,,bantu ,,beliefs ,,& ,,magic ,,) ,,p>ticul> ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,! ,,kikuyu ,,& ,,kamba ,,tribes ,,( ,,k5ya ,,colony2 ,,toge!r ,,) ,,"s ,,reflections ,,on ,,ea/ ,,africa ,,aft] ,,! ,,w> ,,by ,c4 ,w4 ,,hobley1 ,c4,m4,g4 ,m4 ,r4 ,an?rop4 ,in/41 ,c4,m4,z4,s41 ,assoc4 ,m4 ,in/4 ,c4,e4 7,late ,s5ior ,prov9cial ,commission]1 ,k5ya ,colony7 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,sir ,,james ,g4 ,,fraz]1 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,,london ,h4 ,f4 ,g4 ,,)]by #cbf ,,high ,,holborn1 ,w4,c4 #aibb ,,preface ,x is (t5 said t ! long] "o kn[s ! native ! less "o kn[s1 & ! less "o und]/&s him4 ,?is expression is d\btless com=t+ to p]sons :o h n ! pati5ce to sy/ematically /udy him & 8 views on life1 b x c\ld ) conv5i5ce be replac$ by a say+ to ! effect t ! m "o kn[s ( ! native ! m "o realises h[ mu* rema9s to be le>nt4 ,! _s ( ?is is 9 accordance ) ! true attitude to all o!r bran*es ( k1 = ! m "o le>ns1 ! m ! map unfolds1 & "o gradually realises ! va/ness ( ! c\ntry to be explor$4 ,dur+ long ye>s ( s]vice 9 ,ea/ ,africa my "w has br\ght me into close contact ) ! native tribes f ,lake ,victoria to ! coa/1 & ,i e>ly realis$ t _! adm9i/ration c\ld n be intellig5tly conduct$ )\t close inquiry into _! social organisation & religi\s beliefs1 & 9 ?is connection ,i w\ld "h l to express my indebt$ness to ! k9d advice & /imulat+ assi/ance :i* ,i h receiv$ f ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway1 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,pr(essor ,haddon & o!rs4 ,i p>ticul>ly wi% to ?ank ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] = 8 k9dness 9 cons5t+ to write an introduction to ?is "w4 ,my fir/ rese>*es 9 ?is field 7 conduct$ among ! tribes ( ,kavirondo1 & :5 "s ye>s lat] ,i left ! ,nyanza prov9ce = ,ukamba ,i became int]e/$ 9 ! p ) :om ?is "w ma9ly deals4 ,9 #aiaj ,i publi%$ a small "w /yl$ 8,! ,e?nology ( ! ,a-,kamba & ,o!r ,ea/ ,african ,tribes0 :i* 0 ma9ly int5d$ z an aide memoire = colleagues work+ among ! p ref]r$ to2 ! /udy 0 cont9u$ & c]ta9 matt]s 7 dealt ) 9 pap]s communicat$ to ! ,royal ,an?ropological ,in/itute & ! ,briti% ,association4 ,fur!r rese>* has1 h[ev]1 br\ght to light a great deal ( additional mat]ial & has enabl$ me to piece toge!r ! "w1 & ,i v5ture to believe t ! light :i* x attempts to ?r[ ^u ! inn] life ( ^! important tribes may /imulate fur!r inquiry1 & help bo? (ficial & coloni/ 9 8 relations ) !m4 ,x has long be5 ! fa%ion to look ^u su* rese>* z be+ ( only academic value2 ?is view1 h[ev]1 is ye> by ye> becom+ dimm]1 & ,i w\ld ask all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ,africa to ab&on x4 ,! late w> has =cibly demon/rat$ ! importance ( und]/&+ ! psy*ology ( our enemies1 & if t is admitt$ ,i w\ld claim t x is q z important = work]s 9 ,africa to endeav\r to und]/& ! psy*ology ( ! ,africans1 ^: fri5d%ip is ( vital necessity to all progress 9 t c\ntry4 ,9 pres5t+ ?is "w to ! public1 ,i w\ld l to emphasise ! belief t ! field is by no means exhau/$2 all t ,i h be5 able to d has be5 done amid/ ! insi/5t ru% ( (ficial duties1 & ,i h (t5 long$ = ! *ance ( be+ able to conc5trate my att5tion = a ye> or two solely on rese>*es ( ?is nature4 ,! language difficulty is "o ( ! greate/ ob/acles ) :i* a ,european is fac$2 native languages are num]\s & an adm9i/rative (fic] r>ely has "t to le>n "o be=e he is remov$ to ano!r area & !re=e ano!r language4 ,! eld]s r>ely "k mu* ,swahili1 ! language :i* is ! l+ua franca ( ,ea/ ,africa4 ,int]pret]s are (t5 a sn>e1 & an inve/igator has to "w ) "o = "s "t be=e be+ c]ta9 t he has fully realis$ ! _s ( ! rese>*1 especially :5 deal+ ) religi\s beliefs3 inde$ _m int]pret]s nev] grasp ! _s ( ! inquiry4 ,i _h work+ ) me = "s ye>s a rem>kable int]pret]--,juma b9 ,hamis--:o became deeply int]e/$ 9 ! subject "u inve/igation1 & 0 ( ! greate/ assi/ance4 ,:5 any po9t 0 obscure he w\ld g (f & une>? an eld] :o 0 kn[n to h p>ticul> in=mation on ! po9t at issue4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 ,i h to m\rn 8 loss1 = he di$ at ,nairobi 9 #aiaa4 ,su* a man is difficult to replace2 8 speciality 0 ,kikuyu political organisation & cu/oms1 &1 al?\gh a coa/ native1 he 0 deeply e/eem$ by all ! p ( ,s\!rn ,kikuyu4 ,i w\ld "h l to express my indebt$ness to sev]al ( my colleagues & fri5ds1 p>ticul>ly ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas1 ,g4 ,h4 ,osborne1 & ! late ,s4 ,w4 ,j4 ,s*olefield1 :o1 liv+ = a long "t 9 ! native res]ves ( ,kikuyu & ,ukamba 9 close contact ) ! p1 h giv5 me ! greate/ assi/ance ^u special po9ts4 ,i am also grateful to ,miss du ,cros = h] k9d assi/ance 9 revis+ ! ,,mss4 ( ?is "w4 ,) ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas's p]mission1 ,i h ins]t$ an int]e/+ memor&um by him on ,kikuyu dances & c]ta9 magical ph5om5a4 ,he collect$ ! in=mation :ile 9 *>ge ( ! ,kikuyu di/rict4 ,i also express my gratitude to ! _m eld]s :o h s fully giv5 me in=mation ab\t _m cu/oms & rites :i* !y d n c>e to discuss ) ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,! ,kikuyu 9 p>ticul> welcom$ my int]e/ 9 _! beliefs4 ,!y ev5 urg$ me to become a recognis$ eld] ( ! tribe1 s t !y c\ld imp>t full in=mation )\t violation ( ! rules =bidd+ ! divulg+ ( ! c]emonial ( _! grade to ^? n initiat$ to t grade4 ,?is election has be5 ( great value1 = recognition z an eld] 9 ,kikuyu franks "o1 s to speak1 among ! ,kamba1 & ! eld]s ( t retic5t tribe talk$ freely to me on _! rites & beliefs4 ,f9ally ,i mu/ express my indebt$ness to ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi?'s illum9at+ "w on ! 8,religion ( ! ,semites10 & to ,campbell ,?ompson's book on 8,semitic ,magic40 ,i h ref]r$ to ^! f "t to "t1 z !y ?r[ light ^u ! pr9ciples und]ly+ _m ( ! ,african c]emonies :i* ,i describe4 ,any description ( ! languages spok5 by ! tribes "u review be+ outside ! scope ( ?is "w1 x has be5 consid]$ inadvisable to complicate x by ! adoption ( ! mod]n sy/em ( phonetic symbols 9 ! native names4 ,! use ( ! symbols1 ?\gh bas$ on s\nd pr9ciples1 un=tunately r5d]s un9telligible to ! ord9>y read] _m native words4 ,z ! w> has occurr$ s9ce ! bulk ( ?is "w 0 writt51 ,i h consid]$ t x might n be out ( place to add a *apt] ( a g5]al nature deal+ ) ! position ( native affairs aft] ! great upheaval1 = ,africa has n escap$ its effects any m ?an o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & ! future ( ! relations ( black & :ite ne$s mo/ ?\ghtful consid]ation4 ,c4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,introduction ,! au?or ( ?is book1 ,mr ,c4 ,w4 ,hobley1 has long be5 kn[n to an?ropologi/s z "o ( our be/ au?orities on ! native races ( ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 or ,k5ya ,colony1 z x is n[ call$1 :]e he resid$ z ,prov9cial ,commission] = _m ye>s4 ,! "t he c\ld sp>e f 8 (ficial duties he wisely devot$ to /udy+ ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! tribes :om he 0 appo9t$ to gov]n1 & ?r\gh ! k & exp]i5ce ?us acquir$ he 0 able to make a valuable s]ies ( contributions to e?nography4 ,9 ! pres5t "w he has resum$ & l>gely supplem5t$ 8 =m] /udies ( two important tribes1 ! ,kikuyu & ,kamba1 enri*+ 8 previ\s acc\nts ) _m fre% details & fruitful obs]vations4 ,! result is a monograph replete ) in=mation ( great v>iety & ( ! highe/ int]e/ = ! /ud5t ( savage ?\ght & in/itutions4 ,b ! book has a practical z well z a sci5tific value4 ,plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,briti% (ficials engag$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ord] & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice among ! natives1 x mu/ prove ( real s]vice to !m 9 _! task ( af=d+ !m an insight into ! habits & ideas ( ! p1 & ?us greatly facilitat+ ! task ( gov]nm5t4 ,inde$1 )\t "s su* k ( ! native's po9t ( view x is impossible to gov]n him wisely & well4 ,! savage way ( ?9k+ is v diff]5t to ours1 & ,mr ,hobley is "r 9 insi/+ t x is by no means simple1 b1 on ! contr>y1 highly complex1 & t1 consequ5tly1 x _c be und]/ood )\t long & pati5t /udy4 ,to legislate = savages on ,european pr9ciples ( law & morality1 ev5 :5 ! legislator is inspir$ by none b ! mo/ b5evol5t int5tions1 is always dang]\s1 & n seldom disa/r\s2 = x is too (t5 =gott5 t native cu/oms h gr[n up ?r\gh a long c\rse ( exp]i5ce & adaptation to natural surr\nd+s1 t !y correspond to notions & beliefs :i*1 :e!r ill or well f\nd$1 are deeply root$ 9 ! native m9d1 & t ! attempt to disc>d !m = o!rs :i* h be5 develop$ "u totally diff]5t conditions may injure in/ead ( b5efit+ ! p4 ,ev5 :5 ! new rules & habits1 :i* gov]nm5t seeks to =ce ^u ! tribes1 are 9 !mselves1 ab/ractly consid]$1 bett] ?an ! old1 !y may n be s well adapt$ to ! m5tal framework ( ! gov]n$1 & ! consequ5ce may be t ! old moral re/ra9ts are aboli%$ )\t ! sub/itution ( any equally effective 9 _! room4 ,to ?is dang] ,mr ,hobley is fully alive1 & he gives a timely w>n+ on ! subject to ^? well-mean+ b ill-in=m$ p]sons at home :o w\ld treat ! native ,african 9 accordance ) ! late/ political %ibbole?s ( democratic ,europe4 ,su* treatm5t1 :i* its ignorant advocates seem to reg>d z a panacea = all human ills1 w\ld almo/ inevitably produce an effect precisely ! opposite ( t int5d$3 in/ead ( accel]at+ ! progress ( ! natives1 x w\ld probably precipitate _! moral1 social1 & ev5 physical decl9e4 ,9 practical life few ?+s are s dang]\s z ab/ract ideas1 & ! indiscrim9ate application ( !m to concrete realities is "o ( ! mo/ fatal weapons 9 ! h&s ( ! moral or political revolution>y4 ,among ! mass ( int]e/+ topics dealt ) 9 ,mr ,hobley's book x is difficult to s+le out any = special m5tion 9 an introduction4 ,! subjects to :i*1 on ! :ole1 he has paid close/ att5tion are natural religion & magic4 ,9 respect ( religion ! au?or aga9 & aga9 notes ! rem>kable simil>ities :i* may be trac$ betwe5 ,ea/ ,african & ,semitic beliefs & rites1 & he raises ! "q h[ ^! simil>ities are to be expla9$4 ,are !y due to p>allel & indep5d5t developm5t 9 ! ,african & ! ,semitic races8 ,or are !y ! consequ5ce ( ! invasion ( ,africa ei!r by a ,semitic p or at all ev5ts by a p imbu$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ,semitic religion4 ,9 my book 8,folk-lore 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t0 #a ,i _h be5 simil>ly /ruck by "s ( ^! resemblances1 &1 :ile ab/a9+ f speculation on _! orig91 _h rem>k$ t ! hypo!sis ( d]ivation f a common s\rce 0 n to be lightly reject$4 ,on ! o!r h& ,mr ,hobley ?9ks x saf]1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k1 to assume t ! resemblances 9 "q h aris5 indep5d5tly1 ?r\gh p>allel developm5t1 9 ! ,african & ,semitic areas4 ,he dismisses z highly improbable ! idea t ! anci5t ,semitic beliefs %\ld h orig9at$ 9 ,ea/ ,africa & spread f !re to ,arabia4 ,yet rec5t inve/igations 9 ?is "p ( ,africa1 p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to ! native ve9s ( iron & gold1 t5d 9 ! op9ion ( "s compet5t inquir]s to %[ t ,ea/ ,c5tral ,africa1 includ+ ! region ( ! great lakes1 0 an extremely anci5t seat ( a rudim5t>y civilisation1 ! se$s ( :i* may h be5 c>ri$1 :e!r by migration or ! contact ( peoples1 to remote p>ts ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,9 reg>d to iron1 :i* has be5 wr\ght 9 ,c5tral ,africa f "t immemorial1 ,mr ,hobley quotes ,pr(essor ,gregory :o ?9ks x probable t ! art ( =g+ ! metal 0 inv5t$ 9 tropical ,africa at a date be=e ,europe _h atta9$ to ! discov]y & manufacture ( bronze2 he ev5 sugge/s t ! +5i\s smi? :o fir/ fus$ t9 & copp] into bronze may h borr[$ ! h9t f ! process ( work+ iron :i* he _h le>n$ 9 ,africa4 ,among ! _m curi\s sup]/itions record$ by ,mr ,hobley none is p]haps m int]e/+ & sugge/ive ?an by ! "n ( ?ahu or ?abu1 & :i* pres5ts po9ts ( simil>ity to ! ,polynesian taboo4 ,mr ,hobley ?9ks t ! idea involv$ 9 x is be/ express$ by ! ,engli% t]m 8curse40 ,b to ?is x may be object$ t a curse implies a p]sonal ag5t1 human or div9e1 :o has call$ d[n "s evil on ! suff]]2 :]eas 9 _m1 inde$ 9 mo/1 ( ! cases enum]at$ by ,mr ,hobley !re is no sugge/ion ( su* an ag5t1 & ! evil :i* befalls ! suff]] is ! direct consequ5ce ( 8 own action or ( a simple accid5t4 ,?us x w\ld seem t 8c]emonial uncleanness0 answ]s bett] to ! mean+ ( ?ahu ?an 8curse40 ,be t z x may1 delib]ate curs+ app>5tly plays a prom95t "p 9 ! sup]/ition ( ! ,kikuyu & ,kamba2 b x is significant t !y give x a diff]5t "n 7kirume1 kiume7 f t :i* !y apply to c]emonial uncleanness4 ,great fai? is put 9 ! effectiv5ess ( curses1 especially ! curses ( dy+ p]sons2 & z ^! latt] curses (t5 ref] to ! disposal ( ! dy+ man's prop]ty aft] 8 dea? & are int5d$ to prev5t ! ali5ation ( l& f ! family1 ,mr ,hobley is l$ to make ! +5i\s sugge/ion t 9 "s curses we may detect ! orig9 ( entail & ( te/am5t>y dispositions 9 g5]al4 ,n a few ( ! cu/oms & beliefs describ$ by ,mr ,hobley rem9d u ( simil> practices & ideas 9 ! religion & my?ology ( classical antiquity4 ,?us ! w>riors :o1 arm$ ) swords & clubs1 dance or hop f foot to foot at ! "t :5 ! mawele gra9 is reap$1 are curi\sly rem9isc5t ( ! ,roman ,salii1 ! danc+ or leap+ prie/s ( ! w>-god ,m>s1 :o1 simil>ly acc\tr$ ) swords & /aves1 danc$ or leap$1 :ile !y invok$ ,saturn1 ! ,god ( ,s[+4 ,aga91 ! /range sort ( madness :i* f "t to "t seizes on ,kamba wom5 & "u ! influ5ce ( :i*1 wr\ght up to a /ate ( fr5zy1 !y cap] ab\t ) c['s tails susp5d$ f _! arms1 (f]s a p>allel to ! ,greek leg5d ( ! daught]s ( ,prtus & ! o!r ,argive wom51 :o1 oddly en\gh1 7 said l _! ,african si/]s to h be5 heal$ ( _! infirmity by dances & ! sacrifice ( cattle4 #b ,! /udy ( su* hy/]ical & infecti\s manias among primitive peoples op5s up an int]e/+ field ( inquiry to ! psy*ologi/4 ,su* are a few specim5s cull$ f ! ri* collection ( ,ea/ ,african folk-lore & religion :i* ! au?or has pres5t$ to 8 read]s 9 ?is volume4 ,! facts record$ by him provide mu* food = ?\ght & sugge/ _m l9es ( inve/igation = inquiries 9 ! future4 ,=1 z he rem9ds u1 ) equal tru? & mode/y1 ! field ( inquiry is f> f be+ exhau/$4 ,let u hope t x w yet yield an abundant h>ve/ to o!rs1 :o w foll[ 9 ,mr ,hobley's foot/eps & imitate ! example he has set !m ( pati5t & op5-m9d$ rese>*4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,fraz]4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preface #c ,introduction #g ,,"p ,i ,,natural ,,religion ,introductory #ai ,i4 ,_s ,beliefs #bg ,,ii4 ,sacrifice #dj ,,iii4 ,sacr$ ,/ones or ,village ,%r9es #fi ,,iv4 ,! ,fir/fruits ( ,h>ve/ & ,plant+ ,c]emonial #gc ,v4 ,circumcision ,c]emonial #gg ,,vi4 ,dea? & ,burial ,c]emonial #ig ,,vii4 ,! ,curse & its ,manife/ations-- 7a7 ,?ahu & its connection ) circumcision rites1 etc4 #ajc 7b7 ,purification & bless+ #acd 7c7 ,! dy+ curse #ade ,,viii4 ,sup]/itions reg>d+ ,*ildr5 & ,wom5 #aed ,,"p ,,ii ,,magic ,introductory #afe ,i4 ,! ,guild ( ,smi?s 9 ,kikuyu & ,ukamba #afg ,,ii4 ,! ,evil ,eye #agg ,,iii4 ,kikuyu ,magic & ,magicians #ahd ,,iv4 ,miscellane\s ,magical ,practices #aib ,,"p ,,iii ,,miscellane\s ,introductory #bjg ,i4 ,! ,con/itution & ,work+ ( ,c\ncils #bji ,,ii4 ,laws ( ,comp5sation = ,murd] #bcj ,,iii4 ,c]emonial ,oa?s #bci ,,iv4 ,w> & ,peace #bdd ,v4 ,miscellane\s ,cu/oms & ,beliefs #bej ,,vi4 ,leg5ds #bfb ,,vii4 ,dances #bff ,,viii4 ,wom5 z ,factor 9 ,tribal ,organisation #bgd ,,ix4 ,"s ,g5]al ,rem>ks #bha ,x4 ,ea/ ,africa aft] ! ,w> #bhf ,l',envoi #cjc ,gloss>y #cje ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,kamba ,*ief1 ,kitui ,frontispiece ,typical ,mu?uri ya ,ukuru ,fac+ #cg 7,eld] ( ,grade ( ,prie/7 ,kikuyu ,mu?uri or ,eld] #fe 7,progna?\s ,type7 ,sc5es at ,mambura 7,circumcision ,fe/ival7 #ha 7#a7 ,sug> canes ov] village gates 7#b7 ,eat+ c]emonial food 7,photos by ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis7 ,climb+ ! 8,mugumu10 fig tree #hg 7,photo by ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis7 ,kikuyu ,circumcision ,fea/ 7#a7 ,male c&idates #aac 7#b7 ,female c&idates ,a ,dorobo ,eld]1 ,torori #ahc 7,photo by ,t4 ,a4 ,dickson7 ,kamba ,eld] ) ,ki?ito #bda ,kikuyu--,beehive ,m>ks on ,trees #bed 7,woodcut 9 ,text7 ,kivata ,dance at ,kyambu1 ,kikuyu #bfg 7,photo by ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas7 ,kikuyu ,circumcision ,%ield ) ,an?ropomorphic ,figures #bgc ,kikuyu ,me?ods ( c>ry+ ! circumcision ,%ield 7,! "y m5 p>ade ! c\ntry ) ^! "s weeks be=e ! c]emony7 ,,"p ,i ,,natural ,,religion ,,introductory ,! ma9 objects ( ?is "w are to place on record ! results ( inve/igations made among ! native tribes 9 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 p>ticul>ly among ! ,kikuyu & ,kamba p1 & to endeav\r1 f a /udy ( _! c]emonial ) reg>d to sacrifice & taboo1 to obta9 a bett] insight into ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! outw>d =ms & c]emonies ( _! ritual4 ,x has long be5 cu/om>y1 p>tly ?r\gh n>r[-m9d$ prejudice & p>tly ?r\gh ignorance1 to class z ,pagans all native tribes :i* h n yet embrac$ "o ( ! great positive religions1 su* z ,*ri/ianity or ,mohamm$anism4 ,b ! "t has n[ come :5 su* negative def9itions1 if s]i\sly appli$1 w h to be ab&on$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t all savages h a natural religion :i* is a survival (1 & is analog\s to1 a /age ( belief :i* exi/$ among ! ance/ors ( ! civilis$ peoples ( ! pres5t day4 ,! admission is inevitable1 h[ev] di/a/eful to ^? :o are dogmatic 9 _! religi\s beliefs & loa? to admit t religi\s ?\ght & ! conception ( a deity h pass$ ?r\gh an evolution>y process &1 fur!rmore1 a process :i* has n ceas$4 ,=1 aft] all1 ! developm5t ( m5tal & moral ideas is a "p ( ! evolution ( ! liv+ be+ z mu* z ! developm5t ( limbs1 cranial %ape1 or body m>k+s4 ,no positive sy/em ( religion desc5d$ f heav5 z a completely new concept ( ! deity & ) an absolutely novel code4 ,su* a sy/em c\ld nev] h surviv$4 ,any new religi\s tea*] c\ld n fail to be1 to a great ext5t1 a creature ( 8 environm5t & ( ! age 9 :i* he 0 born4 ,he mu/ necess>ily graft 8 s*eme on to :at w5t be=e4 ,z ,rob]tson ,smi? s truly says1 8a new s*eme ( fai? c only f9d a he>+ by appeal+ to religi\s in/9cts & susceptibilities t already exi/ 9 ! audi5ce40 ,9 ,ea/ ,africa1 v>i\s tribes rema9 9 a /age ( belief v simil> to t :i* prevail$ 9 ,arabia & ,assyria f ab\t #aejj ,b4,c4 & onw>d1 & :i* cont9u$ till a dogmatic uni=mity 0 =c$ on ! bulk ( ! p by ! tea*+s ( ,mahom$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #fej4 ,asiatic beliefs 7 introduc$ to ,abyss9ia by ! ,sabans or ,himy>itic invad]s a few c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 b x is d\btful :e!r !y spread to any ext5t4 ,= anci5t religi\s influ5ces on ,c5tral ,africa1 we mu/ look m to ! *annel af=d$ by ! ,nile valley :i* _h become a r\te ( exploration z f> back z ! "t ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 we "k t ,egyptian influ5ce 0 spasmodically ex]cis$ = a long di/ance up ! ,nile valley1 little evid5ce ( any spiritual effect has z yet come to light4 ,?is is natural1 = ! anci5t exp$itions 7 at long int]vals & 7 n mission>y ent]prises1 b 7 9 se>* ( mat]ial ga94 ,! only case ( p]man5t settlem5t :i* appe>s to be beyond d\bt is ! invasion into ,ug&a1 ,unyoro1 & ,ankole1 ( a light col\r$ race1 n[ kn[n z ! ,ba-,hima or ,ba-,huma4 ,"s consid] t ^! p came f ! ,abyss9ian highl&s2 ,sir ,h>ry ,john/on1 on ! o!r h&1 believes !m to be desc5dants ( anci5t ,egyptian settl]s2 accord+ to ,dr ,seligman !y are probably desc5dants ( :at he t]ms ,proto-,egyptians--! latt] description be+ a m concrete def9ition bas$ ^u c>eful rese>*es 9 ! ,nile valley1 ! result ( :i* 0 n available :5 ,sir ,h4 ,h4 ,john/on made 8 sugge/ion4 ,b :atev] ! orig9 ( ! ,ba-,hima1 !re appe>s to be no trace ( ?is infusion ( nor!rn blood any:]e ea/ ( ! ,rift ,valley1 except1 possibly1 among ! ,masai :o are believ$ to h migrat$ s\?-ea/ f ! valley ( ! ,upp] ,nile4 ,! ,n&i1 ! ,lako & ,savei ( ,elgon1 ! ,lumbwa & ,elgeyo also came f ! nor?-we/1 b did n cross ! ,rift4 ,! ,kikuyu absorb$ "s ,masai blood f "t to "t1 & also int]mix$ to "s ext5t ) ! aborig9al ,oggiek1 b !y are ma9ly ,bantu 9 blood & con/itution4 ,! ,kamba p1 ^: ance/ors fl[$ into _! pres5t habitat f ! s\? & s\?-we/1 are believ$ to be pure ,bantu4 ,we h1 !re=e1 no evid5ce z to :]e ! ance/ors ( ! ,kikuyu or ,kamba liv$ ab\t two ?\s& ye>s ago1 &1 fur!r1 :e!r !y 7 affect$ by ,semitic culture 9 remote times4 ,x is1 moreov]1 highly improbable t ! anci5t ,semitic beliefs %\ld h orig9at$ 9 ,ea/ ,africa4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 decide :e!r su* simil>ity z we f9d to-day is m]ely a case ( p>allel & unconnect$ developm5t1 or ! result ( an anci5t invasion ( a ,semitic race or possibly ( a race :i* _h adopt$ ,semitic beliefs4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( k x w be saf] to assume t ?is simil>ity is due to p>allel developm5t1 _m examples ( :i* may be f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to make x cle> t if !re %\ld h be5 any ,semitic influ5ce x _c h be5 d]iv$ f ! ,arab settlem5ts on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ ( ,africa1 f\nd$ dur+ ! la/ few hundr$ ye>s4 ,_! political hold ( ! c\ntry nev] ext5d$ mu* beyond ! tidal wat]s1 & _! only social influ5ce 0 ! slight "o ex]cis$ at int]mitt5t int]vals by a slave raid+ or ivory trad+ exp$ition4 ,no anci5t trace ( ,mohamm$anism c be f\nd among ! p "u consid]ation1 & _! pres5t /age ( culture is pre-,islamic 9 po9t ( "t4 ,! religi\s beliefs ( ! tribes ( ,kikuyu & ,ukamba g5]ally consi/ ( a rudim5t>y conception ( a high god1 correspond+ m or less to ! old ,hebrew concept ( ,jahveh4 ,to ! bulk ( ! peasantry ?is idea is naturally v vague & practically subconsci\s4 ,b ! eld]s ( :at may be t]m$ ! 8high place0 are believ$ to h a cle> conception ( x1 & _! deity is app>5tly ( ! k9d :i* c be influ5c$ & appeas$ by mat]ial att5tions4 ,! belief 9 ance/ral spirits--ngoma or aiimu--is ! pr$om9at+ spiritual factor 9 ! m9ds ( ! great majority ( ! p4 ,^! are ev] pres5t1 & ! relations betwe5 m5 & spirits are 9 accordance ) ! actual patri>*al /ate ( society4 ,! spirits mu/ n be ignor$1 = are !y n ( ! blood k98 ,if neglect$1 !y w be angry & puni% _! *ildr54 ,b naturally no ranc\r is felt :5 su* puni%m5ts are inflict$4 ,!re is a total abs5ce ( religi\s intol]ance ab\t ?is cult2 failure to wor%ip or failure to contribute to a sacrifice br+s its own retribution1 & ! spirits are swift 9 detect+ a del9qu5t4 ,^! spirits are n necess>ily evil1 b !re is little d\bt t ! "* ( ! _s is believ$ to reflect to "s ext5t ! "* ( ! p]son f :om x came1 & ! p[] ( ! _s is intimately connect$ ) ! position ( ! p]son 9 ! tribe4 ,?is expla9s to "s ext5t :y an ord9>y p]son is ca/ out at dea?1 :]eas an eld]1 qualifi$ to take "p 9 sacrificial c]emonies1 receives burial4 ,! burial is probably pleas+ to ! _s1 & ! _s ( an eld] possesses m p[] ?an t ( an un9itiat$ common p]son4 ,all spirits1 h[ev]1 appe> to be rel5tless & malignant :5 neglect$1 & rema9 s until !y are appeas$4 ,at times !y are said to assi/ _! cli5ts1 &1 ?r\gh a suitable m$ium1 to w>n ! p ( an imp5d+ raid4 ,9 old ,semitic records ! evil spirits or j9n loom v l>ge2 !y are usually ref]r$ to z devils 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,!y h no cont9u\s or fix$ p]sonal relations ) mank9d1 b h _! own p>ticul> haunts 9 des]t places1 caves1 & s =?4 ,!y are1 s to speak1 outlaws2 !y appe> to man ei!r 9 human or animal =m1 & if "o is kill$1 a solid c>case is believ$ to rema94 ,among ! anci5t ,semites1 ! belief became v elaborate & survives to ?is day 9 out-(-!-way places4 ,^! un:olesome creatures 7 ev5 classifi$ m or less def9itely z j9ni1 gh\ls1 m>$1 lili?1 s$im1 & s =?4 ,among our ,african tribes ?is cult1 h[ev]1 has =tunately n develop$ to any great ext5t4 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 =gott51 or x may h disappe>$1 b !re are /ill a few traces ( x left4 ,a ,kamba /ory1 = in/ance1 tells ( two girls :o took %elt] 9 a cave dur+ a /orm4 ,a c5tip$e came 9 :ile !y 7 !re & ! girls ?rew x outside4 ,b ! c5tip$e 0 an evil _s & rev5g$ itself by clos+ up ! entrance to ! cave1 s t ! girls 7 />v$ to dea?4 ,?is /ory might h come /raight f ,c5tral ,arabia & be t ( a j9ni1 ! s$im ( ! ,talmud1 :o 7 suppos$ to assume any =m !y wi%$4 ,! deity or ! ance/ral _s is appeas$ by means ( sacrifice or libations1 c>ri$ out ei!r privately or communally accord+ to ! circum/ances4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( detail$ in=mation conc]n+ ^! has be5 collect$1 :i* x may be int]e/+ to comp>e ) simil> practices describ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & o!r anci5t lit]ature4 ,! aiimu ya ,kitombo ref]r$ to 9 8,e?nology ( ! ,a-,kamba0 7p4 #hi71 & ! unnatural creature said to be se5 at ,manyani 7p4 #hg1 op4 cit471 %\ld also v probably be plac$ 9 ?is class4 ,! widespread preval5ce ( 8taboo0 among ^! tribes is v surpris+1 z x is a subject :i* is r>ely m5tion$ & c]ta9ly nev] op5ly discuss$4 ,x has1 nev]!less1 rea*$ a pit* ( consid]able elaboration4 ,! reason = _m ( ! prohibitions is obvi\s1 b t ( o!rs is extremely obscure4 ,! tribes "u review h a v def9ite idea ( pray]4 ,_! appeals to ! deity take place regul>ly at ! sacr$ place1 ei!r on ! occasion ( sacrifice or :5 p\r+ out libations to ! spirits4 ,examples ( ^! are giv5 lat]4 ,?is =m ( supplication is probably mu* m common ?an we are incl9$ to ?9k4 ,b x is no easy matt] to induce p to give a def9ite enum]ation ( m9or rites :i* !y p]=m con/antly & z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! ,a-,kamba1 = in/ance1 :5 on a j\rney1 & :5 leav+ a spot :]e !y h camp$1 ?r[ a firebr& on _! pa? & pray t ! p>ty %\ld rea* its de/9ation 9 safety & proce$ toge!r 9 amity4 ,?is is done by ! head ( ! p>ty1 ! next man ?r[+ a few leaves on ! firebr& & /epp+ on x4 ,x is a pretty cu/om1 al?\gh a ,european ( ! pres5t day might consid] x a some:at /r5u\s me?od ( express+ gratitude6 ,b :5 p are con/antly travell+ ?r\gh p>ts ( a c\ntry infe/$ ) lions1 & :5 _! only protection f wild animals is a small camp fire1 "o c p]haps und]/& t !y %\ld ?9k x advisable to keep on ! "r side ( ! deity4 ,at ,kikuyu1 a man 0 once seiz$ ) a sudd5 fit4 ,:5 he recov]$ consci\sness1 he 0 giv5 a little wat]4 ,be=e dr9k+ x1 he promptly p\r$ a few drops 9 front ( him1 !n on 8 "r side1 !n on 8 left4 ,?is 0 meant z a k9d ( sil5t pray] ( ?anksgiv+ = recov]y4 ,he /at$ t x 0 8 muungu :o _h attack$ him ?us4 ,*>ms are also v common4 ,_m ( !m are 9 ! nature ( sympa!tic magic1 :il/ o!rs are m]ely a =m ( p]petual pray]1 or r1 ( mat]ialis$ pray]s4 ,a ,g]man mission>y1 nam$ ,brutz]1 gives a good example1 & describes ! *>ms worn by a ,kamba fri5d2 "o 0 worn r\nd 8 neck to protect him aga9/ wit*craft 9 g5]al2 on 8 wri/ 0 a bracelet conta9+ a *>m :i* w\ld w>n him %\ld !re be poison 9 any be] :i* might be (f]$ to him2 if 8 h& %ook on rais+ ! g\rd to 8 lips1 x w\ld be a sign ( poison4 ,f 8 elb[ two pieces ( wood 7 susp5d$ to protect him f snake bites4 ,& hang+ f 8 wai/ 0 a *a9 to ensure ri*es4 ,!re are also *>ms aga9/ infection2 ^! are c>ri$ by a man :5 visit+ a sick fri5d4 ,!re are *>ms worn :5 go+ to w>1 *>ms worn :5 love-mak+1 to ensure ! return ( affection4 ,! *>ms usually consi/ ( p[d]$ wood1 roots & h]bs4 ,! advice ( a m$ic9e man is s\ght & he recomm5ds a c]ta9 plant or tree4 ,gra9 is tak5 to ! plant or tree indicat$1 & six times a s+le gra9 is ?r[n at ! tree1 ! rema9d] ( ! gra9 be+ ?r[n ! sev5? "t only4 ,?is possibly signifies a sacrifice to ! _s ( ! tree4 ,! plant is !n dug up1 or a piece ( wood cut (f ! root ( ! tree & dri$ & p[d]$4 ,sometimes a firebr& & wat] are tak5 to ! tree2 9 ?is case1 ! wat] is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & ! supplicant1 clos+ 8 eyes1 walks six times r\nd ! tree1 !n /&s "u x1 fac+ ea/1 & prays1 ) eyes /ill clos$3 8,tree1 ,i h a fav\r to ask--,i h a sick *ild or wife or bro!r0--z ! case may be--8& "k n ! orig9 ( 8 sickness1 z he has no tr\ble ) anyone4 ,i come to ask a fav\r4 ,i come to y1 ,o ,tree1 to treat him = x t he may be cur$40 ,accord+ to "s ( ! mission>ies1 ! natives believe t ! fate ( ea* individual f bir? to dea? is decid$ be=eh&2 !y believe1 9 fact1 9 pr$e/9ation4 ,i myself h discov]$ no trace ( ?is4 ,a native w sometimes say ( a bad "*1 8,oh1 he 0 born a bad lot10 b ?is seems to me too vague a /atem5t to s]ve z ! basis ( a !ory4 ,consci5ce does n loom v l>ge z a rule4 ,! ,rev]5d ,h(fman1 :o liv$ = _m ye>s 9 ,kitui1 h[ev]1 quotes a say+ :i* und\bt$ly %[s t ! natives h "s fa9t notion ( ! mean+ ( x3 8,aka nwa ,engai0 or 8,god w f9d him40 ,?us d ! ,kamba ref] to an evil-do]4 ,! ,kamba acc\nt ( creation is v vague4 ,! fir/ man is said to h be5 produc$ by ! high god ,engai out ( an ant-hill by ! sea1 & f him all m5 are desc5d$4 ,he is ref]r$ to z imuuma ndi 7he :o came out ( ! e>?74 ,accord+ to ! ,rev]5d ,h(fman1 !re is a say+ t 8! bird 0 creat$ on ! fif? day1 & ! imundu mwei on ! six? day40 ,no fur!r explanation ( ?is curi\s say+ is giv54 ,! ord9>y mean+ ( mundu mwei is 8man ( p[] or wisdom10 & x is us$ ( ! m$ic9e man4 ,b 9 ! say+ above quot$1 x probably ref]s to mank9d g5]ically z oppos$ to o!r animals4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! tribes "u consid]ation attribute ! exi/5ce ( ! _w & ( its inhabitants to creation by ,engai4 ,v little ab/ract spirituality is to be f\nd 9 _! religion4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ is concrete1 &1 accord+ to _! po9t ( view1 /rictly logical4 ,! same is probably true ( all religions app]ta9+ to human be+s on a simil> plane ( culture4 ,?is aspect ( religion is a great sn>e to ! ,european /ud5t4 ,be+ ! product ( a f> m complex environm5t & hav+ be5 br\ght up "u ! influ5ce ( religions ( a high] type1 he f9ds x extremely difficult to avoid ei!r read+ m into a c]emony ?an actually exi/s1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 he is apt to ov]look "s app>5tly trivial po9t :i* may be ( deep significance to ! wor%ipp]4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,_s ,,beliefs ,ance/ral ,spirits4--,! belief 9 ! vitality ( ! ance/ral spirits is v /rong among bo? ! ,kikuyu & ! ,kamba peoples2 ! =m] call !m ,ngoma & ! latt] ,aiimu 7s+ul> ,imu74 ,! ,a-,kamba decl>e t ! life brea? ngo becomes ! ,imu4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! disembodi$ _s 0 call$ ,edimmu by ! anci5t ,assyrians 7accord+ to ,r4 ,c4 ,?ompson 9 8,semitic ,magic071 & !y also believ$ t ! s\l c\ld return to e>? & t gho/s 7 responsible = _m body ills4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 :5 a p]son di$ & 0 duly buri$ 8 s\l ent]$ ! und]world1 8! h\se ( d>kness1 ! seat ( ! god ,irkalla1 ! h\se f :i* none come =? aga940 ,?is w\ld seem to correspond to ! ,%eol ( ! ,hebrews4 ,! ,assyrian ^w ,edimmu 7! root ( :i* is immu7 is practically id5tical ) ! ,kamba ^w = ! same conception1 b !re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! id5tity is any?+ b accid5tal4 ,! belief 9 ! ance/ral _s is m]ely a =m ( ! belief 9 a s\l1 ) ! diff]5ce t ! pres5t-day religions ( ! civilis$ _w w\ld n admit t ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ c\ld int]f]e ) ! life ( man4 ,we /ill f9d traces ( ?is belief 9 ,europe 9 ! ,fea/ ( ,all ,s\ls1 & 9 curi\s c]emonies :i* take place 9 "s c\ntries on ,/ ,john's ,eve4 ,! ,yezidis ( ,mesopotamia believe t ! spirits ( ! good inhabit ! air1 :il/ ! ,kikuyu believe t ! ance/ral spirits live und]gr\nd1 & ! ,kamba t !y inhabit c]ta9 sacr$ fig trees4 ,?is latt] belief w\ld seem to be p>ticul>ly widespread4 ,x is preval5t all ov] ,india1 & examples ( x are to be f\nd at mo/ places along ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa4 ,! ,kikuyu w tell y t !re is only "o ngoma or _s = ea* p]son1 & t wom5 z well z m5 possess x4 ,cattle are said to h no ngoma1 b sometimes !y may become possess$ ) t ( human be+s1 & an evil _s w n[ & aga9 ent] _! body 9 ! hope ( de/roy+ ! poor bea/4 ,an animal s possess$ is easily recognis$ by its peculi> behavi\r2 x goes ab\t %ak+ its head1 & te>s /ream f its eyes4 ,?is _s may be ( ! same nature z ! evil demons ( ,semitic my?ology4 ,! ,kikuyu decl>e t x c be driv5 out by gett+ ! possess$ animal to sniff ! smoke ( a fire made ( ! dry fruit ( ! tree kn[n z ,kigelia musa4 ,!y believe t ! high god ,engai c control ! actions ( ! ngoma1 & !y sometimes g to a sacr$ fig tree1 mugumu1 & besee* ,engai to protect ! p f evil spirits4 ,x is said t ! ngoma ( a murd]$ man flies /raight back to 8 fa!r's village &1 z a rule1 hov]s ar\nd x2 b1 %\ld ! murd]] run away & hide1 ! ngoma ( 8 victim w (t5 pursue & haunt him or else influ5ce ev5ts 9 su* a way t ! guilty "o w be discov]$ & h&$ ov] to ! au?orities1 :o w deal ) him accord+ to tribal law4 ,i endeav\r$ to f9d out f ! eld]s :e!r ! _s or s\l 0 suppos$ to be pres5t 9 ! body dur+ life4 ,b !y decl>$ t all !y knew 0 t ng]e1 ! life brea?1 0 pres5t dur+ life1 & betwe5 ?is & ! s\l !y seem$ to make no diff]5ce4 ,!y believe1 h[ev]1 t x is dang]\s to wake a man sudd5ly1 z 8 ng]e is away1 &1 9 ?is semi-consci\s condition1 he is v apt to /rike y if he %\ld happ5 to h a weapon at h&4 ,!y h q a cle> conception ( ! ngoma or _s ( ! dep>t$1 ! "* ( :i* is said to be simil> to t ( ! p]son dur+ 8 or h] lifetime4 ,unlike ! p ( ,kavirondo1 !y h no fe> ( tread+ on a man's %ad[4 ,!re are no p>ticul> cu/oms connect$ ) suicide1 al?\gh suicide is c]ta9ly n unkn[n among !m4 ,:5 p hang or /ab or dr[n !mselves !y are suppos$ to h be5 possess$ by a malevol5t _s4 ,! g5]al attitude ( ! p t[>ds ! ance/ral spirits has be5 describ$ 9 ! introductory *apt]1 & _m concrete examples w be f\nd 9 ! acc\nts ( ! v>i\s c]emonies giv5 lat]4 ,! influ5ce ( ^! _s beliefs among ! ,kamba p has be5 v cle>ly set =? by ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas 9 8 pap] on ,kitui1 ,r4,a4,i4,j41 ,vol4 xliii1 #aiac1 page #ecd et seq4 ,a quotation f an ,assyrian tablet "s ?ree ?\s& ye>s old1 :i* ,r4 ,c4 ,?ompson ref]s to 9 8 8,semitic ,magic10 %[s h[ sl[ly man *anges3 8,! ,gods :i* seize 7^u man7 ,h come =? f ! grave4 ,! evil w9d gu/s ,h come =? f ! grave ,to dem& ! paym5t ( rites & p\r+ ( libations4 ,!y h come =? f ! grave1 ,h come l a :irlw9d40 ,! au?or goes on to say3 8,n[ if ! att5tions ( its fri5ds on e>? %\ld cease & ! s\l %\ld f9d no?+ to eat & dr9k1 !n x 0 driv5 by =ce ( hung] to come back to e>? to dem& its due40 ,?is psalm-l utt]ance might equally well h be5 made by a ,kikuyu or a ,kamba ( ! pres5t day4 ,! int5se desire ( ,africans = (fspr+ is probably due to ! fact t *ildr5 are expect$ to sacrifice to ! spirits ( _! dead p>5ts1 & ! gho/ ( "o :o has left no po/]ity is !re=e 9 a pite\s plight4 ,! spirits g5]ally manife/ !mselves ?r\gh c]ta9 wom5 :o1 fall+ into a trance1 give utt]ance to ! message ) :i* !y are *>g$ 78,e?nology ( ! ,a-,kamba10 p4 #hf74 ,?is rem9ds "o ( ,saul go+ to ,endor to visit a woman ) a famili> _s 7,sam4 xxviii4 #g74 ,spirits are also said to manife/ !mselves & give messages to m5 9 dreams4 ,! ,kitui p say t sometimes :5 a snake1 crawl+ outside a hut1 is attack$1 x w sudd5ly vani%1 & !y !n "k t x 0 ! imu ( a deceas$ p]son :i* _h ei!r assum$ ! =m ( a snake or ent]$ ! body ( a snake4 ,a few days aft]w>ds1 a woman w become possess$ & fall into a /ate ( semi-trance1 & ! imu w speak ?r\gh h] m\? & say3 8,i came into ! village ! o!r day1 & ,s-&-s want$ to /rike me40 ,:]eupon ! p ?9k x j z well to sacrifice a goat to soo? ! feel+s ( ! injur$ _s4 ,! ,kamba p1 unlike ! ,kikuyu1 d n believe t spirits ent] into kimbu or cat]pill>s4 ,:5 a hyna comes & h[ls ne> a village1 x is look$ ^u z an evil om5 & z a tok5 ( dea?1 & ! bea/ is g5]ally driv5 away & kill$1 if possible4 ,!y v probably believe t an evil demon has assum$ ! %ape ( a hyna4 ,9 ! ,assyrian tablets m5tion is made ( a _s call$ ,alu :i* sl9ks ?r\gh ! /reets at night l a p>iah dog & h>ms p4 ,!re is a curi\s cu/om 9 ,ukamba :i* ?r[s "s light on ! spiritual beliefs ( ! p4 ,if a "y unm>ri$ man is kill$ away f 8 village1 8 imu or _s w return !re & speak to ! p ?r\gh ! m$ium ( an old woman 9 a dance 7see p4 #hf1 au?or's "w on ! ,a-,kamba71 & say1 8,i am ,s-&-s speak+1 & ,i want a wife40 ,! y\?'s fa!r w !n make arrangem5ts to buy a girl f ano!r village & br+ h] to 81 & %e w be m5tion$ z ! wife ( ! deceas$1 speak+ ( him by "n4 ,%e w pres5tly be m>ri$ to a bro!r ( ! deceas$1 b %e mu/ cont9ue to live 9 ! village :]e ! deceas$ _h 8 home4 ,if at any "t ! corporeal husb& beats or ill-treats h]1 & %e 9 consequ5ce runs away to h] fa!r1 ! imu ( ! deceas$ w come & pe/] ! p ( ! village & !y w h bad luck2 x w probably ask1 ?r\gh ! usual m$ium1 :y 8 wife has be5 ill-treat$ & driv5 away4 ,! head ( ! family w !n take /eps to induce ! girl to return = fe> ( ! wra? ( ! _s ( 8 deceas$ son4 ,to ^? :o wi% to obta9 full insight into ! sociology ( ^! p1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance to h a cle> und]/&+ ( ! native's po9t ( view1 & to be> 9 m9d t ! ance/ral spirits are a v real & vital ?+ to him & h a v deep influ5ce ^u 8 life4 ,! lead]s ( psy*ical rese>* allege t ! survival ( human p]sonality aft] dea? has be5 sci5tifically prov$1 & t1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 communications f ! dead h be5 receiv$4 ,if ?is be s1 might x n be said t races on a l[] plane ( culture are possibly m s5sitive to su* influ5ces & t _! belief 9 ! activity ( ! ance/ral spirits is !re=e n :olly unreasonable8 ,! evid5ce = ?is1 h[ev]1 is at pres5t q insuffici5t to satisfy mo/1 al?\gh we ?9k t ! "q is "o :i* des]ves fur!r consid]ation4 ,tree ,spirits4--,:5 cle>+ a =e/ to make a cultivat$ field1 ! ,kikuyu p g5]ally leave a l>ge & conspicu\s tree 9 ! cle>+4 ,su* a tree is call$ murema kiriti & is believ$ to collect ! spirits f all o!r trees :i* h be5 cut d[n 9 ! vic9ity4 ,we h "h an int]e/+ example ( animism1 ! spirits s collect$ be+ mo/ emphatically decl>$ to be tree1 & n human spirits4 ,n[ if ?is tree %[s signs ( decay & is liable to be bl[n d[n1 !y decide to fell x4 ,be=e tak+ ?is /ep1 h[ev]1 !y sacrifice a r$ ram at ! foot ( ! tree1 ! ram be+1 z usual1 kill$ by suffocation4 ,! tree is !n cut d[n1 & :5 ?is is done1 ! eld]s take bran*es f two sacr$ bu%es1 muk5ya & mu?akwa1 & plant !m on ea* side ( ! /ump ( ! fall5 tree2 two eld]s cut ! muk5ya1 & two ! mu?akwa4 ,! eld]s !n say 8,nitukuria muti tutemeti10 :i* means 8,we pray = ?is tree we h cut d[n10 & p\r ! melt$ tail-fat ( ! ram ov] ! /ump1 sme>+ ! ta?a or /oma* cont5ts ( ! animal ov] ! trunk ( ! fall5 tree4 ,! wood f su* a tree c only be us$ by a s5ior eld]1 by a v old woman1 or = ! mak+ ( beehives4 ,if "y p 7 to use ?is p>ticul> fuel1 !y w\ld become ill or die2 old p are suppos$ to be ord9>ily immune aga9/ ! op]ation ( mo/ curses or ?ahu4 ,x is believ$ t :5 a tree is cut d[n ! spirits leave x & settle 9 ano!r big tree1 &1 if ! above c]emonial is obs]v$1 !y are n angry & d n v5t _! spite ^u ! p1 or1 z !y say1 no ?ahu falls ^u !m4 ,if su* a tree bl[s d[n1 ! spirits are suppos$ to av5ge !mselves on ! eld]s1 :o are held responsible = n hav+ tak5 ! necess>y precautions1 & !y are v apt to die4 ,!re is great simil>ity betwe5 ?is & ! lore conc]n+ ! _s ( ! oak1 m5tion$ by ,pr(essor ,fraz]4 ,&1 f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 x may also be consid]$ z an example ( ! slay+ ( ! div9e k+1 express$ 9 t]ms ( trees3 fe> t h>m may befall ! _s or spirits ( ! tree1 & ! consequ5t c]emonial kill+ ( ! tree & arrang+ = ! com=table & =mal migration ( ! spirits to ano!r tree1 or to a new dwell+ place4 ,! ,a-,kamba ( ,kibwezi h a simil> belief3 be=e cutt+ d[n a big solit>y tree 9 a cle>+1 an eld] & a v old woman mu/ p\r be] & corn at its foot4 ,! man p\rs out ! be]1 & ! woman ! corn4 ,! tree is !n fell$1 &1 tak+ a bran* f x1 !y place x aga9/ ano!r tree "s little di/ance away1 & decl>e t ! _s ( ! fall5 tree w !n g quietly into its new abode4 ,9 ,ukamba ( ,ulu1 ,mr ,osborne /ates t 8 p told him t to fell an i!mbo tree w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be consid]$ absolute sacrilege1 & accord+ to tradition x 0 ! fell+ ( an i!mbo tree on ! ,iveti ,hills by an (ficial ( ! ,i4,b4,e4,a4 ,co4 :i* gave rise to ! attacks by ! ,a-,kamba on ! ,gov]nm5t ,/ation at ,ma*akos 9 ab\t #ahib4 ,l>ge trees1 h[ev]1 :i* are n i!mbo trees appe> to h a c]ta9 sanctity1 & :51 = reasons ( utility or safety1 ! fell+ ( su* trees becomes necess>y ! foll[+ c]emony is practis$3 ,! trunk ( ! tree to be fell$ is pla/]$ ) ! sap ( ! wai?u %rub z a ngnondu4 ,a small bran* ( ! tree is brok5 (f & plac$ aga9/ "s small] tree 9 ! vic9ity4 ,"s e>? at ! foot ( ! tree is also tak5 & plac$ at ! foot ( ! small] tree4 ,! eld]s !n assemble ) "s be] at ! tree to be cut d[n1 & a little ( ! be] is p\r$ out at ! foot ( ! doom$ tree1 accompani$ by "s su* pray] z--8,we give ?is be] z a gift to ! ,engai1 if "o lives "h1 & ask him to g to ano!r tree40 ,! re/ ( ! be] is !n drunk by ! assembl$ eld]s4 ,! l>g] p>ts ( ! tree are tak5 by ! eld]s ( i!mbo to manufacture into honey b>rels1 :il/ ! re/ is c>ri$ (f z firewood by ! wom5 entitl$ to sacrifice at ! i!mbo4 ,non-obs]vance ( ?is c]emony is suppos$ to br+ dea? on ! man :o cuts ! tree d[n1 & on all :o make use ( ! timb]4 ,miscellane\s ,_s ,wor%ip4--,!re are "s traces ( ! belief 9 riv] spirits4 ,= in/ance1 at places :]e !re are wat]falls l on ! ,*ania & ,?ika1 ! eld]s1 9 pass+1 w spit into ! riv] or ?r[ a little grass into x4 ,!re is a sacr$ rock ne> ,!mbigwa1 close to a /ream call$ ,ki*ii--a tribut>y ( ! ,ru>aka--:]e ! natives pluck tufts ( grass z !y pass by & ?r[ !m on ! rock4 ,if a tree has bl[n d[n & fall5 across ! pa?1 grass is aga9 plac$ on ! fall5 trunk4 ,sometimes1 too1 /ones are laid on a fall5 tree4 ,:5 p come ^u ! skull ( a dead elephant 9 ! bu%1 !y also place grass on x4 ,! orig9 ( all ^! cu/oms appe>s to be lo/4 ,c]ta9 plants are believ$ to be malefic5t1 & are possibly ?\ght to be connect$ ) bad spirits4 ,!re is a creep] call$ mw9yuria1 :i* is said to possess sap l blood2 ! /ory is told h[ "o day1 ne> ,kirawa1 ?ree m5 nam$ ,nbota1 ,kigondu1 & ,ka*]u1 cut "o ( ^! plants :i* 0 gr[+ ne> a sacr$ fig tree1 & di$ ! same day4 ,:5 cut1 ! releas$ end is alleg$ to spr+ out l ! la% ( a :ip4 ,?is creep] is r>e 9 ,kikuyu1 b is said to be common 9 ! ,kibwezi bu%4 ,! ,scapegoat4--,! ,kikuyu h a c]emony :i* appe>s to be an und\bt$ example ( a belief :i* may be gr\p$ ) ! ,semitic doctr9e ( ! scapegoat4 ,if a s]i\s epidemic visits a village1 ! eld]s take a ram1 a he-goat or a ewe lamb :i* has n yet borne1 mwati1 & slaught] x at ! village4 ,!y cut pieces ( meat f ! c>case & impale !m on wood5 skew]s1 nd>a or njibe4 ,! m5 & wom5 ( ! village !n ea* take a piece1 walk away "s di/ance f ! village & ?r[ x into ! bu%4 ,!y firmly believe t ! disease w be c>ri$ away ) ! pieces ( meat4 ,! rema9+ meat is roa/$ at a fire & eat5 by ! villag]s2 ! bones are collect$ at ! place :]e ! meat 0 roa/$ & are brok5 up & ! m>r[ extract$ & eat54 ,be] is prep>$1 & next morn+ at dawn1 "s is p\r$ on ! bones & ! hynas come & c>ry (f ! fragm5ts4 ,:5 !y p\r ! libation ( be] on ! place ( ! fire1 !y pray z foll[s3 8,twa oria i*ua twa oria murimu utika *oke mu*i0--:i* means1 8,we put out ! fire at ! place :]e we roa/$ ! meat1 we put out ! sickness s t x _c return aga9 to our village40 ,ev]yone mu/ be awak5$ be=e ! be] is p\r$ out4 ,! be] is put into an ox-horn & into a piece ( g\rd1 ndayi1 ! =m] be+ held 9 ! "r h& & ! latt] 9 ! left4 ,! be] 9 ! "r h& is p\r$ out fir/ to appease ! male ngoma1 t 9 ! left to appease ! female ngoma4 ,f ! c]emony tak+ place at ! village x is cle> t ! p believe t ! ance/ral spirits alone require to be propitiat$4 ,! ,scapegoat ,idea 9 ,kitui4--,if a village is afflict$ by a s]i\s sickness1 ! headman w call 9 a m$ic9e man :o concocts "s m$ic9e by gr9d+ up ! roots ( ! foll[+ plants3 mu?umba1 kiongoa 7an aloe71 mulema1 n?ata1 kivumbu1 & mutaa4 ,a small boy & girl are !n *os5 f among ! inhabitants1 ! villag]s all congregate toge!r1 & ! small boy leads a goat twice r\nd ! gr\p1 foll[$ by ! little girl & l$ by ! m$ic9e man2 ! p>ty !n passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! gr\p ( p4 ,! m$ic9e man next makes an incision 9 ! "r e> ( ! goat1 & ! blood f ?is is all[$ to drip into a half g\rd conta9+ ! above-m5tion$ magical concoction1 mix$ ) wat]4 ,! villag]s !n =m up into a procession &1 l$ by ! m$ic9e man1 run = "s di/ance into ! bu% t[>ds ! sett+ sun1 no "o be+ all[$ to look backw>ds4 ,! m$ic9e man !n /ops & ?r[s ! mixture ( m$ic9e & blood 9 front ( him1 & ! p return4 ,?is c]emony is p]=m$ 9 ! e>ly aft]noon1 aft] two p4m4 ,t night1 ! village head mu/ cohabit ) 8 wife4 ,?is po9t is consid]$ a matt] ( su* importance t ! eld] has to take ! ki?ito oa? t x has be5 done4 ,a ,kikuyu ,oracle4--,!re lives 9 ,s\? ,kikuyu-l& an eld] nam$ ,ki*ura or ,?iga wa ,wairumbi wa ,kaumo ( ! ,ka*iko clan & ! ,nj5ga g5]ation or rika1 :o is cr$it$ ) ! extraord9>y p[] ( be+ ! recipi5t ( messages f ! ,supreme ,be+1 & 9 consequ5ce possesses ! gift ( prophecy4 ,he 0 int]view$ & cross-exam9$ by ! writ]1 & /at$ t at int]vals1 ab\t twice a ye>1 dur+ ! night1 he falls into a deep] sleep ?an usual1 a trance 9 fact1 & t :ile 9 ?is condition he is tak5 out ( 8 b$ & /atem5ts are made to him by a voice1 b he _c see :o gives him ! message4 ,! trance always occurs at night1 & he is g5]ally tak5 outside 8 h\se :ile 9 ?is cataleptic condition1 b says t he nev] rememb]s be+ able to di/+ui% ! huts or any famili> objects 9 ! village4 ,! int]ior ( ! hut appe>s to him to be light$ up1 & ! message comes ) a boom+ s\nd :i* he und]/&s4 ,he /at$ t "o day :5 visit+ an eld] nam$ ,kibutu1 he 0 seiz$ dur+ ! night & tak5 bodily ?r\gh ! ?at* ( ! ro(1 & 0 f\nd on ! top ( ! hut next morn+4 ,on ano!r occasion a "y man ( ! w>rior class1 mwanake1 belong+ to 8 village1 0 sleep+ alongside him 9 8 hut :5 he 0 tempor>ily c>ri$ (f1 & ! "y man's hair all came (f z if x _h be5 %av$1 & 9 ! morn+ x 0 f\nd ly+ 9 a heap on ! floor by ! b$1 ! own] hav+ no idea h[ ?is _h occurr$4 ,he does n sleep 9 an ord9>y hut ) 8 wife1 b 9 a !ngira or ba*elor hut ) ano!r eld]4 ,:5 he is seiz$ ) "o ( 8 trances ! o!r eld] w wake up & f9d he has gone1 b does n see him g or return4 ,! day foll[+ "o ( 8 seizures he collects ! eld]s & deliv]s 8 message4 ,he /ates t aft] "o ( ^! seizures he is v exhau/$1 & = ?ree days _c rise f 8 b$4 ,8 fa!r & pat]nal gr&fa!r _h ?is gift or p[]4 ,8 fa!r told him t 8 pat]nal gr&mo!r _h ?ree brea/s1 two on h] bosom & "o on h] back1 b he did n say :e!r he consid]$ t ?is _h any connection ) ! o!r ph5om5a4 ,he /at$ t he believ$ ! gift came f ,god & n f ! ngoma or ance/ral spirits1 & t if he did n deliv] to ! p ! messages he receiv$ he w\ld be /rick5 ) sickness4 ,he says t he 0 inve/$ ) ?is p[] :5 he 0 a /ripl+1 soon aft] he _h be5 circumcis$4 ,"o morn+ he woke up ) 8 two h&s tightly clasp$1 & he pass$ blood in/ead ( ur9e = n9e days4 ,a big m$ic9e man nam$ ,wangn5du 0 !n call$ 91 a goat 0 kill$1 & ! m$ic9e man ti$ rukw>u bracelets ( ! sk9 on to ! pati5t's wri/s4 ,! hmaturia !n /opp$1 & 8 h&s relax$1 & he 0 able to op5 !m1 & x 0 f\nd t he _h fifte5 mbugu 9 ea* h&4 ,^! are :ite /ones su* z are us$ 9 a m$ic9e man's div9ation g\rd4 ,! m$ic9e man !n br\ght a small m$ic9e g\rd & plac$ ! mbugu !re94 ,ki*ura /ill has ! g\rd ) ! ?irty mbugu1 & relates h[ on "o occasion 8 hut 0 burnt d[n & 8 g\rd 0 de/roy$ 9 ! fire1 b t ! mbugu 7 f\nd q un9jur$ 9 ! a%es4 ,he 0 ask$ :e!r he consid]$ t 8 p[]s 7 intimately connect$ ) ^! /ones2 he decl>$ t he did n believe he c\ld lose !m1 b if by "s mis*ance1 h[ev]1 !y %\ld be lo/ ,god w\ld give him "s m1 & t ev5 if !y 7 lo/ he w\ld receive oracles z be=e4 ,he gave examples ( ! k9d ( messages he receiv$4 ,on "o occasion1 "s "t be=e ! adv5t ( ,europeans1 he 0 told t ! ,masai w\ld be sev]ely /rick5 ) small-pox1 & t subsequ5tly _m w\ld settle among ! ,kikuyu1 & %ortly aft]w>ds x happ5$ accord+ly4 ,on ano!r occasion he 0 told t a :ite race w\ld ent] ! c\ntry & t !y & ! ,kikuyu w\ld live side by side 9 ?is c\ntry1 & n[ x has come to pass4 ,he 0 seiz$ be=e ! great fam9e ( #aijj & =etold its arrival4 ,lat]1 he 0 told to in=m ! ,kikuyu to sacrifice a :ite %eep1 a r$ %eep1 & a black male goat at ! mugumu1 sacr$ fig trees1 & t ! *ief ,k9anjui 0 to sacrifice a mori1 :ite heif]1 at ! head wat]s ( ! ,mbaga?i ,riv]4 ,^! ord]s 7 obey$1 & ! fam9e & small-pox 7 lift$ f ! l&4 ,e>ly 9 ! pres5t season he 0 told t ! maize & o!r gra9s w\ld be lo/ by dr\ght1 & t ! food n[ be+ plant$ 7,april1 #aiaa7 w\ld come to a good h>ve/4 ,he 0 also told t dur+ ! pres5t ye> ! "y p w\ld suff] greatly f dys5t]y1 & t !y 7 to sacrifice %eep at ! sacr$ fig trees1 & t ! wom5 & *ildr5 7 to put bracelets f ! sk9s ( ! sacrific$ %eep on _! wri/s4 ,_m h done s1 & ^? :o h obey$ w escape ! visitation4 ,aft] ?is he says t small-pox w come f ! we/ ( ! c\ntry1 & attack p f ,k>uri's 7ea/ slopes ( ,n&>ua ,m\nta97 to ,limoru4 ,! disease w gradually "w its c\rse ea/w>d & decrease 9 int5sity4 ,:5 he deliv]s "o ( 8 oracul> utt]ances ! a?uri ya kiama1 eld]s ( ! c\ncil1 br+ him a %eep & a g\rd ( be]4 ,he kills ! =m] & eats x1 & ! be] is return$ to ! eld]s to dr9k4 ,he says t sometimes :5 ra9 does n come he is accus$ ( /opp+ x1 b t su* accusations are due to ignorance1 z he is m]ely ! unconsci\s & involunt>y ag5t = utt]ances f a ,supreme ,p[]1 & t all he c d 9 su* cases is to take a %eep to a sacr$ fig tree1 sacrifice x !re1 & pray = ra91 j l any o!r eld] :o is qualifi$ to d s4 ,9 ,ukamba1 _m ye>s ago1 a fam\s m$ic9e man1 ,ka!ngi by "n1 is said to h prophesi$ ! com+ ( ! :ite m5 & _! dom9ation ( ! c\ntry4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sacrifice ,al?\gh ?is rite has (t5 be5 ref]r$ to & describ$ 9 a some:at desultory way by v>i\s writ]s1 x seems to h receiv$ v little s]i\s att5tion4 ,! subject is1 h[ev]1 "o :i* und\bt$ly conta9s _m features ( great int]e/ & is c]ta9ly des]v+ ( special exam9ation & /udy4 ,!re is little d\bt t if we c only fully und]/& ! relations ( a p to _! gods we h advanc$ a long way t[>ds a realisation ( _! moral & intellectual developm5t4 ,x is fir/ propos$ to exam9e ! ,kikuyu c]emonial4 ,among ?is tribe sacrifice is ( two k9ds3 7#a7 ,! sacrifice at ! sacr$ fig tree1 or mugumu1 :i* is always int5d$ z an act ( communion ) a deity or high god call$ ,engai4 ,?is sacrifice may be ei!r a communal rite1 or x may be a p]sonal matt] = ! head ( a village4 7#b7 ,! o!r sacrifice is c>ri$ out 9 a village & is int5d$ z an (f]+ to ! spirits ( ! ance/ors :o are suppos$ to live und]gr\nd4 ,?is may be ei!r a communal or an individual act4 ,dott$ ab\t ,kikuyu are numb]s ( great wild fig trees 7,ficus cap5sis71 _m ( :i* are us$ f g5]ation to g5]ation z sacr$ %r9es or places ( sacrifice1 call$ mugumu or muti wa ,engai4 ,c]ta9 big m$ic9e m5 l ,njau wa ,kabo*a h special trees2 x appe>s t ! orig9al *oice ( a tree z a sacr$ place devolv$ on c]ta9 notable m$ic9e m51 & if a sacr$ tree happ5s to fall ow+ to age1 ! eld]s assemble !re & sacrifice a ram & a male goat2 !y eat "o half & leave ! o!r half ( ea* c>case at ! tree & p\r ! fat ov] ! /ump ( ! fall5 tree to appease ! deity4 ,x is !n ! duty ( ! local magician & ! eld]s ( ukuru to *oose ano!r tree4 ,!y sacrifice at ! new tree1 & if _! pray]s are answ]$ !y "k t x is acceptable to ,engai1 b1 if aft] sev]al trials no result is obta9$1 !y d$icate ano!r to ! s]vice ( ,engai4 ,! idea ( sacrilege is v m>k$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 an impi\s p]son cuts a portion ( a sacr$ tree1 dire results are believ$ to ensue1 & ! eld]s make ! (f5d] pay a ram & a male goat4 ,^! are sacrific$ at ! tree1 & ! eld]s apply a /rip ( ! sk9 to ! place :]e ! incision 0 made 9 ! tree & ano9t x ) fat & ! ta?a or /oma* cont5ts4 ,! brea/ ( ! ram is cut (f & hung 9 ! tree1 & ! rema9d] ( ! c>case & ! :ole ( ! c>case ( ! goat1 eat5 by ! eld]s4 ,no bea/ or bird c be kill$ or %ot 9 a sacr$ tree4 ,! sacr$ tree & its environs is (t5 call$ ,ki?angaona *a inja1 :i* means ! 8sacr$ place ( ! c]emonies40 ,on ! occasion ( a sacrifice ! eld]s ( ukuru s5d ^w to ! eld]s ( ,a?amaki or ,a?uri ya mburi nne or eld]s ( f\r goats & any s5ior to t grade1 say+ tu?i5i mut9i--8,let u g to ! tree40 ,no eld] ^: fa!r is alive c att5d4 ,no eld] mu/ g to ! tree 9 a /ate ( ang]2 no "o mu/ display ang] ) a wife1 *ild1 or ev5 a /rang] ! day be=e he att5ds at ! tree4 ,eld]s ( bo? ( ! circumcision guilds g toge!r to ! sacr$ tree & also eld]s ( all clans4 ,if two eld]s1 or _! p1 h a blood feud !y are n all[$ to att5d or take "p 9 a sacrifice at ! sacr$ tree until ! feud is at an end2 if !y d1 !y are suppos$ to die4 ,a p]son :o is ali5 to ! tribe1 b :o has be5 =mally admitt$ to x1 may att5d a sacrifice4 ,oa?s or ordeals are n adm9i/]$ at ! sacr$ tree4 ,/rict celibacy mu/ be obs]v$ ! night be=e !y g to sacrifice & ! night aft]4 ,! night be=e1 !y sleep 9 _! usual huts1 b ! night aft]1 !y sleep 9 ! !ngira or goat hut4 ,! morn+ foll[+ ! sacrifice !y g & ba! 9 a riv] & !n resume _! ord9>y life4 ,a dep>ture f ?is rule ( celibacy by anyone pres5t w entirely spoil ! efficacy ( ! sacrifice1 &1 if an (f5d] is discov]$1 he w h to pay a f9e ( two goats1 & ! eld]s w spit on him c]emonially & sacrifice afre% on ! foll[+ day4 ,arms mu/ n be tak5 to ! sacr$ tree4 ,! eld]s we> _! usual g>m5ts4 ,! foll[+ ?+s are collect$ on ! day be=e ! sacrifice at ! village ( ! eld] :o provides ! sacrificial ram1 & t night !y /ay at 8 village3 #b g\rds ( honey be]4 #b g\rds ( sug> cane be]4 #a cook+ pot4 #a half g\rd4 #a small knife = sk9n+ ! sacrifice & mak+ ! incision to ble$ x4 ,! sacrifice is always a ram1 & x is call$ ngorima4 ,"o ye> x w be black1 b if t p>ticul> ye> ! seasons are n propiti\s !y consid] t ! deity is displeas$ & !re=e *ange ! col\r1 *oos+ ei!r a r$ or a :ite "o4 ,9 =m] times a he-goat 0 said to be sacrific$ be=e go+ to w>4 ,! ram mu/ h ! clan m>k on its e>s1 & mu/ also h _h its tail cut4 ,! provision ( ! sacrificial animals is settl$ by ! eld]s1 :o pick ! donors by rotation4 ,at a specially important sacrificial c]emony1 h[ev]1 an important m$ic9e man is call$ 9 & decides :o %all provide ! ram4 ,! prop] "t = a communal sacrifice is ab\t two p4m41 b private sacrifices take place at n9e a4m4 ,x is said t ! lat] "t is usual = a communal sacrifice because x takes "s "t = eld]s :o live f> away to rea* ! place4 ,:5 ! assembly arrives at ! tree1 "o ( ! eld]s lifts up ! ram into a /&+ position on its h9d legs1 fac+ ! tree4 ,?is is call$ ,kurugamia ngorima mugumu9i--8,to /& ! ram be=e ! tree40 ,! idea is probably to %[ ! sacrificial animal c]emonially to ! deity4 ,only s5ior eld]s are all[$ to g to ! actual foot ( ! tree1 & ! eld]s ( ! f\r goat grade collect ! wood = ! i*ua fire4 ,a g\rd ( honey & "o ( sug> cane be] are !n p\r$ into ! gr\nd at ! base ( ! tree & ! eld]s call out3 8,twa ku?ai?a ,engai twa kuhoia mburi twa kuhoia indo *io?i0--8,we pray to ,god1 we sacrifice a goat1 we (f] all ?+s40 ,x is curi\s t !y use ! ^w mburi1 :i* really signifies a goat1 :il/ ! ,kikuyu use ! ^w mburi 9 a collective s5se1 :i*1 9 ?is way1 (t5 ref]s to %eep z well z goats4 ,! %eep is !n suffocat$ by clasp+ its muzzle4 ,z soon z x is ins5sible1 b be=e x is actually dead1 its ?roat is pi]c$ by ! sacrificial knife & ! blood is collect$ 9 ! half g\rd call$ k+a1 m5tion$ above4 ,! blood is !n p\r$ out at ! foot ( ! sacr$ tree1 cf4 ,exodus xxix4 #aj3 8,& ?\ %alt slay ! ram & ?\ %alt take 8 blood & spr9kle x r\nd ab\t ^u ! alt>40 ,! animal c be /rangl$ by any eld] pres5t1 & x does n appe> to be ! duty ( any p>ticul> p]son to pi]ce ! animal's ?roat4 ,x is said t ! animal is /rangl$ s t its life brea? %\ld n escape4 ,a %eep kill$ = food is also /rangl$1 b an animal :i* has its ?roat cut c also be eat54 ,%\ld an ox be kill$1 x is /abb$ at ! back ( ! neck1 b an ox is said nev] to be (f]$ z a sacrifice4 ,! "r half ( ! c>case is !n sk9n$1 t portion be+ cut away & remov$1 & ! left half wrapp$ 9 ! sk9 & plac$ at ! foot ( ! tree & left !re4 ,?is is believ$ to be eat5 by a hyna or wild cat :i* is mov$ to d s by ! deity4 ,a fire is !n lit at a little di/ance f ! tree & ! pieces ( meat f x are /uck on skew]s1 roa/$ & eat5 by ! eld]s4 ,9 old5 times ?is fire 0 always suppos$ to be k9dl$ f new fire made by friction1 b n[adays a firebr& is (t5 br\ght f a village1 or bett] /ill f a fire 9 a g>d54 ,! place at :i* ?is sacrificial fire is k9dl$ is call$ i*ua4 ,! meat is laid on ! bran*es ( c]ta9 sacr$ trees1 viz3 #a4 ,mu?akwa4 #b4 ,nahoroa4 #c4 ,mu?igio4 #d4 ,mugumu4 #e4 ,m>>ia4 :i* are collectively t]m$ ma?9jiro4 ,! skew]s us$ = roa/+ ! meat are call$ nd>a1 & mu/ be ( mu?akwa & mu?igio wood4 ,! bran*es & ! skew]s h to be burnt 9 ! sacr$ fire on ! same day z t on :i* ! meat is cook$4 ,! burn+ ( ^! is said to be 9 ! nature ( a pray] to ,engai1 & x is specifically /at$ t ?is is n done = fe> ( anyone us+ ^! bran*es & skew]s z fuel z ev]yone w\ld dread t\*+ !m4 ,:5 ! meat is cook$1 x is eat5 by ! eld]s1 :o ea* dr9k a horn ( be]4 ,! fat ( ! ram is boil$ d[n 9 ! cook+ pot provid$ = ! purpose1 & "o ( ! eld]s climbs into ! sacr$ tree1 & p\rs ! liquid fat on to ! ma9 /em ( ! tree4 ,! brea/ ( ! ram is (t5 cut out & also hung up 9 ! tree4 ,cf4 ,exodus xxix4 #bf3 8,& ?