,,biblio!ca ,,indica3 ,a ,collection ( ,ori5tal ,works ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,asiatic ,,society ,,( ,,b5gal4 ,new ,s]ies1 ,no4 #adbf4 ,,m9or ,,tibetan ,,texts4 ,i4--,,! ,,song ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,sn[-,,m\nta94 ,,by ,,johan ,,van ,,man54 ,,calcutta3 ,,pr9t$ ,,at ,,! ,,bapti/ ,,mission ,,press1 ,,& ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,asiatic ,,society1 #a1 ,,p>k ,,/reet4 #aiai4 ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,lew91 9 8 #8,manual ( ,tibetan1' #ahgi1 preface1 /ates3 8,tibet & its language are /ill comp>atively unkn[n 444 ! famili> tongue ( ! p1 _! folk-lore1 songs & ballads are all unkn[n40 ,f> f contradict+ ?is say+1 ,js*ke1 ! greate/ ,tibetan s*ol> ( 8 "t1 /at$ two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahha1 9 ! preface to ! ?ird edition ( 8 ,tibetan ,diction>y3 87,to7 ! /ud5t :o has = imm$iate object to le>n h[ to read & write ! ,tibetan language 444 exi/+ diction>ies 7are7 almo/ if n q useless40 ,s9ce ,js*ke's ?ird edition1 two new ,tibetan diction>ies h appe>$4 ,wal% 9 an article 9 ! ,j4,a4,s4,b41 ,vol4 #gb1 ,pt4 #a1 n4 #b1 #aijc1 review+ ! la/ "o ( ^!1 ! "o by ,s>at ,*&ra ,das1 says1 p4 #gh3 8,al?\gh ! pres5t ,diction>y has fulfill$ :at x purpos$ to be1 namely1 a complete ,diction>y ( lit]>y ,tibetan1 s f> z our pres5t s\rces ( k g1 x does n fulfil ! requirem5ts ( a /&>d diction>y ( ! entire language1 & ! /&>d diction>y ( ! mod]n & curr5t ,tibetan language has yet to be writt540 ,lauf]1 #8,roman e9] ,tibetis*5 ,knig91' #aiaa1 p4 #bg et seq41 says3 8,we h "h to op5 a road ?r\gh ! jungles1 unaid$ & by ourselves2 we h to "w ?r\gh text aft] text & note d[n expressions & idioms z we meet !m10 etc4 ,grnw$el 9 #8,padmasambhava und ,v]w&tes1' #aiab1 pp4 #i-aj1 endorses ,lauf]'s rem>ks & adds ab\t ! difficulty ( translat+ f ,tibetan3 8,ignorance reg>d+ ! subject-matt]1 mi/akes & misund]/&+s 9 ! text itself1 &1 f9ally1 ! insuffici5tly explor$ idiomatic elem5t ( ! language1 ( :i* ! hi/ory is z yet poorly kn[n1 ^! are ! ma9 %oals4444 ,( all ! diction>ies only ,js*ke's has really a*iev$ some?+ 9 ! matt] ( idiom40 ,z a matt] ( fact ! pr9t$ mat]ials available = ! home /ud5t d n at pres5t enable him1 if )\t ! help ( a native tea*]1 to translate1 accurately & )\t skipp+ ! difficulties1 any mod]n ,tibetan book 7n ev5 ! s-call$ ,tibetan ,prim]s 9 use 9 ,d>jeel+7 if su* books d n happ5 to belong to ^? exc]pt$ 9 ! exi/+ diction>ies4 ,js*ke's1 :i* is ! be/ f ?is po9t ( view1 m5tions only #be titles ( texts us$ z 8 s\rces4 ,comp>+ ?is ) ! m ?an #ajjj titles quot$ by ,skeat z ! s\rces = ! mat]ial = 8 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% language we at once see ! inadequacy ( su* mat]ial 9 ! case ( ,tibetan4 ,x is true t at pres5t m %[y results c be obta9$ by ! :olesale translation ( texts 7m ) a view to mak+ kn[n _! g5]al cont5ts1 ?an to ! furni%+ ( a precise philological1 lexicographical & grammatical analysis71 & x is c]ta9 t ! results ( su* "w ( translation w\ld be m attractive & int]e/+ to ! wid] public4 ,yet "o ( ! mo/ valuable contributions t[>ds lay+ a s\nd basis = future ,tibetan s*ol>%ip is ! pa9/ak+1 labori\s & to a c]ta9 ext5t +lori\s & humdrum drudg+ away at small texts ) scrupul\s att5tion to ! smalle/ m9utiae1 = a secure fix+ ( illu/rative examples by co-ord9at+ correctness ( text1 full discussion ( mean+s1 %>p =mulation ( def9itions & subtle analysis ( all que/ions & problems involv$4 ,! foll[+ essay is a fir/ contribution t[>ds an attempt to s]ve su* an ideal4 ,,abbreviations4 adj4 ,adjective4 ,a4,s4,b4 ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,bell ,bell's ,manual4 ,cs41 ,csoma ,csoma's ,diction>y2 if 8 ,gramm> is ref]r$ to x is specifically /at$4 ,d4 ,dut*4 ,desg4 ,desgod9s1 ,diction>y4 dict4 ,diction>y4 dicts4 ,all exi/+ ,european ,tibetan ,diction>ies1 b especially ! ?ree curr5t ones by ,js*ke1 ,s>at ,*&ra ,das & ,desgod9s4 ,dzl4 ,dzanglun1 ed4 & trsl4 by ,s*midt4 ,ed4 ,edition4 fig4 figuratively4 ,g4 ,g]man4 ,hannah ,hannah's ,gramm>4 ,h5d]son ,h5d]son's ,manual4 ,hon4 ,honorific4 ,j4 ,js*ke1 ,diction>y1 #crd ed42 also ,j\rnal4 ,l4 ,lat94 l4 l9e4 ,m4,a4,s4,b4 ,memoirs1 ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 pr4 pron\nce1 pronunciation4 prob4 probably4 q4 v4 see4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 ,s>at ,*&ra ,das1 ,diction>y4 ,s*midt ,s*midt's ,diction>y1 ,g]man ,edition4 ,s*roet] ,s*roet]'s ,diction>y4 ,sk4 ,sanskrit4 sub/4 ,sub/antive4 s4v4 sub voce4 syn7s74 synonym7s71 synonym\s4 voc4 vocabul>y4 ,,m9or ,,tibetan ,,texts4 ,prim>ily ,lexicographically ,treat$4 ,by ,johan ,van ,man54 ,i4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,sn[ ,,m\nta94 ,a4 ,,introduction4 ,9 8 #8,my?ologie des ,buddhismus1' ,grnw$el gives on p4 #ei ! figures ( a triad ( fam\s re=m]s ( lamaism2 ,rje ,r9 po *e1 bett] kn[n z ,tso ka pa1 & 8 two pupils1 ,rgyal tsab rje & ,mkz grub rje4 ,on pp4 #gj-gb he gives biographical notes conc]n+ ! ?ree1 & indicates _! place & hi/orical importance 9 lamaism4 ,gn!r ,s*ulemann1 9 #8,die ,ges*i*te d] ,dalailamas1' gives 9 *apt]s ,,ii & ,,iii a complete compilation ( :at is kn[n ab\t ^! ?ree4 ,9 ! mod]n ,dge lugs pa sect _! hi/orical importance has nev] be5 lo/ sight ( & _! memory is kept gre5 by a univ]sal pray] or invocation1 /ill 9 daily use1 op5+ & clos+ e c]emony 9 a ,dge lugs pa mona/]y4 ,9 prec$+ a c]emony x runs z foll[s3-- ,to ! repair] ( ! ,tibetan vehicle1 ,tso ka pa 7! ,onionl&]71 ,to ! true1 /rong1 wise ,"l ,rgyal tsab rje 7,noble ,?rone-pr9ce71 ,to ! stra & mantra tea*+ ma/] ,mkz grub rje 7,noble ,clev]ness-p]fection7 ,to ^! ?ree victori\s 7illu/ri\s7 ,fa!r & ,sons 7,family ( ?ree71 obeisance6 ,9 clos+ ! c]emony ! words are *ang$ into 1 #8may _! bless+ be on u1' #8may !y bless u4' ,:5 ! monks meet = 1 collective or communal tea dr9k+1 ! la/ ?ree words are *ang$ into 1 #8we give our (f]+1' said be=e dr9k+ ! fir/ cup & :il/ spr9kl+ a few drops 9 libation ) two f+]s1 ! ?umb & f\r? f+] ( ! "r h&4 ,at ! t]m9ation ( tea dr9k+ no?+ is said at all4 ,except = ^! *anges ! =mula rema9s ! same = all occasions4 ,ano!r pupil ( ,tso ka pa 0 8 own nephew ,dge dun grub1 ab\t :om fur!r p>ticul>s are giv5 9 ! same passages ( ! two works cit$ above1 & :o may be call$ ! fir/ ,dalai ,lama1 ?\gh n kn[n by t title b by t ( ,rgyal ba1 or conqu]or4 ,yet x w be se5 f ! above =mula t ! ?ree :o are toge!r call$ #8fa!r & sons1' t is ,tso ka pa & 8 two spiritual sons or pupils1 are all ?ree call$ 4 ,! expression has no d\bt to be und]/ood z a collective ^w l #8gr\p1' #8family1' j l means #8p>5ts4' ,f ?is a small poem 9 praise ( 8 tea*]s1 ! 1 has come to u1 :i* we n[ publi%4 ,( x is said t he f\nd$ a =mal cult ( 8 tea*] ,tso ka pa1 & x may be t 8 devotional attitude f\nd a reflection 9 ?is poem1 %[+ ! attitude tak5 by 8 own pupil t[>ds him & 8 two o!r tea*]s 9 8 turn4 ,?is poem occurs 9 a miscellane\s collection ( religi\s matt] 7said to comprise ab\t #aej leaves71 9 a "w 7#8,religi\s ,practice'71 leaves #ei1 #fj4 ,i h n be5 able to see a complete copy ( ?is "w4 ,9 ?is edition ! text is fairly correct & cle>ly legible4 ,a small edition1 complete 9 itself1 ( :i* ,i possess two copies 7n q s legible71 (f]s sev]al diff]5t read+s :i* ne>ly all seem q z good1 & "s decid$ly bett]1 ?an ^? ( ! l>g] edition4 ,! diff]5ces %[n by ! two texts are1 relatively to ! size ( ! poem1 s num]\s & ( su* a nature z to preclude ! idea t m]e copy+ c h l$ to !m4 ,"o is l$ to ! conclusion t "o ( ! two texts 0 produc$ f memory & n by actual copy+4 ,we %all note ! v>iants furni%$ by ! l>g] edition1 m>k+ !m ,b41 :il/ foll[+ = our own text1 ) "o exception1 duly not$1 ! small] edition ,a4 ,my two copies ( ! small] edition w\ld seem to be pr9ts f ! same blocks b = "s diff]5ce 9 ! la/ page4 ,:e!r ! o!r pages are pr9t$ f ! same blocks1 :il/ only ?is "o la/ block has be51 = "o reason or ano!r1 r5ew$ 7& *ang$ 9 ! process7 may be left undiscuss$ = ! mom5t4 ,en\gh to make ! g5]al /atem5t t great c>e %\ld always be ex]cis$ be=e pron\nc+ ,tibetan pr9ts z made or n made f ! same blocks1 & t1 inde$1 int]e/+ obs]vations may be made on ,tibetan typographical practices4 ,! title is a v frequ5t "o 9 ,tibet1 & indicates1 l 7z 9 ,j4 ,dict41 p4 #bgc;b1 b n z on p4 ,,xxi a71 a religi\s miscellany4 ,! p>ticul> f :i* our poem is tak5 is said to be "o ( ! text-books :i* ! ,ta%ilhunpo tapas are requir$ to le>n by he>t4 ,! book ) ! same title :i* ,lauf] 7,v]zei*niss d] ,tib4 ,h&s*r4 etc4 zu ,dresd51 ,z4,d4,m4,g41 #aija1 p4 #abc1 n4 #ace7 m5tions1 might or might n be ! same4 ,z ,i h n be5 able to exam9e ! title pages & f9al pages ( ! book1 ,i _c give any fur!r in=mation ab\t x4 is ! m>g9al %ort title4 ,ano!r ,gelukpa pray] ( almo/ equal popul>ity & frequ5cy z ^? ( ! "o quot$ above1 is ! foll[+ :i* may be us$ z an alt]native to ! =m] "o4 ,x is di/+ui%$ f x 9 t n ! 1 b ,tso ka pa alone is invok$ 9 x4 ,x runs3-- ,to ! unfa?omable great treasury ( love1 ! ,d[n-,look+-,"o 7,*5resi1 ,avalokite%v>a71 ,to ! immaculate ,"l ( k1 ,sweet-voice 7,jamyang1 ,majugho%a71 ,to ! subdu] ( ! ho/s ( devils )\t exception1 ! ,ma/] ( ,my/]ies 7,*anadorje1 ,vajrapi71 ,to t cr[n-jewel ( ,tibetan sages1 ,tso ka pa1 ,to ! feet ( t 7or3 !e1 o67 ,fam\s ,goodhe>t 7,lozangtakpa1 ,sumatikrti71 we pray4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! use ( ! two pray]s is t ! latt] is m 9 private use1 :il/ ! =m] is m fav\r$ 9 :at may be call$ (ficial meet+s & collective acts ( wor%ip4 ,! latt] pray] is (t5 us$ 9 a mann] l ! #8,o mai padme h' =mula1 & cases 9 :i* a devotee v[$ to recite ?is pray] once or m times a #ajj1jjj times are kn[n4 ,! practical purpose ( ! latt] pray] 0 ?us def9$ by a ,tibetan3 ,to ensure 7br+1 ask =7 9 7?is pres5t1 e>?ly7 life3 heal?1 happ9ess1 abs5ce ( sickness1 & longevity--& at ! "t ( dea? a happy m9d & a firm hold on 7grasp (7 religion4 ,! above =m ( ! pray] is ! pr9t$ "o :i* is us$ by ! monks to read al\d1 me*anically & repeat$ly1 z a sort ( pray]-litany1 toge!r ) o!r simil> matt]1 = ! b5efit ( _! cli5ts1 or also to ensure _! own salvation4 ,x is said to occur 9 a pray]-book call$ 1 :i* ,i h n se5 myself & ab\t :i* ,i h no fur!r details4 ,?is pray] has also "s v>iations 9 its f9al l9e 7aft] ! words 7 accord+ to circum/ances4 ,?is l9e ends1 :53 ,op5+ a c]emony 3 ,clos+ 11 11 3 ,be=e tea 3 7or 7 ,aft] 11 3 no?+ at all is said4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t "o ( my in=mants int]prets ! above =mula z indicat+ t ,tso ka pa is ! simultane\s inc>nation ( ,avalokite%v>a1 ,majugho%a & ,vajrapi1 & t ^! p]sons invok$ 9 ! pray] are n ref]r$ to z a consecutive s]ies ( sep>ate entities1 b z all embodi$ 9 ! "o ,tso ka pa4 ,my in=mant 0 v insi/5t ab\t x t ?is is ! g5]al & or?odox int]pretation ( ?is pray]4 ,! o!r two names ( ,tso ka pa are & 4 ,! clos+ v]se ( our poem is also a pray] to ,tso ka pa4 ,x is also 9 use else:]e ?an 9 connection ) ! pres5t booklet & occurs else:]e 9 pr9t z well4 ,my in=mant ascribes x to ,g5dundub himself & ?9ks t its wid] use has spread f ?is booklet1 ?\gh he _c def9itely assure t ,g5dundub himself did n appropriate x = ! clos+ l9es ( 8 poem1 tak+ an already curr5t pray] to ,tso ka pa4 ,! latt] !ory is plausible inasmu* z ! la/ v]se is sev5-foot$ z aga9/ ! eight-foot$ l9es ( ! re/ ( ! poem4 ,anyh[1 ! /atem5t t ?is pray] also ref]s to ,tso ka pa alone1 & is z su* us$ & und]/ood by all ,gelukpa monks1 settles a d\bt we might o!rwise ent]ta9 z to :e!r x is n address$ to ! 1 9 :i* case its f9al l9e w\ld h to be translat$ 9 ! plural4 ,z to ! edition1 9 ! orig9al ! v]ses are n m>k$2 !y are evid5tly f\r-l9$4 ,! small edition has no divisions at all1 except m>k+ ! l9es1 b ! l>g] edition has 9 addition a 7 snake head7 aft] l9es #af & #dh4 ,9 my own text & translation ,i h by typographical disposition & by ! introduction ( title head+s indicat$ my conception ( ! clev] & v logical inn] /ructure ( ! poem4 ,! text is foll[$ by a %ort discussion ( ! v>iants 9 x1 next by a translation1 & !n1 my ma9 bus9ess1 by a full lexicographical discussion1 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,?is embodies 9 ! fir/ place all ! new mat]ial1 supplem5t+1 amplify+1 modify+1 or ev5 only que/ion+1 ! data 9 ,js*ke's ,diction>y1 #crd edition4 ,= ?is ,diction>y is1 z f> z lexicographical me?od is conc]n$1 /ill sup]ior to all o!r1 ev5 subsequ5t1 ,tibetan diction>ies1 h[ev] mu* valuable & additional matt] may be conta9$ 9 ! two latt]4 ,js*ke's diction>y is z yet ! prop] />t+ po9t = all future lexicographical rese>*4 ,9 ?is gloss>y ,i h also drawn special att5tion to contradictions 9 ^! ?ree curr5t diction>ies1 ^? ( ,js*ke1 ,desgod9s & ,s>at ,*&ra ,das1 ev5 to su* po9ts = :i* ,i myself h n be5 able to sugge/ a solution or ab\t :i* ,i c\ld n br+ new mat]ial4 ,= ! good ( future lexicographical "w 9 ! ,tibetan field1 x is v necess>y to po9t out z _m z possible ( ! num]\s exi/+ discrepancies & unc]ta9ties 7especially relat+ to f9] %ades ( discrim9ation & precision7 s z to focus ! att5tion ( inve/igators on !m4 ,x is unavoidable t mo/ ( ?is "w c only be suitably und]tak5 on ! spot 9 consultation ) educat$1 intellig5t ,tibetans1 & n 9 ,european closets4 ,! numb] ( ^? 9 a position to und]take su* rese>* w1 = a long "t to come1 rema9 limit$ en\gh4 ,z indicat$ 9 ! sub-title ( ?is essay my own ma9 object 9 writ+ x is prim>ily a lexicographical "o4 ,= ?is reason ,i h also incorporat$ 9 my gloss>y notes on side-issues & all sorts ( incid5tal idiomatic #8cat*es' :i* cropp$ up 9 ! discussion ( our text1 ?\gh n imm$iately connect$ ) ! poem itself4 ,z x seem$ ! h&ie/ way to pres5t all ! results ( my inve/igation ,i h also embodi$ all comm5tatorial matt]1 ! philological notes z di/9ct f ! lexicographical ones1 "u ! same alphabet4 ,! few syntactical rem>ks h also be5 w$g$ 9 9 ?is li/1 ?\gh 9 _! case ! #8,/i*wort' _h to be *os5 m or less at haphaz>d4 ,9 ! matt] ( oral in=mation & illu/rative examples embodi$ 9 ?is pap]1 my au?orities are ne>ly exclusively my two ,tibetan tea*]s ,sk>ma ,bsam ,gtan ,paul & ,pun ,tsogs ,lung ,rtogs4 ,! fir/ is a native ( ,ghoom1 ?