,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! symbol 80 7small i ) macron70 us$ 9 place ( ! num]al #a 7"o7 ) macron4 ,! symbol 8#b0 7ov]l9e #b7 0 us$ 9 place ( num]al #b ) macron4 ,det]m9ation ( ,! ,atomic ,weight ( ,cadmium & ,! ,prep>ation ( ,c]ta9 ,( ,its ,sub-,comp\nds4 ,diss]tation1 ,pres5t$ to ,! ,bo>d ( ,univ]sity ,/udies ( ,! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,= ,! ,degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy1 ,by ,h>ry ,c4 ,jones #ahib4 ,cont5ts4 ,page ,det]m9ation ( ! ,atomic ,weight ( ,cadmium #a ,introduction & ,hi/orical ,/atem5t #b ,prep>ation ( ,pure ,cadmium #bb ,! ,prep>ation ( ,pure ,nitric ,acid #bh ,! ,arrangem5t ( ,crucibles #cj ,! ,mode ( ,proc$ure #cb ,! ,weigh+ #cg ,t>+ ! ,crucibles #dj ,! ,results #db ,objections to ! ,me?od #de ,advantages ( ! ,me?od #dh ,! ,oxalate ,me?od #ej ,prep>ation ( ,pure ,oxalic ,acid #ea ,prep>ation ( ,cadmium ,oxalate #eb ,mode ( ,proc$ure #ec ,! ,dry+ & ,weigh+ ( ! ,oxalate #ee ,! ,results #eh ,advantages ( ! ,me?od #fj ,disadvantages ( ! ,me?od #fa ,prep>ation ( ,c]ta9 ,sub-comp\nds ( ,cadmium #fc ,hi/orical #fd ,! ,prep>ation ( ,cd,cl #ff ,! ,prep>ation ( ,cd,br #gh ,! ,prep>ation ( ,cd,i #hb ,! ,prep>ation ( ,cadmium ,hydroxide & ,oxide #hb ,notes on ,cry/als ( ,metallic ,cadmium #ig ,! ,cohesion ,ph5om5a ( ,cadmium #ajc ,biographical ,sket* #ajf ,ackn[l$gm5t4 ,x af=ds me great pleasure to express my s9c]e ?anks to ,pr(essor ,rems5 = 8 in/ruction & p]sonal sup]vision dur+ my entire connection ) ! ,univ]sity2 to ,dr4 ,morse1 "u ^: imm$iate guidance ! "w describ$ 9 ?is diss]tation 0 complet$2 to ,dr4 ,r5\f = valuable assi/ance 9 qualitative *emi/ry & to ,dr4 ,williams1 ) :om ! bran*es ( m9]alogy & geology 7 foll[$ z subord9ate subjects4 ,det]m9ation ( ! ,atomic ,weight ( ,cadmium4 ,introduction & ,hi/orical /atem5t4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ! lit]ature on ! atomic weight ( cadmium w conv9ce any "o t consid]able unc]ta9ty yet rema9s 9 ref]5ce to ?is con/ant4 ,six exp]im5t]s h work$ on ?is problem b ! results ( no "o ( !m c be accept$ z be+ m accurate ?an ^? ( all o!rs4 ,! value assign$ to cadmium v>ies f #aaa4dh to #aab4cb on ! basis ( oxyg5 #af4 ,! be/ "w has app>5tly be5 done by von ,hau]1 ,l5ss5 & ,hunt+ton4 ,! results ( ^! ?ree seem entitl$ to ab\t equal confid5ce1 yet ! figure obta9$ by von ,hau] diff]s f t ( ,hunt+ton by ?ree t5?s ( a unit4 ,! m prom95t difficulties :i* h be5 enc\nt]$ 73 ,fir/4 ,! prep>ation ( cadmium comp\nds free f all impurities1 & :i* at ! same "t 7 well adapt$ to weigh+4 ,second4 ,! lack ( a ?or\ghly simple & exact me?od = ! analysis ( cadmium comp\nds4 ,?ird4 ,insuffici5t c>e 9 weigh+ 9 _m cases :]eby small errors 7 introduc$ into ! results4 ,! me?ods :i* h be5 employ$ are3 #a ,conv]sion ( ! metal into ! oxide4 7,/romey]74 #b ,conv]sion ( ! sulphate into ! sulphide4 7von ,hau] & ,p>tridge74 #c ,decomposition ( ! oxalate to ! oxide4 7,l5ss5 & ,p>tridge74 #d ,det]m9ation ( ! *lor9e 9 cadmium *loride1 by :i* ! relation betwe5 ! *loride & metallic silv] 0 e/abli%$4 7,dumas47 #e ,precipitation ( ! brom9e 9 cadmium bromide z silv] bromide4 7,hunt+ton47 #f ,! conv]sion ( ! oxalate into ! sulphide4 7,p>tridge47 ,! diff]5t pieces ( "w w be tak5 up 9 *ronological ord] & briefly consid]$4 ,/romey]1 ,s*urigg ,j\rn4 #bb1 #cff4 #ahah1 det]m9$ ! atomic weight ( cadmium a %ort "t aft] ! discov]y ( ! elem5t4 ,he does n describe 8 me?od 9 detail b e/abli%$ ! relation betwe5 cadmium & oxyg5 to be3 ,cd 3 ,o #ajj 3 #ad4ceb4 ,if ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 #af1 0 0 0 0 cadmium #aaa4dhc4 ,! v l[ result z comp>$ ) all subsequ5t "w 0 probably due to ! pres5ce ( a small am\nt ( z9c1 s9ce ! cadmium us$ 0 obta9$ f z9c ores & no adequate means ( sep>ation f ! z9c is describ$4 von ,hau]1 ,j\rn4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 #gb1 #cch4 #aheg4 ,8 me?od consi/$ 9 r$uc+ a weigh$ am\nt ( cadmium sulphate to ! sulphide 9 a /ream ( hydrog5 sulphide1 "u pressure1 at an elevat$ temp]ature1 & weigh+ ! sulphide4 ,! r$uction 0 %[n to be complete by prov+ ! abs5ce ( sulphate 9 ! sulphide4 #fd4bjea grams ( cadmium sulphate gave #dd4ddia 0 0 0 sulphide4 ,if ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 #af1 0 0 0 0 0 sulphur #cb4jei1 0 0 0 0 cadmium #aaa4ice4 ,! atomic weight ( cadmium calculat$ z an av]age ( ! n9e det]m9ations made us+ ! above values = oxyg5 & sulphur #aaa4id4 ,maximum1 #aab4aba4 ,m9imum1 #aaa4gif4 ,mean1 #aaa4idj4 ,! "w ( von ,hau] is greatly to be pref]r$ to t ( ,/romey]4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial us$ 9 ea* det]m9ation t5d$ to less5 any exp]im5tal error4 ,a v consid]able degree ( c>e seems to h be5 ex]cis$ 9 purify+ ! cadmium sulphate4 ,9 det]m9ations #a-e a diff]5t specim5 ( sulphate 0 employ$ f t 9 det]m9ations #f-i4 ,! av]age value f\nd 9 ! fir/ five det]m9ations #aaa4iaj1 9 ! la/ f\r #aaa4igg4 ,! close agreem5t betwe5 ! results obta9$ f ! diff]5t prep>ations ( ! sulphate argues 9 favor ( a fair degree ( purity = all ! mat]ial4 ,! me?od ( weigh+ ! m or less hygroscopic cadmium sulphate is op5 to criticism :5 employ$ 9 accurate "w4 ,! cadmium sulphate 0 plac$ 9 an op5 boat1 dri$1 cool$ ov] sulphuric acid1 & weigh$4 ,x 0 aga9 dri$1 cool$ z be=e1 & weigh$4 ,! second weigh+ c\ld be quickly accompli%$ s9ce ! approximate weight 0 kn[n4 ,! two weigh+s agre$ to )9 less ?an a milligram or a ?ird dry+ & weigh+ 7 made4 ,an error ( a milligram 9 ! weight ( ! sulphate produc$ an av]age error 9 ! atomic weight ( cadmium ( ab\t 4#jf4 ,t a discrepancy ( great] or less magnitude 0 introduc$ f ?is s\rce w be readily se54 ,dumas ,ann4 ,*im4 ,phys4 #ee1 #aeh4 #ahei1 det]m9$ ! relation betwe5 cadmium *loride & ! metallic silv] requir$ to precipitate ! *lor9e4 ,metallic cadmium 0 dissolv$ 9 boil+ hydro*loric acid & ! solution evaporat$4 ,! cadmium *loride 0 fus$ = five or six h\rs 9 a /ream ( hydro*loric acid gas4 ,six det]m9ations 7 made4 #bc4jfde grams ( cadmium *loride 7 equival5t to #bg4agc grams ( metallic silv]4 ,if ! atomic weight ( silv] #ajg4ic4 0 0 0 0 0 *lor9e #ce4de4 0 0 0 0 cadmium #aab4cbb4 ,! atomic weight ( cadmium calculat$ z ! av]age ( ! six det]m9ations made1 us+ ! above values = silv] & *lor9e #aab4bda4 ,maximum1 #aab4gei4 ,m9imum1 #aaa4gef4 ,mean1 #aab4bda4 ,! l>ge diff]5ce betwe5 ! results w\ld indicate "s consid]able s\rce ( error 9 "p or all ( ! det]m9ations4 ,! fir/ ?ree det]m9ations 7 made f a diff]5t specim5 ( cadmium f ! la/ ?ree4 ,9 ! fir/ ?ree ! cadmium us$ does n seem to h be5 purifi$ & ! cadmium *loride prep>$ f x 0 m or less t9t$ br[n4 ,9 ! la/ ?ree a new specim5 ( metal 0 us$ :i* 9 ,dumas' words c\ld reasonably be consid]$ to be absolutely pure4 ,! *loride prep>$ f x 0 colorless1 well cry/alliz$ & p]fectly soluble 9 wat]4 ,9 ord] to %[ cle>ly ! wide discrepancy betwe5 ! results obta9$ f ! two specim5s ( cadmium :i* 7 us$1 ! sep>ate det]m9ations are giv5 9 detail4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd,cl ,ag4 ,cadmium4 #a #b4cfi #b4gia #aab4cbb #b #d4edj #e4cdh #aab4cdg #c #f4agg #g4bfj #aab4gei #d #b4djd #b4hda #aaa4gef #e #c4ecbe #d4aff #aab4ace #f #d4jdb #d4gfg #aab4acj ,! av]age result ( ! fir/ ?ree det]m9ations #aab4dgf4 ,! av]age result ( ! la/ ?ree det]m9ations #aab4jjg4 ,f ,dumas' own /atem5t conc]n+ ! purity ( ! cadmium *loride analyz$1 det]m9ations #d-f are mu* to be pref]r$ to det]m9ations #a-c & ! mo/ probable value f ,dumas' "w w\ld be v ne>ly #aab4 ,l5ss5 ,j\rn4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 #gi1 #bha4 #ahfj1 reg>d$ ! oxalate ( cadmium z well adapt$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! atomic weight ( cadmium4 ,a solution ( cadmium *loride :i* _h be5 purifi$ by repeat$ cry/allization 0 treat$ ) an excess ( a solution ( pure oxalic acid4 ,! cadmium oxalate =m$ 0 filt]$ (f1 wa%$1 & c>efully dri$ 9 ! air at #aej ,c4 until ! la/ trace ( wat] 0 remov$4 #a4efig grams cadmium oxalate gave #a4jjdg grams cadmium oxide4 ,if ! atomic weight ( oxyg5 #af1 0 0 0 0 c>bon #ab4jjc1 0 0 0 cadmium #aab4jdc4 ,! av]age ( ! ?ree det]m9ations us+ ! above values = oxyg5 & c>bon is #aab4jfg4 ,maximum1 #aab4cjd4 ,m9imum1 #aaa4iaa4 ,mean1 #aab4jfg4 ,! small am\nt ( mat]ial us$ 9 ea* det]m9ation1 ! small numb] ( det]m9ations made1 & ! r l>ge diff]5ce betwe5 ! highe/ & l[e/ result are objectionable4 ,!re are c]ta9 weak po9ts 9 ! me?od b to ^! ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,hunt+ton1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 #ag1 #bh4 #ahhb1 work+ ) ,cooke1 made two s]ies ( det]m9ations ( ! atomic weight ( cadmium4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies ! relation betwe5 cadmium bromide & ! silv] bromide =m$ f x 0 det]m9$4 ,9 ! second1 ! relation betwe5 cadmium bromide & ! silv] requir$ to precipitate ! brom9e4 ,! cadmium bromide 0 prep>$ by dissolv+ ! c>bonate 9 hydrobromic acid & sublim+ ! product 9 a /ream ( c>bon dioxide4 ,9 ! fir/ s]ies ( eight det]m9ations #bc4cbge grams ( cadmium bromide 7 equival5t to #cb4bjih grams ( silv] bromide4 ,if ! atomic weight ( silv] #ajg4ic4 0 0 0 0 0 brom9e #gi4ie4 0 0 0 0 cadmium #abb4bci4 ,maximum1 #aab4bij4 ,m9imum1 #aab4afi4 ,:]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! maximum & m9imum value is slight1 ! av]age ( ! sep>ate det]m9ations agrees closely ) ! numb] f\nd by comp>+ ! total sub/ance us$ ) ! total product obta9$4 ,! latt] me?od ( calculation seems h[ev] to be pref]able4 ,9 ! second s]ies ( eight det]m9ations #bh4fffh grams ( cadmium bromide 7 equival5t to #bb4gcgi grams ( silv]4 ,us+ ! same values = silv] & brom9e1 ! atomic weight ( cadmium #aab4bde4 ,maximum1 #aab4cbj4 ,m9imum1 #aab4ahj4 ,! agreem5t ( ! sep>ate det]m9ations ) ea* o!r is fairly close & ! av]age ( ! two s]ies ( det]m9ations is ne>ly ! same4 ,hunt+ton took great c>e 9 ! purification ( 8 mat]ial & 9 ! c>ry+ out ( 8 me?od1 :i* are /rong argum5ts 9 favor ( 8 "w1 yet 8 me?od is n z simple z c\ld be desir$ :]e ! nature ( ! "w dem&s ! greate/ possible accuracy 9 all details & x also appe>s to be subject to "s ( ! errors common to ord9>y analytical op]ations4 ,p>tridge4 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce ,,xl1 #cgg4 #ahij4 ,me?ods3 #a4 ,decomposition ( ! oxalate to ! oxide4 #b4 ,r$uction ( ! sulphate to ! sulphide4 #c4 ,conv]sion ( ! oxalate into ! sulphide4 ,z an av]age ( ! det]m9ations made by ea* me?od ,p>tridge gives3 #a s]ies1 atomic weight ( cadmium #aaa4hjbg4 #b 0 0 0 0 0 #aaa4gifi4 #c 0 0 0 0 0 #aaa4hjej4 ,an excell5t agreem5t betwe5 results obta9$ by diff]5t me?ods#a4 ,t ?is v close agreem5t is only app>5t has be5 %[n by ,cl>ke4 ,he has f\nd t ! above calculations are bas$ on ! assumption t ! atomic weight ( c>bon #ab1 & t ( sulphur #cb :5 oxyg5 #af4 ,!re seems to be little ju/ification = ?is r arbitr>y selection by ,p>tridge s9ce ! mo/ ref9$ "w %[s t :ole numb]s d n express ! mo/ probable atomic weights ( c>bon & sulphur 9 a sy/em :]e oxyg5 #af4 #a ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\rn4 #ac1 #cd4 #ahia4 ,! atomic weight ( cadmium calculat$ f ! total mat]ial us$ & ! total product f\nd 9 ea* ( ! ?ree s]ies is3 ,o #af4 ,c #ab4 ,s #cb4 ,at4,wt4,cd4 #a s]ies1 ,cd,c,o 3 ,cd,o #ab4ffcfh;g4 3 #h4ajjca;g4 #aaa4hje4 #b 0 ,cd,s,o 3 ,cd,s #ae4iceje;g4 3 #aa4jbfia;g4 #aaa4ghf4 #c 0 ,cd,c,o 3 ,cd,s #af4hebbh;g4 3 #ab4abijf;g4 #aaa4hjf4 diff]5ce1 #j4jbj4 ,o #af4 ,c #ab4jjc ,s #cb4jei ,at4,wt4,cd4 #a s]ies1 ,cd,c,o 3 ,cd,o #ab4ffcfh;g4 3 #h4ajjca;g4 #aaa4haf4 #b 0 ,cd,s,o 3 ,cd,s #ae4iceje;g4 3 #aa4jbfia;g4 #aaa4gbg4 #c 0 ,cd,c,o 3 ,cd,s #af4hebbh;g4 3 #ab4abijf;g4 #aaa4faj4 diff]5ce1 #j4bjf4 ,z ,cl>ke has po9t$ out :5 ^? values are *os5 = c>bon & sulphur :i* are f\nd$ on ! be/ exp]im5tal evid5ce ! agreem5t betwe5 ! diff]5t s]ies ( results z calculat$ by ,p>tridge is some:at modifi$4 ,i h repeat$ ! "w on :i* s]ies ,i is bas$ & w\ld call att5tion to ! foll[+ po9ts 9 :i* x appe>s to h be5 exp]im5tally defective4 #a ,! metal 0 only di/ill$ twice 9 a vacuum4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ?is laboratory t p]fectly pure cadmium or z9c c be prep>$ only by repeat$ di/illations1 ea* "o be+ c>ri$ on sl[ly to all[ ! impurities to sep>ate by means ( _! diff]5ce 9 volatility4 #b ,! suppos$ mixture ( metal & oxide result+ f ! decomposition ( ! oxalate 0 only moi/5$ ) a few drops ( nitric acid 9 ord] to reoxidize any r$uc$ metal4 ,unless ! entire mass ( metal & oxide 0 dissolv$ !re w\ld be dang] ( ! pres5ce ( free undissolv$ metal :i* w\ld possess an appreciable vapor-t5sion bel[ ! temp]ature ( decomposition ( cadmium nitrate4 ,an appreciable loss 9 weight result+ f a di/illation ( ! metal out ( ! crucible might easily result4 #c ,x seems v probable t ! cadmium nitrate 0 n heat$ suffici5tly to remove all traces ( ! oxides ( nitrog54 ,i h f\nd t ?is c\ld only be accompli%$ by long cont9u$ heat+4 ,con/ant weight 0 n suffici5t to h decid$ ?is po9t s9ce x 0 also f\nd t ?is c\ld be rea*$ %ort ( complete decomposition1 if ! temp]ature 0 too l[ to remove ! la/ traces ( ^! oxides4 ,"s v delicate te/ = su* oxides %\ld h be5 appli$ at ! end ( ea* exp]im5t4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s a summ>y ( ! results ?us f> obta9$4 ,:5 two values are giv5 = "o s]ies ( det]m9ations1 ! fir/ is calculat$ f ! total mat]ial us$ & ! total product f\nd1 ! second is an av]age ( ! results ( ! sep>ate exp]im5ts4 ,oxyg5 is tak5 z #af ?r\gh\t4 ,date4 ,inve/igators4 ,at4,wt4,cd4 #ahah1 ,/romey]1 #aaa4dhc #aheg1 von ,hau]1 #aaa4ice #aaa4idj #ahei1 ,dumas1 #aab4cbb #aab4bda #ahfj1 ,l5ss51 #aab4jdc #aab4jfg #ahhb1 ,hunt+ton1 #a s]ies #aab4bci 0 #b 0 #aab4bde #ahij1 ,p>tridge1 #a s]ies #aaa4hje 0 #b 0 #aaa4ghf 0 #c 0 #aaa4hjf ,9 ! above calculation ( ,p>tridge's results ,c #ab4 ,s #cb4 ,9 ! foll[+ c>bon is tak5 z #ab4jjc & sulphur is #cb4jei4 #ahij1 ,p>tridge1 #a s]ies #aaa4haf 0 #b 0 #aaa4gbg 0 #c 0 #aaa4faj ,aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! me?ods available x becomes evid5t t no "o ( !m 0 p] se z accurate z ! me?od employ$ by ,morse & ,burton1#b = ! det]m9ation ( ! atomic weight ( z9c1 & m rec5tly by ,burton & ,morse1#c = ! det]m9ation ( ! atomic weight ( magnesium4 ,! me?od ( "w 0 to prep>e pure metallic cadmium1 to conv]t a weigh$ portion ( ! metal into nitrate by means ( pure nitric acid1 to decompose ! nitrate completely to oxide & to weigh ! oxide4 #b ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\rn4 ,x1 #caa4 #c ib4 ,,xii1 #bai4 ,prep>ation ( ,pure ,cadmium4 ,! "w ( prep>+ pure cadmium 0 begun m ?an two ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,w4 ,v4 ,metcalf ) ,dr4 ,h4 ,n4 ,morse4 ,i wi% to express "h my s9c]e ?anks to him = ! mat]ial ) :i* ! foll[+ det]m9ations 7 made4 ,! cadmium us$ by him 0 obta9$ f ,s*u*>t & m>k$ 8,met4 prss4 7galv47 r$us40 ,! me?od ( purification by fractional di/illation 9 a vacuum1 0 ess5tially t employ$ by ,morse & ,burton = ! purification ( metallic z9c4 ,! di/illation 0 c>ri$ out 9 h>d glass tubes ( ! size ( ord9>y combu/ion tub+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,fig4 #a4 repres5ts su* a tube4 ,a h>d glass tube1 #fjj-gjj mm4 9 l5g?1 0 clos$ at "o end & ab\t #acj grams ( cadmium introduc$4 ,! walls ( ! tube 7 heat$ & ind5t$ at ! two po9ts a1 & b1 ) a r$-hot file1 divid+ ! tube into ?ree sections m>k$ ,a1 ,b & ,c4 ,! op5 end ( ! tube 0 drawn out1 b5t1 & atta*$ to a ,spr5gel air-pump by means ( a rubb] tube4 ,! jo9t 0 ti$ tightly ) wax$ cord & surr\nd$ by m]cury4 ,:5 ! manomet] indicat$ t ! tube 0 exhau/$1 x 0 gradually heat$ by ! combu/ion furnace 9 :i* x re/$4 ,! metal 9 ,a melt$ & di/ill$ sl[ly into ! front portion ( ! tube4 ,mo/ ( x cond5s$ 9 ,b1 :ile a small "p1 toge!r ) any m volatile impurity1 collect$ 9 ,c :i* 0 kept cool] ?an ! rema9d] ( ! tube4 ,:5 ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! metal plac$ 9 ,a _h di/ill$ ov]1 ! tube 0 v sl[ly cool$4 ,:5 cold1 ! tube 0 brok5 op51 ! portions 9 ,a & ,c be+ reject$ 9 e case1 :ile ! metal 0 recov]$ f ,b 9 ! =m ( a b> re/+ on ! bottom ( ! tube1 toge!r ) "s cry/al aggregates1 susp5d$ f ! top & sides4 ,a few cry/al individuals 7 secur$ b ! measurem5t ( ^! w be consid]$ lat]4 ,! metal sep>at$ f ! glass ) a highly lu/r\s surface & did n attack ! glass 9 ! lea/4 ,! fir/ di/illation 0 effect$ 9 a tube bridg$ z repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #a1 b drawn out at ea* end4 ,! orig9al cadmium p[d] 0 heat$ 9 ! tube 9 a /ream ( pure hydrog5 gas1 = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! metal 9 ! =m ( b>s1 & to r$uce any cadmium oxide conta9$ 9 ! p[d]4 ,six di/illations 7 made 9 a vacuum4 ,9 ! fir/1 #fcj grams ( metal 7 us$ be+ di/ill$ 9 quantities ( ab\t #acj grams ea*4 ,at ! end ( ! six? di/illation1 !re 7 ab\t #ajj grams ( pure cadmium at disposal4 ,9 ! fif? & six? di/illations1 ! metal 0 heat$ j above ! melt+ po9t = f tw5ty to tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 be=e be+ =c$ ov] into ! middle portion ( ! tube4 ,by ?is means all ! rema9+ traces ( ! m volatile ars5ic 7 driv5 into ! front "p ( ! tube & sep>at$ f ! cadmium4 ,! di/illations4 ,! residue repres5ts ! undi/ill$ portion rema9+ 9 ,a4 ,! di/illate1 ! mat]ial obta9$ f ,b aft] ! di/illation 0 complet$4 ,! coat+1 ! sub/ance :i* cond5s$ 9 ,c4 ,residue1 ,cd1 ,pt1 ,zn18 ,z84 ,di/illation ,i ,di/illate1 ,cd1 ,zn18 ,z8 ,coat+1 ,cd1 ,zn18 ,z84 ,residue1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,di/illation ,,ii ,di/illate1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,coat+1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,residue1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,di/illation ,,iii ,di/illate1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,coat+1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,residue1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,di/illation ,,iv ,di/illate1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,coat+1 ,cd1 ,zn81 ,z84 ,residue1 ,cd4 ,di/illation ,v ,di/illate1 ,cd4 ,coat+1 ,cd1 ,z84 ,residue1 ,cd4 ,di/illation ,,vi ,di/illate1 ,cd4 ,coat+1 ,cd4 ,! di/illate f ! la/ di/illation 0 exam9$ spectroscopically by ,pr(essor ,r[l& & f\nd to be free f all traces ( impurity :i* w\ld be detect$ by t me?od4 ,! *emical te/ = ars5ic 0 m delicate ?an ! spectroscopic & ?is fail$ to reveal a trace4 ,! prep>ation ( pure nitric acid4 ,! me?od ( prep>+ ! pure acid & ( pres]v+ & transf]r+ x 0 ! same z adopt$ by ,morse & ,burton 9 _! "w on ! atomic weight ( z9c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,! simple =m ( app>atus is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #b4 ,a l>ge plat9um vessel conta9+ fragm5ts ( ice 0 support$ on a small] plat9um di%1 f :i* x 0 sep>at$ by hooks ( l>ge plat9um wire4 ,! acid 0 di/ill$ f a small flask z repres5t$ 9 ! draw+4 ,! pure/ nitric acid :i* c\ld be obta9$ 0 dilut$ ) ab\t an equal volume ( wat]4 ,! vessel conta9+ ! acid 0 heat$ v g5tly t ! di/illation might take place )\t boil+4 ,! dilute acid cond5s$ on ! cold surface ( ! l>g] di% & collect$ 9 ! small]1 9 :i* x 0 pres]v$ until us$4 ,?is acid gave no residue on evaporation4 ,! arrangem5t ( crucibles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! crucibles 9 :i* ! det]m9ations 7 made is repres5t$ 9 fig4 #c4 #a is a small porcela9 crucible1 7#jj7 f ! ext]ior & lid ( :i* ! glaze _h be5 remov$ by hydr(luoric acid4 ,! lid 0 sep>at$ f ! crucible by hooks made f ?ick plat9um wire1 to all[ free communication betwe5 ! cont5ts ( ! crucible & ! ext]nal air4 ,?is w\ld facilitate ! outw>d diffusion ( ! oxides ( nitrog5 :5 lib]at$ f ! nitrate4 #b is an uncov]$ porcela9 crucible 7no4 ,,ii7 9 :i* #a 0 plac$4 ,f ! ext]ior ! glaze _h be5 remov$ to prev5t ! crucible f adh]+ to ! unglaz$ porcela9 scorifi] on :i* x re/$4 ,! ext]ior 0 c>efully bru%$ aft] treatm5t ) hydr(luoric acid to remove all loose p>ticles adh]+ to its surface4 ,crucibles #a & #b 7 n sep>at$ dur+ a det]m9ation4 #c is a nickel crucible ab\t two & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! porcela9 crucibles 7 n all[$ to t\* ! nickel at any po9t4 ,! nickel crucible 0 cov]$ by a lid ( nickel4 ,! mode ( proc$ure4 ,a piece ( cadmium weigh+ f two to ?ree grams 0 cut f ! b> ( ! metal by means ( a /eel *isel4 ,?is 0 seiz$ ) /eel =ceps & fil$ ) a h>d /eel file to ab\t "o half ! orig9al weight4 ,c>e 0 tak5 to remove ! entire ext]ior portion ( ! metal :i* _h come 9 contact ) ! *isel or _h /ood expos$ to ! air4 ,! plug ( metal 0 !n c>efully bru%$ & exam9$ ) a l5s to insure ! removal ( all loose p>ticles f ! surface4 ,crucibles #a & #b hav+ be5 br\ght to con/ant weight aga9/ _! t>e1 7 ready = use4 ,! piece ( cadmium 0 weigh$ & plac$ 9 #a4 ,an excess ( pure nitric acid 0 add$ & a g5tle heat appli$ until all ! metal _h dissolv$4 ,?is requir$ f tw5ty to =ty h\rs4 ,a s&-ba? 0 con/ruct$ by plac+ a l>ge porcela9 crucible 9 an iron crucible & fill+ ! int]v5+ space ) s&4 ,! pair ( crucibles 7#a & #b7 0 plac$ 9 ! porcela9 crucible & ! cont5ts evaporat$ to dryness by w>m+ v c>efully at fir/ & gradually increas+ ! temp]ature4 ,! pair ( crucibles 0 !n transf]r$ to a ba? con/ruct$ z ! above :]e iron fil+s took ! place ( s&4 ,?is 0 heat$ by a s+le burn] until ! nitrate 0 all decompos$ :5 a triple burn] 0 add$ & f9ally two = six or eight h\rs4 ,?is 0 n suffici5t to effect complete decomposition4 ,:5 cold1 ! pair ( crucibles 0 plac$ 9 ! nickel crucible z repres5t$ 9 fig4 #c & %>ply heat$ ov] a bla/-lamp = sev]al h\rs4 ,?is complet$ ! decomposition ( ! nitrate & ! removal ( ! la/ traces ( oxides ( nitrog54 ,dur+ ! bla/+ ! lid on crucible #c 0 rais$ a little to "o side to all[ free access ( air4 ,! nickel crucible 0 =c$ tightly into a hole cut 9 ! c5t] ( an asbe/os bo>d ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 to prev5t any r$uc+ gases f ! lamp ent]+ ! crucibles :ile hot4 ,?is 0 ! same arrangem5t z 0 us$ by ,p>tridge#d4 #d ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce ,,xl1 #cgi4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! f9al decomposition ( ! nitrate c\ld n be effect$ 9 a muffle furnace z ) z9c1 s9ce at v high temp]atures cadmium oxide attack$ ! porcela9 ) great en]gy & injur$ ! crucibles4 ,! decomposition ( ! nitrate 0 %[n to be complete n by con/ant weight alone1 b by te/+ = oxides ( nitrog5 ) />* pa/e r5d]$ extremely s5sitive ) potassium iodide4 ,t ! te/ %\ld be reliable1 ,morse & ,burton h po9t$ out t all ! reag5ts us$ mu/ be free f oxidiz+ ag5ts4 ,! pres5ce ( iodate 9 ! iodide is especially to be avoid$4 ,?is 0 remov$ by boil+ ! solution ) z9c amalgam4 ,air 0 remov$ f all ! solutions by boil+4 ,:5 ! />*-potassium-iodide solution _h be5 prep>$ z s5sitive z possible1 a portion ( x 0 treat$ ) a little hydro*loric acid1 to det]m9e if any iod9e 0 lib]at$4 ,if no coloration 0 obs]v$ ! cadmium oxide 0 add$4 ,x dissolv$ 9 ! hydro*loric acid & if any oxides ( nitrog5 7 pres5t !y w\ld h reveal$ !mselves by ! lib]ation ( iod9e & a blue coloration ( ! />* pa/e4 ,9 no "o ( ! t5 det]m9ations 0 ! slighte/ coloration detect$4 ,an equal volume ( nitric acid 0 add$ to ! pair ( crucibles us$ z a t>e z to ^? conta9+ ! det]m9ation1 & !y 7 heat$ 9 exactly ! same mann] & = ! same l5g? ( "t4 ,! crucibles conta9+ ! cadmium oxide 7 heat$ ov] ! bla/-lamp = an h\r1 weigh$ aga9/ _! t>e1 reheat$1 aga9 weigh$1 & ?is cont9u$ until !re 0 no fur!r *ange 9 weight4 ,usually f two to f\r h\rs heat+ ov] ! bla/-lamp 0 suffici5t to completely decompose ! nitrate4 ,! te/ = oxides ( nitrog5 0 !n appli$4 ,i f\nd t practically con/ant weight c\ld be rea*$ %ort ( compete decomposition1 at a temp]ature bel[ t necess>y to trans=m all ! nitrate into ! oxide4 ,?is necessitat$ ! f9al te/ = oxides ( nitrog54 ,! ,weigh+4 ,! balance us$ 0 a ,no4 #h long-arm$ "o1 made by ,beck] & ,sons4 ,x 0 support$ by iron brackets fa/5$ to "o ( ! f\ndation walls ( ! laboratory4 ,"h x w\ld be subject$ to ! lea/ j> & 0 also well protect$ f air curr5ts4 ,all weigh+s 7 made betwe5 ! h\rs ( "o & five 9 ! morn+ :5 ! surr\nd+s 7 z quiet z c\ld be desir$4 ,a v slight di/urbance 0 detect$ by ! vibrations on ! surface ( a cup ( m]cury plac$ conv5i5tly betwe5 ! pans4 ,t ! pres5ce ( ! op]ator might n produce any *ange 9 ! balance dur+ ! weigh+1 he clos$ ! room1 plac$ ! light above & beh9d 8 head & took 8 position 9 front ( ! balance at lea/ an h\r be=e mak+ a weigh+4 ,:5 8 pres5ce no long] affect$ ! balance 7:i* 0 %[n by ! z]o po9t rema9+ con/ant 9 a s]ies ( det]m9ations7 ! weigh+ 0 begun4 ,! me?od ( weigh+ by vibrations & ^u bo? pans 0 employ$ ?r\gh\t4 ,ea* z]o po9t 0 tak5 z ! mean ( ?ree closely agree+ z]o det]m9ations2 ea* "o ( ! ?ree be+ ! mean ( sev5 read+s4 ,! z]o ( ! balance empty 0 det]m9$ j be=e & aft] ea* weigh+ to detect any *ange 9 its position4 ,usually none 0 obs]v$4 ,! s5sibility ( ! balance 0 tak5 at ea* weigh+ ) ! weights us$ at t weigh+4 ,a displacem5t ( ! z]o po9t ab\t six divisions ( ! ivory scale 0 effect$ by ! addition ( "o milligram4 ,! weights _h be5 especially adju/$ & 7 c>efully comp>$ ) ea* o!r be=e us+4 ,weigh+ by t>es 0 adopt$ z pref]able to any o!r me?od4 ,by ?is means all errors result+ f *anges 9 ! moi/ure ( ! air 7 avoid$ & any errors :i* might h be5 introduc$ by heat+ or manipulat+ ! crucibles w\ld be c\nt]act$ by treat+ ! t>e 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,t>+ ,! ,crucibles4 ,a pair ( crucibles 7#a & #b 9 ! figure7 0 select$ & treat$ z describ$4 ,ano!r pair ab\t ! same size b a little light] 0 prep>$ 9 exactly ! same way4 ,ea* pair 0 plac$ 9 ! nickel crucible & heat$ by means ( ! bla/-lamp = half an h\r4 ,aft] cool+ 9 desiccators1 bo? pairs ( crucibles :]e plac$ 9 ! clos$ balance until no long] affect$ by ! moi/ure ( ! air1 :i* 0 also dri$ by calcium *loride4 ,! t>e 0 br\ght to )9 "o t5? ( a milligram ( ! weight ( ! crucibles aga9/ :i* x 0 be+ t>$1 by add+ fragm5ts ( porcela9 obta9$ f ano!r crucible ( ! same composition4 ,! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 ! t>e & its mate 0 !n accurately asc]ta9$4 ,ea* pair ( crucibles 0 aga9 plac$ 9 ! nickel crucible & bla/$ = half an h\r4 ,!y 7 !n reweigh$1 to det]m9e if ! diff]5ce 9 weight previ\sly f\nd _h rema9$ con/ant4 ,9 no case 0 any *ange detect$1 yet ?is precaution 0 always tak54 ,! ,results4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s ! results ( t5 successive det]m9ations4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd4 ,wt4 ( ,cd4 ,wt4 ( ,cd,o4 7,o #af7 7,o #ae4if7 ,i #a4gghia #b4jcbhh #aab4jgj #aaa4gij ,,ii #a4hbdib #b4jhedd #aab4jgh #aaa4gih ,,iii #a4gdfhh #a4iifbf #aab4jgh #aaa4gih ,,iv #a4egjjj #a4gidah #aab4jec #aaa4ggc ,v #a4ihdha #b4bfhbj #aab4jfa #aaa4gha ,,vi #b4bgbig #b4eigea #aab4jei #aaa4ggi ,,vii #a4gefie #b4jjgge #aab4jhf #aaa4hjf ,,viii #a4gjjbh #a4idcje #aab4jei #aaa4ggi ,,ix #a4ibbcg #b4aifgi #aab4jhc #aaa4hjc ,x #a4ibjha #b4aiejb #aab4jgh #aaa4gih ------- ------- ------- ------- ,mean1 #aab4jgje4 #aaa4gije4 ,maximum1 #aab4jhf4 #aaa4hjf4 ,m9imum1 #aab4jec4 #aaa4ggc4 ,diff]5ce1 4#jcc4 4#jcc4 ,calculat+ ! atomic weight ( cadmium f ! total am\nt ( metal us$ & oxide f\nd1 we h3 ,at4 ,wt4 ( ,cd4 ,at4 ,wt4 ( ,cd4 7,o #af7 7,o #ae4if7 #aab4jgjf4 #aaa4gijd4 ,^! results agree m closely ) ^? ( von ,hau] & ,l5ss5 ?an ) ^? ( any o!r exp]im5t]4 ,! foll[+ table gives a comp>ison ( ! "w ( ^! inve/igators ) t h]e9 describ$3 von ,hau]4 ,l5ss54 ,"w "h describ$4 #i det]m9ations4 #c det]m9ations4 #aj det]m9ations4 7,o #af7 7,o #af7 7,o #af7 ,mean #aaa4idj #aab4jfg #aab4jgje ,max4 #aab4aba #aab4cjd #aab4jhf ,m94 #aaa4gif #aaa4iaa #aab4jec ,diff4 4#cbe 4#cic 4#jcc ,a diff]5ce ( ?ree or f\r t5?s ( a unit betwe5 ! diff]5t results ( a s]ies leaves consid]able d\bt z to ! accuracy ( ! me?od employ$ & to ! value obta9$4 ,! figure select$ by ,o/wald1#e z mo/ probable = ! atomic weight ( cadmium is #aab4jh4 ,?is is ! mean ( ! results on von ,hau] & ,hunt+ton4 ,my own "w leads me to believe t ?is numb] is v close to ! true value :5 oxyg5 is tak5 z #af4 #e ,lehrb4 d4 ,allg4 ,*em4 ,i1 #fj4 ,objections to ! me?od4 ,m>ignac#f (f]$ ! objection to ?is me?od = det]m9+ ! atomic weight ( z9c t ! z9c oxide dissociat$ :5 heat$ 9 plat9um ov] ! bla/-lamp4 ,! same objection might be urg$ aga9/ ?is me?od = det]m9+ ! atomic weight ( cadmium1 _h x n be5 %[n t ! objection does n hold = z9c#g4 ,:at took place 0 a r$uction ( ! z9c oxide by ! highly heat$ hydrog5 :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! hot plat9um4 #f ,ar*ives des ,sci5ces ,phys4 et ,nat4 7#c7 #aj1 #aic4 #g ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\rn4 ,x1 #adh4 ,x 0 %[n t z9c oxide c be heat$ 9 a plat9um vessel 9 a muffle furnace1 to ! melt+ po9t ( /eel1 )\t und]go+ any dissociation1 or 9 any wise los+ 9 weight4 ,?is s\rce ( error 0 avoid$ by us+ porcela9 vessels1 :i* 7 n br\ght into contact ) ! free flame4 ,! /atem5t ( ,m>ignac t ! oxide ( z9c d]iv$ f ! nitrate reta9s oxides ( nitrog5 ev5 :5 heat$ to ! temp]ature at :i* x beg9s to und]go dissociation1 0 %[n by ! same au?ors to be )\t f\ndation4 ,! basis ( ?is objection is d\btless to be f\nd 9 ! imp]fect me?od ( te/+ = su* oxides4 ,x might be urg$ z an objection to ?is me?od t ! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 ! metal & oxide is n v great1 !re=e any error 9 weigh+ w\ld be multipli$ 9 ! result4 ,at fir/ sight ?is objection may appe> valid1 b s9ce ! sub/ances weigh$ 7 s well adapt$ to t purpose & ! weigh+s c\ld be made ) su* a high degree ( accuracy no appreciable error c\ld h result$ f ?is s\rce4 ,a crucible ) its cont5ts 0 repeat$ly weigh$ aga9/ its t>e & weights to asc]ta9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 successive weigh+s "u ! conditions employ$4 ,a numb] ( weigh+s agre$ to 4#jjjjb gr4 & 9 "s in/ances to half ?is am\nt4 ,advantages ( ! ,me?od4 #a ,! great advantage ( ! me?od is its extreme simplicity4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( an exp]im5t until ! end ! cont5ts ( ! crucible are n br\ght into contact ) any =eign sub/ance4 ,by ?is means small errors result+ f incomplete precipitation1 & filtration & all o!r errors incid5t to ord9>y processes ( analysis 7 avoid$4 #b ,! nature ( ! metal & its oxide r5d]$ !m well adapt$ to weigh+4 ,! specific gravity ( ! metal & oxide approa*$ s closely to t ( ! weights1 t x 0 unnecess>y to r$uce ! weigh+s to a vacuum /&>d4 #c ,! advantages d]iv$ f weigh+ by t>es h be5 po9t$ out4 #d ,! closely agree+ results speak /rongly 9 favor ( ! accuracy ( ! me?od4 ,! ,oxalate ,me?od4 ,! me?od consi/s 9 tak+ a weigh$ am\nt ( cadmium