,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices--,,part ,,viii1 ,,no4 #ee ,,type ,,and ,,presses ,,in ,,america ,a ,,brief ,,historical ,,sketch ,,of ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,type ,,casting ,,and ,,press ,,building ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,education ,,director ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america #aiah ,copyright1 #aiah ,united ,typothetae of ,america ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,composition and electrotypes contributed by ,,poole ,,bros4 ,chicago ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction #e ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,pioneer ,,type ,,founders #h ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,establishment ,,of ,,type ,,founding #ad ,,chapter ,,iii ,,composing ,,and ,,type-,,casting ,,machines #bi ,,chapter ,,iv ,,electrotyping #cb ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,the ,,printing ,,press #cd ,,introduction ,a study of type founding and of the development of presses and other printers' machinery in ,america presents many interesting considerations4 ,if the attempt were made to give in detail the story of ,american type founding and the accomplishments of the notable ,american type founders1 and at the same time to chronicle the improvements and inventions which ,american genius has contributed to the machines and processes used in printing and the allied industries1 a very large book might readily be produced4 ,while such a book would not be without interest and would certainly have very great value1 it would be valuable mainly as a work of reference and would lack the interest which ought to attach to a book of the sort contained in this series4 ,it has seemed to the writer best1 therefore1 not to attempt to collect an encyclopedia of information1 but to give a brief sketch of the development of types and presses in the ,united ,states1 with a special view to the beginnings in both departments4 ,it is greatly to be hoped that a more competent hand may later be set to the production of such an encyclopedic volume as has been indicated1 but such a work does not belong in this series4 ,in these matters1 as in so many others1 we find a definite course of development going on4 ,originally ,american dependence upon ,europe was complete4 ,the political dependence of the colonies in those days was much more thorough-going than anything we know at present4 ,the political and economic ideas of the eighteenth century were so different from those with which we are familiar that it is difficult for the ordinary man who is not widely read in the literature and history of that period to understand them at all4 ,briefly it may be said that the prevailing idea1 not only in ,england1 but elsewhere1 was that all colonies should be governed from the mother country2 that they should send their raw materials to the mother country and receive all of their manufactured products from the mother country2 and that they should not trade directly with any other part of the world1 but that the mother country should act as a receiving and forwarding station for trade in both directions4 ,this dependence extended much further than to politics and business4 ,the ,american colonists1 for example1 got their literature1 their art1 their fashions1 and many of their ideas from the mother country4 ,the nearer the good people of ,boston1 ,new ,york1 and ,philadelphia could get to the ways of thinking1 speaking1 dressing1 and acting which prevailed in ,london1 the happier they considered themselves4 ,accordingly we find that at first type and presses were all imported4 ,later we find that although type founding was being successfully carried on in this country1 foreign models1 especially in type1 long continued to be followed4 ,in machinery1 ,american independence very soon asserted itself4 ,although some important machines and presses were not invented in this country1 many were invented and nearly all were materially improved in ,american hands4 ,this remark applies to the machines for producing type as well as to other mechanical operations4 ,in the matter of type faces and typographical design ,america followed ,english models until comparatively recently4 ,indeed1 it may be questioned whether there are more than a very few type faces now in use in this country which can be said to be ,american inventions4 ,many type faces have been designed1 however1 which were modifications and improvements of ,european designs4 ,so true is this that probably the greater part of the type in use in this country would be considered as of ,american design1 although its indebtedness to ,caslon1 to ,baskerville1 to ,bodoni1 or to ,jensen1 as a remote original1 might be recognized4 ,as a matter of fact1 the original designing of letter faces1 regardless of any previously existing design1 has been of very rare occurrence in this country4 ,within the last generation1 however1 we are pretty well emancipated from this following of foreign originals4 ,we still study the products of the foreign type foundries and printing offices1 but as sources of suggestion1 not as models for imitation4 ,the great ,american printing houses of today are more and more the masters of their own craft1 not the imitators of others4 ,this condition is also true of the type founders and manufacturers of machines and materials used in the industry4 ,the sentiment of independence is bound to become more marked1 and the originality of ,american printing more pronounced1 with the development of a generation of better printers4 ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,pioneer ,,type ,,founders ,during all the early years of ,american printing1 as has already been said1 all type used was imported4 ,the first type cast in this country appears to have been made by ,christopher ,sauer1 in ,germantown1 ,pennsylvania1 about #agce4 ,sauer 7the family afterward anglicized the spelling of the name into ,sower7 was one of those ,germans1 colloquially known as ,pennsylvania ,dutch1 who were an important element in the population of the colony of ,pennsylvania and are still numerous in the ,state4 ,sauer printed books1 and in #agci we find him beginning a newspaper1 all or nearly all in ,german4 ,as an auxiliary to his printing business he seems to have cast his own ,german type or at least a part of it4 ,his work had no particular commercial importance1 but deserves record as the beginning of type founding in ,america4 ,in #agfh a ,scotchman named ,mitchelson came to ,boston bringing the tools for type founding with him4 ,we have no record that he ever cast any type4 ,probably he lacked capital to go into business and there was no one to employ him4 ,in #agfi ,abel ,buel submitted to the ,legislature of ,connecticut a document printed from the first ,english type known to have been made in the ,united ,states4 ,this sheet1 which is still in the archives of ,connecticut1 is printed in a very well-cut long primer 7ten-point7 roman of ,buel's own casting4 ,we have no evidence that ,buel ever cast a great deal of type1 but his personality is so interesting1 and his character so typical of the proverbial 8,connecticut ,yankee0 that it is worth while to recall the story of his life4 ,buel appears to have been born in ,connecticut1 not far from #agej1 and apparently early learned the printing trade4 ,with more than his share of youthful irresponsibility1 though he appears not to have been a really bad man at heart1 he proceeded to counterfeit the ,state currency of ,connecticut4 ,this was not a difficult operation1 as the early colonial currency was printed from ordinary type with stock ornaments upon ordinary paper by means of the ordinary printing press4 ,the first definite record that we find of him is that he was pardoned in #agff from a life sentence for counterfeiting these bills4 ,the lesson that he got on this occasion seems to have cured him not only of counterfeiting1 but of printing1 as he apparently never again did either1 although it was by no means the last time that he found himself at odds with the authorities4 ,he then invented a method of polishing crystals and precious stones4 ,the amount of this valuable material in the hands of the good people of ,connecticut was apparently not sufficient to afford him a livelihood1 and we find him next engaged as an undertaker and a singing master4 ,in this latter connection he was summoned before the authorities by certain good people who were greatly scandalized because while in charge of a church choir he had introduced the use of a bass viol into the services4 ,this was deemed little short of blasphemy1 but apparently no technical charge could be sustained against the culprit4 ,buel early interested himself in the cause of the freedom of the colonies4 ,meantime he had evidently been experimenting in type founding1 for the petition of #agfi sets forth that the petitioner has discovered the art of casting type1 but that he lacks the capital and is1 therefore1 unable to go into business commercially4 ,he accordingly petitions the ,legislature to advance to him the necessary funds4 ,the ,legislature voted him a loan of #ajj for seven years and promised him #ajj more after he had been carrying on the business successfully for one year4 ,as we shall see in a moment1 before the year was out ,buel's interest transferred itself elsewhere and we hear no more of his type casting4 ,when the seven years were up ,mrs4 ,buel paid back the #ajj4 ,where and how she raised it is something of a mystery1 as she asserted when she made the payment that she did not know where her husband was4 ,he was not permanently lost1 however4 ,buel1 as we have seen1 had interested himself in the cause of ,american independence1 and in #aggj he was arrested for participating in the tearing down of a lead statue of ,george ,,iii which had stood in ,new ,york4 ,with true ,yankee thrift ,buel tried to combine his patriotism and his type founding1 for a considerable portion of ,george ,,iii was found in ,buel's house in the process of being cast into type4 ,things were not lively enough in ,connecticut to suit our friend4 ,he went to ,boston1 where we find him participating in the ,boston ,tea ,party1 serving a cannon in the ,concord fight1 and wounded at ,bunker ,hill4 ,later he fell into the hands of the ,british and was confined in one of the prison ships of unhallowed memory which were moored in ,wallabout ,bay1 ,brooklyn4 ,very likely he was in one of those floating wooden tombs when his wife declared that she did not know where he was4 ,how long he remained as a prisoner of war and what his later military experiences were we do not know4 ,we hear of him next1 after the war was over1 being appointed to make a map of the coast from ,maine to ,florida and then appointed master of the mint for ,connecticut1 where he devised and erected the machinery for striking the copper cents then coined4 ,one wonders if the master of the mint often thought of his youthful conviction for counterfeiting the money of the same community4 ,later1 when the world was becoming interested in cotton spinning under the stimulus of ,arkwright's invention1 ,buel went to ,england to learn how to spin cotton4 ,he came back1 bought some machinery1 and set up in ,new ,haven the second cotton mill in ,america1 the first being ,samuel ,slater's mill in ,pawtucket1 ,rhode ,island4 ,this seems to have been the last shift in ,buel's varied life4 ,he died in #ahbe at the age of about seventy-five4 ,he was an interesting product of his time and its conditions and as such his story deserves record1 for it must be remembered that he was not a 8sport10 but a 8type40 ,in #aggd ,jacob ,bay attempted type founding in ,philadelphia1 but he also was apparently only an experimenter4 ,in #agge an experiment was made which1 from the conditions and from the character of the maker1 we should expect to find successful1 but which failed nevertheless4 ,at this time ,benjamin ,franklin brought out from ,france a full set of tools and punches and undertook1 with his son-in-law1 ,bache1 to establish a type foundry1 there being then no type founding done in this country if we may except what was being done in ,sauer's establishment4 ,the ,franklin-,bache foundry was well equipped with roman1 italic1 ,greek1 and ,hebrew matrices4 ,bache had received some instruction from ,fournier1 the great ,french type founder1 from whom ,franklin had purchased the tools4 ,they had for their workman a man named ,frederick ,geiger4 ,geiger was what is known as a 8redemptioner10 or a man who in return for his passage money to ,america1 his board1 and a small amount of money wages agreed to be the bond servant of his creditor for a certain period4 ,these arrangements were very common at this time and reflected no discredit upon the young men who made them4 ,geiger was a mathematical instrument maker by profession1 but became with study and practice a very expert matrix cutter and founder4 ,franklin had brought him out and he served his time with ,franklin1 but appears to have left him as soon as his time was out and to have gone to the ,philadelphia mint4 ,like many another skilled mechanic1 however1 he became interested in the search for a perpetual motion machine and finally died an insane pauper4 ,for some reason1 the ,franklin foundry was not successful4 ,it has been conjectured that one reason may have been that ,franklin was very much influenced by ,french models in his designs1 and that the printers and the reading public were so accustomed to ,english type faces that they did not take kindly to the new forms4 ,curiously enough ,american printers have never taken kindly to ,french type faces although many of them1 from ,garamond down1 are very beautiful4 ,some of the ,french types designed1 not far from #ahge1 seem to have become ,americanized and are among the most legible and beautiful in use1 but the ,american printers have never been very willing to use them4 ,whatever the reason1 the ,franklin foundry was added to the list of unsuccessful attempts at type founding4 ,one more attempt was to be made before type founding was permanently established in ,america4 ,this time the attempt was successful1 but not permanent4 ,in #aghc ,john ,bain 7or ,baine7 sent his grandson to ,philadelphia with an outfit of type founder's tools4 ,bain had been associated with one of the famous type founders of the time1 ,alexander ,wilson1 of ,glasgow4 ,wilson not only had a market in ,scotland and ,england1 but also in ,ireland and in ,north ,america4 ,bain had been chosen by lot to start a foundry in ,dublin1 but after remaining there a time he went to ,edinburgh1 whence he turned his attention to the other side of the ,atlantic4 ,encouraged by the reports from his grandson1 ,mr4 ,bain soon went1 himself1 to ,philadelphia4 ,he was further encouraged by the firm of ,young ,mc,cullough1 then a leading house of ,philadelphia printers4 ,in #aghe he opened business under the quaint title of ,john ,bain ,grandson in ,company4 ,their work was good and the firm was immediately successful1 theirs being the first commercially successful attempt to cast type in ,america4 ,bain1 however1 died in #agij1 and the business was soon given up by his family4 ,about the same time that ,bain began business ,adam ,gerard ,mappa made an unsuccessful attempt to start a foundry in ,new ,york4 ,mappa was born in ,belgium in #agej4 ,he spent his early life in the army1 from which he retired after twelve years of service with the rank of lieutenant4 ,he then purchased a part interest in the old firm of ,voskens ,clerk4 ,this firm was established some time before #afgg1 and had long been one of the principal sources of supply of type for ,england4 ,as pointed out elsewhere in this series 7,no4 #eb1 ,a ,short ,history of ,printing in ,england7 many of the types used in ,england for a long period came from continental foundries1 particularly ,dutch4 ,shortly after the purchase the ,government underwent important changes1 in consequence of which ,mappa left the country4 ,he landed in ,new ,york somewhere about #aghg1 bringing with him his complete outfit of tools and matrices4 ,he had a number of very handsome ,dutch and ,german faces1 some ordinary roman type1 and seven varieties of ,orientals4 ,for these last ,voskens ,clerk undoubtedly had found considerable use1 but ,america was as yet far from needing any considerable supply of ,oriental types4 ,mappa's capital had apparently been absorbed in his purchase and lost in emigration4 ,in #agih he was very ready to take himself and his equipment into the service of ,binney ,ronaldson4 ,probably ,mappa had no practical knowledge of type founding and very little interest in it1 for he left the service of ,binney ,ronaldson in #ahjj to go into that of the great ,holland ,land ,company4 ,he seems there to have found his place and served in important positions until the end of his life4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,establishment ,,of ,,type ,,founding ,so far our story has been one of failure4 ,there is1 however1 plenty of evidence that the time was ripe for success4 ,the new country was growing rapidly4 ,the ,americans1 then as now1 were insatiable readers1 especially of newspapers4 ,the demand for type was constantly increasing4 ,america was becoming more and more independent1 more and more desirous of supplying her own wants1 and more and more impatient of the inconvenience1 expense1 and delay involved in ordering such merchandise as type from ,england4 ,if the persistency and courage of the elder ,bain had been shared by his family unquestionably fortune would have been easily within their grasp1 but they paid the penalty of their lack of good business qualities4 ,we come now to the story of the first permanently successful type foundry in ,america1 a foundry which continued in vigorous existence until the erection of the ,jersey ,city foundry of the ,american ,type ,founders ,company1 with which it was merged4 ,there met one day in an ale house in ,philadelphia two men whose lives were thenceforth to run together4 ,i suspect that they were drawn together in the first place by the fact that they were both ,scotchmen1 and that in their first contact they showed each other the qualities which bound them together4 ,they were ,archibald ,binney and ,james ,ronaldson4 ,binney had learned and practiced the trade of type founding in ,edinburgh1 ,scotland4 ,ronaldson was a biscuit-maker1 out of business because of the burning of his establishment1 but with some ready money in hand4 ,it seemed to ,binney that here was a heaven-sent opportunity to combine his knowledge with ,ronaldson's capital and enter under the most favorable circumstances the business of type founding4 ,at this date there was no active foundry in ,america4 ,the successful ,bain concern had been closed out4 ,the ,sauer business1 if active at all at this time1 was only an adjunct to a printing office1 while ,mappa was finding it impossible to get started4 ,they accordingly agreed to enter the business as equal partners1 ,binney putting in his tools1 which were appraised at #hhh4hh1 while ,ronaldson put in the same amount in cash4 ,with this they started business1 the first entry in their account book being ,november #a1 #agif4 ,we learn that they rented a frame house on 8,cedar ,street atwixt ninth and tenth streets0 at #ag4cc a month4 ,in #ahjj the frame house was valued at #dj4jj and cost #hb4ji 8to shove it to its present location40 ,it must be remembered that at this time a half-cent coin was in circulation and that accounts were kept down to a quarter of a cent4 ,at the time of the moving of the house the firm bought the property and built a new house on the same lot4 ,the new house cost #b1ejj and they paid #gb a year ground rent1 apparently for additional land not included in the purchase4 ,entries in their first account book show that one or both members of the firm lived in the house4 ,they started with a small assortment of type1 but of the most important faces4 ,these faces appear to have included brevier 7eight-point71 bourgeois 7nine-point71 long primer 7ten-point71 small pica 7eleven-point71 pica 7twelve-point71 and some two-line letters4 ,they probably employed as matrix cutter one ,frst1 a die maker in the ,philadelphia mint1 who afterward cut a medal bearing ,binney's face on the obverse and an appropriate design on the reverse4 ,at an early period1 as we have seen1 they took over ,mappa and his outfit1 and in #agii they bought the tools of the ,bain concern1 paying #cjj for them4 ,in #ahjf the excellent ,franklin outfit was in the hands of a man by the name of ,duane4 ,duane became interested in ,binney ,ronaldson and offered to lend them any of the ,franklin tools and matrices which they desired to use4 ,ronaldson was so impressed with the superiority of a part at least of the ,franklin equipment that1 fearing that ,duane might change his mind and not being willing to take any chances1 he himself borrowed a wheelbarrow and moved the material over to ,cedar ,street in the middle of a very hot summer day4 ,binney ,ronaldson were enterprising1 thrifty1 and obliging4 ,they did good work1 took good care of their customers1 and were immediately and permanently successful4 ,they prospered greatly from the beginning and both of them made fortunes1 as fortunes went in those days1 within twenty years4 ,a study of their account books is extremely interesting4 ,among other things they give the names of #aad customers who found their way onto their books in the first five years of the business4 ,it would hardly be worth while here to give the names of these customers1 but it is interesting to see where they were4 ,they were located as follows3 ,philadelphia #di ,pennsylvania 7outside of ,philadelphia7 #f ,new ,york ,city #bb ,albany1 ,new ,york #a ,delaware #d ,virginia #g ,new ,jersey #b ,maryland #d ,district of ,columbia 7,washington and ,georgetown7 #b ,connecticut #a ,massachusetts 7,concord7 #a ,georgia #a ,augusta 7state not given2 probably ,georgia7 #a ,tennessee 7,knoxville7 #a ,location not given #ab ,in #ahaa ,binney invented an improved type mold which increased the output of the caster fifty per cent and saved labor4 ,he experimented with a machine for rubbing type1 but in this was not successful4 ,in #ahab ,binney ,ronaldson published a specimen book which is interesting as showing the development of their business4 ,this book shows eleven faces larger than pica1 fifteen kinds of body type1 the smallest being pearl 7#e point71 two sizes of ,anglo-,saxon1 four sizes of ,greek1 four sizes of ,hebrew1 two sizes of ,german text1 six sizes of black letter1 three sizes of ,german1 four