,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,moral ,,s5tim5ts2 ,,or1 ,,an ,,essay ,,t[>ds ,an ,,analysis ( ! ,,pr9ciples by :i* ,,m5 naturally judge conc]n+ ! ,,conduct & ,,"*1 fir/ ( _! ,,neighb\rs1 & aft]w>ds ( ,,!mselves4 ,,to ,,:i* ,,is ,,add$1 ,a ,,diss]tation ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,languages4 ,,by ,,adam ,,smi?1 ,l4,l4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4 ,=m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[2 & ,au?or ( ! ,nature & ,cause ( ! ,weal? ( ,nations4 ,,! ,,six? ,,edition4 ,,dubl93 ,pr9t$ = ,j4 ,,beatty & ,c4 ,,jackson1 ,no4 #cb1 ,,sk9n]-,,r[4 ,m1,,dcc1,,lxxvii4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,( ! ,propriety ( ,action4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! s5se ( propriety ,page #a4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,sympa?y ibid4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,pleasure ( mutual ,sympa?y #i ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* we judge ( ! propriety or impropriety ( ! affections ( o!r m51 by _! concord or dissonance ) our own #ad ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,! same subject cont9u$ #ai ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! amiable & respectable virtues #bg ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ! degrees ( ! diff]5t passions :i* are consi/5t ) propriety #cc ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! passions :i* take _! orig9 f ! body #cd ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? passions :i* take _! orig9 f a p>ticul> turn or habit ( ! imag9ation #da ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! unsocial passions #df ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! social passions #ed ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! selfi% passions #eh ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! effects ( prosp]ity & adv]sity ^u ! judgm5t ( mank9d ) reg>d to ! propriety ( action2 & :y x is m easy to obta9 _! approbation 9 ! "o /ate ?an 9 ! o!r #fd ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,t ?\gh our sympa?y ) sorr[ is g5]ally a m lively s5sation ?an our sympa?y ) joy1 x commonly falls mu* m %ort ( ! viol5ce ( :at is naturally felt by ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ ibid4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! orig9 ( ambition1 & ( ! di/9ction ( ranks #gd ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! /oical philosophy #hi ,,"p ,,ii4 ,( ,m]it & ,dem]it2 or ( ! objects ( rew>d & puni%m5t4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! s5se ( m]it & dem]it #ig ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,t :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] object ( gratitude1 appe>s to des]ve rew>d2 & t1 9 ! same mann]1 :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] object ( res5tm5t1 appe>s to des]ve puni%m5t #ih ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! prop] objects ( gratitude & res5tm5t #ajb ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,t :]e !re is no approbation ( ! conduct ( ! p]son :o conf]s ! b5efit1 !re is little sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( him :o receives x3 & t1 on ! contr>y1 :]e !re is no disapprobation ( ! motives ( ! p]son :o does ! mis*ief1 !re is no sort ( sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( him :o suff]s x #ajf ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,recapitulation ( ! =ego+ *apt]s #aji ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,! analysis ( ! s5se ( m]it & dem]it #aab ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ju/ice & b5efic5ce #aai ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,comp>ison ( ^? two virtues ibid4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! s5se ( ju/ice1 ( remorse1 & ( ! consci\sness ( m]it #abf ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! utility ( ?is con/itution ( nature #acb ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! influ5ce ( =tune ^u ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 ) reg>d to ! m]it or dem]it ( actions #ade ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! causes ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune #adh ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ext5t ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune #aed ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! f9al cause ( ?is irregul>ity ( s5tim5ts #afg ,,"p ,,iii4 ,( ! f\ndation ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ our own s5tim5ts & conduct1 & ( ! s5se ( duty4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! consci\sness ( m]it$ praise or blame #agc ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,9 :at mann] our own judgm5ts ref] to :at ought to be ! judgm5ts ( o!rs3 & ( ! orig9 ( g5]al rules #ahj ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! influ5ce & au?ority ( ! g5]al rules ( morality1 & t !y are ju/ly reg>d$ z ! laws ( ! ,deity #bjg ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,9 :at cases ! s5se ( duty ought to be ! sole pr9ciple ( our conduct2 & 9 :at cases x ought to concur ) o!r motives #bbc ,,"p ,,iv4 ,( ! effect ( utility ^u ! s5tim5ts ( approbation4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! beauty :i* ! appe>ance ( ,utility be/[s ^u all ! productions ( art1 & ( ! ext5sive influ5ce ( ?is species ( beauty #bcg ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! beauty :i* ! appe>ance ( utility be/[s ^u ! *>act]s & actions ( m52 & h[ f> ! p]ception ( ?is beauty may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! orig9al pr9ciples ( approbation #bej ,,"p ,v4 ,( ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ^u ! s5tim5ts ( moral approbation & disapprobation4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ^u our notions ( beauty & de=mity #bfa ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ^u moral s5tim5ts #bga ,,"p ,,vi4 ,( ,sy/ems ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! que/ions :i* ought to be exam9$ 9 a !ory ( moral s5tim5ts #bia ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ! diff]5t acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue #bid ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 propriety #bie ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 prud5ce #caa ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 b5evol5ce #cba ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( lic5ti\s sy/ems #cca ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* h be5 =m$ conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( approbation #cde ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* d$uce ! pr9ciple ( approbation f self-love #cdf ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make reason ! pr9ciple ( approbation #cej ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make s5tim5t ! pr9ciple ( approbation #cef ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* diff]5t au?ors h treat$ ( ! practical rules ( morality #cfg ,consid]ations conc]n+ ! fir/ =mation ( languages1 & ! diff]5t g5ius ( orig9al & comp\nd languages #chi ,,"p ,i4 ,( ! ,,propriety ( ,,action4 ,consi/+ ( ?ree ,sections4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! ,,s5se ( ,,propriety4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ,,sympa?y4 ,h[ selfi% soev] man may be suppos$1 !re are evid5tly "s pr9ciples 9 8 nature1 :i* int]e/ him 9 ! =tune ( o!rs1 & r5d] _! happ9ess necess>y to him1 ?\gh he d]ives no?+ f x1 except ! pleasure ( see+ x4 ,( ?is k9d is pity or compassion1 ! emotion :i* we feel = ! mis]y ( o!rs1 :5 we ei!r see x1 or are made to conceive x 9 a v lively mann]4 ,t we (t5 d]ive sorr[ f ! sorr[ ( o!rs1 is a matt] ( fact too obvi\s to require any in/ances to prove x2 = ?is s5tim5t1 l all ! o!r orig9al passions ( human nature1 is by no means conf9$ to ! virtu\s & humane1 ?\gh !y p]haps may feel x ) ! mo/ exquisite s5sibility4 ,! greate/ ruffian1 ! mo/ h>d5$ violator ( ! laws ( society1 is n altoge!r )\t x4 ,z we h no imm$iate exp]i5ce ( :at o!r m5 feel1 we c =m no idea ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are affect$1 b by conceiv+ :at we ourselves %\ld feel 9 ! l situation4 ,?\gh our bro!r is ^u ! rack1 z long z we ourselves are at our ease1 our s5ses w nev] in=m u ( :at he suff]s4 ,!y nev] did & nev] c c>ry u beyond our own p]son1 & x is by ! imag9ation only t we c =m any conception ( :at are 8 s5sations4 ,nei!r c t faculty help u to ?is any o!r way1 ?an by repres5t+ to u :at w\ld be our own1 if we 7 9 8 case4 ,x is ! impressions ( our own s5ses only1 n ^? ( 81 :i* our imag9ations copy4 ,by ! imag9ation we place ourselves 9 8 situation1 we conceive ourselves endur+ all ! same torm5ts1 we ent] z x 7 into 8 body & become 9 "s measure him1 & !nce =m "s idea ( 8 s5sations & ev5 feel some?+ :i*1 ?\gh weak] 9 degree1 is n altoge!r unlike !m4 ,8 agonies1 :5 !y are ?us br\ght home to ourselves1 :5 we h ?us adopt$ & made !m our own1 beg9 at la/ to affect u1 & we !n tremble & %udd] at ! ?\ght ( :at he feels4 ,= z to be 9 pa9 or di/ress ( any k9d excites ! mo/ excessive sorr[1 s to conceive or to imag9e t we are 9 x1 excites "s degree ( ! same emotion1 9 proportion to ! vivacity or dullness ( ! conception4 ,t ?is is ! s\rce ( our fell[-feel+ = ! mis]y ( o!rs1 t x is by *ang+ places 9 fancy ) ! suff]]1 t we come ei!r to conceive or to be affect$ by :at he feels1 may be demon/rat$ by _m obvi\s obs]vations1 if x %\ld n be ?\ght suffici5tly evid5t ( itself4 ,:5 we see a /roke aim$ & j ready to fall ^u ! leg or arm ( ano!r p]son1 we naturally %r9k & draw back our own leg or our own arm2 & :5 x does fall1 we feel x 9 "s measure1 & are hurt by x z well z ! suff]]4 ,! mob1 :5 !y are gaz+ at a danc] on ! slack rope1 naturally wri! & twi/ & balance _! own bodies1 z !y see him d1 & z !y feel t !y !mselves mu/ d if 9 8 situation4 ,p]sons ( delicate fibres & a weak con/itution ( body1 compla9 t 9 look+ on ! sores & ulc]s :i* are expos$ by begg>s 9 ! /reets1 !y are apt to feel an it*+ or uneasy s5sation 9 ! correspond5t "p ( _! own bodies4 ,! horror :i* !y conceive at ! mis]y ( ^? wret*es affects t p>ticul> "p 9 !mselves m ?an any o!r2 because t horror arises f conceiv+ :at !y !mselves w\ld suff]1 if !y really 7 ! wret*es :om !y are look+ ^u1 & if t p>ticul> "p 9 !mselves 0 actually affect$ 9 ! same mis]able mann]4 ,! v =ce ( ?is conception is suffici5t1 9 _! feeble frames1 to produce t it*+ or uneasy s5sation compla9$ (4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ robu/ make1 obs]ve t 9 look+ ^u sore eyes !y (t5 feel a v s5sible sor5ess 9 _! own1 :i* proce$s f ! same reason2 t organ be+ 9 ! /ronge/ man m delicate ?an any o!r "p ( ! body is 9 ! weake/4 ,nei!r is x ^? circum/ances only1 :i* create pa9 or sorr[1 t call =? our fell[-feel+4 ,:atev] is ! passion :i* arises f any object 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 an analog\s emotion spr+s up1 at ! ?\ght ( 8 situation1 9 ! brea/ ( e att5tive spectator4 ,our joy = ! deliv]ance ( ^? h]oes ( trag$y or romance :o int]e/ u1 is z s9c]e z our grief = _! di/ress1 & our fell[-feel+ ) _! mis]y is n m real ?an t ) _! happ9ess4 ,we ent] into _! gratitude t[>ds ^? fai?ful fri5ds :o did n des]t !m 9 _! difficulties2 & we he>tily g along ) _! res5tm5t aga9/ ^? p]fidi\s traitors :o injur$1 ab&on$1 or deceiv$ !m4 ,9 e passion ( :i* ! m9d ( man is susceptible1 ! emotions ( ! by-/&] always correspond to :at1 by br++ ! case home to himself1 he imag9es1 %\ld be ! s5tim5ts ( ! suff]]4 ,pity & compassion are words appropriat$ to signify our fell[-feel+ ) ! sorr[ ( o!rs4 ,sympa?y1 ?\gh its mean+ 01 p]haps1 orig9ally ! same1 may n[1 h[ev]1 )\t mu* impropriety1 be made use ( to d5ote our fell[-feel+ ) any passion :atev]4 ,^u "s occasions sympa?y may seem to arise m]ely f ! view ( a c]ta9 emotion 9 ano!r p]son4 ,! passions1 ^u "s occasions1 may seem to be transfus$ f "o man to ano!r1 in/antane\sly1 & antec$5t to any k ( :at excit$ !m 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,grief & joy1 = example1 /rongly express$ 9 ! look & ge/ures ( any "o1 at once affect ! spectator ) "s degree ( a l pa9ful or agreeable emotion4 ,a smil+ face is1 to e body t sees x1 a *e>ful object2 z a sorr[ful c\nt5ance1 on ! o!r h&1 is a melan*oly "o4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n hold univ]sally1 or ) reg>d to e passion4 ,!re are "s passions ( :i* ! expressions excite no sort ( sympa?y1 b be=e we are acqua9t$ ) :at gave occasion to !m1 s]ve r to disgu/ & provoke u aga9/ !m4 ,! furi\s behavior ( an angry man is m likely to exasp]ate u aga9/ himself ?an aga9/ 8 enemies4 ,z we are unacqua9t$ ) 8 provocation1 we _c br+ 8 case home to ourselves1 nor conceive any ?+ l ! passions :i* x excites4 ,b we pla9ly see :at is ! situation ( ^? ) :om he is angry1 & to :at viol5ce !y may be expos$ f s enrag$ an adv]s>y4 ,we readily1 !re=e1 sympa?ize ) _! fe> or res5tm5t1 & are imm$iately dispos$ to take "p aga9/ ! man f :om !y appe> to be 9 s mu* dang]4 ,if ! v appe>ances ( grief & joy inspire u ) "s degree ( ! l emotions1 x is because !y sugge/ to u ! g5]al idea ( "s good or bad =tune t has befall5 ! p]son 9 :om we obs]ve !m3 & 9 ^! passions ?is is suffici5t to h "s little influ5ce ^u u4 ,! effects ( grief & joy t]m9ate 9 ! p]son :o feels ^? emotions1 ( :i* ! expressions d n1 l ^? ( res5tm5t1 sugge/ to u ! idea ( any o!r p]son = :om we are conc]n$1 & ^: int]e/s are opposite to 84 ,! g5]al idea ( good or bad =tune1 !re=e1 creates "s conc]n = ! p]son :o has met ) x1 b ! g5]al idea ( provocation excites no sympa?y ) ! ang] ( ! man :o has receiv$ x4 ,nature1 x seems1 tea*es u to be m av]se to ent] into ?is passion1 &1 till in=m$ ( its cause1 to be dispos$ r to take "p aga9/ x4 ,ev5 our sympa?y ) ! grief or joy ( ano!r1 be=e we are in=m$ ( ! cause ( ei!r1 is always extremely imp]fect4 ,g5]al lam5tations1 :i* express no?+ b ! angui% ( ! suff]]1 create r a curiosity to inquire into 8 situation1 along ) "s disposition to sympa?ize ) him1 ?an any actual sympa?y t is v s5sible4 ,! fir/ "q :i* we ask is1 ,:at has befall5 y8 ,till ?is be answ]$1 ?o' we are uneasy bo? f ! vague idea ( 8 mis=tune1 & /ill m f tortur+ ourselves ) conjectures ab\t :at x may be1 yet our fell[-feel+ is n v consid]able4 ,sympa?y1 !re=e1 does n arise s mu* f ! view ( ! passion1 z f t ( ! situation :i* excites x4 ,we sometimes feel = ano!r1 a passion ( :i* he himself seems to be altoge!r incapable2 because :5 we put ourselves 9 8 case1 t passion arises 9 our brea/ f ! imag9ation1 ?\gh x does n 9 8 f ! reality4 ,we blu% = ! impud5ce & rud5ess ( ano!r1 ?\gh he himself appe>s to h no s5se ( ! impropriety ( 8 own behavior2 because we _c help feel+ ) :at confusion we ourselves %\ld be cov]$1 _h we behav$ 9 s absurd a mann]4 ,( all ! calamities to :i* ! condition ( mortality exposes mank9d1 ! loss ( reason appe>s1 to ^? :o h ! lea/ sp>k ( humanity1 by f> ! mo/ dreadful1 & !y behold t la/ /age ( human wret*$ness ) deep] commis]ation ?an any o!r4 ,b ! poor wret*1 :o is 9 x1 laughs & s+s p]haps1 & is altoge!r ins5sible ( 8 own mis]y4 ,! angui% :i* humanity feels1 !re=e1 at ! sight ( su* an object1 _c be ! reflection ( any s5tim5t ( ! suff]]4 ,! compassion ( ! spectator mu/ arise altoge!r f ! consid]ation ( :at he himself w\ld feel if he 0 r$uc$ to ! same unhappy situation1 &1 :at p]haps is impossible1 0 at ! same "t able to reg>d x ) 8 pres5t reason & judgm5t4 ,:at are ! pangs ( a "m :5 %e he>s ! moan+s ( h] infant t dur+ ! agony ( disease _c express :at x feels8 ,9 h] idea ( :at x suff]s1 %e jo9s1 to its real helplessness1 h] own consci\sness ( t helplessness1 & h] own t]rors = ! unkn[n consequ5ces ( its disord]2 & out ( all ^!1 =ms1 = h] own sorr[1 ! mo/ complete image ( mis]y & di/ress4 ,! infant1 h[ev]1 feels only ! uneas9ess ( ! pres5t in/ant1 :i* c nev] be great4 ,) reg>d to ! future x is p]fectly secure1 & 9 its ?\ghtlessness & want ( =esight possesses an antidote aga9/ fe> & anxiety1 ! great torm5tors ( ! human brea/1 f :i* reason & philosophy w 9 va9 attempt to def5d x :5 x gr[s up to a man4 ,we sympa?ize ev5 ) ! dead1 & ov]look+ :at is ( real importance 9 _! situation1 t awful futurity :i* awaits !m1 we are *iefly affect$ by ^? circum/ances :i* /rike our s5ses1 b c h no influ5ce ^u _! happ9ess4 ,x is mis]able1 we ?9k1 to be depriv$ ( ! light ( ! sun2 to be %ut out f life & conv]sation2 to be laid 9 ! cold grave1 a prey to corruption & ! reptiles ( ! e>?2 to be no m ?\ght ( 9 ?is _w1 b to be oblit]at$ 9 a little "t f ! affections & almo/ f ! memory ( _! de>e/ fri5ds & relations4 ,surely1 we imag9e1 we c nev] feel too mu* = ^? :o h suff]$ s dreadful a calamity4 ,! tribute ( our fell[-feel+ seems d\bly due to !m n[1 :5 !y are 9 dang] ( be+ =got by e body2 &1 by ! va9 honors :i* we pay to _! memory1 we endeavor1 = our own mis]y1 artificially to keep alive our melan*oly remembrance ( _! mis=tune4 ,t our sympa?y c af=d !m no consolation seems to be an addition to _! calamity2 & to ?9k t all we c d is unavail+1 & t1 :at alleviates all o!r di/ress1 ! regret1 ! love1 & ! lam5tations ( _! fri5ds1 c yield no com=t to !m1 s]ves only to exasp]ate our s5se ( _! mis]y4 ,! happ9ess ( ! dead1 h[ev]1 mo/ assur$ly1 is affect$ by none ( ^! circum/ances2 nor is x ! ?\ght ( ^! ?+s :i* c ev] di/urb ! pr(\nd security ( _! repose4 ,! idea ( t dre>y & endless melan*oly1 :i* ! fancy naturally ascribes to _! condition1 arises altoge!r f our jo9+ to ! *ange :i* has be5 produc$ ^u !m1 our own consci\sness ( t *ange1 f our putt+ ourselves 9 _! situation1 & f our lodg+1 if ,i may be all[$ to say s1 our own liv+ s\ls 9 _! inanimat$ bodies1 & !nce conceiv+ :at w\ld be our emotions 9 ?is case4 ,x is f ?is v illusion ( ! imag9ation1 t ! =esight ( our own dissolution is s t]rible to u1 & t ! idea ( ^? circum/ances1 :i* und\bt$ly c give u no pa9 :5 we are dead1 makes u mis]able :ile we are alive4 ,& f !nce arises "o ( ! mo/ important pr9ciples 9 human nature1 ! dread ( dea?1 ! great poison to ! happ9ess1 b ! great re/ra9t ^u ! inju/ice ( mank9d1 :i*1 :ile x afflicts & mortifies ! individual1 gu>ds & protects ! society4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ,pleasure ( mutual ,sympa?y4 ,b :atev] may be ! cause ( sympa?y1 or h[ev] x may be excit$1 no?+ pleases u m ?an to obs]ve 9 o!r m5 a fell[-feel+ ) all ! emotions ( our own brea/2 nor are we ev] s mu* %ock$ z by ! appe>ance ( ! contr>y4 ,^? :o are fond ( d$uc+ all our s5tim5ts f c]ta9 ref9em5ts ( self-love1 ?9k !mselves at no loss to acc\nt1 accord+ to _! own pr9ciples1 bo? = ?is pleasure & ?is pa94 ,man1 say !y1 consci\s ( 8 own weakness & ( ! ne$ :i* he has = ! assi/ance ( o!rs1 rejoices :5ev] he obs]ves t !y adopt 8 own passions1 because he is !n assur$ ( t assi/ance2 & grieves :5ev] he obs]ves ! contr>y1 because he is !n assur$ ( _! opposition4 ,b bo? ! pleasure & ! pa9 are always felt s in/antane\sly1 & (t5 ^u su* frivol\s occasions1 t x seems evid5t t nei!r ( !m c be d]iv$ f any su* self-int]e/$ consid]ation4 ,a man is mortifi$ :51 aft] hav+ endeavor$ to div]t ! company1 he looks r\nd & sees t no body laughs at 8 je/s b himself4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mir? ( ! company is highly agreeable to him1 & he reg>ds ?is correspond5ce ( _! s5tim5ts ) 8 own z ! greate/ applause4 ,nei!r does 8 pleasure seem to arise altoge!r f ! additional vivacity :i* 8 mir? may receive f sympa?y ) !irs1 nor 8 pa9 f ! disappo9tm5t he meets ) :5 he misses ?is pleasure2 ?\gh bo? ! "o & ! o!r1 no d\bt1 d 9 "s measure4 ,:5 we h read a book or poem s (t5 t we c no long] f9d any amusem5t 9 read+ x by ourselves1 we c /ill take pleasure 9 read+ x to a companion4 ,to him x has all ! graces ( novelty2 we ent] into ! surprise & admiration :i* x naturally excites 9 him1 b :i* x is no long] capable ( excit+ 9 u2 we consid] all ! ideas :i* x pres5ts r 9 ! light 9 :i* !y appe> to him1 ?an 9 t 9 :i* !y appe> to ourselves1 & we are amus$ by sympa?y ) 8 amusem5t :i* ?us enliv5s our own4 ,on ! contr>y1 we %\ld be vex$ if he did n seem to be ent]ta9$ ) x1 & we c\ld no long] take any pleasure 9 read+ x to him4 ,x is ! same case "h4 ,! mir? ( ! company1 no d\bt1 enliv5s our own mir?1 & _! sil5ce1 no d\bt1 disappo9ts u4 ,b ?\gh ?is may contribute bo? to ! pleasure :i* we d]ive f ! "o1 & to ! pa9 :i* we feel f ! o!r1 x is by no means ! sole cause ( ei!r2 & ?is correspond5ce ( ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs ) our own appe>s to be a cause ( pleasure1 & ! want ( x a cause ( pa91 :i* _c be acc\nt$ = 9 ?is mann]4 ,! sympa?y1 :i* my fri5ds express ) my joy1 might1 inde$1 give me pleasure by enliv5+ t joy3 b t :i* !y express ) my grief c\ld give me none1 if x s]v$ only to enliv5 t grief4 ,sympa?y1 h[ev]1 enliv5s joy & alleviates grief4 ,x enliv5s joy by pres5t+ ano!r s\rce ( satisfaction2 & x alleviates grief by ins9uat+ into ! he>t almo/ ! only agreeable s5sation :i* x is at t "t capable ( receiv+4 ,x is to be obs]v$ accord+ly1 t we are /ill m anxi\s to communicate to our fri5ds our disagreeable ?an our agreeable passions1 t we d]ive /ill m satisfaction f _! sympa?y ) ! =m] ?an f t ) ! latt]1 & t we are /ill m %ock$ by ! want ( x4 ,h[ are ! un=tunate reliev$ :5 !y h s\nd out a p]son to :om !y c communicate ! cause ( _! sorr[8 ,^u 8 sympa?y !y seem to disbur!n !mselves ( a "p ( _! di/ress3 he is n improp]ly said to %>e x ) !m4 ,he n only feels a sorr[ ( ! same k9d ) t :i* !y feel1 b z if he _h d]iv$ a "p ( x to himself1 :at he feels seems to alleviate ! weight ( :at !y feel4 ,yet by relat+ _! mis=tunes1 !y 9 "s measure r5ew _! grief4 ,!y awak5 9 _! memory ! remembrance ( ^? circum/ances :i* occasion _! affliction4 ,_! te>s accord+ly fl[ fa/] ?an be=e1 & !y are apt to ab&on !mselves to all ! weakness ( sorr[4 ,!y take pleasure1 h[ev]1 9 all ?is1 &1 x is evid5t1 are s5sibly reliev$ by x2 because ! sweetness ( 8 sympa?y m ?an comp5sates ! bitt]ness ( t sorr[1 :i*1 9 ord] to excite t sympa?y1 !y _h ?us enliv5$ & r5ew$4 ,! cruele/ insult1 on ! contr>y1 :i* c be (f]$ to ! un=tunate1 is to appe> to make light ( _! calamities4 ,to seem n to be affect$ ) ! joy ( our companions is b want ( polit5ess2 b n to we> a s]i\s c\nt5ance :5 !y tell u _! afflictions1 is real & gross inhumanity4 ,love is an agreeable1 res5tm5t a disagreeable passion2 & accord+ly we are n half s anxi\s t our fri5ds %\ld adopt our fri5d%ips1 z t !y %\ld ent] into our res5tm5ts4 ,we c =give !m ?\gh !y seem to be little affect$ ) ! favors :i* we may h receiv$1 b lose all pati5ce if !y seem indiff]5t ab\t ! injuries :i* may h be5 done to u3 nor are we half s angry ) !m = n ent]+ into our gratitude1 z = n sympa?iz+ ) our res5tm5t4 ,!y c easily avoid be+ fri5ds to our fri5ds1 b c h>dly avoid be+ enemies to ^? ) :om we are at v>iance4 ,we seldom res5t _! be+ at enmity ) ! fir/1 ?\gh ^u t acc\nt we may sometimes affect to make an awkw>d qu>rel ) !m2 b we qu>rel ) !m 9 good e>ne/ if !y live 9 fri5d%ip ) ! la/4 ,! agreeable passions ( love & joy c satisfy & support ! he>t )\t any auxili>y pleasure4 ,! bitt] & pa9ful emotions ( grief & res5tm5t m /rongly require ! heal+ consolation ( sympa?y4 ,z ! p]son :o is pr9cipally int]e/$ 9 any ev5t is pleas$ ) our sympa?y1 & hurt by ! want ( x1 s we1 too1 seem to be pleas$ :5 we are able to sympa?ize ) him1 & to be hurt :5 we are unable to d s4 ,we run n only to congratulate ! successful1 b to condole ) ! afflict$2 & ! pleasure :i* we f9d 9 ! conv]sation ( "o :om 9 all ! passions ( 8 he>t we c entirely sympa?ize )1 seems to d m ?an comp5sate ! pa9fulness ( t sorr[ ) :i* ! view ( 8 situation affects u4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is always disagreeable to feel t we _c sympa?ize ) him1 & in/ead ( be+ pleas$ ) ?is exemption f sympa!tic pa91 x hurts u to f9d t we _c %>e 8 uneas9ess4 ,if we he> a p]son l\dly lam5t+ 8 mis=tunes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ^u br++ ! case home to ourselves1 we feel1 c produce no su* viol5t effect ^u u1 we are %ock$ at 8 grief2 &1 because we _c ent] into x1 call x pusillanimity & weakness4 ,x gives u ! sple51 on ! o!r h&1 to see ano!r too happy or too mu* elevat$1 z we call x1 ) any little piece ( good =tune4 ,we are disoblig$ ev5 ) 8 joy1 &1 because we _c g along ) x1 call x levity & folly4 ,we are ev5 put out ( humor if our companion laughs l\d] or long] at a joke ?an we ?9k x des]ves2 t is1 ?an we feel t we ourselves c\ld laugh at x4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* we judge ( ! propriety or impropriety ( ! affections ( o!r m51 by _! concord or dissonance ) our own4 ,:5 ! orig9al passions ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ are 9 p]fect concord ) ! sympa!tic emotions ( ! spectator1 !y necess>ily appe> to ?is la/ j & prop]1 & suitable to _! objects2 &1 on ! contr>y1 :51 ^u br++ ! case home to himself1 he f9ds t !y d n co9cide ) :at he feels1 !y necess>ily appe> to him unju/ & improp]1 & unsuitable to ! causes :i* excite !m4 ,to approve ( ! passions ( ano!r1 !re=e1 z suitable to _! objects1 is ! same ?+ z to obs]ve t we entirely sympa?ize ) !m2 & n to approve ( !m z su*1 is ! same ?+ z to obs]ve t we d n entirely sympa?ize ) !m4 ,! man :o res5ts ! injuries t h be5 done to me1 & obs]ves t ,i res5t !m precisely z he does1 necess>ily approves ( my res5tm5t4 ,! man ^: sympa?y keeps "t to my grief1 _c b admit ! reasonabl5ess ( my sorr[4 ,he :o admires ! same poem1 or ! same picture1 & admires !m exactly z ,i d1 mu/ surely all[ ! ju/ness ( my admiration4 ,he :o laughs at ! same joke1 & laughs along ) me1 _c well d5y ! propriety ( my laught]4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! p]son :o1 ^u ^! diff]5t occasions1 ei!r feels no su* emotion z t :i* ,i feel1 or feels none t be>s any proportion to m9e1 _c avoid disapprov+ my s5tim5ts on acc\nt ( _! dissonance ) 8 own4 ,if my animosity goes beyond :at ! indignation ( my fri5d c correspond to2 if my grief exce$s :at 8 mo/ t5d] compassion c g along )2 if my admiration is ei!r too high or too l[ to tally ) 8 own2 if ,i laugh l\d & he>tily :5 he only smiles1 or1 on ! contr>y1 only smile :5 he laughs l\d & he>tily2 9 all ^! cases1 z soon z he comes f consid]+ ! object1 to obs]ve h[ ,i am affect$ by x1 accord+ z !re is m or less disproportion betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & m9e1 ,i mu/ incur a great] or less degree ( 8 disapprobation3 & ^u all occasions 8 own s5tim5ts are ! /&>ds & measures by :i* he judges ( m9e4 ,to approve ( ano!r man's op9ions is to adopt ^? op9ions1 & to adopt !m is to approve ( !m4 ,if ! same argum5ts :i* conv9ce y conv9ce me likewise1 ,i necess>ily approve ( y\r conviction2 & if !y d n1 ,i necess>ily disapprove ( x3 nei!r c ,i possibly conceive t ,i %\ld d ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,to approve or disapprove1 !re=e1 ( ! op9ions ( o!rs is ackn[l$g$1 by e body1 to mean no m ?an to obs]ve _! agreem5t or disagreem5t ) our own4 ,b ?is is equally ! case ) reg>d to our approbation or disapprobation ( ! s5tim5ts or passions ( o!rs4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s cases 9 :i* we seem to approve )\t any sympa?y or correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts1 & 9 :i*1 consequ5tly1 ! s5tim5t ( approbation w\ld seem to be diff]5t f ! p]ception ( ?is co9cid5ce4 ,a little att5tion1 h[ev]1 w conv9ce u t ev5 9 ^! cases our approbation is ultimately f\nd$ ^u a sympa?y or correspond5ce ( ?is k9d4 ,i %all give an in/ance 9 ?+s ( a v frivol\s nature1 because 9 !m ! judgm5ts ( mank9d are less apt to be p]v]t$ by wrong sy/ems4 ,we may (t5 approve ( a je/1 & ?9k ! laught] ( ! company q j & prop]1 ?\gh we ourselves d n laugh1 because1 p]haps1 we are 9 a grave hum\r1 or happ5 to h our att5tion engag$ ) o!r objects4 ,we h le>n$1 h[ev]1 f exp]i5ce1 :at sort ( pleasantry z ^u mo/ occasions capable ( mak+ u laugh1 & we obs]ve t ?is is "o ( t k9d4 ,we approve1 !re=e1 ( ! laught] ( ! company1 & feel t x is natural & suitable to its object2 because1 ?\gh 9 our pres5t mood we _c easily ent] into x1 we are s5sible t ^u mo/ occasions we %\ld v he>tily jo9 9 x4 ,! same ?+ (t5 happ5s ) reg>d to all ! o!r passions4 ,a /rang] passes by u 9 ! /reet ) all ! m>ks ( ! deepe/ affliction2 & we are imm$iately told t he has j receiv$ ! news ( ! dea? ( 8 fa!r4 ,x is impossible t1 9 ?is case1 we %\ld n approve ( 8 grief4 ,yet x may (t5 happ51 )\t any defect ( humanity on our "p1 t1 s f> f ent]+ into ! viol5ce ( 8 sorr[1 we %\ld sc>ce conceive ! fir/ movem5ts ( conc]n ^u 8 acc\nt4 ,bo? he & 8 fa!r1 p]haps1 are intirely unkn[n to u1 or we happ5 to be employ$ ab\t o!r ?+s1 & d n take "t to picture out 9 our imag9ation ! diff]5t circum/ances ( di/ress :i* mu/ occur to him4 ,we h le>n$1 h[ev]1 f exp]i5ce1 t su* a mis=tune naturally excites su* a degree ( sorr[1 & we "k t if we took "t to consid] 8 situation1 fully & 9 all its p>ts1 we %\ld1 )\t d\bt1 mo/ s9c]ely sympa?ize ) him4 ,x is ^u ! consci\sness ( ?is conditional sympa?y1 t our approbation ( 8 sorr[ is f\nd$1 ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* t sympa?y does n actually take place2 & ! g5]al rules d]iv$ f our prec$+ exp]i5ce ( :at our s5tim5ts w\ld commonly correspond )1 correct ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 ! impropriety ( our pres5t emotions4 ,! s5tim5t or affection ( ! he>t f :i* any action proce$s1 & ^u :i* its :ole virtue or vice mu/ ultimately dep5d1 may be consid]$ "u two diff]5t aspects1 or 9 two diff]5t relations2 fir/1 9 relation to ! cause :i* excites x1 or ! motive :i* gives occasion to x2 & secondly1 9 relation to ! end :i* x proposes1 or ! effect :i* x t5ds to produce4 ,9 ! suitabl5ess or unsuitabl5ess1 9 ! proportion or disproportion :i* ! affection seems to be> to ! cause or object :i* excites x1 consi/s ! propriety or impropriety1 ! dec5cy or ungracefulness ( ! consequ5t action4 ,9 ! b5eficial or hurtful nature ( ! effects :i* ! affection aims at1 or t5ds to produce1 consi/s ! m]it or dem]it ( ! action1 ! qualities by :i* x is entitl$ to rew>d1 or is des]v+ ( puni%m5t4 ,philosoph]s h1 ( late ye>s1 consid]$ *iefly ! t5d5cy ( affections1 & h giv5 little att5tion to ! relation :i* !y /& 9 to ! cause :i* excites !m4 ,9 common life1 h[ev]1 :5 we judge ( any p]son's conduct1 & ( ! s5tim5ts :i* direct$ x1 we con/antly consid] !m "u bo? ^! aspects4 ,:5 we blame 9 ano!r man ! excesses ( love1 ( grief1 ( res5tm5t1 we n only consid] ! ru9\s effects :i* !y t5d to produce1 b ! little occasion :i* 0 giv5 = !m4 ,! m]it ( 8 fav\rite1 we say1 is n s great1 8 mis=tune is n s dreadful1 8 provocation is n s extraord9>y1 z to ju/ify s viol5t a passion4 ,we %\ld h indulg$1 we say2 p]haps1 h approv$ ( ! viol5ce ( 8 emotion1 _h ! cause be5 9 any respect proportion$ to x4 ,:5 we judge 9 ?is mann] ( any affection1 z proportion$ or disproportion$ to ! cause :i* excites x1 x is sc>ce possible t we %\ld make use ( any o!r rule or canon b ! correspond5t affection 9 ourselves4 ,if1 ^u br++ ! case home to our own brea/1 we f9d t ! s5tim5ts :i* x gives occasion to1 co9cide & tally ) our own1 we necess>ily approve ( !m z proportion$ & suitable to _! objects2 if o!rwise1 we necess>ily disapprove ( !m1 z extravagant & out ( proportion4 ,e faculty 9 "o man is ! measure by :i* he judges ( ! l faculty 9 ano!r4 ,i judge ( y\r sight by my sight1 ( y\r e> by my e>1 ( y\r reason by my reason1 ( y\r res5tm5t by my res5tm5t1 ( y\r love by my love4 ,i nei!r h nor c h any o!r way ( judg+ ab\t !m4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,! same subject cont9u$4 ,we may judge ( ! propriety or impropriety ( ! s5tim5ts ( ano!r p]son by _! correspond5ce or disagreem5t ) our own1 ^u two diff]5t occasions2 ei!r1 fir/1 :5 ! objects :i* excite !m are consid]$ )\t any peculi> relation1 ei!r to !mselves or to ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts we judge (2 or1 secondly1 :5 !y are consid]$ z peculi>ly affect+ "o or o!r ( u4 #a4 ,) reg>d to ^? objects :i* are consid]$ )\t any peculi> relation ei!r to ourselves or to ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts we judge (2 :]ev] 8 s5tim5ts intirely correspond ) our own1 we ascribe to him ! qualities ( ta/e & good judgm5t4 ,! beauty ( a pla91 ! greatness ( a m\nta91 ! ornam5ts ( a build+1 ! expression ( a picture1 ! composition ( a disc\rse1 ! conduct ( a ?ird p]son1 ! proportions ( diff]5t quantities & numb]s1 ! v>i\s appe>ances :i* ! great ma*9e ( ! univ]se is p]petually exhibit+1 ) ! secret :eels & spr+s :i* produce !m2 all ! g5]al subjects ( sci5ce & ta/e1 are :at we & our companions reg>d1 z hav+ no peculi> relation to ei!r ( u4 ,we bo? look at !m f ! same po9t ( view1 & we h no occasion = sympa?y1 or = t imag9>y *ange ( situations f :i* x arises1 9 ord] to produce1 ) reg>d to ^!1 ! mo/ p]fect h>mony ( s5tim5ts & affections4 ,if1 not)/&+1 we are (t5 diff]5tly affect$1 x arises ei!r f ! diff]5t degrees ( att5tion1 :i* our diff]5t habits ( life all[ u to give easily to ! sev]al p>ts ( ^? complex objects1 or f ! diff]5t degrees ( natural acut5ess 9 ! faculty ( ! m9d to :i* !y are address$4 ,:5 ! s5tim5ts ( our companion co9cide ) our own 9 ?+s ( ?is k9d1 :i* are obvi\s & easy1 & 9 :i*1 p]haps1 we nev] f\nd a s+le p]son :o diff]$ f u1 ?\gh we1 no d\bt1 mu/ approve ( !m1 yet he seems to des]ve no praise or admiration on acc\nt ( !m4 ,b :5 !y n only co9cide ) our own1 b lead & direct our own2 :5 9 =m+ !m he appe>s to h att5d$ to _m ?+s :i* we _h ov]look$1 & to h adju/$ !m to all ! v>i\s circum/ances ( _! objects2 we n only approve ( !m1 b wond] & are surpris$ at _! uncommon & unexpect$ acut5ess & compreh5siv5ess1 & he appe>s to des]ve a v high degree ( admiration & applause4 ,= approbation height5$ by wond] & surprise1 con/itutes ! s5tim5t :i* is prop]ly pall$ admiration1 & ( :i* applause is ! natural expression4 ,! decision ( ! man :o judges t exquisite beauty is pref]able to ! grosse/ de=mity1 or t twice two are equal to f\r1 mu/ c]ta9ly be approv$ ( by all ! _w1 b w n1 surely1 be mu* admir$4 ,x is ! acute & delicate disc]nm5t ( ! man ( ta/e1 :o di/+ui%es ! m9ute1 & sc>ce p]ceptible1 diff]5ces ( beauty & de=mity2 x is ! compreh5sive accuracy ( ! exp]i5c$ ma!matician1 :o unravels1 ) ease1 ! mo/ intricate & p]plex$ proportions2 x is ! great lead] 9 sci5ce & ta/e1 ! man :o directs & conducts our own s5tim5ts1 ! ext5t & sup]ior ju/ness ( :ole tal5ts a/oni% u ) wond] & surprise1 :o excites our admiration & seems to des]ve our applause3 & ^u ?is f\ndation is gr\nd$ ! great] "p ( ! praise :i* is be/[$ ^u :at are call$ ! intellectual virtues4 ,! utility ( ^? qualities1 x may be ?\ght1 is :at fir/ recomm5ds !m to u2 &1 no d\bt1 ! consid]ation ( ?is1 :5 we come to att5d to x1 gives !m a new value4 ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 we approve ( ano!r man's judgm5t1 n z some?+ useful1 b z "r1 z accurate1 z agreeable to tru? & reality3 & x is evid5t we attribute ^? qualities to x = no o!r reason b because we f9d t x agrees ) our own4 ,ta/e1 9 ! same mann]1 is orig9ally approv$ (1 n z useful1 b z j1 z delicate1 & z precisely suit$ to its object4 ,! idea ( ! utility ( all qualities ( ?is k9d1 is pla9ly an aft]-?\ght1 & n :at fir/ recomm5d$ !m to our approbation4 #b4 ,) reg>d to ^? objects1 :i* affect 9 a p>ticul> mann] ei!r ourselves or ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts we judge (1 x is at once m difficult to pres]ve ?is h>mony & correspond5ce1 & at ! same "t1 va/ly m important4 ,my companion does n naturally look ^u ! mis=tune t has befall5 me1 or ! injury t has be5 done me1 f ! same po9t ( view 9 :i* ,i consid] !m4 ,!y affect me mu* m ne>ly4 ,we d n view !m f ! same /ation1 z we d a picture1 or a poem1 or a sy/em ( philosophy1 & are1 !re=e1 apt to be v diff]5tly affect$ by !m4 ,b ,i c mu* m easily ov]look ! want ( ?is correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts ) reg>d to su* indiff]5t objects z conc]n nei!r me nor my companion1 ?an ) reg>d to :at int]e/s me s mu* z ! mis=tune t has befall5 me1 or ! injury t has be5 done me4 ,?\gh y despise t picture1 or t poem1 or ev5 t sy/em ( philosophy1 :i* ,i admire1 !re is little dang] ( our qu>rell+ ^u t acc\nt4 ,nei!r ( u c reasonably be mu* int]e/$ ab\t !m4 ,!y ought all ( !m to be matt]s ( great indiff]5ce to u bo?2 s t1 ?\gh our op9ions may be opposite1 our affections may /ill be v ne>ly ! same4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) reg>d to ^? objects by :i* ei!r y or ,i are p>ticul>ly affect$4 ,?\gh y\r judgm5t 9 matt]s ( speculation1 ?