oxalate1 decompos+ x by heat1 :5 a mixture ( oxide & metal are said to be =m$1 dissolv+ ?is mixture 9 nitric acid1 conv]t+ ! nitrate into oxide & weigh+ ! oxide4 ,l5ss5#h obta9$ results by ?is me?od :i* agree v closely ) ^? record$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is diss]tation4 ,work+ ) ! same me?od1 ,p>tridge#i arriv$ at a value ab\t "o f\r? ( a unit l[] ?an t ( ,l5ss54 #h ,j\rn4 f4 prakt4 ,*em4 #gi1 #bha4 #i ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce ,,xl1 #cgg4 ,x appe>$ desirable t ?is me?od %\ld be repeat$ ) ! greate/ c>e to asc]ta9 :at result x w\ld give "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,hav+ a supply ( pure cadmium x 0 necess>y to prep>e pure oxalic acid4 ,prep>ation ( ,pure ,oxalic ,acid4 ,! comm]cial acid 0 cry/alliz$ ?ree times f cold wat] to sep>ate x f acid oxalates4 ,x 0 !n boil$ = two days ) a #ae p] c5t solution ( hydro*loric acid1 to remove any m9]al matt] pres5t4 ,! acid :i* cry/alliz$ f ! hydro*loric acid solution 0 recry/alliz$ twice f hot1 r$i/ill$ alcohol & twice f pure e!r4 ,x 0 f9ally boil$ ) wat] to decompose any e?yl oxalate & twice cry/alliz$ f pure wat]4 ,! acid 0 dri$ 9 ! air at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,?is acid left no residue on ignition4 ,prep>ation ( ,cadmium ,oxalate4 ,a piece ( cadmium 0 dissolv$ 9 pure nitric acid4 ,on c>efully evaporat+ ! solution cadmium nitrate 0 obta9$4 ,tw5ty-five grams ( ! nitrate 7 dissolv$ 9 #gej c4c4 ( r$i/ill$ wat]4 ,some:at less ?an an equival5t ( ! oxalic acid 0 dissolv$ 9 an equal volume ( wat]1 & sl[ly add$ to ! solution ( ! nitrate ) con/ant %ak+4 ,a little less ?an an equival5t ( oxalic acid 0 us$ to avoid any t5d5cy to =m acid oxalates4 ,cadmium oxalate 0 precipitat$ on /&+ a few m9utes z a :ite cry/all9e comp\nd1 well adapt$ to wa%+4 ,! oxalate 0 filt]$ (f & wa%$ until ! wa% wat] 0 free f all traces ( nitric acid4 ,x 0 !n wa%$ t5 times ) wat] :i* _h be5 twice r$i/ill$ & dri$ 9 an air-ba? = tw5ty h\rs at #aej;,c4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! crucibles :i* 7 weigh$ 0 9 all respects l t 9 ! prec$+ me?od4 ,mode ( ,proc$ure4 ,! crucibles 7 heat$1 t>$1 & weigh$ exactly z 9 ! prec$+ me?od4 ,! oxalate 0 weigh$ 9 gr\nd-/opp]$ weigh+ tubes f :i* x 0 transf]r$ to ! inn] ( ! two porcela9 crucibles4 ,! pair ( crucibles1 7#a & #b fig4 #c7 0 plac$ 9 a ?ird porcela9 crucible & ! :ole sy/em introduc$ into an upright air-ba?4 ,! out] crucible 0 support$ on a porcela9 triangle ab\t an in* f ! bottom ( ! ba? & 0 n all[$ to t\* its walls at any po9t4 ,! top ( ! ba? 0 cov]$ ) a %eet ( iron ov] :i* 0 plac$ an asbe/os bo>d4 ,! ext]ior 0 also cov]$ ) a l9+ ( asbe/os4 ,a !rmomet] 0 introduc$ well into ! ba?4 ,! temp]ature 0 all[$ to rise sl[ly until ! oxalate began to %[ a br[n color ar\nd ! edge4 ,f ?is /age ! temp]ature 0 kept z l[ z possible 9 ord] to effect ! decomposition4 ,:5 ! oxalate 0 decompos$ ! ba? 0 all[$ to cool & ! cont5ts ( ! crucible completely dissolv$ 9 nitric acid4 ,! nitrate 0 evaporat$ to dryness & decompos$ z 9 ! me?od fir/ describ$4 ,! end ( ! decomposition 0 det]m9$ 9 ! same mann] & ! oxide1 free f all impurities1 weigh$4 ,! ,dry+ & ,weigh+ ( ! ,oxalate4 ,x 0 necess>y to dry ! oxalate be=e weigh+ f fifte5 to tw5ty h\rs at #aej;,c4 9 addition to ! tw5ty h\rs dry+ ( ! :ole prep>ation4 ,at ?is temp]ature ! la/ traces ( moi/ure 7 remov$ by prolong$ heat+4 ,! weigh+ ( ! oxalate 0 made 9 ! weigh+ glasses 9 :i* x 0 dri$4 ,two ( ^! glasses _h be5 previ\sly t>$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 us+ ! light] z ! t>e & add+ fragm5ts ( glass to x until ! diff]5ce 9 weight 0 a small fraction ( a milligram4 ,! oxalate hav+ be5 dri$ to con/ant weight1 0 weigh$4 ,x 0 !n p\r$ z c>efully & completely z possible f ! weigh+ glass into ! crucible & ! glass aga9 weigh$ aga9/ its t>e4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! two weights gave ! am\nt ( oxalate4 ,! glass & its t>e 7 dri$ & reweigh$ to det]m9e if ! few milligrams ( oxalate adh]+ to ! walls ( ! glass _h absorb$ any moi/ure dur+ ! transf] ( ! oxalate4 ,9 "o exp]im5t a slight diff]5ce 0 detect$ :5 a second dry+ & weigh+ 7 made4 ,! weight ( ! cadmium oxalate z obta9$ f ! balance 0 correct$ = ! diff]5ce 9 specific gravity betwe5 ! cadmium oxalate & ! weights4 ,! ,results4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd4 ,cd4 ,cd4 ,cd4 7,o#af7 7,o#af7 7,o#ae4if7 7,o#ae4if7 7,c#ab4jja7 7,c#ab4jjc7 7,c#aa4iga7 7,c#aa4igc7 ,cd,c,o ,cd,o ,i #a4ecicg 4#ihebf #aab4jbf #aab4jcc #aaa4gdf #aaa4gec ,,ii #a4ggdhc #a4acehb #aaa4iha #aaa4ihh #aaa4gja #aaa4gjh ,,iii #a4gjbaa #a4jhidi #aab4jdi #aab4jef #aaa4gfi #aaa4ggf ,,iv #a4gjbch #a4jhifg #aab4jea #aab4jeh #aaa4gga #aaa4ggh ,v #a4gdddg #a4aafea #aab4jai #aab4jbf #aaa4gci #aaa4gdf ------- ------- ------- ------- ,mean1 #aab4jbe #aab4jcb #aaa4gde #aaa4geb ,maximum1 #aab4jea #aab4jeh #aaa4gga #aaa4ggh ,m9imum1 #aaa4iha #aaa4ihh #aaa4gja #aaa4gjh ,diff]5ce1 4#jgj 4#jgj 4#jgj 4#jgj ,! values assign$ to c>bon 9 ! la/ two columns 7 f\nd ?us-- ,:5 ,o #af1 ,c #ab4jja1 :5 ,o #ae4if1 ,c #aa4iga4 0 ,o #af1 ,c #ab4jjc1 0 ,o #ae4if1 ,c #aa4igc4 ,calculat+ ! atomic weight directly f all ! oxalate us$ & oxide f\nd x w\ld give3 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd4 ,at4 ,wt4 ,cd4 7,o #af7 7,o #af7 7,o #ae4if7 7,o #ae4if7 7,c #ab4jja7 7,c #ab4jjc7 7,c #aa4iga7 7,c #aa4igc7 #aab4jbe4 #aab4jcb4 #aaa4gde4 #aaa4geb4 ,!re seems ab\t equal evid5ce = ! two values assign$ to c>bon :5 oxyg5 #af4 ,! value ( cadmium z giv5 by ?is me?od is !re=e #aab4jbe or #aab4jcb4 ,z w be se5 at a glance ?is figure agrees mu* m closely ) t ( ,l5ss5 ?an ) t ( ,p>tridge4 ,l5ss5 ,p>tridge ,my "w #aab4jdc4 #aaa4haf4 #aab4jbe or #aab4jcb4 ,x also agrees fairly well ) ! figure #aab4jgjf :i* ,i obta9$ by ! fir/ me?od describ$4 ,advantages ( ! ,me?od4 ,! me?od possesses no advantage :atev] ov] ! "o :i* involves />t+ ) ! elem5t itself4 ,! oxalate c h[ev] be obta9$ pure hav+ pure metal4 ,! salt is ( def9ite composition :5 p]fectly dry4 ,! me?od z c>ri$ out avoid$ ! contact ( any =eign mat]ial ) ! salt aft] x 0 weigh$4 ,disadvantages ( ! ,me?od4 #a ,! avidity ) :i* ! dri$ oxalate takes up moi/ure f ! air is an objection to its use = ! det]m9ation ( atomic weights4 ,ev5 ) ! greate/ c>e !re is a slight elem5t ( unc]ta9ty introduc$ f ?is s\rce4 #b ,! oxalate is /at$ to decompose into a mixture ( ! oxide & metal4 ,! temp]ature requir$ = ?is decomposition is some:at high] ?an ! melt+ po9t ( cadmium4 ,! metal heat$ above its melt+ po9t possesses a vapor-t5sion & loss 9 weight mu/ result1 :atev] precaution is tak5 9 heat+4 ,?is is ! probable explanation :y ! results obta9$ by ?is me?od are l[] ?an ^? ( ! prec$+4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two me?ods leads me to atta* mu* m importance to ! results ( t "o :i* e/abli%es ! relation betwe5 cadmium & cadmium oxide directly & ,i !re=e reg>d ! atomic weight ( cadmium z v closely express$ by ! figure #aab4jg :5 oxyg5 #af4 ,prep>ation ( ,c]ta9 ,sub-comp\nds ( ,cadmium4 ,hi/orical4 ,cadmium acts s g5]ally z a bival5t elem5t t x is usually reg>d$ z ent]+ into comb9ation only :]e x c play ?is rle4 ,! only comp\nd describ$1 9 :i* x has app>5tly a l[] val5ce ?an two1 0 prep>$ by ,m>*&#aj4 ,x 0 obta9$ by heat+ cadmium oxalate to ! melt+ po9t ( lead :5 a gre5 p[d] rema9$ beh9d :i* resembl$ *romium oxide4 ,:5 heat$ on ! air x appe>$ to be decompos$ into metal & oxide4 ,:5 treat$ ) m]cury ! comp\nd 0 n alt]$4 ,an analysis %[$ x to h ! composition repres5t$ by ! =mula ,cd,o4 #aj ,pogg4 ,ann4 ,,xxxviii1 #adc4 ,a4 ,vogel#aa has %[n t ! gre5 