,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices--,,"p ,,viii1 ,no4 #ej ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,typography ,a ,,brief ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,h[ ,,x ,,came ,,ab\t ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,education ,,director ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica ,illu/ration ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica #aiah ,copyright1 #aiah ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,composition & electrotypes contribut$ by ,evans-,w9t]-,hebb1 ,inc4 ,detroit ,,preface ,! writ] ( ?is book makes no claim to orig9al inve/igation4 ,! mat]ials = su* inve/igation d n exi/ to any consid]able ext5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! results ( su* an inve/igation w\ld =m a book n suit$ to ?is s]ies4 ,! writ] has attempt$ to set =? briefly ! conditions :i* br\ght ab\t ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & to pres5t ! ma9 l9es ( discussion conc]n+ ! inv5tor4 ,he has consult$ ) "s c>e a consid]able numb] ( au?orities & has endeavor$ to pres5t ! results 9 compreh5sive %ape4 ,! writ] believes t ! hi/ory ( any p>ticul> ev5t is a "p ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( ! "t 9 :i* x occurr$4 ,he has1 !re=e1 endeavor$ ?r\gh\t ! hi/orical portion ( ?is s]ies to indicate ! g5]al hi/oric backgr\nd ( all p>ticul> hi/orical ev5ts suffici5tly to set ^! p>ticul> ev5ts 9 _! relations to :at 0 go+ on at ! "t 9 ! _w g5]ally4 ,9 addition to ! supplem5t>y read+ indicat$ 9 ! sev]al volumes :i* foll[1 ! writ] v5tures to hope t ! /ud5ts w famili>ize !mselves ) "s good g5]al text book on mod]n hi/ory4 ,,cont5ts ,,introduction #g ,,*apt] ,i ,,conditions ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury #aa ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,/eps ,,t[>d ,,typography #ag ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,claims ,,to ,,! ,,inv5tion #bf ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,inv5tion #cb ,,*apt] ,v ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t]s #dg ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ #eb ,,review ,,que/ions #ec ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,introduction ,_m p]sons & _m places h claim$ ! honor ( ! inv5tion ( typographic pr9t+4 ,t ^! conflict+ claims %\ld be made is ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,almo/ all epo*-mak+ inv5tions & discov]ies are ( m or less d\btful orig94 ,! reason = ?is is t su* discov]ies gr[ out ( conditions & ne$s4 ,at ! "t appo9t$ !y appe> z inevitably z ! blossom on ! plant4 ,v likely !y appe> 9 sev]al places at once4 ,(t51 also l ! blossoms on a plant1 only "o produces :at ! g>d5] calls a 8set10 t is1 a fruit :i* rip5s & matures se$ = reproduction4 ,! /ate ( human k or ! pressure ( human ne$ may be su* t _m /ud5ts are at "w at ! same "t ^u problems :i* seem to dem& solution4 ,9 ?is way ! !ory ( evolution1 ^: adoption1 revolutioniz+ z x did ! entire sy/em ( human ?9k+1 0 ! mo/ important ev5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 indep5d5tly discov]$ by ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 :o 7 work+ at ! same "t along indep5d5t l9es ( inve/igation4 ,! advance 9 surg]y & a ke5 appreciation ( ! suff]+ "u op]ation :i* made _m op]ations impossible l$ to ! simultane\s discov]y ( ane/hesia by at lea/ two inve/igators1 ,william ,t4 ,g4 ,morton & ,dr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,jackson4 ,inve/igation ( ! uses ( electricity l$ to ! indep5d5t inv5tion ( ! telephone by ,bell & ,dolbe>4 ,x is c]ta9 t occasional ,european sailors f\nd _! way to ! we/]n hemisph]e ?r\gh sev]al c5turies be=e ,columbus made 8 fam\s voyage4 ,^! are only a few ( ! mo/ notable in/ances ( su* disput$ or indep5d5t discov]ies4 ,9 "s cases ! judgm5t ( ! _w has probably aw>d$ ! glory incorrectly4 ,9 o!r cases ! glory has gone1 p]haps ju/ly1 to t "o ( two or m discov]]s :o succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 inv5tion practically or comm]cially useful4 ,= in/ance1 :ile ,morton 0 probably n ! orig9al discov]] ( ane/hesia1 x 0 he :o made x practically useful 9 surgical op]ations1 & :ile !re appe>s to be no "q t ,dolbe> ant$at$ ,bell 9 ! discov]y ( ! telephone1 ,dolbe>'s int]e/ 0 purely sci5tific :ile ,bell gave ! telephone to comm]ce4 ,! same conditions ( d\bt & obscurity surr\nd ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,z we %all lat] see1 m at l5g?1 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ 0 a developm5t ( exi/+ processes call$ = by ! ne$s ( ! "t & aris+ out ( ! conditions ( ! "t4 ,x 0 inevitable t typographic pr9t+ %\ld be discov]$ by somebody 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,s f> z ! evid5ce at our comm& %[s1 ! art 0 n inv5t$ 9 sev]al places at ! same "t1 b 0 develop$ by "o man out ( famili> processes4 ,= "s reason :i* is n n[ cle>1 ! "w ( ?is man1 ?\gh consid]able 9 ext5t1 appe>s to h be5 )\t imm$iate direct results ( mu* importance4 ,at a v e>ly /age ! inv5tion 0 seiz$ ^u by ano!r :o1 ) 8 associates1 e/abli%$ a c5t] f :i* ! art /eadily grew & develop$4 ,s important 9 its practical results 0 ! "w ( ?is man & 8 associates t he has be5 = c5turies hail$ z ! inv5tor ( pr9t+4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is man 0 ,john ,gut5b]g4 ,9 ! judgm5t ( ! pres5t writ]1 h[ev]1 ! claim t ,gut5b]g inv5t$ typographic pr9t+ _c be ma9ta9$4 ,! discussion has be5 long & sometimes bitt]4 ,! argum5ts1 or at lea/ _m ( !m1 are ( a highly te*nical nature & _m m9or po9ts yet rema9 to be cle>$ up4 ,9 a book ( ?is sort x w\ld be obvi\sly out ( place to g at l5g? into ! details ( ! argum5t4 ,! writ]1 moreov]1 lays no claim to orig9al inve/igation4 ,an attempt w be made 9 ! foll[+ pages to %[ ! conditions out ( :i* ! discov]y arose1 to tell ! /ory ( ! inv5tion1 to place ! cr$it bo? ( actual inv5tion & practical application :]e x belongs1 & to br+ out c]ta9 po9ts :i* may be int]e/+ ab\t ! "w ( ! v e>lie/ pr9t]s4 ,9 tak+ ! position :i* he does ) reg>d to ! inv5tion ! writ] regrets t he is oblig$ to diss5t f ! conclusions ( ,de ,v9ne4 ,9 8 ,inv5tion ( ,pr9t+1 ,de ,v9ne ably ma9ta9s ! claims ( ,gut5b]g4 ,no "o c be m ready ?an ! pres5t writ] to pay homage to ! greatness ( ,de ,v9ne & to ackn[l$ge ! imm5se debt :i* ! pr9t]s ( ,am]ica owe to him4 ,8 s]ies ( hi/orical & critical essays on ! practice ( typography are /ill unapproa*able4 ,9 spite ( ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! ye>s s9ce !y 7 writt51 _! sub/ance is n affect$ except+ 9 "s m9or & unimportant details4 ,!y are /ill supreme au?ority 9 _! field4 ,de ,v9ne's hi/orical "w 0 also ( great importance & = ! mo/ "p may /ill be accept$ )\t "q4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is only natural t ! conclusions ( ,de ,v9ne %\ld c>ry great weight & t ! great body ( ,am]ican pr9t]s %\ld h accept$ ! ,gut5b]g attribution )\t "q ^u ,de ,v9ne's au?ority4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,de ,v9ne's "w 0 writt5 ne>ly =ty ye>s ago4 ,j be=e he wrote1 ,dr4 ,van d] ,l9de _h publi%$ a volum9\s "w 9 :i* ! !ory ( ! ,gut5b]g inv5tion 0 support$ at great l5g? & ) great %[ ( s*ol>%ip4 ,?is 0 lat] foll[$ by o!r volumes ( simil> purport4 ,= a consid]able "t ,van d] ,l9de's books 7 consid]$ z settl+ ! "q4 ,de ,v9ne1 z may cle>ly be se5 f 8 preface1 wrote "u ! spell ( ,van d] ,l9de's influ5ce4 ,lat] inve/igations1 h[ev]1 h %[n t ,van d] ,l9de's s*ol>%ip 0 l>gely %[1 t he 0 n only uncritical b unskillful 9 8 use ( au?orities1 & t 8 volum9\s works are writt5 ) ! sole purpose ( bol/]+ up a preconceiv$ !ory4 ,mo/ ( ?is inve/igation _h n be5 conduct$ :5 ,de ,v9ne wrote4 ,! discussion _c be said to h swung ! balance ( probability to ! o!r side until aft] ,de ,v9ne's lit]>y activities ceas$4 ,! k we n[ possess1 h[ev]1 has =c$ ! pres5t writ] to ab&on ! ,de ,v9ne position & to base ! hi/orical "p ( ?is s]ies ( text-books on acceptance ( ! belief t typographic pr9t+ 0 discov]$ by ,co/]1 ( ,ha>lem1 9 ,holl&4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,conditions ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,fifte5? ,,c5tury ,z 0 briefly indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ volume 9 ?is s]ies1 ! conditions exi/+ 9 ! _w ( lett]s at ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 su* z to dem& imp]atively "s new me?od ( mak+ books4 ,! sl[ m>* ( civilization _h gone on ) _m setbacks & int]ruptions ?r\gh ! c5turies1 b 0 n[ proce$+ ) a swiftness hi!rto unkn[n4 ,! dem&s ( ! human m9d 7 press+ h>d aga9/ ! physical b\nd>ies to progress creat$ by ! me?ods ( book-mak+ !n 9 use4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t m5 7 /ill mak+ books j z !y _h done = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4 ,a va/ /ore ( k _h be5 accumulat$ & additions 7 be+ made ) trem5d\s rapidity1 b !re 0 no adequate means ( gett+ ?is k be=e ! p4 ,at ! same "t !re 7 m p int5sely eag] = k ?an ev] be=e4 ,x is wor? :ile to /op = a mom5t to consid] ! conditions ( ! p]iod4 ,! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> betwe5 ,france & ,engl&1 :i* _h p>alyz$ ! en]gies ( a divid$ ,france & _h exhau/$ ! p[]s ( ,engl& 9 useless attempts at an impossible conque/1 _h at la/ come to an end4 ,! ,engli% _h )drawn to _! own isl&4 ,!y _h giv5 up ! dreams ( a cont95tal empire :i* _h danc$ be=e _! eyes ev] s9ce ,william ( ,norm&y1 9 #ajff1 _h add$ ,engl& to 8 possessions4 ,9 read+ ,engli% hi/ory we are liable to =get t dur+ a great "p1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! f\r hundr$ ye>s succe$+ ! ,conque/1 ! ,engli% k+s _h consid]$ _! cont95tal possessions ! m important1 reg>d+ ! little isl& :i* !y %>$ ) ! ,scot*1 !n an indep5d5t nation1 z a sort ( colonial possession4 ,x is true t !y ma9ta9$ _! capitals !re & took _! titles !nce1 because 9 ,engl& !y 7 k+s1 :]eas !y gov]n$ _! broad possessions on ! cont95t z dukes or c\nts only4 ,f ! "t ( ,h5ry ,v !y _h claim$ to be k+s ( ,france4 ,n[ ^! cont95tal ambitions 7 def9itely giv5 up & ,engl& 0 free to develop h] own nationality1 & a mu* m vigor\s national life imm$iately began4 ,! same ev5ts m>k an era 9 ! developm5t ( ,france4 ,free f ! horrors ( w> & ! dread ( ano!r conque/1 a new opportunity 0 giv5 = ! developm5t ( ! arts ( peace4 ,italy 0 /ill divid$ into a great numb] ( indep5d5t /ates ^: qu>rels & *ang+ alliances make ! ,italian hi/ory ( ! p]iod extremely difficult to /udy on its political side4 ,!re _h1 h[ev]1 develop$ 9 ,italy a gr\p ( /rong rul]s :o gov]n$ /ates ( respectable size & kept !m = consid]able p]iods 9 comp>ative /ability4 ,! ,italian /ates _h ralli$ m quickly f ! b>b>ian invasions :i* ov]?rew ! ,roman ,empire ?an ! re/ ( ,europe & _! progress 9 civilization _h be5 v rem>kable :5 "o consid]s ! civil w>s & w>s betwe5 small /ates :i* _h be5 almo/ cont9u\s4 ,= ! mo/ "p ,g]many _h lagg$ f> beh9d ! re/ ( ,europe 9 ! developm5t ( civilization4 ,! great] "p ( x1 h[ev]1 0 n[ 9 a fairly /able political condition & _m ( ! ,g]man /ates _h become important c5t]s ( le>n+4 ,?is 0 especially true ( we/]n & s\!rn ,g]many1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ,rome _h be5 /ronge/ & :]e ! influ5ce ( ,france & ,italy _h be5 mo/ felt4 ,mu* ( ,spa9 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! ,moors1 :o 7 9 _m respects m civiliz$ ?an _! ,*ri/ian neighbors4 ,portugal 0 enlight5$ & advanc$4 ,! great s*ism kn[n z ! ,babyloni% ,captivity :i* _h r5t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 twa91 ) rival popes rul+ at ,rome & ,avignon1 _h come to an end1 & = ! "t be+ ! unity ( ,*ri/5dom 0 undi/urb$4 ,! political conditions ( ,europe 7 ?us m favorable ?an !y _h be5 = a long "t = ! developm5t ( ! intellectual life4 ,!y 7 /ill f> f ideal & !re 7 _m d>k days 9 /ore1 b ! bad old times 7 nev] fully to come back4 ,?is political condition1 h[ev]1 0 only a backgr\nd = ! revival ( intellectual activity kn[n z ! ,r5aissance :i* di/+ui%es ?is rem>kable p]iod4 ,?is movem5t may p]haps be said to h begun ) ,petr>*1 ! ,italian poet1 philosoph]1 & /ud5t1 :o di$ 9 #acgd4 ,by ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 _m m5 _h appe>$ 9 ! _w ( lett]s ^: names are fam\s = all "t4 ,^! great ?9k]s & writ]s reviv$ ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages1 reca/ ! /udy ( philosophy1 & ev5 v5tur$ to discuss ! fundam5tals ( religion4 ,9 s do+ !y n only reviv$ ! anci5t le>n+1 b />t$ a new "o4 ,new univ]sities sprang up1 among !m ,erfurt 9 #acib1 ,leipsic 9 #adji1 ,/4 ,&rews1 9 ,ed9burgh1 9 #adaa1 ,l\va9 9 #adbf4 ,! revival ( ! /udy ( great lit]ature 9 ,italy may be said to h begun ab\t #adjj4 ,ab\t #adej1 !re 7 _m em95t ,greek s*ol>s & _! en?usiasm = ,greek lit]ature _h l$ to ! revival ( ! philosophy ( ,plato4 ,! revival ( int]e/ 9 ! art ( ! anci5ts1 classic lit]ature1 & ! philosophy ( ,plato br\ght ab\t ! great advance ( mod]n art :i* m>k$ ! second half ( ! c5tury1 ,p]ug9o1 ! tea*] ( ,raphael1 be+ born 9 #addf4 ,all ?is intellectual activity /irr$ a new _s ( adv5ture4 ,j z ! m5 ^: intellectual en]gies _h be5 absorb$ 9 ! petty qu>rels ( *ur* & /ate n[ devot$ !mselves to con/ructive ?9k+1 s ^? ^: physical en]gies _h be5 devot$ to ! con/ant succession ( small w>s ( :i* we h spok5 n[ gave !mselves to exploration4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury important discov]ies _h be5 made by ! explor+ exp$itions s5t out by ! ,portuguese pr9ce1 ,h5ry ! ,navigator4 ,! kn[n _w 0 to be d\bl$ 9 size by ! voyage ( ,columbus be=e ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,x is easy to see t all ?is meant ! creation ( _m books4 ,le>n+ )\t books is a manife/ impossibility4 ,!re 0 a r5ew$ int]e/ 9 ! old books & a great call = copies ( !m4 ,all ?is new le>n+ & discov]y requir$ books = record & = dissem9ation4 ,x is true !re 7 _m m books ?an !re _h be5 =m]ly & _m m 7 be+ made1 b ! possibility ( supply 0 hopelessly beh9d ! dem&4 ,great libr>ies 7 be+ =m$ & _m individuals _h rem>kable collections ( books4 ,"s ( ^! libr>ies /ill exi/1 ! be/ kn[n probably be+ ! libr>y ( ! ,vatican1 at ,rome1 :i* 0 />t$ 9 #addg4 ,! trade ( book-mak+ _h long s9ce outgr[n ! mona/]y4 ,z we saw 9 ! prec$+ volume1 practically all ( ! book-mak+ ( ! s-call$ ,d>k ,ages 0 9 ! mona/]ies & mu* 0 /ill done !re1 b !re 0 n[ 9 exi/5ce a regul>ly organiz$ trade ( copyi/s4 ,no really good book ( ?is p]iod 0 complete )\t its ornam5tal capitals1 pictures1 & o!r embelli%m5ts4 ,^! adornm5ts1 or illum9ations1 z !y 7 call$1 ext5d$ 9 "s cases to e page ( a book4 ,!y 7 n g5]ally made by ! m5 :o did ! copy+ or writ+ ( ! text1 b by a class ( specially tra9$ m5 :o 7 call$ illum9ators4 ,cle>ly ! %ortcom+s ( ! manuscript books are v evid5t4 ,fir/ & =emo/ mu/ be plac$ ! absolute impossibility ( mak+ by ! labori\s process ( writ+ out by h& any?+ l ! numb] ( books requir$ to meet ! dem&4 ,ei!r "s new me?od ( mak+ books mu/ be devis$ or ! new le>n+ & ! new civilization 7 to be /rangl$ at bir?4 ,moreov]1 ! manuscript books 7 necess>ily v co/ly & !y 7 also v inaccurate4 ,any "o :o has _h any exp]i5ce 9 ! h&-copy+ ( l>ge am\nts ( manuscript w see h[ impossible x is to avoid errors1 ev5 ) ! mo/ c>eful *eck+ ov]4 ,x is n probable t any two copies ( any manuscript book 7 ev] exactly alike4 ,x is true t ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ did n automatically remove errors4 ,inde$ errors & inaccuracies1 v common 9 ! e>ly books1 are f> f unkn[n at pres5t1 b at any rate all ! copies ( "o edition are alike & errors may be correct$ ei!r 9 subsequ5t editions or by ! ins]tion ( errata 9 ! pr9t$ book4 ,n only 0 ! "t ripe = ! inv5tion ( a new me?od ( book-mak+1 b ! mat]ials 7 ready ) ! vital exception ( type1 & t 0 )9 a /ep ( discov]y4 ,! mat]ials are pap]1 ink1 presses1 & type4 ,pap] is suppos$ to h be5 inv5t$ by ! ,*9ese ab\t ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury ,a4 ,d41 & to h be5 m or less kn[n 9 ! ,ea/ = a long "t be=e ! k ( x 0 br\ght to ,europe4 ,! ,arabs conqu]$ ,sam>k& 9 #gea1 & f ?is conque/ x is suppos$ t ! k ( pap] & pap]-mak+ came to ,europe by way ( ,spa91 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 !n 9 ! h&s ( ! ,moors1 :o 7 !mselves ,arabs4 ,z e>ly z ! elev5? c5tury !re 7 pap] mills at ,val5cia1 ,xativa1 & o!r ,moori% t[ns 9 ,spa94 ,f ,spa9 ! art ( pap]-mak+ spread to ,italy :]e we "k t !re 0 a pap] mill at ,fabriano be=e #acdj1 & to ,france :]e !re 0 a mill at ,troyes ab\t ! same "t4 ,n long aft] we f9d pap]-mak+ at ,nuremb]g4 ,by ! middle ( ! c5tury pap] 0 famili> ?r\gh\t ,europe1 b ! use ( x 0 n ext5sive4 ,! pap] ( t "t did n l5d itself readily to writ+ & ! mak]s ( ! manuscripts pref]r$ ! use ( p>*m5t4 ,obvi\sly1 pr9t+ c n be done ) writ+ ink4 ,v diff]5t qualities are necess>y = ! two arts1 b z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury special inks 7 be+ made = pr9t+ f blocks4 ,^? inks 7 n exactly l ^? soon to be us$ = pr9t+ f type1 b !y 7 ne> en\gh 9 _! g5]al "* to indicate ! improvem5ts :i* 7 ne$$ to produce a true pr9t]'s ink4 ,:o inv5t$ ^! inks is n kn[n1 b x is g5]ally suppos$ t !y 7 inv5t$ by arti/s :o 7 accu/om$ to ! h&l+ ( color & pigm5ts4 ,! inv5tion has be5 attribut$ by "s to an unkn[n ,italian pa9t]1 by o!rs to ,hub]t ,van ,eyck1 a great ,dut* pa9t] ( ! p]iod4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t ! inv5tion1 if x c be said to be ! inv5tion ( an individual1 c ev] be trac$ to its au?or4 ,! press ne$$ 0 only an adaptation ( a v simple ma*9e 9 common use = _m diff]5t purposes4 ,! use ( ! press 9 squeez+ grapes = w9e1 9 mold+ *eese & squeez+ out ! :ey1 & = a great numb] ( o!r purposes 0 s common t ! problem ( ! ex]tion ( pressure 0 already solv$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 ready b ! type1 & :5 "o sees h[ f> m5 _h gone t[>d ! use ( type "o wond]s t ! inv5tion 0 n made long be=e x really occurr$4 ,probably x 0 only wait+ = ! imp]i\s dem& ( necessity to spur "s "o to ! mak+ ( ! necess>y exp]im5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,/eps ,,t[>d ,,typography ,typographic pr9t+1 briefly def9$1 is pr9t+ f movable types4 ,t is to say1 x is ! impression ( words ^u pap] or o!r mat]ial by ! use ( movable types :i* h fir/ be5 cov]$ ) ink1 ! ink$ face ( ! type transf]r+ ! *>act]s to pap] & produc+ ! pr9t$ page4 ,?is includes any pr9t+ f a type =m 9 :i* movable cuts may be lock$ up ) ! type1 or 9 "s cases may be us$ alone on ! press z 9 pr9t+ full-page illu/rations4 ,x 0 ?is process :i* 0 inv5t$ 9 ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! practice ( mak+ impressions ^u v>i\s sub/ances by ! use ( v>i\s devices prep>$ = t purpose goes back to ! dawn ( civilization4 ,! e>lie/ device ( ?is sort appe>s to h be5 a seal us$ = impress+ a device :i* might /& = a p]sonal signature or indicate ! (ficial au!ntication ( a docum5t or o!r public act4 ,^! seals are f\nd 9 great numb]s among ! mo/ anci5t rema9s4 ,two e>ly ones f ! isl& ( ,crete are %[n h]e)4 ,illu/ration3 ,anci5t ,seals f ,crete ,!re are also 9 exi/5ce _m anci5t ,babylonian seals4 ,^! seals 7 ( v>i\s sorts4 ,sometimes ! design 0 cut 9 ! flat surface1 leav+ a rais$ impression :5 /amp$ ^u wax1 clay1 or "s o!r yield+ sub/ance4 ,su* seals are said to be made 9 intaglio4 ,sometimes ! surface is cut away leav+ ! designs /&+ out1 ?us mak+ a depress$ m>k 9 ! s(t surface4 ,^! seals are said to be cut 9 relief4 ,sometimes ! surface ( ! seal1 in/ead ( be+ flat1 0 a cyl9d] roll+ on a pivot s t ! impression ( :i*ev] sort x might be 0 made by roll+ ! seal ) pressure ov] ! s(t sub/ance4 ,x is said t ! ,romans came v ne> ! discov]y ( typographic pr9t+4 ,! ,roman pott]s /amp$ _! names lett] by lett] 9 ! s(t clay ( _! w>e be=e x 0 fir$4 ,! use ( dies = /amp+ co9s & metal seals is also v anci5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,assyrian ,clay ,tablet ,! ,assyrians n only inscrib$ _! records ^u cyl9d]s ( s(t clay by press+ a %>p /ick into !m to make ! curi\s w$ge-%ap$ *>act]s ( _! alphabet1 b x is evid5t t !y c>v$ r long inscriptions on plates1 probably ( wood1 & transf]r$ ^! to bricks by pressure4 ,! illu/ration %[s an ,assyrian /amp$ brick ( ?is sort4 ,:]ev] we t\* ! hi/ory ( civiliz$ man we f9d "s =m ( pr9t+ by ! use ( a seal1 a /amp1 or ev5 a s+le lett]4 ,"s manuscripts long be=e ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury seem to h _h ! initial lett]s put 9 by means ( /amps :i* 7 appli$ ei!r by heavy h& pressure or by ! bl[ ( a mallet4 ,^! initial lett]s c]ta9ly %[ ! use ( color 9 mak+ ! impression4 ,x is probable t su* use ( color 0 e>ly ?\ght ( z a means ( mak+ ! impression ( ! seal m di/9ct & disp5s+ ) ! pressure necess>y to =ce ! seal into ! sub/ance ( ! p>*m5t1 papyrus1 or pap] :i* 0 be+ us$4 ,?us ?r\gh ! ages we sl[ly gr[ t[>d a m v>i$ & ext5sive use ( ^! primitive me?ods ( pr9t+4 ,if we turn to ,asia we f9d t ! ,*9ese & _! neighbors1 ! ,japanese & ! ,coreans1 anticipat$ ,europe by _m c5turies 9 pr9t+1 z well z 9 o!r arts4 ,! ,*9ese appe> to h hit ^u ! device ( multiply+ books by cutt+ all ! *>act]s ne$$ = a page on a block ( wood & !n apply+ ! ink$ block to ! pap] z e>ly z ! six? c5tury1 ,a4 ,d4 ,books pr9t$ by ?is process1 g5]ally kn[n z block books1 7 common among ! ,*9ese z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury4 ,! ,japanese 7 us+ blocks = pr9t+ be=e ! ye> #hjj1 ,a4 ,d4 ,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s a ,corean book app>5tly pr9t$ f movable types :i* is suppos$ to date z f> back z #acch4 ,all ?is is v int]e/+1 b !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t x _h any effect :atev] on ! developm5t ( pr9t+ 9 ,europe4 ,*9ese & ,japanese typography is n a developm5t f _! own block books1 b is a rec5t importation f ,europe4 ,! ,*9ese *>act]s1 :i* are also us$ by ! ,japanese1 are n lett]s b ideograms4 ,in/ead ( hav+ a few *>act]s repres5t+ ! fundam5tal s\nds1 by ! comb9ation ( :i* words are express$1 !y h a va/ numb] ( *>act]s1 _m ?\s&s ( !m4 ,^! *>act]s repres5t to ! m9d an idea z a :ole4 ,!y may be vocaliz$ z a ^w or a syllable1 b n z a s+le s\nd out ( a comb9ation ( :i* syllables & words may be built up4 ,x 0 q practicable to c>ve ! *>act]s repres5t+ a page on a block & pr9t f t1 b x 0 cle>ly n practicable to make movable types repres5t+ all ^! almo/ innum]able *>act]s4 ,typographic pr9t+ is possible only ?r\gh ! selection = common use ( a small numb] ( ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]s & us+ !m z ! basis ( a work+ vocabul>y4 ,! introduction ( typography repres5ts probably a /ep t[>d ! r$uction ( ?is great numb] ( *>act]s to a comp>atively small numb] repres5t+ ! s\nds or syllables mo/ 9 use4 ,a font ( ,*9ese type is a fe>ful & wond]ful ?