,transcrib]'s ,notes ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,v>iations 9 hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 /&>dis$ b all o!r spell+ & punctuation rema9s un*ang$4 ,italics are repres5t$ ?us italic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(it ,,or ,,loss ,,p\ltry ,,diseases ,causes ,symptoms & ,treatm5t ,) ,notes on ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ations ,e4 ,j4 ,,wortley1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,illu/rat$ ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #aiae ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,tr,,bn] ,,co41 ,limit$ ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,ent]$ at ,/ation]s' ,hall ,,london1 ,,engl& ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,p\ltry f>m+ z a means ( pr(it c be made successful only by ma9ta9+ ! mo/ vigor\s & su/a9$ campaign aga9/ disease4 ,! aim ( ! p\ltry re>] %\ld be to /amp out disease by prev5tive measures4 ,practical exp]i5ce proves ! ineffici5cy ( _m s-call$ cures1 & po9ts to ! urg5cy ( p\ltrym5 endeavor+ to und]/& m ?or\ghly ! causes ( ! ailm5ts to :i* dome/ic f[ls are liable4 ,my aim is to put a concise h&book into ! h&s ( p\ltry re>]s1 :o %\ld ?us be assi/$ 9 det]m9+ ! v>i\s diseases & 9 tak+ ! precaution>y /eps important 9 prev5t+ ! introduction & spread ( contagi\s diseases4 ,no ef=t is made to elaborate ! sci5tific side ( ! subject4 ,^? desir\s ( obta9+ full in=mation ab\t ! types ( organisms t h be5 prov$ to be ! specific causes (1 or to be inv>iably associat$ )1 p>ticul> disord]s1 may d s ) pr(it by obta9+ full] works on ! subject4 ,_m sci5tific work]s are devot+ _! "t to ! problem ( combat+ diseases among p\ltry1 & assi/ance is will+ly giv5 by (fic]s ( ! exp]im5t /ations to f>m]s :o desire to id5tify any disease caus+ loss 9 _! flocks4 ,! practical p\ltryman w recognize ! fact t measures = ! control ( disease _c be limit$ to sanitation & ! treatm5t ( sick birds1 b1 9 reality1 include su* important matt]s z ! selection ( heal?y /ock1 intellig5t fe$+1 prop] h\s+1 & o!r details ess5tial to ! successful managem5t ( p\ltry4 ,i gratefully ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ! works ( ,dr4 ,d4 ,e4 ,salmon & ,john ,h4 ,rob9son1 editor ( ,f>m ,p\ltry1 & to ! rec5t publication on p\ltry diseases by ,dr4 ,raymond ,pe>l1 ,frank ,m4 ,surface1 & ,maynie ,r4 ,curtis4 ,my ?anks are due to ,r4 ,s4 ,m>t9ez = ! c>e tak5 9 mak+ ! photographs f :i* ! draw+s = ! illu/rations 9 ! *apt] on ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ations 7 prep>$4 ,mu* valuable in=mation has also be5 obta9$ f bullet9s issu$ by ! exp]im5t /ations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & by ! ,ont>io ,agricultural ,college ( ,canada4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,wortley4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,me?ods ,,( ,,controll+ ,,disease #a #a4 ,importance ( controll+ disease4 #b4 ,dang]s ( introduc+ disease4 #c4 ,control measures4 #d4 ,nurs+ sick birds4 #e4 ,! use ( drugs & m$ic9es4 #f4 ,dis9fection4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,summ>y ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,symptoms ,,& ,,treatm5t #ad #a4 ,diseases affect+ head & respiratory organs4 #b4 ,diseases affect+ organs ( dige/ion & reproduction4 #c4 ,diseases affect+ legs & feet4 #d4 ,p>asites4 #e4 ,miscellane\s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,diseases ,,( ,,p\ltry ,,o!r ,,?an ,,f[ls #ai ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,diseases ,,& ,,pe/s ,,( ,,f[ls #bb 7,9 alphabetical ord]47 ,,*apt] ,v ,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ations #ii #a4 ,mak+ ! exam9ation4 #b4 ,! normal condition ( ! int]nal organs4 #c4 ,diagnosis ( disease by po/-mortem symptoms4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,fig4 ,,page ,pr(it or ,loss ,frontispiece #b ,isolation #e #c ,desolation #f #d ,p\ltryman's ,m$ic9e ,%elves #h #e ,h[ ,disease ,is ,spread #aj #f ,aids to ,?or\gh ,dis9fection #ab #g ,head ,%[+ ,bra9 ,expos$ #bi #h ,w9dpipe ,cut ,op5 #cj ,a ,fungus ,t ,causes ,asp]gillosis #i ,bumblefoot #cf #aj ,*ick5 ,pox #ch #aa ,diph!ritic ,r\p #ej #ab ,*ick5 ,affect$ ) ,gapes #fj ,gape ,worms #ac ,look+ = ,lice #fg #ad ,?ree ,lice ,t ,commonly ,affect ,f[ls #fh #ae ,! ,air-,sac ,mite #gd #af ,! ,deplum+ ,mite #gd #ag ,! ,r$ ,mite #ge #ah ,organs ( ,reproduction ( ! ,h5 #gh #ai ,exam9+ a ,f[l ) a ,suspici\s ,cold #hd #bj ,a ,r\py ,eye #hg #ba ,scaly ,leg #hh #bb ,! ,mite ,t ,causes ,scaly ,leg #hi #bc ,! ,f[l ,tick #ij #bd ,organs ,affect$ by ,tub]culosis & ,blackhead #ia #be ,*ick5s ,affect$ ) ,:ite ,di>rhea #ic #bf ,heal?y ,*ick5s #ic #bg ,worms 9 ,inte/9al ,tract ( ,f[l #ie #bh ,! ,p>ts ( a ,f[l #if #bi ,skeleton ( a ,f[l #ig #cj ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ation ,no4 #a #ajj #ca ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ation ,no4 #b #ajb #cb ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ation ,no4 #c #ajd #cc ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ation ,no4 #d #ajf #cd ,po/-,mortem ,exam9ation ,no4 #e #aaj ,,*apt] ,i ,,g5]al ,,me?ods ,,( ,,controll+ ,,disease #a4 ,importance ( ,controll+ ,disease ,! ravages ( disease add consid]ably to ! difficulties ( rais+ p\ltry 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( p\ltry re>]s t an annual toll has to be paid 9 ! lives ( "y birds & old] /ock4 ,soon] or lat]1 9 addition1 an epidemic may break out & result 9 heavy losses & mu* disc\ragem5t4 ,x is mo/ important1 !re=e1 to be able to recognize ! symptoms & to "k ! causes ( ! _m diseases to :i* v>i\s k9ds ( p\ltry are subject4 ,e practical ef=t %\ld be made to r$uce avoidable mortality4 ,an unexpla9$ dea? %\ld be reg>d$ ) conc]n4 ,x may po9t to ! pres5ce ( a s]i\s disease4 ,:5 !re is n suffici5t ext]nal evid5ce = det]m9+ ! cause ( dea?1 a po/-mortem exam9ation %\ld be made 7see page #ih74 ,! p\ltryman mu/ "k above all :e!r he is deal+ ) an infecti\s disease or n4 ,! discov]y t a sudd5 dea? among 8 f[ls is due to apoplexy w set 8 m9d at ease4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if a case ( *ol]a occurs1 ! body ( ! dead f[l %\ld be burnt1 & a vigor\s campaign />t$ to prev5t ! spread ( ! disease2 birds %[+ mopi%ness & o!r suspici\s symptoms %\ld be isolat$2 ! h\ses1 ! fe$ tr\ghs1 ! wat] vessels1 & ! y>d to :i* ! dead f[l has _h access1 %\ld all be ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 #b4 ,dang]s ( ,introduc+ ,disease ,p]haps m loss has be5 caus$ by introduc+ birds ) disease into a heal?y flock ?an by any o!r means4 ,read]s w1 d\btless1 be able to recall occasions on :i* _! own1 or _! neighbors'1 flocks suff]$4 ,an in/ance 0 rec5tly relat$ to ! writ]4 ,a p\ltryman 0 (f]$ two f[ls1 :i* he at fir/ refus$1 b ow+ to ! vagrant sell]'s importunity1 he ev5tually b\ght ! birds & let !m loose among ! home flock4 ,on ! foll[+ day "o di$2 b no ef=t 0 made to discov] ! cause1 nor 0 ! dead f[l's body burnt4 ,9 a few days1 a f[l belong+ to ! orig9al flock di$ &1 9 ?ree to f\r weeks aft] ! pur*ase1 two-?irds ( ! /ock _h di$4 ,x aft]w>ds transpir$ t ! v5dor _h lo/ sev]al ( 8 f[ls f *ol]a1 & ! fe> ( fur!r mortalities _h be5 8 reason = be+ s anxi\s to dispose ( ! survivors4 ,on e f>m :]e p\ltry is kept1 !re %\ld be a qu>ant9e w>d = new pur*ases4 ,! mo/ c>eful bre$]s w isolate _! own birds t h return$ f an exhibition1 = fe> !y may h contract$ "s disease !re or on ! j\rney4 #c4 ,control ,measures ,practical exp]i5ce & sci5tific inve/igation h cle>ly prov$ t prev5tive measures are m economical & effective ?an curative4 ,fail+ prev5tion1 ev]y?+ po9ts to ! importance ( deal+ promptly ) ! fir/ cases1 ow+ to ! risk ( infection ( ! re/ ( ! /ock4 ,control measures may be divid$ into ?ree classes3 #a4 ,prop] h\s+ & fe$+ ( f[ls4 #b4 ,g5]al sanitation & dis9fection4 #c4 ,adm9i/ration ( m$ic9e to sick birds4 ,! details to :i* special att5tion mu/ be giv5 are cov]$ by ! foll[+ axiomatic rules3 #a4 ,isolate birds rec5tly pur*as$--= two or ?ree weeks4 #b4 ,isolate e bird t %[s any sign ( ill heal?4 #c4 ,provide a fre% & pure supply ( wat] 9 a %ady position4 #d4 ,add ,epsom salts 7"o teaspoonful to a qu>t7 once a week to ! dr9k+ wat]4 ,give *ick5s daily a lib]al supply ( bran 9 addition to _! o!r food4 #e4 ,fe$ birds on a v>i$ diet1 includ+ gre5 food4 #f4 ,arrange t birds h to scrat* = "s ( _! food4 #g4 ,con/ruct h\ses1 ne/ boxes1 etc41 s t !y c be readily & ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 ,h\ses %\ld be free f drafts4 #h4 ,dis9fect contam9at$ soil by spray+1 lim+1 & re/+4 #i4 ,visit ! roo/s at night to detect cases ( :eez+ due to colds1 & to se>* = mites & o!r pe/s4 #aj4 ,keep on h& dis9fectants1 lice p[d]s & m$ic9es likely to be requir$4 #d4 ,nurs+ ,sick ,birds ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,isolation ,! small m>g9 ( pr(it on a s+le f[l makes dos+ ) m$ic9es & nurs+ an unpr(itable occupation1 except 9 ! case ( valuable /ock4 ,if ! treatm5t ( a bird is und]tak51 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t m dep5ds ^u att5tion to ! rules ( good nurs+ ?an to ! adm9i/ration ( drugs4 ,com=table qu>t]s1 w>m & free f drafts1 clean /raw1 & invalid's diet ( s(t & easily dige/$ food w all turn ! *ances 9 favor ( recov]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,isolation ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,desolation ,too (t5 isolation is 9 effect a dea? s5t5ce4 ,! bird is put into cramp$ qu>t]s1 expos$ to cold w9ds & beat+ ra9s1 &1 be+ 9 an out-(-!-way corn]1 is1 p]haps1 neglect$ in/ead ( be+ specially c>$ =4 ,f[ls t w n take food %\ld be f$ lightly1 b frequ5tly1 ) a spoon 9 ord] t _! /r5g? may be kept up4 ,all /ale food %\ld be remov$4 #e4 ,! ,use ( ,drugs & ,m$ic9es ,drugs & m$ic9es likely to be requir$ %\ld always be kept 9 /ock4 ,! weekly use ( ,epsom salts1 z a mild laxative = prev5t+ inte/9al disord]s1 is /rongly recomm5d$4 ,little fai? %\ld be put 9 drugs said to cure tub]culosis1 *ol]a1 etc4 ,bel[ is giv5 a li/ ( ! m$ic9es g5]ally requir$4 ,! doses giv5 9 ! table are = a m$ium-siz$ adult f[l2 ?ree-qu>t]s z mu* %\ld be giv5 = a half-gr[n bird1 & ab\t "o-fif? = a "y *ick54 ,treatm5t %\ld be repeat$ z necess>y1 & animals %\ld be well nurs$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,p\ltryman',s ,,m$ic9e ,,%elves ,,m$ic9e ,,dose ,,or ,,/r5g? ,,disease ,/imulants-- ,br&y #c-aj drops 9 w>m milk ,ap]i5ts-- ,calomel #a gra9 ,di>rhea2 liv] disease4 ,ca/or oil #a teaspoonful ,di>rhea4 ,epsom salts #bj gra9s to #ej gra9s 9 ,con/ipation2 di>rhea2 food or liv] disease4 w>m wat] ,a/r+5ts-- ,*lorodyne #f-ab drops ,di>rhea2 dys5t]y4 ,laudanum 7relieves pa97 #d-f drops ,di>rhea2 dys5t]y4 ,tonic & ,febrifuge-- ,qu99e #a gra9 ,aconite #a drop ,colds2 fev]2 r\p4 ,= ,worms-- ,turp5t9e #e to #aj drops 9 #a teaspoonful ca/or oil ,worms 7inte/9al74 ,santon9 #c to #e gra9s ,antiseptic ,wa%es-- 7a7 ,c>bolic acid #a-e sol4 7b7 ,hydrog5 p]oxide #ej ,colds2 r\p2 7c7 ,creol9 #b-e sol4 diph!ria2 7d7 ,p]manganate ( -#b sol4 cuts & injuries4 pota% ,dress+ ,fle% ,w\nds-- creol9 & sweet oil ,cuts & injuries4 ,to ,r$uce ,swell+s-- ,iod9e ,t9cture ,embrocation3 ,turp5t9e #aj drops ,cramp4 ,sweet oil #a ounce ,rheumatism4 ,insecticides-- ,lice p[d]s ,lice1 mites4 ,k]os5e ,scaly legs4 ,sulphur o9tm5t3 ,lice1 scaly legs1 ,sulphur #a "p mites1 ticks4 ,k]os5e #a "p ,l>d #b p>ts ,,note4--,by accept+ t #a teaspoonfuls made up to a p9t ) wat] gives approximately a #a solution1 any ( ! weak dilutions requir$ by p\ltrym5 c be easily prep>$4 #f4 ,dis9fection ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,h[ ,,disease ,,is ,,spread ,g]ms ( tub]culosis 9 ! excrem5t ( a f[l4 7,aft] ,edw>ds47 ,! important "p play$ by micro-organisms 9 caus+ & spread+ disease mu/ be und]/ood be=e ! value ( dis9fection c be fully appreciat$4 ,! p\ltryman mu/ develop a s5se ( sight t sees lurk+ microbes at e turn1 especially 9 unclean corn]s4 ,figure #e %[s g]ms reveal$ by ! microscope 9 ! excrem5t ( a bird suff]+ f tub]culosis4 ,! fact t ?is speck conta9$ s _m g]ms1 al?