\ %alt take ! brea/ ( ! ram & wave x = a wave (f]+ be=e ! ,"l40 ,! bones ( ! portion ( ! sacrificial ram eat5 by ! eld]s are ea* brok5 into two p>ts & plac$ at ! foot ( ! tree1 ! m>r[ n be+ extract$4 ,n a s+le piece ( ! meat may be tak5 back to ! villages4 ,! eld]s !n retire "s little di/ance away & *ant z foll[s3 8,ta?ai ,engai mwangi utue mbura0--8,we ,mwangi eld]s pray ,god to give u ra940 ,if1 ( c\rse1 ! sacrifice is = ano!r object ! pray] is v>i$4 ,aft] ! pray] no man mu/ look back at ! tree4 ,ea* man returns to 8 village4 ,next morn+ ! pr9cipal wife ( ea* eld] goes to ! tree & deposits at its foot (f]+s ( uncook$ bananas & v>i\s k9ds ( gra94 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y notice t ! sacrificial meat is unt\*$ !y d n deposit _! (f]+s1 b retire to "s di/ance & call out to _! husb&s1 tell+ !m t ,engai has refus$ ! sacrifice4 ,! eld]s assemble & s5d ! wom5 back ) _! (f]+s4 ,!y !n select ano!r eld] & direct him to provide a fre% ram1 :i* is sacrific$ z be=e4 ,!y pray to ,engai & beg him n to refuse _! sacrifice a second "t1 z !y h br\ght a fatt] %eep4 ,_! exhortation is3 8,tiga ,engai kutumbia0--8,beg ,god n to refuse40 ,! wom5 come aga9 on ! foll[+ morn+1 &1 if ! meat is eat51 !y leave _! (f]+s & return to _! villages1 *ant+ a pan ( joy z !y g4 ,! *ant is call$ ,ngemi1 & is a =m ( :at is usually kn[n z 8ululu+40 ,!y sacrifice at ! sacr$ trees to invoke ra91 & !y also sacrifice to *eck ! progress ( an epidemic1 :5 !y say3 8,kur9da murimo utikaoki muji0--8,to /op ! sickness t x may n come to ! village40 ,!y sacrifice & pray = relief f fam9e3 8,kuoya mugumu9i ngn>agu i?ire0--8,to pray at ! mugumu tree t ! hung] may f9i%40 ,"h aga9 a ram is sacrific$1 b be=e ! animal is kill$ an important magician p\rs m$ic9e into its m\?1 & also squirts be] f 8 own m\? into t ( ! ram4 ,unlike o!r tribes1 !y nei!r %ave _! heads nor deposit (f]+s ( hair at ! sacr$ tree4 ,x is said t sometimes lights are se5 at night 9 a sacr$ tree1 & ! foll[+ day !y ha/5 to sacrifice !re4 ,e season1 :5 ! maize is j com+ up1 ! eld]s summon ! important m$ic9e m5 to g ) !m to ! sacr$ tree to sacrifice4 ,"o ( ! magicians p\rs m$ic9e into ! m\? ( ! sacrificial ram be=e x is kill$1 & also p\rs x on ! fire on :i* ! meat is roa/$4 ,! bones ( ! animal are !n burnt 9 ! fire4 ,^! are suppos$ to be burnt s t ! smoke may asc5d into ! sacr$ tree & be pleas+ to ! deity4 8,x is a burnt (f]+ to ! ,"l3 x is sweet sav\r an (f]+ made by fire unto ! ,"l0 7,exodus xxix4 #ah74 ,! blood is caught 9 a half g\rd1 njeli or k+a1 & !n plac$ 9 an ox horn2 "o half is p\r$ at ! foot ( ! sacr$ tree1 ! o!r half be+ mix$ ) t9y pieces ( inte/9al fat & plac$ 9 ! l>ge inte/9e ( ! sacrificial ram4 ,?is is roa/$ ov] ! fire & eat5 by ! s5ior eld]s ( ukuru4 ,! mixture is call$ ndundiru4 ,ne> ! "t ( ! h>ve/1 :5 ! crops are ripe1 b be=e !y are cut1 ! eld]s take a ram to ! sacr$ place & slaught] x4 ,!y p\r ! blood at ! foot ( ! tree & pray3 8,engai twaoka kukui enyama tutik>w>e enda twa ge?a iriu wega0--8,o ,god we h to br+ meat s t we may n get ill1 = we h good crops & are glad40 ,! eld]s !n eat ! meat4 ,aft] ! fea/1 !y take ! ta?a or /oma* cont5ts ( ! sacrificial ram & spr9kle x ov] ! ripe crops1 & also spr9kle "s ov] ! mukumbi or big wick] bottles 9 ! gra9 huts & ov] ! big g\rds 9 :i* gra9 is /or$4 ,x is believ$ t if ! eld]s fail$ to d ?is1 ! p w\ld suff] greatly f di>rha4 ,! la/ two rites are evid5tly rudim5t>y =ms ( ! anci5t ,semitic ritual ( ! (f]+ ( ! fir/fruits1 or c]eal oblation4 ,! spr9kl+ ( ! crops & ( ! gra9 receptacles ) ta?a indicate ei!r a cons]vation ( ! crop = human consumption1 or a purification ( x f all influ5ces :i* might be h>mful to ! consum]s4 ,! latt] is probably m 9 accordance ) _! l9e ( ?\ght4 ,on ! p>ticul> day :5 sacrifices = ra9 are (f]$1 no "o may t\* ! e>? ) iron2 n ev5 a spe> or sword may be re/$ on ! gr\nd1 z ! sacrifice w\ld !n be useless4 ,! ,kamba h a some:at simil> belief1 & ?9k t to till ! soil ) iron drives away ! ra94 ,among ! ,kikuyu1 h[ev]1 ! gr\nd on su* days mu/ n be /ruck by any?+1 & an eld] may n ev5 /rike 8 mi!ge /aff into ! gr\nd 9 ! usual way4 ,sacrifices = good crops are also made at ! mugumu trees by m$ic9e m54 ,on ! same day1 a mwanake 7a "y man ( w>rior age7 patrols ! :ole di/rict 7ridge7 ) a tor*1 :i* he f9ally ?r[s on ! gr\nd4 ,no "o may !n come f ano!r ridge or leave ! ridge to g to ano!r4 ,sanctu>y4--,! anci5t idea ( a sanctu>y at a holy place is kn[n to ! ,kikuyu4 ,if a murd]]1 or a p]son :o has committ$ a s]i\s crime1 runs to a sacr$ place & t\*es ! tree1 he is safe f v5geance4 ,! crim9al _c1 ( c\rse1 /ay indef9itely at ! tree or he w\ld />ve1 b ! eld]s come & take him away1 & 8 life is safe4 ,he _c1 h[ev]1 re-ent] a village1 & 8 clans-m5 h to g to ! tree & sacrifice a ram1 :i* !y are suppos$ to (f] 9 ex*ange = him4 ,he is sme>$ ) ! ta?a1 & a l9e ( :ite e>?1 ira1 is drawn f 8 =ehead to ! tip ( 8 nose by a s5ior eld]1 ( ukuru4 ,aft] :i* he is tahikia1 or c]emonially purifi$1 & c return to 8 family4 ,all ! meat ( ! sacrifice is eat5 by ! eld]s1 & none is left at ! tree4 ,"s ( ! ta?a1 h[ev]1 is spr9kl$ at ! foot ) ! object ( purify+ ! spot :]e ! crim9al /ood4 ,9 a case ( ?is sort ! crim9al does n pay blood money himself1 b 8 blood relatives h to pay = him4 ,if 9 w> an enemy 7 pursu$ & took sanctu>y at a sacr$ place1 he c\ld n be attack$ :il/ he 0 !re1 b w\ld probably be seiz$ & kill$ at "s di/ance f ! sacr$ place4 ,if1 aga91 a man %\ld kill a tribesman1 he c run to ! h\se ( 8 victim's fa!r &1 by confess+ 8 crime1 obta9 sanctu>y !re4 ,! fa!r w !n kill a ram & place a /rip ( sk9 on ! "r wri/ ( ! homicide1 :o mu/ h 8 h& %av$ & be c]emonially purifi$ by a m$ic9e man--tahikia1 z x is t]m$4 ,he w h5ce=? become z ! son ( ! deceas$'s fa!r4 ,private ,sacrifice to ! ,deity4--,! head ( a village usually has a private sacr$ tree at :i* he sacrifices to ! deity = good =tune or = assi/ance 9 times ( tr\ble4 ,! c]emony describ$ by ,r\tl$ge--8,a ,prehi/oric ,p10 pages #bcb-gcd--;is a private sacrifice to ! deity4 ,z we h said be=e1 wom5 are n all[$ to att5d a sacrifice to ! deity at "o ( ! regul> sacr$ trees4 ,b at a private sacrifice = good =tune1 c>ri$ out at a sacr$ tree belong+ to a p>ticul> village1 ! village eld]s att5d ) _! wives & *ildr51 _! cattle1 %eep & goats4 ,! sacrificial ram is kill$1 & ! :ole family1 z well z flocks & h]ds1 are sme>$ ) fat4 ,! p>ty !n returns home1 utt]+ ! usual ,african cry ( joy1 sometimes call$ 8ululu+0 :i* ! ,kikuyu t]m ngemi4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 are n actually all[$ to come ne> ! tree1 b mu/ rema9 "s little di/ance away4 ,! p belong+ to ! ,masai circumcision guild use muzigio1 mutumaiyu 7,olea *rysophylla71 or mugumu trees = _! private sacrifices4 ,!y w\ld probably beg9 ) a mutumaiyu or muzigio tree1 & if ! luck 0 n good !y w\ld *ange to a mugumu4 ,^? belong+ to ! ,kikuyu guild use ei!r mugumu or mu?akwa trees4 ,9 a private sacrifice1 ! sk9 ( ! sacrificial ram is tak5 back to ! village & pres5t$ to ! head wife ( ! eld]1 b ?is is nev] done at a public communal sacrifice4 ,! night be=e ! sacrifice1 ! eld]s ( ! village sleep 9 _! own huts1 b mu/ obs]ve celibacy4 ,! night aft]1 !y sleep 9 ! goat hut or !ngira4 ,= two days be=e & aft] a sacrifice1 no /rang] is all[$ to sleep 9 a village2 no?+ is s5t out ( ! village to sell1 & no?+ is all[$ to be c>ri$ away4 ,if a /rang] comes1 he c be f$1 b he mu/ eat ! food !re & n take x away4 ,at bo? a public & private sacrifice ! eyes ( a ram mu/ be v c>efully remov$ f ! c>case1 = x is consid]$ an extremely bad om5 if an eye %\ld bur/ dur+ extraction1 & a fre% sacrificial ram !n has to be provid$4 ,two days aft] a private sacrifice1 c]emonial be] dr9k+ takes place at ! village1 ! m5 dr9k+ toge!r 9 ! goat hut1 or !ngira1 & ! wom5 9 ! hut ( ! pr9cipal wife2 ?is is call$ a ki?angaona ya mu*i4 ,dur+ ! c]emony !y pray to ! deity3 8,twa ?ui?a ,engai utue endo *io?i *iana na mburi na ngombe0--8,we pray !e1 ,o ,god1 t y w give u all ?+s1 *ildr51 goats1 & cattle40 ,on ! morn+ ( ! day foll[+ a private sacrifice ! wives g to ! sacr$ tree & deposit (f]+s ( gra91 bananas1 & o!r ?+s4 ,sacrifice to ,ance/ral ,spirits4--,9 addition to ! sacrifice at ! sacr$ trees to ! deity ,engai1 ! ,kikuyu sacrifice to ! ngoma1 or ance/ral spirits4 ,^! rites1 h[ev]1 nev] take place at ! sacr$ trees1 b 9 a village1 close to ! village %r9e4 ,! animal sacrific$ is a ram4 ,x is kill$ 9 ! same way z ^? sacrific$ to ! deity1 ! c>case be+ laid ^u bran*es f c]ta9 sacr$ trees1 viz3 ,mukuyu--,ficus sp3 ,mutumaiyu--,olea *rysophylla4 ,mu?akwa--,v]nonia sp3 ,mut>e4 ,mugumu--,ficus cap5sis4 ,! bran*es are call$ ma?9jiro4 ,f\r skew]s1 nd>a1 are cut f ea* ( ! above species1 & ! pieces ( meat :i* are eat5 are impal$ ^u ! skew]s & roa/$ at a fire specially k9dl$ = ! purpose1 call$ i*ua & muzigia4 ,mutumaiyu or makuri wood mu/ be us$4 ,! bran*es on :i* ! meat has re/$1 z well z ! skew]s1 mu/ be burnt ! same day 9 ! fire on :i* ! meat 0 cook$4 ,e>ly next morn+1 be=e sunrise1 be] is p\r$ on ! spot4 ,! i*ua fire 0 =m]ly k9dl$ on ! spot f new fire made by friction1 b n[adays x is suppos$ to be br\ght f a village4 ,^! sacrifices g5]ally take place at ab\t n9e a4m4 ,an eld] usually sacrifices a ram e ?ree mon?s or s at ! grave ( 8 fa!r4 ,he p\rs blood1 fat1 & be] ^u x & leaves ! sk9 !re4 ,if ! fa!r di$ away f home1 on a j\rney1 ! son proce$s "s di/ance along ! road by :i* ! fa!r left & sacrifices a ram by ! roadside4 ,! son & 8 wives eat ! meat ( ! sacrifice1 b a wife m>ri$ aft] ! fa!r's dea?1 z well z ! man's *ildr51 are n all[$ to t\* x4 ,! sacrifice mu/ take place be=e sunrise4 ,?is w\ld seem to be a v common feature 9 _m anci5t sacrifices1 & "s au?orities consid] t x may be 9 "s way connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,v5us1 ! morn+ />4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 a difficult "q to settle1 b ,i w\ld v5ture to sugge/ t x is m likely to h "s connection ) ! idea t ance/ral spirits are m active at night1 & !re=e m appreciative ( att5tion1 & t !y lapse into inaction ) ! sunrise4 ,!re appe>s to be no p>ticul> day 9 ! mon? = ! celebration ( ^! sacrifices4 ,if1 on ! occasion ( a sacrifice at ! sacr$ tree1 ! eld]s *ance to see a snake1 !y say t x is a ngoma1 or ance/ral _s1 :i* has tak5 ! =m ( a snake1 & endeav\r to p\r a little ( ! blood f ! sacrificial ram on its head1 back1 & tail4 ,if ! own] ( ! village %\ld meet a l>ge cat]pill>1 call$ ?atu1 ne> ! gate1 he p\rs a little fat & milk 9 its pa?2 if x turns back1 all is well4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x %\ld walk r\nd ! spot :]e ! fat1 & s =?1 0 p\r$1 & /ill come on t[>ds ! village1 ! p "k t x is a _s :i* has assum$ ! =m ( a cat]pill>1 & a ram is sacrific$ 9 ! village4 ,if "o ( ^! cat]pill>s is f\nd 9 a food hut1 a ram is aga9 sacrific$ = ! same reason4 ,%\ld anyone set fire to ! grass or scrub on ! spot :]e ! dead are ?r[n out1 spirits ( ! dep>t$ are suppos$ to be he>d call+ out4 ,:5 ?is happ5s1 ! p]son :o lit ! fire gives a ram1 :i* mu/ be kill$ on ! spot1 & ! eld]s ( ukuru spr9kle ! ta?a all r\nd to appease ! ngoma4 ,sometimes a _s w come & call 9 a peculi> way outside a village at night4 ,! p believe t x is hungry1 & next day sacrifice a ram4 ,! eld]s1 :5 !y eat1 always ?r[ a little food to ! spirits be=e comm5c+ _! meal1 & at a be]-dr9k+ always p\r a little be] on ! gr\nd to propitiate ! spirits s t !y may n h>m !m4 ,wom51 too1 :5 !y are cook+ porridge or gruel1 inv>iably ?r[ "s on ! gr\nd = ! spirits4 ,description ( a ,sacrifice at a ,sacr$ ,fig ,tree 9 ,kikuyu4 7,witness$ by ! ,au?or47--,! eld]s fir/ took "s sug> cane & p\r$ a little on ea* side & 9 front ( ! tree1 pray+ at ! same "t4 ,! sacrificial ram 0 !n /rangl$1 held up be=e ! tree1 & its ?roat pi]c$4 ,! blood 0 collect$ 9 a c['s horn & a little p\r$ out on ea* side ( ! tree & all[$ to trickle d[n ! trunk4 ,at ?is /age ( ! proce$+s ano!r pray] 0 utt]$4 ,a /rip ( sk9 & fat runn+ f ! ?roat ( ! c>case d[n to its belly1 & includ+ ! g5itals1 0 !n cut (f & hung up on a small bran* project+ f ! tree4 ,! eld]s n[ pray$ aga94 ,aft] ?is ! ram 0 dismemb]$ & ! fea/ took place4 ,if ! head ( a village notices ! appe>ance ( disease among 8 flocks & h]ds1 or among 8 p1 he sacrifices at 8 own sacr$ tree4 ,b he fir/ ( all consults a mundu mugo1 or m$ic9e man1 to f9d out :e!r ! affliction comes f ! high god or is due to ! (f5d$ ngoma1 or ance/ral spirits4 ,! m$ic9e man ?r[s 8 /ones1 & if1 aft] sort+ !m into little heaps1 ! balance left is eight1 he kn[s ! tr\ble comes f ! high god2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! balance is sev51 ! tr\ble is attribut$ to ! ngoma or ance/ral spirits4 ,= a man1 ! heap consi/s ( five /ones1 & = a woman ?ree4 ,! sacrificial ram is obta9$ f a neighb\r4 ,if a bad /orm comes & damages ! crops1 or if !re is too mu* ra9 or a dr\ght1 a l>ge assembly ( eld]s is conv5$4 ,!y meet & sacrifice at ! communal place ( sacrifice1 call$ ! big mugumu4 ,sacrifice among ,a-,kamba4--,we w n[ exam9e ! c]emonial connect$ ) sacrifice among ! ,a-,kamba1 & pr9cipally among ^? ( ,kitui4 ,^! p h two k9ds ( sacr$ places1 or ma!mbo 7s+ul>1 i!mbo74 7#a7 ,sacr$ places = ! :ole c\ntry1 or r = ea* big division ( ! c\ntry1 at :i* !y pray & sacrifice to ,engai or ,mulungu = ra91 & 9 ! ev5t ( a pe/il5ce among human be+s & cattle4 7#b7 ,sacr$ places = a gr\p ( two or ?ree villages1 :]e !y pray to ! aiimu1 or ance/ral spirits1 on ! occasion ( sickness among p or cattle4 ,! holy places are almo/ always at a tree4 ,= ! fir/-m5tion$ a fig tree ( ! species kn[n z mumo is *os54 ,= ! village %r9e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tree may be ei!r a mumo1 fig tree1 ano!r v>iety ( wild fig call$ mumbo1 or a mutundu tree4 ,! mode ( proc$ure ( a sacrifice = ra9 at an i!mbo ( ! fir/ k9d may be tak5 z an example1 & ! foll[+ description 0 giv5 by a c\ple ( lead+ eld]s3 ,on ! day settl$ = ! c]emony1 ! eld]s ( i!mbo assemble e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & at ab\t n9e a4m4 proce$ sl[ly to ! sacr$ place1 tak+ ) !m an n!ngi1 or male goat1 usually black 9 col\r1 z well z milk1 snuff1 & a small quantity ( e k9d ( produce :i* is gr[n4 ,! foll[+ 7 specifi$3 mbaazi 7cajanus71 mawele 7millet71 mtama 7sorghum71 bananas1 wimbi 7p5icill>ia71 sug> cane1 beans1 sweet potatoes1 cassava1 & pumpk9s2 also "s sug> cane be] 7honey be] is n all[$71 r$ trade beads & c[ries1 ! leaves ( a sweet smell+ plant call$ mutaa1 butt] & gruel4 ,! m5 lead ! goat & c>ry ! milk1 gruel1 snuff1 & be]1 ea* "o putt+ a little butt] 9 ! milk1 :il/ ! o!r items are c>ri$ to ! tree by ! old wom54 ,! wom5 are n all[$ to approa* ! tree1 b dance toge!r "s di/ance away2 z m5tion$ above1 ! c]emony comm5ces at ab\t n9e a4m41 & goes on till ab\t two p4m41 :5 ! actual sacrifice takes place4 ,! proce$+s are n hurri$1 z "s ( ! eld]s h to travel long di/ances be=e rea*+ ! spot4 ,six s5ior eld]s & six old wom5 are select$1 & all proce$ to ! tree2 !y c we> _! lo9 clo?s1 b _! blankets are tak5 (f & left "s di/ance away4 ,! m5 g fir/ & ta/e a little ( ! milk1 gruel1 & be]1 :i* !y spit out at ! foot ( ! tree1 & !n give way to ! old wom5 :o g ?r\gh ! same c]emony4 ,! m5 aga9 return to ! tree & p\r ! balance ( ! milk & s =? at its foot4 ,ea* eld] n[ puts "s ( ! snuff 9 ! palm ( 8 h&s1 takes a little1 & deposits ! rema9d]4 ,! wom5 aga9 come up & p\r ! food/uffs at ! foot ( ! sacr$ tree1 ! butt] be+ sme>$ on x4 ,:5 ! (f]+s are deposit$1 ! (ficiat+ eld]s--"o c almo/ call !m prie/s--pray z foll[s3 8,mulungu *ao ya nekeu tw5da nbua na aka ma*isi na ngombe kisia na mbui kisia engai tupi5gea muimu &u ma kakwe0--8,mulungu1 ?is is food4 ,we desire ra9 & wives & cattle & goats to be>1 & we pray ,god t our p may n die ( sickness40 ,! sacrifice ( ! goat comes next1 b be=e ?is is done1 !y take ! roots ( two trees call$ mriti & mu?umba1 gr9d !m toge!r1 mix !m ) wat]1 & make ! animal dr9k ! mixture ) a view to sanctify+ x4 ,?is done1 !y lead ! goat up to ! tree1 /& x on its h9d legs be=e ! tree1 or1 z !y say1 8%[0 x2 its ?roat is !n pi]c$ & ! blood all[$ to fl[ ov] ! (f]+s previ\sly enum]at$4 ,! c>case is sk9n$ & an incision made f ! ?roat to ! /oma*4 ,! upp] portion ( ! skull ) ! horns is cut (f & buri$ at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,! leg bones1 h[ev]1 mu/ n be brok51 b c>efully dis>ticulat$ at ! knee-jo9ts & elb[s4 ,small pieces ( meat are cut f e "p ( ! c>case & f e int]nal organ & deposit$ at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,! meat is !n divid$1 ! left %\ld] & "p ( ! back is giv5 to ! (ficiat+ old wom51 :il/ ! eld]s take ! re/4 7,cf4 ,exodus xii4 #df3 8,! bones ( ! meat ( ! passov] fea/ mu/ n be brok5407 ,ea* p>ty1 male & female1 lights a sep>ate fire & eats1 ! select$ (ficiat+ eld]s eat+ ) _! fell[s4 ,! fire mu/ be made ( ! wood ( a mumo tree1 n t ( ! sacr$ tree1 b ( ano!r ( ! same species4 ,! six m5 & six wom5 ea* impale a fragm5t ( ! meat on a skew] ( mumo wood1 roa/ & eat x4 ,?is is a c]emonial meal1 & :5 x is ov] ! rema9d] ( ! meat is divid$ up1 & any k9d ( firewood c be us$ = cook+ x4 ,! actual sacrifice ( ! goat is call$ kutonya ngnondu1 to pi]ce ! sacrifice4 ,! m]e ^w sacrifice1 h[ev]1 h>dly expresses x1 = ! ^w ngnondu really implies purification1 or p]haps expiation1 ! und]ly+ idea be+ t ! goat is an expiatory gift (f]$ ) ! object ( reliev+ ! c\ntry f ! effects ( ! deity's displeasure & ( ! consequ5t dr\ght4 ,no "w is done on ! day foll[+ ! sacrifice1 & no cultivation is und]tak51 nei!r any h\se build+4 ,a man may /roll ov] & see a fri5d close by1 b he is n all[$ to g on a real j\rney4 ,! night be=e ! sacrifice ! eld]s mu/ obs]ve celibacy1 z well z on ! six foll[+ days1 ! day on :i* ! sacr$ meat 0 eat5 c\nt+ z ! fir/4 ,no eld] c p>ticipate 9 ?is c]emony if he has ! /a9 ( dea? on him2 t is to say1 if 8 wife or *ild has di$1 & ! purification c]emonies connect$ ) ! ev5t h n be5 complet$2 or aga9 if he1 or "o ( 8 m51 has kill$ someone & ! c]emonies = remov+ ! blood/a9 are n ov]4 ,any fight+ or qu>rell+ or fight+ among ! p w\ld also be likely to de/roy ! efficacy ( ! c]emony4 ,if a man breaks a /ick f ! sacr$ tree ! eld]s at once f9e him1 & a bull or goat is sacrific$4 ,! w\nd 9 ! tree is ano9t$ ) butt]1 & milk is p\r$ at its foot4 ,lights are sometimes se5 at night 9 ma!mbo1 b p v r>ely g out to !m :ile x is d>k2 ^? :o h tri$ x decl>e t /ones 7 ?r[n at !m f ! tree1 & t ^! /ones /rike fire :5 !y hit ! gr\nd4 ,if a p]son be ?us attack$1 x is a sure sign t he is fitt$ = a m$ic9e man4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! proc$ure 0 obta9$ f eld]s 9 a diff]5t "p ( ! ,ukamba c\ntry1 & z ?is v>ies a little & conta9s a few additional details1 x is consid]$ advisable to describe x4 ,! day be=e ! sacrifice1 ! wom5 ( ! neighb\rhood ga!r toge!r & g to ! sug> cane plantations1 e woman br++ back two or ?ree /icks ( cane & tak+ !m to ! ?omi1 or village meet+ place1 ( "o ( ! eld]s1 :]e !y are cru%$ to make be]4 ,9 ! ev5+1 ! eld]s ( i!mbo take ! be] & place x ne> ! sacr$ tree4 ,!y light a fire !re ) a firebr& f ! village1 & ! g\rds ( be] are put ne> x2 a little be] is also p\r$ at ! foot ( ! tree & !y pray to ! imu ( ! p]son to :om ! tree is d$icat$1 & !n return home4 ,x is believ$ t ! object ( ?is ritual is to attract ! att5tion ( ! gu>dian _s ( ! %r9e1 & to propitiate x & to ensure1 z x 71 its att5dance on ! morr[ z ! int]m$i>y betwe5 ! p & ,engai4 ,9 ! morn+1 ! eld]s ( i!mbo & c]ta9 v old wom5 proce$ to ! i!mbo4 ,! eld]s br+ ! sacrificial bea/ & fir/ suffocate x2 !y !n quickly sk9 its ?roat1 & ! olde/ ( ! eld]s /abs x 9 ! neck ) a knife1 collect+ ! blood 9 a half g\rd 7nzeli74 ,! sk9n+ is !n complet$1 & small pieces ( meat are cut f ! tongue1 ribs1 & ! left flank4 ,"o kidney1 "o te/icle1 & a piece ( ! liv]1 he>t1 & e int]nal organ are also tak51 all ^! fragm5ts be+ plac$ 9 a half g\rd4 ,!y !n take a half g\rd ( be]1 & ! g\rds conta9+ ! meat & ! blood1 & empty !m at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,! old wom5 n[ approa* & deposit samples ( e k9d ( field produce--beans1 maize1 & s =?--& milk4 ,"s ( ! food is cook$ & "s is raw4 ,:5 ! m5 deposit _! (f]+s !y pray z foll[s3 8,engai twaevoya mbua kuamba eyima sion?i ,engai0--8,we pray to ,god t ra9 may bless all our c\ntry40 ,! wom5 m]ely say 8,twaevoya mbua0--8,we pray = ra940 ,! sacrificial meat is !n cook$ & eat54 ,! fir/ to p>take ( x are ! f\r s5ior eld]s4 ,! fire = cook+ ! meat is lit a little away f ! tree1 & ! fuel mu/ consi/ ( dry /icks pick$ up 9 ! sacr$ grove4 ,! fire hav+ be5 lit1 a small /ag+ is built ov] x1 & ! pieces ( meat are plac$ !reon to roa/4 ,! place ( ! fire is call$ ivuvio2 ! wood us$ = ! framework is mu?akwa2 ! /icks compos+ x are mbatwa1 & ! :ole framework :5 complet$ is call$ ndala4 ,:5 remov+ ! m>r[ ! bones ( ! sacrificial animal mu/ n be brok54 ,aft] ! fea/ ! bones are collect$ & plac$ on ! fire & cov]$ ) ! /oma* cont5ts 7ta?a or muyo71 & ! smoke :i* rises to heav5 is said to be pleas+ to ,engai4 ,a private sacrifice is call$ ki?angaona by ! ,kamba p1 its object be+ to purify a village f sickness4 ,! c]emony is also t]m$ kuv9dukia muimu--8to cleanse ! place f ! _s0 7ku-indukia--to cleanse7 & may possibly h an impli$ mean+ to ! effect t ! _s mu/ be appeas$4 ,sometimes a woman :o goes into a cataleptic condition1 :i* is kn[n z be+ seiz$ by aiimu1 w say t to obta9 ra9 a bea/ ( a p>ticul> col\r mu/ be sacrific$4 ,a black goat is said to be pref]able z a supplication = ra91 ! col\r probably be+ symbolical ( ! ra9 cl\ds4 ,%eep & goats1 bo? male & female1 are sacrific$1 & also bulls & bullocks1 b nev] a c[4 ,a black bullock is ?\ght to be ! mo/ acceptable & a :ite %eep comes next1 :il/ _m ( ! ,kamba p consid] a r$ animal bad = ! purpose ( sacrifice4 ,sacr$ ,places 7,ma!mbo7 9 ,ukamba4--,dott$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 ne> mo/ ( ! old] villages1 !re are sacr$ trees1 repres5t+ private %r9es1 call$ ma!mbo4 ,! sacrifice :i* takes place "h is simil> to t describ$ above1 b ! proce$+s d n take s long1 z ! assembly is small]4 ,!re is no p>ticul> day ( ! mon? = su* a c]emony1 b x %\ld n be p]=m$ 9 ! mon?s call$ ,nyanya & ,k5da 7! mon? ,nyanya 9 #aiab comm5c$ on ,june #ad?74 ,ikumi is suitable = a sacrificial c]emony1 z x is !n consid]$ possible to prep>e ! fields = plant+1 9 expectation ( ! ra9 :i* w fall z a result ( ! c]emony4 ,f\r pieces ( ! /alk ( ! ca/or oil bu% are plant$ at ! foot ( ! sacr$ tree4 ,if on a c]ta9 day a man brews be]1 he visits ! tree 9 ! ev5+ & p\rs a little ( ! be] into ea* ( ! ca/or oil /ems1 & prays to ! aiimu1 say+1 8,i h made "s be]1 & ?is is y\r %>e2 d n come into ! village & bo!r u40 ,! ca/or oil /alks are meant to imitate g\rds ( be]4 ,x is cu/om>y to deposit at ! tree a piece ( ! fruit ( ,kigelia p9nata1 or ,k4 ,musa 7call$ miat9i & us$ 9 produc+ f]m5tation 9 be]71 & ! leaf ( a mumo tree4 ,!y !n say1 8,?is is y\r nzeli to dr9k ! be] f10 ! nzeli be+ a half g\rd us$ z a dr9k+ cup1 & ! mumo leaf 9 ?is case repres5t+ a nzeli4 ,z ^! ?+s decay1 !y are p]iodically r5ew$4 ,! p ( a village utt] a pray] :5 !y see ! new moon1 begg+ t !y may g safely ?r\gh ! mon?4 ,?is be>s a close resemblance to ! ,european habit ( turn+ "o's money & b[+ n9e times to ! new moon4 ,at ! village i!mbo be] is p\r$ out1 g5]ally on ! advice ( a m$ic9e man1 :5 someone is ill 9 ! village4 ,! sacrifice at ! village i!mbo usually takes place ab\t t5 a4m41 ! p return+ at noon4 ,on _! arrival at ! village1 a mixture ( ta?a & wat] is spr9kl$ ^u ! cattle1 & ^u ! wat] pots ( ! village4 ,?is is call$ kikaela muyo & is done = ! b5efit ( ^? villag]s :o are n qualifi$ to g to ! sacr$ place4 ,! wom5 qualifi$ to att5d a c]emony at an i!mbo are ^? :o are pa/ ! age ( *ild-be>+ & h a husb& :o is a mutumia ya i!mbo 7an eld] ( ! i!mbo74 ,a *ildless old woman may also be all[$ to g4 ,x (t5 happ5s t dur+ a c]emony at an i!mbo a woman is seiz$1 or possess$1 & passes into a condition ( semi-trance 9 :i* %e w prophecy ei!r t ! ra9s are com+ or t !y w fail1 or1 9 =m] days1 t a ,masai raid 0 imm95t4 ,an explanation ( ?is 0 c>efully s\ght1 &1 ^u inve/igation1 ,i 0 told t ! message came f ! imu or _s ( ! p]son ( old5 times to :om ! i!mbo 0 d$icat$ & to :om x 0 suppos$ to belong1 b q cle>ly1 t ?is _s 0 only an int]m$i>y1 ! message really com+ f ! high god ,engai or ,mulungu4 ,a little h\se is always built at ! foot ( ! sacr$ tree on ! ea/ side1 ) ! door fac+ ! ris+ sun1 & two days be=e ! "t settl$ ^u = comm5c+ plant+ a pot ( wat] & "o ( food1 z well z butt] & milk1 are plac$ 9 x4 ,on ! day foll[+ ! deposit ( ?is (f]+1 no "w is done4 ,^! (f]+s are said to be = ,engai2 ! pot ( wat] is a rem9d] t ra9 is requir$1 & ! food repres5ts ! crops4 ,sacrifices = ,ra94--,kikuyu--,if ! eld]s g to ! sacr$ fig tree = ra9 !y sacrifice ! usual ram1 pref]ably a black "o4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y pray = ra9 to cease1 ! sacrificial ram is pref]ably a :ite "o1 al?\gh a r$ "o may be us$4 ,aft] ! sacrifice1 ! inte/9es are tak5 & ti$ r\nd ! /em high up 9 ! tree4 ,! melt$ tail fat is !n p\r$ at ! foot ( ! tree & a /rip ( ! meat & fat are hung on a bran*4 ,ukamba4--,among ! ,kamba a black goat %\ld be sacrific$ = ra92 a r$ "o1 h[ev]1 is occasionally us$4 ,b :atev] ! col\r ( ! animal sacrific$1 x is v important t x %\ld be entirely ( "o col\r1 & n spott$ or p>ti-col\r$4 ,a p>ti-col\r$ animal w\ld probably be consid]$ z hav+ "s blemi%4 7,cf4 ,deut4 xviii4 #a3 8,?\ %alt n sacrifice unto ! ,"l ?y ,god any bullock or %eep :]e9 is blemi% or evil-fav\r$ness02 also ,numb]s xix4 #b3 8,speak unto ! *ildr5 ( ,israel t !y br+ !e a r$ heif] )\t spot407 ,! ,kitui ,a-,kamba also h ano!r curi\s c]emony :i* !y p]=m :5 _! crops are 9 dang] ( be+ spoilt = lack ( ra94 ,!y sn>e a c\ple ( hyrax 7,procavia sp47 & c>ry !m r\nd ! fields conta9+ ! /&+ crops2 "o is !n releas$1 ! o!r is kill$4 ,! he>t1 cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 & inte/9es ( ! victim are !n tak5 & plac$ on a fire :i* is lit among ! crops4 ,! smoke ( ! sacrifice is said to be pleas+ to ! deity 7,engai74 ,cf4 ,exodus xxix3 8,& burn !m 444 = a sweet sav\r be=e ! ,"l40 ,! c>case is n eat54 ,! use ( a hyrax = sacrificial purposes is r curi\s1 & may well be a relic ( an old ,semitic belief 9 :i* ! hyrax 0 ?\ght to h possess$ orig9ally ! human %ape4 ,x 0 said t he :o eats ( its fle% w nev] see fa!r & "m aga94 ,! ,a-,kamba1 h[ev]1 appe> to h lo/ sight ( any connection ( ?is sort1 & x is !re=e impossible to say :e!r x really exi/$2 ! *oice ( ?is curi\s animal may be m]ely a co9cid5ce4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,sacr$ ,places & ,sacrifices4--,! way 9 :i* a p>ticul> tree is *os5 z a sacr$ place 0 expla9$ to me unhesitat+ly 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,9 a p>ticul> locality1 long ago1 !re w\ld be a woman1 not$ z a prophetess or se]1 ^: prophecies always came true1 & at h] dea? %e w\ld be buri$ 9 h] village4 ,aft] a "t1 a woman ( t village became possess$ by ! imu1 or _s1 ( ! deceas$1 &1 9 a /ate ( exaltation1 w\ld speak 9 ! "n ( ! prophetess1 say+3 8,i _c /ay "h1 ,i am call$ by ,engai1 & ,i g to live at a c]ta9 tree0 7:i* w\ld be specifi$74 ,! tree ?us designat$ !n acquir$ sanctity4 ,f\r eld]s & f\r old wom5 w\ld !n be select$2 tak+ "s e>? f h] grave1 & "o 7a blood relation ( ! deceas$7 tak+ a goat1 !y w\ld all proce$ to ! tree4 ,! e>? 0 deposit$ at its foot1 ! goat l$ ?rice r\nd ! tree & !n sacrific$4 ,! delegates !n pray$3 8,we h br\ght y to ! tree y desire10 & a small hut 0 built on ! spot4 ,?is hut is r5ew$ f "t to "t1 usually be=e a great c]emony takes place at ! tree4 ,! eld]s :o build ! hut mu/ h _! heads %av$ next morn+1 b mu/ %ave "o ano!r1 z no "o else is all[$ to d x4 ,!y !n hide _! hair4 7,note4--,hid+ away ( hair aft] x is cut or %av$ is a common cu/om among ,africans2 ! idea is suppos$ to be t an evil-dispos$ p]son might use ! hair z a m$ium = bewit*+ ! own]47 ,an int]e/+ & ?\ghtful pap] on ! ,a-,kamba ( ,kitui1 by ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas1 appe>$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ,r4,a4,i41 #aiac1 & on page #ecd et seq4 ! writ] discusses ! religi\s beliefs ( ^! p4 ,he has come to ! conclusion t !y h no conception ( a high god1 & t ! t]ms ,engai & ,mulungu are m]ely collective words d5ot+ ! plurality ( ! spiritual _w4 ,! pres5t writ]1 h[ev]1 is unable to accept ?is op9ion1 = :ile x is recognis$ t great confusion ( ?\ght may exi/ on ! subject among ! bulk ( ! p1 !re is little d\bt t ! eld]s ( i!mbo1 or tribal %r9es1 are q cle> on ! matt]4 ,great c>e 0 tak5 to record only su* in=mation on ! "q z 0 furni%$ by ?is grade ( ,kamba society4 ,& z ! eld]s ( i!mbo correspond1 9 a measure1 to ! prie/ly ca/es ( m highly develop$ communities1 _! op9ion has a c]ta9 value1 & we !re=e feel ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! ,kamba religion conta9s ! concept ( a high god4 ,we w\ld also cont5d t ! in=mation h]e9 record$ conta9s int]nal evid5ce ( ?is1 & e ef=t has be5 made n to read m into ! in=mation ?an x actually conta9s4 ,! fact t ! writ] 0 kn[n to h be5 duly recognis$ z an eld] among ! neighb\r+ tribes1 ! ,kikuyu1 und\bt$ly induc$ ! eld]s to discuss ^! que/ions ) consid]able fre$om 9 8 pres5ce4 ,! words us$ to designate :at may be conv5i5tly t]m$ ! high god are ,engai1 ,mulungu1 & sometimes ,*ua 7or ! sun74 ,x is sometimes said t ,engai lives 9 ! high m\nta9s1 ,k5ya = in/ance1 & ?is w\ld appe> to diff]5tiate ! great _s f "o :i* has its orig9 9 an ord9>y human =m4 ,!y insi/ also t !re is only "o ,engai4 ,!y say t if ! aiimu1 or ance/ral spirits1 want to kill someone1 ,engai or ,mulungu c /op !m1 _! explanation be+ t al?\gh ! aiimu c afflict a liv+ p]son1 !y _c kill him unless ,mulungu concurs4 ,!re is a say+ :5 anyone dies1 8,nundu wa *ua10 :i* means 8! ord] ( ! sun10 ! obvi\s inf]5ce ( :i* is t dea? comes f ! high god4 ,!y are emphatic 9 /at+ t ,engai1 & n ! aiimu1 br+s ! ra94 ,x is said t a woman w sometimes be> a *ild hav+ a m>k on its body simil> 9 position to t ( a w\nd :i* caus$ ! dea? ( a bro!r-9-law or "s ne> relative 9 ! village4 ,! deceas$ is suppos$ to h be5 se5 by ,engai1 & x is he :o puts a simil> m>k on ! new-born *ild4 ,i am n sure1 h[ev]1 t ! t]m ,engai is n some:at loosely us$ 9 ?is case1 z ! imu ( ! deceas$ might well be held responsible = su* an occurr5ce4 ,o!r confirmatory evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( ! concept ( a high god w be f\nd 9 ! acc\nt ( v>i\s c]emonies4 ,!re is no d\bt ab\t ! def9ition ( ! concept ( ! imu1 & x c be translat$ z ! _s ( ! deceas$ p]son4 ,! ,kitui eld]s /at$ t ! sacrificial fire = cook+ ! meat at ! i!mbo mu/ always be made by friction1 s z to avoid any su* impurity or uncleanness be+ br\ght f a h\se z might occur 7 burn+ emb]s f a h\sehold kit*5 tak5 to ! tree4 ,no "o :o is "u a ?abu or tabu c take "p 9 a c]emony at an i!mbo1 nor mu/ ! muma or ki?ito oa? be tak5 on su* an occasion4 ,inquiries 7 made z to :e!r1 9 old5 times1 any ( ! spoils ( w> 7 sacrific$ at an i!mbo1 b ?is 0 said n to h be5 ! case4 ,:51 z sometimes happ5s1 a %oot+ /> appe>s to fall 9 an i!mbo1 x is suppos$ to be a sign t ,engai has desc5d$ to ! i!mbo & dem&s food4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( food are !n tak5 !re z (f]+s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n usual to sacrifice an animal4 ,! %oot+ /> fall+ on an i!mbo may be comp>$ ) ! /ory ( ,jehovah appe>+ to ,moses 9 a burn+ bu%1 :i* seem$ to burn & yet n be consum$4 ,x is "h to be not$ t x is ,engai :o dem&s food1 n ! aiimu4 ,sacrifice app>5tly is only p]=m$ :5 ! p desire to invoke help4 ,"o eld] only f ea* clan1 mbai1 c p>ticipate 9 a c]emony at ! i!mbo on any p>ticul> occasion1 &1 fur!r1 no eld] ^: fa!r is alive c g to ! tree4 ,if 9 w> an enemy took sanctu>y at an i!mbo he 0 all[$ to /ay !re unmole/$1 & 0 safe2 at night he escap$4 ,if1 aga91 he caught hold ( an eld] ( i!mbo1 he 0 equally safe2 ! eld] w\ld take him to 8 village & s5d "o ( 8 sons to convey him safely out ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is consid]$ t ?is fact emphasises ! prie/ly position ( ! eld]s ( i!mbo1 :o mu/1 at all co/1 avoid ! /a9 ( dea?4 ,if a snake is se5 at a sacr$ place x is cu/om>y to p\r milk1 butt]1 & gruel ov] x2 x is suppos$ to be njoka ya aiimu 7snake ( ! aiimu74 ,arms mu/ n be tak5 to an i!mbo1 small knives to sk9 ! sacrificial animals only be+ all[$4 ,no bird or bea/ c be kill$ at a sacr$ tree 9 ! grove :i* g5]ally surr\nds x4 ,%\ld a sacr$ tree1 ( ! old communal ma!mbo k9d1 fall d[n1 ! p w /ill wor%ip on ! site4 ,if a village :i* possesses "o ( ! small ma!mbo is mov$1 ! assi/ance ( a m$ic9e woman is s\ght = ! selection ( ano!r "o ne> ! new site = ! village4 ,! eld]s take h] to ! old tree & leave h] !re all night 9 solit>y vigil2 9 ! morn+ %e is fet*$ & tak5 to ! new tree4 ,:5 ! eld]s return f sacrific+ at a sacr$ tree1 ea* takes a small piece ( ! sk9 ( ! sacrificial animal & ties x on ! ?orn f5ce ne> 8 hut4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ?is w\ld n be all[$ 9 ! case ( a great communal ga!r+ to pray = ra91 su* z previ\sly describ$4 ,! sacrificial animal is provid$ by ! eld]s ( i!mbo 9 rotation4 ,x is said t be=e go+ to w> a black goat 0 sacrific$ at ! i!mbo1 & success 0 pray$ =4 ,^u return+ f a successful raid+ exp$ition1 !y w5t to ! organis] ( ! p>ty1 ! mu?iani1 kill$ ! bigge/ ox1 & pray$ to ,engai z a ?anksgiv+ c]emony4 ,?is did n take place at ! i!mbo1 z1 9 all probability1 !y d>$ n g to ! i!mbo ) any suspicion ( blood/a9 ^u !m4 ,! ,kamba belief t ! spirits l to haunt c]ta9 sacr$ fig trees is v widespread1 & !re is "o factor connect$ ) x :i* is common to ! :ole area 9 :i* ! belief is f\nd1 & t is t sacrilegi\s trespass]s 9 a sacr$ grove are assail$ by %[]s ( missiles4 ,su* incid5ts are (t5 alleg$ to occur 9 ,india1 &1 ap>t f native sup]/ition1 ! writ] has ev5 he>d ( two examples 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 :]e ,european coloni/s1 :o _h no k ( ^! beliefs b _h built 9 ! vic9ity ( sacr$ fig trees1 ass]t$ t !y 7 p]iodically di/urb$ at night by /ones ?r[n on ! ro(s ( _! h\ses4 ,9 ,phil ,rob9son's well-kn[n book1 8,9 my ,indian ,g>d50 7page #bjh71 x is /at$ t 9 ,burmah to ?is day ! ,gov]nm5t pays a fee1 call$ murung1 to ! headm5 ( c]ta9 tracts = appeas+ ! manes ( _! ance/ors lodg$ 9 old sal trees4 ,rob]tson ,smi? also quotes an old au?ority to ! effect t fig1 c>ob1 & sycamore trees are haunt$ by devils4 ,! belief 9 gho/s is widespread 9 ,kitui1 & p :o allege t !y occasionally see ! gho/s ( human be+s are n uncommon4 ,!y d n appe> to be t]rifi$ ab\t x1 b /ate t !y call out to ! app>ition to v]ify its immat]ial "*1 & if no reply is receiv$ !y "k t x belongs to ! aiimu4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a gho/ is se51 x is necess>y = ! obs]v] to kill a ram & sme> 8 face ) "s ( ! purify+ ta?a1 toge!r ) "s ( ! ram's fat4 ,we ?us see t :5 a %r9e is e/abli%$1 tradition & ! cont9ual use ( x = wor%ip sanctifies x & ma9ta9s its position 9 ! popul> m9d4 ,z ! au?ority previ\sly quot$ po9ts out3 8,holy places are old] ?an temples1 & old] ?an ! beg9n+s ( settl$ life40 ,x is also int]e/+ to note h[ ! old ,canaanite high places 7 associat$ ) a tree or grove ( trees4 ,?is is consid]$ by "s au?orities z an indication ( an anci5t cult ( tree wor%ip4 ,!re is little evid5ce ( ! survival ( su* a cult among ! p "u consid]ation1 b an acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( a c]emony :i* has to be p]=m$ :5 a l>ge solit>y tree 9 a cle>+ is cut d[n1 & c]ta9 rites h to be p]=m$ to transf] ei!r ! _s ( ! tree to a new abode or p]haps human spirits resid5t 9 ! tree4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little d\bt t ! anci5t alt>s erect$ "u trees 7 a lat] developm5t ( wor%ip :i* orig9ally took place at ! tree )\t any alt>4 ,x is said t our ,engli% maypole is a degrad$ survival ( ! wor%ip "u trees4 ,g5]ally speak+1 9 anci5t ,arabia ! gifts ( ! wor%ipp]s 7 pres5t$ to ! deity by be+ laid on sacr$ gr\nd1 (t5 at ! foot ( a sacr$ tree1 or !y 7 hung on x1 & :5 libations ( sacrificial blood or o!r ?+s 7 (f]$1 !y 7 p\r$ ei!r !re or ov] a sacr$ /one4 ,all ?is might h be5 writt5 ( our ,african peoples ( to-day1 & "o _c1 !re=e1 be accus$ ( special plead+ 9 invit+ att5tion to ! simil>ity ( practice4 ,x is suppos$ t ! c]emonial d$ication ( ! f\ndation ( a sacr$ build+ is a direct survival ( ! rites :i* took place 9 anci5t times :5 a new 8holy place0 0 =m]ly recognis$ & adopt$4 ,! anci5t flav\r w be detect$ 9 ! foll[+ extract f ! acc\nt ( ! proce$+s :i* took place a few ye>s ago ^u ! occasion ( ! lay+ ( ! f\ndation /one ( a ,jewi% synagogue1 9 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 ! sacrificial nature ( ! rites be+ v noticeable3 8,corn1 w9e1 & oil 7 pres5t$ to ,8 ,excell5cy by ?ree prom95t ,freemasons4 ,8 ,excell5cy /rew$ ! corn on ! /one1 & ! be>] ( ! corn said3 8#8,!re %all be a h&ful ( corn 9 ! e>? ^u ! top ( ! m\nta9s1 ! fruit !re( %all make ,lebanon1 & !y ( ! city %all fl\ri% l grass ( ! e>?4' 8,8 ,excell5cy p\r$ ! w9e on ! /one1 & ! be>] ( ! w9e said3 8#8,& = a dr9k (f]+ ?\ %alt (f] him a ?ird "p ( a b9 ( w9e1 = a sweet sav\r unto ! ,"l4' 8,8 ,excell5cy p\r$ oil on ! /one1 ! be>] ( ! oil said3 8#8,& ?\ %alt make x an oil ( holy o9tm5t1 an o9tm5t comp\nd aft] ! art ( apo!c>y1 x %all be an holy ano9t+ oil4 ,& ?\ %alt ano9t ! tab]nacle ( ! congregation !re) & ! ,ark ( ! te/imony4' 8,b5$iction--#8,may ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ( ,isaac1 & ( ,jacob1 %[] d[n 8 *oice/ bless+s ^u ?is ,synagogue ab\t to be erect$ = ,8 ,hon\r1 & may ,he grant a full supply ( ! ,corn ( ,n\ri%m5t1 ! ,w9e ( ,refre%m5t1 & ! ,oil ( ,joy4'0 ,mak+ ( ,fire 7,kamba ( ,kibwezi74--,! fire requir$ = sacrificial purposes 0 =m]ly always made anew by friction1 z fire s produc$ c\ld c>ry no evil ) x1 :]eas if firebr&s 7 br\ght f a hut "s ?abu or curse :i* re/$ on ! family own+ ! hut might inadv]t5tly be br\ght ) x1 & ! wood might 9 fact be infect$4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 x is curi\s to note t a sacrificial fire is light$ ) mat*es2 = !y consid] t ^!1 be+ ( =eign orig91 c br+ no infection d]iv$ f ,kamba _s influ5ce4 ,?is gives "s insight into ! ratioc9ation ( ! native m9d4 ,fire 0 =m]ly made1 & is /ill made1 on occasion1 by hunt]s & o!rs :o rapidly rotate a piece ( h>d /ick1 held v]tically betwe5 ! h&s1 9 a cup-%ap$ cavity cut 9 a piece ( s(t wood :i* is held betwe5 ! toes1 ! friction g5]at+ en\gh heat to produce sp>ks :i* light "s t9d]4 ,! v]tical /ick is call$ ! male1 & ! o!r piece ! female1 ! reasons = :i* nom5clature are obvi\s4 ,x is curi\s to note t a woman is n all[$ to make fire by friction1 ! reason giv5 = ?is be+ t a man has to squat to make fire1 & t if a woman does ! same1 x is unseemly1 z %e !reby exposes h] nak$ness4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t !re is m 9 x ?an ?is1 & t only a male is really suppos$ to manipulate ! mascul9e portion ( ! fire-mak+ app>atus4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,sacr$ ,,/ones ,,or ,,village ,,%r9es ,,9 ,,kikuyu ,:5 ! ,kikuyu p f\nd a new village1 ! eld] ( ! family collects ?ree /ones1 two be+ br\ght f ! b$ ( a riv] to ! nor? ( ! village1 ! direction f :i* ! tribe migrat$1 & "o f a riv] to ! s\? ( ! village4 ,! riv] 9 ! nor? is g5]ally ! ,?ika1 & ! riv] 9 ! s\? is g5]ally ! ,mbaga?i4 ,! /ones mu/ n be collect$ f a riv] f :i* ! villag]s take wat] = _! dome/ic use1 & x mu/ also be a riv] ) a p]5nial fl[4 ,^! /ones usually weigh f ?irty to =ty p\nds1 & are us$ z a village %r9e4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! /ones1 ! p take a black ram1 sew up its left eye1 & bury x 9 ! middle ( ! village4 ,?is is done ) ! idea t if anyone comes to br+ bad magic to ! p ( ! village1 he w1 l ! ram1 lose ! sight ( "o eye4 ,! ?ree /ones are !n plant$ r\nd ! spot :]e ! ram is buri$4 ,f\r p c>ry out ?is c]emony3 ! head ( ! village1 ano!r eld] ( ! same clan1 & ! two s5ior wives ( ! village head4 ,!y break bran*es f ! mutumaiyu1 muk5ya1 & mu?akwa trees & plant !m r\nd ! spot4 ,if !y take root1 x is consid]$ a v good om52 if ! bran*es die1 h[ev]1 !y are replac$ p]iodically by fre% ones4 ,:5ev] a sacrifice is made 9 ! village1 9 connection ) any c]emony1 ! ram is kill$ ne> ?is spot & blood & fat are p\r$ into ! gr\nd betwe5 ! /ones4 ,meat = ! spirits is always put out 9 two heaps1 "o = ! male & "o = ! female spirits4 ,x is believ$ t if ! /ones are obta9$ f /rong fl[+ riv]s1 !y w help to protect ! village f nocturnal ?ieves4 ,moreov]1 ! /ones f ! riv]s to ! nor? ( ! village w /op ! entrance ( bad ngoma or spirits com+ f t direction1 & simil>ly1 ! /ones f ! s\? w =m a protection aga9/ ! evil spirits f t direction4 ,! /ones are n suppos$ to possess a _s1 b if a /one is /ol5 x is look$ ^u z a t]rible crime4 ,! ?ief is said to h1 by its possession1 ! p[] to inflict a s]i\s curse ^u ! village1 :5ev] x 0 /ol54 ,:5 ! /one is miss$1 ! head ( ! village collects ! kiama1 or c\ncil ( eld]s1 & pres5ts !m ) a fee ( a ram & a bullock1 :i* are kill$4 ,!y tell ! own] to wait ?ree days1 & if by !n ! /one is n return$1 !y br+ him ! ki?a?i on :i* to curse ! ?ief4 ,9 all probability1 ! /one is secretly return$ by night2 if n1 ! own] curses ! ?ief on ! ki?a?i1 & "s "t aft]w>ds x w be f\nd t two or ?ree p h di$ my/]i\sly 9 a c]ta9 village & ! /one is br\ght back4 ,! own] ( ! /one w !n kill a %eep1 & place /rips ( ! sk91 rukw>u1 ^u ! "r wri/ ( all ! m51 & ^u ! left ankle ( all ! wom5 9 ! ?ief's village4 ,aft] ?is1 !y all g to a riv] & are purifi$ on ! bank ( x by a mundu mugo1 or m$ic9e man4 ,!y !n ba! 9 ! riv] & are m>k$ on _! =eheads by a v]tical m>k made ) ira1 or :ite e>?1 & return home4 ,! own] ( ! /ones n[ pres5ts a ram or male goat to ! eld]s ( kiama1 to %[ t ! tr\ble is ov]4 ,x is said t no !ft ( ?is k9d has occurr$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! sacr$ /ones are call$ ,ki?angona ya mu*i1 :i* may be int]pret$ z 8village %r9e0 or alt>4 ,! ,swahili equival5t is ,ma?bah ya ,kaf>a ya miji2 ma?bah is evid5tly ! same z ! ,arabic masseba4 ,x is believ$ to be associat$ p>ticul>ly ) ! ngoma1 or ance/ral spirits1 & has no connection ) ! deity4 ,!y may p]haps believe t ! /ones =m a re/+-place = ! b5efic5t ngoma ( _! ance/ors1 or t !y indicate a spot :]e ! villag]s c r5d] s]vice to ! spirits4 ,! =m] int]pretation is ! m likely2 :y1 o!rwise1 %\ld !re be su* tr\ble :5 "o is /ol58 ,^! /ones mu/ nev] be us$ z seats4 ,! same idea occurs 9 ,bantu ,kavirondo1 :]e ^! /ones are to be f\nd 9 ea* village4 ,mumia po9t$ out su* a %r9e1 deck$ r\nd ) :ite fea!rs1 :]e a f[l 0 p]iodically kill$ & ! blood p\r$ betwe5 ! /ones4 ,! /ones 7 said to h come f ! nor? ( ! ,nzoia ,riv]1 f a place :5ce ! ,wanga clan 7 suppos$ to h migrat$4 ,"s ye>s ago1 "o ( ^! /ones 0 /ol5 by a compla9ant :o alleg$ t he c\ld n get a he>+ 9 a case reg>d+ ! debt ( a c[4 ,! :ole c\ntry-side 0 upset at ! loss2 ! suit 0 imm$iately he>d & dispos$ (1 & ev5tually ! /one 0 return$4 ,! incid5t cle>ly %[$ :at importance 0 atta*$ to ^! app>5tly insignificant objects4 ,if a ,kikuyu village is mov$1 ! /ones are mov$ to ! new village1 a fre% ram be+ buri$ 9 ! new spot4 ,be=e ! /ones are remov$1 ! head ( ! village & 8 s5ior wife p\r out honey-be] & sug>-cane be] on ! space betwe5 ! /ones1 :i* c !n be remov$ ) impunity4 ,:5 a brew ( honey-be] is made a little ( ! honey is p\r$ out betwe5 ! /ones1 & :5 ! be] is f]m5t$1 a libation is also p\r$ !re4 ,! writ] rec5tly witness$ ! celebration ( ! morn+ pray] at a village %r9e4 ,! pr9cipal wife br\ght sug>-cane be] & p\r$ "s into a c[ horn & "s into a small ,u %ap$ g\rd4 ,! eld]1 :o 0 head ( ! village1 !n p\r$ ! be]1 fir/ f ! horn on to ! trees gr[+ betwe5 ! /ones1 & !n f ! g\rd4 ,he n[ utt]$ a pray] ) great solemnity1 & call$ ^u ! spirits to grant good =tune to ! village & also to ! visitor4 ,he pray$ = weal? 9 live /ock1 abundance ( *ildr51 safety 9 j\rney+1 & s =?4 ,z ! pray] proce$$ ano!r eld] respond$ solemnly4 ,! be] f ! horn 0 a libation to ! male spirits2 t f ! g\rd to ! female spirits4 ,! horn _h a knob c>v$ on ! end1 ! orig9 ( :i* might be phallic4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,fir/fruits ,,( ,,! ,,h>ve/1 ,,also ,,plant+ ,,c]emonial ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e all ?is ) ! ,mosaic ritual laid d[n 9 ,exodus xxiii4 #ai3 8,! fir/ ( ! fir/fruits ( ?y l& ?\ %alt br+ into ! h\se ( ! ,"l ?y ,god40 ,?is is ! ,levitical m9ha or tribute4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s 8,religion ( ! ,semites10 p4 #bda1 /ates3 8,among ! ,hebrews1 z among o!r agricultural peoples1 ! (f]+ ( fir/fruits 0 connect$ ) ! idea t x is n lawful or safe to eat ( ! new fruit until ! god has receiv$ 8 due4 ,! (f]+ makes ! :ole crop lawful food1 b x does n r5d] x holy food2 no?+ is consecrat$ except ! small portion (f]$ at ! alt>1 & ( ! rema9+ /ore clean p]sons & unclean c eat alike dur+ ! ye>4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is q a diff]5t ?+ f ! consecration ( animal sacrifices1 = 9 ! latt] case ! :ole fle% is holy1 & only ^? :o are clean c eat ( x0 7,cf4 ,lev4 xxiii4 #aj-ba74 ,pr(essor ,rob]tson ,smi? also po9ts out t 9 ,hosea's "t ! fir/fruits ( corn 7 (f]$ at ! %r9es ( ! ,baalim1 :o _h become recognis$ z ! giv] ( ra9 & ! au?or ( all f]tility4 ,?is pr9ciple1 x w be se51 agrees z closely z possible ) ! ideas ( ! tribes "u review4 ,9 ,kikuyu1 ! p d n appe> to take ! fir/fruits to ! sacr$ tree =mally be=e reap+ ! crop1 b on ! occasion ( ea* h>ve/ ! wom5 w take (f]+s ( ! v>i\s c]eal foods--maize1 millet1 & s =? 7also beans1 sug> cane1 etc47--to ! sacr$ place4 ,!y are n all[$ to g "r up to ! tree1 b p\r _! gifts on ! gr\nd ne> by4 ,all su* food mu/ be uncook$4 ,?is be+ done1 !y return1 & ! eld]s kill ei!r a "y ewe :i* has n yet borne a lamb1 or a ram1 at a little di/ance f ! tree1 & a rukw>u1 or /rip ( sk91 is plac$ on ! left wri/ ( ea* ( ! wom54 ,! eld]s !n eat ! meat2 none is actually tak5 to ! tree or left !re4 ,x is a k9d ( h>ve/ ?anksgiv+ c]emony4 ,fir/fruits 9 ,ukamba4--,x is cu/om>y to eat a c]ta9 quantity ( ! maize cobs or ! bean crop be=e !y rip54 ,b be=e ?is c be done a little ( ea* k9d is reap$ & laid at ! i!mbo by an eld] & an old woman1 & a goat is sacrific$4 ,! ta?a1 or /oma* cont5ts ( ! goat1 are mix$ ) ! gre5 food 9 a cook+ pot & boil$4 ,a portion ( ?is is !n di/ribut$ to ea* village1 aft] :i* ! gre5 crops c be safely eat54 ,next comes ! prop] h>ve/1 b be=e reap+ c comm5ce ! own]s aga9 consult ! m$ic9e man ^: advice 0 previ\sly s\ght at s[+ "t4 ,!y take him a pres5t ( e k9d ( gra91 & s =?1 reap$ at ! previ\s h>ve/1 & he gives 8 advice z to a propiti\s day = ! c]emony4 ,! eld]s !n ga!r ! fir/fruits ( ! h>ve/ & assemble at ! village meet+-place 7?omi7 ( "o ( ! s5ior eld]s & sacrifice a goat4 ,!n1 z above1 !y cook samples ( ! v>i\s products 9 a big pot toge!r ) ! ta?a ( ! goat4 ,:5 ! food is ready1 ! wom5 f ! villages r\nd come & receive "s ( x1 :i* is plac$ on leaves4 ,x is said t 7 ?is c]emony to be omitt$1 ! p w\ld be afflict$ ) di>rha1 & w\ld presumably become ! victims ( ?abu4 ,b :5 x is conclud$1 !y may reap & eat ( ! crop )\t fe> or h9drance4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ?is c]emony is n consid]$ necess>y = ! mbaazi crop 7,cajanus indicus or pigeon pea74 ,! p give no explanation ( ?is1 b x may be t ! pigeon pea 0 introduc$ f ,kikuyu or else:]e1 aft] ! belief _h develop$1 & 0 !re=e exclud$4 ,a h\sewife hav+ ga!r$ into h] gran>y 7ikumba7 all h] crops1 mu/ n cohabit ) h] husb& ! night on :i* %e has complet$ h] h>ve/4 ,a pres5t ( a little ( ! new gra9 has to be made to ! m$ic9e man :o advis$ ! p :]e to plant4 ,if a woman has _h assi/ance f h] neighb\rs 9 ! h>ve/-field %e makes a fea/ ( all k9ds ( food2 no m5 are pres5t1 z !y h no?+ to d ) x4 ,!re is no danc+ on su* an occasion4 ,! next ?+ is ! ?re%+ ( ! gra91 & be=e ! mawele gra91 & accord+ to "s ! mbaazi pea1 c be ?re%$1 p]mission mu/ be s\ght f a m$ic9e man :o specialises 9 agricultural magic4 ,9 ,kibwezi di/rict no "o has any leave to ?re% mawele until ! eld]s h sacrific$ at ! i!mbo4 ,x is said t if anyone breaks ?is prohibition ! p>ticul> area w miss ! mvua ya ua1 or ! second portion1 ( ! next big ra9s4 ,^! are ! %[]s :i* br+ ! gra9 into head & fill out ! se$1 & ?us !y w miss _! crops4 ,! fir/ half ( ! ra9s gr[ ! /em & leaves1 & ! second half br+ ! plant to fruition4 ,aga91 if a woman has ! assi/ance ( h] neighb\rs %e w make a fea/ = !m at ! completion ( ! ?re%+4 ,plant+ ( ,crops & ,h>ve/4--,9 ,ukamba1 be=e ! s[+ ( ! gra9 is comm5c$ a m$ic9e man is usually consult$ ) reg>d to ! prop] season & ! prospect ( good ra9s4 ,:5 ^! prelim9>ies are settl$1 ! eld]s ( i!mbo & ! old wom5 are summon$ to ! i!mbo4 ,! m5 br+ a goat & ! wom5 br+ milk & (f]+s ( gra9 contribut$ by ! villages ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,! goat is sacrific$ at ! sacr$ tree2 "s ( ! blood & ! be] are p\r$ out z libations1 an (f]+ ( ! c]eals is made1 pray]s = good crops are (f]$1 & ! meat & food is !n eat5 & ! be] is drunk by ! wor%ipp]s4 ,!y !n g away & comm5ce to plant ) a light he>t4 ,aft] plant+1 h[ev]1 a woman mu/ n cohabit ) h] husb& until ! gra9 has spr\t$ & appe>$ above gr\nd4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 c]emonial cohabitation become necess>y 9 connection ) "s o!r religi\s obs]vance1 ! woman mu/ fir/ g & dig up a se$ ( ea* species ( food product :i* has be5 plant$ & br+ x back to ! village4 ,if any man plants be=e ! prop] sacrifice has tak5 place1 ! eld]s w f9e him a goat1 :i* has to be sacrific$ at ! i!mbo z an atonem5t4 ,fur!r1 ! gra9 :i* has be5 s[n has1 z f> z x is possible1 to be dug up1 collect$ & return$ to ! village4 ,if x is left 9 ! gr\nd1 x is suppos$ n to mature1 & also ,engai might be angry ) ! community at l>ge4 ,! p ( ,ulu 7,ukamba7 aga91 (t5 p]=m ano!r f]tility c]emony to ensure good crops4 ,!y take ! dung ( ! hyrax1 :i* is call$ k9yoi ngilla 9 ,kikamba1 & mix x ) ! p[d]$ root ( ! mul9diti tree & a we$ call$ wai?u4 ,?is m$ic9e is !n mix$ ) "s ( ! se$ :i* !y propose to plant & burnt toge!r ) "s ( ! dry we$s collect$ f ! field4 ,! fire is made 9 su* a position t ! smoke drifts across ! field4 ,! a%es ( ?is fire are !n mix$ ) ! se$ ab\t to be s[n4 ,9 ,kitui1 h[ev]1 x is said t a live hyrax is c>ri$ r\nd ! field by a procession ( villag]s1 ! animal be+ !n kill$ & its blood & entrails scatt]$ ov] ! field4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,circumcision ,,c]emonial ,"o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! life hi/ory ( all natives is ! =mal initiation to ! tribe1 ( :i* ! outw>d sign is usually ! c]emony ( circumcision4 ,9 ,kikuyu ^! rites h atta9$ "s elaboration1 & x is important to describe !m 9 detail4 ,x w lat] be se5 9 ,*apt] ,,vii h[ deeply ! division ( ! ,kikuyu tribe into ! two guilds1 ,kikuyu & ,masai1 #c affects _! cu/oms1 & 9 ! foll[+ description ! rites ( ! two guilds are describ$ sep>ately4 ,be=e a *ild rea*es ! age ( circumcision1 h[ev]1 a c]emony call$ ,ku-*i>uo r+i has to be gone ?r\gh1 :i* means 8to be born aga940 ,x mu/ be und]gone by "y *ildr5 be=e !y are eligible = ! next /age ( initiation1 viz41 circumcision4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! two c]emonies1 connect$ z !y are1 _c fail to /rike "o z be+1 9 a l[] /age ( civilisation1 ! g5esis ( ! idea ( ! sacram5ts ( baptism & confirmation4 ,x is said 9 fact t "s ( ! mission>ies d n hesitate to expla9 ! two ,*ri/ian doctr9es m5tion$ by ref]5ce to ! two pagan ones1 & /ate t ) ! help ( ?is key ! natives at once grasp ! idea ( _! doctr9es4 ,b to return to ! c]emony itself--! =m v>ies ) ! guild ( ! p>5ts4 ,accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! ,masai guild1 ab\t eight days aft] ! bir? ( ! *ild1 be x male or female1 ! fa!r ( ! infant kills a male %eep & takes ! meat to ! h\se ( ! "m1 :o eats x ) h] neighb\rs if !y belong to ! ,masai guild4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! fea/1 ! "m is adorn$ ) ! sk9 f ! left =eleg & %\ld] ( ! %eep1 ! piece ( sk9 be+ fa/5$ f h] left wri/ to left %\ld]2 ?is %e we>s = f\r days1 :5 x is tak5 (f & ?r[n on to h] b$1 :]e x rema9s till x disappe>s4 ,! "m & *ild h _! heads %av$ on ! day ?is c]emony takes place2 x has no connection ) ! nam+ ( ! *ild1 :i* is done on ! day ( its bir?4 ,! c]emony ( ,ku-*i>uo r+i1 accord+ to ! fa%ion ( ! ,kikuyu guild1 is z foll[s 9 ,s4 ,kikuyu4 ,! day aft] ! bir? a male %eep is kill$ & "s ( its fat is cook$ 9 a pot & giv5 to ! "m & infant to dr9k4 ,x 0 n specifically /at$ :e!r ?is _h a direct connection ) ! rite ref]r$ to1 b ! description comm5c$ ) a m5tion ( ?is4 ,:5 ! *ild rea*es ! age ( f ?ree to six ye>s ! fa!r kills a male %eep1 & ?ree days lat] ! novice is adorn$ ) "p ( ! sk9 & ! sk9 ( ! big /oma*4 ,^! sk9s are fa/5$ on ! "r %\ld] ( a boy or on ! left %\ld] ( a girl4 ,! sk9 us$ = a boy has1 h[ev]1 ! left %\ld] & leg cut out ( x1 & t = a girl has ! "r %\ld] & leg cut away4 ,! *ild we>s ^! = ?ree days1 & on ! f\r? day ! fa!r cohabits ) ! "m ( ! *ild4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important po9t1 & t is t be=e ! *ild is decorat$ ) ! %eep sk9 x mu/ g & lie alongside its "m on h] b$ & cry out l a newly born infant4 ,only aft] ?is c]emony has be5 p]=m$ is ! *ild eligible = circumcision4 ,a few days aft] circumcision ! *ild returns to sleep on a b$ 9 its "m's hut1 b ! fa!r has to kill a %eep be=e he c return1 & ! *ild mu/ dr9k "s ( ! blood1 ! fa!r also hav+ to cohabit ) ! "m ^u ! occasion4 ,ow+ to simil>ity ( "n x is possible t ! c]emony ( ,ku-*i>uo r+i might be confus$ ) ,ku-*i>uo kungi1 :i* is ( widely diff]5t significance4 ,?is latt] is an adoption c]emony1 & is said to be simil> to a ,swahili rite call$ ndugu ,ku*anjiana4 ,if a p]son has no bro!rs or p>5ts he w probably try to obta9 ! protection ( "s weal?y man & 8 family4 ,if su* a man agrees to adopt him he takes a male %eep & slaught]s x1 & ! suppliant takes ano!r "o4 ,! eld]s are assembl$ & slaught] ^! %eep1 /rips ( ! sk9 7rukw>u7 be+ tak5 f ! "r foot & f ! *e/ ( ea* %eep & ti$ r\nd ea* p]son's h&1 :ile ea* is decorat$ ) /rips ( sk9 f ! %eep ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,! poor man is !n consid]$ z ! son ( ! weal?y "o1 & :5 ! occasion arises ! latt] pays out live /ock to buy a wife = 8 adopt$ son4 ,! ,kamba p1 at any rate ! ,kitui section1 h no?+ correspond+ to ! ,ku-*i>uo r+i rite ( ! ,kikuyu1 b :5 ! *ild is ab\t six mon?s old x is mov$ f its "m's b$ & !nce=w>d sleeps on a little b$ by itself4 ,if ! husb& cohabits ) 8 wife dur+ ?is p]iod ! *ild has to be plac$ on ! "m's back4 ,circumcision4--,z previ\sly m5tion$1 ! ,a-,kikuyu are circumcis$ accord+ to two sy/ems1 "s accord+ to "o & "s accord+ to ! o!r4 7#a7 ,ku-rui?ia ukabi1 i4e41 ,masai fa%ion4 7#b7 ,ku-rui?ia u ,kikuyu or ,gikuyu1 i4e41 ,kikuyu fa%ion4 ,! actual surgical op]ation is ! same1 b accord+ to ! ,masai sy/em ! boys /ay & sleep 9 ! hut = f\r days aft] ! op]ation1 & !n g out1 %oot birds1 & we> ! sk9s ( ! birds on ! head & neck4 ,:5 ! new moon appe>s _! heads are %av$1 & ea* "o !n goes to 8 home4 ,! head ( ! village _c sleep 9 ! hut :]e ! circumcis$ y\?s are /ay+ until !y are well4 ,accord+ to ! ,kikuyu sy/em ! y\?s rema9 9 ! hut = eight days2 on ! day ( ! op]ation a %eep is kill$1 & on ! n9? day ! fa!r ( ! *ildr5 takes !m away to _! homes4 ,! head ( ! village sleeps 9 ! hut :]e ! y\?s /ay aft] ! op]ation has tak5 place4 ,^? circumcis$ accord+ to ,kikuyu fa%ion hold ! fea/ call$ ,mambura ! day be=e ! op]ation2 ! writ] rec5tly witness$ "o ( ^! ga!r+s1 & s is able to describe x ) "s accuracy4 ,x 0 held at a village betwe5 ! ,ma?>i & ,?igiri /reams1 & 0 on ! twelf? day ( ! moon1 s !re does n appe> to be any p>ticul> significance z to date4 ,sev]al ?