+1 & le>n+ ! case = ,*9ese composition is a task :i* v few we/]n p w\ld c>e to und]take4 ,illu/ration3 ,mod]n ,*9ese ,type ,case ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s a ,*9ese compositor at 8 case 9 ! ,lakeside ,press1 ,*icago4 ,! 8frame0 conta9s "o complete font ( approximately sev5 ?\s& *>act]s4 ,x is ab\t sixte5 feet long by five feet high1 & is made up ( a numb] ( small] 8cases0 approximately twelve by fifte5 in*es ov] all1 ea* hold+ ab\t two hundr$ & =ty *>act]s4 ,?is font is approximately t5-po9t body accord+ to ,unit$ ,/ates /&>ds4 ,x requir$ an entire mon? to 8lay ! cases40 ,x requires ab\t t5 ?\s& *>act]s to pr9t a ,*9ese book1 b "s ( !m are made by comb9ations ( prim>y *>act]s1 s t ! sev5 ?\s& 9 ! case w d ! "w4 ,dur+ ! c5turies previ\s to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ! numb] ( p]sons :o c\ld read 0 v small4 ,! common p1 f>m]s1 soldi]s1 workm51 & ! l1 receiv$ b little in/ruction outside ! imm$iate necessities ( _! lives4 ,t little 0 l>gely by ^w ( m\? re9=c$ by symbol & picture or /atue4 ,9 ^? days ! *ur*es 7 ! poor man's s*ools & libr>ies4 ,! ,bible /ories 7 told him by ! prie/s & nuns & by ! old m5 & wom54 ,! *ur*es 7 elaborately ornam5t$ ) /atues1 /a9$ glass w9d[s1 brasses1 pa9t+s1 & c>v+s4 ,_m ( ^! pa9t$ or sculptur$ repres5tations 7 conv5tionaliz$4 ,if "o saw a figure ) a great key 9 8 h&1 no matt] :at ! co/ume ( ! figure or ! design ( ! face1 he knew x 0 ,/4 ,pet]4 ,if he saw ano!r figure ) a book & a sword1 he knew t x 0 ,/4 ,paul1 & s on4 ,he saw ! sacrifice ( ,isaac1 ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 ! ,crucifixion1 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,/eph51 & all ! o!r ,bible /ories visibly express$4 ,he saw ! /atues ( k+s & bi%ops & 0 told ! mean+ ( ! sc5es 9 :i* ^! & o!r *>act]s 7 repres5t$ 9 picture or sculpture4 ,he ?us read & r]ead ! /atues1 /a9$ glass w9d[s1 & sculptures ( 8 *ur* z we read & r]ead our ,bibles & our hi/ories4 ,_m c>v+s & pictures 7 put into ! *ur*es :i* we %\ld today consid] entirely out ( place4 ,c>icature began "h z well z religi\s & hi/orical in/ruction4 ,we f9d repres5t$ sc5es :i* recall ! curr5t fables ( ! "t & sometimes pictures ( sc5es ridicul\s or ev5 indec5t1 accord+ to mod]n ideas1 :i* satiriz$ ! vices & faults ( m5 & wom5 :ile !y w>n$ aga9/ !m4 ,by & by ! desire came to br+ ?is in/ruction into ! homes ( ! p :o 7 too poor to h pa9t+s & c>v+s ( _! own4 ,?is desire 0 met by ! production ( :at is kn[n z image pr9ts4 ,! picture ( "s sa9t 0 c>v$ on a piece ( wood & f ?is block1 or m prop]ly plate1 because ! pictures 7 c>v$ on ! side & n ! end ( a flat piece ( wood1 an ink$ impression 0 made on p>*m5t or pap]4 ,?is process seems to h come 9 use "s "t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,by ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? x 0 fairly common4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ woodcut ( ?is sort1 be>+ ! date #adbc1 is %[n h]e)4 ,x is int]e/+ n only z be+ ! olde/ dat$ "w ( ?is sort1 b z be+ typical ( ! way 9 :i* ^! pictures 7 conceiv$ & execut$4 ,x repres5ts ,/4 ,*ri/oph]4 ,! sa9t is %[n =d+ ! riv] ) ! ,*ild ,jesus on 8 %\ld] & repres5ts ! entire leg5d ( ,/4 ,*ri/oph]1 ! ,*ri/ ,be>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,facsimile ( ,e>ly ,wood-cut ,at fir/ ^! images appe>$ ^u s+le %eets be>+ only ! picture4 ,lat]1 words 7 c>v$ ^u ! block 9 addition to ! picture1 giv+ u on "o page ! comb9ation ( picture & text4 ,v probably ! own] c\ld n read ! inscription1 b he c\ld be told :at x meant & ! v =m ( x w\ld recall to 8 m9d ! words :i* he _h le>n$4 ,f ?is s+le picture !re 7 two l9es ( developm5t4 ,"o 0 ! b9d+ up ( sev]al pages ( su* pictures & texts into a book4 ,ea* page 0 pr9t$ f a s+le block & ! result 0 a block book4 ,( ^! !re 7 two especially fam\s & (t5 pr9t$1 ,! ,biblia ,paup]um1 or ,poor ,man's ,bible1 & ! ,speculum ,humani ,salvationis1 or ,mirror ( ,human ,salvation4 ,! ,poor ,man's ,bible1 ( c\rse1 0 a collection ( pr9ts recall+ ! biblical /ories4 ,! ,mirror w5t fur!r afield & %[$ pictures repres5t+ moral tea*+4 ,great numb]s ( ^! books 7 pr9t$ & circulat$1 especially 9 ,holl& & ,g]many4 ,! o!r developm5t 0 ! pr9t+ ( :ole pages ( text4 ,c]ta9 books 7 9 great dem&4 ,! advantage ( be+ able to reproduce !m quickly & *eaply 0 obvi\s4 ,! two be/ kn[n are alphabet books = beg9n]s call$ ,abec$]ia1 or ,abec$]ium 9 ! s+ul>1 & ! elem5t>y ,lat9 gramm>s ab/ract$ f ! works ( an old ,lat9 gramm>ian nam$ ,donatus4 ,^! gramm>s 7 commonly call$ ,donatuses4 ,^! books1 especially ! s*ool books1 7 pr9t$ mo/ly on vellum1 p>tly because ( its great] durability & p>tly because ! use ( pap] 0 n yet common4 ,we h "h ! l9es ( developm5t :i* l$ directly to ! inv5tion ( typography4 ,we h already m5tion$ books pr9t$ f plates ) pictures )\t text1 pictures ) text1 & text )\t pictures4 ,:at w\ld be m natural ?an to cut (f ! "p ( ! block conta9+ ! text & use ! picture alone1 or to comb9e ! text ) text cut f ano!r block or ) ano!r picture f :i* ! text _h be5 remov$8 ,if we c\ld d ?is :y c\ld we n cut out a s+le ^w or a s+le lett] & :y n make a consid]able numb] ( ^! s+le lett]s & comb9e !m into words8 ,if p>ts ( two or m blocks 7 to be us$ = ! same picture1 !y mu/ be fa/5$ toge!r 9 "s way1 or z we %\ld say today ! =m mu/ be lock$ up4 ,:y c\ld n sep>ate lett]s be fa/5$ toge!r 9 ! same way s t we c\ld pr9t any?+ we want$ by ! simple process ( putt+ toge!r ! necess>y lett]s 9 ! prop] relation8 ,z we %all see pres5tly1 ?is is exactly :at happ5$1 & ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ?us consid]$ is ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,be=e pass+ to ! next phase ( ! discov]y1 a ^w %\ld be said ab\t play+ c>ds4 ,until rec5tly play+ c>ds 7 consid]$ z hav+ a place 9 ?is developm5t :i* !y probably nev] occupi$4 ,play+ c>ds1 l _m o!r ?+s good & bad1 7 inv5t$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y made _! appe>ance 9 ,europe some:]e ab\t #acge ,a4 ,d4 & by #adjj !y _h become popul>4 ,! fir/ c>ds 7 h& pa9t$ :i*1 ( c\rse1 made !m exp5sive & conf9$ _! use to ! weal?y4 ,a little lat]1 h[ev]1 !y 7 pa9t$ by ! use ( /5cils s t !y c\ld be produc$ *eaply & pl5tifully4 ,lat] /ill !y 7 pr9t$ f blocks l ! image pr9ts & color$ by h&4 ,color be+ ess5tial to play+ c>ds1 ! developm5t ?us outl9$ 0 ! mo/ natural4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! comp>atively small play+ c>d 0 fir/ made & t ! image pr9t 0 d]iv$ f ! play+ c>d4 ,!re n[ seems no "q t ! process 0 ! o!r way ab\t1 z !re are no pr9t$ play+ c>ds kn[n z e>ly z ! ,/4 ,*ri/oph] above ref]r$ to4 ,! block-pr9t$ play+ c>d seems to h be5 cle>ly an imitation ( ! image pr9t1 & n ! image pr9t an evolution f ! play+ c>d4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,claims ,,to ,,! ,,inv5tion ,de ,v9ne m5tions fifte5 cities or t[ns z hav+ be5 specifi$ by z _m diff]5t au?ors z ! true bir?place ( typography4 ,! names ( ^! are ,augsburg1 ,basle1 ,bologna1 ,dordre*t1 ,feltre1 ,flor5ce1 ,ha>lem1 ,lubeck1 ,ma9z1 ,nuremb]g1 ,rome1 ,russemburg1 ,/rasburg1 ,s*ele/adt1 & ,v5ice4 ,! v>i\s au?ors assign to ^! t[ns ! names ( ! foll[+ alleg$ inv5tors3 ,ca/oldi1 ,co/]1 ,fu/1 ,g5sfleis*1 ,gresmund1 ,gut5b]g1 ,hahn1 ,m5tel1 ,j5son1 ,regiomontanus1 ,s*oeff]1 ,pann>tz & ,sweynheym1 & ,l\is de ,vaelbaeske4 ,( ^! claims !re are only ?ree :i* des]ve any consid]ation :atev]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! claims1 ! alleg$ discov]y at ,avignon1 is by f> ! mo/ rec5t & may be quickly dispos$ (4 ,9 #ahij ! ,abb ,requ9 discov]$ five curi\s docum5ts 9 ! not>ial records ( ,avignon1 9 s\!rn ,france4 ,^! pap]s deal ) ! bus9ess deal+s ( ! silv]smi? ,procopius ,waldfoghel ) c]ta9 o!r p]sons reg>d+ ! art ( writ+ arti/ically1 in/ruction !re91 & c]ta9 tools !re=4 ,!re are m5tion$ 9 ^! pap]s two /eel alphabets 9 ,lat91 "o iron alphabet 9 ,hebrew1 two iron frames1 "o /eel screw1 =ty-eight =ms ( t91 & div]s o!r =ms belong+ to ! art ( writ+4 ,!re is also m5tion ( in/rum5ts or tools ( iron1 /eel1 copp]1 latt51 lead1 t91 & wood = writ+ arti/ically4 ,^! docum5ts date f #addd & #addf1 be=e ,gut5b]g _h produc$ any results4 ,on ! evid5ce ( ^! docum5ts attempts h be5 made to %[ t pr9t+ 0 be+ done at ,avignon sev]al ye>s be=e ! e>lie/ date t c be assign$ to ! #db-l9e ,bible1 ! ,lett]s ( ,indulg5ce1 or ev5 ! some:at d\btful ,lat9 ,gramm>4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! docum5ts1 h[ev]1 h>dly be>s out ?is claim4 ,x is said t ! writ+ 0 to be done on 8/uffs0 7clo?71 b no?+ is said ( pap]1 ink1 or o!r mat]ials ne$$ = pr9t+1 & x is a /ret* ( ! imag9ation to see pun*es & matrices 9 ! iron & /eel alphabets & ! =ty-eight =ms4 ,! probability is t ,waldfoghel cut lett]s ( ornam5tal & arti/ic =ms on dies to be us$ z initials & ! l on manuscripts or on clo? & o!r mat]ials & devis$ or borr[$ a me?od ( pr9t+ f !m by ! application ( p[] ?r\gh "s sort ( screw press4 ,?is is 9 h>mony ) mu* t we "k to h be5 done at t "t1 b is q ap>t f any?+ l typography z we are consid]+ x4 ,! second is ! s-call$ ,co/] leg5d4 ,?is /ory 9 its leg5d>y =m says t ,l\r5s ,jansso5 ,co/] inv5t$ pr9t+ f ! *ance trifl+ ( an idle h\r4 ,he is said to h be5 /roll+ 9 ! woods ne> ,ha>lem "o day & to h cut "s pieces ( bir* b>k 9 ! =m ( lett]s4 ,) "s ( ^! lett]s dipp$ 9 ink he made m>ks on p>*m5t or pap] & f\nd t he c\ld comb9e !m & recomb9e !m s z to make words & s5t5ces4 ,he !n began exp]im5t+ 9 e>ne/4 ,8 fir/ lett]s 7 c>v$ out ( wood1 !n he made !m out ( lead1 & at la/ out ( t94 ,f9d+ ! ink us$ by ! copyi/s unsatisfactory he inv5t$ an ink ( m visc\s k9d bett] suit$ to ! "w 9 h&4 ,! /ory runs t 8 new inv5tion attract$ mu* att5tion & t he made _m books :i* he sold at good pr(it4 ,! "w grew beyond 8 p]sonal capacity to d x & he took s]vants or appr5tices4 ,among !m 0 a "y fell[ nam$ ,john4 ,john _h m bra9s ?an hone/y1 & "o day :ile ! family 7 at *ur* ,john pack$ up ! type & ! matrices & left ,ha>lem4 ,f ,ha>lem1 ! /ory goes on to say1 he w5t to ,ma9z :]e he set up 9 bus9ess = himself & prosp]$ exce$+ly4 ,x is f ?is act1 says ! /ory1 t all ! ,ma9z pr9t+ proce$$4 ,9 ?is =m ! /ory is obvi\sly leg5d>y4 ,we %all exam9e x lat] 9 ano!r connection :5 we %all see ?is po9t m cle>ly1 "s ( ! details be+ evid5tly introduc$ to fill ! gaps 9 :at may be reg>d$ z hi/ory4 ,! ?ird claim is ! commonly accept$ ,gut5b]g leg5d4 ,conc]n+ ,gut5b]g himself we "k v little1 al?