,,blackbo>d    ,,sket*+      ,by        
,,fr$]ick ,,:itney    ,director ( ,art1 
,/ate ,normal    ,s*ool1 ,salem1        
,massa*usetts      ,illu/ration         
,publi%$ by ,,milton ,,bradley ,,company
    ,,spr+field1 ,,mass4    ,,bo/on     
,,new ,,york      ,,philadelphia        
,,atlanta      ,,san ,,francisco        
#aiji            ,,copyright1 #aijh     
,,by ,,milton ,,bradley ,,co4           
,,spr+field1 ,,mass4                    
,introduction      ,ability to draw     
easily & well on ! blackbo>d is a p[]   
:i*  e tea*] ( *ildr5 covets4 ,su* draw+
 is a language :i*  nev] fails to hold  
att5tion & awak5 delight$ int]e/4    ,x 
has be5 consid]$ impossible = mo/ ( u1  
because we h nev]  done x4 ,x has be5   
/rongly recomm5d$1 b no "o has really   
%[n  u h[4    ,a book l ?is :i* does %[ 
h[1 /ep by /ep1 f ! fir/  practice      
/rokes to complet$ & effective sket*es1 
w be  ev]y:]e welcome4 ,no "o c foll[ ! 
pla9 sugge/ions giv5  )\t appreciat+ !  
possibilities ( *alk & *>coal =  ord9>y 

s*ool-room illu/ration1 & f9d+ 9 himself
 a /eady  developm5t ( p[] to sket* on !
 blackbo>d4    ,! book is n ! product ( 
!ories ab\t draw+1 b ! fruit  ( long    
exp]i5ce ( "o :o has drawn ) & = *ildr5 
&  /ud5ts & tea*]s1 & has be5 m         
successful ?an any "o ,i "k  9 inspir+  
!m by t means4 ,i welcome ! book &      
pr$ict =  x a pot5t influ5ce = increas+ 
& improv+ blackbo>d draw+  ?r\gh\t !    
s*ools ( ! l&4      ,,walt] ,,s>g5t4    
,nor? ,scituate1 ,mass4                 
,au?or's ,introduction      ,?is        
collection ( blackbo>d sket*es & !      
accompany+ text has  be5 plann$ at !    
reque/ ( _m tea*]s & pupils :o desire   
lessons & sugge/ions along ?is l9e1 b :o
 are unable to secure  p]sonal          
in/ruction4    ,9 g5]al1 ^! reque/s h   
be5 = simple sket*es deal+ )  ! v>i\s   
l9es ( s*ool "w1 & at ! same "t = /rokes
 &  explicit directions = us+ ^! 9 !    
draw+s4 ,= ^! reasons  !re are giv5 ^u  
ne>ly e plate ! /rokes ( ! *alk useful  
9 produc+ ! desir$ effect1 & ^u !       

opposite page su*  directions z are     
g5]ally giv5 to ! /ud5ts 9 ! classroom4 
,a few ( ! lessons deal ) ! /rokes & _! 
application to !  v simple/ objects     
possible1 b ev5 ^! may be f\nd useful z 
illu/rative mat]ial4 ,!y are recomm5d$ 9
 ord] t ! tea*]  may become famili> ) ! 
m$ium1 & ) ! simple/ & ! mo/  direct    
mann] ( h&l+ x be=e attempt+ sket*es :i*
 require a  great v>iety ( t\*es4 ,i h  
tri$ to h ! o!r sket*es cov]  z great a 
v>iety ( subjects z possible4    ,plates
 #c1 #e1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1   
#af1 #ag1 #ah1 #bb1 #bc & #bi h be5  us$
 ) ! little p 9 diff]5t =ms ( /ories1   
language  & read+ lessons4 ,plates #g1  
#h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ah1 #bg1 #bh & #bi   
are  sugge/$ = geography lessons 9 v>i\s
 grades4 ,plates #h1 #ad1 #ae1  #af1    
#ag1 #ah1 #bg1 #bh & #bi may be us$ 9   
hi/ory lessons4 ,plates #a  & #c h be5  
us$ 9 prim>y numb]s1 & plates #bg & #bh 
=  ari?metic1 :5 ! problems _h to d )   
commission1 measurem5t1  etc41 or :5 !  
problems ref]r$ to lumb]+ or            

manufactur+4  ,plates #d1 #e1 #f1 #aa1  
#ab1 #ac1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd1 
#be1 #bg & #bh  w be f\nd helpful 9 _m  
l9es ( nature /udy1 especially :5  !    
nature specim5s are difficult to obta94 
,plates #i1 #bd1 #be &  #bf illu/rate ! 
value ( ?is l9e ( draw+ 9 ! /udy (      
lit]ature2 & _m ( ! o!r draw+s may be   
us$ 9 a simil>  mann]4 ,! tea*] :o uses 
?is type ( illu/rative sket*+ w  readily
 see h[ ! draw+s may be appli$ to o!r   
subjects4    ,tea*]s h occasionally ask$
 = illu/rations = ! diff]5t  mon?s ( !  
s*ool ye>1 some?+ to use ) cal5d>s1 or =
  diff]5t holiday draw+s4 ,sev]al       
sket*es giv5 on ! plates are  suitable =
 ! v>i\s mon?s4 ,= cal5d>s ,i sugge/    
disc>d+ !  plaid$ pumpk9 = ,novemb]1 !  
numb]$ bricks 9 a fireplace =  ,decemb]1
 ! kite cov]$ ) numb]$ squ>es = ,m>*1   
etc41 etc4  ,a regul> numb]$ cal5d> may 
be us$1 ) an appropriate sket*  above or
 at "o side4 ,see ,plate #ac1 gold5rod4 
,! holiday itself  %\ld sugge/ ! "* ( ! 
sket*4    ,al?\gh ^! sket*es are        

recomm5d$ z illu/rations = c]ta9        
subjects1 x is n int5d$ t ! tea*] %\ld  
m]ely copy ^!  draw+s1 b t %e %\ld be   
able to appropriate ^! /rokes1  enl>ge  
^u !m1 & apply !m 9 illu/rations = !    
p>ticul>  subjects %e is tea*+2 & !re   
are _m subjects :i* require  j ?is sort 
( expression on ! "p ( ! tea*]4         
8,*ildr5 are n all e>s2 !y take 9 m     
?r\gh ! eyes ?an 9  any o!r way40       
,s9ce all tea*]s "k ?is is true1 !y %\ld
 realize !  usefulness ( illu/ration on 
! blackbo>d4    ,a few mom5ts n[ & !n   
devot$ to ! practice ( ^! /rokes1  &    
frequ5t application ( !m1 w enable !    
tea*] bett] to  express & emphasize     
c]ta9 facts1 details1 or incid5ts       
connect$  ) a lesson2 bett] to hold !   
int]e/ & att5tion ( !  class1 & m       
readily to create an int]e/ 9 draw+4 ,%e
 w  ?us1 by example1 lead ! *ildr5 to   
make ! draw+ a natural &  spontane\s    
means ( expression4      ,,fr$]ick      
,,:itney4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate #a    
,,plate #a      ,= ! fir/ lesson ,i     

