,transcriber's ,notes ,obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected4 ,variations in hyphenation and accents have been standardised but all other spelling and punctuation remains unchanged4 ,italics are represented thus italic4 ,illustration3 ,,profit ,,or ,,loss ,,poultry ,,diseases ,causes ,symptoms and ,treatment ,with ,notes on ,post-,mortem ,examinations ,e4 ,j4 ,,wortley1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,illustrated ,,new ,,york ,,orange ,,judd ,,company #aiae ,,london ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,trench1 ,,tr,,bner ,,co41 ,limited ,copyright1 #aiae1 by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,all ,rights ,reserved ,entered at ,stationers' ,hall ,,london1 ,,england ,,printed ,,in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,poultry farming as a means of profit can be made successful only by maintaining the most vigorous and sustained campaign against disease4 ,the aim of the poultry rearer should be to stamp out disease by preventive measures4 ,practical experience proves the inefficiency of many so-called cures1 and points to the urgency of poultrymen endeavoring to understand more thoroughly the causes of the ailments to which domestic fowls are liable4 ,my aim is to put a concise handbook into the hands of poultry rearers1 who should thus be assisted in determining the various diseases and in taking the precautionary steps important in preventing the introduction and spread of contagious diseases4 ,no effort is made to elaborate the scientific side of the subject4 ,those desirous of obtaining full information about the types of organisms that have been proved to be the specific causes of1 or to be invariably associated with1 particular disorders1 may do so with profit by obtaining fuller works on the subject4 ,many scientific workers are devoting their time to the problem of combating diseases among poultry1 and assistance is willingly given by officers of the experiment stations to farmers who desire to identify any disease causing loss in their flocks4 ,the practical poultryman will recognize the fact that measures for the control of disease cannot be limited to sanitation and the treatment of sick birds1 but1 in reality1 include such important matters as the selection of healthy stock1 intelligent feeding1 proper housing1 and other details essential to the successful management of poultry4 ,i gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to the works of ,dr4 ,d4 ,e4 ,salmon and ,john ,h4 ,robinson1 editor of ,farm ,poultry1 and to the recent publication on poultry diseases by ,dr4 ,raymond ,pearl1 ,frank ,m4 ,surface1 and ,maynie ,r4 ,curtis4 ,my thanks are due to ,r4 ,s4 ,martinez for the care taken in making the photographs from which the drawings for the illustrations in the chapter on ,post-,mortem ,examinations were prepared4 ,much valuable information has also been obtained from bulletins issued by the experiment stations of the ,united ,states and by the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college of ,canada4 ,e4 ,j4 ,,wortley4 ,,contents ,,page ,,chapter ,i ,,general ,,methods ,,of ,,controlling ,,disease #a #a4 ,importance of controlling disease4 #b4 ,dangers of introducing disease4 #c4 ,control measures4 #d4 ,nursing sick birds4 #e4 ,the use of drugs and medicines4 #f4 ,disinfection4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,summary ,,of ,,external ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment #ad #a4 ,diseases affecting head and respiratory organs4 #b4 ,diseases affecting organs of digestion and reproduction4 #c4 ,diseases affecting legs and feet4 #d4 ,parasites4 #e4 ,miscellaneous4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,diseases ,,of ,,poultry ,,other ,,than ,,fowls #ai ,,chapter ,,iv ,,diseases ,,and ,,pests ,,of ,,fowls #bb 7,in alphabetical order47 ,,chapter ,v ,,post-,,mortem ,,examinations #ii #a4 ,making the examination4 #b4 ,the normal condition of the internal organs4 #c4 ,diagnosis of disease by post-mortem symptoms4 ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,fig4 ,,page ,profit or ,loss ,frontispiece #b ,isolation #e #c ,desolation #f #d ,poultryman's ,medicine ,shelves #h #e ,how ,disease ,is ,spread #aj #f ,aids to ,thorough ,disinfection #ab #g ,head ,showing ,brain ,exposed #bi #h ,windpipe ,cut ,open #cj ,a ,fungus ,that ,causes ,aspergillosis #i ,bumblefoot #cf #aj ,chicken ,pox #ch #aa ,diphtheritic ,roup #ej #ab ,chicken ,affected with ,gapes #fj ,gape ,worms #ac ,looking for ,lice #fg #ad ,three ,lice ,that ,commonly ,affect ,fowls #fh #ae ,the ,air-,sac ,mite #gd #af ,the ,depluming ,mite #gd #ag ,the ,red ,mite #ge #ah ,organs of ,reproduction of the ,hen #gh #ai ,examining a ,fowl with a ,suspicious ,cold #hd #bj ,a ,roupy ,eye #hg #ba ,scaly ,leg #hh #bb ,the ,mite ,that ,causes ,scaly ,leg #hi #bc ,the ,fowl ,tick #ij #bd ,organs ,affected by ,tuberculosis and ,blackhead #ia #be ,chickens ,affected with ,white ,diarrhea #ic #bf ,healthy ,chickens #ic #bg ,worms in ,intestinal ,tract of ,fowl #ie #bh ,the ,parts of a ,fowl #if #bi ,skeleton of a ,fowl #ig #cj ,post-,mortem ,examination ,no4 #a #ajj #ca ,post-,mortem ,examination ,no4 #b #ajb #cb ,post-,mortem ,examination ,no4 #c #ajd #cc ,post-,mortem ,examination ,no4 #d #ajf #cd ,post-,mortem ,examination ,no4 #e #aaj ,,chapter ,i ,,general ,,methods ,,of ,,controlling ,,disease #a4 ,importance of ,controlling ,disease ,the ravages of disease add considerably to the difficulties of raising poultry in all parts of the world4 ,it is the experience of poultry rearers that an annual toll has to be paid in the lives of young birds and older stock4 ,sooner or later1 in addition1 an epidemic may break out and result in heavy losses and much discouragement4 ,it is most important1 therefore1 to be able to recognize the symptoms and to know the causes of the many diseases to which various kinds of poultry are subject4 ,every practical effort should be made to reduce avoidable mortality4 ,an unexplained death should be regarded with concern4 ,it may point to the presence of a serious disease4 ,when there is not sufficient external evidence for determining the cause of death1 a post-mortem examination should be made 7see page #ih74 ,the poultryman must know above all whether he is dealing with an infectious disease or not4 ,the discovery that a sudden death among his fowls is due to apoplexy will set his mind at ease4 ,on the other hand1 if a case of cholera occurs1 the body of the dead fowl should be burnt1 and a vigorous campaign started to prevent the spread of the disease2 birds showing mopishness and other suspicious symptoms should be isolated2 the houses1 the feed troughs1 the water vessels1 and the yard to which the dead fowl has had access1 should all be thoroughly disinfected4 #b4 ,dangers of ,introducing ,disease ,perhaps more loss has been caused by introducing birds with disease into a healthy flock than by any other means4 ,readers will1 doubtless1 be able to recall occasions on which their own1 or their neighbors'1 flocks suffered4 ,an instance was recently related to the writer4 ,a poultryman was offered two fowls1 which he at first refused1 but owing to the vagrant seller's importunity1 he eventually bought the birds and let them loose among the home flock4 ,on the following day one died2 but no effort was made to discover the cause1 nor was the dead fowl's body burnt4 ,in a few days1 a fowl belonging to the original flock died and1 in three to four weeks after the purchase1 two-thirds of the stock had died4 ,it afterwards transpired that the vendor had lost several of his fowls from cholera1 and the fear of further mortalities had been his reason for being so anxious to dispose of the survivors4 ,on every farm where poultry is kept1 there should be a quarantine ward for new purchases4 ,the most careful breeders will isolate their own birds that have returned from an exhibition1 for fear they may have contracted some disease there or on the journey4 #c4 ,control ,measures ,practical experience and scientific investigation have clearly proved that preventive measures are more economical and effective than curative4 ,failing prevention1 everything points to the importance of dealing promptly with the first cases1 owing to the risk of infection of the rest of the stock4 ,control measures may be divided into three classes3 #a4 ,proper housing and feeding of fowls4 #b4 ,general sanitation and disinfection4 #c4 ,administration of medicine to sick birds4 ,the details to which special attention must be given are covered by the following axiomatic rules3 #a4 ,isolate birds recently purchased--for two or three weeks4 #b4 ,isolate every bird that shows any sign of ill health4 #c4 ,provide a fresh and pure supply of water in a shady position4 #d4 ,add ,epsom salts 7one teaspoonful to a quart7 once a week to the drinking water4 ,give chickens daily a liberal supply of bran in addition to their other food4 #e4 ,feed birds on a varied diet1 including green food4 #f4 ,arrange that birds have to scratch for some of their food4 #g4 ,construct houses1 nest boxes1 etc41 so that they can be readily and thoroughly disinfected4 ,houses should be free from drafts4 #h4 ,disinfect contaminated soil by spraying1 liming1 and resting4 #i4 ,visit the roosts at night to detect cases of wheezing due to colds1 and to search for mites and other pests4 #aj4 ,keep on hand disinfectants1 lice powders and medicines likely to be required4 #d4 ,nursing ,sick ,birds ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,isolation ,the small margin of profit on a single fowl makes dosing with medicines and nursing an unprofitable occupation1 except in the case of valuable stock4 ,if the treatment of a bird is undertaken1 it should be borne in mind that more depends upon attention to the rules of good nursing than to the administration of drugs4 ,comfortable quarters1 warm and free from drafts1 clean straw1 and invalid's diet of soft and easily digested food will all turn the chances in favor of recovery4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,isolation ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,desolation ,too often isolation is in effect a death sentence4 ,the bird is put into cramped quarters1 exposed to cold winds and beating rains1 and1 being in an out-of-the-way corner1 is1 perhaps1 neglected instead of being specially cared for4 ,fowls that will not take food should be fed lightly1 but frequently1 with a spoon in order that their strength may be kept up4 ,all stale food should be removed4 #e4 ,the ,use of ,drugs and ,medicines ,drugs and medicines likely to be required should always be kept in stock4 ,the weekly use of ,epsom salts1 as a mild laxative for preventing intestinal disorders1 is strongly recommended4 ,little faith should be put in drugs said to cure tuberculosis1 cholera1 etc4 ,below is given a list of the medicines generally required4 ,the doses given in the table are for a medium-sized adult fowl2 three-quarters as much should be given for a half-grown bird1 and about one-fifth for a young chicken4 ,treatment should be repeated as necessary1 and animals should be well nursed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,poultryman',s ,,medicine ,,shelves ,,medicine ,,dose ,,or ,,strength ,,disease ,stimulants-- ,brandy #c-aj drops in warm milk ,aperients-- ,calomel #a grain ,diarrhea2 liver disease4 ,castor oil #a teaspoonful ,diarrhea4 ,epsom salts #bj grains to #ej grains in ,constipation2 diarrhea2 food or liver disease4 warm water ,astringents-- ,chlorodyne #f-ab drops ,diarrhea2 dysentery4 ,laudanum 7relieves pain7 #d-f drops ,diarrhea2 dysentery4 ,tonic and ,febrifuge-- ,quinine #a grain ,aconite #a drop ,colds2 fever2 roup4 ,for ,worms-- ,turpentine #e to #aj drops in #a teaspoonful castor oil ,worms 7intestinal74 ,santonin #c to #e grains ,antiseptic ,washes-- 7a7 ,carbolic acid #a-e sol4 7b7 ,hydrogen peroxide #ej ,colds2 roup2 7c7 ,creolin #b-e sol4 diphtheria2 7d7 ,permanganate of -#b sol4 cuts and injuries4 potash ,dressing ,flesh ,wounds-- creolin and sweet oil ,cuts and injuries4 ,to ,reduce ,swellings-- ,iodine ,tincture ,embrocation3 ,turpentine #aj drops ,cramp4 ,sweet oil #a ounce ,rheumatism4 ,insecticides-- ,lice powders ,lice1 mites4 ,kerosene ,scaly legs4 ,sulphur ointment3 ,lice1 scaly legs1 ,sulphur #a part mites1 ticks4 ,kerosene #a part ,lard #b parts ,,note4--,by accepting that #a teaspoonfuls made up to a pint with water gives approximately a #a solution1 any of the weak dilutions required by poultrymen can be easily prepared4 #f4 ,disinfection ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,how ,,disease ,,is ,,spread ,germs of tuberculosis in the excrement of a fowl4 7,after ,edwards47 ,the important part played by micro-organisms in causing and spreading disease must be understood before the value of disinfection can be fully appreciated4 ,the poultryman must develop a sense of sight that sees lurking microbes at every turn1 especially in unclean corners4 ,figure #e shows germs revealed by the microscope in the excrement of a bird suffering from tuberculosis4 ,the fact that this speck contained so many germs1 although it was far too small to be seen with the naked eye1 will give an idea of how epidemics may be caused by food1 water1 and soil contaminated by excreta1 nasal discharges1 etc4 ,regular and thorough disinfection of woodwork1 of feeding vessels1 and of the drinking water should form part of the routine of poultry management1 and a stock of disinfectants should always be kept on hand4 ,it will be found convenient to have an iron drum with a tap for a diluted solution1 say #e1 of some standard disinfectant--e4 g41 creolin--that can be further diluted as required4 ,water4 ,a stock solution of permanganate of potash1 made by adding ten grains to one quart of water1 should always be kept on hand for purposes of disinfection4 ,when there is danger of infection1 two tablespoonfuls of this solution should be added to every gallon of drinking water4 ,feeding ,vessels4 ,clean with boiling water4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,aids ,,to ,,thorough ,,disinfection ,houses and ,fixtures4 ,spray with #b to #e creolin 7or other disinfectant7 and whitewash afterwards1 or use whitewash to which #b of creolin has been added4 ,the whitewash should be prepared with quick-lime4 ,the house should first be cleaned out with an iron scraper and scrubbing brush1 using a liberal supply of water 7see ,fig4 #f74 ,soil4 ,the most convenient of the following methods should be adopted3 7#a7 ,spray