,transcrib]'s note3 ,italic font is indicat$ by und]scores4 ,bold$ & und]l9$ words are indicat$ by equals4 ,! foll[+ two *>act]s may n display z int5d$ on c]ta9 devices3 ,! ,arabic lett] ayn or ay9 is "h repres5t$ by ! "* 7,,modifi] ,,lett] ,,left ,,half ,,r+74 ,! ,arabic lett] hamza is "h repres5t$ by ! "* 7,,modifi] ,,lett] ,,"r ,,half ,,r+74 ,! ,que/ ,s]ies ,edit$ by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead ,,! ,,my/ics ,,( ,,islam ,,! ,,que/ ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,mead1 ,,editor ,,( #8,,! ,,que/4' ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net ea*4 ,,fir/ ,,li/ ,,( ,,volumes4 ,,psy*ical ,,rese>* ,,& ,,survival4 ,by ,james ,h4 ,hyslop1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,secret>y ( ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society ( ,am]ica4 ,,! ,,que/ ,,( ,,! ,,holy ,,grail4 ,by ,jessie ,l4 ,we/on1 ,au?or ( #8,! ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval4' ,,jewi% ,,my/icism4 ,by ,j4 ,abelson1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,lit41 ,pr9cipal ( ,aria ,college1 ,portsm\?4 ,,buddhi/ ,,psy*ology4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,f4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,lectur] on ,indian ,philosophy1 ,man*e/] ,univ]sity4 ,,! ,,my/ics ,,( ,,islam4 ,by ,reynold ,a4 ,ni*olson1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,lectur] on ,p]sian1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,london3 ,g4 ,,bell ,,sons ,,ltd4 ,,! ,,my/ics ,,( ,,islam ,,by ,,reynold ,a4 ,,ni*olson ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d41 ,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 7,ab]de57 ,,lectur] ,,on ,,p]sian ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,cambridge ,,=m]ly ,,fell[ ,,( ,,tr9ity ,,college ,illu/ration ,,london ,g4 ,,bell ,,& ,,sons ,,ltd4 #aiad ,,editor',s ,,note ,if ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam h no little 9 common 9 spite ( _! deep dogmatic diff]5ces1 ! spiritual cont5t ( t common elem5t c be/ be appreciat$ 9 ,jewi%1 ,*ri/ian & ,islamic my/icism1 :i* be>s equal te/imony to t ev]-deep5+ exp]i5ce ( ! s\l :5 ! spiritual wor%ipp]1 :e!r he be foll[] ( ,moses or ,jesus or ,mohamm$1 turns :ole-he>t$ly to ,god4 ,z ! ,que/ ,s]ies has already suppli$ = ! fir/ "t ^? int]e/$ 9 su* matt]s ) a simple g5]al introduction to ,jewi% my/icism1 s x n[ provides an easy approa* to ! /udy ( ,islamic my/icism on :i* 9 ,engli% !re exi/s no sep>ate introduction4 ,b n only h we 9 ! foll[+ pages all t ! g5]al read] requires to be told at fir/ ab\t ,sfism2 we h also a l>ge am\nt ( mat]ial t w be new ev5 to pr(essional ,ori5tali/s4 ,dr4 ,ni*olson sets be=e u ! results ( tw5ty ye>s' unremitt+ lab\r1 & t1 too1 ) rem>kable simplicity & cl>ity = su* a subject2 at ! same "t he lets ! my/ics mo/ly speak = !mselves & ma9ly 9 8 own f9e v]sions f ! orig9al ,arabic & ,p]sian4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,introduction #a ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,! ,pa? #bh ,,ii4 ,illum9ation & ,ec/asy #ej ,,iii4 ,! ,gnosis #fh ,,iv4 ,div9e ,love #ajb ,v4 ,sa9ts & ,miracles #abj ,,vi4 ,! ,unitive ,/ate #adh ,bibliography #afi ,index #agc ,,! ,,my/ics ,,( ,,islam ,,introduction ,! title ( ?is book suffici5tly expla9s :y x is includ$ 9 a ,s]ies #8exemplify+ ! adv5tures & lab\rs ( individual seek]s or gr\ps ( seek]s 9 que/ ( reality4' ,sfism1 ! religi\s philosophy ( ,islam1 is describ$ 9 ! olde/ extant def9ition z #8! appreh5sion ( div9e realities1' & ,mohamm$an my/ics are fond ( call+ !mselves ,ahl al-,haqq1 #8! foll[]s ( ! ,real4'#a ,9 attempt+ to set =? _! c5tral doctr9es f ?is po9t ( view1 ,i %all draw to "s ext5t on mat]ials :i* ,i h collect$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s = a g5]al hi/ory ( ,islamic my/icism--a subject s va/ & _m-sid$ t sev]al l>ge volumes w\ld be requir$ to d x any?+ l ju/ice4 ,"h ,i c only sket* 9 broad outl9e c]ta9 pr9ciples1 me?ods1 & *>act]i/ic features ( ! inn] life z x has be5 liv$ by ,moslems ( e class & condition f ! eigh? c5tury ( our era to ! pres5t day4 ,difficult are ! pa?s :i* !y ?read$1 d>k & bewild]+ ! pa?less heights beyond2 b ev5 if we may n hope to accompany ! travell]s to _! j\rney's end1 any in=mation t we h ga!r$ conc]n+ _! religi\s environm5t & spiritual hi/ory w help u to und]/& ! /range exp]i5ces ( :i* !y write4 #a ,al-,haqq is ! t]m g5]ally us$ by ,sfs :5 !y ref] to ,god4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 ,i propose to (f] a few rem>ks on ! orig9 & hi/orical developm5t ( ,sfism1 its relation to ,islam1 & its g5]al "*4 ,n only are ^! matt]s int]e/+ to ! /ud5t ( comp>ative religion2 "s k ( !m is indisp5sable to any s]i\s /ud5t ( ,sfism itself4 ,x may be said1 truly en\gh1 t all my/ical exp]i5ces ultimately meet 9 a s+le po9t2 b t po9t assumes widely diff]5t aspects accord+ to ! my/ic's religion1 race1 & temp]am5t1 :ile ! conv]g+ l9es ( approa* admit ( almo/ inf9ite v>iety4 ,?\gh all ! great types ( my/icism h some?+ 9 common1 ea* is m>k$ by peculi> *>act]i/ics result+ f ! circum/ances 9 :i* x arose & fl\ri%$4 ,j z ! ,*ri/ian type _c be und]/ood )\t ref]5ce to ,*ri/ianity1 s ! ,mohamm$an type mu/ be view$ 9 connexion ) ! outw>d & inw>d developm5t ( ,islam4 ,! ^w #8my/ic1' :i* has pass$ f ,greek religion into ,european lit]ature1 is repres5t$ 9 ,arabic1 ,p]sian1 & ,turki%1 ! ?ree *ief languages ( ,islam1 by #8,sf4' ,! t]ms1 h[ev]1 are n precisely synonym\s1 = #8,sf' has a specific religi\s connotation1 & is re/rict$ by usage to ^? my/ics :o pr(ess ! ,mohamm$an fai?4 ,& ! ,arabic ^w1 al?\gh 9 c\rse ( "t x appropriat$ ! high significance ( ! ,greek--lips seal$ by holy my/]ies1 eyes clos$ 9 vision>y rapture--bore a humbl] mean+ :5 x fir/ ga9$ curr5cy 7ab\t #hjj ,a4,d474 ,until rec5tly its d]ivation 0 9 dispute4 ,mo/ ,sfs1 fly+ 9 ! face ( etymology1 h d]iv$ x f an ,arabic root :i* conveys ! notion ( #8purity'2 ?is w\ld make #8,sf' mean #8"o :o is pure 9 he>t' or #8"o ( ! elect4' ,"s ,european s*ol>s id5tifi$ x ) 9 ! s5se ( #8!osophi/4' ,b ,nldeke1 9 an article writt5 tw5ty ye>s ago1 %[$ conclusively t ! "n 0 d]iv$ f sf 7wool71 & 0 orig9ally appli$ to ^? ,moslem ascetics :o1 9 imitation ( ,*ri/ian h]mits1 clad !mselves 9 co>se wooll5 g>b z a sign ( p5it5ce & r5unciation ( worldly vanities4 ,! e>lie/ ,sfs 71 9 fact1 ascetics & quieti/s r ?an my/ics4 ,an ov]:elm+ consci\sness ( s91 comb9$ ) a dread--:i* x is h>d = u to realise--( ,judgm5t ,day & ! torm5ts ( ,hell-fire1 s vividly pa9t$ 9 ! ,koran1 drove !m to seek salvation 9 flight f ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,koran w>n$ !m t salvation dep5d$ entirely on ! inscrutable w ( ,allah1 :o guides aright ! good & leads a/ray ! wick$4 ,_! fate 0 inscrib$ on ! et]nal tables ( ,8 provid5ce1 no?+ c\ld alt] x4 ,only ?is 0 sure1 t if !y 7 de/9$ to be sav$ by fa/+ & pray+ & pi\s works--!n !y w\ld be sav$4 ,su* a belief ends naturally 9 quietism1 complete & unque/ion+ submission to ! div9e w1 an attitude *>act]i/ic ( ,sfism 9 its olde/ =m4 ,! ma9spr+ ( ,moslem religi\s life dur+ ! eigh? c5tury 0 fe>--fe> ( ,god1 fe> ( ,hell1 fe> ( dea?1 fe> ( s9--b ! opposite motive _h already begun to make its influ5ce felt1 & produc$ 9 ! sa9tly woman ,rbia at lea/ "o conspicu\s example ( truly my/ical self-ab&onm5t4 ,s f>1 !re 0 no great diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,sf & ! or?odox ,mohamm$an zealot1 except t ! ,sfs atta*$ extraord9>y importance to c]ta9 ,koranic doctr9es1 & develop$ !m at ! exp5se ( o!rs :i* _m ,moslems might consid] equally ess5tial4 ,x mu/ also be all[$ t ! ascetic movem5t 0 inspir$ by ,*ri/ian ideals1 & contra/$ %>ply ) ! active & pleasure-lov+ _s ( ,islam4 ,9 a fam\s s5t5ce ! ,prophet d5\nc$ monki% au/]ities & bade 8 p devote !mselves to ! holy w> aga9/ unbeliev]s2 & he gave1 z is well kn[n1 ! mo/ conv9c+ te/imony 9 fav\r ( m>riage4 ,al?\gh 8 condemnation ( celibacy did n rema9 )\t effect1 ! conque/ ( ,p]sia1 ,syria1 & ,egypt by 8 successors br\ght ! ,moslems into contact ) ideas :i* pr(\ndly modifi$ _! outlook on life & religion4 ,european read]s ( ! ,koran _c fail to be /ruck by its au?or's vacillation & inconsi/5cy 9 deal+ ) ! greate/ problems4 ,he himself 0 n aw>e ( ^! contradictions1 nor 7 !y a /umbl+-block to 8 dev\t foll[]s1 ^: simple fai? accept$ ! ,koran z ! ,^w ( ,god4 ,b ! rift 0 !re1 & soon produc$ f>-rea*+ results4 ,h5ce arose ! ,murjites1 :o set fai? above works & emphasis$ ! div9e love & goodness2 ! ,qad>ites :o affirm$1 & ! ,jab>ites :o d5i$1 t m5 are responsible = _! actions2 ! ,mutazilites1 :o built a !ology on ! basis ( reason1 reject+ ! qualities ( ,allah z incompatible ) ,8 unity1 & pr$e/9>ianism z contr>y to ,8 ju/ice2 & f9ally ! ,a%arites1 ! s*ola/ic !ologians ( ,islam1 :o =mulat$ ! rigid metaphysical & doctr9al sy/em t und]lies ! cre$ ( or?odox ,mohamm$ans at ! pres5t "t4 ,all ^! speculations1 influ5c$ z !y 7 by ,greek !ology & philosophy1 react$ p[]fully ^u ,sfism4 ,e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,hegira--! n9? aft] ,*ri/--we f9d manife/ signs ( ! new leav5 /irr+ )9 x4 ,n t ,sfs ceas$ to mortify ! fle% & take pride 9 _! pov]ty1 b !y n[ began to reg>d asceticism z only ! fir/ /age ( a long j\rney1 ! prelim9>y tra9+ = a l>g] spiritual life ?an ! m]e ascetic is able to conceive4 ,! nature ( ! *ange may be illu/rat$ by quot+ a few s5t5ces :i* h come d[n to u f ! my/ics ( ?is p]iod4 8,love is n to be le>n$ f m53 x is "o ( ,god's gifts & comes ( ,8 grace40 8,none refra9s f ! lu/s ( ?is _w save him 9 ^: he>t !re is a light t keeps him always busi$ ) ! next _w40 8,:5 ! gno/ic's spiritual eye is op5$1 8 bodily eye is %ut3 he sees no?+ b ,god40 8,if gnosis 7 to take visible %ape all :o look$ !reon w\ld die at ! sight ( its beauty & lovel9ess & goodness & grace1 & e brightness w\ld become d>k beside ! spl5d\r !re(40#b 8,gnosis is ne>] to sil5ce ?an to spee*40 8,:5 ! he>t weeps because x has lo/1 ! _s laughs because x has f\nd40 8,no?+ sees ,god & dies1 ev5 z no?+ sees ,god & lives1 because ,8 life is ev]la/+3 :oev] sees x is !reby made ev]la/+40 8,o ,god1 ,i nev] li/5 to ! cry ( animals or to ! quiv]+ ( trees or to ! murmur+ ( wat] or to ! w>bl+ ( birds or to ! ru/l+ w9d or to ! cra%+ ?und] )\t feel+ !m to be an evid5ce ( ,?y unity & a pro( t !re is no?+ l unto ,!e40 8,o my ,god1 ,i invoke ,!e 9 public z lords are invok$1 b 9 private z lov$ ones are invok$4 ,publicly ,i say1 #8,o my ,god6' b privately ,i say1 #8,o my ,belov$6'0 #b ,comp>e ,plato1 ,phdrus 7,j[ett's translation73 8,= sight is ! ke5e/ ( our bodily s5ses2 ?\gh n by t is wisdom se52 h] lovel9ess w\ld h be5 transport+ if !re _h be5 a visible image ( h]40 ,^! ideas--,light1 ,k1 & ,love--=m1 z x 71 ! keynotes ( ! new ,sfism1 & 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s ,i %all endeav\r to %[ h[ !y 7 develop$4 ,ultimately !y re/ ^u a pan!i/ic fai? :i* depos$ ! ,"o transc5d5t ,god ( ,islam & wor%ipp$ 9 ,8 /ead ,"o ,real ,be+ :o dwells & works ev]y:]e1 & ^: ?rone is n less1 b m1 9 ! human he>t ?an 9 ! heav5 ( heav5s4 ,be=e go+ fur!r1 x w be conv5i5t to answ] a "q :i* ! read] may h ask$ himself--,:5ce did ! ,moslems ( ! n9? c5tury d]ive ?is doctr9e8 ,mod]n rese>* has prov$ t ! orig9 ( ,sfism _c be trac$ back to a s+le def9ite cause1 & has !reby discr$it$ ! sweep+ g5]alisations :i* repres5t x1 = in/ance1 z a reaction ( ! ,aryan m9d aga9/ a conqu]+ ,semitic religion1 & z ! product1 ess5tially1 ( ,indian or ,p]sian ?\ght4 ,/atem5ts ( ?is k9d1 ev5 :5 !y are p>tially true1 ignore ! pr9ciple t 9 ord] to e/abli% an hi/orical connexion betwe5 ,a & ,b1 x is n en\gh to br+ =w>d evid5ce ( _! lik5ess to "o ano!r1 )\t %[+ at ! same "t 7#a7 t ! actual relation ( ,b to ,a 0 su* z to r5d] ! assum$ filiation possible1 & 7#b7 t ! possible hypo!sis fits 9 ) all ! asc]ta9$ & relevant facts4 ,n[1 ! !ories :i* ,i h m5tion$ d n satisfy ^! conditions4 ,if ,sfism 0 no?+ b a revolt ( ! ,aryan _s1 h[ are we to expla9 ! und\bt$ fact t "s ( ! lead+ pione]s ( ,mohamm$an my/icism 7 natives ( ,syria & ,egypt1 & ,arabs by race8 ,simil>ly1 ! advocates ( a ,buddhi/ic or ,v$ntic orig9 =get t ! ma9 curr5t ( ,indian influ5ce ^u ,islamic civilisation belongs to a lat] epo*1 :]eas ,moslem !ology1 philosophy1 & sci5ce put =? _! fir/ luxuriant %oots on a soil t 0 saturat$ ) ,hell5i/ic culture4 ,! tru? is t ,sfism is a complex ?+1 & !re=e no simple answ] c be giv5 to ! "q h[ x orig9at$4 ,we %all h gone f>1 h[ev]1 t[>ds answ]+ t "q :5 we h di/+ui%$ ! v>i\s movem5ts & =ces :i* m\ld$ ,sfism1 & det]m9$ :at direction x %\ld take 9 ! e>ly /ages ( its gr[?4 ,let u fir/ consid] ! mo/ important ext]nal1 i4e4 non-,islamic1 influ5ces4 ,i4 ,,*ri/ianity ,x is obvi\s t ! ascetic & quieti/ic t5d5cies to :i* ,i h ref]r$ 7 9 h>mony ) ,*ri/ian !ory & drew n\ri%m5t !refrom4 ,_m ,gospel texts & apocryphal say+s ( ,jesus are cit$ 9 ! olde/ ,sf biographies1 & ! ,*ri/ian an*orite 7rhib7 (t5 appe>s 9 ! rle ( a tea*] giv+ in/ruction & advice to w&]+ ,moslem ascetics4 ,we h se5 t ! wooll5 dress1 f :i* ! "n #8,sf' is d]iv$1 is ( ,*ri/ian orig93 v[s ( sil5ce1 litanies 7dhikr71 & o!r ascetic practices may be trac$ to ! same s\rce4 ,z reg>ds ! doctr9e ( div9e love1 ! foll[+ extracts speak = !mselves3 8,jesus pass$ by ?ree m54 ,_! bodies 7 lean & _! faces pale4 ,he ask$ !m1 say+1 #8,:at ha? br\ght y to ?is plight8' ,!y answ]$1 #8,fe> ( ! ,fire4' ,jesus said1 #8,ye fe> a ?+ creat$1 & x behoves ,god t ,he %\ld save ^? :o fe>4' ,!n he left !m & pass$ by ?ree o!rs1 ^: faces 7 pal] & _! bodies lean]1 & ask$ !m1 say+1 #8,:at ha? br\ght y to ?is plight8' ,!y answ]$1 #8,long+ = ,p>adise4' ,he said1 #8,ye desire a ?+ creat$1 & x behoves ,god t ,he %\ld give y t :i* ye hope =4' ,!n he w5t on & pass$ by ?ree o!rs ( exce$+ pal5ess & leanness1 s t _! faces 7 z mirrors ( light1 & he said1 #8,:at ha? br\ght y to ?is8' ,!y answ]$1 #8,our love ( ,god4' ,jesus said1 #8,ye are ! ne>e/ to ,him1 ye are ! ne>e/ to ,him4'0 ,! ,syrian my/ic1 ,ahmad ibn al-,hawr1 once ask$ a ,*ri/ian h]mit3 8#8,:at is ! /ronge/ comm& t ye f9d 9 y\r ,scriptures8' ,! h]mit repli$3 #8,we f9d none /rong] ?an ?is3 8,love ?y ,creator ) all ?y p[] & might40'0 ,ano!r h]mit 0 ask$ by "s ,moslem ascetics3 8#8,:5 is a man mo/ p]sev]+ 9 devotion8' #8,:5 love takes possession ( 8 he>t1' 0 ! reply2 #8= !n he ha? no joy or pleasure b 9 cont9ual devotion4'0 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh its h]mits1 monks1 & h]etical sects 7e4g4 ! ,messalians or ,eu*it7 0 tw(old3 ascetic & my/ical4 ,ori5tal ,*ri/ian my/icism1 h[ev]1 conta9$ a ,pagan elem5t3 x _h long ago absorb$ ! ideas & adopt$ ! language ( ,plot9us & ! ,neoplatonic s*ool4 ,,ii4 ,,neoplatonism ,ari/otle1 n ,plato1 is ! dom9ant figure 9 ,moslem philosophy1 & few ,mohamm$ans are famili> ) ! "n ( ,plot9us1 :o 0 m commonly call$ #8! ,greek ,ma/]' 7al-,%eykh al-,yaunn74 ,b s9ce ! ,arabs ga9$ _! fir/ k ( ,ari/otle f 8 ,neoplatoni/ comm5tators1 ! sy/em ) :i* !y became imbu$ 0 t ( ,porphyry & ,proclus4 ,?us ! s-call$ ,!ology ( ,ari/otle1 ( :i* an ,arabic v]sion appe>$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 is actually a manual ( ,neoplatonism4 ,ano!r "w ( ?is s*ool des]ves p>ticul> notice3 ,i mean ! writ+s falsely attribut$ to ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 ! conv]t ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! pseudo-,dionysius--he may h be5 a ,syrian monk--names z 8 tea*] a c]ta9 ,hi]o!us1 :om ,fro?+ham has id5tifi$ ) ,/eph5 ,b> ,sudaili1 a prom95t ,syrian gno/ic & a contempor>y ( ,jacob ( ,s>j 7#dea-eba ,a4,d474 ,dionysius quotes "s fragm5ts ( erotic hymns by ?is ,/eph51 & a complete "w1 ! ,book ( ,hi]o!us on ! ,hidd5 ,my/]ies ( ! ,div9ity1 has come d[n to u 9 a unique manuscript :i* is n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! ,dionysian writ+s1 turn$ into ,lat9 by ,john ,scotus ,erig5a1 f\nd$ m$ieval ,*ri/ian my/icism 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,_! influ5ce 9 ! ,ea/ 0 h>dly less vital4 ,!y 7 translat$ f ,greek into ,syriac almo/ imm$iately on _! appe>ance1 & _! doctr9e 0 vigor\sly propagat$ by comm5t>ies 9 ! same tongue4 8,ab\t #hej ,a4,d4 ,dionysius 0 kn[n f ! ,tigris to ! ,atlantic40 ,besides lit]>y tradition1 !re 7 o!r *annels by :i* ! doctr9es ( emanation1 illum9ation1 gnosis1 & ec/asy 7 transmitt$1 b en\gh has be5 said to conv9ce ! read] t ,greek my/ical ideas 7 9 ! air & easily accessible to ! ,moslem inhabitants ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt1 :]e ! ,sf !osophy fir/ took %ape4 ,"o ( ^? :o bore ! *ief "p 9 its developm5t1 ,dhu 'l-,nn ! ,egyptian1 is describ$ z a philosoph] & al*emi/--9 o!r words1 a /ud5t ( ,hell5i/ic sci5ce4 ,:5 x is add$ t mu* ( 8 speculation agrees ) :at we f9d1 = example1 9 ! writ+s ( ,dionysius1 we are drawn irresi/ibly to ! conclusion 7:i*1 z ,i h po9t$ out1 is highly probable on g5]al gr\nds7 t ,neoplatonism p\r$ into ,islam a l>ge t9cture ( ! same my/ical elem5t 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 already /eep$4 ,,iii4 ,,gno/icism#c #c ,cf4 ,goldzih]1 8,neuplatonis*e und gno/is*e ,elem5te im ,_ht10 9 ,zeits*rift fr ,assyriologie1 xxii4 #cag ff4 ,?\gh little direct evid5ce is available1 ! conspicu\s place occupi$ by ! !ory ( gnosis 9 e>ly ,sf speculation sugge/s contact ) ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism1 & x is wor? not+ t ! p>5ts ( ,marf al-,k>kh1 ^: def9ition ( ,sfism1 z #8! appreh5sion ( div9e realities' 0 quot$ on ! fir/ page ( ?is ,introduction1 are said to h be5 ,sbians1 i4e4 ,m&ans1 dwell+ 9 ! ,babylonian f5l& betwe5 ,basra & ,wsit4 ,o!r ,moslem sa9ts _h le>n$ #8! my/]y ( ! ,great ,"n4' ,x 0 communicat$ to ,ibrhm ibn ,adham by a man :om he met :ile travell+ 9 ! des]t1 & z soon z he pron\nc$ x he saw ! prophet ,khadir 7,elias74 ,! anci5t ,sfs borr[$ f ! ,mani*ans ! t]m siddq1 :i* !y apply to _! own spiritual adepts1 & a lat] s*ool1 return+ to ! dualism ( ,mn1 held ! view t ! div]sity ( ph5om5a arises f ! admixture ( light & d>kness4 8,! ideal ( human action is fre$om f ! ta9t ( d>kness2 & ! fre$om ( light f d>kness means ! self-consci\sness ( light z light40#d #d ,%aikh ,muhammad ,iqbal1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,metaphysics 9 ,p]sia 7#aijh71 p4 #aej4 ,! foll[+ v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( ! sev5ty ?\s& veils z expla9$ by a mod]n ,rif d]vi% %[s cle> traces ( ,gno/icism & is s int]e/+ t ,i _c refra9 f quot+ x "h3 8,sev5ty ,?\s& ,veils sep>ate ,allah1 ! ,"o ,reality1 f ! _w ( matt] & ( s5se4 ,& e s\l passes be=e 8 bir? ?r\gh ^! sev5ty ?\s&4 ,! inn] half ( ^! are veils ( light3 ! out] half1 veils ( d>kness4 ,= e "o ( ! veils ( light pass$ ?r\gh1 9 ?is j\rney t[>ds bir?1 ! s\l puts (f a div9e quality3 & = e "o ( ! d>k veils1 x puts on an e>?ly quality4 ,?us ! *ild is born weep+1 = ! s\l kn[s its sep>ation f ,allah1 ! ,"o ,reality4 ,& :5 ! *ild cries 9 its sleep1 x is because ! s\l rememb]s some?+ ( :at x has lo/4 ,o!rwise1 ! passage ?r\gh ! veils has br\ght ) x =getfulness 7nisyn73 & = ?is reason man is call$ insn4 ,he is n[1 z x 71 9 prison 9 8 body1 sep>at$ by ^! ?ick curta9s f ,allah4 8,b ! :ole purpose ( ,sfism1 ! ,way ( ! d]vi%1 is to give him an escape f ?is prison1 an apocalypse ( ! ,sev5ty ,?\s& ,veils1 a recov]y ( ! orig9al unity ) ,! ,"o1 :ile /ill 9 ?is body4 ,! body is n to be put (f2 x is to be ref9$ & made spiritual--a help & n a h9drance to ! _s4 ,x is l a metal t has to be ref9$ by fire & transmut$4 ,& ! %eikh tells ! aspirant t he has ! secret ( ?is transmutation4 #8,we %all ?r[ y into ! fire ( ,spiritual ,passion1' he says1 #8& y w em]ge ref9$4'0#e #e 8,! ,way0 ( a ,mohamm$an ,my/ic1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,t4 ,gairdn] 7,leipzig1 #aiab71 pp4 #i f4 ,,iv4 ,,buddhism ,be=e ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( ,india 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 ! tea*+ ( ,buddha ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce 9 ,ea/]n ,p]sia & ,transoxania4 ,we he> ( fl\ri%+ ,buddhi/ mona/]ies 9 ,balkh1 ! metropolis ( anci5t ,bactria1 a city fam\s = ! numb] ( ,sfs :o resid$ 9 x4 ,pr(essor ,goldzih] has call$ att5tion to ! significant circum/ance t ! ,sf ascetic1 ,ibrhm ibn ,adham1 appe>s 9 ,moslem leg5d z a pr9ce ( ,balkh :o ab&on$ 8 ?rone & became a w&]+ d]vi%--! /ory ( ,buddha ov] aga94 ,! ,sfs le>n$ ! use ( ros>ies f ,buddhi/ monks1 &1 )\t ent]+ into details1 x may be safely ass]t$ t ! me?od ( ,sfism1 s f> z x is "o ( e?ical self-culture1 ascetic m$itation1 & intellectual ab/raction1 owes a good deal to ,buddhism4 ,b ! features :i* ! two sy/ems h 9 common only acc5tuate ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,9 _s !y are poles ap>t4 ,! ,buddhi/ moralises himself1 ! ,sf becomes moral only ?r\gh kn[+ & lov+ ,god4 ,! ,sf conception ( ! pass+-away 7fan7 ( individual self 9 ,univ]sal ,be+ is c]ta9ly1 ,i ?9k1 ( ,indian orig94 ,its fir/ great expon5t 0 ! ,p]sian my/ic1 ,byazd ( ,bi/m1 :o may h receiv$ x f 8 tea*]1 ,ab ,al ( ,s9d 7,sc9de74 ,"h are "s ( 8 say+s3 8,creatures are subject to *ang+ #8/ates1' b ! gno/ic has no #8/ate1' because 8 ve/iges are effac$ & 8 ess5ce annihilat$ by ! ess5ce ( ano!r1 & 8 traces are lo/ 9 ano!r's traces40 8,?irty ye>s ! high ,god 0 my mirror1 n[ ,i am my own mirror10 i4e4 accord+ to ! explanation giv5 by 8 biograph]1 8t :i* ,i 0 ,i am no m1 = #8,i' & #8,god' is a d5ial ( ! unity ( ,god4 ,s9ce ,i am no m1 ! high ,god is ,8 own mirror40 8,i w5t f ,god to ,god1 until !y cri$ f me 9 me1 #8,o ,?\ ,i6'0 ,?is1 x w be obs]v$1 is n ,buddhism1 b ! pan!ism ( ! ,v$nta4 ,we _c id5tify fan ) ,nirva unconditionally4 ,bo? t]ms imply ! pass+-away ( individuality1 b :ile ,nirva is purely negative1 fan is accompani$ by baq1 ev]la/+ life 9 ,god4 ,! rapture ( ! ,sf :o has lo/ himself 9 ec/atic contemplation ( ! div9e beauty is entirely oppos$ to ! passionless intellectual s]5ity ( ! ,arahat4 ,i emphasise ?is contra/ because1 9 my op9ion1 ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism on ,mohamm$an ?\ght has be5 exagg]at$4 ,mu* is attribut$ to ,buddhism t is ,indian r ?an specifically ,buddhi/ic3 ! fan !ory ( ! ,sfs is a case 9 po9t4 ,ord9>y ,moslems held ! foll[]s ( ,buddha 9 abhorr5ce1 reg>d+ !m z idolat]s1 & 7 n likely to seek p]sonal int]c\rse ) !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,mohamm$an conque/1 ,buddhism _h be5 p[]ful 9 ,bactria & ,ea/]n ,p]sia g5]ally3 x mu/1 !re=e1 h affect$ ! developm5t ( ,sfism 9 ^! regions4 ,:ile fan 9 its pan!i/ic =m is radically diff]5t f ,nirva1 ! t]ms co9cide s closely 9 o!r ways t we _c reg>d !m z be+ altoge!r unconnect$4 ,fan has an e?ical aspect3 x involves ! ext9ction ( all passions & desires4 ,! pass+-away ( evil qualities & ( ! evil actions :i* !y produce is said to be br\ght ab\t by ! cont9uance ( ! correspond+ good qualities & actions4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! def9ition ( ,nirva giv5 by ,pr(essor ,rhys ,davids3 8,! ext9ction ( t s9ful1 grasp+ condition ( m9d & he>t1 :i* w\ld o!rwise1 accord+ to ! great my/]y ( ,k>ma1 be ! cause ( r5ew$ individual exi/5ce4 ,t ext9ction is to be br\ght ab\t by1 & runs p>allel )1 ! gr[? ( ! opposite condition ( m9d & he>t2 & x is complete :5 t opposite condition is rea*$40 ,ap>t f ! doctr9e ( ,k>ma1 :i* is ali5 to ,sfism1 ^! def9itions ( fan 7view$ z a moral /ate7 & ,nirva agree almo/ ^w = ^w4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to pursue ! comp>ison fur!r1 b ,i ?9k we may conclude t ! ,sf !ory ( fan 0 influ5c$ to "s ext5t by ,buddhism z well z by ,p]so-,indian pan!ism4 ,! receptivity ( ,islam to =eign ideas has be5 recognis$ by e unbiass$ inquir]1 & ! hi/ory ( ,sfism is only a s+le in/ance ( ! g5]al rule4 ,b ?is fact %\ld n lead u to seek 9 su* ideas an explanation ( ! :ole "q :i* ,i am n[ discuss+1 or to id5tify ,sfism itself ) ! extrane\s +r$i5ts :i* x absorb$ & assimilat$ 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t4 ,ev5 if ,islam _h be5 miracul\sly %ut (f f contact ) =eign religions & philosophies1 "s =m ( my/icism w\ld h aris5 )9 x1 = ! se$s 7 already !re4 ,( c\rse1 we _c isolate ! int]nal =ces work+ 9 ?is direction1 s9ce !y 7 subject to ! law ( spiritual gravitation4 ,! p[]ful curr5ts ( ?