advise try+ ! simple/ possible /roke1 & 
its application 9 ! sket*+ ( v simple   
?+s4 ,! /roke is a  /raight m>k ) ! side
 ( ! *alk4    ,take half or two-?irds ( 
a /ick ( *alk1 disc>d ! small end1 &    
use su* a piece 9 ne>ly all ! lessons   
giv54 ,9 ?is case place  ! *alk         
horizontally ^u ! bo>d1 & drag x        
gradually d[nw>d1  keep+ an ev5 pressure
 ^u ! *alk4 ,try ?is 9 v>i\s directions4
    ,! oblique l9es %[ :at a v>iety (   
wid? may be obta9$ by  *ang+ ! angle ( !
 *alk4 ,at #a1 ! full l5g? ( ! *alk  is 
requir$ to give ! broad /roke desir$4   
,at ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d & #e1  ! l9e above 
! /roke indicates ! angle at :i* ! *alk 
is  plac$ 9 ord] to give ! wid? ( !     
/rokes bel[4 ,! use ( !  *alk 9 ?is     
mann] enables "o to obta9 any desir$    
wid? ( l9e1  )\t con/antly *ang+ ! piece
 ( *alk4 ,a light or d>k tone is        
produc$ by v>y+ ! pressure ^u ! *alk4   
,9 draw+ ! telegraph pole1 draw fir/ a  
delicate v]tical /roke1  !n add !       
horizontal cross pieces ) a /rong]      

acc5t1 & la/  ! :ite /rokes indicat+    
?ickness4    ,9 ! case ( ! *ick5 coop1  
draw fir/ ! oblique slats1 !n  ) a      
/rong] pressure ^u ! *alk1 add !        
horizontal slats1 &  la/ly1 ) ! po9t ( !
 *alk add ! acc5t$ bits ( detail4       
,almo/ any simple object compos$ (      
/raight l9es may be drawn 9  ?is mann]4 
,illu/ration3 ,plate #b          ,,plate
 #b      ,! /rokes ^u ?is plate are m   
(t5 us$ ?an any o!rs :i*  w be giv5 9 ^!
 lessons4 ,^! /rokes are made by hold+ !
  *alk by "o end r ?an 9 ! middle1 & !n 
by draw+ 9 any  direction desir$1 lett+ 
! pressure come at ! end ( ! *alk1  ?us 
giv+ a grad$ /roke f side to side4 ,=   
example1 /roke #a  0 made by tak+ ab\t  
two-?irds ( a /ick ( *alk1 hold+ x by  !
 left end1 plac+ x horizontally ^u !    
bo>d1 & !n draw+  d[nw>d1 acc5t+ a      
little ) ! left end ( ! *alk4 ,/roke #e 
0 made 9 a simil> mann]1 ! *alk be+ held
 by ! "r end1  & ! pressure be+ also at 
t end4    ,practice ^! /rokes 9 _m      
directions1 & !n apply !m to  draw+ "s  

simple objects4 ,on ! plate ! cyl9d]1   
b>rel1 &  canoe are illu/rat$ to %[ !   
application ( su* simple m>ks4    ,9 !  
cyl9d]1 /rokes #a & #e are us$ = ! left 
& "r  outl9es2 !n ?ree curv+ /rokes w   
f9i% ! top & bottom4    ,9 sket*+ !     
b>rel1 use simil> /rokes1 curv+ !m a    
bit4 ,add  curv+ /rokes = ! hoops1 us+ a
 %ort piece ( *alk2 !n add  m>k+s "h &  
!re ) ! po9t = details4    ,! canoe is  
"o long1 ne>ly horizontal /roke acc5t$  
at ! upp]  end ( ! *alk4 ,a few small   
t\*es simil> to ^? at #c w give  ! rocky
 %ore1 & a l9e or two ) ! po9t1 !       
necess>y  details4    ,illu/ration3     
,plate #c          ,,plate #c      ,!   
lesson plann$ at illu/ration #c is      
useful 9 a numb] ( s*ool  lessons 9 !   
l[] grades4 ,i h se5 x us$ 9 tea*+ read+
 9  ! fir/ grade4 ,9 ?is case1 "s ^w f !
 lesson 0 writt5  ^u ea* apple1 & !     
*ildr5 7 ask$ to see h[ _m apples  !y   
c\ld ga!r & put into ! basket2 9 o!r    
words1 to see h[  _m words !y c\ld read4
 ,:5 a ^w 0 recogniz$1 x 0 eras$4       

,aga91 x has be5 successfully us$ 9     
tea*+ numb]1 =m1 etc4 ,see  also !      
ladd]1 plate #aj4    ,/roke #a is made  
by plac+ ! *alk ^u ! bo>d 9 a v]tical   
position & !n draw+ x across ! bo>d1    
v>y+ ! pressure  frequ5tly s z to give !
 effect se5 9 ! basket4 ,! /rokes at  #b
 are produc$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,"h ! light
 spots 9 ! /roke  are alt]nat$1 com+    
b5ea? ! d>k spots 9 ! /roke above4 ,try 
a numb] ( ^! 9 ! curv+ direction sugge/$
 at #b4    ,9 mak+ a sket* ( a basket1  
draw lightly ! elliptical top1 !n  add z
 _m /rokes z are necess>y to give !     
desir$ dep?1 &  la/ly add ! h&le4       
,/rokes #c1 & ! ellipse bel[ !m1 %[ !   
mann] ( produc+ ?is effect4 ,place !    
*alk horizontally at !  top ( ! basket1 
decide :]e ! h&le %\ld end at ! opposite
  side1 !n draw upw>d ) a heavy /roke1  
across ! top lightly1  !n d[nw>d ) a    
slight pressure4 ,keep ! *alk 9 a       
horizontal  position ?r\gh\t ! /roke4   
,add a l9e ( acc5t to ! ne>e/  edge ( ! 
h&le4    ,! tree trunk back ( ! basket  

is drawn ) /rokes #a & #e1 plate  #b1 ! 
/roke be+ curv$ a bit at ! l[] end4 ,!  
grass is add$  by ! use ( /roke #e1 :i* 
is made by us+ a %ort piece ( *alk1  &  
by mov+ ! h& rapidly up & d[n4 ,a little
 acc5t may be us$  occasionally4    ,9  
draw+ ! apples /udy /roke #d4 ,^! are   
made l ^? on  plate #b1 by acc5t+ ) !   
end ( ! *alk4 ,use a v %ort  curv+      
/roke1 fir/ t[>d ! left1 !n t[>d ! "r4  
,add  /ems1 etc41 ) ! po9t ( ! *alk4    
,illu/ration3 ,plate #d          ,,plate
 #d      ,lesson #d introduces a /roke  
entirely diff]5t f ^? already  giv51 &  
"o :i* w require m practice 9 ord] to   
obta9 !  desir$ results & to apply x    
readily 9 quick sket*es4    ,/roke #a is
 made by plac+ ! *alk 9 a horizontal    
position ^u  ! bo>d1 & draw+ x d[nw>d1  
gradually twi/+ x to !  v]tical         
position4 ,/roke #b is ! exact opposite4
 ,place ! *alk  v]tically ^u ! bo>d1    
draw x d[nw>d & gradually twi/ x to  !  
horizontal position4    ,9 draw+ /rokes 
#c & #d1 comb9e ^? already giv5 at #a & 

