,,gilb]t ,,wea!r ,,bureau 7,,meteorology7 ,,= ,,boys ,,by ,,alfr$ ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,yale ,univ]sity1 #aiji ,publi%$ by ,,! ,a4 ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,,company ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,new ,york ,*icago ,san ,francisco ,toronto ,london ,copyright1 #aibj1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,,wea!r ,,indications ,a ,/udy ( ! ,wea!r ,9 ! m9ds ( mo/ p a v silly notion prevails ab\t ! wea!r & ! wea!r man4 ,!y h a g5]al impression t ! wea!r kn[s no laws--t x is lawless & reckless1 fickle & *angeable2 t ! wea!r man is a sort ( conjur]1 & by "s my/]i\s gift he is able to prophesy ?+s t mo/ p "k no?+ ab\t4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f ! tru?4 ,aft] y h c>ri$ out ! simple exp]im5ts describ$1 & h read ?is text1 :e!r y h a sci5tific tr5d ( m9d or n1 y w at lea/ le>n t ! wea!r is a sci5ce1 l electricity1 *emi/ry1 or m$ic9e2 t its laws are uni=m1 con/ant1 & un*ang+1 & !re is really no?+ my/]i\s ab\t x4 ,! wea!r man is a sci5ti/ & by means ( in/rum5ts1 :i* indicate c]ta9 ?+s1 he comes to def9ite conclusions4 ,he is n a prophet2 he does n prophesy2 he =eca/s4 ,if y are int]e/$ 9 hav+ a ,wea!r ,bureau /ation ( y\r own1 y w f9d x "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+s y ev] acquir$ 9 y\r life4 ,y w soon ga9 a k ( a subject t mo/ p are q ignorant (1 & if y desire to /& = lead]%ip among y\r boy fri5ds1 x may be a*iev$ by kn[+ ab\t ^? ?+s t to mo/ boys1 & 9 fact to adults1 assume a my/]i\s & magical aspect4 ,a ,wea!r ,bureau /ation at y\r home w give y a s\rce ( pleasure1 fun1 & insight into a sci5ce t is int5sely int]e/+1 easy to und]/&1 fasc9at+ & wor? :ile kn[+4 ,! importance ( ! subject _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,x has an influ5ce on ! :ole _w2 x affects our heal?2 x affects our com=t2 x means success or failure 9 f>m+2 x has an imm5se influ5ce ^u transportation4 ,:5 ready to move p]i%able goods1 ! transport] mu/ h indications ( :at ! wea!r is go+ to be4 ,! wea!r obs]v] is ! gu>dian angel ( ! %ips at sea2 "s m5 h d\bts z to :e!r m$ic9e itself has sav$ m human lives ?an ! /udy ( ! wea!r & ! practice ( wea!r obs]v+4 ,x is n unusual = ^? :o live along ! coa/ to see %ips hov]+ into cov] long be=e a /orm approa*es1 = ! wond]ful wea!r bureau sy/em op]at$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t gives w>n+s & dang] signals all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,/ati/ics %[ t losses h be5 r$uc$ sev5ty-five to eighty p] c5t ?r\gh ?is sy/em4 ,! m>9e w>n+s are s p]fect1 s prompt1 & s effici5t t = a great _m ye>s no long or h>d /orms h ev] rea*$ any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates )\t advance w>n+s & dang] signals be+ %[n be=eh&4 ,:5 a /orm is brew+1 ! ,gov]nm5t's wond]ful ,wea!r ,bureau organization wat*es e atmosph]ic *ange ) ! greate/ c>e & conc]n1 & takes obs]vations e few h\rs1 & telegraphs ! indications to all places :]e a w>n+ %\ld be giv54 ,!reby p]i%able goods t ne$ protection c be look$ aft]4 ,:5 extra haz>d\s /orms & wea!r *anges ( a sev]e "* are indicat$1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( telegrams are s5t out 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 s t int]e/$ p>ties may prep>e = su* conditions4 ,"o c readily see ! great s]vice r5d]$ & ! satisfaction x mu/ be to ! %ipp] & ! f>m] to "k t 8 prop]ty1 :i* might be de/roy$ by a bad /orm or l[ temp]ature1 is be+ con/antly & c>efully gu>d$ aga9/ dang]4 ,n only /orms & great cold waves h be5 =eca/$1 b floods h be5 anticipat$ & w>n+s giv54 ,?is br+s u to a /udy ( ! subject 8,wea!r10 & ! be/ way to le>n ab\t ! wea!r is to fir/ le>n ab\t ! air4 ,,! ,,air ,if y 7 to ask n9ety-n9e p out ( a hundr$ to take ! /opp] out ( a bottle1 to look into x1 & to smell its cont5ts1 & !n ask !m if1 9 _! op9ion1 x conta9$ any?+1 ! inv>iable answ] w\ld be3 8,x conta9s no?+40 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #a ,take ! /opp] out ( a bottle & endeavor to p\r wat] into x rapidly & see :at happ5s4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,"o ( ! laws 9 ,physics is t no two bodies c occupy ! same space at ! same "t4 ,aft] do+ ?is exp]im5t1 y w come to ! conclusion t ! bottle does conta9 some?+1 & t 8some?+0 is matt]1 & t matt] is air4 ,!re is 9 ! bottle probably z important a ?+ z y c\ld possibly conceive (1 because ev5 ?is e>? )\t its ocean ( air w\ld be a _w ( desolation2 = air su/a9s life itself1 & :5 agitat$1 develops great /r5g?4 ,x may be :irl$ ab\t into a hurricane bla/ & assume su* viol5t proportions t villages w be swept away1 & great waves ( wat] w be rais$1 ^u :i* %ips c be toss$ ab\t l s mu* *aff4 ,we all "k t air c become s cold t great suff]+ w be caus$1 & s hot t x w make life almo/ unbe>able4 ,we really live 9 an ocean ( air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,,! ,,ocean ,,( ,,air ,z ! fi%es live at ! bottom ( ! ocean ( wat]1 mank9d lives at ! bottom ( an 8ocean ( air40 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,no "o is absolutely c]ta9 ab\t ! dep? ( ?is air1 b x has be5 e/imat$ z l[ z =ty miles & z high z two hundr$ miles4 ,balloons h gone up to a height ( ne>ly n9ete5 miles 7#ajj1cbj feet74 ,we d "k t ! high] we g1 ! ?9n] ! air becomes4 ,x is practically impossible = man to asc5d into ! air m ?an five or six miles1 ow+ to ! fact t ! air above t height is s ?9 t !re is n en\gh to brea!4 ,naturally1 ! air at ! bottom is m compact because ( ! va/ am\nt ( air above4 ,! air is a great weight ly+ ^u u--#ad4g p\nds p] squ>e in* ( surface4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,prove ,,by ,,exp]im5t ,,t ,,air ,,has ,,weight ,! air-globe is a piece ( app>atus = demon/rat+ t air has weight4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,fir/1 ! air-globe is weigh$ & !n ! air is pump$ into x2 its /op-cock is clos$ & ! globe is reweigh$4 ,x w be f\nd to h ga9$ 9 weight4 ,?is is conclusive t air is matt] & t x has weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,( great importance to u 9 ! /udy is ! next fact1 t air ex]ts pressure on ev]y?+ ab\t u & ^u ourselves4 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #b ,a tumbl] is fill$ ) wat] & a piece ( pap] plac$ ov] ! top ( x4 ,! glass is !n inv]t$1 hold+ ! h& ov] ! pap] s t none ( ! wat] w come out4 ,on tak+ ! h& away1 al?\gh ! glass ( wat] is inv]t$1 ! cont5ts d n leave ! glass4 7,see ,fig4 #d47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,,conclusion ,x demon/rates t ! air is ex]t+ a pressure f bel[ on ! pap]1 :i* is m ?an en\gh to support ! weight ( ! wat]4 ,! tumbl] may be plac$ 9 any position & yet ! wat] w /ay 94 ,?is air pressure is ex]t$ alike f all directions1 & ?is pressure1 :i* is #ad4g p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 is weigh$ d[n by ! air ab\t x & may be lik5$ v mu* to ord9>y wat] 9 t x ex]ts pressure 9 all directions4 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #c ,take an ord9>y rubb] suck]1 su* z is us$ on ! end ( a d>t1 & atta* x to a /r+4 ,=ce ?is d[n on a piece ( glass4 7,see ,fig4 #e47 ,! glass c !n by lift$ by ! pressure ( ! air t holds ! rubb] to x4 ,we are indebt$ to a ,g]man exp]im5tal philosoph] nam$ ,otto ,von ,gu]icke = k ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,gu]icke is di/+ui%$ by 8 orig9al discov]ies ( ! prop]ties ( ! air4 ,he 0 born at ,magdeburg 9 ,prussian ,saxony1 ,novemb] #bj1 #afjb4 ,he became int]e/$ at an e>ly age 9 ! politics ( 8 city1 & 9 #afbg 0 elect$ ald]man1 & 9 #afdf ,mayor ( ,magdeburg4 ,:ile s]v+ 9 ! above capacities1 he devot$ 8 leisure to sci5ce1 especially on ! creation ( a vacuum & ! action ( bodies 9 a vacuum4 ,8 fir/ exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ) a pump on a b>rel ( wat]4 ,aft] draw+ (f all ! wat]1 he /ill f\nd t air p]meat$ ! wood ( ! b>rel1 s he sub/itut$ a globe ( copp] & pump$ out air also4 ,he ?us became ! inv5tor ( ! air pump & illu/rat$ 9 a simple b effective way ! =ce ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,by plac+ two holl[ hemisph]es ( copp] 7see ,fig4 #f7 toge!r1 & exhau/+ ! air1 he f\nd t fifte5 horses pull+ "o way & fifte5 pull+ ! opposite 7 unable to pull ! hemisph]es ap>t4 ,he fur!r demon/rat$ t 9 a vacuum all bodies fall equally fa/1 t animals _c exi/ !re91 or1 9 fact1 liv+ matt]4 ,he is also cr$it$ ) be+ ! inv5tor ( ! air balance & a type ( wea!r cock1 call$ ! anemoscope4 ,he 0 int]e/$ also 9 a/ronomy4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #d ,?is exp]im5t %\ld int]e/ y v mu*1 because x is go+ to lead up to ! subject ( wea!r in/rum5ts1 & is absolutely ess5tial t y und]/& ! fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 ord] to intellig5tly int]pret ^! in/rum5ts4 ,?is exp]im5t w expla9 "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ! b>omet]4 ,take a glass tube ?irty-two in*es long & "o-qu>t] or "o-eigh? in* 9 diamet]1 & fill x ) m]cury1 c>e be+ us$ to get rid ( all ! air bubbles4 ,! m]cury %\ld be p\r$ 9 ) an eye dropp]1 "o end ( ! tube be+ seal$1 until fill$1 & !n ! f+] is plac$ ov] ! op5 end4 7,see ,fig4 #g;,a74 ,! tube is inv]t$ & imm]s$ 9 a res]voir ( m]cury & clamp$ to an upright /&4 ,imm$iately ! m]cury falls to ab\t ?irty in*es4 7,see ,fig4 #g;,b74 ,ask y\rself :at held ! m]cury up 9 ! tube4 ,aga9 ! answ] is t ! pressure ( ! air on ! m]cury 9 ! res]voir causes x to rise & fall 9 ! tube1 z ! pressure ( ! air *anges4 ,y w soon le>n :at causes ^! *anges 9 ! pressure ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #e ,h y ev] ask$ y\rself :y x is t ! w9d bl[s8 ,:y doesn't x /& /ill8 ,put y\r h& ov] a lamp *imney "u :i* ! lamp is light$4 ,y w soon discov] t ! heat is ris+4 ,f\r ?+s 9 connection ) ?is are ( great importance3 #a4 ,air has weight4 #b4 ,:5 heat$1 x rises4 #c4 ,air exp&s :5 heat$4 #d4 ,w>m air w ga!r & hold m moi/ure ?an cold air4 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #f ,cut a piece ( /iff c>dbo>d 9 a spiral %ape4 ,?read a piece ( ?read ?r\gh a p9hole 9 ! c5t] po9t ( ! spiral & fa/5 ?is to a support s t x sw+s freely 9 ! air4 7,see ,fig4 #h47 ,"u ?is put a little alcohol lamp1 or put x ov] a gas jet or radiator4 ,,:at ,,happ5s ,! c>dbo>d w sp9 ar\nd rapidly4 ,ask y\rself :at causes ?is4 ,x is ! =ce ( ! hot air ris+ :i* caus$ ! spiral c>dbo>d to turn 9 su* an attractive mann]4 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #g ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,:5 y are 9 a w>m room1 f9d out :i* air is ! hotte/1 t 9 ! upp] or t 9 ! l[] "p ( ! room4 ,?is answ] y c get by plac+ ! !rmomet] l[ d[n 9 ! room & !n putt+ x up ne> ! ceil+4 ,?is is ano!r conclusive pro( t hot air rises4 ,ano!r exp]im5t t is q famili> to all ( u is t ( op5+ ! w9d[s ( a heat$ room a few in*es top & bottom1 & hold+ a light$ mat* or smoke pap] at ! bottom1 :5 y w f9d t x bl[s ! flame or smoke inw>d4 ,!n put x ne> ! top ( ! w9d[ & x w be drawn out4 ,! same answ] is true2 ! cold air is ru%+ 9 f bel[ to take ! place ( ! hot air ris+ & go+ out at ! top4 7,see ,fig4 #i47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #h ,?is exp]im5t is ev5 m important ?an ! prec$+ "o1 & y %\ld by all means d x1 = x is go+ to prove m conclusively ?an any?+ else :at causes ! w9d1 & 9 m9iature x is a real /orm4 ,place a little alcohol lamp on ! table1 or a wax c&le w d4 ,ov] ?is place an ord9>y lamp *imney1 lift+ x a %ort di/ance (f ! table1 & x c be held 9 position by any little object4 7,see ,fig4 #aj47 ,ov] ! *imney hold "s smoke pap]4 7,smoke pap] is no?+ m ?an filt] pap]1 or br[n wrapp+ pap] ( a s(t texture47 ,f ! exp]im5ts already visualiz$ to y1 y %\ld "k :at to expect4 ,y w aga9 see t ! heat$ air is ris+2 x has exp&$ & become light4 ,n[ :at becomes ( ! air t is ris+ & :]e does x g8 ,9 do+ ?is exp]im5t be c>eful n to make any unnatural movem5ts t w *ange ! curr5t ( w9d4 ,/& p]fectly /ill s t ! exp]im5t w be p]fect1 because y are n[ produc+ 9 m9iature a real /orm1 or demon/rat+ ! cause ( w9d4 ,! next obs]vation--:at happ5s at ! bottom ( ! *imney8 ,"h y w f9d ! outside air is com+ 91 ! same z x did 9 ! w9d[ exp]im5t4 ,p>ticul>ly1 notice h[ev]1 t ! smoke ent]s und]nea? ! *imney f all directions1 & ! smoke pap] %\ld be mov$ away f ! glass *imney to det]m9e ! di/ance at :i* ! smoke flames w /ill be drawn into ! *imney4 ,y n[ produc$ = y\rself 9 m9iature a /orm & w9d4 ,! air t has be5 heat$ rises ov] a heat$ area1 & cool] air f all directions ar\nd is pass+ into ! space und]nea? ! *imney & tak+ ! place ( ! heat$ air t has gone up4 ,?is exp]im5t illu/rates :at takes place1 except on a small] scale1 out 9 ! atmosph]e :5 a portion ( ! e>? becomes heat$4 ,if ?is is cle> to y1 x w help y to und]/& ! ma9 pr9ciples und]ly+ /orms & w9ds1 :i* w be giv5 lat] on4 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #i ,equally important is ! la/ "p ( ! exp]im5t1 :i* consi/s 9 lift+ ! lamp *imney (f ! table altoge!r & cont9u+ ) ! smoke pap]4 ,note results t y get n[4 ,! smoke w spread out ov] a l>ge area4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,wea!r8 ,by ! wea!r we mean ! temp]ature1 ! am\nt ( moi/ure 9 ! air1 ! pressure ( ! air1 ! movem5t ( ! air1 & all ! conditions t h to d ) ! atmosph]e1 su* z heat1 cold1 ra91 sn[1 sleet1 fog1 fro/1 dew1 etc4 ,x has to d ) ev]y?+1 f calmness & cle>ness to cl\d9ess & blizz>ds4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,! sun has a great deal to d ) ! regulation ( ! wea!r4 ,its heat causes evaporation2 x is ! rays ( ! sun t raises ! vapor f ! wat] & br+s x into ! air2 x is ! cool+ ( ?is vapor t produces ! ra91 hail & sleet /orms1 & its brilliancy causes a diff]5ce 9 air pressure at times4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce 9 air pressure t produces w9ds1 z y w le>n lat]4 ,,humidity ,! /ate ( ! air ) respect to ! vapor t x conta9s is call$ its humidity4 ,! humidity is said to be high :5 ! air is damp1 & l[ :5 ! air is dry4 ,humidity & moi/ure 9 ! air are important factors ab\t ! wea!r4 ,x is lack ( humidity t has m to d ) poor heal?1 colds1 & cat>rh ?an any?