\ght dis*>g$ ?r\gh ! ,mohamm$an _w by ! great non-,islamic sy/ems above m5tion$ gave a /imulus to v>i\s t5d5cies )9 ,islam :i* affect$ ,sfism ei!r positively or negatively4 ,z we h se51 its olde/ type is an ascetic revolt aga9/ luxury & worldl9ess2 lat] on1 ! prevail+ rationalism & scepticism provok$ c\nt]-movem5ts t[>ds intuitive k & emotional fai?1 & also an or?odox reaction :i* 9 its turn drove _m e>ne/ ,moslems into ! ranks ( ! my/ics4 ,h[1 x may be ask$1 c\ld a religion f\nd$ on ! simple & au/]e mono!ism ( ,mohamm$ tol]ate ^! new doctr9es1 mu* less make t]ms ) !m8 ,x w\ld seem impossible to reconcile ! transc5d5t p]sonality ( ,allah ) an imman5t ,reality :i* is ! v life & s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,yet ,islam has accept$ ,sfism4 ,! ,sfs1 in/ead ( be+ excommunicat$1 are securely e/abli%$ 9 ! ,mohamm$an *ur*1 & ! ,leg5d ( ! ,moslem ,sa9ts records ! wilde/ excesses ( ,ori5tal pan!ism4 ,let u return = a mom5t to ! ,koran1 t infallible t\*/one by :i* e ,mohamm$an !ory & practice mu/ be prov$4 ,are any g]ms ( my/icism to be f\nd !re8 ,! ,koran1 z ,i h said1 />ts ) ! notion ( ,allah1 ! ,"o1 ,et]nal1 & ,almighty ,god1 f> above human feel+s & aspirations--! ,"l ( ,8 slaves1 n ! ,fa!r ( ,8 *ildr52 a judge met+ out /]n ju/ice to s9n]s1 & ext5d+ ,8 m]cy only to ^? :o av]t ,8 wra? by rep5tance1 humility1 & unceas+ works ( devotion2 a ,god ( fe> r ?an ( love4 ,?is is "o side1 & c]ta9ly ! mo/ prom95t side1 ( ,mohamm$'s tea*+2 b :ile he set an impassable gulf betwe5 ! _w & ,allah1 8 deep] in/9ct crav$ a direct revelation f ,god to ! s\l4 ,!re are no contradictions 9 ! logic ( feel+4 ,mohamm$1 :o _h 9 him some?+ ( ! my/ic1 felt ,god bo? z f> & ne>1 bo? z transc5d5t & imman5t4 ,9 ! latt] aspect1 ,allah is ! light ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 a ,be+ :o works 9 ! _w & 9 ! s\l ( man4 8,if ,my s]vants ask !e ab\t ,me1 lo1 ,i am ne>0 7,kor4 #b4 #ahb72 8,we 7,god7 are ne>] to him ?an 8 own neck-ve90 7#ej4 #ae72 8,& 9 ! e>? are signs to ^? ( real fai?1 & 9 y\rselves4 ,:at6 d ye n see80 7#ea4 #bj-ba74 ,x 0 a long "t ere !y saw4 ,! ,moslem consci\sness1 haunt$ by t]rible visions ( ! wra? to come1 sl[ly & pa9fully awoke to ! significance ( ^? lib]at+ ideas4 ,! v]ses :i* ,i h quot$ d n /& alone1 & h[ev] unfav\rable to my/icism ! ,koran z a :ole may be1 ,i _c ass5t to ! view t x supplies no basis = a my/ical int]pretation ( ,islam4 ,?is 0 work$ out 9 detail by ! ,sfs1 :o dealt ) ! ,koran 9 v mu* ! same way z ,philo treat$ ! ,p5tateu*4 ,b !y w\ld n h succe$$ s ?or\ghly 9 br++ ov] ! mass ( religi\s ,moslems to _! side1 unless ! *ampions ( or?odoxy _h set ab\t con/ruct+ a sy/em ( s*ola/ic philosophy t r$uc$ ! div9e nature to a purely =mal1 *angeless1 & absolute unity1 a b>e w devoid ( all affections & emotions1 a trem5d\s & incalculable p[] ) :i* no human creature c\ld h any communion or p]sonal int]c\rse :atsoev]4 ,t is ! ,god ( ,mohamm$an !ology4 ,t 0 ! alt]native to ,sfism4 ,!re=e1 8all ?9k+1 religi\s ,moslems are my/ics10 z ,pr(essor ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 "o ( our be/ au?orities on ! subject1 has rem>k$4 ,& he adds3 8,all1 too1 are pan!i/s1 b "s d n "k x40 ,! relation ( individual ,sfs to ,islam v>ies f m or less entire con=mity to a m]ely nom9al pr(ession ( belief 9 ,allah & ,8 ,prophet4 ,:ile ! ,koran & ! ,traditions are g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be ! unalt]able /&>d ( religi\s tru?1 ?is ackn[l$gm5t does n include ! recognition ( any ext]nal au?ority :i* %all decide :at is or?odox & :at is h]etical4 ,cre$s & cate*isms c\nt = no?+ 9 ! ,sf's e/imation4 ,:y %\ld he conc]n himself ) ^! :5 he possesses a doctr9e d]iv$ imm$iately f ,god8 ,z he reads ! ,koran ) /udi\s m$itation & rapt att5tion1 lo1 ! hidd5 mean+s--inf9ite1 inexhau/ible--( ! ,holy ,^w fla% ^u 8 inw>d eye4 ,?is is :at ! ,sfs call i/9bt1 a sort ( intuitive d$uction2 ! my/]i\s infl[ ( div9ely reveal$ k into he>ts made pure by rep5tance & fill$ ) ! ?\ght ( ,god1 & ! outfl[ ( t k ^u ! int]pret+ tongue4 ,naturally1 ! doctr9es elicit$ by means ( i/9bt d n agree v well ei!r ) ,mohamm$an !ology or ) ea* o!r1 b ! discord is easily expla9$4 ,!ologians1 :o int]pret ! lett]1 _c be expect$ to rea* ! same conclusions z my/ics1 :o int]pret ! _s2 & if bo? classes diff] among/ !mselves1 t is a m]ciful disp5sation ( div9e wisdom1 s9ce !ological controv]sy s]ves to ext+ui% religi\s error1 :ile ! v>iety ( my/ical tru? corresponds to ! manifold degrees & modes ( my/ical exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! gnosis ,i %all ent] m fully into ! attitude ( ! ,sfs t[>ds positive religion4 ,x is only a r\gh-&-ready acc\nt ( ! matt] to say t _m ( !m h be5 good ,moslems1 _m sc>cely ,moslems at all1 & a ?ird p>ty1 p]haps ! l>ge/1 ,moslems aft] a fa%ion4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,middle ,ages ,islam 0 a gr[+ organism1 & gradually became trans=m$ "u ! influ5ce ( div]se movem5ts1 ( :i* ,sfism itself 0 "o4 ,mohamm$an or?odoxy 9 its pres5t %ape owes mu* to ,ghazl1 & ,ghazl 0 a ,sf4 ,?r\gh 8 "w & example ! ,sfi/ic int]pretation ( ,islam has 9 no small measure be5 h>monis$ ) ! rival claims ( reason & tradition1 b j because ( ?is he is less valuable ?an my/ics ( a pur] type to ! /ud5t :o wi%es to "k :at ,sfism ess5tially is4 ,al?\gh ! num]\s def9itions ( ,sfism :i* occur 9 ,arabic & ,p]sian books on ! subject are hi/orically int]e/+1 _! *ief importance lies 9 %[+ t ,sfism is undef9able4 ,jalluddn ,rm 9 8 ,masnav tells a /ory ab\t an elephant :i* "s ,h9doos 7 exhibit+ 9 a d>k room4 ,_m p ga!r$ to see x1 b1 z ! place 0 too d>k to p]mit !m to see ! elephant1 !y all felt x ) _! h&s1 to ga9 an idea ( :at x 0 l4 ,"o felt its trunk1 & said t ! animal resembl$ a wat]-pipe2 ano!r felt its e>1 & said x mu/ be a l>ge fan2 ano!r its leg1 & ?\ght x mu/ be a pill>2 ano!r felt its back1 & decl>$ t ! bea/ mu/ be l an imm5se ?rone4 ,s x is ) ^? :o def9e ,sfism3 !y c only attempt to express :at !y !mselves h felt1 & !re is no conceivable =mula t w comprise e %ade ( p]sonal & intimate religi\s feel+4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ^! def9itions illu/rate ) conv5i5t brevity c]ta9 aspects & *>act]i/ics ( ,sfism1 a few specim5s may be giv54 8,sfism is ?is3 t actions %\ld be pass+ ov] ! ,sf 7i4e4 be+ done ^u him7 :i* are kn[n to ,god only1 & t he %\ld always be ) ,god 9 a way t is kn[n to ,god only40 8,sfism is :olly self-discipl9e40 8,sfism is1 to possess no?+ & to be possess$ by no?+40 8,sfism is n a sy/em compos$ ( rules or sci5ces b a moral disposition2 i4e4 if x 7 a rule1 x c\ld be made "o's own by /r5u\s ex]tion1 & if x 7 a sci5ce1 x c\ld be acquir$ by in/ruction2 b on ! contr>y x is a disposition1 accord+ to ! say+1 #8,=m y\rselves on ! moral nature ( ,god'2 & ! moral nature ( ,god _c be atta9$ ei!r by means ( rules or by means ( sci5ces40 8,sfism is fre$om & g5]osity & abs5ce ( self-con/ra9t40 8,x is ?is3 t ,god %\ld make !e die to ?yself & %\ld make !e live 9 ,him40 8,to behold ! imp]fection ( ! ph5om5al _w1 nay1 to close ! eye to ev]y?+ imp]fect 9 contemplation ( ,him :o is remote f all imp]fection--t is ,sfism40 8,sfism is control ( ! faculties & obs]vance ( ! brea?s40 8,x is ,sfism to put away :at ?\ ha/ 9 ?y head1 to give :at ?\ ha/ 9 ?y h&1 & n to recoil f :atsoev] befalls !e40 ,! read] w p]ceive t ,sfism is a ^w unit+ _m div]g5t mean+s1 & t 9 sket*+ its ma9 features "o is oblig$ to make a sort ( composite portrait1 :i* does n repres5t any p>ticul> type exclusively4 ,! ,sfs are n a sect1 !y h no dogmatic sy/em1 ! t>qas or pa?s by :i* !y seek ,god 8are 9 numb] z ! s\ls ( m50 & v>y inf9itely1 ?\gh a family lik5ess may be trac$ 9 !m all4 ,descriptions ( su* a ,protean ph5om5on mu/ diff] widely f "o ano!r1 & ! impression produc$ 9 ea* case w dep5d on ! *oice ( mat]ials & ! prom95ce giv5 to ?is or t aspect ( ! _m-sid$ :ole4 ,n[1 ! ess5ce ( ,sfism is be/ display$ 9 its extreme type1 :i* is pan!i/ic & speculative r ?an ascetic or devotional4 ,?is type1 !re=e1 ,i h purposely plac$ 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,! advantage ( limit+ ! field is obvi\s en\gh1 b entails "s loss ( proportion4 ,9 ord] to =m a fair judgm5t ( ,mohamm$an my/icism1 ! foll[+ *apt]s %\ld be supplem5t$ by a companion picture drawn especially f ^? mod]ate types :i*1 = want ( space1 ,i h unduly neglect$4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,pa? ,my/ics ( e race & cre$ h describ$ ! progress ( ! spiritual life z a j\rney or a pilgrimage4 ,o!r symbols h be5 us$ = ! same purpose1 b ?is "o appe>s to be almo/ univ]sal 9 its range4 ,! ,sf :o sets out to seek ,god calls himself a #8travell]' 7slik72 he advances by sl[ #8/ages' 7maqmt7 along a #8pa?' 7t>qat7 to ! goal ( union ) ,reality 7fan fi 'l-,haqq74 ,%\ld he v5ture to make a map ( ?is int]ior asc5t1 x w n correspond exactly ) any ( ^? made by previ\s explor]s4 ,su* maps or scales ( p]fection 7 elaborat$ by ,sf tea*]s at an e>ly p]iod1 & ! unlucky ,moslem habit ( sy/ematis+ has produc$ an enorm\s aft]crop4 ,! #8pa?' exp\nd$ by ! au?or ( ! ,kitb al-,luma1 p]haps ! olde/ compreh5sive treatise on ,sfism t we n[ possess1 consi/s ( ! foll[+ sev5 #8/ages1' ea* ( :i* 7except ! fir/ memb] ( ! s]ies7 is ! result ( ! #8/ages' imm$iately prec$+ x--7#a7 ,rep5tance1 7#b7 ab/95ce1 7#c7 r5unciation1 7#d7 pov]ty1 7#e7 pati5ce1 7#f7 tru/ 9 ,god1 7#g7 satisfaction4 ,! #8/ages' con/itute ! ascetic & e?ical discipl9e ( ! ,sf1 & mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! s-call$ #8/ates' 7ahwl1 plural ( hl71 :i* =m a simil> psy*ological *a94 ,! writ] :om ,i h j quot$ enum]ates t5 #8/ates'--,m$itation1 ne>ness to ,god1 love1 fe>1 hope1 long+1 intimacy1 tranquillity1 contemplation1 & c]ta9ty4 ,:ile ! #8/ages' c be acquir$ & ma/]$ by "o's own ef=ts1 ! #8/ates' are spiritual feel+s & dispositions ov] :i* a man has no control3 8,!y desc5d f ,god into 8 he>t1 )\t 8 be+ able to repel !m :5 !y come or to reta9 !m :5 !y g40 ,! ,sf's #8pa?' is n f9i%$ until he has trav]s$ all ! #8/ages1' mak+ himself p]fect 9 e "o ( !m be=e advanc+ to ! next1 & has also exp]i5c$ :atev] #8/ates' x pleases ,god to be/[ ^u him4 ,!n1 & only !n1 is he p]man5tly rais$ to ! high] planes ( consci\sness :i* ,sfs call #8! ,gnosis' 7marifat7 & #8! ,tru?' 7haqqat71 :]e ! #8seek]' 7tlib7 becomes ! #8kn[]' or #8gno/ic' 7rif71 & realises t k1 kn[]1 & kn[n are ,"o4 ,hav+ sket*$1 z briefly z possible1 ! ext]nal framework ( ! me?od by :i* ! ,sf approa*es 8 goal1 ,i %all n[ try to give "s acc\nt ( its inn] work+s4 ,! pres5t *apt] deals ) ! fir/ portion ( ! ?reefold j\rney--! ,pa?1 ! ,gnosis1 & ! ,tru?--by :i* ! que/ ( ,reality is (t5 symbolis$4 ,sid5ote3 ,rep5tance4 ,! fir/ place 9 e li/ ( #8/ages' is occupi$ by rep5tance 7tawbat74 ,?is is ! ,moslem t]m = #8conv]sion1' & m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a new life4 ,9 ! biographies ( em95t ,sfs ! dreams1 visions1 auditions1 & o!r exp]i5ces :i* caus$ !m to ent] on ! ,pa? are usually relat$4 ,trivial z !y may seem1 ^! records h a psy*ological basis1 &1 if au!ntic1 w\ld be wor? /udy+ 9 detail4 ,rep5tance is describ$ z ! awak5+ ( ! s\l f ! slumb] ( he$lessness1 s t ! s9n] becomes aw>e ( 8 evil ways & feels contrition = pa/ disob$i5ce4 ,he is n truly p5it5t1 h[ev]1 unless 7#a7 he at once ab&ons ! s9 or s9s ( :i* he is consci\s1 & 7#b7 firmly resolves t he w nev] return to ^! s9s 9 ! future4 ,x he %\ld fail to keep 8 v[1 he mu/ aga9 turn to ,god1 ^: m]cy is inf9ite4 ,a c]ta9 well-kn[n ,sf rep5t$ sev5ty times & fell back into s9 sev5ty times be=e he made a la/+ rep5tance4 ,! conv]t mu/ also1 z f> z lies 9 8 p[]1 satisfy all ^? :om he has injur$4 ,_m examples ( su* re/itution might be cull$ f ! ,leg5d ( ! ,moslem ,sa9ts4 ,accord+ to ! high my/ical !ory1 rep5tance is purely an act ( div9e grace1 com+ f ,god to man1 n f man to ,god4 ,"s "o said to ,rbia3 8,i h committ$ _m s9s2 if ,i turn 9 p5it5ce t[>ds ,god1 w ,he turn 9 m]cy t[>ds me80 8,nay10 %e repli$1 8b if ,he %all turn t[>ds !e1 ?\ wilt turn t[>ds ,him40 ,! "q :e!r s9s ought to be rememb]$ aft] rep5tance or =gott5 illu/rates a fundam5tal po9t 9 ,sf e?ics3 ,i mean ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is taught to novices & disciples & :at is held z an esot]ic doctr9e by adepts4 ,any ,mohamm$an director ( s\ls w\ld tell 8 pupils t to ?9k humbly & remorsefully ( "o's s9s is a sov]eign rem$y aga9/ spiritual pride1 b he himself might v well believe t real rep5tance consi/s 9 =gett+ ev]y?+ except ,god4 8,! p5it5t10 says ,hujwr1 8is a lov] ( ,god1 & ! lov] ( ,god is 9 contemplation ( ,god3 9 contemplation x is wrong to rememb] s91 = recollection ( s9 is a veil betwe5 ,god & ! contemplative40 ,s9 app]ta9s to self-exi/5ce1 :i* itself is ! greate/ ( all s9s4 ,to =get s9 is to =get self4 ,?is is only "o application ( a pr9ciple :i*1 z ,i h said1 runs ?r\gh ! :ole e?ical sy/em ( ,sfism & w be m fully expla9$ 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,its dang]s are evid5t1 b we mu/ 9 fairness all[ t ! same !ory ( conduct may n be equally suitable to ^? :o h made !mselves p]fect 9 moral discipl9e & to ^? :o are /ill /riv+ aft] p]fection4 ,ov] ! gate ( rep5tance x is writt53 8,all self ab&on ye :o ent] "h60 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,%eykh4 ,! conv]t n[ beg9s :at is call$ by ,*ri/ian my/ics ! ,purgative ,way4 ,if he foll[s ! g5]al rule1 he w take a director 7,%eykh1 ,pr1 ,mur%id71 i4e4 a holy man ( ripe exp]i5ce & pr(\nd k1 ^: lea/ ^w is absolute law to 8 disciples4 ,a #8seek]' :o attempts to trav]se ! #8,pa?' )\t assi/ance receives little sympa?y4 ,( su* a "o x is said t #88 guide is ,satan1' & he is lik5$ to a tree t = want ( ! g>d5]'s c>e br+s =? #8none or bitt] fruit4' ,speak+ ( ! ,sf ,%eykhs1 ,hujwr says3 8,:5 a novice jo9s !m1 ) ! purpose ( r5\nc+ ! _w1 !y subject him to spiritual discipl9e = ! space ( ?ree ye>s4 ,if he fulfil ! requirem5ts ( ?is discipl9e1 well & good2 o!rwise1 !y decl>e t he _c be admitt$ to ! #8,pa?4' ,! fir/ ye> is devot$ to s]vice ( ! p1 ! second ye> to s]vice ( ,god1 & ! ?ird ye> to wat*+ ov] 8 own he>t4 ,he c s]ve ! p1 only :5 he places himself 9 ! rank ( s]vants & all o!rs 9 ! rank ( ma/]s1 i4e4 he mu/ reg>d all1 )\t exception1 z be+ bett] ?an himself1 & mu/ deem x 8 duty to s]ve all alike4 ,& he c s]ve ,god1 only :5 he cuts (f all 8 selfi% int]e/s relat+ ei!r to ! pres5t or to ! future life1 & wor%ips ,god = ,god's sake alone1 inasmu* z :oev] wor%ips ,god = any ?+'s sake wor%ips himself1 n ,god4 ,& he c wat* ov] 8 he>t1 only :5 8 ?\ghts are collect$ & e c>e is dismiss$1 s t 9 communion ) ,god he gu>ds 8 he>t f ! assaults ( he$lessness4 ,:5 ^! qualifications are possess$ by ! novice1 he may we> ! muraqqaat 7! pat*$ frock worn by d]vi%es7 z a true my/ic1 n m]ely z an imitator ( o!rs40 ,%ibl 0 a pupil ( ! fam\s !osophi/ ,junayd ( ,baghdd4 ,on 8 conv]sion1 he came to ,junayd1 say+3 8,!y tell me t y possess ! pe>l ( div9e k3 ei!r give x me or sell x40 ,junayd answ]$3 8,i _c sell x1 = y h n ! price !re(2 & if ,i give x y1 y w h ga9$ x *eaply4 ,y d n "k its value4 ,ca/ y\rself headlong1 l me1 into ?is ocean1 9 ord] t y may w9 ! pe>l by wait+ pati5tly40 ,%ibl ask$ :at he mu/ d4 8,g10 said ,junayd1 8& sell sulphur40 ,at ! end ( a ye> he said to ,%ibl3 8,?is trad+ makes y well kn[n4 ,become a d]vi% & occupy y\rself solely ) begg+40 ,dur+ a :ole ye> ,%ibl w&]$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,baghdd1 begg+ ( ! pass]s-by1 b no "o he$$ him4 ,!n he return$ to ,junayd1 :o exclaim$3 8,see n[6 ,y are no?+ 9 p's eyes4 ,nev] set y\r m9d on !m or take any acc\nt ( !m at all4 ,= "s "t0 7he cont9u$7 8y 7 a *amb]la9 & act$ z gov]nor ( a prov9ce4 ,g to t c\ntry & ask p>don ( all ^? :om y h wrong$40 ,%ibl obey$ & sp5t f\r ye>s 9 go+ f door to door1 until he _h obta9$ an acquittance f e p]son except "o1 :om he fail$ to trace4 ,on 8 return1 ,junayd said to him3 8,y /ill h "s reg>d to reputation4 ,g & be a begg> = "o ye> m40 ,e day ,%ibl us$ to br+ ! alms t 7 giv5 him to ,junayd1 :o be/[$ !m on ! poor & kept ,%ibl )\t food until ! next morn+4 ,:5 a ye> _h pass$ 9 ?is way1 ,junayd accept$ him z "o ( 8 disciples on condition t he %\ld p]=m ! duties ( a s]vant to ! o!rs4 ,aft] a ye>'s s]vice1 ,junayd ask$ him3 8,:at ?9k y ( y\rself n[80 ,%ibl repli$3 8,i deem myself ! meane/ ( ,god's creatures40 8,n[10 said ! ma/]1 8y\r fai? is firm40 ,i ne$ n dwell on ! details ( ?is tra9+--! fa/s & vigils1 ! v[s ( sil5ce1 ! long days & nights ( solit>y m$itation1 all ! weapons & tactics1 9 %ort1 ( t battle aga9/ "o's self :i* ! ,prophet decl>$ to be m pa9ful & m]itori\s ?an ! ,holy ,w>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 my read]s w expect me to describe 9 a g5]al way ! *>act]i/ic !ories & practices = :i* ! #8,pa?' is a conv5i5t designation4 ,^! may be treat$ "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,pov]ty1 ,mortification1 ,tru/ 9 ,god1 & ,recollection4 ,:]eas pov]ty is negative 9 nature1 involv+ deta*m5t f all t is worldly & unreal1 ! ?ree rema9+ t]ms d5ote ! positive c\nt]p>t ( t process1 namely1 ! e?ical discipl9e by :i* ! s\l is br\ght into h>moni\s relations ) ,reality4 ,sid5ote3 ,pov]ty4 ,! fatali/ic _s :i* brood$ d>kly ov] ! *ildhood ( ,islam--! feel+ t all human actions are det]m9$ by an unse5 ,p[]1 & 9 !mselves are wor?less & va9--caus$ r5unciation to become ! wat*word ( e>ly ,moslem asceticism4 ,e true believ] is b\nd to ab/a9 f unlawful pleasures1 b ! ascetic acquires m]it by ab/a9+ f ^? :i* are lawful4 ,at fir/1 r5unciation 0 und]/ood almo/ exclusively 9 a mat]ial s5se4 ,to h z few worldly goods z possible seem$ ! sure/ means ( ga9+ salvation4 ,dwud al-,t own$ no?+ except a mat ( ru%es1 a brick :i* he us$ z a pill[1 & a lea!rn vessel :i* s]v$ him = dr9k+ & wa%+4 ,a c]ta9 man dream$ t he saw ,mlik ibn ,dnr & ,mohamm$ ibn ,wsi be+ l$ into ,p>adise1 & t ,mlik 0 admitt$ be=e 8 companion4 ,he cri$ out 9 a/oni%m5t1 = he ?\ght ,mohamm$ ibn ,wsi _h a sup]ior claim to ! hon\r4 8,yes10 came ! answ]1 8b ,mohamm$ ibn ,wsi possess$ two %irts1 & ,mlik only "o4 ,t is ! reason :y ,mlik is pref]r$40 ,! ,sf ideal ( pov]ty goes f> beyond ?is4 ,true pov]ty is n m]ely lack ( weal?1 b lack ( desire = weal?3 ! empty he>t z well z ! empty h&4 ,! #8poor man' 7faqr7 & ! #8m5dicant' 7d]v%7 are names by :i* ! ,mohamm$an my/ic is pr\d to be kn[n1 because !y imply t he is /ripp$ ( e ?\ght or wi% t w\ld div]t 8 m9d f ,god4 8,to be sev]$ entirely f bo? ! pres5t life & ! future life1 & to want no?+ besides ! ,"l ( ! pres5t life & ! future life--t is to be truly poor40 ,su* a faqr is d5ud$ ( individual exi/5ce1 s t he does n attribute to himself any action1 feel+1 or quality4 ,he may ev5 be ri*1 9 ! common mean+ ( ! ^w1 ?\gh spiritually he is ! poore/ ( ! poor2 =1 sometimes1 ,god end[s ,8 sa9ts ) an outw>d %[ ( weal? & worldl9ess 9 ord] to hide !m f ! pr(ane4 ,no "o famili> ) ! my/ical writ]s w ne$ to be in=m$ t _! t]m9ology is ambigu\s1 & t ! same ^w frequ5tly cov]s a gr\p1 if n a multitude1 ( significations div]g+ m or less widely accord+ to ! aspect f :i* x is view$4 ,h5ce ! confusion t is app>5t 9 ,sf text-books4 ,:5 #8pov]ty1' = example1 is expla9$ by "o int]pret] z a transc5d5tal !ory & by ano!r z a practical rule ( religi\s life1 ! mean+s _c co9cide4 ,reg>d$ f ! latt] /&po9t1 pov]ty is only ! beg9n+ ( ,sfism4 ,faqrs1 ,jm says1 r5\nce all worldly ?+s = ! sake ( pleas+ ,god4 ,!y are urg$ to ?is sacrifice by "o ( ?ree motives3 7a7 ,hope ( an easy reckon+ on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 or fe> ( be+ puni%$2 7b7 desire ( ,p>adise2 7c7 long+ = spiritual peace & inw>d composure4 ,?us1 inasmu* z !y are n dis9t]e/$ b seek to b5efit !mselves1 !y rank bel[ ! ,sf1 :o has no w ( 8 own & dep5ds absolutely on ! w ( ,god4 ,x is ! abs5ce ( #8self' t di/+ui%es ! ,sf f ! faqr4 ,"h are "s maxims = d]vi%es3 8,d n beg unless y are />v+4 ,! ,caliph ,om> flogg$ a man :o begg$ aft] hav+ satisfi$ 8 hung]4 ,:5 compell$ to beg1 d n accept m ?an y ne$40 8,be good-natur$ & uncompla9+ & ?ank ,god = y\r pov]ty40 8,d n flatt] ! ri* = giv+1 nor blame !m = )hold+40 8,dread ! loss ( pov]ty m ?an ! ri* man dreads ! loss ( weal?40 8,take :at is volunt>ily (f]$3 x is ! daily bread :i* ,god s5ds to y3 d n refuse ,god's gift40 8,let no ?\ght ( ! morr[ ent] y\r m9d1 else y w incur ev]la/+ p]dition40 8,d n make ,god a spr+e to cat* alms40 ,sid5ote3 ,! nafs4 ,! ,sf tea*]s gradually built up a sy/em ( asceticism & moral culture :i* is f\nd$ on ! fact t !re is 9 man an elem5t ( evil--! l[] or appetitive s\l4 ,?is evil self1 ! seat ( passion & lu/1 is call$ nafs2 x may be consid]$ broadly equival5t to #8! fle%1' & ) its allies1 ! _w & ! devil1 x con/itutes ! great ob/acle to ! atta9m5t ( union ) ,god4 ,! ,prophet said3 8,?y wor/ enemy is ?y nafs1 :i* is betwe5 ?y two sides40 ,i d n int5d to discuss ! v>i\s op9ions z to its nature1 b ! pro( ( its mat]iality is too curi\s to be omitt$4 ,mohamm$ ibn ,ulyn1 an em95t ,sf1 relates t "o day some?+ l a "y fox came =? f 8 ?roat1 & ,god caus$ him to "k t x 0 8 nafs4 ,he trod on x1 b x grew bigg] at e kick t he gave x4 ,he said3 8,o!r ?+s are de/roy$ by pa9 & bl[s3 :y do/ ?\ increase80 8,because ,i 0 creat$ p]v]se10 x repli$2 8:at is pa9 to o!r ?+s is pleasure to me1 & _! pleasure is my pa940 ,! nafs ( ,hallj 0 se5 runn+ beh9d him 9 ! %ape ( a dog2 & o!r cases are record$ 9 :i* x appe>$ z a snake or a m\se4 ,sid5ote3 ,mortification4 ,mortification ( ! nafs is ! *ief "w ( devotion1 & leads1 directly or indirectly1 to ! contemplative life4 ,all ! ,%eykhs are agre$ t no disciple :o neglects ?is duty w ev] le>n ! rudim5ts ( ,sfism4 ,! pr9ciple ( mortification is t ! nafs %\ld be wean$ f ^? ?+s to :i* x is accu/om$1 t x %\ld be enc\rag$ to resi/ its passions1 t its pride %\ld be brok51 & t x %\ld be br\ght ?r\gh suff]+ & tribulation to recognise ! vil5ess ( its orig9al nature & ! impurity ( its actions4 ,conc]n+ ! outw>d me?ods ( mortification1 su* z fa/+1 sil5ce1 & solitude1 a great deal might be writt51 b we mu/ n[ pass on to ! high] e?ical discipl9e :i* completes ! ,pa?4 ,self-mortification1 z advanc$ ,sfs und]/& x1 is a moral transmutation ( ! inn] man4 ,:5 !y say1 8,die be=e ye die10 !y d n mean to ass]t t ! l[] self c be ess5tially de/roy$1 b t x c & %\ld be purg$ ( its attributes1 :i* are :olly evil4 ,^! attributes--ignorance1 pride1 envy1 un*>itabl5ess1 etc4--are ext+ui%$1 & replac$ by ! opposite qualities1 :5 ! w is surr5d]$ to ,god & :5 ! m9d is conc5trat$ on ,him4 ,!re=e #8dy+ to self' is really #8liv+ 9 ,god4' ,! my/ical aspects ( ! doctr9e ?us /at$ w occupy a consid]able "p ( ! foll[+ *apt]s2 "h we are ma9ly int]e/$ 9 its e?ical import4 ,! ,sf :o has eradicat$ self-w is said1 9 te*nical language1 to h rea*$ ! #8/ages' ( #8acquiesc5ce' or #8satisfaction' 7rid7 & #8tru/ 9 ,god' 7tawakkul74 ,a d]vi% fell into ! ,tigris4 ,see+ t he c\ld n swim1 a man on ! bank cri$ out1 8,%all ,i tell "s "o to br+ y a%ore80 8,no10 said ! d]vi%4 8,!n d y wi% to be dr[n$80 8,no40 8,:at1 !n1 d y wi%80 ,! d]vi% repli$1 8,god's w be done6 ,:at h ,i to d ) wi%+80 ,sid5ote3 ,tru/ 9 ,god4 #8,tru/ 9 ,god1' 9 its extreme =m1 involves ! r5unciation ( e p]sonal initiative & volition2 total passivity l t ( a corpse 9 ! h&s ( ! wa%] :o prep>es x = burial2 p]fect indiff]5ce t[>ds any?+ t is ev5 remotely connect$ ) "o's self4 ,a special class ( ! anci5t ,sfs took _! "n f ?is #8tru/1' :i* !y appli$1 s f> z !y 7 able1 to matt]s ( ev]yday life4 ,= in/ance1 !y w\ld n seek food1 "w = hire1 practise any trade1 or all[ m$ic9e to be giv5 !m :5 !y 7 ill4 ,quietly !y committ$ !mselves to ,god's c>e1 nev] d\bt+ t ,he1 to :om belong ! treasures ( e>? & heav51 w\ld provide = _! wants1 & t _! allott$ portion w\ld come to !m z surely z x comes to ! birds1 :i* nei!r s[ nor reap1 & to ! fi% 9 ! sea1 & to ! *ild 9 ! womb4 ,^! pr9ciples dep5d ultimately on ! ,sfi/ic !ory ( ! div9e unity1 z is %[n by ,%aqq ( ,balkh 9 ! foll[+ passage3 8,!re are ?ree ?+s :i* a man is b\nd to practise4 ,:osoev] neglects any "o ( !m mu/ ne$s neglect !m all1 & :osoev] cleaves to any "o ( !m mu/ ne$s cleave to !m all4 ,/rive1 !re=e1 to und]/&1 & consid] he$fully4 8,! fir/ is ?is1 t ) y\r m9d & y\r tongue & y\r actions y decl>e ,god to be ,"o2 & t1 hav+ decl>$ ,him to be ,"o1 & hav+ decl>$ t none b5efits y or h>ms y except ,him1 y devote all y\r actions to ,him alone4 ,if y act a s+le jot ( y\r actions = ! sake ( ano!r1 y\r ?\ght & spee* are corrupt1 s9ce y\r motive 9 act+ = ano!r's sake mu/ be hope or fe>2 & :5 y act f hope or fe> ( o!r ?an ,god1 :o is ! "l & su/a9] ( all ?+s1 y h tak5 to y\rself ano!r god to hon\r & v5]ate4 8,secondly1 t :ile y speak & act 9 ! s9c]e belief t !re is no ,god except ,him1 y %\ld tru/ ,him m ?an ! _w or money or uncle or fa!r or "m or any "o on ! face ( ! e>?4 8,?irdly1 :5 y h e/abli%$ ^! two ?