\gh y\r s5tim5ts 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 are q opposite to m9e1 ,i c easily ov]look ?is opposition2 & if ,i h any degree ( temp]1 ,i may /ill f9d "s ent]ta9m5t 9 y\r conv]sation1 ev5 ^u ^? v subjects4 ,b if y h ei!r no fell[-feel+ = ! mis=tunes ,i h met )1 or none t be>s any proportion to ! grief :i* di/racts me1 or if y h ei!r no indignation at ! injuries ,i h suff]$1 or none t be>s any proportion to ! res5tm5t :i* transports me1 we c no long] conv]se ^u ^! subjects4 ,we become intol]able to "o ano!r4 ,i c nei!r support y\r company1 nor y m9e4 ,y are conf\nd$ at my viol5ce & passion1 & ,i am enrag$ at y\r cold ins5sibility & want ( feel+4 ,9 all su* cases1 t !re may be "s correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts betwe5 ! spectator & ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 ! spectator mu/1 fir/ ( all1 endeav\r1 z mu* z he c1 to put himself 9 ! situation ( ! o!r1 & to br+ home to himself e little circum/ance ( di/ress :i* c possibly occur to ! suff]]4 ,he mu/ adopt ! :ole case ( 8 companion ) all its m9ute/ incid5ts2 & /rive to r5d] z p]fect z possible1 t imag9>y *ange ( situation ^u :i* 8 sympa?y is f\nd$4 ,aft] all ?is1 h[ev]1 ! emotions ( ! spectator w /ill be v apt to fall %ort ( ! viol5ce ( :at is felt by ! suff]]4 ,mank9d1 ?\gh naturally sympa!tic1 nev] conceive1 = :at has befall5 ano!r1 t degree ( passion :i* naturally animates ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,t imag9>y *ange ( situation1 ^u :i* _! sympa?y is f\nd$1 is b mom5t>y4 ,! ?\ght ( _! own safety1 ! ?\ght t !y !mselves are n really ! suff]]s1 cont9ually intrudes itself ^u !m2 & ?\gh x does n h9d] !m f conceiv+ a passion some:at analog\s to :at is felt by ! suff]]1 h9d]s !m f conceiv+ any ?+ t approa*es to ! same degree ( viol5ce4 ,! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is s5sible ( ?is1 &1 at ! same "t passionately desires a m complete sympa?y4 ,he longs = t relief :i* no?+ c af=d him b ! entire concord ( ! affections ( ! spectators ) 8 own4 ,to see ! emotions ( _! he>ts1 9 e respect1 beat "t to 8 own1 9 ! viol5t & disagreeable passions1 con/itutes 8 sole consolation4 ,b he c only hope to obta9 ?is by l[]+ 8 passion to t pit*1 9 :i* ! spectators are capable ( go+ along ) him4 ,he mu/ flatt51 if ,i may be all[$ to say s1 ! %>pness ( its natural tone1 9 ord] to r$uce x to h>mony & concord ) ! emotions ( ^? :o are ab\t him4 ,:at !y feel1 w1 inde$1 always be1 9 "s respects1 diff]5t f :at he feels1 & compassion c nev] be exactly ! same ) orig9al sorr[2 because ! secret consci\sness t ! *ange ( situations1 f :i* ! sympa!tic s5tim5t arises1 is b imag9>y1 n only l[]s x 9 degree1 b 9 "s measure1 v>ies x 9 k9d1 & gives x a q diff]5t modification4 ,^! two s5tim5ts1 h[ev]1 may1 x is evid5t1 h su* a correspond5ce ) "o ano!r1 z is suffici5t = ! h>mony ( society4 ,?\gh !y w nev] be unisons1 !y may be concords1 & ?is is all t is want$ or requir$4 ,9 ord] to produce ?is concord1 z nature tea*es ! spectators to assume ! circum/ances ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 s %e tea*es ?is la/ 9 "s measure to assume ^? ( ! spectators4 ,z !y are cont9ually plac+ !mselves 9 ?is situation1 & !nce conceiv+ emotions simil> to :at he feels2 s he is z con/antly plac+ himself 9 !irs1 & !nce conceiv+ "s degree ( t coolness ab\t 8 own =tune1 ) :i* he is s5sible t !y w view x4 ,z !y are con/antly consid]+ :at !y !mselves w\ld feel1 if !y actually 7 ! suff]]s1 s he is z con/antly l$ to imag9e 9 :at mann] he w\ld be affect$ if he 0 only "o ( ! spectators ( 8 own situation4 ,z _! sympa?y makes !m look at x1 9 "s measure1 ) 8 eyes1 s 8 sympa?y makes him look at x1 9 "s measure1 ) !irs1 especially :5 9 _! pres5ce & act+ "u _! obs]vation3 & z ! reflect$ passion1 :i* he ?us conceives1 is mu* weak] ?an ! orig9al "o1 x necess>ily abates ! viol5ce ( :at he felt be=e he came into _! pres5ce1 be=e he began to recollect 9 :at mann] !y w\ld be affect$ by x1 & to view 8 situation 9 ?is c&id & imp>tial light4 ,! m9d1 !re=e1 is r>ely s di/urb$1 b t ! company ( a fri5d w re/ore x to "s degree ( tranquillity & s$at5ess4 ,! brea/ is1 9 "s measure1 calm$ & compos$ ! mom5t we come into 8 pres5ce4 ,we are imm$iately put 9 m9d ( ! light 9 :i* he w view our situation1 & we beg9 to view x ourselves 9 ! same light2 = ! effect ( sympa?y is in/antane\s4 ,we expect less sympa?y f a common acqua9tance ?an f a fri5d3 we _c op5 to ! =m] all ^? little circum/ances :i* we c unfold to ! latt]3 we assume1 !re=e1 m tranquillity be=e him1 & endeav\r to fix our ?\ghts ^u ^? g5]al outl9es ( our situation :i* he is will+ to consid]4 ,we expect /ill less sympa?y f an assembly ( /rang]s1 & we assume1 !re=e1 /ill m tranquillity be=e !m1 & always endeav\r to br+ d[n our passion to t pit*1 :i* ! p>ticul> company we are 9 may be expect$ to g along )4 ,nor is ?is only an assum$ appe>ance3 = if we are at all ma/]s ( ourselves1 ! pres5ce ( a m]e acqua9tance w really compose u1 /ill m ?an t ( a fri5d2 & t ( an assembly ( /rang]s /ill m ?an t ( an acqua9tance4 ,society & conv]sation1 !re=e1 are ! mo/ p[]ful rem$ies = re/or+ ! m9d to its tranquillity1 if1 at any "t1 x has un=tunately lo/ x2 z well z ! be/ pres]vatives ( t equal & happy temp]1 :i* is s necess>y to self-satisfaction & enjoym5t4 ,m5 ( retirem5t & speculation1 :o are apt to sit brood+ at home ov] ei!r grief or res5tm5t1 ?\gh !y may (t5 h m humanity1 m g5]osity1 & a nic] s5se ( hon\r1 yet seldom possess t equality ( temp] :i* is s common among m5 ( ! _w4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! amiable & respectable virtues4 ,^u ^! two diff]5t ef=ts1 ^u t ( ! spectator to ent] into ! s5tim5ts ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 & ^u t ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 to br+ d[n 8 emotions to :at ! spectator c g along )1 are f\nd$ two diff]5t sets ( virtues4 ,! s(t1 ! g5tle1 ! amiable virtues1 ! virtues ( c&id condesc5sion & indulg5t humanity1 are f\nd$ ^u ! "o3 ! great1 ! awful & respectable1 ! virtues ( self-d5ial1 ( self-gov]nm5t1 ( t comm& ( ! passions :i* subjects all ! movem5ts ( our nature to :at our own dignity & hon\r1 & ! propriety ( our own conduct require1 d]ive _! orig9 f ! o!r4 ,h[ amiable does he appe> to be1 ^: sympa!tic he>t seems to re-e*o all ! s5tim5ts ( ^? ) :om he conv]ses1 :o grieves = _! calamities1 :o res5ts _! injuries1 & rejoices at _! good =tune6 ,:5 we br+ home to ourselves ! situation ( 8 companions1 we ent] into _! gratitude1 & feel :at consolation !y mu/ d]ive f ! t5d] sympa?y ( s affectionate a fri5d4 ,& = a contr>y reason1 h[ disagreeable does he appe> to be1 ^: h>d & obdurate he>t feels = himself only1 b is altoge!r ins5sible ( ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs6 ,we ent]1 9 ?is case too1 into ! pa9 :i* 8 pres5ce mu/ give to e mortal ) :om he conv]ses1 to ^? especially ) :om we are mo/ apt to sympa?ize1 ! un=tunate & ! injur$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :at noble propriety & grace d we feel 9 ! conduct ( ^? :o1 9 _! own case1 ex]t t recollection & self-comm& :i* con/itute ! dignity ( e passion1 & :i* br+ x d[n to :at o!rs c ent] into8 ,we are disgu/$ ) t clamor\s grief1 :i*1 )\t any delicacy1 calls ^u our compassion ) sighs & te>s & importunate lam5tations4 ,b we rev]5ce t res]v$1 t sil5t & maje/ic sorr[1 :i* discov]s itself only 9 ! swell+ ( ! eyes1 9 ! quiv]+ ( ! lips & *eeks1 & 9 ! di/ant1 b affect+1 coldness ( ! :ole behavi\r4 ,x imposes ! l sil5ce ^u u4 ,we reg>d x ) respectful att5tion1 & wat* ) anxi\s conc]n ov] our :ole behavi\r1 le/ by any impropriety we %\ld di/urb t conc]t$ tranquillity1 :i* x requires s great an ef=t to support4 ,! insol5ce & brutality ( ang]1 9 ! same mann] :5 we indulge its fury )\t *eck or re/ra9t1 is1 ( all subjects1 ! mo/ dete/able4 ,b we admire t noble & g5]\s res5tm5t :i* gov]ns its pursuit ( ! greate/ injuries1 n by ! rage :i* !y are apt to excite 9 ! brea/ ( ! suff]]1 b by ! indignation :i* !y naturally call =? 9 t ( ! imp>tial spectator2 :i* all[s no ^w1 no ge/ure1 to escape x beyond :at ?is m equitable s5tim5t w\ld dictate2 :i* nev]1 ev5 9 ?\ght1 attempts any great] v5geance1 nor desires to inflict any great] puni%m5t1 ?an :at e indiff]5t p]son w\ld rejoice to see execut$4 ,& h5ce x is1 t to feel mu* = o!rs & little = ourselves1 t to re/ra9 our selfi%1 & to indulge our b5evol5t affections1 con/itutes ! p]fection ( human nature2 & c alone produce among mank9d t h>mony ( s5tim5ts & passions 9 :i* consi/ _! :ole grace & propriety4 ,z to love our neighb\r z we love ourselves is ! great law ( *ri/ianity1 s x is ! great precept ( nature to love ourselves only z we love our neighb\r1 or :at comes to ! same ?+1 z our neighb\r is capable ( lov+ u4 ,z ta/e & good judgm5t1 :5 !y are consid]$ z qualities :i* des]ve praise & admiration1 are suppos$ to imply a delicacy ( s5tim5t & an acut5ess ( und]/&+ n commonly to be met )2 s ! virtues ( s5sibility & self-comm& are n appreh5d$ to consi/ 9 ! ord9>y1 b 9 ! uncommon degrees ( ^? qualities4 ,! amiable virtue ( humanity requires1 surely1 a s5sibility1 mu* beyond :at is possess$ by ! rude vulg> ( mank9d4 ,! great & exalt$ virtue ( magnanimity und\bt$ly dem&s mu* m ?an t degree ( self-comm&1 :i* ! weake/ ( mortals are capable ( ex]t+4 ,z 9 ! common degree ( ! intellectual qualities1 !re are no abilities2 s 9 ! common degree ( ! moral1 !re is no virtue4 ,virtue is excell5ce1 some?+ uncommonly great & beautiful1 :i* rises f> above :at is vulg> & ord9>y4 ,! amiable virtues consi/ 9 t degree ( s5sibility :i* surprises by its exquisite & unexpect$ delicacy & t5d]ness4 ,! awful & respectable1 9 t degree ( self-comm& :i* a/oni%es by its amaz+ sup]iority ov] ! mo/ ungov]nable passions ( human nature4 ,!re is1 9 ?is respect1 a consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 virtue & m]e propriety2 betwe5 ^? qualities & actions :i* des]ve to be admir$ & celebrat$1 & ^? :i* simply des]ve to be approv$ (4 ,^u _m occasions1 to act ) ! mo/ p]fect propriety1 requires no m ?an t common & ord9>y degree ( s5sibility or self-comm& :i* ! mo/ wor?less ( mank9d are possess$ (1 & sometimes ev5 t degree is n necess>y4 ,?us1 to give a v l[ in/ance1 to eat :5 we are hungry1 is c]ta9ly1 ^u ord9>y occasions1 p]fectly "r & prop]1 & _c miss be+ approv$ ( z su* by e body4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c\ld be m absurd ?an to say x is virtu\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re may frequ5tly be a consid]able degree ( virtue 9 ^? actions1 :i* fall %ort ( ! mo/ p]fect propriety2 because !y may /ill approa* ne>] to p]fection ?an c\ld well be expect$ ^u occasions 9 :i* x 0 s extremely difficult to atta9 x3 & ?is is v (t5 ! case ^u ^? occasions :i* require ! greate/ ex]tions ( self-comm&4 ,!re are "s situations :i* be> s h>d ^u human nature1 t ! greate/ degree ( self-gov]nm5t1 :i* c belong to s imp]fect a creature z man1 is n able to /ifle1 altoge!r1 ! voice ( human weakness1 or r$uce ! viol5ce ( ! passions to t pit* ( mod]ation1 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator c entirely ent] into !m4 ,?\gh 9 ^? cases1 !re=e1 ! behavi\r ( ! suff]] fall %ort ( ! mo/ p]fect propriety1 x may /ill des]ve "s applause1 & ev5 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 may be d5om9at$ virtu\s4 ,x may /ill manife/ an ef=t or g5]osity & magnanimity ( :i* ! great] "p ( m5 are incapable2 & ?\gh x fails ( absolute p]fection1 x may be a mu* ne>] approximation t[>ds p]fection1 ?an :at1 ^u su* try+ occasions1 is commonly ei!r to be f\nd or to be expect$4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 :5 we are det]m9+ ! degree ( blame or applause :i* seems due to any action1 we v frequ5tly make use ( two diff]5t /&>ds4 ,! fir/ is ! idea ( complete propriety & p]fection1 :i*1 9 ^? difficult situations1 no human conduct ev] did1 or ev5 c come up to2 & 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! actions ( all m5 mu/ = ev] appe> blameable & imp]fect4 ,! second is ! idea ( t degree ( proximity or di/ance f ?is complete p]fection1 :i* ! actions ( ! great] "p ( m5 commonly arrive at4 ,:atev] goes beyond ?is degree1 h[ f> soev] x may be remov$ f absolute p]fection1 seems to des]ve applause2 & :atev] falls %ort ( x1 to des]ve blame4 ,x is 9 ! same mann] t we judge ( ! productions ( all arts :i* address !mselves to ! imag9ation4 ,:5 a critic exam9es ! "w ( any ( ! great ma/]s = poetry or pa9t+1 he may sometimes exam9e x by an idea ( p]fection1 9 8 own m9d1 :i* nei!r t nor any o!r human "w w ev] come up to2 & z long z he comp>es x ) ?is /&>d1 he c see no?+ 9 x b faults & imp]fections4 ,b :5 he come to consid] ! rank :i* x ought to hold among o!r works ( ! same k9d1 he necess>ily comp>es x ) a v diff]5t /&>d1 ! common degree ( excell5ce :i* is usually atta9$ 9 ?is p>ticul> art2 & :5 he judges ( x by ?is new measure1 x may (t5 appe> to des]ve ! highe/ applause1 ^u acc\nt ( its approa*+ mu* ne>] to p]fection ?an ! great] "p ( ^? works :i* c be br\ght into competition ) x4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ! degrees ( ! diff]5t passions :i* are consi/5t ) propriety4 ,,introduction4 ,! propriety ( e passion excit$ by objects peculi>ly relat$ to ourselves ! pit* :i* ! spectator c g along )1 mu/ lie1 x is evid5t1 9 c]ta9 m$iocrity4 ,if ! passion is too high1 or if x is too l[1 he _c ent] into x4 ,grief & res5tm5t = private mis=tunes & injuries may easily1 = example1 be too high1 & 9 ! great] "p ( mank9d !y are s4 ,!y may likewise1 ?\gh ?is m r>ely happ5s1 be too l[4 ,we d5om9ate ! excess1 weakness & fury3 & we call ! defect1 /upidity1 ins5sibility1 & want ( _s4 ,we c ent] into nei!r ( !m1 b are a/oni%$ & conf\nd$ to see !m4 ,?is m$iocrity1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! po9t ( propriety consi/s1 is diff]5t 9 diff]5t passions4 ,x is high 9 "s1 & l[ 9 o!rs4 ,!re are "s passions :i* x is indec5t to express v /rongly1 ev5 ^u ^? occasions1 9 :i* x is ackn[l$g$ t we _c avoid feel+ !m 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,& !re are o!rs ( :i* ! /ronge/ expressions are ^u _m occasions extremely graceful1 ev5 ?\gh ! passions !mselves d n1 p]haps1 arise s necess>ily4 ,! fir/ are ^? passions ) :i*1 = c]ta9 reasons1 !re is little or no sympa?y3 ! second are ^? ) :i*1 = o!r reasons1 !re is ! greate/4 ,& if we consid] all ! diff]5t passions ( human nature1 we %all f9d t !y are reg>d$ z dec5t1 or indec5t1 j 9 proportion z mank9d are m or less dispos$ to sympa?ize ) !m4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! passions :i* take _! orig9 f ! body4 #a4 ,x is indec5t to express any /rong degree ( ^? passions :i* arise f a c]ta9 situation or disposition ( ! body2 because ! company1 n be+ 9 ! same disposition1 _c be expect$ to sympa?ize ) !m4 ,viol5t hung]1 = example1 ?\gh ^u _m occasions n only natural1 b unavoidable1 is always indec5t1 & to eat voraci\sly is univ]sally reg>d$ z a piece ( ill mann]s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "s degree ( sympa?y1 ev5 ) hung]4 ,x is agreeable to see our companions eat ) a good appetite1 & all expressions ( loa?+ are (f5sive4 ,! disposition ( body :i* is habitual to a man 9 heal?1 makes 8 /oma* easily keep "t1 if ,i may be all[$ s co>se an expression1 ) ! "o1 & n ) ! o!r4 ,we c sympa?ize ) ! di/ress :i* excessive hung] occasions :5 we read ! description ( x 9 ! j\rnal ( a siege1 or ( a sea voyage4 ,we imag9e ourselves 9 ! situation ( ! suff]]s1 & !nce readily conceive ! grief1 ! fe> & con/]nation1 :i* mu/ necess>ily di/ract !m4 ,we feel1 ourselves1 "s degree ( ^? passions1 & !re=e sympa?ize ) !m3 b z we d n gr[ hungry by read+ ! description1 we _c prop]ly1 ev5 9 ?is case1 be said to sympa?ize ) _! hung]4 ,x is ! same case ) ! passion by :i* ,nature unites ! two sexes4 ,?\gh naturally ! mo/ furi\s ( all passions1 all /rong expressions ( x are ^u e occasion indec5t1 ev5 betwe5 p]sons 9 :om its mo/ complete indulg5ce is ackn[l$g$ by all laws1 bo? human & div9e1 to be p]fectly innoc5t4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to be "s degree ( sympa?y ev5 ) ?is passion4 ,to talk to a woman z we %\ld to a man is improp]3 x is expect$ t _! company %\ld inspire u ) m gaiety1 m pleasantry1 & m att5tion2 & an entire ins5sibility to ! fair sex1 r5d]s a man contemptible 9 "s measure ev5 to ! m54 ,su* is our av]sion = all ! appetites :i* take _! orig9 f ! body3 all /rong expressions ( !m are loa?some & disagreeable4 ,accord+ to "s anci5t philosoph]s1 ^! are ! passions :i* we %>e 9 common ) ! brutes1 & :i* hav+ no connexion ) ! *>act]i/ical qualities ( human nature1 are ^u t acc\nt b5ea? its dignity4 ,b !re are _m o!r passions :i* we %>e 9 common ) ! brutes1 su* z res5tm5t1 natural affection1 ev5 gratitude1 :i* d n1 ^u t acc\nt1 appe> to be s brutal4 ,! true cause ( ! peculi> disgu/ :i* we conceive = ! appetites ( ! body :5 we see !m 9 o!r m51 is t we _c ent] into !m4 ,to ! p]son himself :o feels !m1 z soon z !y are gratifi$1 ! object t excit$ !m ceases to be agreeable3 ev5 its pres5ce (t5 becomes (f5sive to him2 he looks r\nd to no purpose = ! *>m :i* transport$ him ! mom5t be=e1 & he c n[ z little ent] into 8 own passion z ano!r p]son4 ,:5 we h d9$1 we ord] ! cov]s to be remov$2 & we %\ld treat 9 ! same mann] ! objects ( ! mo/ ard5t & passionate desires1 if !y 7 ! objects ( no o!r passions b ^? :i* take _! orig9 f ! body4 ,9 ! comm& ( ^? appetites ( ! body consi/s t virtue :i* is prop]ly call$ temp]ance4 ,to re/ra9 !m )9 ^? b\nds1 :i* reg>d to heal? & =tune prescribes1 is ! "p ( prud5ce4 ,b to conf9e !m )9 ^? limits1 :i* grace1 :i* propriety1 :i* delicacy1 & mode/y1 require1 is ! (fice ( temp]ance4 #b4 ,x is = ! same reason t to cry out ) bodily pa91 h[ intol]able soev]1 appe>s always unmanly & unbecom+4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a good deal ( sympa?y ev5 ) bodily pa94 ,if1 z has already be5 obs]v$1 ,i see a /roke aim$1 & j ready to fall ^u ! leg or arm1 ( ano!r p]son1 ,i naturally %r9k & draw back my own leg1 or my own arm2 & :5 x does fall1 ,i feel x 9 "s measure1 & am hurt by x z well z ! suff]]4 ,my hurt1 h[ev]1 is1 no d\bt1 excessively slight1 &1 ^u t acc\nt1 if he makes any viol5t out-cry1 z ,i _c g along ) him1 ,i nev] fail to despise him4 ,& ?is is ! case ( all ! passions :i* take _! orig9 f ! body3 !y excite ei!r no sympa?y at all1 or su* a degree ( x1 z is altoge!r disproportion$ to ! viol5ce ( :at is felt by ! suff]]4 ,x is q o!rwise ) ^? passions :i* take _! orig9 f ! imag9ation4 ,! frame ( my body c be b little affect$ by ! alt]ations :i* are br\ght ab\t ^u t ( my companion3 b my imag9ation is m ductile1 & m readily assumes1 if ,i may s1 ! %ape & configuration ( ! imag9ations ( ^? ) :om ,i am famili>4 ,a disappo9tm5t 9 love1 or ambition1 w1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 call =? m sympa?y ?an ! greate/ bodily evil4 ,^? passions arise altoge!r f ! imag9ation4 ,! p]son :o has lo/ 8 :ole =tune1 if he is 9 heal?1 feels no?+ 9 8 body4 ,:at he suff]s is f ! imag9ation only1 :i* repres5ts to him ! loss ( 8 dignity1 neglect f 8 fri5ds1 contempt f 8 enemies1 dep5d5ce1 want1 & mis]y1 com+ fa/ ^u him2 & we sympa?ize ) him m /rongly ^u ?is acc\nt1 because our imag9ations c m readily m\ld !mselves ^u 8 imag9ation1 ?an our bodies c m\ld !mselves ^u 8 body4 ,! loss ( a leg may g5]ally be reg>d$ z a m real calamity ?an ! loss ( a mi/ress4 ,x w\ld be a ridicul\s trag$y1 h[ev]1 ( :i* ! cata/rophe 0 to turn ^u a loss ( t k9d4 ,a mis=tune ( ! o!r k9d1 h[ frivol\s soev] x may appe> to be1 has giv5 occasion to _m a f9e "o4 ,no?+ is s soon =got z pa94 ,! mom5t x is gone ! :ole agony ( x is ov]1 & ! ?\ght ( x c no long] give u any sort ( di/urbance4 ,we ourselves _c !n ent] into ! anxiety & angui% :i* we _h be=e conceiv$4 ,an ungu>d$ ^w f a fri5d w occasion a m durable uneas9ess4 ,! agony :i* ?is creates is by no means ov] ) ! ^w4 ,:at at fir/ di/urbs u is n ! object ( ! s5ses1 b ! idea ( ! imag9ation4 ,z x is an idea1 !re=e1 :i* occasions our uneas9ess1 till "t & o!r accid5ts h 9 "s measure effac$ x f our memory1 ! imag9ation cont9ues to fret & rankle )91 f ! ?\ght ( x4 ,pa9 nev] calls =? any v lively sympa?y unless x is accompani$ ) dang]4 ,we sympa?ize ) ! fe>1 ?\gh n ) ! agony ( ! suff]]4 ,fe>1 h[ev]1 is a passion d]iv$ altoge!r f ! imag9ation1 :i* repres5ts1 ) an unc]ta9ty & fluctuation t increases our anxiety1 n :at we really feel1 b :at we may h]eaft] possibly suff]4 ,! g\t or ! too?-a*e1 ?\gh exquisitely pa9ful1 excite v little sympa?y2 m dang]\s diseases1 ?\gh accompani$ ) v little pa91 excite ! highe/4 ,"s p fa9t & gr[ sick at ! sight ( a *irurgical op]ation1 & t bodily pa9 :i* is occasion$ by te>+ ! fle%1 seems1 9 !m1 to excite ! mo/ excessive sympa?y4 ,we conceive 9 a mu* m lively & di/9ct mann]1 ! pa9 :i* proce$s f an ext]nal cause1 ?an we d t :i* arises f an int]nal disord]4 ,i c sc>ce =m an idea ( ! agonies ( my neighb\r :5 he is tortur$ ) ! g\t1 or ! /one2 b ,i h ! cle>e/ conception ( :at he mu/ suff] f an incision1 a w\nd1 or a fracture4 ,! *ief cause1 h[ev]1 :y su* objects produce su* viol5t effects ^u u1 is _! novelty4 ,once :o has be5 witness to a doz5 dissections1 & z _m amputations1 sees1 ev] aft]1 all op]ations ( ?is k9d ) great indiff]5ce1 & (t5 ) p]fect ins5sibility4 ,?\gh we h read or se5 repres5t$ m ?an five hundr$ trag$ies1 we %all seldom feel s entire an abatem5t ( our s5sibility to ! object :i* !y repres5t to u4 ,9 "s ( ! ,greek trag$ies !re is an attempt to excite compassion1 by ! repres5tation ( ! agonies ( bodily pa94 ,philoctetes cries out & fa9ts f ! extremity ( 8 suff]+s4 ,hippolytus & ,h]cules are bo? introduc$ z expir+ "u ! sev]e/ tortures1 :i*1 x seems1 ev5 ! =titude ( ,h]cules 0 incapable ( support+4 ,9 all ^! cases1 h[ev]1 x is n ! pa9 :i* int]e/s u1 b "s o!r circum/ance4 ,x is n ! sore foot1 b ! solitude1 ( ,philoctetes :i* affects u1 & diffuses ov] t *>m+ trag$y1 t romantic wildness1 :i* is s agreeable to ! imag9ation4 ,! agonies ( ,h]cules & ,hippolytus are int]e/$ only because we =esee t dea? is to be ! consequ5ce4 ,if ^? h]oes 7 to recov]1 we %\ld ?9k ! repres5tation ( _! suff]+s p]fectly ridicul\s4 ,:at a trag$y w\ld t be ( :i* ! di/ress consi/$ 9 a colic4 ,yet no pa9 is m exquisite4 ,^! attempts to excite compassion by ! repres5tation ( bodily pa91 may be reg>d$ z among ! greate/ brea*es ( decorum ( :i* ! ,greek !atre has set ! example4 ,! little sympa?y :i* we feel ) bodily pa9 is ! f\ndation ( ! propriety ( con/ancy & pati5ce 9 endur+ x4 ,! man1 :o "u ! sev]e/ tortures all[s no weakness to escape him1 v5ts no groan1 gives way to no passion :i* we d n entirely ent] into1 comm&s our highe/ admiration4 ,8 firmness enables him to keep "t ) our indiff]5ce & ins5sibility4 ,we admire & entirely g along ) ! magnanim\s ef=t :i* he makes = ?is purpose4 ,we approve ( 8 behavi\r1 & f our exp]i5ce ( ! common weakness ( human nature1 we are surpris$1 & wond] h[ he %\ld be able to act s z to des]ve approbation4 ,approbation1 mix$ & animat$ by wond] & surprise1 con/itutes ! s5tim5t :i* is prop]ly call$ admiration1 ( :i*1 applause is ! natural expression1 z has already be5 obs]v$4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? passions :i* take _! orig9 f a p>ticul> turn or habit ( ! imag9ation4 ,ev5 ( ! passions d]iv$ f ! imag9ation1 ^? :i* take _! orig9 f a peculi> turn or habit x has acquir$1 ?\gh !y may be ackn[l$g$ to be p]fectly natural1 are1 h[ev]1 b little sympa?iz$ )4 ,! imag9ations ( mank9d1 n hav+ acquir$ t p>ticul> turn1 _c ent] into !m2 & su* passions1 ?\gh !y may be all[$ to be almo/ unavoidable 9 "s "p ( life1 are always 9 "s measure ridicul\s4 ,?is is ! case ) t /rong atta*m5t :i* naturally gr[s up betwe5 two p]sons ( diff]5t sexes1 :o h long fix$ _! ?\ghts ^u "o ano!r4 ,our imag9ation n hav+ run 9 ! same *annel ) t ( ! lov]1 we _c ent] into ! eag]ness ( 8 emotions4 ,if our fri5d has be5 injur$1 we readily sympa?ize ) 8 res5tm5t1 & gr[ angry ) ! v p]son ) :om he is angry4 ,if he has receiv$ a b5efit1 we readily ent] into 8 gratitude1 & h a v high s5se ( ! m]it ( 8 b5efactor4 ,b if he is 9 love1 ?\gh we may ?9k 8 passion j z reasonable z any ( ! k9d1 yet we nev] ?9k ourselves b\nd to conceive a passion ( ! same k9d1 & = ! same p]son = :om he has conceiv$ x4 ,! passion appe>s to e body1 b ! man :o feels x1 entirely disproportion$ to ! value ( ! object2 & love1 ?\gh x is p>don$ 9 a c]ta9 age because we "k x is natural1 is always laugh$ at1 because we _c ent] into x4 ,all s]i\s & /rong expressions ( x appe> ridicul\s to a ?ird p]son2 & ?\gh a lov] may be good company to 8 mi/ress1 he is s to nobody else4 ,he himself is s5sible ( ?is2 & z long z he cont9ues 9 8 sob] s5ses1 endeav\rs to treat 8 own passion ) raill]y & ridicule4 ,x is ! only /yle 9 :i* we c>e to he> ( x2 because x is ! only /yle 9 :i* we ourselves are dispos$ to talk ( x4 ,we gr[ we>y ( ! grave1 p$antic1 & long-s5t5c$ love ( ,c[ley & ,prop]tius1 :o nev] h done ) exagg]at+ ! viol5ce ( _! atta*m5ts2 b ! gaiety ( ,ovid1 & ! gallantry ( ,horace1 are always agreeable4 ,b ?\gh we feel no prop] sympa?y ) an atta*m5t ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh we nev] approa* ev5 9 imag9ation t[>ds conceiv+ a passion = t p>ticul> p]son1 yet z we ei!r h conceiv$1 or may be dispos$ to conceive1 passions ( ! same k9d1 we readily ent] into ^? high hopes ( happ9ess :i* are propos$ f its gratification1 z well z into t exquisite di/ress :i* is fe>$ f its disappo9tm5t4 ,x int]e/s u n z a passion1 b z a situation t gives occasion to o!r passions :i* int]e/ u2 to hope1 to fe>1 & to di/ress ( e k9d3 9 ! same mann] z 9 a description ( a sea voyage1 x is n ! hung] :i* int]e/s u1 b ! di/ress :i* t hung] occasions4 ,?\gh we d n prop]ly ent] into ! atta*m5t ( ! lov]1 we readily g along ) ^? expectations ( romantic happ9ess :i* he d]ives f x4 ,we feel h[ natural x is = ! m9d1 9 a c]ta9 situation1 relax$ ) indol5ce1 & fatigu$ ) ! viol5ce ( desire1 to long = s]5ity & quiet1 to hope to f9d !m 9 ! gratification ( t passion :i* di/racts x1 & to frame to itself ! idea ( t life ( pa/oral tranquillity & retirem5t :i* ! elegant1 ! t5d]1 & ! passionate ,tibullus takes s mu* pleasure 9 def]r+2 a life l :at ! poets describe 9 ! ,=tunate ,isl&s1 a life ( fri5d%ip1 lib]ty1 & repose2 free f lab\r1 & f c>e1 & f all ! turbul5t passions :i* att5d !m4 ,ev5 sc5es ( ?is k9d int]e/ u mo/1 :5 !y are pa9t$ r z :at is hop$1 ?an z :at is enjoy$4 ,! grossness ( t passion :i* mixes )1 & is1 p]haps1 ! f\ndation ( love1 disappe>s :5 its gratification is f> (f & at a di/ance2 b r5d]s ! :ole (f5sive1 :5 describ$ z :at is imm$iately possess$4 ,! happy passion1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 int]e/s u mu* less ?an ! fe>ful & ! melan*oly4 ,we tremble = :atev] c disappo9t su* natural & agreeable hopes3 & ?us ent] into all ! anxiety1 & conc]n1 & di/ress ( ! lov]4 ,h5ce x is1 t1 9 "s mod]n trag$ies & romances1 ?is passion appe>s s wond]fully int]e/+4 ,x is n s mu* ! love ( ,ca/alio & ,monimia :i* atta*es u 9 ! ,orphan1 z ! di/ress :i* t love occasions4 ,! au?or :o %\ld introduce two lov]s1 9 a sc5e ( p]fect security1 express+ _! mutual fondness = "o ano!r1 w\ld excite laught]1 & n sympa?y4 ,if a sc5e ( ?is k9d is ev] admitt$ into a trag$y1 x is always1 9 "s measure1 improp]1 & is endur$1 n f any sympa?y ) ! passion t is express$ 9 x1 b f conc]n = ! dang]s & difficulties ) :i* ! audi5ce =esee t its gratification is likely to be att5d$4 ,! res]ve :i* ! laws ( society impose ^u ! fair sex1 ) reg>d to ?is weakness1 r5d]s x m peculi>ly di/ressful 9 !m1 &1 ^u t v acc\nt1 m deeply int]e/+4 ,we are *>m$ ) ! love ( ,phdra1 z x is express$ 9 ! ,fr5* trag$y ( t "n1 not)/&+ all ! extravagance & guilt :i* att5ds x4 ,t v extravagance & guilt may be said1 9 "s measure1 to recomm5d x to u4 ,h] fe>1 h] %ame1 h] remorse1 h] horror1 h] despair1 become !reby m natural & int]e/+4 ,all ! second>y passions1 if ,i may be all[$ to call !m s1 :i* arise f ! situation ( love1 become necess>ily m furi\s & viol5t3 & x is ) ^! second>y passions only t we c prop]ly be said to sympa?ize4 ,( all ! passions1 h[ev]1 :i* are s extravagantly disproportion$ to ! value ( _! objects1 love is ! only "o t appe>s1 ev5 to ! weake/ m9ds1 to h any ?+ 9 x t is ei!r graceful or agreeable4 ,9 itself1 fir/ ( all1 ?\gh x may be ridicul\s1 x is n naturally odi\s2 & ?\gh its consequ5ces are (t5 fatal & dreadful1 its int5tions are seldom mis*iev\s4 ,& !n1 ?\gh !re is little propriety 9 ! passion itself1 !re is a good deal 9 "s ( ^? :i* always accompany x4 ,!re is 9 love a /rong mixture ( humanity1 g5]ality1 k9dness1 fri5d%ip1 e/eem2 passions ) :i*1 ( all o!rs1 = reasons :i* %all be expla9$ imm$iately1 we h ! greate/ prop5sity to sympa?ize1 ev5 not)/&+ we are s5sible t !y are1 9 "s measure1 excessive4 ,! sympa?y :i* we feel ) !m1 r5d]s ! passion :i* !y accompany less disagreeable1 & supports x 9 our imag9ation1 not)/&+ all ! vices :i* commonly g along ) x2 ?\gh 9 ! "o sex x necess>ily leads to ru9 & infamy2 & ?\gh 9 ! o!r1 :]e x is appreh5d$ to be lea/ fatal1 x is almo/ always att5d$ ) an incapacity = lab\r1 a neglect ( duty1 a contempt ( fame1 & ev5 ( common reputation4 ,not)/&+ all ?is1 ! degree ( s5sibility & g5]osity ) :i* x is suppos$ to be accompani$1 r5d]s x to _m ! object ( vanity2 & !y are fond ( appe>+ capable ( feel+ :at w\ld d !m no hon\r if !y _h really felt x4 ,x is = a reason ( ! same k9d1 t a c]ta9 res]ve is necess>y :5 we talk ( our own fri5ds1 our own /udies1 our own pr(essions4 ,all ^! are objects :i* we _c expect %\ld int]e/ our companions 9 ! same degree 9 :i* !y int]e/ u4 ,& x is = want ( ?is res]ve1 t ! "o half ( mank9d make bad company to ! o!r4 ,a philosoph] is company to a philosoph] only2 ! memb] ( a club1 to 8 own little knot ( companions4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! unsocial passions4 ,!re is ano!r set ( passions1 :i* ?\gh d]iv$ f ! imag9ation1 yet be=e we c ent] into !m1 or reg>d !m z graceful or becom+1 mu/ always be br\ght d[n to a pit* mu* l[] ?an t to :i* undiscipl9$ nature w\ld raise !m4 ,^! are hatr$ & res5tm5t1 ) all _! diff]5t modifications4 ,) reg>d to all su* passions1 our sympa?y is divid$ betwe5 ! p]son :o feels !m & ! p]son :o is ! object ( !m4 ,! int]e/s ( ^! two are directly opposite4 ,:at our sympa?y ) ! p]son :o feels !m w\ld prompt u to wi% =1 our fell[-feel+ ) ! o!r w\ld lead u to fe>4 ,z !y are bo? m51 we are conc]n$ = bo?1 & our fe> = :at ! "o may suff]1 damps our res5tm5t = :at ! o!r has suff]$4 ,our sympa?y1 !re=e1 ) ! man :o has receiv$ ! provocation1 necess>ily falls %ort ( ! passion :i* naturally animates him1 n only ^u acc\nt ( ^? g5]al causes :i* r5d] all sympa!tic passions inf]ior to ! orig9al ones1 b ^u acc\nt ( t p>ticul> cause :i* is peculi> to itself1 our opposite sympa?y ) ano!r p]son4 ,be=e res5tm5t1 !re=e1 c become graceful & agreeable1 x mu/ be m humbl$ & br\ght d[n bel[ t pit* to :i* x w\ld naturally rise1 ?an almo/ any o!r passion4 ,mank9d1 at ! same "t1 h a v /rong s5se ( ! injuries t are done to ano!r4 ,! villa91 9 a trag$y or romance1 is z mu* ! object ( our indignation1 z ! h]o is t ( our sympa?y & affection4 ,we dete/ ,iago z mu* z we e/eem ,o!llo2 & delight z mu* 9 ! puni%m5t ( ! "o1 z we are griev$ at ! di/ress ( ! o!r4 ,b ?\gh mank9d h s /rong a fell[-feel+ ) ! injuries t are done to _! bre?r51 !y d n always res5t !m ! m t ! suff]] appe>s to res5t !m4 ,^u mo/ occasions1 ! great] 8 pati5ce1 8 mildness1 8 humanity1 provid$ x does n appe> t he wants _s1 or t fe> 0 ! motive ( 8 =be>ance1 ! high] ! res5tm5t aga9/ ! p]son :o injur$ him4 ,! amiabl5ess ( ! "* exasp]ates _! s5se ( ! atrocity ( ! injury4 ,^! passions1 h[ev]1 are reg>d$ z necess>y p>ts ( ! "* ( human nature4 ,a p]son becomes contemptible :o tamely sits /ill1 & submits to insults1 )\t attempt+ ei!r to repel or to rev5ge !m4 ,we _c ent] into 8 indiff]5ce & ins5sibility3 we call 8 behavi\r mean-spirit$ness1 & are z really provok$ by x z by ! insol5ce ( 8 adv]s>y4 ,ev5 ! mob are enrag$ to see any man submit pati5tly to affronts & ill usage4 ,!y desire to see ?is insol5ce res5t$1 & res5t$ by ! p]son :o suff]s f x4 ,!y cry to him ) fury1 to def5d1 or to rev5ge himself4 ,if 8 indignation r\ses at la/1 !y he>tily applaud1 & sympa?ize ) x4 ,x enliv5s _! own indignation aga9/ 8 enemy1 :om !y rejoice to see him attack 9 turn1 & are z really gratifi$ by 8 rev5ge1 provid$ x is n immod]ate1 z if ! injury _h be5 done to !mselves4 ,b ?\gh ! utility ( ^? passions to ! individual1 by r5d]+ x dang]\s to insult or injure him1 be ackn[l$g$2 & ?\gh _! utility to ! public1 z ! gu>dians ( ju/ice1 & ( ! equality ( its adm9i/ration1 be n less consid]able1 z %all be %ewn h]eaft]2 yet !re is /ill some?+ disagreeable 9 ! passions !mselves1 :i* makes ! appe>ance ( !m 9 o!r m5 ! natural object ( our av]sion4 ,! expression ( ang] t[>ds any body pres5t1 if x exce$s a b>e intimation t we are s5sible ( 8 ill usage1 is reg>d$ n only z an insult to t p>ticul> p]son1 b z a rud5ess to ! :ole company4 ,respect = !m ought to h re/ra9$ u f giv+ way to s boi/]\s & (f5sive an emotion4 ,x is ! remote effects ( ^! passions :i* are agreeable2 ! imm$iate effects are mis*ief to ! p]son aga9/ :om !y are direct$4 ,b x is ! imm$iate1 & n ! remote effects ( objects :i* r5d] !m agreeable or disagreeable to ! imag9ation4 ,a prison is c]ta9ly m useful to ! public ?an a palace2 & ! p]son :o f\nds ! "o is g5]ally direct$ by a mu* ju/] _s ( patriotism1 ?an he :o builds ! o!r4 ,b ! imm$iate effects ( a prison1 ! conf9em5t ( ! wret*es %ut up 9 x1 are disagreeable2 & ! imag9ation ei!r does n take "t to trace out ! remote ones1 or sees !m at too great a di/ance to be mu* affect$ by !m4 ,a prison1 !re=e1 w always be a disagreeable object2 & ! fitt] x is = ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$1 x w be ! m s4 ,a palace1 on ! contr>y1 w always be agreeable2 yet its remote effects may (t5 be inconv5i5t to ! public4 ,x may s]ve to promote luxury1 & set ! example ( ! dissolution ( mann]s4 ,its imm$iate effects1 h[ev]1 ! conv5i5cy1 ! pleasure1 & ! gaiety ( ! p :o live 9 x1 be+ all agreeable1 & sugge/+ to ! imag9ation a ?\s& agreeable ideas1 t faculty g5]ally re/s ^u !m1 & seldom goes fur!r 9 trac+ its m di/ant consequ5ces4 ,trophies ( ! in/rum5ts ( music or ( agriculture1 imitat$ 9 pa9t+ or 9 /ucco1 make a common & an agreeable ornam5t ( our halls & d9+-rooms4 ,a trophy ( ! same k9d1 compos$ ( ! in/rum5ts ( surg]y1 ( dissect+ & amputation-knives1 ( saws = cutt+ ! bones1 ( trepann+ in/rum5ts1 c4 w\ld be absurd & %ock+4 ,in/rum5ts ( surg]y1 h[ev]1 are always m f9ely poli%$1 & g5]ally m nicely adapt$ to ! purposes = :i* !y are int5d$1 ?an in/rum5ts ( agriculture4 ,! remote effects ( !m too1 ! heal? ( ! pati5t1 is agreeable1 yet z ! imm$iate effect ( !m is pa9 & suff]+1 ! sight ( !m always displeases u4 ,in/rum5ts ( w> are agreeable1 ?\gh _! imm$iate effect may seem to be 9 ! same mann] pa9 & suff]+4 ,b !n x is ! pa9 & suff]+ ( our enemies1 ) :om we h no sympa?y4 ,) reg>d to u1 !y are imm$iately connect$ ) ! agreeable ideas ( c\rage1 victory1 & hon\r4 ,!y are !mselves1 !re=e1 suppos$ to make "o ( ! noble/ p>ts ( dress1 & ! imitation ( !m "o ( ! f9e/ ornam5ts ( ar*itecture4 ,x is ! same case ) ! qualities ( ! m9d4 ,! anci5t /oics 7 ( op9ion1 t z ! _w 0 gov]n$ by ! all-rul+ provid5ce ( a wise1 p[]ful1 & good ,god1 e s+le ev5t ought to be reg>d$1 z mak+ a necess>y "p ( ! plan ( ! univ]se1 & z t5d+ to promote ! g5]al ord] & happ9ess ( ! :ole3 t ! vices & follies ( mank9d1 !re=e1 made z necess>y a "p ( ?is plan z _! wisdom or _! virtue2 & by t et]nal art :i* educes good f ill1 7 made to t5d equally to ! prosp]ity & p]fection ( ! great sy/em ( nature4 ,no speculation ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 h[ deeply soev] x might be root$ 9 ! m9d1 c\ld dim9i% our natural abhorr5ce = vice1 ^: imm$iate effects are s de/ructive1 & ^: remote ones are too di/ant to be trac$ by ! imag9ation4 ,x is ! same case ) ^? passions we h be5 j n[ consid]+4 ,_! imm$iate effects are s disagreeable1 t ev5 :5 !y are mo/ ju/ly provok$1 !re is /ill some?+ ab\t !m :i* disgu/s u4 ,^!1 !re=e1 are ! only passions ( :i* ! expressions1 z ,i =m]ly obs]v$1 d n dispose & prep>e u to sympa?ize ) !m1 be=e we are in=m$ ( ! cause :i* excites !m4 ,! pla9tive voice ( mis]y1 :5 he>d at a di/ance1 w n all[ u to be indiff]5t ab\t ! p]son f :om x comes4 ,z soon z x /rikes our e>1 x int]e/s u 9 8 =tune1 &1 if cont9u$1 =ces u almo/ involunt>ily to fly to 8 assi/ance4 ,! sight ( a smil+ c\nt5ance1 9 ! same mann]1 elevates ev5 ! p5sive into t gay & airy mood1 :i* disposes him to sympa?ize )1 & %>e ! joy :i* x expresses2 & he feels 8 he>t1 :i* ) ?\ght & c>e 0 be=e t %runk & depress$1 in/antly exp&$ & elat$4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! expressions ( hatr$ & res5tm5t4 ,! ho>se1 boi/]\s1 & discordant voice ( ang]1 :5 he>d at a di/ance1 inspires u ei!r ) fe> or av]sion4 ,we d n fly t[>ds x1 z to "o :o cries out ) pa9 & agony4 ,wom51 & m5 ( weak n]ves1 tremble & are ov]come ) fe>1 ?