no dust-bag cleaning is a time and labor-saving actuality4 ,then1 too1 no matter how good the dust bag is on the portable vacuum cleaner1 some of the very fine dust must escape through the bag into the room4 ,in the stationary type the cleaner politely does its exhaling in the cellar4 ,this point has been made valuable to chocolate makers who want to save the loss of chocolate in packing boxes1 to manufacturers who want to obviate the retaining of poisonous dust among the workers1 etc41 etc4 ,in the stationary as well as in the portable vacuum cleaners the suction is caused by the pump or fan type machine4 ,some manufacturers advocate one1 some another4 ,in picking your winner you must go to the best manufacturer of each type and let him give you his tale1 and then see whether you come out a pump fan or a fan fan6 ,the other intricacies of this simple machine need not bother you4 ,go to the best makers and make them responsible for your purchase4 ,not all of us being engineers1 you have to depend on the reputation of the best makers4 ,the stationary cleaner can do more work than the portable1 it will last longer because the machinery is heavier1 yet there are drawbacks to it as to all machinery which is not at all points open to the eye4 ,for example1 the pipes may clog4 ,but you must remember that water pipes can clog and that gas pipes do very exasperating things2 yet you use them without blinking4 ,for the very large residence1 factory1 hospital1 hotel and institution1 of course the stationary machine is best1 mainly because it is difficult to get help to-day to carry about the premises anything that is heavy4 ,to lift1 push or carry the lightest portable over a very large residence or institution is a trial1 and the stationary type overcomes this difficulty4 ,in some cases the heavy duty portable is advised with its increased horsepower1 but when the purse and area of residence match1 the stationary type is really the best1 although we know householders who prefer to use the portable and heavy duty portables everywhere4 ,the stationary plant is only another real 8pipe dream0 come true1 and in addition to piped water1 piped gas and conduited electricity it will tend to hasten the processes of home maintenance and free the home-keepers to do more spiritual home tending4 ,but remember that in the average home or apartment the portable machine is the ideal sweeper and fulfills more than every requirement of sanitary sweeping combined with the least effort4 ,the stationary is for the large house1 not the small4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,cooking ,,by ,,electric ,,current ,the electric stove is the most dependent on geography of all your kitchen implements4 ,because it consumes a large amount of electricity1 the rate of this as a fuel will decide whether or not you can use the electricity-consuming stove4 ,this decision1 in turn1 is affected by the rate of electricity for cooking in every different locality in the country4 ,the vogue of the electric stove is due to the convenience and sureness with which the cooking is done1 the control which may be exercised and the positiveness of results4 ,furthermore1 the cleanliness1 lack of odors and gases1 and the easy installation and convenience of placing are other important reasons why the electric stove has come to stay1 if electric companies co-operate with the stove companies to give a cooking rate4 ,its vogue1 too1 is largely due from the fact that in the maidless home housekeepers find electricity simpler1 cooler and cleaner1 if more expensive and not quite as rapid as gas4 ,,points ,,about ,,the ,,stoves ,as with the gas and wood stove1 the main principles must apply in picking them out1 with but few additions and omissions4 ,the electric stove is not bothered with its own deterioration by the combustion inside it of oils1 woods1 coals1 cokes1 etc41 but has1 of course1 to be well wired1 rust protected and insulated against mishap and fire4 ,accidents are contingent on anything that uses any fuel4 ,with electric stoves it is unnecessary to have large or small storage systems1 which makes electricity a convenient fuel for the small 8rabbit hutches10 in which the wealthiest and poorest are forced to live in these days of homelessness4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,estate ,stove ,co4 ,,three ,,little ,,fingers ,,fit ,,in ,,three ,,little ,,holes ,,and ,,the ,,connection ,,is ,,made ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,bramhall ,deane ,co4 ,,here ,,the ,,stove ,,lid ,,is ,,set ,,on ,a ,,little ,,round ,,platform ,,already ,,attached ,,and ,,easily ,,disengaged ,,electric ,,range ,then again1 if you employ electricity1 whether it is more costly or not1 you do not have to put in so strenuous a flue system when building a house1 but just a hood over the stove as a vent to carry off cooking odors and a special wiring system4 ,you do away1 too1 with the draughts necessary for coal or wood types and all the contingent engineering niceties1 which harass and wear you if they are not perfection4 ,the body of the stove should be built of non-rusting iron4 ,armco rust-resisting iron is often used in the best grades of stoves4 ,it is free from impurities which invite corrosion and rust and has proved a valuable material out of which to make a good stove body4 ,on some stoves the tops are made of gray iron castings which1 with the black body and its polished iron trimmings1 make a very stately and harmonious article without sacrificing anything of practical utility4 ,the top of any stove is the place upon which are placed the utensils for frying1 boiling1 etc4 ,this is true whether the fuel be coal1 gas1 electricity or what-not4 ,the top of the electric stove is no variant to this rule4 ,it has the spots upon which to place the utensils and these spots are called the heating units4 ,heat1 of course1 is communicated in varying degrees between the units4 ,these units are of cast or wrought iron4 ,the tops of any electric stove must be of cast iron or some such non-warping rigid material which takes readily to cleaning4 ,the heating element should be safe from molestations and the top of the stove must be smoothness itself to hold the utensils with perfect ease and steadiness4 ,the units' wire connection must be enclosed to protect the heating element4 ,the top of the usual electric stove has about four cooking 8holes0 or plates1 or heating elements4 ,in some cases the electric connection is made by the heating units being equipped with pluglike sets or fingers 7as your ordinary lamp plug7 and fitting into a socket under itself4 ,in other cases1 if it be a three-heat stove1 the three wires are directly connected with the heating element and all that has to be done in case of bad connection is to raise the heating element and unscrew the wires4 ,in other styles when bad connection occurs you must search the surface beneath the plug1 a little more complicated operation1 but still the manufacturers of this feel that it is an added protection to wiring4 ,the surface units1 too1 must come off easily so that no extra tool is needed to pick them up4 ,,ovens ,,and ,,broilers ,there are two kinds of ovens used in the electric stove1 from the point of view of heat retention4 ,one of them does not retain the heat completely enough to call itself a fireless cooker oven yet does retain heat to a great degree and cooks well after a little time on the third heat or low heat4 ,the other style guarantees a fireless system of cooking when the electricity is cut off4 ,strange as it may seem1 the largest and most elaborate and the most expensive stoves are not made with the retention-heat method because1 no doubt1 the persons that can pay about #ajjj or even #gjj for a stove have chefs and don't really care whether they use more or less electricity4 ,for ordinary use1 however1 and for the large stove which costs to-day around #adj to #bbe1 it is well to have the retained-heat oven1 the oven so insulated as to keep in the heat and keep out the cold1 so that you can cook easily by fireless and save much electricity4 ,the oven should be equipped with top and floor heating units4 ,these should be controlled by a three-heat switch and so geared and wired as to be accessible4 ,if one unit burns out the others will not4 ,in some stoves the heating unit in the top of the bake oven is controlled by the same switch which operates the units in the oven bottom and is of proper intensity to insure good results4 ,often this same unit also serves the broiler4 ,in other cases the broiler is supplied by an 8on and off0 switch alone and it is only made in conjunction with the broiler4 ,in still other stoves the three-heat broiler with separate switch is employed4 ,the broiler must be heavily tinned to prevent rust and corrosion and it must have a removable drip pan4 ,in one stove on the market1 which has the broiler to the left on the top1 the drip pan is fastened to the broiler so that when it is drawn out over the stove for any reason the drippings are caught by the pan and not spattered on the stove top beneath4 ,this is a minor perfection but a very nice one4 ,some range companies make a unit of a certain size1 say 8#bd0 or 8#dh10 and if you want a larger size you can simply say 8,i want two units0--or three1 or what not4 ,there are small stoves for yachts and kitchenettes2 in fact1 the electric stove is as adaptable as a telescope1 some have ovens above1 some have ovens below1 some have broilers above1 some below4 ,some have everything above1 some everything below4 ,you can have exactly what you want as to price and style4 ,some stoves are also equipped with practical plate and food warmers4 ,one very pleasing stove is called a period stove because it has legs that curve and cavort like a period bit of furniture--what period we couldn't say unless it be early ,edison4 ,then1 too1 there are combination coal and electric ranges1 for there are those persons who must have both--and as they are beautifully combined they make a neat and effective unit in the kitchen4 ,there are portable stoves and stoves that are built-in2 that is1 the stove that can be very simply moved from place to place if necessary1 and the one that is backed into the wall and would leave a scar if it were moved4 ,of course the huge stoves are of the built-in type1 but they1 too1 come with legs and are better adapted to removal4 ,,electric ,,measurements ,for these electric stoves1 special wiring must be effected4 ,they cannot be attached to the ordinary electric socket4 ,it is necessary when ordering a stove to give the voltage of your electric supply4 ,the stoves are usually prepared for #aaj volts with two-wire service from street or #aaj-bbj volts with three-wire service4 ,in some stoves the cut-out box is built on the range directly back of the switches4 ,this1 then1 can be easily opened if anything happens4 ,in the stock stove an extra charge is made for voltage exceeding #bbj or less than #aaj1 because alterations have to be made4 ,the consumption of watts in the electric stove is a very vital question4 ,watts are the unit of electric power1 just as you speak of #ej cubic feet of gas in measuring gas consumption4 ,the unit of figuring the cost is not on the watt--because a watt is too small a figure but of the unit of one thousand watts1 which is the kilowatt4 ,so you call the unit of fuel consumption the kilowatt hour and you say the average stove consumes about one kilowatt hour per person per day4 ,if a burner consumes #hjj watts it means you will be charged of a kilowatt per hour4 ,according to the size of heating elements1 the wattage of stoves runs from #aj1jjj watts or #aj kilowatts 7which is the same thing7 to about #bejj watts1 or #b kilowatts on a small three-heating-unit range4 ,this gives its total capacity if everything goes at once4 ,it is a little more intelligent for the housewife to read her meter than not to4 ,so here is how it is done3 ,there are four little dials1 which you read from right to left1 the opposite manner of reading this page4 ,the first dial measures the tens1 the second the hundreds1 the third the thousands1 the fourth the ten thousands4 ,therefore1 the total is found by adding all the figures at which the dials point and always reading the lowest number which the dial approximates4 ,but you must always substract your last month's record from this1 of course1 to get this month's average2 and this amount multiplied by your electricity rate would give you what your bill should be4 ,after all1 the cost is the paramount thing in your purchasing and calculations as to purchasing4 ,the electric stove is1 on the whole1 more expensive than the ordinary cook stove4 ,the fuel cost varies1 as has been said before1 with the locality in which you happen to live4 ,in many places the electric companies have made a cooking rate much lower than the lighting rate4 ,in such localities where the electricity is but from #a to #b cents1 the electricity as fuel is almost equal in cost to gas at one dollar4 ,it has been generally admitted that1 with care as to fuel consumption1 a kilowatt hour per day is consumed by each individual in the house4 ,if you have to pay three cents per kilowatt hour and you have six persons in the house1 your electricity will cost you about eighteen cents per day4 ,in the large1 weighty and 8watty0 stoves the consumption of electricity is about #b kilowatt-hours per day per person1 but on the stock ranges not weighing over #cjj pounds with a comparative low wattage 7compared with the #abjj-pound made-to-order range7 the average is1 as was said before1 but one kilowatt-hour per person per day4 ,one firm1 computing #d4b persons to average a family1 states that in the use of #bf1ahj ranges the cost was #d4jf per month per family4 ,the value of electric cooking is not in the low cost of fuel but in the saving of labor1 food conservation1 cleanliness1 comfort and mental or psychological delight in the shipshape and orderly method4 ,in cities where the cooking rate is the same as the lighting rate 7around seven cents7 cooking by electricity is expensive for the average folk who have to think a little about the cost of living4 ,it has been said that electric cooking is expensive because it takes longer to cook by it than by gas4 ,this is being overcome in three ways3 first1 by the proper use of electricity and the turning it off and cooking on retained heat2 secondly1 by the better made stove in use to-day2 thirdly1 by the use of proper sized and shaped utensils which are a very great factor in the rapidity of cooking and thence economy of electricity as a fuel4 ,,control ,,and ,,trimmings ,most stoves are equipped with reliable thermometers and also many give charts with the stove to show you exactly what temperatures on that particular stove will accomplish the pop-over1 the roast1 or the what-not4 ,this eliminates any basis of error4 ,some1 too1 have glass ovens which further add to the gaiety of rations4 ,in buying1 buy of the best firms1 get guarantees1 see that your wiring is adequate and that everything is well insulated with asbestos or something of equal value4 ,see to it that your oven doors close without slamming2 that when they are open they won't bend if a weight is put on them4 ,we have seen one stove stand the weight of a man jumping on the stove oven door when it was lowered4 ,many a good cake has been ruined by banging oven doors4 ,the switches should be conveniently placed and not off in some corner4 ,the fuses should be back-side or back of range1 as they are not particularly beautiful to gaze upon and one is apt to take them for switches when rushed4 ,but few stoves now put the fuses in the front4 ,the fuses should be so connected that if one blows out all do not4 ,there is a stove on the market at present that has a fireless cooking timing device1 so that when you go to bed1 you can have your breakfast all cooked for you 7if you have stocked the stove before retiring7 at any time in the morning at which you have set the clock4 ,this you may consider a trimming1 but it is a nice bit of modern life's embroidery4 ,in most of the stoves the fireless cooking saves time and saves your food4 ,basting is unnecessary2 you get what you pay for in weight of the roast and lose less than by any other process of cookery4 ,in some stoves twelve or fifteen minutes of electricity are all that is needed2 stored heat then does the work4 ,,dimensions ,,and ,,care ,the heights in stoves vary from a few inches 7table ranges7 to about #e4 ,height to cooking top varies1 too2 the nearest it comes to #ch the more comfortable1 of course4 ,the new stoves are being made with special emphasis on the height of cooking surfaces4 ,the depth of stoves also varies1 from the built-to-order stove which is #cc to the stock stoves which run even as narrow as #af1 with but three top cooking or heating units instead of the average four4 ,as with all new devices1 you must practise with the electric stove to get the best results4 ,the first few weeks you may think you are using too much current4 ,you will be1 too1 but you will learn better if you take the following into your mind3 #a4 ,do not overheat your oven4 ,never let the temperature exceed the thermometer's tell-tale face4 #b4 ,oil your oven occasionally as you would your typewriter or sewing-machine1 for some 8non-rusting0 ovens go back on you4 #c4 ,not only engineers but cooks often sleep at the switch4 ,but you mustn't4 ,it would be wise to have a master switch in the kitchen connecting the range to the electric supply4 ,in this case you can turn off the electricity and there will be no danger of leaving a burner turned on when not needed4 ,the heating plate may crack if the current is turned on without anything cooking in a utensil on top of it4 #d4 ,don't remove burners unless repair is necessary4 ,boiling over of foods won't hurt the burners4 ,use nothing but a light non-metallic brush to rid the burners of spillings4 ,if you use old utensils that have become rich in food deposits1 thoroughly scour before using on the electric stove4 ,the electric stove makes no deposit on utensils4 #e4 ,turn down the burner when water boils4 ,you have three heats4 ,turn from high to low at boil4 ,your bills will come down #ge4 ,use as little water as possible and by keeping the lids on you will cook by steam4 ,turn your switches to low at every chance you get4 ,ten or fifteen minutes before the food is cooked you can turn off current2 there will be enough heat to cook with if your utensil is covered4 #f4 ,when cooking roasts1 in about an hour1 depending on the size of your roast1 you can turn off full current on the top burner and cook on retained heat or on medium heat of bottom burner4 #g4 ,for safety in expense keep one burner on at ,full4 ,start your cookery of each thing on ,full and then shift to medium burners4 ,this will save electric bills1 as you won't have all your burners going full tilt at the same time4 #h4 ,flat bottom utensils at least as large as the heating space are necessary to the economical use of the electric stove4 ,use as little water as possible1 thereby cooking by steam and saving food4 ,shallow vessels take less heat and therefore less electricity4 ,a ,,very ,,new ,,departure ,on the market1 as this goes to press has come the electric stove which1 instead of heating by radiant heat 7red71 cooks by conductivity or black heat4 ,that is1 the unit becomes hot throughout and does not burn by becoming red hot4 ,it is claimed in this case that the unit wears longer and that it takes less time to cook therefore less electricity4 ,we have not had time to test this stove so cannot vouch for it except that it is made by very eminent manufacturers and invented by a very distinguished expert4 ,it is so built that the cleaning of it and the replacing of its parts is done with the minimum effort4 ,all switches and connections are at the back of the stove and can therefore be kept inviolate4 ,the top burner elements are made of multiple low temperature units from one ampere in a single unit to almost unlimited amperage of say #be amperes1 from #be single units in parallel within a square or diameter of #h or #i inches4 ,think what flexibility of heat this means6 ,it is just what up to date the electric stove has lacked with its but one to three 8heats40 ,if one or more units burn out then there are others left6 ,the stove is so geared that a fluctuation of #be volts will make no trouble6 ,the oven arrangement and unit system are so arranged as to bake quicker and adjustable to different size pans4 ,ideal broiling is a thing quite boasted of in this stove4 ,all the units and parts are easily removable for cleaning so you will get a prize if all the things they say of their stove are true and we have little doubt that they are true4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,bramhall ,deane ,co4 ,,hood ,,and ,,stove ,,heated ,,by ,,gas ,,and ,,wood4 ,,note ,,the ,,marble-,,topped ,,tables ,,chapter ,,vii ,,taking ,,the ,,guesswork ,,out ,,of ,,gas ,,cookery ,the points in buying a gas range are for the most part the same as in purchasing an electric range4 ,it must be of the best material1 cast iron or sheet iron or a combination of the two1 the ovens usually lined with steel1 upon which is baked aluminum or a vitreous enamel4 ,enamels are more expensive but their sanitary value is great4 ,everything must be of the best quality1 no seams or roughness can be allowed to catch food or odors1 and the stove manufacturers must give you a guarantee of almost everlasting life4 ,stoves to-day are made with and without shelves1 some have the ovens above1 some below4 ,but where the oven is below it is a great boon to have the top at least #cb high--#ch from the floor is better1 so that the oven is sufficiently high to obviate back breaking1 and the cooking surface high enough to eliminate the back bend for the ordinary cooking processes4 ,ranges to-day are built so that there is absolutely no guess work either in management or accomplishment4 ,,new ,,devices ,a recent improvement is a stove with an oven heat-regulating device1 absolutely controlling the temperature4 ,because this device is used by domestic science cooking schools1 cooking must be an exact science4 ,no especial training is required to handle this device1 and it has no working parts to get out of order2 the temperature is simply controlled and maintained by the turn of a wheel4 ,this enables you to bake without opening the oven door4 ,a chart is supplied by which you can cook any kind of dish1 the time1 the temperature and the necessary decreasing or increasing of the temperature being given clearly4 ,one new type of stove has the smooth top4 ,it looks not unlike a coal stove4 ,it has no aching voids for things to spill into1 nor can pots tip over into the yawning chasms4 ,this saves a lot of needless irritation1 which is important with the present high temperaments of cooks and housemaids4 ,this stove stands #ch from the ground4 ,,the ,,top ,an interesting feature is that the whole top becomes heated and is usable1 whereas in the ordinary four-burner top only four utensils can be used at once4 ,this top is connected with a flue which draws the heat1 so that there is no waste of gas4 ,if necessary1 the lids can be raised and the flame from the burner will just tip the utensil1 the proper position for flames4 ,the oven in this range is so planned that it can be opened from the bottom with either hand4 ,another stove has a top that is semi-smooth and semi-spider1 allowing you both systems4 ,should a vessel spill over in the 8smooth top10 the top catches the overflow and it is simply washed off instead of the usual pulling out of the tray and the messed-up burner plate1 which must be scraped and cleaned4 ,this range is made tall and narrow1 ready for the small as well as the large kitchen4 ,all gas stoves to-day have the automatic lighter1 which gives you freedom from the use of matches and makes gas nearly as convenient as electricity4 ,of course1 gas is hotter in the summer than electricity1 and to obviate this many of the stove makers produce marvelously contrived combination ranges of gas and electricity4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,vulcan ,stove ,co4 ,,the ,,smooth ,,top #ch ,,gas ,,range ,,takes ,,the ,,stoop ,,out ,,of ,,stoopid ,,cookery ,some stoves have plate warmers above and some have a shelf open and available on which to warm dishes1 which also makes a convenient rack for dishes while the rest of the meal is cooking4 ,nearly all stoves are equipped with broiler chamber1 baking oven and wire shelves4 ,one1 particularly convenient1 has1 instead of the two full-sized shelves in the large oven1 one shelf divided into two pieces1 allowing for more elasticity in placing different dishes in the oven4 ,in the stove which has the oven heat-regulating device1 there are many of the fireless cooker features with some of its drawbacks eliminated4 ,for example1 it has no thick walls which eventually become impregnated with odors of past meals2 the time in pot watching is eliminated2 you can do other work and yet be sure that your cooking is being done well4 ,so much of the cooking can be done in the oven that fewer burners are necessary4 ,this type is made in sizes varying from #ce wide and upward4 ,,regulating ,,heat ,when you are ready to put the whole meal in the oven1 your instruction card will tell you the correct temperature to set the thermostat4 ,you can then leave the oven unwatched for a period of three to four hours4 ,no preliminary cooking is necessary2 in fact1 the things can be put on in cold water if necessary2 furthermore1 the cost of cooking is no more1 and sometimes less1 than with the old-fashioned hit or miss method4 ,canning with this oven is simplicity itself1 as there is no need to lift the big containers to the cooking surface4 ,many people prefer the fireless-cooking1 oven gas stoves4 ,these are excellent when made by the best manufacturers and certainly help the servantless house greatly4 ,the old-fashioned methods of finding out if your oven is hot are as follows3 ,poking your head into the oven1 perilous2 thrusting an unoffending hand therein2 browning pieces of paper or a bit of flour2 burning the gas and letting it go at that2 gauging the size of the flame3 but these are unreliable1 for everyone feels the heat differently and the quality of paper varies and atmospheric conditions differ4 ,how many times have you cooked the same thing the same way1 and have had success one day and failure the next4 ,what waste--and how discouraging6 ,with the particular stove in question1 the novice soon becomes an expert4 ,as much of the cooking can be done in the oven1 not so large a surface stove need be bought2 a small family can actually use a two-burner surface4 ,,burners ,the burners on all the best stoves are regulated by the gas companies1 from whom it is wise to buy1 unless you are purchasing the installed1 made-to-order stove4 ,one firm emphasizes its burner because it spreads well2 it claims there is a saving of gas1 which is quite true4 ,this stove also stresses its glass oven door4 ,now the glass oven door is a fine thing1 but when meats are being cooked1 the glass becomes greased1 and unless cleaned off at once may leave furrows4 ,the cabinet stove is the type used practically all over this country4 ,it sits on high legs and has the oven 7top or bottom71 warmers and shelves4 ,the stove without shelves is not called the cabinet style4 ,usually the cabinet has the ovens to right or left or below the cooking top4 ,some of these stoves have a separate splasher on the side of the back wall or the side wall2 this is not absolutely necessary if the stove is so finished that the splashing will wash off easily4 ,some stoves are completely enameled1 including splasher2 others are just blue iron or polished steel4 ,of course1 there are the expensive enameled stoves which only have to be washed for the dirt and dust to slide off4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,clark ,jewel ,stove ,company4 ,,taking ,,the ,,guess ,,work ,,out ,,of ,,oven ,,temperatures ,,by ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,an ,,automatic ,,heat ,,regulator ,the vital thing in the gas stove is the burner and its regulation4 ,nothing will compensate for poor burners1 poor insulation1 poor heating4 ,some stoves are so made that the linings come out and can be easily washed and greased with kerosene thus keeping them in excellent condition4 ,but keep your ovens more than spotless4 ,the gas supply pipe when installed with a stove should be not less than bore4 ,some companies advise making an iron pipe connection with a union coupling4 ,the best results for the gas range would be had if connected by a stove pipe to a chimney but great care should be taken to avoid a down shaft4 ,much moisture in a stove1 which will slowly destroy it1 denotes this down draft presence4 ,yet sometimes the flue connection is a nuisance1 as it is at other times a necessity4 ,in some districts the flue is necessary by ordinance4 ,top burners must be frequently cleaned and when they are removed the drip pan can be cleaned too and the space in which the drip pan rests4 ,wipe off dust from the air mixer1 that is1 where the air enters the burner to make the flame cook4 ,grease your oven linings occasionally and your stove will wear longer4 ,if your stove happens to have a porcelain enameled broiler pan1 take it out when not broiling in that oven4 ,,range ,,facts ,don't use a big flame when food or water is boiling4 ,nearly all the good stoves have air and gas regulating devices and with each stove the method is explained to the purchaser4 ,remember that you want a blue flame1 that the tip only should touch the utensil and that the yellow flame may mean too much gas and cause smoking or it may mean too little air4 ,keep your flame at the blue point1 with no yellow or white tip4 ,before lighting any burner1 try all the gas valves to be sure that they are closed and that there is no gas in the range4 ,if the burners pop out close partly the air mixers4 ,the simmering burner on the new stoves is a great convenience and economy1 if the burner is perfectly regulated4 ,in most cases the air mixer must be nearly closed4 ,cakes bake unevenly perhaps if they are set too near the front of the oven4 ,be sure to put them at least in the center or better near the back4 ,to prevent fish from burning while broiling or baking1 grease the gridiron4 ,in broiling steak1 if it is thick1 place it #a from the flame4 ,if not thick #b or #c4 ,keep the broiler door open while broiling4 ,heat the oven for ten or fifteen minutes with the door shut before putting the meat or fish in to broil4 ,remember the tip of the blue flame is sufficient to cook2 any other flame condition spells waste4 ,when your burners do not light1 they are probably grease clogged4 ,remove them and boil them in a solution of washing soda4 ,turn down the flame when the substance begins to boil4 ,unusual cooking capacity in a small space is really one of the great advantages of the new stoves4 ,know your space1 your family needs and then buy your stove from one of the best makers or order it through your gas company4 ,manufacturers have tried to beautify their stoves1 but when you buy see to it that you buy comfort first4 ,a gas range should keep in first class condition for at least fifteen years--that is1 if you buy the best and take reasonable care of it4 ,all kinds of stove combinations can be had3 gas and coal1 gas1 coal and electricity1 electricity and gas1 oil and electricity1 etc4 ,so every taste1 every necessity can be met in stoves to-day4 ,there is but one rule--buy what you need and the best of its kind4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,the ,,oil ,,range ,what makes it possible to live in gasless1 electricless1 coal-less1 transportationless places in gustatorial ease and digestive comfort8 ,the oil range4 ,not the old-time messy oil stove1 but the efficient1 capacious oil range4 ,in districts unopened to modern improvements cooking is made a pleasure rather than a drudgery1 with this highly effective medium1 so effective that nothing that can be done on any other type of stove need be omitted in the daily routine4 ,it has the maximum comfort and the minimum cost and trouble4 ,this range too need never be lighted until wanted and can be 8put to bed10 immediately upon finishing the meal4 ,so now there need be no place where man can not have his puddings1 his breads1 or his flap-jacks with speed and finish4 ,the two most important types of oil stoves with which it is worth your while to become acquainted are the wick and the wickless 7kindler type74 ,it is quite evident from their descriptive titles that the former employs a wick as heat carrier to the vessel in which is the food2 and the wickless has the kindler by which the heat is carried to the food in a different way4 ,the wick oil range is a development born directly of the lamp4 ,it employs the round wick and with it in its best form a long chimney is used4 ,this long draught chimney has proven in the case of the lamp to make for perfect combustion of the oil4 ,hence after many years of trial and proof the wick stove is developed to a delightful point of comfort and utility4 ,speed1 lack of odor and perfect work1 three necessities of any stove1 are here exemplified1 to say nothing of longevity and ease of upkeep4 ,you have probably used the heat from a lamp chimney to light a cigarette or a match or even to heat a curling iron8 ,well1 this is really the principle of the wick stove4 ,this heat has been harnessed and petted into cooking usefulness by expert heat and stove engineers4 ,the parts of the wick stove with which you must be acquainted are few but important3 #a4 ,the burner #b4 ,the wick #c4 ,flame spreader #d4 ,brass wick tube 7a fine feature1 in that it is of brass7 #e4 ,clamp set screw #f4 ,hand wheel to adjust screw #g4 ,little mica door which opens in chimney instead of having to pull off the chimney as you do in lighting a lamp4 ,all you have to do is apply the match and touch off the wick at several places4 ,then lower the wick until the flame is even4 ,to extinguish the flame1 turn the little wheel to the left4 ,never blow it out4 ,this blowing out of the flame causes all sorts of irregularities and the real troubles4 ,the oil range is supplied in the best types by gravity conduit4 ,that is to say that the oil flows from a reservoir into the burner1 and as the oil is consumed the fresh oil flows down and takes its place1 so there can never be overflow to cause fires or odors4 ,these reservoirs are of glass and in one case the manufacturer has a service of reservoirs which supplies the consumer with a rack of three filled reservoirs1 which in turn replaces the emptied one4 ,this obviates entirely the need of the cook to pour oil in the reservoir or in fact know she is using oil6 ,reservoirs of course are delivered and called for1 if you are in reach of a dealer4 ,where this service is impossible to be had the pouring of the oil into the tank is simpler than simple4 ,it is no more difficult than pouring milk into a glass4 ,in truth the reservoir is mechanically adjusted and filled with oil--the human being but its guide and beneficiary4 ,the heat wanted in the wick stove depends on your culinary need and consequently on how high or how low you turn the wick4 ,very often it means when the flame burns low when it should burn high that the wick needs a cleaning4 ,don't blame the mechanism4 ,it is difficult to say how often you need to buy a wick or how often it should be cleaned1 as it depends very much on the quality of the oil that you have to use4 ,some kerosene is charry and some more free from impurities than other kinds of kerosene4 ,here are some points to observe if you want good results4 #a4 ,if there is a gap in the flame1 the wick needs cleaning4 ,there should be a continuous round fence enclosing the burner around the flame spreader4 ,or it may mean the wick is up against the flame spreader4 #b4 ,be sure that the wick is not up against the flame spreader after lighting1 because it will prevent the air from passing through the center of the brass wick tube and cause over-heating of burner and a murky flame4 #c4 ,the flame when high should show white points above the blue body of the flame4 ,these white points should be about #a for perfect combustion4 ,that means that there will be no odor and that you will get all the heat you need and no waste of fuel4 #d4 ,the flame has lost its usefulness when the line of demarcation between the white and the blue is gone4 ,the flame will begin to smoke1 the burner will be over-heated1 the cookery under-heated1 and odors and smudge will be the result4 ,here again the human equation comes in4 ,use your eyes effectively4 #e4 ,cleaning wicks is done by removing the chimney even as you do in cleaning a lamp wick4 ,nothing new in this4 #f4 ,watch your reservoir2 never allow it to run dry or your range to burn dry4 ,form a habit of watching it daily and you will never regret it4 #g4 ,under usual circumstances one wick should last several months4 #h4 ,clean wicks daily for best service4 #i4 ,correct unevenness of the wick with a pair of scissors4 #aj4 ,for re-wicking1 arresting any other troubles1 consult the 8guide book10 which gives directions simply4 #aa4 ,but remember when you get any kind of range you must set it up solidly and level before filling with oil or cooking upon it4 ,put it in a part of the kitchen away from draughts and where you would put any other stove4 #ab4 ,every range has special directions for inverting reservoir and refilling1 but in the best types it is always very easy and simple1 needing no strength or skill4 ,and so in the best type of the wick range we have the possibility of cooking everything that any family or its guests need4 ,wicks are easily bought all over the world4 ,the stoves heat rapidly2 the oil reservoir is easy to fill2 your hands need never be oily1 unless through crass carelessness4 ,there is a basin shaped stove base to collect char and dirt and the feed pipe is so placed as to make cleaning easy4 ,all the parts should be easily removable for cleaning and all should be simple and visible in every part4 ,this grown up lamp should have all these modern twists4 ,in the best of the wick type you should have the best vitreous enamel1 where it is enameled1 baked in at least three times2 solid brass wick tubes2 best grade of steel tubing and heavily tinned plate pipes where necessary4 ,in the long chimney-wick type the flame never touches the vessel4 ,in the short drum type the flame does touch4 ,one wick type manufacturer makes a perfect long chimney type yet also makes a short drum type to give all consumers their heart's desire4 ,,wickless ,,ranges ,the wickless1 as its name implies1 has no wick but carries the heat directly to the cooking vessel and therefore shortens the cooking time a little as the heat reaches the spot more quickly than it can in the long1 non-flame touching type of range4 ,in this type of range a kindler is employed4 ,this kindler is a round asbestos ring 7costs about #aj cents to replace7 which lies in the burner bowl and is slightly corrugated at the top and stiffened by a metal band4 ,its function is not that of a wick at all4 ,it is rather the self-starter of the stove and its business is to light the oil and start the cooking4 ,the stove is lighted by applying the match to the kindler which is saturated by oil 7from its very position7 and this ignition of the kindler furnishes sufficient heat to the surface of the oil to turn it into a gas4 ,after the burner is started the heat automatically keeps the gas forming 7vaporizing7 as long as there is oil in the burner4 ,so you can see that all the kindler does is start the gas ball rolling4 ,the wickless type of range is equipped with a #ab seamless burner1 which will last several years4 ,the regulation of the heat is managed by lowering or elevating the oil in the burner bowl4 ,the greater the area of oil exposed on which the heat from the kindler ring can act the greater the amount of gas formed and released1 and inversely the smaller the area of oil surface exposed1 etc4 ,this range1 in its best forms1 employs a lever with a dial1 which when turned by the cook to the point in the dial she knows by experience she needs1 automatically and mechanically adjusts the heat from simmering point to the most intense heat through a heat scale from 8no heat0 to #cjj ,fahrenheit4 ,with the dial there is taken out of oil cookery the guess-work which resides in most cookers4 ,here is used the short chimney1 with very concentrated heat focused where it is most needed4 ,in lighting1 you turn the lever to the word 8light0 on the dial4 ,after the kindler is saturated1 generally a few seconds after switching the lever1 the chimney must be raised and the match applied in a few spots to the kindler4 ,in a few moments your blue flame is going full blast or any blast you desire depending on your lever setting4 ,gravity supplies the oil here too1 as in the wick type4 ,the reservoir with its glass bull's-eye to detect oil quantity holds a gallon of kerosene sufficient to last sixteen to eighteen hours for one burner1 or at the rate of about one cent per hour4 ,refilling these reservoirs is very simple1 and when you go to buy an oil range this is one of the things you must insist upon4 ,unscrew the cap in this case and pour in your oil1 that is all4 ,there are a feed pipe and release which gather any sediment that may be in the oil4 ,,flame ,,regulation ,experience is the best teacher in the way of knowing where you must set the lever to get the hottest flame4 ,sometimes dependent on varying conditions1 the flame may be highest when the lever is over the #abth division of the dial2 sometimes it may be at #f or #g on your range4 ,this sort of thing you learn by knowing your range4 ,some oil will1 of course1 be left in the burner after the light is turned off4 ,therefore you must expect it to burn a little while after you have turned your lever to 8out40 ,the blue flame to be just right must touch the vessel with its uttermost tip4 ,on some of the most modern of this type is a match scratcher plate which makes it easy to light the match without using your shoe1 a good white wall1 or the seat of your pants4 ,every stove in this class is made of the finest pressed steel1 and where the enamel is used it is of vitreous variety with three bakings4 ,there is an all white stove1 too1 to fit in with the bridal effect of the newer kitchens4 ,the good points of the wickless stove are many3 #a4 ,no wicks to clean4 #b4 ,unleakable4 #c4 ,more powerful burner than anywhere else1 being #ab4 #d4 ,burner #ajj odorless4 #e4 ,delivers heat where it does the most good4 #f4 ,acts a little quicker than any other types4 #g4 ,more economical in upkeep4 ,either one of the stoves herein outlined is the best on the market as to type and manufacture4 ,if you have to buy a stove try and get the most for your expenditure by a collection of the best traits in the stove4 ,no mechanical device is perfect without perfect handling4 ,if you do not put in the wick correctly1 or if you do not light your kindler sufficiently you will have trouble4 ,if you put a tire on your car in the wrong way you would not blame the car1 yet the tendency is always to blame the oil range and immediately call up your dealer and say that your stove is smelly or that the wick won't burn or that the kindler won't start1 etc4 ,the best firms give every consumer a little text book to consult when in difficulty4 ,these stoves even in electric and gas regions are used in summer because they are cool cookers4 ,the advantage over coal is evident1 as there is no fire to clean out1 no kindling wood necessary1 no ashes to carry and no coal to lug about1 to say nothing about wondering about dampers1 flues and the like4 ,in all ranges burning oil of the best makes1 you can have all the heat you want and as little as you want as well4 ,on all well proportioned ranges you can put some of the excellently constructed ovens4 ,the ranges come with from one burner to five burners4 ,some are built in cabinet style1 with shelves1 etc4 ,some just plain style4 ,as yet none of the cooking surfaces is quite high enough2 a few inches added to their stature would make cookery easier on the human back4 ,the cabinet size usually stands about #ed high1 #fd wide4 ,the spaces between the burners is ample for comfortable placing of utensils4 ,watch this when purchasing a stove1 for you can be very uncomfortable with a jammed surface4 ,it is pretty much a matter of what you can get in the way of either of these two specific stoves4 ,they are both so good4 ,the wick type is convenient because the wick is sold all over the world4 ,the wickless is convenient because it is easy to clean and is a bit more rapid in heating4 ,the kindler is only #aj cents and can be had at all dealers and when you buy the stove you can get a supply4 ,you must demand3 ,no odor whatever ,speedy cooking ,steady flame ,cleanliness and easy to clean ,easily replaceable parts ,no smut and dirt ,easy flame control ,oil visible in reservoir ,best materials on the market ,perfect combustion1 making for the minimum amount of residue carbon4 ,with the oil range as well as with the gas1 electric and coal range there can be bought water-heating boilers1 ovens1 etc42 and with one stove1 special broilers and toasters4 ,there are two very good ovens on the market to be used with these stoves and with other kinds as well1 each one with its special selling points4 ,each is large enough in some size for a #ab pound turkey1 each small enough for the smallest uses 7sizes range from #ba #ah #ac to #ac #ah #ac74 ,they weigh from about #ab to #ah pounds4 ,you place the oven over the surface burner4 ,one oven maker claims3 ,asbestos lining for insulation ,shelves set for #e different altitudes ,curved top to oven like bakers' oven to pass off gas and prevent air pockets ,shelf support growing out of lining ,strap hinges ,one motion to handle to open oven door ,door closes only if it locks ,special asbestos lining porcelain enameled heat spreader1 triangular in shape1 to deflect heat and prevent burning ,another says of itself3 ,special heat resisting lining ,mica windows below to watch flame ,unbreakable glass and unstreamable ,three point locking device on door ,all glass door4 ,the oil range is not cheap4 ,yet it is a godsend at certain times4 ,we are not advocating it for general use where pipes and wires and coal are at our convenient disposal1 but we do recommend it forcibly and sincerely where you want a simple1 efficient cooking medium beyond the reach of the popular sources of heat4 ,unless you buy the very best1 not merely the best1 oil cooker you will be saddened1 and with the best you will sign yourself ,pollyanna without reservations4 ,just about now1 a new oil range is being advertised4 ,it is a cross between the wick and the wickless1 because it uses an asbestos and brass thread wick which is almost immortal1 for it can be reversed when charred and when both sides are charred it is burnt off in the stove and ready to begin its double life again4 ,like the wickless stove the flame touches the vessel with the short drum construction1 and like the wick it uses a wick even though quite different4 ,the stove is of japanned tin1 and is made in cabinet type and in the ordinary style4 ,it is also in the 8best0 class4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,cooking ,,by ,,absent ,,treatment ,the fireless cooker is primarily a fuel saver4 ,secondarily1 it has developed into an absent treatment cooker4 ,that is1 the food can be cooking while the lady of the house is airing the baby or at church or at club entertainments or while the cook is cleaning the kitchen1 laundry and pantry4 ,thirdly1 it cooks thoroughly and longly without the added expense of fuel or effort4 ,it was first made with a box and with excelsior and padding but the manufacturers came to the rescue as they always do to supply a demand and the comfortable fireless cooker was born4 ,its story is short and sweet and to the point4 ,the essential for the cooker is that it will cook by retained heat4 ,therefore1 it must be built so that there will be no leakage of heat4 ,for this reason it must have perfect insulation4 ,the utensils must have covers that are clamped on so tight that they retain the heat generated by the stove or electric current4 ,the lining should be non-absorbent of odors or 8spill40 ,therefore practice has proven that aluminum1 which does not rust and is easily cleaned1 is best for this lining4 ,the linings too1 must be smoother than smooth and be as seamless as it is possible for them to be made4 ,for long processes1 of course1 the heated plates must be able to retain heat and for this1 soap stone and iron plates have been found to be the most practical4 ,the cookers can be had with from one to three or four compartments4 ,therefore1 a whole dinner can be cooked4 ,they claim that you can brown with them as well as in the roasting oven4 ,browning can be to some extent accomplished by an accomplished fireless expert with extra heating of extra plates and the like1 but for real crisp browning it is as well to take out the food and rapidly brown in the oven4 ,the best results are gained with the fireless if used in conjunction with gas1 oil and electric stoves4 ,with the coal stove there is a loss of fuel saving of somewhere around #ej due to the fact that it takes so much time to get up the fire in a coal stove before the plates are heated sufficiently to do their work in the cooker4 ,therefore1 it is cheaper if you are going to use the fireless to any great extent to have a one burner gas plate on which to heat your plates for the fireless cooking process4 ,,fireless ,,stoves ,in the chapters on gas and electric stoves1 you will find there mentioned the fact that there are some stoves so built that they have fireless ovens4 ,that simply means that they are so insulated and constructed that when the cooking has reached a certain point1 the current of electricity or the gas can be turned off 7in some cases turning itself off automatically7 and the rest of the cooking can be done by the fireless process or on retained heat4 ,this1 of course1 is the ideal way1 because then there is no extra paraphernalia in the house and the stove is built so that the back is not bent in stooping to the low fireless cooker4 ,for this reason1 we would suggest that if you have a fireless1 it is best to have it on a shelf built for it or keep it on a table4 ,save your back or your kitchen aid where you can1 as we have but one back for every process in life6 ,the electric fireless cooker is one which has its own connection with the electric light circuit4 ,it is not a stove or part of a stove--it is merely a most convenient cooker for which you are not forced to heat extra stoves or plates4 ,it's a two-in-one combination4 ,according to directions you turn on and off the circuit4 ,,cooking ,after you become accustomed to the fireless1 you will find that cooking in it is quite definite and the time and the schedule can be heeded like clock-work4 ,do not let the food cool in the cooker1 or you will have the cooker odor to battle with and you will always have olfactory souvenirs4 ,the cooling and steaming in the box will do this only too well4 ,air your utensils and cooker after each usage or your food will have a uniform flavor which to say the least is most unpleasant4 ,remember that it takes longer to cook like this and that you will only save time by being able to do something else without fear that your food is boiling over or burning or what not4 ,this cookery takes a little practice1 it is like everything else1 a case where practise makes perfect and where the good utensil and a good understanding work together for good1 while a poor utensil and a slovenly understanding work together for a little hell on earth1 and this is putting it not one whit too strong4 ,it is no doubt true that tough cuts of meat are better cooked by the long process of retained heat2 it is no doubt true that cereals are much more wholesome with the process of retained heat1 yet it is doubtful whether the fireless cooker is ever bought for these reasons4 ,it is bought1 however1 to economize time1 service and food4 ,there is less waste of food by the fireless process4 ,you can buy cheap cuts of food if you have a fireless cooker and enjoy them4 ,so1 the fireless cooker is not an embroidery it is the 8bib and tucker0 of culinary labor4 ,,chapter ,x ,,questions ,,from ,,the ,,league ,,of ,,rations 7,a very possible conversation1 but invented by the author to bring out some points that the reader will readily see47 8,joy60 gasped ,mrs4 ,gregory ,eggleston1 turning on the electric current for breakfast coffee4 8,isn't it a luxury after you've been out late10 she said turning to her guest1 ,mrs4 ,bradford ,reardon1 8not to have to think of servants and be able to have breakfast like this at #aj3cj--with impunity6 ,you know ,i think the kitchenette will rob domestics of house room60 8,it certainly is a luxury to have a little cooking kit like this whether one has another home or not4 ,and to have it as you have--within easy driving distance from the theater1 where you and your friends can spend the night and breakfast like kings from this shiny apparatus4 ,besides10 she continued1 8it's amazing how a little #fe room 7see plan #a7 does solve the omnipresent question of how to live in the country and yet not have to depend on hotels to keep one comfortable while attending to the affairs of business and pleasure in the city40 8,you're right10 agreed ,mrs4 ,eggleston1 taking some chilled oranges out of the refrigerator under the table1 8,gregory and ,i wanted the country for our growing kindergarten and yet it seemed impossible until we thought of this scheme4 ,gregory has so many interests in the city and you know how many ,i have that it seemed almost exile to leave it4 ,if we didn't have this place1 ,i'd be on the road all the time1 whereas now when ,i am home ,i can devote my entire time to the kiddies40 ,illustration3 ,underwood ,underwood ,a ,,corner ,,in ,,walter ,,russell',s ,,kitchenette4 ,,the ,,steel ,,unit ,,kitchen ,,cabinet ,,is ,,used ,,here ,,dropping ,,the ,,maids 8,but10 she went on1 8you'd be surprised how ,gregory hated the idea at first of a manless or maidless entourage4 ,he said he couldn't bear to think of me messing with stoves1 etc41 and now you should see him6 ,he loves it--he helps me too1 and says it makes him think of our early days--and he loves me to wait on him and be alone with him40 8,the kitchenette as the domestic canteen has come to stay10 ,mrs4 ,reardon said1 and then looking about her with an amused flash in her eye1 8but your kitchenette1 dear1 is like an ordinary kitchen4 ,the kitchenettes ,i've conjured up when thinking of them at all1 have been little curtained slits in the wall in the corner of two rooms without bath1 clothes closets without clothes1 bathrooms without baths1 washstands capped with shelves full of canned goods and gas appliances all permitting of cookery with every requisite for human food except the desire to eat it40 8,yes10 laughed ,mrs4 ,eggleston1 8,i guess the only definition of a kitchenette is3 a place to cook smaller than your previous one and smaller than any kitchen of any of your friends60 8,but10 ,mrs4 ,reardon continued with rapture1 8your kitchenette is a dream4 ,it always reminds me of jewels--the tiled floors1 walls and ceiling like luminous settings and the apparatus like lovely gems4 ,really it breeds appetite and culinary prowess4 ,any one could cook in this place6 ,and when ,i'm not in such an esthetic mood ,i am reminded of an engine room in a small electric yacht40 8,that is amusing10 said ,mrs4 ,eggleston1 laughing1 8but ,i hardly can see how it could be otherwise because ,gregory and ,i thought of all the yachts we knew before arranging this kitchenette4 ,he always says #8,well1 dear1 we certainly are ship-shape here--even if we don't own a yacht6'0 ,whether the slit in the wall kitchenette or the tiled kitchenette is the only kitchen in the family1 or whether the kitchenette is only for weekends of the foregoing variety1 it must be small and ship-shape4 ,these are the only definite kitchenette requirements4 ,,the ,,necessary ,,equipment ,it need consist only of a couple of three-foot shelves1 so compact are the stoves and ranges made for light housekeeping4 ,but roominess is no crime1 so multitudinous are the tools to play with4 ,smallness1 however1 is unusually synonymous with convenience in kitchenettes4 ,nearly every professional woman and many men in the large cities are banded into a huge ,league of ,rations by the sympathetic tie of small kitchenettes4 ,these compact cooking outfits make the lives simple1 adaptable and healthful1 they are the result of the hatred of the restaurant and caf which turn steady diet into a farce1 and they put an end to the rgime3 8,eat1 drink and be merry1 for to-morrow we diet40 ,and so the slit in the wall or the covered cupboard is made the nucleus of home cooking and family feeling4 ,no servants needed1 none missed and a feeling that you are not living down by doing your own work but living up by managing the difficult combination of living well and doing your job on the outside to the best possible advantage4 ,for the most part these kitchenettes are run by gas1 but are for that reason cheaper in the cities like ,new ,york1 where there is no cooking rate for electricity4 ,but the new appliances for the electric kitchenette are like toys1 they are so fascinatingly contrived4 ,you are crazy to have ice cream or whipped cream with which to employ the electric kitchen power unit which can perform all these miracles1 and you are led into gustatorial and epicurean extravagances by cooking1 boiling1 baking and grilling at the same time on the new stove4 ,a whole dinner can be cooked on the dining table with these new ranges even if you have no kitchenette6 ,the terror of dishwashing has evaporated6 ,the electric dishwasher has been born and now our ,ladies ,eggleston and ,reardon can1 without loss of epithelial beauty1 dash into the kitchenette for their matinal refreshment--sans sacrifice1 sans anything but appetite and culinary ardor4 ,in the model ,edison kitchenette1 the utensils are hung up to avoid unnecessary spinal calisthenics4 ,the sink is near the stove and is high enough to save the back from contortionate bends4 ,all surfaces in the kitchenette should be an inch or so higher than that which the palm of the hand can reach without bending the back4 ,the floors should be cement or hard wood with mat or with linoleum1 either cork inlay1 tile or brick2 the ceiling of a light color paint or tile or brick2 the walls the same and all joinings rounded to avoid the cracks at the base of the wall joining the floor1 or where the wall and ceiling join4 ,the best kitchenettes are tiled or bricked with generous water vent so that the light hose played on them flushes and cleans them in no time4 ,one of the best arrangements is to have the kitchenette apparatus follow this succession3 7,see ,plan #a7 ,drop table1 closet1 sink1 work table1 refrigerator beneath1 shelves above1 utensils hung underneath1 stove1 on either side of the sink drain boards of hardwood tilted toward sink or copper or composition slightly tilted2 and a garbage chute on right side of work table near the sink4 ,however excellent or concentrated the arrangement1 there can be no success1 however1 with any machinery unless you know how to use it advantageously2 so as engineer in the electric kitchenette you ought to know a few things about the mysterious current over which you preside2 how to use it economically1 how to use it to its full capacity minus disaster and how to have the same mental attitude toward your kitchenette equipment as the workman has to his tools4 ,in the ,edison kitchenette is a little sign with the following legend3 ,turn off the current when the range is not in use4 #a4 ,start the oven on high1 then turn it to medium or low4 #b4 ,turn oven off completely and finish baking and roasting on retained heat4 #c4 ,when contents of pot are boiling fast1 turn the plate to medium or low for long cooking4 ,turn off current when nearly done4 ,complete the cooking by retained heat in the plate4 ,in a little booklet is found this advice3 ,fires caused by the use of electric stoves are mostly caused by carelessness4 ,i4 ,detach the plug as well as turn off current at the socket4 ,,ii4 ,when you are not using any device continually shut off current4 ,,iii4 ,grasp the plug at the spring not by the cord4 ,,iv4 ,blow-outs are caused by too many devices all attached to the cluster plug4 ,reduce the number4 ,the utensils of these kitchenettes are without end2 some of them are3 ,tables1 ranges--aforementioned2 oven and grill combinations2 griddles2 toasters2 percolators of all kinds2 large and small ranges2 ice cream freezers2 combination meat grinders2 ice cream1 whipped cream and dough mixing units2 electric ice makers2 automatic time ovens1 with clock attached so that you can put something in to cook and at a designated time the current turns itself off2 immersion heaters2 coffee mills2 samovars2 egg boilers2 buffer1 etc4 for sharpening and polishing silver and knives2 and countless other things4 ,but the latest of all is the electric kitchen cabinet or 8,movie0 of small price and great compactness2 gas or electrically ranged and arranged1 containing in its simple confines1 pots1 pans1 ice box1 folding table1 flour bins1 stove1 shelves for dishes and all the comforts of home4 ,just the thing for one night stands or bachelor's retreats6 ,and jot this down--that if you have a good refrigerator1 electric or plain1 you can have all the onions inside of it that you want without affecting other foods1 and if you