\gh some:at m ?an we "k ab\t ,co/]4 ,:at we d "k ( him re/s almo/ entirely ^u public regi/]s & ! records ( law suits4 ,no au!ntic record ( 8 bir? exi/s1 b x is suppos$ to h tak5 place at ,ma9z ab\t #acii4 ,ma9z1 l _m o!r cities ( ! "t1 0 a prey to int]nal disputes & z a result ( "s su* political ov]turn ,gut5b]g's family w5t to ,/rasburg "s "t be=e #adcj4 ,9 a legal docum5t 9 exi/5ce at ,/rasburg we f9d m5tion ( ,john ,g5sfleis*1 o!rwise kn[n z ,gut5b]g1 ( ,ma9z4 ,8 "n occurs 9 a proclamation issu$ 9 #adcj grant+ political amne/y to ! ,ma9z exiles4 ,9 ! same ye> he negotiat$ ) ! au?orities ( ,ma9z = a p5sion = 8 "m & 9 #adcb he 0 9 ,ma9z4 ,he next appe>s 9 ! ,/rasburg c\rt records 9 #adci1 :5 he 0 def5dant 9 a suit br\ght aga9/ him by 8 bus9ess p>tn]s4 ,9 ^! records are obscure ref]5ces :i* h be5 int]pret$ z ref]r+ to pr9t+4 ,9 ! light ( ! cle>] ref]5ce ( lat] law suits x is n probable t ?is int]pretation is correct4 ,gut5b]g 0 !n1 z = all 8 life1 9 f9ancial difficulty4 ,:atev] ! outcome ( ! #adci suit1 he borr[$ a hundr$ p\nds 9 #adda & 9 #addb sold an annual income ( f\r p\nds = eighty p\nds ca%4 ,! ,/rasburg tax books %[ t he 0 9 arre>s = taxes betwe5 #adcf & #addj4 ,by "s writ]s ^! f9ancial difficulties are suppos$ to h aris5 out ( ,gut5b]g's devotion to 8 exp]im5ts 9 typography4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 ow+ to lack ( bus9ess ability & possibly to lack ( bus9ess integrity4 ,! %ifts to :i* he _h rec\rse 9 8 f9ancial difficulties run at times p]il\sly ne> ! l9e ( di%one/y4 ,9 #addh ,gut5b]g 0 back 9 ,ma9z & aga9 borr[+ money4 ,:at happ5$ next c be/ be read back f :at is kn[n z ! ,helmasp]g] docum5t1 a not>ial in/rum5t relat+ to a law suit :i* ,john ,fu/ br\ght aga9/ ,gut5b]g 9 #adee4 ,f ?is docum5t x appe>s t ab\t #adej1 or slightly be=e1 ,gut5b]g became acqua9t$ ) ,john ,fu/1 :o 0 a prosp]\s bus9ess man 9 ,ma9z4 ,! two ent]$ into a contract ( p>tn]%ip = five ye>s4 ,fu/ 0 to advance #hjj guild]s to ,gut5b]g at six p] c5t int]e/ = use 9 procur+ tools & mat]ials1 said tools to rema9 mortgag$ to ,fu/ until ! loan 0 paid4 ,9 addition ,fu/ 0 to advance to ,gut5b]g #cjj guild]s e ye> to provide = s]vant's wages1 h\se r5t1 vellum1 pap]1 ink1 etc4 ,9 return ,fu/ 0 to receive "o half ( ! pr(its1 b 0 to be responsible = no debts & 0 to take no p]sonal "p 9 ! bus9ess4 ,x is reasonably cle> f ?is contract t :ile ,gut5b]g _h hopes 9 #adej1 & we %all probably see lat] ^u :at !y 7 f\nd$1 he _h n ev5 made ! necess>y tools = pr9t+1 mu* less pr9t$ any?+4 ,?+s did n1 h[ev]1 g smoo?ly "u ! new p>tn]%ip4 ,in/ead ( ,fu/ pay+ ! eight hundr$ guild]s at once1 he spread ! paym5ts ov] two ye>s4 ,gut5b]g1 on 8 "p1 did n f9d ! ?ree hundr$ guild]s a ye> suffici5t4 ,fu/1 !re=e1 propos$ t in/ead ( pay+ ! ?ree hundr$ guild]s a ye> = ! rema9+ ?ree ye>s ( ! p>tn]%ip1 he %\ld pay eight hundr$ guild]s d[n1 & remit ! int]e/ on ! fir/ eight hundr$ guild]s z an (fset = ! "o hundr$ guild]s :i* ,gut5b]g w\ld lose "u ?is modification ( ! orig9al contract4 ,^! arrangem5ts seem to h be5 c>ri$ out b 9 #adee ! results 7 s unsatisfactory t ,fu/ br\ght suit to recov] ! money advanc$4 ,! c\rt decid$ at lea/ 9 "p 9 favor ( ,fu/4 ,gut5b]g 0 unable to return ! money :i* ! c\rt aw>d$ to ,fu/1 & 9 consequ5ce ,fu/ took possession ( ! bus9ess & equipm5t4 ,gut5b]g appe>s to h sav$ some?+ out ( ! wreck & f\nd a new f9ancial back] 9 ! p]son ( ,conrad ,hum]y1 a physician & t[n cl]k ( ,ma9z4 ,to ?is new (fice are attribut$ a numb] ( books & pamphlets1 ! mo/ important "o be+ a ,ca?olicon1 #adfj1 ne>ly eight hundr$ pages l>ge folio4 ,9 #adfb ! city ( ,ma9z 0 besieg$ & sack$ & ! pr9t+ indu/ry !re9 0 brok5 up4 ,9 #adff1 h[ev]1 we f9d pr9t+ done 9 ,eltville1 a suburb ( ,ma9z1 ) type :i* is suppos$ to h be5 ,gut5b]g's4 ,z ?is 0 ! bir?place ( ,gut5b]g's "m & !re 0 a family e/ate !re x is q probable t ! ,gut5b]g-,hum]y (fice 0 set up 9 t place4 ,9 #adfe we f9d ,gut5b]g appo9t$ "o ( ! (fic]s ( ! c\rt ( ,adolph ,,ii1 ! militant pr9ce-bi%op :o _h captur$ & loot$ ,ma9z ?ree ye>s be=e4 ,! pat5t /ates t ?is appo9tm5t is made on acc\nt ( 8agreeable & volunt>y s]vice r5d]$ to u & our bi%opric40 ,?is is ! la/ we he> ( ,gut5b]g except ! record ( 8 dea? 9 ,febru>y1 #adfh4 ,9 brief1 ?is leg5d tells u t ,gut5b]g 0 = ye>s a pati5t b disappo9t$ seek] aft] an inv5tion :i* he _h dream$ ( b c\ld n make practical1 t he f9ally succe$$ only to be robb$ ( ! fruits ( 8 success by an unscrupul\s money l5d]1 t 9 8 old age he began aga9 ) undaunt$ c\rage1 /ruggl+ always aga9/ f9ancial difficulties & always fail+ to make a wordly success ( 8 great inv5tion1 reap+ 8 only rew>d 9 ! t>dy favor ( ! pr9ce-bi%op4 ,t ,fu/ & 8 son-9-law1 ,s*oeff]1 did make a f9ancial success ( pr9t+1 & t fur!r success 0 made by ,be*t]mntz1 :o is said to h be5 a relative ( ,gut5b]g & to h inh]it$ type & mat]ial f 8 second %op1 & t f ,ma9z z a c5t] ! art ( pr9t+ spread ov] ! civiliz$ _w are beyond "q4 ,^! are ! leg5ds ( ! inv5tion4 ,n[ let u see if we c f9d out :at really happ5$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,inv5tion ,! /udy ( ! "q ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 l t ( any o!r hi/orical "q1 mu/ deal ) ! exam9ation ( ?ree classes ( evid5ce or s _m ( !m z may be available4 ,^! ?ree classes ( evid5ce1 9 ord] ( _! importance1 are fir/1 rema9s1 second1 contempor>y docum5ts1 & ?ird1 docum5ts or evid5ce ( a lat] p]iod4 ,= example1 !re may be tradition widely curr5t & runn+ backw>d 9 lit]>y =m to )9 a hundr$ ye>s ( ! dea? ( ! p]son ref]r$ to1 t a c]ta9 k+ rul$ 9 a c]ta9 c\ntry & did c]ta9 ?+s4 ,t is evid5ce ( ! ?ird class4 ,!re may be extant contempor>y works ( travel]s1 hi/ories ( o!r c\ntries1 or ev5 ! publi%$ recollections ( old m51 :i* said t at a c]ta9 p]iod t k+ liv$ & did c]ta9 ?+s4 ,t is evid5ce ( ! second class4 ,!re may be co9s1 (ficial inscriptions1 public docum5ts1 emanat+ directly f ?is k+ or ev5 be>+ 8 signature4 ,?is is evid5ce ( ! fir/ class4 ,?is class ( evid5ce is conclusive4 ,! second class is /rong1 b n conclusive1 ! ?ird class is v unc]ta94 ,n[ x happ5s t ) reg>d to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ we h evid5ce ( all ?ree classes4 ,all ( x is conflict+1 b ! conflicts1 x is to be not$1 are ma9ly 9 ! evid5ce ( ! ?ird class4 ,! evid5ce ( ! second class exi/s ma9ly 9 ,ma9z1 b is n ne>ly z conclusive z has be5 suppos$4 ,evid5ce ( ! fir/ class comes entirely f ,ha>lem1 & is !re support$ by "o or two important pieces ( evid5ce ( ! second class4 ,) ?is brief introduction p]haps x w be easi] to und]/& ! argum5t :i* foll[s4 ,( c\rse1 ! mat]ial ( ! fir/ class1 namely1 rema9s1 w\ld be ! e>lie/ kn[n pieces ( pr9t+4 ,if ^! pieces ( pr9t+ 7 dat$ z books are today1 !y c\ld n be que/ion$1 b z !y are n s dat$1 b mu/ be plac$ by o!r evid5ce1 !y h be5 que/ion$4 ,!re exi/1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 =ty-sev5 di/9ct pieces ( pr9t+ ea* be>+ evid5ce ( be+ among ! fir/ pieces ( pr9t+ produc$4 ,^! =ty-sev5 works 9 _! pres5t condition run all ! way f an entire book to a fragm5t ( a s+le page4 ,a gr\p ( ?ree or f\r ( !m may be id5tifi$ by ref]5ce to (ficials ^: (ficial dates 7 kn[n z be+ ei!r 9 #adgd or imm$iately prec$+ x4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n date ! :ole gr\p4 ,^! few specim5s are mu* m advanc$ 9 _! appe>ance & workman%ip ?an ! re/ ( ! =ty-sev54 ,sev]al o!r editions ( "s at lea/ ( ^! bett] books appe> 9 ?is int]e/+ lot ( rema9s4 ,! o!r editions are ( a mu* m primitive appe>ance1 %[+ t ! p]iod cov]$ by ! =ty-sev5 works end$ n lat] ?an #adgd4 ,( ^! =ty-sev5 works1 =ty-five are 9 ,lat91 :i*1 z we "k1 0 ! language ( s*ools1 c\rts1 & *ur*es at ?is p]iod 9 all nations4 ,"o1 an edition ( a book ( :i* !re are sev]al editions 9 ,lat91 0 9 ,dut*4 ,"o 0 9 ,fr5*4 ,t ^! =ty-sev5 books all came f ,ha>lem is pretty cle>ly %[n by c]ta9 int]nal evid5ce4 ,"o ( !m is cle>ly plac$ 9 ,holl& by ! fact t x 0 pr9t$ 9 ,dut*4 ,nobody at ! v outset ( pr9t+ w\ld pr9t books 9 ,dut* except a ,dut*man4 ,all ! re/ ( ! =ty-sev5 are closely relat$ to ^!1 z is %[n by ! simil>ity b n id5tity ( _! types4 ,! e>lie/ pr9t]s 7 imitators ( ! copyi/s4 ,!y made _! pages look z mu* l a manuscript page z !y c\ld1 n p]haps ) int5t to deceive1 b because no?+ else occurr$ to !m4 ,y w f9d t all ! e>lie/ types are model$ ^u ! h&writ+ curr5t among ! copyi/s ( ! place :]e ! pr9t+ 0 done4 ,c]ta9ly ^! books did n come f ,ma9z4 ,nobody has ev] claim$ t !y did4 ,almo/ equally c]ta9ly !y did come f ,holl& & f ,ha>lem4 ,! h&writ+ is ! h&writ+ ( ! ,ha>lem copyi/s ( ! p]iod4 ,an attempt 0 made at "o "t to assign ^! books to ,utre*t1 b x is n only true t ea* c\ntry _h its prevail+ copyi/'s h&1 b t ea* important c5t] _h its own sy/em v>i\sly develop$ 9 ! local s*ools 9 :i* copy+ 0 taught4 ,! ,utre*t h& is n ! ,ha>lem h&4 ,! books resemble ! ,ha>lem h& & n ! ,utre*t4 ,:ile ! =ty-sev5 books %[ a consid]able numb] ( v>ieties ( type1 ! editions be+ id5tifi$ by ^! type diff]5ces1 all ! type faces %[ a /rong family resemblance4 ,!y are design$ f a common model1 b n at ! same "t1 & consequ5tly !y %[ m>k$ resemblances & m>k$ diff]5ces4 ,! "q may be ask$ :y ! same pr9t] %\ld use eight or n9e diff]5t fonts ( type = only =ty-sev5 books4 ,! answ] is f\nd 9 ! fact t type-mak+ 0 z yet 9 an exp]im5tal /age & t durable mat]ial _h n yet be5 f\nd = t purpose4 ,:5 we come to ! discussion ( evid5ce ( ano!r class we %all f9d confirmation ( ?is4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( ! second or ?ird class connect+ e>ly pr9t+ ) any ,dut* t[n except ,ha>lem4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 important evid5ce ( ! o!r classes :i* does connect pr9t+ ) ,ha>lem4 ,!re are n1 h[ev]1 =ty-sev5 diff]5t works4 ,tw5ty ( ! =ty-sev5 books are diff]5t editions ( ! ,donatus1 t is to say !y are ,donatuses %[+ su* typographic diff]5ces z to %[ t no two ( !m c\ld h be5 pr9t$ f ! same type =m4 ,f\r ( !m are editions ( ! ,speculum & eight are diff]5t editions ( ! ,doctr9ale4 ,! ,doctr9ale 0 a brief comp5d to ,*ri/ian doctr9e approv$ by ! *ur* & widely circulat$ among ! fai?ful4 ,ne>ly all ( ! fragm5ts ( ^! =ty-sev5 books h be5 f\nd 9 ,ha>lem or 9 ! neighborhood4 ,x is evid5t t ! publications ( ?is press1 :atev] its date1 7 locally sold & t nei!r its fame nor its product w5t f> f ! place ( production4 ,hav+ ?us %[n ! reasons = believ+ t ^! =ty-sev5 pieces ( e>ly pr9t+ came f ,ha>lem1 let u see :at !y h to say = !mselves z to ! "t ( _! production4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t a small gr\p ( ! be/ ( !m dat$ !mselves no lat] ?an #adgd1 z is %[n by _! cont5ts4 ,s f> z ! cont5ts !mselves are conc]n$ we h no?+ to date ! o!rs4 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s ab\t ! books !mselves1 h[ev]1 :i* %[ t _! production mu/ h begun long be=e #adgd4 ,= "o ?