\gh s5sible t !mselves are n ! objects ( ! ang]4 ,!y conceive fe>1 h[ev]1 by putt+ !mselves 9 ! situation ( ! p]son :o is s4 ,ev5 ^? ( /\t] he>ts are di/urb$2 n inde$ en\gh to make !m afraid1 b en\gh to make !m angry2 = ang] is ! passion :i* !y w\ld feel 9 ! situation ( ! o!r p]son4 ,x is ! same case ) hatr$4 ,m]e expressions ( spite inspire x aga9/ no body1 b ! man :o uses !m4 ,bo? ^! passions are by nature ! objects ( our av]sion4 ,_! disagreeable & boi/]\s appe>ance nev] excites1 nev] prep>es1 & (t5 di/urbs our sympa?y4 ,grief does n m p[]fully engage & attract u to ! p]son 9 :om we obs]ve x1 ?an ^!1 :ile we are ignorant ( _! cause1 disgu/ & deta* u f him4 ,x 01 x seems1 ! int5tion ( ,nature1 t ^? r\gh] & m unamiable emotions1 :i* drive m5 f "o ano!r1 %\ld be less easily & m r>ely communicat$4 ,:5 music imitates ! modulations ( grief or joy1 x ei!r actually inspires u ) ^? passions1 or at lea/ puts u 9 ! mood :i* disposes u to conceive !m4 ,b :5 x imitates ! notes ( ang]1 x inspires u ) fe>4 ,joy1 grief1 love1 admiration1 devotion1 are all ( !m passions :i* are naturally musical4 ,_! natural tones are all s(t1 cle>1 & melodi\s2 & !y naturally express !mselves 9 p]iods :i* are di/+ui%$ by regul> pauses1 & :i* ^u t acc\nt are easily adapt$ to ! regul> returns ( ! correspond5t airs ( a tune4 ,! voice ( ang]1 on ! contr>y1 & ( all ! passions :i* are ak9 to x1 is h>% & discordant4 ,x p]iods too are all irregul>1 sometimes v long1 & sometimes v %ort1 & di/+ui%$ by no regul> pauses4 ,x is ) difficulty1 !re=e1 t music c imitate any ( ^? passions2 & ! music :i* does imitate !m is n ! mo/ agreeable4 ,a :ole ent]ta9m5t may consi/1 )\t any impropriety1 ( ! imitation ( ! social & agreeable passions4 ,x w\ld be a /range ent]ta9m5t :i* consi/$ altoge!r ( ! imitations ( hatr$ & res5tm5t4 ,if ^? passions are disagreeable to ! spectator1 !y are n less s to ! p]son :o feels !m4 ,hatr$ & ang] are ! greate/ poison to ! happ9ess ( a good m9d4 ,!re is1 9 ! v feel+ ( ^? passions1 some?+ h>%1 j>r+1 & convulsive1 some?+ t te>s & di/racts ! brea/1 & is altoge!r de/ructive ( t composure & tranquillity ( m9d :i* is s necess>y to happ9ess1 & :i* is be/ promot$ by ! contr>y passions ( gratitude & love4 ,x is n ! value ( :at !y lose by ! p]fidy & +ratitude ( ^? !y live )1 :i* ! g5]\s & humane are mo/ apt to regret4 ,:atev] !y may h lo/1 !y c g5]ally be v happy )\t x4 ,:at mo/ di/urbs !m is ! idea ( p]fidy & +ratitude ex]cis$ t[>ds !mselves2 & ! discordant & disagreeable passions :i* ?is excites1 con/itutes1 9 _! own op9ion1 ! *ief "p ( ! injury :i* !y suff]4 ,h[ _m ?+s are requisite to r5d] ! gratification ( res5tm5t compleatly agreeable1 & to make ! spectator ?or\ghly sympa?ize ) our rev5ge8 ,! provocation mu/ fir/ ( all be su* t we %\ld become contemptible1 & be expos$ to p]petual insults1 if we did n1 9 "s measure1 res5t x4 ,small] (f5ces are always bett] neglect$2 nor is !re any ?+ m despicable ?an t fr[>d & capti\s hum\r :i* takes fire ^u e slight occasion ( qu>rel4 ,we %\ld res5t m f a s5se ( ! propriety ( res5tm5t1 f a s5se t mank9d expect & require x ( u1 ?an because we feel 9 ourselves ! furies ( t disagreeable passion4 ,!re is no passion1 ( :i* ! human m9d is capable1 conc]n+ ^: ju/ness we ought to be s d\btful1 conc]n+ ^: indulg5ce we ought s c>efully to consult our natural s5se ( propriety1 or s dilig5tly to consid] :at w be ! s5tim5ts ( ! imp>tial spectator4 ,magnanimity1 or a reg>d to ma9ta9 our own rank & dignity 9 society1 is ! only motive :i* c ennoble ! expressions ( ?is disagreeable passion4 ,?is motive mu/ *>act]ize our :ole /ile & deportm5t4 ,^! mu/ be pla91 op51 & direct2 det]m9$ )\t positiv5ess1 & elevat$ )\t insol5ce2 n only free f petulance & l[ scurrility1 b g5]\s1 c&id1 & full ( all prop] reg>ds1 ev5 = ! p]son :o has (f5d$ u4 ,x mu/ appe>1 9 %ort1 f our :ole mann]1 )\t our lab\r+ affect$ly to express x1 t passion has n ext+ui%$ our humanity2 & t if we yield to ! dictates ( rev5ge1 x is ) reluctance1 f necessity1 & 9 consequ5ce ( great & repeat$ provocations4 ,:5 res5tm5t is gu>d$ & qualifi$ 9 ?is mann]1 x may be admitt$ to be ev5 g5]\s & noble4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( ! social passions4 ,z x is a divid$ sympa?y :i* r5d]s ! :ole set ( passions j n[ m5tion$1 ^u mo/ occasions1 s ungraceful & disagreeable2 s !re is ano!r set opposite to ^!1 :i* a r$\bl$ sympa?y r5d]s almo/ always peculi>ly agreeable & becom+4 ,g5]osity1 humanity1 k9dness1 compassion1 mutual fri5d%ip & e/eem1 all ! social & b5evol5t affections1 :5 express$ 9 ! c\nt5ance or behavi\r1 ev5 t[>ds ^? :o are peculi>ly connect$ ) ourselves1 please ! indiff]5t spectator ^u almo/ e occasion4 ,8 sympa?y ) ! p]son :o feels ^? passions1 exactly co9cides ) 8 conc]n = ! p]son :o is ! object ( !m4 ,! int]e/1 :i*1 z a man1 he is oblig$ to take 9 ! happ9ess ( ?is la/1 enliv5s 8 fell[-feel+ ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! o!r1 ^: emotions are employ$ ab\t ! same object4 ,we h always1 !re=e1 ! /ronge/ disposition to sympa?ize ) ! b5evol5t affections4 ,!y appe> 9 e respect agreeable to u4 ,we ent] into ! satisfaction bo? ( ! p]son :o feels !m1 & ( ! p]son :o is ! object ( !m4 ,= z to be ! object ( hatr$ & indignation gives m pa9 ?an all ! evils :i* a brave man c fe> f 8 enemies2 s !re is a satisfaction 9 ! consci\sness ( be+ belov$1 :i*1 to a p]son ( delicacy & s5sibility1 is ( m importance to happ9ess ?an all ! advantage :i* he c expect to d]ive f x4 ,:at "* is s detectable z t ( "o :o takes pleasure to s[ diss5sion among fri5ds1 & to turn _! mo/ t5d] love into mortal hatr$8 ,yet :]e9 does ! atrocity ( ?is s mu* abhorr$ injury consi/8 ,is x 9 depriv+ !m ( ! frivol\s good (fices1 :i* _h _! fri5d%ip cont9u$1 !y might h expect$ f "o ano!r8 ,x is 9 depriv+ !m ( t fri5d%ip itself1 9 robb+ !m ( ea* o!rs affections1 f :i* bo? d]iv$ s mu* satisfaction2 x is 9 di/urb+ ! h>mony ( _! he>ts1 & putt+ an end to t happy comm]ce :i* _h be=e subsi/$ betwe5 !m4 ,^! affections1 t h>mony1 ?is comm]ce1 are felt1 n only by ! t5d] & ! delicate1 b by ! rude/ vulg> ( mank9d1 to be ( m importance to happ9ess ?an all ! little s]vices :i* c\ld be expect$ to fl[ f !m4 ,! s5tim5t ( love is1 9 itself1 agreeable to ! p]son :o feels x4 ,x soo?s & composes ! brea/1 seems to fav\r ! vital motions1 & to promote ! heal?ful /ate ( ! human con/itution2 & x is r5d]$ /ill m delightful by ! consci\sness ( ! gratitude & satisfaction :i* x mu/ excite 9 him :o is ! object ( x4 ,_! mutual reg>d r5d]s !m happy 9 "o ano!r1 & sympa?y1 ) ?is mutual reg>d1 makes !m agreeable to e o!r p]son4 ,) :at pleasure d we look ^u a family1 ?r\gh ! :ole ( :i* reign mutual love & e/eem1 :]e ! p>5ts & *ildr5 are companions = "o ano!r1 )\t any o!r diff]5ce ?an :at is made by respectful affection on ! "o side1 & k9d indulg5ce on ! o!r2 :]e fre$om & fondness1 mutual raill]y1 & mutual k9dness1 %[ t no opposition ( int]e/ divides ! bro!rs1 nor any rival%ip ( fav\r sets ! si/]s at v>iance1 & :]e e ?+ pres5ts u ) ! idea ( peace1 *e>fulness1 h>mony1 & cont5tm5t8 ,on ! contr>y1 h[ uneasy are we made :5 we g into a h\se 9 :i* j>r+ cont5tion sets "o half ( ^? :o dwell 9 x aga9/ ! o!r2 :]e amid/ affect$ smoo?ness & complaisance1 suspici\s looks & sudd5 />ts ( passion betray ! mutual jeal\sies :i* burn )9 !m1 & :i* are e mom5t ready to bur/ out ?r\gh all ! re/ra9ts :i* ! pres5ce ( ! company imposes8 ,^? amiable passions1 ev5 :5 !y are ackn[l$g$ to be excessive1 are nev] reg>d$ ) av]sion4 ,!re is some?+ agreeable ev5 9 ! weakness ( fri5d%ip & humanity4 ,! too t5d] "m1 ! too indulg5t fa!r1 ! too g5]\s & affectionate fri5d1 may sometimes1 p]haps1 on acc\nt ( ! s(tness ( _! natures1 be look$ ^u ) a species ( pity1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re is a mixture ( love1 b c nev] be reg>d$ ) hatr$ & av]sion1 nor ev5 ) contempt1 unless by ! mo/ brutal & wor?less ( mank9d3 ,x is always ) conc]n1 ) sympa?y & k9dness1 t we blame !m = ! extravagance ( _! atta*m5t4 ,!re is a helplessness 9 ! "* ( extreme humanity :i* m ?an any ?+ int]e/s our pity4 ,!re is no?+ 9 itself :i* r5d]s x ei!r ungraceful or disagreeable4 ,we only regret t x is unfit = ! _w1 because ! _w is unwor?y ( x1 & because x mu/ expose ! p]son :o is end[$ ) x z a prey to ! p]fidy & +ratitude ( ins9uat+ falsehood1 & to a ?\s& pa9s & uneas9esses1 :i*1 ( all m51 he ! lea/ des]ves to feel1 & :i* g5]ally too he is1 ( all m51 ! lea/ capable ( support+4 ,x is q o!rwise ) hatr$ & res5tm5t4 ,too viol5t a prop5sity to ^? dete/able passions1 r5d]s a p]son ! object ( univ]sal dread & abhorr5ce1 :o1 l a wild bea/1 ought1 we ?9k1 to be hunt$ out ( all civil society4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,( ! selfi% passions4 ,besides ^? two opposite sets ( passions1 ! social & unsocial1 !re is ano!r :i* holds a sort ( middle place betwe5 !m2 is nev] ei!r s graceful z is sometimes ! "o set1 nor is ev] s odi\s z is sometimes ! o!r4 ,grief & joy1 :5 conceiv$ ^u acc\nt ( our own private good or bad =tune1 con/itute ?is ?ird set ( passions4 ,ev5 :5 excessive1 !y are nev] s disagreeable z excessive res5tm5t1 because no opposite sympa?y c ev] int]e/ u aga9/ !m3 & :5 mo/ suitable to _! objects !y are nev] s agreeable z imp>tial humanity & j b5evol5ce2 because no d\ble sympa?y c ev] int]e/ u = !m4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 grief & joy1 t we are g5]ally mo/ dispos$ to sympa?ize ) small joys & great sorr[s4 ,! man1 :o1 by "s sudd5 revolution ( =tune1 is lift$ up all at once into a condition ( life1 greatly above :at he _h =m]ly liv$ 91 may be assur$ t ! congratulations ( 8 be/ fri5ds are n all ( !m p]fectly s9c]e4 ,an up/>t1 ?\gh ( ! greate/ m]it1 is g5]ally disagreeable1 & a s5tim5t ( envy commonly prev5ts u f he>tily sympa?iz+ ) 8 joy4 ,if he has any judgm5t he is s5sible ( ?is1 & in/ead ( appe>+ to be elat$ ) 8 good =tune1 he endeav\rs1 z mu* z he c1 to smo!r 8 joy1 & keep d[n t elevation ( m9d ) :i* 8 new circum/ances naturally inspire him4 ,he affects ! same pla9ness ( dress1 & ! same mode/y ( behavi\r1 :i* became him 9 8 =m] /ation4 ,he r$\bles 8 att5tion to 8 old fri5ds1 & endeav\rs m ?an ev] to be humble1 assidu\s1 & complaisant4 ,& ?is is ! behavi\r :i* 9 8 situation we mo/ approve (2 because we expect1 x seems1 t he %\ld h m sympa?y ) our envy & av]sion to 8 happ9ess1 ?an we h ) 8 happ9ess4 ,x is seldom t ) all ?is he succe$s4 ,we suspect ! s9c]ity ( 8 humility1 & he gr[s we>y ( ?is con/ra9t4 ,9 a little "t1 !re=e1 he g5]ally leaves all 8 old fri5ds beh9d him1 "s ( ! meane/ ( !m except$1 :o may1 p]haps1 condesc5d to become 8 dep5d5ts3 nor does he always acquire any new ones2 ! pride ( 8 new connections is z mu* affront$ at f9d+ him _! equal1 z t ( 8 old ones _h be5 by 8 becom+ _! sup]ior3 & x requires ! mo/ ob/9ate & p]sev]+ mode/y to atone = ?is mortification to ei!r4 ,he g5]ally gr[s we>y too soon1 & is provok$1 by ! sull5 & suspici\s pride ( ! "o1 & by ! saucy contempt ( ! o!r1 to treat ! fir/ ) neglect1 & ! second ) petulance1 till at la/ he gr[s habitually insol5t1 & =feits ! e/eem ( all4 ,if ! *ief "p ( human happ9ess arises f ! consci\sness ( be+ belov$1 z ,i believe x does1 ^? sudd5 *anges ( =tune seldom contribute mu* to happ9ess4 ,he is happie/ :o advances m gradually to greatness1 :om ! public de/9es to e /ep ( 8 pref]m5t long be=e he arrives at x1 9 :om1 ^u t acc\nt1 :5 x comes1 x c excite no extravagant joy1 & ) reg>d to :om x _c reasonably create ei!r any jeal\sy 9 ^? he ov]takes1 or any envy 9 ^? he leaves beh9d4 ,mank9d1 h[ev]1 m readily sympa?ize ) ^? small] joys :i* fl[ f less important causes4 ,x is dec5t to be humble amid/ great prosp]ity2 b we c sc>ce express too mu* satisfaction 9 all ! little occurr5ces ( common life1 9 ! company ) :i* we sp5t ! ev5+ la/ night1 9 ! ent]ta9m5t t 0 set be=e u1 9 :at 0 said & :at 0 done1 9 all ! little incid5ts ( ! pres5t conv]sation1 & 9 all ^? frivol\s no?+s :i* fill up ! void ( human life4 ,no?+ is m graceful ?an habitual *e>fulness1 :i* is always f\nd$ ^u a peculi> reli% = all ! little pleasures :i* common occurr5ces af=d4 ,we readily sympa?ize ) x3 x inspires u ) ! same joy1 & makes e trifle turn up to u 9 ! same agreeable aspect 9 :i* x pres5ts itself to ! p]son end[$ ) ?is happy disposition4 ,h5ce x is t y\?1 ! season ( gaiety1 s easily engages our affections4 ,t prop5sity to joy :i* seems ev5 to animate ! bloom1 & to sp>kle f ! eyes ( y\? & beauty1 ?\gh 9 a p]son ( ! same sex1 exalts1 ev5 ! ag$1 to a m joy\s mood ?an ord9>y4 ,!y =get1 = a "t1 _! infirmities1 & ab&on !mselves to ^? agreeable ideas & emotions to :i* !y h long be5 /rang]s1 b :i*1 :5 ! pres5ce ( s mu* happ9ess recalls !m to _! brea/1 take _! place !re1 l old acqua9tance1 f :om !y are sorry to h ev] be5 p>t$1 & :om !y embrace m he>tily ^u acc\nt ( ?is long sep>ation4 ,x is q o!rwise ) grief4 ,small vexations excite no sympa?y1 b deep affliction calls =? ! greate/4 ,! man :o is made uneasy by e little disagreeable incid5t1 :o is hurt if ei!r ! cook or ! butl] h fail$ 9 ! lea/ article ( _! duty1 :o feels e defect 9 ! highe/ c]emonial ( polit5ess1 :e!r x be %ewn to himself or to any o!r p]son1 :o takes x amiss t 8 intimate fri5d did n bid him good-morr[ :5 !y met 9 ! =5oon1 & t 8 bro!r humm$ a tune all ! "t he himself 0 tell+ a /ory2 :o is put out ( hum\r by ! badness ( ! wea!r :5 9 ! c\ntry1 by ! badness ( ! roads :5 ^u a j\rney1 & by ! want ( company1 & dullness ( all public div]sions :5 9 t[n2 su* a p]son1 ,i say1 ?\gh he %\ld h "s reason1 w seldom meet ) mu* sympa?y4 ,joy is a pleasant emotion1 & we gladly ab&on ourselves to x ^u ! slighte/ occasion4 ,we readily1 !re=e1 sympa?ize ) x 9 o!rs1 :5ev] we are n prejudic$ by envy4 ,b grief is pa9ful1 & ! m9d1 ev5 :5 x is our own mis=tune1 naturally resi/s & recoils f x4 ,we w\ld endeav\r ei!r n to conceive x at all1 or to %ake x (f z soon z we h conceiv$ x4 ,our av]sion to grief w n1 inde$1 always h9d] u f conceiv+ x 9 our own case ^u v trifl+ occasions1 b x con/antly prev5ts u f sympa?iz+ ) x 9 o!rs :5 excit$ by ! l frivol\s causes3 = our sympa!tic passions are always less irresi/ible ?an our orig9al ones4 ,!re is1 besides1 a malice 9 mank9d1 :i* n only prev5ts all sympa?y ) little uneas9esses1 b r5d]s !m 9 "s measure div]t+4 ,h5ce ! delight :i* we all take 9 raill]y1 & 9 ! small vexation :i* we obs]ve 9 our companion1 :5 he is pu%$1 & urg$1 & teas$ ^u all sides4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ ord9>y good-bre$+ dissemble ! pa9 :i* any little incid5t may give !m2 & ^? :o are m ?or\ghly =m$ to society1 turn1 ( _! own accord1 all su* incid5ts into raill]y1 z !y "k _! companions w d = !m4 ,! habit :i* a man1 :o lives 9 ! _w1 has acquir$ ( consid]+ h[ e ?+ t conc]ns himself w appe> to o!rs1 makes ^? frivol\s calamities turn up 9 ! same ridicul\s light to him1 9 :i* he kn[s !y w c]ta9ly be consid]$ by !m4 ,our sympa?y1 on ! contr>y1 ) deep di/ress1 is v /rong & v s9c]e4 ,x is unnecess>y to give an in/ance4 ,we weep ev5 at ! feign$ repres5tation ( a trag$y4 ,if y lab\r1 !re=e1 "u any signal calamity1 if by "s extraord9>y mis=tune y are fall5 into pov]ty1 into diseases1 into disgrace & disappo9tm5t2 ev5 ?\gh y\r own fault may h be51 9 "p1 ! occasion1 yet y may g5]ally dep5d ^u ! s9c]e/ sympa?y ( all y\r fri5ds1 &1 z f> z int]e/ & hon\r w p]mit1 ^u _! k9de/ assi/ance too4 ,b if y\r mis=tune is n ( ?is dreadful k9d1 if y h only be5 a little baulk$ 9 y\r ambition1 if y h only be5 jilt$ by y\r mi/ress1 or are only h5-peck$ by y\r wife1 lay y\r acc\nt ) ! raill]y ( all y\r acqua9tance4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! effects ( prosp]ity & adv]sity ^u ! judgm5t ( mank9d ) reg>d to ! propriety ( action2 & :y x is m easy to obta9 _! approbation 9 ! "o /ate ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,t ?\gh our sympa?y ) sorr[ is g5]ally a m lively s5sation ?an our sympa?y ) joy1 x commonly falls mu* m %ort ( ! viol5ce ( :at is naturally felt by ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,our sympa?y ) sorr[1 ?\gh n m real1 has be5 m tak5 notice ( ?an our sympa?y ) joy4 ,! ^w sympa?y1 9 its mo/ prop] & primitive signification1 d5otes our fell[-feel+ ) ! suff]+s1 n t ) ! enjoym5ts1 ( o!rs4 ,a late +5i\s & subtile philosoph] ?\ght x necess>y to prove1 by argum5ts1 t we _h a real sympa?y ) joy1 & t congratulation 0 a pr9ciple ( human nature4 ,nobody1 ,i believe1 ev] ?\ght x necess>y to prove t compassion 0 su*4 ,fir/ ( all1 our sympa?y ) sorr[ is1 9 "s s5se1 m univ]sal ?an t ) joy4 ,?\gh sorr[ is excessive1 we may /ill h "s fell[-feel+ ) x4 ,:at we feel does n1 inde$1 9 ?is case1 am\nt to t complete sympa?y1 to t p]fect h>mony & correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts :i* con/itutes approbation4 ,we d n weep1 & exclaim1 & lam5t1 ) ! suff]]4 ,we are s5sible1 on ! contr>y1 ( 8 weakness1 & ( ! extravagance ( 8 passion1 & yet (t5 feel a v s5sible conc]n ^u 8 acc\nt4 ,b if we d n entirely ent] into1 & g along )1 ! joy ( ano!r1 we h no sort ( reg>d or fell[-feel+ = x4 ,! man :o skips & dances ab\t ) t intemp]ate & s5seless joy :i* we _c accompany him 91 is ! object ( our contempt & indignation4 ,pa9 besides1 :e!r ( m9d or body1 is a m pung5t s5sation ?an pleasure1 & our sympa?y ) pa91 ?\gh x falls greatly %ort ( :at is naturally felt by ! suff]]1 is g5]ally a m lively & di/9ct p]ception ?an our sympa?y ) pleasure1 ?\gh ?is la/ (t5 approa*es m ne>ly1 z ,i %all %[ imm$iately1 to ! natural vivacity ( ! orig9al passion4 ,ov] & above all ?is1 we (t5 /ruggle to keep d[n our sympa?y ) ! sorr[ ( o!rs4 ,:5ev] we are n "u ! obs]vation ( ! suff]]1 we endeav\r1 = our own sake1 to suppress x z mu* z we c1 & we are n always successful4 ,! opposition :i* we make to x1 & ! reluctance ) :i* we yield to x1 necess>ily oblige u to take m p>ticul> notice ( x4 ,b we nev] h occasion to make ?is opposition to our sympa?y ) joy4 ,if !re is any envy 9 ! case1 we nev] feel ! lea/ prop5sity t[>ds x2 & if !re is none1 we give way to x )\t any reluctance4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we are always a%am$ ( our own envy1 we (t5 pret5d1 & sometimes really wi% to sympa?ize ) ! joy ( o!rs1 :5 by t disagreeable s5tim5t we are disqualifi$ f do+ s4 ,we are glad1 we say1 on acc\nt ( our neighb\r's good =tune1 :5 9 our he>ts1 p]haps1 we are really sorry4 ,we (t5 feel a sympa?y ) sorr[ :5 we wi% to be rid ( x2 & we (t5 miss t ) joy :5 we w\ld be glad to h x4 ,! obvi\s obs]vation1 !re=e1 :i* x naturally falls 9 our way to make1 is t our prop5sity to sympa?ize ) sorr[ mu/ be v /rong1 & our incl9ation to sympa?ize ) joy v weak4 ,not)/&+ ?is prejudice1 h[ev]1 ,i w v5ture to affirm1 t1 :5 !re is no envy 9 ! case1 our prop5sity to sympa?ize ) joy is mu* /rong] ?an our prop5sity to sympa?ize ) sorr[2 & t our fell[-feel+ = ! agreeable emotion approa*es mu* m ne>ly to ! vivacity ( :at is naturally felt by ! p]sons pr9cipally conc]n$1 ?an t :i* we conceive = ! pa9ful "o4 ,we h "s indulg5ce = t excessive grief :i* we _c entirely g along )4 ,we "k :at a prodigi\s ef=t is requisite be=e ! suff]] c br+ d[n 8 emotions to compleat h>mony & concord ) ^? ( ! spectator4 ,?\gh he fails1 !re=e1 we easily p>don him4 ,b we h no su* indulg5ce = ! intemp]ance ( joy2 because we are n consci\s t any su* va/ ef=t is requisite to br+ x d[n to :at we c entirely ent] into4 ,! man :o1 "u ! greate/ calamities1 c comm& 8 sorr[1 seems wor?y ( ! highe/ admiration2 b he :o1 9 ! fulness ( prosp]ity1 c 9 ! same mann] ma/] 8 joy1 seems h>dly to des]ve any praise4 ,we are s5sible t !re is a mu* wid] int]val 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r1 betwe5 :at is naturally felt by ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 & :at ! spectator c entirely g along )4 ,:at c be add$ to ! happ9ess ( ! man :o is 9 heal?1 :o is out ( debt1 & has a cle> consci5ce8 ,to "o 9 ?is situation1 all accessions ( =tune may prop]ly be said to be sup]flu\s2 & if he is mu* elevat$ ^u acc\nt ( !m1 x mu/ be ! effect ( ! mo/ frivol\s levity4 ,?is situation1 h[ev]1 may v well be call$ ! natural & ord9>y /ate ( mank9d4 ,not)/&+ ! pres5t mis]y & depravity ( ! _w1 s ju/ly lam5t$1 ?is really is ! /ate ( ! great] "p ( m54 ,! great] "p ( m51 !re=e1 _c f9d any great difficulty 9 elevat+ !mselves to all ! joy :i* any accession to ?is situation c well excite 9 _! companion4 ,b ?\gh little c be add$ to ?is /ate1 mu* may be tak5 f x4 ,?\gh betwe5 ?is condition & ! highe/ pit* ( human prosp]ity1 ! int]val is b a trifle2 betwe5 x & ! l[e/ dep? ( mis]y ! di/ance is imm5se & prodigi\s4 ,adv]sity1 on ?is acc\nt1 necess>ily depresses ! m9d ( ! suff]] mu* m bel[ its natural /ate1 ?an prosp]ity c elevate him above x4 ,! spectator1 !re=e1 mu/ f9d x mu* m difficult to sympa?ize entirely1 & keep p]fect "t1 ) 8 sorr[1 ?an ?or\ghly to ent] into 8 joy1 & mu/ dep>t mu* fur!r f 8 own natural & ord9>y temp] ( m9d 9 ! "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,x is on ?is acc\nt1 t1 ?\gh our sympa?y ) sorr[ is (t5 a m pung5t s5sation ?an our sympa?y ) joy1 x always falls mu* m %ort ( ! viol5ce ( :at is naturally felt by ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,x is agreeable to sympa?ize ) joy2 & :]ev] envy does n oppose x1 our he>t ab&ons itself ) satisfaction to ! highe/ transports ( t delightful s5tim5t4 ,b x is pa9ful to g along ) grief1 & we always ent] into x ) reluctance#a4 ,:5 we att5d to ! repres5tation ( a trag$y1 we /ruggle aga9/ t sympa!tic sorr[ :i* ! ent]ta9m5t inspires z long z we c1 & we give way to x at la/ only :5 we c no long] avoid x3 we ev5 !n endeav\r to cov] our conc]n f ! company4 ,if we %$ any te>s1 we c>efully conceal !m1 & are afraid le/ ! spectators1 n ent]+ into ?is excessive t5d]ness1 %\ld reg>d x z effem9acy & weakness4 ,! wret* ^: mis=tunes call ^u our compassion feels ) :at reluctance we are likely to ent] into 8 sorr[1 & !re=e proposes 8 grief to u ) fe> & hesitation3 he ev5 smo!rs ! half ( x1 & is a%am$1 ^u acc\nt ( ?is h>d-he>t$ness ( mank9d1 to give v5t to ! fulness ( 8 affliction4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! man :o riots 9 joy & success4 ,:]ev] envy does n int]e/ u aga9/ him1 he expects our compleate/ sympa?y4 ,he does n fe>1 !re=e1 to ann\nce himself ) %\ts ( exultation1 9 full confid5ce t we are he>tily dispos$ to g along ) him4 ,footnote #a3 ,x has be5 object$ to me t z ,i f\nd ! s5tim5t ( approbation1 :i* is always agreeable1 ^u sympa?y1 x is inconsi/5t ) my sy/em to admit any disagreeable sympa?y4 ,i answ]1 t 9 ! s5tim5t ( approbation !re are two ?+s to be tak5 notice (2 fir/ ! sympa!tic passion ( ! spectator2 &1 secondly1 ! emotion :i* arises f 8 obs]v+ ! p]fect co9cid5ce betwe5 ?is sympa!tic passion 9 himself1 & ! orig9al passion 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,?is la/ emotion1 9 :i* ! s5tim5t ( approbation prop]ly consi/s1 is always agreeable & delightful4 ,! o!r may ei!r be agreeable or disagreeable1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! orig9al passion1 ^: feature x mu/ always1 9 "s measure1 reta94 ,two s\nds ,i suppose1 may1 ea* ( !m1 tak5 s+ly1 be au/]e1 & yet1 if !y are p]fect concords1 ! p]ception ( _! h>mony & co9cid5ce may be agreeable4 ,:y %\ld we be m a%am$ to weep ?an to laugh be=e company8 ,we may (t5 h z real occasion to d ! "o z to d ! o!r3 ,b we always feel t ! spectators are m likely to g along ) u 9 ! agreeable1 ?an 9 ! pa9ful emotion4 ,x is always mis]able to compla91 ev5 :5 we are oppress$ by ! mo/ dreadful calamities4 ,b ! triumph ( victory is n always ungraceful4 ,prud5ce1 inde$1 w\ld (t5 advise u to be> prosp]ity ) m mod]ation2 because prud5ce w\ld tea* u to avoid t envy :i* ?is v triumph is1 m ?an any ?+1 apt to excite4 ,h[ he>ty are ! acclamations ( ! mob1 :o nev] be> any envy to _! sup]iors1 at a triumph or a public entry8 ,& h[ s$ate & mod]ate is commonly _! grief at an execution8 ,our sorr[ at a fun]al g5]ally am\nts to no m ?an affect$ gravity2 b our mir? at a *ri/5+ or a m>riage1 is always f ! he>t1 & )\t any affectation4 ,^u ^!1 & all su* joy\s occasions1 our satisfaction1 ?\gh n s durable1 is (t5 z lively z t ( ! p]sons pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,:5ev] we cordially congratulate our fri5ds1 :i*1 h[ev]1 to ! disgrace ( human nature1 we d b seldom1 _! joy lit]ally becomes our joy3 we are = ! mom5t1 z happy z !y are3 our he>t swells & ov]fl[s ) real pleasure3 joy & complac5cy sp>kle f our eyes1 & animate e feature ( our c\nt5ance1 & e ge/ure ( our body4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 :5 we condole ) our fri5ds 9 _! afflictions1 h[ little d we feel1 9 comp>ison ( :at !y feel8 ,we sit d[n by !m1 we look at !m1 & :ile !y relate to u ! circum/ances ( _! mis=tune1 we li/5 to !m ) gravity & att5tion4 ,b :ile _! n>ration is e mom5t int]rupt$ by ^? natural bur/s ( passion :i* (t5 seem almo/ to *oak !m 9 ! mid/ ( x2 h[ f> are ! languid emotions ( our he>ts f keep+ "t to ! transports ( !irs8 ,we may be s5sible1 at ! same "t1 t _! passion is natural1 & no great] ?an :at we ourselves might feel ^u ! l occasion4 ,we may ev5 inw>dly reproa* ourselves ) our own want ( s5sibility1 & p]haps on t acc\nt1 "w ourselves up into an artificial sympa?y1 :i*1 h[ev]1 :5 x is rais$1 is always ! slighte/ & mo/ transitory imag9able2 & g5]ally1 z soon z we h left ! room1 vani%es1 & is gone = ev]4 ,nature1 x seems1 :5 %e has load$ u ) our own sorr[s1 ?\ght t !y 7 en\gh1 & !re=e did n comm& u to take any fur!r %>e 9 ^? ( o!rs1 ?an :at 0 necess>y to prompt u to relieve !m4 ,x is on acc\nt ( ?is dull s5sibility to ! afflictions ( o!rs1 t magnanimity amid/ great di/ress appe>s always s div9ely graceful4 ,8 behavi\r is g5teel & agreeable :o c ma9ta9 8 *e>fulness amid/ a numb] ( frivol\s disa/]s4 ,b he appe>s to be m ?an mortal :o c support 9 ! same mann] ! mo/ dreadful calamities4 ,we feel :at an imm5se ef=t is requisite to sil5ce ^? viol5t emotions :i* naturally agitate & di/ract ^? 9 8 situation4 ,we are amaz$ to f9d t he c comm& himself s intirely4 ,8 firmness1 at ! same "t1 p]fectly co9cides ) our ins5sibility4 ,he makes no dem& ^u u = t m exquisite degree ( s5sibility :i* we f9d1 & :i* we are mortifi$ to f9d1 t we d n possess4 ,!re is ! mo/ p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & ours1 & on t acc\nt ! mo/ p]fect propriety 9 8 behavi\r4 ,x is a propriety too1 :i*1 f our exp]i5ce ( ! usual weakness ( human nature1 we c\ld n reasonably h expect$ he %\ld be able to ma9ta94 ,we wond] ) surprise & a/oni%m5t at t /r5g? ( m9d :i* is capable ( s noble & g5]\s an ef=t4 ,! s5tim5t ( compleat sympa?y & approbation1 mix$ & animat$ ) wond] & surprise1 con/itutes :at is prop]ly call$ admiration1 z has already be5 m ?an once tak5 notice (4 ,cato1 surr\nd$ on all sides by 8 enemies1 unable to resi/ !m1 & disda9+ to submit to !m1 & r$uc$ by ! pr\d maxims ( t age1 to ! necessity ( de/roy+ himself2 yet nev] %r9k+ f 8 mis=tunes1 nev] supplicat+ ) ! lam5table voice ( wret*$ness1 ^? mis]able sympa!tic te>s :i* we are always s unwill+ to give2 b on ! contr>y1 arm+ himself ) manly =titude1 & ! mom5t be=e he executes 8 fatal resolution1 giv+1 ) 8 usual tranquillity1 all necess>y ord]s = ! safety ( 8 fri5ds2 appe>s to ,s5eca1 t great prea*] ( ins5sibility1 a spectacle :i* ev5 ! gods !mselves might behold ) pleasure & admiration4 ,:5ev] we meet1 9 common life1 ) any examples ( su* h]oic magnanimity1 we are always extremely affect$4 ,we are m apt to weep & %$ te>s = su* z1 9 ?is mann]1 seem to feel no?+ = !mselves1 ?an = ^? :o give way to all ! weakness ( sorr[3 & 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 ! sympa!tic grief ( ! spectator appe>s to g beyond ! orig9al passion 9 ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,! fri5ds ( ,socrates all wept :5 he drank ! la/ potion1 :ile he himself express$ ! gaye/ & mo/ *e>ful tranquillity4 ,^u all su* occasions ! spectator makes no ef=t1 & has no occasion to make any1 9 ord] to conqu] 8 sympa!tic sorr[4 ,he is "u no fe> t x w transport him to any ?+ t is extravagant & improp]2 he is r pleas$ ) ! s5sibility ( 8 own he>t1 & gives way to x ) complac5ce & self-approbation4 ,he gladly indulges1 !re=e1 ! mo/ melan*oly views :i* c naturally occur to him1 conc]n+ ! calamity ( 8 fri5d1 = :om1 p]haps1 he nev] felt s exquisitely be=e1 ! t5d] & te>ful passion ( love4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,he is oblig$ z mu* z possible1 to turn away 8 eyes f :atev] is ei!r naturally t]rible or disagreeable 9 8 situation4 ,too s]i\s an att5tion to ^? circum/ances1 he fe>s1 might make s viol5t an impression ^u him1 t he c\ld no long] keep )9 ! b\nds ( mod]ation1 or r5d] himself ! object ( ! complete sympa?y & approbation ( ! spectators4 ,he fixes 8 ?\ghts1 !re=e1 ^u ^? only :i* are agreeable2 ! applause & admiration :i* he is ab\t to des]ve by ! h]oic magnanimity ( 8 behavi\r4 ,to feel t he is capable ( s noble & g5]\s an ef=t1 to feel t 9 ?is dreadful situation he c /ill act z he w\ld desire to act1 animates & transports him ) joy1 & enables him to support t triumphant gaiety :i* seems to exult 9 ! victory he ?us ga9s ov] 8 mis=tunes4 ,on ! contr>y1 he always appe>s1 9 "s measure1 mean & despicable1 :o is sunk 9 sorr[ & dejection ^u acc\nt ( any calamity ( 8 own4 ,we _c br+ ourselves to feel = him :at he feels = himself1 & :at1 p]haps1 we %\ld feel = ourselves if 9 8 situation3 we1 !re=e1 despise him2 unju/ly1 p]haps1 if any s5tim5t c\ld be reg>d$ z unju/1 to :i* we are by nature irresi/ibly det]m9$4 ,! weakness ( sorr[ nev] appe>s 9 any respect agreeable1 except :5 x arises f :at we feel = o!rs m ?an f :at we feel = ourselves4 ,a son1 ^u ! dea? ( an indulg5t & respectable fa!r1 may give way to x )\t mu* blame4 ,8 sorr[ is *iefly f\nd$ ^u a sort ( sympa?y ) 8 dep>t$ p>5t2 & we readily ent] into ?is humane emotion4 ,b if he %\ld indulge ! same weakness ^u acc\nt ( any mis=tune :i* affect$ himself only1 he w\ld no long] meet ) any su* indulg5ce4 ,if he %\ld be r$uc$ to begg>y & ru91 if he %\ld be expos$ to ! mo/ dreadful dang]s1 if he %\ld ev5 be l$ out to a public execution1 & !re %$ "o s+le te> ^u ! scaffold1 he w\ld disgrace himself = ev] 9 ! op9ion ( all ! gallant & g5]\s "p ( mank9d4 ,_! compassion = him1 h[ev]1 w\ld be v /rong1 & v s9c]e2 b z x w\ld /ill fall %ort ( ?is excessive weakness1 !y w\ld h no p>don = ! man :o c\ld ?us expose himself 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,8 behavi\r w\ld affect !m ) %ame r ?an ) sorr[2 & ! di%on\r :i* he _h ?us br\ght ^u himself w\ld appe> to !m ! mo/ lam5table circum/ance 9 8 mis=tune4 ,h[ did x disgrace ! memory ( ! intrepid ,duke ( ,biron1 :o _h s (t5 brav$ dea? 9 ! field1 t he wept ^u ! scaffold1 :5 he beheld ! /ate to :i* he 0 fall51 & rememb]$ ! fav\r & ! glory f :i* 8 own ra%ness _h s un=tunately ?r[n him6 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! orig9 ( ambition1 & ( ! di/9ction ( ranks4 ,x is because mank9d are dispos$ to sympa?ize m entirely ) our joy ?an ) our sorr[1 t we make p>ade ( our ri*es1 & conceal our pov]ty4 ,no?+ is s mortify+ z to be oblig$ to expose our di/ress to ! view ( ! public1 & to feel1 t ?\gh our situation is op5 to ! eyes ( all mank9d1 no mortal conceives = u ! half ( :at we suff]4 ,nay1 x is *iefly f ?is reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 t we pursue ri*es & avoid pov]ty4 ,= to :at purpose is all ! toil & bu/le ( ?is _w8 :at is ! end ( av>ice & ambition1 ( ! pursuit ( weal?1 ( p[]1 & pre-em95ce8 ,is x to supply ! necessities ( nature8 ,! wages ( ! meane/ lab\r] c supply !m4 ,we see t !y af=d him food & clo?+1 ! com=t ( a h\se1 & ( a family4 ,if we exam9e 8 conomy ) rigor1 we %\ld f9d t he sp5ds a great "p ( !m ^u conv5i5ces1 :i* may be reg>d$ z sup]fluities1 & t1 ^u extraord9>y occasions1 he c give some?+ ev5 to vanity & di/9ction4 ,:at !n is ! cause ( our av]sion to 8 situation1 & :y %\ld ^? :o h be5 educat$ 9 ! high] ranks ( life1 reg>d x z worse ?an dea?1 to be r$uc$ to live1 ev5 )\t lab\r1 ^u ! same simple f>e ) him1 to dwell "u ! same l[ly ro(1 & to be clo!d 9 ! same humble attire8 ,d !y imag9e t _! /oma* is bett]1 or _! sleep s\nd] 9 a palace ?an 9 a cottage8 ! contr>y has be5 s (t5 obs]v$1 &1 inde$1 is s v obvi\s1 ?\gh x _h nev] be5 obs]v$1 t !re is no body ignorant ( x4 ,f :5ce1 !n1 arises t emulation :i* runs ?r\gh all ! diff]5t ranks ( m51 & :at are ! advantages :i* we propose by t great purpose ( human life :i* we call bett]+ our condition8 ,to be obs]v$1 to be att5d$ to1 to be tak5 notice ( ) sympa?y1 complac5cy1 & approbation1 are all ! advantages :i* we c propose to d]ive f x4 ,x is ! vanity1 n ! ease1 or ! pleasure1 :i* int]e/s u4 ,b vanity is always f\nd$ ^u ! belief ( our be+ ! object ( att5tion & approbation4 ,! ri* man glories 9 8 ri*es1 because he feels t !y naturally draw ^u him ! att5tion ( ! _w1 & t mank9d are dispos$ to g along ) him 9 all ^? agreeable emotions ) :i* ! advantages ( 8 situation s readily inspire him4 ,at ! ?\ght ( ?is1 8 he>t seems to swell & dilate itself )9 him1 & he is fond] ( 8 weal? ^u ?is acc\nt1 ?an = all ! o!r advantages x procures him4 ,! poor man1 on ! contr>y1 is a%am$ ( 8 pov]ty4 ,he feels t x ei!r places him out ( ! sight ( mank9d1 or1 t1 if !y take any notice ( him1 !y h1 h[ev]1 sc>ce any fell[-feel+ ) ! mis]y & di/ress :i* he suff]s4 ,he is mortifi$ ^u bo? acc\nts2 = ?\gh to be ov]look$1 & to be disapprov$ (1 are ?+s entirely diff]5t1 yet z obscurity cov]s u f ! daylight ( hon\r & approbation1 to feel t we are tak5 no notice ( necess>ily damps ! mo/ agreeable hope1 & disappo9ts ! mo/ ard5t desire1 ( human nature4 ,! poor man goes out & comes 9 unhe$$1 & :5 9 ! mid/ ( a cr\d is 9 ! same obscurity z if %ut up 9 8 own hovel4 ,^? humble c>es & pa9ful att5tions :i* occupy ^? 9 8 situation1 af=d no amusem5t to ! dissipat$ & ! gay4 ,!y turn away _! eyes f him1 or if ! extremity ( 8 di/ress =ces !m to look at him1 x is only to spurn s disagreeable an object f among !m4 ,! =tunate & ! pr\d wond] at ! insol5ce ( human wret*$ness1 t x %\ld d>e to pres5t itself be=e !m1 & ) ! loa?some aspect ( its mis]y1 presume to di/urb ! s]5ity ( _! happ9ess4 ,! man ( rank & di/9ction1 on ! contr>y1 is obs]v$ by all ! _w4 ,e body is eag] to look at him1 & to conceive1 at lea/ by sympa?y1 t joy & exultation ) :i* 8 circum/ances naturally inspire him4 ,8 actions are ! objects ( ! public c>e4 ,sc>ce a ^w1 sc>ce a ge/ure1 c fall f him t is altoge!r neglect$4 ,9 a great assembly he is ! p]son ^u :om all direct _! eyes2 x is ^u him t _! passions seem all to wait ) expectation1 9 ord] to receive t movem5t & direction :i* he %all impress ^u !m2 & if 8 behavi\r is n altoge!r absurd1 he has1 e mom5t1 an opportunity ( int]e/+ mank9d1 & ( r5d]+ himself ! object ( ! obs]vation & fell[-feel+ ( e body ab\t him4 ,x is ?is1 :i* not)/&+ ! re/ra9t x imposes1 not)/&+ ! loss ( lib]ty ) :i* x is att5d$1 r5d]s greatness ! object ( envy1 & comp5sates 9 ! op9ion ( mank9d1 all t toil1 all t anxiety1 all ^? mortifications :i* mu/ be und]gone 9 ! pursuit ( x2 & :at is ( yet m consequ5ce1 all t leisure1 all t ease1 all t c>eless security1 :i* are =feit$ = ev] by ! acquisition4 ,:5 we consid] ! condition ( ! great1 9 ^? delusive col\rs 9 :i* ! imag9ation is apt to pa9t x1 x seems to be almo/ ! ab/ract idea ( a p]fect & happy /ate4 ,x is ! v /ate :i*1 9 all our wak+ dreams & idle rev]ies1 we _h sket*$ out to ourselves z ! f9al object ( all our desires4 ,we feel1 !re=e1 a peculi> sympa?y ) ! satisfaction ( ^? :o are 9 x4 ,we fav\r all _! incl9ations1 & =w>d all _! wi%es4 ,:at pity1 we ?9k1 t any ?+ %\ld spoil & corrupt s agreeable a situation6 ,we c\ld ev5 wi% !m immortal2 & x seems h>d to u1 t dea? %\ld at la/ put an end to su* p]fect enjoym5t4 ,x is cruel1 we ?9k1 9 ,nature1 to compel !m f _! exalt$ /ations to t humble1 b hospitable home1 :i* %e has provid$ = all h] *ildr54 ,great ,k+1 live = ev]6 is ! complim5t1 :i* aft] ! mann] ( ea/]n adulation1 we %\ld readily make !m1 if exp]i5ce did n tea* u its absurdity4 ,e calamity t befalls !m1 e injury t is done !m1 excites 9 ! brea/ ( ! spectator t5 times m compassion & res5tm5t ?an he w\ld h felt1 _h ! same ?+s happ5$ to o!r m54 ,x is ! mis=tunes ( ,k+s only :i* af=d ! prop] subjects = trag$y4 ,!y resemble1 9 ?is respect1 ! mis=tunes ( lov]s4 ,^? two situations are ! *ief :i* int]e/ u ^u ! !atre2 because1 9 spite ( all t reason & exp]i5ce c tell u to ! contr>y1 ! prejudices ( ! imag9ation atta* to ^! two /ates a happ9ess sup]ior to any o!r4 ,to di/urb1 or to put an end to su* p]fect enjoym5t1 seems to be ! mo/ atroci\s ( all injuries4 ,! traitor :o conspires aga9/ ! life ( 8 mon>*1 is ?