,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices--,,"p ,,viii1 ,,no4 #ee ,,type ,,& ,,presses ,,9 ,,am]ica ,a ,,brief ,,hi/orical ,,sket* ,,( ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,type ,,ca/+ ,,& ,,press ,,build+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,education ,,director ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica ,illu/ration ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica #aiah ,copyright1 #aiah ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,composition & electrotypes contribut$ by ,,poole ,,bros4 ,*icago ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction #e ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pione] ,,type ,,f\nd]s #h ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,type ,,f\nd+ #ad ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,compos+ ,,& ,,type-,,ca/+ ,,ma*9es #bi ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,electrotyp+ #cb ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,press #cd ,,introduction ,a /udy ( type f\nd+ & ( ! developm5t ( presses & o!r pr9t]s' ma*9]y 9 ,am]ica pres5ts _m int]e/+ consid]ations4 ,if ! attempt 7 made to give 9 detail ! /ory ( ,am]ican type f\nd+ & ! accompli%m5ts ( ! notable ,am]ican type f\nd]s1 & at ! same "t to *ronicle ! improvem5ts & inv5tions :i* ,am]ican g5ius has contribut$ to ! ma*9es & processes us$ 9 pr9t+ & ! alli$ indu/ries1 a v l>ge book might readily be produc$4 ,:ile su* a book w\ld n be )\t int]e/ & w\ld c]ta9ly h v great value1 x w\ld be valuable ma9ly z a "w ( ref]5ce & w\ld lack ! int]e/ :i* ought to atta* to a book ( ! sort conta9$ 9 ?is s]ies4 ,x has seem$ to ! writ] be/1 !re=e1 n to attempt to collect an encyclop$ia ( in=mation1 b to give a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( types & presses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) a special view to ! beg9n+s 9 bo? dep>tm5ts4 ,x is greatly to be hop$ t a m compet5t h& may lat] be set to ! production ( su* an encyclop$ic volume z has be5 indicat$1 b su* a "w does n belong 9 ?is s]ies4 ,9 ^! matt]s1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 we f9d a def9ite c\rse ( developm5t go+ on4 ,orig9ally ,am]ican dep5d5ce ^u ,europe 0 complete4 ,! political dep5d5ce ( ! colonies 9 ^? days 0 mu* m ?or\gh-go+ ?an any?+ we "k at pres5t4 ,! political & economic ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 s diff]5t f ^? ) :i* we are famili> t x is difficult = ! ord9>y man :o is n widely read 9 ! lit]ature & hi/ory ( t p]iod to und]/& !m at all4 ,briefly x may be said t ! prevail+ idea1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b else:]e1 0 t all colonies %\ld be gov]n$ f ! "m c\ntry2 t !y %\ld s5d _! raw mat]ials to ! "m c\ntry & receive all ( _! manufactur$ products f ! "m c\ntry2 & t !y %\ld n trade directly ) any o!r "p ( ! _w1 b t ! "m c\ntry %\ld act z a receiv+ & =w>d+ /ation = trade 9 bo? directions4 ,?is dep5d5ce ext5d$ mu* fur!r ?an to politics & bus9ess4 ,! ,am]ican coloni/s1 = example1 got _! lit]ature1 _! art1 _! fa%ions1 & _m ( _! ideas f ! "m c\ntry4 ,! ne>] ! good p ( ,bo/on1 ,new ,york1 & ,philadelphia c\ld get to ! ways ( ?9k+1 speak+1 dress+1 & act+ :i* prevail$ 9 ,london1 ! happi] !y consid]$ !mselves4 ,accord+ly we f9d t at fir/ type & presses 7 all import$4 ,lat] we f9d t al?\gh type f\nd+ 0 be+ successfully c>ri$ on 9 ?is c\ntry1 =eign models1 especially 9 type1 long cont9u$ to be foll[$4 ,9 ma*9]y1 ,am]ican indep5d5ce v soon ass]t$ itself4 ,al?\gh "s important ma*9es & presses 7 n inv5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 _m 7 inv5t$ & ne>ly all 7 mat]ially improv$ 9 ,am]ican h&s4 ,?is rem>k applies to ! ma*9es = produc+ type z well z to o!r me*anical op]ations4 ,9 ! matt] ( type faces & typographical design ,am]ica foll[$ ,engli% models until comp>atively rec5tly4 ,inde$1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r !re are m ?an a v few type faces n[ 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry :i* c be said to be ,am]ican inv5tions4 ,_m type faces h be5 design$1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 modifications & improvem5ts ( ,european designs4 ,s true is ?is t probably ! great] "p ( ! type 9 use 9 ?is c\ntry w\ld be consid]$ z ( ,am]ican design1 al?\gh its indebt$ness to ,caslon1 to ,bask]ville1 to ,bodoni1 or to ,j5s51 z a remote orig9al1 might be recogniz$4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! orig9al design+ ( lett] faces1 reg>dless ( any previ\sly exi/+ design1 has be5 ( v r>e occurr5ce 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,)9 ! la/ g5]ation1 h[ev]1 we are pretty well emancipat$ f ?is foll[+ ( =eign orig9als4 ,we /ill /udy ! products ( ! =eign type f\ndries & pr9t+ (fices1 b z s\rces ( sugge/ion1 n z models = imitation4 ,! great ,am]ican pr9t+ h\ses ( today are m & m ! ma/]s ( _! own craft1 n ! imitators ( o!rs4 ,?is condition is also true ( ! type f\nd]s & manufactur]s ( ma*9es & mat]ials us$ 9 ! indu/ry4 ,! s5tim5t ( indep5d5ce is b\nd to become m m>k$1 & ! orig9ality ( ,am]ican pr9t+ m pron\nc$1 ) ! developm5t ( a g5]ation ( bett] pr9t]s4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pione] ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,dur+ all ! e>ly ye>s ( ,am]ican pr9t+1 z has already be5 said1 all type us$ 0 import$4 ,! fir/ type ca/ 9 ?is c\ntry appe>s to h be5 made by ,*ri/oph] ,sau]1 9 ,g]mant[n1 ,p5nsylvania1 ab\t #agce4 ,sau] 7! family aft]w>d angliciz$ ! spell+ ( ! "n into ,s[]7 0 "o ( ^? ,g]mans1 colloquially kn[n z ,p5nsylvania ,dut*1 :o 7 an important elem5t 9 ! population ( ! colony ( ,p5nsylvania & are /ill num]\s 9 ! ,/ate4 ,sau] pr9t$ books1 & 9 #agci we f9d him beg9n+ a newspap]1 all or ne>ly all 9 ,g]man4 ,z an auxili>y to 8 pr9t+ bus9ess he seems to h ca/ 8 own ,g]man type or at lea/ a "p ( x4 ,8 "w _h no p>ticul> comm]cial importance1 b des]ves record z ! beg9n+ ( type f\nd+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #agfh a ,scot*man nam$ ,mit*elson came to ,bo/on br++ ! tools = type f\nd+ ) him4 ,we h no record t he ev] ca/ any type4 ,probably he lack$ capital to g into bus9ess & !re 0 no "o to employ him4 ,9 #agfi ,abel ,buel submitt$ to ! ,legislature ( ,connecticut a docum5t pr9t$ f ! fir/ ,engli% type kn[n to h be5 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is %eet1 :i* is /ill 9 ! ar*ives ( ,connecticut1 is pr9t$ 9 a v well-cut long prim] 7t5-po9t7 roman ( ,buel's own ca/+4 ,we h no evid5ce t ,buel ev] ca/ a great deal ( type1 b 8 p]sonality is s int]e/+1 & 8 "* s typical ( ! prov]bial 8,connecticut ,yankee0 t x is wor? :ile to recall ! /ory ( 8 life4 ,buel appe>s to h be5 born 9 ,connecticut1 n f> f #agej1 & app>5tly e>ly le>n$ ! pr9t+ trade4 ,) m ?an 8 %>e ( y\?ful irresponsibility1 ?\gh he appe>s n to h be5 a really bad man at he>t1 he proce$$ to c\nt]feit ! ,/ate curr5cy ( ,connecticut4 ,?is 0 n a difficult op]ation1 z ! e>ly colonial curr5cy 0 pr9t$ f ord9>y type ) /ock ornam5ts ^u ord9>y pap] by means ( ! ord9>y pr9t+ press4 ,! fir/ def9ite record t we f9d ( him is t he 0 p>don$ 9 #agff f a life s5t5ce = c\nt]feit+ ^! bills4 ,! lesson t he got on ?is occasion seems to h cur$ him n only ( c\nt]feit+1 b ( pr9t+1 z he app>5tly nev] aga9 did ei!r1 al?\gh x 0 by no means ! la/ "t t he f\nd himself at odds ) ! au?orities4 ,he !n inv5t$ a me?od ( poli%+ cry/als & preci\s /ones4 ,! am\nt ( ?is valuable mat]ial 9 ! h&s ( ! good p ( ,connecticut 0 app>5tly n suffici5t to af=d him a livelihood1 & we f9d him next engag$ z an und]tak] & a s++ ma/]4 ,9 ?is latt] connection he 0 summon$ be=e ! au?orities by c]ta9 good p :o 7 greatly sc&aliz$ because :ile 9 *>ge ( a *ur* *oir he _h introduc$ ! use ( a bass viol into ! s]vices4 ,?is 0 deem$ little %ort ( blasphemy1 b app>5tly no te*nical *>ge c\ld be su/a9$ aga9/ ! culprit4 ,buel e>ly int]e/$ himself 9 ! cause ( ! fre$om ( ! colonies4 ,meantime he _h evid5tly be5 exp]im5t+ 9 type f\nd+1 = ! petition ( #agfi sets =? t ! petition] has discov]$ ! art ( ca/+ type1 b t he lacks ! capital & is1 !re=e1 unable to g into bus9ess comm]cially4 ,he accord+ly petitions ! ,legislature to advance to him ! necess>y funds4 ,! ,legislature vot$ him a loan ( #ajj = sev5 ye>s & promis$ him #ajj m aft] he _h be5 c>ry+ on ! bus9ess successfully = "o ye>4 ,z we %all see 9 a mom5t1 be=e ! ye> 0 out ,buel's int]e/ transf]r$ itself else:]e & we he> no m ( 8 type ca/+4 ,:5 ! sev5 ye>s 7 up ,mrs4 ,buel paid back ! #ajj4 ,:]e & h[ %e rais$ x is some?+ ( a my/]y1 z %e ass]t$ :5 %e made ! paym5t t %e did n "k :]e h] husb& 04 ,he 0 n p]man5tly lo/1 h[ev]4 ,buel1 z we h se51 _h int]e/$ himself 9 ! cause ( ,am]ican indep5d5ce1 & 9 #aggj he 0 arre/$ = p>ticipat+ 9 ! te>+ d[n ( a lead /atue ( ,george ,,iii :i* _h /ood 9 ,new ,york4 ,) true ,yankee ?rift ,buel tri$ to comb9e 8 patriotism & 8 type f\nd+1 = a consid]able portion ( ,george ,,iii 0 f\nd 9 ,buel's h\se 9 ! process ( be+ ca/ into type4 ,?+s 7 n lively en\gh 9 ,connecticut to suit our fri5d4 ,he w5t to ,bo/on1 :]e we f9d him p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,bo/on ,tea ,p>ty1 s]v+ a cannon 9 ! ,concord fight1 & w\nd$ at ,bunk] ,hill4 ,lat] he fell into ! h&s ( ! ,briti% & 0 conf9$ 9 "o ( ! prison %ips ( unhall[$ memory :i* 7 moor$ 9 ,wallab\t ,bay1 ,brooklyn4 ,v likely he 0 9 "o ( ^? float+ wood5 tombs :5 8 wife decl>$ t %e did n "k :]e he 04 ,h[ long he rema9$ z a prison] ( w> & :at 8 lat] milit>y exp]i5ces 7 we d n "k4 ,we he> ( him next1 aft] ! w> 0 ov]1 be+ appo9t$ to make a map ( ! coa/ f ,ma9e to ,florida & !n appo9t$ ma/] ( ! m9t = ,connecticut1 :]e he devis$ & erect$ ! ma*9]y = /rik+ ! copp] c5ts !n co9$4 ,"o wond]s if ! ma/] ( ! m9t (t5 ?