#b4 ,=  #c1 place ! *alk v]tically1 draw
 x d[nw>d1 quickly twi/+ x  to !        
horizontal position2 !n1 )\t remov+ x f 
! bo>d1  br+ x back to ! v]tical        
position4 ,try /roke #d1 beg9n+ )  !    
horizontal position ( ! *alk1 twi/+ x to
 ! v]tical1 !n  back aga9 to !          
horizontal position4    ,/roke #e %[s a 
curv+ effect produc$ 9 ! same mann] z   
/roke  #c1 b ) a curv+ in/ead ( a       
v]tical t5d5cy4    ,9 draw+ ! cat tails1
 use /rokes #a & #e on plate #b4 ,^! are
  slightly curv$ at ! upp] & l[] ends4  
,keep "s ( !m v  delicate1 o!rs q :ite4 
,! leaves are drawn by us+ /rokes #a1   
#b1 & #c1 on plate #d4 ,let ! tone      
desir$ 9 ! draw+ gov]n !  pressure us$  
^u ! *alk4    ,! palms are drawn by us+ 
! same /rokes4 ,draw fir/ v  delicately 
) ! side ( ! *alk1 !n ) /rokes #a1 #b or
 #c add  /rong] /rokes = acc5t4         
,illu/ration3 ,plate #e          ,,plate
 #e      ,a new /roke w be introduc$ =  
?is lesson4 ,x is a regul> or  irregul> 
curve z ! case may require1 & is useful 

9 all sorts (  nature draw+4    ,fir/   
try ! long curv+ /roke ,no4 #a1 acc5t+ )
 ! left end  ( ! *alk4 ,rev]se ! /roke1 
acc5t+ ) ! "r end ( !  *alk4 ,n[ try    
,no4 #b1 mak+ a s]ies ( ne>ly p>allel   
/rokes1  keep+ ! acc5t at ! left4    ,! 
pumpk9 is drawn by comb9+ ^! /rokes1    
v>y+ ! pressure  to obta9 ! desir$ tone1
 & acc5t+ ) ! left end ( !  *alk1 !n    
rev]s+ ! /roke = ! "r side ( ! pumpk94  
,add  ! /em by ! use ( a few irregul>   
/rokes & a bit ( acc5t4    ,/roke #c may
 be us$ 9 draw+ any l>ge leaves1 su* z  
squa%1  grape1 etc4 ,try ?is 9 a great  
v>iety ( positions1 always keep+  !     
acc5t = ! edge ( ! leaf4 ,apply ?is 9   
draw+ ! grape  foliage 9 ! illu/ration  
bel[4 ,draw fir/ ! mid-rib & !n         
repres5t ! surface ( ! leaf by us+ /roke
 #c4 ,! grapes are  add$ by ! use (     
/roke #d1 :i* is /roke #a v mu* r$uc$4  
,let  ! grapes be drawn ) a %ort1 quick 
twi/ ( ! *alk4 ,la/ly add  /ems & acc5t4
    ,almo/ any vegetables may be drawn  
aft] a little practice ( !  /rokes giv5 

at #e4 ,^! are made exactly l /roke #a1 
) *anges  9 direction4 ,try a s+le onion
 or c>rot1 !n a gr\p ( vegetables4  ,d  
^! z simply z possible1 obta9+ ! effect1
 if y c1 )  ?ree or f\r /rokes1 !n add a
 few t\*es = details4    ,illu/ration3  
,plate #f          ,,plate #f      ,!   
/rokes giv5 9 ?is lesson1 al?\gh n us$ z
 frequ5tly z  ^? previ\sly giv51 are    
nev]!less valuable4    ,no4 #a %[s !    
mann] 9 :i* ! /roke is produc$4 ,place a
 piece  ( *alk 9 ! position indicat$ by 
! l9e bel[ ! /roke1  !n sw+ ! *alk      
rapidly back & =?1 %ort5+ ! /roke  &    
gradually twi/+ ! *alk to ! v]tical     
position4 ,no4 #b is  produc$ 9 ! same  
mann]4 ,place ! *alk obliquely z        
indicat$1  & keep ! movem5t oblique1    
%ort5+ ! /roke1 & twi/+ !  *alk         
gradually to ! horizontal position4     
,! f]n is drawn by fir/ sket*+ a few ma9
 l9es1 ,no4 #c1 & !n  ^u ^! apply !     
/rokes giv5 z %[n at ,no4 #d4 ,h>dly t\*
 !  bo>d at fir/1 keep+ ! tones v gray2 
!n add a few :ite f]ns  z 9 ! sket*4    

,no4 #f illu/rates ! same /roke us$ 9 a 
mu* bold] fa%ion & 9  a g5]ally         
horizontal direction4 ,aft] apply+ ?is  
/roke1 acc5t  "h & !re ) a mu* %ort]    
/roke1 & add ! trunk &  bran*es4        
,/udy ! trees giv5 on plate #ab 9       
connection ) ?is illu/ration  & notice !
 v>iety ( /rokes giv5 = ! diff]5t trees4
    ,illu/ration3 ,plate #g             
,,plate #g      ,9 ?is lesson we w put  
to practical use su* /rokes z ^? giv5  9
 ! fir/ few lessons4 ,! sket*es ( ?is "*
 are (t5  valuable 9 ! s*oolroom :5     
/udy+ ! m\nta9s1 ! hillside1  ! riv]1   
etc41 & ! tea*] :o1 ) a few /rokes ( !  
*alk1  c int]pret to h] class ! ?+ ab\t 
:i* !y are /udy+1 &  c make an          
illu/ration :i* ! :ole class c see &    
appreciate1  has an invaluable gift4    
,exp]im5t ) ! /rokes giv5 at #a1 #b &   
#c4 ,z 9 previ\s lessons  ! side ( !    
*alk is us$1 & ! acc5t is ) "o end4 ,try
 to  give ! effect ( sn[1 ( rocks1 ( a  
bright day1 or ( a cl\dy  day1 by v>y+ !
 tone or pressure ^u ! *alk4 ,sometimes 

use  ! *alk = sky1 leav+ ! bo>d = !     
hills4 ,!n rev]se !  /roke1 lett+ ! sky 
rema9 gray & us+ ! *alk to repres5t  !  
m\nta91 acc5t+ ) ! upp] end ( ! *alk4   
,no4 #c is a  comb9ation ( #a & #b1 !   
*alk be+ us$ 9 bo? sky & m\nta94  ,9    
,no4 #d1 ! eras] or a s(t bit ( clo? is 
us$ to take out !  trees aft] ! *alk has
 be5 appli$4    ,9 ! sket* giv5 on ! l[]
 "p ( ! plate comb9e !  sugge/ions giv5 
above4 ,a few %ort1 curv+ /rokes ) !    
usual  acc5t at "o end ( ! crayon w give
 ! rocks1 & ! irregul>  horizontal &    
zigzag /rokes already giv5 w produce !  
ripples 9  ! riv]1 & ! =egr\nd4         
,illu/ration3 ,plate #h          ,,plate
 #h      ,9 ! ex]cise illu/rat$ on !    
opposite page y w f9d  comb9ations ( !  
/rokes already giv51 b !y are v>i$      
some:at  9 r5d]+ ^! draw+s4 ,any sket*  
or object to be drawn %\ld  dictate !   
k9d ( /roke to be us$ & ! mann] ( h&l+ !
  *alk1 ! pressure1 acc5t1 etc4    ,= ! 
l>g] sket*1 draw fir/ ! tree trunks z   
%[n at ,no #a4 ,let  ! pressure be z    