\ght a great] mon/] ?an any o!r murd]]4 ,all ! innoc5t blood t 0 %$ 9 ! civil w>s1 provok$ less indignation ?an ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 ,a /rang] to human nature1 :o saw ! indiff]5ce ( m5 ab\t ! mis]y ( _! inf]iors1 & ! regret & indignation :i* !y feel = ! mis=tunes & suff]+s ( ^? above !m1 w\ld be apt to imag9e1 t pa9 mu/ be m agoniz+1 & ! convulsions ( dea? m t]rible to p]sons ( high] rank1 ?an to ^? ( mean] /ations4 ,^u ?is disposition ( mank9d1 to g along ) all ! passions ( ! ri* & ! p[]ful1 is f\nd$ ! di/9ction ( ranks1 & ! ord] ( society4 ,our obsequi\sness to our sup]iors m frequ5tly arises f our admiration = ! advantages ( _! situation1 ?an f any private expectations ( b5efit f _! good-w4 ,_! b5efits c ext5d b to a few2 b _! =tunes int]e/ almo/ e body4 ,we are eag] to assi/ !m 9 compleat+ a sy/em ( happ9ess t approa*es s ne> to p]fection2 & we desire to s]ve !m = _! own sake1 )\t any o!r recomp5se b ! vanity or ! hon\r ( oblig+ !m4 ,nei!r is our def]5ce to _! incl9ations f\nd$ *iefly1 or altoge!r1 ^u a reg>d to ! utility ( su* submission1 & to ! ord] ( society1 :i* is be/ support$ by x4 ,ev5 :5 ! ord] ( society seems to require t we %\ld oppose !m1 we c h>dly br+ ourselves to d x4 ,t k+s are ! s]vants ( ! p1 to be obey$1 resi/$1 depos$1 or puni%$1 z ! public conv5i5cy may require1 is ! doctr9e ( reason & philosophy2 b x is n ! doctr9e ( ,nature4 ,nature w\ld tea* u to submit to !m1 = _! own sake1 to tremble & b[ d[n be=e _! exalt$ /ation1 to reg>d _! smile z a rew>d suffici5t to comp5sate any s]vices1 & to dread _! displeasure1 ?\gh no o!r evil 0 to foll[ f x1 z ! sev]e/ ( all mortifications4 ,to treat !m 9 any respect z m51 to reason & dispute ) !m ^u ord9>y occasions1 requires su* resolution1 t !re are few m5 ^: magnanimity c support !m 9 x1 unless !y are likewise assi/$ by famili>ity & acqua9tance4 ,! /ronge/ motives1 ! mo/ furi\s passions1 fe>1 hatr$1 & res5tm5t1 are sc>ce suffici5t to balance ?is natural disposition to respect !m3 & _! conduct mu/1 ei!r ju/ly or unju/ly1 h excit$ ! highe/ degree ( all ^? passions1 be=e ! bulk ( ! p c be br\ght to oppose !m ) viol5ce1 or to desire to see !m ei!r puni%$ or depos$4 ,ev5 :5 ! p h be5 br\ght ?is l5g?1 !y are apt to rel5t e mom5t1 & easily relapse into _! habitual /ate ( def]5ce to ^? :om !y h be5 accu/om$ to look ^u z _! natural sup]iors4 ,!y _c /& ! mortification ( _! mon>*4 ,compassion soon takes ! place ( res5tm5t1 !y =get all pa/ provocations1 _! old pr9ciples ( loyalty revive1 & !y run to re-e/abli% ! ru9$ au?ority ( _! old ma/]1 ) ! same viol5ce ) :i* !y _h oppos$ x4 ,! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 br\ght ab\t ! ,re/oration ( ! royal family4 ,compassion = ,james ,,ii4 :5 he 0 seiz$ by ! populace 9 mak+ 8 escape on %ip-bo>d1 _h almo/ prev5t$ ! ,revolution1 & made x g on m heavily ?an be=e4 ,d ! great seem ins5sible ( ! easy price at :i* !y may acquire ! public admiration2 or d !y seem to imag9e t to !m1 z to o!r m51 x mu/ be ! pur*ase ei!r ( sweat or ( blood8 ,by :at important accompli%m5ts is ! "y nobleman in/ruct$ to support ! dignity ( 8 rank1 & to r5d] himself wor?y ( t sup]iority ov] 8 fell[-citiz5s1 to :i* ! virtue ( 8 ance/ors _h rais$ !m8 ,is x by k1 by indu/ry1 by pati5ce1 by self-d5ial1 or by virtue ( any k9d8 ,z all 8 words1 z all 8 motions are att5d$ to1 he le>ns an habitual reg>d to e circum/ance ( ord9>y behavi\r1 & /udies to p]=m all ^? small duties ) ! mo/ exact propriety4 ,z he is consci\s h[ mu* he is obs]v$1 & h[ mu* mank9d are dispos$ to fav\r all 8 incl9ations1 he acts1 ^u ! mo/ indiff]5t occasions1 ) t fre$om & elevation :i* ! ?\ght ( ?is naturally inspires4 ,8 air1 8 mann]1 8 deportm5t1 all m>k t elegant & graceful s5se ( 8 own sup]iority1 :i* ^? :o are born to inf]ior /ations c h>dly ev] arrive at3 ^! are ! arts by :i* he proposes to make mank9d m easily submit to 8 au?ority1 & to gov]n _! incl9ations accord+ to 8 own pleasure3 & 9 ?is he is seldom disappo9t$4 ,^! arts1 support$ by rank & pre-em95ce1 are1 ^u ord9>y occasions1 suffici5t to gov]n ! _w4 ,lewis ,,xiv4 dur+ ! great] "p ( 8 reign1 0 reg>d$1 n only 9 ,france1 b ov] all ,europe1 z ! mo/ p]fect model ( a great pr9ce4 ,b :at 7 ! tal5ts & virtues by :i* he acquir$ ?is great reputation8 ,0 x by ! scrupul\s & inflexible ju/ice ( all 8 und]tak+s1 by ! imm5se dang]s & difficulties ) :i* !y 7 att5d$1 or by ! unwe>i$ & unrel5t+ application ) :i* he pursu$ !m8 ,0 x by 8 ext5sive k1 by 8 exquisite judgm5t1 or by 8 h]oic val\r8 ,x 0 by none ( ^! qualities4 ,b he 01 fir/ ( all1 ! mo/ p[]ful pr9ce 9 ,europe1 & consequ5tly held ! highe/ rank among k+s2 & !n1 says 8 hi/orian1 8he surpass$ all 8 c\rti]s 9 ! gracefulness ( 8 %ape1 & ! maje/ic beauty ( 8 features4 ,! s\nd ( 8 voice1 noble & affect+1 ga9$ ^? he>ts :i* 8 pres5ce intimidat$4 ,he _h a /ep & deportm5t :i* c\ld suit only him & 8 rank1 & :i* w\ld h be5 ridicul\s 9 any o!r p]son4 ,! emb>rassm5t :i* he occasion$ to ^? :o spoke to him1 flatt]$ t secret satisfaction ) :i* he felt 8 own sup]iority4 ,! old (fic]1 :o 0 conf\nd$ & fault]$ 9 ask+ him a fav\r1 & n be+ able to conclude 8 disc\rse1 said to him1 ,sir1 y\r maje/y1 ,i hope1 w believe t ,i d n tremble ?us be=e y\r enemies3 _h no difficulty to obta9 :at he dem&$40 ,^! frivol\s accompli%m5ts1 support$ by 8 rank1 &1 no d\bt1 too1 by a degree ( o!r tal5ts & virtues1 :i* seems1 h[ev]1 n to h be5 mu* above m$iocrity1 e/abli%$ ?is pr9ce 9 ! e/eem ( 8 own age1 & h drawn1 ev5 f po/]ity1 a good deal ( respect = 8 memory4 ,comp>$ ) ^? ( 8 own times1 & 9 8 own pres5ce1 no o!r virtue1 x seems1 appe>$ to h any m]it4 ,k1 indu/ry1 val\r1 & b5efic5ce1 trembl$1 7 aba%$1 & lo/ all dignity be=e !m4 ,b x is n by accompli%m5ts ( ?is k9d1 t ! man ( inf]ior rank mu/ hope to di/+ui% himself4 ,polit5ess is s mu* ! virtue ( ! great1 t x w d little hon\r to any body b !mselves4 ,! coxcomb1 :o imitates _! mann]1 & affects to be em95t by ! sup]ior propriety ( 8 ord9>y behavi\r1 is rew>d$ ) a d\ble %>e ( contempt = 8 folly & presumption4 ,:y %\ld ! man1 :om nobody ?9ks x wor? :ile to look at1 be v anxi\s ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* he holds up 8 head1 or disposes ( 8 arms :ile he walks ?r\gh a room8 ,he is occupi$ surely ) a v sup]flu\s att5tion1 & ) an att5tion too t m>ks a s5se ( 8 own importance1 :i* no o!r mortal c g along )4 ,! mo/ p]fect mode/y & pla9ness1 jo9$ to z mu* neglig5ce z is consi/5t ) ! respect due to ! company1 ought to be ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! behavi\r ( a private man4 ,if ev] he hopes to di/+ui% himself1 x mu/ be by m important virtues4 ,he mu/ acquire dep5dants to balance ! dep5dants ( ! great1 & he has no o!r fund to pay !m f1 b ! lab\r ( 8 body1 & ! activity ( 8 m9d4 ,he mu/ cultivate ^! !re=e3 he mu/ acquire sup]ior k 9 8 pr(ession1 & sup]ior indu/ry 9 ! ex]cise ( x4 ,he mu/ be pati5t 9 lab\r1 resolute 9 dang]1 & firm 9 di/ress4 ,^! tal5ts he mu/ br+ into public view1 by ! difficulty1 importance1 &1 at ! same "t1 good judgm5t ( 8 und]tak+s1 & by ! sev]e & unrel5t+ application ) :i* he pursues !m4 ,probity & prud5ce1 g5]osity & frankness1 mu/ *>act]ize 8 behavi\r ^u all ord9>y occasions2 & he mu/1 at ! same "t1 be =w>d to engage 9 all ^? situations 9 :i* x requires ! greate/ tal5ts & virtues to act ) propriety1 b 9 :i* ! greate/ applause is to be acquir$ by ^? :o c acquit !mselves ) hon\r4 ,) :at impati5ce does ! man ( _s & ambition1 :o is depress$ by 8 situation1 look r\nd = "s great opportunity to di/+ui% himself8 ,no circum/ances1 :i* c af=d ?is1 appe> to him undesirable4 ,he ev5 looks =w>d ) satisfaction to ! prospect ( =eign w>1 or civil diss5sion2 &1 ) secret transport & delight1 sees ?r\gh all ! confusion & blood%$ :i* att5d !m1 ! probability ( ^? wi%$ = occasions pres5t+ !mselves1 9 :i* he may draw ^u himself ! att5tion & admiration ( mank9d4 ,! man ( rank & di/9ction1 on ! contr>y1 ^: :ole glory consi/s 9 ! propriety ( 8 ord9>y behavi\r1 :o is cont5t$ ) ! humble r5[n :i* ?is c af=d him1 & has no tal5ts to acquire any o!r1 is unwill+ to emb>rass himself ) :at c be att5d$ ei!r ) difficulty or di/ress4 ,to figure at a ball is 8 great triumph1 & to succe$ 9 an intrigue ( gallantry1 8 highe/ exploit4 ,he has an av]sion to all public confusions1 n f ! love ( mank9d1 = ! great nev] look ^u _! inf]iors z _! fell[-creatures2 nor yet f want ( c\rage1 = 9 t he is seldom defective2 b f a consci\sness t he possesses none ( ! virtues :i* are requir$ 9 su* situations1 & t ! public att5tion w c]ta9ly be drawn away f him by o!rs4 ,he may be will+ to expose himself to "s little dang]1 & to make a campaign :5 x happ5s to be ! fa%ion4 ,b he %udd]s ) horror at ! ?\ght ( any situation :i* dem&s ! cont9ual & long ex]tion ( pati5ce1 indu/ry1 =titude1 & application ( ?\ght4 ,^! virtues are h>dly ev] to be met ) 9 m5 :o are born to ^? high /ations4 ,9 all gov]nm5ts accord+ly1 ev5 9 mon>*ies1 ! highe/ (fices are g5]ally possess$1 & ! :ole detail ( ! adm9i/ration conduct$ by m5 :o 7 educat$ 9 ! middle & inf]ior ranks ( life1 :o h be5 c>ri$ =w>d by _! own indu/ry & abilities1 ?\gh load$ ) ! jeal\sy1 & oppos$ by ! res5tm5t ( all ^? :o 7 born _! sup]iors1 & to :om ! great1 aft] hav+ reg>d$ !m fir/ ) contempt1 & aft]w>ds ) envy1 are at la/ cont5t$ to truckle ) ! same abject meanness ) :i* !y desire t ! re/ ( mank9d %\ld behave to !mselves4 ,x is ! loss ( ?is easy empire ov] ! affections ( mank9d :i* r5d]s ! fall f greatness s insupportable4 ,:5 ! family ( ! ,k+ ( ,mac$on 0 l$ 9 triumph by ,paulus milius1 _! mis=tunes1 x is said1 made !m divide ) _! conqu]or ! att5tion ( ! ,roman p4 ,! sight ( ! royal *ildr51 ^: t5d] age r5d]$ !m ins5sible ( _! situation1 /ruck ! spectators1 amid/ ! public rejoic+s & prosp]ity1 ) ! t5d]e/ sorr[ & compassion4 ,! ,k+ appe>$ next 9 ! procession2 & seem$ l "o conf\nd$ & a/oni%$1 & b]eft ( all s5tim5t1 by ! greatness ( 8 calamities4 ,8 fri5ds & m9i/]s foll[$ aft] him4 ,z !y mov$ along1 !y (t5 ca/ _! eye ^u _! fall5 sov]eign1 & always bur/ into te>s at ! sight2 _! :ole behavi\r demon/rat+ t !y ?\ght n ( _! mis=tunes1 b 7 occupi$ entirely by ! sup]ior greatness ( 84 ,! g5]\s ,romans1 on ! contr>y1 beheld him ) disda9 & indignation1 & reg>d$ z unwor?y ( all compassion ! man :o c\ld be s mean-spirit$ z to be> to live "u su* calamities4 ,yet :at did ^? calamities am\nt to8 ,accord+ to ! great] "p ( hi/orians1 he 0 to sp5d ! rema9d] ( 8 days "u ! protection ( a p[]ful & humane p1 9 a /ate :i* 9 itself %\ld seem wor?y ( envy1 a /ate ( pl5ty1 ease1 leisure1 & security1 f :i* x 0 impossible = him ev5 by 8 own folly to fall4 ,b he 0 no long] to be surr\nd$ by t admir+ mob ( fools1 flatt]]s1 & dep5dants1 :o _h =m]ly be5 accu/om$ to att5d ^u all 8 motions4 ,he 0 no long] to be gaz$ ^u by multitudes1 nor to h x 9 8 p[] to r5d] himself ! object ( _! respect1 _! gratitude1 _! love1 _! admiration4 ,! passions ( nations 7 no long] to m\ld !mselves ^u 8 incl9ations4 ,?is 0 t insupportable calamity :i* b]eav$ ! ,k+ ( all s5tim5t2 :i* made 8 fri5ds =get _! own mis=tunes2 & :i* ! ,roman magnanimity c\ld sc>ce conceive h[ any man c\ld be s mean-spirit$ z to be> to survive4 8,love1 says my ,"l ,ro*ef\cault1 is commonly succe$$ by ambition2 b ambition is h>dly ev] succe$$ by love40 ,t passion :5 once x has got entire possession ( ! brea/1 w admit nei!r a rival nor a successor4 ,to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to ! possession1 or ev5 to ! hope ( public admiration1 all o!r pleasures sick5 & decay4 ,( all ! disc>d$ /atesm5 :o = _! own ease h /udi$ to get ! bett] ( ambition1 & to despise ^? hon\rs :i* !y c\ld no long] arrive at1 h[ few h be5 able to succe$8 ,! great] "p h sp5t _! "t 9 ! mo/ li/less & insipid indol5ce1 *agr9$ at ! ?\ghts ( _! own insignificancy1 incapable ( be+ int]e/$ 9 ! occupations ( private life1 )\t enjoym5t except :5 !y talk$ ( _! =m] greatness1 & )\t satisfaction except :5 !y 7 employ$ 9 "s va9 project to recov] x4 ,are y 9 e>ne/ resolv$ nev] to b>t] y\r lib]ty = ! lordly s]vitude ( a ,c\rt1 b to live free1 fe>less1 & indep5d5t8 ,!re seems to be "o way to cont9ue 9 t virtu\s resolution2 & p]haps b "o4 ,nev] ent] ! place f :5ce s few h be5 able to return2 nev] come )9 ! circle ( ambition2 nor ev5 br+ y\rself into comp>ison ) ^? ma/]s ( ! e>? :o h already engross$ ! att5tion ( half mank9d be=e y4 ,( su* mighty importance does x appe> to be1 9 ! imag9ations ( m51 to /& 9 t situation :i* sets !m mo/ 9 ! view ( g5]al sympa?y & att5tion4 ,& ?us1 place1 t great object :i* divides ! wives ( ald]m51 is ! end ( half ! lab\rs ( life2 & is ! cause ( all ! tumult & bu/le1 all ! rap9e & inju/ice1 :i* av>ice & ambition h introduc$ into ?is _w4 ,p ( s5se1 x is said1 inde$ despise place2 t is1 !y despise sitt+ at ! head ( ! table1 & are indiff]5t :o x is t is po9t$ out to ! company by t frivol\s circum/ance1 :i* ! smalle/ advantage is capable ( ov]balanc+4 ,b rank1 di/9ction1 pre-em95ce1 no man despises1 unless he is ei!r rais$ v mu* above1 or sunk v mu* bel[1 ! ord9>y /&>d ( human nature2 unless he is ei!r s confirm$ 9 wisdom & real philosophy1 z to be satisfi$ t1 :ile ! propriety ( 8 conduct r5d]s him ! j object ( approbation1 x is ( little consequ5ce ?\gh he be nei!r att5d$ to1 nor approv$ (2 or s habituat$ to ! idea ( 8 own meanness1 s sunk 9 slo?ful & sotti% indiff]5ce1 z entirely to h =got ! desire1 & almo/ ! v wi%1 = sup]iority4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! /oical philosophy4 ,:5 we exam9e 9 ?is mann] into ! gr\nd ( ! diff]5t degrees ( e/imation :i* mank9d are apt to be/[ ^u ! diff]5t conditions ( life1 we %all f9d1 t ! excessive pref]5ce1 :i* !y g5]ally give to "s ( !m above o!rs1 is 9 a great measure )\t any f\ndation4 ,if to be able to act ) propriety1 & to r5d] ourselves ! prop] objects ( ! approbation ( mank9d1 be1 z we h be5 endeav\r+ to %[1 :at *iefly recomm5ds to u "o condition above ano!r1 ?is may equally be atta9$ 9 !m all4 ,! noble/ propriety ( conduct may be support$ 9 adv]sity1 z well z 9 prosp]ity2 & ?\gh x is some:at m difficult 9 ! fir/1 x is ^u t v acc\nt m admirable4 ,p]ils & mis=tunes are n only ! prop] s*ool ( h]oism1 !y are ! only prop] !atre :i* c exhibit its virtue to advantage1 & draw ^u x ! full applause ( ! _w4 ,! man1 ^: :ole life has be5 "o ev5 & un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( prosp]ity1 :o nev] brav$ any dang]1 :o nev] enc\nt]$ any difficulty1 :o nev] surm\nt$ any di/ress1 c excite b an inf]ior degree ( admiration4 ,:5 poets & romance-writ]s endeav\r to inv5t a tra9 ( adv5tures1 :i* %all give ! greate/ lu/re to ^? *>act]s = :om !y mean to int]e/ u1 !y are all ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,!y are rapid & sudd5 *anges ( =tune1 situations ! mo/ apt to drive ^? :o are 9 !m to fr5zy & di/raction1 or to abject despair2 b 9 :i* _! h]oes act ) s mu* propriety1 or at lea/ ) s mu* _s & undaunt$ resolution1 z /ill to comm& our e/eem4 ,is n ! un=tunate magnanimity ( ,cato1 ,brutus1 & ,leonidas1 z mu* ! object ( admiration1 z t ( ! successful ,cs> or ,alex&]8 ,to a g5]\s m9d1 !re=e1 ought x n to be z mu* ! object ( envy8 ,if a m dazzl+ spl5dor seems to att5d ! =tunes ( successful conqu]ors1 x is because !y jo9 toge!r ! advantages ( bo? situations1 ! lu/re ( prosp]ity to ! high admiration :i* is excit$ by dang]s enc\nt]$1 & difficulties surm\nt$1 ) intrepidity & val\r4 ,x 0 ^u ?is acc\nt t1 accord+ to ! /oical philosophy1 to a wise man all ! diff]5t conditions ( life 7 equal4 ,nature1 !y said1 _h recomm5d$ "s objects to our *oice1 & o!rs to our disapprobation4 ,our prim>y appetites direct$ u to ! pursuit ( heal?1 /r5g?1 ease1 & p]fection1 9 all ! qualities ( m9d & body2 & ( :atev] c\ld promote or secure ^!1 ri*es1 p[]1 au?ority3 & ! same orig9al pr9ciple taught u to avoid ! contr>y4 ,b 9 *us+ or reject+1 9 pref]r+ or po/pon+1 ^? fir/ objects ( orig9al appetite & av]sion1 ,nature _h likewise taught u1 t !re 0 a c]ta9 ord]1 propriety1 & grace1 to be obs]v$1 ( inf9itely great] consequ5ce to happ9ess & p]fection1 ?an ! atta9m5t ( ^? objects !mselves4 ,! objects ( our prim>y appetites or av]sions 7 to be pursu$ or avoid$1 *iefly because a reg>d to ?is grace & propriety requir$ su* conduct4 ,9 direct+ all our actions accord+ to ^!1 consi/$ ! happ9ess & glory ( human nature4 ,9 dep>t+ f ^? rules :i* !y prescrib$ to u1 its greate/ wret*$ness & mo/ complete depravity4 ,! outw>d appe>ance ( ?is ord] & propriety 0 inde$ m easily ma9ta9$ 9 "s circum/ances ?an 9 o!rs4 ,to a fool1 h[ev]1 to "o ^: passions 7 subject$ to no prop] contr\l1 to act ) real grace & propriety1 0 equally impossible 9 e situation4 ,?\gh ! giddy multitude might admire him1 ?\gh 8 vanity might sometimes be elevat$ by _! ignorant praises into some?+ t resembl$ self-approbation1 yet /ill :5 he turn$ 8 view to :at pass$ )9 8 own brea/1 he 0 secretly consci\s to himself ( ! absurdity & meanness ( all 8 motives1 & inw>dly blu%$ & trembl$ at ! ?\ghts ( ! contempt :i* he knew he des]v$1 & :i* mank9d w\ld c]ta9ly be/[ ^u him if !y saw 8 conduct 9 ! light 9 :i* 9 8 own he>t he 0 oblig$ to reg>d x4 ,to a wise man1 on ! contr>y1 to "o ^: passions 7 all br\ght "u p]fect subjection to ! rul+ pr9ciples ( 8 nature1 to reason & ! love ( propriety1 to act s z to des]ve approbation 0 equally easy ^u all occasions4 ,0 he 9 prosp]ity1 he return$ ?anks to ,jupit] = hav+ jo9$ him ) circum/ances :i* 7 easily ma/]$1 & 9 :i* !re 0 little temptation to d wrong4 ,0 he 9 adv]sity1 he equally1 return$ ?anks to ! director ( ?is spectacle ( human life1 = hav+ oppos$ to him a vigor\s a?lete1 ov] :om1 ?\gh ! conte/ 0 likely to be m viol5t1 ! victory 0 m glori\s1 & equally c]ta94 ,c !re be any %ame 9 t di/ress :i* is br\ght ^u u )\t any fault ( our own1 & 9 :i* we behave ) p]fect propriety8 ,!re c !re=e1 be no evil1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! greate/ good & advantage4 ,a brave man exults 9 ^? dang]s1 9 :i*1 f no ra%ness ( 8 own1 8 =tune has involv$ him4 ,!y af=d an opportunity ( ex]cis+ t h]oic intrepidity1 ^: ex]tion gives ! exalt$ delight :i* fl[s f ! consci\sness ( sup]ior propriety & des]v$ admiration4 ,"o :o is ma/] ( all 8 ex]cises has no av]sion to measure 8 /r5g? & activity ) ! /ronge/4 ,& 9 ! same mann]1 "o :o is ma/] ( all 8 passions1 does n dread any circum/ances 9 :i* ! sup]9t5dant ( ! univ]se may ?9k prop] to place him4 ,! b\nty ( t ,div9e ,be+ has provid$ him ) virtues :i* r5d] him sup]ior to e situation4 ,if x is pleasure1 he has temp]ance to refra9 f x2 if x is pa91 he has con/ancy to be> x2 if x is dang] or dea?1 he has magnanimity & =titude to despise x4 ,he nev] compla9s ( ! de/9y ( provid5ce1 nor ?9ks ! univ]se 9 confusion :5 he is out ( ord]4 ,he does n look ^u himself1 accord+ to :at self-love w\ld sugge/1 z a :ole1 sep>at$ & deta*$ f e o!r "p ( nature1 to be tak5 c>e ( by itself1 & = itself4 ,he reg>ds himself 9 ! light 9 :i* he imag9es ! great ,g5ius ( human nature1 & ( ! _w1 reg>ds him4 ,he ent]s1 if ,i may say s1 into ! s5tim5ts ( t ,div9e ,be+1 & consid]s himself z an atom1 a p>ticle1 ( an imm5se & inf9ite sy/em1 :i* mu/1 & ought to be dispos$ (1 accord+ to ! conv5i5cy ( ! :ole4 ,assur$ ( ! wisdom :i* directs all ! ev5ts ( human life1 :atev] lot befalls him1 he accepts x ) joy1 satisfi$ t1 if he _h kn[n all ! connexions & dep5d5cies ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! univ]se1 x is ! v lot :i* he himself w\ld h wi%$ =4 ,if x is life1 he is cont5t$ to live3 & if x is dea?1 z ,nature mu/ h no fur!r occasion = 8 pres5ce "h1 he will+ly goes :]e he is appo9t$4 ,i accept1 said a /oical philosoph]1 ) equal joy & satisfaction1 :atev] =tune c befal me4 ,ri*es or pov]ty1 pleasure or pa91 heal? or sickness1 all is alike3 nor w\ld ,i desire t ! gods %\ld 9 any respect *ange my de/9ation4 ,if ,i 0 to ask ( !m any ?+1 beyond :at _! b\nty has already be/[$1 x %\ld be t !y w\ld in=m me be=eh& :at x 0 _! pleasure %\ld be done ) me1 t ,i might ( my own accord place myself 9 ?is situation1 & demon/rate ! *e>fulness ) :i* ,i embrac$ _! allotm5t4 ,if ,i am go+ to fail1 says ,epictetus1 ,i *use ! be/ %ip1 & ! be/ pilot1 & ,i wait = ! faire/ wea!r t my circum/ances & duty w all[4 ,prud5ce & propriety1 ! pr9ciples :i* ! gods h giv5 me = ! direction ( my conduct1 require ?is ( me2 b !y require no m3 & if1 not)/&+1 a /orm arises1 :i* nei!r ! /r5g? ( ! vessel1 nor ! skill ( ! pilot are likely to )/&1 ,i give myself no tr\ble ab\t ! consequ5ce4 ,all t ,i _h to d1 is done already4 ,! directors ( my conduct nev] comm& me to be mis]able1 to be anxi\s1 despond+1 or afraid4 ,:e!r we are to be dr[n$1 or to come to a h>b\r1 is ! bus9ess ( ,jupit]1 n m9e4 ,i leave x entirely to 8 det]m9ation1 nor ev] break my re/ ) consid]+ :i* way he is likely to decide x1 b receive :atev] comes ) equal indiff]5ce & security4 ,su* 0 ! philosophy ( ! /oics1 a philosophy :i* af=ds ! noble/ lessons ( magnanimity1 is ! be/ s*ool ( h]oes & patriots1 & to ! great] "p ( ^: precepts !re c be no objection1 except t hon\rable "o1 t !y tea* u to aim at a p]fection altoge!r beyond ! rea* ( human nature4 ,i %all n at pres5t /op to exam9e x4 ,i %all only obs]ve1 9 confirmation ( :at has =m]ly be5 said1 t ! mo/ dreadful calamities are n always ^? :i* x is mo/ difficult to support4 ,x is (t5 m mortify+ to appe> 9 public1 "u small disa/]s1 ?an "u great mis=tunes4 ,! fir/ excite no sympa?y2 b ! second1 ?\gh !y may excite none t approa*es to ! angui% ( ! suff]]1 call =?1 h[ev]1 a v lively compassion4 ,! s5tim5ts ( ! spectators are1 9 ?is la/ case1 !re=e1 less wide ( ^? ( ! suff]]1 & _! imp]fect fell[-feel+ l5ds him "s assi/ance 9 support+ 8 mis]y4 ,be=e a gay assembly1 a g5tleman w\ld be m mortifi$ to appe> cov]$ ) fil? & rags ?an ) blood & w\nds4 ,?is la/ situation w\ld int]e/ _! pity2 ! o!r w\ld provoke _! laught]4 ,! judge :o ord]s a crim9al to be set 9 ! pillory1 di%on\rs him m ?an if he _h condemn$ him to ! scaffold4 ,! great pr9ce1 :o1 "s ye>s ago1 can$ a g5]al (fic] at ! head ( 8 army1 disgrac$ him irrecov]ably4 ,! puni%m5t w\ld h be5 mu* less _h he %ot him ?r\gh ! body4 ,by ! laws ( hon\r1 to /rike ) a cane di%on\rs1 to /rike ) a sword does n1 = an obvi\s reason4 ,^? slight] puni%m5ts :5 inflict$ on a g5tleman1 to :om di%on\r is ! greate/ ( all evils1 come to be reg>d$ among a humane & g5]\s p1 z ! mo/ dreadful ( any4 ,) reg>d to p]sons ( t rank1 !re=e1 !y are univ]sally laid aside1 & ! law1 :ile x takes _! life ^u _m occasions1 respects _! hon\r ^u almo/ all4 ,to sc\rge a p]son ( quality1 or to set him 9 ! pillory1 ^u acc\nt ( any crime :atev]1 is a brutality ( :i* no ,european gov]nm5t1 except t ( ,russia1 is capable4 ,a brave man is n r5d]$ contemptible by be+ br\ght to ! scaffold2 he is1 by be+ set 9 ! pillory4 ,8 behavi\r 9 ! "o situation may ga9 him univ]sal e/eem & admiration4 ,no behavi\r 9 ! o!r c r5d] him agreeable4 ,! sympa?y ( ! spectators supports him 9 ! "o case1 & saves him f t %ame1 t consci\sness t 8 mis]y is felt by himself only1 :i* is ( all s5tim5ts ! mo/ unsupportable4 ,!re is no sympa?y 9 ! o!r2 or1 if !re is any1 x is n ) 8 pa91 :i* is a trifle1 b ) 8 consci\sness ( ! want ( sympa?y ) :i* ?is pa9 is att5d$4 ,x is ) 8 %ame1 n ) 8 sorr[4 ,^? :o pity him1 blu% & hang d[n _! heads = him4 ,he droops 9 ! same mann]1 & feels himself irrecov]ably degrad$ by ! puni%m5t1 ?\gh n by ! crime4 ,! man1 on ! contr>y1 :o dies ) resolution1 z he is naturally reg>d$ ) ! erect aspect ( e/eem & approbation1 s he we>s himself ! same undaunt$ c\nt5ance2 &1 if ! crime does n deprive him ( ! respect ( o!rs1 ! puni%m5t nev] w4 ,he has no suspicion t 8 situation is ! object ( contempt or d]ision to any body1 & he c1 ) propriety1 assume ! air1 n only ( p]fect s]5ity1 b ( triumph & exaltation4 8,great dang]s10 says ! ,c>d9al de ,retz1 8h _! *>ms1 because !re is "s glory to be got1 ev5 :5 we misc>ry4 ,b mod]ate dang]s h no?+ b :at is horrible1 because ! loss ( reputation always att5ds ! want ( success40 ,8 maxim has ! same f\ndation ) :at we h be5 j n[ obs]v+ ) reg>d to puni%m5ts4 ,human virtue is sup]ior to pa91 to pov]ty1 to dang]1 & to dea?2 nor does x ev5 require its utmo/ ef=ts to despise !m4 ,b to h its mis]y expos$ to insult & d]ision1 to be l$ 9 triumph1 to be set up = ! h& ( scorn to po9t at1 is a situation 9 :i* its con/ancy is mu* m apt to fail4 ,comp>$ ) ! contempt ( mank9d1 all o!r evils are easily support$4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,( ,,m]it & ,,dem]it2 or1 ( ! ,objects ( ,,rew>d & ,,puni%m5t4 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,?ree ,,sections4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! s5se ( m]it & dem]it4 ,,introduction4 ,!re is ano!r set ( qualities ascrib$ to ! actions & conduct ( mank9d1 di/9ct f _! propriety or impropriety1 _! dec5cy or ungracefulness1 & :i* are ! objects ( a di/9ct species ( approbation & disapprobation4 ,^! are m]it & dem]it1 ! qualities ( des]v+ rew>d1 & ( des]v+ puni%m5t4 ,x has already be5 obs]v$1 t ! s5tim5t or affection ( ! he>t1 f :i* any action proce$s1 & ^u :i* its :ole virtue or vice dep5ds1 may be consid]$ "u two diff]5t aspects1 or 9 two diff]5t relations3 fir/1 9 relation to ! cause or object :i* excites x2 &1 secondly1 9 relation to ! end :i* x proposes1 or to ! effect :i* x t5ds to produce3 t ^u ! suitabl5ess or unsuitabl5ess1 ^u ! proportion or disproportion1 :i* ! affection seems to be> to ! cause or object :i* excites x1 dep5ds ! propriety or impropriety1 ! dec5cy or ungracefulness ( ! consequ5t action2 & t ^u ! b5eficial or hurtful effects :i* ! affection proposes or t5ds to produce1 dep5ds ! m]it or dem]it1 ! good or ill des]t ( ! action to :i* x gives occasion4 ,:]e9 consi/s our s5se ( ! propriety or impropriety ( actions1 has be5 expla9$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is disc\rse4 ,we come n[ to consid]1 :]e9 consi/s t ( _! good or ill des]t4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,t :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] object ( gratitude1 appe>s to des]ve rew>d2 & t1 9 ! same mann]1 :atev] appe>s to be ! prop] object ( res5tm5t1 appe>s to des]ve puni%m5t4 ,to u1 !re=e1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( t s5tim5t1 :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to rew>d1 or to d good to ano!r4 ,& 9 ! same mann]1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve puni%m5t1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( t s5tim5t :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to publi%1 or inflict evil ^u ano!r4 ,! s5tim5t :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to rew>d1 is gratitude2 t :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompts u to puni%1 is res5tm5t4 ,to u1 !re=e1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( gratitude2 z1 on ! o!r h&1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve puni%m5t1 :i* appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( res5tm5t4 ,to rew>d1 is to recomp5se1 to remun]ate1 to return good = good receiv$4 ,to puni%1 too1 is to recomp5se1 to remun]ate1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t mann]2 x is to return evil = evil t has be5 done4 ,!re are "s o!r passions1 besides gratitude & res5tm5t1 :i* int]e/ u 9 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs2 b !re are none :i* s directly excite u to be ! in/rum5ts ( ei!r4 ,! love & e/eem :i* gr[ ^u acqua9tance & habitual approbation1 necess>ily lead u to be pleas$ ) ! good =tune ( ! man :o is ! object ( su* agreeable emotions1 & consequ5tly1 to be will+ to l5d a h& to promote x4 ,our love1 h[ev]1 is fully satisfi$1 ?\gh 8 good =tune %\ld be br\ght ab\t )\t our assi/ance4 ,all t ?is passion desires is to see him happy1 )\t reg>d+ :o 0 ! au?or ( 8 prosp]ity4 ,b gratitude is n to be satisfi$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,if ! p]son to :om we owe _m obligations1 is made happy )\t our assi/ance1 ?\gh x pleases our love1 x does n cont5t our gratitude4 ,till we h recomp5s$ him1 till we ourselves h be5 in/rum5tal 9 promot+ 8 happ9ess1 we feel ourselves /ill load$ ) t debt :i* 8 pa/ s]vices h laid ^u u4 ,! hatr$ & dislike1 9 ! same mann]1 :i* gr[ ^u habitual disapprobation1 w\ld (t5 lead u to take a malici\s pleasure 9 ! mis=tune ( ! man ^: conduct & "* excite s pa9ful a passion4 ,b ?\gh dislike & hatr$ h>d5 u aga9/ all sympa?y1 & sometimes dispose u ev5 to rejoice at ! di/ress ( ano!r1 yet1 if !re is no res5tm5t 9 ! case1 if nei!r we nor our fri5ds h receiv$ any great p]sonal provocation1 ^! passions w\ld n naturally lead u to wi% to be in/rum5tal 9 br++ x ab\t4 ,?o' we c\ld fe> no puni%m5t 9 consequ5ce ( our hav+ _h "s h& x1 we w\ld r t x %\ld happ5 by o!r means4 ,to "o "u ! dom9ion ( viol5t hatr$ x w\ld be agreeable1 p]haps1 to he>1 t ! p]son :om he abhorr$ & dete/$ 0 kill$ by "s accid5t4 ,b if he _h ! lea/ sp>k ( ju/ice1 :i*1 ?\gh ?is passion is n v fav\rable to virtue1 he might /ill h1 x w\ld hurt him excessively to h be5 himself1 ev5 )\t design1 ! occasion ( ?is mis=tune4 ,mu* m w\ld ! v ?\ght ( volunt>ily contribut+ to x %ock him beyond all measure4 ,he w\ld reject ) horror ev5 ! imag9ation ( s execrable a design2 & if he c\ld imag9e himself capable ( su* an enormity1 he w\ld beg9 to reg>d himself 9 ! same odi\s light 9 :i* he _h consid]$ ! p]son :o 0 ! object ( 8 dislike4 ,b x is q o!rwise ) res5tm5t3 if ! p]son :o _h done u "s great injury1 :o _h murd]$ our fa!r or our bro!r1 = example1 %\ld soon aft]w>ds die ( a fev]1 or ev5 be br\ght to ! scaffold ^u acc\nt ( "s o!r crime1 ?\gh x might soo? our hatr$1 x w\ld n fully gratify our res5tm5t4 ,res5tm5t w\ld prompt u to desire1 n only t he %\ld be puni%$1 b t he %\ld be puni%$ by our means1 & ^u acc\nt ( t p>ticul> injury :i* he _h done to u4 ,res5tm5t _c be fully gratifi$1 unless ! (f5d] is n only made to grieve 9 8 turn1 b to grieve = t p>ticul> wrong :i* we h suff]$ f him4 ,he mu/ be made to rep5t & be sorry = ?is v action1 t o!rs1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! l puni%m5t1 may be t]rifi$ f be+ guilty ( ! l (f5ce4 ,! natural gratification ( ?is passion t5ds1 ( its own accord1 to produce all ! political ends ( puni%m5t2 ! correction ( ! crim9al1 & ! example to ! public4 ,gratitude & res5tm5t1 !re=e1 are ! s5tim5ts :i* mo/ imm$iately & directly prompt to rew>d & to puni%4 ,to u1 !re=e1 he mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :o appe>s to be ! prop] & approv$ object ( gratitude2 & he to des]ve puni%m5t1 :o appe>s to be t ( res5tm5t4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! prop] objects ( gratitude & res5tm5t4 ,to be ! prop] & approv$ object ei!r ( gratitude or res5tm5t1 c mean no?+ b to be ! object ( t gratitude1 & ( t res5tm5t1 :i* naturally seems prop]1 & is approv$ (4 ,b ^!1 z well z all ! o!r passions ( human nature1 seem prop] & are approv$ (1 :5 ! he>t ( e imp>tial spectator entirely sympa?izes ) !m1 :5 e indiff]5t by-/&] entirely ent]s into1 & goes along ) !m4 ,he1 !re=e1 appe>s to des]ve rew>d1 :o1 to "s p]son or p]sons1 is ! natural object ( a gratitude :i* e human he>t is dispos$ to beat "t to1 & !reby applaud3 & he1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s to des]ve puni%m5t1 :o 9 ! same mann] is to "s p]son or p]sons ! natural object ( a res5tm5t :i* ! brea/ ( e reasonable man is ready to adopt & sympa?ize )4 ,to u1 surely1 t action mu/ appe> to des]ve rew>d1 :i* e body :o kn[s ( x w\ld wi% to rew>d1 & !re=e delights to see rew>d$3 & t action mu/ z surely appe> to des]ve puni%m5t1 :i* e body :o he>s ( x is angry )1 & ^u t acc\nt rejoices to see puni%$4 #a4 ,z we sympa?ize ) ! joy ( our companions :5 9 prosp]ity1 s we jo9 ) !m 9 ! complac5cy & satisfaction ) :i* !y naturally reg>d :atev] is ! cause ( _! good =tune4 ,we ent] into ! love & affection :i* !y conceive = x1 & beg9 to love x too4 ,we %\ld be sorry = _! sakes if x 0 de/roy$1 or ev5 if x 0 plac$ at too great a di/ance f !m1 & out ( ! rea* ( _! c>e & protection1 ?\gh !y %\ld lose no?+ by its abs5ce except ! pleasure ( see+ x4 ,if x is man :o has ?us be5 ! =tunate in/rum5t ( ! happ9ess ( 8 bre?r51 ?is is /ill m peculi>ly ! case4 ,:5 we see "o man assi/$1 protect$1 reliev$ by ano!r1 our sympa?y ) ! joy ( ! p]son :o receives ! b5efit s]ves only to animate our fell[-feel+ ) 8 gratitude t[>ds him :o be/[s x4 ,:5 we look ^u ! p]son :o is ! cause ( 8 pleasure ) ! eyes ) :i* we imag9e he mu/ look ^u him1 8 b5efactor seems to /& be=e u 9 ! mo/ engag+ & amiable light4 ,we readily !re=e sympa?ize ) ! grateful affection :i* he conceives = a p]son to :om he has be5 s mu* oblig$2 & consequ5tly applaud ! returns :i* he is dispos$ to make = ! good (fices conf]r$ ^u him4 ,z we entirely ent] into ! affection f :i* ^! returns proce$1 !y necess>ily seem e way prop] & suitable to _! object4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z we sympa?ize ) ! sorr[ ( our fell[-creature :5ev] we see 8 di/ress1 s we likewise ent] into 8 abhorr5ce & av]sion = :atev] has giv5 occasion to x4 ,our he>t1 z x adopts & beats "t to 8 grief1 s is x likewise animat$ ) t _s by :i* he endeav\rs to drive away or de/roy ! cause ( x4 ,! indol5t & passive fell[-feel+1 by :i* we accompany him 9 8 suff]+s1 readily gives way to t m vigor\s & active s5tim5t by :i* we g along ) him 9 ! ef=t he makes1 ei!r to repel !m1 or to gratify 8 av]sion to :at has giv5 occasion to !m4 ,?is is /ill m peculi>ly ! case1 :5 x is man :o has caus$ !m4 ,:5 we see "o man oppress$ or injur$ by ano!r1 ! sympa?y :i* we feel ) ! di/ress ( ! suff]] seems to s]ve only to animate our fell[-feel+ ) 8 res5tm5t aga9/ ! (f5d]4 ,we are rejoic$ to see him attack 8 adv]s>y 9 8 turn1 & are eag] & ready to assi/ him :5ev] he ex]ts himself = def5ce1 or ev5 = v5geance )9 a c]ta9 degree4 ,if ! injur$ %\ld p]i% 9 ! qu>rel1 we n only sympa?ize ) ! real res5tm5t ( 8 fri5ds & relations1 b ) ! imag9>y res5tm5t :i* 9 fancy we l5d to ! dead1 :o is no long] capable ( feel+ t or any o!r human s5tim5t4 ,b z we put ourselves 9 8 situation1 z we ent]1 z x 71 into 8 body1 & 9 our imag9ations1 9 "s measure1 animate anew ! de=m$ & mangl$ c>cass ( ! sla91 :5 we br+ home 9 ?is mann] 8 case to our own bosoms1 we feel ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 an emotion :i* ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is incapable ( feel+1 & :i* yet we feel by an illusive sympa?y ) him4 ,! sympa!tic te>s :i* we %$ = t imm5se & irretrievable loss1 :i* 9 our fancy he appe>s to h su/a9$1 seem to be b a small "p ( ! duty :i* we owe him4 ,! injury :i* he has suff]$ dem&s1 we ?9k1 a pr9cipal "p ( our att5tion4 ,we feel t res5tm5t :i* we imag9e he ought to feel1 & :i* he w\ld feel1 if 9 8 cold & lifeless body !re rema9$ any consci\sness ( :at passes ^u e>?4 ,8 blood1 we ?9k1 calls al\d = v5geance4 ,! v a%es ( ! dead seem to be di/urb$ at ! ?\ght t 8 injuries are to pass unrev5g$4 ,! horrors :i* are suppos$ to haunt ! b$ ( ! murd]]1 ! gho/s :i*1 sup]/ition imag9es1 rise f _! graves to dem& v5geance ^u ^? :o br\ght !m to an untimely end1 all take _! orig9 f ?is natural sympa?y ) ! imag9>y res5tm5t ( ! sla94 ,& ) reg>d1 at lea/1 to ?is mo/ dreadful ( all crimes1 ,nature1 antec$5t to all reflections ^u ! utility ( puni%m5t1 has 9 ?is mann] /amp$ ^u ! human he>t1 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ indelible *>act]s1 an imm$iate & in/9ctive approbation ( ! sacr$ & necess>y law ( retaliation4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,t :]e !re is no approbation ( ! conduct ( ! p]son :o conf]s ! b5efit1 !re is little sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( him :o receives x3 & t1 on ! contr>y1 :]e !re is no disapprobation ( ! motives ( ! p]son :o does ! mis*ief1 !re is no sort ( sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( him :o suff]s x4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t1 h[ b5eficial soev] on ! "o h&1 or h[ hurtful soev] on ! o!r1 ! actions or int5tions ( ! p]son :o acts may h be5 to ! p]son :o is1 if ,i may say s1 act$ ^u1 yet if 9 ! "o case !re appe>s to h be5 no propriety 9 ! motives ( ! ag5t1 if we _c ent] into ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct1 we h little sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o receives ! b5efit3 or if1 9 ! o!r case1 !re appe>s to h be5 no impropriety 9 ! motives ( ! ag5t1 if1 on ! contr>y1 ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct are su* z we mu/ necess>ily ent] into1 we c h no sort ( sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! p]son :o suff]s4 ,little gratitude seems due 9 ! "o case1 & all sort ( res5tm5t seems unju/ 9 ! o!r4 ,! "o action seems to m]it little rew>d1 ! o!r to des]ve no puni%m5t4 #a4 ,fir/1 ,i say1 t :]ev] we _c sympa?ize ) ! affections ( ! ag5t1 :]ev] !re seems to be no propriety 9 ! motives :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct1 we are less dispos$ to ent] into ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o receiv$ ! b5efit ( 8 actions4 ,a v small return seems due to t fooli% & pr(use g5]osity :i* conf]s ! greate/ b5efits f ! mo/ trivial motives1 & gives an e/ate to a man m]ely because 8 "n & surname happ5 to be ! same ) ^? ( ! giv]4 ,su* s]vices d n seem to dem& any proportionable recomp5se4 ,our contempt = ! folly ( ! ag5t h9d]s u f ?or\ghly ent]+ into ! gratitude ( ! p]son to :om ! good (fice has be5 done4 ,8 b5efactor seems unwor?y ( x4 ,z :5 we place ourselves 9 ! situation ( ! p]son oblig$1 we feel t we c\ld conceive no great rev]5ce = su* a b5efactor1 we easily absolve him f a great deal ( t submissive v5]ation & e/eem :i* we %\ld ?9k due to a m respectable "*2 & provid$ he always treats 8 weak fri5d ) k9dness & humanity1 we are will+ to excuse him f _m att5tions & reg>ds :i* we %\ld dem& to a wor?i] patron4 ,^? ,pr9ces1 :o h heap$1 ) ! greate/ pr(usion1 weal?1 p[]1 & hon\rs1 ^u _! fav\rites1 h seldom excit$ t degree ( atta*m5t to _! p]sons :i* has (t5 be5 exp]i5c$ by ^? :o 7 m frugal ( _! fav\rs4 ,! well-natur$1 b injudici\s prodigality ( ,james ! ,fir/ ( ,great ,brita9 seems to h atta*$ no body to 8 p]son2 & t ,pr9ce1 not)/&+ 8 social & h>mless disposition1 appe>s to h liv$ & di$ )\t a fri5d4 ,! :ole g5try & nobility ( ,engl& expos$ _! lives & =tunes 9 ! cause ( 8 m frugal & di/+ui%+ son1 not)/&+ ! coldness & di/ant sev]ity ( 8 ord9>y deportm5t4 #b4 ,secondly1 ,i say1 ,t :]ev] ! conduct ( ! ag5t appe>s to h be5 entirely direct$ by motives & affections :i* we ?or\ghly ent] into & approve (1 we c h no sort ( sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 h[ great soev] ! mis*ief :i* may h be5 done to him4 ,:5 two p qu>rel1 if we take "p )1 & entirely adopt ! res5tm5t ( "o ( !m1 x is impossible t we %\ld ent] into t ( ! o!r4 ,our sympa?y ) ! p]son ^: motives we g along )1 & :om !re=e we look ^u z 9 ! "r1 _c b h>d5 u aga9/ all fell[-feel+ ) ! o!r1 :om we necess>ily reg>d z 9 ! wrong4 ,:atev] ?is la/1 !re=e1 may h suff]$1 :ile x is no m ?an :at we ourselves %\ld h wi%$ him to suff]1 :ile x is no m ?an :at our own sympa!tic indignation w\ld h prompt$ u to inflict ^u him1 x _c ei!r displease or provoke u4 ,:5 an inhuman murd]] is br\ght to ! scaffold1 ?