+ else4 ,! importance ( prop] humidity 9 h\ses & build+s _c be emphasiz$ too greatly4 ,prop] humidity w save twelve & "o-half p] c5t 9 ! co/ ( heat+4 ,! great majority ( p are "u ! impression t colds are caus$ by sudd5 *ange 9 temp]ature1 b ! mo/ colds are actually caus$ by /uffy1 hot rooms4 ,! reason t "s p compla9 t #gj is n hot en\gh is because ! humidity is too l[1 b if ! moi/ure is br\ght into ! air at a prop] degree1 ! humidity is ma9ta9$4 ,y w f9d t #fh w be a prop] temp]ature to ma9ta9 9 a room4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! air 9 ! room is dry & ! heat actually goes ?r\gh x4 ,9 o!r words1 x does n w>m x2 moi/ air /ops radiation4 ,consequ5tly1 ! result is t x w>ms x4 ,9 o!r words1 moi/ure is no?+ m ?an clo?+1 & ?is acc\nts = ! fact t 9 a hot room1 :]e !re is no moi/ure1 we heat our rooms beyond ! degree t is necess>y 9 ord] to feel any reasonable am\nt ( com=t4 ,dry air all[s too mu* radiation f ! body & too rapid evaporation1 :i* makes u cold4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t illu/rates ! above /atem5t4 ,place a few drops ( wat] on a smoo? surface1 su* z a table top or ord9>y bo>d1 & ov] ?is a wat* glass1 conta9+ a small quantity ( e!r4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 evaporation1 bl[ a curr5t ( air across x1 & x w be f\nd t ! glass w be froz5 to ! bo>d4 ,?is is caus$ by ! evaporation ( ! e!r1 :i* uses up heat4 ,y "k a great _m times :5 y g out into ! w9d h[ cold x feels1 & yet if ! w9d w\ld actually /op1 y w\ld ?9k x w>m4 ,x is ! w9d t causes ! rapid evaporation & makes ! surface ( ! sk9 feel cold4 ,z x is true t ! moi/ure 9 ! air acts z a blanket to u 9 our homes1 x is likewise z true t ! vapor 9 its natural =m outside ( ! h\se acts z a blanket = ! e>?4 ,d y realize t )\t ?is blanket we w\ld burn up 9 ! summ] & freeze to dea? 9 ! w9t]8 ,,fogs ,wat] vapor 9 ! air is transp>5t1 b :5 ?is wat] vapor becomes cool$1 a portion ( x becomes precipitat$1 :i* is no m or less ?an drops ( wat] t are extremely small1 b yet l>ge en\gh to become transp>5t1 & ! atmosph]e 9 ?is /ate is call$ fog4 ,9 reality1 fogs are no?+ m ?an cl\ds ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is at a high] temp]ature ?an ! air1 x produces fogs4 ,!y are also produc$ :5 a curr5t ( moi/ air & a curr5t ( hot air pass ov] a body ( wat] at a l[] temp]ature4 ,consequ5tly1 y c easily see t fog w nev] =m :5 x is dry4 ,,hail ,aft] ra9 drops h be5 =m$ & !y freeze 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! air1 !y !n become hail/ones4 ,,sn[ ,:5 cond5sation ( vapor 9 ! air takes place at a temp]ature bel[ #cb ,f41 a deposit is made 9 a solid condition1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( sn[ or hail4 ,sn[ is made up ( cry/als1 mo/ ( :i* h great beauty4 ,ev]yone %\ld obs]ve ei!r by ! nak$ eye or by a magnify+ glass ! little cry/als caught be=e !y are brok54 ,:5 y see extremely l>ge sn[flakes 9 ! sky1 y c be sure ! temp]ature is v ne> freez+1 = at ?is po9t ! flakes are m or less damp & ! sn[ is heavy & wet4 ,n[ if !re is a slight w9d1 ! cry/als become brok5 & sep>ate flakes unite to =m l>ge masses ( sn[4 ,g5]ally speak+1 t5 in*es ( sn[ makes "o in* ( ra94 ,,dew ,if ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd falls bel[ ! dew po9t ( ! air1 ! air deposits on ! cool] surface moi/ure 9 ! =m ( small drops ( wat]1 :i* we call dew drops4 ,:]e ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd becomes cool] ?an ! air above x1 a rapid cool+ by radiation on a cle> night has tak5 place2 & if ! dew po9t or fro/ po9t has be5 rea*$ by ! gr\nd1 ! air j above ! po9t is sev]al degrees w>m]4 ,,fro/ ,:5 ! moi/ure 9 ! air t is 9 contact ) ! e>? is cond5s$ above ! freez+ po9t1 dew is =m$4 ,:5 bel[ ! freez+ po9t1 fro/ is =m$ or deposit$ on ! e>?4 ,x is readily und]/ood f ?is t ! surface on :i* ! fro/ is deposit$ is at a freez+ temp]ature1 :ile ! air above x may n be freez+4 ,naturally1 y c expect fro/ :5 ! temp]ature falls to a po9t #h or #aj above ! freez+ po9t4 ,cle>1 calm nights are favorable = fro/1 because ! abs5ce ( cl\ds helps radiation1 t is1 x draws heat away f ! e>?4 ,if !re are cl\ds1 x prev5ts ?is radiation4 ,,?und] ,,& ,,lightn+ ,free electricity is always 9 ! air4 ,dur+ cle> wea!r x is g5]ally positive2 dur+ cl\dy wea!r x is negative4 ,?is electricity is c>ri$ 9 ! air by ! moi/ure4 ,z dry air is a non-conductor ( electricity1 9 fair wea!r ! electrifi$ p>ticles ( air are insulat$ & !re=e acquire v little int5sity4 ,! cl\ds hav+ be5 =m$ & be+ fill$ ) moi/ure1 =m an excell5t conductor ( electricity1 :i* acquires consid]able int5sity4 ,x is a well-kn[n physical law t two bodies hav+ opposite electricities attract ea* o!r1 & ^? hav+ l *>ges repel ea* o!r4 ,f ?is1 two cl\ds hav+ opposite *>ges ru% toge!r & produce ! ph5om5a1 call$ lightn+1 :i* is accompani$ by an explosion call$ ?und]4 ,(t5 we see sev]al fla%es ( lightn+ & !n he> sev]al ?und] cra%es1 :i* is caus$ by only "o section ( a cl\d dis*>g+ its electricity at a "t4 ,z a cl\d attracts ! opposite *>ge ( electricity f ! surface ( ! e>? b5ea? x by inductive influ5ce1 (t5 we see a dis*>ge ( electricity f ! cl\d to ! e>?1 ! *>ge usually be+ receiv$ by su* objects z hills1 trees1 *ur* spires1 high build+s1 etc4 ,bodies conta9+ l>ge quantities ( moi/ure are susceptible to /rokes ( lightn+1 z ! moi/ure causes !m to become good conductors ( electricity4 ,also trees on ! out] edge ( a =e/ are m liable to be /ruck ?an ^? f>!r 94 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( lightn+1 su* z zigzag1 ball1 %eet1 & heat lightn+4 ,zigzag lightn+1 z ! "n implies1 foll[s an irregul> c\rse1 produc+ a long zigzag l9e ( light1 sometimes t5 miles 9 l5g?1 & is caus$ by ! air produc+ a field ( resi/ance to ! pa? ( electricity1 caus+ x to seek a pa? ( less resi/ance4 ,ball lightn+ appe>s l a l>ge ball ( fire1 usually accompani$ by a t]rific explosion4 ,?is is ! result ( ! bodies be+ *>g$ ) electricity ( great int5sity1 & travels 9 a /raight pa?1 z x has en\gh /r5g? to oppose any resi/ance plac$ 9 its pa?4 ,heat lightn+ is usually se5 on w>m ev5+s1 especially dur+ ! summ]1 & v (t5 unaccompani$ by ?und]1 due to ! great di/ance ( ! lightn+ cl\ds f :]e we are locat$1 ?us dim9i%+ ! int5sity ( ! ?und]4 ,! electricity ( ! cl\ds escape 9 fla%es s feeble z to produce no audible s\nd4 ,%eet lightn+ is a diffus$ gl>e ( light sometimes illum9at+ only ! edges ( a cl\d1 & aga9 spread+ ov] its entire surface4 ,ord9>y fla%es ( lightn+ la/ b ! m9ute/ "p ( a second4 ,?und] is ! re-entrance ( air into an empty space4 ,! vacuum is creat$ by ! lightn+ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! air4 ,! viol5ce ( ?und] v>ies accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! electrical fla%es4 ,because ( ! fact t light is transmitt$ almo/ in/antane\sly1 :ile s\nd travels at a spe$ ( elev5 hundr$ feet p] second1 ! s\nd w n rea* ! e> = "s few seconds aft] ! fla% ( lightn+4 ,av]age space ( "t betwe5 a fla% & a report is ab\t twelve seconds4 ,! longe/ int]val is sev5ty-two seconds & ! %orte/ "o second4 ,prolong$ peals ( ?und] are1 9 "s cases1 due to ! effect ( e*oes4 ,^! peals are especially noticeable 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries4 ,! e*oes are also produc$ by ! reflection ( s\nd f ! cl\ds4 ,?und] /orms are di/ribut$ ov] c]ta9 sections ( ! globe1 occurr+ mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! equatorial regions & dim9i%+ z we approa* ! pol> regions4 ,)9 ! tropics1 :]e !re are trade w9ds1 ?und] /orms are r>e4 ,?und] /orms are common 9 w>m climates because evaporation supplies electricity 9 great abundance1 & ?us precipitation ( ! air is br\ght ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa ,,tornadoes ,tornadoes are caus$ by ! air becom+ abnormally heat$ ov] c]ta9 areas4 ,likewise1 caus$ by a diff]5ce 9 pressure4 ,tornadoes are local :irlw9ds ( great en]gy1 g5]ally =m$ )9 ?und] /orms4 ,!y are mo/ easily di/+ui%$ by a funnel-%ap$ cl\d t hangs f ! bottom ( ! l>g] ?und] cl\d mass above x4 ,! funnel is =m$ ar\nd a viol5t asc5d+ mass ( :irl+ w9ds2 its diamet] sometimes rea*+ sev]al hundr$ feet1 be+ l>g] above ?an bel[1 ! w9ds !mselves cov]+ a great] space4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab ,! :irl+ funnel advances g5]ally to ! ea/ or nor!a/ at a rate ( tw5ty to =ty miles an h\r1 accompani$ by a deaf5+ noise1 de/roy+ ev]y?+ 9 its pa?4 ,! pa? is usually less ?an a qu>t] ( a mile 9 wid?4 ,! w9ds 9 ! vortex 7! app>5t cavity or vacuum =m$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! :irl+ w9ds7 ( ! tornado atta9 an incr$ible viol5ce1 & due to ?is fact h\ses are %att]$1 trees uproot$1 & human lives lo/1 besides o!r deva/ation ( prop]ty & animal life4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! vorticul> :irl t causes ! de/ruction produc$ by tornadoes4 ,tornadoes are m frequ5t 9 ! s\!rn /ates ?an any:]e else 9 ! c\ntry1 & occur 9 ! w>m] mon?s4 ,! velocity ( ! :irl+ w9ds 9 a tornado increase t[>ds ! c5t]1 & x is because ( ?is t ! po9t ( dang] is only a small di/ance f ! funnel cl\d4 ,! direction ( ! :irl+ motion is f "r to left4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ! funnel =m$ 9 a tornado1 x looks z ?\gh ! curr5ts 7 desc5d+ f ! cl\d to ! e>?1 :5 9 reality ! curr5ts are asc5d+4 ,! asc5d+ curr5t draws on ! w>m & moi/ air ne> ! surface ( ! e>? = its supply1 & ?is inru% ( air 9 a spiral =m into ! l[ pressure core made by ! high] :irl con/itutes ! de/ructive bla/ ( ! tornado4 ,tornadoes approa* rapidly1 & x is !re=e almo/ impossible = ^? :o happ5 to be 9 _! pa? to escape _! viol5ce4 ,a tornado at sea is t]m$ a wat] sp\t4 ,,ra9fall ,y w recall a prec$+ /atem5t t evaporat$ humidity turns into wat] :5 x becomes cool bel[ a c]ta9 po9t4 7,see page #ad1 ,effect ( ! ,sun47 ,a giv5 am\nt ( air w hold a c]ta9 am\nt ( moi/ure4 ,= example1 let u assume t a cubic foot ( air 7see ,fig4 #aa7 is saturat$1 t is1 x is hold+ all ! wat] x w reta94 ,n[ if ?is cubic foot ( air is cool$1 x w contract1 & z a result !re w n be en\gh room to hold bo? ! air & moi/ure1 s ! excess moi/ure w leak out4 7,see ,fig4 #ab47 ,! result ( ?is r$uction 9 temp]ature causes precipitation1 simply because ! air _c su/a9 ! wat] t is 9 x4 ,!re=1 at any "t :5 moi/ure 9 ! air has rea*$ ! po9t ( saturation & a *ill+ takes place1 due to ! air becom+ cold1 ra9 foll[s4 ,?is may happ5 z a result ( air ris+ into high] places or cool] levels1 or ?r\gh its contact ) cool] surfaces4 ,,:y ,,we ,,get ,,su* ,,heavy ,,ra9falls ,,sometimes ,,ar\nd ,,m\nta9s ,! air becomes ?or\ghly saturat$4 ,:5 air is comp>atively w>m1 x w exp&1 & ?is air1 :i* is heavily saturat$ is br\ght up by breezes onto ! m\nta9 range1 :i* is cold1 caus+ ! air to lose its heat & contract & really =ce ! wat] out ( ! air4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to sea breezes br++ ra94 ,,w9ds ,w9ds are caus$ z a result ( diff]5ces 9 temp]ature betwe5 ! v>i\s lay]s ( ! atmosph]e4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( air becomes heat$ & rises1 & z expla9$ be=e1 exp&s4 ,z ! air exp&s1 x becomes light]1 & because x is light x goes upw>d t[>d high] regions4 ,x also fl[s f hot to cold c\ntries4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is is ! sea breezes4 ,if y h liv$ ar\nd ! sea%ore 9 ! summ] "t1 y w h obs]v$ t dur+ ! hot "p ( ! day ! w9ds g5]ally bl[ f ! sea t[>d ! l&4 ,at night ! direction ( ! w9d is rev]s$1 t is1 x bl[s f ! l& to ! sea4 ,:y8 ,because ! l& dur+ ! day reta9s its heat1 :ile ! wat] diffuses x4 ,:at is ! result8 ,! air on ! l& exp&s1 becomes light4 ,! air ov] ! wat] be+ cool1 x does n exp&1 & ! result is t x presses t[>d ! l&4 ,at night ! l& loses its heat m rapidly ?an ! wat]1 s t x is n long be=e ! l& is cool] ?an ! wat]1 & :5 ?is happ5s1 ! air ov] ! l&1 :i* has become cool]1 presses seaw>d4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,w9ds ,m\nta9 ,breezes3 ,caus$ by ! heat+ & cool+ ( ! hills & valleys4 ,avalan*e ,w9ds3 ,w9ds t are 9 front ( a l&slide1 caus$ by ! movem5t ( ! sn[ =c+ ! air 9 front ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag ,volcanic ,w9ds3 ,due to volcanic eruption1 :i* produces an outru% ( air4 ,a ,squall3 ,due to ! sudd5 di/urbance 9 temp]ature4 ,a ,simoon3 ,a des]t w9d4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,w9d ,! w9d bl[s a great deal h>d] on wat] ?an on l&1 because on l& x meets ) v>i\s ob/acles1 :]eas x has v little friction on ! wat]4 ,,! ,,=ce ,,( ,,! ,,w9ds ,w9d bl[+ at #bj miles p] h\r has a =ce ( #a lbs4 ,w9d bl[+ at #ce miles p] h\r has a =ce ( #f lbs4 ,w9d bl[+ at #ej miles p] h\r has a =ce ( #ac lbs4 ,w9d bl[+ at #ge miles p] h\r has a =ce ( #bh lbs4 ,w9d bl[+ at #ij miles p] h\r has a =ce ( #dj lbs4 ,,day ,,signals ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc ,,night ,,signals ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai;,a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj;,a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba;,a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb;,a ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc;,a ,,"n ,,( ,,w9ds ,beau=t's scale1 us$ 9 prep>ation ( all ,wea!r ,bureau w9d =eca/s & /orm w>n+s4 ,,=ce ,,designation ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r #j ,calm ,f #j to #c #a ,light ,air ,ov] #c to #h #b ,light breeze 7or w9d7 #h #ac #c ,g5tle breeze 7or w9d7 #ac #ah #d ,mod]ate breeze 7or w9d7 #ah #bc #e ,fre% breeze 7or w9d7 #bc #bh #f ,/rong breeze 7or w9d7 #bh #cd #g ,mod]ate gale #cd #dj #h ,fre% gale #dj #dh #i ,/rong gale #dh #ef #aj ,:ole gale #ef #fe #aa ,/orm #fe #ge #ab ,hurricane #ge ,! foll[+ me?od ( transmitt+ wea!r signals by means ( flags 0 us$ = a numb] ( ye>s1 b ! newspap]s n[ convey ! same news to ! int]e/$ public3 #a4 ,a squ>e :ite flag indicates fair wea!r4 7,see ,fig4 #ac47 #b4 ,a squ>e blue flag indicates ra9 or sn[4 7,see ,fig4 #ad47 #c4 ,a :ite & blue flag1 half :ite & half blue1 indicates local ra9 or sn[4 7,see ,fig4 #ae47 #d4 ,black triangul> flag indicates a *ange 9 temp]ature4 7,see ,fig4 #af47 #e4 ,:ite flag ) a squ>e black c5t] indicates cold wave4 7,see ,fig4 #ag47 ,:5 ,no4 #d is plac$ above ,no4 #a1 #b1 or #c1 x indicates w>m] wea!r2 :5 bel[1 cold]2 :5 n display$ ! temp]ature is expect$ to rema9 /ation>y4 ,! foll[+ flag w>n+s are us$ along ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s to notify inhabitants ( ?is section ( ! c\ntry ( imp5d+ dang]4 ,fig4 #ah4 ,! ,small ,craft ,w>n+4 ,a r$ p5nant indicates t mod]ately /rong w9ds t w int]f]e ) ! safe op]ation ( small craft are expect$4 ,no night display ( small craft w>n+s is made4 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! ,nor!a/ ,/orm ,w>n+4 ,a r$ p5nant above a squ>e r$ flag ) black c5t] display$ by day1 or two r$ lant]ns1 "o above ! o!r1 display$ by night 7,fig4 #ai;,a71 indicates ! approa* ( a /orm ( m>k$ viol5ce1 ) w9ds beg9n+ f ! nor!a/4 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! ,s\!a/ ,/orm ,w>n+4 ,a r$ p5nant bel[ a squ>e r$ flag ) black c5t] display$ by day1 or "o r$ lant]n display$ by night 7,fig4 #bj;,a71 indicates ! approa* ( a /orm ( m>k$ viol5ce ) w9ds beg9n+ f ! s\!a/4 ,fig4 #ba4 ,! ,s\?we/ ,/orm ,w>n+4 ,a :ite p5nant bel[ a squ>e r$ flag ) black c5t] display$ by day1 or a :ite lant]n bel[ a r$ lant]n display$ by night 7,fig4 #ba;,a71 indicates ! approa* ( a /orm ( m>k$ viol5ce1 ) w9ds beg9n+ f ! s\?we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd ,fig4 #bb4 ,! ,nor?we/ ,/orm ,w>n+4 ,a :ite p5nant above a squ>e r$ flag ) black c5t] display$ by day1 or a :ite lant]n above a r$ lant]n display$ by night 7,fig4 #bb;,a71 indicates ! approa* ( a /orm ( m>k$ viol5ce1 ) w9ds beg9n+ f ! nor?we/4 ,fig4 #bc4 ,hurricane1 or ,:ole ,gale ,w>n+4 ,two squ>e flags1 r$ ) black c5t]s1 "o above ! o!r1 display$ by day1 or two r$ lant]ns1 ) a :ite lant]n betwe51 display$ by night 7,fig4 #bc71 indicate ! approa* ( a tropical hurricane1 or ( "o ( ! extremely sev]e & dang]\s /orms :i* occasionally move across ! ,great ,lakes & ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be ,we h in/all$ at our manufactur+ plant a high-class wea!r /ation1 ) equipm5t ( ! late/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau /&>d patt]n1 & are able to s5d out wea!r signals by wireless f our own wireless /ation twice daily1 at #d ,p4 ,m4 & #g ,p4 ,m41 to all boys own+ a wireless outfit4 ,! indications are tak5 f our own in/rum5ts4 ,a description ( ^! in/rum5ts & ! me?od ( record+ ! indications w give y an insight into h[ ! v>i\s gov]nm5t wea!r /ations arrive at _! =eca/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf ,on ! ro( ( ! factory is a wea!r vane 7,fig4 #cd7 tw5ty feet high1 :i* is connect$ electrically ) a regi/] 9 our wea!r (fice4 ,! regi/] is ( ! quadruple type 7,fig4 #de71 & is capable ( record+ w9d direction1 w9d velocity1 ra9fall1 & sun%9e on ! same =m or %eet4 ,?us1 we "k ! w9d direction & c d$uce c]ta9 ?+s relat+ to ! wea!r4 ,m\nt$ on ! w9d vane support is an anemomet] 7,fig4 #cf71 an in/rum5t = measur+ ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,a ra9 gauge 7,fig4 #di7 on ! ro( cat*es ! precipitation1 & = e "o hundr$? ( an in* ( ra9fall1 a small tipp+ bucket empties its cont5ts into a receiv] & a record is made on ! =m 9 ! quadruple regi/]4 ,! same p5 t records ! ra9fall also records ! numb] ( h\rs ( sun%9e dur+ a day1 = x is n a common ?+ to h ra9 & sun%9e at ! same "t4 ,a hygro!rmograph 7,fig4 #dc7 records on a =m ! temp]ature & am\nt ( humidity 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,a b>ograph 7,fig4 #dd7 records ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,= det]m9+ ! pressure1 we also h a m]curial & an]oid b>omet]1 :i* w be describ$ lat] on4 ,y c readily see t x is a simple matt] to obta9 ! wea!r indications4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg ,,cl\ds ,! numb]less k9ds ( cl\ds makes x q difficult to describe & arrange !m or illu/rate !m 9 any mann] t makes x easy to recognize !m4 ,al?\gh "s may be recogniz$ f description & ) a fair am\nt ( obs]vation1 y w be able to classify !m 9 _! prop] place4 ,= in/ance1 ! ?und] cl\ds mo/ anyone recognizes )\t any exp]i5ce :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh ,!re are really f\r simple cl\d =mations & ?ree comp\nd =mations3 #a4 ,! ,cirrus ,cl\d4 7,fig4 #bd47 ,! ,cirrus cl\d is always se5 high 9 ! sky & at a great elevation4 ,its =mation is fibr\s & x is p>ticul>ly *>act]iz$ = its _m v>ieties ( %apes4 ,x also has a m>k$ delicacy ( sub/ance & x is pure :ite4 #b4 ,! ,cumulus ,cl\d4 7,fig4 #be47 ,! ,cumulus cl\d is ( mod]ately l[ elevation4 ,x is a typical cl\d ( a summ] day4 ,x may be recogniz$ by little heaps or bu%es ris+ f a horizontal base4 ,9 summ]-"t we are all famili> ) ! cumulus cl\ds ris+ ) ! curr5ts ( air 9 huge masses4 ,!y =m "o ( ! mo/ accurate indications ( fair wea!r :5 y see !m gradually dissolv+4 ,sometimes ^! cl\ds become v l>ge1 &1 :ile ! texture is g5]ally ( a woolly :ite1 naturally1 :5 !y assume su* l>ge sizes1 !y gradually *ange 9 color to a d>ki% t9t4 #c4 ,! ,/ratus ,cl\d4 7,fig4 #bf47 ,?is is ! opposite ( ! ,cirrus cl\d1 because x hangs ! l[e/ ( all1 9 gray masses or %eets1 ) a poorly-def9$ outl9e4 #d4 ,! ,nimbus ,cl\d4 7,fig4 #bg47 ,any cl\d c be class$ z a nimbus cl\d f :i* ra9 or sn[ is fall+4 ,( ! ,comp\nd ,cl\ds we h3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi #a4 ,! ,cirro-,cumulus ,cl\d 7,fig4 #bh71 :i* has all ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? ! ,cirrus & ! ,cumulus4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic =m ( ?is cl\d1 & ! "o mo/ commonly kn[n1 is :5 ^! cl\ds =m small r\nd masses1 :i* appe> to be cirrus b&s brok5 up & curl$ up4 ,?is is :at p call ! 8mack]el0 sky4 #b4 ,! ,cirro-,/ratus ,cl\d 7,fig4 #bi71 :i* is kn[n :5 ! cl\ds arrange !mselves 9 ?9 horizontal lay]s at a great elevation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj #c4 ,! ,cumulo-,/ratus 7,fig4 #cj7 is ! cumulus & ! /ratus bl5d$ toge!r4 ,_! mo/ rem>kable =m is 9 connection ) approa*+ ?und] /orms1 & are (t5 call$ ?und] heads4 ,!y rapidly *ange _! outl9e & pres5t a beautiful spectacle 9 ! sky at times4 ,! ,cirrus1 ,cirro-,cumulus & ,cirro-,/ratus are kn[n z ! upp] cl\ds & ! o!rs are kn[n z ! l[]4 ,,atmosph]ic ,,di/urbances ,di/urbances ( ! atmosph]e are classifi$ z foll[s3 ,cyclonic1 or l[ area /orms1 or anti-cyclonic1 or high area /orms4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca ,! ^w 8cyclone0 to mo/ p imm$iately means a t]rific /orm1 :]eas 9 wea!r obs]v+ ! cyclonic /orm is n really a cyclone or hurricane at all4 ,x is a /orm ) an atmosph]ic pressure bel[ av]age4 ,p>ticul>ly important is ! w9d t bl[s ab\t ?is area1 :i* is always spirally inw>d1 due to ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,?is is probably :y x is giv5 ! "n ( cyclonic /orm1 = x be>s "o ( ! important *>act]i/ics ( a real cyclone4 ,z ! w9d is deflect$ & moves into ! /orm c5t]1 x turns to ! "r & 9 ! =m ( a :irlw9d1 spirally1 moves ar\nd ! /orm c5t]4 7,see ,fig #ca47 ,x is ?is :irl+ process t has giv5 x ! "n1 cyclonic /orm4 ,z ! air rises ov] ! po9t ( l[ /orm area1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! area ( l[ pressure1 & travels into ! atmosph]e1 x is n p]mitt$ to rise to any great height1 because x is always act$ ^u by ! =ce ( gravity & is be+ pull$ back to e>? aga94 ,we assume t because ( ?is fact1 ?is ris+ air :i* has be5 pull$ back to ! e>? aga9 piles up 9 c]ta9 places1 caus+ ! b>omet] to rise4 ,su* a c5t] z ?is is kn[n z a high b>ometric c5t] or ! anti-cyclonic area4 ,"h ! circulation ( ! air is exactly opposite to t ( ! cyclonic area4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb ,we are all m or less acqua9t$ ) ^! anti-cyclonic /orms1 because 9 w9t] ^! great masses ( air rise up f ! w>m areas1 pile up1 & =m high pressure areas ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,canada1 & soon ?is high pressure works d[n ^u u z blizz>ds & cold waves4 ,we h describ$ q m9utely ! movem5t ( ! w9d ab\t ^! po9ts ( high pressure & l[ pressure & h %[n y ! map & h illu/rat$ ! high pressure & l[ pressure areas1 b !re is /ill ano!r feature t is ( great importance to u1 & t is ! movem5t ( ! /orms & ! fact t /orms h a progressive movem5t f we/ to ea/4 ,^! /orms move m rapidly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an else:]e1 & are m rapid 9 _! movem5t 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,_! spe$ is almo/ "o half aga9 z great4 ,! av]age velocity ( ! l[ area /orm 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t tw5ty-five miles an h\r 9 ,june1 ,july1 ,augu/1 & ,septemb]1 & f ,octob] on !y cont9ue to increase4 ,,l[ ,,pressure ,we c summ>ize l[ pressure /orms g5]ally 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!y h a w9d circulation inw>d & upw>d & are elliptical 9 =m4 ,_! velocity v>ies f six hundr$ to n9e hundr$ miles p] day1 mov+ 9 ! same g5]al direction4 ,!y are *>act]iz$ 9 _! ea/]n quadrants by cl\dy wea!r1 s\!rly & ea/]ly w9ds1 precipitation1 temp]ature oppressive 9 summ] & abnormally high 9 w9t]1 fall+ b>omet]1 increas+ humidity & foll[$ by cle> wea!r1 ris+ b>omet]1 decreas+ humidity & fall+ temp]ature 9 ! we/]n quadrants4 ,buys ,ballot's law ( w9ds is1 t 9 ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e if "o /&s ) 8 back to ! w9d1 ! l[ b>ometric pressure w be inv>iably to ! left h&2 9 ! ,s\!rn ,hemisph]e ! l[e/ pressure is always to ! "r4 ,?is law expla9s "o ( ! *>act]i/ics ( l[ pressure /orms4 ,,areas ,,( ,,high ,,pressure ,9 speak+ ( l[ pressure /orms we call$ !m /orm c5t]s1 because ne>ly always !y are ( suffici5t int5sity to be> t "n1 b 9 high pressure areas we d n speak ( !m z /orm c5t]s4 ,! ,buys ,ballot's law applies to anti-cyclonic z well z cyclonic /orms1 t is1 :5 "o's back is to ! w9d1 ! l[e/ b>ometric pressure is at ! left & ! highe/ at ! "r4 ,?is is probably und]/ood by say+ t 9 ! cyclonic /orms1 ! w9ds bl[ inw>d1 contr>y to ! h&s ( a wat*1 & 9 ! anti-cyclonic !y bl[ outw>d1 t is1 9 ! same direction to ! direction ( ! h&s ( ! wat*4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! cyclonic /orms are n z frequ5t z l[ pressure /orms1 & x is safe to say t probably n m ?an "o-?ird ( ! entire anti-cyclonic areas c be class$ z /orm areas4 ,,:y ,,air ,,rises ,ano!r v int]e/+ exp]im5t is to secure a long-/emm$ glass bulb 7see ,fig4 #cb74 ,arrange ?is app>atus z illu/rat$1 ) ! /em ( ! bulb imm]s$ 9 ! wat]4 ,! glass bulb cond5ses ! air4 ,:5 y fir/ put x into ! wat] no?+ happ5s1 b z soon z y apply heat ! air bubbles come out ( ! end ( ! tube4 ,?is means t ! air 9 ! tube has exp&$ & "p ( x has come out ?r\gh ! /em ( ! tube & ! rema9d] is light]4 ,x is well to rememb]1 :5 air is heat$ x exp&s & becomes light]4 ,?is fact is extremely important to rememb]1 because x has a great deal to d ) ! important in/rum5t1 ! b>omet]1 :i* is us$ to measure ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e & is an important elem5t 9 ! "q ( humidity1 z y w le>n lat]4 ,by ?is "t y no d\bt h le>n$ t3 #a4 ,air has weight4 #b4 ,heat$ air exp&s1 becomes light]1 & ex]ts less pressure4 #c4 ,cold air comes f ! side to take ! place ( hot air t rises4 ,:5 ! rays ( ! sun heat an area ( ! e>?1 ! air ov] su* a place exp&s & becomes light]1 naturally ris+1 & ! result ( ?is is t ! w9ds are produc$ by cool air mov+ 9 to take ! place ( ! heat$ air4 ,?is cool air moves 9 f all directions4 ,:5 su* a ?+ happ5s at any po9t on ! e>?'s surface1 x is kn[n z a /orm c5t]1 an area ( l[ pressure4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,cyclonic ,,/orm8 ,because ( ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 a =ce arises :i* t5ds to deflect to ! "r all motions 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & to ! left all motions 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! w9ds fl[+ t[>d ! /orm c5t] are turn$ to ! "r or left & move 9 a spiral ar\nd ! /orm c5t]4 ,?is sy/em ( :irl+ w9ds ar\nd a c5tral region ( l[ pressure produce :at is t]m$ a cyclonic /orm4 ,/orms h a t5d5cy to move 9 an ea/]ly or nor!a/]ly direction1 & at a rate ( f five hundr$ to sev5 hundr$ miles a day4 ,cyclonic /orms1 al?\gh we look ^u !m z be+ v sev]e1 are v (t5 mild & n ( an int5sive "*4 ,,:i* ,,way ,,does ,,! ,,w9d ,,bl[ ,,aft] ,a ,,/orm8 ,f ! descriptions & exp]im5ts prec$+1 :i* illu/rate ! developm5t ( /orms1 ref]5ce 0 made only to ! w9ds bl[+ 9 t[>d ! /orm c5t]4 ,naturally ! "q comes to y\r m9d3 ,:at happ5s to !m aft] ! cold air has tak5 ! place ( ! w>m air8 ,!y *ange to o!r directions :5 ! /orm has pass$ away4 ,x is because ( ?is fact t we look = a *ange 9 wea!r conditions :5 ! w9d *anges--a v important sign t y w be int]e/$ 9 lat] on4 ,x is well to m5tion "h a ?+ t is go+ to be v important to u :5 we /udy ! b>omet]1 t is1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,%\ld ! pressure ( ! air1 :i* is normally at sea level #ad4g p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 *ange1 t is1 become light]1 x w\ld n ex]t s mu* pressure on ! column ( m]cury 9 ! tube ( ! b>omet] & ! m]cury w\ld drop 9 ! tube4 7,see ,fig4 #g47 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! weight ( ! air 0 increas$1 t is1 if x became heavi]1 x w\ld =ce ! m]cury to rise 9 ! tube4 ,?is %\ld be q cle> to y1 because x is ! lightness & heav9ess ( ! air t is go+ to int]e/ u m p>ticul>ly ?an any o!r "p ( ! subject :5 we get into ! /udy ( ! atmosph]ic *anges1 :at causes !m1 & ! indications t lead up to our conclusions4 ,9 ord] t ?is pr9ciple is absolutely cle> to y1 y %\ld p]=m ,exp]im5t #d1 or if y h n facilities = do+ x1 x is well to see x p]=m$ 9 any physics laboratory4 ,imm$iately y ask y\rself3 ,if air has su* a trem5d\s pressure z #ad4g p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 :y is x t a weight ( air am\nt+ to ?irty-five ?