\gh x 0 f> too small to be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 w give an idea ( h[ epidemics may be caus$ by food1 wat]1 & soil contam9at$ by excreta1 nasal dis*>ges1 etc4 ,regul> & ?or\gh dis9fection ( woodwork1 ( fe$+ vessels1 & ( ! dr9k+ wat] %\ld =m "p ( ! r\t9e ( p\ltry managem5t1 & a /ock ( dis9fectants %\ld always be kept on h&4 ,x w be f\nd conv5i5t to h an iron drum ) a tap = a dilut$ solution1 say #e1 ( "s /&>d dis9fectant--e4 g41 creol9--t c be fur!r dilut$ z requir$4 ,wat]4 ,a /ock solution ( p]manganate ( pota%1 made by add+ t5 gra9s to "o qu>t ( wat]1 %\ld always be kept on h& = purposes ( dis9fection4 ,:5 !re is dang] ( infection1 two tablespoonfuls ( ?is solution %\ld be add$ to e gallon ( dr9k+ wat]4 ,fe$+ ,vessels4 ,clean ) boil+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,aids ,,to ,,?or\gh ,,dis9fection ,h\ses & ,fixtures4 ,spray ) #b to #e creol9 7or o!r dis9fectant7 & :itewa% aft]w>ds1 or use :itewa% to :i* #b ( creol9 has be5 add$4 ,! :itewa% %\ld be prep>$ ) quick-lime4 ,! h\se %\ld fir/ be clean$ out ) an iron scrap] & scrubb+ bru%1 us+ a lib]al supply ( wat] 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,soil4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t ( ! foll[+ me?ods %\ld be adopt$3 7#a7 ,spray surface ) #e creol94 7#b7 ,spread /raw ov] gr\nd & set fire to x4 7#c7 ,=k ov] & lime4 ,?is me?od is n suffici5t if s]i\s contam9ation is suspect$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,summ>y ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,symptoms ,,& ,,treatm5t ,,disease ,,ext]nal ,,symptoms ,,treatm5t #a4 ,diseases affect+ head & respiratory organs3 ,air "u sk9 7see ,emphysema74 ,apoplexy ,/agg]+ gait & ,keep f[l quiet2 put 9 a appe>ances ( a d>k place2 sudd5 fit give ,epsom salts4 ,asp]gillosis ,loss ( weight ,avoid mu/y gra9 & /raw4 ,brood] pneumonia ,affects *ick5s2 ,no cure2 prev5t by /rict :iti% di>rhea2 sanit>y me?ods4 _m dea?s ,bron*itis 7cr\p7 ,rattl+ 9 ?roat ,pa9t ?roat ) iod9e4 ,cank] 7see ,r\p74 ,cat>rh1 contagi\s 7see ,r\p74 ,*ick5 pox ,scabby1 w>t-l ,g5tly scrape (f scab gr[?s on head & pa9t ) iod9e4 & comb ,cold 7cat>rh7 ,runn+ at nose & ,isolate & syr+e eyes no/rils ) #b c>bolic acid4 ,conge/ion ( lungs 7see ,pneumonia74 ,conjunctivitis--sore eyes 7see ,r\p74 ,diph!ria ,yell[i% pat*es on ,isolate2 pa9t pat*es 7diph!ritic r\p7 ?roat foll[+ an ) hydrog5 p]oxide or attack ( r\p iod9e2 be/ to kill f[l4 ,emphysema ,sk9 puff$ out ,puncture ) ne$le4 ,epilepsy ,bird has fit ,if worms are believ$ to be ! cause give santon94 ,favus ,scurfy pat*es on ,ano9t ) sulphur comb & upp] o9tm5t or iod9e4 portion ( neck ,fro/ bite ,froz5 wattles ,rub ) vasel9e4 ,influ5za--grippe 7see ,cold74 ,r\p ,no/rils cak$ ) ,isolate2 syr+e no/rils (f5sive smell+ ) #e c>bolic acid2 exudate be/ to kill f[l ) bad attack4 ,pip ,h>d5$ scale on ,s(t5 & remove4 tip ( tongue ,pneumonia ,great difficulty ,pa9t %\ld]s above lungs 9 brea?+ ) iod9e2 g5]ally incurable4 ,sore head 7see ,*ick5 pox74 ,v]tigo 7see ,epilepsy74 ,:ite comb 7see ,favus74 #b4 ,diseases affect+ organs ( dige/ion & reproduction3 ,blackhead ( turkeys ,droop+ w+s2 ,/rict sanit>y measures2 dullness2 _m difficult to control4 dea?s ,canc] 7see ,liv] diseases & ,ov>y diseases74 ,cat>rh ( crop ,di/5d$ crop ) ,empty crop2 diet (f5sive liquid sp>+ly4 ,cat>rh ( /oma* 7see ,ga/ritis74 ,*ol]a ,yell[ feces2 bad ,no cure kn[n2 kill f[l di>rhea2 sudd5 & burn body2 take e dea? ( sev]al precaution to prev5t birds spread4 ,cloacitis ,(f5sive dis*>ges ,syr+e out cloaca4 f cloaca ,con/ipation ,unsuccessful ef=ts ,give ca/or oil2 supply to evacuate gre5 food & make bird scrat* = gra94 ,coccidiosis ( adult ,loss ( weight1 ,no rem$ies4 f[ls di>rhea ,coccidiosis ( *ick5s 7see ,:ite di>rhea74 ,coccidiosis ( turkeys 7see ,blackhead74 ,crop-b\nd ,di/5d$ crop ,p\r sweet oil d[n ?roat & knead crop1 hold+ f[l's head d[n2 or slit crop & remove food4 ,di>rhea ,frequ5t pass+ ( ,isolate = fe> ( liquid excreta2 epidemics2 9 bad cases soil$ v5t give #f to #aj drops *lorodyne4 ,dropsy ,di/5tion ( ,kill bird or puncture abdom5 abdom54 ,dys5t]y ,bad =m ( di>rhea ,treat z = bad cases di/+ui%$ by ( di>rhea4 blood 9 ! excreta ,egg-b\nd ,unsuccessful ,remove egg4 ef=ts to lay ,ent]itis 7see ,di>rhea74 ,fatty deg5]ation ,sudd5 dea?2 ,*ange diet ( o!rs4 excessively fat ,f[l typhoid 7see ,*ol]a74 ,ga/ritis ,dullness2 loss ( ,empty /oma*2 give ca/or appetite oil & easily dige/$ food4 ,impaction ( crop 7see ,crop-b\nd74 ,indige/ion ,difficult to ,*ange diet4 diagnose ,jaundice ,yell[i% comb ,"o gra9 ( calomel & gre5 food4 ,leukemia 7see ,*ol]a74 ,liv] diseases ,difficult to ,*ange diet4 diagnose ,ov>y diseases ,irregul>ity 9 egg ,no rem$ies4 production ,oviduct diseases ,prolapse ( oviduct ,vasel9e & replace4 ,p]itonitis ,fev]2 pa9 9 ,aconite & opium4 abdom5 ,pymia ,no ext]nal symptoms ,no rem$y4 ,s(t crop ,di/5d$ & s(t ,empty crop2 diet crop sp>+ly4 ,tub]culosis ,wa/+ away2 ,kill affect$ birds2 lam5esss dis9fect p\ltry h\ses1 etc4 ,:ite di>rhea ( ,dullness2 _m ,prop] fe$+2 ?or\gh *ick5s dea?s2 :iti% dis9fection2 difficult di>rhea to control4 #c4 ,diseases affect+ legs & feet3 ,bumblefoot ,swell+ on pad ( ,lance1 if bad2 pa9t ) foot iod9e2 l[] p]*es4 ,cramp ,difficulty 9 ,hold legs 9 w>m wat]2 /&+ /raight rub ) embrocation2 keep bird 9 dry place4 ,fractures ,brok5 %ank or w+ ,spl9ts4 ,g\t ,pa9 9 jo9ts ( ,difficult to cure2 rub legs & difficulty jo9ts ) embrocation4 9 /&+ ,leg weakness ,un/eady walk ,select bre$]s4 ,rheumatism ,/iffness 9 jo9ts2 ,rub legs ) embrocation2 difficult to keep bird 9 dry place4 di/+ui% f cramp & g\t #d4 ,p>asites3 ,fleas ,on h5 & 9 ne/ ,du/ ) insect p[d]2 /raw burn infe/$ /raw ,gape worms ,gap+ ( *icks & ,extract by pu%+ fea!r ef=t to dislodge moi/5$ ) turp5t9e some?+ 9 ?roat d[n w9dpipe4 or w9dpipe ,lice ,un?rifty condition ,du/ f[l ) insect ( birds2 des]tion p[d]2 grease head & ( ne/s by sett+ neck ( *ick5s2 spray h5s woodwork4 ,maggots ,runn+ w\nd ,remove maggots2 treat ) creol9 or c>bolic acid4 ,mites 7air sac7 ,9 bad cases1 ,difficult to treat4 suffocation ,mites 7deplum+7 ,b>e pat*es ,sulphur o9tm5t4 ,mites 7r$7 ,exam9e roo/s at ,k]os5e4 night ,scabies 7see ,mites1 deplum+74 ,scaly leg ,unev5 cru/s on ,scrub ) soap & wat]2 legs k]os5e oil or sulphur o9tm5t4 ,ticks ,birds suff]+ ,remove ticks f f[l2 f ! fev]2 spray p]*es1 etc41 ) ticks f\nd on body1 #e creol94 especially at night ,worms ,loss ( weight2 ,give #c to #e gra9s santon91 segm5ts ( worms foll[$ by #b teaspoonfuls 9 excreta ca/or oil4 #e4 ,miscellane\s3 ,abscesses ,swell+ ) pus ,lance & dress ) heal+ oil4 ,anmia ,loss ( weight & ,se>* = cause & treat4 un?rifty condition ,breakd[n ,enl>g$ & ,no satisfactory treatm5t4 p5dul5t abdom5 ,egg-eat+ ,rema9s ( eggs ,trap ne/s4 ,fea!r-eat+ ,injur$ plumage ,isolation ( culprit4 ,go+ light 7see ,anmia7 ,he>t1 diseases ( ,no ext]nal symptoms ,no treatm5t possible4 ,limb]-neck ,muscles ( neck ,try purgative to correct unable to support cause4 head ,kidney diseases ,no ext]nal symptoms ,no treatm5t except = except 9 g\t g\t4 ,molt+ ,un?rifty condition ,fe$ up & give tonic4 ( bird ,poison+ ,evid5ce ( pa9 ,give milk1 :ite ( egg & depression & a /imulant4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,diseases ,,( ,,p\ltry ,,o!r ,,?an ,,f[ls ,all classes ( dome/ic p\ltry are to a great ext5t subject to ! same diseases t affect ! common f[l4 ,! symptoms ( su* diseases are = ! mo/ "p simil> to ^? notic$ :5 f[ls are affect$1 & treatm5t mu/ be on ! same l9es4 ,9 ! managem5t ( turkeys1 ducks1 geese1 gu9ea f[ls & pigeons1 ! /ricte/ sanit>y measures mu/ be en=c$1 z 9 ! re>+ ( f[ls4 ,ow+ to its importance1 blackhead ( turkeys is dealt ) sep>ately4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s ( p\ltry diseases & causes heavy losses to turkey re>]s4 ,c>eful /udy %\ld be made ( ! reports ( ! rec5t inve/igations at ! ,rhode ,isl& ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,sev]e epidemics ( di>rhea or *ol]a occur among all classes ( p\ltry4 ,geese are subject to a =m ( *ol]a t appe>s to be diff]5t f any k9d t attacks f[ls4 ,wat] f[l are n commonly infe/$ ) ext]nal p>asites4 ,pigeons1 on ! o!r h&1 are worri$ by fleas & ticks z well z mites4 ,smallpox ( pigeons is simil> to *ick5 pox ( f[ls1 b pu/ul> swell+s may be f\nd on ! rump & ! cloaca ( ! pigeon z well z on ! head4 ,! scaly leg mite attacks turkeys & ! gape worm is sometimes a s]i\s pe/ ( p\lts4 ,bel[ is giv5 a li/ ( "s ( ! diseases ( turkeys1 ducks1 geese1 gu9ea f[ls & pigeons3 ,,turkeys ,blackhead ,diph!ria ,gapes ,leg weakness ,lice ,mites ,r\p ,tub]culosis ,scaly leg ,:ite comb ,worms ,,ducks ,asp]gillosis ,cat>rh ,conge/ion ( lungs ,*ol]a ,diph!ria ,lice ,mites ,worms ,,geese ,asp]gillosis ,*ol]a ,conge/ion ( lungs ,diph!ria ,lice ,mites ,worms ,,gu9ea ,,f[ls ,asp]gillosis ,*ol]a ,diph!ria ,lice ,mites ,worms ,,pigeons ,asp]gillosis ,cank] ,*ick5 pox 7smallpox7 ,diph!ria ,dovecot bug ,flea ,lice ,mites ,ticks ,worms ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,diseases ,,& ,,pe/s ,,( ,,f[ls ,abscesses4 ,abnormal eggs 7see ,oviduct diseases74 ,air "u sk9 7see ,emphysema74 ,air sac mite 7see ,mites1 air sac74 ,anmia4 ,apoplexy4 ,asp]gillosis4 ,atrophy ( liv] 7see ,liv] diseases74 ,bact]ial ent]itis 7see ,di>rhea7 ,baldness 7see ,favus74 ,bili>y repletion 7see ,jaundice74 ,blackhead ( turkeys4 ,breakd[n4 ,brok5 limbs 7see ,fractures74 ,bron*itis4 ,brood] pneumonia4 ,bumblefoot4 ,canc] 7see ,liv] diseases & ,ov>y diseases74 ,cank] 7see ,diph!ria74 ,cat>rh 7see ,cold74 ,cat>rh1 contagi\s 7see ,r\p74 ,cat>rh ( crop4 ,cat>rh ( /oma* 7see ,ga/ritis74 ,*ick5 pox4 ,*ol]a4 ,cloacitis4 ,coccidiosis ( adult f[ls4 ,coccidiosis ( *ick5s 7see ,brood] pneumonia74 ,coccidiosis ( turkeys 7see ,blackhead74 ,cold4 ,conge/ion ( ! liv] 7see ,liv] diseases74 ,conge/ion ( ! lungs 7see ,pneumonia74 ,conjunctivitis 7see ,r\p74 ,con/ipation4 ,cramp4 ,crop-b\nd4 ,crop1 s(t 7see ,s(t crop74 ,crop1 ,cat>rh (4 ,deplum+ mite4 ,di>rhea1 bact]ial4 ,di>rhea1 mycotic4 ,di>rhea1 protozoan4 ,di>rhea1 simple4 ,di>rhea1 sev]e4 ,di>rhea1 :ite4 ,diph!ria4 ,diph!ritic r\p4 ,dislocations 7see ,fractures74 ,dropsy4 ,dys5t]y4 ,egg-b\nd4 ,egg-eat+4 ,emphysema4 ,enl>gem5t ( he>t 7see ,he>t1 diseases (74 ,enl>gem5t ( liv] 7see ,liv] diseases74 ,enl>gem5t ( kidneys 7see ,kidney diseases74 ,ent]itis 7see ,di>rhea74 ,ent]o-hepatitis 7see ,blackhead74 ,epilepsy4 ,fatty deg5]ation4 ,favus4 ,fea!r-eat+4 ,fits 7see ,epilepsy74 ,fleas4 ,f[l typhoid4 ,fractures4 ,fro/ bite4 ,gangr5\s ,ov>y 7see ,ov>y diseases74 ,gapes4 ,ga/ritis4 ,go+ light 7see ,anmia74 ,g\t4 ,grippe 7see ,cold74 ,he>t1 diseases (4 ,he>t1 dropsy (4 ,he>t1 enl>gem5t (4 ,he>t1 rupture4 ,hyp]trophy ( ! liv] 7see ,liv] diseases74 ,impaction ( ! crop 7see ,crop-b\nd74 ,indige/ion4 ,influ5za 7see ,cold74 ,jaundice4 ,kidney diseases4 ,leg weakness4 ,leukemia 7see ,*ol]a74 ,lice4 ,limb]-neck4 ,liv] diseases4 ,lungs1 conge/ion ( 7see ,pneumonia74 ,maggots4 ,mites1 air sac4 ,mites1 deplum+4 ,mites1 r$4 ,mites1 scaly leg 7see ,scaly leg74 ,molt+4 ,nodul> tniasis 7see ,worms74 ,ov>y diseases4 ,oviduct diseases4 ,p]itonitis4 ,pip4 ,pneumonia4 ,poison+4 ,prolapse ( oviduct 7see ,oviduct diseases74 ,puff$ sk9 7see ,emphysema74 ,pymia4 ,rheumatism4 ,r\p4 ,scabies 7see ,mites1 deplum+74 ,scaly leg4 ,s(t crop4 ,sore head 7see ,*ick5 pox74 ,ticks4 ,tub]culosis4 ,v]tigo 7see ,apoplexy74 ,:ite comb 7see ,favus74 ,:ite di>rhea ( *ick5s4 ,worms4 ,,abscesses ,n a common p\ltry compla9t ,symptoms4 ,! fle% becomes inflam$ & swoll5 & =ms a 8head0 conta9+ pus4 ,cause4 ,a scrat* or a small injury foll[$ by inflammation due to pus-=m+ organisms4 ,treatm5t4 ,lance ! abscess :5 8ripe0 ) a clean1 %>p knife1 cutt+ l[ s t ! sore may dra9 readily4 ,squeeze out ! pus2 wa% ) #a c>bolic acid or creol9 & dress ) creol9 & sweet oil 7half & half7 until heal$4 ,! mo/ common abscess is t :i* =ms on ! pad ( ! foot & develops into bumblefoot4 ,,an,,mia1 ,,or ,,go+ ,,light ,a condition t %\ld incite ! p\ltryman to inve/igate ! cause ,symptoms4 ,birds lose weight1 or 0g light10 )\t any app>5t reason4 ,cause4 ,a g5]al lack ( ?rift9ess 9 ! flock may be due to insuffici5t or poor food1 to lack ( ex]cise1 or to bad v5tilation ( h\ses2 lice or mites may be infe/+ ! birds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 birds may gradually lose weight z ! result ( "s su* disease z tub]culosis 7see page #ij1 asp]gillosis 7see page #bi71 or worms 7see page #id74 ,treatm5t4 ,make any *anges 9 fe$+ or managem5t t may appe> desirable4 ,se>* at night = mites or lice on ! birds2 9 ! daytime exam9e ! /raw 9 ne/ boxes1 ! roo/s1 & ! cracks & crevices ( ! woodwork = p>asites4 ,mu* "t may (t5 be sav$ 9 discov]+ :at is wrong ) ! flock by kill+ "o or m ( ! affect$ birds & mak+ a po/-mortem exam9ation to discov] if a specific disease is ! cause4 ,,apoplexy ,n a common tr\ble ,symptoms4 ,/agg]+ gait & bewild]$ appe>ance2 bird g5]ally drops dead sudd5ly4 ,cause4 ,attribut$ to high fe$+ or ov]-lay+4 ,treatm5t4 ,!re is usually no "t = treatm5t1 b if ! attack is mild1 put ! bird 9 a d>k place & give no food = a few h\rs2 give a dose ( ,epsom salts & add gre5 food to diet4 ,ble$+ f "u a w+ is sometimes tri$4 ,po/-mortem exam9ation %[s clott$ blood on ! bra91 ! o!r organs be+ normal4 ,! "n v]tigo is appli$ to conge/ion ( ! bra9 z di/9ct f apoplexy due to hemorrhage ( ! bra94 ,! f[l has fits4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% ?is disease f epilepsy 7see page #ee74 ,! cause is little und]/ood4 ,,asp]gillosis ,a disease t exi/s m commonly ?an is usually suspect$1 & is ! cause ( ! dea? ( l>ge numb]s ( "y *ick5s ,symptoms4 ,f[ls gradually lose weight1 mope1 & die )\t any pron\nc$ ailm5t except difficulty 9 brea?