\gh ( pure ,tibetan extraction 7,kams74 ,he has resid$ = ne>ly a ye> 9 ,lhasa1 = ano!r #c mon?s 9 ,ta%ilhunpo 7:]e he 0 ,tibetan int]pret] betwe5 ! ,ta%i ,lama & ,capt4 ,r4 ,/e51 ,i4,m4,s471 & = #d ye>s 9 ,gyangtse4 ,! second is a native ( ,lhasa1 :]e he resid$ till 8 #ah? ye>1 aft] :i* he sp5t #c ye>s 9 ,ta%ilhunpo z a tapa4 ,!n he w&]$ = #ab ye>s ?r\gh ,tibet1 ,sikkhim & ,nepal1 aft] :i* he settl$ 9 ,ghoom s9ce ab\t #aiad4 ,until rec5tly he 0 !re s*oolma/] 7dge rgan7 9 ! local ,tibetan mona/]y4 ,bo? ^! intellig5t m5 h giv5 me ! greate/ help 9 long1 pati5t & pa9/ak+ discussions conc]n+ ! lexicographical & o!r problems pres5t$ by ?is pres5t text1 z well z by sev]al o!rs1 :i* ,i hope ,i w be able to publi% & discuss f "t to "t 9 ! future4 ,b4 ,,text4 ,i ,i #a #b #a #c #d ,,ii #e #b #f #g #c #d #h ,,iii #i #aj #e #aa #ab ,,ii ,,iv #ac #ad #ae #af #f #g ,v #ag #h #ah #i #ai #aj #bj #aa ,,vi #ba #bb #ab #bc #bd #ac #ad ,,iii ,,vii #be #bf #ae #bg #bh ,,viii #bi #af #ag #cj #ca #cb #ah #ai ,,ix #cc #cd #bj #ce #ba #cf ,,iv ,x #cg #bb #ch #bc #ci #dj #bdbd ,,xi #da #be #db #bf #dc #bg #dd #bhbhbh ,,xii #de #bi #cj #df #cacacaca #dg #cb #dh #cc #cd ,v ,,xiii #di #ce #ej #ea #eb ,,vi ,,xiv #ec #ed #ee #ef #cf #cf ,c4 ,,! ,,v>iants4 ,! texts us$ 7 two small blockpr9ts1 ne>ly id5tical ,a #a & ,a #b1 & a l>ge blockpr9t ,b4 ,on ! :ole ,a furni%es a good text & x may be us$ z ! basis = ! edition4 ,two curi\s cases ( ! use ( = 7#g4 #de7 seem m ?an m]e neglig5ce ( ! wood-cutt] 9 connection ) ! badly pr9t$ 9 l4 #ac 7:i* looks also l 7 & also a l 9 l4 #bc4 ,inv]sely !re is a cle> ----9 l4 #cg & a = 9 l4 #dh4 ,a #b twice lacks ! hook 9 7#bj1 #bd7 & ! n>o 9 l9es #bi1 #dg4 ,^! two latt] v>iants may be due to det]ioration 9 ! blocks or ! r\ghness ( ! pap]1 or defective ink+4 ,o!rwise ,a #a & ,a #b are practically id5tical1 & except = ! la/ pages 7! la/ two ( ,a #a are cond5s$ into a s+le "o 9 ,a #b7 ! two copies may h be5 pr9t$ f ! same blocks4 ,9 #e ,b writes = z au?oriz$ by ! ,dicts4 ,b ! "q ( f9al p>ticles is /ill f> f be+ satisfactorily settl$4 ,! ,dicts4 are on ! :ole mu* at v>iance on ?is po9t4 ,desg4 gives z a rule a great] v>iety ( !m ?an ,j4 ,"s diff]5ces 9 ! t5ses ( ! v]b are pres5t$ by ! two copies ( ,a on "o side & ,b on ! o!r4 ,9 l4 #b is ! pres5t t5se z aga9/ ! pa/ =m 9 ,a4 ,z to ! s5se bo? w\ld d1 & ?\gh ! pa/ =m 9 ,tibetan is bett] r5d]$ 9 ,engli% by ! pres5t we may und]/& ! pa/ =m z #8has begun to rise4' ,9 v]se ,,xi ,b gives imp4 =ms1 mak+ ! s5se "o ( comm& :]eas ,a has pres5t =ms giv+ a m]e /atem5t4 ,! f9al 9 1 h[ev]1 is n record$ 9 ! ,dicts41 nor ! =m 2 1 h[ev]1 is a regul>ly recognis$ imp4 =m4 9 l4 #ce is a correct pa/ t5se4 ,! =m 7)\t an initial 7 z 9 ,b is n record$1 ?\gh 1 pres5t1 might d equally well4 1 l4 #cb1 is n au?oriz$ by ! ,dicts4 :i* all omit ! initial 4 ,! sub/itution ( = 7#ch7 seems to lack suffici5t urg5cy1 ?\gh ,j4 records a #8to li/5 to an explanation' f ,s*4 ,a 1 l4 #bi1 is correct accord+ to ! ,dicts41 n ( ,b1 ?\gh ,j4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 give ! alt]native spell+4 ,9 ! treatm5t ( grammatical p>ticles ,a is sup]ior to ,b4 7#aj7 is correct1 n ,b4 ,x is an adv]bial con/ruction4 ,9 #ah1 1 & #bb1 1 equally s4 ,9 #bd is a t]m9ative dep5d5t on 4 ,! rema9+ v>iants are all 9 ! nature ( equival5ts = or aga9/ :i* no?+ 7or ! same67 c be said1 & :i* w\ld d z well z ! read+s we h adopt$4 ,_m ( !m are1 h[ev]1 curi\s = ?is reason1 t !y are n homonym\s v>iants at all & consequ5tly sub/itutions =1 n corruptions (1 ! text4 ,we h to leave ! "q alone :e!r ^? 9 ,a or 9 ,b are likely to be ! orig9al ones4 ,9 #g1 1 v k9d1 is z good z 1 v preci\s2 9 #ag means practically ! same z 1 #8f ?is mom5t'1 & #8f ?is v day4' ,9 #ai #89 ano!r' seems ev5 a trifle bett] ?an #8f ano!r4' seems bett] 9 #cb ?an 9 ,b1 #8ev51 inde$6' #8to p]=m1' 9 l4 #cd1 is z good z 1 also #8to p]=m1 accompli%1' & ! future =m ( ! latt] w\ld be bett] if *ang$ into a pf4 =m or pr4 4 ,9 l4 #dj 1 #8! s5d+1 ?r[+1' seems z good z 1 #87z silly7 z ! convey+4' ,9 #da ! article means ! same z plural ,b4 ,9 #dd1 1 #8egotism1 selfi%ness1' is sub/itut$ = 1 #8s9'2 simil>ly 9 #de & #di #8all1' = #8_m4' ,la/ly1 ! difficult con/ruction 1 9 #df1 is replac$ 9 ,b by ! easi] 1 #8n all[+ 7lett+1 mak+7 x ! s\l 7to7 fall' in/ead ( #8lett+ x rema9 fall5 :5 once x has done s4' ,all ^! examples seem to po9t out t "o ( ! blockpr9ts 7probably ! l>g] "o7 0 d]iv$ f a v]sion :i* 0 n actually copi$ f ! orig9al b r writt5 d[n f memory4 ,! v>iants are no cutt+ or copy+ mi/akes except & l4 #af1 & & 9 l4 #g4 ,9 l4 #bf we f9d an errone\s = 4 ,! two at ! end ( l9es #af & #dh 9 ,b 7or r at ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ l9es1 = t is :]e !y mu/ be put if ! ,tibetan text is pr9t$ l9e = l9e l ,engli% v]se7 d n agree ) my conception ( ! /ructure ( ! poem z indicat$ by my typographical arrangem5t ( x4 ,i w\ld n h expect$ a aft] l9e #af b aft] l9es #ab1 #bd1 #cf & #dh4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! sign aft] l9e #dh may1 h[ev]1 be tak5 to indicate t ! next two v]ses h to be reg>d$ z app5dices to ! body ( ! poem prop]4 ,x mu/ be m5tion$ t 9 ! title1 9 bo? copies ( ,a41 ! f9al ^w is 4 ,9 ,b41 z ! poem occurs 9 ! body ( ! volume1 !re is no equival5t title4 ,i h writt5 )\t prejudice to ! "q :e!r ! =m is legitimate or n4 ,my tea*]s say t be=e a ! is requir$4 ,! only read+ tak5 f ,b is = ! incompreh5sible ( ,a #a & #b1 9 l9e #af4 ,x may be1 f9ally1 rem>k$ t ! ?ree copies f :i* ?is edition 0 prep>$1 %[ once m t textual correctness & p]fection ( typographical execution are n necess>ily relat$ 9 ,tibet4 ,! two small pr9ts :i* are1 b = ! s+le omission ( a d5gbu 9 l9e #af1 q correct1 are small1 badly pr9t$ on bad pap]1 & n c>efully or neatly cut4 ,! l>g] copy is neat1 well pr9t$ on good pap]1 v legible1 b n ne>ly s satisfactory z a text4 ,d4 ,,translation4 ,,! ,,song ,,( ,,! ,,ea/]n ,,sn[ ,,m\nta94 ,,obeisance ,,to ,,! ,,tea*]4 ,i4 7,8 ,tea*]s74 #a4 ,on ! peak ( ! :ite sn[ m\nta9 9 ! ,ea/ ,a :ite cl\d seems to be ris+ t[>ds ! sky4 ,at ! in/ant ( behold+ x ,i rememb] my tea*] ,&1 pond]+ ov] 8 k9dness1 fai? /irs 9 me4 #b4 ,to ! ,ea/ ( :]e t cl\d is float+1 ,9 t entirely victori\s ,virtue ,solitude1 ,!re resid$ ! preci\s ones1 difficult to be invok$1 ,fa!r ,fam\s ,goodhe>t1 ! ,sire ) 78 two spiritual7 sons4 #c4 ,! yoga & o!r 7tea*+s7 ( ! two /ages ( ! road ,relat+ to ! pr(\nd ,doctr9e1 !y prea*$ mo/ fully4 ,to ! pi\s ( sn[y ,tibet ,y\r grace1 ,o protectors1 0 ineffable4 ,,ii4 7,himself74 #d4 ,especially t ?is ease-lov+ ,cl]gy-,p]fection ,has turn$ 8 m9d a little t[>ds ! ,doctr9e ,is 7?anks to7 ! k9dness ( ^! noble fa!r & sons4 ,truly y\r k9dness is great1 ,o fa!r & sons4 #e4 ,f n[ onw>d till 7,i rea*7 ! he>t ( sa9t%ip1 ,:il/1 except 9 y1 noble fa!r & sons1 ,i w n place my hope = protection 9 anyone else1 ,i pray y to drag me along ) y\r m]cy-hook4 #f4 ,?\gh ,i _c repay y 9 proportion to :atev] y\r fav\rs h be51 ,i pray t1 ) my s\l n enslav$ by attraction or repulsion1 ,i may hold fa/ to y\r tea*+1 ,o protectors1 ,& may always put my be/ en]gy into ! endeav\r4 ,,iii4 7,8 ,contempor>ies74 #g4 ,h[ev]1 n[adays1 9 ?is sn[ m\nta9 solitude1 7,!re are ^? :o7 :il/ promis+ to foll[ ! tea*+ !mselves1 ,reg>d o!rs1 :o 7equally7 foll[ ! tea*+1 z _! v]ie/ enemies4 ,su* conduct calls =? ! deepe/ sorr[4 #h4 ,) ?\ghts wi%+ ! ru9 ( o!rs ,& ) s\ls fett]$ by fi]ce ambition1 ,!y nev]!less promise to dwell on ! high road4 ,if we consid] ?is 7c>efully7 x is a matt] ( %ame = all conc]n$4 #i4 ,^! malignant be+s1 ,angry because !y f9d !mselves 9 _! old age 9 ! wrong road1 ,& rag+ f ! bottom ( _! he>ts ,aga9/ ^? p]sons :o h 7duly7 act$ con=m to ! ,doctr9e1 ,has n a demon ent]$ _! m9ds8 ,,iv4 7,8 ,pupils74 #aj4 ,n to take /eps to conqu] ! enemy1 s91 ,b yet aft] m]e reproa* to fl>e up 9 reply1 ,t is z silly z1 ,:5 an evil _s is at ! ,ea/]n door1 ,to ?r[ ! ransom t[>ds ! ,we/]n door4 #aa4 ,^? virtue-fri5ds :o und]/& t ?is is s1 ,?9k ( all embodi$ be+s 9 g5]al ) k9dness1 ,b sa9tly ?\ghts especially ( all :o devote !mselves to ! ,doctr9e4 ,& !y subdue ! enemy resid+ )91 s94 #ab4 ,o1 my foll[]s & fri5ds1 ,:il/ n lett+ y\r s\ls rema9 fall5 aft] a lapse1 ,b :il/ exam9+ 7y\rselves con/antly7 :e!r y\r m9ds keep to righte\sness1 ,to rema9 on ! /raight road1 t surely is good4 ,v4 7,f9al ,pray]74 #ac4 ,may all ^? :o believe 9 ^! words1 ,) a m9d b5t on ! draw+ on ( all be+s by means ( love & m]cy1 ,?r\gh ! 7direct7 vision ( ! actionless /ate ( 7pure7 k1 ,spe$ily obta9 7t7 glori\s1 supreme sa9t%ip4 ,,vi4 7,f9al ,bless+74 #ad4 ,he1 ^: body blazes ) ! m>ks & beauties 7z ( a ,buddha71 ,^: spee* is adorn$ ) ! sixty bran*es ( melody1 ,^: deep & wide m9d1 inde$1 is a treasury ( omnisci5t love1 ,may t glori\s tea*]'s bless+ be on u4 ,! above 0 compos$ by ! ,great ,omnisci5t ,cl]gy ,p]fection ,good-,glory z a song 9 lov+ memory4 ,bless+4 ,e4 ,,gloss>y ,,& ,,notes4 7,,lexicographical1 ,,syntactical ,,& ,,mat]ial47 see 4 1 #cb4 ,n s mu* #8a matt] ( %ame to all' 7 all ! p :o look at or into ! matt]1 ! behold]s1 ! g5]al public1 or ev5 humanity 9 g5]al71 b r #8a matt] ( all 7( !m7 be+ a%am$1' i4e4 ! p do+ ! %ameful acts1 ! p conc]n$1 engag$ 9 ?is conduct1 n ! public 9 g5]al4 1 #bi4 ,"h ?\ght1 conception1 wi% 7cf4 ,d4 opwell+74 7,desg4 #8all-envelop+1' i4e4 #8natural corruption or s91' p4 #h;b1 b 1 #8excitem5t ( passion' on p4 #ajdd;a74 ,see also ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 p4 #bi;b1 1 b ,s*roet]1 p4 #b;b1 #8approbation1 ass5t1 ! cons5t+ to any proposition4' see 4 1 #cj4 ,"h equal to 1 #8yet1 h[ev]1 nev]!less4' 1 #bj4 ,n z a sep>ate ^w 9 ,j41 :o gives & 1 ! latt] aft] ,s*midt4 ,?is is ! ^w occurr+ 9 ! comp\nd ! ,tibetan u-v[el1 ! #8foot-hook' 7n m]ely honorific ( z ,hannah seems to sugge/ 9 8 ,gramm> ( ! ,tibetan ,language1 p4 #d71 :i* ,j4 has "u 1 on p4 #dgb;a1 toge!r ) a qu]i$ mean+ #8spur' 7( ! foot3 #8e9 ,sporn'71 tak5 f ,csoma4 ,?is latt] mean+ is unkn[n to my in=mants4 ,bell gives3 hook 2 fi%hook 1 b iron hook 4 ,h5d]son gives bo? & = hook1 & also alone = iron hook4 ,my in=mants d5y ! correctness ( 4 ,desg4 kn[s 77 only z a v]b1 n z a sub/42 he m5tions z a sep>ate ^w1 sub/4 hook1 & does n m5tion 4 ,! v>i\s articles 9 ! ?ree ,dicts4 sub are int]e/+ b ! mean+ hook is n giv5 9 any ( !m4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 translates ) #81 a po9t$ iron hook1 a l>ge p9 to pi]ce )1' :il/ ,macdonell 9 8 ,sk4 dict4 translates ! ,sk4 ^w z #8hook1 goad1 /imulus1 rem$y4' 7,see bel[ s4v4 47 ,j4 "u gives also 1 an iron hook1 & 1 a fi%+ hook1 b my in=mants say t ! colloquial = fi% hook is r 7or 7 or simply 7pr4 ny5dz971 j z a meat hook 7to hang up meat on7 is 7pr4 %5dz974 ,! 9 ! above repres5ts ! pronunciation ( ! m illit]ate p4 ,"o ( my in=mants is1 h[ev]1 ( op9ion t does n mean an iron hook at all1 b hook 9 g5]al ev5 ?\gh x might be made ( silv]1 copp]1 gold1 etc4 ,he comp>es x ) ! ^w wall1 1 :i* is n necess>ily made ( iron1 & ?\gh ( /one or e>? is /ill call$ #8iron-m\nta94' ,wom5's ornam5ts su* z e>r+s1 *a9s1 or necklaces 71 pr4 k5?ang1 n 9 ! ,dicts4 or ,bell4 ,z a colloquial ^w ! d5gbu might p]haps be left out 9 writ+7 may h gold5 or silv] hooks1 or 4 ,example3 1 ?is woman has a v f9e necklace :i* has f\r gold5 & silv] hooks 7or clasps74 ,s*roet]'s dict41 p4 #cfa;b1 already gives z hook only4 ,! expression 9 ! s5se ( m9]al1 giv5 by ,desg41 #cjg;a1 w\ld make u ?9k t might p]haps mean metal hook1 b see bel[4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 adds to ! confusion4 ,"u he gives3 7#a7 iron p9 to guide & puni% elephants2 fi%-hook2 7#b7 "n ( a plant4 7,8 next entry seems improbable1 elephant driv+ & elephant driv] = "o & ! same ^w74 ,b "u he def9es z #8iron hook1 an angle1 a fi%+-hook4' ,j4 has "u & gives #8an iron hook1 esp4 fi%+-hook1 angle2 (t5 fig4' & 9 8 illu/ration he translates simply z #8hook ( grace4' ,he m>ks ! ^w z belong+ to ! book language4 ,x is curi\s to note t ,s*lag9tweit 9 8 ,rgyal-rabs 7title1 or introductory v]se7 translates ! ^w ) #8eis]n5 ,hack5' 7p4 #be71 :il/ ,s*iefn] r5d]s ! same ^w correctly on ! next page by #8,hack5' alone4 ,b 9 8 new translation ( ! ,rgyal-rabs1 ,h4 ,a4 ,francke 7,j4,p4,a4,s4,b41 ,vol4 ,,vi1 n4 #h1 p4 #cig7 writes aga9 #8,iron ,hook4' ,!re is /ill ano!r comp\nd ) 1 namely 1 ! "n = a compon5t "p ( ! elaborate torma cake /ructure4 ,x indicates a small piece ( d\gh 9 ! =m ( ! top ( ! ?umb4 ,f all ^! examples x might be haz>d$ t ! elem5t means prim>ily #8curve1 curv$' or #8curvature1' & has no sub/antial mean+ l #8hook' or ! l4 ,my tea*]s1 h[ev]1 ?9k t by itself is a sub/antive #8hook4' ,s x is n cle> :e!r ,j4 is "r z aga9/ ! o!r ,dicts4 9 n ent]+ ! ^w sep>ately4 ,! above discussion is 9 any case bett] ent]$ "u ! ^w 1 :e!r ?is is really an indep5d5t ^w or n4 ,! fact t ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 gives a ,sk4 equival5t = alone1 pleads = its sep>ate exi/5ce4 ,my tea*]s op9e t z a sep>ate ^w may occur alone1 b _! ne>e/ approa* to fram+ a s5t5ce illu/rat+ su* a use 0 "o 9 :i* !y spoke ( a wood5 hook 7made by a jungleman to fi% or hunt )7 z or m briefly 4 ,s ! example 0 n decisive4 ,additional ,note--,cf4 ! example 9 ,csoma's ,gramm>1 p #aji3 1 gold5 fett]s or *a9s1 lit43 gold5 iron ropes4 ,see also ,ramsay1 #8,we/]n ,tibet'1 p4 #fb3 #8,to hook--ngikuk tng *es1 prop]ly applicable only to a fi% caught ) a hook1 b also us$ g5]ally'1 &3 #8,hook--ngikuk 7fi% hook71 kuk kuk 7a hook ( any k9d74444' ,qu]y3 ,is ! use ( m]ely conv5tional 9 sev]al words1 z 9 1 cage 7,bell1 ,wal% #8,trom[a ,dialect'71 7iron7 bridge1 etc48 ,& is ! use ( p]haps analog\s to t ( honorific prefixes8 ,cf4 ! ,dut* guild] 7guld57 :i* is made ( silv]1 ?\gh its "n is d]iv$ f #8gold4' see 4 1 #g4 ,difficult1 b "h r ) "s ( ! mean+ ( ! ,engli% #8h>d' 7h>d l9es871 ! ,fr5* #8dur'1 p]haps ,l4 #8arduus4' ,! mean+ is some:at t ! invocation %\ld n be und]tak5 lightly 7,god's "n %\ld n be spok5 #89 va9'74 ,conceptions l3 grave1 s]i\s1 weighty1 n ligh!>t$1 or commonplace1 or flippant1 sugge/ !mselves "h4 ,x is #8a s]i\s matt]' to invoke ^! tea*]s4 1 #db4 ,to ?9k ) k9dness ( or t[>ds1 or ab\t 774 1 #aa4 ,we h tak5 ?is ^w 9 ! g5]al s5se giv5 by ,j4 #8! pi\s1' ?