\s& p ( bo? sexes _h collect$ to dance & take "p 9 ! fe/ivities2 ! w>riors 7 dress$ 9 _! w> pa9t & _h _! bodies sme>$ ) r$ or grey pa9t1 & 9 "s cases 7 pick$ out ) />-l patt]ns4 ,! wom5 7 all 9 _! be/1 & freely sme>$ ) r$ o*re & oil2 a l>ge collection ( eld]s 0 !re1 & ! *ief 0 pres5t1 z he expla9$1 9 ord] to keep ord] & prev5t ! "y w>riors f qu>rell+4 ,ov] ! gate ( ! village two long pieces ( sug> cane 7 fa/5$1 & all :o ent]$ ! village 7 suppos$ to pass und]nea?4 ,! entrance ( ! village 0 also gu>d$ by a bag ( m$ic9es belong+ to a mundu mugo2 ^! 7 suppos$ to prev5t anyone com+ into ! village to bewit* ! c&idates4 ,9 ! morn+ ! eld]s ( kiama slaught]$ a big male goat1 n!ngi1 by /rangulation1 & ea* male c&idate = circumcision _h a /rip ( ! sk9 fa/5$ r\nd 8 "r wri/1 ! same /rip be+ also c>ri$ ov] ! back ( 8 h& & 8 second f+] pass$ ?r\gh a slit 9 x4 ,! male c&idates 7 nude ) ! exception ( a /r+ ( beads or s1 & a necklace made ( a creep] call$ ngurwa2 ! girls 7 nude z f> z clo!s w5t1 b 7 envelop$ 9 /r+s ( beads f _! necks to bel[ _! wai/s4 ,mu* danc+ took place till a little aft] two p4m41 :5 !re 0 a c]emonial meal4 ,! c&idates came into ! village 9 ,indian file1 ! girls lead+ ! way4 ,!y 7 receiv$ 9 front ( ! hut1 :]e !y 7 to reside tempor>ily aft] ! op]ation1 by a few eld]s :o _h = "s "t be5 prep>+ a numb] ( /rips ( a vegetable creep]1 & sme>+ !m ) a black oily mixture4 ,ea* girl fir/ came up & _h a piece ( ! creep] fa/5$ r\nd h] left ankle4 ,! creep] is call$ ruru]a1 & ea* piece is sme>$ ) m$ic9e made f ! umu & wangnondu plants mix$ ) ca/or oil4 ,"o ( ! eld]s !n took a h&ful ( porridge made ( wimbi & mtama meal 7eleus9e gra9 & sorghum71 & plac$ "s on a bundle ( twigs ( ! m>>ia bu% & (f]$ x to ea* c&idate2 ! c&idate bit a little piece & !n spat x out on ! gr\nd1 ! balance 0 !n plac$ 9 h] h& & %e ate x4 ,! porridge 0 plac$ on a flat /one us$ = gr9d+ corn4 ,! boys !n came along "o by "o1 & ! c]emony 0 repeat$ 9 ! same mann]1 b ! /rip ( creep] 0 fa/5$ on ! "r ankle ( ea* boy4 ,x 0 /at$ t ! object ( ?is portion ( ! c]emony 0 to less5 ! pa9 suff]$ by ! c&idates dur+ ! actual op]ation4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! village a man 0 complet+ five /ools ( :ite wood1 r\ghly hewn out ( ! solid1 :i* 7 int5d$ z special seats = ! eld]s & old wom5 :o _h to p]=m ! c]emony4 ,imm$iately aft] ! c]emonial meal 0 f9i%$ a great ru% occurr$1 & ! c&idates1 foll[$ by ! cr[d1 gallop$ (f to a mugumu1 fig tree1 ab\t ?ree hundr$ y>ds away2 z !y approa*$ x1 ! boys ?rew clubs & /icks up into ! tree1 & !n comm5c$ to climb into ! bran*es1 hack+ savagely ! :ole "t at ! leaves & twigs2 ea* y\? _h a light club ) ! head %>p5$ to a blunt cutt+ edge1 & by d9t ( vigor\s hack+ gradually broke (f small bran*es :i* fell d[n among ! cr[d bel[1 & 7 imm$iately seiz$ by ! p1 "s ( :om at once began to /rip (f ! b>k4 ,! b>k 0 suppos$ to be us$ to b9d r\nd ! heads ( ! c&idates4 ,! p !n danc$ r\nd ! tree1 & ?is end$ ! proce$+s4 ,! leaves ( ! fig tree are collect$ & /rewn 9 ! hut :]e ! c&idates sleep aft] ! op]ation4 ,!y are said to be = ! purpose ( cat*+ ! blood1 & possibly to prev5t ! hut be+ defil$ by ! blood soak+ into ! e>!n floor4 ,!y w\ld nev] ?r[ /icks into1 or ga!r leaves f1 a sacr$ mugumu tree4 ,! actual op]ation 0 n se51 z x took place at dawn ! foll[+ morn+2 x is p]=m$ 9 ! op5 ne> ! village4 ,! bulk ( ! prepuce is n cut (f at all1 b =ms an excresc5ce bel[ ! glans1 a small piece ( sk9 only be+ cut (f2 x is ?r[n away1 & n buri$4 ,at ! simil> op]ation 9 ,ukamba ! prepuce is left on ! leaves on :i* ! y\? is seat$ dur+ ! op]ation & ?r[n away ) !m4 ,! neophyte is plac$ on a b$ ( leaves = ! op]ation1 z x is v bad = ! blood to fall on ! e>?4 ,if anyone t\*es ! blood x is consid]$ unlucky & he mu/ cohabit ) 8 wife1 & ! "m ( ! *ild ) h] husb&1 & no h>m w ensue4 ,mambura ,fe/ivities ,prec$+ ,circumcision ,accord+ to ,masai ,fa%ion4--,! fe/ival :i* prec$es circumcision accord+ to ! ,masai fa%ion 0 also witness$4 ,x 0 orig9ally to h be5 held at full moon1 b bad wea!r caus$ its po/ponem5t till ! tw5ty-fif? day ( ! moon1 :i* seem$ to be equally propiti\s4 ,9 ! morn+ a %eep 0 kill$ & eat5 by ! eld]s1 & at ab\t noon ! c&idates _h assembl$4 ,! p ( ! village & ! c&idates pass$ _! "t 9 danc+ until ! prep>ations 7 complet$4 ,! male c&idates 7 sme>$ f head to foot ) a%es1 & 7 nude ) ! exception ( a belt ( iron *a9 7munyoro71 a bead necklet 7k9yata71 an iron danc+ bell 7kigamba7 on ! "r leg ne> ! knee2 "s wore a r+ ( ! ngurwa v9e r\nd _! necks4 ,! girls 7 decorat$ f neck to wai/ ) a load ( beads z 9 ! ,kikuyu =m ( ! c]emony4 ,! fir/ proce$+ 0 ! decoration ( ea* ( ! male c&idates ) a bracelet made ( climb+ euphorbiace\s plant call$ mwimba iguru4 ,! eld]s ( kiama & ! wives ( ! own] ( ! village1 :o 0 "o ( ! eld]s1 sat r\nd 9 a circle 9 ! middle ( ! village ) a quantity ( t5drils ( ! plant on a wick] tray1 kit>uru1 9 ! c5tre2 a small g\rd ( :ite diatomace\s e>?1 ira1 0 produc$1 & ea* p]son lick$ a little & !n sme>$ a small portion ( ! :ite e>? on 8 ?roat & navel2 ?is 0 to purify himself = ! c]emony4 ,a horn cup ( honey-be] 0 !n produc$1 ea* "o tak+ a sip1 & !n all simultane\sly bl[+ x out ( _! m\?s 9 spray on to ! plant2 x 0 said t ! object ( ?is 0 to purify or d$icate ! plant to ! use to :i* x 0 to be appli$4 ,! male c&idates !n came up "o by "o & a bracelet ( ! creep] 0 fa/5$ on ! "r wri/ ( ea*4 ,aft] a little m danc+ ! male c&idates 7 seat$ 9 a r[ on ox-hides spread out on ! gr\nd2 a woman1 ! si/] ( ! own] ( ! village1 came along & p\r$ fir/ a little milk & !n a little honey-be] on ! head ( ! "o on ! left ( ! l9e2 %e sme>$ x ov] ! scalp & %av$ a place on ! "r side ( 8 head & pass$ on to ! next4 ,! %av+ 0 m]ely c]emonial1 z ! c&idates _h all be5 %av$ on ! head be=e com+ to ! c]emony--! native razor1 ru5ji1 be+ us$4 ,! milk 0 9 a g\rd & ! be] 9 a c[ horn4 ,! male c&idates !n got up1 & ! same p]=mance 0 gone ?r\gh ) ! girls4 ,%ortly aft] ?is two great bran*es f ! mutamaiyu tree 7 br\ght to ! gate ( ! village & held upright1 "o on ea* side ( ! entrance2 ! eld]s said t 9 ! c]emonies accord+ to ,masai fa%ion ! mutamaiyu _h ! same significance z ! mugumu tree _h 9 ! ,kikuyu c]emonial4 ,! c&idates came ?r\gh ! village danc+ & s++ all ! "t up to ne> ! mutamaiyu bran*es1 & /opp$ a few y>ds away f !m1 /ill danc+ & s++4 ,! song did n appe> to h any great significance1 be+ to ! effect t f "t immemorial !y always _h ! mutamaiyu at ^! fe/ivals1 & n[ x _h come !y c\ld proce$ to circumcise ! c&idates accord+ to old cu/om4 ,!y !n all return$ to ! village1 & ! c&idates 7 arrang$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y c\ld be circumcis$ on ! morr[4 ,! own] ( ! village dive/$ himself ( 8 blanket & donn$ an oily k>oss made ( goatsk9 f :i* all ! hair _h be5 scrap$2 8 h&s 7 c>efully wip$ & "s ira 7! :ite e>? previ\sly m5tion$7 0 p\r$ into ! palm ( 8 h& f a small g\rd4 ,he !n comm5c$ at ! left ( ! l9e & ano9t$ ea* c&idate on diff]5t p>ts ( ! body ) sme>s ( ! :ite e>?2 he 0 assi/$ by 8 pr9cipal wife & two si/]s & ano!r eld]4 ,! boys 7 fir/ t\*$ on ! tongue1 & a l9e 0 !n drawn d[n ! =ehead to ! po9t ( ! nose2 a spot 0 plac$ on ! ?roat1 ! navel1 ! palm ( ea* h&1 & f9ally betwe5 ! big toe & fir/ toe4 ,! proc$ure ) ! girls 0 slightly diff]5t1 ! tongue be+ sme>$ fir/1 & a horizontal l9e !n drawn across ! =ehead4 ,! palms ( ! h&s & ! navel 7 next sme>$1 & f9ally a b& 0 drawn r\nd ea* ankle4 ,aft] ! c&idates _h ?us be5 ano9t$1 ! eld]s took m\?fuls ( honey-be] out ( a horn & blew x 9 spray ov] ea* c&idate's head & %\ld]s4 ,?is "p ( ! proce$+s 0 a c]emony int5d$ to purify ! c&idates f any ?ahu :i* might be on !m1 & to protect !m f any ?ahu :i* !y might possibly get f an onlook]4 ,! spectators 8ululu$0 l\dly dur+ ?is op]ation4 ,x 0 !n ab\t two p4m41 & no?+ fur!r ( importance took place2 ! cr[d1 :i* _h be5 gradually gr[+1 h[ev]1 danc$ on till sund[n4 ,at nightfall ea* c&idate 0 said to receive a dose ( ! cru%$ se$s ( a plant call$ ngaita1 :i* act$ z an ap]i5t1 & 9 ! morn+ be=e ! op]ation ea* "o _h to ba! 9 wat] 9 :i* an axe head _h be5 plac$ to make x cold2 x 01 h[ev]1 /at$ t if !re 7 a l>ge numb]1 "s w\ld n bo!r ab\t ?is1 b w\ld ba! 9 ! ne>e/ /ream4 ,! op]ation took place at dawn on ! foll[+ morn+1 & 0 n witness$4 ,no firewood b t f ! mutamaiyu tree is all[$ to be us$ 9 ! hut :]e ! c&idates live aft] ! op]ation4 ,?is cu/om ( circumcision accord+ to ! two diff]5t sy/ems applies to bo? sexes4 ,bo? classes dance ) ! oval wood5 %ields call$ ndomi be=e circumcision1 & travel ?r\gh ! di/rict pa9t$ 9 zig-zag /ripes ) :ite clay4 ,a man circumcis$ accord+ to ,masai fa%ion c m>ry a girl circumcis$ accord+ to ,kikuyu fa%ion & vice v]s2 b a m$ic9e man & ! eld]s h to p]=m a c]emony to *ange ! girl f ,kikuyu to ,masai be=e ! m>riage c take place4 ,! c]emony is said to be z foll[s3 a male %eep is kill$1 & ! small inte/9es are extract$4 ,! m$ic9e man & ! girl take hold ( !m1 & ! eld]s !n cut ! inte/9es ) ?ree pieces ( wood %>p5$ to a knife edge & made ( ma?akwa1 mukeo1 & muk5ya bu%es4 ,a piece ( inte/9e is cut ) ea* knife4 ,! girl is !n ano9t$ ) ! fat ( ! %eep by ano!r woman & sme>$ ov] ) ta?a 7! /oma* cont5ts7 mix$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! case ( a m>riage betwe5 a c\ple belong+ to diff]5t guilds ! man nev] *anges2 x is always ! woman :o rel9qui%es ! sy/em 9 :i* %e 0 br\ght up4 ,a man c1 h[ev]1 at 8 own wi% & = reasons ( 8 own1 *ange 8 guild2 t is to say a man br\ght up ,masai fa%ion c *ange ov] to ! ,kikuyu side4 ,x is a mu* simpl] matt] = him ?an = a woman2 a male %eep is kill$ by ! eld]s1 & a m$ic9e man !n comes & puts him ?r\gh ! ord9>y purification c]emony4 ,a man usually belongs to ! guild ( 8 fa!r2 t is to say1 he is circumcis$ accord+ to ! sy/em ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r be=e him4 ,! m>k ( a p]son circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion is z foll[s3 a copp] r+ is plac$ 9 ! l[] lobe ( ea* e>1 & a piece ( /ick ) an o/ri* fea!r on x is b\nd on ea* side ( ! head2 a b& ( sansevi]a fibre1 ndivai1 #d is b\nd r\nd ! =ehead1 & on ?is b& bird sk9s are fa/5$4 ,^! ornam5ts are worn = eight days only2 b[s & arr[s are also c>ri$ & s&als are worn4 ,aft] eight days !y put (f ! ornam5ts & give up ! b[s & arr[s1 leav+ !m 9 ! village :]e !y 7 circumcis$4 ,!y !n h _! heads %av$ at ! village & return home4 ,^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion g ?r\gh none ( ?is1 b = two days we> a /rip ( banana fibre1 maigoia1 9 ! lobe ( ea* e>4 ,dur+ five days aft] recov]y !y also we> 9 _! e>s a r\nd plug ( mununga wood :it5$ on ! top ) ira & a necklace ( ! leaves ( ! muta?i plant4 ,?is is probably a protective magic to pres]ve !m f evil influ5ce dur+ _! convalesc5ce4 ,! m>ks j enum]at$ only apply to ! male sex4 ,) reg>d to girls1 fur!r inquiry has elicit$ ! foll[+ facts3 a girl ^: fa!r belongs to ! ,masai guild we>s r+s ( copp] call$ ndogonyi on ea* ankle4 ,a girl ^: fa!r belongs to ! ,kikuyu guild we>s an anklet ( iron ) little rattles1 call$ ny>a runga1 atta*$ to x4 ,if a girl :o is ,masai m>ries a man :o is ,kikuyu ! ndogonyi are tak5 (f at m>riage4 ,if a girl :o is ,kikuyu m>ries a man :o is ,masai %e does n1 h[ev]1 disc>d ! ny>a runga4 ,! elaborate c]emonial ( old days 9 connection ) circumcision is n[ rapidly dy+ out 9 ,s\!rn ,kikuyu4 ,inquiries 7 made z to :e!r ! bull-ro>]1 :i* is well kn[n 9 ,kikuyu z kiburuti1 0 us$ 9 ^! c]emonies1 b curi\sly en\gh x appe>s to survive only z a *ild's toy1 :]eas 9 _m ( ! neighb\r+ tribes x & its fir/ c\s91 ! friction drum1 are regul>ly us$ 9 initiation c]emonial4 ,among ! ,kikuyu1 two m5 circumcis$ at ! same c]emony _c g into ea* o!r's huts or ev5 t\* "o ano!r & nei!r may _! *ildr5 by _! fir/ wives4 ,! prohibition may be remov$ by an ex*ange ( goats1 or be]1 :i* bo? families consume toge!r 9 a hut4 ,?is prohibition does n ext5d to *ildr5 ( y\ng] wives or to gr&*ildr54 ,x does n appe> to be connect$ 9 any way ) ?abu1 b a p5alty ( a goat or two is paid = brea* ( ! cu/om4 ,g5]ations ( ! ,a-,kikuyu4--,! description ( ! circumcision may be conclud$ by an enum]ation ( ! circumcision ages ( ! ,kikuyu z f> back z !y c be trac$4 ,9 ! ,decemb] numb] ( ,man1 #aijh1 ! late ,hon4 ,k4 ,dundas gives a li/ ( ! ,rika or circumcision ages ( ! ,a-,kikuyu :i* probably goes back ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s or s1 b ?is enum]ation did n g suffici5tly into detail1 & c]ta9 important po9ts 7 miss$1 s x has n[ be5 revis$4 ,f\r well-kn[n eld]s1 nam$ ,katonyo wa ,mun5e1 ,k>anja wa ,hiti1 ,i?onga wa ,kai?uma1 & ,mukuria wa ,mu*]u1 7 consult$1 & ! foll[+ li/s are probably z reliable z c be expect$1 dep5d5t z !y unavoidably are on ! memory ( old m54 ,! fir/ li/ 0 giv5 me by ! fir/ two1 ! second li/ by ! second two4 ,!re are slight v>iations1 b ^! are almo/ inevitable "u ! circum/ances4 ,morika1 or ,muhurika1 s+ul>--,rika1 plural1 is ! circumcision age or g5]ation1 & corresponds m or less to ! poror among ! ,masai4 ,! ,rika call$ ,manjiri1 ,mamba1 ,m&uti1 & ,*uma 7 n recognis$ by ei!r ( ! eld]s1 :o bo? comm5c$ _! c\nt ) ,*iira1 :i* is obvi\sly ! same z ,%i]a ( ,dundas's pap]1 & possibly ! f>!r nor? "o goes among ! ,kikuyu tribe ! f>!r back d _! leg5ds g4 ,! foll[+ is ! li/ beg9n+ at ! mo/ remote po9t3 ,,v]sion ,i #a4 ,*iira4 #b4 ,ma?a?i4 #c4 ,endemi4 #d4 ,iregi ,^! ?ree1 x is said1 are (t5 #e4 ,ki>ie gr\p$ z ,iregi4 #f4 ,kamao #g4 ,k9u?ia #h4 ,k>anja ,! fa!rs ( ! olde/ m5 #i4 ,njuguna alive 9 ! c\ntry belong$ #aj4 ,k9yanjui to ^! ages1 & are call$ #aa4 ,ka?uru ,ma9a4 #ab4 ,ngnanga #ac4 ,nj]ogi1 means ! orphans1 ,*ief ,katonyo is ( ?is morika4 #ad4 ,wa9a9a1 means ^? :o %iv]$ dur+ ! circumcision c]emony4 #ae4 ,mungai1 means swell$ faces4 #af4 ,kitao1 ref]s to _! eat+ colocasia roots aft] !y 7 circumcis$4 #ag4 ,ngua ya n9a1 ^? :o wore _! mo!rs' clo!s4 #ah4 ,mbugwa or ,ku*u1 because ! circumcision w\nds did n heal4 #ai4 ,mwiruri1 "n ( a song !y sang at ! c]emony t ye>4 #bj4 ,mwitungu1 means small-pox4 #ba4 ,kiambu?i1 call$ ,mwangi1 ^? ( ! danc+ place4 #bb4 ,kirira or ,ngugi1 because fire 0 on ,k5ya at ! "t ( ! circumcision c]emony4 #bc4 ,mangorio1 nam$ aft] a sweet-smell+ tree us$ to decorate ! y\?s aft] circumcision4 #bd4 ,rohangha1 nam$ aft] a girl :o _h decorat$ h] e>s be=e m>riage4 #be4 ,wanyoiki1 because !y came "o by "o to ! place ( circumcision4 #bf4 ,boro1 ! big /oma* ( a %eep4 #bg4 ,imburu1 ! poor p 7!re 0 a fam9e at ! "t74 #bh4 ,ngoraya4 #bi4 ,k9iti1 f a song4 #cj4 ,+igi1 season ( ! locu/s 7,katonyo's son1 ,?uku1 belongs to ?is g5]ation74 #ca4 ,mutongu ,call$ ,mwangi4 ,"t ( ! small-pox1 probably #cb4 ,k5jeko ab\t #ahie4 ,:5 circumcis$ !y w5t to dig potatoes 9 ! fields4 #cc4 ,kam&e ,"t ( ! cat]pill> plague4 #cd4 ,wany>egi ,call$ ,mwir+hu4 ,! w&]]s4 #ce4 ,kanyuto ,?is is a "n ,! man-eat+ leop>ds2 giv5 by ! !re 7 sev]al ab\t y\?s !mselves 9 t ye>4 #cf4 ,!g5i to ?is age4 ,!y ,! ye> ( ! cutt+ w probably be ( ! iron wire4 #cg4 ,k>iang>a r5am$ lat] by ,!y ate gruel made ( ! eld]s :5 immature maize 7,?uku's ! g5]ation son belongs to ?is is complete4 ye>74 #ch4 ,njege ,! porcup9es4 #ci4 ,makio ,nam$ aft] a liquid magic m$ic9e :i* 0 sold 9 ,kikuyu dur+ ! ye>4 ,^? circumcis$ 9 #aiaj belong to ?is morika1 x w f9i% e>ly 9 #aiaa4 ,,v]sion ,,ii #a4 ,*iira4 #b4 ,ma?a?i4 #c4 ,endemi4 #d4 ,iregi4 #e4 ,mukuria4 #f4 ,ki*>u4 #g4 ,kamao4 #h4 ,ki>ie4 #i4 ,kimemia4 #aj4 ,kimani4 #aa4 ,k>anja4 #ab4 ,k9u?ia4 #ac4 ,njuguna4 #ad4 ,k9yanjui or ,ka?uru4 #ae4 ,ngnanga4 #af4 ,nj]ogi4 #ag4 ,ubu4 #ah4 ,wa9a9a ,^! are (t5 #ai4 ,kangne?i gr\p$ z ,wa9a9a4 #bj4 ,kitao #ba4 ,mungai ,(t5 gr\p$ z #bb4 ,injehia ,mungai4 #bc4 ,mairanga #bd4 ,m>ire4 #be4 ,wangigi4 #bf4 ,ngua ya n9a4 #bg4 ,wakirutu4 #bh4 ,m\gwa or ,kit9diko4 #bi4 ,mwitongu4 #cj4 ,mwiruri4 #ca4 ,u*u4 #cb4 ,kiambu?i4 #cc4 ,ngugi or ,kirira4 #cd4 ,mangorio4 #ce4 ,rohangha4 #cf4 ,wanyoike4 #cg4 ,k9yiti4 #ch4 ,imboru4 #ci4 ,+igi4 #dj4 ,mutungu4 #da4 ,k5jeko4 #db4 ,kam&e4 ,?is br+s u up to ! la/ few ye>s1 & ! eld]s said !y _h no int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! "n giv5 to ! morika g5]ally has "s topical allusion to an ev5t :i* occurr$ dur+ ! ye> & ab\t ! "t ( ! circumcision c]emonies2 ^! allusions are naturally =gott5 9 c\rse ( "t1 & ! d]ivations 9 _m cases n[ appe> s5seless4 ,"o morika ext5ds ov] two ye>s1 or f\r ,kikuyu seasons1 call$ ,kim]a4 ,! t]ms ,ma9a & ,mwangi z names = ! rika ( ! la/ fifty ye>s seem to be fix$ z f> z "o c ga!r1 e4g43-- ,! ,*ief ,katonyo's fa!r 0 ,ma9a4 ,katonyo himself is ,mwangi4 ,katonyo's *ildr5 are ,ma9a4 ,katonyo's gr&*ildr5 :5 circumcis$ become ,mwangi4 ,8 great-gr&*ildr5 :5 circumcis$ become ,ma9a4 ,s app>5tly e p]son :5 circumcis$ takes ! "n ( ! morika ( 8 gr&fa!r4 ,! ^w morika is us$ indiff]5tly z apply+ to ! l>g] gr\p z well z to ! gr\p ( a p>ticul> ye>4 ,any "y m51 h[ev]1 :o h be5 circumcis$ ( rec5t ye>s1 & are /ill "u ! class ,mwir+hu1 w\ld n be call$ ,mwangi until ! gr\p ( ye>s 0 complete4 ,! "t ( ! completion ( a gr\p ( ye>s is decid$ by ! eld]s1 b :at det]m9$ ! comm5cem5t ( a new gr\p 0 n asc]ta9$4 ,^! rika names only apply to males4 ,a lead+ ,kikuyu eld] nam$ ,lorigi 0 indep5d5tly que/ion$ on ^! matt]s by ,mr ,c4 ,dundas1 & 8 view 0 z foll[s3 ,! ,azamaki ( to-day are practically all ,mwangi1 & ,lorigi himself1 :o is among ! mo/ s5ior ,azamaki1 belongs to ,mwangi4 ,kamiri1 & a few o!rs1 are ,ma9a1 l ! ,mwangi he att5ds ! c\ncils4 ,! sons ( ,ma9a are ,mwangi & ! sons ( ,mwangi are ,ma9a1 s t a man always belongs to ! same division z 8 gr&fa!r3 ?us ,lorigi's fa!r 0 a ,ma9a & 8 son also belongs to ,ma9a1 b ,lorigi himself belongs to ,mwangi z 8 gr&son does4 ,x ?us comes ab\t t !re are two g5]ations ( ,mwangi & ,ma9a liv+ at ! same "t1 & ! y\ng] g5]ation ( ei!r is di/+ui%$ by ! tempor>y "n ( ,mwirungu 7plural ,irungi74 ,:5 ^! become eld]s !y w be call$ ,mwangi or ,ma9a1 z ! case may be1 )\t ! addition ( ,irungu4 ,! ,itwika ,c]emony4--,z expla9$ 9 ! la/ section1 ! ,kikuyu h rika or circumcision ages1 & a long li/ 0 giv52 ^! rika fall into gr\ps & s _m =m a great] rika1 nam$ ei!r ,mwangi or ,ma9a1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r alt]nately4 ,x 0 n cle> at ! "t :at det]m9$ a gr\p ( rika be+ lump$ toge!r z ,ma9a or ,mwangi2 x n[ appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ?is is connect$ ) a p]iodic c]emony call$ ! itwika1 :i* takes place e fifte5 ye>s or s4 ,^! correspond to a great ext5t to ! eunoto ( ! ,masai1 & are ( trem5d\s importance to ! ,kikuyu2 ! eld]s1 9 fact1 /ate t !y orig9at$ 9 ,kikuyu1 & 7 copi$ by ! ,masai dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! ,kapotei & ,dogilani ,masai 7 v fri5dly ) ! ,s4 ,kikuyu & ! ,purko ,masai ) ! ,n4 ,kikuyu2 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to say :e!r !re is any f\ndation = ?is4 #e ,probably ! be/ te/ w\ld be to inquire if ! ,b>i p :o live 9 or ne> ! c\ntry f :i* ! ,masai are believ$ to be d]iv$1 possess ?is k9d ( social organisation4 ,! itwika has be5 describ$ by ,mr4 ,r\tl$ge z a secret society connect$ ) snake wor%ip1 b z f> z c be discov]$ 9 ,s4 ,kikuyu !re is no f\ndation = ?is idea1 eld]s1 h[ev]1 d n c>e to discuss its c]emonial unless "o is v well kn[n to !m2 !y are n suppos$ to discuss x ) any p]son ( y\ng] grade ?an !mselves1 & ! c]emonies may be consid]$1 9 fact1 z a f9al initiation at :i* only fully qualifi$ eld]s are all[$ to att5d4 ,! la/ great itwika c]emony 0 at ! end ( ! big fam9e ( #ahih-i1 & 0 held ab\t ! "t t ! ,gov]nm5t f\nd$ ,=t ,hall4 #f ,! ga!r+s 7 =m]ly held on ! area betwe5 ! ,?ika & ,*ania riv]s1 j above ! junction ( ^! two riv]s1 & ! "n ,?ika is d]iv$ f its connection ) ! itwika4 ,! la/ itwika 0 held ne> ,kalaki's1 9 ! di/rict kn[n z ,t+nanga 9 ,mimi wa ,ru*u's c\ntry2 x is said t on acc\nt ( ! decimation ( ! p by fam9e & small-pox x 0 decid$ n to hold x at ! old place4 ,! next itwika w take place :5 ! gr&*ildr5 ( p ( ! same rika z ! *ief ,k9anjui h all be5 circumcis$1 & ! decision ( ! date re/s ) ! a?uri ya ukuu ( ! ,ma9a g5]ation1 ?is be+ ! s5ior g5]ation to-day4 ,?is app>5tly corresponds to ! ngaje ( ! ,masai 7vide ,hollis's 8,masai074 ,an acc\nt ( ! la/ c]emony 0 obta9$ f "o :o 0 pres5t1 & ! fir/ /ep is said to be ! build+ ( a huge long hut to accommodate ^? :o p>ticipate 9 ! fe/ival4 ,?is is divid$ into two ma9 divisions1 "o = eld]s ( ! ,ma9a g5]ation & "o = ^? ( ! ,mwangi g5]ation1 & 9 addition1 a small room = ! a?uri ya ukuu1 :o may be consid]$ z ! (ficiat+ prie/s ( ! fe/ival4 ,^! ?uri ya ukuu are always eight 9 numb]1 & at ! la/ itwika _! names 71 ,mu?aka1 ,ngombwa ,tutua1 ,kimwaki1 ,ka?ungu1 ,ki!nji wa ,njuki1 ,rimui wa ,kanjuku1 ,ngeg5ya & ,mbura wa ,katuku1 & ! :ole programme re/$ 9 _! h&s4 ,! pr9cipal eld] ( ea* village is suppos$ to att5d1 & (t5 ! next 9 importance z well2 ! ga!r+1 !re=e1 consi/s ( sev]al ?\s& s\ls1 & ! proce$+s cont9ue = ?ree mon?s or m4 ,ea* eld] br+s %eep & goats1 bullocks1 g\rds ( honey-be]1 & g\rds ( sug>-cane be]1 & relays ( food are br\ght to ! camp dur+ ! c]emonies by wom51 b no wom5 are all[$ )9 ! conf9es ( ! camp4 ,a numb] ( m5 are also select$ to collect firewood1 b d n come inside ! camp4 ,! only p]sons all[$ inside ! camp1 except ! eld]s1 are eight spe>m51 :o are told (f to att5d on ! eight a?uri ya ukuu4 ,x does n appe> possible to obta9 a detail$ acc\nt ( ! proce$+s1 b x is said t e day ! eight a?uri ya ukuu in/ruct _! juniors 9 ! cu/oms ( ! tribe & s =?1 ! eld]s also hold 8ngomas0 or dances4 ,"o man is *os5 z an (ficial trumpet] to ! proce$+s1 & he collects ! eld]s = ! v>i\s rites by bl[+ a horn ( ! r>e bongo antelope 7ndongoro74 ,! horn is call$ *oro1 & no "o else is all[$ to bl[ x2 ?is is consid]$ a v hon\rable (fice1 & ! trumpet] is paid n9e rams & n9e female kids = 8 s]vices4 ,9 =m] days t[>ds ! end ( ! fe/ival ! eld]s 9 *>ge ( an itwika s5t two envoys to a c]ta9 place on a /ream call$ ,kikira1 9 ,k5ya prov9ce1 :i* 0 said to be ! habitat ( a my/]i\s reptile call$ ! ndama?ia4 ,x 0 describ$ z be+ m l a crocodile ?an l a snake4 ,?is bea/ 0 giv5 be] to dr9k1 & :5 x 0 drunk hairs 7 pluck$ f its tail4 ,a hairy tail is n *>act]i/ic ( reptiles1 b all are agre$ t ! hairs 7 obta9$4 ,! envoys !n return$1 & ! hair 0 plait$ toge!r ) "s /r&s ( fibre ( ! wild date palm 7,phnix recl9ata71 & !n plac$ on ! top ( ! itwika hut4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! fe/ival ! p w5t 9 procession to a sacr$ fig tree 7mugumu7 9 ! vic9ity1 & /uff$ ! hair into a crevice 9 ! tree & left x !re4 ,!y !n took ! milk ( a c[ :i* _h only borne "o calf1 ! milk ( a ewe :i* _h only borne "o lamb1 & ! milk ( a goat :i* _h only borne "o kid1 & p\r$ !m z a libation at ! foot ( ! fig tree2 a dance r\nd ! fig tree !n ensu$4 ,?is 0 ! conclud+ c]emony ( ! itwika4 ,ea* p]son att5d+ 0 f9ally adorn$ on ! wri/ ) a rukw>u or /rip ( sk9 f a male goat1 & ! itwika h\se 0 brok5 up & !y return$ home4 ,at ! la/ itwika held 9 ,s\? ,kikuyu ! eld]s did n s5d = ! hair ( ! ndama?ia1 b ! conclud+ c]emony 0 c>ri$ out ) a big black ox1 :i* 0 ti$ by its =e & h9d legs & laid betwe5 two poles2 all ! p !n came along1 "o aft] ! o!r1 & /amp$ on ! ox1 :i* ev5tually di$4 ,! ox 0 n eat5 b 0 left ly+ !re1 & !y !n p\r$ libations ( milk & fat at ! foot ( ! sacr$ mugumu tree & danc$ r\nd x1 pray+ to ,god 7,engai74 ,aft] ?is !y %av$ _! heads1 7 adorn$ ) ! rukw>u f a male goat1 & return$ home4 ,^u rea*+ _! villages ea* eld] kill$ a ram & plac$ a rukw>u cut f its sk9 on e p]son 9 8 village2 ^! 7 worn = "o day only1 ! villag]s !n c]emonially ba!d & ?rew !m away4 ,^! c]emonies are said to be v pleas+ to ,god 7,engai74 ,no "o is ev] all[$ to cultivate on ! area :i* has be5 us$ = an itwika c]emony1 & no "o mu/ ev] cut ! mugumu 7fig tree7 ) an axe or knife4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,dea? ,,& ,,burial ,,c]emonial ,kikuyu4--,among mo/ peoples1 irrespective ( _! /age ( culture1 def9ite c]emonials h to be obs]v$ ^u ! occasion ( a dea?1 & be=e ! heirs c succe$ to ! prop]ty4 ,9 ,kikuyu l& ^! are some:at complex1 & l _m o!r obs]vances 9 t c\ntry1 _! =m greatly dep5ds on ! circumcision guild to :i* ! p]son belongs4 ,?is is ! excuse = introduc+ ! subject1 z x is submitt$ t ?is factor has app>5tly escap$ ! notice ( previ\s inve/igators1 & to und]/& fully ! life-hi/ory ( a ,kikuyu native x mu/ be cle>ly realis$ h[1 f 8 e>ly ye>s to 8 dea?1 he is b\nd d[n by ! ritual ( ! guild to :i* he belongs4 ,! ne>e/ analogy "o c f9d to illu/rate ?is is ! case ( "o *ild :o is baptis$ a ,prote/ant & ano!r a ,roman ,ca?olic2 ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ^! religions are ! same1 & among ! ,kikuyu ! guild to :i* a man belongs does n affect 8 beliefs z to ! ngoma1 or spirits1 & _! influ5ce ^u mortals1 b ! ritual ( 8 religion v>ies ?r\gh\t 8 life accord+ to ! guild to :i* he belongs4 ,! c]emonial obs]v$ ^u a dea? is call$ ku-hukura--! ,swahili synonym1 sadaka1 has practically ! same mean+4 ,! dea? & fun]al c]emonies ( an eld] circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion w be fir/ describ$4 ,on ! day ( ! dea? ! *ildr5 or heirs take two rams & pres5t !m to ! eld]s to pay = ! digg+ ( ! grave2 e eld] :o has circumcis$ *ildr5 is buri$1 m>ri$ wom5 :o h borne five or six *ildr5 are also buri$4 ,! grass is dug ) a mubiru or mukuruwi /ick1 ! sons ( ! deceas$ do+ ! actual digg+1 b ! eld]s decide ! site & sup]vise ! "w2 if a son refuses to assi/ 9 digg+ 8 fa!r's grave x disqualifies him f receiv+ a %>e ( ! e/ate4 ,! grave-digg]s receive a big male goat 7n!nge71 or1 if ! family is ri*1 a bullock1 ! bullock be+ slaught]$ & ! corpse buri$ 9 ! hide4 ,! corpse ( a male is buri$ on its "r side ) its knees d\bl$ up & ) ! "r h& "u ! head4 ,! site ( ! grave is ne> ! gate ( ! village1 & ! face ( ! corpse is plac$ look+ t[>ds its hut4 ,a woman is always buri$ ly+ on h] left side4 ,on ! ?ird day aft] ! int]m5t1 ! eld]s assemble at ! village to kill a ram to cleanse ! village f ! /a9 ( dea?1 & ! sons eat ! brea/ ( ?is animal & next day %ave _! heads4 ,! same day ! eld]s br+ ) !m "o ( _! numb] :o is v poor1 & ( ! same clan z ! deceas$1 & he has to sleep 9 ! hut ( ! s5ior wid[ ( ! deceas$ & h connection ) h]2 he g5]ally lives on 9 ! village & is look$ ^u z a /epfa!r to ! *ildr54 ,!re is !n a pause ( six days1 & on ! sev5? day ! eld]s return1 a supply ( be] is made ready = !m1 & a big male goat is kill$ & eat5 by all pres5t4 ,?is is call$ n!nge ya noro1 :i* means ! 8goat ( ! :et/one10 ref]r+ to ! :et/one us$ 9 %>p5+ ! razors ) :i* ! heads are c]emonially %av$ at ! conclusion ( ! c]emonies4 ,dur+ ! fir/ f\r days aft] ! dea?1 ! m>ri$ m5 9 ! village mu/ h connection ) _! wives2 dur+ ! succe$+ f\r days1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ obs]ve /rict cont95ce4 ,aft] ! n!nge ya noro has be5 kill$ ! prop]ty is divid$4 ,if ! deceas$ belongs to ! ,masai circumcision guild ! c]emonies are z foll[s3 ,:5 a dea? occurs ! eld]s decide :e!r ! p]son is to be buri$ or n4 ,only eld]s above :at is kn[n z ! 8?ree goat0 grade are buri$2 ^! are call$ a?uri ya mburi tatu1 :i* means t !y h rea*$ ! grade1 ! entrance fee to :i* is ?ree goats2 ! next grade is a?uri ya mburi nne or ! 8f\r goat0 grade4 ,no eld] is a fully qualifi$ memb] ( c\ncil till he rea*es t rank4 ,g5]ally speak+1 x works out t only ^? eld]s :o h gr[n-up *ildr5 are buri$4 ,9 ! case ( a p]son n entitl$ to burial1 x is ! duty ( ! eld]s to decide ! place 9 ! bu% :]e ! corpse %all be deposit$4 ,assum+ t ! deceas$ is entitl$ to burial1 ! local a?uri ya ukuu 7highe/ grade ( eld]s7 are summon$1 & ! corpse is tak5 out ( ! hut by ! sons & laid on ! hide on :i* ! p]son slept dur+ life4 ,a ram 7ndorume7 is !n slaught]$1 ! fat be+ cook$ 9 an e>!nw>e pot & "s p\r$ on ! corpse1 ! *ildr5 ( ! deceas$ also be+ sme>$ ) ! fat4 ,! ornam5ts ( ! deceas$ are !n remov$ "u ! sup]vision ( ! eld]s & divid$ up among ! imm$iate family2 ! elde/ son has ! fir/ *oice1 !n ! s5ior wife1 & ea* *ild gets some?+4 ,an ox ( a uni=m col\r1 pref]ably all :ite or all black1 is n[ slaught]$ & ! hide is set aside4 ,! eld] sons dig ! grave1 ! site hav+ fir/ be5 *os5 by ! eld]s2 x is usually situat$ inside ! village ne> ! goat hut or ba*elor qu>t]s1 !ngira4 ,! corpse is !n int]r$ ly+ on ! sleep+ hide us$ dur+ life2 if a male1 x is laid on its "r side1 knees d\bl$ up & "r h& "u ! head2 if a female1 x is laid on its left side 9 ! same position4 ,! corpse is !n cov]$ ) ! raw ox hide ) ! hair side upw>ds & ! grave is fill$ 94 ,no?+ is buri$ ) ! body1 b aft] ! grave is fill$ 91 ! eld]s p\r honey & cook$ fat on ! grave1 & say1 8,we give y ?is to dr9k40 ,a little lat] 9 ! day a male goat1 n!nge1 is slaught]$1 ! meat be+ roa/$ on a fire ne> ! gate ( ! village1 & a little ( ! fat is plac$ on e fire 9 ! village2 ! smell ( ?is is believ$ to be v pleas+ to ! ngoma1 or spirits1 & any ?ahu or curse t may be imp5d+ is drawn away4 ,?is act is also said to lu/rate ! sons :o h p]=m$ ! burial4 ,a mon?1 or p]haps m1 is all[$ to elapse1 & ! division ( ! e/ate takes place4 ,! *ildr5 or heirs !n take f\r rams1 & ! wom5 ( ! village %$ all _! ornam5ts & sleep toge!r 9 ! same hut1 :i* is also %>$ by ! f\r %eep4 ,9 ! morn+ ! eld]s arrive & ! %eep are kill$1 ! fat is cook$ & !n put away to cool1 :ile ! meat is eat5 by ! assembl$ p1 provid+ !y belong to ! ,masai guild4 ,! head mu/ be cook$ & eat5 away f ! village2 ! sk9 is tak5 by someone else1 & ! visc]a by yet ano!r p]son4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! heads ( all ! inhabitants ( ! village are %av$ & !y are ano9t$ ) ! fat ( ! %eep4 ,dur+ ! c]emony ! p pres5t we> _! sk9 g>m5ts inside out1 & ^! are ano9t$ ) ! cook$ latex ( ! mugumu fig tree2 aft] _! bodies h be5 ano9t$ ) ! fat !y c once m turn _! sk9 robes "r side outw>ds1 & ! wom5 resume _! ornam5ts4 ,! prop]ty ( ! deceas$ is !n divid$ up by ! eld]s2 ! pr9ciple foll[$ is t ea* son takes ! prop]ty :i* _h its dwell+-place 9 8 "m's hut1 ! goats & %eep1 = in/ance1 & :i* lodge1 s _m 9 ! hut ( ea* wife4 ,) reg>d to :i* cattle1 ea* son gets ^? :i* h be5 milk$ by 8 "m4 ,/rict cont95cy mu/ be obs]v$ by all 9 ! village until ^! proce$+s are f9i%$1 & at _! close ! inhabitants & all ! prop]ty ( ! deceas$ are c]emonially purifi$ by a m$ic9e man4 ,among ! ,kikuyu a woman's sk9 cloak is laid outside on ! gr\nd :5 %e dies & no "o w t\* x2 a ,dorobo husb&1 h[ev]1 we>s 8 wife's cloak aft] h] dea?2 h5ce "o may at times see a man we>+ a woman's cloak4 ,! fe> ( corpses is int5se ) ! ,kikuyu1 b x appe>s to be mu* less s ) ! ,dorobo4 ,!y w1 = in/ance1 live 9 ! h\se ( ! deceas$1 & d n seem to m9d h&l+ ! corpse1 a man's sons1 9 fact1 ano9t+ 8 corpse aft] dea?4 ,burial 7,ukamba ( ,kitui74--,among ^! p ! head ( a village is buri$ if 8 wife1 wives1 or any sons are alive4 ,if !y are all dead ! body is ?r[n out4 ,a man ( importance & ( high social grade is ne>ly always buri$ & is int]r$ at ! side ( 8 cattle kraal4 ,! head wife ( an eld] is buri$4 ,be] & blood are p]iodically p\r$ out by ! side ( a grave ( a deceas$ m$ic9e man1 b n by t ( o!r eld]s4 ,x is ess5tial t ?is libation %\ld be made j be=e sunrise1 & z ?is is 9 accordance ) ! practice 9 sev]al o!r places1 ! cu/om is probably a v old "o4 ,9 ! case ( deceas$ eld]s1 a libation ( be] & blood is p\r$ out inside ! hut ( ! deceas$ :5 liquor is brew$ or :5 a goat is kill$4 ,if a *ildless wife1 :o is ! fir/ wife1 dies1 %e is buri$ inside ! village4 ,9 ! case ( a second or ?ird wife1 ! body is ?r[n out1 b curi\sly en\gh x mu/ n be tak5 ?r\gh ! gate2 a special op5+ is made 9 ! village f5ce = ! purpose1 ! op5+ be+ aft]w>ds clos$ up aga94 ,presumably ?is is to prev5t h] _s f f9d+ its way back into ! village4 ,!re is a curi\s cu/om among ! ,kamba ( ,ulu1 9 ! ev5t ( a memb] ( ! family be+ away :5 a dea? occurs 9 a village4 ,an eld] measures ! corpse1 cuts a /ick ( ! same l5g? & places x alongside ! h\se ( ! deceas$2 ?is proc$ure is believ$ to protect ! abs5t "o f evil4 ,^u 8 return1 a goat is kill$ & he is sme>$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 muyo 9 ,ki-,kamba1 ! ta?a ( ,kikuyu1 & "s is deposit$ at ! door ( ! hut1 & he mu/ tread 9 x be=e ent]+ ! hut2 ?is c]emonially purifies him4 ,! /ick is !n tak5 up by a mutumia ya makwa1 "o ( ! eld]s :o und]/&s ! ritual connect$ ) ! removal ( ?abu or makwa1 & is ?r[n out into ! bu% :]e ! corpse ( ! deceas$ 0 deposit$4 ,9 ,kitui if a man is on a j\rney & a dea? occurs 9 ! village dur+ 8 abs5ce1 8 wives may n cut _! hair till he returns & has p]=m$ ! c]emonies necess>y ^u ! occasion ( a dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,curse ,,& ,,its ,,manife/ations 7,a7 ,,?ahu ,,& ,,its ,,connection ,,) ,,circumcision ,,rites1 ,,etc4 ,?ahu1 sometimes call$ nzahu1 is ! ^w us$ = a condition into :i* a p]son is believ$ to fall if he or %e accid5tally becomes ! victim ( c]ta9 circum/ances or int5tionally p]=ms c]ta9 acts :i* c>ry ) !m a k9d ( ill luck or curse4 ,a p]son :o is ?ahu becomes emaciat$ & ill or breaks out into eruptions or boils1 & if ! ?ahu is n remov$1 w probably die4 ,9 _m cases ?is und\bt$ly happ5s by auto-sugge/ion1 z x nev] occurs to ! ,kikuyu m9d to be sceptical on a matt] ( ?is k9d4 ,x is said t ! ?ahu condition is caus$ by ! ngoma1 or spirits ( dep>t$ ance/ors1 b ! process does n seem to h be5 analys$ any fur!r4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to realise ! attitude ( ! ,kikuyu m9d t[>ds ?ahu1 & x is consid]$ t ! t]m curse1 9 its m$iaeval s5se1 expresses x4 ,ev]yone w rememb] 9 ! ,+oldsby ,leg5ds ! pitiable condition ( ! ,jackdaw ( ,rheims aft] he _h be5 curs$ by ! ,c>d9al = /eal+ 8 r+2 n[ ?is w\ld appeal to a ,kikuyu1 & he w\ld at once say ! jackdaw 0 ?ahu4 ,9 "o ( ! cases ( ?ahu1 quot$ h]eaft]1 x is possible = a p]son to lay a curse malici\sly on a :ole village by break+ a cook+ pot1 & 9 ano!r in/ance1 a fa!r c lay a curse on 8 son = disob$i5ce4 ,we ?us h p>allel in/ances f bo? high] & l[] civilisation2 9 ! fir/1 ! ,c>d9al curses ! jackdaw ) ! help ( ! sup]natural p[]s ) :i* he is inve/$ by virtue ( 8 sacr$ position1 & 9 ! l[] culture x is app>5tly held t any p]son c inflict a curse by invok+ ! sup]natural p[]s ( ! ngoma1 or spirits1 ( ! dead ance/ors4 #g ,! position has1 inde$1 *ang$ b little4 ,x w\ld appe> probable t z ! prie/s ga9$ p[]1 !y arrogat$ to !mselves ! monopoly ( lay+ a curse ^u _! flock2 b ! fre$om ) :i* p use ! conv5tional =mula ( curses to ?is day is evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! p[] to inflict a curse 0 =m]ly at ! disposal ( all4 ,x is nev]!less important to realise t :5 curses 7 believ$ to be effective1 & 9 ! case ( malici\s ones1 puni%able by native law1 p 7 m c>eful ab\t ! cu/om ?an ,europeans are to-day1 :5 all belief 9 ! p[] ( a curse has di$ away4 ,"s p use ! t]m c]emonial uncleanness to express ! mean+ ( ?ahu1 b1 z f> z my inquiries g1 ! phrase inadequately expla9s ! ,kikuyu ideas on ?is "q4 ,acts :i* cause a p]son to become ?ahu are also (t5 f\nd to be enum]at$ "u ! head+ ( 8prohibitions0 & 8tabus40 ,! simil>ity betwe5 ?ahu & tabu is some:at /rik+ & wor? consid]+4 ,tabu appe>s usually to be appli$ to "s act or object by a man :o (t5 acts 9 ! dual capacity ( rul] & magician4 ,!re is1 z f> z c be discov]$1 no record ( a ,kikuyu ?ahu hav+ be5 impos$ by any kn[n p]sonage1 b ^! beliefs mu/ h orig9at$ some:]e1 & x may be t !y 7 orig9ally impos$ "o by "o by great m$ic9e m5 9 =m] times1 & h ?us become incorporat$ 9 :at may be t]m$ ! tribal religion4 ,! removal ( ! curse is effect$ by a process ( lu/ration :i*1 9 ! m s]i\s cases1 has to be done by ! mundu mugo1 or m$ic9e man1 & 9 o!rs by ! memb]s ( ! native c\ncil1 or kiama2 ! latt] is an int]e/+ case ( ! ov]lapp+ ( judicial functions & ^? ( a sac]dotal "*4 ,! lu/ration c]emony is almo/ always accompani$ by ! slaught] ( a %eep & ano9tm5t ) ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*1 ! :ite diatomace\s e>? call$ ira be+ us$ 9 "s cases4 ,! purification is call$ tahika4 ,9 a few cases smoke is us$ z a purify+ ag5t & seems to be consid]$ effective 9 "s m trivial ones4 ,! reality ( ?is aspect ( ,kikuyu life & ?\ght may easily be "u-e/imat$1 b x is important t all :o wi% to ga9 a deep insight into native affairs %\ld und]/& x & give ! ph5om5on its true value4 ,to give ! "q a practical application1 x may safely be said t no ,kikuyu native :o becomes ?ahu dur+ ! c\rse ( 8 employm5t by a :ite ma/]1 w re/ until he has be5 fre$ ( 8 curse or ill luck1 & he w probably des]t ) wages due to him 9 ord] to get rid ( x2 he _c af=d to wait1 ! risk is too great4 ,!re is ano!r curi\s side to ! "q2 a ,kikuyu1 :5 he is circumcis$1 und]goes ?is rite ei!r accord+ to ! old ,kikuyu cu/om or accord+ to ,masai cu/om2 ! physical op]ation & result are ! same1 b ! c]emonial v>ies1 & = "s unfa?om$ reason1 a man :o is circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion c d c]ta9 ?+s or enc\nt] c]ta9 circum/ances ) impunity :i* w\ld1 if he _h be5 circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion1 r5d] him ?ahu4 ,?is is a v curi\s fact1 & ! ,kikuyu !mselves d n seem to be able to give any reason = x4 ,! matt] %\ld1 h[ev]1 be made ! subject ( fur!r rese>*1 z my in=mation is d]iv$ f ! s\!rn bran* ( ! tribe1 & _m cu/oms :i* are dropp+ into disuse 9 t area1 & ?us los+ _! inn] mean+1 are f\nd to be v mu* bett] kn[n 9 ,k5ya ,prov9ce or ,mwaitumi1 z !y call x4 ,li/ ( ,?ahu4--,i w n[ proce$ to give a li/ ( ?ahu :i* ,i h collect$ ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,kikuyu *ief ,k9anjui & 8 kiama1 or c\ncil1 ( a?uri1 or eld]s2 ! "q ( ! two classes ( circumcision w be discuss$ lat]4 7#a7 ,if a small *ild dies & ! "m c>ries ! body away into ! bu%1 ! woman is ?ahu1 & if ! husb& cohabits ) h] be=e %e is purifi$1 he becomes ?ahu & ! woman is cleans$4 ,! man c>ries ! ?ahu away ) him1 &1 :at is worse1 may transmit x to 8 o!r wives4 ,if ! man becomes ?ahu 9 ?is way x is mu* m s]i\s = him ?an ! woman1 & a mundu mugo1 or m$ic9e man1 has to be call$ 93 ! woman has to be purifi$ by ?ree eld]s1 a?uri ya kiama1 & an eld] woman1 mwirui4 ,= in/ance1 if a man has two wives & ! y\ng] _h become ?ahu1 ! s5ior wife w\ld %ave ! head ( ! woman :o 0 to be purifi$2 a %eep is kill$1 & %e is sme>$ ) ta?a1 or ! cont5ts ( ! /oma*4 ,?is ?ahu only falls on ^? :o h be5 circumcis$ accord+ to ,kikuyu fa%ion3 if ! man has be5 circumcis$ accord+ to ,masai cu/om he does n become ?ahu4 7#b7 ,if a woman :o has assi/$ at a bir? cohabits ) a man be=e ! end ( ! umbilical cord ( ! newly born *ild has %rivell$ up & come away1 & be=e %e has ba!d h]self c]emonially1 ! infant1 al?\gh n h] own1 w become ?ahu4 ,to remove ! curse f ! *ild ! pr9cipal eld] ( ! village kills a %eep & sme>s ! woman ) ta?a1 ! cont5ts ( ! animal's /oma*1 & ?us cleanses h]4 ,?is applies to ^? circumcis$ ei!r accord+ to ,kikuyu or ,masai fa%ion4 7#c7 ,if a man t\*es or c>ries a corpse1 he becomes ?ahu until he is cleans$4 ,! lu/ration is p]=m$ by memb]s ( ! local c\ncil ( eld]s1 a?uri ya kiama1 & ! f9al purification by a mundu mugo1 or m$ic9e man4 ,if he cohabits ) a woman be=e he is cleans$ %e also becomes ?ahu4 7#d7 ,/epp+ ov] a corpse inflicts a ?ahu ( a v s]i\s nature1 & ! p]son contracts a sickness call$ mangu 7possibly leprosy74 ,he is said to break out into an eruption1 & ! f+]s come (f & ! nose rots away4 ,to remove ?is ?ahu1 bo? ! eld]s1 a?uri ya kiama1 & ! mundu mugo are call$ 92 ! latt] procures ! bone ( an elephant1 & ?is is plac$ on ! gr\nd1 ! a?uri =m+ a circle r\nd x1 & ! pati5t !n /eps ov] ! bone2 ! mundu mugo aft]w>ds purifies ! man 9 ! usual way4 #h ,?is ?ahu applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe1 viz41 ^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion & ^? circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion4 7#e7 ,dur+ a m>riage c]emony five goats h to be pres5t$ to ! a?uri ya kiama & are kill$ = a fea/4 ,aft] !y are slaught]$ ! eyes ( ! c>cases h to be remov$1 & if1 dur+ ?is process1 an eye becomes cut or brok51 ! bride becomes ?ahu1 & unless some?+ is done w n be> *ildr52 ! fa!r ( ! girl has to pres5t a %eep to ! a?uri1 & ! girl is purifi$ by !m--?is n be+ a matt] :i* necessitates a m$ic9e man4 ,?is applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#f7 ,on ! occasion ( a bir?1 ! "y m5 ( ! village kill a %eep = a fea/ call$ mambura2 if ! man :o slaught]s x cuts 8 f+] & 8 blood drips on to ! meat1 he is ?ahu until he is purifi$ by ! a?uri ya kiama4 ,?is aga9 applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#g7 ,if a man1 ! head ( ! village1 att5ds ! circumcision ( a *ild at ! hut ( "o ( 8 wives1 he is ?ahu until ! *ildr5 :o 7 circumcis$ 9 ! hut are cur$2 a mundu mugo !n comes & purifies him & ! woman 9 ^: hut ! *ildr5 7 circumcis$4 ,?is applies only to ! m5 circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion1 = 9 t section x is ! cu/om = ! village head to sleep 9 ! hut :]e ! circumcision has tak5 place1 & he becomes ?ahu1 :]eas x is ! cu/om = a village head :o 0 circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion to sleep 9 ano!r hut until ! c]emonies are q ov]1 ?us escap+ ! ?ahu4 7#h7 ,if "o man kills ano!r1 & comes to sleep at a village & eats ) ! family 9 a c]ta9 hut1 ! p ) :om he has eat5 become ?ahu1 & ! sk9 on :i* he has slept is ?ahu & may infect anyone sleep+ on x4 ,?is is a case = a mundu mugo1 :o is call$ 9 to purify ! hut & its occupants4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! own] ( ! hut & 8 family h be5 circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion !y d n become ?ahu4 7#i7 ,if an important eld] dies he is buri$ by 8 sons & !y are ?ahu until purifi$ by ! a?uri ya kiama4 ,!y are sme>$ ) oil & _! heads are %av$ dur+ ! c]emony2 ?is is n consid]$ a v s]i\s ?ahu4 ,if !y h be5 circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion !y c be purifi$ =?)1 b if !y belong to ! o!r section x is necess>y = !m to isolate !mselves until ! new moon appe>s4 7#aj7 ,:5 a *ild is born ! fa!r kills a %eep1 ( :i* a l>ge "p is giv5 to ! woman :o has assi/$ at ! conf9em5t1 & if1 be=e he has pegg$ out ! sk9 & divid$ ! meat1 he is summon$ away f ! village on urg5t bus9ess 7my in=mant gave an example1 & said3 8,suppose he 0 arre/$ & tak5 away z a prison]071 ! infant is ?ahu & ! pr9cipal eld] ( ! village has to kill a %eep1 take a /rip ( sk9 f ! =efoot ( ?is animal1 & fa/5 x z a bracelet on ! wri/ ( ! infant to remove ! ill luck4 ,?is applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#aa7 ,if *ildr5 are be+ circumcis$ at a village1 & ! own] ( ! hut :]e ! c]emony has tak5 place goes away to sleep at ano!r village be=e he is cleans$1 &1 say1 on ! way1 meets a cr[d ( p1 ! *ildr5 :o 7 circumcis$ w all be ?ahu4 ,?is is a case = a mundu mugo4 ,?is only applies to ^? circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion z1 by ,kikuyu fa%ion1 ! man does n sleep at ano!r village4 7#ab7 ,if two m5 :o 7 circumcis$ at ! same c]emony fight & blood is spilt1 !y are bo? ?ahu until a mundu mugo comes & removes x4 ,he kills ! usual %eep & ! a?uri or eld]s put a /rip ( ! sk9 ( ! %eep on ! wri/ ( ea* ( ! two m54 ,p]sons :o are circumcis$ at ! same fea/ are call$ wak9i4 ,?is holds good = bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#ac7 ,if "o man circumcises 8 *ildr5 accord+ to ,masai fa%ion & ano!r accord+ to ,kikuyu fa%ion1 & ! =m] %\ld eat meat kill$ by ! latt]1 ! =m] w be ?ahu & vice v]s4 7#ad7 ,if a p]son belong+ to ! ,mwei?aga clan sleeps 9 ! hut ( a p]son belong+ to ano!r rika or clan1 ! p ( t hut become ?ahu2 ?is is a case = bo? m$ic9e m5 & eld]s1 & applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#ae7 ,if a man ?r[s "s e>? at 8 wife1 bo? become ?ahu2 ?is is a case = a m$ic9e man1 & bo? h to be purifi$4 ,?is only applies to ^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion4 7#af7 ,if food is eat5 f a crack$ pot ! p]sons eat+ x become ?ahu & a mundu mugo has to be call$ 94 ,?is affects bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#ag7 ,! wives ( smi?s are usually decorat$ ) armlets made ( twi/$ /rips ( iron call$ mi?iori4 ,if a man ent]s ! hut ( a smi?1 & cohabits ) a woman s decorat$1 he becomes ?ahu4 ,a %eep has to be kill$ & a supply ( honey be] provid$2 a /rip ( sk9 f ! %eep is plac$ on ! wri/ ( ! man1 ! woman1 & any *ildr5 %e may h2 ?is bracelet is plac$ on ! left wri/ ( females1 & ! "r wri/ ( a male4 ,! purification c]emony is p]=m$ by ano!r smi?4 ,?is ?ahu affects bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#ah7 ,p]sons eat+ food 9 a smi?y become ?ahu2 ! smi? himself c purify "o f ?is curse4 ,x affects bo? sections4 7#ai7 ,if a bead worn on a w>rior's neck or wai/ falls into food1 ! p]sons :o p>take ( ! food become ?ahu2 if su* a bead falls into ! gra9 /ore & becomes inadv]t5tly cook$ ) ! food ! result is ! same4 ,?is only affects p]sons circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion4 7#bj7 ,if a ,kikuyu has _h 8 crops protect$ by magical processes p]=m$ by a m$ic9e man 7to protect 9 ?is way is call$ ku-roga71 & someone takes food f a g>d5 s protect$1 he becomes ?ahu1 & ?is =m ( ?ahu c only be remov$ by ! m$ic9e man :o has roga-ed ! plantation4 ,?is applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#ba7 ,if a man has connection ) a woman f beh9d1 !y are bo? ?ahu4 ,?is is a v s]i\s ?ahu & bo? ! a?uri ya kiama & a mundu mugo are necess>y to remove x1 nei!r ! man nor ! woman be+ all[$ to eat any ( ! sacrificial %eep4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#bb7 ,if a man beats 8 wife & draws blood1 ! woman is ?ahu1 & ! man _c sleep 9 h] hut until %e is fre$ f x2 ! eld]s are call$ 9 & kill a %eep4 ,! two p]sons conc]n$ are n all[$ to eat any ( ! meat1 & ! sk9 is res]v$ z a fee = a mundu mugo :o is call$ 9 to p]=m ! =mal lu/ration4 ,?is affects bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#bc7 ,if a woman is c>ry+ a baby on h] back1 & x slips out ( ! lea!r g>m5t & falls to ! gr\nd1 x is ?ahu2 ! *ild mu/ n be lift$ f ! place :]e x fell until a %eep has be5 kill$ on t spot1 & ?is is a case = bo? ! eld]s ( kiama & a m$ic9e man4 ,bo? sections ( ! tribe are affect$ by ?is4 7#bd7 ,if an eld] or a woman :5 com+ out ( ! hut slips & falls d[n on ! gr\nd1 he or %e is ?ahu1 & lies !re until a few eld]s ( kiama come & slaught] a %eep ne> by1 & "s blood & ta?a 7cont5ts ( ! /oma* ( ! %eep7 are rubb$ on ! spot :]e ! p]son fell4 ,! eld]s !n say1 8,s-&-s is dead1 let u bury him10 & !y plant a sprig ( ! bu%es call$ mukuria & mu?akwa on ! site ( ! mi%ap4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#be7 ,if a man m>ries a woman & %e /eals any?+ f a memb] ( h] fa!r's clan1 %e is ?ahu1 & milk w fl[ f h] brea/s )\t any natural cause1 & any *ild %e be>s be=e ! ?ahu is remov$ w be ?ahu4 ,?is is a matt] = ! a?uri1 or eld]s ( kiama2 a %eep is plac$ on ! woman's %\ld]s1 & its ?roat is p9*$ until x micturates on ! woman's body1 ! %eep !n be+ kill$1 & ! cont5ts ( ! gall bladd]1 mix$ ) ur9e f its bladd]1 p\r$ ov] ! lea!r g>m5t ( ! woman1 & h] navel t\*$ ) a little ( ! mixture4 ,! milk t 0 unnaturally fl[+ f h] brea/s w !n dry up1 & by ?is sign !y w "k t ! ?ahu is remov$4 ,?is applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#bf7 ,if a man's son commits adult]y ) "o ( 8 fa!r's wives1 & ! fa!r is /ill alive1 ! fa!r becomes ?ahu & n ! culprit1 ! reason giv5 be+ t ! fa!r takes ! ?ahu because he begot ! son4 ,! err+ woman does n return to h] husb&1 %e is n ?ahu1 & c /ill br+ food to h] husb&1 b he does n cohabit ) h]1 & h] hut is brok5 d[n4 ,! son :o has transgress$ 9 ?is way has to make peace ) 8 fa!r by a =mal pres5t ( a big male goat1 n!ngi4 ,?is ?ahu c be remov$ by ! a?uri ya kiama2 x is a v s]i\s matt]1 & if ! ?ahu is n quickly remov$ f ! fa!r1 he w die4 ,x applies equally to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#bg7 ,if a p]son t\*es m5/rual blood1 he or %e is ?ahu2 or if a man cohabits ) a woman 9 ?is condition he is ?ahu4 ,! p]son :o is contam9at$ w fir/ take "s c[ dung & !n r$ o*re\s e>? 7?iriga7 & pla/] x on ! "p ( ! body t\*$ by ! blood2 o*re is said to be us$ because x is ! same col\r z ! blood2 ! woman f :om ! contam9ation came is also ?ahu4 ,! mundu mugo has to be call$ 9 to purify ! p]sons4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#bh7 ,if "o woman is circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion & ano!r ,kikuyu fa%ion1 & ! *ild ( ! latt] is suckl$ by ! o!r woman1 ! *ild becomes ?ahu3 ?is is a case = a mundu mugo4 ,?is applies to ^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion4 7#bi7 ,if a hyna comes into a hut at night1 kills a goat & ! own] kills ! hyna 9 ! hut1 ! hut w be ab&on$1 & ! :ole village has to be purifi$ by ! kiama4 ,?is applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#cj7 ,if a hyna defcates inside a village1 ! village & its inhabitants are ?ahu1 & ?is is a case = ! kiama to arrange2 ! usual %eep is kill$ & mu/ be eat5 by ! p ( ! village4 ,if a p]son belong+ to ano!r village eats any ( ! meat1 a hyna w come & defile ! village :]e he lives4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#ca7 ,if a woman is c>ry+ a g\rd on h] back & x falls & breaks1 %e is ?ahu4 ,?is is a matt] = ! eld]s ( kiama to arrange4 7#cb7 ,if a goat %\ld come up to :]e p are sitt+1 & try to suckle a woman's brea/1 ! woman is ?ahu1 & ! goat has to be tak5 away & slaught]$ at ! village ( ! woman's fa!r1 ! eld]s ( kiama be+ call$ 9 to purify ! woman4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#cc7 ,if a woman is milk+ a c[ & ! calf climbs up on h] %\ld]s :ile %e is s occupi$1 ! calf is n all[$ to suckle ! c[ aga9 & is =?) slaught]$2 ?is is a case = ! eld]s4 ,! p ( ! village mu/ n eat any ( ! meat1 half be+ tak5 by ! woman to h] fa!r & ! o!r half eat5 by ! eld]s4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#cd7 ,:5 a woman has rec5tly be5 conf9$ & ! dis*>ges are /ill unf9i%$1 x has sometimes happ5$ t a c[ has come along & lick$ ! /ool ^u :i* %e has be5 sitt+4 ,9 su* a case %e mu/ imm$iately tell h] husb&2 if n1 he w become ?ahu & die1 & all ! o!r p 9 ! village w become ?ahu 9 a less] degree & get ill4 ,! c[ has to be kill$ )\t delay by ! eld]s & eat5 by !m2 no p]son ( ! village mu/ eat ( ! meat unless he has be5 circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion4 ,?ree eld]s 9 ,kikuyu are said to h di$ f ?is ?ahu )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,x only applies to ^? :o h be5 circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion4 7#ce7 ,if a c[ is out graz+ & its tail becomes twi/$ r\nd a tree1 x is ?ahu1 & mu/ be slaught]$ !re & !n2 x is kill$ by ! own]1 & ! eld]s receive ! saddle & ! "y w>riors ! neck4 ,?is only applies to cattle own$ by p]sons circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion4 7#cf7 ,!re is a :ite bird call$ nyangi 7! bird nyangi is 9 ,swahili call$ furakombe72 if "o is se5 to settle on a c[1 & ! c[ is n kill$1 ! own] ( ! c[ w be ?ahu & die4 ,! c[ mu/ be kill$ !re & !n & ! meat divid$ up1 ! eld]s receiv+ ! saddle1 & ! neighb\r+ w>riors ! neck1 :il/ no p]son belong+ to ! village mu/ eat ( ! meat4 ,! h]d ( cattle also ne$ to be purifi$1 & ! own] ( ! village1 assi/$ by ! eld]s1 mu/ take a female %eep :i* has n borne a lamb1 & a male goat2 ^! are slaught]$1 & ! inte/9es & bones ( ! animals 7t]m$ i*ua7 are plac$ on a fire1 :i* is lit to ! w9dw>d ( ! cattle kraal1 & ! smoke pass+ ?r\gh ! kraal & among ! cattle w purify ! h]d4 ,%\ld ! bird be kill$ among ! cattle1 ! :ole h]d w\ld die4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#cg7 ,if a c['s horn comes (f 9 a p]son's h& ! animal is ?ahu & is slaught]$1 & ! meat is eat5 by all4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#ch7 ,if a bull or bullock leaves ! h]d :5 out graz+ & comes home alone1 & /&s outside ! village digg+ at ! refuse heap 7ki>a9i7 ) its horns1 x is kn[n to be ?ahu1 & is =?) kill$ by ! own]4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#ci7 ,if a goat is giv+ bir? to a kid1 & ! head appe>s fir/ & ! body is n born quickly1 x is said to be ?ahu1 & is slaught]$ by ! own]4 ,no woman mu/ t\* ! meat ( su* an animal or %e w\ld become ?ahu2 m5 only c eat x4 ,moreov]1 if a goat :i* is 9 kid %\ld die1 no woman mu/ t\* x or eat ! meat1 ! idea probably be+ t h] f]tility might become contam9at$4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#dj7 ,if a woman be>s tw9s ! fir/ "t %e has *ildr51 ! tw9s are ?ahu1 & an old woman ( ! village1 g5]ally ! midwife1 /uffs grass 9 _! m\?s until !y are suffocat$ & ?r[s !m out into ! bu%4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a woman fir/ be>s a s+le *ild & !n has tw9s !y are n ?r[n out4 ,if a c[ or a goat be>s tw9s ! fir/ "t1 ! same practice is obs]v$1 & a necklace ( c[ries is plac$ r\nd ! neck ( ! "m4 ,?is practice is obs]v$ by bo? sections4 ,"s kill bo? "m & "y1 & a m$ic9e man is call$1 :o leads a %eep r\nd ! village & !n sacrifices x to remove ! curse4 7#da7 ,if ! side pole ( a b$/ead breaks1 ! p]son ly+ on x is ?ahu1 & a %eep mu/ be sacrific$2 ?is is a matt] = ! kiama to arrange1 & a bracelet call$ rukw>u1 cut f ! sk9 ( ! %eep1 mu/ be plac$ on ! wri/ ( ! p]son1 or he or %e is liable to die4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#db7 ,a malici\s p]son w sometimes1 out ( spite or 9 a fit ( rage1 take up a cook+ pot1 da% x d[n to ! gr\nd & break x1 say+ ! words urokwo uwe1 8,die l ?is40 ,?is is a v s]i\s matt] & r5d]s all ! p ( ! village ?ahu2 x is necess>y = ! p ( ! village to pay z mu* z sev5 %eep to remove ! ?ahu4 ,?is is naturally consid]$ a crime accord+ to native law1 & ! (f5d] is puni%$ by ! eld]s ( kiama1 :o inflict a f9e ( sev5 goats4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#dc7 ,if a son s]i\sly disobeys 8 fa!r1 he c be r5d]$ ?ahu by 8 fa!r rubb+ a%es on 8 buttocks1 & curs+ him1 say+1 8,may y be eat5 by my anus40 ,! son w h to take a %eep & !n a male goat & a j> ( honey & crave 8 fa!r's =giv5ess4 ,! fa!r slaught]s ! animal1 & rubs 8 navel & 8 buttocks ) ! meat1 & ! curse is remov$4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#dd7 ,if ! head ( a village has a qu>rel ) ano!r man1 w\nds him ) a sim or sword1 & blood is spilt 9 ! village1 ! village becomes ?ahu1 unless ! (f5d] takes 8 adv]s>y & leads him r\nd ! outskirts ( ! village1 lett+ ! blood drip on ! gr\nd z !y g2 ! eld]s w !n h to be call$ 91 a %eep is kill$1 & !y purify ! village4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#de7 ,if an idiot or malici\sly-m9d$ p]son picks up a skull1 walks r\nd a village ) x & leaves x on ! 