p[d] describ$ by ,m>*& consi/s ( a mixture ( ! metal & oxide4 ,:5 ?is mixture is treat$ ) dilute acetic acid ! metal rema9s beh9d z microscopic gli/5+ globules4 ,! l[] ! temp]ature at :i* ! oxalate is decompos$ ! m oxide & ! less metal 7 f\nd 9 ! product4 ,!re 0 !n no comp\nd kn[n 9 :i* cadmium act$ z if its val5ce 0 less ?an two :5 ?is "w 0 und]tak54 ,t x may act ) a great] val5ce 0 %[n by ,r4 ,haafs#ab4 ,he f\nd t :5 z9c hydroxide 0 treat$ ) hydrog5 dioxide c]ta9 comp\nds ( z9c & oxyg5 7 =m$ conta9+ m oxyg5 ?an ! normal oxide ,zn,o4 ,! close resemblance betwe5 z9c & cadmium l$ him to try ! same reaction ) cadmium4 ,hydrog5 dioxide 0 accord+ly all[$ to act on cadmium hydroxide & ! result+ product analyz$4 ,!re 7 =m$ ,cd,o1 ,cd,o & ,cd,o4 ,9 no case 0 ! comp\nd ,cd,o obta9$4 ,^! comp\nds are describ$ z fairly /able ev5 at a hundr$ degrees4 #aa ,jahrb4 #ahee1 #cij4 #ab ,b]4 #ahhd1 #bbdi4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,cd,cl4 ,:5 anhydr\s cadmium *loride is heat$ ) metallic cadmium 9 a vacuum1 or 9 an atmosph]e ( nitrog51 to ! fus+ po9t ( ! *loride1 ! molt5 *loride quickly assumes a g>net r$ color4 ,9 ord] to inve/igate ?is ph5om5on a quantity ( ! *loride 0 prep>$ by dissolv+ ! r$i/ill$ metal 9 an excess ( hydro*loric acid1 evaporat+ ! *loride to dryness on a wat] ba?1 & f9ally remov+ ! wat] ( cry/allization by heat+ 9 a curr5t ( dry hydro*loric acid gas4 ,! heat+ 0 effect$ by plac+ ! *loride 9 a long plat9um boat1 :i* 0 %ov$ into a l>ge glass tube1 ?r\gh :i* 0 pass$ a curr5t ( ! acid gas4 ,! tube 0 heat$ by means ( a combu/ion furnace & ! *loride kept 9 ! molt5 condition = two or ?ree h\rs4 ,by ?is means a p]fectly :ite cry/all9e *loride ( ! composition ,cd,cl 0 obta9$1 free f wat] or oxy*loride4 ,! *loride & an excess ( metal 7 plac$ 9 a long-neck$ flask ( h>d glass & aft] ! displacem5t ( ! air by nitrog51 heat$ to ! melt+ po9t ( ! *loride4 ,! liquid *loride atta9$ its maximum dep? ( color 9 a few m9utes1 nev]!less ! heat+ 0 cont9u$ = five h\rs4 ,:5 ! temp]ature 0 all[$ to rise mu* above ! melt+ po9t ( ! *loride ! r$ sub/ance und]w5t decomposition & globules ( metal collect$ ^u ! walls ( ! flask4 ,= ?is reason no m heat 0 appli$ ?an 0 j necess>y to keep ! cont5ts ( ! flask 9 a liquid condition4 ,dur+ ! v gradual cool+ ( ! flask x 0 %ak5 g5tly 9 ord] to facilitate ! s9k+ ( any metal1 :i* might be me*anically reta9$ by ! *loride4 ,on cool+1 ! solidifi$ mass possesses a slightly gre5i% t9t :i* disappe>$ :5 cold1 ! sub/ance hav+ !n a grayi% :ite color & a cleavage resembl+ t ( talc or brucite4 ,:5 exam9$ "u ! microscope x 0 f\nd to be p]fectly homog5e\s & free f metal4 ,x gave no metallic /reak :5 rubb$ betwe5 agate surfaces4 ,an analysis ( ! fir/ prep>ation %[$ ! foll[+ composition2 ,am\nt ( *loride us$ 4#cceda gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#baeei 0 0 0 *lor9e 0 4#aaidc 0 ,cadmium4 ,*lor9e4 #fd4bg p] c5t4 #ce4fa p] c5t4 ,^! proportions are ne>ly ^? ( a comp\nd hav+ ! composition ,cd,cl1 9 :i* ! calculat$ p]c5tages are3 ,cadmium4 ,*lor9e4 #fd4cd #ce4ff 7,foot note74 ,9 ! pap] 9 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,j\rnal ,,xii1 #dhh1 :i* records ?is "w ! analyses & p]c5tages 7 calculat$ on ! basis ( ! atomic weight ( cadmium #aaa4g4 ,al?\gh my "w s9ce ?is date has %[n t #aab4jg is ! true value1 yet ,i ?9k x pref]able to use ! old numb] "h s9ce ! *anges to be introduc$ w\ld be v slight & ! same results are !reby kept uni=m 9 ! two publications4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r ! close approximation to def9ite atomic proportions might n be accid5tal1 ! mat]ial 0 reheat$ ) an excess ( ! metal = tw5ty h\rs4 ,! product 0 analyz$4 ,am\nt ( *loride us$ #a4deigj gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#icijd 0 0 0 *lor9e 0 4#ebcbi 0 ,cadmium4 ,*lor9e4 #fd4cc p] c5t4 #ce4he p] c5t4 ,a second prep>ation ( ! sub/ance 0 made 9 all respects l ! fir/4 ,two analyses 7 made4 ,fir/ ,analysis3 ,am\nt ( *loride us$ 4#fajaj gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#cibce 0 0 0 *lor9e 0 4#bagbe 0 ,cadmium4 ,*lor9e4 #fd4ca p] c5t4 #ce4fa p] c5t4 ,second ,analysis3 ,am\nt ( *loride us$ 4#bjfaf gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#acbff 0 0 0 *lor9e 0 4#jgceb 0 ,cadmium4 ,*lor9e4 #fd4ce p] c5t4 #ce4ff p] c5t4 ,a ?ird prep>ation 0 made l ! fir/ & second & analyz$4 ,analysis3 ,am\nt ( *loride us$ 4#bhcb gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#ahbdd 0 0 0 *lor9e 0 4#ajabc 0 ,cadmium4 ,*lor9e4 #fd4db p] c5t4 #ce4gd p] c5t4 ,:5 ! new sub/ance is heat$ x fuses to a r$ liquid & !n breaks up into metal & ! *loride ( cadmium4 ,its reactions are 9 g5]al ^? ( a /rong r$uc+ ag5t4 ,treat$ ) nitric acid1 oxides ( nitrog5 are lib]at$4 ,) dilute hydro*loric1 sulphuric & acetic acids x gives free hydrog54 ,9 ! pres5ce ( dilute acids x r$uces m]curic to m]cur\s *loride1 or to metallic m]cury4 ,?ree det]m9ations ( ! r$uc+ p[] ( ! sub/ance 7 made ) a fre%ly prep>$ specim51 by dissolv+ weigh$ portions 9 hydro*loric acid & measur+ ! hydrog5 lib]at$4 ,! foll[+ results 7 obta9$3 ,hydrog5 f\nd4 ,hydrog5 calculat$ = ,cd,cl4 #a det]m9ation #ae4fg c4c4 #ae4fe c4c4 #b 0 #aa4hj c4c4 #aa4hb c4c4 #c 0 #bc4jj c4c4 #bc4jc c4c4 ,an exam9ation ( ! analyses %[s beyond "q t ! sub/ance =m$ by ! action ( metallic cadmium on ! molt5 anhydr\s *loride is ( def9ite composition4 ,! proportion ( cadmium to *lor9e c\ld n be *ang$ ev5 :5 ! sub/ance 0 heat$ ) ! metal = tw5ty h\rs1 :ile a v %ort "t 0 suffici5t = its =mation :5 ! metal & *loride 7 melt$ toge!r4 ,x may be possible t a sub/ance possess+ ^! prop]ties is n a def9ite *emical comp\nd b a mixture ( cadm\s & cadmic *lorides or a solution ( "o 9 ! o!r4 ,if x 7 a solution x is difficult to see :y ! composition ( ! solution %\ld be s con/ant1 s9ce ! solubility ( a sub/ance is g5]ally alt]$ by a *ange 9 temp]ature4 ,! diff]5t prep>ations 7 n made at exactly ! same temp]ature yet ! composition ( ! diff]5t prep>ations 0 ! same4 ,if ! sub/ance 0 a mixture ( ! two *lorides1 :5 treat$ ) wat] ! cadmic *loride w\ld mo/ probably dissolve directly leav+ ! cadm\s *loride to be act$ ^u by ! wat]4 ,! decomposition by wat] w h[ev] be se5 n to be z simple z w\ld be expect$ "u ^! conditions4 ,f ! above consid]ations x appe>s highly probable t ! sub/ance is a def9ite *emical comp\nd ( cadmic & cadm\s *lorides4 ,if cadmic *loride c =m a *emical comp\nd ) ! *loride ( ano!r elem5t !re appe>s to be no reason :y x %\ld n =m a comp\nd ) ano!r *loride ( cadmium1 z ) cadm\s *loride4 ,! prep>ation ( ,cd,br4 ,! anhydr\s bromide ( cadmium 0 prep>$ by dissolv+ ! c>bonate 9 an aque\s solution ( hydrobromic acid1 evaporat+ ! bromide to dryness on ! wat] ba? & heat+ ! residue 9 a curr5t ( dry hydrobromic acid gas4 ,:5 ! bromide 0 heat$ ) an excess ( ! metal 9 an atmosph]e ( nitrog5 x conduct$ itself 9 g5]al l ! *loride4 ,:5 ! molt5 bromide & ! metal came 9 contact ! salt quickly became deep r$ 9 color4 ,aft] heat+ = "s "t consid]able dissociation 0 produc$ by rais+ ! temp]ature4 ,?is 0 m app>5t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! bromide ?an ) ! *loride4 ,on cool+1 ! mass possess$ a gre5i% t9t :i* disappe>$ :5 cold1 ! bromide !n be+ v ne>ly ! same color z ! correspond+ *loride4 ,also l ! *loride x appe>$ to be homog5e\s & free f metal4 ,two det]m9ations ( cadmium & two ( brom9e 7 made1 us+ ! product z soon z prep>$4 ,fir/ det]m9ation ( cadmium3 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#cgcf gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#affeh 0 ,cadmium4 #dd4ei p] c5t4 ,second det]m9ation ( cadmium3 