have an electric ozonator you can cook onions in the smallest kitchenette without damage6--so they say6 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,keeping ,,it ,,cool ,she rang for the butler3 8,wilson1 please ask the chef what kind of a refrigerator the architect put in for us40 8,very well1 madam10 and he departed to the kitchen4 ,this same chatelaine did not send for the butler to inquire what kind of an automobile her garage held4 ,not for a moment6 ,she knew1 too1 the difference between the ,rolls-,royce1 her car1 and the ,ford1 or any other car6 ,yet1 she didn't know her refrigerator6 ,and to-day1 although all the world's a-wheel1 the very crux of the situation is the refrigerator6 ,peace--war--the economic structure of nations hinges on the preservation of food1 not only in refrigerating cars1 but in our kitchens2 for1 as our kitchens save food1 just so much more easily will the world be fed and unrest cease4 ,beyond much doubt the chic porcelain-lined refrigerator of to-day is the corner-stone of the halls of domesticity2 for what in the unconscious song of every husband is a wife without well-kept food6 ,and is there any romance that will survive flabby lettuce and pulpy celery8 ,,how ,,it ,,is ,,made ,the booklets about the refrigerator are entrancing6 ,the pictures bring to mind marble halls1 la ,alma ,tadema1 and you might wonder why he never used a modern refrigerator in one of his ,roman paintings6 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of the ,kelvinator ,co4 ,,when ,,there ,,is ,a ,,cellar ,,used ,,for ,,the ,,laundry1 ,,the ,,ice-,,maker ,,coils ,,can ,,be ,,set ,,down ,,there ,,with ,,ease ,,and ,,simplicity4 ,,here ,,too ,,is ,,an ,,electric ,,ironer ,,and ,,washer ,,installed1 ,,with ,a ,,very ,,neat ,,tool ,,rack6 ,but you will remember that the linings of the refrigerator are not of marble no matter how much they resemble it1 but instead must be made in one piece of smooth1 hard1 non-porous1 non-warpable1 non rustable material1 the best type of which is the burnt-in vitreous porcelain in several layers on a metal backing4 ,these linings must be made in one piece with no seams4 ,no seams and seamless are quite different in their implication4 8,no seams0 is what it seems to indicate1 but seamless means a camouflage of joints4 ,joints and seams are food and odor entrappers and presage disease and death4 ,many of the advertised enameled interiors are made of nothing but paint heated1 not burnt-in1 which therefore flakes off or crazes 7cracks form7 and falls into the food1 which of course is not a particularly epicurean sort of truffle6 ,the doors1 too1 must be seamless1 jointless1 screwless and smooth4 ,the shelves and other partitions must be of smooth1 heavily tinned wire mesh4 ,smooth to prevent accumulation of food2 and the wire mesh to insure rapid and unimpeded circulation of air4 ,,the ,,nine ,,points ,whereas some refrigerator owners may keep butlers1 the following points are more essential to the maidless home1 because effort and energy and strength are saved to say naught of money and ice if conditions are such that the ice will not fade away rapidly and cleaning have to be done under difficulties of construction4 ,therefore1 to preserve the sanitation of the home and the consequent sanity of the world before buying a refrigerator the following ,nine ,points should be laid before the ,kitchen ,diplomatic ,table3 #a4 ,does it3 ,maintain a low and uniform temperature8 #b4 ,maintain a pure atmosphere8 #c4 ,appear to keep absolutely sanitary8 #d4 ,seem to be built to keep perfect circulation and an absence from odors8 #e4 ,keep free from moisture8 #f4 ,seem built to be economical in ice consumption8 #g4 ,have a system to insure perfect drainage8 #h4 ,contain a porcelain lining in provision chamber8 #i4 ,and does it seem to be built for durability as well as for beauty8 ,and now about enforcing the ,nine ,points4 ,,the ,,insulation ,how for instance is a minimum temperature to be kept8 ,chiefly1 by insulation--this is a strictly mechanical term understood by motorists and engineers and must be understood by the housewife1 who is a domestic or kitchen engineer if she is anything4 ,the low temperature is kept by keeping out the outside heat and keeping in the inside cold6 ,after much experiment1 it has been found that the walls1 floors and doors of every refrigerator must have at least one air space1 from six to nine layers of insulating material consisting of pebbled cork1 or certain patented materials1 mineral wool1 asbestos and various layers of porous substances which keep out the outer warm air and prevent the cold air from escaping4 7,see illustration47 ,well insulated refrigerators backed up against boilers1 stoves or vats maintain a temperature far below #eh or #fj degrees2 some1 the best1 maintaining #ej degrees4 ,,as ,,to ,,ice ,,chambers ,the ice compartment should be above1 and to one side1 so that the cold air from the melting ice can descend1 as is the custom of cold air1 and can rise again as it gets heated in its contact with the provisions and pass up over the ice1 be cooled and pass down again with its collected odors through the drain4 ,this is what is called air circulation1 and when the ice box is properly constructed1 and when the ice compartment is kept full1 the air is in constant motion1 traveling over and over again up and down and around the food and ice4 ,this constant activity of the air is what insures an odorless condition1 unmouldy and cold food4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,bohm ,syphon ,co4 ,,nor ,,cold ,,nor ,,heat ,,can ,,get ,,beyond ,,these ,,fortifications ,,porcelain ,,enamel ,,lining ,,one ,,piece ,,dead ,,air ,,space ,,inside ,,wood ,,lining ,,black ,,waterproof ,,paper ,,wool ,,felt ,,paper ,,flaxlinum ,,insulation ,,outside ,,wood ,,case ,in the best refrigerators the ice chamber extends a few inches below the door and is lined with the highest grade of smooth galvanized metal1 lock jointed1 and is without seams and sharp edges4 ,in some refrigerators the wall between the ice compartment and the provision chamber is slatted1 in some there is a space at the top1 in others1 holes are bored1 top and bottom1 to permit the free egress of the circulating air4 ,these methods are good in varying degrees4 ,the main things to be kept in mind are3 #a4 ,does the air circulate enough to prevent any moisture accumulating in the refrigerator8 ,can salt be kept dry and granular in it for one hundred hours8 #b4 ,does the refrigerator keep below #fj degrees1 or better between #de and #ej degrees8 ,will a damp cloth dry quicker inside than outside of it1 because of the rapid circulation and dryness of the air8 #c4 ,do matches keep dry and can they be lighted by being struck on its walls8 7,this shows whether the ice box is dry67 #d4 ,does the milk taste of cheese or the butter of the soup8 ,if they have any 8acquired traits10 you may be sure the circulation of air in your refrigerator is bad or else there are seams or crazes in the tile1 holding odors in their grip4 ,tiles and other beautiful interiors have in many instances been discarded by many makers because of their brittleness or pertinacious grip on odors--which1 in the form of gases1 poison foods and hence the family6 ,opal glass has been dropped because of its fragility in lighter weights4 ,there are1 however1 some manufacturers who use tile with excellent result4 ,another important feature is the drain pipe1 more important almost than the exhaust on the motor4 ,if this pipe is not constructed solely to carry off odors and waste materials from the cleanest ice and not to import insects1 gases and warm air from the sewage of the town1 it will collect a very tidy packet of typhoid1 diphtheria or any home-seeking germs4 ,this drain ought therefore to have a water-sealed trap in it1 it should be smooth1 of hard1 well-finished metal and be so simply cleaned that the kitchen maid1 or whoever is delegated to perform the laving of this important part of the household1 should not look forward to the performance with horror1 but with a sense of ease4 ,there isn't a doubt that a faulty drain in the refrigerator has caused more typhoid than anything else4 ,think what it means then to be a good kitchen engineer--what service you can render your family6 ,few home-keepers realize the necessity of understanding the underlying principles of air circulation1 sanitation and germination but what a lot of misery could be avoided if the chatelaine or even the wife-cook had a little technical knowledge4 ,how this would dignify the science of the home4 ,and yet how lightly is the function of home-keeper assumed and how many brainy women look down upon it6 ,,how ,,to ,,use ,a ,,refrigerator ,but if you have everything to assure perfection in refrigeration and know not how to use it1 it is as if you had none at all4 ,note this amendment to the nine points3 #a4 ,keep your ice chamber full1 even after ,dry ,laws4 ,it saves ice and preserves your food4 ,the circulating air will only go 8over the top0 as far as the bulk of ice drives it4 #b4 ,never put any food in the ice compartment4 ,it must play an infinite solitaire4 #c4 ,keep the doors shut1 and open them as little as possible4 #d4 ,if the ice gives out1 take out all the material and rinse out the refrigerator4 ,refill it with ice and keep the door shut at least six hours4 ,and remember sufficiency of ice insures efficiency of refrigeration and efficiency of refrigeration means a sufficiency in expenditure--for a refrigerator4 ,water coils can be put in some ice chambers which connect directly with the water supply4 ,in this way the water can be kept continuously cool for drinking under all conditions of outside temperature4 ,the outside of the ice box should be of hard wood or porcelain1 the hardware of the best1 including lever door handles4 ,back doors for filling the ice box can be set so that the ice can be put in from the outside of the ice house1 room1 pantry or kitchen4 ,this avoids useless handling and melting of the ice and obviates the iceman's journey through the house4 ,and1 above all1 choose a refrigerator that has no unnecessary 8improvements0 in the ice chamber which have to be taken out and scalded4 ,the easier it can be rinsed from within the more often the attendants will clean it6 ,and remember this1 too1 that an ice box is a cooler where the ice and provisions go in the same chamber1 while the refrigerator--well1 you know it all now4 ,and1 by the way1 if you want a useful little device to keep your grape juice or yourself--cool--while motoring this summer1 look up a little basket refrigerator which comes in many sizes and many prices4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,the ,,passing ,,of ,,the ,,ice ,,man 8,how would you like to be the ice man80 is the lyrical refrain to an ancient ditty that is getting more and more obsolete every day1 for there is a mechanical conspiracy to oust the ice man from his age-long position as purveyor to the home4 ,so do ice men1 gladiators and dogs have their day and relinquish to machinery their evanescent glories4 ,nowadays everybody knows that there are domestic refrigerating plants for home use that displace the ice man and in which pure ice for table use can be made4 ,many people1 however1 do not realize the reliability of such equipment1 the simplicity of its operation1 and the satisfaction to be derived from its use1 nor yet that there is an actual saving in its use4 ,these facts will1 however1 be borne out by thousands who have freed themselves from the bondage of the ice man4 ,even though few will care just what contributes to making the coldness1 it might be well to give a simple explanation of the principle of making ice1 in order that the prospective purchaser will know what she is getting4 ,when you wash your hands they feel cool if you do not dry them4 ,you say they are cool because the water evaporates1 but the fact is that the evaporation takes place because the water is drawing on the heat from the air and your hands feel cool in the process4 ,and so in simplest terms engineers have found refrigerants or liquids which vaporize or evaporate at low temperatures1 and as they turn from liquids to gasses they use up the heat and leave the air cold4 ,some of these refrigerants are sulphur dioxide1 chloride of ethyl1 ammonia1 etc4 ,there are two ways of having refrigeration in the home3 #a4 ,the mechanical refrigerator 7which is permanently cool with the machinery a part of itself7--one unit4 #b4 ,the domestic refrigerating plant 7for making ice and steadily producing even1 low temperatures7 which you can have installed in your own refrigerator--two units4 ,the general system of home making-ice refrigerators consists of the brine tank with copper coils within1 a motor-driven compressor and a condenser of copper piping4 ,the compressed liquid passes through an expansion valve into the brine tank where the pressure is reduced and it changes into a gas1 flows out through and is condensed by the condenser1 changed back into a liquid1 is pumped back again by the motor and starts cycling again--indefinitely4 ,in the best ice-making plants there is a heat control which turns on the motor when the temperature in the refrigerator gets too high and turns it off when it is sufficiently low4 ,in one refrigerator there is a device by which the food compartments are kept at any temperature you desire1 usually around #dj1 while the temperature of the ice-making compartment is never allowed to rise above #bj4 ,by this arrangement it is possible1 and very often the case1 that ice will be made in the ice compartment without running the electric motors for hours1 while food is kept in the food compartments at slightly above freezing point4 ,fancy the health insurance that the best ice-less processes guarantee in the home--infant's food1 for example1 can be absolutely fool-proof4 ,although the above technical libretto is of some use1 the things that most people want to know and are asking are these3 #a4 ,is ice making at home practical8 #b4 ,is it messy8 #c4 ,can ,i use my old refrigerator8 #d4 ,are they to be had in a special refrigerator8 #e4 ,will ,i save money8 #f4 ,will it save time and annoyance8 #g4 ,what's the use anyway8 ,a good refrigerator is a jewel1 and it is the first requisite to be considered4 ,it must be insulated well enough to keep out hot air and hold in cold4 ,it must be seamless and smooth in its linings4 ,the air circulation must be continuous4 ,the temperature inside must never be higher than an average of #de and rarely that4 ,in such a refrigerator one should be able to keep matches dry and butter must never absorb any of the charm of the onion4 ,if you have such a refrigerator1 keep it by all means1 and install the ice-making machine4 ,the installation is simple1 and the initial expense is readily made up in the future saving of ice consumption4 ,but do not install an excellent ice machine in a poor refrigerator1 as the electric bills will climb the ,alps4 ,yet even in a poor refrigerator the refrigeration bills are lower than if you had iced refrigeration4 ,if you have no refrigerator1 it is possible to buy a refrigerator which has in it the ice-making machines4 ,but before you buy the outfit you must be very careful to know whether this refrigerator comes up to the most stringent tests of the ordinary first-class refrigerator1 for this reason3 ,the average refrigerator in which ice is used has to be efficient because it must keep itself dry with actual ice evaporation going on1 it must keep a cold chest with an actual diminishing ice supply1 it must keep ice melting yet staying in spite of weather and surrounding atmosphere4 ,to make the circulation of air effect these processes a refrigerator requires fine construction4 ,the refrigerating manufacturers have put the most superb effort into making a first-class refrigerator1 and if you are not convinced that the combination outfit has as good a refrigerator as you can get with the installed outfit1 it is wisest to buy the refrigerator and install the ice-making machine4 ,there are excellent refrigerators on the market2 apply rigid tests and accept nothing short of the best4 ,the machinery can1 in some instances1 be put on top of the refrigerator or in the cellar or in the next room or right next to the refrigerator4 ,in some cases the machine1 consisting of pump and condenser and motor1 takes up no more room than #a #a #c4 ,this can be put in place as simply as installing a new gas stove4 ,in the best of the iceless machines the refrigerator maintains a lower temperature than the iced ones in both winter and summer4 ,at a cost of ten cents per kilowatt hour1 and with ice at fifty cents per hundred pounds1 it is cheaper per day to use the iceless refrigerator4 ,there is1 too1 less dampness in the iceless refrigerator than even in the best iced ones1 due1 of course1 to the absence of the ice itself4 ,this lower percentage of humidity should not be taken as a reflection on the low percentage of humidity that can be maintained by the iced refrigerator of the best make1 which is a percentage low enough to dry towels and keep matches dry4 ,the iceless refrigerator does these things3 #a4 ,reduces the cost of refrigeration4 #b4 ,maintains a constant low temperature regardless of weather and automatically starts up 8cold making0 when you raise the temperature by opening the doors4 #c4 ,operates automatically when once installed and is reliable1 clean and noiseless4 #d4 ,permits you to make neat little cubes of ice for your tumblers1 which give your table distinction4 #e4 ,gives you ice of which you know the clean source4 #f4 ,operates by electricity4 #g4 ,needs no refrigerant for years4 #h4 ,is oiled very seldom4 #i4 ,is easily kept clean4 #aj4 ,obviates the uncertain ice man and his dirty boots trailed across the kitchen floor4 #aa4 ,there is no ice-box drain to clean1 no water dripping to worry about and therefore no extra effort4 #ab4 ,consumes from #a to #b kilowatt hours per day--if it is run from #f to #h hours per day4 ,the purchaser of an ice-making refrigerator or a domestic refrigerating plant should be warned of the following3 #a4 ,a poor refrigerator will mean more electricity to keep up a sufficiently low temperature4 #b4 ,don't let a manufacturer tell you that a freezing refrigerant1 such as sulphur dioxide1 will escape and corrode the pipes4 ,it has been tested out and in the best machines has neither escaped nor worn out its pipings4 #c4 ,remember that opening and closing doors raises the temperature even in the magic iceless paradise1 and therefore uses more electric power to keep the temperature down4 #d4 ,the best machines maintain the ideal and theoretical low temperature4 #e4 ,expect service from the manufacturer4 #f4 ,it is best to have the gas air-cooled and not water-cooled because the introduction of water makes for the confraternity of gas and water--a troublesome mess4 #g4 ,demand the temperature-controlling automatic device which starts the refrigerating when the temperature gets up around #ci1 and cuts it off when the temperature is low enough to do its work4 ,this saves electricity and wear and tear on the machine4 ,some iceless refrigerators make little cubes of ice by putting trays of your favorite drinking water into the brine tank compartments4 ,in these the temperature ranges from #bj to #bg4 ,desserts1 too1 can be frozen firmly and surely when placed in these trays4 ,the brine tank fits easily into the ice compartment of the well-made refrigerator4 ,the brine tank1 compressor1 condensor and pump come in three sizes1 corresponding to an efficiency of making two hundred1 three hundred1 four hundred pounds of ice per day4 ,actually these three typical sizes of refrigerators can only store ice to the amounts of one hundred and fifty1 two hundred and three hundred pounds1 a difference being allowed for melting4 ,the condensor1 compressor and motor of some types of ice machines do not take up any more space than that of #cj #af #ah high4 ,this can be installed anywhere4 ,when ordering an ice-maker for your home refrigerator1 it is well to measure its interior1 regardless of its compartments4 ,get the width1 depth and height1 and multiply them together4 ,this gives the cubical contents and the manufacturer can then estimate as to the cost and size plant that you need4 ,at five cents per kilowatt the cost per day of running an entire kitchen by electricity is but fifty cents4 ,compare this to the cost of motoring per day4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,a ,,burning ,,question 8,let me see your back-yard and ,i can tell you what sort of a housekeeper you are10 said a sleuth to a friend4 ,but we would add 8and your method of garbage disposal40 ,so we beg your attention for the tale of the incinerator1 the modern and comforting ,inferno1 built to bring heaven 7paradoxical as it may sound7 into your home4 ,the incinerator1 to be sure1 is one of the last comers to domestic economy4 ,to most homekeepers it has not occurred as either a necessity or a convenience2 and for that reason this chapter aims to introduce the householder to the garbage incinerators4 ,once upon a time the incinerator was made to connect with the kitchen flue and fitted into the stove pipe4 ,the hot air was thought to be sufficient to evaporate the moisture of the garbage after the housewife had evaporated and dried it out as much as possible4 ,this had to be done because moisture in waste is the deterring factor in its combustion4 ,then after this stove-like incinerator had done its work1 the dried garbage itself would act as fuel4 ,but 444 there was one terrible flaw in this method and that was the fact that the odors and gases that were given off were not only unpleasant1 but often dangerous and so for this reason this method has pretty well passed out of existence4 ,to do away with the odor and the gases released from the combustion of household waste1 the developing incinerator has been created and flourishes deservedly among us4 ,the enthusiast cannot say about the incinerator1 as he can say about substitutes for his favorite drinks and foods3 8,if you don't have one1 you will suffer torture and go down to your death in agonies of discontent40 ,no1 he cannot4 ,but he can say this1 8,although you can and do prosper without the incinerator1 and although consciously you do need one in most cases1 yet when you once own and use one1 you find that it brings up the sanitary condition of your dwelling at least #ej40 ,in brief1 it means doing without the garbage can which breeds odors1 gases and vermin4 ,it means doing without the garbage carts which are sthetically1 alone1 a torture to say nothing of the menace they hold in common with their aide the garbage can4 ,,fly ,,costs ,the fly costs the ,united ,states of ,america1 it is estimated1 about #cej million dollars a year because of its contaminating influence on the health and the weal of the population4 ,it is alone responsible for nearly #ij of the intestinal and typhoid fever cases4 ,the answer to this must be3 ,every one must fight the fly2 and the moral of that is3 the incinerator is one way of getting rid of garbage and at the same time starving out the fly4 ,there is no room in the house in which cleanliness is so important as in the kitchen2 therefore1 the garbage can1 in most instances1 militates against its absolute cleanliness4 ,to be sure1 there is one good can on the market with an automatic lid which is raised with the foot so that stooping is unnecessary4 ,one touch by the foot on the pedal opens the can1 and as soon as the foot is taken off the pedal1 the lid closes4 ,it is seamless and finished in white enamel4 ,but even this can is hardly a substitute for the incinerator4 ,the average kitchen isn't the best lighted and sunniest room in the house1 and what is often left in the garbage can 7if not carefully lined with new paper every time it is emptied7 is a real menace to health4 ,if you live in the country1 the garbage can is usually in the yard and tours to it are demanded daily4 ,if it is cold1 it is a hardship1 and if it is warm it is a hardship1 too6 ,the garbage freezes in the winter2 it decays rapidly in the summer1 and there is always the worry about its collection4 ,if it is kept in the shed1 it means other sources of storage and worry1 so whether you are your own help or whether you have help1 garbage disposal is a really truly problem4 ,now to the device to obviate the immoral fly1 extra steps1 unclean kitchens1 and worry1 the thief of content4 ,,the ,,incinerator ,the incinerator1 besides being the burner of garbage1 is a garbage container4 ,it burns garbage without smoke1 noxious gases and floating inorganic matter4 ,if the stove could do this1 the incinerator would not be necessary1 as suggested above4 ,but it can't1 especially if it be a gas or electric stove4 ,every incinerator1 if it be any good at all1 is so designed as not only to burn the waste but reburn the gases1 etc41 before the products of combustion reach the outer air4 ,every manufacturer will tell you that his apparatus burns without smoke or odor4 ,this you will do well to prove by observing one in operation1 staying in the building in which it is being used and also whiffing the air a few doors away4 ,the writer knows of a bank which was severely tried by a daily recurring odor at lunch time4 ,the authorities found out later that the incinerator of a neighboring bank was playing its owner false4 ,there is no use in describing the re-combustion or re-burning devices of the good incinerator1 but it is necessary for the buyer to know whether the re-burning is accomplished so as to reduce the waste to clean ash without smoke1 noxious odors1 and the rest4 ,the two main classes of incinerators are1 7#a7 those that are installed in the cellar and there burn the garbage1 which is dropped in a chute through a hopper installed by the sink or elsewhere in the kitchen 7somewhat the way mail is dropped into the mail box through its chute7 and 7#b7 the incinerators which look like oblongly high stoves placed in a recess in the wall or against the wall in the kitchen where the waste is stored and burned4 ,the cellar incinerator is connected with the kitchen1 etc41 often through the flue and the waste is dropped into a little hopper4 ,of course1 the installed type should1 if possible1 be put in with the connivance of the architect before the house is built as it is simpler than tearing up afterward4 ,this type1 of course1 takes up less actual kitchen space4 ,some homes use a large incinerator in kitchens 7stove type and small ones in pantry or laundry74 ,,objects ,the large installed incinerator should be able to burn up bits of paper1 sweepings1 old boxes1 soiled rags1 garbage1 smelly waste and reduce them to sterile1 odorless1 clean ash4 ,and if these things are not done without clogging up your flues with oily combustion residues1 etc41 you might as well burn your stuff in the kitchen stoves4 ,the ash lift can be used for various things4 ,the ordinary portable type is primarily for garbage but some get away with whatever is put in them4 ,,construction ,,points ,in the construction of the portable incinerator1 the one that is placed in the room and not below stairs1 you must be sure it is so built that the heat from burning is not communicated to the room to heat it up4 ,this means then that the maker must think of supplying the apparatus with sufficient insulation to retain the enormous heat generated inside which is somewhere around #afjj degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,just as your ice box is insulated against the cold air getting out1 and the warm air getting in1 so must your incinerator be insulated4 ,besides1 the lining of the incinerator must be durable and made to withstand not only the heat but the tremendous attack on its walls of chemical substances released in combustion4 ,sometimes fire brick is used but usually clay or metal is used in the portable types4 ,furthermore1 the incinerator becomes a fire peril if the insulation and the lining is not #ajj perfect4 ,again the devices of air intakes and outlets1 etc41 etc41 are questions for the engineer4 ,all that we are concerned with1 is whether the apparatus does its work4 ,,economy ,the cost of operation is practically nil4 ,the fuel used is gas or coal4 ,gas is the best method1 the writer thinks4 ,it takes only about twenty to thirty cubic feet of gas per burning1 as the gas is needed only to start the operation and the evaporated garbage burns itself thereafter4 ,or should6 ,there is a type of portable incinerator which needs no fuel1 just burns by ignition of dry waste which burns the wet as it dries out4 ,,capacity ,the incinerators are made in various sizes1 burn from one bushel of waste and upwards1 depending on the whys and wherefores of its uses--whether it is the installed type1 or the stove type1 or for what home or institution it is designed4 ,the stove types are purchasable in sizes ranging from #ae inches 7wide7 #ae inches deep and #cj inches high1 to respectively #ca #cd #fd inches1 and they range in price from about #gj4 and upward4 7,it isn't safe1 of course1 to give prices to-day on anything as they change continually47 ,,casing ,they are usually built of very heavy serviceable castings1 brass and sheet steel1 well lined and insulated4 ,everything is well hinged and the grates1 which are removable1 are made so as to be easily taken out when it is necessary to remove the ashes or substances not burnable except in smelters4 ,,summary ,so almost in conclusion the incinerator is sanitary1 destroys refuse1 destroys it by burning not only the garbage but the products of the garbage combustion at a minimum expense1 and it should sterilize itself and the flue in the process4 ,and it does away forever with the back bending disposal of garbage into low cans for the openings into which the garbage is put are high and comforting4 ,however1 with all this we must not forget that garbage1 if it can be expeditiously taken off the premises at once and easily1 is an immense help as fertilizer and food for pigs4 ,but it must have fine and careful care4 ,the pits into which it is put must also have careful structure and care4 ,to the surburbanite the incinerator will be a boon--no more fussing about garbage disposal and about who is going to collect it4 ,and to apartment dwellers 7and they are being put in apartments rapidly7 no more elevator and dumbwaiter garbage and all the rest of the garbage nuisance4 ,and to the new home builder1 a sense of the disposal not only of garbage but of a vexing sanitary problem4 ,furthermore1 because you have an incinerator1 it doesn't mean that you should burn up good left overs4 ,never burn up to-day what you can use on the morrow1 and with this injunction we think you will enjoy looking into the subject of the disposal of waste4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,air ,,and ,,its ,,entrance ,,and ,,exit 8,am ,i an airess80 not heiress1 ought to be the question to ask yourself if you are really a responsible home manager4 ,it seems strange that with all the air to be had for the asking you let it pass you by1 content with whatever draughts and gusts filter through the cracks and crevices of your house4 ,now it so happens that although air is to be had for the asking1 you have to woo it if you want it4 ,but it pays4 ,keep the air about you in good condition and you and all those of your household will soon find yourselves approaching the #ajj efficiency ideal4 ,business has found this out already4 ,do you know of any factory1 good school1 bank or department store1 where there is not installed some sort of ventilation apparatus including weather strips as well8 ,of course not4 ,why8 ,because fresh air keeps costs down and keeps health up4 ,on this relation of health and output1 efficiency depends4 ,does it not flash into your mind now that if housewives thought more of home ventilation and especially kitchen ventilation1 you might have improved service1 better tempered cooks1 and more satisfactory life in general8 ,of late there are cults of out-door fiends4 ,all kinds of cold-attracting1 pneumonia-coddling out-door fanatics1 who try to tell you it is good to sleep in draughts1 to have cold feet1 and the like4 ,their advice is wrong4 ,the thing to do is not to subject yourself to the rigours of cold1 but to approximate1 in your warm1 comfortable rooms1 the sweet clean purity of out of doors4 ,and this is easy to do by proper ventilation4 ,ventilation can render air even better than the outdoor variety by purifying it of dust and by supplying it with the right amount of moisture and motion4 ,for the ordinary home the great air conditioners and ozonators1 which are installed in institutions and factories1 are unnecessary1 so we will not consider them4 ,the best1 simplest and least expensive ventilating system for the home is the system regulated by fans and blowers1 and to this method we will introduce ourselves4 ,now1 it is conceded by ventilating and heating engineers that the air1 to be healthful1 must be in ceaseless motion1 and it must be renewed constantly and evenly4 ,in other words1 it doesn't make much difference if the air is burdened with carbon dioxide gas which we exhale from our lungs1 as it does if the air is stationary4 ,hence the use of air agitators such as fans1 etc4 ,the theory is that1 as the pores of our skin exude moisture1 the body is comforted and cooled by its evaporation which is effected more readily by constantly moving air4 ,moving air1 however1 does not mean a draught4 ,in the ideally warmed house1 the doors and windows are nicely placed so that the warm air gracefully exits from the top of the room and the cold air comes in from the lower parts of the room 7such as lower windows or well-placed air takers47 ,thus1 the air is moving nicely without the least draught4 ,so it will in the use of the fan and blower types of apparatus on the market4 ,but before we go on to describe them1 it will be well for us to review some of the reasons why humans need special air treatments4 ,it is said by scientists that3 ,a ,woman exhales #fjj cubic feet of carbon dioxide per hour4 ,a ,young ,man exhales #fad ,a ,young ,woman 8 #dec ,a ,boy 8 #cfc ,a ,girl 8 #cdc ,whereas women don't breathe so much of what is noxious yet they have to look after their men folk6 ,but joking aside1 doesn't this impress you with the foolishness of inhaling so much vitiated air when the supply can be renewed so easily with fresh air8 ,also when you realize that humans give off #ajjj grams of water vapor under normal conditions per hour1 and emit #cej ,british ,thermal ,units per hour4 7,a ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 is the amount of heat which will raise #a pound of water #a ,fahrenheit or from #cb thru #cc of heat--at normal1 not heavy work47 ,another authority says that air should be renewed per hour3 #aj times for public toilet rooms4 #f 8 8 clothes lockers4 #d 8 8 small meeting rooms4 #e 8 8 public offices4 #d 8 8 ball rooms4 #ae 8 8 kitchens4 #bj 8 8 laundries4 #c 8 8 libraries4 ,the average air change in the average room is one to two times per hour4 ,in the well-built house it is two to three--due to fire-places1 windows1 doors1 etc4 ,of course there are other opinions1 but this data gives you an idea of the necessity of changing old for new air4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,ilg ,electric ,ventilating ,co4 ,,she ,,is ,,cool ,,even ,,in ,,summer ,,with ,,moving ,,air ,,good ,,ventilation ,the requisites then for good ventilation are3 #a4 ,equable temperature from about #fj to #fe degrees ,fahrenheit1 and the moderate relative humidity or moisture of #de to #fe per cent4 ,in order to keep the room moist in winter it is well to keep a pan of water on the radiator4 ,regular humidifyers can be bought for this purpose4 #b4 ,clear air1 free from impurities such as dust1 insects1 oily vapors1 soot1 etc4 #c4 ,odorless air 7you have been sickened by the use even of the most costly of perfumes67 free from gases and vapors4 #d4 ,air motion2 but the motion must be accomplished without those objectionable blasts of wind that so frequently startle you in some houses which are supposed to have the most up to date equipment4 ,the weather strip is insurance against the gale4 ,air isn't a mysterious chemical combination4 ,it is a mechanical mixture of #ba parts nitrogen1 #gi parts of oxygen1 from #j to #d of moisture1 and usually #d parts of carbon dioxide gas per #aj1jjj parts of air1 so it need not distress you to effect a good clean supply of air and equip your house with some of the steadily improving devices now on the market4 ,,some ,,devices ,any device to be useful to the home must1 of course1 be convenient1 economical1 safe to operate1 and durable4 ,well1 let's begin with the kitchen2 for this ventilation is more necessary than any place else in the house4 ,not only is it difficult to keep the kitchen in equable temperature1 but to have it cool often means a draft1 and a draft means a cold for the cook1 and a cold for the cook means danger to the whole household4 ,then there are odors from the kitchen4 ,these are continually getting loose1 unless the door of the kitchen is kept closed 7which is trying7 and infecting the house prematurely with the taste of dinner4 ,all of which is uncomfortable and gives the home a commonplace1 tenementy atmosphere4 ,your home may be judged by its laundry and cooking odors6 ,the fewer1 the better4 ,did you ever think of that8 ,the cellar is another important room to keep well aired and should be provided with windows and doors to formulate a current of air4 ,pantry and laundry1 too1 should be built with ventilation in view in order that1 as in the kitchen1 these rooms can be kept sweet and savory4 ,without extra ventilation apparatus1 you can take advantage of the movement of air2 as it cools1 it falls and as this falls it is heated and rises again--keeping up a rotary circulation3 #a4 ,lower windows from top and bottom so that the warm air will go out at the top and the cold air come in at bottom1 starting the circulation of air4 #b4 ,if not too draughty1 have a door open opposite the windows1 or use a draught board or screen which can be easily placed on window sill to curb current4 #c4 ,cool moist air can be had often by hanging up a damp sheet and re-wetting it as it dries4 #d4 ,fireplaces with small or large fires in them cause air current4 #e4 ,in some rooms which have a grated air intake cut into the walls near radiator--air circulation is effected easily4 #f4 ,give the risen hot air a chance to get out of the top of room1 and give the cold air a chance to come in at the bottom of room--and keep it agitated--this is about the best advice4 ,if you can't do this1 call in a ventilating and heating engineer--he will4 ,with the new type of ventilators1 cookery odors1 draughts1 smoke1 steamy vapors1 smudges collecting over walls1 curtains1 etc41 are obviated because they are all dissipated and sent flying to the big outdoors4 ,its blowers blow out the bad air4 ,the apparatus1 which is simplicity itself to operate1 is attached to the ordinary lamp socket and placed in effective places4 ,the improved motors are encased and almost frictionless in action1 which means the minimum wear and tear and no cost for repairs4 ,some of the motors are self cooled which also does away with wear and hot boxes4 ,there are various kinds of fans which may be used4 ,those which change their direction in process of revolution are good4 ,some think they are better than the one-direction fan1 and maybe1 where the fan is used alone without other attachments such as purifiers and blowers1 this style may be more efficient4 ,it at least does the work more swiftly4 ,but whatever kind you use1 they should be so placed as not to make draughts4 ,the steady movement of air is the only thing necessary1 not hurricanes4 ,in the study it is necessary to have light and air and no draughts to blow papers away4 ,the ventilator 7which may be put on the window sill over the radiator thus obviating the uncertain winds coming crassly through the open window7 will prove a boon to the writer or housewife4 ,oh1 ,homekeepers1 it is often that these office devices which are always employed where work is done1 if installed at home1 would keep your men folk and even your women office workers happy4 ,you would be surprised how many people would come home to do after-hour work if the home were as office-shape as business places4 ,and the ventilator is a very good point at which to start4 ,it is nice to think that along with ice cream1 the steam boat1 and other ,american inventions1 applied ventilation seems to be an almost pure ,american product6 ,so1 you patriots1 here is a way to build real air castles that will build finer and finer things as you profit by the stimulus which fresh air1 more than any one commodity in the universe1 can give4 ,,weather ,,strips ,,as ,,aid ,,in ,,ventilation ,no consideration of ventilation of houses could be complete without a few words on the value of weather strips4 ,it is strange too that this precaution in the home is so little known and that the house-wife has so little knowledge of their infinite good4 ,disregarding them as a factor in the cleanliness and noiselessness of the home1 disregarding in this chapter the intriguing facts of their manufacture and application1 they are adjunct at their best in the home because3 ,they reduce the possibilities of draughts and therefore reduce the possibilities of colds and rheumatism and the like4 ,see ,chapter ,,xxxiii4 ,they keep the temperature of all the rooms as even as it is possible here below to keep anything even and therefore give the ventilating rgime a square chance to function well4 ,in keeping welcome air in and unwelcome air out1 in so far as is necessary1 the reduction of fuel bills is enormous 444 from #ae to #ej6 ,this to-day is a favorable asset when fuel is expensive4 ,with all the systems of ventilating in the world1 if you have tornadoes flying about your floors from the air you do not wish admitted1 you cannot have a properly or healthfully ventilated home4 ,in short1 the weather strip makes it possible for you to have your say as to the air that comes in and out and makes it possible for your heating and ventilating systems to work as they should4 ,the hit or miss element in the home is again routed by the weatherstrip and anything that does this is worth considering4 ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,plumbing ,,in ,,your ,,kitchen ,once upon a time there was a business man who1 upon buying his first house1 bought simultaneously a plumber's kit4 ,he was sure he could save a lot of money by attending to simple matters himself4 ,one day a simple faucet sprung a simple leak4 ,he confidently used a complicated tool and the result was a vast sea of trouble4 ,plumbers6 ,expense6 ,it is not necessary to draw the moral4 ,the plumbing in the house is akin to the alimentary canal in the human body1 and is as complicated a system as the alimentary canal4 ,the system of plumbing in the house is a series of pipes which carries water to the house1 and eliminates it as it carries with it various forms of waste1 connecting the house with the main sources of water1 gas and with the sewage system4 ,the best plumbing is that which effects these things with the least deterioration and with the least mixture of sewer gas and foreign matter4 ,every community has its own plumbing laws and regulations4 ,this is true unless you build in very rural sections where there is no sewage system4 ,however1 this article will deal only with conditions in which a sewage system prevails4 ,,plumbing ,,laws ,as will be seen by the following excerpts from the plumbing laws of ,new ,york ,city1 the ordinary housewife need not worry about transgressing the law1 as everything1 from the material used to the size of it and the laying of it1 is controlled4 ,and the plumber is supposed to know these rules before he is licensed4 ,but it is in no way as glorious as poetic license6 ,all the materials must be of the best quality1 free from defects1 and all work must be executed in a thorough1 workmanlike manner4 ,all cast-iron pipes and fittings must be uncoated1 sound1 cylindrical and smooth1 free from cracks1 sand holes and other defects1 and of uniform thickness1 and of the grade known in commerce as 8extra heavy40 ,the size1 weight and maker's name must be cast on each length of pipe4 ,all joints must be made with picked okum and molten lead and be made gas-tight4 ,twelve ounces of fine1 soft pig lead must be used at each joint for each inch in the diameter of the pipe4 ,all wrought iron and steel pipes must be equal in quality to 8standard0 and must be properly tested by the manufacturer4 ,all pipe must be lap-welded4 ,no plain black or uncoated pipe will be permitted4 ,each building must be separately and independently connected with a public or private sewer1 or cesspool1 except where a building is located in the rear of the same lot with another building1 when its plumbing and drainage system may be connected to the house-drain of the front building behind the house trap and fresh air inlet which shall be used for both buildings if sewer connected2 or may be connected to an existing cesspool of front house and be provided with a separate house trap and fresh air inlet4 ,,further ,,provision ,where there is no sewer in the street or avenue1 and it is possible to construct a private sewer to connect in an adjacent street or avenue1 a private sewer must be constructed4 ,it must be laid outside the curb1 under the roadway of the street4 ,all pipes and traps should1 where possible1 be exposed to view4 ,they should always be readily accessible for inspection and repairing4 ,in every building where there is a leader connected to the drain1 if there are any plumbing fixtures1 there must be at least one #d pipe extended above the roof for ventilation4 ,the contents of settling chamber or dust receptacle for vacuum cleaners may be discharged into a plumbing and drainage system4 ,leaders must be trapped with cast-iron running traps so placed as to prevent freezing4 ,rain-water leaders must not be used as soil1 waste or vent pipes1 nor shall any such pipe be used as a leader4 ,to have an intelligent understanding of what the plumber has to know1 it might be well to know what certain terms are which are used in the plumbing rules4 ,,definitions ,the term 8private sewer0 is applied to main sewers that are not constructed by and under the supervision of the ,department of ,public ,works4 ,the term 8house sewer0 is applied to that part of the main drain or sewer extending from a point two feet outside of the outer front wall of the building1 vault or area to its connection with public sewer1 private sewer or cesspool4 ,the term 8house drain0 is applied to that part of the main horizontal drain and its branches inside the walls of the building1 vault or area and extending to and connecting with the house sewer4 ,the term 8soil line0 is applied to any vertical line of pipe having outlets above the floor of first story for water closet connections4 ,the term 8waste line0 is applied to any vertical line of pipe having outlets above the first floor for fixtures other than water closet4 ,the term 8vent pipe0 is applied to any special pipe provided to ventilate the system of piping and to prevent trap siphonage and back pressure4 ,,the ,,trap ,most important from the hygiene point of view is the trap1 which is a curved pipe permitting the last of a flow of water to remain in the pipe to prevent a back flow of sewage gas into the house4 ,there are for use various forms of traps under different circumstances which1 of course1 are entirely the plumber's business4 ,in hotels and large institutions1 and in some large homes1 a grease trap is built in the sink which is so constructed as to separate the grease from the water1 which obviates clogging of the pipes and which amasses the grease which is sold to soap makers for soap4 ,,fresh ,,air ,,inlets ,,and ,,main ,,traps ,fresh air inlets and main traps are also for the prevention of odors and gases coming directly from the sewer4 ,the entrance of these gases often takes place1 even though the plumbing is excellent1 by the settling of the floors and foundation rendering the soil pipes defective4 ,the question of soil pipes1 etc41 is sufficiently covered by the plumbing regulations so far as not to need any explanations here4 ,every sink1 of course1 must have its own trap4 ,the following are a few excerpts from the law3 ,,sewers1 ,,drains ,,and ,,traps must be of extra heavy cast-iron4 ,when found in a leaky or defective condition1 shall not be repaired or replaced except with heavy cast-iron pipe4 ,the house drain and its branches must be of extra heavy cast-iron when underground1 and of extra heavy cast-iron or galvanized wrought iron or steel when above ground4 ,the house-drain must properly connect with the house sewer at a point two feet outside of the outer front vault or area wall of the building4 ,an arched or other proper opening must be provided for the drain in the wall to prevent damage by settlement4 ,no steam-exhaust1 boiler blow-off or drip-pipe shall be connected with the house-drain4 ,such pipes must first discharge into a proper condensing tank1 and from this a proper outlet to the house sewer outside of the building must be provided4 ,in low pressure steam systems the condensing tank may be omitted1 but the waste connections must be otherwise as above required4 ,,soil ,,and ,,waste ,,lines ,all main1 soil1 waste or vent pipes must be of iron1 steel or brass4 ,soil and waste pipes must have proper ,y or ,,ty branches for all fixture connections4 ,the diameters of soil and waste pipes must not be less than those given in the following table3 ,main soil stacks #d ,main waste stacks #b ,branch wastes for slop sinks #c ,branch waste for kitchen sinks #b ,,vent ,,pipes ,all vent pipe lines and main branches must be of iron1 steel or brass4 ,they must be increased in diameter and extended above the roof as required for waste-pipes4 ,they may be connected with the adjoining soil or waste line well above the highest fixture1 but this will not be permitted when there are fixtures on more than six floors4 ,branch vent pipes shall be kept above the top of all connecting fixtures1 so as to prevent the use of vent pipes as soil pipes or waste-pipes4 ,branch vent pipes should be connected not less than six inches nor more than two feet from crown of trap or side of lead bend4 ,no form of trap will be permitted to be used unless it has been approved by the ,superintendent of ,buildings or the ,board of ,standards and ,appeals4 ,no anti-siphon trap or deep-seal siphon-jet fixture shall be approved until it has successfully passed such test as may be prescribed by the ,board of ,standards and ,appeals4 ,a set of not more than three wash trays may connect with a single trap1 or onto the trap of an adjoining sink1 provided both sink and tub waste outlets are on the same side of the waste line1 and the sink is nearest the line4 ,when so connected1 the waste-pipe from the washtrays must be branched in below the water-seal4 ,the sizes for traps must not be less than those given in the following table3 ,traps for slop sinks #c in diameter ,traps for kitchen sinks #b in diameter ,traps for wash-trays #b in diameter ,now1 of course1 all the foregoing relates to the whole house as well as to the kitchen4 ,but1 as the kitchen sanitary conditions depend upon the same regimen1 the foregoing is a basis for kitchen usage4 ,the kitchen is mainly concerned with the water supply and water waste1 which is the result of cooking1 washing1 cleaning1 and storage 7refrigerator74 ,,sinks ,,and ,,connections ,the entry of water to the kitchen is effective through faucets1 for the most part1 in some sort of a sink4 ,what then should these sinks be1 and what should be the nature of their connections8 ,for the most part1 the building law will take care of the connections1 but you should see to it that the traps are below the sinks and are in plain sight1 and that the materials used1 for your own good1 should not only be within the law1 but a little above it4 ,another thing you must remember1 in ordering sinks1 is that they should be smooth1 in one piece if possible1 having a seamless interior1 non-absorbent1 non-rusting1 and with a certain amount of elasticity1 so that when hit by sharp and heavy utensils1 neither the utensil nor the sink is cracked or injured by the impact4 ,the materials to be used in the making of sinks are tin1 wood1 soap-stone1 galvanized iron1 slate1 copper1 enamel1 enamel over iron1 a porcelain-like material over metal1 and solid porcelain4 ,stone and slate are poor because they are too absorbent4 ,wood is bad for the same reason4 ,tin rusts1 copper is difficult to keep clean and is rarely used for anything but pantry sinks4 ,enamel over iron is excellent1 porcelain over iron is better1 solid porcelain is regal but has the disadvantage of having so little resiliency that dishes are apt to break when coming too effectively in contact with it4 ,this is often obviated in the pantry by enclosing the pantry sink in a wooden casing4 ,the surface of good porcelain over metal will not scratch4 ,,second ,,grades ,solid porcelain sinks are all made from the same material1 yet the action of fire affects some differently from others4 ,for instance1 a workman may fail to work out of the wet mould a bit of air in the clay1 and when this piece is fired in the kiln the air condenses and bursts out and the result is a slight streak2 or a bit of copper may get into the clay causing a green stain on the piece4 ,when such things occur1 it does not alter the value of the sink1 but the high grade manufacturer marks these 8second grade40 ,this is well for you to know as it really does not effect the lasting qualities and probably the initial cost is lower4 ,the shallower a sink is the easier1 of course1 it is to take care of4 ,the general run of sinks has the metal base with a porcelain-like covering1 as they are elastic and are kind to falling china4 ,however1 you cannot go wrong in buying any of the enameled1 or porcelain over iron1 or the solid porcelain1 bought from the well-equipped1 long established manufacturies4 ,there is one firm which makes a superb solid porcelain sink in thirteen varieties1 including two vitreous 7porcelain over metal7 slop sinks4 ,when you think of one firm making so many varieties1 and a few other firms making almost as many1 it soon becomes necessary for the domiologists to know what to tell a plumber to install1 before the masculine mind installs something for which you will have little use4 ,of course1 it depends first on what the sink is to be used for4 ,in large kitchens1 the pot sink1 vegetable sink1 and slop sink are used1 sometimes two of some of these varieties4 ,in the medium kitchen1 the pot sink and one of the others4 ,in the small kitchen1 just the ordinary pot sink is used4 ,do not buy an all-roll sink2 that is1 a sink with a curved rim and no back1 unless your kitchen has a tiled wall4 ,why8 ,because your wall will be splashed to the destruction point4 ,very commodious sinks measure #e #b over-all1 back #i high1 wall to front1 #bf4 ,this size sink is often in two divisions1 one for washing1 and one for rinsing1 and has integral drain boards 7of self material as part of the sink74 ,if the integral drain board is not of wood or metal1 it can be rendered kindlier to china by a rubber mat4 ,some sinks have a #eb back1 some just have a porcelain back behind the faucets4 ,a small sink a little over #c can be had with or without integral drain boards on either side1 and a vent at the right end1 so as not to interfere with the dishes4 ,speaking of drain boards1 it is very often expedient to have them hinged to the wall1 or so attached to the sink that they can be let down and out of the way4 ,,patented ,,materials ,sinks of patented materials1 with trade names1 which are often metals with a porcelain-like covering1 also come in many sizes and in many designs1 and are1 as inferred above1 quite as valuable in usefulness and beauty as solid porcelain1 with one exception1 of course1 that under some remote circumstance a chipping off of the material may occur4 ,but the makers of solid porcelain sinks make a metal-coated slop sink where an extra heavy thudding1 by pails and cleaning instruments1 is apt to occur4 ,this precaution speaks for itself4 ,the solid porcelain certainly gives you a feeling that you have the best1 yet some of the greatest houses in the country use the other types of sinks4 ,although we have touched upon the subject of drain boards1 there are few more words to say about them4 ,the sink with a double drain board is1 of course1 the most convenient1 but this is not always possible4 ,they are made of metal1 such as copper and zinc1 and also of wood1 either oak or ash1 preferably ground ash1 hard enough to prevent absorption4 ,sometimes they are of metal over wood4 ,the porcelain drain board is easiest of all to clean1 requiring only a moist cloth passed over the porcelain or metal under porcelain1 while the others need scouring and scraping4 ,the grooves in any of these boards must not be so deep as to require digging to remove lost particles4 ,most pantry sinks have the wooden drain boards and the wooden enclosed solid porcelain sinks1 just to save breakage4 8,boards10 of course1 should always be slightly tilted toward the sink4 ,it is wiser to have sinks #cf high1 or have them on adjustable standards4 ,if #cf happens to be too high1 a long wooden step can be provided4 ,it is better to step up than to form a crick in one's back4 ,however1 any plumber will alter the standards1 no matter what sink you buy4 ,sinks are purchasable with from one to four standards1 depending upon what space in the kitchen is to harbor said sink4 ,the standards of sinks are made of glass1 brass1 nickle plate1 or porcelain1 or a porcelain coating over metal4 ,some of these standards are supplied with adjustable bracelets1 making it possible to raise and lower the sink to desired levels4 ,the nickle standard is very desirable1 as is the brass1 but they require cleaning and polishing4 ,the glass and porcelain families need just to be rubbed down with a moist cloth4 ,slop sinks are made to set lower than other sinks in order to obviate lifting up heavy pails of water1 etc4 ,,outlets ,the question of outlets in the sink is simple4 ,the outlet should not be perforated so minutely as to prevent rapid exit of the water1 and yet the holes must not be large enough to permit foreign matter to clog the pipes of the plumbing system4 ,very often it is wise to have a wire net over the outlet4 ,some sinks are equipped with stoppers and with cylindrical outlets familiar in wash basins and bath tubs4 ,in these sinks the water is kept in until it is time to release it1 obviating the necessity of wash basins4 ,sunken outlets are a nuisance to keep clean4 ,,faucets ,faucets are usually of metal1 and high priced ones are of enamel4 ,some sinks have two sets of faucets1 two in each set4 ,some have a higher faucet1 a goose neck pattern1 for filling carafes4 ,the metal faucets are generally brass and nickel plated4 ,brass corrodes and is hard to keep clean4 ,the nickel are very satisfactory but cost more4 ,the enamel are quite ideal because the polishing is absolutely obviated4 ,in this case it is a toss-up to the purchaser what it is best to save--time or money4 ,then there is the pressure faucet--the one which has to be held in order to get water out of it4 ,these are quite hateful and ought never to be used unless the water price is almost prohibitive4 ,sometimes a foot pressure faucet is used in order that the worker may have his hands free for work4 ,a new faucet which can be swung into different positions is to be had on the new pantry sinks4 ,if the water pressure is extraordinarily high1 try to get faucets on your sink with air chambers to take care of this extra pressure4 ,and try1 above all things1 to buy faucets that emit a flow of water which does not splash the worker4 ,unless you are a skilled mechanic1 don't try even to put a new washer in your faucet to stop a leak4 ,because1 unless you are skilled1 you may forget to shut the stop-cock which cuts off the sink from the main water supply1 which may be under the sink or in the cellar4 ,and to prevent a woeful catastrophe1 don't forget1 if you leave your house unheated in the winter1 to turn off the water in the cellar4 ,,filters ,the question of filters1 7,see ,chapter ,,xxxii1 ,polishing ,the ,water ,supply7 which are attached to faucets1 is full of danger1 as there are only a few good ones on the market1 and those that are good can be rendered1 through careless handling1 much more of a menace than the ordinary water supplied to you4 ,the porcelain-like candle type is one of the best but not absolutely fool-proof4 ,the water sifts and filters through this porcelain candle4 ,if this is sent away to be thoroughly baked1 at regular intervals1 according to the manufacturer's description1 it is useful2 but1 when this is not done1 the filter becomes a breeding place for germs4 ,therefore1 all things being unequal1 boiled water is the safest insurance against germs4 ,as for the refrigerator's 7,see ,chapter ,,xi ,refrigerators7 rle1 in the plumbing of the kitchen3 this is1 of course1 very important and very simple4 ,it is necessary to keep noxious gases from the stored food4 ,if possible1 have a connection through the floor with the trap and pan in the cellar4 ,if this is impossible1 have a trap and pan under the refrigerator which can be often emptied4 ,it is1 of course1 convenient to have the ice box filled from the outside of the house rather than have the ice dragged through the kitchen4 ,these are some excerpts from the plumbing code3 ,,safe ,,and ,,refrigerator ,,waste-,,pipes ,safe and refrigerator