\ght ( 8 y\?ful conviction = c\nt]feit+ ! money ( ! same community4 ,lat]1 :5 ! _w 0 becom+ int]e/$ 9 cotton sp9n+ "u ! /imulus ( ,arkwright's inv5tion1 ,buel w5t to ,engl& to le>n h[ to sp9 cotton4 ,he came back1 b\ght "s ma*9]y1 & set up 9 ,new ,hav5 ! second cotton mill 9 ,am]ica1 ! fir/ be+ ,samuel ,slat]'s mill 9 ,pawtucket1 ,rhode ,isl&4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! la/ %ift 9 ,buel's v>i$ life4 ,he di$ 9 #ahbe at ! age ( ab\t sev5ty-five4 ,he 0 an int]e/+ product ( 8 "t & its conditions & z su* 8 /ory des]ves record1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t he 0 n a 8sport10 b a 8type40 ,9 #aggd ,jacob ,bay attempt$ type f\nd+ 9 ,philadelphia1 b he also 0 app>5tly only an exp]im5t]4 ,9 #agge an exp]im5t 0 made :i*1 f ! conditions & f ! "* ( ! mak]1 we %\ld expect to f9d successful1 b :i* fail$ nev]!less4 ,at ?is "t ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 br\ght out f ,france a full set ( tools & pun*es & und]took1 ) 8 son-9-law1 ,ba*e1 to e/abli% a type f\ndry1 !re be+ !n no type f\nd+ done 9 ?is c\ntry if we may except :at 0 be+ done 9 ,sau]'s e/abli%m5t4 ,! ,frankl9-,ba*e f\ndry 0 well equipp$ ) roman1 italic1 ,greek1 & ,hebrew matrices4 ,ba*e _h receiv$ "s in/ruction f ,f\rni]1 ! great ,fr5* type f\nd]1 f :om ,frankl9 _h pur*as$ ! tools4 ,!y _h = _! workman a man nam$ ,fr$]ick ,geig]4 ,geig] 0 :at is kn[n z a 8r$emption]10 or a man :o 9 return = 8 passage money to ,am]ica1 8 bo>d1 & a small am\nt ( money wages agre$ to be ! bond s]vant ( 8 cr$itor = a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,^! arrangem5ts 7 v common at ?is "t & reflect$ no discr$it ^u ! "y m5 :o made !m4 ,geig] 0 a ma!matical in/rum5t mak] by pr(ession1 b became ) /udy & practice a v exp]t matrix cutt] & f\nd]4 ,frankl9 _h br\ght him out & he s]v$ 8 "t ) ,frankl91 b appe>s to h left him z soon z 8 "t 0 out & to h gone to ! ,philadelphia m9t4 ,l _m ano!r skill$ me*anic1 h[ev]1 he became int]e/$ 9 ! se>* = a p]petual motion ma*9e & f9ally di$ an insane paup]4 ,= "s reason1 ! ,frankl9 f\ndry 0 n successful4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t "o reason may h be5 t ,frankl9 0 v mu* influ5c$ by ,fr5* models 9 8 designs1 & t ! pr9t]s & ! read+ public 7 s accu/om$ to ,engli% type faces t !y did n take k9dly to ! new =ms4 ,curi\sly en\gh ,am]ican pr9t]s h nev] tak5 k9dly to ,fr5* type faces al?\gh _m ( !m1 f ,g>amond d[n1 are v beautiful4 ,"s ( ! ,fr5* types design$1 n f> f #ahge1 seem to h become ,am]icaniz$ & are among ! mo/ legible & beautiful 9 use1 b ! ,am]ican pr9t]s h nev] be5 v will+ to use !m4 ,:atev] ! reason1 ! ,frankl9 f\ndry 0 add$ to ! li/ ( unsuccessful attempts at type f\nd+4 ,"o m attempt 0 to be made be=e type f\nd+ 0 p]man5tly e/abli%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is "t ! attempt 0 successful1 b n p]man5t4 ,9 #aghc ,john ,ba9 7or ,ba9e7 s5t 8 gr&son to ,philadelphia ) an outfit ( type f\nd]'s tools4 ,ba9 _h be5 associat$ ) "o ( ! fam\s type f\nd]s ( ! "t1 ,alex&] ,wilson1 ( ,glasg[4 ,wilson n only _h a m>ket 9 ,scotl& & ,engl&1 b also 9 ,irel& & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,ba9 _h be5 *os5 by lot to />t a f\ndry 9 ,dubl91 b aft] rema9+ !re a "t he w5t to ,ed9burgh1 :5ce he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,enc\rag$ by ! reports f 8 gr&son1 ,mr4 ,ba9 soon w5t1 himself1 to ,philadelphia4 ,he 0 fur!r enc\rag$ by ! firm ( ,"y ,mc,cullough1 !n a lead+ h\se ( ,philadelphia pr9t]s4 ,9 #aghe he op5$ bus9ess "u ! qua9t title ( ,john ,ba9 ,gr&son 9 ,company4 ,_! "w 0 good & ! firm 0 imm$iately successful1 !irs be+ ! fir/ comm]cially successful attempt to ca/ type 9 ,am]ica4 ,ba91 h[ev]1 di$ 9 #agij1 & ! bus9ess 0 soon giv5 up by 8 family4 ,ab\t ! same "t t ,ba9 began bus9ess ,adam ,g]>d ,mappa made an unsuccessful attempt to />t a f\ndry 9 ,new ,york4 ,mappa 0 born 9 ,belgium 9 #agej4 ,he sp5t 8 e>ly life 9 ! army1 f :i* he retir$ aft] twelve ye>s ( s]vice ) ! rank ( lieut5ant4 ,he !n pur*as$ a "p int]e/ 9 ! old firm ( ,vosk5s ,cl]k4 ,?is firm 0 e/abli%$ "s "t be=e #afgg1 & _h long be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( supply ( type = ,engl&4 ,z po9t$ out else:]e 9 ?is s]ies 7,no4 #eb1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl&7 _m ( ! types us$ 9 ,engl& = a long p]iod came f cont95tal f\ndries1 p>ticul>ly ,dut*4 ,%ortly aft] ! pur*ase ! ,gov]nm5t und]w5t important *anges1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ,mappa left ! c\ntry4 ,he l&$ 9 ,new ,york some:]e ab\t #aghg1 br++ ) him 8 complete outfit ( tools & matrices4 ,he _h a numb] ( v h&some ,dut* & ,g]man faces1 "s ord9>y roman type1 & sev5 v>ieties ( ,ori5tals4 ,= ^! la/ ,vosk5s ,cl]k und\bt$ly _h f\nd consid]able use1 b ,am]ica 0 z yet f> f ne$+ any consid]able supply ( ,ori5tal types4 ,mappa's capital _h app>5tly be5 absorb$ 9 8 pur*ase & lo/ 9 emigration4 ,9 #agih he 0 v ready to take himself & 8 equipm5t into ! s]vice ( ,b9ney ,ronaldson4 ,probably ,mappa _h no practical k ( type f\nd+ & v little int]e/ 9 x1 = he left ! s]vice ( ,b9ney ,ronaldson 9 #ahjj to g into t ( ! great ,holl& ,l& ,company4 ,he seems !re to h f\nd 8 place & s]v$ 9 important positions until ! end ( 8 life4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,type ,,f\nd+ ,s f> our /ory has be5 "o ( failure4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 pl5ty ( evid5ce t ! "t 0 ripe = success4 ,! new c\ntry 0 gr[+ rapidly4 ,! ,am]icans1 !n z n[1 7 insatiable read]s1 especially ( newspap]s4 ,! dem& = type 0 con/antly increas+4 ,am]ica 0 becom+ m & m indep5d5t1 m & m desir\s ( supply+ h] own wants1 & m & m impati5t ( ! inconv5i5ce1 exp5se1 & delay involv$ 9 ord]+ su* m]*&ise z type f ,engl&4 ,if ! p]si/5cy & c\rage ( ! eld] ,ba9 _h be5 %>$ by 8 family unque/ionably =tune w\ld h be5 easily )9 _! grasp1 b !y paid ! p5alty ( _! lack ( good bus9ess qualities4 ,we come n[ to ! /ory ( ! fir/ p]man5tly successful type f\ndry 9 ,am]ica1 a f\ndry :i* cont9u$ 9 vigor\s exi/5ce until ! erection ( ! ,j]sey ,city f\ndry ( ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company1 ) :i* x 0 m]g$4 ,!re met "o day 9 an ale h\se 9 ,philadelphia two m5 ^: lives 7 !nce=? to run toge!r4 ,i suspect t !y 7 drawn toge!r 9 ! fir/ place by ! fact t !y 7 bo? ,scot*m51 & t 9 _! fir/ contact !y %[$ ea* o!r ! qualities :i* b\nd !m toge!r4 ,!y 7 ,ar*ibald ,b9ney & ,james ,ronaldson4 ,b9ney _h le>n$ & practic$ ! trade ( type f\nd+ 9 ,ed9burgh1 ,scotl&4 ,ronaldson 0 a biscuit-mak]1 out ( bus9ess because ( ! burn+ ( 8 e/abli%m5t1 b ) "s ready money 9 h&4 ,x seem$ to ,b9ney t "h 0 a heav5-s5t opportunity to comb9e 8 k ) ,ronaldson's capital & ent] "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances ! bus9ess ( type f\nd+4 ,at ?is date !re 0 no active f\ndry 9 ,am]ica4 ,! successful ,ba9 conc]n _h be5 clos$ out4 ,! ,sau] bus9ess1 if active at all at ?is "t1 0 only an adjunct to a pr9t+ (fice1 :ile ,mappa 0 f9d+ x impossible to get />t$4 ,!y accord+ly agre$ to ent] ! bus9ess z equal p>tn]s1 ,b9ney putt+ 9 8 tools1 :i* 7 apprais$ at #hhh4hh1 :ile ,ronaldson put 9 ! same am\nt 9 ca%4 ,) ?is !y />t$ bus9ess1 ! fir/ entry 9 _! acc\nt book be+ ,novemb] #a1 #agif4 ,we le>n t !y r5t$ a frame h\se on 8,c$> ,/reet atwixt n9? & t5? /reets0 at #ag4cc a mon?4 ,9 #ahjj ! frame h\se 0 valu$ at #dj4jj & co/ #hb4ji 8to %ove x to its pres5t location40 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t at ?is "t a half-c5t co9 0 9 circulation & t acc\nts 7 kept d[n to a qu>t] ( a c5t4 ,at ! "t ( ! mov+ ( ! h\se ! firm b\ght ! prop]ty & built a new h\se on ! same lot4 ,! new h\se co/ #b1ejj & !y paid #gb a ye> gr\nd r5t1 app>5tly = additional l& n includ$ 9 ! pur*ase4 ,entries 9 _! fir/ acc\nt book %[ t "o or bo? memb]s ( ! firm liv$ 9 ! h\se4 ,!y />t$ ) a small assortm5t ( type1 b ( ! mo/ important faces4 ,^! faces appe> to h includ$ brevi] 7eight-po9t71 b\rgeois 7n9e-po9t71 long prim] 7t5-po9t71 small pica 7elev5-po9t71 pica 7twelve-po9t71 & "s two-l9e lett]s4 ,!y probably employ$ z matrix cutt] "o ,fr/1 a die mak] 9 ! ,philadelphia m9t1 :o aft]w>d cut a m$al be>+ ,b9ney's face on ! obv]se & an appropriate design on ! rev]se4 ,at an e>ly p]iod1 z we h se51 !y took ov] ,mappa & 8 outfit1 & 9 #agii !y b\ght ! tools ( ! ,ba9 conc]n1 pay+ #cjj = !m4 ,9 #ahjf ! excell5t ,frankl9 outfit 0 9 ! h&s ( a man by ! "n ( ,duane4 ,duane became int]e/$ 9 ,b9ney ,ronaldson & (f]$ to l5d !m any ( ! ,frankl9 tools & matrices :i* !y desir$ to use4 ,ronaldson 0 s impress$ ) ! sup]iority ( a "p at lea/ ( ! ,frankl9 equipm5t t1 fe>+ t ,duane might *ange 8 m9d & n be+ will+ to take any *ances1 he himself borr[$ a :eelb>r[ & mov$ ! mat]ial ov] to ,c$> ,/reet 9 ! middle ( a v hot summ] day4 ,b9ney ,ronaldson 7 ent]pris+1 ?rifty1 & oblig+4 ,!y did good "w1 took good c>e ( _! cu/om]s1 & 7 imm$iately & p]man5tly successful4 ,!y prosp]$ greatly f ! beg9n+ & bo? ( !m made =tunes1 z =tunes w5t 9 ^? days1 )9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,a /udy ( _! acc\nt books is extremely int]e/+4 ,among o!r ?+s !y give ! names ( #aad cu/om]s :o f\nd _! way onto _! books 9 ! fir/ five ye>s ( ! bus9ess4 ,x w\ld h>dly be wor? :ile "h to give ! names ( ^! cu/om]s1 b x is int]e/+ to see :]e !y 74 ,!y 7 locat$ z foll[s3 ,philadelphia #di ,p5nsylvania 7outside ( ,philadelphia7 #f ,new ,york ,city #bb ,albany1 ,new ,york #a ,delaw>e #d ,virg9ia #g ,new ,j]sey #b ,m>yl& #d ,di/rict ( ,columbia 7,wa%+ton & ,georget[n7 #b ,connecticut #a ,massa*usetts 7,concord7 #a ,georgia #a ,augu/a 7/ate n giv52 probably ,georgia7 #a ,t5nessee 7,knoxville7 #a ,location n giv5 #ab ,9 #ahaa ,b9ney inv5t$ an improv$ type mold :i* increas$ ! output ( ! ca/] fifty p] c5t & sav$ labor4 ,he exp]im5t$ ) a ma*9e = rubb+ type1 b 9 ?is 0 n successful4 ,9 #ahab ,b9ney ,ronaldson publi%$ a specim5 book :i* is int]e/+ z %[+ ! developm5t ( _! bus9ess4 ,?is book %[s elev5 faces l>g] ?an pica1 fifte5 k9ds ( body type1 ! smalle/ be+ pe>l 7#e po9t71 two sizes ( ,anglo-,saxon1 f\r sizes ( ,greek1 f\r sizes ( ,hebrew1 two sizes ( ,g]man text1 six sizes ( black lett]1 ?ree sizes ( ,g]man1 f\r sizes ( ,ori5tal lett]1 "o size ( script & #abj k9ds ( 8fl[]s0 or bord]s1 ! greate/ numb] ( ^! be+ on ,engli% 7#ad-po9t7 body4 ,x is n unlikely t "s if n all ( ! =eign lett]s may h come f ! ,frankl9 & ,mappa /ocks4 ,we "k t ,frankl9 _h ,greek & ,hebrew & t ,mappa _h ,g]man4 ,mappa's ,ori5tals did n appe>4 ,probably ev5 if ,b9ney ,ronaldson /ill _h ! matrices x w\ld n h be5 wor? :ile to include !m 9 _! specim5 book4 ,! preface says t !y 7 oblig$1 contr>y to _! incl9ations1 to imitate ,european ta/e4 ,evid5tly ,am]ica _h n yet become indep5d5t except politically4 ,!y gave two examples ( errone\sly =m$ faces 9 long prim] & small pica1 :i* 7 really cond5s$ faces z we %\ld n[ call !m4 ,!y appe> to h inv5t$ ! doll> m>k 9 #agig & ! abbreviation lb = weight p\nds 9 #agih4 ,9 #ahai ,mr4 ,b9ney retir$ ) an ample compet5ce4 ,mr4 ,ronaldson ran ! bus9ess alone = a :ile1 b 9 #ahbc he 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r ,ri*>d1 :o conduct$ ! bus9ess = t5 ye>s4 ,9 #ahcc ! bus9ess 0 tak5 ov] by ,lawr5ce ,johnson & ,george ,e4 ,smi?4 ,johnson 0 able1 ent]pris+1 & en]getic1 & introduc$ new vigor into ! conduct ( ! conc]n4 ,contemporane\sly ) ,j$$iah ,h[e he introduc$ /]eotyp+ into ,philadelphia4 ,smi? retir$ 9 #ahde & ,johnson took 9 z p>tn]s ,?omas ,mac,kellar1 ,john ,f4 ,smi?1 & ,ri*>d ,smi?1 "y m5 :o _h gr[n up 9 ! bus9ess & 7 ?or\ghly int]e/$ 9 x & devot$ to x4 ,! firm cont9u$ to prosp] greatly4 ,johnson di$ 9 #ahfj1 b 8 p>tn]s took 9 ,pet] ,a4 ,jordan1 *ang+ ! firm "n to ,mac,kellar1 ,smi?s ,jordan4 ,by ?is "t ! h\se _h acquir$ a great reputation & a lead+ position among ,am]ican type f\nd]s4 ,mr4 ,johnson di$ 9 #ahhd & ! next ye> ! firm 0 /ill fur!r increas$ by ! addition ( ,william ,b4 ,mac,kellar1 ,g4 ,fr$]ick ,jordan & ,c>l ,f4 ,hu*4 ,! firm "n 0 aga9 *ang$ to ,! ,mac,kellar1 ,smi?s ,jordan ,company4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! h\se 0 kn[n among pr9t]s z ! ,johnson ,type ,f\ndry4 ,= _m ye>s x _h acquir$ great di/9ction = its dilig5ce 9 electrotyp+ =eign designs z well z 9 orig9at+ new faces = ornam5tal types & bord]s4 ,! fa%ion ( ! "t = typographical decoration 0 l>gely develop$ by ! publication ( a h\se organ call$ ! 