g5tle z possible1 ! *alk h>dly t\*+ !   
bo>d4 ,aft] ^! are mass$ 9 ! backgr\nd1 
erase a triangul>  spot = ! wigwam1 & ) 
! oblique /rokes #b1 acc5t$ fir/ at  !  
left1 !n at ! "r1 obta9 ! g5]al =m      
requir$4 ,/roke  #c is add$ at ! top ( !
 wigwam1 & a bit ( *>coal is us$ =  !   
d>k tone at ! op5+4 ,n[ add ! decorative
 details4    ,9 ord] to complete !      
sket*1 use /roke #d = ! =egr\nd4 ,x  is 
simil> to ^? previ\sly us$1 & is made by
 an irregul>1  up-&-d[n movem5t ( !     
*alk4    ,a pond1 a canoe1 or o!r       
sugge/ive detail may be us$ 9 ?is sket*1
  & appli$ to ! "w 9 hi/ory1 geography1 
language1 etc4    ,try ! second little  
draw+1 us+ simil> /rokes 9 a v simple   
mann]4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate #i       
,,plate #i      ,lesson ,no4 #g gave a  
few sugge/ions useful 9 geography &     
l&scape  "w4 ,?is "t we w try ano!r type
 :i* w d\btless be f\nd  equally useful4
    ,/roke #a is a horizontal /roke     
acc5t$ at ! l[] end ( ! *alk  by a      
decid$ pressure4 ,?is w readily give a  

tone = ! sky & a  def9ite l9e = !       
horizon4    ,at ,no4 #b1 ! sky is drawn 
9 ! same mann]1 & *>coal or black  *alk 
is introduc$ = ! ocean4 ,^! t\*es are   
made ) ! side  ( ! *alk 9 irregul>1 wavy
 l9es4    ,spray may be repres5t$ by    
mass+ a little *alk ne> ! rocks or      
bea*1 & by rubb+ ! tip ( ! f+] or a s(t 
bit ( clo? into  ! body ( *alk1         
gradually bl5d+ x into ! rocks or wat]4 
,see  ,no4 #d4    ,to obta9 a sket* l t 
giv5 9 ?is lesson1 fir/ draw !  horizon1
 !n ! wavy /rokes = ! sea4 ,! cliffs or 
rocks are  drawn by us+ /rokes l ^? at  
,no4 #c4 ,!y are irregul> /rokes  acc5t$
 ) "o end ( ! *alk4 ,"h aga9 ! *>coal is
 useful  9 add+ crevices or %ad[s 9 !   
rocks4 ,erase spots = ! boats  & add    
details4    ,! effect ( a bea* may be   
produc$ by us+ ! same broad /roke  z 9 !
 sky1 acc5t+ ) ! upp] end ( ! *alk to   
give  ! m>g9 ( ! bea*4 ,add a few       
ripples & pebbles1 or a bit (  seawe$1  
us+ ! po9t ( ! *alk4    ,! sket* giv5 on
 ?is plate 0 us$ z an illu/ration =     

lit]ature4      ,a heap ( b>e & spl9t]y 
crags    ,tumbl$ ab\t by lightn+ & fro/4
      --,l[ell4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate 
#aj          ,,plate #aj      ,! sket*  
on plate #aj 0 sugge/$ = geography4 ,x  
is v simple  & requires only /rokes     
already us$ a numb] ( times4    ,! sky &
 hill are repres5t$ by ! use ( /roke #a4
 ,place a long  piece ( *alk v]tically1 
! acc5t at ! l[] end giv+ !  outl9e ( ! 
hill4    ,! m>%y l& is repres5t$ by a   
simil> /roke c>ri$ 9 a  horizontal      
direction4 ,! bo>d is left free f *alk 9
 ! case  ( ! hill & ! wat]4 ,! village 9
 ! di/ance is add$ )  *>coal1 & !       
reflections 9 ! wat] ) little t\*es (   
*alk  or *>coal4    ,erase spots = !    
hay/acks1 & use /roke #c4 ,?is is a v   
simple  curv+ /roke ) ! side ( ! *alk1  
acc5t+ ) ! left end  ( ! crayon2 !n a   
rev]se /roke1 acc5t+ ) ! "r end (  !    
*alk4 ,if %ad[s are desir$ !y may be    
add$ ) *>coal or  black crayon4 ,obs]ve 
t ! tops ( all ! hay/acks are on a      
level4    ,! sket* ) ! ladd] 0 made =   

prim>y read+4 ,diff]5t  words 7 writt5  
on ! diff]5t /eps ( ! ladd] & !  *ildr5 
tri$ to see h[ high !y c\ld climb2 9 o!r
 words1 h[  mu* ( ! lesson !y c\ld read4
 ,if !y read all ( ! words !y  c\ld     
climb to ! top ( ! haycock4             
,illu/ration3 ,plate #aa                
,,plate #aa      ,"h aga9 are v simple  
/rokes :i* require only a little        
practice  = accompli%m5t4    ,! di/ance 
is repres5t$ z 9 ! la/ plate1 & ! grass 
&  mead[ are done 9 ! same mann] z !    
m>%y l& on plate #aj2 #a  & #b %[ !     
/rokes4 ,a few up-&-d[n t\*es ) a %ort  
piece (  *alk are add$ 9 ! imm$iate     
=egr\nd4    ,! f5ce is drawn by ! use ( 
! /rokes giv5 on plate #a1 &  %[n at #c 
on ?is plate4    ,aft] draw+ ! field & !
 f5ce1 erase = ! tree trunk &  tree &   
add ! foliage4 ,?is is done ) a %ort    
piece ( *alk  & a quick back-&-=?       
movem5t4 ,see plates #f1 #ab1 & #bd =   
o!r trees & /rokes4 ,! skeleton ( !     
tree1 z %[n bel[ !  draw+1 may be       
repres5t$ fir/1 !n ! foliage add$4      

,?is plate w be f\nd useful 9 ! e>ly    
spr+1 z x %[s !  tree 9 w9t] condition1 
! pussy will[s1 & ! tree 9 summ]4       
,spots #d %[ ! treatm5t ( ! 8pussies40  
,a v %ort curv+  /roke ( ! *alk is fir/ 
made2 !n ! f+] is us$ to give !  d[ny1  
s(t effect4 ,sket* a few delicate l9es =
 ! /ems1 add !  catk9s z describ$ above1
 & !n f9i% ! /ems ) black &  :ite *alk4 
,illu/ration3 ,plate #ab                
,,plate #ab      ,9 sket*+ trees1 "o    
%\ld be> 9 m9d ! g5]al attitude ( !     
tree1 its *>act]i/ic =m & bran*+1 & !   
/roke :i* w  be/ produce ^!4    ,"o     
tea*] c be/ draw ! tree by us+ su*      
/rokes z ^? at  ,no4 #a to give ! trunk 
& bran*es1 & !n apply+ ! /roke =  !     
foliage2 :ile ano!r tea*] does bett] "w 
by mass+ !  tree1 z at ,no4 #b1 & !n    
add+ trunk1 bran*es & details4 ,ei!r    
me?od is good4    ,! /rokes above !     
trees %[ ! mann] ( repres5t+ ! foliage  
( ^! p>ticul> trees4 ,see plates #f1 #aa
 & #bd1 = o!r trees4    ,apply ei!r ( ! 
me?ods describ$ above1 us+ half a /ick (