waste-pipes must be of galvanized iron1 and be not less than #a in diameter nor larger than #a in diameter with pipe branches at least #a in diameter with strainers over each inlet4 ,safe and refrigerator waste-pipes shall not be trapped4 ,they must discharge over a properly water-supplied1 trapped sink1 with trap vented unless an approved anti-siphon trap is installed in the manner specified in ,rule #ia1 such sink to be publicly placed1 and not more than #d above the floor4 ,in no case shall any refrigerator or safe waste-pipe discharge over a sink be located in a room used for living purposes4 ,the branches on vertical lines must be made by ,y or ,,ty fittings and carried up to the safe with as much pitch as possible4 ,where there is an offset on a refrigerator waste-pipe in the cellar1 there must be cleanouts to control the horizontal parts of the pipe4 ,in all lodgings and tenement houses the safe and refrigerator waste-pipes must extend above the roof4 ,,homilies ,when ,i started to write this article ,i thought ,i would give specific plumbing rules1 but the buying of fixtures is really all that is necessary for the housewife to know1 as all first class plumbers know the rules of the code4 ,so the best plan to adopt is to use the best plumber4 ,even if he be expensive1 he will save your money in the end4 ,and remember1 always use one in your vicinity for1 if you do not1 you will be very unpopular1 as you will know when some dire emergency emerges6 ,if your pipes freeze in the winter1 warm cloths until the plumber comes is the best remedy4 ,if you build in a remote district1 have your water tested by an expert on the spot1 so that he can examine not only the water1 but the source of its supply1 and help you in settling where to build your well or pump1 and where the cistern should go1 etc41 etc4 ,after a new installation of plumbing is made1 there is applied always a test like the peppermint smoke test1 etc41 to see if there are any leaks in the pipes4 ,this is also accounted for in the plumbing code4 ,although not quite technically a plumbing fixture1 there is a ventilating1 self-cooled motor propellor fan1 which is being put up in kitchens1 to keep the kitchen cool in summer1 and to remove traces of excessive heat1 steam smoke1 and objectionable odors4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,knife-,,life ,,in ,,the ,,kitchen 8,i would like to have a vegetable knife10 says a woman to the salesman4 8,yes1 ,madam10 says he1 handing her a knife4 8,thank you10 says the customer1 not even looking at it4 ,then she goes home and tries to pare a pumpkin with the dainty little flexible knife that she has bought and finds that the task is quite impossible4 ,why8 ,because she has used a knife not designed at all for anything but a potato or an apple4 ,such things are very frequent because the purchaser doesn't realize that 8vegetable knife0 as well as 8motor car0 spells many types1 and that the knife is even more diversified in design than the car to meet various kinds of work4 ,what carpenter would think of cutting across the grain with a plane meant for cutting with the grain8 ,the carpenter realizes the range of design in his tools1 however4 ,so should it be with women if they wish to save their nerves1 their hands and their time and make their food look worthy of its cost4 ,the background of the knife and fork is surrounded with historic significance and romance4 ,the knife seems to be the first-born of ,father ,cutlery and the fork a late development as a table essential2 and the spoon comes so late that it isn't even romantic4 ,first of all1 cutlery was developed from the hunting knife in various guises4 ,then it became the sword of history4 ,not until the ,middle ,ages were knives used on the table1 and then only one or two4 ,not until two or three hundred years ago were they used by each individual6 ,and this first took place in ,italy4 ,ordinary cutlery was really first used in the form of the sheep shears1 very much like the shears used in the ,rembrandt painting3 ,the ,old ,woman ,cutting ,her ,nails4 ,before steel was used1 bamboo1 shell1 then copper1 bronze1 tin and copper and the so-called 8steel0 of ,damascus were the materials out of which the knives and swords were built4 ,as forks were a later development and were used at first only as a means of helping the diners from the central dish1 it was necessary for the diners to wear gloves to shield them from the rigors of hot foods4 ,therefore1 with such methods it was necessary to recover in sanitary fashion and to this end servitors would meet each diner with a bowl of water and a towel4 ,thus has the finger bowl descended unto us4 ,for some time after the knife and fork were used generally1 each person would carry his own beautiful set in a handsome case at his belt or girdle4 ,during the #ahth ,century when the fork was commonly used it was with the knife superbly fashioned of jewels and metal work4 ,for the most part forks were two pronged1 and not until ,louis ,,xv of ,france did the four-tine fork come into being4 ,so from the hunting knife and the crotched wooden stick was born our own diversified cutlery4 ,not only in steel of fine temper and hardness1 but recently of steel with the added qualities of stainlessness4 ,although ,sheffield1 ,england1 in the past has the reputation for the finest cutlery in the world1 and although ,sheffield must be given the credit for fathering the craft1 yet the ,united ,states to-day is making some of the best cutlery and bids fair to outmake and outsell the world in quantity and quality4 ,,kitchen ,,cutlery ,the subject of kitchen cutlery1 the one which this chapter is dealing with1 does not interest itself in silver plate and all the cutlery so beautifully made for table use4 ,the same general principals apply1 but there is too little space here to go into the detail of pattern1 brands and general details of table cutlery4 ,however1 the blades for most cutting articles are made of shear steel1 and for this crucible cast steel and forged steel are used4 ,the essential parts of the process of cutlery making are3 7#a7 forging2 7#b7 hardening and tempering2 7#c7 grinding2 7#d7 polishing2 7#e7 assembling1 honing and the finishing touches2 and these are subdivided into many divisions1 making nearly a hundred in some instances and more in others4 ,the last division is the one which the 8cutler0 does to-day4 ,in the #ahth ,century the cutler did the whole work of making a knife1 but to-day the polisher polishes and the grinder grinds1 etc4 ,the hundreds of processes to-day in the course of the manufacture of one piece of cutlery are in the hands of nearly as many workmen4 ,of course1 the value of modern cutlery is in the finesse of manufacture and the quality of steel that is used1 and in the perfection of its varying parts and their assembling4 ,knives are meant to cut4 ,knives1 therefore1 must be so made that they will keep their cutting edges1 so proportioned as to fit the thing to be cut2 so limber or so stiff as to be comfortably wielded2 so assembled as to keep their handles fastened to them2 and so balanced 7even as a golf club7 as to be not only easy but pleasant to use4 ,pleasant tools make light work4 ,the knife has three or four main parts--the blade2 the tang 7that part which fits into the handle72 the handle itself1 or haft1 as it is sometimes called2 and in some cases a metal ferrule4 ,much depends upon the way these parts are made and fitted2 they must be so married that nothing can divorce the knife from the handle1 so that they will preserve their oneness indefinitely4 ,the great ,reno for the knife is the huddled drawer in which it is for the most part kept1 but more of this later4 ,,variety ,,in ,,knife-,,life ,the kinds of knife in which the housewife is particularly interested are3 carvers1 vegetable slicers1 parers1 fruit1 cleavers1 etc4 ,subdivided1 they are3 paring1 bread1 meat1 poultry1 carving1 cake1 boning1 paring 7small pocket type style71 spatula1 lemon1 grape and orange1 curved in ,french1 ,german and ,american fashions1 cleavers and scrapers4 ,where it is necessary for a knife to conform to shape in paring1 a flexible knife is more comfortable than a stiff one4 ,therefore1 if you want a vegetable knife for slicing potatoes never think of buying a long stiff one because your work will be seriously impeded4 ,if you have the right tool the job of paring1 or what not1 will be as much fun as carving is for the artist who in his turn always has the correct tool4 8,gracious1 ,i can never slice a ham that doesn't look as if some one bit it up10 said a friend of mine4 ,as gently as ,i could ,i told her it was because she was trying to do the impossible4 ,she used a knife for bread and cake1 broad and short1 and expected it to do the work of a long1 thin blade slightly curved off at the end4 ,the heavy1 wide-bladed knife cleaves to the surface of the meat and makes it a practical impossibility for any ordinary mortal to push it through4 ,the narrow blade is what you must have1 as it requires less strength and cuts therefore more efficiently4 ,the knife with the almost scimitar formation makes it simple to cut around a bone4 ,most everybody has a bread knife1 so we need not bother about that familiar object1 but the only thing necessary is that the bread knife should be kept for bread 7and kept sharp7 as far as possible1 unless it is adapted by having a medium wide blade1 to cut meat and cake4 ,for hot meats a rather flexible1 but not too flexible1 knife should be used1 especially in the case of hot steaks and ham4 ,it is a real comfort to have a good knife for these things2 the meat is not chewed before its time and is not wasted in formless gobs4 ,for the person who must economize on the number of utensils1 a knife about #h or #i long with rather wide blade can be bought which can very comfortably be used for cold meat slicing as well as bread and cake4 ,a set of six knives1 two spatulas and two forks1 will fill most kitchens' needs4 ,other knives and forks can be added as specials4 ,here is the #b paring knife1 #c for splitting4 ,the general household keeps a fork with the ,french pattern blade for general work and the heavy #f blade for cutting vegetables such as turnips1 pumpkins1 squashes1 etc41 where a thin blade would snap2 the fork has hardened blades with needle points4 ,the spatula for pastry works as well as the wide spatula4 ,the carving knife in #h short blade1 and the flexible slicing knife with #i blade usable for cold meats1 cake1 bread1 etc41 and the general utility knife4 ,for tough cutting and broad surfaces the narrow1 stiff knife is best1 for crumbly broad surfaces the broad1 stiff knife4 ,for rather tough1 small surfaces1 to be pared and trimmed1 the medium flexible1 narrow blade is best4 ,use the narrow and stiff and short knife for tough small surfaces like squash and turnips4 ,with these simple logical suggestions the knife problem is easy4 8,had ,i only learned the use of the spatula in cooking school ,i should have thought my course to be a lifelong economy40 ,this was said somewhat in jest1 but it shows just what the value of the spatula is4 ,it is an economy4 ,it is not a cutter but a very flexible1 bendy blade with round corners which can assume the curve of any vessel and pick up dough or anything left behind in bowl or pastry board which is worth saving4 ,it is a scraper and saver4 ,you need not waste a bit of the precious egg on the sides of your dish or a bit of batter if you use the spatula4 ,it also lifts comfortably the egg1 griddle cake1 fish etc41 from the pan4 ,it is really a joy unbounded4 ,a larger sized spatula is a convenience1 too1 for scraping and cleaning large kettles and also for a cake or pie lifter4 ,being larger it is a trifle stiffer4 ,one corner of the end of this blade is sharp and the opposite corner is round4 ,the reasons are obviously for attacking corners and not scratching surfaces4 ,,home ,,butchering ,in some homes a certain amount of butchering is done in the kitchen1 sometimes to save expense and sometimes for certain and very fine results if the chef is a jewel4 ,to this end there are some good implements on the market3 strong1 well balanced and riveted to give good service4 ,knife blades for this work range from #e to #ad in length and are in various styles4 ,the cleaver is a good thing to have should the butcher sometimes neglect to break a furtive bone4 ,these come in pleasant weights and dimensions1 the one with blade #f long by #b wide1 weighing in all one pound4 ,in connection with knives for fruits and vegetables you will be interested in the story of the late product of steel which is so fast coming to the markets of the world4 ,it is stainless steel4 ,a steel 7with an admixture of chromium7 which resists rust1 does not corrode or scale1 and is impervious to food acids 7with the exception of the mustard plus vinegar plus salt combination which makes a muriatic acid1 which is the acid with which steel is etched74 ,it keeps a fine edge and is of fine temper and hardness when made by accomplished manufacturers4 ,the steel you use now is a carbon steel4 ,before the war1 both in ,england and ,america1 it was rapidly coming into our markets1 but the value of such steel was so patent to governments that the war and construction departments used it all4 ,now1 however1 it can be bought even in some department stores4 ,think of not having to scour or polish your knives4 ,think of the knife having an indefinite life and always looking highly polished4 ,soon1 too1 even the handle will be made of this steel and the knife will look like a highly polished silver utensil4 ,what may this mean in a servantless home8 ,no cleaning powders must be used to clean this steel2 only warm water and a mild soap4 ,its advent reminds you of the early days of aluminum utensils1 doesn't it8 ,the manufacturers are planning to make kettles1 pots1 and pans of it1 as they will wear well1 and will not scale and wear as do iron ones4 ,as this steel is non-staining1 the hands are not stained as much when it is used with fruit juices2 the factor of the juice combining with the elements in the steel is absent4 ,there are some people whose hands stain from certain juices whereas the hands of others do not1 but generally speaking1 there will be less hand staining with this newer steel4 ,if you do your own work1 how your hands will be saved6 ,the few years of its service may not have revealed all of its good points or some of its bad points4 ,only time will tell1 of course4 ,but as a fruit knife at present the stainless type seems to be a fine thing1 though the ordinary steel knife1 if sharp and well made1 is no less of a joy than ever it was4 ,manufacturers are adopting the stainless--even those who think that it isn't as good as it is claimed to be4 ,vegetable and fruit slicers and parers come in many sizes and styles4 ,they are usually small and light with narrow blades and sharp4 ,they are to be had in stainless and carbon steel in sets and in singles1 and when bought wisely make the kitchen maids' job an artistic one4 ,grape-fruits and oranges have knives for their very own4 ,manufacturers have given much time and thought to the easiest method of preparing these fruits easily1 without loss of juices and flavor1 and without waste of time on the part of the operator4 ,and so there have been born a few of these knives which are excellent and live up to their glowing advertisements4 ,their characteristics are3 ,two-edged1 like the great swords of old4 ,they cut from either the right or left with ease2 the blade is curved to fit the fruit and has rounded points so as not to lacerate the outer skin and waste the juices and spoil the shape of the fruit4 ,the blade is exceedingly sharp and honed carefully like a razor--the sharper it is the swifter it will do its work4 ,the blade must be securely fastened in the handle4 ,the handle must be light1 of comfortable shape and well balanced4 ,in a few words1 the knife must be able to get down and under the center1 cutting the side segments as well as making the tough walls 8fade away0 easily4 ,illustration3 ,,devices ,,designed ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,for ,,keeping ,,cutlery ,,in ,,cutting ,,form ,the knives are made in stainless steel1 in nickel-plated steel and in the ordinary and fine vanadium steel4 ,your fruit when prepared with such a knife may look as if hands never touched it4 ,,handles ,the question of handles is interesting because the knife without the handle1 however sharp it may be1 is of little use4 ,the main question is of ease in gripping1 in the balance1 and in the duration of time that the blade will stay firm in the handle4 ,there are many ways of accomplishing these things3 in some cases the tang of the blade is cemented in the handle4 ,this is done where the knife is used with little pressure and strength1 such as the feather-curling knife of the milliner2 there are some knives which are riveted such as butchers' knives because much force is used with them2 household knives are pinned and pinned and cemented sometimes1 and in the case of home butcher knives as many as three pins are used to keep the handle steady4 ,with knives like the corrugated types1 there are often metal wire handles drawn out on them4 ,the corrugations on these blades are to obviate tearing and reduce1 some think1 the pressure necessary in cutting4 ,handles themselves are made of various things1--woods1 rubberoid1 celluloid1 metals1 stag and in the case of table knives1 mother-of-pearl1 shell1 silver over nickel1 etc4 ,the kitchen knife handle must be able to stand all heats1 be impervious to hot water1 be smooth and comfortable in shape1 and must be nicely finished so as to give the worker a feeling of worth-whileness in his job4 ,sloppy tools make for sloppy work4 ,think of your cutlery as the dentist does his tools and you will feel professional4 ,the housewife errs in no place quite so much as in the care of her cutlery4 ,in nine and one-half houses out of ten the good blades are huddled and hustled into a drawer where they loosen from their handles1 nick1 scratch and hammer each other to their own destruction4 ,what good is there in having good materials if they are to be stored in this manner8 ,illustration3 ,,another ,,device ,,designed ,,by ,,the ,,author ,,for ,,keeping ,,cutlery ,,in ,,cutting ,,form ,consider the carpenter how he stores6 ,he hangs each tool in a certain groove1 and as he desires a certain thing he extracts it4 ,he can't afford to have auto-destruction--it is too extravagant a disease4 ,yet it is the hardest thing in the world to make the housewife hang up her few knives and keep them forever in good shape4 ,clean them after every using4 ,it's easier then4 ,a little scouring powder now and then will keep them in condition4 ,do not use scouring powders with stainless steel1 as it reduces the polish--the very thing which maintains its imperviousness to stain4 ,all new knives should be so finished when you buy them that they need no further edging4 ,the best manufacturers see to this and have a department just to hone and make knives ready for use4 ,,sharpening ,the housewife's best method of sharpening or rather keeping the edges straight and keenly cutting is the steel4 ,when the knife really gets dull it should be ground4 ,the use of the stone or carborundum by the ordinary operator often wears the steel4 ,however1 if the use of the grinder or the stone or the carborundum is really known1 time and money will be saved in the sharpening process4 ,sharp knives save temper1 save food to a great degree1 and therefore if you can't sharpen knives yourself send them out to be taken care of once or twice a year4 ,there is a special stone on the market for stainless steel sharpening2 it is well to get this for your stainless utensils4 ,follow the directions with it carefully4 ,all sharpening steels should have a guard for the hand in case the knife slides back towards the fingers4 ,never hold the knife on edge on the steel1 for it should be quite flat2 remember you are trying to flatten the two sides toward the edge1 and thereby make it a better cutter4 ,there are good rotary grinders and polishers on the market1 and knowledge of them and their use is very valuable4 ,there are also stones flat and stones in handles1 all for keeping knives sharp4 ,they are yours if you want them and realize that you must know how to use them to save rather than to destroy your cutlery4 ,the story of forks is almost the same as that of its confrres1 knives4 ,the tines must be rigid and sharp enough to pierce immediately and not drop their prey by dull points4 ,forks were not meant to open cans or lift lids4 ,many a perfect fork has had its life history snapped by this usage4 ,as with the sharpening steel1 so with the fork which accompanies the carving knife--it too should have a guard to prevent the knife slipping and injuring the left hand4 ,if you buy the best cutlery from the most representative firms you will have the best results and be well repaid4 ,good cutlery1 like everything good1 is more expensive than the cheap varieties4 ,good cutlery may stand up longer under bad usage than poor cutlery2 but don't tempt it and waste your money6 ,a little care with cutlery will curtail your bills1 give your food a better appearance and swifter accomplishment1 for1 after all1 the kitchen work is mostly cutting up4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,ancient ,,wood ,,implements ,in these days of metals1 electricity and enamels1 you are very prone to forget that there is still virtue in the ancient wood1 which with true aristocratic gentleness1 has given way to those more parvenu products that boast their sanitary qualities4 ,to-day there are still things of wood for the kitchen1 pantry and laundry which are retained to advantage and other things which can be kept1 if not with advantage1 at least for utility4 ,some purchasers have wasted time in their zeal to kill entirely the wood tradition and substitute metals in every instance4 ,to save this time1 this article is written and dedicated to you who would have the right thing1 be it of the darker ages or of this so-called sanitary or enlightened era4 ,for example1 could you ever use a metal plank for planked fish or meats8 ,of course not6 ,the wood itself in this case gives up its own essence as it combines1 through the medium of heat1 with the juices of the food cooked on its surface4 ,what metal could do this without imparting the metallic taste to the bill of fare8 ,these planks come in different sizes and shapes4 ,the best are of oak4 ,some cost more than others4 ,but the thing to remember is that a plank is like wine1 the older it is1 that is1 the more it is used and becomes impregnated with the empyreumatic flavors of the food stuffs1 the more exquisite become its quality and the better flavor it imparts to the food4 ,according to ,nicholas ,sabatini1 ,chef of ,delmonico's the best thing to do with a plank when you buy it is to keep it for at least six weeks1 to be sure that it is seasoned sufficiently4 ,after using a plank1 do not soak it in water1 but clean it off with a damp cloth only4 ,then keep it under a weight of some sort to prevent any probable warping of the wood4 ,mr4 ,sabatini was very insistent about the plank being of oak1 as any other wood imparts too definite a flavor of its own to the food stuffs cooked on it4 ,ironing boards have never been replaced with metal to any large extent4 ,it is their 8give0 when swathed in 8white stuff0 that makes them comforting and usable4 ,even the modern bracketed ironing boards are wooden with the exception of their metal joints and arms1 enabling them to be folded against the walls or put out of the way4 ,so1 too1 the sleeve and skirt board4 ,time would be wasted in hunting for a more modern material to use for these staples4 ,ironing folding tables are neat little things for the small house4 ,these are made of white wood4 ,they will not last a lifetime but they are inexpensive and useful4 ,skirt boards come from #c to #f long and the sleeve board around #ah to #bj long4 ,in some cases where there is available both a wooden article and a china or metal1 it is often better to get the non-wooden4 ,for example1 the wooden salt box2 good enough in its way but it is out-ranked by the china1 porcelain or composition boxes1 because these materials look better1 wear better and cannot help being smoother and less fibrous than the wooden variety4 ,so would you rather buy sharpeners1 flour sieves1 some of the pot racks and sink racks in metal garb than wood1 although there are some sink racks of wood which not only have a porcelain lining but save breakage of china4 ,chopping bowls of sugar maple 7not southern maple7 are kitchen necessities4 ,these do not splinter and they make the din of chopping less obnoxious4 ,the rotary chopping machine is not always analogous to the chopping bowl1 for who could chop parsley as well in a chopper as with blade and bowl8 ,wooden bread boards and cake boards1 of course1 are invaluable 7pie 8boards0 are better of marble1 porcelain or their cognates74 ,these must be of hard wood such as maple or birch and so made as to be knotless1 crackless and long grained4 ,a damp cloth will remove traces of material used thereon4 ,the onion should have its own little chopping board for obvious reasons4 ,noodle boards are oblong1 usually of white wood and come from #adbj to #bjcj4 ,these have a descending ledge at the near side to hold fast to the table and an ascending ledge on the far side to keep the dough from sliding off4 ,bread boards are round and are from #aj to #aa in diameter4 ,pastry boards can be had from #abaf to #bjcj4 ,the wooden step1 non-rickety and solid1 is of inestimable value in the kitchen where the worker is too short for the tables or tubs1 or where things must needs be on high shelves4 ,the step chair which readily is changed from ladder to chair combines a #b-;in-#a arrangement1 that makes room in a kitchen by obviating extra chairs and extra space for a pair of steps or ladder4 ,we would warn purchasers against the salesman of wood garbage buckets or pails4 ,in no case are they as sanitary as regular metal containers4 ,but the oak pail1 keg or bucket for cider1 vinegar1 preserves or water is a good culinary adjunct4 ,they are hard1 firm and well constructed in the best makes4 ,often these things have been quite forgotten and yet they are quite useful in kitchen economy4 ,wooden pails come for various uses--scrubbing pails1 water pails1 jelly pails and flour pails4 ,they are made with two or three hoops and are of pine1 cedar1 oak grain or oak4 ,the flour pails hold from #ab to #ej pounds of flour4 ,the jelly pails hold from #e to #cj pounds of jelly and are a convenience to the house-keeper who puts up a lot at a time and who has a large menage4 ,the large wooden spoon for use in acid cookery--preserves and the like--is indispensable to the epicurean household and should be on every kitchen utensil list4 ,the clothes-horse is practically an extinct animal4 ,in its place has come a different species of varying kinds4 ,some fold up against the wall1 some are pulleyed up to the ceiling and get the ascending heat of the room for drying and some don't fold at all4 ,some are built for porch use1 garden use and roof use4 ,but all are less aggressive than the extinct 8horse40 ,a close relation to the clothes rack is the towel rack and hand towel roller1 usually of wood and made as well of this material as any other4 ,the bread and pastry roller is usually of wood and is quite efficient4 ,there are glass rollers on the market but1 of course1 these can chip4 ,special noodle rollers are made now of maple and birch and are long and thin1 giving quick contact like a low gear6 ,some rollers have designs cut in them for finishing off a bit of dough with a pattern4 ,potato1 slaw and bread cutters are merely wood receptacles with cutting blade insertions4 ,knife drawers or racks with grooves to keep the knife blade inviolate are too little used4 ,this is one of the things that will make the kitchen a more proper tool chest1 prolong the life of cutlery and save time in the search for wanted knives on the part of the worker4 ,these are being made in compact1 useful fashion to meet the needs of the well ordered kitchen4 ,we can't stress the housing of cutlery hard enough--and it is a real housing problem4 ,the pot cover rack for those who do not hang up their pots is a great comfort4 ,it is inexpensive and easily installed4 ,with these cover racks you easily identify the cover and it doesn't get lost in a dark closet1 although many folks think quite the contrary and deplore the newer methods of hanging up pots and their covers to the public gaze4 ,the question of serving butter delightfully is taken care of by keeping it in the ice box in a stone crock1 and making butter balls with little wooden butter pats4 ,there are also wooden butter prints1 which enable one to serve butter in forms with a probable little raised design on its top surface4 ,these come in a flattened butter ball size and also in -pound print moulds4 ,the question of wood in the kitchen becomes acute in the handle situation4 ,brushes1 brooms and mops of all kinds have wooden handles1 and the handle makes for comfort and comfort for efficiency4 ,therefore it is not out of place here to give a few suggestions as to what a handle ought to be3 #a4 ,smooth--no splinters--hard non-porous4 #b4 ,easily held in hand 7if on scrubbing brush1 sink brush1 etc474 #c4 ,long enough to do the work 7if on wall or ceiling or radiator brush74 #d4 ,set firmly in its socket and easily set in 7if on mop1 wall brush1 etc474 #e4 ,non-snapping1 not brittle 7if on a wall duster74 #f4 ,enameled to resist heat and water4 ,the mallet and the potato masher are heavy tools and quite necessary4 ,the former is usually of hickory or lignum vitae1 the latter of maple4 ,the potato masher's function is obvious1 but the mallet is often needed for cracking a bone1 or ice4 ,for fixing lobster and making a chicken go a long way a mallet is quite a little 8fixer40 ,the coffee mill and the sink rack can be as well made of wood as of metal4 ,yet this does not need to preclude the metal ones for those wanting them4 ,the wooden ones themselves are really more of hardware than of wood4 ,the mouse trap of wood used once and then to be thrown out is rather a pleasanter idea than using the same impregnated trap over and over again4 ,these are cheap and ready to use at any time4 ,the wooden salad set1 knife1 spoon1 fork1 are rather epicurean but seem to be passing out of fashion4 ,tables of wood are so common that they need little description1 yet a few suggestions may be of real value4 ,the table with the stove is all important in the kitchen4 ,it is so valuable1 indeed1 that it has been lately combined with the dish-washer and the effete refrigerator in order to make it possible in limited spaces to install these quite noble but less royal things4 ,tersely said1 the table must be large enough for the work to be done1 steady on its legs1 simple in construction and easily kept clean and wholly sanitary4 ,if possible metal capped legs will prevent the legs becoming unlevel by swelling when the floor is washed or shifting through general use4 ,the table top would easily take a whole story2 the main requisite is that it be hard1 easily cleaned and scraped--be it of wood1 composition1 marble1 metal or of the porcelain family4 ,kitchen tables #c to #g long1 with and without shelves beneath and also with or without closets and drawers below4 ,the wooden top of maple is most satisfactory and probably1 of all the table tops1 most used4 ,yet for those that can afford the wooden table with marble top and ,german silver trimmings1 nothing could be more perfect even though the price soars4 ,finally1 if there be benefit in this article take from it suggestions for the wooden wedding gift4 ,few people think of the kitchen as a realm for gifts4 ,in our experience presents of culinary use have been a boon to many householders1 especially at the wooden wedding period4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,glass ,,wear ,glass ware is now no longer for ornament alone1 but for cooking uses as well4 ,the only way to tell if you have a good piece of glass or not is to compare it to other pieces for color and sound4 ,if it sounds clear and bell-like1 it is pretty sure to be a good bit of glass4 ,but don't strike it if it happens to be in a groove or it will1 of course1 shatter it1 as the pieces will have no room to vibrate and will break the bounds4 ,,annealing ,annealing is the process brought to such a perfection to-day that glass can be made almost shell proof4 ,in fact glass for automobile windows was and is being made that when it is struck will not shatter but will simply crack or craze4 ,this process is one of careful heating and cooling many times repeated4 ,it makes the glass more elastic so that the particles are in more of a state of equilibrium and can be struck without danger of breaking4 ,,manufacture ,the basis of all glass is soda1 aluminum or oxide of lead in combination with silica of sand4 ,doesn't this sound hiphalutin8 ,well1 it isn't4 ,then this is heated to something like #abjj degrees ,fahrenheit and when in molten form is blown with air incorporators into the requisite shapes4 ,you no doubt have seen glass blown at bazaars or fairs4 ,but of course this blowing in the factory is done with huge blowers4 ,the best glass is dependent on its base as it is combined with lead4 ,this combination is the fine glass called flint glass4 ,and it is from flint glass which has the luster that the cut and engraved glass is made4 ,,color ,the color in glass is given to it by the use of metal oxides1 blue is derived from copper oxide1 yellow from iron oxide1 the stunning reds from gold4 ,don't these facts1 make glass more interesting to you8 ,rock crystal is the fashion now and probably will persist4 ,but don't1 for goodness' sake1 be untechnical enough to say anything but polished engraved glass1 when you speak of it6 ,the old time glass with intersecting canyons cut in it which left tell tale gouges in one's fingers1 is dead and if you use it you are dead too6 ,now be it remembered1 it's polished engraved alias rock crystal4 ,,how ,,it ,,differs ,,from ,,cut ,,glass ,cut glass is decorated with geometric lines by means of steel wheels and carborundum used for the cutting4 ,then these lines are smoothed with stone wheels and given a high polish4 ,some manufacturers press in the design by putting the glass into moulds in its moulten state1 but this makes the cheaper glass commonly called ,pressed to imitate the cut variety4 ,then the glass is cooled and the effects are often good enough to fool the ordinary person4 ,cut glass can always be distinguished from the pressed by feeling the inside of the cutting1 where it is the deepest1 and if there is a slight lump corresponding to the cutting it is surely cut and not pressed4 ,engraved glass is thinner than the cut glass very often and is decorated by copper wheels fed with emery and oil1 which does not cut so deep4 ,the skill of the designer and workman are the only limits to the beauty of this glass4 ,this kind of decoration is left in the satin gray finish with the exception of the polishing out of the centers of the flowers1 and other figures according to the taste of the engraver4 ,this gives the contrasts in gray and clear glass which give the tonal value to the glass4 ,and when the engraving is sunk deeply and then polished1 it is called rock crystal because it has the peculiar colorless mat-finish brilliancy of the natural rock crystal4 ,,colored ,,glass ,what about colored glass8 ,there is much of it about1 some of it the frank imitation of the old stuff and some of it the real old thing4 ,it is very popular4 ,the reason it isn't epidemic is because one has to have all the fixings with it to use it well and to be au fait4 ,unless one has center pieces and side dishes and flowers and1 to go even to extremes1 old chairs and antique refectory tables1 colored glass gives a vagrant restless spotty cast to the table6 ,you know what it means to have everything en rapport1 in the way of expenses and fussing these days6 444 to the majority of people anyway4 ,and so when colored glass is used1 even if one has all the articles necessary1 real vision must be employed and discrimination exercised in massing everything to give the ease and grace 7the basis of beauty7 necessary4 ,one of the most interesting things about glass to-day is that a firm in ,america has been taking the ,grand ,prix and the ,gold ,medal in a competition with the glassmakers of the world in ,paris6 ,and some of the best glass is made in little old ,america6 ,talk about ,american prowess6 ,and too1 because the foreign markets have not been able to make the rather staple enamel and gold glass1 ,america has again stepped in1 and has been engaged in making this sort of glass too1 and making it well4 ,some very old and exclusive dealers say colored glass is not in vogue because these firms have in their clientele very selected people who probably do not buy it as they have inherited all they need4 ,furthermore1 many of their clients don't want to be bothered with it4 ,but from the way colored glass has been selling in some places it is certainly safe to say it is very popular4 ,yet on the other hand many dealers are afraid to stock up heavily with it because they fear a slump4 ,at any rate1 the manufacturers can hardly keep up with the demand for their excellent reproductions of the old ,scotch1 ,english1 ,irish and ,venetian glass4 ,but many hostesses like it because it takes such taste and skill to assemble a table when it is used4 ,,cooking ,,glass ,no other utensils on the market combine as these do1 beauty1 durability1 economy and cleanliness even if the initial cost is more4 ,you see they save fuel1 because they cook food more rapidly1 they save the cook's time and the waitress's time because they save the cooking time1 and because they are easy to clean1 collecting no burn to be forced off and no food to be laboriously scraped away4 ,besides all this1 the food can be served directly from the stove without putting it into another dish for the table4 ,this saves more time and insures hot food4 ,it doesn't crack in the oven1 it comes in many styles--it is not inexpensive but it is worth the outlay4 ,,plate-,,glass ,of late1 plate-glass has been taking an important part in the household4 ,this glass differs from other glass in the way it is made4 ,in short it is spread over iron tables in a molten state and cut and trimmed to measure4 ,it is made more carefully than other flat glass and of the finest material4 ,it is1 of course1 very carefully annealed to make it as soft and as little brittle as possible4 ,for the tops of bureaus1 dressing tables1 desks1 shelves1 medicine cabinets1 etc41 it has no equal4 ,it is easy to clean and protects what is under it4 ,many are using it now for the tops of dining tables and sideboards and serving tables4 ,this is a good way to protect the table and save laundry as beautiful linens shine through the glass and yet do not soil so readily4 ,the same can be said of the glassed bureau scarf and the dressing table where so much may be spilled4 ,some people who do their own work like plate-glass for the kitchen table4 ,as yet we feel that the brittleness of plate-glass makes the kitchen table a little too temporary1 yet while it lasts it is a comfort for pastry work as well as for anything else4 ,for the motor it reduces danger in driving1 and looks better4 ,for the house doors and windows it adds #ij per cent4 to the elegance of the lay-out4 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,bride',s ,,kitchen ,we moderns are so up to date that although we expect our women to marry they know less of the kitchen needs and the infant's psychology than of the constituencies of the planets' atmospheres4 ,so to correct some of the deficiencies we are going to list in this article the prices of the necessities of the bride's kitchen at the present1 which you must remember are subject to daily change and can only give you approximate values as this book reaches you months after the data is collected4 ,to-day prices veer so rapidly that we can only hope that they will not veer upward before your kindly eye peruses these pages4 ,whether you use electricity1 oil1 gas1 or wood should be part of the determining factors in buying utensils4 ,for this reason we will1 as far as possible1 designate the special uses of these utensils whenever possible or necessary4 ,may it be said at the start that aluminum and enamel 7best quality7 can be used on any stove4 ,aluminum is more expensive but doesn't blacken up on the stove and lives longer than enamels4 ,we will not take up copper1 as it is too heavy and costly for the ordinary kitchen and takes too much labor to keep in the brightened condition in which it should be kept4 ,we favor glass whenever it can be substituted for kitchen utensils as the most ideal oven utensil4 ,if your purse can stand it and its initial expense1 it will save fuel1 time and energy in the end and therefore money4 ,,the ,,lists ,our omissions in this listing in any case are due to personal experience and choice and also to a feeling that there are many things that can be omitted when the kitchen is started and be put in later when exigencies appear and the income is greater4 ,we have purposely not added up the list to get an aggregate expenditure as it would mean little when cheaper or more expensive materials can be substituted4 ,therefore we have given but the individual costs which can be combined in the ways you desire4 ,thus the list is meant to be a nomenclature rather than a hard and fast formula1 a vade mecum rather than a crystallized rule of thumb4 ,you may consider some things unnecessary in these lists4 ,again1 the list is a personal compilation1 as lists are as yet not machine-made1 and the maker has considered what are the essentials to culinary habits4 ,nor have we mentioned stoves as a consideration of the first tool chest1 because the architect or the landlord in many cases has decided this for you4 ,if you need to purchase a stove your choice is usually bounded by the kind of fuel which is cheapest in the place your spouse has necessarily to live4 ,so1 although utensils are dependent on the stove and stoves on utensils1 we have omitted the stove here but if you read chapters ,,vi1 ,,vii1 ,,viii you will get data on ranges and can find out from the manufacturers the present cost4 ,,cabinets ,,and ,,conveniences ,were we fitting out a kitchen we would either buy a kitchen cabinet or have one built in the home of the steel unit type4 ,we have not included it in the list for fear of being too commanding1 and it can be dispensed with if the shelving and hanging room is sufficient2 though we venture to say not quite so delightful will be the kitchen atmosphere without one4 ,the kitchen cabinet in steel costs from about #ib upward2 in wood #hi up4 ,devices on which to hang the pots and pans and house the knives in frictionless positions are1 too1 omitted1 because these things vary in price with carpentering and the amount necessary to spend in room and money4 ,it is the only way to house utensils 444 in the open air where they are visible and where the arm can reach and where the back is not unrelentingly and unnecessarily bent in the performance of the manifold duties of kitchen usage4 ,the ice-cream freezer is not included as this is not an essential1 unless you think it to be one4 ,it is to be had in a two-quart measure from about #d4ij upward1 and the gallon is available at #g4ej4 ,in some instances we have put an article under two heads2 trays1 for example4 ,this is done to show you that the two articles in aluminum or tin are equally useful and if the cheaper grade is desirable it is a safe 8buy40 ,the grapefruit knife may be a glaring omission--we hope it is4 ,yet as it is not strictly necessary we have omitted it4 ,if this little joy is bought1 the stainless steel is the best material in which to look for it4 ,it costs about #ge cents4 ,and as soon as the purse is large enough and the manufacturers have come to the point1 stainless steel is the best in which to buy nearly every bit of cutlery1 as it requires little attention and neither rusts nor stains4 ,here follow the lists3 ,,utensils ,,in ,,aluminum ,tea kettle1 #c qts4 #f4ae ,quart measure #b4jj ,double boiler1 #b qts4 #d4je ,funnel 4#ij ,ladle #b4be ,pie plate1 shallow 4#ec ,pie plate1 deep 4#fb ,sauce pans1 #a qt4 ,these #a4dj ,sauce pans1 #b qts4 have #b4jj ,sauce pans1 #f qts4 covers #c4ge ,kettle covers1 extra #a qt4 4#be #b qts4 4#dd #f qts4 4#fb ,pitcher #g4he ,baking dish #a4cj ,measuring cup 4#fj ,dripping pan #b4ie ,frying pan #c4fj ,griddle #e4ee ,roaster #g4bj ,angel caker #a4he ,bread pans #a4ae ,cake pans #a4fj #b ,muffiners1 #f cups #a4fe ,steamer--fits kettle #c4ae ,trays #b4ee1 #c4bj ,jelly cake pan #a4bj ,jelly mold #b4ij ,waffle mold #f4fe ,strainer #a4bj ,dish drainer #d4jj ,,utensils ,,in ,,enamel #bnd ,grade ,double boiler #b4bj #b4bj ,colander #a4cj #a4je ,funnel 4#ej 4#dj ,ladle 4#de 4#ce ,pie plates 4#ee 4#dj ,measure #a4jj 4#hj ,uncovered sauce pans 4#ee 4#ej 4#ge 4#fj #a4ce #a4jj ,basting spoons 4#cj 4#bh ,tea kettle #c4jj #b4ee ,mixing bowls 4#ie #a4bj ,tea pot #a4ge #a4fj ,dipper 4#he ,oval dish pan #b4dj #a4he ,soap dish 4#ee 4#de ,sink drainer 4#ge ,,utensils ,,in ,,glass ,three kitchen glasses 4#aj ,baking dish 7oval7 4#ee ,baking dish 7deep7 #a4ej ,lemon squeezer with holes 4#be ,measuring glass 4#ae ,spice jars ,casseroles 7according to taste as to size and depth7 range in price from #b qts4 at #c4jj to qt4 at #a4be ,individuals at 4#ge ,pie dishes1 shallow 4#ij ,bread pans #a4ge ,layer cake dish1 #i 4#ij ,custard cups1 #d oz4 4#be ,fruit jars1 #a qt4 #a4bj ,fruit jars1 #a pt4 #a4je ,glass butter crock1 #a qt4 4#de ,glass butter crock1 #b qts4 4#gj ,glass butter crock1 #d qts4 #a4jj ,,earthenware ,tea pot 7medium size7 #a4ej ,butter crock 4#ej ,small mixing bowls 7two7 4#fj ,large bowl #d4ej ,casseroles 7individual7 4#ej ,custard cups1 per doz4 #a4gj ,,japanned ,,ware ,bread box #c4jj ,cake box #d4jj ,dust pan 4#fc ,flour bin 7#aj lbs47 #g4jj ,boxes3 ,tea #a4be ,coffee #a4be #c ,sugar #a4ej ,trays 7#b7 4#ge ,salt box #a4ge ,,tin ,,ware ,flour sifter 4#ef ,grater 4#cj ,flour scoop 4#cj ,biscuit cutter 4#be ,apple corer 4#ah ,nutmeg grater 4#ae ,pastry sheet 7#ajag7 4#gj ,steamer1 fits any kettle #d4be ,,iron ,,ware ,garbage pail 7galvanized7 #a4jj ,poker 7coal stove7 4#bj ,lifter 7coal stove7 4#aj ,ash can 7coal7 #e4ge ,,woodenware ,mop handle and mop 4#hj ,broom #a4gj ,chopping ,board 4#ge ,meat board #a4be ,bread board 4#ge ,rolling pin 4#ce ,pair of butter pats 4#ce-4ej ,spoon 4#ae up ,onion chopping board 7an extra board not so called in the shops7 4#be ,towel rack 4#fj ,salt box #a4be ,step chair #e4ge up ,table1 all wood 7#c7 #aj4jj up ,knife board #a4jj up ,,cutlery ,scissors #b4be ,silver nickel #c knives at per doz4 #d4jj #c forks at per doz4 #d4jj #c spoons at per doz4 #d4jj ,set of kitchen cutlery including ,one #b paring knife 8 #c splitting knife 8 household knife and fork 7fine point7 8 ,french bladed knife for general work 8 #f blade for tough vegetables 8 spatula for pastry 8 large spatula for lifting cakes1 candy1 etc4 ,two carving knives #h blade1 stiff #i flexible slicer #e4jj ,measuring spoons 4#ch ,,hardware ,ice pick 4#bj up ,meat skewers 7set7 4#ce ,metal mesh pot cleaner 4#bj ,nut cracker 4#ge up ,can opener 4#aj up ,cork screw 4#de ,,brushes ,bottle 4#ae ,dust #b4fc ,pastry 4#gj ,refrigerator 4#be ,scrubbing 4#fe ,silver #c4fc ,sink 4#ae ,vegetable 4#ab ,stove #b4ge ,,wireware ,egg beater 4#be ,broiler 7coal1 oil1 wood stove7 #b4ej ,deep fat basket #a4fj ,potato masher 4#be ,pure sieve 4#he up ,,fabrics ,,and ,,paper ,cheese cloth1 per yd4 4#ch #f dish towels at 4#ij #f dusters at 4#ej #c floor cloths at 4#dj #b oven cloths at 4#ae-4be ,roller towels #a4be ,roller towel rack #a4ch #f glass towels at #a4be ,,machinery 7,when possible electric4 ,prices here not for electric devices7 ,bread mixer #d4ej ,cake mixer #d4ej ,meat1 nut grinder #d4ej ,egg beater 4#dj ,electric fireless1 #b units ,electric mixing units--,price on inquiry at electric appliance stores4 ,motors--,price on inquiry at electric appliance stores4 ,,general ,pail 7#ab qts47 #b4ch ,scales 7with scoop7 #g4ge ,scrap basket 7metal7 #b4ge ,large needles 4#ce ,labels 7per box7 4#ae ,cork 7per box7 4#ae ,clock #b4ej up to #i4jj ,paper-- ,shelves 7roll7 4#he ,drawer 7roll7 4#he ,wax 7roll7 4#ej ,napkins 7per #a1jjj7 #c4jj up ,a ,,set ,,of ,,utensils ,,in ,,aluminum ,,suitable ,,for ,,family ,,of ,,five ,tea kettle #f4ej ,double boiler #d4je ,straight sauce pan #d4je ,straight sauce pan #b4ce ,sauce pan and cover #a4dj ,preserving kettle and cover #b4ce ,strainer #a4bj ,steamer section #a4hj ,coffee pot #d4ae ,fry pan #c4fj ,pudding pan 4#hj ,pudding pan #a4cj ,bread pan #a4ae ,tubed cake pan #a4he #b jelly cake pans 7each7 #a4bj ,corn cake pan #a4fe ,roaster #g4bj #b pie pans 7each7 4#fb ,measuring cup 4#fj ,mountain cake pan 4#he #c boxes 8,wear-,ever0 cleanser #a4je ,here follows what a first-class aluminum manufactory believes to be a complete set of aluminum for the home4 ,this shows another's ideal of essentials4 ,tea kettle #g4je ,double boiler #d4je ,sauce pan and cover #a4dj ,straight sauce pan #b4jj ,straight sauce pan #b4ce ,sauce pan and cover #a4hh ,preserving kettle1 cover #c4fb ,strainer #a4bj ,steamer section #a4hj ,coffee pot #d4ae ,tea pot #e4he ,fry pan #c4fj ,griddle #e4ee ,waffle mold #c4fe ,pudding pan 4#hj ,pudding pan #a4cj ,bread pan #a4ae ,tubed cake pan #a4he ,mountain cake pan 4#he #b jelly cake pans 7each7 #a4bj ,corn cake pan #a4fe ,gem pan #a4fj ,roaster #g4bj #b pie pans 7each7 4#fb ,measuring cup 4#fj ,tray #a4fe ,water pitcher #f4jj ,jelly mold #b4ij ,see chapter ,,xl for suggestions as to weights and measures4 ,,china ,china for the kitchen can be had at varying prices depending largely on the part of the country where you live--from ten cents upward if there is a dime shop around4 ,yet there are inexpensive sets to be had from time to time at from #bj upward--and downward4 ,it isn't always necessary to buy at the beginning a whole set of china for the kitchen4 ,six of each thing ought to be plenty for a time1 counting breakage1 which is perennial4 ,platters for the ice box in enamel are excellent1 but if you have extra plates for kitchen use they might 7subject to easier breakage7 be utilized4 ,,the ,,cook ,,book ,last but not by any means least is the cook book4 ,for what availeth it if you have utensils by the score if you know not how to fill them and manage foods in them8 ,there are many books on the market of fame and repute1 but we have yet to see one for the beginner that outdoes the ,home ,science ,cook ,book1 by ,anna ,barrows and ,mary ,b4 ,lincoln4 ,both these women have cooked and lectured and taught the science of cookery1 and1 what is more1 they know its practise4 ,in this book are to be found simple1 brief1 successful1 economical recipes and methods of serving which in their very simplicity knock terror out of the culinary life for the matrimonial initiate4 ,the writer of this article has had eulogies heaped upon her by various brides and even experienced housekeepers for the knowledge given them of this book4 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,canning ,,and ,,preserving ,to get the best results in canning and preserving fruits and vegetables 7disregarding1 of course1 the necessity of good recipes1 for this is not a cooking history in any sense of the word7 you must use the best set of utensils4 ,it has now been proven that the process of packing fruits and vegetables into containers1 and sterilizing them after packing1 is a better method than the old way of cooking in an open kettle1 transferring hot to the jar1 and sealing without further sterilization4 ,therefore1 you must know what utensils to use for the process 7that is1 the final application of heat to the sterilized product7 as well as for the packing4 ,there are canners made for the express purpose of doing this work and they must be chosen for the amount of work necessary to be done4 ,the small1 hot-water canner is the least expensive for home use and is good for fruits and tomatoes4 ,these two are canned in this safely at the boiling point1 and are often better than products processed at higher temperature in other canners4 ,if you have not got a water-seal canner or a cast-iron1 steam-pressure canner1 or a small1 portable hot-water canner 7water bath canner71 you can use a wash boiler or bucket or an aluminum or enamel combination roaster-canner1 or an enamel or aluminum boiler1 if you place the bottles of fruit during the processing on a false bottom and put on a tight cover4 ,the false bottom1 of course1 is best made of strips of wood and keeps the glass jars from contact with the metal container1 which is dangerously near the flame4 ,this1 of course1 is to prevent breakage4 ,you can use wire netting and galvanized trays1 which must be raised #a to #b above the vessel floor to permit circulation of water underneath the jars4 ,a very simple steam-canner is on the market now1 made of copper covered with nickel4 ,,the ,,processes ,,of ,,canning ,the processes of canning are well known--the cleansing of fruits and containers1 the scalding or blanching1 cold dipping1 packing1 processing1 air releasing and sealing4 ,for these processes the following articles are used3 ,colander2 steamer for blanching2 preserving kettle when preserving2 ladle2 measuring cup2 funnel2 canner or aluminum or enamel roaster-canner2 strainer2 dipper2 silver knife2 shallow trays2 pans2 vegetable brushes for cleaning2 sieve2 squares of cheese cloth also for blanching2 wire basket2 teaspoon2 spatula 7a most convenient pliable blade to use like a paddle to let air out of the jars before sealing72 scales2 and saccharometer if accurate work is necessary in preserving4 ,wooden spoons and saucepans are necessary if the product to be packed is to be cooked4 ,also the indispensable handle with which to lift the jar from the hot processing utensil4 ,in using the aluminum roaster and canner with rack1 fill half the lower pan with hot water4 ,place the rack in position1 and set the jars on the rack4 ,place the caps on the jars lightly--do not screw them down tight4 ,place the cover on the canner1 being sure that the ventilator is closed tight in order to confine all the steam4 ,only one burner is necessary in case a gas1 gasoline or oil stove is used4 ,after the water begins to boil1 the flame may be turned down one-third to one-half--just keep the water boiling nicely for the proper length of time as per schedule4 ,when the time necessary for sterilization has elapsed1 remove the cover from the canner1 and the jars can be taken out without difficulty4 ,then come the mechanical parers1 hullers for strawberries1 stones for cherries1 corers and slicers1 all valuable when the products to be preserved or canned are in sufficient quantity to warrant their purchase4 ,of course1 a good steel knife must always be in the kitchen1 and a thermometer makes work less haphazard1 for the kitchen without a thermometer is like a motor car without a speedometer4 ,,preserving ,,and ,,canning ,,jars ,probably of all the pernickety parts of preserving and canning operations1 the jar question is the most jarring 7pardon the pun1 but it truly must have had its genesis here1 and one can't refrain from putting a joke back on its native heath674 ,we will entirely disregard the tin container because it is rarely1 if ever1 used in the home4 ,in the use of glass jars the same attributes of construction1 efficiency1 utility and economy must be considered4 ,there are numerous brands and variations of these brands on the market4 ,sometimes1 in a canning or preserving operation1 strange to say1 the contents of five jars will turn out well1 and the sixth will be a failure4 ,this is1 of course1 due to the human or inhuman equation4 ,here are some of the types3 #a4 ,glass jars with metal screw tops lined with porcelain1 made more air-tight by a rubber ring4 ,these tops can be used again and again4 #b4 ,glass jars with glass tops fastened by a wire clamp1 plus the rubber ring4 ,the tops are usable again and again4 #c4 ,glass jars with flat metal tops held on temporarily by a metal clamp until firmly sealed and then taken off4 ,these look neat and ship-shape1 but the top must be punctured before its removal and therefore new caps must be bought each time4 #d4 ,glass jars with flat metal cap over the rubber ring and a bracelet ring with thread and overlapping top edge which1 when screwed over1 holds the top securely4 ,these tops can be used indefinitely4 #e4 ,glass jar with hermetic seal with lacquered metal top2 around the inner edge of the top is a narrow lining of a composition which1 when heated1 softens and sticks to glass1 and while the adhering is going on a wire clamp holds it together and is removed after it is sealed4 ,it is self-sealing but you are unable to remove cover if for any reason during the processing it has to be removed4 ,the government has this to say about the types mentioned above3 8,if the old-fashioned screw-top jar is used 7,no4 #a71 good caps are essential for safety4 ,after having been used the edge of this cap becomes flared and the porcelain lining frequently is loosened from the top4 ,this lid then not only is difficult to sterilize but may fail to give an air-tight seal4 ,if such jars are on hand and must be used1 it will be better to use them for the canning of fruits1 preserves1 and other products which are easily processed and to secure jars of the lightning-seal type for vegetables which are more difficult to preserve40 ,in preserving it is always well to put a three-ply hot towel underneath the jar when pouring hot material into the jar to insure against breakage--especially when the table has a glass or porcelain-like top4 ,,sealing ,,tests ,if1 after twenty-four hours1 the seal or hermetic jars can be lifted by their lids without falling from grace or from anything else1 the seal is pretty sure to keep the contents in good shape4 ,screw-top jars can be tested by inverting in order to discover leakage4 ,all jars should be tested and reprocessed if jars leak4 ,sad to say1 foods in the best seal containers are often ravaged by the culinary ,bolsheviki which are bacteria forming in the most airless jars4 ,unless all the bacteria are killed in processing1 the tight seal is no indication of salvation4 ,to make safety surer1 the laws of cleanliness must be observed to a scrupulous degree4 ,the table scoured and covered with oil cloth1 to prevent dirt2 refuse cans near at hand to prevent any accumulations of bacteria or decay2 containers and tops boiled at least fifteen minutes before using1 and used as soon after as is possible1 and then inverted either in water or on an exquisitely clean surface until used4 ,rubber rings for sealing jars must be cleaned immediately before using by dropping1 for one minute1 into a boiling solution of soda and water 7one quart of water to one teaspoonful of soda7 and removing quickly from fire to prevent rubber deterioration4 ,buy only the very best rubber rings on the market or else your crop may fail4 ,new rings must be bought for every canning and preserving process4 ,preserving is the result when whole fruits are cooked in syrup until the syrup is clear and transparent4 ,the object is to have the fruit thoroughly permeated with the syrup4 ,preserving then is the process of introducing syrup into the fruit4 ,a ,united ,states ,government authority says3 8,in order to prevent shrinkage it is necessary to put fruit at first into this syrup and increase its density slowly enough for diffusion to take place and for the fruit to be permeated with the syrup4 ,this is done by boiling the fruit in syrup or by alternately cooking and allowing the product to stand immersed in the syrup1 the density of the syrup being increased by evaporation or by substituting a heavier syrup for the lighter one after each period of standing4 ,if at any time the fruit shrivels or wrinkles the syrup should be made less dense by the addition of water4 ,if this process be carried on gradually enough the fruit may be completely saturated with sugar 7as is the case with crystallized products7 without shrinking40 ,,density ,,measures ,when there is much preserving to do1 and absolute accuracy is a saver of money and time1 a measure is used for determining the density of the liquids4 ,this is called a saccharometer4 ,it is inexpensive1 about the same price as a thermometer1 and consists of a long glass spindle like a thermometer with a scale on it1 but1 instead of mercury1 the bulb is full of shot4 ,when put in a vessel of water it rests at the bottom of the vessel and registers zero4 ,as the density increases the spindle rises until the solution is saturated with sugar at the temperature indicated1 the reading being one hundred4 ,this1 however1 is the ,balling scale4 ,the ,brix scale is more accurate and is more expensive4 ,when using a saccharometer use a #bej cubic centimeter glass cylinder1 or a brass saccharometer cup for the liquid4 ,the preserving kettle and the rest of the list of tools can be used for preserving4 ,for cooling1 enamel or aluminum trays are the best4 ,fruits will discolor tin4 ,when jars are full1 as mentioned before1 slip a paddle1 silver knife 7silver doesn't discolor fruit7 or spatula through the fruit next to the container when packed to remove air bubbles4 ,,aluminum ,,utensils ,aluminum is light and enduring and contrary to allegations1 cooking acids in aluminum utensils does no harm whatever4 ,in fact1 if any chemical action should take place1 it does in the aluminum1 and not in the food4 ,chemists use it