surface with #e creolin4 7#b7 ,spread straw over ground and set fire to it4 7#c7 ,fork over and lime4 ,this method is not sufficient if serious contamination is suspected4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,summary ,,of ,,external ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,,disease ,,external ,,symptoms ,,treatment #a4 ,diseases affecting head and respiratory organs3 ,air under skin 7see ,emphysema74 ,apoplexy ,staggering gait and ,keep fowl quiet2 put in a appearances of a dark place2 sudden fit give ,epsom salts4 ,aspergillosis ,loss of weight ,avoid musty grain and straw4 ,brooder pneumonia ,affects chickens2 ,no cure2 prevent by strict whitish diarrhea2 sanitary methods4 many deaths ,bronchitis 7croup7 ,rattling in throat ,paint throat with iodine4 ,canker 7see ,roup74 ,catarrh1 contagious 7see ,roup74 ,chicken pox ,scabby1 wart-like ,gently scrape off scab growths on head and paint with iodine4 and comb ,cold 7catarrh7 ,running at nose and ,isolate and syringe eyes nostrils with #b carbolic acid4 ,congestion of lungs 7see ,pneumonia74 ,conjunctivitis--sore eyes 7see ,roup74 ,diphtheria ,yellowish patches on ,isolate2 paint patches 7diphtheritic roup7 throat following an with hydrogen peroxide or attack of roup iodine2 best to kill fowl4 ,emphysema ,skin puffed out ,puncture with needle4 ,epilepsy ,bird has fit ,if worms are believed to be the cause give santonin4 ,favus ,scurfy patches on ,anoint with sulphur comb and upper ointment or iodine4 portion of neck ,frost bite ,frozen wattles ,rub with vaseline4 ,influenza--grippe 7see ,cold74 ,roup ,nostrils caked with ,isolate2 syringe nostrils offensive smelling with #e carbolic acid2 exudate best to kill fowl with bad attack4 ,pip ,hardened scale on ,soften and remove4 tip of tongue ,pneumonia ,great difficulty ,paint shoulders above lungs in breathing with iodine2 generally incurable4 ,sore head 7see ,chicken pox74 ,vertigo 7see ,epilepsy74 ,white comb 7see ,favus74 #b4 ,diseases affecting organs of digestion and reproduction3 ,blackhead of turkeys ,drooping wings2 ,strict sanitary measures2 dullness2 many difficult to control4 deaths ,cancer 7see ,liver diseases and ,ovary diseases74 ,catarrh of crop ,distended crop with ,empty crop2 diet offensive liquid sparingly4 ,catarrh of stomach 7see ,gastritis74 ,cholera ,yellow feces2 bad ,no cure known2 kill fowl diarrhea2 sudden and burn body2 take every death of several precaution to prevent birds spread4 ,cloacitis ,offensive discharges ,syringe out cloaca4 from cloaca ,constipation ,unsuccessful efforts ,give castor oil2 supply to evacuate green food and make bird scratch for grain4 ,coccidiosis of adult ,loss of weight1 ,no remedies4 fowls diarrhea ,coccidiosis of chickens 7see ,white diarrhea74 ,coccidiosis of turkeys 7see ,blackhead74 ,crop-bound ,distended crop ,pour sweet oil down throat and knead crop1 holding fowl's head down2 or slit crop and remove food4 ,diarrhea ,frequent passing of ,isolate for fear of liquid excreta2 epidemics2 in bad cases soiled vent give #f to #aj drops chlorodyne4 ,dropsy ,distention of ,kill bird or puncture abdomen abdomen4 ,dysentery ,bad form of diarrhea ,treat as for bad cases distinguished by of diarrhea4 blood in the excreta ,egg-bound ,unsuccessful ,remove egg4 efforts to lay ,enteritis 7see ,diarrhea74 ,fatty degeneration ,sudden death2 ,change diet of others4 excessively fat ,fowl typhoid 7see ,cholera74 ,gastritis ,dullness2 loss of ,empty stomach2 give castor appetite oil and easily digested food4 ,impaction of crop 7see ,crop-bound74 ,indigestion ,difficult to ,change diet4 diagnose ,jaundice ,yellowish comb ,one grain of calomel and green food4 ,leukemia 7see ,cholera74 ,liver diseases ,difficult to ,change diet4 diagnose ,ovary diseases ,irregularity in egg ,no remedies4 production ,oviduct diseases ,prolapse of oviduct ,vaseline and replace4 ,peritonitis ,fever2 pain in ,aconite and opium4 abdomen ,pymia ,no external symptoms ,no remedy4 ,soft crop ,distended and soft ,empty crop2 diet crop sparingly4 ,tuberculosis ,wasting away2 ,kill affected birds2 lamenesss disinfect poultry houses1 etc4 ,white diarrhea of ,dullness2 many ,proper feeding2 thorough chickens deaths2 whitish disinfection2 difficult diarrhea to control4 #c4 ,diseases affecting legs and feet3 ,bumblefoot ,swelling on pad of ,lance1 if bad2 paint with foot iodine2 lower perches4 ,cramp ,difficulty in ,hold legs in warm water2 standing straight rub with embrocation2 keep bird in dry place4 ,fractures ,broken shank or wing ,splints4 ,gout ,pain in joints of ,difficult to cure2 rub legs and difficulty joints with embrocation4 in standing ,leg weakness ,unsteady walk ,select breeders4 ,rheumatism ,stiffness in joints2 ,rub legs with embrocation2 difficult to keep bird in dry place4 distinguish from cramp and gout #d4 ,parasites3 ,fleas ,on hen and in nest ,dust with insect powder2 straw burn infested straw ,gape worms ,gaping of chicks and ,extract by pushing feather effort to dislodge moistened with turpentine something in throat down windpipe4 or windpipe ,lice ,unthrifty condition ,dust fowl with insect of birds2 desertion powder2 grease head and of nests by setting neck of chickens2 spray hens woodwork4 ,maggots ,running wound ,remove maggots2 treat with creolin or carbolic acid4 ,mites 7air sac7 ,in bad cases1 ,difficult to treat4 suffocation ,mites 7depluming7 ,bare patches ,sulphur ointment4 ,mites 7red7 ,examine roosts at ,kerosene4 night ,scabies 7see ,mites1 depluming74 ,scaly leg ,uneven crusts on ,scrub with soap and water2 legs kerosene oil or sulphur ointment4 ,ticks ,birds suffering ,remove ticks from fowl2 from the fever2 spray perches1 etc41 with ticks found on body1 #e creolin4 especially at night ,worms ,loss of weight2 ,give #c to #e grains santonin1 segments of worms followed by #b teaspoonfuls in excreta castor oil4 #e4 ,miscellaneous3 ,abscesses ,swelling with pus ,lance and dress with healing oil4 ,anmia ,loss of weight and ,search for cause and treat4 unthrifty condition ,breakdown ,enlarged and ,no satisfactory treatment4 pendulent abdomen ,egg-eating ,remains of eggs ,trap nests4 ,feather-eating ,injured plumage ,isolation of culprit4 ,going light 7see ,anmia7 ,heart1 diseases of ,no external symptoms ,no treatment possible4 ,limber-neck ,muscles of neck ,try purgative to correct unable to support cause4 head ,kidney diseases ,no external symptoms ,no treatment except for except in gout gout4 ,molting ,unthrifty condition ,feed up and give tonic4 of bird ,poisoning ,evidence of pain ,give milk1 white of egg and depression and a stimulant4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,diseases ,,of ,,poultry ,,other ,,than ,,fowls ,all classes of domestic poultry are to a great extent subject to the same diseases that affect the common fowl4 ,the symptoms of such diseases are for the most part similar to those noticed when fowls are affected1 and treatment must be on the same lines4 ,in the management of turkeys1 ducks1 geese1 guinea fowls and pigeons1 the strictest sanitary measures must be enforced1 as in the rearing of fowls4 ,owing to its importance1 blackhead of turkeys is dealt with separately4 ,it is one of the most serious of poultry diseases and causes heavy losses to turkey rearers4 ,careful study should be made of the reports of the recent investigations at the ,rhode ,island ,experiment ,station4 ,severe epidemics of diarrhea or cholera occur among all classes of poultry4 ,geese are subject to a form of cholera that appears to be different from any kind that attacks fowls4 ,water fowl are not commonly infested with external parasites4 ,pigeons1 on the other hand1 are worried by fleas and ticks as well as mites4 ,smallpox of pigeons is similar to chicken pox of fowls1 but pustular swellings may be found on the rump and the cloaca of the pigeon as well as on the head4 ,the scaly leg mite attacks turkeys and the gape worm is sometimes a serious pest of poults4 ,below is given a list of some of the diseases of turkeys1 ducks1 geese1 guinea fowls and pigeons3 ,,turkeys ,blackhead ,diphtheria ,gapes ,leg weakness ,lice ,mites ,roup ,tuberculosis ,scaly leg ,white comb ,worms ,,ducks ,aspergillosis ,catarrh ,congestion of lungs ,cholera ,diphtheria ,lice ,mites ,worms ,,geese ,aspergillosis ,cholera ,congestion of lungs ,diphtheria ,lice ,mites ,worms ,,guinea ,,fowls ,aspergillosis ,cholera ,diphtheria ,lice ,mites ,worms ,,pigeons ,aspergillosis ,canker ,chicken pox 7smallpox7 ,diphtheria ,dovecot bug ,flea ,lice ,mites ,ticks ,worms ,,chapter ,,iv ,,diseases ,,and ,,pests ,,of ,,fowls ,abscesses4 ,abnormal eggs 7see ,oviduct diseases74 ,air under skin 7see ,emphysema74 ,air sac mite 7see ,mites1 air sac74 ,anmia4 ,apoplexy4 ,aspergillosis4 ,atrophy of liver 7see ,liver diseases74 ,bacterial enteritis 7see ,diarrhea7 ,baldness 7see ,favus74 ,biliary repletion 7see ,jaundice74 ,blackhead of turkeys4 ,breakdown4 ,broken limbs 7see ,fractures74 ,bronchitis4 ,brooder pneumonia4 ,bumblefoot4 ,cancer 7see ,liver diseases and ,ovary diseases74 ,canker 7see ,diphtheria74 ,catarrh 7see ,cold74 ,catarrh1 contagious 7see ,roup74 ,catarrh of crop4 ,catarrh of stomach 7see ,gastritis74 ,chicken pox4 ,cholera4 ,cloacitis4 ,coccidiosis of adult fowls4 ,coccidiosis of chickens 7see ,brooder pneumonia74 ,coccidiosis of turkeys 7see ,blackhead74 ,cold4 ,congestion of the liver 7see ,liver diseases74 ,congestion of the lungs 7see ,pneumonia74 ,conjunctivitis 7see ,roup74 ,constipation4 ,cramp4 ,crop-bound4 ,crop1 soft 7see ,soft crop74 ,crop1 ,catarrh of4 ,depluming mite4 ,diarrhea1 bacterial4 ,diarrhea1 mycotic4 ,diarrhea1 protozoan4 ,diarrhea1 simple4 ,diarrhea1 severe4 ,diarrhea1 white4 ,diphtheria4 ,diphtheritic roup4 ,dislocations 7see ,fractures74 ,dropsy4 ,dysentery4 ,egg-bound4 ,egg-eating4 ,emphysema4 ,enlargement of heart 7see ,heart1 diseases of74 ,enlargement of liver 7see ,liver diseases74 ,enlargement of kidneys 7see ,kidney diseases74 ,enteritis 7see ,diarrhea74 ,entero-hepatitis 7see ,blackhead74 ,epilepsy4 ,fatty degeneration4 ,favus4 ,feather-eating4 ,fits 7see ,epilepsy74 ,fleas4 ,fowl typhoid4 ,fractures4 ,frost bite4 ,gangrenous ,ovary 7see ,ovary diseases74 ,gapes4 ,gastritis4 ,going light 7see ,anmia74 ,gout4 ,grippe 7see ,cold74 ,heart1 diseases of4 ,heart1 dropsy of4 ,heart1 enlargement of4 ,heart1 rupture4 ,hypertrophy of the liver 7see ,liver diseases74 ,impaction of the crop 7see ,crop-bound74 ,indigestion4 ,influenza 7see ,cold74 ,jaundice4 ,kidney diseases4 ,leg weakness4 ,leukemia 7see ,cholera74 ,lice4 ,limber-neck4 ,liver diseases4 ,lungs1 congestion of 7see ,pneumonia74 ,maggots4 ,mites1 air sac4 ,mites1 depluming4 ,mites1 red4 ,mites1 scaly leg 7see ,scaly leg74 ,molting4 ,nodular tniasis 7see ,worms74 ,ovary diseases4 ,oviduct diseases4 ,peritonitis4 ,pip4 ,pneumonia4 ,poisoning4 ,prolapse of oviduct 7see ,oviduct diseases74 ,puffed skin 7see ,emphysema74 ,pymia4 ,rheumatism4 ,roup4 ,scabies 7see ,mites1 depluming74 ,scaly leg4 ,soft crop4 ,sore head 7see ,chicken pox74 ,ticks4 ,tuberculosis4 ,vertigo 7see ,apoplexy74 ,white comb 7see ,favus74 ,white diarrhea of chickens4 ,worms4 ,,abscesses ,not a common poultry complaint ,symptoms4 ,the flesh becomes inflamed and swollen and forms a 8head0 containing pus4 ,cause4 ,a scratch or a small injury followed by inflammation due to pus-forming organisms4 ,treatment4 ,lance the abscess when 8ripe0 with a clean1 sharp knife1 cutting low so that the sore may drain readily4 ,squeeze out the pus2 wash with #a carbolic acid or creolin and dress with creolin and sweet oil 7half and half7 until healed4 ,the most common abscess is that which forms on the pad of the foot and develops into bumblefoot4 ,,an,,mia1 ,,or ,,going ,,light ,a condition that should incite the poultryman to investigate the cause ,symptoms4 ,birds lose weight1 or 0go light10 without any apparent reason4 ,cause4 ,a general lack of thriftiness in the flock may be due to insufficient or poor food1 to lack of exercise1 or to bad ventilation of houses2 lice or mites may be infesting the birds4 ,on the other hand1 birds may gradually lose weight as the result of some such disease as tuberculosis 7see page #ij1 aspergillosis 7see page #bi71 or worms 7see page #id74 ,treatment4 ,make any changes in feeding or management that may appear desirable4 ,search at night for mites or lice on the birds2 in the daytime examine the straw in nest boxes1 the roosts1 and the cracks and crevices of the woodwork for parasites4 ,much time may often be saved in discovering what is wrong with the flock by killing one or more of the affected birds and making a post-mortem examination to discover if a specific disease is the cause4 ,,apoplexy ,not a common trouble ,symptoms4 ,staggering gait and bewildered appearance2 bird generally drops dead suddenly4 ,cause4 ,attributed to high feeding or over-laying4 ,treatment4 ,there is usually no time for treatment1 but if the attack is mild1 put the bird in a dark place and give no food for a few hours2 give a dose of ,epsom salts and add green food to diet4 ,bleeding from under a wing is sometimes tried4 ,post-mortem examination shows clotted blood on the brain1 the other organs being normal4 ,the name vertigo is applied to congestion of the brain as distinct from apoplexy due to hemorrhage of the brain4 ,the fowl has fits4 ,it is difficult to distinguish this disease from epilepsy 7see page #ee74 ,the cause is little understood4 ,,aspergillosis ,a disease that exists more commonly than is usually suspected1 and is the cause of the death of large numbers of young chickens ,symptoms4 ,fowls gradually lose weight1 mope1 and die without any pronounced ailment except difficulty in breathing4 ,in adults the disease may be mistaken for tuberculosis and in chickens for white diarrhea4 ,aspergillosis of chickens is dealt with under brooder pneumonia4 ,post-mortem symptoms are whitish or yellowish growths on the windpipe1 that can only be definitely diagnosed under the microscope4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,head ,,showing ,,brain ,,exposed ,cause4 ,a fungoid growth in the windpipe and bronchial tubes1 sometimes extending to the lungs and liver4 ,fig4 #h shows the spores and filaments of the species of aspergillosis most commonly responsible for this disease4 ,infection may be due to musty grain or dirty straw4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,aspergillosis ,on left--,windpipe cut open4 ,on right--,a fungus that causes aspergillosis ,treatment4 ,no medicines are of any avail4 ,protection lies in not using musty grain or moldy litter4 ,burn dead