+s1 namely1 s9c]e belief 9 ! unity ( ,god & tru/ 9 ,him1 x behoves y to be satisfi$ ) ,him & n to be angry on acc\nt ( any?+ t vexes y4 ,bew>e ( ang]6 ,let y\r he>t be ) ,him always1 let x n be )drawn f ,him = a s+le mom5t40 ,! #8tru/+' ,sf has no ?\ght beyond ! pres5t h\r4 ,on "o occasion ,%aqq ask$ ^? :o sat li/5+ to 8 disc\rse3 8,if ,god causes y to die to-day1 ?9k ye t ,he w dem& f y ! pray]s ( to-morr[80 ,!y answ]$3 8,no2 h[ %\ld ,he dem& f u ! pray]s ( a day on :i* we are n alive80 ,%aqq said3 8,ev5 z ,he w n dem& f y ! pray]s ( to-morr[1 s d ye n seek f ,him ! prov5d] ( to-morr[4 ,x may be t ye w n live s long40 ,9 view ( ! practical consequ5ces ( attempt+ to live #8on tru/1' x is n surpris+ to read ! advice giv5 to ^? :o w\ld p]fectly fulfil ! doctr9e3 8,let !m dig a grave & bury !mselves40 ,lat] ,sfs hold t active ex]tion = ! purpose ( obta9+ ! means ( subsi/5ce is q compatible ) #8tru/1' accord+ to ! say+ ( ! ,prophet1 8,tru/ 9 ,god & tie ! camel's leg40 ,!y def9e tawakkul z an habitual /ate ( m9d1 :i* is impair$ only by self-pleas+ ?\ghts2 e4g4 x 0 acc\nt$ a brea* ( #8tru/' to ?9k ,p>adise a m desirable place ?an ,hell4 ,:at type ( "* is su* a !ory likely to produce8 ,at ! wor/1 a useless drone & hypocrite prey+ ^u 8 fell[-creatures2 at ! be/1 a h>mless d]vi% :o rema9s unmov$ 9 ! mid/ ( sorr[1 meets praise & blame ) equal indiff]5ce1 & accepts insults1 bl[s1 torture1 & dea? z m]e incid5ts 9 ! et]nal drama ( de/9y4 ,?is cold morality1 h[ev]1 is n ! highe/ ( :i* ,sfism is capable4 ,! highe/ morality spr+s f no?+ b love1 :5 self-surr5d] becomes self-devotion4 ,( t ,i %all h some?+ to say 9 due "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,recollection4 ,among ! positive elem5ts 9 ! ,sf discipl9e !re is "o t ,moslem my/ics unanim\sly reg>d z ! key/one ( practical religion4 ,i ref] to ! dhikr1 an ex]cise well kn[n to ,we/]n read]s f ! c>eful description giv5 by ,edw>d ,lane 9 8 ,mod]n ,egyptians1 & by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,aspects ( ,islam4 ,! t]m dhikr--#8recollection' seems to me ! mo/ appropriate equival5t 9 ,engli%--signifies #8m5tion+1' #8rememb]+1' or simply #8?9k+ ('2 9 ! ,koran ! ,fai?ful are comm&$ to 8rememb] ,god (t510 a pla9 act ( wor%ip )\t any my/ical sav\r4 ,b ! ,sfs made a practice ( repeat+ ! "n ( ,god or "s religi\s =mula1 e4g4 8,glory to ,allah0 7subhn ,allah71 8,!re is no god b ,allah0 7l ilha illa 'llah71 accompany+ ! me*anical intonation ) an int5se conc5tration ( e faculty ^u ! s+le ^w or phrase2 & !y atta* great] value to ?is irregul> litany1 :i* enables !m to enjoy un9t]rupt$ communion ) ,god1 ?an to ! five s]vices ( pray] p]=m$1 at fix$ h\rs ( ! day & night1 by all ,moslems4 ,recollection may be ei!r spok5 or sil5t1 b x is be/1 accord+ to ! usual op9ion1 t tongue & m9d %\ld co-op]ate4 ,sahl ibn ,abdallah bade "o ( 8 disciples endeav\r to say 8,allah6 ,allah60 ! :ole day )\t int]mission4 ,:5 he _h acquir$ ! habit ( do+ s1 ,sahl in/ruct$ him to repeat ! same words dur+ ! night1 until !y came =? f 8 lips ev5 :ile he 0 asleep4 8,n[10 said he1 8be sil5t & occupy y\rself ) recollect+ !m40 ,at la/ ! disciple's :ole be+ 0 absorb$ by ! ?\ght ( ,allah4 ,"o day a log fell on 8 head1 & ! words 8,allah1 ,allah0 7 se5 writt5 9 ! blood t trickl$ f ! w\nd4 ,ghazl describes ! me?od & effects ( dhikr 9 a passage :i* ,macdonald has summ>is$ z foll[s3 8,let him r$uce 8 he>t to a /ate 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( any?+ & its non-exi/5ce are ! same to him4 ,!n let him sit alone 9 "s corn]1 limit+ 8 religi\s duties to :at is absolutely necess>y1 & n occupy+ himself ei!r ) recit+ ! ,koran or consid]+ its mean+ or ) books ( religi\s traditions or ) any?+ ( ! sort4 ,& let him see to x t no?+ save ,god mo/ ,high ent]s 8 m9d4 ,!n1 z he sits 9 solitude1 let him n cease say+ cont9u\sly ) 8 tongue1 #8,allah1 ,allah1' keep+ 8 ?\ght on x4 ,at la/ he w rea* a /ate :5 ! motion ( 8 tongue w cease1 & x w seem z ?\gh ! ^w fl[$ f x4 ,let him p]sev]e 9 ?is until all trace ( motion is remov$ f 8 tongue1 & he f9ds 8 he>t p]sev]+ 9 ! ?\ght4 ,let him /ill p]sev]e until ! =m ( ! ^w1 its lett]s & %ape1 is remov$ f 8 he>t1 & !re rema9s ! idea alone1 z ?\gh cl++ to 8 he>t1 insep>able f x4 ,s f>1 all is dep5d5t on 8 w & *oice2 b to br+ ! m]cy ( ,god does n /& 9 8 w or *oice4 ,he has n[ laid himself b>e to ! brea?+s ( t m]cy1 & no?+ rema9s b to await :at ,god w op5 to him1 z ,god has done aft] ?is mann] to prophets & sa9ts4 ,if he foll[s ! above c\rse1 he may be sure t ! light ( ! ,real w %9e out 9 8 he>t4 ,at fir/ un/able1 l a fla% ( lightn+1 x turns & returns2 ?\gh sometimes x hangs back4 ,& if x returns1 sometimes x abides & sometimes x is mom5t>y4 ,& if x abides1 sometimes its abid+ is long1 & sometimes %ort40 ,ano!r ,sf puts ! gi/ ( ! matt] 9 a s5t5ce1 ?us3 8,! fir/ /age ( dhikr is to =get self1 & ! la/ /age is ! effacem5t ( ! wor%ipp] 9 ! act ( wor%ip1 )\t consci\sness ( wor%ip1 & su* absorption 9 ! object ( wor%ip z precludes return to ! subject !re(40 ,recollection c be aid$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,:5 ,%ibl 0 a novice1 he w5t daily into a cell>1 tak+ ) him a bundle ( /icks4 ,if 8 att5tion flagg$1 he w\ld beat himself until ! /icks broke1 & sometimes ! :ole bundle w\ld be f9i%$ be=e ev5+2 !n he w\ld da% 8 h&s & feet aga9/ ! wall4 ,! ,indian practice ( inhal+ & exhal+ ! brea? 0 kn[n to ! ,sfs ( ! n9? c5tury & 0 mu* us$ aft]w>ds4 ,among ! ,d]vi% ,ord]s music1 s++1 & danc+ are fav\rite means ( induc+ ! /ate ( trance call$ #8pass+-away' 7fan71 :i*1 z appe>s f ! def9ition quot$ above1 is ! climax & raison d'tre ( ! me?od4 ,sid5ote3 ,m$itation4 ,9 #8m$itation' 7murqabat7 we recognise a =m ( self-conc5tration simil> to ! ,buddhi/ic dhyna & samdhi4 ,?is is :at ! ,prophet meant :5 he said1 8,wor%ip ,god z ?\gh ?\ sawe/ ,him1 = if ?\ see/ ,him n1 yet ,he sees !e40 ,any "o :o feels sure t ,god is always wat*+ ov] him w devote himself to m$itat+ on ,god1 & no evil ?\ghts or diabolic sugge/ions w f9d _! way into 8 he>t4 ,nr us$ to m$itate s int5tly t n a hair on 8 body /irr$4 ,he decl>$ t he _h le>n$ ?is habit f a cat :i* 0 obs]v+ a m\se-hole1 & t %e 0 f> m quiet ?an he4 ,ab ,sad ibn ,abi 'l-,khayr kept 8 eyes fix$ on 8 navel4 ,x is said t ! ,devil is smitt5 ) epilepsy :5 he approa*es a man ?us occupi$1 j z happ5s to o!r m5 :5 ! ,devil takes possession ( !m4 ,?is *apt] w h s]v$ its purpose if x has br\ght be=e my read]s a cle> view ( ! ma9 l9es on :i* ! prep>atory tra9+ ( ! ,sf is conduct$4 ,we mu/ n[ imag9e him to h be5 inve/$ by 8 ,%eykh ) ! pat*$ frock 7muraqqaat or khirqat71 :i* is an outw>d sign t he has successfully em]g$ f ! discipl9e ( ! #8,pa?1' & is n[ advanc+ ) unc]ta9 /eps t[>ds ! ,light1 z :5 toil-worn travell]s1 hav+ ga9$ ! summit ( a deep gorge1 sudd5ly cat* glimpses ( ! sun & cov] _! eyes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,illum9ation ,,& ,,ec/asy ,god1 :o is describ$ 9 ! ,koran z 8! ,light ( ! heav5s & ! e>?10 _c be se5 by ! bodily eye4 ,he is visible only to ! inw>d sight ( ! #8he>t4' ,9 ! next *apt] we %all return to ?is spiritual organ1 b ,i am n go+ to ent] into ! intricacies ( ,sf psy*ology any fur!r ?an is necess>y4 ,! #8vision ( ! he>t' 7ruyat al-qalb7 is def9$ z 8! he>t's behold+ by ! light ( c]ta9ty t :i* is hidd5 9 ! unse5 _w40 ,?is is :at ,al meant :5 he 0 ask$1 8,d y see ,god80 & repli$3 8,h[ %\ld we wor%ip ,"o :om we d n see80 ,! light ( intuitive c]ta9ty 7yaqn7 by :i* ! he>t sees ,god is a beam ( ,god's own light ca/ !re9 by ,himself2 else no vision ( ,him 7 possible4 8',tis ! sun's self t lets ! sun be se540 ,accord+ to a my/ical int]pretation ( ! fam\s passage 9 ! ,koran :]e ! light ( ,allah is comp>$ to a c&le burn+ 9 a lant]n ( transp>5t glass1 :i* is plac$ 9 a ni*e 9 ! wall1 ! ni*e is ! true believ]'s he>t2 !re=e 8 spee* is light & 8 works are light & he moves 9 light4 8,he :o disc\rses ( et]nity10 said ,byazd1 8mu/ h )9 him ! lamp ( et]nity40 ,! light :i* gleams 9 ! he>t ( ! illum9at$ my/ic end[s him ) a sup]natural p[] ( disc]nm5t 7firsat74 ,al?\gh ! ,sfs1 l all o!r ,moslems1 ackn[l$ge ,mohamm$ to be ! la/ ( ! prophets 7z1 f a diff]5t po9t ( view1 he is ! ,logos or fir/ ( creat$ be+s71 !y really claim to possess a m9or =m ( inspiration4 ,:5 ,nr 0 que/ion$ conc]n+ ! orig9 ( my/ical firsat1 he answ]$ by quot+ ! ,koranic v]se 9 :i* ,god says t ,he brea!d ,8 _s into ,adam2 b ! m or?odox ,sfs1 :o /r5u\sly combat ! doctr9e t ! human _s is uncreat$ & et]nal1 affirm t firsat is ! result ( k & insight1 metaphorically call$ #8light' or #8inspiration1' :i* ,god creates & be/[s ^u ,8 fav\rites4 ,! ,tradition1 8,bew>e ( ! disc]nm5t ( ! true believ]1 = he sees by ! light ( ,allah10 is exemplifi$ 9 su* anecdotes z ^!3 ,ab ,abdallah al-,rz said3 8,ibn al-,anbr pres5t$ me ) a wooll5 frock1 & see+ on ! head ( ,%ibl a bonnet t w\ld j mat* x1 ,i conceiv$ ! wi% t !y 7 bo? m9e4 ,:5 ,%ibl rose to dep>t1 he look$ at me1 z he 0 9 ! habit ( do+ :5 he desir$ me to foll[ him4 ,s ,i foll[$ him to 8 h\se1 & :5 we _h gone 91 he bade me put (f ! frock & took x f me & fold$ x & ?rew 8 bonnet on ! top4 ,!n he call$ = a fire & burnt bo? frock & bonnet40 ,s> al-,saqat frequ5tly urg$ ,junayd to speak 9 public1 b ,junayd 0 unwill+ to cons5t1 = he d\bt$ :e!r he 0 wor?y ( su* an hon\r4 ,"o ,friday night he dream$ t ! ,prophet appe>$ & comm&$ him to speak to ! p4 ,he awoke & w5t to ,s>'s h\se be=e daybreak1 & knock$ at ! door4 ,s> op5$ ! door & said3 8,y w\ld n believe me until ! ,prophet came & told y40 ,sahl ibn ,abdallah 0 sitt+ 9 ! congregational mosque :5 a pigeon1 ov]come by ! int5se heat1 dropp$ on ! floor4 ,sahl exclaim$3 8,please ,god1 ,%h al-,kirmn has j di$40 ,!y wrote x d[n1 & x 0 f\nd to be true4 ,:5 ! he>t is purg$ ( s9 & evil ?\ghts1 ! light ( c]ta9ty /rikes ^u x & makes x a %9+ mirror1 s t ! ,devil _c approa* x )\t be+ obs]v$4 ,h5ce ! say+ ( "s gno/ic3 8,if ,i disobey my he>t1 ,i disobey ,god40 ,x 0 a man ?us illum9at$ to :om ! ,prophet said3 8,consult ?y he>t1 & ?\ wilt he> ! secret ord9ance ( ,god proclaim$ by ! he>t's inw>d k1 :i* is real fai? & div9ity0--some?+ mu* bett] ?an ! le>n+ ( div9es4 ,i ne$ n anticipate "h ! "q1 :i* w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 h[ f> ! claims ( an infallible consci5ce are reconcilable ) ext]nal religion & morality4 ,! ,prophet1 too1 pray$ t ,god w\ld put a light into 8 e> & into 8 eye2 & aft] m5tion+ ! diff]5t memb]s ( 8 body1 he conclud$1 8& make ! :ole ( me "o light40#f ,f illum9ation ( gradually increas+ spl5d\r1 ! my/ic rises to contemplation ( ! div9e attributes1 & ultimately1 :5 8 consci\sness is :olly melt$ away1 he becomes transub/antiat$ 7taja:>a7 9 ! radiance ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,?is is ! #8/ation' ( well-do+ 7ihsn7--= 8,god is ) ! well-do]s0 7,kor4 #bi4 #fi71 & we h ,prophetic au?ority = ! /atem5t t 8well-do+ consi/s 9 wor%ipp+ ,god z ?\gh ?\ w]t see+ ,him40 #f ,! read] %\ld be rem9d$ t mo/1 if n all1 my/ical ,traditions ascrib$ to ,mohamm$ 7 =g$ & fa!r$ ^u him by ! ,sfs1 :o repres5t !mselves z ! true int]pret]s ( 8 esot]ic tea*+4 ,i w n wa/e ! "t & abuse ! pati5ce ( my read]s by endeav\r+ to classify & describe ^! v>i\s grades ( illum9ation1 :i* may be depict$ symbolically b _c be expla9$ 9 sci5tific language4 ,we mu/ all[ ! my/ics to speak = !mselves4 ,grant$ t _! tea*+ is (t5 h>d to und]/&1 x conveys m ( ! tru? ?an we c ev] hope to obta9 f analysis & dissection4 ,"h are two passages f ! olde/ ,p]sian treatise on ,sfism1 ! ,ka%f al-,mahjb ( ,hujwr3 8,x is relat$ t ,s> al-,saqat said1 #8,o ,god1 :atev] puni%m5t ?\ may/ inflict ^u me1 d n puni% me ) ! humiliation ( be+ veil$ f ,!e1' because1 if ,i am n veil$ f ,!e1 my torm5t & affliction w be light5$ by ! recollection & contemplation ( ,!e2 b if ,i am veil$ f ,!e1 ev5 ,?y b\nty w be deadly to me4 ,!re is no puni%m5t 9 ,hell m pa9ful & h>d to be> ?an t ( be+ veil$4 ,if ,god 7 reveal$ 9 ,hell to ! p ( ,hell1 s9ful believ]s w\ld nev] ?9k ( ,p>adise1 s9ce ! sight ( ,god w\ld s fill !m ) joy t !y w\ld n feel bodily pa94 ,& 9 ,p>adise !re is no pleasure m p]fect ?an unveil$ness4 ,if ! p !re enjoy$ all ! pleasures ( t place & o!r pleasures a hundr$fold1 b 7 veil$ f ,god1 _! he>ts w\ld be utt]ly brok54 ,!re=e x is ! way ( ,god to let ! he>ts ( ^? :o love ,him h vision ( ,him always1 9 ord] t ! delight !re( may enable !m to endure e tribulation2 & !y say 9 _! visions1 #8,we deem all torm5ts m desirable ?an to be veil$ f ,!e4 ,:5 ,?y beauty is reveal$ to our he>ts1 we take no ?\ght ( affliction4'0 8,!re are really two k9ds ( contemplation4 ,! =m] is ! result ( p]fect fai?1 ! latt] ( raptur\s love1 = 9 ! rapture ( love a man atta9s to su* a degree t 8 :ole be+ is absorb$ 9 ! ?\ght ( 8 ,belov$ & he sees no?+ else4 ,muhammad ibn ,wsi said3 #8,i nev] saw any?+ )\t see+ ,god !re91' i4e4 ?r\gh p]fect fai?4 ,%ibl said3 #8,i nev] saw any?+ except ,god1' i4e4 9 ! rapture ( love & ! f]v\r ( contemplation4 ,"o my/ic sees ! act ) 8 bodily eye1 &1 z he looks1 beholds ! ,ag5t ) 8 spiritual eye2 ano!r is rapt by love ( ! ,ag5t f all ?+s else1 s t he sees only ! ,ag5t4 ,! "o me?od is demon/rative1 ! o!r is ec/atic4 ,9 ! =m] case1 a manife/ pro( is d]iv$ f ! evid5ces ( ,god2 9 ! latt] case1 ! se] is enraptur$ & transport$ by desire3 evid5ces are a veil to him1 because he :o kn[s a ?+ does n c>e = aught besides1 & he :o loves a ?+ does n reg>d aught besides1 b r5\nces cont5tion ) ,god & int]f]5ce ) ,him 9 ,8 decrees & acts4 ,:5 ! lov] turns 8 eye away f creat$ ?+s1 he w inevitably see ! ,creator ) 8 he>t4 ,god ha? said1 #8,tell ! believ]s to close _! eyes' 7,kor4 #bd4 #cj71 i4e4 to close _! bodily eyes to lu/s & _! spiritual eyes to creat$ ?+s4 ,he :o is mo/ s9c]e 9 self-mortification is mo/ firmly gr\nd$ 9 contemplation4 ,sahl ibn ,abdallah ( ,tu/> said3 #8,if any "o %uts 8 eye to ,god = a s+le mom5t1 he w nev] be rightly guid$ all 8 life long1' because to reg>d o!r ?an ,god is to be h&$ ov] to o!r ?an ,god1 & "o :o is left at ! m]cy ( o!r ?an ,god is lo/4 ,!re=e ! life ( contemplatives is ! "t dur+ :i* !y enjoy contemplation2 "t sp5t 9 ocul> vision !y d n reckon z life1 = t to !m is really dea?4 ,?us1 :5 ,byazd 0 ask$ h[ old he 01 he repli$1 #8,f\r ye>s4' ,!y said to him1 #8,h[ c t be8' ,he answ]$1 #8,i h be5 veil$ f ,god by ?is _w = sev5ty ye>s1 b ,i h se5 ,him dur+ ! la/ f\r ye>s3 ! p]iod 9 :i* "o is veil$ does n belong to "o's life4'0 ,i take ! foll[+ quotation f ! ,mawqif ( ,niff>1 an au?or ) :om we %all become bett] acqua9t$ z we proce$3 8,god said to me1 #8,! lea/ ( ! sci5ces ( ne>ness is t y %\ld see 9 ev]y?+ ! effects ( behold+ ,me1 & t ?is vision %\ld prevail ov] y m ?an y\r gnosis ( ,me4'0 ,explanation by ! comm5tator3 8,he means t ! lea/ ( ! sci5ces ( ne>ness 7proximity to ,god7 is t :5 y look at any?+1 s5sibly or intellectually or o!rwise1 y %\ld be consci\s ( behold+ ,god ) a vision cle>] ?an y\r vision ( t ?+4 ,!re are div]se degrees 9 ?is matt]4 ,"s my/ics say t !y nev] see any?+ )\t see+ ,god be=e x4 ,o!rs say1 #8)\t see+ ,god aft] x1' or #8) x'2 or !y say t !y see no?+ b ,god4 ,a c]ta9 ,sf said1 #8,i made ! pilgrimage & saw ! ,kaba1 b n ! ,"l ( ! ,kaba4' ,?is is ! p]ception ( "o :o is veil$4 ,!n he said1 #8,i made ! pilgrimage aga91 & ,i saw bo? ! ,kaba & ! ,"l ( ! ,kaba4' ,?is is contemplation ( ! ,self-subsi/5ce ?r\gh :i* ev]y?+ subsi/s1 i4e4 he saw ! ,kaba subsi/+ ?r\gh ! ,"l ( ! ,kaba4 ,!n he said1 #8,i made ! pilgrimage a ?ird "t1 & ,i saw ! ,"l ( ! ,kaba1 b n ! ,kaba4' ,?is is ! #8/ation' ( waqfat 7pass+-away 9 ! ess5ce74 ,9 ! pres5t case ! au?or is ref]r+ to contemplation ( ! ,self-subsi/5ce40 ,s mu* conc]n+ ! !ory ( illum9ation4 ,b1 z ,mephi/opheles says1 8grau i/ alle ,!orie02 & ?\gh to mo/ ( u ! liv+ exp]i5ce is d5i$1 we c he> its l\de/ e*oes & feel its w>me/ aft]gl[ 9 ! poetry :i* x has creat$4 ,let me translate "p ( a ,p]sian ode by ! d]vi%-poet1 ,bb ,kh ( ,%rz1 :o di$ 9 #ajej ,a4,d4 8,9 ! m>ket1 9 ! cloi/]--only ,god ,i saw4 ,9 ! valley & on ! m\nta9--only ,god ,i saw4 ,him ,i h se5 beside me (t 9 tribulation2 ,9 fav\r & 9 =tune--only ,god ,i saw4 ,9 pray] & fa/+1 9 praise & contemplation1 ,9 ! religion ( ! ,prophet--only ,god ,i saw4 ,nei!r s\l nor body1 accid5t nor sub/ance1 ,qualities nor causes--only ,god ,i saw4 ,i op$ m9e eyes & by ! light ( ,8 face ar\nd me ,9 all ! eye discov]$--only ,god ,i saw4 ,l a c&le ,i 0 melt+ 9 ,8 fire3 ,amid/ ! flames outfla%+--only ,god ,i saw4 ,myself ) m9e own eyes ,i saw mo/ cle>ly1 ,b :5 ,i look$ ) ,god's eyes--only ,god ,i saw4 ,i pass$ away into no?+ness1 ,i vani%$1 ,& lo1 ,i 0 ! ,all-liv+--only ,god ,i saw40 ,! :ole ( ,sfism re/s on ! belief t :5 ! individual self is lo/1 ! ,univ]sal ,self is f\nd1 or1 9 religi\s language1 t ec/asy af=ds ! only means by :i* ! s\l c directly communicate & become unit$ ) ,god4 ,asceticism1 purification1 love1 gnosis1 sa9t%ip--all ! lead+ ideas ( ,sfism--are develop$ f ?is c>d9al pr9ciple4 ,among ! metaphorical t]ms commonly employ$ by ! ,sfs z1 m or less1 equival5t to #8ec/asy' are fan 7pass+-away71 wajd 7feel+71 sam 7he>+71 dhawq 7ta/e71 %irb 7dr9k+71 ghaybat 7abs5ce f self71 jadhbat 7attraction71 sukr 7intoxication71 & hl 7emotion74 ,x w\ld be t$i\s & n1 ,i ?9k1 specially in/ructive to exam9e 9 detail ! def9itions ( ^? t]ms & ( _m o!rs ak9 to !m :i* occur 9 ,sf text-books4 ,we are n br\ght appreciably ne>] to und]/&+ ! nature ( ec/asy :5 x is describ$ z 8a div9e my/]y :i* ,god communicates to true believ]s :o behold ,him ) ! eye ( c]ta9ty10 or z 8a flame :i* moves 9 ! gr\nd ( ! s\l & is produc$ by love-desire40 ,! ,mohamm$an !ory ( ec/asy1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be discuss$ )\t ref]5ce to two ( ! above-m5tion$ te*nical expressions1 namely1 fan & sam4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ 9 ! ,introduction 7pp4 #ag-ai71 ! t]m fan includes diff]5t /ages1 aspects1 & mean+s4 ,^! may be summ>is$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,a moral trans=mation ( ! s\l ?r\gh ! ext9ction ( all its passions & desires4 #b4 ,a m5tal ab/raction or pass+-away ( ! m9d f all objects ( p]ception1 ?\ghts1 actions1 & feel+s ?r\gh its conc5tration ^u ! ?\ght ( ,god4 ,"h ! ?\ght ( ,god signifies contemplation ( ! div9e attributes4 #c4 ,! cessation ( all consci\s ?\ght4 ,! highe/ /age ( fan is rea*$ :5 ev5 ! consci\sness ( hav+ atta9$ fan disappe>s4 ,?is is :at ! ,sfs call #8! pass+-away ( pass+-away' 7fan al-fan74 ,! my/ic is n[ rapt 9 contemplation ( ! div9e ess5ce4 ,! f9al /age ( fan1 ! complete pass+-away f self1 =ms ! prelude to baq1 #8cont9uance' or #8abid+' 9 ,god1 & w be treat$ ) great] fullness 9 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! fir/ /age closely resembles ! ,buddhi/ic ,nirva4 ,x is a #8pass+-away' ( evil qualities & /ates ( m9d1 :i* involves ! simultane\s #8cont9uance' ( good qualities & /ates ( m9d4 ,?is is necess>ily an ec/atic process1 inasmu* z all ! attributes ( #8self' are evil 9 relation to ,god4 ,no "o c make himself p]fectly moral1 i4e4 p]fectly #8selfless4' ,?is mu/ be done = him1 ?r\gh #8a fla% ( ! div9e beauty' 9 8 he>t4 ,:ile ! fir/ /age ref]s to ! moral #8self1' ! second ref]s to ! p]cipi5t & intellectual #8self4' ,us+ ! classification g5]ally adopt$ by ,*ri/ian my/ics1 we may reg>d ! =m] z ! consummation ( ! ,purgative ,life1 & ! latt] z ! goal ( ! ,illum9ative ,life4 ,! ?ird & la/ /age con/itutes ! highe/ level ( ! ,contemplative ,life4 ,(t51 ?\gh n inv>iably1 fan is accompani$ by loss ( s5sation4 ,s> al-,saqat1 a fam\s ,sf ( ! ?ird c5tury1 express$ ! op9ion t if a man 9 ?is /ate 7 /ruck on ! face ) a sword1 he w\ld n feel ! bl[4 ,abu 'l-,khayr al-,aqta _h a gangr5e 9 8 foot4 ,! physicians decl>$ t 8 foot mu/ be amputat$1 b he w\ld n all[ ?is to be done4 ,8 disciples said1 8,cut x (f :ile he is pray+1 = he is !n unconsci\s40 ,! physicians act$ on _! advice1 & :5 ,abu 'l-,khayr f9i%$ 8 pray]s he f\nd t ! amputation _h tak5 place4 ,x is difficult to see h[ any "o f> advanc$ 9 fan c\ld be capable ( keep+ ! religi\s law--a po9t on :i* ! or?odox my/ics lay great emphasis4 ,"h ! doctr9e ( sa9t%ip comes 94 ,god takes c>e to pres]ve ,8 elect f disob$i5ce to ,8 comm&s4 ,we are told t ,byazd1 ,%ibl1 & o!r sa9ts 7 cont9ually 9 a /ate ( rapture until ! h\r ( pray] arriv$2 !n !y return$ to consci\sness1 & aft] p]=m+ _! pray]s became enraptur$ aga94 ,9 !ory1 ! ec/atic trance is involunt>y1 al?\gh c]ta9 conditions are recognis$ z be+ specially fav\rable to its occurr5ce4 8,x comes to a man ?r\gh vision ( ! maje/y ( ,god & ?r\gh revelation ( ! div9e omnipot5ce to 8 he>t40 ,su*1 = in/ance1 0 ! case ( ,ab ,hamza1 :o1 :ile walk+ 9 ! /reets ( ,baghdd & m$itat+ on ! ne>ness ( ,god1 sudd5ly fell into an ec/asy & w5t on 8 way1 nei!r see+ nor he>+1 until he recov]$ 8 s5ses & f\nd himself 9 ! des]t4 ,trances ( ?is k9d sometimes la/$ _m weeks4 ,x is record$ ( ,sahl ibn ,abdallah t he us$ to rema9 9 ec/asy tw5ty-five days at a "t1 eat+ no food2 yet he w\ld answ] que/ions put to him by ! doctors ( !ology1 & ev5 9 w9t] 8 %irt w\ld be damp ) sweat4 ,b ! ,sfs soon discov]$ t ec/asy might be induc$ artificially1 n only by conc5tration ( ?\ght1 recollection 7dhikr71 & o!r innoc5t me?ods ( autohypnosis1 b also by music1 s++1 & danc+4 ,^! are includ$ 9 ! t]m sam1 :i* prop]ly means no?+ m ?an audition4 ,t ,moslems are extraord9>ily susceptible to ! sweet influ5ces ( s\nd w n be d\bt$ by any "o :o rememb]s h[1 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1 h]oes & h]o9es alike swoon ^u ! slighte/ provocation af=d$ by a s++-girl t\*+ h] lute & trill+ a few l9es ( passionate v]se4 ,! fiction is true to life4 ,:5 ,sf writ]s discuss ! analog\s ph5om5a ( ec/asy1 !y commonly d s 9 a *apt] entitl$ #8,conc]n+ ! ,sam4' ,"u ?is head+ ,hujwr1 9 ! f9al *apt] ( 8 ,ka%f al-,mahjb1 gives u an excell5t summ>y ( 8 own & o!r ,mohamm$an !ories1 toge!r ) num]\s anecdotes ( p]sons :o 7 ?r[n into ec/asy on he>+ a v]se ( ! ,koran or a heav5ly voice 7htif7 or poetry or music4 ,_m are said to h di$ f ! emotion ?us ar\s$4 ,i may add by way ( explanation t1 accord+ to a well-kn[n my/ical belief1 ,god has inspir$ e creat$ ?+ to praise ,him 9 its own language1 s t all ! s\nds 9 ! univ]se =m1 z x 71 "o va/ *oral hymn by :i* ,he glorifies ,himself4 ,consequ5tly ^? ^: he>ts ,he has op5$ & end[$ ) spiritual p]ception he> ,8 voice ev]y:]e1 & ec/asy ov]comes !m z !y li/5 to ! rhy?mic *ant ( ! muezz91 or ! /reet cry ( ! saqq %\ld]+ 8 wat]-sk91 or1 p]*ance1 to ! noise ( w9d or ! bleat+ ( a %eep or ! pip+ ( a bird4 ,py?agoras & ,plato are responsible = ano!r !ory1 to :i* ! ,sf poets frequ5tly allude1 t music awak5s 9 ! s\l a memory ( cele/ial h>monies he>d 9 a /ate ( pre-exi/5ce1 be=e ! s\l 0 sep>at$ f ,god4 ,?us ,jalluddn ,rm3 8,! song ( ! sph]es 9 _! revolutions ,is :at m5 s+ ) lute & voice4 ,z we all are memb]s ( ,adam1 ,we h he>d ^! melodies 9 ,p>adise4 ,?\gh e>? & wat] h ca/ _! veil ^u u1 ,we reta9 fa9t rem9isc5ces ( ^! heav5ly songs2 ,b :ile we are ?us %r\d$ by gross e>?ly veils1 ,h[ c ! tones ( ! danc+ sph]es rea* u80#g #g ,e4 ,h4 ,:9field1 abridg$ translation ( ! ,masnav1 p4 #ahb4 ,! =mal practice ( sam quickly spread among/ ! ,sfs & produc$ an acute cleavage ( op9ion1 "s hold+ x to be lawful & praisewor?y1 :il/ o!rs condemn$ x z an abom9able innovation & incitem5t to vice4 ,hujwr adopts ! middle view express$ 9 a say+ ( ,dhu 'l-,nn ! ,egyptian3 8,music is a div9e influ5ce :i* /irs ! he>t to seek ,god3 ^? :o li/5 to x spiritually atta9 unto ,god1 & ^? :o li/5 to x s5sually fall into unbelief40 ,he decl>es1 9 effect1 t audition is nei!r good nor bad1 & mu/ be judg$ by its results4 8,:5 an an*orite goes into a tav]n1 ! tav]n becomes 8 cell1 b :5 a w9e-bibb] goes into a cell1 t cell becomes 8 tav]n40 ,"o ^: he>t is absorb$ 9 ! ?\ght ( ,god _c be corrupt$ by he>+ musical in/rum5ts4 ,s ) danc+4 8,:5 ! he>t ?robs & rapture gr[s int5se1 & ! agitation ( ec/asy is manife/$ & conv5tional =ms are gone1 ?is is n danc+ nor bodily indulg5ce1 b a dissolution ( ! s\l40 ,hujwr1 h[ev]1 lays d[n sev]al precaution>y rules = ^? :o engage 9 audition1 & he confesses t ! public conc]ts giv5 by d]vi%es are extremely demoralis+4 ,novices1 he ?9ks1 %\ld n be p]mitt$ to att5d !m4 ,9 mod]n times ^! orgia/ic sc5es h frequ5tly be5 describ$ by eye-witnesses4 ,i w n[ translate f ,jm's ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts ! acc\nt ( a simil> p]=mance :i* took place ab\t sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 8,!re 0 a c]ta9 d]vi%1 a negro call$ ,zang ,ba%gird1 :o _h atta9$ to su* a high degree ( spirituality t ! my/ic dance c\ld n be />t$ until he came out & jo9$ 9 x4 ,"o day1 9 ! c\rse ( ! sam1 he 0 seiz$ ) ec/asy1 & ris+ into ! air seat$ himself on a l(ty ar* :i* ov]look$ ! danc]s4 ,9 desc5d+ he leap$ on to ,majduddn ( ,baghdd1 & encircl$ ) 8 legs ! neck ( ! ,%eykh1 :o nev]!less cont9u$ to sp9 r\nd 9 ! dance1 ?