+4 ,9 adults ! disease may be mi/ak5 = tub]culosis & 9 *ick5s = :ite di>rhea4 ,asp]gillosis ( *ick5s is dealt ) "u brood] pneumonia4 ,po/-mortem symptoms are :iti% or yell[i% gr[?s on ! w9dpipe1 t c only be def9itely diagnos$ "u ! microscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,head ,,%[+ ,,bra9 ,,expos$ ,cause4 ,a fungoid gr[? 9 ! w9dpipe & bron*ial tubes1 sometimes ext5d+ to ! lungs & liv]4 ,fig4 #h %[s ! spores & filam5ts ( ! species ( asp]gillosis mo/ commonly responsible = ?is disease4 ,infection may be due to mu/y gra9 or dirty /raw4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,asp]gillosis ,on left--,w9dpipe cut op54 ,on "r--,a fungus t causes asp]gillosis ,treatm5t4 ,no m$ic9es are ( any avail4 ,protection lies 9 n us+ mu/y gra9 or moldy litt]4 ,burn dead birds4 ,,blackhead ,,( ,,turkeys ,a v s]i\s disease1 mak+ ! successful re>+ ( turkeys difficult & 9 "s cases impossible4 ,symptoms4 ,"y turkeys1 or p\lts1 are mo/ commonly attack$2 !re is loss ( weight & loss ( appetite2 ! bird appe>s li/less & /&s by itself ) droop+ w+s & tail4 ,di>rhea is g5]ally "o ( ! symptoms4 ,! comb (t5 turns a d>k purple--a symptom t has giv5 rise to ! "n blackhead4 ,dea? g5]ally foll[s an attack fairly rapidly1 b 9 "s cases ! disease may take a *ronic =m1 :ile x is believ$ t recov]y is occasionally effect$4 ,po/-mortem symptoms4 ,! cca 7see ,fig4 #cb7 are enl>g$1 are diseas$ 9 p>ts1 & are m or less plugg$ ) *eesy matt] & pus4 ,! liv] is diseas$1 be+ sometimes v mu* enl>g$ & cov]$ ) yell[i% necrotic areas1 g5]ally depress$ 9 ! c5tre 7see ,fig4 #bd;d74 ,9 cases ( an acute attack1 especially 9 "y birds1 "o ( ! cca only may be affect$ & ! liv] may n be invad$4 ,! ext5t ( ! necrotic areas & ! degree ( ! enl>gem5t ( ! infect$ organs may v>y greatly 9 diff]5t cases4 ,cause4 ,! cause ( blackhead has be5 %[n by ,drs4 ,cole & ,hadley to be a coccidium4 ,a full acc\nt ( _! "w is publi%$ 9 ,bullet9 #ada ( ! ,rhode ,isl& ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,coccidia ent] ! dige/ive tract ( ! heal?y turkey by means ( food or wat] infect$ by ! excrem5t ( a sick bird4 ,! organisms pass along ! alim5t>y canal until !y rea* ! cca1 ! l9+ ( :i* !y attack1 giv+ rise to ! conditions m5tion$ "u po/-mortem symptoms4 ,h[ ! infection spreads f ! cca to ! liv] is n cle>4 ,x has be5 conclusively prov$ t f[ls1 z well z pigeons1 sp>r[s1 etc41 act z ho/s = ^! p>asites4 ,al?\gh adult f[ls h a great degree ( resi/ance !mselves1 !y are a means ( c>ry+ infection to turkeys4 ,eggs may be "o ( ! means ( spread+ ! disease1 z !y may become contam9at$ 9 ! oviduct or ! cloaca ( birds affect$ ) blackhead4 ,treatm5t4 ,no rem$y or satisfactory me?od ( prev5tion has be5 discov]$4 ,! difficulty ( effect+ a cure is obvi\s :5 ! nature ( ! disease is consid]$4 ,drs4 ,cole & ,hadley summ>ize measures ( prev5tion z foll[s3 #a4 ,protect ! y>ds & flocks :i* may h ! good =tune to be un9fect$ ) ! blackhead organism by a ?or\gh exam9ation ( all new /ock1 :e!r turkeys1 f[ls1 geese or o!r dome/ic birds4 #b4 ,keep ! turkeys on gr\nds :i* are z fre% z c be obta9$1 & above all1 keep !m isolat$ f f[ls & o!r dome/ic birds4 #c4 ,keep e turkey 9 ! flock "u close obs]vation 9 ord] to sep>ate & at once isolate any bird :i* gives evid5ce ( ! disease4 ,to facilitate su* obs]vations x is helpful to leg-b& ea* individual1 & to record its weight f "t to "t4 ,su* a c\rse makes x possible to le>n :e!r any birds are los+ weight1 & if ?is is ! case1 ^! birds mu/ be reg>d$ ) suspicion1 & sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! flock4 #d4 ,if x is kn[n t blackhead is pres5t 9 any ( ! p\ltry1 ! y>d %\ld be kept free f ,engli% sp>r[s1 & ! p\ltry h\ses & gra9 boxes f rats & mice1 :i* h be5 %[n to c>ry ! causative organism4 #e4 ,:5 x is desir$ to fatt5 birds = ! m>ket1 beg9 to increase ! rations gradually4 ,nev] attempt to fatt5 birds :i*1 9 successive weigh+s1 %[ a loss ( weight4 ,ov]fe$+ does n cause blackhead1 b frequ5tly causes ! sudd5 dea? ( birds 9 :i* blackhead is pres5t4 #f4 ,:5 birds h di$ ( blackhead1 _! bodies %\ld be promptly burn$ or buri$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! dissem9ation ( ! coccidia1 ei!r ?r\gh ! ravages ( rats or skunks1 or consequ5t to ! natural processes ( decay4 ,,breakd[n ,n (t5 se5 9 ! p\ltry y>d ,symptoms4 ,! abdom5 becomes enl>g$1 hangs d[n at ! back1 & sometimes t\*es ! gr\nd4 ,cause4 ,old lay]s are g5]ally affect$4 ,! cause may be ! /ra9 ( heavy lay+1 or may 9 cases be due to too mu* int]nal fat4 ,treatm5t4 ,no satisfactory treatm5t c be recomm5d$ & ! bird _h be/ be kill$4 ,su* birds %\ld n be us$ = bre$+ purposes4 ,,bron*itis 7,,cr\p7 ,n v common ,symptoms4 ,bron*itis may be di/+ui%$ by ! rattl+ 9 ! ?roat ( ! bird affect$ & by ! rapid brea?+ & c\gh4 ,! rattl+ is due to mucus 9 ! inflam$ bron*ial tubes4 ,9 bad cases1 birds mope1 refuse to eat1 & soon die4 ,cause4 ,bron*itis may develop f an ord9>y cold1 or may be due to sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 or to exposure to ra91 cold1 & damp4 ,treatm5t4 ,keep affect$ bird away f drafts & 9 a w>m place2 dose ) ,epsom salts 7see page #i7 & give s(t food1 e4 g41 bread1 bran1 & middl+s1 ) milk4 ,w9e ( ipecacuanha has be5 recomm5d$ = cases 9 :i* brea?+ is v difficult ow+ to excessive inflammation4 ,,brood] ,,pneumonia ,a v s]i\s disease1 caus+ ! dea? ( _m *ick5s ,symptoms4 ,*ick5s affect$ /& by !mselves ) r\gh5$ plumage4 ,!re is a :iti% di>rhea1 & ?is disease c easily be mi/ak5 = :ite di>rhea4 7,see page #ib47 ,po/-mortem exam9ation w %[ yell[i% spots on ! lungs1 on ! walls ( ! air sacs1 & on ! liv] & o!r organs1 due to infection by ! asp]gillus fungus4 7,see page #bi47 ,cause4 ,infection by a species ( ! asp]gillus fungus1 ! spores ( :i* are probably inhal$4 ,?is fungus is common4 ,! spores may be 9 ! /raw us$ = ne/s or = litt]1 or 9 ! food1 especially if x is at all moldy4 ,treatm5t4 ,!re is no cure = an affect$ *ick51 & ! p\ltryman mu/ aim at prev5tion4 ,vigor\s sanit>y measures are imp]ative4 ,clean /raw or excelsior %\ld be us$ = ne/s2 eggs = hat*+ %\ld be dis9fect$ by wip+ ) #hj alcohol2 incubators & brood]s %\ld be ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 ,,bumblefoot ,n s]i\s if treat$ e>ly ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,bumblefoot ,symptoms4 ,lam5ess ) swell+ on pad ( foot4 ,cause4 ,injury to sole ( foot1 develop+ into an abscess4 ,heavy birds are m subject ?an light ones to bumblefoot1 especially if made to roo/ on p]*es t are too high4 ,treatm5t4 ,pa9t ) iod9e4 ,lance ! abscess if x is suffici5tly advanc$4 ,l[] p]*es4 ,birds "u treatm5t %\ld h _! feet b&ag$1 & %\ld be put on deep /raw to prev5t fur!r injury :ile ! w\nds are heal+4 ,n s]i\s if tak5 9 h& promptly4 ,,cat>rh ,,( ,,! ,,crop ,n a common tr\ble ,symptoms4 ,di/5tion ( crop ) s(t pa/y matt] ( a m or less (f5sive "*4 ,cause4 ,eat+ /ale1 putrify+ food or "s poison\s matt]4 ,treatm5t4 ,empty ! bird's crop by hold+ ! head d[nw>ds & g5tly press+ ! cont5ts out ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,fe$ sp>+ly on s(t food4 ,,*ick5 ,,pox ,,or ,,sore ,,head ,an infecti\s disease t causes consid]able loss among *ick5s & "y birds 9 w>m climates ,symptoms4 ,small1 scabby1 w>t-l gr[?s & eruptions on ! head1 especially on ! comb & ! wattles & ar\nd ! eyes--9 bad cases ext5d+ to ! lids & ev5 ! m\?4 ,*ick5s & "y birds are mo/ commonly attack$ by ?is disease1 :i* spreads rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,*ick5 ,,pox ,cause4 ,! specific organism has n be5 def9itely det]m9$4 ,*ick5 pox may be />t$ by ! introduction ( an infect$ bird1 & mosquitoes & o!r insects are suspect$ ( be+ ag5ts 9 its spread4 ,treatm5t4 ,prompt treatm5t may be v successful4 ,isolate affect$ birds4 ,apply t9cture ( iod9e1 fir/ scrap+ (f ! scabs4 ,creol9 #b1 or o!r dis9fectants1 may be us$ in/ead ( iod9e4 ,dirty coops are a contribut+ cause1 & cleanl9ess ( *ick5 runs & h\ses is important4 ,dis9fect soil 7see page #ac7 & woodwork 7see page #ab7 regul>ly & ) extra c>e :5 ! fir/ cases are notic$4 ,:5 r\py lesions develop1 z is sometimes ! case1 treat z = r\p4 7,see page #hc47 ,,*ol]a ,a s]i\s & epidemic =m ( di>rhea = :i* no rem$y is kn[n ,symptoms4 ,f[ls die sudd5ly ) app>5tly little reason4 ,!re are symptoms ( di>rhea & exam9ation %[s t ! feces are a bright yell[ or gre5 in/ead ( ! normal color4 ,be=e dea?1 f[ls h fev] & may be se5 mop+ & %[+ evid5ces ( di/ress4 ,= po/-mortem symptoms see page #aab4 ,cause4 ,a contagi\s disease1 due to bact]ia1 t1 ow+ to infection ( soil & dr9k+ wat] by birds suff]+ f ! disease1 spreads rapidly ?r\gh a flock4 ,x is (t5 introduc$ by ! pur*ase ( an infect$ bird t appe>s at ! "t ( pur*ase to be well4 ,treatm5t4 ,prev5tion by /rict sanit>y measures is :at mu/ be aim$ at4 ,x is believ$ t no cure is kn[n = g5u9e cases ( *ol]a4 ,isolate all new birds br\ght into ! flock1 especially :5 cases ( *ol]a are report$ 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! bodies ( birds t h di$ ( ?is disease are be/ burnt )\t delay4 ,! g]m ( *ol]a appe>s to be bo? p]si/5t & easily spread1 & too mu* /ress _c be laid on ! necessity ( prev5t+ its introduction1 fail+ t1 ( quickly /amp+ x out4 ,! sacrifice ( a few birds to prev5t ! spread ( ! disease w be well repaid1 = x has be5 necess>y on occasions to kill a :ole flock4 ,9 "s cases x has be5 f\nd be/ to move unaffect$ birds to new qu>t]s4 ,f[l typhoid1 or leukemia1 is a disease ( ! blood t may be mi/ak5 = *ol]a4 ,! p\ltryman mu/ treat x 9 ! same way4 ,,cloacitis ,,or ,,v5t-,,gleet ,n a common disease ,symptoms4 ,frequ5t small dis*>ges ( excrem5t & unsuccessful ef=ts to dis*>ge :5 ! cloaca 7,fig4 #cb7 is empty1 ! muc\s membrane ( :i* becomes hot & inflam$4 ,^! symptoms are soon foll[$ by an (f5sive dis*>ge4 ,cause4 ,a specific disease transmitt$ f h5 to h5 by ! ag5cy ( ! cock4 ,treatm5t4 ,imm$iately isolate affect$ h5s2 syr+e out cloaca twice daily ) #b creol92 give mild purgative & put on s(t food4 ,males likely to be affect$ %\ld be exam9$1 & diseas$ birds kill$4 ,caution4 ,! h&s %\ld be c>efully cleans$ & dis9fect$1 z a s]i\s inflammation w result if ! eyes are rubb$ ) infect$ h&s4 ,?is is a tr\blesome & risky disease to treat4 ,,coccidiosis ,,( ,,adult ,,f[ls ,! g]m ( ?is disease does n usually affect adult f[ls s]i\sly1 b causes sev]e losses among *ick5s & turkeys ,symptoms4 ,! ext]nal symptoms are n v pron\nc$2 !re is loss ( weight & 9 "s cases di>rhea4 ,! disease may la/ = a long "t & birds may ev5 recov]4 ,a po/-mortem exam9ation %[s ! walls ( ! cca ?ick5$ & fill$ ) a pa/y mass1 :ile *>act]i/ic :iti% or yell[i% spots 7see ,fig4 #bd1 d7 are f\nd 9 ! liv]4 ,cause4 ,?is disease is due to ! same g]m 7a coccidium7 t causes blackhead 9 turkeys4 ,adult f[ls occasionally develop ?is disease1 b appe> to be able1 z a rule1 to act z a ho/ = ! g]ms )\t be+ !mselves affect$1 al?\gh heavy losses occur among turkeys or *ick5s t get ! g]m f !m4 ,treatm5t4 ,copp]as 9 ! dr9k+ wat] 7?ree gra9s to a qu>t7 has be5 recomm5d$1 toge!r ) ! occasional use ( calomel 9 "o-gra9 doses1 or "o or two teaspoonfuls ( ca/or oil4 ,?or\gh dis9fection 7see page #aj7 ( h\ses & runs1 etc41 :]e affect$ f[ls h be51 is important4 ,burn ! bodies ( birds t die ( ! disease4 ,,cold 7,,simple ,,cat>rh7 ,dang]\s1 because x may be confus$ ) ! e>ly /ages ( r\p ,symptoms4 ,dis*>ge f ! no/rils & ! eyes1 ) occasional fits ( sneez+2 loss ( appetite1 & mop+4 ,cause4 ,cold & damp4 ,colds mo/ frequ5tly occur 9 wet wea!r & among poorly h\s$ & poorly f$ /ock4 ,treatm5t4 ,w>m h\s+ & protection f cold & wet4 ,give qu99e--"o gra9 to an adult f[l4 ,_m believe 9 dos+ f[ls suff]+ f colds ) r$ pepp] giv5 9 ! food4 ,:5 !re are signs ( /uff9ess1 ! eyes & ! no/rils %\ld be wa%$ out once or twice daily4 ,c>bolic acid #b1 or boric acid1 ab\t #c1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 is recomm5d$ = ?is purpose4 ,wit* hazel has be5 f\nd v effective4 ,caution4 ,!re is a risk ( mi/ak+ ! e>ly /ages ( r\p = a simple cold4 ,fur!r1 birds are m likely to contract r\p :5 suff]+ f a cold1 & %\ld1 on ?is acc\nt1 be isolat$ & regul>ly exam9$4 ,influ5za4 ,! t]m influ5za1 or grippe1 is g5]ally appli$ to a sev]e cold t has no symptoms ( r\p4 ,,con/ipation ,n common & seldom s]i\s ,symptoms4 ,! bird suff]+ is dull & li/less4 ,its ef=ts to evacuate are pa9ful & unsuccessful4 ,cause4 ,int]nal block+ ( ! cloaca or ! inte/9es1 or1 occasionally1 ( ! v5t by dirt accumulat$ on ! outside4 ,want ( ex]cise & lack ( gre5 food are held to be contribut+ causes4 ,treatm5t4 ,if con/ipation is due to dirt on ! outside1 cleanse v5t by swabb+ ) w>m wat]4 ,:5 /oppage is inside & c be felt ?r\gh ! v5t syr+e ) sweet oil4 ,9 o!r cases1 give a purgative su* z ca/or oil or ,epsom salts4 ,if worms are suspect$ z ! cause1 give santon9 7see page #i71 foll[$ by a teaspoonful ( ca/or oil4 ,,cramp ,mu/ n be confus$ ) m s]i\s compla9ts ,symptoms4 ,difficulty 9 /&+ & lam5ess1 due to inflammation ( muscles & jo9ts4 ,cause4 ,damp & cold4 ,treatm5t4 ,put legs ( bird 9 w>m wat]2 rub jo9ts ) embrocation & put 9 dry qu>t]s4 ,,note--,9 cases ( rheumatism1 tick fev]1 & tub]culosis1 birds may %[ ! same difficulty 9 /&+ t !y d 9 cramp4 ,,crop-,,b\nd 7,,impaction ,,( ,,crop7 ,n s]i\s1 z a rule ,symptoms4 ,! crop is h>d & swoll54 ,cause4 ,! block+ ( ! passage f ! crop to ! gizz>d by a bit ( /ick or a /one1 ) ! result t ! food _c pass out ( ! crop4 ,treatm5t4 ,p\r sweet oil d[n f[l's ?roat2 "w ! crop ) ! f+]s1 endeavor+ to remove ! ob/ruct+ object4 ,if unsuccessful1 cut op5 ! crop & remove ! cont5ts1 mak+ sure t ! op5+ into ! gizz>d is cle>4 ,sew up ! cut made1 /it*+ sep>ately fir/ ! inn] sk9 & !n ! out]4 ,,di>rhea ,,or ,,ent]itis ,may take a s]i\s & epidemic =m ,di>rhea is a common compla9t among f[ls1 & 9 "s cases takes a sev]e & epidemic =m4 ,! latt] =m may be due to v>i\s causes1 & x w be be/1 p]haps1 to deal ) di>rhea "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,mild di>rhea4 #b4 ,epidemic & sev]e di>rhea4 #c4 ,dys5t]y4 7,see page #eb47 #d4 ,*ol]a4 7,see page #ci47 #e4 ,:ite di>rhea ( *ick5s4 7,see page #ib47 ,mild ,di>rhea4 ,symptoms4 ,loos5ess ( b[els & /a9+ ( fea!rs ar\nd ! anus ) excreta4 ,cause4 ,indige/ion caus$ by food :i* may be too laxative2 e4 g41 excess ( bran1 or1 by food :i* may be p>tly decompos$ or may conta9 an inte/9al irritant4 ,cold may also be a cause4 ,treatm5t4 ,give ,epsom salts1 or ca/or oil4 7,see page #i47 ,*ange diet if food is suspect$4 ,(t5 no treatm5t is necess>y1 b x is n wise to neglect cases t are app>5tly mild di>rhea1 = fe> !y may turn out to be an epidemic & contagi\s =m4 ,di>rhea1 ,sev]e & ,epidemic ,symptoms4 ,excessive loos5ess ( b[els1 ruffl+ ( fea!rs1 depression1 loss ( appetite4 ,a numb] ( birds 9 ! flock are attack$ & dea? results4 ,cause4 ,!re are a v>iety ( causes4 ,sci5tific inve/igation has l$ to ! discov]y ( specific organisms responsible = v>i\s =ms ( di>rhea4 ,x w\ld be well = p\ltry re>]s to /udy ! results ( su* "w1 b1 = ! purposes ( ?is book1 x w be suffici5t to /ate t ! causal organism may be bact]ial1 mycotic1 or protozoan4 ,! own] ( p\ltry w n usually be able himself to det]m9e :at type ( di>rhea ! f[ls are suff]+ f1 b z a rule ! treatm5t w h to be ! same4 ,advice w h to be s\ght f an exp]t :5 dang]\s epidemics are fe>$4 ,treatm5t4 ,! mo/ en]getic measures ( dis9fection mu/ be und]tak54 7,see page #aj47 #a4 ,isolate sick f[ls4 #b4 ,dis9fect soil ( run ?or\ghly4 #c4 ,clean & dis9fect coops4 #d4 ,9 bad cases1 remove ! re/ ( ! flock f ! infe/$ run4 #e4 ,give sick f[ls ,epsom salts1 or ca/or oil2 fe$ f[ls on s(t food4 #f4 ,if ! di>rhea is n *eck$1 give #f to #ab drops ( *lorodyne4 ,,diph!ria ,,or ,,diph!ritic ,,r\p ,a dang]\s disease1 & infect$ birds %\ld be kill$ at once ,symptoms4 ,a cold1 accompani$ by :iti% & yell[i% pat*es on ! back ( ! ?roat & 9 ! m\?4 ,^! pat*es app>5tly =m a false membrane & _c be torn (f )\t caus+ ble$+4 ,! disease is sometimes kn[n z cank]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,diph!ritic ,,r\p b1 l[] beak2 t1 tongue2 m1 false membrane4 7,aft] ,h>rison & ,/reit47 ,cause4 ,?is disease is (t5 cle>ly a lat] /age ( r\p4 ,x is difficult to say :]e "o ends & ! o!r beg9s4 ,x has be5 claim$ t ! organism is ! same z t :i* causes diph!ria 9 human be+s1 b ! weight ( evid5ce is aga9/ ?is conclusion4 ,treatm5t4 ,diph!ria is extremely infecti\s4 ,x is be/ to kill ! fir/ cases at once4 ,if ! bird is ( p>ticul> value1 x may be isolat$ & ! pat*es on ! ?roat swabb$ ) #ej hydrog5 p]oxide or #e creol91 ) a small bit ( cotton wool w\nd ar\nd a /ick4 ,if great c>e is ex]cis$1 #bj c>bolic acid or #bj creol9 may be pa9t$ on ! pat*es1 b nei!r %\ld be all[$ to t\* ! normal sk94 ,burn ! swabs4 ,treat accompany+ r\py symptoms z recomm5d$ "u r\p4 ,! t]m cank] is also appli$ to c]ta9 spots or gr[?s t occur on ! ?roat4 ,^! are n 9 any way associat$ ) diph!ritic r\p1 or any dang]\s1 contagi\s disease1 & are due to injury or to an unheal?y condition ( ! muc\s membrane4 ,,dropsy ,n a common disease ,symptoms4 ,di/5tion ( abdom54 ,cause4 ,collection ( liquid 9 abdom9al cavity4 ,treatm5t4 ,treatm5t is seldom successful4 ,x is be/ & mo/ m]ciful to kill ! afflict$ bird4 ,if x is desir$ to make an ef=t to save ! bird1 c>efully puncture ! l[] portion ( ! abdom5 ) a troc> & squeeze out ! liquid4 ,give invalid diet4 ,,dys5t]y ,s]i\s if 9 epidemic =m ,symptoms4 ,sev]e di>rhea ) blood 9 ! dis*>ges4 ,cause4 ,bact]ial or o!r specific infection ( ! inte/9es4 ,occasionally ! eat+ ( "s poison\s or irritat+ sub/ance w give rise to blood 9 ! excrem5t4 ,treatm5t4 ,isolate bird1 & give six to eight drops ( *lorodyne on a small piece ( bread4 ,?or\gh dis9fection 7see page #aj7 ( wat]1 soil & h\se is necess>y to prev5t ?is disease spread+4 ,,egg-,,b\nd ,an uncommon compla9t ,symptoms4 ,! h5 goes on & (f ! ne/ /ra9+ to lay4 ,g5]ally ! egg may be felt ?r\gh ! v5t4 ,aft] /ra9+ = "s "t1 %e may succe$ 9 lay+ ! egg1 & treatm5t %\ld n be und]tak5 until x is evid5t t ! f[l ne$s assi/ance4 ,cause4 ,v "y h5s are m liable to ?is compla9t1 :i* arises f eggs ( an abnormal size1 f lack ( muscul> p[]1 or f "s o!r disord] ( ! oviduct4 ,treatm5t4 ,x w be mo/ m]ciful to kill f[ls 9 mu* di/ress1 z treatm5t is t$i\s & pa9ful to ! f[l4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ to hold ! f[l's v5t ov] /eam f boil+ wat] & !n to pass an oil$ f+] up ! v5t4 ,9 bad cases1 pi]ce ! egg & )draw ! cont5ts1 !n break ! %ell & remove all ! pieces4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 to leave no p>ticle ( ! brok5 %ell beh9d4 ,,egg-,,eat+ ,a bad habit t may be controll$ ,symptoms4 ,if rema9s ( eggs are se5 9 ne/s or runs1 ! p\ltryman %\ld become suspici\s & make obs]vations to prove :e!r any ( 8 flock are eat+ eggs4 ,cause4 ,brok5 eggs or s(t-%ell$ eggs left ab\t ! y>d may be ! cause ( h5s acquir+ ?is bad habit4 ,treatm5t4 ,all signs ( brok5 eggs %\ld always be imm$iately remov$4 ,! culprit1 :5 detect$1 %\ld be remov$ to a diff]5t p5 & ne/4 ,d>k ne/s h be5 recomm5d$4 ,a trap ne/ w prev5t a h5 f gett+ at h] egg4 ,,emphysema 7,,air ,,"u ,,sk97 ,n a common disease ( *ick5s ,symptoms4 ,9 ?is disease ( *ick5s ! sk9 becomes puff$ out 9 "o or m places1 g5]ally on ! neck4 ,9 r>e cases ! puff+ spreads ov] ne>ly ! :ole ( ! body4 ,cause4 ,?is disease is evid5tly caus$ by "s ob/ruction ( ! air passages t =ces ! air to escape "u ! sk94 ,treatm5t4 ,let out ! air by punctur+ ! sk94 ,give s(t & n\ri%+ food4 ,x w probably be wis] n to use birds t recov] f ?is compla9t = bre$+ /ock4 ,,epilepsy ,an unusual compla9t ,symptoms4 ,! bird /agg]s ab\t & has a fit4 ,x may recov]4 ,cause4 ,x is difficult to discov] a cause2 inte/9al worms are suspect$ 9 "s cases4 ,treatm5t4 ,if x is suspect$ t inte/9al worms are responsible1 try ! treatm5t recomm5d$ = worms4 7,see page #ie47 ,,fatty ,,deg5]ation ,n contagi\s1 b po9t+ to error 9 diet ,symptoms4 ,m or less sudd5 dea?s ( birds 9 good condition4 ,po/-mortem exam9ation %[s an enl>g$ liv] & masses ( fat atta*$ to ! inte/9es4 ,cause4 ,some?+ wrong ) ! diet2 too mu* heat-giv+ food & want ( ex]cise4 ,treatm5t4 ,po/-mortem pro( ( fatty deg5]ation 9 ! flock %\ld lead ! p\ltry own] to *ange ! diet1 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( heat-giv+ food1 & giv+ m ex]cise4 ,"s au?ors draw att5tion to a fatty deg5]ation 9 :i* ! liv] is %runk5 & %[s fat globules "u ! microscope4 ,,favus 7,,:ite ,,comb7 ,disfigur+1 b easily controll$ if treat$ e>ly ,symptoms4 ,:iti% scabs or cru/s on ! comb1 ! head & d[n ! neck4 ,cause4 ,due to a fungus t spreads1 if n treat$1 & t probably />ts :]e !re is an abrasion ( ! sk94 ,treatm5t4 ,treat 9 e>ly /ages ( ! disease by dress+ ) sulphur o9tm5t4 7,see page #i47 ,isolate bird4 ,if ! case has be5 neglect$ & all[$ to develop1 ! cru/s mu/ fir/ be moi/5$ ) oil & ! surface scrap$ (f ) a blunt in/rum5t4 ,!n apply t9cture ( iod9e or nitrate ( silv]4 ,,fea!r-,,eat+ ,n a v common habit ,symptoms4 ,! pres5ce ( b>e pat*es & injur$ plumage on birds %\ld lead ! p\ltryman to wat* = fea!r-eat]s4 ,cause4 ,irritation f insects1 "s defect 9 diet1 or natural cuss$ness4 ,treatm5t4 ,isolate ! (f5d]1 &1 if p]si/5t & ( no special value1 kill1 = fe> ! bad example may be foll[$ by o!rs4 ,if sev]al f[ls develop ?is vice1 try hang+ up a bone = !m to peck at & ?us di/ract _! att5tion4 ,,fleas ,an occasional p>asite ( p\ltry ,symptoms4 ,fleas are f\nd on ! f[ls or 9 ! /raw ( _! ne/s4 ,description4 ,! flea t attacks f[ls is kn[n z ! h5 flea 7,pulex gall974 ,x is d>k color$ & has %>p m\? p>ts4 ,d\btless x causes ! f[l x attacks mu* irritation 9 addition to loss ( blood4 ,treatm5t4 ,keep p\ltry h\ses 9 a clean1 sanit>y condition4 ,du/ ! infe/$ f[ls ) an insect p[d] or dip !m 9 creol91 ab\t #a4 ,burn infe/$ /raw4 ,,fractures ,brok5 bones ( legs or w+s c be m5d$ by plac+ ! bones back 9 _! prop] positions & b9d+ ) light spl9ts4 ,! spl9ts may be remov$ 9 ab\t f\r weeks4 ,x w be f\nd t %anks are easily set1 b t brok5 w+s give f> m tr\ble4 ,if a f[l dislocates its leg or its w+1 ! jo9t %\ld be g5tly pu%$ back into place4 ,,fro/ ,,bite ,a /ra9 on ! bird's sy/em ,symptoms4 ,combs & wattles are mo/ liable to fro/ bite1 p>ticul>ly 9 bre$s 9 :i* ^! p>ts are l>ge4 ,cause4 ,exposure to v l[ temp]atures1 especially if birds are sudd5ly turn$ out f w>m qu>t]s2 dipp+ comb & wattles 9 wat] :5 ! temp]ature is l[4 ,treatm5t4 ,prev5t by keep+ birds z w>m z possible dur+ w9t]1 & d n all[ !m to g out e>ly 9 ! morn+s 9 v cold wea!r4 ,dr9k+ wat] %\ld be provid$ 9 a vessel f :i* birds c dr9k )\t wett+ _! wattles4 ,9 a case ( fro/ bite1 ?aw ! affect$ p>ts by g5tly rubb+ ) vasel9e & aft]w>ds treat ) a mixture ( two gra9s ( salicylic acid to "o ounce ( vasel9e or l>d4 ,,gapes ,s]i\s 9 badly infe/$ y>ds ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,gapes ,on left3 ,*ick5 affect$ ) gapes4 ,on "r3 a1 male & female gape worms2 b1 gape worms 9 w9dpipe4 7,f ,salmon47 ,symptoms4 ,frequ5t gap+ & c\gh+2 "y *icks attack$1 z a rule4 ,notice if any worms are c\gh$ up by ! *ick52 if none c be f\nd1 b ! gap+ cont9ues1 put a /ripp$ fea!r d[n ! w9dpipe1 z recomm5d$ "u treatm5t1 & see if any gape worms c be pull$ up4 ,cause4 ,small worms1 r$ 9 color :5 engorg$1 :i* atta* !mselves to ! muc\s membrane ( ! w9dpipe4 ,affect$ birds c\gh up worms or ova1 :i* infect ! y>d & sometimes ! wat] supply4 ,e>?worms tak5 f infe/$ y>ds h be5 f\nd to conta9 portions ( gape worms1 & may be "o means ( infect+ p\ltry4 ,treatm5t4 ,isolate attack$ p\ltry & dis9fect coops & y>ds4 ,! worms may be extract$ f ! w9dpipe ( a gap+ *ick5 ) a fea!r /ripp$ ne>ly to ! end1 & moi/5$1 b n dripp+1 ) oil ( turp5t9e4 ,hold ! m\? op51 pu% ! fea!r d[n ! w9dpipe1 & give x a sudd5 twi/1 :i* w dislodge ! worms & all[ ( _! be+ drawn up4 ,fumigation by hold+ ! bird's head ov] an irritant vapor1 su* z t ( c>bolic acid p\r$ into boil+ wat]1 is risky1 b sometimes successful4 ,if n cauti\sly done1 mu* suff]+ may be inflict$ on ! bird4 ,po/-mortem4 ,cut op5 ! w9dpipe & look = ! worms1 :i* may be easily recogniz$ by ,fig4 #ab4 ,male & female specim5s w be f\nd atta*$ to "o ano!r4 ,,ga/ritis 7,,cat>rh ,,( ,,! ,,/oma*7 ,n a common compla9t ,symptoms4 ,?is disease _c be readily diagnos$ :ile ! f[l is liv+2 x is g5]ally associat$ ) cat>rh ( ! crop4 7,see page #cg47 ,! symptoms are simil>4 ,po/-mortem exam9ation w %[ ! l9+ ( ! /oma* 9 an inflam$ condition4 ,cause4 ,! inflammation ( ! l9+ ( ! /oma* is g5]ally due to eat+ decompos+ food or o!r poison\s matt]4 ,treatm5t4 ,empty ! crop z recomm5d$ "u ,cat>rh ( ! crop4 ,give "o or two tablespoonfuls ( ca/or oil & fe$ on s(t & easily dige/$ food ) milk or b>ley wat]4 ,be sure t p\ltry are n all[$ to run "u trees t h be5 spray$ ) ars5ical poisons4 ,,g\t ,n a common ailm5t ,symptoms4 ,! bird sometimes loses weight1 & z ! disease develops %[s /iffness & an indisposition to /&4 ,9 "s cases small nodules conta9+ cry/als ( urate ( soda occur on ! und]side ( ! toes4 ,cause4 ,failure ( ! kidneys to p]=m _! normal functions & consequ5t accumulation ( urates 9 ! bird's sy/em 9 excessive quantities4 ,g\t may be due to too conc5trat$ fe$+4 ,treatm5t4 ,m$ic9es & treatm5t are ( little avail4 ,endeavor to prev5t by fe$+ a mix$ diet4 ,po/-mortem4 ,9 "o =m ( ?is disease1 kn[n z visc]al g\t1 ! liv] & o!r abdom9al organs are cov]$ ov] ) a p[d]-l deposit ( ! cry/als ( urate ( soda4 ,,he>t ,,diseases ,n common1 & _c be treat$ ,! he>t is an organ t is subject to sev]al s]i\s diseases1 b ^! _c be detect$ ) any c]ta9ty :ile ! bird is liv+1 & treatm5t _c be recomm5d$ z likely to be successful4 ,po/-mortem exam9ation may %[ ! foll[+ symptoms3 #a4 ,! he>t sac full ( s]\s liquid1 9 ! case ( p]ic>ditis1 or dropsy ( ! he>t sac4 #b4 ,a r$d5+ ( ! membrane l9+ ! he>t1 9 ! case ( inflammation 7endoc>ditis74 #c4 ,an enl>g$ he>t1 9 ! case ( enl>gem5t ( ! he>t4 #d4 ,hemorrhage1 9 ! case ( rupture ( ! he>t & ( ! blood vessels4 ,,indige/ion ,disord] ( ! inte/9al tract1 t is n v s]i\s ,symptoms4 ,! bird mopes & %[s signs ( a caprici\s appetite4 ,ei!r di>rhea or1 less commonly1 con/ipation1 may be a symptom4 ,cause4 ,disord]s ( ! dige/ive