\gh we h "s compassion = 8 mis]y1 we c h no sort ( fell[-feel+ ) 8 res5tm5t1 if he %\ld be s absurd z to express any aga9/ ei!r 8 prosecutor or 8 judge4 ,! natural t5d5cy ( _! j indignation aga9/ s vile a crim9al is inde$ ! mo/ fatal & ru9\s to him4 ,b x is impossible t we %\ld be displeas$ ) ! t5d5cy ( a s5tim5t1 :i*1 :5 we br+ ! case home to ourselves1 we feel t we _c avoid adopt+4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,recapitulation ( ! =ego+ ,*apt]s4 ,we d n1 !re=e1 ?or\ghly & he>tily sympa?ize ) ! gratitude ( "o man t[>ds ano!r1 m]ely because ?is o!r has be5 ! cause ( 8 good =tune1 unless he has be5 ! cause ( x f motives :i* we entirely g along )4 ,our he>t mu/ adopt ! pr9ciples ( ! ag5t1 & g along ) all ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct1 be=e x c entirely sympa?ize )1 & beat "t to1 ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o has be5 b5efit$ by 8 actions4 ,if 9 ! conduct ( ! b5efactor !re appe>s to h be5 no propriety1 h[ b5eficial soev] its effects1 x does n seem to dem&1 or necess>ily to require1 any proportionable recomp5se4 ,b :5 to ! b5efic5t t5d5cy ( ! action is jo9$ ! propriety ( ! affection f :i* x proce$s1 :5 we entirely sympa?ize & g along ) ! motives ( ! ag5t1 ! love :i* we conceive = him ^u 8 own acc\nt1 enhances & enliv5s our fell[-feel+ ) ! gratitude ( ^? :o owe _! prosp]ity to 8 good conduct4 ,8 actions seem !n to dem&1 &1 if ,i may say s1 to call al\d = a proportionable recomp5se4 ,we !n entirely ent] into t gratitude :i* prompts to be/[ x4 ,! b5efactor seems !n to be ! prop] object ( rew>d1 :5 we ?us entirely sympa?ize )1 & approve (1 t s5tim5t :i* prompts to rew>d him4 ,:5 we approve (1 & g along )1 ! affection f :i* ! action proce$s1 we mu/ necess>ily approve ( ! action1 & reg>d ! p]son t[>ds :om x is direct$ z its prop] & suitable object4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann]1 we _c at all sympa?ize ) ! res5tm5t ( "o man aga9/ ano!r1 m]ely because ?is o!r has be5 ! cause ( 8 mis=tune1 unless he has be5 ! cause ( x f motives :i* we _c ent] into4 ,be=e we c adopt ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 we mu/ disapprove ( ! motives ( ! ag5t1 & feel t our he>t r5\nces all sympa?y ) ! affections :i* influ5c$ 8 conduct4 ,if !re appe>s to h be5 no impropriety 9 ^!1 h[ fatal soev] ! t5d5cy ( ! action :i* proce$s f !m to ^? aga9/ :om x is direct$1 x does n seem to des]ve any puni%m5t1 or to be ! prop] object ( any res5tm5t4 ,b :5 to ! hurtfulness ( ! action is jo9$ ! impropriety ( ! affection f :5ce x proce$s1 :5 our he>t rejects ) abhorr5ce all fell[-feel+ ) ! motives ( ! ag5t1 we !n he>tily & entirely sympa?ize ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]4 ,su* actions seem !n to des]ve1 &1 if ,i may say s1 to call al\d =1 a proportionable puni%m5t2 & we entirely ent] into1 & !reby approve (1 t res5tm5t :i* prompts to inflict x4 ,! (f5d] necess>ily seems !n to be ! prop] object ( puni%m5t1 :5 we ?us entirely sympa?ize )1 & !reby approve (1 t s5tim5t :i* prompts to puni%4 ,9 ?is case too1 :5 we approve1 & g along )1 ! affection f :i* ! action proce$s1 we mu/ necess>ily approve ( ! action1 & reg>d ! p]son aga9/ :om x is direct$1 z its prop] & suitable object4 ,,*ap4 ,v4 ,! analysis ( ! s5se ( m]it & dem]it4 #a4 ,z our s5se1 !re=e1 ( ! propriety ( conduct arises f :at ,i %all call a direct sympa?y ) ! affections & motives ( ! p]son :o acts1 s our s5se ( its m]it arises f :at ,i %all call an indirect sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o is1 if ,i may say s1 act$ ^u4 ,z we _c inde$ ent] ?or\ghly into ! gratitude ( ! p]son :o receives ! b5efit1 unless we be=eh& approve ( ! motives ( ! b5efactor1 s1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 ! s5se ( m]it seems to be a comp\nd$ s5tim5t1 & to be made up ( two di/9ct emotions2 a direct sympa?y ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! ag5t1 & an indirect sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ^? :o receive ! b5efit ( 8 actions4 ,we may1 ^u _m diff]5t occasions1 pla9ly di/+ui% ^? two diff]5t emotions comb9+ & unit+ toge!r 9 our s5se ( ! good des]t ( a p>ticul> "* or action4 ,:5 we read 9 hi/ory conc]n+ actions ( prop] & b5efic5t greatness ( m9d1 h[ eag]ly d we ent] into su* designs8 ,h[ mu* are we animat$ by t high-spirit$ g5]osity :i* directs !m8 ,h[ ke5 are we = _! success8 ,h[ griev$ at _! disappo9tm5t8 ,9 imag9ation we become ! v p]son ^: actions are repres5t$ to u3 we transport ourselves 9 fancy to ! sc5es ( ^? di/ant & =gott5 adv5tures1 & imag9e ourselves act+ ! "p ( a ,scipio or a ,camillus1 a ,timoleon or an ,ari/ides4 ,s f> our s5tim5ts are f\nd$ ^u ! direct sympa?y ) ! p]son :o acts4 ,nor is ! indirect sympa?y ) ^? :o receive ! b5efit ( su* actions less s5sibly felt4 ,:5ev] we place ourselves 9 ! situation ( ^! la/1 ) :at w>m & affectionate fell[-feel+ d we ent] into _! gratitude t[>ds ^? :o s]v$ !m s ess5tially8 ,we embrace1 z x 71 _! b5efactor along ) !m4 ,our he>t readily sympa?izes ) ! highe/ transports ( _! grateful affection4 ,no hon\rs1 no rew>ds1 we ?9k1 c be too great = !m to be/[ ^u him4 ,:5 !y make ?is prop] return = 8 s]vices1 we he>tily applaud & g along ) !m2 b are %ock$ beyond all measure1 if by _! conduct !y appe> to h little s5se ( ! obligations conf]r$ ^u !m4 ,our :ole s5se1 9 %ort1 ( ! m]it & good des]t ( su* actions1 ( ! propriety & fitness ( recomp5s+ !m1 & mak+ ! p]son :o p]=m$ !m rejoice 9 8 turn1 arises f ! sympa!tic emotions ( gratitude & love1 ) :i*1 :5 we br+ home to our own brea/ ! situation ( ^? pr9cipally conc]n$1 we feel ourselves naturally transport$ t[>ds ! man :o c\ld act ) su* prop] & noble b5efic5ce4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann] z our s5se ( ! impropriety ( conduct arises f a want ( sympa?y1 or f a direct antipa?y to ! affections & motives ( ! ag5t1 s our s5se ( its dem]it arises f :at ,i %all "h too call an indirect sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]4 ,z we _c inde$ ent] into ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 unless our he>t be=eh& disapproves ! motives ( ! ag5t1 & r5\nces all fell[-feel+ ) !m2 s ^u ?is acc\nt ! s5se ( dem]it1 z well z t ( m]it1 seems to be a comp\nd$ s5tim5t1 & to be made up ( two di/9ct emotions2 a direct antipa?y to ! s5tim5ts ( ! ag5t1 & an indirect sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]4 ,we may "h too1 ^u _m diff]5t occasions1 pla9ly di/+ui% ^? two diff]5t emotions comb9+ & unit+ toge!r 9 our s5se ( ! ill des]t ( a p>ticul> "* or action4 ,:5 we read 9 hi/ory conc]n+ ! p]fidy & cruelty ( a ,borgia or a ,n]o1 our he>t rises up aga9/ ! dete/able s5tim5ts :i* influ5c$ _! conduct1 & r5\nces ) horror & abom9ation all fell[-feel+ ) su* execrable motives4 ,s f> our s5tim5ts are f\nd$ ^u ! direct antipa?y to ! affections ( ! ag5t3 & ! indirect sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]s is /ill m s5sibly felt4 ,:5 we br+ home to ourselves ! situation ( ! p]sons :om ^? sc\rges ( mank9d insult$1 murd]$1 or betray$1 :at indignation d we n feel aga9/ su* insol5t & inhuman oppressors ( ! e>?8 ,our sympa?y ) ! unavoidable di/ress ( ! innoc5t suff]]s is n m real nor m lively1 ?an our fell[-feel+ ) _! j & natural res5tm5t4 ,! =m] s5tim5t only height5s ! latt]1 & ! idea ( _! di/ress s]ves only to inflame & bl[ up our animosity aga9/ ^? :o occasion$ x4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! angui% ( ! suff]]s1 we take "p ) !m m e>ne/ly aga9/ _! oppressors2 we ent] ) m eag]ness into all _! s*emes ( v5geance1 & feel ourselves e mom5t wreak+1 9 imag9ation1 ^u su* violators ( ! laws ( society1 t puni%m5t :i* our sympa!tic indignation tells u is due to _! crimes4 ,our s5se ( ! horror & dreadful atrocity ( su* conduct1 ! delight :i* we take 9 he>+ t x 0 prop]ly puni%$1 ! indignation :i* we feel :5 x escapes ?is due retaliation1 our :ole s5se & feel+1 9 %ort1 ( its ill des]t1 ( ! propriety & fitness ( inflict+ evil ^u ! p]son :o is guilty ( x1 & ( mak+ him grieve 9 8 turn1 arises f ! sympa!tic indignation :i* naturally boils up 9 ! brea/ ( ! spectator1 :5ev] he ?or\ghly br+s home to himself ! case ( ! suff]]#b4 ,footnote #b3 ,to ascribe 9 ?is mann] our natural s5se ( ! ill des]t ( human actions to a sympa?y ) ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 may seem1 to ! great] "p ( p1 to be a degradation ( t s5tim5t4 ,res5tm5t is commonly reg>d$ z s odi\s a passion1 t !y w be apt to ?9k x impossible t s laudable a pr9ciple1 z ! s5se ( ! ill des]t ( vice1 %\ld 9 any respect be f\nd$ ^u x4 ,!y w be m will+1 p]haps1 to admit t our s5se ( ! m]it ( good actions is f\nd$ ^u a sympa?y ) ! gratitude ( ! p]sons :o receive ! b5efit ( !m2 because gratitude1 z well z all ! o!r b5evol5t passions1 is reg>d$ z an amiable pr9ciple1 :i* c take no?+ f ! wor? ( :atev] is f\nd$ ^u x4 ,gratitude & res5tm5t1 h[ev]1 are 9 e respect1 x is evid5t1 c\nt]p>ts to "o ano!r2 & if our s5se ( m]it arises f a sympa?y ) ! "o1 our s5se ( dem]it c sc>ce miss to proce$ f a fell[-feel+ ) ! o!r4 ,let x be consid]$ too t res5tm5t1 ?\gh1 9 ! degrees 9 :i* we too (t5 see x1 ! mo/ odi\s1 p]haps1 ( all ! passions1 is n disapprov$ ( :5 prop]ly humbl$ & entirely br\ght d[n to ! level ( ! sympa!tic indignation ( ! spectator4 ,:5 we1 :o are ! by/&]s1 feel t our own animosity entirely corresponds ) t ( ! suff]]1 :5 ! res5tm5t ( ?is la/ does n 9 any respect g beyond our own1 :5 no ^w1 no ge/ure1 escapes him t d5otes an emotion m viol5t ?an :at we c keep "t to1 & :5 he nev] aims at inflict+ any puni%m5t beyond :at we %\ld rejoice to see inflict$1 or :at we ourselves w\ld ^u ?is acc\nt ev5 desire to be ! in/rum5ts ( inflict+1 x is impossible t we %\ld n entirely approve ( 8 s5tim5ts4 ,our own emotion 9 ?is case mu/1 9 our eyes1 und\bt$ly ju/ify 84 ,& z exp]i5ce tea*es u h[ mu* ! great] "p ( mank9d are incapable ( ?is mod]ation1 & h[ great an ef=t mu/ be made 9 ord] to br+ d[n ! rude & undiscipl9$ impulse ( res5tm5t to ?is suitable temp]1 we _c avoid conceiv+ a consid]able degree ( e/eem & admiration = "o :o appe>s capable ( ex]t+ s mu* self-comm& ov] "o ( ! mo/ ungov]nable passions ( 8 nature4 ,:5 inde$ ! animosity ( ! suff]] exce$s1 z x almo/ always does1 :at we c g along )1 z we _c ent] into x1 we necess>ily disapprove ( x4 ,we ev5 disapprove ( x m ?an we %\ld ( an equal excess ( almo/ any o!r passion d]iv$ f ! imag9ation4 ,& ?is too viol5t res5tm5t1 in/ead ( c>ry+ u along ) x1 becomes itself ! object ( our res5tm5t & indignation4 ,we ent] into ! opposite res5tm5t ( ! p]son :o is ! object ( ?is unju/ emotion1 & :o is 9 dang] ( suff]+ f x4 ,rev5ge1 !re=e1 ! excess ( res5tm5t1 appe>s to be ! mo/ dete/able ( all ! passions1 & is ! object ( ! horror & indignation ( e body4 ,& z 9 ! way 9 :i* ?is passion commonly discov]s itself among mank9d1 x is excessive a hundr$ times = once t x is mod]ate1 we are v apt to consid] x z altoge!r odi\s & dete/able1 because 9 its mo/ ord9>y appe>ances x is s4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! pres5t deprav$ /ate ( mank9d1 does n seem to h dealt s unk9dly ) u1 z to h end[$ u ) any pr9ciple :i* is :olly 9 e respect evil1 or :i*1 9 no degree & 9 no direction1 c be ! prop] object ( praise & approbation4 ,^u "s occasions we are s5sible t ?is passion1 :i* is g5]ally too /rong1 may likewise be too weak4 ,we sometimes compla9 t a p>ticul> p]son %[s too little _s1 & has too little s5se ( ! injuries t h be5 done to him2 & we are z ready to despise him = ! defect1 z to hate him = ! excess ( ?is passion4 ,! inspir$ writ]s w\ld n surely h talk$ s frequ5tly or s /rongly ( ! wra? & ang] ( ,god1 if !y _h reg>d$ e degree ( ^? passions z vici\s & evil1 ev5 9 s weak & imp]fect a creature z man4 ,let x be consid]$ too1 t ! pres5t inquiry is n conc]n+ a matt] ( "r1 if ,i may say s1 b conc]n+ a matt] ( fact4 ,we are n at pres5t exam9+ ^u :at pr9ciples a p]fect be+ w\ld approve ( ! puni%m5t ( bad actions2 b ^u :at pr9ciples s weak & imp]fect a creature z man actually & 9 fact approves ( x4 ,! pr9ciples :i* ,i h j n[ m5tion$1 x is evid5t1 h a v great effect ^u 8 s5tim5ts2 & x seems wisely ord]$ t x %\ld be s4 ,! v exi/5ce ( society requires t unm]it$ & unprovok$ malice %\ld be re/ra9$ by prop] puni%m5ts2 & consequ5tly1 t to inflict ^? puni%m5ts %\ld be reg>d$ z a prop] & laudable action4 ,?\gh man1 !re=e1 be naturally end[$ ) a desire ( ! welf>e & pres]vation ( society1 yet ! ,au?or ( nature has n entru/$ x to 8 reason to f9d out t a c]ta9 application ( puni%m5ts is ! prop] means ( atta9+ ?is end2 b has end[$ him ) an imm$iate & in/9ctive approbation ( t v application :i* is mo/ prop] to atta9 x4 ,! conomy ( nature is 9 ?is respect exactly ( a piece ) :at x is ^u _m o!r occasions4 ,) reg>d to all ^? ends :i*1 ^u acc\nt ( _! peculi> importance1 may be reg>d$1 if su* an expression is all[able1 z ! fav\rite ends ( nature1 %e has con/antly 9 ?is mann] n only end[$ mank9d ) an appetite = ! end :i* %e proposes1 b likewise ) an appetite = ! means by :i* alone ?is end c be br\ght ab\t1 = _! own sakes1 & indep5d5t ( _! t5d5cy to produce x4 ,?us self-pres]vation1 & ! propagation ( ! species1 are ! great ends :i* ,nature seems to h propos$ 9 ! =mation ( all animals4 ,mank9d are end[$ ) a desire ( ^? ends1 & an av]sion to ! contr>y2 ) a love ( life1 & a dread ( dissolution2 ) a desire ( ! cont9uance & p]petuity ( ! species1 & ) an av]sion to ! ?\ghts ( its entire ext9ction4 ,b ?\gh we are 9 ?is mann] end[$ ) a v /rong desire ( ^? ends1 x has n be5 entru/$ to ! sl[ & unc]ta9 det]m9ations ( our reason1 to f9d out ! prop] means ( br++ !m ab\t4 ,nature has direct$ u to ! great] "p ( ^! by orig9al & imm$iate in/9cts4 ,hung]1 ?ir/1 ! passion :i* unites ! two sexes1 ! love ( pleasure1 & ! dread ( pa91 prompt u to apply ^? means = _! own sakes1 & )\t any consid]ation ( _! t5d5cy to ^? b5efic5t ends :i* ! great ,director ( nature int5d$ to produce by !m4 ,be=e ,i conclude ?is note1 ,i mu/ take notice ( a diff]5ce betwe5 ! approbation ( propriety & t ( m]it or b5efic5ce4 ,be=e we approve ( ! s5tim5ts ( any p]son z prop] & suitable to _! objects1 we mu/ n only be affect$ 9 ! same mann] z he is1 b we mu/ p]ceive ?is h>mony & correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts betwe5 him & ourselves4 ,?us1 ?\gh ^u he>+ ( a mis=tune t _h befall5 my fri5d1 ,i %\ld conceive precisely t degree ( conc]n :i* he gives way to2 yet till ,i am in=m$ ( ! mann] 9 :i* he behaves1 till ,i p]ceive ! h>mony betwe5 8 emotions & m9e1 ,i _c be said to approve ( ! s5tim5ts :i* influ5ce 8 behavi\r4 ,! approbation ( propriety !re=e requires1 n only t we %\ld intirely sympa?ize ) ! p]son :o acts1 b t we %\ld p]ceive ?is p]fect concord betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & our own4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ,i he> ( a b5efit t has be5 be/[$ ^u ano!r p]son1 let him :o has receiv$ x be affect$ 9 :at mann] he pleases1 if1 by br++ 8 case home to myself1 ,i feel gratitude arise 9 my own brea/1 ,i necess>ily approve ( ! conduct ( 8 b5efactor1 & reg>d x z m]itori\s1 & ! prop] object ( rew>d4 ,:e!r ! p]son :o has receiv$ ! b5efit conceives gratitude or n1 _c1 x is evid5t1 9 any degree alt] our s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! m]it ( him :o has be/[$ x4 ,no actual correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts1 !re=e1 is "h requir$4 ,x is suffici5t t if he 0 grateful1 !y w\ld correspond2 & our s5se ( m]it is (t5 f\nd$ ^u "o ( ^? illusive sympa?ies1 by :i*1 :5 we br+ home to ourselves ! case ( ano!r1 we are (t5 affect$ 9 a mann] 9 :i* ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is incapable ( be+ affect$4 ,!re is a simil> diff]5ce betwe5 our disapprobation ( dem]it1 & t ( impropriety4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ju/ice & b5efic5ce4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,comp>ison ( ^? two virtues4 ,actions ( a b5efic5t t5d5cy1 :i* proce$ f prop] motives1 seem alone to require rew>d2 because su* alone are ! approv$ objects ( gratitude1 or excite ! sympa!tic gratitude ( ! spectator4 ,actions ( a hurtful t5d5cy1 :i* proce$ f improp] motives1 seem alone to des]ve puni%m5t2 because su* alone are ! approv$ objects ( res5tm5t1 or excite ! sympa!tic res5tm5t ( ! spectator4 ,b5efic5ce is always free1 x _c be extort$ by =ce1 ! m]e want ( x exposes to no puni%m5t2 because ! m]e want ( b5efic5ce t5ds to d no real positive evil4 ,x may disappo9t ( ! good :i* might reasonably h be5 expect$1 & ^u t acc\nt x may ju/ly excite dislike & disapprobation3 x _c1 h[ev]1 provoke any res5tm5t :i* mank9d w g along )4 ,! man :o does n recomp5se 8 b5efactor1 :5 he has x 9 8 p[]1 & :5 8 b5efactor ne$s 8 assi/ance1 is1 no d\bt1 guilty ( ! blacke/ +ratitude4 ,! he>t ( e imp>tial spectator rejects all fell[-feel+ ) ! selfi%ness ( 8 motives1 & he is ! prop] object ( ! highe/ disapprobation4 ,b /ill he does no positive hurt to any body4 ,he only does n d t good :i* 9 propriety he ought to h done4 ,he is ! object ( hatr$1 a passion :i* is naturally excit$ by impropriety ( s5tim5t & behavi\r2 n ( res5tm5t1 a passion :i* is nev] prop]ly call$ =? b by actions :i* t5d to d real & positive hurt to "s p>ticul> p]sons4 ,8 want ( gratitude1 !re=e1 _c be puni%$4 ,to oblige him by =ce to p]=m :at 9 gratitude he ought to p]=m1 & :at e imp>tial spectator w\ld approve ( him = p]=m+1 w\ld if possible1 be /ill m improp] ?an 8 neglect+ to p]=m x4 ,8 b5efactor w\ld di%on\r himself if he attempt$ by viol5ce to con/ra9 him to gratitude1 & x w\ld be imp]t95t = any ?ird p]son1 :o 0 n ! sup]ior ( ei!r1 to int]m$dle4 ,b ( all ! duties ( b5efic5ce1 ^? :i* gratitude recomm5ds to u approa* ne>e/ to :at is call$ a p]fect & complete obligation4 ,:at fri5d%ip1 :at g5]osity1 :at *>ity1 w\ld prompt u to d ) univ]sal approbation1 is /ill m free1 & c /ill less be extort$ by =ce ?an ! duties ( gratitude4 ,we talk ( ! debt ( gratitude1 n ( *>ity1 or g5]osity1 nor ev5 ( fri5d%ip1 :5 fri5d%ip is m]e e/eem1 & has n be5 enhanc$ & complicat$ ) gratitude = good (fices4 ,res5tm5t seems to h be5 giv5 u by nature = def5ce1 & = def5ce only4 ,x is ! safegu>d ( ju/ice & ! security ( innoc5ce4 ,x prompts u to beat (f ! mis*ief :i* is attempt$ to be done to u1 & to retaliate t :i* is already done2 t ! (f5d] may be made to rep5t ( 8 inju/ice1 & t o!rs1 ?r\gh fe> ( ! l puni%m5t1 may be t]rifi$ f be+ guilty ( ! l (f5ce4 ,x mu/ be res]v$ !re=e = ^! purposes1 nor c ! spectator ev] g along ) x :5 x is ex]t$ = any o!r4 ,b ! m]e want ( ! b5efic5t virtues1 ?\gh x may disappo9t u ( ! good :i* might reasonably be expect$1 nei!r does1 nor attempts to d1 any mis*ief f :i* we c h occasion to def5d ourselves4 ,!re is h[ev] ano!r virtue1 ( :i* ! obs]vance is n left to ! fre$om ( our own wills1 :i* may be extort$ by =ce1 & ( :i* ! violation exposes to res5tm5t1 & consequ5tly to puni%m5t4 ,?is virtue is ju/ice3 ! violation ( ju/ice is injury3 x does real & positive hurt to "s p>ticul> p]sons1 f motives :i* are naturally disapprov$ (4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! prop] object ( res5tm5t1 & ( puni%m5t1 :i* is ! natural consequ5ce ( res5tm5t4 ,z mank9d g along )1 & approve (1 ! viol5ce employ$ to av5ge ! hurt :i* is done by inju/ice1 s !y mu* m g along )1 & approve (1 t :i* is employ$ to prev5t & beat (f ! injury1 & to re/ra9 ! (f5d] f hurt+ 8 neighb\rs4 ,! p]son himself :o m$itates an inju/ice is s5sible ( ?is1 & feels t =ce may1 ) ! utmo/ propriety1 be made use (1 bo? by ! p]son :om he is ab\t to injure1 & by o!rs1 ei!r to ob/ruct ! execution ( 8 crime1 or to puni% him :5 he has execut$ x4 ,& ^u ?is is f\nd$ t rem>kable di/9ction betwe5 ju/ice & all ! o!r social virtues1 :i* has ( late be5 p>ticul>ly insi/$ ^u by an au?or ( v great & orig9al g5ius1 t we feel ourselves to be "u a /rict] obligation to act accord+ to ju/ice1 ?an agreeably to fri5d%ip1 *>ity1 or g5]osity2 t ! practice ( ^! la/ m5tion$ virtues seems to be left 9 "s measure to our own *oice1 b t1 someh[ or o!r1 we feel ourselves to be 9 a peculi> mann] ti$1 b\nd1 & oblig$ to ! obs]vation ( ju/ice4 ,we feel1 t is to say1 t =ce may1 ) ! utmo/ propriety & ) ! approbation ( all mank9d1 be made use ( to con/ra9 u to obs]ve ! rules ( ! "o1 b n to foll[ ! precepts ( ! o!r4 ,we mu/ always1 h[ev]1 c>efully di/+ui% :at is only blamable1 or ! prop] object ( disapprobation1 f :at =ce may be employ$ ei!r to puni% or to prev5t4 ,t seems blamable :i* falls %ort ( t ord9>y degree ( prop] b5efic5ce :i* exp]i5ce tea*es u to expect ( e body2 & on ! contr>y1 t seems praise-wor?y :i* goes beyond x4 ,! ord9>y degree itself1 seems nei!r blamable nor praise-wor?y4 ,a fa!r1 a son1 a bro!r1 :o behaves to ! correspond5t relation1 nei!r bett] nor worse ?an ! great] "p ( m5 commonly d1 seems prop]ly to des]ve nei!r praise nor blame4 ,he :o surprises u by extraord9>y & unexpect$1 ?\gh /ill prop] & suitable k9dness1 or on ! contr>y1 by extraord9>y & unexpect$1 z well z unsuitable unk9dness1 seems praise-wor?y 9 ! "o case1 & blamable 9 ! o!r4 ,ev5 ! mo/ ord9>y degree ( k9dness or b5efic5ce1 h[ev]1 _c1 among equals1 be extort$ by =ce4 ,among equals ea* individual is naturally1 & antec$5t to ! in/itution ( civil gov]nm5t1 reg>d$ z hav+ a "r bo? to def5d himself f injuries1 & to exact a c]ta9 degree ( puni%m5t = ^? :i* h be5 done to him4 ,e g5]\s spectator n only approves ( 8 conduct :5 he does ?is1 b ent]s s f> into 8 s5tim5ts z (t5 to be will+ to assi/ him4 ,:5 "o man attacks1 or robs1 or attempts to murd] ano!r1 all ! neighb\rs take ! al>m1 & ?9k t !y d "r :5 !y run1 ei!r to rev5ge ! p]son :o has be5 injur$1 or to def5d him :o is 9 dang] ( be+ s4 ,b :5 a fa!r fails 9 ! ord9>y degree ( p>5tal affection t[>ds a son1 :5 a son seems to want t filial rev]5ce :i* might be expect$ to 8 fa!r2 :5 bro!rs are )\t ! usual degree ( bro!rly affection2 :5 a man %uts 8 brea/ aga9/ compassion1 & refuses to relieve ! mis]y ( 8 fell[-creatures1 :5 he c ) ! greate/ ease2 9 all ^! cases1 ?\gh e body blames ! conduct1 nobody imag9es t ^? :o might h reason1 p]haps1 to expect m k9dness1 h any "r to extort x by =ce4 ,! suff]] c only compla91 & ! spectator c int]m$dle no o!r way ?an by advice & p]suasion4 ,^u all su* occasions1 = equals to use =ce aga9/ "o ano!r1 w\ld be ?\ght ! highe/ degree ( insol5ce & presumption4 ,a sup]ior may1 inde$1 sometimes1 ) univ]sal approbation1 oblige ^? "u 8 jurisdiction to behave1 9 ?is respect1 ) a c]ta9 degree ( propriety to "o ano!r4 ,! laws ( all civiliz$ nations oblige p>5ts to ma9ta9 _! *ildr51 & *ildr5 to ma9ta9 _! p>5ts1 & impose ^u m5 _m o!r duties ( b5efic5ce4 ,! civil magi/rate is entru/$ ) ! p[] n only ( pres]v+ ! public peace by retra9+ inju/ice1 b ( promot+ ! prosp]ity ( ! commonweal?1 by e/abli%+ good discipl9e1 & by disc\rag+ e sort ( vice & impropriety2 he may prescribe rules1 !re=e1 :i* n only prohibit mutual injuries among fell[-citiz5s1 b comm& mutual good (fices to a c]ta9 degree4 ,:5 ! sov]eign comm&s :at is m]ely indiff]5t1 & :at1 antec$5t to 8 ord]s1 might h be5 omitt$ )\t any blame1 x becomes n only blamable b puni%able to disobey him4 ,:5 he comm&s1 !re=e1 :at1 antec$5t to any su* ord]1 c\ld n h be5 omitt$ )\t ! greate/ blame1 x surely becomes mu* m puni%able to be want+ 9 ob$i5ce4 ,( all ! duties ( a law-giv]1 h[ev]1 ?is1 p]haps1 is t :i* x requires ! greate/ delicacy & res]ve to execute ) propriety & judgm5t4 ,to neglect x altoge!r exposes ! commonweal? to _m gross disord]s & %ock+ enormities1 & to pu% x too f> is de/ructive ( all lib]ty1 security1 & ju/ice4 ,?\gh ! m]e want ( b5efic5ce seems to m]it no puni%m5t f equals1 ! great] ex]tions ( t virtue appe> to des]ve ! highe/ rew>d4 ,by be+ productive ( ! greate/ good1 !y are ! natural & approv$ objects ( ! livelie/ gratitude4 ,?\gh ! brea* ( ju/ice1 on ! contr>y1 exposes to puni%m5t1 ! obs]vance ( ! rules ( t virtue seems sc>ce to des]ve any rew>d4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a propriety 9 ! practice ( ju/ice1 & x m]its1 ^u t acc\nt1 all ! approbation :i* is due to propriety4 ,b z x does no real positive good1 x is entitl$ to v little gratitude4 ,m]e ju/ice is1 ^u mo/ occasions1 b a negative virtue1 & only h9d]s u f hurt+ our neighb\r4 ,! man :o b>ely ab/a9s f violat+ ei!r ! p]son1 or ! e/ate1 or ! reputation ( 8 neighb\rs1 has surely v little positive m]it4 ,he fulfils1 h[ev]1 all ! rules ( :at is peculi>ly call$ ju/ice1 & does ev]y?+ :i* 8 equals c ) propriety =ce him to d1 or :i* !y c puni% him = n do+4 ,we may (t5 fulfil all ! rules ( ju/ice by sitt+ /ill & do+ no?+4 ,z e man do?1 s %all x be done to him1 & retaliation seems to be ! great law :i* is dictat$ to u by ,nature4 ,b5efic5ce & g5]osity we ?9k due to ! g5]\s & b5efic5t4 ,^? ^: he>ts nev] op5 to ! feel+s ( humanity1 %\ld1 we ?9k1 be %ut out 9 ! same mann]1 f ! affections ( all _! fell[-creatures1 & be all[$ to live 9 ! mid/ ( society1 z 9 a great des]t :]e !re is nobody to c>e = !m1 or to inquire aft] !m4 ,! violator ( ! laws ( ju/ice ought to be made to feel himself t evil :i* he has done to ano!r2 & s9ce no reg>d to ! suff]+s ( 8 bre?r5 are capable ( re/ra9+ him1 he ought to be ov]-aw$ by ! fe> ( 8 own4 ,! man :o is b>ely innoc5t1 :o only obs]ves ! law ( ju/ice ) reg>d to o!rs1 & m]ely ab/a9s f hurt+ 8 neighb\rs1 c m]it only t 8 neighb\rs 9 _! turn %\ld respect 8 innoc5ce1 & t ! same laws %\ld be religi\sly obs]v$ ) reg>d to him4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! s5se ( ju/ice1 ( remorse1 & ( ! consci\sness ( m]it4 ,!re c be no prop] motive = hurt+ our neighb\r1 !re c be no incitem5t to d evil to ano!r1 :i* mank9d w g along )1 except j indignation = evil :i* t o!r has done to u4 ,to di/urb 8 happ9ess m]ely because x /&s 9 ! way ( our own1 to take f him :at is ( real use to him m]ely because x may be ( equal or m use to u1 or to indulge1 9 ?is mann]1 at ! exp5ce ( o!r p1 ! natural pref]5ce :i* e man has = 8 own happ9ess above t ( o!r p1 is :at no imp>tial spectator c g along )4 ,e man is1 no d\bt1 by nature1 fir/ & pr9cipally recomm5d$ to 8 own c>e2 & z he is fitt] to take c>e ( himself ?an ( any o!r p]son1 x is fit & "r t x %\ld be s4 ,e man1 !re=e1 is mu* m deeply int]e/$ 9 :atev] imm$iately conc]ns himself1 ?an 9 :at conc]ns any o!r man3 & to he>1 p]haps1 ( ! dea? ( ano!r p]son1 ) :om we h no p>ticul> connexion1 w give u less conc]n1 w spoil our /oma*1 or break our re/ mu* less ?an a v insignificant disa/] :i* has befall5 ourselves4 ,b ?\gh ! ru9 ( our neighb\r may affect u mu* less ?an a v small mis=tune ( our own1 we mu/ n ru9 him to prev5t t small mis=tune1 nor ev5 to prev5t our own ru94 ,we mu/1 "h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 view ourselves n s mu* accord+ to t light 9 :i* we may naturally appe> to ourselves1 z accord+ to t 9 :i* we naturally appe> to o!rs4 ,?\gh e man may1 accord+ to ! prov]b1 be ! :ole _w to himself1 to ! re/ ( mank9d he is a mo/ insignificant "p ( x4 ,?\gh 8 own happ9ess may be ( m importance to him ?an t ( all ! _w besides1 to e o!r p]son x is ( no m consequ5ce ?an t ( any o!r man4 ,?\gh x may be true1 !re=e1 t e individual1 9 8 own brea/1 naturally pref]s himself to all mank9d1 yet he d>es n look mank9d 9 ! face1 & av[ t he acts accord+ to ?is pr9ciple4 ,he feels t 9 ?is pref]5ce !y c nev] g along ) him1 & t h[ natural soev] x may be to him1 x mu/ always appe> excessive & extravagant to !m4 ,:5 he views himself 9 ! light 9 :i* he is consci\s t o!rs w view him1 he sees t to !m he is b "o ( ! multitude 9 no respect bett] ?an any o!r 9 x4 ,if he w\ld act s z t ! imp>tial spectator may ent] into ! pr9ciples ( 8 conduct1 :i* is :at ( all ?+s he has ! greate/ desire to d1 he mu/1 ^u ?is1 z ^u all o!r occasions1 humble ! arrogance ( 8 self-love1 & br+ x d[n to some?+ :i* o!r m5 c g along )4 ,!y w indulge x s f> z to all[ him to be m anxi\s ab\t1 & to pursue ) m e>ne/ assiduity1 8 own happ9ess ?an t ( any o!r p]son4 ,?us f>1 :5ev] !y place !mselves 9 8 situation1 !y w readily g along ) him4 ,9 ! race = weal? & hon\rs1 & pref]m5ts1 he may run z h>d z he c1 & /ra9 e n]ve & e muscle1 9 ord] to out/rip all 8 competitors4 ,b if he %\ld ju/le1 or ?r[ d[n any ( !m1 ! indulg5ce ( ! spectators is entirely at an end4 ,x is a violation ( fair play1 :i* !y _c admit (4 ,?is man is to !m1 9 e respect1 z good z he3 !y d n ent] into t self-love by :i* he pref]s himself s mu* to ?is o!r1 & _c g along ) ! motive f :i* he hurt him4 ,!y readily1 !re=e1 sympa?ize ) ! natural res5tm5t ( ! injur$1 & ! (f5d] becomes ! object ( _! hatr$ & indignation4 ,he is s5sible t he becomes s1 & feels t ^? s5tim5ts are ready to bur/ out f all sides aga9/ him4 ,z ! great] & m irrep>able ! evil t is done1 ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]] runs naturally ! high]1 s does likewise ! sympa!tic indignation ( ! spectator1 z well z ! s5se ( guilt 9 ! ag5t4 ,dea? is ! greate/ evil :i* "o man c inflict ^u ano!r1 & excites ! highe/ degree ( res5tm5t 9 ^? :o are imm$iately connect$ ) ! sla94 ,murd]1 !re=e1 is ! mo/ atroci\s ( all crimes :i* affect individuals only1 9 ! sight bo? ( mank9d1 & ( ! p]son :o has committ$ x4 ,to be depriv$ ( t :i* we are possess$ (1 is a great] evil ?an to be disappo9t$ ( :at we h only ! expectation4 ,brea* ( prop]ty1 !re=e1 !ft & robb]y1 :i* take f u :at we are possess$ (1 are great] crimes ?an brea* ( contract1 :i* only disappo9ts u ( :at we expect$4 ,! mo/ sacr$ laws ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 ^? ^: violation seems to call ! l\de/ = v5geance & puni%m5t1 are ! laws :i* gu>d ! life & p]son ( our neighb\r2 ! next are ^? :i* gu>d 8 prop]ty & possessions2 & la/ ( all come ^? :i* gu>d :at are call$ 8 p]sonal rights1 or :at is due to him f ! promises ( o!rs4 ,! violator ( ! m sacr$ laws ( ju/ice c nev] reflect on ! s5tim5ts :i* mank9d mu/ ent]ta9 ) reg>d to him1 )\t feel+ all ! agonies ( %ame1 & horror1 & con/]nation4 ,:5 8 passion is gratifi$1 & he beg9s coolly to reflect ^u 8 conduct1 he c ent] into none ( ! motives :i* influ5c$ x4 ,!y appe> n[ z dete/able to him z !y did always to o!r p4 ,by sympa?iz+ ) ! hatr$ & abhorr5ce :i* o!r m5 mu/ ent]ta9 = him1 he becomes 9 "s measure ! object ( 8 own hatr$ & abhorr5ce4 ,! situation ( ! p]son1 :o suff]$ by 8 inju/ice1 n[ calls ^u 8 pity4 ,he is griev$ at ! ?\ght ( x2 regrets ! unhappy effects ( 8 own conduct1 & feels at ! same "t t !y h r5d]$ him ! prop] object ( ! res5tm5t & indignation ( mank9d1 & ( :at is ! natural consequ5ce ( res5tm5t1 v5geance & puni%m5t4 ,! ?\ght ( ?is p]petually haunts him1 & fills him ) t]ror & amazem5t4 ,he d>es no long] look society 9 ! face1 b imag9es himself z x 7 reject$1 & ?r[n out f ! affections ( all mank9d4 ,he _c hope = ! consolation ( sympa?y 9 ?is 8 greate/1 & mo/ dreadful di/ress4 ,! remembrance ( 8 crimes has %ut out all fell[-feel+s ) him f ! he>ts ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* !y ent]ta9 ) reg>d to him1 are ! v ?+ :i* he is mo/ afraid (4 ,e ?+ seems ho/ile1 & he w\ld be glad to fly to "s inhospitable des]t1 :]e he might nev] m behold ! face ( a human creature1 nor read 9 ! c\nt5ance ( mank9d ! condemnation ( 8 crimes4 ,b solitude is /ill m dreadful ?an society4 ,8 own ?\ghts c pres5t him ) no?+ b :at is black1 un=tunate1 & disa/r\s1 ! melan*oly =ebod+s ( incompreh5sible mis]y & ru94 ,! horror ( solitude drives him back into society1 & he comes aga9 into ! pres5ce ( mank9d1 a/oni%$ to appe> be=e !m1 load$ ) %ame & di/ract$ ) fe>1 9 ord] to supplicate "s little protection f ! c\nt5ance ( ^? v judges1 :o he kn[s h already all unanim\sly condemn$ him4 ,su* is ! nature ( t s5tim5t1 :i* is prop]ly call$ remorse2 ( all ! s5tim5ts :i* c ent] ! human brea/ ! mo/ dreadful4 ,x is made up ( %ame f ! s5se ( ! impropriety ( pa/ conduct2 ( grief = ! effects ( x2 ( pity = ^? :o suff] by x2 & ( ! dread & t]ror ( puni%m5t f ! consci\sness ( ! ju/ly provok$ res5tm5t ( all rational creatures4 ,! opposite behavi\r naturally inspires ! opposite s5tim5t4 ,! man :o1 n f frivol\s fancy1 b f prop] motives1 has p]=m$ a g5]\s action1 :5 he looks =w>d to ^? :om he has s]v$1 feels himself to be ! natural object ( _! love & gratitude1 &1 by sympa?y ) !m1 ( ! e/eem & approbation ( all mank9d4 ,& :5 he looks backw>d to ! motive f :i* he act$1 & surveys x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! indiff]5t spectator w survey x1 he /ill cont9ues to ent] into x1 & applauds himself by sympa?y ) ! approbation ( ?is suppos$ imp>tial judge4 ,9 bo? ^! po9ts ( view 8 own conduct appe>s to him e way agreeable4 ,8 m9d1 at ! ?\ght ( x1 is fill$ ) *e>fulness1 s]5ity1 & composure4 ,he is 9 fri5d%ip & h>mony ) all mank9d1 & looks ^u 8 fell[-creatures ) confid5ce & b5evol5t satisfaction1 secure t he has r5d]$ himself wor?y ( _! mo/ fav\rable reg>ds4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( all ^! s5tim5ts consi/s ! consci\sness ( m]it1 or ( des]v$ rew>d4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! utility ( ?is con/itution ( nature4 ,x is ?us t man1 :o c subsi/ only 9 society1 0 fitt$ by nature to t situation = :i* he 0 made4 ,all ! memb]s ( human society /& 9 ne$ ( ea* o!rs assi/ance1 & are likewise expos$ to mutual injuries4 ,:]e ! necess>y assi/ance is reciprocally af=d$ f love1 f gratitude1 f fri5d%ip & e/eem1 ! society fl\ri%es & is happy4 ,all ! diff]5t memb]s ( x are b\nd toge!r by ! agreeable b&s ( love & affection1 & are1 z x 71 drawn to "o common c5tre ( mutual good (fices4 ,b ?\gh ! necess>y assi/ance %\ld n be af=d$ f su* g5]\s & dis9t]e/$ motives1 ?\gh among ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! society !re %\ld be no mutual love & affection1 ! society1 ?\gh less happy & agreeable1 w n necess>ily be dissolv$4 ,society may subsi/ among diff]5t m51 z among diff]5t m]*ants1 f a s5se ( its utility1 )\t any mutual love or affection2 & ?\gh no man 9 x %\ld owe any obligation1 or be b\nd 9 gratitude to any o!r1 x may /ill be upheld by a m]c5>y ex*ange ( good (fices accord+ to an agre$ valuation4 ,society1 h[ev]1 _c subsi/ among ^? :o are at all times ready to hurt & injure "o ano!r4 ,! mom5t t injury beg9s1 ! mom5t t mutual res5tm5t & animosity take place1 all ! b&s ( x are broke asund]1 & ! diff]5t memb]s ( :i* x consi/$ are1 z x 71 dissipat$ & scatt]$ abroad by ! viol5ce & opposition ( _! discordant affections4 ,if !re is any society among robb]s & murd]]s1 !y mu/ at lea/1 accord+ to ! trite obs]vation1 ab/a9 f robb+ & murd]+ "o ano!r4 ,b5efic5ce1 !re=e1 is less ess5tial to ! exig5ce ( society ?an ju/ice4 ,society may subsi/1 ?\gh n 9 ! mo/ com=table /ate1 )\t b5efic5ce2 b ! preval5ce ( inju/ice mu/ utt]ly de/roy x4 ,?\gh ,nature1 !re=e1 exhorts mank9d to acts ( b5efic5ce1 by ! pleas+ consci\sness ( des]v$ rew>d1 %e has n ?\ght x necess>y to gu>d & en=ce ! practice ( x by ! t]rors ( m]it$ puni%m5t 9 case x %\ld be neglect$4 ,x is ! ornam5t :i* embelli%es1 n ! f\ndation :i* supports ! build+1 & :i* x 01 !re=e1 suffici5t to recomm5d1 b by no means necess>y to impose4 ,ju/ice1 on ! contr>y1 is ! ma9 pill> t upholds ! :ole edifice4 ,if x is remov$1 ! great1 ! imm5se fabric ( human society1 t fabric :i* to raise & support seems 9 ?is _w1 if ,i may say s1 to h be5 ! peculi> & d>l+ c>e ( ,nature1 mu/ 9 a mom5t crumble into atoms4 ,9 ord] to en=ce ! obs]vation ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 ,nature has implant$ 9 ! human brea/ t consci\sness ( ill des]t1 ^? t]rors ( m]it$ puni%m5t :i* att5d ^u its violation1 z ! great safe-gu>ds ( ! association ( mank9d1 to protect ! weak1 to curb ! viol5t1 & to *a/ise ! guilty4 ,m51 ?