to cook acids in sometimes which is a proof of the hardness of it in cooking fruit acids4 ,if compounds were formed with aluminum1 they are entirely harmless and have no more effect than any of the organic salts4 ,salts solutions can be cooked in aluminum1 but don't store a concentrated brine as pickling mixtures in aluminum1 or the aluminum may become pitted4 ,to clean aluminum never use a strong alkali4 ,steel wool is the best cleanser on the market at present4 ,if when a utensil is washed any slight stains or discoloration on the inside are immediately removed with some steel wool and a mild soap1 it will be kept in a bright and shiny condition all the time4 ,oxalic acid is often recommended as one means of removing the discoloration from aluminum1 as it unites so readily with the iron or mineral deposit which sometimes forms on the aluminum from the action of hard water4 ,this1 however1 we do not generally recommend as it is not a safe plan to have it around4 ,,enamel ,,ware ,enamel ware has a steel basis coated with porcelain4 ,probably no cooking utensil has so long and classic an inheritance1 for enamel on metal1 as jewelry1 comes to us from the ancients1 but it is not until modern times that this process has been used for cookery4 ,the porcelain or enamel is so spread1 hardened and annealed or tempered that it is about as elastic as the steel and therefore does not break or crack under high temperatures4 ,but the cheaper qualities are not reliable2 consequently buy the best4 ,there is no chance of appendicitis in using enamel ware for never has any intestinal disturbance been found to have originated from chipping enamel 7as has been said by enamel's enemies74 ,so have no fear about using good quality enamel or aluminum or any other of the best quality utensils sold to you by reputable manufacturers4 ,you are not only safe but fortunate when you can afford the best variety of the best species4 ,the enamel merchants say that their ware is decorative and therefore lends charm to the kitchen because it can be bought in blue1 green1 white1 gray1 maroon1 etc41 and we add1 too1 that aluminum is decorative and it adds a silver-like touch to a well put-together kitchen4 ,enamel is cleaned like a china plate1 with plain water and good soap2 whereas burn adheres more tightly to an enamel dish than an aluminum dish1 it is easily removed and the upkeep simple and swift1 adding much comfort to the housewife4 ,in the purchase of any utensil1 see that it is smooth1 seamless1 crackless1 air-bubbleless1 and light in weight4 ,,electric ,,canning ,,and ,,preserving ,when it comes to canning and preserving1 the electrically equipped kitchen is splendidly prepared to handle this matter with the greatest ease and facility4 ,where there is a large electric range1 it is unnecessary to have any additional canning machinery1 for the sterilizing of the jars can be done right in the oven of the range4 ,the jars may or may not be immersed in a water-bath1 just as it suits the cook1 without the bath is certainly easier and quicker1 for the jars1 when cold-packed in the usual way1 are merely set on a rack in the oven4 ,in this case1 however1 care must be observed not to keep them there the full length of time prescribed in the water-bath method1 lest the rubber rings be scorched and afterwards develop defects4 ,failing a large electric range1 the next best thing is the electric fireless cooker4 ,into this1 a few jars may be placed at a time1 kept at 8high heat0 long enough for the contents to reach the boiling point1 when the automatic time-clock attachment will then throw the cooker on the 8low0 for the sterilization period4 ,this method of canning is particularly desirable for suburban households where the kitchen garden is only of medium size2 in that case the 8crops0 usually are produced in just about the quantity to make this the normal way of canning4 ,with both of these electrical methods1 it will be noticed that there is no huge1 cumbersome and heavy boiler to be handled1 a great labor-saving feature4 ,in the electric kitchen1 jams and marmalades are made in open kettles on top of the stove1 or for that matter1 can be cooked on the much smaller table appliances4 ,the even1 dependable temperature furnished by electric heat is appreciated in these long1 slow-cooking processes1 where with other methods1 there is danger of burning unless ceaseless watch is maintained4 ,in some of the new stoves1 you can set the containers right in the oven 7see ,gas ,ranges ,chapter ,,vii also ,electric ,ranges ,chapter ,,vi and ,oil ,stoves ,chapter ,,viii74 ,this is a great saving of effort to the woman without a maid1 as in this way the canning and preserving processes can be much simplified1 if attention is given to cutting out extra utensils and processes4 ,for a household where marmalade1 jelly and fruit-juice making is carried on on a large scale1 an electric fruit-juice extractor adds greatly to the rapidity with which the work can be done4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,casseroles ,,or ,,the ,,revolution ,,culinary 8,since my daughter came back from driving an ambulance in ,france and from living in the various towns1 she has not only brought back an international atmosphere with her but she is quite a ,kitchen ,red4 ,she has revolutionized our whole culinary system40 8,you strike terror to my soul4 ,what can you mean80 ,i said with amusement4 8,well1 since she has returned she is keen for cutting down unnecessary effort and unnecessary processes and she thinks that the ,french have solved the simplifying of cookery by the use of the casserole or casserole system as ,i like to call it60 ,it is quite true that these fads are overdone1 generally4 ,but this is no fad1 as it's been popular for ons1 and if it had not been1 why should you not give it a trial8 ,because a thing can be used intemperately is no reason why it should not be attempted4 ,we drink water1 yet we don't choke or drown ourselves very often4 ,in these servant famine days where people either have none1 one or a very depleted staff of them1 processes must be cut down1 handling of utensils must be decreased4 ,therefore1 cooking in dishes that can be used on the table1 and coming directly from the stove1 cuts the use of one set of dishes1 of washing the extra dishes1 and as these utensils are of pottery or glass the ease with which they can be washed cuts this process in half4 ,these casserole dishes are made in glazed pottery1 white on the inside and you can buy them in pretty nearly every color1 as far as the outside is concerned4 ,because of the heat-conducting attributes of pottery long and slow cooking is the result of their usage4 ,this fact is1 of course1 their greatest asset1 because slow cooking is necessary to bring out the best flavors and render food more digestible4 ,casserole cookery--after all with the ,french it means really a kind of dish4 ,adapted to our use as mentioned before1 it is a system by which cooking is done 7slowly in the casserole7 in utensils usable on the table4 ,strictly speaking1 casserole cookery is cooking done in the casserole4 ,the ,french use the casserole for made-over dishes and have given the world a fund of dishes and ideas which have saved much money and besides given much pleasure4 ,this1 of course1 is a culinary as well as an economic feat4 ,and probably one of the best uses of the casserole is the fact that tough cuts of meat and cheaper grades of vegetables which are just as nutritious as the expensive are rendered delicious and appetizing by this slow casserole cooking4 ,the appearance of these dishes is enough to stimulate the jaded palate4 ,they come1 too1 with cases made in the different metals3 copper1 brass1 iron and silver4 ,the dish as it is taken from the stove is slipped into one of these open-work cases and gives quite a finish to the table4 ,these holders1 be it remembered1 are not necessary1 but for that reason they are alluring4 ,but1 people are prone to think that casserole cookery means living on stews and cheap cuts all the time4 ,but this is entirely wrong1 as you can bake1 roast1 boil and braise in these dishes4 ,excellent cake and bread1 soup and fruits can be cooked and all very deliciously4 ,scalloped dishes and marmites and things in ramekins are very good1 too4 ,these are casserole cookery1 too1 only those dishes are for the most part 8individuals10 and these individual dishes are often made in the more delicate pottery wares4 ,naturally1 you do not have to use the family size always4 ,they are so made that they do not break if you use ordinary common sense with them4 ,when they are new1 they should be set in very cold water for a few hours1 let the cook apply gradual heat1 never sudden heat1 and remember that she must not put them on or in the stove without something in them1 and that when she uses them on top of the stove she must put asbestos or metal trays under them to insulate them from too direct a heat4 ,common or uncommon sense has to be used with all cooking utensils to lengthen their lives4 ,but here are some of the good points in casserole cookery3--,less liquid need be added when using them as the food in long cooking cooks its own juices2 left-over foods become delicious in them2 freshly cooked foods become most appetizing2 the tight covers keep in all aroma and flavor 7if the cover doesn't fit tight enough a little flour paste around the top of the casserole will seal it completely72 there is no burn to remove when washing these dishes and food cannot adhere obstinately to cause a loss of time and patience2 anything that is to be removed is very evident and rubbing it off the smooth sides is very rapidly accomplished4 ,and they look so well after they are cleaned that the cook is well repaid4 ,in buying casserole dishes1 you should be sure that they are smooth on the inside and outside with no little blisters or cracks4 ,the best casseroles are not expensive and it is very encouraging to-day to get anything with epicurean attributes at proletarian prices4 ,women should try things as business men try things when they are cutting down expenses1 and operations4 ,and it doesn't matter how wealthy a firm is either when cost reduction can be made4 ,isn't it queer that our wealthy women never think of cutting costs in their kitchens8 ,yet the wealthy firm is always trying to shave costs4 ,after women realize that slow cookery is healthiest and is most economical1 why do they persist in being too conservative to buy new things8 ,there seems to be no reason except that they may unconsciously feel that were they to begin on slow cookery1 they would adhere to it so rapidly that rapid cookery would fade away4 ,it may be recalled that some housekeepers insist upon cooking even the demi-tasse in paper bags6 ,but to save the rapid cookery processes1 the glass utensil has been born and is waxing popular4 ,rapidity is its chief attribute4 ,by this rapidity in cooking there is a saving of fuel1 and as the utensils are taken directly from the stove1 as are the casseroles1 and used on the tables1 there is the same saving of service time4 ,these glass utensils bring out the flavors in all kinds of foods2 they do not absorb odors or greases2 they are very easy to keep clean2 there is never any burn to remove and one can always see inside the utensil to find out how the food is faring6 ,on first thought you may fear breakage4 ,but they don't break4 ,they are strongly guaranteed against breakage in the oven4 ,they are annealed so perfectly that they can stand intense and sudden heat and not break4 ,chauffeurs from ,france came back with great tales of safety glass which is used on motors4 ,this glass rarely breaks4 ,even if hit by shrapnel it simply cracks and crazes4 ,this fact will give confidence in what the scientific manufacturers of glass are doing to-day4 ,this cooking glass is also made in engraved patterns which make it suitable for the most exacting table use4 ,but why is it that cooking can be done so much more rapidly in the glass ware8 ,because the glass utensil utilizes by the nature of glass composition every bit of heat in the oven and the metal utensil does not4 ,this is proved by putting a metal and a glass pot in the oven equally full of water and the glass pot will boil very soon while the 444 you can guess the rest4 ,of course1 this glass is only usable in the oven4 ,it is really miracle stuff because even boiling water poured into one of the utensils won't break it4 ,can everything be cooked in this ware8 ,a pretty good range3 light omelets1 dried fruit1 cake1 bread1 meat and rechauffrs4 ,the glass casserole is very much in vogue at present because the glass ware is adaptable to slow cooking1 too4 ,it's amazing1 isn't it1 to think what can be done with glass and china fire-proof as they have become6 ,yet it isn't when you think of crossing the ocean in sixteen hours4 ,but what is amazing is that some women are so slow to investigate and are willing to live in their unexplored medival culinary ruts1 while in every other line they seem to be so up and coming4 ,but women that do their own work are far more forward looking4 ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,furnishing ,,your ,,kitchen ,furnishing the kitchen sounds simple enough4 ,but it is not4 ,everything put into the kitchen must have not only beauty and uniformity1 but also utility1 durability1 tool shop convenience1 and the maximum hygienic attributes4 ,in one word1 the furnishings must have absolute utensibility4 ,in the other rooms 7save the bathroom7 you can humorously tell your decorator to do it in early ,pullman or seriously in ,louis ,quinze--and all will be well4 ,your furniture in these rooms must be passably durable1 consistent1 and beautiful1 but it need not be unstainable1 washable1 non-absorbent1 rigid1 non-corrosive1 etc41 etc4 ,equipping a kitchen is like equipping a medical laboratory--skill must be employed4 ,,the ,,table ,chief among the furnishings of the kitchen are the table and its relatives4 ,they have to be rigid1 enduring1 and must be the correct size for the job and the correct kind for the work they are meant to do4 ,the table has been the storm center of discussion for years4 ,the problem is this3--to find a table top that is non-absorbent1 easily cleaned 7not holding stains like an artist's palette71 not brittle1 not cracking under changes of temperature or when utensils are dropped upon it4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,duparquet1 ,huot ,moneuse ,,showing ,,the ,,meat-,,chopping ,,table1 ,,range1 ,,table ,,arrangement1 ,,rubber ,,mats1 ,,sink1 ,,and ,,pot ,,shelf ,,arrangement ,for if you are doing your own work1 you do not want to be scraping and cleaning all day1 and if you have servitors you will want them for more productive work4 ,this is a big order4 ,teachers1 scientific experts1 and manufacturers of laboratory conveniences 7they are never called kitchen conveniences in these circles6 ,would this nomenclature help the servant problem87 have massed their findings and the results of the world-wide demand for a practical kitchen table top are the following3 ,enamel ,tops4 ,these 7and their confrres vitrolite1 etc47 are excellent if you know that the manufacturer is good4 ,they do not crack or craze 7fall into multitudinous vein-like cracks7 and break with ordinary usage4 ,the enamel is baked over steel or iron and should be at least three coats thick4 ,glass ,tops4 ,not for general utility1 but well adapted for the pastry table since with this top no special pastry board is needed4 ,glass tops are really very beautiful and have every qualification but unbreakableness4 ,some new patents are less brittle than old makes4 ,marble ,tops4 ,excellent for the pastry table1 and if one can afford them1 fine for most things4 ,there is only the remotest chance that they may break and only when they are less than #b thick4 ,white ,metal ,tops4 ,excellent1 non-corrosive1 flat coverings4 ,they are expensive but do not need any nursing to keep them in order4 ,zinc ,tops4 ,very much used1 but these tops buckle and puff and are very much affected by acids and alkalis4 ,wooden ,tops4 ,far better than zinc for the householder who cannot afford the other tops4 ,the wood can be treated with non-staining varnish1 or a varnish that can stand heat without being annihilated1 and you will have a fine table4 ,if this is not possible1 the ordinary wooden table1 fresh from the shop1 if covered with linoleum or oil cloth1 is very useful and durable1 especially since the linoleum can be changed inexpensively and often4 ,there may be a metal binder around the wooden table top if desired4 ,composition ,tops4 ,these need a guarantee as they are often of glass or some mixture undefined4 ,tin ,tops4 ,these are not used any more1 as far as we know4 ,,special ,,tables ,the ordinary table length is from #c to #g1 depending upon the size of the kitchen4 ,there are usually from one to three tables in use1--more often two4 ,the ordinary heights are from #cb to #bh4 ,get the height that fits your workers4 ,be sure to find this out if possible2 otherwise you will have to make a later arrangement4 ,maple is a satisfactory wood for strong tables2 ash1 and pine for the cheaper kind of top4 ,the marble top table is the royal pastry table1 which1 of course1 though not a luxury1 is an extra table4 ,fancy a seven foot marble slab #b thick6 ,isn't it like an ,alma ,tadema conception6 ,the pastry table usually has a rack of some sort beneath it1 either slatted or solid4 ,this rack may be half shelf and half electric plate warmer4 ,in smaller homes the pastry table of #c length is the most convenient with a somewhat thinner marble top or glass top4 ,the top of the cook's table is sometimes divided into two parts1 one part made of marble or glass for pastry work and the other part of polished wood for ordinary pursuits4 ,this effects the saving of a table if the cooks do not squabble or there is but one cook and little room6 ,the cook's table is placed opposite the range and has a #g pot rack attached4 ,the legs of most of these high-grade tables are tipped with metal to keep them unspotted from the washings of the floor4 ,the trimmings1 too1 are of the same metal1 formerly called ,german silver4 ,it would not be a bad idea to have a metallic tip of some sort put on the legs of the less expensive tables1 to keep them from wearing and to maintain a rigidity well beloved in tables4 ,for there is no happiness in table tipping outside of the spiritual seance6 ,,kitchen ,,cabinets ,a kitchen cabinet 7see also ,chapter ,,xxvii1 ,kitchen ,cabinets7 is a thing of duty and joy forever4 ,it is the first cousin to the table and really is but the table extended and expanded into drawers and shelves and closets4 ,it signifies the demand of the modern housewife for a shipshape tool chest with all the materials ready to her hand so that there may be no reaching1 stretching1 or relay races around the kitchen in the preparation of the recurring daily meals4 ,for the most part these cabinets are moveable4 ,that is1 they are not built into the walls of the room4 ,at present1 however1 architects are planning for them as stationary and essential parts of the kitchen equipment4 ,,materials ,steel and wood are the materials out of which the cabinet is made4 ,the steel ones are better in many ways than the wooden types because they are easier to clean and are more protected against vermin4 ,however1 the wooden cabinets which are built with rounded corners are a close second to the steel cabinet1 since these corners cannot become a receptacle for food waste and are practically vermin proof4 ,wooden cabinets are finished in a hard enamel paint and can be washed with impunity4 ,some kitchen cabinets are equipped with a rolling door which folds upwards2 others have swinging doors4 ,the swinging door1 although it extends into the room a few inches1 has the convenience of being able to hold extra little racks for extra little things1 such as small bottles1 market lists1 and the like4 ,never fill your cabinet too full of things1 as they are prone to fall down and jangle the nerves of the worker1 thus really defeating the purpose for which the cabinet is built1 which is maximum convenience4 ,besides the table top1 which is used as a molding board1 there are places for the flour bin1 sugar container1 bread1 cake1 pots1 pans1 rolling pin1 cutlery1 jars1 dishes1 marketing slips1 and even the favorite cook book4 ,the kitchen cabinet is a boon to the small housekeeper and is becoming so appreciated for its concentration of work and saving of steps that even the owners of large homes insist on installing it4 ,that is why architects are including the kitchen cabinet in their plans4 ,it means a saving of #ge of toil and thus becomes a factor in making servants willing to stay with you4 ,where there are no servants employed you1 ,mrs4 ,wife1 get the benefit6 ,there are many smaller cabinets on the market4 ,the sink closet1 which contains all the sink soap1 swabs and brushes1 a real convenience indeed1 as is the long and narrow broom closet1 for brooms and cleaning materials4 ,until you have your brooms properly garaged your nerves never will be entirely rested4 ,dealers and manufacturers are ready1 in fact1 to make any sort of a cabinet for you if they are not in stock4 ,don't be bashful1 get what you need for your kitchen--but never get more than you can use4 ,small neat white cabinets are made1 to fit corners as well as flat spaces1 and give the kitchen the efficient1 clean look of the laboratory4 ,,shelving ,,units ,steel shelving and built-in kitchen cabinets are growing more and more popular4 ,stationary shelves1 built once and for all1 can be installed1 or you can begin with a few units and as you require more they can be bolted on to what you have1 just like sectional bookcases4 ,these shelves are covered with three coats of enamel baked on steel and very durable1 having the same qualities as the good table3--rigidity1 non-absorption1 and ease in cleaning4 ,they are the parallel of the steel filing case in the office--and that is another sign that the kitchen is becoming as systematic as the business sanctum4 ,just as soon as the home approximates the efficiency and standardization of the office1 just so soon will the servant problem cease to be4 ,but we are not discussing the millennium in this chapter4 ,the shelves can be made with or without doors4 ,of course doors are a little help in the fight against dust1 yet even they are not infallible enemies of this household nuisance4 ,very often under the shelves the plate warmer and the refrigerator are placed4 ,their close proximity shows that the refrigerator is insulated against the heat and the plate warmer is insulated against the cold4 ,this is really an object lesson in the possible self-identification of good apparatus4 ,this arrangement will work well both in the pantry and in the kitchen4 ,wooden shelves are less expensive than the steel ones1 but require careful attention1 frequent cleaning1 and new coverings at intervals4 ,plate glass shelves are being used of late4 ,,plate ,,warmer ,in speaking about the above luxurious pastry and cook's tables1 we touched on the matter of plate warmers4 ,in small homes plate warming is accomplished by ovens1 oven tops1 or warming plates arranged above the ovens or stove4 ,in larger homes1 however1 where guests are many and often and plates and dishes multitudinous1 the electric plate warmer has come to do the work4 ,it may be under a table1 as you have seen above or it may be a separate entity4 ,the doors of the plate warmer are generally of the sliding variety and are of a special make of iron1 trimmed with steel or white metal4 ,the interior of the warmer is perfectly insulated with asbestos and other materials4 ,it does not warm the kitchen4 ,this is proved by the possibility of its being placed next to a refrigerator without any bad results to the ice4 ,there is a little ruby pilot light which tells you if the electricity is on or off1 thus obviating the chance of unnecessary heat getting out when you wish to find out whether the warmer is functioning or not4 ,the electric warmer usually stands a little higher than a table1 but does not alter the size of the table when built underneath it4 ,,chairs ,,and ,,stools ,since the kitchen is in no way a lounge1 the chair in the kitchen is really only another tool to assist in the work or possibly to permit a few moments of relaxation4 ,of course1 it is quite obvious that in some kitchens which are a combination sitting room1 living room and dining room1 the chair and even the couch are real comfort factors4 ,however1 this type of room is not being considered here4 ,in the kind of kitchen we are furnishing the ordinary modified ,windsor chair is as good a model as any we know1 and can and should be finished to match the rest of the kitchen4 ,the stool is most convenient and should be about #bd in height1 because a worker can work efficiently while sitting on this4 ,the chair step-ladder is convenient in rooms in which you have had to build high shelves for sufficient storage room1 lack of space being the only excuse for such unreachable shelves4 ,there is1 too1 the ladder-stool1 which serves the same purpose as this chair step-ladder combination4 ,the little wooden step is a convenience if perchance your kitchen maid is not an ,amazon and needs a few more inches added to her1 or if your cook happens1 too1 not to be of heroic mold4 ,in small kitchens the settle-table is a convenience4 ,for when a bench is needed it can be used as a bench1 and presto6 when a table is needed1 it is quickly changed into a table--the two things taking but the space of one4 ,,mats ,stone1 composition1 tile1 and even wood floors are often very trying to the feet and back of your kitchen denizen4 ,a strip or two of linoleum or cork is a great relief as it adds to the unrelenting floor a little elasticity and resiliency which takes the strain off the feet and makes for comfort and ease4 ,these materials are the best1 for they are washable and non-absorbent1 and they add rather than detract from the beauty of the surroundings4 ,if the strips are not usable1 mats can be bought or made for the space to be filled4 ,,matching ,,up ,it is quite as possible to have uniformity in your kitchen as well as in your other rooms4 ,even if the kitchen must be fixed up after the architect has done his worst1 you can at least have the same color scheme throughout4 ,there are on the market to-day kitchen furnishings to suit every pocket1 so there is really little excuse for a kitchen to look heterogeneous and messy4 ,furnishing a kitchen is a most tempting problem1 especially with not too full a purse4 ,the trouble is mostly that people who know nothing about a kitchen always furnish it1 because it is considered easy4 ,it isn't easy4 ,even after furnishings are bought if they are not placed well they are of as little value as if they did not exist4 ,in getting household apparatus the first and great demand is3 ,know your manufacturer4 ,and the second is as important3 ,buy the best you can afford after the most careful thought1 and be very sure where it is going to be placed when you get it4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,kitchen ,,cosmetics ,like women1 kitchens must be made up continuously to be kept up4 ,like women1 the fairer and even blonder they are the more attractive they seem to be2 but unlike women1 they must never be applied with powder 7as a beautifier7 or with oils1 varnishes and paints which for any reason disintegrate into powder4 ,every ,domiologist 7the author's coinage for home scientist7 likes a light1 clean1 glistening kitchen4 ,oils1 paints and varnishes and their relatives1 enamels1 shellacs and lacquers1 do the trick4 ,this article is not going to teach you to be a painter1 but ought to give you the salient facts of kitchen 8make up10 which every ,domiologist should have in her mental1 if not actual1 filing case4 ,furthermore1 in the maidless or maided house the basic supply of to-be-cleaned-things must be as nearly self-supporting as possible4 ,hence a smoothly varnished wood-work and un-peeling painted wall or ceiling will go a long way to simplifying the care of the kitchen1 yea the whole house4 ,briefly1 paint1 according to ,wood1 is any liquid or semi-liquid substance applied to any metallic1 wooden or other surface1 to protect it from corrosion or decay or to give color or gloss or all of these qualities to it4 ,note the stress on the protective quality4 ,according to ,heckel3 ,paint is a mixture of opaque or semi-opaque substances 7pigments7 with liquids1 capable of application to surface by means of a brush or a painting machine1 or by dipping and forming an adherent coating thereon4 ,house paints are made of pigments1 drying oils 7volatile or thinners71 driers or 8,japans0 and varnishes4 ,pigments are divided into white bases 7like oxide of zinc1 the most important71 inert reinforcing pigments1 natural earth colors1 chemical colors1 pigment lakes1 etc4 ,varnish enhances the beauty of surfaces1 protects them from injury1 increases the luster or hardness of other coatings1 excludes moisture and gases1 vapors and other atmospheric agencies of decomposition or decay4 ,,preventives ,,of ,,disease ,paint and varnishes in the main have been thought to be beautifiers only1 but in reality they are much more than this1 for they are very complete means for the maintenance of sanitary conditions in the kitchen and are made for application on metals1 cement1 concrete1 plaster1 wood1 etc4 ,therefore1 there is nothing in the kitchen that cannot be re-surfaced if necessary4 ,cracks and holes spell vermin and germ traps1 which make efficient distribution centers for disease4 ,here is where paints and varnishes and the adjuncts not only fill the cracks1 but fill the bill before the physician has time to send his4 ,the best blanket dictum to remember is that3 ,cleanliness is next to hole-iness4 ,fill up the holes1 cracks1 splits1 roughnesses and unevennesses4 ,render all surfaces non-porous by application of liquid paint fillers4 ,but before all else1 scrape and pumice and wash surfaces with good old soap and water4 ,benzine is very often not sufficiently efficient in preparing for paint applications4 ,evenness1 cleanliness1 non-porousness1 these three1 and1 to be ,irish1 the greatest of these is elbow grease--the best of all kitchen cosmetics applied in preparation and in brushwork4 ,,choose ,,the ,,manufacturer ,,first 8,what criterion have we10 asks the ,domiologist1 8in the choice of paints80 ,the answer is1 8,choose the manufacturer1 then choose the paint40 ,no household has a laboratory1 and the widest advertised paint brands have stood the test4 ,consequently1 a can opener1 the paint1 and an all-seeing eye to keep abreast of the advertisements are the requirements for the pocket laboratory4 ,but1 the standard for any paint is the overworked word 8service40 ,if the paint you and your friends have used does not wear1 get another make4 ,but by all means1 do not use these things blindly any more than you would use face powder without knowing the brand4 ,buy the best4 ,in no other household commodity is this advice more important4 ,sometimes the best paints and varnishes deteriorate in storage or transit1 by being kept in too cold a room1 and may be explosive if treated with too high a temperature4 ,,paint ,,rules ,in buying paint it will do no harm to bear in mind3 #a4 ,that one gallon of paint should be distributable over an area 7in two coats7 of #cjj square feet4 #b4 ,a good paint should produce a surface that is neither too hard nor too soft4 ,surfaces that are too hard are prone to chipping and cracking or splitting4 ,sometimes they remain sticky if they are too soft1 or chalk or powder or flow4 #c4 ,the average life of a good application of good paint is four years4 ,it ought to last fifteen years1 but to-day in our apartments we are glad if it lasts one month4 ,three years is the minimum1 but a simple pigment paint frequently plays out in three years4 #d4 ,that paint must be durable in color and should last at least four years under normal conditions4 ,good floor paints and varnishes can stand dragging furniture1 walking1 hot utensils1 steam1 water1 even alcohol and greases4 #e4 ,that good paints should leave surfaces suitable for repainting1 which1 being interpreted1 means that the old paint should be still unbroken1 making paste or liquid fillers practically unnecessary4 ,paste fillers with or without color are used to fill deep cracks1 etc41 not1 however1 caused by broken paint surfaces1 but by faulty construction1 warping1 blows in plaster1 wear1 and such injuries4 ,the common ills which are met with in paint life are3 #a4 ,peeling1 cracking or powdering1 due to imperfect attachment1 probably on greasy1 damp or over artificially heated surfaces from which the moisture is driven up through the paint4 #b4 ,blistering1 due to underlying vaporized moisture4 ,an excess of volatile oil prevents this4 ,it often occurs on incompletely dried lumber1 and often light or some chemical agency is the cause4 #c4 ,alligatoring1 incipient cracks due to heavy coats of paint applied to unseasoned wood especially if the paint is drier1 tougher or more elastic than the under coats4 #d4 ,wear4 ,this is the only legitimate ill1 if it takes place after the allotted period of its life4 ,the common epidemics in varnish life are bloom 7opalescence71 blistering1 spotting1 cracking1 sweating1 powdering1 livering1 crawling 7refusal to spread71 flasking1 deadening 7loss of luster71 pitting1 silking 7looks like enameled silk71 seedy or specky1 wrinkling1 grain showing1 crumbling1 all due to imperfect preparation of surfaces and the presence of moisture1 greases1 poor varnishes1 poor application of good varnishes1 different brands of varnishes put together1 increase or decrease of temperature in drying or storage or transportation1 etc4 ,there are hundreds of kinds of varnishes divided into3 oil varnishes1 spirit varnishes1 japans1 enamels and specialties4 ,in house finishing1 oil varnishes1 enamels1 painter's ,japans and sometimes spirit varnishes 7shellac and dammar varnishes74 ,lacquers are highly transparent varnishes used on metals to produce a lustrous film4 ,japans 7decorative7 are dark varnishes applied to metals and wood4 ,japans 7painter's71 are varnishes added to paints for luster and drying4 ,,employ ,,an ,,expert ,so it can readily be seen that the painting and varnishing of the kitchen should be1 if nothing else1 given over to experts4 ,the painter should understand these requirements4 8,the priming coat10 says ,heckel1 8being the one on which the adhesion of the entire paint film depends1 should be most carefully considered4 ,it should be sufficiently liquid to penetrate every pore and irregularity of the surface1 carrying with it particles of the pigment2 but this fluidity must not be obtained at the cost of the future strength of the dried film4 ,for the priming coat it is customary to add a quantity of oil and some turpentine or benzine or1 in the case of cypress1 yellow pine and resinous woods in general1 some form of benzol4 ,it is easy to overdo both4 ,only enough of the volatile thinner should be used to avoid a high gloss1 to which subsequent coats will not readily adhere4 ,hard1 unabsorbent woods require a thicker priming coat than spongy woods1 such as poplar1 soft pine1 etc4 ,resinous woods1 like yellow pine1 again require special treatment--a preliminary varnishing of knots and resinous spots with shellac1 and subsequent priming with a fluid priming coat containing a benzol product4 8,the second coat1 which in many instances is also 7improperly7 the finishing coat1 should be tempered accordingly4 ,if there are to be three coats 7as there should be71 the paint should be lightly reduced with turpentine or benzine1 so as to promote amalgamation with the priming coat1 and to reduce the surface gloss4 ,if it is to be the finishing coat1 prepared paint of the average consistency can be used without reduction1 but a very little turpentine is sometimes desirable to assist penetration and adhesion4 8,the third or finishing coat should usually be employed as it comes from the can4 ,in the case of all coats1 thorough1 hard brushing is essential1 and a round brush is always preferable to a flat brush4 ,the failure of paint is frequently due to insufficient #8elbow grease' with the brush4 8,every coat of paint should be completely dry throughout before the next coat is applied2 but it is a mistake to allow a priming coat to #8weather' and become weakened before painting is continued4 8,too much drier or ,japan1 or cheap rosin ,japans1 are at the bottom of many paint failures4 ,the manufacturer of a scientifically prepared paint will introduce the proper kind and quantity of driers into his formula1 and none should be added in use40 ,a fit condition of surface is obtained by3 7#a7 ,by delaying the application of the priming coat until the wood is thoroughly seasoned1 unless seasoning has been properly attended to in the lumber2 secondly1 by seeing that the plaster on the inside of the building is completely dry before painting is begun on the outside4 ,a new house should have been heated some weeks before it is painted4 ,in an old house1 leaking spouts1 etc41 should be repaired and the adjacent wood allowed to dry thoroughly before repainting4 ,thirdly1 by avoiding the application of paint in moist weather or when the atmospheric moisture is high4 ,fourthly1 by selecting a dry1 mild season1 as late spring or early fall1 rather than a cold or hot season1 as winter or mid-summer1 for the work4 ,fifthly1 by seeing that sappy or resinous spots in new lumber are properly treated before painting4 ,sixthly1 by due care on old work that all loose paint and dust are removed by scraping1 sand-papering1 wire-brushing1 dusting or1 if necessary1 burning1 before new paint is applied4 ,as a rule1 it should always be remembered that two thin coats thoroughly brushed out are better in most cases than one thick coat1 and that repainting should never be delayed until the under coats begin to loosen seriously4 ,only when conditions are favorable should the householder be his own painter4 ,in any case he should study carefully the directions on the can1 and unless they are found to apply to his particular job1 should consult either the manufacturer or a practical painter for fuller advice4 ,ceilings and walls of the kitchen are improved by the application of flat washes1 calcimines1 etc41 of which there are many on the market4 ,these surfaces are easily kept clean and sanitary and for this reason have been used instead of papers in the kitchen4 ,all discolorations and dirt1 grease and dust are removable by soap and water4 ,the best paints are not poisonous and are a great factor in home sanitation4 ,the kitchen floor is a more difficult problem1 as the wear and tear is so much greater than suffered by the walls4 ,however1 paint and varnish manufacturers have the problem well in hand and there are paints and stains on the market and varnishes1 too1 which withstand wear and tear1 heat1 grease1 steam1 gases and every other normal nuisance4 ,of course1 this holds good only if they are applied correctly4 ,floor varnishes should dry in forty-eight hours4 ,dressings for revivifying linoleums are on the market1 but beware of poor ones4 ,don't be afraid to investigate6 ,this is another mandate to the ,domiologist6 ,and bear in mind that floor varnishes and stains should be able to stand dragging furniture and foot wear1 should be tough1 withstand shock or abrasion1 and be unaffected by normal contact with moisture4 ,good surfaces will give enduring service and will permit the scrubbing and washing of floors almost indefinitely4 ,new coats can be added as the wear and tear demands4 ,in addition to paints there are varnishes and stains combined which give effect of natural stain1 and these applied to floors are more than satisfactory4 ,these combinations1 too1 are useful on linoleums that have aged4 ,these materials are made1 it must be understood1 to stand wear4 ,do not ever think of applying a wall stain or paint to the floor1 as the floor compositions are made to withstand different use4 ,before using a stain1 etc41 on linoleum it is well to get advice from a linoleum firm or a topnotch paint firm4 ,,enamels ,,or ,,pigment ,,varnishes ,probably nothing gives the ,domiologist more delight than the effect a fine white enamel gives the objects over which it is laid4 ,here is a way to keep the kitchen a real blonde6 ,there are many of these enamels on the market which give the refreshing aspect to the kitchen4 ,many of them have the appearance of porcelain1 and can be kept clean with little trouble4 ,they can be bought in the glossy finish or the flat or dull or mat finish4 ,all the woodwork of the kitchen can be treated with enamels if a charming kitchen is wanted4 ,the high cost of construction to-day demands the protecting powers of paints4 ,the beauty theory of paint still holds good1 but the protective power is predominant and most important4 ,the use of a good floor oil has been proven by ,dr4 ,wallace ,maunheimer to reduce the quantity of dust in a room from #hj to #ajj4 ,flying dust is the aeroplane of disease4 ,oils1 paint and varnish the anti-aircraft guns6 ,and1 finally1 read the directions on the can1 get the admirable books of directions mailed gratis by the service departments of manufacturers of paint1 and buy the best4 ,and do not fail to realize that the kitchen with a good complexion augurs well for the complexion of every one in the house4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,great ,,american ,,dish ,to be one hundred per cent ,american1 each one of us must eat at least two and a quarter quarts of ice-cream annually4 ,this is the national ,american dish1 despite ,boston's claim for the baked bean and the ,south's for beaten biscuits4 ,rich and poor1 the be-butlered and the maidless make their own ice-cream4 ,the more remote from civilization1 the more each individual housekeeper makes her own ice-cream4 ,it is no longer a luxury2 it is now recognized as a food4 ,the ,government classifies it1 and it is experimented with at most of the ,state agricultural colleges and ,state experimental stations4 ,its making has become an industry standardized by the ,government and certain rules must be adhered to by every manufacturer4 ,the introduction of ice-cream as an industry not only stimulated purchasers of ice-cream1 but has stimulated machinery builders4 ,to-day the making of large plants and small household freezers comprises a large industry4 ,for these mechanisms many problems of refrigeration1 ice1 brine1 rock salt and packing arise4 ,some of these problems are important to the housekeeper as a maker of ice-cream1 some as a buyer1 and some not at all4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,ice-,,cream ,in this sketch we will1 of course1 only touch upon those parts of this problem that are of interest to the housekeeper--doing her own work or with assistance4 ,ice creams are classified under various heads and sub-heads4 ,nearly every one interested classifies them differently4 ,for the sake of convenience1 we will give here one classification4 ,i4 ,plain uncooked ice-cream ,known as ,philadelphia ice-cream1 which consists of sugar1 flavoring cream with or without condensed milk4 #a4 ,plain with flavoring4 #b4 ,fruit with flavoring4 #c4 ,nut with flavoring4 #d4 ,bisque with marshmallow1 macaroon cake1 wafers and other bread products well dried out4 ,,ii4 ,cooked ,french ice-cream--sometimes called ,neapolitan 7though ,neapolitan is really the many-colored layer ice cream only7 made of cream1 sugar1 eggs and flavoring4 #a4 ,parfaits ,highly flavored fruits1 nuts1 spices 7,nesserold pudding1 ,roman and ,english plum puddings74 #b4 ,custards ,flavoring1 cornstarch1 vanilla4 ,,iii4 ,sherberts and ,ices ,water and milk1 sugar1 white of egg1 fruit juices1 etc4 #a4 ,ices 7granites frozen by oscillation and frapps--semi-frozen like mush4 #b4 ,water ,sherberts--,ices and egg1 sometimes called souffl4 #c4 ,punches--with liquor 7passing out74 #d4 ,milk ,sherbets4 #e4 ,lacto--skimmed milk bases4 ,,iv4 ,mousse ,rich cream sweetened and whipped1 frozen in molds without oscillating or turning the freezer4 ,v4 ,fruit layers ,stabilizers and fillers4 ,stabilizers--such as gelatine1 ice-cream powders and gum tragacanth1 are used in commercial ice-creams to give the product body1 but manufacturers should1 according to law1 admit this addition if necessary4 ,housekeepers often use gelatine2 it is quite wholesome and not dangerous in any way4 ,,freezing ,apart from the recipes1 with which this chapter shall not deal1 the most important part about ice-cream is the freezing of the mixture4 ,its dangers are many4 ,first of all1 freezing incorporates air into the mixture and therefore increases its bulk4 ,ice-cream can be frozen too slowly or too fast1 and experience here is the best teacher4 ,if frozen too rapidly1 says the ,omaha ,state ,experiment ,station1 the ice-cream doesn't expand very much 7this is more important to the commercial maker of ice-cream74 ,without the air incorporated1 it is soggy and heavy4 ,it will also be grainy and will fall apart4 ,if frozen too slowly1 it is buttery1 greasy1 non-expansive and fat will rise4 ,if frozen too long1 it will be churned creamy1 it loses expansion1 it is greasy1 soggy and heavy4 ,these are the reasons why cream is not a velvety1 smooth1 ungrained stand-without-hitching quality4 ,here are some other defects and their causes3 ,first1 the cream must be clean and creamy1 combined with flavoring material which blends with the cream to a full delicious flavor4 ,there may be defects in the flavor1 due to the cream used1 such as sour1 old1 bitter or metallic cream flavor4 ,it may be due to the filler or stabilizer1 such as a starch1 gum or gelatine4 ,defects may also be due to other ingredients4 ,it may be too sweet1 not sweet enough1 coarse flavor due to flavor material1 stale fruit1 rancid nuts1 moldy nuts4 ,the cream must be firmly frozen to be smooth and velvety4 ,if it is not1 these conditions may prevail3 ,icy3 ,due to improper packing4 ,coarse3 ,too thin cream or packing while too soft4 ,sticky3 ,due to fillers1 such as gelatine or a sweetened condensed milk4 ,buttery3 ,use of cream partially churned before freezing1 or to cream too cold when put into freezer1 or because freezer was operated at too high speed4 ,,the ,,cure ,first1 buy a good freezer1 never less than a gallon1 because you can always freeze a little in it and always be ready for a crowd4 ,there are various types of freezers on the market4 7#a7 those that you turn by hand1 7#b7 by motor1 7#c7 ones that aren't turned at all1 7#d7 ones that are oscillated only and in which1 at home1 two flavors can be frozen at once4 ,in this type it takes longer to freeze cream1 but as the arm only works back and forth it is not so tiring4 ,the can in the tub is partitioned in two segments and the paddles and dasher only turn half way4 ,the freezer that isn't turned at all needs no lyric from me4 ,it tells its own story in making good ice-cream of a smooth mousse-like consistency1 but real ice-cream4 ,it is rapid and restful4 ,the various motorized freezers are good for large families and the small motors attachable to small freezers geared for motors are joys4 ,there are some kitchen units that are clumsy1 some that are convenient which turn the freezer1 polish the silver1 sharpen the knives1 in fact do everything but shine one's boots4 7,see ,chapter ,,xxv74 ,in buying these units don't be 8pulled in0 by salesmen talk4 ,watch for compactness1 durability1 cleanability1 lack of danger in use1 replaceable parts1 and ease of manipulation4 ,in the use of motors the attachment must be so made that the connections will not be catching in gearing1 etc4 ,above four quarts1 hand work is heavy and we would advise turning the freezer by a motor4 ,in the non-turning freezer1 the chamber for the ice and salt is separated from the can so that the freezing mixture cannot enter the ice-cream4 ,it is cheaper to buy ice-cream1 the home-made kind tastes far better4 ,when you buy ice-cream1 it is wise to watch the containers in which it comes1 and to know where it is made4 ,the ,government is very particular1 but slight slips in the ice-cream organizations can breed the most dangerous of bacilli4 ,at home you can watch everything2 above all1 cleanliness of ingredients4 ,,freezing ,,mixture ,the greatest of all the science of ice-cream making is the mixture of ice and salt4 ,most cook books say three parts ice to one of salt for home use4 ,for hardening after it is frozen eight parts of ice to one of salt1 and the mixture must cover the can entirely1 top and sides4 ,of course1 the ratio of ice to salt regulates the freezing4 ,the ,united ,states ,government ,bulletins are full of these ratios if you want to look up this matter4 ,on this subject ,bowen of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture in ,bulletin #ih says3 8,when two solid bodies1 as salt and ice1 mix to form a layer1 a certain amount of heat becomes latent1 called the latent heat of solution4 ,since this latent heat is taken from the mixture itself the temperature falls correspondingly4 ,the temperature obtained by a salt and ice mixture depends on relative proportions of the mixture and to less extent on the salt at which the heat is supplied from the outside1 the size of the ice lump and salt particles and the amount and density of the resulting brine4 ,hence it is impracticable to give other than approximate temperatures with fixed ratios of salt and ice40 ,it usually takes thirty minutes at least to freeze a gallon of ice-cream4 ,,freezers ,electric freezers come from about #ge up and can be had for alternate 7,a4 ,c47 or direct 7,d4 ,c47 current4 ,the advantage of the freezer with its own directly-connected motor1 rather than a motor which has to be connected1 is readily apparent to those who have suffered the annoyance of belting1 pulleys1 and countershafts4 ,being self-contained1 such an outfit may be readily located at will2 to operate merely requires securing it in place and connecting the wires4 ,you have1 therefore1 no belts with attendant annoyance and expense1 no countershaft with its necessity for continued attention and causing vibration1 nor is there dirt and oil being thrown here and there4 ,in addition to the mechanical advantages secured by the motor-driven ice-cream freezer unit1 there are had by its use cleanliness and increased space4 ,every freezer should be so made that the action of scrapers and dasher is continuous4 ,some freezers have a device in which the scrapers are hung on the dasher so their lower ends rest on the bottom of the can1 and the friction between ends of scrapers and can bottom when in motion moves the scrapers against the side of the can1 and holds them there positively and continuously4 ,,tubs ,the tubs should be strong and if possible bound with welded wire hoops or metal bands4 ,if the tub is metal this is unnecessary4 ,tubs are made of pine1 white cedar1 etc4 ,the zinc tub is a good substitute for the wooden tub1 but the wooden one is good if made water tight and smooth and easy to clean4 ,all parts of the freezer should be non-rustable1 especially the can4 ,the best cans are made with drawn-steel bottoms4 ,they do not leak1 do not fall out1 as may happen with those having the tin plate or cast bottoms4 ,the best bodies of the can are made of heavy tin plate4 ,the top of can is strongly wired and turned over1 while the bottom of can is made to fit over and under the drawn steel bottom4 ,all gears must be completely covered so that neither ice nor salt can get in the cogs nor the fingers be caught and injured4 ,some freezers have gearing enclosed in a box-like fixture4 ,the inside parts touching the cream should be of harmless metal1 generally of pure block tin4 ,all outside parts should be smoothly finished1 galvanized usually4 ,the ice space between the can and the tub must be so arranged as to use the least amount of ice and salt1 and freeze as quickly as possible4 ,the cross bars which connect the handles and cover and clamp on the opposite side are often a source of agony4 ,these must be simple in operation4 ,some freezers have a clamp1 some a key4 ,this is a matter of choice and manufacturer4 ,some cross bars are hinged and others are dove-tailed4 ,freezers are supplied with fly wheel instead of cranks to turn4 ,the fly wheel costs a little more but it is far more convenient1 as it requires less turning4 ,some freezers have a glass peep hole in the cover of can so one can see the progress of the freezing and obviate loss of time and cold by opening the can4 ,scrapers are made of rolled steel bars ground straight and fine to fit can and to insure clean scraping of the cream1 so that all parts of the mixture are being frozen continuously4 ,the dashers and beater are usually of malleable iron heavily coated with pure block tin4 ,generally 7and better so7 there is one scraper for the bottom of the can and two metal scrapers for side4 ,,buying ,,freezers ,the same principals hold in buying freezers as any other culinary utensil4 ,they must be seamless1 smooth1 easily cleaned1 non-dangerous1 non-corrosive1 non-chipping1 and be made by a reputable manufacturer4 ,besides the freezer must have ease in running1 quick freezing1 economy1 convenience1 and give practical results4 ,freezers are equipped with best standard motors4 ,the motors should be so placed as to eliminate danger of motors burning out or being injured by careless handling of the ice and salt4 ,in ordering a motor outfit include the following--your voltage1 ,direct or ,alternating ,current2 if ,alternating what ,cycle and ,phase4 7,see ,chapter ,i74 ,buy a freezer with thought4 ,all machinery pays better when the best is bought and close attention has been given to the purchase4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,the ,,kitchen ,,rotary ,,club ,are you a culinary rotarian8 ,or do you still 8beat it0 by hand8 ,the ,kitchen ,rotary ,club is becoming a real factor in culinary economics6 ,by means of rotary motion the mixer1 the beater1 the combination of these two have come to relieve the back1 arm and hand and where electrically driven cause no waste of time6 ,,electric ,,rotaries ,to begin with1 these fairy-like machines are somewhat like and unlike patent medicine advertisements--alike because they claim to do many things and unlike because they can and do fulfill their claims6 ,for example1 they beat eggs1 mix bread dough1 mayonnaise2 stir cake batter1 frostings1 dressings2 whip cream2 mash potatoes2 grind nuts1 spices and meat2 drive 7some7 ice-cream freezers2 turn the food chopper2 have grinding and buffing wheels for sharpening cutlery and polishing silver4 ,in fact1 they are companions not idly to be cast aside4 ,,housewives ,,bad ,,mixers ,this will especially appeal to the housewife mayonnaisly--because many a good mixture has been wasted by inefficient mixings by the mixer being called away suddenly1 etc4 ,then1 too1 many a mayonnaise is never born at all because the housewife or the cook 8hasn't the time to-day40 ,where the mixer is electrically driven1 time is added unto the menage and while the mayonnaise is forming the cook is performing elsewhere4 ,egg beating1 cream whipping1 batter beating1 all these take time4 ,now with the electric machine the home can revel in souffls and cake4 ,it can buy coffee in the bean and grind it with no effort--here is a real epicurean saving4 ,for coffee in the bean and grinding it at home saves the volatile essences of the coffee which gives to perfect coffee the added aroma and full flavor4 ,these machines grind cutlery and not 8exceedingly slow0 and so can add finesse to a slice of meat6 ,as with the mayonnaise mixing1 these utilitarian investments take the guess work out of cake1 meringues1 batters4 ,improper mixing is an immorality not easily cleansed from kitchens4 ,yet these instruments with perfection of mechanical agitation do the mixing with assurance and become real vice chasers4 ,imagine6 7all things being right7--you can be sure that success will come to your cakes1 sauces1 breads1 rolls1 pies1 cookies1 doughnuts1 cheese dishes1 puddings1 sauces--,remember that lumpy cream sauce8 ,well no more of that6 ,your sauces and your mashed vegetables will be lumpless6 ,removing doubt1 removes nerve strain in a kitchen--and maybe the cook without nerve strain will be affable and a comforting dweller in your halls6 ,,the ,,new ,,machines ,among the best machines is one so made as to effectively chop food and meat1 grind coffee1 slice vegetables and fruit1 etc41 etc42 has with its attachments a hot-water and ice container to be used as a 8bath10 if stirring must needs be done in a cold or hot medium2 soup strainer and colander connection2 ice-cream freezer attachment2 a meat slicer 7a great comfort and saving of meat74 ,this motor has three speeds4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,troy ,metal ,products ,co4 ,a ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,kitchen ,,rotary ,,club ,,at ,,work ,,on ,,cake-,,mixing4 ,you may have never felt the need of these types of workers1 but then you never knew the use of the radiogram until you used it6 ,don't you hate to strain and persuade large quantities8 ,the strain is gone from straining large quantities now4 ,this is gently done by the coaxing electric strainer and colander device4 ,one 8mixer0 is also accompanied by a cabinet if desired4 ,it is finished in white and is made especially for this device and houses comfortably all its attachments4 ,it has an enameled metal top and does not add much to the total cost of machine4 ,another power unit advertises two speeds and has all the above attachments4 ,it comes with a metal table with a shelf 7open71 on which all the work can be done with comfort4 ,,smaller ,,craft ,if you don't want a machine that can do so much1 there is one on the market electrically driven1 which beats eggs1 mixes mayonnaise1 angel cake and light batter1 mashes potatoes and fluffs them if mixed with butter and cream1 mixes custard1 souffls1 etc4 ,it has a small ,h4 ,p4 motor of fine construction designed for #aaj voltage4 ,it is necessary in this case to state whether your current is direct or alternating 7,,dc or ,,ac74 ,this motor can run on either direct or alternating if the speed control device is not to be used4 ,but the speed control in this instrument is its crowning glory4 ,that is1 you can mix rapidly or slowly1 a performance the older type of mixers small or large could not do4 ,it was racing speed or nothing4 ,all cooks know that some things take rapid beating or stirring1 some other things slower agitation4 ,the cook or housewife can in the course of her experience with these new comers into our kitchens find new uses continually for them4 ,for example1 this small motor has a speed regulator which ranges from #dhjj to #hjjj revolutions per minute4 ,this motor takes from #be watts 7extra load7 to #fj watts 7heavy load74 ,it is well to have a detachable motor as in this one1 for when cleaning is necessary the motor remains--due to its hydrophobiac 7fear of water7 elements--unharmed6 ,the beater itself here is the ancient and honorable ,dover type1 so you see it is not so foreign to your ken4 ,,time ,,and ,,the ,,mixer #ajjj revolutions is all you can effect in a minute1 no matter how 8,red0 you may be4 ,this machine turns #bjjj revolutions1 outrushing the ,russians and all ,central ,europe6 ,,some ,,evolutions ,in from one to five and ten minutes can eggs1 frostings1 and mayonnaise be accomplished6 ,full speed for heavy mixtures1 half speed for lighter1 a gram of cream can be had in less than five minutes4 ,a gallon of oil in relation to a mayonnaise dressing took but ten minutes to be used up4 ,now can you beat it8 ,hasn't this phrase lost its slangy significance8 ,this little angel weighs but #b pounds1 and its lightness is one of its charms4 ,,requirements ,all these machines should be easily attached to wall or lighting sockets or outlets4 7,electric74 ,they must be easily cleaned4 ,the motor must be protected from you and food stuffs and you must be protected from it4 ,all attachments must attach easily4 ,when easily is used it is meant to the limit of ease4 ,all parts must fit1 so that the doing of a new operation is not accompanied with dread4 ,it must be a pleasure to depart from coffee grinding to turning the ice-cream pail and polishing silver4 ,now1 kitchening is no endurance test4 ,the fatigue is eliminated4 ,your days may not be so 8stirring0 but at the end of them you will feel like the theatre and what not4 ,the hand-turned cake and bread mixers are better than mixing by hand and spoon--but if possible1 the electrically driven mixers which come in many styles and prices will give you more than comfort and will outlast many a cook4 ,the hand-turned stoners1 buffers1 grinders1 etc41 are very efficient but not quite the joy an electrically driven unit may be in an electrically conducted mnage4 ,these machines are ,utopian agitators6 ,agitating for food and helping the ,kitchen ,workers of the ,world4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,flaws ,,or ,,floors ,,in ,,your ,,kitchen ,the question of the kitchen flooring in the home is of course1 a very profound and serious subject4 ,those who build away from cities are hard put to it to know exactly what there is on the market and those who live in cities are confused by the variety of floorings and the attractive attributes as their salesmen recite their eulogies4 ,in order to help the prospective buyer we have set down a few basic facts4 ,,floor ,,requirements ,of course1 you realize that every kitchen flooring should1 as nearly as possible1 be3-- ,attractive1 ,easy to keep clean1 ,noiseless1 ,odorless1 ,vermin and dust proof1 ,comfortable to feet