8,typographic ,adv]tis]10 a qu>t]ly j\rnal1 edit$ by ,?omas ,mac,kellar1 :i* conta9$ a fund ( matt] ( int]e/ to pr9t]s & a va/ quantity ( fanciful bord]s & o!r mat]ial n[ out ( fa%ion4 ,9 #ahib1 :5 ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company 0 organiz$ by ! consolidation ( "s tw5ty f\ndries1 ! ,mac,kellar1 ,smi?s ,jordan ,company ent]$ ! comb9ation & became ! ,philadelphia bran*4 ,n[ t we h told ! /ory ( ?is great h\se 9 detail1 we may g back to consid] "s m ( ! e>ly firms4 ,! success ( ,b9ney ,ronaldson 0 due to a comb9ation ( p]sonal qualities & favorable conditions4 ,! increase ( pr9t$ matt] 0 v great4 ,am]icans h always be5 a newspap]-lov+ p1 & aft] ! indep5d5ce ( ! colonies ! f\nd+ ( new newspap]s w5t on apace4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t all pr9t+ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! la/ c5tury 0 done ) f\ndry type1 h& set4 ,! dem& = type1 !re=e1 0 n only l>ge1 b 0 increas+4 ,up to ! outbreak ( ! w> ( #ahab ! few type f\ndries 9 ,am]ica 7 regul>ly f ?ree to f\r mon?s beh9d _! ord]s1 s greatly did dem& outrun production4 ,"u su* circum/ances ,b9ney ,ronaldson c\ld n h ! field to !mselves4 ,9 #ahje we f9d ,samuel ,s[] ,company at "w at ,baltimore4 ,s[] belong$ to ! family ( ,*ri/oph] ,sau]1 & us$ ! mat]ial ( ! old firm ) additions4 ,he made "s fonts ( roman & italic & appe>s to h made a specialty ( small type faces su* z diamond 7#d-po9t71 brilliant 7#d-po9t71 & excelsior 7#c-po9t74 ,9 #ahji ! second p]man5tly successful f\ndry 0 />t$ by ,elihu ,:ite & a man by ! "n ( ,w+ 9 ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut4 ,"h aga9 we h a sample ( *>act]i/ic ,yankee c\rage1 res\rce1 & +5uity1 qualities :i* h enabl$ ,am]icans at all times to accompli% ! app>5tly impossible4 ,nei!r ,:ite nor ,w+ knew ! bus9ess ( type f\nd+4 ,!y _h c]ta9 ideas ( _! own & = ! re/ !y app>5tly work$ backw>d f ! f9i%$ type4 ,_! attempt 0 to ca/ sev]al lett]s at once1 to be aft]w>ds sep>at$1 in/ead ( ca/+ ! lett]s s+ly z 0 ! g5]al practice4 ,probably p>tly = t reason & p>tly because ( ignorance1 p]haps also because ( _! confid5ce 9 _! ability to improve on accept$ me?ods1 !y did n use ! approv$ m\lds4 ,! attempt to ca/ lett]s by :olesale1 z x 71 0 n successful & _! entire progress 0 sl[ & unsatisfactory4 ,aft] _m failures1 !y s5t a man to ,philadelphia 9 ord] t he might le>n ! trade secrets4 ,9 ^? days type f\nd+1 l _m o!r trades1 0 to a great ext5t a secret trade & "o ( ! *ief duties ( ! workman 0 to keep 8 employ]'s secrets4 ,_! attempt to /eal ! trade fail$ & !y 7 ?r[n back ^u _! own res\rces aga94 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 _! ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success & !y began to turn out comm]cially successful type4 ,9 #ahaj ,:ite sep>at$ f ,w+ & w5t to ,new ,york1 :]e he & 8 bro!r ,julius e/abli%$ a bus9ess "u ! firm "n ( ,e4 ,j4 ,:ite4 ,f ?is "t on !y 7 /eadily & brilliantly successful4 ,9 #ahbj !y op5$ bran*es 9 ,buffalo & 9 ,c9c9nati to meet ! requirem5ts ( an exp&+ trade4 ,! bus9ess rema9$ 9 ! family until #ahed1 :5 x 0 b\ght out by ?ree employees :o cont9u$ x "u ! lat] well-kn[n firm "n ( ,f>m]1 ,little ,co4 ,ano!r fam\s "n 9 ! annals ( ,am]ican type f\nd+ appe>s at ab\t ! same "t z t ( ,:ite4 ,?is 0 ! "n ( ,bruce4 ,david ,bruce 0 born 9 #agej1 9 ,wick1 ,cai?ness1 ,scotl&4 ,:5 a m]e boy ,bruce 0 impress$ into ! ,briti% navy aft] ! bad old cu/om ( t day & s]v$ = a :ile 9 ! ,*annel ,fleet "u ! comm& ( ,"l ,h[e1 aft]w>ds well kn[n1 toge!r ) 8 bro!r ,g5]al ,h[e1 = _! "p 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,aft] he left ! navy ,bruce 0 appr5tic$ to a pr9t]4 ,he came to ,new ,york 9 #agic & obta9$ "w on a newspap]4 ,%ortly aft]w>d he s5t = 8 bro!r ,george & appr5tic$ him to a pr9t]4 ,9 #ahjf1 aft] ,george _h become a j\rneyman pr9t]1 ! bro!rs 7 (f]$ by publi%]s ! pr9t+ ( ,lavoisi]'s ,*emi/ry4 ,! fact t !y _h no plant1 no equipm5t1 & no money did n det] !m f accept+ ! (f]4 ,bruce manag$ someh[ to secure a place & a press1 & he borr[$ a font ( type4 ,he introduc$ ! /&+ press = dry press+ 8 %eets1 & he turn$ out s good a piece ( "w t ! publi%]s (f]$ him all ! pr9t+ t he c\ld d4 ,f ?is />t he set up a successful bus9ess4 ,9 #ahaa ,bruce1 ) 8 usual bus9ess acum51 recogniz$ ! importance ( /]eotyp+ & w5t to ,engl& to /udy x4 ,z we h se51 h[ev]1 x 0 n easy to le>n o!r p's trades 9 ^? days & ,bruce met ) great difficulty4 ,he did1 h[ev]1 succe$ 9 le>n+ some?+ f a ,scot* workman1 p]haps help$ by a c]ta9 s5se ( k9%ip1 :i* is common among ! ,scot*1 & return$ home to make exp]im5ts = himself4 ,times 7 n favorable = keep+ bus9ess runn+1 to say no?+ ( />t+ new bus9ess4 ,! conditions prec$+ ! w> ( #ahab 7 disa/r\s = bus9ess 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,am]ican comm]ce 0 cru%$ betwe5 ! upp] & ne!r mill/ones ( ,engl& & ,france1 :o _h be5 at w> = _m ye>s & 7 attempt+ to fight ea* o!r's comm]ce & indu/ries z well z ea* o!r's soldi]s4 ,! condition 0 v simil> to t :i* prec$$ ! entrance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ! great w> ( #aiag1 except+ t x cont9u$ mu* long] &1 ow+ to ! comp>ative weakness ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 0 mu* m s]i\s ?an ! lat] difficulty4 ,! w> did n m5d ?+s indu/rially & its close 9 #ahae left ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a bad bus9ess condition = a good _m ye>s4 ,nev]!less1 ! c\rage & p]si/5cy ( ! ,bruces enabl$ !m to wea!r ! /orm1 & !y n only held _! own b develop$ along new l9es4 ,9 #ahad & #ahae ,bruce produc$ ! fir/ two sets ( /]eotype plates made 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y 7 a common s*ool te/am5t 9 b\rgeois type & a #abmo ,bible 9 nonp>eil4 ,bruce inv5t$ a ma*9e = plan+ ! backs ( ! plates to make !m ( uni=m height4 ,?is 0 a great improvem5t & 0 s successful t x is said t ( ! entire two sets ( plates only a s+le plate ne$$ a slight ov]lay4 ,! developm5t ( ! /]eotyp+ process1 h[ev]1 br\ght to light difficulties ) type4 ,f\ndry type 0 sold ) ! %\ld] bevel$ (f = ord9>y pr9t+ & ?is 0 n favorable = /]eotyp+4 ,! type f\nd]s w\ld n make ! high spaces & quads :i* 7 ne$$4 ,z ! be/ way ( meet+ ^! difficulties1 ,bruce1 9 #ahae1 w5t into company ) ! ,/>r bro!rs = ! manufacture ( type4 ,x soon appe>$ t type f\nd+ & /]eotyp+ promis$ to be m pr(itable ?an pr9t+ & ,bruce sold out 8 pr9t+ e/abli%m5t to devote himself to ! o!r bran*es4 ,bruce & ! ,/>rs 7 unable to agree & ! p>tn]%ip 0 soon dissolv$1 ,bruce decid+ to c>ry on ! bus9ess alone 9 spite ( ! difficulties ( e sort :i* surr\nd$ x4 ,9 addition to ! bus9ess conditions ( ! "t1 nei!r ( ! ,bruces _h any practical k ( type f\nd+ & ! matrices ( _! only complete font 7 /ol51 presumably by someone :o 0 int]e/$ to secure _! failure4 ,x ne$$ m ?an t1 h[ev]1 to disc\rage ?is p]si/5t ,scot*man4 ,george ,bruce set himself at "w to le>n pun* cutt+ & m\ld mak+4 ,8 fir/ ef=ts 7 crude1 b he _h an arti/ic temp]am5t1 a critical _s1 & a practical k ( pr9t]s' ne$s4 ,by ^! qualities & 8 own p]si/5ce he soon became v pr(ici5t4 ,by #ahbj ! ,bruce f\ndry 0 ! be/ 9 ! c\ntry1 do+ bett] "w ?an ev5 ,b9ney ,ronaldson at t "t4 ,9 #ahbb ,bruce und]took to rem$y ! confusion 9 sizes :i* 0 !n & = a good _m ye>s a s\rce ( difficulty1 annoyance & exp5se to pr9t]s4 ,he devis$ a sci5tifically correct sy/em by :i* ! size d\bl$ ) e sev5 sizes ( ! sy/em4 ,?is 0 uni=m ?r\gh\t1 s t :]ev] y t\*$ ! sy/em1 y f\nd any giv5 type twice z l>ge z ! sev5? bel[ & half z l>ge z ! sev5? above4 ,9 spite ( ! fact ( ! simplicity & sci5tific correctness ( ! sy/em x did n prove suit$ to comm]cial "w & 0 n adopt$4 ,9 #ahbh ,william ,m4 ,johnson _h inv5t$ a type-ca/+ ma*9e 9 :i* a pump =c$ ! liquid metal into ! m\ld1 giv+ ! type a %>p] face ?an 0 possible ) h& ca/+4 ,! ma*9e 0 a /ep 9 ! "r direction1 b 0 crude & imp]fect4 ,:ite took x up & tri$ to improve x1 b he did n succe$ 9 remov+ its fundam5tal defects4 ,! types 7 n ca/ solid4 ,be+ holl[ !y 7 light & too weak to )/& ! pressure ( ! presses4 ,! fir/ successful type-ca/+ ma*9e 0 made by ,david ,bruce1 ,jr41 9 #ahch1 9 developm5t ( ! ,johnson idea4 ,george ,bruce b\ght ,david ,bruce's pat5ts & us$ ! ma*9e until #ahde1 :5 ,david ,bruce made fur!r improvem5ts & produc$ ! type ( ma*9e :i* is n[ 9 g5]al use n only 9 ?is c\ntry b 9 ,europe1 :]e ! me?od 0 soon adopt$4 ,james ,conn]1 a pr9t] ( ,new ,york1 began bus9ess z a /]eotyp] 9 t city 9 ! ye> #ahbg4 ,8 0 ! fir/ /]eotype edition ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he also e>n$ a good reputation z ! publi%] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ! ,bible 9 folio =m4 ,to ! bus9ess ( /]eotyp+ he soon aft] add$ t ( type f\nd+1 9 :i* he 0 rem>kably successful4 ,) ! aid ( ,edw9 ,/>r1 !n 9 8 employ1 he made ! electrotype matrices :i* enabl$ him l>gely to increase ! /ock ( 8 f\ndry4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,james ,conn]1 9 #ahfa1 ! f\ndry 0 manag$ by 8 sons & gr&sons1 :o f9ally m]g$ ! bus9ess 9 t ( ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company4 ,meantime ! bus9ess ( type f\nd+ spread f its orig9al c5t]s & new fields 7 occupi$4 ,by #ahah ! ,bo/on ,type ,f\ndry _h be5 f\nd$ by ,b$d+ton ,ew]1 & und]took to ca/ types1 set types1 & make /]eotype plates4 ,samuel ,n4 ,dick9son 0 taught ! trade ( a pr9t] 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 b aft]w>d 0 employ$ z a compositor 9 ! ,bo/on ,type & ,/]eotype ,f\ndry4 ,9 #ahbi he began bus9ess z a ma/] pr9t] & 9 #ahci he began type f\nd+ aft] hav+ design$ = an ,ed9burgh f\ndry a s]ies ( ,scot*-cut lett]s4 ,! success ( ?is face det]m9$ him to ca/ type = himself4 ,9 #ahde he _h a full assortm5t ( types & issu$ a specim5 book4 ,dick9son 0 n a /rong man1 h[ev]1 & di$ ( consumption 9 #ahdh1 at ! age ( =ty-sev54 ,! bus9ess 0 cont9u$ by ,sewall ,phelps & ,mi*ael ,dalton4 ,bo? ! ,bo/on ,type ,f\ndry & ! ,dick9son ,type ,f\ndry _h unusually successful c>e]s & 7 lat] absorb$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company4 ,type f\ndries 7 />t$ 9 ,albany1 ,buffalo1 ,pittsburgh1 ,l\isville1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,c9c9nati1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & 9 ,new ,york1 :]e !re 7 at lea/ sev5 f\ndries4 ,?is l$ to ov]-production1 competition1 & ! failure ( _m weak conc]ns1 a condition ( ?