\gh naturally sympa!tic1 feel s little = ano!r1 ) :om !y h no p>ticul> connexion1 9 comp>ison = :at !y feel = !mselves2 ! mis]y ( "o1 :o is m]ely _! fell[-creature1 is ( s little importance to !m 9 comp>ison ev5 ( a small conv5i5cy ( _! own2 !y h x s mu* 9 _! p[] to hurt him1 & may h s _m temptations to d s1 t if ?is pr9ciple did n /& up )9 !m 9 8 def5ce1 & ov]awe !m into a respect = 8 innoc5ce1 !y w\ld1 l wild bea/s1 be at all times ready to fly ^u him2 & a man w\ld ent] an assembly ( m5 z he ent]s a d5 ( lions4 ,9 e "p ( ! univ]se we obs]ve means adju/$ ) ! nice/ artifice to ! ends :i* !y are int5d$ to produce2 & 9 ! me*anism ( a plant1 or animal body1 admire h[ e ?+ is contriv$ = advanc+ ! two great purposes ( nature1 ! support ( ! individual1 & ! propagation ( ! species4 ,b 9 ^!1 & 9 all su* objects1 we /ill di/+ui% ! effici5t f ! f9al cause ( _! sev]al motions & organizations4 ,! dige/ion ( ! food1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 & ! secretion ( ! sev]al juices :i* are drawn f x1 are op]ations all ( !m necess>y = ! great purposes ( animal life4 ,yet we nev] endeav\r to acc\nt = !m f ^? purposes z f _! effici5t causes1 nor imag9e t ! blood circulates1 or t ! food dige/s ( its own accord1 & ) a view or int5tion to ! purposes ( circulation or dige/ion4 ,! :eels ( ! wat* are all admirably adju/$ to ! end = :i* x 0 made1 ! po9t+ ( ! h\r4 ,all _! v>i\s motions conspire 9 ! nice/ mann] to produce ?is effect4 ,if !y 7 end[$ ) a desire & int5tion to produce x1 !y c\ld n d x bett]4 ,yet we nev] ascribe any su* desire or int5tion to !m1 b to ! wat*-mak]1 & we "k t !y are put 9 motion by a spr+1 :i* int5ds ! effect x produces z little z !y d4 ,b ?\gh1 9 acc\nt+ = ! op]ations ( bodies1 we nev] fail to di/+ui% 9 ?is mann] ! effici5t f ! f9al cause1 9 acc\nt+ = ^? ( ! m9d1 we are v apt to conf\nd ^? two diff]5t ?+s ) "o ano!r4 ,:5 by natural pr9ciples we are l$ to advance ^? ends1 :i* a ref9$ & enlight5$ reason %\ld recomm5d to u1 we are v apt to impute to t reason1 z to _! effici5t cause1 ! s5tim5ts & actions by :i* we advance ^? ends1 & to imag9e t to be ! wisdom ( man1 :i* 9 reality is ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,^u a sup]ficial view ?is cause seems suffici5t to produce ! effects :i* are ascrib$ to x2 & ! sy/em ( human nature seems to be m simple & agreeable :5 all its diff]5t op]ations are 9 ?is mann] d$uc$ f a s+le pr9ciple4 ,z society _c subsi/ unless ! laws ( ju/ice are totally obs]v$1 z no social int]c\rse c take place among m5 :o d n g5]ally ab/a9 f injur+ "o ano!r2 ! consid]ation ( ?is necessity1 x has be5 ?\ght1 0 ! gr\nd ^u :i* we approv$ ( ! en=cem5t ( ! laws ( ju/ice by ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o violat$ !m4 ,man1 x has be5 said1 has a natural love = society1 & desires t ! union ( mank9d %\ld be pres]v$ = its own sake1 & ?\gh he himself 0 to d]ive no b5efit f x4 ,! ord]ly & fl\ri%+ /ate ( society is agreeable to him1 & he takes delight 9 contemplat+ x4 ,its disord] & confusion1 on ! contr>y1 is ! object ( 8 av]sion1 & he is *agr9$ at :atev] t5ds to produce x4 ,he is s5sible too t 8 own int]e/ is connect$ ) ! prosp]ity ( society1 & t ! happ9ess1 p]haps ! pres]vation ( 8 exi/5ce1 dep5ds ^u its pres]vation4 ,^u e acc\nt1 !re=e1 he has an abhorr5ce at :atev] c t5d to de/roy society1 & is will+ to make use ( e means1 :i* c h9d] s hat$ & s dreadful an ev5t4 ,inju/ice necess>ily t5ds to de/roy x4 ,e appe>ance ( inju/ice1 !re=e1 al>ms him1 & he runs1 if ,i may say s1 to /op ! progress ( :at1 if all[$ to g on1 w\ld quickly put an end to e ?+ t is de> to him4 ,if he _c re/ra9 x by g5tle & fair means1 he mu/ be> x d[n by =ce & viol5ce1 & at any rate mu/ put a /op to its fur!r progress4 ,h5ce x is1 !y say1 t he (t5 approves ( ! en=cem5t ( ! law ( ju/ice ev5 by ! capital puni%m5t ( ^? :o violate !m4 ,! di/urb] ( ! public peace is h]eby remov$ out ( ! _w1 & o!rs are t]rifi$ by 8 fate f imitat+ 8 example4 ,su* is ! acc\nt commonly giv5 ( our approbation ( ! puni%m5t ( inju/ice4 ,& s f> ?is acc\nt is und\bt$ly true1 t we frequ5tly h occasion to confirm our natural s5se ( ! propriety & fitness ( puni%m5t1 by reflect+ h[ necess>y x is = pres]v+ ! ord] ( society4 ,:5 ! guilty is ab\t to suff] t j retaliation1 :i* ! natural indignation ( mank9d tells !m is due to 8 crimes2 :5 ! insol5ce ( 8 inju/ice is brok5 & humbl$ by ! t]ror ( 8 approa*+ puni%m5t2 :5 he ceases to be an object ( fe>1 ) ! g5]\s & humane he beg9s to be an object ( pity4 ,! ?\ght ( :at he is ab\t to suff] ext+ui%es _! res5tm5t = ! suff]+s ( o!rs to :i* he has giv5 occasion4 ,!y are dispos$ to p>don & =give him1 & to save him f t puni%m5t1 :i* 9 all _! cool h\rs !y _h consid]$ z ! retribution due to su* crimes4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !y h occasion to call to _! assi/ance ! consid]ation ( ! g5]al int]e/ ( society4 ,!y c\nt]balance ! impulse ( ?is weak & p>tial humanity by ! dictates ( a humanity t is m g5]\s & compreh5sive4 ,!y reflect t m]cy to ! guilty is cruelty to ! innoc5t1 & oppose to ! emotions ( compassion :i* !y feel = a p>ticul> p]son1 a m enl>g$ compassion :i* !y feel = mank9d4 ,sometimes too we h occasion to def5d ! propriety ( obs]v+ ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice by ! consid]ation ( _! necessity to ! support ( society4 ,we frequ5tly he> ! "y & ! lic5ti\s ridicul+ ! mo/ sacr$ rules ( morality1 & pr(ess+1 sometimes f ! corruption1 b m frequ5tly f ! vanity ( _! he>ts1 ! mo/ abom9able maxims ( conduct4 ,our indignation r\ses1 & we are eag] to refute & expose su* dete/able pr9ciples4 ,b ?\gh x is _! intr9sic hatefulness & dete/abl5ess1 :i* orig9ally inflames u aga9/ !m1 we are unwill+ to assign ?is z ! sole reason :y we condemn !m1 or to pret5d t x is m]ely because we ourselves hate & dete/ !m4 ,! reason1 we ?9k1 w\ld n appe> to be conclusive4 ,yet :y %\ld x n2 if we hate & dete/ !m because !y are ! natural & prop] objects ( hatr$ & dete/ation8 ,b :5 we are ask$ :y we %\ld n act 9 su* or su* a mann]1 ! v "q seems to suppose t1 to ^? :o ask x1 ?is mann] ( act+ does n appe> to be = its own sake ! natural & prop] object ( ^? s5tim5ts4 ,we mu/ %[ !m1 !re=e1 t x ought to be s = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,^u ?is acc\nt we g5]ally ca/ ab\t = o!r argum5ts1 & ! consid]ation :i* fir/ occurs to u is ! disord] & confusion ( society :i* w\ld result f ! univ]sal preval5ce ( su* practices4 ,we seldom fail1 !re=e1 to insi/ ^u ?is topic4 ,b ?\gh x commonly requires no great disc]nm5t to see ! de/ructive t5d5cy ( all lic5ti\s practices to ! welf>e ( society1 x is seldom ?is consid]ation :i* fir/ animates u aga9/ !m4 ,all m51 ev5 ! mo/ /upid & un?9k+1 abhor fraud1 p]fidy1 & inju/ice1 & delight to see !m puni%$4 ,b few m5 h reflect$ ^u ! necessity ( ju/ice to ! exi/5ce ( society1 h[ obvi\s soev] t necessity may appe> to be4 ,t x is n a reg>d to ! pres]vation ( society1 :i* orig9ally int]e/s u 9 ! puni%m5t ( crimes committ$ aga9/ individuals1 may be demon/rat$ by _m obvi\s consid]ations4 ,! conc]n :i* we take 9 ! =tune & happ9ess ( individuals does n1 9 common cases1 arise f t :i* we take 9 ! =tune & happ9ess ( society4 ,we are no m conc]n$ = ! de/ruction or loss ( a s+le man1 because ?is man is a memb] or "p ( society1 & because we %\ld be conc]n$ = ! de/ruction ( society1 ?an we are conc]n$ = ! loss ( a s+le gu9ea1 because ?is gu9ea is a "p ( a ?\s& gu9eas1 & because we %\ld be conc]n$ = ! loss ( ! :ole sum4 ,9 nei!r case does our reg>d = ! individuals arise f our reg>d = ! multitude3 b 9 bo? cases our reg>d = ! multitude is comp\nd$ & made up ( ! p>ticul> reg>ds :i* we feel = ! diff]5t individuals ( :i* x is compos$4 ,z :5 a small sum is unju/ly tak5 f u we d n s mu* prosecute ! injury f a reg>d to ! pres]vation ( our :ole =tune1 z f a reg>d to t p>ticul> sum :i* we h lo/2 s :5 a s+le man is injur$ or de/roy$1 we dem& ! puni%m5t ( ! wrong t has be5 done to him1 n s mu* f a conc]n = ! g5]al int]e/ ( society1 z f a conc]n = t v individual :o has be5 injur$4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is conc]n does n necess>ily include 9 x any degree ( ^? exquisite s5tim5ts :i* are commonly call$ love1 e/eem1 & affection1 & by :i* we di/+ui% our p>ticul> fri5ds & acqua9tance4 ,! conc]n :i* is requisite = ?is is no m ?an ! g5]al fell[-feel+ :i* we h ) e man m]ely because he is our fell[-creature4 ,we ent] into ! res5tm5t ev5 ( an odi\s p]son1 :5 he is injur$ by ^? to :om he has giv5 no provocation4 ,our disapprobation ( 8 ord9>y "* & conduct1 does n 9 ?is case altoge!r prev5t our fell[-feel+ ) 8 natural indignation2 ?\gh ) ^? :o are n ei!r extremely c&id1 or :o h n be5 accu/om$ to correct & regulate _! natural s5tim5ts by g5]al rules1 x is v apt to damp x4 ,^u "s occasions1 inde$1 we bo? puni% & approve ( puni%m5t1 m]ely f a view to ! g5]al int]e/ ( society1 :i*1 we imag9e1 _c o!rwise be secur$4 ,( ?is k9d are all ! puni%m5ts inflict$ = brea*es ( :at is call$ ei!r civil police1 or milit>y discipl9e4 ,su* crimes d n imm$iately or directly hurt any p>ticul> p]son2 b _! remote consequ5ces1 x is suppos$1 d produce1 or might produce1 ei!r a consid]able inconv5i5cy1 or a great disord] 9 ! society4 ,a c5t9el1 = example1 :o falls asleep ^u 8 wat*1 suff]s dea? by ! law ( w>1 because su* c>elessness might endang] ! :ole army4 ,?is sev]ity may1 ^u _m occasions1 appe> necess>y1 &1 = t reason1 j & prop]4 ,:5 ! pres]vation ( an individual is inconsi/5t ) ! safety ( a multitude1 no?+ c be m j ?an t ! _m %\ld be pref]r$ to ! "o4 ,yet ?is puni%m5t1 h[ necess>y soev]1 always appe>s to be excessively sev]e4 ,! natural atrocity ( ! crime seems to be s little1 & ! puni%m5t s great1 t x is ) great difficulty t our he>ts c reconcile itself to x4 ,?\gh su* c>elessness appe>s v blamable1 yet ! ?\ght ( ?is crime does n naturally excite any su* res5tm5t1 z w\ld prompt u to take su* dreadful rev5ge4 ,a man ( humanity mu/ recollect himself1 mu/ make an ef=t1 & ex]t 8 :ole firmness & resolution1 be=e he c br+ himself ei!r to inflict x1 or to g along ) x :5 x is inflict$ by o!rs4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is mann]1 t he looks ^u ! j puni%m5t ( an ungrateful murd]] or p>ricide4 ,8 he>t1 9 ?is case1 applauds ) ard\r1 & ev5 ) transport1 ! j retaliation :i* seems due to su* dete/able crimes1 & :i*1 if1 by any accid5t1 !y %\ld happ5 to escape1 he w\ld be highly enrag$ & disappo9t$4 ,! v diff]5t s5tim5t ) :i* ! spectator views ^? diff]5t puni%m5ts1 is a pro( t 8 approbation ( ! "o is f> f be+ f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciples ) t ( ! o!r4 ,he looks ^u ! c5t9el z an un=tunate victim1 :o1 inde$1 mu/1 & ought to be1 devot$ to ! safety ( numb]s1 b :om /ill1 9 8 he>t1 he w\ld be glad to save2 & he is only sorry1 t ! int]e/ ( ! _m %\ld oppose x4 ,b if ! murd]] %\ld escape f puni%m5t1 x w\ld excite 8 highe/ indignation1 & he w\ld call ^u ,god to av5ge1 9 ano!r _w1 t crime :i* ! inju/ice ( mank9d _h neglect$ to *a/ise ^u e>?4 ,= x well des]ves to be tak5 notice (1 t we are s f> f imag9+ t inju/ice ought to be puni%$ 9 ?is life1 m]ely on acc\nt ( ! ord] ( society1 :i* _c o!rwise be ma9ta9$1 t ,nature tea*es u to hope1 & religion1 we suppose1 au?orizes u to expect1 t x w be puni%$1 ev5 9 a life to come4 ,our s5se ( its ill des]t pursues x1 if ,i may say s1 ev5 beyond ! grave1 ?\gh ! example ( its puni%m5t !re _c s]ve to det] ! re/ ( mank9d1 :o see x n1 :o "k x n1 f be+ guilty ( ! l practices "h4 ,! ju/ice ( ,god1 h[ev]1 we ?9k1 /ill requires1 t he %\ld h]eaft] av5ge ! injuries ( ! wid[ & ! fa!rless1 :o are "h s (t5 insult$ ) impunity4 ,t ! ,deity loves virtue & hates vice1 z a voluptu\s man loves ri*es & hates pov]ty1 n = _! own sakes1 b = ! effects :i* !y t5d to produce2 t he loves ! "o1 only because x promotes ! happ9ess ( society1 :i* 8 b5evol5ce prompts him to desire2 & t he hates ! o!r1 only because x occasions ! mis]y ( mank9d1 :i* ! same div9e quality r5d]s ! object ( 8 av]sion2 is n ! doctr9e ( untaught nature1 b ( an artificial ref9em5t ( reason & philosophy4 ,our untaught1 natural s5tim5ts1 all prompt u to believe1 t z p]fect virtue is suppos$ necess>ily to appe> to ! ,deity1 z x does to u1 = its own sake1 & )\t any fur!r view1 ! natural & prop] object ( love & rew>d1 s mu/ vice1 ( hatr$ & puni%m5t4 ,t ! gods nei!r res5t nor hurt1 0 ! g5]al maxim ( all ! diff]5t sects ( ! anci5t philosophy3 & if1 by res5t+1 be und]/ood1 t viol5t & disord]ly p]turbation1 :i* (t5 di/racts & conf\nds ! human brea/2 or if1 by hurt+1 be und]/ood1 ! do+ mis*ief wantonly1 & )\t reg>d to propriety or ju/ice1 su* weakness is und\bt$ly unwor?y ( ! div9e p]fection4 ,b if x be meant1 t vice does n appe> to ! ,deity to be1 = its own sake1 ! object ( abhorr5ce & av]sion1 & :at1 = its own sake1 x is fit & "r %\ld be puni%$1 ! tru? ( ?is maxim seems repugnant to "s v natural feel+s4 ,if we consult our natural s5tim5ts1 we are ev5 apt to fe>1 le/1 be=e ! hol9ess ( ,god1 vice %\ld appe> to be m wor?y ( puni%m5t ?an ! weakness & imp]fection ( human virtue c ev] seem to be ( rew>d4 ,man1 :5 ab\t to appe> be=e a ,be+ ( inf9ite p]fection1 c feel b little confid5ce 9 8 own m]it1 or 9 ! imp]fect propriety ( 8 own conduct4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( 8 fell[-creatures1 he may ev5 ju/ly elevate himself1 & may (t5 h reason to ?9k highly ( 8 own "* & conduct1 comp>$ to ! /ill great] imp]fection ( !irs4 ,b ! case is q diff]5t :5 ab\t to appe> be=e 8 inf9ite ,creator4 ,to su* a ,be+1 he fe>s1 t 8 littl5ess & weakness c sc>ce ev] appe> ! prop] object1 ei!r ( e/eem or ( rew>d4 ,b he c easily conceive1 h[ ! numb]less violations ( duty1 ( :i* he has be5 guilty1 %\ld r5d] him ! prop] object ( av]sion & puni%m5t2 & he ?9ks he c see no reason :y ! div9e indignation %\ld n be let loose )\t any re/ra9t1 ^u s vile an insect1 z he imag9es t he himself mu/ appe> to be4 ,if he w\ld /ill hope = happ9ess1 he suspects t he _c dem& x f ! ju/ice1 b t he mu/ entreat x f ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,rep5tance1 sorr[1 humility1 contrition at ! ?\ght ( 8 pa/ conduct1 seem1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 ! s5tim5ts :i* become him1 & to be ! only means :i* he has left = appeas+ t wra? :i*1 he kn[s1 he has ju/ly provok$4 ,he ev5 di/ru/s ! efficacy ( all ^!1 & naturally fe>s1 le/ ! wisdom ( ,god %\ld n1 l ! weakness ( man1 be prevail$ ^u to sp>e ! crime by ! mo/ importunate lam5tations ( ! crim9al4 ,"s o!r int]cession1 "s o!r sacrifice1 "s o!r atonem5t1 he imag9es mu/ be made = him1 beyond :at he himself is capable ( mak+1 be=e ! purity ( ! div9e ju/ice c be reconcil$ to 8 manifold (f5ces4 ,! doctr9es ( revelation co9cide1 9 e respect1 ) ^? orig9al anticipations ( nature2 & z !y tea* u h[ little we c dep5d ^u ! imp]fection ( our own virtue1 s !y %[ u1 at ! same "t1 t ! mo/ p[]ful int]cession has be5 made1 & t ! mo/ dreadful atonem5t has be5 paid = our manifold transgressions & iniquities4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! influ5ce ( =tune ^u ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 ) reg>d to ! m]it or dem]it ( actions4 ,,introduction4 ,:atev] praise or blame c be due to any action1 mu/ belong ei!r1 fir/1 to ! int5tion or affection ( ! he>t1 f :i* x proce$s2 or1 secondly1 to ! ext]nal action or movem5t ( ! body1 :i* ?is affection gives occasion to2 or1 la/1 to all ! good or bad consequ5ces1 :i* actually1 & 9 fact1 proce$ f x4 ,^! ?ree diff]5t ?+s con/itute ! :ole nature & circum/ances ( ! action1 & mu/ be ! f\ndation ( :atev] quality c belong to x4 ,t ! two la/ ( ^! ?ree circum/ances _c be ! f\ndation ( any praise or blame1 is abundantly evid5t2 nor has ! contr>y ev] be5 ass]t$ by any body4 ,! ext]nal action or movem5t ( ! body is (t5 ! same 9 ! mo/ innoc5t & 9 ! mo/ blamable actions4 ,he :o %oots a bird1 & he :o %oots a man1 bo? ( !m p]=m ! same ext]nal movem5t3 ea* ( !m draws ! trick] ( a gun4 ,! consequ5ces :i* actually1 & 9 fact1 happ5 to proce$ f any action1 are1 if possible1 /ill m indiff]5t ei!r to praise or blame1 ?an ev5 ! ext]nal movem5t ( ! body4 ,z !y dep5d1 n ^u ! ag5t1 b ^u =tune1 !y _c be ! prop] f\ndation = any s5tim5t1 ( :i* 8 "* & conduct are ! objects4 ,! only consequ5ces = :i* he c be answ]able1 or by :i* he c des]ve ei!r approbation or disapprobation ( any k9d1 are ^? :i* 7 "s way or o!r int5d$1 or ^? :i*1 at lea/1 %[ "s agreeable or disagreeable quality 9 ! int5tion ( ! he>t1 f :i* he act$4 ,to ! int5tion or affection ( ! he>t1 !re=e1 to ! propriety or impropriety1 to ! b5efic5ce or hurtfulness ( ! design1 all praise or blame1 all approbation or disapprobation1 ( any k9d1 :i* c ju/ly be be/[$ ^u any action1 mu/ ultimately belong4 ,:5 ?is maxim is ?us propos$ 9 ab/ract & g5]al t]ms1 !re is no body :o does n agree to x4 ,its self-evid5t ju/ice is ackn[l$g$ by all ! _w1 & !re is n a diss5t+ voice among all mank9d4 ,e body all[s1 t h[ diff]5t soev] ! accid5tal1 ! un9t5d$ & un=ese5 consequ5ces ( diff]5t actions1 yet1 if ! int5tions or affections f :i* !y arose 71 on ! "o h&1 equally prop] & equally b5efic5t1 or1 on ! o!r1 equally improp] & equally malevol5t1 ! m]it or dem]it ( ! actions is /ill ! same1 & ! ag5t is equally ! suitable object ei!r ( gratitude or ( res5tm5t4 ,b h[ well soev] we may seem to be p]suad$ ( ! tru? ( ?is equitable maxim1 :5 we consid] x aft] ?is mann]1 9 ab/ract1 yet :5 we come to p>ticul> cases1 ! actual consequ5ces :i* happ5 to proce$ f any action1 h a v great effect ^u our s5tim5ts conc]n+ its m]it or dem]it1 & almo/ always ei!r enhance or dim9i% our s5se ( bo?4 ,sc>ce1 9 any "o in/ance1 p]haps1 w our s5tim5ts be f\nd1 aft] exam9ation1 to be entirely regulat$ by ?is rule1 :i* we all ackn[l$ge ought entirely to regulate !m4 ,?is irregul>ity ( s5tim5t1 :i* e body feels1 :i* sc>ce any body is suffici5tly aw>e (1 & :i* no body is will+ to ackn[l$ge1 ,i proce$ n[ to expla92 & ,i %all consid]1 fir/1 ! cause :i* gives occasion to x1 or ! me*anism by :i* nature produces x2 secondly1 ! ext5t ( its influ5ce2 &1 la/ ( all1 ! end :i* x answ]s1 or ! purpose :i* ! ,au?or ( nature seems to h int5d$ by x4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! causes ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune4 ,! causes ( pa9 & pleasure1 :atev] !y are1 or h[ev] !y op]ate1 seem to be ! objects1 :i*1 9 all animals1 imm$iately excite ^? two passions ( gratitude & res5tm5t4 ,!y are excit$ by inanimat$1 z well z by animat$ objects4 ,we are angry1 = a mom5t1 ev5 at ! /one t hurts u4 ,a *ild beats x1 a dog b>ks at x1 a *ol]ic man is apt to curse x4 ,! lea/ reflection1 inde$1 corrects ?is s5tim5t1 & we soon become s5sible1 t :at has no feel+ is a v improp] object ( rev5ge4 ,:5 ! mis*ief1 h[ev]1 is v great1 ! object :i* caus$ x becomes disagreeable to u ev] aft]1 & we take pleasure to burn or de/roy x4 ,we %\ld treat1 9 ?is mann]1 ! in/rum5t :i* _h accid5tally be5 ! cause ( ! dea? ( a fri5d1 & we %\ld (t5 ?9k ourselves guilty ( a sort ( inhumanity1 if we neglect$ to v5t ?is absurd sort ( v5geance ^u x4 ,we conceive1 9 ! same mann]1 a sort ( gratitude = ^? inanimat$ objects1 :i* h be5 ! causes ( great1 or frequ5t pleasure to u4 ,! sailor1 :o1 z soon z he got a%ore1 %\ld m5d 8 fire ) ! plank ^u :i* he _h j escap$ f a %ipwreck1 w\ld seem to be guilty ( an unnatural action4 ,we %\ld expect t he w\ld r pres]ve x ) c>e & affection1 z a monum5t t 01 9 "s measure1 de> to him4 ,a man gr[s fond ( a snuff-box1 ( a p5-knife1 ( a /aff :i* he has long made use (1 & conceives some?+ l a real love & affection = !m4 ,if he breaks or loses !m1 he is vex$ out ( all proportion to ! value ( ! damage4 ,! h\se :i* we h long liv$ 91 ! tree1 ^: v]dure & %ade we h long enjoy$1 are bo? look$ ^u ) a sort ( respect t seems due to su* b5efactors4 ,! decay ( ! "o1 or ! ru9 ( ! o!r1 affects u ) a k9d ( melan*oly1 ?\gh we %\ld su/a9 no loss by x4 ,! ,dryads & ! ,l>es ( ! anci5ts1 a sort ( g5ii ( trees & h\ses1 7 probably fir/ sugge/$ by ?is sort ( affection1 :i* ! au?ors ( ^? sup]/itions felt = su* objects1 & :i* seem$ unreasonable1 if !re 0 no?+ animat$ ab\t !m4 ,b1 be=e any ?+ c be ! prop] object ( gratitude or res5tm5t1 x mu/ n only be ! cause ( pleasure or pa91 x mu/ likewise be capable ( feel+ !m4 ,)\t ?is o!r quality1 ^? passions _c v5t !mselves ) any sort ( satisfaction ^u x4 ,z !y are excit$ by ! causes ( pleasure & pa91 s _! gratification consi/s 9 retaliat+ ^? s5sations ^u :at gave occasion to !m2 :i* x is to no purpose to attempt ^u :at has no s5sibility4 ,animals1 !re=e1 are less improp] objects ( gratitude & res5tm5t ?an inanimat$ objects4 ,! dog t bites1 ! ox t gores1 are bo? ( !m puni%$4 ,if !y h be5 ! causes ( ! dea? ( any p]son1 nei!r ! public1 nor ! relations ( ! sla91 c be satisfi$1 unless !y are put to dea? 9 _! turn3 nor is ?is m]ely = ! security ( ! liv+1 b 9 "s measure1 to rev5ge ! injury ( ! dead4 ,^? animals1 on ! contr>y1 t h be5 rem>kably s]viceable to _! ma/]s1 become ! objects ( a v lively gratitude4 ,we are %ock$ at ! brutality ( t (fic]1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,turki% ,spy1 :o /abb$ ! horse t _h c>ri$ him a-cross an arm ( ! sea1 le/ t animal %\ld aft]w>ds di/+ui% "s o!r p]son by a simil> adv5ture4 ,b1 ?\gh animals are n only ! causes ( pleasure & pa91 b are also capable ( feel+ ^? s5sations1 !y are /ill f> f be+ complete & p]fect objects1 ei!r ( gratitude or res5tm5t2 & ^? passions /ill feel1 t !re is some?+ want+ to _! entire gratification4 ,:at gratitude *iefly desires1 is n only to make ! b5efactor feel pleasure 9 8 turn1 b to make him consci\s t he meets ) ?is rew>d on acc\nt ( 8 pa/ conduct1 to make him pleas$ ) t conduct1 & to satisfy him t ! p]son ^u :om he be/[$ 8 good (fices 0 n unwor?y ( !m4 ,:at mo/ ( all *>ms u 9 our b5efactor1 is ! concord betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & our own1 ) reg>d to :at int]e/s u s ne>ly z ! wor? ( our own "*1 & ! e/eem t is due to u4 ,we are delight$ to f9d a p]son :o values u z well z we value ourselves1 & di/+ui%es u f ! re/ ( mank9d1 ) an att5tion n unlike t ) :i* we di/+ui% ourselves4 ,to ma9ta9 9 him ^! agreeable & flatt]+ s5tim5ts1 is "o ( ! *ief ends propos$ by ! returns we are dispos$ to make to him4 ,a g5]\s m9d (t5 disda9s ! int]e/$ ?\ght ( extort+ new fav\rs f its b5efactor1 by :at may be call$ ! importunities ( its gratitude4 ,b to pres]ve & to increase 8 e/eem1 is an int]e/ :i* ! greate/ m9d does n ?9k unwor?y ( its att5tion4 ,& ?is is ! f\ndation ( :at ,i =m]ly obs]v$1 t :5 we _c ent] into ! motives ( our b5efactor1 :5 8 conduct & "* appe> unwor?y ( our approbation1 let 8 s]vices h be5 ev] s great1 our gratitude is always s5sibly dim9i%$4 ,we are less flatt]$ by ! di/9ction2 & to pres]ve ! e/eem ( s weak1 or s wor?less a patron1 seems to be an object :i* does n des]ve to be pursu$ = its own sake4 ,! object1 on ! contr>y1 :i* res5tm5t is *iefly int5t ^u1 is n s mu* to make our enemy feel pa9 9 8 turn1 z to make him consci\s t he feels x ^u acc\nt ( 8 pa/ conduct1 to make him rep5t ( t conduct1 & to make him s5sible1 t ! p]son :om he injur$ did n des]ve to be treat$ 9 t mann]4 ,:at *iefly enrages u aga9/ ! man :o injures or insults u1 is ! little acc\nt :i* he seems to make ( u1 ! unreasonable pref]5ce :i* he gives to himself above u1 & t absurd self-love1 by :i* he seems to imag9e1 t o!r p may be sacrific$ at any "t1 to 8 conv5i5cy or 8 hum\r4 ,! gl>+ impropriety ( ?is conduct1 ! gross insol5ce & inju/ice :i* x seems to involve 9 x1 (t5 %ock & exasp]ate u m ?an all ! mis*ief :i* we h suff]$4 ,to br+ him back to a m j s5se ( :at is due to o!r p1 to make him s5sible ( :at he owes u1 & ( ! wrong t he has done to u1 is frequ5tly ! pr9cipal end propos$ 9 our rev5ge1 :i* is always imp]fect :5 x _c accompli% ?is4 ,:5 our enemy appe>s to h done u no injury1 :5 we are s5sible t he act$ q prop]ly1 t1 9 8 situation1 we %\ld h done ! same ?+1 & t we des]v$ f him all ! mis*ief we met )2 9 t case1 if we h ! lea/ sp>k ei!r ( c&\r or ju/ice1 we c ent]ta9 no sort ( res5tm5t4 ,be=e any ?+1 !re=e1 c be ! complete & prop] object1 ei!r ( gratitude or res5tm5t1 x mu/ possess ?ree diff]5t qualifications4 ,fir/1 x mu/ be ! cause ( pleasure 9 ! "o case1 & ( pa9 9 ! o!r4 ,secondly1 x mu/ be capable ( feel+ ^? s5sations4 ,&1 ?irdly1 x mu/ n only h produc$ ^? s5sations1 b x mu/ h produc$ !m f design1 & f a design t is approv$ ( 9 ! "o case1 & disapprov$ ( 9 ! o!r4 ,x is by ! fir/ qualification1 t any object is capable ( excit+ ^? passions3 x is by ! second1 t x is 9 any respect capable ( gratify+ !m3 ! ?ird qualification is bo? necess>y = _! complete satisfaction1 & z x gives a pleasure or pa9 t is bo? exquisite & peculi>1 x is likewise an additional excit+ cause ( ^? passions4 ,z :at gives pleasure or pa91 !re=e1 ei!r 9 "o way or ano!r1 is ! sole excit+ cause ( gratitude & res5tm5t2 ?\gh ! int5tions ( any p]son %\ld be ev] s prop] & b5efic5t1 on ! "o h&1 or ev] s improp] & malevol5t on ! o!r2 yet1 if he has fail$ 9 produc+ ei!r ! good or evil :i* he int5d$1 z "o ( ! excit+ causes is want+ 9 bo? cases1 less gratitude seems due to him 9 ! "o1 & less res5tm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,&1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh 9 ! int5tions ( any p]son1 !re 0 ei!r no laudable degree ( b5evol5ce on ! "o h&1 or no blamable degree ( malice on ! o!r2 yet1 if 8 actions %\ld produce ei!r great good or great evil1 z "o ( ! excit+ causes takes place ^u bo? ^! occasions1 "s gratitude is apt to arise t[>ds him 9 ! "o1 & "s res5tm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,a %ad[ ( m]it seems to fall ^u him 9 ! fir/1 a %ad[ ( dem]it 9 ! second4 ,&1 z ! consequ5ces ( actions are altoge!r "u ! empire ( ,=tune1 h5ce arises h] influ5ce ^u ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 ) reg>d to m]it & dem]it4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! ext5t ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune4 ,! effect ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune is1 fir/1 to dim9i% our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( ^? actions :i* arose f ! mo/ laudable or blamable int5tions1 :5 !y fail ( produc+ _! propos$ effects3 &1 secondly1 to increase our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( actions1 beyond :at is due to ! motives or affections f :i* !y proce$1 :5 !y accid5tally give occasion ei!r to extraord9>y pleasure or pa94 #a4 ,fir/1 ,i say1 ?\gh ! int5tions ( any p]son %\ld be ev] s prop] & b5efic5t1 on ! "o h&1 or ev] s improp] & malevol5t1 on ! o!r1 yet1 if !y fail 9 produc+ _! effects1 8 m]it seems imp]fect 9 ! "o case1 & 8 dem]it incomplete 9 ! o!r4 ,nor is ?is irregul>ity ( s5tim5t felt only by ^? :o are imm$iately affect$ by ! consequ5ces ( any action4 ,x is felt1 9 "s measure1 ev5 by ! imp>tial spectator4 ,! man :o solicits an (fice = ano!r1 )\t obta9+ x1 is reg>d$ z 8 fri5d1 & seems to des]ve 8 love & affection4 ,b ! man :o n only solicits1 b procures x1 is m peculi>ly consid]$ z 8 patron & b5efactor1 & is entitl$ to 8 respect & gratitude4 ,! p]son oblig$1 we are apt to ?9k1 may ) "s ju/ice1 imag9e himself on a level ) ! fir/3 b we _c ent] into 8 s5tim5ts1 if he does n feel himself inf]ior to ! second4 ,x is common inde$ to say1 t we are equally oblig$ to ! man :o has endeav\r$ to s]ve u1 z to him :o actually did s4 ,x is ! spee* :i* we con/antly make ^u e unsuccessful attempt ( ?is k9d2 b :i*1 l all o!r f9e spee*es1 mu/ be und]/ood ) a gra9 ( all[ance4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* a man ( g5]osity ent]ta9s = ! fri5d :o fails1 may (t5 inde$ be ne>ly ! same ) ^? :i* he conceives = him :o succe$s3 & ! m g5]\s he is1 ! m ne>ly w ^? s5tim5ts approa* to an exact level4 ,) ! truly g5]\s1 to be belov$1 to be e/eem$ by ^? :om !y !mselves ?9k wor?y ( e/eem1 gives m pleasure1 & !reby excites m gratitude1 ?an all ! advantages :i* !y c ev] expect f ^? s5tim5ts4 ,:5 !y lose ^? advantages !re=e1 !y seem to lose b a trifle1 :i* is sc>ce wor? reg>d+4 ,!y /ill h[ev] lose some?+4 ,_! pleasure !re=e1 & consequ5tly _! gratitude1 is n p]fectly complete3 & accord+ly if1 betwe5 ! fri5d :o fails & ! fri5d :o succe$s1 all o!r circum/ances are equal1 !re w1 ev5 9 ! noble/ & ! be/ m9d1 be "s little diff]5ce ( affection 9 fav\r ( him :o succe$s4 ,nay1 s unju/ are mank9d 9 ?is respect1 t ?\gh ! int5d$ b5efit %\ld be procur$1 yet if x is n procur$ by ! means ( a p>ticul> b5efactor1 !y are apt to ?9k t less gratitude is due to ! man1 :o ) ! be/ int5tions 9 ! _w c\ld d no m ?an help x a little =w>d4 ,z _! gratitude is 9 ?is case divid$ among ! diff]5t p]sons :o contribut$ to _! pleasure1 a small] %>e ( x seems due to any "o4 ,su* a p]son1 we he> m5 commonly say1 int5d$ no d\bt to s]ve u2 & we really believe ex]t$ himself to ! utmo/ ( 8 abilities = t purpose4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 oblig$ to him = ?is b5efit2 s9ce _h x n be5 = ! concurr5ce ( o!rs1 all t he c\ld h done w\ld nev] h br\ght x ab\t4 ,?is consid]ation1 !y imag9e1 %\ld1 ev5 9 ! eyes ( ! imp>tial spectator1 dim9i% ! debt :i* !y owe to him4 ,! p]son himself :o has unsuccessfully endeav\r$ to conf] a b5efit1 has by no means ! same dep5d5cy ^u ! gratitude ( ! man :om he meant to oblige1 nor ! same s5se ( 8 own m]it t[>ds him1 :i* he w\ld h _h 9 ! case ( success4 ,ev5 ! m]it ( tal5ts & abilities :i* "s accid5t has h9d]$ f produc+ _! effects1 seems 9 "s measure imp]fect1 ev5 to ^? :o are fully conv9c$ ( _! capacity to produce !m4 ,! g5]al :o has be5 h9d]$ by ! envy ( m9i/]s f ga9+ "s great advantage ov] ! enemies ( 8 c\ntry1 regrets ! loss ( ! opportunity = ev] aft]4 ,nor is x only ^u acc\nt ( ! public t he regrets x4 ,he lam5ts t he 0 h9d]$ f p]=m+ an action :i* w\ld h add$ a new lu/re to 8 "* 9 8 own eyes1 z well z 9 ^? ( e o!r p]son4 ,x satisfies nei!r himself nor o!rs to reflect t ! plan or design 0 all t dep5d$ on him1 t no great] capacity 0 requir$ to execute x ?an :at 0 necess>y to conc]t x3 t he 0 all[$ to be e way capable ( execut+ x1 & t _h he be5 p]mitt$ to g on1 success 0 infallible4 ,he /ill did n execute x2 & ?\gh he might des]ve all ! approbation :i* is due to a magnanim\s & great design1 he /ill want$ ! actual m]it ( hav+ p]=m$ a great action4 ,to take ! managem5t ( any affair ( public conc]n f ! man :o has almo/ br\ght x to a conclusion1 is reg>d$ z ! mo/ invidi\s inju/ice4 ,z he _h done s mu*1 he %\ld1 we ?9k1 h be5 all[$ to acquire ! complete m]it ( putt+ an end to x4 ,x 0 object$ to ,pompey1 t he came 9 ^u ! victories ( ,lucullus1 & ga!r$ ^? laurels :i* 7 due to ! =tune & val\r ( ano!r4 ,! glory ( ,lucullus1 x seems1 0 less complete ev5 9 ! op9ion ( 8 own fri5ds1 :5 he 0 n p]mitt$ to f9i% t conque/ :i* 8 conduct & c\rage _h put 9 ! p[] ( almo/ any man to f9i%4 ,x mortifies an ar*itect :5 8 plans are ei!r n execut$ at all1 or :5 !y are s f> alt]$ z to spoil ! effect ( ! build+4 ,! plan1 h[ev]1 is all t dep5ds ^u ! ar*itect4 ,! :ole ( 8 g5ius is1 to good judges1 z completely discov]$ 9 t z 9 ! actual execution4 ,b a plan does n1 ev5 to ! mo/ intellig5t1 give ! same pleasure z a noble & magnific5t build+4 ,!y may discov] z mu* bo? ( ta/e & g5ius 9 ! "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,b _! effects are /ill va/ly diff]5t1 & ! amusem5t d]iv$ f ! fir/1 nev] approa*es to ! wond] & admiration :i* are sometimes excit$ by ! second4 ,we may believe ( _m m51 t _! tal5ts are sup]ior to ^? ( ,cs> & ,alex&]2 & t 9 ! same situations !y w\ld p]=m /ill great] actions4 ,9 ! mean "t1 h[ev]1 we d n behold !m ) t a/oni%m5t & admiration ) :i* ^? two h]oes h be5 reg>d$ 9 all ages & nations4 ,! calm judgm5ts ( ! m9d may approve ( !m m1 b !y want ! spl5dor ( great actions to dazzle & transport x4 ,! sup]iority ( virtues & tal5ts h n1 ev5 ^u ^? :o ackn[l$ge t sup]iority1 ! same effect ) ! sup]iority ( at*ievem5ts4 ,z ! m]it ( an unsuccessful attempt to d good seems ?us1 9 ! eyes ( ungrateful mank9d1 to be dim9i%$ by ! misc>riage1 s does likewise ! dem]it ( an unsuccessful attempt to d evil4 ,! design to commit a crime1 h[ cle>ly soev] x may be prov$1 is sc>ce ev] puni%$ ) ! same sev]ity z ! actual commission ( x4 ,! case ( treason is p]haps ! only exception4 ,t crime imm$iately affect+ ! be+ ( ! gov]nm5t itself1 ! gov]nm5t is naturally m jeal\s ( x ?an ( any o!r4 ,9 ! puni%m5t ( treason1 ! sov]eign res5ts ! injuries :i* are imm$iately done to himself3 9 ! puni%m5t ( o!r crimes1 he res5ts ^? :i* are done to o!r m54 ,x is 8 own res5tm5t :i* he indulges 9 ! "o case3 x is t ( 8 subjects :i* by sympa?y he ent]s into x 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !re=e1 z he judges 9 8 own cause1 he is v apt to be m viol5t & sangu9>y 9 8 puni%m5ts ?an ! imp>tial spectator c approve (4 ,8 res5tm5t too rises "h ^u small] occasions1 & does n always1 z 9 o!r cases1 wait = ! p]petration ( ! crime1 or ev5 = ! attempt to commit x4 ,a treasonable conc]t1 ?\gh no?+ has be5 done1 or ev5 attempt$ 9 consequ5ce ( x1 nay1 a treasonable conv]sation1 is 9 _m c\ntries puni%$ 9 ! same mann] z ! actual commission ( treason4 ,) reg>d to all o!r crimes1 ! m]e design1 ^u :i* no attempt has foll[$1 is seldom puni%$ at all1 & is nev] puni%$ sev]ely4 ,a crim9al design1 & a crim9al action1 x may be said inde$1 d n necess>ily suppose ! same degree ( depravity1 & ought n !re=e to be subject$ to ! same puni%m5t4 ,we are capable1 x may be said1 ( resolv+1 & ev5 ( tak+ measures to execute1 _m ?+s :i*1 :5 x comes to ! po9t1 we feel ourselves altoge!r incapable ( execut+4 ,b ?is reason c h no place :5 ! design has be5 c>ri$ ! l5g? ( ! la/ attempt4 ,! man1 h[ev]1 :o fires a pi/ol at 8 enemy1 b misses him1 is puni%$ ) dea? by ! laws ( sc>ce any c\ntry4 ,by ! old law ( ,scotl&1 ?\gh he %\ld w\nd him1 yet1 unless dea? ensues )9 a c]ta9 "t1 ! assass9 is n liable to ! la/ puni%m5t4 ,! res5tm5t ( mank9d1 h[ev]1 runs s high aga9/ ?is crime1 _! t]ror = ! man :o %[s himself capable ( committ+ x1 is s great1 t ! m]e attempt to commit x ought 9 all c\ntries to be capital4 ,! attempt to commit small] crimes is almo/ always puni%$ v lightly1 & sometimes is n puni%$ at all4 ,! ?ief1 ^: h& has be5 caught 9 8 neighb\r's pocket be=e he _h tak5 any ?+ out ( x1 is puni%$ ) ignom9y only4 ,if he _h got "t to take away an h&k]*ief1 he w\ld h be5 put to dea?4 ,! h\se-break]1 :o has be5 f\nd sett+ a ladd] to 8 neighb\r's w9d[1 b _h n got into x1 is n expos$ to ! capital puni%m5t4 ,! attempt to ravi% is n puni%$ z a rape4 ,! attempt to s$uce a m>ri$ woman is n puni%$ at all1 ?\gh s$uction is puni%$ sev]ely4 ,our res5tm5t aga9/ ! p]son :o only attempt$ to d a mis*ief1 is seldom s /rong z to be> u out 9 inflict+ ! same puni%m5t ^u him1 :i* we %\ld h ?\ght due if he _h actually done x4 ,9 ! "o case1 ! joy ( our deliv]ance alleviates our s5se ( ! atrocity ( 8 conduct2 9 ! o!r1 ! grief ( our mis=tune increases x4 ,8 real dem]it1 h[ev]1 is und\bt$ly ! same 9 bo? cases1 s9ce 8 int5tions 7 equally crim9al3 & !re is 9 ?is respect1 !re=e1 an irregul>ity 9 ! s5tim5ts ( all m51 & a consequ5t relaxation ( discipl9e 9 ! laws (1 ,i believe1 all nations1 ( ! mo/ civiliz$1 z well z ( ! mo/ b>b>\s4 ,! humanity ( a civiliz$ p disposes !m ei!r to disp5se )1 or to mitigate puni%m5ts :]ev] _! natural indignation is n goad$ on by ! consequ5ces ( ! crime4 ,b>b>ians1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 no actual consequ5ce has happ5$ f any action1 are n apt to be v delicate or inquisitive ab\t ! motives4 ,! p]son himself :o ei!r f passion1 or f ! influ5ce ( bad company1 has resolv$1 & p]haps tak5 measures to p]petrate "s crime1 b :o has =tunately be5 prev5t$ by an accid5t :i* put x out ( 8 p[]1 is sure1 if he has any rema9s ( consci5ce1 to reg>d ?is ev5t all 8 life aft] z a great & signal deliv]ance4 ,he c nev] ?9k ( x )\t return+ ?anks to ,heav5 = hav+ be5 ?us graci\sly pleas$ to save him f ! guilt 9 :i* he 0 j ready to plunge himself1 & to h9d] him f r5d]+ all ! re/ ( 8 life a sc5e ( horror1 remorse1 & rep5tance4 ,b ?\gh 8 h&s are innoc5t1 he is consci\s t 8 he>t is equally guilty z if he _h actually execut$ :at he 0 s fully resolv$ ^u4 ,x gives great ease to 8 consci5ce1 h[ev]1 to consid] t ! crime 0 n execut$1 ?\gh he kn[s t ! failure arose f no virtue 9 him4 ,he /ill consid]s himself z less des]v+ ( puni%m5t & res5tm5t2 & ?is good =tune ei!r dim9i%es1 or takes away altoge!r1 all s5se ( guilt4 ,to rememb] h[ mu* he 0 resolv$ ^u x1 has no o!r effect ?an to make him reg>d 8 escape z ! great] & m miracul\s3 = he /ill fancies t he has escap$1 & he looks back ^u ! dang] to :i* 8 peace ( m9d 0 expos$1 ) t t]ror1 ) :i* "o :o is 9 safety may sometimes rememb] ! haz>d he 0 9 ( fall+ ov] a precipice1 & %udd] ) horror at ! ?