\s& p\nds be>+ d[n on ! av]age individual does n cave ! body 98 ,simply because air p5etrates ! body s easily t x ex]ts z mu* pressure on ! inside z on ! outside1 & !reby equalizes itself4 ,= in/ance1 if y g d[n into a subway or a caisson 7a wat]-tight box or *amb] )9 :i* subm>9e con/ruction is c>ri$ on "u great air pressure to keep out ! wat]71 :]e ! pressure is sometimes great] ?an x is outside1 h y notic$ ! effect ?is pressure ex]ts on ! e> drums8 ,z x becomes great]1 y may equalize x by swall[+1 :i* all[s ! air to get back ( ! e> drums ?r\gh ! ,eu/a*ian tubes1 :i* lead f ! m\? to ! inn] e>4 ,,moi/ure ,wat] vapor is always pres5t 9 ! air4 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #aj ,expose a piece ( dry pota% to ! air4 ,y w soon discov] t ! pota% w dissolve4 ,x has tak5 up wat] f ! air4 ,,exp]im5t ,,no4 #aa ,put a piece ( ice 9 a pit*] ( wat] & all[ x to /& 9 a w>m room4 ,y w soon notice t little beads ( p]spiration collect on ! outside ( ! pit*]4 ,?is moi/ure is air be+ cond5s$4 ,wat] vapor is "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,"s ( x is always pres5t 9 ! air4 ,! am\nt ( vapor t ! air c hold dep5ds ^u ! temp]ature4 ,:5 ! temp]ature is w>m1 ! air w hold m wat]4 ,= in/ance1 at #ajj ,f4 a cubic foot ( air w hold #ai4gi gra9s ( vapor2 at #hj ,f41 #aj4ie gra9s2 at #ej ,f41 #d4ji gra9s1 & #cb ,f41 #b4ag gra9s4 ,at #cb ,f4 is ! freez+ po9t on ! ,fahr5heit scale4 ,air conta9+ z mu* wat] vapor z x c hold is saturat$4 ,if ! air is sudd5ly cool$ d[n1 t is1 if ! temp]ature falls :5 ! air is saturat$1 air molecules are contract$1 & x mu/ give up ! wat]1 :i* produces ra94 ,! ocean & ! ,great ,lakes are ! s\rce f :i* ! air gets its wat]4 ,x rises into ! air 9 ! =m ( vapor1 t is1 vapor ris+ f ! surface ( ! wat]1 & ! w9d di/ributes x ov] ! l&4 ,cond5sation turns x into cl\ds1 & :5 x is ov]-saturat$1 or r1 :5 ! temp]ature drops & ! air is unable to reta9 any m wat]1 !n x =ms into drops ( wat] & falls z ra94 ,:5 ! cl\ds get into ! air1 bel[ ! freez+ po9t ( ! wat]1 ! drops ( wat] are *ang$ into ice cry/als or sn[ flakes4 ,:5 ! ice cry/als are j at ! po9t ( melt+ into wat]1 due to ! rise 9 temp]ature1 ! sn[flakes lose _! =m & ! result is sleet4 ,,h[ ,,c ,,we ,,use ,,^! ,,facts8 ,s f> we h describ$1 9 a g5]al way1 c]ta9 facts ab\t ! elem5ts ( ! air1 su* z temp]ature1 pressure1 humidity1 precipitation1 evaporation1 cl\ds1 w9ds1 etc41 & ^! facts ( ! elem5ts ent] into a v int]e/+ phase ( wea!r obs]vation :i* we w designate z prophesy+ )\t in/rum5ts or =eca/+ by physical sci5ce4 ,:5 we come to ! m int]e/+ & sci5tific "p ( wea!r obs]vation1 we w drop ! ^w 8prophecy10 because ! in/rum5ts t are us$ to measure ^! elem5ts are go+ to indicate c]ta9 ?+s to u t w lead y to m def9ite conclusions4 ,h5ce1 ! foll[+ obs]vations are :at h giv5 an opportunity to ! wea!r prophet or to ^? p :o h be5 cr$it$ ) "s my/]i\s p[] to prophesy :at ! wea!r is go+ to be4 ,!y are n def9ite or conclusive1 & !y _c always be dep5d$ ^u1 b !y c]ta9ly are significant & int]e/+1 & a description ( wea!r w\ld n be complete )\t a li/ 9 *ronological ord] ( a s]ies ( ph5om5a or physical signs ( ?is "* t h lead c]ta9 m5 to ga9 q a reputation = prophesy+ :at ! wea!r is go+ to be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc ,,appe>ances ,v>i\s appe>ances t come 9 ! sky4 ,= in/ance1 a good example is 9 ! case ( ! ?und] /orm1 :i* c be det]m9$ at lea/ a few h\rs 9 advance1 by ! movem5t ( ! cl\ds & ! =ms !y take4 ,9 e locality !re is a direction t cl\ds take t =eca/s bad wea!r1 & !re is a direction t cl\ds take t =eca/s fair wea!r4 ,:5 y see a halo ab\t ! top ( a m\nta91 y "k t bad wea!r is expect$4 ,! same is true :5 a halo appe>s ab\t ! moon4 ,?is indicates ra91 or if ! l[] cl\ds break up & ! upp] cl\ds1 or a second light cov]+ ( cl\ds1 are se5 above ! l[] ones1 x speaks = cont9u$ bad wea!r4 ,9 "s localities if ra9y wea!r is cont9u+ = "s "t1 & a c]ta9 *ange 9 w9d sets 91 x w indicate t good wea!r is com+4 ,^! obs]vations w be readily und]/ood z be+ adapt$ = c]ta9 localities & are n g5]al4 ,x is always necess>y t ! obs]v] adapt himself to ^! localities & /udy !m1 s t he c make prophecies accord+ly4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ^! prophecies are only possible f "o day to ano!r4 ,,:at ,,! ,,cl\ds ,,indicate ,:5 high cl\ds are se5 cross+ ! sun or ! moon 9 a diff]5t direction f ! l[] cl\ds1 ?is indicates *ange ( w9d t[>d ! direction ( ! high] cl\ds4 ,:5 y see h>d-edg$ cl\ds1 look = w9d4 ,:5 y see delicate s(t cl\ds1 look = f9e wea!r & probably mod]ate breeze or high breeze4 ,:5 y see gloomy d>k cl\ds 9 a blue sky1 look = slight w9ds4 ,:5 y see a bright blue sky ?r\gh f9e cl\ds t are s(t & delicate1 ?is indicates f9e wea!r4 ,:5 y see s(t-look+ cl\ds1 y c expect less w9d1 b probably ra94 ,b :5 ! cl\ds become h>d & ragg$1 tuft$ & roll+ 9 appe>ance1 /rong] w9ds are com+4 ,:5 y see small cl\ds t are inky look+1 look = ra94 ,:5 y see light cl\ds travel+ across heavy h>d masses ( cl\ds1 ?is indicates bo? w9d & ra91 b if ! light scud cl\ds are alone1 y may expect w9d only4 ,mi/y cl\ds =m+ or hang+ ov] ! peaks ( hills indicate bo? w9d & ra94 ,if dur+ a ra9y spell !y asc5d or disp]se ! wea!r is pretty c]ta9 to cle> up4 ,if !re has be5 f9e wea!r & y beg9 to see light /reaks 9 ! sky :i* are di/ant cl\ds1 & !y cont9ue to increase & gr[ into cl\d9ess1 ?is indicates ra94 ,,sunset ,,z ,,an ,,indication ,:5 ! sun is sett+ & ! sky 9 ! we/ pres5ts a color ( :iti% yell[ or radiates out at a great height1 ra9 c be look$ = dur+ ! next night or day4 ,gaudy colors :]e cl\ds are def9itely outl9$ indicate probably w9d & ra94 ,be=e sett+1 if ! sun looks diffus$ & ! color is a brilliant :ite1 ?is =eca/s /orms4 ,:5 ! sun sets 9 a slightly purple sky & ! color at ! z5i? is a bright blue1 ?is indicates f9e wea!r4 ,a r$ sunset g5]ally indicates good wea!r1 :]eas a ruddy or mi/y sunset indicates bad wea!r4 ,,:at ,,! ,,sky ,,indicates ,:5 y see a d>k1 dismal sky1 look = ra94 ,a sky ) a gre5i% hue1 describ$ z a sickly-look+ sky1 is an indication ( bo? ra9 & w9d4 ,a sailor's sky1 :i* is r$ 9 ! morn+1 means ei!r w9d or ra91 & x makes no diff]5ce if ! sky is cl\dy or cle>1 if at sunset x is rosy1 x indicates f9e wea!r4 ,a gray sky 9 ! morn+ indicates f9e wea!r4 ,:5 daylight is fir/ se5 above a bank ( cl\ds1 look = a good /iff w9d4 ,w9d is indicat$ if we h a bright yell[ sky 9 ! morn+1 & ra9 is indicat$ if ! sky takes on a pale yell[ hue4 ,if ! sky turns bright yell[ late 9 ! aft]noon1 x g5]ally indicates t ra9 is ne> at h&4 ,unusual colorations1 p>ticul>ly ( deep int5se color1 indicate w9d or ra94 ,! foll[+ appe>ances indicate a *ange 9 ! wea!r3 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is cle> & cry/all9e & ! />s appe> extremely bright2 :5 ! backgr\nd ( ! horizon seems to be p9n$ up aga9/ ! =egr\nd2 :5 ! cl\ds =m into delicate :ite film-l mi/ way up ov]head4 7,fig4 #cc47 ,,:at ,,fog ,,& ,,dew ,,indicate ,locality has consid]able to d ) :at ! fog indicates4 ,z a rule1 :]e y h fog1 !re is n mu* w9d1 & z a result x does n indicate /ormy wea!r1 unless ! fog becomes heavy ) ov]hang+ sky1 !n x is apt to turn into ra91 b a heavy fog ) a light sky indicates f9e wea!r4 ,a fog 9 ! morn+ g5]ally indicates a fair day4 ,a ris+ fog is a good indication = fair wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce ,dew is a pretty good sign ( f9e wea!r4 ,:5 y c see & he> ) rem>kable cle>ness1 & ev]y?+ is calm & /ill1 x is a pretty infallible sign t cold wea!r is due4 ,fro/ may be look$ = on cle>1 calm1 cl\dless nights1 :5 ! gr\nd is apt to be cool] ?an ! air4 ,,indications ,,f ,,cirrus ,,cl\ds ,:5 ^! cl\ds sudd5ly appe> 9 ! sky on a cle> summ] day1 !y indicate wet wea!r4 ,especially if ! wea!r ends turn upw>d1 :i* means t ! cl\ds are com+ d[n4 ,:5 moi/ure 9 ! =m ( little drops cl+ to vegetation1 x is a pretty good indication t !re is apt to be m ra94 ,:5 ! sky assumes ! appe>ance ( a gray mass & ! sun is obs]v$ %9+ ?r\gh1 x is a pretty good indication t x w ra9 be=e night4 ,:5 ov]head cl\ds are ?ick & grayi% & ! l[] surface ( !m is lumpy1 ?is is an indication ( ra94 ,:irlw9ds ( du/ are also indications ( ra94 ,,! ,,moon ,! r+s t we see =m$ ab\t ! moon are caus$ by ! delicate :ite cl\ds ?r\gh :i* ! moon is %9+4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #cf ,,! ,,ra9b[ ,! morn+ ra9b[ indicates t a %[] is 9 ! we/1 b if ! ra9b[ is 9 ! ea/ x indicates t ! %[] has pass$ ov]4 ,,birds ,,& ,,/orms ,!re are c]ta9 actions ( birds t indicate _m ?+s p]ta9+ to ! wea!r t are int]e/+4 ,x is probable t _! ability to fly into ! air gives !m a view ( ! horizon1 t by in/9ct !y h be5 able to det]m9e ! atmosph]ic *anges4 ,= in/ance1 x is well kn[n t if birds ( long flight rema9 at _! base1 x g5]ally =etells a /orm4 ,! sudd5 sil5ce ( birds has be5 ref]r$ to a great _m times prec$+ a /orm4 ,b>ny>d f[ls d _m peculi> ?+s t =etell c]ta9 wea!r conditions4 ,! cr[ flies l[ & 9 great circles1 caw+ l\dly1 be=e approa*+ ra94 ,sometimes ! h\se fly is a pretty good b>omet]4 ,g5]ally be=e a /orm !y seem to light on ev]y?+1 p>ticul>ly p]sons1 & we call !m 8/icky40 ,g5]ally at ^! times !y congregate 9 sw>ms4 ,mo/ ev]yone is famili> ) ! gnat4 ,!y are "o ( ! few insects t gives u indications & good signs1 & :5 y see !m =m+ 9 gr\ps & mov+ along 9 front ( y1 y may expect fair wea!r4 ,!re are _m o!r int]e/+ facts & fairy tales ab\t indications by animals & insects1 b !re is no?+ sci5tific ab\t !m4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t !re is no?+ conclusive to be drawn f su* signs1 s we w n attempt to wa/e pages ( ?is book reit]at+ ^! fables4 ,c]ta9 actions ( insects & animals give indications & enable ! wea!r prophet to prophesy4 ,! spid] is a good example ( an insect prophet1 & if y w obs]ve him c>efully1 y w f9d t :5 /ormy wea!r is go+ to come on he %ort5s 8 webs1 & if he anticipates a long1 h>d /orm1 he n only %ort5s ! /r+s t hold up ! web1 b he /r5g!ns !m z well1 & vice-v]sa1 :5 he anticipates f9e wea!r1 he l5g!ns 8 /r&s ( ! web4 ,:5 y see ! spid] cease 8 activities & he hangs pretty close to 8 home1 :i* is ! c5t] ( ! web1 y w "k t ra9 is approa*+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if he cont9ues to spread ab\t dur+ a /orm1 y c be pretty c]ta9 t x is n go+ to be ( v long duration4 ,! frog is a good example ( an animal prophet4 ,!re is a gre5 frog :i* has be5 /udi$ 9 ,g]many1 :i* w come out ( ! wat] :5 ra9y wea!r or cold is approa*+4 ,"s obs]v]s h plac$ ^! frogs 9 a glass j> ) a l&+ provid$ s t he c come out ( ! wat] :5 he wants to1 & he is always obs]v$ high & dry above ! wat] sev]al h\rs 9 advance ( a /orm4 ,,def9ite ,,conclusions ,=eca/+ ,wea!r by ,means ( ,in/rum5ts ,! fir/ "p ( ?is book may n appeal to y1 if y are ( a sci5tific tr5d ( m9d1 b x is q ess5tial t y possess a k ( ! fundam5tals treat$ 9 ! e>li] pages 9 ord] to ?or\ghly und]/& ! wea!r in/rum5ts we w n[ describe4 ,^! in/rum5ts are ! sci5tific means ( =eca/+ :at ! wea!r is go+ to be4 ,!y def9itely indicate c]ta9 ?+s1 & f ^! indications y are go+ to be able to draw conclusions & become a sci5ti/ or meteorologi/4 ,! success t y atta9 w dep5d ^u ! accuracy ( ! in/rum5ts & ! c>e y use 9 read+ !m4 ,y w be able to rig up a ,wea!r ,bureau ( y\r own1 & ! use ( ^! in/rum5ts w int]e/ anyone 9 a /udy ( ! wea!r4 ,,! ,,wea!r ,,vane ,to make a =eca/1 x is ess5tial f :at we h already writt51 to "k ! direction ( ! w9d1 & to det]m9e ! direction we mu/ h a wea!r vane4 ,x is real important t ! vane %\ld be s5sitive to ! slighte/ movem5t ( ! w9d & give actual w9d directions4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ possess ! prop]ty ( /ead9ess1 s t :5 x is set up x w be rigid4 ,fig4 #cd %[s ! /&>d wea!r vane us$ at all ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau ,/ations & ,fig4 #ce %[s ! ,gilb]t ,wea!r ,vane4 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! ,gilb]t wea!r vane consi/s ( a metal arr[ po9t] & a metal rod eight in*es long & five ?irty-seconds ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! rod is fa/5$ by means ( a few /aples to ! side ( a pole1 or :atev] is to be us$ z a support = ! vane4 ,ab\t ?ree in*es f ! top ( ! rod is a coll> ) set screw1 :i* is tight5$1 & ! vane itself is !n plac$ on ! rod1 ! rod pass+ ?r\gh ! small angles ,a & ,b1 betwe5 ! sides ( ! vane4 ,x w be f\nd t ! vane w sw+ freely on ?is support1 & by con/ruct+ two crosspieces ) lett]s ,n1 ,s1 ,e1 & ,w at ea* end ( ! pieces1 ( c\rse hav+ ,n po9t+ directly nor?1 ! vane w sw+ ar\nd & %[ ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg ,! /&>d ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau type h>dly ne$s explanation1 z ! illu/ration cle>ly %[s all p>ts4 ,x is ! old1 reliable1 /&>d iron1 comb9$ w9d vane & anemomet] support complete1 tw5ty feet high2 iron contact box ne> base1 improv$ roll] be>+s = six-foot vane2 latt]1 ) electrical contacts %[n enl>g$ at ! "r4 ,! vane is fa/5$ securely to ! ro( ( ! build+ & held 9 a p]fectly v]tical position4 ,,! ,,anemomet]4 ,fig4 #cf ,x is ess5tial to "k ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,?is is det]m9$ by means ( an in/rum5t call$ ! anemomet]4 ,fig4 #cf4 ,! ,/&>d ,u4 ,s4 ,wea!r ,bureau ,/ation ,anemomet]4 ,?is is ! well-kn[n /&>d ,rob9son ,anemomet]1 n[ 9 univ]sal use ?r\gh\t ! _w = ! regi/ration ( w9d velocity1 b ( ! late/ improv$ con/ruction4 ,x records electrically ! miles or kilomet]s1 etc41 ( w9d movem5ts on a regi/]4 ,! /&>d patt]n z furni%$ to ,wea!r ,bureau /ations is made ( brass1 highly poli%$ & f9i%$1 alum9um 7or copp] re9=c$7 cups1 /eel sp9dle ) h>d /eel be>+s1 a t5-mile or kilomet] indicator1 electrical contacts1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch ,! f\r holl[ hemisph]ical cups are m\nt$ ^u cross-arms at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ) ! op5 sections v]tical & fac+ ! same way ar\nd ! circumf]5ce4 ,! cross-arms are on a v]tical axis1 :i* has at its l[] end an endless screw4 ,?is axis is support$ s z to turn ) z little friction z possible4 ,! endless screw is 9 ge> ) a :eel :i* moves two dials regi/]+ ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! cups4 ,! me*anisms are m\nt$ 9 a suitable metal case ) glass front1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 well protect$ f ! wea!r1 ! :ole be+ design$ = outdoor use4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #ci ,! c5t] ( ! cups moves ) a velocity ab\t "o-?ird t ( ! w9d :i* puts !m 9 motion4 ,! cups are f\r in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! di/ance f c5t] ( cup to c5t] ( rotation or axis is #f4gb in*es4 ,assum+ t ! w9d-travel is exactly ?ree times t ( ! c5t] ( ! cup1 ! dials are m>k$ to regi/] miles ( w9d travel1 five hundr$ revolutions ( ! cups correspond+ to a mile4 ,! ratio ( w9d-travel to travel ( cup is 9 reality v>iable1 dep5d+ on ! velocity ( ! w9d4 ,x is less = high ?an l[ velocities4 ,x v>ies also ) ! dim5sions ( ! in/rum5t1 be+ diff]5t = e diff]5t l5g? ( arm & diamet] ( cup4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great int]f]5ce (f]$ by build+s & o!r ob/ructions to ! free movem5t ( ! w9d1 its velocity is mu* less 9 ! vic9ity ( ^! ob/ructions ?an beyond2 !re=e1 9 select+ ! location = an anemomet]1 pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ! m elevat$ po9ts 9 ! vic9ity ( ! /ation1 & "s rigid support %\ld be us$ to raise ! in/rum5t z f> z practicable above ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! (fice build+ itself4 ,! support mu/ be set up s t ! anemomet] on top or on ! cross-arm is z ne>ly v]tical z possible4 ,! illu/ration %[s cle>ly ! appe>ance ( an approv$ ,wea!r ,bureau patt]n comb9$ support = w9d in/rum5ts1 simil> to ! "o in/all$ at our plant4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,companies ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fig4 #da ,fig4 #cg4 ,! ,gilb]t ,anemomet]4 ,! ,gilb]t ,anemomet] consi/s ( a case conta9+ a sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh a worm ge>1 :i* turns a too!d ge>4 ,?is ge> 9 its rot>y motion makes a contact ) a brass bru%1 :i* is connect$ electrically ) a fla%light4 ,! cross-arms1 ) cups atta*$1 is plac$ on ! sp9dle1 & z ! w9d bl[s1 x revolves ! cups1 caus+ ! contact4 ,! velocity ( ! w9d is det]m9$ by c\nt+ ! fla%es = fifte5 seconds1 ?us giv+ y ! numb] ( miles p] h\r4 ,= in/ance1 if light fla%es eight times 9 fifte5 seconds1 ?is signifies t ! w9d is bl[+ eight miles an h\r4 ,fig4 #ch4 ,h[ to ,connect ! ,gilb]t ,anemomet]4 ,by ref]r+ to ! diagram1 y w see t "o wire :i* %\ld be ! annunciator wire1 or ev5 a small electric light wire1 is connect$ f ! wire at ! anemomet] case directly to "o side ( ! lamp socket4 ,ano!r piece ( ! same size wire connects ! o!r side ( ! lamp socket to "o t]m9al ( y\r swit*4 ,! second t]m9al ( ! swit* %\ld be connect$ to an out] po/ ( "o dry batt]y4 ,! inn] po/ ( ?is same dry batt]y %\ld be connect$ to ! out] po/ ( ! second dry batt]y4 ,complete ! circuit by connect+ ! inn] po/ ( ! second dry batt]y to any "o ( ! screws at ! bottom ( ! anemomet] case4 ,! lamp us$ %\ld be a small fla%light batt]y lamp = use on two & a half to ?ree volts4 ,be sure 9 mak+ ! connections t ! ends ( y\r wire are scrap$ free f insulation & dirt4 ,?is c be done by cutt+ (f ! insulation ) a knife & !n rubb+ ! copp] wire bright by a piece ( s&pap] or em]y clo?1 or ev5 a file4 ,! swit* %\ld be left op5 :5 y are n tak+ read+s1 9 ord] to prolong ! life ( y\r batt]ies4 ,by unloos5+ ! little screw 9 ! hub ( ! anemomet] vanes1 y c remove !m & also take (f ! brass cap on ! anemomet] case4 ,?is %\ld be tak5 ap>t once or twice a mon?1 & "s ma*9e oil us$ ar\nd ! be>+s to keep !m f we>+ out too quickly4 ,,! ,,/&>d ,,electrical ,,sun%9e ,,record] ,,& ,,! ,,gilb]t ,,sun%9e ,,record] ,fig4 #ci4 ,! /&>d sun%9e record] is design$ = record+ ! duration ( sun%9e electrically1 cont9u\sly1 & automatically1 on a regi/]4 ,! in/rum5t is ess5tially a diff]5tial air !rmomet] 9 ! =m ( a /raight glass tube ) cyl9drical bulbs at ea* end1 enclos$ 9 a protect+ glass %ea?1 ) suitable plat9um wire electrodes fus$ 9 at ! c5t]1 ! :ole m\nt$ 9 a metal socket on an adju/able support4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,companies1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fig4 #db ,! base is secur$ to ! support on ! ro( s t ! glass tube po9ts nor? & s\?1 ) ! black5$ bulb t[>d ! s\? & l[]mo/1 !n ! tube is incl9$ at su* an angle t ! in/rum5t w beg9 & cease to record sun%9e ) ! prop] degree ( cl\d9ess4 ,?is incl9ation %\ld be approximately #de f ! v]tical4 ,! ma*9e %\ld be adju/$ at an h\r :5 ! sun is :olly obscur$4 ,9 temp]ate & cold climates1 slightly diff]5t adju/m5ts w be f\nd necess>y at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye>4 ,fig4 #dj4 ,! ,gilb]t ,sun%9e ,record] consi/s ( a metal case1 cyl9drical 9 =m1 ) a piece ( metal turn$ up on ! ends1 divid+ ! cyl9d] 9 half4 ,on ea* side ( ! case are small holes ?r\gh :i* ! sun ca/s its rays & records its movem5t & duration on a small piece ( blue pr9t pap] inside ! cyl9d]1 "o piece ( pap] be+ 9 ea* comp>tm5t4 ,:5 ! blue pr9t pap] is dipp$ 9 wat]1 x becomes entirely blea*$1 ) ! exception ( ! pa? made by ! sun1 :i* %[s up 9 a blue l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #dd ,! sun%9e record] %\ld be set up s t ! ends po9t directly nor? & s\?4 ,! holes pi]c$ 9 ! sides ( ! case are ne>] "o end ?an ! o!r4 ,! end t ! holes are ne>e/ %\ld be t[>d ! s\?4 ,x %\ld be held firmly 9 place4 ,,! ,,b>omet] ,! b>omet] is us$ = measur+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is in/rum5t 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,torricelli1 a pupil ( ,galileo1 ! great ,italian philosoph] & sci5ti/1 9 #afdc4 ,_m & v>i\s types ( in/rum5ts h be5 made1 b ! two mo/ g5]ally us$1 especially :]e accurate indications are desir$1 are ! m]curial & an]oid b>omet]s4 ,ei!r ( ^! in/rum5ts are q s5sitive to *anges 9 ! weight or pressure ( ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & f _! v>iations we are able to draw conclusions relative to *anges 9 ! wea!r4 ,figs4 ,no4 #da & #db illu/rate ! /&>d m]curial & an]oid b>omet]s us$ mo/ ext5sively today4 ,a description ( ^! b>omet]s w s]ve to make ! photographs cle>] to ! read]s ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,m]curial ,,b>omet] 7,fig4 #da7 ,! m]curial b>omet] 9 use today is practically ! same z t inv5t$ by ,torricelli4 ,( c\rse1 _m *anges h be5 made 9 ! case conta9+ ! tube ( m]cury1 add+ to its attractiv5ess1 b ! pr9ciple rema9s ! same4 ,! /&>d m]curial b>omet] consi/s ( a /raight glass tube ab\t ?irty-two or ?irty-?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 h]metically seal$ at "o end4 ,! tube is ( half-in* bore & is fill$ ) *emically pure m]cury1 :i* has be5 boil$ 9 ! tube to insure ! total exclusion ( all air & moi/ure4 ,aft] ! tube has be5 fill$1 ! op5 end is imm]s$ 9 a ci/]n ( m]cury4 ,^u imm]sion ! m]cury drops 9 ! tube to a height ( #bi4ib in*es at sea level1 or until c\nt]balanc$ by ! weight ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e press+ ^u ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n4 ,! space 9 ! top ( ! tube is a p]fect vacuum & is call$ ! ,torricellian vacuum4 ,! glass m]cury tube is enclos$ 9 a brass case4 ,ab\t two in*es f ! top ( ! case is an op5+ ext5d+ d[n ! front & back = a di/ance ( ab\t eight in*es4 ,on ea* side ( ?is op5+ is a graduat$ scale1 "o side be+ 9 in*es & ! o!r graduat$ 9 c5timet]s4 ,! op5+ is fitt$ ) a slid+ v]ni] scale graduat$ 9 millimet]s1 ?us p]mitt+ ! read+ ( *anges 9 ! height ( ! m]cury column mo/ accurately1 z ! slid+ v]ni] may be adju/$ to ! level ( ! m]cury by means ( a ?umb screw fitt$ on ! side ( ! case4 ,! ci/]n conta9+ ! m]cury is ( glass1 ) a s(t lea!r or *amois bottom & an adju/+ screw1 us$ to raise or l[] ! level ( ! m]cury1 s t x j comes 9 contact ) a small ivory po9t1 ins]t$ 9 ! top ( ! ci/]n1 & :i* is us$ to m>k ! z]o ( ! scale4 ,obs]vations ( ! *anges 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure %\ld be tak5 at regul> int]vals1 & x is necess>y to adju/ ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n be=e ea* obs]vation4 ,?is is done by br++ ! ivory po9t 9 contact ) ! level ( ! m]cury & !n br++ ! v]ni] scale absolutely level ) ! top ( ! column ( m]cury 9 ! tube1 & !n take ! read+4 ,! m]curial b>omet] is a v delicate in/rum5t & :5 once plac$ 9 ! desir$ position %\ld n be mov$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! room 9 :i* ! b>omet] is plac$ is ( ne>ly uni=m temp]ature1 = if ! temp]ature at ! top ( ! b>omet] is diff]5t ?an ! temp]ature at ! bottom1 ( c\rse !re w be an effect produc$ on ! *anges 9 ! m]cury column4 ,all o!r b>omet]s are set by ! m]curial4 ,,! ,,an]oid ,,b>omet] 7,fig4 #db74 ,! an]oid b>omet] is s con/ruct$ t x conta9s no liquid :atev]1 & ?us d]ives its "n f ! ,greek comp\nd ^w 8an]oid10 mean+ 8)\t fluid40 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! in/rum5t are a metallic case f :i* ! air has be5 exhau/$1 & :i* conta9s a spr+4 ,! case ( ela/ic metal is fa/5$ to a base plate at ! bottom & to ! spr+ at ! top4 ,! pressure ( ! atmosph]e causes ! case to exp& & contract1 ?us affect+ ! spr+1 :i* is connect$ to a ne$le or dial1 caus+ ! dial to move ar\nd on ! scale on ! face ( ! in/rum5t & record ! *anges4 ,! scale is m>k$ (f 9 in*es f #bh to #ca1 & besides a brass h& or po9t]1 us$ to designate ! *anges 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure1 !re is a small index h& to set ov] ! ne$le s t ! am\nt ( *ange 9 a c]ta9 p]iod is easily kn[n on consult+ ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #de ,! dial ( ! b>omet] is m>k$ ) ! words 8,fair10 8,*ange10 & 8,ra910 etc41 b ^! words h no significance1 & %\ld be disreg>d$4 ,= in/ance1 #bi is m>k$ 8,*ange02 #cj1 8,fair02 #ca1 8,v dry02 #bh1 8,ra940 ,if ! b>omet]1 :i* has be5 /&+ at #cj4i1 sudd5ly drops d[n to #bi4i1 ?is is positive indication t a /orm is approa*+1 ) /rong w9ds1 yet1 accord+ to ! dial on ! an]oid1 ! read+ w\ld be 8,fair40 ,if ! b>omet] 7 /&+ at #bh & rose to #bi1 ?is w\ld actually indicate approa* ( cold1 dry wea!r1 & yet on ! dial x reads 8,ra940 ,?is simply goes to %[ t ! read+s on ! dial are ( no significance :atsoev]1 & are n to be reli$ ^u4 ,! an]oid is n z accurate an in/rum5t z ! m]curial1 s %\ld be *eck$ up occasionally ) ! m]curial b>omet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,companies ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,fig4 #df ,! an]oid type ( b>omet] is also us$ 9 altitude "w1 b mu/ be comp5sat$ be=e us+4 ,?is type ( b>omet] possesses sev]al advantages ov] ! m]curial 9 t x is portable & !re=e us$ = altitude "w2 at sea x is us$ because !re is no fluid to become unsettl$ by ! motion ( ! vessel2 x is us$ also 9 obs]vatory "w because ! action is quick] ?an ! m]curial b>omet] action1 & sudd5 *anges likely to occur are indicat$4 ,,indications ,,f ,,! ,,b>omet] ,a s+le obs]vation read+ ( ! b>omet] is ( no significance4 ,read+s mu/ be tak5 at diff]5t int]vals or ! results w be mislead+4 ,! important ?+ ab\t ! b>omet] is to wat* ! rise & fall1 p>ticul>ly1 :e!r x is gradual or rapid4 ,f no s+le read+ c y make an obs]vation or a =eca/4 ,a rapid rise indicates t a /rong w9d is apt to bl[4 ,a rapid fall indicates t ! wea!r w be unsettl$1 & t /rong w9ds are apt to bl[4 ,bo? indicate a *ange 9 ! wea!r1 dep5d+ ^u _m ?+s1 p>ticul>ly1 h[ev]1 ! direction f :i* ! w9d bl[s4 ,if an obs]v] /&s ) ! w9d bl[+ on 8 back1 ! area ( l[ b>ometric pressure w be at 8 left1 & t ( high b>ometric pressure at 8 "r4 ,) l[ pressure 9 ! we/ & high pressure 9 ! ea/1 ! w9d w be f ! s\?2 b ) l[ pressure 9 ! ea/ & high pressure 9 ! we/1 ! w9d w be f ! nor?4 ,! b>omet] rises = nor!rly w9ds1 f nor?we/ by ! nor? to ea/w>d1 = dry1 or less wet wea!r1 = less w9d1 or = m ?an "o ( ^! *anges--except on a few occasions1 :5 ra91 hail1 or sn[ comes f ! nor?w>d ) /rong w9d4 ,! b>omet] falls = s\!rly w9d1 f s\!a/1 by ! s\?1 to ! we/w>d1 = wet wea!r1 = /rong] w9d1 or = m ?an "o ( ^! *anges1 except on a few occasions1 :5 mod]ate w9d ) ra9 or sn[ comes f ! nor?w>d4 ,,relative ,,humidity ,,tables ,p] ,c5t ,fahr5heit ,temp]atures ,diff]5ce 9 ,degrees ,betwe5 ,wet & ,dry ,bulb ,!rmomet]s ,read-#a4jb4jc4jd4je4jf4jg4jh4ji4jaj4jaa 4jab4jac4jad4jae4jaf4jag4j + ( ,dry ,bulb ,!r- mom- et] #cb #ij #gi #fi #fj #ej #da #ca #bb #ac #d #cc #ij #hj #ga #fa #eb #db #cc #bd #af #g #cd #ij #ha #gb #fb #ec #dd #ce #bg #ah #i #a #ce #ia #hb #gc #fd #ee #df #cg #bi #bj #ab #d #cf #ia #hb #gc #fe #ef #dh #ci #ca #bc #ad #f #cg #ia #hc #gd #ff #eh #di #da #cc #be #ag #i #a #ch #ia #hc #ge #fg #ei #ea #dc #ce #bg #ai #ab #d #ci #ib #hd #gf #fh #fj #eb #dd #cg #bi #ba #ad #g #dj #ib #hd #gf #fh #fa #ec #df #ch #ca #bc #af #i #b #da #ib #hd #gg #fi #fb #ed #dg #dj #cc #bf #ah #aa #e #db #ib #he #gg #gj #fb #ee #dh #da #cd #bh #ba #ad #g #dc #ib #he #gh #gj #fc #ef #di #dc #cf #bi #bc #af #i #c #dd #ic #he #gh #ga #fd #eg #ea #dd #cg #ca #bd #ah #ab #e #de #ic #hf #gi #ga #fe #eh #eb #de #ci #cc #bf #bj #ad #h #b #df #ic #hf #gi #gb #fe #ei #ec #df #dj #cd #bh #bb #af #aj #d #dg #ic #hf #gi #gc #ff #fj #ed #dg #da #ce #bi #bc #ag #ab #f #a #dh #ic #hg #hj #gc #fg #fj #ed #dh #db #cf #ca #be #ai #ad #h #c #di #ic #hg #hj #gd #fg #fa #ee #di #dc #cg #cb #bf #ba #ae #aj #e #ej #ic #hg #ha #gd #fh #fb #ef #ej #dd #ci #cc #bh #bb #ag #ab #g #b #ea #id #hg #ha #ge #fi #fc #eg #ea #de #dj #ce #bi #bd #ai #ad #i #d #eb #id #hh #ha #ge #fi #fc #eh #eb #df #da #cf #cj #be #bj #ae #aj #f #ec #id #hh #hb #ge #gj #fd #eh #ec #dg #db #cg #cb #bg #bb #ag #ab #g #ed #id #hh #hb #gf #gj #fe #ei #ed #dh #dc #ch #cc #bh #bc #ah #ad #i #ee #id #hh #hb #gf #ga #fe #fj #ee #di #dd #ci #cd #bi #be #bj #ae #aa #ef #id #hh #hb #gg #ga #ff #fa #ee #ej #de #dj #ce #ca #bf #ba #ag #ab #eg #id #hh #hc #gg #gb #ff #fa #ef #ea #df #da #cf #cb #bg #bc #ah #ad #eh #id #hi #hc #gg #gb #fg #fb #eg #eb #dg #db #ch #cc #bh #bd #bj #ae #ei #id #hi #hc #gh #gc #fh #fc #eh #ec #dh #dc #ci #cd #cj #be #ba #ag #fj #id #hi #hd #gh #gc #fh #fc #eh #ec #di #dd #dj #ce #ca #bg #bb #ah #fa #id #hi #hd #gi #gd #fh #fd #ei #ed #ej #de #dj #cf #cb #bh #bd #bj #fb #id #hi #hd #gi #gd #fi #fd #fj #ee #ej #df #da #cg #cc #bi #be #ba #fc #ie #ij #hd #gi #gd #gj #fe #fj #ef #ea #dg #db #ch #cd #cj #bf #bb #fd #ie #ij #he #gi #ge #gj #ff #fa #ef #eb #dh #dc #ci #ce #ca #bg #bc #fe #ie #ij #he #hj #ge #gj #ff #fb #eg #ec #dh #dd #dj #cf #cb #bh #be #ff #ie #ij #he #hj #gf #ga #ff #fb #eh #ec #di #de #da #cg #cc #bi #bf #fg #ie #ij #he #hj #gf #ga #fg #fb #eh #ed #ej #df #db #ch #cd #cj #bg #fh #ie #ij #he #ha #gf #gb #fg #fc #ei #ee #ea #dg #dc #ci #ce #ca #bh #fi #ie #ij #hf #ha #gg #gb #fh #fd #ei #ee #ea #dg #dd #dj #cf #cb #bi #gj #ie #ij #hf #ha #gg #gb #fh #fd #fj #ef #eb #dh #dd #dj #cg #cc #cj #ga #ie #ij #hf #hb #gg #gc #fi #fd #fj #ef #ec #di #de #da #ch #cd #ca #gb #ie #ia #hf #hb #gh #gc #fi #fe #fa #eg #ec #di #df #db #ci #ce #cb #gc #ie #ia #hf #hb #gh #gc #fi #fe #fa #eh #ed #ej #df #dc #dj #cf #cc #gd #ie #ia #hf #hb #gh #gd #gj #ff #fb #eh #ed #ea #dg #dd #dj #cg #cd #ge #if #ia #hg #hb #gh #gd #gj #ff #fc #ei #ee #ea #dh #dd #da #ch #cd #gf #if #ia #hg #hc #gh #gd #gj #fg #fc #ei #ee #eb #dh #de #db #ch #ce #gg #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #fg #fc #fj #ef #eb #di #df #db #ci #cf #gh #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #fg #fd #fj #eg #ec #ej #df #dc #dj #cg #gi #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #ge #ga #fh #fd #fj #eg #ed #ej #dg #dd #da #cg #hj #if #ia #hg #hc #gi #gf #gb #fh #fd #fa #eg #ed #ea #dg #dd #da #ch #hb #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gf #gb #fi #fe #fb #eh #ee #eb #di #df #dc #dj #hd #if #ib #hh #hd #hj #gg #gc #gj #ff #fc #ei #ef #ec #ej #dg #dd #da #hf #if #ib #hh #he #ha #gg #gd #gj #fg #fc #fj #eg #ed #ea #dh #de #db #hh #if #ib #hh #he #ha #gh #gd #ga #fg #fd #fa #eh #ee #eb #di #df #dc #ij #if #ib #hi #he #ha #gh #ge #ga #fh #fe #fb #ei #ef #ec #ej #dg #dd #ib #if #ib #hi #he #hb #gh #ge #gb #fi #fe #fb #ei #eg #ed #ea #dh #de #id #if #ic #hi #hf #hb #gi #ge #gb #fi #ff #fc #fj #eg #ed #eb #di #df #if #if #ic #hi #hf #hb #gi #gf #gc #gj #fg #fd #fa #eh #ee #ec #ej #dg #ih #if #ic #hi #hf #hc #gi #gf #gc #gj #fg #fd #fa #ei #ef #ec #ea #dh #ajj #if #ic #ij #hf #hc #hj #gg #gd #ga #fh #fe #fb #ei #eg #ed #eb #di ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,companies1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,fig4 #dg ,l ! hygromet]1 ?is in/rum5t measures ! 8relative humidity40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh ,,gilb]t ,,hygromet] ,,g5]al ,,b>omet] ,,indications ,a gradual b /eady rise indicates settl$ fair wea!r4 ,a gradual b /eady fall indicates unsettl$ or wet wea!r4 ,a v sl[ rise f a l[ po9t is usually associat$ ) high w9ds & dry wea!r4 ,a rapid rise indicates cle> wea!r ) high w9ds4 ,a v sl[ fall f a high po9t is usually connect$ ) wet & unpleasant wea!r )\t mu* w9d4 ,! foll[+ table ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau gives a summ>y ( ! w9d & b>omet] indications3 ,b>omet] ,r$uc$ to ,sea ,level ,w9d ,"* ( ,wea!r ,indicat$ ,direction #cj4aj to #cj4bj & /eady ,,sw to ,,nw ,fair ) slight temp]ature *anges = #a to #b days #cj4aj to #cj4bj & ris+ ,,sw to ,,nw ,fair1 foll[$ )9 #b days rapidly by w>m] & ra9 #cj4aj to #cj4bj & fall+ ,,sw to ,,nw ,w>m]1 ) ra9 9 #bd to #cf sl[ly h\rs #cj4aj to #cj4bj & fall+ ,,sw to ,,nw ,w>m]1 ) ra9 9 #ah to #bd rapidly h\rs #cj4bj & above & /ation>y ,,sw to ,,nw ,cont9u$ fair1 ) no decid$ temp]ature *ange #cj4bj & above & fall+ ,,sw to ,,nw ,sl[ly ris+ temp]ature & sl[ly fair = two days #cj4aj to #cj4bj & fall+ ,s to ,,se ,ra9 )9 #bd h\rs sl[ly #cj4aj to #cj4bj & fall+ ,s to ,,se ,w9d increas+ 9 =ce1 ) rapidly ra9 )9 #ab to #bd h\rs #cj4aj to #cj4bj & fall+ ,,se to ,,ne ,ra9 9 #ab to #ah h\rs sl[ly #cj4aj to #cj4bj & fall+ ,,se to ,,ne ,increas+ w9d1 ) ra9 rapidly )9 #ab h\rs #cj4aj & above & fall+ ,e to ,,ne ,9 summ]1 ) light w9ds1 sl[ly ra9 may n fall = sev]al days4 ,9 w9t]1 ra9 )9 #bd h\rs #cj4aj & above & fall+ ,e to ,,ne ,9 summ]1 ra9 probably rapidly )9 #ab to #bd h\rs4 ,9 w9t]1 ra9 or sn[1 ) increas+ w9d w (t5 set 91 :5 ! b>omet] beg9s to fall & ! w9d sets 9 f ! ,,ne #cj or bel[ & fall+ sl[ly ,,se to ,,ne ,ra9 w cont9ue #a or #b days #cj or bel[ & fall+ ,,se to ,,ne ,ra91 ) high w9d1 foll[$ rapidly )9 #bd h\rs by cle>+ & cool] #cj or bel[ & ris+ sl[ly ,s to ,,sw ,cle>+ )9 a few h\rs & cont9u$ fair = sev]al days #bi4hj or bel[ & fall+ ,s to ,e ,sev]e /orm ( w9d & ra9 rapidly or sn[ imm95t1 foll[$ )9 #bd h\rs by cle>+ & cold] #bi4hj or bel[ & fall+ ,e to ,n ,sev]e nor!a/ gales & rapidly heavy ra9 or sn[1 foll[$ 9 w9t] by a cold wave #bi4hj or bel[ & ris+ ,go+ to ,cle>+ & cold] rapidly ,w ,a sudd5 fall indicates a sudd5 %[] or high w9ds1 or bo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,son ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #di ,u4 ,s4 ,,/&>d ,,ra9 ,,gauge ,a /ation>y b>omet] indicates a cont9uance ( exi/+ wea!r conditions4 7,note3 ,tap ! b>omet] slightly on ! face4 ,if ! h&s move a trifle1 x indicates t !re is ! t5d5cy to rise or fall1 dep5d+ ^u ! direction ( movem5t ( ! h&s47 ,nor!a/]ly w9ds prec$e /orms t approa* f ! s\?we/2 t is1 9 ,new ,engl& & ! ,middle ,/ates & ! ,ohio ,valley4 ,s\!a/]ly w9ds prec$e /orms t approa* f ! ,lake region4 ,,!rmomet]s ,= in=mation reg>d+ ! manufacture ( !rmomet]s1 we recomm5d ,p4 ,r4 ,jameson's book1 8,wea!r & ,wea!r ,in/rum5ts10 publi%$ by ! ,taylor ,in/rum5t ,companies ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,!rmomet]s are ( great importance to u 9 det]m9+ wea!r4 ,,location ,,( ,,!rmomet]s #a4 ,!y mu/ be prop]ly expos$4 #b4 ,a good circulation ( air ar\nd !m is necess>y4 #c4 ,!y mu/ be prop]ly protect$ f ! rays ( ! sun4 ,note3 ,if ^! in/ructions are n c>efully foll[$ out1 errors are apt to occur1 & y w be misl$4 ,= a *ange ( w9d t[>ds nor!rly directions1 a !rmomet] falls4 ,= a *ange ( w9d t[>d s\!rly directions a !rmomet] rises4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej ,,gilb]t ,,ra9 ,,gauge ,,maximum ,,& ,,m9imum ,,!rmomet]s ,maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s are us$ to record ! daily maximum & m9imum temp]atures4 ,fig4 #df %[s a typical maximum & m9imum !rmomet] us$ = giv+ ! extremes ( temp]ature4 ,"o side ( ! !rmomet] has a scale read+1 beg9n+ at ! top1 f #fj bel[ z]o to #adj above z]o4 ,?is is ! scale us$ :5 det]m9+ ! colde/ temp]ature rea*$ dur+ a day4 ,! o!r side ( ! !rmomet] has a scale m>k$ f #gj bel[ z]o1 beg9n+ at ! bottom & read+ up1 to #acj above z]o4 ,on ?is side ! maximum heat rea*$ dur+ ! day is record$4 ,!re is a small metal piece 9 ! tubes1 "o on ea* side1 & z ! m]cury pu%es ahead or rec$es1 ! small index is left at ! l[e/ po9t rea*$ 9 "o tube & at ! highe/ po9t rea*$ 9 ! o!r4 ,! small metal piece is drawn back to ! level ( ! m]cury by means ( a small magnet4 ,,:5 ,,maximum ,,temp]ature ,,is ,,rea*$ ,y c g5]ally look = maximum temp]ature betwe5 ?ree & f\r o'clock 9 ! aft]noon4 ,at ?is "t ! sun has rea*$ its highe/ altitude4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rtesy ,juli5 ,friez ,sons1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,fig4 #ea ,,tipp+ ,,bucket ,,ra9 ,,gauge ,,:5 ,,! ,,m9imum ,,temp]ature ,,is ,,rea*$ ,?is usually occurs a little :ile be=e sunrise4 ,x is important 9 wea!r obs]v+ to make a record ( ! highe/ temp]ature ( ! day & ! l[e/ temp]ature ( ! night4 ,cont9u\s obs]vation1 z ! read] w appreciate1 is practically impossible = su* a record4 ,,! ,,!rmomet] ,,= ,,humidity ,,9 ,,! ,,air ,moi/ure or dampness 9 ! air1 z %[n by an in/rum5t call$ ! hygromet]1 increases be=e ra91 fog1 or dew4 ,be=e describ+ ! hygromet]1 a def9ition ( a few ( ! t]ms us$ 9 conjunction ) ! in/rum5t w be f\nd useful4 ,,absolute ,,humidity ,! am\nt ( vapor actually pres5t 9 ! atmosph]e is t]m$ ! absolute humidity1 express$ usually ei!r 9 ! expansive =ce t ! vapor ex]ts or 9 its weight 9 gra9s p] cubic foot ( air4 ,,relative ,,humidity ,! absolute humidity divid$ by ! am\nt ( vapor t might exi/ if ! air 7 saturat$ gives a ratio t is call$ ! relative humidity4 ,,dew ,,po9t ,! temp]ature at :i* moi/ure beg9s to be cond5s$ on a cold vessel or o!r conta9] & becomes visible is call$ ! dew po9t4 ,,h[ ,,hygromet]s ,,are ,,made ,! mo/ g5]ally us$ hygromet] consi/s ( two ord9>y !rmomet]s1 ! bulb ( "o be+ cov]$ ) a piece ( musl9 & kept con/antly moi/5$ ) wat] by means ( a wick or cotton ?read communicat+ ) a conta9] ( wat]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! read+s ( ! two !rmomet]s1 ! wet & ! dry1 is obs]v$1 & kn[+ ?is1 x is v easy to det]m9e ! humidity by consult+ a table 7see table on pages #eh-ei71 :i* has be5 prep>$ = ?is purpose4 ,^! in/rum5ts are1 accord+ to ! increase 9 price1 equipp$ ) a table1 & ! conta9] is held 9 a wire frame1 z y w see f ! ,figs4 #di-ej %[+ ! /&>d ,wea!r ,bureau /ation in/rum5t & ! ,gilb]t hygromet]4 ,fig4 #di %[s ! ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,wea!r ,bureau ,/ation ,ra9 ,gauge1 ,fig4 #ej ! ,gilb]t ,ra9 ,gauge & ,fig4 #ea ! ,u4 ,s4 ,/&>d ,wea!r ,bureau ,/ation ,ra9 ,gauge1 ,tipp+ ,bucket ,type4 ,! ,gilb]t ,wea!r ,/ation is equipp$ ) ! ,tipp+ ,bucket ,type ,ra9 ,gauge4 ,fig4 #ea %[s ! app>atus cle>ly1 complete & m\nt$ ready = use4 ,! brass bucket se5 9 position ?r\gh ! op5 door is adju/$ to tip = ea* hundr$? in* ( ra9fall collect$ 9 ! twelve-in* diamet] receiv] at ! top1 & ?is ra9fall is electrically record$ at any conv5i5t di/ance on a regi/]4 ,aft] any desir$ p]iod ! wat] may be drawn (f & *eck measurem5ts made by means ( ! brass measur+ tube & graduat$ c$> /ick %[n 9 ! figure4 ,,! ,,gilb]t ,,ra9 ,,gauge 7,fig4 #ej74 7a7 ,tube4 7b7 ,funnel4 7c7 ,measur+ /ick4 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! ,gilb]t ,ra9 ,gauge consi/s ( a metal tube twelve in*es long1 hav+ a diamet] ( #a in*es 7inside7 & a funnel-%ap$ top1 ! neck ( :i* fits snugly into ! op5 end ( ! metal tube4 ,! outside diamet] ( ! neck ( ! funnel is a trifle less ?an #a in*es4 ,! area ( ! circle =m$ at ! top ( ! tube is "o-t5? ! area ( ! funnel circle4 ,a measur+ /ick is provid$ to measure ! ra9fall collect$ 9 ! tube4 ,to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ra9fall on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 ! ra9 collect$ 9 ! tube %\ld be measur$ at regul> int]vals1 usually twelve h\rs ap>t4 ,= e in* ( ra9 collect$ 9 ! tube1 z d5ot$ by ! measur+ /ick1 x means t !re is "o "o-t5? ( an in* ( ra9 on ! gr\nd2 if #aj in*es ( ra9 9 ! tube1 x signifies "o in* ( ra9 on ! gr\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 divide ! figure record$ on ! measur+ /ick by t5 = actual ra9fall4 ,x is well to put "s sort ( a %elt] ar\nd ! gauge1 s t x w be protect$ f /rong w9ds4 ,! %elt] is usually plac$ at a di/ance f ! tube equal to ! height ( ! tube4 ,) ! ,gilb]t ra9 gauge x is well to erect ! %elt] at a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree feet f ! tube4 ,x is ess5tial t ! gauge be held 9 an upright position1 s x %\ld be fa/5$ to ! ro(4 ,sn[ is measur$ by melt+ ! quantity collect$ 9 ! gauge & foll[ ! same proc$ure z 9 ra9fall measurem5ts4 ,!re is ano!r v common me?od1 call$ gr\nd measurem5t4 ,!re are _m in/ances :]e gr\nd measurem5ts are inaccurate3 #a4 ,:5 sn[ & ra9 are mix$ or alt]nate4 #b4 ,:5 melt+ accompanies sn[fall4 #c4 ,:5 sn[ is already ^u ! gr\nd4 #d4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( fall is v small4 #e4 ,:5 drift+ is v bad4 #f4 ,:5 ! sn[ is bl[n ab\t aft] ! /orm & be=e measurem5ts h be5 made4 ,a bucket & a spr+ balance are us$4 ,! bucket is fill$ ) sn[1 b n pack$ d[n too h>d1 & weigh$4 ,! read+ ( ! index h& on ! spr+ balance gives ! d5sity ( ! sn[4 ,! dep? ( ! sn[ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! spot f :i* ! bucket 0 fill$ is obta9$ & ?is figure is multipli$ by ! d5sity1 ?us giv+ ! wat] equival5t ( ! sn[ collect$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! read+ ( ! balance 0 4#af1 & ! dep? ( ! sn[ 0 #g in*es1 multiply 4#af by #g1 & ! result1 #a4ab1 is ! wat] equival5t ( ! sn[4 ,,!rmomet] ,,scales ,! fir/ !rmomet] scale to give satisfaction 0 devis$ 9 #agad by ,fahr5heit4 ,he det]m9$ ! fix$ po9ts on ! !rmomet] 9 a v novel mann]4 ,hav+ be5 born at ,dantzig1 he took = ! z]o po9t on 8 scale ! l[e/ temp]ature obs]v$ by him at ,dantzig1 :i* he f\nd 0 t produc$ by mix+ equal quantities ( sn[ & sal-ammoniac4 ,! space betwe5 ?is po9t & t to :i* ! m]cury rose at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat] he divid$ into #bab p>ts4 ,he det]m9$1 ) 8 !rmomet]1 t ! atmosph]ic pressure gov]n$ ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,today ! ,fahr5heit !rmomet] is us$ ext5sively1 & has = its freez+ po9t #cb & = its boil+ po9t #bab4 ,ano!r scale t has n become too well kn[n1 because ( ! fact t x did n meet ) public favor1 0 devis$ by a ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,reaumur1 9 #agcj1 & be>s 8 "n4 ,he det]m9$ ! freez+ po9t ( ! scale at #j & ! boil+ po9t ( wat] at #hj4 ,ano!r ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,&]s ,celsius1 devis$ a scale ) ! boil+ po9t ( wat] at #j & ! freez+ po9t at #ajj4 ,9 #agdc a ,fr5*man1 nam$ ,*ri/91 liv+ at ,lyons1 ,france1 rev]s$ ! po9ts1 & today ! scale is kn[n z ! ,c5tigrade scale1 &1 toge!r ) ! ,fahr5heit scale1 is us$ almo/ exclusively :]ev] !rmomet]s are requir$4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,*ange ,,"o ,,scale ,,into ,,ano!r ,c5tigrade degrees into ,fahr5heit3 multiply by #i1 divide ! product by #e & add #cb4 ,fahr5heit degrees into ,c5tigrade3 subtract #cb1 multiply by #e1 & divide by #i4 ,reaumur degrees into ,fahr5heit3 multiply by #i1 divide by #d1 & add #cb4 ,fahr5heit degrees into ,reaumur3 subtract #cb1 multiply by #d1 & divide by #i4 ,reaumur degrees into ,c5tigrade3 multiply by #e & divide by #d4 ,c5tigrade degrees into ,reaumur3 multiply by #d & divide by #e4 ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,,/ations ,,( ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,& ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,,maps ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! ,wea!r ,bureau ,/ations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & f any ( ^! (fices1 pref]ably ! "o ne>e/ y1 y w be able to obta9 ! wea!r reports & wea!r map 7see ,fig4 #eb71 indicat+ _m ?