8?omi10 or 8place ( conf]5ce10 ! village is ?ahu1 & is 9 v s]i\s dang]4 ,! eld]s are fir/ call$ 91 & !y take a %eep & drag x r\nd ! conf9es ( ! village by ! same r\te z t tak5 by ! p]son ) ! skull2 ! animal is kill$ & pieces ( ! inte/9es are dragg$ r\nd ! village4 ,! meat ( ! %eep is only eat5 by v old m54 ,six o!r %eep !n h to be kill$ by ! eld]s1 & f9ally ! m$ic9e man has to purify ea* p]son 9 ! village4 7#df7 ,if a wild animal is kill$ among a flock or h]d ( animals out graz+ ! bea/s are ?ahu2 !y c be purifi$ by ! own] & ! kiama2 a %eep is kill$ & ! bones & inte/9es are plac$ on a fire lit to w9dw>d ( ! infect$ flock or h]d1 & ! smoke cleanses !m & removes ! curse4 ,vide ,tylor's 8,primitive ,culture10 ,vol4 ii1 pp4 #dcj-dcd1 8,fire s]ves = purification 9 cases too trifl+ to require sacrifice40 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#dg7 ,if dome/ic animals are attack$ & /ung by bees !y are ?ahu2 a %eep is kill$ & ! bones & inte/9es are plac$ on a fire lit to w9dw>d ( ! h]d & ! smoke removes ! curse4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#dh7 ,if a son curses 8 fa!r s]i\sly he becomes ?ahu2 he has to br+ a %eep1 :i* is eat5 by 8 fa!r & "m1 ! fat is melt$ & all ?ree are sme>$ ) x2 ! son !n has to peg out ! sk9 ( ! %eep 9 front ( 8 "m's hut4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#di7 ,if a p]son /rikes anyone :o is h]d+ cattle1 etc41 & draws blood1 ! flock or h]d is ?ahu2 ! (f5d] mu/ pay a %eep1 :i* is kill$ by ! eld]s1 & a /rip ( sk9 7rukw>u7 is plac$ on ! wri/ ( ! (f5d]2 no "y p]son is all[$ ne> dur+ ! c]emony4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#ej7 ,if ! dropp+s ( a kite or cr[ fall on a p]son he is ?ahu2 he mu/ %ave 8 head & ba! at a riv]1 & ! eld]s kill a %eep & fa/5 a /rip ( ! sk9 on 8 wri/4 ,! sk9 ( ! %eep mu/ n be pegg$ out to dry 9 ! village :]e ! p]son lives4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#ea7 ,if a woman sleeps ) h] lea!r g>m5t inside out x is unlucky1 b %e is n ?ahu1 ! proc$ure be+ = h] to spit on ! g>m5t & turn x ! "r way4 ,?is applies to bo? sections1 b is consid]$ mu* m unlucky = a woman circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion4 7#eb7 ,:5 a man dies1 ! elde/ son gives "o bull or a big male goat 7accord+ to 8 means7 to ! a?uri ya kiama = a fea/1 & ! eld]s !n tea* him 8 duties 7kirira74 ,! next /ep is to give ! eld]s a male %eep 7ku-hukuria71 :i* mu/ n be eat5 by ! *ildr51 ! object ( ?is be+ to cleanse ! village ( ! deceas$4 ,n[ if a son has n made ^! gifts nor gone ?r\gh ! necess>y c]emonies m>k+ 8 succession1 he _c p>ticipate 9 ! sacrificial fea/ :i* has to take place at ! sacr$ fig tree aft] ! dea? ( an eld] 7call$ ku-hoya ,engai74 ,! pr9cipal wife ( ! deceas$ c att5d ! sacrifice1 b n ! o!r wives & _! *ildr54 ,& %\ld !y d s !y w become ?ahu & x is a case = a m$ic9e man to arrange4 ,! wom5 & *ildr5 f ! neighb\r+ villages c g4 ,if a sacrifice is made at a sacr$ fig tree to invoke ra9 only1 a?uri ya kiama c att5d & eat x4 ,no woman mu/ g ne>4 ,^! rules apply to bo? sections4 7#ec7 ,if *ildr5 are be+ circumcis$ at a village accord+ to ,kikuyu fa%ion & ! head ( ! village goes on a j\rney be=e eight days h elaps$ or1 accord+ to ,masai fa%ion1 be=e f\r days h pass$1 he & ^? ( 8 *ildr5 :o h be5 op]at$ on become ?ahu2 ?is is a case = ! m$ic9e man to arrange4 7#ed7 ,if a *ild has be5 circumcis$ &1 on ! fir/ occasion aft] ! c]emony on :i* he leaves 8 village1 ! goats & %eep come back f graz+ & ent] ! village be=e he returns1 he is ?ahu4 ,he _c return to 8 village until x is remov$ & mu/ sleep at a neighb\r+ village :]e "s ( ! o!r boys1 :o w5t ?r\gh ! c]emony ) him1 reside4 ,to remove ! ?ahu1 8 fa!r has to kill a %eep & place a /rip ( sk9 7rukw>u7 f ! animal on 8 wri/4 7#ee7 ,if a fa!r picks up "o ( 8 *ildr5 & places x on 8 back or %\ld]s1 ! fa!r becomes ?ahu & ! *ild w die1 ! result be+ ! same :atev] ! sex ( ! *ild2 if he c>ries ! *ild 9 front ( him !re is no evil result4 ,?is is a case = a m$ic9e man to arrange1 & x applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#ef7 ,if a p]son %\ld be bitt5 by a hyna or a dog he or %e is ?ahu & a m$ic9e man has to be call$ 92 he kills a %eep & places a bracelet1 or rukw>u1 ( ! sk9 on ! wri/ ( ! pati5t4 ,?is applies to bo? sections4 7#eg7 ,if a dog dies 9 a village x is a v s]i\s matt]2 ! head ( ! village & 8 p are ?ahu1 & ! eld]s are call$ 94 ,! village head provides a %eep :i* is slaught]$1 & ! /oma* cont5ts 7ta?a7 are spr9kl$ r\nd ! village1 :i* is !n c]emonially swept by ! eld]s2 ! m$ic9e man is !n call$ 9 to purify all ! p ( :at is call$ ! mugiro ( ! dog4 7,note4--,! mugiro means ! pollution produc$ by ! blood ( ! dog hav+ fall5 on ! gr\nd ( ! village or ! dea? ( ! dog 9 ! village47 ,?is only applies to ! ,kikuyu section ( ! tribe4 7#eh7 ,! *ildr5 & gr&*ildr5 ( bro!rs & si/]s _c int]m>ry4 ,brea* ( ?is rule is consid]$ to be a v grave s91 & all *ildr5 born ( su* m>riages surely die2 ! ?ahu on !m _c be purg$ by any c]emonial4 ,! p>5ts are n affect$4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 t a "y man unwitt+ly m>ries a c\s92 = in/ance1 if a "p ( ! family moves away to ano!r locality a man might become acqua9t$ ) a girl & m>ry h] be=e he discov]$ ! relation%ip4 ,9 su* a case ! ?ahu is removable2 ! eld]s take a %eep & place x on ! woman's %\ld]s2 x is !n kill$1 ! inte/9es are tak5 out1 & ! eld]s solemnly sev] !m ) a %>p spl9t] ( wood f ! mukeo bu%1 & ann\nce t !y are cutt+ ! clan 8kut9y>urira10 :i* means t !y are sev]+ ! bond ( blood relation%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! pair4 ,a m$ic9e man !n comes & purifies ! c\ple4 ,?is only applies to ! ,kikuyu section ( ! tribe4 7#ei7 ,if a p>5t goes on a j\rney &1 dur+ 8 abs5ce1 "o ( 8 or h] sons cohabits ) "o ( 8 fa!r's wives1 ! p>5ts are ?ahu1 & ^u 8 return w be seiz$ ) illness4 ,?is is a case = ! m$ic9e man1 :o has to be call$ 9 to p]=m a lu/ration c]emony to purify !m2 ! (f5d+ son is n affect$4 ,sprigs ( ! mahoroa1 mu*a?a1 & mitei bu%es are b\nd up toge!r & dipp$ 9 wat]1 & ! wat] is spr9kl$ ov] ! c\ple1 a little be+ also spr9kl$ at ! gate ( ! village4 ,?is only applies to ^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion4 ,x is curi\s to note t practically ! same cu/om is obs]v$ by ! ,a-,kamba4 7#fj7 ,if a ,kikuyu native kills a man belong+ to ano!r tribe he is n ?ahu2 if he kills a man ( 8 own tribe1 b ( a diff]5t rika1 or clan1 to 8 own1 he is n ?ahu2 if1 h[ev]1 he kills a man belong+ to 8 own rika1 or clan1 he is ?ahu1 & x is a v s]i\s matt]4 ,x c be arrang$ by ! eld]s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,two trunks ( ! planta9 or banana tree 7call$ miramba 9 ,kikuyu7 are plac$ on ! gr\nd p>allel to ea* o!r1 & an eld] sits on ea*2 "o ( !m is !n lift$ up by ano!r eld]1 & ! (f5d] has to seat himself on ! tree trunk exactly 9 ! same place2 ! o!r eld] is !n remov$ & ! eld] bro!r ( ! deceas$ or bro!r next 9 age to him is put 9 8 place4 ,! mo!rs ( ! (f5d] & deceas$ !n br+ to ! place food made ( e k9d ( field produce gr[n by ! tribe1 z well z meat2 ! usual %eep is kill$ by ! eld]s & a little ( ! ta?a1 or /oma* cont5ts1 is spr9kl$ ov] ! food :i* 0 provid$ by ! mo!rs ( ! two p>ties4 ,! two eld]s :o fir/ sat on ! planta9 trunks !n solemnly eat a little ( ?is food1 & also adm9i/] "s to ! (f5d] & ! bro!r ( ! deceas$4 ,two g\rds conta9+ gruel made ( meal are !n tak51 & ! eld]s put a little ( ! ta?a 9 ea*1 & "o g\rd is s5t to ! village ( ! (f5d] & "o to t ( ! deceas$4 ,! rema9+ food is divid$ among ! assembly4 ,! foll[+ day ! eld]s proce$ to ! local sacr$ fig tree 7mugumu71 & kill a %eep4 ,!y deposit "s ( ! fat1 ! *e/ bone1 ! inte/9es & ! m important bones at ! foot ( ! tree1 & eat ! re/ ( ! c>case4 ,!y say t ! ngoma1 or _s ( ! deceas$1 w visit ! tree t night 9 ! %ape ( a wild cat & eat ! meat1 & t ?is (f]+ w prev5t ! ngoma ( ! deceas$ f com+ back to 8 village & tr\bl+ ! occupants4 ,a m$ic9e man !n has to come & purify ! murd]] & ! bro!r ( ! deceas$4 ,?is c]emony is n consid]$ legal1 & _c be p]=m$ till ! blood money has be5 paid4 ,! above case is a good example ( ! two /ages ( ! removal ( a m s]i\s ?ahu2 9 ! fir/ place1 ! spirits ( ! deceas$ ance/ors1 includ+ t ( ! murd]$ man1 h to be appeas$1 & ! p]sonal defilem5t due to ! spill+ ( blood1 :i* falls on bo? ! murd]] & ! family ( ! murd]$ man1 has !n to be remov$ by a sep>ate c]emony p]=m$ by ! m$ic9e man4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t only ! m$ic9e man c remove ?is latt]4 ,! above ?ahu applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 ,9 giv+ ^! details1 my in=mants expla9$ t accord+ to ,kikuyu native law1 ! blood money = a man 0 a hundr$ %eep & goats1 & n9e %eep & goats 9 addition = ! eld]s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man c\ld n raise a hundr$ goats x 0 ! cu/om = him to give ?ree daught]s 9 paym5t1 plus ! n9e goats = ! eld]s4 ,! ,kikuyu 7 =m]ly only all[$ to eat ! foll[+ wild animals & birds be=e be+ circumcis$3 p>tridges 7ngw>e71 pigeon 7ndutwa71 & hyrax 7mi-kami74 ,_m w n eat wild game ?r\gh\t _! lives1 & p foll[ ! cu/om !y h be5 br\ght up to obs]ve2 ^? t eat x probably _h ,asi or ,dorobo ance/ors4 ,a p]son :o eats wild game does n become ?ahu4 ,?is same view is held by bo? sections4 ,! repugnance to eat+ ?is k9d ( food probably _h its orig9 9 totemism1 b all traces ( ?is belief seem to be lo/ 9 ,s4 ,kikuyu4 7#fa7 ,if a tree falls on a hut x is consid]$ extremely unlucky2 ! hut1 h[ev]1 w n be ab&on$1 b x is necess>y = ! head ( ! village to kill a ram :i* is l$ r\nd ! village be=e be+ kill$4 ,if ?is 7 n done1 ! own] ( ! village1 or at any rate ! woman :o liv$ 9 ! hut1 w\ld become ! victim ( a ?ahu or curse4 ,! own] ( ! village1 h[ev]1 may n ent] ! hut until ! sacrifice has be5 made to appease ! ngoma or ance/ral spirits :o inflict ! ?ahu4 ,?is applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe1 viz41 ^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion & ^? ,masai fa%ion4 7#fb7 ,if a jackal 7mbwei7 comes into a village & calls at night :5 ! inhabitants are asleep1 ! p say t a _s is call+ = meat1 & x is consid]$ v unlucky4 ,next morn+ ! own] ( ! village w take a male goat 7n!nge71 lead x r\nd ! village1 & kill x at ab\t ! spot :]e ! jackal call$ out4 ,pieces are cut f ! lo91 lungs1 he>t1 & ea* ( ! limbs1 & pil$ up into two little heaps z (f]+s to ! ngoma1 :o are believ$ to h call$ out ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! jackal4 ,! sex ( ! ngoma is n kn[n1 & !re=e to be on ! safe side two little heaps are laid out1 "o = any male spirits & "o = any female spirits4 ,no bone mu/ be brok5 9 any meat (f]$ to ! spirits4 ,next morn+ ! eld]s g to ! place :]e ! two (f]+s ( meat 7 deposit$ & p\r out a libation ( be] on ea*4 ,!y !n address ! ngoma z foll[s3 8,o ye spirits1 take ?is meat & be] & give u goats & cattle & *ildr51 & d n br+ ?ahu to ?is village40 ,! p ( bo? circumcision guilds foll[ ?is proc$ure4 7#fc7 ,if a c]ta9 snake1 call$ nyamuya?i by ! ,kikuyu1 ent]s a hut1 x is necess>y to p\r "s milk or fat on ! floor = ! reptile to dr9k2 x may dr9k & leave1 or x may n4 ,if x does1 well & good2 if n1 ! own] ( ! village has to kill a %eep1 cook "s ( its fat1 & p\r x out 9 ! hut1 say+ at ! same "t3 8,we (f] y "s fat to dr9k1 we beg ( y to leave u40 ,x is believ$ t a ngoma1 or _s1 has come 9 ! guise ( a snake1 & on no acc\nt mu/ su* a snake be kill$4 ,aft] ! sacrifice ( ! %eep has be5 made ! snake w always g1 b x disappe>s my/]i\sly & no "o sees x leave4 ,if ! snake rema9$ 9 ! hut1 ! wife :o own$ ! hut1 & h] *ildr51 w\ld be ?ahu4 7#fd7 ,if a /rang] comes to a village & dies 9 a hut !re1 ! hut is completely ab&on$ if ! own] belongs to ! ,kikuyu guild2 a l>ge hole is made 9 ! side ( ! hut by tak+ out sev]al ( ! wall slabs or planks 7mihirigo72 ! corpse is left inside & ! hynas come & c>ry x (f4 ,! hut is !n left to fall into ru91 & no articles1 su* z cook+ pots1 be]1 j>s1 etc41 are remov$ f x4 ,! m5 :o break ! hole 9 ! wall are ev5 consid]$ unclean1 z mu* z if !y _h h&l$ ! corpse1 & aft] p]=m+ ! duty !y g /raight (f into ! bu% & /ay !re until !y h ba!d & be5 ano9t$ ) ta?a 7! /oma* cont5ts ( a %eep72 f9ally a v old woman comes & %aves _! heads2 !y are !n c]emonially clean & c return to _! families4 ,a m$ic9e man 7mundu mugo7 has1 h[ev]1 to come & purify ! :ole village 9 ! usual way4 ,if ! own] ( ! village belongs to ! ,masai guild ! consequ5ces are n s s]i\s4 ,! family leave ! hut tempor>ily until ! corpse has be5 c>ri$ (f by ! hynas2 !y !n kill a goat or %eep ne> ! door ( ! hut1 take a little ( ! fat f ! /oma* ( ! animal1 & place a small portion on ! cook+ fire ( ea* hut4 ,?is removes ! ?ahu due to ! dea? ( ! /rang] & all is well4 7#fe7 ,if a new hut is built 9 ! village & ! wife ent]s x & f9ds h]self m5/ruat+ on ! day %e lights ! fir/ fire 9 x1 ! hut has to be brok5 d[n & demoli%$ ! v next day4 ,! woman mu/ on no acc\nt sleep a second night 9 x2 a ?ahu is on bo? ! woman & ! hut4 ,a m$ic9e man has to be call$ 9 to purify c]emonially ! woman & h] *ildr51 a new hut is built & ! m$ic9e man c]emonially sweeps x out ) a broom made ( ! twigs ( ! muk5ya1 mahoroa1 & mi*a?a bu%es2 he !n collects ! sweep+s & ?r[s !m outside ! village4 ,?is cu/om applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 ,?is cu/om also has ano!r phase :i* is z foll[s3 ,if on ! day a hut is built1 ! wife1 :o is ! own] ( ! hut1 is away f ! village & f9ds h]self m5/ruat+1 %e _c ev5 return to ! village1 b has to seek %elt] ) neighb\rs = ?ree days4 ,on ! f\r? day %e returns1 br++ ) h] a g\rd ( wat]4 ,:5 %e rea*es ! ?omi1 or meet+-place outside ! village1 %e p\rs "s ( ! wat] into a half g\rd & wa%es h]self4 ,%e c !n ent] bo? village & hut )\t fur!r c]emony4 ,?is applies to bo? sections ( ! tribe4 7#ff7 ,:5 a new hut is built1 ! fir/ fire to be lit 9 x mu/ be br\ght f a fire out 9 a %amba1 or field1 n f ano!r hut4 ,if fire _c be obta9$ f a %amba x is fir/ obta9$ f ano!r village2 ) ?is a fire is lit 9 a %amba & burn+ /icks are tak5 f t fire4 ,! ,kikuyu /ate t !y are afraid to get fire direct f ano!r village 9 case !y br+ "s unkn[n ?ahu along ) x or ) ! firewood2 !y consid] x a great risk1 p>ticul>ly = ! *ildr51 :o might get ?9 & ill 9 consequ5ce4 ,two or ?ree days aft] ! fir/ fire has be5 lit a male %eep has to be slaught]$ by ! own] ( ! village4 ,! meat is cook$ 9 ! hut1 & ! blood is p\r$ out on ! village ?omi1 !n be] is brew$ & a libation ( x is p\r$ out inside ! hut ne> ! door & on ! ?omi or village gre54 ,! above applies to ^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion4 ,^? circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion make ! fir/ fire 9 a new hut by friction ) a fire/ick1 & ! wood = ! fir/ fire mu/ come f two ( ! trees sacr$ to ?is bran*1 viz41 mutamaiyu & mut>akwa 7junip]74 7#fg7 ,anyone c impose a ?ahu ^u ! own] ( a hut by pluck+ out a h&ful ( ?at* f ov] ! door & ?r[+ x on ! gr\nd4 ,! ?ahu app>5tly affects ! wife :o lives 9 ! hut1 & %e is apt to be attack$ by a wa/+ disease4 ,to remove ! evil effects1 a numb] ( eld]s & a mundu mugo1 or m$ic9e man1 are call$ 92 !y kill a ram or "y ewe1 :i* has n yet borne1 ne> ! door ( ! hut1 & spr9kle ! ta?a inside ! hut & at ! door4 ,!y !n take a r\gh bru% made ( twigs ( ! m>>io & mahoroa bu%es & sweep up ! ta?a4 ,?is proce$+ purifies ! hut4 ,!y also spr9kle "s ( ! ta?a on ! ?at* ov] ! door & put "s mu?akwa & muk5ia sprigs 9 ! place :]e ! piece ( ?at* 0 tak54 ,only ! eld]s & ! m$ic9e man eat ! meat ( ! sacrifice2 none ( ! inhabitants ( ! village mu/ t\* x1 & ev5 ! bro!rs ( ! own] ( ! hut may n eat any4 ,if ! hut is n ?us purifi$1 x mu/ be =?) de/roy$4 ,%\ld ! ?at* be pull$ out un9t5tionally by a drunk5 man1 he w only h to pay a goat = ! purification c]emony4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is done ) evil int5t1 ! kiama1 or c\ncil ( eld]s1 w f9e ! (f5d] five goats4 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,mr ,bee* = br++ ?is example to 8 notice4 ,if a man goes to sleep at a /range village1 & if ! own] belongs to ! same rika z himself1 he is told to sleep 9 ! hut ( "o ( ! wives ( ! own]4 ,if ?is woman has lo/ a *ild & has n p]=m$ ! usual purification c]emonies aft] a dea?1 ! man w return home ) a ?ahu & w pass x on to ! wife 9 ^: hut he sleeps on 8 return home4 ,x is necess>y = ! hut to be purifi$ z 9 ! previ\s case1 & !n ! man & 8 wife h also to be purifi$4 ,aga91 if a wife goes & sleeps abroad & cohabits ) a man :o has assi/$ 9 ! burial ( a corpse or t\*$ a corpse & n yet be5 purifi$1 %e w1 on return+ home1 br+ a ?ahu to h] husb&1 & ! same c]emony ( lu/ration has to be und]gone4 7#fh7 ,! la/ ( ! ,kikuyu ?ahu :i* w be quot$ is "o ( "s importance1 z x may be1 9 primitive culture1 ! g]m ( "o ( ! beliefs :i* affects ! life ( civilis$ peoples3 ?is is ! ill luck :i* is atta*$ to ! sev5? day4 ,a h]dsman w n h]d 8 flocks = m ?an six days1 & on ! sev5? mu/ be reliev$ by ano!r man4 ,if a man has be5 on a j\rney & abs5t = six days he mu/ n return home on ! sev5? day1 & mu/ obs]ve cont95ce on ! sev5? day2 r ?an return to 8 village on t day he w g & sleep at ! h\se ( a neighb\r a %ort di/ance away4 ,if ?is law is brok51 s]i\s illness is c]ta9 to sup]v5e & a m$ic9e man 7mundu mugo7 has to be call$ 9 to remove ! curse4 ,bo? sections ( ! tribe are subject to x1 & bo? male & female are affect$4 ,moreov]1 ! live /ock ( ! (f5d] w become sick4 ,?is belief makes x easy = ! mission>ies to expla9 to ! ,kikuyu ! mean+ ( ! ,*ri/ian obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?4 ,an important po9t 9 connection ) ?ahu 9 ,kikuyu :i* previ\sly escap$ notice is t an own] ( a village1 if he belongs to ! ,kikuyu circumcision guild1 _c ent] or sleep 9 a hut :i* has be5 c]emonially purifi$ until two days h elaps$1 or = two mon?s if he belongs to ! ,masai guild4 ,?is prohibition has a v practical effect1 = 9 cases :]e ! :ole village has to be purifi$ to rid x ( "s s]i\s ?ahu ! own] ( ! village w\ld naturally be homeless = ei!r two days or two mon?s1 z ! case may be4 ,to obviate ?is difficulty ! purification c]emony is c>ri$ out 9 two in/alm5ts3 "o half ( ! village is done fir/1 & a little lat] ! m$ic9e man returns & p]=ms ! lu/ration c]emony on ! o!r half2 ! p are n ?us greatly inconv5i5c$4 ,a v>iant ( ! ^w ?ahu 9 ,kikuyu1 :i* is (t5 us$ by ! old m51 is nzahu4 ,x appe>s ^u inquiry t n e eld] 9 ,kikuyu has ! p[] ( remov+ ?ahu1 b only su* z h lo/ a wife :o is a "m4 ,if a wife dies & leaves *ildr51 ! husb& calls 9 two a?uri ya ukuu 7^! are ! v s5ior eld]s71 a mu?uri ya kiama 7eld] ( c\ncil71 & an old woman pa/ ! age ( *ild be>+4 ,!y kill a lamb1 mwati1 or a ram1 & ! eld]s !n take ! ta?a 7/oma* cont5ts71 p\r !m into a half g\rd1 njeli1 dip a bundle ( leaves 9 ! ta?a & spr9kle ! hut4 ,?is c]emony is believ$ to remove f ! fa!r & 8 *ildr5 ! ?ahu left by ! dea?4 ,! half g\rd is !n plac$ at ! b$ head ( ! fa!r4 ,a m$ic9e man f9ally comes & purifies ! :ole family4 ,if 8 g5]ation or age is junior to t ( ! eld]s :o come to p]=m ! above c]emony he _c p>ticipate 9 x1 b has to sit ap>t4 ,aft] ?is ! fa!r is consid]$ to be eligible to take "p 9 c]emonial connect$ ) ! removal ( ?ahu1 b only if he is a qualifi$ mu?uri ya kiama ya imburi nne or mburi i?ano2 t is to say1 if he has rea*$ ! grade to :i* ! entrance fee is f\r goats or five goats4 ,p>tial ,immunity ( ,eld]s f ,?ahu4--,! eld]s ( ! highe/ grade1 ukuru1 are z a rule pro( aga9/ ! incid5ce ( ?ahu4 ,!y probably acquire a c]ta9 sanctity f _! communion ) ! deity :5 !y take "p 9 ! p]=mance ( sacrifices at ! sacr$ trees & c ?us be consid]$ z a primitive prie/hood4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y assi/ 9 ! burial ( a corpse & cohabit ) _! wives )9 two mon?s1 !y w be /rick5 ) illness4 ,if !y p>ticipate 9 ! native oa? r+a !ngi1 !y mu/ be celibate = f\r mon?s1 & if !y assi/ at ! ki?a?i or gi?a?i oa? c]emony1 !y mu/ rema9 s = five mon?s1 or no?+ c save !m4 ,9 all ! above cases !y mu/1 l ord9>y p1 be purifi$ by a m$ic9e man be=e !y c resume _! m>ital relations4 ,?abu 9 ,ukamba4--,9 ,ukamba ?ahu is call$ ?abu or makwa1 & ! popul> attitude t[>ds x is v simil> to t exi/+ 9 ,kikuyu1 b x does n appe> to be su* an important factor 9 ! lives ( ! p1 & = "s reason or o!r does n seem to h rea*$ su* a high developm5t4 ,x is look$ ^u ) awe1 & p g5]ally dislike to discuss x4 ,! bulk ( ! eld]s c !re=e only give "o or two examples ( x4 ,!y decl>e t ! only p :o c give mu* in=mation are ! atumia ya makwa 7eld]s ( makwa7 & atumia ya ukuu 7eld]s ( ukuu71 & ^! important p und\bt$ly endeav\r to envelop ! beliefs 9 my/]y4 ,! incid5ce ( makwa or ?abu does n appe> to be ne>ly s frequ5t 9 ,ukamba z x is 9 ,kikuyu4 ,! ,kamba1 9 fact1 sne] at ! ,kikuyu1 & say !y are full ( makwa4 ,moreov]1 ow+ to ! retic5ce ( ! ,kamba on ! subject1 x is n easy to collect examples4 ,mr ,c4 ,dundas1 :o has assi/$ 9 ?is inquiry1 _h to pay a fee ( a bullock = himself & a goat = 8 int]pret] be=e he c\ld get any in=mation on ! subject4 ,^! fees admitt$ him to ! grade ( mutumia ya ukuu4 ,all inquiries1 h[ev]1 _h to be conduct$ 9 a l[ tone1 & no "o 0 all[$ to li/54 ,! foll[+ are all t h be5 discov]$ up to date1 b !re is little d\bt t o!rs exi/3 7#a7 ,on ! dea? ( a man ! village is unclean & mu/ be purifi$ by ! eld]s1 & dur+ ! p]iod ( purification /rict cont95ce mu/ be obs]v$ by all ^? resid5t 9 ! village4 ,if a man fails to obs]ve ?is rule he w become afflict$ ) makwa2 also ! woman1 provid+ %e belongs to ! village :]e ! dea? has tak5 place4 ,moreov]1 if a daught] ( ! deceas$ :o is liv+ away f ! village visits !re )9 elev5 days ( ! dea? ( h] fa!r1 %e w become afflict$4 ,! curse is remov$ 9 ! same way 9 ei!r ( ! above cases4 ,a bro!r ( ! deceas$ mu/ fir/ cohabit ) 8 wife4 ,he !n br+s a goat & ! afflict$ p]son br+s "s be]4 ,"o ( ! eld]s !n collects twigs ( ! movu1 mulale1 & muteme bu%es2 ^! are p\nd$ up ) wat]1 & ! mixture is call$ ngnondu4 ,"s ( ! ngnondu is p\r$ d[n ! goat's ?roat1 ! idea probably be+ to purify ! animal c]emonially4 ,! pati5t !n walks ?ree times r\nd ! goat1 & ! animal is lift$ up by ! eld]s4 ,its ?roat is cut & ! blood spurts ov] ! pati5t's head & body4 ,a piece ( /ick is !n plac$ "u 8 left arm & ano!r betwe5 ! toes ( 8 "r foot2 two eld]s take hold ( ea* ( ^! /icks & pull !m away say+1 8,we purify y40 ,! belief is possibly t by "s magical process ! defilem5t is pass$ into ! /icks4 ,subsequ5tly ! bro!r ( ! deceas$ aga9 cohabits ) ! same wife1 & ! pati5t is !n cur$4 7#b7 ,a man may n lie on 8 "m's b$1 or ev5 take any articles f x1 )\t becom+ makwa4 ,^u ! dea? ( 8 fa!r he inh]its1 & is !n entitl$ to use1 8 fa!r's b$1 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 also occupi$ by 8 "m1 & x is !re=e necess>y t he %\ld be protect$ f any evil :i* may come f ?is4 ,s ! eld]s make a mixture call$ ngnondu1 & sme> ! soles ( 8 feet ) x2 !y also spr9kle ! framework ( ! b$4 ,!y say t if ?is 7 n done ! son w\ld become makwa if he ev5 put 8 foot on ! b$4 ,if a son becomes makwa ?r\gh transgress+ ?is law be=e 8 fa!r's dea?1 he has to be purifi$ z 9 ! previ\s case4 ,x is suspect$ t ?is prohibition 0 devis$ z a safegu>d aga9/ ince/1 b if ! !ory is correct ! natives seem to h =gott5 ! reason4 ,a man1 moreov]1 may n sit on 8 bro!r-9-law's b$ )\t incurr+ ?abu4 ,ref]5ce is invit$ to ! au?or's "w on ! 8,e?nology ( ! ,a-,kamba0 7,camb4 ,press71 p4 #fe1 discuss+ ! dang] to a girl if a /rang] t\*es h] m5/rual blood2 ?is is a cle> case ( makwa1 :i* falls on ! girl 9 consequ5ce4 ,"s ( ! prohibitions m5tion$ on p4 #ajb op4 cit4 are also cases ( makwa1 & on p4 #ig op4 cit4 !re is an acc\nt ( a man :o 0 suff]+ f ?abu or makwa4 ,at ! "t1 un=tunately1 ! importance ( ! ph5om5a _h n be5 fully recognis$4 7#c7 ,if a man dies & leaves "y wives1 ! sons usually take !m ov]2 b1 ( c\rse1 a son mu/ n m>ry 8 "m4 ,a son _c1 h[ev]1 succe$ to "o ( 8 fa!r's wives until ! eld]s h p]=m$ c]ta9 c]emonies4 ,if he cohabits ) h] be=e ^! are c>ri$ out he w become makwa4 ,to remove ! curse 9 ?is case ! c]emonial is z foll[s3 a pat]nal uncle ( ! (f5d] collects ! eld]s & provides be] = !m2 ! woman conc]n$ br+s a goat4 ,! eld]s make "s ( ! ngnondu mixture1 :i* is h&$ to ! pati5t1 :o pret5ds to pay x to ! eld]s4 ,! eld]s !n br+ a bran* ( a tree call$ muuti & tell him to pay x to 8 uncle4 ,he does s by ?r[+ x at 8 uncle1 say+1 8,i pay y be=e ! eld]s40 ,?is looks z if ! _s ( ! deceas$ fa!r 7 (f5d$1 & c]emonial paym5t _h to be made to ! bro!r ( ! deceas$1 :o = ! "t be+ repres5ts him4 ,a piece ( wood ab\t fifte5 in*es long1 cut f a muk+ezia tree1 is !n br\ght4 ,?is is fir/ ins]t$ into ! vag9al passage ( ! woman1 & ! man's p5is is !n t\*$ ) x twice or ?rice4 ,"o ( ! eld]s aft]w>ds c>ries ! /ick away & ?r[s x across a riv] say+1 8,i ?r[ ?is evil away40 ,9 ! ev5+ ! uncle cohabits ) ! woman4 ,! makwa is ?us believ$ to be remov$1 b ! man c nev] h any?+ to d ) t woman aga94 ,he c1 h[ev]1 m>ry ano!r ( 8 fa!r's wives aft] ! eld]s h p]=m$ ! necess>y rites4 7#d7 ,aft] ! dea? ( a fa!r none ( ! sons may take honey f ! fa!r's hives until ! pat]nal uncle has fir/ done s4 ,any :o break ?is law w become makwa4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be remov$ by ! uncle1 :o br+s a %eep1 & he1 ! eld]s1 & ! "m ( ! pati5t lead ! %eep ?ree times r\nd ! pati5t2 at ! conclusion ( ! ?ird turn ! %eep is lift$ up & its ?roat is cut1 & ! blood is all[$ to spurt ov] ! pati5t4 ,! animal's ?roat is cut by "o ( ! eld]s1 ^: =e>m is held by ! uncle & ! "m4 ,aft] ?is c]emony ! pati5t is believ$ to be cur$1 & he c take honey4 ,x may be t ?is 0 devis$ to prev5t a son ru%+ (f into ! woods aft] 8 fa!r's dea? & annex+ any honey he f\nd1 irrespective ( :e!r su* & su* a hive w\ld fall to 8 %>e :5 ! eld]s decid$ z to ! division ( ! e/ate4 7#e7 ,if a woman loses a "y *ild by dea? x is necess>y = h] to h h] brea/s c]emonially purifi$ by a qualifi$ eld]1 or x is believ$ t any future *ildr5 %e may be> w die ( makwa4 7#f7 ,if a man cohabits ) a m>ri$ woman 9 ! woods :ile ! cattle are out graz+1 x br+s makwa ^u ! cattle & !y w die4 ,! woman1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally afraid ( evil fall+ on ! preci\s cattle1 & confesses4 ,! cattle are !n tak5 out ( _! kraal1 m$ic9e is plac$ on ! gr\nd at ! gate1 & !y are !n driv5 back ov] ! m$ic9e1 & ?is lifts ! curse4 ,! woman has also to be c]emonially purifi$ by an eld]4 7#g7 ,if a woman :o has borne *ildr5 is =c$ by a man a curse is said to fall on ! *ildr5 & !y w die4 ,! evil c1 h[ev]1 be av]t$ if %e is purifi$ by an eld]2 ! man has to pay a goat & ! exp5ses ( ! purification c]emony4 7#h7 ,if a hyna defcates 9 a village dur+ ! night a makwa falls on ! village1 & ! eld]s h to kill a goat & purify 7tapi%a7 ! village4 7#i7 ,"s m$ic9e m5 h ! p[] to place a makwa ^u "o ( _! wives :o is a p>ticul> fav\rite4 ,?is is done by m$ic9e1 b ! details are kept secret4 ,if a man s$uces ! woman 9 "q x is said t dea? w ensue unless he c by paym5t induce ! m$ic9e man to lift ! curse4 7#aj7 ,if a p]son goes to 8 "m's native village & eats food !re1 & if by any *ance a dea? has occurr$ 9 t village & ! fun]al c]emonies are n complet$1 he w be /rick5 ) makwa4 ,ev5 if a wife goes to pay a visit to h] fa!r's village "u ! above circum/ances ! result is ! same4 ,?is =m ( makwa c only be remov$ by a m$ic9e man4 ,! little kn[n ,?aka or ,?>aka p 9 ! ,tana ,valley s\?-ea/ ( ,k5ia also believe 9 makwa1 & use ! same ^w = x4 ,a few examples h be5 collect$ by ,mr ,c4 ,dundas1 & are giv5 bel[3 7#a7 ,if a village is c]emonially unclean = "s reason or o!r1 & a man cohabits !re9 ) a p]son ( ! opposite sex be=e x is purifi$1 !y are bo? /rick5 ) makwa4 7#b7 ,if a man belong+ to a village has be5 abs5t on ! occasion ( a dea? & at ! necess>y subsequ5t purification ( ! village1 he may n ent] until a %eep has be5 kill$ & ! cont5ts sme>$ on ! ?re%old ( 8 "m's hut4 ,if ?is lu/ration c]emony is omitt$ he is /rick5 ) makwa4 7#c7 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! head ( a family ! sons may take ! y\ng] wid[s to wife1 b n until ! bro!r ( ! deceas$ has c]emonially cohabit$ ) ! pr9cipal wife ( ! deceas$4 ,if ?is rite is n obs]v$ be=e a son m>ries "o ( 8 fa!r's wid[s1 he w become makwa4 ,little is yet kn[n ( ! proc$ure :i* has to be adopt$ to remove ! makwa1 b x is said t only m$ic9e m5 c d s4 ,an eld]1 se5 rec5tly1 :o 0 cov]$ ) small sores1 & "s ( ^: toes _h dropp$ (f1 0 /at$ to be suff]+ f makwa1 due to infr+em5t ( ! rule m5tion$ 9 example 7#a7 above4 ,a new road 0 rec5tly op5$ 9 ,kikuyu c\ntry1 & :]e x cross$ ! ,ruiru ,riv] a bridge 0 built4 ,at "o end ( ! bridge an ar*1 made ( b5t /icks1 0 erect$1 & on ?is a small wick]-"w arrangem5t 0 susp5d$4 ,ov] ! b5t /icks a /rip ( ! sk9 ( a %eep 0 entw9$4 ,?is 0 call$ 8rigi10 & 0 a m9iature ( ! wick] door ( a hut4 ,! ,ruiru ,riv] at ?is place is ! b\nd>y betwe5 two sections ( ! c\ntry1 & ! object ( ! model door 0 to prev5t evil influ5ces1 or ?ahu1 ent]+ ! neighb\r+ area by ! bridge4 ,! /rip ( sk9 0 tak5 f a %eep :i* _h be5 sacrific$ !re4 ,!re is a curi\s belief 9 ,kikuyu ) reg>d to ! burn+ ( a hut4 ,if a hut is burn$ d[n1 ! own] mu/ n lodge ! goats f t hut 9 ! h\se ( a fri5d1 ! idea be+ t ! hut caught fire z ! result ( "s k9d ( ?ahu1 & t ! goats are probably infect$ ) ! ?ahu & may ?us br+ sickness to o!r p's animals4 ,!re 01 = in/ance1 a case :]e a hut 0 de/roy$ by fire1 along ) sev]al goats1 b ! p d>e n eat ! c>cases1 al?\gh ! meat 0 app>5tly q :olesome4 ,:5 a burnt hut is rebuilt1 a goat is slaught]$ to prev5t ! new hut f be+ de/roy$ by fire4 ,! meat ( ! goat is eat5 by ! eld]s1 & ! sk9 is giv5 to an eld] :o has _h a hut burnt4 ,b al?\gh he may use ! sk9 he mu/ n sell x4 ,ext9ction ( ,fire 9 a ,hut4--,?\gh n def9itely connect$ ) ! ?ahu beliefs1 ! ill luck :i* is associat$ ) ! ext9ction ( fire 9 a hut is r int]e/+ to note4 ,if a man has sev]al huts x is consid]$ extremely unlucky if ! fire goes out 9 all ( !m 9 a s+le night4 ,he mu/ at once summon ! eld]s1 :o kill a male %eep & spr9kle "s ( ! /oma* cont5ts or ta?a on ea* fireplace4 ,if 8 ne>e/ neighb\rs live "s little way (f1 he relights ! fire by means ( a fire /ick1 mwaki ku-!ge?a1 b if !y live ne> by he begs "s fire f !m4 ,:5 ! %eep is kill$ !y also fry ! fat 9 a cook+ pot & spr9kle "s ( x 9 ! village & pray to ,engai 7,god7--8,we give !e fat to dr9k1 & beg !e n to ext+ui% ! fire aga940 ,:5 fire goes out 9 ! hut ( a m$ic9e man x is n necess>y = him to kill a %eep l ord9>y p1 b he feels ! ill luck all ! same4 ,he d>e n travel next day1 & if anyone comes to him = m$ic9e or to be purifi$1 he w n p]=m ! c]emony until a :ole day has elaps$4 ,! eld]s :o 7 int]rogat$ ab\t ?is 7 q cle> t x 0 ,god :o put out ! fire & n ! ngoma1 or spirits4 ,effects ( ,break+ a ,tabu4--,a curi\s case ( ! results ( an infr+em5t ( tabu rec5tly came to ! notice ( an (fic] 9 ,we/]n ,ukamba4 ,he 0 inspect+ ! hospital1 & f\nd !re a ,kamba port] /rick5 ) illness2 8 face 0 mu* swoll5 & cov]$ by a k9d ( conge/$ ra%1 & 8 te/icles 7 also swoll54 ,on inquiry1 he /at$ t 8 affection came on sudd5ly aft] eat+ "s h>tebee/ meat1 & t he belong$ to ! ,aitangwa clan1 9 :i* ?is 0 a =bidd5 meat4 ,! (fic] imm$iately s\ght out an intellig5t ,mu-,kamba1 :o knew no?+ ab\t ! incid5t1 & ask$ ab\t ! ,aitangwa & _! tabu1 or makwa1 & )\t hesitation he 0 told t h>tebee/ meat 0 =bidd51 & describ$ exactly ! symptoms f :i* ! port] 0 suff]+ z be+ ! result ( break+ ! prohibition4 ,x 0 said t ! man w\ld h to sacrifice a goat & g ?r\gh a purification c]emony to get rid ( ! affliction4 ,! f9al result 0 n he>d4 ,^! ph5om5a are v curi\s1 & psy*ologi/s w\ld no d\bt attribute !m to self-hypnotic sugge/ion4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t a man :o breaks ! clan tabu is probably1 be=e break+ x1 v sceptical z to ! evil effects1 &1 be+ sceptical1 w\ld presumably be pro( aga9/ ! hypnotic auto-sugge/ion4 7,b7 ,,purification ,,& ,,bless+ ,ku-tahikia 9 ,kikuyu4--,ref]5ce has be5 made to purification by ! m$ic9e man1 :i* g5]ally concludes ! c]emonies connect$ ) ! removal ( ?ahu4 ,?is c]emony is ! same 9 all cases 9 :i* x is consid]$ necess>y2 x may v>y a little accord+ to ! practice ( a p>ticul> m$ic9e man1 b t is all4 ,! writ] 0 rec5tly pres5t at "o ( ^! c]emonies1 & ! proc$ure 0 z foll[s3 ,! m$ic9e man fir/ receiv$ a %eep2 he !n made a small incision betwe5 ! ho(s ( ! "r =eleg & rubb$ a little m$ic9e into ! w\nd4 ,! m$ic9e consi/$ ( a p[d] made f ! m>>ia bu% & mahunyuru1 :i* is ! epid]mis & hair ( a %eep4 ,probably ! idea und]ly+ ?is 0 a consecration ( ! animal = ! purpose ( ! c]emony4 ,! m$ic9e man !n br\ght a numb] ( sprigs ( v>i\s plants3 ,mahoroa1 ,murumbai1 ,uruti-,emilia8 ,muk&u1 ,mu*a?a-,emilia1 sp41 ,matei or ,mitei1 ,ihurura1 a creep+1 v9e-l plant4 ,he sep>at$ ^! into two bundles1 & b\nd ea* at ! base ) ! creep] ihurura2 !y resembl$ two h& bru%es ( gre5 leaves4 ,! "m ( ! pati5t or p]son :o 0 to be purifi$ !n fet*$ ab\t a p9t ( wat] f ! /ream1 c>ry+ x 9 a c\ple ( banana leaves laid ov] ea* o!r4 ,a small depression 0 scoop$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ! wat]1 /ill 9 ! banana leaves1 0 deposit$ !re94 ,! m$ic9e man & ! pati5t squatt$ opposite ea* o!r4 ,! =m] !n put a v>iety ( p[d]s 9 ! wat]4 ,^! 7 enum]at$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,p[d] made f ! /oma* cont5ts ( ! tree hyrax4 7#b7 ,ru?uku made f ! muhokora root4 7#c7 ,umu1 a r$di% p[d] made f ! root ( a ?orny plant4 7#d7 ,a p[d] made f ! irura 7papyrus7 & ! mahoroa plant4 ,he !n produc$ ! dri$ "r black =efoot ( a %eep1 dipp$ x 9 ! wat]1 /irr$ up ! cont5ts1 & plac$ ! wett$ foot 9 ! m\? ( ! pati5t1 :o lick$ x vigor\sly & !n expectorat$ ! liquid on ! gr\nd4 ,?is 0 repeat$ "s tw5ty or ?irty times1 ! m$ic9e man incessantly rec\nt+ all k9ds ( dang]s & evils 9 a *ant+ voice ) a g5]al refra91 8,may y be deliv]$ f all ^!40 ,he !n took "o ( ! bundles ( plants & dipp$ ! l[] end 9 ! wat]4 ,! pati5t lick$ x & expectorat$1 z above describ$1 ! m$ic9e man *ant+ ! :ole "t4 ,! same proc$ure 0 adopt$ ) ! second bundle ( leaves4 ,! pati5t !n /ood up2 ! m$ic9e man took "o ( ! bru%es1 dipp$ x 9 ! wat]1 & spr9kl$ ! pati5t's head & wip$ ! front ( 8 body ) ! wett$ bundle ( leaves4 ,! pati5t n[ turn$ r\nd & ! back ( 8 body 0 simil>ly treat$4 ,! pati5t !n knelt d[n & wa%$ 8 face ) ! wat] & wa%$ ea* foot & leg4 ,?is done1 he wip$ 8 face1 feet1 & legs1 fir/ ) "o bundle & !n ) ! o!r4 ,! pati5t !n put 8 f+] into ! wat] & pi]c$ ! banana leaf bas91 & ! wat] soak$ away into ! e>?4 ,!reupon ! m$ic9e man ga!r$ up ! banana leaves & 8 bundle ( leaves & deposit$ !m on ! village manure heap1 ki>a9i4 ,!re 0 /ill a f9al /age ( ! proce$+1 viz41 ! ano9t+ ) :ite clay1 ira4 ,! pati5t /ill /ood 9 front ( ! m$ic9e man1 :o took f a small g\rd "s ( ! :ite e>?1 & sme>$ x d[n ! l9e ( ! nose1 on ! upp] lip1 "u ! *91 on ! "r & left big toe1 & on ! palms ( bo? h&s4 ,a little ( ! m$ic9es call$ irura & muhokora 7 !n tak5 & a little plac$ 9 ! palm ( ea* h& ( ! pati5t1 :o cross$ 8 h&s &1 hold+ !m 9 ?is position1 alt]nately lick$ ea* palm4 ,! m$ic9e man !n lick$ a little ( ! above m$ic9e1 & ! c]emony 0 f9i%$4 ,! purification c]emony _c be p]=m$ )\t paym5t2 x is o!rwise ( no avail4 ,c]emonial ,bless+ by a ,m$ic9e ,man 7,kikuyu74--,?is is believ$ to be efficaci\s1 ^u c]ta9 occasions1 aga9/ evil & z a purification4 ,! m$ic9e man gives ! supplicant a p[d] made f an aromatic root call$ muhokora4 ,x is ( a greyi% br[n col\r2 a little is p\r$ into 8 h& & he eats x4 ,! m$ic9e man also eats "s1 ) ! object1 p]haps1 ( %[+ ! pati5t t no?+ bad has be5 mix$ ) x4 ,! m$ic9e man !n takes a long n>r[ g\rd ) t9y holes on "o side ( x & %akes out1 z f a pepp] ca/or1 a p[d] made ( ! roots ( ! muhokora & m*anja muka plants1 & at ! same "t utt]+ a pray]4 ,! pati5t receives ! p[d] on 8 h&s & rubs x on 8 head & d[n ! middle ( 8 =ehead4 ,! m$ic9e man n[ takes a draught ( be] & c]emonially spits a little on to ea* ( 8 brea/s1 fir/1 h[ev]1 spitt+ a little on ! gr\nd z a libation to ! ngoma1 or ance/ral spirits4 ,! g5]al idea ( ! purification c]emony is ( a dual "*2 its fir/ object is to ca/ out ! contam9ation ( an evil influ5ce &1 ?is be+ done1 to re-e/abli% normal relations betwe5 ! wor%ipp] & 8 deity4 ,x is believ$ t among ,african natives ! idea ( ! evil influ5ce is n v concrete1 b among o!r peoples ! evil influ5ce assumes ! %ape ( a demon1 ! nature ( :i* may be id5tifi$ by a magician & expell$ by him by ! use ( appropriate =mul4 ,! "o is a high] developm5t ( ! o!r4 ,9 ,ma?4 xvii4 #ad1 & ,m>k ix4 #ad1 = in/ance1 we f9d ! f\nd] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion play+ ! "p ( ! magician & ca/+ out an evil _s4 ,! only p>allel to ?is class ( proc$ure among ! ,african natives "u inve/igation is ! curi\s ,engai possession ( ! ,kamba & ! ritual und]tak5 to cure p]sons possess$3 ! odd po9t ab\t ^? c]emonies1 h[ev]1 is t al?\gh ! afflict$ p]son = :om ! dances are conv5$ may be cur$1 o!rs w be seiz$ dur+ ! proce$+s1 ! affliction app>5tly becom+ infecti\s4 ,ki?angaona *a mu*i--,! ,purification ,sacrifice = a ,village 7,kamba ( ,kitui74--,if sickness becomes preval5t 9 a village1 ! headman w consult a m$ic9e man1 :o may decl>e t ! _s 7imu7 ( a p]son :o di$ long ago is bo!r+ ! p & ne$s appeas+1 & he w !re=e ord] a f[l to be tak5 r\nd ! village c]emonially & kill$4 ,?is is suppos$ to be v efficaci\s 9 re/or+ ! good luck ( ! village1 & is done z foll[s3 ! village head w walk r\nd outside ! village ) "s a%es 9 8 "r h& & a f[l 9 ! left2 on rea*+ a po9t opposite ! gate ( ! village ! f[l w be releas$ & all[$ to fly inside4 ,x is !n caught aga9 & its ?roat is cut & ! knife is aft]w>ds buri$ 9 ! cattle kraal4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! village eat ! f[l4 ,! village head !n prays to ! deity 7,engai7 to remove ! sickness & keep x f ! village1 & aft]w>ds prays to ! imu1 or _s1 ( ! deceas$ p]son :o is suppos$ to h br\ght ! sickness4 ,x is /at$ t !y fir/ pray to ,engai because ! imu is believ$ to h gone to ,engai4 ,! aiimu :i* afflict villages are said to be usually ^? ( deceas$ m$ic9e m5 :o1 :5 alive1 7 suppos$ to communicate ) ,engai 9 _! dreams4 ,!y decl>e t !y h se5 someone gl[+ l a fire1 giv+ su* & su* a message4 ,!re is ano!r ki?angaona *a mu*i1 :i* also deals ) sickness 9 a village1 b diff]s f ! previ\s example 9 :i* a f[l is us$4 ,z ) ,european physicians1 ! practice ( m$ic9e m5 v>ies = individual pati5ts4 ,! magician1 hav+ decid$ t ! sickness is due to ! imu ( a deceas$ p]son1 w ord] ! wom5 ( ! village to gr9d "s mawele or wimbi fl\r & cook x & make porridge4 ,! porridge is br\ght to ! hut ( ! afflict$ p]son & "s butt] is add$2 ! p pres5t dip _! wood5 spoons 9 ! porridge & ea* "o eats a little & !n ?r[s "s on to ! floor z an (f]+ to ! imu2 ! s5ior wife ( ! village head comm5ces & ! o!rs foll[ suit4 ,! village head !n brews "s be]1 dr9ks a little1 & p\rs "s out to ! tr\blesome imu4 ,hav+ done ?is he kills a he-goat1 cuts a /rip ( meat f ! brea/1 cooks x1 & deposits x at ! door ( ! hut4 ,x is probably eat5 by ! village dogs or f[ls1 b ?is does n matt]4 ,! p !n pray to ! _s & say1 8,we h giv5 y food1 be]1 & meat1 we besee* y to all[ ! sick "o to recov]40 ,ki?angaona *a mburi--,! ,purification ,sacrifice ( ! ,goat4--,on "s occasions ! m$ic9e man w advise t ! c]emony ( ki?angaona *a mburi be p]=m$4 ,?is is done z foll[s3 ,! ev5+ be=e ! c]emony1 ! head ( ! village puts a /one 9 ! hut fire & leaves x !re all night2 next morn+ he calls a small boy & girl1 & ! =m]1 accompani$ by ! headman1 leads a male goat r\nd ! outside ( ! village1 foll[$ by ! girl4 ,! goat mu/ be all "o col\r & n spott$4 ,:5 ! p>ty rea*es ! gate ( ! village ! headman takes a half g\rd ( wat] & places x on ! goat's head betwe5 ! horns4 ,! r$ hot /one is br\ght out f ! gl[+ emb]s 9 ! hut1 dropp$ into ! b[l ( wat]1 caus+ ! wat] to boil & give (f /eam4 ,a hole is n[ dug at ! door ( ! hut ( ! village head1 :o holds ! /one ov] ! hole & prays z foll[s3 8,engai muimu mivo na?ika dikoni wao mivo na?ika hivia na?ika wao pamwe nabia hii10 :i*1 freely translat$1 means3 8,oh ,god1 ,i d n wi% to see ! sickness ent] my village1 s n[ ,i bury ?is /one & bury ! sickness ) x40 ,! goat is n kill$1 b is all[$ to g free4 ,?is is an unusual proce$+4 ,x is a curi\s example ( a comb9ation ( magic & primitive religion4 ,ki?angaona *a munda--,pray]s = ,crops 7,kitui74--,:5 a villag] sees t 8 crops are suff]+ f dr\ght1 ! ravages ( insect pe/s1 & s =?1 he w g to a riv] b$ & cut ! bran* ( a tree call$ k9dio :i* gr[s !re4 ,he w !n take ! egg ( a f[l1 dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 among ! crops1 & place ! egg 9 x1 plant+ ! bran* ( ! k9dio tree 9 ! hole4 ,he prays to ! deity 7,engai7 besee*+ him to make 8 crops gr[ l ! k9dio1 a tree :i* nev] )]s4 ,! egg is said to be us$ because ( its n\ri%+ prop]ties1 & x is also believ$ t no bad influ5ce c p5etrate its %ell4 ,?is is a v pretty example ( homopa?ic magic4 ,! ,d$ication ( ! ,bull--,ki?angaona *a nzau--,kitui ,a-,kamba4--,x sometimes happ5s t :5 a man consults a magician ab\t a contemplat$ m>riage1 or "s o!r matt]1 ! magician in=ms him t 9 8 village a c[ is 9 calf & t ?is c[ w be> a bull calf :i* w be ( a c]ta9 col\r1 r$ or black or spott$4 ,he tells ! own] t ! calf mu/ n be kill$ or sold 9 ! ord9>y way1 z x w be ! prop]ty ( ! ance/ral spirits 7nzau ya aiimu71 or w be d$icat$ to !m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y at any "t to kill ?is bea/1 "s be] mu/ be brew$1 & ! meat mu/ be divid$ among ! own]'s wives4 ,no portion ) a bone 9 x mu/ be giv5 to a /rang]1 b all ! bones %\ld be collect$ & buri$ 9 ! cattle kraal4 ,! meat ( ! bea/ mu/ be cook$ & (f]$ to ! aiimu1 & "s ( ! be] p\r$ out to !m4 ,! bones ( ! c>case may be brok51 if s desir$4 ,a bea/ ?us d$icat$ to ! aiimu w nev] die ( disease4 ,if1 = any special reason1 ! own] wi%es to sell or kill su* a bull1 a sub/itute mu/ be f\nd = x1 & an important c]emony has to be obs]v$4 ,! orig9al animal & ! sub/itute are ti$ & ?r[n on _! sides2 ! two animals are !n plac$ t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,"s hair is cut f ! =ehead1 ! *e/1 & ! tail ( ! orig9al bea/ & plac$ on ! sub/itute1 ! animals be+ !n releas$4 ,! aiimu are address$1 & x is expla9$ to !m t ow+ to press+ reasons ! orig9al bea/ has to be kill$ or sold1 z ! case may be1 b t a suitable sub/itute has be5 provid$4 ,"s be] is brew$1 & a libation ( x is p\r$ out 9 ! hut ( ! village head4 ,old ,te/am5t ,p>allels4--,x is consid]$ t ! pr9ciple ( ?ahu or ?abu exi/$ among ! ,israelites1 & ! foll[+ ref]5ces to ,mosaic law may be reasonably quot$3 ,leviticus xix4 #h3 8,!re=e ev]yone t eate? x %all be> 8 iniquity because he ha? pr(an$ ! hall[$ ?+ ( ! ,"l & t s\l %all be cut (f f among 8 p40 ,?is ref]s to ! eat+ ( a sacrifice ( peace (f]+s on ! ?ird day2 x may be eat5 ! day ( ! sacrifice & ! foll[+ day1 b if eat5 at all on ! ?ird day1 inflicts a ?abu on ! culprit4 ,leviticus xix4 #bb3 8,& ! prie/ %all make an atonem5t = him ) ! ram ( 8 trespass (f]+ 444 & ! s9 :i* he ha? done %all be =giv5 him40 ,?is c be tak5 z a case ( a man :o has committ$ a crime aga9/ tribal law1 & takes a ram to ! prie/ or "o ( ! eld]s ( ! tribe1 :o p]=ms ! c]emony ( tahikia to cleanse him f 8 s94 ,! elaborate c]emonial laid d[n 9 ,leviticus xiv4 deal+ ) ! case ( purification f ! plague ( leprosy might be ! proc$ure adopt$ by a ,kikuyu m$ic9e man to-day3 ! use ( special plants1 ! sacrifice ( a ewe lamb ( ! fir/ ye>4 ,! latt] is id5tical ) ! mwati ( ,kikuyu practice4 ,x is laid d[n 9 v]se #ai t3 8,! prie/ %all (f] ! s9 (f]+ & make atonem5t = him t is to be cleans$40 ,?is c]ta9ly looks z if ! plague 7 ! result ( evil-do+ on ! "p ( ! pati5t1 & ( ! nature ( a ?ahu1 & is q 9 accordance ) pres5t-day beliefs 9 ,kikuyu & ,ukamba4 ,! comm9atory *apt]s xxviii4 9 ,deut]onomy are ( consid]able int]e/ z a p>allel to ! cases quot$ z exi/+ to-day 9 ,africa1 e4g41 xxviii4 #de3 8,& all ^! curses %all come ^u !e & %all pursue !e & ov]take !e till ?\ be de/roy$40 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ,?ahu & ,?abu4--,x w be well to review ! results ( ?is inquiry4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 a numb] ( cases1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ^? enum]at$1 ! ?ahu is br\ght ^u ! (f5d] or br\ght ^u a ?ird p>ty1 by ! int5tional act ( ! (f5d]2 9 o!r cases ! p]son1 & sometimes ! live /ock1 are ! victims ( circum/ances ov] :i* !re is no control4 ,! inve/igations ?r[ a vivid light ^u ! complicat$ nature ( ! life hi/ory ( a ,mu-,kikuyu or ,mu-,kamba1 & x is evid5t t a native ( "o ( ^! tribes _c g ?r\gh life )\t becom+ ?ahu or ?abu "s "t or o!r4 ,mr ,c4 ,dundas1 writ+ on ?is subject1 says ) reg>d to ! ,kikuyu p3 8,! fe> ( ?ahu is always pres5t1 a man may be subject to x )\t kn[+ ! cause4 ,:5 anyone goes on a j\rney he _c tell :e!r he may n h contract$ ?ahu 9 /range h\ses & villages1 & !re=e :5 he returns he w kill a goat = purification be=e he ent]s 8 village4 ,?is 0 done on "o occasion by a numb] ( eld]s :o _h be5 on a j\rney ) me1 b z !y 7 repres5tatives ( ! we/]n "p ( ! di/rict1 ! goat 0 kill$ on cross+ ! ,kamiti ,riv]1 :i* riv] !y reg>d$ z ! b\nd>y ( _! c\ntry40 ,unm>ri$ m5 & girls are n subject to ?ahu4 ,on "o occasion a woman 9 hospital 0 said to be suff]+ f ?ahu caus$ by hav+ t\*$ ! g5itals ( a /range man2 ! symptoms ( ?ahu 7 9 reality only a b$ sore1 b a m$ic9e man 0 call$ 9 to cure h]4 ,a case1 9 :i* a man 0 su$ = a goat = ! purification ( a woman :om he _h rap$1 & :o1 9 consequ5ce1 c\ld n suckle h] *ild until %e 0 purifi$1 0 tri$ be=e a kiama4 ,! idea seem$ to be t ! *ild w\ld become ?ahu4 ,! ?ahu is1 h[ev]1 9 ne>ly all cases removable by ! eld]s & m$ic9e m5 = paym5t1 & x may !re=e be urg$ t ! belief has n mu* value z a moral re/ra9t4 ,?is view _c1 h[ev]1 be s]i\sly ma9ta9$ = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,take ! case ( a p]son :o commits an act :i* he kn[s w br+ ?ahu2 x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t he nev] que/ions ! validity ( ! pr9ciple2 he goes ab\t ) ! burd5 ( ! misde$ on 8 consci5ce1 & ?is worries him s mu* t he gradually gets ?9 & ill1 & puts x d[n to ! ?ahu4 ,x !re=e ends by 8 confess+ to ! eld]s & begg+ !m to free him f ! curse4 ,x is 9 ess5ce no?+ m or less ?an ! confession & absolution ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!n aga9 we h to consid] ! publicity ( kraal life1 :]e v little goes on :i* is n kn[n to ! neighb\rs2 polygamy also increases ?is1 a man confides 9 "o wife1 %e tells ano!r wife & s x goes ?r\gh ! village2 if "o p]son commits an act :i* inflicts ?ahu on himself or a neighb\r1 x w gradually leak out by "s means or o!r1 & public op9ion w insi/ on measures be+ tak5 to remove x4 ,no liv+ p]son w\ld ev] dream ( evad+ ! wra? ( ! ngoma1 or ance/ral spirits4 ,occasions may1 ( c\rse1 arise :5 ! commission ( a prohibit$ act may involve a ?ird p>ty1 & ! p]son :o committ$ x may pres]ve sil5ce on ! po9t1 b ! eld]s w 9 mo/ cases be 9 possession ( complete in=mation z to ! movem5ts ( e p]son 9 ! neighb\rhood1 &1 moreov]1 ! demean\r ( ! consci5ce-/rick5 culprit w invite suspicion1 s 9 practice x is b r>ely t ! (f5d] is n detect$4 ,9 "s ( ! examples ( ?ahu :i* are cit$ above1 cases w be not$ 9 :i* ! hut is affect$ & has to be =?) demoli%$ if ! curse is n remov$2 ?is feature appe>s to be wor?y ( note1 & x may 9 "s measure acc\nt = ! l[ type ( dome/ic ar*itecture among ^! tribes4 ,obvi\sly !re is b little inc5tive to build l>ge p]man5t /ructures if1 ow+ to ! incid5ce ( a ?ahu1 ! own] may h to demoli% !m at any mom5t4 ,! au?or's att5tion 0 fir/ call$ to ?is po9t by a le>n$ ,fr5* mission>y :o has /udi$ ! ,kikuyu = _m ye>s4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t e native is conv]sant ) all ! acts ( omission or commission by :i* ?ahu or ?abu may be incurr$ & !re are d\btless v>iations 9 diff]5t areas1 i4e41 ! ?ahu ( ,we/]n ,k5ya are n id5tical 9 numb] & "* ) ^? ( ,kyambu di/rict4 ,all ! tribesm51 h[ev]1 "k a c]ta9 numb]1 & if any?+ unt[>d occurs to a man he w consid] x advisable to consult an eld]2 ! eld] w cross-exam9e him & ask if he has done s-&-s1 or omitt$ to d c]ta9 ?+s4 ,ev5tually ! applicant w admit hav+ done some?+ :i* results 9 a ?ahu2 ! way is !n cle>1 & appropriate treatm5t mu/ be s\ght 9 ! prop] qu>t]4 ,ridicul\s z mo/ ( ^! taboos appe>1 !y probably h a g5]al value 9 regulat+ conduct 9 communities :]e legal re/ra9t is 9 an undevelop$ /ate4 7,c7 ,,! ,,dy+ ,,curse ,?is is a v int]e/+ belief1 :i* occurs 9 bo? ,kikuyu & ,ukamba4 ,9 ,kikuyu x is call$ kirume1 & 9 ,ukamba kiume4 ,! belief is also said to be f\nd1 "u ! "n ( ukuongo1 among ! ,ja-,luo ,kavirondo4 ,x is really a ?ahu1 ?abu1 or makwa :i* c be susp5d$ by a dy+ man ov] 8 desc5dants4 ,! same idea1 some:at inv]t$1 exi/s among ! ,swahili1 :o call x ra?i1 or ! dy+ bless+4 ,if a man does n receive 8 fa!r's bless+1 he is believ$ to g ?r\gh life att5d$ by mu* mis=tune4 ,! g5]al idea is t a dy+ p]son c put a curse ^u prop]ty belong+ to him1 or c lay a curse ^u ano!r p]son1 b only ^u a p]son belong+ to 8 own family2 ?us1 = example1 ! head ( a village1 :5 dy+1 c lay a curse on a c]ta9 plot ( l& own$ by him & w t x %all n pass out ( ! family1 & if a desc5dant sells x1 8 spe$y dea? is said to foll[4 ,a case rec5tly came to ! au?or's k :]e an eld] 0 (f]$ a v tempt+ sum = a p>ticul> piece ( l&1 & equival5t l& else:]e1 b refus$ x because ! prop]ty _h come d[n to him ) a kirume on x4 ,?is is a v int]e/+ revelation1 because :5 "o comes to consid] x1 9 all probability x is ! g5esis ( a la/ w or te/am5t4 ,fur!rmore1 x is ! rude beg9n+ ( our pr9ciple ( 8entail40 ,x %[s1 moreov]1 t ^! p h almo/ rea*$ ! /age ( individual t5ure 9 l&1 or at any rate1 ( t5ure by ! family1 ! head ( ! village be+ ! tru/ee = ! family1 & x is 8 duty to see t ! ge?aka rights are pres]v$ intact4 ,! ge?aka is ! portion ( a ridge own$ by a p>ticul> family1 title be+ obta9$ by an ance/or by pur*ase f ! orig9al occupi]s1 ! ,dorobo hunt+ tribes4 ,if ! head ( ! family feels t he is ne>+ 8 end he assembles 8 sons1 & to ! elde/ he w probably say1 8,! goats belong+ to su* a hut %all be y\rs02 he w !n call ano!r son & say1 8,! goats ( su* & su* a hut %all be y\rs1 & if any ( y break ^! wi%es he %all surely die40 ,he w !n m5tion a c]ta9 %amba 7cultivat$ field7 & say1 8,su* & su* a %amba1 %all n be sold1 & if ?is wi% is brok5 ! "o :o sells x %all die40 ,?is op]ates z an entail on ! prop]ty :i* w be pass$ on f g5]ation to g5]ation2 su* is ! /r5g? ( ! belief4 ,^u inquiry1 examples may be f\nd all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,ano!r case quot$ 0 t ( a man :o _h a ne'er-d-well son :o 0 9 ! habit ( pilf]+ ! neighb\r+ villages2 ! cu/om is = ^? :o h suff]$ to collect & seize ! equival5t ( _! losses f 8 fa!r4 ,if ?is cont9ues1 ! fa!r1 9 ! end1 becomes s annoy$ ) 8 son's misde$s t he w put a kirume on him :5 on 8 dea?-b$4 ,!re is q a m$iaeval flav\r ab\t ?is action4 ,sometimes1 too1 a man1 :5 he is v old1 entru/s a son ) *>ge ( 8 live /ock1 & ! son may abuse ! tru/ & let ! flocks & h]ds melt away4 ,cases h be5 kn[n :]e an old patri>* on 8 dea?-b$ has put a kirume on 8 son to ! effect t he %all nei!r gr[ ri* nor h wives1 b to ! end ( 8 life %all be condemn$ to p]petual pov]ty4 ,aga91 a daught] may be a tr\ble to h] fa!r2 %e is1 say1 m>ri$ to a husb& :o has paid ! requir$ d[ry to h] fa!r2 %e runs away1 repeat$ly misbehaves h]self1 & s =?1 & ! fa!r w !n be subject to cont9ual worry1 ow+ to ! husb&'s dem&s = ! return ( ! d[ry4 ,! fa!r may ev5tually become s we>y ( all ?is worry t he w put a kirume on h] & condemn h] to p]petual b>r5ness4 ,ano!r case quot$ 0 t ( two bro!rs1 "o ri* & "o poor2 ! poor man may be envi\s ( 8 bro!r & hate him 9 consequ5ce4 ,"o day !y g to dr9k be]1 &1 excit$ by ! liquor1 ! poor] "o brutally attacks 8 bro!r & griev\sly injures him4 ,:5 ! injur$ man recov]s consci\sness he w call 8 bro!r & say1 8,y h always be5 jeal\s ( my weal?1 & n[ ,i %all probably die f treatm5t receiv$ at y\r h&s1 b :5 ,i am dead if y attempt to seize any ( my prop]ty y %all only be able to look at x1 = if y t\* a s+le head ( /ock y w die1 & if y\r son comes to take any ( my bea/s he w also die40 ,if a dy+ man calls out to a man ( 8 own clan1 muhirika1 or morika1 & makes a reque/ su* z1 8,give me wat]10 & ! p]son refuses1 ! dy+ man c impose a kirume ^u ! "o :o refuses4 ,a man is1 g5]ally speak+1 only able to lay a kirume ^u a p]son belong+ to 8 own muhirika1 or clan1 :i* really means t a kirume w only affect "o ) a common blood tie4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two exceptions to ?is3 ,if a man ( "o clan m>ries a woman ( ano!r clan 7z is ! rule7 he c1 if necessity arises1 place a kirume ^u ! family ( 8 wife if !y live 9 ! village ( 8 fa!r-9-law1 because !y h1 z ! expression runs1 8,eat5 ( 8 prop]ty10 ref]r+ to ! live /ock he has paid ov] to 8 fa!r-9-law = 8 wife4 ,! conv]se c also happ51 = if a man has m>ri$ a woman & has n paid 8 fa!r-9-law ! full am\nt agre$ ^u1 ! fa!r-9-law :5 he dies c impose a kirume ^u 8 son-9-law1 & su* kirume may also ext5d to 8 daught]1 ! idea probably be+ t ! daught] has n suffici5tly worri$ h] husb& to pay ! balance due4 ,! p[] to impose a kirume is app>5tly n altoge!r conf9$ to eld]s1 = x is said t if an incorrigible *ild is driv5 away f home1 becomes />v$ & dies 9 consequ5ce1 x c1 be=e x dies1 curse its p>5ts & say1 8,y h treat$ me l ?is1 & !re=e y %all n h any m *ildr540 ,x is said t if a p]son he>s t someone ( 8 own clan is ?reat5+ to impose a kirume on him1 he c take /eps to prev5t its infliction4 ,! proc$ure 0 describ$ z foll[s3 ,if a p]son he>s t1 say1 a bro!r int5d$ to place a kirume on him1 he at once takes a male goat or %eep to 8 village & kills x !re2 he (f]s "s ( ! fat1 "s milk & be] to ! dy+ man1 :o _c refuse to =give ! suppliant1 & :o c]emonially spits into 8 h&s & rubs a little saliva on 8 =ehead1 navel1 & feet4 ,! ?reat5$ p]son !n dep>ts 9 peace1 free f any dang] ( a kirume f t p]son4 ,?is applies to bo? guilds4 ,"o curi\s case ( kirume :i* 0 describ$ des]ves notice4 ,x is probably v r>e1 b x possibly c>ries evid5ce ( ! anci5t orig9 ( ! belief & dates back to matri>*al times4 ,suppose a dy+ mwanake1 or memb] ( ! w>rior age1 lays a kirume ^u 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r1 :at c\rse w\ld he pursue to rid himself ( ! dang]\s infliction8 ,if he 0 unable to get ! "o :o impos$ x to spit on him z above describ$1 he w\ld h to seek a gr&son by ano!r daught]1 take or s5d to him a male goat1 "s be]1 ! milk ( a c[ & se$ ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( gra9 gr[n 9 ! c\ntry1 & beg him to come to 8 village4 ,! gr&son w\ld !n come accompani$ by ! eld]s2 he w\ld ta/e ! meat1 be]1 milk1 etc41 & c]emonially spit !m out on ! gr&fa!r1 & ?is w\ld relieve ! old man ( all dang] f ! kirume impos$ by 8 o!r gr&son4 ,!re is a ^w kigao1 :i* is intimately connect$ ) kirume1 & is (t5 confus$ ) x1 b inquiry seems to %[ t kigao means ! neglect ( a dy+ fa!r's wi% ) reg>d to ! disposal ( prop]ty1 & ! result ( kigao1 is1 !re=e1 kirume1 cause & effect be+ (t5 v closely alli$ 9 ! m9d ( a native4 ,! fe> ( kirume seems to be mu* great] 9 ! section ( ! tribe circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion1 = a prom95t eld] ( ! ,masai guild /at$ t :5 ^? circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion succe$ to _! fa!r's prop]ty !y are inve/$ ) ! brass bracelet worn by eld]s on _! "r wri/1 & ^u _! "m's dea? !y we> ! iron bracelet worn by h]4 ,^! are call$ kigao1 & once an eld] has be5 inve/$ ) !m he is q safe f ! effect ( any kirume f 8 p>5ts4 ,! y\ng] sons receive pieces ( ! e> ornam5ts1 i*ui1 :i* are made into f+] r+s & fulfil ! same purposes z ! bracelets4 ,?is probably acc\nts = ! great] popul>ity ( ! ,masai guild among ! ,kikuyu p4 ,at ! same "t ! eld] admitt$ t x w\ld be bad to squ&] ! flocks & h]ds left by 8 fa!r1 & t if !y became deplet$ he w\ld probably sell a portion ( ! l&$ prop]ty to make ! flocks & h]ds up to _! orig9al /r5g?4 ,if a man he>s t a ne> relative is v ill he makes a po9t ( go+ to see him1 & takes ! precaution ( gett+ him to spit c]emonially on 8 h& & rub 8 visitor on ! navel4 ,if a man goes to see 8 sick fa!r or "m he takes a piece ( mutton fat1 & ! sick p>5t c]emonially spits on x & ! visitor rubs ! piece ( fat cov]$ ) saliva on 8 navel4 ,a m>ri$ woman c impose a kirume1 b n on an unm>ri$ woman4 ,! foll[+ is an example ( a case 9 :i* a m>ri$ woman may invoke ?is curse3 ,if a m>ri$ woman has = a long "t be5 sy/ematically ill-treat$ by a brutal husb& %e c1 :5 dy+1 put a kirume on h] fa!r = hav+ =c$ h] to m>ry su* a bad man1 & also ^u h] husb& = 8 brutality4 ,! kirume is look$ ^u z ! sev]e/ =m ( ?ahu or nzahu kn[n2 9 mo/ cases ( ?ahu ! subject r>ely dies1 because x is sl[ 9 its action & ! pati5t has an opportunity ( mak+ rep>ation & seek+ relief f ! prescrib$ m$ic9e man or eld]s1 b 9 ! case ( a kirume ! curse is v swift 9 its action1 ! pati5t rapidly sick5s1 breaks out into ulc]s & (t5 dies be=e he c arrange to take measures to arre/ its onslaught2 8 live /ock w also die my/]i\sly4 ,x is believ$ t ! effective p[] ( ! kirume is d]iv$ f ! _s 7ngoma7 ( ! deceas$ p]son by :om x is impos$1 assi/$ by ! ngoma ( ! ance/ors ( ! family4 ,x is said t !re is no poison )\t its antidote1 & ! same applies to ! kirume1 b ! antidote mu/ be appli$ 9 good "t & ! only p]sons :o c effect a cure are c]ta9 p]sons call$ a?uri ya ukuu4 ,! a?uri ya ukuu compose a grade ( eld]s above t ( a?uri ya mburi nne 7eld]s ( f\r goats--ref]r+ to ! fee !y pay = initiation to ! grade74 ,!y are always old m5 & ri*1 & h to pay to _! fell[ eld]s ( ! grade a bullock & a male %eep or goat z initiation fees4 ,:ile ! a?uri ya mburi nne =m ! ord9>y kiama1 or c\ncil ( eld]s1 ! a?uri ya ukuu con/itute a native c\rt ( appeal1 b !y d n admit appeals except 9 v important cases1 :5 x is )9 _! compet5ce to revise a judgm5t &1 if !y consid] fit1 r$uce ! am\nt ( comp5sation4 ,x is also ! duty ( ! a?uri ya ukuu to in/ruct ! heir 9 ! cu/oms ( ! tribe :5 he succe$s to ! prop]ty aft] 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,! a?uri ya ukuu d n treat ord9>y cases ( ?ahu b h to be call$ 9 = cases ( kirume4 ,! c]emonial connect$ ) ! removal ( a kirume is z foll[s2 x is call$ ku-tahikia kirume 9 ,kikuyu1 :i* means 8to purify f ! kirume40 ,! a?uri ya ukuu are summon$ to ! pati5t's village1 & ! day be=e ! c]emony ! eld]s cat* a mole-l rod5t call$ huku 7,ta*yoryctes sp471 put x alive 9 a cook+ pot ) "s sweet potatoes1 & cork up ! m\? ( ! pot4 ,! huku mu/ be caught ne> ! pati5t's village4 ,next morn+ ! a?uri ya ukuu arrive ) a m$ic9e man belong+ to ano!r clan & a male %eep is kill$2 ! eld]s !n take ! huku out ( ! pot & make passes all ov] ! pati5t's body ) ! live animal & n[ take ! huku & samples ( v>i\s k9ds ( native food1 beads1 etc41 & proce$ to ! place :]e ! corpse ( ! p]son :o impos$ ! kirume has be5 buri$ or ?r[n out4 ,ano!r %eep is tak5 ) ?is p>ty & also a small cook+ pot2 ^u rea*+ ! spot ref]r$ to ! second %eep is kill$ & "s ( its fat is cook$ 9 ! pot4 ,!y !n dig a hole & p\r ! fat 9 x1 also milk1 honey1 be]1 etc42 !y sme> ! huku ) ! ta?a1 or /oma* cont5ts ( ! %eep1 & ! m$ic9e man ties a t9y piece ( meat to ! "r & left =eleg ( ! animal ) a /r+ made ( mug]i 7hibiscus7 fibre1 !n fa/5+ x up 9 a r\gh net made ( ! roots ( ! ruri]a plant1 & cuts ! face (f ! sacrificial %eep1 leav+ ! eyes intact1 & places !m all 9 ! hole say+1 8,g back to y\r burr[ & take ) y ! _s ( ! p]son :o left ?is curse40 ,! hole is !n fill$ 94 ,! m$ic9e man eats ! rema9d] ( ! meat & aft]w>ds returns to ! village & purifies x4 ,! huku is said to p]sonify ! p]son :o impos$ ! kirume1 & ! eyes ( ! %eep are to wat* ! huku & see t x does n return to ! village4 ,! huku is *os5 because x lives bel[ gr\nd1 & ! ngoma ( deceas$ p]sons are believ$ to live bel[ gr\nd4 ,aft] ?is c]emony ! affect$ "o is believ$ to recov]2 "s say1 h[ev]1 t x only alleviates ! effect ( a kirume1 b does n remove x completely4 ,! eld]s /at$ t ?is w\ld n affect a kirume plac$ on a piece ( l& =bidd+ its sale1 & :at may be call$ ! kirume ( entail c\ld n be lift$4 ,! lu/ration f a kirume by ! huku c]emony only applies to ! ,kikuyu guild4 ,altoge!r ?is is a v pretty example ( :at ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] t]ms 8homopa?ic magic40 ,if a "y woman has be5 abus$ or vilifi$ by ! "y m5 7anake7 ( h] p>ticul> rika or g5]ation1 x is a s]i\s matt] = h]1 b no?