\ght4 #b4 ,! second effect ( ?is influ5ce ( =tune1 is to increase our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( actions beyond :at is due to ! motives or affection f :i* !y proce$1 :5 !y happ5 to give occasion to extraord9>y pleasure or pa94 ,! agreeable or disagreeable effects ( ! action (t5 ?r[ a %ad[ ( m]it or dem]it ^u ! ag5t1 ?\gh 9 8 int5tion !re 0 no?+ t des]v$ ei!r praise or blame1 or at lea/ t des]v$ !m 9 ! degree 9 :i* we are apt to be/[ !m4 ,?us1 ev5 ! mess5g] ( bad news is disagreeable to u1 &1 on ! contr>y1 we feel a sort ( gratitude = ! man :o br+s u good tid+s4 ,= a mom5t we look ^u !m bo? z ! au?ors1 ! "o ( our good1 ! o!r ( our bad =tune1 & reg>d !m 9 "s measure z if !y _h really br\ght ab\t ! ev5ts :i* !y only give an acc\nt (4 ,! fir/ au?or ( our joy is naturally ! object ( a transitory gratitude3 we embrace him ) w>m? & affection1 & %\ld be glad1 dur+ ! in/ant ( our prosp]ity1 to rew>d him z = "s signal s]vice4 ,by ! cu/om ( all c\rts1 ! (fic] :o br+s ! news ( a victory1 is entitl$ to consid]able pref]m5ts1 & ! g5]al always *uses "o ( 8 pr9cipal fav\rites to g ^u s agreeable an err&4 ,! fir/ au?or ( our sorr[ is1 on ! contr>y1 j z naturally ! object ( a transitory res5tm5t4 ,we c sc>ce avoid look+ ^u him ) *agr9 & uneas9ess2 & ! rude & brutal are apt to v5t ^u him t sple5 :i* 8 intellig5ce gives occasion to4 ,tigranes1 ,k+ ( ,arm5ia1 /ruck (f ! head ( ! man :o br\ght him ! fir/ acc\nt ( ! approa* ( a =midable enemy4 ,to puni% 9 ?is mann] ! au?or ( bad tid+s1 seems b>b>\s & inhuman3 yet1 to rew>d ! mess5g] ( good news1 is n disagreeable to u2 we ?9k x suitable to ! b\nty ( k+s4 ,b :y d we make ?is diff]5ce1 s9ce1 if !re is no fault 9 ! "o1 nei!r is !re any m]it 9 ! o!r8 ,x is because any sort ( reason seems suffici5t to au?orize ! ex]tion ( ! social & b5evol5t affections2 b x requires ! mo/ solid & sub/antial to make u ent] into t ( ! unsocial & malevol5t4 ,b ?\gh 9 g5]al we are av]se to ent] into ! unsocial & malevol5t affections1 ?\gh we lay x d[n = a rule t we ought nev] to approve ( _! gratification1 unless s f> z ! malici\s & unju/ int5tion ( ! p]son1 aga9/ :om !y are direct$ r5d]s him _! prop] object2 yet1 ^u "s occasions1 we relax ( ?is sev]ity4 ,:5 ! neglig5ce ( "o man has occasion$ "s un9t5d$ damage to ano!r1 we g5]ally ent] s f> into ! res5tm5t ( ! suff]]1 z to approve ( 8 inflict+ a puni%m5t ^u ! (f5d] mu* beyond :at ! (f5ce w h appe>$ to des]ve1 _h no su* unlucky consequ5ce foll[$ f x4 ,!re is a degree ( neglig5ce1 :i* w\ld appe> to des]ve "s *a/isem5t ?\gh x %\ld occasion no damage to any body4 ,?us1 if a p]son %\ld ?r[ a l>ge /one ov] a wall into a public /reet )\t giv+ w>n+ to ^? :o might be pass+ by1 & )\t reg>d+ :]e x 0 likely to fall1 he w\ld und\bt$ly des]ve "s *a/isem5t4 ,a v accurate police w\ld puni% s absurd an action1 ev5 ?\gh x _h done no mis*ief4 ,! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( x1 %[s an insol5t contempt ( ! happ9ess & safety ( o!rs4 ,!re is real inju/ice 9 8 conduct4 ,he wantonly exposes 8 neighb\r to :at no man 9 8 s5ses w\ld *use to expose himself1 & evid5tly wants t s5se ( :at is due to 8 fell[-creatures :i* is ! basis ( ju/ice & ( society4 ,gross neglig5ce !re=e is1 9 ! law1 said to be almo/ equal to malici\s design#c4 ,:5 any unlucky consequ5ces happ5 f su* c>elessness1 ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( x is (t5 puni%$ z if he _h really int5d$ ^? consequ5ces2 & 8 conduct1 :i* 0 only ?\ghtless & insol5t1 & :at des]v$ "s *a/isem5t1 is consid]$ z atroci\s1 & z liable to ! sev]e/ puni%m5t4 ,?us if1 by ! imprud5t action above-m5tion$1 he %\ld accid5tally kill a man1 he is1 by ! laws ( _m c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly by ! old law ( ,scotl&1 liable to ! la/ puni%m5t4 ,& ?\gh ?is is no d\bt excessively sev]e1 x is n altoge!r inconsi/5t ) our natural s5tim5ts4 ,our j indignation aga9/ ! folly & inhumanity ( 8 conduct is exasp]at$ by our sympa?y ) ! un=tunate suff]]4 ,no?+ h[ev] w\ld appe> m %ock+ to our natural s5se ( equity1 ?an to br+ a man to ! scaffold m]ely = hav+ ?r[n a /one c>elessly into ! /reet )\t hurt+ any body4 ,! folly & inhumanity ( 8 conduct1 h[ev]1 w\ld 9 ?is case be ! same2 b /ill our s5tim5ts w\ld be v diff]5t4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is diff]5ce may satisfy u h[ mu* ! indignation1 ev5 ( ! spectator1 is apt to be animat$ by ! actual consequ5ces ( ! action4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d !re w1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 be f\nd a great degree ( sev]ity 9 ! laws ( almo/ all nations2 z ,i h already obs]v$ t 9 ^? ( an opposite k9d !re 0 a v g5]al relaxation ( discipl9e4 ,footnote #c3 ,lata culpa prope dolum e/4 ,!re is ano!r degree ( neglig5ce :i* does n involve 9 x any sort ( inju/ice4 ,! p]son :o is guilty ( x treats 8 neighb\r z he treats himself1 means no h>m to any body1 & is f> f ent]ta9+ any insol5t contempt = ! safety & happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 s c>eful & circumspect 9 8 conduct z he ought to be1 & des]ves ^u ?is acc\nt "s degree ( blame & c5sure1 b no sort ( puni%m5t4 ,yet if by a neglig5ce#d ( ?is k9d he %\ld occasion "s damage to ano!r p]son1 he is by ! laws (1 ,i believe1 all c\ntries1 oblig$ to comp5sate x4 ,& ?\gh ?is is no d\bt a real puni%m5t1 & :at no mortal w\ld h ?\ght ( inflict+ ^u him1 _h x n be5 = ! unlucky accid5t :i* 8 conduct gave occasion to2 yet ?is decision ( ! law is approv$ ( by ! natural s5tim5ts ( all mank9d4 ,no?+1 we ?9k1 c be m j ?an t "o man %\ld n suff] by ! c>elessness ( ano!r2 & t ! damage occasion$ by blamable neglig5ce %\ld be made up by ! p]son :o 0 guilty ( x4 ,footnote #d3 ,culpa levis4 ,!re is ano!r species ( neglig5ce#e1 :i* consi/s m]ely 9 a want ( ! mo/ anxi\s timidity & circumspection1 ) reg>d to all ! possible consequ5ces ( our actions4 ,! want ( ?is pa9ful att5tion1 :5 no bad consequ5ces foll[ f x1 is s f> f be+ reg>d$ z blamable1 t ! contr>y quality is r consid]$ z su*4 ,t timid circumspection :i* is afraid ( e ?+1 is nev] reg>d$ z a virtue1 b z a quality :i* m ?an any o!r incapacitates = action & bus9ess4 ,yet :51 f a want ( ?is excessive c>e1 a p]son happ5s to occasion "s damage to ano!r1 he is (t5 by ! law oblig$ to comp5sate x4 ,?us1 by ! ,aquilian law1 ! man1 :o n be+ able to manage a horse t _h accid5tally tak5 fright1 %\ld happ5 to ride d[n 8 neighb\r's slave1 is oblig$ to comp5sate ! damage4 ,:5 an accid5t ( ?is k9d happ5s1 we are apt to ?9k t he ought n to h rode su* a horse1 & to reg>d 8 attempt+ x z an unp>donable levity2 ?\gh )\t ?is accid5t we %\ld n only h made no su* reflection1 b %\ld h reg>d$ 8 refus+ x z ! effect ( timid weakness1 & ( an anxiety ab\t m]ely possible ev5ts1 :i* x is to no purpose to be aw>e (4 ,! p]son himself1 :o by an accid5t ev5 ( ?is k9d has involunt>ily hurt ano!r1 seems to h "s s5se ( 8 own ill des]t1 ) reg>d to him4 ,he naturally runs up to ! suff]] to express 8 conc]n = :at has happ5$1 & to make e ackn[l$gm5t 9 8 p[]4 ,if he has any s5sibility1 he necess>ily desires to comp5sate ! damage1 & to d e ?+ he c to appease t animal res5tm5t1 :i* he is s5sible w be apt to arise 9 ! brea/ ( ! suff]]4 ,to make no apology1 to (f] no atonem5t1 is reg>d$ z ! highe/ brutality4 ,yet :y %\ld he make an apology m ?an any o!r p]son8 ,:y %\ld he1 s9ce he 0 equally innoc5t ) any o!r by-/&]1 be ?us s+l$ out f among all mank9d1 to make up = ! bad =tune ( ano!r8 ,?is task w\ld surely nev] be impos$ ^u him1 did n ev5 ! imp>tial spectator feel "s indulg5ce = :at may be reg>d$ z ! unju/ res5tm5t ( t o!r4 ,footnote #e3 ,culpa levissima4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! f9al cause ( ?is irregul>ity ( s5tim5ts4 ,su* is ! effect ( ! good or bad consequ5ce ( actions ^u ! s5tim5ts bo? ( ! p]son :o p]=ms !m1 & ( o!rs2 & ?us1 ,=tune1 :i* gov]ns ! _w1 has "s influ5ce :]e we %\ld be lea/ will+ to all[ h] any1 & directs 9 "s measure ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 ) reg>d to ! "* & conduct bo? ( !mselves & o!rs4 ,t ! _w judges by ! ev5t1 & n by ! design1 has be5 9 all ages ! compla9t1 & is ! great disc\ragem5t ( virtue4 ,e body agrees to ! g5]al maxim1 t z ! ev5t does n dep5d on ! ag5t1 x ought to h no influ5ce ^u y\r s5tim5ts1 ) reg>d to ! m]it or propriety ( 8 conduct4 ,b :5 we come to p>ticul>s1 we f9d t our s5tim5ts are sc>ce 9 any "o in/ance exactly con=mable to :at ?is equitable maxim w\ld direct4 ,! happy or unprosp]\s ev5t ( any action1 is n only apt to give u a good or bad op9ion ( ! prud5ce ) :i* x 0 conduct$1 b almo/ always too animates our gratitude or res5tm5t1 our s5se ( ! m]it or dem]it ( ! design4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 :5 ! implant$ ! se$s ( ?is irregul>ity 9 ! human brea/1 seems1 z ^u all o!r occasions1 to h int5d$ ! happ9ess & p]fection ( ! species4 ,if ! hurtfulness ( ! design1 if ! malevol5ce ( ! affection1 7 alone ! causes :i* excit$ our res5tm5t1 we %\ld feel all ! furies ( t passion aga9/ any p]son 9 ^: brea/ we suspect$ or believ$ su* designs or affections 7 h>b\r$1 ?\gh !y _h nev] broke out into any actions4 ,s5tim5ts1 ?\ghts1 int5tions1 w\ld become ! objects ( puni%m5t2 & if ! indignation ( mank9d ran z high aga9/ !m z aga9/ actions2 if ! bas5ess ( ! ?\ght :i* _h giv5 bir? to no action1 seem$ 9 ! eyes ( ! _w z mu* to call al\d = v5geance z ! bas5ess ( ! action1 e c\rt ( judicature w\ld become a real inquisition4 ,!re w\ld be no safety = ! mo/ innoc5t & circumspect conduct4 ,bad wi%es1 bad views1 bad designs1 might /ill be suspect$2 & :ile ^! excit$ ! same indignation ) bad conduct1 :ile bad int5tions 7 z mu* res5t$ z bad actions1 !y w\ld equally expose ! p]son to puni%m5t & res5tm5t4 ,actions !re=e :i* ei!r produce actual evil1 or attempt to produce x1 & !reby put u 9 ! imm$iate fe> ( x1 are by ! ,au?or ( nature r5d]$ ! only prop] & approv$ objects ( human puni%m5t & res5tm5t4 ,s5tim5ts1 designs1 affections1 ?\gh x is f ^! t accord+ to cool reason human actions d]ive _! :ole m]it or dem]it1 are plac$ by ! great ,judge ( he>ts beyond ! limits ( e human jurisdiction1 & are res]v$ = ! cognizance ( 8 own un]r+ tribunal4 ,t necess>y rule ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 t m5 9 ?is life are liable to puni%m5t = _! actions only1 n = _! designs & int5tions1 is f\nd$ ^u ?is salut>y & useful irregul>ity 9 human s5tim5ts conc]n+ m]it or dem]it1 :i* at fir/ sight appe>s s absurd & unacc\ntable4 ,b e "p ( nature1 :5 att5tively survey$1 equally demon/rates ! provid5tial c>e ( its ,au?or1 & we may admire ! wisdom & goodness ( ,god ev5 9 ! weakness & folly ( m54 ,nor is t irregul>ity ( s5tim5ts altoge!r )\t its utility1 by :i* ! m]it ( an unsuccessful attempt to s]ve1 & mu* m t ( m]e good incl9ations & k9d wi%es1 appe>s to be imp]fect4 ,man 0 made = action1 & to promote by ! ex]tion ( 8 faculties su* *anges 9 ! ext]nal circum/ances bo? ( himself & o!rs1 z may seem mo/ fav\rable to ! happ9ess ( all4 ,he mu/ n be satisfi$ ) indol5t b5evol5ce1 nor fancy himself ! fri5d ( mank9d1 because 9 8 he>t he wi%es well to ! prosp]ity ( ! _w4 ,t he may call =? ! :ole vig\r ( 8 s\l1 & /ra9 e n]ve1 9 ord] to produce ^? ends :i* x is ! purpose ( 8 be+ to advance1 ,nature has taught him1 t nei!r himself nor mank9d c be fully satisfi$ ) 8 conduct1 nor be/[ ^u x ! full measure ( applause1 unless he has actually produc$ !m4 ,he is made to "k1 t ! praise ( good int5tions1 )\t ! m]it ( good (fices1 w be b ( little avail to excite ei!r ! l\de/ acclamations ( ! _w1 or ev5 ! highe/ degree ( self-applause4 ,! man :o has p]=m$ no s+le action ( importance1 b ^: :ole conv]sation & deportm5t express ! ju/e/1 ! noble/1 & mo/ g5]\s s5tim5ts1 c be entitl$ to dem& no v high rew>d1 ev5 ?\gh 8 inutility %\ld be ow+ to no?+ b ! want ( an opportunity to s]ve4 ,we c /ill refuse x him )\t blame4 ,we c /ill ask him1 :at h y done8 ,:at actual s]vice c y produce1 to entitle y to s great a recomp5se8 ,we e/eem y1 & love y2 b we owe y no?+4 ,to rew>d inde$ t lat5t virtue :i* has be5 useless only = want ( an opportunity to s]ve1 to be/[ ^u x ^? hon\rs & pref]m5ts1 :i*1 ?\gh 9 "s measure x may be said to des]ve !m1 x c\ld n ) propriety h insi/$ ^u1 is ! effect ( ! mo/ div9e b5evol5ce4 ,to puni%1 on ! contr>y1 = ! affections ( ! he>t only1 :]e no crime has be5 committ$1 is ! mo/ insol5t & b>b>\s tyranny4 ,! b5evol5t affections seem to des]ve mo/ praise1 :5 !y d n wait till x becomes almo/ a crime = !m n to ex]t !mselves4 ,! malevol5t1 on ! contr>y1 c sc>ce be too t>dy1 too sl[1 or delib]ate4 ,x is ev5 ( use t ! evil :i* is done )\t design %\ld be reg>d$ z a mis=tune to ! do] z well z to ! suff]]4 ,man is !reby taught to rev]5ce ! happ9ess ( 8 bre?r51 to tremble le/ he %\ld1 ev5 unkn[+ly1 d any ?+ t c hurt !m1 & to dread t animal res5tm5t :i* he feels is ready to bur/ out aga9/ him1 if he %\ld )\t design be ! unhappy in/rum5t ( _! calamity4 ,not)/&+1 h[ev]1 all ^! seem+ irregul>ities ( s5tim5t1 if man %\ld un=tunately ei!r give occasion to ^? evils :i* he did n int5d1 or fail 9 produc+ t good :i* he int5d$1 nature has n left 8 innoc5ce altoge!r )\t consolation1 nor 8 virtue altoge!r )\t rew>d4 ,he !n calls to 8 assi/ance t j & equitable maxim1 t ^? ev5ts :i* did n dep5d ^u our conduct ought n to dim9i% ! e/eem t is due to u4 ,he summons up 8 :ole magnanimity & firmness ( s\l1 & /rives to reg>d himself1 n 9 ! light 9 :i* he at pres5t appe>s1 b 9 t 9 :i* he ought to appe>1 9 :i* he w\ld h appe>$ _h 8 g5]\s designs be5 cr[n$ ) success1 & 9 :i* he w\ld /ill appe>1 not)/&+ _! misc>riage1 if ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d 7 ei!r altoge!r c&id & equitable1 or ev5 p]fectly consi/5t ) !mselves4 ,! m c&id & humane "p ( mank9d entirely g along ) ! ef=ts :i* he ?us makes to support himself 9 8 own op9ion4 ,!y ex]t _! :ole g5]osity & greatness ( m9d1 to correct 9 !mselves ?is irregul>ity ( human nature1 & endeav\r to reg>d 8 un=tunate magnanimity 9 ! same light 9 :i*1 _h x be5 successful1 !y w\ld1 )\t any su* g5]\s ex]tion1 h naturally be5 dispos$ to consid] x4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,( ! f\ndation ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ our own s5tim5ts & conduct1 & ( ! s5se ( duty4 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,"o ,,section4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! consci\sness ( m]it$ praise or blame4 ,9 ! two =ego+ p>ts ( ?is disc\rse1 ,i h *iefly consid]$ ! orig9 & f\ndation ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ ! s5tim5ts & conduct ( o!rs4 ,i come n[ to consid] ! orig9 ( ^? conc]n+ our own4 ,! desire ( ! approbation & e/eem ( ^? we live )1 :i* is ( su* importance to our happ9ess1 _c be fully & entirely cont5t$ b by r5d]+ ourselves ! j & prop] objects ( ^? s5tim5ts1 & by adju/+ our own "* & conduct accord+ to ^? measures & rules by :i* e/eem & approbation are naturally be/[$4 ,x is n suffici5t1 t f ignorance or mi/ake1 e/eem & approbation %\ld "s way or o!r be be/[$ ^u u4 ,if we are consci\s t we d n des]ve to be s fav\rably ?\ght (1 & t if ! tru? 0 kn[n1 we %\ld be reg>d$ ) v opposite s5tim5ts1 our satisfaction is f> f be+ complete4 ,! man :o applauds u ei!r = actions :i* we did n p]=m1 or = motives :i* _h no sort ( influ5ce ^u our conduct1 applauds n u1 b ano!r p]son4 ,we c d]ive no sort ( satisfaction f 8 praises4 ,to u !y %\ld be m mortify+ ?an any c5sure1 & %\ld p]petually call to our m9ds1 ! mo/ humbl+ ( all reflections1 ! reflection ^u :at we ought to be1 b :at we are n4 ,a woman :o pa9ts to conceal h] ugl9ess1 c\ld d]ive1 "o %\ld imag9e1 b little vanity f ! complim5ts t are paid to h] beauty4 ,^!1 we %\ld expect1 ought r to put h] 9 m9d ( ! s5tim5ts :i* h] real complexion w\ld excite1 & mortify h] m by ! contra/4 ,to be pleas$ ) su* gr\ndless applause is a pro( ( ! mo/ sup]ficial levity & weakness4 ,x is :at is prop]ly call$ vanity1 & is ! f\ndation ( ! mo/ ridicul\s & contemptible vices1 ! vices ( affectation & common ly+2 follies :i*1 if exp]i5ce did n tea* u h[ common !y are1 "o %\ld imag9e ! lea/ sp>k ( common s5se w\ld save u f4 ,! fooli% li>1 :o endeav\rs to excite ! admiration ( ! company by ! relation ( adv5tures :i* nev] _h any exi/5ce1 ! important coxcomb :o gives himself airs ( rank & di/9ction :i* he well kn[s he has no j pret5sions to1 are bo? ( !m1 no d\bt1 pleas$ ) ! applause :i* !y fancy !y meet )4 ,b _! vanity arises f s gross an illusion ( ! imag9ation1 t x is difficult to conceive h[ any rational creature %\ld be impos$ ^u by x4 ,:5 !y place !mselves 9 ! situation ( ^? :om !y fancy !y h deceiv$1 !y are /ruck ) ! highe/ admiration = _! own p]sons4 ,!y look ^u !mselves1 n 9 t light 9 :i*1 !y "k1 !y ought to appe> to _! companions1 b 9 t 9 :i* !y believe _! companions actually look ^u !m4 ,_! sup]ficial weakness & trivial folly h9d] !m f ev] turn+ _! eyes inw>ds1 or f see+ !mselves 9 t despicable po9t ( view 9 :i* _! own consci5ces %\ld tell !m t !y w\ld appe> to e body1 if ! real tru? %\ld ev] come to be kn[n4 ,z ignorant & gr\ndless praise c give no solid joy1 no satisfaction t w be> any s]i\s exam9ation1 s1 on ! contr>y1 x (t5 gives real com=t to reflect1 t ?\gh no praise %\ld actually be be/[$ ^u u1 our conduct1 h[ev]1 has be5 su* z to des]ve x1 & has be5 9 e respect suitable to ^? measures & rules by :i* praise & approbation are naturally & commonly be/[$4 ,we are pleas$ n only ) praise1 b ) hav+ done :at is praise-wor?y4 ,we are pleas$ to ?9k t we h r5d]$ ourselves ! natural objects ( approbation1 ?\gh no approbation1 %\ld ev] actually be be/[$ ^u u3 & we are mortifi$ to reflect t we h ju/ly incurr$ ! blame ( ^? we live )1 ?\gh t s5tim5t %\ld nev] actually be ex]t$ aga9/ u4 ,! man :o is consci\s to himself t he has exactly obs]v$ ^? measures ( conduct :i* exp]i5ce in=ms him are g5]ally agreeable1 reflects ) satisfaction on ! propriety ( 8 own behavi\r2 :5 he views x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld view x1 he ?or\ghly ent]s into all ! motives :i* influ5c$ x2 he looks back ^u e "p ( x ) pleasure & approbation1 & ?\gh mank9d %\ld nev] be acqua9t$ ) :at he has done1 he reg>ds himself n s mu* accord+ to ! light 9 :i* !y actually reg>d him1 z accord+ to t1 9 :i* !y w\ld reg>d him if !y 7 bett] in=m$4 ,he anticipates ! applause & admiration :i* 9 ?is case w\ld be be/[$ ^u him1 & he applauds & admires himself by sympa?y ) s5tim5ts :i* d n inde$ actually take place1 b :i* ! ignorance ( ! public alone h9d]s f tak+ place1 :i* he kn[s are ! natural & ord9>y effects ( su* conduct1 :i* 8 imag9ation /rongly connects ) x1 & :i* he has acquir$ a habit ( conceiv+ z some?+ t naturally & 9 propriety ought to fl[ f x4 ,m5 h (t5 volunt>ily ?r[n away life to acquire aft] dea? a r5[n :i* !y c\ld no long] enjoy4 ,_! imag9ation1 9 ! mean "t1 anticipat$ t fame :i* 0 !reaft] to be be/[$ ^u !m4 ,^? applauses :i* !y 7 nev] to he> rung 9 _! e>s2 ! ?\ghts ( t admiration1 ^: effects !y 7 nev] to feel1 play$ ab\t _! he>ts1 bani%$ f _! brea/s ! /ronge/ ( all natural fe>s1 & transport$ !m to p]=m actions :i* seem aim$ beyond ! rea* ( human nature4 ,b 9 po9t ( reality !re is surely no great diff]5ce betwe5 t approbation :i* is n to be be/[$ till we c no long] enjoy x1 & t :i* inde$ is nev] to be be/[$1 b :i* w\ld be be/[$ if ! _w 0 ev] made to und]/& prop]ly ! real circum/ances ( our behavi\r4 ,if ! "o (t5 produces su* viol5t effects1 we _c wond] t ! o!r %\ld always be highly reg>d$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! man :o has broke ?r\gh all ^? measures ( conduct1 :i* c alone r5d] him agreeable to mank9d1 ?o' he %\ld h ! mo/ p]fect assurance t :at he _h done 0 = ev] to be conceal$ f e human eye1 x is all to no purpose4 ,:5 he looks back ^u x1 & views x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld view x1 he f9ds t he c ent] into none ( ! motives :i* influ5c$ x4 ,he is aba%$ & conf\nd$ at ! ?\ghts ( x1 & necess>ily feels a v high degree ( t %ame :i* he w\ld be expos$ to1 if 8 actions %\ld ev] come to be g5]ally kn[n4 ,8 imag9ation1 9 ?is case too1 anticipates ! contempt & d]ision f :i* no?+ saves him b ! ignorance ( ^? he lives )4 ,he /ill feels t he is ! natural object ( ^! s5tim5ts1 & /ill trembles at ! ?\ght ( :at he w\ld suff] if !y 7 ev] actually ex]t$ aga9/ him4 ,b if :at he _h be5 guilty ( 0 n m]ely "o ( ^? improprieties :i* are ! objects ( simple disapprobation1 b "o ( ^? enorm\s crimes :i* excite dete/ation & res5tm5t1 he c\ld nev] ?9k ( x1 z long z he _h any s5sibility left1 )\t feel+ all ! agony ( horror & remorse2 & ?\gh he c\ld be assur$ t no man 0 ev] to "k x1 & c\ld ev5 br+ himself to believe t !re 0 no ,god to rev5ge x1 he w\ld /ill feel en\gh ( bo? ^! s5tim5ts to embitt] ! :ole ( 8 life3 ,he w\ld /ill reg>d himself z ! natural object ( ! hatr$ & indignation ( all 8 fell[-creatures2 & if 8 he>t 0 n gr[n call\s by ! habit ( crimes1 he c\ld n ?9k )\t t]ror & a/oni%m5t ev5 ( ! mann] 9 :i* mank9d w\ld look ^u him1 ( :at w\ld be ! expression ( _! c\nt5ance & ( _! eyes1 if ! dreadful tru? %\ld ev] come to be kn[n4 ,^! natural pangs ( an affright$ consci5ce are ! dmons1 ! av5g+ furies :i* 9 ?is life haunt ! guilty1 :i* all[ !m nei!r quiet nor repose1 :i* (t5 drive !m to despair & di/raction1 f :i* no assurance ( secrecy c protect !m1 f :i* no pr9ciples ( irreligion c entirely deliv] !m1 & f :i* no?+ c free !m b ! vile/ & mo/ abject ( all /ates1 a complete ins5sibility ( hon\r & infamy1 to vice & virtue4 ,m5 ( ! mo/ dete/able *>act]s1 :o1 9 ! execution ( ! mo/ dreadful crimes1 _h tak5 _! measures s coolly z to avoid ev5 ! suspicion ( guilt1 h sometimes be5 driv51 by ! horror ( _! situation1 to discov] ( _! own accord1 :at no human sagacity c\ld ev] h inve/igat$4 ,by ackn[l$g+ _! guilt1 by submitt+ !mselves to ! res5tm5t ( _! (f5d$ citiz5s1 & by ?us satiat+ t v5geance ( :i* !y 7 s5sible t !y 7 become ! prop] objects1 !y hop$ by _! dea? to reconcile !mselves1 at lea/ 9 _! own imag9ation1 to ! natural s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 to be able to consid] !mselves z less wor?y ( hatr$ & res5tm5t1 to atone 9 "s measure = _! crimes1 &1 if possible1 to die 9 peace & ) ! =giv5ess ( all _! fell[-creatures4 ,comp>$ to :at !y felt be=e ! discov]y1 ev5 ! ?\ght ( ?is1 x seems1 0 happ9ess4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,9 :at mann] our own judgm5ts ref] to :at ought to be ! judgm5ts ( o!rs3 & ( ! orig9 ( g5]al rules4 ,a great "p1 p]haps ! greate/ "p1 ( human happ9ess & mis]y arises f ! view ( our pa/ conduct1 & f ! degree ( approbation or disapprobation :i* we feel f ! consid]ation ( x4 ,b 9 :atev] mann] x may affect u1 our s5tim5ts ( ?is k9d h always "s secret ref]5ce ei!r to :at are1 or to :at ^u a c]ta9 condition w\ld be1 or to :at we imag9e ought to be ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,we exam9e x z we imag9e an imp>tial spectator w\ld exam9e x4 ,if ^u plac+ ourselves 9 8 situation we ?or\ghly ent] into all ! passions & motives :i* influ5c$ x1 we approve ( x by sympa?y ) ! approbation ( ?is suppos$ equitable judge4 ,if o!rwise1 we ent] into 8 disapprobation & condemn x4 ,0 x possible t a human creature c\ld gr[ up to manhood 9 "s solit>y place )\t any communication ) 8 own species1 he c\ld no m ?9k ( 8 own "*1 ( ! propriety or dem]it ( 8 own s5tim5ts & conduct1 ( ! beauty or de=mity ( 8 own m9d1 ?an ( ! beauty or de=mity ( 8 own face4 ,all ^! are objects :i* he _c easily see1 :i* naturally he does n look at2 & ) reg>d to :i* he is provid$ ) no mirror :i* c pres5t !m to 8 view4 ,br+ him into society1 & he is imm$iately provid$ ) ! mirror :i* he want$ be=e4 ,x is plac$ 9 ! c\nt5ance & behavi\r ( ^? he lives )1 :i* always m>k :5 !y ent] into1 & :5 !y disapprove ( 8 s5tim5ts2 & x is "h t he fir/ views ! propriety & impropriety ( 8 own passions1 ! beauty & de=mity ( 8 own m9d4 ,to a man :o f 8 bir? 0 a /rang] to society1 ! objects ( 8 passions1 ! ext]nal bodies :i* ei!r pleas$ or hurt him1 w\ld occupy 8 :ole att5tion4 ,! passions !mselves1 ! desires or av]sions1 ! joys or sorr[s1 :i* ^? objects excit$1 ?\gh ( all ?+s ! mo/ imm$iately pres5t to him1 c\ld sc>ce ev] be ! objects ( 8 ?\ghts4 ,! idea ( !m c\ld nev] int]e/ him s mu* z to call ^u 8 att5tive consid]ation4 ,! consid]ation ( 8 joy c\ld 9 him excite no new joy1 nor t ( 8 sorr[ any new sorr[1 ?\gh ! consid]ation ( ! causes ( ^? passions might (t5 excite bo?4 ,br+ him into society1 & all 8 own passions w imm$iately become ! causes ( new passions4 ,he w obs]ve t mank9d approve ( "s ( !m1 & are disgu/$ by o!rs4 ,he w be elevat$ 9 ! "o case1 & ca/ d[n 9 ! o!r2 8 desires & av]sions1 8 joys & sorr[s w n[ (t5 become ! causes ( new desires & new av]sions1 new joys & new sorr[s3 !y w n[ !re=e int]e/ him deeply1 & (t5 call ^u 8 mo/ att5tive consid]ation4 ,our fir/ ideas ( p]sonal beauty & de=mity1 are drawn f ! %ape & appe>ance ( o!rs1 n f our own4 ,we soon become s5sible1 h[ev]1 t o!rs ex]cise ! same criticism ^u u4 ,we are pleas$ :5 !y approve ( our figure1 & are disoblig$ :5 !y seem to be disgu/$4 ,we become anxi\s to "k h[ f> our appe>ance des]ves ei!r _! blame or approbation4 ,we exam9e our own p]sons limb by limb1 & by plac+ ourselves be=e a look+-glass1 or by "s su* exp$i5t1 endeav\r1 z mu* z possible1 to view ourselves at ! di/ance & ) ! eyes ( o!r p4 ,if aft] ?is exam9ation we are satisfi$ ) our own appe>ance1 we c m easily support ! mo/ disadvantage\s judgm5ts ( o!rs3 if1 on ! contr>y1 we are s5sible t we are ! natural objects ( di/a/e1 e appe>ance ( _! disapprobation mortifies u beyond all measure4 ,a man :o is tol]ably h&some1 w all[ y to laugh at any little irregul>ity 9 8 p]son2 b all su* jokes are commonly insupportable to "o :o is really de=m$4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t we are anxi\s ab\t our own beauty & de=mity only on acc\nt ( its effect ^u o!rs4 ,if we _h no connexion ) society1 we %\ld be altoge!r indiff]5t ab\t ei!r4 ,9 ! same mann] our fir/ moral criticisms are ex]cis$ ^u ! *>act]s & conduct ( o!r p2 & we are all v =w>d to obs]ve h[ ea* ( ^! affects u4 ,b we soon le>n1 t o!rs are equally frank ) reg>d to our own4 ,we become anxi\s to "k h[ f> we des]ve _! c5sure or applause1 & :e!r to !m we mu/ necess>ily appe> ^? agreeable or disagreeable creatures :i* !y repres5t u4 ,we beg9 ^u ?is acc\nt to exam9e our own passions & conduct1 & to consid] h[ ^! mu/ appe> to !m1 by consid]+ h[ !y w\ld appe> to u if 9 _! situation4 ,we suppose ourselves ! spectators ( our own behavi\r1 & endeav\r to imag9e :at effect x w\ld1 9 ?is light1 produce ^u u4 ,?is is ! only look+-glass by :i* we c1 9 "s measure1 ) ! eyes ( o!rs1 scrut9ize ! propriety ( our own conduct4 ,if 9 ?is view x pleases u1 we are tol]ably satisfi$4 ,we c be m indiff]5t ab\t ! applause1 &1 9 "s measure1 despise ! c5sure ( o!rs2 secure t1 h[ev] misund]/ood or misrepres5t$1 we are ! natural & prop] objects ( approbation4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we are displeas$ ) x1 we are (t5 ^u t v acc\nt m anxi\s to ga9 _! approbation1 &1 provid$ we h n already1 z !y say1 %ak5 h&s ) infamy1 we are altoge!r di/ract$ at ! ?\ghts ( _! c5sure1 :i* !n /rikes u ) d\ble sev]ity4 ,:5 ,i endeav\r to exam9e my own conduct1 :5 ,i endeav\r to pass s5t5ce ^u x1 & ei!r to approve or condemn x1 x is evid5t t1 9 all su* cases1 ,i divide myself1 z x 71 into two p]sons1 & t ,i1 ! exam9] & judge1 repres5t a diff]5t "* f t o!r ,i1 ! p]son ^: conduct is exam9$ into & judg$ (4 ,! fir/ is ! spectator1 ^: s5tim5ts ) reg>d to my own conduct ,i endeav\r to ent] into1 by plac+ myself 9 8 situation1 & by consid]+ h[ x w\ld appe> to me :5 se5 f t p>ticul> po9t ( view4 ,! second is ! ag5t1 ! p]son :om ,i prop]ly call myself1 & ( ^: conduct1 "u ! "* ( a spectator1 ,i 0 endeav\r+ to =m "s op9ion4 ,! fir/ is ! judge2 ! second ! pannel4 ,b t ! judge %\ld1 9 e respect1 be ! same ) ! pannel1 is z impossible1 z t ! cause %\ld1 9 e respect1 be ! same ) ! effect4 ,to be amiable & to be m]itori\s1 t is1 to des]ve love & to des]ve rew>d1 are ! great *>act]s ( virtue1 & to be odi\s & puni%able1 ( vice4 ,b all ^! *>act]s h an imm$iate ref]5ce to ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,virtue is n said to be amiable or to be m]itori\s1 because x is ! object ( its own love1 or ( its own gratitude2 b because x excites ^? s5tim5ts 9 o!r m54 ,! consci\sness t x is ! object ( su* fav\rable reg>ds is ! s\rce ( t inw>d tranquillity & self-satisfaction ) :i* x is naturally att5d$1 z ! suspicion ( ! contr>y gives occasion to ! torm5ts ( vice4 ,:at s great happ9ess z to be belov$1 & to "k t we des]ve to be belov$8 ,:at s great mis]y z to be hat$1 & to "k t we des]ve to be hat$8 ,man is consid]$ z a moral1 because he is reg>d$ z an acc\ntable be+4 ,b an acc\ntable be+1 z ! ^w expresses1 is a be+ t mu/ give an acc\nt ( its actions to "s o!r1 & t consequ5tly mu/ regulate !m accord+ to ! good lik+ ( ?is o!r4 ,man is acc\ntable to ,god & 8 fell[-creatures4 ,b ?\gh he is1 no d\bt1 pr9cipally acc\ntable to ,god2 9 ! ord] ( "t1 he mu/ necess>ily conceive himself z acc\ntable to 8 fell[-creatures1 be=e he c =m any idea ( ! ,deity1 or ( ! rules by :i* t div9e be+ w judge ( 8 conduct4 ,a *ild surely conceives itself z acc\ntable to its p>5ts1 & is elevat$ or ca/ d[n by ! ?\ght ( _! m]it$ approbation or disapprobation1 long be=e x =ms any idea ( its acc\ntabl5ess to ! ,deity1 or ( ! rules by :i* t div9e be+ w judge ( its conduct4 ,! great judge ( ! _w1 has1 = ! wise/ reasons1 ?\ght prop] to int]pose1 betwe5 ! weak eye ( human reason1 & ! ?rone ( 8 et]nal ju/ice1 a degree ( obscurity & d>kness1 :i* ?\gh x does n entirely cov] t great tribunal f ! view ( mank9d1 yet r5d]s ! impression ( x fa9t & feeble 9 comp>ison ( :at might be expect$ f ! gr&eur & importance ( s mighty an object4 ,if ^? inf9ite rew>ds & puni%m5ts :i* ! ,almighty has prep>$ = ^? :o obey or transgress 8 w1 7 p]ceiv$ z di/9ctly z we =esee ! frivol\s & tempor>y retaliations :i* we may expect f "o ano!r1 ! weakness ( human nature1 a/oni%$ at ! imm5sity ( objects s little fitt$ to its compreh5sion1 c\ld no long] att5d to ! little affairs ( ?is _w2 & x is absolutely impossible t ! bus9ess ( society c\ld h be5 c>ri$ on1 if1 9 ?is respect1 !re _h be5 a full] revelation ( ! int5tions ( ,provid5ce ?an t :i* has already be5 made4 ,t m51 h[ev]1 might nev] be )\t a rule to direct _! conduct by1 nor )\t a judge ^: au?ority %\ld en=ce its obs]vation1 ! ,au?or ( nature has made man ! imm$iate judge ( mank9d1 & has1 9 ?is respect1 z 9 _m o!rs1 creat$ him aft] 8 own image1 & appo9t$ him 8 viceg]5t ^u e>?1 to sup]9t5d ! behavi\r ( 8 bre?r54 ,!y are taught by nature to ackn[l$ge t p[] & jurisdiction :i* has ?us be5 conf]r$ ^u him1 & to tremble & exult accord+ z !y imag9e t !y h ei!r m]it$ 8 c5sure1 or des]v$ 8 applause4 ,b :atev] may be ! au?ority ( ?is inf]ior tribunal :i* is cont9ually be=e _! eyes1 if at any "t x %\ld decide contr>y to ^? pr9ciples & rules1 :i* ,nature has e/abli%$ = regulat+ its judgm5ts1 m5 feel t !y may appeal f ?is unju/ decision1 & call ^u a sup]ior tribunal1 ! tribunal e/abli%$ 9 _! own brea/s1 to r$ress ! inju/ice ( ?is weak or p>tial judgm5t4 ,!re are c]ta9 pr9ciples e/abli%$ by ,nature = gov]n+ our judgm5t conc]n+ ! conduct ( ^? we live )4 ,z long z we decide accord+ to ^? pr9ciples1 & nei!r applaud nor condemn any ?+ :i* ,nature has n r5d]$ ! prop] object ( applause or condemnation1 nor any fur!r ?an %e has r5d]$ x su*1 z our s5t5ce is1 9 ?is case1 if ,i may say s1 q agreeable to law1 x is liable nei!r to repeal nor to correction ( any k9d4 ,! p]son conc]n+ :om we =m ^! judgm5ts1 mu/ himself necess>ily approve ( !m4 ,:5 he puts himself into our situation1 he _c avoid view+ 8 own conduct 9 ! v same light 9 :i* we appe> to view x4 ,he is s5sible1 t to u1 & to e imp>tial spectator1 he mu/ necess>ily appe> ! natural & prop] object ( ^? s5tim5ts :i* we express ) reg>d to him4 ,^? s5tim5ts1 !re=e1 mu/ necess>ily produce _! full effect ^u him1 & he _c fail to conceive all ! triumph ( self-approbation f1 :at appe>s to him1 su* m]it$ applause1 z well z all ! horrors ( %ame f1 :at1 he is s5sible1 is su* des]v$ condemnation4 ,b x is o!rwise1 if we h ei!r applaud$ or condemn$ him1 contr>y to ^? pr9ciples & rules :i* ,nature has e/abli%$ = ! direction ( our judgm5ts conc]n+ e ?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,if we h ei!r applaud$ or condemn$ him = :at1 :5 he put himself into our situation1 does n appe> to him to be ! object ei!r ( applause or condemnation2 z 9 ?is case he _c ent] into our s5tim5ts1 provid$ he has any con/ancy or firmness1 he is b little affect$ by !m1 & c nei!r be mu* elevat$ by ! fav\rable1 nor greatly mortifi$ by ! unfav\rable decision4 ,! applause ( ! :ole _w w avail b little1 if our own consci5ce condemn u2 & ! disapprobation ( all mank9d is n capable ( oppress+ u1 :5 we are absolv$ by ! tribunal )9 our own brea/1 & :5 our own m9d tells u t mank9d are 9 ! wrong4 ,b ?\gh ?is tribunal )9 ! brea/ be ?us ! supreme arbit] ( all our actions1 ?\gh x c rev]se ! decisions ( all mank9d ) reg>d to our "* & conduct1 & mortify u amid/ ! applause1 or support u "u ! c5sure ( ! _w2 yet1 if we inquire into ! orig9 ( its in/itution1 its jurisdiction we %all f9d is 9 a great measure d]iv$ f ! au?ority ( t v tribunal1 ^: decisions x s (t5 & s ju/ly rev]ses4 ,:5 we fir/ come into ! _w1 f ! natural desire to please1 we accu/om ourselves to consid] :at behavi\r is likely to be agreeable to e p]son we conv]se )1 to our p>5ts1 to our ma/]s1 to our companions4 ,we address ourselves to individuals1 & = "s "t fondly pursue ! impossible & absurd project ( ga9+ ! good-w & approbation ( e body4 ,we are soon taught by exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 t ?is univ]sal approbation is altoge!r unatta9able4 ,z soon z we come to h m important int]e/s to manage1 we f9d1 t by pleas+ "o man1 we almo/ c]ta9ly disoblige ano!r1 & t by hum\r+ an individual1 we may (t5 irritate a :ole p4 ,! faire/ & mo/ equitable conduct mu/ frequ5tly ob/ruct ! int]e/s1 or ?w>t ! incl9ations ( p>ticul> p]sons1 :o w seldom h c&\r en\gh to ent] into ! propriety ( our motives1 or to see t ?is conduct1 h[ disagreeable soev] to !m1 is p]fectly suitable to our situation4 ,9 ord] to def5d ourselves f su* p>tial judgm5ts1 we soon le>n to set up 9 our own m9ds a judge betwe5 ourselves & ^? we live )4 ,we conceive ourselves z act+ 9 ! pres5ce ( a p]son q c&id & equitable1 ( "o :o has no p>ticul> relation ei!r to ourselves1 or to ^? ^: int]e/s are affect$ by our conduct1 :o is nei!r fa!r1 nor bro!r1 nor fri5d ei!r to !m or to u1 b is m]ely a man 9 g5]al1 an imp>tial spectator :o consid]s our conduct ) ! same indiff]5ce ) :i* we reg>d t ( o!r p4 ,if1 :5 we place ourselves 9 ! situation ( su* a p]son1 our own actions appe> to u "u an agreeable aspect1 if we feel t su* a spectator _c avoid ent]+ into all ! motives :i* influ5c$ u1 :atev] may be ! judgm5ts ( ! _w1 we mu/ /ill be pleas$ ) our own behavi\r1 & reg>d ourselves1 9 spite ( ! c5sure ( our companions1 z ! j & prop] objects ( approbation4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! man )9 condemns u1 ! l\de/ acclamations ( mank9d appe> b z ! noise ( ignorance & folly1 & :5ev] we assume ! "* ( ?is imp>tial judge1 we _c avoid view+ our own actions ) ?is di/a/e & dissatisfaction4 ,! weak1 ! va91 & ! frivol\s1 inde$1 may be mortifi$ by ! mo/ gr\ndless c5sure1 or elat$ by ! mo/ absurd applause4 ,su* p]sons are n accu/om$ to consult ! judge )9 conc]n+ ! op9ion :i* !y ought to =m ( _! own conduct4 ,?is inmate ( ! brea/1 ?is ab/ract man1 ! repres5tative ( mank9d1 & sub/itute ( ! ,deity1 :om ,nature has con/itut$ ! supreme judge ( all _! actions1 is seldom appeal$ to by !m4 ,!y are cont5t$ ) ! decision ( ! inf]ior tribunal4 ,! approbation ( _! companions1 ( ! p>ticul> p]sons :om !y h liv$ & conv]s$ )1 has g5]ally be5 ! ultimate object ( all _! wi%es4 ,if !y obta9 ?is1 _! joy is complete2 & if !y fail1 !y are entirely disappo9t$4 ,!y nev] ?9k ( appeal+ to ! sup]ior c\rt4 ,!y h seldom inquir$ aft] its decisions1 & are altoge!r unacqua9t$ ) ! rules & =ms ( its proc$ure4 ,:5 ! _w injures !m1 !re=e1 !y are incapable ( do+ !mselves ju/ice1 & are1 9 consequ5ce1 necess>ily ! slaves ( ! _w4 ,b x is o!rwise ) ! man :o has1 ^u all occasions1 be5 accu/om$ to h rec\rse to ! judge )91 & to consid]1 n :at ! _w approves or disapproves (1 b :at appe>s to ?is imp>tial spectator1 ! natural & prop] object ( approbation or disapprobation4 ,! judgm5t ( ?is supreme arbit] ( 8 conduct1 is ! applause1 :i* he has be5 accu/om$ pr9cipally to c\rt1 is ! c5sure :i* he has be5 accu/om$ pr9cipally to fe>4 ,comp>$ ) ?is f9al decision1 ! s5tim5ts ( all mank9d1 ?