birds4 ,,blackhead ,,of ,,turkeys ,a very serious disease1 making the successful rearing of turkeys difficult and in some cases impossible4 ,symptoms4 ,young turkeys1 or poults1 are most commonly attacked2 there is loss of weight and loss of appetite2 the bird appears listless and stands by itself with drooping wings and tail4 ,diarrhea is generally one of the symptoms4 ,the comb often turns a dark purple--a symptom that has given rise to the name blackhead4 ,death generally follows an attack fairly rapidly1 but in some cases the disease may take a chronic form1 while it is believed that recovery is occasionally effected4 ,post-mortem symptoms4 ,the cca 7see ,fig4 #cb7 are enlarged1 are diseased in parts1 and are more or less plugged with cheesy matter and pus4 ,the liver is diseased1 being sometimes very much enlarged and covered with yellowish necrotic areas1 generally depressed in the centre 7see ,fig4 #bd;d74 ,in cases of an acute attack1 especially in young birds1 one of the cca only may be affected and the liver may not be invaded4 ,the extent of the necrotic areas and the degree of the enlargement of the infected organs may vary greatly in different cases4 ,cause4 ,the cause of blackhead has been shown by ,drs4 ,cole and ,hadley to be a coccidium4 ,a full account of their work is published in ,bulletin #ada of the ,rhode ,island ,experiment ,station4 ,coccidia enter the digestive tract of the healthy turkey by means of food or water infected by the excrement of a sick bird4 ,the organisms pass along the alimentary canal until they reach the cca1 the lining of which they attack1 giving rise to the conditions mentioned under post-mortem symptoms4 ,how the infection spreads from the cca to the liver is not clear4 ,it has been conclusively proved that fowls1 as well as pigeons1 sparrows1 etc41 act as hosts for these parasites4 ,although adult fowls have a great degree of resistance themselves1 they are a means of carrying infection to turkeys4 ,eggs may be one of the means of spreading the disease1 as they may become contaminated in the oviduct or the cloaca of birds affected with blackhead4 ,treatment4 ,no remedy or satisfactory method of prevention has been discovered4 ,the difficulty of effecting a cure is obvious when the nature of the disease is considered4 ,drs4 ,cole and ,hadley summarize measures of prevention as follows3 #a4 ,protect the yards and flocks which may have the good fortune to be uninfected with the blackhead organism by a thorough examination of all new stock1 whether turkeys1 fowls1 geese or other domestic birds4 #b4 ,keep the turkeys on grounds which are as fresh as can be obtained1 and above all1 keep them isolated from fowls and other domestic birds4 #c4 ,keep every turkey in the flock under close observation in order to separate and at once isolate any bird which gives evidence of the disease4 ,to facilitate such observations it is helpful to leg-band each individual1 and to record its weight from time to time4 ,such a course makes it possible to learn whether any birds are losing weight1 and if this is the case1 these birds must be regarded with suspicion1 and separated from the rest of the flock4 #d4 ,if it is known that blackhead is present in any of the poultry1 the yard should be kept free from ,english sparrows1 and the poultry houses and grain boxes from rats and mice1 which have been shown to carry the causative organism4 #e4 ,when it is desired to fatten birds for the market1 begin to increase the rations gradually4 ,never attempt to fatten birds which1 in successive weighings1 show a loss of weight4 ,overfeeding does not cause blackhead1 but frequently causes the sudden death of birds in which blackhead is present4 #f4 ,when birds have died of blackhead1 their bodies should be promptly burned or buried in order to prevent the dissemination of the coccidia1 either through the ravages of rats or skunks1 or consequent to the natural processes of decay4 ,,breakdown ,not often seen in the poultry yard ,symptoms4 ,the abdomen becomes enlarged1 hangs down at the back1 and sometimes touches the ground4 ,cause4 ,old layers are generally affected4 ,the cause may be the strain of heavy laying1 or may in cases be due to too much internal fat4 ,treatment4 ,no satisfactory treatment can be recommended and the bird had best be killed4 ,such birds should not be used for breeding purposes4 ,,bronchitis 7,,croup7 ,not very common ,symptoms4 ,bronchitis may be distinguished by the rattling in the throat of the bird affected and by the rapid breathing and cough4 ,the rattling is due to mucus in the inflamed bronchial tubes4 ,in bad cases1 birds mope1 refuse to eat1 and soon die4 ,cause4 ,bronchitis may develop from an ordinary cold1 or may be due to sudden changes of temperature1 or to exposure to rain1 cold1 and damp4 ,treatment4 ,keep affected bird away from drafts and in a warm place2 dose with ,epsom salts 7see page #i7 and give soft food1 e4 g41 bread1 bran1 and middlings1 with milk4 ,wine of ipecacuanha has been recommended for cases in which breathing is very difficult owing to excessive inflammation4 ,,brooder ,,pneumonia ,a very serious disease1 causing the death of many chickens ,symptoms4 ,chickens affected stand by themselves with roughened plumage4 ,there is a whitish diarrhea1 and this disease can easily be mistaken for white diarrhea4 7,see page #ib47 ,post-mortem examination will show yellowish spots on the lungs1 on the walls of the air sacs1 and on the liver and other organs1 due to infection by the aspergillus fungus4 7,see page #bi47 ,cause4 ,infection by a species of the aspergillus fungus1 the spores of which are probably inhaled4 ,this fungus is common4 ,the spores may be in the straw used for nests or for litter1 or in the food1 especially if it is at all moldy4 ,treatment4 ,there is no cure for an affected chicken1 and the poultryman must aim at prevention4 ,vigorous sanitary measures are imperative4 ,clean straw or excelsior should be used for nests2 eggs for hatching should be disinfected by wiping with #hj alcohol2 incubators and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected4 ,,bumblefoot ,not serious if treated early ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,bumblefoot ,symptoms4 ,lameness with swelling on pad of foot4 ,cause4 ,injury to sole of foot1 developing into an abscess4 ,heavy birds are more subject than light ones to bumblefoot1 especially if made to roost on perches that are too high4 ,treatment4 ,paint with iodine4 ,lance the abscess if it is sufficiently advanced4 ,lower perches4 ,birds under treatment should have their feet bandaged1 and should be put on deep straw to prevent further injury while the wounds are healing4 ,not serious if taken in hand promptly4 ,,catarrh ,,of ,,the ,,crop ,not a common trouble ,symptoms4 ,distention of crop with soft pasty matter of a more or less offensive character4 ,cause4 ,eating stale1 putrifying food or some poisonous matter4 ,treatment4 ,empty the bird's crop by holding the head downwards and gently pressing the contents out through the mouth4 ,feed sparingly on soft food4 ,,chicken ,,pox ,,or ,,sore ,,head ,an infectious disease that causes considerable loss among chickens and young birds in warm climates ,symptoms4 ,small1 scabby1 wart-like growths and eruptions on the head1 especially on the comb and the wattles and around the eyes--in bad cases extending to the lids and even the mouth4 ,chickens and young birds are most commonly attacked by this disease1 which spreads rapidly4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,chicken ,,pox ,cause4 ,the specific organism has not been definitely determined4 ,chicken pox may be started by the introduction of an infected bird1 and mosquitoes and other insects are suspected of being agents in its spread4 ,treatment4 ,prompt treatment may be very successful4 ,isolate affected birds4 ,apply tincture of iodine1 first scraping off the scabs4 ,creolin #b1 or other disinfectants1 may be used instead of iodine4 ,dirty coops are a contributing cause1 and cleanliness of chicken runs and houses is important4 ,disinfect soil 7see page #ac7 and woodwork 7see page #ab7 regularly and with extra care when the first cases are noticed4 ,when roupy lesions develop1 as is sometimes the case1 treat as for roup4 7,see page #hc47 ,,cholera ,a serious and epidemic form of diarrhea for which no remedy is known ,symptoms4 ,fowls die suddenly with apparently little reason4 ,there are symptoms of diarrhea and examination shows that the feces are a bright yellow or green instead of the normal color4 ,before death1 fowls have fever and may be seen moping and showing evidences of distress4 ,for post-mortem symptoms see page #aab4 ,cause4 ,a contagious disease1 due to bacteria1 that1 owing to infection of soil and drinking water by birds suffering from the disease1 spreads rapidly through a flock4 ,it is often introduced by the purchase of an infected bird that appears at the time of purchase to be well4 ,treatment4 ,prevention by strict sanitary measures is what must be aimed at4 ,it is believed that no cure is known for genuine cases of cholera4 ,isolate all new birds brought into the flock1 especially when cases of cholera are reported in the neighborhood4 ,the bodies of birds that have died of this disease are best burnt without delay4 ,the germ of cholera appears to be both persistent and easily spread1 and too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity of preventing its introduction1 failing that1 of quickly stamping it out4 ,the sacrifice of a few birds to prevent the spread of the disease will be well repaid1 for it has been necessary on occasions to kill a whole flock4 ,in some cases it has been found best to move unaffected birds to new quarters4 ,fowl typhoid1 or leukemia1 is a disease of the blood that may be mistaken for cholera4 ,the poultryman must treat it in the same way4 ,,cloacitis ,,or ,,vent-,,gleet ,not a common disease ,symptoms4 ,frequent small discharges of excrement and unsuccessful efforts to discharge when the cloaca 7,fig4 #cb7 is empty1 the mucous membrane of which becomes hot and inflamed4 ,these symptoms are soon followed by an offensive discharge4 ,cause4 ,a specific disease transmitted from hen to hen by the agency of the cock4 ,treatment4 ,immediately isolate affected hens2 syringe out cloaca twice daily with #b creolin2 give mild purgative and put on soft food4 ,males likely to be affected should be examined1 and diseased birds killed4 ,caution4 ,the hands should be carefully cleansed and disinfected1 as a serious inflammation will result if the eyes are rubbed with infected hands4 ,this is a troublesome and risky disease to treat4 ,,coccidiosis ,,of ,,adult ,,fowls ,the germ of this disease does not usually affect adult fowls seriously1 but causes severe losses among chickens and turkeys ,symptoms4 ,the external symptoms are not very pronounced2 there is loss of weight and in some cases diarrhea4 ,the disease may last for a long time and birds may even recover4 ,a post-mortem examination shows the walls of the cca thickened and filled with a pasty mass1 while characteristic whitish or yellowish spots 7see ,fig4 #bd1 d7 are found in the liver4 ,cause4 ,this disease is due to the same germ 7a coccidium7 that causes blackhead in turkeys4 ,adult fowls occasionally develop this disease1 but appear to be able1 as a rule1 to act as a host for the germs without being themselves affected1 although heavy losses occur among turkeys or chickens that get the germ from them4 ,treatment4 ,copperas in the drinking water 7three grains to a quart7 has been recommended1 together with the occasional use of calomel in one-grain doses1 or one or two teaspoonfuls of castor oil4 ,thorough disinfection 7see page #aj7 of houses and runs1 etc41 where affected fowls have been1 is important4 ,burn the bodies of birds that die of the disease4 ,,cold 7,,simple ,,catarrh7 ,dangerous1 because it may be confused with the early stages of roup ,symptoms4 ,discharge from the nostrils and the eyes1 with occasional fits of sneezing2 loss of appetite1 and moping4 ,cause4 ,cold and damp4 ,colds most frequently occur in wet weather and among poorly housed and poorly fed stock4 ,treatment4 ,warm housing and protection from cold and wet4 ,give quinine--one grain to an adult fowl4 ,many believe in dosing fowls suffering from colds with red pepper given in the food4 ,when there are signs of stuffiness1 the eyes and the nostrils should be washed out once or twice daily4 ,carbolic acid #b1 or boric acid1 about #c1 dissolved in water1 is recommended for this purpose4 ,witch hazel has been found very effective4 ,caution4 ,there is a risk of mistaking the early stages of roup for a simple cold4 ,further1 birds are more likely to contract roup when suffering from a cold1 and should1 on this account1 be isolated and regularly examined4 ,influenza4 ,the term influenza1 or grippe1 is generally applied to a severe cold that has no symptoms of roup4 ,,constipation ,not common and seldom serious ,symptoms4 ,the bird suffering is dull and listless4 ,its efforts to evacuate are painful and unsuccessful4 ,cause4 ,internal blocking of the cloaca or the intestines1 or1 occasionally1 of the vent by dirt accumulated on the outside4 ,want of exercise and lack of green food are held to be contributing causes4 ,treatment4 ,if constipation is due to dirt on the outside1 cleanse vent by swabbing with warm water4 ,when stoppage is inside and can be felt through the vent syringe with sweet oil4 ,in other cases1 give a purgative such as castor oil or ,epsom salts4 ,if worms are suspected as the cause1 give santonin 7see page #i71 followed by a teaspoonful of castor oil4 ,,cramp ,must not be confused with more serious complaints ,symptoms4 ,difficulty in standing and lameness1 due to inflammation of muscles and joints4 ,cause4 ,damp and cold4 ,treatment4 ,put legs of bird in warm water2 rub joints with embrocation and put in dry quarters4 ,,note--,in cases of rheumatism1 tick fever1 and tuberculosis1 birds may show the same difficulty in standing that they do in cramp4 ,,crop-,,bound 7,,impaction ,,of ,,crop7 ,not serious1 as a rule ,symptoms4 ,the crop is hard and swollen4 ,cause4 ,the blocking of the passage from the crop to the gizzard by a bit of stick or a stone1 with the result that the food cannot pass out of the crop4 ,treatment4 ,pour sweet oil down fowl's throat2 work the crop with the fingers1 endeavoring to remove the obstructing object4 ,if unsuccessful1 cut open the crop and remove the contents1 making sure that the opening into the gizzard is clear4 ,sew up the cut