and back1 ,non-slippery whether dry or wet1 ,durable 7no upkeep but washing and polishing71 ,fire proof or fire retardent1 ,impervious to changes in temperature1 ,laid over any kind of floor base1 ,lightweight enough to be suitable to any structure1 ,seamless or joined so as to be virtually seamless1 ,non-warping1 non-expansive or non-contracting4 ,before enumerating the kinds of floors that you will have laid before you in this chapter1 it would be well to realize that a floor will sometimes keep a maid or lose her1 and you will not know the 8why40 ,but the fact is that a floor can tire you if it be not a good kind for the purpose and can reduce fatigue and make for general well being if it be a good type4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,janes ,kirtland ,,an ,,ideal ,,kitchen ,,with ,,linotile ,,floor 7,,armstrong ,,cork ,,co471 ,,built-,,in ,,steel ,,kitchen ,,cabinet ,,units 7,,janes ,,kirtland71 ,,and ,,cook',s ,,table1 ,,with ,,pot ,,hanger ,,comfort ,here is a list of the most important kinds of flooring in use3-- ,marble1 ,wood and wood block1 ,linoleum1 ,linotile1 ,cork1 ,composition and concrete1 7laid in paste or blocks7 ,tile1 ,terrazzo4 ,marble can be dismissed as being too expensive1 too beautiful and too resisting to the feet4 ,it is also too cold under foot4 ,wood is very popular because in the commoner varieties it is the cheapest flooring4 ,in whatever grade a wooden floor is used1 it has the disadvantage of needing attention4 ,it always needs refinishing4 ,the better the floor the more attention it will need4 ,it will splinter eventually and show marks if things are dragged over it4 ,although the scraping down and refinishing always make the floor look like new1 the wooden floor is better in any room in the house than the kitchen1 laundry or pantry4 ,there are some housekeepers who wouldn't have anything else but the hard wood floors in their kitchens--oak1 maple or ,georgia pine1 etc4 ,,laying ,,the ,,floor ,the wooden floor must be carefully laid or else the cracks become traps for germs and dust4 ,of course1 this applies to all flooring4 ,and while on the subject of laying floors1 let me say that even though you order the best kind of flooring in the world1 if it is laid badly1 you might as well have bought the worst sort of material4 ,it is imperative that you have the manufacturer or the manufacturer's delegated dealer lay your floor4 ,don't go to your village builder or carpet man4 ,it won't pay2 in fact1 it will cost you dearly1 as in such case the maker of these products has developed a way to lay flooring which is inseparable from the life of the flooring itself4 ,many a householder knows a good floor1 but few know what to look for in the laying of it4 ,,the ,,linoleum ,,family ,among the best known floorings for kitchen use is linoleum4 ,it is so well known and so popular that purchasers in their ignorance often accept1 unwittingly1 substitutes and lay felt paper instead of the real thing6 ,if you decide to buy linoleum1 go to the best maker or his dealer4 ,follow their gospel ,buy the ,best4 ,if you heed this you make an investment4 ,if you do not1 you make an expenditure4 ,so when you decide to buy linoleum first look on the wrong side of it1 and if it has burlap on the back and if it is very difficult to tear1 it is pretty definitely linoleum4 ,it also carries the name of the maker4 ,it is well for the prospective buyer to know something of the manufacture of a popular article4 ,it makes you appreciate and understand how to take care of it better4 ,women should not buy unless they know exactly what they are buying4 ,linoleum is made of burlap1 linseed oil and cork1 as the main ingredients4 ,the oil is first boiled to thicken it4 ,when it is cooled it is poured down over suspended sheets or scrim and by coming in contact with the oxygen of the air1 becomes oxidized and solidified4 ,then these oil-impregnated skins are ground up and mixed with gums to give the fabric elasticity and it is then mixed with ground cork or cork flour1 the coloring matter1 and the rosin1 7to harden it74 ,this mixture is fed into a machine which distributes it evenly over the burlap4 ,it later passes through a series of finely adjusted rollers weighing about #bg tons each and adjustable to space of of an inch between rolls which1 of course1 give any required thickness to the linoleum4 ,this is plain linoleum and it is many weeks in the making4 ,the printed linoleum is made by passing the plain over print drums4 ,the straight line or inlay is done by a still more involved process1 but the patterns never wear out as they are an integral part of the linoleum1 going through from back to front of the material4 ,highly paid designers are engaged in this work and many craftsmen of great skill are employed for stencil work1 etc4 ,you don't always realize the time1 work1 and expense of the ordinary things that you see about you4 ,when the linoleum is being laid1 look out for these things4 7,they apply pretty generally to the laying of any flooring of this kind47 ,if over wood--the nails must be hammered in below the surface1 the wood laid too to avoid dampness and cracking4 ,if over concrete--it must have dried a month or two and be filled in with plaster of paris if it has any cracks4 ,it should be laid over felt in both cases to insure long life to the linoleum and the comfortable resiliency to the foot and consequent ease to the back4 ,the felt acts as a cushion1 makes the linoleum fit better1 and obviates later refitting and trimmings4 ,see too1 that the workmen are careful to force the strips close together and cement closely4 ,these things if it is absolutely impossible to get the linoleum people themselves to lay the floor4 ,it would be wise then1 to get their booklet4 ,it is easily kept in condition if you3 ,use only mild soaps1 never caustic powder1 with warm water4 ,rinse immediately with clear water and dry immediately4 ,wash and dry about a square yard at a time2 do not flood the whole room at once4 ,strong soaps will eat the pattern in the printed linoleum and wear the inlay4 ,use elbow grease6 ,use glass casters on heavy furniture as the linoleum will show marks4 ,store linoleum1 when necessary1 away from excessive heat and moisture4 ,waxing occasionally is good4 ,but an oil mop does very well4 ,the numberless designs and coloring to be had in this fabric add to its value and pleasure1 and the kitchen can be in lovely accord with the decorations of the house4 ,the ordinary dripping will not effect linoleum1 nor the ordinary moisture4 ,it requires no extra mats as foot resters1 is not a substitute but a flooring1 and in every way deserves its great popularity4 ,,the ,,cork ,,family ,another attractive1 useful and popular flooring is what is called the corks4 ,it is made of clean cork shavings compressed in closed steel molds about an inch thick for five hours under high pressure and high temperature4 ,all the moisture is thus driven out and it is pressed together into a waterproof mass4 ,no foreign substance is introduced to bind it together as this is done by its own gums4 ,inferior cork tile is mixed with foreign substances and this often makes it break down and detracts from the resiliency and wearing power4 ,after this process is completed it is cut into the desired sizes4 ,cork tile comes in shades of brown and there is an excellent cork compound tile that comes in many designs and colors4 ,it is not absolutely fireproof but is what is called a fire retardent in that it takes a flame of #aejj degrees ,f4 one hour to burn a hole in a tile #f #f 4 ,the cork tile floor of the best make will last as long as the building4 ,it is of the loveliest coloring1 delightful in tone1 noiseless and soothing to the feet and back1 warm to the touch and altogether psychologically comforting to the nerves4 ,it requires but soap and water and elbow grease to keep it in condition forever4 ,it is never slippery1 is non-absorbent of dust and moisture and when laid correctly needs no effort nor money for its upkeep4 ,this is why the initial investment though larger than for some other flooring is a wise one1 as it is positively the ultimate expenditure4 ,there is much inferior cork tile on the market and it is very hard to tell it from the best quality4 ,it looks attractive until it has been used a little while1 then it will begin to 8pit0 and 8sap0 7become dark1 and emit a pungent odor71 due to inferior manufacture4 ,heavy tracking does not effect cork tile as it is so elastic that is springs back into place4 ,this is proven by the restaurants1 banks1 libraries and hospitals that use it so generously4 ,in laying this1 the same general things should be observed as in the case of linoleum4 ,it is laid over felt1 the base must be free from moisture1 cracks and nails4 ,if the cork is put over nailable material1 small headless sunken brads are used4 ,if not1 it is pasted on the base4 ,all joints are pressed together by a special compressing machine1 and are sealed with a preparation virtually making the cork tile into one large seamless covering under which no dust1 moisture1 germs or vermin can collect4 ,the velvety quiet of these floors imparts a tranquillity to the kitchen1 contagious to mistress and to maid4 ,it is needless to say much for the tile as you know its beauties4 ,it may be cold to the feet1 non-resistant and tiring to the back and slippery when wet1 but this is overcome by mats of matting1 cork or linoleum4 ,tile is made in every design and color to fit any desire or design4 ,all corners and joints at the base of walls can be curved4 ,it makes a unit of the whole room in design and intention as no other thing does4 ,it can be cleaned out with a small hose4 ,of course1 poor tile cracks4 ,needless to say1 it takes real skill to lay these floors as the under bed of cement has to be very perfect to protect the tile upon it4 ,however1 it looks royal1 it wears1 and is a favorite with great kitchen builders4 ,,compositions ,the floorings of composition1 cements and mineral mixtures are innumerable4 ,some are excellent1 embodying nearly all the good points enumerated in this latter4 ,they are a little warmer than tile and not quite so expensive4 ,they have probably a little more foot comfort but not much more4 ,they are fire proof1 do not weigh too much for a lightly constructed house1 and are kept clean with the usual elbow grease and water4 ,these floors for the most part are made in various colors and designs4 ,in tile and composition the joint at the base of walls can be made practically one with the wall in a curving connection4 ,in the case of linoleum and cork1 this joint is either accomplished by a curving connection or more generally by a highly compressed and sealed joint1 allowing for absolutely no trapping of foreign matter and rendering the floor easily swept and washed4 ,many great institutions and some private homes have found these to be practical1 so if you observe the 8,buy the ,best from the ,best0 rule you cannot go wrong4 ,,linotile ,a newer kind of floor is a cross between a cement and a linoleum4 ,it wears indefinitely and can be highly recommended1 as handsome as it comes in tile form1 and silent1 easily kept clean1 resilient and all the good points of cement as well as linoleum4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,federalizing ,,your ,,kitchen ,fancy a carpenter with his tools all over the room6 ,fancy a painter with one color here and another color there6 ,do you think we would have had a ,michelangelo if he had been forced to get down from the scaffold every minute for a tool or a bit of clay8 ,and yet women for the most part1 women who need their energy for making the home a fit place to live in1 still persist in scattering their tools about the kitchens and walk miles daily1 because they have not mobilized their tools4 ,to what can be accredited the woman's hatred of saving steps1 even though she complains of fatigue and extra work8 ,what can account for the woman's dislike of having her things handy8 ,is it money8 ,no1 because she often buys motors1 8movie0 tickets1 dogs1 jewels and garments in quantities far more than she needs4 ,it is perhaps due to a past vastness of ignorance4 ,but now when there are specialists descanting on the glories of saving steps1 time and money there is little excuse4 ,in this article one stumbling block will be removed and the kitchen can well transform itself into a room where the most methodical man can work and where any maid coming in for the first time will not have to use levers1 telescopes1 periscopes and what not to prepare the first meal4 ,for the kitchen cabinet is the first plank in the platform of standardizing domestic work even as it is being standardized in the factory4 ,this is the basic glory of the kitchen cabinet4 ,now1 for the more important details of its makeup4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,janes ,kirtland ,a ,,steel ,,unit ,,kitchen ,,cabinet ,,flanked ,,by ,,broom ,,and ,,duster ,,closets4 ,,see ,,the ,,elevation ,,from ,,the ,,floor4 ,,this ,,can ,,be ,,built-,,in ,,too ,these cabinets group in one place the necessary tools and materials for getting together the meals of the house4 ,they hold the spices1 flour1 sugar1 bottles1 pots and pans1 sometimes linens1 ice and gas or electric stoves1 packages of cereals1 etc41 and they are the table1 the bread board1 the flour board1 the flour bin and dish rack all in one4 ,here you can work where everything is within arm's reach2 you can sit at your work and not fatigue yourself4 ,in short1 you have a work bench at last and can feel as professional as the carpenter or the artist1 and you must1 if the kitchen is ever going to be as important in the life and best living of mankind as it deserves to be4 ,built of steel entirely in some cases1 all wood in others1 and a combination of both in still others1 they are comfortable and worth while in the best makes4 ,of course in this product1 as in all others1 one must go to the best manufacturers who know their business and take an interest beyond the sale4 ,when you buy a kitchen cabinet you must get the maximum comfort and utility4 ,go about and see which one you think will save you the most work4 ,the all-steel cabinet1 of course1 is less responsibility to keep free of vermin4 ,the wood type is a little more care4 ,if your cabinet is to be of wood1 see to it that it is ant proof 7the castors as well71 has all round corners1 is varnished and finished steamproof1 has locks that lock1 doors that easily open1 whether one leaf is shut or both1 whether it is winter or summer1 supplies a broad enough table to sit down and work at comfortably1 a table top impervious to liquids1 grease and heat1 sanitary glass drawer pull1 dovetail wood joinings1 easy rolling castors1 everything easily withdrawn to clean1 and of non-warping1 well-seasoned wood4 ,the finish must be the best1 whether enameled1 painted or varnished4 ,in the cabinet of steel construction you must be sure that the enamel is on to stay2 that the doors1 drawers and locks are of the best construction1 electrically welded4 ,the doors1 etc41 must be rigid enough not to emit hollow sounds every time they are closed4 ,in the best type the doors do not dent or wobble but are double1 about thick1 reinforced on the inside with heavy steel angles1 making them rigidity enthroned4 ,the frames are rabbeted to receive doors and drawers1 thus giving no overhang but making a flush surface4 ,the doors in the steel cabinet are more comfortable to handle if they are hung on concealed brass hinges1 with bullet catches which enable the doors to open and shut absolutely independent of each other4 ,in both the steel and the wood cabinets the table tops are all of different material4 ,the best steel type in our opinion uses nickled zinc2 the best wood cabinets use porcelain1 iron1 aluminum1 vitreous steel1 enamel1 etc4 ,any of these tops are good and when in the standard makes you can be very sure that they have been well tried and not found wanting in any essential quality4 ,in general1 then1 the cabinet is a receptacle for the most used things in the kitchen2 therefore1 is so much used itself that it cannot be too good and should be adapted to your special need4 ,if you are building a house and want to have your kitchen a real comfort1 install a kitchen cabinet or go to the firm that1 with its unit system1 can make up a kitchen cabinet combining most of the best things you see in any4 ,this is an expensive way but a miraculous joy4 ,if you want a cabinet to be installed before the house is built it is a saving in wall tiling where the cabinet is placed1 especially if the cabinet is made of steel4 ,there is one cabinet on the market that has an ice box in it1 which when installed with the back toward the porch wall makes it possible for the ice to be put in from the porch and all packages delivered from the porch through its parcel-service shelf opening on the porch6 ,in this cabinet there is1 too1 room for a gas stove or electric plates1 so that with it you have a complete1 compact kitchen4 ,the unit systems in steel are most elastic1 as they can be duplicated over the broadest and the narrowest1 longest and shortest kitchens4 ,whole pantries can be equipped with them4 ,diet kitchens in the upper floors of large residences can also be equipped with these units so that any member of the family1 nurse or valet1 can prepare a little meal with everything comfortably housed in the pantry cabinet4 ,they are one of those examples of household developments which are so rapidly coming to the front to-day and mean so much in convenience4 ,each maker of kitchen cabinets has a specialty or two which he tells you makes for superiority4 ,each one is right1 so you must choose your favorite and most appealing speciality and buy accordingly4 ,some1 to obviate the little back bending1 have a device by which the whole shelf of the bottom of the cabinet pulls out when you open the door and enables you to see what you want without strain1 or time loss4 ,this we think a delightful device4 ,others have gravity locks and catches which always fall in place2 sanitary leg bases1 high enough from the floor to sweep under2 a rolling open front1 which makes it simple always to keep the cabinet closed and away from cooking odors2 white enamel interior2 roller bearing on table so that the table rolls in and out with least possible rebellion or noise2 and a drawer for kitchen linen1 which is a great comfort4 ,another advertises the possibility of its use with detached gas or electric range1 its silver drawer1 bread board1 parcel service1 and ice box and special flour bin4 ,all the cabinets are proud of their flour bins and sifters4 ,and nearly all have special construction so that they are filled and emptied with ease and dispatch4 ,one fine cabinet has a revolving spice container which is very convenient1 of course4 ,the unit system is proud of the adaptability to any need1 including even broom closets on the side of the cabinet1 filling any wall space4 ,these are usually made of steel and provide a cheaper method of backing up one side of the kitchen than by the use of tile or kitchen shelving4 ,the steel unit systems also come in special 8store0 sizes and are not much more expensive than the wood4 ,the steel are either #f from the floor to allow for cleaning or are stationary and are attached to the floor by curved constructed tile or linoleum1 which gives continuity and unity1 thus reducing the swabbing out of the floor to simplest terms4 ,the kitchen cabinet that is put in when the house is built1 be it of wood or steel1 is more convenient than any other closet1 as no builder has given sufficient thought to maximum utilities4 ,we have seen architects send their 8handy man0 to install closets who seemed to be absolutely unlearned in the necessities of the problems4 ,therefore1 before and after building1 the kitchen cabinet or the kitchen cabinet unit system is by far the best policy to pursue4 ,,the ,,essentials ,,of ,,the ,,cabinet ,the cabinet must be able to fulfill these conditions3 ,it must be easily moved if on castors1 it must be easily taken apart1 drawers must run smoothly1 racks to hold things must hold things1 they must hold enough things1 too1 to prevent relay kitchen races4 ,the wood cabinets are excellent1 the steel we think a degree more self-protecting because they cannot absorb odors1 or get vermin investitures4 ,however1 the best grades of wood cabinets are so perfect that we can endorse them ungrudgingly4 ,the cabinet must have3 ,supply closets1 china 7nearly every case71 molding boards1 work table1 cutting board1 linen receptacle1 pot1 pan and lid holders1 bread1 cake1 spice1 sugar containers and flour and bin shifter devices4 ,all other departures are specialties and are more or less inviting according to the buyer4 ,there is a cabinet1 remember1 for any space as well as purse4 ,get the best of the best dealer and make yourself sure that the one you are getting is the least complicated and the easiest to keep clean4 ,they range in price from around #ej up to the thousands4 ,but no matter what they contain1 or how thrilling they look1 unless the cabinet itself is the acme of fine workmanship1 you will be in constant irritation over warping parts1 dust and uncleanable surfaces4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,when ,,the ,,pot ,,hangs ,,high ,my text is 8one kitchen tool hung up is worth two in a low cupboard0--taken from ,the ,kitchen ,libel--,chapter #a1 ,verse #a4 ,this may not look like a technical chapter--like one with a lot of mechanical information--and it really isn't--it intends to get behind technicalities and be a radical 7don't fear the word7 over-hauling of women's opinion on the disestablishment of old forms of kitchen usage by very slight changes in kitchen arrangement4 ,for years kitchens have been built with closets for kitchen pots built in 8below the belt0 with pernickety little doors with cranky little locks4 ,for years these closets gave the kitchen denizen or housekeeper herself all the rhythmic exercise necessary to the development of backache and nerves and sense of touch4 ,into these closets you had to feel for the pan you wanted and then often had the musical treat of hearing them crash down behind something1 and you must needs kneel in prayerful posture to extract the necessary pot or pan4 ,if there were ever a condition in the kitchen so uncongenial to the ,woman-,doing-,her-,own-,work1 it's this hidden pot and pan game4 ,if the carpenter has learned how to save his back1 why not the housewife1 who not only does cooking but also a hundred other things4 ,avaunt ancient superstitions and affections about dark low-set closets and come out in the open on high with your utensils and whether you have a maid or not1 some one's back will be preserved1 if not for higher for more things6 ,,the ,,argument ,,for ,,hanging ,i have written the above in the past tense--but it is really existent to-day in the majority of homes4 8,why10 ,i asked a splendid housekeeper1 8don't you seal up those dark receptacles and hang up your utensils80 8,gracious10 said she1 8if ,i hang them up they'd get all dusty and it wouldn't be sanitary4 ,ridiculous10 quoth she6 8,but1 my dear friend1 do you think those dark closets are dust-proof and do you think darkness is a germ killer80 ,the truth is these closets1 away from light1 are almost ominous6 8,but10 continued my friend1 8if ,i decided to hang my things up1 where could ,i do it in this tiny kitchen8 ,it's all right in modern kitchens1 but here it is impossible60 ,here she touched a universal note--in fact1 two notes--the old fashioned kitchen1 and no room4 ,two notes upon which the housekeeper plays monotonous choruses to excuse modern advances4 8,my dear friend10 snapped ,i--8once upon a time ,i ran an experiment station in a tenement kitchen--the kitchen was four feet wide by ten feet long--in it were tubs1 stove1 glass closets under which were the pot and pan receptacles4 ,i was too busy to stoop every time ,i needed anything so ,i had the carpenter nail on the wall over the tubs and over the sink a piece of wood three inches wide 7this will go in even the tiniest kitchen7 into which ,i screwed hooks1 and there ,i hung every tool ,i used4 ,later ,i had a shelf nailed above it and made my work a smooth performance4 ,i felt like a carpenter working at my bench with all my tool #8en plein air4'0 ,and ,i went on to say1 as ,i had a good opportunity1 there is no reason why your kitchen can't be made like a tool chest4 ,no man would tolerate breaking his very strong back to get a pan1 or his nerve to pull out a drawer1 which so often sticks1 for a can opener6 ,not he4 ,could you imagine a carpenter1 a butcher1 or any one else1 who worked at everything requiring sharp tools1 or fine quality tools1 jumbling them all up together in a drawer that moves in and out1 provoking an earthquake rhythm among the tools1 or a little closet in which everything is banged to pieces and has to be groped for8 ,,good ,,tools1 ,,good ,,treatment ,no6--,no one could4 ,because no tools will last under such treatment and good tools are worth keeping--and the very best are reduced to nothingness if not kept well4 ,it's a case1 pure and simple1 of noblesse oblige4 ,there is a good housekeeping reason1 too1 for things to be hung up1 and this is3 when things are in plain sight they become a constant curse to the cook or to the beholder if they are not scrupulously clean4 ,in the kitchen of 8suspended animation0 you are pretty sure to have clean and spotless pots and pans1 to have knives whose edges are not nicked1 and to have egg beaters and mayonnaise mixers that are not so out of kilter that you get nervous prostration in coming in contact with a scrambled egg or ,russian dressing4 ,these are facts to grapple with4 ,to prove it1 just visit a man-manned restaurant or hotel kitchen some time--and there you will see the brightest1 cleanest looking copper1 aluminum1 nickel1 etc41 etc41 pots and pans hung up on racks near operating centers--ready to be used4 ,if this were anti-hygiene the ,board of ,health would intervene4 ,anyhow1 water is at hand in a kitchen and dust is easily swabbed out6 ,of course1 in the new kitchen1 racks are built1 and you have no choice1 so you accept the pleasanter condition without cavil4 ,in this connection ,i can't forbear to mention the apartment garbage can which owns a hygienic lid which sits a foot above the floor and for every useless egg shell to be thrown away the worker must needs bend double to remove the lid1 empty her plate1 put on the lid and raise herself up4 ,time and energy lost4 ,this could easily be on a little stool under a common kitchen table in which a round hole could be cut1 or alongside the garbage creating table and the stuff slid into it1 if it can be bought with a sliding lid4 ,there is also a pail whose lid is lifted by a pedal worked by the foot4 ,,hanging ,,within ,,reach ,to be sure1 this does not mean to hang up the kitchen table or the stove1 but it does mean to keep things1 that are used hundreds of times every day1 within the reach of your hands without superfluous stooping and bending4 ,it means1 too1 that cleaning utensils1 such as brooms and dusters and rags1 if hung in separate racks in or outside of a closet1 will live longer in good condition than if hurled into a corner of a closet where they get smashed and have their one hundred per cent4 utility diminished4 ,where a culinary tool decreases in efficiency1 the human element effort is necessarily increased1 and unnecessary fatigue ensues--then3 sloppy preparation of food and then1 dyspepsia4 ,now1 don't you see the inevitable result of slipshod kitchen arrangement8 ,if1 for any reason1 you like closets for pots and pans1 have glass doors on them and have them no lower than thirty-two inches from the floor4 ,this way you don't have to stoop1 the light penetrates1 and an arrangement like this has only the opening and shutting of the door in its disfavor and the fitting in of the utensils each time and their possible denting4 ,even the finest utensils will dent with improper provocation4 ,open shelves are very convenient1 too1 if you do not care to hang things up4 ,if you have a niche for each tool1 the work becomes almost play4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,brushing ,,up ,,on ,,brushes ,household work is drudgery unless it is put on as nice 7,i say 8nice0 advisedly in its purest sense7 a plane as any other craft4 ,the best way of doing this is to have tools that are adapted to the different kinds of work--and furthermore1 and quite as important1 tools you are proud of1 proud enough to keep well and advantageously4 ,the carpenter does not use one kind of tool for everything--he does not use a chisel where a plane could be used not only to better the job but for his own comfort or pleasure4 ,the same thing can be said of the painter1 who would not use a whitewash brush for a varnish job4 ,but the housekeeper seems to think it part of her duty1 somehow1 to use a one-for-all tool1 and then wonder why her work is irksome and her job ill done4 ,it is very often difficult to get a maid to use the proper brush1 but you will find1 if you do your own work1 that you will simplify it by using the right brush at the right time4 ,the long handled type for long distance work1 the short for local jobs1 soft ones for delicate and so on4 ,this careful work too will preserve the finishes of various things which must needs be brushed and save the cost of renewing paints and varnishes4 ,brush work in the home is the most pregnable of citadels1 but one that can be easily fortified against calumnies by a little attention to what a brush is1 does1 and can be4 ,of course1 a brush is meant to brush4 ,the two main classes of brushes in which you are interested are the household and personal4 ,of these two we will discuss the household and just touch in passing the personal brush 7such as nail brush1 clothes1 etc471 and will not enter into the paint-brush story even though the paint-brush is in household use on a surprising number of occasions4 ,bristles and fibers and hair are the brush of the brush4 ,the finest brushes are of bristle and hair and the less fine are of fiber save where bristle would not function any better for the job than fiber4 ,hair is used in some brushes where fine work and delicate surfaces are involved4 ,for example1 the shaving brush is of hair1 the silver brush of bristle1 the whisk of fiber4 ,a room wall brush1 too1 is often of hair to save the paper or wall finish4 ,bristles come from the hog's 7or boar's7 back1 and the colder the country in which this quadruped roams the longer and tougher the bristle4 ,therefore1 the ,siberian bristle has always been the toughest--and the ,chinese have come a close second4 ,we get bristles1 too1 from ,france and ,belgium4 ,the bristles from the ,united ,states are not tough1 as we kill the hog too soon--for bacon4 ,however1 for a soft brush these bristles are very fine4 ,japan imports bristles and so did ,austria before #aiad4 ,the resilient1 springy quality in the bristle cannot be duplicated in any other brush material4 ,due to-day to the disorganized trade conditions1 with ,europe and ,asia1 the bristle brush is almost a luxury4 ,the ,american brush has been conceded to be as fine as the ,european or magically 8imported0 brush1 as there is not any place to-day where the home is being studied by the brush makers as it is being done in ,america4 ,bristles don't break if bent--and the longer the bristle1 the stiffer and stouter is the butt end by which it is securely fastened4 ,therefore all hail the wild old hog6 ,horsehair1 badger1 camel's hair1 etc41 are ideal materials for some brushes4 ,many household brushes are made of horsehair1 shaving brushes of badger1 and the artist's brush is made of camel's hair when it can be had4 ,hearth brushes are sometimes made of the mane hair of the horse1 wall brushes1 too2 sometimes goat hair is used4 ,among other brushes made of horsehair frequently are the crumb 7table71 pastry1 bottle and dish washing 7white hair74 ,the very best white horsehair comes from the ,russian pony and is very nearly as stiff as bristles4 ,the black horsehair of the finest grade is also imported1 as the domestic is not as good4 ,other horsehair comes from ,china1 ,australia1 ,south ,america4 ,,fiber ,,or ,,bristle ,when you buy a brush1 if you don't know a fiber from a bristle1 ask your dealer4 ,he may say3 8,no this is not bristle1 it is made of ,bass0 7or ,bassine1 ,kitool1 ,palmyra or ,palmetto or ,rice ,root1 or ,mixed ,fibers1 or ,union1 or ,union ,marble1 etc474 ,if he is a good dealer you need not fear1 if his price is not very low you need not be suspicious1 because no good brush is inexpensive to-day and no cheap brush is a saving4 ,of all the fibers ,tampico 7from ,mexico1 ,central ,america largely71 the product of a species of cactus plant1 is probably the best fiber4 ,palmyra1 too1 is an excellent fiber1 and comes from a plant indigenous to regions near the ,indian ,ocean and the ,valley of the ,tigris4 ,what geographical scope we have in our homes6 ,there are trade names for fibers such as ,ox fiber1 a fine quality of fiber from the cabbage palmetto1 and many other trade named fibers which must be procured by ye purchasers only from purveyors of royal lineage4 ,brushes are made of mixtures of bristle and hair1 such as some flesh brushes or hand brushes1 the bristles taking the brunt of the action and holding the water better1 yet protecting the hair4 ,fiber and bristles are sometimes used in combination1 too4 ,if you buy an 8all bristle0 brush you don't want a mongrel variety4 ,if it is a mixture you are getting a usable and amply priced brush4 ,black bristle is often made into pipe1 window1 stove1 wall1 radiator1 milk bottle and percolator brushes4 ,the color1 black or white1 of bristles doesn't stamp quality4 ,in some cases black bristles are bleached for esthetic reasons4 ,for example1 a white tooth brush is more attractive4 ,the natural white bristle usually comes from ,china and the natural black from ,siberia4 ,fibers in browns and whites1 blacks and whites are mixed in brushes for appearances4 ,color in brushes is a matter of attractiveness and does not alter the usefulness or the wear of them4 ,the number and variety of brushes on the market are tremendous--one firm makes sixty-nine ordinary household brushes1 and besides this has others tucked away1 to say nothing of the personal1 industrial and professional classes of brushes4 ,thousands is not an exaggerated figure to apply to the variety of brushes for all uses on the market to-day4 ,another firm shows twenty-nine different kinds of scrubbing brushes 7all of fiber--,palmyra1 ,rice-,root1 ,white ,tampico1 ,ox ,fiber1 ,palmetto1 etc41 etc47 of varying shapes1 sizes and color4 ,the object being in every case for the purchaser to buy the brush that fits the hand and the job4 ,,brushes ,,must ,,brush ,,only ,brushes1 like any other implement1 should do their own jobs only and nothing else4 ,a brush that gouges and does a chisel's work is a poor brush1 no matter what quality the fiber or brush mark4 ,the brush you buy for your wall or your hardwood floor must not scratch1 and must have nothing in its construction that can scratch4 ,likewise1 the brush you buy for your toilet bowl must not scratch or wear the enamel and the bristles must be bristles1 for if of fiber you will have your brush acting like a blotter4 ,your brush must clean and brush1 it must not become a bacteria nestling haven4 ,brushes bought for the radiator can get under the piano and into small spaces1 but they are still brushes and the more things they brush the better1 of course4 ,furthermore1 bristles in a stove brush should not be stiff enough to engrave designs on the nickel-work on the stove4 ,the same may be said for the pot-scouring brush4 ,it 7if made of fiber or bristle7 must not chip enamel or aluminum by any part of its construction4 ,the brush that fits its works1 saves time4 ,for example1 the brush that is meant for the toilet bowl should be shaped to fit the toilet trap4 ,it should be so built that its wire will not rust2 after it is shaken out it ought not to drip when hung up2 the bristles should not mat or separate and should be so made as to bend to your will4 ,if it is of fiber1 this brush will mat and become of no avail in short order4 ,such a brush can be used as a bath-tub cleaning brush and will not break the back when functioning4 ,baldness is the worst disease of bad brushes4 ,bristles and fiber must be stitched and anchored so as not to shed4 ,the frosting brush would be a danger if a bristle were swallowed with a bite of cake4 ,you probably know the agony of a clothes brush that sheds bristles4 ,the backless twisted-in-wire brushes give brush area on all sides1 and are so secured that the bristle is fixed indefinitely4 ,the brush that is all brush1 which has no emerging back to scratch1 and which brushes at every angle1 saves time and extra effort1 too4 ,,the ,,protean ,,vegetable ,,brush ,one of the most useful brushes on the market is the vegetable brush4 ,a little brush whose uses are many4 ,if there are a few in a household they can be used for washing vegetables1 scraping silk from corn1 scrubbing poultry1 scouring pots and pans1 cleaning white shoes1 sprinkling clothes1 for they hold enough water1 and scrubbing dishes4 ,for the kitchenette to-day the sink brush and dishwashing brush with their long handles are a boon for the housewife as she can keep her hands in condition by not getting them into hot water so constantly4 ,these brushes have various other obvious uses besides4 ,don't use paper to grease pans or glaze cakes2 use a pastry brush4 ,of course this brush must be made without glue or cement so that it can be frequently washed in scalding water and the bristles still be where they should be4 ,a brush small enough for the percolater tube is to be had4 ,it is good for teapot spouts1 gas burner holes1 typewriter interstices1 etc4 ,among other brushes to which you may need introduction are3 ,wicker-,reed4 ,this gets in the tiny places so annoying to clean with mammoth tools4 ,refrigerator 7or pipe brush74 ,this is a fairy wand to keep off plumbers from your estate4 ,almost a pipe-dream in its general pipe-cleaning skill4 ,hearth ,brush4 ,a good utilitarian tool for those owning not only a home but a hearth4 ,radiator4 ,gets around a radiator as if it loved it4 ,can be used under a piano1 etc4 ,good for chandeliers1 under oven or gas stove1 etc4 ,comb ,cleaner4 ,the same brush company which makes the above backless1 and twisted wire brushes has just put a little comb cleaning brush on the market4 ,it is like a little lawn mower which travels over and through the comb teeth4 ,brush cleaner4 ,this new thing is intended to loosen the soil which attaches itself to brushes by scraping it off4 ,it is made of bone entirely4 ,remember there are hundreds of brushes and that they are designed for every kind of thing1 and best of all1 there are companies who exist just to fit you out with brushes and who will advise you just what kinds to get4 ,,mops ,,and ,,dusters ,just a word or two about mops1 which are more and more coming to be made of cotton which1 though not technically absorbent cotton1 does absorb the dust4 ,they are not oily1 but chemically treated and so will not hurt the rugs4 ,they should be of wire construction1 no parts exposed so as to scratch4 ,they must be of strong1 enduring cotton1 reversible1 washable1 with an adjustable long handle1 usable for ceiling1 walls1 doors1 windows1 pictures1 baseboards and floors2 good for corners4 ,the handle should be at least long enough to obviate all back bending4 ,of course there is a dish mop for washing cups1 pitchers or dishes1 and the light weight wet mop1 with long handle1 of washable1 reversible1 corner-hunting1 absorbant cotton yarn4 ,the duster that dusts and does not smudge is what is needed4 ,the one that can dust finger marks off polished surfaces1 absorb the dust and can get into difficult places without breaking the back or--more important still--the heart4 ,these and many other brushes are to be had for your comfort and for the asking--and paying4 ,many times in the use of fiber brushes1 whether for personal or household uses1 it is wise to immerse them completely in water for one-half minute and set them aside to dry1 resting on the fiber face of the brush instead of the wooden back or on one of the ends4 ,laying the brush flat down permits the entire surface to drain in the shortest possible time4 ,the object of dipping the brush in water before use is to overcome a factory defect which is possible in some factories1 for once the fibers of the brush are dipped in water1 the water is drawn up into the hole by capillary attraction and rusts the staple which is of iron wire2 and as this staple starts to rust1 it forms a bond with the wood that makes the anchoring permanent4 ,should there be one or two loose tufts1 they will be cured by the rusting process4 ,after using the brush1 shake out the water and place it face downward or standing on the bristles so that it will drain and dry4 ,you are particularly interested in the manufacture of brushes1 except to get what you pay for4 ,the handles of your brushes must be comfortable1 smooth1 long enough in some instances to save your back from pain and short or small enough to fit your hand4 ,in all cases they must be firm and reliable4 ,the handles are preferably not joined with a swivel joint1 as this is apt to turn4 ,the clamp is a better fastening4 ,in the best grade of household brush most of the handles are of wood or twisted wire1 treated so as to be practically rustless4 ,the nail brush and tooth brushes1 of course1 are often of ,french ivory and the handle is so made as to allow no dirt to remain in the handle4 ,often1 too1 the bristles can be taken out to be cleaned or replaced4 7,the hair-brush is a story in itself47 ,brushes must be easily cleaned and cared for4 ,brush racks can be bought or carpenters make them very simply4 ,above all1 you want a brush that brushes1 whose bristles or fibers are anchored to stay1 whose utility goes with years1 not months1 whose death depends not on use but abuse1 and to whose employing you look forward with pleasure4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,the ,,quiet ,,house ,the entrance to a house is like the tonic chord of a sonata4 ,it gives you the key1 the introduction to the atmosphere of the home4 ,you really get an impression of a home immediately upon entering the hallway4 ,it is also true that on entering a house you are lured or repelled by the sounds in it1 whether from the house itself or the people living there4 ,if you are greeted by loud voices1 slamming doors1 creaking stairs1 there is immediately the impression that this particular home is not well ordered and that the people in it are not at peace4 ,but if you are at once enveloped by quiet and loveliness1 a feeling of peace is suggested and involuntarily we expect to meet a charming family4 ,the good architect always gives the builder a set of plans that should make a satisfactory house1 but1 as an eminent architect recently said1 8,it seems to be the aim of most builders to change every detail of the architect's plan40 ,so it is a wise idea to watch the construction of your home so that when the house is actually built you will find it not only attractive to look at but so well constructed in every detail that there are no complaints to make as to leaks or noise or cold4 ,if a house is built of good materials1 is well planned1 is well put together1 a sense of peace is usually the result4 ,in order to accomplish this1 every detail of the house must be considered1 the windows and the doors1 the stairs and floors4 ,due to the high cost of building1 heavy masonry is not always used in the division of rooms and the separating of stairs from rooms4 ,where a slight partition only is required1 there are on the market to-day asbestos1 felt1 and composition 8boards0 which render excellent service1 and are often fireproof and sound-proof4 ,to shut away a nursery1 these light weight1 sound-proof partitions are admirable4 ,they not only leave a nursery perfectly quiet at night1 shut away from all the disturbances of the house1 but during the daytime they keep the family from hearing the play1 the romping1 or the unhappy times in the nursery4 ,of course1 the arrangement of rooms1 such as the relation of the nursery and kitchen to other parts of the house1 has much to do with the peace of the home4 ,the service end of the house should1 so far as possible1 be shut away by halls and doors1 from too close communication with the living part of the house4 ,think of this when you are planning your home4 ,all uncovered floors are noisy no matter how well they are laid or how nicely they are finished4 ,of whatever your floor is made it should be well constructed1 over an adequate sub-floor2 if of wood1 it should be put down so compactly that there is never a sound from it4 ,but when it comes to quiet you must have the carpets or rugs4 ,bare floor never produces it1 under any conditions4 ,metal weather strips6 ,so important are they in relation to comfort and peace in the house that they should really be included in the specifications for the building of a home4 ,besides keeping out wintry blasts1 they contribute much to a quiet atmosphere4 ,in the first place1 they help to keep the din of the street from indoors2 also when they are applied to the interior of doors1 the noise from one room doesn't easily reach another4 ,windows that carry weather strips slide up and down easily4 ,and a good word can be said of the weather-stripped door4 ,a door with this silencer about it closes quietly and surely2 even if one is in a hurry1 the door does not show it4 ,another device for lessening the sound of doors shutting is a piston noise retarder4 ,it has an air cushion which is attached to the frame of the door and the piston is fixed to the door4 ,this keeps the door from slamming4 ,screen doors1 which are of no use unless they shut quite tightly1 should be fitted with this device4 ,children will bless it and so will the servants in the house4 ,all these things should be considered both as to price and comfort when you are planning your house1 so that when you first begin to live in it you find peace and quiet1 instead of a succession of irritating worries4 ,a small device but one not to be regarded lightly1 is a set of rubber or glass furniture protectors which1 when affixed to the legs of any piece of furniture1 make it possible to move it about without noise and without any especial effort4 ,these protectors also save the floor and keep the carpets from being worn and torn4 ,they are easily attached and not expensive4 ,the 8silence cloth0 on the dining table1 whether made of cloth or asbestos1 is another means of lessening disturbing sounds in a house4 ,and in some homes ,i have known it to be a rule that all the servants must wear rubber heels4 ,this not only lessens the noise in the house1 but it mitigates1 to a very great extent1 the weariness felt by busy maids who are on their feet practically all day long4 ,a great deal of the clattering sound in a kitchen can be avoided by lining the cutlery drawers with felt1 so that when silver and knives are put away the clashing of pieces together is avoided4 ,pantry dresser drawers should be lined in the same way4 ,this lining felt can easily be installed by pasting or tacking1 and it is not expensive4 ,a place for everything and everything in its place is an especially good idea in connection with the pots and pans in a kitchen4 ,much of the annoying sound from this source can be obviated by hanging the utensils1 because most of the sound is due to the falling together of pots and pans as they are piled on top of each other when being put away on the shelves after use4 ,one of the chief offenders against the charm of the home in the matter of noise is cheaply constructed plumbing4 ,this is not only unsanitary1 but at times deeply embarrassing4 ,good plumbing is an absolute essential in the well-constructed house4 ,nothing will betray your economy so promptly as plumbing that is not of good materials and well placed4 ,it is necessary to get all your fixtures from the most reputable dealer1 and have the best workman put them in1 and then you will save money in the long run and charm and peace will envelop the plumbing side of life4 ,the bathtub with a water inlet so fixed that there is only a little noise for a few seconds or none at all is a point of perfection that manufacturers are making every effort to attain4 ,perhaps the nearest to it is a device hung very low in the tub so that after the first few inches of water the faucet is covered1 and the noise from the inflowing water is smothered4 ,people who will not endure the slightest rattle or creaking in an automobile will live for months with a squeaking1 leaking faucet4 ,a slight adjustment will usually remedy the difficulty2 sometimes only a washer is needed4 ,and even an entirely new faucet is not a purchase with very serious consequences4 ,as yet no way has been found to modify the noise of the telephone without lessening its effectiveness4 ,the telephone is rung to catch your attention and if you muffle the bell too completely you are liable to lose an important call4 ,if you have a very noisy telephone bell in an apartment where every sound is heard1 you can muffle it slightly with a little pad of absorbent cotton4 ,this is an especially good thing to try where the sound of the bell disturbs an invalid or little children4 ,rugs are a delightful way to reduce noise in the hall4 ,a long runner that goes the whole length of the hall and about half its width will keep your hall quiet for your own house and prevent its disturbing your neighbors4 ,of course1 in a house where the hall is large and capacious1 the surface is much more interesting covered with groups of rugs2 a runner spoils its interest and a carpet is less intriguing4 ,quiet is one of the most difficult things to find these days in the city1 and also one of the most essential things for one's work and happiness and health4 ,there is only one way to acquire it in the modern home and that is to look after every detail of your house at the very beginning4 ,after all1 the things that make for quiet are in the main little things4 ,yet it takes thought1 some experience and a good deal of attention to detail at the beginning of making a home1 to insure in it that pervasive charm which must have for its foundation quiet throughout the house4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,ostracizing ,,the ,,fly 8,try my glasses10 coaxed a kind old lady1 when her young friend broke her own bone rims4 ,and she did4 ,but she was far from happy--in fact1 quite miserable2 and her eyes took a long time to recover from the ravages of the ill-fitting glasses4 ,naturally nobody should use glasses made for another4 ,glasses that have been more than carefully fitted to the individual's eye are none too good if comfort and eye ease are desired4 ,so it is with the installation of screens4 ,it may sound queer to compare eye-glasses and screens1 but nevertheless the analogy is nearly perfect4 ,as the eyes vary1 so do the apertures of the various homes4 ,therefore1 unless screens are fitted carefully to each window1 door or porch there will be discrepancies1 and if one fly or insect can get in others can and there will be not only discomfort but probably disease distribution4 ,swat the fly8 ,no6 ,don't give yourself a chance to swat it4 ,keep it out6 ,therefore if you have a house to screen do it the best way you can or the money spent will be a dead loss4 ,they must be bug-tight even as a ship is water tight2 unless they are1 you will be the host at continual insect balls and chairman of the rust convention and store up for yourself an irritability unprecedented4 ,for there is no more annoying thing in the home than recalcitrant or obstinate screens4 ,it is strange that any missionary work need be done about screens because almost every one agrees upon their uses in health prevention and comfort assurance1 yet withal the purchasing of them is done ignorantly and as carelessly as the young woman who uses anybody's glasses for her own particular and peculiar eyes4 ,to begin with1 do not order screens to be made 8right away02 they cannot be done in less than a thirty-day month and be made with any finish4 ,order early enough after you have received estimates from the best screen makers2 then take the estimate which gives you the best value after you have either seen the models1 actual installations1 or are satisfied that you will get the thing that you need for your particular case4 ,the skilful screen men treat your case as individually as the oculist treats your eyes4 ,your screens should be3 #a4 ,simple to manipulate1 should pull up1 lower1 raise or thrust out1 easily and happily1 and should be simply removed for storage if necessary and uncomplicatedly re-applied4 #b4 ,all the hardware should be inseparable from the body of the screen--that is3 catches1 bolts1 locks1 etc4 #c4 ,all the metal work should be rustless and adapted to the region in which you live4 #d4 ,frames must be rigid and wire cloth taut1 well fastened at every point in the frame1 not sag1 and be rigid4 #e4 ,wooden frame screens must be of kiln-dried1 seasoned wood1 and when expedient1 of hard wood4 #f4 ,renewal of wire cloth must be a simple matter without an armory of fancy tools4 #g4 ,all should be neat1 attractive1 matching the window1 door or porch trim where they are placed4 #h4 ,they must be a pleasure to use1 not limiting the use of the window or door screened1 nor breaking the back or arm when in use4 ,screen frames are made of metals and of wood4 ,due to the architectural design of some windows or doors it is necessary for a wood frame to be used1 and for the same reason it is often wiser to use a metal frame4 ,wherever metal frames can be used they are the best to buy1 as they will stand up longer1 and1 if the best be bought1 they will need less renovation1 as they can be made rigid at only half the width of the wood screen4 ,furthermore1 you get more ventilation than you do with the wood-framed screen4 ,of course1 you want air and as much as you can get of it2 therefore the narrower the frame the more perfect the screen4 ,the metals used in frames are pretty much up to the quality of your screens' maker4 ,they are to be had of bronze and various concoctions of bronze dependent on the patents of your purveyor2 of grass finish1 copper finish2 steel enameled2 steel painted2 steel grained to look like the wood trim2 steel galvanized and steel regalvanized2 monel metal4 ,to be honest1 there are two better classifications of screens3 those that are rustless and those that are not4 ,monel metal is used for seashore houses1 as the salt air does not corrode or corrupt it4 ,variations of the bronze screen are also adapted to seashore use4 ,the painted steel screen has to be painted over and over again to keep it from rusting and wearing out4 ,the galvanized screen is practically rustless and the re-galvanized is quite positively an insurance against rust4 ,be sure that when you buy a bronze frame it is not simply a bronze steel frame4 ,steel invites rust1 and the way to have a rustless screen is to make steel an absentee or galvanize it4 ,all the hardware must be of non-rusting metal4 ,no doubt1 as soon as the rustless steel is on the market in large quantities1 screen men will be using it instead of galvanizing1 painting1 etc41 and using it and bronze and monel metals for hardware4 ,,some ,,details ,the corners in the metal 7and in the wood frame as well7 have to be of exquisite workmanship4 ,the best types have no screws or rivets or plates or projections of any sort1 yet are of a perfect interlocking or welded construction and hold the screen cloth at every point with infallible tenacity4 ,there is no aperture so shaped that it cannot be framed in screens by the ablest screen makers4 ,in the case of the metal screen the bent work is really a work of art1 in that they are not puckered or pinched1 but are sans humps1 sans bumps1 sans everything but beauty1 rigidity and conformity to conditions4 ,every screen manufacturer has his own scheme for fastening the screen cloth firmly in both metal and wood frames4 ,the idea is that the cloth must not sag in the frames1 on the largest openings in doors or windows1 porches1 etc41 that when either whacked by the children or inadvertently struck by adults1 the cloth will remain taut and rigid and stay in place in the frame4 ,the tubular metal frame in this connection seems the most logical metal frame4 ,it is lighter and as strong as the other types of metal frames4 ,it is so admirably contrived that the cloth can be removed without an extra tool and the springs and slides can be very conveniently and admirably fitted4 ,the tracks or slide upon which the metal frame works must be a slide and not a series of sticking points4 ,this means good workmanship4 ,another advantage the metal frame has over the wood frame is that it does not need the disfiguring hinges2 if hinged1 it can be hung on the pivot hinge which leaves no scar1 and is inserted in the casing of window and leaves no trace4 ,when it is to be taken down for the winter it is simply lifted out--no pins to come out of hinges and no unscrewing4 ,,varieties ,,of ,,metal ,,screens ,the type of screen is of course dependent upon the kind of window or opening you have to screen4 ,the usual types are3 sliding and rolling1 casement and stationery4 ,the sliding screens are usually used on the double hung window and slide on a slide4 ,the best slides are of metal backed by wood4 ,a double hung window can be screened by a single screen or a double one1 dependent on the wish of the purchaser4 ,the double slide is necessary1 of course1 in the case of the double screen4 ,in this connection it is interesting to note that there is a new type of window lately on the market that arranges in the head of the window a space into which not only the screen can disappear but the window itself1 and be out of the way4 ,this of course allows for a completely open window even more so than the casement4 ,the pleasure of the slide screen is in the fact of its sliding and not catching in a series of struggles to make it work4 ,springs and tubular grooved frames complete this type4 ,if the springs get out of order in a tubular grooved frame1 they can easily be taken out and restored without special tools4 ,they are protected also from wear and rust and made so as to withstand atmospheric ravages4 ,a safety device should be provided to prevent the spring from accidentally disengaging itself4 ,if the screen is hung inside the window1 one hand lift is sufficient4 ,if it is hung outside it is well to have another on the inside to be of service when removing them for winter storage4 ,,rolling ,,screens ,the acme of screen perfection is attained in the rolling screen4 ,at present this type is creating the interest it deserves1 as it is adapted to every kind of window and can be kept on the window throughout the year4 ,the screen is of metal and rolls up on a roller like a window shade2 it is of simple construction1 durable and non-rusting4 ,it is light and rolls with great despatch4 ,some of these shadelike frames can be raised and lowered at any point on the window frame2 they are rigid1 do not sag on the broadest of windows and are equipped with non-rusting metal1 and are either of monel or bronze in fittings and framing4 ,the track in which they slide is also non-rusting and holds the screen well in place4 ,the screen cloth is of the best mesh and is tightly fastened at every point in the frame4 ,the fact that these screens are inside the window leaves them free from the ravages of the elements1 which is another point in their favor4 ,some of these screens are supplied with a cord like a shade that pulls up and down the same way4 ,some of these roller screens have employed zinc on all exposed parts1 and this is a rust preventive4 ,the same brand employs a waterproofed fabric less expensive than metal1 also bronze1 copper and monel metal4 ,one especial type of rolling screen presents an advantage that is very desirable--it has a patent side grip for the edges of the monel screen cloth and a perfected runway in which travels a series of metal clips holding the cloth and so arranged as to roll up without difficulty4 ,the screen roll is assembled in a zinc casing1 made exactly to fit the window1 which is easily attached to the 8stops0 at the top of the window frame and1 when painted or stained to match the trim1 looks like a part of it and is almost invisible4 ,the two side 8runways10 also of zinc1 are screwed to the window 8stops0 like weather strips and are painted or stained in similar manner making them entirely inconspicuous4 ,illustration3 ,wire cloth rolls into this bar ,screen raised to any height for adjustment of windows ,courtesy of ,rolup ,screen ,co4 ,,the ,,screen ,,which ,,rolls ,,up ,,is ,a ,,comfort ,,as ,,well ,,as ,a ,,safe ,,and ,,sane ,,insect ,,ostracizer ,the window shade is then replaced just below the screen casing and neither interferes with the other4 ,the screen is so adjusted that it easily pulls down or pushes up at will1 automatically locks itself on being brought down to the sill1 and1 after being released by a slight upward push remains in whatever position it is left4 ,it covers the whole of every window and is so simple in construction and direct in action that1 once installed1 it should never get out of order4 ,in case of damage it can easily be removed1 new parts obtained and as easily be relocated4 ,in new houses1 under construction1 provision can easily be made to 8sink0 the screen casing and side runways into the window frames so that they are almost invisible4 ,if the