\gh x may equally well be r5d]$ by #8! =tunate ones1' i4e4 ^? :o 7 =tunate en\gh to he> ,tso ka pa's prea*+ or t ( 8 two pupils4 ,"o ( my in=mants sugge/s1 h[ev]1 t %\ld "h be tak5 m lit]ally z #8%>]s'1 #8%>e-hav]s' 9 ,tso ka pa's message & consequ5tly %\ld "h be und]/ood z 8 #8foll[]s4' see 4 see 4 1 #ai4 ,may ei!r be tak5 z two sep>ate words #8protection & hope' or z a comp\nd #8hope = protection1' #8protection-hope4' ,m accurately #8! spot 7place p]sons 9 ?is case7 9 :om ,i place my hope = protection1 to :om ,i resort or g1 9 :om ,i tru/1 = protection4' 7cf4 ,d4 heul1 toev]laat74 see 4 see 4 1 #d4 ,?is is an illu/ration ( ! mean+ ( "u ,j4's #d? sub-head+1 #a/ division4 #8fai? has be5 born1' b "h r #8becomes active1' #8spr\ts1' #8waxes /rong1' or #8gr[s1 flames up1 int5sifies1 awak5s1 arises1 /irs4' ,! idea is n1 z 9 a case ( ,*ri/ian conv]sion1 ( a /ate ( previ\sly non-exi/5t fai?1 sudd5ly aris+1 b ( an exi/+ fai? becom+ /rongly en]gis$1 leap+ up 7#8an outbur/ ( fai?'74 ,! colloquial c be suitably translat$ by #8to inspire fai? to4' ,= in/ance 77 1 t lama inspires me ) 7no7 fai?4 ,a free translation ( is consequ5tly #8to h fai? 91' b 9 our passage ! additional mean+ ( #8r5ew$' is impli$4 ,!re=e we may also r5d] #8!y call up my fai?' or #8r5ew$ fai? comes up 9 me4' ,see ! use ( ?is expression 9 ! ,tibetan ,prim] ,,iii1 p4 #g1 #a4 #h4 7read 7 ,!n he1 recognis+ t ! k+ 0 v good1 & hav+ ga9$ fai? 9 him1 & hav+ pro/rat$ himself numb]less times1 7ask$7 h[ c ,i reque/ 7i4e4 take1 accept7 su* 7gifts7 giv5 by ! k+4 see 4 1 #ej4 ,to g5]ate1 ! g5]ation1 production4 #8t :i* has be5 produc$ 9 ! s\l1' #8! 7complet$7 productions ( ! s\l'2 ) )2 #8) ?\ghts (1 assum+1 obs]v+ an attitude (1 ) a m5tal attitude ( or disposition to4' 77 is "o elaborate sub/antive1 a #8!-be+s-)-k9dness-hav+-drawn-s\l-dispos ition4' 1 #bh4 ,"h n 9 ,j4's s5se #8to be we>y1' b z ,desg4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 h x #8sadness1 grief1 sorr[1' or adj4 #8sad'1 etc4 ,9 see+ a half-nak$ begg>1 x may be said3 4 ,"h ! ^w is adjective3 #8t unhappy 7un=tunate1 wret*$1 mis]able7 man has n ev5 a coat4' 7,bell7 ,j4 ,desg4 1 coat1 g>m5t1 dress2 n alone #8man's coat1' z ,j4 has x1 b = bo? sexes--,j4 s4v4 4 & bo? miss+ 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 is pron\nc$ bo? golak & glak4 ,wal%1 ,vocabul>y ,trom[a ,dialect1 s4v4 coat #8g' & #8golag4' ,my tea*]s d n "k a ^w = coat 9 ,tibetan4 ,desg4 has a 1 ov]coat4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 or #8old coat or g>m5t pat*$ up & m5d$4' see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #de4 ,my foll[]s & fri5ds 7cf4 citiz5s & compatriots71 i4e4 foll[]s :o are also my fri5ds2 ! same p "u two qualifications1 n two diff]5t gr\ps ( p1 ! fri5ds & ! foll[]s4 ,see 4 see 4 #ah1 #ab1 #bc4 ,! diff]5ce 9 =m is n accid5tal4 is a /]eotyp$ 1 mann] ( spee*1 expression4 1 l4 #ah1 is a normal honorific =m4 ,! =m 0 describ$ to me z "o ( intimacy1 ( utt] confid5ce1 z di/9ct f famili>ity & lack ( respect4 ,?is seems an almo/ exact p>allel to ! use ( 7?\71 tu1 du 9 7,engli%71 ,fr5* & ,g]man 9 address+ p>5ts1 ,god1 & relations4 ,! foll[+ example 0 giv51 a quotation f ! 1 a little ritual gelukpa book1 leaf #ab;a3 #8,z ?\ art our lama1 our yi-dam1 our k91 our dh>mapla 444' 7pray] address$ to ,tso ka pa74 ,likewise1 9 ! little pray]book 7to ,tr7 we f9d a few cases ( 7e4g4 p4 #e;b7 amid/ _m cases ( 4 ,9 ! t]m ! hon4 =m ( ! fir/ two syllables ( c\rse det]m9es ! hon4 =m ( ! la/4 ,! #8intimate' =m 0 fur!r describ$ z #8! language ( religi\s transport1 ard\r1 f]v\r1' 4 77 see 4 see 4 1 #cb4 ,accord+ to ! ,dicts4 #8to be a%am$4' ,desg4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 d n support ,j4's mean+ #8piety' & 8 ?ird mean+ #8disgu/1 av]sion4' ,my oral in=mation rejects ^! second & ?ird mean+s1 yet see bel[4 1 freely translat$ #8is a matt] ( 7cause =7 %ame to all1' lit]ally #8a-by-all-%ame-feel+-cause1' i4e4 all %\ld feel a%am$4 ,! %ame1 x %\ld be und]/ood1 mu/ be felt1 n by all :o behold ! bad behavi\r1 b by all :o are guilty ( x4 ,! exact mean+ ( ! root f :i* ! v]b is d]iv$ is n yet satisfactorily dealt ) 9 ! ,dicts4 :i* are supplem5t>y z well z contradictory 9 _! data4 ,! comp\nds exhibit a great v>iety ( %ades ( mean+4 ,t ( 1 = in/ance1 may p]haps cov] s wide a range z #8%ameless1 impud5t1 self-will$1 /ubborn1 /iff-neck$1 arrogant1 insol5t1 ungrateful1 loveless1 he>tless1 h>%1 cruel1 wanton1 ru*los1 fre*4' ,"s ( ! comp\nds & applications cle>ly indicate t mu/ also mean #8sexual mode/y1 *a/ity1' o!rs t x mu/ mean #8ba%fulness1 %yness1 timidity' 79 ?is s5se #8braz51 =w>d1 unaba%$1 saucy1 bold1 audaci\s'74 seems to come v ne> to ! ,d4 #8s*room' :i* is m #8diffid5ce' ?an #8scruple1' b may 9 "s cases mean #8unscrupul\s' or #8)\t a consci5ce4' ,9 ?is s5se x comes ne> to #8impi\s4' ,! ,g]man sub/4 #8,s*eu' may be also comp>$4 ,x is also av]r$ t 9 c]ta9 comb9ations a positive /atem5t ) is practically id5tical ) ! ,engli% exclamation3 h[ d>e y6 h[ c y6 ,a comp\nd1 difficult to def9e exactly1 is 9 :i* has ! mean+1 n giv5 9 ! ,dicts4 ( /raight1 /raight=w>d1 hone/1 true1 dep5dable1 ! ,fr5* #8droit' 7cf4 rectitude74 ,! :ole expression may mean #8ab&on$1' or simply 4 ,example 1 #8! lives ( ^! ab&on$ 7%ameless1 etc47 m5 are useless4' ,an old swee!>t :o has ca/ (f h] lov] may be call$ #8! braz51 p]fidi\s girl4' ,desg4 gives 9 ?is s5se z equal to 1 #8good1 j1 g5]\s4' ,?is may be ,s*midt's #8s9c]e1 ord]ly4' ,9 ! s5t5ce 1 #8to r5d] y\r p>5ts k9dness 9 ?is way %[s a lack ( gratitude1' my tea*]s expla9 ! ^w z #8ungrateful1 loveless1 h>%4' ,z f> z ! fur!r mean+s ( 1 z giv5 9 ,j4 7see above71 are conc]n$1 ,pun ,tsogs ma9ta9s t 1 #8pi\s1' b ,k>ma d5ies x1 & ! =m] also /ates t 1 :i* latt] expression ,desg4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 "k z #8to be disgu/$ )4' ,b ,j4 & ! o!rs r5d] ! =m] expression ) 1 z #8*a/e' or #8mode/1' or z #8to be *a/e1' etc4 ,bo? ( my tea*]s are at "o ab\t ! expression #8to be we>y1 tir$1 sick (4' ,examples3 1 ,i am tir$ ( ?is food4 71 pr4 tob*1 see ,h5d]son's ,manual1 ,voc41 p4 #dh1 s4v4 food2 !re writt5 47 1 #8,i h got tir$ ( ?is man4' ,! s5t5ce 0 expla9$ to me z3 ,hav+ und]/ood ! doctr9e1 & hav+ be5 deliv]$ 7sav$71 ,i am n[ we>y ( ! _w1 h r5\nc$ ! _w1 "k ! _w = vanity1 h turn$ away f x4 ,= ,j4's 1 #8scornful laught]'1 ! synonym 0 giv5 to me1 z well z ! explanation #8a laugh to make ! o!r feel a%am$1' #8to make ano!r feel small4' ,we may !re=e ?9k ( ironic1 s>ca/ic1 malici\s laught]1 or ( d]ision & ,s*ad5freude4 1 to laugh at ano!r1 at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 9 ord] to make him ridicul\s4 ,?is ^w furni%es a v /rik+ te/ ( ! pres5t /ate ( ,tibetan lexicography1 ! ^w w furni% ano!r4 ,= words l ^! a compreh5sive collection ( au!ntic illu/rations is imp]ative be=e f9] %ades & ! exact range ( mean+s c be fix$4 1 commonly translat$ z #8%ame1' a synonym = 1 is a simil>ly unc]ta9 ^w4 ,comp>e ! translations 9 ,j4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 ( ?is same s5t5ce3 1 ,j43 #8he has no %ame nor dread'2 ,s4 ,*4 ,d43 #8he has no %ame or mode/y4' see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see & 4 see 4 1 #ee4 ,j4's qu]i$ 1 quot$ f ,gyal-rabs3 #8prob43 omnisci5t-m]ciful1' _c ) any c]ta9ty be decid$ f ?is passage4 ,desg4 has #8k ( ! he>t1 i4e4 pity1 m]cy4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 #8omnisci5t m]cy4' ,accord+ to my tea*]s ^! are two diff]5t words "h1 k & m]cy2 n a comp\nd4 is "h hon4 =m ( to "k4 ,b a sub/4 is n record$ 9 ! ,dicts4 ,desg4 has a #8sci5ce1 k1' & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 also gives z #8k4' ,9 comp\nds has usually ! v]bal value ( #8kn[+4' ,! entries s4v4 9 ! ,dicts4 ne$ c>eful comp>ison & des]ve close /udy4 is (t5 us$ 9 an emphatic s5se1 to "k all1 to "k ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 to "k ) sup]natural k 7z1 = in/ance1 to "k :at happ5s f a di/ance71 cf4 ! ,engli% adj4 #8kn[+4' ,! %ades ( mean+3 wise1 le>n$1 intellig5t1 s5sible1 c>eful1 cauti\s1 clev]1 ne$ fur!r analysis4 1 #ce4 ,! value ( ?is ^w is cle> f ! ,dicts41 b !re is a difficulty 9 *oos+ suitable ,engli% words to fit ea* case 9 r5d]+4 ,su* words z ! foll[+ may be f\nd useful "u v>i\s circum/ances3 to be di/urb$1 upset1 disord]$ 7cf4 disord]$ bra971 unbalanc$1 d]ang$1 convuls$1 9 turmoil1 tumultu\s 7a s\l 9 tumult71 9 revolt1 turbul5t1 wild1 see?+1 9 upro>1 9 ! ?roes ( 7passion1 etc474 ,& ev5 s none ( ! above expressions furni%es an easy1 idiomatic & close r5d]+ = 1 ! man ^: v "* is an utt] *aos4 1 #ba4 ,ord9>ily to c>ry1 b "h to c>ry back1 i4e4 to repay1 r5d]1 return4 ,example3 1 ,y mu/ r5d] y\r p>5ts _! k9dness4 ,! v]b 1 prim>ily #8to weigh'1 is equally s us$2 see ,j4 s4v4 #d4 ,= ! above example ! ^w w\ld ord9>ily be ins]t$1 1 b ?is w\ld less5 ! =ce ( ! illu/ration = our purpose z means "h #8return1' & 1 #8a k9dness 9 return4' ,! above s5t5ce c be express$ 9 ?ree ways3 7) or )\t 71 7or 1 or 71 4 1 title4 ,"m ,sn[ ,m\nta94 ,! affixes to are accord+ to ,j4 & 2 ,desg4 adds 2 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 only 2 ,bell & ,h5d]son no affix4 ,( ^! gives a def9ite s5se ( greatness to ! m\nta94 7,see ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 ,gramm>1 ,introduction1 p4 #ah74 ,"h ! p>ticle is n an inh]5t "p ( ! sub/antive1 b is add$ to give a fem99e s5se to ! ^w1 :i* "h means some?+ l #8,"m ,m\nta91' ! big m\nta9 be+ z x 7 ! "m ( all small] hills & heights ar\nd x4 ,my in=mants 7 def9itely ( op9ion t1 "h1 #8,"m ,m\nta9' & n #8,lady ,m\nta9' 0 meant4 ,s we %\ld n und]/& ! expression z #8,h] ,maje/y or ,lady%ip ! ,sn[ ,m\nta94' ,! mean+ ?\gh grammatically important rema9s bett] neglect$ 9 ! translation4 1 #be4 ,9 ?is sn[-m\nta9-mass1 i4e4 mona/]y4 z mona/]y 9 ,j4 s4v4 b n s4v4 4 ,bell has z #8cell 7( h]mit74' ,"h ! expression seems r to indicate ,g5dundub's own mona/]y 7be x ,daipung1 ,ta%ilhunpo or ,namgyal*de7 ?an ,galdan1 spok5 ( 9 ! second v]se4 ,see ,s*ulemann1 ,ges*4 d] ,dalailamas1 pp4 #ib fll4 ,see & 4 see 4 1 #cc4 ,j4 1 error1 mi/ake4 ,9 ,desg4 or 1 solit>y spot 7s4v4 7 & 7s4v4 71 #8has lo/ 8 way'2 & also to put ap>t2 1 a sep>ate road1 a side road 7r\te dt\rne74 ,accord+ to ,desg4 only ! pa/ =m ( 1 i4e4 1 means to h err$1 gone a/ray1 bo? physically & morally4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 copies ,j41 b adds to ,j4's 1 ! place :]e two roads sep>ate3 #8s z to create d\bt 9 ! m9d reg>d+ ! "r pa?4' ,s*roet] 7p4 #dea;a7 has two entries 1 #8remote1' & 1 #8a closet4' ,j4 has ! latt] expression z #8a h]mitage1' & ,desg41 z above1 #8solit>y spot4' ,9 our passage does n mean #8! mi/ake z to ! road1' or ,anglice #8! error ( 8 ways4' ,9 our passage has to be tak5 toge!r 9 ! s5se ( 1 ! wrong road 79 a religi\s s5se1 9 contra/ to ! ( l4 #ca74 is "h to be und]/ood z a #8wrong-road-place1' z ! spot or place 7 7 :i* is1 or proves to be1 ! wrong road1 i4e4 ! place :]e "o realizes t ! road on :i* "o is1 is ! wrong road1 or1 p]haps bett]1 t ! road is a wrong road 7 place7 to be 91 a wrong-road-spot1 inde$4 ,! mean+s1 record$ 9 ! ,dicts4 = comp\nds ) or )\t initial ( 1 seem logical1 z "o :o has sep>at$ himself f ! road1 is a/ray1 is mi/ak51 is 79 moral or intellectual matt]s7 9 ! wrong1 9 error4 ,note ?is example ( ! use ( ! v]b3 1 answ] v c>efully o!rwise y w make a mi/ake4 1 #8hav+ twi/$1 squeez$1 screw$ up y\r bra9s88' adv41 c>efully1 att5tively4 see 4 see 4 1 #dj4 ,ransom4 ,is "h r 1 well def9$ by ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 s4v4 ,! mean+ ( is probably #8! ransom 7:i* is ?r[n to ! evil _s7 z a sub/itute =1 repres5tative ( 7! p]son on ^: behalf ! (f]+ is made71' ,j4's #8a man's image :i* 9 8 /ead is ca/ away 9 ! 1' a ransom 9 effigy4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 uses ( 9 :i* ! prim>y s5se is p]haps r #8effigy' ?an #8ransom4' ,9 a ritual describ+ ! con/ruction ( ! torma cake x is said t ! 7toge!r ) _m o!r m\lds7 mu/ be impr9t$ on ! d\gh or pa/e4 ,"h ! ^w seems to mean no m ?an #8a m\ld con/itut+ an effigy ( ! body4' ,?\gh all ! torma-cake mat]ial is ?r[n away aft] x has s]v$ its purpose1 ^! impr9t$ effigies d n seem to s]ve specially z ransoms l ! & quot$ above4 ,z to ,j4's qu]i$ 7& ! slightly diff]5t 71 ?is is expla9$ z foll[s4 ,! fir/ phrase means3 he is a l 9 human =m 7a man-l1 cf4 w]wolf2 ,d4 e5 l 9 m5s*5vorm1 m5s*elijke g$aante74 means #8t man1 !re 7) a po9t+ out by ^w or f+]74' ,= in/ance3 t man ,john1 t k+ 4 #8,t man' alone w\ld be 4 ,b ! second phrase w\ld mean3 #8t man s-&-s is a v devil4' ,j4's r5d]+ ( ! fir/ phrase z #8he is a curse1 an ana!ma1 "o des]v+ to be curs$' seems too /rong4 ,r #8an unmitigat$ nuisance1' =1 ?\gh h>%1 x may be said by a "m ( h] own *ild :5 x is naughty & unruly4 ,! s5se seems to be #8devil' 7z may also be appli$ to *ildr5 or wick$ gr[n-ups 9 ,engli% #8!y are true devils1' ,d4 #8e5 pa> ba>lijke duivels'7 & seems to be a case ( mean+-%ift+ f result to cause 7pale dea?671 ! l be+ ! ransom ?r[n to ! evil _s1 ,anglice devil4 ,! association does n seem to be t ( wor?lessness1 hatefulness1 some?+ good = no?+1 only fit to be ?r[n away l a l4 ,z to ! above ,k+ ,koko1 ?is is a faceti\s "n appli$ 7some?+ l ?+umbob7 to su* ,tibetans z ape ,*9ese mann]s 9 dress & 9 o!r ways4 is said to be a ,*9ese ^w = ,tib4 or 1 eld] bro!r4 ,a ,tibetan1 /rutt+ ab\t 9 ,d>jeel+ ) ,*9ese cap & coat may he> ! s>casm address$ to him3 #8,well ,mr4 ,*9aman 7or ,john ,*41 ,uncle ,*47 :]e are y go+ to8' 7#8,mossioo' ( ! mid-,victorian ,pun* & music hall ditties74 see 4 see 4 1 #f4 ,cle>ly pr9t$ 9 bo? copies1 n 4 ,?is "n1 #8! virtu\s1' seems to ref] to ! ,gelukpa sect1 ?