+s :i* 0 n entirely rem$i$ until ! organization ( ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company 9 #ahib4 ,9 #ahdj ,augu/us ,ladew & ,george ,*>les op5$ at ,/4 ,l\is ! fir/ f\ndry we/ ( ,c9c9nati4 ,?is firm cont9u$ 9 successful op]ation until x 0 m]g$ into ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company at its organization4 ,9 #ahjf ,rob]t ,lo?ian1 ( ,scotl&1 tri$ & fail$ to e/abli% a type f\ndry 9 ,new ,york4 ,8 son ,george ,b4 ,lo?ian1 :o _h be5 taught ! trade ( /]eotyp+ 9 ! /]eotype f\ndries ( ,john ,watts1 ( ,new ,york1 & ,b4 ,j4 ,coll9s1 ( ,philadelphia1 _h also receiv$ in/ruction f 8 fa!r & f ,elihu ,:ite 9 type f\nd+1 und]took to e/abli% a type f\ndry 9 ,pittsburgh1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x 0 an unsuccessful ent]prise & ,lo?ian return$ to ,new ,york4 ,9 #ahbb he und]took to make type = ! old firm ( ,h>p] ,bro!rs4 ,! face ( ,greek1 :i* he cut = ! ,an?on ,classical ,s]ies1 0 v mu* admir$4 ,he di$ 9 #ahea1 b ! f\ndry cont9u$ 9 bus9ess "u o!r h&s until #ahge4 ,! next ye> ,l\is ,pel\ze1 ! f\nd] ( a di/+ui%$ family ( type f\nd]s1 />t$ a bus9ess 9 ,philadelphia4 ,?is 0 ano!r ( ! successes f bo? a comm]cial & arti/ic po9t ( view1 & 0 ano!r ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company4 ,! ,bo/on ,type ,f\ndry1 :i* />t$ z a /]eotyp+ plant1 pass$ ?r\gh an exp]i5ce z a co-op]ative conc]n "u ! direction ( ! employees :o own$ ! /ock4 ,z is usually ! case ) su* ent]prises1 x 0 unsuccessful until f9ally ! majority ( ! /ock got into ! possession ( ,gorham ,rog]s1 f :i* "t x 0 op]at$ z 9 ! ord9>y way & atta9$ a high degree ( success1 do+ v f9e "w4 ,mr4 ,conn]1 =eman 9 ?is f\ndry1 :o _h />t$ z a /]eotyp] 9 #ahbg1 0 s5t to ,/4 ,l\is to op5 a bran* e/abli%m5t :i* 0 v successful & lat] became fam\s z ! ,c5tral ,type ,f\ndry4 ,conn] inv5t$ an electrotype matrix to take ! place ( ! matrices :i* _h =m]ly be5 made by driv+ a /eel pun* into copp]4 ,! ,dick9son ,type ,f\ndry also did "w ( a v high grade4 ,p]haps ! mo/ =tunate ?+ t ev] happ5$ to x 0 ! entrance into its s]vice 9 #ahfh ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,w4 ,ph9ney4 ,mr4 ,ph9ney 0 born 9 #ahdh1 & aft] a v>i$ exp]i5ce z a pr9t] 9 sev]al places1 w5t to ,bo/on 9 #ahfh1 lat] ent]+ ! employ ( ! old ,dick9son ,type ,f\ndry1 9 ! sell+ dep>tm5t4 ,he soon di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,dick9son ,company & aft] a "t became "o ( its p>tn]s4 ,8 skill1 arti/ic ta/e1 & ability soon made him "o ( ! lead]s 9 type design z well z "o ( ! great figures 9 ! type f\nd+ bus9ess4 ,= _m ye>s ,mr4 ,ph9ney has ex]cis$ an influ5ce = good 9 type f\nd+ :i* x w\ld be difficult to ov]e/imate4 ,on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,am]ican ,type ,f\nd]s ,company 9 #ahib ! ,dick9son conc]n became "o ( ! con/itu5t firms & ,mr4 ,ph9ney's lead]%ip 0 recogniz$ by 8 election to ! position ( ,vice-,presid5t ( ! new conc]n4 ,mr4 ,ph9ney has rema9$ 9 ,bo/on z ! head ( ! ,new ,engl& bran* ( ! bus9ess & is "o ( ! active & lead+ (fic]s ( ! great type f\nd+ company4 ,c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( type :i* h br\ght x to its pres5t p]fection rema9 to be record$4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! 7 made by ,b>?1 ,m>d]1 ,b5ton1 & ,ni*olas ,j4 ,w]n]4 ,h5ry ,b>? 0 born 9 ,leipsic1 ,g]many1 9 #ahbc1 & le>n$ ! trade ( ma!matical in/rum5t mak]4 ,be=e #ahdj ! ,bruce type ca/] 0 se5 9 ,g]many & 7n be+ protect$ by ,g]man pat5ts7 0 imitat$ by ,g]man type f\nd]s4 ,b>? 0 engag$ by ,brockhaus1 "o ( ! m important ,g]man pr9t]s1 :o ma9ta9$ 8 own b9d]y & type f\ndry & n[ add$ a ma*9e %op prim>ily = ! purpose ( build+ ,bruce ma*9es4 ,b>? sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 ! employ ( ,brockhaus mak+ type f\ndry tools & _h two ye>s' s]vice 9 ! ,g]man navy4 ,he came to ,am]ica 9 #ahdi & at fir/ practic$ 8 trade z a mak] ( ma!matical in/rum5ts1 b be=e long connect$ himself ) ! ,c9c9nati ,type ,f\ndry4 ,"h he inv5t$ a ma*9e to ca/ type by direct /eam pressure )\t ! pump4 ,! ma*9e 0 successful1 b = v>i\s reasons did n come into g5]al use4 ,he !n built a #ad #ah job press1 long well kn[n z ! ,wells jobb]4 ,dur+ 8 s]vice ) ! ,c9c9nati ,type ,f\ndry ! h&-ca/+ ma*9es 7 entirely replac$ by /eam ma*9es1 & 9 #ahec he inv5t$ ! k]n+ ma*9e4 ,ab\t ! same "t ! fir/ %av$ leads 7 made "u ,b>?'s direction4 ,at fir/ ! %av+ 0 done on a h& ma*9e1 b lat] he devis$ a /eam %av+ ma*9e4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( a long s]vice to ! indu/ry ,b>? 0 ! au?or ( _m important inv5tions & improvem5ts 9 ! details ( type f\nd+4 ,he di$ 9 #aijg4 ,to ,john ,m>d] we owe ! developm5t ( ! ,am]ican po9t sy/em ( type bodies4 ,! ,m>d] sy/em 0 n imm$iately adopt$1 b z develop$ by lat] inv5tions its sup]iority 0 s great t 9 spite ( ! tr\ble & exp5se involv$ 9 ! /&>dization ( type x f9ally became univ]sal4 ,l4 ,b4 ,b5ton introduc$ ! use ( accurate unit wid? ( type4 ,previ\sly ! wid? ( ! lett]s _h v>i$ ) ea* "*4 ,?is result$ 9 a multiplicity ( wid?s ( type4 ,b5ton's !ory 0 t quick] typesett+ & m uni=m spac+ c\ld be obta9$ by hav+ ! types /&>diz$ on a m9imum numb] ( wid?s & secur+ ! prop] space betwe5 *>act]s by modify+ ! %apes ( c]ta9 lett]s to con=m to ^! wid?s4 ,b5ton's type 0 popul>ly call$ 8self-spac+0 al?\gh ! "n 0 misappli$4 ,ano!r disadvantage !n exi/+ 0 t simil> /yle type faces f diff]5t f\ndries did n l9e1 & ev5 ! height-to-pap] ( types v>i$4 ,type sizes :i* 7 suppos$ly ! same1 9 reality v>i$ consid]ably 9 diff]5t f\ndries4 ,! confusion & difficulty = ! pr9t] aris+ out ( ?is lack ( /&>ds may easily be imag9$4 ,ea* f\ndry _h its own wid? & size ( type1 & 9 _m cases its size v>i$ by a consid]able fraction ( a po9t f t ( o!r f\ndries4 ,v probably ?is condition 0 delib]ately ma9ta9$ by "s f\ndries = ! purpose ( hold+ ! entire trade ( _! cu/om]s1 ! idea be+ t if ! types com+ f diff]5t f\ndries did n g toge!r well ! cu/om] w\ld naturally be l$ to buy all ( 8 type 9 ! same place4 ,! improvem5t ( ^! conditions 0 br\ght ab\t by ! introduction ( ! po9t sy/em ( bodies1 ,b5ton's unit wid?1 & ! p]fection ( ! l9+ & unit set sy/ems n[ 9 use4 ,"s important f\ndries held out aga9/ ^! improvem5ts = ye>s1 b ! dem&s ( _! cu/om]s1 :o p]ceiv$ ! great advantages ( ! /&>diz$ type1 f9ally compell$ adhesion to ! new sy/em4 ,"o important result ( ^! *anges 0 ! inv5tion ( ! pun*-cutt+ or engrav+ ma*9e4 ,! adoption ( ! improv$ sy/em requir$ ! production ( a va/ numb] ( new pun*es :i* _h =m]ly be5 cut by h&4 ,x 0 impossible to f9d en\gh skill$ workm5 to meet ?is dem& & ! engrav+ ma*9e n[ us$ = mak+ pun*es 0 accord+ly devis$ by ,b5ton4 ,! field = ! arti/ic developm5t ( type is inexhau/ible1 b x is difficult to imag9e h[ type1 z a me*anical product1 c be improv$ beyond its pres5t condition4 ,! complet5ess & p]fection ( ! sy/em1 ! excell5ce ( ! ma*9]y1 & ! skill 9 processes :i* h be5 develop$ make ! product app>5tly p]fect4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,compos+ ,,& ,,type-,,ca/+ ,,ma*9es ,) ! great expansion ( pr9t+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ) ! inv5tion ( greatly improv$ presses1 !re appe>$ a natural impati5ce ) ! sl[ process ( h& composition4 ,x seem$ a /range comm5t on human inv5tiv5ess t :ile new ma*9es _h be5 f\nd = do+ s _m k9ds ( man's "w1 :ile ! simple screw press ( ,gut5b]g _h develop$ into ! /eam-driv5 plat5 & cyl9d]1 & :ile s _m improvem5ts _h be5 made 9 ! manufacture ( type1 ! sett+ ( type 0 exactly :]e x 0 9 #adej4 ,m ?an #cej ye>s _h introduc$ practically no *anges 9 ! prim>y process ( arrang+ type into words & s5t5ces4 ,:at c\ld be done to apply human +5uity to ?is process8 ,?is "q 0 ask$ by inv5tors all ov] ! _w4 ,naturally ! fir/ l9e ( approa* to ! answ] 0 f ! direction ( a ma*9e :i* %\ld me*anically take up ! types & place !m 9 ! /ick1 9 o!r words1 a me*anical compos] or typesett+ ma*9e4 ,unsuccessful attempts 9 ?is l9e 7 made z e>ly z #ahbj or #ahbb4 ,! exp]im5t]s 7 n det]r$ by failures & comm]cially successful typesett+ ma*9es 7 f9ally inv5t$1 among :i* may be nam$ ! ,rog]s1 ! ,?orne1 & ! ,simplex4 ,! me*anical typesett] 0 successful = c]ta9 k9ds ( "w & w5t a long way t[>d meet+ ! g5]al ne$4 ,x w\ld probably h be5 develop$ to ! po9t ( meet+ x f> m fully _h x n be5 = ! epo*-mak+ inv5tion ( ! type ca/]4 ,! fir/ successful type compos+ & ca/+ ma*9e to be put on ! m>ket 0 inv5t$ by ,ottm> ,m]g5?al]4 ,mr4 ,m]g5?al] 0 born 9 ,g]many 9 #ahed1 & !re le>n$ ! trade ( an electrical in/rum5t mak]4 ,9 #ahgb1 :5 he 0 eighte5 ye>s old1 he came 9 sight ( ! p]iod :5 ! law w\ld call him into milit>y s]vice4 ,! w> ( #ahgj ) ,france 0 a v fre% memory4 ,! political /ability ( ,europe seem$ !n mu* less assur$ ?an x did at a lat] date4 ,"y ,m]g5?al] _h no desire to expose himself to ! dang] ( be+ call$ ^u to p>ticipate 9 ano!r great w>4 ,!re=e1 l _m o!r "y ,europeans1 he came to ,am]ica to avoid milit>y s]vice4 ,arriv$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 he work$ = "s "t at 8 trade4 ,! turn+ po9t 9 8 c>e] came 9 #ahgf :5 he 0 engag$ z an exp]t me*anic to "w on ! developm5t ( a typewrit] transf] ma*9e 9 :i* a gr\p ( p 7 int]e/$4 ,8 "w on ?is ma*9e1 al?\gh long cont9u$1 0 n successful1 b 8 /udy & exp]im5tation l$ him to conceive ! idea ( a type-ca/+ ma*9e :i* %\ld be controll$ f a keybo>d simil> to t ( a typewrit]1 b l>g] on acc\nt ( ! great] numb] ( *>act]s necess>y4 ,! fir/ model 0 produc$ 9 #ahhd4 ,! ma*9e 0 f> f p]fect1 b 0 suffici5tly develop$ to make x cle> t he 0 on ! track ( a revolution>y inv5tion4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 #ahhf1 ,m]g5?al] produc$ 8 fir/ successful ma*9e4 ,?is 0 put into ! compos+ room ( ! ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,:itelaw ,reid1 ! di/+ui%$ editor ( ! ,tribune1 aft]w>d ,am]ican ambassador to ,great ,brita91 & o!r weal?y g5tlem5 became int]e/$ 9 ,m]g5?al]'s "w & =m$ a syndicate1 mak+ a contract ) ! inv5tor :]eby he 0 hir$ to "w = !m ) a %>e 9 ! pr(its ( ! bus9ess4 ,! ma*9e 0 nam$ by ,mr4 ,reid himself ! l9otype because x ca/ a 8l9e o' type40 ,! great success ( ! ma*9e & ! enorm\s gr[? ( ! bus9ess ( manufactur+ x are too famili> to ne$ description1 :ile ! consequ5ces ( ! inv5tion 9 mak+ possible an enorm\s increase 9 ! output ( pr9t$ matt] c h>dly be e/imat$4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,text ,book ,no4 #bc1 8,type-,ca/+ & ,compos+ ,ma*9es40 ,mr4 ,m]g5?al] sev]$ 8 active connection ) ! syndicate 9 #ahhh1 al?\gh he cont9u$ int]e/$ 9 x & made f "t to "t su* m9or improvem5ts 9 ! ma*9e z sugge/$ !mselves to him4 ,he di$ 9 #ahii at ! e>ly age ( =ty-five4 ,:ile ,m]g5?al] 0 at "w ,tolb]t ,lan/on 0 exp]im5t+ along ! l9es ( a diff]5t ma*9e4 ,8 aim 0 n ! production ( a ma*9e :i* %\ld ca/ type1 by l9es1 b ( a ma*9e :i* %\ld ca/ type & spaces sep>ately & at ! same "t arrange !m 9 galleys ready = tak+ pro(4 ,obvi\sly1 ! l9e slug is ( use only = ! special purpose = :i* x 0 ca/1 :ile ! sep>ate types ca/ by ! monotype c be di/ribut$ j z if !y 7 f\ndry types & c also be us$ = h& composition4 ,! type ?us produc$ is n q z p]fect z f\ndry type1 b is sub/antially z useful = _m purposes4 ,ea* ma*9e has "s advantages ( its own & _! use is dictat$ by ! result :i* x is desir$ to produce4 ,! ,lan/on ma*9e appe>$ 9 #ahib4 ,^! two ma*9es are repres5tative ( ! types ( type-ca/+ ma*9es 9 ! m>ket4 ,o!r successful ma*9es ( ! same g5]al types h be5 inv5t$ & are 9 ext5sive use4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,electrotyp+ ,electrotyp+ is an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,z long ago z #ahcj ! laboratory discov]y 0 made t :5 copp] 0 deposit$ ^u ! side ( a voltaic batt]y & !n remov$1 x furni%$ a reproduction ( ! surface ^u :i* x _h be5 deposit$4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ?is discov]y v int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 reproduction 7 p]=m$ by ,?omas ,sp5c] ( ,liv]pool1 ,j4 ,c4 ,jordan ( ,london1 & ,pr(4 ,jacobi1 a ,russian4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 purely sci5tific1 ) no comm]cial end 9 view4 ,9 #ahci ,joseph ,a4 ,adams1 a wood engrav] connect$ ) ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 ! ,new ,york publi%]s1 conceiv$ ! idea ( apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! pr9t+ indu/ry & made an electrotype f a wood cut :i* 0 us$ = a magaz9e illu/ration 9 #ahda4 ,he also made ! illu/rations = ,h>p]'s great family ,bible1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdb-ahdd4 ,adams's me?od 0 to take an impression ( 8 block 9 an alloy ( s(t metal1 probably l>gely bismu?4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 de/roy$ ! block1 & al?\gh exp]im5tally successful x 0 n comm]cially practicable4 ,! inv5tion ( ,smee's batt]y & ! use ( wax = ! m\lds made ! process comm]cially s\nd & practical4 ,9 #ahdh ,john ,w4 ,wilcox1 ( ,bo/on1 us+ ^! me?ods1 began bus9ess z ! fir/ comm]cial electrotyp] & 0 successful f ! beg9n+4 ,8 fir/ "w conta9$ all ! ess5tials kn[n = _m ye>s4 ,improvem5ts soon foll[$4 ,9 #ahee ,john ,gay1 ( ,new ,york1 introduc$ ! use ( t9 foil = sold]+ ! back ( copp] %ells & ! same ye> ,adams inv5t$ a dry bru% black-lead+ ma*9e to take ! place ( ! h& me?od :i* _h hi!rto be5 necess>y4 ,9 #ahef ,film]1 ( ,bo/on1 inv5t$ ! process ( back+ up ! %ells by hold+ ! %ell d[n ) spr+s4 ,9 #ahfh ,/eph5 ,d4 ,tuck] inv5t$ ! type ( dry bru% black-lead+ ma*9e :i* is n[ 9 use & t5 ye>s lat] ,edw>d ,a4 ,blake1 ( ,*icago1 inv5t$ ! air bla/ black-lead+ ma*9e4 ,z e>ly z #ahga ,silas ,p4 ,knight1 ( ,h>p] ,bro!rs1 inv5t$ ! wet black-lead+ process4 ,x 0 successful1 b1 z sometimes happ5s1 attract$ no p>ticul> att5tion4 ,its m]its 9 comp>ison ) o!r me?ods d n appe> to h be5 appreciat$ & ! discov]y 0 =gott5 = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,9 #aijh ,frank ,h4 ,le>man1 ( ,buffalo1 inv5t$ a wet black-lead+ ma*9e :i* 0 adopt$ by ! indu/ry & improv$ by lat] pat5ts4 ,! wet process is n[ consid]$ ! be/4 ,p]haps ! greate/ s+le /ep =w>d 9 ! developm5t ( ! electrotype 0 ! sub/itution ( ! dynamo = ,smee's batt]y1 a *ange accompli%$ by ,leslie1 ( ,new ,york1 9 #ahgb4 ,r4 ,hoe ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 7 greatly int]e/$ 9 electrotyp+ ma*9]y & 7 lead]s 9 enc\rag+ its developm5t & 9 putt+ x on ! m>ket4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,pr9t+ ,,presses ,! developm5t ( pr9t+ ma*9]y has already be5 describ$ to a consid]able ext5t 9 two ( ! prec$+ volumes ( ?is s]ies 7,no4 #f1 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses1 & ,no4 #g1 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,ma*9es74 ,x may be wor? :ile1 h[ev]1 to review briefly 9 ?is place ! ma9 po9ts ( progress 9 ?is direction4 ,z we already "k1 ,am]ican pr9t]s orig9ally & = _m ye>s import$ all _! presses z well z _! type4 ,?is condition1 h[ev]1 c\ld n be p]man5t4 ,z e>ly z #agge good presses 7 be+ made at ,philadelphia & ,h>t=d4 ,^! presses 7 ( ! ,blaeu or 8,dut*0 type4 ,!y 7 wood5 ma*9es ) /one b$s & _h und]gone practically no *ange = a c\ple ( c5turies4 ,! be/ kn[n build] ( ^! old presses 9 ,am]ica 0 ,adam ,ramage1 :o came f ,scotl& to ,philadelphia 9 #agij4 ,ramage 0 n only a good workman1 b ( an inv5tive turn ( m9d1 & introduc$ sev]al improvem5ts1 notably ! sub/itution ( an iron b$ = ! /one "o4 ,! iron press 0 inv5t$ by ,"l ,/anhope1 9 ,engl&1 ab\t ! ye> #ahjj & 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! improvem5ts 9 pr9t+ ma*9]y :i* 7 to g s f> 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,l4 ,bull5 is au?ority = ! /atem5t t no ,/anhope press 0 ev] br\ght to ,am]ica4 ,! reason lies probably 9 ! fact t an ,am]ican inv5t$ an iron press at ab\t ! same "t4 ,?is 0 ,george ,clym]1 ( ,philadelphia1 :o aft] mu* exp]im5t+ produc$ ! ,columbian ,press1 an iron ma*9e :i* came into g5]al use 9 ,engl& z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ab\t #ahaf4 ,x 0 a complicat$ ma*9e1 b 9 spite ( its complexity 0 v durable & beautiful z well z p[]ful4 ,x 0 work$ on ! ord9>y h&-lev] pr9ciple1 b ! lev]age sy/em gave a f9e *ance = ! pressman's skill4 ,x _h wond]ful possibilities 9 ! production ( ! mo/ p]fect "w :5 9 ! h&s ( a skillful workman4 ,x won & long kept well-des]v$ favor4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #ahjg1 & 9 #ahag ,clym] himself foll[$ x to ,engl&1 :]e he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,9 spite ( ! capacity ( ! ,columbian press = ! production ( arti/ically p]fect "w !re 0 a great & increas+ dem& = presses ( a diff]5t type4 ,! dem& 0 = a simpl] press & also = "o t w\ld me*anically turn out l>g] quantities ( "w ?an 7 possible "u ! old lev]age sy/em4 ,! fir/ dem& 0 met by ! inv5tion ( ,pet] ,smi?1 ( ,new ,york1 :o built a press some:at on ! l9es ( ! ,columbian1 :i* 0 v heavy1 c>ri$ l>g] =ms1 & us$ %ort] lev]s1 & by ,samuel ,reid1 :o1 9 #ahbd1 inv5t$ ! simple b excell5t ,wa%+ton h& press1 :i* is /ill 9 common use4 ,f ?is po9t on !re are two l9es ( developm5t :i* may be foll[$ sep>ately1 "o ! developm5t ( ! p[] pr9t+ press 9 :i* ! b$ & plat5 are br\ght toge!r by a p[]-driv5 ge> r ?an by a h&-mov$ lev]1 ! o!r ! developm5t ( ! cyl9d] press4 ,! fir/ kn[n attempt to apply p[] to a pr9t+ press 0 made by ,william ,ni*olson1 ( ,london1 9 #agij1 9 connection ) 8 abortive attempt at ! inv5tion ( a cyl9d] press1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican attempt to use p[] 0 made by ,na?an ,hale1 fa!r ( ! fam\s ,edw>d ,ev]ett ,hale1 :o took possession ( ! ,bo/on ,adv]tis] 9 #ahad4 ,daniel ,treadwell1 ( ,bo/on1 inv5t$ & built = ,hale ! fir/ p[] press us$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x 0 a v l>ge plat5 ) a wood5 frame4 ,! presses ( ,isaac ,adams 7#ahcj7 & ,otis ,tufts 7#ahcd7 also _h orig9ally wood5 frames1 b lat] 7 built ) iron frames4 ,v few ,treadwell presses 7 ev] us$4 ,at fir/ !y 7 driv5 by horsep[]1 lat] by /eam4 ,! e>ly p[] presses 7 work$ by horses1 by m5 kn[n z crank-m51 & ev5 9 ! case ( small ma*9es by dogs4 ,^! crude p[] appliances soon gave way to /eam1 & )9 a few ye>s /eam has be5 l>gely supplant$ by ! electric drive1 ) a t5d5cy to a prepond]ance ( individual motor-driv5 ma*9es4 ,! electric drive1 by ! way1 is an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,9 #ahcj ,samuel ,adams1 ( ,bo/on1 built a plat5 p[] press1 :i* 0 long ! only p[] press capable ( f9e "w & exact regi/]4 ,n long lat] ,s4 ,p4 ,ruggles1 ( ,bo/on1 inv5t$ ! ,diamond1 a small1 rapid ma*9e = ! quick production ( c>ds1 envelopes1 & o!r small "w1 & lat]1 9 #ahci1 ! ,ruggles rot>y1 a successful & popul> p[] jobb]4 ,9 #ahef ,george ,p4 ,gordon began ! l9e ( ,gordon presses1 /ill made 9 improv$ models by ! ,*&l] ,price ,company1 ( ,clevel&1 & v ext5sively us$4 ,! advantages ( ! ,gordon 7 simplicity ( design1 a /rong impression1 high spe$1 & lightness ( runn+4 ,9 #ahfi ,m]ritt ,gally inv5t$ ! ,univ]sal press1 us+ a diff]5t me*anical sy/em & produc+ a p]fectly p>allel impression4 ,gally's inv5tion 0 lat] improv$ by ,john ,?omson1 :o produc$ a ma*9e :i* has be5 ext5sively us$ & is well kn[n z ! ,john ,?omson press4 ,9 #ahge ,gally also inv5t$ a heavy press = emboss+1 cutt+1 & creas+ heavy /ock4 ,9 #ahhe ! ,colt's ,armory univ]sal press1 a v excell5t ma*9e especially adapt$ to heavy "w1 0 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,9 #ahhe ,well+ton ,p4 ,kidd] inv5t$ a plat5 press ( ! ,gordon type1 ) automatic fe$ & deliv]y4 ,9 #ahij ,alb]t ,h>ris inv5t$ ! ,h>ris press1 ! fir/ really successful high-spe$ automatic jobb]4 ,two o!r famili> high-spe$ presses1 ! ,auto ,press & ! ,kelly1 are small high-spe$ cyl9d]s4 ,! fir/ kn[n attempt to make a cyl9d] press 0 t ( ,william ,ni*olson1 ( ,london1 :o inv5t$1 9 #aghi1 a ma*9e t %\ld apply ! pap] to ! type by means ( a cyl9d]4 ,z we h se51 ,ni*olson w5t s f> z to inv5t application ( p[] to 8 ma*9e1 =see+ t p[] w\ld be necess>y = ! use ( any successful cyl9d] presses4 ,ni*olson 0 n a pr9t]1 & 8 idea1 al?\gh x _h attract$ att5tion1 did n assume practical %ape4 ,t5 ye>s1 or s1 lat] ,dr4 ,k9sley1 a ,connecticut man1 develop$ ,ni*olson's idea & produc$ a cyl9d] press1 :i* is describ$ at consid]able l5g? by ,isaiah ,?omas 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+4 ,?omas seems to h be5 a good deal int]e/$ 9 ! ma*9e1 al?\gh he appe>s to h reg>d$ x z promis+ r ?an successful4 ,he says t x sav$ labor & did good "w4 ,he 0 suffici5tly int]e/$ to pr9t a picture ( x al?