  *alk plac$ flat ^u ! bo>d & mov$      
rapidly 9 ! direction  sugge/$ by !     
/roke4 ,= ! elm x is a curv+ motion2 = !
  popl> up & d[n2 = ! p9e1 back & =?2 = 
! oak or apple1  an irregul> & slightly 
slant+ /roke1 etc4    ,aft] ! mass ( !  
tree is drawn1 acc5t "h & !re ) !  same 
/roke1 & add bran*es & details4    ,:5  
work+ ^u a gray backgr\nd or aga9/ a    
light tone = !  sky1 use black *alk or  
*>coal 9 ! mann] describ$ above4        
,illu/ration3 ,plate #ac                
,,plate #ac      ,z /at$ 9 !            
introduction1 !re h be5 _m reque/s =    
sugge/ions = cal5d>s4 ,:atev] ! mon? may
 be1 draw a simple  cal5d> l>ge en\gh to
 be se5 by ! *ildr54 ,if a picture ( "s 
sort is desir$1 draw some?+ :i* w be    
appropriate to ! mon?  & arrange x 9 a  
v]tical panel at "o side1 or a          
horizontal panel  above or bel[ !       
cal5d>4 ,! gold5rod on plate #ac w %[   
:at  is meant by ?is arrangem5t4    ,all
 ! /rokes "h giv5 h be5 drawn be=e & are
 easily  appli$4 ,/rokes #a are giv5 = !

 gold5rod1 /rokes #b = !  rose hips &   
leaves1 #c = ! roses1 #d = ! ?i/le1 & #e
 =  ! daisy4 ,) a few light t\*es ( !   
*alk indicate ! gr[?  & position ( !    
specim52 !n apply ! /rokes = draw+ !    
surface ( fl[]s & leaves4    ,9 sket*+ !
 ?i/le ! po9t$ details are add$ ) ! po9t
  ( ! *alk4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ad 
,,plate #ad      ,at ,no4 #a is a v     
simple /roke made by plac+ a piece (    
*alk 9  a v]tical position1 & draw+ x   
across ! bo>d 9 any desir$  direction1  
break+ x at regul> int]vals by lift+ !  
*alk f  ! bo>d4 ,?is /roke is useful 9  
repres5t+ tiles1 brick1 /one1  or any   
brok5 surface4    ,9 ?is p>ticul> sket* 
a horizontal /roke is fir/ made = !     
mantel1 !n ! v]tical /rokes = ! surface 
( ! walls2 !n  ! bricks are add$ by !   
use ( ! /rokes giv5 at #a4 ,erase !     
space necess>y = ! fireplace1 & add     
black *alk or *>coal1  leav+ ! bo>d :]e 
! fire is to be repres5t$4    ,a few    
gray /rokes ) ! side ( ! *alk w indicate
 ! logs1  & ! use ( /roke #b w add !    

fire & smoke4 ,/roke #b is made  by     
mass+ a little :ite *alk1 & !n rubb+    
into x ) !  f+]1 gradually bl5d+ x into 
! tone ( ! blackbo>d4 ,!  details1      
&irons1 etc41 are easily add$4    ,if   
?is sket* is us$ = ,*ri/mas1 add toys1  
sl$s1 /ock+s1 or  o!r objects sugge/ive 
( ! day4 ,!y are all drawn ) ! side  ( !
 *alk1 ! direction ( ! /roke be+ dictat$
 by ! object4    ,! sket*es 9 ?is & !   
foll[+ lesson may be us$ 9 "w 9  hi/ory1
 or to illu/rate ! type ( h\se us$ by ! 
e>ly settl]s4  ,! sket* on plate #ae is 
suppos$ to be ,wa%+ton's home1 & t on   
plate #af is ,l9coln's bir?place4       
,illu/ration3 ,plate #ae                
,,plate #ae      ,/udy ! horizontal l9es
 at ,no4 #a4 ,?\gh n l ^? 9 !  sket*    
bel[1 !y %[ h[ any su* cab9 may be      
drawn4 ,try ^!  /rokes1 acc5t+ ) ! upp] 
end ( ! *alk :ile mak+ !  horizontal    
l9e4 ,%\ld "o side ( ! build+ be light] 
?an !  o!r1 obta9 ! desir$ effect by    
v>y+ ! pressure ^u ! *alk4    ,no4 #b is
 made by ! use ( a long piece ( *alk1 & 

by keep+ a  smoo?1 ev5 tone ?r\gh\t !   
/roke4    ,/roke #c is made 9 a simil>  
mann] to t on plate #ad 9 ! draw+  ( !  
bricks4 ,make x 9 a r irregul> fa%ion1 &
 add little  t\*es ( detail ) *alk or   
*>coal4    ,/roke #d is made ) a v long 
piece ( *alk1 ) /rong pressure  on ! l[]
 end4 ,?is w give a good tone = ! sky & 
s]ve z  an outl9e = ! ro( ( ! build+4   
,9 mak+ ?is sket*1 take a %ort piece ( !
 *alk & use a /roke  l ,no4 #a1 beg9n+ )
 a v %ort l9e2 & increas+ ! l5g?  ( !   
/rokes till ! body ( ! h\se is rea*$ &  
!n keep+  ! l9es ( uni=m l5g? to !      
gr\nd4    ,aft] ! body ( ! build+ & !   
sky are repres5t$1 erase !  logs :]e !  
*imney1 w9d[s1 or door are to be drawn4 
,erase also  :atev] *alk may be ^u !    
bo>d :]e ! trees are desir$1  & apply ! 
irregul> t\*es already giv5 9 draw+     
trees4 ,use  *alk or *>coal1 accord+ to 
! tone desir$ 9 trees1 w9d[s &  *imney4 
,see /roke #c4 ,see /rokes on plate #af 
& plate #ab4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate #af
 - see lesson on previ\s page--,plate   