+1 !re are tw5ty editions ( ! ,donatus4 ,we h no way ( kn[+ h[ ne> toge!r ! editions 71 b :5 we comp>e !m ) ! editions ( ! ,donatus lat] publi%$ we %all see t x is n unreasonable to suppose t !y run back "s ?irty ye>s4 ,!re 7 also f\r editions ( ! ,speculum & eight editions ( ! ,doctr9ale4 ,9 ea* case ! evid5ce ( o!r pr9t]s %[s t ev5 "o ( ! small editions usually publi%$ at t "t la/$ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,! appe>ance ( ! books !mselves be>s out ?is conclusion4 ,good z ! lat] ones are1 !y are inf]ior to ,ma9z workman%ip ( _! p]iod & ! e>li] ones are f> inf]ior to ,ma9z workman%ip ( any p]iod4 ,!y are n only )\t signatures1 initial directors1 hyph5s1 & cat* words1 all ( :i* _h come into use be=e #adgd1 b !y %[ c]ta9 o!r rem>kable peculi>ities4 ,_m ( ^! editions 7 pr9t$ on vellum1 :i* is n 9 itself rem>kable1 z vellum cont9u$ to be us$ = a good _m ye>s = "s books & = special copies ( c]ta9 editions4 ,"s ( !m %[ a fur!r peculi>ity ( hav+ vellum & pap] comb9$ toge!r1 "s ( ! pages be+ pr9t$ on %eets ( vellum & "s be+ pr9t$ on %eets ( pap]4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! books are pr9t$ only on "o side ( ! page4 ,none ( ! e>ly ,ma9z books %[ ?is peculi>ity4 ,"s ( ^! books n only %[ ! curi\s comb9ation ( pap] & vellum j not$1 b curi\s comb9ations ( ! use ( block & type4 ,9 "s cases ! upp] "p ( ! page %[s a picture pr9t$ f a block :ile ! l[] "p is pr9t$ f type4 ,! blocks ?us us$ are ! old famili> blocks ( ! ,speculum b ) no text c>v$ on ! block4 ,"s ( ! books %[ ! peculi>ity ( c]ta9 pages ( text pr9t$ f blocks & o!r pages ( text pr9t$ f type4 ,! accompany+ illu/rations %[ a reproduction ( a page ( a ,donatus pr9t$ f blocks1 & a reproduction ( a ,donatus pr9t$ f type by ,co/]4 ,!y are tak5 f ,holtrop's ,monum5ts ,typographiques des ,pays-,bas4 ,two pages1 n consecutive1 ( ! pr9t$ ,donatus1 7 f\nd 9 ! b9d+ ( a book publi%$ 9 ,delft 9 #adhd4 ,! leaves are ( vellum1 pr9t$ on "o side only4 ,! ink is pale & is soluble 9 wat]4 ,!re is no punctuation & !re are no hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es :]e words are divid$1 %[+ t ! font conta9$ only lett]s4 ,! l9es are fairly regul> 9 l5g? & end ) ei!r a complete ^w or a syllable4 ,! =m is well lock$ up & ! presswork is fair4 ,! lett]s are ( slightly v>y+ size & are n 9 p]fect alignm5t4 ,app>5tly ea* lett] 0 cut indep5d5tly on ! end ( ! type body & ! cutt] 0 n suffici5tly skillful to c5t] !m p]fectly4 ,comp>e ?is page ) ! reproductions ( ! ,maz>91 or =ty-two l9e ,bible1 %[n on pages #dh & #di4 ,we "k t ! ,maz>9 ,bible 0 pr9t$ n lat] ?an #adef4 ,by "s x has be5 attribut$ to ,gut5b]g1 or at lea/ to 8 types1 b x is n[ consid]$ ! "w ( ,s*oeff]4 ,! ,maz>9 ,bible is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect & spl5did pieces ( typography t has ev] be5 produc$4 ,o!r "w attribut$ to ,gut5b]g %[s a high degree ( excell5ce4 ,x has always be5 "o ( ! wond]s ( inv5tion t s difficult & complicat$ an art z typography %\ld h sprung into be+ fully p]fect$1 )\t trace ( imp]fect exp]im5t4 ,9 ! r\gh page ( ,co/]'s ,donatus we cle>ly see ! imp]fect beg9n+--! miss+ l9k4 ,^! peculi>ities are exactly :at we %\ld expect to f9d 9 ! miss+ l9ks betwe5 ! pr9t+ ( block books & ! pr9t+ ( books f type4 ,! pr9t] is exp]im5t+4 ,he cuts ! lett]+ (f 8 blocks & comb9es !m ) type4 ,he uses type & blocks = ! same edition4 ,he exp]im5ts ) pap]4 ,he is v primitive 9 8 me?ods4 ,a block book c\ld be pr9t$ only on "o side4 ,he is n yet sure t ! type-set book c be pr9t$ on bo? sides4 ,n improbably he began by us+ = 8 type page ! same me?od ( pr9t+ t he us$ ) 8 wood5 block4 ,x seems pretty cle> t 9 ?is mass ( mat]ial1 kn[n collectively z ! ,co/]iana1 we h ! records ( ! c\rse ( exp]im5tation :i* l$ f ! pr9t+ ( ! image pr9t1 ) its leg5d cut on ! same block1 by plac+ a %eet ( pap] or vellum on ! ink$ surface ( ! block & press+ x d[n ) a frott51 to ! production ( ! book f type-set pages impress$ ^u bo? sides ( ! pap] by means ( a press4 ,we h ?us gone ?r\gh ! evid5ce ( ! fir/ class :i* exi/s = ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,we h se5 t !re exi/s indisputable evid5ce t =ty-sev5 editions 7 pr9t$ at ,ha>lem be=e #adgd by an exp]im5t] :o seems to h gone ov] ! road f ! block book to ! type-set book4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,facsimile ( ,type ,page by ,co/]4 ,illu/ration3 ,r$uc$ ,facsimile ( ,block ,pr9t+ ,we h a few bits ( evid5ce ( ! second & ?ird class :i* be> ^u ?is subject & confirm our conclusions4 ,jean ,le ,rob]t1 ,abbot ( ,cambray1 says 9 8 di>y t he b\ght 9 #addf & #adea copies ( ! ,doctr9ale ( ,alex&] ,gallus pr9t$ f type4 ,c]ta9ly no ,doctr9ales 7 pr9t$ f type 9 ,ma9z z e>ly z #addf1 al?\gh we "k t ! ,co/]iana include ,doctr9ales 9 eight editions :i* may well h gone back to #adea4 ,! oppon5ts ( ! ,ha>lem !ory claim t ! ,abbot ref]s to ,doctr9ales pr9t$ f blocks b we h no k ( ! exi/5ce ( any ,doctr9ales s made1 & ! t]m by :i* he describes !m is a t]m :i* f ! beg9n+ has be5 specifically appli$ to ! mak+ ( type & c\ld n be appli$ to ! mak+ ( blocks4 ,presumably ! ,abbot knew :at he 0 talk+ ab\t & told ! tru?4 ,hadrianus ,junius1 9 #aefh1 tells ! /ory ( ,co/] & ! bir* b>k lett]s z we h previ\sly told x4 ,x is n necess>y to repeat ! /ory1 b x is int]e/+ to note c]ta9 features ( x4 ,junius says t ,co/] pr9t$ 8 leaves on "o side1 pa/+ two toge!r to avoid ! recurr5ce ( alt]nate blank pages4 ,he fur!r says t he saw "o or two ( ,co/]'s books ?us made4 ,he claims t he got ! /ory 9 8 y\? f 8 tutor1 ,ni*olas ,gaal1 a v ag$ man1 b ( good memory1 :o said t 9 8 boyhood he _h he>d a c]ta9 ,cornelis1 a book b9d]1 !n eighty ye>s old1 tell ! /ory ( ,co/]'s inv5tion & 8 /ruggles to p]fect x1 includ+ ! use ( "o side ( ! pap] & ( sev]al diff]5t mat]ials = type4 ,! ,burgoma/] ( ,ha>lem1 ,quir9ius ,talesius1 admitt$ to ,junius t 9 8 y\? ,cornelis _h told him ! same /ory1 & x is int]e/+ to note 9 ?is connection t "s ( ! ,co/]iana fragm5ts are f\nd 9 b9d+s made by ?is same ,cornelis4 ,"o m evid5ce :i*1 l t ( ,junius1 falls into ! ?ird class rema9s to be cit$4 ,9 #adii ,koelh(f publi%$ ! ,cologne ,*ronicle 9 :i* he speaks ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 us+ z 8 au?ority ,ulri* ,zell1 a pr9t] ( ! ,ma9z s*ool1 :o settl$ 9 ,cologne4 ,he says t ,zell told him t 8! art ( pr9t+ 0 fir/ f\nd at ,ma9z1 b 9 ! mann] z x 0 !n 7#adii7 practic$2 ! fir/ prefiguration1 h[ev]1 ! beg9n+ ( t at ,ma9z1 0 f\nd 9 ,holl& f ! ,donatuses :i* _h be5 pr9t$ 9 t c\ntry be=e40 ,c]ta9ly ?is is n an attribution ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ei!r to ,ma9z or to ,gut5b]g4 ,x is a di/9ct confession t x is only ! sort ( "w !n be+ done :i* 0 inv5t$ at ,ma9z & t x 0 sugge/$ by "w br\ght f ,holl&4 ,x entirely agrees ) ! ,junius acc\nt above quot$4 ,9 ! ,ha>lem ,t[n ,libr>y !re is a p$igree ( ! ,co/] family4 ,9 its pres5t =m x dates f #aeei1 b ! e>li] "p 0 evid5tly copi$ f an old docum5t4 ,?is p$igree says t ,l\r5s ,jansso5 ,co/] inv5t$ pr9t+ 9 #addf4 ,:ile we h n "h an exact agreem5t ( dates we h "o ne> en\gh = all practical purposes4 ,! ,co/]iana run back = a p]iod :i* may be cons]vatively /at$ at ?irty ye>s f #adgd1 t is to say1 to #addd or !reab\ts4 ,zell says t pr9t$ ,donatuses came f ,holl&1 b t ! art ( pr9t+ z practic$ 9 #adii 0 inv5t$ at ,ma9z1 & ?is inv5tion1 z we %all pres5tly %[1 is fix$ z subsequ5tly to #adej4 ,junius1 writ+ 9 #aefh1 says t ,co/] discov]$ pr9t+ #abh ye>s previ\sly1 t is to say1 #addj4 ,if we n[ turn to ! exam9ation ( ! evid5ce 9 support ( ! claim = ,gut5b]g1 we f9d t x is lack+ 9 mat]ial ( ! fir/ or ev5 ( ! second class4 ,x is n absolutely c]ta9 t we h any book pr9t$ by ,gut5b]g4 ,if1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( ! argum5t we admit t he pr9t$ ne>ly or q all ( ! works t are attribut$ to him we f9d t !y are all mu* bett] 9 workman%ip & appe>ance ?an ! ,ha>lem books4 ,none ( !m are pr9t$ on "o side ( ! page only1 except+1 ( c\rse1 small matt]s :i* w\ld n cov] m ?an "o page1 & !re are no signs :atev] ( transition f any previ\s type ( pr9t+ to typography4 ,^? :o h accept$ ! !ory ( ,gut5b]g's inv5tion h m>vel$ at ! p]fection ( 8 "w1 z well !y might4 ,!re are only two pieces ( evid5ce ( ! fir/ class4 ,"o is ! ,helmasp]g] docum5t1 a not>y's docum5t conc]n+ ! law suit :i* ,fu/ br\ght aga9/ ,gut5b]g 9 #adee4 ,a close exam9ation ( ?is docum5t w\ld appe> to %[ t x tells r aga9/ ?an 9 favor ( ,gut5b]g4 ,x appe>s to %[ conclusively t ,gut5b]g _h n done any pr9t+ be=e #adej1 & _h n at t "t ev5 made ! tools ) :i* to pr9t4 ,9 ?is docum5t ,fu/ speaks ( 8! "w0 & 8our common "w40 ,gut5b]g speaks ( 8tools0 9 prep>ation4 ,cle>ly he is borr[+ money 9 ord] to make tools4 ,he speaks fur!r ( 8s]vants' wages1 h\se r5t1 vellum1 pap]1 ink1 etc40 & ( 8! "w ( ! books40 ,! judges speak ( 8! "w to ! pr(it ( bo? ( !m10 8_! common use10 & ! l4 ,!re is n a ^w :i* speaks di/9ctly ( an inv5tion4 ,x is true t ! argum5t f sil5ce is always dang]\s & t ^? :o believe t ,gut5b]g inv5t$ pr9t+ c\ld easily read betwe5 ! l9es ( ?is docum5t ref]5ces to ! inv5tion4 ,to "o :o approa*es ! subject ) an op5 m9d1 h[ev]1 ! language is r t ( "o :o ent]s into p>tn]%ip = ! c>ry+ on ( a bus9ess ent]prise :i* is und]/ood by bo? p>ties & f :i* bo? expect to receive pr(it r ?an t ( ! man :o und]takes to f9ance an inv5tor = a %>e 9 ! inv5tion4 ,! o!r piece ( evid5ce ( ! fir/ class is ! lett]s pat5t by :i* ,adolph ,,ii appo9t$ ,gut5b]g "o ( ! (fic]s ( 8 c\rt4 ,! docum5t /ates t ! appo9tm5t is made = 8agreeable & volunt>y s]vice r5d]$ to u & our bi%opric40 ,x has be5 argu$ t z ,gut5b]g 0 n a soldi] ?is agreeable & volunt>y s]vice mu/ h be5 ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,surely ?is is a viol5t assumption4 ,if we believe t ,gut5b]g inv5t$ pr9t+1 we may p]haps see 9 ^! words a ref]5ce to ! inv5tion1 al?\gh we !n m>vel :y s epo*-mak+ an accompli%m5t 0 n specifically m5tion$4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to see :y an unconv9c$ p]son %\ld be expect$ to see 9 su* a /atem5t z ?is any evid5ce t ,gut5b]g _h inv5t$ pr9t+4 ,c]ta9ly !re are _m o!r k9ds ( s]vice :i* might well h be5 r5d]$ by "o ( :om we "k s little z we d ( ,gut5b]g4 ,zell's te/imony1 already ref]r$ to1 is ( ! second class4 ,zell's te/imony also c\nts aga9/ ,gut5b]g4 ,he di/9ctly does n claim t ,gut5b]g inv5t$ any m ?an ! me?od ( pr9t+ 9 use 9 #adii1 admitt+ t he got 8 sugge/ion f ! ,donatuses br\ght out ( ,holl&4 ,x has be5 argu$ t ^! ,donatuses 7 block books & t x 0 f !m t ,gut5b]g got ! idea ( typography4 ,?is argum5t1 h[ev]1 breaks d[n at once :5 we rememb] t _m block books 7 pr9t$ 9 ,g]many4 ,!re is no e>?ly reason :y ! sugge/ion ( typography %\ld h come f a ,dut* block book :5 ev]ybody 0 famili> ) ! ,g]man ones & _h be5 s famili> = _m ye>s4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! docum5t>y evid5ce :i* w be f\nd set =? 9 *ronological ord] 9 ! article on ,typography 9 ! elev5? edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica %[s sev]al int]e/+ ?+s4 ,:ile ! e>li] m5tions ( pr9t+ g5]ally attribute ! beg9n+s ( ! art to ,ma9z1 few ( !m speak di/9ctly ( its be+ inv5t$ !re4 ,!y speak ( its be+ practic$ !re & be+ giv5 to ,g]many & ! _w f !re1 claims z we %all pres5tly see q consi/5t ) ! !ory ( inv5tion else:]e4 ,ne>ly1 if n q1 all ( ! e>ly /atem5ts t pr9t+ 0 inv5t$ by ,gut5b]g are traceable ei!r directly to ,gut5b]g himself1 to 8 family1 or to p :o w\ld be quot+ him or 8 family4 ,x is n until a comp>atively late p]iod t we f9d any agreem5t among writ]s 9 attribut+ ! inv5tion to ,gut5b]g4 ,we are n[ p]haps 9 position to =m a pretty cle> idea ( j :at happ5$ & to aw>d discrim9at+ cr$it :]e x belongs4 ,! pres5t writ] believes t x may be consid]$ z settl$ t ,co/] inv5t$ pr9t+ 9 ,ha>lem ab\t #addf4 ,co/] did n1 h[ev]1 f\nd a s*ool ( pr9t+4 ,he ceas$ to pr9t n f> f #adha1 z ab\t t "t we f9d "s ( 8 mat]ial us$ else:]e4 ,! lat] ye>s ( ! c5tury see a few pr9t]s 9 ,holl&4 ,h[ f> !y d]iv$ _! inspiration f ,co/] is d\btful4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,ha>lem 0 n a c5t] f :i* spread to ! re/ ( ,europe & ultimately to ! :ole _w ! art pres]vative ( all arts4 ,! honor ( be+ ?is c5t] cle>ly belongs to ,ma9z4 ,h[ did ! art get !re8 ,probably n ?r\gh ! trea*]y ( a di%one/ appr5tice4 ,t is "o ( ! leg5d>y features ( ! ,junius /ory1 expla9$ by ! fact t 9 8 "t ev]ybody knew t ! c5t] f :i* pr9t+ spread 0 ,ma9z & t ! fir/ two pr9t]s 7 ,john ,gut5b]g & ,john ,fu/4 ,we may at ?is po9t accept ,zell's acc\nt z ! true "o4 ,"s ( ,co/]'s "w f\nd its way to ,ma9z1 toge!r1 probably1 ) "s g5]al1 unsci5tific /atem5ts z to h[ x 0 produc$4 ,act+ on ?is h9t & ) ^! models be=e him1 ,gut5b]g re9v5t$ ! art1 t is1 he work$ out f ! f9i%$ product & a g5]al idea ( h[ x 0 made :at 0 to all int5ts & purposes an orig9al process sup]ior to ! "o by :i* ! "w 9 8 possession _h be5 produc$4 ,8 association ) ,fu/1 ! bus9ess man1 & ,s*oeff]1 ! craftsman1 0 ! means :]eby ! inv5tion became pr(itable to ! _w1 ?