made1 stitching separately first the inner skin and then the outer4 ,,diarrhea ,,or ,,enteritis ,may take a serious and epidemic form ,diarrhea is a common complaint among fowls1 and in some cases takes a severe and epidemic form4 ,the latter form may be due to various causes1 and it will be best1 perhaps1 to deal with diarrhea under the following heads3 #a4 ,mild diarrhea4 #b4 ,epidemic and severe diarrhea4 #c4 ,dysentery4 7,see page #eb47 #d4 ,cholera4 7,see page #ci47 #e4 ,white diarrhea of chickens4 7,see page #ib47 ,mild ,diarrhea4 ,symptoms4 ,looseness of bowels and staining of feathers around the anus with excreta4 ,cause4 ,indigestion caused by food which may be too laxative2 e4 g41 excess of bran1 or1 by food which may be partly decomposed or may contain an intestinal irritant4 ,cold may also be a cause4 ,treatment4 ,give ,epsom salts1 or castor oil4 7,see page #i47 ,change diet if food is suspected4 ,often no treatment is necessary1 but it is not wise to neglect cases that are apparently mild diarrhea1 for fear they may turn out to be an epidemic and contagious form4 ,diarrhea1 ,severe and ,epidemic ,symptoms4 ,excessive looseness of bowels1 ruffling of feathers1 depression1 loss of appetite4 ,a number of birds in the flock are attacked and death results4 ,cause4 ,there are a variety of causes4 ,scientific investigation has led to the discovery of specific organisms responsible for various forms of diarrhea4 ,it would be well for poultry rearers to study the results of such work1 but1 for the purposes of this book1 it will be sufficient to state that the causal organism may be bacterial1 mycotic1 or protozoan4 ,the owner of poultry will not usually be able himself to determine what type of diarrhea the fowls are suffering from1 but as a rule the treatment will have to be the same4 ,advice will have to be sought from an expert when dangerous epidemics are feared4 ,treatment4 ,the most energetic measures of disinfection must be undertaken4 7,see page #aj47 #a4 ,isolate sick fowls4 #b4 ,disinfect soil of run thoroughly4 #c4 ,clean and disinfect coops4 #d4 ,in bad cases1 remove the rest of the flock from the infested run4 #e4 ,give sick fowls ,epsom salts1 or castor oil2 feed fowls on soft food4 #f4 ,if the diarrhea is not checked1 give #f to #ab drops of chlorodyne4 ,,diphtheria ,,or ,,diphtheritic ,,roup ,a dangerous disease1 and infected birds should be killed at once ,symptoms4 ,a cold1 accompanied by whitish and yellowish patches on the back of the throat and in the mouth4 ,these patches apparently form a false membrane and cannot be torn off without causing bleeding4 ,the disease is sometimes known as canker4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,,diphtheritic ,,roup b1 lower beak2 t1 tongue2 m1 false membrane4 7,after ,harrison and ,streit47 ,cause4 ,this disease is often clearly a later stage of roup4 ,it is difficult to say where one ends and the other begins4 ,it has been claimed that the organism is the same as that which causes diphtheria in human beings1 but the weight of evidence is against this conclusion4 ,treatment4 ,diphtheria is extremely infectious4 ,it is best to kill the first cases at once4 ,if the bird is of particular value1 it may be isolated and the patches on the throat swabbed with #ej hydrogen peroxide or #e creolin1 with a small bit of cotton wool wound around a stick4 ,if great care is exercised1 #bj carbolic acid or #bj creolin may be painted on the patches1 but neither should be allowed to touch the normal skin4 ,burn the swabs4 ,treat accompanying roupy symptoms as recommended under roup4 ,the term canker is also applied to certain spots or growths that occur on the throat4 ,these are not in any way associated with diphtheritic roup1 or any dangerous1 contagious disease1 and are due to injury or to an unhealthy condition of the mucous membrane4 ,,dropsy ,not a common disease ,symptoms4 ,distention of abdomen4 ,cause4 ,collection of liquid in abdominal cavity4 ,treatment4 ,treatment is seldom successful4 ,it is best and most merciful to kill the afflicted bird4 ,if it is desired to make an effort to save the bird1 carefully puncture the lower portion of the abdomen with a trocar and squeeze out the liquid4 ,give invalid diet4 ,,dysentery ,serious if in epidemic form ,symptoms4 ,severe diarrhea with blood in the discharges4 ,cause4 ,bacterial or other specific infection of the intestines4 ,occasionally the eating of some poisonous or irritating substance will give rise to blood in the excrement4 ,treatment4 ,isolate bird1 and give six to eight drops of chlorodyne on a small piece of bread4 ,thorough disinfection 7see page #aj7 of water1 soil and house is necessary to prevent this disease spreading4 ,,egg-,,bound ,an uncommon complaint ,symptoms4 ,the hen goes on and off the nest straining to lay4 ,generally the egg may be felt through the vent4 ,after straining for some time1 she may succeed in laying the egg1 and treatment should not be undertaken until it is evident that the fowl needs assistance4 ,cause4 ,very young hens are more liable to this complaint1 which arises from eggs of an abnormal size1 from lack of muscular power1 or from some other disorder of the oviduct4 ,treatment4 ,it will be most merciful to kill fowls in much distress1 as treatment is tedious and painful to the fowl4 ,it has been recommended to hold the fowl's vent over steam from boiling water and then to pass an oiled finger up the vent4 ,in bad cases1 pierce the egg and withdraw the contents1 then break the shell and remove all the pieces4 ,great care must be taken to leave no particle of the broken shell behind4 ,,egg-,,eating ,a bad habit that may be controlled ,symptoms4 ,if remains of eggs are seen in nests or runs1 the poultryman should become suspicious and make observations to prove whether any of his flock are eating eggs4 ,cause4 ,broken eggs or soft-shelled eggs left about the yard may be the cause of hens acquiring this bad habit4 ,treatment4 ,all signs of broken eggs should always be immediately removed4 ,the culprit1 when detected1 should be removed to a different pen and nest4 ,dark nests have been recommended4 ,a trap nest will prevent a hen from getting at her egg4 ,,emphysema 7,,air ,,under ,,skin7 ,not a common disease of chickens ,symptoms4 ,in this disease of chickens the skin becomes puffed out in one or more places1 generally on the neck4 ,in rare cases the puffing spreads over nearly the whole of the body4 ,cause4 ,this disease is evidently caused by some obstruction of the air passages that forces the air to escape under the skin4 ,treatment4 ,let out the air by puncturing the skin4 ,give soft and nourishing food4 ,it will probably be wiser not to use birds that recover from this complaint for breeding stock4 ,,epilepsy ,an unusual complaint ,symptoms4 ,the bird staggers about and has a fit4 ,it may recover4 ,cause4 ,it is difficult to discover a cause2 intestinal worms are suspected in some cases4 ,treatment4 ,if it is suspected that intestinal worms are responsible1 try the treatment recommended for worms4 7,see page #ie47 ,,fatty ,,degeneration ,not contagious1 but pointing to error in diet ,symptoms4 ,more or less sudden deaths of birds in good condition4 ,post-mortem examination shows an enlarged liver and masses of fat attached to the intestines4 ,cause4 ,something wrong with the diet2 too much heat-giving food and want of exercise4 ,treatment4 ,post-mortem proof of fatty degeneration in the flock should lead the poultry owner to change the diet1 reducing the amount of heat-giving food1 and giving more exercise4 ,some authors draw attention to a fatty degeneration in which the liver is shrunken and shows fat globules under the microscope4 ,,favus 7,,white ,,comb7 ,disfiguring1 but easily controlled if treated early ,symptoms4 ,whitish scabs or crusts on the comb1 the head and down the neck4 ,cause4 ,due to a fungus that spreads1 if not treated1 and that probably starts where there is an abrasion of the skin4 ,treatment4 ,treat in early stages of the disease by dressing with sulphur ointment4 7,see page #i47 ,isolate bird4 ,if the case has been neglected and allowed to develop1 the crusts must first be moistened with oil and the surface scraped off with a blunt instrument4 ,then apply tincture of iodine or nitrate of silver4 ,,feather-,,eating ,not a very common habit ,symptoms4 ,the presence of bare patches and injured plumage on birds should lead the poultryman to watch for feather-eaters4 ,cause4 ,irritation from insects1 some defect in diet1 or natural cussedness4 ,treatment4 ,isolate the offender1 and1 if persistent and of no special value1 kill1 for fear the bad example may be followed by others4 ,if several fowls develop this vice1 try hanging up a bone for them to peck at and thus distract their attention4 ,,fleas ,an occasional parasite of poultry ,symptoms4 ,fleas are found on the fowls or in the straw of their nests4 ,description4 ,the flea that attacks fowls is known as the hen flea 7,pulex gallin74 ,it is dark colored and has sharp mouth parts4 ,doubtless it causes the fowl it attacks much irritation in addition to loss of blood4 ,treatment4 ,keep poultry houses in a clean1 sanitary condition4 ,dust the infested fowls with an insect powder or dip them in creolin1 about #a4 ,burn infested straw4 ,,fractures ,broken bones of legs or wings can be mended by placing the bones back in their proper positions and binding with light splints4 ,the splints may be removed in about four weeks4 ,it will be found that shanks are easily set1 but that broken wings give far more trouble4 ,if a fowl dislocates its leg or its wing1 the joint should be gently pushed back into place4 ,,frost ,,bite ,a strain on the bird's system ,symptoms4 ,combs and wattles are most liable to frost bite1 particularly in breeds in which these parts are large4 ,cause4 ,exposure to very low temperatures1 especially if birds are suddenly turned out from warm quarters2 dipping comb and wattles in water when the temperature is low4 ,treatment4 ,prevent by keeping birds as warm as possible during winter1 and do not allow them to go out early in the mornings in very cold weather4 ,drinking water should be provided in a vessel from which birds can drink without wetting their wattles4 ,in a case of frost bite1 thaw the affected parts by gently rubbing with vaseline and afterwards treat with a mixture of two grains of salicylic acid to one ounce of vaseline or lard4 ,,gapes ,serious in badly infested yards ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--;,,gapes ,on left3 ,chicken affected with gapes4 ,on right3 a1 male and female gape worms2 b1 gape worms in windpipe4 7,from ,salmon47 ,symptoms4 ,frequent gaping and coughing2 young chicks attacked1 as a rule4 ,notice if any worms are coughed up by the chicken2 if none can be found1 but the gaping continues1 put a stripped feather down the windpipe1 as recommended under treatment1 and see if any gape worms can be pulled up4 ,cause4 ,small worms1 red in color when engorged1 which attach themselves to the mucous membrane of the windpipe4 ,affected birds cough up worms or ova1 which infect the yard and sometimes the water supply4 ,earthworms taken from infested yards have been found to contain portions of gape worms1 and may be one means of infecting poultry4 ,treatment4 ,isolate attacked poultry and disinfect coops and yards4 ,the worms may be extracted from the windpipe of a gaping chicken with a feather stripped nearly to the end1 and moistened1 but not dripping1 with oil of turpentine4 ,hold the mouth open1 push the feather down the windpipe1 and give it a sudden twist1 which will dislodge the worms and allow of their being drawn up4 ,fumigation by holding the bird's head over an irritant vapor1 such as that of carbolic acid poured into boiling water1 is risky1 but sometimes successful4 ,if not cautiously done1 much suffering may be inflicted on the bird4 ,post-mortem4 ,cut open the windpipe and look for the worms1 which may be easily recognized by ,fig4 #ab4 ,male and female specimens will be found attached to one another4 ,,gastritis 7,,catarrh ,,of ,,the ,,stomach7 ,not a common complaint ,symptoms4 ,this disease cannot be readily diagnosed while the fowl is living2 it is generally associated with catarrh of the crop4 7,see page #cg47 ,the symptoms are similar4 ,post-mortem examination will show the lining of the stomach in an inflamed condition4 ,cause4 ,the inflammation of the lining of the stomach is generally due to eating decomposing food or other poisonous matter4 ,treatment4 ,empty the crop as recommended under ,catarrh of the crop4 ,give one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil and feed on soft and easily digested food with milk or barley water4 ,be sure that poultry are not allowed to run under trees that have been sprayed with arsenical poisons4 ,,gout ,not a common ailment ,symptoms4 ,the bird sometimes loses weight1 and as the disease develops shows stiffness and an indisposition to stand4 ,in some cases small nodules containing crystals of urate of soda occur on the underside of the toes4 ,cause4 ,failure of the kidneys to perform their normal functions and consequent accumulation of urates in the bird's system in excessive quantities4 ,gout may be due to too concentrated feeding4 ,treatment4 ,medicines and treatment are of little avail4 ,endeavor to prevent by feeding a mixed diet4 ,post-mortem4 ,in one form of this disease1 known as visceral gout1 the liver and other abdominal organs are covered over with a powder-like deposit of the crystals of urate of soda4 ,,heart ,,diseases ,not common1 and cannot be treated ,the heart is an organ that is subject to several serious diseases1 but these cannot be detected with any certainty while the bird is living1 and treatment cannot be recommended as likely to be successful4 ,post-mortem examination may show the following symptoms3 #a4 ,the heart sac full of serous liquid1 in the case of pericarditis1 or dropsy of the heart sac4 #b4 ,a reddening of the membrane lining the heart1 in the case of inflammation 7endocarditis74 #c4 ,an enlarged heart1 in the case of enlargement of the heart4 #d4 ,hemorrhage1 in the case of rupture of the heart and of the blood vessels4 ,,indigestion ,disorder of the intestinal tract1 that is not very serious ,symptoms4 ,the bird mopes and shows signs of a capricious appetite4 ,either diarrhea or1 less commonly1 constipation1 may be a symptom4 ,cause4 ,disorders of the digestive tract1 due to error in dieting--for example1 overfeeding1 or too little green food and not enough exercise4 ,treatment4 ,alter the feeding1 