tract1 due to error 9 diet+--= example1 ov]fe$+1 or too little gre5 food & n en\gh ex]cise4 ,treatm5t4 ,alt] ! fe$+1 see t ! wat] is clean1 & give a dose ( ,epsom salts4 7,see page #i47 ,,jaundice ,n a common disease ,symptoms4 ,a yell[ comb may indicate jaundice1 b !re are no def9ite ext]nal symptoms4 ,po/-mortem exam9ation %[s di/5tion ( ! gall bladd]1 due to an excessive secretion ( bile4 ,cause4 ,said to be due to cont9u$ conge/ion ( ! liv]1 aris+ possibly f too mu* heat-giv+ food4 ,treatm5t4 ,if ! disease is suspect$1 give "o gra9 ( calomel z a purgative & fe$ on m gre5 food4 ,,kidney ,,diseases ,) ! exception ( g\t1 kidney diseases _c be detect$ by ext]nal symptoms ,g\t 7see page #fc7 is ! commone/ disease ( ! kidneys4 ,9 addition1 !re are "s disord]s ( ! kidneys 7e4 g41 enl>gem5t7 t may be notic$ on po/-mortem exam9ation4 ,little is kn[n ab\t ^! diseases2 !re are no symptoms t c be recogniz$ be=e dea?1 & no treatm5t c be recomm5d$4 ,,leg ,,weakness ,con/itutional weakness1 to :i* ! heavi] bre$s are m subject ?an are ! light] ones ,symptoms4 ,f[ls walk 9 an un/eady mann]1 )\t %[+ any specific cause = lam5ess4 ,"y birds are m likely to be affect$ 9 ?is mann]1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! heavi] bre$s4 ,cause4 ,too rapid gr[?1 ! bird outgr[+ ! /r5g? ( its legs4 ,treatm5t4 ,r$uce ! quantity ( fat-produc+ foods4 ,c>e 9 ! selection ( bre$+ /ock is important4 ,,lice ,inv>iably pres5t 9 small numb]s1 & likely to become a s]i\s pe/1 if n p]si/5tly controll$ ,symptoms4 ,un?rifty look ( f[l & signs ( irritation2 des]tion ( ne/ by sett+ h5s2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! detection ( lice on ! f[l3 ?is may be done by quickly turn+ ov] ! fea!rs on ! body & look+ = ! lice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,look+ ,,= ,,lice ,cause4 ,introduction ( an infe/$ f[l2 neglect to du/ f[ls regul>ly to keep d[n lice1 & to clean out f[l h\ses & *ange ! /raw ( ne/ boxes4 ,at ! season t lice are likely to be mo/ preval5t ! p\ltryman %\ld take precaution>y measures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,?ree ,,lice ,,t ,,commonly ,,affect ,,f[ls 7,f ,salmon47 a4 ,lipeurus v>iabilis4 b1 ,m5opon pallidum4 c1 ,goniodes dissimilis4 ,description ( lice4 ,lice are small insects rang+ 9 size f #abe to #ah ( an in*4 ,!y bre$ rapidly1 lay+ _! eggs on ! fea!rs4 ,!y are n blood-suck+ insects1 b cause mu* irritation to ! birds !y infe/4 ,sev]al species are f\nd on f[ls4 ,fig4 #ad %[s ?ree ( ! common species4 ,treatm5t4 ,du/ f[ls ) fre% insect p[d] 7pyre?rum74 ,sme> sulphur o9tm5t on head & "u w+s1 especially 9 ! case ( *ick5s4 ,infe/$ f[ls may be dipp$ 9 #b creol94 ,du/ sett+ h5s ) a lice p[d] be=e putt+ !m on _! ne/s4 ,infe/$ /raw %\ld be burnt1 & boxes1 ne/s1 fixtures1 etc41 %\ld be ?or\ghly spray$ ) #b creol94 ,,limb]-,,neck ,an occasional compla9t ,symptoms4 ,! muscles ( ! f[l's neck become s relax$ t !y _c support ! head4 ,cause4 ,limb]-neck1 due to p>tial or entire p>alysis ( ! muscles ( ! neck1 is believ$ to be associat$ ) acute indige/ion or worms4 ,treatm5t4 ,a /rong purgative may be ! means ( effect+ a cure by clean+ out any inte/9al poisons & ?us correct+ ! cause4 ,if ! treatm5t recomm5d$ does n effect a cure 9 a few days1 kill ! bird4 ,,liv] ,,diseases ,! liv] is affect$ by sev]al diseases1 & ! p\ltryman1 :o f9ds a spott$ liv] on po/-mortem exam9ation1 w be mu* aid$ 9 det]m9+ ! cause1 if he takes into consid]ation ! symptoms notic$ be=e ! f[l di$1 z well z ! *anges 9 ! o!r int]nal organs4 ,! importance ( ! po/-mortem exam9ation is 9 di/+ui%+ :e!r ! dea? ( ! f[l is due to a contagi\s disease4 ,! causes ( diseas$ liv]s may be conv5i5tly divid$ into two classes3 #a4 ,diseas$ liv]s due to indige/ion1 e4 g41 enl>gem5t4 #b4 ,diseas$ liv]s due to a specific disease1 e4 g41 tub]culosis4 ,diseases ,due to ,indige/ion ,9 ?is class may be includ$ deg5]ation1 inflammation1 conge/ion1 enl>gem5t1 & atrophy ( ! liv]4 ,!re are m or less di/9ct diff]5ces 9 ^! diseases1 b ! only possible me?ods ( treatm5t kn[n at pres5t are v mu* ! same4 ,symptoms4 ,!re are no def9ite ext]nal symptoms4 ,! p\ltryman's suspicions %\ld1 h[ev]1 be ar\s$ if f[ls app>5tly 9 good heal? die sudd5ly4 ,a po/-mortem exam9ation w reveal a liv] ( abnormal size1 or some:at %runk51 & ( unheal?y texture4 ,cause4 ,! cause is g5]ally some?+ wrong 9 ! fe$+4 ,f[ls may be eat+ too l>ge a proportion ( heat-produc+ foods & n en\gh gre5 food4 ,if an enl>g$ liv] is associat$ ) an excessive lay] ( fat cov]+ ! int]nal organs1 x po9ts to too l>ge quantities ( c>bohydrates4 ,treatm5t4 ,correct errors 9 fe$+4 ,give m gre5 food & let ! f[ls scrat* = "s ( _! gra94 ,if errors 9 fe$+ & g5]al managem5t are n obvi\s1 make exp]im5tal *anges4 ,diseas$ ,liv]s ,due to ,specific ,diseases ,tub]culosis1 coccidiosis1 g\t & o!r specific diseases are responsible = spott$ or diseas$ liv]s4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,! section on diagnosis by po/-mortem exam9ation gives fur!r in=mation on ^! subjects & %[s h[ ! pr9cipal diseases may be di/+ui%$4 ,! t]m canc] is sometimes appli$ to cases 9 :i* !re are tumors on ! liv]4 ,,maggots ,occasionally f\nd 9 fle% w\nds ( p\ltry ,symptoms4 ,a fle% w\nd t in/ead ( heal+ develops into a sore ) a slight runn+4 ,on exam9ation1 maggots w be f\nd4 ,cause4 ,sev]al species ( flies are always ready to lay _! eggs 9 any available w\nd or sore2 !re=e w\nds mu/ be wat*$ 9 ! case ( p\ltry1 z ) all o!r animals ( ! f>my>d4 ,! eggs laid by ^! flies hat* & develop into small footless grubs commonly kn[n z maggots4 ,treatm5t4 ,wa% ! w\nd ) #a to #b creol92 remove z _m ( ! maggots z possible ) a pair ( tweez]s or a fea!r4 ,if ! maggots are deep-seat$1 /uff ! w\nd ) a cotton wad saturat$ ) /rong creol9 or #aj c>bolic acid4 ,exam9e next day & remove dead maggots4 ,treat aga9 9 a simil> mann] if ! maggots are n all kill$4 ,fi% oil1 or iod(orm made into a pa/e ) vasel9e1 w prev5t ! flies deposit+ _! eggs1 if sme>$ on ! surface ( ! w\nd4 ,,mites 7,,air-,,sac7 ,n a common p>asite ,symptoms4 ,!re are no def9ite ext]nal symptoms4 ,if ! bird is v badly affect$1 !re may be evid5ces ( suffocation4 ,?is may end fatally4 ,a po/-mortem exam9ation w %[ ! mites 9 ! air passages & bron*i z small yell[i% & :iti% p>ticles1 :i* on c>eful obs]vation may be se5 to move4 ,cause4 ,a small mite 7,s>coptes lvis7 :i* infe/s ! air sacs & bron*i4 ,^! mites1 :5 pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s1 ob/ruct ! air passages & cause suffocation4 ,a secretion f ! muc\s membrane affect$1 results f ! pres5ce ( ! mites & increases ! ob/ruction ( ! air passages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,,! ,,air ,,sac ,,mite 7,f ,salmon47 ,treatm5t4 ,! fumigation me?od tri$ = gapes has be5 recomm5d$1 b !re is little reason to expect success4 ,,mites1 ,,deplum+ 7,,scabies7 ,symptoms4 ,b>e pat*es on ! bird's body due to ! loss ( fea!rs4 ,! rump & ! brea/ are mo/ frequ5tly attack$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af ,,! ,,deplum+ ,,mite 7,f ,salmon47 ,cause4 ,a small mite 7,s>coptes lvis7 f\nd on ! bird's body ne> ! base ( ! fall5 fea!rs4 ,treatm5t4 ,isolate affect$ birds2 rub b>e pat*es & neighbor+ portion ( body ) sulphur o9tm5t 7see page #i7 or dip body ( f[l 9 a solution ( ab\t #b creol94 ,,mites 7,,r$ ,,mite7 ,a s]i\s pe/ ,symptoms4 ,un?rift9ess ( birds4 ,cause4 ,a small :iti% mite1 :i* appe>s r$ :5 fill$ ) blood4 ,^! mites suck ! bird's blood at night & hide dur+ ! day 9 ! sockets ( ! p]*es & 9 ! crevices ( ! woodwork4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,! ,,r$ ,,mite ,treatm5t4 ,exam9e ! f[l h\se at night4 ,du/ h5s ) an insect p[d]2 ?or\ghly spray h\ses & p]*es ) #e creol9 or o!r dis9fectant1 & squirt k]os5e oil or turp5t9e into cracks & crevices4 ,a specially con/ruct$ mite-pro( p]*1 or "o t c be easily remov$1 %\ld be us$4 ,,molt+ ,molt+ is n a disease1 b may prove try+ to p\ltry n 9 ! be/ condition to /& ! /ra9 ( ! process4 ,h5s ov]tax$ ) =c$ lay+ & cocks runn+ ) too l>ge a numb] ( h5s are mo/ likely to suff]4 ,molt+ occurs 9 heal?y adult birds e twelve mon?s4 ,! process1 :i* is a natural "o1 %\ld be all[$ to take its natural c\rse unless ! f[ls appe> weak & depress$ dur+ ! p]iod4 ,9 su* cases specially n\ri%+ & /imulat+ food %\ld be giv54 ,anyh[1 x w\ld be well to pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! fe$+ ( birds dur+ ! molt+ season4 ,,ov>y ,,diseases ,h5s suff] f v>i\s diseases ( ! ov>y1 :i* may become %rivel$ & useless or gangr5\s4 ,tumor\s gr[?s1 sometimes call$ canc]s1 are also f\nd4 ,z diseas$ conditions ( ?is organ c be detect$ only by po/-mortem exam9ation1 & z no rem$ies are kn[n1 ! subject ne$ n be dealt ) m fully4 ,,oviduct1 ,,diseases ,,( ,abnormal eggs mu/ be reg>d$ z due to functional disord]s ( ! oviduct4 ,"o cause ( s(t eggs is lack ( %ell-=m+ mat]ial2 !re=e a lib]al supply ( p[d]$ oy/] %ells1 or lime 9 "s o!r =m1 %\ld always be accessible to lay+ h5s4 ,o!r abnormal eggs occur1 su* z ^? ) d\ble yolks1 )\t any yolk1 ) blood clots1 etc4 ,no treatm5t c be sugge/$ beyond fe$+ a v>i$ diet & avoid+ too /imulat+ or ov]-heat+ foods4 ,prolapse ( ! oviduct may occur4 ,! protrud+ portion %\ld be oil$ or vasel9$ & g5tly press$ back4 ,,p]itonitis ,n common & n contagi\s ,symptoms4 ,loss ( appetite1 fev] & evid5ce ( discom=t & pa9 9 ! /oma*1 especially if ! abdom5 is press$ ) ! h&4 ,po/-mortem exam9ation %[s inflam$ appe>ance ( membrane ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,organs ,,( ,,reproduction ,,( ,,! ,,h5 7,f ,salmon47 a4 ,undevelop$ ovules 9 ov>y4 b4 ,p>tly develop$ ovule %[+ /igma4 ,"h ! follicle wall breaks & all[s ! ovule yolk to leave ! ov>y prep>atory to lay+4 c4 ,an empty follicle 9 :i* ! /igma & ! yolk pass$ out4 d4 ,op5+ ( oviduct4 e4 ,portion ( oviduct di/5d$1 all[+ yolk to pass d[n4 f4 ,walls ( oviduct :i* secrete album5 =m+ ! :ite ( ! egg4 g4 ,membran\s l9+ add$4 h4 ,portion ( oviduct t secretes %ell-=m+ sub/ance4 i4 ,cloaca4 ,cause4 ,s]i\s inflammation ( ! wall ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,treatm5t4 ,put ! bird 9 a quiet place4 ,aconite 7see page #i71 to r$uce ! temp]ature1 & opium1 or "o drop ( laudanum1 to relieve pa91 h be5 recomm5d$1 b z a rule x is be/ to kill ! bird4 ,,pip ,g5]ally ! effect ( "s o!r disord] ,symptoms4 ,a h>d5$ scale =m$ at tip ( tongue4 ,cause4 ,g5]ally due to cold or o!r disord] affect+ ! brea?+ ( ! bird4 ,treatm5t4 ,d n try to te> (f ! gr[? on ! tongue by =ce1 b moi/5 ) vasel9e or glyc]9 until x becomes loose4 ,give s(t food4 ,,pneumonia ,,& ,,conge/ion ,,( ,,lungs ,g5]ally fatal ,symptoms4 ,extreme depression & great difficulty 9 brea?+4 ,difficult to di/+ui% 9 ! liv+ bird f a v bad cold4 ,po/-mortem exam9ation %[s ! affect$ lung fill$ ) an exudate4 ,! lung s9ks if put 9 wat]4 ,cause4 ,foll[+ on a cold1 ! lung becomes conge/$ ) blood & a d>k1 visc\s matt]4 ,pneumonia may be consid]$ a fur!r1 & g5]ally f9al1 /age ( conge/ion4 ,treatm5t4 ,a cure is seldom effect$1 b 9 ! case ( a valuable bird ! foll[+ treatm5t may be tri$ ,keep ! bird 9 a dry1 w>m place2 pa9t ! sk9 above ! lungs ) t9cture ( iod9e2 give aconite4 ,fe$ on s(t food & give a /imulant4 ,,poison+ ,symptoms4 ,z a rule ! poisons t f[ls eat are m9]al4 ,! mo/ pron\nc$ symptom is evid5ce ( pa94 ,9 cases ( ars5ical poison !re is di>rhea4 ,a poison conta9+ a copp] comp\nd acts p>tly z an emetic1 caus+ ! f[l to make an ef=t to vomit4 ,9 cases ( m9]al poisons1 po/-mortem exam9ations %[ inflammation ( ! /oma* & ! dige/ive tract4 ,s\rces ( poison4 ,p\ltry are likely to get poison$ f ! foll[+ s\rces3 ,f]tiliz]s 7e4 g41 nitrate ( soda7 us$ on fields 9 :i* f[ls scrat* = food4 ,su* cases are r>e4 ,insecticides & fungicides 7e4 g41 ,p>is gre5 ars5ic1 lead ars5ate1 ,bordeaux mixture7 appli$ to plants "u :i* f[ls run4 ,if sprays are mix$ 9 correct proportions & us$ 9 normal quantities1 !re is little dang] to p\ltry fe$+ on ! grass bel[ spray$ trees4 ,great c>e %\ld1 h[ev]1 be tak5 9 dispos+ ( ! s$im5t & ! residue aft] spray+ op]ations are complet$4 ,rat poisons 7e4 g41 phosphorus1 /ry*n9e1 b>yta74 ,^! poisons are p>ticul>ly dang]\s :5 mix$ ) cornmeal or o!r bait attractive to f[ls4 ,! be/ way to set rat poison is to put x 9 a piece ( pip+ ( su* a diamet] & l5g? t f[ls _c rea* x4 ,salt4 ,food mix$ ) salt = o!r dome/ic animals may be accid5tally giv5 to f[ls4 ,*ick5s are ! mo/ likely to be poison$ by excess ( salt4 ,treatm5t4 ,if f[ls h eat5 poison\s sub/ances1 ! fact is n usually discov]$ until aft] dea? or until x is too late to adm9i/] an antidote4 ,mo/ ( ! poisons f[ls are likely to eat act z irritants ( ! dige/ive tract4 ,milk & :ite ( egg %\ld be giv54 ,x is advisable to give a /imulant1 su* z half a teaspoonful ( br&y4 ,,py,,mia ,n contagi\s1 & n common ,symptoms4 ,?is disease _c be diagnos$ except by po/-mortem exam9ation & microscopic id5tification ( pus-=m+ organisms 9 ! infect$ areas 7:iti% spots7 ( liv]1 sple51 etc4 ,cause4 ,pus-=m+ organisms believ$ to ent] ! blood ?r\gh a w\nd 9 ! sk94 ,treatm5t4 ,z !re are no ext]nal symptoms1 treatm5t is n possible4 ,,rheumatism ,n a common tr\ble ,symptoms4 ,lam5ess & /iffness ( jo9ts4 ,cause4 ,may be due 9 "s cases to too /imulat+ food & to dampness4 ,treatm5t4 ,put affect$ bird 9 dry qu>t]s & v>y food1 add+ m gre5s4 ,rub jo9ts ) embrocation1 or turp5t9e & oil4 ,,r\p 7,,contagi\s ,,cat>rh7 ,"o ( ! mo/ s]i\s contagi\s diseases ,symptoms4 ,! bird fir/ has symptoms ( an ord9>y cold1 su* z runn+ at ! no/rils & sneez+4 ,def9ite evid5ce ( r\p is ! (f5sive odor detect$ on op5+ ! bird's m\?4 ,! exudate is also (f5sive4 ,! disease may attack ! eyes1 :i* !n become inflam$ & swoll52 a tumor1 conta9+ (f5sive1 yell[i%1 *eesy matt]1 sometimes develops4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease may ext5d ov] sev]al weeks or mon?s & !re may be cases ( *ronic r\p4 ,"s cases end fatally 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4 ,! =m ( ! disease1 9 :i* yell[i% pat*es develop on ! ?roat1 is dealt ) "u diph!ria or diph!ritic r\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,exam9+ ,a ,,f[l ,,) ,a ,,suspici\s ,,cold ,cause4 ,cases ( r\p occur :5 birds are subject$ to draft & damp1 b ! cause mu/ be infection ) disease g]ms4 ,x is believ$ t ! almo/ con/ant pres5ce ( ! g]ms is due to lack ( regul> dis9fection & to birds 9 ! flock believ$ to h recov]$ f a previ\s attack ( ! disease1 b t1 9 reality1 are suff]+ f *ronic r\p1 & are able1 :5ev] suitable conditions arise = an outbreak ( ?is disease1 to infect ! re/ ( ! flock ?r\gh ! dr9k+ wat] & ! soil4 ,treatm5t4 ,! s]i\sness ( ?is disease makes x imp]ative = ! p\ltry re>] to isolate imm$iately any birds %[+ any suspici\s symptoms4 ,if treatm5t ( ! infect$ bird is tak5 9 h& e>ly1 & c>ri$ out fai?fully1 a cure c be effect$1 b x is (t5 wis] to kill & burn infect$ /ock4 ,9 treat+ birds1 ! m\? & no/rils %\ld be wa%$ out ) #e c>bolic acid1 or ) #ej hydrog5 p]oxide1 or ) #b p]manganate ( pota%4 ,x is important to clean out ! passage ( ! no/rils1 & ?is may be done by3 #a4 ,press+ aga9/ ! ro( ( ! bird's m\? f inside & squeez+ ! no/rils f above d[nw>ds4 #b4 ,syr++ out ! no/rils4 #c4 ,dipp+ ! f[l's head = a few seconds 9 a solution ( ! dis9fectant4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ?is me?od ( treatm5t1 :i* is only recomm5d$ :5 p]manganate ( pota% is us$4 ,x is well to keep birds isolat$ = "s "t aft] app>5t recov]y4 ,:5 ! eye is affect$ 7see ,fig4 #bj71 ! tumor %\ld be c>efully lanc$ & ! *eesy matt] remov$1 aft] :i* ! cavity %\ld be r9s$ out ) "o ( ! dis9fectants recomm5d$ above2 su* treatm5t may h to be repeat$ "t aft] "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,a ,,r\py ,,eye ,z an aft] effect ( a cold or ( r\p1 conjunctivitis or sore eyes may develop4 ,a dis*>ge comes f ! eyes & ! eyelids become /uck toge!r4 ,ba! ! eyes ) hydrog5 p]oxide mix$ ) an equal quantity ( wat]4 ,if ?is condition foll[s an attack ( r\p1 !re is dang] t ! f[l has n entirely recov]$1 & may be a s\rce ( infection to ! re/ ( ! flock4 ,,scaly ,,leg ,an unsightly affection t1 al?\gh contagi\s1 does n spread rapidly ,symptoms4 ,a r\gh & scaly gr[? on ! legs ( ! bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,scaly ,,leg ,a4 ,%[+ e>ly /ages ( attack4 ,cause4 ,a small mite 7,fig4 #bb71 kn[n z ,s>coptes mutans1 burr[s 9 ! sk9 & gives rise to ! unsightly gr[? 7,fig4 #ba7 t gives ?is disease its "n4 ,treatm5t4 ,s(t5 ! scaly gr[? by wa%+ & soak+ ! legs ) w>m wat] & soap4 ,scrub ! affect$ portion ( ! legs ) a bru% & !n treat z foll[s3 ,dip ! legs 9 k]os5e oil1 hold+ !m !re = n long] ?an a few seconds4 ,if ! k]os5e oil is mix$ ) sweet oil1 or if ! legs are wet fir/ ) wat]1 !re w be no risk ( ! k]os5e prov+ h>%1 z sometimes happ5s4 ,sulphur o9tm5t 7see page #i7 may be us$ in/ead ( ! k]os5e oil treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4-,,! ,,mite ,,t ,,causes ,,scaly ,,leg ,,s(t ,,crop ,n a s]i\s compla9t ,symptoms4 ,di/5d$ crop1 s(t to ! feel4 ,cause4 ,ov]-eat+2 or food turn+ s\r 9 ! crop4 ,treatm5t4 ,hold bird d[nw>ds & squeeze cont5ts ( crop ?r\gh m\?1 tak+ c>e n to suffocate ! pati5t4 ,repeat treatm5t if necess>y4 ,put on l[ diet = "s "t1 fe$+ sl[ly & sp>+ly4 ,,ticks ,a pe/ f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates & tropical c\ntries ,symptoms4 ,! f[l has fev]1 appe>s depress$1 & /&s 9 a cramp$ position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,! ,,f[l ,,tick a4 ,adult4 b4 ,l>va4 ,cause4 ,! f[l tick 7,argas m9atus71 :i* hides dur+ ! day 9 cracks & crevices1 sucks ! f[l's blood at night & introduces a fev]-produc+ p>asite4 ,rem$ies4 ,exam9e sick birds dur+ ! day1 & visit ! roo/s at night1 = pro( ( ! pres5ce ( ticks2 c>efully se>* "u p]*es1 9 ne/s1 & 9 corn]s ( woodwork1 etc4 ,spray woodwork ) #e creol92 squirt k]os5e oil1 or turp5t9e1 into cracks & crevices4 ,,tub]culosis ,a v s]i\s p\ltry disease ,symptoms4 ,?is disease may be pres5t 9 a p\ltry y>d = "s "t )\t be+ detect$4 ,suspicion %\ld be ar\s$ if birds gradually lose weight & die4 ,if a bird t has gradually be5 gett+ ?9n]1 goes lame1 or loses ! use ( a w+1 )\t app>5t injury1 ! evid5ce t tub]culosis is pres5t is /rong1 b positive pro( ( its pres5ce c be obta9$ only by po/-mortem & microscopic exam9ation4 ,?is disease g5]ally attacks adult birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,organs ,,affect$ ,,by ,,tub]culosis ,,& ,,blackhead a4 ,normal sple54 b4 ,tub]cul> sple54 c4 ,portion ( tub]cul> liv]4 d4 ,blackhead liv] ( turkey = comp>ison ) c4 a & b aft] ,edw>ds4 ,cause4 ,! specific organism caus+ ?is disease1 kn[n z ! ,bacillus tub]culosis 7,fig4 #e71 infects ! liv] 7,fig4 #bd71 ! sple5 7,fig4 #bd71 & o!r organs1 lea/ frequ5tly ! lungs4 ,! disease may be introduc$ into a flock by ! pur*ase ( an infect$ bird1 & may be spread by un9fect$ birds pick+ up ! excrem5t ( diseas$ birds ) _! food4 ,treatm5t4 ,!re is no kn[n cure4 ,! insidi\s mann] 9 :i* ?is disease advances ?r\gh a p\ltry y>d makes x a v s]i\s malady4 ,birds suff]+ f x %\ld be kill$ & burnt4 ,?or\gh dis9fection ( coops1 etc41 %\ld be made4 ,/rict att5tion to sanitation w help 9 prev5t+ & controll+ ?is disease4 ,if _m birds 9 a flock are believ$ to h tub]culosis1 x w\ld be well to de/roy ! :ole flock & />t aga91 pref]ably on fre% gr\nd4 ,,:ite ,,di>rhea ,,( ,,*ick5s ,a v s]i\s disease1 caus+ ! dea? ( l>ge numb]s ,symptoms4 ,*ick5s are g5]ally attack$ :5 #aj to #ae days old4 ,!y appe> li/less1 _! fea!rs become r\gh1 & !y /& ab\t ) droop+ w+s4 ,a :ite di>rhea is soon notic$4 ,*ick5 aft] *ick5 %[s simil> symptoms & dies1 result+ 9 mu* loss & disc\ragem5t to ! p\ltry re>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,*ick5s ,,affect$ ,,) ,,:ite ,,di>rhea ,t5-day ,:ite ,leghorn *ick5s %[+ symptoms ( bacill>y :ite di>rhea4 7,aft] ,rettg] ,/oneburn47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,heal?y ,,*ick5s ,normal t5-day ,:ite ,leghorn *ick5s4 7,aft] ,rettg] ,/oneburn47 ,cause4 ,v>i\s causes1 su* z improp] or /ale food1 may upset ! *ick5's dige/ive organs & give rise to a :iti% di>rhea1 b ! t]m 8:ite di>rhea0 is be/ re/rict$ to a contagi\s =m ( di>rhea due to m9ute p>asites 9 ! inte/9al tracts ( *ick5s4 ,a coccidium & a bacillus h be5 prov$ by diff]5t inve/igators to cause v simil> =ms ( :ite di>rhea4 ,a di/9ct =m ( :ite di>rhea1 kn[n z brood] pneumonia1 is describ$ on page #ce4 ,treatm5t4 ,?is disease is a v difficult "o to control4 ,incubators & brood]s %\ld be ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 9 ! fe$+ dur+ ! fir/ few weeks4 ,*ick5s %\ld n be ov]f$4 ,! fe$+ ( dry bran is recomm5d$1 z x t5ds to keep ! b[els 9 a heal?y1 active condition4 ,9 ! =m ( :ite di>rhea due to a bacillus1 suspicion re/s on ! h5 & ! egg z s\rces ( infection4 ,:5 ! disease becomes s]i\s1 & g5]al sanitation & prop] c>e ( *ick5s d n control x1 ! advisability ( obta9+ ! eggs = hat*+ f a p\ltry f>m free ( :ite di>rhea %\ld be consid]$4 ,,worms ,inte/9al p>asites t occasionally become s]i\s ,symptoms4 ,g5]al debility2 worms or segm5ts ( worms2 se5 9 ! dropp+s4 ,if !re is d\bt z to :e!r a flock is suff]+ f worms1 give a suspect$ bird a /rong purgative & keep x up s t ! feces may be exam9$ = worms4 ,if d\bt /ill exi/s1 ! suspect$ bird %\ld be kill$ & a po/-mortem exam9ation made4 ,cut ! inte/9es op5 l5g?ways 7see ,fig4 #cd7 ) a small pair ( scissors & wa% !m out ) wat] s z to detect ! small] worms1 & ! tapeworms atta*$ to ! l9+ ( ! inte/9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,worms ,,9 ,,inte/9al ,,tract ,,( ,,f[l 7,aft] ,brad%aw4 ,f ,pe>l1 ,surface ,curtis47 ,cause4 ,two classes ( worms are commonly p>asitic on f[ls--r\nd worms 7see ,fig4 #bg7 & tapeworms4 ,!re are g5]ally a few specim5s ( worms 9 ! inte/9es ( f[ls2 b only :5 ! numb]s are l>ge d worms affect ! heal? ( ! f[l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,f[l ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,skeleton ,,( ,a ,,f[l ,treatm5t4 ,e bird suspect$ ( hav+ worms may be te/$ ) a purgative z sugge/$ above4 ,or1 if x is e/abli%$ t sev]al birds 9 a flock are suff]+ f worms1 all 9 poor condition1 )\t any cause be+ app>5t1 %\ld be dos$ ) santon9--?ree to five gra9s 9 ! morn+ be=e any food has be5 pick$ up4 ,aft] ab\t two h\rs give a purgative ( two teaspoonfuls ( ca/or oil & soon aft] let ! f[l h its morn+ food4 ,z important z dos+ ! f[ls1 is dis9fect+ ! fe$ tr\ghs1 ! wat] vessels1 & ! soil ( ! runs 9 ord] to prev5t re-infection4 ,nodul> tniasis4 ,small nodules on ! inte/9es1 resembl+ ! nodules 9 tub]culosis1 are sometimes caus$ by tapeworms4 ,! "n 8nodul> tniasis0 has be5 giv5 to ?is disease4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ations #a4 ,mak+ ! ,exam9ation ,a po/-mortem exam9ation %\ld always be und]tak5 if !re is any d\bt z to ! cause ( dea?4 ,p\ltry re>]s :o are n already famili> ) ! normal appe>ance ( ! int]nal organs ( a f[l %\ld take ! fir/ opportunity ( /udy+ !m4 ,po/-mortem exam9ations %\ld be done 9 a sy/ematic mann]2 b1 if desir$1 a v spe$y exam9ation may be made by rapidly remov+1 or b5d+ back1 ! brea/ bone ( ! unpluck$ bird4 ,x w be m g5]ally satisfactory1 h[ev]1 to devote "t to ! op]ation1 & x is sugge/$ t ! "w be c>ri$ out on ! foll[+ l9es3 #a4 ,nail ! body ( ! dead f[l on a bo>d 9 ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 hav+ fir/ p>tly or :olly pluck$ ! bird4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ation ,,no4 #a ,f[l nail$ on bo>d2 l9es ,a ,b1 ,a ,c & ,b ,d %[ :]e to cut4 #b4 ,) a %>p knife cut along l9es ,,ac1 ,,bd 7,fig4 #cj71 & b5d ! brea/ bone backw>ds1 expos+ ! int]nal organs4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,z ! brea/ bone is rais$ x w be necess>y to cut ?r\gh ! mes5t]y & o!r connect+ tissues4 ,break x back at ,d1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! fle% & ! muscle ) %>p scissors4 #c4 ,remove he>t1 liv]1 gall-bladd] & sple51 mak+ neat sev]ances & )\t injury to any ( ! o!r organs4 ,if ! he>t or l>ge blood vessels be injur$ 9 ! op]ation1 blood w fl[ out & int]f]e ) ! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ation ,,no4 #b ,brea/ bone remov$2 int]nal organs 9 situ4 #d4 ,cut ?r\gh ! sophagus1 bel[ or above ! crop1 z mo/ conv5i5t1 & also cut ?r\gh ! l>ge inte/9e ne> ! cloaca4 ,)\t disconnect+ ! p>ts1 lift out ! gizz>d1 inte/9es1 & o!r portions ( ! alim5t>y canal1 c>efully te>+ away ! membran\s tissues ( ! mes5t]y4 #e4 ,spread ! organs out & exam9e ea* "o c>efully & critically1 mak+ sections if necess>y4 7,fig4 #cb47 #f4 ,cut op5 gullet1 crop1 /oma*1 gizz>d1 inte/9es1 & cca & exam9e ! cont5ts4 #g4 ,exam9e ! lungs1 cutt+ (f a portion & ?r[+ x into wat]1 :5 x w float if heal?y1 b s9k if conge/$4 #h4 ,cut ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! neck4 ,sev] ! w9dpipe ne> ! head1 & also :]e ! bron*i ent] ! lungs4 ,) scissors cut x op51 & exam9e = molds or gapes or = exudates indicative ( v>i\s =ms ( cold or lung conge/ion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ation ,,no4 #c ,int]nal organs remov$ = exam9ation4 #i4 ,exam9e ! bra9 7,fig4 #cd7 = blood clots4 ,"s c>e w be necess>y 9 cutt+ ?r\gh ! skull s z n to injure ! bra9 tissue1 :i* %\ld be a milky :ite4 ,a %>p & /rong pair ( scissors or a small1 f9e saw 7e4 g41 t5on saw7 w be useful = old] birds4 ,remove ! sk9 & cut f beh9d1 rais+ ! bones & expos+ ! bra94 #b4 ,! ,normal ,condition ( ! ,int]nal ,organs 7,see ,fig4 #cb47 ,! sophagus c>ries ! food f ! m\? & pass+ d[n ! neck beside ! w9dpipe op5s into-- ,! crop1 :]e ! food is mac]at$4 ,!nce x gradually passes into-- ,! true /oma* 7or prov5triculus71 :i* is l9$ ) small ga/ric-secret+ gl&s t may be se5 ) ! nak$ eye4 ,?is organ is hidd5 by ! liv]1 & op5s directly into-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ation ,,no4 #d ,lungs1 kidneys1 etc41 9 situ4 ,! gizz>d1 situat$ on ! left side ( ! abdom54 ,x re/s on ! coil$-up mass ( inte/9es4 ,x is d>k r$ & is p>tly hidd5 by ! left lobe ( ! liv]4 ,! walls are /rong & muscul>4 ,"h ! food is gr\nd aga9/ small bits ( /one1 