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#ceicj gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#afjac 0 ,cadmium4 #dd4eg p] c5t4 ,fir/ det]m9ation ( brom9e3 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#fffdj gr4 0 0 brom9e f\nd 4#cfiec 0 ,brom9e4 #ee4de p] c5t4 ,second det]m9ation ( brom9e3 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#efjce gr4 0 0 brom9e f\nd 4#cajhe 0 ,brom9e4 #ee4dg p] c5t4 ,! p]c5tage ( cadmium & brom9e f\nd agrees v closely ) t ( a comp\nd ( ! =mula ,cd,br4 ,! relation ( cadmium to brom9e 9 ?is w\ld be3 ,cadmium4 ,brom9e4 #dd4dd p] c5t4 #ee4ef p] c5t4 ,:5 ?is comp\nd 0 heat$ = a long "t ) an excess ( ! metal its composition 0 n appreciably *ang$4 ,! comp\nd ,cd,br is a /rong r$uc+ ag5t3 giv+ ) nitric acid oxides ( nitrog51 ) dilute hydro*loric1 sulphuric or acetic acid1 free hydrog51 & ) m]curic *loride1 m]cur\s *loride or metallic m]cury4 ,! action ( wat] on ! bromide by means ( :i* cadm\s hydroxide 0 =m$1 0 n /udi$ z c>efully z ) ! *loride b appe>$ to be ess5tially ! same4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,cd,i4 ,cadmic iodide 0 prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z ! bromide4 ,x 0 dri$ 9 a /ream ( hydriodic acid gas at z l[ temp]ature z possible to less5 ! decomposition ( ! hydriodic acid4 ,:5 ! anhydr\s iodide 0 heat$ ) an excess ( metal 9 an atmosph]e ( nitrog5 ! r$ color ( ! iodide became int5sifi$4 ,heat+ 0 cont9u$ until !re 0 evid5ce ( dissociation1 :i*1 "u ! same conditions1 0 less m>k$ ?an ) ! *loride & mu* less ?an ) ! bromide4 ,ow+ to ! high specific gravity ( ! iod9e comp\nd "s difficulty 0 exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ a prep>ation free f metal4 ,?is difficulty 0 f9ally ov]come by keep+ ! mat]ial j above its melt+ temp]ature = a long "t & con/antly j>r+ ! flask4 ,dur+ ! process ( cool+ a decid$ly gre5i% t9t 0 obs]v$ :i* disappe>$ z ! process 0 cont9u$4 ,:5 cold ! sub/ance resembl$ ! *loride & bromide4 ,two det]m9ations ( cadmium 7 made 9 ! fir/ prep>ation4 ,fir/ det]m9ation3 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#eeedj gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#agdef 0 ,cadmium4 #ca4dc p] c5t4 ,second det]m9ation3 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#dgece gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#adihj 0 ,cadmium4 #ca4ea p] c5t4 ,z ^! results did n correspond to ! composition repres5t$ by ! =mula ,cd,i1 :i* our exp]i5ce ) ! *loride & bromide _h l$ u to expect1 we reheat$ ! mat]ial = sev]al h\rs ) an excess ( ! metal4 ,two analyses ( ! product gave3 ,cadmium4 ,iod9e4 #ca4dd p] c5t4 #fh4fe p] c5t4 #ca4ci #fh4fh %[+ t ! iodide _h tak5 up dur+ ! fir/ heat+ all ! metal :i* x c\ld reta94 ,! analytical results sugge/ ! =mula ,cd,i1 9 :i* ! calculat$ p]c5tages are3 ,cadmium4 ,iod9e4 #ca4ec p] c5t4 #fh4dg p] c5t4 ,9 its conduct t[>ds dilute hydro*loric & acetic acids & wat] ! sub/ance behaves l ! correspond+ *loride & bromide4 ,! ,prep>ation ( ,cadm\s ,hydroxide & ,oxide4 ,:5 ! sub/ance ,cd,i is treat$ ) wat] a complicat$ reaction takes place4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! reaction appe>s to be ! same ) ! *loride1 bromide & iodide4 ,! decomposition ( ! *loride 0 /udi$ m ?or\ghly ?an t ( ! o!r comp\nds4 ,:5 ! f9ely p[d]$ *loride is treat$ ) wat] x yields cadmic *loride :i* passes into solution1 a small quantity ( a :ite floccul5t mat]ial :i* may be cadmic hydroxide b :i* 9 no case c\ld be entirely fre$ f traces ( *lor9e1 & a highly lu/r\s cry/all9e sub/ance :i* rapidly lo/ its cry/all9e appe>ance & pass$ ov] into a grayi% :ite amorph\s comp\nd1 :i* :5 fre$ f *lor9e 0 f\nd to be cadm\s hydroxide1 ( ! =mula ,cd7,,oh74 ,! sep>ate products result+ f ! treatm5t ) wat] 7 analyz$4 ,fir/ ,analysis3 ,am\nt ( ,cd,cl treat$ ) wat] #a4deigj gr4 ,cadmium f\nd 9 floccul5t precipitate 4#jbcah 0 0 0 0 cry/all9e sub/ance 4#jifad 0 0 0 0 solution 9 wat] 4#haigj 0 ,total cadmium f\nd 4#icijb 0 ,*lor9e f\nd 9 cry/all9e comp\nd 4#jjcga gr4 0 0 0 solution 9 wat] 4#eafga 0 ,total *lor9e f\nd 4#ebjdb 0 ,approximately sev5-eigh?s ( ! total cadmium dissolv$ z cadmic *loride :ile ! rema9d] 0 conta9$ 9 ! floccul5t precipitate & 9 ! gray cry/all9e comp\nd4 ,second ,analysis3 ,am\nt ( ,cd,cl treat$ ) wat] #a4jgid gr4 ,cadmium f\nd 9 floccul5t precipitate 4#jadfi 0 0 0 0 solution 9 wat] 4#fjgie 0 ,*lor9e f\nd 9 solution 9 wat] 4#chdia 0 ,! p]c5tage ( cadmium 9 ! :ite precipitate is less 9 ?is analysis ?an 9 ! =m]4 ,! cadmium 9 solution is aga9 ab\t sev5-eigh?s ( ! total & ! *lor9e pres5t 9 ! same solution %[s t ! cadmium 0 all comb9$ z cadmic *loride4 ,all attempts to det]m9e ! composition ( ! gray cry/all9e comp\nd fail$1 ow+ to ! rapidity ) :i* x decompos$ ) wat]4 ,ev5 ) ! mo/ rapid "w x c\ld n be isolat$ 9 ! undecompos$ condition4 ,analyses ( ! p>tially decompos$ cry/als gave v>iable proportions ( metal & halog5 b nev] less ?an eight equival5ts ( ! =m] to "o ( ! latt]4 ,:ile ! decomposition ( ,cd,cl ) wat] _c at pres5t be fully expla9$1 yet x is cle> f ! analyses t "o eigh? ( ! total cadmium is ?r[n d[n z a :ite precipitate & a cry/all9e comp\nd :i* z w be se5 passes ov] into cadm\s hydroxide4 ,"o half ( ! cadm\s *loride is oxidiz$ to cadmic *loride tak+ ! *lor9e f ! o!r half4 ,! comp\nd ,cd,cl 0 treat$ directly ) absolute alcohol ) ! hope ( obta9+ ! cry/all9e sub/ance 9 an undecompos$ condition4 ,al?\gh a sub/ance ( ! same g5]al appe>ance z t =m$ 9 ! pres5ce ( wat] 0 obta9$ yet x decompos$ s readily t a satisfactory analysis c\ld n be made4 ,not)/&+ ! rapidity ) :i* ! decomposition ( ! cry/all9e comp\nd beg9s1 long cont9u$ wa%+ 0 necess>y 9 ord] to completely remove ! *lor9e4 ,! extraction ( ! la/ traces ( ! halog5 is ha/5$ by ! use ( w>m in/ead ( cold wat]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] mu/ n exce$ #ej;,c4 ,9 wat] ^: temp]ature approa*es ! boil+ po9t ! hydroxide is sl[ly decompos$ ) lib]ation ( metal4 ,! new hydroxide is a /rong r$uc+ ag5t4 ,x dissolves 9 dilute acids2 yield+ ) nitric acid oxides ( nitrog51 ) hydro*loric or sulphuric acid free hydrog54 ,aft] wa%+ ) w>m wat] until all ! *lor9e _h disappe>$1 x 0 dri$ ov] phosphorus p5toxide & analyz$4 ,fir/ det]m9ation ( cadmium4 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#jifh gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#jhdae 0 ,cadmium4 #hf4ic p] c5t4 ,second det]m9ation ( cadmium4 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#jihjf gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#jhebb 0 ,cadmium4 #hf4ia p] c5t4 ,! calculat$ p]c5tage ( cadmium 9 ,cd7,,oh7 is3 ,cadmium4 #hf4gi p] c5t4 ,! det]m9ation ( wat] 9 cadm\s hydroxide 0 made by plac+ a small specim5 tube conta9+ ! hydroxide 9 a ,kjeldahl flask :i* 0 heat$ 9 a ba? ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid4 ,dur+ ! heat+ a sl[ curr5t ( dry nitrog5 0 pass$ ov] ! sub/ance4 ,fir/ det]m9ation ( wat]4 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#jhdcd gr4 0 0 wat] f\nd 4#jjfji 0 ,wat]4 #g4bb p] c5t4 ,second det]m9ation ( wat]4 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#jhhie gr4 0 0 wat] f\nd 4#jjfjj 0 ,wat]4 #f4gd p] c5t4 ,?ird det]m9ation ( wat]4 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#aagff gr4 0 0 wat] f\nd 4#jjhef 0 ,wat]4 #g4be p] c5t4 ,av]age am\nt ( wat] #g4jg p] c5t4 ,! calculat$ p]c5tage ( wat] 9 ,cd7,,oh7 is1 #f4ii4 ,at ! temp]ature at :i* conc5trat$ sulphuric acid gives (f d5se :ite fumes cadm\s hydroxide gives (f all its wat] & passes ov] into a heavy yell[ p[d]4 ,at #aej;,c n a trace ( wat] 0 lib]at$4 ,"u ! microscope ! yell[ p[d] 0 f\nd to consi/ ( m9ute transluc5t cry/als4 ,fir/ det]m9ation ( cadmium4 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#jhjfd gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#jgeaa 0 ,cadmium4 #ic4ad p] c5t4 ,second det]m9ation ( cadmium4 ,am\nt ( sub/ance us$ 4#ajhdf gr4 0 0 cadmium f\nd 4#ajajf 0 ,cadmium4 #ic4ag p] c5t4 ,! calculat$ p]c5tage ( metal 9 ,cd,o is #ic4cb p] c5t4 ,if wat] ( too high temp]ature is employ$ 9 wa%+ ! subhydroxide1 ! pres5ce ( free metal 9 x c be detect$ "u ! microscope & by rubb+ betwe5 agate surfaces4 ,if ! yell[ suboxide is /rongly heat$ x breaks up into a mixture ( oxide & metal :i* possesses a di/9ctly gre5 color4 ,t[>ds acids ! suboxide conducts itself l ! subhydroxide4 ,x is a fact ( "s int]e/ 9 connection ) ! p]iodic arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts1 t ! t5d5cy t[>d ! =mation ( a l[] s]ies ( comp\nds :i* becomes s /rongly develop$ 9 m]cury beg9s to exhibit itself 9 "s slight degree 9 cadmium4 ,notes on ,cry/als ( ,metallic ,cadmium4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! cadmium cry/als 7 made by ,dr4 ,williams :o has v k9dly furni%$ me ) 8 results4 ,no reliable cry/allographic description ( ! elem5t cadmium seems ?us f> to h appe>$--a fact due to ! difficulty 9 obta9+ suitable mat]ial4 ,! cry/als exam9$1 al?\gh n capable ( yield+ entirely satisfactory results are nev]!less su* z to make !m ( int]e/4 ,9 #aheb ,g4 ,rose not$ ! fact t di/ill$ cadmium collect$ at ! neck ( ! retort 9 drops :i* solidifi$ z complex polyh$ral aggregates#ac simil> to ^? =m$ by z9c#ad4 ,9 #ahgd ,kamm]] enc\nt]$ ! same aggregates :i* he expla9$ z complicat$ isometric comb9ations#ae4 ,?is op9ion 0 cit$ 9 #ahha by ,rammelsb]g#af4 ,9 #ahhd ,brgg] & ,fl9k /at$ t 9 _! op9ion z9c1 magnesium & probably cadmium 7 f analogy ) b]yllium :i* !y _h /udi$1 hexagonal & holoh$ral4#ag #ac ,pogg4 ,ann4 #he1 #bic4 #ad ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\rn4 #aa1 #bai4 #ae ,b]4 d4 deut*4 ,*em4 ,gesell4 #ahgd1 #agbd4 #af ,h&b4 d4 kry/allographis* physicalis*5 ,*emie4 ,i1 #ahd4 #ag ,zeits amp2 ,kry/4 #i1 #bcf4 ,?is supposition has already be5 sub/antiat$ 9 ! case ( ! two =m] elem5ts#ah :ile ! pres5t mat]ial leads to ! same result = ! la/ nam$4 ,! cadmium cry/als 7 produc$ 9 ! same mann] z 7 ^? ( z9c & magnesium measur$ be=e1 viz2 by di/illation 9 a vacuum4 ,! appe>ance ( ! tubes ?us obta9$ 0 closely l t 9 ! o!r cases4 #ah ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\rn4 #aa1 #bbe & ,ibid4 #ab1 #bbe4 ,! polyh$ral aggregates 7 abundant & rea*$ consid]able dim5sions4 ,! cry/alliz+ p[] ( ! cadmium h[ev]1 seems to be less1 s t ! only cry/als suitable = measurem5t 7 extremely m9ute4 ,! l>ge/ individuals 7 b>rel-%ap$1 l ^? ( z9c & resembl$ little piles ( basal plates4 ,_! side planes are n infrequ5tly unev5 & b5t1 probably z ! result ( ! s(tness & great ductility ( ! metal4 ,only ! mo/ m9ute cry/als %[ pyramidal planes ( comp>ative p]fection4 ,^! are well suit$ = a microscopic exam9ation1 b _! small size r5d]s _! measurem5t on a reflect+ goniomet] a matt] ( difficulty4 ,aft] a c>eful se>* two cry/als 7 secur$ :i*1 al?\gh !y _h a diamet] ( only "o ?ird ( a millimet]1 f _! microscopic appe>ances promis$ good results4 ,_! planes h[ev] 7 f\nd to give comp\nd reflections & a some:at disappo9t+ v>iation 9 correspond+ angles4 ,on ! be/ cry/al ?ree zones 7 measur$ z foll[s3 7normal angles7 ,zone ,i ,zone ,,ii ,zone ,,iii #jjja 3 #jaa #fb #ce #jjja 3 #aja #fb #d #jjja 3 #aja #fb #bi #jjja 3 #jaj #hi #ej #jjja 3 #ja #aah #eg #jjja 3 #aj #aah #bh ,! second cry/al 0 mu* less satisfactory1 s9ce values = ! angle betwe5 ! base & pyramid 7#jjja73 7#jaa7 7 obta9$ :i* v>i$ all ! way f #fa #b to #fc #dc4 ,^! measurem5ts mu/ !re=e be reg>d$ z ( little or no value4 ,if we av]age ! read+s = ?is angle on ! fir/ cry/al we obta9 #fb #bc1 f :i* a 3 c #a 3 #a4feed4 ,a comp>ison ( ! axial ratios ( ! f\r rhomboh$ral & f\r holoh$ral hexagonal elem5ts gives ! foll[+3 ,bismu? a 3 c #a 3 #a4cjce 7,g4 ,rose1 #ahdi74 ,rhombo- ,antimony a 3 c #a 3 #a4cbce 7,laspeyres1 #ahge74 h$ral4 ,tellurium a 3 c #a 3 #a4cbih 7,g4 ,rose1 #ahdi74 ,ars5ic a 3 c #a 3 #a4djbe 7,zeph>ovi*1 #ahge74 ,z9c a 3 c #a 3 #a4cefdbe 7,williams & ,burton1 #ahhi74 ,holoh$ral4 ,b]yllium a 3 c #a 3 #a4ehjb 7,brgg]1 #ahhd74 ,magnesium a 3 c #a 3 #a4fbjb 7,williams1 #ahij74 ,cadmium a 3 c #a 3 #a4feed 7,williams1 #ahia74 ,z9c appe>s f its axial ratio to belong r to ! rhomboh$ral gr\p & ?is is ! only "o ( ! la/ f\r elem5ts ^u :i* ! fa9te/ indication ( any div]g5ce f a holoh$ral developm5t ( all ( its =ms has be5 obs]v$4 ,on cry/als ( ?is sub/ance !re is an occasional rhomboh$ral alt]native ( ! faces ( c]ta9 ( ! pyramids1 al?\gh ! cry/als o!rwise appe> to be holoh$ral4#ai ,! cry/als ( cadmium l ^? ( magnesium %[ only ! ?ree =ms ,,op 7#jjja71 ,p 7#aja71 & ,p 7#ajj74 ,brgg] & ,fl9k obs]v$ on b]yllium ! additional =ms ,p 7#bj7 & ,p 7#bjba72 :ile ^u z9c a l>ge numb] ( =ms 9 ! zone ( ! unit pyramid occur4 #ai ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\rn4 #aa1 #bbd4 pl4 #b fig4 #h4 ,n infrequ5tly ! cadmium cry/als %[ a t5d5cy t[>d a hemimorphic developm5t4 ,?is is pla9ly se5 :5 a l>ge numb] ( !m are exam9$ toge!r "u ! microscope4 ,! little b>rel-%ap$ cry/als are mo/ly atta*$ by _! sides & yet "o ( _! ends is (t5 broad] ?an ! o!r4 ,sometimes !y tap] ne>ly to a po9t1 q l gre5ockite cry/als4 ,! ,cohesion ,ph5om5a ( ,cadmium4 ,! cohesion ph5om5a ( cadmium are simil> to ^? ( z9c b are /ill m /rik+4 ,:5 a cry/al is %>ply focus$ "u ! microscope & !n g5tly press$ on ! side ) ! po9t ( a ne$le an unbrok5 pyramidal face is se5 to sudd5ly become /riat$ p>allel to ! basal plane1 z ?\gh a glid+ 9 ! basal section took place4 ,"s ( ^! cry/als 7 k9dly exam9$ by ,pr(4 ,otto ,mgge ( ,mn/]1 ,g]many1 :o has add$ s mu* to our k ( ! cohesion ph5om5a 9 cry/als4 ,he has writt5 9 reg>d to 8 obs]vations z foll[s2 8,! cadmium cry/als z f> z _! glid+ ph5om5a are conc]n$ behave q l z9c4 ,if a cry/al is c>efully loos5$ & !n squeez$ ) a pair ( p9c]s x is easy to see t ! smoo? surface :]e x 0 atta*$ to ! glass became /riat$ p>allel to ,,op 7#jjja7 & t at ! same "t two o!r sets ( /riations are produc$ :i* meet at an angle ( ab\t #he & int]sect ! trace ( ! basal plane at ab\t #dg4 ,! plane ( atta*m5t 0 select$ = obs]vation because x 0 smoo!r ?an ! pyramidal faces4 ,9 ! above case ?is plane has ! position ( a /eep pyramid incl9$ to ! base at an angle ( ab\t #ajj4 ,! oblique sets ( /riations appe> to repres5t glid+ planes p>allel to ! unit pyramid faces 7#b,p 7#ajb7 ( ,rose7 z 9 ! case ) z9c4 ,:e!r ! horizontal /riations 7 due to glid+ p>allel to ! base ,i c\ld n c]ta9ly decide4 ,_m ( ! cry/als appe> :5 p9*$ to be completely ov]turn$1 9 :i* cases ord9>y b5d+ accompanies glid+ z 9 ! case ( gold set4 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t bo? faces & /riations become r\nd$40 ,biographical ,sket*4 ,h>ry ,cl>y ,jones 0 born ne> ,new ,london1 ,fr$]ick ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 ,nov4 #aa #ahfe4 ,aft] att5d+ sev]al s*ools 9 t /ate he ent]$ ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity 9 ! autumn ( #ahhe z a special /ud5t ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,he matriculat$ 9 #ahhg & receiv$ ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts 9 #ahhi1 hav+ held an ord9>y & an honor>y s*ol>%ip4 ,= ! la/ ?ree ye>s he has cont9u$ 8 /udies 9 ! ,univ]sity foll[+ *emi/ry z a pr9cipal subject & m9]alogy & geology z subord9ates4 ,dur+ ?is "t he has be5 appo9t$ twice to a univ]sity s*ol>%ip1 0 lecture assi/ant to pr(essor ,rems51#ij-ia1 & ,fell[ 9 *emi/ry1#ia-ib4