\gh ! mona/]y :i* is "h meant is usually call$ 4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two t]ms is n q cle>4 ,grnw$el1 9 8 #8,my?ologie des ,buddhismus1' etc41 p4 #gb1 speaks ( #8das ,klo/] d,ga-ldan od] d,ge-ldan4' ,gn!r ,s*ulemann 9 #8,die ,ges*i*te d] ,dalailamas1' p4 #fe1 speaks ( ! #8,s*ule1 die zu]/ d,ga-ldan-pa1 dann ab] d,ge-ldan-pa od] d,ge-lugs-pa1 #8die ,tug5dsekte'1 g5annt wurde4' ,mod]n ,tibetans seem to "k only ! "n = ! fam\s mona/]y4 1 #cg4 ,?is is an apposition4 ,! enemies1 ! s9s2 ! enemies :o are ! s9s2 #8^! enemies ( s9s' z 9 #8^! rascals ( boys4' ,see 4 1 title4 ,its hon4 =m is 4 ,z a s+le ^w ! affix is requir$1 :i* may disappe> 9 comp\nds4 ,bell gives z mean+ ( #8religi\s song1' ,h5d]son #8hymn4' ,z ,j4 po9ts out1 ! pr(ane song is & ! religi\s song 4 ,a synonym = is 7n 9 ! ?ree ,dicts4 b 9 ,bell & ,h5d]son s4v4 song74 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's #8sportive song' is n support$ by ! data 9 ,j4 or ,desg41 nor by my in=mants4 ,!y take ! second "p ( ?is comp\nd z a mispr9t = & hold t is a d\ble-=m ) ! mean+ ( ei!r ( its p>ts3 song4 ,! ^w has "o honorific =m1 4 ,! words & h ea* v>i\s hon4 =ms3 7record$ 9 ,bell7 & 4 ,desg4 has a 1 pleasant song1 b my oral in=mation does n support ?is special mean+4 ,note ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,j4 7s4v4 71 #8song ( joy1' & ,desg4 id4 s4v4 #8*ant rotique4' ,9 ,r$slob's translation ( ! ,psalms into classical ,tibetan1 ! ^w is us$ = psalm4 ,! foll[+ table may be useful4 ,ord9>y hon4 11 11 7sic47 7887 11 11 7r>e7 88 see 4 see 4 & 1 #ch4 ,att5tion mu/ be drawn to ! fact t ,desg4 id5tifies ) z aga9/ ,j4's di/9ction betwe5 ! two =ms z neutral & active4 ,also t ,desg4's explanation ( etc41 z #8to put 7! enemy7 to flight 9 battle1' seems m probable ?an ,j4's #8to fight a battle1' etc4 ,! explanation ( 1 by 9 ! note on 1 q4v41 seems to support ?is supposition4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 gives z a mean+ ( #8to in/itute1 set go+' & translates accord+ly z #8to />t a combat1' z aga9/ ,j4 #8to combat' alone4 ,also #8"o :o gives battle4' ,desg4 s4v4 7p4 #ibc73 or #8to fight 9 battle1 to combat4' ,cf4 also ,j4 s4v4 4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 copies ,j4 z aga9/ ,desg4 1 #8to fight a battle4' ,^! words & 1 aga91 ne$ fur!r inve/igation support$ by quotations 7z well z ! ^w ) :i* !y are us$74 1 #cc4 ,to be old1 ! /ate ( be+ old1 old age4 ,example 1 #8! be+ born1 gr[+ old1 be+ ill1 dy+ are sorr[s1' or #8bir?1 old age1 illness & dea? are sorr[ful4' ,cf4 ! treatm5t ( ! fir/ f\r words 9 ,j4 1 ) foll[+ v]b1 to be translat$ z #8( old age1' lit]ally3 ( 7belong+ to1 att5dant on7 hav+ become old2 = in/ance1 ! joys1 sorr[s1 etc41 ( ! /ate ( hav+ become old 7( old age7 7or 74 ,?is is n ! sub/4 or ( ,desg4 ,j4 treats z a v]b ) z a pa/ t5se1 tak+ & z adjectives f :i* ! usual sub/antives 9 1 1 etc41 are made4 ,desg4 gives ! f\r =ms 1 1 & z sub/antives & has no v]b #8to be old4' ,j4's analysis seems ! m accurate "o4 ,j4's #8old age' is abs5t 9 ,desg41 :il/ ?is latt] has a )\t affix z #8old man1' #8old age4' ,?is ^w ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 has z #8old1 ripe'2 :il/ he adds #8ag$1 old2 exhau/$1 infirm2 an old man4' ,?is gr\p ne$s prop] quotations = f9al settlem5t4 ,my oral in=mation on "s ( ^! po9ts is z foll[s3 ,! use ( alone1 z #8old1 ripe' is d5i$4 does n mean #8old1' because requires a #8gr[n old 9 ye>s' 9 t s5se4 ,z an indep5d5t adjective1 h[ev]1 x means #8worn out1 exhau/$1 ?91 lean1 ag$1 gr[n old]1' & is 9 t case an equival5t = 4 ,tr\bles make a man #8age him'2 make him z if old4 ,age makes a man 1 old1 i4e4 really old4 ,= ! use ( ! foll[+ two illu/rations 7 giv53 #8don't d su* "w 7or ?+s3 or don't behave 9 t mann]7 9 y\r old age2' 1 #8don't ?9k bad 7evil7 ?\ghts 9 y\r old age :5 7:il/7 dea? is draw+ ne>4' 1 1 see 4 7or 7 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 & 1 #ed4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! words 9 ! ,dicts4 seems unsatisfactory4 ,none ( ! ,dicts4 give a passive v]b or #8be+ adorn$1 be+ deck$ out1 embelli%$1' etc4 ,j4 has only z a sub/4 #8ornam5t1 decoration1' & a v]b #8to adorn1 decorate1 provide )4' ,accord+ to ?is 8 own example %\ld n mean1 z he says1 #8! lett] nya 77 be+ provid$ ) an ,s above x' 7 71 b r some?+ l #8to adorn ! lett] nya ) a sa z a toplett]4' ,desg4 kn[s a v]b or 7or or 7 ) ! mean+ ( #8to adorn1' ) a pa/ t5se 1 #8ornavi1 ornatus1 orn1' :atev] t means4 ,he & ,j4 quote also a #8adorn$1' 9 :i* ! has cle>ly a sub/antival value1 l 9 1 #8)\t adornm5t1 unadorn$4' ,s4v4 ,desg4 says3 #8praet4 v]bi 1 ornatus1 et v4 act4 orn>e1 orn1 orn]1' & he adds or #8ornam5t4' ,bell has = ornam5t4 ,b ,j4 kn[s no or z sub/antives & ref]s expressly to ! unprefix$ = ! sub/antives4 ,he fur!r equates & #8ornam5ts' 7plural74 ,"u 1 #8to put on1' we f9d fur!r 1 to put on gay clo!s1 f9]y 7s4v4 1 ! same expression is translat$ z #8to adorn "o's self1'7 & 1 #8beautifully attir$' 7,mil474 ,if ^! translations are idiomatically true we %\ld expect 77 to h a wid] s5se ?an ! ,engli% ornam5t1 r any?+ beautiful or f9e1 :e!r ornam5ts 79 ! s5se ( tr9kets7 or n4 ,! ^w adornm5t w\ld fit bett]4 7,cf4 ,d4 tooi1 ,g4 ,s*muck47 ,desg4 gives no example ( ) a cle>ly active value ( ! v]b #8to ornam5t1' b bo? 9 ,j4 & ,desg4 su* examples are giv5 "u 4 ,desg4 gives z synonyms & & x is a "q :e!r 9 ^! expressions c h ! neut] s5se ( #8to act z' #8to be' 7l 9 74 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 7:o has sev]al mispr9ts 9 8 syns4 = 7 quotes s4v4 7#bib;b7 a 1 #8to arrange ornam5ts 7ta/efully72 to decorate1 adorn1 to con/ruct or adju/ grammatical =ms1 s5t5ces1 7,zam474' ,?is latt] use ( is evid5tly ! clue to ! expression1 quot$ else:]e by ,desg4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d43 1 1 "o v]s$ 9 rhetoric1 a clev] orator4 ,! equation 79 ! mod]n language1 v4 ,bell1 to put1 place71 giv5 by ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 is d5i$ by bo? my tea*]s1 ?\gh confirm$ by ,desg42 !y "k ( no ,tibetan ^w ( ?is spell+ & s\nd ) ! mean+ bejewell$1 adorn$1 decorat$1 z is ! correct translation ( ! ,sk4 equival5t cit$1 4 ,yet may 77 p]haps mean #8an ornam5t$ object'1 h5ce #8die1 dice'2 h5ce aga9 ,desg4 #8objets mls p\r tir] les sorts'1 & la/ly #8/ake' 79 gambl+7 & #8lot'8 ,?is fir/ mean+ is n 9 ! ,dicts4 b w\ld settle ! "q discuss$ a few l9es l[] d[n1 & expla9 ^? comb9ations ) :i* ref] to gambl+ & div9ation4 ,9 connection ) ! imm$iately foll[+ articles 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 1 #8"o :o jo9s 9 a wag]1 gambl]' "o :o puts up 8 jewels1 ornam5ts = a /ake81 & or 1 #8a dice-rogue1 a game/]1 "o :o ?r[s dice1' etc41 x %\ld be asc]ta9$ :e!r !re is a ,tibetan ^w ) :i* means die1 dice1 or :e!r ! comb9ations ref] to ! /ak+ ( ornam5ts & jewels 9 gambl+4 ,s4v4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 gives no news1 treat+ ?is ^w1 h[ev]1 z a v]b1 & ref]r+ to = ! sub/4 ,z a result ( ?is little inve/igation we come to ! conclusion t x is legitimate to inquire :e!r !re is n a ,tibetan v]b 7m likely ?an 7 ) ! passive or neut] s5se ( #8be+ deck$ out1 be+ ornam5t$ or adorn$1 %[+ gaily4' ,:at w\ld r5d] su* a ^w exactly 9 ,engli% is difficult to see1 unless we co9 a v]b #8to spl5dif]ate1' b ,d4 pronk5 7pronk5 9 voll5 lui/]7 comes ne> to x4 ,o!r relat$ words w\ld be3 to blaze =?1 to %9e out1 to cut a da%1 or else to swagg]1 to swank1 to pre51 to /rut1 or aga9 to be grac$ ) or by1 to %[ =?1 etc41 b especially #8to display' 9 ! te*nical zoological s5se4 ,an in/ructive illu/ration 9 ?is matt] is furni%$ by ! foll[+ two s5t5ces1 bo? ) ! same mean+3 1 or 1 ( :i* ! be/ idiomatic translation is3 ,o1 :at a f9e picture62 h[ f9e is ! pa9t+ 7draw+7 ( 797 7?is7 picture6 ,b ! psy*ological translation is 9 ! fir/ case3 #8,?is picture is by-l9es-7f9e7-display+'1 & 9 ! second case3 #8,to ?is picture !re is a by-!-l9es-7draw+s7-ornam5tation 7or display74' see 4 1 #f4 ,accord+ to ,j41 ,,iii1 also #8sup]ior1 excell5t1 em95t4' 1 #8mo/ excell5t1 illu/ri\s4' ,?is may be ! mean+ "h4 ,:e!r !re is a connection betwe5 ! ^w z us$ "h & ! title ( ! ,dalai ,lamas may be left undecid$4 1 #cj4 ,"h "*1 he>t1 disposition1 etc4 ,x is curi\s t ?is mean+1 giv5 by ,j4 & ,desg41 is abs5t 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 1 #ci1 #dj4 ,door4 ,?\gh ! av]age ,tibetan h\se 7if x be n a m]e hut7 has two doors1 a front door & a back door1 !y are n on a pr9ciple locat$ 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n sides ( ! h\se4 ,= ! text ! words ea/ & we/ h no special significance2 !y are simply us$ 1 by way ( spee*1 z an example1 illu/ration or comp>ison4 ,! front 7ma91 public7 door is call$ or 7or 7 4 ,! fir/ ^w is int]pret$ z ! #8ma91' #8public1' or #8middle' door2 ! second z ! #8wide' or #8royal' door4 ,! back door is call$ 79 ,j4 s4v4 71 :i* is expla9$ z #8! door = horses & cattle4' ,! quot$ by ,j41 p4 #bi;b1 is unkn[n to my in=mants4 ,!y only "k a 1 #8! door lead+ to bir?1 or re-bir?4' see 4 see 4 see 4 77 see & 4 1 #af4 ,) t]m9ative3 #8!re is c]ta9ty =' #8x is c]ta9' #8,i am sure ('1 #8,i "k = c]ta9 t'1 #8x is surely1 truly s4' ,a has = 9 ,b4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 #8inde$1 truly1 really1 =soo?4' ,comp>e also 4 see 4 see 4 see & 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #dh4 7,also 74 ,"h r ) ! mean+ #8)\t fail1 = sure1 inde$1 surely' 9 addition to ,j4's #8anyh[1 by all means4' ,x is said to be synonym\s ) & colloquial 1 z1 = in/ance1 93 1 #8,i ask 7y7 to come )\t fail1 inde$1 surely1 = sure1 s t ,i may c\nt on x4' ,also 4 ,cf4 ,desg4 9 addition to ,j4--,j4 7p4 #abi;b7 has ! spell+ 4 ,bell s4v4 #8c]ta9ly' 7syn4 72 s4v4 #8inde$' 7syn4 72 s4v4 #8surely' 2 s4v4 #8actual' 2 s4v4 #8real' 7syn4 72 s4v4 #8really' 4 ,desg4 #8natural1 n manufactur$1' b 7next article7 #8c]titude' 1 or 4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 #8true1 g5u9e1 really4' & are n 9 ! ,dicts4 & are n endors$ by my au?orities4 ,see also 4 1 colophon4 ,accord+ to ,j4 1 #8t :i* has be5 spok51' i4e4 #8spee*1 ^w1' etc4 ,corresponds v closely to ,d4 #8het gesprok5e1 het gezegde' or ,l4 #8dictum4' ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! mean+ may be ext5d$ to #8piece ( writ+' 7,d4 #8het ges*rev5e1' ,l4 #8scriptum'7 or p]haps ev5 m g5]ally #8! above1 ! =ego+4' ,! o!r use ( ! expression1 z an abbreviation = 1 #8! s-call$1' is "h1 ( c\rse1 n applicable4 7or 7 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #bb4 ,9 ,j4 #8love & hatr$1' b "h bett] #8attraction 7= ! pleasant7 & repulsion 7= ! unpleasant71' 9 o!r words3 #8non-atta*m5t 7to weal & woe71 indiff]5ce 7to ! ups & d[ns ( life71' or aga9 #8bondage' 7to emotions1 impressions1 etc474 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 has #8passion =1 passionate atta*m5t4' ,x is ! ,g]man #8,lu/ und ,unlu/4' see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #cd4 ,to be con/ru$3 7 or 71 & n z 1 etc4 771 #dc4 ,"h mo/ likely 9 ! /rict] s5se ^? :o h devot$1 giv51 !mselves 7entirely7 to ! religi\s life1 i4e4 ^? :o h ent]$ ! ord]1 ! or ev5 1 le>n]s1 pupils1 lay-bro!rs4 ,cf4 h[ev]1 ,j4 s4v4 1 p4 #afc;a1 & ,desg4 :o has a sub/4 1 #8lamai/ dignity1 rank1' p4 #ccc;b4 1 #aj4 ,/&s "h = 1 or 1 #8! deep1 pr(\nd1 doctr9e1 tea*+1 religion4' ,p]haps an allusion to ! 1 ! #8pr(\nd doctr9e ( ,buddhism z expla9$ 9 ! ,tantras' 7,s4 ,*4 ,d4 s4v4 74 ,j4 r5d]s x #8a t]m ( ,buddhi/ my/icism1 doctr9e ( wit*craft1' :il/ ,desg4 translates ! t]m z #8doctr9a magica4' in/ead ( p]haps = metrical reasons2 9 ord9>y spee* ! inv]sion seems n usual4 ,see also 4 see 4 see 4 1 #df4 #8,to hold1 to keep1 to /ick to1 adh]e to4' #8n keep+ 7x7 s1 n pres]v+1 ma9ta9+ 7x7 9 t 7! same7 /ate1 n lett+ 7x7 cont9ue 9 ! same way1 n keep+ up ! /ate (1 n p]si/+ 9 7! same way7' etc4 ,freely translat$ by its rev]se3 rectify+1 r$ress+1 correct+1 *ang+ 7"o's attitude1 condition1 action1 etc41 previ\sly ref]r$ to74 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #de4 ,n 9 ! ,dicts41 lit4 #8aft]-track1' is "h1 #8foll[]s1 pupils1 disciples1 adh]5ts4' ,?\gh is sometimes us$ = 1 see ,j4 #agg;a1 la/ l9e1 ! ^w 1 #8affix1 f9al consonant1' a grammatical t]m1 is ( c\rse diff]5t1 z well z ,j4's adj4 #8foll[+1 com+ aft]4' ,! ^w has also ! mean+ #8orphan' 7^? left beh9d74 ,see also "u 1 etc4 see 4 see 4 1 #cg4 ,"h #8s9' or #8vice' are to be und]/ood z ei!r ! ?ree s9s1 or vices1 or fail+s1 or defects1 or frailties1 1 #8lu/1 ang] & /upidity' 79 ! conv5tional r5d]+71 1 1 1 or ! five s9s1 1 namely ! ?ree m5tion$ above ) ! addition ( #8pride' & #8envy' z f\r? & fif?4 ,see also 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #ac4 ,equals 7or 7 #8to be ease-lov+1 indol5t1 lazy4' 1 #bh4 #8,f ! bottom' 7sc4 ( ! he>t71 h5ce expressions l may be simply translat$ #8a deep pity 7or sadness7 arises1 ,i become v sad1 ,i am v sorry4' ,see also 4 1 #ee4 ,"h p]haps bett] #8treasure heap' ?an m]e #8treasure1' or p]haps ev5 #8treasury4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 gives z mean+s3 #8treasure' & #8/ore-place1' 9 ?is deviat+ f ,j4 & ,desg4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's example 1 #8! repository ( wat]1 ! ocean'1 seems to prove 8 additional explanation4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #di4 7,pf4 & ft4 74 ,has "h simply ! prim>y mean+ #8to adh]e to1' m colloquially1 #8to /ick to1' or #8to keep to1 hold fa/ to1 to he$1 to obs]ve4' ,may1 h[ev]1 "h be also tak5 z ,desg4's #8to believe 91 to tru/' 79 ! s5se ( #8to rely on'7 accord+ to 8 example 1 #8,i believe1 tru/ 797 y\r words' 7p4 #dbj;a71 or o!rwise3 to put reliance on 7:at ano!r says1 /ates1 prea*es1 tea*es74 1 #cb4 7,pf4 74 ,may almo/ be translat$ "h z #8to contemplate1 to consid]' 7#8if "o comes to ?9k ab\t x' or #8if "o looks into t matt]'71 b n m]ely z #8to behold1 to see4' 1 #dg4 ,evid5tly ! same z ,j4's4 #8exam9ation1 trial' 7#bad;b74 ,j4 has a v]b 7or 7 1 occurr+ 9 ! ,padma ta yig & 9 ,mil>aspa1 ) ! mean+ #8to exam9e1 se>* into1 see :e!r or :e!r n4' ,j4 has also ! =ms & 1 bo? sub/4 #8exam9ation1' s4v4 1 #8to exam9e1' p4 #cbi;a4 ,desg4 gives z syn4 ) 1 #8to consid]1 te/1 judge'2 1 #8exam9ation1 judgm5t4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 7 1 or 7 #8consid]ation1 exam9ation1 trial1' & 7#eeh;a7 7 71 #8exam9ation1 c>eful weigh+ ( all ! details ( a case1 delib]ation4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 seems to treat & z two q diff]5t words4 ,s4v4 he has fur!r 1 #8to exam9e any?+1' & 1 #8inve/igation1 inquiry4' see 4 #ea4 ,?is ^w seems "h to mean #8vision1 illum9ation1 7direct my/ical7 contemplation1 ! see+ face to face4' ,9 our passage x is ! direct vision 7! #8vision direct'71 prop] to1 inh]5t 91 *>act]i/ic (1 belong+ to1 ! k p]ta9+ to ! actionless 7or undiff]5tiat$7 /ate1 ! #8passive-/ate-k-vision4' ,see also 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 77 see 4 1 #bc4 #8,to foll[1 to keep to ! tea*+2 to be or rema9 true1 fai?ful to ! tea*+1 to hold fa/ to x1 to /ick to x4' ,see also 4 see 4 1 lit4 #8,great-all-kn[+-cl]gy-p]fection-good-g lory1' corresponds to a ,sk4 ,mah-s>va-ja-sagha-siddhi-%r-bhadra4 ,see = lit]ature ab\t him3 ,s*ulemann1 ,ges*i*te d] ,dalailamas1 pp4 #ia-ib1 note #aa1 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d43 ,! ,hi]>*y ( ! ,dalai ,lamas1 ,j4,a4,s4,b41 ,vol4 ,,lxxiii1 ,pt4 ,i1 extra ,no41 p4 #ha4 1 #ee4 ,?is is "h1 9 my op9ion1 n a sort ( ,hott5tott5pot5tat5tant5att5tat]-l =mation4 ,i take ! to ref] to ! 