etc4 ,! p>tially dige/$ food passes out ?r\gh an ap]ture ne> ! entrance ( ! true /oma* into-- ,! duod5um or upp] portion ( ! small inte/9e4 ,x =ms a loop t incloses-- ,! pancreas1 a compact1 flatt5$ organ1 p9ki% 9 color1 t dis*>ges its secretion by ?ree ducts into ! inte/9es4 ,! small inte/9e1 aft] =m+ ! loop 7duod5um71 cont9ues its c\rse4 ,x fir/ passes t[>d ! left & is dispos$ 9 _m folds connect$ by ! mes5t]y2 t[>d ! end x passes up beh9d ! true /oma*4 ,connect$ to ! inte/9es are ! bl9d bodies kn[n z-- ,! cca1 connect$ to ! small inte/9es = sev]al in*es & :i*1 aft] becom+ consid]ably small] 9 diamet]1 ent] ! alim5t>y tract :]e-- ,! l>ge inte/9e 7rectum7 />ts4 ,?is portion ( ! inte/9es is %ort & ent]s-- ,! cloaca1 into :i* ! ur9>y & reproductive ducts dis*>ge4 ,! ext]nal op5+ is kn[n z ! v5t or anus4 ,! bra91 situat$ 9 ! back ( ! head1 is protect$ by ! cranial bones4 ,x is milky :ite except :]e ! blood vessels may be se54 ,! w9dpipe connects ! l>ynx at ! ?roat ) ! lungs bran*+ into ! two bron*i4 ,! lungs1 situat$ 9 ! upp] portion ( ! ?oracic abdom9al cavity1 are firmly atta*$ to ! ribs1 9 ! int]spaces betwe5 :i* !y fit4 ,!y are flatt5$ & oval 9 %ape1 bright r$ 9 color1 & loose & spongy 9 texture4 ,! he>t is cone-%ap$4 ,! l[] portion re/s betwe5 ! lobes ( ! liv]4 ,! he>t is r$ & is inclos$ 9 a sac 7! p]ic>dium7 t is easily remov$4 ,! liv]1 situat$ a little l[] d[n ?an ! he>t1 consi/s ( two lobes4 ,! "r lobe is (t5 l>g] ?an ! left :i* may be cleft at ! l[] end4 ,! left lobe cov]s ! true /oma* & "p ( ! gizz>d4 ,if !re is "s delay 9 hold+ a po/-mortem exam9ation ! edges ( ! lobes ( ! liv] become discolor$4 ,normally ! color is a purpli% r$4 ,! gall bladd] fits into a %all[ depression on ! und]side ( ! "r lobe ( ! liv] & appe>s gre5 9 color4 ,a duct conveys ! bile f ! liv] into ! gall bladd]1 :5ce x passes by ano!r duct into ! inte/9e4 ,! sple51 a ne>ly r\nd1 r$di% body1 ) a purpli% t+e1 is atta*$ by a ligam5t to ! "r side ( ! true /oma* & is hidd5 by ! liv]4 ,! kidneys ext5d along ! sides ( ! sp9e f imm$iately bel[ ! lungs to ne> ! t]m9ation ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,! g5]al color is a *ocolate r$1 b a small portion at ! upp] end 7kn[n z ! adr5al71 is yell[4 ,!re is no ur9>y bladd]4 ,! urates are c>ri$ direct ?r\gh ! uret]s to ! cloaca4 ,! te/es 7( ! male bird7 are atta*$ to ! upp] portion ( ! kidneys4 ,!y are :ite or v light-color$1 & may be ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! ov>y 7( ! female bird71 situat$ on ! left side1 cov]s ! kidney on t side4 ,x consi/s ( num]\s ova ( v>i\s sizes ea* ( :i* may develop into an egg4 ,z an ovum passes ?r\gh ! oviduct x is fir/ coat$ ) an album9\s cov]+ 7! :ite ( egg72 l[] d[n x is coat$ ) a calc>e\s deposit t =ms ! %ell ( ! egg4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,po/-,,mortem ,,exam9ation ,,no4 #e ,exam9ation ( bra9 & ( portions ( inte/9es & w9dpipe4 #c4 ,diagnosis ( ,disease by ,po/-,mortem ,symptoms ,= purposes ( diagnosis ea* organ mu/ be exam9$4 ,note 9 ea* case if x is enl>g$1 spott$1 ruptur$1 inflam$ or engorg$ ) blood4 ,obs]ve if x is an unusual color or if x possesses any o!r symptom ( an abnormal "*4 ,a s+le symptom 9 a s+le organ1 unless v pron\nc$ & *>act]i/ic1 w n be suffici5t evid5ce = =m+ an accurate op9ion z to ! cause ( dea?4 ,b if ! condition ( ! o!r organs & ! symptoms be=e & att5d+ dea? are tak5 into consid]ation1 !re w seldom be any difficulty1 f a practical /&po9t1 9 decid+ ^u ! nature ( ! disease4 ,_m po9ts c be decid$ only by a pa?ologi/ ) ! aid ( a microscope1 su*1 = example1 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 coccidial & bact]ial di>rhea1 b x is q en\gh = ! p\ltryman to realize t "o ( 8 f[ls has di$ ( an attack ( an acute =m ( di>rhea & t ! re/ ( 8 birds may become infect$4 ,! foll[+ notes draw att5tion to ! ma9 diagno/ic symptoms obs]vable on po/-mortem exam9ation1 arrang$ "u ! head+ ( ! organs affect$4 ,o!r symptoms are put 9 p>5!ses4 ,,po/-,,mortem ,,symptoms ,,bra9 ,apoplexy4--,%[n by conge/ion ( blood vessels ( bra94 7,/agg]+ gait & sudd5 dea?47 ,,he>t ,*ol]a4--,puncti=m hemorrhages are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! he>t 9 cases ( *ol]a4 7,yell[ feces2 di>rhea2 sudd5 dea? ( sev]al or _m f[ls2 inflammation ( upp] portion ( inte/9es47 ,,liv] ,tub]culosis4--,yell[i%-:ite spots on liv] v>y+ 9 size1 some:at rais$ & convex2 ! spots or nodules may be readily sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! liv]4 ,! liv] itself is (t5 v mu* enl>g$4 7,f[l gradually loses weight & may g lame2 mes5t]y & sple5 affect$ ) nodules47 ,*ol]a4--,liv] enl>g$1 d>k gre5 & s(t5$1 sometimes %[+ :iti% spots4 ,coccidial di>rhea4--,m or less circul> pat*es1 depress$ 9 ! c5tre1 associat$ ) plugg$ cca1 ! l9+s ( :i* h sores4 ,conge/$ liv]4--,mu* enl>g$ & engorg$ ) blood1 may be readily torn4 ,fatty deg5]ation or fatty liv]4--,9 ! fir/ case ! liv] is r %runk5 & h>d5$1 & 9 ! latt] excessive deposits ( fat may be notic$4 ,liv] tr\ble4--7,indige/ion47 ,an enl>g$ liv] )\t any ( ! special symptoms not$ among ! o!r diseases ( ! liv]4 ,g\t4--,ne$le-l cry/als 7urate ( soda7 give ! liv] ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 cov]$ ) *alk4 7,o!r organs 9 abdom9al cavity cov]$ ) same p[d]-l cry/als47 ,asp]gillosis4--,necrotic areas ) mold4 7,f[ls g light & move ab\t 9 a depress$ mann]1 re/+ on _! brea/ bones47 ,,/oma* ,ga/ritis4--,! muc\s membrane l9+ ( ! /oma* is r$d5$ & inflam$4 ,,inte/9es ,di>rhea4--,acute =ms ( inte/9al tr\bles give rise to inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! walls ( ! inte/9es4 ,*ol]a4--,! upp] portion ( ! inte/9es may be r$d5$ & ! cont5ts %[ /reaks or clots ( blood4 ,worms4--,r\nd or tape worms pres5t 9 inte/9es4 ,c,,ca ,^! bl9d ducts are ( importance 9 %[+ ! pres5ce ( coccidiosis 9 f[ls or blackhead 9 turkeys4 ,coccidial di>rhea4--,! cca are enl>g$ & %[ ulc]s develop+ f ! inside4 ,,w9dpipe ,! l9+s ( ?is organ %\ld be clean & free ( ob/ruction or muc\s exudations4 ,gapes4--,small worms ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long are f\nd atta*$ to ! tra*ea4 ,asp]gillosis4--,a :iti% mold w be se5 along ! inside ( ! w9dpipe4 ,pneumonia4--,! bron*ial tubes conta9 a ?ick muc\s exudate4 ,conge/ion ( lungs4--,blood escap$ f conge/$ lungs is f\nd 9 ! bron*i4 ,,lungs ,^! %\ld be a bright r$ & spongy 9 texture4 ,conge/ion4--,"o or bo? lungs are di/5d$ ) blood & d>k 9 color4 ,pneumonia4--,a condition t foll[s on conge/ion1 ! :ole lung affect$ los+ its spongy texture1 ! air spaces be+ fill$ ) a semi-solid sub/ance4 ,brood] pneumonia4--,spots due to an ,asp]gillus fungus on lungs4 7,*ick5s attack$47 ,,mes5t]y ,*ol]a4--,conge/ion ( blood vessels ( mes5t]y (t5 se54 ,tub]culosis4--,! mes5t]y may be /udd$ ) nodules4 ,,sple5 ,tub]culosis4--,a greatly enl>g$ sple54 ,ent]itis4--7,bact]ial47 ,sple5 enl>g$ b pal] 9 color4 ,,uret]s ,*ol]a4--,uret]s di/5d$ ) yell[ urates4 ,,index ,,page ,abscesses #bf ,abnormal eggs 7see ,oviduct diseases7 #gg ,aconite #i ,air "u sk9 7see ,emphysema7 #ed ,air sac mite 7see ,mites1 air sac7 #gc ,anmia #bg ,apoplexy #bh ,asp]gillosis #bi ,atrophy ( liv] 7see ,liv] diseases7 #gj ,bact]ial ent]itis 7see ,di>rhea7 #dh ,baldness 7see ,favus7 #ef ,bili>y repletion 7see ,jaundice7 #fe ,blackhead ( turkeys #cj ,br&y #i ,breakd[n #cc ,brok5 limbs 7see ,fractures7 #eh ,bron*itis #cd ,brood] pneumonia #ce ,bumblefoot #cf ,calomel #i ,canc] 7see ,liv] diseases & ,ov>y diseases7 #gb1 #gf ,cank] 7see ,diph!ria7 #di ,c>bolic acid #i ,ca/or oil #i ,cat>rh 7see ,cold7 #dc ,cat>rh1 contagi\s 7see ,r\p7 #hc ,cat>rh ( crop #cg ,cat>rh ( /oma* 7see ,ga/ritis7 #fb ,*ick5 pox #ch ,*lorodyne #i ,*ol]a #ci ,cloacitis #da ,coccidiosis ( adult f[ls #db ,coccidiosis ( *ick5s 7see ,brood] pneumonia7 #ce ,coccidiosis ( turkeys 7see ,blackhead7 #cj ,cold #dc ,conge/ion ( ! liv] 7see ,liv] diseases7 #gj ,conge/ion ( ! ,lungs 7see ,pneumonia7 #gi ,conjunctivitis 7see ,r\p7 #hc ,con/ipation #dd ,cramp #de ,creol9 #i ,crop-b\nd #df ,crop1 s(t #hi ,crop1 cat>rh ( #cg ,deplum+ mite #gd ,di>rhea1 bact]ial #dh ,di>rhea1 mycotic #dh ,di>rhea1 protozoan #dh ,di>rhea1 mild #dg ,di>rhea1 sev]e #dh ,di>rhea1 :ite #dg ,diph!ria #di ,diph!ritic r\p #di ,dis9fection #aj ,dislocations 7see ,fractures7 #eh ,doses #i ,dropsy #eb ,drugs #i ,ducks #bj ,dys5t]y #eb ,egg-b\nd #ec ,egg-eat+ #ed ,emphysema #ed ,enl>gem5t ( he>t 7see ,he>t1 diseases (7 #fd ,enl>gem5t ( liv] 7see ,liv] diseases7 #gj ,enl>gem5t ( kidneys 7see ,kidney diseases7 #ff ,ent]itis 7see ,di>rhea7 #df ,ent]o-hepatitis 7see ,blackhead7 #cj ,epilepsy #ee ,epsom salts #i ,fatty deg5]ation #ef ,favus #ef ,fea!r-eat+ #eg ,fits 7see ,epilepsy7 #ee ,fleas #eh ,f[l typhoid #da ,fractures #eh ,fro/ bite #ei ,gangr5\s ov>y 7see ,ov>y diseases7 #gf ,gapes #fj ,ga/ritis #fb ,geese #ba ,go+ light 7see ,anmia7 #bg ,g\t #fc ,grippe 7see ,cold7 #dc ,gu9ea f[ls #ba ,he>t1 diseases ( #fc ,he>t1 dropsy ( #fd ,he>t1 enl>gem5t ( #fd ,he>t1 rupture #fd ,hydrog5 p]oxide #i ,hyp]trophy ( ! liv] 7see ,liv] diseases7 #gj ,impaction ( crop 7see ,crop-b\nd7 #df ,indige/ion #fd ,influ5za 7see ,cold7 #dc ,iod9e #i ,jaundice #fe ,kidney diseases #fe ,leg weakness #ff ,leukemia 7see ,*ol]a7 #ci ,lice #ff ,limb]-neck #fi ,liv] diseases #gj ,lungs1 conge/ion ( 7see ,pneumonia7 #gi ,maggots #gb ,m$ic9es #i ,mites1 air sac #gc ,mites1 deplum+ #gd ,mites1 r$ #ge ,mites1 scaly leg 7see ,scaly leg7 #hh ,molt+ #ge ,nodul> tniasis 7see ,worms7 #ig ,nurs+ f[ls #e ,o9tm5t #i ,ov>y diseases #gf ,oviduct diseases #gg ,p]itonitis #gg ,p]manganate ( pota% #i ,pigeons #ba ,pip #gi ,pneumonia #gi ,poison+ #hj ,po/-mortem exam9ation #ii ,prolapse ( oviduct 7see ,oviduct diseases7 #gg ,puff$ sk9 7see ,emphysema7 #ed ,pymia #hb ,qu99e #i ,rheumatism #hc ,r\p #hc ,scabies 7see ,mites1 deplum+7 #gd ,scaly leg #hh ,s(t crop #hi ,sore head 7see ,*ick5 pox7 #ch ,sulphur o9tm5t #i ,ticks #ij ,tub]culosis #ij ,turkeys #bj ,turp5t9e #i ,v]tigo 7see ,apoplexy7 #bh ,wat] #aa ,:ite comb 7see ,favus7 #ef ,:ite di>rhea ( *ick5s #ib ,worms #id ,,/&>d ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,a%l& ,,build+ ,,p',s ,,gas ,,build+ #cae-cba ,f\r? ,av5ue #aej ,mi*igan ,av5ue ,any ( ^! books w be s5t by mail1 po/paid1 to any "p ( ! _w1 or receipt ( catalog price4 ,we are always happy to correspond ) our patrons1 & cordially invite !m to address u on any matt] p]ta9+ to rural books4 ,s5d = our l>ge illu/rat$ catalog1 free on application4 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,soil ,f]tility ,by ,,alfr$ ,,vivian4 ,!re is no subject ( m vital importance to ! f>m] ?an t ( ! be/ me?od ( ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,! v evid5t decrease 9 ! f]tility ( ^? soils :i* h be5 "u cultivation = a numb] ( ye>s1 comb9$ ) ! increas$ competition & ! advanc$ price ( labor1 h conv9c$ ! intellig5t f>m] t ! agriculture ( ! future mu/ be bas$ ^u m rational practices ?an ^? :i* h be5 foll[$ 9 ! pa/4 ,we h felt = "s "t t !re 0 a place = a brief1 & at ! same "t compreh5sive1 treatise on ?is important subject ( ,soil ,f]tility4 ,pr(essor ,vivian's exp]i5ce z a tea*] 9 ! %ort w9t] c\rses has admirably fitt$ him to pres5t ?is matt] 9 a popul> /yle4 ,9 ?is little book he has giv5 ! gi/ ( ! subject 9 pla9 language1 practically devoid ( te*nical & sci5tific t]ms4 ,x is pre-em95tly a 8,fir/ ,book10 & w be f\nd especially valuable to ^? :o desire an introduction to ! subject1 & :o int5d to d subsequ5t read+4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 #bfe pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4jj ,! ,/udy ( ,corn ,by ,,pr(4 ,v4 ,m4 ,,%oesmi?4 ,a mo/ helpful book to all f>m]s & /ud5ts int]e/$ 9 ! selection & improvem5t ( corn4 ,x is pr(usely illu/rat$ f photographs1 all ( :i* c>ry _! own /ory & contribute _! "p 9 mak+ pictures & text matt] a cle>1 concise & int]e/+ /udy ( corn4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 #ajj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #j4ej ,! ,new ,egg ,f>m ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,/odd>d4 ,a practical1 reliable manual on produc+ eggs & p\ltry = m>ket z a pr(itable bus9ess ent]prise1 ei!r by itself or connect$ ) o!r bran*es ( agriculture4 ,x tells all ab\t h[ to fe$ & manage1 h[ to bre$ & select1 incubators & brood]s1 its labor-sav+ devices1 etc41 etc4 ,illu/rat$4 #cca pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,p\ltry ,fe$+ & ,fatt5+ ,compil$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,a h&book = p\ltry keep]s on ! /&>d & improv$ me?ods ( fe$+ & m>ket+ all k9ds ( p\ltry4 ,! subject ( fe$+ & fatt5+ p\ltry is prep>$ l>gely f ! side ( ! be/ practice & exp]i5ce "h & abroad1 al?