#ae          ,,plate #af      ,/udy !   
/rokes giv5 on ! previ\s page1 plate    
#ae1 = sugge/ions  = sket*+ ?is cab94   
,^? at ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c1 & ,no4 #d w be 
f\nd helpful4    ,use /roke #d1 plate   
#ae1 = ! outl9e ( ! ro( & ! sky1 &  add 
! smoo? v]tical or horizontal /rokes = !
 sides ( !  build+4 ,acc5t "h & !re ) ! 
po9t ( ! *alk & add  details 9 a simil> 
mann]1 b avoid a def9ite outl9e4 ,let ! 
diff]5ce 9 tone make :atev] outl9e is   
necess>y4    ,aft] eras+ ! spots = doors
 & w9d[s1 add ! /rong d>k  tones ) a bit
 ( *>coal4 ,! details at #a & #b on !   
plate w  %[ h[ ^! are made4 ,no4 #c %[s 
! treatm5t = ! ro(4    ,aft] eras+ = !  
trees1 add a little *>coal & *alk1 us+  
! /rokes giv5 9 ! lesson on trees1 plate
 #ab4 ,! grass & !  details 9 ! =egr\nd 
may be add$ la/4 ,! sket* w readily  %[ 
! /rokes necess>y & ! movem5t ( ! h& 9  
mak+ ^!  /rokes4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate
 #ag          ,,plate #ag      ,:5ev] ,i
 h made a sket* ( ?is k9d x has always  
giv5 great  pleasure to ! *ildr51 &     

prov$ ( m or less value 9 hi/ory1  or 9 
/ory-tell+ 9 ! l[] grades4    ,/roke #a 
illu/rates ! treatm5t = ! sky & !       
horizon4 ,a few  s(t t\*es ) ! side ( ! 
*alk w indicate cl\ds4 ,bl5d  ! :ite    
tone into ! gray ( ! blackbo>d4 ,! *alk 
is held  v]tically & drawn across ! bo>d
 horizontally4    ,next erase a spot or 
two = ! sails & hull ( ! %ip1 & apply   
/roke #b4 ,?is /roke is made by plac+ ! 
*alk 9 an oblique  position & draw+ a   
curv+ /roke d[nw>d1 ! end ( ! *alk  giv+
 ! outl9e ( ! sail4 ,9 ! draw+ at ! left
 a grad$  /roke 0 us$1 ! eras] mak+ !   
edge ( ! sail at ! left &  ! *alk at !  
"r4    ,/roke #c is desirable 9         
repres5t+ ! ocean4 ,x is made by plac+  
! *alk v]tically ^u ! bo>d & mak+ a     
long1 sweep+ /roke1  acc5t$ ) ! upp] end
 ( ! *alk4 ,9 ^! sket*es *>coal  0 us$ =
 ! d>k /reaks 9 ! wat]4    ,9 draw+ !   
hull ( ! %ip1 try /roke #d1 us+ a %ort  
piece (  *alk or *>coal4 ,! *alk is     
plac$ v]tically & a curv+ /roke  is us$ 
) no p>ticul> acc5t4 ,add details )     

t\*es ( *alk or  *>coal4                
,illu/ration3 ,plate #ah                
,,plate #ah      ,on plate #ah are      
sugge/ions = ! mon? ( ,m>*1 or =        
geography1  hi/ory1 or occupations &    
habits ( ! p4    ,apply a few delicate1 
horizontal & curv+ /rokes to ! bo>d2 !n 
) a s(t piece ( clo? erase = ! di/ance1 
z at ,no4 #a4 ,use  /roke #b = ! sides (
 ! w9dmill1 /roke #c = ! w+s1 &  t\*es (
 *>coal = ! w9d[s4    ,/roke #e1 plate  
#c1 w help 9 repres5t+ ! =egr\nd4 ,use  
! *alk v delicately1 acc5t+ "h & !re )  
/rong]  t\*es1 & a v]tical /roke n[ & !n
 = ! reflections 9 !  wat]--/roke #d4   
,! /rokes illu/rat$ on plates #b1 #c1 & 
#e w be useful 9  sket*+ ! %ores & o!r  
objects4 ,rememb] to all[ ! pressure  ^u
 ! *alk to indicate ! outl9es ( objects1
 & nev] to add  def9ite m>ks ) ! po9t   
except+ = necess>y details or high      
lights4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate #ai     
,,plate #ai      ,?is plate 0 plann$ z a
 review lesson1 z well z to give        
illu/rations :i* tea*]s might use = a   

great v>iety ( purposes4  ,all ^! /rokes
 h be5 giv5 be=e & are easily appli$4   
,= ! turkey1 sket* lightly a circle2 !n 
) ! side ( !  *alk add broad1 gray      
/rokes4 ,see ,no4 #a4 ,aft] ?is is done1
 add %ort  t\*es ) ! side ( ! *alk1 = ! 
w+s1 legs1 fea!rs1 etc4    ,/roke #b 0  
giv5 on plate #b1 &1 ) ! addition ( !   
little  slant+ & curv+ /rokes "h giv51 w
 produce ! ligh?\se4  ,?is sket* w      
p]haps be useful 9 connection ) plate   
#i1 9  tea*+ ! seacoa/4    ,/rokes #c & 
#d are simil> to ^? giv5 on plate #e4   
,!y are made by  ! use ( curv+ /rokes ) 
! side ( ! *alk1 ! acc5t be+  ^u ! end  
=m+ ! outl9e4 ,?is /roke is frequ5tly   
us$1 !  object to be drawn dictat+ !    
direction ( ! /roke4 ,apply ^!  /rokes 9
 draw+ ! rat1 ! *ick5s1 ! mu%rooms & !  
frog4    ,9 ! tree sket*1 a backgr\nd ( 
gray is fir/ drawn ) ! side  ( ! *alk2  
!n ! /rokes giv5 on plate #f are appli$ 
)  *>coal1 & ! sn[flakes add$ ) /rong   
t\*es ( :ite *alk4  ,if ! c&les are     
desir$1 omit ! sn[ & use t9y /rokes l   

^? at #e4    ,no4 #f is desirable 9     
repres5t+ ! ne/4 ,aft] #f is drawn1 add 
/roke #d = ! eggs & f9i% ! ne/ by us+   
/rong t\*es )  ! po9t ( ! *alk4         
,illu/ration3 ,plate #bj                
,,plate #bj      ,! /rokes on plate #bj 
are s well def9$ t x h>dly seems        
necess>y to describe !m4 ,= #a a %ort   
piece ( *alk is us$1 !  side ( ! *alk   
giv+ ! wid? ( ! l9e4 ,at #b ! /roke is  
simil>1 ! acc5t be+ at "o end ( ! *alk4 
,at #c ! /roke is  slightly curv+1 !    
*alk be+ plac$ v]tically1 & ! acc5t  be+
 ^u ! upp] end ( ! *alk4 ,no4 #d is     
drawn by plac+ !  *alk v]tically ^u !   
bo>d1 draw+ x d[nw>d v quickly  & twi/+ 
x to ! horizontal position4 ,apply ^!   
/rokes 9  sket*+ ! lob/]4 ,fir/ use     
/roke #c1 !n t\*es l #b2  aft]w>d /rokes
 #a & #d = details4    ,no4 #e indicates
 ! /rokes fir/ us$ 9 sket*+ ! %ells4 ,9 
draw+ ! outside ( ! nautilus1 use a long
 piece ( *alk & )  a curv+ /roke acc5t$ 
) ! end1 =m ! outl9e4 ,) /rokes  simil> 
to ^? at #b1 sket* ! light /reaks 9 !   