+s ( int]e/1 & f :i* y w be able to make a c>eful /udy ( ! wea!r4 ,,abil5e1 ,,tex4 ,,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,alp5a1 ,,mi*4 ,,am>illo1 ,,tex4 ,,anni/on1 ,,ala4 ,,a%eville1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,atlanta1 ,,ga4 ,,atlantic ,,city1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,augu/a1 ,,ga4 ,,bak]1 ,,ore4 ,,baltimore1 ,,md4 ,,b5tonville1 ,,ark4 ,,b+hamton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,birm+ham1 ,,ala4 ,,bism>ck1 ,n4 ,d4 ,,block ,,isl&1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,boise1 ,,ida4 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,,brok5 ,,arr[1 ,,okla4 ,,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,burl+ton1 ,,vt4 ,,cairo1 ,,ill4 ,,canton1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,cape ,,h5ry1 ,,va4 ,,cape ,,may1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,*>les ,,city1 ,,ia4 ,,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,*>lotte1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,*attanooga1 ,,t5n4 ,,*ey5ne1 ,,wyo4 ,,*icago1 ,,ill4 ,,c9c9nati1 ,,ohio ,,clallam ,,bay1 ,,wa%4 ,,clevel&1 ,,ohio ,,columbia1 ,,mo4 ,,columbia1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,columbus1 ,,ohio ,,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,concordia1 ,,kans4 ,,corpus ,,*ri/i1 ,,tex4 ,,dallas1 ,,tex4 ,,dav5port1 ,,ia4 ,,dayton1 ,,ohio ,,del ,,rio1 ,,tex4 ,,d5v]1 ,,colo4 ,,des ,,mo9es1 ,,ia4 ,,detroit1 ,,mi*4 ,,devils ,,lake1 ,,no4 ,,dak4 ,,dodge ,,city1 ,,kans4 ,,drexel1 ,,neb4 ,,dubuque1 ,,ia4 ,,dulu?1 ,,m9n4 ,,ea/port1 ,,me4 ,,elk9s1 ,w4 ,,va4 ,,ell5dale1 ,,no4 ,,dak4 ,,el ,,paso1 ,,tex4 ,,erie1 ,,pa4 ,,escanaba1 ,,mi*4 ,,eureka1 ,,cal4 ,,evansville1 ,,ind4 ,,=t ,,smi?1 ,,ark4 ,,=t ,,wayne1 ,,ind4 ,,=t ,,wor?1 ,,tex4 ,,fresno1 ,,cal4 ,,galve/on1 ,,tex4 ,,gr& ,,hav51 ,,mi*4 ,,gr& ,,junction1 ,,colo4 ,,gr& ,,rapids1 ,,mi*4 ,,gre5 ,,bay1 ,,wis4 ,,gre5ville1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,groesbeck1 ,,tex4 ,,hannibal1 ,,mo4 ,,h>risburg1 ,,pa4 ,,h>t=d1 ,,conn4 ,,hatt]as1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,havre1 ,,mont4 ,,hel5a1 ,,mont4 ,,honolulu1 ,,hawaii ,,h\ghton1 ,,mi*4 ,,h\/on1 ,,tex4 ,,huron1 ,,s4 ,,dak4 ,,indep5d5ce1 ,,cal4 ,,indianapolis1 ,,ind4 ,,iola1 ,,kans4 ,,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,jacksonville1 ,,fla4 ,,juneau1 ,,alaska ,,kalispell1 ,,mont4 ,,kansas ,,city1 ,,mo4 ,,keokuk1 ,,i[a ,,key ,,we/1 ,,fla4 ,,kilauea1 ,,hawaii ,,knoxville1 ,,t5n4 ,,la ,,crosse1 ,,wis4 ,,l&]1 ,,wyo4 ,,lans+1 ,,mi*4 ,,leesburg1 ,,ga4 ,,lewi/on1 ,,idaho ,,lex+ton1 ,,ky4 ,,l9coln1 ,,neb4 ,,little ,,rock1 ,,ark4 ,,los ,,angeles1 ,,cal4 ,,l\isville1 ,,ky4 ,,lud+ton1 ,,mi*4 ,,lyn*burg1 ,,va4 ,,macon1 ,,ga4 ,,madison1 ,,wis4 ,,manteo1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,m>quette1 ,,mi*4 ,,memphis1 ,,t5n4 ,,m]idian1 ,,miss4 ,,miami1 ,,fla4 ,,milwaukee1 ,,wis4 ,,m9neapolis1 ,,m9n4 ,,mobile1 ,,ala4 ,,mod5a1 ,,utah ,,montgom]y1 ,,ala4 ,,m\nt ,,tamalpais1 ,,cal4 ,,nantucket1 ,,mass4 ,,na%ville1 ,,t5n4 ,,neah ,,bay1 ,,wa%4 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,,new ,,orleans1 ,,la4 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,norfolk1 ,,va4 ,,nor?field1 ,,vt4 ,,nor? ,,head1 ,,wa%4 ,,nor? ,,platte1 ,,neb4 ,,oklahoma1 ,,okla4 ,,omaha1 ,,neb4 ,,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,pale/9e1 ,,tex4 ,,p>k]sburg1 ,w4 ,,va4 ,,p5sacola1 ,,fla4 ,,peoria1 ,,ill4 ,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 ,,pho5ix1 ,,ariz4 ,,pi]re1 ,,s4 ,,dak4 ,,pittsburgh1 ,,pa4 ,,pocatello1 ,,idaho ,,po9t ,,reyes ,,light1 ,,cal4 ,,port ,,angeles1 ,,wa%4 ,,port ,,ar?ur1 ,,tex4 ,,port ,,huron1 ,,mi*4 ,,portl&1 ,,me4 ,,portl&1 ,,ore4 ,,provid5ce1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,pueblo1 ,,colo4 ,,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,rapid ,,city1 ,,s4 ,,dak4 ,,read+1 ,,pa4 ,,r$ ,,bluff1 ,,cal4 ,,r5o1 ,,nev4 ,,ri*mond1 ,,va4 ,,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,roseburg1 ,,ore4 ,,roswell1 ,,new ,,mex4 ,,royal ,,c5t]1 ,,ind4 ,,sacram5to1 ,,cal4 ,,sag9aw1 ,,mi*4 ,,/4 ,,joseph1 ,,mo4 ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,mo4 ,,/4 ,,paul1 ,,m9n4 ,,salt ,,lake ,,city1 ,,utah ,,san ,,antonio1 ,,tex4 ,,san ,,diego1 ,,cal4 ,,s& ,,key1 ,,fla4 ,,s&usky1 ,,ohio ,,s&y ,,hook1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,san ,,francisco1 ,,cal4 ,,san ,,jose1 ,,cal4 ,,san ,,juan1 ,,porto ,,rico ,,san ,,luis ,,obispo1 ,,cal4 ,,santa ,,fe1 ,,new ,,mex4 ,,sault ,,sa9te ,,m>ie1 ,,mi*4 ,,savannah1 ,,ga4 ,,scranton1 ,,pa4 ,,seattle1 ,,wa%4 ,,seki\1 ,,wa%4 ,,%]idan1 ,,wyo4 ,,%reveport1 ,,la4 ,,si\x ,,city1 ,,i[a ,,spokane1 ,,wa%4 ,,spr+field1 ,,ill4 ,,spr+field1 ,,mo4 ,,syracuse1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,tacoma1 ,,wa%4 ,,tampa1 ,,fla4 ,,tatoo% ,,isl&1 ,,wa%4 ,,taylor1 ,,tex4 ,,t]re ,,haute1 ,,ind4 ,,?omasville1 ,,ga4 ,,tol$o1 ,,ohio ,,tonopah1 ,,nev4 ,,topeka1 ,,kans4 ,,tr5ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,tw91 ,,wa%4 ,,val5t9e1 ,,neb4 ,,vicksburg1 ,,miss4 ,,wagon ,,:eel ,,gap1 ,,colo4 ,,walla ,,walla1 ,,wa%4 ,,wi*ita1 ,,kans4 ,,willi/on1 ,,no4 ,,dak4 ,,wilm+ton1 ,n4 ,c4 ,,w9nemucca1 ,,nev4 ,,wy!ville1 ,,va4 ,,yankton1 ,,s4 ,,dak4 ,,yell[/one ,,p>k1 ,,wyo4 ,,yuma1 ,,ariz4 ,y w notice t on ?is map diff]5t l9es are drawn3 ,fir/1 ! ,isob> l9es--^! are solid l9es drawn ?r\gh places :i* h ! same b>ometric pressure4 ,second1 ! ,iso!rm l9es--^! are dott$ l9es drawn ?r\gh places hav+ ! same temp]ature4 ,! ,wea!r ,bureau ,maps are gott5 out on ! same day all ov] ! c\ntry1 & ! prep>ation ( !m is q int]e/+4 ,at #g3dj ,a4 ,m4 simultane\s read+s are tak5 at all wea!r bureau /ations ( ! c\ntry4 ,on ! coa/1 :]e ! "t is ?ree h\rs diff]5t ?an at ,new ,york1 ! read+s are tak5 at #d3dj1 s t ! h\r corresponds at all places4 ,at #h3jj ,a4 ,m4 ! v>i\s /ations telephone _! f9d+s to ! ,we/]n ,union ,(fice locat$ 9 _! city & imm$iately ! messages are transmitt$ by ,we/]n ,union to a c5tral di/rict (fice1 or circuit c5t] z x is call$4 ,= ,new ,engl&1 ! circuit c5t] is ,bo/on4 ,all messages are receiv$ at ?is (fice1 & f "h transmitt$ to ! next (fice1 :i* is ,new ,york1 & f ,new ,york to ! next c5t]1 until ! news is transmitt$ to ! coa/4 ,! wires are op5 f #h3jj until #i3cj ,a4 ,m4 ,! we/]n (fices foll[ ! same proc$ure until ! wea!r indications are receiv$ by all /ations4 ,imm$iately ! prep>ation ( ! map is begun & !y are mail$ to int]e/$ p>ties by ! ,wea!r ,bureau ,/ations ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,figs4 #eb1 #ec & #ed %[ ?ree maps1 typify+ /orms travel+ f ! we/ to ! ea/1 & by /udy+ !m on successive days y c at once grasp ! importance ( /udy+ ! wea!r f ^! maps4 ,fig4 #ec %[s a /orm ( l[ pressure & h[ ?is area ( l[ pressure is progress+ & mov+ f ! we/ to ! ea/4 ,p>ticul> notice %\ld be tak5 ( h[ fa/ ! /orm travels1 t is1 ! di/ance x goes ea* day1 & ! direction x is go+ & ! results4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed ,! arr[s d5ote ! direction ( ! w9d1 & y w notice !y po9t to ! region ( l[ b>ometric pressure4 ,9 ! regions ( high b>ometric pressure ! w9ds are 9 ! opposite direction4 ,?is readily expla9s to y :y x is t y c expect *anges 9 wea!r conditions :5 ! w9d *anges4 ,f ! m>k+s & pr9t$ matt] on ea* map1 in=mation is secur$ reg>d+ obs]vations ( ! b>omet]1 !rmomet]1 w9d velocity1 direction ( ! w9d1 k9d ( cl\ds1 & _! movem5ts1 & ! am\nt ( precipitation 7ra9 or sn[71 9 diff]5t localities4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,wea!r ,,is ,,indicat$ ,cle>1 p>tly cl\dy1 cl\dy1 ra9 or sn[ indications are symboliz$4 ,! %ad$ area designates places or areas :]e precipitation has occurr$ dur+ ! prec$+ twelve h\rs4 ,,:at ,,! ,,words 8,,high0 ,,or 8,,l[0 ,,mean ,,on ,,! ,,map ,l[ b>ometric pressure1 or ! /orm c5t]s1 are indicat$ on ! map by ! ^w 8l[40 ,high b>ometric pressure c5t]s are indicat$ by ! ^w 8high40 ,note h[ !y move 9 an ea/]ly direction2 h[ !y are progressive4 ,!y c be comp>$ to a s]ies ( waves1 :i* we w call atmosph]ic waves4 ,! cre/ ( ! wave may be lik5$ to ! 8highs0 & ! tr\ghs to ! 8l[s40 ,usually ! w9ds are s\!rly or ea/]ly & !re=e w>m] 9 advance ( a 8l[40 ,:5 ! 8l[s0 progress ea/ ( a place1 ! w9d g5]ally %ifts to we/]ly & ! temp]ature l[]s4 ,! we/w>d advance ( ! 8l[s0 is prec$$ by precipitation1 & almo/ always 9 ! =m ( ra9 or sn[1 foll[+ :i* ! wea!r is g5]ally cle>4 ,note h[ a 8l[0 is foll[$ by a 8high10 & s on z !y move along ea/w>dly4 ,,:at ,,iso!rms ,,indicate ,if ! ,iso!rms run ne>ly p>allel1 t is1 ea/ & we/1 !re w mo/ likely be no *ange 9 ! temp]ature4 ,s\!rly to ea/ w9ds prevail we/ ( ! ne>ly nor? & s\? l9e1 pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( a 8high0 & also ea/ ( a l l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( a 8l[40 ,to ! we/ ( a ne>ly nor? & s\? l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( a 8l[10 nor!rly to we/]ly w9ds prevail4 ,we w f9d ! same condition prevail+ to ! ea/ ( a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( a 8high40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee ,:5 we f9d an abs5ce ( decid$ly en]getic 8l[s0 & 8highs10 ?is is an indication ( ! cont9uance ( exi/+ wea!r4 ,we c expect ?is /ate ( ! atmosph]e until lat] maps %[ a beg9n+ ( a *ange1 usually fir/ appe>+ 9 ! we/4 ,,tracks ,,( ,,/orms ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,! /orms ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates foll[1 h[ev]1 ye> aft] ye>1 a s]ies ( tracks1 n likely to *ange sudd5ly1 & n irregul>1 b relat$ to ea* o!r by v well-def9$ laws4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau has made a v int5sive /udy ( ! positions ( ! tracks ( ! /orms4 ,fig4 #ee %[s ! mean tracks & ! movem5t ( /orms f day to day4 ,?is map indicates t g5]ally !re are two sets ( l9es runn+ we/ & ea/1 "o set ov] ! nor?we/]n b\nd>y1 ! ,lake region1 & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley1 ! o!r set ov] ! middle ,rocky ,m\nta9 di/ricts & ! ,gulf ,/ates4 ,ea* ( ^! is d\ble1 ) "o = ! 8highs0 & "o = ! 8l[s40 ,fur!rmore1 !re are l9es cross+ f ! ma9 tracks to jo9 !m toge!r1 %[+ h[ /orms pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,on ! *>t1 ! heavy l9es all belong to ! tracks ( ! 8highs10 & ! light] l9es to ! track ( ! 8l[s40 ,,! ,,mode ,,( ,,travel ,,( ,,! 8,,highs0 ,a 8high0 rea*+ ! ,cali=nia coa/ may cross ! m\nta9s ne> ,salt ,lake ,city 7foll[ ! track on ! map71 & !n pass directly ov] ! belt ( ! ,gulf ,/ates1 turn+ nor!a/w>d & rea*+ ! ,virg9ia coa/2 or x may move f>!r nor?w>d1 cross ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 ! ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton1 up ! ,columbia ,riv] ,valley1 !n turn ea/1 & f9ally rea* ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,^! tracks are locat$ :]e !y are by ! laws ( g5]al circulation ( ! atmosph]e & ! outl9e ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t4 ,?is movem5t ( ! 8highs0 f ! middle ,pacific coa/ to ,florida or to ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce is conf9$ to ! summ] half ( ! ye>1 t is1 f ,april to ,septemb]4 ,9 ! w9t] mon?s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\rce ( ! 8highs0 is diff]5t1 ?\gh !y rea* ! same t]m9als4 ,,hi/orical ,,facts ,,!rmomet]s ,galileo discov]$ ! pr9ciples ( ! !rmomet] 9 #aeib4 ,! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 ,f]d9& ,,ii1 is giv5 cr$it = p]fect+ x 9 #afaj4 ,a?anasius ,kir*] is giv5 cr$it = ! discov]y ( ! m]curial !rmomet]4 ,?is 0 ab\t #afda4 ,f]d9& ! ,,ii1 9 #afej or !reab\ts1 fill$ a glass tube ) color$ alcohol & h]metically seal$ x aft] graduat+ ! tube4 ,fahr5heit is giv5 cr$it = ! discov]y t wat] freezes always at ! same temp]ature4 ,) ^! facts he devis$ a scale = !rmomet]s 9 #agad4 ,,!rmomet] ,,records ,a temp]ature ( #aaa bel[ z]o has be5 record$ at an altitude ( #dh1gjj feet 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! highe/ record 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau 0 tak5 9 ,dea? ,valley1 ,cal41 on ,june #cj1 ,july #a & #b1 #ahia1 :5 ! !rmomet] rea*$ #abb ,f4 ,dea? ,valley is also giv5 cr$it = ! highe/ kn[n mon?ly temp]ature1 :i* 0 #ajb ,f4 9 ! mon? ( ,july4 ,arctic exp$itions h records ( #gc & #ff bel[ z]o4 ,?is is ! greate/ natural cold record$4 ,! av]age temp]ature 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #eb4d2 ! av]age temp]ature 9 ,engl& is #ej4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,au/ralia a record has be5 tak5 ( a drop ( #fj to #gj 9 a few h\rs2 :]eas ! mo/ rapid *ange record$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 #fj ,f4 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is record has be5 made twice1 9 #ahhj & aga9 9 #ahij4 ,! l[e/ temp]ature record$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau 0 at ,popl> ,riv]1 ,mont41 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 :5 ! !rmomet] regi/]$ #fc bel[ z]o4 ,! e/imat$ heat ( ! sun is #aj1jjj2 ! highe/ artificial heat obta9$ is #g1jjj4 ,reg>d+ ! heat ( ! sun1 no def9ite conclusions h be5 arriv$ at1 s ! above temp]ature is only approximate4 ,,regions ,,( ,,lea/ ,,relative ,,humidity ,lea/ relative humidity is f\nd 9 places s\?we/ ( ,arizona1 :]e ! av]age is ab\t #dj4 ,fifty degrees humidity means half z mu* moi/ure z is necess>y = complete saturation4 ,! av]age 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry is f #fj to #hj4 ,/eel boils at #cejj2 wat] boils at #bab2 liquid air submitt$ to a degree ( cold :]e x ceases to be a gas & becomes a solid is #cab bel[ z]o4 ,pr(essor ,john ,dew> ( ,engl& is cr$it$ ) "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable exp]im5ts ) l[ temp]ature1 & at ^! temp]atures made "s wond]ful discov]ies4 ,he w5t d[n s cold t he c\ld freeze liquid air back into a solid2 he cont9u$ fur!r until he r$uc$ hydrog51 a v light gas1 to a liquid4 ,?is 0 at #ddj bel[ z]o4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ?+s he did 0 to freeze hydrog5 into a solid4 ,wat] boils at #ahc4b ,fahr5heit on top ( ,mt4 ,blanc2 wat] boils at #aid ,fahr5heit on top ( ,mt4 ,quito4 ,,b>omet]s ,torricelli is giv5 cr$it = ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciples ( ! b>omet]4 ,otto ,von ,gu]icke1 ( ,magdeburg1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! air pump1 is cr$it$ z be+ ! fir/ p]son to use ! b>omet] z a wea!r indicator4 ,because ( ! fact t ! m]curial b>omet] is n adaptable = portability1 _m sci5ti/s began "w on produc+ a b>omet] )\t fluid t c\ld be easily c>ri$ ab\t & w\ld give accurate results4 ,9 #agih ,m4 ,comte1 pr(essor ( a]o/atics 9 ! s*ool at ,meudon ne> ,p>is1 inv5t$ ! an]oid b>omet]1 :i* he us$ 9 8 balloon asc5ts4 ,?is in/rum5t has be5 describ$ fully on page #ee4 ,,b>omet] ,,records ,l[e/ read+ tak5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau 0 #bh4dh1 or practically ?ree qu>t]s ( a p\nd p] squ>e in* bel[ normal4 ,altitude records h be5 tak5 ) ! b>omet] z high z #he1bgj feet4 ,?is record 0 made at ,uccle ,obs]vatory1 ,belgium1 ! pressure be+ #j4fg at ?is po9t4 ,,hail ,hail v>ies f "o-t5? in* to m ?an five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f ! 8,memoirs ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i0 ( a t]rible hail /orm 9 ,lyons1 ,france1 9 #aedd3 8,! hail at l5g? rose to ! size ( lemons4 ,at ab\t half a mile's di/ance all ! trees 7 brok5 d[n1 & all ! cattle 7 depriv$ ( life2 we likewise f\nd a great _m %eph]ds kill$1 & we saw hail/ones :i* a man w\ld h f\nd x a difficult matt] to h grasp$ 9 bo? h&s40 ,new ,hamp%ire has ! record = ! l>ge/ hail/ones se5 "h s f>2 !y 7 #d in*es 9 diamet] & weigh$ #ah ounces1 & 7 #ab in*es 9 circumf]5ces4 ,,ra9fall ,!re are records 9 ,japan ( :]e ra9 has rea*$ #cj in*es 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 9 ,india :]e x has rea*$ #dj in*es 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! av]age ra9fall 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #ce in*es4 ,!re are c]ta9 places 9 ,india :]e ! ye>ly ra9fall av]ages ov] #dgj in*es2 :]eas o!r regions ( ,india %[ less ?an #d in*es4 ,! high] ! cl\ds are 9 ! air1 ! l>g] ! drops ( ra9 :5 !y rea* ! e>?4 ,! heavie/ annual ra9fall record$ any place 9 ! _w is on ! ,khasi ,hills 9 ,b5gal1 :]e x regi/]$ #fjj in*es4 ,! major "p ( ?is 0 9 half ( ! ye>4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( ra9fall is 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! lea/ am\nt is 9 ,arizona1 ! s\?we/]n "p4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,egypt & ,arabia1 ! only moi/ure t is receiv$ !re is 9 ! =m ( dew4 ,! av]age cl\d9ess ( ! e>? has be5 e/imat$ betwe5 #ej & #ee p] c5t4 ,?is am\nt slightly exce$s ! cl\d conditions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,unalaska has a record ( extreme cl\d9ess = "o :ole mon?1 ,febru>y1 #ahhj4 ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,ross1 an ,arctic explor]1 record$ a %[] ( ne>ly an h\r's duration on ,*ri/mas day1 #ahci1 )\t a cl\d 9 sight4 ,a simil> record 0 made on ,june #cj1 #ahgg1 at ,vevay1 ,ind41 :]e a %[] la/$ = five m9utes 9 a cl\dless sky4 ,a fall ( yell[ sn[ 0 record$ at ,s\? ,be?lehem1 ,pa41 9 #ahhi4 ,exam9ation %[$ ?is coloration to be due to ! poll5 ( ! p9e trees :i* _h be5 bl[n into ! atmosph]e be=e ! fall4 ,ano!r record ( yell[ ra9fall 0 record$ at ,lyn*burg on ,m>* #ba1 #ahgi4 ,gold5 sn[ 0 record$ at ,peckoloh1 ,g]many1 9 #ahgg4 ,gre5 & r$ sn[s h be5 obs]v$ dur+ ,arctic explorations1 due to a m9ute organism t 0 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e is ne>ly #cb dur+ a sn[ /orm & ! w9d is bl[+1 ! flakes be+ damp & ! sn[fall heavy1 ! flakes are apt to unite to =m l>ge masses ( sn[ 9 ! atmosph]e or air1 :i* acc\nts = "s ( ! foll[+ records3 ,at ,*ap/on1 ,wales1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhh1 ! sn[flakes measur$ #c4f in*es 9 l5g? & #a4d in*es 9 bread?1 & #a4c in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,!y am\nt$ to #b cubic in*es ( wat] :5 melt$4 ,!re are "s rem>kable in/ances ( :]e hail/ones h cem5t$ toge!r1 mak+ l>ge masses ( ice4 ,"s rem>kable records ( ?is k9d h be5 record$ 9 ,india4 ,9 ,morgan/[n1 ,va41 on ,april #bh1 #ahgg1 hail/ones #b in*es long & #a in*es 9 diamet] fell4 ,! mean ye>ly pressure ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ranges betwe5 #cj & #cj4a in*es :5 r$uc$ by ord9>y me?ods to sea level4 ,9 ,unalaska1 ,janu>y #ba1 #ahgi1 ! b>omet] read+ ( #bg4gj in*es 0 record$1 & ano!r l[ read+ 0 made at ,/ykki%olm ( #bg4ia in*es on ,febru>y #a1 #ahgg4 ,on ,septemb] #bg1 #ahhj1 a %ip on ! ,*9a ,sea exp]i5c$ a t]rific typhoon1 dur+ :i* ! b>omet] w5t d[n 9 f\r h\rs f #bi4fd to #bg4jd in*es4 ,! greate/ temp]ature ranges record$ are 9 ! int]ior ( ,sib]ia1 :]e at ,yakutsk !y record$ a range ( #aha4d4 ,! mo/ rem>kable *anges record$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs h be5 at ,=t ,mag9nis1 ,mont41 ,janu>y #f1 #ahhf1 a fall ( #ef4dj2 at ,hel5a1 ,mont41 ,janu>y #f1 #ahhf1 a fall ( #ee 9 sixte5 h\rs2 at ,flor5ce1 ,ariz41 ,june #bf1 #ahha1 #fe rise4 ,on ! nor!rn edge ( ! ,african des]t ! temp]ature ( ! air rose to #abg4d4 ,! l[e/ s+le temp]ature 9 ! _w 0 record$ at ,w]*ojansk1 ,sib]ia1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhe1 :5 x 0 #ij4d bel[ z]o1 :ile ! av]age temp]ature = ! mon? at ! same place 0 #fc4i bel[ z]o4 ,highe/ mean ra9fall occurs 9 ,sumatra1 av]ag+ ab\t #acj in*es2 ! ra9fall ( #dic4b in*es p] ye> occurs at ,*]apunji1 ,assam1 ,india1 :i* is ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,! l[e/ ra9fall 9 ! _w occurs at ,s\!a/ ,cali=nia1 ,we/ ,arizona1 & ! valley ( l[] ,colorado1 :]e ! ra9fall av]ages less ?an #c in*es4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ra9fall record$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = tw5ty-f\r h\rs occurr$ at ,alex&ria1 ,la41 ,june #ae1 #ahhf1 :5 ! ra9fall rea*$ ! enorm\s am\nt ( #ba4d in*es4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ra9fall record$ 9 ! _w occurr$ at ,purneah1 ,b5gal1 ,septemb] #ac1 #ahgi1 :5 ! ra9fall rea*$ ! unprec$5t$ am\nt ( #ce in*es 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,,cl\dbur/s ,on ,augu/ #ag1 #ahgf1 at ,=t ,sully1 ,dakota1 occurr$ "o ( ! heavie/ cl\dbur/s ev] kn[n4 ,! wat] mov$ out ( ! canyon on ! opposite side ( ! ,miss\ri 9 a solid bank ?ree feet deep & #bjj feet wide4 ,!re are _m o!r rem>kable cl\dbur/s record$ do+ great injury1 dr[n+ & kill+ _m p4 ,,w9d ,,velocity ,among ! mo/ rem>kable w9d velocity records is t ( ,cape ,look\t on ,octob] #ag1 #ahgi1 :5 ! w9d blew at a rate ( #ach miles an h\r4 ,"o ( ! wor/ cyclones ev] record$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 ! flood1 z x is usually t]m$1 at ,galve/on1 ,tex4 ,?is /orm began on ! #a/ day ( ,septemb]1 #aijj1 & la/$ until ! #ab?4 ,x rea*$ its maximum de/ructive =ce on ! #h?4 ,six ?\s& lives 7 lo/ & #cj1jjj1jjj wor? ( prop]ty 0 de/roy$4 ,ev5 worse ?an any ( ^! 0 ! "o at ,calcutta 9 #ahfd1 foll[$ by a /orm wave ov] #af feet high1 caus+ a dea?-rate ( #de1jjj p]sons4 ,,blizz>ds ,! blizz>d 9 ,dakota ( #ahgc is "o ( ! wor/ on record1 b probably ! mo/ disa/r\s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates occurr$ 9 ,montana1 ,dakota1 & ,texas on ,janu>y #aa1 #ahhh4 ,! loss ( life exce$$ #ajj p]sons4 ,,tornadoes ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is m liable to tornadoes ?an any o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov] #c1jjj p h be5 kill$ by tornadoes & ?\s&s m h be5 injur$4 ,! greate/ loss ( lives record$ by tornadoes 0 at ,adams ,city1 ,miss41 on ,june #af1 #ahdb1 :5 #ejj lives 7 lo/4 ,! mo/ rem>kable hail /orm 0 t ( ,july #ac1 #aghh1 ?r\gh ,france to ,belgium1 & did a prop]ty damage ( ov] five million doll>s4 ,!re h be5 _m de/ructive hail/orms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o on ,july #f1 #ahgh1 at c5tral ,new ,york ext5d$ into p>ts ( ,massa*usetts1 ,rhode ,isl& & ,connecticut4 ,/ones fell record$ to measure #g in*es 9 diamet]4 ,,rot>y ,,motions ,,( ,,/orms ,b5jam9 ,frankl9 has be5 giv5 cr$it = ! discov]y t /orms h a rot>y motion1 & t !y move f we/ to ea/4 ,?is discov]y 0 made 9 #agdg4 ,frankl9 did n positively prove ^! facts1 & x rema9$ = ,r$field1 ,espy1 ,maury1 ,abbe to sub/antiate ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,wea!r ,,bureau ,! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahgj4 ,g5]al ,alb]t ,j4 ,my] 0 ! fir/ *ief ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,wea!r ,bureau4 ,x is e/imat$ t we are #bej1jjj miles f ! moon4 ,at high altitudes1 ! cov] ( a kettle mu/ be weight$ d[n 9 ord] to boil an egg h>d4 ,?is is to enable ! pressure ( /eam to all[ temp]ature high en\gh = boil+4 ,9 o!r words1 x w\ld be impossible to boil an egg 9 an op5 vessel at a high altitude4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,memor&um ,illu/ration ,ra9 ,tomorr[6 ,y d n l y\r ball game or picnic po/pon$ j because ( ra91 d y8 ,y want a bright day = t ev5t4 ,!n don't guess :at ! wea!r w be on a c]ta9 day--"k4 ,le>n to use ! ,gilb]t ,wea!r ,bureau to read wea!r indications f in/rum5ts set up by y\rself--9 y\r own home4 ,?is is an outfit y w l imm5sely4 ,made specially = y\r use & to provide y ) a new k9d ( play4 ,! fun y get 9 mak+ records ( *anges 9 temp]ature1 9 humidity1 & 9 mak+ =eca/s w surely be great4 ,y\r boy fri5ds w li/5 to y ) int]e/ :5 y expla9 to !m ! cause ( /orms & h[ important x is to h a k ( climatic di/urbances4 ,! outfits conta9 all ! necess>y equipm5t & a big book on wea!r1 tell+ y h[ to "k :5 x's go+ to /orm & _m o!r int]e/+ ?+s4 ,y\r deal] w %[ y ! ,gilb]t ,wea!r ,bureau ,sets4 ,if he hasn't !m1 write ,,! ,a4 ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,,company #ead ,blat*ley ,av5ue ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,9 ,canada3 ,,! ,a4 ,c4 ,,gilb]t-,,m5zies ,,co41 ,limit$1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,9 ,engl&3 ,,! ,a4 ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,,co41 #abe ,high ,holborn1 ,london ,w4,c4 #a ,illu/ration ,,:at ,,is ,,s\nd8 ,d y "k t he>+ is j feel+ ) ! e>8 ,t 9 reality1 ! ?+ we call s\nd1 :i* we ?9k ( z a noise or z a musical note1 is j an impression on ! bra98 ,v few boys "k ?is1 & if y w\ld l to be "o ( ! few t d1 y surely want an outfit ( ,gilb]t ,s\nd ,exp]im5ts ,) "o ( ^! outfits y c f9d out j :at s\nd is--h[ x is produc$--:y "s pianos s\nd bett] ?an o!rs--:y a viol9 produces a musical tone1 & _m o!r ?+s1 includ+ a numb] ( />tl+ table rapp+ tricks ) :i* y c a/oni% y\r fri5ds4 ,a big book ( in/ructions tells y h[ to p]=m e exp]im5t4 ,get "o ( ^! outfits today4 ,! be/ toy deal] 9 y\r t[n %\ld h x2 if n1 write u & we'll tell y :]e y c get x4 ,,! ,a4 ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,,company #ead ,,blat*ley ,,ave4 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn4 ,9 ,canada3 ,! ,a4 ,c4 ,gilb]t-,m5zies ,co41 ,limit$1 ,toronto ,9 ,engl&3 ,! ,a4 ,c4 ,gilb]t ,co41 #abe ,high ,holborn1 ,london1 ,w4 ,c4 #b ,illu/ration ,9 ! ,d>k6 ,a knock on ! head ) a hat*et or a /ab ) a knife doesn't s\nd pleasant1 b y'll enjoy app>5t treatm5t ( ?is k9d & s w y\r fri5ds :o wat* y\r %ad[ %[4 ,make y\r boy fri5d rise 9 ! air--*ange him into a bird or a cat--create freaki% images4 ,x's easy6 ,& laugh--y\r audi5ce sure w enjoy x because x's new--no?+ l x4 ,an ent]ta9m5t made = boys :o want real fun4 ,b t's only a few ( ! _m ?+s y c d ) ,,gilb]t ,,light ,,exp]im5ts ,"o ( ^! outfits w help y to und]/& a great _m facts ab\t light4 ,y c p]=m a numb] ( exp]im5ts :i* expla9 ! laws ( light4 ,le>n ab\t ! movie ma*9e1 ! telescope & o!r optical in/rum5ts4 ,!re's a big book on ,light ) ea* set1 x's a h&y size1 j "r to put 9 y\r pocket4 ,f ?is book & y\r set y'll get a k ( light t w be helpful to y always4 ,x's great fun too1 ! k9d y l4 ,! outfit is complete ) prisms1 mirrors & all ! app>atus y'll ne$ to p]=m ! exp]im5ts4 ,ask y\r deal] to %[ y ?is new ,gilb]t toy4 ,if he hasn't x write ,,! ,a4 ,c4 ,,gilb]t ,,company #ead ,blat*ley ,ave41 ,new ,hav51 ,conn4 ,9 ,canada--,! ,a4 ,c4 ,gilb]t-,m5zies ,co41 ,limit$1 ,toronto1 ,ont4 ,9 ,engl&--,! ,a4 ,c4 ,gilb]t ,co41 #abe ,high ,holborn1 ,london1 ,w4 ,c4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,gilb]t ,,boy ,,eng9e]+ ,! ,mo/ ,helpful ,book = ,boys ,ev] ,publi%$ ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,?9k ( x6 8,football ,/rategy10 by ,walt] ,camp--8,h[ to ,pole ,vault10 by ,=m] ,_w's ,*ampion1 ,a4 ,c4 ,gilb]t--8,fly+10 by ,eddie ,rick5back]1 & 8,a?letic ,tra9+10 by ! fam\s ,yale tra9]1 ,johnny ,mack4 ,*apt]s ab\t signall+1 wireless1 wond]ful heat1 s\nd & light exp]im5ts1 h[ to build a real wea!r bureau /ation ( y\r own1 *emi/ry = boys1 electrical1 hydraulic & pneumatic eng9e]+ & survey+1 practical c>p5try--all 9 "o f9ely illu/rat$ book4 ,x's y\rs = a qu>t] & wor? doll>s to y4 ,! ,greate/ ,book = ,boys 9 ,ye>s ,illu/ration ,buy x f y\r deal]1 or s5d u #be;c today4 ,y'll nev] be sorry ,! ,a4 ,c4 ,gilb]t ,company #ead ,blat*ley ,av5ue ,new ,hav5 3 ,conn4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #fg1 *ang$ 8x means t !re is "o "o-hundr$? ( an in* ( ra90 to 8x means t !re is "o "o-t5? ( an in* ( ra904 ,makes ! ma? consi/5t ) ! re/ ( ! section4 #b4 ,p4 #fh1 *ang$ 8by "o hundr$ = actual ra9fall0 to 8by t5 = actual ra9fall04 ,makes ! ma? consi/5t ) ! re/ ( ! section4 #c4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #d4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #e4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #f4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4