\gh 8 book is n o!rwise illu/rat$4 ,9 a g5]al way x 0 n unlike a mod]n cyl9d] pro( press4 ,x pr9t$ on "o side only & 0 n s arrang$ z to secure p]fect regi/] if an impression 0 desir$ on ! o!r side4 ,sev]al o!r attempts 7 made at ! inv5tion ( cyl9d] presses1 :i* attract$ consid]able att5tion1 b :i* 7 n comm]cially successful4 ,! fir/ real success 0 made by ,fr$rick ,knig1 a native ( ,saxony1 :o1 9 #ahad1 inv5t$ a cyl9d] press :i* 0 imm$iately put into use 9 ! press room ( ! ,london ,times4 ,knig's inv5tion1 l mo/ fir/ inv5tions 9 a new field1 0 susceptible ( improvem5t1 especially 9 ! direction ( simplicity4 ,^! improvem5ts1 h[ev]1 7 soon made1 & ! cyl9d] press />t$ on its c>e] ( wond]ful developm5t4 ,! fir/ cyl9d] press us$ 9 ,am]ica 0 a ,napi] br\ght out f ,engl& 9 #ahbe1 & set up 9 ! (fice ( ! ,national ,intellig5c] 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! developm5t ( ! cyl9d] press 9 ,am]ica is l>gely connect$ ) ! "n ( ,hoe4 ,rob]t ,hoe1 a ,leice/]%ire f>m]'s son1 0 born 9 #aghd1 & 9 due "t 0 appr5tic$ to a c>p5t]4 ,9 #ahjc he came to ,new ,york1 :]e he work$ at 8 trade4 ,aft] a "t he became associat$ 9 bus9ess ) 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,mat!w ,smi?1 ,jr4 ,smi? 0 a c>p5t] & a pr9t]'s jo9] 7t is to say1 a mak] ( press frames & o!r wood "w us$ by pr9t]s7 & a bro!r ( ,pet] ,smi?1 ! press inv5tor1 :o has already be5 m5tion$4 ,?r\gh ?is association ! firm got into ! bus9ess ( build+ presses1 fir/ ( wood & lat] ( iron4 ,bo? ! ,smi?s di$ 9 #ahbc & ,hoe inh]it$ ! bus9ess1 :i* he c>ri$ on 9 ! "n ( ,rob]t ,hoe ,company4 ,hoe 0 always ent]pris+ & 8 att5tion 0 quickly drawn to ! ,napi] press1 :i* _h be5 set up 9 ,wa%+ton 9 #ahbe4 ,z usual1 ?is ma*9e 0 n pat5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry & ,hoe proce$$ to imitate x1 ) su* *anges z occurr$ to him1 & put on ! m>ket1 9 #ahbg & #ahbh1 ! fir/ flat b$ & cyl9d] press made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,rob]t ,hoe retir$ on acc\nt ( fail+ heal? 9 #ahcb1 b he left ! bus9ess 9 ! capable h&s ( ,ri*>d ,m4 ,hoe & ,mat!w ,smi?1 ! son ( ,mat!w1 ,jr41 ,rob]t ,hoe's orig9al p>tn]4 ,! conc]n w5t on build+ & improv+ presses & 9 #ahdb !y pat5t$ a new b$-driv+ motion ( :i* ! well-kn[n ,meihle press ( today is a developm5t4 ,9 #ahde ,hoe ,company br\ght out ! ,hoe type-revolv+ ma*9e4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ press di/9ctively = l>ge newspap] circulations1 :i* !y aft]w>d develop$ to s wond]ful a degree1 & :i* h5ce=? 0 _! lead+ l9e ( production4 ,9 ?is ma*9e ! type =ms 7 impos$ on turtles & fa/5$ on a c5tral cyl9d]1 aga9/ :i* revolv$ z _m impression cyl9d]s1 f two to t51 z 7 requir$4 ,?is ma*9e put ,am]ican pr9t+ ma*9]y 9 ! fir/ rank4 ,9 #aheh ! ,hoe firm b\ght out ! ,isaac ,adams pat5ts & bus9ess4 ,ab\t ?is "t two o!r important inv5tions 7 made1 bo? ( :i* 7 lat] utiliz$ by ! ,hoes4 ,9 #ahec ,pratt built = ! ,brooklyn ,daily ,adv]tis] ! fir/ p]fect+ press1 or press pr9t+ bo? sides ( ! pap] )\t remov+ ! %eet4 ,9 #ahfj ,william ,bullock began to exp]im5t on a rot>y self-fe$+ or web pr9t+ press1 & f9ally succe$$ 9 a*iev+ success 9 #ahfe4 ,! ,bullock ma*9e 0 self-fe$+1 b cut ! %eets f a web be=e pr9t+4 ,9 #ahdg ,hoe ,company began "w on a rot>y pr9t+ press to pr9t f ! web )\t fir/ cutt+ x into %eets4 ,?is involv$ all ! ess5tial p>ts :i* _h be5 discov]$ & ga!r$ !m into "o ma*9e4 ,! exp]im5t 0 successful1 result+ 9 ! production ( ! wond]ful multiple press1 :i* may be se5 today 9 ! press room ( any great newspap]4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ,hoe press1 ! developm5t ( ! autoplate1 a ma*9e inv5t$ 9 #aijj by ,h5ry ,a4 ,wise ,wood1 ( ,new ,york1 :]eby ! process ( /]eotyp+ is made 9 a practical way subsidi>y to newspap] pr9t+1 & ! inv5tion ( wood pulp pap] h made possible ! mod]n newspap]4 ,we h ?us v ha/ily trac$ ! process ( developm5t 9 types & presses 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mu* might be said1 if space p]mitt$ & ! purpose ( ?is s]ies requir$ x1 ( ! inv5tion ( o!r presses1 appliances1 & me?ods1 & ( ! improvem5ts :i* are con/antly be+ made 9 ! tools & mat]ials us$ 9 pr9t+ & ! alli$ indu/ries4 ,^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 are ( only second>y hi/oric int]e/4 ,s mu* z ! appr5tice ne$s to "k ab\t !m he w le>n 9 ! c\rse ( 8 "w1 z he comes 9 contact ) !m & le>ns _! use4 ,p]haps ! purpose ( ?is book has be5 suffici5tly accompli%$ 9 %[+ ! mile/ones along ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! two great tools ( ! pr9t]1 8 type & 8 press4 ,! li/ :i* foll[s is a brief /atem5t ( ! mo/ important contributions ( ,am]ican inv5tors to ! art ( pr9t+3 ,web rot>y presses4 ,automatic /]eotyp+ ma*9es4 ,pr9t+ ma*9]y "u electrical control4 ,two-revolution cyl9d] presses4 ,%eet fe$ rot>y presses4 ,multicolor presses4 ,rot>y direct & rot>y (fset presses = li?ographic "w4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 includes only ! inv5tions :i* are fundam5tal & orig9al4 ,improvem5ts ( "s fundam5tal inv5tion1 made else:]e or e>li]1 are n includ$1 al?\gh 9 ?is connection x is wor? :ile to m5tion "o important ?+ :i* owes to ,am]ica almo/ ev]y?+ except its orig9al inv5tion4 ,?is is process pr9t+1 bo? 9 black & :ite & 9 colors4 ,process pr9t+ 0 n an ,am]ican inv5tion4 ,x is safe to say t x w\ld be only a sci5tific exp]im5t if x _h n be5 made practical by ,am]ican inv5tions1 su* z coat$ pap]1 fir/ made = half-tone "w by ! ,cumb]l& ,mills ,company = ,mr4 ,de ,v9ne1 rul+ ma*9es = half-tone "w1 :i* 7 fir/ made by ,max ,levy1 ( ,philadelphia1 ab\t #ahhj1 & ?ree-color process plates1 :i* 7 fir/ made by ,fr$]ick ,ives1 ( ,philadelphia1 9 #ahha4 ,,review ,,que/ions ,,sugge/ions ,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,in/ructors ,! foll[+ que/ions1 bas$ on ! cont5ts ( ?is pamphlet1 are int5d$ to s]ve 7#a7 z a guide to ! /udy ( ! text1 7#b7 z an aid to ! /ud5t 9 putt+ ! in=mation conta9$ into def9ite /atem5ts )\t actually memoriz+ ! text1 7#c7 z a means ( secur+ f ! /ud5t a reproduction ( ! in=mation 9 8 own words4 ,a c>eful foll[+ ( ! que/ions by ! read] w insure full acqua9tance ) e "p ( ! text1 avoid+ ! accid5tal omission ( :at might be ( value4 ,^! prim]s are s cond5s$ t no?+ %\ld be omitt$4 ,9 tea*+ f ^! books x is v important t ^! que/ions & su* o!rs z may occur to ! tea*] %\ld be made ! basis ( frequ5t writt5 "w1 & ( f9al exam9ations4 ,! importance ( writt5 "w _c be ov]/at$4 ,x n only assures k ( mat]ial1 b ! p[] to express t k correctly & 9 good =m4 ,if ?is writt5 "w c be submitt$ to ! tea*] 9 pr9t$ =m x w be d\bly useful4 ,,que/ions #a4 ,:at g5]al c\rse ( developm5t d we f9d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 relation to ,european influ5ce8 #b4 ,h[ has ?is work$ out 9 ! case ( type & presses8 #c4 ,:o ca/ ! fir/ type made 9 ?is c\ntry8 #d4 ,:o 0 ,mit*elson1 ! type f\nd]1 & :at did he d8 #e4 ,tell ! /ory ( ,adam ,buell4 #f4 ,tell ab\t ,b5jam9 ,frankl9's attempt at type f\nd+4 #g4 ,tell ! /ory ( ! fir/ successful type f\ndry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #h4 ,tell ( ! attempt ( ,mappa to />t a type f\ndry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #i4 ,:at 7 ! prospects = successful type f\nd+ 9 ,am]ica ab\t #agie8 #aj4 ,tell ! /ory ( ! />t+ ( ! fir/ p]man5tly successful type f\ndry 9 ,am]ica4 #aa4 ,:at 7 ! fir/ /eps tak5 to enl>ge its facilities8 #ab4 ,:at inv5tions did ! s5ior p>tn] "w on8 #ac4 ,give a brief sket* ( ! firm f ! retirem5t ( ! s5ior p>tn] to ! pres5t "t4 #ad4 ,:at o!r type f\nd] 0 at "w 9 #ahje1 & :at 0 he do+8 #ae4 ,tell ! /ory ( ! />t+ ( ! second successful type f\ndry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #af4 ,:o 7 ! ,bruces1 & h[ did !y />t 9 bus9ess8 #ag4 ,:at did ! ,bruces d 9 #ahad & #ahae8 #ah4 ,h[ did ! ,bruces become type f\nd]s8 #ai4 ,:at improvem5t did ! ,bruces attempt 9 #ahbb1 & ) :at result8 #bj4 ,:at 0 ,w4 ,m4 ,johnson's inv5tion1 & :at became ( x8 #ba4 ,:at developm5t took place 9 ! type f\nd+ bus9ess1 & :at 0 ! result8 #bb4 ,:o 0 ,augu/us ,ladew1 & :at did he d8 #bc4 ,:o 0 ,l\is ,pel\ze1 & :at did he d8 #bd4 ,:at c y tell ab\t ! ,bo/on ,type ,f\ndry8 #be4 ,tell ab\t ! "w ( ,j4 ,w4 ,ph9ney4 #bf4 ,:o 0 ,h5ry ,b>?1 & :at did he d8 #bg4 ,:at d we owe to ,john ,m>d]8 #bh4 ,:at d we owe to ,l4 ,r4 ,b5ton8 #bi4 ,:at inv5tion foll[$ ! "w ( ,b5ton & ,w]n]1 & :y8 #cj4 ,:at ne$ became acute 9 compos+ room1 & :at 0 done to meet x8 #ca4 ,:at inv5tion *ang$ ! c\rse ( developm5t along ?is l9e8 #cb4 ,tell ! /ory ( ,ottm> ,m]g5?al]4 #cc4 ,:at did ,tolb]t ,lan/on inv5t8 #cd4 ,tell ! /ory ( ! discov]y ( ! electrotyp+ process4 #ce4 ,:o 0 ! fir/ to apply ?is process to pr9t+1 & :at 7 ! defects ( 8 me?od8 #cf4 ,give a sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! process ( electrotyp+1 nam+ five pr9cipal inv5tions ) dates4 #cg4 ,:at 0 ! greate/ s+le /ep 9 advance1 & :51 :]e1 & by :om 0 x made8 #ch4 ,:]e did ! fir/ ,am]ican presses come f8 #ci4 ,h[ soon 7 presses made 9 ,am]ica1 & :at 7 !y l8 #dj4 ,:o 0 ! be/ kn[n ,am]ican press build] be=e #ahjj1 & :at improvem5t did he make8 #da4 ,:o inv5t$ ! iron press1 & :58 #db4 ,:o inv5t$ ! ,columbian h& press8 #dc4 ,:at dem& soon arose1 & h[ 0 x met8 #dd4 ,:o inv5t$ ! ,wa%+ton h& press & :58 #de4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ attempt to use p[] 9 press op]ation8 #df4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican attempt to use p[] 9 press op]ation8 #dg4 ,:at sort ( p[] 0 orig9ally us$8 #dh4 ,tell ab\t ! inv5tions ( ,adams1 ,ruggles1 & ,gordon4 #di4 ,tell ab\t ! inv5tion ( ,m]ritt ,gally4 #ej4 ,:at 7 ! inv5tions ( ,kidd] & ,h>ris8 #ea4 ,:at types ( high-spe$ small presses are made8 #eb4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ attempt to build a cyl9d] press8 #ec4 ,:at 0 ! fir/ ,am]ican attempt to build a cyl9d] press8 #ed4 ,:o inv5t$ ! fir/ successful cyl9d] press8 #ee4 ,tell ! /ory ( ,hoe ,co4 d[n to #ahde4 #ef4 ,:at important inv5tion did ,hoe ,co4 br+ out 9 #ahde8 #eg4 ,:at 7 ! inv5tions ( ,pratt & ,bullock8 #eh4 ,:at did ,hoe ,co4 produce 9 #ahdg8 #ei4 ,:at did ,h5ry ,a4 ,wise ,wood inv5t8 #fj4 ,give a li/ ( ! mo/ important ,am]ican inv5tions 9 pr9t+ ma*9]y4 #fa4 ,:y is ! li/ n long]8 ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices ,! foll[+ li/ ( publications1 compris+ ! ,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices1 has be5 prep>$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9 trade classes1 9 c\rse ( pr9t+ in/ruction1 & by