sizes of ,oriental letter1 one size of script and #abj kinds of 8flowers0 or borders1 the greatest number of these being on ,english 7#ad-point7 body4 ,it is not unlikely that some if not all of the foreign letters may have come from the ,franklin and ,mappa stocks4 ,we know that ,franklin had ,greek and ,hebrew and that ,mappa had ,german4 ,mappa's ,orientals did not appear4 ,probably even if ,binney ,ronaldson still had the matrices it would not have been worth while to include them in their specimen book4 ,the preface says that they were obliged1 contrary to their inclinations1 to imitate ,european taste4 ,evidently ,america had not yet become independent except politically4 ,they gave two examples of erroneously formed faces in long primer and small pica1 which were really condensed faces as we should now call them4 ,they appear to have invented the dollar mark in #agig and the abbreviation lb for weight pounds in #agih4 ,in #ahai ,mr4 ,binney retired with an ample competence4 ,mr4 ,ronaldson ran the business alone for a while1 but in #ahbc he was succeeded by his brother ,richard1 who conducted the business for ten years4 ,in #ahcc the business was taken over by ,lawrence ,johnson and ,george ,e4 ,smith4 ,johnson was able1 enterprising1 and energetic1 and introduced new vigor into the conduct of the concern4 ,contemporaneously with ,jedediah ,howe he introduced stereotyping into ,philadelphia4 ,smith retired in #ahde and ,johnson took in as partners ,thomas ,mac,kellar1 ,john ,f4 ,smith1 and ,richard ,smith1 young men who had grown up in the business and were thoroughly interested in it and devoted to it4 ,the firm continued to prosper greatly4 ,johnson died in #ahfj1 but his partners took in ,peter ,a4 ,jordan1 changing the firm name to ,mac,kellar1 ,smiths ,jordan4 ,by this time the house had acquired a great reputation and a leading position among ,american type founders4 ,mr4 ,johnson died in #ahhd and the next year the firm was still further increased by the addition of ,william ,b4 ,mac,kellar1 ,g4 ,frederick ,jordan and ,carl ,f4 ,huch4 ,the firm name was again changed to ,the ,mac,kellar1 ,smiths ,jordan ,company4 ,during all this time1 however1 the house was known among printers as the ,johnson ,type ,foundry4 ,for many years it had acquired great distinction for its diligence in electrotyping foreign designs as well as in originating new faces for ornamental types and borders4 ,the fashion of the time for typographical decoration was largely developed by the publication of a house organ called the 8,typographic ,advertiser10 a quarterly journal1 edited by ,thomas ,mac,kellar1 which contained a fund of matter of interest to printers and a vast quantity of fanciful borders and other material now out of fashion4 ,in #ahib1 when the ,american ,type ,founders ,company was organized by the consolidation of some twenty foundries1 the ,mac,kellar1 ,smiths ,jordan ,company entered the combination and became the ,philadelphia branch4 ,now that we have told the story of this great house in detail1 we may go back to consider some more of the early firms4 ,the success of ,binney ,ronaldson was due to a combination of personal qualities and favorable conditions4 ,the increase of printed matter was very great4 ,americans have always been a newspaper-loving people1 and after the independence of the colonies the founding of new newspapers went on apace4 ,it must not be forgotten that all printing in the early days of the last century was done with foundry type1 hand set4 ,the demand for type1 therefore1 was not only large1 but was increasing4 ,up to the outbreak of the war of #ahab the few type foundries in ,america were regularly from three to four months behind their orders1 so greatly did demand outrun production4 ,under such circumstances ,binney ,ronaldson could not have the field to themselves4 ,in #ahje we find ,samuel ,sower ,company at work at ,baltimore4 ,sower belonged to the family of ,christopher ,sauer1 and used the material of the old firm with additions4 ,he made some fonts of roman and italic and appears to have made a specialty of small type faces such as diamond 7#d-point71 brilliant 7#d-point71 and excelsior 7#c-point74 ,in #ahji the second permanently successful foundry was started by ,elihu ,white and a man by the name of ,wing in ,hartford1 ,connecticut4 ,here again we have a sample of characteristic ,yankee courage1 resource1 and ingenuity1 qualities which have enabled ,americans at all times to accomplish the apparently impossible4 ,neither ,white nor ,wing knew the business of type founding4 ,they had certain ideas of their own and for the rest they apparently worked backward from the finished type4 ,their attempt was to cast several letters at once1 to be afterwards separated1 instead of casting the letters singly as was the general practice4 ,probably partly for that reason and partly because of ignorance1 perhaps also because of their confidence in their ability to improve on accepted methods1 they did not use the approved moulds4 ,the attempt to cast letters by wholesale1 as it were1 was not successful and their entire progress was slow and unsatisfactory4 ,after many failures1 they sent a man to ,philadelphia in order that he might learn the trade secrets4 ,in those days type founding1 like many other trades1 was to a great extent a secret trade and one of the chief duties of the workman was to keep his employer's secrets4 ,their attempt to steal the trade failed and they were thrown back upon their own resources again4 ,finally1 however1 their efforts were crowned with success and they began to turn out commercially successful type4 ,in #ahaj ,white separated from ,wing and went to ,new ,york1 where he and his brother ,julius established a business under the firm name of ,e4 ,j4 ,white4 ,from this time on they were steadily and brilliantly successful4 ,in #ahbj they opened branches in ,buffalo and in ,cincinnati to meet the requirements of an expanding trade4 ,the business remained in the family until #ahed1 when it was bought out by three employees who continued it under the later well-known firm name of ,farmer1 ,little ,co4 ,another famous name in the annals of ,american type founding appears at about the same time as that of ,white4 ,this was the name of ,bruce4 ,david ,bruce was born in #agej1 in ,wick1 ,caithness1 ,scotland4 ,when a mere boy ,bruce was impressed into the ,british navy after the bad old custom of that day and served for a while in the ,channel ,fleet under the command of ,lord ,howe1 afterwards well known1 together with his brother ,general ,howe1 for their part in the ,revolutionary ,war4 ,after he left the navy ,bruce was apprenticed to a printer4 ,he came to ,new ,york in #agic and obtained work on a newspaper4 ,shortly afterward he sent for his brother ,george and apprenticed him to a printer4 ,in #ahjf1 after ,george had become a journeyman printer1 the brothers were offered by publishers the printing of ,lavoisier's ,chemistry4 ,the fact that they had no plant1 no equipment1 and no money did not deter them from accepting the offer4 ,bruce managed somehow to secure a place and a press1 and he borrowed a font of type4 ,he introduced the standing press for dry pressing his sheets1 and he turned out so good a piece of work that the publishers offered him all the printing that he could do4 ,from this start he set up a successful business4 ,in #ahaa ,bruce1 with his usual business acumen1 recognized the importance of stereotyping and went to ,england to study it4 ,as we have seen1 however1 it was not easy to learn other people's trades in those days and ,bruce met with great difficulty4 ,he did1 however1 succeed in learning something from a ,scotch workman1 perhaps helped by a certain sense of kinship1 which is common among the ,scotch1 and returned home to make experiments for himself4 ,times were not favorable for keeping business running1 to say nothing of starting new business4 ,the conditions preceding the war of #ahab were disastrous for business in the ,united ,states4 ,american commerce was crushed between the upper and nether millstones of ,england and ,france1 who had been at war for many years and were attempting to fight each other's commerce and industries as well as each other's soldiers4 ,the condition was very similar to that which preceded the entrance of the ,united ,states into the great war of #aiag1 excepting that it continued much longer and1 owing to the comparative weakness of the ,united ,states1 was much more serious than the later difficulty4 ,the war did not mend things industrially and its close in #ahae left the ,united ,states in a bad business condition for a good many years4 ,nevertheless1 the courage and persistency of the ,bruces enabled them to weather the storm1 and they not only held their own but developed along new lines4 ,in #ahad and #ahae ,bruce produced the first two sets of stereotype plates made in ,america4 ,they were a common school testament in bourgeois type and a #abmo ,bible in nonpareil4 ,bruce invented a machine for planing the backs of the plates to make them of uniform height4 ,this was a great improvement and was so successful that it is said that of the entire two sets of plates only a single plate needed a slight overlay4 ,the development of the stereotyping process1 however1 brought to light difficulties with type4 ,foundry type was sold with the shoulder beveled off for ordinary printing and this was not favorable for stereotyping4 ,the type founders would not make the high spaces and quads which were needed4 ,as the best way of meeting these difficulties1 ,bruce1 in #ahae1 went into company with the ,starr brothers for the manufacture of type4 ,it soon appeared that type founding and stereotyping promised to be more profitable than printing and ,bruce sold out his printing establishment to devote himself to the other branches4 ,bruce and the ,starrs were unable to agree and the partnership was soon dissolved1 ,bruce deciding to carry on the business alone in spite of the difficulties of every sort which surrounded it4 ,in addition to the business conditions of the time1 neither of the ,bruces had any practical knowledge of type founding and the matrices of their only complete font were stolen1 presumably by someone who was interested to secure their failure4 ,it needed more than that1 however1 to discourage this persistent ,scotchman4 ,george ,bruce set himself at work to learn punch cutting and mould making4 ,his first efforts were crude1 but he had an artistic temperament1 a critical spirit1 and a practical knowledge of printers' needs4 ,by these qualities and his own persistence he soon became very proficient4 ,by #ahbj the ,bruce foundry was the best in the country1 doing better work than even ,binney ,ronaldson at that time4 ,in #ahbb ,bruce undertook to remedy the confusion in sizes which was then and for a good many years a source of difficulty1 annoyance and expense to printers4 ,he devised a scientifically correct system by which the size doubled with every seven sizes of the system4 ,this was uniform throughout1 so that wherever you touched the system1 you found any given type twice as large as the seventh below and half as large as the seventh above4 ,in spite of the fact of the simplicity and scientific correctness of the system it did not prove suited to commercial work and was not adopted4 ,in #ahbh ,william ,m4 ,johnson had invented a type-casting machine in which a pump forced the liquid metal into the mould1 giving the type a sharper face than was possible with hand casting4 ,the machine was a step in the right direction1 but was crude and imperfect4 ,white took it up and tried to improve it1 but he did not succeed in removing its fundamental defects4 ,the types were not cast solid4 ,being hollow they were light and too weak to withstand the pressure of the presses4 ,the first successful type-casting machine was made by ,david ,bruce1 ,jr41 in #ahch1 in development of the ,johnson idea4 ,george ,bruce bought ,david ,bruce's patents and used the machine until #ahde1 when ,david ,bruce made further improvements and produced the type of machine which is now in general use not only in this country but in ,europe1 where the method was soon adopted4 ,james ,conner1 a printer of ,new ,york1 began business as a stereotyper in that city in the year #ahbg4 ,his was the first stereotype edition of the ,new ,testament4 ,he also earned a good reputation as the publisher in the ,united ,states of the ,bible in folio form4 ,to the business of stereotyping he soon after added that of type founding1 in which he was remarkably successful4 ,with the aid of ,edwin ,starr1 then in his employ1 he made the electrotype matrices which enabled him largely to increase the stock of his foundry4 ,after the death of ,james ,conner1 in #ahfa1 the foundry was managed by his sons and grandsons1 who finally merged the business in that of the ,american ,type ,founders ,company4 ,meantime the business of type founding spread from its original centers and new fields were occupied4 ,by #ahah the ,boston ,type ,foundry had been founded by ,beddington ,ewer1 and undertook to cast types1 set types1 and make stereotype plates4 ,samuel ,n4 ,dickinson was taught the trade of a printer in the ,state of ,new ,york1 but afterward was employed as a compositor in the ,boston ,type and ,stereotype ,foundry4 ,in #ahbi he began business as a master printer and in #ahci he began type founding after having designed for an ,edinburgh foundry a series of ,scotch-cut letters4 ,the success of this face determined him to cast type for himself4 ,in #ahde he had a full assortment of types and issued a specimen book4 ,dickinson was not a strong man1 however1 and died of consumption in #ahdh1 at the age of forty-seven4 ,the business was continued by ,sewall ,phelps and ,michael ,dalton4 ,both the ,boston ,type ,foundry and the ,dickinson ,type ,foundry had unusually successful careers and were later absorbed in the ,american ,type ,founders ,company4 ,type foundries were started in ,albany1 ,buffalo1 ,pittsburgh1 ,louisville1 ,st4 ,louis1 ,cincinnati1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 and in ,new ,york1 where there were at least seven foundries4 ,this led to over-production1 competition1 and the failure of many weak concerns1 a condition of things which was not entirely remedied until the organization of the ,american ,type ,founders ,company in #ahib4 ,in #ahdj ,augustus ,ladew and ,george ,charles opened at ,st4 ,louis the first foundry west of ,cincinnati4 ,this firm continued in successful operation until it was merged into the ,american ,type ,founders ,company at its organization4 ,in #ahjf ,robert ,lothian1 of ,scotland1 tried and failed to establish a type foundry in ,new ,york4 ,his son ,george ,b4 ,lothian1 who had been taught the trade of stereotyping in the stereotype foundries of ,john ,watts1 of ,new ,york1 and ,b4 ,j4 ,collins1 of ,philadelphia1 had also received instruction from his father and from ,elihu ,white in type founding1 undertook to establish a type foundry in ,pittsburgh1 ,pennsylvania4 ,it was an unsuccessful enterprise and ,lothian returned to ,new ,york4 ,in #ahbb he undertook to make type for the old firm of ,harper ,brothers4 ,the face of ,greek1 which he cut for the ,anthon ,classical ,series1 was very much admired4 ,he died in #ahea1 but the foundry continued in business under other hands until #ahge4 ,the next year ,louis ,pelouze1 the founder of a distinguished family of type founders1 started a business in ,philadelphia4 ,this was another of the successes from both a commercial and artistic point of view1 and was another of the constituents of the ,american ,type ,founders ,company4 ,the ,boston ,type ,foundry1 which started as a stereotyping plant1 passed through an experience as a co-operative concern under the direction of the employees who owned the stock4 ,as is usually the case with such enterprises1 it was unsuccessful until finally the majority of the stock got into the possession of ,gorham ,rogers1 from which time it was operated as in the ordinary way and attained a high degree of success1 doing very fine work4 ,mr4 ,conner1 foreman in this foundry1 who had started as a stereotyper in #ahbg1 was sent to ,st4 ,louis to open a branch establishment which was very successful and later became famous as the ,central ,type ,foundry4 ,conner invented an electrotype matrix to take the place of the matrices which had formerly been made by driving a steel punch into copper4 ,the ,dickinson ,type ,foundry also did work of a very high grade4 ,perhaps the most fortunate thing that ever happened to it was the entrance into its service in #ahfh of ,mr4 ,joseph ,w4 ,phinney4 ,mr4 ,phinney was born in #ahdh1 and after a varied experience as a printer in several places1 went to ,boston in #ahfh1 later entering the employ of the old ,dickinson ,type ,foundry1 in the selling department4 ,he soon distinguished himself in the service of the ,dickinson ,company and after a time became one of its partners4 ,his skill1 artistic taste1 and ability soon made him one of the leaders in type design as well as one of the great figures in the type founding business4 ,for many years ,mr4 ,phinney has exercised an influence for good in type founding which it would be difficult to overestimate4 ,on the establishment of the ,american ,type ,founders ,company in #ahib the ,dickinson concern became one of the constituent firms and ,mr4 ,phinney's leadership was recognized by his election to the position of ,vice-,president of the new concern4 ,mr4 ,phinney has remained in ,boston as the head of the ,new ,england branch of the business and is one of the active and leading officers of the great type founding company4 ,certain improvements in the manufacture of type which have brought it to its present perfection remain to be recorded4 ,the most important of these were made by ,barth1 ,marder1 ,benton1 and ,nicholas ,j4 ,werner4 ,henry ,barth was born in ,leipsic1 ,germany1 in #ahbc1 and learned the trade of mathematical instrument maker4 ,before #ahdj the ,bruce type caster was seen in ,germany and 7not being protected by ,german patents7 was imitated by ,german type founders4 ,barth was engaged by ,brockhaus1 one of the more important ,german printers1 who maintained his own bindery and type foundry and now added a machine shop primarily for the purpose of building ,bruce machines4 ,barth spent several years in the employ of ,brockhaus making type foundry tools and had two years' service in the ,german navy4 ,he came to ,america in #ahdi and at first practiced his trade as a maker of mathematical instruments1 but before long connected himself with the ,cincinnati ,type ,foundry4 ,here he invented a machine to cast type by direct steam pressure without the pump4 ,the machine was successful1 but for various reasons did not come into general use4 ,he then built a #ad #ah job press1 long well known as the ,wells jobber4 ,during his service with the ,cincinnati ,type ,foundry the hand-casting machines were entirely replaced by steam machines1 and in #ahec he invented the kerning machine4 ,about the same time the first shaved leads were made under ,barth's direction4 ,at first the shaving was done on a hand machine1 but later he devised a steam shaving machine4 ,during the course of a long service to the industry ,barth was the author of many important inventions and improvements in the details of type founding4 ,he died in #aijg4 ,to ,john ,marder we owe the development of the ,american point system of type bodies4 ,the ,marder system was not immediately adopted1 but as developed by later inventions its superiority was so great that in spite of the trouble and expense involved in the standardization of type it finally became universal4 ,l4 ,b4 ,benton introduced the use of accurate unit width of type4 ,previously the width of the letters had varied with each character4 ,this resulted in a multiplicity of widths of type4 ,benton's theory was that quicker typesetting and more uniform spacing could be obtained by having the types standardized on a minimum number of widths and securing the proper space between characters by modifying the shapes of certain letters to conform to these widths4 ,benton's type was popularly called 8self-spacing0 although the name was misapplied4 ,another disadvantage then existing was that similar style type faces from different foundries did not line1 and even the height-to-paper of types varied4 ,type sizes which were supposedly the same1 in reality varied considerably in different foundries4 ,the confusion and difficulty for the printer arising out of this lack of standards may easily be imagined4 ,each foundry had its own width and size of type1 and in many cases its size varied by a considerable fraction of a point from that of other foundries4 ,very probably this condition was deliberately maintained by some foundries for the purpose of holding the entire trade of their customers1 the idea being that if the types coming from different foundries did not go together well the customer would naturally be led to buy all of his type in the same place4 ,the improvement of these conditions was brought about by the introduction of the point system of bodies1 ,benton's unit width1 and the perfection of the lining and unit set systems now in use4 ,some important foundries held out against these improvements for years1 but the demands of their customers1 who perceived the great advantages of the standardized type1 finally compelled adhesion to the new system4 ,one important result of these changes was the invention of the punch-cutting or engraving machine4 ,the adoption of the improved system required the production of a vast number of new punches which had formerly been cut by hand4 ,it was impossible to find enough skilled workmen to meet this demand and the engraving machine now used for making punches was accordingly devised by ,benton4 ,the field for the artistic development of type is inexhaustible1 but it is difficult to imagine how type1 as a mechanical product1 can be improved beyond its present condition4 ,the completeness and perfection of the system1 the excellence of the machinery1 and the skill in processes which have been developed make the product apparently perfect4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,composing ,,and ,,type-,,casting ,,machines ,with the great expansion of printing in the early part of the nineteenth century1 and with the invention of greatly improved presses1 there appeared a natural impatience with the slow process of hand composition4 ,it seemed a strange comment on human inventiveness that while new machines had been found for doing so many kinds of man's work1 