\gh he 0 a v frail & sl5d] man1 :]eas ! negro 0 tall & heavy4 ,:5 ! dance 0 f9i%$1 ,majduddn said1 #8,i did n "k :e!r x 0 a negro or a sp>r[ on my neck4' ,on gett+ (f ! ,%eykh's %\ld]s1 ! negro bit 8 *eek s sev]ely t ! sc> rema9$ visible ev] aft]4 ,majduddn (t5 us$ to say t on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t he w\ld n boa/ ( any?+ except t he bore ! m>k ( ?is negro's tee? on 8 face40 ,grotesque & ignoble features--n to speak ( gross] de=mities--mu/ appe> 9 any fai?ful del9eation ( ! ec/atic life ( ,islam4 ,no?+ is ga9$ by conceal+ _! exi/5ce or by m9imis+ _! importance4 ,if1 z ,jalluddn ,rm says3 8,m5 incur ! reproa* ( w9e & drugs ,t !y may escape = a :ile f self-consci\sness1 ,s9ce all "k ?is life to be a sn>e1 ,volitional memory & ?\ght to be a hell10 let u ackn[l$ge t ! transports ( spiritual intoxication are n always sublime1 & t human nature has a trick ( av5g+ itself on ^? :o w\ld ca/ x (f4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,gnosis ,! ,sfs di/+ui% ?ree organs ( spiritual communication3 ! he>t 7qalb71 :i* kn[s ,god2 ! _s 7rh71 :i* loves ,him2 & ! inmo/ gr\nd ( ! s\l 7sirr71 :i* contemplates ,him4 ,x w\ld take u into deep wat]s if we 7 to emb>k ^u a discussion ( ^! t]ms & _! relation to ea* o!r4 ,a few words conc]n+ ! fir/ ( ! ?ree w suffice4 ,! qalb1 ?\gh connect$ 9 "s my/]i\s way ) ! physical he>t1 is n a ?+ ( fle% & blood4 ,unlike ! ,engli% #8he>t1' its nature is r intellectual ?an emotional1 b :]eas ! intellect _c ga9 real k ( ,god1 ! qalb is capable ( kn[+ ! ess5ces ( all ?+s1 & :5 illum9$ by fai? & k reflects ! :ole cont5t ( ! div9e m9d2 h5ce ! ,prophet said1 8,my e>? & ,my heav5 conta9 ,me n1 b ! he>t ( ,my fai?ful s]vant conta9e? ,me40 ,?is revelation1 h[ev]1 is a comp>atively r>e exp]i5ce4 ,normally1 ! he>t is #8veil$1' black5$ by s91 t>ni%$ by s5sual impressions & images1 pull$ to & fro betwe5 reason & passion3 a battlefield on :i* ! armies ( ,god & ! ,devil cont5d = victory4 ,?r\gh "o gate1 ! he>t receives imm$iate k ( ,god2 ?r\gh ano!r1 x lets 9 ! illusions ( s5se4 8,"h a _w & !re a _w10 says ,jalluddn ,rm4 8,i am seat$ on ! ?re%old40 ,!re=e man is pot5tially l[] ?an ! brutes & high] ?an ! angels4 8,angel & brute man's wondr\s leav5 compose2 ,to ^! incl9+1 less ?an ^! he gr[s1 ,b if he means ! angel1 m ?an ^?40 ,less ?an ! brutes1 because !y lack ! k t w\ld enable !m to rise2 m ?an ! angels1 because !y are n subject to passion & s _c fall4 ,h[ %all a man "k ,god8 ,n by ! s5ses1 = ,he is immat]ial2 nor by ! intellect1 = ,he is un?9kable4 ,logic nev] gets beyond ! f9ite2 philosophy sees d\ble2 book-le>n+ fo/]s self-conceit & obscures ! idea ( ! ,tru? ) cl\ds ( empty words4 ,jalluddn ,rm1 address+ ! s*ola/ic !ologian1 asks scornfully3 8,d y "k a "n )\t a ?+ answ]+ to x8 ,h y ev] pluck$ a rose f ,r1 ,o1 ,s1 ,e8 ,y "n ,8 "n2 g1 seek ! reality nam$ by x6 ,look = ! moon 9 ! sky1 n 9 ! wat]6 ,if y desire to rise above m]e names & lett]s1 ,make y\rself free f self at "o /roke4 ,become pure f all attributes ( self1 ,t y may see y\r own bright ess5ce1 ,yea1 see 9 y\r own he>t ! k ( ! ,prophet1 ,)\t book1 )\t tutor1 )\t preceptor40 ,?is k comes by illum9ation1 revelation1 inspiration4 8,look 9 y\r own he>t10 says ! ,sf1 8= ! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y40 ,he :o truly kn[s himself kn[s ,god1 = ! he>t is a mirror 9 :i* e div9e quality is reflect$4 ,b j z a /eel mirror :5 coat$ ) ru/ loses its p[] ( reflexion1 s ! inw>d spiritual s5se1 :i* ,sfs call ! eye ( ! he>t1 is bl9d to ! cele/ial glory until ! d>k ob/ruction ( ! ph5om5al self1 ) all its s5sual contam9ations1 has be5 :olly cle>$ away4 ,! cle>ance1 if x is to be done effectively1 mu/ be ! "w ( ,god1 ?\gh x dem&s a c]ta9 inw>d co-op]ation on ! "p ( man4 8,:osoev] %all /rive = ,our sake1 ,we w guide him into ,our ways0 7,kor4 #bi4 #fi74 ,action is false & va91 if x is ?\ght to proce$ f "o's self1 b ! enlight5$ my/ic reg>ds ,god z ! real ag5t 9 e act1 & !re=e takes no cr$it = 8 good works nor desires to be recomp5s$ = !m4 ,:ile ord9>y k is d5ot$ by ! t]m ilm1 ! my/ic k peculi> to ! ,sfs is call$ marifat or irfn4 ,z ,i h indicat$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs1 marifat is fundam5tally diff]5t f ilm1 & a diff]5t ^w mu/ be us$ to translate x4 ,we ne$ n look f> = a suitable equival5t4 ,! marifat ( ! ,sfs is ! #8gnosis' ( ,hell5i/ic !osophy1 i4e4 direct k ( ,god bas$ on revelation or apocalyptic vision4 ,x is n ! result ( any m5tal process1 b dep5ds entirely on ! w & fav\r ( ,god1 :o be/[s x z a gift f ,himself ^u ^? :om ,he has creat$ ) ! capacity = receiv+ x4 ,x is a light ( div9e grace t fla%es into ! he>t & ov]:elms e human faculty 9 its dazzl+ beams4 8,he :o kn[s ,god is dumb40 ,! relation ( gnosis to positive religion is discuss$ 9 a v rem>kable treatise on speculative my/icism by ,niff>1 an unkn[n w&]+ d]vi% :o di$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! latt] half ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,8 "w1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( revelations 9 :i* ,god addresses ! writ] & in/ructs him conc]n+ ! !ory ( gnosis1 is c\*$ 9 ab/ruse language & w\ld sc>cely be intelligible )\t ! comm5t>y :i* accompanies x2 b its value z an orig9al exposition ( advanc$ ,sfism w suffici5tly appe> f ! exc]pts giv5 9 ?is *apt]4#h #h ,i am n[ engag$ 9 prep>+ an edition ( ! ,arabic text1 toge!r ) an ,engli% translation & comm5t>y4 ,^? :o seek ,god1 says ,niff>1 are ( ?ree k9ds3 fir/ly1 ! wor%ipp]s to :om ,god makes ,himself kn[n by means ( b\nty1 i4e4 !y wor%ip ,him 9 ! hope ( w9n+ ,p>adise or "s spiritual recomp5se su* z dreams & miracles2 secondly1 ! philosoph]s & s*ola/ic !ologians1 to :om ,god makes ,himself kn[n by means ( glory1 i4e4 !y c nev] f9d ! glori\s ,god :om !y seek1 :]e=e !y ass]t t ,8 ess5ce is unkn[able1 say+1 8,we "k t we "k ,him n1 & t is our k02 ?irdly1 ! gno/ics1 to :om ,god makes ,himself kn[n by means ( ec/asy1 i4e4 !y are possess$ & controll$ by a rapture t deprives !m ( ! consci\sness ( individual exi/5ce4 ,niff> bids ! gno/ic p]=m only su* acts ( wor%ip z are 9 accordance ) 8 vision ( ,god1 ?\gh 9 s do+ he w necess>ily disobey ! religi\s law :i* 0 made = ! vulg>4 ,8 inw>d feel+ mu/ decide h[ f> ! ext]nal =ms ( religion are good = him4 8,god said to me1 ,ask ,me & say1 #8,o ,"l1 h[ %all ,i cleave to ,!e1 s t :5 my day 7( judgm5t7 comes1 ,?\ wilt n puni% me nor av]t ,?y face f me8' ,!n ,i w answ] !e & say1 #8,cleave 9 ?y outw>d !ory & practice to ! ,sunna 7! rule ( ! ,prophet71 & cleave 9 ?y inw>d feel+ to ! gnosis :i* ,i h giv5 !e2 & "k t :5 ,i make ,myself kn[n to !e1 ,i w n accept f !e any?+ ( ! ,sunna b :at ,my gnosis br+s to !e1 because ?\ art "o ( ^? to :om ,i speak3 ?\ he>e/ ,me & kn[e/ t ?\ he>e/ ,me1 & ?\ see/ t ,i am ! s\rce ( all ?+s4'0 ,! comm5tator obs]ves t ! ,sunna1 be+ g5]al 9 scope1 makes no di/9ction betwe5 individuals1 e4g4 seek]s ( ,p>adise & seek]s ( ,god1 b t 9 reality x conta9s exactly :at ea* p]son requires4 ,! portion specially appropriate 9 e case is disc]n$ ei!r by means ( gnosis1 :i* ,god communicates to ! he>t1 or by means ( guidance imp>t$ by a spiritual director4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,my exot]ic revelation does n support ,my esot]ic revelation4'0 ,?is means t ! gno/ic ne$ n be dismay$ if 8 inn] exp]i5ce conflicts ) ! religi\s law4 ,! contradiction is only app>5t4 ,religion addresses itself to ! common h]d ( m5 :o are veil$ by _! m9ds1 by logic1 tradition1 & s on2 :]eas gnosis belongs to ! elect1 ^: bodies & spirits are ba!d 9 ! et]nal ,light4 ,religion sees ?+s f ! aspect ( plurality1 b gnosis reg>ds ! all-embrac+ ,unity4 ,h5ce ! same act is good 9 religion1 b evil 9 gnosis--a tru? :i* is briefly /at$ ?us3 8,! good de$s ( ! pi\s are ! ill de$s ( ! fav\rites ( ,god40 ,al?\gh works ( devotion are n incompatible ) gnosis1 no "o :o connects !m 9 ! slighte/ degree ) himself is a gno/ic4 ,?is is ! !me ( ! foll[+ allegory4 ,niff> seldom writes s lucidly z he does "h1 yet ,i fancy t few ( my read]s w f9d ! explanations pr9t$ )9 squ>e brackets altoge!r sup]flu\s4 ,,! ,,revelation ,,( ,,! ,,sea 8,god bade me behold ! ,sea1 & ,i saw ! %ips s9k+ & ! planks float+2 !n ! planks too 7 subm]g$40 ,! ,sea d5otes ! spiritual exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* ! my/ic passes 9 8 j\rney to ,god4 ,! po9t at issue is ?is3 :e!r he %\ld pref] ! religi\s law or dis9t]e/$ love4 ,"h he is w>n$ n to rely on 8 good works1 :i* are no bett] ?an s9k+ %ips & w nev] br+ him safely to port4 ,no2 if he w\ld atta9 to ,god1 he mu/ rely on ,god alone4 ,if he does n rely entirely on ,god1 b lets himself tru/ ev] s little 9 any?+ else1 he is /ill cl++ to a plank4 ,?\gh 8 tru/ 9 ,god is great] ?an be=e1 x is n yet complete4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,^? :o voyage are n sav$4'0 ,! voyag] uses ! %ip z a means ( cross+ ! sea3 !re=e he relies1 n on ! ,fir/ ,cause1 b on second>y causes4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,^? :o in/ead ( voyag+ ca/ !mselves into ! ,sea take a risk4'0 ,to ab&on all second>y causes is l plung+ 9 ! sea4 ,! my/ic :o makes ?is v5ture is 9 jeop>dy1 = two reasons3 he may reg>d himself1 n ,god1 z initiat+ & c>ry+ out ! action ( ab&onm5t1--& "o :o r5\nces a ?+ ?r\gh #8self' is 9 worse case ?an if he _h n r5\nc$ x1--or he may ab&on second>y causes 7good works1 hope ( ,p>adise1 etc471 n = ,god's sake1 b f %e] indiff]5ce & lack ( spiritual feel+4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,^? :o voyage & take no risk %all p]i%4'0 ,not)/&+ ! dang]s ref]r$ to1 he mu/ make ,god 8 sole object or fail4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,9 tak+ ! risk !re is a "p ( salvation4'0 ,only a "p ( salvation1 because p]fect selflessness has n yet be5 atta9$4 ,! :ole ( salvation consi/s 9 ! effacem5t ( all second>y causes1 all ph5om5a1 ?r\gh ! rapture :i* results f vision ( ,god4 ,b ?is is gnosis1 & ! pres5t revelation is address$ to my/ics ( a l[] grade4 ,! gno/ic takes no risk1 = he has no?+ to lose4 8,& ! wave came & lift$ ^? b5ea? x & ov]ran ! %ore40 ,^? b5ea? ! wave are !y :o voyage 9 %ips & consequ5tly suff] %ipwreck4 ,_! reliance on second>y causes ca/s !m a%ore1 i4e4 br+s !m back to ! _w ( ph5om5a :]eby !y are veil$ f ,god4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,! surface ( ! ,sea is a gleam t _c be rea*$4'0 ,any "o :o dep5ds on ext]nal rites ( wor%ip to lead him to ,god is foll[+ a w-o'-!-wisp4 8,& its bottom is a d>kness imp5etrable40 ,to disc>d positive religion1 root & bran*1 is to w&] 9 a pa?less maze4 8,& betwe5 ! two are fi%es :i* are to be fe>$40 ,he ref]s to ! middle way betwe5 pure exot]icism & pure esot]icism4 ,! #8fi%es' are its p]ils & ob/acles4 8,d n voyage on ! ,sea1 le/ ,i cause !e to be veil$ by ! vehicle40 ,! #8vehicle' signifies ! #8%ip1' i4e4 reliance on some?+ o!r ?an ,god4 8,& d n ca/ ?yself into ! ,sea1 le/ ,i cause !e to be veil$ by ?y ca/+ ?yself40 ,:oev] reg>ds any act z 8 own act & attributes x to himself is f> f ,god4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,9 ! ,sea are b\nd>ies3 :i* ( !m w be> !e on8'0 ,! #8b\nd>ies' are ! v>i\s degrees ( spiritual exp]i5ce4 ,! my/ic ought n to rely on any ( ^!1 = !y are all imp]fect4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,if ?\ give/ ?yself to ! ,sea & s9ke/ !re91 ?\ wilt fall a prey to "o ( its bea/s4'0 ,if ! my/ic ei!r relies on second>y causes or ab&ons !m by 8 own act1 he w g a/ray4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,i deceive !e if ,i direct !e to aught save ,myself4'0 ,if ! my/ic's inw>d voice bids him turn to any?+ except ,god1 x deceives him4 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,if ?\ p]i%e/ = ! sake ( o!r ?an ,me1 ?\ wilt belong to t = :i* ?\ ha/ p]i%$4' 8,& ,he said to me1 #8,?is _w belongs to him :om ,i h turn$ away f x & f :om ,i h turn$ x away2 & ! next _w belongs to him t[>ds :om ,i h br\ght x & :om ,i h br\ght t[>ds ,myself4'0 ,he means to say t ev]la/+ joy is ! portion ( ^? ^: he>ts are turn$ away f ?is _w & :o h no worldly possessions4 ,!y really enjoy ?is _w1 because x _c sep>ate !m f ,god4 ,simil>ly1 ! true own]s ( ! next _w are ^? :o d n seek x1 inasmu* z x is n ! real object ( _! desire1 b contemplate ,god alone4 ,! gno/ic descries ! elem5t ( reality 9 positive religion1 b 8 gnosis is n d]iv$ f religion or f any sort ( human k3 x is prop]ly conc]n$ ) ! div9e attributes1 & ,god ,himself reveals ! k ( ^! to ,8 sa9ts :o contemplate ,him4 ,dhu 'l-,nn ( ,egypt1 ^: my/ical speculations m>k him out z ! fa!r ( ,moslem !osophy1 said t gno/ics are n !mselves1 & d n subsi/ ?r\gh !mselves1 b s f> z !y subsi/1 !y subsi/ ?r\gh ,god4 8,!y move z ,god causes !m to move1 & _! words are ! words ( ,god :i* roll ^u _! tongues1 & _! sight is ! sight ( ,god :i* has ent]$ _! eyes40 ,! gno/ic contemplates ! attributes ( ,god1 n ,8 ess5ce1 = ev5 9 gnosis a small trace ( duality rema9s3 ?is disappe>s only 9 fan al-fan1 ! total pass+-away 9 ! undiff]5tiat$ ,godhead4 ,! c>d9al attribute ( ,god is unity1 & ! div9e unity is ! fir/ & la/ pr9ciple ( gnosis4#i #i ,accord+ to "s my/ics1 ! gnosis ( unity con/itutes a high] /age :i* is call$ #8! ,tru?' 7haqqat74 ,see above1 p4 #bi4 ,bo? ,moslem & ,sf decl>e t ,god is ,"o1 b ! /atem5t be>s a diff]5t mean+ 9 ea* in/ance4 ,! ,moslem means t ,god is unique 9 ,8 ess5ce1 qualities1 & acts2 t ,he is absolutely unlike all o!r be+s4 ,! ,sf means t ,god is ! ,"o ,real ,be+ :i* und]lies all ph5om5a4 ,?is pr9ciple is c>ri$ to its extreme consequ5ces1 z we %all see4 ,if no?+ except ,god exi/s1 !n ! :ole univ]se1 includ+ man1 is ess5tially "o ) ,god1 :e!r x is reg>d$ z an emanation :i* proce$s f ,him1 )\t impair+ ,8 unity1 l sunbeams f ! sun1 or :e!r x is conceiv$ z a mirror 9 :i* ! div9e attributes are reflect$4 ,b surely a ,god :o is all 9 all c h no reason = ?us reveal+ ,himself3 :y %\ld ! ,"o pass ov] into ! ,_m8 ,! ,sfs answ]--a philosoph] w\ld say t !y evade ! difficulty--by quot+ ! fam\s ,tradition3 8,i 0 a hidd5 treasure & ,i desir$ to be kn[n2 !re=e ,i creat$ ! creation 9 ord] t ,i might be kn[n40 ,9 o!r words1 ,god is ! et]nal ,beauty1 & x lies 9 ! nature ( beauty to desire love4 ,! my/ic poets h describ$ ! self-manife/ation ( ! ,"o ) a pr(usion ( spl5did imag]y4 ,jm says1 = example3 8,f all et]nity ! ,belov$ unveil$ ,8 beauty 9 ! solitude ( ! unse52 ,he held up ! mirror to ,8 own face1 ,he display$ ,8 lovel9ess to ,himself4 ,he 0 bo? ! spectator & ! spectacle2 no eye b ,8 _h survey$ ! ,univ]se4 ,all 0 ,"o1 !re 0 no duality1 no pret5ce ( #8m9e' or #8?9e4' ,! va/ orb ( ,heav51 ) its myriad incom+s & outgo+s1 0 conceal$ 9 a s+le po9t4 ,! ,creation lay cradl$ 9 ! sleep ( non-exi/5ce1 l a *ild ere x has brea!d4 ,! eye ( ! ,belov$1 see+ :at 0 n1 reg>d$ non5tity z exi/5t4 ,al?\gh ,he beheld ,8 attributes & qualities z a p]fect :ole 9 ,8 own ess5ce1 ,yet ,he desir$ t !y %\ld be display$ to ,him 9 ano!r mirror1 ,& t ea* "o ( ,8 et]nal attributes %\ld become manife/ accord+ly 9 a div]se =m4 ,!re=e ,he creat$ ! v]dant fields ( ,"t & ,space & ! life-giv+ g>d5 ( ! _w1 ,t e bran* & leaf & fruit might %[ =? ,8 v>i\s p]fections4 ,! cypress gave a h9t ( ,8 comely /ature1 ! rose gave tid+s ( ,8 beaute\s c\nt5ance4 ,:]ev] ,beauty peep$ out1 ,love appe>$ beside x2 :]ev] ,beauty %one 9 a rosy *eek1 ,love lit 8 tor* f t flame4 ,:]ev] ,beauty dwelt 9 d>k tresses1 ,love came & f\nd a he>t entangl$ 9 _! coils4 ,beauty & ,love are z body & s\l2 ,beauty is ! m9e & ,love ! preci\s /one4 ,!y h always be5 toge!r f ! v fir/2 nev] h !y travell$ b 9 ea* o!r's company40 ,9 ano!r "w ,jm sets =? ! relation ( ,god to ! _w m philosophically1 z foll[s3 8,! unique ,sub/ance1 view$ z ,absolute & void ( all ph5om5a1 all limitations & all multiplicity1 is ! ,real 7al-,haqq74 ,on ! o!r h&1 view$ 9 ,8 aspect ( multiplicity & plurality1 "u :i* ,he displays ,himself :5 clo!d ) ph5om5a1 ,he is ! :ole creat$ univ]se4 ,!re=e ! univ]se is ! outw>d visible expression ( ! ,real1 & ! ,real is ! inn] unse5 reality ( ! univ]se4 ,! univ]se be=e x 0 evolv$ to outw>d view 0 id5tical ) ! ,real2 & ! ,real aft] ?is evolution is id5tical ) ! univ]se40 ,ph5om5a1 z su*1 are n-be+ & only d]ive a cont+5t exi/5ce f ! qualities ( ,absolute ,be+ by :i* !y are irradiat$4 ,! s5sible _w resembles ! fi]y circle made by a s+le sp>k :irl+ r\nd rapidly4 ,man is ! cr[n & f9al cause ( ! univ]se4 ,?\gh la/ 9 ! ord] ( creation he is fir/ 9 ! process ( div9e ?\ght1 = ! ess5tial "p ( him is ! primal ,intellig5ce or univ]sal ,reason :i* emanates imm$iately f ! ,godhead4 ,?is corresponds to ! ,logos--! animat+ pr9ciple ( all ?+s--& is id5tifi$ ) ! ,prophet ,mohamm$4 ,an int]e/+ p>allel might be drawn "h betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian & ,sf doctr9es4 ,! same expressions are appli$ to ! f\nd] ( ,islam :i* are us$ by ,/4 ,john1 ,/4 ,paul1 & lat] my/ical !ologians conc]n+ ,*ri/4 ,?us1 ,mohamm$ is call$ ! ,light ( ,god1 he is said to h exi/$ be=e ! creation ( ! _w1 he is ador$ z ! s\rce ( all life1 actual & possible1 he is ! ,p]fect ,man 9 :om all ! div9e attributes are manife/$1 & a ,sf tradition ascribes to him ! say+ 8,he t ha? se5 me ha? se5 ,allah40 ,9 ! ,moslem s*eme1 h[ev]1 ! ,logos doctr9e occupies a subord9ate place1 z x obvi\sly mu/ :5 ! :ole duty ( man is believ$ to consi/ 9 realis+ ! unity ( ,god4 ,! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( ,ori5tal z oppos$ to ,european my/icism is its pr(\nd consci\sness ( an omnipres5t1 all-p]vad+ unity 9 :i* e ve/ige ( individuality is swall[$ up4 ,n to become l ,god or p]sonally to p>ticipate 9 ! div9e nature is ! ,sf's aim1 b to escape f ! bondage ( 8 unreal selfhood & !reby to be reunit$ ) ! ,"o inf9ite ,be+4 ,accord+ to ,jm1 ,unification consi/s 9 mak+ ! he>t s+le--t is1 9 purify+ & dive/+ x ( atta*m5t to aught except ,god1 bo? 9 respect ( desire & w & also z reg>ds k & gnosis4 ,! my/ic's desire & w %\ld be sev]$ f all ?+s :i* are desir$ & will$2 all objects ( k & und]/&+ %\ld be remov$ f 8 intellectual vision4 ,8 ?\ghts %\ld be direct$ solely t[>ds ,god1 he %\ld n be consci\s ( any?+ besides4 ,s long z he is a captive 9 ! sn>e ( passion & lu/1 x is h>d = him to ma9ta9 ?is relation to ,god1 b :5 ! subtle influ5ce ( t attraction becomes manife/ 9 him1 expell+ preoccupation ) objects ( s5se & cognition f 8 inw>d be+1 delight 9 t div9e communion prevails ov] bodily pleasures & spiritual joys2 ! pa9ful task ( self-mortification is end$1 & ! sweetness ( contemplation enravi%es 8 s\l4 ,:5 ! s9c]e aspirant p]ceives 9 himself ! beg9n+ ( ?is attraction1 :i* is delight 9 ! recollection ( ,god1 let him fix 8 :ole m9d on fo/]+ & /r5g!n+ x1 let him keep himself alo( f :atsoev] is incompatible ) x1 & deem t ev5 ?\gh he 7 to devote an et]nity to cultivat+ t communion1 he w\ld h done no?+ & w\ld n h dis*>g$ 8 duty z he ought4 8,love ?rill$ ! *ord ( love 9 my s\l's lute1 ,& *ang$ me all to love f head to foot4 ',twas b a mom5t's t\*1 yet %all ,"t ev] ,to me ! debt ( ?anksgiv+ impute40 ,x is an axiom ( ! ,sfs t :at is n 9 a man he _c "k4 ,! gno/ic--,man p> excell5ce--c\ld n "k ,god & all ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 unless he f\nd !m 9 himself4 ,he is ! microcosm1 #8a copy made 9 ! image ( ,god1' #8! eye ( ! _w :]eby ,god sees ,8 own works4' ,9 kn[+ himself z he really is1 he kn[s ,god1 & he kn[s himself ?r\gh ,god1 :o is ne>] to ev]y?+ ?an its k ( itself4 ,k ( ,god prec$es1 & is ! cause (1 self-k4 ,gnosis1 !n1 is unification1 realisation ( ! fact t ! appe>ance ( #8o!rness' beside ,on5ess is a false & delud+ dream4 ,gnosis lays ?is spectre1 :i* haunts un5light5$ m5 all _! lives2 :i* rises1 l a wall ( utt] d>kness1 betwe5 !m & ,god4 ,gnosis proclaims t #8,i' is a figure ( spee*1 & t "o _c truly ref] any w1 feel+1 ?\ght1 or action to "o's self4 ,niff> he>d ! div9e voice say+ to him3 8,:5 ?\ reg>de/ ?yself z exi/5t & do/ n reg>d ,me z ! ,cause ( ?y exi/5ce1 ,i veil ,my face & ?9e own face appe>s to !e4 ,!re=e consid] :at is display$ to !e1 & :at is hidd5 f !e60 ,if a man reg>ds himself z exi/+ ?r\gh ,god1 t :i* is ( ,god 9 him pr$om9ates ov] ! ph5om5al elem5t & makes x pass away1 s t he sees no?+ b ,god4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he reg>ds himself z hav+ an indep5d5t exi/5ce1 8 unreal egoism is display$ to him & ! reality ( ,god becomes hidd5 f him4 8,reg>d nei!r ,my display+ nor t :i* is display$1 else ?\ wilt laugh & weep2 & :5 ?\ laughe/ & weepe/1 ?\ art ?9e1 n ,m9e40 ,he :o reg>ds ! act ( div9e revelation is guilty ( poly!ism1 s9ce revelation involves bo? a reveal+ subject & a reveal$ object2 & he :o reg>ds ! reveal$ object :i* is "p ( ! creat$ univ]se1 reg>ds some?+ o!r ?an ,god4 ,laught] signifies joy = :at y h ga9$1 & weep+ d5otes grief = :at y h lo/4 ,bo? are selfi% actions4 ,! gno/ic nei!r laughs nor weeps4 8,if ?\ do/ n put beh9d !e all t ,i h display$ & am display+1 ?\ wilt n prosp]2 & unless ?\ prosp]1 ?\ wilt n become conc5trat$ ^u ,me40 ,prosp]ity is true belief 9 ,god1 :i* requires complete ab/raction f creat$ ?+s4 ,logically1 ^! doctr9es annul e moral & religi\s law4 ,9 ! gno/ic's vision !re are no div9e rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 no human /&>ds ( "r & wrong4 ,= him1 ! writt5 ^w ( ,god has be5 abrogat$ by a direct & intimate revelation4 8,i d n say10 exclaim$ ,abu 'l-,hasan ,khurqn1 8t ,p>adise & ,hell are non-exi/5t1 b ,i say t !y are no?+ to me1 because ,god creat$ !m bo?1 & !re is no room = any creat$ object 9 ! place :]e ,i am40 ,f ?is /&po9t all types ( religion are equal1 & ,islam is no bett] ?an idolatry4 ,x does n matt] :at cre$ a man pr(esses or :at rites he p]=ms4 8,! true mosque 9 a pure & holy he>t ,is build$3 !re let all m5 wor%ip ,god2 ,= !re ,he dwells1 n 9 a mosque ( /one40 ,amid/ all ! v>iety ( cre$s & wor%ipp]s ! gno/ic sees b "o real object ( wor%ip4 8,^? :o adore ,god 9 ! sun0 7says ,ibn al-,arab7 8behold ! sun1 & ^? :o adore ,him 9 liv+ ?+s see a liv+ ?+1 & ^? :o adore ,him 9 lifeless ?+s see a lifeless ?+1 & ^? :o adore ,him z a ,be+ unique & unp>allel$ see t :i* has no l4 ,d n atta* y\rself0 7he cont9ues7 8to any p>ticul> cre$ exclusively1 s t y disbelieve 9 all ! re/2 o!rwise1 y w lose mu* good1 nay1 y w fail to recognise ! real tru? ( ! matt]4 ,god1 ! omnipres5t & omnipot5t1 is n limit$ by any "o cre$1 = ,he says 7,kor4 #b4 #aji71 #8,:]esoev] ye turn1 !re is ! face ( ,allah4' ,e "o praises :at he believes2 8 god is 8 own creature1 & 9 prais+ x he praises himself4 ,consequ5tly he blames ! beliefs ( o!rs1 :i* he w\ld n d if he 7 j1 b 8 dislike is bas$ on ignorance4 ,if he knew ,junayd's say+1 #8,! wat] takes its col\r f ! vessel conta9+ x1' he w\ld n int]f]e ) o!r m5's beliefs1 b w\ld p]ceive ,god 9 e =m ( belief40 ,& ,hafiz s+s1 m 9 ! _s ( ! free?9k]1 p]haps1 ?an ( ! my/ic3 8,love is :]e ! glory falls ,( ,?y face--on conv5t walls ,or on tav]n floors1 ! same ,unext+ui%able flame4 ,:]e ! turban$ an*orite ,*ante? ,allah day & night1 ,*ur* bells r+ ! call to pray] ,& ! ,cross ( ,*ri/ is !re40 ,sfism may jo9 h&s ) free?\ght--x has (t5 done s--b h>dly ev] ) sect>ianism4 ,?is expla9s :y ! va/ majority ( ,sfs h be51 at lea/ nom9ally1 atta*$ to ! ca?olic body ( ! ,moslem community4 ,abdallah ,ansr decl>$ t ( two ?\s& ,sf ,%eykhs ) :om he 0 acqua9t$ only two 7 ,%ites4 ,a c]ta9 man :o 0 a desc5dant ( ! ,caliph ,al1 & a fanatical ,%ite1 tells ! foll[+ /ory3 8,= five ye>s10 he said1 8my fa!r s5t me daily to a spiritual director4 ,i le>n$ "o useful lesson f him3 he told me t ,i %\ld nev] "k any?