see that the water is clean1 and give a dose of ,epsom salts4 7,see page #i47 ,,jaundice ,not a common disease ,symptoms4 ,a yellow comb may indicate jaundice1 but there are no definite external symptoms4 ,post-mortem examination shows distention of the gall bladder1 due to an excessive secretion of bile4 ,cause4 ,said to be due to continued congestion of the liver1 arising possibly from too much heat-giving food4 ,treatment4 ,if the disease is suspected1 give one grain of calomel as a purgative and feed on more green food4 ,,kidney ,,diseases ,with the exception of gout1 kidney diseases cannot be detected by external symptoms ,gout 7see page #fc7 is the commonest disease of the kidneys4 ,in addition1 there are some disorders of the kidneys 7e4 g41 enlargement7 that may be noticed on post-mortem examination4 ,little is known about these diseases2 there are no symptoms that can be recognized before death1 and no treatment can be recommended4 ,,leg ,,weakness ,constitutional weakness1 to which the heavier breeds are more subject than are the lighter ones ,symptoms4 ,fowls walk in an unsteady manner1 without showing any specific cause for lameness4 ,young birds are more likely to be affected in this manner1 particularly those of the heavier breeds4 ,cause4 ,too rapid growth1 the bird outgrowing the strength of its legs4 ,treatment4 ,reduce the quantity of fat-producing foods4 ,care in the selection of breeding stock is important4 ,,lice ,invariably present in small numbers1 and likely to become a serious pest1 if not persistently controlled ,symptoms4 ,unthrifty look of fowl and signs of irritation2 desertion of nest by setting hens2 and1 of course1 the detection of lice on the fowl3 this may be done by quickly turning over the feathers on the body and looking for the lice4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,looking ,,for ,,lice ,cause4 ,introduction of an infested fowl2 neglect to dust fowls regularly to keep down lice1 and to clean out fowl houses and change the straw of nest boxes4 ,at the season that lice are likely to be most prevalent the poultryman should take precautionary measures4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,three ,,lice ,,that ,,commonly ,,affect ,,fowls 7,from ,salmon47 a4 ,lipeurus variabilis4 b1 ,menopon pallidum4 c1 ,goniodes dissimilis4 ,description of lice4 ,lice are small insects ranging in size from #abe to #ah of an inch4 ,they breed rapidly1 laying their eggs on the feathers4 ,they are not blood-sucking insects1 but cause much irritation to the birds they infest4 ,several species are found on fowls4 ,fig4 #ad shows three of the common species4 ,treatment4 ,dust fowls with fresh insect powder 7pyrethrum74 ,smear sulphur ointment on head and under wings1 especially in the case of chickens4 ,infested fowls may be dipped in #b creolin4 ,dust setting hens with a lice powder before putting them on their nests4 ,infested straw should be burnt1 and boxes1 nests1 fixtures1 etc41 should be thoroughly sprayed with #b creolin4 ,,limber-,,neck ,an occasional complaint ,symptoms4 ,the muscles of the fowl's neck become so relaxed that they cannot support the head4 ,cause4 ,limber-neck1 due to partial or entire paralysis of the muscles of the neck1 is believed to be associated with acute indigestion or worms4 ,treatment4 ,a strong purgative may be the means of effecting a cure by cleaning out any intestinal poisons and thus correcting the cause4 ,if the treatment recommended does not effect a cure in a few days1 kill the bird4 ,,liver ,,diseases ,the liver is affected by several diseases1 and the poultryman1 who finds a spotted liver on post-mortem examination1 will be much aided in determining the cause1 if he takes into consideration the symptoms noticed before the fowl died1 as well as the changes in the other internal organs4 ,the importance of the post-mortem examination is in distinguishing whether the death of the fowl is due to a contagious disease4 ,the causes of diseased livers may be conveniently divided into two classes3 #a4 ,diseased livers due to indigestion1 e4 g41 enlargement4 #b4 ,diseased livers due to a specific disease1 e4 g41 tuberculosis4 ,diseases ,due to ,indigestion ,in this class may be included degeneration1 inflammation1 congestion1 enlargement1 and atrophy of the liver4 ,there are more or less distinct differences in these diseases1 but the only possible methods of treatment known at present are very much the same4 ,symptoms4 ,there are no definite external symptoms4 ,the poultryman's suspicions should1 however1 be aroused if fowls apparently in good health die suddenly4 ,a post-mortem examination will reveal a liver of abnormal size1 or somewhat shrunken1 and of unhealthy texture4 ,cause4 ,the cause is generally something wrong in the feeding4 ,fowls may be eating too large a proportion of heat-producing foods and not enough green food4 ,if an enlarged liver is associated with an excessive layer of fat covering the internal organs1 it points to too large quantities of carbohydrates4 ,treatment4 ,correct errors in feeding4 ,give more green food and let the fowls scratch for some of their grain4 ,if errors in feeding and general management are not obvious1 make experimental changes4 ,diseased ,livers ,due to ,specific ,diseases ,tuberculosis1 coccidiosis1 gout and other specific diseases are responsible for spotted or diseased livers4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,the section on diagnosis by post-mortem examination gives further information on these subjects and shows how the principal diseases may be distinguished4 ,the term cancer is sometimes applied to cases in which there are tumors on the liver4 ,,maggots ,occasionally found in flesh wounds of poultry ,symptoms4 ,a flesh wound that instead of healing develops into a sore with a slight running4 ,on examination1 maggots will be found4 ,cause4 ,several species of flies are always ready to lay their eggs in any available wound or sore2 therefore wounds must be watched in the case of poultry1 as with all other animals of the farmyard4 ,the eggs laid by these flies hatch and develop into small footless grubs commonly known as maggots4 ,treatment4 ,wash the wound with #a to #b creolin2 remove as many of the maggots as possible with a pair of tweezers or a feather4 ,if the maggots are deep-seated1 stuff the wound with a cotton wad saturated with strong creolin or #aj carbolic acid4 ,examine next day and remove dead maggots4 ,treat again in a similar manner if the maggots are not all killed4 ,fish oil1 or iodoform made into a paste with vaseline1 will prevent the flies depositing their eggs1 if smeared on the surface of the wound4 ,,mites 7,,air-,,sac7 ,not a common parasite ,symptoms4 ,there are no definite external symptoms4 ,if the bird is very badly affected1 there may be evidences of suffocation4 ,this may end fatally4 ,a post-mortem examination will show the mites in the air passages and bronchi as small yellowish and whitish particles1 which on careful observation may be seen to move4 ,cause4 ,a small mite 7,sarcoptes lvis7 which infests the air sacs and bronchi4 ,these mites1 when present in large numbers1 obstruct the air passages and cause suffocation4 ,a secretion from the mucous membrane affected1 results from the presence of the mites and increases the obstruction of the air passages4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,,the ,,air ,,sac ,,mite 7,from ,salmon47 ,treatment4 ,the fumigation method tried for gapes has been recommended1 but there is little reason to expect success4 ,,mites1 ,,depluming 7,,scabies7 ,symptoms4 ,bare patches on the bird's body due to the loss of feathers4 ,the rump and the breast are most frequently attacked4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af ,,the ,,depluming ,,mite 7,from ,salmon47 ,cause4 ,a small mite 7,sarcoptes lvis7 found on the bird's body near the base of the fallen feathers4 ,treatment4 ,isolate affected birds2 rub bare patches and neighboring portion of body with sulphur ointment 7see page #i7 or dip body of fowl in a solution of about #b creolin4 ,,mites 7,,red ,,mite7 ,a serious pest ,symptoms4 ,unthriftiness of birds4 ,cause4 ,a small whitish mite1 which appears red when filled with blood4 ,these mites suck the bird's blood at night and hide during the day in the sockets of the perches and in the crevices of the woodwork4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,the ,,red ,,mite ,treatment4 ,examine the fowl house at night4 ,dust hens with an insect powder2 thoroughly spray houses and perches with #e creolin or other disinfectant1 and squirt kerosene oil or turpentine into cracks and crevices4 ,a specially constructed mite-proof perch1 or one that can be easily removed1 should be used4 ,,molting ,molting is not a disease1 but may prove trying to poultry not in the best condition to stand the strain of the process4 ,hens overtaxed with forced laying and cocks running with too large a number of hens are most likely to suffer4 ,molting occurs in healthy adult birds every twelve months4 ,the process1 which is a natural one1 should be allowed to take its natural course unless the fowls appear weak and depressed during the period4 ,in such cases specially nourishing and stimulating food should be given4 ,anyhow1 it would be well to pay particular attention to the feeding of birds during the molting season4 ,,ovary ,,diseases ,hens suffer from various diseases of the ovary1 which may become shriveled and useless or gangrenous4 ,tumorous growths1 sometimes called cancers1 are also found4 ,as diseased conditions of this organ can be detected only by post-mortem examination1 and as no remedies are known1 the subject need not be dealt with more fully4 ,,oviduct1 ,,diseases ,,of ,abnormal eggs must be regarded as due to functional disorders of the oviduct4 ,one cause of soft eggs is lack of shell-forming material2 therefore a liberal supply of powdered oyster shells1 or lime in some other form1 should always be accessible to laying hens4 ,other abnormal eggs occur1 such as those with double yolks1 without any yolk1 with blood clots1 etc4 ,no treatment can be suggested beyond feeding a varied diet and avoiding too stimulating or over-heating foods4 ,prolapse of the oviduct may occur4 ,the protruding portion should be oiled or vaselined and gently pressed back4 ,,peritonitis ,not common and not contagious ,symptoms4 ,loss of appetite1 fever and evidence of discomfort and pain in the stomach1 especially if the abdomen is pressed with the hand4 ,post-mortem examination shows inflamed appearance of membrane of the abdominal cavity4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,organs ,,of ,,reproduction ,,of ,,the ,,hen 7,from ,salmon47 a4 ,undeveloped ovules in ovary4 b4 ,partly developed ovule showing stigma4 ,here the follicle wall breaks and allows the ovule yolk to leave the ovary preparatory to laying4 c4 ,an empty follicle in which the stigma and the yolk passed out4 d4 ,opening of oviduct4 e4 ,portion of oviduct distended1 allowing yolk to pass down4 f4 ,walls of oviduct which secrete albumen forming the white of the egg4 g4 ,membranous lining added4 h4 ,portion of oviduct that secretes shell-forming substance4 i4 ,cloaca4 ,cause4 ,serious inflammation of the wall of the abdominal cavity4 ,treatment4 ,put the bird in a quiet place4 ,aconite 7see page #i71 to reduce the temperature1 and opium1 or one drop of laudanum1 to relieve pain1 have been recommended1 but as a rule it is best to kill the bird4 ,,pip ,generally the effect of some other disorder ,symptoms4 ,a hardened scale formed at tip of tongue4 ,cause4 ,generally due to cold or other disorder affecting the breathing of the bird4 ,treatment4 ,do not try to tear off the growth on the tongue by force1 but moisten with vaseline or glycerin until it becomes loose4 ,give soft food4 ,,pneumonia ,,and ,,congestion ,,of ,,lungs ,generally fatal ,symptoms4 ,extreme depression and great difficulty in breathing4 ,difficult to distinguish in the living bird from a very bad cold4 ,post-mortem examination shows the affected lung filled with an exudate4 ,the lung sinks if put in water4 ,cause4 ,following on a cold1 the lung becomes congested with blood and a dark1 viscous matter4 ,pneumonia may be considered a further1 and generally final1 stage of congestion4 ,treatment4 ,a cure is seldom effected1 but in the case of a valuable bird the following treatment may be tried ,keep the bird in a dry1 warm place2 paint the skin above the lungs with tincture of iodine2 give aconite4 ,feed on soft food and give a stimulant4 ,,poisoning ,symptoms4 ,as a rule the poisons that fowls eat are mineral4 ,the most pronounced symptom is evidence of pain4 ,in cases of arsenical poison there is diarrhea4 ,a poison containing a copper compound acts partly as an emetic1 causing the fowl to make an effort to vomit4 ,in cases of mineral poisons1 post-mortem examinations show inflammation of the stomach and the digestive tract4 ,sources of poison4 ,poultry are likely to get poisoned from the following sources3 ,fertilizers 7e4 g41 nitrate of soda7 used on fields in which fowls scratch for food4 ,such cases are rare4 ,insecticides and fungicides 7e4 g41 ,paris green arsenic1 lead arsenate1 ,bordeaux mixture7 applied to plants under which fowls run4 ,if sprays are mixed in correct proportions and used in normal quantities1 there is little danger to poultry feeding on the grass below sprayed trees4 ,great care should1 however1 be taken in disposing of the sediment and the residue after spraying operations are completed4 ,rat poisons 7e4 g41 phosphorus1 strychnine1 baryta74 ,these poisons are particularly dangerous when mixed with cornmeal or other bait attractive to fowls4 ,the best way to set rat poison is to put it in a piece of piping of such a diameter and length that fowls cannot reach it4 ,salt4 ,food mixed with salt for other domestic animals may be accidentally given to fowls4 ,chickens are the most likely to be poisoned by excess of salt4 ,treatment4 ,if fowls have eaten poisonous substances1 the fact is not usually discovered until after death or until it is too late to administer an antidote4 ,most of the poisons fowls are likely to eat act as irritants of the digestive tract4 ,milk and white of egg should be given4 ,it is advisable to give a stimulant1 such as half a teaspoonful of brandy4 ,,py,,mia ,not contagious1 and not common ,symptoms4 ,this disease cannot be diagnosed except by post-mortem examination and microscopic identification of pus-forming organisms in the infected areas 7whitish spots7 of liver1 spleen1 etc4 ,cause4 ,pus-forming organisms believed to enter the blood through a wound in the skin4 ,treatment4 ,as there are no external symptoms1 treatment is not possible4 ,,rheumatism ,not a common trouble ,symptoms4 ,lameness and stiffness of joints4 ,cause4 ,may be due in some cases to too stimulating food and to dampness4 ,treatment4 ,put affected bird in dry quarters and vary food1 adding more greens4 ,rub joints with embrocation1 or turpentine and oil4 ,,roup 7,,contagious ,,catarrh7 ,one of the most serious contagious diseases ,symptoms4 ,the bird first has symptoms of an ordinary cold1 such as running at the nostrils and sneezing4 ,definite evidence of roup is the offensive odor detected on opening the bird's mouth4 ,the exudate is also offensive4 ,the disease may attack the eyes1 which then become inflamed and swollen2 a tumor1 containing offensive1 yellowish1 cheesy matter1 sometimes develops4 ,the course of the disease may extend over several weeks or months and there may be cases of chronic roup4 ,some cases end fatally in a comparatively short time4 ,the form of the disease1 in which yellowish patches develop on the throat1 is dealt with under diphtheria or diphtheritic roup4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,examining ,a ,,fowl ,,with ,a ,,suspicious ,,cold ,cause4 ,cases of roup occur when birds are subjected to draft and damp1 but the cause must be infection with disease germs4 ,it is believed that the almost constant presence of the germs is due to lack of regular disinfection and to birds in the flock believed to have recovered from a previous attack of the disease1 but that1 in reality1 are suffering from chronic roup1 and are able1 whenever suitable conditions arise for an outbreak of this disease1 to infect the rest of the flock through the drinking water and the soil4 ,treatment4 ,the seriousness of this disease makes it imperative for the poultry rearer to isolate immediately any birds showing any suspicious symptoms4 ,if treatment of the infected bird is taken in hand early1 and carried out faithfully1 a cure can be effected1 but it is often wiser to kill and burn infected stock4 ,in treating birds1 the mouth and nostrils should be washed out with #e carbolic acid1 or with #ej hydrogen peroxide1 or with #b permanganate of potash4 ,it is important to clean out the passage of the nostrils1 and this may be done by3 #a4 ,pressing against the roof of the bird's mouth from inside and squeezing the nostrils from above downwards4 #b4 ,syringing out the nostrils4 #c4 ,dipping the fowl's head for a few seconds in a solution of the disinfectant4 ,great care should be exercised in this method of treatment1 which is only recommended when permanganate of potash is used4 ,it is well to keep birds isolated for some time after apparent recovery4 ,when the eye is affected 7see ,fig4 #bj71 the tumor should be carefully lanced and the cheesy matter removed1 after which the cavity should be rinsed out with one of the disinfectants recommended above2 such treatment may have to be repeated time after time4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,a ,,roupy ,,eye ,as an after effect of a cold or of roup1 conjunctivitis or sore eyes may develop4 ,a discharge comes from the eyes and the eyelids become stuck together4 ,bathe the eyes with hydrogen peroxide mixed with an equal quantity of water4 ,if this condition follows an attack of roup1 there is danger that the fowl has not entirely recovered1 and may be a source of infection to the rest of the flock4 ,,scaly ,,leg ,an unsightly affection that1 although contagious1 does not spread rapidly ,symptoms4 ,a rough and scaly growth on the legs of the bird4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,scaly ,,leg ,a4 ,showing early stages of attack4 ,cause4 ,a small mite 7,fig4 #bb71 known as ,sarcoptes mutans1 burrows in the skin and gives rise to the unsightly growth 7,fig4 #ba7 that gives this disease its name4 ,treatment4 ,soften the scaly growth by washing and soaking the legs with warm water and soap4 ,scrub the affected portion of the legs with a brush and then treat as follows3 ,dip the legs in kerosene oil1 holding them there for not longer than a few seconds4 ,if the kerosene oil is mixed with sweet oil1 or if the legs are wet first with water1 there will be no risk of the kerosene proving harsh1 as sometimes happens4 ,sulphur ointment 7see page #i7 may be used instead of the kerosene oil treatment4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4-,,the ,,mite ,,that ,,causes ,,scaly ,,leg ,,soft ,,crop ,not a serious complaint ,symptoms4 ,distended crop1 soft to the feel4 ,cause4 ,over-eating2 or food turning sour in the crop4 ,treatment4 ,hold bird downwards and squeeze contents of crop through mouth1 taking care not to suffocate the patient4 ,repeat treatment if necessary4 ,put on low diet for some time1 feeding slowly and sparingly4 ,,ticks ,a pest found in the ,southern ,states and tropical countries ,symptoms4 ,the fowl has fever1 appears depressed1 and stands in a cramped position4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,the ,,fowl ,,tick a4 ,adult4 b4 ,larva4 ,cause4 ,the fowl tick 7,argas minatus71 which hides during the day in cracks and crevices1 sucks the fowl's blood at night and introduces a fever-producing parasite4 ,remedies4 ,examine sick birds during the day1 and visit the roosts at night1 for proof of the presence of ticks2 carefully search under perches1 in nests1 and in corners of woodwork1 etc4 ,spray woodwork with #e creolin2 squirt kerosene oil1 or turpentine1 into cracks and crevices4 ,,tuberculosis ,a very serious poultry disease ,symptoms4 ,this disease may be present in a poultry yard for some time without being detected4 ,suspicion should be aroused if birds gradually lose weight and die4 ,if a bird that has gradually been getting thinner1 goes lame1 or loses the use of a wing1 without apparent injury1 the evidence that tuberculosis is present is strong1 but positive proof of its presence can be obtained only by post-mortem and microscopic examination4 ,this disease generally attacks adult birds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,organs ,,affected ,,by ,,tuberculosis ,,and ,,blackhead a4 ,normal spleen4 b4 ,tubercular spleen4 c4 ,portion of tubercular liver4 d4 ,blackhead liver of turkey for comparison with c4 a and b after ,edwards4 ,cause4 ,the specific organism causing this disease1 known as the ,bacillus tuberculosis 7,fig4 #e71 infects the liver 7,fig4 #bd71 the spleen 7,fig4 #bd71 and other organs1 least frequently the lungs4 ,the disease may be introduced into a flock by the purchase of an infected bird1 and may be spread by uninfected birds picking up the excrement of diseased birds with their food4 ,treatment4 ,there is no known cure4 ,the insidious manner in which this disease advances through a poultry yard makes it a very serious malady4 ,birds suffering from it should be killed and burnt4 ,thorough disinfection of coops1 etc41 should be made4 ,strict attention to sanitation will help in preventing and controlling this disease4 ,if many birds in a flock are believed to have tuberculosis1 it would be well to destroy the whole flock and start again1 preferably on fresh ground4 ,,white ,,diarrhea ,,of ,,chickens ,a very serious disease1 causing the death of large numbers ,symptoms4 ,chickens are generally attacked when #aj to #ae days old4 ,they appear listless1 their feathers become rough1 and they stand about with drooping wings4 ,a white diarrhea is soon noticed4 ,chicken after chicken shows similar symptoms and dies1 resulting in much loss and discouragement to the poultry rearer4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--;,,chickens ,,affected ,,with ,,white ,,diarrhea ,ten-day ,white ,leghorn chickens showing symptoms of bacillary white diarrhea4 7,after ,rettger ,stoneburn47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,,healthy ,,chickens ,normal ten-day ,white ,leghorn chickens4 7,after ,rettger ,stoneburn47 ,cause4 ,various causes1 such as improper or stale food1 may upset the chicken's digestive organs and give rise to a whitish diarrhea1 but the term 8white diarrhea0 is best restricted to a contagious form of diarrhea due to minute parasites in the intestinal tracts of chickens4 ,a coccidium and a bacillus have been proved by different investigators to cause very similar forms of white diarrhea4 ,a distinct form of white diarrhea1 known as brooder pneumonia1 is described on page #ce4 ,treatment4 ,this disease is a very difficult one to control4 ,incubators and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected4 ,special care should be taken in the feeding during the first few weeks4 ,chickens should not be overfed4 ,the feeding of dry bran is recommended1 as it tends to keep the bowels in a healthy1 active condition4 ,in the form of white diarrhea due to a bacillus1 suspicion rests on the hen and the egg as sources of infection4 ,when the disease becomes serious1 and general sanitation and proper care of chickens do not control it1 the advisability of obtaining the eggs for hatching from a poultry farm free of white diarrhea should be considered4 ,,worms ,intestinal parasites that occasionally become serious ,symptoms4 ,general debility2 worms or segments of worms2 seen in the droppings4 ,if there is doubt as to whether a flock is suffering from worms1 give a suspected bird a strong purgative and keep it up so that the feces may be examined for worms4 ,if doubt still exists1 the suspected bird should be killed and a post-mortem examination made4 ,cut the intestines open lengthways 7see ,fig4 #cd7 with a small pair of scissors and wash them out with water so as to detect the smaller worms1 and the tapeworms attached to the lining of the intestines4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,worms ,,in ,,intestinal ,,tract ,,of ,,fowl 7,after ,bradshaw4 ,from ,pearl1 ,surface ,curtis47 ,cause4 ,two classes of worms are commonly parasitic on fowls--round worms 7see ,fig4 #bg7 and tapeworms4 ,there are generally a few specimens of worms in the intestines of fowls2 but only when the numbers are large do worms affect the health of the fowl4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,the ,,parts ,,of ,a ,,fowl ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,skeleton ,,of ,a ,,fowl ,treatment4 ,every bird suspected of having worms may be tested with a purgative as suggested above4 ,or1 if it is established that several birds in a flock are suffering from worms1 all in poor condition1 without any cause being apparent1 should be dosed with santonin--three to five grains in the morning before any food has been picked up4 ,after about two hours give a purgative of two teaspoonfuls of castor oil and soon after let the fowl have its morning food4 ,as important as dosing the fowls1 is disinfecting the feed troughs1 the water vessels1 and the soil of the runs in order to prevent re-infection4 ,nodular tniasis4 ,small nodules on the intestines1 resembling the nodules in tuberculosis1 are sometimes caused by tapeworms4 ,the name 8nodular tniasis0 has been given to this disease4 ,,chapter ,v ,,post-,,mortem ,,examinations #a4 ,making the ,examination ,a post-mortem examination should always be undertaken if there is any doubt as to the cause of death4 ,poultry rearers who are not already familiar with the normal appearance of the internal organs of a fowl should take the first opportunity of studying them4 ,post-mortem examinations should be done in a systematic manner2 but1 if desired1 a very speedy examination may be made by rapidly removing1 or bending back1 the breast bone of the unplucked bird4 ,it will be more generally satisfactory1 however1 to devote time to the operation1 and it is suggested that the work be carried out on the following lines3 #a4 ,nail the body of the dead fowl on a board in the position shown in ,fig4 #cj1 having first partly or wholly plucked the bird4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,,post-,,mortem ,,examination ,,no4 #a ,fowl nailed on board2 lines ,a ,b1 ,a ,c and ,b ,d show where to cut4 #b4 ,with a sharp knife cut along lines ,,ac1 ,,bd 7,fig4 #cj71 and bend the breast bone backwards1 exposing the internal organs4 7,fig4 #ca47 ,as the breast bone is raised it will be necessary to cut through the mesentery and other connecting tissues4 ,break it back at ,d1 cutting through the flesh and the muscle with sharp scissors4 #c4 ,remove heart1 liver1 gall-bladder and spleen1 making neat severances and without injury to any of the other organs4 ,if the heart or large blood vessels be injured in the operation1 blood will flow out and interfere with the work4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,post-,,mortem ,,examination ,,no4 #b ,breast bone removed2 internal organs in situ4 #d4 ,cut through the sophagus1 below or above the crop1 as most convenient1 and also cut through the large intestine near the cloaca4 ,without disconnecting the parts1 lift out the gizzard1 intestines1 and other portions of the alimentary canal1 carefully tearing away the membranous tissues of the mesentery4 #e4 ,spread the organs out and examine each one carefully and critically1 making sections if necessary4 7,fig4 #cb47 #f4 ,cut open gullet1 crop1 stomach1 gizzard1 intestines1 and cca and examine the contents4 #g4 ,examine the lungs1 cutting off a portion and throwing it into water1 when it will float if healthy1 but sink if congested4 #h4 ,cut through the skin of the neck4 ,sever the windpipe near the head1 and also where the bronchi enter the lungs4 ,with scissors cut it open1 and examine for molds or gapes or for exudates indicative of various forms of cold or lung congestion4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,,post-,,mortem ,,examination ,,no4 #c ,internal organs removed for examination4 #i4 ,examine the brain 7,fig4 #cd7 for blood clots4 ,some care will be necessary in cutting through the skull so as not to injure the brain tissue1 which should be a milky white4 ,a sharp and strong pair of scissors or a small1 fine saw 7e4 g41 tenon saw7 will be useful for older birds4 ,remove the skin and cut from behind1 raising the bones and exposing the brain4 #b4 ,the ,normal ,condition of the ,internal ,organs 7,see ,fig4 #cb47 ,the sophagus carries the food from the mouth and passing down the neck beside the windpipe opens into-- ,the crop1 where the food is macerated4 ,thence it gradually passes into-- ,the true stomach 7or proventriculus71 which is lined with small gastric-secreting glands that may be seen with the naked eye4 ,this organ is hidden by the