rolling screen is not used1 the casement can be covered with top-hung outside screens1 side-hung1 double-door style1 or single from one side or stationary on the outside1 if the window opens inside4 ,when possible the casement screen should be hung on pivot hinges to permit ease of detaching for storage1 and1 as we said before1 to leave the window without the marring of the hinge there or removed4 ,however1 frequently in the case of the unusually large screen the use of a little strap hinge is sometimes necessary to carry the extra weight4 ,in marble window casing the hinge of course is an impossibility4 ,a couple of side levers on either side of the screen for releasing the pivots when the screens are to be taken off for the winter make the matter of removal as easy as 8falling off a log40 ,the top hinge screen on the outside of the window which pushes out from the inside has to be hung very securely and the bolts and pivots and handles and adjusters have to be made to perfection4 ,the adjuster for pushing this window out or open must be a pleasure to use or else this type of screen will be a curse4 ,there is an adjuster now on the market that is put on the window in such a way that the screen can be opened or closed without opening the inside of the window4 ,a double insurance against inroads of bugs while opening the window to adjust screen6 ,put up to 8stay put0 stationary screens are fastened with bolts which are removed when necessary to store4 ,,wooden ,,frames ,the story of the wooden frame is about the same as the metal1 only that the wood frame can't rust1 but can wear out if not seasoned and kiln dried and given all the care in manufacture that long life in woods necessitates4 ,here1 too1 the corner construction must be perfect1 must be able to bear the weight of the screen and take out the jars4 ,the frame must be rigid1 light and strong4 ,the wire cloth must be so fastened at every point that there is no sag or bagginess in the broadest window4 ,now all this is possible in the best wood frame screens and with good workmanship4 ,every one thought for a long time that the metal screen could not incorporate their good points4 ,don't be fooled by some one saying that the wood screen cannot be made 8fool proof10 for it can and is4 ,here again every maker has his own device for catching the metal cloth2 here again the metal cloth must be rustless2 here again the metal work and hardware must be rustless2 the screen must make easy manipulation possible4 ,the screen door question1 too1 is rallied round with the same provisos of manufacture as metal and wood screens4 ,there are the two leaf door and the one leaf4 ,the new thing on the door is the fact that the whole door may be screened or only one-half screened1 the rest of wood or metal4 ,yet it is far better to have the whole door screened1 but for the sake of beauty and lack of monotony the lower half can be guarded with a metal panel which will not only look well but protect the wire cloth4 ,sometimes1 too1 in the wholly screened door just a metal guard rail is applied to prevent injury to the wire cloth on the full expanse of a door4 ,if half the door is of wood1 there again you lose the free entry of air1 so it is advisable to screen the door completely and use the guard metal work to beautify and protect it4 ,some of the lower portions of doors 7as is the case with ,french windows7 are beautifully carved to be in keeping with a handsome wood interior4 ,doors1 too1 should be equipped with a good check to prevent them from banging and close tightly4 ,locks or no locks1 are questions to be decided by the buyer1 but all hardware1 belts1 catches1 pins1 hinges1 etc41 should1 of course1 follow the 8no-rust0 rgime1 and be of the most durable stuff and match up with the surrounding hardware4 ,even though the frame and its hanging are of vital importance1 yet what would the screen be without the screen cloth8 ,and1 of course1 there are as many kinds of cloth in this quarter of the world's work as in any other and you have to know something of the variety in order to know what you are buying1 to buy advantageously4 ,here again you play the old tune3 ,rustlessness4 ,the cloth must be of a mesh not too fine for free entry of air1 and fine enough to prevent the smallest insects from entering4 ,but here you must use discretion4 ,if your home is in the ,adirondacks where black flies and midgets precede the mosquitoes1 then it is the better part of wisdom to use a finer mesh2 if you are at the seashore1 the ordinary coarser mesh is sufficient4 ,,wire ,,cloth ,,varieties ,there is also choice here4 ,you can have3 #a4 ,painted steel cloth which must be repainted often in accordance with its exposure and in regard to where it is exposed and whether it is hung inside or outside of the window4 #b4 ,galvanized steel mesh3 ,this is often blackened for eye ease4 #c4 ,monel metal 7an alloy of copper and nickel7 guaranteed rust proof1 used mainly at seashore resorts but good for any place4 #d4 ,bronze and patented bronzes3 ,used as is the monel wire cloth4 ,here a coat of paint to dull the bronze glare is of real service to the eye4 #e4 ,copper3 ,a coat of dull paint here1 too1 will take off the glare4 ,manufacturers have various bronze cloths and they are sold under various names4 ,its great use is imperviousness to rust but it has to be of the best manufacture to insure this paradisiacal condition4 ,the porch that is screened with pernickety screens never is screened in time to reject the insect world4 ,so here is another case where they must fit and be made to order4 ,what is a sleeping porch without a screen8 ,without a functioning screen8 ,one swallow may not make a summer1 but one fly can make torture out of night4 ,some makers will key your screens so that each screen has its tag for replacement and there is no loss of effort and time in resetting them next year in their proper places4 ,this can be done in windows1 door and porch work4 ,of course1 with the rolling screen--they are never taken down and much labor is saved4 ,screens are not a luxury2 they are a health measure4 ,when we get more civilized we will probably have our screens inspected to see that they fit1 and the boards of health in the various towns will keep a close watch on them1 for diseases are rapidly being traced to the minute insect carriers4 ,typhus and yellow fever are the last results4 ,think what ,central ,europe would have been spared had it been properly screened6 ,contrary to usual opinion screens can be most attractive and fit in with the surrounding wood trim1 and be a department of house furnishing not to be belittled4 ,and don't fail to realize that a lot of trouble can be saved and unsightliness be avoided1 if the screen is thought of before building your home--and if the roller type is installed1 you have no storage care1 or removal and recurring slavery4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,polishing ,,the ,,water ,,supply 8,i found a fish in my bath-tub to-day10 said ,i to a friend4 8,wasn't that the best place in the house to find one80 was the reply4 8,yes10 ,i said1 8but ,i can't say ,i enjoy bathing in an aquarium1 and my civic pride is hurt because ,i have been so proud of my city's water quality and all of the sister municipalities which filter or chlorinate or both40 ,in this anecdote is the crux of the filter situation4 ,in times gone by a filter was sold to save life from polluted waters1 from streams1 wells1 surface sources1 sewage-burdened rivers1 etc4 ,it was a dire necessity and became by its efficiency or lack of it a godsend or a menace4 ,if it were a good filter it needed care and attention in the greatest degree to make it a boon2 if it were a bad filter it continued despite care to be a curse far more dangerous than the unfiltered product because it became a collector and a breeding place for bacteria and doled out water as pure to the most modest of drinkers4 ,but as with every department of living in this realm1 things have moved on4 ,in this case gloriously4 ,for since the municipalities have taken our lives in their hands the dangers from bad filters are slight and the need of good ones necessary but not a life-and-death matter4 ,in short1 the excitement about filters in the home is dead but their use goes marching on4 ,however1 as this story will be read by inhabitants of unfiltered municipalities and towns1 whatever danger and comfort can accrue from non-filtration or filtration of water will be evident after a glance at this attempt to bring it to your mind4 ,just as this goes to press we see in the paper that a western town of ,salem has seven hundred and eighty cases of typhoid in a population of ten thousand4 ,here is food for thought6 ,hundreds of towns 7one firm alone has installed about #afc plants7 in the ,united ,states have municipal filtration plants4 ,some even oxygenate the water by fountaining it esthetically skyward and allowing it to entice to itself oxygen 7from the free air71 by which it gets life and polish and becomes refreshing4 ,some towns chlorinate the water supply4 ,when water is chlorinated1 minute quantities of chlorine are added which absolutely destroy the germs in the water1 but do not alter its chemical or physical characteristics in the least4 ,the difference between a water that has been chlorinated and one that has not been so treated is that in the first case the germs are destroyed1 but in the second case they remain in the water to cause possible disease4 ,this process is rarely used in the home as the control is too difficult4 ,but in the case of the elaborate residence with large incumbencies in the way of model farms1 dairy1 stables1 machine shops1 etc41 it is used4 ,also the smallest plants are used in the case of large swimming pools in and out of fine residences1 where1 of course1 the water has been found to be bacterially degenerate and where the work of purification is not done by a benign municipality4 ,to get to the roots of the matter you want water 7you don't care what the high-browed engineer does to it7 to be3 #a4 ,colorless4 #b4 ,tasteless4 #c4 ,odorless4 #d4 ,free from suspended matter4 #e4 ,with enough oxygen gas to make it refreshing and give it life4 #f4 ,without germs or food for germs4 ,what you want to keep out3 #a4 ,suspended impurities3 vegetable1 animal 7such as the fish71 mineral1 microscopical alg 7what you see on the stagnant waters71 infusoria1 etc4 #b4 ,dissolved impurities4 #c4 ,disease germs3 typhoid1 cholera1 etc4 ,what you must demand in a filter3 #a4 ,all the above4 #b4 ,durability4 #c4 ,simplicity of management4 #d4 ,nearest approach possible to self cleaning4 7,the uncertain human element makes many a good filter fall down47 ,these four things are essential to the longevity of the filter and to you1 if you inhabit filterless vales4 ,another thing suggested by the fourth article of faith above is the care of the filter4 ,if you have a maid you can't be sure in what state the filter is1 unless you keep close watch or have constant inspection by a service bureau4 ,slight danger from the nearly self cleaning filter can by care be entirely eliminated4 ,but only with care4 ,to clarify after its long pipe journey 7probably through rusty pipes1 etc472 to insure plumbing 7in case of the installed filter in the cellar7 against clogging1 incrustations and general wear1 accumulations of material bound to enter the water on its trip through the pipes to the house--due to broken water mains1 fires in the city--accidents of any kind2 to give the laundry a clean appearance1 for the best laundry work availeth little if the water is murky or turbid2 to polish water1 or render it free from flavor and turbidity4 ,when typhoid had its happy hunting ground in plumbing it was thought quite in keeping to have typhoid cases in abundance4 ,in ,pittsburgh and other such afflicted towns it is now felt to be a heinous sin1 since filtration has become a part of the service that towns render to their inhabitants4 ,in fact1 all boards of health to-day feel it to be a felony and disgrace to find a case of such a disease in the community4 ,so1 to public-spirited citizens in unfiltered regions1 your task is cut out for you4 ,you can get rid of muddy1 dirty water by municipal filtration plants or home filters and care4 ,for those who live in filtered towns the use of filters is manifest1 too4 ,there are various kinds of filters in use1 but only two kinds are of interest for use in the home4 #a4 ,the type affixed to spigot 7or water cooler74 #b4 ,the installed filter placed in cellar or other part of the home to filter the whole water supply4 ,these are divided into many technical categories1 but what you are interested in are the following questions3 ,do you need a filter8 ,what shall you have to know to buy a filter intelligently8 ,rapidly stated1 it is safest to buy a filter from a manufacturer who says 8my filter is not absolutely perfect but it is the nearest thing to perfection we can get4 ,we know our filter can render water from #ij to #ajj free from bacteria1 as we have had bacteriological tests made by competent chemists40 ,when you order a filter1 put down on paper the answers to the following questions1 and send them to the manufacturers who will then give you the data and prices4 ,choose the best manufacturer and then invest3 #a4 ,are the fixtures all on direct water supply or are they supplied from an open storage tank or combination of the two8 #b4 ,what are the source1 nature and peculiarities of the water to be filtered8 ,has it odor1 taste1 vegetable discoloration1 clay or iron stain8 #c4 ,what sort of water supply system do you use and what of the water pressure8 ,what is the size of the supply pipe8 7,ask your plumber47 #d4 ,how many gallons of water are required to be filtered per minute1 per hour or per #h1 #aj1 #ab1 or #bd hours8 7,ask your plumber47 #e4 ,how many bathrooms and other water fixtures are in your home8 #f4 ,is there a municipal plant in your town8 ,what kind8 ,since #ahhe thousands of filters have been patented4 ,years ago the smallest and most unreliable maker would put a filter on the market and promise immunity from death and let it go at that1 because folks are anxious to be saved4 ,to-day not many more than six filters are really sold with a guarantee by reliable firms backing them4 ,why8 ,because most of these filters were cheap and flimsy1 did nothing but strain water and strain their point as well4 ,these small manufacturers would spring into being one day and sink into oblivion the next4 ,the filters1 if they did filter 7not strain1 only71 would become breeding nests for bacteria4 ,physicians feared and forbade them4 ,the filters on the market to-day are in varying degrees reliable1 depending greatly on their functions1 on the amount of care and wear1 and how they are used4 ,for example1 coarse gravel as a medium through which to purify water might be good to take out bits of sediment--big bits--but it would not act on the bacteria4 ,in general1 the materials used in filters through which the water must pass to be purified are3 sand1 quartz1 charcoal1 cloth1 paper1 etc4 ,another class of filters passes the water through a bougis or candle made of unglazed porcelain 7,kaolin71 natural stone1 artificial stone1 asbestos1 diatomaceous earth1 etc4 ,the pores through which the water flows catch the bacteria and sediment4 ,with this list before you you must ask yourself if you need only a strainer4 ,is the water free from bacilli8 ,have you a municipal chlorinating plant or filter plant8 ,if so1 any good filter will do to strain out suspended matter2 but if you are very anxious to have perfect water you cannot go wrong by having a filter which will catch bacteria which may have accidental entry1 in any community whatever4 ,if you know you have dirty water and no municipal plant you cannot be too careful as to what you use in rendering safe the water from well1 stream or any other source4 ,the most reliable faucet filter is the diatomaceous earthen candle type which is simply cleaned by brushing off its soft surface and boiling occasionally to kill furtive bacteria4 ,the great drawback to this type of filter is that it is not a reformer and cannot force the user to keep it clean4 ,therefore it is up to the user1 and as its agent told the writer1 8,filter use in a city like ,new ,york is a matter of temperament4 ,some people enjoy caring for a filter in order to make a splendid water supply fool-proof1 others dislike the care and do not mind the slight risk in any city water supply or the discoloration that is often inherent40 ,filters1 whether installed or attached to faucets1 are built to fit the occasion4 ,it is interesting to realize that nearly every fine home in ,new ,york1 especially on ,fifth ,avenue1 has a filter1 despite the city's excellent water supply4 ,not so much to save life1 as it so often does owing to frequent invasions of germs into even excellent water1 but for the feeling of clean unflavored1 unfishy1 unwoody water and for the insurance of long life of the plumbing system--and to save deterioration in plumbing is a thing devoutly to be wished4 ,sand or quartz is the usual medium for filtration in the home4 ,bone char is often added to these to destroy taste1 for there is nothing as disagreeable as water with a decided taste4 ,there are a few filters to-day which when installed in the cellar consist of one or two vertical tanks attached to the water supply4 ,in one tank is quartz through which the water passes and in the other is bone char to carry away flavor4 ,in one case the filter has a simple lever which when set at a certain spot on the dial washes out the filter beds and frees them from contamination4 ,as the impurities in the water are removed by a filter they accumulate in a mass or cake on top of the filter bed4 ,if this cake or matted formation is not broken up and thoroughly disintegrated1 it will roll up during the washing process and not only clog but contaminate a filter bed1 utterly destroying its efficiency as a purifying medium1 steadily diminishing the water supply4 ,hence a cutting plate is placed immediately above the bed of quartz4 ,as soon as the operating lever is moved to the point 8,washing10 the washing current is introduced at the bottom of the filter1 the filter bed is lifted bodily upward and forced through the cutter1 which literally tears the matted film of impurities into fragments4 ,at the same time it thoroughly breaks up the bed1 separates and perfectly scours each grain of filtering material1 by the force of the reverse current of water in a space twice the size it occupies during the filtering process4 ,the impurities having been separated from the bed and broken up into minute particles are carried out of the filter through the waste pipe by the reverse current of water4 ,during this process a screen at the top of the filter prevents the filtering material quartz from escaping out of the filter4 ,in this way by the least effort--the turn of a handle--once a week--the filter becomes a boon and not a menace4 ,after the cleaning process is over1 a matter of from ten to twenty minutes1 the lever is turned to another point 8designated in the bond0 and the filter goes back to normal4 ,the agitated sand and char are calmed down and ready to chasten the next lot of water4 ,in some localities where the water 7though it may be chlorinated and bacteria-free7 is dark and turbid and full of the finest sediment1 the usual sand or quartz 7even with the tiniest of spaces between the grains7 cannot prevent this hyper-fine sediment passing through into the filter4 ,in order to catch this impure water with its fine sediment alum is often introduced into the filter to coagulate the fine sediment 7as you have seen the white of an egg coagulate coffee grounds7 and permits it in the 8flock0 to be caught as it passes through the interstices of the filter bed4 ,here you can easily see why you must be careful to give the filter manufacturer a graphic description of your water supply4 ,then1 too1 the installed filter1 just described may be rendered useless if by any means the pipes in the home become contaminated4 ,there are some filters on the market 7this caution is for the unfiltered community7 which only strain4 ,those fitted with paper1 cloth1 cotton1 etc41 are fine in their places1 but you must know their places4 ,one filter1 for example1 is said to be very speedy4 ,however1 in this case 7this filter is attached to the faucet7 you are admonished to let the water run for about half a minute1 because1 as the water ran through before1 the collection of germs must be given a chance to flow out4 ,in this filter the water flows in at one end through bone char and quartz and the next time it is used the current is reversed and flows back through the filter bed1 self-washing but carrying with it the bacteria collected on its last passage4 ,therefore1 if you forget to let the water run for a time1 you may get your stomach full of more potent germs than if you used the ordinary water with its occasional bacteria4 ,good filters in the last analysis spell 8safety first0 wherever they may be4 ,for despite municipal intervention accidents will happen1 and even though the trouble be corrected in a short time1 fifteen minutes can prove a real menace4 ,there is one filter just coming to our markets1 made in ,germany1 which has been tried and tested and found good4 ,it is affixed to the water supply 7direct1 not in cellar7 and accomplishes filtration by the process of passage of water through a paper-like fabric of disks thick4 ,these disks keep water absolutely sterile in the laboratory for #ag days but the makers1 rightly1 will only guarantee them for #dh hours in order to obviate danger to their promises1 through the accidents which may happen4 ,the test under ,german scrutiny proved that typhoid germs were rendered nil for #ag days and try as they might could not force their way through the disks4 ,this is a good certificate of good conduct4 ,sewage for example during the war was rendered harmless as drinking material by the means of this filter disk1 so it is claimed4 ,filtering1 unlike sterilizing1 does not take the life out of water or make it readily absorb odors and flavors4 ,remember1 that some filters remove bacteria and the finest sediment only 7the candle type74 ,others remove sediment of all sizes and bacteria1 too2 while still others kill flavor to boot4 ,discuss the point with your plumber1 architect1 doctor and manufacturer and water department4 ,as with clothes so with filters3 buy what suits the need and buy carefully after securing all the advice available4 ,one might say pompously that the purchasing of a filter may be the purchase of life itself1 or--facetiously--that the good filter takes the 8imp0 out of impure water4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiii ,,outstripping ,,the ,,gale ,weather strips are not the caviar of the building menu--far from it4 ,they are a whole lot more like the roast beef with pan gravy and baked potatoes4 ,those of you who bought weather stripping years ago and either put it on yourself or had the town carpenter tack it on1 do not believe it is any good1 and at best only a 8fancy fixing40 ,but those days are passed and the weather strip has properly outstripped many other things in development and has come to be no hors d'oeuvre but the pice de resistance of the bill-of-fare4 ,so important has the effect of the strip become that heating and ventilating engineers have been and are to-day carrying on experiments1 not to prove their value 7no1 for this has been proven71 but to have exact data to show how much fuel is saved and just how evenly the temperature can be maintained throughout a home under varying conditions of gale and stability outdoors and in4 7,see ,chapter ,,xxxv1 ,heating74 ,,things ,,they ,,obviate ,do you care to heat the great outdoors8 ,this is the first important question4 ,if you do1 how dare you with the shortage of coal to-day8 ,have you sufficient coal to waste it8 ,is your home hard to heat8 ,why8 ,do you like the gales and little hurricanes racing over your floors1 chasing the little snow flakes8 ,do you like to cultivate colds and other draught diseases8 ,these are pertinent questions even if they seem impertinent4 ,they suggest the graphic pictures that we do not want inhabiting our homes4 ,these conditions can be obviated4 ,if you inquire from your friends who know intelligently the value of the furnishings they use1 you will get concrete figures before investing4 ,one conspicuous friend1 ,uncle ,sam1 says that in #aiah he saved two million dollars' worth of coal by the use of weather strips4 ,and this led the director of conservation to make the extravagant statement that weather strips are #ajj fuel conservation4 ,,what ,,they ,,are ,in the past when the telephone had just become a household staple and before horse cars evaporated you used to paste the weather strips on the outside of your windows4 ,then they were made of cloth1 or rubber or heavy paper1 and they made life slightly fair and warmer2 but most of the heat accrued by them was that which was fired in trying to raise the windows which stuck due to the adherence of the weather strip4 ,to-day the weather strip is gentler and not only keeps the cold air at bay1 but keeps out the dust and noise and permits the window to go up and down more easily because it runs on a metal track2 really the weather strip allows it to glide like magic4 ,to move a window with the weather stripping affixed is a pleasure which the weakest reed can enjoy4 ,the dictionary says 8the weather strip is a narrow strip1 as wood edged with rubber prepared to be placed over crevices1 as at doors and windows to exclude wind1 rain1 etc40 ,this is the old weather strip4 ,to-day they are in general metallic tubular strips fitting into complementary depressions in metal linings or window sashes that are designed and shaped to seal the cracks that naturally occur between and around doors and windows and their frames1 sealing up these openings so that the elements are turned back before they get even their noses into the house4 ,they are made of non-corroding1 non-rustable metals such as zinc1 bronze and copper1 and they keep their elasticity plus non-leakage qualities as long as1 and sometimes longer than1 the building itself4 ,every type of door and every type of window present different problems1 and every window or door of each type has again different problems1 so to each there must be different applications4 ,the following will explain more particularly than the foregoing4 ,,the ,,sliding ,,window ,the sliding window is the most general type to be treated4 ,here the top and bottom1 sides and meeting rail must be considered4 ,how to stop leakage and seal against unwelcome callers are the problems4 ,at the top of the window1 as in the illustration1 two strips are used2 the tubular protuberance in the head of the frame nestles cosily in the depressed concavity of the window sash4 ,some brands line the depression with metal--others do not4 ,when the window is closed1 there is a complementary interlocking device at the rail where the upper and lower sash meet1 often in the upper sash of ,s shaped bronze and in the lower sash a hook-shaped copper strip4 ,the side of the frame upon which the window is raised and lowered is a real problem4 ,the weather stripping makes the window weather-proof1 yet it makes it open and shut easier than it could before the application of the strip4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,monarch ,metal ,weatherstrip ,co4 ,,double ,,hung ,,or ,,ordinary ,,sliding ,,window ,,treatment ,,with ,,weatherstrips ,,obviates ,,draughts1 ,,dust ,,and ,,noise--,,saves ,,coal6 ,in some brands the frame lining and sash lining are of metal4 ,in some only the frame is metal lined4 ,in some the frame is corrugated and the window sash slides up and down easily as the protuberance slides into the depression in the unlined sash furrow4 ,in another brand two metal tubular strips are used1 the metal protuberance fitted into a metal lined depression4 ,here the window slides easily and no amount of warping can disturb the nice adjustment4 ,in such weather strips are created conditions which absolutely prevent the side action of windows1 so hard to cure with carpentry or cheap types of weather strips4 ,the lower sash is managed as is the upper1 only the strips are reversed4 ,,other ,,cases ,the casement window has its peculiarities of treatment1 as have doors and windows which open in the center4 ,in the casement which opens in1 for example1 a brass triangle is provided with 8weep holes0 to drain out any water which may accumulate on the sill and follow through into the room4 ,the meeting rail is sealed in a way approximately as in the sliding window4 ,the sill strip is peculiarly shaped to spring into its sealing power2 sometimes it is called a ,z-shaped plate1 each manufacturer having his own name and pet plan4 ,,doors ,the door sills are made with metal1 and metal strips forming a sealed joint against warping1 settling air1 etc4 ,there is a very nice device used to prevent the cold air let into the bedroom at night from escaping into the halls and cooling them off4 ,on the lower edge of the door is fitted a spring which when the door is closed by contact with the hinged side of the frame releases a felted pad which fits tightly against the sill of the door4 ,this makes one's winter immersions a pleasure1 for the bathroom1 if you have one connecting with your room1 as well as the hall will be warm for your morning use4 ,,application ,weather strips can be applied after as well as when the house is built4 8,my house is so well built10 said a friend of mine1 8that it does not need weather stripping40 ,if that could have been so1 it was a unique house4 ,there is hardly a house where the wood around the doors and the windows does not warp or shrink or do something equally obnoxious4 ,whether seasoned by long processes of actual weathering or rapidly kiln dried1 wood in captivity becomes restless1 and seems to strain and struggle in its fury4 ,nothing can be said against the builder--it is the nature of wood4 ,the builder is always glad to install the strips because then the owner does not get a chance to feel antagonistic on account of recalcitrant windows1 difficult heating1 etc41 and is therefore relieved from grumbling4 ,the weather strip must be put on by the experts from the manufacturers of the brand of weather strips that you buy4 ,do not call in your favorite carpenter or plumber1 for he cannot do it right4 ,the putting on of weather strips is a science in itself4 ,they must be put on so as to insure a uniform efficiency during the inevitable warpings1 shrinkings and swellings of the window4 ,the windows have to be conditioned carefully because the stripping must be so fixed that it cannot be removed1 if necessary to do anything to the window itself afterwards1 such as fitting new pulley cords1 etc4 ,every window and door offers different problems1 so an expert must apply the strips to your window and door4 ,this is not a commodity that a baby can affix--it's a man sized job4 ,,purchasing ,remember the weather stripping that you buy should last as long as the life of your house4 ,for this reason the all metal kind is the best to buy4 ,the metal and cloth are efficient as long as they last1 and so are other combinations2 but they do not last long enough4 ,you must get a longevity insurance4 ,they must be made of non-rusting1 non-corroding materials such as bronze1 copper1 zinc or brass manufactured to a high degree of dependability1 and subjected to the most rigid inspection and tests for accuracy1 thereby awarding the buyer a rich guarantee4 ,find out from users of the brand you think you will buy1 before you buy1 and see what they say and what their experience has been4 ,weather strips can be put on any opening1 and should the purveyor you speak to say this or that opening cannot be properly stripped1 that is your cue for seeking elsewhere4 ,buy only from established makers1 who will be in business for years--because in twenty or thirty years you might want a window adjusted4 ,early in this article mention was made of the saving in fuel by ,uncle ,sam4 ,professor ,allen1 of the ,research ,laboratory of ,the ,american ,society of ,heating and ,ventilating ,engineers1 in a letter to the writer said3 8,roughly with ordinary good house conditions we can say that the air in a room changes every hour due to leakage around windows4 ,with good weather strips you reduce the leakage very considerably4 ,of course1 this depends upon the type of construction in the house4 ,some years ago ,i installed a complete system of weather stripping in an entire institution and we roughly estimated that the saving of fuel was about #ae40 ,since then other tests have been made to bring the percentage of saving of fuel from #ae to #dj4 ,when you think that a window shade keeps in #ai4b of warm air1 think what the fitted metal and interlocking strips can do4 ,the weather strip not only keeps the cold air out but actually by not admitting the cold air allows the heated air inside to maintain the moisture necessary for comfort4 ,with the admission of cold air the moisture is precipitated from the air and we have not got the proper humidity necessary to be happy4 ,the moisture in the home comes from water evaporation in kitchen lavatories1 air itself which comes in1 etc4 ,the warm air can carry the humidity1 but the cold air does not do it as well1 and when it strikes the warm air the latter is forced to condense4 ,comfort is the main thing in the home1 even more sometimes than saving fuel bills4 8,comfort10 says ,professor ,allen in an address1 8is the prime consideration1 more than maintaining a definite temperature4 ,getting the temperature right brings comfort4 ,we should aim at #dj to #ej of moisture in the winter with #fh to #gj degrees40 ,the fact is that the heating engineer to-day allows for about more heating area when the house is not weather stripped4 ,and then1 sad to relate1 at this consequent extra expense the house will be probably unevenly heated1 because some rooms will have big window and door leaks and other rooms little leaks1 so there will be overheating in some rooms and underheating in others4 ,another engineer said1 8,i have caught snow in my hand at a distance of two feet from a tightly locked window in a house supposed to have better than ordinary construction4 8,what 444 can better this condition8 ,weather strips1 metal weather strips44440 ,he also said in the same address on heating the home that the builder did all he could do1 with the materials he had4 ,so there is the dilemma6 ,the storm window can often be obviated by weather strips4 ,the storm window is much more of a nuisance than the appliqud weather strips4 ,who wants to add another set of windows to be cleaned8 ,and who enjoys the manipulation of them in rush moments of storm and wind8 ,,for ,,wind1 ,,dust ,,and ,,noise ,the weather strip is the solution of the gale exposed home1 of the noise1 dust and weather exposed home1 of any home with windows at all4 ,it is not subject to depreciation but increases in value1 and as the house depreciates the weather stripping takes on the burdens of the ever increasing depreciation and prevents any more rapid fuel consumption1 keeps down the dust infiltrations and lessens the cleaning bills4 ,if1 by chance1 the woodwork is still obstreperous the defect can always be corrected1 if a good brand of stripping has been used4 ,in other words1 weather strips are a good investment4 ,good weather strips1 like any good material1 are a good investment4 ,much of our trouble with the heat in our homes comes from the impossibility of even heating4 ,do what he will1 the furnace man cannot seem to heat the house4 ,often you say3 8,why do you burn so much coal and give us so little heat80 ,there may be other causes1 but the lack of weather stripping is very prone to be one4 ,,quiet ,,and ,,cleanliness ,the charm of the house is quiet4 ,don't you unconsciously gage the dignity of the homes that you visit by the quiet of them8 ,the weather strip keeps much of the street noises out4 ,it dulls and reduces the raucousness of the clang and clatter4 ,every housewife knows that the hangings next to the windows get very dirty4 ,she also knows that the room gets full of dust whether the windows are closed or not4 ,a certain amount of dust will get into the room no matter what precautions are taken1 but there will be less of it when weather stripping is applied to the windows4 ,this is a consideration worthy of notice1 as the servant problem to-day makes all effort in the home more arduous and the less cleaning there is to be done the better for all concerned4 ,weather strips are not a luxury4 ,they save money and give comfort by maintaining an equal temperature and humidity1 and by permitting more quiet1 less drafts and a minimum of dust4 ,finally1 the weather strip is a good investment and1 although not intrinsically a thing of beauty1 is a thing of duty and lasts forever4 ,but remember weather strips are easy to make--cheap ones4 ,there are many mushroomic dealers--born to-day and dead to-morrow4 ,beware of them and buy the best4 ,,chapter ,,xxxiv ,,beauty ,,and ,,the ,,bath ,probably no development of the home has mirrored human accomplishment to such an extent as has the bathroom4 ,we have prided ourselves on our sanitary bathrooms2 on the devices for comfort and idyllic perfection in this1 the smallest1 yet the most important room in the home4 ,we have developed it to such a point that in new homes everyone has a bathroom to himself with comfortable additions to fit the individual whim4 ,for a few decades this room has been a replica of hospital efficiency and that has sufficed4 ,but to-day1 the artist in home-making is bringing the bath room back to the luxury and ease seen in the boudoirs of ancient days1 the days from which we take our beautiful drawing rooms1 chambers and general schemes of decoration4 ,this reversion toward bathroom luxury has come about because the ordinary bathroom has been too cold4 ,it lacked warmth1 well-being and coziness4 ,then1 too1 bathrooms are always the smallest rooms in the home1 and for that reason can be more easily dressed in glorious sheen and kept in harmony with the color scheme and general plan of the home4 ,a ,,french ,,bath ,a few years ago no one would have thought of having wood panels in the bathroom--we proudly felt that we had gone beyond that stage4 ,yet to-day in the elaborate combined dressing-bathrooms we find white wood panels giving a feeling of warmth1 together with almost as rich an effect as when marble itself is used4 ,the ,french bathroom in one great house is as carefully designed as any room in the house1 even more so1 for there both utility and beauty are achieved together4 ,take1 for example1 the closet seat which looks like a comfortable chair with cane back and seat4 ,the seat of course1 is hinged to raise up and down4 ,here an ugly necessity is beautifully camouflaged to fit in with the entire scheme of the dressing room1 and it gives no jar to the inhabitant who must1 forsooth1 spend many hours of careful toilet making in this superb room4 ,the fixtures here are gold of lovely design1 the woodwork in keeping4 ,the floor is of large tile and spread with rugs to add warmth and the room is lit1 not only by the regular bathroom fixtures1 but also by a crystal center chandelier4 ,some bathrooms even have a corner for the bathtub which transforms it into a chaise longue4 ,in modern bathrooms in luxurious homes we have a reincarnation of the art of ,benvenuto ,cellini in the gold wrought metal work4 ,this is made to harmonize with the general style of the room in which it is placed1 and1 though expensive1 it is easy to take care of4 ,besides1 when you are really making a bathroom1 what does it matter if it goes into the thousands when other rooms go into tens of thousands8 ,usually only one or two bathrooms--the master's and the mistress's--reach this height of gorgeousness4 ,the others1 however1 conform pretty well to the highly convenient and thoroughly delightful rooms in the rest of the house4 ,,the ,,equipment ,an interesting development1 too1 is the shape of the bathroom--the departure from the rectangular4 ,sometimes it is octagonal1 with a radiating tiled floor and the various functioning fixtures in the far sectors4 ,one room which we have investigated has in one corner a sunken marble tub and in the center the radiator4 ,the gold work in this room is beautiful1 but practical1 of a design that takes plumbing into the arts4 ,the thoroughly equipped woman's bathroom must have the usual tub1 showers1 lavatory1 watercloset seat1 a closet or two in the walls1 a table1 towel rack1 brackets for soap and sponge1 hooks for hanging things1 scales1 rugs1 a chair or stool1 toilet paper receptacle1 mirrors and tiling for floors and wall4 ,in the men's bathrooms is added the bidet1 sometimes a shaving chair and other shaving necessities such as a special lamp for fine work4 ,to both these rooms can be added various things1 more or less necessary according to different people's taste1 such as the sitz bath1 which is luxurious for bathing the feet after a hard walk or a game of golf4 ,this article in no way intends to be a plumbing article4 ,all it means to do is tell you what there is new in the development of the bathroom and leave the choice to you4 ,see ,chapter ,,xv on plumbing where we have taken up the necessities of plumbing fixtures4 ,all you need to remember here is to buy your fixtures at the best possible shop and then get the best plumber obtainable to install them4 ,the installation of all good plumbing work should be in the beginning1 in the plans of the architect1 for it is difficult and quite complicated to put in plumbing installation after the house is well advanced4 ,there is nothing quite so important to the successful builder as the early consideration of pipe requirements4 ,the plumber is equipped with the sanitary code1 which1 of course1 the architect knows too1 and any householder can get one to read and digest4 ,however1 with a licensed plumber1 a good architect and a faithful builder1 this is unnecessary4 ,,the ,,bathtub ,the most interesting fixture in the bathroom1 to ,americans and ,britons1 at least1 is the bathtub4 ,aside from the kitchen stove1 this is the nucleus about which our content is generated4 ,civilization has been kind enough to leave us two generally used types of bathtubs--the solid porcelain and the enamel over iron 7enamel lined or porcelain over iron7 tub4 ,the tin tub has gone out1 the glass tub is too perilous1 and the porcelain or porcelain lined proves about the most satisfactory when we can't have marble or old ,italian basins for our bathing4 ,recent advances in methods of manufacture and design have made the choice between solid porcelain or enamel iron baths a matter of personal liking as influenced by their fitness for positions assigned to them in a room4 ,on account of the losses sustained for the manufacture of clay products1 selected grades of porcelain baths are of necessity higher in cost than the porcelain lined or enameled iron4 ,the porcelain bath is fine in appearance1 but it is not reasonable to expect the same perfection in shape and uniformity of glaze4 ,this is due to the difference in methods of manufacture1 and allowance should be made for the irregularities occasioned by the baking of glazed clay products4 ,in the past when ,english porcelain baths were being imported it was perhaps considered distinction to have a solid porcelain bath4 ,with the present extensive manufacture of these products in this country1 this condition has1 of course1 changed4 ,the porcelain lined bath is preferred by some on account of its requiring less hot water to hold the desired temperature4 ,against this is the fact that cheap porcelain lined baths should be avoided4 ,there are some points in favor of the enameled tub4 ,it doesn't absorb so much heat from the water2 hence a hot bath can be obtained in it more quickly4 ,it is lighter in weight1 therefore more easy to install in frame houses and its plumbing is easier to handle4 ,furthermore1 greater uniformity can be had in its construction4 ,in the tub which is built into the wall1 there is a tendency to neglect proper piping conditions4 ,when installing a solid tub1 it is necessary to build a bulkhead in back of the tub so as to take care of the waste pipe which should be available to the plumber as it often needs a new washer4 ,or it must be built against a closet wall so that the pipes are easy to get at1 or against a hall wall or some stable place4 ,,valves ,there are myriads of styles of faucets1 vents and outlets used to-day in tubs4 ,it was at first thought advisable to have the inlet as near the floor of the tub as possible in order to make the pour of the water practically soundless after the first inch or two came in4 ,this is about the only advantage of this arrangement4 ,it is far better to have the inlet higher up1 either on top of the wall of the tub1 or even in the wall above the tub4 ,if it is in the wall of the room it is impossible to hit your back while bathing2 and you may have a shampoo nozzle attached2 or draw water from it whether you are in the tub or not1 and when necessary1 fill a pail or dish4 ,there is more noise when the water is running into the tub1 but what of it8 ,if you have a good door on your room1 that will silence the sound4 ,with the low inlet1 there is a remote danger of drawing in through the pipe dirty water from the apartment above if some one is bathing in the tub which is a twin to yours4 ,it is quite possible for this to happen unless the plumbing system is very well contrived4 ,you can have a hot water and a cold water faucet or one faucet from which both hot and cold come4 ,this is a matter of taste4 ,more often there are two1 but many people like one1 so that there can be a mixture of water1 giving a comfortable temperature4 ,tubs1 of necessity1 have to be placed in many ways4 ,when in recesses or in a corner1 the valves1 etc4 can be placed at one end4 ,when against a wall1 the piping can be placed above the bath in the wall4 ,this method often lends a luxurious air to a room and has been utilized in the most elaborate ones4 ,,the ,,shower ,,bath ,nearly every modern bath has a shower of some description4 ,the difficulty with the shower is the splashiness of it4 ,the first protective device was a cloth on a bracket4 ,this is still used to a great extent1 but the ideal arrangement is to have the shower in a closet designed for it1 opening into the room4 ,this closet may be of glass1 marble1 or tile1 with a cloth curtain or a door to match the material of which the section is built4 ,the door should be as small as possible4 ,twenty inches is quite large enough4 ,the smaller the opening1 the less chance for the escape of water4 ,besides1 a large door is a nuisance to clean4 ,when the compartment is used there can be1 besides the ordinary head bath1 a needle bath4 ,this may consist of from eight to twelve nozzles pointing in from the four corners of the compartment1 or it may be a series of apertures in metal pipes hung around the inside of the compartment4 ,when the separate compartment for the shower is not desired1 you may find a substitute for the sheet in the arrangement seen in the ,warburg bathroom--plate glass leaves4 ,the glass sheets are practical and not cumbersome4 ,nevertheless1 they involve more cleaning1 and in the average home this must be considered to-day4 ,,mixing ,,the ,,water ,there are various propositions on the market to mix the water in the shower so that it can not scald the bather4 ,one manufacturer offers a little toe pipe1 with which to test the temperature of the water before starting the bath4 ,these things are more or less desirable and dependable but are not at all necessary4 ,it is best to have the valves at the entrance as you walk into the shower1 so that your arm may not be under the flow when it begins4 ,if the piping is well done and the valves work1 the mixture of hot and cold water can be tempered sufficiently to be safe and comfortable4 ,here1 as well as in every other department of purchasing1 you are told a lot of things1 and if inexperienced1 you may be horribly taken in1 and led to buy a lot of unnecessary things1 which though good in themselves1 are quite dispensable4 ,the shower bath compartment must1 of course1 be large enough to permit the bather to stand inside without having to be all the time under the shower4 ,this is an important point4 ,glass doors are not necessary either for a tiled or for a marble compartment4 ,a light weight curtain is good1 with the smallest possible entrance4 ,this obviates the cleaning of the door4 ,tiled floors and floors of honed marble are better for shower receptors than are the porcelain ones4 ,they fit into the building problem better1 can be made in any size and are less slippery4 ,be very careful in selecting the plumber who puts in your shower1 because unless the drain and curb are absolutely right you will be exposed to the danger of flooding the room and the partitions of the house4 ,,lavatories ,,and ,,tables ,the styles of these are legion4 ,the sizes are so well standardized that unless one wants them made according to some bizarre pattern it is not necessary to give dimensions4 ,the usual length is about #cc4 ,this is ample and graceful4 ,the #ed takes more space than most bathrooms can give up to the lavatory1 and makes quite unnecessary bulk4 ,the #cc lavatory--and any smaller size--can be made of vitrified china1 which is handsomer and less absorbent than the solid porcelain lavatory4 ,the vitrified china is fired1 and therefore it is difficult to make in large pieces4 ,lavatories may be made for corners1 or straight walls4 ,they may have two legs1 or a center pedestal or four legs1 or they may be simply hung on brackets4 ,two legs1 however1 is the usual style1 although four makes a very luxurious looking table4 ,the legs can be had in nickel1 glass1 brass or in the handsomest types of gold1 with carving or some other kind of design4 ,there has been a reversion1 too1 in the lavatory4 ,the new style is to make them of imported marble1 cut in one piece4 ,with these the gold leg is suitable1 also glass which looks well and is most satisfactory1 and is easy to clean4 ,soft ,american marble is absorptive and stains easily1 so when you use marble1 get the imported if possible4 ,another point should be noted in buying the lavatory1--have enough space on it so that it can hold a glass2 otherwise extra cost will accrue from breakage and ruined nerves4 ,in addition to the lavatory1 as we have said1 is the bidet1 and the dressing table4 ,the latter is sometimes made of glass on gold1 nickel or brass standards1 but it is oftener made of vitrified porcelain on four legs4 ,these regal appointments are given to show how some people live4 ,,faucets ,the faucets on tubs1 lavatories1 bidet1 shower1 etc41 require a great deal of care1 since they must be cleaned so often4 ,various materials have been used1 such as cut glass1 porcelain and nickel1 porcelain-like enamel1 brass1 silver1 gold1 etc4 ,for a very rich room1 gold and cut glass1 or the gold alone is beautiful4 ,but for most rooms the porcelain and nickel faucets are the very best and demand the least care4 ,all-white enamel is not durable and is hard to take care of properly4 ,it is very much better to have one faucet through which both hot and cold water can flow4 ,the faucet should have an overhang of at least #a from the side of the lavatory1 so that it will be possible to get a glass under it for filling or your hand under for washing1 thus obviating the necessity of filling a basin every time you want to rinse your hands4 ,there are fancy faucets which do not meet these requirements1 but avoid them4 ,faucets which only flow when held are a curse and should only be used in public places where the water tax is high4 ,what you must look out for in the floor tile is that it be as little slippery as possible4 ,therefore do not get a glazed tile4 ,more and more floors are being tiled in colors1 to match the home scheme4 ,also1 the dull tile obviates the squeak occasioned by the shoes touching it4 ,this is a minor point1 but one worthy of notice4 ,walls can be tiled to any height desired4 ,in the average room the tile is carried only #d #f up except at the point where the shower is installed4 ,there it should be carried up #g4 ,,the ,,closet ,the syphon type is1 of course1 the best obtainable4 ,many closets are sold especially from catalog and by mail1 as absolutely silent4 ,never1 if you can help it1 buy anything of this sort from a photograph4 ,no closet can be absolutely silent4 ,if there is any flow at all1 complete silence would be impossible4 ,a minimum of noise is the best that can be achieved1 and the best makers have closets of this sort4 ,the bowls are generally of porcelain1 and the best ones are of vitrified china 7really porcelain71 which is non-absorbent and quite the thing for this use because of the freedom from discoloration4 ,for general use1 the less wood around the seat1 the better4 ,the tank as a flushing medium is still about the best thing to use4 ,there are on the market various flush valve types1 some of which operate with a foot button on the floor or with a hand lever on the right side of the closet4 ,these may be good in some locations1 but neither the ordinary plumber nor the man in the house can repair them in an emergency4 ,the piping in the valve type of flusher requires careful arrangement to avoid trouble4 ,sometimes it is rather convenient to have the closet in a doored recess opening into the room and available from the hall as well4 ,this is especially to the point when there are few bathrooms in the house4 ,,incidental ,,fittings ,chairs and stools are usually in white enamel or in fancy rooms are made to match the general style which prevails in the decoration4 ,the question of closets in the bathroom is entirely dependent upon individual taste4 ,you can have the wall and mirror finished type1 or the long door regular closet1 or a combination of these1 with or without full length mirror4 ,in some rooms a glass shelved linen closet is found to be a real convenience4 ,the soap racks1 etc41 have lately become recessed in walls4 ,this system is not popular1 however1 because1 although useful and economical for hotel or institutional use1 it adds no charm to the fine bathroom4 ,rather1 it detracts from its dignity4 ,a nice way to have scales in a bathroom is to have the dial encased in the wall1 and the tray on which one stands1 sunk into the floor4 ,this arrangement economizes space and is very welcome to fastidious people4 ,plan the bathroom of your house early4 ,talk with your architect4 ,insist upon the best and get it4 ,your bathroom need consist of very few things1 in the last analysis1 and the wisest plan is to get the best4 ,the cost will be from #bej upwards1 for fixtures4 ,however1 it is wisest to buy the best you can afford so that a replacement cost is obviated4 ,there must be no skimping of plumbing work1 because that would be a menace to both health and wealth1 and the plumbing costs no more for good material than for bad4 ,,chapter ,,xxxv ,,the ,,winter ,,of ,,your ,,content ,hot or tempered air is the theme--how the air in our rooms is kept pleasant in cold weather and not too hot--this is the duty of the heating plant4 ,furthermore1 beyond the duty of the heating plant1 it has been the great civilizing influence in the life of man4 ,wherever the heating plant has gone1 there has man been able to regulate his work1 play and goings and comings4 ,in this way health has been better maintained and more regularly in work1 therefore1 continuous endeavor which1 of course1 spells advance and civilization4 ,not wishing to deprive heating engineers of their profession we shall not drag you through tortuous technical pipes and valves1 but simply tell you what you must demand in a heating installation4--,here1 unless you are properly equipped you will add to the junk pile in quantity and therefore waste your money by the wholesale4 ,first3 you must decide whether you really want hot air or furnace heating4 ,in this case the furnace heats the air and it rises through a register in the floor or wall of your room4 ,according to ,j4 ,byers ,holbrook1 the distinguished heating engineer1 this sort of heating tarnishes your silver1 your bookbindings crack and your lungs are made either immune to poison or function in spite of the 8rich air0 reaching them4 ,in this place it is wise to mention the pipeless heating system which is hot air sent from the furnace to one central vent or register which is supposed to heat the whole house4 ,it can be used only for small houses4 ,it is very cheap in comparison to other systems1 but it is unsafe4 7,see the safer method further along in this chapter under 8,bungalows407 ,it is unsafe2 for example3 ,if there be illness in one room it has to be open to be heated therefore disease will be spread4 ,furthermore rooms that are closed will get no heat1 as the door must be open to receive the hot air4 ,second3 there is steam heat4 ,this is an excellent system well adapted to residences and buildings1 hotels1 institutions1 business houses1 etc4 ,third3 ,vacuum and ,vapor1 the steam circulates through the system at practically atmospheric or greatly reduced pressure4 ,vapor heating is used in residences1 vacuum heating is used mostly in large buildings4 ,fourth3 ,hot ,water1 which is probably best for your purposes4 ,and with these deterring and encouraging words we will launch directly into what you should know before installing a hot water heating plant4 ,,the ,,heating ,,engineer ,there is such an 8animal0 as the heating engineer4 ,he it is who can tell you to an iota how much heating surface you have in your home to be heated4 ,he it is who can subtract and add footage and finally tell you whether you must heat #ddjj feet or #cjjj feet4 ,when you know this1 of course1 you can more readily order the boiler which is best adapted to heat such a surface4 ,for example1 suppose you had a conservatory in one end of a large room--your heating engineer could tell you--due to the glass surface--how much more heat was required for this room1 even had you no flowers for your conservatory4 ,glass windows in a shop or in any room add to the heat units required4 ,computing heating area is not easy--because the shapes of rooms1 kinds and varieties and areas of walls and door openings come into the problem1 to say naught of the badly fitted windows and doors permitting draughts1 etc4 ,so you see the heating and ventilating engineer has a job that the amateur or even the steam fitter knows not of4 7,see ,chapter ,,xxxiii74 ,usually the householder isn't asked about her heating plant at all4 ,the contractor1 architect and builder fix it all up4 ,but--we don't hold with this4 ,you have to live with your heating plant1 they do not--and it's pretty much on your head that discomfort falls4 ,were we building we would be quite intimate with the heating end of life1 in fact take a heated and intensely feverish interest in it4 ,therefore1 after your plans1 etc4 are hatched1 call on a heating engineer for a few suggestions1 and then go to your contractor and see from whom he is to buy your boiler and what type4 ,then tell him you require certain things in your boiler which we have listed 8here below0 for your winter of content4 ,,principal ,,of ,,heating ,steam heat is1 of course1 heating by means of circulating steam through pipes to radiators4 ,this is affected by a one pipe system sometimes1 or a two pipe4 ,the steam ascending from the boiler in one pipe and condensing into water falls back into boiler in same pipe4 ,in the two system arrangement the steam ascends in one and returns in the other4 ,the one pipe system1 of course1 is cheaper but takes skill in setting1 as the pitch of it 7the angle7 must be perfection4 ,in the radiators the steam condenses and returns in separate pipes in the two pipe system4 ,hot water heating is the circulation of hot water through pipes to radiators4 ,the heated water being lighter rises and as it cools in giving off kind heat to you1 it falls back again into the boiler where it is again heated and takes another 8rise0 and so it circulates through its system4 ,therefore1 in all heating systems there are two main divisions3 the generation part of boiler and the circulation part of piping throughout the house4 ,both parts must be perfect to insure perfection of heating4 ,the first part dependent on many factors1 the second on a few more4 ,in the hot water system an expansion tank is always placed at the top of the house in order that the overflow can be taken care of4 ,,boiler ,,purchase #a4 ,swiftly speaking--the boiler must make every pound of coal do its best1 it should respond rapidly to climatic changes1 it must be easily fueled1 shaken1 regulated1 cleaned1 free from repairs1 rust1 leaks water heat or gas and it must be easily set up in room for its use4 7,all good boiler makers send you 8coal information407 ,economy in fuel and labor4 ,save coal yes8 ,but economy in coal means getting out of every pound the maximum4 ,so when you buy coal ask what its fuel value is8 ,it ought to be about #ab1ejj to #ad1ejj ,b4 ,t4 ,u4--that is1 it takes to raise #ajj pounds of water #a degree ,fahrenheit1 #ajj ,british ,thermal units of heat4 ,b4 ,t4 ,u4 is the way to measure heat units as #g yards of satin is the way you measure goods for a dress4 ,the best type of boiler for the home is the sectional1 cast-iron type4 ,in this the water is run through tubes and presents a large number of surfaces of water to the heat4 ,you must demand a boiler amply large and of the best type of tubular--where heating is most rapid1 and direct in order to save fuel1 in order too1 that all