+ at all ab\t ,sfism until ,i got completely rid ( ! pride :i* ,i felt on acc\nt ( my l9eage40 ,sup]ficial obs]v]s h describ$ ,bbism z an (f%oot ( ,sfism1 b ! dogmatism ( ! "o is naturally oppos$ to ! broad eclecticism ( ! o!r4 ,9 proportion z ! ,sf ga9s m k ( ,god1 8 religi\s prejudices are dim9i%$4 ,%eykh ,abd al-,rahm ibn al-,sabbgh1 :o at fir/ dislik$ liv+ 9 ,upp] ,egypt1 ) its l>ge ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian population1 said 9 8 old age t he w\ld z readily embrace a ,jew or ,*ri/ian z "o ( 8 own fai?4 ,:ile ! innum]able =ms ( cre$ & ritual may be reg>d$ z hav+ a c]ta9 relative value 9 s f> z ! inw>d feel+ :i* inspires !m is ev] "o & ! same1 f ano!r aspect !y seem to be veils ( ! ,tru?1 b>ri]s :i* ! zeal\s ,unit>ian mu/ /rive to aboli% & de/roy4 8,?is _w & t _w are ! egg1 & ! bird )9 x ,is 9 d>kness & brok5-w+$ & scorn$ & despis$4 ,reg>d unbelief & fai? z ! :ite & ! yolk 9 ?is egg1 ,betwe5 !m1 jo9+ & divid+1 a b>ri] :i* !y %all n pass4 ,:5 ,he ha? graci\sly fo/]$ ! egg "u ,8 w+1 ,infidelity & religion disappe>3 ! bird ( ,unity spreads its p9ions40 ,! great ,p]sian my/ic1 ,ab ,sad ibn ,abi 'l-,khayr1 speak+ 9 ! "n ( ! ,cal5d>s or w&]+ d]vi%es1 expresses _! iconocla/ic pr9ciples ) a/oni%+ boldness3 8,n until e mosque b5ea? ! sun ,lies ru9$1 w our holy "w be done2 ,& nev] w true ,musalmn appe> ,till fai? & infidelity are "o40 ,su* op5 decl>ations ( w> aga9/ ! ,mohamm$an religion are exceptional4 ,not)/&+ ! bread? & dep? ( ! gulf betwe5 full-bl[n ,sfism & or?odox ,islam1 _m1 if n mo/1 ,sfs h paid homage to ! ,prophet & h obs]v$ ! outw>d =ms ( devotion :i* are incumb5t on all ,moslems4 ,!y h inve/$ ^! rites & c]emonies ) a new mean+2 !y h allegoris$ !m1 b !y h n ab&on$ !m4 ,take ! pilgrimage1 = example4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! g5u9e ,sf x is null & void unless ea* ( ! successive religi\s acts :i* x involves is accompani$ by correspond+ #8movem5ts ( ! he>t4' ,a man :o _h j return$ f ! pilgrimage came to ,junayd4 ,junayd said3 8,f ! h\r :5 y fir/ j\rney$ f y\r home h y also be5 j\rney+ away f all s9s80 ,he said 8,no40 8,!n10 said ,junayd1 8y h made no j\rney4 ,at e /age :]e y halt$ = ! night did y trav]se a /ation on ! way to ,god80 8,no10 he repli$4 8,!n10 said ,junayd1 8y h n trodd5 ! road1 /age by /age4 ,:5 y put on ! pilgrim's g>b at ! prop] place1 did y disc>d ! qualities ( human nature z y ca/ (f y\r clo!s80 8,no40 8,!n y h n put on ! pilgrim's g>b4 ,:5 y /ood at ,araft1 did y /& "o mom5t 9 contemplation ( ,god80 8,no40 8,!n y h n /ood at ,araft4 ,:5 y w5t to ,muzdalifa & a*iev$ y\r desire1 did y r5\nce all s5sual desires80 8,no40 8,!n y h n gone to ,muzdalifa4 ,:5 y circumambulat$ ! ,kaba1 did y behold ! immat]ial beauty ( ,god 9 ! abode ( purification80 8,no40 8,!n y h n circumambulat$ ! ,kaba4 ,:5 y ran betwe5 ,saf & ,m>wa1 did y atta9 to purity 7saf7 & virtue 7muruwwat780 8,no40 8,!n y h n run4 ,:5 y came to ,m91 did all y\r wi%es 7mun7 cease80 8,no40 8,!n y h n yet visit$ ,m94 ,:5 y rea*$ ! slaught]-place & (f]$ sacrifice1 did y sacrifice ! objects ( worldly desire80 8,no40 8,!n y h n sacrific$4 ,:5 y ?rew ! pebbles1 did y ?r[ away :atev] s5sual ?\ghts 7 accompany+ y80 8,no40 8,!n y h n yet ?r[n ! pebbles1 & y h n yet p]=m$ ! pilgrimage40 ,?is anecdote contra/s ! out] religi\s law ( !ology ) ! inn] spiritual tru? ( my/icism1 & %[s t !y %\ld n be divorc$ f ea* o!r4 8,! ,law )\t ! ,tru?10 says ,hujwr1 8is o/5tation1 & ! ,tru? )\t ! ,law is hypocrisy4 ,_! mutual relation may be comp>$ to t ( body & _s3 :5 ! _s dep>ts f ! body1 ! liv+ body becomes a corpse1 & ! _s vani%es l w9d4 ,! ,moslem pr(ession ( fai? includes bo?3 ! words1 #8,!re is no god b ,allah1' are ! ,tru?1 & ! words1 #8,mohamm$ is ! apo/le ( ,allah1' are ! ,law2 any "o :o d5ies ! ,tru? is an infidel1 & any "o :o rejects ! ,law is a h]etic40 ,middle ways1 ?\gh prov]bially safe1 are difficult to walk 92 & only by a t\r de =ce c ! ,koran be br\ght into l9e ) ! esot]ic doctr9e :i* ! ,sfs d]ive f x4 ,und\bt$ly !y h done a great "w = ,islam4 ,!y h deep5$ & enri*$ ! lives ( millions by ru?lessly /ripp+ (f ! husk ( religion & insi/+ t its k]nel mu/ be s\ght1 n 9 any =mal act1 b 9 cultivation ( spiritual feel+s & 9 purification ( ! inw>d man4 ,?is 0 a legitimate & mo/ fruitful developm5t ( ! ,prophet's tea*+4 ,b ! ,prophet 0 a /rict mono!i/1 :ile ! ,sfs1 :atev] !y may pret5d or imag9e1 are !osophi/s1 pan!i/s1 or moni/s4 ,:5 !y speak & write z believ]s 9 ! dogmas ( positive religion1 !y use language :i* _c be reconcil$ ) su* a !ory ( unity z we are n[ exam9+4 ,affuddn al-,tilimsn1 f ^: comm5t>y on ,niff> ,i h giv5 "s extracts 9 ?is *apt]1 said r\ndly t ! :ole ,koran is poly!ism--a p]fectly j /atem5t f ! moni/ic po9t ( view1 ?\gh few ,sfs h d>$ to be s explicit4 ,! my/ic ,unit>ians admit ! appe>ance ( contradiction1 b d5y its reality4 8,! ,law & ! ,tru?0 7!y might say7 8are ! same ?+ 9 diff]5t aspects4 ,! ,law is = y1 ! ,tru? = u4 ,9 address+ y we speak accord+ to ! measure ( y\r und]/&+1 s9ce :at is meat = gno/ics is poison to ! un9itiat$1 & ! highe/ my/]ies ought to be jeal\sly gu>d$ f pr(ane e>s4 ,x is only human reason t sees ! s+le z d\ble1 & balances ! ,law aga9/ ! ,tru?4 ,pass away f ! _w ( opposites & become "o ) ,god1 :o has no opposite40 ,! gno/ic recognises t ! ,law is valid & necess>y 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,:ile good & evil rema91 ! ,law /&s ov] bo?1 comm&+ & =bidd+1 rew>d+ & puni%+4 ,he kn[s1 on ! o!r h&1 t only ,god really exi/s & acts3 !re=e1 if evil really exi/s1 x mu/ be div9e1 & if evil ?+s are really done1 ,god mu/ be ! do] ( !m4 ,! conclusion is false because ! hypo!sis is false4 ,evil has no real exi/5ce2 x is n-be+1 :i* is ! privation & abs5ce ( be+1 j z d>kness is ! abs5ce ( light4 8,once10 said ,nr1 8,i beheld ! ,light1 & ,i fix$ my gaze ^u x until ,i became ! ,light40 ,no wond] t su* illum9at$ s\ls1 supremely indiff]5t to ! %ad[-%[s ( religion & morality 9 a phantom _w1 are ready to cry ) ,jalluddn3 8,! man ( ,god is made wise by ! ,tru?1 ,! man ( ,god is n le>n$ f book4 ,! man ( ,god is beyond infidelity & fai?1 ,to ! man ( ,god "r & wrong are alike40 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is is a !ory ( p]fection1 & t ^? :om x exalts above ! ,law are sa9ts1 spiritual guides1 & pr(\nd !osophi/s :o enjoy ! special fav\r ( ,god & presumably d n ne$ to be re/ra9$1 co]c$1 or puni%$4 ,9 practice1 ( c\rse1 x leads 9 _m in/ances to ant9omianism & lib]t9ism1 z among ! ,bekt%s & o!r ord]s ( ! s-call$ #8lawless' d]vi%es4 ,! same !ories produc$ ! same results 9 ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! imp>tial hi/orian _c ignore ! corruptions to :i* a purely subjective my/icism is liable2 b on ! pres5t occasion we are conc]n$ ) ! rose itself1 n ) its cank]s4 ,n all ,sfs are gno/ics2 &1 z ,i h m5tion$ be=e1 ^? :o are n yet ripe = ! gnosis receive f _! gno/ic tea*]s ! e?ical in/ruction suitable to _! ne$s4 ,jalluddn ,rm1 9 8 collection ( lyrical poems entitl$ ,! ,dvn ( ,%amsi ,tabrz1 gives free re9 to a pan!i/ic en?usiasm :i* sees all ?+s "u ! =m ( et]nity4 8,i h put duality away1 ,i h se5 t ! two worlds are "o2 ,"o ,i seek1 ,"o ,i "k1 ,"o ,i see1 ,"o ,i call4 ,i am intoxicat$ ) ,love's cup1 ! two worlds h pass$ out ( my k52 ,i h no bus9ess save c>\se & revelry40 ,b 9 8 ,masnav--a "w s fam\s & v5]at$ t x has be5 /yl$ #8,! ,koran ( ,p]sia'--we f9d him 9 a m sob] mood exp\nd+ ! ,sf doctr9es & ju/ify+ ! ways ( ,god to man4 ,"h1 ?\gh he is a conv9c$ optimi/ & agrees ) ,ghazl t ?is is ! be/ ( all possible worlds1 he does n airily dismiss ! problem ( evil z some?+ outside reality1 b endeav\rs to %[ t evil1 or :at seems evil to u1 is "p ( ! div9e ord] & h>mony4 ,i w quote "s passages ( 8 argum5t & leave my read]s to judge h[ f> x is successful or1 at any rate1 sugge/ive4 ,! ,sfs1 x w be rememb]$1 conceive ! univ]se z a project$ & reflect$ image ( ,god4 ,! div9e light1 /ream+ =? 9 a s]ies ( emanations1 falls at la/ ^u ! d>kness ( n-be+1 e atom ( :i* reflects "s attribute ( ,deity4 ,= in/ance1 ! beautiful attributes ( love & m]cy are reflect$ 9 ! =m ( heav5 & ! angels1 :ile ! t]rible attributes ( wra? & v5geance are reflect$ 9 ! =m ( hell & ! devils4 ,man reflects all ! attributes1 ! t]rible z well z ! beautiful3 he is an epitome ( heav5 & hell4 ,om> ,khayym alludes to ?is !ory :5 he says3 8,hell is a sp>k f our fruitless pa91 ,heav5 a brea? f our "t ( joy0 --a c\plet :i* ,fitz,gerald m\ld$ into ! magnific5t /anza3 8,heav'n b ! ,vision ( fulfill$ ,desire1 ,& ,hell ! ,%ad[ f a ,s\l on fire1 ,ca/ on ! ,d>kness into :i* ,ourselves ,s late em]g$ f1 %all s soon expire40 ,jalluddn1 !re=e1 does 9 a s5se make ,god ! au?or ( evil1 b at ! same "t he makes evil intr9sically good 9 relation to ,god--= x is ! reflexion ( c]ta9 div9e attributes :i* 9 !mselves are absolutely good4 ,s f> z evil is really evil1 x spr+s f n-be+4 ,! poet assigns a diff]5t value to ?is t]m 9 its relation to ,god & 9 its relation to man4 ,9 respect ( ,god n-be+ is no?+1 = ,god is real ,be+1 b 9 man x is ! pr9ciple ( evil :i* con/itutes half ( human nature4 ,9 ! "o case x is a pure negation1 9 ! o!r x is positively & actively p]nici\s4 ,we ne$ n qu>rel ) ! poet = com+ to grief 9 8 logic4 ,!re are "s occasions :5 int5se moral feel+ is wor? any am\nt ( accurate ?9k+4 ,x is evid5t t ! doctr9e ( div9e unity implies pr$e/9ation4 ,:]e ,god is & naught beside ,him1 !re c be no o!r ag5t ?an ,he1 no act b ,84 8,?\ did/ n ?r[1 :5 ?\ ?rewe/1 b ,god ?rew0 7,kor4 #h4 #ag74 ,compulsion is felt only by ^? :o d n love4 ,to "k ,god is to love ,him2 & ! gno/ic may answ]1 l ! d]vi% :o 0 ask$ h[ he f>$3 8,i f>e z "o by ^: maje/ic w ,! _w revolves1 floods rise & riv]s fl[1 ,/>s 9 _! c\rses move2 yea1 dea? & life ,hang on 8 nod & fly to ! ends ( e>?1 ,8 m9i/]s ( m\rn+ or ( joy40 ,?is is ! ,tru?2 b = ! b5efit ( su* z _c be> x1 ,jalluddn v9dicates ! ju/ice ( ,god by ass]t+ t m5 h ! p[] to *oose h[ !y w act1 al?\gh _! fre$om is subord9ate to ! div9e w4 ,approa*+ ! "q1 8,:y does ,god orda9 & create evil80 he po9ts out t ?+s are kn[n ?r\gh _! opposites1 & t ! exi/5ce ( evil is necess>y = ! manife/ation ( good4 8,n-be+ & defect1 :]ev] se51 ,are mirrors ( ! beauty ( all t is4 ,! bone-sett]1 :]e %\ld he try 8 skill ,b on ! pati5t ly+ ) brok5 leg8 ,7 no base copp] 9 ! crucible1 ,h[ c\ld ! al*emi/ 8 craft display80 ,moreov]1 ! div9e omnipot5ce w\ld n be completely realis$ if evil _h rema9$ uncreat$4 8,he is ! s\rce ( evil1 z ?\ saye/1 ,yet evil hurts ,him n4 ,to make t evil ,d5otes 9 ,him p]fection4 ,he> f me ,a p>able4 ,! heav5ly ,arti/ pa9ts ,beautiful %apes & ugly3 9 "o picture ,! lovelie/ wom5 9 ! l& ( ,egypt ,gaz+ on y\?ful ,joseph amor\sly2 ,& lo1 ano!r sc5e by ! same h&1 ,hell-fire & ,ibls ) 8 hide\s crew3 ,bo? ma/]-works1 creat$ = good ends1 ,to %[ ,8 p]fect wisdom & conf\nd ,! sceptics :o d5y ,8 ma/]y4 ,c\ld ,he n evil make1 ,he w\ld lack skill2 ,!re=e ,he fa%ions infidel alike ,& ,moslem true1 t bo? may witness be> ,to ,him1 & wor%ip ,"o ,almighty ,"l40 ,9 reply to ! objection t a ,god :o creates evil mu/ ,himself be evil1 ,jalluddn1 pursu+ ! analogy drawn f ,art1 rem>ks t ugl9ess 9 ! picture is no evid5ce ( ugl9ess 9 ! pa9t]4 ,aga91 )\t evil x w\ld be impossible to w9 ! prov$ virtue :i* is ! rew>d ( self-conque/4 ,bread mu/ be brok5 be=e x c s]ve z food1 & grapes w n yield w9e till !y are cru%$4 ,_m m5 are l$ ?r\gh tribulation to happ9ess4 ,z evil ebbs1 good fl[s4 ,f9ally1 mu* evil is only app>5t4 ,:at seems a curse to "o may be a bless+ to ano!r2 nay1 evil itself is turn$ to good = ! righte\s4 ,jalluddn w n admit t any?+ is absolutely bad4 8,fools buy false co9s because !y are l ! true4 ,if 9 ! _w no g5u9e m9t$ co9 ,7 curr5t1 h[ w\ld =g]s pass ! false8 ,falsehood 7 no?+ unless tru? 7 !re1 ,to make x speci\s4 ',tis ! love ( "r ,lures m5 to wrong4 ,let poison b be mix$ ,) sug>1 !y w cram x into _! m\?s4 ,oh1 cry n t all cre$s are va96 ,"s sc5t ,( tru? !y h1 else !y w\ld n beguile4 ,say n1 #8,h[ utt]ly fanta/ical6' ,no fancy 9 ! _w is all untrue4 ,among/ ! cr[d ( d]vi%es hides "o1 ,"o true fakr4 ,se>* well & ?\ wilt f9d60 ,surely ?is is a notewor?y doctr9e4 ,jalluddn di$ only a few ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,dante1 b ! ,*ri/ian poet falls f> bel[ ! level ( *>ity & tol]ance rea*$ by 8 ,moslem contempor>y4 ,h[ is x possible to disc]n ! s\l ( goodness 9 ?+s evil8 ,by means ( love1 says ,jalluddn1 & ! k :i* love alone c give1 accord+ to ! ^w ( ,god 9 ! holy ,tradition3 8,my s]vant draws nigh unto ,me1 & ,i love him2 & :5 ,i love him1 ,i am 8 e>1 s t he he>s by ,me1 & 8 eye1 s t he sees by ,me1 & 8 tongue1 s t he speaks by ,me1 & 8 h&1 s t he takes by ,me40 ,al?\gh x w be conv5i5t to treat ( my/ical love 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 ! read] mu/ n fancy t a new subject is op5+ be=e him4 ,gnosis & love are spiritually id5tical2 !y tea* ! same tru?s 9 diff]5t language4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,div9e ,,love ,any "o acqua9t$1 h[ev] slightly1 ) ! my/ical poetry ( ,islam mu/ h rem>k$ t ! aspiration ( ! s\l t[>ds ,god is express$1 z a rule1 9 almo/ ! same t]ms :i* might be us$ by an ,ori5tal ,anacreon or ,h]rick4 ,! resemblance1 inde$1 is (t5 s close t1 unless we h "s clue to ! poet's int5tion1 we are left 9 d\bt z to 8 mean+4 ,9 "s cases1 p]haps1 ! ambiguity s]ves an arti/ic purpose1 z 9 ! odes ( ,hafiz1 b ev5 :5 ! poet is n delib]ately keep+ 8 read]s susp5d$ betwe5 e>? & heav51 x is q easy to mi/ake a my/ical hymn = a dr9k+-song or a s]5ade4 ,ibn al-,arab1 ! greate/ !osophi/ :om ! ,arabs h produc$1 f\nd himself oblig$ to write a comm5t>y on "s ( 8 poems 9 ord] to refute ! sc&al\s *>ge t !y 7 design$ to celebrate ! *>ms ( 8 mi/ress4 ,"h are a few l9es3 8,oh1 h] beauty--! t5d] maid6 ,its brilliance gives light l lamps to "o travell+ 9 ! d>k4 ,%e is a pe>l hidd5 9 a %ell ( hair z black z jet1 ,a pe>l = :i* ,?\ght dives & rema9s unceas+ly 9 ! deeps ( t ocean4 ,he :o looks ^u h] deems h] to be a gazelle ( ! s&-hills1 because ( h] %apely neck & ! lovel9ess ( h] ge/ures40 ,x has be5 said t ! ,sfs inv5t$ ?is figurative /yle z a mask = my/]ies :i* !y desir$ to keep secret4 ,t desire 0 natural 9 ^? :o pr\dly claim$ to possess an esot]ic doctr9e kn[n only to !mselves2 moreov]1 a pla9 /atem5t ( :at !y believ$ might h endang]$ _! lib]ties1 if n _! lives4 ,b1 ap>t f any su* motives1 ! ,sfs adopt ! symbolic /yle because !re is no o!r possible way ( int]pret+ my/ical exp]i5ce4 ,s little does k ( ! inf9ite reveal$ 9 ec/atic vision ne$ an artificial disguise t x _c be communicat$ at all except ?r\gh types & emblems drawn f ! s5sible _w1 :i*1 imp]fect z !y are1 may sugge/ & %ad[ =? a deep] mean+ ?an appe>s on ! surface4 8,gno/ics10 says ,ibn al-,arab1 8_c imp>t _! feel+s to o!r m52 !y c only indicate !m symbolically to ^? :o h begun to exp]i5ce ! l40 ,:at k9d ( symbolism ea* my/ic w pref] dep5ds on 8 temp]am5t & "*4 ,if he be a religi\s arti/1 a spiritual poet1 8 ideas ( reality are likely to clo! !mselves in/9ctively 9 =ms ( beauty & gl[+ images ( human love4 ,to him ! rosy *eek ( ! belov$ repres5ts ! div9e ess5ce manife/$ ?r\gh its attributes2 h] d>k curls signify ! ,"o veil$ by ! ,_m2 :5 he says1 8,dr9k w9e t x may set y free f y\rself10 he means1 8,lose y\r ph5om5al self 9 ! rapture ( div9e contemplation40 ,i might fill pages ) fur!r examples4 ,?is erotic & bac*analian symbolism is n1 ( c\rse1 peculi> to ! my/ical poetry ( ,islam1 b n[h]e else is x display$ s opul5tly & 9 su* p]fection4 ,x has (t5 be5 misund]/ood by ,european critics1 "o ( :om ev5 n[ c describe ! ec/asies ( ! ,sfs z 8inspir$ p>tly by w9e & /rongly t+$ ) s5suality40 ,z reg>ds ! :ole body ( ,sfs1 ! *>ge is altoge!r false4 ,no intellig5t & unprejudic$ /ud5t ( _! writ+s c\ld h made x1 & we ought to h be5 in=m$ on :at sort ( evid5ce x is bas$4 ,!re are black %eep 9 e flock1 & among/ ! ,sfs we f9d _m hypocrites1 debau*ees1 & drunk>ds :o br+ discr$it on ! pure bre?r54 ,b x is j z unfair to judge ,sfism 9 g5]al by ! excesses ( ^! impo/ors z x w\ld be to condemn all ,*ri/ian my/icism on ! gr\nd t c]ta9 sects & individuals are immoral4 8,god is ! ,sq#aj & ! ,w9e3 ,he kn[s :at mann] ( love is m9e10 said ,jalluddn4 ,ibn al-,arab decl>es t no religion is m sublime ?an a religion ( love & long+ = ,god4 ,love is ! ess5ce ( all cre$s3 ! true my/ic welcomes x :atev] guise x may assume4 #aj ,cupbe>]4 8,my he>t has become capable ( e =m3 x is a pa/ure = gazelles & a conv5t = ,*ri/ian monks1 ,& a temple = idols1 & ! pilgrim's ,kaba1 & ! tables ( ! ,tora & ! book ( ! ,koran4 ,i foll[ ! religion ( ,love1 :i*ev] way 8 camels take4 ,my religion & my fai? is ! true religion4 ,we h a patt]n 9 ,bi%r1 ! lov] ( ,h9d & h] si/]1 & 9 ,qays & ,lubn1 & 9 ,mayya & ,ghayln40 ,comm5t+ on ! la/ v]se1 ! poet writes3 8,love1 qu love1 is "o & ! same reality to ^? ,arab lov]s & to me2 b ! objects ( our love are diff]5t1 = !y lov$ a ph5om5on1 :]eas ,i love ! ,real4 ,!y are a patt]n to u1 because ,god only afflict$ !m ) love = human be+s 9 ord] t ,he might %[1 by means ( !m1 ! fals5ess ( ^? :o pret5d to love ,him1 & yet feel no su* transport & rapture 9 lov+ ,him z depriv$ ^? enam\r$ m5 ( _! reason1 & made !m unconsci\s ( !mselves40 ,mo/ ( ! great m$ieval ,sfs liv$ sa9tly lives1 dream+ ( ,god1 intoxicat$ ) ,god4 ,:5 !y tri$ to tell _! dreams1 be+ m51 !y us$ ! language ( m54 ,if !y 7 also lit]>y arti/s1 !y naturally wrote 9 ! /yle ( _! own day & g5]ation4 ,9 my/ical poetry ! ,arabs yield ! palm to ! ,p]sians4 ,any "o :o w\ld read ! secret ( ,sfism1 no long] encumb]$ ) !ological articles nor obscur$ by metaphysical subtleties--let him turn to ,attr1 ,jalluddn ,rm1 & ,jm1 ^: works are p>tially accessible 9 ,engli% & o!r ,european languages4 ,to translate ^! wond]ful hymns is to break _! melody & br+ _! so>+ passion d[n to e>?1 b n ev5 a prose translation c q conceal ! love ( ,tru? & ! vision ( ,beauty :i* inspir$ !m4 ,li/5 aga9 to ,jalluddn3 8,he comes1 a moon ^: l ! sky ne'er saw1 awake or dream+1 ,cr[n$ ) et]nal flame no flood c lay4 ,lo1 f ! flagon ( ,?y love1 ,o ,"l1 my s\l is swimm+1 ,& ru9$ all my body's h\se ( clay4 ,:5 fir/ ! ,giv] ( ! grape my lonely he>t befri5d$1 ,w9e fir$ my bosom & my ve9s fill$ up1 ,b :5 ,8 image all m9e eye possess$1 a voice desc5d$1 #8,well done1 ,o sov]eign ,w9e & pe]less ,cup6'0 ,! love ?us symbolis$ is ! emotional elem5t 9 religion1 ! rapture ( ! se]1 ! c\rage ( ! m>tyr1 ! fai? ( ! sa9t1 ! only basis ( moral p]fection & spiritual k4 ,practically1 x is self-r5unciation & self-sacrifice1 ! giv+ up ( all possessions--weal?1 hon\r1 w1 life1 & :atev] else m5 value--= ! ,belov$'s sake )\t any ?\ght ( rew>d4 ,i h already ref]r$ to love z ! supreme pr9ciple 9 ,sf e?ics1 & n[ let me give "s illu/rations4 8,love10 says ,jalluddn1 8is ! rem$y ( our pride & self-conceit1 ! physician ( all our infirmities4 ,only he ^: g>m5t is r5t by love becomes entirely unselfi%40 ,nr1 ,raqqm1 & o!r ,sfs 7 accus$ ( h]esy & s5t5c$ to dea?4 8,:5 ! execution] approa*$ ,raqqm1 ,nr rose & (f]$ himself 9 8 fri5d's place ) ! utmo/ *e]fulness & submission4 ,all ! spectators 7 a/\nd$4 ,! execution] said1 #8,"y man1 ! sword is n a ?+ t p are s eag] to meet2 & y\r turn has n yet arriv$4' ,nr answ]$1 #8,my religion is f\nd$ on unselfi%ness4 ,life is ! mo/ preci\s ?+ 9 ! _w3 ,i wi% to sacrifice = my bre?r5's sake ! few mom5ts :i* rema94'0 ,on ano!r occasion ,nr 0 ov]he>d pray+ z foll[s3 8,o ,"l1 9 ,?y et]nal k & p[] & w ,?\ do/ puni% ! p ( ,hell :om ,?\ ha/ creat$2 & if x be ,?y inexorable w to make ,hell full ( mank9d1 ,?\ art able to fill x ) me alone1 & to s5d !m to ,p>adise40 ,9 proportion z ! ,sf loves ,god1 he sees ,god 9 all ,8 creatures1 & goes =? to !m 9 acts ( *>ity4 ,pi\s works are naught )\t love4 8,*e] "o sad he>t3 ?y lov+ de$ w be ,m ?an a ?\s& temples rais$ by !e4 ,"o freeman :om ?y k9dness ha? enslav$ ,outweighs by f> a ?\s& slaves set free40 ,! ,moslem ,leg5d ( ! ,sa9ts ab\nds 9 tales ( pity %[n to animals 7includ+ ! despis$ dog71 birds1 & ev5 insects4 ,x is relat$ t ,byazd pur*as$ "s c>damom se$ at ,hamadhn1 & be=e dep>t+ put into 8 gab]d9e a small quantity :i* 0 left ov]4 ,on rea*+ ,bi/m & recollect+ :at he _h done1 he took out ! se$ & f\nd t x conta9$ a numb] ( ants4 ,say+1 8,i h c>ri$ ! poor creatures away f _! home10 he imm$iately set (f & j\rney$ back to ,hamadhn--a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles4 ,?is univ]sal *>ity is "o ( ! fruits ( pan!ism4 ,! ascetic view ( ! _w :i* prevail$ among/ ! e>ly ,sfs1 & _! vivid consci\sness ( ,god z a transc5d5t ,p]sonality r ?an z an imman5t ,_s1 caus$ !m to cru% _! human affections rel5tlessly4 ,"h is a %ort /ory f ! life ( ,fudayl ibn ,iyd4 ,x w\ld be t\*+ if x 7 n s edify+4 8,"o day he _h 9 8 lap a *ild f\r ye>s old1 & *anc$ to give x a kiss1 z is ! way ( fa!rs4 ,! *ild said1 #8,fa!r1 d y love me8' #8,yes1' said ,fudayl4 #8,d y love ,god8' #8,yes4' #8,h[ _m he>ts h y8' #8,"o4' #8,!n1' ask$ ! *ild1 #8h[ c y love two ) "o he>t8' ,fudayl p]ceiv$ t ! *ild's words 7 a div9e admonition4 ,9 8 zeal = ,god he began to beat 8 head & rep5t$ ( 8 love = ! *ild1 & gave 8 he>t :olly to ,god40 ,! high] ,sf my/icism1 z repres5t$ by ,jalluddn ,rm1 tea*es t ! ph5om5al is a bridge to ! ,real4 8,:e!r x be ( ?is _w or ( t1 ,?y love w lead !e yond] at ! la/40 ,& ,jm says1 9 a passage :i* has be5 translat$ by ,pr(essor ,br[ne3 8,ev5 f e>?ly love ?y face av]t n1 ,s9ce to ! ,real x may s]ve to raise !e4 ,ere ,a1 ,b1 ,c are rightly appreh5d$1 ,h[ can/ ?\ con ! pages ( ?y ,koran8 ,a sage 7s he>d ,i71 unto :om a /ud5t ,came crav+ c\nsel on ! c\rse be=e him1 ,said1 #8,if ?y /eps be /rang]s to love's pa?ways1 ,dep>t1 le>n love1 & !n return be=e me6 ,=1 %\ld/ ?\ fe> to dr9k w9e f ,=m's flagon1 ,?\ can/ n dra9 ! draught ( ! ,ideal4 ,b yet bew>e6 ,be n by ,=m belat$3 ,/rive r ) all spe$ ! bridge to trav]se4 ,if to ! b\rne ?\ fa9 w\ld/ be> ?y baggage1 ,^u ! bridge let n ?y foot/eps l+]4'0 ,em]son sums up ! mean+ ( ?is :]e he says3 8,behold+ 9 _m s\ls ! traits ( ! div9e beauty1 & sep>at+ 9 ea* s\l t :i* is div9e f ! ta9t :i* x has contract$ 9 ! _w1 ! lov] asc5ds to ! highe/ beauty1 to ! love & k ( ! ,div9ity1 by /eps on ?is ladd] ( creat$ s\ls40 8,man's love ( ,god10 says ,hujwr1 8is a quality :i* manife/s itself1 9 ! he>t ( ! pi\s believ]1 9 ! =m ( v5]ation & magnification1 s t he seeks to satisfy 8 ,belov$ & becomes impati5t & re/less 9 8 desire = vision ( ,him1 & _c re/ ) any "o except ,him1 & gr[s famili> ) ! recollection ( ,him1 & abjures ! recollection ( ev]y?+ besides4 ,repose becomes unlawful to him1 & re/ flees f him4 ,he is cut (f f all habits & associations1 & r5\nces s5sual passion1 & turns t[>ds ! c\rt ( love1 & submits to ! law ( love1 & kn[s ,god by ,8 attributes ( p]fection40 ,inevitably su* a man w love 8 fell[-m54 ,:atev] cruelty !y inflict ^u him1 he w p]ceive only ! *a/5+ h& ( ,god1 8^: bitt]s are v sweets to ! s\l40 ,byazd said t :5 ,god loves a man1 ,he end[s him ) ?ree qualities 9 tok5 !re(3 a b\nty l t ( ! sea1 a sympa?y l t ( ! sun1 & a humility l t ( ! e>?4 ,no suff]+ c be too great1 no devotion too high1 = ! pi]c+ insight & burn+ fai? ( a true lov]4 ,ibn al-,arab claims t ,islam is peculi>ly ! religion ( love1 inasmu* z ! ,prophet ,mohamm$ is call$ ,god's belov$ 7,habb71 b ?\gh "s traces ( ?is doctr9e occur 9 ! ,koran1 its ma9 impulse 0 unque/ionably d]iv$ f ,*ri/ianity4 ,:ile ! olde/ ,sf lit]ature1 :i* is writt5 9 ,arabic & un=tunately has come d[n to u 9 a fragm5t>y /ate1 is /ill dom9at$ by ! ,koranic insi/5ce on fe> ( ,allah1 x also be>s conspicu\s m>ks ( ! oppos+ ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,z 9 ,*ri/ianity1 ?r\gh ,dionysius & o!r writ]s ( ! ,neoplatonic s*ool1 s 9 ,islam1 & probably "u ! same influ5ce1 ! devotional & my/ical love ( ,god soon develop$ into ec/asy & en?usiasm :i* f9ds 9 ! s5su\s imag]y ( human love ! mo/ sugge/ive m$ium = its expression4 ,dr4 ,+e obs]ves t ! ,sfs 8appe>1 l true ,asiatics1 to h attempt$ to give a sacram5tal & symbolic "* to ! indulg5ce ( _! passions40 ,i ne$ n aga9 po9t out t su* a view ( g5u9e ,sfism is bo? sup]ficial & incorrect4 ,love1 l gnosis1 is 9 its ess5ce a div9e gift1 n any?+ t c be acquir$4 8,if ! :ole _w wi%$ to attract love1 !y c\ld n2 & if !y made ! utmo/ ef=ts to repel x1 !y c\ld n40 ,^? :o love ,god are ^? :om ,god loves4 8,i fanci$ t ,i lov$ ,him10 said ,byazd1 8b on consid]ation ,i saw t ,8 love prec$$ m9e40 ,junayd def9$ love z ! sub/itution ( ! qualities ( ! ,belov$ = ! qualities ( ! lov]4 ,9 o!r words1 love signifies ! pass+-away ( ! individual self2 x is an uncontrollable rapture1 a ,god-s5t grace :i* mu/ be s\ght by ard5t pray] & aspiration4 8,o ,?\ 9 ^: bat well-curv$ my he>t l a ball is laid1 ,nor ev] a hairbread? sw]v$ f ,?y bidd+ nor disobey$1 ,i h wa%$ m9e outw>d clean1 ! wat] ,i drew & p\r$2 ,m9e inw>d is ,?y demesne--d ,?\ keep x /a9less1 ,"l60 ,jalluddn tea*es t man's love is really ! effect ( ,god's love by means ( an apologue4 ,"o night a c]ta9 devotee 0 pray+ al\d1 :5 ,satan appe>$ to him & said3 8,h[ long wilt ?\ cry1 #8,o ,allah'8 ,be quiet1 = ?