\gh n to ,gut5b]g4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ,fu/ 0 an unpr9cipl$ s*em] :o /ole ,gut5b]g's inv5tion & pr(it$ by x4 ,he 0 a bus9ess man :o made a contract ) ano!r man = ! c>ry+ on ( a c]ta9 manufactur+ process1 sett+ 8 capital aga9/ ! o!r man's labor = an equal %>e 9 ! pr(it4 ,!re 0 n only no pr(it1 b ! work+ p>tn] did n live up to 8 side ( ! contract4 ,fu/ su$1 obta9$ a judgm5t1 & "u ?is judgm5t took ov] a great "p at lea/ ( ! equipm5t :i* 8 money _h paid =4 ,:ile ! crim9al proc$ure ( ?is age 0 ( a v h>% & primitive sort ! judgm5ts ( ! ,g]man c\rts 9 civil cases appe> g5]ally to h be5 fairly j4 ,:5 we consid] ,gut5b]g's record ( f9ancial slipp]9ess !re seems no reason to d\bt t x 0 j 9 ?is case4 ,on obta9+ ! bus9ess ,fu/ associat$ ) himself ! "y j\rneyman1 ,pet] ,s*oeff]1 :o _h le>n$ ! bus9ess 9 ! ,gut5b]g & ,fu/ e/abli%m5t & _h m>ri$ ,fu/'s daught]4 ,he 0 an excell5t workman & 8 skill1 back$ by ,fu/'s capital1 set ! new inv5tion on a practical basis & insur$ its future4 ,9 decid+ aga9/ ! claims ( ,gut5b]g to ! inv5tion we by no means deprive him ( all %>e 9 ! glory4 ,! re9v5tion ) improvem5ts 0 ne>ly if n q z cr$itable a task z ! inv5tion1 especially :5 we rememb] h[ simple a /ep ! actual inv5tor took 9 go+ f 8 block book to 8 type-set book4 ,! inv5tion ( ,co/] 0 /]ile4 ,! re9v5tion ( ,gut5b]g 0 fruitful4 ,x 0 ,ma9z & n ,ha>lem :i* actually gave pr9t+ to ! _w4 ,9 view ( all ?is ! e>ly te/imonies are n s conflict+ z !y seem4 ,we h se5 t ! te/imonies ( ,junius & ( ,zell supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,we c see t ! e>ly au?orities 7 "r 9 _! claim t pr9t+ 0 giv5 to ,g]many & ! _w by ,ma9z1 & at ! same "t t ! claim is n1 z has be5 ha/ily suppos$1 a claim t x 0 inv5t$ !re4 ,we c see t ! re9v5tion ( pr9t+ might well seem s important to ,gut5b]g himself & to 8 family t !y %\ld claim t he inv5t$ x4 ,! /atem5t 9 ! lett]s pat5t may well ref] to ! s]vice :i* ,gut5b]g r5d]$ to ! c\rt & bi%opric ( ,adolph ,,ii by ! introduction ( typography because he unque/ionably did ?us r5d] !m great s]vice1 & we are no long] surpris$ at ! omission ( a di/9ct /atem5t t ,gut5b]g 0 rew>d$ = inv5t+ typography4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,gut5b]g monum5ts ne$ n come d[n1 b ! inscriptions on !m %\ld be *ang$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,mat]ials ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,pr9t]s ,our k ( ,co/] is mu* less complete ?an our k ( ,gut5b]g4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 t c\ld be said ( "o w\ld und\bt$ly be true ( ! o!r4 ,x is report$ t ,co/] began ) wood5 type4 ,?is w\ld naturally be ! fir/ /ep =w>d f ! block book1 :i* 0 inv>iably pr9t$ f wood4 ,f9d+ t wood5 type 0 unsatisfactory 9 ! press1 he exp]im5t$ ) lead & ) t91 we are told4 ,obvi\sly he w\ld n get satisfactory results ) ei!r ( ^! metals unalloy$4 ,! use ( unsatisfactory mat]ial probably acc\nts = ! numb] ( fonts ( type :i* he employ$ 9 8 comp>atively small output4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,pr9ciple ( a ,type ,mold ,gut5b]g & 8 associates inv5t$ a m satisfactory type metal & an improv$ me?od = ! mak+ ( type4 ,! fir/ types appe> to h be5 c>v$ individually by h&4 ,?is 0 a great task1 b n z great z might appe>4 ,! e>ly pr9t]s pr9t$ _! books page by page4 ,:5 "o page 0 pr9t$ 9 suffici5t numb]s = ! edition ! type 0 di/ribut$ & ano!r page set up1 & s on4 ,9 ?is way a comp>atively small am\nt ( type w\ld suffice = ! equipm5t ( a small %op4 ,x 0 n long1 h[ev]1 be=e ! sup]iority ( ca/+ 0 p]ceiv$4 ,! fir/ mold 0 probably two not*$ blocks ( brass or copp]1 l ^? %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration1 a me?od be+ provid$ ( accurately position+ ! matrix "u ! op5+ 9 ! mold & also ( hold+ ! two blocks firmly toge!r4 ,f ! illu/ration x w be not$ t :5 ! blocks are =c$ toge!r a squ>e op5+ rema9s4 ,/ill keep+ ! blocks toge!r1 b slid+ d[n ! "o at ! "r1 "o dim5sion ( ! op5+ does n *ange1 b ! o!r c be v>i$4 ,?is mold has be5 improv$ 9 detail1 b n greatly alt]$ 9 pr9ciple d[n to ?is day4 ,a fairly satisfactory =m ( matrix v simil> to ! "o 9 use today 0 soon devis$4 ,?is 0 made by cutt+ ! lett] 9 relief on ! end ( a s(t /eel or iron pun* :i* 0 !n h>d5$ & driv5 into a block ( s(t brass or copp]1 :i* became ! matrix4 ,illu/ration3 ,type ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible 7exact size7 ,! type1 z has be5 said1 0 cut to resemble ! h&writ+ ( ! scribes 9 ! locality :]e ! book 0 pr9t$4 ,?is w\ld be ! obvi\s me?od because x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! rapid reproduction ( manuscripts 0 ! sole end :i* ! fir/ pr9t]s _h 9 view4 ,!y did n ?9k ( develop+ a conv5tional book type diff]5t f h&writ+ or script4 ,!y simply imitat$ ! script :i* 0 curr5t1 & consequ5tly mo/ legible1 9 _! neighborhood4 ,! s*ool boys ( t day did n h to le>n two alphabets1 "o ! script lett] & ! o!r ! pr9t$ lett]1 z we d today4 ,! device ( spac+ 0 imm$iately adopt$4 ,! lett]s 7 ca/1 h[ev]1 ^u bodies ) wide %\ld]s at top & bottom & us$ )\t leads4 ,illu/ration3 ,page f ! ,maz>9 ,bible 7r$uc$7 ,! types ( ! p]iod 7 bo? h&some & legible4 ,p]haps !y may n be easy = u to read1 b t is because we are n famili> ) ! =ms ( ! lett]s us$ & especially ) ! contractions & abbreviations :i* 7 common4 ,! beauty ( "s ( ^! e>ly types w be se5 f ! little specim5 ( ! type ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible :i* is h]e) reproduc$ 9 full size4 ,) ! example ( ! illum9ators be=e !m ! e>ly pr9t]s paid mu* att5tion to ! ornam5t+ ( _! pages4 ,!y introduc$ "s ornam5ts ( _! own & !y occasionally left space = ! h& illum9ator to use 9 supplem5t+ _! "w4 ,a full page ( ! ,maz>9 ,bible greatly r$uc$ is %[n h]e)4 ,by comp>+ t ) ! specim5 ( full size type & imag9+ ! :ole page ?r[n up to natural size "o c see :at a really beautiful book ?is fam\s ,bible 04 ,illu/ration3 ,an ,e>ly ,pr9t+ ,press ,! press 9 use 0 ( ! mo/ simple =m imag9able1 z %[n by ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,x 0 an adaptation ( a famili> me*anical device1 ) no orig9ality ab\t x4 ,x 0 made ( wood & 0 op]at$ by a screw turn+ ?r\gh a nut1 ! mov+ ( ! screw br++ ! plat5 & b$ into contact4 ,! =m 0 releas$ by ! rev]se movem5t ( ! screw4 ,aft] a :ile ! slid+ b$ & frisket %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7 introduc$ & !re ! me*anism /opp$ = a long "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,b$ ( ,h& ,press ,%[+ ,tympan & ,frisket ,! fir/ tw5ty-five ye>s or s ( pr9t+ h be5 describ$ z a p]iod ( /agnation4 ,!y h also be5 describ$ z ! p]iod ( ! workman4 ,app>5tly ! va/ possibilities ( ! new art 7 sl[ 9 obta9+ recognition4 ,! e>lie/ pr9t]s 7 only me*anics4 ,!y _h n yet got ! vision ( comb9+ s*ol>%ip ) _! art & s unlock+ ! treasuries ( ! _w to mank9d g5]ally1 /ill less t ( add+ to ! sum total ( human k4 ,!y _h f\nd out an art by :i* manuscripts c\ld be rapidly produc$ & money made by _! sale1 & t 0 all4 ,!y cont5t$ !mselves ) a slavi% imitation ( manuscripts1 ) app>5tly no ?\ght ( _! be+ any?+ m ?an manuscript imitators4 ,?is condition ( ?+s1 h[ev]1 c\ld n la/ long4 ,x 0 inevitable t ! s*ol>s ( ! _w %\ld become int]e/$ 9 ?is new process & %\ld beg9 to see its advantages4 ,aft] tw5ty or tw5ty-five ye>s ( pr9t+ ?is took place4 ,! p]iod ( sluggi% & practically dormant infancy pass$ & ! developm5t ( ! art began1 z we %all see 9 ! next volume ( ?is s]ies1 ,no4 #ea1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+1 ,"p ,i4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,read+ ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,books4 ,by ,g]trude ,bur=d ,rawl+s4 ,mc,clure1 ,phillips ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,inv5tion ,,( ,,pr9t+4 ,by ,!dore ,l4 ,de ,v9ne4 ,oswald ,publi%+ ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,,ha>lem1 ,,n ,,ma9z4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,hesels4 ,,e>ly ,,pr9t$ ,,books4 ,by ,e4 ,gordon ,duff4 ,,books ,,& ,,_! ,,mak]s ,,9 ,,! ,,middle ,,ages4 ,vol4 ,i4 by ,george ,hav5 ,putnam4 ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york4 ,,encyclop$ia ,,britannica4 ,elev5? ,edition4 ,article on ,typography4 ,pupils :o h access to l>ge libr>ies %\ld consult ,j4,w4 ,holtrop's ,monum5ts ,typographiques des ,pays-,bas & ,samuel ,so!by's ,pr9cipia1 bo? ( :i* conta9 _m excell5t reproductions ( v e>ly pr9t+4 ,so!by's book is commonly ref]r$ to z above1 b is publi%$ "u sev]al diff]5t names 9 editions :i* v>y b little4 ,p]haps ! be/ is entitl$ ,typography ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury4 ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,in/ructors ,! foll[+ que/ions1 bas$ on ! cont5ts ( ?is volume1 are int5d$ to s]ve 7#a7 z a guide to ! /udy ( ! text1 7#b7 z an aid to ! /ud5t 9 putt+ ! in=mation conta9$ into def9ite /atem5ts )\t actually memoriz+ ! text1 7#c7 z a means ( secur+ f ! /ud5t a reproduction ( ! in=mation 9 8 own words4 ,a c>eful foll[+ ( ! que/ions by ! read] w insure full acqua9tance ) e "p ( ! text1 avoid+ ! accid5tal omission ( :at might be ( value4 ,^! prim]s are s cond5s$ t no?