+ is done ab\t x until ! girl is ab\t to be m>ri$4 ,! fa!r1 h[ev]1 !n takes a ram & makes a fea/ = ! anake ( ! same rika or circumcision g5]ation z 8 daught]1 & !y assemble & c]emonially spit on ! girl4 ,%e c !n be safely m>ri$ & be> *ildr54 ,9 fact1 z a precaution1 ?is is g5]ally done ev5 if !re is no record ( a qu>rel betwe5 ! girl & ! "y m5 ( h] rika4 ,a m$ic9e man is call$ 91 a ewe is slaught]$1 & he c]emonially purifies ! girl be=e h] m>riage4 ,ukamba4--,z 0 m5tion$ be=e1 ! doctr9e ( kirume or ! dy+ curse is f\nd among ! ,kamba p & is !re call$ kiume4 ,eld]s1 atumia1 & "y m>ri$ m51 an!le1 c impose a kiume among ! ,a-,kamba b n among ! w>rior class1 anake4 ,a man is able to place a kiume ^u ! p ( a village to ! effect t !y %all n refuse food or good treatm5t to a p>ticul> p]son1 ! fri5d ( ! dy+ man2 ?is fri5d may ev5 belong to ano!r tribe4 ,a p]son _c impose a kiume on anyone outside 8 imm$iate family4 ,a m>ri$ woman c place a kiume on h] fa!r's village if %e has reason to d s4 ,an elde/ son c place a kiume on a p>ticul> ?+ 9 ! village f :i* 8 "m came1 a common case ( ?is be+ :5 a man places a kiume on ! p ( 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r's village1 cont+5t on ! disposal ( a bea/ :i* 0 paid by 8 fa!r to 8 "m's p z "p ( h] m>riage price4 ,! reason ( ?is is t an elde/ son has a claim to a heif]1 ! prog5y ( ! m>riage price paid by 8 fa!r to 8 mat]nal gr&fa!r = 8 "m1 & he c1 :5 dy+1 w ?is bea/ to any p>ticul> p]son1 & if anyone prev5ts ?is beque/ be+ c>ri$ out he w die2 ! kiume g5]ally falls on ! head ( ! village4 ,! =mula us$ is3 8,if y d n c>ry out ?is wi% y w n be able to eat meat1 to dr9k wat]1 to dr9k milk to eat maize1 to eat millet1 & s on--& y w surely die40 ,z 9 ,kikuyu1 a dy+ eld] 9 ,ukamba c place a kiume on a cultivat$ field1 =bidd+ its sale out ( ! family4 ,if a ,mu-,kamba breaks a dy+ wi% & incurs a kiume1 he c g5]ally be fre$ f ! consequ5ces if he goes to an eld] ( 8 fa!r's village or to a ne> relative ( 8 fa!r & takes a bullock2 ! bea/ is kill$ & ! eld]s spit wat] & milk on 8 face--?is saves him f ! worse effects ( ! kiume1 viz41 dea?4 ,! c]emony is call$ kua?imwa4 ,!re is little d\bt t mu* m rema9s to be le>nt ab\t ! ritual ( kiume 9 ,ukamba1 b ^! ?+s are m difficult to "w out 9 t di/rict & ! details h to be dragg$ out bit by bit4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,sup]/itions ,,reg>d+ ,,*ildr5 ,,& ,,wom5 ,reg>d+ ! ,bir? ( ,*ildr51 etc4 7,kikuyu74--,9 =m] times1 if a *ild 0 born feet fir/ x 0 suffocat$ & ?r[n out4 ,if a *ild t\*es ! gr\nd at ! "t ( its bir? x is consid]$ v unlucky4 ,a ram1 a mwati 7"y ewe7 or an arika 7"y female goat7 is kill$1 & a bracelet made ( ! sk9 is plac$ on ! "m's wri/4 ,?is is done = ! sake ( ! *ild4 ,! sk9 ( ! animal sacrific$ is us$ = c>ry+ ! *ild on its "m's back4 ,x is aga9 v unlucky :5 an infant cuts its upp] tee? fir/1 b ! *ild is n kill$1 & is m]ely s5t to its mat]nal gr&mo!r4 ,?is only ref]s to ^? belong+ to ! ,kikuyu circumcision guild4 ,! *ild is t]m$ k+u4 ,to av]t ! ill luck1 a fri5d is ask$ to cohabit ) ! "m = a mon?1 aft] :i* ! husb& returns to 8 wife4 ,! bir? ( tw9s is a great mis=tune ei!r 9 human be+s or dome/ic animals1 b only :5 x occurs ! fir/ "t a woman or animal be>s4 ,x is believ$ t ! fa!r w die if he cohabits aga9 ) ! "m2 a case 0 cit$ ( a man :o did s & 0 kill$ by a tra9 a few days lat]4 ,=m]ly tw9 infants 7 always suffocat$1 & 9 su* cases 7 ?r[n into ! bu% by ! old woman :o assi/$ at ! bir?4 ,?is probably /ill occurs 9 ! remot] p>ts ( ,kikuyu1 b ! eld]s /at$ t 9 ! m civilis$ p>ts !y are no long] kill$ b are giv5 to a memb] ( ! clan ( ! fa!r to re>4 ,9 ord] to free ! "m f ! curse1 ! husb& h&s h] ov] to ano!r man call$ a mundu rohiu1 & :5 %e has borne to him1 h] husb& takes h] back4 ,a ram has to be kill$ & ! woman adorn$ ) a rukw>u be=e %e is tak5 back4 ,?is only ref]s to ^? belong+ to ! ,kikuyu circumcision guild4 ,if a p]son1 :o is a tw91 crosses a riv]1 he or %e mu/ /oop d[n & fill ! m\? ) wat] &1 fac+ d[n/ream1 spit x out into ! riv]1 say+1 accord+ to _! sex3 8,may ,i n beget 7or be>7 tw9s z my fa!r 7or "m7 did40 ,anyone see+ ?is c]emony might well mi/ake x = a propitiatory (f]+ to a riv] _s1 & ! error inde$ has occurr$4 ,! root idea1 h[ev]1 is t ! fl[+ wat] may c>ry away ! k9d ( ?ahu :i* results 9 su* an unlucky t5d5cy z t ( be>+ tw9s4 ,!y c give no explanation z to :y tw9s %\ld be ( su* ill om5 if !y happ5 to be ! fir/ *ildr5 ( a m>ri$ c\ple or ( a dome/ic animal4 ,!y d n appe> to believe1 z 9 "s c\ntries1 t tw9s h any influ5ce ov] ! wea!r4 ,if a woman be>s tw9s a second "t1 "o ( ! *ildr5 w be giv5 to ano!r man to br+ up4 ,! ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas made "s inquiries on ?is po9t 9 ,kyambu di/rict1 & he /ates t 9 ,s4 ,kikuyu ! bir? ( tw9s is consid]$ unlucky except+ 9 ! case ( a woman :o has borne o!r *ildr52 ! y\ng] ! woman ! m unlucky ! occurr5ce1 & if ! fir/ bir? is ( tw9s1 no m$ic9e man c remove ! evil1 & ! only c\rse is to ?r[ ! tw9s into ! bu% or to give !m to ano!r man ( a diff]5t tribe or clan4 ,9 ,k5ya ,prov9ce x is said t tw9s are sold to o!r tribes1 b 9 ,kyambu di/rict ! eld]s held ?is to be a bad cu/om4 ,! fo/]-fa!r becomes sole own] ( ! tw9s & if !y are girls receives d[ry = !m4 ,9 su* case if ! tw9s 7 ! fir/ bir? ( a woman1 ! fa!r c accept no "p ( ! d[ry1 b if !y 7 second or subsequ5t bir?s1 he receives ! :ole d[ry f ! fo/]-fa!r & returns t5 goats to him4 ,at ,ng5da ,mission1 a tw9 0 h&$ ov] to ! mission>y1 & ! fa!r agre$ to give !m ! cu/om>y t5 goats out ( ! d[ry :5 ! *ild %\ld be m>ri$4 ,no reason = ?is belief is kn[n1 b ! cu/om is rigor\sly foll[$ to ?is day4 ,no "o c sleep 9 ! hut 9 :i* tw9s 7 born until !y are dispos$ (1 & ! "m mu/ cohabit ) a /rang] :o is !n call$ mw5dia wa rohio or mundu rohiu 7man ( ! sword74 #i ,a %ort "t ago a case ( triplets occurr$4 ,! "m _h fir/ borne "o *ild1 !n tw9s1 & f9ally triplets4 ,9 ?is case only "o ( ! triplets 0 giv5 away to a man ( ano!r clan1 =1 z ! woman _h borne sev]al times be=e1 ! triplets 7 n consid]$ unlucky1 & ! giv+ away ( ! "o 0 said to be due solely to ! "m's inability to suckle all ?ree4 ,on ! bir? ( a *ild a %eep is kill$ & a /rip ( ! sk9 is worn on ! "m's wri/1 rukw>u1 & h] head is %av$2 ! fat ( ! %eep is prep>$ & giv5 to ! infant to eat1 be+ put into its m\? ) ! f+]4 ,?is mu/ be done be=e ! *ild is suckl$1 & ! same c]emony1 9 respect to ! "m1 is p]=m$ by ! fo/]-"m 9 cases :]e a tw9 or o!r *ild is h&$ ov] to a family ( ano!r clan4 ,9 e case :]e a *ild is h&$ ov] to fo/]-p>5ts x w belong to ! clan ( its fo/]-p>5ts & n to t ( its real p>5ts1 b if ! *ild is a girl %e c m>ry a man ( ! fo/]-fa!r's clan provid$ he does n live close to ! fo/]-fa!r1 :ile m>riage ) a man ( h] real fa!r's clan is prohibit$ to h]4 ,!re is an und\bt$ widespread belief t ! only satisfactory way ( deal+ ) tw9s is to suffocate !m1 z !y are unlucky4 ,x is believ$ t ! practice ( giv+ !m away is a lat] adaptation to ! cu/om foll[$ :5 a woman dies 9 *ild-bir?1 ! *ild1 :e!r tw9 or n1 be+ always1 9 ?is case1 giv5 away to a man ( ano!r clan4 ,among ! ,kamba ( ,ulu1 ! same g5]al idea z to ! unluck9ess ( tw9s1 if !y are ! fir/-born1 prevails4 ,! tw9s1 h[ev]1 are n kill$ or put away1 b )9 a day or two ( _! bir? ! "m is return$ by h] husb& to h] fa!r & ! m>riage price ( ! woman is paid back to him4 ,if ! husb& cohabits ) ! "m ( ! tw9s aft] _! bir? x is believ$ t he or ! *ildr5 w die4 ,x is !re=e q cle> t ! curse or ill luck is only imman5t 9 ! woman4 ,^u ! bir? ( an ord9>y *ild a /r+ made ( ! b>k ( ! i?aa tree is c]emonially ti$ r\nd its neck1 b ?is is n p]mitt$ 9 ! case ( tw9s4 ,aft] ! "m ( tw9s has be5 return$ to h] fa!r1 %e may be m>ri$ to ano!r husb& )\t ! latt] incurr+ ! same risks z ! fir/ husb&1 b ! second husb& mu/ be ( ! grade ( an eld] ( c\ncil4 ,x is an int]e/+ po9t1 z a man1 on rea*+ ?is grade1 is n s subject to ! incid5ce ( a curse z a "y man4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! woman is /ill to "s ext5t dang]\s4 ,! second husb& becomes ! adopt$ fa!r ( ! tw9s & c>ries out ! i?aa c]emony m5tion$ above2 "o ( ! tw9s mu/ be nam$ ,mba?a1 ! "n ( ! o!r "o be+ ( no significance4 ,at ! fea/ ( ! i?aa1 he kills two rams or two male goats1 "o = ea* tw94 ,x is said t tw9s are n kill$ at bir?1 z among ! ,kikuyu1 because ! woman's second husb& w\ld1 "u native law1 sue ! fa!r = ! value ( ! *ildr54 ,z ! tw9s gr[ up1 ea* *ild mu/ be treat$ exactly alike2 if "o has a pres5t1 ! o!r mu/ receive ! same4 ,a wife mu/ be f\nd = ea* at ! same "t1 & ! same m>riage d[ry mu/ be paid = ea*4 ,9 ! case ( boys1 :5 suffici5t live /ock has be5 paid ov] to ! prospective fa!r-9-law to induce !m to "p ) _! daught]s1 bo? brides mu/ be br\ght to _! husb&s on ! same day4 ,if "o ( ! tw9s is a boy & ! o!r a girl1 & ! latt] is be+ s\ght 9 m>riage by a "y man1 x is ! cu/om = ! bro!r to take 8 si/] to h] lov]'s village = a visit4 ,!y /ay !re two days & return home on ! ?ird day1 ! girl be+ giv5 a goat by ! "y man4 ,! ,kamba ( ,ulu d n believe t tw9s h any influ5ce on ! ra9 or ! wea!r g5]ally4 ,9 ,kitui1 z 9 ,kikuyu1 x is mo/ unlucky = tw9s to be born if !y are ! fir/ *ildr5 ( ! m>riage4 ,9 =m] times "o 0 buri$ alive1 b ?is cruel cu/om has app>5tly di$ out4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill believ$ t if !y are girls & bo? live1 ! "m w die1 & if ! tw9s are boys & !y survive1 ! fa!r w die4 ,x is suppos$ t ! evil effect c be mitigat$ to "s ext5t if1 ?ree days aft] _! bir?1 ! fa!r cohabits ) ! "m2 ! p>5ts also kill a goat & are sme>$ ) ! ta?a1 or /oma* cont5ts4 ,if a c[ be>s tw9 calves at fir/ calv+ !y are inv>iably bo? kill$4 ,z 9 ,kikuyu1 x is lucky = a *ild to be born head fir/2 x is unlucky to be born feet fir/1 b ! infant is n kill$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a curi\s belief t su* a p]son mu/ nev] /ep ov] anyone ly+ on ! gr\nd1 & if he =gets ?is prohibition1 he mu/ at once /ep back ov] ! recumb5t p]son4 ,! /epp+ back is call$ njokela1 8to g back10 & is suppos$ to rev]se ! ill luck :i* w\ld be transmitt$4 ,9 ,kitui1 if a c[ be>s a dead calf ! *ildr5 c eat x b n a woman1 z x is believ$ t ! next "t %e is pregnant %e w h a /ill-born *ild4 ,wom5 are also n all[$ to eat ! meat ( a bea/ :i* dies4 ,if a c[ be>s a de=m$ calf x is buri$1 = if x is all[$ to live lung tr\ble is said to appe> among ! cattle4 ,!re is no p>ticul> taboo on crippl$ *ildr51 b ! p say t ! infant is ! re9c>nation ( a deceas$ p]son simil>ly afflict$ :om !y rememb]1 & give x 8 or h] "n4 ,! ,kamba ( ,kitui believe t ! aiimu1 or spirits ( ! deceas$1 sometimes pray to ! deity 7,engai7 to give !m ano!r body1 & if ! reque/ is grant$1 a _s w ent] a new-born *ild & comm5ce ano!r corporeal exi/5ce on e>?4 ,_! reason = believ+ ?is is t a pregnant woman w sometimes dream ( a deceas$ p]son night aft] night2 if %e dreams ( a c]ta9 man :o is dead1 & !n be>s a son1 !y "k x is t p>ticul> man :o has come back to e>?1 & ! *ild w be giv5 8 "n4 ,?is is "p ( ! same belief z t ( ! spiritual husb&1 describ$ 9 ! au?or's "w on ! ,a-,kamba1 page #ci4 ,z 9 ! ,ulu di/rict & ,kikuyu x is consid]$ v unlucky = a *ild to be born feet fir/1 & su* a *ild w h ill luck ?r\gh life4 ,if x is a male *ild 8 wife1 if he m>ries 9 late life1 is sure to die1 & if x is a girl1 h] husb& w die4 ,9 ! latt] case1 h[ev]1 ! evil c be av]t$ if ! prospective husb&1 be=e he comm5ces to pay = 8 bride1 s5ds h] "m a pres5t ( an axe4 ,if ! woman be>s a *ild :i* is born feet fir/1 x is ess5tial t ! husb& cohabit ) h] on ! sev5? day aft] ! bir?4 ,%\ld a *ild 9 ,kitui cut its upp] incisor tee? fir/ x is consid]$ a v bad sign4 ,su* a *ild mu/ n p>take ( ! fir/fruits ( ! fields1 & x is said t1 %\ld x admire a gr[+ crop1 t crop w nev] rea* maturity4 ,?is evil influ5ce1 h[ev]1 c to a great ext5t be mitigat$ if1 :5 ! fir/ ( ! *ild's milk tee? drops out1 ! fa!r cohabits ) ! "m4 ,a *ild is taught t :5 "o ( 8 milk tee? comes out he is to ?r[ x betwe5 8 legs & say1 8,may ,engai give me a new too? to replace ! "o ,i h lo/40 ,! feel+ aga9/ tw9 bir? v>ies accord+ to ! locality4 ,9 ! m remote p>ts x is v /rong1 b 9 p>ts ( ,ulu1 ! prejudice is dy+ out4 ,! fa!r1 h[ev]1 w usually sacrifice to prev5t evil effects4 ,taboos on ,wom54--,:5 a pregnant woman is ne> deliv]y1 all arms are tak5 out ( ! hut1 & also any iron hoes4 ,!y are n br\ght back aga9 until ! "m's head has be5 %av$ at ! purification c]emony aft] a bir?4 ,if ^! articles are left 9 a hut on su* an occasion & someone1 = in/ance1 takes a hoe away & uses x1 ! *ild w1 x is believ$1 be afflict$ ) a ?abu4 ,! food 9 ! h\se at ! "t ( bir? c only be eat5 by ! "m & ?ree old wom5 :o assi/ at ! bir?2 any infr+em5t ( ?is rule is a great dang] to ! newly born4 ,ev5 ! fa!r _c eat 9 ! hut = ?ree or f\r mon?s1 b if a man is poor & has only "o wife1 he w sleep 9 ! !ngira1 or goat hut1 & if he has no !ngira1 he w sleep 9 ! hut on a sep>ate b$4 ,a pregnant woman mu/ n sew ) a ne$le1 z x is said to be v dang]\s = ! new-born infant4 ,if at *ild-bir? any blood falls on ! floor ( ! hut1 ! old wom5 :o assi/ at ! bir? dig up ! e>? floor at t place & bury ! soil 9 ! bu% at "s little di/ance f ! village1 = if a goat lick$ t p>ticul> spot x w\ld die4 ,if a man goes into 8 hut at a bir? or aft] x has tak5 place1 & accid5tally treads 9 blood :i* may h dripp$ on ! floor1 ! newly born *ild w become sick1 b ! evil c be av]t$ by ! cohabitation ( ! p>5ts4 ,?is fe> ( c]ta9 k9ds ( blood is v curi\s & goes "r back to anci5t times4 ,among ^! p a woman dur+ h] m5/rual p]iod may n gr9d corn1 b is all[$ to cook sweet potatoes or :ole maize4 ,%e may n1 h[ev]1 milk ! cattle1 nor may %e cut potato tops z gre5 fodd] = ! goats4 ,a woman mu/ also n /ep ov] h] husb& :5 9 ?is /ate or he w become ill1 & to remove ! ?ahu a ewe lamb mu/ be kill$ & bo? husb& & wife inve/$ ) bracelets made ( ! sk9 7rukw>u74 ,a woman w tell h] husb& :5 %e becomes ill1 & ba! :5 %e is no long] s4 ,h] husb& c !n return to h]4 ,a woman mu/ n %ave h] hair :ile h] husb& is on a j\rney2 if %e does s %e w be accus$ ( bewit*+ him4 ,%e c1 h[ev]1 clip h] hair a little 9 front4 ,?is prohibition is said to be connect$ ) ! cu/oms by :i* a wife %aves h] head on ! dea? ( h] husb&1 & 7 %e to d s :ile he is travell+1 x might possibly br+ him ill luck4 ,if a man goes away to hunt or to fight1 & on 8 way back1 :5 he ne>s 8 village1 is tak5 ill & suff]s f di>rha1 he kn[s !reby t 8 wife has be5 unfai?ful to him dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,he w !reupon call an eld] & tell him to br+ a ram & ! roots ( c]ta9 m$ic9al plants3 k9dio1 ibalu1 & ma!ngi4 ,! ?roat ( ! ram is pi]c$ & ! blood collect$ 9 a half g\rd 7nzeli7 & mix$ ) ! cru%$ roots & ! ta?a1 or /oma* cont5ts1 ( ! ram4 ,! suspect$ woman is call$ out & told to take hold ( ! "r arm ( ! eld] :o is hold+ ! nzeli conta9+ ! mixture4 ,%e !n takes a h&ful ( ! decoction & ?r[s x on ! gr\nd1 & ! husb& rubs 8 foot 9 x4 ,! rema9d] ( ! mixture is spr9kl$ all ! way f !re to ! door ( ! hut1 z well z on ! b$4 ,%e is probably beat5 by h] husb&1 & h] p>am\r is summon$ be=e ! c\ncil ( eld]s & f9$ a bull or a ram4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,magic ,,introductory ,9 a /udy ( ! beliefs & practices ( primitive p x is difficult to draw ! l9e betwe5 religion & magic4 ,! g5]al view is t magic is anti-social2 t is to say1 t x grew up to satisfy ! desire ( man to manipulate sup]natural p[]s = 8 own private b5efit4 ,rob]tson ,smi? expresses ! position z foll[s3 8,! gods wat*$ ov] a man's civic life1 etc41 b !y 7 n sure help]s 9 any private ne$1 &1 above all1 w\ld n help him 9 matt]s t 7 aga9/ ! int]e/s ( ! community z a :ole4 ,!re 0 !re=e a :ole region ( possible ne$s & desires = :i* religion c\ld & w\ld d no?+1 & if sup]natural help 0 s\ght 9 su* ?+s x _h to be s\ght ?r\gh magical c]emonies design$ to pur*ase or con/ra9 ! fav\r ( demoniac p[]s ) :i* ! public religion _h no?+ to d40 #aj ,?is l9e ( argum5t is probably unassailable1 b 9 ! p ) :om we are deal+ ! belief 9 demoniacal p[]s1 z ap>t f ! ance/ral spirits1 has n rea*$ a high pit* ( developm5t1 & is n at all concrete4 ,!y practise magic ext5sively & h a firm belief 9 x1 b x is difficult to say ) c]ta9ty exactly :at p[]s !y believe are be+ influ5c$ by ! magical c]emonial4 ,! guild ( smi?s1 bo? 9 ,kikuyu & ,ukamba1 possess h]$it>y magic p[]s2 "o clan ( ! ,kikuyu1 call$ ! ,ei?aga1 is believ$ also to possess simil> p[]s4 ,a lead+ eld] 9 ,kikuyu1 = example1 :o is also ! prie/ 9 *>ge ( a sacr$ tree1 is said to h ! p[] ( de/roy+ plagues ( cat]pill>s4 ,su* a p]son1 h[ev]1 c\ld sc>cely be consid]$ anti-social1 z ! de/ruction ( ! pe/ mu/ b5efit ! crops ( ! :ole community4 ,!re is also ! case ( ano!r eld] :o is app>5tly a pa/ ma/] 9 ! art ( detect+ crim9als1 & m especially ?ieves2 ?is p[] w\ld1 ( c\rse1 only be ex]cis$ at ! reque/ ( ! own] ( ! prop]ty1 & incid5tally to ! advantage ( ! magician4 ,! p[] ( ! 8evil eye0 probably belongs to magic1 al?\gh ! p[] is reg>d$ z an infliction :i* a p]son un=tunately possesses at bir?4 ,x is a v anci5t belief1 & has exi/$ f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,assyrians to ! pres5t day4 ,x /ill fl\ri%es among ! ,semitic races1 & also 9 ,morocco2 all r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 9 fact1 z well z 9 ,arabia & ,pale/9e1 p we> armlets or *>ms to protect !m f ?is evil influ5ce4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,guild ,,( ,,smi?s ,,9 ,,kikuyu ,,& ,,ukamba ,! in=mation relat+ to ,kikuyu smi?s 0 ma9ly collect$ f ,kimani wa ,nyaga1 ( ! ,ga*iko clan1 :o is "o ( ! s5ior smi?s 9 ,s\!rn ,kikuyu4 ,a smi? 9 ,kikuyu is call$ muturi1 plural aturi4 ,! smi?s ( ! ,kikuyu tribe are said to h all come orig9ally f a common c5tre ( di/ribution at ,i?anga1 on ! s\?-we/]n side ( ,m\nt ,k5ya4 ,?is scatt]+ ( ! smi?s ?r\gh\t ! tribe is /at$ to h occurr$ _m g5]ations ago1 & ! "n ,i?anga to be t ( _! common ance/or1 b n[ ! t]m ,i?anga has become a synonym = a sub-clan ( ! ,a-,ga*iko1 & n all ! memb]s ( ?is sub-clan are smi?s4 ,x may be t ! ance/or ,i?anga 0 a migrant f ano!r tribe & ! fir/ p]son to br+ into ! tribe ! k ( work+ 9 iron4 ,!re appe>s to be1 h[ev]1 no leg5d z to :o inv5t$ ! act ( smelt+ or work+ 9 iron2 x !re=e looks z if ! craft 7 import$4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n le>nt f ! ,dorobo or ,asi aborig9als1 = ! ,kikuyu decl>e t :5 _! =efa!rs came into ! c\ntry1 ! ,asi _h no smi?s1 & to ?is day !y h none4 ,x is believ$ t ! ance/ors ( ! ,dorobo 7 ! p :o made ! /one implem5ts n[ be+ s widely f\nd4 ,! ,masai1 h[ev]1 appe> to h _h among/ !m = a long p]iod a clan ( s]fs call$ ,el-,konono1 :o are _! smi?s4 ,9 =m] times1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,kikuyu dug out nodules ( iron/one at ,i?anga1 & also collect$ iron s& wa%$ d[n by ! ra9 f ! hill4 ,?is is probably ! place describ$ by ,r\tl$ge1 p4 #hj et seq41 ( 8 book4 ,! iron/one 0 smelt$ ) *>coal made f ! mutumaiyu tree 7,olea *rysophylla7 & =g$ ) *>coal f ! mut>akwa tree 7,junip]us proc]a74 ,! tools & app>atus us$ by smi?s are z foll[s3 ,/one ,anvil--,ihiga ya uturi 7ev5 to ?is day ^! are br\ght f ,i?anga1 :]e h>d metamorphic rocks occur74 ,hamm]--,kiriha4 ,p9c]s--,muhato4 ,bell[s--,miura4 ,wood5 nozzles ( bell[s--,ng]uru 7made ( murumbu wood74 ,clay tuyre--,ng]rua4 ,*>coal--,mak>a4 ,smi?'s fire--,mwaki wa kig&a4 ,smi?'s hut 7smi?y7--,kig&a4 ,pot us$ to conta9 wat] = qu5*+--,rugio ya uturi4 ,9 =m] times "o section smelt$ ! iron & ano!r =g$ x2 import$ iron wire is n[ s *eap t mo/ ( ! =g+s are made f x4 ,if a man wi%es to ent] ! guild1 he has to be initiat$ ) "s c]emony4 ,he mu/ br+ a ram 7ndorume7 :i* is slaught]$ j outside ! smi?y2 ! novice is !n walk$ r\nd ! anvil4 ,! he>t & lungs ( ! slaught]$ animal are held 9 ! smi?'s tongs & roa/$ 9 8 fire1 :i* is fann$ by ! bell[s2 ! novice eats !m & ! smi? sits on ! anvil & ano9ts ! =ehead ( ! novice ) a spot ( :ite e>? 7ira74 ,! c>case ( ! sacrifice is !n split f neck to tail1 ! "r half be+ eat5 by ! smi?s & ! left half by ! villag]s pres5t4 ,! smi?s & ! villag]s !n g to ! village ( ! novice to dr9k be]1 & next morn+ ! smi? comes & =ges an iron bracelet1 :i* he places on ! "r wri/ ( ! w\ld-be smi?1 &1 if ! smi? is m>ri$1 "o on ! left wri/ ( 8 pr9cipal wife4 ,if he has m ?an "o wife1 "o ( 8 fir/ tasks is to =ge bracelets = ! o!rs4 ,! head ( a smi?'s village we>s a twi/$ iron bracelet on 8 "r wri/1 ! o!r smi?s a pla9 iron b&4 ,bir? does n conf] memb]%ip ( ! guild2 ! son ( a smi? has to g ?r\gh ! same initiation c]emonies be=e becom+ a smi?4 ,all smi?s are believ$ to possess magical p[]s :i* are alleg$ to come f ! iron !y use & are c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! spirits ( _! ance/ors 7ngoma74 ,^! p[]s are us$ 9 _m ways2 a smi? c inflict curses :i* are ( ! nature ( ?ahu1 & !y c bless ! weapons !y =ge4 ,:5 a smi? has =g$ a spe> or sword he rubs x ) a piece ( ki&uri wood 7,swahili msuaki1 ,bot4 ,salvadora p]sica7 & addresses ! weapon ?us3 8,if ! own] ( ?is meets ) an enemy1 may y g /raight & kill y\r adv]s>y2 b if y are laun*$ at "o :o has no evil 9 8 he>t1 may y miss him & pass on ei!r side )\t ent]+ into 8 body40 ,?is incantation is believ$ to be a great *>m4 ,aft] ?is c]emony ! smi?'s assi/ant poli%es ! weapon ) a qu>tzose /one call$ ngomongo2 ! assi/ant is paid = 8 "w b is n usually a smi?4 ,he is (t5 m]ely ! bell[s boy1 :o is call$ a muruguti4 ,"s cu/om]s br+ _! own iron & *>coal & b>ga9 = ! manufacture ( a sword or spe>2 o!rs buy a weapon :i* has be5 made at odd mom5ts & laid by = sale4 ,a smi? w n make ! %ea? ( a sword2 he makes ! wood5 hilt1 b ! own] himself cov]s x ) raw hide & also makes ! %ea?4 ,"o ( ! important functions ( ! smi?s is to make c]ta9 articles us$ 9 connection ) ! circumcision rites ( ! tribe4 ,^! are z foll[s3 ,ru5ji--,a razor :i* is especially made = ! circumcision rite4 ,mukuha--,a ne$le = pi]c+ ! e>s ( small boys4 ,:5 a boy is circumcis$ ! eld]s c]emonially pass ?is ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! novice's e>4 ,ngunju--,a small iron ornam5t plac$ 9 ! e>s ( boys & girls at ! circumcision c]emony4 ,kahiu kai?9ja--,a knife especially =g$ to kill ! sacrificial ram at ! circumcision c]emony4 ,! head ( ! village :]e ! rites are to take place ord]s ^! articles f a lead+ smi? be=e ! c]emony4 ,:5 ! smi? deliv]s !m he is giv5 "s honey be]1 & he c]emonially spits a little ( x on ea* ( ! ?+s to free !m f any suspicion ( conta9+ bad magic4 ,:5 a smi? m>ries1 ano!r smi? is call$ 9 to =ge an iron bracelet1 :i* is plac$ on ! bride's left wri/4 ,! husb& !n kills a ram1 & ! fat & ! ta?a 7/oma* cont5ts7 ( ! animal are boil$ toge!r 9 a pot1 & ! bracelet is dropp$ into ! mixture4 ,?is is suppos$ to free ! bride f any bad magic :i* "s evilly dispos$ ance/ral _s might br+ ^u h] by means ( ! bracelet4 ,! ,kikuyu smi?s /ate t !y h no special language or dialect peculi> to _! guild4 ,:5 !y die1 !y are buri$ or ?r[n out 9 ! bu%1 accord+ to _! grade1 9 ! same way z o!r memb]s ( ! tribe1 & no symbol ( _! trade is buri$ ) !m4 ,"s smi?s belong to ! ,masai circumcision guild1 o!rs to ! ,kikuyu guild4 ,) reg>d to ! magic p[]s ( smi?s ref]r$ to above3 ,a smi? c place a spell on a pat* ( =e/ to prev5t anyone f de/roy+ x4 ,he takes an iron necklet or bracelet :i* belong$ to a deceas$ p]son1 cuts x into small pieces1 & walks r\nd ! piece ( =e/ :i* is to be protect$4 ,he !n deposits ! pieces at ! foot ( a tree )9 ! area1 & woe betide anyone :o infr+es ! prohibition6 ,if at any "t ! spell is to be lift$1 ! smi? proce$s to ! area1 sacrifices a ewe1 removes ! pieces ( bracelet1 & sme>s ! spot ) ta?a1 or /oma* cont5ts1 ( ! sacrificial animal4 ,if sug> cane is /ol5 f a g>d51 or goats are /ol5 out ( a village by night1 ! own] (t5 goes to a smi? & seeks 8 aid1 tak+ ) him ! iron necklet or bracelet ( a deceas$ p]son4 ,if ! smi? agrees to int]v5e1 he w heat ?is 9 8 smi?y fire & !n sev] x ) a *isel1 say+1 8,may ! ?ief be cut z ,i cut ?is iron40 ,or he may take a sword or an axe-head :i* he is mak+1 heat x 9 8 fire & !n qu5* x 9 wat]1 say+1 8,may ! body ( ! ?ief cool z ?is iron does10 i4e41 8,may he die40 ,bo? ( ^! curses are said to be equally effective1 & x is believ$ t ! ?ief w gradually become ?9 & fade away ) a t]rible c\gh4 ,:5 he becomes ill1 h[ev]1 he w usually confess 8 crime & be br\ght to ! smi? or come to him to beg t ! curse may be lift$4 ,he mu/ br+ a ram 7ndorume7 ) him1 & ! smi? w !n ord] him to sit d[n outside ! smi?y & w m>* r\nd him ) ! ram4 ,! ram is kill$1 & ! he>t & lungs are extract$2 ^! p>ts are !n roa/$ 9 ! smi?'s fire & ! pati5t eats !m1 & ! curse is lift$4 ,! complete recov]y1 h[ev]1 is said to take ab\t six weeks4 ,a m$ic9e man has no p[] ov] a smi?'s magic4 ,9 =m] times smi?s 7 sometimes suppos$ to bewit* p aga9/ :om !y _h a grievance4 ,a smi? w\ld secretly take ! necklet or bracelet ( a deceas$ p]son1 cut x into pieces1 & bury a piece at ! gate ( ! village he wi%$ to bewit*2 ! p pass+ 9 & out all day w\ld /ep on ! spot :]e ! piece ( iron 0 buri$ & ?us incur ! evil influ5ce4 ,ano!r piece w\ld probably be buri$ at ! wat]+ place4 ,by ^! means ! :ole village became afflict$1 & unless ! magic 0 remov$ ! p w\ld die4 ,! infliction ( ! magic1 9 fact1 w\ld probably n be realis$ until sev]al p _h di$4 ,! evil magic has to be remov$ by a smi? & a m$ic9e man2 a ram & a "y ewe1 :i* has n yet borne1 mwati1 are provid$1 ! ram is kill$1 & ! usual purification c]emony gone ?r\gh1 ! ewe be+ set aside & tak5 by ! mundu mugo4 ,aft] ! evil magic has be5 remov$1 ! head ( ! afflict$ village receives f ! smi? a twi/$ iron bracelet 7mu?iori74 ,smi?s place _! old clay tuyres on /icks 9 cultivat$ fields to protect ! crops f ?ieves2 !re is no c]emony connect$ ) ?is1 b if at any "t ^! mu/ be remov$1 ! smi? removes !m1 c>efully plac+ a little ta?a f ! /oma* ( a sacrificial %eep 9 ! hole 9 :i* ! /ick 0 erect$4 ,?is removes ! curse & also ! possibility ( ! magic damag+1 at "s future "t1 a p]son = :om x 0 n int5d$4 ,:5 a smi? =ges a new hamm] = use 9 8 =ge1 ! m$ic9e m5 ( ! di/rict come & collect ! iron scale f ! =g+ to mix ) _! m$ic9es1 m p>ticul>ly ! m$ic9es !y make to protect a village f ?ieves or wild bea/s4 ,! m$ic9e man 7mundu mugo7 m>*es r\nd ! village ) ! m$ic9e & !n buries x at ! gate4 ,x is call$ kihoho by ! ,kikuyu4 ,if any?+ is /ol5 f a smi?'s =ge he calls toge!r all ! smi?s ( ! c\ntry-side4 ,?is assembly is call$ njama ya aturi4 ,ea* "o 9 turn is ask$ if he /ole ! article1 & :e!r ! culprit confesses or n1 !y g5]ally fix on "o :om !y /rongly suspect & insi/ on 8 tak+ ! oa? ( ! goat 7ku-r+a !nge74 ,if ! culprit confesses he is =giv5 & w>n$1 b if he refuses1 he is curs$ by ! bracelet ( a dead p]son4 ,%\ld he be guilty1 ! _s ( t p]son w bewit* him to ! p]il ( 8 life4 ,he _c get ! curse lift$ until ! njama ya aturi reassembles & lifts x4 ,! ord9>y ,kikuyu native is f> too afraid ( ! magic ( ! smi?s to /eal any?+ f "o ( !m1 s t :5 a smi? is ! victim ( a !ft x is easy to guess t ! crime has be5 committ$ by ano!r smi?4 ,9 ! old days1 ! ,anjiru clan1 be=e />t+ on a =ay aga9/ ! ,masai1 w5t to a smi? & got f him a small piece ( iron call$ kiheto1 = :i* ! repres5tatives ( ! clan w\ld pay a pot ( honey be] & "o ( sug> cane be]4 ,! smi? took a little ( ! be] & spat x out on ! kiheto4 ,! ,anjiru !n took away ! kiheto1 made m$ic9e ) x1 & buri$ x on ! pa? at ! entrance to ! enemy's c\ntry4 ,?is 0 believ$ to /op ! ,masai cattle f be+ driv5 (f a long way4 ,smi?s 7 =m]ly call$ ^u to settle cases4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a man 0 ow$ a debt1 he w\ld induce "s smi?s to g to ! village ( ! debtor & ord] him to pay4 ,& z ! smi?s 7 held 9 fe> because ( ?is magic ! ord] 0 g5]ally compli$ )4 ,! ,ei?aga clan has nev] c\nt$ any smi?s among/ its memb]s4 ,! magic ( ! smi?s 0 always fe>$ by !m4 ,:5 ?is clan made spells to )hold ! ra9 x is said t !y 7 c>eful n to let ! fields ( a smi? suff]4 ,if a m$ic9e man visits ! village ( a smi? he does n sleep 9 "o ( 8 huts1 b lodges 9 ! goat hut1 !ngira2 a smi? does ! same if he visits ! village ( a m$ic9e man4 ,if a ,mwei?aga passes a smi?y :5 x is ra9+ he _c ent] to take %elt]4 ,a woman _c ent] a smi?y unless %e is a smi?'s wife1 & %e c !n come to br+ h] husb&'s food4 ,smi?s ,among ! ,kamba ( ,kitui4--,! orig9al smi?s all belong$ to "o clan1 viz41 ! ,atui1 :i* is a section ( ! ,anzunzu clan1 b memb]s ( o!r bran*es h n[ le>nt ! art & be5 admitt$ to ! bro!rhood4 ,9 ,ma*akos di/rict "s ( ! smi?s belong to ! ,eombi clan4 ,if a man wi%es to become a smi? he brews "s be] & takes x along ) a goat to a local smi?4 ,!y dr9k ! be] toge!r2 ! smi? takes a sip & !n c]emonially squirts x ov] ! h& ( ! novice1 say+1 8,may y\r h&s become skilful at ! "w :i* ,i c d40 ,!y !n kill ! goat & mix "s ( its blood ) "s ( ! be]1 & ! smi? p\rs x ov] ! anvil & addresses x z foll[s3 8,?is man is n[ ! same z ,i am1 & ,i %all give him a new anvil1 & may ?is new anvil be 8 fri5d40 ,! anvil is ( /one1 & :5 x is worn out ! smi? se>*es = ano!r suitable piece ( "s t\gh rock1 g5]ally granite or gneiss1 & in/als x 9 ! =ge4 ,be=e us+ x1 h[ev]1 he brews "s be] & p\rs x ov] ! anvil1 say+1 8,y are n[ an anvil1 & y mu/ be z good a "o z y\r pr$ecessor40 ,! cult ( ! smi? does n appe> to be z highly develop$ 9 ,ukamba z 9 ,kikuyu1 = 8 p[]s are m limit$2 he we>s no m>k ( 8 trade1 & he does n d$icate ! weapons he =ges1 z is done by ! ,kikuyu smi?s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a man /eals a smi?'s /one anvil or any tool f 8 smi?y1 ! smi? c curse him by say+3 8,s-&-s has /ol5 my anvil1 & ,i curse him1 & if he eats ?is season's food he w die10 & x is firmly believ$ t ! ?ief w die be=e ! h>ve/ is reap$4 ,:5 a man goes to a smi? to h an iron rod =g$ = br&+ cattle1 ! smi? w place x 9 ! pur*as]'s h& :5 x is f9i%$ & say3 8,may ! cattle br&$ ) ?is iron be lucky1 may !y escape disease1 & may !y be fruitful40 ,?is t5ds to %[ t ! br&+ ( cattle is believ$ to h a magical value & is n solely int5d$ z an id5tification m>k = ! bea/s belong+ to ea* clan4 ,iron has always play$ a great "p 9 anci5t magic1 & cont9ues to d s 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,?is is probably due to ! fact t ! art ( extract+ ! metal appe>$ s m>vell\s to e>ly man t x 0 attribut$ orig9ally to magic4 ,?is idea 0 v likely kept alive by ! e>ly iron smelt]s & smi?s4 ,9 e>ly times1 z at ! pres5t day1 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,africa ! same p]sons smelt$ & =g$1 & ^! m5 probably inve/$ ! process ( manufacture ) an atmosph]e ( my/]y & comb9$ into a guild pl$g$ to keep ! art a secret f ! un9itiat$4 ,9 connection ) ?is subject1 x is int]e/+ to note t "s sci5ti/s lean to ! op9ion t ! manufacture ( iron orig9at$ 9 ,africa4 ,pr(essor ,gregory comm5ts on ?is problem 9 8,geology ( ,to-day10 pp4 #cba-cbb4 ,ref]r+ to ! easi] smelt+ ( iron ?an ( bronze he says3 8,gra9s ( iron oxide are v widely di/ribut$1 & 9 arid areas attract att5tion by _! heav9ess & metallic aspect4444 ,! prep>ation ( iron by ! negroes 9 ,africa is a f> simpl] process ?an ! manufacture ( bronze4 ,bronze tools1 h[ev]1 are f\nd 9 ,europe e>li] ?an ^? ( iron1 b _! e>li] pres5ce may be expla9$ by ! read9ess ) :i* iron tools w\ld p]i% by ru/4444 ,?is explanation is1 h[ev]1 n satisfactory1 = if iron _h be5 pres5t & remov$1 ! ru/ w\ld h rema9$ z a /a9 or z a cem5t4 ,moreov]1 x is cle> t 9 ,we/]n ,europe ! bronze age imm$iately succe$$ ! /one age1 = ! e>ly bronze implem5ts are copies ( /one tools4 ,! conflict ( metallurgical & ar*ological argum5t probably admits ( a geographical explanation4 8,gra9s ( iron ore 9 s&s & gravels are conspicu\s 9 hot1 arid climates su* z tropical ,africa1 & x is probable t iron work+ 0 inv5t$ !re be=e ! bronze age 9 ,europe4 ,! inhabitants ( ! moi/] climates ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,europe _h no su* easily f\nd supply ( iron4 8,"s conspicu\s ores yield$ t9 & copp]1 & an +5i\s smi? :o _h le>nt iron work+ 9 tropical ,africa may h comb9$ !m1 & obta9$ bronze40 ,?is is "o view4 ,pr(essor ,sir ,w4 ,ridgeway1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 ,i believe1 firmly conv9c$ t ! secret ( ! work+ ( iron 9 ! ,we/]n _w orig9at$ 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 probably 9 ! ,hall/adt region1 & !re we mu/ leave ?is problem4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,evil ,,eye ,?is belief1 s widespread 9 ,europe1 ,morocco1 & _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w has nev] receiv$ mu* att5tion f obs]v]s 9 ?is "p ( ,africa1 & x 0 only rec5tly realis$ t x receiv$ mu* recognition 9 ,kikuyu4 ,x is call$ kita or ki?am5go4 ,! ^w kita means saliva z well z evil eye4 ,! ,swahili synonym is kiji*o4 ,a few p "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry are believ$ to possess ?is gift1 wom5 z well z m51 irrespective ( ! guild to :i* !y belong4 ,! possessor is born ) x4 ,x gradually dawns ^u ! p t ,s-&-s possesses ! p[]1 ow+ to ! fact t if t p]son audibly admires a bea/ belong+ to a neighb\r ! animal %ortly aft] t becomes sick4 ,if ?is occurs sev]al times ! v>i\s own]s comp>e notes & x becomes g5]ally kn[n t ,s-&-s is ki?am5go4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem t ! idea is n bas$ on an evil glance b ^u an envi\s ?\ght4 ,aft] t1 if a cattle own] he>s t a man :o has ?is p[] 7or "o ought1 p]haps1 to t]m x 8?is infliction07 has be5 admir+ "o ( 8 c[s1 he w s5d = him & insi/ on 8 remov+ ! evil2 ?is is done by ! man wett+ 8 f+] ) saliva1 & t\*+ ! bea/ on ! m\? & on v>i\s p>ts ( ! body ) 8 wett$ f+]2 ?is is believ$ to neutralise ! en*antm5t4 ,memb]s ( ! ,*]a & ,anjiru clans are notably possess$ ( ?is p[] ) consid]able frequ5cy2 ! ,ambui & ,ai?iag5i aga9 v r>ely possess x4 ,ev5 a m$ic9e man _c remove a curse impos$ by a p]son ) ! evil eye2 only ! individual :o impos$ x c remove x1 & he c d x only 9 ! morn+ be=e he t\*es food4 ,human be+s & also inanimate objects are equally affect$ by ! p[]1 = x is said t if a p]son :o possesses ! evil eye admires a woman :o is ence9te %e w abort1 & if %e is n1 h] brea/s w become highly inflam$1 & he has to come & c]emonially rub a little saliva on !m to remove ! dang]4 ,if an individual object is admir$1 say a spe>1 x w soon aft]w>ds be brok51 or if1 = in/ance1 ! lea!r-cov]$ %ea? ( a sword is admir$ x w probably be gnaw$ by rats & spoilt4 ,no "o :o is n born ) ! p[] c acquire x1 & x appe>s to be look$ ^u z an unavoidable mis=tune4 ,x is said to be ! gift ( ,god 7,engai71 & if a dea? or loss occurs ! p]son to :om x is attributable _c be su$ = comp5sation be=e ! kiama1 or c\ncil ( eld]s4 ,9 "t ! p get to "k :o possesses ! p[]1 & if su* a p]son ent]s a village he is ask$ 9 a fri5dly way to spit c]emonially on all ! *ildr5 to prev5t any?+ unt[>d occurr+ to !m ow+ to 8 visit4 ,if a fa!r possesses ?is p[] he c r5d] 8 *ildr5 pro( aga9/ its action ei!r f himself or any o!r p]son by %utt+ 8 eyes & !n c]emonially spitt+ into ea* ( _! m\?s4 ,! p[] is said to be h]$it>y1 b all ! *ildr5 are n born ) ! gift4 ,?is belief exi/s among ! ,masai1 & is call$ ',ng-onyek oo'-l-tunganak1 & w probably be f\nd to acc\nt = ! c]emonial spitt+ :i* 0 s common among !m :5 !y wi%$ to %[ _! fri5dl9ess4 ,ref] to ,hollis's 8,masai10 page #cae1 ! spitt+ on *ildr5 is und\bt$ly done to %[ ! p>5ts t ! /rang] is anxi\s to d ! "r ?+ & n afflict ! *ild by ! p[] ( ! evil eye4 ,also vide ,hollis's 8,n&i10 page #ij1 spitt+ is aga9 believ$ to remove ! spell ( ! evil eye 7sakutik74 ,9 ,ukamba1 ,mr ,dundas /ates t x is call$ ky5i2 !re is said to be a :ole clan 9 ,kitui call$ ,mwanziu :i* possess ! p[]1 & x (t5 happ5s t :5 a p]son has receiv$ a slight injury he w g to a memb] ( ?is clan & ask him to spit on ! injur$ spot1 :i* =?) becomes :ole4 ,possibly he attributes 8 hurt to someone ) ! p[] ( ! 8evil eye40 ,x is also said t possessors ( ?is gift h su* p[] t if !y admire a /one x w split into fragm5ts4 ,! evil eye is a belief ( great antiquity1 = x 0 ev5 recognis$ z f> back z ,mosaic times1 cf4 ,deut4 xxviii4 #ed3 8,8 eye %all be evil t[>ds 8 bro!r & t[>ds ! wife ( 8 bosom10 etc4 ,! ,magic ( ! ,ei?aga4--,x has occasionally be5 incorrectly alleg$ t ! p[] ( ! 8evil eye0 9 ,kikuyu is ! monopoly ( "o clan call$ ! ,ei?aga or ,ai?aga1 b su* does n appe> to be ! case4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,ei?aga clan are cr$it$ ) sup]natural p[]s1 b !y are ( q a diff]5t "*1 z w be se5 bel[4 ,! "n ( ! clan is ,ei?aga or ,kiuru1 a s+le memb] is call$ ,mwei?aga4 ,! "n ,kiuru is an opprobri\s nickname1 :i* means 8^? :o bewit* p40 ,! /ronghold ( ! ,ei?aga is ,k>uri's c\ntry on ! ea/ slopes ( ! ,n&>ua ,m\nta91 b x is said t !y orig9ally came f ,k>ira's to ! nor? ( ! ,saba ,saba ,riv]4 ,! pres5t head ( ! clan is "o ,kiriri ne> ,k>uri's1 & 9 ,s\? ,kikuyu ! mo/ prom95t ,mwei?aga is ,mkone wa ,ndawa1 & x is said t ! *ief ,kiriri has hair gr[+ on ! po9t ( 8 tongue4 ,! clan is ne>ly entirely endogam\s1 t is to say1 a ,mwei?aga g5]ally m>ries a ,mwei?aga1 & no man ( ano!r clan w m>ry a ,mwei?aga woman1 b a ,mwei?aga man may occasionally f9d a mate f ano!r clan4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,ei?aga clan practically all belong to ! ,kikuyu circumcision guild4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 divid$ into two divisions1 ,a-,mbura & ,a-,kiuru1 ! fir/ mean+ ! 8ra9-mak]s0 & ! second ! 8wiz>ds40 ,! =m] pr(ess to be able to make ra91 b _! p[]s 9 ?is connection are n consid]$ v ext5sive1 & ! majority w only admit t if ra9 is ab\t1 a ,mu-,mbura may cause x to fall if x is ! prop] season = ra94 ,if ra9 comes on 9 a camp :]e "o has any ,ei?aga port]s !y w turn out1 wave bran*es & bl[ vigor\sly 9 ! direction f :i* ! ra9 is com+1 &1 :at is m1 firmly believe t !y are hav+ "s effect on ! elem5ts4 ,9 connection ) ^! ra9-mak+ p[]s1 x is curi\s to note t no ,mwei?aga may dr9k or cook ) ra9-wat] t has be5 collect$ 9 a cook+ pot2 if he does s he w surely die4 ,fur!r1 no ,mwei?aga may c>ry emb]s ( fire 9 a fragm5t ( crock f a cook+ pot4 ,he mu/ ei!r c>ry ! fire 9 "s gre5 leaves 9 8 h& or get a firebr&4 ,we n[ come to ! wiz>d bran* ( ! clan4 ,only ! males h magical p[]s4 ,x is said t a ,mwei?aga w take an ox or ,kudu horn & bl[ x1 & s do+ w bewit* an enemy1 say+1 8,i bl[ ?is horn & y\r he>t w become l ! w9d ,i bl[ ?r\gh ?is horn10 mean+1 x w disappe> & be lo/4 ,! p]son w !n be bewit*$1 w c\gh up phlegm1 & ev5tually die unless he takes (f]+s to ! ,mwei?aga & besee*es him to remove ! spell4 ,! prop] ?+ is to take a ram & "s sug> cane1 & if ?is is done ! wiz>d is unable to refuse1 & w keep ! %eep1 cook "s ( ! fat & put x 9 8 m\? ) "s ( ! juice f ! sug> cane4 ,he w !n squirt a little into ! m\? ( ! bewit*$ p]son1 & w also put "s into a g\rd = ! pati5t to take back to 8 village & give to 8 *ildr54 ,aft] ?is c]emony ! pati5t recov]s1 &1 :at is bett]1 x is said t no ,mwei?aga c aga9 bewit* him 9 ?is way4 ,a ,mwei?aga1 if he wi%es to bewit* a village1 w g into ! bu% & f9d francol9 eggs1 & w put ^!1 toge!r ) ! leaves ( ! mkurwe 7,albizzia7 bu%1 on a fire & w say1 8,z ^! eggs bur/ & z ^! leaves %rivel up s %all ?is village be de/roy$10 & x is believ$ t evil w =?) fall on ! p ( t village1 b only ^u ! p1 = ! ,ei?aga d n h>m live /ock4 ,"s w put ! francol9 eggs ) wat] 9 a cook+ pot on a fire & !n break ! pot & ! eggs ) "o ( ! he>? /ones4 ,! ,ei?aga r>ely use h]bs or mat]ial sub/ances 9 _! magic1 _! spells be+ done by invocation4 ,no m$ic9e man c remove a spell impos$ by a ,mwei?aga2 x c only be remov$ by ! "o :o impos$ x or by ano!r ,mwei?aga4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a my/]i\s sickness falls on a village a mundu mugo1 or m$ic9e man1 is call$ 91 & he c diagnose x & tell :e!r x is due to ! magic ( ,ei?aga4 ,a ,mwei?aga _c bewit* ano!r ,mwei?aga1 nor c he bewit* a p]son belong+ to ano!r tribe su* z ,masai or ,kamba4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are ( use1 = !y are believ$ to h ! p[] ( bewit*+ unkn[n ?ieves1 & s x occasionally happ5s t a p]son :o has _h1 say1 "s goats or "s sug> cane /ol51 w call 9 a ,mwei?aga & ask him to ?r[ a spell on ! ?ief4 ,he w come to ! village & take a piece ( mud conta9+ ! spoor ( "o ( ! /ol5 animals or "o ( ! /ems f :i* ! sug> cane has be5 cut1 z ! case may be1 & he w say 8,a rokwa nguo10 8,i bewit* ! ?ief40 ,! ?ief1 :o is probably n f> away1 w he> p talk+ ( ?is1 & be+ conv9c$ ( ! effects ( ! magic w ha/5 to return ! /ol5 prop]ty to its own]4 ,! ,mwei?aga is !n call$ aga91 & ! own] ( ! goats takes "o & kills x1 ! ,mwei?aga cuts out ! /oma* ) "p ( ! sophagus1 wets 8 f+] ) saliva & t\*es ! end ( ! sophagus ) 8 wett$ f+]1 & !n inflates ! /oma* by bl[+ & makes passes ) x ov] ! body ( ! ?ief1 ?us remov+ ! spell4 ,he f9ally fa/5s a rukw>u1 or /rip ( ! goat sk91 on ! ?ief's wri/ & ! ?ief has to pay a %eep to ! ,mwei?aga z a fee4 ,if ! !ft is t ( su* a ?+ z sug> cane ! ?ief has to f9d ! sacrificial goat & !n be purifi$ z above describ$4 ,no ,mwei?aga may eat wild game1 & 9 no case c he ev5 we> ! sk9 ( a wild bea/2 ! only exceptions to ?is law are t !y c eat locu/s & c make honey bags out ( ! sk9 ( ! ngunu1 a small r$di% antelope1 probably a duik]4 ,= all _! magical p[]s ! ,ei?aga1 l o!r p1 are subject to ! incid5ce ( ?ahu1 & are also subject to ! p[] ( ! evil eye4 ,!re is a k9d ( con/itutional antipa?y betwe5 ! ,ei?aga & ! smi?s ( ! tribe1 & x is said t !re are no ,ei?aga smi?s4 ,a ,mwei?aga may n sleep 9 a smi?'s h\se or vice v]s2 if ?is did occur x is believ$ t illness or ev5 dea? w\ld sup]v5e4 ,! evil spell c1 h[ev]1 be remov$ by ! own] ( ! h\se2 t is to say1 if a smi? sleeps 9 ! h\se ( a ,mwei?aga1 ! ,mwei?aga c\ld remove ! evil1 & vice v]s4 ,! ,kikuyu are v afraid ( ! ,ei?aga1 & 9 =m] days aft] someone _h be5 kill$ by _! black art ! eld]s w\ld induce "o ( !m to come & remove ! spell f all ! p ( ! village :]e ! man _h di$4 ,!y w\ld !n collect z _m ( ! memb]s ( ! clan z !y c\ld f9d & insi/ on _! tak+ ! oa? kn[n z ku-r+a !nge1 by :i* !y w\ld swe> n to bewit* any m ( _! neighb\rs4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld turn out en masse & slaught] all ! ,ei?aga !y c\ld lay _! h&s on4 ,x is said t a ,kikuyu w\ld nev] ent] ! village ( a ,mwei?aga un9vit$4 ,if a ,mwei?aga goes to a village & becomes embroil$ 9 a qu>rel ) a memb] ( ano!r tribe1 goats mu/ be ex*ang$ to make ! peace1 & ! ,mwei?aga mu/ spit on ! o!r p>ty to obviate any evil effects4 ,! ,mwei?aga !n invites ! o!r man to 8 village to dr9k be] ) him1 & w take a sip f a horn ( be] & eject x back into ! horn1 ! man !n dr9k+ ! be]1 aft] :i* he is immune f ! effects ( any ,ei?aga magic4 ,! ,ei?aga are believ$ to h ! p[] ( protect+ =e/1 & _! p[]s are sometimes invok$ = ?is purpose4 ,if a man wi%es to protect a pat* ( =e/ on 8 prop]ty1 he s5ds = a ,mwei?aga to put a spell on x2 ! magician proce$s to ! spot ) ! local eld]s & br+s ) him a cook+ pot tak5 f ! des]t$ hut ( a deceas$ p]son4 ,he fills ?is ) wat] drawn f ea* spr+ & /ream 9 ! piece ( =e/1 & boils x on a fire made on a pa? 9 ! said =e/2 ! pot is support$ on ?ree /ones4 ,aft] ?is a little ( ! wat] is p\r$ back into ea* ( ! spr+s or /reams1 & ! pot is !n %att]$ by dropp+ "o ( ! he>? /ones on x4 ,! magician !n bl[s 8 horn & ann\nces t if anyone cuts ! trees 9 ! =e/ 8 he>t w bur/ =? l ! bla/s ( ! horn4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,kikuyu ,,magic ,,& ,,magicians ,njau wa ,kabo*a4--,!re is1 9 ,s4 ,kikuyu1 a curi\s old m$ic9e man nam$ ,njau wa ,kabo*a1 belong+ to ! ,anjiru clan1 :o is held 9 great e/eem on acc\nt ( 8 magical p[]s & 8 prie/ly functions4 ,he possesses a sacr$ tree1 at :i* sacrifices are believ$ to be v effectual4 ,he is said n to deal 9 bad magic1 & "o ( 8 specialities is ! removal ( a plague ( cat]pill>s1 ngunga1 or wireworms1 vigunyu1 f ! crops4 ,he 0 good en\gh to give a description ( ! proc$ure us$ to effect ?is useful object4 ,! own] ( ! afflict$ crops br+s a ram1 ndorume1 & "s be]2 ! ram is /rangl$ & ! l[] inte/9e1 mutura1 is extract$2 a numb] ( ! cat]pill>s are also collect$4 ,! magician dr9ks a draught ( ! be] & !n bites ! cat]pill>s 9 half1 "o aft] ano!r1 & lays ! pieces on ! leaves ( ! mutundu 7,croton macro/a*ys7 & mukuyu 7,dombeya sp474 ,he !n places fragm5ts ( ! cat]pill>s 9 ! inte/9e ( ! ram1 goes away into ! bu% & buries ! p>cel 9 ! hole ( :ite ants' ne/ 7,mu?ongon9a74 #aa ,he next takes "s wood ( ! morika & muirangani trees & lights a fire ne> ! place :]e ! cat]pill>s are buri$1 & 9 ?is fire he burns ! above-m5tion$ leaves & ! rema9+ cat]pill>s4 ,! magician does n eat any ( ! meat ( ! ram2 ?is is consum$ by ! own]s ( ! fields & ! eld]s :o h accompani$ him4 ,a second ram is !n provid$1 & ! magician1 toge!r ) ! village eld]s1 goes & sacrifices ?is at ! ne>e/ sacr$ fig tree2 ! brea/ ( ! ram is cut out & hung 9 ! tree1 & ! rema9d] ( ! sacrifice is eat5 by ! magician & ! eld]s4 ,aft] ?is1 ! magician takes ! ngorima 7colon87 f ! second ram1 "s be]1 njohi1 "s unf]m5t$ be]1 ngogoyo1 honey1 beeswax1 m$ic9e1 ( :i* he w\ld n disclose ! nature1 & ! horns ( ! ram2 ^! he burns 9 a fire1 i*ua1 9 ! afflict$ field4 ,! bones are all brok5 int5tionally1 b ! m>r[ is n extract$1 z x is said t :5 ! fat & bones are burnt 9 ! fire !y make a smell :i* is v acceptable to ! deity ,engai4 ,! fire is call$ i*ua1 ! p>ticul> "n = a fire lit at a sacrifice--a sacr$ fire 9 fact4 ,?is is ! end ( ! c]emony1 & ! magician !n receives two or ?ree miati1 ewes :i* h n yet borne a kid4 ,x 0 /at$ t aft] ! c]emony above describ$ ! cat]pill>s w\ld disappe> 9 a day or two2 !y w\ld ei!r be kill$ by heavy ra91 eat5 by soldi] ants1 siafu1 or ! sun w\ld dry !m up4 ,on ! day aft] ! c]emony no p]son is all[$ to cultivate ! fields1 ! m5 may n eat beef t day or ! next1 & t night e man mu/ obs]ve celibacy4 ,he mu/ n sleep 9 "o ( 8 ord9>y huts1 b 9 ! !ngira1 or goat hut1 among ! unm>ri$ m54 ,njau wa ,kabo*a decl>es t he c1 if he wi%es x1 br+ a plague ( cat]pill>s ^u any section ( p :o treat him badly1 & t he c d ?is by p\r+ out "s be] 9 8 village & pray+ to ,engai4 ,)9 f\rte5 days1 he alleges1 ! cat]pill>s w beg9 to appe>1 b he admitt$ t he c\ld only d ?is ab\t ! normal season :5 cat]pill>s are apt to come 9 sw>ms4 ,9 ! old days1 :5 ! ,kikuyu us$ to fight ! ,masai1 ,njau's fa!r1 :o 0 a great magician1 0 a speciali/ at mak+ m$ic9e to enable 8 p to *eck ! ,masai invasions1 & :5 !y came1 to ensure victory = ! ,kikuyu4 ,! k ( ?is art is said to h come d[n f 8 ance/ors4 ,?is magic is call$ mwita1 & its mo/ important in/rum5t is a kiheto1 or small piece ( iron obta9$ f a smi?4 ,a small clay pot is made 9 :i* ! kiheto is plac$ & "s m$ic9e call$ njeku1 & ?is is br\ght to ! pa? by :i* ! ,masai usually came to attack4 ,if ?is fail$1 ,njau's fa!r w\ld g to an old woman ( ! ,asi or ,dorobo tribe1 buy f h] an e>!nw>e pot2 ?is he w\ld take1 along ) a ram1 & proce$ secretly ?r\gh ! =e/ ne> ,ngong ,mt41 to a spot close to ! ,masai raid+ track4 ,he w\ld !n kill ! ram z if = a sacrifice1 cook ! tail fat 9 ! pot1 !n melt d[n "s ( ! body fat1 tak+ c>e to pick out any pieces ( fle% :i* _h accid5tally be5 put into ! pot4 ,he w\ld also add "s ta?a f ! /oma* ( ! ram & "s sug> cane be] to ! melt$ fat 9 ! pot4 ,he w\ld next seek out a /raight & l(ty tree & bury ! pot & its cont5ts at ! foot ( x1 be+ c>eful t ! m\? ( ! pot j %[$ above gr\nd4 ,?is is :at ! ,swahilis call kaf>a1 & x is believ$ to /op a raid+ p>ty f pass+ t way4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y did succe$ 9 pass+1 _! raid w\ld be abortive & _m w\ld be kill$4 ,! p[] ( ?is magic is said to be d]iv$ f ! deity ,engai & n f ! spirits4 ,! m$ic9e above ref]r$ to & call$ njeku is /at$ to h be5 made f a piece ( clo? or an old disc>d$ s&al secretly obta9$ f an ab&on$ ,masai kraal2 ?is is *>r$1 gr\nd up1 & !n mix$ ) c]ta9 magic h]bs4 ,kamiri wa ,i!r]o4--,! ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas has furni%$ "s int]e/+ in=mation ) reg>d to ! magic p[]s ( "o ,kamiri1 :o is ! same m$ic9e man ref]r$ to 9 ! curi\s incid5t describ$ 9 8,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba10 p4 #adc et seq4 ,close to ,kyambu !re lives a m$ic9e man ( ! "n ( ,kamiri wa ,i!r]o :o is said to be "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ ( all ,kikuyu4 ,l mo/ m$ic9e m51 ,kamiri is possess$ ( m "* ?an mo/ ( 8 c\ntrym51 & ?is is %[n by 8 mann] & appe>ance to a f> great] ext5t ?an is usually ! case among o!r natives4 ,he is "o ( ! few memb]s ( ! s5ior g5]ation ( ,ma9a1 :i* 9 itself is a claim to v5]ation2 ?is means t he has practically )drawn f ! c\ncil ( eld]s1 & t he mu/ be a man ( consid]able age4 ,yet ,kamiri looks y\ng] & bett] pres]v$ ?an _m an eld] ( ! ,mwangi g5]ation4 ,?is may possibly be due to 8 temp]ate habits1 = x is said t he has nev] 9 8 life t\*$ intoxicat+ liquors4 ,9 height ,kamiri is mu* bel[ ! av]age ( 8 tribe1 b 8 rem>kably cle> features & ! p5etrat+ look ( 8 eyes give him a dignifi$ appe>ance4 ,= ! ,european1 ,kamiri1 on ! :ole1 has no lik+1 & he does n tr\ble to conceal ?is2 9 8 own m9d he is cle> on ! po9t t we d v little good & cause va/ damage by upsett+ all good cu/oms2 9 p>ticul> ! injuri\s effect ( our adm9i/ration on ! mann]s ( wom5 tr\bles him4 ,& ?is is n surpris+1 = ,kamiri has suff]$ mu* by our intrusion4 ,9 =m] times ! success ( raids dep5d$ to a great ext5t on 8 advice & aid1 & ?is1 c\pl$ ) 8 deep k ( ! art ( m$ic9e 9 g5]al1 _h won him great respect1 & "o c ev5 say t he 0 held 9 awe4 ,kamiri1 9 fact1 0 probably ! pr9cipal man ( ! tribe & ! ne>e/ approa* to a *ief t 8 c\ntrym5 ( t day c\ld imag9e4 ,to-day he is a small headman1 b nev]!less enjoys no small /&+1 z we %all %[4 ,mission>ies designate ,kamiri z ! 8(ficial poison]02 yet "o mission>y1 :o kn[s him bett] ?an any o!r ,european1 tells me t if ,kamiri is hir$ to poison a man he w fir/ call t man & tell him s & !n he w inquire into ! case & endeav\r to settle ! qu>rel1 9 :i* respect he is usually successful4 ,if ,kamiri is a poison] he is ess5tially ! 8(ficial0 poison]2 he uses 8 art ) discretion & 9 legitimate causes4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! m$ic9e man ( ,kamiri's type & ! av]age wit* doctor ( to-day2 ! m$ic9e man ( ! old s*ool kn[s :at he does1 & dooms a man p]haps z consci5ti\sly z a judge :5 he hangs a murd]]4 ,no?+ :i* we or our influ5ce c\ld d has brok5 8 position z a m$ic9e man2 ev5 ! p>am\nt *ief has a great respect = him1 & he has be5 se5 to get up & give 8 place to ,kamiri4 ,x is believ$ t no ,kikuyu1 h[ev] /rongly support$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 w\ld really d>e to g aga9/ ,kamiri4 ,a few ye>s ago he demon/rat$ ?is p[] by hang+ up a bag ( rupees 9 a tree by ! pa?way & left x !re = sev]al mon?s3 no "o d>$ to tamp] ) x4 ,natives attribute m>vell\s p[]s to him1 & x is pretty c]ta9 t once he has detect$ a crim9al no ,kikuyu has any d\bt z to 8 guilt1 nei!r w\ld !y ?9k t any man poison$ by him _h be5 unju/ly dealt )4 ,x is n v surpris+ t ?is cunn+ m$ic9e man1 ) 8 uncom=table sup]natural p[]s & 8 sci5ce ( detection1 %\ld n enjoy great popul>ity1 & t !re %\ld be r a feel+ ( di/ru/ betwe5 him & 8 p4 ,on "o occasion ,kamiri volunte]$ to detect a case ( !ft ( "s cattle 9 :i* two m51 ,a1 a h]d]1 & ,b1 a man remotely suspect$1 7 9 cu/ody on suspicion4 ,z f> z is kn[n ,kamiri knew no?+ ab\t ! case or ! p]sons suspect$4 ,hav+ set "s boys to cat* liz>ds1 ,kamiri plac$ ! two m5 be=e him & dabb$ "s :ite p[d] on _! noses & on ! palms ( _! h&s4 ,! same sub/ance 0 /reak$ on "o ( ! liz>d's heads & he !n wav$ ! g\rd conta9+ ?is m$ic9e r\nd ! liz>d & likewise r\nd ! suspect$ man4 ,he !n ask$ ,b if he _h committ$ ! !ft1 to :i* ! man repli$ 9 ! negative4 ,kamiri !n held ! liz>d to ! man's nose = "s m9utes1 b x made no signs4 ,next he repeat$ ! p]=mance ) ,a1 & imm$iately on 8 d5y+ ! *>ge ! liz>d caught hold ( 8 no/rils ) its m\?4 ,?is x did sev]al times4 ,kamiri 0 !n ask$ if ! man 0 guilty4 ,he repli$ t he 0 n1 because if he _h be5 s1 ! liz>d w\ld h held on & n let g1 b he 0 also n innoc5t1 o!rwise ! liz>d w\ld h act$ z ) ,b1 & !re=e he conclud$ t ! man knew ab\t ! !ft & _h probably abett$ x4 ,! *>ge 0 nev] prov$ aga9/ ?is man1 b x 0 almo/ c]ta9 t he mu/ h _h "s k ( ! !ft4 ,! natives _h n ! smalle/ d\bt ab\t x aft] ,kamiri's decision1 & 7 highly surpris$ t ,b 0 n at once lib]at$4 ,a fam\s trick ( ,kamiri's is to make a small %eep gr[ l>ge4 ,! writ] has n se5 ?is1 b 0 told by a ,european t he _h witness$ x & t he made ! %eep swell to an enorm\s size4 ,"o ( ,kamiri's feats is relat$ ) great satisfaction by ! natives4 ,kamiri once gave "s m$ic9e to a ,european 9 ord] t he %\ld w9 a race1 & ! /ory goes t ! m$ic9e work$ satisfactorily4 ,s n[ !re is a pr(\nd belief t ,kamiri's m$ic9e1 unlike mo/ o!rs1 does n lose its pot5cy ) ,europeans4 ,kamiri's pupil is 8 son ,ki!ge1 :o is said to be almo/ z practis$ 9 ! arts z 8 fa!r1 & he is n[ g5]ally s5t 9 8 fa!r's place :5 !re is any di/ance to g4 ,ki!ge 0 se5 to p]=m ! same trick ) ! liz>d 9 ano!r case ( !ft4 ,?is "t ! liz>d hung on to ! man's nose & rema9$ s ev5 :5 n held4 ,! man 0 at once pron\nc$ to be ! (f5d]1 & ev5 admitt$ himself t he _h nev] he>d ( ,kamiri mak+ a mi/ake be=e1 al?\gh he d5i$ hav+ committ$ ! !ft4 ,on ?is occasion endeav\rs 7 made to discov] h[ ! trick 0 done4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n due to any pressure ( ! h&2 a trial 0 also made ) v>i\s col\rs1 b ) no effect4 ,see+ t ! writ] 0 sceptical1 ,ki!ge1 at 8 own sugge/ion1 pick$ out at r&om two m5 f ! cr[d & tri$ x ) !m1 b ! liz>d w\ld n bite ei!r ( !m4 ,f9ally ! conclusion 0 come to t !re mu/ be "s connection betwe5 ! brea?+ ( ! man & ! liz>d's action2 possibly s long z ! man brea!d freely1 ! liz>d w\ld n bite1 b :5 he held 8 brea? or brea!d /rongly1 aft] hold+ x = a "t1 ! liz>d1 = "s reason1 hung to 8 nose4 ,! idea t a reptile w fa/5 on to a crim9al has its p>allel 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vide ,acts xxviii4 #c-f3 8,& :5 ! b>b>ians saw ! v5om\s bea/ hang on to 8 h& !y said among !mselves1 ,no d\bt ?is man is a murd]]1 :om1 ?\gh he escap$ ! sea1 yet v5geance suff]e? n to live40 ,possibly !re is an idea t ! reptile is really a _s :i* has tempor>ily assum$ ?is =m4 ,x is consid]$ impossible t a m$ic9e man %\ld ma9ta9 a real /&+ & ! absolute fai? ( ! p by m]e trick]y4 ,/ill less is x likely t a *>latan w\ld h s mu* self-confid5ce z ,kamiri1 & !re=e "o is driv5 to ! conclusion t a man su* z ,kamiri mu/ repeat$ly h prov$ himself to be "r 9 8 detection4 ,! mo/ successful practices 9 ?is respect w always be su* z "w automatically1 & ! m "o sees ( not$ m$ic9e m5 ! m "o incl9es to ! idea t _m ( _! p[]s are nei!r trick]y nor my/]y1 b are simply due to ! n]v\sness or to ! m5tal effect ^u ! victim or pati5t4 ,ki!ge 0 ask$ if he _h any o!r ways ( prov+ ! man's innoc5ce or guilt1 & he imm$iately express$ 8 read9ess to try ano!r te/4 ,ask$ :at he w\ld d1 he ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( tak+ ! man's eye out1 & on be+ /opp$ he volunte]$ to put a v5om\s snake r\nd ! man's neck4 ,un=tunately bo? ( ^! exp]im5ts entail$ m risk ?an ! confid5ce ( ! obs]v] w\ld p]mit1 al?