\ wilt get no answ]40 ,! devotee hung 8 head 9 sil5ce4 ,aft] a little :ile he _h a vision ( ! prophet ,khadir1 :o said to him1 8,ah1 :y ha/ ?\ ceas$ to call on ,god80 8,because ! answ] #8,"h am ,i' came n10 he repli$4 ,khadir said1 8,god ha? ord]$ me to g to !e & say ?is3 8#8,0 x n ,i t summon$ !e to s]vice8 ,did n ,i make !e busy ) ,my "n8 ,?y call+ 8,allah60 0 ,my 8,"h am ,i10 ,?y ye>n+ pa9 ,my mess5g] to !e4 ,( all ^? te>s & cries & supplications ,i 0 ! magnet1 & ,i gave !m w+s4'0 ,div9e love is beyond description1 yet its signs are manife/4 ,s> al-,saqat que/ion$ ,junayd conc]n+ ! nature ( love4 8,"s say10 he answ]$1 8t x is a /ate ( concord1 & "s say t x is altruism1 & "s say t x is s-&-s40 ,s> took hold ( ! sk9 on 8 =e>m & pull$ x1 b x w\ld n /ret*2 !n he said1 8,i swe> by ! glory ( ,god1 7 ,i to say t ?is sk9 ha? %rivell$ on ?is bone = love ( ,him1 ,i %\ld be tell+ ! tru?40 ,!reupon he fa9t$ away1 & 8 face became l a %9+ moon4 ,love1 #8! a/rolabe ( heav5ly my/]ies1' inspires all religion wor?y ( ! "n1 & br+s ) x1 n reason$ belief1 b ! int5se conviction aris+ f imm$iate intuition4 ,?is inn] light is its own evid5ce2 he :o sees x has real k1 & no?+ c increase or dim9i% 8 c]ta9ty4 ,h5ce ! ,sfs nev] we>y ( expos+ ! futility ( a fai? :i* supports itself on intellectual pro(s1 ext]nal au?ority1 self-int]e/1 or self-reg>d ( any k9d4 ,! b>r5 dialectic ( ! !ologian2 ! cant+ righte\sness ( ! ,ph>isee root$ 9 =ms & c]emonies2 ! less crude b equally undis9t]e/$ wor%ip ( :i* ! motive is desire to ga9 ev]la/+ happ9ess 9 ! life h]eaft]2 ! relatively pure devotion ( ! my/ic :o1 al?\gh he loves ,god1 yet ?9ks ( himself z lov+1 & ^: he>t is n :olly empti$ ( #8o!rness'--all ^! are #8veils' to be remov$4 ,a few say+s by ^? :o "k w be m in/ructive ?an fur!r explanation4 8,o ,god6 :atev] %>e ( ?is _w ,?\ ha/ allott$ to me1 be/[ x on ,?9e enemies2 & :atev] %>e ( ! next _w ,?\ ha/ allott$ to me1 be/[ x on ,?y fri5ds4 ,?\ art en\gh = me40 7,rbia47 8,o ,god6 if ,i wor%ip ,!e 9 fe> ( ,hell1 burn me 9 ,hell2 & if ,i wor%ip ,!e 9 hope ( ,p>adise1 exclude me f ,p>adise2 b if ,i wor%ip ,!e = ,?9e own sake1 )hold n ,?9e ev]la/+ beauty60 7,rbia47 8,not)/&+ t ! lov]s ( ,god are sep>at$ f ,him by _! love1 !y h ! ess5tial ?+1 = :e!r !y sleep or wake1 !y seek & are s\ght1 & are n occupi$ ) _! own seek+ & lov+1 b are enraptur$ 9 contemplation ( ! ,belov$4 ,x is a crime 9 ! lov] to reg>d 8 love1 & an outrage 9 love to look at "o's own seek+ :ile "o is face to face ) ! ,s\ght40 7,byazd47 8,8 love ent]$ & remov$ all besides ,him & left no trace ( any?+ else1 s t x rema9$ s+le ev5 z ,he is s+le40 7,byazd47 8,to feel at "o ) ,god = a mom5t is bett] ?an all m5's acts ( wor%ip f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( ! _w40 7,%ibl47 8,fe> ( ! ,fire1 9 comp>ison ) fe> ( be+ p>t$ f ! ,belov$1 is l a drop ( wat] ca/ into ! mightie/ ocean40 7,dhu 'l-,nn47 8,unless ,i h ! face ( my he>t t[>ds ,!e1 ,i deem pray] unwor?y to be reckon$ z pray]4 ,if ,i turn my face to ! ,kaba1 'tis = love ( ,?9e2 ,o!rwise ,i am quit bo? ( pray] & ,kaba40 7,jalluddn ,rm47 ,love1 aga91 is ! div9e in/9ct ( ! s\l impell+ x to realise its nature & de/9y4 ,! s\l is ! fir/-born ( ,god3 be=e ! creation ( ! univ]se x liv$ & mov$ & _h its be+ 9 ,him1 & dur+ its e>?ly manife/ation x is a /rang] 9 exile1 ev] p9+ to return to its home4 8,?is is ,love3 to fly heav5w>d1 ,to r5d1 e in/ant1 a hundr$ veils2 ,! fir/ mom5t1 to r5\nce life2 ,! la/ /ep1 to f>e )\t feet2 ,to reg>d ?is _w z invisible1 ,n to see :at appe>s to "o's self40 ,all ! love-romances & allegories ( ,sf poetry--! tales ( ,layl & ,majnn1 ,ysuf 7,joseph7 & ,zulaykh1 ,salmn & ,absl1 ! ,mo? & ! ,c&le1 ! ,night+ale & ! ,rose--are %ad[-pictures ( ! s\l's passionate long+ to be reunit$ ) ,god4 ,x is impossible1 9 ! brief space at my comm&1 to give ! read] m ?an a pass+ glimpse ( ! treasures :i* ! exub]ant fancy ( ! ,ea/ has heap$ toge!r 9 e room ( ?is en*ant$ palace4 ,! s\l is lik5$ to a moan+ dove t has lo/ h] mate2 to a re$ torn f its b$ & made into a flute ^: pla9tive music fills ! eye ) te>s2 to a falcon summon$ by ! f[l]'s :i/le to p]* aga9 ^u 8 wri/2 to sn[ melt+ 9 ! sun & m\nt+ z vap\r to ! sky2 to a fr5zi$ camel swiftly plung+ ?r\gh ! des]t by night2 to a cag$ p>rot1 a fi% on dry l&1 a pawn t seeks to become a k+4 ,^! figures imply t ,god is conceiv$ z transc5d5t1 & t ! s\l _c rea* ,him )\t tak+ :at ,plot9us 9 a spl5did phrase calls 8! flight ( ! ,alone to ! ,alone40 ,jalluddn says3 8,! motion ( e atom is t[>ds its orig92 ,a man comes to be ! ?+ on :i* he is b5t4 ,by ! attraction ( fondness & ye>n+1 ! s\l & ! he>t ,assume ! qualities ( ! ,belov$1 :o is ! ,s\l ( s\ls40 #8,a man comes to be ! ?+ on :i* he is b5t'3 :at1 !n1 does ! ,sf become8 ,eckh>t 9 "o ( 8 s]mons quotes ! say+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e t ,man is :at he loves1 & adds ?is comm5t3 8,if he loves a /one1 he is a /one2 if he loves a man1 he is a man2 if he loves ,god--,i d>e n say m1 = if ,i said t he w\ld !n be ,god1 ye might /one me40 ,! ,moslem my/ics enjoy$ great] fre$om ( spee* ?an _! ,*ri/ian bre?r5 :o ow$ allegiance to ! m$ieval ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & if !y w5t too f> ! plea ( ec/asy 0 g5]ally accept$ z a suffici5t excuse4 ,:e!r !y emphasise ! outw>d or ! inw>d aspect ( unification1 ! transc5d5ce or ! imman5ce ( ,god1 _! expressions are bold & uncompromis+4 ,?us ,ab ,sad3 8,9 my he>t ,?\ dwelle/--else ) blood ,i'll dr5* x2 ,9 m9e eye ,?\ gl[e/--else ) te>s ,i'll qu5* x4 ,only to be "o ) ,!e my s\l desire?-- ,else f out my body1 by hook or crook1 ,i'll wr5* x60 ,jalluddn ,rm proclaims t ! s\l's love ( ,god is ,god's love ( ! s\l1 & t 9 lov+ ! s\l ,god loves ,himself1 = ,he draws home to ,himself t :i* 9 its ess5ce is div9e4 8,our copp]10 says ! poet1 8has be5 transmut$ by ?is r>e al*emy10 mean+ t ! base alloy ( self has be5 purifi$ & spiritualis$4 ,9 ano!r ode he says3 8,o my s\l1 ,i se>*$ f end to end3 ,i saw 9 !e naught save ! ,belov$2 ,call me n infidel1 ,o my s\l1 if ,i say t ?\ ?yself art ,he40 ,& yet m pla9ly3 8,ye :o 9 se>* ( ,god1 ( ,god1 pursue1 ,ye ne$ n se>* = ,god is y1 is y6 ,:y seek ye some?+ t 0 miss+ ne'er8 ,save y none is1 b y are--:]e1 oh1 :]e80 ,:]e is ! lov] :5 ! ,belov$ has display$ ,himself8 ,n[h]e & ev]y:]e3 8 individuality has pass$ away f him4 ,9 ! bridal *amb] ( ,unity ,god celebrates ! my/ical m>riage ( ! s\l4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,sa9ts ,,& ,,miracles ,let u suppose t ! av]age ,moslem c\ld read ,engli%1 & t we plac$ 9 8 h&s "o ( ^? admirable volumes publi%$ by ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,9 ord] to sympa?ise ) 8 feel+s on su* an occasion1 we h only to imag9e :at our own w\ld be if a sci5tific fri5d invit$ u to /udy a treatise sett+ =? ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( telegraphy & record+ well-atte/$ in/ances ( telegraphic communication4 ,! ,moslem w\ld probably see 9 ! telegraph "s k9d ( _s--an afreet or j9n4 ,telepa?y & simil> occult ph5om5a he takes = grant$ z self-evid5t facts4 ,x w\ld nev] occur to him to inve/igate !m4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! con/itution ( 8 m9d t makes x imp]vi\s to ! idea t ! sup]natural may be subject to law4 ,he believes1 because he _c help believ+1 9 ! reality ( an unse5 _w :i* #8lies ab\t u1' n 9 our infancy alone1 b always & ev]y:]e2 a _w f :i* we are 9 no wise exclud$1 accessible & 9 "s measure reveal$ to all1 ?\gh free & op5 int]c\rse ) x is a privilege enjoy$ by few4 ,_m are call$ b few *os54 8,spirits e night f ! body's sn>e ,?\ free/1 & make/ ! tablets clean4#aa ,spirits are set free e night f ?is cage1 ,indep5d5t1 nei!r rul$ nor rul+4 ,at night prison]s =get _! prison1 ,at night k+s =get _! p[]3 ,no sorr[1 no brood+ ov] ga9 & loss1 ,no ?\ght ( ?is p]son or t p]son4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ! gno/ic1 ev5 :5 he is awake2 ,god ha? said1 #8,?\ w\ld/ deem !m awake :ile !y slept4'#ab ,he is asleep1 day & night1 to ! affairs ( ! _w1 ,l a p5 9 ! controll+ h& ( ! ,"l40 #aa ,by eras+ all ! s5su\s impressions :i* =m a veil betwe5 ! s\l & ! _w ( reality4 #ab ,kor4 #ah4 #ag4 ,! ,sfs h always decl>$ & believ$ !mselves to be ,god's *os5 p4 ,! ,koran ref]s 9 sev]al places to ,8 elect4 ,accord+ to ! au?or ( ! ,kitb al-,luma1 ?is title belongs1 fir/ly1 to ! prophets1 elect 9 virtue ( _! s9lessness1 _! inspiration1 & _! apo/olic mission2 & secondly1 to c]ta9 ,moslems1 elect 9 virtue ( _! s9c]e devotion & self-mortification & firm atta*m5t to ! et]nal realities3 9 a ^w1 ! sa9ts4 ,:ile ! ,sfs are ! elect ( ! ,moslem community1 ! sa9ts are ! elect ( ! ,sfs4 ,! ,mohamm$an sa9t is commonly kn[n z a wal 7plural1 awliy74 ,?is ^w is us$ 9 v>i\s s5ses d]iv$ f its root-mean+ ( #8ne>ness'2 e4g4 next ( k91 patron1 protector1 fri5d4 ,x is appli$ 9 ! ,koran to ,god z ! protector ( ! ,fai?ful1 to angels or idols :o are suppos$ to protect _! wor%ipp]s1 & to m5 :o are reg>d$ z be+ specially "u div9e protection4 ,mohamm$ twits ! ,jews ) pr(ess+ to be protgs ( ,god 7awliy lillh74 ,not)/&+ its some:at equivocal associations1 ! t]m 0 tak5 ov] by ! ,sfs & became ! ord9>y designation ( p]sons ^: hol9ess br+s !m ne> to ,god1 & :o receive f ,him1 z tok5s ( ,8 peculi> fav\r1 miracul\s gifts 7k>mt1 72 !y are ,8 fri5ds1 on :om 8no fe> %all come & !y %all n grieve02#ac any injury done to !m is an act ( ho/ility aga9/ ,him4 #ac ,kor4 #aj4 #fc4 ,! inspiration ( ! ,islamic sa9ts1 ?\gh v]bally di/+ui%$ f t ( ! prophets & inf]ior 9 degree1 is ( ! same k9d4 ,9 consequ5ce ( _! intimate relation to ,god1 ! veil %r\d+ ! sup]natural1 or1 z a ,moslem w\ld say1 ! unse5 _w1 f _! p]ceptions is )drawn at int]vals1 & 9 _! fits ( ec/asy !y rise to ! prophetic level4 ,nei!r deep le>n+ 9 div9ity1 nor devotion to good works1 nor asceticism1 nor moral purity makes ! ,mohamm$an a sa9t2 he may h all or none ( ^! ?+s1 b ! only indisp5sable qualification is t ec/asy & rapture :i* is ! outw>d sign ( #8pass+-away' f ! ph5om5al self4 ,any "o ?us enraptur$ 7majdhb7 is a wal1#ad & :5 su* p]sons are recognis$ ?r\gh _! p[] ( work+ miracles1 !y are v5]at$ z sa9ts n only aft] dea? b also dur+ _! lives4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 !y live & die 9 obscurity4 ,hujwr tells u t among/ ! sa9ts 8!re are f\r ?\s& :o are conceal$ & d n "k "o ano!r & are n aw>e ( ! excell5ce ( _! /ate1 be+ 9 all circum/ances hidd5 f !mselves & f mank9d40 #ad ,waliyyat1 if ! sa9t is a woman4 ,! sa9ts =m an invisible hi]>*y1 on :i* ! ord] ( ! _w is ?\ght to dep5d4 ,its supreme head is entitl$ ! ,qutb 7,axis74 ,he is ! mo/ em95t ,sf ( 8 age1 & presides ov] ! meet+s regul>ly held by ?is augu/ p>liam5t1 ^: memb]s are n hamp]$ 9 _! att5dance by ! inconv5i5t fictions ( "t & space1 b come toge!r f all p>ts ( ! e>? 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 trav]s+ seas & m\nta9s & des]ts z easily z common mortals /ep across a road4 ,bel[ ! ,qutb /& v>i\s classes & grades ( sanctity4 ,hujwr enum]ates !m1 9 asc5d+ s]ies1 z foll[s3 ?ree hundr$ ,akhyr 7,good71 =ty ,abdl 7,sub/itutes71 sev5 ,abrr 7,pi\s71 f\r ,awtd 7,supports71 & ?ree ,nuqab 7,ov]se]s74 8,all ^! "k "o ano!r & _c act save by mutual cons5t4 ,x is ! task ( ! ,awtd to g r\nd ! :ole _w e night1 & if !re %\ld be any place on :i* _! eyes h n fall51 next day "s flaw w appe> 9 t place1 & !y mu/ !n in=m ! ,qutb 9 ord] t he may direct 8 att5tion to ! weak spot & t by 8 bless+ ! imp]fection may be rem$i$40 ,we are /udy+ 9 ?is book ! my/ical life ( ! individual ,moslem1 & x is necess>y to keep ! subject )9 ! n>r[e/ b\nds4 ,o!rwise1 ,i %\ld h lik$ to dwell on ! ext]nal & hi/orical organisation ( ,sfism z a s*ool = sa9ts1 & to describe ! process ( evolution ?r\gh :i* ! wal privately conv]s+ ) a small circle ( fri5ds became1 fir/1 a tea*] & spiritual guide ga!r+ disciples ar\nd him dur+ 8 lifetime1 & f9ally ! head ( a p]petual religi\s ord] :i* bore 8 "n4 ,! e>lie/ ( ^! great frat]nities date f ! twelf? c5tury4 ,9 addition to _! own memb]s--! s-call$ #8d]vi%es'--ea* ord] has a l>ge numb] ( lay bre?r5 atta*$ to x1 s t _! influ5ce p]vades all ranks ( ,moslem society4 ,!y are 8indep5d5t & self-develop+4 ,!re is rivalry betwe5 !m2 b no "o rules ov] ! o!r4 ,9 fai? & practice ea* goes its own way1 limit$ only by ! univ]sal consci5ce ( ,islam4 ,?us /range doctr9es & grave moral defects easily develop unhe$$1 b fre$om is sav$40#ae ,( c\rse1 ! typical wal is incapable ( f\nd+ an ord]1 b ,islam has produc$ no less frequ5tly ?an ,*ri/5dom m5 :o comb9e int5se spiritual illum9ation ) creative en]gy & aptitude = affairs on a gr& scale4 ,! ,mohamm$an notion ( ! sa9t z a p]son possess$ by ,god all[s a v wide application ( ! t]m3 9 popul> usage x ext5ds f ! greate/ ,sf !osophi/s1 l ,jalluddn ,rm & ,ibn al-,arab1 d[n to ^? :o h ga9$ sanctity only by los+ sanity--victims ( epilepsy & hy/]ia1 half-witt$ idiots & h>mless lunatics4 #ae ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald1 ,! ,religi\s ,life & ,attitude 9 ,islam1 p4 #afd4 ,bo? ,qu%ayr#af & ,hujwr discuss ! "q :e!r a sa9t c be consci\s ( 8 sa9t%ip1 & answ] x 9 ! affirmative4 ,_! oppon5ts argue t consci\sness ( sa9t%ip involves assurance ( salvation1 :i* is impossible1 s9ce no "o c "k ) c]ta9ty t he %all be among ! sav$ on ! ,day ( ,judgm5t4 ,9 reply x 0 urg$ t ,god may miracul\sly assure ! sa9t ( 8 pr$e/9$ salvation1 :ile ma9ta9+ him 9 a /ate ( spiritual s\ndness & pres]v+ him f disob$i5ce4 ,! sa9t is n immaculate1 z ! prophets are1 b ! div9e protection :i* he enjoys is a gu>antee t he w n p]sev]e 9 evil c\rses1 ?\gh he may tempor>ily be l$ a/ray4 ,accord+ to ! view g5]ally held1 sa9t%ip dep5ds on fai?1 n on conduct1 s t no s9 except infidelity c cause x to be =feit$4 ,?is p]il\s !ory1 :i* op5s ! door to ant9omianism1 0 mitigat$ by ! emphasis laid on fulfilm5t ( ! religi\s law4 ,! foll[+ anecdote ( ,byazd al-,bi/m %[s ! (ficial attitude ( all ! lead+ ,sfs :o are cit$ z au?orities 9 ! ,moslem text-books4 #af ,au?or ( a fam\s "w design$ to close ! brea* betwe5 ,sfism & ,islam4 ,he di$ 9 #ajgd ,a4,d4 8,i 0 told 7he said7 t a sa9t ( ,god 0 liv+ 9 su*-&-su* a t[n1 & ,i set out to visit him4 ,:5 ,i ent]$ ! mosque1 he came =? f 8 *amb] & spat on ! floor4 ,i turn$ back )\t salut+ him1 say+ to myself1 #8,a sa9t mu/ keep ! religi\s law 9 ord] t ,god may keep him 9 8 spiritual /ate4 ,_h ?is man be5 a sa9t1 8 respect = ! law w\ld h prev5t$ him f spitt+ on ! floor1 or ,god w\ld h sav$ him f m>r+ ! grace v\*saf$ to him4'0 ,_m wals1 h[ev]1 reg>d ! law z a curb t is inde$ necess>y s long z "o rema9s 9 ! discipl9>y /age1 b may be disc>d$ by ! sa9t4 ,su* a p]son1 !y decl>e1 /&s on a high] plane ?an ord9>y m51 & is n to be condemn$ = actions :i* outw>dly seem irreligi\s4 ,:ile ! old] ,sfs insi/ t a wal :o breaks ! law is !reby %[n to be an impo/or1 ! popul> belief 9 ! sa9ts & ! rapid gr[? ( sa9t-wor%ip t5d$ to aggr&ise ! wal at ! exp5se ( ! law1 & to fo/] ! conviction t a div9ely gift$ man c d no wrong1 or at lea/ t 8 actions mu/ n be judg$ by appe>ances4 ,! classical in/ance ( ?is jus div9um ve/$ 9 ! fri5ds ( ,god is ! /ory ( ,moses & ,khadir1 :i* is relat$ 9 ! ,koran 7#ah4 #fd-hj74 ,khadir or ,khizr--! ,koran does n m5tion him by "n--is a my/]i\s sage end[$ ) immortality1 :o is said to ent] into conv]sation ) w&]+ ,sfs & imp>t to !m 8 ,god-giv5 k4 ,moses desir$ to accompany him on a j\rney t he might pr(it by 8 tea*+1 & ,khadir cons5t$1 only /ipulat+ t ,moses %\ld ask no que/ions ( him4 8,s !y bo? w5t on1 till !y emb>k$ 9 a boat & he 7,khadir7 /av$ x 94 #8,:at6' cri$ ,moses1 #8ha/ ?\ /av$ x 9 t ?\ may/ dr[n its crew8 ,v]ily1 a /range ?+ ha/ ?\ done4' 8,he said1 #8,did n ,i tell !e t ?\ c\ld/ no way h pati5ce ) me8' 8,!n !y w5t on until !y met a y\?1 & he slew him4 ,said ,moses1 #8,ha/ ?\ sla9 him :o is free f guilt ( blood8 ,surely n[ ?\ ha/ wr\ght an unhe>d-( ?+6'0 ,aft] ,moses _h brok5 8 promise ( sil5ce = ! ?ird "t1 ,khadir resolv$ to leave him4 8,b fir/10 he said1 8,i w tell !e ! mean+ ( t ) :i* ?\ c\ld/ n h pati5ce4 ,z to ! boat1 x belong$ to poor m51 toil]s on ! sea1 & ,i 0 m9d$ to damage x1 = 9 _! re> 0 a k+ :o seiz$ on e boat by =ce4 ,& z to ! y\?1 8 p>5ts 7 believ]s1 & ,i fe>$ le/ he %\ld tr\ble !m by error & unbelief40 ,! ,sfs are fond ( quot+ ?is unimpea*able te/imony t ! wal is above human criticism1 & t 8 h&1 z ,jalluddn ass]ts1 is ev5 z ! h& ( ,god4 ,mo/ ,moslems admit ! claim to be valid 9 s f> z !y %r9k f apply+ conv5tional /&>ds ( morality to holy m54 ,i h expla9$ its metaphysical ju/ification 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,a miracle p]=m$ by a sa9t is t]m$ k>mt1 i4e4 a #8fav\r' :i* ,god be/[s ^u him1 :]eas a miracle p]=m$ by a prophet is call$ mujizat1 i4e4 an act :i* _c be imitat$ by any "o4 ,! di/9ction orig9at$ 9 controv]sy1 & 0 us$ to answ] ^? :o held ! miracul\s p[]s ( ! sa9ts to be a grave encroa*m5t on ! pr]ogative ( ! ,prophet4 ,sf apologi/s1 :ile confess+ t bo? k9ds ( miracle are sub/antially ! same1 take pa9s to diff]5tiate ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*2 !y decl>e1 moreov]1 t ! sa9ts are ! ,prophet's witnesses1 & t all _! miracles 7l #8a drop trickl+ f a full sk9 ( honey'7 are 9 reality d]iv$ f him4 ,?is is ! or?odox view & is support$ by ^? ,mohamm$an my/ics :o ackn[l$ge ! ,law z well z ! ,tru?1 ?\gh 9 "s cases x may h am\nt$ to little m ?an a pi\s op9ion4 ,we h (t5 notic$ ! difficulty 9 :i* ! ,sfs f9d !mselves :5 !y try to make a logical compromise ) ,islam4 ,b ! ^w #8logic' is v mislead+ 9 ?is connexion4 ,! beg9n+ ( wisdom1 = ,european /ud5ts ( ,ori5tal religion1 lies 9 ! discov]y t incongru\s beliefs--,i mean1 ( c\rse1 beliefs :i* our m9ds _c h>monise--dwell peacefully toge!r 9 ! ,ori5tal bra92 t _! own] is q unconsci\s ( _! incongruity2 & t1 z a rule1 he is absolutely s9c]e4 ,contradictions :i* seem gl>+ to u d n tr\ble him at all4 ,! ?aumaturgic elem5t 9 anci5t ,sfism 0 n s important z x aft]w>ds became 9 ! fully develop$ sa9t-wor%ip associat$ ) ! ,d]vi% ,ord]s4 8,a sa9t w\ld be none ! less a sa9t10 says ,qu%ayr1 8if no miracles 7 wr\ght by him 9 ?is _w40 ,9 e>ly ,mohamm$an ,vit ,sanctorum x is n uncommon to meet ) say+s to ! effect t miracul\s p[]s are comp>atively ( small acc\nt4 ,x 0 f9ely said by ,sahl ibn ,abdallah t ! greate/ miracle is ! sub/itution ( a good quality = a bad "o2 & ! ,kitb al-,luma gives _m examples ( holy m5 :o dislik$ miracles & reg>d$ !m z a temptation4 8,dur+ my novitiate10 said ,byazd1 8,god us$ to br+ be=e me wond]s & miracles1 b ,i paid no he$ to !m2 & :5 ,he saw t ,i did s1 ,he gave me ! means ( atta9+ to k ( ,himself40 ,junayd obs]v$ t reliance on miracles is "o ( ! #8veils' :i* h9d] ! elect f p5etrat+ to ! inmo/ %r9e ( ! ,tru?4 ,?is 0 too high doctr9e = ! great mass ( ,moslems1 & 9 ! end ! vulg> idea ( sa9t%ip triumph$ ov] ! my/ical & !osophical conception4 ,all su* w>n+s & scruples 7 swept aside by ! same irresi/ible in/9ct :i* r5d]$ va9 ! solemn assev]ations ( ,mohamm$ t !re 0 no?+ sup]natural ab\t him1 & :i* trans=m$ ! human ,prophet ( hi/ory into an omnipot5t hi]ophant & magician4 ,! popul> dem& = miracles f> exce$$ ! supply1 b :]e ! wals fail$1 a vivid & cr$ul\s imag9ation came to _! rescue & repres5t$ !m1 n z !y 71 b z !y ought to be4 ,ye> by ye> ! ,leg5d ( ! ,sa9ts grew m glori\s & wond]ful z x cont9u$ to draw fre% tribute f ! unfa?omable ocean ( ,ori5tal romance4 ,! pret5sions made by ! wals1 or on _! behalf1 /eadily increas$1 & ! /ories told ( !m 7 ev] becom+ m fanta/ic & extravagant4 ,i w devote ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt] to a sket* ( ! wal z he appe>s 9 ! va/ m$ieval lit]ature on ! subject4 ,! ,moslem sa9t does n say t he has wr\ght a miracle2 he says1 8a miracle 0 grant$ or manife/$ to me40 ,accord+ to "o view1 he may be fully consci\s at ! "t1 b _m ,sfs hold t su* #8manife/ation' _c take place except 9 ec/asy1 :5 ! sa9t is entirely "u div9e control4 ,8 own p]sonality is !n 9 abeyance1 & ^? :o int]f]e ) him oppose ! ,almighty ,p[] :i* speaks ) 8 lips & smites ) 8 h&4 ,jalluddn 7:o uses incid5tally ! r d\ble-edg$ analogy ( a man possess$ by a p]i#ag7 relates ! foll[+ anecdote conc]n+ ,byazd ( ,bi/m1 a celebrat$ ,p]sian sa9t :o sev]al times decl>$ 9 ec/atic fr5zy t he 0 no o!r ?an ,god4 #ag ,"o ( ! spirits call$ collectively ,j9n4 ,aft] com+ to himself on "o ( ^! occasions & le>n+ :at blasphem\s language he _h utt]$1 ,byazd ord]$ 8 disciples to /ab him ) _! knives if he %\ld (f5d aga94 ,let me quote ! sequel1 f ,mr4 ,:9field's abridg$ translation ( ! ,masnav 7p4 #aif73 8,! torr5t ( madness bore away 8 reason ,& he spoke m impi\sly ?an be=e3 #8,)9 my ve/ure is naught b ,god1 ,:e!r y seek ,him on e>? or 9 heav54' ,8 disciples all became mad ) horror1 ,& /ruck ) _! knives at 8 holy body4 ,ea* "o :o aim$ at ! body ( ! ,%eykh-- ,8 /roke 0 rev]s$ & w\nd$ ! /rik]4 ,no /roke took effect on t man ( spiritual gifts1 ,b ! disciples 7 w\nd$ & dr[n$ 9 blood40 ,"h is ! poet's conclusion3 8,ah6 y :o smite ) y\r sword him beside himself1 ,y smite y\rself !re)4 ,bew>e6 ,= he t is beside himself is annihilat$ & safe2 ,yea1 he dwells 9 security = ev]4 ,8 =m is vani%$1 he is a m]e mirror2 ,no?+ is se5 9 him b ! reflexion ( ano!r4 ,if y spit at x1 y spit at y\r own face1 ,& if y hit t mirror1 y hit y\rself4 ,if y see an ugly face 9 x1 'tis y\r own1 ,& if y see a ,jesus !re1 y are its "m ,m>y4 ,he is nei!r ?is nor t--he is void ( =m2 ',tis y\r own =m :i* is reflect$ back to y40 ,! life ( ,abu 'l-,hasan ,khurqn1 ano!r ,p]sian ,sf :o di$ 9 #ajcc ,a4,d41 gives u a complete picture ( ! ,ori5tal pan!i/1 & exhibits ! m+l$ arrogance & sublimity ( ! "* z cle>ly z c\ld be desir$4 ,s9ce ! orig9al text cov]s fifty pages1 ,i c translate only a small portion ( x "h4 8,once ! ,%eykh said1 #8,?is night a great _m p]sons 7he m5tion$ ! exact numb]7 h be5 w\nd$ by brig&s 9 su*-&-su* a des]t4' ,on mak+ inquiry1 !y f\nd t 8 /atem5t 0 p]fectly true4 ,/range to relate1 on ! same night 8 son's head 0 cut (f & laid ^u ! ?re%old ( 8 h\se1 yet he knew no?+ ( x4 ,8 wife1 :o disbeliev$ 9 him1 cri$1 #8,:at ?9k y ( a man :o c tell ?+s :i* happ5 _m leagues away1 b does n "k t 8 own son's head has be5 cut (f & is ly+ at 8 v door8' #8,yes1' ! ,%eykh answ]$1 #8:5 ,i saw t1 ! veil _h be5 lift$1 b :5 my son 0 kill$1 x _h be5 let d[n aga94'0 8,"o day ,abu 'l-,hasan ,khurqn cl5*$ 8 fi/ & ext5d$ ! little f+] & said1 #8,"h is ! qibla1#ah if any "o desires to become a ,sf4' ,^! words 7 report$ to ! ,gr& ,%eykh1 :o1 deem+ ! co-exi/5ce ( two qiblas an insult to ! div9e ,unity1 exclaim$1 #8,s9ce a second qibla has appe>$1 ,i w cancel ! =m] "o4' ,aft] t1 no pilgrims 7 able to rea* ,mecca4 ,"s p]i%$ on ! way1 o!rs fell into ! h&s ( robb]s1 or 7 prev5t$ by v>i\s causes f accompli%+ _! j\rney4 ,next ye> a c]ta9 d]vi% said to ! ,gr& ,%eykh1 #8,:at s5se is !re 9 keep+ ! folk away f ! ,h\se ( ,god8' ,!reupon ! ,gr& ,%eykh made a sign1 & ! road became op5 once m4 ,! d]vi% ask$1 #8,^: fault is x t all ^! p h p]i%$8' ,! ,gr& ,%eykh repli$1 #8,:5 elephants jo/le ea* o!r1 :o c>es if a few wret*$ birds are cru%$ to dea?8'0 #ah ,! qibla is ! po9t to :i* ,moslems turn _! faces :5 pray+1 i4e4 ! ,kaba4 8,"s p]sons :o 7 sett+ =? on a j\rney begg$ ,khurqn to tea* !m a pray] t w\ld keep !m safe f ! p]ils ( ! road4 ,he said1 #8,if any mis=tune %\ld befall y1 m5tion my "n4' ,?is answ] 0 n agreeable to !m2 !y set (f1 h[ev]1 & :ile travell+ 7 attack$ by brig&s4 ,"o ( ! p>ty m5tion$ ! sa9t's "n & imm$iately became invisible1 to ! great a/oni%m5t ( ! brig&s1 :o c\ld n f9d ei!r 8 camel or 8 bales ( m]*&ise2 ! o!rs lo/ all _! clo!s & goods4 ,on return+ home1 !y ask$ ! ,%eykh to expla9 ! my/]y4 #8,we all invok$ ,god1' !y said1 #8& )\t success2 b ! "o man :o invok$ y vani%$ f be=e ! eyes ( ! robb]s4' #8,y invoke ,god =mally1' said ! ,%eykh1 #8:]eas ,i invoke ,him really4 ,h5ce1 if y invoke me & ,i !n invoke ,god on y\r behalf1 y\r pray]s are grant$2 b x is useless = y to invoke ,god =mally & by rote4'0 8,"o night1 :ile he 0 pray+1 he he>d a voice cry1 #8,ha6 ,abu 'l-,hasan6 ,do/ ?\ wi% ,me to tell ! p :at ,i "k ( !e1 t !y may /one !e to dea?8' #8,o ,"l ,god1' he repli$1 #8do/ ,?