\gh ! und]ly+ sci5ce ( fe$+ is expla9$ z fully z ne$ful4 ,! subject cov]s all bran*es1 includ+ *ick5s1 broil]s1 capons1 turkeys & wat]f[l2 h[ to fe$ "u v>i\s conditions & = diff]5t purposes4 ,! :ole subject ( capons & caponiz+ is treat$ 9 detail4 ,a great mass ( practical in=mation & exp]i5ce n readily obta9able else:]e is giv5 ) full & explicit directions = fatt5+ & prep>+ = m>ket4 ,?is book w meet ! ne$s ( amateurs z well z comm]cial p\ltry rais]s4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 #afj pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,p\ltry ,ar*itecture ,compil$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,a treatise on p\ltry build+s ( all grades1 /yles & classes1 & _! prop] location1 coops1 additions & special con/ruction2 all practical 9 design1 & reasonable 9 co/4 ,ov] #ajj illu/rations4 #abe pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,p\ltry ,appliances & ,h&icraft ,compil$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,illu/rat$ description ( a great v>iety & /yles ( ! be/ homemade ne/s1 roo/s1 w9d[s1 v5tilators1 incubators & brood]s1 fe$+ & wat]+ appliances1 etc41 etc4 ,ov] #ajj illu/rations4 ,ov] #abe pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,turkeys & ,h[ to ,gr[ ,!m ,edit$ by ,,h]b]t ,,myrick4 ,a treatise on ! natural hi/ory & orig9 ( ! "n ( turkeys2 ! v>i\s bre$s1 ! be/ me?ods to insure success 9 ! bus9ess ( turkey gr[+4 ,) essays f practical turkey gr[]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada4 ,copi\sly illu/rat$4 #aed pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #a4jj ,pr(itable ,/ock ,rais+ ,by ,,cl>5ce ,a4 ,,%amel4 ,?is book cov]s fully ! pr9ciples ( bre$+ & fe$+ = bo? fat /ock & dairy+ type4 ,x tells ( %eep & mutton rais+1 hot h\se lambs1 ! sw9e indu/ry & ! horse m>ket4 ,f9ally1 he tells ( ! prep>ation ( /ock = ! m>ket & h[ to prep>e x s t x w br+ a high m>ket price4 ,live /ock is ! mo/ important feature ( f>m life1 & /ati/ics %[ a production f> %ort ( ! actual requirem5ts4 ,!re are _m problems to be fac$ 9 ! pr(itable production ( /ock1 & ^! are fully & compreh5sively cov]$ 9 ,mr4 ,%amel's new book4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 #bhh pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4ej ,! ,bus9ess ( ,dairy+ ,by ,c4 ,b4 ,,lane4 ,! au?or ( ?is practical little book is to be congratulat$ on ! successful mann] 9 :i* he has treat$ s important a subject4 ,x has be5 prep>$ = ! use ( dairy /ud5ts1 produc]s & h&l]s ( milk1 & all :o make dairy+ a bus9ess4 ,its purpose is to pres5t 9 a cle> & concise mann] v>i\s bus9ess me?ods & sy/ems :i* w help ! dairyman to reap great] pr(its4 ,?is book meets ! ne$s ( ! av]age dairy f>m]1 & if c>efully foll[$ w lead to successful dairy+4 ,x may also be us$ z an elem5t>y textbook = colleges1 & especially 9 %ort-c\rse classes4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 #cjj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4be ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,butt]mak+ ,by ,,*as ,a4 ,,publ[4 ,?is book is entirely diff]5t f ! usual type ( dairy books1 & is und\bt$ly 9 a class by itself4 ,! entire subject ( butt]-mak+ 9 all its bran*es has be5 mo/ ?or\ghly treat$1 & _m new & important features h be5 add$4 ,! te/s = moi/ure1 salt & acid h receiv$ special att5tion1 z h also ! que/ions on cream sep>ation1 pa/eurization1 comm]cial />t]s1 cream rip5+1 cream ov]run1 m>ket+ ( butt]1 & cream]y managem5t4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 #ajj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #j4ej ,que/ions & ,answ]s on ,milk & ,milk ,te/+ ,by ,,*as4 ,a4 ,,publ[1 & ,,hugh ,c4 ,,troy4 ,a book t no /ud5t 9 ! dairy indu/ry c af=d to be )\t4 ,no o!r treatise ( its k9d is available1 & no book ( its size gives s mu* practical & useful in=mation 9 ! /udy ( milk & milk products4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 #ajj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #j4ej ,soils ,by ,,*>les ,,william ,,burkett1 ,director ,kansas ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! mo/ complete & popul> "w ( ! k9d ev] publi%$4 ,z a rule1 a book ( ?is sort is dry & un9t]e/+1 b 9 ?is case x reads l a novel4 ,! au?or has put into x 8 individuality4 ,! /ory ( ! prop]ties ( ! soils1 _! improvem5t & managem5t1 z well z a discussion ( ! problems ( crop gr[+ & crop fe$+1 make ?is book equally valuable to ! f>m]1 /ud5t & tea*]4 ,illu/rat$4 #cjc pages4 #e x #h in*es4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4be ,we$s ( ! ,f>m ,g>d5 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,pammel4 ,! enorm\s losses1 am\nt+ to sev]al hundr$ million doll>s annually 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 caus$ by we$s /imulate u to adopt a bett] sy/em ( agriculture4 ,! we$ "q is1 !re=e a mo/ important & vital "o = ,am]ican f>m]s4 ,?is treatise w enable ! f>m] to treat 8 field to remove we$s4 ,! book is pr(usely illu/rat$ by photographs & draw+s made expressly = ?is "w1 & w prove invaluable to e f>m]1 l& own]1 g>d5] & p>k sup]9t5d5t4 #e x #g in*es4 #cjj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #a4ej ,f>m ,ma*9]y & ,f>m ,motors ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,davidson & ,l4 ,w4 ,,*ase4 ,f>m ,ma*9]y & ,f>m ,motors is ! fir/ ,am]ican book publi%$ on ! subject ( ,f>m ,ma*9]y s9ce t writt5 by ,j4 ,j4 ,?omas 9 #ahfg4 ,?is 0 be=e ! developm5t ( _m ( ! m important f>m ma*9es1 & ! g5]al application ( p[] to ! "w ( ! f>m4 ,mod]n f>m ma*9]y is indisp5sable 9 pres5t-day f>m+ op]ations1 & a practical book l ,f>m ,ma*9]y & ,f>m ,motors w fill a mu*-felt ne$4 ,! book has be5 writt5 f lectures us$ by ! au?ors be=e _! classes = sev]al ye>s1 & :i* 7 prep>$ f practical exp]i5ce & a ?or\gh review ( ! lit]ature p]ta9+ to ! subject4 ,al?\gh writt5 prim>ily z a textbook1 x is equally useful = ! practical f>m]4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 #e x #h in*es4 #ebj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #b4jj ,! ,book ( ,:eat ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,,dondl+]4 ,?is book comprises a complete /udy ( ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to :eat4 ,x is ! "w ( a /ud5t ( economic z well z agricultural conditions1 well fitt$ by ! broad exp]i5ce 9 bo? practical & !oretical l9es to tell ! :ole /ory 9 a cond5s$ =m4 ,x is design$ = ! f>m]1 ! tea*]1 & ! /ud5t z well4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #h in*es4 #cgj pages4 ,clo?4 ,net1 #b4jj ,bean ,culture ,by ,,gl5n ,c4 ,,sevey1 ,b4,s4 ,a practical treatise on ! production & m>ket+ ( beans4 ,x includes ! mann] ( gr[?1 soils & f]tiliz]s adapt$1 be/ v>ieties1 se$ selection & bre$+1 plant+1 h>ve/+1 insects & fung\s pe/s1 composition & fe$+ value2 ) a special *apt] on m>kets by ,alb]t ,w4 ,fulton4 ,a practical book = ! gr[] & /ud5t alike4 ,illu/rat$4 #add pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,cel]y ,culture ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,beattie4 ,a practical guide = beg9n]s & a /&>d ref]5ce ( great int]e/ to p]sons already engag$ 9 cel]y gr[+4 ,x conta9s _m illu/rations giv+ a cle> conception ( ! practical side ( cel]y culture4 ,! "w is complete 9 e detail1 f s[+ a few se$s 9 a w9d[-box 9 ! h\se = e>ly plants1 to ! h&l+ & m>ket+ ( cel]y 9 c>load lots4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #aej pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,tomato ,culture ,by ,,w ,w4 ,,tracy4 ,! au?or has r\nd$ up 9 ?is book ! mo/ complete acc\nt ( tomato culture 9 all its phases t has ev] be5 gott5 toge!r4 ,x is no second-h& "w ( ref]5ce1 b a complete /ory ( ! practical exp]i5ces ( ! be/-po/$ exp]t on tomatoes 9 ! _w4 ,no g>d5] or f>m] c af=d to be )\t ! book4 ,:e!r gr[n = home use or comm]cial purposes1 ! read] has "h sugge/ions & in=mation n[h]e else available4 ,illu/rat$4 #aej pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,! ,potato ,by ,,samuel ,,fras]4 ,?is book is de/9$ to rank z a /&>d "w ^u ,potato ,culture4 ,:ile ! practical side has be5 emphasiz$1 ! sci5tific "p has n be5 neglect$1 & ! in=mation giv5 is ( value1 bo? to ! gr[] & to ! /ud5t4 ,tak5 all 9 all1 x is ! mo/ complete1 reliable & au?oritative book on ! potato ev] publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,illu/rat$4 #bjj pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ge ,dw>f ,fruit ,trees ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,waugh4 ,?is int]e/+ book describes 9 detail ! sev]al v>ieties ( dw>f fruit trees1 _! propagation1 plant+1 prun+1 c>e & g5]al managem5t4 ,:]e !re is a limit$ am\nt ( gr\nd to be devot$ to or*>d purposes1 & :]e quick results are desir$1 ?is book w meet ) a w>m welcome4 ,illu/rat$4 #aab pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,cabbage1 ,caulifl[] & ,alli$ ,vegetables ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,,all54 ,a practical treatise on ! v>i\s types & v>ieties ( cabbage1 caulifl[]1 broccoli1 ,brussels spr\ts1 kale1 coll>ds & kohl-rabi4 ,an explanation is giv5 ( ! requirem5ts1 conditions1 cultivation & g5]al managem5t p]ta9+ to ! entire cabbage gr\p4 ,aft] ?is ea* class is treat$ sep>ately & 9 detail4 ,! *apt] on se$ rais+ is probably ! mo/ au?oritative treatise on ?is subject ev] publi%$4 ,insects & fungi attack+ ?is class ( vegetables are giv5 due att5tion4 ,illu/rat$4 #abf pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,asp>agus ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,hexam]4 ,?is is ! fir/ book publi%$ 9 ,am]ica :i* is exclusively devot$ to ! rais+ ( asp>agus = home use z well z = m>ket4 ,x is a practical & reliable treatise on ! sav+ ( ! se$1 rais+ ( ! plants1 selection & prep>ation ( ! soil1 plant+1 cultivation1 manur+1 cutt+1 bun*+1 pack+1 m>ket+1 cann+ & dry+1 insect enemies1 fung\s diseases & e requirem5t to successful asp>agus culture1 special emphasis be+ giv5 to ! importance ( asp>agus z a f>m & money crop4 ,illu/rat$4 #agd pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,! ,new ,onion ,culture ,by ,t4 ,,gre9]4 ,rewritt51 greatly enl>g$ & br\ght up to date4 ,a new me?od ( gr[+ onions ( l>ge/ size & yield1 on less l&1 ?an c be rais$ by ! old plan4 ,?\s&s ( f>m]s & g>d5]s & _m exp]im5t /ations h giv5 x practical trials :i* h prov$ a success4 ,a complete guide 9 gr[+ onions ) ! greate/ pr(it1 expla9+ ! :ys & :]e=es4 ,illu/rat$4 #e x #g in*es4 #adj pages4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,! ,new ,rhub>b ,culture ,a complete guide to d>k =c+ & field culture4 ,"p ,i--,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,morse1 ! well-kn[n ,mi*igan truck] & orig9ator ( ! n[ fam\s & extremely pr(itable new me?ods ( d>k =c+ & field culture4 ,"p ,,ii--,compil$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,o!r me?ods practic$ by ! mo/ exp]i5c$ m>ket g>d5]s1 gre5h\se m5 & exp]im5t]s 9 all p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,illu/rat$4 #acj pages4 #e x #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,alfalfa ,by ,f4 ,d4 ,,coburn4 ,its gr[?1 uses1 & fe$+ value4 ,! fact t alfalfa ?rives 9 almo/ any soil2 t )\t rese$+1 x goes on yield+ two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & sometimes five cutt+s annually = five1 t51 or p]haps #ajj ye>s2 & t ei!r gre5 or cur$ x is "o ( ! mo/ nutriti\s =age plants kn[n1 makes reliable in=mation ^u its production & uses ( unusual int]e/4 ,su* in=mation is giv5 9 ?is volume = e "p ( ,am]ica1 by ! highe/ au?ority4 ,illu/rat$4 #afd pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,g9s5g1 ,its ,cultivation1 ,h>ve/+1 ,m>ket+ & ,m>ket ,value ,by ,,maurice ,g4 ,,ka9s1 ) a %ort acc\nt ( its hi/ory & botany4 ,x discusses 9 a practical way h[ to beg9 ) ei!r se$s or roots1 soil1 climate & location1 prep>ation1 plant+ & ma9t5ance ( ! b$s1 artificial propagation1 manures1 enemies1 selection = m>ket & = improvem5t1 prep>ation = sale1 & ! pr(its t may be expect$4 ,?is booklet is concisely writt51 well & pr(usely illu/rat$1 & %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all :o expect to gr[ ?is drug to supply ! export trade1 & to add a new & pr(itable indu/ry to _! f>ms & g>d5s1 )\t int]f]+ ) ! regul> "w4 ,new edition4 ,revis$ & enl>g$4 ,illu/rat$4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej ,l&scape ,g>d5+ ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,waugh1 pr(essor ( horticulture1 univ]sity ( ,v]mont4 ,a treatise on ! g5]al pr9ciples gov]n+ outdoor art2 ) sundry sugge/ions = _! application 9 ! common] problems ( g>d5+4 ,e p>agraph is %ort1 t]se & to ! po9t1 giv+ p]fect cle>ness to ! discussions at all po9ts4 ,9 spite ( ! natural difficulty ( pres5t+ ab/ract pr9ciples ! :ole matt] is made entirely pla9 ev5 to ! inexp]i5c$ read]4 ,illu/rat$4 #aeb pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo? #j4ej ,h$ges1 ,w9dbreaks1 ,%elt]s & ,live ,f5ces ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,p[ell4 ,a treatise on ! plant+1 gr[? & managem5t ( h$ge plants = c\ntry & suburban homes4 ,x gives accurate directions conc]n+ h$ges2 h[ to plant & h[ to treat !m2 & especially conc]n+ w9dbreaks & %elt]s4 ,x includes ! :ole art ( mak+ a delightful home1 giv+ directions = nooks & balconies1 = bird culture & = human com=t4 ,illu/rat$4 #adj pages4 #e #g in*es4 ,clo?4 #j4ej