%ell1 & add  d>k details ) *>coal4 ,use 
! tip ( ! f+] 9 s(t5+ !  tones "h & !re4
    ,9 draw+ ! section1 sket* fir/ !    
spiral curve1 !n ! bl5d$  /rokes        
connect+ ! out] ) ! inn] curves ( !     
spiral1 &  add *>coal = %ad[s4    ,!    
oy/] %ell is drawn by ! use ( ! l[]     
/roke at ,no4 #e4  ,make ! /roke1 acc5t+
 a little at ! left end ( ! *alk2 !n    
rev]se ! /roke1 acc5t+ ) ! "r end1 & add
 details )  *alk & *>coal4              
,illu/ration3 ,plate #ba                
,,plate #ba      ,! /rokes & t\*es us$  
^u plate #ba are m delicate ?an any     
previ\sly giv51 ?\gh simil> 9 "*4 ,no4  
#a is drawn ) !  side ( ! *alk1 ! acc5t 
be+ ) ! left end4 ,all[ ! h&  to tremble
 a bit & ! texture desir$ is m readily  
obta9$4  ,/roke #b is produc$ 9 ! same  
mann]4 ,aft] ^! are drawn add !  %ades1 
/ems1 & leaf ) *>coal1 & high lights )  
t\*es (  :ite *alk4    ,/roke #c is     
exactly l t at ,no4 #b1 plate #bj1 ?\gh 
drawn )  a mu* small] piece ( *alk4 ,a  
s]ies ( ^! /rokes1 ) !  addition ( t\*es

 ) ! *>coal & po9t ( ! *alk1 z  indicat$
 9 ! sket*1 w produce ! cat]pill>4      
,/rokes #d & #e are valuable 9 sket*+ a 
butt]fly or mo?4 ,!y  are gray /rokes ) 
! side ( ! *alk1 ! pressure be+ ^u  !   
end =m+ ! outl9e4 ,9 "w ( ?is k9d /udy  
nature v  c>efully1 z no sket* or copy c
 d :at nature c = ! tea*]4  ,aft] !     
g5]al =m ( ! butt]fly is drawn ) ^!     
light gray  /rokes1 add ! details1 us+  
t\*es ( *alk or *>coal1 &  occasionally 
bl5d+ !m ) ! tip ( ! f+]4               
,illu/ration3 ,plate #bb                
,,plate #bb      ,a v few l9es w (t5    
indicate ! pose or action ( an animal4  
,try l9es simil> to ^? at #a2 /udy o!r  
animals & try a few  *>act]i/ic l9es4   
,see ,no4 #a = ! squirrel & = ! fi%4    
,aft] practic+ ! pose1 try #b )\t sket*+
 ! l9es ) !  po9t ( ! *alk1 b by us+ !  
side1 z 9 previ\s sket*es4 ,to  f9i% !  
sket* add ! few details necess>y1 z %[n 
9 ! o!r  draw+s4    ,! /rokes us$ 9 ^!  
sket*es are giv5 on sev]al o!r plates4  
,!y are produc$ by us+ ! side ( ab\t    

two-?irds ( a /ick (  *alk1 & by acc5t+ 
or lett+ ! pressure be greate/ at !  end
 ( ! *alk :i* is to =m ! outl9e4 ,?is   
type ( /roke is  p]haps mo/ evid5t :]e !
 pressure 0 ^u ! left end ( !  *alk1 z 9
 ! squirrel's back4    ,see also /roke  
#d1 plate #c1 & /rokes ^u plate #e4     
,illu/ration3 ,plate #bc                
,,plate #bc      ,! /rokes us$ 9 ! birds
 are exactly l ^? describ$ 9 !  previ\s 
lesson4    ,sket* fir/ an egg %ape1 ,no4
 #a1 us+ half or two-?irds ( a /ick  (  
*alk1 & press+ a bit ^u ! out] end1     
lett+ ! /roke  bl5d into ! bo>d4    ,add
 to ?is a few bl5d$ /rokes repres5t+ !  
=m & position (  head1 tail & w+4 ,!    
sket*es at #b1 #c & #d indicate ^u :i*  
end  ( ! *alk ! pressure %\ld come4 ,be 
c>eful to keep ! delicate  gray or      
middle tones4    ,aft] su* draw+s z ^?  
at #b1 #c & #d are made1 !n add !       
*>act]i/ic details ) ! *alk & *>coal4 ,x
 w be se5 by  /udy+ ^! f9i%$ draw+s t   
only a few t\*es are necess>y  to       
complete ! sket*es4    ,9 ord] to obta9 

a contra/ betwe5 ! backgr\nd & ! head ( 
! bird 9 ! l[] sket*1 a little *alk 0   
mass$ ^u ! bo>d  z a backgr\nd4 ,see    
plate #ab4    ,illu/ration3 ,!          
,bir*-tree4      ,on ! br9k ( "s        
wood-ne/l$ lakelet4      ,l[ell--       
,i ?\ght ! sp>r['s note f heav51    ,s++
 at dawn on ! ald] b\gh4      ,em]son   
,plate #bd          ,,plate #bd      ,^!
 sket*es are drawn z illu/rations =     
lit]ature1 b w\ld be  q z useful 9 "s   
o!r /udies4    ,! /rokes at #a1 #b & #c 
are ^? us$ 9 ! tree sket*2 #a is  obta9$
 by two /rokes ( ! *alk1 plac$ v]tically
 ^u ! bo>d  & acc5t$ by a pressure ^u ! 
l[] end4 ,^! /rokes give !  sky & !     
hills 9 ! di/ance4 ,! use ( ! eras] & a 
few  bl5d$ /rokes l ^? at #b w help 9   
sket*+ ! tree trunks4  ,see plate #b4   
,aft] ^! are done1 add /roke #c1 & ) x  
mass !  foliage4 ,see sugge/ions on     
plate #ab4 ,! po9t ( l& 9 ! di/ance  & a
 few ( ! bran*es are add$ ) *>coal4     
,/udy ! lesson on plate #bc be=e sket*+ 
! sp>r[4 ,/roke #d is  made ) a s+le    

broad m>k ( *>coal1 & ! addition ( t9y  
t\*es ) ! *alk4 ,! bran* is drawn 9 a   
simil> mann]1 &  ! backgr\nd is add$ by 
a few s(t & delicate t\*es ) !  side ( !
 *alk4    ,illu/ration3 ,plate #be      
,beautiful lily1 dwell+ by /ill riv]s1  
,or solit>y m]e1    ,or :]e ! sluggi%   
mead[-brook deliv]s        ,its wat]s to
 ! weir----      ,longfell[4            
,,plate #be      ,?is plate 0 us$ z an  
illu/ration = ,longfell['s              
8,fl[]-de-luce40 ,! pond-lily may be us$
 9 nature /udy or z an  illu/ration = "s
 poem4    ,! /rokes necess>y or useful 9
 draw+ ^! bits are %[n at  ,no4 #a1 ,no4
 #b & ,no4 #c4 ,at ,no4 #a ! *alk is    
plac$ 9 an oblique  position1 drawn     
gradually d[nw>d1 & at ! same "t twi/$  
to !  horizontal position at ! middle ( 
! /roke4 ,try ?is /roke 9 a  great      
v>iety ( positions4 ,! spots produc$ w  
be f\nd useful 9  mu* ( ! fl[] & leaf   
draw+4 ,apply ^! 9 ! fleur-de-lis4    ,!
 /rokes at #b = ! leaves 7 giv5 &       
describ$ on plate #d1  & may be         