1 a pr(\nd & wide m9d1 :il/ ! only ref]s to ! 1 ! treasury ( omnisci5t m]cy4 ,x is n likely t ! qualities ( wid? & dep? =m "p ( an enum]ation ( :i* ! rema9+ items are love & k or ev5 7z a comp\nd7 omnisci5t-m]cy4 ,see ! v>i\s compon5t words 9 ?is gloss>y4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #dc4 ,j4's entry "u ?is entry is z foll[s3 8 77 77 ,s*r4 #8good op9ion' 7871 prob43 a pure1 s\nd view or k ,glr42 9 ,mil4 x has a simil> mean+40 ,he adds an oral s5t5ce3 899dhag-n jn-wa99 ,c4 to lead a holy life40 7sic4 jn j87 ,s*roet] has 7#ace;b73 81 a good op9ion1 a good conception ( any ?+1 a conceit1 a ?\ght40 ,bas$ on an ,italian #8concetto'8 ,he has two fur!r entries #81 to =m a good op9ion ( any individual1' & #8 7read3 7 1 to =m a good op9ion1 or to conceive well ( any "o4' ,9 our passage we are incl9$ to take z 1 z #8view1 ?\ght1 idea1 conception1' etc41 & #8to ex]cise1 practise1 p]=m'1 or ev5 #8to ent]ta91 *]i% 7?\ghts74' we take z 1 #8pure'--! connection ) ?\ght n ! opposite ( false1 errone\s1 b ( bad1 cruel1 unk9d4 ,s "h ! expression seems to mean #8to ?9k ) goodwill1 ) k9dness 7( o!rs71' n ! colloquial #8to h a good op9ion (1 to ?9k well (4' ,to ?9k #8good' is "h ! opposite ( to ?9k #8evil1' b ! idiomatic value ( ! expression #8to ?9k well (' 7z ! opposite ( #8to ?9k poorly ('7 w\ld make ! latt] r5d]+ mislead+4 ,! real value1 !n1 ( ! expression z us$ 9 ?is passage1 seems to be3 #8to ?9k good1 k9d ?\ghts (1' i4e4 purely1 or sa9tly 9 ! s5se ( k9dly1 lov+ly1 b5evol5tly1 9 a fri5dly mann]1 ) sympa?y1 b n1 z ,j4 seems to sugge/1 intellectually correct4 ,we may exp& ! r5d]+ into #8) a holy m9d1 ) ?\ghts ( sa9tl9ess1 ?9k+ sa9tly ?\ghts4' ,comp>e ,j4's colloquial phrase quot$ above4 ,s1 z to ! int]pretation ( ! l9e 9 :i* ! comp\nd occurs1 we take x t x means to enjo91 9 contra/ ) ! previ\s l9e 9 :i* x is said t be+s 9 g5]al mu/ be ?\ght ( ) k9dness1 t religi\s p 7in/ead ( ! m]e laym57 mu/ be ?\ght ( 9 a /ill bett]1 high] mann]1 namely ) hol9ess & sa9tl9ess4 ,"o ( my in=mants 0 fir/ incl9$ to take z #8to tea*1 to prea* ! true k4' ,?\gh he lat] on sid$ ) ! explanation adopt$ above1 ! op9ion %\ld be record$1 b x %\ld be add$ t a second in=mant reject$ ?is view ( ! fir/ "o4 ,att5tion %\ld be drawn to ! mean+ ( 1 #8! s\l' 7) spell+s & 2 1 1 1 1 s4 ,j474 ,also ! curi\s expression #8to be indiff]5t' 1 ,s4 ,*4 ,d42 & 1 ,bell4 ,^! expressions n 9 ,desg4 see 4 see 4 1 #bg4 ,adv]b3 #8purely1 fir/ class1 fir/ rate4' ,n 9 ,j4 b 9 ,desg41 yet "h 9 a slightly diff]5t application4 ,ab\t ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's #8gravy' & #8reli%' see bel[4 ) ! g5itive seems to mean #8acme'1 #8ess5ce'1 ! typical embodim5t ( some?+1 l 9 expressions z #8a fir/ class li>1 a ?ief pure & simple1 ! v devil1 satan himself1 no?+ %ort ( an angel1 a sa9t 9 propria p]sona4' 1 #8! v enemy4' ,9 ! colloquial 1 & may h ! same mean+4 ,! latt] is some?+ l pidg9-,engli% #8numb] "o' or ! kit*5 ,malay equival5t #8nomm] satu4' ,o!r equations are 7or 71 also 1 ! ,anglo-,indian #8pukka4' ,! ^w may mean s\p or gravy 9 ! foll[+ case1 :5 !re is "q ( s+l+ out ! liquid portion f a mixture ( bro? & liquid4 ,! prim>y mean+ seems 9 t case r to be liquid z contra/$ to solid4 give me 7only7 ! liquid 7n ! solid /uff71 p\r out to me 7only7 ! liquid4 ,b ?is has no f9al 4 ,a common ^w = s\p :i* is n 9 ! ,dicts4 is #8r ?ang'1 probably 1 or alone4 ,?is latt] ^w is 9 ,j4 ) ! mean+ ( #8potion'1 a m$ical t]m1 & 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 z #8potion1 pla9 decoction1 or mixture to be drunk aft] a m$ic9al pill has be5 tak54' ,! ^w means orig9ally bone-s\p1 b has acquir$ also ! m g5]al mean+ #8s\p4' c be appli$ to meat-s\p1 1 b _c be us$4 ,x might be t & are really ! same ^w4 see 4 1 #cj4 ,might "h1 9 connection ) ambition1 be translat$ z #8fi]ce1' an ext5sion ( its prim>y mean+ #8/rong4' see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #bd4 ,= ev]1 always4 see 4 see 4 1 #dj4 #8,exce$+ly /upid1 mean+less1 useless1 silly1 s5seless4' ,! p>ticle has an emphatic value1 b x is difficult to def9e its precise scope 9 ,engli%4 ,oral in=mation is vague on ! subject1 & seems to po9t t[>ds a possibility t ! is a syllable ( exclamation or turns ! expression1 ( :i* x =ms "p1 into an exclamation4 4 #8,oh1 h[ silly6' ,an equival5t is 4 alone is n us$1 & dem&s a f9al or 4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 7#ejb;a7 translates z3 #8,i pity y1 ye ,tibetans'2 p]haps bett] #8,:at a pity1 ,o ye ,tibetans4' ,comp>e ! li/ ( words ) w$g$-9 9 ,j4 s4v4 p4 #ecc;b4 1 #af4 ,also 1 adjective #8k9d4' ,accord+ to ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 also #8v k9d1 great boon1 & ! great or greate/ b5efactor4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's word+ is unsatisfactorily indef9ite & 8 examples1 tak5 f ,j41 fit ! text badly4 ,j4 does n def9e ! comb9ation ?\gh he has an example ) ! mean+ #8greate/ b5efit4' ,two colloquial examples are3 1 #8! two 7v7 k9d p>5ts1' & 1 t man is 7v7 k9d4 ,9 =m is a comp>ative1 #8k9d]4' is "o ( ^? adjectives :i* h a comp>ative & sup]lative ( _! own z3 ,great4 ,_m4 ,good4 ,small4 ,bad4 positive comp>ative 7or 7 sup]lative ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 z %[n by ! above examples1 ! =m is us$ = an ord9>y quality 9 ! positive degree ?\gh imply+ an am\nt ( abundance or fullness ( ! quality ref]r$ to4 ,bell 7p4 #cc7 & ,hannah 7p4 #abi7 h describ$ ^! degrees ( comp>ison4 ,%ort & p>tial notes 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's gramm> 7p4 #ca7 & ,h5d]son 7p4 #bc74 ,see ,j4 ,dict4 s4v4 1 p4 #efd4 1 ,j4 #bfb;b 7z equal to 7 is n ackn[l$g$ by my in=mants4 is object$ to by my tea*]s because !y say x nev] occurs alone b requires a f9al 1 except 9 ! sup]lative =m :i*1 ( c\rse1 is ano!r ?+4 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 1 p4 #fed1 ,j4 p4 #ac4 ,z to ! or 9 _m ,tibetan adjectives1 ?is is bett] reg>d$ z an enclitic p>ticle1 exactly correspond+ to ! ,engli% t]m9ation -ful4 ,z little z ! ,engli% -ful really means #8full'1 does ! ,tibetan 77 z a t]m9ation ( adjectives really mean #8great4' ,bell has = #8k9d4' ,! ^w & its uses m]it a sep>ate inquiry4 ,9 ?is place we %all limit ourselves to /at+ t ! entry gratitude 7,s4 ,*4 ,d41 ,ramsay1 ,s*roet]7 seems incorrect4 ,! confusion has mo/ likely come ab\t because a is an answ] to k9dness 7return gift1 etc47 & s betok5s gratitude4 77 see 4 1 #ba4 ,ellipse =3 accord+ to 7or1 9 ! measure (7 :atev] k9dness 7y h %[n to me74 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #ce4 ,! ?ree ,dicts4 are n at "o z to ! exact %ades ( mean+ ( 4 ,j4 has1 sub/43 #8any?+ hurtful1 or any injury1 mis*ief1 h>m1 done4' ,desg41 sub/43 #8dommage1 p]te1 mal4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 no sub/antive4 ,j41 adj4 7 71 #8noxi\s1 mis*iev\s1 dang]\s4' ,desg41 adj4 only 1 n alone3 nuisible 7noxi\s71 & a 1 det]iorat$4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 adj43 1 vici\s1 mis*iev\s1 delet]i\s1 poison\s4 ,9 ,j4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 fur!r appli$ mean+s z3 wild1 hide\s 7screams72 f]ocity 79 bea/s71 delet]i\s 7smell71 fi]ce 7woman74 ,9 our passage ! expression may be r5d]$ by malign1 wick$1 evil1 evil-m9d$1 spiteful1 ) suffici5t correctness4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 ,colophon4 ,j4 r5d]s ?is ^w z #8a song expressive ( long+ or ( grief1 an elegy 7,mil47'2 b ?is def9ition is n q typical ( our pres5t poem4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 has #8a song ( long+ grief4' ,j4's example 1 :]e means 7spiritual7 love1 seems to po9t out to a mean+ m apposite "h4 ,s we w\ld pref] a translation3 paean1 hymn ( praise 7,d4 l(zang71 or psalm in/ead ( elegy4 ,o!r words to be consid]$3 song ( ?anksgiv+1 memorial song1 lam5t1 pla9tive song 7jamm]kla*t871 memorial v]ses1 an 9 memoriam1 a memorial1 etc4 ,see also 4 ,! dge rgan1 h[ev]1 expla9s ! ^w inde$ 9 ,j4's mann]1 b /ates t ! long+ & grief are n ! worldly s5tim5ts b religi\s ones4 ,! long+ & grief are conc]n$ ) ! sorr[s ( ! _w & a ye>n+ aft] spiritual realities1 b n ) ! memory ( ! ?ree tea*]s m5tion$ 9 ! poem4 ,if ?is is true1 ! above hypo!sis is likely to be a wrong "o & 9 my translation ( ! colophon ! words !re us$ %\ld 9 t case r run #8z a song ( ye>n+ = ! high] life' 7cf4 ! ,g4 #8,welts*m]z'74 see 4 1 #cg4 ,/eps1 measures1 to subdue or tame1 etc4 1 to take su* measures4 see 4 1 #bj4 7,fut4 74 ,if ! 7see 7 is "h to be ?\ght ( z a goad 7l ! "o ( ! mah\t7 !n ! v]b %\ld be und]/ood z sub ,j4 #b1 #8to conduct1 lead1 guide' 7by prodd+74 ,my tea*]s take x z #8to draw1' or #8pull4' ,pictorial repres5tations might decide ! po9t4 ,my tea*]s ?9k r ( a rod ) a hook at ! end1 l ! episcopal /aff1 & n ( angl+ ) a fi%hook or prodd+ ) a goad4 1 #cc4 ,or simply 1 "h3 #8! loss ( temp]1 wra?1 angry explosion or outbur/4' ,?is s5se is n giv5 9 ! ,dicts41 ?\gh ,j4's #d1 #8ard\r1 f]v\r1 transport' comes ne> x4 is ! same z 1 b = ! fact t ! =m] ^w %[s ! cause1 an outbur/ on acc\nt ( tr\ble1 vexation1 worry1 pa91 sorr[4 77 7 or 7 to %[ 7or to lose7 "o's temp]1 to fl>e up1 to bur/ out1 to break loose1 to explode 9 ang]1 wra?4 1 #8don't %[ temp] to y\r p>5ts4' 1 #8don't lose y\r temp] be=e 7or )7 ! ma/]4' 1 #8to-day he has entirely lo/ 8 temp] be=e 7or to7 me4' ,x is synonym\s1 9 ?is s5se1 ) ! ^w :i* is also dealt ) inadequately 9 ! ,dicts4 q4v4 1 #8don't lose y\r temp] to anyone1 to :omsoev]4' 1 #8!re is no reason 7no ne$1 or x is s5seless7 to lose y\r temp]4' 7,cf4 ,d4 uitvall51 uitv>51 uitvoet]51 op/uiv51 uitb>/547 1 #b4 ,ei!r #8z if ris+ t[>ds ! sky1' 9 :i* case ref]s to all ! previ\s words1 or3 z if ris+ :il/ 9 ! sky1 9 :i* case ! w\ld only ref] to 4 see 4 see 4 1 #i4 ,i h n receiv$ an explanation ( ! #8etc4' 77 9 ?is place & ,i ignore :at k9d ( category is allud$ to "h4 ,x seems n probable t ! '#ah classes ( sci5ce' c be meant1 :i*1 9 ! ,mahvyutpatti 7,ed4 ,m4,a4,s4,b471 =m gr\p ,,xxiv1 p4 #bj4 ,gr\p ,l1 7p4 #ei71 furni%es m likely mat]ial1 b ,yoga is miss+ 9 x4 see 4 1 #ef4 #8,glori\s1 noble1' also #8hav+ abundance4' ,twice m5tion$ 9 ,j4's article b n translat$1 p]haps because ! mean+ is s evid5t4 ,curi\s t nei!r ,desg4 nor ,j4 specially cite ?is comp\nd to :i* ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 gives #g l9es1 besides m5tion+ sev]al comb9ations4 1 #eb4 ,is ?is "o ^w8 1 #ec4 #8,glory- or spl5d\r-burn+1' i4e4 #8to blaze ) glory1' or1 m tamely1 #8to be fam\s1 r5[n$1 celebrat$'2 ! latt] quot$ by ,j4 f ,cs4 s4v4 7,x may also be tak5 z glory-spread+1 i4e4 gett+ m fam\s74 ,desg4 quotes a geographical "n 1 ,*9ese ,pi5pa4 ,! expression is n 9 ,desg4 or ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 & 9 ,j4 only z tak5 f ,cs41 s t ! latt]'s explanation ne$s v]ification4 ,! lit]al translation #8to blaze ) glory' fits "h bett]4 ,colloquially is #8to ?rive1 to prosp]1 to d well4' 1 #8he is do+ well1 is well-to-d1 ?riv+4' 1 he has become ri*1 has made a success ( 8 life1 has come out top dog1 has made good1 has become weal?y1 opul5t1 is safe1 got 8 %ip home1 has #8got !re1' made 8 pile1 is n[ a man ( position4 7,fr4 e/ arriv4 ,d4 is b9n51 heeft zijn s*aapjes op het drooge47 1 #ec4 ,"h or 1 te*nically #8! eighty symmetrical p>ts1 proportions1 or po9ts ( beauty' 7,cs41 ,mahvyutpatti72 or beauties1 less] signs 7de ,h>lez72 proportions 7,s*iefn]74 ,see ! ref]5ces "u & 4 ,j4 7s4v4 1 p4 #cbg;b7 gives ! full expression #8! eighty physical p]fections ( ,buddha1' 1 & alone #8proportion1 symmetry1 beauty4' ,j4 has ! entry #8symmetry1 h>mony1 beauty 79 c]ta9 phrases7' b ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 omits ?is4 ,our passage is an example ( ?is use1 b ! syllable is really an abbreviation "h & n a full & indep5d5t ^w4 ,desg4 seems to be mi/ak5 9 say+3 7sic1 mispr9t = 7 or 1 #8proportion1 symmetry1 ! #hj m>vels ( ! body ( ! ,buddha4' ,s means inde$ #8symmetrical1 %[+ #hj m>vels1' b ^! mean+s w\ld n be applicable to :i* c\ld only mean #8%[+ ! #cb signs & #hj beauties4' ,= ! re/ ,desg4's #bnd article s4v4 adds to ,j4's data1 & 8 & #8cu/om1 rule1 example' are new4 ,9 ,desg4 #8cu/om1 rule' tally ) ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 #8way ( do+1 me?od' :i* ,j4 has z #8patt]n1 model1' b :i* he translates m freely 9 8 examples4 ,j4 s4v4 #8proportion1 symmetry1 beauty1' quotes a f ! ,dzl4 9 ! same s5se4 ,accord+ to ?is w\ld be equal to :i* seems improbable & is d5i$ by my in=mants4 ,an example ( ! use ( is ! foll[+3 1 ! new ye>'s dance ( n[-a-days 9 ! mona/]y is 9 imitation ( ! old way1 is aft] ! anci5t patt]n1 ! old mann]1 foll[s ! old example4 is "h n exactly #8cu/om' b r3 #87)7 ! 7anci5t7 me?od 7z7 an example4' ,note ! use ( 9 ! above example z #8old1 anci5t4' see 4 see 4 7 7 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #b1 #e4 ,! :ite cl\d is a figure (t5 occurr+ 9 ,tibetan poetry4 ,if us$ z an emblem ( hol9ess or spiritual l(t9ess 9 connection ) em95t p]sons1 ?is expression may p]haps conta9 a /]eotyp$ allusion to ! "n ( ! t5? & supreme bhmi or /age ( ! ,bodhisattva1 ! dh>ma-megha1 #8cl\d ( virtue1' 4 ,see ,mahvyutpatti1 ed4 ,a4,s4,b41 p4 #aa4 ,"h evid5tly n ,j4's 7#ccf;a7 #8emblem ( transitor9ess1' ?