the heat generated goes to heating the house1 not in warming the flue or chimney4 #b4 ,fuel portion4 ,these must be deep to insure enough coal at least for #h hours of heat4 ,so that in the morning your house will be warm and some coal left in to be joined in lawful heating to the next supply--leaving no interim of coolness which wastes the coal and supplies pneumonia4 ,it takes more coal to reheat completely than to add heat to a heated mass of coal4 #c4 ,boiler capacity4 ,find out how your boiler is rated4 ,if its capacity only assures you #f hours of heating2 you must not expect it to do #h or #aj4 ,only in the best--the very best makes1 do the ratings have much weight4 ,experience counts4 ,you can tell approximately4 ,but buy the boiler you don't have to force4 ,for forcing a boiler adds to your coal bill4 ,your boiler capacity must be a little beyond what you actually need4 #gj degrees in zero weather is the standard4 ,a strong 8,coal-ition0 government is here necessary6 #d4 ,rapid water heating essential4-- ,water-ways thin enough to heat water rapidly4 ,quality and position of heating surface must not allow for waste of heat4 #fe of heating surface should be in direct contact with heat1 #ce in flue surface4 ,response to your dampers will show you if you have #fe of your heating surface in direct contact with flame6 ,go and see the best hot water boiler in your vicinity--before you buy consult your engineer and ask about others4 #e4 ,operating must be easy 8as pie40 ,grates should be easily pivoted and balanced4 ,arrangement must prevent all accidental dumpings of fuel in fire pot4 ,coal so used as to not disappear through grate4 ,one boiler employs a damper rod running to the front which enables the caretaker to open and close the smoke damper rapidly when building and this prevents gas and smoke leakage when door is open4 ,such a device as this makes a floor room in a cellar feasible4 ,the boilers of some companies are so beautifully contrived and finished that they are no worse than a talking machine or upright piano in a play room4 ,in fact better looking6 ,feed doors should be wide mouthed enough to put in easily the various 8meal time0 supplies4 ,the ash pits must be big enough to hold ashes away from the grates4 #f4 ,sectional construction desirable4-- ,these sections make it possible to enlarge a boiler2 7#b7 to move it into a house built completely without tearing down the house1 and obviates its sitting around in a house which is being built1 a prey to all sorts of bad treatment2 7#c7 can be taken through any cellar door2 7#d7 can easily be taken apart4 #g4 ,must be easily cleaned4-- ,all surfaces must be available1 fire and flue parts largely self cleaning4 ,the surfaces can be so made that soot peels off4 ,flat surfaces must be easily reached for quick cleaning1 inch soot deposit will demand #ej more coal4 ,so get an easily cleaned boiler or no one will clean it at all6 ,boilers should have conveniently placed doors into which cleaners can have access4 ,if cleaning is easy it will be done1 otherwise it will not4 ,we made this point too1 with refrigerators1 etc4 #h4 ,all connections must be water tight1 steam tight1 gas tight4 ,there should be no packed or gasket joints made of rubber1 asbestos1 paper or other washers in connecting joints1 etc4 ,this is very important4 ,re-packing should never be necessary with your boiler--the longer it is used the tighter the sections1 etc41 and yet they are easily taken apart at any moment4 ,the nipples or valves must be easily closed and everlastingly tight1 yet easily opened4 #i4 ,the steam boiler for steam heat2 the water boiler for water heating4 ,no straddlers must be used4 #aj4 ,the best boiler is of cast-iron4 ,it will outlast the building2 will not rust or pit4 ,it is so built as never to need repair and it doesn't ever seem to wear out4 ,this is an investment--other kinds of boilers are finally permitted to add a value to the junk pile by rusting1 pitting1 and other useless decadences4 #aa4 ,no danger in a boiler where the fire chamber is entirely surrounded by water and steam surfaces2 and when the boiler stands low and therefore well away from the joists and woodwork4 ,boilers are generally tested for #hj pounds pressure1 but to operate them #b pounds ought to be enough1 though #a to #e is the usual bill-of-fare4 ,steam boilers should have a relief valve--when pressure builds up to #aj or #aa pounds4 #ab4 ,should be few outside fixings--should be able to be installed without digging a pit4 ,this1 by the way1 would be a good way of starting your chat with the regal contractor1 8,i want a simple1 fine boiler1 for which no pits must be dug1 or brick enclosures40 ,the best boilers only require a brick base1 for obvious reasons4 ,there should be no alterations of building necessary1 because the sectional boiler like the sectional bookcase is made to fit in anywhere4 ,asbestos covering of boiler often prevents waste of heat in the cellar4 #ac4 ,thermostatic valves come with some boilers to cut off automatically and 8set on0 heat4 ,this conserves fuel4 7,see section on heat control47 ,,piping ,the piping from boilers to radiators has to be done carefully4 ,the best steam fitter is none too good4 ,the grade or pitch of the pipes etc41 the area of surface1 the diameter et al must be adapted to area to be heated and to the system employed--all of course1 is too technical for your needs here4 ,only you must require care to be used here and let your contractor know you're 8on40 ,,the ,,gas ,,boiler ,in this boiler you get maximum comfort and maximum heat4 ,no coal1 no ashes1 no bother1 little cash4 ,but this must be from the best makers4 ,it is usually more costly to operate--but--6 ,,water ,,backs ,boiler makers in outstanding manufacturers make excellent water heaters in which water for laundry etc4 is heated by heat which would otherwise be unused4 ,,radiators ,radiators are the translators6 ,they are like the ,english writers who translate the ,russian novel4 ,the radiator alone tells us whether our hot water in the boiler is being translated into heat for our comfort4 ,they are either curses or benefits6 ,but they are usually the eye-sore of the home4 ,in short they are a series of tubing which present a maximum of heat radiator surface4 ,they have valves1 for controlling the heat4 ,if you buy the right valves1 your radiators will not leak1 water-hammer or bang1 or flood4 ,an air valve must let out the air to permit the steam or water to fill the pipes4 ,if it doesn't do this1 it is of no use4 ,varying steam pressure1 flooded radiators1 forced firing of boiler 7which you must avoid by having a boiler with large enough capacity7 are overcome with correct valves4 ,the right valve saves fuel1 because unnecessary amount of pressure is not needed to force out air1 the right valve copes with dirt and dust1 prevents floods1 requires no adjustment4 ,air and steam units cannot mix1 the valve releases the air4 ,the valves must be all metal five years guarantee1 and no adjustment necessary4 ,the radiator which is recessed in the wall has the advantage of being less visible1 but unless you employ heat reflectors you will lose a lot of heat--and even with them you lose some4 ,some manufacturers are doing their super-level best to build radiators which are lovely to the eye4 ,but1 again like the upright piano1 they can be made but comparatively beautiful4 ,gratings can veil them but are gratings lovely8 ,then too1 there is a loss of heat4 ,one radiator company has good-looking radiators which are very successful4 ,their series of columns make them able to resist high internal pressure4 ,the internal area of the tubes in relation to the heating surface has been reduced to of that run in general use4 ,this not only greatly increases the pressure resistance but in reducing the internal area1 the water or steam contents are likewise reduced4 ,there is on the market a covering for radiators which is very satisfactory4 ,there is more heating surface in this type too4 ,the water content is the content of other radiators4 ,this means quick and positive venting for steam1 vapor1 or hot water installations and provides rapid circulation1 causes radiator to heat up more rapidly4 ,,air ,,vent 7,,steam ,,heating7 ,the air vent on each main1 allows the air to escape so that the heat arrives more rapidly to radiator4 ,this of course1 saves fuel4 ,,heat ,,controls ,to take the heating of your home out of the area of dreams and out of the expensive realm of 8feeling10 some sort of heat regulating device is recommended4 ,it is foolish to say 8,do you think it is warm enough80 to a group in the room4 ,for no two will think alike6 ,apart from this1 the perfect thermostat not only tells you at what temperature is your house1 not only keeps the house evenly heated1 but in doing this saves you fuel1 expense1 illness and what not4 ,by simple mechanical means the thermostat opens and closes the door of the furnace as the heat needs to be lowered or increased4 ,in this way if less heat is required1 the door closes1 and less coal is used etc4 ,thereby another simple yet ingenious device4 ,the thermostat can be set to do these things at any time you wish it to be done4 ,if you want the damper opened at #g ,a4,m41 so it will be done--and you don't need to go in your pajamas boiler-ward6 ,there are two or three excellent thermostats on the market and many not so good4 ,be sure you consult before investing4 ,the best thermostats have no corroding1 or wearing parts1 look well and prove themselves thoroughbreds4 ,the thermostat prevents cooling off of the boiler which means starting a fire over again--which means wasted fuel4 ,all means must be taken against such waste4 ,much coal is lost in uneven combustion1 some coal being entirely wasted4 ,the thermostat prevents this1 by ordering a steady1 definite consumption of coal4 ,it takes far less coal to heat hot or tempered return water than to heat cold--the thermostat prevents the cooling down entirely4 ,,the ,,bungalow ,,owner ,there is now on the market a hot water boiler which is compact and good-looking which if put into a cellarless house heats it with the efficiency of the subterranean boiler6 ,this is done through pipes and radiators and with a maximum comfort and a minimum care4 ,,heat',s ,,influence ,it is usable in schools1 cottages1 etc41 and bids well to civilize sections of the world which have starved for heat and consequently have been stunted in physical and mental growth4 ,this boiler is the ,ford of boilers1 giving unto every man the right to be comfortable wherever he lives6 ,,heating ,,with ,,oil ,oil heaters for special rooms are made by the principal oilstove makers4 ,these give good results but of course are not comparable to hot water heating1 steam etc41 plants4 ,,electric ,,heating ,as yet heating a house by electricity is too expensive and isn't done except by small comforting heaters which heat one room at a time4 ,these are very clean and efficient and not expensive4 ,,hot ,,water ,,heating ,the problem of heating water is of serious dimensions for life without hot water to civilized man and woman is a poor struggle4 ,at present there are on the market1 distinct from the usual hot water plant installed in properly built and equipped houses--many different and efficient heaters and boilers4 ,in houses where there is no hot water central plant there can be bought for moderate rates an electric heater which is attached to the faucet in tub or wash basin or sink and through its system of copper coils over which the water flows through1 you can get hot water immediately6 ,this needs be but connected to your electric light circuit--outlet or fixture4 ,then there are large circulation water heaters of electrical contriving which of course has to be separately connected--as the 7,wattage7 heating unit is rated at about #ffj watts6 ,these heaters are of excellent construction1 but in most vicinities as yet--electricity is too expensive to use thus4 ,this is controlled from any place in the house1 so you need not go down in cellar to start a hot water 8anything60 ,in the best of these it is possible to turn on more heat or less from original source by the use of multiple heat switches4 ,all conductors must be insulated1 these heaters should be easily installed4 ,there is possible here hot water without ashes1 gas fumes1 fire risks--and desired temperature at will6 ,it is a fine hurry device for the sometimes opened country house4 ,in winter it is a boon4 ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,national ,electric ,water ,heater ,corp4 ,a ,,method ,,of ,,heating ,,water ,,by ,,means ,,of ,a ,,faucet ,,attachment ,then of course there are the little electric emersion heaters4 ,this is a heating unit which is dropped into the water basin1 pitcher1 tea-pot or what not and attached to electric light bulb very quickly heats your water4 ,,gas ,the gas heater up to date has been most reliable and efficient4 ,there are many good gas heaters too on the market1 which when you turn on the water start the fire6 ,these are rapid and have given very good results4 ,there are many 8boiler0 heated water schemes--the water backs on gas and coal stoves etc4 ,then too a very efficient method is using the heat 7over7 not used in the sectional boiler for heating the house4 ,this is effectively used in auxiliary boilers for heating hot water4 ,some firms are rightly proud of this contrivance as it is inexpensive1 ample and convenient4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvi ,,outlets ,,save ,,your ,,income ,let there be light and there was none--is the verdict of many an estimator who goes over a home after it is built and sees the occupants laboring to read1 sew1 game or cook according to their separate desires4 ,and so to take the 8bull by the horns0 and begin with the practical first--one of the best ways to get proper lighting is to have sufficient outlets for electricity1 portable lamps with oil and enumerable fixtures with gas4 ,this will deal specifically with electric light1 yet the general principals will apply to all other lighting4 ,,lighting ,good lighting can mean good health4 ,eye strain is often the cause of depleted systems1 indigestion and things that lead to other calamities4 ,many a doctor would better analyze a home to see what could afflict the sufferer than analyze the patient6 ,flickering lights strain the eye1 because it cannot adapt itself to the rapid variations in intensity4 ,so the flickering light must go4 ,lights that are too bright hurt the eye1 lights that are dim cause strain1 all in turn having disastrous effect on sight and on health--these too must perish4 ,the best sort of lighting1 of course1 is the diffused light which without glare is sufficient for reading1 etc4 ,here1 though1 the distribution may be so imperfect that the glow is dispiriting and consequently a light softener in the guise of a lamp shade or frosted dulled glass helps the situation4 ,the indirect lighting system1 is popular to-day4 ,when buying this type you must be sure to get them as dust and bug proof as possible4 ,the simpler they are the easier to keep clean1 of course4 ,money can be saved by having outlets at frequent intervals1 so that lamps can be attached at the point needed1 rather than having to light many lamps at various ridiculous places in a room as contributory lights4 ,fixtures which have lights set obliquely in them are hard on the eyes1 lights are not meant to shoot light in your face but to supply aid quickly and politely to the eye4 ,fixtures should have their globes1 in the perpendicular4 ,,height ,,of ,,lights ,lights should be high enough only to cast a direct light on the subject in hand4 ,the reading lamp must help the reader1 not impede him4 ,try over and over again until it is placed correctly4 ,the shade should be such that it not only directs and diffuses the light1 but softens and subdues and makes it a pleasant thing to the eye4 ,very often dim lights can be magnified by a reflector4 ,never1 though1 can a reflector actually increase the light1 that is to say1 the reflector doesn't increase the electric power or size of lamps but simply reflecting more than absorbing1 the light gives you its fuller value4 ,,reflection ,you are probably aware that certain colors absorb or reflect in varying degrees4 ,usually in the papering of rooms no account is taken at all of this perfectly honest color vagary4 ,consequently1 a dark room is often somberly decked in deep chocolate paper and therefore you get something like #d reflection whereas in that room white would reflect about #gj and a wall yellow painted would reflect about #fb1 thereby saving the necessity of just that much more lighting4 ,green reflects about #ah1 blue #ab1 so you can see here what to do with certain rooms that should be dimmer or brighter4 ,in the same way shades of globes enhance or detract in reflection capacity4 ,clear glass absorbs about #e-ab of light and cobalt blue about #ie1 so here you see if you have a lamp absorbing #ie of light--that you will need more lamps than one absorbing but #e6 ,think on these things4 ,,light ,,measurements ,the foot candle is the unit of light measurement4 ,a standard candle has been decided upon and all lighting calculated on this basis4 ,we say we have #af candle power lamp that it means it gives light of #af of these standard candles4 ,from a #fj watt lamp the candle power obtained from a tungsten is #ef candle power4 ,a saving in money is had if the tungsten though more expensive is used4 ,,cost ,,of ,,light1 ,,electric ,the amount of electricity taken by a lamp is measured in watts-- ,watts #ajjj equals ,kilowatts ,kilowatts hours equals ,kilowatt hours ,kilowatt hours rate equals cost4 7,see ,chapter ,i on ,electricity47 ,economy is quite possible here as in burning oil or any thing else4 ,if your lights are well placed1 you need less light1 if they have not too absorbent globes you will also need to use less light1 if you have proper wall tints1 etc4 ,you often need fewer lamps4 ,one good lamp in the right place saves two or three wrongly placed4 ,the ,tungsten filaments burn brighter and more cheaply than the old filament of carbon4 ,there is a saving of electricity somewhere around #ej in the use of new filament4 ,,the ,,incandescent ,,light ,that brings us to the story of the incandescent lamp-- ,incandescent means to glow with heat--,in short the incandescent light is one which employs a globe in which the air has been exhausted and in which a vacuum exists4 ,before the air has been exhausted a filament of metal has been affixed through which the current of electricity is passed4 ,in the resistance of this current the filament glows and gives the light that you use4 ,don't take any lamp you can get4 ,ask for the number of candle power or watts you want4 ,the lamps to-day are more popularly sold according to watts rather than candle power4 ,,indirect ,,and ,,direct ,,lighting ,of course there is a loss every time the light is reflected through a diffusing medium4 ,in correct direct lighting most of the light is only reflected once before using point4 ,in indirect lighting it has one more reflection 7at ceiling7 causing a loss hardly much less than #be and maybe more4 ,the diffusing bowls throw a large part of the light--in semi-direct lighting--where there is a similar loss and the part of the light which goes through the bowl is considerably reduced by absorption4 ,naturally direct lighting is most efficient4 ,yet lighting is a matter of diffusion of light and often the indirect system gives not only more joy but better illumination with no greater consumption of power than direct lighting4 ,avoid shallow reflectors not covering filament 7or mantle in gas lamps74 ,the plain electric glass shades through which the source of light is plainly seen are practically nil4 ,they absorb more light than a good reflector and do no good--unless to look a wee bit better than a bare lamp4 ,ground glass is a better thing but poor enough4 ,colored shades do absorb light but they are decorative--a combination of white reflectors and colored shades is often a good trick4 ,,special ,,room ,,service ,in lighting rooms remember their special needs4 ,it is very unpleasant to have a light unshielded by a shade of some sort as the eye rebels against the sharp concentration of light4 ,,dining ,,room ,,domes ,dining room domes are like mountains of flowers--obstruct the view and make you hurdle to see a diner opposite to you4 ,they should be hung high enough not to become obstructive to the view and low enough not to throw light in your eyes4 ,if this can't be done1 hang it high rather than low and cover the opening of the dome with a material somewhat alike in color to the dome4 ,,the ,,bedroom ,have your fixtures on the side walls and plenty of them4 ,yet in some bedrooms1 there are often three lights used when one properly placed would be enough6 ,think of the money outlay6 ,a few outlets in convenient places will make it easy to use the vibrator1 electric pad1 shaving stand etc4 ,,the ,,kitchen ,,and ,,closets ,over the sink if necessary a small light can be placed4 ,all dark closets should have an electric light2 which can be switched on from the outside of the closet4 ,it is a real sanitary measure to say nothing else of the ancient blind groping in a dark cupboard for these things--which roll and break in the groping6 ,blind sport--,electric lights in all closets are not luxuries now they are nervous prostration preventives6 ,light is a detective4 ,nothing bad can survive in the light6 ,dirt is revealed1 bad conditions laid bare--hence the light works for good6 ,closets need light1 shelves as well need light to visualize little corner lurkings6 ,a good light in the vestibule is often a perfect chaperon for youth6 ,the shaving mug and stand need careful lighting to prevent discomfort and inadvertent cuts4 ,the cellar can be a lonesome spot if not properly lighted4 ,no one will clean it4 ,a switch upstairs to light the cellar before going below1 with enough other lights will do much to 8sell0 the cellar as a usable1 cleanable room4 ,flexible lights for desks are great comforts4 ,there are countless decorative as well as practical desk lamps on the market to-day4 ,although the primary object of lighting is to light1 yet the market to-day has any number of fixtures which seem primarily for artistic purposes4 ,and we must say that the fixture makers have a long way to go yet in the sheer beauty field--as have most non-custom made products4 ,,architects ,don't leave your lighting to your architects4 ,illuminating engineers are good but you can even be more illuminating by knowing your own needs and habits4 ,there is no excuse with electricity in not having your lights where you want them4 ,buy the right lights to save your health and eyes4 ,talk to your contractor before the house is 8let0 for building4 ,here is the time to talk outlets6 ,,in ,,finale #a4 ,clean globes mean more light4 ,don't think you don't have to clean electric lights4 ,you waste money on electricity with every grain of dust on your globes4 #b4 ,tired eyes often mean too few lights or light placed in wrong places4 #c4 ,remember don't always blame cook or work for indigestion1 it may be your eyes from bad lighting4 #d4 ,a bare lamp if it must be used should be above the eye line1 always use a shade4 #e4 ,too much is as bad as too little2 both strain the eye4 #f4 ,in low ceilinged rooms use two or three side small lamps rather than one large one4 #g4 ,remember ask for the size lamp you want1 don't just say 8,i want a lamp40 #h4 ,if you don't understand lamps1 go to a library and read or consult a good electrician1 or go through some one's home4 #i4 ,standard plugs throughout the whole house so that all connections can be made at any outlet4 #aj4 ,it is wiser to have more rather than too few outlets4 #aa4 ,switches--remember you can have lights so arranged to snap on and off in the closets by a switch on the outside4 7#a7 ,you can have switches 7#c and #d way switches7 that enable you to light the light upstairs from downstairs and turn it off when you get upstairs and turn it on again either up or downstairs4 7#b7 ,side wall switches--near doors as you enter2 7#c7 ,another switch to turn on all lights in house at once in case of danger4 ,,some ,,suggested ,,novelties ,there is a 8cute0 little thing now to be had to prevent you bumping your shins on a table when leaving the room--a light that when you put it out stays lit one minute after you pull the chain6 ,,cord ,,divider ,there is also a device which connects the long electric cord so that you can easily lengthen or shorten it without calling in an electrician4 ,,tinting ,lacquers for globes can be bought whereby you can reduce the glare of the ordinary lamp at will or even color them to suit4 ,,principles ,first principle is that diffusion of light is necessary in order to see the object clearly and pleasantly4 7#b7 ,brightness is to be avoided4 ,no general rule can be given for number of foot candles--different rooms--whether dark or light in decoration--need different treatment4 ,experiment and experience are the only arbiters here4 ,some rules3 7#a7 ,avoid flickering light--fatigue and nerves result from flickers4 7#b7 ,use shaded lamps4 ,more diffused light from a large source gives better light than from a small4 7#c7 ,don't judge the light by the lamp4 ,the lamp doesn't give light4 ,the light which comes directly from the lamp to the eye does no good and may interfere with the useful light which has gone from the lamp to the surrounding objects and thence to the eye4 7#d7 ,do not face the light4 ,it is well to have the light from above over the left shoulder4 ,this plan obviates the shining surfaces of paper1 table tops etc4 from interfering with pleasant seeing4 ,in this way too1 you do not see the lamp itself4 ,if you have to shade your book the light is wrong for you4 7#e7 ,avoid brilliant reflection of the lamp4 7,no matter how brilliant your own reflection may be67 ,glossy paper in books especially for children should be 8verboten40 7#f7 ,keep lamp away from your work1 your eye likes not to concentrate on concentrated light4 ,the desk light or factory light lying 8away0 rather than 8next to0 is far better for worker4 ,a special reading lamp is good but is often pleasanter when used in connection with a soft general lighting4 7#g7 ,vertical light carrying fixtures are best--old ones can be bent to carry light vertically4 ,,chapter ,,xxxvii ,,tin ,,ware1 ,,rubber ,,and ,,paper ,tin is one of the oldest metals in the world4 ,the ,ancient ,greeks and the ,ancient ,hebrews made mention of it frequently4 ,before the advent of the ,kingly ,aluminum and the ,queenly ,enamels1 agates1 granites etc41 tin was used extensively in the kitchen1 but now the cooking utensil is very rarely tin and rightly so4 ,however1 tin still remains a good thing for various things in the home and is well worth employing in different ways4 ,these ways will interest you to consider4 ,however--firstly--all things made of tin to-day are but steel or iron dip and coated with tin4 ,tin melts at a comparatively low temperature and is besides affected by acids4 ,that is why baking1 stewing1 etc4 are not to be done with tin utensils plus acid food4 ,the dark rings on baked apples cooked in a tin dish show very plainly what acid and tin do in combination4 ,in buying tin the criterion is its weight4 ,it is only wise to buy tin ware in the best shops1 because small1 but out of the way hardware shops can rarely afford to keep on hand the best tinware4 ,it should1 of course1 adhere closely to the lines of all other utensils in that it must be smoothe without rough globules1 without seams1 which might catch food or dust particles to create an aftermath condition difficult to rectify4 ,,cleaning ,put tin to be cleaned in hot soda1 never more than #e minutes because the tin will dissolve somewhat1 as the heat and soda meet and though it will disintegrate the grease it will make the iron or steel base show through4 ,but with more fine powder like whiting1 rinse hot1 and dry while hot4 ,tin will rust so it is best to dry while 8the tin is hot60 ,,japan ,among the most useful and jaunty things in tin is the so-called ,japan wear which is but painted tin4 ,bread and cake boxes in different colors1 with and without shelves1 sliding doors and in varying fasteners to suit your fancy4 ,these are light and easier to manage than the shiny metallic ones and easier to clean out than the wooden ones4 ,,cake ,,cutters ,there is no reason either why you cannot use the less expensive tin cake cutters in their multitudinous designs4 ,they are keen cutting and light and very durable4 ,,galvanized ,galvanized wear--is usually steel heated to a special finish of tin4 ,some of the things in this material are most useful and necessary--for example1 the refrigerator drain pan1 garbage pail and ash can4 ,these are extra heavy and withstand wear and jouncing4 ,for the less elaborate kitchen1 the tin muffin pans1 funnels and pie plates are useful yet not as good as other kitchen wear such as the ,aluminum and ,enamels4 ,,necessities ,,not ,,known ,the ideal ,christmas tree holder which keeps the tree fresh for months on account of its simple reservoir for water is really something well worth knowing about4 ,it holds the tree very steady and is japanned in a dull green4 ,for country or suburban homes the out-door incinerator1 a perforated tinned container1 permits the burning of rubbish without danger from blowing cinders2 of course1 this is not meant to burn fats and animal refuse4 ,an incinerator 7see ,chapter ,,xiii7 of another order is necessary for this4 ,there is no reason whatever1 however1 why the copper bottom wash boilers whose numbers and designs are legion should not be used4 ,as they are light in weight and durable4 ,the galvanized coal scuttle1 flour bin--japanned or plain heavy tin1 is not a pariah even yet4 ,if you have the 8tin10 it is usual for you to buy the better metals4 ,yet there are quite legitimate uses for tin4 ,there are some householders who have tin ware left over from the past4 ,to those1 however1 we can say don't let it worry you2 as they die out replace them with better1 if you care to1 but be loyal to what you have used if they have served4 ,no one recommends tin to-day for cookery when on the market are ideal cooking utensils1 but what we do wish to convey to you in this chapter is that tin has very legitimate uses4 ,for example spice1 sugar1 coffee etc4 canisters in white enamel tin1 brown1 black etc4 with gold lines4 ,these are not as autocratic as the blue and white china but they will outlast any such delightful and much to be desired shelf trousseau4 ,a kitchen in white with white enameled tin containers is a very pretty thing to contemplate4 ,some of the heavier tin ware is iron or steel dipped in tin1 this1 of course1 is very resistant and enduring and not particularly cheap4 ,agates1 enamels etc4 are merely steel and iron covered with layers of composition that when dry are made up to resist cookery onslaught4 ,,ice-,,cream ,,freezers ,there are two or three very interesting and effective ice cream freezers made of tin4 ,there is one in fact so built as to need no turning4 ,,trays ,tin trays are invaluable as they come in all sizes and are exceedingly light4 ,they come plain1 japanned and some decorated--but any one with a sense of paint and form can make an ordinary tin tray a thing of joy--while for the most part the tin ware houses execrably decorate the trays6 ,a word to the wise6 ,,rubber ,the rubber wear that is used in kitchens is not extensive but what is used is indispensable4 ,for preserving1 of course1 the rubber ring to tightly close certain jars is a necessity and the best is none too good to buy4 ,unless you have the best here you are cheated by breakage4 ,rubber gloves for kitchenette and kitchen use save and prevent breakage1 they also prevent the sink becoming 8holey40 ,for 8holey0 sinks are horrible to contemplate6 ,some people like perforated rubber mats on linoleum or tiled floors and on kitchen hallways and stairs4 ,these wear for a long time4 ,a few rubber corks to have on hand in the home often helps you out of a dilemma of temporary corkage4 ,rubber brushes for sink use in combination with tin are useful and can be well scoured and kept in condition4 ,rubber gloves for kitchenette and kitchen use save the hands and are worth their weight in radium4 ,if more women used them1 the house work problem would be less like martyrdom4 ,they preserve the hands1 health as well as beauty1 in fact could anything be 8handier80 ,rubber is used for door steps to preserve the door surface and to prevent noise4 ,it is also used on the tip end of legs of tables and chairs to preserve floors and rugs and to diminish noise4 ,this is about the full list of rubber things for the house except1 perhaps1 the rubber heel for maids' and butlers' shoes and rubber stoppers for sinks4 ,,paper ,the uses of paper in the home are not so many4 ,shelving in the pantry or kitchen can be kept in renewed health with paper1 laces of course4 ,the bungalow1 or motor trip or picnic can be well supplied with paper and fiber plates4 ,rather would we warn you against paper uses6 such as wrapping up your ice to preserve it1 to spoil food1 wrapping up your food stuffs in paper in refrigerator1 greasing muffin pan with paper for which you should use a brush4 ,sometimes1 however1 a piece of paper will clean off the top of the stove very efficiently1 yet even here a brush would be better4 ,clean brown paper to absorb ,french frys 7potato7 is quite indispensable4 ,the paper napkin has made its place even in the homes of wealth4 ,wax paper is a delight to wrap up sandwiches and keep bread stuffs and cake fresh4 ,paper lining for drawers1 of course1 is necessary4 ,the pretty paper lace doily for under finger bowls1 cake and bread1 these are delightfully pretty and save the linen1 the laundress and the laundry list4 ,,chop ,,papers ,paper 8golf stockings0 for chop bones1 poultry legs etc4 are decorative4 ,,charlotte ,,russe ,vegetables and charlotte russe are often1 too1 served in the paper cup4 ,which1 by the way reminds me that in large kitchens the paper cup is indispensable4 ,in this place it would be well to say that a pad--a writing pad--should be in every kitchen for multitudinous listings and memos4 ,no kitchen is a perfect one that isn't 8padded40 ,in fact it is a sell if it isn't6 ,,chapter ,,xxxviii ,,come ,,out ,,of ,,the ,,parlor ,if ,i were a cook 7of course1 being a democrat1 ,i aspire to no such plutocratic eminence1 but were ,i a cook71 ,i should want to have for my use a number of culinary accessories to make life more rosy1 more serene and even more delightful than it naturally must be4 ,if ,i were even a wife1 ,i should welcome gifts that would make the work ,i had to do in the kitchen more saving in time1 effort and labor4 ,but being neither of these1 and therefore1 free to roam through manufactories1 laboratories1 and shops1 ,i will suggest from the myriads of fascinating kitchen articles and appliances some that will make captivating and useful gifts4 ,when you once have made a present of any of them you will automatically become entablatured in the recipient's memory1 and maybe you will be saved the expense of many a meal6 ,if ,i were that cook--,i would hanker after the ice pick that doesn't slide--the spring pick 7#be to #ce cents74 ,you just jab it into the ice and slide the handle up and down1 and you waste neither ice1 food1 nor temper in the process4 ,it is a gem of comfort4 ,,the ,,small ,,equipment ,the cream bag1 with all the alluring little tubes for making fascinating designs on the birthday or ,christmas cake1 saves the cook time in rigging up paper tubes for spreading cream and sugar4 ,if it were only to obviate the unpatriotic cry against our thick bread in comparison to the ,british gossamer slice1 it would ease one's life to have some one of the bread slicers on the ,american market which cost very little4 7,about #d4a7 #a ,all prices here are merely approximate4 ,by the time this book reaches you the prices will be much lower1 we hope6 ,nothing saves more energy than the food chopper 7from #b up71 the nut-cracker 7from #a up71 the cherry stoner 7#ge cents up74 ,these processes of stoning1 chopping and taking out nuts whole are all tedious by hand4 ,the coffee mill1 too1 is a pleasure1 the kind that has the glass top to keep you cognizant of how much work there is before you4 ,some of these screw on the wall and are about #a4ce and upwards4 ,the beef press 7#a4ej to #e7 7,see ,chapter on electric mixing units7 for invalid or baby is also a boon4 ,the prices of all these things are very low as prices go these days4 ,in some of the realms1 however1 the prices vary so from day to day that one is afraid to mention them4 ,but1 whatever the prices are1 the devices are worth the cost in helpfulness and service4 ,and1 strange as it may seem1 the kitchen denizen1 imperial though she be1 rarely dowers herself with the time-saving1 step-saving apparatus4 ,,scales ,,and ,,sharpeners ,kitchen scales1 good ones1 are really indispensable to the careful housekeeper4 ,the balance type is the most accurate and costs from #h up4 ,very often you can test your purchases and if under weight you can scold the grocer 7what fun67 and if over weight--but what's the good of dream stuff here8 ,the hanging spring scale is accurate and costs from #b4ej up4 7,see ,chapter ,,xl on ,measures47 8,oh1 for a sharp knife60 ,a feminine and hopeless cry often 444 but the carborundum knife sharpener 7#cj to #ej cents7 would obviate the humiliation and let the lady cut a big swathe with her menfolk--if they found sharp carving knives set before them4 ,there are many types of sharpeners on the market4 ,some of them1 of course1 are quite expensive4 ,buy the best in this case as in every other case4 ,the best is an investment2 less than the best is an expenditure4 ,nothing can cut down the antagonism between time and service like vegetable slicers4 ,they slice any vegetable and cost about #b4ej up4 ,do you realize what such a donation could mean8 ,could any little fluffy-ruffle pincushion mean so much to anybody1 be she cook or pauper8 ,if you want to give something in the realm of a card for ,easter1 ,christmas or ,new ,year1 or some trifle in the case of another sort of anniversary1 why not send some of the silencers for kitchen chair and table legs at #aj cents a set8 ,or the permanent gas lighters for #be cents4 ,they are convenient and amusing4 ,owning a rotary fruit parer 7#a4ej up7 saves energy and caters to your sense of form1 as the fruit can be served unangular and with little waste1 and besides1 the cook's imperial temper is not stirred4 ,,table ,,bells ,,and ,,griddles ,table bells of sweet tintinabulation save the nerves4 ,at any rate there is poetry in such a gift1 and one can spend from #a4ej to any price at all on these romantic things1 as they also come in the precious metals4 ,there may be many domiologists with doubts about cake1 bread and mayonnaise mixers1 but if you ever gave any of these articles to a household1 you would go down into history as a benefactor4 ,i wonder often why so many of us forget that such gifts are really gold mines4 ,no one likes to do unnecessary cleaning and scraping of utensils1 so the aluminum waffle and griddle are presents of unusual pleasure-giving potentialities4 ,the prices here are prone to fluctuation but there are always sizes to be had around #d4ej4 ,the electric ones cost three or four times as much4 ,if you would give a regal gift to the ,monarch of ,culinaria1 the kitchen cabinet is the thing4 ,it is compact little kitchen 8with everything in it but the kitchen stove10 and fills the need of the worker in the badly planned and equipped city kitchen and the unplanned kitchen out of town4 ,although not exclusively a kitchen gift1 the vacuum cleaner cannot be excelled as a present4 ,once bestowed you are looked upon as a fairy god-parent4 ,why not give one for a wedding present sometime8 ,the fireless cookers and refrigerators would come under this classification too1 but they vary in price too much to record here4 ,,electric ,,dishwashers ,,and ,,stoves ,if there be a regent and not a cook in your kitchen1 she will welcome with tired arms the electric dishwasher1 the boon to the woman doing her own work4 ,it costs about #aej4 or thereabouts and makes housework a game rather than drudgery4 ,haven't you often heard the young wife say3 8,i wouldn't mind house work at all if it weren't for the dishwashing40 ,then there is the magic--yes1 magic--electric stove family6 ,there isn't time enough left to tell of some of their wonder workings4 ,if you gave one of these 7costing about #ahj71 you would be giving at the same time money1 time-to-herself1 and the rest cure4 ,some of these stoves automatically cook and stop their cooking while you are out or sleeping1 save money because they make cheap cuts of meat taste like expensive cuts1 act as fireless cookers and refrigerators and 444 ,i will leave the rest to your investigation4 ,of course1 there are the electric laundry appliances1 casseroles1 ice-cream freezers which must be turned and which must not be turned1 convenient egg-heaters1 buffers1 kitchenette articles1 and countless other things in the line of percolators1 etc41 which are obvious and need no mind-jerking from us4 ,all these things are gifts of value1 tremendous helps to the cook and ought to be boons to the seeker for something to give4 ,be elastic6 ,come out of the parlor and go into the kitchen for a new field of giving4 ,gifts raise the value of things and the value of culinary pursuits need raising4 ,,chapter ,,xxxix ,,latest ,,inventions ,there may be nothing new under the sun but there is always something inviting under the roofs of our manufactories1 in these labor1 time and energy sparing days4 ,not to keep abreast of the news is perhaps to lose at least a week out of your year in time and a few tons of actual effort4 ,there is an ideal mixer on the market which attacks and synthesizes a mayonnaise1 cream or eggs1 mixes cakes1 makes bread of its ingredients1 and all in all can almost be hitched to the stars and change the rotations of the solar system1 extravagantly speaking4 ,it is modeled on a giant mixer formerly used in hotels and soda fountains but now adapted to home use4 ,furthermore1 it is prepared to annihilate meats1 nuts and fruits4 ,it is a complete power unit and worked by electricity4 ,multum in parvo--here you have it4 ,a little washing machine that can be a sweet pal of the portable typewriter--less its weight1 not requiring1 though1 either ink or hand labor4 ,this tiny wooden washer is placed under a water faucet and the weakest stream of water revolves its little cylinder so that you can wash two or three shirtwaists and six hankies and seven towels in one operation while you sit and think how lucky you are4 ,fancy this little fairy in a hotel room1 in the country1 where the wash ladies are obsolete and your nurse won't wash--or where you don't want to trust your trousseau to any laundry resident in your rural haunt4 ,and it is invaluable for the baby's wash--because the baby is no respecter of labor and needs much rehabilitation4 ,it fits on any wash-stand1 is simply made1 easily cleaned trs bon march4 ,so your parlor1 bedroom and bathroom need not be a limitation to your wardrobe's perfection4 ,how many times have you toasted bread at your morning meal--the meal at which most of us are poorly adjusted8 ,how many times have we nearly 787 sworn because your magic electric toaster only did the trick on one side of the bread8 ,now--there has been born a toaster which1 when one side of the toast is done1 8turns the other cheek0 7by a pat of one's finger on a lever7 and in most traditionally ethical fashion1 so that you have self-turned toast1 well cooked1 waiting for you--disgruntled or radiant4 ,it's a nice thought--to have toast without blackened fingers or disintegrated character4 ,every sick room at some time or another needs1 besides air1 a gentle deodorant4 ,in accordance with electricity's forward march an electric incense burner can be bought which though not in the traditional mode is very much to the manner of to-day4 ,whether this will appeal to our ,greenwich ,village friends who espouse with all their modernity archaic methods1 we cannot tell--yet would we suggest this device whether they be incensed or not4 ,soon there will be on the market a wee electric washette--a portable six shirtwaist or twelve soxer which washes clothes and will spare the fare on silk hose or lingerie4 ,most city and country dwellings have electricity and in a few months this vital little machine will be yours for the paying4 ,bathrooms to-day without the shower would be like the kiss to the strange maiden who liked it not1 were her lover unmustachioed4 ,in order to have a faultless shower--for they are often built haphazardly so that they leak1 spatter1 burn and scatter--a standardized shower has been put on the market which1 when ordered by the architect1 can be put into any bathroom4 ,it can be in curved or square design and in almost any size4 ,after installation it can be finished in paint1 marble1 tile or in whatever uniform your bathroom mobilized4 ,the fixtures are the most modern1 completely covering the bather with sprays enticing and affording thorough refreshment4 ,practically speaking1 the electric washing machine in which boiling water is put is a perfect instrument4 ,yet we can see some instances where the self-gas-heated electric washer might be a great convenience if the clothes are not permitted to have the dirt boiled in and the gas jets left burning beneath them4 ,to-day1 to meet the demand of a self-heating washer1 there are a few being put on the market4 ,along the line of washing machines is a 8filler0 which acts promptly and swiftly so that the washing machine is filled and emptied of water with a minimum effort4 ,there are two or three of these assistants on the market--two of which are good but one of which we think better4 ,they can be tried before purchasing4 ,,electrified ,,tables ,furniture is furniture4 ,that seems rational--it has beauty but not life4 ,yet in the ,middle ,edison ,period in which we live1 furniture arterially supplied with electric current has come to pass4 ,table tipping has gone out1 but electrified tea tables have come in4 ,there is no limit to what the electrified tea table might not be1 or might not contain4 ,tea1 toast1 lectures or music fill its usual shallow depths4 ,but now a veritable companion to man--not only a pal but an advisor4 ,yet you must be careful lest the amiable invention ousts the charm of tea itself4 ,but all new inventions when they seem the most perilous are the most useful4 ,think of the charms of the electrified toilet table--shaving-water hot1 curling irons ready1 lights in perfect range4 ,it is beyond imagination lovely4 ,then think of the electrified bed6 ,it is too--,enough6 ,overlooking the fact that an ironing board and iron are prohibited in many hotels1 they seem to arrive in other guises4 ,a folding contraption delightfully like a little box has been made and charmingly cretonned1 which is itself the telescopic board and inside of whose folds repose the leveling iron1 electric connections1 etc4 ,,sleeping ,,accomodations ,gunpowder can be made out of the air1 but that isn't what we are looking for--after all it's a constructive use we give it--breathing and health4 ,of late1 people are longing for health--see the new religious sects4 ,so the home longs for it1 and devices are continually being made to give the home more air and better4 ,an automatic device to make rooms breathe is now a practical thing4 ,it looks like a little box of copper wire on one side1 open on the other and fitted with little shutters so that the warm air escapes and the cool fresh air is imprisoned in the room4 ,it is put on outside the window sash and without draft you breathe clean1 fresh morning air4 ,you can always supply a bed to the new-comer1 or make your living room into a more livable and sleeping one by the use of the new beds housed behind a small door in the wall which swing easily to position at night4 ,the small door can be near the porch1 so the sleeping porch by day can be free of bedding and be an upper porch only4 ,furthermore1 if the door be placed rightly1 the bed can be swung to the porch or to the room4 ,rainy nights or cyclonic you could sleep indoors4 ,it is not a folding bed with that device's many drawbacks4 ,of course this is more practically installed when the house is built1 yet it can successfully be put in afterward4 ,its makers also offer a concealed ironing board--behind closed doors--which for a limited home is a comfort4 ,should your home not have enough electric connections which1 of course1 it should have--you can now get electric sockets with two or three plug extensions4 ,this can double your electric elasticity4 ,for example1 a lamp and an electric piano player can get their nutrition from one base plug--and you can put two bulbs in one plug4 ,a makeshift1 of course1 but it doesn't look like one2 and if your home was built in the pre-electric era you can keep up with the times with this device4 ,lamps seem to-day to be one of the newer adjustabilities4 ,a very useful lamp to fix on the piano to light the eye of the musical page will be a real convenience to the home in which the piano has to be in the living room4 ,the whole room can be dark except for this illumination of the music pages--the audience can sit in darkness and have their comfort evolve from the lighted region4 ,here is a time when from sitting in darkness1 light1 comfort and good deeds may emerge4 ,this lamp can be had in all wood finishes and can be placed on beds or chairs if wanted in these ways4 ,not snubbing other devices at all1 we must lump a few suggestions in electric apparatus4 ,for example1 the hair dryers1 giving cold and hot air1 the violet ray machines1 the vibrator--all three made in convenient size and light weight4 ,with these three things your boudoir is much more complete4 ,yesterday1 the silence cloth of cloth was all we had to put under your tablecloth4 ,to-day asbestos in all its fire impenetrability is to be had in comfortable sheets for table use--to protect the polished surface in entirety and enrich the tablecloth4 ,you have known the mats in asbestos--now you have the table rug4 ,jars of pottery can be rapidly turned into electric lamps by a new device made to fit down in and raise above a lamp shade1 bulb and complete paraphernalia4 ,think of the good uses some old wedding presents can be put to6 ,this device comes in sizes to fit jars with #c1 #d1 #e1 or #f openings at the top4 ,very nearly meeting the constant question3 8,do you know of an instantaneous heater80 comes the electric water heater which when attached to your faucet gives instantaneous1 exceedingly hot water4 ,it is a small thing not more than #h high and will be a boon of boons when absolutely perfect4 ,during the summer1 the attic gets overheated and makes itself an impossible place for sleeping4 ,this need not be1 as there is a material that comes in sheets to line the walls and ceiling4 ,for cellars the warmth is kept in2 for attics the heat is kept out4 ,could there be anything more simple and adaptable4 ,to close this chapter safely we can do no more than suggest a ready-made fence6 ,it has been on the market years--for the pastures--but is now being introduced for the garden use of people who don't want to or can't make a new fence4 ,it is delightful--of rough hewn wood1 #d1 #e1 or #f bars1 posted and diagonalled4 ,for a rambling place for roses and vines it has no equal and to be able to buy fences by the yard for the yard is veritably both joy and comfort brought to your very doors4 ,,chapter ,,xl ,,measure ,,for ,,measure 8,a pint's a pound the year around10 said a little old lady dealing out some lead shot1 to a young man gunner1 who received a pint of shot for his pound and went off thinking he had begun his hunt with augury well imposed6 8,what's lighter1 a pound of feathers or a pound of lead80 ,these two idea rousers never would have been born were it not for the average ignorance and negligence of weights and measures in the average time-bound home4 ,true it is1 if we are time-run we certainly are inaccurately measured and weighed1 especially in our kitchens--where over-doses may injure1 where under-doses and over-doses may ruin recipes6 ,there is really no need for this--we have had careful training in our youth with 8tables40 ,recall herewith when absolutely perfect4 ,,avoirdupois #bg4c grains equal #a dram 7dr47 #af drams 8 #a ounce 7oz47 #af ounces 8 #a pounds 7lb47 #ajj pounds 8 #a hundred weight 7cwt47 ,,dry ,,measure #b pints equal #a quart 7qt47 #h quarts 8 #a peck #d pecks 8 #a bushel #aje dry qts4 8 #a bbl4--vegetables etc4 ,,liquid ,,measure #d gills equal #a pint #b pints 8 #a quart #d quarts 8 #a gallon #ca gals4 8 #a bbl4 ,,linear ,,measure #ab inches equal #a foot #c feet 8 #a yard #e yards 8 #a rod #cbj rods 8 #a mile not quite indoors #agfj yards 8 #a mile but useful to know #ebhj feet 8 #a mile ,,square ,,measure #add sq4 inches equal #a sq4 foot #i 8 feet 8 #a 8 yard #cj 8 yards 8 #a 8 rod #afj 8 rods 8 #a acre ,these are the classics over which we of the ancient rgime trembled but which1 in the new rgime1 youth imbibes in unwitting doses and grows in spite of itself into engineers and surveyors6 ,yet for you and me there are still tables that may be of use and ,l4 ,ray ,balderston in her ,housewifery has published one which is worthy of quoting3-- #d saltspoonfuls equal #a teaspoonful #c teaspoonfuls 8 #a tablespoonful #af tablespoonfuls 8 #a cupful #b gills 8 #a cupful #b cupfuls 8 #a pint #a cup 8 #h fluid ounces #cb tablespoonfuls 8 #a pound of butter #b cups of butter 8 #a 8 8 8 #d 8 8 flour 8 #a 8 8 flour #b 8 8 sugar 8 #a 8 8 sugar #e 8 8 coffee 8 #a 8 8 coffee #a 8 8 rice 8 #a 8 8 rice #b 8 8 oatmeal 8 #a 8 8 oatmeal #b 8 8 cornmeal 8 #a 8 8 cornmeal #a cup of liquid to #c cups of flour equal a dough #a 8 8 8 8 #b 8 8 8 8 thick batter #a 8 8 8 8 #a cup of flour equals a thin 8 ,to neutralize #b teaspoonfuls of soda to #a pint of sour milk #a teaspoonful 8 8 8 #a cup of molasses 8 8 cream of tartar and one teaspoonful of soda equal #b teaspoonfuls of 8home brew0 baking powder4 ,but what of all this if we use a tea cup one time1 a coffee cup at another for measuring1 a dessert spoon one time1 teaspoon another etc8 ,there is but one way to take the guess out of home cookery and that is have a set of approved scales1 dry and wet measures4 ,a salt-spoon is a salt-spoon1 even as a rake is a rake and not a hoe--a teaspoon has a standard size even as a peck is a peck and a quart is a quart4 ,those things have governmental regulation--and you should1 of course profit by them4 ,in some communities you can buy weights and measures sealed with government approval4 ,when possible this is a good thing4 ,always find out1 however1 before buying whether they have the sanction of the ,standard ,bureau in ,washington4 ,or what your community's regulation may be4 ,suppose you asked for a yard of ribbon in one shop and got short measure8 ,you would soon detect it4 ,yet daily and hourly you accept a peck of 8this0 or a quart of 8that0 and never measure it when you get it home4 ,home telephoning for groceries and meats have permitted more short selling than ,wall ,street ever dreamed of6 ,every kitchen should possess the series of spoons--attached to one pivot4 ,this set includes3 salt spoon 7 teaspoon71 #a teaspoon1 teaspoon1 a metal 7aluminum preferred7 measuring cup with designations of 1 1 1 1 1 a glass cup divided into quarter cups for high convenience4 ,the glass graduate with spout1 measuring a pint or a quart divided into easily read divisions is a joy in any kitchen4 ,then it is easy to have a dry measure such as a quart wooden container--to measure things as they come from the grocer4 ,,scales ,,and ,,measures ,scales must be like ,csar's wife 8above suspicion0--tested by local authorities for accuracy and worth the understanding that you will have them officially tested and 8blessed0 and sealed by the 8,sealer40 ,there are many kinds of scales--avoid the kind which has a spring under the pan as the spring unless a very expensive one gets out of order4 ,the hanging pan spring scale is generally good with per #aj to #bj lbs4 capacity4 ,it registers the weight automatically on the pan4 ,the folding scale of the steelyard type is fairly accurate at a reasonable outlay and folds against a wall and is out of the way if not weigh4 ,the counter beam or balance scale is most accurate if you have table space and promise to remember where you put the weights4 ,it requires care as you have to do the marking by hand and no dial tells you the story4 ,they are more expensive but more accurate4 ,for all purposes the scale should be able to record from #a lb4 to #aj up to #cj lbs4 ,,liquid ,,measure ,the quota here can comfortably be3 #a quart measure1 #a pint1 and pint--a #d ounce graduate sub-divided to #a dram or less4 ,when buying those they should be cylindrical or conical with top diameter smaller than bottom diameter4 ,these are purchasable in metal1 enamel ware1 etc4 ,must be made to wear2 seamless and easily cleaned4 ,the markings on these should be clear enough to avoid the gawky game of 8,guess40 ,to avoid error in reading cone-shaped graduate1 you will see that the subdivisions are more at base than at the top4 8,a #d ounce graduate may be subdivided to dram for each #b drams1 to #a dram for the next #f drams1 to #b drams for the remaining capacity up to #b ounces and to #d drams1 or half an ounce for the interval between #b and #d ounces4 ,in filling or reading1 it should be held level and readings made at the main surface of liquid4 ,disregard the creeping up of the liquid on the width of glass40 7,this is governmental bulletin advice47 ,,dry ,,measure ,here the quota can be a nest of measures from bushel to #a quart4 ,these measures should be of metal or well varnished wood bound by a metal or some sort of band on top4 ,cylindrical here is the best style4 ,if conical have them with their tops #aj or larger than bottom diameter4 ,for your help3 ,diameters of bushel should be #ac inch #a peck 8 8 #aj 8 8 8 8 #h 8 #b quarts 8 8 #f 8 #a quart 8 8 #e 8 #a pint 8 8 #d 8 ,,length ,,measure ,how many a step has been wasted looking for a yard measure1 etc4 ,why not have a measuring corner in the kitchen and add to it #a yard measure or a tape #c to #f feet long8 ,isn't that easy enough8 ,a yard stick of course should be of well measured wood plus metallic ends or all of metal4 ,it is most convenient if sub-divided not only into feet1 inches and fractions1 but into fractions of a yard4 ,the more fractions really the less fractious will be your measurements4 ,,preserving ,,etc4 ,for testing accurately water densities1 hydrometers are used4 ,if in your community you intend to do a lot of preserving or candy making1 even in your own home the saccharimeter 7a kind of hydrometer7 will take the guess work out of the necessary thickness of a syrup's density4 ,this is a short weighted spindle graduated from #j-gj4 ,when placed in water1 the spindle rests on the bottom of the vessel and the reading at the surface is zero4 ,as the density is increased1 the spindle rises until when the solution is saturated with sugar at the temperature indicated--the reading is #ajj4 ,this is an inexpensive one1 another type mercury weighted is more expensive and more accurate4 ,the vessel must be same depth as saccharimeter4 ,a narrow vessel is best1 so if you are doing much preserving a #bej cubic centimeter glass cylinder or a brass saccharimeter cup is the 8easiest way40 ,buy the cylinder and thermometer with hydrometer4 ,temperature affects densities2 with the three tools you are sure4 ,,thermometers ,thermometers are useful things1 if they are accurate and as nearly unbreakable as possible4 ,there are a few good ones on the market4 ,we cannot advocate the oven-door thermometer as there is hardly one which can stand the onslaught of banging and remain in on its accurate pinnacle6 ,many a good stove and many a bad one have inveigled purchasers because of their neat little thermometer on their oven doors4 ,they work all well and good for a while but you know a thermometer is a 8dainty0 instrument and must be kept well to keep well4 ,however1 there are many good thermometers built for pretty rough use--rough as any good instrument may be treated1 which of course should never be rough4 ,the home could really afford the bath thermometer1 the house thermometer1 the kitchen and last and least the clinical thermometer1 but the kitchen thermometer takes the guess work out of ovens' heat and prevents the 8,fall of ,doughs0 a catastrophe like unto few in awfulness6 ,it does away with thrusting one's hand in an oven to find out through our uncertain senses how hot is the oven1 and often prevents a well burned finger1 tongue when tasting or whole body when carelessness creeps in4 ,the thermometer is no half measure6 ,it is a real necessity--it conquers feelings and tells the truth4 ,if we are slaves to time in this world1 why not switch our allegiance to the thermometer6 ,then with thermostats our rooms will be habitable because they have the right degree of heat1 not because one feels it too hot and another feels it too cool1 and too our food will not be wasted by under cooking or over cooking4 ,buy only the best thermometers--others add girth to the junk-pile--and here we must practice girth control with all our vigor4 ,other thermometers useful at home are for incubator1 deep fat frying1 refrigerator1 pasteurizing milk etc4 ,,some ,,precautions ,quantity as well as quality is necessary in household economy4 ,for this reason1 it is well to consider a