liver1 and opens directly into-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,,post-,,mortem ,,examination ,,no4 #d ,lungs1 kidneys1 etc41 in situ4 ,the gizzard1 situated on the left side of the abdomen4 ,it rests on the coiled-up mass of intestines4 ,it is dark red and is partly hidden by the left lobe of the liver4 ,the walls are strong and muscular4 ,here the food is ground against small bits of stone1 etc4 ,the partially digested food passes out through an aperture near the entrance of the true stomach into-- ,the duodenum or upper portion of the small intestine4 ,it forms a loop that incloses-- ,the pancreas1 a compact1 flattened organ1 pinkish in color1 that discharges its secretion by three ducts into the intestines4 ,the small intestine1 after forming the loop 7duodenum71 continues its course4 ,it first passes toward the left and is disposed in many folds connected by the mesentery2 toward the end it passes up behind the true stomach4 ,connected to the intestines are the blind bodies known as-- ,the cca1 connected to the small intestines for several inches and which1 after becoming considerably smaller in diameter1 enter the alimentary tract where-- ,the large intestine 7rectum7 starts4 ,this portion of the intestines is short and enters-- ,the cloaca1 into which the urinary and reproductive ducts discharge4 ,the external opening is known as the vent or anus4 ,the brain1 situated in the back of the head1 is protected by the cranial bones4 ,it is milky white except where the blood vessels may be seen4 ,the windpipe connects the larynx at the throat with the lungs branching into the two bronchi4 ,the lungs1 situated in the upper portion of the thoracic abdominal cavity1 are firmly attached to the ribs1 in the interspaces between which they fit4 ,they are flattened and oval in shape1 bright red in color1 and loose and spongy in texture4 ,the heart is cone-shaped4 ,the lower portion rests between the lobes of the liver4 ,the heart is red and is inclosed in a sac 7the pericardium7 that is easily removed4 ,the liver1 situated a little lower down than the heart1 consists of two lobes4 ,the right lobe is often larger than the left which may be cleft at the lower end4 ,the left lobe covers the true stomach and part of the gizzard4 ,if there is some delay in holding a post-mortem examination the edges of the lobes of the liver become discolored4 ,normally the color is a purplish red4 ,the gall bladder fits into a shallow depression on the underside of the right lobe of the liver and appears green in color4 ,a duct conveys the bile from the liver into the gall bladder1 whence it passes by another duct into the intestine4 ,the spleen1 a nearly round1 reddish body1 with a purplish tinge1 is attached by a ligament to the right side of the true stomach and is hidden by the liver4 ,the kidneys extend along the sides of the spine from immediately below the lungs to near the termination of the abdominal cavity4 ,the general color is a chocolate red1 but a small portion at the upper end 7known as the adrenal71 is yellow4 ,there is no urinary bladder4 ,the urates are carried direct through the ureters to the cloaca4 ,the testes 7of the male bird7 are attached to the upper portion of the kidneys4 ,they are white or very light-colored1 and may be of different sizes4 ,the ovary 7of the female bird71 situated on the left side1 covers the kidney on that side4 ,it consists of numerous ova of various sizes each of which may develop into an egg4 ,as an ovum passes through the oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous covering 7the white of egg72 lower down it is coated with a calcareous deposit that forms the shell of the egg4 7,fig4 #ah47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,post-,,mortem ,,examination ,,no4 #e ,examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe4 #c4 ,diagnosis of ,disease by ,post-,mortem ,symptoms ,for purposes of diagnosis each organ must be examined4 ,note in each case if it is enlarged1 spotted1 ruptured1 inflamed or engorged with blood4 ,observe if it is an unusual color or if it possesses any other symptom of an abnormal character4 ,a single symptom in a single organ1 unless very pronounced and characteristic1 will not be sufficient evidence for forming an accurate opinion as to the cause of death4 ,but if the condition of the other organs and the symptoms before and attending death are taken into consideration1 there will seldom be any difficulty1 from a practical standpoint1 in deciding upon the nature of the disease4 ,many points can be decided only by a pathologist with the aid of a microscope1 such1 for example1 as the difference between coccidial and bacterial diarrhea1 but it is quite enough for the poultryman to realize that one of his fowls has died of an attack of an acute form of diarrhea and that the rest of his birds may become infected4 ,the following notes draw attention to the main diagnostic symptoms observable on post-mortem examination1 arranged under the heading of the organs affected4 ,other symptoms are put in parentheses4 ,,post-,,mortem ,,symptoms ,,brain ,apoplexy4--,shown by congestion of blood vessels of brain4 7,staggering gait and sudden death47 ,,heart ,cholera4--,punctiform hemorrhages are generally found in the heart in cases of cholera4 7,yellow feces2 diarrhea2 sudden death of several or many fowls2 inflammation of upper portion of intestines47 ,,liver ,tuberculosis4--,yellowish-white spots on liver varying in size1 somewhat raised and convex2 the spots or nodules may be readily separated from the rest of the liver4 ,the liver itself is often very much enlarged4 7,fowl gradually loses weight and may go lame2 mesentery and spleen affected with nodules47 ,cholera4--,liver enlarged1 dark green and softened1 sometimes showing whitish spots4 ,coccidial diarrhea4--,more or less circular patches1 depressed in the centre1 associated with plugged cca1 the linings of which have sores4 ,congested liver4--,much enlarged and engorged with blood1 may be readily torn4 ,fatty degeneration or fatty liver4--,in the first case the liver is rather shrunken and hardened1 and in the latter excessive deposits of fat may be noticed4 ,liver trouble4--7,indigestion47 ,an enlarged liver without any of the special symptoms noted among the other diseases of the liver4 ,gout4--,needle-like crystals 7urate of soda7 give the liver the appearance of having been covered with chalk4 7,other organs in abdominal cavity covered with same powder-like crystals47 ,aspergillosis4--,necrotic areas with mold4 7,fowls go light and move about in a depressed manner1 resting on their breast bones47 ,,stomach ,gastritis4--,the mucous membrane lining of the stomach is reddened and inflamed4 ,,intestines ,diarrhea4--,acute forms of intestinal troubles give rise to inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the walls of the intestines4 ,cholera4--,the upper portion of the intestines may be reddened and the contents show streaks or clots of blood4 ,worms4--,round or tape worms present in intestines4 ,c,,ca ,these blind ducts are of importance in showing the presence of coccidiosis in fowls or blackhead in turkeys4 ,coccidial diarrhea4--,the cca are enlarged and show ulcers developing from the inside4 ,,windpipe ,the linings of this organ should be clean and free of obstruction or mucous exudations4 ,gapes4--,small worms about three-quarters of an inch long are found attached to the trachea4 ,aspergillosis4--,a whitish mold will be seen along the inside of the windpipe4 ,pneumonia4--,the bronchial tubes contain a thick mucous exudate4 ,congestion of lungs4--,blood escaped from congested lungs is found in the bronchi4 ,,lungs ,these should be a bright red and spongy in texture4 ,congestion4--,one or both lungs are distended with blood and dark in color4 ,pneumonia4--,a condition that follows on congestion1 the whole lung affected losing its spongy texture1 the air spaces being filled with a semi-solid substance4 ,brooder pneumonia4--,spots due to an ,aspergillus fungus on lungs4 7,chickens attacked47 ,,mesentery ,cholera4--,congestion of blood vessels of mesentery often seen4 ,tuberculosis4--,the mesentery may be studded with nodules4 ,,spleen ,tuberculosis4--,a greatly enlarged spleen4 ,enteritis4--7,bacterial47 ,spleen enlarged but paler in color4 ,,ureters ,cholera4--,ureters distended with yellow urates4 ,,index ,,page ,abscesses #bf ,abnormal eggs 7see ,oviduct diseases7 #gg ,aconite #i ,air under skin 7see ,emphysema7 #ed ,air sac mite 7see ,mites1 air sac7 #gc ,anmia #bg ,apoplexy #bh ,aspergillosis #bi ,atrophy of liver 7see ,liver diseases7 #gj ,bacterial enteritis 7see ,diarrhea7 #dh ,baldness 7see ,favus7 #ef ,biliary repletion 7see ,jaundice7 #fe ,blackhead of turkeys #cj ,brandy #i ,breakdown #cc ,broken limbs 7see ,fractures7 #eh ,bronchitis #cd ,brooder pneumonia #ce ,bumblefoot #cf ,calomel #i ,cancer 7see ,liver diseases and ,ovary diseases7 #gb1 #gf ,canker 7see ,diphtheria7 #di ,carbolic acid #i ,castor oil #i ,catarrh 7see ,cold7 #dc ,catarrh1 contagious 7see ,roup7 #hc ,catarrh of crop #cg ,catarrh of stomach 7see ,gastritis7 #fb ,chicken pox #ch ,chlorodyne #i ,cholera #ci ,cloacitis #da ,coccidiosis of adult fowls #db ,coccidiosis of chickens 7see ,brooder pneumonia7 #ce ,coccidiosis of turkeys 7see ,blackhead7 #cj ,cold #dc ,congestion of the liver 7see ,liver diseases7 #gj ,congestion of the ,lungs 7see ,pneumonia7 #gi ,conjunctivitis 7see ,roup7 #hc ,constipation #dd ,cramp #de ,creolin #i ,crop-bound #df ,crop1 soft #hi ,crop1 catarrh of #cg ,depluming mite #gd ,diarrhea1 bacterial #dh ,diarrhea1 mycotic #dh ,diarrhea1 protozoan #dh ,diarrhea1 mild #dg ,diarrhea1 severe #dh ,diarrhea1 white #dg ,diphtheria #di ,diphtheritic roup #di ,disinfection #aj ,dislocations 7see ,fractures7 #eh ,doses #i ,dropsy #eb ,drugs #i ,ducks #bj ,dysentery #eb ,egg-bound #ec ,egg-eating #ed ,emphysema #ed ,enlargement of heart 7see ,heart1 diseases of7 #fd ,enlargement of liver 7see ,liver diseases7 #gj ,enlargement of kidneys 7see ,kidney diseases7 #ff ,enteritis 7see ,diarrhea7 #df ,entero-hepatitis 7see ,blackhead7 #cj ,epilepsy #ee ,epsom salts #i ,fatty degeneration #ef ,favus #ef ,feather-eating #eg ,fits 7see ,epilepsy7 #ee ,fleas #eh ,fowl typhoid #da ,fractures #eh ,frost bite #ei ,gangrenous ovary 7see ,ovary diseases7 #gf ,gapes #fj ,gastritis #fb ,geese #ba ,going light 7see ,anmia7 #bg ,gout #fc ,grippe 7see ,cold7 #dc ,guinea fowls #ba ,heart1 diseases of #fc ,heart1 dropsy of #fd ,heart1 enlargement of #fd ,heart1 rupture #fd ,hydrogen peroxide #i ,hypertrophy of the liver 7see ,liver diseases7 #gj ,impaction of crop 7see ,crop-bound7 #df ,indigestion #fd ,influenza 7see ,cold7 #dc ,iodine #i ,jaundice #fe ,kidney diseases #fe ,leg weakness #ff ,leukemia 7see ,cholera7 #ci ,lice #ff ,limber-neck #fi ,liver diseases #gj ,lungs1 congestion of 7see ,pneumonia7 #gi ,maggots #gb ,medicines #i ,mites1 air sac #gc ,mites1 depluming #gd ,mites1 red #ge ,mites1 scaly leg 7see ,scaly leg7 #hh ,molting #ge ,nodular tniasis 7see ,worms7 #ig ,nursing fowls #e ,ointment #i ,ovary diseases #gf ,oviduct diseases #gg ,peritonitis #gg ,permanganate of potash #i ,pigeons #ba ,pip #gi ,pneumonia #gi ,poisoning #hj ,post-mortem examination #ii ,prolapse of oviduct 7see ,oviduct diseases7 #gg ,puffed skin 7see ,emphysema7 #ed ,pymia #hb ,quinine #i ,rheumatism #hc ,roup #hc ,scabies 7see ,mites1 depluming7 #gd ,scaly leg #hh ,soft crop #hi ,sore head 7see ,chicken pox7 #ch ,sulphur ointment #i ,ticks #ij ,tuberculosis #ij ,turkeys #bj ,turpentine #i ,vertigo 7see ,apoplexy7 #bh ,water #aa ,white comb 7see ,favus7 #ef ,white diarrhea of chickens #ib ,worms #id ,,standard ,,books ,,published ,,by ,,orange ,,judd ,,company ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,ashland ,,building ,,people',s ,,gas ,,building #cae-cba ,fourth ,avenue #aej ,michigan ,avenue ,any of these books will be sent by mail1 postpaid1 to any part of the world1 or receipt of catalog price4 ,we are always happy to correspond with our patrons1 and cordially invite them to address us on any matter pertaining to rural books4 ,send for our large illustrated catalog1 free on application4 ,first ,principles of ,soil ,fertility ,by ,,alfred ,,vivian4 ,there is no subject of more vital importance to the farmer than that of the best method of maintaining the fertility of the soil4 ,the very evident decrease in the fertility of those soils which have been under cultivation for a number of years1 combined with the increased competition and the advanced price of labor1 have convinced the intelligent farmer that the agriculture of the future must be based upon more rational practices than those which have been followed in the past4 ,we have felt for some time that there was a place for a brief1 and at the same time comprehensive1 treatise on this important subject of ,soil ,fertility4 ,professor ,vivian's experience as a teacher in the short winter courses has admirably fitted him to present this matter in a popular style4 ,in this little book he has given the gist of the subject in plain language1 practically devoid of technical and scientific terms4 ,it is pre-eminently a 8,first ,book10 and will be found especially valuable to those who desire an introduction to the subject1 and who intend to do subsequent reading4 ,illustrated4 #e x #g inches4 #bfe pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #a4jj ,the ,study of ,corn ,by ,,prof4 ,v4 ,m4 ,,shoesmith4 ,a most helpful book to all farmers and students interested in the selection and improvement of corn4 ,it is profusely illustrated from photographs1 all of which carry their own story and contribute their part in making pictures and text matter a clear1 concise and interesting study of corn4 ,illustrated4 #e x #g inches4 #ajj pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #j4ej ,the ,new ,egg ,farm ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,stoddard4 ,a practical1 reliable manual on producing eggs and poultry for market as a profitable business enterprise1 either by itself or connected with other branches of agriculture4 ,it tells all about how to feed and manage1 how to breed and select1 incubators and brooders1 its labor-saving devices1 etc41 etc4 ,illustrated4 #cca pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #a4jj ,poultry ,feeding and ,fattening ,compiled by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,a handbook for poultry keepers on the standard and improved methods of feeding and marketing all kinds of poultry4 ,the subject of feeding and fattening poultry is prepared largely from