\gh ! suspect$ man seem$ to h no appreh5sions z to ! dang] he 0 runn+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,miscellane\s ,,magical ,,practices ,ra9 ,magic 7,ukamba74--,! ,kamba h no m$ic9e m5 :o specialise 9 ra9-mak+1 & 9 times ( dr\ght !y pray & sacrifice at ! i!mbo1 or local %r9e1 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,"s p1 h[ev]1 pret5d t by means ( a c]ta9 m$ic9e !y c make ra9 pass by & n fall at a p>ticul> place4 ,! +r$i5ts ( ?is are kept v secret & are only kn[n to a few p4 ,x is a black p[d] & is plac$ 9 ! palm ( ! h& & bl[n 9 ! direction ( ! ra9 /orm4 ,"s is also plac$ 9 ! horn ( an antelope & /uck 9 a tree4 ,x is address$ z foll[s3 8,y are n[ a man & are plac$ "h to keep ! ra9 away2 if y fail y /ay out "h 9 ! ra9 & ,i w n take y back into ! h\se1 b ?r[ y away into ! bu%40 ,presumably ! concept is t by ^! means a human1 or p]haps an?ropomorphic _s1 hav+ ! p[] ( av]t+ ra91 is bottl$ up 9 ! horn by ! pot5t m$ic9e1 or x may be t ! _s is suppos$ to be 9 ! m$ic9e itself4 ,x is a pity we d n "k :at ! m$ic9e is compos$ (1 z ! reason+ might be ! easi] to foll[4 ,burgl>'s ,magic4--,9 ! au?or's 8,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba0 an example ( ?is 9 connection ) ! ,ma*akos di/rict 0 giv5--p4 #ie4 ,! same k9d ( ?+ is evid5tly practis$ 9 ,kitui1 :]e x is said t a ?ief w sometimes obta9 m$ic9e f a magician & rub x on a /one4 ,he !n goes to a village at night & ?r[s x on to ! ?at* ( a hut4 ,x is /at$ t he !n probably waits till he he>s ! p say3 8,let u sleep40 ,he pres5tly ent]s ! hut & goes to ! own] & says3 8,i h come = a c[ :i* ,i am go+ to take away40 ,! own] is app>5tly hypnotis$ & unable to refuse1 = he answ]s3 8,take su* & su* a "o10 & ! p g on sleep+ till late ! next morn+4 ,a neighb\r calls at ! village e>ly next day1 & is surpris$ to f9d ! door ( ! hut & ( ! cattle kraal op51 "o or two cattle miss+1 & ! p /ill asleep4 ,wom5 (t5 fa%ion little clay images ( m5 & hang !m up 9 _! g>d5s to fright5 y\ng/]s :o g !re to pilf] ! crops2 ! *ildr5 believe t if !y take any?+ !y w be /rick5 ) a ?abu4 ,! eld]s1 h[ev]1 decl>e t su* *>ms are only a %am1 z ! wom5 d n really wi% to h>m ! *ildr51 b only to sc>e !m4 ,hunt]'s ,magic4--,if a ,kamba hunt] %oots a v fat bea/ he mu/ n take snuff :ile he is sk9n+ x or he w be seiz$ ) di>rha4 ,elephant hunt]s (t5 c>ry a m$ic9e call$ nga?o1 ( :i* a little is plac$ on ea* arr[ be=e x is %ot at an elephant2 x is c>ri$ 9 a holl[ re$ 9 ! hunt]'s quiv]4 ,! hunt] mu/ n eat or t\* mutton be=e he returns f hunt+ or ?is m$ic9e w prove ineffective4 ,! m$ic9e man :o concocts ! m$ic9e places x 9 ! quiv] ( ! hunt] ) 8 own h&s1 & ! quiv] mu/ n be op5$ till ! hunt] is 9 ! pres5ce ( ! elephants4 ,hunt]s (t5 c>ry ano!r m$ic9e call$ 8nzebi10 :i*1 if bl[n 9 ! direction ( game1 prev5ts x f see+ ! hunt]4 ,9 ,kitui1 if a man has made 8 prep>ations to g on a hunt+ exp$ition1 he mu/ n cohabit ) 8 wife ! night be=e he />ts4 ,if !re is a new-com] 9 a hunt+ p>ty & an elephant is kill$1 ! lead] ( ! p>ty w cut (f ! trunk & brea/s ( ! bea/ be=e ! new-com] comes up1 & hide !m 9 ! bu%4 ,x is said t if ?is is n done ! new-com] might joke ab\t ! peculi> appe>ance ( ^! p>ts & 9 s do+ turn _! luck s t no o!r elephant w\ld be kill$4 ,! elephant _s w\ld evid5tly be annoy$4 ,an (fic]1 "s "t ago1 %ot an elephant 9 ,kitui1 & two ( ! natives :o accompani$ him came up & ask$ if !y might p]=m _! c]emony1 ! object ( :i* 0 to br+ him mu* luck & good sport4 ,he agre$1 & a goat 0 kill$ & "s ( ! blood collect$2 "o ( ! m5 ta/$ a little ( ! blood1 & !n ea* ( !m took a little 9 8 m\? & eject$ a few drops on ! tusks ( ! dead elephant1 ! rema9d] be+ p\r$ out z a libation4 ,! lead] or lead]s ( ! hunt+ p>ty :o are t]m$ ,a-?iani 9 ,ukamba & ,?a-mati 9 ,kikuyu c alone eat ! trunk ( an elephant4 ,:5 ! hunt+ p>ty returns x is ! duty ( ! lead] to sacrifice an ox & brew "s be]2 ! blood ( ! ox & ! be] are mix$ & p\r$ out 9 ! village z a libation ( ?anksgiv+4 ,! same c]emony is obs]v$ aft] ! sale ( ! ivory4 ,a man :o organises successful hunts1 or proves himself a good lead] ( c>avans to ! coa/1 obta9s great hon\r among 8 p4 ,*>ms4--,! ,kikuyu p sometimes place a human skull 9 a tree 9 a g>d5 to prev5t p f /eal+2 x is n q c]ta9 :e!r ?is is believ$ to h any magic p[]4 ,!y also place ! clay tuyres f a smi?'s furnace 9 trees to protect g>d5s2 9 ?is case !y are probably trad+ on ! dread$ magic p[]s ( ! smi?s4 ,! horns ( ! fir/ ox pres5t$ to a man by ! fa!r or 8 son-9-law are n ?r[n away1 b plac$ on ! ro( ( ! hut ( 8 pr9cipal wife4 ,! significance ( ?is is n v cle>2 x may be done m]ely to commemorate ! ev5t1 b 9 ^! matt]s x is nev] safe to jump to conclusions4 ,! foll[+ obs]vation 9 ,kikuyu may be class$ among magical proc$ure4 ,a man 0 su$ = return ( "s cattle :i* he 0 oblig$ to return4 ,on do+ s1 he pull$ out a few hairs f ! animals' tails4 ,x appe>s t :5 c]ta9 m$ic9e is made 9 ! village ! own] has only to pull out a few tail hairs f a bea/ & x w always return to 8 village4 ,occasionally 9 a ,kikuyu village ! v]tebra ( an ox may be se5 transfix$ on ! /ick :i* surm\nts a gra9 hut4 ,?is is a *>m to keep butt]flies away f ! village1 z x is believ$ t ^! insects c>ry sickness to ! goats & %eep4 ,fe> ( old ,wom54--,old wom5 9 ,kikuyu are mu* fe>$1 p>ticul>ly ^? :o are bl9d1 too?less1 & decrepit2 !y are (t5 believ$ to possess magic p[]4 ,:5 meet+ !m1 x is saf] to pass by or to speak to !m pleasantly4 ,if !y are annoy$ !y may br+ all sorts ( ill luck4 ,be+ bo!r$ "o day by a numb] ( v old wom51 ,*ief ,m>r>o & 8 eld]s 7 ask$ to s5d !m away1 b 7 afraid to tell !m to g1 & ev5 _m ( ! police d>$ n talk to !m4 ,knots1 etc4--,:5 a ,kikuyu w>rior goes to w> he ties knots 9 ! grass on ! way1 s t he may f9d 8 enemy sleepy4 ,or aga91 if he is go+ to visit anyone he does ! same 9 ord] t he may f9d 8 fri5d at home4 ,if a man is at w>1 x is bad = ! wife to make /r+ = a food bag 7*ondo72 x is probably believ$ t ! twi/+ ( /r+ w\ld h ! same delet]i\s effect z ! ty+ ( a knot is suppos$ to h on c]ta9 occasions4 ,fur!r1 ! wife mu/ n sweep out ! hut :ile h] husb& is away ) a w> p>ty4 ,a zebra 0 %ot by ! writ] "s "t ago 9 ,kitui1 & :5 ! meat 0 br\ght to camp a ,kamba 0 obs]v$ to tie a knot 9 ! hair ( ! tail2 ! reason giv5 = ?is 0 t zebras be+ r subject to di>rha1 x 0 a good ?+ to tie a knot 9 ! tail1 z ! p]sons :o eat ! meat w\ld !n n be likely to suff] f ?is compla9t4 ,9 ,kitui1 also1 if two m5 are />t+ on a cattle trad+ exp$ition & "o gets ahead ( ! o!r ! "o :o is delay$ plants a /ick 9 ! gr\nd & ties grass to x1 ?is be+ suppos$ to delay ! fir/ man1 &1 ! o!r pass+ him1 w !n be able to sell 8 cattle fir/ & !re=e at a bett] price4 ,w> ,m$ic9e 7,kikuyu74--,be=e a "y w>rior dep>ts on an exp$ition1 ! fa!r goes to a m$ic9e man & obta9s "s m$ic9e call$ njeku & sme>s x on 8 son's %ield1 ! object ( ?is be+ to protect him f ! weapons ( 8 enemies4 ,x is said t sometimes ! m$ic9e man1 out ( spite1 supplies bad m$ic9e & ! w>rior w !n be kill$4 ,?is alt]native is no d\bt ! explanation ( casualties1 & x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ ! m$ic9e man def5ds himself f ! accusation ( hav+ suppli$ ! wrong m$ic9e4 ,if a man collects ! saliva ( an enemy & takes x away to a m$ic9e man 7murogi7 :o makes suitable m$ic9e ( x1 ! own] becomes afflict$ ) a bad ?roat4 ,a wife mu/ n sleep away f h] village :ile h] husb& is on a j\rney1 nor br+ a male fri5d to ! village2 %e may %ave h] head 9 8 abs5ce1 al?\gh ?is is b>r$ among "s tribes4 ,magical ,rem$ies = ,/]ility4--,among ! ,a-,kamba ( ,ulu !re are v>i\s rem$ies = b>r5ness 9 wom54 ,! husb& consults a m$ic9e man1 :o ca/s lots1 8piga mbau0 to f9d out :i* ( ! v>i\s rem$ies mu/ be adopt$4 ,:5 ! prop] k9d ( rem$y has be5 discov]$1 ! husb& takes 8 wife to ! discov]] ( ! rem$y 7ngnondu71 :o adm9i/]s x4 ,v>i\s rem$ies are 9 vogue1 viz3 7#a7 ,a piece ( ! trunk ( ! mumo tree is cut out & b\nd 9 ! woman's bead lo9 b&4 7#b7 ,"o ( ! yell[ fruits ( a common wild we$ is b\nd 9 ! lo9 b&4 ,x is call$ b>+o1 & is probably a ,solanum4 7#c7 ,a goat is l$ r\nd ! woman sev5 times1 & ! aiimu are promis$ a goat if %e proves f]tile4 7#d7 ,a goat or f[l is kill$4 ,its blood is p\r$ on ! woman's head till x trickles d[n h] back & brea/4 ,%e is ?us suppos$ to d]ive new blood4 7#e7 ,! lea!r tails ( h] lo9 clo? are knott$4 ,m$ic9e is also made f ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,two twigs ( ! muk5gesia tree4 7#b7 ,"o twig ( ! musumsuyia tree4 ,a bran* ( mulali tree suffici5tly long to g r\nd ! woman's wai/ is !n cut4 ,! woman's lo9 sk9 apron is cut into two pieces1 & a knot is ti$ 9 "o ( !m4 ,! mulali bran* is !n pass$ r\nd h] wai/ & ti$ into a knot4 ,! twigs #a & #b are !n plac$ to ! woman's lips1 & %e bites "s ( !m & spits out ! pieces ?ree times4 ,"p ( ?is is tak5 & ?r[n on a ma9 road = pass]s-by to tread on4 ,! re/ is tak5 by ! husb&1 :o walks 9 front ( ! woman1 dropp+ x = h] to tread on z f> z ! village4 ,wat] 9 a nzele1 or half g\rd1 is !n drawn by ! husb&1 & all ! m5 & wom5 ( ! village r9se _! h&s 9 x4 ,a goat1 giv5 by ! husb&1 is made to dr9k ! wat] 9 ! nzele2 x is !n kill$1 & ! *e/ is tak5 & eat5 by husb& & wife4 ,! husb& does n cohabit ) 8 wife till ! second night aft] ! c]emony4 ,among ! ,kikuyu if a m>ri$ woman does n prove f]tile a m$ic9e man takes h] to a mukeo1 muk5yia1 or mu?akwa tree1 & !re suffocates a mwati 7a "y ewe :i* has n yet borne a kid72 ! eld]s ( ! husb&'s clan take ! small inte/9e ( ! mwati & tw9e x ar\nd ! woman & ! tree1 ! inte/9e be+ !n cut ?r\gh ) a %>p spl9t] ( wood4 ,! c]emony concludes ) ! ano9t+ ( ! woman on ! =ehead ) ca/or oil1 & "s fat f ! c>case ( ! mwati is melt$ & p\r$ out at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,x 0 impossible to discov] ! exact significance ( ?is c]emony2 x may be a =m ( s-call$ tree m>riage1 a c]emony by :i* presumably ! f]tility ( ! tree c be giv5 to ! woman4 ,inoculation ,aga9/ ,snake ,bites4--,al?\gh ^! obs]vations are classifi$ "u ! head+ ( magic1 x is n at all cle> :e!r ! proc$ure adopt$ is bas$ on ! k ( prophylactic or antiseptic drugs4 ,! subject is wor?y ( pr(essional inve/igation by a tra9$ pa?ologi/4 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ,mr ,g4 ,h4 ,osborne = ! description ( ! process ( inoculation = snake bites :i* took place 9 8 pres5ce at ,ma*akos 9 ,ukamba4 ,! practition] 0 a "y man ( "s tw5ty-five ye>s ( age1 ,waita wa ,ma!ndu by "n2 ! pati5t a boy ( ab\t sixte51 call$ ,kaboyi wa ,kimo9o--bo? natives ( ! ,iveti ,hills4 ,at ! writ]'s reque/ ! native doctor br\ght specim5s ( ! m$ic9al plants4 ,!y consi/$ (3 7#a7 ,a bran* ( a %rub call$ musobi 7,kikamba74 ,?is has a leaf measur+ ab\t two in*es 9 l5g?1 bright gre5 on ! top & a light] %ade bel[2 ! edges are s]rat$ b n %>p1 & ! :ole leaf has a velvety feel to ! t\*4 ,x be>s a fruit :i* is r$ :5 ripe & :i* is eat5 by ! ,a-,kamba4 ,x is also us$ z m$ic9e = colds 9 ! head4 7#b7 ,two bran*es ( a %rub call$ m?+ii4 ,! leaves appe> to gr[ on a s+le /em1 & are compos$ ( "s six petals on ei!r side ( ! leaf /em4 ,! leaf1 full gr[n1 measures ab\t "o & a half in*es by ?ree qu>t]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! fir/1 a piece ( ! /em z x /&s 9 ! gr\nd is lightly scrap$ ?ree times ) a knife4 ,9 ! case ( ! second1 gra9s ( mtama gra9 are ?r[n ?ree times to /rike ! bu%4 ,bo? are !n completely dug up by ! roots1 & ! two roots1 ! /ems & leaves1 are put on ! fire )\t wat] & dri$ completely4 ,^! are ! vegetable +r$i5ts ( ! m$ic9e4 ,! animal +r$i5ts are3 7#a7 ,! heads ( v>i\s k9ds ( snakes4 ,:5 a m$ic9e man captures a snake he takes x by ! neck 9 8 "r h& & passes its tail ?ree times ar\nd & beh9d 8 wai/ ) ! left h&1 l a belt1 ! ?ird "t pass+ its head to 8 left h&1 :i* is grasp+ ! tail1 & !n clasp+ neck & tail 9 ! left h& & hold+ x out f 8 body4 ,he makes ?ree ga%es ) a knife on ! back ( ! snake's head1 j above ! neck1 at ! same "t mak+ a ga% 9 ! back ( 8 left h&1 :i* is hold+ ! snake's head & tail4 ,he !n takes "s ( ! blood f ! ga% on ! back ( 8 h& & sme>s x ) 8 knife po9t 9 ea* ( ! ga%es 9 ! snake's neck4 ,! snake dies aft] ! man's blood has be5 sme>$ on ! ga%es1 & its head is !n sev]$ bel[ ! ga%es & put into ! nzele ) ! vegetable +r$i5ts4 ,^! are !n p\nd$ up till ! mixture becomes a pit*-l sub/ance4 ,x is put back on ! fire until ?or\ghly dri$1 :5 x is gr\nd up into a p[d] v>y+ f d>k grey to black 9 col\r4 ,! m$ic9e is n[ ready = use & is plac$ 9 its sev]al receptacles4 ,! vegetable +r$i5ts are always ! same1 b z ea* k9d ( snake is treat$1 ea* vessel holds a diff]5t k9d ( m$ic9e4 ,on ?is occasion ! doctor _h only ?ree snakes fa/5$ up 9 a g\rd ) air holes bor$ into x4 ,be=e expla9+ ! initial process he took !m out & put ! fir/ r\nd 8 neck & ! second on 8 lap1 :]e x lay div]sify+ its position by coil+ r\nd 8 arm4 ,! snakes br\ght = inspection 73 7#a7 ,ndau 7female74--,ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 d>k gre5 on ! back & light gre5 und]nea?4 ,x bo? spits & bites1 & lives mo/ly 9 trees4 ,its d>ts are v rapid4 7#b7 ,syomelule 7female74--,a d>k grey col\r on ! back & light grey to light yell[ bel[2 ! patt]n appe>$ to be almo/ 9 squ>es4 ,x 0 ab\t two feet long & _h n dige/$ a m\se :i* _h got half-way d[n4 ,x is said to be a tree snake2 x bo? spits & /rikes1 & aft] /rik+ /icks on to ! bitt5 "p4 7#c7 ,kiko 7male74--,m>k$ l a puff add]1 black1 ) a broad flat head4 ,un=tunately ?is "o _h _h a slight diff]5ce ) ! second snake1 :i* _h /ruck & kill$ x on ! way to ! /ation4 ,x 0 9 ! bottom ( ! g\rd & 0 n visible4 ,x is said to lie on ! road1 %amm+ dea?1 & re>+ sudd5ly1 to /rike at ! ?igh4 ,! l>g] ones also spit1 & are especially dang]\s to p draw+ wat]4 ,!re 7 9 all sev5 small g\rds ( p[d]1 ea* conta9+ a mixture ( ! vegetable +r$i5t & a diff]5t k9d ( snake4 ,9 addition to ! ?ree snakes above m5tion$ ! g\rds conta9$ ! p[d] made f f\r o!r k9ds ( snakes3 7#d7 ,nguluku4--,said to be a small1 r$di%1 :ip-l snake ( :i* l>g] specim5s h also be5 f\nd liv+ ne> /reams2 _! bite is v deadly4 7#e7 ,kimbuba 7,swahili ,bafu74--,puff add]4 7#f7 ,kisilu4--,a v black snake seldom leav+ its hole 9 ! daytime4 7#g7 ,yai?a4--,a tree snake :i* is v fond ( tak+ up its resid5ce 9 l>ge birds' ne/s4 ,x d>ts d[n on ! pass]-by f a tree1 /rikes ! head1 & !n retires aga9 to ! tree4 ,9 #aijg1 "o ( !m liv$ 9 a tree on ! road to ,mumoni1 n f> f ,gai1 & kill$ two p 9 a %ort "t4 ,! ,di/rict ,commission] 0 ask$ to kill x1 b two ,kamba w5t out toge!r & "o ( !m kill$ x z x tri$ to /rike ! o!r4 ,?is is probably a ,d5draspis4 ,! doctor takes ! sk9 ( ! pati5t's upp] palm1 j bel[ ! knuckle ( ! f+] & ?umb1 & cuts ?ree small ga%es 9 ! sk94 ,he does ?is j above ! upp] wri/ bone & upp] elb[ jo9t on ! outside4 ,! tongue is also slightly ga%$ 9 places till blood is drawn4 ,! writ] only saw ^! p>ticul> places cut1 z !re 0 n suffici5t "t1 b anyone und]go+ ! full treatm5t w\ld be cut on ! top ( ! foot1 j above ! toes1 on ! upp] ?igh1 ! buttock1 & ! %\ld]1 ! process be+ repeat$ on ! o!r side ( ! body4 ,! practition] !n p\rs into ! palm ( 8 left h& a little ( ea* p[d]--sev5 k9ds 9 ?is case4 ,) ! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h& he puts ! mix$ p[d] on to ea* ( ! ?ree ga%es1 !n spits on ! places & rubs ! p[d] into ! ga%es ) ! second f+] ( 8 "r h&4 ,! rema9+ portion 9 ! palm ( ! left h& is lick$ ?ree times (f ! palm by ! pati5t's ga%$ tongue4 ,! doctor !n c>efully wipes 8 h&s1 &1 ! op]ation be+ ov]1 ! p[d] is all[$ to dry into ! ga%es4 ,to %[ ! writ] ! efficacy ( 8 m$ic9e he took out ! ,syomelule snake & put x on to ! f+] ( ! pati5t1 ! m\? be+ clos$ ov] ! fir/ f+] j bel[ ! nail1 :]e x hung = sev]al seconds4 ,!n he took x (f & return$ x to its receptacle4 ,"o fang--! upp] "o--_h drawn blood 9 ! f+]4 ,he !n took a knife & scrap$ ! place ( ! bite on ! upp] & l[] side ( ! f+]4 ,he said ?is 0 to scrape (f ! fangs ( ! snake4 ,no blood 0 drawn on ! "u side ( ! f+]4 ,! pati5t said t ! snake1 :5 hang+ to 8 f+]1 did n hurt him1 b t he m]ely felt z if 8 f+] 0 be+ tightly p9*$4 ,bo? ! doctors & ! writ]'s boy :o 7 pres5t decl>$ t in/ant dea? 0 ! usual result ( a bite by su* a snake4 ,! result ( ! treatm5t is t a p]son c seize hold ( any snake &1 by mak+ a circle r\nd its head ?ree times ) ! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h&1 r5d] x innocu\s4 ,if a p]son sees a snake ent] a clump ( grass1 he walks ?ree times r\nd ! clump1 & at ! place :]e ! snake has ent]$ puts 8 h& 9 till he cat*es x by ! tail4 ,he pulls x out1 & ! snake /rikes back4 ,he all[s x to /rike 8 h& ?ree times1 & !n seizes x by ! head or neck & lets g ! tail4 ,he !n makes ?ree circul> passes r\nd its head ) ! fir/ f+] ( ! "r h& & ! snake c no long] hurt anyone unless a p]son =cibly puts 8 f+]s into its m\?4 ,x c be c>ri$ ab\t or worn ) impunity4 ,if a p]son :o is immune spits & /rikes a snake ) ! spittle1 ! snake becomes sick & dies at once4 ,! pati5t 0 at ! writ]'s h\se = q an h\r aft] ! op]ation4 ,he /ill _h ! o!r side ( ! body to be op]at$ ^u4 ,he %[$ no signs ( swell+ or illness4 ,! usual price = divulg+ ! id5tity ( ! plants & ! me?od ( concoction to a fell[ tribesman is a c[ & a bull4 ,= ?is reason ! doctor br\ght ! twigs ti$ up 9 a piece ( clo?1 s t _! nature 0 n app>5t to a pass]-by4 ,?is inoculation may be a sy/em ( immunisation or x may be t ! snakes produc$ = ! op]ation _h _h _! poison\s fangs extract$4 ,its efficacy is1 h[ev]1 implicitly believ$ 9 by ! ,kamba p ( ^! p>ts1 & no "o :o has be5 inoculat$ is kn[n to h di$ f ! bite4 ,x mu/ be not$ t a c]ta9 am\nt ( =mality is obs]v$1 !re be+ a fav\rite numb] = ! magic 8passes0 & = ! ga%es made = inoculation4 ,ano!r obs]v] writ+ f ,kikuyu /ates t :ile /&+ at a p>ticul> place ) "s eld]s a snake 0 se5 9 ! long grass4 ,"o man comm5c$ to feel ab\t 9 ! grass = ! snake1 & :5 ano!r man /ruck at x1 he pick$ x up alive4 ,he seem$ to h absolutely no fe> ( snakes1 & expla9$ t he _h m$ic9e = _! bites--n to prev5t bites1 b to neutralise ! poison4 ,lat]1 he 0 fur!r cross-exam9$ & d5i$ t he _h ?is m$ic9e4 ,! au?or also saw 9 ,kitui a man :o pr(ess$ to h no fe> ( snake bites4 ,?is man "o day walk$ into ,kitui ,/ation c>ry+ a big puff add] 7,bitis arietans7 9 8 h&2 he 0 n hold+ x by ! neck1 b 0 gripp+ x ab\t eighte5 in*es bel[ its head4 ,he _h he>d t snakes 7 want$ = a collection1 & _h come to sell x4 ,aft] ! puff add] _h be5 safely dispos$ (1 he po9t$ out two deep scrat*es1 n punctures1 ble$+ freely1 at ! base ( 8 ?umb & produc$ a black p[d]1 "s ( :i* he rubb$ on ! w\nds & "s ( :i* he plac$ on 8 tongue & swall[$4 ,! w\nds 7 inflict$ by ! add]4 ,?is man accompani$ ! writ] = a t5 days' j\rney1 & dur+ t "t caught v>i\s live snakes4 ,8 g5]al proc$ure 0 to lie d[n & put 8 arm into ! recesses ( a :ite ant ne/ :i* is a v fav\rite %elt] = snakes dur+ ! heat ( ! day2 he w\ld feel ab\t & sometimes extract a snake4 ,! idea ( feel+ ab\t 9 a d>k hole 9 a di/rict :]e cobras1 puff add]s1 & o!r poison\s snakes are common1 made "o %udd]4 ,b no?+ unt[>d happ5$1 & he suff]$ no ill effects f 8 scrat*es by ! puff add]'s fangs4 ,he 0 ask$ :at ! black p[d] 0 made (1 & produc$ ab\t six plants1 ! roots ( :i*1 :5 dri$1 *>r$ & gr\nd up1 7 said to con/itute ! antidote4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n possible at ! "t to id5tify ! plants4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,miscellane\s ,,introductory ,9 ?is section a v>iety ( matt]s1 _m ( :i* h a be>+ on ! beliefs ( ! p1 b :i* _c be legitimately plac$ "u ei!r ,religion or ,magic1 are dealt )4 ,! section deal+ ) ! con/itution ( ! p %[s h[ ! c\ncil ( eld]s grades into ! primitive prie/hood4 ,a *apt] on ,kikuyu dances is includ$1 & = ?is ! au?or has to ?ank ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas4 ,_m ( ^! dances take place ei!r at plant+ "t or ne> ! h>ve/1 & also at m>riages1 & und\bt$ly come "u ! class ( f]tility c]emonies4 ,!y may ?us be consid]$ to come "u ! head+ ( ei!r ,religion or ,magic1 al?\gh x is n always possible to say to :i* !y belong4 ,a *apt] has be5 add$ on ! position ( wom5 9 tribal organisation1 & ?is subject is p>ticul>ly recomm5d$ to future inve/igators4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,con/itution ,,& ,,work+ ,,( ,,c\ncils ,,among ,,! ,,kikuyu ,accord+ to ! natural organisation ( ! ,kikuyu tribe e y\?1 z he gr[s up1 gradually passes ?r\gh ! v>i\s grades ( tribal life4 ,he comm5ces z a kihe1 an uncircumcis$ boy1 & aft] circumcision becomes a mwanake1 & f9ally a mu?uri4 ,he has to be initiat$1 /ep by /ep1 into ea* grade accord+ to ! ritual ( ! tribe1 & paym5t has to be made = entry into ea* /age4 ,! proc$ure & rites ) reg>d to circumcision h be5 dealt ) else:]e1 & we n[ h to consid] entry into ! high] grades4 ,:5 a fa!r consid]s t 8 son is old en\gh1 he agrees to 8 m>riage1 & aft] m>riage1 :5 he is ! fa!r ( a *ild1 he becomes eligible = eld]%ip4 ,:5 ! fa!r ?9ks ! "t has come1 he provides ! son ) a goat to pres5t to ! c\ncil ( eld]s = 8 initiation into ! grade4 ,! eld]s _c refuse to admit him to ! l[e/ grade1 & at _! next meet+ ! initiation takes place4 ,! goat is fir/ /rangl$1 & a knife is !n driv5 into its *e/ & ! blood collect$ 9 a pot4 ,! s5ior eld]s take a sip ( ! blood1 & ! c&idate also dr9ks a little4 ,! foll[+ portions ( ! c>case are !n set ap>t1 viz41 ! ribs1 a piece ( ! meat ( a leg call$ ruhongi1 a piece ( ! small inte/9e1 "o ( ! small /oma*1 ngorima1 & "o ( liv]4 ,two a?amaki1 or full eld]s ( c\ncil1 take ^! portions & roa/ !m be=e a fire2 !y are !n br\ght to ! hut ( ! c&idate & h&$ ov] to 8 wife1 or1 if he has m ?an "o1 to ! s5ior wife1 :o places !m on a k9d ( %elf1 call$ !gi1 ne> ! b$1 & !y are aft]w>ds eat5 by ! man4 ,! wife !n gives ! eld]s a half g\rd1 njeli1 ( gruel & a portion ( cook$ pigeon pea1 njahe4 ,! eld]s eat a little ( ?is & ! rema9d] is giv5 to ! c&idate4 ,?is c]emonial meal appe>s to be 9 ! nature ( an oa?4 ,! man is !n call$ a mu?uri ya mburi imwe1 viz41 an eld] ( "o goat4 ,a little lat] on he pres5ts ano!r goat to ! eld]s & becomes an eld] ( two goats1 mu?uri ya mburi igiri2 & !n aga91 he pres5ts a ?ird goat & becomes an eld] ( ?ree goats1 mu?uri ya imburi itatu4 ,no p>ticul> c]emony att5ds ! pres5t+ ( ! second or ?ird goats4 ,aft] a due "t has elaps$ ! man c apply to ! s5ior c\ncil to be admitt$ to t body4 ,z a rule 8 entry is n refus$1 b x is said t he _c dem& admittance to ?is grade )\t ! approval ( its eld]s4 ,he pays a f\r? goat z entrance fee1 & ! same c]emony z = ! l[] grade eld] ( "o goat is gone ?r\gh4 ,he !n has to pay a f9e !nge1 or male goat1 :i* c\nts z two ord9>y goats1 :]eupon ! eld]s reveal to him ! secret matt]s ( _! grade & in/ruct him 9 ! proc$ure ( ! c\ncil4 ,!y also inve/ him ) 8 /aff ( (fice1 ! mi!gi1 & h& him ! bun* ( sacr$ leaves1 muta?ia 7,claus5a anisata & also ,claus5a inaequalis71 & he is !n a fully fl$g$ eld] ( c\ncil & is call$ mu?uri ya imburi nne or i?ano1 eld] ( f\r or five goats1 z ! case may be1 & is entitl$ to be call$ mu?amaki1 :i* may be translat$ z magi/rate or judge1 or "o :o is entitl$ to try cases4 ,ord9>y eld]s are all[$ to c>ry a bun* ( leaves ( muta?ia 7,claus5a inaequalis1 also ,c4 anisata71 b until !y become ukuru1 !y _c c>ry ! leaves ( muturanguru 7,v]nonia sp474 ,x is n[ necess>y to consid] ! functions ( ! v>i\s grades4 ,!re are two c\ncils1 or kiamas3 kiama *a kamatimo & kiama *a a?amaki4 ,! c\ncil ^: legal p[]s are recognis$ by ,gov]nm5t is ! kiama *a a?amaki4 ,! foll[+ table %[s h[ ^! c\ncils are compos$3 ,,"n ,,( ,,c\ncils ,,compos$ ,,( ,kiama *a kamatimo ,a?uri *a imburi imwe 11 11 igiri 11 11 itatu ,kiama *a a?amaki 11 11 nne 11 i?ano ,a?uri ya ukuru4 ,! memb]s ( ! kiama *a kamatimo h no judicial p[]2 !y att5d at a meet+ ( ! c\ncil b d n sit ) ! a?amaki2 !y are gr\p$ at "s little di/ance1 ! ^w1 9 fact1 mean+ ^? :o sit away4 ,?is body g5]ally correspond to ! kisuka ( ! ,a-,kamba4 ,! kiama *a a?amaki actually means ^? :o adjudicate or settle cases4 ,! t]m a?uri ya kiama1 eld]s ( c\ncil1 is g5]ally und]/ood to ref] only to ! eld]s ( ! kiama *a a?amaki4 ,! a?uri ya ukuru /ill rema9 memb]s ( ! kiama *a a?amaki1 b :5 !y rea* ?is grade1 z ye>s g by1 !y g5]ally take a less active "p 9 judicial matt]s1 al?\gh !y are always call$ ^u to settle knotty po9ts ( tribal law & cu/om4 ,:5 a man becomes a mu?uri ya ukuru he assumes m def9ite prie/ly functions1 & becomes responsible = ! prop] conduct ( ! p]iodical sacrifices at ! sacr$ trees4 ,:5 su* a sacrifice is made ! a?uri ya ukuru are alone privileg$ to eat half ( ! head & ! kidneys ( ! sacrific$ ram4 ,9 ! same way :5 a %eep is br\ght to ! kiama z a judicial fee1 x is eat5 by ! eld]s pres5t1 & ! ukuru1 if !y happ5 to be !re1 claim ! head & ! kidneys1 :i*1 accord+ to cu/om1 !y pass on to ! small boys ( ! village4 ,:5 an eld] ent]s ! grade ( ukuru he c we> 9 8 e>s ! flat discs ( brass-wire kn[n z i*ui4 ,9 =m] times1 "o ( ! duties ( ! ukuru 0 to summon ! kiama = ! discussion ( que/ions ( national importance4 ,! eld]s ( ukuru also decide ! date ( ! circumcision fea/s1 & o!r simil> que/ions4 ,x is also ! function ( ! ukuru ( ! tribe to settle :5 ! "t has arriv$ = ! hold+ ( ! great itwika fea/1 9 :i* ! g5]ation *anges f ,mwangi to ,ma9a1 or vice v]s4 ,z a g5]al rule ! a?amaki are m5 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 b !re is no fix$ rule z to ?is2 _m are middle-ag$ or y\ng]4 ,occasionally "o may see q a "y man1 practically a y\?1 among ! eld]s4 ,! eld]s expla9$ ?is z foll[s3 ! election to ! mu?amaki grade lies entirely ) ! a?amaki2 if !y see a "y man ^: prud5ce & k has impress$ !m fav\rably1 !y may elect him into _! grade2 fur!r1 ! family ( a mu?amaki %\ld always be repres5t$ 9 ?is grade1 & !re=e if "o dies & leaves no ne> relation o!r ?an a "y man1 !y w elect 8 son or bro!r 9 8 place ev5 if he is q a y\?4 ,su* elections are1 ( c\rse1 r>e & are only m5tion$ 9 case ^! exceptions %\ld be notic$4 ,!y are m frequ5tly f\nd among ! ,a-,kamba1 z ! i!mbo1 or sacr$ places1 are inh]it$ f fa!r to son1 & ! own] ( an i!mbo mu/ always h 8 place among ! eld]s ( i!mbo1 :o correspond to ! a?uri ya ukuru among ! ,a-,kikuyu4 ,if an eld] behaves improp]ly :ile occupy+ ! position ( eld]1 or commits a s]i\s brea* ( tribal cu/om1 8 fell[s ?reat5 to curse him ) _! /aves & sacr$ plants1 & he /&s 9 su* awe ( ?is t he w appe> be=e ! eld]s & beg =giv5ess1 br++ ) him a ram or male goat z a sign ( 8 good int5t4 ,he w !n be c]emonially purifi$1 tahikia4 ,initiation into ! ,ukuru ,grade ( ,eld]s 7,kikuyu74--,:5 a mu?uri1 or eld]1 becomes old he g5]ally aspires to a high] grade call$ ! ukuru1 b _c ent] x until all 8 *ildr5 h be5 circumcis$4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 nev] become memb]s ( ! ukuru grade2 ! cons5t ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! grade is necess>y & !y d n approve ( a c&idate :o is n well end[$ ) worldly goods1 or1 aga91 prospective c&idates may be consid]$ unlucky4 ,:5 an eld] wi%es to become a mu?uri ya ukuru he prep>es a supply ( be] & invites all ! eld]s ( t grade f ! surr\nd+ neighb\rhood2 if !y agree to 8 admission !y assemble & c]emonially spit on him4 ,a day is !n fix$ = ! =mal initiation1 & a l>g] ga!r+ ( eld]s ( v>i\s grades assembles4 ,! c&idate has to pres5t =mally to ! eld]s ( ! grade :at is call$ njahe1 & at ! c]emony at :i* ! writ] 0 pres5t ?is consi/$ (3 #d g\rds ( honey-be]4 #d g\rds ( sug>-cane be]4 #d g\rds ( gruel made f kimanga & mawele meal all mix$ toge!r4 #d b[ls ( cook$ njahe or pigeon pea4 ,num]\s b[ls ( cook$ sweet potatoes4 ,a bullock & ram 7 also provid$ = ! gue/4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be settl$ 0 to :i* eld]s ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! bea/s %\ld be giv52 ?is goes by s5iority4 ,! head ( ! bullock w5t to ! s5ior1 two =elegs & *e/ to ! next1 ! left h9d leg to ! next1 ! hide to ! next1 & ! "r h9d leg to ! c&idate4 ,?is be+ decid$1 ! c&idate pres5t$ ea* ( ! mo/ s5ior eld]s ) a g\rd ( ! diff]5t be]s & ea* k9d ( food4 ,! c&idate !n pres5t$ ! pr9cipal wife ( ! s5ior eld] ) a g\rd ( be] & food4 ,! s5ior eld] br\ght =? a horn ( be]1 took a sip & spilt a t9y drop into 8 left brea/ & !n (f]$ x to ! c&idate :o took a sip & c]emonially spat into 8 left brea/4 ,! s5ior eld]'s wife did ! same1 (f]+ ! be] to ! c&idate's wife4 ,! food 0 !n divid$ among ! o!r eld]s1 :o ga!r$ r\nd & drank be]4 ,aft] ?is1 v>i\s eld]s made spee*es welcom+ ! c&idate into ! grade & pray$ to ,engai to look fav\rably on him1 8 wives be+ also m5tion$ ) ! hope t !y might be fruitful4 ,! animals are !n slaught]$1 ! foll[+ portions be+ select$3 ,! he>t ( ! ram--ngora4 ,lungs1 a portion (--mahuri4 ,inte/9es1 a portion (--wei4 ,sple51 a portion (--w]iungu4 ,lo9s1 a piece f--rudui?i4 ,rump1 a piece f--ruhongi4 ,ribs1 portion (--k5geto4 ,colon--ngorima4 ,kidneys ( bullock--hiyo4 ,! ngorima is cut out & ! end ti$ up2 x is !n fill$ ) blood f ! ram & bits ( meat4 ,! mromo waiyu1 or big /oma* ( ! ram1 is fill$ ) bits ( meat & fat & ti$ up4 ,all ^! are cook$1 & :5 ready are tak5 inside ! hut ( ! s5ior eld] & only a *os5 few ( ! ukuru are all[$ inside2 on ?is p>ticul> occasion only eight 7 admitt$4 ,! s5ior eld] bites a small piece out ( ! ram's he>t & spits out a bit to ! "r & left z an (f]+ to ! ngoma1 or ance/ral spirits1 & ! c&idate does ! same4 ,! next s5ior eld] eats ! k5geto4 ,! mahuri & ngorima are giv5 to ! s5ior wife ( ! ho/ by ! s5ior wife ( ! c&idate4 ,a little honey be] 0 !n br\ght into ! hut1 & ! c&idate 0 pres5t$ ) "o ( ! black /aves :i* only eld]s are all[$ to c>ry1 & also ! bun* ( sacr$ leaves kn[n z muturanguru 7,v]nonia sp474 ,! leaves are ti$ toge!r ) ! fibre f ! mukeo bu%4 ,! c&idate took hold ( ! /aff & ! leaves1 & ! s5ior eld] drank a little sip ( ! be] & c]emonially spat on ! leaves say+ 8,aro5dwo na kiama0--8,may y be well lik$ by ! c\ncil ( eld]s40 ,?is 0 a k9d ( bless+ :i* may be lik5$ to ! bless+ :i* accompanies ! 8lay+ on ( h&s40 ,! c]emony inside ! hut 0 !n ov]1 & all ! eld]s outside indicat$ its conclusion by tak+ a sip ( be] & spitt+ a little on to _! "r brea/s4 ,! meat 0 !n divid$ & cook$1 & ! company settl$ d[n to ! fea/ ( meat & be]4 ,proc$ure 9 ,pre-adm9i/ration ,times4--,! proc$ure 9 =m] times seems n to h diff]$ greatly f t foll[$ n[adays 9 reg>d to ! =m ( trial4 ,x is said t ! eld]s ( mburi imwe1 igiri & itatu us$ to sit sep>ately1 accord+ to _! rank1 in/ead ( toge!r z !y seem to d n[1 b x is d\btful if ?is cu/om 0 religi\sly obs]v$4 ,! :ole proc$ure 01 ( c\rse1 less organis$ ?an at pres5t4 ,!re appe> to h be5 no fix$ c\ncils or meet+ places1 :i* is easily expla9$ by ! fact t !re 7 no def9$ locations4 ,if two m5 _h a case1 !y ea* call$ a few eld]s1 :o met to judge ! case2 o!rs came & jo9$ 91 p>tly out ( int]e/ 9 ! affair & p>tly because ! eld]s1 on ! :ole1 delight 9 litigation4 ,c]ta9 cases became ( g5]al int]e/ or may h affect$ ! :ole c\ntry1 & !n ! c\ncil w\ld probably comprise mo/ ( ! eld]s f f> & wide4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! eld]s c\ld ex]cise consid]able au?ority :5 !y *ose1 z already describ$1 b ! object ( ! c\ncil 0 prim>ily to arbitrate 9 disputes & to po9t out ! recognis$ cu/om to be foll[$4 ,:]e an (f5ce affect$ ! :ole community1 or :5 an accus$ 0 reg>d$ z an habitual & dang]\s (f5d]1 public indignation might be s /rong t ! affair w\ld appe> z a public conc]n1 & ! eld]s w\ld !n use _! full au?ority4 ,ord9>ily diff]5ces betwe5 two m51 h[ev]1 7 consid]$ to be _! own affair1 & if a man w\ld n give :at 0 due by cu/om1 ! claimant 0 expect$ to use =ce1 al?\gh 9 su* cases he 0 held liable = any damage done 9 us+ su* means4 ,! eld]s 71 h[ev]1 always able to en=ce a judgm5t by curs+ an accus$ f\nd guilty if he refus$ to obey ! judgm5t aga9/ him1 b probably ?is 0 only done 9 v s]i\s cases :]e public feel+ ran high4 ,h5ce1 probably1 ! _m anci5t feuds & ! int5se desire to increase ! /r5g? ( ! family4 ,_h public au?ority be5 v /rong & effici5t ?is w\ld n h be5 consid]$ ( su* importance4 ,! presumption t ! eld]s 7 reg>d$ m 9 ! light ( arbitrators ?an judges is /rongly support$ by ! fact t ev5 to-day "s eld]s appe> to be adv]se to decid+ que/ions ( fact4 ,! m]e appe>ance ( a def5dant be=e ! c\ncil w\ld seem to h impli$ 8 liability2 ev5 n[ x is difficult at times to induce a native to appe> be=e ei!r ! c\ncil or a c\rt if he ma9ta9s t ! *>ge is entirely gr\ndless or false4 ,pres5t-,day ,proc$ure4--,9 ea* locality !re is a gazett$ c\ncil1 or kiama1 :i* meets at ! c\ncil h\se situat$ ne> ! headman's village2 a special flag is hoi/$ to tell ! p t !re is a meet+4 ,until n[ ! kiama has met :5ev] !re has be5 a case to try1 b ?is has prov$ a great evil1 z a few eld]s are ha/ily collect$ & ! l>ge majority object to go+ to ! c\ncils too frequ5tly4 ,! c\ncils h !re=e mo/ly be5 compos$ ( eld]s liv+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! *ief's village4 ,x is n[ arrang$ t ! meet+s %all1 if possible1 be on fix$ days1 & n m ?an ?ree or f\r times a mon?1 & ! improvem5t 9 consequ5ce has be5 mo/ m>k$4 ,! a?amaki = ea* locality are n[ regi/]$1 & x has be5 agre$ t at ea* meet+ at lea/ half1 or 9 l>ge localities1 "o qu>t]1 ( _! numb] mu/ be pres5t4 ,hi!rto x has be5 cu/om>y = ! headman to summon ! def5dants ?r\gh 8 ask>is1 or reta9]s1 b n[ t ea* eld] has be5 entru/$ ) ! *>ge ( a c]ta9 numb] ( huts1 x has be5 agre$ t ! p>ties %all 9 ! fir/ in/ance be summon$ by _! respective a?amaki4 7,9 ,s4 ,kikuyu ea* mu?amaki w h1 on an av]age1 tw5ty-five huts "u 8 *>ge47 ,z a g5]al rule ! eld]s pref] to sit outside ! c\ncil h\se2 ?is is a good rule1 z x ensures publicity to ! proce$+s1 & publicity is also ! object ( native law4 ,! a?amaki sit 9 front & ! o!r eld]s1 ! kamatimo1 beh9d2 only wom5 & anake1 or "y unm>ri$ m51 are b>r$ f sitt+ on ! g5]al c\ncil4 ,! fee paid to ! eld]s v>ies greatly accord+ to ! means ( ! p>ties & ! matt] 9 dispute4 ,x w\ld be advisable to see a fix$ fee in/itut$1 b ! eld]s %\ld make ?is *ange ( _! own accord4 ,:5 ! p>ties appe>1 !y come be=e ! eld]s ( a?amaki 9 turn & /ate _! cases2 ! pla9tiff z a rule beg9s4 ,witnesses are sometimes call$1 b ! p>ties repeat$ly appe> be=e ! a?amaki to contradict or correct ! oppon5ts' /atem5ts4 ,! eld]s g5]ally keep c\nt ( ! articles 9 dispute by break+ twigs2 if1 z is usual1 "p ( ! claim is admitt$1 ! twigs repres5t+ :at is admitt$ are put aside4 ,hav+ he>d all t ! p>ties h to say ! eld]s ( a?amaki !n retire alone to discuss ! "q & settle x 7?is conf]5ce is call$ ndundu74 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 all g1 & any eld]s :o are relatives ( ! p>ties are exclud$2 ?is is1 ( c\rse1 v equitable4 ,! gazett$ headm5 nev] appe> to g ) ^! eld]s1 b are sometimes call$ & consult$ by !m4 ,! discussion betwe5 ! eld]s is conduct$ s t x is n he>d by anyone else2 !y are h>dly ev] kn[n to break up )\t com+ to an agreem5t4 ,hav+ decid$ :at x is to be1 !y break twigs repres5t+ ! am\nt to be paid or any imprisonm5t impos$4 ,"o ( !m repeats :at ea* twig repres5ts1 :ile ! re/ give _! ass5t 9 *orus4 ,two ( ! s5ior memb]s !n /& up & invoke pov]ty1 sickness1 & calamity ^u ^? :o disobey _! ord]s1 & to ?is ! re/ aga9 ass5t 9 *orus4 ,aft] ?is1 all beat _! /icks on ! gr\nd1 repeat+ mu* ! same phrases1 & f9ally !y br+ _! /aves toge!r on ! gr\nd1 s t ! po9ts meet1 :ile !y give a peculi> sort ( :oop indicat+ t !y h agre$4 ,!y !n return to ! g5]al c\ncil1 & "o ( ! mo/ s5ior among !m1 c>ry+ ! twigs1 asks 9 v>y+ t]ms if !y h agre$1 to :i* !y ass5t 9 *orus4 ,! eld]s !n /ate :at ea* twig repres5ts1 & f9ally ?r[s 8 /aff or club on ! e>?4 ,"o case 0 rec5tly witness$ 9 :i* ! eld]s came to a decision )\t adj\rn+ at all4 ,z a g5]al rule !y are lo? to decide facts1 & if su* are 9 dispute1 or ei!r p>ty appe>s to be ly+1 ! decision w simply be t bo? p>ties mu/ take ! oa? ( muma4 ,! inve/igation is g5]ally mo/ se>*+2 if ! subject is "s hurt done !y w n be satisfi$ until !y h exam9$ & prob$ ! w\nds4 ,no que/ions are ask$ z to dates & "t1 ^! be+ consid]$ ( m9or importance4 ,! eld]s w n recognise t a claim has be5 paid unless x 0 made good be=e a kiama1 & ?is is ! only pro( t x 0 paid4 ,natives w !re=e n pay debts out ( c\rt1 z x 71 & ?is pr9ciple is (t5 errone\sly tak5 to mean t !y w n pay debts at all unless =c$ to4 ,if ! c\ncil imposes a f9e1 x is paid to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 almo/ all cases1 h[ev]1 a goat or two mu/ be paid to ! eld]s1 :o are all[$ to keep !m on ! und]/&+ t su* f9es mu/ be consum$ by !m4 ,z 0 previ\sly m5tion$1 9 =m] times _m ( ! judgm5ts 7 n execut$ until =ce 0 us$ by ! pla9tiff & 8 k94 ,! fe> ( rev5ge mu/1 inde$1 h be5 ! *ief prev5tative ( crime1 z x has be5 at all times be=e ! ,/ate became ! public av5g]4 ,m]e comp5sation c\ld c]ta9ly n h act$ z a det]r5t to crime any m ?an x c\ld to-day4 ,we h !re=e1 9 re9/itut+ ! settlem5t ( crimes by paym5t ( comp5sation only1 n made adequate provision = ! prev5tion ( crime1 nor h we be5 able to revive fully ! old native organisation by leav+ out ! fe> ( private rev5ge4 ,! c\ncils are1 x is believ$1 gradually realis+ t crime w n be effectually *eck$ by aw>ds ( comp5sation only2 ! "r ( private rev5ge has be5 aboli%$4 ,x w\ld !re=e seem t ! infliction ( imprisonm5t by c\ncils is at times a necessity if peace & good ord] is to prevail1 b /r+5t sup]vision by ,gov]nm5t w1 ( c\rse1 be necess>y = a long "t to come4 ,con/itution & ,work+ ( ,c\ncils among ! ,a-,kamba ( ,kitui4--,! male ,mu-,kamba f bir? to dea? passes ?r\gh mo/ ( ! foll[+ grades3 ,kana4--7a7 ,kah5gi1 an unwean$ *ild2 7b7 ,kabisi1 a wean$ *ild able to walk4 ,! g5]ic "n is1 h[ev]1 kana4 ,^! di/9ctions w\ld really only am\nt to our describ+ *ildr5 z be+ 9 long clo!s or %ort4 ,kivizi or ,kivisi4--,a boy old en\gh to h]d goats1 b :o has n be5 circumcis$4 ,kamwana4--,a circumcis$ boy :o is old en\gh to dance at ngomas1 b n rea*$ ! age ( pub]ty4 ,mwanake 7plural--,anake74--,a "y man :o has rea*$ ! age ( pub]ty1 dances at ngomas1 & has jo9$ ! w>rior class4 ,he may be m>ri$ & h *ildr54 ,n!le 7plural--,an!le74--,a m>ri$ man ) *ildr5 :o has ceas$ to dance at ngomas4 ,he pays a fee ( "o to ?ree goats to ! an!le on be+ promot$ f ! anake grade1 "p ( ! meat go+ to ! an!le & "p to ! anake4 ,x is said t an oa?1 ki?ito1 has to be tak5 ) ! blood4 ,a mwanake may be ( any age & mu/ rema9 9 t gr\p until he has be5 admitt$ among ! an!le4 ,ngila4--,?is does n appe> to be a regul> grade1 b is m]ely a w> title4 ,no initiation seems to be necess>y4 ,an ngila is "o ( ! advanc$ gu>d 9 w>1 & 8 portion ( meat is ! l[] "p ( ! leg4 ,x does n seem necess>y t he %\ld be ev5 an n!le4 ,mwamba 9 ,kitui1 & ,kiauu 9 ,ma*akos1 is also a w> title4 ,! be>] =ms "p ( ! re>-gu>d1 ^: duty x is to keep (f ! enemy :ile ! ngila escape ) ! booty4 ,8 portion is ! rump & upp] "p ( ! leg4 ,an n!le next ent]s ! grade ( atumia ya kisuka1 eld]s ( kisuka1 & has to pay t5 goats4 ,z a matt] ( fact !y g5]ally pay "o bullock1 :i* is ! recognis$ equival5t1 b ! fee is always quot$ 9 goats1 ! ,a-,kamba probably hav+ no?+ b goats :5 ! proc$ure 0 evolv$4 ,! fee is divid$ among ! memb]s ( ! kisuka & ! eld]s ( nzama1 :i* is ! next high] grade4 ,al?\gh a man ent]s ?is grade1 x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ! kisuka is a c\ncil :i* /ill exi/s4 ,! duty ( ! eld]s ( kisuka is to deal ) a k+noli palav]2 t is to say1 ! communal execution ( a p]son :o has be5 prov$ to _! satisfaction to h kill$ a numb] ( p by wit*craft1 poison & s =?4 ,! practice corresponds 9 a measure to ! /on+ ( ,/eph5 by ! p describ$ 9 ,acts vii4 #eg-fj4 ,! p und\bt$ly look$ ^u ?is man z a /range & h>mful magician1 & _! po9t ( view is q compreh5sible4 ,!y also assembl$ on ! occasion ( a ,masai raid to draw up a plan ( campaign1 ano!r ( _! functions be+ to arrange a peace palav] 9 case ( s]i\s int]nal fight+4 ,! grade takes its "n f ! meat !y ate on ! occasion ( su* meet+s4 ,! next grade is mutumia ya nzama 7plural1 atumia ya nzama71 eld]s ( ! nzama1 & = ! privilege ( ent]+ ?is grade a man has to pay "o bullock & t5 goats4 ,its memb]s are ! arbit]s ( private disputes1 ! assessors ( damages1 & ! witnesses ( ! paym5t ( bridal price & ord9>y debts1 & are ?us ! ar*ives ( ! tribe & ! regi/r>s ( transactions4 ,a man ent]s ?is grade by invitation ( ! memb]s ( ! c\ncil1 & mu/ h prov$ himself a man ( s\nd judgm5t4 ,8 age does n matt]1 b he mu/ be m>ri$ & a fa!r to be eligible ei!r z a memb] ( ! c\ncil ( ! an!le or ( ! nzama4 ,at a fea/ ! portion ( meat allott$ to him is ! head1 ! back1 &1 if a bullock is kill$1 ! rump4 ,! next1 or f9al grade1 is t ( atumia ya i!mbo1 eld]s ( i!mbo1 (t5 j ref]r$ to z i!mbo1 to :i* !re is no specific entrance fee1 z ! selection is made by ! o!r eld]s ( ! grade4 ,! c&idate1 h[ev]1 inv>iably makes a pres5t to ! o!r eld]s aft] 8 election1 z a complim5t = ! hon\r done him1 ! usual paym5t1 accord+ to ! /atem5t ( "o eld]1 be+ f\r goats4 ,! bullock :i* an eld] has to pay to ent] ! grade ( nzama is also said n to be a fee b a ?ank-(f]+ to ! eld]s = 8 election4 ,! atumia ya i!mbo claim ! tail z _! portion ( a fea/4 ,_! duties are ma9ly sac]dotal2 !y arrange & c>ry out ! sacrifices at ! i!mbo1 or sacr$ place1 9 times ( dr\ght1 pe/il5ce1 plant+ ( crops1 & !y are responsible = ! prop] c>ry+ out ( burial cu/oms & village (f]+s to ! spirits4 ,9 times ( national crisis _! advice is s\ght1 b !y d n ord9>ily sit & he> cases deal+ ) private disputes4 ,! rise ( a ,kamba native f "o social grade to ano!r dep5ds3 7#a7 ,on 8 suppos$ fitness = ! position1 ?is be+ decid$ by ! memb]s ( ! grade he c ent]1 & an invitation to jo9 is necess>y4 7#b7 ,on ! ability ( ! c&idate to pay ! fees4 ,:5 a case is br\ght be=e ! c\ncil ( eld]s1 nzama1 any ( ! male population c be pres5t1 b c only li/5 to ! evid5ce & _c int]f]e 9 ! proce$+s4 ,! evid5ce is g5]ally tak5 by "o man on behalf ( ! c\ncil2 he conducts ! exam9ation & cross-exam9es1 & if o!r memb]s ( ! c\rt wi% to put que/ions1 x is g5]ally done ?r\gh ! presid+ eld]4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,*ief1 or ,gazett$ ,headman1 :o is really =eign to ! organisation1 does n g5]ally sit ) ! nzama2 he sits ap>t4 ,! nzama is really a c\rt = ! settlem5t ( que/ions ( law or cu/om4 ,%\ld ! evid5ce on matt]s ( fact diff] mat]ially1 ! only way1 ) ! exception ( v obvi\s cases1 is = ! litigants to take ! native oa? 7kula ki?ito71 :i* is suppos$ to br+ mo/ dire consequ5ces on ! p]jur]4 ,a litigant :o refuses to take ! oa? is out ( c\rt1 & judgm5t goes aga9/ him4 ,! results ( ! oa? are suppos$ to take effect )9 six mon?s or a ye>1 & %\ld ! litigant :o has tak5 ! oa? survive ! p]iod1 ! case is giv5 9 8 fav\r4 ,only "o p>ty & 8 witnesses are all[$ to take ! oa?4 ,z cattle are g5]ally involv$ 9 ! case1 ! cattle 9 dispute are g5]ally plac$ ) "s respect$ headman or eld] until ! effects ( ! oa? are kn[n4 ,! eld]s ( ! nzama retire to consid] _! v]dict1 & no memb]s ( ! tribe bel[ t rank are admitt$ to ! consultation4 ,! c\ncil g5]ally sits 9 a circle4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,*ief has 9 rec5t ye>s assum$ ! duty ( ,executive ,(fic] to c>ry out ! judgm5t ( ! nzama1 & 9 _m cases 9 ,ukamba has1 at times1 arrogat$ to himself a c]ta9 am\nt ( revision>y p[]4 ,disputes betwe5 memb]s ( ! same family r>ely come be=e ! c\ncil1 b are settl$ by ! head ( ! family4 ,en=cem5t ( ,ord]s ( ! ,c\ncil4--,=m]ly ob$i5ce w\ld be en=c$ by any s5t5ce1 up to t ( a dea? p5alty4 ,at ! pres5t day ob$i5ce has 9 "s cases to be en=c$ by ,gov]nm5t4 ,! successful litigant c\ld en=ce ! paym5t aw>d$ by c\rt by seiz+ ! def5dant or memb]s ( 8 family4 ,9 connection ) ?is inquiry x is ( "s int]e/ to analyse ! functions ( two special grades ( eld]s among ! ,kamba1 i4e41 atumia ya makwa 7eld]s ( makwa7 & atumia ya ukuu 7eld]s ( ukuu74 ,x mu/ fir/ ( all be cle>ly und]/ood t ^! titles h no connection ) ! ranks ( atumia ya nzama 7eld]s ( c\ncil7 9 ^: h&s ! judicial functions are ve/$4 ,! memb]s ( ! highe/ grade ( ?is rank are t]m$ ! atumia ya i!mbo 7eld]s ( ! %r9e71 bo? ( ^! ranks be+ "p ( ! natural c>e] ( ! head ( a family ( any /&+ 9 ! tribe4 ,! eld]s ( makwa & ukuu are1 h[ev]1 m comp>able to positions :i* are atta9$ by successful m$ical speciali/s4 ,a man may become "o or ! o!r1 or he may be bo?4 ,( ! two bran*es ! eld]s ( ukuu are consid]$ ! m important2 on ! o!r h&1 x is said to be m difficult to become a successful eld] ( makwa4 ,^! bran*es ( practice mu/ n be confus$ ) ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e man1 :i* is q di/9ct4 ,a man c only become a m$ic9e man if he is 9 direct communication ) ! aiimu1 or ance/ral spirits4 ,! function ( a mutumia ma makwa 7eld] ( makwa7 is to av]t ! evil consequ5ces ( ! incid5ce ( a ?abu or makwa2 ! functions ( a mutumia ma ukuu is to w>d (f dea? itself4 ,! =m] uses c]emonial & lu/rates by means ( v>i\s h]bs1 f :i* he concocts ! ngnondu or purify+ reag5ts4 ,! latt] 7ukuu7 uses spells :i* h a magical value only1 & gives directions4 ,! qualification :i* enables a man to become a mutumia ma makwa 7eld] ( makwa7 is t "o ( 8 wives %all h di$ "u circum/ances :i* may leave a curse or ?abu4 ,he mu/ !n at once consult an eld] ( makwa1 :o p]=ms c]ta9 purification c]emonies4 ,if ^! are n p]=m$ ! *ildr5 ( ! deceas$ w become afflict$ ) ?abu or makwa4 ,if ! c]emonies are successful ! husb& is consid]$ to be initiat$ z an eld] ( makwa2 if1 h[ev]1 he wi%es to practise ! art1 he mu/ set to "w to obta9 exp]i5ce1 z ! c]emonial necess>y to cure ! _m =ms ( makwa is v v>i$1 & a wide k ( ! v>i\s h]bs employ$ is necess>y4 ,9 ! case ( a mutumia ma ukuu 7eld] ( ukuu7 ! necess>y qualification is a s]ies ( dea?s 9 ! family )9 a %ort p]iod4 ,he c !n g to ano!r eld] ( ukuu1 pay fees & be initiat$ 9 ! secrets ( ! art--! fee is usually "o or two bullocks2 8 duties are to remove ! curse due to murd]s1 accid5tal dea?s1 & remove ! curse ( dea? f a family :i* has be5 afflict$ by an unusual numb] ( dea?s4 ,he does n p]=m purification c]emonial1 b lays d[n c]ta9 proc$ure :i* has to be foll[$ by ! applicant4 ,he may be comp>$ to ! consult+ physician :o gives c]ta9 advice1 su* z a p>ticul> diet1 & leaves ! pati5t to foll[ x or n z he likes4 ,! prescription sometimes1 = in/ance1 takes ! =m ( a direction to h conjugal int]c\rse at a p>ticul> season4 ,! f9al degree :i* he rea*es 9 old age is call$ mutumia ma i!mbo 7eld] ( ! %r9e71 & 8 duty !n is to (f] ! sacrifices at ! sacr$ grove or i!mbo4 ,among ! ,kamba tribe ! memb]s ( ?is grade take b little "p 9 ! affairs ( ! tribe1 b 9 ,kikuyu ! a?uri ya ukuu =m a tribal c\rt ( appeal 7! ^w ukuu 9 ,kikuyu has a diff]5t significance f ukuu 9 ,ukamba & m]ely means 8great or s5ior074 ,if an eld] ( i!mbo becomes s old z to fall into 8 dotage1 & has a son :o is qualifi$ to take 8 place1 ! son is (t5 elect$ 9 8 /ead4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a mutumia ma nzama 7eld] ( c\ncil7 is m>ri$ to a wife :o is a magician1 & :o c in/ruct him 9 c]ta9 matt]s connect$ ) ! ritual ( ! %r9e1 he c approa* mu* ne>] to ! sacr$ grove ?an ! ord9>y eld] ( nzama1 b _c actually g up to ! place ( sacrifice--! eld]s ( i!mbo only be+ privileg$ to d s4 ,eld]s ( i!mbo are v few 9 numb]2 !re are r>ely m ?an two = ea* grove4 ,! above practice is preval5t among ! ,kamba ( ,ulu4 ,! ,kitui cu/oms may possibly v>y some:at4 ,! au?or is greatly indebt$ to ! late ,hon4 ,k4 ,dundas = assi/ance 9 mak+ ^! matt]s cle>4 ,curse = ,disob$i5ce to a ,judgm5t by ! ,c\rt ( ,eld]s4--,9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( ! op]ation ( ! ?ahu 9 ,kikuyu "o po9t is wor?y ( notice4 ,if a p]son has be5 "o ( ! p>ties 9 a suit be=e ! kiama1 or c\ncil ( eld]s1 & refuses to pay ! necess>y comp5sation1 ! eld]s c lay a curse or ?ahu on him4 ,! proc$ure is z foll[s3 !y assemble at "o ( _! recognis$ meet+ places & !n mass toge!r1 beat+ _! long /aves on ! gr\nd 9 unison1 call+ out1 8,we curse y on ! mi!gi2 ! p]son :o disobeys ! ord] ( ! kiama %all be curs$40 ,mi!gi is ! "n ( ! /aves c>ri$ by old m51 ! "n com+ f ! wood !y are made (4 ,no eld] goes to a c\ncil )\t 8 /aff4 ,! (f5d] ne$ n be pres5t1 b x is believ$ t ! curse =?) beg9s to take effect4 ,to remove ! curse ! (f5d] !n goes to ! eld]s & begs to be all[$ to pay ! am\nt ( ! judgm5t4 ,?is is done1 & 9 addition he br+s a %eep2 ! eld]s !n say1 8,g back home1 br+ "s be]1 & ! day aft] to-morr[ we w come & spit on y40 ,!y assemble at 8 village on ! appo9t$ day & ! (f5d] gives ano!r %eep1 :i* is kill$ outside ! gate ( ! village2 ! purpose ( ?is is to purify ! village1 ku-?irura mu*i1 & ! meat is c>ri$ r\nd ! conf9es ( ! huts4 ,! eld]s !n ea* take a little ( ! %eep's fat & rub x on _! /aves1 say+1 8,we are glad t ! man :o defi$ our ord]s has n[ obey$ x2 we curs$ him ?r\gh our mi!gi1 b we n[ sme> our mi!gi ) fat1 z a sign t we & our mi!gi are glad1 & !re is n[ no?+ to be fe>$1 = we h come to cleanse y & y\r village f evil40 ,! eld]s !n assemble 9 a circle ) ! man & 8 family 9 ! middle1 & "o ( ! eld]s ano9ts ! tongue ( ea* individual ( ! family ) a spot ( ira1 or :ite e>?1 & ! eld]s !n c]emonially spit on ! (f5d] & ea* ( 8 family1 & dep>t4 ,! same belief occurs 9 ,ukamba1 & ! nzama1 or c\ncil ( eld]s1 c inflict a curse ^u a man = disreg>d ( its ord]s2 if he is /ill recalcitrant x is said to be pot5t en\gh to kill him & all ! p ( 8 village 9 a %ort "t4 ,! eld]s impose ?is curse1 call$ kutuu1 by all clapp+ _! h&s toge!r4 ,! effect ( ! curse c be av]t$ if ! man obeys & ! eld]s =give him2 z 9 ,kikuyu1 h[ev]1 he has to pay a fee ( a goat1 & ! eld]s assemble & c]emonially spit on ! culprit to neutralise ! curse4 ,! removal ( ?is curse is call$ ka-a?imwa or ka-musia by ! ,a-,kamba4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 9 ,kikuyu a defiant tribesman 0 beat5 ) /aves1 or 8 village 0 burnt1 & 9 extreme cases he 0 ord]$ to be kill$ & 8 prop]ty 0 confiscat$4 ,if he 0 execut$ by judicial ord]1 he _h to be kill$ by 8 blood k91 s t no claim = blood money %\ld lie4 ,! proc$ure consi/s ei!r 9 /rangl+ ! culprit ) a rope1 *ok+ him by clasp+ 8 ?roat kuita1 or kill+ him by bl[s deliv]$ ) ! h&le ( an axe4 ,x 0 also consid]$ "r to drive a man out ( 8 tribe if he prov$ himself an undesirable2 ?is may be done ev5 n[1 9 :i* case he is all[$ to take 8 prop]ty ) him4 ,summ>y4--,! prec$+ review ( ! organisation ( ! c\ncils ( eld]s1 & ! functions ex]cis$ by !m1 %[ h[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! eld]s are m]ely adm9i/rators ( tribal law or arbit]s z to :at is "r & prop] accord+ to ! tribal code2 secondly1 h[ !y ev5tually acquire a sac]dotal position4 ,! memories ( ! eld]s are also ! ar*ives ( ! tribe z well z ! unwritt5 records ( tribal law & tribal obs]vances4 ,if a debt ( any importance is paid1 x is g5]ally done 9 ! pres5ce ( "o or m eld]s1 & ! matt] is !n settl$ )\t ! necessity ( any receipt or quittance4 ,x is sometimes assum$ by re=m]s t ! eld]s are no?+ m ?an useless encumbrances1 & e di/rict (fic] wi%es !y 7 m progressive4 ,!y c]ta9ly h _! faults1 & 9 "s tribes ! faults almo/ ov]%ad[ ! m useful qualities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may be r ov] anxi\s to pu% ?+s along1 & we are apt to expect a tribe to jump into a high] cultural plane 9 too %ort a "t4 ,we =get too easily t re=m mu/ come f )91 & t ! inn] consci\sness ( a tribe *anges sl[ly4 ,a v5e] appli$ on ! surface is always ?91 & is unlikely to we>4 ,to illu/rate ?is organisation x may be int]e/+ to ref] to ! acc\nt ( ! ,druids ( ,brita91 ab\t #ee ,b4,c41 left to u by ,cs>2 ^! function>ies app>5tly p]=m$ v mu* ! same duties z ^? ( ! pres5t-day eld]s ( ! i!mbo 9 ,kikuyu & ,ukamba2 9 ! case ( ^! tribes1 h[ev]1 ! l9e betwe5 ord9>y p & ! prie/ly ca/e does n seem to be z %>ply m>k$ z x 0 9 ,brita94 ,cs> 9 ,bell4 ,gall4 vi4 #ac-ad writes z foll[s3 8,among ! ,celts !re are only two classes held 9 consid]ation & hon\r1 ! ,knights 7equites7 & ! ,druids4 ,! latt] are conc]n$ ) all ?+s div9e1 manage ! public & private sacrifices1 int]pret sacr$ om5s & religi\s scruples4 7,n4,b4--,?is is id5tical ) ! duties ( ! a?uri ya ukuru z reg>ds ?ahu1 etc474 ,= !y make decisions on almo/ all disputes1 bo? private & public1 & if a crime is committ$1 e4g41 a murd]1 or if a lawsuit arises conc]n+ h]itages or disput$ b\nd>ies1 x is !y :o give judgm5t4 ,!y "n ! comp5sation & assess ! p5alty1 & if any private p]son w n accept _! aw>d !y int]dict him f tak+ "p 9 ! sacrifice4 ,?is is ! heavie/ puni%m5t !y c impose4 ,p]sons ?us plac$ "u int]dict are held impi\s & accurs$2 m5 quit _! company & avoid meet+ !m or speak+ to !m le/ !y may come to h>m f ! contagion ( ! wick$40 ,all ?is has a peculi>ly ,african flav\r1 & ) slight am5dm5t might ref] to ! con/itution ( a mod]n ,african tribe on ! same level ( civilisation z ! ,kikuyu or ,kamba p4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,laws ,,( ,,comp5sation ,,= ,,murd] ,x is a matt] ( great importance1 f an adm9i/rative po9t ( view1 t ^! %\ld be prop]ly und]/ood1 z a murd] is o!rwise likely to create a h]$it>y feud betwe5 ! two families1 :i* w ev5tually lead to fre% crimes4 ,kikuyu4--,9 ,kikuyu1 = in/ance1 until ! c]emonial has all be5 prop]ly c>ri$ out1 no memb] ( ! family ( ! murd]$ man c eat food out ( ! same di% or dr9k be] ) any memb] ( ! family ( ! murd]]4 ,9 ,ukamba x is believ$ t unless ! matt] is prop]ly adju/$ accord+ to ! law 7_! law7 ! memb]s ( ! family ( ! murd]] w cont9ually be involv$ 9 qu>rels :i* are likely to end by "o ( !m kill+ 8 neighb\r1 & conv]sely ! memb]s ( ! family ( ! murd]$ man become involv$ 9 qu>rels & are liable to be kill$ 9 ! same way z _! relation4 ,if "o tries to look at ! matt] f _! po9t ( view x appe>s to be ?is3 !re is a bad _s or muimu ab\t1 belong+ to an ance/or2 x ent]s into a man & ! result is t ! next "t he qu>rels ) a neighb\r he kills him4 ,?is _s may cont9ue to possess t p]son1 or x may g on to ano!r memb] ( t family ) ! same result4 ,9 ! same way ! muimu ( ! deceas$1 ! murd]$ man1 influ5ces ! aiimu 9 ! bodies ( all ! memb]s ( 8 family & makes !m afraid4 ,!y "k t ?is dea?-deal+ _s is abroad1 & ! memb]s ( ! family are m liable to be kill$ if !y become entangl$ 9 a broil4 ,?us bo? families are anxi\s t ?is /ate ( affairs %\ld cease & t ! tr\blesome _s be appeas$ & laid to re/4 ,! explanation j giv5 may or may n be ! f9al int]pretation1 b ! fact rema9s t x is consid]$ a vital necessity t ! c]emonies necess>y to close ! tr\ble caus$ 9 a tribe by a murd] %\ld be c>ri$ out accord+ to ! law ( ! tribe1 & only by ! obs]vance ( ! prop] ritual c ! av5g+ _s be appeas$4 ,9 ,s\? ,kikuyu !re are only two p]sons qualifi$ to p]=m ^! c]emonies3 ,ga*ii wa ,kih>a & ,juguna wa ,kih>a1 bo? sons ( a great eld] & *ief nam$ ,kih>a1 ( ! ,anjiru clan1 ^u :om ^? duties devolv$4 ,! (fice is app>5tly h]$it>y4 ,! c]emonies are call$ ,kugira uhio wa kuria mundu1 :i* means 8,to c>ry ! man :o 0 kill$10 & ! ^w mugiro1 d]iv$ f ku-gira1 is also us$ 9 ?is connection4 ,( c\rse1 ! paym5t ( comp5sation has n[ be5 abrogat$ by ,gov]nm5t1 & ! dea? p5alty impos$ 9 its place accord+ to our law1 s t ! functions ( ! eld]s m5tion$ h ( late ye>s be5 conf9$ to ! sup]vision ( ! c]emonies :i* h magical or religi\s significance4 ,! description ( ! affair1 h[ev]1 :i* 0 obta9$ f ,ga*ii himself1 takes no cognisance ( ! am5dm5t caus$ by ! sub/itution ( ! 8lex talionis0 = ! old pr9ciple ( 8w]gild0 or comp5sation4 ,! proc$ure runs z foll[s3 soon aft] ! murd] _h occurr$ ! fa!r ( ! murd]] summon$ ,ga*ii or ,juguna to 8 village1 & :i*ev] ( ^! eld]s att5d$ took ) him eight a?uri ya ukuu 7eld]s ( appeal71 & ! fir/ object ( _! mission 0 to /op any fight+ betwe5 ! "y m5 ( ! two p>ties4 ,!y rema9$ at ! village1 & ! fa!r ( ! murd]] !n collect$ sev5ty goats & s5t !m to ! fa!r ( ! murd]$ man1 & a bullock & a male %eep to ! "m ( ! deceas$4 ,?is bullock is important2 x is call$ ndegwa muhiriga or njiga migwe1 t is ! 8ox = ! clan0 or ! 