\gh ! po9t might be argu$ on ! basis ( ! f9al rem>k s4v4 1 see above4 1 #ea4 ,?is ^w corresponds accord+ to ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 to a ,sk4 ni%prapaca 7or apaca1 aprapaca7 :i* 9 ,macdonell's ,sk4 ,dict4 is r5d]$ by #8unevolv$1 exempt f multi=mity4' ,we may1 !re=e1 ?9k ( expressions l #8! undiff]5tiat$1 homog5e\s1 absolute4' ,! ^w dhtu be+ ! ,sk4 equival5t = ,tib4 ! :ole expression mu/ correspond to a ,sk4 aprapaca dhtu4 ,! same ,sk4 ,dict4 translates ! ^w dhtu z #8lay]1 compon5t "p1 elem5t4' ,9 ,tibetan means1 accord+ to ,j43 7#a7 #8! heav5s'2 7#b7 #8height'2 7#c7 #8ext5t1 region1 space1 9 metaphysics an undef9$ idea4' ,accord+ to ! etymology %\ld mean #8passive1 actionless1 quieti/ic1 in]t1' b accord+ to ! etymology ( its ,sk4 prototype r #8undiff]5tiat$1 monadic4' ,"o ( my in=mants comp>es x ) 1 dh>ma dhtu1 & 1 %unyat1 ! void1 ! absolute4 ,9 ?is connection "o %\ld comp>e ,j4's /atem5ts 7#bae;a7 t 9 mod]n 7,tibetan7 ,buddhism ! t]m 771 #8cle> und]/&+ or p]ception' means ! same z 1 & fur!r 7#bei;b7 t 1 orig9ally 1 has1 9 lat] times1 also become equival5t to 4 ,x seems t ! old metaphysicians rea*$ regions & di/9ctions :]e _! foll[]s c\ld no long] jo9 !m1 & h5ce ! process became #8omne ignotum pro 4' ,= practical purposes ! r5d]+ #8absolute1' or #8motionless' might be us$ = 1 :il/ ! ^w might be r5d]$ by #8pr9ciple1 /ate1 region4' ,if occurr+ 9 a specim5 ( ! m te*nically & !oretically philosophical lit]ature ( ,nor!rn ,buddhism1 a m precise r5d]+ & m c>eful def9ition might be requir$4 ,tak+ ! foll[+ z #8k1 p]ception1 cognition1' !n ! :ole expression becomes 9 ,engli% #8! k ( ! motionless /ate 7or region1 or pr9ciple7' or--m p$antic b p]haps tru]--#8! k ( 7t is3 p]ta9+ to1 inh]5t 97 ! monadic /ate4' ,o!r equival5ts3 #8a /ate ( /illness1 ! /ill /ate' &1 my/ically1 #8! wisdom ( ! sil5ce4' ,"o ( my in=mants1 ! dge rgan1 kn[s ( a colloquial use ( #8hopeless1' b my second au?ority ignores ?is use4 ,! foll[+ two examples 7 giv53 1 #8x is lab\r lo/ 7hopeless7 to try & "k ?is4' ,y _c hope to "k ?is4 7,n4,b4--,note ! elliptic con/ruction #8hopeless to "k' = #8to try to "k1 to /udy & s come to "k4'7 1 #8,z he does n ev5 "k h[ to read well 7or prop]ly71 x is hopeless 7lo/ lab\r71 = him to 7or3 h[ c he87 /udy gramm>' 7,n3 h[ c he pret5d to "k gramm>874 ,n4,b4--,! ,tibetan does n #8read' b #8reads books'2 he does n #8write' b #8writes lett]s1' he does n #8g' b #8goes to ! %op4' ,9 %ort1 he is a v objective be+4 1 #h4 #8,fa!r4' ,x is n cle> :y 9 ! same l9e ! same p]son is ref]r$ to by ! ord9>y & !n by ! honorific 1 unless is a /&>d expression :i* _c be *ang$ :il/ ! fir/ is us$ = ! sake ( v>iety 9 expression4 ,! same d\ble use ( ! honorific & ord9>y t]ms = fa!r occurs 9 ,lauf]'s #8,e9 ,shng$i*t d] ,bonpo'1 l9e #da4 1 #e4 ,9 expressions l ! is expla9$ z equival5t to 1 #8( ! place :]e4' ,s ! phrase %\ld be und]/ood z #8t[>ds :]e ! man has gone1 to ! place :]e ! man has gone1' 4 1 #ad4 ,"h v]b1 inf9itive1 connect$ ) ,g5dundub 9 in/rum5tal 7ag5tive7 or g5itival relation3 to turn1 move t[>ds1 to t5d to4 1 #df4 ,lit4 #8to fall aside1' b "h1 z appli$ to ! m9d 771 simply to be deflect$1 to g a/ray1 to fall1 s9 7m5tally71 to deviate f ! "r pa? 7religion1 ! "r71 to lapse 7f virtue71 etc4 1 #bi4 #8,to wi% ! ru91 ! undo+1 de/ruction (1 to be b5t on ! p]dition (1 to wi% evil to' 4 1 #ag4 ,! bodhimaa1 accord+ to ! ,dicts4 hi/orically & geographically ,gaya1 :]e ! ,buddha atta9$ nirva4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x means r ! /ate impli$ by ! locality1 #8illum9ation1 ! ess5ce ( purification1 f9al sa9?ood' lit]ally #8! qu9tess5ce ( bodhi4' ,9 ,*ri/ian language ,golgo?a 7or ! ,cross7 is simil>ly us$ 9 a metaphorical s5se4 ,9 liv+ ,tibetan 7bodhi7 is n und]/ood z #8wisdom' b z #8sa9tl9ess1 purity4' ,!re is1 x seems1 a confusion 9 ! gr\p ( ,tibetan & ,*9ese6 r5d]+s ( bodhimaa 7bodhi-ess5ce7 & bodhi-maala 7bodhi-r\nd71 & _! synonyms1 a confusion :i* may already h its orig9 9 ,india itself4 ,! treatm5t ( ^! words 9 ! ,dicts4 is n satisfactory4 ,j4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 give s4v4 ?is ^w z synonym\s ) 1 ,vajrsana1 b "u ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 has ! entry3 #81 ! _s ( ! ,bodhisattva1 i4e4 ,buddhahood4' ,?is is ! s5se meant 9 our passage1 ?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r really /&s "h = z ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 int]prets x in/ead ( only = bodhi4 ,! ,mahvyutpatti 7,a4,s4,b41 p4 #dd7 has ,bodhimaa 1 & ,cs4 translates1 #8! ess5ce ( sanctity or hol9ess 7"n ( ! holy place at ,gaya74' ,i yet believe t "h a confusion ( maa & maala mu/ be ?\ght (4 ,j4 has1 s4v4 7p4 #aih;b7 #8snyi-po-bya cb- 7or bya-cub-snyi-po7-la mcs-pa1 to become ,buddha ,?gy4' ,rockhill1 ,life ( ! ,buddha1 p4 #ce1 m5tions ! =m byang-t*ub-kyi-sny+-po z ! equival5t = bodhimaa1 & ?\gh ,f\caux 9 ! alphabetical index to 8 translation ( ! ,lalita ,vi/ra gives only ! =m )\t 1 yet 9 8 text1 9 ! places ,i v]ifi$ 7p4 #bci1 five times71 !re is ! z ) ,rockhill4 ,9 m5tion+ ! ^w a special ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! elem5t 1 commonly translat$ z bol/]1 cu%ion1 seat1 rug1 etc4 ,j4 is v detail$ ab\t x4 ,he has3 #8a bol/]1 or seat compos$ ( sev]al quilts or cu%ions1 put "o ^u ! o!r 7five = common p1 n9e = p ( quality74' ,desg4 simply #8/uff$ cu%ion4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 m g5]al #8a l[ seat1 a divan1 cu%ion1 a bol/]4' ,z to ,j4's def9ition my au?orities decl>e t ?is may be s p]haps #8on ! ,ladakh side1' b is c]ta9ly n s 9 ,tibet & 9 ! ,d>jeel+ di/rict4 ,!y d n "k ab\t ! details ( five & n9e cu%ions4 ,!y take ! mean+ f> wid] ?an bol/] or cu%ion4 ,!y say t any?+ us$ to support any?+ or to seat anybody may be call$ 1 x may be a %eet ( clo?1 a c>pet1 a blanket1 a cu%ion1 a bol/]1 a seat 9 g5]al1 any?+ us$ = ly+ or sitt+ d[n on4 ,! ^w has a mean+ exactly opposite to ! ,engli% #8cov]' & c consequ5tly be us$ 9 z _m v>i$ s5ses z ! latt]4 ,etymologically--if ! root ( 1 z seems probable1 means #8to support'--! ^w w\ld mean some?+ l #8be>]1' #8basis1' #8b$1' #8floor1' #8uphold]4' ,we might ?9k ( #8und]we>1' ?\gh 9 ,engli% t p>ticul> ^w is us$ ) q ano!r association ( ideas4 ,9 typography !re is a ^w #8und]lay' :i* corresponds exactly to ! mean+ ( 4 ,! ^w #8b$plate'1 us$ 9 eng9e]+1 comes also ne> to x4 ,x w be easily se5 h[ an appli$ mean+ z #8cu%ion1 bol/]1' if giv5 z ! g5]al s5se ( ! ^w1 w\ld 9 _m cases be totally inadequate4 ,! l9e ( associations to :i* #8cu%ion' belongs1 & ! l9e ( associations to :i* #8seat1 support1 und]lay' belong1 int]sect at only "o po9t & = ! re/ h no?+ 9 common4 ,a table-clo? may be call$ because ! food re/s on x 7 is us$ 9 ?is s5se2 lit4 some?+ l #8food-%eet1 t on :i* ! food re/s'74 ,9 a ritual x is prescrib$ t ! = ! (f]+s %\ld be a spotless piece ( :ite cotton or o!r clo?1 call$ 1 #8(f]+ %eet1' #8t on :i* ! (f]+s re/4' ,bell has = #8c>pet'2 small cu%ion1 plac$ on *air 2 l>ge cu%ion on gr\nd 4 ,?is is a mo/ int]e/+ example illu/rat+ ! fact t x is /rictly necess>y fir/ to f9d out ! root-idea ( a ,tibetan ^w be=e translat+ x by words repres5t+ ! incid5tal applications ( t root-idea4 ,:oev] has h&l$ ,*9ese diction>ies kn[s h[ specially necess>y ?is is 9 /udy+ ,indo-,*9ese languages4 ,! ,sanskrit equival5t1 sana1 is d]iv$ f ! root s1 to sit or lie1 b ! ,tib4 root seems diff]5t4 ,fur!r notes on 4 ,cf4 ,j4 7pr4 magdn71 gr\nd1 basis1 f\ndation1 p4 #dji;a4 ,bell1 apron 4 ,cs41 ,gramm>1 p4 #agj1 l4 #aj1 translates z c\* 7/uff$ seat74 ,lew91 ,manual1 p4 #abc1 fir/ ^w la/ l9e3 #8mat1 seat'1 9 ! same s5t5ce tak5 ov] f ,cs4's ,gramm>4 ,two synonyms = ,j4's 1 quot$ above1 are & 4 ,bell also has #8mat4' 1 #ej4 ,seems simply an amplifi$ =m = #8love4' ,difficult to be translat$ exactly1 ,sk4 maitrk>u1 may be treat$ z a comp\nd1 lov+-k9dness1 love & k9dness1 or pity4 ,on ! "q ( k>u1 especially1 ! le>n$ h descant$ pr(usely4 77 771 #eb4 ,sk4 1 unsurpass$1 unexcell$1 unrivall$1 supreme1 incomp>able1 mo/ high1 highe/4 ,n specially ent]$ 9 ,j4 b illu/rat$ by an example s4v4 4 ,altoge!r abs5t 9 ,desg4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 1 #8to ^? :o are supreme1 or to ! foll[]s ( ! ,anutt>a s*ool4' ,a curi\s entry6 ,see ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 also s4v4 4 1 #c4 ,"h p]haps bett] #8tea*]' ?an #8prie/' or #8sup]ior4' ,! ^w may be "h equally well tak5 9 ! s+ul> z 9 ! plural1 b ! latt] is p]haps m likely4 1 see 4 1 #dg4 #8,/raight1 upright1 righte\s m9d4' ,j4's entry is a little vague4 ,i ?9k he takes 9 8 example z an indication t is also a honorific =m4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,comp>e also ! quotation f ,cs4 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 #8to be imp>tial & /raight=w>d1 to be on ! side ( hone/y4' ,i don't f9d ?is example 9 ,s*midt4 ,desg4 #8/raight1 upright1 7lev17 j1 hone/4' ,accord+ to ! above ! ^w is an adj4 & ! translation ( ! passage becomes #8:e!r y p]sev]e 9 a /raight 7righte\s7 m9d4' ,! v]b has !n to be tak5 z #8to hold1 adh]e to1 p]sev]e 9 7an op9ion1 etc474' ,if h[ev]1 we %\ld f9d t c also be sb/4 #8righte\sness1' #8/raightness1' 7n 9 any ,dict471 !n w\ld h ! o!r mean+ ( #8to dwell1 reside' & ! phrase w\ld h to be r5d]$ #8:e!r ! m9d 7cont9ues to7 dwell7s7 9 righte\sness4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 r5d]s z #8hone/ m9d1' b ! s5se hone/ v]sus di%one/ seems n q applicable 9 our passage4 ,j4 is vague "h4 ,my in=mants gave ! above def9ition #8/raight1 upright' z _! own b felt aft]w>ds vague ab\t ?is example :i*1 ?\gh !y _h fram$ x1 !y c\ld n v\* =3 1 #8see :e!r ! man keeps /raight or n4' ,! fram] hone/ly confess$ t :il/ we 7 discuss+ ! ^w he _h be5 influ5c$ by ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's ,dict4 9 co9+ ! s5t5ce2 a confession s in/ructive = idiom-v]ifi]s t ,i ?9k x wor? :ile to record x "h4 ,f9ally1 ,desg4 supports ,s4 ,*4's second mean+ #8witness' = 4 ,he1 h[ev]1 does n give ,s4 ,*4's =m 4 ,! ord9>y ^w = witness is1 ( c\rse1 774 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 t he copies ,j4's extract f ,s*4 "u #8witness1 m$iator1' b !n imm$iately adds 8 own individual int]pretation :i* n only is likely to be correct1 b :i* also nullifies & contradicts ! previ\s entry :i* he copi$ imm$iately above4 ,he himself says1 #8an hone/ & tru?ful witness4' ,x (t5 occurs t ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 br+s modifications1 ext5sions & ev5 corrections to ,j4's /atem5ts1 b at ! same "t he copies ,j4 f> too slavi%ly & s contradicts himself 9 ! pages ( 8 own diction>y4 ,:e!r mean+s l #8reliable1 /raight=w>d1 correct1 prop]1' etc41 h to be atta*$ to is z yet unc]ta94 1 #h4 ,9 ,sk4 ,sumatikrti4 ,accord+ to ! ,sk4 diction>ies ! prim>y s5se ( #8sumati' is #8b5evol5ce4' ,9 pres5t-day ,tibetan is r #8good-natur$1 k9dhe>t$1' z aga9/ #8b5evol5t4' ,s ! ,tibetan "n has to be r5d]$ z ,good-nature-fame1 or ,fam\s good-nature1 ! p]sonal "n ( ,tso ka pa4 77 1 #bb4 7,n7 fall5 "u ! p[] 7(74444 1 #ed & colophon4 ,?is ^w seems "h h>dly to mean #8song1 s++ tune1' b r #8melody1 melodi\sness1 sweetness1' etc4 ,?is tallies to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ,csoma's translation ( ! title ( li/ ,,lxi 7p4 #hf7 ( ! ,mahvyutpatti1 #8,names ( ! #fj sorts 7or divisions7 ( melody or melodi\s voices 7or vocal s\nd74' ,i take x t ?is li/ ref]s to :at is m5tion$ "h 9 our text4 ,h[ ^! #fj bran*es ( melody are exactly to be und]/ood ,i h n be5 able to asc]ta94 ,! op9ions ( ,pun ,tsogs on ! po9t are z foll[s4 ,! ,buddha's voice _h su* a v>iety ( 7magic87 qualities1 sixty 9 numb]1 t !y made him und]/ood by all be+s1 :atev] _! own languages4 ,! ,buddha 0 9 ?is way simultane\sly und]/ood by m51 devas1 ngas1 etc4 ,9 pr(f]+ ?is explanation ,pun ,tsogs takes to mean r #8k9d' ?an #8bran*4' ,z an alt]native he sugge/s t is an adjective synonym\s ) 1 #8high' 7z appli$ to voice or r tone7 or p]haps long1 l5g!n$8 & t !n w\ld mean a #8v>iety' ( tones or modulations4 ,i myself am incl9$ to ?9k t if ! ,mahvyutpatti li/ is n ref]r$ to1 we h "h to d ) "s s*ola/ic s*eme ( rhetorics1 ?\gh if s und]/ood ! exact value ( is n cle> & c]ta9ly n suffici5tly def9$ 9 ! ,dicts4 7,cf4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 s4v4 7p4 #ajib;a71 1 1 #8a deep voice1 a musical tone4' ,see also 47 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #f4 ,"h #8solitude1 wild]ness' & s 1 #8mona/]y4' ,n associat$ ) any ( ! mean+s connect$ ) #8pa/ur+4' ,cf4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 s4v4 4 ,! fam\s ,galdan mona/]y 0 erect$ on a site call$ 4 ,see ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 ,! ,mona/]ies ( ,tibet1 ,j4,a4,s4,b41 ,vol4 ,i1 ,n4,s4 7#aije71 p4 #ajh4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #eb4 ,j4 adj41 & adv41 #8quick7ly71 swift7ly74' ,9 ,mil4 adj4 4 ,desg4 & 771 sub/4 #8promptness1' & #8swift4' ,z adv4 1 or 1 or 4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 1 v]b1 #8to hurry by1 to pass on swiftly1' 7example 1 #8"t quickly runs away4' tempus fugit71 & adv4 quickly4 ,fur!r adv4 4 ,"s int]e/+ comp\nds 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d43 #8a danc+ woman1' etc4 ,note ! expression #8z spe$ily z possible1' ,j4 ,accord+ to my in=mants ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's example is n good ,tibetan4 ,x %\ld ei!r be 7or 7 1 lit4 #8"t is quick1' or ) ano!r mean+ also #8! "t is ne>' 7i4e4 at h&1 com+ quickly71 or aga9 1 #8! quick "t4' ,"t quickly runs away1 !y say1 %\ld be express$ ?us3 4 ,cf4 also ,j41 ,desg43 4 see 4 1 #ch4 ,"h3 #8aft] only1 z a result ( only1 9 consequ5ce ( only1 m]e1 simple4' ,b has also ! mean+s3 z soon z1 simply on 7he>+71 on ! slighte/ 7reproa*1 etc47 ) a m prom95t /ress on ! "t elem5t1 in/antane\sness4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #ee4 1 vb4 #8to love' sb/4 #8love1 k9dness1 affection1' etc4 ,desg4 has also a 1 #8acidity1' :i* is also kn[n to my in=mants4 ,8 #8bodygu>d ( ! ,dalai ,lama' is held1 by "o ( my in=mants1 to be a mi/ake = 7pron\nce ts-dung71 ! monk-employees ( ! ,tibetan gov]nm5t 7& 9 a n>r[] s5se3 ! cl]ical /aff1 ! cl]ks & secret>ies among/ !m7 z contra/$ ) ! lay-employees ( noble bir? 7n (ficials 9 g5]al z ) ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 #fef;a1 b only ^? belong+ to ! nobility7 :o are call$ 4 ,! ^w 9 ! comp\nd is said to be d]iv$ f ! designation ( ! ,potala palace :]e _m ( ! gov]nm5t (fices are locat$1 & :i* is call$ 1 ! ,potala peak1 b mo/ commonly1 by ! p1 briefly 1 ! peak4 ,?is explanation ( ts-dung z a g5]al class ( lama gov]nm5t-employees is wid] ?an t giv5 9 ,waddell's table 9 8 #8,lhasa & its ,my/]ies1' p4 #afe4 ,see also 1 #8*ief cl]k or secret>y' 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 s4v4 7#ajac;b71 ! latt] be+ ! special "n ( ! =m]'s hat4 see 4 1 #bd4 ,equals 7or 7 #8to apply oneself1 ex]t oneself1 put "o's be/ en]gy into some?+' 1 #8to be zeal\s1 dilig5t4' ,also 71 74 1 #bh4 ,"h #8conduct1 behavi\r' pure & simple1 )\t allusion to ! 1 #8religi\s law1 discipl9e1 mona/ic rules4' see 4 1 #ec4 ,"h te*nically ! 