individuals4 ,ea* publication has be5 compil$ by a compet5t au?or or gr\p ( au?ors1 & c>efully edit$1 ! purpose be+ to provide ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--employ]s1 j\rneym51 & appr5tices--) a compreh5sive s]ies ( h&y & inexp5sive comp5diums ( reliable1 up-to-date in=mation ^u ! v>i\s bran*es & specialties ( ! pr9t+ craft1 all arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion = progressive /udy4 ,! publications ( ! s]ies are ( uni=m size1 #e #h in*es4 ,_! g5]al make-up1 9 typography1 illu/rations1 etc41 has be51 z f> z practicable1 kept 9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a brief synopsis ( ! p>ticul> cont5ts & o!r *ief features ( ea* volume w be f\nd "u ea* title 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,ea* topic is treat$ 9 a concise mann]1 ! aim be+ to embody 9 ea* publication z completely z possible all ! rudim5t>y in=mation & ess5tial facts necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e has be5 tak5 to make all /atem5ts accurate & cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++ ess5tial in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ ( beg9n]s 9 ! diff]5t fields ( /udy4 ,:]ev] practicable1 simple & well-def9$ draw+s & illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/ 9 giv+ additional cle>ness to ! text4 ,9 ord] t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/ possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review ,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( ! subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y ( te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( ! books4 ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4 ,address all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,"p ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 & ,mat]ials #a4 ,type3 a ,prim] ( ,in=mation ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,relat+ to ! me*anical features ( pr9t+ types2 _! sizes1 font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief description ( _! manufacture4 #dd pp42 illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools & ,mat]ials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t compos+ /icks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+ ma*9es1 etc4 #dg pp42 illu/rat$2 #ej review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,compos+ ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t type cases1 "w /&s1 cab9ets1 case racks1 galley racks1 /&+ galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illu/rat$2 #cc review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #d4 ,impos+ ,tables & ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,describ+ ! tools & mat]ials us$ 9 lock+ up =ms = ! press1 includ+ "s mod]n utilities = special purposes4 #ei pp42 illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #e4 ,pro( ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es = tak+ pr9t]s' pro(s4 #dj pp42 illu/rat$2 #da review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #f4 ,plat5 ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,daniel ,bak] ,a prim] ( in=mation reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical con/ruction ( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f ! orig9al h& press to ! mod]n job press1 to :i* is add$ a *apt] on automatic presses ( small size4 #ea pp42 illu/rat$2 #di review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #g4 ,cyl9d] ,pr9t+ ,presses ,by ,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak] ,be+ a /udy ( ! me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal types ( cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd pp42 illu/rat$2 #dg review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #h4 ,me*anical ,fe$]s & ,fold]s ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurri] ,! hi/ory & op]ation ( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2 ) h9ts on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #i4 ,p[] = ,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\ses ,by ,c>l ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on ! me?ods ( apply+ p[] to pr9t+ presses & alli$ ma*9]y ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illu/rat$2 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aj4 ,pap] ,cutt+ ,ma*9es ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1 h&-lev] cutt]s1 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r automatic ma*9es = cutt+ pap]1 #gj pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #aa4 ,pr9t]s' ,roll]s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! composition1 manufacture1 & c>e ( ink+ roll]s4 #df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ab4 ,pr9t+ ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,_! composition1 prop]ties & manufacture 7repr9t$ by p]mission f ,circul> ,no4 #ec1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,bureau ( ,/&>ds72 toge!r ) "s helpful sugge/ions ab\t ! ev]yday use ( pr9t+ inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ac4 ,h[ ,pap] is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,:eelwright ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh pp42 illu/rat$2 #fb review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ad4 ,relief ,engrav+s ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief hi/ory & non-te*nical description ( mod]n me?ods ( engrav+2 woodcut1 z9c plate1 half-tone2 k9d ( copy = reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+ engrav+s4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ae4 ,electrotyp+ & ,/]eotyp+ ,by ,h>ris ,b4 ,hat* & ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! processes ( electrotyp+ & /]eotyp+4 #id pp42 illu/rat$2 #abi review que/ions2 gloss>ies4 ,,"p ,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e ,composition #af4 ,typesett+ ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book = beg9n]s1 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1 spac+1 correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to typesett+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,! me?ods by :i* !y are made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 ) obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ah4 ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,sugge/ions = ! appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/ jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little ?+s :i* g to make good display 9 typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ai4 ,g5]al ,job ,composition ,h[ ! job compositor h&les bus9ess /ation]y1 programs & miscellane\s "w4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ,*apt]s f ,de,vinne's 8,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book ,composition10 revis$ & arrang$ = ?is s]ies ( text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well ( ,! ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,"p ,i3 ,composition ( pages4 ,"p ,,ii3 ,imposition ( pages4 #bbi pp42 illu/rat$2 #ebe review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ba4 ,tabul> ,composition ,by ,rob]t ,seav] ,a /udy ( ! elem5t>y =ms ( table composition1 ) examples ( m difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review que/ions4 #bb4 ,appli$ ,ari?metic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,%eldon ,elem5t>y ari?metic appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+ trade1 calculation ( mat]ials1 pap] weights & sizes1 ) /&>d tables & rules = computation1 ea* subject amplifi$ ) examples & ex]cises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typeca/+ & ,compos+ ,ma*9es ,a4 ,w4 ,f9lay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,! ,l9otype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,horn/e9 ,section ,,ii--,! ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,! ,int]type ,by ,h5ry ,w4 ,cozz5s ,section ,,iv--,o!r ,typeca/+ & ,typesett+ ,ma*9es ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smi? ,a brief hi/ory ( typesett+ ma*9es1 ) descriptions ( _! me*anical pr9ciples & op]ations4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iii--,imposition & ,/onework #bd4 ,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,?+s ! appr5tice %\ld "k ab\t lock+ up small =ms1 & ab\t g5]al "w on ! /one4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #be4 ,prep>+ ,=ms = ! ,cyl9d] ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry ,pamphlet & catalog imposition2 m>g9s2 fold m>ks1 etc4 ,me?ods ( h&l+ type =ms & electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on ,plat5 ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a press & _! functions2 di/9ctive features ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ ! tympan1 regulat+ ! impression1 und]lay+ & ov]lay+1 sett+ gauges1 & o!r details expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bg4 ,cyl9d] ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,prep>+ ! press2 adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m roll]s1 ink f\nta91 gripp]s & deliv]y sy/ems4 ,und]lay+ & ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay me?ods4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps ,by ,*>les ,l4 ,dunton ,describ+ "s practical me?ods ( pressroom "w1 ) directions & useful in=mation relat+ to a v>iety ( pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review que/ions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes ( ! ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! di/9ctive features ( ! relief1 ! intaglio1 & ! planographic processes ( pr9t+4 #hd pp42 illu/rat$2 #ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet & ,book ,b9d+ #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+ ,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9 ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations employ$ 9 b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9 ! b9d]y4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ca4 ,book ,b9d+ ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg] ,practical in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ books2 fold+2 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1 =w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case mak+ & cas$-9 books4 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job & blank-book b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4 ,,"p ,,vi--,correct ,lit]>y ,composition #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & ,engli% ,gramm> ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t words1 _! relations1 & _! uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _! use1 bo? grammatically & typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s practical typographic h9ts z to ! use ( capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #ce4 ,division ( ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules = ! division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 ) rem>ks on spell+1 syllabication & pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review que/ions4 #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a /udy ( ! pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts ( comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations & ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review que/ions4 #ch4 ,! ,uses ( ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4 #ci4 ,pro(read+ ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,! te*nical phases ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1 revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s & copy4 ,illu/rat$ by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4 #dj4 ,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,sugge/ions = au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9 prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf pp42 #fg review que/ions4 #da4 ,pr9t]s' ,manual ( ,/yle ,a ref]5ce compilation ( approv$ rules1 usages1 & sugge/ions relat+ to uni=mity 9 punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 num]als1 & k9dr$ features ( composition4 #db4 ,! ,pr9t]'s ,diction>y ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t ,a h&book ( def9itions & miscellane\s in=mation ab\t v>i\s processes ( pr9t+1 alphabetically arrang$4 ,te*nical t]ms expla9$4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,"p ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 & ,lett]+ #dc4 ,appli$ ,design = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a h&book ( ! pr9ciples ( arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t on ! p]iods ( design :i* h mo/ influ5c$ pr9t+4 ,treats ( h>mony1 balance1 proportion1 & rhy?m2 motion2 symmetry & v>iety2 ornam5t1 e/hetic & symbolic4 #cg illu/rations2 #df review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elem5ts ( ,typographic ,design ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,applications ( ! pr9ciples ( decorative design4 ,build+ mat]ial ( typography3 pap]1 types1 ink1 decorations & illu/rations4 ,h&l+ ( %apes4 ,design ( complete book1 treat+ ea* "p4 ,design ( comm]cial =ms & s+le units4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudim5ts ( ,color 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,use ( color3 = decoration ( black & :ite1 = broad po/] effect1 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m pr9t+s ) process engrav+s4 ,sci5tific nature ( color1 physical & *emical4 ,t]ms 9 :i* color may be discuss$3 hue1 value1 int5sity4 ,diagrams 9 color1 scales & comb9ations4 ,color !ory ( process engrav+4 ,exp]im5ts ) color4 ,illu/rations 9 full color1 & on v>i\s pap]s4 ,review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lett]+ 9 ,typography ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,pr9t]'s use ( lett]+3 adaptability & decorative effect4 ,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+ & lett]+ & its influ5ce on type design4 ,classification ( g5]al =ms 9 lett]+4 ,application ( design to lett]+4 ,draw+ = reproduction4 ,fully illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design 9 ,adv]tis+ ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,! pr9t]'s function 9 adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i* adv]tis+ is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 att5tion1 color4 ,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+ typography4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies & ,lay\ts ,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage ,a lay\t3 ! ar*itectural plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation ( a propos$ f9al effect4 ,use ( dummy 9 sales "w4 ,use ( lay\t4 ,function ( lay\t man4 ,b9d+ s*emes = dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4 ,,"p ,,viii--,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+ #di4 ,books ,be=e ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet & ! hi/ory ( bookmak+ up to ! inv5tion ( movable types4 #fb pp42 illu/rat$2 #fd review que/ions4 #ej4 ,! ,inv5tion ( ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came ab\t4 #fd pp42 #fb review que/ions4 #ea4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 ! developm5t ( ! book1 ! developm5t ( pr9t]s' mat]ials1 & ! "w ( ! great pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee review que/ions4 #eb4 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+--,"p ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry f #adej to #aghi1 includ+ gov]nm5t regulations1 c5sor%ip1 int]nal conditions & indu/rial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review que/ions4 #ec4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,engl& ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a %ort hi/ory ( pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to ! pres5t "t4 #hi pp42 #fe review que/ions4 #ed4 ,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s notes on publi%]s :o h especially contribut$ to pr9t+4 #ih pp42 #hd review que/ions4 #ee4 ,type & ,presses 9 ,am]ica ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief hi/orical sket* ( ! developm5t ( type ca/+ & press build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #eb pp42 #fa review que/ions4 ,,"p ,,ix--,co/ ,f9d+ & ,acc\nt+ #ef4 ,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9 ,pr9t+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t all ! elem5ts t contribute to ! co/ ( pr9t+ & _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eg4 ,use ( a ,co/ ,sy/em ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #eh4 ,! ,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! selection & pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4 ,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial & ! sell+ price ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #ei4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,! e/imator & 8 "w2 =ms to use2 g5]al rules = e/imat+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fj4 ,e/imat+ & ,sell+ ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,an insight into ! me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _! relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,a brief outl9e ( an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2 necess>y books & accessory records4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4 ,,"p ,x--,miscellane\s #fb4 ,heal?1 ,sanitation1 & ,safety ,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port] ,hygi5e 9 ! pr9t+ trade2 a /udy ( conditions old & new2 practical sugge/ions = improvem5t2 protective appliances & rules = safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book ( ref]5ce cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies1 alphabetically arrang$4 #fd4 ,c\rses ( ,/udy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook = tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions = classroom & %op "w4 ,,ackn[l$gm5t ,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices ! books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4 ,:ile due ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title & copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea* book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be ( int]e/4 ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 ! production ( a portion ( ! volumes1 con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z ! entire li/ ( books compris+ ! ,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5 complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 ea* volume4 ,! ,committee also desires to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly await$ its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica4 ,,h5ry ,p4 ,,port]1 ,*airman1 ,e4 ,,lawr5ce ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,fr$]ick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,= ,composition & ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blan*>d ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+ ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,dev9ne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4 ,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,/eph5 ,,gre5 ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,! ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,edw>d ,,/]n ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+ ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphag51 ,l9coln1 ,neb4 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,= ,composition ,,bo/on ,,typo!tae ,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,! ,,kalkh(f ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,electrotypes ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,fl[] ,,/eel ,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,:itcomb ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,= ,engrav+s ,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,we/]ly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,gold+ ,,manufactur+ ,,co41 ,frankl91 ,mass4 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,,lan/on ,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,m]g5?al] ,,l9otype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,! ,,pr9t+ ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,ris+ ,,pap] ,,company1 ,h\satonic1 ,mass4 ,,! ,,v&]cook ,,press1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,= ,book ,pap] ,,am]ican ,,writ+ ,,pap] ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,,pulp ,,pap] ,,co41 ,me*anicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 vii1 *ang$ 8,! ,/&>d ,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld %[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y40 to 8,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t all ! elem5ts t contribute to ! co/ ( pr9t+ & _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y40 ,see https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ebooks_/#feei f4 #b4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #c4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4