8ox ( ! arr[s10 :i* repres5ts a peace (f]+ to ! clan1 & prev5ts ! clan ( ! deceas$ tak+ out _! arr[s to av5ge _! bro!r4 ,two days lat] ?irty goats 7 collect$ & s5t to ! fa!r ( ! deceas$4 ,! comp5sation ( a hundr$ %eep or goats c be paid ei!r 9 goats or %eep or cattle1 b1 :atev] is paid1 ! c\nt is always kept 9 %eep or goats4 ,= in/ance1 a !nge1 or big male goat1 may c\nt z two or ?ree goats1 accord+ to size1 & 9 ! same way an ox has its /at$ rate ( ex*ange & is c\nt$ z s _m goats2 9 pre-,european days ! ox c\nt$ z ?ree goats1 & a heif] or c[ c\nt$ z t5 9 pay+ comp5sation or 9 m>riage fees = a wife4 ,! next paym5t is n9e male %eep to ! a?uri ya ukuu1 n9e m %eep be+ giv5 to ! fa!r ( ! deceas$1 & n9e ewes1 ny>ume1 to ! mat]nal uncle ( ! deceas$1 or mamawe1 z he is call$4 ,! fa!r ( ! murd]] & ! fa!r ( ! deceas$ !n ea* br+ a male %eep1 & ! trunk ( a banana plant is procur$1 plac$ on ! gr\nd1 & ! murd]] & 8 relations seat !mselves on "o side ( x1 & ! relatives ( ! o!r p>ty on ! opposite side2 f\r ( ! a?uri ya ukuu also sit on ea* side4 ,! two %eep are !n kill$1 & ! two p>ties ex*ange pieces ( cook$ meat & eat !m2 !y !n ex*ange pieces ( sug> cane & sweet potatoes sme>$ ) ta?a 7! cont5ts ( ! /oma* ( ! %eep71 :i* are giv5 to ! wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! two families4 ,"s gruel is also ex*ang$2 ?is is = ! *ildr5 ( ! two families1 & is eat5 inside ! villages ( ! two p>ties4 ,! presid+ eld]1 ,ga*ii or ,juguna1 does n sit ) ei!r p>ty1 b a little way (f1 8 function be+ to see t ! prop] ritual is obs]v$4 ,! eld]s !n take ! spe> or sword ) :i* ! murd] 0 committ$1 & beat x until x is q blunt4 ,! spe> head or sword is tak5 away & ?r[n into a deep pool 9 ! ne>e/ riv]4 ,!y say t if ?is 7 n done ! weapon w\ld cont9ue to be ! cause ( murd]4 ,! f9al act is :at is call$ ku-kukuriwa i! na ny9a 7to purify fa!r & "m74 ,! eld]s adorn !mselves ) necklets ( a grass call$ ngoka1 :i* !y we> = eight days1 b if at ! expiration ( ?is p]iod no moon is visible !y _c take !m (f till ! moon reappe>s4 ,:5 ! day comes = disp5s+ ) !m !y cross a riv] & bury !m on ! f> side1 & return home )\t look+ back4 ,9 ,nor? ,kikuyu1 ,mwaitume1 x is said t !y ?r[ ! r+s away 9 an old %amba1 g>d51 dig up a sweet potato1 eat x1 & !n return home4 ,^! c]emonies are ! same = bo? grades ( ! ,kikuyu1 viz43 ^? circumcis$ ,kikuyu fa%ion1 & ^? circumcis$ ,masai fa%ion4 ,if !y are prop]ly c>ri$ out !y wipe out all que/ions ( blood feud1 & ! memb]s ( bo? families c eat toge!r4 ,if ! mugiro c]emonies are n prop]ly c>ri$ out1 ! _s ( ! murd]$ man w g back to 8 village1 cry out 9 ! night l a *ild1 & ent] into "o ( ! villag]s1 :o w become z "o possess$4 ,! p w call out to him1 8,:o are y80 & he w reply1 8,i am ,s-&-s0 7m5tion+ ! deceas$74 8,i h come because ,i h be5 ab&on$40 ,a ne> blood relative ( ! deceas$ mu/ !n take a male goat or %eep1 if ! deceas$ 0 a man1 or a "y ewe1 mwati1 if ! victim 0 a woman1 into ! bu%1 :]e x is kill$ by /rangulation1 & imm$iately x is dead its ?roat is pi]c$ & ! blood all[$ to run out on ! gr\nd4 ,!y !n c>ve a piece ( meat f ea* limb & "p ( ! animal1 & place !m 9 a heap1 ! bones also be+ plac$ 9 ano!r heap1 & left !re4 ,any meat t rema9s is eat5 by ! eld]s2 ! p]son :o 0 possess$ ( ! ngoma1 or _s1 ( ! deceas$ !n recov]s4 ,! cu/oms v>y accord+ to diff]5t cases1 ! comp5sation = ! murd] ( a woman be+ only ?irty %eep or goats & ?ree rams4 ,if a man murd]s 8 c\s9 on 8 "m's side ( ! family1 ! fa!r ( ! murd]] collects fifty %eep or goats1 & pays !m to ! head ( ! family ( ! deceas$1 & ! recipi5ts usually kill an ox :i* is eat5 by bo? p>ties2 ! elaborate ritual describ$ above is n obs]v$ because ( ! blood relation%ip :i* exi/s4 ,if a man kills 8 bro!r or si/] by ! same "m !re is no comp5sation--! case v r>ely arises2 ! fa!r w\ld1 h[ev]1 kill a %eep & make 8 *ildr5 eat x toge!r4 ,if a pregnant woman is /ruck & injur$ by a man1 & misc>ries 9 consequ5ce1 ! eld]s are call$ 9 to settle ! matt]4 ,! culprit has to br+ two male %eep2 fir/ "o is kill$ & eat5 by ! villag]s & ! eld]s1 b n by ! woman4 ,! second is eat5 by ! woman & visitors1 b n by ! eld]s4 ,"s ( ! fat & meat ( ?is second animal is cook$ 9 a pot ) "s bitt] h]bs1 & ! woman dr9ks ! decoction1 ?is be+ evid5tly 9 ! nature ( a purification2 x is call$ !ria nda1 to purify ! belly4 ,! p pres5t :o are ne>ly relat$1 ei!r to ! (f5d] or ! woman1 are !n inve/$ ) rukw>u1 or wri/lets1 made ( ! sk9 ( ! %eep fir/ m5tion$4 ,?is is n a matt] = ! a?uri ya ukuu1 b ! ord9>y c\ncillors1 a?uri ya kiama4 ,ukamba4--,9 ,ukamba !re is a g5]al simil>ity ( ideas1 b a consid]able diff]5ce 9 c]emonial4 ,! g5]al comp5sation = ! murd] ( a man is ?irte5 c[s1 two bulls1 & fifty goats2 & = a woman six c[s1 two bulls1 & "o goat4 ,9 ea* case ! actual blood money is twelve c[s & five c[s respectively1 ! balance be+ = ! c]emonies necess>y to wipe out ! blood /a9s1 & :i* be> ! "n ( etumo4 ,! c[1 ! two bulls1 & ! goat are tak5 to ! village ( ! murd]$ man2 ! eld]s1 a?uri ya ukuu1 assemble !re1 & ! goat is fir/ kill$ at ab\t five p4m4 ,! murd]] mu/ n be pres5t2 if he or any memb] ( 8 clan appe>$ at ! etumo c]emonies !y w\ld probably be kill$4 ,f\rte5 pieces ( meat are cut f its ?roat1 an eld] impales sev5 pieces on a wood5 skew]1 & puts !m into ! m\? ( ! wife ( ! deceas$1 :o eats !m1 & ! o!r sev5 are simil>ly giv5 to ! bro!r ( ! deceas$4 ,:5 d>kness comes on1 ! eld]s retire to a %ort di/ance f ! village1 & ! wid[ & h] bro!r-9-law retire to a hut & h connection2 !y !n return & call ! eld]s4 ,^u _! return ! bull is kill$ & !y receive half ( its meat & half ( t ( ! goat1 ! rema9d] be+ consum$ by ! family ( ! deceas$4 ,all ! meat mu/ be eat5 dur+ ! night1 & none ( ! bones mu/ be brok51 & be=e morn+ ! latt] mu/ be c>ri$ out & deposit$ 9 ! bu% by ! eld]s4 ,! hides ( ! two animals mu/ n be all[$ to rema9 9 ! village1 b are c>ri$ (f by any eld]s :o d n belong to ! same mbai1 or clan1 z ! deceas$4 ,! c[ rema9s 9 ! village1 & becomes ! p]sonal prop]ty ( ! wid[1 :o is n all[$ to sell x4 ,! collection ( ! numb] ( cattle payable z blood money g5]ally takes "s "t1 & ! memb]s ( a man's clan (t5 assi/ him to pay4 ,:5 !y are all collect$1 an assembly ( p & eld]s takes place at ! village ( ! deceas$1 compris+ memb]s ( ! family & clan z well z /rang]s1 & a bull is slaught]$ f ! comp5sation cattle2 !re is a g5]al fea/1 & ea* p]son takes a /rip ( ! hide away = ty+ up loads4 ,! cattle are !n divid$2 ! s5ior memb] ( ! deceas$'s family receives "o c[ & pays back "o bull1 ! mat]nal gr&fa!r ( ! deceas$ receives a c[ & pays back a bullock1 & if !re is a half-bro!r ( ! deceas$ he receives a c[ & pays back a bull1 provid$ t he does n live 9 ! village ( ! deceas$4 ,if !re is a village ( ! same clan ne> by1 ! head ( x receives a c[ & pays back a bull4 ,none ( ^! c[s may be sold or giv5 9 ex*ange = a wife2 if ?is rule is brok5 ! recipi5t has to pay back a c[ to ! family4 ,! bulls giv5 9 ex*ange provide fea/s = ! eld]s1 memb]s ( ! family ( ! deceas$1 & memb]s ( ! clan4 ,! rema9d] ( ! cattle are ! prop]ty ( ! elde/ bro!r ( ! deceas$1 :o divides !m betwe5 ! "m & wife or wives ( ! deceas$1 :o h ! use ( ! milk4 ,he _c dispose ( "o ( ! bea/s )\t ! p]mission ( ^! wom54 ,! paym5t ( ! c[1 bull1 & goat fir/ m5tion$ is ( ritual importance1 & is call$ etumo2 !y are necess>y to protect bo? ! family ( ! murd]] & ! murd]$ "o f ! p[]s ( ! unappeas$ dea?-deal+ _s :i* is abroad4 ,ev5 if ! kill+ 0 accid5tal 7mbanga7 ! etumo paym5ts & ritual mu/ be obs]v$1 because x %[s t !re is a bad influ5ce ab\t or ! accid5t w\ld nev] h occurr$4 ,9 =m] times1 if a man ( "o clan kill$ ano!r 9 "s int]-tribal fight1 ! cu/om 0 = a bro!r to waylay & kill a man ( ! clan :o _h kill$ 8 bro!r4 ,! two dea?s cancell$ ea* o!r1 & !re 0 no fur!r "q ( comp5sation1 b x 0 consid]$ ess5tial t ! etumo fees %\ld be paid & ! prop] c]emonial obs]v$4 ,"o o!r po9t 9 connection ) ! weapon us$ 9 ! murd] %\ld be m5tion$3 9 ,kikuyu ! spe> is ?r[n away1 b 9 ,ukamba ! weapon is ne>ly always an arr[1 :i* is c>ri$ away "s di/ance & plac$ on a pa?1 ! idea app>5tly be+ t x conta9s a h>mful ess5ce :i* x is impossible to remove1 & ! evil is believ$ to pass on to :oev] picks x up4 ,if ?is is n done ! evil is said to rema9 ) ! family ( ! deceas$4 ,! ,k+noli ,cu/om4--,9 ! au?or's 8,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba10 p4 #ie1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! old =m ( judicial execution call$ k+noli :i* us$ to be cu/om>y ?r\gh\t ,ukamba4 ,x is also ref]r$ to by ,c4 ,dundas 9 ! 8,hi/ory ( ,kitui10 p4 #ead4 ,x is n propos$ to describe ov] aga9 ! details ( ! proc$ure1 b :ile consid]+ ! "q ( sacrifice1 x may be int]e/+ to po9t out ! simil>ity ( ?is practice ) ! judicial slay+ :i* took place among ! anci5t ,semites1 e4g41 among ! ,hebrews ! crim9al 0 /on$4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,smi? ably %[s h[ ! idea ( an execution ( ?is k9d is n p5al 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w3 x is n done to puni% ! (f5d]1 b to rid ! community ( an impi\s memb]--g5]ally a man :o has %$ ! tribal blood4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! repeat$ spill+ ( tribal blood is an act :i* annoys ! aiimu ( ! tribe to su* an ext5t t an ord9>y sacrifice is insuffici5t to appease !m1 & a human sacrifice becomes necess>y ei!r z an expiation or to re-e/abli% good relations3 by n (f]+ comp5sation = ! crimes he has committ$1 ! bro!rs ( ! crim9al =mally surr5d] him to ! community & ?is acquits ! community ( any blood/a94 ,! k+noli cu/om is also kn[n among ! ,kikuyu1 :o call x mw+e4 ,! ,hon4 ,c4 ,dundas /ates t ! proc$ure 9 ,kikuyu is practically ! same z t 9 ,ukamba except t ! ne> relative ( ! accus$1 ^: cons5t to ! execution is ess5tial1 _h to c>ry x out by /rangl+ ! convict$ p]son4 ,ano!r important po9t is t any p]son giv+ evid5ce aga9/ a tribesman be+ tri$ "u ?is law _h to make 8 *>ges on ! ki?ito or ki?a?i :i* is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t oa?s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,c]emonial ,,oa?s ,! ,ki?ito ( ,ukamba4--,?is is ! mo/ p[]ful oa? recognis$ by ! tribe1 & is common to all sections ( ! ,kamba2 x corresponds to ! ki?a?i ( ! ,kikuyu4 ,! app>atus = ! oa? is made by m$ic9e m54 ,secret m$ic9es are plac$ 9 ! horn ( a buffalo or h>tebee/1 a hippo tusk1 or on ! bottom end ( a small ivory tusk4 ,!re is usually "o 9 ea* di/rict1 & x is always 9 ! possession ( a p>ticul> eld]2 9 _m cases1 !y h be5 b\ght f ! mak]s1 :o reside 9 ei!r ,mumoni or ,?>aka c\ntry4 ,all ov] ! _w ! idea t bett] m$ic9e c be obta9$ f a di/ance ?an at home seems to exi/2 ev5 9 ,engl&1 p 9 ! prov9ces h unb\nd$ fai? 9 ! ,london speciali/4 ,"s ( ^! ki?ito are und\bt$ly ( great age1 & are h&$ d[n ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,! ki?ito mu/ always be kept away f ! village1 z x might h>m ! inmates2 x is g5]ally hidd5 away 9 a cavity 9 ! rocks4 ,x is c>ri$ ab\t 9 a small pot or a basket1 be+ v dang]\s to h&le2 ! orig9al own] or 8 son1 if he has be5 taught1 c h&le x by obs]v+ c]ta9 precautions1 b no "o else4 ,an unm>ri$ man _c possess a ki?ito4 ,! writ] once witness$ ! adm9i/ration ( a ki?ito oa? ne> ,ma*akos at ,ma!nd's4 ,! ga!r+ 0 a v l>ge "o1 & eld]s f all p>ts ( ! di/rict 7 pres5t1 all ! v>i\s clans be+ repres5t$4 ,x 0 an occasion ( "s importance1 ! object ( ! ga!r+ be+ = repres5tative eld]s f ea* c\ncil to swe> ^u ! ki?ito to conduct _! c\ncils & ! int]nal gov]nm5t ( ! di/rict ^u prop] l9es & to af=d ! local c\ncils due support4 ,! congregation ( eld]s1 :i* probably numb]$ "s five hundr$1 sat r\nd 9 a l>ge circle on ! hill-side2 9 ! c5tre 7 a few ( ! s5ior *iefs & eld]s f ea* clan & ! eld]s *os5 to (ficiate4 ,! fir/ proce$+ 0 = an eld] to m>* r\nd ! outside ( ! :ole circle ) ! ki?ito1 :i* 0 susp5d$ by a /r+2 aft] ?is1 all ! p]sons includ$ 9 ! circle 7 subject to ! effects ( ! oa?4 ,! ki?ito 0 !n br\ght into ! c5tre ( ! circle & deposit$ on a bran* ( ! acacia tree1 kisumi4 ,z f> z c\ld be se5 ! cont5ts ( ! ki?ito 7 z foll[s3 ,a %ell 7conta9+ secret m$ic9e74 ,a human leg bone4 ,! too? ( a rum9ant4 ,twigs f v>i\s trees4 ,! :ole ( ^! 7 wrapp$ 9 a portion ( a plait$ ,kamba fibre bag 7*ondo74 ,/ones 7 arrang$ on ! gr\nd ar\nd ! package4 ,! end ( ! ki?ito p>cel fac$ t[>ds ! aft]noon sun1 i4e41 ! we/4 ,! (ficiat+ eld] !n /ood on ! two /ones to ! we/ ( ! ki?ito &1 ) a ?9 /ick1 t\*$ ! ki?ito & recit$ ! t]ms ( ! oa?4 ,! object ( ^! /ones 0 to insulate him f ! gr\nd :ile he 0 engag$ 9 ! c]emony4 ,at ea* item ( ! oa? ! eld] took a ?9 /ick & dipp$ x 9 "s blacki% /icky m$ic9e 9 ! %ell & recit$ ! p>ticul> po9ts1 say+3 8,if any man breaks ?is1 may he be ?r[n away10 & !n j]k$ ! /ick ov] 8 "r %\ld] 9 ! direction ( ! sun4 ,aft] ! c]emony1 ! ki?ito 0 c>ri$ away & a %eep 0 kill$ ne> by & ! ta?a1 or /oma* cont5ts1 7 spr9kl$ on ! gr\nd at ! spot :]e ! ki?ito _h be54 ,?is 0 said to be done to cure ! gr\nd f ! evil effects ( ! ki?ito4 ,! ,oa? ( ! ,sacr$ ,bead 7,*uma *a m*ugu7 9 ,kikuyu4--,?is oa? or ordeal belongs to ! same class z ^? describ$ 9 ! writ]'s "w1 8,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba0 7,camb4 ,press71 pp4 #aci-adc1 viz41 ! ki?a?i & ku-r+a !ngi c]emonies4 ,if "o man is 9 debt to ano!r & repudiates 8 debt1 ! cr$itor goes to ! eld]s & dem&s t !y may bo? be giv5 ! ordeal ( ! *uma *a m*ugu 7*uma is ! ,kikuyu ^w = bead74 ,n[ ! bead us$ = ?is purpose mu/ be "o ( a p>ticul> k9d1 :i* has be5 h&$ d[n f pa/ ages & is evid5tly believ$ to be ( magical value4 ,sev]al ( ! clans 9 ,kikuyu are alleg$ to possess specim5s ( ?is bead1 ea* "o be+ 9 *>ge ( a p>ticul> eld]2 !y are said to be r$di% 9 col\r & r long 9 %ape4 #ab ,endeav\rs h be5 made to get a specim5 = exam9ation1 b x has n be5 possible to locate "o2 ! eld]s /ate t !y h n se5 "o us$ = "s ye>s4 ,a *uma *a m*ugu mu/ n be kept 9 a h\se1 b is hidd5 away 9 ! bu%--9 ?is p>ticul> x is l ! ki?a?i4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ! c]emonial connect$ ) its use3 on ! appo9t$ day ! cr$itor & debtor meet ! eld]s2 ! latt] sit 9 a circle & ! =m] sit on ! gr\nd 9 ! middle & fac+ ea* o!r4 ,ea* takes a piece ( f9e grass & places x inside ! ap]ture 9 ! bead & swe>s1 z ! case may be1 t he l5t a c[1 or t he borr[$ a c[1 & t if he te/ifies falsely may he be eat5 by ! bead 7i4e41 de/roy$74 ,sometimes ! bead is held 9 ! h&1 & sometimes x is plac$ on ! gr\nd betwe5 ! two p>ties4 ,p]jury is believ$ to result 9 ! dea? ( ! p]jur]1 & fur!rmore s]i\s h>m1 ev5 dea?1 to 8 ne> relatives4 ,if a man :o has p]jur$ himself by ?is oa? dies1 8 bro!rs by ! same p>5ts w promptly pay ! debt1 & !n call 9 ! eld]s to remove ! curse1 or ?ahu1 :i* ! p]jury has inflict$4 ,to effect ?is lu/ration1 ! sacr$ bead has to be br\ght to ! village1 a %eep is kill$ & "s ( ! /oma* cont5ts are sme>$ on ! bead4 ,ano!r %eep is next m>*$ r\nd ! afflict$ village1 is kill$1 & ! p eat ! meat4 ,! bones ( ! %eep are aft]w>ds collect$ & calc9$ 9 ! fire on :i* ! meat 0 cook$1 next morn+ a libation ( be] be+ p\r$ ov] ! a%es ( ! bones by ! eld]s ( ! village4 ,a m$ic9e man is !n summon$1 & he purifies 7tahikia7 ! villages1 & ^! are f9ally safe f all dang] f ?is ?ahu4 ,!re is ano!r piece ( ritual 9 :i* beads play a "p4 ,if an eld] or old woman dies 9 "o village1 & lat] on a simil> dea? occurs 9 a neighb\r+ village1 ! head ( ea* village goes to assi/ at ! hukura or dea? c]emonies 7describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vi7 at ! village :]e ! dea? has occurr$4 ,at ! conclusion ( ^! c]emonies ea* w h two blue trade r+ beads1 ( ! patt]n kn[n z mt9orok1 fa/5$ on 8 wri/1 & ! s5ior wife ( ! pr9cipal eld] ( ! village :]e ! dea? occurr$ w h two beads ti$ to h] wri/2 !y we> ^! = eight days1 & !n ba! & ca/ ! beads into a riv]2 f9ally !y wa% _! clo!s !re & return home4 ,! cu/om is practis$ only by ! p belong+ to ! ,kikuyu circumcision guild4 ,! blue beads us$ on ?is occasion are ord9>y trade beads & are call$ *uma *a m*ugu1 b are n ! sacr$ beads ref]r$ to 9 ! e>li] portion ( ?is *apt]4 ,probably1 z ! real *uma *a m*ugu are v r>e1 !y pret5d t ^! are ! real articles1 or ?9k !y delude ! spirits into believ+ t ! beads are ! g5u9e ?+4 ,! sacr$ bead is also said to be us$ = ! detection ( ?ieves2 ! eld]s decl>e t ! bead is fir/ doctor$ by a m$ic9e man & !n ?r[n away 9 ! direction ( ! suspect$ p]son1 & ! eld]s simultane\sly cry out1 8,g & f9d ! ?ief40 ,! belief is t aft] x is ?us ?r[n ! bead w ent] ! /oma* ( ! (f5d] & tr\ble him to su* an ext5t t he w be =c$ to confess1 & he c !n be c]emonially purifi$ & heal$4 ,! ,muma ,oa? & ,adult]y4--,a case ( adult]y occurr$ 9 ,kikuyu 9 :i* a man1 hav+ s$uc$ a woman1 aft]w>ds induc$ h] to take ! oa? ( muma t %e w\ld n tell h] husb&4 ,aft] a "t %e disclos$ ?is to h] husb& &1 %ortly aft]1 %e di$4 ,! husb& !n su$ = blood money1 b ! eld]s refus$ 8 dem& on ! gr\nd t if ! woman _h held h] tongue ! muma w\ld n h kill$ h]4 ,! husb& !n dem&$ t ! man %\ld jump ov] ! corpse sev5 times2 ?is he refus$ to d & ! eld]s w\ld n insi/ z !y held t ! woman _h1 9 fact1 committ$ suicide4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,w> ,,& ,,peace ,w>4--,9 =m] times raids 7 conduct$ by ! anake or w>rior class only1 b if ! c\ntry 0 invad$1 ! y\ng] eld]s also f\ght1 :ile ! old m5 w5t to hide ) ! wom5 & /ock2 eld]s 7 arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 b ! anake ( ,kikuyu c>ri$ spe>s & swords only4 ,! ,kikuyu app>5tly made a good /& aga9/ ! ,masai invad]s1 = x is said t ! ,masai kill$ mo/ ( ! ,dorobo1 s presumably ?is tribe 0 unable to /& aga9/ ! invad]s :ile ! ,kikuyu held _! own4 ,x is probable t ! sc\rge ( ! ,masai 0 g5]ally mu* ov]rat$1 & t !y 7 z (t5 z n badly beat5 by o!r tribes4 ,dur+ a ,masai invasion x 0 cu/om>y to bury knives at ! foot ( mugumu trees2 ?is 0 suppos$ to give ! invad]s sore & swoll5 feet4 ,exp$itions & raids 7 l$ by ?ree anake call$ asigani4 ,^! _h fir/ to consult ) a m$ic9e man1 :o w\ld say :e!r !y c\ld be asigani or n2 ,kamiri 0 p>ticul>ly not$ z su* a m$ic9e man4 ,if approv$ by ! m$ic9e man !y _h to g alone into ,masai c\ntry z a te/ ( c\rage & spy out :]e ! cattle 74 ,only su* m5 c\ld be lead]s ( raids1 & !y rema9$ z asigani until !y _h pass$ ! w>rior age4 ,on return f a raid ! booty 0 br\ght toge!r & ! eld]s assembl$4 ,! asigani _h fir/ *oice ( ! spoil1 & got ab\t "o qu>t] m ?an ! re/4 ,! eld]s m]ely look$ on1 & ea* w>rior took 8 %>e ( ! booty home2 ! fa!r took possession ( ! cattle s long z 8 son rema9$ 9 ! village1 b if he left ! village & settl$ else:]e he w\ld take ) him ! /ock he _h obta9$ 9 w>4 ,! only eld] :o 0 actually giv5 any "p 0 ! m$ic9e man :o _h be5 previ\sly consult$ z to ! success ( ! raid4 ,:5 a raid 0 arrang$1 ! w>riors 7 collect$ f ev]y:]e1 b no "o 0 =c$ to jo94 ,special di/9ction 0 atta9$ by ^? :o _h kill$ a ,masai4 ,su* a man 0 call$ mundu wa rohiu1 man ( ! sword2 ! %ield & spe> ( ! ,masai he w\ld give to 8 uncle1 f :om1 9 turn1 he receiv$ a goat or two2 he w\ld also g r\nd to all 8 relations1 :o w\ld give him small pres5ts1 b to prove 8 de$ he _h to br+ back ! sword ( ! sla9 ,masai1 o!rwise he 0 n believ$4 ,! ,kikuyu app>5tly (t5 raid$ ,masai c\ntry1 b raids on ! ,kamba 7 consid]$ mu* m dang]\s1 & 7 only und]tak5 by l>ge bodies & ) great] precautions4 ,! :ole =ce 0 divid$ up into v>i\s bodies to gu>d aga9/ total annihilation2 attacks 7 made only at night1 & z soon z ! /ock 0 captur$ x 0 s5t1 "u escort1 to ,kikuyu s t if !y 7 attack$ & kill$ ! /ock 0 sav$4 ,wom5 & *ildr5 7 also tak5 & h&$ ov] to ! w>rior's fa!r1 b a ,kamba 0 g5]ally p]mitt$ to r$eem 8 wife = n9e head ( cattle2 ?is is said to h be5 ! practice ow+ to ! =m] fri5d%ip exi/+ betwe5 ! ,kamba & ! ,kikuyu4 ,?is practice 0 brok5 lat]1 because ! ,kamba always /ole ! wives ( ! ,kikuyu4 ,! ,kamba is to ?is day an incorrigible wife /eal]2 ! same cause l$ to 8 break+ fri5d%ip ) ! ,masai & ,galla1 s ! leg5d goes4 ,x is said t fights ) ! ,kamba 7 m frequ5t ?an ) ! ,masai1 & t !y 7 mu* m fe>$ because ( ! ,kamba arr[s1 b nev]!less ! ,kikuyu decl>e t !y p5etrat$ z f> z ,mumoni1 & t !y also f\ght ! ,emb]re4 ,ga*ii wa ,ki*>a rememb]s t on "o occasion ! ,kamba & ,kikuyu jo9$ to fight ! ,masai1 b t ! ,kamba ran away1 n because !y 7 afraid ( ! ,masai1 b because !y =esaw t !y w\ld h to fight ! m num]\s ,kikuyu if !y 7 to get any ( ! booty4 ,on ! :ole x w\ld appe> t ! ,kikuyu 7 no mean fight+ tribe2 !y c]ta9ly inflict$ v sev]e lessons on ! ,masai1 & !y gave u no little tr\ble 9 ! e>ly days4 ,"o c1 h[ev]1 sc>cely imag9e !m to h be5 w>like judg+ f _! pres5t "*1 b ! g5]ation ( w>riors be=e our "t h pass$ into eld]s1 & ! pres5t w>rior class has nev] kn[n w>2 ?is class is also rapidly disappe>+1 & ! "y native n[ m>ries long be=e ! "t :5 w>s & raids all[$ !m to d s 9 ! pa/4 ,x is believ$ to be v lucky to meet a mole on ! way to w>2 a w>rior kills x ) 8 spe> & c>ries ! sk9 on ! po9t ( x2 ?is is suppos$ to br+ him good =tune 9 ! fight4 ,be=e ! ,kikuyu w5t to w> !y us$ to sacrifice at ! sacr$ trees 9 ! usual way2 ! eld]s att5d$1 b n ! w>riors2 _! weapons 7 n sme>$ ) ! sacrificial blood4 ,if any ( ! w>riors kill$ an enemy dur+ ! fight+1 ! eld]s :o _h conduct$ ! sacrifice above m5tion$ %av$ ! heads ( ! w>riors ^u _! return1 took away ! hair & hid x 9 ! woods4 ,!y also sme>$ _! faces ) a l9e ( ira1 or :ite e>?1 & ! spe> :i* _h done ! kill+ 0 also sme>$ ) ira4 ,?is :ite e>? is g5]ally us$ z a protect+ ag5t aga9/ evil influ5ces1 9 ?is case d\btless ! spirits ( ! slaught]$ foes4 ,if cattle 7 captur$ ! capta9 ( ! w>riors1 z soon z possible aft] ! fight1 w\ld *oose a f9e bullock f ! spoil & slaught] x z ne> z possible to ! sc5e ( ! fight+4 ,?is 0 done z a ?ank-(f]+ to ! deity1 ,engai4 ,! bullock %\ld be a :ole col\r$ bea/1 ei!r black1 :ite1 or r$1 & n spott$ or p>ti-col\r$4 ,! eld]s :o g to sacrifice & pray at ! sacr$ tree be=e ! fight+1 & ! capta9 ( ! w>riors1 eat ! meat2 ! bulk ( ! fight+ m5 d n p>ticipate4 ,! hide ( ! bullock is left on ! spot aft] ! fea/4 ,peace ,c]emonial 7,kikuyu74--,sev5 eld]s f ! clans or tribes at enmity ea* meet ) a numb] ( ! w>rior class1 ! diff]5t sides provid+ a ram or he-goat1 :i* is slaught]$4 ,an eld] ( "o side !n takes ! inte/9es & cuts !m ) a razor & says3 8,:o breaks ?is peace may he be cut z ?is is cut40 ,an eld] f ! o!r side n[ takes ! inte/9es f ! animal provid$ by 8 side & goes ?r\gh ! same c]emonial4 ,bo? sides !n eat ! meat toge!r4 ,9 ! days ( ! e>ly travell]s1 "s fifte5 to tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ! ,kikuyu 7 not$ = _! trea*]y2 "o day !y w\ld make peace ) a c>avan & ! next day attack x4 ,! eld]s 7 ask$ ! reason ( ?is1 & :e!r !y believ$ t peace delib]ately brok5 w\ld br+ evil on ! break]s ( x2 !y said x 0 q true t _m _h be5 guilty 9 ?is respect1 b t ! great fam9e ( #ahii1 & ! smallpox :i* foll[$ x1 _h kill$ (f all ! guilty ones4 ,9 =m] w>-l times :5 a memb] ( ano!r tribe came to ! village ( an eld] & wi%$ to ent] into bro!rhood & settle among ! tribe1 ! eld] w\ld summon 8 colleagues & kill a bullock4 ,! /rang] w\ld be =mally adorn$ ) a bracelet made ( ! ox hide1 & he w\ld !n be safe f h>m4 ,! meat 0 eat5 by ! assembl$ eld]s & ! villag]s4 ,! eld] !n *ose a daught] = him to m>ry4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! head ( ! village belong$ to ! ,anjiru clan1 ! /rang] became a ,munjiru2 & he also adopt$ ! circumcision guild ( 8 ho/4 ,if1 aft] ?is1 anyone belong+ to ! tribe 7 to kill him1 ! murd]] w\ld h to pay a hundr$ goats & n9e rams to 8 adopt$ fa!r1 n9e rams = ! eld]s & n9e rams = 8 "m4 ,peace ,c]emonial1 ,ukamba 7,kitui74--,! eld]s ( ! vanqui%$ side br+ an ox1 & ! eld]s ( ! w9n+ side br+ a ki?ito4 ,! eld]s ( ea* side assemble 9 two gr\ps 9 ! c5tre1 & ! w>riors are collect$ 9 two masses1 "o on ei!r side ( ! area *os5 = ! c]emony4 ,! ki?ito oa? is !n adm9i/]$ to ! lead]s ( ! two gr\ps ( fight+ m54 ,!y kill ! ox1 sk9 x1 & cut ! meat (f ! ?roat & also cut out a few ( ! v]tebr ( ! neck 7ngata7 & place !m on ! ki?ito4 ,an iron arr[ head is !n produc$ & ti$ on to a %aft2 x mu/ be ti$ ) ! fibre f ! lilambia bu%1 & a few ?orns ( ! mulaa tree are also fa/5$ to ! arr[4 ,a small bag is made f a piece ( ! small inte/9e ( ! ox & is fill$ ) blood4 ,! (ficiat+ eld] !n picks up ! arr[ & slits op5 ?is bag & all[s ! blood to drip on ! neck-v]tebr & meat1 :i* are plac$ on ! ki?ito1 & calls out to ! assembly3 8,if anyone breaks ?is peace may he be slit z ! mwe?i wa kitutu40 ,! neck bones & meat are !n left to be dev\r$ by hynas4 ,be=e ?is1 h[ev]1 an oa? is adm9i/]$ to ea* ( ! capta9s ( ! fight+2 ^? :o take ! oa? are nak$2 ! "r arm & "r leg are sme>$ ) a%es1 & a bun* ( leaves is fa/5$ ov] ! pubes4 ,ea* man takes a bundle ( arr[s 9 8 "r h& & swe>s by ! ki?ito t he w nev] aga9 fight ! opposite p>ty & t if any %\ld come to 8 village !y %all be receiv$ z fri5ds2 ! company ( w>riors ass5t to ?is & say1 8,if y break ?is oa? may ! ki?ito slay y40 ,blood ,bro!rhood 7,ukamba ( ,kitui74--,! two p>ties meet & a goat is kill$2 two pieces ( ! liv] are tak5 & slightly fri$ on a fire4 ,a small incision is !n made 9 ! "r =e>m1 ! *e/1 & ! navel ( ea* p>ty1 & a spot ( ! blood !refrom is sme>$ on ! liv]4 ,! two pieces are !n ex*ang$ & eat5 jo9tly4 ,?is is a v sacr$ & la/+ oa? ( fri5d%ip4 ,if ev] x is brok51 ! p are v %ock$ & ,engai is believ$ to injure ! village ( ! "o :o breaks x & probably bo? blood k9 & /ock w die4 ,x is (t5 difficult to /ate ) precision :e!r ! high god or ! ance/ral spirits are meant :5 ! t]m ,engai is "h us$4 ,9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 ! high god is probably ref]r$ to4 ,& if ! op9ion be correct1 x is a /rik+ example ( ! belief 9 ! concept ( a p]sonal ,god1 :o takes a cont9ual & m9ute int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( ,8 creatures4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,miscellane\s ,,cu/oms ,,& ,,beliefs ,adoption into a ,new ,clan 7,kikuyu74--,?is is a proce$+ :i* sometimes takes place 9 ,kikuyu1 b :i* r>ely comes to ! notice ( ,european obs]v]s4 ,x is call$ njama ya ruoro ku*>ua1 :i* means 8! assembly or c\ncil ( ! knife to *ange10 &1 exp&$1 means 8! c]emonial ga!r+ ( ! knife at :i* a man *anges 8 clan40 ,! ^w ruoro means ! knife us$ = br&+ cattle4 ,! c&idate fir/ makes an arrangem5t ab\t ! matt] ) ! s5ior eld] ( ! clan he wi%es to ent]2 a day is fix$ = ! c]emony & ! eld] summons ! o!r eld]s ( 8 clan & ! c&idate br+s 8 bro!rs4 ,a numb] ( eld]s belong+ to o!r clans are also invit$ z witnesses4 ,! c&idate pres5ts a razor 7ru5ji71 "s ca/or oil1 butt] 7ngoromo71 & a ewe lamb 7mwati7 to ! eld]s ( ! clan he wi%es to jo91 & ! eld]s ( t clan provide a bullock4 ,! bullock is slaught]$ & ! sk9 is dri$1 ?is be+ = ! p>ties to sit on dur+ ! c]emony4 ,! c&idate & ! s5ior eld] ( ! clan he wi%es to ent] !n sit on ! bullock's hide1 & ! eld]'s s5ior wife comes & %aves bo? _! heads4 ,:5 ?is is complet$1 !y ano9t ea* o!r's head ) ! ca/or oil & ! butt]4 ,ea* man collects & takes away ! hair cut (f & c>efully hides x s t no evilly dispos$ p]son %all pick x up & make m$ic9e ) x4 ,h5ce=w>d ! man is consid]$ z adopt$ 9 ! new clan1 & 8 *ildr5 belong to t clan4 ,if he is a "y man & wants a wife1 ! s5ior eld] ( 8 new clan w buy him "o1 & if he is kill$ 9 a tribal fight ! eld] claims ! blood money4 ,if1 aft] ?is c]emony1 ! eld] 0 to commit adult]y ) ! wife ( ! adopt$ man he w\ld surely die4 ,if a daught] ( ! adopt$ man is m>ri$1 ! eld] gets five goats f ! bridal price receiv$ = ! girl2 ^! goats are call$ ug5di & possibly h ref]5ce to cases 9 :i* ! eld] has paid ! bridal price = ! wife ( ! adopt$ man4 ,a ,kikuyu native does n1 h[ev]1 *ange 8 circumcision guild by ent]+ a new clan4 ,njama ya ,kik5de4--,! c]emony ( adoption is closely connect$ to a c]emony p]=m$ betwe5 great fri5ds2 ?is is a =m ( c]emonial bro!rhood1 b ! man :o makes ! alliance does n *ange 8 clan1 & if he is kill$ ! blood money w\ld g to 8 own clan4 ,9 ?is case ! eld] kills a ram or he-goat 7!ngi71 :i* is sk9n$1 & a piece ( ! sk9 ( ! *e/ is cut (f1 :il/ ano!r eld] cuts out a bracelet ( ! sk9 & places x on ! eld]'s "r wri/ & on ! wri/ ( ! man :o wi%es to jo9 9 bro!rhood ) him4 ,! man :o desires ! bro!rhood !n pres5ts a g\rd ( be] to ! eld]2 ! be] mu/ be ( two k9ds1 viz41 sug>-cane & honey-be] mix$4 ,! eld] :o cuts ! bracelet also receives a g\rd ( be] f ! man4 ,on ,bee-,keep+4--,! ,a-,kamba are great bee-keep]s4 ,:5 ,europeans fir/ visit$ ! c\ntry !y f\nd ! indu/ry fully e/abli%$2 z at ! pres5t day1 logs ( wood 7 holl[$ out & hung 9 trees = bees to hive 94 ,!y p]iodically collect$ ! honey1 brew$ mead1 & !n ?rew away ! comb4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ,(fic]s h s9ce taught !m to boil d[n ! wax into cakes :i* c be sold1 & a l>ge quantity is annually export$4 ,9 ,kitui :5 a man makes 8 fir/ beehive he does n hang x 9 a tree himself1 b gets 8 uncle to d s2 he believes t if he omitt$ to d ?is ! bees w\ld n settle 9 x4 ,! own] ( ! beehive _c cohabit ) 8 wife until he sees t a sw>m ( bees has settl$ 9 ! hive & is build+ !re4 ,two nights aft] he is satisfi$ t ?is is ! case1 he may resume 8 m>ital relations4 ,if on 8 fir/ visit ( inspection he f9ds ! hive occupi$1 he brews be] & p\rs "s on ! gr\nd z a libation to ! aiimu1 or ance/ral spirits4 ,9 a season :5 !re is a de>? ( honey ! own]s ( ! hives g to ! woods 9 :i* !y h put _! hives & sacrifice a goat2 ! meat is eat51 & ! blood1 mix$ ) be]1 is p\r$ on ! gr\nd z a propitiatory libation to ! aiimu to secure a good honey crop4 ,among ! ,ulu ,a-,kamba ! c]emonial v>ies & is app>5tly m elaborate4 ,:5 a man has holl[$ out ! log ( wood :i* =ms ! beehive he takes a %av+ or *ip ( ! wood :i* is call$ ikavu1 & gives x to 8 "m1 :o !n cooks beans1 pigeon peas & maize 9 a pot & places ! *ip1 ikavu1 9 ! fire "u ! pot to assi/ 9 cook+ ! food4 ,if he has lo/ 8 "m ! ikavu is giv5 to 8 wife1 :o cooks ! c]emonial meal4 ,:5 ! food is boil$ ! villag]s are summon$ to eat x4 ,! beehive is !n hung 9 a tree1 & :5 x is full ! own] collects ! honey & br+s x to 8 village4 ,be=e ! honey c be mix$ ) wat] to make be] or mead ! own] ( ! hive mu/ pres5t 8 "m ) "s ( ! raw honey4 ,:5 ! fir/ brew ( ! mead is ready ! fa!r ( ! own] ( ! hive buys x = a goat1 :i* may n be kill$4 ,on ! second night aft] ! pur*ase1 ! p>5ts ( ! own] ( ! hive mu/ cohabit2 ?is 9 speak+ to ea* o!r !y ref] to z kuzya mbui1 & if talk+ to ano!r p]son1 ! t]m kulunga mbui is us$4 ,!y believe t ! consumption ( ! be] & ! succe$+ c]emony ensures t ! hive w always yield a good supply ( honey1 & t !re w always be pl5ty ( p to buy succe$+ brews ( mead made f ! honey4 ,! :ole proce$+ may !re=e be consid]$ z a magical f]tility c]emony4 ,if a man has lo/ 8 own p>5ts1 he sells ! fir/ brew ( mead to 8 uncle1 presumably z head ( ! family4 ,among ! ,dorobo hunt+ tribe ( ! ,kikuyu esc>pm5t :5 a man makes a new beehive1 be] is made & ! old m5 & wom5 dr9k x be=e x is hung 9 a tree4 ,!y !n c]emonially spit on ! hive & next morn+ place x 9 a tree2 ! inside ( a hive is also sme>$ ) beeswax to attract ! bees4 ,! fir/ crop ( honey out ( a new hive is only eat5 by ! *ildr5 ( ! village1 or p]haps by v old wom54 ,! reason ( ?is is said to be t if a "y woman 7 to eat any & !n misconduct h]self ) a man1 ! honey crop w\ld be spoilt & ! bees w\ld n ent] any ( ! hives hung up on t day4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact ! natives always m>k _! beehives be=e susp5d+ !m f ! trees1 & ! m>ks are g5]ally ( two k9ds1 "o be+ t ( ! clan & ! o!r t ( ! own]4 ,mr ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis /ates t on ! ,s\!rn ,ab]d>e ,range 9 ! bamboo =e/ betwe5 ,k>anja's & ,enjab9i he saw two musaiti trees 7camphor wood1 ,ocotea usamb>5sis7 f :i* ! ,kikuyu make _! honey b>rels or beehives4 ,al?\gh /ill /&+1 !y 7 bo? m>k$ ) ! same designs "o sees on beehives4 ,! trees1 x w\ld appe>1 are e>m>k$ by c]ta9 p]sons = ! manufacture ( beehives :ile /ill /&+4 ,sket*es ( ^! m>ks are giv5 bel[4 ,at fir/ sight x seems curi\s to put ! clan m>k on beehives1 b ! object is to w>n a w\ld-be ?ief t if he robs a hive he w h to reckon ) ! :ole ( ! clan to :i* ! own] belongs4 ,fur!r1 if a w\ld-be ?ief f\nd a hive belong+ to 8 own clan he w\ld be v unlikely to rob x1 z he c\ld always obta9 honey or honey-be] f 8 blood k94 ,infecti\s ,mania among ! ,kamba ,p4--,9 8,e?nology ( ,a-,kamba10 p4 #aj1 ref]5ce 0 made to a peculi> k9d ( infecti\s possession or mania :i* appe>s p]iodically 9 ,ukamba c\ntry1 & 9 #aijf _m "y p 9 ,ma*akos di/rict 7 seiz$ ) x at ! sight ( a ,european hat4 ,9 a few mon?s1 h[ev]1 x pass$ away1 b 9 #aiaa a simil> epidemic recurr$4 ,?is took a diff]5t =m1 & 0 call$ ,engai ya mw]etu1 or ! _s ( ! girl4 ,! _s ( a girl :o 0 said to h di$ my/]i\sly 0 suppos$ to ent] into p 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! di/rict--g5]ally old wom5--& speak4 ,! :ole di/rict rapidly became di/urb$2 ! _s1 ?r\gh its oracles1 dem&$ t bullocks %\ld be slaught]$2 ! ord] 0 implicitly obey$1 = anyone :o refus$ 0 suppos$ to be doom$4 ,z a result1 sev]al ?\s& bullocks 7 slaught]$ & consum$ 9 a week or two4 ,great dances1 at :i* ! meat 0 eat51 7 held4 ,v soon ! oracles became s$iti\s1 & plans 7 be+ made = ! abolition ( ,european gov]nm5t & attack on ! ,gov]nm5t /ation4 ,! :ole ?+ 0 kept secret at fir/1 b ev5tually x all came out & a company ( troops _h to be s5t to ! di/rict to calm ! excit$ p2 ! eld]s1 :o felt sore at ! loss ( s _m cattle1 ralli$ to ! support ( law & ord] & ! c\ntry gradually rega9$ a normal /ate4 ,! ph5om5on is also kn[n 9 ,kitui1 b is said to h be5 introduc$ f ! ,ma*akos di/rict4 ,mr ,c4 ,dundas has inve/igat$ x 9 ! =m] di/rict & /ates t :5 p wi% to misrepres5t ! nature ( any dances held 9 ?is connection !y ref] to !m z kilumi4 ,n[ kilumi is an old ,kamba dance :i* is p]iodically p]=m$ at i!mbo all ov] ! c\ntry ) ! object ( w>d+ (f epidemics1 b ! ,engai dances are c>ri$ on at villages to cure an individual possess$ by ! =m ( mania kn[n z ,engai4 ,fez caps & o!r unusual ornam5ts & clo?+ worn at ,engai dances are n worn at kilumi dances4 ,! ^w ,engai appe>s to be loosely us$ 9 ?is connection1 b ?is is possibly due to ! fact t ! individual organis+ ! dance is suppos$ to be a p]son possess+ occult p[]s1 a p]son1 9 %ort1 :o kn[s ! inn] my/]ies or :o w\ld n o!rwise possess ! 8m$ic9e0 :i* is suppos$ to come f ,engai4 ,z f> z is kn[n1 ?is ,engai possession appe>s to be almo/ entirely conf9$ to wom54 ,a woman becomes my/]i\sly possess$2 ! m$ic9e man _c acc\nt = x4 ,a woman :o und]/&s ! affection is !re=e call$ 9 & ord]s ! appropriate dance to be p]=m$4 ,! p]=m]s become work$ up & wildly excit$1 & _m ( !m become affect$ & ! disease spreads1 al?\gh ! afflict$ p]son = :om ! dance 0 conv5$ may be cur$4 ,:5 ! p are work$ up to a pit* ( fr5zy1 ! lead] ( ! dance !n dem&s a bullock1 be]1 & a goat f ! head eld]1 & ^! are consum$ by ! p]=m]s4 ,wom5 :o organise ^! dances h be5 se5 & int]view$ by ! writ] & !y g5]ally appe> to be /upid & half-witt$1 & "o w\ld n suspect t !y 7 capable ( influ5c+ ! p z !y und\bt$ly d4 ,:5 !y h work$ !mselves up into a k9d ( hypnotic /ate !y may possibly be diff]5t4 ,"o great idea at ^! dances is t ev]yone mu/ %ake h&s ) ! woman1 & = ?is privilege %e is giv5 sixp5ce or m4 ,! p believe t if ?is be omitt$1 !y w be p]man5tly afflict$ ) a _s2 !y d n app>5tly m9d tempor>y possession1 b fe> its becom+ a p]man5cy4 ,! paym5ts appe> to be peculi> to ,kitui4 ,! eld]s d n approve ( ^! dances1 b are g5]ally too fright5$ to int]v5e4 ,! reason ( _! disapproval is n f> to seek2 e woman :o becomes possess$ is told to dem& some?+ f h] husb& or ! mania w n leave h]4 ,! wom5 g5]ally ask = fez caps & clo!s :i* are worn at subsequ5t dances2 "o eld] told ,mr ,dundas t 8 wife _h dem&$ ! tails ( t5 :ite c[s4 ,!y dress 9 :ite & r$ clo!s1 consi/+ ( deep b&s worn r\nd ! wai/s1 & h fez caps on _! heads & c[s' tails susp5d$ f _! arms4 ,! wom5 :o conduct ! c]emony are t]m$ ,siekitundumu2 ! mean+ ( kitundumu is ?und]4 ,"o ( ! *ants sung on su* an occasion 0 translat$ z3 8,we h come f a comet & "o day we w return !re to /ay ) ,siekitundumu40 ,:5 a woman %akes h&s ) ! lead] %e is seiz$ ) a k9d ( convulsion & says1 8,i am ,siekitundumu40 ,! spee*es ( ! wom5 appe> to be devoid ( mean+2 !y w attempt to use ,engli% words 9 p>ticul>1 call+ out 8,yesu10 & ,s-&-s is said to be ! *ildr5 ( 8,yesu10 or "o w be ask$ :o %e is & %e w m5tion ! "n ( "s ,european or o!r4 8,yesu0--,mr ,dundas ?9ks--may be ei!r a corruption ( ! ,engli% 8,yes0 or x may be a contraction ( 8,jesus0 z pron\nc$ by ! ,g]man mission>ies1 or x may be a corrupt pronunciation ( ! ,swahili ^w 8kisu10 :i* means a knife1 & :i* ! ,a-,kamba are incl9$ to pron\nce 8kyesu40 ,x is also said t ^? :o p>ticipate 9 ! dance mu/ keep _! eyes fix$ on ! gr\nd2 !y are o!rwise suppos$ to be liable to fly up to ! heav5s4 ,! woman call$ ! ,siekitundumu has a *ondo 7/r+ bag7 full ( m$ic9es c>ri$ 9 small g\rds4 ,no "o may look at ^! magical prop]ties )\t pay+4 ,! m$ic9es are said to be made by a k9d ( gh\l :o has only "o h& & "o leg & :o lives above4 ,^! my/]ies "w ! cr$ul\s & susceptible wom5 into a /ate ( fr5zy1 :5 !y cease to be responsible = _! actions4 ,"o *ief1 ) "s pa?os1 /at$ t wom5 :o h be5 to "o ( ^! dances (t5 g back home & beat _! husb&s4 ,! pr9cipal ,siekitundumu 9 ,kitui is said to be "o ,monge wa ,muli4 ,%e & h] husb& assembl$ all ! p at ! village ( ! *ief ,muli & told !m to collect food & o!r gifts4 ,! eld]s _h to pay a bull & a black goat4 ,on a c]ta9 day ! bull 0 kill$ & its blood p\r$ into a l>ge hole 9 ! gr\nd & mix$ ) meal1 milk1 & gra94 ,monge !n ann\nc$ t %e w\ld transf] ! ,engai to a p>ticul> village4 ,%e select$ c]ta9 able-bodi$ wom51 :o ran into ! bu% ) a f[l1 %\t+ t !y 7 s5d+ 8,engai0 to ,muli's village1 ! f[l be+ left 9 ! bu%4 ,a few days lat] a woman 9 ,muli's village 01 ( c\rse1 seiz$ ) ! ,engai mania & ! dance _h to be p]=m$ !re4 ,?us ! affection is spread ?r\gh\t ! di/rict4 ,aft] a "t1 ei!r ! ,gov]nm5t or ! comb9$ eld]s take /eps to /op x by dra/ic measures & x dies d[n = a :ile1 possibly = a ye> or two1 b at any "t x is liable to recur & x is !n necess>y = ! adm9i/ration to keep a %>p look out = its appe>ance4 ,! :ole ph5om5on r rem9ds "o ( ! anci5t acc\nts ( demoniacal possession4 ,accord+ to ,goodri* ,fre] a peculi> k9d ( possession1 call$ bonda1 is said to attack wom5 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,"h aga9 all _! dem&s = dress1 food1 & trifles ( any sort mu/ be /rictly att5d$ to4 ,!y sometimes mimic a hyna4 ,,sundry ,,beliefs ,slaught] ( ,pregnant ,animals4--,! ,a-,kamba may n wilfully kill an animal heavy ) "y :5 hunt+1 & c]ta9ly w\ld n slaught] a dome/ic animal 9 ?is condition4 ,%\ld1 h[ev]1 su* an animal happ5 to be kill$ by mi/ake1 ! ut]us is op5$ to discov] ! sex ( ! ftus4 ,9 cutt+ up ! ut]us ! hunt] w hold a few blades ( grass 9 8 h&1 toge!r ) ! knife1 at ! same "t grasp+ ! wri/ ( ! h& hold+ ! knife ) ! o!r h&4 ,if !re are two m51 ! second man w grasp ! wri/ ( ! o!r :ile he cuts op5 ! ut]us4 ,if ! ftus is male x is unlucky1 & if female x is lucky4 ,! kill+ ( ! "m 9 ?is condition mu/1 h[ev]1 h be5 done unwitt+ly4 ,?is curi\s cu/om appe>s to be common to all ! ,kamba p4 ,eclipses4--,^! are said to be ! "w ( ,engai 7or ! high god7 & to be an om5 ( a sickness 9 ! l&4 ,! head ( ea* village has to take two *ildr5 & a goat1 :i* is lead r\nd ! outside ( ! village1 & :5 x rea*es ! gate1 an eld] cuts a piece out ( "o e> & lets ! animal return to ! village4 ,!y !n sme> x ) ia 7,kamba7 ira 7,kikuyu71 or :ite e>?--on its face1 along its /oma*1 & along its back to ! tail4 ,lun> ,*anges4--,! ,kikuyu p h no !ories z to ! nature ( ! sun or moon1 b believe t ! sun & moon are con/antly at w> ) ea* o!r & t ! moon is always beat5 & driv5 away4 ,aft] a "t %e rega9s h] /r5g? & returns to ! fight4 ,food 7,kitui74--,! ,kamba ( ,kitui /ate t !y _c eat ! meat ( hyna1 jackal1 s]val cat1 hunt+ dog1 crocodile1 snakes1 kites1 vultures1 m>ab\ /ork1 ducks1 geese1 cr[s1 rats1 or ev5 eggs4 ,a few w sometimes eat a little ( ! fle% ( lions & leop>ds1 probably on ! gr\nds ( sympa!tic magic1 i4e41 ) ! idea ( assimilat+ ! /r5g? & agility ( ^! bea/s4 ,baboon1 monkey1 & donkey meat are also eat5 by "s4 ,food ,c]emonial 7,kikuyu74--,if an ox is kill$ = a fea/ & a memb] ( ! same clan1 :o happ5s to live at a di/ance1 puts 9 an appe>ance1 he mu/ be giv5 a piece ( meat1 al?\gh he _c claim to %>e 9 ! fea/4 ,if an ox is kill$ on ! occasion ( a w$d+1 ! memb]s ( ! clan liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood are always invit$ to p>ticipate4 ,wom5 eat sep>ately inside ! huts & out ( sight ( ! m51 b c dr9k wat] or be] 9 ! pres5ce ( m54 ,small *ildr5 naturally fe$ ) _! mo!rs1 b once ! boys are circumcis$ !y no long] eat ) wom54 ,a curi\s cu/om 0 rec5tly notic$ dur+ a j\rney among ! ,kikuyu4 ,! desiccat$ c>case ( a c[ or ox 0 notic$ 9 ! bran*es ( a tree by ! roadside1 a little di/ance f a village1 & x appe>s t if cattle are lodg$ at ! village ( a fri5d & "o %\ld die1 ! own] is in=m$1 & is ask$ to come ov] & see x & remove ! meat4 ,if = "s reason or o!r he does n come ! c>case is hoi/$ into a tree s t all may see x4 ,! object ( ?is is t p may "k t ! bea/ 0 n surreptiti\sly kill$ & eat5 by ! p ( ! village1 & no claim c !n be lodg$ aga9/ !m by ! own]4 ,names ,among ! ,kikuyu4--,e ,kikuyu *ild receives two prop] names4 ,if a male1 8 fir/ "n is t ( ! pat]nal gr&fa!r1 ?iga1 & if a female t ( ! mat]nal gr&mo!r1 *u*u4 ,9 ! case ( a male ! second "n is t ( ! fa!r4 ,9 addition he g5]ally receives ano!r "n at ! "t ( circumcision2 ?is is consid]$ z a nickname1 & g5]ally ref]s to "s peculi>ity ( "*1 habits1 or physique4 ,= in/ance1 a boy w be call$ ki*uru because he 0 said to dr9k a l>ge am\nt ( gruel z a *ild4 ,if ! lobe ( a man's e> is brok5 he is call$ ka*uru2 if he happ5s to break a f+] he is call$ k>a4 ,! names are d]iv$ f animals su* z nugu--a baboon1 njovu--an elephant1 hiti--hyna1 ngui--a dog4 ,f names ( natural objects1 su* z kamiti--trees1 kegio--a wild hibiscus us$ by ! ,kikuyu = mak+ fibre1 higa--/one1 m]iwa--a ?orn1 wa-rui--a /ream1 kirima--a hill4 ,f names ( weapons su* z kitimu--a spe> 7us$ ( a tall ?9 man71 kahiu--a sword1 njuguma--a club4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,leg5ds ,leg5d ( ,kilui ,lake 7,kamba ( ,kibwezi74--,a few miles bel[ ,kibwezi ,/ation !re is a small lake call$ ,kilui :i* is believ$ to be haunt$ by num]\s spirits4 ,! au?or rec5tly _h occasion to visit ! place &1 see+ a crocodile1 %ot x2 ! crocodile 0 badly hit1 b1 z usual1 manag$ to /ruggle back into ! wat]4 ,! ,kamba port]s 7 aft]w>ds he>d to say t x 0 a good ?+ t x 0 n kill$ z ! ma/] w\ld h be5 tak5 sick & probably di$4 ,! local eld]s1 h[ev]1 7 que/ion$ on ! subject lat] on1 b d5i$ t any evil effects 7 likely to sup]v5e4 ,!y /at$ t ! place 0 und\bt$ly full ( spirits1 z a long "t ago !re 0 a l>ge village on ! site ( ! lake1 &1 "o day1 a t]rible ra9 /orm occurr$ dur+ :i* a frog ent]$ "o ( ! huts2 ! h\sewife on see+ x told "o ( h] *ildr5 to ?r[ x out1 & ?is hav+ be5 done1 ! frog !n w5t to ano!r hut :]e ! same ?+ occurr$1 & s on at ! ?ird1 b at ! f\r? hut ! wife1 h[ev]1 said1 8,oh1 x is do+ no h>m1 let x /ay40 ,!reupon ! frog said to h]1 8,y h giv5 me %elt] & s li/5 to my words--take y\r *ildr5 & flee f ?is village )\t delay = x w disappe>40 ,%e _h ! s5se to obey ?is wond]ful w>n+ & _h only gone a %ort di/ance :5 ! :ole village sank bel[ ! wat]4 ,! place 0 also suppos$ to possess a l>ge sacr$ snake1 & x is said t ! manag] ( a neighb\r+ rubb] plantation %ot ?is reptile & cut d[n a sacr$ tree ne> by4 ,?is man hav+ di$ ( dys5t]y a few mon?s lat]1 ! natives 7 conv9c$ t 8 dea? 0 directly due to ! ance/ral spirits av5g+ su* sacrilegi\s actions4 ,! ,kibwezi ,riv] fl[s along an old valley c>v$ ?r\gh ! metamorphic rocks1 b 9 rec5t geological times a %eet ( lava came d[n ! valley f ! ,*yulu ,m\nta9s & *ok$ its fl[4 ,x appe>s f "u a lava-b$ ne> ! railway /ation & runs = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile1 & !n disappe>s entirely & reappe>s 9 ?ree s\rces1 jo9+ up at ,kilui ,lake4 ,! eruptions :i* caus$ ?is are ( s rec5t a date t q possibly ! leg5d above n>rat$ may be f\nd$ on fact & may conta9 "s ve/ige ( ! record ( an actual occurr5ce dur+ ! la/ phases ( volcanic activity 9 ?is region4 ,9 ! au?or's book on ! ,a-,kamba1 p4 #afg1 m5tion 0 made ( a haunt$ hill 9 ! ,kibwezi region2 x is ( volcanic orig91 & is reg>d$ ) great awe by ! p4 ,x is call$ ,*umbi & is situat$ ne> ! s\? end ( ! ,*yulu ,range on ! ea/]n side4 ,!re are two small hills1 "o be+ bu%-cov]$1 & ! o!r s rec5t t no bu% has yet tak5 root on x4 ,x is said by "s t ! latt] 0 only =m$ "s fifty ye>s ago4 ,! p w only discuss x ) ^? :om !y "k v intimately1 b x is said t a rhy?mic beat1 attribut$ to ! female spirits cru%+ corn 9 mort>s & keep+ "t ) ea* o!r1 c be he>d1 z "o approa*es ! place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a native c\ld be p]suad$ to guide "o !re1 x w\ld be probably f\nd t ?is rhy?mic beat is due to ! s\nd ( a pulsat+ /eam v5t4 ,x is also said t :5 an intrud] approa*es ! hill a ru%+ w9d comes & sweeps him up into ! hill & he is nev] se5 aga94 ,! fir/ native :o told a ,european ab\t ?is awesome place is said to h sick5$ & di$ %ortly aft]w>ds4 ,leg5d ,reg>d+ ,orig9 ( ,fire4--,! ,kikuyu h a curi\s folk tale conc]n+ ! orig9 ( fire4 ,?is has n[ become m]ely a fairy-tale told to *ildr54 ,a long "t ago a man borr[$ a spe>1 katimu1 f a neighb\r to kill a porcup9e :i* 0 de/roy+ 8 crops4 ,he lay 9 wait 9 ! field & ev5tually spe>$ "o1 b x 0 only w\nd$ & ran (f ) ! spe> 9 its body & disappe>$ d[n a burr[4 ,he w5t to ! own] & told him t ! spe> 0 lo/1 b ! own] insi/$ on hav+ x back4 ,:]eupon1 ! man b\ght a new spe> & (f]$ x to ! own] 9 place ( ! lo/ weapon1 b ! own] refus$ x & aga9 insi/$ on ! return ( ! orig9al spe>4 ,! man !n proce$$ to crawl d[n ! porcup9e burr[1 & hav+ crawl$ a long way f\nd himself ev5tually1 to 8 surprise1 9 a place :]e _m p 7 sitt+ ab\t cook+ food by a fire4 ,!y ask$ him :at he want$ & he told !m ( 8 err&4 ,!y !n invit$ him to /ay & eat ) !m2 he 0 afraid & said he c\ld n /ay z he mu/ g back ) ! spe> :i* he saw ly+ !re4 ,!y made no ef=t to keep him1 b told him to climb up ! roots ( a mugumu tree1 :i* p5etrat$ d[n into ! cav]n1 & said t he w\ld soon come out into ! upp] _w4 ,!y gave him "s fire to take back ) him4 ,s he took ! spe> & ! fire & climb$ out z he 0 told4 ,?is is said to be ! way fire came to man2 be=e t p ate _! food raw4 ,:5 ! man rea*$ 8 fri5ds he return$ ! spe> & said to ! own]1 8,y h caus$ me a great deal ( tr\ble to recov] y\r spe>1 & if y want "s ( ?is fire :i* y see go+ away into smoke1 y w h to climb up ! smoke & get x back = me40 ,! own] ( ! spe> tri$ & tri$ to climb ! smoke b c\ld n d x1 & ! eld]s !n came & int]v5$ & said1 8,we w make ! foll[+ arrangem5t3 fire %all be = ! use ( all1 & because y h br\ght x y %all be our *ief40 ,! und]world ref]r$ to 9 ?is tale is call$ ,miri ya mikeongoi4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,dances ,kikuyu4--,!re are1 accord+ to tru/wor?y au?orities1 a l>ge numb] ( ,kikuyu dances4 ,x is difficult to give an exhau/ive li/ ( ^!1 z x has be5 impossible to trace !m all4 ,! ^w ngoma 7a dance1 ,swahili7 has su* a v wide mean+ t x is difficult to say :]e dances beg9 or end4 ,a girl mu/ n refuse to dance :5 call$ ^u to d s by ! anake 7w>rior class72 if %e does s %e may be beat5 by !m & h] p>5ts _c int]f]e4 ,g5]ally1 9 su* cases1 a mwanake w deprive h] ( h] ornam5ts & %e _c !n dance until %e gets !m back4 ,! mwanake :o takes ! ornam5ts _c keep !m1 b mu/ divide !m ) ! o!r anake4 ,if he breaks !m he has to make uji 7gruel7 = ! o!r anake2 if he hurts ! girl :5 tak+ h] ornam5ts he has to pay a goat to ! eld]s1 b h] p>5ts get no?+4 ,! pr9cipal dances ( ! anake are connect$ ) h>ve/ & crops2 ! mo/ important ( ^! is ! ,kivata dance4 ,9 ?is only c]ta9 rikas1 or age grades1 may take "p2 at pres5t only ! rikas nam$ ,k9*eku1 ,kam&u1 ,kanyeta1 & ,mutungu dance ! ,kivata1 :ile ! rikas ( ,s5g5ge1 ,matiha1 ,nj>ege1 ,kangei1 & ,makiomei are n all[$ to jo9 94 ,=m]ly ! junior rikas 7 n ev5 p]mitt$ to look on1 b n[ !y d s & frequ5tly try to take "p 9 ! same2 :i* leads to fi]ce fights & n a few dea?s4 ,! eld]s are !re=e mu* aga9/ ?is dance1 & h (t5 =bidd5 x4 ,=m]ly if ! eld]s wi%$ to prohibit a dance !y w\ld g to a place :]e x 0 to be held1 & lay a cook+ pot on ! gr\nd2 a bran* ( ! mug]e tree 0 /uck beside x1 & ! anake c\ld n dance !re unless !y 7 return+ f a raid on enemy's c\ntry4 ,?is cu/om is /ill practis$1 = 9 ,kyambu di/rict a few ye>s ago ! eld]s = "s reason wi%$ to prev5t a ,kivata dance1 & !y resort$ to ! old rite4 ,kivata is danc$ :5 ! mawele gra9 is reap$4 ,! danc]s we> no clo!s :atsoev]2 !y are ornam5t$ ) a l>ge inv]t$ cr[n ( o/ri* fea!rs :i* is slung f ! =ehead to ! back ( ! head4 ,/r+s ( beads & bells are hung ab\t ! body1 & plumes ( colobus monkey fur are ti$ bel[ ! knees4 ,9 _m cases ! face is cov]$ completely ) yell[ col\r+1 ! lo9s be+ likewise adorn$2 o!rs affect v>i\s col\rs 9 /ripes & dots4 ,! legs & arms are also col\r$4 ,! weapons c>ri$ are mo/ly swords & clubs2 v few h spe>s1 b ! y\ng] rikas1 :o look on1 g5]ally h spe>s4 ,_! faces are (t5 decorat$ ) a broad r$ /ripe drawn across ! face & outl9$ ) :ite dots4 ,! danc]s m>* r\nd 9 r[s ( f six to eight1 ! danc+ consi/+ ma9ly 9 a cont9u$ jump+ f "o foot to ! o!r4 ,! wom5 br+ g\rds ( uji1 or gruel1 :i* !y give to ! danc]s & !reby signify _! affections4 ,! dance is said to be a g5]al occasion = *oos+ brides by old m5 z well z by anake4 ,_m ( ! onlook]s 7n ! y\ng] rikas7 run madly r\nd ! :ole circle1 br&i%+ swords & leap+ into ! air4 ,! "n ( ! dance is said to be d]iv$ f ?is4 ,ev5 ! old m5 :o are spectators become infect$ ) ! _s ( ! dance1 ca/ (f _! blankets & trot r\nd ! outside ( ! circle4 ,9 fact x appe>s to be ess5tial to disc>d clo?+1 = if "o omits to d s he is c5sur$ by 8 fell[s4 ,! wom5 also foll[ ! m5 ) %rill cries1 b o!rwise !y take no "p4 ,at "o ( ^! dances sev]al girls 7 notic$ amus+ !mselves by a game exactly simil> to "o play$ by *ildr5 9 ,europe1 & :i* consi/s 9 clapp+ h&s4 ,?is is call$ ,amukiana4 ,:5 ! njahe or cajanus bean is plant$ ! ,mugoyo is danc$4 ,?is dance is held at night :5 !re is no moon1 & is "o ( ! mo/ picturesque dances ( ! c\ntry4 ,a circle ( fires is made & ma9ta9$ by m5 appo9t$ = ! purpose1 & r\nd ! outside ( ?is circle /& ! danc]s4 ,ri*ly sme>$ ) r$ e>? & fat z !y are1 ! fire height5+ ! blaze ( r$1 ! :ole sc5e is int5sely bright 9 ! d>kness4 ,! m5 /& ) _! backs to ! fire1 ea* hold+ 8 p>tn]1 :o /&s ) h] feet on 84 ,_! faces & legs are slightly col\r$1 b ! girls use no col\r+ beyond ! r$ mix$ ) fat4 ,=m+ a diamet] across ! circle /&s ano!r r[ ( danc]s4 ,! lead] ( ! m>ibeta 7song or v]se7 goes ab\t & ! re/ jo9 9 ! *orus4 ,except+ = a slight movem5t ( ! %\ld]s among ! danc]s ! :ole dance has an air ( quietness :i* is presumably int5tional4 ,!re are ma/]s ( c]emony :o g ab\t & *eck noisy p]sons1 pres]v+ g5]al quiet & ! regul> =mation ( ! circle4 ,_! me?ods are simple & effective3 two firebr&s are /ruck toge!r ov] (f5d+ c\ples1 & a %[] ( sp>ks ?us quickly calls !m to ord]4 ,all ! m5 are nak$ b elaborately ornam5t$2 un=tunately ! vulg>ity ( civilisation too (t5 m>s ! beauty ( ?is picturesque sc5e4 ,"o sm>t y\? has dangl+ on 8 back an adv]tisem5t = s>d9es1 ano!r a gaudy scriptural text1 & o!rs1 simil> *eap articles ( ,european orig94 ,occasionally ! figure ( ! dance v>ies--! m5 turn fac+ ! fire & bump up & d[n on _! heels2 ano!r "t !y kneel jo9+ h&s on spe>s held horizontally :i* !y sway to ! rhy?m ( ! song4 ,! song is n />tl+ly compreh5sible3 8,we w5t to ,juja & saw a :ite o/ri*1 s we put its fea!rs on our heads10 & su* l4 ,! girls also jo9 9 ! *orus1 :ile ! m5 n[ & aga9 make a curi\s gulp+ s\nd produc$ f ! ?roat4 ,f9ally at midnight1 or lat]1 ! dance breaks up3 ea* mwanake takes a firebr&1 & ! c\ntry is soon dott$ 9 e direction ) small spots ( fire4 ,at su* a dance a man 0 se5 c>ry+ a clay figure ( ! k9d describ$ by ,mr ,r\tl$ge4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 "p ( ! c]emony1 & ! man :o 0 c>ry+ x 9 8 h& 0 n danc+4 ,?is image is a common feature 9 dances1 b its significance is n kn[n ev5 to ! p !mselves4 ,judg+ f ,mr ,r\tl$ge's description1 !re=e1 ! figure mu/ ei!r h lo/ its mean+ among ! ,kikuyu we/ ( ! ,*ania1 or x mu/ h acquir$ a new & increas$ significance 9 ! ,k5ya area4 ,ano!r dance connect$ ) ! crops is ,ki*ukia1 :i* is held :5 ! mawele is six to eight in*es high4 ,x is danc$ bo? at night :5 !re is a moon1 & 9 ! daytime4 ,! au?or has n se5 ?is dance4 ,x mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ,njukia1 :i* is call$ ?us because ! girls d n *oose ! song4 ,bo? are danc$ by girls & anake toge!r2 ! latt] dance is held ab\t ! mon? ( ,july1 & 9 ! morn+ only4 ,muzogo4--,?is is also danc$ by anake & girls on d>k nights by firelight1 & is v simil> to ! ,mugoyo bo? 9 "n & "*1 b is danc$ :5 ! maize is ne>ly ripe4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important dances = "y m5 is ,nguru4 ,9 #aiab x 0 held all ov] ! di/rict 9 ! mon? ( ,septemb]2 x does n seem to be 9 any way connect$ ) crops1 b d5otes r a "t ( re/ & leisure :ile !re is no "w 9 ! field4 ,x is danc$ by "y m5 & boys only1 b ! latt] are said to jo9 m]ely = in/ruction2 anyone may look on4 ,! dance comm5ces ) a sort ( 8foll[ my lead]0 m>*1 aft] :i* !re is cont9u$ jump+ up & d[n ) great vig\r1 al?\gh ! heels are n lift$ (f ! gr\nd4 ,a cont9u\s song is ma9ta9$ by "o man2 !re is no *orus4 ,! dance some:at resembles ,kivata1 b ! body pa9t+ is mu* less pr(use4 ,no spe>s are c>ri$1 b among ! p ea/ ( ! ,ruiru ,riv] x is cu/om>y to dance ) %ields1 :i*1 dur+ ! m>*1 are held al(t ov] ! head4 ,/icks ) wisps ( fur are c>ri$4 ,a curi\s feature is ! we>+ ( sk9 apron flaps su* z are worn by wom52 :5 ! season = ?is dance is ov] ^! cov]+s are giv5 to small girls to we>4 ,! ma9 feature ( ?is dance is ! eat+ ( meat by ! danc]s & eld]s4 ,ev]yone :o dances mu/ contribute to ! co/ ( buy+ bulls to supply ! meat :i* is eat5 9 common by ! danc]s at a hut built ne> a riv]4 ,! danc+ :i* takes place at diff]5t villages goes on day by day until ! meat is f9i%$2 ! bladd]s ( ! slaught]$ bea/s are v common articles ( decoration 9 ! dance4 ,! eld]s1 if !y contribute1 are giv5 a %>e ( ! meat1 :i* !y eat ap>t f ! "y m54 ,9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,kikuyu meat-eat+ is n a "p ( ! ,nguru dance1 b at ! same "t ( ! ye> sev]al m51 bo? old & "y1 club toge!r & buy meat :i* is eat5 at a common meal2 ?is cu/om is call$ kiruga4 ,at ?is "t p are suppos$ to lose /r5g?1 & !re=e require good n\ri%+2 ?is is said to be ! reason = ! cu/om4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 to be a g5]al "t = fea/+ all ov] ,kikuyu4 ,?is dance is said by ,mr ,r\tl$ge to be "o held by w>riors be=e go+ to w>1 b ?is c h>dly be s see+ t x is p]=m$ at a fix$ season 9 ! ye>4 ,if x 7 s x mu/ be a relic ( a v old cu/om1 :5 possibly ! tribe _h a fav\rite "t = raid+4 ,!re is ?us a cont9ual r\nd ( dances = ! anake1 & !y cont9ue = a fix$ p]iod4 ,"o %\ld !re=e be able to reckon ! seasons by ! dances1 b z a matt] ( fact !y may be v irregul>ly held4 ,= in/ance 9 #aiab mo/ ( ! dances1 ,kivata 9 p>ticul>1 7 q out ( season1 & ?is 0 only ow+ to ! previ\s heavy ra9s 9 :i* ! p c\ld n dance4 ,! anake w1 h[ev]1 h _! dances1 & if ! season is unsuitable !y w dance x at ano!r "t4 ,x is probable t ! significance ( ! dance z connect$ ) ! crops is beg9n+ to be lo/4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t al?\gh !