while the simple screw press of ,gutenberg had developed into the steam-driven platen and cylinder1 and while so many improvements had been made in the manufacture of type1 the setting of type was exactly where it was in #adej4 ,more than #cej years had introduced practically no changes in the primary process of arranging type into words and sentences4 ,what could be done to apply human ingenuity to this process8 ,this question was asked by inventors all over the world4 ,naturally the first line of approach to the answer was from the direction of a machine which should mechanically take up the types and place them in the stick1 in other words1 a mechanical composer or typesetting machine4 ,unsuccessful attempts in this line were made as early as #ahbj or #ahbb4 ,the experimenters were not deterred by failures and commercially successful typesetting machines were finally invented1 among which may be named the ,rogers1 the ,thorne1 and the ,simplex4 ,the mechanical typesetter was successful for certain kinds of work and went a long way toward meeting the general need4 ,it would probably have been developed to the point of meeting it far more fully had it not been for the epoch-making invention of the type caster4 ,the first successful type composing and casting machine to be put on the market was invented by ,ottmar ,mergenthaler4 ,mr4 ,mergenthaler was born in ,germany in #ahed1 and there learned the trade of an electrical instrument maker4 ,in #ahgb1 when he was eighteen years old1 he came in sight of the period when the law would call him into military service4 ,the war of #ahgj with ,france was a very fresh memory4 ,the political stability of ,europe seemed then much less assured than it did at a later date4 ,young ,mergenthaler had no desire to expose himself to the danger of being called upon to participate in another great war4 ,therefore1 like many other young ,europeans1 he came to ,america to avoid military service4 ,arrived in this country1 he worked for some time at his trade4 ,the turning point in his career came in #ahgf when he was engaged as an expert mechanic to work on the development of a typewriter transfer machine in which a group of people were interested4 ,his work on this machine1 although long continued1 was not successful1 but his study and experimentation led him to conceive the idea of a type-casting machine which should be controlled from a keyboard similar to that of a typewriter1 but larger on account of the greater number of characters necessary4 ,the first model was produced in #ahhd4 ,the machine was far from perfect1 but was sufficiently developed to make it clear that he was on the track of a revolutionary invention4 ,two years later1 in #ahhf1 ,mergenthaler produced his first successful machine4 ,this was put into the composing room of the ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,whitelaw ,reid1 the distinguished editor of the ,tribune1 afterward ,american ambassador to ,great ,britain1 and other wealthy gentlemen became interested in ,mergenthaler's work and formed a syndicate1 making a contract with the inventor whereby he was hired to work for them with a share in the profits of the business4 ,the machine was named by ,mr4 ,reid himself the linotype because it cast a 8line o' type40 ,the great success of the machine and the enormous growth of the business of manufacturing it are too familiar to need description1 while the consequences of the invention in making possible an enormous increase in the output of printed matter can hardly be estimated4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,text ,book ,no4 #bc1 8,type-,casting and ,composing ,machines40 ,mr4 ,mergenthaler severed his active connection with the syndicate in #ahhh1 although he continued interested in it and made from time to time such minor improvements in the machine as suggested themselves to him4 ,he died in #ahii at the early age of forty-five4 ,while ,mergenthaler was at work ,tolbert ,lanston was experimenting along the lines of a different machine4 ,his aim was not the production of a machine which should cast type1 by lines1 but of a machine which should cast type and spaces separately and at the same time arrange them in galleys ready for taking proof4 ,obviously1 the line slug is of use only for the special purpose for which it was cast1 while the separate types cast by the monotype can be distributed just as if they were foundry types and can also be used for hand composition4 ,the type thus produced is not quite as perfect as foundry type1 but is substantially as useful for many purposes4 ,each machine has some advantages of its own and their use is dictated by the result which it is desired to produce4 ,the ,lanston machine appeared in #ahib4 ,these two machines are representative of the types of type-casting machines in the market4 ,other successful machines of the same general types have been invented and are in extensive use4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,electrotyping ,electrotyping is an ,american invention4 ,as long ago as #ahcj the laboratory discovery was made that when copper was deposited upon the side of a voltaic battery and then removed1 it furnished a reproduction of the surface upon which it had been deposited4 ,in the development of this discovery very interesting experiments in reproduction were performed by ,thomas ,spencer of ,liverpool1 ,j4 ,c4 ,jordan of ,london1 and ,prof4 ,jacobi1 a ,russian4 ,these experiments were purely scientific1 with no commercial end in view4 ,in #ahci ,joseph ,a4 ,adams1 a wood engraver connected with ,harper ,brothers1 the ,new ,york publishers1 conceived the idea of applying this principle to the printing industry and made an electrotype from a wood cut which was used for a magazine illustration in #ahda4 ,he also made the illustrations for ,harper's great family ,bible1 which was published in #ahdb-ahdd4 ,adams's method was to take an impression of his block in an alloy of soft metal1 probably largely bismuth4 ,the process1 however1 destroyed the block1 and although experimentally successful it was not commercially practicable4 ,the invention of ,smee's battery and the use of wax for the moulds made the process commercially sound and practical4 ,in #ahdh ,john ,w4 ,wilcox1 of ,boston1 using these methods1 began business as the first commercial electrotyper and was successful from the beginning4 ,his first work contained all the essentials known for many years4 ,improvements soon followed4 ,in #ahee ,john ,gay1 of ,new ,york1 introduced the use of tin foil for soldering the back of copper shells and the same year ,adams invented a dry brush black-leading machine to take the place of the hand method which had hitherto been necessary4 ,in #ahef ,filmer1 of ,boston1 invented the process of backing up the shells by holding the shell down with springs4 ,in #ahfh ,stephen ,d4 ,tucker invented the type of dry brush black-leading machine which is now in use and ten years later ,edward ,a4 ,blake1 of ,chicago1 invented the air blast black-leading machine4 ,as early as #ahga ,silas ,p4 ,knight1 of ,harper ,brothers1 invented the wet black-leading process4 ,it was successful1 but1 as sometimes happens1 attracted no particular attention4 ,its merits in comparison with other methods do not appear to have been appreciated and the discovery was forgotten for more than a quarter of a century4 ,in #aijh ,frank ,h4 ,learman1 of ,buffalo1 invented a wet black-leading machine which was adopted by the industry and improved by later patents4 ,the wet process is now considered the best4 ,perhaps the greatest single step forward in the development of the electrotype was the substitution of the dynamo for ,smee's battery1 a change accomplished by ,leslie1 of ,new ,york1 in #ahgb4 ,r4 ,hoe ,company1 of ,new ,york1 were greatly interested in electrotyping machinery and were leaders in encouraging its development and in putting it on the market4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,development ,,of ,,printing ,,presses ,the development of printing machinery has already been described to a considerable extent in two of the preceding volumes of this series 7,no4 #f1 ,platen ,printing ,presses1 and ,no4 #g1 ,cylinder ,printing ,machines74 ,it may be worth while1 however1 to review briefly in this place the main points of progress in this direction4 ,as we already know1 ,american printers originally and for many years imported all their presses as well as their type4 ,this condition1 however1 could not be permanent4 ,as early as #agge good presses were being made at ,philadelphia and ,hartford4 ,these presses were of the ,blaeu or 8,dutch0 type4 ,they were wooden machines with stone beds and had undergone practically no change for a couple of centuries4 ,the best known builder of these old presses in ,america was ,adam ,ramage1 who came from ,scotland to ,philadelphia in #agij4 ,ramage was not only a good workman1 but of an inventive turn of mind1 and introduced several improvements1 notably the substitution of an iron bed for the stone one4 ,the iron press was invented by ,lord ,stanhope1 in ,england1 about the year #ahjj and was the beginning of the improvements in printing machinery which were to go so far in the course of a century4 ,mr4 ,henry ,l4 ,bullen is authority for the statement that no ,stanhope press was ever brought to ,america4 ,the reason lies probably in the fact that an ,american invented an iron press at about the same time4 ,this was ,george ,clymer1 of ,philadelphia1 who after much experimenting produced the ,columbian ,press1 an iron machine which came into general use in ,england as well as in the ,united ,states about #ahaf4 ,it was a complicated machine1 but in spite of its complexity was very durable and beautiful as well as powerful4 ,it was worked on the ordinary hand-lever principle1 but the leverage system gave a fine chance for the pressman's skill4 ,it had wonderful possibilities in the production of the most perfect work when in the hands of a skillful workman4 ,it won and long kept well-deserved favor4 ,it was introduced into ,england in #ahjg1 and in #ahag ,clymer himself followed it to ,england1 where he spent the remainder of his life4 ,in spite of the capacity of the ,columbian press for the production of artistically perfect work there was a great and increasing demand for presses of a different type4 ,the demand was for a simpler press and also for one that would mechanically turn out larger quantities of work than were possible under the old leverage system4 ,the first demand was met by the invention of ,peter ,smith1 of ,new ,york1 who built a press somewhat on the lines of the ,columbian1 which was very heavy1 carried larger forms1 and used shorter levers1 and by ,samuel ,reid1 who1 in #ahbd1 invented the simple but excellent ,washington hand press1 which is still in common use4 ,from this point on there are two lines of development which may be followed separately1 one the development of the power printing press in which the bed and platen are brought together by a power-driven gear rather than by a hand-moved lever1 the other the development of the cylinder press4 ,the first known attempt to apply power to a printing press was made by ,william ,nicholson1 of ,london1 in #agij1 in connection with his abortive attempt at the invention of a cylinder press1 to which reference will