+ %\ld be omitt$4 ,9 tea*+ f ^! books x is v important t ^! que/ions & su* o!rs z may occur to ! tea*] %\ld be made ! basis ( frequ5t writt5 "w1 & ( f9al exam9ations4 ,! importance ( writt5 "w _c be ov]/at$4 ,x n only assures k ( mat]ial b ! p[] to express t k correctly & 9 good =m4 ,if ?is writt5 "w c be submitt$ to ! tea*] 9 pr9t$ =m x w be d\bly useful4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at int]e/+ fact is not$ ab\t mo/ great inv5tions & :at is ! reason = x8 #b4 ,give "s well kn[n in/ances4 #c4 ,h[ does ?is condition apply to ! inv5tion ( pr9t+8 #d4 ,:y may we "q ,de ,v9ne's decision8 #e4 ,:y 0 ! discov]y ( typography inevitable ab\t #adej8 #f4 ,:at 0 ! condition ( ,engl& & ,france at ?is "t8 #g4 ,:at 0 ! condition ( ,italy8 #h4 ,:at 0 ! condition ( ,g]many1 ,spa91 & ,portugal8 #i4 ,:at 0 ! condition ( ! *ur*8 #aj4 ,:at important movem5t 0 made possible by ^! political conditions8 #aa4 ,"n "s important ev5ts 9 ! movem5t4 #ab4 ,:at _h all ?is to d ) book-mak+8 #ac4 ,:at 7 ! %ortcom+s ( manuscript books8 #ad4 ,:at mat]ials 7 already inv5t$ & ready = ! pr9t]8 #ae4 ,tell :at y c ab\t ea*4 #af4 ,:at is typography8 #ag4 ,:at 7 ! e>lie/ pr$ecessors ( typography8 #ah4 ,tell ( "s lat] me?ods ( mak+ impressions4 #ai4 ,:at e>ly attempts at pr9t+ 7 made by ! ,*9ese & _! neighbors8 #bj4 ,did ^! attempts develop into typography1 & :y8 #ba4 ,:at devices took ! place ( books among ! poor be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+8 #bb4 ,:at 7 image pr9ts1 & h[ made8 #bc4 ,:at 7 ! two l9es ( developm5t f ! image pr9ts8 #bd4 ,h[ did ^! developm5ts sugge/ typography8 #be4 ,h[ 7 e>ly play+ c>ds made1 & :at 0 _! relation to block pr9t+8 #bf4 ,"n "s ( ! places :]e & p]sons by :om typography is said to h be5 inv5t$4 #bg4 ,tell ! /ory ( ,waldfoghel1 & :at we conclude ab\t x4 #bh4 ,tell ! ,co/] leg5d4 #bi4 ,:at d we "k ab\t ,gut5b]g be=e #adej8 #cj4 ,:at 0 8 contract ( t ye> ) ,fu/8 #ca4 ,h[ did x "w out8 #cb4 ,:at d we "k ( ,gut5b]g aft] #adee8 #cc4 ,give ! ma9 po9ts ( ! ,gut5b]g leg5d4 #cd4 ,:at are ! cle> facts ab\t e>ly ,ma9z pr9t+8 #ce4 ,:at are ! ?ree classes ( hi/orical evid5ce8 #cf4 ,:at c y say1 ) ?is di/9ction 9 m9d1 ab\t ! evid5ce conc]n+ ! inv5tion ( typography8 #cg4 ,:at evid5ce ( ! fir/ class is !re com+ f ,ha>lem8 #ch4 ,:y d we claim t ?is evid5ce comes f ,ha>lem8 #ci4 ,:y did ! pr9t] use s _m fonts ( type = s few books8 #dj4 ,:at int]nal evid5ce is !re = ! date ( ^! books8 #da4 ,:at are ! peculi>ities ( ^! books8 #db4 ,:at d ^! peculi>ities %[8 #dc4 ,:at piece ( evid5ce ( ! second class h we :i* be>s on ^! books8 #dd4 ,:at pieces ( evid5ce ( ! ?ird class h we :i* be> on ^! books8 #de4 ,:at does all ?is evid5ce seem to %[ z to :o inv5t$ typography1 :]e1 & :58 #df4 ,:at d ! pr9t$ pieces attribut$ to ,gut5b]g %[8 #dg4 ,:at does ! ,helmasp]g] docum5t %[8 #dh4 ,:at does ! pat5t ( ,adolph ,,ii %[8 #di4 ,:at does ,zell's /atem5t %[8 #ej4 ,:at c y say ( ! e>ly /atem5ts t ,gut5b]g inv5t$ typography8 #ea4 ,comp>e ! results ( ! "w ( ,co/] & ( ,gut5b]g4 #eb4 ,h[ did ! ,ha>lem inv5tion get to ,ma9z8 #ec4 ,:at did ,gut5b]g really d8 #ed4 ,:at 0 ! outcome ( 8 "w8 #ee4 ,h[ does ?is !ory expla9 ! d\btful or conflict+ evid5ce8 #ef4 ,:at c y say ab\t ,co/]'s type8 #eg4 ,h[ 7 ! fir/ types made8 #eh4 ,:at two important inv5tions 9 type-mak+ d we owe to ,gut5b]g & 8 associates8 #ei4 ,:at c y tell ab\t ! fir/ type faces8 #fj4 ,:y are ! e>ly books s beautiful8 #fa4 ,describe ,gut5b]g's press & ! fir/ improvem5ts ^u x4 #fb4 ,:at has ! fir/ p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ( typography be5 call$1 & :y8 ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices ,! foll[+ li/ ( publications1 compris+ ! ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices1 has be5 prep>$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9 trade classes1 9 c\rse ( pr9t+ in/ruction1 & by individuals4 ,ea* publication has be5 compil$ by a compet5t au?or or gr\p ( au?ors1 & c>efully edit$1 ! purpose be+ to provide ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--employ]s1 j\rneym51 & appr5tices--) a compreh5sive s]ies ( h&y & inexp5sive comp5diums ( reliable1 up-to-date in=mation ^u ! v>i\s bran*es & specialties ( ! pr9t+ craft1 all arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion = progressive /udy4 ,! publications ( ! s]ies are ( uni=m size1 #eh in*es4 ,_! g5]al make-up1 9 typography1 illu/rations1 etc41 has be51 z f> z practicable1 kept 9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a brief synopsis ( ! p>ticul> cont5ts & o!r *ief features ( ea* volume w be f\nd "u ea* title 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,ea* topic is treat$ 9 a concise mann]1 ! aim be+ to embody 9 ea* publication z completely z possible all ! rudim5t>y in=mation & ess5tial facts necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to make all /atem5ts accurate & cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++ ess5tial in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ ( beg9n]s 9 ! diff]5t fields ( /udy4 ,:]ev] practicable1 simple & well-def9$ draw+s & illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/ 9 giv+ additional cle>ness to ! text4 ,9 ord] t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/ possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review ,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( ! subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( ! books4 ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4 ,address all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,"p ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 & ,mat]ials #a4 ,type3 a ,prim] ( ,in=mation ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,relat+ to ! me*anical features ( pr9t+ types2 _! sizes1 font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief description ( _! manufacture4 #dd pp42 illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools & ,mat]ials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t compos+ /icks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+ ma*9es1 etc4 #dg pp42 illu/rat$2 #ej review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,compos+ ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t type cases1 "w /&s1 cab9ets1 case racks1 galley racks1 /&+ galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illu/rat$2 #cc review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #d4 ,impos+ ,tables & ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,describ+ ! tools & mat]ials us$ 9 lock+ up =ms = ! press1 includ+ "s mod]n utilities = special purposes4 #ei pp42 illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #e4 ,pro( ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es = tak+ pr9t]s' pro(s4 #djpp42 illu/rat$2 #da review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #f4 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,daniel ,bak] ,a prim] ( in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical con/ruction ( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f ! orig9al h& press to ! mod]n job press1 to :i* is add$ a *apt] on automatic presses ( small size4 #ea pp42 illu/rat$2 #di review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #g4 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak] ,be+ a /udy ( ! me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal types ( cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd pp42 illu/rat$2 #dg review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #h4 ,me*anical ,fe$]s & ,fold]s ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurri] ,! hi/ory & op]ation ( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2 ) h9ts on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #i4 ,p[] = ,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\ses ,by ,c>l ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on ! me?ods ( apply+ p[] to pr9t+ presses & alli$ ma*9]y ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illu/rat$2 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aj4 ,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9es ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1 h&-lev] cutt]s1 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r automatic ma*9es = cutt+ pap]1 #gj pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aa4 ,pr9t]s' ,roll]s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! composition1 manufacture1 & c>e ( ink+ roll]s4 #df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ab4 ,pr9t+ ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,_! composition1 prop]ties & manufacture 7repr9t$ by p]mission f ,circul> ,no4 #ec1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,/&>ds72 toge!r ) "s helpful sugge/ions ab\t ! ev]yday use ( pr9t+ inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ac4 ,h[ ,pap] is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,:eelwright ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh pp42 illu/rat$2 #fb review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ad4 ,relief ,engrav+s ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief hi/ory & non-te*nical description ( mod]n me?ods ( engrav+2 woodcut1 z9c plate1 halftone2 k9d ( copy = reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+ engrav+s4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & ,/]eotyp+ ,by ,h>ris ,b4 ,hat* & ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! processes ( electrotyp+ & /]eotyp+4 #id pp42 illu/rat$2 #abi review que/ions2 gloss>ies4 ,,"p ,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e ,composition #af4 ,typesett+ ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book = beg9n]s1 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1 spac+1 correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to typesett+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,! me?ods by :i* !y are made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 ) obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ah4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de ,vze ,sugge/ions = ! appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/ jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little ?+s :i* g to make good display 9 typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ai4 ,g5]al ,job ,composition ,h[ ! job compositor h&les bus9ess /ation]y1 programs & miscellane\s "w4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ,*apt]s f ,de,vinne's 8,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book ,composition10 revis$ & arrang$ = ?is s]ies ( text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ( ,! ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,"p ,i3 ,composition ( pages4 ,"p ,,ii3 ,imposition ( pages4 #bbi pp42 illu/rat$2 #ebe review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ba4 ,tabul> ,composition ,by ,rob]t ,seav] ,a /udy ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( table composition1 ) examples ( m difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review que/ions4 #bb4 ,appli$ ,ari?metic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,%eldon ,elem5t>y ari?metic appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+ trade1 calculation ( mat]ials1 pap] weights & sizes1 ) /&>d tables & rules = computation1 ea* subject amplifi$ ) examples & ex]cises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typeca/+ & ,compos+ ,ma*9es ,a4 ,w4 ,f9lay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,! ,l9otype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,horn/e9 ,section ,,ii--,! ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,! ,int]type ,by ,h5ry ,w1 ,cozz5s ,section ,,iv--,o!r ,typeca/+ & ,typesett+ ,ma*9es ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smi? ,a brief hi/ory ( typesett+ ma*9es1 ) descriptions ( _! me*anical pr9ciples & op]ations4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iii--,imposition & ,/onework #bd4 ,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,?+s ! appr5tice %\ld "k ab\t lock+ up small =ms1 & ab\t g5]al "w on ! /one4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #be4 ,prep>+ ,=ms = ! ,cyl9d] ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,pamphlet & catalog imposition2 m>g9s2 fold m>ks1 etc4 ,me?ods ( h&l+ type =ms & electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on ,plat5 ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a press & _! functions2 di/9ctive features ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ ! tympan1 regulat+ ! impression1 und]lay+ & ov]lay+1 sett+ gauges1 & o!r details expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bg4 ,cyl9d] ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,prep>+ ! press2 adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m roll]s1 ink f\nta91 gripp]s & deliv]y sy/ems4 ,und]lay+ & ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay me?ods4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps ,by ,*>les ,l4 ,dunton ,describ+ "s practical me?ods ( pressroom "w1 ) directions & useful in=mation relat+ to a v>iety ( pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review que/ions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes ( ! ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! di/9ctive features ( ! relief1 ! intaglio1 & ! planographic processes ( pr9t+4 #hd pp42 illu/rat$2 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet & ,book ,b9d+ #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+ ,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations employ$ 9 b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9 ! b9d]y4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ca4 ,book ,b9d+ ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg] ,practical in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ books2 fold+2 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1 =w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case mak+ & cas$-9 books4 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job & blank-book b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,vi--,correct ,lit]>y ,composition #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & ,engli% ,gramm> ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t words1 _! relations1 & _! uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _! use1 bo? grammatically & typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s practical typographic h9ts z to ! use ( capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ce4 ,division ( ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules = ! division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 ) rem>ks on spell+1 syllabication & pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review que/ions4 #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts ( comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations & ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common1 use4 #eh pp42 #cb review que/ions4 #ch4 ,! ,uses ( ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w1 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4 #ci4 ,pro(read+ ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,! te*nical phases ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1 revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s & copy4 ,illu/rat$ by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #dj4 ,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,sugge/ions = au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9 prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf pp42 #fg review que/ions4 #da4 ,pr9t]s' ,manual ( ,/yle ,a ref]5ce compilation ( approv$ rules1 usages1 & sugge/ions relat+ to uni=mity 9 punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 num]als1 & k9dr$ features ( composition4 #db4 ,! ,pr9t]'s ,diction>y ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book ( def9itions & miscellane\s in=mation ab\t v>i\s processes ( pr9t+1 alphabetically arrang$4 ,te*nical t]ms expla9$4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,"p ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 & ,lett]+ #dc4 ,appli$ ,design = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a h&book ( ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t on ! p]iods ( design :i* h mo/ influ5c$ pr9t+ ,treats ( h>mony1 balance1 proportion1 & rhy?m2 motion2 symmetry & v>iety2 ornam5t1 e/hetic & symbolic4 #cg illu/rations2 #df review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elem5ts ( ,typographic ,design ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,applications ( ! pr9ciples ( decorative design4 ,build+ mat]ial ( typography3 pap]1 types1 ink1 decorations & illu/rations4 ,h&l+ ( %apes4 ,design ( complete book1 treat+ ea* "p4 ,design ( comm]cial =ms & s+le units4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions1 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudim5ts ( ,color 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,use ( color3 = decoration ( black & :ite1 = broad po/] effect1 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m pr9t+s ) process engrav+s4 ,sci5tific nature ( color1 physical & *emical4 ,t]ms 9 :i* color may be discuss$3 hue1 value1 int5sity4 ,diagrams 9 color1 scales & comb9ations4 ,color !ory ( process engrav+4 ,exp]im5ts ) color4 ,illu/rations 9 full color1 & on v>i\s pap]s4 ,review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lett]+ 9 ,typography ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,pr9t]'s use ( lett]+3 adaptability & decorative effect4 ,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+ & lett]+ & its influ5ce on type design4 ,classification ( g5]al =ms 9 lett]+4 ,application ( design to lett]+4 ,draw+ = reproduction4 ,fully illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design 9 ,adv]tis+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,! pr9t]'s function 9 adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i* adv]tis+ is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 att5tion1 color4 ,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+ typography4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies & ,lay\ts ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a lay\t3 ! ar*itectural plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation ( a propos$ f9al effect4 ,use ( dummy 9 sales "w4 ,use ( lay\t4 ,function ( lay\t man4 ,b9d+ s*emes = dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 ,,"p ,,viii--,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ #di4 ,books ,be=e ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet & ! hi/ory ( book-mak+ up to ! inv5tion ( movable types4 #fb pp42 illu/rat$2 #fd review que/ions4 #ej4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came ab\t4 #fd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ ,"p ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 ! developm5t ( ! book1 ! developm5t ( pr9t]s' mat]ials1 & ! "w ( ! great pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee review que/ions4 #eb4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ ,"p ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry f #adej to #aghi1 includ+ gov]nm5t regulations1 c5sor%ip1 int]nal conditions & indu/rial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review que/ions4 #ec4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl& ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a %ort hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to ! pres5t "t4 #hi pp42 #fe review que/ions4 #ed4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s notes on publi%]s :o h especially contribut$ to pr9t+4 #ih pp42 #hd review que/ions4 #ee4 ,type & ,presses 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief hi/orical sket* ( ! developm5t ( type ca/+ & press build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #eb pp42 #fa review que/ions4 ,,"p ,,ix--,co/ ,f9d+ & ,acc\nt+ #ef4 ,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eg4 ,use ( a ,co/ ,sy/em ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eh4 ,! ,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! selection & pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4 ,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial & ! sell+ price ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #ei4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! e/imator & 8 "w2 =ms to use2 g5]al rules = e/imat+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fj4 ,e/imat+ & ,sell+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,an insight into ! me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _! relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,a brief outl9e ( an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2 necess>y books & accessory records4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 ,,"p ,x--,miscellane\s #fb4 ,heal?1 ,sanitation1 & ,safety ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,hygi5e 9 ! pr9t+ trade2 a /udy ( conditions old & new2 practical sugge/ions = improvem5t2 protective appliances & rules = safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book ( ref]5ce cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies1 alphabetically arrang$4 #fd4 ,c\rses ( ,/udy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook = tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions = classroom & %op "w4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices ! books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4 ,:ile due ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title & copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea* book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be ( int]e/4 ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 ! production ( a portion ( ! volumes1 con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z ! entire li/ ( books compris+ ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5 complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 ea* volume4 ,! ,committee also desires to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly await$ its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,port]1 ,*airman1 ,e4 ,,lawr5ce ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,= ,composition & ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blan*>d ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+ ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,dev9ne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,/eph5 ,,gre5e ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,patteson ,,press1 ,,new ,,york1 ,new ,york ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,edw>d ,,/]n ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+ ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphag51 ,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,= ,composition ,,bo/on ,,typo!tae ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,bo/on1 ,mass1 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,kalkh(f ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,electrotypes ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,fl[]4 ,,/eel ,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,:itcomb ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,= ,engrav+s ,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,gold+ ,,manufactur+ ,,co41 ,frankl91 ,mass4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,lan/on ,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,ris+ ,,pap] ,,company1 ,h\satonic1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,v&]cook ,,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,book ,pap] ,,am]ican ,,:it+ ,,pap] ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,,pulp ,,pap] ,,co41 ,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #d4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4