the side of the best practice and experience here and abroad1 although the underlying science of feeding is explained as fully as needful4 ,the subject covers all branches1 including chickens1 broilers1 capons1 turkeys and waterfowl2 how to feed under various conditions and for different purposes4 ,the whole subject of capons and caponizing is treated in detail4 ,a great mass of practical information and experience not readily obtainable elsewhere is given with full and explicit directions for fattening and preparing for market4 ,this book will meet the needs of amateurs as well as commercial poultry raisers4 ,profusely illustrated4 #afj pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,poultry ,architecture ,compiled by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,a treatise on poultry buildings of all grades1 styles and classes1 and their proper location1 coops1 additions and special construction2 all practical in design1 and reasonable in cost4 ,over #ajj illustrations4 #abe pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,poultry ,appliances and ,handicraft ,compiled by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,illustrated description of a great variety and styles of the best homemade nests1 roosts1 windows1 ventilators1 incubators and brooders1 feeding and watering appliances1 etc41 etc4 ,over #ajj illustrations4 ,over #abe pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,turkeys and ,how to ,grow ,them ,edited by ,,herbert ,,myrick4 ,a treatise on the natural history and origin of the name of turkeys2 the various breeds1 the best methods to insure success in the business of turkey growing4 ,with essays from practical turkey growers in different parts of the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,copiously illustrated4 #aed pages4 #e x #g inches4 ,cloth4 #a4jj ,profitable ,stock ,raising ,by ,,clarence ,a4 ,,shamel4 ,this book covers fully the principles of breeding and feeding for both fat stock and dairying type4 ,it tells of sheep and mutton raising1 hot house lambs1 the swine industry and the horse market4 ,finally1 he tells of the preparation of stock for the market and how to prepare it so that it will bring a high market price4 ,live stock is the most important feature of farm life1 and statistics show a production far short of the actual requirements4 ,there are many problems to be faced in the profitable production of stock1 and these are fully and comprehensively covered in ,mr4 ,shamel's new book4 ,illustrated4 #e x #g inches4 #bhh pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #a4ej ,the ,business of ,dairying ,by ,c4 ,b4 ,,lane4 ,the author of this practical little book is to be congratulated on the successful manner in which he has treated so important a subject4 ,it has been prepared for the use of dairy students1 producers and handlers of milk1 and all who make dairying a business4 ,its purpose is to present in a clear and concise manner various business methods and systems which will help the dairyman to reap greater profits4 ,this book meets the needs of the average dairy farmer1 and if carefully followed will lead to successful dairying4 ,it may also be used as an elementary textbook for colleges1 and especially in short-course classes4 ,illustrated4 #e x #g inches4 #cjj pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #a4be ,questions and ,answers on ,buttermaking ,by ,,chas ,a4 ,,publow4 ,this book is entirely different from the usual type of dairy books1 and is undoubtedly in a class by itself4 ,the entire subject of butter-making in all its branches has been most thoroughly treated1 and many new and important features have been added4 ,the tests for moisture1 salt and acid have received special attention1 as have also the questions on cream separation1 pasteurization1 commercial starters1 cream ripening1 cream overrun1 marketing of butter1 and creamery management4 ,illustrated4 #e x #g inches4 #ajj pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #j4ej ,questions and ,answers on ,milk and ,milk ,testing ,by ,,chas4 ,a4 ,,publow1 and ,,hugh ,c4 ,,troy4 ,a book that no student in the dairy industry can afford to be without4 ,no other treatise of its kind is available1 and no book of its size gives so much practical and useful information in the study of milk and milk products4 ,illustrated4 #e x #g inches4 #ajj pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #j4ej ,soils ,by ,,charles ,,william ,,burkett1 ,director ,kansas ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,the most complete and popular work of the kind ever published4 ,as a rule1 a book of this sort is dry and uninteresting1 but in this case it reads like a novel4 ,the author has put into it his individuality4 ,the story of the properties of the soils1 their improvement and management1 as well as a discussion of the problems of crop growing and crop feeding1 make this book equally valuable to the farmer1 student and teacher4 ,illustrated4 #cjc pages4 #e x #h inches4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #a4be ,weeds of the ,farm ,garden ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,pammel4 ,the enormous losses1 amounting to several hundred million dollars annually in the ,united ,states1 caused by weeds stimulate us to adopt a better system of agriculture4 ,the weed question is1 therefore a most important and vital one for ,american farmers4 ,this treatise will enable the farmer to treat his field to remove weeds4 ,the book is profusely illustrated by photographs and drawings made expressly for this work1 and will prove invaluable to every farmer1 land owner1 gardener and park superintendent4 #e x #g inches4 #cjj pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #a4ej ,farm ,machinery and ,farm ,motors ,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,davidson and ,l4 ,w4 ,,chase4 ,farm ,machinery and ,farm ,motors is the first ,american book published on the subject of ,farm ,machinery since that written by ,j4 ,j4 ,thomas in #ahfg4 ,this was before the development of many of the more important farm machines1 and the general application of power to the work of the farm4 ,modern farm machinery is indispensable in present-day farming operations1 and a practical book like ,farm ,machinery and ,farm ,motors will fill a much-felt need4 ,the book has been written from lectures used by the authors before their classes for several years1 and which were prepared from practical experience and a thorough review of the literature pertaining to the subject4 ,although written primarily as a textbook1 it is equally useful for the practical farmer4 ,profusely illustrated4 #e x #h inches4 #ebj pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #b4jj ,the ,book of ,wheat ,by ,p4 ,t4 ,,dondlinger4 ,this book comprises a complete study of everything pertaining to wheat4 ,it is the work of a student of economic as well as agricultural conditions1 well fitted by the broad experience in both practical and theoretical lines to tell the whole story in a condensed form4 ,it is designed for the farmer1 the teacher1 and the student as well4 ,illustrated4 #e x #h inches4 #cgj pages4 ,cloth4 ,net1 #b4jj ,bean ,culture ,by ,,glenn ,c4 ,,sevey1 ,b4,s4 ,a practical treatise on the production and marketing of beans4 ,it includes the manner of growth1 soils and fertilizers adapted1 best varieties1 seed selection and breeding1 planting1 harvesting1 insects and fungous pests1 composition and feeding value2 with a special chapter on markets by ,albert ,w4 ,fulton4 ,a practical book for the grower and student alike4 ,illustrated4 #add pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,celery ,culture ,by ,w4 ,r4 ,,beattie4 ,a practical guide for beginners and a standard reference of great interest to persons already engaged in celery growing4 ,it contains many illustrations giving a clear conception of the practical side of celery culture4 ,the work is complete in every detail1 from sowing a few seeds in a window-box in the house for early plants1 to the handling and marketing of celery in carload lots4 ,fully illustrated4 #aej pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,tomato ,culture ,by ,,will ,w4 ,,tracy4 ,the author has rounded up in this book the most complete account of tomato culture in all its phases that has ever been gotten together4 ,it is no second-hand work of reference1 but a complete story of the practical experiences of the best-posted expert on tomatoes in the world4 ,no gardener or farmer can afford to be without the book4 ,whether grown for home use or commercial purposes1 the reader has here suggestions and information nowhere else available4 ,illustrated4 #aej pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,the ,potato ,by ,,samuel ,,fraser4 ,this book is destined to rank as a standard work upon ,potato ,culture4 ,while the practical side has been emphasized1 the scientific part has not been neglected1 and the information given is of value1 both to the grower and to the student4 ,taken all in all1 it is the most complete1 reliable and authoritative book on the potato ever published in ,america4 ,illustrated4 #bjj pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ge ,dwarf ,fruit ,trees ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,waugh4 ,this interesting book describes in detail the several varieties of dwarf fruit trees1 their propagation1 planting1 pruning1 care and general management4 ,where there is a limited amount of ground to be devoted to orchard purposes1 and where quick results are desired1 this book will meet with a warm welcome4 ,illustrated4 #aab pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,cabbage1 ,cauliflower and ,allied ,vegetables ,by ,c4 ,l4 ,,allen4 ,a practical treatise on the various types and varieties of cabbage1 cauliflower1 broccoli1 ,brussels sprouts1 kale1 collards and kohl-rabi4 ,an explanation is given of the requirements1 conditions1 cultivation and general management pertaining to the entire cabbage group4 ,after this each class is treated separately and in detail4 ,the chapter on seed raising is probably the most authoritative treatise on this subject ever published4 ,insects and fungi attacking this class of vegetables are given due attention4 ,illustrated4 #abf pages4 #e x #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,asparagus ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,hexamer4 ,this is the first book published in ,america which is exclusively devoted to the raising of asparagus for home use as well as for market4 ,it is a practical and reliable treatise on the saving of the seed1 raising of the plants1 selection and preparation of the soil1 planting1 cultivation1 manuring1 cutting1 bunching1 packing1 marketing1 canning and drying1 insect enemies1 fungous diseases and every requirement to successful asparagus culture1 special emphasis being given to the importance of asparagus as a farm and money crop4 ,illustrated4 #agd pages4 #e x #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,the ,new ,onion ,culture ,by ,t4 ,,greiner4 ,rewritten1 greatly enlarged and brought up to date4 ,a new method of growing onions of largest size and yield1 on less land1 than can be raised by the old plan4 ,thousands of farmers and gardeners and many experiment stations have given it practical trials which have proved a success4 ,a complete guide in growing onions with the greatest profit1 explaining the whys and wherefores4 ,illustrated4 #e x #g inches4 #adj pages4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,the ,new ,rhubarb ,culture ,a complete guide to dark forcing and field culture4 ,part ,i--,by ,j4 ,e4 ,,morse1 the well-known ,michigan trucker and originator of the now famous and extremely profitable new methods of dark forcing and field culture4 ,part ,,ii--,compiled by ,g4 ,b4 ,,fiske4 ,other methods practiced by the most experienced market gardeners1 greenhouse men and experimenters in all parts of ,america4 ,illustrated4 #acj pages4 #e x #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,alfalfa ,by ,f4 ,d4 ,,coburn4 ,its growth1 uses1 and feeding value4 ,the fact that alfalfa thrives in almost any soil2 that without reseeding1 it goes on yielding two1 three1 four1 and sometimes five cuttings annually for five1 ten1 or perhaps #ajj years2 and that either green or cured it is one of the most nutritious forage plants known1 makes reliable information upon its production and uses of unusual interest4 ,such information is given in this volume for every part of ,america1 by the highest authority4 ,illustrated4 #afd pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,ginseng1 ,its ,cultivation1 ,harvesting1 ,marketing and ,market ,value ,by ,,maurice ,g4 ,,kains1 with a short account of its history and botany4 ,it discusses in a practical way how to begin with either seeds or roots1 soil1 climate and location1 preparation1 planting and maintenance of the beds1 artificial propagation1 manures1 enemies1 selection for market and for improvement1 preparation for sale1 and the profits that may be expected4 ,this booklet is concisely written1 well and profusely illustrated1 and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow this drug to supply the export trade1 and to add a new and profitable industry to their farms and gardens1 without interfering with the regular work4 ,new edition4 ,revised and enlarged4 ,illustrated4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej ,landscape ,gardening ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,,waugh1 professor of horticulture1 university of ,vermont4 ,a treatise on the general principles governing outdoor art2 with sundry suggestions for their application in the commoner problems of gardening4 ,every paragraph is short1 terse and to the point1 giving perfect clearness to the discussions at all points4 ,in spite of the natural difficulty of presenting abstract principles the whole matter is made entirely plain even to the inexperienced reader4 ,illustrated4 #aeb pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth #j4ej ,hedges1 ,windbreaks1 ,shelters and ,live ,fences ,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,powell4 ,a treatise on the planting1 growth and management of hedge plants for country and suburban homes4 ,it gives accurate directions concerning hedges2 how to plant and how to treat them2 and especially concerning windbreaks and shelters4 ,it includes the whole art of making a delightful home1 giving directions for nooks and balconies1 for bird culture and for human comfort4 ,illustrated4 #adj pages4 #e #g inches4 ,cloth4 #j4ej