be made later4 ,the first ,american attempt to use power was made by ,nathan ,hale1 father of the famous ,edward ,everett ,hale1 who took possession of the ,boston ,advertiser in #ahad4 ,daniel ,treadwell1 of ,boston1 invented and built for ,hale the first power press used in ,america4 ,it was a very large platen with a wooden frame4 ,the presses of ,isaac ,adams 7#ahcj7 and ,otis ,tufts 7#ahcd7 also had originally wooden frames1 but later were built with iron frames4 ,very few ,treadwell presses were ever used4 ,at first they were driven by horsepower1 later by steam4 ,the early power presses were worked by horses1 by men known as crank-men1 and even in the case of small machines by dogs4 ,these crude power appliances soon gave way to steam1 and within a few years steam has been largely supplanted by the electric drive1 with a tendency to a preponderance of individual motor-driven machines4 ,the electric drive1 by the way1 is an ,american invention4 ,in #ahcj ,samuel ,adams1 of ,boston1 built a platen power press1 which was long the only power press capable of fine work and exact register4 ,not long later ,s4 ,p4 ,ruggles1 of ,boston1 invented the ,diamond1 a small1 rapid machine for the quick production of cards1 envelopes1 and other small work1 and later1 in #ahci1 the ,ruggles rotary1 a successful and popular power jobber4 ,in #ahef ,george ,p4 ,gordon began the line of ,gordon presses1 still made in improved models by the ,chandler ,price ,company1 of ,cleveland1 and very extensively used4 ,the advantages of the ,gordon were simplicity of design1 a strong impression1 high speed1 and lightness of running4 ,in #ahfi ,merritt ,gally invented the ,universal press1 using a different mechanical system and producing a perfectly parallel impression4 ,gally's invention was later improved by ,john ,thomson1 who produced a machine which has been extensively used and is well known as the ,john ,thomson press4 ,in #ahge ,gally also invented a heavy press for embossing1 cutting1 and creasing heavy stock4 ,in #ahhe the ,colt's ,armory universal press1 a very excellent machine especially adapted to heavy work1 was placed on the market4 ,in #ahhe ,wellington ,p4 ,kidder invented a platen press of the ,gordon type1 with automatic feed and delivery4 ,in #ahij ,albert ,harris invented the ,harris press1 the first really successful high-speed automatic jobber4 ,two other familiar high-speed presses1 the ,auto ,press and the ,kelly1 are small high-speed cylinders4 ,the first known attempt to make a cylinder press was that of ,william ,nicholson1 of ,london1 who invented1 in #aghi1 a machine that should apply the paper to the type by means of a cylinder4 ,as we have seen1 ,nicholson went so far as to invent application of power to his machine1 forseeing that power would be necessary for the use of any successful cylinder presses4 ,nicholson was not a printer1 and his idea1 although it had attracted attention1 did not assume practical shape4 ,ten years1 or so1 later ,dr4 ,kinsley1 a ,connecticut man1 developed ,nicholson's idea and produced a cylinder press1 which is described at considerable length by ,isaiah ,thomas in his ,history of ,printing4 ,thomas seems to have been a good deal interested in the machine1 although he appears to have regarded it as promising rather than successful4 ,he says that it saved labor and did good work4 ,he was sufficiently interested to print a picture of it although his book is not otherwise illustrated4 ,in a general way it was not unlike a modern cylinder proof press4 ,it printed on one side only and was not so arranged as to secure perfect register if an impression was desired on the other side4 ,several other attempts were made at the invention of cylinder presses1 which attracted considerable attention1 but which were not commercially successful4 ,the first real success was made by ,fredrick ,knig1 a native of ,saxony1 who1 in #ahad1 invented a cylinder press which was immediately put into use in the press room of the ,london ,times4 ,knig's invention1 like most first inventions in a new field1 was susceptible of improvement1 especially in the direction of simplicity4 ,these improvements1 however1 were soon made1 and the cylinder press started on its career of wonderful development4 ,the first cylinder press used in ,america was a ,napier brought out from ,england in #ahbe1 and set up in the office of the ,national ,intelligencer in ,washington4 ,the development of the cylinder press in ,america is largely connected with the name of ,hoe4 ,robert ,hoe1 a ,leicestershire farmer's son1 was born in #aghd1 and in due time was apprenticed to a carpenter4 ,in #ahjc he came to ,new ,york1 where he worked at his trade4 ,after a time he became associated in business with his brother-in-law1 ,matthew ,smith1 ,jr4 ,smith was a carpenter and a printer's joiner 7that is to say1 a maker of press frames and other wood work used by printers7 and a brother of ,peter ,smith1 the press inventor1 who has already been mentioned4 ,through this association the firm got into the business of building presses1 first of wood and later of iron4 ,both the ,smiths died in #ahbc and ,hoe inherited the business1 which he carried on in the name of ,robert ,hoe ,company4 ,hoe was always enterprising and his attention was quickly drawn to the ,napier press1 which had been set up in ,washington in #ahbe4 ,as usual1 this machine was not patented in this country and ,hoe proceeded to imitate it1 with such changes as occurred to him1 and put on the market1 in #ahbg and #ahbh1 the first flat bed and cylinder press made in the ,united ,states4 ,robert ,hoe retired on account of failing health in #ahcb1 but he left the business in the capable hands of ,richard ,m4 ,hoe and ,matthew ,smith1 the son of ,matthew1 ,jr41 ,robert ,hoe's original partner4 ,the concern went on building and improving presses and in #ahdb they patented a new bed-driving motion of which the well-known ,meihle press of today is a development4 ,in #ahde ,hoe ,company brought out the ,hoe type-revolving machine4 ,this was the first press distinctively for large newspaper circulations1 which they afterward developed to so wonderful a degree1 and which henceforth was their leading line of production4 ,in this machine the type forms were imposed on turtles and fastened on a central cylinder1 against which revolved as many impression cylinders1 from two to ten1 as were required4 ,this machine put ,american printing machinery in the first rank4 ,in #aheh the ,hoe firm bought out the ,isaac ,adams patents and business4 ,about this time two other important inventions were made1 both of which were later utilized by the ,hoes4 ,in #ahec ,pratt built for the ,brooklyn ,daily ,advertiser the first perfecting press1 or press printing both sides of the paper without removing the sheet4 ,in #ahfj ,william ,bullock began to experiment on a rotary self-feeding or web printing press1 and finally succeeded in achieving success in #ahfe4 ,the ,bullock machine was self-feeding1 but cut the sheets from a web before printing4 ,in #ahdg ,hoe ,company began work on a rotary printing press to print from the web without first cutting it into sheets4 ,this involved all the essential parts which had been discovered and gathered them into one machine4 ,the experiment was successful1 resulting in the production of the wonderful multiple press1 which may be seen today in the press room of any great newspaper4 ,the invention of the ,hoe press1 the development of the autoplate1 a machine invented in #aijj by ,henry ,a4 ,wise ,wood1 of ,new ,york1 whereby the process of stereotyping is made in a practical way subsidiary to newspaper printing1 and the invention of wood pulp paper have made possible the modern newspaper4 ,we have thus very hastily traced the process of development in types and presses in the ,united ,states4 ,much might be said1 if space permitted and the purpose of this series required it1 of the invention of other presses1 appliances1 and methods1 and of the improvements which are constantly being made in the tools and materials used in printing and the allied industries4 ,these matters1 however1 are of only secondary historic interest4 ,so much as the apprentice needs to know about them he will learn in the course of his work1 as he comes in contact with them and learns their use4 ,perhaps the purpose of this book has been sufficiently accomplished in showing the milestones along the historical development of the two great tools of the printer1 his type and his press4 ,the list which follows is a brief statement of the most important contributions of ,american inventors to the art of printing3 ,web rotary presses4 ,automatic stereotyping machines4 ,printing machinery under electrical control4 ,two-revolution cylinder presses4 ,sheet feed rotary presses4 ,multicolor presses4 ,rotary direct and rotary offset presses for lithographic work4 ,this1 of course1 includes only the inventions which are fundamental and original4 ,improvements of some fundamental invention1 made elsewhere or earlier1 are not included1 although in this connection it is worth while to mention one important thing which owes to ,america almost everything except its original invention4 ,this is process printing1 both in black and white and in colors4 ,process printing was not an ,american invention4 ,it is safe to say that it would be only a scientific experiment if it had not been made practical by ,american inventions1 such as coated paper1 first made for half-tone work by the ,cumberland ,mills ,company for ,mr4 ,de ,vinne1 ruling machines for half-tone work1 which were first made by ,max ,levy1 of ,philadelphia1 about #ahhj1 and three-color process plates1 which were first made by ,frederick ,ives1 of ,philadelphia1 in #ahha4 ,,review ,,questions ,,suggestions ,,to ,,students ,,and ,,instructors ,the following questions1 based on the contents of this pamphlet1 are intended to serve 7#a7 as a guide to the study of the text1 7#b7 as an aid to the student in putting the information contained into definite statements without actually memorizing the text1 7#c7 as a means of securing from the student a reproduction of the information in his own words4 ,a careful following of the questions by the reader will insure full acquaintance with every part of the text1 avoiding the accidental omission of what might be of value4 ,these primers are so condensed that nothing should be omitted4 ,in teaching from these books it is very important that these questions and such others as may occur to the teacher should be made the basis of frequent written work1 and of final examinations4 ,the importance of written work cannot be overstated4 ,it not only assures knowledge of material1 but the power to express that knowledge correctly and in good form4 ,if this written work can be submitted to the teacher in printed form it will be doubly useful4 ,,questions #a4 ,what general course of development do we find in the ,united ,states in relation to ,european influence8 #b4 ,how has this worked out in the case of type and presses8 #c4 ,who cast the first type made in this country8 #d4 ,who was ,mitchelson1 the type founder1 and what did he do8 #e4 ,tell the story of ,adam ,buell4 #f4 ,tell about ,benjamin ,franklin's attempt at type founding4 #g4 ,tell the story of the first successful type foundry in the ,united ,states4 #h4 ,tell of the