few precautions and as there are a few confusing things in even our 8tables0 it is best to drive ourselves up to them like a timid horse is lead to face the terror that causes him to shy and free himself from terror4 ,the avoirdupois pound is larger than the ,troy or apothecaries' pound--avoirdupois is #gjjj grains and the latter is #egfj4 ,but the troy or apothecaries' ounce is larger than the avoirdupois ounce4 ,troy and apothecaries' weight differ in the division of drams1 scruples and grains 7apothecaries'74 ,,apothecaries' ,,weight #bj grains equal #a scruple #h scruples 8 #a dram #h drams 8 #a ounce #ab ounces 8 #a pound ,,troy ,,weight #bd grains equal #a pennyweight #bj penny wgt4 8 #a ounce #ab ounces 8 #a pound 7,troy7 ,in purchasing drugs and chemicals for the home1 you may need to know these differences4 ,avoirdupois system should be used generally in bulk buying4 ,but unless stiff regulations exist in your vicinity the apothecary is prone to sell all by the apothecary system4 ,troy weight is used by precious metal purveyors so the house is little concerned here4 ,,fluid ,,ounces--,,weight ,,ounces ,like the 8,pint's a pound0 fable so does 8all ounces look alike to me0 prevision disaster6 ,the liquid ounce and the weight ounce are not the same4 ,in ,great ,britain1 however1 the fluid ounce of water does weigh an ounce avoirdupois4 ,,dry ,,and ,,liquid ,,quarts ,,and ,,pints ,without strict ordinances in your part of the world pretty confusion exists in the leveling of dry and liquid dissimilarities4 ,the dry quart is #af larger than the liquid--so you see the loss incurred if liquid measure is used for a dry purchase6 ,when you buy a quart at the hardware store for home use1 you can find out whether it is dry or liquid by filling it with water4 ,the dry quart measure should weigh #b pounds #f ounces1 the liquid quart would hold but #b pounds #a ounces of water4 ,,uncertain ,,quantities ,the barrel measure is somewhat uncertain--,it is best to find out your state regulations4 ,the barrel differs according to state law and commodities sometimes4 ,march #aiae a law was passed by 7,national7 ,congress4 ,this applies to all dry commodities except such as have been sold by weight or numerical count 7flour1 sugar and cement74 ,the standard barrel has a capacity of #aje dry quarts4 ,the liquid barrel's capacity is generally marked on its side4 ,,sacks ,,and ,,bags ,you are prone to 8get the sack0 here unless you are careful4 ,there are usually #id pounds of cement to the sack and #ajj pounds of sugar4 ,in the case of flour the weights are usually in multiples of a barrel 1 1 etc4 expressed in pounds1 but the custom is growing to drop the pound1 pound1 and pound1 from the weight of 1 1 and barrel size and make their weights #bd1 #ab and #f pounds4 7,barrel of flour has #aif pounds47 ,potatoes generally weigh #b bushels to the sack--according to weight per bushel in your own ,state4 ,,heaped ,,bushel--,,bulky ,,vegetables1 ,,fruits ,,etc4 ,in different states the heaped measure is heaped differently1 in some the measure is heapable to the point where the commodity falls 8down and out10 in others the cone above the measure has certain lawful dimensions--,so find out before you are fooled4 ,in buying peas1 dried beans etc4 be sure they are measuring your purchase by dry not by liquid measures--or you will lose #ae of your purchase6 ,,baskets ,basket sizes are just about standardized to #b quart1 #d quart and #ab quart baskets4 ,,boxes ,,for ,,fruits ,a national law says that the standard basket or boxes or container for small fruits1 berries and vegetables shall be of the following capacities3--,dry half pint1 dry pint1 dry quart1 or multiples of the dry quart4 ,,cords ,,of ,,wood ,practice differs here in large measure--,purchasers must find out local laws4 ,in most ,states a cord of wood is #abh cubic feet--in piles #c #h #d foot lengths4 ,the lengths1 however1 into which wood is cut in some places is #c1 or #b1 or #a feet6 ,measurements are sometimes made before and sometimes after splitting4 ,the basket in some states measures fractions of cords1 occasionally it is equal to a heaped bushel1 in other states it is more specifically designated4 ,look up your laws1 here all your safety lies6 ,,containers ,finally1 check up the contents of your containers and notify the makers2 you will help the public and the manufacturer4 ,statements of weight are in avoirdupois terms4 ,packages of #b pounds or less are exempt from marking1 and containers below #a fluid ounce come under this exemption4 ,notify the maker if loss exists2 it is a public service4 ,losses often occur from evaporation1 leakage1 bad packing1 and consequent deterioration before opening4 ,the manufacturer will be glad to get a notification if he is of integrity so that he can take steps to correct his measure4 ,here is real need for a good scales and measuring cups4 ,the contents of a cylindrical can or paint pail can be determined3 ,measure circumference with a tape4 8 height 8 8 8 ,diameter of can equals of circumference4 ,subtract from circumference a slight amount for thickness of can4 ,multiply the result by itself and the product of 4 ,this result should be multiplied by height of can less proper allowance for inset and thickness of ends4 ,the result 7if you have used inches7 will be the cubic contents 7in inches17 it can be reduced to gallons or fraction of a gallon by dividing by #bca4 ,these precautions are only a few in the course of home buying4 ,but we hope they will be suggestive4 ,know your state laws4 ,no home should be--no matter what its scale--without a scale1 a liquid1 as well as a dry set of measure4 ,it is wisest to buy and sell by weight as the heaping systems vary4 ,it is fairest to customer and more comfortable to merchant4 ,if you and every one insist on this fashion--it will prevail in the future4 ,,addition ,,and ,,recapitulation ,finally we have added to our familiar weights1 measures1 thermometers and scales--the hydrometer for candy making1 preserves etc41 the water meter which you don't realize is working away in your home1 the electric meter which silently subtracts coin from your pocket too1 the gas meter which is just as financially obstreperous and if you are inquisitive meteorologically you may too have a barometer to tell the atmospheric pressure and presage the weather and the hygroscope or psychrometer which will measure the humidity in the air4 ,these things are the measures which will take the 8uncertain0 out of your domestic sailing and be an all encompassing compass for all your goings1 comings1 and weighs4 ,but above all don't forget the egg timer--or the clock for without these two things marriage can be a brittle thing and homekeeping an anarchy4 ,,chapter ,,xli ,,taking ,,the ,,kitchen ,,along ,it is no longer necessary for motorists to trust to luck and the roadhouse restaurant for lunch4 ,they can take their own kitchen along and loiter down the highways and byways and eat where and when they will4 ,manufacturers who have studied the requirements of motorists provide the neatest imaginable bits of equipment for use on the road4 ,with them you can be as comfortable in the ,gobi ,desert as at home4 ,the best known of these pieces is what is called the 8,restaurant10 a ship-shaped glazed duck or sole leather case equipped with knives1 forks1 spoons1 cups1 saucers1 butter jars1 sandwich boxes1 vacuum bottles1 salt and pepper shakers and napkins1 for from two to eight persons4 ,they can be strapped on the running board or back rack of the car or slid unobstructively into the tonneau4 ,they are shaped usually like suit cases1 although one firm makes them in a flat1 square shape of sole leather1 black grain leather or glazed duck 7patent leather74 ,there is a case of this kind on the market that carries a cooking apparatus1 a long fork and a folding gasoline cook stove with two burners4 ,this burns ordinary gasoline1 which the motorist always has with him4 ,there are no loose parts to assemble or become lost4 ,when it is folded all parts are enclosed easily and rapidly and the case fastens securely and simply4 ,it can be bought separately or in combination with the above case4 ,these cases are built on a basis of bass or some other strong wood and are practically unbreakable4 ,if you prefer a wood fire to the gasoline stove1 there are small grates to be had which aid greatly in the building of it4 ,these are light in weight and can be carried easily4 ,long ago the vacuum bottle solved the problem of carrying cold and hot food4 ,it is made in many shapes1 styles and forms4 ,it insures comfort for the long or short tour1 and if a little care is taken in the handling there is no danger of breakage4 ,the best of these bottles are made of glass well annealed1 insuring elasticity4 ,the outer walls are generally of steel and relieve the jarring4 ,the inner wall is also of steel1 and between these walls is the vacuum1 impenetrative to heat and cold4 ,these jars and bottles hold from one pint to one gallon1 so the range of choice is vast enough for utility4 ,the stoppers are so made and fitted1 plus their caps1 to prevent leakage of wind or advent of outside air1 that the temperature probably never changes more than a few degrees in twenty-four hours4 ,cases for these bottles in various sizes are made of leather1 duck and wicker4 ,they are convenient and absolutely necessary to the longevity of the bottle as it is so adjusted in the casing that it rests and vibrates enough to ease strain which might overcome the elasticity of the glass and cause breakage4 ,the bottles themselves are finished in leather over metal or in metal containers1 and some come equipped with handles and also with convenient cups4 ,another invaluable aid in an automobile trip is the fireless cooker1 which makes a hot meal at any time a reality4 ,start it before the trip begins and by meal time you'll have a real dinner1 not a pseudo-feast4 ,these fireless cookers can be had1 so don't forget them in planning a trans-desert tour amid sands and dry winds4 ,,refrigerators ,there are on the market admirable ice-boxes for the motorist4 ,these come with partitions for ice and partitions for food4 ,some have racks in which bottles and other things are held firmly4 ,the wicker basket lined with metal is a useful one and has a convenient carrying handle4 ,it is of the finest workmanship of imported reed1 with hardwood bottom covered with two coats of mineral paint4 ,the covers are of three-ply basswood finished in dark forest green4 ,there are straps to fasten the cover1 and the hinges1 buckles and nickel-plated fixings are of perfect workmanship4 ,the lining is nickel-plated zinc and especially insulated against aggressive1 unwanted1 outside air4 ,the iceless refrigerator is an ice saving and remarkable device which 8works0 on the old evaporation cooling principle4 ,the two earthenware crocks1 which fasten together1 are submerged before filling in clear water4 ,when kept in a draught or in a moving vehicle or in a window1 the evaporation process cools the food within4 ,this device saves ice1 the cool air doing the work4 ,the other refrigerator boxes are excellent1 too1 with their fine installations and vents for melted ice4 ,these are generally leather covered and zinc lined4 ,,cooking ,,outfits ,campers use cooking outfits that motorists do well to copy4 ,for example1 the cooking outfits made of hard seamless aluminum1 for from two to six persons1 include1 in the smallest set1 one frying pan1 two cooking pots1 one coffee pot1 two plates1 two cups1 two soup bowls1 two knives1 two forks1 two dessert spoons and two teaspoons1 all nested together in the big cooking pot1 and weighing six pounds six ounces4 ,the outfit measures #i #h1 all wrapped in a canvas case4 ,the nest for eight includes3 three cooking pots1 one ,e cooking pot1 one large coffee pot1 two frying pans1 eight dessert and eight teaspoons4 ,it is only #aa #ab nested1 and weighs #ah pounds4 ,it can be attached in canvas case to rear or side of running board racks1 or carried in the car4 ,if aluminum is too expensive1 there is always the very same kit in steel1 heavier1 of course1 but just as compact in size4 ,all are seamless and best quality4 ,there are also pocket kits which weigh about #ca ounces and measure #b #c #h and include a folding broiler1 racks which thrust into the ground1 two frying pans with detachable handles and which when fitted together make a perfect roaster4 ,all fold neatly together and there is room for knives1 forks1 etc4 ,if this list of accessible accessories does not fire your desire to take to the open road1 nothing will4 ,,chapter ,,xlii ,,the ,,fire ,,hazard ,the chief underlying reasons for fires in civilized communities are3 carelessness1 ignorance and panic4 ,the immediate causes are3 kitchen stove and range maladjustments2 heating stove and furnace pipe lapses2 trouble in chimney flues and pipings2 carelessness with lamps1 gas1 oily rags1 cleaning fluids2 soot deposits of soft coal2 spontaneous combustion2 bad insulation2 no insulation2 cigarettes1 etc42 no means to put out a fire when it starts2 and1 topping it all hidden electric diseases cause almost more fires than any other one cause4 ,in rural farm communities there are the forest and brush fires1 which we need consider but grudgingly here1 the many fires which catch from roof to roof1 and the fires from the chimney which start one's own roof afire4 ,then there are lightning1 incendiary fires by tramps1 kerosene oil lanterns2 creosote from the smoke and soot in wood-burning communities disintegrates the mortar in the masonry1 and as the woodwork comes in contact with the chimneys1 fires are the result4 ,to these are added the other hazards common to all modern life to-day4 ,farmers or those living out of the range of the fire department should be more especially equipped against fire than any other groups4 ,for example1 a ladder is a great necessity1 and yet many people who are in isolated places never spend a little money on a good one that might save the roof and then the home1 to say nothing of lives4 ,dirty lamps with loose connections cause many a fire and should be thought about seriously4 ,wet days on the farm are great fire makers1 for clothes are put near to the fire1 and whoop la6--a very warm fire ensues6 ,candles1 too1 are handled carelessly and should be treated as inflammable material when they are lit4 ,most ashes will spontaneously burn if set away1 as the fine bits of coal and grease adore fire4 ,lanterns plus hay if not carefully used are another cause of fire4 ,so carelessness really is the root of #ii of fires1 and yet we indulge ourselves in this ruthless pleasure4 ,probably the kitchen is one of the best little hatcheries in the home for fires4 ,why that is1 is easy enough to see4 ,the chief cause here is negligence and its first cousin1 ignorance4 ,fires are swift followers of these conventions3 ,ignition of wood floors under1 or walls back of1 stoves2 drying wood in ovens2 kindling left over night too near the stove2 clothes hung on backs of chairs too near the stove or on the clothes horse too near to the stove1 especially if they have been cleaned with gasoline or other cleaning fluids2 thin clothes1 flimsy sleeves catching a flame make delightfully hot and dangerous fires4 ,fires may be guarded against in these ways3 #a4 ,metal shields projecting at least #f at the sides and back and #ab in front of ash pans should be placed under all kitchen stoves standing on wooden floors4 #b4 ,all ranges on wood or combustible floors and beams that are not supported on legs1 and have ash pans #c or more above their base1 should be set on brick foundations4 #c4 ,large ranges1 if under combustible ceilings1 should have metal hoods above with a ventilating pipe passing through to the outer air through a sleeve or asbestos packing4 #d4 ,wood stud partitions back of ranges standing #ab or less away should be shielded with metal from the floor to at least #cf higher than the ranges4 #e4 ,it should be remembered that tin1 zinc or sheet-iron used to protect woodwork from the heat should be so placed that there will be an air space between it and the wall4 #f4 ,if a metal is against the wood1 it only serves to conceal charring without preventing it4 ,bear in mind that bright tin reflects more heat than sheet iron4 #g4 ,watch stovepipes for parted joints and rust holes2 clean soot from chimneys and stovepipes at stated intervals2 do not allow plaster back of stoves to remain broken4 #h4 ,there is now a fine asbestos product made which is a mixture of cement and wood and asbestos which if placed under the stove or even back of it will prevent fire4 ,this material is not cold to the foot1 can be highly polished and is most delightful in a well groomed kitchen4 ,this too can be used for table tops and is polished by a mixture made for its express demands4 ,this asbestos wood is invaluable for partitions1 obviating very thick and expensive walls2 and due to its lightness it can be used for light frame houses and insure fire protection4 ,it is used for switch-board and other insulations by electricians1 etc4 ,it takes various stains and finishes in imitation of wood or marble1 is rigid1 light and fireproof4 ,it is the same physically as wood except that it is fireproof1 takes a higher polish and is harder4 ,it can be used not only for making walls1 floors and ceilings fireproof1 but window casing1 partitions1 base-boards1 cabinets1 and all trim4 ,it is moisture-resisting and impervious to weather conditions4 ,the people that are the most careful of the pocketbook seem to forget the ordinary fire peril and don't seem to realize the necessity for concentration on the cures1 probably because they are optimists and do not think of any trouble--yet why pay so dearly for optimism8 ,for example1 most stoves should be at least #bd to #cj from these things that combine so affectionately with them and should be at least #f off the floor if not standing on metal or asbestos wood4 ,if lath and plaster are protected by a metal shield1 then the stoves can be within #ah with safety4 ,a fire proof material should be at least #cf square on the floor to catch flying embers from stove or fire4 ,the fire clay linings in the stove should be watched and seen to be sound1 and the fire in any stove should never be made above the fire clay linings4 ,possibly you have not heard of these things before and they sound like the cry of the alarmist4 ,never fear4 ,it is better to cry before you're hurt1 sometimes1 than afterwards6 ,never put kindling wood in the oven4 ,deposit all ashes in metal receptacles or upon non-combustible floors1 removing same from building at least once a week4 ,barrels or boxes should not be used for storing or carrying ashes unless they are constructed entirely of metal4 ,before starting fires in the autumn1 thoroughly clean out the furnace and flues thereto1 also the fireplaces4 ,carefully examine them and immediately repair or replace any defective part4 ,don't burn out chimneys and flues by making an especially hot fire with paper1 etc4 ,main chimneys should be cleaned from roof to cellar4 ,all stovepipes where entering chimneys should be provided with metal collars and rigidly fixed in place4 ,replace any tile1 crock or flimsy flues and chimneys with substantial brick chimneys4 ,gas stoves or other heaters should have a ventilating flue to carry off the burned gas fumes1 which are poisonous4 ,do not use portable rubber or similar tubing1 but connect all gas stoves rigidly and securely with gas pipe4 ,examine valves and see that they are tight and do not leak4 ,never permit a stove of any kind to be set up without stone1 brick1 concrete or metal protection underneath1 or near a partition without a metal shield and air space4 ,never run stovepipes through partitions1 or paste paper over flue holes4 ,all types of open fireplaces or stoves1 especially where there are children1 should be provided with substantial spark screens4 ,don't throw waste paper on an open fire unless you watch it more than carefully4 ,every period of extreme cold results in numerous fires due to forcing the heating apparatus4 ,keep this in mind next winter4 ,watch your heater4 ,keep hoods and pipes of kitchen range free from grease and lint by cleaning with hot water and lye4 ,do not hang clothes or bags near stoves1 or on stovepipes or steam pipes or on electric bulbs4 ,in the case of the recondite furnace whose being we take for granted1 the same principles apply as to the stove4 ,for safety1 asbestos about the wood and adjacent places makes safety sure1 and if safety first doesn't apply here where does it8 ,it will at least keep the secretive fire below stairs from breaking bounds4 ,where pipes1 flues1 etc41 pass through woodwork there should be asbestos or metal protection to the wood or else here again we will be victims of a lapse of precaution4 ,sometimes fires have occurred by the closing of all registers in a house heated by hot air and the unnatural heat left in the furnace overheats pipes1 etc41 to a dangerous degree4 ,in some homes so heated there are two registers which cannot possibly be closed1 and obviates overheating4 ,inspection of flues to see that deteriorated mortar will not permit the exit of fire to surrounding woodwork will prevent many a fire4 ,very often where joists and beams rest on chimneys and are not sufficiently insulated against the ravages of faulty construction or wear1 they will catch fire slowly but surely4 ,faulty joints in pipes are many times the cause of fire when the rest of the home is perfectly guaranteed against it4 ,for example1 when a stovepipe is fitted into another there should be at least a #c lap to make a safe joint4 ,imperfect junctures of pipe and flue1 pipe and pipe1 make for the escape of sparks and consequent fire4 ,stovepipes should not pass through a floor or plaster partition or any concealed place1 lest a parted joint or rust holes may cause mischief4 ,nor should any pipe that is likely to be heated pass through an attic where fluff is bound to accumulate1 unless this pipe be insulated with asbestos to prevent ignition4 ,neither should a stovepipe pass through a roof1 window or siding even of a summer kitchen2 and the running of a very long stovepipe perpendicularly into a chimney is also hazardous4 ,a stovepipe or a chimney1 no matter how well isolated by zinc or what not1 can set the ordinary shingled roof on fire by the escape of fiercely burning bits of soot and cinder4 ,many a roof has been burned this way1 to say nothing of the whole house4 ,there is to-day1 besides the heavy tile1 metal and composition roof1 an asbestos roofing in the shape of shingles of any color and shape that will wear indefinitely1 and is absolutely fireproof1 moisture-proof and light enough to be put on any house4 ,furthermore if you don't want to remove the old wooden roof1 this shingle can be put over it and make a better roof than without the old one1 as the insulation value of the wood will keep the attic warm in winter and cool in summer4 ,there are many asbestos roofings1 the best of which are made of asbestos fiber1 cement2 these are made in all colors1 sizes and shapes and can be put on by any roofer4 ,there is never any reason to repaint or repair them1 and if they are a bit higher at first in price than the ordinary shingle1 you save in the lack of upkeep and the fact that no sparking can go on between your neighbor's roof and your own or between your chimney and your own roof4 ,copper roofs now are within the scope of more purses than heretofore4 ,you have to remove stains from your garments1 and for this may incur death and destruction by fire quite readily4 ,but death is not necessary if a few precautions be taken4 ,keep the gasoline or whatever you may have in a can that can be bought for the purpose4 ,then don't deposit it in the stove or near it1 but away from it where there is no chance of any fire coming in contact with it4 ,don't clean your clothes with these fluids in the smoking room or the kitchen4 ,if possible clean them outdoors4 ,,fuels ,wood as a fuel is dangerous because it burns rapidly1 makes a lot of ashes and has to be replenished so often4 ,kerosene makes a lot of trouble because there is such crass ignorance in its use4 ,some people seem to love to fill a lamp when it is burning4 ,of course this is the worst thing that one could do4 ,and others dote on pouring kerosene on an open fire4 ,gasoline is explosive and as a fuel for the home not at all warranted4 ,water won't be a very good extinguisher in these cases1 but we will talk about extinguishers a little later on4 ,when you realize that six percent of all fires are caused by lamps it will do no one harm to learn the following rules by heart and by brain3 ,kerosene should always be handled by daylight and away from all flames and fires4 ,under no circumstances whatever should a lamp be filled while its wick is lighted4 ,after filling a lamp both the burner and the reservoir should always be carefully wiped free from oil films4 ,when a lamp is not burning it is well to keep the wick a little below the top of the tube4 ,this helps to prevent oil from working over the burner and reservoir4 ,lamps should be filled as often as they are used4 ,especially do not light a lamp when the oil is low in the reservoir4 ,never use a burner which fits loosely upon the rest of the lamp4 ,never use a lamp wick which does not fit the tube provided for it4 ,never blow out a kerosene flame downward4 ,turn down the wick a little and let the flame go out of itself4 ,if you must blow it out blow upward through the burner or across the top of the chimney4 ,both of these methods produce an upward draught4 ,do not try to carry a blazing lamp to a place of safety4 ,the least agitation may cause an explosion4 ,when the lamp is well filled there is small chance of gas forming in it2 but as the oil is consumed explosive gases form4 ,a burner that is kept clean and bright radiates heat1 while a dirty one conducts heat to a lamp4 ,glass lamps are especially dangerous4 ,the dropping or breaking of lighted lamps and the spreading of burning oil annually bring havoc to many hundreds of homes4 ,,medicaments ,as well as cleaning fluids the presence of medicine and liniments made of ether and chloroform and alcohol are always causes of fire when not properly housed in the right kind of metal medicine chest and not directly over or near a gas jet or oil lamp4 ,so remember to use carefully anything with these chemicals or camphor1 varnishes1 turpentine1 benzine or gasoline4 ,keep them in tin cans1 which are to be had for them4 ,use them in daylight4 ,never leave rags around saturated with oils1 medicines or greases1 because spontaneous combustion will take place4 ,according to the ,national ,fire ,protection ,association1 the attic1 cellar and all closets and outbuildings should be cleaned at least once every year1 and all useless material and rubbish removed therefrom and burned4 ,these unnecessary accumulations are dangerous1 and are the causes of many fires4 ,store all remaining material neatly so that a clear passage may be had between or around boxes1 cases1 barrels1 etc4 ,metal waste baskets1 only1 should be used4 ,in storing clothing1 first remove all matches or other material from the pockets and then carefully fold and neatly place away4 ,do not hang clothes where they will be near hot chimneys4 ,do not go into closets with lighted matches or candles4 ,care should be exercised in burning leaves1 dead grass or rubbish4 ,keep these fires a safe distance from buildings1 and never light them on windy days4 ,do not bank houses in winter with straw1 excelsior or other readily inflammable material2 a chimney spark or carelessly thrown match may ignite it4 ,use safety matches1 and make it impossible for children to get them4 ,always place burned matches in metal receptacles2 never throw them on the floor or into waste baskets4 ,to smoke in garages1 in beds1 or around stables containing hay is deliberately to invite disaster4 ,swinging gas brackets are dangerous1 and never should be allowed near curtains or dressers4 ,fix them rigidly so as to avoid contact with combustible material4 ,if open gas flames are within two feet of ceiling1 see that ceiling is protected with sheet metal or asbestos board4 ,tips for gas lights are inexpensive1 while a light used with a broken tip or without a tip often causes fire4 ,don't use gas pendant mantles unless protected underneath with wire gauze4 ,hot carbon deposits form and drop from mantles of gas arc lamps4 ,a globe closed at the bottom is safer4 ,examine the gas meter1 see that it is securely set and well connected1 and is not located near open lights or furnaces4 ,an outside gas shut-off valve to service-connection is desirable4 ,never look for gas leaks with a match1 candle or lamps4 ,where a dwelling is lighted by a gasoline vapor or acetylene gas system the rules governing the safe use of these illuminants should be carefully studied and rigidly observed4 ,illuminating oils should be kept in closed metal cans in a safe place1 and lamps should never be filled except by daylight4 ,kerosene lamps should be kept clean and properly trimmed4 ,if allowed to burn all night1 select one that contains much more than enough oil4 ,a dirty lamp containing only a little oil is unsafe4 ,do not use paper or decorative shades of inflammable material on lamps or electric light bulbs4 ,electricity can be a real hidden peril and extends throughout the wire system in a building4 ,be sure it is safely installed1 and have the system carefully inspected and approved by a recognized electric inspector4 ,many fires are due to defective electric wiring4 ,do not destroy insulation on electric light1 fan or heater wires by hanging them on hooks or nails4 ,immediately repair or replace any defective switches1 fuses1 sockets1 etc4 ,a fuse is the 8safety valve0 of an electric system1 and should never be replaced by one of larger size or any other material4 ,before attaching electric irons1 vacuum cleaners1 cooking utensils or any other electrical device to your lighting circuits or sockets1 consult an electrician as to the ability of your wiring to withstand this additional load4 ,electric wiring systems are designed to carry only a certain current1 and if overloaded may cause fires4 ,numerous fires have been caused by leaving electric irons with the current on4 ,disconnect them immediately when through using4 ,electricity is safe but carelessness is unsafe4 ,,heating ,,and ,,garage ,,hazards ,coal and kindling should preferably be kept within a brick or stone enclosure and not stored against frame partitions nor directly against walls of boiler or furnace4 ,it is well to see that the garden hose may be attached to the kitchen faucet4 ,never allow open flame lights in a garage4 ,when filling the tank1 run the auto outside1 so that gasoline vapors will dissipate4 ,do not keep quantities of gasoline or calcium carbide inside of garage or dwelling4 ,an approved underground storage tank is the safest method for keeping gasoline4 ,illustration3 ,,detach ,,plug ,,from ,,iron ,,as ,,well ,,as ,,from ,,socket ,,if ,,you ,,want ,,your ,,home ,,intact ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,n4 ,y4 ,edison ,co4 ,,don',t ,,pull ,,the ,,cord ,a ,,mile ,,above ,,the ,,iron ,,to ,,detach1 ,,but ,,take ,,it ,,down ,,close ,,to ,,the ,,iron4 ,,this ,,saves ,,the ,,wires ,,and ,,fires ,illustration3 ,courtesy of ,n4 ,y4 ,edison ,co4 ,,she ,,has ,,prepared ,,the ,,way ,,for ,a ,,nice ,,little ,,fire ,illustration3 ,,she ,,is ,,careful ,,and ,,her ,,iron ,,will ,,not ,,practice ,,arson ,a metal waste can should be located at a convenient place outside the garage for all waste and greasy rags4 ,burn these every week4 ,never use sawdust or shavings to absorb grease and oil4 ,scrub floor 7if wooden7 occasionally with hot water and lye4 ,the use of gasoline for cleaning parts of the automobile in the garage is a dangerous thing4 ,the garage should not be heated by means of stove or open fire of any kind1 unless same is isolated in another room so that the gasoline vapors of garage cannot possibly get to it4 ,gasoline vapor travels4 ,being heavier than air1 it seeks low levels4 ,ventilation should be arranged to take care of vapors collecting near the floor4 ,keep an approved fire extinguisher and a pail of sand in the garage4 ,water thrown on burning gasoline merely serves to spread it4 ,in many cases water will quench fire4 ,but in the case of oils1 alcohol and other volatile liquids and grease fires water simply spreads the fire and you are in more trouble than you were at first4 ,,the ,,big ,,eight ,the eight firemakers in the order of their devastating power are as follows3 ,electrical1 due to carelessness and lack of proper inspection2 matches and smoking2 defective chimneys and flues2 stoves1 furnaces1 pipings and boilers2 spontaneous combustion2 sparks on roofs1 and petroleum and its products4 ,from #aiae to #aiai the value of fires from these causes aggregated #a1daf1cge1hde4 ,is it any wonder that there is now agitation all over the ,united ,states to have at least thirty minutes given each week to the study of fire prevention8 ,saving the home is better even than building more homes4 ,,extinguishers ,every home1 of course1 should be equipped with the best possible extinguisher4 ,there are any number of them on the market4 ,do you know of many motorists who refuse the call of the extinguisher8 ,there are not many who have not one in their car1 yet there are few homes with them4 ,large homes should have one on every floor4 ,small homes1 even if they have not enough footage to lower their insurance rates1 should have them to reduce the fire hazard4 ,what kind should the householder buy8 ,the chief thing here is to buy one that has no fancy method of operation1 that simply by inverting the container turns on a forceful stream2 light as possible in weight1 not over #be pounds and preferably about #ab1 so that a woman can use it4 ,right there it is interesting to note that ,the ,fireman's ,herald reports that women daily put out more fires and obviate conflagrations than men2 that were it not for the fact that women put out so many1 the fire peril would have been far greater4 ,other things that you must demand in the extinguisher are that it must have at least a stream of #bj long2 that there must be no suffocating fumes from the chemical's contact with the fire2 that the chemical must be as nearly stainproof as possible so that in a small fire the room is not unnecessarily disfigured4 ,the chemical must not freeze readily at least not above #bg or #bh degrees ,fahrenheit4 ,there is one extinguisher on the market to-day that is gaining mightily in favor1 because it spreads a foam over the fire and cuts off the oxygen1 and the laying of the foam prevents a flash-back when the fire is nearly out4 ,at first this was used in the extinguishing of oil fires1 the heaviest and most difficult of all fires to put out4 ,for example1 where a chemical engine took an hour to do the trick this foam type took a few minutes4 ,this has the added power of expanding over eight times its bulk in the container when released1 so that if the house type is used the container need not be over gallon and you really have about six gallons of material for the fire4 ,this does no more damage to draperies than would water4 ,it does not injure cottons or wools and does not penetrate fabrics as many other chemicals do4 ,if it gets on one's clothes it is easily brushed off after it dries4 ,on polished and varnished furniture it has no effect and is easily washed off4 ,,service ,reliable firms will always tell you correctly what kind of an extinguisher to buy for your particular purpose4 ,they will1 too1 in compliance with the ,board of ,underwriters' rulings1 watch the apparatus once a year and recharge if necessary4 ,actually they don't always need it1 but it is a wise ruling of the ,board4 ,there are some extinguishers excellent for outdoors1 motor boating1 etc41 but which indoors are apt to give off suffocating fumes4 ,there are extinguishers of large capacity on wheels for large homes and large estates4 ,these are a great insurance against fire4 ,they are built on narrow gage wheels for rolling on floors in the house and heavier construction for outdoor use4 ,many big estates use these little two wheelers1 as they are fire departments in themselves4 ,a good quality fire hose is a mighty good assistance in a large home1 too1 and is becoming very widely used4 ,of course1 there are many fires that water not only will not quench1 but will spread2 on the other hand1 there are many little conflagrations that water immediately will kill4 ,another good method1 but not as efficient1 for use in all conditions is the telescopic fire bucket set4 ,six pails are set in a container in the liquid and all one has to do in case of fire is to open the lid and each pail comes out filled4 ,if the fire is not great and has just started and is within a few feet of you1 this is all well and good1 but one can hardly throw water from a pail as far as ten feet above your head1 while with the extinguisher the stream is from twenty to forty feet in length4 ,this pail system would not reach a roof1 you see1 which the extinguisher might4 ,an intimate acquaintance with the wizardly asbestos will do a lot in the home to keep the hearth fires burning in their right places4 ,the asbestos ironing pad on the ironing board is a good resilient thing4 ,although not in this case primarily meant as a fire preventive1 it will stop the iron from causing a big fire1 even if it should burn off the top sheeting1 for when it reaches the asbestos the fire will go out4 ,there are now some very convenient collapsible ladder escapes which are stored in a small box near the window1 which makes the escape from a fire not dependent on ancestors who were tight-rope walkers4 ,there are regular fireproof builders who do naught else but fireproof work1 but in this article we are only concerned in the home after it is built4 ,yet we cannot refrain from saying that the right architect and the right builder at first will reduce your fire hazard2 they will adhere not only to the ,underwriters' rulings but they will build a house so that its insulation 7electric71 air insulation and circulation and partitions will be done according to safe and wise arrangement4 ,don't do foolhardy things and think you can get away with them4 ,have the telephone number of the nearest fire station on a special card at your telephone1 or have fire departments in your own home--extinguishers4 ,familiarize the family with the operation of the nearest fire alarm box4 ,after operating a fire alarm1 stay near it to direct the fireman to the fire4 ,every minute is significant4 ,don't fail to notify the chief of the fire department of anything you may see that is dangerous or liable to cause fire4 ,we could say to-day that in the home millions are spent for fires1 but hardly one cent for prevention of them4 ,should we not as enlightened human beings take thought and save the world some of its useless expenditure of life1 limb and extravagance8 ,there is now on the market a new little extinguisher weighing about two pounds4 ,,chapter ,,xliii ,,taking ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,household ,,equipment ,as we have intimated before in these articles1 the best of everything may be yours1 yet if you care for them in slovenly1 careless or uninformed ways it will be as if you had nothing whatever of any value4 ,the persistent ignorance of the seemingly most enlightened and experienced housekeepers as to the use and care of the refrigerator is appalling4 ,it is positively amazing to see the breakage of sane rules of procedure in favor of what seems to them proper4 ,for example1 the best of housewives will insist on filling the ice chamber of the refrigerator with but a suspicion of ice and a riot of food1 whereas the ice chamber is meant for ice1 and ice to the limit of its capacity1 not once a week but every and all day4 ,unless this is done the air currents over which the manufacturer has slaved to make possible will not occur1 and the best refrigerator becomes a useless thing4 ,you might just as well get a packing case and stuff it full of ice and food4 ,the ice chest must be full in order to cool the air and start the heavier 7cool7 air falling through the chest1 which as it descends gets warmer1 rises1 passes over the ice1 cools again and drops--and so on in endless circulation4 ,it is these currents which keep the refrigerator cold2 it is not the ice cake itself4 ,in a little ice box1 yes1 the food has to be put into the ice chamber as there is no other1 but here you are not depending on the melting of the ice starting air currents to descend and to rise4 ,the problem is quite a different one4 ,we think probably the difficulty with the owners of refrigerators is that they have the ice box in mind and it is an inherited notion that the food must be in close proximity to the ice4 ,this paragraph may seem a digression1 but it is purposely put in to emphasize the fact that the ice box and the ice refrigerator are two very distinct and different things4 ,therefore1 be it remembered that in the refrigerator you must not waste the ice by cuddling warm provisions next it1 because your ice is like a battery4 ,it1 too1 makes currents--not electric1 but air currents4 ,now then1 when we have the ice-making currents1 what happens to the air of varying degrees of temperature8 ,the coldest air is at the bottom of the refrigerator 7of course we are always thinking of the best refrigerators7 because cold air is heavier than warm air and the warm air rises4 ,therefore1 if you have odorous things do not put them in the ice chamber because the air starting down will carry odors along4 ,put the odorous things and the things that should be kept coldest on the lower shelves4 ,in some chests the currents of air are so good that onions and butter never exchange compliments--a highly snobbish society where there is little amalgamation4 ,one buyer of an expensive refrigerator said that his refrigerator was a great disappointment because the ice chamber leaked4 ,now this was a strange thing1 for these ice chambers are made of the best workmanship known to refrigeratordom4 ,everything was questioned3 ,did you keep your ice chamber full8 ,the reply3 ,yes4 ,did you keep things other than ice in the ice chamber8 ,the orthodox answer came3 ,no4 ,do you close the door of the ice chest completely8 ,answer3 ,yes4 ,so the repair man went to the house to give the erring chest a stethoscoping and found that the floor of the ice chest's compartment was a little uneven and the water was forced from the melting ice into foreign channels and escaped through the front of the ice box1 dropping in streaking lines on the front faade4 ,this is but a minor point1 yet the refrigerator or the stove or the vacuum cleaner or the anything is often blamed for misplacements1 lack of care and ignorance on the part of the operator1 and this article is meant to forestall a very few of them4 ,here1 then1 are some things to watch out for3 #a4 ,keep the doors of the refrigerator closed always4 ,if they don't close easily1 see to it that something is done to make them close4 #b4 ,if you have a refrigerator with a lot of movable parts it is well to remove them and immerse in hot water occasionally4 ,but don't buy one that has many outgoing parts2 it's unnecessary and a constant bother to adjust4 #c4 ,once a week wash out the whole chest with warm water and soda2 never use strong smelling soaps4 ,ammonia can be used but it is probably best to use soda4 ,hot water cleans better1 of course1 but it will give the ice more cooling to do and if the box is cleaned regularly cool water ought to do the trick well enough4 ,however1 every so often the hot bath is a good thing4 #d4 ,every day wash off the ice that newly enters the ice chamber4 #e4 ,never wrap the ice in paper thinking to save ice1 because ice only makes cold air by melting4 ,here is a place where the good and saving housekeeper saves ice to the destruction of her food stuffs1 yet this is the hardest bit of politics to propagate4 #f4 ,if the lining gets discolored use some harmless preparation to remove the stains4 #g4 ,it is sometimes a good idea to put a piece of waxed paper around highly odorous foods4 #h4 ,wash everything in the way of utensils that are put in the box4 ,have a regular refrigerator set of dishes4 #i4 ,wash vegetables before entering1 for if there is anything introduced in the way of foreign matter1 the enemy alien may make for odorous trouble4 #aj4 ,cover any receptive foods2 it's wisest even with the most perfectly ventilated refrigerators4 ,liquids will dry up a bit with a dry air circulation and egg yolks kept in water will keep better if the water is changed daily4 ,if dampness collects in your refrigerator something is wrong4 #aa4 ,wash off the outside of refrigerator with damp cloth every week4 #ab4 ,remove ice rack and scrub well in water and soda weekly4 #ac4 ,boil parts 7removable7 twice a month or use very hot water4 #ad4 ,dry case thoroughly after every douching4 #ae4 ,if the refrigerator is well connected to drain1 a little hose to flush the interior will be simple and easy4 #af4 ,the drain pipe must be carefully flushed1 as here the invading army of typhoid1 etc41 loves to encamp and make inroads4 ,see to it that the drain pipe is easily removed and cleaned and that the drain pan 7should the drain pipe have no outlet into the plumbing system7 be easily removed at least once a week to be cleaned out4 ,with these few words we will leave probably the most familiar bit of household mismanagement to a reforming public1 and pass on to some floor coverings4 ,in the case of linoleum and similar floorings we will take for granted that they are perfectly laid down and that all that there is for us to think about is the nursing of them4 ,even the cheaper 7printed and not inlay7 of these floorings will last years if the following suggestions are absorbed and put into regular practice3 ,sweep linoleums daily4 ,this is easy4 ,use an oil mop daily4 ,never use anything but a mild soap and tepid water for cleaning4 ,then rinse with clear water and dry thoroughly4 ,it should be done a square yard at a time1 each yard carefully dried before going to the neighboring yard4 ,do not flood when a mop is used4 ,elbow grease1 mild soap and warm water are all that is necessary4 ,avoid as the plague3 lye1 soda1 potash and all cleaning inventions which may harbor lyes6 ,polishing makes the flooring last longer1 of course4 ,colors will be reborn each time and the floor withstand wear better4 ,use a good floor wax4 ,a home-made kind1 if you can't buy any of the finest kinds on the market1 can be made of beeswax and turpentine in equal parts4 ,use all the polishes sparingly and not more than once a month4 ,rub in well1 however1 when you are doing it4 ,it is well to have glass or metal caps on heavy furniture as narrow castors are prone to furrow4 ,for cork floors3 ,sweep daily4 ,they must be washed with tepid water and weak soap4 ,polishing is unnecessary4 ,floors of tiles1 etc41 should be swept daily4 ,flush with warm water4 ,scrub once a week1 strong soap and elbow grease4 ,soda and water will remove stains4 ,if not1 use a weak hydrochloric acid or oxalic acid and wash off immediately with water and soap which will stop the further action of the acid on the tile4 7,one part of acid to two parts of water47 ,wooden floors also should be swept daily4 ,swab 7don't scrub a varnished or painted floor7 with warm water and weak soap4 ,keep hardwood floors free from grit1 which bites and grays4 ,use a soft dry mop of felt or the brushes the reliable manufacturers make for the hardwood floors4 ,occasionally wipe off with some well known and tested floor finish4 ,to-day with rustless and ordinary steel the problem of cutlery is simpler and yet more diversified4 ,in the case of cleaning and scouring ordinary steel you can use almost any good scouring powder1 but not in the case of the stainless rustless variety1 as it reduces the polish1 the very thing that maintains imperviousness to rust and stain4 ,cutlery should be cleaned immediately after using4 ,sharpening knives is best done by an expert4 ,yet there are good rotary sharpeners and stones and steels for home usefulness or knife destruction depending upon how they are used4 ,remember when you use a stone not to feel that you must cut through the stone itself and that what you are trying to do is to flatten the edge of the knife and wear off the offending bluntnesses4 ,the ideal thing is once or twice a year to send the knives to a grinder and then occasionally at home run the knife blade flatly over a carborundum stone to get a smoother edge4 ,the stainless steel cutlery has a special kind of sharpening stone at present on the market and it is well to use this4 ,good knives need no further edging when new4 ,but though you may have the best steel and the best sharpening1 if you house your knives badly you will have lost all the good from these things that there is4 ,it is not good for knives to be huddled together4 ,they get as cutting as humans would in the same position4 ,if they live in a small place together without their own places they1 as people1 wear on each other4 ,they knick each other's blades and spoil each other's usefulness4 ,knives should be hung or laid in grooves4 ,a box is now made for the proper housing of them4 ,you can1 too1 hang each knife on a spring which you can get at a hardware shop4 ,if you reserve a tenement house law for the knives of your household you will have real health and help from them4 ,the same story holds for forks4 ,it would be a good thing to have a verboten sign in your kitchen1 reading3 8,it is forbidden to open cans1 uncork bottles1 unlock oven doors1 pry open ice chests1 take a nail out of a box with the forks in this kitchen40 ,in the case of wooden handles1 do not let them remain soaking in hot water for ages4 ,wash and clean them at once4 ,,floor ,,coverings ,floor coverings such as mattings and carpets are to-day best taken care of by the vacuum cleaner4 ,hot water cloths with a suspicion of ammonia laid on top of matting are supposed to be a good thing for its longevity after it is vacuumed4 ,carpets are now coming back into being after years of retrogressive hate4 ,now on account of the vacuum cleaner they can be used in all their warmth and beauty and kept sanitary for ordinary uses by the vacuum cleaner4 ,talking of this3 ,the only thing that this instrument of redemption needs is oiling1 but not too often2 an occasional dusting off2 and the emptying of the dust over something that doesn't give it back4 ,stoves of themselves don't get very dirty4 ,it is the foods that are the transgressors4 ,it is wisest to clean all stoves when cold4 ,use kerosene or stove black4 ,in the case of the gas stove1 when the gas vents become clogged by drippings of food it is well at least once a week to take them out and emerse in soda and water4 ,wipe off grease and grit before cleaning surface of stove and always remove dirt at once4 ,if grease is removed after every using of the stove1 it will be very easily maintained in cleanliness and it will never run away with you4 ,the trays under the burners in gas stoves should be cleaned often and well4 ,burners of oil stoves1 too1 can be immersed in soda and water4 ,about one quart of water and one-quarter pound of soda make a good cleaning solution4 ,,some ,,miscellanies ,don't let any solid foods get into the sink4 ,always have a good sink strainer4 ,soda and water is a good cleaner4 ,flush sink with hot water and clean it at least three times a day4 ,grease is a forbidden quantity in a sink and should any get in1 the hot water flushing will disintegrate it4 ,warm water and soap1 fine powders such as whiting1 etc41 will keep porcelain sinks in good order4 ,nickel can be cleaned with soap and water and polished with ungritty1 well devised polishes4 ,never use anything that will scratch it4 ,boil iron in soda and water1 rub with some good powder with a bit of scratch in it4 ,use hot soap suds4 ,dry while it is hot4 ,do not use soap on aluminum2 there are regular aluminum cleaners on the market4 ,occasionally only use a little acid1 such as lemon or tomato diluted4 ,never use soda4 ,boil agate in soda water4 ,wash in hot soap suds and dry4 ,use dilute oxalic acid for cleaning brass1 fine powder1 plenty of water4 ,polish with metal polish which abounds on the present market4 ,tin can be cleaned with soda and water1 but do not leave it in this solution long1 as the alkali will eat the tin4 ,wash and dry at once or you will have rust on your tin ware4 ,the silver story is long but well known4 ,the only thing not to do is to use gritty powders that will scratch4 ,wash your silver after cleaning1 as the cleaning mixtures do not make good appetizers4 ,in caring for electric ironers and washing machines1 first of all read the directions that come with them4 ,oil as they tell you or don't oil2 too much oil is bad and too little is bad4 ,do not overload 7with clothes7 your cylinder or your drum2 some motors rebel and there is trouble4 ,when buying your washer be sure to tell the electrician what kind of electricity you consume1 whether it is ,a ,c or ,d ,c2 also the voltage of your circuit4 ,this applies to all electric machinery4 ,don't leave your electricity on when you are not using a device4 ,if you do in the case of the iron1 you will have fires and all kinds of trouble4 ,don't blame the machine for faults of your own4 ,remember in the case of the electrical ironer that heat is hot and that if you leave a piece of goods on the roll and the motor going you will burn your article4 ,these things are cleaned with warm water and polished and dusted in accordance with the ordinary metal needs4 ,there is little to say about their upkeep except what has been said about other devices4 ,follow the directions of the makers2 they know the exigencies of their offspring4 ,soft cloths and warm water are best for cleaning white wood enamel4 ,soaps yellow the enamel1 so a few drops of ammonia added to a pail of water will help banish grease4 ,warm water and soap or soda and warm water will clean off marble tops4 ,in the long life-assurance of metals generally1 it must be born in mind that in order to keep them clean and bright things must be used that will not scratch1 corrode or roughen--or at least do as little of these things as possible4 ,in the case of silver cleaning the aluminum pan method is best because there is less corrosion and less roughening4 ,rubbing with soft chamois and cloths after cleaning will give the metal the polish it often needs4 ,buffing and the use of pumice powders and pastes help along the better finishes4 ,but these things all must be done in moderation to preserve the life of these metals4 ,the more precious gold or silver must be treated of course with great care4 ,chemicals are dangerous and the best acids are lemon and those things which cannot poison4 ,many combinations are poisonous and must be used with discretion and the article well washed before using4 ,were the space allotted for this story greater we could take up many more things1 but space being the rarest of commodities we shall have to end with one last admonition3 ,when your devices do not work1 as guaranteed1 first look to yourself or assistant and see what is wrong4 ,then if you find you can absolve yourself from the great transgression--carelessness or ignorance--it will be time enough to attack the dealer and get redress4 ,,chapter ,,xliv ,a ,,few ,,suggestive ,,books ,the following list is to give the reader a handle to the subjects lightly touched in this volume4 ,the ,home4 ,charlotte ,perkins ,gilman1 ,c4 ,p4 ,gilman4 ,housewifery4 ,i4 ,r4 ,balderston1 ,lippincott4 ,the ,business of the ,household4 ,c4 ,w4 ,taber1 ,lippincott4 ,the ,principles and ,practice of ,plumbing4 ,c4 ,c4 ,cosgrove1 ,standard ,plumbing ,manufacturing ,co41 ,pittsburg4 ,sanitation ,practically ,applied4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,john ,wylie ,sons4 ,kitchen ,fire and ,how to ,run ,it4 ,s4 ,s4 ,wright1 ,s4,s4 ,wright4 ,formulas for ,soaps and ,cleaning ,compounds4 ,automatic ,electric ,washer ,co41 ,newton1 ,iowa4 ,electric ,cooking1 ,heating and ,cleaning4 ,out of print but in ,libraries1 ,maud ,lancaster1 ,d4 ,van ,nostrand ,co4 ,harpers' ,every ,day ,electricity4 ,don ,cameron ,shafer1 ,harper4 ,home ,canning4 ,creswell and ,powell1 ,u4 ,s4 ,farmers' ,bulletin #hec 7,bureau of ,agriculture74 ,fuels for the ,household4 ,marion ,white1 ,whitcomb and ,barrows4 ,successful ,drying ,community ,plant4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep't4 ,agriculture ,farmers' ,bulletin #iaf4 ,materials for the ,household4 ,circular #gj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep't4 ,bureau of ,standards4 ,safety for the ,household4 ,circular #ge1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep't4 ,bureau of ,standards4 ,the ,new ,housekeeping4 ,christine ,fredericks1 ,doubleday ,page4 ,laundering at ,home4 ,six ,bulletins1 ,stains1 ,supplies1 ,cottons1 ,linens1 ,washing ,machines and ,ironing ,equipment4 ,am4 ,washing ,machine ,mfg4 ,assc41 ,chicago4 ,little ,houses4 ,flagg4 ,house and ,garden ,homes4 ,cond ,nast ,co4 ,successful ,homes and ,how to ,build ,them4 ,francis ,white1 ,macmillan4 ,hand ,book of ,cleaning4 ,sarah ,mc,leod1 ,harper ,brothers4 ,home and ,community ,hygiene4 ,jean ,broadhurst1 ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott4 ,preserving1 ,dehydration1 etc4 ,government ,bulletins4 ,modern ,plumbing4 ,starbuck1 ,m4 ,p4 ,f4 ,pub4 ,co4 #bjj #eth ,ave4 ,home ,laundering4 ,l4 ,ray ,balderston1 ,l4 ,r4 ,balderston4 ,domestic ,engineering4 ,plumbing1 ,heating ,weekly ,dec4 #ac-bj--ai4 ,good ,housekeeping ,institute ,engineering4 ,good ,housekeeping4 ,vacuum ,cleaning ,systems4 ,m4 ,s4 ,cooly1 ,heating and ,ventilation ,magazine4 ,chemistry4 ,herman ,vult4 ,chemistry and ,physics4 ,may ,b4 ,arsdale1 ,dr4 ,woodhull4 ,bureau of ,building ,bulletin #aibb1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,municipal ,building4 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,bulletins on all home problems1 see the list of the ,u4 ,s4 bulletins on all home processes4 ,building1 ,plumbing1 ,fire1 etc4 ,bulletin ,bureau of ,board of ,standards and ,appeals1 ,city of ,n4 ,y41 ,dec4 #bc1 #aiai4 ,bulletin ,bureau of ,board of ,standards and ,appeals ,city of ,n4 ,y4 ,building1 ,plumbing1 ,fire etc41 ,dec4 #bc1 #aiai4 ,more ,leisure ,hours4 ,louise ,read--,society for ,electric ,development ,pamphlet1 #ebb ,fifth ,ave4 ,u4 ,s4 ,government ,pamphlets4 ,bureau of ,printing1 ,washington ,d4 ,c4 7,sup4 of ,documents74 ,electrical ,record4 7,magazine7 ,mc,graw ,hill ,co4 ,inc4 ,electrical ,merchandising4 7,magazine7 ,gage ,pub4 ,co41 ,inc4 ,laundry ,pamphlets4 ,wallace ,b4 ,harts4 ,transcriber's ,notes ,the language used in the source document1 including unusual1 archaic1 inconsistent and erroneous spelling1 hyphenation and capitalisation1 has been retained1 except as mentioned below4 ,the same applies to grammatical errors1 missing words and punctuation1 confusing or contradictory texts1 the inappropriate use of units1 etc4 ,neither spacing inconsistencies 7for example between numbers and their units7 nor textual inconsistencies 7for example in prices or in the use of principal vs4 principle7 have been standardised4 ,page xxii1 444 safe and sure insect ostracizer3 the caption under the illustration is 444 safe and sane insect ostracizer4 ,page #f1 cost calculation3 as printed in the source document1 despite obvious errors and inconsistencies4 ,paragraph starting 8,it is necessary when ordering a range 4443 the closing quote mark is lacking4 ,pages #ajj and #ajd1 see ,plan #a3 this was not present in the source document4 ,page #aca1 444 mixture of #ba parts nitrogen1 #gi parts of oxygen 4443 the proportions should be reversed1 and should be read as parts per #ajj for nitrogen and oxygen1 not per #aj1jjj4 ,page #bba1 flavoring cream with or without condensed milk43 there may be a comma missing between flavoring and cream4 ,page #bba1 444 7granites frozen by oscillation and frapps 4443 the closing bracket is lacking from the source document4 ,page #bfb1 paragraph starting ,you are particularly interested 4443 one or more words may be missing4 ,changes made3 ,illustrations have been moved out of text paragraphs4 ,the 7single7 footnote has been moved to directly underneath the paragraph to which it refers4 ,some obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently4 ,several tables have been split or re-arranged slightly for better readability2 in some tables ditto marks have been replaced with the dittoed text4 ,page #h3 444 a filament or tungsten 444 changed to 444 a filament of tungsten 4444 ,page #ce3 444 release on ringer 444 changed to 444 release on wringer 4444 ,page #cf3 444 six drying rods #ff long 444 changed to 444 six drying rods #ff long 4444 ,page #cg3 444 new avid air 444 changed to 444 new arid air 4444 ,page #eg3 closing quote mark inserted after 444 running and installation costs8 ,page #fh-fi3 444 a figure out of the unit 444 changed to 444 a figure but of the unit 4444 ,page #gd3 444 oven arrangement and unit system is so arranged 444 changed to 444 oven arrangement and unit system are so arranged 4444 ,illustration after page #gd3 ,courtesy of ,brainhall ,leane ,co4 changed to ,courtesy of ,bramhall ,deane ,co4 ,page #ada1 table3 ,branch wastes for slop sinks changed to ,branch waste for slop sinks4 ,page #bde3 444 is varnish and finish steamproof 444 changed to 444 is varnished and finished steamproof 4444 ,page #bfj3 comma inserted after 444 for they hold enough water ,page #cce3 ,heading ,principles changed to ,,principles4 ,page #cei3 ,temperature effect densities 444 changed to ,temperature affects densities 4444