7?irty-two7 *>act]i/ic signs or m>ks ( a #8,great ,man1' ! mahpuru%a4 ,mahvyutpatti 7,ed4 ,a4 ,s4 ,b471 ,,lxiii1 p4 #ib4 ,de ,h>lez1 #8,vocabulaire ,b\ddhique ,sanscrit-,*9ois1' no4 #c4 ,s*iefn]1 #8,triglotte1' no4 #c4 ,see de la ,valle ,p\ss91 #8,b\ddhisme1' pp4 #bda et seq4 ,! transition ( mean+ ( ! ^w 9 mod]n ,tibetan 9 su* expressions z 1 #8a holy lama1' or 1 #8a woman ( good appe>ance & virtues' 7,s4 ,*4 ,d47 %\ld n be ov]look$ 9 ! int]pretation ( our passage = its psy*ological value4 ,see also 4 see 4 1 #ec4 ,?is is a comp\nd sub/antive ( an elliptic nature1 & means3 #8! well kn[n #cb prim>y *>act]i/ics & ! #hj beauties ( ,buddhas' 774 ,see also & 4 1 #cj4 is "h hon4 ( #8"n1' & ! comp\nd1 lit]ally #8"n grasp+1' means #8ambition1 ?ir/ = fame1 glory1' etc4 7,d4 e]zu*t1 roemzu*t71 p]haps ev5 #8va+lory1 pride1 conceit1 egotism1' i4e4 ! hugg+ ( "o's own "n & fame4 1 #g4 ,to invoke by "n1 to address a pray] to by "n4 ,appli$ to bo? spiritual & human be+s4 1 #8to address ! k+1 speak to ! k+1 direct1 appeal to ! k+1' b always by call+ him by 8 "n4 #8,o k+ help me' is n a prop] example ( 1 b #8,o1 ?\1 ,k+ ,george1 help me6' w\ld be "o4 ,to spiritual be+s _! names may be express$ 9 a p>aphrase1 metaphor or symbol1 b !y mu/ be express$ 9 "s way4 ,! pray]s to sup]human be+s may be tw(old1 ei!r an address conta9+ reque/s1 etc41 or a m]e litany ( names )\t any fur!r subject matt] atta*$ to !m4 ,! "o is a recitation ( names1 ! o!r a direct address by "n2 ! "o a litany prop]1 ! o!r an invocation or pray]4 1 #ai4 ,! =m 0 p>aphras$ to me z simple future1 #8n go+ to seek' 7,d4 niet zull5de zoek574 see 4 see 4 see 4 77 see 77 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #aj1 #ee4 4 ,j4 vb41 adj41 sub/4 & adv4 #8to be deep1 deep1 deeply1 dep?'2 adj4 & 4 ,desg4 & adj4 only4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 vb4 #8to make deep1 to deep51' also adj4 & sb/42 fur!r 9 & only adj4 ,note ! additional mean+ #8d5se' 7also #8?ickness'7 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 n 9 ! two o!rs4 ,my tea*]s d5y t c be a v]b #8to deep51' or #8to make deep4' mu/ also be und]/ood z #8pr(\nd' 7wisdom1 tea*+1 etc474 ,see 1 also 1 also 1 etc4 see 1 etc4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #ee4 or 1 #8wide1 l>ge4' ,desg4 also #8ample1 abundant4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 only 4 ,note ,j4 #899mig-ya99'1 ,c41 ,w4 lib]al1 g5]\s1 b\nte\s1' b ,desg4 #8wide-eyes3 envi\s1 covet\s1 gre$y4' ,9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 1 #8l>ge-eyes1 a h&some woman1 "n ( a ,goddess4' ,cf4 also 9 ! same dict4 1 #8beautiful-eyes1 a v h&some woman1 a nymph's "n4' ,z to ,j4's mig-ya1 "o ( my tea*]s holds ) him z aga9/ ,desg41 ! o!r does n "k ! expression4 see 4 see 4 771 #h1 #ae1 #af1 #ah4 #8,fa!r 7&7 sons1' or1 z ,csoma already has x 9 8 ,gramm>1 p4 #bh1 #8tea*] & pupils4' ,) ! addition #8?ree1' & also z "h )\t ?is addition1 a v well kn[n appellation ( ,tso ka pa & 8 two pupils 78 spiritual sons74 ,x is likely t to ! ,tibetan m9d ! expression means some?+ l #8spiritual family 7( ?ree71' namely ( "o fa!r & two sons4 ,see introductory rem>ks4 ,free r5d]+s l #8spiritual trio' or #8tea*] triad' & ! l are apt en\gh = practical purposes4 ,cf4 an expression l ! foll[+3 1 #8:]e h y two1 fa!r & son1 come f8' 7,b ! s5t5ce has also ! second mean+ #8:]e d y live8 :]e is y\r home8'74 ,9 ! light ( ! above1 has ! note on p4 #ih ( ! ,j4,a4,s4,b41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,n4,s41 no4 #d1 #aijf1 9 ,satis ,*&ra ,vidybhana's article on #8! ,gyantse rock inscription' to be rectifi$8 ,my in=mants d n ?9k t ! expression is us$ among ! ,sakyapas 9 ! s5se giv5 9 t note4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 77 1 #bf4 ,?is expression mu/ "h n be und]/ood z #8to foll[ "o's own tea*+4' is "h n "o comp\nd ^w4 ,! mean+ is3 !y :o !mselves foll[ ! tea*+1 z aga9/ ! 1 ! o!rs :o 7also7 foll[ ! tea*+4 ,see 77 1 #bg4 see & 4 see & 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #ca4 #8,! high1 elevat$ road1' has a religi\s connotation1 ! prop] road t leads to heav5 aft] dea?1 ! #8n>r[' road ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,see bel[4 1 #dh4 ,! /raight road 7metaphorically71 ! road ( righte\sness1 ( /raightness ( m9d4 ,cf4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 s4v4 1 p4 #fdi;a4 ,! mean+ ( ?is expression & t ( 1 9 l9e #ca 7see above71 are q diff]5t4 ,! o!r is ! highroad 7t[>ds heav571 ! road ( a high /&>d ( moral conduct4 1 #i4 #8,/eps on ! pa?1' #8degrees ( advance1' #8/eps t[>ds p]fection1' is ! %ort title ( _m my/ical writ+s & especially ( "o by ,tso ka pa1 to :i* ! words may allude "h )\t specially designat+ x4 ,9 ?is place ! mean+ does n seem to be a specific "w b m]ely #87religi\s7 in/ructions1 tea*+ 9 g5]al4' ,! are "h1 accord+ to my oral in=mation1 to be tak5 z ! two halves or divisions ( ! ,k&jur :i* is commonly divid$ into & 1 stra & tantra 7or mantra1 or dhra74 ,9 ?is division ! or tantra section is call$ 1 :il/ all ! re/1 prop]ly subdivid$ 9 six divisions1 is tak5 toge!r z 1 ( :i* ! real or stra-division 7! #e? 9 sequ5ce 9 ! ,k&jur7 is only "o4 ,conc]n+ ,tso ka pa's /udy ( ! #8,stras & ,tantras' see ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 #8,contributions1 etc4 on ,tibet1' ,,vi1 9 ,j4,a4,s4,b41 #ahhb1 ,vol4 ,,li1 ,"p ,i1 no4 #a1 p4 #ec4 ,j41 s4v4 1 quotes a 3 #8) ,urgyan ,padma1 etc41 ! same z mdoi & sags kyi lam1 v4 mdo extr4' ,?is is seem+ly ! same z our expression4 1 #db4 ,j4 has 1 #8be+s1 creatures1' b may n ! idea r be all embodi$ creatures2 ) ! etymological s5se /ill pot5t 9 connection ) ! ,buddhi/ re9c>nation !ory8 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 gives a #8t[n1 city1' :i* seems r to po9t to ! mean+ #8man' = 4 ,my in=mants don't feel q c]ta9 :e!r to include ! five o!r classes ( be+s 7includ+ animals7 among/ ! 1 b are some:at incl9$ to int]pret ! ^w z 1 #8man1' 9 g5]al4 see 4 1 title1 #a4 ,! au?or writes 8 poem 9 a place to ! we/ ( a sn[-capp$ m\nta91 to ! ea/ ( :i* ! ,galdan mona/]y is situat$4 ,see notes on 1 & 4 ,:i* m\nta9 or m\nta9 *a9 is meant mu/ be left undecid$1 ev5 if grant+ t mod]n c>tography c\ld %[ x if id5tifi$4 ,local tradition1 h[ev]1 w\ld mo/ likely be able to po9t out a p>ticul> m\nta94 see 4 see 4 see 4 1 #ch4 ,?is expression _c yet be expla9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,x may be tak5 "h to mean1 lit]ally1 #8to s5d out 7di/ribute1 give1 put =w>d7 ju/ice1 "r1' b ! exact idiomatic value ( ! phrase rema9s to be det]m9$4 ,x is n 9 ! ,dicts41 & unkn[n to my in=mants4 ,we may take ! possible values ( ! expression z ?ree1 viz43 #a4 #8to dispute1 argue1 cont5d ) words4' ,?is seems ! same expression z ,s4 ,*4 ,d4's #8to hold controv]sy1' p4 #abdh4 7,p]haps also #8to *all5ge1 to be *all5g$ to dispute4'7 #b4 #8to be defeat$ 9 argum5t1 9 dispute1 to be sil5c$ 9 dispute4' #c4 #8,to make obs]vations to1 to remon/rate )1 to use pla9 spee* to1 to speak /raight to1 to rebuke1 to reproa*1 to tell "o ! tru?4' 7,cf4 ! entry 9 ,j4's 99ka kye-ce99 to abuse1 to m5ace' 7p4 #ig;b477 ,?is seems ! s5se requir$ "h & w\ld be a logical developm5t ( ! prim>y mean+ ( ! expression3 #8to spread out ! ju/ice 7"r7 ( ! case be=e someone1' i4e4 #8to submit ! tru? ab\t x4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 has s4v4 #8us+ r\gh language1 controv]sy1 discussion1 dispute4' ,! o!r ,dicts4 lack ?is ^w4 ,! above is ! result ( an exhau/ive discussion ( ! expression ) my tea*]s4 ,lexicographically 7) a view to ! entry quot$ f ,s4 ,*4 ,d47 ! fir/ explanation seems ! be/1 b ) ref]5ce to ! context1 ! la/ "o des]ves pref]5ce1 & ?is is ! "o *os5 = ! r5d]+4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 mod]n ,tibetan !re seems to be tak+ place a %ift+ ( ! mean+ ( 4 ,in/ead ( z #8"r1 ju/ice' x seems to be und]/ood by "s mod]n ,tibetans z #8! argu+ ab\t "r or ju/ice' z 9 a c\rt ( law1 & h5ce simply z #8dispute1 argum5t1 plead+4' ,example3 #8,?is is n ! place to argue y\r rights1' 7or 7 1 lit4 #8to hit out 77 = ! "r1' ! v]b mean+ #8to d 7 = v]ba loqu5di7 argu+ 774' 1 #ch4 ,lit]ally #8speak-li/51' has two mean+s4 ,! fir/1 quot$ 9 ,j4 f ,s*midt 9 ! =m ( 7s4v4 pf4 & fut4 71 is endors$ by my in=mants1 #8to li/5 to an explanation 7also1 to a s]mon1 disc\rse1 etc47'4 ,! second is1 #8to answ] ^u he>+1' i4e4 #8to answ] 79 invective1 hotly1 9 remon/rance or dispute7 ^u he>+ 7reproa*es or unpleasant words74' ,if a "m *ides h] son = "s fault1 he may1 in/ead ( tak+ ! rebuke 9 humility1 try to argue or to be impud5t 9 return4 ,! "m !n may say3 1 #8,don't argue1 dispute1 b&y words ) 7don't be impud5t to1 8no words ) me607 y\r "m1 b 71 #8r1 on ! contr>y1 in/ead ( ?is'7 li/5 to me4' ,! expression may be r5d]$ z #8to fl>e up 9 answ] 7to a reproa*71 to retort angrily 7aft] admonition71 to snap1 yap back4' 1 #da4 #8,fri5d' &1 z ,j4 has x1 abbr4 = virtue-fri5d4 ,"h int]pret$ by my in=mants z #8true1 g5u9e prie/s or monks1 monks :o come up to ! m>k1 wor?y ( ! "n1' b n te*nically z #8spiritual advis]' z ,j4 has x4 ,desg4 s4v4 1 quotes only a =m ) & gives x ! mean+ #8doctor1 a lamai/ic title4' ,"u 1 h[ev]1 he has 1 #8ad sci5tiam adjuvans1 mona/ic dignity1 tea*]4' ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 adds #8pi\s or holy fri5d1 spiritual fri5d or advis]4' ,comp>e also ,j4 = ! semi-homonym 4 see 4 see & 4 see 4 1 #ed4 ,"h #8spee*' 9 g5]al1 n #8a spee*1' a slight ext5sion ( ,j4's mean+s1 unless 8 use ( ! def9ite article 9 #8! spee*' is a lapsus4 ,! dicts4 diff] slightly & ne$ co-ord9ation 9 details4 ,ab\t ! mean+ !re c be no d\bt z ! ^w is "h us$ 9 ! s]ies 7hon47 1 1 1 = ord9>y 1 1 1 body1 spee* & m9d1 ! s-call$ #8?ree doors1' 4 see 4 1 #aj4 ,"h is ! s5se ( #8to prea*1 to expla91 to give an exposition (1 to expatiate on1 to exhibit1 to lecture on4' see 4 1 #ab4 ,inconceivable1 un?9kable1 unimag9able1 n to be grasp$ by or 9 ?\ght1 beyond compreh5sion1 realisation4 1 #d4 ,! repetition ( ! v]b s(t5s ! mean+ into #8quietly ?9k+' or f #8to ?9k1' into #8to muse1 to pond]'1 etc4 see 4 ,f4 ,,additional ,,notes4 ,9 l4 #aj ! might also be und]/ood z #8) a view to1 = ! purpose (1 expla9+1 exp\nd+4' ,! translation %\ld 9 t case r run3 ,) a view to exp\nd+ ! pr(\nd 7,buddhi/7 doctr9e1 !y prea*$1 expla9$1 mo/ fully1 m9utely1 9 full detail1 ,yoga & ! o!r tea*+s 7or ! v>i\s k9ds ( ,yoga7 ( ! two /ages ( ! road4444 has !n ! =ce (3 ) reg>d1 ref]5ce to2 z f> z 444 is conc]n$4 ,9 l4 #ag ! #8till' ought to be m emphatically r5d]$3 until ! v mom5t t1 i4e4 ,i %all n cease a mom5t be=e4 ,or else3 till ,i rea* ! v he>t ( sa9t%ip4 ,see ,j4 s4v4 4 ,9 l4 #di #8,may all ^?' is m correct ?an #8,may all ( y1' =1 unlike 9 ! ?ree prec$+ v]ses :i* are address$ to 8 pupils1 ! au?or n[ utt]s a univ]sal pray] address$ to mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,note to p4 #b4 ,waddell1 ,lmai/ ,graces be=e ,meat1 ,j4,r4,a4,s41 #ahid1 p4 #bfe1 says t ! libation is spr9kl$ ) ! tips ( ! =e & middle f+]s4 ,?is is d5i$ by my in=mants :o ma9ta9 _! /atem5t z giv5 on p4 #b1 above4 ,to p4 #d4 ,aft] ! ,introduction 0 9 pr9t ,i h se5 a copy ( ! 1 #8,! ,galdan ,c5tury ( ,gods1' & _h x copi$ = me4 ,x is a small pray]-book to ,tso ka pa1 :o manife/s 9 a hundr$ diff]5t =ms1 & x conta9s #ah f\r-l9$ /anzas ( #i syllables ea*1 ) ! s+le exception ( ! /anza quot$ 9 ! ,introduction1 :i* conta9s five l9es4 ,?is little book is ! "o m5tion$ 9 ! ,hor *os byu 7,hu?'s translation1 p4 #chg--see note #e--1 & text p4 #bdf74 ,hu? gives z ,sk4 equival5t = ! title3 ,tu%itadevaatik4 ,galdan 7,tu%ita7 is "h ! heav5 ( t "n1 n ! fam\s mona/]y4 ,! /anza we are discuss+ is also m5tion$ 9 ! same passage4 ,its "n is 7,! unfa?omable love v]se74 ,?is ,dmigs brtse ma is ( consid]able !ological importance4 ,i possess a comm5t>y on x writt5 by 1 ! sev5? ,dalai ,lama4 ,grnw$el1 9 ! li/ ( ,dalai ,lamas on p4 #bjf ( 8 #8,my?ologie1' etc41 writes & ,rockhill1 9 #8,tibet1 a 444 sket* d]iv$ f ,*9ese s\rces1' ,j4,r4,a4,s41 ,vol4 ,,xxiii1 new s]ies1 #ahia1 p4 #bhg1 4 ,s9ce1 ,i h also f\nd t ?is same /anza1 ) a modification1 occurs on ! title page ( ,s>at ,*&ra ,das' edition ( ! 7,bibl4 ,ind474 ,! /anza z !re giv5 consi/s ( six l9es1 by ! addition ( an initial l9e to 1 i4e4 ! ,?und]bolt-be>]1 ,vajradh>a4 ,9 ano!r little "w1 ! 1 #8,! illum9ator ( body1 spee* & m9d conc]n+ ! ord] ( invit+1 lu/rat+1 mak+ obeisance to & wor%ipp+ 7,tso ka pa71' ! /anza occurs once m1 aga9 9 a diff]5t =m4 ,!re1 p4 #i;b1 ! pray] is z 9 our ,introduction1 b lacks ! ?ird l9e 71 etc47 & ends ) 4 ,also1 in/ead ( 9 ! second l9e1 ?is text writes 4 ,i am in=m$ t ! pray] occurs also 9 _m o!r books ) modifications1 & t :5 x is us$ 9 connection ) or #8lu/ration' rites ! clos+ words aft] are *ang$ into 1 #8we baptise !e4' ,to p4 #ag4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 p4 #dij b1 s4v4 m5tions a m$ic9al root us$ aga9/ ! plague1 call$ 7)\t zhabs-kyu71 b transcrib$ lcags kyu4 ,to p4 #bc4 ,hu?1 ,hor *os byu1 trs41 p4#aag1 r5d]s z ka1 also on p4 #aah 7see note #d74 ,on p4 #bca 7see note #a7 he sugge/s t %\ld be und]/ood z k9 1 n z ,sk4 ka4 ,! dge rgan und]/&s all ^! ?ree passages z ref]r+ to 7female7 k9s4 ,?