appropriat$ :]ev] re$s or grasses are to
 be drawn4    ,/roke #c is simple1 yet  
(t5 f\nd tr\blesome by pupils4 ,place ! 
*alk 9 a v]tical position1 draw x       
quickly d[nw>d1 twi/+ x to  a ne>ly     
horizontal position4 ,let ! acc5t be at 
! upp] end ( !  /roke4 ,try a numb] ( ^!
 /rokes1 lett+ !m meet at ! c5tre  ( !  
fl[]4 ,9 mak+ ! draw+ ( ! pond-lily1    
acc5t !  ne>e/ petals4    ,! reflection 
9 ! wat]1 & ! re$s 9 ! backgr\nd are    
obta9$ by delicate v]tical /rokes1      
cross$ 9 ! wat] by  occasional          
horizontal t\*es4 ,use simple curv+     
/rokes = ! lily  pads4    ,illu/ration3 
,plate #bf      8,?is ca/le ha? a       
pleasant seat40      ----our ca/le's    
/r5g?    ,w laugh a siege to scorn4     
,%akespe>e4          ,,plate #bf        
,"h is giv5 ano!r lit]ature illu/ration1
 :i* is drawn ) su*  /rokes z ^?        
indicat$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! plate4         
,/roke #a has be5 describ$ _m times     
already4 ,aft] ?is is drawn  indicate ! 
di/ance by ! use ( a few t\*es ) *>coal1

 &  ! wat] ) a delicate l9e or two (    
*alk4 ,let ! /rokes be  horizontal4     
,! rocks are repres5t$ ) su* /rokes z   
,no4 #c4 ,see also plate #i1  /roke #c4 
,acc5t "h & !re = ! light t\*es1 & add  
bits (  *>coal = ! d>k4    ,/roke #b is 
drawn by plac+ ! *alk 9 a v]tical       
position1 &  draw+ x 9 ! desir$         
direction ) a r irregul> or unev5       
/roke4 ,see /roke #c1 plate #ae4 ,:5 !  
/rong1 bright tones are  desir$1 acc5t )
 ! *alk1 & :5 ! gray tones are necess>y1
  h>dly t\* ! bo>d4 ,! w9d[s are add$ ) 
/rong /rokes (  *>coal4    ,illu/ration3
 ,plate #bg          ,,plate #bg        
,?is plate 0 plann$ especially =        
ari?metic lessons1 z x %[s  9 ! sket*es 
! v>i\s processes ?r\gh :i* ! cotton    
passes  be=e rea*+ ! retail]1 ?us       
sugge/+ a numb] ( practical  problems4  
,x may be us$ q z well 9 geography1     
hi/ory1 &  nature /udy4    ,spot #a is  
produc$ by mass+ a bit ( *alk & !n rubb+
 x into  ! desir$ %ape by ! use ( ! f+] 
tip4 ,! pod is drawn ) a  %ort /ick (   

*>coal1 us$ 9 ! same mann] z ! *alk4    
,no4 #b %[s ! /roke = ! sky & horizon1 &
 has already be5  describ$ 9 _m o!r     
lessons4    ,to produce ! effect %[n at 
,no4 #c use ! side ( a %ort piece (     
*alk1 & ) a r irregul> /roke draw !     
twigs & /ems4  ,acc5t ! spots = ! cotton
 balls4    ,9 ! o!r small sket*es !     
/rokes are s evid5t t !y  h>dly ne$     
description4 ,a :ite1 smoo? sky1 eras$  
:]e ! mills  & *imneys appe>1 w produce 
! effect 9 ! l[e/ draw+4 ,a  little     
*>coal may be add$ = ! d>ke/ tones1 a   
/roke ( !  eras] = ! smoke1 & little    
t\*es ( *alk = ! w9d[s4    ,illu/ration3
 ,plate #bh          ,,plate #bh        
,^! sket*es 7 also sugge/$ = problems 9 
ari?metic4 ,!  problems relate to       
lumb]+1 measurem5t1 & commission4       
,no4 #a illu/rates ! beg9n+ ( a =e/     
sket*4 ,) a s+le  /roke ( ! *alk1 acc5t$
 at ! l[] end1 draw ! sky4 ,) a  second 
m delicate /roke %[ ! di/ance2 !n ) a   
few quick1  ne>ly v]tical /rokes ) !    
eras] %[ ! positions ( !  trees4 ,lat] )

 *alk or *>coal & ! use ( su* /rokes z  
^? giv5 on plate #b1 & at ,no4 #c on ?is
 plate1 add ! %ad+ 9  ! tree trunks4    
,no4 #b %[s ! /rokes useful 9 draw+ !   
camp1 ! wood pile1 or  ! lumb]4 ,^! h   
already be5 giv5 9 su* sket*es z ^? on  
plate #ae4    ,! sket* ( ! h\se 9 !     
orig9al _h ! dim5sions m>k$ ^u  x1 & !  
pupils 7 to f9d ! %+les requir$ = ! ro(1
 !  clapbo>ds = ! walls1 etc4    ,be=e  
try+ ?is sket*1 /udy plates #ae & #af = 
/rokes &  details4    ,illu/ration3     
,plate #bi          ,,plate #bi      ,! 
accompany+ plate 0 tak5 f a lesson 9 a  
fir/ grade4 ,!  little boy 0 dress$ 9 an
 impromptu co/ume ( cotton batt+1 &  !  
backgr\nd ha/ily sket*$ by ! tea*]4     
,! horizon 0 drawn z on plate #i2 !n a  
few s(t oblique  /rokes 7 add$ to ! sky4
 ,! %ore 0 drawn ) irregul>  back-&-=?  
/rokes1 z 9 _m ( ! previ\s sket*es1 & a 
%eet 0 tack$ to ! bo>d 9 ord] to obta9 !
 :ite =egr\nd4    ,an almo/ v]tical     
/roke acc5t$ ) ! end ( ! *alk 0 us$  9  
draw+ ! iceb]gs1 & a few /rokes ( *>coal

 7 add$4    ,! huts 7 drawn ) a curv+   
/roke acc5t$ ) ! upp] end  ( ! *alk1 &  
!y 7 f9i%$ by apply+ /roke #b1 plate #c1
 &  add+ a few details ) ! po9t ( !     
*alk4    ,any tea*] c easily arrange su*
 backgr\nds & co/umes )  ! simple/      
mat]ial at h&1 & 9 ?is mann] add        
ess5tially  to ! int]e/ & value ( a     
lesson4 ,a ,japanese ,day1 ,an ,indian  
,ent]ta9m5t1 ,a ,soldi]s' ,camp ,gr\nd1 
,a ,lumb] ,camp1 & _m o!rs1  are easily 
arrang$4          ,transcrib]'s ,notes  
,9 a few cases1 obvi\s mi/akes or       
omissions 9 punctuation 7  correct$4    
,page #ca3 8,! gold5rod on plate #ab0   
*ang$ to 8,! gold5rod on plate  #ac0    
,page #cf3 ,! illu/ration caption 8see  
lesson on previ\s page--,plate  #ad0    
*ang$ to 8see lesson on previ\s         
page--,plate #ae0 to reflect to  correct
 plate z p] ! text1 ?\gh ! text )9 !    
image is  incorrect4