\ wi% me to tell ! p :at ,i "k ( ,?y m]cy & :at ,i p]ceive ( ,?y grace1 t none ( !m may ev] aga9 b[ to ,!e 9 pray]8' ,! voice answ]$1 #8,keep ?y secret1 & ,i w keep ,m9e4'0 8,he said1 #8,o ,god1 d n s5d to me ! ,angel ( ,dea?1 = ,i w n give up my s\l to him4 ,h[ %\ld ,i re/ore x to him1 f :om ,i did n receive x8 ,i receiv$ my s\l f ,!e1 & ,i w n give x up to any "o b ,!e4'0 8,he said1 #8,aft] ,i %all h pass$ away1 ! ,angel ( ,dea? w come to "o ( my desc5dants & set ab\t tak+ 8 s\l1 & w deal h>dly ) him4 ,!n w ,i raise my h&s f ! tomb & %$ ! grace ( ,god ^u 8 lips4'0 8,he said1 #8,if ,i bade ! empyrean move1 x w\ld obey1 & if ,i told ! sun to /op1 x w\ld cease f roll+ on its c\rse4'0 8,he said1 #8,i am n a devotee nor an ascetic nor a !ologian nor a ,sf4 ,o ,god1 ,?\ art ,"o1 & ?r\gh ,?y ,on5ess ,i am ,"o4'0 8,he said1 #8,! skull ( my head is ! empyrean1 & my feet are "u ! e>?1 & my two h&s are ,ea/ & ,we/4'0 8,he said1 #8,if any "o does n believe t ,i %all /& up at ! ,resurrection & t he %all n ent] ,p>adise until ,i lead him =w>d1 let him n come "h to salute me4'0 8,he said1 #8,s9ce ,god br\ght me =? f myself1 ,p>adise is 9 que/ ( me & ,hell is 9 fe> ( me2 & if ,p>adise & ,hell 7 to pass by ?is place :]e ,i am1 bo? w\ld become annihilat$ 9 me1 toge!r ) all ! p :om !y conta94'0 8,he said1 #8,i 0 ly+ on my back1 asleep4 ,f a corn] ( ! ,?rone ( ,god some?+ trickl$ into my m\?1 & ,i felt a sweetness 9 my inw>d be+4'0 8,he said1 #8,if a few drops ( t :i* is "u ! sk9 ( a sa9t %\ld come =? betwe5 8 lips1 all ! creatures ( heav5 & e>? w\ld fall into panic4'0 8,he said1 #8,?r\gh pray] ! sa9ts are able to /op ! fi% f swimm+ 9 ! sea & to make ! e>? tremble1 s t p ?9k x is an e>?quake4'0 8,he said1 #8,if ! love ( ,god 9 ! he>ts ( ,8 fri5ds 7 made manife/1 x w\ld fill ! _w ) flood & fire4'0 8,he said1 #8,he t lives ) ,god ha? se5 all ?+s visible1 & he>d all ?+s audible1 & done all t is to be done1 & kn[n all t is to be kn[n4'0 8,he said1 #8,all ?+s are conta9$ 9 me1 b !re is no room = myself 9 me4'0 8,he said1 #8,miracles are only ! fir/ ( ! ?\s& /ages ( ! ,way to ,god4'0 8,he said1 #8,d n seek until ?\ art s\ght1 = :5 ?\ f9de/ t :i* ?\ seeke/1 x w resemble !e4'0 8,he said1 #8,?\ mu/ daily die a ?\s& dea?s & come to life aga91 t ?\ may/ w9 ! life immortal4'0 8,he said1 #8,:5 ?\ give/ to ,god ?y no?+ness1 ,he gives to !e ,8 ,all4'0 ,x w\ld be an almo/ endless task to enum]ate & exemplify ! diff]5t classes ( miracles :i* are relat$ 9 ! lives ( ! ,mohamm$an sa9ts--= in/ance1 walk+ on wat]1 fly+ 9 ! air 7) or )\t a pass5g]71 ra9-mak+1 appe>+ 9 v>i\s places at ! same "t1 heal+ by ! brea?1 br++ ! dead to life1 k & pr$iction ( future ev5ts1 ?\ght-read+1 telek9esis1 p>alys+ or behead+ an obnoxi\s p]son by a ^w or ge/ure1 conv]s+ ) animals or plants1 turn+ e>? into gold or preci\s /ones1 produc+ food & dr9k1 etc4 ,to ! ,moslem1 :o has no s5se ( natural law1 all ^! #8violations ( cu/om1' z he calls !m1 seem equally cr$ible4 ,we1 on ! o!r h&1 feel ourselves oblig$ to di/+ui% ph5om5a :i* we reg>d z irrational & impossible f ^? = :i* we c f9d "s sort ( #8natural' explanation4 ,mod]n !ories ( psy*ical influ5ce1 fai?-heal+1 telepa?y1 v]idical halluc9ation1 hypnotic sugge/ion & ! l1 h ?r[n op5 to u a wide av5ue ( approa* to ?is d>k cont95t 9 ! ,ea/]n m9d4 ,i w n1 h[ev]1 pursue ! subject f> at pres5t1 full ( int]e/ z x is4 ,9 ! high] ,sf tea*+ ! miracul\s p[]s ( ! sa9ts play a m or less insignificant "p1 & ! excessive importance :i* !y assume 9 ! organis$ my/icism ( ! ,d]vi% ,ord]s is "o ( ! cle>e/ m>ks ( its deg5]acy4 ,! foll[+ passage1 :i* ,i h slightly modifi$1 gives a fair summ>y ( ! hypnotic process ?r\gh :i* a d]vi% atta9s to union ) ,god3 8,! disciple mu/1 my/ically1 always be> 8 ,mur%id 7spiritual director7 9 m9d1 & become m5tally absorb$ 9 him ?r\gh a con/ant m$itation & contemplation ( him4 ,! tea*] mu/ be 8 %ield aga9/ all evil ?\ghts4 ,! _s ( ! tea*] foll[s him 9 all 8 ef=ts1 & accompanies him :]ev] he may be1 q z a gu>dian _s4 ,to su* a degree is ?is c>ri$ t he sees ! ma/] 9 all m5 & 9 all ?+s1 j z a will+ subject is "u ! influ5ce ( ! magnetis]4 ,?is condition is call$ #8self-annihilation' 9 ! ,mur%id or ,%eykh4 ,! latt] f9ds1 9 8 own vision>y dreams1 ! degree :i* ! disciple has rea*$1 & :e!r or n 8 _s has become b\nd to 8 own4 8,at ?is /age ! ,%eykh passes him ov] to ! spiritual influ5ce ( ! long-deceas$ ,pr or orig9al f\nd] ( ! ,ord]1 & he sees ! latt] only by ! spiritual aid ( ! ,%eykh4 ,?is is call$ #8self-annihilation' 9 ! ,pr4 ,he n[ becomes s mu* a "p ( ! ,pr z to possess all 8 spiritual p[]s4 8,! ?ird grade leads him1 also ?r\gh ! spiritual aid ( ! ,%eykh1 up to ! ,prophet himself1 :om he n[ sees 9 all ?+s4 ,?is /ate is call$ #8self-annihilation' 9 ! ,prophet4 8,! f\r? degree leads him ev5 to ,god4 ,he becomes unit$ ) ! ,deity & sees ,him 9 all ?+s40#ai #ai ,j4 ,p4 ,br[n1 ,! ,d]vi%es1 or ,ori5tal ,spiritualism 7#ahfh71 p4 #bih4 ,an excell5t concrete illu/ration ( ! process "h describ$ w be f\nd 9 ! well-kn[n case ( ,tawakkul ,beg1 :o pass$ ?r\gh all ^! exp]i5ces "u ! control ( ,moll-,%h4 ,8 acc\nt is too long to quote 9 full2 moreov]1 x has rec5tly be5 translat$ by ,pr(essor ,d4 ,b4 ,macdonald 9 8 ,religi\s ,life & ,attitude 9 ,islam 7pp4 #aig ff474 ,i copy f ?is v]sion "o p>agraph describ+ ! fir/ ( ! f\r /ages m5tion$ above4 8,!reupon he made me sit be=e him1 my s5ses be+ z ?\gh intoxicat$1 & ord]$ me to reproduce my own image )9 myself2 &1 aft] hav+ b&ag$ my eyes1 he ask$ me to conc5trate all my m5tal faculties on my he>t4 ,i obey$1 & 9 an in/ant1 by ! div9e fav\r & by ! spiritual assi/ance ( ! ,%eykh1 my he>t op5$4 ,i saw1 !n1 t !re 0 some?+ l an ov]turn$ cup )9 me4 ,?is hav+ be5 set upright1 a s5sation ( unb\nd$ happ9ess fill$ my be+4 ,i said to ! ma/]1 #8,?is cell :]e ,i am seat$ be=e y--,i see a fai?ful reproduction ( x )9 me1 & x appe>s to me z ?\gh ano!r ,tawakkul ,beg 7 seat$ be=e ano!r ,moll-,%h4' ,he repli$1 #8,v good6 ! fir/ app>ition :i* appe>s to !e is ! image ( ! ma/]4' ,he !n ord]$ me to uncov] my eyes2 & ,i saw him1 ) ! physical organ ( vision1 seat$ be=e me4 ,he !n made me b9d my eyes aga91 & ,i p]ceiv$ him ) my spiritual sight1 seat$ simil>ly be=e me4 ,full ( a/oni%m5t1 ,i cri$ out1 #8,o ,ma/]6 :e!r ,i look ) my physical organs or ) my spiritual sight1 always x is y t ,i see6'0 ,"h is a case ( autohypnotism1 witness$ & record$ by ! poet ,jm3 8,mawln ,saduddn ( ,k%gh>1 aft] a little conc5tration ( ?\ght 7tawajjuh71 us$ to exhibit signs ( unconsci\sness4 ,any "o ignorant ( ?is circum/ance w\ld h fanci$ t he 0 fall+ asleep4 ,:5 ,i fir/ ent]$ into companion%ip ) him1 ,i happ5$ "o day to be seat$ be=e him 9 ! congregational mosque4 ,accord+ to 8 cu/om1 he fell into a trance4 ,i suppos$ t he 0 go+ to sleep1 & ,i said to him1 #8,if y desire to re/ = a %ort "t1 y w n seem to me to be f> (f4' ,he smil$ & said1 #8,app>5tly y d n believe t ?is is some?+ diff]5t f sleep4'0 ,! foll[+ anecdote pres5ts great] difficulties3 8,mawln ,nizmuddn ,khm% relates t "o day 8 ma/]1 ,aluddn ,attr1 />t$ to visit ! tomb ( ! celebrat$ sa9t ,mohamm$ ibn ,al ,hakm1 at ,tirmidh4 #8,i did n accompany him1' said ,nizmuddn1 #8b /ay$ at home1 & by conc5trat+ my m9d 7tawajjuh7 ,i succe$$ 9 br++ ! spirituality ( ! sa9t be=e me1 s t :5 ! ma/] arriv$ at ! tomb he f\nd x empty4 ,he mu/ h kn[n ! cause1 = on 8 return he set to "w 9 ord] to br+ me "u 8 control4 ,i1 too1 conc5trat$ my m9d1 b ,i f\nd myself l a dove & ! ma/] l a hawk fly+ 9 *ase ( me4 ,:]ev] ,i turn$1 he 0 always close beh9d4 ,at la/1 despair+ ( escape1 ,i took refuge ) ! spirituality ( ! ,prophet 7on :om be peace7 & became effac$ 9 its inf9ite radiance4 ,! ma/] c\ld n ex]cise any fur!r control4 ,he fell ill 9 consequ5ce ( 8 *agr91 & no "o except myself knew ! reason4'0 ,aluddn's son1 ,khwja ,hasan ,attr1 possess$ su* p[]s ( #8control' t he c\ld at w ?r[ any "o into ! /ate ( trance & cause !m to exp]i5ce ! #8pass+-away' 7fan7 to :i* "s my/ics atta9 only on r>e occasions & aft] prolong$ self-mortification4 ,x is relat$ t ! disciples & visitors :o 7 admitt$ to ! hon\r ( kiss+ 8 h& always fell unconsci\s to ! gr\nd4 ,c]ta9 sa9ts are believ$ to h ! p[] ( assum+ :atev] %ape !y please4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s 0 ,ab ,abdallah ( ,mosul1 bett] kn[n by ! "n ( ,qadb al-,bn4 ,"o day ! ,cadi ( ,mosul1 :o reg>d$ him z a dete/able h]etic1 saw him 9 a /reet ( ! t[n1 approa*+ f ! opposite direction4 ,he resolv$ to seize him & lay a *>ge aga9/ him be=e ! gov]nor1 9 ord] t he might be puni%$4 ,all at once he p]ceiv$ t ,qadb al-,bn _h tak5 ! =m ( a ,kurd2 & z ! sa9t advanc$ t[>ds him1 8 appe>ance *ang$ aga91 ?is "t into an ,arab ( ! des]t4 ,f9ally1 on com+ /ill ne>]1 he assum$ ! guise & dress ( a doctor ( !ology1 & cri$1 8,o ,cadi6 :i* ,qadb al-,bn w y hale be=e ! gov]nor & puni%80 ,! ,cadi rep5t$ ( 8 ho/ility & became "o ( ! sa9t's disciples4 ,9 conclusion1 let me give two alleg$ in/ances ( #8! ob$i5ce ( inanimate objects1' i4e4 telek9esis3 8,:il/ ,dhu 'l-,nn 0 conv]s+ on ?is topic ) "s fri5ds1 he said1 #8,"h is a s(a4 ,x w move r\nd ! room1 if ,i tell x to d s4' ,no soon] _h he utt]$ ! ^w #8move' ?an ! s(a made a circuit ( ! room & return$ to its place4 ,"o ( ! spectators1 a "y man1 bur/ into te>s & gave up ! gho/4 ,!y laid him on t s(a & wa%$ him = burial40 8,avic5na paid a visit to ,abu 'l-,hasan ,khurqn & imm$iately plung$ into a long & ab/ruse discussion4 ,aft] a "t ! sa9t1 :o 0 an illit]ate p]son1 felt tir$1 s he got up & said1 #8,excuse me2 ,i mu/ g & m5d ! g>d5 wall'2 & (f he w5t1 tak+ a hat*et ) him4 ,z soon z he _h climb$ on to ! top ( ! wall1 ! hat*et dropp$ f 8 h&4 ,avic5na ran to pick x up1 b be=e he rea*$ x ! hat*et rose ( itself & came back into ! sa9t's h&4 ,avic5na lo/ all 8 self-comm&1 & ! en?usia/ic belief 9 ,sfism :i* !n took possession ( him cont9u$ until1 at a lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 he ab&on$ my/icism = philosophy40 ,i am well aw>e t 9 ?is *apt] scanty ju/ice has be5 done to a great subject4 ,! hi/orian ( ,sfism mu/ ackn[l$ge1 h[ev] deeply he may deplore1 ! fundam5tal position occupi$ by ! doctr9e ( sa9t%ip & ! trem5d\s influ5ce :i* x has ex]t$ 9 its practical results--grovell+ submission to ! au?ority ( an ec/atic class ( m51 dep5d5ce on _! fav\r1 pilgrimage to _! %r9es1 adoration ( _! relics1 devotion ( e m5tal & spiritual faculty to _! s]vice4 ,x may be dang]\s to wor%ip ,god by "o's own inn] light1 b x is f> m deadly to seek ,him by ! inn] light ( ano!r4 ,vic>i\s hol9ess has no comp5sations4 ,?is tru? is express$ by ! my/ical writ]s 9 _m an eloqu5t passage1 b ,i w cont5t myself ) quot+ a few l9es f ! life ( ,aluddn ,attr1 ! same sa9t :o1 z we h se51 va9ly tri$ to hypnotise 8 pupil 9 rev5ge = a disrespectful trick :i* ! latt] _h play$ on him4 ,8 biograph] relates t he said1 8,x is m "r & wor?y to dwell beside ,god ?an to dwell beside ,god's creatures10 & t ! foll[+ v]se 0 (t5 on 8 bless$ tongue3 8,h[ long w y wor%ip at ! tombs ( holy m58 ,busy y\rself ) ! works ( holy m51 & y are sav$60 78tu t kay gr-i m>dn-r p>a/ bi-gird-i kr-i m>dn g>d u ra/407 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,unitive ,,/ate 8,! /ory admits ( be+ told up to ?is po9t1 ,b :at foll[s is hidd51 & inexpressible 9 words4 ,if y %\ld speak & try a hundr$ ways to express x1 ',tis useless2 ! my/]y becomes no cle>]4 ,y c ride on saddle & horse to ! sea-coa/1 ,b !n y mu/ use a horse ( wood 7i4e4 a boat74 ,a horse ( wood is useless on dry l&1 ,x is ! special vehicle ( voyag]s by sea4 ,sil5ce is ?is horse ( wood1 ,sil5ce is ! guide & support ( m5 at sea40#bj #bj ,! ,masnav ( ,jalluddn ,rm4 ,abridg$ translation by ,e4 ,h4 ,:9field1 p4 #cbf4 ,no "o c approa* ! subject ( ?is *apt]--! /ate ( ! my/ic :o has rea*$ 8 j\rney's end--)\t feel+ t all symbolical descriptions ( union ) ,god & !ories conc]n+ its nature are little bett] ?an leaps 9 ! d>k4 ,h[ %all we =m any conception ( t :i* is decl>$ to be ineffable by ^? :o h actually exp]i5c$ x8 ,i c only reply t ! same difficulty confronts u 9 deal+ ) all my/ical ph5om5a1 ?\gh x appe>s less =midable at l[] levels1 & t ! poet's c\nsel ( sil5ce has n prev5t$ him f int]pret+ ! deepe/ my/]ies ( ,sfism ) unrivall$ insight & p[]4 ,:atev] t]ms may be us$ to describe x1 ! unitive /ate is ! culm9ation ( ! simplify+ process by :i* ! s\l is gradually isolat$ f all t is =eign to itself1 f all t is n ,god4 ,unlike ,nirva1 :i* is m]ely ! cessation ( individuality1 fan1 ! pass+-away ( ! ,sf f 8 ph5om5al exi/5ce1 involves baq1 ! cont9uance ( 8 real exi/5ce4 ,he :o dies to self lives 9 ,god1 & fan1 ! consummation ( ?is dea?1 m>ks ! atta9m5t ( baq1 or union ) ! div9e life4 ,deification1 9 %ort1 is ! ,moslem my/ic's ultima ,?ule4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! t5? c5tury ,husayn ibn ,mansr1 kn[n to fame z al-,hallj 7! wool-c>d]71 0 b>b>\sly done to dea? at ,baghdd4 ,8 execution seems to h be5 dictat$ by political motives1 b ) ^! we are n conc]n$4 ,among/ ! cr[d assembl$ r\nd ! scaffold1 a few1 p]haps1 believ$ him to be :at he said he 02 ! re/ witness$ ) exultation or /]n approval ! puni%m5t ( a blasphem\s h]etic4 ,he _h utt]$ 9 two words a s5t5ce :i* ,islam has1 on ! :ole1 =giv5 b has nev] =gott53 8,ana 'l-,haqq0--8,i am ,god40 ,! rec5tly publi%$ rese>*es ( ,m4 ,l\is ,massignon#ba make x possible1 = ! fir/ "t1 to indicate ! mean+ :i* ,hallj himself atta*$ to ?is celebrat$ =mula1 & to ass]t def9itely t x does n agree ) ! m or?odox int]pretations (f]$ at a lat] epo* by ,sfs belong+ to v>i\s s*ools4 ,accord+ to ,hallj1 man is ess5tially div9e4 ,god creat$ ,adam 9 ,8 own image4 ,he project$ f ,himself t image ( ,8 et]nal love1 t ,he might behold ,himself z 9 a mirror4 ,h5ce ,he bade ! angels wor%ip ,adam 7,kor4 #b4 #cb71 9 :om1 z 9 ,jesus1 ,he became inc>nate4 #ba ,kitb al-,tawsn 7,p>is1 #aiac74 ,see especially pp4 #abi-ada4 8,glory to ,him :o reveal$ 9 ,8 humanity 7i4e4 9 ,adam7 ! secret ( ,8 radiant div9ity1 ,& !n appe>$ to ,8 creatures visibly 9 ! %ape ( "o :o ate & drank 7,jesus740 ,s9ce ! #8humanity' 7nst7 ( ,god comprises ! :ole bodily & spiritual nature ( man1 ! #8div9ity' 7lht7 ( ,god _c unite ) t nature except by means ( an inc>nation or1 to adopt ! t]m employ$ by ,massignon1 an infusion 7hull7 ( ! div9e ,_s1 su* z takes place :5 ! human _s ent]s ! body4#bb ,?us ,hallj says 9 "o ( 8 poems3 8,?y ,_s is m+l$ 9 my _s ev5 z w9e is m+l$ ) pure wat]4 ,:5 any?+ t\*es ,!e1 x t\*es me4 ,lo1 9 e case ,?\ art ,i60 ,& aga93 8,i am ,he :om ,i love1 & ,he :om ,i love is ,i3 ,we are two spirits dwell+ 9 "o body4 ,if ?\ see/ me1 ?\ see/ ,him1 ,& if ?\ see/ ,him1 ?\ see/ u bo?40 #bb ,massignon appe>s to be "r 9 id5tify+ ! ,div9e ,_s ) ! ,active ,reason 7intellectus ag5s71 :i*1 accord+ to ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 is n a "p or faculty ( our s\l1 b comes to u f )\t4 ,see ,+e1 ,*ri/ian ,my/icism1 pp4 #cfj1 #cfa4 ,! doctr9e ( ,hallj may be comp>$ ) t ( ,taul]1 ,ruysbroeck1 & o!rs conc]n+ ! bir? ( ,god 9 ! s\l4 ,?is doctr9e ( p]sonal deification1 9 ! peculi> =m :i* 0 impress$ ^u x by ,hallj1 is obvi\sly ak9 to ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !re=e1 f ! ,moslem /&po9t1 a h]esy ( ! wor/ k9d4 ,x surviv$ unadult]at$ only among/ 8 imm$iate foll[]s4 ,! ,hulls1 i4e4 ^? :o believe 9 inc>nation1 are repudiat$ by ,sfs 9 g5]al q z vehem5tly z by or?odox ,moslems4 ,b :ile ! =m] h unhesitat+ly condemn$ ! doctr9e ( hull1 !y h also done _! be/ to cle> ,hallj f ! suspicion ( hav+ taught x4 ,?ree ma9 l9es ( def5ce are foll[$3 7#a7 ,hallj did n s9 aga9/ ! ,tru?1 b he 0 ju/ly puni%$ 9 s f> z he committ$ a grave (f5ce aga9/ ! ,law4 ,he 8betray$ ! secret ( 8 ,"l0 by proclaim+ to all & sundry ! supreme my/]y :i* ought to be res]v$ = ! elect4 7#b7 ,hallj spoke "u ! intoxicat+ influ5ce ( ec/asy4 ,he imag9$ himself to be unit$ ) ! div9e ess5ce1 :5 9 fact he 0 only unit$ ) "o ( ! div9e attributes4 7#c7 ,hallj meant to decl>e t !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce or sep>ation betwe5 ,god & ,8 creatures1 inasmu* z ! div9e unity includes all be+4 ,a man :o has entirely pass$ away f 8 ph5om5al self exi/s qu 8 real self1 :i* is ,god4 8,9 t glory is no #8,i' or #8,we' or #8,?\4' #8,i1' #8,we1' #8,?\1' & #8,he' are all "o ?+40 ,x 0 n ,hallj :o cri$ 8,ana 'l-,haqq10 b ,god ,himself1 speak+1 z x 71 by ! m\? ( ! selfless ,hallj1 j z ,he spoke to ,moses ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! burn+ bu% 7,kor4 #bj4 #h-ad74 ,! la/ explanation1 :i* conv]ts ,ana 'l-,haqq into an imp]sonal moni/ic axiom1 is accept$ by mo/ ,sfs z repres5t+ ! true ,halljian tea*+4 ,9 a magnific5t ode ,jalluddn ,rm describes h[ ! ,"o ,light %9es 9 myriad =ms ?r\gh ! :ole univ]se1 & h[ ! ,"o ,ess5ce1 rema9+ ev] ! same1 clo!s itself f age to age 9 ! prophets & sa9ts :o are its witnesses to mank9d4 8,e mom5t ! robb] ,beauty rises 9 a diff]5t %ape1 ravi%es ! s\l1 & disappe>s4 ,e in/ant t ,lov$ ,"o assumes a new g>m5t1 n[ ( eld1 n[ ( y\?4 ,n[ ,he plung$ into ! he>t ( ! sub/ance ( ! pott]'s clay--! ,_s plung$1 l a div]4 ,anon ,he rose f ! dep?s ( mud t is m\ld$ & bak$1 !n ,he appe>$ 9 ! _w4 ,he became ,noah1 & at ,8 pray] ! _w 0 flood$ :ile ,he w5t into ! ,ark4 ,he became ,abraham & appe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! fire1 :i* turn$ to roses = ,8 sake4 ,= a :ile ,he 0 roam+ on ! e>? to pleasure ,himself1 ,!n ,he became ,jesus & asc5d$ to ! dome ( ,heav5 & began to glorify ,god4 ,9 brief1 x 0 ,he t 0 com+ & go+ 9 e g5]ation ?\ ha/ se51 ,until at la/ ,he appe>$ 9 ! =m ( an ,arab & ga9$ ! empire ( ! _w4 ,:at is x t is transf]r$8 ,:at is transmigration 9 reality8 ,! lovely w9n] ( he>ts ,became a sword & appe>$ 9 ! h& ( ,al & became ! ,slay] ( ! "t4 ,no6 no6 = 'twas ev5 ,he t 0 cry+ 9 human %ape1 #8,ana 'l-,haqq4' ,t "o :o m\nt$ ! scaffold 0 n ,mansr1#bc ?\gh ! fooli% imag9$ x4 ,rm ha? n spok5 & w n speak words ( infidelity3 d n disbelieve him6 ,:osoev] %[s disbelief is an infidel & "o ( ^? :o h be5 doom$ to ,hell40 #bc ,hallj is (t5 call$ ,mansr1 :i* is prop]ly ! "n ( 8 fa!r4 ,al?\gh 9 ,we/]n & ,c5tral ,asia--:]e ! ,p]sian k+s 7 reg>d$ by _! subjects z gods1 & :]e ! doctr9es ( inc>nation1 an?ropomorphism1 & metempsy*osis are indig5\s--! idea ( ! ,god-man 0 nei!r s unfamili> nor unnatural z to %ock ! public consci5ce v pr(\ndly1 ,hallj _h =mulat$ t idea 9 su* a way t no my/icism call+ itself ,mohamm$an c\ld tol]ate1 mu* less adopt x4 ,to ass]t t ! div9e & human natures may be int]fus$ & comm+l$1#bd w\ld h be5 to d5y ! pr9ciple ( unity on :i* ,islam is bas$4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,sfism %[s h[ deification 0 id5tifi$ ) unification4 ,! anti!sis--,god1 ,man--melt$ away 9 ! pan!i/ic !ory :i* has be5 expla9$ above4#be ,!re is no real exi/5ce ap>t f ,god4 ,man is an emanation or a reflexion or a mode ( ,absolute ,be+4 ,:at he ?9ks ( z individuality is 9 tru? n-be+2 x _c be sep>at$ or unit$1 = x does n exi/4 ,man is ,god1 yet ) a diff]5ce4 ,accord+ to ,ibn al-,arab1#bf ! et]nal & ! ph5om5al are two complem5t>y aspects ( ! ,"o1 ea* ( :i* is necess>y to ! o!r4 ,! creatures are ! ext]nal manife/ation ( ! ,creator1 & ,man is ,god's consci\sness 7sirr7 z reveal$ 9 creation4 ,b s9ce ,man1 ow+ to ! limitations ( 8 m9d1 _c ?9k all objects ( ?\ght simultane\sly1 & !re=e expresses only a "p ( ! div9e consci\sness1 he is n entitl$ to say ,ana 'l-,haqq1 8,i am ,god40 ,he is a reality1 b n ! ,reality4 ,we %all see t o!r ,sfs--,jalluddn ,rm1 = example--9 _! ec/atic mom5ts1 at any rate1 ignore ?is r subtle di/9ction4 #bd ,hull 0 n und]/ood 9 ?is s5se by ,hallj 7,massignon1 op4 cit41 p4 #aii71 ?\gh ! v]ses quot$ on p4 #aea readily sugge/ su* an int]pretation4 ,hallj1 ,i ?9k1 w\ld h agre$ ) ,eckh>t 7:o said1 8,! ^w ,i am none c truly speak b ,god alone07 t ! p]sonality 9 :i* ! ,et]nal is imman5t has itself a "p 9 et]nity 7,+e1 ,*ri/ian ,my/icism1 p4 #adi1 note74 #be ,see pp4 #gi ff4 #bf ,massignon1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahc4 ,! /atem5t t 9 realis+ ! non5tity ( 8 individual self ! ,sf realises 8 ess5tial on5ess ) ,god1 sums up ! ,mohamm$an !ory ( deification 9 t]ms ) :i* my read]s are n[ famili>4 ,i w endeav\r to %[ :at m precise mean+ may be assign$ to x1 p>tly 9 my own words & p>tly by means ( illu/rative extracts f v>i\s au?ors4 ,sev]al aspects ( fan h already be5 di/+ui%$4#bg ,! highe/ ( ^!--! pass+-away 9 ! div9e ess5ce--is fully describ$ by ,niff>1 :o employs in/ead ( fan & fn 7self-naught$7 ! t]ms waqfat1 signify+ cessation f se>*1 & wqif1 i4e4 "o :o desi/s f seek+ & passes away 9 ! ,object ,s\ght4 ,"h are "s ( ! *ief po9ts t occur 9 ! text & comm5t>y4 #bg ,see pp4 #fj1 #fa4 ,waqfat is lum9\s3 x expels ! d>k ?\ghts ( #8o!rness1' j z light bani%es d>kness2 x *anges ! ph5om5al values ( all exi/5t ?+s into _! real & et]nal values4 ,h5ce ! wqif transc5ds "t & place4 8,he ent]s e h\se & x conta9s him n2 he dr9ks f e well b is n satisfi$2 !n he rea*es ,me1 & ,i am 8 home1 & 8 abode is ) ,me0--t is to say1 he compreh5ds all ! div9e attributes & embraces all my/ical exp]i5ces4 ,he is n satisfi$ ) ! names 7attributes71 b seeks ! ,nam$4 ,he contemplates ! ess5ce ( ,god & f9ds x id5tical ) 8 own4 ,he does n pray4 ,pray] is f man to ,god1 b 9 waqfat !re is no?+ b ,god4 ,! wqif leaves n a rack beh9d him1 nor any heir except ,god4 ,:5 ev5 ! ph5om5on ( waqfat has disappe>$ f 8 consci\sness1 he becomes ! v ,light4 ,!n 8 praise ( ,god proce$s f ,god1 & 8 k is ,god's k1 :o beholds ,himself alone z ,he 0 9 ! beg9n+4 ,we ne$ n expect to discov] h[ ?is ess5tialisation1 sub/itution1 or transmutation is effect$4 ,x is ! gr& p>adox ( ,sfism--! ,magnum ,opus wr\ght someh[ 9 creat$ man by a ,be+ ^: nature is et]nally devoid ( ! lea/ ta9t ( creaturel9ess4 ,z ,i h rem>k$ above1 ! *ange1 h[ev] x may be conceiv$1 does n involve infusion ( ! div9e ess5ce 7hull7 or id5tification ( ! div9e & human natures 7ittihd74 ,bo? ^! doctr9es are g5]ally condemn$4 ,ab ,nasr al-,s>rj criticises !m 9 two passages ( 8 ,kitb al-,luma1 z foll[s3 8,"s my/ics ( ,baghdd h err$ 9 _! doctr9e t :5 !y pass away f _! qualities !y ent] into ! qualities ( ,god4 ,?is leads to inc>nation 7hull7 or to ! ,*ri/ian belief conc]n+ ,jesus4 ,! doctr9e 9 "q has be5 attribut$ to "s ( ! anci5ts1 b its true mean+ is ?is1 t :5 a man goes =? f 8 own qualities & ent]s into ! qualities ( ,god1 he goes =? f 8 own w & ent]s into ! w ( ,god1 kn[+ t 8 w is giv5 to him by ,god & t by virtue ( ?is gift he is sev]$ f reg>d+ himself1 s t he becomes entirely devot$ to ,god2 & ?is is "o ( ! /ages ( ,unit>ians4 ,^? :o h err$ 9 ?is doctr9e h fail$ to obs]ve t ! qualities ( ,god are n ,god4 ,to make ,god id5tical ) ,8 qualities is to be guilty ( infidelity1 because ,god does n desc5d into ! he>t1 b t :i* desc5ds into ! he>t is fai? 9 ,god & belief 9 ,8 unity & rev]5ce = ! ?\ght ( ,him40 ,9 ! second passage he makes use ( a simil> argum5t 9 ord] to refute ! doctr9e ( ittihd4 8,"s h ab/a9$ f food & dr9k1 fancy+ t :5 a man's body is weak5$ x is possible t he may lose 8 humanity & be inve/$ ) ! attributes ( div9ity4 ,! ignorant p]sons :o hold ?is errone\s doctr9e _c di/+ui% betwe5 humanity & ! inborn qualities ( humanity4 ,humanity does n dep>t f man any m ?an blackness dep>ts f t :i* is black or :it5ess f t :i* is :ite1 b ! inborn qualities ( humanity are *ang$ & transmut$ by ! all-p[]ful radiance t is %$ ^u !m f ! div9e ,realities4 ,! attributes ( humanity are n ! ess5ce ( humanity4 ,^? :o inculcate ! doctr9e ( fan mean ! pass+-away ( reg>d+ "o's own actions & works ( devotion ?r\gh ! cont9uance ( reg>d+ ,god z ! do] ( ^! actions on behalf ( ,8 s]vant40 ,hujwr *>act]ises z absurd ! belief t pass+-away 7fan7 signifies loss ( ess5ce & de/ruction ( corporeal sub/ance1 & t #8abid+' 7baq7 indicates ! indwell+ ( ,god 9 man4 ,real pass+-away f any?+1 he says1 implies consci\sness ( its imp]fection & abs5ce ( desire = x4 ,:oev] passes away f 8 own p]i%able w abides 9 ! ev]la/+ w ( ,god1 b human attributes _c become div9e attributes or vice v]sa4 8,! p[] ( fire trans=ms to its own quality any?+ t falls into x1 & surely ! p[] ( ,god's w is great] ?an t ( fire2 yet fire affects only ! quality ( iron )\t *ang+ its sub/ance1 = iron c nev] become fire40 ,9 ano!r "p ( 8 "w ,hujwr def9es #8union' 7jam7 z conc5tration ( ?\ght ^u ! desir$ object4 ,?us ,majnn1 ! ,orl&o ,furioso ( ,islam1 conc5trat$ 8 ?\ghts on ,layl1 s t he saw only h] 9 ! :ole _w1 & all creat$ ?