\gh accord+ to ,grnw$el 7#8,my?ologie1' p4 #aec7 9 ,sk4 my?ology a male ka exi/s 7a ,tantra deity71 9 ,tibet ! is always fem99e1 & a male species or individual does n exi/ accord+ to my in=mants4 ,?is /atem5t ne$s te/+ ( c\rse4 ,grnw$el 7loc4 cit47 ?9ks t ^! female k9s are orig9al ,tibetan spirits or goddesses4 ,! female 's are m5tion$ indiff]5tly ) or )\t ! f9al 4 ,macdonell 9 8 ,sk4 ,dict4 only m5tions ! fem99e =m ( ! ^w4 ,9 ! ritual book 8,! six cut (f pieces0 7i4e4 *apt]s1 divisions1 into :i* ! description ( ! torma (f]+ is divid$7 we f9d ! apo/rophe3 1 8,o1 wisdom fairy1 sup]natural 7 n-human7 "m10 s def9+ ! sex4 ,9 ,tibetan ! =m mu/ accord+ly n be und]/ood z a mascul9e =m ( 1 b z its abbreviat$ =m only4 ,?is )\t prejudice to ! "q :e!r 9 special ,tantric texts a male god ka1 1 does occur4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 has = an entry giv+ ! mean+s #8god1 bird1 arr[4' ,"h ! ^w has a poetical or metaphorical mean+ bas$ on its etymology1 #8sky-go]'1 b no my?ological value4 ,he adds "u #8a class1 ma9ly ( female spirits4' ,b ! =m 9 _c be mascul9e4 ,9 ,tibet !re is a class ( p call$ 1 bo? male & female1 ^: "n may be translat$ z oracles1 %amans or m$iums4 ,!y are deem$ to be obsess$ by 's :o speak ?r\gh !m :il/ !y !mselves are 9 a /ate ( trance or obsession4 ,_! "n is 9 ,lhasa & o!r great] t[ns1 & among/ ! m educat$2 b ! c\ntry-p & ! l[] ord]s h a special "n = ^! m$iums if !y are wom5 & call !m or 4 ,9 ,sikkhim ! ^w is g5]al 9 ?is s5se4 ,9 ,sikkhim ! designation = a male m$ium ( ?is sort is & n z 9 ,tibet4 ,:il/ inve/igat+ ! "q ( ,kh&omas f ! /&po9t ( colloquial ,tibetan ,i /umbl$ unexpect$ly on ! foll[+ int]e/+ piece ( in=mation1 ?r[+ a vivid sidelight on "s curr5t beliefs & practices ( mod]n ,tibet4 ,! abbot ( ! ,saskya mona/]y is held to be ! re9c>nation ( ,padmasambhava4 ,z ! latt] 0 ! great #8b9d]1' t is subdu]1 ( all spirits1 wit*es1 gobl9s & o!r creatures ( t ilk1 ! ,saskya abbot has 9 "s way become ! (ficial head & ma/] ( all ,tibetan wit*es4 ,belief 9 wit*es is rife all ov] ,tibet1 & any woman is liable to be decl>$ "o4 ,! process is v simple4 ,if a great ,lama receives obeisance f ! multitude he pres5ts ! devotees 9 return ) a #8protection-knot' 771 a n>r[ /rip ( clo? :i* he puts r\nd _! necks4 ,he ties a knot 9 x mutt]+ "s mantram ov] x1 h5ce ! "n4 ,ord9>y laym5 receive a :ite /rip1 tapas or ^? :o h _! hair cut %ort 7probably because !y look l tapas7 get a yell[ or r$ /rip1 b if a woman approa*es :om ! ,lama by 8 magic k recognizes z a wit*1 %e receives a black /rip4 ,f t mom5t %e is irrevocably a wit* & no prote/ation c help h] out ( ! situation4 ,9 ! ,saskya mona/]y an annual fea/ or c]emony is celebrat$ 9 :i* all wit*es mu/ appe> p]sonally1 & ! magic !n display$ is s trem5d\sly p[]ful t all wom5 :o are secretly end[$ ) ! p[]s ( wit*craft )\t ! p kn[+ x1 are irresi/ibly compell$ to att5d ! meet+4 ,!y simply _c help x1 & s /ories are told ( wit*es work+ 9 ! fields1 milk+ c[s1 or o!rwise engag$1 be+ drawn away f _! "w & appe>+ 9 ! assembly ) _! milk-pail1 or sp9dle1 or :atev] ut5sil !y 7 us+ at ! "t at any "w1 :5 !y 7 =c$ to quit x & to come to ,saskya4 ,9 ! meet+ !y are !n (ficially proclaim$ wit*es & =c$ to pl$ge allegiance & ob$i5ce to ! ,saskya mona/]y & its head4 ,!n ! pr(itable & practical side ( ! transaction becomes manife/1 = h5ce=? !y h to pay an annual1 heavy wit*-tax1 & 9 cases kn[n to ,k>ma himself1 :o came across !m :5 liv+ 9 ,tibet1 ?is tax am\nt$ to "o 7see ,bell1 p4 #ajd7 or ab\t ,rs4 #abj a ye>4 ,on ! o!r h& !y are n[ protect$ by ! au?ority ( ! mona/]y z long z !y pay ! tax1 ?\gh !y h to pl$ge !mselves n to use _! p[]s = evil4 ,!n !y receive ! (ficial title ( 1 ?\gh !y are kn[n to ! p z 1 wit*4 ,b ?is latt] ^w is a t]m ( abuse or contempt4 ,! mean+ ( ! two t]ms1 h[ev]1 is ! same4 ,! entries 9 ! dicts4 s4v4 & 7& o!r spell+s7 ne$ prop] te/+ 9 ! light ( ! above4 ,^! wit*es are suppos$ n to live up to a great age b to die "y1 because ! mona/]y calls !m out ( life to become protect+ spirits ( ! mona/]y 9 ! invisible sph]es4 ,:5 a bamo dies1 h] daught]1 if %e has any1 inh]its ! (fice or quality ( ! "m4 ,^! bamos1 dur+ life1 foll[ ! ord9>y occupations ( wom53 buy+1 sell+1 work+ or m>ry+1 & _! bamo-hood seems to be no drawback1 9 itself1 to _! matrimonial prospects4 ,i he>d ( ! case ( a bamo :o 0 ! wife ( a v weal?y man4 ,b ! tax1 f> 9 excess ( any levi$ on ord9>y p1 mu/ be regul>ly paid4 ,if ! bamo does n pay h] tax1 ! mona/]y calls h] s\l & %e dies4 ,9 ! gompa = e accr$it$ !re is a or /uff$ effigy1 puppet1 ( :i* ,i h n be5 able to get a full description4 ,probably a /uff$ doll or body1 ) a mask & g>m5t1 p]haps only a /ick to hold ! mask & g>m5t up1 l 9 a puppet-%[4 ,ea* su* puppet becomes ! dwell+-place ( ! s\l ( a dead bamo :5 %e dies1 & 9 ord] to see to x t aft] dea? %e may n d h>m :il/ roam+ ab\t1 ! puppet is b\nd 9 *a9s4 ,horrible to say1 h[ev]1 sometimes ^! *a9s are f\nd brok5 by ! gu>dians1 & ?is is a sure sign t ! imprison$ s\l has escap$ f ! puppet :i* 0 its dwell+-place & t x may h />t$ on a pilgrimage ( evil works4 ,z soon z x is f\nd t su* an imprison$ wit*-s\l has escap$1 solemn notice is at once s5t out to all ,tibet to ! effect t a bamo-s\l has brok5 loose f ,saskya1 & ! v>i\s local ,lamas all ?r\gh ! c\ntry w>n _! flocks t a bamo is at l>ge & enjo9 !m to be c>eful n to fall a victim to ! w&]+ wit*4 ,s1 = in/ance1 !y are told n to g ab\t alone aft] d>k1 n to ent]ta9 /rang]s1 & ! l1 = ! bamo may assume any disguise1 & any man may fall a prey to ! sn>es ( a beautiful /range woman1 z any woman might be allur$ by an unkn[n man4 ,! late ,lama ,%]abgyamt%o 9 ,ghoom1 ^: "n is s well kn[n to all /ud5ts ( ,tibetan1 us$ v (t5 to make solemn ann\ncem5ts ( ?is nature & w>n ! ,ghoom p t a bamo _h escap$ f ,saskya4 ,a mo/ fitt+ end+ to ?is /ory is p]haps to be made by quot+ ! old ,buddhi/ =mula 8,?us ,i h he>d10 b !re is no d\bt t ! ^w acquires an int]e/+ new mean+ ?r\gh ?is curi\s tale4 ,!re is a belief preval5t 9 ,tibet t 9 e woman a t\* ( bamo-hood is lat5t 7"s philosoph]s1 also outside ,tibet1 seem to ?9k ! same671 b 9 ! night ( ! #bi? day ( ! twelf? ,tibetan mon?1 ?is se$ ( evil w manife/ mo/ fully4 ,! male ,tibetans1 h[ev]1 seem n to take any precautions or p]=m any rites to c\nt]act ! s9i/] influ5ce ( ?is date4 ,evid5tly x is a male ,tibetan :o fir/ set up ?is !ory1 & x might be ! same fell[ :o is ! au?or ( ! foll[+ prov]b :i* be>s on our subject & on ! words we are deal+ )4 ,x runs3 ,among/ a hundr$ wom5 7at mo/7 "o kh&o6 ,among/ a hundr$ m5 7at mo/7 "o sorc]]6 ,t is--kh&o be+ "h us$ 9 ! good s5se ( fairy--3 ,among/ _m wom5 !re is sc>cely "o extremely good1 b among/ _m m5 !re is sc>cely "o extremely bad4 ,9 fact1 9 ,tibet1 all wom5 are suspect$ ( hav+ j a little se$ ( evil 7( ! wit*7 9 !m4 ,& s ! t]m ( reproa* is n z 9 ,europe #8,old ,adam' b r #8,old ,eve4' ,z f> z ! above /ory is conc]n$1 x %\ld n be =gott5 t x is only a popul> v]sion ( an int]e/+ phase ( religi\s practice1 b ,tibetan casui/ry & !ology are z a rule s subtle & well-sy/ematis$ t a m !oretical exposition ( ! doctr9es & practices allud$ to might ?r[ consid]ably m1 if n o!r & new1 light on ! subject4 ,to p4 #be4 ,! quotation1 s4v4 1 l4 #af3 1 etc41 is f a little tract1 a pray] to ,padmasambhava1 entitl$ 1 #8! quick m9d-fulfill]4' ,to p4 #be4 ,cf4 ,lew91 pp4 #acc-acd1 no4 #ig-aj1 771 ridicul\s2 zh$-k$1 laught]1 ridicule4 ,to p4 #bf4 ,bell1 voc41 to blu%2 ,lew91 p4 #gg 7#fd-e71 ridicul\s4 ,see 8 example4 ,to p4 #cj4 ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 ,dict41 has 7hidd5 on p4 #cd1 out ( alphabetical ord]7 z #8a ,tibetan ( mix$ bre$1 i4e4 born ( a ,*9ese fa!r & a ,tibetan "m4' ,waddell1 ,lhasa & its ,my/]ies1 p4 #bad1 ! same explanation4 ,a special enquiry into ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 yield$ a diff]5t result4 ,"o ( my in=mants 0 a ,tibetan woman f ,lhasa :o _h h]self m>ri$ a ,*9aman !re1 & s ought to "k4 ,! half-bre$s ref]r$ to by ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 & ,waddell are call$ #8baizh91' spell+ unc]ta91 giv5 z & 1 said to be a ,*9ese ^w4 ,h[ev]1 ano!r explanation ( t same ^w 0 giv51 z a man n 9 ! pay (1 n tak+ wages f1 ano!r4 ,n necess>ily ri* or ( high position1 b indep5d5t4 ,p]haps some?+ l cr(t]4 ,?is latt] explanation is1 h[ev]1 contradict$ by ,k>ma :o has relations among/ ! baizh9s 9 ,tibet4 ,9 a ,tibetan mix$ m>riage su* z we are "h consid]+ ! cu/om is to call ! eld] son aft] ! ,*9ese mann]1 in/ead ( us+ ! ,tibetan ^w4 ,?is is 9 ,tsang & 9 ,lhasa4 ,! latt] is pron\nc$1 & sometimes writt51 & ev5 sometimes pron\nc$ *-*o1 z if writt5 4 ,b 9 ! above case means really #8eld] bro!r4' ,a girl1 born 9 su* a m>riage1 is simil>ly call$ 1 ,*9ese1 in/ead ( 1 ,tibetan4 ,^! t]ms d n mean half-blood4 ,:e!r is us$ = ! elde/ daught] alone or = all ! daught]s ( ! m>riage ,i c\ld n asc]ta94 ,x is said t e ,*9aman1 h[ev] humble1 becomes at once a p]sonage ( importance :5 9 ,tibet1 & dem&s to be address$ at lea/ z 1 ,mi/]1 ,sir 7z e ,european becomes automatically a ,sahib 9 ,india71 & feels q insult$ if address$ by ! m famili> z a lib]ty tak5 ) 8 dignity4 ,a ,*9aman f ,tibet1 h[ev]1 d5i$ ?is4 ,i rememb] once travell+ 9 ! ,sunda c\ntry ) my ,javanese writ] :o met sev]al p on ! road :om he knew & :om he salut$ z #8little bro!r' or #8eld] bro!r4' ,i 0 puzzl$ at 8 belong+ to s big a family1 b f\nd ! solution ( ! riddle :5 ,i und]/ood t ?is frat]nity 0 n "o ( consangu9ity at all4 ,s #8eld] si/]' among/ ,tibetans means only ,madam1 ,lady1 or a polite ^w ( address to any woman ( m ?an l[ /atus 9 life4 ,9 ,g]man ,mtt]*5 = any old woman ( simple /atus4 ,to pp4 #ce-cg4 ,! expression occurr+ 9 ! little pray]-book c h>dly mean #8a field 7 heav51 _w7 :i* ,kuntuzangpo has adorn$' 7beautifi$1 decorat$1 embelli%$71 9 ! s5se 9 :i* "o may decorate a h\se or room1 ) beautiful pictures1 furniture1 etc4 ,x mu/ surely be und]/ood z #8! heav5 blaz+ ) ! glory ( ,kuntuzangpo's pres5ce 9 x1' a heav5 respl5d5t ) 8 glory4 ,9 o!r words1 he adorns x by 8 m]e be+ !re1 b n z ! result ( "s activity express$ by a transitive v]b4 ,! _w is adorn$1 b has n be5 decorat$ or beautifi$4 ,i wond] if ! ag5tive case may be und]/ood z 9 ,engli% expressions l3 #8happy ?r\gh him1' #8blaz+ ) diamonds1' #8laugh+ = joy1' & ! l4 ,to p4 #dj4 ,see ! unusual explanation ( 9 ,s4 ,*4 ,d41 s4v4 ,,iii1 :]e he translates z #8x may be said4' ,! dge rgan1 h[ev]1 p>aphrases ! expression "h z or 1 or 1 :i* gives x ano!r mean+1 namely3 #8s x has be5 said1' #8s is ! tea*+1' #8t is :at has be5 taught4' ,9 ?is s5se ! previ\s words are a direct quotation & ! _c be translat$ z #8x may be said t4' ,to p4 #dj4 ,9 ! note to 1 = 1 non-atta*m5t & indiff]5ce only 9 connection ) a negative4 ,to p4 #dd4 4 ,see ,graham ,s&b]g1 ,tibet & ! ,tibetans1 p4 #bfh1 :o r5d]s ?is ^w1 z a te*nical t]m d5ot+ ! fir/ ( ! f\r /ages ( m$itation1 accord+ to ,mil>aspa1 z #8contemplation' or #8conc5tration4' ,! second ^w1 d5ot+ a m5tal action unconnect$ ) visual exp]i5ce1 does n seem appropriate4 ,z 9 ,engli% #8view' has bo? a physical & a m5tal mean+1 s 9 ,tibetan 1 z a v]b1 has m5tal connotations4 ,j4 has ! ^w z sb/4 #8my/ical contemplation4' ,! ,sk4 equival5t1 1 is likewise bo? physical & m5tal 9 mean+4 ,:]eas ,j4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 h a sb/4 #8! act ( look+1' & #8a look1' ,desg4 has x z #8sight' 7visus1 vue1 8etc4074 ,to p4 #eh4 ,see ,js*ke's note on maa & maala1 s4v4 1 p4 #aa b4 ,8 rem>k may h a be>+ on ! "q ( ka & k91 discuss$ above4 ,see next note4 ,to pp4 #ei & #fj4 ,my in=mants1 ?\gh ignorant ab\t ! detail ( five & n9e cu%ions1 d "k ( a cu/om requir+ ! man ( high] social position1 great] age1 m pre/ige1 to be seat$ on a high] seat z a sign ( respect4 ,! diff]5ce ( height1 h[ev]1 is 9 ! seat itself1 n effect$ by ! plac+ ( a numb] ( cu%ions on seats ( equal height4 ,to /ill ! two foll[+ words3 1 saddle clo?1 & 1 second %eet1 upp] %eet1 cov]+ %eet ov] ! 4 ,! is usually ?ick & r\gh b ! ?9 & ( f9] texture1 l 9 ,european b$s ! b$ %eet ov] ! mattress4 ,! is = s(tness & ! = cleanl9ess1 l ! loose cov]s ( arm*airs & s(as 9 ,we/]n c\ntries4 ,to p4 #fb4 ,hu?1 ,hor *os byu1 trs4 #aag1 note #d1 recon/itutes ! "n ,blo bza grags pai dpal into ,sk4 ,matibhadrakrtir4 ,9 ,tibetan mantrams1 h[ev]1 :]e ,tso ka pa's "n is giv5 9 its ,sk4 =m1 ,sumati is us$ & n ,matibhadra4 ,see also p4 #e ( ! ,introduction1 supra4 ,to p4 #fd4 ,! ^w 7p4 #c & additional note to p4 #d7 %\ld h be5 discuss$ !re4 ,desg4 alone has ! mean+ ( ! ^w z 9 our text3 un?9kable1 unimag9able4 ,accord+ to oral in=mation1 synonym\s ) 1 l4 #ab1 see p4 #gd1 supra4 ,! elaborate entries 9 ,j4 & ,s4 ,*4 ,d4 "u ?is ^w & "u ne$ inve/igation4 ,! ^w has also a special mean+1 n 9 ! diction>ies1 9 connection ) any action done #89 ?\ght1' 7z 9 ,engli% #8,i am ) y 9 ?\ght'74 ,b ,tibetans c n only be pres5t 9 ?\ght b !y c give pres5ts #89 ?\ght1' & d all sorts ( ?+s #89 ?\ght1' :5 !re is no physical possibility ( do+ s 9 ! fle%4 ,s ! good /ory is told ( a lazy ,lama :o1 to get rid ( ! cr[d1 said3 8,& n[ ,i give my h&-bless+ to y all #89 ?\ght1'0 :]eupon a disappo9t$ & angry pilgrim answ]$3 8,well1 !n ,i give y my butt]-(f]+s1 :i* ,i h br\ght ) me1 also #89 ?\ght4'0 ,to p4 #fe4 ,! diction>ies spelt b ! dge rgan says t also occurs4 ,desg4 has an alt]native spell+ 1 b ?is seems a mispr9t = 4 ,9 ,tibetan books ,i h only se5 b ! dge rgan is sure t ! two spell+s1 & 7b n 71 occur z well4 ,to ! text4 ,:5 ! l>g] "p ( ?is booklet 0 9 pr9t ,i acquir$ an additional copy ( ! text1 :i* prov$ to be diff]5t f ! two editions us$ by me4 ,x is ( ! same size & /yle z edition ,a1 b pr9t$ f o!r blocks4 ,we call x ,c4 ,! copy is a poor "o1 badly pr9t$ f worn-out blocks4 ,a collation br\ght no news ( importance4 ,! read+ 9 l4 #af1 h[ev]1 is confirm$ by ?is edition4 ,its only new read+ is = 9 l4 #df4 ,?is read+ does n seem s satisfactory z ! "o we h foll[$4 ,! full result ( ! collation is giv5 bel[4 ,indi/9ct read+s are m>k$ ) a note ( int]rogation4 ,c4 l4 #ac4 8 = l4 #ah4 0 l4 #bd4 0 l4 #bi4 0 l4 #cj4 8 0 l4 #da4 8 0 l4 #dd4 0 l4 #df4 0 l4 #ej4 0 l4 #ea4 0 ,colophon4 0 0 0 desunt4 ,! v>iants ( ll4 #cj1 #da1 #ej & #ea are evid5tly due to det]ioration ( ! blocks4 ,!re is no 9 ?is edition4 ,,errata4 p4 #g3 fir/ v>iant1 bottom1 read3 4 p4 #h3 l4 #bj ( text1 ins]t a/]isk aft] 4 p4 #i3 second v>iant1 bottom1 read3 4 p4 #ad1 l4 #ac3 tea*] 7or3 tea*]s74 p4 #ad1 l4 #ad3 8 7or3 _!74 p4 #be1 l4 #a3 = r5d] read3 repay4 p4 #bg1 l4 #bj3 = r5d] read3 repay4 p4 #bg1 l4 #bg1 #bh3 elim9ate ! commas outside ! brackets4 p4 #cf1 l4 #d3 = ,smuck read3 ,s*muck4 p4 #fe1 l4 #bd3 = ,lhassa read3 ,lhasa4 p4 #gf1 l4 #bd3 = read3 4 p4 #gf4 l4 #be3 = baptise read3 lu/rate4 ,,notes #a l4 #b ,b #b l4 #e ,b #c l4 #g ,a #a & #b #d l4 #g ,b #e l4 #aj ,b #f l4 #af ,a #a & #b bo? 4 ,text f ,b #g l4 #af ,b closes ! l9e ) a in/ead ( #h l4 #ag ,b #i l4 #ah ,b #aj l4 #ai ,b #aa l4 #bj ,a #b #ab l4 #bb ,b #ac l4 #bd ,a #a & #b #ad l4 #bd ,b #ae l4 #bf ,b #af l4 #bi ,b #ag l4 #bi ,a #b #ah l4 #cb ,b #ai l4 #cb ,b #bj l4 #cd ,b #ba l4 #ce ,b #bb l4 #cg ,a #a & #b #bc l4 #ch ,b #bd l4 #dj ,b in/ead ( #be l4 #da ,b #bf l4 #db ,b #bg l4 #dc ,b #bh l4 #dd ,b la/ ?ree words 9 ,b #bi l4 #de ,a #a & ,b #cj l4 #de ,b #ca l4 #df la/ f\r words 9 ,b #cb l4 #dg ,a #b #cc l4 #dh #d #b #cd l4 #dh ,b has at ! end ( ! l9e in/ead ( #ce l4 #di ,b #cf ,colophon1 ,a #b has no aft] 1 & has a f9al to 4 ,b has a diff]5t colophon