attempt of ,mappa to start a type foundry in the ,united ,states4 #i4 ,what were the prospects for successful type founding in ,america about #agie8 #aj4 ,tell the story of the starting of the first permanently successful type foundry in ,america4 #aa4 ,what were the first steps taken to enlarge its facilities8 #ab4 ,what inventions did the senior partner work on8 #ac4 ,give a brief sketch of the firm from the retirement of the senior partner to the present time4 #ad4 ,what other type founder was at work in #ahje1 and what was he doing8 #ae4 ,tell the story of the starting of the second successful type foundry in the ,united ,states4 #af4 ,who were the ,bruces1 and how did they start in business8 #ag4 ,what did the ,bruces do in #ahad and #ahae8 #ah4 ,how did the ,bruces become type founders8 #ai4 ,what improvement did the ,bruces attempt in #ahbb1 and with what result8 #bj4 ,what was ,w4 ,m4 ,johnson's invention1 and what became of it8 #ba4 ,what development took place in the type founding business1 and what was the result8 #bb4 ,who was ,augustus ,ladew1 and what did he do8 #bc4 ,who was ,louis ,pelouze1 and what did he do8 #bd4 ,what can you tell about the ,boston ,type ,foundry8 #be4 ,tell about the work of ,j4 ,w4 ,phinney4 #bf4 ,who was ,henry ,barth1 and what did he do8 #bg4 ,what do we owe to ,john ,marder8 #bh4 ,what do we owe to ,l4 ,r4 ,benton8 #bi4 ,what invention followed the work of ,benton and ,werner1 and why8 #cj4 ,what need became acute in composing room1 and what was done to meet it8 #ca4 ,what invention changed the course of development along this line8 #cb4 ,tell the story of ,ottmar ,mergenthaler4 #cc4 ,what did ,tolbert ,lanston invent8 #cd4 ,tell the story of the discovery of the electrotyping process4 #ce4 ,who was the first to apply this process to printing1 and what were the defects of his method8 #cf4 ,give a sketch of the development of the process of electrotyping1 naming five principal inventions with dates4 #cg4 ,what was the greatest single step in advance1 and when1 where1 and by whom was it made8 #ch4 ,where did the first ,american presses come from8 #ci4 ,how soon were presses made in ,america1 and what were they like8 #dj4 ,who was the best known ,american press builder before #ahjj1 and what improvement did he make8 #da4 ,who invented the iron press1 and when8 #db4 ,who invented the ,columbian hand press8 #dc4 ,what demand soon arose1 and how was it met8 #dd4 ,who invented the ,washington hand press and when8 #de4 ,what was the first attempt to use power in press operation8 #df4 ,what was the first ,american attempt to use power in press operation8 #dg4 ,what sort of power was originally used8 #dh4 ,tell about the inventions of ,adams1 ,ruggles1 and ,gordon4 #di4 ,tell about the invention of ,merritt ,gally4 #ej4 ,what were the inventions of ,kidder and ,harris8 #ea4 ,what types of high-speed small presses are made8 #eb4 ,what was the first attempt to build a cylinder press8 #ec4 ,what was the first ,american attempt to build a cylinder press8 #ed4 ,who invented the first successful cylinder press8 #ee4 ,tell the story of ,hoe ,co4 down to #ahde4 #ef4 ,what important invention did ,hoe ,co4 bring out in #ahde8 #eg4 ,what were the inventions of ,pratt and ,bullock8 #eh4 ,what did ,hoe ,co4 produce in #ahdg8 #ei4 ,what did ,henry ,a4 ,wise ,wood invent8 #fj4 ,give a list of the most important ,american inventions in printing machinery4 #fa4 ,why is the list not longer8 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices ,the following list of publications1 comprising the ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under the supervision of the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america for use in trade classes1 in course of printing instruction1 and by individuals4 ,each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors1 and carefully edited1 the purpose being to provide the printers of the ,united ,states--employers1 journeymen1 and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable1 up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study4 ,the publications of the series are of uniform size1 #e #h inches4 ,their general make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1 kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list4 ,each topic is treated in a concise manner1 the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject4 ,care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear1 with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text4 ,in order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction1 each title is accompanied by a list of ,review ,questions covering essential items of the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books4 ,these are the ,official ,text-books of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america4 ,address all orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,materials #a4 ,type3 a ,primer of ,information ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,relating to the mechanical features of printing types2 their sizes1 font schemes1 etc41 with a brief description of their manufacture4 #dd pp42 illustrated2 #gd review questions2 glossary4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools and ,materials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about composing sticks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg pp42 illustrated2 #ej review questions2 glossary4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,composing ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about type cases1 work stands1 cabinets1 case racks1 galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illustrated2 #cc review questions2 glossary4 #d4 ,imposing ,tables and ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press1 including some modern utilities for special purposes4 #ei pp42 illustrated2 #gj review questions2 glossary4 #e4 ,proof ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review questions2 glossary4 #f4 ,platen ,printing ,presses ,by ,daniel ,baker ,a primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses1 from the original hand press to the modern job press1 to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size4 #ea pp42 illustrated2 #di review questions2 glossary4 #g4 ,cylinder ,printing ,presses ,by ,herbert ,l4 ,baker ,being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2 #dg review questions2 glossary4 #h4 ,mechanical ,feeders and ,folders ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier ,the history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines2 with hints on their care and adjustments4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #i4 ,power for ,machinery in ,printing ,houses ,by ,carl ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illustrated2 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #aj4 ,paper ,cutting ,machines ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a primer of information about paper and card trimmers1 hand-lever cutters1 power cutters1 and other automatic machines for cutting paper1 #gj pp42 illustrated2 #aae review questions2 glossary4 #aa4 ,printers' ,rollers ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the composition1 manufacture1 and care of inking rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa review questions2 glossary4 #ab4 ,printing ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,their composition1 properties and manufacture 7reprinted by permission from ,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards72 together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 #ac4 ,how ,paper is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,wheelwright ,a primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing4 #fh pp42 illustrated2 #fb review questions2 glossary4 #ad4 ,relief ,engravings ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving2 woodcut1 zinc plate1 half-tone2 kind of copy for reproduction2 things to remember when ordering engravings4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ae4 ,electrotyping and ,stereotyping ,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping4 #id pp42 illustrated2 #abi review questions2 glossaries4 ,,part ,,ii--,hand and ,machine ,composition #af4 ,typesetting ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook for beginners1 giving information about justifying1 spacing1 correcting1 and other matters relating to typesetting4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ag4 ,printers' ,proofs ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,the methods by which they are made1 marked1 and corrected1 with observations on proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ah4 ,first ,steps in ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs1 especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2 glossary4 #ai4 ,general ,job ,composition ,how the job compositor handles business stationery1 programs and miscellaneous work4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell ,chapters from ,de,vinne's 8,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition10 revised and arranged for this series of text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell of ,the ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 ,composition of pages4 ,part ,,ii3 ,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42 illustrated2 #ebe review questions2 glossary4 #ba4 ,tabular ,composition ,by ,robert ,seaver ,a study of the elementary forms of table composition1 with examples of more difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review questions4 #bb4 ,applied ,arithmetic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,sheldon ,elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade1 calculation of materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with standard tables and rules for computation1 each subject amplified with examples and exercises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typecasting and ,composing ,machines ,a4 ,w4 ,finlay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,the ,linotype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,hornstein ,section ,,ii--,the ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,the ,intertype ,by ,henry ,w4 ,cozzens ,section ,,iv--,other ,typecasting and ,typesetting ,machines ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith ,a brief history of typesetting machines1 with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework #bd4 ,locking ,forms for the ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms1 and about general work on the stone4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #be4 ,preparing ,forms for the ,cylinder ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,pamphlet and catalog imposition2 margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,making ,ready on ,platen ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,the essential parts of a press and their functions2 distinctive features of commonly used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1 regulating the impression1 underlaying and overlaying1 setting gauges1 and other details explained4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bg4 ,cylinder ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,preparing the press2 adjustment of bed and cylinder1 form rollers1 ink fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4 ,underlaying and overlaying2 modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,hints and ,helps ,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton ,describing some practical methods of pressroom work1 with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes of the ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief1 the intaglio1 and the planographic processes of printing4 #hd pp42 illustrated2 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and ,book ,binding #cj4 ,pamphlet ,binding ,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin ,a primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ca4 ,book ,binding ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger ,practical information about the usual operations in binding books2 folding2 gathering1 collating1 sewing1 forwarding1 finishing4 ,case making and cased-in books4 ,hand work and machine work4 ,job and blank-book binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,vi--,correct ,literary ,composition #cb4 ,word ,study and ,english ,grammar ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about words1 their relations1 and their uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review questions2 glossary4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use1 both grammatically and typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review questions2 glossary4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about capitalization1 with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review questions2 glossary4 #ce4 ,division of ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules for the division of words at the ends of lines1 with remarks on spelling1 syllabication and pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review questions4 #cf4 ,compound ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a study of the principles of compounding1 the components of compounds1 and the use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review questions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations and ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about abbreviations and signs1 with classified lists of those in most common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review questions4 #ch4 ,the ,uses of ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters4 #ca pp42 #cg review questions4 #ci4 ,proofreading ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,the technical phases of the proofreader's work2 reading1 marking1 revising1 etc42 methods of handling proofs and copy4 ,illustrated by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #dj4 ,preparation of ,printers' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,suggestions for authors1 editors1 and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review questions4 #da4 ,printers' ,manual of ,style ,a reference compilation of approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred features of composition4 #db4 ,the ,printer's ,dictionary ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing1 alphabetically arranged4 ,technical terms explained4 ,illustrated4 ,,part ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 and ,lettering #dc4 ,applied ,design for ,printers ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a handbook of the principles of arrangement1 with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing4 ,treats of harmony1 balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2 symmetry and variety2 ornament1 esthetic and symbolic4 #cg illustrations2 #df review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elements of ,typographic ,design ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,applications of the principles of decorative design4 ,building material of typography3 paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4 ,design of complete book1 treating each part4 ,design of commercial forms and single units4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudiments of ,color in ,printing ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,use of color3 for decoration of black and white1 for broad poster effect1 in combinations of two1 three1 or more printings with process engravings4 ,scientific nature of color1 physical and chemical4 ,terms in which color may be discussed3 hue1 value1 intensity4 ,diagrams in color1 scales and combinations4 ,color theory of process engraving4 ,experiments with color4 ,illustrations in full color1 and on various papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lettering in ,typography ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,printer's use of lettering3 adaptability and decorative effect4 ,development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design4 ,classification of general forms in lettering4 ,application of design to lettering4 ,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design in ,advertising ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,the printer's function in advertising4 ,precepts upon which advertising is based4 ,printer's analysis of his copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 attention1 color4 ,method of studying advertising typography4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,making ,dummies and ,layouts ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a layout3 the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the imitation of a proposed final effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4 ,use of layout4 ,function of layout man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 ,,part ,,viii--,history of ,printing #di4 ,books ,before ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types4 #fb pp42 illustrated2 #fd review questions4 #ej4 ,the ,invention of ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about4 #fd pp42 #fb review questions4 #ea4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the beginnings of printing1 the development of the book1 the development of printers' materials1 and the work of the great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review questions4 #eb4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from #adej to #aghi1 including government regulations1 censorship1 internal conditions and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review questions4 #ec4 ,printing in ,england ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a short history of printing in ,england from ,caxton to the present time4 #hi pp42 #fe review questions4 #ed4 ,printing in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the development of the newspaper1 and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing4 #ih pp42 #hd review questions4 #ee4 ,type and ,presses in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review questions4 ,,part ,,ix--,cost ,finding and ,accounting #ef4 ,elements of ,cost in ,printing ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a primer of information about all the elements that contribute to the cost of printing and their relation to each other4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eg4 ,use of a ,cost ,system ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eh4 ,the ,printer as a ,merchant ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing4 ,the relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #ei4 ,fundamental ,principles of ,estimating ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the estimator and his work2 forms to use2 general rules for estimating4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fj4 ,estimating and ,selling ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,an insight into the methods used in making estimates1 and their relation to selling4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fa4 ,accounting for ,printers ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a brief outline of an accounting system for printers2 necessary books and accessory records4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous #fb4 ,health1 ,sanitation1 and ,safety ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,hygiene in the printing trade2 a study of conditions old and new2 practical suggestions for improvement2 protective appliances and rules for safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book of reference covering the topics treated in the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 alphabetically arranged4 #fd4 ,courses of ,study ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook for teachers1 with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work4 ,,acknowledgment ,this series of ,typographic ,text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america1 under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published1 acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors1 printers1 and others identified with this work4 ,while due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book1 the ,committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest4 ,the following list is not complete1 as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes1 constituting the first printing4 ,as soon as the entire list of books comprising the ,typographic ,technical ,series has been completed 7which the ,committee hopes will be at an early date71 the full list will be printed in each volume4 ,the ,committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this ,series who have patiently awaited its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america4 ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1 ,chairman1 ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbrenner1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,for ,composition and ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cushing ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,devinne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,stephen ,,green ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,edward ,,stern ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphagen1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,for ,composition ,,boston ,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,electrotypes ,,blomgren ,,brothers ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel ,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters ,,son ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,whitcomb ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,for ,engravings ,,american ,,type ,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,rising ,,paper ,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,book ,paper ,,american ,,writing ,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,west ,,virginia ,,pulp ,,paper ,,co41 ,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcriber',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 vii1 changed 8,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary40 to 8,a primer of information about all the elements that contribute to the cost of printing and their relation to each other4 ,review questions4 ,glossary40 ,see https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/ebooks_/#fe eif4 #b4 ,silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in spelling4 #c4 ,retained archaic1 non-standard1 and uncertain spellings as printed4 #d4 ,enclosed italics font in underscores4