+s assum$ ! =m ( ,layl 9 8 eyes4 ,"s "o came to ! cell ( ,byazd & ask$1 8,is ,byazd "h80 ,he answ]$1 8,is any "o "h b ,god80 ,! pr9ciple 9 all su* cases1 ,hujwr adds1 is ! same1 namely3 8,t ,god divides ! "o sub/ance ( ,8 love & be/[s a p>ticle !re(1 z a peculi> gift1 ^u e "o ( ,8 fri5ds 9 proportion to _! enravi%m5t ) ,him2 !n he lets d[n ^u t p>ticle ! %r\ds ( fle%l9ess & human nature & temp]am5t & _s1 9 ord] t by its p[]ful work+ x may transmute to its own quality all ! p>ticles t are atta*$ to x1 until ! lov]'s clay is :olly conv]t$ into love & all 8 acts & looks become s _m prop]ties ( love4 ,?is /ate is nam$ #8union' alike by ^? :o reg>d ! inw>d s5se & ! outw>d expression40 ,!n he quotes ^! v]ses ( ,hallj3 8,?y w be done1 ,o my ,"l & ,ma/]6 ,?y w be done1 ,o my purpose & mean+6 ,o ess5ce ( my be+1 ,o goal ( my desire1 ,o my spee* & my h9ts & my ge/ures6 ,o all ( my all1 ,o my he>+ & my sight1 ,o my :ole & my elem5t & my p>ticles60 ,! enraptur$ ,sf :o has pass$ beyond ! illusion ( subject & object & brok5 ?r\gh to ! ,on5ess c ei!r d5y t he is any?+ or affirm t he is all ?+s4 ,z an example ( #8! negative way1' take ! op5+ l9es ( an ode by ,jalluddn :i* ,i h r5d]$ into v]se1 imitat+ ! metrical =m ( ! ,p]sian z closely z ! g5ius ( our language w p]mit3 8,lo1 = ,i to myself am unkn[n1 n[ 9 ,god's "n :at mu/ ,i d8 ,i adore n ! ,cross nor ! ,cresc5t1 ,i am n a ,gia\r nor a ,jew4 ,ea/ nor ,we/1 l& nor sea is my home1 ,i h k9 nor ) angel nor gnome1 ,i am wr\ght n ( fire nor ( foam1 ,i am %ap$ n ( du/ nor ( dew4 ,i 0 born n 9 ,*9a af>1 n 9 ,saqsn & n 9 ,bulghr2 ,n 9 ,india1 :]e five riv]s are1 nor ,irq nor ,khorsn ,i grew4 ,n 9 ?is _w nor t _w ,i dwell1 n 9 ,p>adise1 nei!r 9 ,hell2 ,n f ,ed5 & ,rizwn ,i fell1 n f ,adam my l9eage ,i drew4 ,9 a place beyond utt]mo/ ,place1 9 a tract )\t %ad[ ( trace1 ,s\l & body transc5d+ ,i live 9 ! s\l ( my ,lov$ ,"o anew60 ,! foll[+ poem1 also by ,jalluddn1 expresses ! positive aspect ( ! cosmic consci\sness3 8,if !re be any lov] 9 ! _w1 ,o ,moslems1 'tis ,i4 ,if !re be any believ]1 infidel1 or ,*ri/ian h]mit1 'tis ,i4 ,! w9e-dregs1 ! cupbe>]1 ! m9/rel1 ! h>p1 & ! music1 ,! belov$1 ! c&le1 ! dr9k & ! joy ( ! drunk5--'tis ,i4 ,! two-&-sev5ty cre$s & sects 9 ! _w ,d n really exi/3 ,i swe> by ,god t e cre$ & sect--'tis ,i4 ,e>? & air & wat] & fire--kn[e/ ?\ :at !y are8 ,e>? & air & wat] & fire1 nay1 body & s\l too--'tis ,i4 ,tru? & falsehood1 good & evil1 ease & difficulty f fir/ to la/1 ,k & le>n+ & asceticism & piety & fai?--'tis ,i4 ,! fire ( ,hell1 be assur$1 ) its flam+ limbos1 ,yes1 & ,p>adise & ,ed5 & ! ,h\ris--'tis ,i4 ,?is e>? & heav5 ) all t !y hold1 ,angels1 ,p]is1 ,g5ies1 & ,mank9d--'tis ,i40 ,:at ,jalluddn utt]s 9 a mom5t ( ec/atic vision ,h5ry ,m describes z a pa/ exp]i5ce3 8,h[ lovely0 7he says71 8h[ magnific5t a /ate is ! s\l ( man 91 :5 ! life ( ,god inactuat+ h] %oots h] along ) ,himself ?r\gh heav5 & e>?2 makes h] unite )1 & aft] a sort feel h]self animate1 ! :ole _w4 ,he t is "h looks ^u all ?+s z ,"o1 & on himself1 if he c !n m9d himself1 z a "p ( ! ,:ole40 ,= "s ,sfs1 absorption 9 ! ec/asy ( fan is ! end ( _! pilgrimage4 ,!nce=? no relation exi/s betwe5 !m & ! _w4 ,no?+ ( !mselves is left 9 !m2 z individuals1 !y are dead4 ,imm]s$ 9 ,unity1 !y "k nei!r law nor religion nor any =m ( ph5om5al be+4 ,b ^? ,god-intoxicat$ devotees :o nev] return to sobriety h fall5 %ort ( ! highe/ p]fection4 ,! full circle ( deification mu/ compreh5d bo? ! inw>d & outw>d aspects ( ,deity--! ,"o & ! ,_m1 ! ,tru? & ! ,law4 ,x is n en\gh to escape f all t is creaturely1 )\t ent]+ into ! et]nal life ( ,god ! ,creator z manife/$ 9 ,8 works4 ,to abide 9 ,god 7baq7 aft] hav+ pass$-away f selfhood 7fan7 is ! m>k ( ! ,p]fect ,man1 :o n only j\rneys to ,god1 i4e4 passes f plurality to unity1 b 9 & ) ,god1 i4e4 cont9u+ 9 ! unitive /ate1 he returns ) ,god to ! ph5om5al _w f :i* he set out1 & manife/s unity 9 plurality4 ,9 ?is desc5t 8,he makes ! ,law 8 upp] g>m5t ,& ! my/ic ,pa? 8 inn] g>m5t10 = he br+s d[n & displays ! ,tru? to mank9d :ile fulfill+ ! duties ( ! religi\s law4 ,( him x may be said1 9 ! words ( a great ,*ri/ian my/ic3 8,he goes t[>ds ,god by inw>d love1 9 et]nal "w1 & he goes 9 ,god by 8 fruitive incl9ation1 9 et]nal re/4 ,& he dwells 9 ,god2 & yet he goes out t[>ds creat$ ?+s 9 a _s ( love t[>ds all ?+s1 9 ! virtues & 9 works ( righte\sness4 ,& ?is is ! mo/ exalt$ summit ( ! inn] life40#bh #bh ,ruysbroeck1 quot$ 9 ,e4 ,und]hill's ,introduction to ,my/icism1 p4 #ebb4 ,affuddn ,tilimsn1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,niff>1 describes f\r my/ical j\rneys3 ,! fir/ beg9s ) gnosis & ends ) complete pass+-away 7fan74 ,! second beg9s at ! mom5t :5 pass+-away is succe$$ by #8abid+' 7baq74 ,he :o has atta9$ to ?is /ation j\rneys 9 ! ,real1 by ! ,real1 to ! ,real1 & he !n is a reality 7haqq74#bi ,?us travell+ onw>d1 he arrives at ! /ation ( ! ,qutb1#cj :i* is ! /ation ( ,p]fect ,manhood4 ,he becomes ! c5tre ( ! spiritual univ]se1 s t e po9t & limit rea*$ by individual human be+s is equally di/ant f 8 /ation1 :e!r !y be ne> or f>2 s9ce all /ations revolve r\nd 81 & 9 relation to ! ,qutb !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ne>ness & f>ness4 ,to "o :o has ga9$ ?is supreme position1 k & gnosis & pass+-away are z riv]s ( 8 ocean1 :]eby he repl5i%es :omsoev] he w4 ,he has ! "r to guide o!rs to ,god1 & seeks p]mission to d s f none b himself4 ,be=e ! gate ( ,apo/le%ip 0 clos$1#ca he w\ld h des]v$ ! title ( ,apo/le1 b 9 our day 8 due title is ,director ( ,s\ls1 & he is a bless+ to ^? :o invoke 8 aid1 because he compreh5ds ! innate capacities ( all mank9d &1 l a camel-driv]1 spe$s e "o to 8 home4 #bi ,see p4 #aee above4 #cj ,see p4 #abc4 #ca ,i4e4 be=e ! "t ( ,mohamm$1 :o is ! ,seal ( ! ,prophets4 ,9 ! ?ird j\rney ?is ,p]fect ,man turns 8 att5tion to ,god's creatures1 ei!r z an ,apo/le or z a ,spiritual ,director 7,%eykh71 & reveals himself to ^? :o w\ld fa9 be releas$ f _! faculties1 to ea* accord+ to 8 degree3 to ! adh]5t ( positive religion z a !ologian2 to ! contemplative1 :o has n yet enjoy$ full contemplation1 z a gno/ic2 to ! gno/ic z "o :o has entirely pass$-away f individuality 7wqif72 to ! wqif z a ,qutb4 ,he is ! horizon ( e my/ical /ation & transc5ds ! fur!/ range ( exp]i5ce kn[n to ea* grade ( seek]s4 ,! f\r? j\rney is usually associat$ ) physical dea?4 ,! ,prophet 0 ref]r+ to x :5 he cri$ on 8 dea?b$1 8,i *oose ! highe/ companions40 ,9 ?is j\rney1 to judge f ! obscure v]ses 9 :i* ,affuddn describes x1 ! ,p]fect ,man1 hav+ be5 inve/$ ) all ! div9e attributes1 becomes1 s to speak1 ! mirror :i* displays ,god to ,himself4 8,:5 my ,belov$ appe>s1 ,) :at eye d ,i see ,him8 ,) ,8 eye1 n ) m9e1 ,= none sees ,him except ,himself40 7,ibn al-,arab47 ,! light 9 ! s\l1 ! eye by :i* x sees1 & ! object ( its vision1 all are ,"o4 ,we h foll[$ ! ,sf 9 8 que/ ( ,reality to a po9t :]e language fails4 ,8 progress w seldom be s smoo? & unbrok5 z x appe>s 9 ^! pages4 ,! prov]bial heada*e aft] intoxication supplies a p>allel to ! p]iods ( int5se aridity & acute suff]+ t sometimes fill ! int]val betwe5 l[] & high] /ates ( ec/asy4 ,descriptions ( ?is exp]i5ce--! ,d>k ,night ( ! ,s\l1 z x is call$ by ,*ri/ian au?ors--may be f\nd 9 almo/ any biography ( ,mohamm$an sa9ts4 ,?us ,jm relates 9 8 ,nafaht al-,uns t a c]ta9 d]vi%1 a disciple ( ! fam\s ,%ihbuddn ,suhraw>d1 8,0 end[$ ) a great ec/asy 9 ! contemplation ( ,unity & 9 ! /ation ( pass+-away 7fan74 ,"o day he began to weep & lam5t4 ,on be+ ask$ by ! ,%eykh ,%ihbuddn :at ail$ him1 he answ]$1 #8,lo1 ,i am deb>r$ by plurality f ! vision ( ,unity4 ,i am reject$1 & my =m] /ate--,i _c f9d x6' ,! ,%eykh rem>k$ t ?is 0 ! prelude to ! /ation ( #8abid+' 7baq71 & t 8 pres5t /ate 0 high] & m sublime ?an ! "o :i* he 0 9 be=e40 ,does p]sonality survive 9 ! ultimate union ) ,god8 ,if p]sonality means a consci\s exi/5ce di/9ct1 ?\gh n sep>ate1 f ,god1 ! majority ( advanc$ ,moslem my/ics say 8,no60 ,z ! ra9-drop absorb$ 9 ! ocean is n annihilat$ b ceases to exi/ individually1 s ! disembodi$ s\l becomes indi/+ui%able f ! univ]sal ,deity4 ,x is true t :5 ,sf writ]s translate my/ical union into t]ms ( love & m>riage1 !y d n1 inde$ !y _c1 expunge ! notion ( p]sonality1 b su* metaphorical phrases are n necess>ily inconsi/5t ) a pan!ism :i* excludes all diff]5ce4 ,to be unit$1 "h & n[1 ) ! ,_w-,s\l is ! utmo/ imag9able bliss = s\ls t love ea* o!r on e>?4 8,happy ! mom5t :5 we are seat$ 9 ! ,palace1 ?\ & ,i1 ,) two =ms & ) two figures b ) "o s\l1 ?\ & ,i4 ,! col\rs ( ! grove & ! voice ( ! birds w be/[ immortality ,at ! "t :5 we come into ! g>d51 ?\ & ,i4 ,! />s ( heav5 w come to gaze ^u u2 ,we %all %[ !m ! ,moon itself1 ?\ & ,i4 ,?\ & ,i1 individuals no m1 %all be m+l$ 9 ec/asy1 ,joyful & secure f fooli% babble1 ?\ & ,i4 ,all ! bright-plum$ birds ( heav5 w dev\r _! he>ts ) envy ,9 ! place :]e we %all laugh 9 su* a fa%ion1 ?\ & ,i4 ,?is is ! greate/ wond]1 t ?\ & ,i1 sitt+ "h 9 ! same nook1 ,are at ?is mom5t bo? 9 ,irq & ,khorsn1 ?\ & ,i40 7,jalluddn ,rm47 ,/range z x may seem to our ,we/]n egoism1 ! prospect ( %>+ 9 ! g5]al1 imp]sonal immortality ( ! human s\l k9dles 9 ! ,sf an en?usiasm z deep & triumphant z t ( ! mo/ ard5t believ] 9 a p]sonal life cont9u+ beyond ! grave4 ,jalluddn1 aft] describ+ ! evolution ( man 9 ! mat]ial _w & anticipat+ 8 fur!r gr[? 9 ! spiritual univ]se1 utt]s a he>tfelt pray]--= :at8--= self-annihilation 9 ! ocean ( ! ,godhead4 8,i di$ z m9]al & became a plant1 ,i di$ z plant & rose to animal1 ,i di$ z animal & ,i 0 man4 ,:y %\ld ,i fe>8 ,:5 0 ,i less by dy+8 ,yet once m ,i %all die z man1 to so> ,) angels ble/2 b ev5 f angelhood ,i mu/ pass on3 all except ,god do? p]i%4 ,:5 ,i h sacrific$ my angel s\l1 ,i %all become :at no m9d e'er conceiv$4 ,oh1 let me n exi/6 = ,non-exi/5ce ,proclaims 9 organ tones1 #8,to ,him we %all return4'0 ,,bibliography ,a4 ,,g5]al ,?oluck1 ,f4 ,a4 ,g41 ,ssufismus sive ,!osophia ,p]s>um pan!i/ica 7,b]l91 #ahba74 ,9 ,lat94 ,out ( date 9 "s respects1 b /ill wor? read+4 ,palm]1 ,e4 ,h41 ,ori5tal ,my/icism 7,cambridge1 #ahfg74 ,a treatise on ,p]sian !osophy1 bas$ on a "w by ,nasaf4 ,von ,krem]1 ,a41 ,ges*i*te d] h]rs*5d5 ,ide5 des ,islams 7,leipzig1 #ahfh71 pp4 #eb-aba4 ,a brilliant sket* ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( ,sfism4 ,goldzih]1 ,i41 ,vorlesung5 b] d5 ,islam 7,heidelb]g1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aci-bjj4 ,an acc\nt ( ,sf asceticism & my/icism by ! greate/ liv+ au?ority on ,islam4 ,goldzih]1 ,i41 ,muhamm$anis*e ,/udi5 7,halle1 #ahhh-ij71 ,"p ii41 pp4 #bgg-cgh4 ,gives full details conc]n+ ! wor%ip ( ,moslem sa9ts4 ,macdonald1 ,d4 ,b41 ,! ,religi\s ,life & ,attitude 9 ,islam 7,*icago1 #aiji74 ,a valuable introduction to ! /udy ( ! mod]ate type ( ,sfism repres5t$ by ,ghazl4 ,! *apt]s on psy*ology are p>ticul>ly helpful4 ,iqbal1 ,%aikh ,muhammad1 ,! ,developm5t ( ,metaphysics 9 ,p]sia 7,london1 #aijh71 pp4 #if ff4 ,gibb1 ,e4 ,j4 ,w41 ,hi/ory ( ,turki% ,poetry 7,london1 #aijj-aiji71 vol4 i4 pp4 #ae-fi4 ,outl9es ( ,p]sian philosophic my/icism4 ,br[ne1 ,e4 ,g41 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,p]sia 7,london1 #aijb71 vol4 i4 pp4 #daf-ddd4 ,br[n1 ,j4 ,p41 ,! ,d]vi%es1 or ,ori5tal ,spiritualism 7,london1 #ahfh74 ,unsci5tific1 b conta9s mu* int]e/+ mat]ial4 ,depont1 ,o41 & ,coppolani1 ,x41 ,les ,confrries religieuses musulmanes 7,algi]s1 #ahig74 ,a /&>d "w on ! ,d]vi% ,ord]s4 ,b4 ,,translations ,hujwr1 ,ka%f al-,mahjb1 translat$ by ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson 7,london1 #aiaa74 ,! olde/ ,p]sian treatise on ,sfism4 ,attr1 ,le ,manticu 'ttair ou le ,langage des ,oiseaux1 translat$1 ) an essay on ! philosophical & religi\s poetry ( ,p]sia1 by ,g>c9 de ,tassy 7,p>is1 #ahfd74 ,jalluddn ,rm1 ,masnav1 abridg$ translation by ,e4 ,h4 ,:9field1 #bnd ed4 7,london1 #ahih74 ,masnav1 ,book i41 translat$ by ,sir ,james ,r$h\se 7,london1 #ahha74 ,masnav1 ,book ii41 translat$ ) comm5t>y by ,c4 ,e4 ,wilson 7,london1 #aiaj74 ,select$ ,odes f ! ,dvni ,%amsi ,tabrz1 ,p]sian text ) ,engli% translation1 introduction1 & notes by ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson 7,cambridge1 #ahih74 ,mahmd ,%abi/>1 ,gul%ani ,rz1 ,p]sian text ) ,engli% translation1 introduction1 & notes by ,e4 ,h4 ,:9field 7,london1 #ahhj74 ,a v]sifi$ exposition ( ! *ief ,sf doctr9es4 ,x %\ld be read by e "o :o is s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 ! subject4 ,jm1 ,lawih1 ,p]sian text ) translation by ,e4 ,h4 ,:9field & ,mrz ,muhammad ,kazvn 7,london1 #aijf74 ,a prose treatise on ,sf !osophy4 ,ysuf & ,zulaikha1 translat$ into v]se by ,r4 ,t4 ,h4 ,griffi? 7,london1 #ahhb74 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s my/ical love-romances 9 ,p]sian lit]ature4 ,ibn al-,arab1 ,t>jumn al-,a%wq1 a collection ( my/ical odes4 ,arabic text ) translation & comm5t>y by ,r4 ,a4 ,ni*olson 7,london1 #aiaa74 ,,index 7,titles ( books1 z well z ,arabic & ,p]sian te*nical t]ms1 are pr9t$ 9 italics47 ,abdl1 #abd4 ,abdallah ,ansr1 #hi4 ,abd al-,rahm ibn al-,sabbgh1 #hi4 ,abraham1 #aec4 ,abrr1 #abd4 ,absl1 #aaf4 ,ab ,abdallah ( ,mosul1 #add4 ,ab ,abdallah al-,rz1 #ea4 ,ab ,al ( ,s9d1 #ag4 ,ab ,hamza1 #fb4 ,abu 'l-,hasan ,khurqn1 #hg1 #acc ff41 #ade4 ,abu 'l-,khayr al-,aqta1 #fa4 ,ab ,nasr al-,s>rj1 #aeg4 ,ab ,sad ibn ,abi 'l-,khayr1 #di1 #ij1 #aah4 ,adam1 #fd1 #aej1 #afa4 ,affuddn al-,tilimsn1 #ic1 #afd1 #afe4 ,see ,niff>4 ,ahl al-,haqq1 #a4 ,ahmad ibn al-,hawr1 #aa4 ahwl1 #bi4 ,akhyr1 #abd4 ,aluddn ,attr1 #adc1 #add1 #adf4 ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias1 #aea4 ,al-,haqq4 ,see ,haqq4 ,al1 ! ,caliph1 #ej1 #hi1 #aec4 ,ana 'l-,haqq1 #aej ff4 ,arabian ,nights1 !1 #fc4 ,araft1 #ia4 rif1 #bi4 ,ari/otle1 #ab4 ,asceticism1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #aj1 #bh ff41 #aji4 ,a%arites1 !1 #f4 ,attr1 ,f>duddn1 #ajf4 ,audition1 #fc ff4 ,see sam4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 #aah4 ,avic5na1 #ade1 #adf4 awliy1 #abb4 ,awtd1 #abd4 ,bb ,kh1 #eh4 ,bbism1 #hi4 ,bactria1 #af1 #ah4 ,baghdd1 #adi1 #aeg4 ,balkh1 #af4 baq1 #ah1 #fa1 #adi1 #aei1 #afc1 #afd1 #afg4 ,basra1 #ad4 ,byazd ( ,bi/m1 #ag1 #ea1 #eg1 #fb1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aae1 #abf1 #aca1 #acb1 #aei4 ,bekt%s1 !1 #ie4 ,bi%r1 #aje4 ,brea?1 practice ( inhal+ & exhal+ !1 #dh4 ,br[n1 ,j4 ,p41 #ada4 ,br[ne1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,g41 #aaj4 ,buddha1 #af1 #ag4 ,buddhism1 #af ff41 #dh4 ,see ,nirva4 ,bulghr1 #afa4 ,cal5d>s1 !1 #ij4 ,celibacy1 condemn$ by ,mohamm$1 #e4 ,*9a1 #afa4 ,*ri/1 #hb1 #hh4 ,see ,jesus4 ,*ri/ianity1 #d1 #e1 #aj f41 #hb1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aea1 #aeg4 ,contemplation1 #ah1 #ca1 #cb1 #ec1 #ed ff41 #fh4 ,danc+1 #fc1 #fe1 #ff4 ,dante1 #ajj4 ,d>k ,night ( ! ,s\l1 !1 #aff4 ,davids1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,w4 ,rhys1 #ai4 ,dwud al-,t1 #cf4 ,deification1 #adi ff41 #afc4 d]v%1 #cg4 ,d]vi% ,ord]s1 !1 #dh1 #ie1 #abe1 #acj1 #adj ff4 ,d]vi%es1 maxims =1 #ch1 #ci4 ,devil1 !1 #di1 #ec1 #fi4 ,see ,ibls & ,satan4 dhawq1 #ei4 dhikr1 #aj1 #de ff41 #fc4 ,dhu 'l-,nn ! ,egyptian1 #ac1 #fe1 #gi1 #aaf1 #ade4 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite1 #ab f41 #aab4 ,directors1 spiritual1 #ca1 #cb ff41 #hi1 #adj ff41 #afe4 ,dvn ( ,%amsi ,tabrz1 #ie4 ,eckh>t1 #aah1 #aed4 ,ec/asy1 #ei ff41 #aah1 #acb1 #acc1 #aff4 ,see fan4 ,ed51 #afa4 ,elias1 #ad4 ,emanation1 ! !ory (1 #hj1 #if4 ,em]son1 #aaj4 ,eu*it1 !1 #aa4 ,evil1 ! unreality (1 #id4 ,evil1 "p ( ! div9e ord]1 #if ff4 ,evolution1 ( ,man1 #afh4 fan1 #ag ff41 #bh1 #dh1 #ei1 #fj ff41 #add1 #adi1 #aee ff41 #afd1 #afe1 #aff4 fan al-fan1 #fa1 #gi4 fn1 #aee4 faqr1 #cg1 #ch4 firsat1 #ea4 ,fitz,gerald1 ,edw>d1 #ig4 ,fro?+ham1 ,a4 ,l41 #ab4 ,fudayl ibn ,iyd1 #aji4 ,gairdn]1 ,w4 ,h4 ,t41 #af4 ghaybat1 #ei4 ,ghayln1 #aje4 ,ghazl1 #bd1 #df1 #if4 ,gnosis1 !1 #g1 #ad1 #bi1 #cj1 #fh ff41 #aba1 #afd4 ,gno/icism1 #ad ff4 ,goldzih]1 ,pr(essor ,i41 #ad1 #af4 ,gospel1 !1 #aj4 ,hafiz1 #hh1 #ajb4 hl1 #bi1 #ei4 ,hallj1 #dj1 #adi ff41 #afj4 ,hamadhn1 #ajh1 #aji4 haqqat1 #bi1 #gi4 ,see ,tru?1 !4 ,haqq ,god1 #a1 #ha4 ,see ,ana 'l-,haqq4 haqq1 #afd4 ,hasan ,attr1 ,khwja1 #add4 htif1 #fc4 ,he>t1 !1 a spiritual organ1 #ej1 #fh ff4 ,heav5 & ,hell1 subjective1 #ig1 #afb4 ,hi]o!us1 #ab4 ,h9d1 #aje4 ,hujwr1 #ca1 #cb1 #ed1 #fc1 #fe1 #ib1 #aaj1 #abc1 #abd1 #abf1 #aei1 #afj4 hull1 #aej1 #aea1 #aed1 #aeg4 ,hulls1 !1 #aea4 ,husayn ibn ,mansr1 #adi4 ,see ,hallj4 ,hypnotism1 #aci ff4 ,ibls1 #ii4 ,see ,devil1 !4 ,ibn al-,anbr1 #ea4 ,ibn al-,arab1 #hg1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aje1 #aaa1 #abe1 #aee1 #aff4 ,ibrhm ibn ,adham1 #ad1 #af4 ihsn1 #ec4 ,illum9ation1 #g1 #ej ff41 #gj4 ilm1 #ga4 ,immortality1 imp]sonal1 #afg1 #afh4 ,inc>nation1 #aej1 #aea1 #aeg4 ,see hull4 ,india1 #af1 #afa4 ,+e1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,r41 #aab1 #aea1 #aed4 ,iqbal1 ,%aikh ,muhammad1 #ae4 ,irq1 #afa1 #afh4 ,islam1 relation ( ,sfism to1 #ai ff41 #ga ff41 #hf ff41 #aei1 #afj4 i/9bt1 #bc1 #bd4 ittihd1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,jab>ites1 !1 #f4 ,jacob ( ,s>j1 #ab4 jadhbat1 #ei4 ,jalluddn ,rm1 #be1 #fd1 #fg1 #fi1 #ie ff41 #aje1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aji1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah1 #aai1 #abe1 #abi1 #acb1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afa1 #afb1 #afh4 jam1 #aei4 ,jm1 #ch1 #ff1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc1 #ajf1 #aaj1 #adb1 #aff4 ,jesus1 #aj1 #acc1 #aej1 #aec1 #aeg4 ,see ,*ri/4 ,jews1 !1 #abb4 ,j9n1 !1 #acb4 ,john1 ,/41 #hb4 ,john ,scotus ,erig5a1 #ab4 ,joseph1 #ii1 #aaf4 ,j\rneys1 my/ical1 #afc1 #afd4 ,see ,pa?1 !4 ,junayd ( ,baghdd1 #cd1 #ce1 #eb1 #hh1 #ia1 #aab1 #aac1 #aca4 ,kaba1 !1 #eh1 #ia1 #ib1 #aje1 #aaf1 #acd4 k>mt1 #abb1 #abi4 ,k>ma1 ! doctr9e (1 #ai4 ,ka%f al-,mahjb1 #ed1 #fc4 ,see ,hujwr4 ,khadir1 #ad1 #aac1 #abg ff4 khirqat1 #di4 ,khizr1 #abg4 ,see ,khadir4 ,khorsn1 #afa1 #afh4 ,khurqn4 ,see ,abu 'l-,hasan ,khurqn4 ,kitb al-,luma1 #bh1 #aba1 #acj4 ,kitb al-,tawsn1 #aej4 ,k ( ,god4 ,see ,gnosis1 !4 ,k1 religi\s oppos$ to my/ical1 #ga4 ,koran1 !1 #d1 #e1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc1 #df1 #ej1 #fc1 #ic1 #aje1 #aaa1 #aba1 #abb1 #abg4 ,koran1 !1 quotations f1 #bb1 #de1 #ej1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #gj1 #hh1 #ih1 #aba1 #abb1 #abh1 #abi1 #aej1 #aeb4 ,koran1 g]ms ( my/icism 9 !1 #ba f4 lht1 #aej4 ,lane1 ,edw>d1 #de4 ,law1 ! religi\s1 #fb1 #hf1 #ib ff41 #abf1 #abg1 #aeb1 #afc4 ,layl1 #aaf1 #aei4 ,leg5d ( ! ,moslem ,sa9ts1 !1 #ba1 #ca1 #ajh1 #aca4 ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 by ,jm1 #ff4 ,see ,nafaht al-,uns4 ,logos1 !1 #ea1 #hb1 #hc4 ,love1 div9e1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #de1 #ee1 #hj1 #ha1 #hd1 #hh1 #aja1 #ajb ff41 #aea1 #afj4 ,lubn1 #aje4 ,macdonald1 ,pr(essor ,d4 ,b41 #bc1 #de1 #df1 #abe1 #ada4 majdhb1 #abc4 ,majduddn ( ,baghdd1 #ff4 ,majnn1 #aaf1 #aei4 ,mlik ibn ,dnr1 #cf1 #cg4 ,man1 ! f9al cause ( ! univ]se1 #hb4 ,man1 high] ?an ! angels1 #fi4 ,man1 ! microcosm1 #hd1 #he1 #ig4 ,man1 ! ,p]fect1 #hc1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe4 ,m&ans1 !1 #ad4 ,mn1 #ad4 ,mani*ans1 !1 #ad4 ,mansr1 #aec4 ,see ,hallj4 maqmt1 #bh4 marifat1 #bi1 #ga4 ,see ,gnosis1 !4 ,marf al-,k>kh1 #ad4 ,m>wa1 #ib4 ,m>y1 #acc4 ,masnav1 !1 #be1 #fd1 #if1 #acb1 #adh4 ,see ,jalluddn ,rm4 ,massignon1 ,l41 #aej1 #aea1 #aed1 #aee4 ,mawqif1 !1 #eg4 ,see ,niff>4 ,mayya1 #aje4 ,mecca1 #acd4 ,m$itation1 #dh f4 ,mephi/opheles1 #eh4 ,messalians1 !1 #aa4 ,m91 #ib4 ,miracles1 #abb1 #abc1 #abi ff41 #ach1 #aci ff4 ,mohamm$1 ! ,prophet1 #e1 #bj1 #ba1 #ce1 #ci1 #dd1 #di1 #ea1 #eb1 #ec1 #fh1 #gj1 #gc1 #hb1 #ij1 #ic1 #aaa1 #abi1 #aca1 #ada1 #add1 #afd1 #afe4 ,see ,traditions ( ! ,prophet4 ,mohamm$ ibn ,al ,hakm1 #adc4 ,mohamm$ ibn ,ulyn1 #ci4 ,mohamm$ ibn ,wsi1 #cf1 #cg1 #ee4 ,moll-,%h1 #ada1 #adb4 ,m1 ,h5ry1 #afb4 ,mortification1 #cf1 #dj f4 ,moses1 #abg ff41 #aeb4 mujizat1 #abi4 murqabat1 #dh4 muraqqaat1 #cc1 #di4 ,murjites1 !1 #e4 mur%id1 #cb1 #adj4 ,music1 #dh1 #fc ff4 ,mutazilites1 !1 #f4 ,muzdalifa1 #ia4 ,nafaht al-,uns1 #aff4 ,see ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 nafs1 #ci1 #dj4 ,"n1 ! ,great1 #ad4 nst1 #aej4 ,neoplatonism1 #ab f41 #aab4 ,niff>1 #eg1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #he1 #ic1 #aee1 #afd4 ,nirva1 #ah ff41 #fa1 #adi4 ,nizmuddn ,khm%1 ,mawln1 #adc4 ,noah1 #aec4 ,nldeke1 ,?41 #c4 ,n-be+1 ! pr9ciple ( evil1 #id1 #ig4 ,nuqab1 #abd4 ,nr1 #di1 #ea1 #id1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,om>1 ! ,caliph1 #ch4 ,om> ,khayym1 #ig4 ,pan!ism1 #h1 #ah1 #ba1 #bc1 #gi ff41 #aji1 #acc ff41 #adh ff4 ,see ,unity1 ! div9e4 ,pa?1 !1 #bh ff41 #afc4 ,paul1 ,/41 #ab1 #hb4 ,p5tateu*1 !1 #bb4 ,p]sonality1 survival (1 #afg4 ,ph5om5a1 ! nature (1 #hb4 ,ph5om5a1 a bridge to ,reality1 #aji f4 ,philo1 #bb4 ,pilgrimage1 allegorical int]pretation ( !1 #ia4 pr1 #cb1 #adj4 ,plato1 #g1 #ab1 #fd4 ,plot9us1 #aa1 #ab1 #aag4 ,porphyry1 #ab4 ,pov]ty1 #cf ff4 ,pr$e/9ation1 #d1 #f1 #cf1 #ih4 ,pre-exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 #ae1 #fd1 #aaf4 ,proclus1 #ab4 ,prophet1 !4 ,see ,mohamm$1 ! ,prophet4 ,prophets1 !1 #aba1 #abb1 #abf1 #abi1 #afd4 ,purgative ,way1 !1 #cb4 ,py?agoras1 #fd4 ,qad>ites1 !1 #f4 ,qadb al-,bn1 #add4 qalb1 #ej1 #fh4 ,qays1 #aje4 qibla1 #acd4 ,quietism1 #d4 ,see ,tru/ 9 ,god4 ,qu%ayr1 #abf1 #acj4 ,qutb1 #abc1 #abd1 #afd1 #afe4 ,rbia1 #d1 #ca1 #aae4 rhib1 #aj4 ,raqqm1 #ajg4 ,reason1 ! ,active1 #aea4 ,recollection1 #cf1 #de4 ,see dhikr4 ,religion1 all types (1 are equal1 #hg4 ,religion1 positive1 its relation to my/icism1 #bd1 #ga ff4 ,see ,islam1 relation ( ,sfism to4 ,rep5tance1 #cj ff4 rid1 #da4 ,rizwn1 #afa4 ,ros>ies1 us$ by ,sfs1 #ag4 rh1 #fh4 ,rm1 #aec4 ,see ,jalluddn ,rm4 ,ruysbroeck1 #aea1 #afd4 ,sbians1 !1 #ad4 ,saduddn ( ,k%gh>1 ,mawln1 #adb4 ,saf1 #ib4 ,sahl ibn ,abdallah ( ,tu/>1 #df1 #eb1 #ef1 #fc1 #acj4 ,sa9ts1 ! ,moslem1 #abj ff4 ,sa9t%ip1 ! doctr9e (1 #fb1 #abj ff4 ,salmn1 #aaf4 slik1 #bh4 sam1 #ei1 #fj1 #fc ff4 ,saqsn1 #afa4 ,s> al-,saqat1 #eb1 #ed1 #fa1 #aac4 ,satan1 #cb1 #aac4 ,see ,devil1 !4 ,sea1 ! ,revelation ( !1 by ,niff>1 #gd4 ,self-annihilation1 #adj1 #ada1 #afh4 ,see fan4 ,%h al-,kirmn1 #eb4 ,%aqq ( ,balkh1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,%eykh1 !1 #cb ff41 #di1 #adj1 #ada4 ,see ,directors1 spiritual4 ,%ibl1 #cd1 #ce1 #dh1 #eb1 #ee1 #fb1 #aaf4 ,%ihbuddn ,suhraw>d1 #aff4 ,%ites1 !1 #hi4 %irb1 #ei4 siddq1 #ad4 ,s91 #cj ff4 ,s++1 #fc ff4 sirr1 #fh1 #aee4 ,s\l1 ! l[] or appetitive4 ,see nafs4 ,_s1 ! div9e1 #aej1 #aea4 ,_s1 ! human1 #ea1 #fh4 ,/ages1 my/ical1 #bh f41 #da4 ,/ates1 my/ical1 #bi4 ,/eph5 ,b> ,sudaili1 #ab4 ,sf1 mean+ & d]ivation (1 #c4 ,sfism1 def9itions (1 #a1 #ad1 #be ff4 ,sfism1 ! olde/ =m (1 #d f4 ,sfism1 ! orig9 (1 #h ff4 ,sfism1 its relation to ,islam1 #ai ff41 #ga ff41 #hf ff41 #aei1 #afj4 sukr1 #ei4 ,sunna1 !1 #gc4 ,symbolism1 my/ical1 #bh1 #ajb ff41 #aaf1 #aag4 tlib1 #bi4 t>qat1 #bg1 #bh4 ,taul]1 #aea4 tawajjuh1 #adb1 #adc4 tawakkul1 #da4 ,tawakkul ,beg1 #ada1 #adb4 ,telek9esis1 #ade4 ,telepa?y1 #abj4 ,see firsat4 ,!ology ( ,ari/otle1 ! s-call$1 #ab4 ,tirmidh1 #adc4 ,tora1 !1 #aje4 ,traditions ( ! ,prophet1 #bc1 #ci1 #dd1 #di1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #fh1 #hj1 #hc1 #ajj4 ,transoxania1 #af4 ,tru/ 9 ,god1 #cf1 #da ff4 ,tru?1 !1 #bi1 #cj1 #gi1 #ib ff41 #aeb1 #afc4 ,und]hill1 ,e41 #afd4 ,union ) ,god1 #ci1 #aei1 #afj4 ,see ,unitive ,/ate1 !1 & fan4 ,unitive ,/ate1 !1 #adh ff4 ,unity1 ! div9e1 ,sfi/ic !ory (1 #db1 #gi ff41 #ih1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aee4 ,v$nta1 !1 #ah4 ,veils1 ! sev5ty ?\s&1 doctr9e (1 #ae f4 ,vision1 spiritual1 #ej4 wajd1 #ei4 wal1 #abb1 #abc4 ,see ,sa9ts1 ! ,moslem4 waliyyat1 #abc4 waqfat1 #eh1 #aef4 wqif1 #aef1 #afe4 ,wsit1 #ad4 ,:9field1 ,e4 ,h41 #fd1 #acb1 #adh4 yaqn1 #ej4 ,ysuf1 #aaf4 ,see ,joseph4 ,zang ,ba%gird1 #ff4 ,zulaykh1 #aaf4 ,pr9t$ by ,morrison ,gibb ,limit$1 ,ed9burgh ,,! ,,que/ ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,mead1 ,presid5t ( ! ,que/ ,society4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 net ea* volume4 ,,n[ ,,ready4 ,psy*ical ,rese>*4 ,by ,james ,h4 ,hyslop1 ,ph4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,secret>y ( ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail4 ,by ,jessie ,l4 ,we/on1 ,au?or ( #8,! ,leg5d ( ,sir ,p]ceval1' #8,sir ,gawa9 at ! ,grail ,ca/le1' etc4 ,jewi% ,my/icism4 ,by ,j4 ,abelson1 ,lit4,d41 ,pr9cipal ( ,aria ,college1 ,portsm\?4 ,my/ics ( ,islam4 ,by ,reynold ,a4 ,ni*olson1 ,m4,a41 ,litt4,d41 ,lectur] on ,p]sian1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity4 ,,ready ,,spr+1 #aiad4 ,buddhi/ ,psy*ology4 ,by ,mrs4 ,rhys ,davids1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,lectur] on ,indian ,philosophy1 ,man*e/] ,univ]sity4 ,,9 ,,prep>ation4 ,! 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