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! seasons prevail+ 9 ! highl&s & ! l[l&s1 ! dances are mo/ly held at ! same p]iod all along "o ridge4 ,x ?us happ5s t ! highl&]s are (t5 completely out ( season 9 _! dances4 ,! fact is t ! ,=t ,hall ,kikuyu give ! lead1 & ! dances spread we/w>d s t ! l[l&]s ev5 9 ,kyambu may n be danc+ q at ! prop] season4 ,=t ,hall is1 on ! :ole1 ! au?ority = ! ,kikuyu cu/oms1 :e!r because x is ! bir?place ( ! tribe or n1 "o _c say1 b ! lead giv5 by ,=t ,hall is analog\s to t giv5 by ,ma*akos to ! ,kamba ( ,kitui4 ,^! facts give a curi\s in/ance ( h[ a cu/om may lose its mean+2 we h "h an example ( a cu/om sup]s$+ its own orig94 ,! uncircumcis$ boys & girls are call$ irego4 ,_! pr9cipal dance is ,ngoisia4 ,!re is no p>ticul> season = ?is1 & x is danc$ bo? 9 ! daytime & at night2 9 ! =m] case anyone may wat* x1 b at night only ! inmates ( ! village 9 :i* x is held may be pres5t4 ,be=e ! circumcision fea/s a dance call$ ,kibuiya is danc$ by circumcis$ & uncircumcis$ boys4 ,x is s call$ because ( ! buffalo horns worn by ! boys1 b ?is dance is n[ said to be practically ext9ct1 ma9ly because !y _c get buffalo horns4 ,= wom5 !re are two dances :i* are3 ,getiro--,?is is a m>riage dance & is held fir/ at ! bride's village & 9 ! ev5+ at ! bridegroom's village4 ,ndumo--,?is is danc$ by wom5 at ! close ( ! ,kikuyu ye>4 ,x takes place 9 a village1 b anyone may be pres5t4 ,9 ,kikuyu ! eld]s h only "o dance1 call$ ,mu?ungwei1 :i* !y dance toge!r ) ! wom52 its "n is said to be d]iv$ f ! nodd+ ( ! head 9 ! dance4 ,only eld]s c dance x1 & a woman _c jo9 unless h] husb& is entitl$ to dance4 ,x is held 9 an op5 space outside a village4 ,mr ,r\tl$ge m5tions ?ree o!r dances1 b he 0 probably misl$ by ! words us$4 ,two ( ^!1 ,keoana & ,ku95]a1 are v]bs mean+ to dance or s+4 ,! ?ird1 ,ndoro?i1 is ! "n giv5 to a /ick c>ri$ by y\?s at circumcision fea/s4 ,x is topp$ ) a tuft ( colobus monkey fur & is c>ri$ until ! ev5+ be=e ! c]emony4 ,on t ev5+1 all ^? ab\t to be circumcis$ race to a mugumu tree & ?r[ ! ,ndoro?i /icks at ! foot ( ! tree4 ,at ! "t ( circumcision !re is1 aga91 ! ,mambura dance4 ,! boys travel ab\t ! c\ntry1 _! bodies pa9t$ :ite1 & we>+ curi\s wood5 %ields on _! arms above ! elb[4 ,natives1 ( c\rse1 (t5 s+ ei!r 9 *orus or s+ly1 & at any "t2 su* songs are also call$ ngoma4 ,on "o occasion ! au?or met a man :o 0 a sort ( primitive travell+ m9/rel4 ,x 0 8 vocation 9 life to g ab\t ! c\ntry s++ songs1 = :i* p gave him a few c5ts4 ,! natives said t he 0 ! only man kn[n to d ?is1 & he 0 !re=e p]haps r a freak4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,wom5 ,,z ,a ,,factor ,,9 ,,tribal ,,organisation ,al?\gh f> f negligible1 ! "p play$ by wom5 9 ! life ( a savage tribe is v apt to be ov]look$ by a man4 ,! reasons are obvi\s2 ! ,african woman is n obtrusive2 %e is p]petually busy1 & "o r>ely comes into contact ) h]4 ,h] inn] ?\ghts & beliefs are a seal$ book to ! inve/igator1 & "o is at fir/ incl9$ to believe t h] influ5ce is n wor? consid]ation4 ,! long] ! exp]i5ce1 ! m cle>ly "o realises t ?is lack ( in=mation ab\t ! woman is "o ( ! weak po9ts ( any inquiry4 ,among ! ,kikuyu !re is a c\ncil1 or kiama1 ( old wom5 9 e di/rict2 !y collect goats p]iodically & pres5t !m to ! eld]s ( ukuru1 or prie/ly class4 ,!y occasionally f9e tr\blesome wom51 & ! f9e1 usually a goat1 has to be obta9$ by ! culprit ei!r by extra "w or by begg+ "o f h] fa!r4 ,! m5 fe> ! wom5's kiama1 z x is believ$ t ! memb]s ( x h ! p[] to bewit* p4 ,x is to be regrett$ t s little is kn[n ab\t ! me?ods ( initiation & ! scope ( _! activities 9 ?is direction1 b complete in=mation c\ld only be obta9$ by a female inve/igator :o has exceptional opportunity & great sympa?y4 ,! (ficial recognition ( ! wife ( a c&idate = admission into ! grade ( ukuru among ! ,kikuyu has be5 describ$ at ano!r place4 ,?is is unusual 9 ,african ritual1 b c readily be und]/ood :5 "o le>ns t old wom51 pa/ ! *ild-be>+ age1 c p>ticipate 9 sacrificial c]emonies at ! sacr$ trees4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! gr[? ( c]eal & o!r vegetable food falls to ! woman1 & !y alone are responsible = ! food ( ! family4 ,?is leads to great difficulty1 z ! wom5 are int5sely cons]vative1 & :5 an en]getic di/rict (fic] wi%es to improve ! economic products ( 8 di/rict & di/ribute bett] se$s he is inv>iably up aga9/ ! opposition ( ! wom51 :i* is v difficult to ov]come4 ,! woman kn[s by long exp]i5ce t1 giv5 a c]ta9 area1 a c]ta9 se$1 & a c]ta9 ra9fall %e c fe$ ! family1 & "o c und]/& t %e %\ld be lo? to wa/e lab\r on exp]im5ts1 ! result ( :i* is d\btful4 ,?is feel+ is v deep-root$1 & consequ5tly mo/ difficult to ov]come3 ! same ob/acles are met ) 9 connection ) ! introduction ( big ,european hoes = agriculture4 ,! ,african woman has = g5]ations done h] plant+ ) ei!r a digg+ /ick or ! small ,african hoe2 ! tiresome ,european comes along & worries ! m5 to buy ! big heavy hoe1 & "o c he> ! annoy$ woman inquir+ ( h] husb& :y %e is be+ bo!r$ to give up ! implem5t %e has be5 br\ght up to use ) "o h&1 = a /range ?+ :i* is m exp5sive & requires two h&s4 ,= all t1 h[ev]1 ! ,european hoe is mak+ good progress1 & w ev5tually w94 ,x is hop$ t ?is1 & ! introduction ( ox-drawn pl\ghs1 w result 9 ! male section ( ! population tak+ a m active "p 9 agriculture1 & alleviat+ ! lot ( ! wom54 ,x is believ$ t if in/ructors c\ld be detail$ to travel ab\t & demon/rate ! b5efits ( utilis+ ox5 to pl\gh1 wom5 w\ld soon *ampion ! cause ( progress4 ,! male ,african 9 8 home life is n not$ = p]si/5t /eady "w2 ! wom51 on ! o!r h&1 are nev] idle1 & are )al *e]ful & uncompla9+ ab\t _! lot1 & n ne>ly s d[n-trodd5 z "s p believe4 ,9 mo/ tribes !y are well-treat$2 _! lot among ! ,masai is probably h>d] ?an among agricultural tribes2 ! old wom5 h to g on wat* at night 9 ! cattle kraal & (t5 get beat5 if !y fall asleep4 ,9 ,kavirondo1 on ! o!r h&1 ! "m ( ! head ( ! village is (t5 ! mo/ important p]son 9 ! village1 & h] op9ion is g5]ally s\ght ev5 on political matt]s :i* lie outside ! ord9>y sph]e ( a woman's influ5ce2 ! affection ( ! ,kavirondo = _! mo!rs is1 h[ev]1 a v m>k$ trait 9 _! "*4 ,among ! ,a-,kamba ! fact t manife/ations f ! _s w\ld ne>ly always come ?r\gh ! m\?s ( wom5 und\bt$ly proves t ! sex plays an important "p 9 ! life ( ! p4 ,! fact t 9 bo? ,ukamba & ,giriama old wom5 h 9 rec5t ye>s turn$ out to be at ! bottom ( s]i\s political agitation also demon/rates ?is po9t4 ,! influ5ce ( a woman ov] h] *ildr5 is ! same all ! _w ov]1 b ow+ to ! long p]iod ( lactation preval5t 9 ,african society1 & possibly among any polygam\s community1 ! ,african "m might be expect$ to be m ti$ by h] *ildr5 ?an a ,european "m2 su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case1 & ! baby is tak5 ev]y:]e ) ! "m--to m>ket1 to ! field1 out into ! bu% :5 firewood has to be ga!r$1 & to ! riv] or wat]-hole4 ,! fir/ sep>ation is :5 ! small boy fir/ goes out to h]d ! goats2 ! small girl /ays on ) h] "m & trots by h] side & assi/s h] 9 h] v>i\s duties4 ,?is cont9ues until ! boy is promot$ to h]d cattle & !n goes out into ! wid] _w & comes into contact ) civilis+ influ5ces & ,european progress :i* _c fail to enl>ge 8 horizon & increase 8 k ( m5 & affairs4 ,! girl1 h[ev]1 /ays on ) h] "m 9 ! n>r[ life ( an ,african village4 ,! diff]5ce ( environm5t at ! =mative /age ( life is ?us ev] produc+ a great disp>ity betwe5 ! m5tal developm5t ( ! two sexes1 & mu/1 z "t goes on1 prove m & m a di/urb+ factor 9 tribal life4 ,ow+ to ! m>riage value ( girls _! p>5ts are lo? to all[ !m to g f> f home2 ! mission>ies compla9 ( ?is z "o ( _! greate/ difficulties4 ,boys c be attract$ to ! missions = in/ruction1 b x is v difficult to induce p>5ts to all[ _! daught]s to g to s*ool4 ,! old wom5 say t if !y g to s*ool _! heads w be turn$1 t !y w want to be f9e ladies1 z ! say+ goes1 & w n take k9dly to agriculture1 ! collection ( firewood1 & o!r h\sehold duties4 ,!re is probably a l>ge am\nt ( tru? 9 ! accusation1 = education w\ld und\bt$ly op5 _! eyes to ! life ( drudg]y !y lead2 !y w\ld1 z f> z physical lab\r goes1 h an easi] "t :ile at a mission1 & w\ld feel ! return to a h>d] life4 ,! :ole "q is a problem :i* "t alone c solve1 & a prop] adju/m5t ( ! sph]e ( activity ( ! two sexes w take _m ye>s4 ,x may be ( "s int]e/ to review ! class ( "w :i* is ! special duty ( ! wom54 ,_! prim>y duty may be said to be ! rais+ ( food1 be x 9 ! =m ( gra91 beans1 bananas1 sweet potatoes1 etc4 ,!y s[1 !y t5d ! fields dur+ ! gr[? ( ! crop1 & !n reap ! gra91 ?re% x1 /ore x1 cru% x 9 wood5 mort>s1 & gr9d x into meal4 ,9 mo/ tribes ! cle>+ ( ! bu% & ! heavy "w ( break+ up new gr\nd devolves on ! m51 & 9 ,kavirondo ! m5 assi/ to a great ext5t 9 actual agriculture4 ,:]e natives irrigate1 ?is bran* ( agriculture is always 9 ! h&s ( ! m54 ,z ! produc]s ( food1 x naturally becomes ! duty ( ! wom5 to make ! supply ( be] = ! family4 ,9 ,kikuyu "y girls cru% ! sug> cane 9 mort>s made out ( a log ( wood ) r\nd holes 9 x1 & !y !n squeeze out ! sweet sap & brew ! be]4 ,!y und]/& ! art ( malt+ gra9 & ! manufacture ( be] f c]eals4 ,hav+ gr[n ! food1 ! cook+ ( x naturally falls to !m2 !y "k ! wild gre5 h]bs :i* are us$ z gre5 food1 p>ticul>ly 9 times ( sc>city1 & ! wild edible roots :i* are s\ght = at su* p]iods4 ,! collection ( firewood to cook ! food & ! transport ( ! wat] us$ also falls to ! wom54 ,! manufacture ( ! cook+ pots & o!r h\sehold ut5sils is g5]ally wom5's "w4 ,9 ,ug&a1 h[ev]1 x is z a rule done by m54 ,smi?'s "w is nev] done by wom51 ?is indu/ry be+ a monopoly ( man2 !re w\ld be a prejudice aga9/ any arms or weapons made by wom51 & by analogy x is !re=e believ$ t ! p]sons :o made ! /one implem5ts :i* we are beg9n+ to f9d 9 ,africa 7 m54 ,! collection ( honey & ! manipulation ( bees is also nev] done by wom54 ,! basket "w us$ 9 ! villages is almo/ always made by wom51 & also sleep+ mats4 ,! rule is1 h[ev]1 n inv>iable1 = an old influ5tial eld] 9 ,giriama 0 rec5tly se5 plait+ a mat1 possibly because he 0 too infirm to d m active "w4 ,! /r+ bags1 s+ul>1 *ondo1 plural1 vyondo1 us$ by ! ,a-,kamba are always made by ! wom54 ,wood cutt+ or rude c>p5try is ! "w ( ! m52 if b$/eads are us$ !y are made by ! m51 also ! ornam5tal /aves & /ools s ext5sively us$4 ,if sk9 g>m5ts are worn1 ! woman w bray ! goat sk9s %e we>s & t 9 :i* %e c>ries h] *ild4 ,:5 ! m5 h n rea*$ ! blanket /age !y usually g nak$ or we> an ox hide1 & ?is !y g5]ally prep>e !mselves4 ,lea!r "w = weapons is always done by ! m54 ,9 ,ug&a ! b>k clo? is made by m54 ,! bead "w affect$ by "s tribes is ne>ly always done by ! wom51 b 9 ,kikuyu a "y d&y w (t5 be se5 sew+ beads on to a bit ( hide4 ,metal "w us$ z ornam5t is always done by ! m52 ! beautiful iron *a9 "w ( ,ukamba is man's monopoly2 any work+ 9 ivory1 su* z armlets1 mu/ be done by m54 ,ea* wife 9 an ,african family usually has d$icat$ to h] p>ticul> use a c]ta9 numb] ( cattle2 !y are n h] prop]ty1 b %e has ! sole disposal ( _! milk = ! use ( h] *ildr54 ,! adult ,a-,kamba & o!rs also dr9k a consid]able am\nt ( curdl$ milk1 & ea* wife keeps a supply = h] husb& & 8 fri5ds4 ,to :at ext5t wom5 h assi/$ 9 ! dome/ication ( animals is n[ a matt] ( "s conjecture1 b !re is little d\bt t ! m5 caught ! animals1 probably "y ones1 :5 out on hunt+ exp$itions1 & h&$ !m ov] to ! wom5 to re>4 ,x is noticeable t among ,african tribes a woman nev] owns live /ock1 & probably nev] did1 ev5 9 matri>*al times4 ,! wom5 are l>gely responsible = ! h&+ on ( ! folk lore ( a tribe & und\bt$ly tea* x to _! *ildr51 z is done 9 ,europe to-day4 ,! m51 h[ev]1 (t5 unconsci\sly help 9 ?is1 = at a fri5dly be]-dr9k+ ga!r+ eld]s w rec\nt folk tales1 out ( ! /ores ( _! exp]i5ce1 to ! assembl$ company1 & "o tale w rem9d someone ( ano!r & he w try to cap ! previ\s /ory by "o m wond]ful4 ,wom5 h done a good deal1 h[ev]1 = ! developm5t & bl5d+ ( folk lore4 ,9 times pa/ :5 int]-tribal conflict 0 common1 wom5 7 frequ5tly c>ri$ (f & ?us became incorporat$ ) ano!r tribe2 !y c>ri$ _! folk tales ) !m1 & unconsci\sly ! /ories1 z well z ! blood ( a tribe1 became modifi$4 ,! influ5ce ( wom5 9 fix+ a language mu/ n be ov]look$2 ! "m tea*es x to h] *ildr51 n actively p]haps1 b ! "y *ild is 9 close/ association ) ! "m & assimilates h] spee*1 &1 ( c\rse1 captur$ wom5 w1 if 9 any numb]1 br+ =eign words ) !m1 & may be in/rum5tal 9 _! g5]al adoption4 ,european wom5 may consid] t none ( h] si/]s1 ev5 9 ,africa1 c\ld will+ly acquiesce 9 a polygam\s life2 su*1 h[ev]1 is n ! case4 ,! burd5 ( life falls heavily on ! ,african woman1 & %e is1 z a rule1 only too pleas$ to welcome a new wife to %>e h] burd5 ( "w4 ,sev]al cases h be5 obs]v$ ( wom5 worry+ _! husb&s to take a second wife1 & a s5ior wife w (t5 lodge a new wife 9 h] hut until %e becomes settl$ d[n 9 ! village & h] own hut is ready4 ,!re are d\btless qu>rels1 b1 on ! :ole1 ! family lives 9 amity & x is believ$ t jeal\sy 9 ! ,european s5se does n loom v l>ge2 fi]ce feel+ is1 h[ev]1 sometimes ar\s$ if a husb& unfairly fav\rs "o wife 9 ! allotm5t ( cattle4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,"s ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,! writ]'s ma9 object has be5 to demon/rate ! fact t ! tribes "u review possess a sy/em ( natural religion m elaborate ?an 0 hi!rto suspect$1 & he mu/ frankly admit t1 al?\gh liv+ = "s ye>s 9 close t\* ) ^! natives1 he _h no idea ( ! ext5t & v>iety ( ! c]emonial connect$ ) ! tabu beliefs1 sacrifice1 & o!r cognate bran*es ( _! beliefs4 ,! light :i* ! inquiry has ?r[n ^u ! complex nature ( a native's life is some:at ( a revelation4 ,x %\ld s]ve z a w>n+ to ra% re=m]s :o consid] t s-call$ pagan hea!ndom c be aboli%$ by a /roke ( ! p54 ,?is attitude %\ld mo/ c]ta9ly be avoid$ 9 ,africa z mu* z 9 ,india4 ,! beliefs ( an ,african are z real to him z ^? ( a ,buddhi/1 al?\gh !y may belong to diff]5t & m primitive plane ( ?\ght4 ,! influ5ce ( ! spirits1 or ! belief 9 _! influ5ce :i* 9 fact comes to ! same ?+1 is1 z x 71 ! real key to a close und]/&+ ( ! native m9d4 ,! native m9d is s p]meat$ ) ^! beliefs1 & !y consequ5tly h su* a pr(\nd effect on 8 actions t1 until ?is po9t has be5 ?or\ghly grasp$1 we are b\nd to be p]petually br\ght face to face ) absolute enigmas4 ,progressive ,europeans are at times apt to sne] at native beliefs & to feel v impati5t ) !m2 !re is no d\bt t1 g5]ally speak+1 ^! beliefs t5d to *eck progress & developm5t1 z we und]/& !m4 ,al?\gh ?is _c be d5i$1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t1 on ! :ole1 !y und\bt$ly act z moral re/ra9ts & p]=m 9 v mu* ! same way ! functions :i* a dogmatic religion fulfils among p ( a high] culture4 ,ev5 if ,gov]nm5t =mally aboli%$ ! c]emonial by legislation1 ! belief w\ld n be affect$ "o iota2 ea* p has to reckon ) its own gods1 & be=e ! indig5\s religion is (ficially disc\nt5anc$1 ! rul+ p[] mu/ be sure t x has some?+ bett] & equally suit$ to ! native m9d to put 9 ! place ( a fai? x tries to displace4 ,o!rwise mat]ialism w result1 & ! effect ( ?is negation ( fai?1 & fre$om f all moral re/ra9t ^u a savage w\ld be mo/ disa/r\s4 ,!re is practical evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! crim9al t5d5cies ev9c$ by numb]s ( natives :o h drift$ into ! up-c\ntry t[ns 9 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa & cut !mselves adrift f _! tribal life4 ,to :at ext5t ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity w supply discipl9e & fit ! spiritual ne$s ( a p at ?is /age ( culture is n yet q cle>4 ,:ile n oppos+ mission>y ef=t1 x w\ld !re=e appe> to be imp]ative to /udy c>efully _! pres5t beliefs & n give ! impression ( try+ to cru% !m2 at ! same "t1 ) ! influ5ce bas$ on ! k acquir$1 ! p c\ld be gradually induc$ to give up any repugnant features & reta9 ! bett] elem5ts ( _! ritual4 ,x is n sugge/$ t ?is is a policy ( f9ality1 b x is important at ?is juncture to avoid ! spread ( an impression t ! ,europeans h set out to cru% ! deep-seat$ & *]i%$ natural religion :i* ! natives n[ possess4 ,! spread ( an idea ( ?is "* w d z mu* z any?+ to ali5ate ! sympa?ies ( ! blacks & may prove a cause ( s]i\s antagonism4 ,! ne$ = high] philosophy w gradually spread1 b let ! crav+ come f )94 ,x is ( great int]e/ to note h[ readily ! m intellig5t eld]s respond to inquiry into _! beliefs once !y are conv9c$ t x is und]tak5 9 ! prop] _s1 & no?+ conv9ces !m s mu* ( ! bona fides ( our adm9i/rative int5tions z a sympa!tic /udy ( _! cu/oms & a demon/ration ( "o's k ( !m4 ,x is !re=e ma9ta9$ t ! /udy ( ^! que/ions is n m]ely academic b "o ( ! greate/ practical value to ! adm9i/rator1 ! mission>y1 & ! coloni/1 z well z ! /ud5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to %[ h[ ^! que/ions may frequ5tly affect ! coloni/4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,kikuyu p =m ! bulk ( ! lab\r supply ( ! upl& coloni/s 9 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 & compla9ts are (t5 receiv$ f employ]s ( its caprici\s nature4 ,^u inve/igation x 0 f\nd t1 ap>t f ! natural ebb & fl[ ( ?is supply1 ! *>ge ( caprice 0 well f\nd$1 i4e41 !re 7 _m cases ( des]tion1 (t5 )\t any suspicion ( ill-treatm5t2 fur!r1 9 "s cases x 0 discov]$ t ?is des]tion 0 traceable to a belief on ! "p ( ! individual t x 0 necess>y to g away to get dawa1 :i* is ! g5]al local synonym = m$ic9e1 :e!r ( ! nature ( drugs or magical 9 "*4 ,! "q !n arose z to :y su* frequ5t calls occurr$1 & x 0 a long "t be=e a def9ite clue c\ld be obta9$1 b ! pr9ciples gradually unfold$ & became cle> & 7 f\nd to re/ on ! necessity ( obta9+ c]emonial purification to free ! individual f ei!r a ?ahu or ! impurity left by a dea? 9 ! family1 z has be5 describ$ 9 ?is "w4 ,x is 9 fact difficult at fir/ to believe h[ complex a native's social life may be4 ,x may n be imm$iately obvi\s h[ a k ( ^! beliefs c ameliorate ! difficulty1 b ! po9t is t if a man des]ts )\t leave he breaks 8 contract ( s]vice & d>e n v5ture back = a long "t 9 case he %\ld be id5tifi$ & puni%$1 :]eas if he kn[s t 8 ma/] und]/&s 8 beliefs he w probably g & tell him & ask if he c g away = a day or s & c>ry out ! necess>y c]emonies1 & w !n usually come back4 ,x may be a little tiresome to ! ma/]1 b ! bett] feel+ & mutual confid5ce :i* is induc$ pays 9 e way4 ,?is is n m]e !ory1 = ! m5 :o d get into close t\* ) _! employees lose v few1 & c g5]ally get m m5 ?an !y require4 ,?is is m]ely quot$ z an example ( ! practical value ( e?nological inquiry 9 daily life1 :i* aft] all is n a bad work+ te/4 ,! me?od employ$ 9 collect+ ! mat]ial has be5 to discuss ! que/ions ) z _m responsible eld]s z possible1 & comp>e & correct ! /atem5ts s obta9$4 ,x has be5 a "w ( great int]e/1 ?\gh (t5 v t$i\s1 b probably m t$i\s to ! in=m] ?an to ! record]4 ,!re is "o w>n+ :i* x is desir$ to impress ^u p]sons liv+ 9 ! c\ntry & :o h opportunities ( rese>*1 & t is t ! la/ ^w has n be5 said ^u ^! que/ions1 & x is hop$ t ^! obs]vations w only enc\rage fur!r rese>* & ! ke5e/ criticism4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t v few ( ! c]emonials describ$ 9 ?is book h be5 witness$ by ,europeans1 & if !y h1 !y h n be5 obs]v$ & describ$ by eyes tra9$ to note ! important features1 & x may well happ5 t ) ! be/ int5tions ! eld]s may h f "t to "t omitt$ "s po9t :i*1 :5 accurately describ$1 may ?r[ a flood ( light ^u an app>5tly obscure po9t 9 ! ritual4 ,?is is :]e ! di/rict (fic] & ! mission>y c1 if !y *oose1 play su* an important "p2 we h _m mission>ies :o possess a ?or\gh k ( ! v]nacul>s ( ! tribes1 & di/rict (fic]s :o1 if n su* good l+ui/s1 are 9 intimate t\* ) ^! p2 ^! m5 h _m *ances if !y w\ld only tra9 !mselves = ! task4 ,up to ! "t ( ! w> signs ( a r5aissance 7 n want+1 h[ev]1 & adm9i/rative (fic]s & o!rs 7 ye>ly tak+ m & m sci5tific int]e/ 9 _! p1 & "o ( ! mission>y societies1 x is said1 =m$ a committee = ! /udy ( native cu/oms4 ,x is to be fe>$ t ! w> has indirectly *eck$ ?is bran* ( sci5tific /udy1 & ! activities ( _m obs]v]s1 :o be=e its occurr5ce promis$ to develop a flair = ?is k9d ( rese>*1 h tempor>ily ceas$4 ,a v m>k$ ne$ at pres5t is great] sympa!tic appreciation f high qu>t]s4 ,fur!r1 local assi/ance ) reg>d to ! publication ( obs]vations is ess5tial4 ,few signs ( su* support are1 h[ev]1 visible at pres5t 9 _m ( our colonies4 ,mission>y endeav\r 9 ?is field is p>ticul>ly welcome1 b if a ^w ( advice w n be res5t$1 ^! obs]v]s mu/ realise ! necessity ( caution 9 collect+ obs]vations ( pagan cu/oms f p]sons :o h be5 = "s "t 9 close contact ) _! tea*+1 :i* (t5 has ! effect ( caus+ _! pupils to ridicule "t-hon\r$ c]emonial4 ,moreov]1 mission>ies are1 z a rule1 only 9 close t\* ) ! ris+ g5]ation :o are n initiat$ 9 ! proc$ure1 & h little to d ) ! eld]s ( ! tribe4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,ea/ ,,africa ,,aft] ,,! ,,w> ,al?\gh x may appe> some:at beyond ! scope ( ! =ego+ inquiry1 :i* 0 ma9ly conduct$ be=e ! w> occurr$ to int]rupt x1 ,i consid] t x may be ( int]e/ to exam9e ! effect ( ! great _w conflict on ! native races1 & to assess ! pres5t position ) reg>d to black & :ite 9 t region4 ,! outbreak ( w> came z an unexpect$ %ock to ! natives z a :ole4 ,! up-c\ntry tribes _h v little conception ( ! di/9ctions betwe5 ! v>i\s :ite races1 & 7 some:at puzzl$ by ! conflict4 ,! coa/ p1 :o 7 9 daily t\* ) ,g]mans & ,au/rians1 7 a little cle>]1 b1 ( c\rse1 _h no conception ( ! casus belli1 & al?\gh !y knew t ! daily lives ( ! two sections 7 ap>t1 yet !y saw !m mix at ! clubs & nev] dreamt t ,europeans among !mselves ev] resort$ to arms4 ,! int]nm5t ( ! enemy subjects 9 ,mombasa 0 ! fir/ mat]ial sign1 & x 0 hail$ ) acclamation by ! ,swahilis ( ,mombasa1 :o treasur$ up res5tm5t at ! arrogant behavi\r ( ! ,g]mans prior to ! w>4 ,! conflict 0 !re=e a great bl[ to ! solid>ity ( ! :ite race1 b ?is effect 0 n imm$iately app>5t4 ,on ! :ole ! tribes behav$ 9 an exempl>y mann]1 b enemy ag5ts produc$ "s active unre/ among a coa/ tribe :i* = "s ye>s pa/ _h be5 unfav\rably dispos$ t[>ds ,gov]nm5t4 ,l mo/ ( our c\ntrym51 ! natives naturally _h no conception ( ! magnitude ( ! /ruggle or its possible duration4 ,!y ?\ght t x w\ld be ov] 9 a few mon?s1 & respond$ ) alacrity to calls = port]s1 & = recruits = ! ,k4,a4,r4 ,!y also made no demur to ! num]\s re/rictions :i* a w> imposes on ! p involv$4 ,! w>1 h[ev]1 dragg$ on ye> aft] ye>1 ! calls = lab\r became m & m insi/5t1 ! poor c>ri]s suff]$ h>d%ips & di$ 9 t5s ( ?\s&s1 f ! diseases insep>able f a campaign 9 an unheal?y tropical region1 dys5t]y & pneumonia be+ ! two ma9 causes ( dea?4 ,9 a campaign ( ?is "*1 :]e troops ( mix$ races are employ$1 ! close contact betwe5 black & :ite is an undesirable & unavoidable feature4 ,! black troops soon came to realise ! physical disabilities ( ! ,europeans & _! vuln]ability4 ,!y saw ,europeans %ot d[n & ev5 bayonet$ by enemy black soldi]s1 !y realis$ t v few ,europeans 7 crack %ots1 !y not$ ! inf]ior m>*+ capacity ( ! :ite man1 8 inability to f9d 8 way ab\t 9 ! bu% unaccompani$ by a native guide1 & 9 "s cases !y ev5 saw t ! c\rage ( ! :ite 0 n great] ?an t ( ! black4 ,aft] all ?is c x be wond]$ t ! pre/ige ( ! :ite race has suff]$ 9 ! w>6 ,is x surpris+ t ! attitude ( _m ( ! blacks to ! :ite man has alt]$8 ,! black has always be5 quick to realise :o is 9 au?ority & :o is n1 & w /ill acc$e outw>d respect to a repres5tative ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 b t is n ! te/1 & ! real crit]ion is 8 attitude t[>ds ! ord9>y f>m] or settl]2 ?is has be5 consid]ably modifi$ dur+ ! w>1 & x is d\btful if ! old traditional wide respect ( :ite by black c ev] be entirely re/or$4 ,! might ( ! ,gov]nm5t has be5 demon/rat$ dur+ ! w> to an unhe>d ( ext5t1 & to "s ext5t ,gov]nm5t has unconsci\sly trad$ on ?is impression1 = x has boldly impos$ re/rictions on ! black1 & a degree ( taxation :i* x w\ld h hesitat$ to d be=e ! w>4 ,!re are two s*ools ( ?\ght 9 exi/5ce reg>d+ ! gov]nance ( ! black races 9 ,ea/ ,africa4 7#a7 ,?is s*ool claims to be progressive1 & fav\rs ! abolition ( tribal control by its indig5\s con/itution2 x is oppos$ to *iefs1 tribal law & cu/oms1 & is 9 fav\r ( direct gov]nm5t by ,european magi/rates & by police4 7#b7 ,! cons]vative s*ool aims at reta9+ & /r5g!n+ ! int]nal =ces :i* control a tribe1 at ! same "t promot+ an evolution ( ! "* ( t control by induc+ ! native lead]s to sl\gh ! m repugnant cu/oms & beliefs4 ,! =m] s*eme receives consid]able support f ! settl] community on ! gr\nds t x w result 9 ! native1 conjo9tly ) !mselves1 play+ a m active "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,africa4 ,x is also support$ to "s ext5t by ! mission>ies1 :o feel t ! dis9tegration ( ! old ord] w\ld af=d !m great] *ances = _! propag&a4 ,at ! same "t ! probable effect ( ! dissolution ( tribal control is r>ely realis$4 ,! ne>e/ example ( su* emancipation c be obs]v$ 9 ! l>g] t[ns1 & "h we h ?\s&s ( natives attract$ to ^! places by ! desire to e>n money4 ,!y h no natural au?orities 9 control1 & al?\gh !re are1 ( c\rse1 respectable memb]s 9 ^! assemblages1 tak+ x all r\nd !y are ! bigge/ collection ( native ruffians 9 ! c\ntry1 & are saturat$ ) e vice4 ,consequ5tly 9 spite ( a conc5tration ( magi/]ial & police control f> 9 excess ( any?+ 9 a native res]ve1 crime ( e k9d is rife1 & !y h become an increas+ m5ace to ! ,european resid5ts4 ,^! t[n colonies ( natives1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are products ( our own creation1 & d n argue well = native emancipation f _! natural lead]s4 ,! native sy/em ( gov]nm5t is admitt$ly faulty1 n s mu* 9 design z 9 execution2 ?is is p>tly due to ! fact t ! blood k9 ( a crim9al w g to great l5g?s to %ield him1 & p>tly because *iefs & eld]s are (t5 v5ial or am5able to ?reats or to fe> ( wit*craft4 ,native cu/om has 9 rec5t ye>s be5 purg$ ( _m ( its repugnant features1 & any t exi/ w /eadily t5d to disappe> if intellig5tly approa*$ by native commission]s :o take ! tr\ble to und]/& ^! cu/oms & ! motives beh9d !m4 ,bl9d action 9 ^! matt]s is r>ely effective4 ,if ! pres5t-day political %ibbole? ( 8self-det]m9ation0 is to be enc\rag$ 9 ,africa1 ! policy ( dis9tegration ( all native au?ority %\ld be pursu$4 ,x is a sure prescription = ! bir? ( a native p>ty :i* w spe$ily dem& equal electoral privileges ) ! ,europeans2 x w aboli% tribal isolation & int]-tribal prejudice :i* has = long ye>s be5 a safegu>d aga9/ ! comb9ation ( ! black millions aga9/ ! few :ite intrud]s f ov]seas4 ,x w produce a receptive soil = educat$ blacks f o!r c\ntries to propagate ! doctr9e ( 8,africa = ! ,africans40 ,9 ! ev5t ( a /ruggle1 ! ,european1 hav+ sole control ( munitions1 w n ev5tually be wor/$1 b he w n re-e/abli% dom9ation until mu* blood1 bo? black & :ite1 has be5 spill$1 & bo? sides w em]ge f ! /ruggle ) bitt]ness & di/ru/4 ,! *oice ( a policy is !re=e a vital matt] to all1 & ! problem %\ld be dispassionately consid]$4 ,aft] ! ,armi/ice l>ge numb]s ( natives :o _h s]v$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,african ,rifles 7 disb&$1 & "s p ma9ta9 t ^! m5 9 future may prove a m5ace ow+ to _! k ( arms & _! close acqua9tance ) ,european troops 9 ! field4 ,9 ,k5ya !re is1 z f> z ,i "k1 no signs ( x1 = !y h no arms2 !y are moreov] we>y ( w>1 & ! majority h gone back to _! res]ves to sp5d _! sav+s or inve/ !m 9 wives4 ,9 ,tanganyika a good _m arms 7 secret$ by des]t]s & pick$ up aft] engagem5ts1 & ^! may be us$ to "s ext5t 9 attempts to settle int]-tribal feuds2 !re is1 h[ev]1 little fe> ( ! conc5tration ( any =ce 9 opposition to ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 fact our rule is s mild comp>$ ) ! ,g]man rgime t :5 ! int]nal prosp]ity ( t c\ntry revives !re is no reason to anticipate any?+ b peace = a long "t to come4 ,:5 "o realises t ov] eight ?\s& (ficial flogg+s p] annum took place 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa be=e ! w>1 & 9 addition _m ?\s&s ( un(ficial flogg+s1 no record ( :i* 0 kept1 ! relief mu/ be app>5t to all4 ,! ,g]mans !mselves mu/ h realis$ t ! flogg+ prop5sity _h to be *eck$1 = 9 #aiab-aiac no few] ?an "o hundr$ & sev5 employ]s 7 convict$ ( assault+ _! lab\r]s4 ,ne$less to say1 "u ,briti% rule1 flogg+ is only inflict$ = a few extremely s]i\s crimes4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 fruitless at ?is /age to dilate ^u ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,g]man & ,briti% rule2 x is f> m important to consid] ! factors on bo? sides t c\nt 9 ! pres5t situation & to outl9e any obvi\s future dang]s4 ,! "q ( religion is intimately connect$ ) behavi\r1 & an attempt has be5 made 9 ?is "w to %[ h[ closely int]wov5 ) _! life are ! primitive beliefs ( ! p4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 a new set ( influ5ces h aris51 viz41 ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur*es & also ,mohamm$anism4 ,! ,*ri/ian missions are v v>i$2 !re are ! ,roman ,ca?olic1 & ,*ur* ( ,engl& fai?s1 ,me?odi/s1 ,sev5? ,day ,adv5ti/s1 also a loosely knit gr\p ( noncon=mi/ type kn[n z ! ,inl& ,african ,mission & o!rs4 ,to obviate undue competition 9 any p>ticul> area1 ,gov]nm5t has 9 ,k5ya ,colony agre$ to sph]es ( influ5ce be+ arrang$ betwe5 ! v>i\s mission gr\ps1 & )holds approval ( ! e/abli%m5t ( a new mission too ne> an already e/abli%$ rival4 ,! only argum5t 9 fav\r ( ?is practice is exp$i5cy1 = on e?ical gr\nds ! ,/ate has no "r to decide t ! p ( any p>ticul> area %all only h ready access to ! doctr9es ( any p>ticul> *ur*4 ,! ,roman ,ca?olic missions1 z is (t5 ! case1 h acquir$ m l& ?an any o!r religi\s body1 & !re is a m>k$ t5d5cy on _! "p to attempt to set up imp]ia 9 imp]io on _! e/ates on ! plea ( int]nal discipl9e1 ?us usurp+ to "s ext5t ! rights ( gov]nm5t4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! e>ly days 9 ,ug&a ?is l$ to arm$ /ruggles betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants3 su*1 h[ev]1 are unlikely to recur "u mod]n conditions4 ,! ,ca?olics h p]haps m ?an any o!r mission suff]$ f %ortness ( funds s9ce ! expulsion ( ! religi\s ord]s f ,france1 & up c\ntry 9 ,africa !y g5]ally endeav\r to gr[ c(fee or "s o!r crop to help to support ! mission2 su* ef=ts are praisewor?y & useful 9 ! educational s5se4 ,!y are a great contra/1 = in/ance1 to ! neglect$ e/ate ( ! ,c4,m4,s4 at ,fr]et[n4 ,! mission>ies1 tak+ x all r\nd1 h 9 spite ( unrivall$ facilities contribut$ b little to our k ( ! c\ntry2 b !y h1 x is true1 record$ ! con/ruction ( v>i\s native languages4 ,) "o notable exception 9 ,ug&a1 :o1 9 spite ( disc\ragem5t f 8 fell[s1 p]si/$ 9 8 rese>*es1 no mission>y 9 ,ea/ ,africa has ?r[n mu* light on ! e?nology ( ! natives2 x is said t !y h be5 incl9$ to consid] rese>*es ( ?is nature z some:at irreligi\s1 b ?is view has1 x is believ$1 di$ away4 ,^u ! plea ( combat+ ! spread ( ,mohamm$anism1 ! missions h1 except at ! coa/1 decl9$ to tea* ! ,swahili language1 :i* is ! l+ua franca ( ,ea/ ,c5tral ,africa1 & h p]petuat$ & are /ill endeav\r+ to p]petuate a ho/ ( tribal languages1 :i*1 al?\gh int]e/+ z l+ui/ic curiosities1 prove a b>ri] to civilisation & progress4 ,x may be1 ( c\rse1 t ,engli% w on ?is acc\nt come into g5]al use quick]1 b t result1 if x comes1 w n be due to ! missions4 ,! ma9 qualification = a mission>y 9 ,africa appe>s to be :at !y t]m 8e>ne/ness10 b x is to be fe>$ t ! possession ( ?is admirable trait is an inadequate equipm5t = ! task ( reg5]at+ ! black4 ,x is to be regrett$ t !re are n a great] p]c5tage ( s*ol>ly m5 ) lib]al ideas among _! numb]s4 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t su* m5 are abs5t2 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be invidi\s to m5tion names2 !re is a leav5 ( m5 ( wide vision1 & ! mission>ies z a :ole af=d examples ( purity ( life :i* _c fail to h a good moral effect4 ,?is %ort review ( ! mission>y position may seem beside ! po9t1 b ! "* ( ! influ5ces :i* affect ! native are ( no little importance4 ,! missions all claim to play a great "p 9 ! education ( ! natives1 & ! local gov]nm5t has1 ?r\gh paucity ( funds1 f\nd x conv5i5t to acquiesce 9 ?is claim1 & to a great ext5t leaves native education to mission ef=t4 ,! results leave mu* to be desir$1 & naturally ! prim>y mission ideal ( education is to imp>t to ! native a suffici5t k ( read+ & writ+ to enable him to read su* portion ( ! scriptures z h be5 translat$ into ! v]nacul> ( ! tribe4 ,v few mission>ies und]/& ! philosophy ( education2 v few ev5 h mu* k ( educational me?od4 ,z a brilliant educationali/ has writt51 8! function ( education is to fo/] gr[?0--! aim ( ! tea*] %\ld be 8! developm5t ( ! lat5t p[]s ( 8 pupil1 ! unfold+ ( ! lat5t life40 ,are ! blacks 9 ,k5ya ,colony receiv+ an education ( ?is nature8 ,! answ] is1 x is fe>$1 g5]ally 9 ! negative4 ,n[ ! "* ( ! education ( ! black is go+ to h a pr(\nd effect on 8 future & also on ! relations ( black & :ite4 ,?is is a truism1 & z ,dudley ,kidd has s =cibly put x1 8,! problem is ! progress ( a backw>d race1 & we all[ ineffici5t tea*]s1 ^: only qualification = ! difficult "w is _! own k9d he>ts1 to =m ! "* ( ! ris+ g5]ation & to complicate our difficulties--has any ,/ate ! "r to all[ unqualifi$ p to int5sify national problems 9 ?is gratuit\s fa%ion80 ,x is n to be inf]r$ t mission>y educational ef=t is mis*iev\s4 ,f> f x2 b x is n>r[ 9 its outlook1 x is n bas$ on any s\nd f\ndation1 & x does v little to develop lat5t p[]s4 ,! coloni/s d n1 z a rule1 fav\r lit]>y education1 b clam\r ma9ly = indu/rial education4 ,!re is a g]m ( tru? 9 ?is op9ion1 b a s5se ( proportion mu/ be ex]cis$ or ! indu/rial m>ket may be flood$ ) artisans ( m$iocre effici5cy f> 9 excess ( ! dem&4 ,! great rle ( ! ,african 9 ! future mu/ be1 z x has be5 9 ! pa/1 ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,improve 8 agricultural me?ods & tea* him to extract m food p] acre to fe$ ! future increase ( ! native population & /ill h some?+ to sell4 ,mohamm$anism ne$s a ref]5ce1 = x is a factor ( no mean importance 9 ,africa4 ,"s /ud5ts ( extreme views picture ! gr[? ( a pan-,islamic _s :i* w b9d all ! blacks aga9/ ! ,europeans2 & mission>y publications (t5 ref] to ?is z an imm95t dang] possibly ) ! object ( elicit+ f9ancial support = ,*ri/ian propag&a4 ,! writ] has no su* fe>s4 ,mohamm$anism is spread+ to a limit$ ext5t 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 b !re is little religi\s f]v\r beh9d x1 & x is difficult to see h[ x c ev] become m ?an a v5e] ) ! up-c\ntry tribes1 = x is c]ta9 t !y w nev] le>n ,arabic 9 ord] to be able to enjoy ! ,koran4 ,among ! up-c\ntry p :o come into intimate contact ) ,mohamm$an life1 su* z ^? :o come to coa/ t[ns to "w1 x is readily embrac$1 = x becomes ! religion ( ! cook+ pot4 ,! ,swahilis & su* l are hospitable folk1 b may n eat ) unbeliev]s1 & x is !re=e v exp$i5t = an up-c\ntry /rang] to become nom9ally a ,mohamm$an1 = he may !n dip 8 f+] 9 ! food b[l ) 8 ho/s4 ,ap>t f ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is no d\bt t ! easy doctr9es ( ,islam appeal to ! ,african2 !y are suit$ to 8 temp]am5t1 & m important /ill1 ,islamism is n look$ ^u z an ali5 religion1 = al?\gh ! ,arabs are few1 ! ,swahilis1 :o =m ! great] numb] ( ! foll[]s ( ,islam 9 ! c\ntry1 are only ,africans :o are a little m civilis$ & bett] clo!d ?an _! c\s9s f up-c\ntry1 :ile ,*ri/ianity is always associat$ ) ! com+ ( ! ,europeans & ) _! dom9ation ( ! c\ntry4 ,al?\gh = _m reasons ,mohamm$anism appe>s m suit$ to ! black ?an ,*ri/ianity--x is a c]emonial religion & x moreov] c\nt5ances polygamy--nev]!less1 x is inadvisable t ! ,/ate %\ld 9 any way fo/] its progress 9 our ,african colonies1 = x conta9s _m dang]\s elem5ts4 ,! ,mohamm$anism ( ,ea/ ,africa is a mild v>iety1 b !re is mu* inflammable mat]ial ly+ ab\t 9 ! ,mohamm$an _w1 & x might at any "t be bl[n ov] to t area4 ,mohamm$anism1 too1 has a reaction>y influ5ce2 x /unts cultural developm5t & x appe>s to be insusceptible to int]nal evolution4 ,on ^! gr\nds x w\ld appe> exp$i5t t ! bias ( ! ,/ate %\ld be 9 fav\r ( ! ev5tual spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 = x is a religion ( a high] e?ical type4 ,x is ! religion ( ! ,we/]n _w1 & al?\gh its spiritual progress has be5 hamp]$ by an extraord9>y mass ( m$iaeval accretions 9 ! %ape ( dogma1 ritual & su* l1 !re are signs t x is endeav\r+ to elim9ate non-ess5tials & adju/ itself to ! plane ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,! progress is sl[ b x has to su* a great ext5t lo/ its au?ority & its influ5ce ov] ! p z a mass1 t if x wi%es to survive x mu/ adju/ itself to ! age x s]ves & endeav\r to c>ry mank9d a /ep fur!r 9 ! way ( spiritual evolution4 ,z = fai?1 fai? is common to & alike 9 all religions--fai? is ! vital sp>k )\t :i* no religion c live or c ev] become a vital =ce--be x a highly develop$ cre$ ( ! ,we/ or a l[ly primitive type su* z we h be5 consid]+4 ,fai? evades all logic1 & ev5 ! high] criticism ( advanc$ cl]ics leaves x unt\*$4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! rapid int]nal developm5t ( ,ea/ ,africa has produc$ an acute situation ) reg>d to native lab\r1 & al?\gh1 ow+ to ! pres5t economic depression1 ?is is reliev$ = ! mom5t1 x is b\nd to recur z trade improves & production increases4 ,! supply ( lab\r has va/ly increas$ dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 b up to ! outbreak ( w> ! am\nt b r>ely kept pace ) ! dem&1 & ! loss ( native life dur+ ! ,g]man ,ea/ campaign 0 s heavy t if ! pre-w> dem& _h be5 ma9ta9$ !re w\ld h be5 a g5]al %ortage2 a few ye>s ( re/rict$ dem& w !re=e give a little brea?+ space1 & a numb] ( y\?s :o 7 n old en\gh = milit>y s]vice w become old en\gh to g out & seek "w4 ,among a c]ta9 section ( p 9 ,engl& ^: k ( ! colonies is some:at vague1 & ^: outlook is t+$ ) s5tim5tal philan?ropy1 ! employm5t ( blacks z agricultural lab\r]s or indu/rial work]s by ,briti% coloni/s is look$ ^u ) suspicion & z be+ little remov$ f slav]y4 ,x is app>5tly bas$ on ! belief t su* lab\r is =cibly seiz$1 badly treat$ & paid only a nom9al wage4 ,ill-in=m$ criticism is g5]ally faulty1 & 9 ! pres5t in/ance x is p>ticul>ly s4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ! up-c\ntry natives 71 g5]ally speak+1 reluctant to "w = private ,europeans or = ,gov]nm5t1 except occasionally to c>ry loads2 z settlem5t1 h[ev]1 proce$$ ! dem& = f>m lab\r arose1 ! ne$s ( ! native gradually increas$1 & a few rupees _h annually to be e>n$ to pay ! hut tax2 z ^! /imuli became felt1 s native lab\r gradually became available4 ,e ye> up to ! w> ! supply increas$1 & m & m natives became accu/om$ to ! idea ( work+ = wages sev]al mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,is ?is desirable1 & if s1 :y8 ,9 ! old days1 be=e ,european occupation ( ! c\ntry1 ! able-bodi$ male population _h to be always ready to repel raids or p>ticipate 9 raids1 & 9 times ( peace its ma9 duty 0 ! h]d+ & gu>d+ ( ! tribal cattle4 ,! dang] ( attack ceas$ ) ! adv5t ( settl$ gov]nm5t1 & if ! y\ng] m5 ( ! tribe d n g out to "w1 !y sp5d ! bulk ( _! "t loaf+ f village to village att5d+ be] fea/s & phil&]+ ) ! "y girls2 = tribal cu/om insi/s t ! bulk ( ! agricultural "w %all z =m]ly be done by ! woman4 ,! eld]s d n approve ( ! pres5t habits ( ! y\?s1 b un=tunately "u our rule ! bonds ( tribal discipl9e h be5 relax$4 ,if ?is is fully realis$ x w readily be se5 t ! abs5ce ( a consid]able portion ( ^! "y m5 = a "p ( ea* ye> is b5eficial to ! good ord] ( a native res]ve2 !y are "u discipl9e :5 work+1 !y le>n some?+1 & come back to _! villages ) money :i* enri*es ! tribe4 ,on ! majority ( plantations & f>ms ! natives are well treat$1 & x is ! duty ( ,gov]nm5t to see t !y are well h\s$1 well f$1 & t any grievances are spe$ily r$ress$2 inspectors p]iodically visit employees = ?is purpose4 ,ill treatm5t has occurr$ f "t to "t1 & isolat$ cases ( brutality on ! "p ( employ]s h un=tunately happ5$ & h be5 puni%$ by ! c\rts4 ,su* cases %\ld1 h[ev]1 n be all[$ to cl\d our vision or di/ort our s5se ( proportion any m ?an ! occurr5ce ( a few cases ( cruelty to *ildr5 9 ,engl&4 ,z reg>ds wages1 ! rates are su* t h naturally gr[n up 9 ! c\ntry ) due reg>d to ! co/ ( food1 ! usual village diet ( ! lab\r]1 & ! co/ ( 8 simple clo?+4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! output ( an ,african is v m9ute comp>$ ) a ,european1 & ! sup]vision requir$ is va/ly great]4 ,a rec5t petition to ! home gov]nm5t head$ by prelates1 lab\r repres5tatives1 & v>i\s well-mean+ p took r an extreme view1 & urg$ ! adoption ( a policy entirely native 9 its outlook1 & "o :i* w\ld result 9 cru%+ ,european endeav\r 9 ?is "p ( ,africa4 ,"o important plank 9 ! policy 0 ! f\ndation ( native indu/ries 9 ! res]ves1 & s =?4 ,e well-wi%] ( ! native wi%es to see progress 9 ! res]ves1 b intimate k ( ! cultural plane ( ! aborig9al population causes "o to realise cle>ly h[ easy x is to =mulate dicta 9 ,london1 & h[ difficult x is to c>ry !m out 9 ,africa4 ,! individual plant+ ( agricultural products 9 res]ves by ! m$ium ( ! ,african hoe1 & ! lab\r ( ! ,african woman1 is an uneconomical =m ( production1 & once ! food supply ( ! tribe is assur$1 ! surplus enri*es ! ,indian middle man m ?an ! native4 ,long e/abli%$ cu/om rules t ! agricultural "w 9 a tribe %all be c>ri$ out by ! wom51 & no ord9ance w =ce ! "y m5 to relieve ! wom5 ( ?is duty if !y d n desire to d s4 ,native progress proce$s sl[ly1 & ! /imulus = accel]ation mu/ come f )9 if x is to be p]man5t4 ,!n aga9 ) reg>d to native indu/ries--conditions ( life c be gradually improv$1 & ! p c be taught to build bett] h\ses1 & to use furniture4 ,! majority1 h[ev]1 _c af=d su* luxuries1 & are cont5t$ ) _! own mode ( life2 _! idea ( sav+ money be+ to provide ! means to buy live /ock1 ! possession ( :i* is ess5tial = wife pur*ase4 ,! r5aissance aga9 mu/ come f )94 ,x w come gradually1 b n ne>ly s soon z our b5evol5t fri5ds hope & desire4 ,to sum up ?is brief survey ( a complex "q1 x is desir$ to impress ^u all t ! future ( ! ,african native & ! nature ( 8 relations ) ! :ite race w n be decid$ by ! academic recomm5dations ( any body 9 ,engl&4 ,! utmo/ t philan?ropically m9d$ op9ion c dem& is a high e?ical /&>d 9 native adm9i/ration1 & ! safegu>d+ by gov]nm5t ( native l& rights4 ,fur!r1 ! well-mean+ p at home mu/ tru/ _! own p 9 ,africa1 tru/ to ! gr[? ( a tol]ant & humane local view ( ! relation%ip ( black & :ite4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ?is _s w n rea* z high a level 9 ,ea/ ,africa z x has done 9 o!r p>ts ( our ,empire4 ,fur!r1 z ,"l ,buxton rec5tly rem>k$ 9 an address on native problems1 & ref]r+ to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,union ( ,s\? ,africa & ,rhodesia3 8,especially d !y res5t criticism :5 ^? :o criticise put on a self-righte\s air & assume t !y & _! associates alone h ! welf>e ( ! native at he>t1 & imply t ^? :o diff] are actuat$ by ob/9ate or unwor?y motives40 ,! ma9 po9ts 9 native policy :i* long exp]i5ce ( ,africa sugge/ may be /at$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! old tribal discipl9e & organisation is 9 dang] ( dissolution2 x r>ely re/$ on v firm f\ndations1 = ! au?orities 7 weak2 x %\ld receive mo/ c>eful review by exp]i5c$ m5 ( k & sympa?y1 tribe by tribe4 ,! situation is at pres5t drift+1 & nei!r black nor :ite c see :i!r4 ,!re is "o ?+1 h[ev]1 :i* is obvi\s1 & t is t ! new g5]ation ( native lead]s %\ld be educat$ by ,gov]nm5t to fit !m = _! duties4 ,su* a /ep w\ld be widely appreciat$ & might d a great deal to av]t future dang]4 ,_! education %\ld1 above all1 conc]n itself ) ! =mation ( "* & ! developm5t ( responsibility2 education seems to s r>ely provide ! ,african ) ^! ess5tials1 9 fact _! vital importance seems to be (t5 ov]look$4 7#b7 ,! taxation collect$ f natives by ! ,/ate = g5]al purposes %\ld be l[1 & any addition to ! /&>d tax :i* may be collectable z ! weal? ( ! natives increases %\ld be devot$ to specific objects1 su* z native education1 ! developm5t ( ! res]ves & su* l4 ,! natives %\ld cle>ly und]/& ?is1 & x w\ld d a great deal to improve ! relations ( ! ,gov]nm5t ) ! native1 = !re is at pres5t a well-f\nd$ belief 9 ! native m9d t !y are p]iodically call$ ^u to pay m & at ! same "t get b little return = _! money2 confid5ce 9 ,gov]nm5t has p]ceptibly less5$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 7#c7 ,! excessive infantile mortality 9 native res]ves %\ld receive specific att5tion1 & also ! *eck+ ( disease g5]ally4 ,on economic gr\nds alone1 epidemics among ! native population are f> m important ?an ^? among cattle2 x is fe>$1 h[ev]1 t up to n[ !y h n receiv$ z mu* att5tion1 & ! reason is n f> to seek4 ,effective measures w entail ! tra9+ ( a consid]able /aff ( native subord9ate m$ical /aff :o %\ld be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! res]ves1 ea* gr\p be+ "u a ,european m$ical (fic]4 7#d7 ,z has be5 previ\sly /at$1 ! m dang]\s elem5ts ( ! native population are 9 ! t[ns2 = x is !re t ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( ! *iefs & eld]s is abs5t1 x is !re t crime is m preval5t1 x is !re t undesirable political movem5ts are br$ & :]e m educat$ mat]ial c be f\nd2 a f]tile soil = ! s$iti\s se$ ( ! ,asiatic agitation4 ,common s5se !re=e sugge/s t special ef=ts be made to rea* ^! mix$ assemblages ( native life by ! provision ( suitable educational facilities & by ! provision ( heal?y amusem5t & ent]ta9m5t1 by ev5+ lectures 9 subjects bo? int]e/+ & in/ructive1 by an amus+ & heal?y native press4 ,ne$less to say1 bett] h\s+ 9 t[n locations is an important matt] if ^! p are to be taught to live dec5t1 respectable lives2 ba?s & places = wa%+ clo!s are also ess5tial = heal? & well-be+4 7#e7 ,abrupt int]f]5ce ) native cu/oms & tribal laws is to be deprecat$2 mu* ( ! old codes is good1 & undesirable features c1 ) ! cons5t ( ! p1 gradually be elim9at$1 if ! guid+ h& applies 8 re=m+ t\* ) judgm5t2 & ?is br+s u to ! necessity = ! c>eful selection ( adm9i/rative (fic]s & ! importance ( ^! be+ tra9$ 9 e?nological me?od1 = no man c re=m & develop a sy/em ( :i* he is n qualifi$ to judge4 ,great] k ( native psy*ology w help to ma9ta9 ! pat]nal relations :i* %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! natives ( a di/rict & _! commission]1 & to :i* ! mo/ successful native adm9i/rators 9 ! pa/ owe _! success4 7#f7 ,education4 ,?is is ess5tial1 b1 z has be5 expla9$1 matt]s are n satisfactory at pres5t1 nor w !y improve mu* until ,gov]nm5t takes x ov] into its own h&s1 & x %\ld beg9 by ! =mation ( a well-equipp$ normal s*ool :]e9 a l>ge /aff ( native tea*]s %\ld be tra9$ by a pick$ ,european /aff4 ,a bo>d+ s*ool %\ld also be f\nd$ 9 ea* prov9ce :]e an effective indu/rial tra9+ c be giv5 to a numb] ( pick$ y\?s1 & 9 conjunction ) a s\nd rudim5t>y education4 ,! ,african is a receptive p]son1 b has little p]si/5ce1 & is apt to become we>y be=e he is effici5t4 ,!re are altoge!r too _m "y m5 ab\t ) a m]e smatt]+ ( education :i* is no?+ m ?an a surface v5e]1 & is (t5 us$ z an excuse = escap+ manual lab\r2 ?is _s ne$s to be vigor\sly combat$4 ,v few natives leave ! mission s*ools ) any?+ m ?an ?is surface v5e] ( education1 ! outw>d sign ( :i* is a passion = khaki coats1 boots1 coll>s & ties1 & 9 ?is way !y ape ! ,european4 ,?is may appe> ridicul\s at pres5t1 b !re is "o ?+ c]ta9 & t is t a r5aissance has n[ begun1 & we mu/ 9 ! future be prep>$ = curi\s manife/ations ( ! aspiration = self-realisation on ! "p ( ! ,african4 ,! true art ( gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 w be to utilise ) wisdom any real signs ( _! desire to rise to a high] cultural & social plane4 ,! way w n be easy1 b mu* c be atta9$ by wide sympa?y & by k ( ! psy*ology ( ! subject4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t 9 a colony ( ! ,ea/ ,african type ! ,european coloni/ & ! native are int]dep5d5t4 ,due consid]ation & ju/ice = ! backw>d p>tn] mu/ be ! keynote ( ! native policy1 = a cont5t$1 fri5dly black population w connote a heal?y & prosp]\s :ite community4 ,l',,envoi ,! /ud5t ( an?ropology is urg$ to be precise & accurate 9 8 record ( facts1 & ! haunt+ fe> ( giv+ re9 to ! imag9ative side1 especially :5 deal+ ) beliefs :i* h almo/ ceas$ to evoke response f ,we/]n races1 (t5 t5ds to make "o's n>rative seem dull & lifeless4 ,! poet is b\nd by no su* paltry conv5tions1 b x is r>e to f9d "o :o /rikes ! true note--intimate k c\pl$ ) acute insight4 ,! late ,capta9 ,cull5 ,g\ldsbury ( ,rhodesian repute possess$ ?is r>e gift1 & ! writ] takes ! lib]ty ( reproduc+ ! foll[+ poem z a rem>kable & unique attempt to express ! native po9t ( view3 ,,! ,,po9t ,,( ,,view ,f ,songs out ( ,exile by ,cull5 ,g\ldsbury 7,fi%] ,unw91 #aiab7 ,:ite man1 cease f y\r tales--y\r ,god may be good = y1 ,b ?9k y t aught avails to fa%ion our cre$ anew8 ,we1 :o are born & br$ 9 ! fe> ( ',mlimo's wra?1 ,heirs to et]nal dread %all we ca/ our ,wit*m5 =? ,to take z a load in/ead ! cre$ ( ye f ! ,nor?8 ,lo6 we are born 9 ! fe> ( wild & unspeakable ?+s2 ,born 9 ! ,bu% l& "h1 :]e ! s\ls ( ! dead h w+s4 ,hov]+ high 9 ! air :]e ! %ades ( ev5 fall1 ,%r9k+ 9 dim despair at ! gate ( ea* lonely kraal-- ,sc(f n1 :ite man6 bew>e1 :5 ! gho/s ( ! dead m5 call4 ,!re are ,spirits t walk by night ) _! heads beh9d _! backs-- ,!re are ,spirits t fade f sight 9 ! gloom ( ! =e/ tracks2 ,!re are gho/s ( ! babes t di$ 9 ! kraal long moons ago1 ,gho/s ( cripples t glide ) %ambl+ pace & sl[1 ,gho/s ( ! new-made bride & ( _m a girl we "k4 ,ye/]e51 :5 ! sun sank l[ 9 ! we/]n sky1 ,& sil5tly1 "o by "o1 ! hov]+ bats flew by1 ,ziwa1 pride ( my he>t1 my y\nge/ & be/-lov$ wife1 ,drew me a pace ap>t1 say+3 8,husb&1 'tis done ) life1 ,nay fri5d1 %r9k n1 nor />t6 l5d me y\r hunt+ knife60 ,ay6 & %e lies !re dead--& ! y\?s & maid5s m\rn1 ,!y bury h]1 s "o said1 9 ! cool ( to-morr['s dawn-- ,= ! evil moor-h5s keep a wat* on ?is kraal1 ,i "k1 ,& p]* :5 ! _w's asleep1 on ! hut-tops !n bel[4 ,see6 ,i w kill a %eep to w>d (f a fur!r bl[6 ,:ite man1 laugh if y w6 su* tales are = babes1 y say8 ,h y no ,god ( ,ill8 ,d y n cr+e & pray8 ,(f]+ sacrifice 9 a temple built ( /one8 ,d y n seek advice f a prie/ man ( y\r own8 ,d y n pay a price8 ,are we ! hea!n alone8 ,,gloss>y ,?is includes ! native names mo/ us$ 9 ! text4 ,dorobo3 ,masai ^w 7spelt ,torobo by ,hollis7 (t5 corrupt$ by travell]s to ,w&orobo or ,&orobo4 ,dorobo 9 ,masai means tsetse fly4 ,! "n = an aborig9al race ( hunt]s :o inhabit ! great =e/s ( ! highl&s 9 ,ea/ ,africa4 ,!y call !mselves ,asi & ! ,kikuyu call !m ,adzi4 ,! "n ( ! ,a?i ,riv] is believ$ to be a corruption ( ,adzi4 ,engai 7,kikuyu73 ,! deity4 ,ei?aga3 ,! "n ( a ,kikuyu clan1 memb]s ( :i* are said to possess magical p[]s2 sometimes spelt ,ai?aga4 ,a memb] ( ?is clan is call$ a ,mwei?aga4 ,ge?aka 7,kikuyu73 ,! portion ( a ridge 9 ,kikuyu own$ by a p>ticul> family1 ! title to possession ( ?is be+ obta9$ f ! ,dorobo1 ! orig9al occupants ( ! =e/4 ,"s reg>d x z a freehold "r1 o!rs ma9ta9 t ! ,kikuyu only acquir$ ! "r to cut ! =e/ 9 ord] to make %ambas1 or g>d5s4 ,! ge?aka rights are1 h[ev]1 v real possessions 9 ! eyes ( ! ,kikuyu4 ,huku 7,kikuyu73 ,a mole-l rod5t--,ta*yorctes sp4 ,i*ua 7,kikuyu73 ,a sacrificial fire4 ,imu1 s+ul>2 aiimu1 plural 7,kamba73 ,ance/ral spirits4 ,i!mbo1 s+ul>2 ma!mbo1 plural 7,kamba73 ,sacr$ place :]e sacrifices are c>ri$ out4 ,ira 7,kikuyu73 ,:ite diatomace\s e>? :i* is also us$ 9 c]emonial z a purify+ ag5t4 ,itwika 7,kikuyu73 ,a p]iodic c]emony :i* m>ks ! t]m9ation ( a g5]ation or age 9 ! tribe--x corresponds 9 "s ways to ! ,masai ,eunoto c]emony4 ,kikuyu3 ,! mission>ies n[ (t5 spell x ,gikuyu4 ,a memb] ( ! ,kikuyu tribe is call$ ,mu-,kikuyu--plural1 ,a-,kikuyu4 ,9 common p>lance1 h[ev]1 if "o drops ! prefixes & ref]s to a man ( ?is tribe z a ,kikuyu 7native7--! latt] ^w be+ widely und]/ood1 x is simpl] ?an atta*+ ! appropriate prefix4 ,an upl& tribe 9 ,k5ya ,colony ext5d+ f ne> ,nairobi to ,m\nt ,k5ya4 ,kamba3 ,mu-,kamba is ! s+ul>2 ,a-,kamba is plural & collective4 ,9 ! same way z above1 x has become m usual to simply ref] to !m z ,kamba 7native74 ,_! c\ntry is t]m$ ,ukamba1 & _! language ,ki-,kamba4 ,a tribe 9 ,k5ya ,colony1 ea/ ( ,nairobi4 ,!re are deta*$ portions ( ! tribe ne> ,mombasa1 ne> ,taveta1 & 9 ,tanganyika t]ritory4 ,ki?angaona 7,kikuyu73 ,sacr$ place4 ,ku-roga 7,kikuyu7 v]b3 ,to place ^u or to bewit*4 ,kihe 7,kikuyu73 ,an uncircumcis$ boy4 ,kamwana 7,kamba73 ,an uncircumcis$ boy4 ,k+noli 7,kamba73 ,collective kill+ or execution by ! p ( a p]son convict$ ( c]ta9 s]i\s (f5ces4 ,kaf>a 7,swahili73 ,a *>m plac$ at cross-roads to av]t mis=tune4 ,if anyone c>ries x away x is believ$ t ! mis=tune or disease w be c>ri$ ) x4 ,kirume 7,kikuyu73 ,! dy+ curse :i* c be susp5d$ ov] 8 desc5dants by a dy+ man4 ,kiume 7,kamba73 ,! dy+ curse :i* c be susp5d$ ov] 8 desc5dants by a dy+ man4 ,konono 7,masai73 ,a clan ( s]fs believ$ to be ( ali5 race :o live among ! ,masai & :o are ! smi?s to ! tribe4 ,!y correspond to ! ,tumal ( ! ,somalis4 ,kita 7,kikuyu73 ,! p[] ( ! evil eye4 ,kiama 7,kikuyu73 ,c\ncil ( eld]s4 ,mwanake1 s+ul>2 anake1 plural 7,kikuyu73 ,w>rior class4 ,mutumia1 s+ul>2 atumia1 plural 7,kamba73 ,tribal eld]s4 ,mu?uri1 s+ul>2 a?uri1 plural 7,kikuyu73 ,a?uri ya ,ukuru--! s5ior eld]s4 ,mumo 7,kamba73 ,sacr$ fig tree4 ,mugumu 7,kikuyu73 ,sacr$ fig tree1 (t5 call$ muti wa ,engai4 ,makwa 7,kamba73 ,afflict$ by a curse4 ,see ?abu4 ,mwati1 s+ul>2 miati1 plural 7,kikuyu73 ,a "y ewe :i* has n borne a lamb4 ,miat9i 7,kamba73 ,! fruit ( ,kigelia musa or ,kigelia p9nata--us$ = f]m5t+ be]4 ,mulungu 7,kamba73 ,! deity4 ,ma?amaki1 s+ul>2 azamaki or a?amaki1 plural 7,kikuyu73 ,an eld] ( c\ncil2 8 (ficial title1 n 8 grade rank4 ,muturi1 s+ul>2 aturi1 plural 7,kikuyu73 ,a smi?4 ,mundu ,mugo 7,kikuyu73 ,m$ic9e man4 ,murogi 7,kikuyu73 ,m$ic9e man :o deals 9 black magic4 ,muburi 7,kikuyu73 ,goat4 ,ngoma 7,kikuyu73 ,ance/ral _s4 ,ngoma 7,swahili73 ,a dance4 ,?is ^w is also widely us$ by up-c\ntry natives4 ,njele 7,swahili73 ,a half g\rd us$ z a dome/ic ut5sil = dr9k+ wat]1 gruel or milk4 ,nzeli or nzele 7,kamba73 ,a half g\rd us$ z a dome/ic ut5sil = dr9k+ wat]1 gruel or milk4 ,n!le1 s+ul>2 an!le1 plural 7,kamba73 ,"y m>ri$ man4 ,ndorume 7,kikuyu73 ,a ram1 a fav\rite =m ( sacrifice4 ,ngnondu 7,kikuyu73 ,a ewe1 :i* is also us$ z a sacrifice on c]ta9 occasions4 ,ngunga 7,kikuyu73 ,cat]pill>s4 ,njohi 7,kikuyu73 ,native be]1 usually made f sug> cane4 ,nzama 7,kamba73 ,c\ncil ( eld]s4 ,njama 7,kikuyu73 ,a consultation by ! eld]s2 ! proce$+s are g5]ally secret4 ,rika 7,kikuyu73 ,g5]ation--age grade4 ,ra?i 7,swahili73 ,happ9ess1 bless+--g5]ally us$ ( a =mal bless+4 ,kuw>a?i--to be satisfi$ or cont5t )4 ,rukw>u 7,kikuyu73 ,a /rip ( goat sk9 b\nd on ! wai/ ( a p]son to signify t he has duly p]=m$ a c]ta9 c]emony4 ,ru5ji 7,kikuyu73 ,a razor4 ,ruoro 7,kikuyu73 ,knife us$ = br&+ cattle4 ,%amba1 s+ul>2 ma-%amba1 plural 7,swahili73 ,cultivat$ field or g>d51 widely us$ by up-c\ntry ,africans4 ,ku-tahikia 7,kikuyu71 v]b3 ,to purify4 ,ku is ! inf9itive prefix common to all v]bs4 ,?abu 7,kamba73 ,a curse or afflict$ by a curse--a condition :i* is ! result ( c]ta9 acts1 analog\s to "s =ms ( tabu4 ,?ahu 7,kikuyu73 ,a curse or afflict$ by a curse--a condition :i* is ! result ( c]ta9 acts1 analog\s to "s =ms ( tabu4 ,!ngira 7,kikuyu73 ,lit]ally ! goat hut4 ,x is synonym\s ) ! hut 9 :i* ! unm>ri$ m5 sleep4 ,?omi 7,kamba73 ,op5 meet+ place outside e village4 ,ta?a 7,kikuyu73 ,! semi-dige/$ vegetable matt] :i* =ms ! cont5ts ( a %eep or goat4 ,:5 an animal is sacrific$ ?is is us$ z a purify+ ag5t to remove evil4 ,9 ,kamba language call$ muyo4 ,uji 7,swahili73 ,gruel--also widely us$ by ,ea/ ,africa ,bantu tribes4 ,uji is usually made ( maize or millet meal4 ,uki 7,kamba73 ,be]1 especially mead1 made f honey1 b ! ^w is us$ = all be]4 ,,notes #a ,vol4 ,,ii4 pp4 #d et seq4 #b ,apollodorus1 ,! ,libr>y1 ,,ii4 #b1 #b1 ) my notes4 #c ,memb]s ( ! ,kikuyu tribe f bir? to old age pass ?r\gh v>i\s grades ( initiation1 b ! c]emonial obs]v$ is ( two classes1 "o ( :i* is ref]r$ to by ! natives z ! ,kikuyu sy/em1 & ! o!r ! ,masai sy/em4 ,! ,kikuyu sy/em is probably ! old]1 :il/ ! s-call$ ,masai sy/em is probably contact metamorphism due to ! proximity ( ! ,masai & ! p>tial int]m+l+ :i* has occurr$ f "t to "t4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,masai sy/em be>s v little resemblance to ! ,masai cu/oms ( ! pres5t day1 s presumably x has be5 modifi$ to fit 9 ) ! psy*ology ( ! ,kikuyu :o adopt$ x4 #d ,ol-divai is ! ,masai ^w = ! wild ,sansevi]a4 #e ,vide article on ,masai & _! traditions1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,hollis--,london ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,july1 #aijg1 p4 #ajd--8,n[ ! ,masai !mselves say !y le>nt ?is peculi> c]emony 7viz43 _! me?od ( circumcision7 f ! ,kikuyu40 #f ,mr ,r\tl$ge m5tions a lat] "o :i* took place ne> ,k>uri's ab\t #aijd1 b accord+ to ! ,s4 ,kikuyu natives x 0 only a local c]emony4 #g ,( c\rse ! analogy is n complete1 = x does n apply to "o :o accid5tally becomes ! victim ( c]ta9 circum/ances4 #h ,! act ( /epp+ ov] a corpse is probably consid]$ a s]i\s insult to ! ngoma4 #i ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( sexual rites may appe> repugnant to ,europeans1 b /ud5ts ( ! anci5t _w w readily admit t !re is an intimate connection betwe5 ^! rites & ! religi\s beliefs ( p 9 a c]ta9 /age ( culture4 ,_m examples c\ld be quot$4 #aj 8,religion ( ,semites10 p4 #bfd4 #aa ,a ,syrian sup]/ition quot$ 9 8,religion ( ! ,semites10 p4 #ddc1 deals ) a c]emony to rid g>d5s ( cat]pill>s1 & 9 t1 "o ( ! insects is bewail$ & buri$ & ! cat]pill>s !n disappe>4 #ab ,^! are probably anci5t c>nelian beads2 !y are occasionally f\nd among ! div9ation app>atus ( m$ic9e m52 !y almo/ c]ta9ly 7 d]iv$ f ,egypt or ! ,nile valley4