\gh n altoge!r indiff]5t1 appe> to be b ( small mom5t2 & he is incapable ( be+ ei!r mu* elevat$ by _! fav\rable1 or greatly depress$ by _! mo/ disadvantage\s judgm5t4 ,x is only by consult+ ?is judge )91 t we c see :atev] relates to ourselves 9 its prop] %ape & dim5sions1 or t we c make any prop] comp>ison betwe5 our own int]e/s & ^? ( o!r m54 ,z to ! eye ( ! body1 objects appe> great or small1 n s mu* accord+ to _! real dim5sions1 z accord+ to ! ne>ness or di/ance ( _! situation2 s d !y likewise to :at may be call$ ! natural eye ( ! m9d3 & we rem$y ! defects ( bo? ^! organs pretty mu* 9 ! same mann]4 ,9 my pres5t situation an imm5se l&scape ( lawns1 & woods1 & di/ant m\nta9s1 seems to d no m ?an cov] ! little w9d[ :i* ,i write by1 & to be out ( all proportion less ?an ! *amb] 9 :i* ,i am sitt+4 ,i c =m a j comp>ison betwe5 ^? great objects & ! little objects ar\nd me1 9 no o!r way1 ?an by transport+ myself1 at lea/ 9 fancy1 to a diff]5t /ation1 f :5ce ,i c survey bo? at ne>ly equal di/ances1 & !reby =m "s judgm5t ( _! real proportions4 ,habit & exp]i5ce h taught me to d ?is s easily & s readily1 t ,i am sc>ce s5sible t ,i d x2 & a man mu/ be1 9 "s measure1 acqua9t$ ) ! philosophy ( vision1 be=e he c be ?or\ghly conv9c$1 h[ little ^? di/ant objects w\ld appe> to ! eye1 if ! imag9ation1 f a k ( _! real magnitudes1 did n swell & dilate !m4 ,9 ! same mann]1 to ! selfi% & orig9al passions ( human nature1 ! loss or ga9 ( a v small int]e/ ( our own1 appe>s to be ( va/ly m importance1 excites a mu* m passionate joy or sorr[1 a mu* m ard5t desire or av]sion1 ?an ! greate/ conc]n ( ano!r ) :om we h no p>ticul> connexion4 ,8 int]e/s1 z long z !y are survey$ f ?is /ation1 c nev] be put into ! balance ) our own1 c nev] re/ra9 u f do+ :atev] may t5d to promote our own1 h[ ru9\s soev] to him4 ,be=e we c make any prop] comp>ison ( ^? opposite int]e/s1 we mu/ *ange our position4 ,we mu/ view !m1 nei!r f our own place1 nor yet f 81 nei!r ) our own eyes nor yet ) 81 b f ! place1 & ) ! eyes ( a ?ird p]son1 :o has no p>ticul> connexion ) ei!r1 & :o judges ) imp>tiality betwe5 u4 ,"h too1 habit & exp]i5ce h taught u to d ?is s easily & s readily1 t we are sc>ce s5sible t we d x2 & x requires1 9 ?is case too1 "s degree ( reflection1 & ev5 ( philosophy to conv9ce u1 h[ little int]e/ we %\ld take 9 ! greate/ conc]ns ( our neighb\r1 h[ little we %\ld be affect$ by :atev] relates to him1 if ! s5se ( propriety & ju/ice did n correct ! o!rwise natural inequality ( our s5tim5ts4 ,let u suppose t ! great empire ( ,*9a1 ) all its myriads ( inhabitants1 0 sudd5ly swall[$ up by an e>?quake1 & let u consid] h[ a man ( humanity 9 ,europe1 :o _h no sort ( connexion ) t "p ( ! _w1 w\ld be affect$ ^u receiv+ intellig5ce ( ?is dreadful calamity4 ,he w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 fir/ ( all1 express v /rongly 8 sorr[ = ! mis=tune ( t unhappy p1 he w\ld make _m melan*oly reflections ^u ! prec>i\sness ( human life1 & ! vanity ( all ! lab\rs ( man1 :i* c\ld ?us be annihilat$ 9 a mom5t4 ,he w\ld too1 p]haps1 if he 0 a man ( speculation1 ent] into _m reason+s conc]n+ ! effects :i* ?is disa/] might produce ^u ! comm]ce ( ,europe1 & ! trade & bus9ess ( ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,& :5 all ?is f9e philosophy 0 ov]1 :5 all ^! humane s5tim5ts _h be5 once fairly express$1 he w\ld pursue 8 bus9ess or 8 pleasure1 take 8 repose or 8 div]sion1 ) ! same ease & tranquility1 z if no su* accid5t _h happ5$4 ,! mo/ frivol\s disa/] :i* c\ld befal himself w\ld occasion a m real di/urbance4 ,if he 0 to lose 8 little f+] to-morr[1 he w\ld n sleep to-night2 b provid$ he nev] saw !m1 he w snore ) ! mo/ pr(\nd security ov] ! ru9 ( a hundr$ millions ( 8 bre?r51 & ! de/ruction ( t imm5se multitude seems pla9ly an object less int]e/+ to him1 ?an ?is paultry mis=tune ( 8 own4 ,to prev5t !re=e1 ?is paultry mis=tune to himself w\ld a man ( humanity be will+ to sacrifice ! lives ( a hundr$ millions ( 8 bre?r51 provid$ he _h nev] se5 !m8 ,human nature />tles ) horror at ! ?\ght1 & ! _w1 9 its greate/ depravity & corruption1 nev] produc$ su* a villa9 z c\ld be capable ( ent]ta9+ x4 ,b :at makes ?is diff]5ce8 ,:5 our passive feel+s are almo/ always s sordid & s selfi%1 h[ comes x t our active pr9ciples %\ld (t5 be s g5]\s & s noble8 ,:5 we are always s mu* m deeply affect$ by :atev] conc]ns ourselves1 ?an by :atev] conc]ns o!r m52 :at is x :i* prompts ! g5]\s1 ^u all occasions1 & ! mean ^u _m1 to sacrifice _! own int]e/s to ! great] int]e/s ( o!rs8 ,x is n ! s(t p[] ( humanity1 x is n t feeble sp>k ( b5evol5ce :i* ,nature has light$ up 9 ! human he>t1 t is ?us capable ( c\nt]act+ ! /ronge/ impulses ( self-love4 ,x is a /rong] p[]1 a m =cible motive1 :i* ex]ts itself ^u su* occasions4 ,x is reason1 pr9ciple1 consci5ce1 ! inhabitant ( ! brea/1 ! man )91 ! great judge & arbit] ( our conduct4 ,x is he1 :o1 :5ev] we are ab\t to act s z to affect ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 calls to u ) a voice capable ( a/oni%+ ! mo/ presumptu\s ( our passions1 t we are b "o ( ! multitude1 9 no respect bett] ?an any o!r 9 x2 & t :5 we pref] ourselves s %amefully & s bl9dly to o!rs1 we become ! prop] objects ( res5tm5t1 abhorr5ce1 & execration4 ,x is f him only t we le>n ! real littl5ess ( ourselves1 & ( :atev] relates to ourselves1 & ! natural misrepres5tations ( self-love c be correct$ only by ! eye ( ?is imp>tial spectator4 ,x is he :o %[s u ! propriety ( g5]ality & ! de=mity ( inju/ice2 ! propriety ( resign+ ! greate/ int]e/s ( our own1 = ! yet great] int]e/s ( o!rs1 & ! de=mity ( do+ ! smalle/ injury to ano!r1 9 ord] to obta9 ! greate/ b5efit to ourselves4 ,x is n ! love ( our neighb\r1 x is n ! love ( mank9d1 :i* ^u _m occasions prompts u to ! practice ( ^? div9e virtues4 ,x is a /rong] love1 a m p[]ful affection :i* g5]ally takes place ^u su* occasions1 ! love ( :at is hon\rable & noble1 ( ! gr&eur1 & dignity1 & sup]iority ( our own *>act]s4 ,:5 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs dep5ds 9 any respect ^u our conduct1 we d>e n1 z self-love w\ld sugge/ to u1 pref] any little int]e/ ( our own1 to ! yet great] int]e/ ( our neighb\r4 ,we feel t we %\ld become ! prop] objects ( ! res5tm5t & indignation ( our bre?r51 & ! s5se ( ! impropriety ( ?is affection is support$ & enliv5$ by ! yet /rong] s5se ( ! dem]it ( ! action1 :i* x w\ld 9 ?is case give occasion to4 ,b :5 ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs 9 no respect dep5ds ^u our conduct1 :5 our own int]e/s are altoge!r sep>at$ & deta*$ f !irs1 s t !re is nei!r connexion nor competition betwe5 !m1 z ! s5se ( dem]it does n 9 ?is case int]pose1 ! m]e s5se ( impropriety is seldom able to re/ra9 u f ab&on+ ourselves to our natural anxiety ab\t our own affairs1 & to our natural indiff]5ce ab\t ^? ( o!r m54 ,! mo/ vulg> education tea*es u to act1 ^u all important occasions1 ) "s sort ( imp>tiality betwe5 ourselves & o!rs1 & ev5 ! ord9>y comm]ce ( ! _w is capable ( adju/+ our active pr9ciples to "s degree ( propriety4 ,b x is ! mo/ artificial & ref9$ education only1 :i* pret5ds to correct ! inequalities ( our passive feel+s1 & we mu/ = ?is purpose h rec\rse to ! sev]e/1 z well z to ! pr(\nde/ philosophy4 ,two diff]5t sets ( philosoph]s h attempt$ to tea* u ?is h>de/ ( all ! lessons ( morality4 ,"o set h lab\r$ to increase our s5sibility to ! int]e/s ( o!rs2 ano!r to dim9i% t to our own4 ,! fir/ w\ld h u feel = o!rs z we naturally feel = ourselves4 ,! second w\ld h u feel = ourselves1 z we naturally feel = o!rs4 ,! fir/ are ^? melan*oly morali/s1 :o are p]petually reproa*+ u ) our happ9ess1 :ile s _m ( our bre?r5 are 9 mis]y1#f :o reg>d z impi\s ! natural joy ( prosp]ity1 :i* does n ?9k ( ! _m wret*es t are at e in/ant lab\r+ "u all sorts ( calamities1 9 ! languor ( pov]ty1 9 ! agony ( disease1 9 ! horrors ( dea?1 "u ! insults & oppression ( _! enemies4 ,commis]ation = ^? mis]ies :i* we nev] saw1 :i* we nev] he>d (1 b :i* we may be assur$ are at all times infect+ su* numb]s ( our fell[-creatures1 ought1 !y ?9k1 to damp ! pleasures ( ! =tunate1 & to r5d] a c]ta9 melan*oly dejection habitual to all m54 ,b fir/ ( all1 ?is extreme sympa?y ) mis=tunes1 :i* we "k no?+ ab\t1 seems altoge!r absurd & unreasonable4 ,take ! :ole e>? at an av]age1 = "o man :o suff]s pa9 or mis]y1 y w f9d tw5ty 9 prosp]ity & joy1 or at lea/ 9 tol]able circum/ances4 ,no reason1 surely1 c be assign$ :y we %\ld r weep ) ! "o ?an rejoice ) ! tw5ty4 ,?is artificial commis]ation1 besides1 is n only absurd1 b seems altoge!r unatta9able2 & ^? :o affect ?is "* h commonly no?+ b a c]ta9 hypocritical sadness1 :i*1 )\t rea*+ ! he>t1 s]ves only to r5d] ! c\nt5ance & convocation imp]t95tly dismal & disagreeable4 ,& la/ ( all1 ?is disposition ( m9d1 ?\gh x c\ld be atta9$1 w\ld be p]fectly useless1 & c\ld s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to r5d] mis]able ! p]son :o 0 possess$ ( x4 ,:atev] int]e/ we take 9 ! =tune ( ^? ) :om we h no acqua9tance or connexion1 & :o are plac$ altoge!r out ( ! sph]e ( our activity1 c produce only anxiety to ourselves1 )\t any mann] ( advantage to !m4 ,to :at purpose %\ld we tr\ble ourselves ab\t ! _w 9 ! moon8 ,all m51 ev5 ^? at ! greate/ di/ance1 are no d\bt entitl$ to our good wi%es1 & our good wi%es we naturally give !m4 ,b if1 not)/&+1 !y %\ld be un=tunate1 to give ourselves any anxiety ^u t acc\nt1 seems to be no "p ( our duty4 ,t we %\ld be b little int]e/$1 !re=e1 9 ! =tune ( ^? :om we c nei!r s]ve nor hurt1 & :o are 9 e respect s v remote f u1 seems wisely ord]$ by nature2 & if x 7 possible to alt] 9 ?is respect ! orig9al con/itution ( our frame1 we c\ld yet ga9 no?+ by ! *ange4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,?omson's ,seasons1 ,w9t]3 8,ah6 little ?9k ! gay lic5ti\s pr\d10 c4 ,see also ,pascal4 ,among ! morali/s :o endeav\r to correct ! natural inequality ( our passive feel+s by dim9i%+ our s5sibility to :at peculi>ly conc]ns ourselves1 we may c\nt all ! anci5t sects ( philosoph]s1 b p>ticul>ly ! anci5t /oics4 ,man1 accord+ to ! /oics1 ought to reg>d himself1 n z some?+ sep>at$ & deta*$1 b z a citiz5 ( ! _w1 a memb] ( ! va/ commonweal? ( nature4 ,to ! int]e/ ( ?is great community1 he ought at all times to be will+ t 8 own little int]e/ %\ld be sacrific$4 ,:atev] conc]ns himself1 ought to affect him no m ?an :atev] conc]ns any o!r equally important "p ( ?is imm5se sy/em4 ,we %\ld view ourselves1 n 9 ! light 9 :i* our own selfi% passions are apt to place u1 b 9 ! light 9 :i* any o!r citiz5 ( ! _w w\ld view u4 ,:at befalls ourselves we %\ld reg>d z :at befalls our neighb\r1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 z our neighb\r reg>ds :at befalls u4 8,:5 our neighb\r10 says ,epictetus1 8loses 8 wife or 8 son1 !re is nobody :o is n s5sible t ?is is a human calamity1 a natural ev5t altoge!r1 accord+ to ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s3 b :5 ! same ?+ happ5s to ourselves1 !n we cry out1 z if we _h suff]$ ! mo/ dreadful mis=tune4 ,we ought1 h[ev]1 to rememb] h[ we 7 affect$ :5 ?is accid5t happ5$ to ano!r1 & su* z we 7 9 8 case1 su* ought we to be 9 our own40 ,h[ difficult soev] x may be to atta9 ?is supreme degree ( magnanimity & firmness1 x is by no means ei!r absurd or useless to attempt x4 ,?\gh few m5 h ! /oical idea ( :at ?is p]fect propriety requires1 yet all m5 endeav\r 9 "s measure to comm& !mselves1 & to br+ d[n _! selfi% passions to some?+ :i* _! neighb\r c g along )4 ,b ?is c nev] be done s effectually z by view+ :atev] befalls !mselves 9 ! light 9 :i* _! neighb\rs are apt to view x4 ,! /oical philosophy1 9 ?is respect1 does little m ?an unfold our natural ideas ( p]fection4 ,!re is no?+ absurd or improp]1 !re=e1 9 aim+ at ?is p]fect self-comm&4 ,nei!r w\ld ! atta9m5t ( x be useless1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ advantage\s ( all ?+s1 z e/abli%+ our happ9ess ^u ! mo/ solid & secure f\ndation1 a firm confid5ce 9 t wisdom & ju/ice :i* gov]ns ! _w1 & an entire resignation ( ourselves1 & ( :atev] relates to ourselves to ! all-wise disposal ( ?is rul+ pr9ciple 9 nature4 ,x sc>ce ev] happ5s1 h[ev]1 t we are capable ( adju/+ our passive feel+s to ?is p]fect propriety4 ,we indulge ourselves1 & ev5 ! _w indulges u1 9 "s degree ( irregul>ity 9 ?is respect4 ,?\gh we %\ld be too mu* affect$ by :at conc]ns ourselves1 & too little by :at conc]ns o!r m51 yet1 if we always act ) imp>tiality betwe5 ourselves & o!rs1 if we nev] actually sacrifice any great int]e/ ( o!rs1 to any little int]e/ ( our own1 we are easily p>don$3 & x 7 well1 if1 ^u all occasions1 ^? :o desire to d _! duty 7 capable ( ma9ta9+ ev5 ?is degree ( imp>tiality betwe5 !mselves & o!rs4 ,b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case4 ,ev5 9 good m51 ! judge )9 is (t5 9 dang] ( be+ corrupt$ by ! viol5ce & inju/ice ( _! selfi% passions1 & is (t5 induc$ to make a report v diff]5t f :at ! real circum/ances ( ! case are capable ( au?oriz+4 ,!re are two diff]5t occasions1 ^u :i* we exam9e our own conduct1 & endeav\r to view x 9 ! light 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld view x4 ,fir/1 :5 we are ab\t to act2 &1 secondly1 aft] we h act$4 ,our views are v p>tial 9 bo? cases1 b !y are mo/ s1 :5 x is ( mo/ importance t !y %\ld be o!rwise4 ,:5 we are ab\t to act1 ! eag]ness ( passion w seldom all[ u to consid] :at we are do+ ) ! c&\r ( an indiff]5t p]son4 ,! viol5t emotions :i* at t "t agitate u1 discol\r our views ( ?+s1 ev5 :5 we are endeav\r+ to place ourselves 9 ! situation ( ano!r1 & to reg>d ! objects t int]e/ u1 9 ! light 9 :i* !y w naturally appe> to him4 ,! fury ( our own passions con/antly calls u back to our own place1 :]e e ?+ appe>s magnifi$ & misrepres5t$ by self-love4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* ^? objects w\ld appe> to ano!r1 ( ! view :i* he w\ld take ( !m1 we c obta91 if ,i may say s1 b in/antane\s glimpses1 :i* vani% 9 a mom5t1 & :i* ev5 :ile !y la/ are n altoge!r j4 ,we _c ev5 = t mom5t dive/ ourselves entirely ( ! heat & ke5ness ) :i* our peculi> situation inspires u1 nor consid] :at we are ab\t to d ) ! complete imp>tiality ( an equitable judge4 ,! passions1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 z fa!r ,malebran*e says1 all ju/ify !mselves1 & seem reasonable1 & proportion$ to _! objects1 z long z we cont9ue to feel !m4 ,:5 ! action is ov]1 inde$1 & ! passions :i* prompt$ x h subsid$1 we c ent] m coolly into s5tim5ts ( ! indiff]5t spectator4 ,:at be=e int]e/$ u1 is n[ become almo/ z indiff]5t to u z x always 0 to him1 & we c n[ exam9e our own conduct ) 8 c&\r & imp>tiality4 ,b our judgm5ts n[ are ( little importance1 comp>$ to :at !y 7 be=e2 & :5 !y are mo/ sev]ely imp>tial1 c commonly produce no?+ b va9 regret1 & unavail+ rep5tance1 )\t secur+ u f ! l errors = ! future4 ,x is seldom1 h[ev]1 t !y are q c&id ev5 9 ?is case4 ,! op9ion :i* we ent]ta9 ( our own "*1 dep5ds entirely on our judgm5t conc]n+ our pa/ conduct4 ,x is s disagreeable to ?9k ill ( ourselves1 t we (t5 purposely turn away our view f ^? circum/ances :i* might r5d] t judgm5t unfav\rable4 ,he is a bold surgeon1 !y say1 ^: h& does n tremble :5 he p]=ms an op]ation ^u 8 own p]son2 & he is (t5 equally bold :o does n hesitate to pull (f ! my/]i\s veil ( self-delusion1 :i* cov]s f 8 view ! de=mities ( 8 own conduct4 ,r ?an see our own behavi\r "u s disagreeable an aspect1 we too (t51 fooli%ly & weakly1 endeav\r to exasp]ate anew ^? unju/ passions :i* _h =m]ly misl$ u2 we endeav\r by artifice to awak5 our old hatr$s1 & irritate afre% our almo/ =gott5 res5tm5ts3 we ev5 ex]t ourselves = ?is mis]able purpose1 & ?us p]sev]e 9 inju/ice1 m]ely because we once 7 unju/1 & because we are a%am$ & afraid to see t we 7 s4 ,s p>tial are ! views ( mank9d ) reg>d to ! propriety ( _! own conduct1 bo? at ! "t ( action & aft] x2 & s difficult is x = !m to view x 9 ! light 9 :i* any indiff]5t spectator w\ld consid] x4 ,b if x 0 by a peculi> faculty1 su* z ! moral s5se is suppos$ to be1 t !y judg$ ( _! own conduct1 if !y 7 endu$ ) a p>ticul> p[] ( p]ception1 :i* di/+ui%$ ! beauty or de=mity ( passions & affections2 z _! own passions w\ld be m imm$iately expos$ to ! view ( ?is faculty1 x w\ld judge ) m accuracy conc]n+ !m1 ?an conc]n+ ^? ( o!r m51 ( :i* x _h only a m di/ant prospect4 ,?is self-deceit1 ?is fatal weakness ( mank9d1 is ! s\rce ( half ! disord]s ( human life4 ,if we saw ourselves 9 ! light 9 :i* o!rs see u1 or 9 :i* !y w\ld see u if !y knew all1 a re=mation w\ld g5]ally be unavoidable4 ,we c\ld n o!rwise endure ! sight4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 has n left ?is weakness1 :i* is ( s mu* importance1 altoge!r )\t a rem$y2 nor has %e ab&on$ u entirely to ! delusions ( self-love4 ,our cont9ual obs]vations ^u ! conduct ( o!rs1 ins5sibly lead u to =m to ourselves c]ta9 g5]al rules conc]n+ :at is fit & prop] ei!r to be done or to be avoid$4 ,"s ( _! actions %ock all our natural s5tim5ts4 ,we he> e body ab\t u express ! l dete/ation aga9/ !m4 ,?is /ill fur!r confirms1 & ev5 exasp]ates our natural s5se ( _! de=mity4 ,x satisfies u t we view !m 9 ! prop] light1 :5 we see o!r p view !m 9 ! same light4 ,we resolve nev] to be guilty ( ! l1 nor ev]1 ^u any acc\nt1 to r5d] ourselves 9 ?is mann] ! objects ( univ]sal disapprobation4 ,we ?us naturally lay d[n to ourselves a g5]al rule1 t all su* actions are to be avoid$1 z t5d+ to r5d] u odi\s1 contemptible1 or puni%able1 ! objects ( all ^? s5tim5ts = :i* we h ! greate/ dread & av]sion4 ,o!r actions1 on ! contr>y1 call =? our approbation1 & we he> e body ar\nd u express ! same fav\rable op9ion conc]n+ !m4 ,e body is eag] to hon\r & rew>d !m4 ,!y excite all ^? s5tim5ts = :i* we h by nature ! /ronge/ desire2 ! love1 ! gratitude1 ! admiration ( mank9d4 ,we become ambiti\s ( p]=m+ ! l2 & ?us naturally lay d[n to ourselves a rule ( ano!r k9d1 t e opportunity ( act+ 9 ?is mann] is c>efully to be s\ght aft]4 ,x is ?us t ! g5]al rules ( morality are =m$4 ,!y are ultimately f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce ( :at1 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 our moral faculties1 our natural s5se ( m]it & propriety1 approve1 or disapprove (4 ,we d n orig9ally approve or condemn p>ticul> actions2 because1 ^u exam9ation1 !y appe> to be agreeable or inconsi/5t ) a c]ta9 g5]al rule4 ,! g5]al rule1 on ! contr>y1 is =m$ by f9d+ f exp]i5ce1 t all actions ( a c]ta9 k9d1 or circum/anc$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 are approv$ or disapprov$ (4 ,to ! man :o fir/ saw an inhuman murd]1 committ$ f av>ice1 envy1 or unju/ res5tm5t1 & ^u "o too t lov$ & tru/$ ! murd]]1 :o beheld ! la/ agonies ( ! dy+ p]son1 :o he>d him1 ) 8 expir+ brea?1 compla9 m ( ! p]fidy & +ratitude ( 8 false fri5d1 ?an ( ! viol5ce :i* _h be5 done to him1 !re c\ld be no occasion1 9 ord] to conceive h[ horrible su* an action 01 t he %\ld reflect1 t "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ rules ( conduct 0 :at prohibit$ ! tak+ away ! life ( an innoc5t p]son1 t ?is 0 a pla9 violation ( t rule1 & consequ5tly a v blamable action4 ,8 dete/ation ( ?is crime1 x is evid5t1 w\ld arise in/antane\sly & antec$5t to 8 hav+ =m$ to himself any su* g5]al rule4 ,! g5]al rule1 on ! contr>y1 :i* he might aft]w>ds =m1 w\ld be f\nd$ ^u ! dete/ation :i* he felt necess>ily arise 9 8 own brea/1 at ! ?\ght ( ?is1 & e o!r p>ticul> action ( ! same k9d4 ,:5 we read 9 hi/ory or romance1 ! acc\nt ( actions ei!r ( g5]osity or ( bas5ess1 ! admiration :i* we conceive = ! "o1 & ! contempt :i* we feel = ! o!r1 nei!r ( !m arise f reflect+ t !re are c]ta9 g5]al rules :i* decl>e all actions ( ! "o k9d admirable1 & all actions ( ! o!r contemptible4 ,^? g5]al rules1 on ! contr>y1 are all =m$ f ! exp]i5ce we h _h ( ! effects :i* actions ( all diff]5t k9ds naturally produce ^u u4 ,an amiable action1 a respectable action1 an horrid action1 are all ( !m actions :i* naturally excite ! love1 ! respect1 or ! horror ( ! spectator1 = ! p]son :o p]=ms !m4 ,! g5]al rules :i* det]m9e :at actions are1 & :at are n1 ! objects ( ea* ( ^? s5tim5ts1 c be =m$ no o!r way ?an by obs]v+ :at actions actually & 9 fact excite !m4 ,:5 ^! g5]al rules1 inde$1 h be5 =m$1 :5 !y are univ]sally ackn[l$g$ & e/abli%$1 by ! concurr+ s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 we frequ5tly appeal to !m z to ! /&>ds ( judgm5t1 9 debat+ conc]n+ ! degree ( praise or blame t is due to c]ta9 actions ( a complicat$ & dubi\s nature4 ,!y are ^u ^! occasions commonly cit$ z ! ultimate f\ndations ( :at is j & unju/ 9 human conduct2 & ?is circum/ance seems to h misl$ sev]al v em95t au?ors1 to draw up _! sy/ems 9 su* a mann]1 z if !y _h suppos$ t ! orig9al judgm5ts ( mank9d ) reg>d to "r & wrong1 7 =m$ l ! decisions ( a c\rt ( judicatory1 by consid]+ fir/ ! g5]al rule1 & !n1 secondly1 :e!r ! p>ticul> action "u consid]ation fell prop]ly )9 its compreh5sion4 ,^? g5]al rules ( conduct1 :5 !y h be5 fix$ 9 our m9d by habitual reflection1 are ( great use 9 correct+ misrepres5tations ( self-love conc]n+ :at is fit & prop] to be done 9 our p>ticul> situation4 ,! man ( furi\s res5tm5t1 if he 0 to li/5 to ! dictates ( t passion1 w\ld p]haps reg>d ! dea? ( 8 enemy1 z b a small comp5sation = ! wrong1 he imag9es1 he has receiv$2 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be no m ?an a v slight provocation4 ,b 8 obs]vations ^u ! conduct ( o!rs1 h taught him h[ horrible all su* sangu9>y rev5ges appe>4 ,unless 8 education has be5 v s+ul>1 he has laid x d[n to himself z an inviolable rule1 to ab/a9 f !m ^u all occasions4 ,?is rule pres]ves its au?ority ) him1 & r5d]s him incapable ( be+ guilty ( su* a viol5ce4 ,yet ! fury ( 8 own temp] may be su*1 t _h ?is be5 ! fir/ "t 9 :i* he consid]$ su* an action1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h det]m9$ x to be q j & prop]1 & :at e imp>tial spectator w\ld approve (4 ,b t rev]5ce = ! rule :i* pa/ exp]i5ce has impress$ ^u him1 *ecks ! impetuosity ( 8 passion1 & helps him to correct ! too p>tial views :i* self-love might o!rwise sugge/1 ( :at 0 prop] to be done 9 8 situation4 ,if he %\ld all[ himself to be s f> transport$ by passion z to violate ?is rule1 yet ev5 9 ?is case1 he _c ?r[ (f altoge!r ! awe & respect ) :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to reg>d x4 ,at ! v "t ( act+1 at ! mom5t 9 :i* passion m\nts ! highe/1 he hesitates & trembles at ! ?\ght ( :at he is ab\t to d3 he is secretly consci\s to himself t he is break+ ?r\gh ^? measures ( conduct1 :i*1 9 all 8 cool h\rs1 he _h resolv$ nev] to infr+e1 :i* he _h nev] se5 infr+$ by o!rs )\t ! highe/ disapprobation1 & ( :i* ! infr+em5t1 8 own m9d =ebodes1 mu/ soon r5d] him ! object ( ! same disagreeable s5tim5ts4 ,be=e he c take ! la/ fatal resolution1 he is torm5t$ ) all ! agonies ( d\bt & unc]ta9ty2 he is t]rifi$ at ! ?\ght ( violat+ s sacr$ a rule1 & at ! same "t is urg$ & goad$ on by ! fury ( 8 desires to violate x4 ,he *anges 8 purpose e mom5t2 sometimes he resolves to adh]e to 8 pr9ciple1 & n indulge a passion :i* may corrupt ! rema9+ "p ( 8 life ) ! horrors ( %ame & rep5tance2 & a mom5t>y calm takes possession ( 8 brea/1 f ! prospect ( t security & tranquillity :i* he w enjoy :5 he ?us det]m9es n to expose himself to ! haz>d ( a contr>y conduct4 ,b imm$iately ! passion r\ses anew1 & ) fre% fury drives him on to commit :at he _h ! in/ant be=e resolv$ to ab/a9 f4 ,we>i$ & di/ract$ ) ^? cont9ual irresolutions1 he at l5g?1 f a sort ( despair1 makes ! la/ fatal & irrecov]able /ep2 b ) t t]ror & amazem5t ) :i* "o fly+ f an enemy1 ?r[s himself ov] a precipice1 :]e he is sure ( meet+ ) m c]ta9 de/ruction ?an f any ?+ t pursues him f beh9d4 ,su* are 8 s5tim5ts ev5 at ! "t ( act+2 ?\gh he is !n1 no d\bt1 less s5sible ( ! impropriety ( 8 own conduct ?an aft]w>ds1 :5 8 passion be+ gratifi$ & pall$1 he beg9s to view :at he has done 9 ! light 9 :i* o!rs are apt to view x2 & actually feels1 :at he _h only =ese5 v imp]fectly be=e1 ! /+s ( remorse & rep5tance beg9 to agitate & torm5t him4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ! influ5ce & au?ority ( ! g5]al rules ( morality1 & t !y are ju/ly reg>d$ z ! laws ( ! ,deity4 ,! reg>d to ^? g5]al rules ( conduct1 is :at is prop]ly call$ a s5se ( duty1 a pr9ciple ( ! greate/ consequ5ce 9 human life1 & ! only pr9ciple by :i* ! bulk ( mank9d are capable ( direct+ _! actions4 ,_m m5 behave v dec5tly1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! lives avoid any consid]able degree ( blame1 :o yet1 p]haps1 nev] felt ! s5tim5t ^u ! propriety ( :i* we f\nd our approbation ( _! conduct1 b act$ m]ely f a reg>d to :at !y saw 7 ! e/abli%$ rules ( behavi\r4 ,! man :o has receiv$ great b5efits f ano!r p]son1 may1 by ! natural coldness ( 8 temp]1 feel b a v small degree ( ! s5tim5t ( gratitude4 ,if he has be5 virtu\sly educat$1 h[ev]1 he w (t5 h be5 made to obs]ve h[ odi\s ^? actions appe> :i* d5ote a want ( ?is s5tim5t1 & h[ amiable ! contr>y4 ,?o' 8 he>t !re=e is n w>m$ ) any grateful affection1 he w /rive to act z if x 01 & w endeav\r to pay all ^? reg>ds & att5tions to 8 patron :i* ! livelie/ gratitude c\ld sugge/4 ,he w visit him regul>ly2 he w behave to him respectfully2 he w nev] talk ( him b ) expressions ( ! highe/ e/eem1 & ( ! _m obligations :i* he owes to him4 ,& :at is m1 he w c>efully embrace e opportunity ( mak+ a prop] return = pa/ s]vices4 ,he may d all ?is too )\t any hypocrisy or blamable dissimulation1 )\t any selfi% int5tion ( obta9+ new fav\rs1 & )\t any design ( impos+ ei!r ^u 8 b5efactor or ! public4 ,! motive ( 8 actions may be no o!r ?an a rev]5ce = ! e/abli%$ rule ( duty1 a s]i\s & e>ne/ desire ( act+1 9 e respect1 accord+ to ! law ( gratitude4 ,a wife1 9 ! same mann]1 may sometimes n feel t t5d] reg>d = h] husb& :i* is suitable to ! relation t subsi/s betwe5 !m4 ,if %e has be5 virtu\sly educat$1 h[ev]1 %e w endeav\r to act z if %e felt x1 to be c>eful1 (fici\s1 fai?ful1 & s9c]e1 & to be defici5t 9 none ( ^? att5tions :i* ! s5tim5t ( conjugal affection c\ld h prompt$ h] to p]=m4 ,su* a fri5d1 & su* a wife1 are nei!r ( !m1 und\bt$ly1 ! v be/ ( _! k9ds2 & ?\gh bo? ( !m may h ! mo/ s]i\s & e>ne/ desire to fulfil e "p ( _! duty1 yet !y w fail 9 _m nice & delicate reg>ds1 !y w miss _m opportunities ( oblig+1 :i* !y c\ld nev] h ov]look$ if !y _h possess$ ! s5tim5t t is prop] to _! situation4 ,?\gh n ! v fir/ ( _! k9ds1 h[ev]1 !y are p]haps ! second2 & if ! reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( conduct has be5 v /rongly impress$ ^u !m1 nei!r ( !m w fail 9 any ess5tial "p ( _! duty4 ,none b ^? ( ! happie/ m\ld are capable ( suit+1 ) exact ju/ness1 _! s5tim5ts & behavi\r to ! smalle/ diff]5ce ( situation1 & ( act+ ^u all occasions ) ! mo/ delicate & accurate propriety4 ,! co>se clay ( :i* ! bulk ( mank9d are =m$1 _c be wr\ght up to su* p]fection4 ,!re is sc>ce any man1 h[ev]1 :o by discipl9e1 education1 & example1 may n be impress$ ) a reg>d to g5]al rules1 z to act ^u almo/ e occasion ) tol]able dec5cy1 & ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life avoid any consid]able degree ( blame4 ,)\t ?is sacr$ reg>d to g5]al rules1 !re is no man ^: conduct c be mu* dep5d$ ^u4 ,x is ?is :i* con/itutes ! mo/ ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 a man ( pr9ciple & hon\r & a wor?less fell[4 ,! "o adh]es1 on all occasions1 /eadily & resolutely to 8 maxims1 & pres]ves ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life "o ev5 t5\r ( conduct4 ,! o!r1 acts v>i\sly & accid5tally1 z hum\r1 incl9ation1 or int]e/ *ance to be upp]mo/4 ,nay1 su* are ! inequalities ( hum\r to :i* all m5 are subject1 t )\t ?is pr9ciple1 ! man :o1 9 8 cool h\rs1 _h ! mo/ delicate s5sibility to ! propriety ( conduct1 might (t5 be l$ to act absurdly ^u ! mo/ frivol\s occasions1 & :5 x 0 sc>ce possible to assign any s]i\s motive = 8 behavi\r 9 ?is mann]4 ,y\r fri5d makes y a visit :5 y happ5 to be 9 a hum\r :i* makes x disagreeable to receive him3 9 y\r pres5t mood ?is civility is v apt to appe> an imp]t95t intrusion2 & if y 7 to give way to ! views ( ?+s :i* at ?is "t occur1 ?\gh civil 9 y\r temp]1 y w\ld behave to him ) coldness & contempt4 ,:at r5d]s y incapable ( su* a rud5ess1 is no?+ b a reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( civility & hospitality1 :i* prohibit x4 ,t habitual rev]5ce :i* y\r =m] exp]i5ce has taught y = ^!1 enables y to act1 ^u all su* occasions1 ) ne>ly equal propriety1 & h9d]s ^? inequalities ( temp]1 to :i* all m5 are subject1 f influ5c+ y\r conduct 9 any v s5sible degree4 ,b if )\t reg>d to ^! g5]al rules1 ev5 ! duties ( polit5ess1 :i* are s easily obs]v$1 & :i* c sc>ce h any s]i\s motive to violate1 w\ld yet be s frequ5tly violat$1 :at w\ld become ( ! duties ( ju/ice1 ( tru?1 ( *a/ity1 ( fidelity1 :i* x is (t5 s difficult to obs]ve1 & :i* !re may be s _m /rong motives to violate8 ,b ^u ! tol]able obs]vance ( ^! duties1 dep5ds ! v exi/5ce ( human society1 :i* w\ld crumble into no?+ if mank9d 7 n g5]ally impress$ ) a rev]5ce = ^? important rules ( conduct4 ,?is rev]5ce is /ill fur!r enhanc$ by an op9ion :i* is fir/ impress$ by nature1 & aft]w>ds confirm$ by reason+ & philosophy1 t ^? important rules ( morality1 are ! comm&s & laws ( ! ,deity1 :o w f9ally rew>d ! ob$i5t1 & puni% ! transgressors ( _! duty4 ,?is op9ion or appreh5sion1 ,i say1 seems fir/ to be impress$ by nature4 ,m5 are naturally l$ to ascribe to ^? my/]i\s be+s1 :atev] !y are1 :i* happ51 9 any c\ntry1 to be ! objects ( religi\s fe>1 all _! own s5tim5ts & passions4 ,!y h no o!r1 !y c conceive no o!r to ascribe to !m4 ,^? unkn[n intellig5ces :i* !y imag9e b see n1 mu/ necess>ily be =m$ ) "s sort ( resemblance to ^? intellig5ces ( :i* !y h exp]i5ce4 ,dur+ ! ignorance & d>kness ( pagan sup]/ition1 mank9d seem to h =m$ ! ideas ( _! div9ities ) s little delicacy1 t !y ascrib$ to !m1 indiscrim9ately1 all ! passions ( human nature1 ^? n except$ :i* d ! lea/ hon\r to our species1 su* z lu/1 hung]1 av>ice1 envy1 rev5ge4 ,!y c\ld n fail !re=e1 to ascribe to ^? be+s1 = ! excell5ce ( ^: nature !y /ill conceiv$ ! highe/ admiration1 ^? s5tim5ts & qualities :i* are ! great ornam5ts ( humanity1 & :i* seem to raise x to a resemblance ( div9e p]fection1 ! love ( virtue & b5efic5ce1 & ! abhorr5ce ( vice & inju/ice4 ,! man :o 0 injur$1 call$ ^u ,jupit] to be witness ( ! wrong t 0 done to him1 & c\ld n d\bt1 b t div9e be+ w\ld behold x ) ! same indignation :i* w\ld animate ! meane/ ( mank9d1 :o look$ on :5 inju/ice 0 committ$4 ,! man :o did ! injury1 felt himself to be ! prop] object ( dete/ation & res5tm5t ( mank9d2 & 8 natural fe>s l$ him to impute ! same s5tim5ts to ^? awful be+s1 ^: pres5ce he c\ld n avoid1 & ^: p[] he c\ld n resi/4 ,^! natural hopes & fe>s1 & suspicions1 7 propagat$ by sympa?y1 & confirm$ by education2 & ! gods 7 univ]sally repres5t$ & believ$ to be ! rew>d]s ( humanity & m]cy1 & ! av5g]s ( p]fidy & inju/ice4 ,& ?us religion1 ev5 9 its rude/ =m1 gave a sanction to ! rules ( morality1 long be=e ! age ( artificial reason+ & philosophy4 ,t ! t]rors ( religion %\ld ?us en=ce ! natural s5se ( duty1 0 ( too mu* importance to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 = nature to leave x dep5d5t ^u ! sl[ness & unc]ta9ty ( philosophical rese>*es4 ,^! rese>*es1 h[ev]1 :5 !y came to take place1 confirm$ ^? orig9al anticipations ( nature4 ,^u :atev] we suppose t our moral faculties are f\nd$1 :e!r ^u a c]ta9 modification ( reason1 ^u an orig9al in/9ct1 call$ a moral s5se1 or ^u "s o!r pr9ciple ( our nature1 x _c be d\bt$1 t !y 7 giv5 u = ! direction ( our conduct 9 ?is life4 ,!y c>ry along ) !m ! mo/ evid5t badges ( ?is au?ority1 :i* d5ote t !y 7 set up )9 u to be ! supreme arbit]s ( all our actions1 to sup]9t5d all our s5ses1 passions1 & appetites1 & to judge h[ f> ea* ( !m 0 ei!r to be indulg$ or re/ra9$4 ,our moral faculties are by no means1 z "s h pret5d$1 ^u a level 9 ?is respect ) ! o!r faculties & appetites ( our nature1 end[$ ) no m "r to re/ra9 ^! la/1 ?an ^! la/ are to re/ra9 !m4 ,no o!r faculty or pr9ciple ( action judges ( any o!r4 ,love does n judge ( res5tm5t1 nor res5tm5t ( love4 ,^? two passions may be opposite to "o ano!r1 b _c1 ) any propriety1 be said to approve or disapprove ( "o ano!r4 ,b x is ! peculi> (fice ( ^? faculties n[ "u our consid]ation to judge1 to be/[ c5sure or applause ^u all ! o!r pr9ciples ( our nature4 ,!y may be consid]$ z a sort ( s5ses ( :i* ^? pr9ciples are ! objects4 ,e s5se is supreme ov] its own objects4 ,!re is no appeal f ! eye ) reg>d to ! beauty ( col\rs1 nor f ! e> ) reg>d to ! h>mony ( s\nds1 nor f ! ta/e ) reg>d to ! agreeabl5ess ( flav\rs4 ,ea* ( ^? s5ses judges 9 ! la/ resort ( its own objects4 ,:atev] gratifies ! ta/e is sweet1 :atev] pleases ! eye is beautiful1 :atev] soo?s ! e> is h>moni\s4 ,! v ess5ce ( ea* ( ^? qualities consi/s 9 be+ fitt$ to please ! s5se to :i* x is address$4 ,x belongs to our moral faculties1 9 ! same mann] to det]m9e :5 ! e> ought to be soo!d1 :5 ! eye ought to be indulg$1 :5 ! ta/e ought to be gratifi$1 :5 & h[ f> e o!r pr9ciple ( our nature ought to be indulg$ or re/ra9$4 ,:at is agreeable to our moral faculties1 is fit1 & "r1 & prop] to be done2 ! contr>y wrong1 unfit1 & improp]4 ,! s5tim5ts :i* !y approve (1 are graceful & unbecom+4 ,! v words1 "r1 wrong1 fit1 improp]1 graceful1 unbecom+1 mean only :at pleases or displeases ^? faculties4 ,s9ce ^!1 !re=e1 7 pla9ly int5d$ to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciples ( human nature1 ! rules :i* !y prescribe1 are to be reg>d$ z ! comm&s & laws ( ! ,deity1 promulgat$ by ^? viceg]5ts :i* he has ?us set up )9 u4 ,all g5]al rules are commonly d5om9at$ laws3 ?us ! g5]al rules :i* bodies obs]ve 9 ! communication ( motion1 are call$ ! laws ( motion4 ,b ^? g5]al rules :i* our moral faculties obs]ve 9 approv+ or condemn+ :atev] s5tim5t or action is subject$ to _! exam9ation1 may mu* m ju/ly be d5om9at$ su*4 ,!y h a mu* great] resemblance to :at are prop]ly call$ laws1 ^? g5]al rules :i* ! sov]eign lays d[n to direct ! conduct ( 8 subjects4 ,l !m !y are rules to direct ! free actions ( m53 !y are prescrib$ mo/ surely by a lawful sup]ior1 & are att5d$ to 9 ! sanction ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,^? viceg]5ts ( ,god )9 u1 nev] fail to puni% ! violation ( !m1 by ! torm5ts ( inw>d %ame1 & self-condemnation2 & on ! contr>y1 always rew>d ob$i5ce ) tranquillity ( m9d1 ) cont5tm5t1 & self-satisfaction4 ,!re are innum]able o!r consid]ations :i* s]ve to confirm ! same conclusion4 ,! happ9ess ( mank9d1 z well z ( all o!r rational creatures1 seems to h be5 ! orig9al purpose int5d$ by ! ,au?or ( nature1 :5 he br\ght !m into exi/5ce4 ,no o!r end seems wor?y ( t supreme wisdom & div9e b5ignity :i* we necess>ily ascribe to him2 & ?is op9ion1 :i* we are l$ to by ! ab/ract consid]ation ( 8 inf9ite p]fections1 is /ill m confirm$ by ! exam9ation ( ! works ( nature1 :i* seem all int5d$ to promote happ9ess1 & to gu>d aga9/ mis]y4 ,b by act+ accord+ to ! dictates ( our moral faculties1 we necess>ily pursue ! mo/ effectual means = promot+ ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 & may !re=e be said1 9 "s s5se1 to co-op]ate ) ! ,deity1 & to advance z f> z 9 our p[] ! plan ( ,provid5ce4 ,by act+ o!rways1 on ! contr>y1 we seem to ob/ruct1 9 "s measure1 ! s*eme :i* ! ,au?or ( nature has e/abli%$ = ! happ9ess & p]fection ( ! _w1 & to decl>e ourselves1 if ,i may say s1 9 "s measure ! enemies ( ,god4 ,h5ce we are naturally enc\rag$ to hope = 8 extraord9>y fav\r & rew>d 9 ! "o case1 & to dread 8 v5geance & puni%m5t 9 ! o!r4 ,!re are besides _m o!r reasons1 & _m o!r natural pr9ciples1 :i* all t5d to confirm & inculcate ! same salut>y doctr9e4 ,if we consid] ! g5]al rules by :i* ext]nal prosp]ity & adv]sity are commonly di/ribut$ 9 ?is life1 we %all f9d1 t not)/&+ ! disord] 9 :i* all ?+s appe> to be 9 ?is _w1 yet ev5 "h e virtue naturally meets ) its prop] rew>d1 ) ! recomp5se :i* is mo/ fit to enc\rage & promote x2 & ?is too s surely1 t x requires a v extraord9>y concurr5ce ( circum/ances entirely to disappo9t x4 ,:at is ! rew>d mo/ prop] = enc\rag+ indu/ry1 prud5ce1 & circumspection8 ,success 9 e sort ( bus9ess4 ,& is x possible t 9 ! :ole ( life ^! virtues %\ld fail ( atta9+ x8 ,weal? & ext]nal hon\rs are _! prop] recomp5se1 & ! recomp5se :i* !y c seldom fail ( acquir+4 ,:at rew>d is mo/ prop] = promot+ ! practice ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & humanity8 ,! confid5ce1 ! e/eem1 & love ( ^? we live )4 ,humanity does n desire to be great1 b to be belov$4 ,x is n 9 be+ ri* t tru? & ju/ice w\ld rejoice1 b 9 be+ tru/$ & believ$1 recomp5ses :i* ^? virtues mu/ almo/ always acquire4 ,by "s v extraord9>y & unlucky circum/ance1 a good man may come to be suspect$ ( a crime ( :i* he 0 altoge!r incapable1 & ^u t acc\nt be mo/ unju/ly expos$ = ! rema9+ "p ( 8 life to ! horror & av]sion ( mank9d4 ,by an accid5t ( ?is k9d he may be said to lose 8 all1 not)/&+ 8 integrity & ju/ice2 9 ! same mann] z a cauti\s man1 not)/&+ 8 utmo/ circumspection1 may be ru9$ by an e>?quake or an inundation4 ,accid5ts ( ! fir/ k9d1 h[ev]1 are p]haps /ill m r>e1 & /ill m contr>y to ! common c\rse ( ?+s ?an ^? ( ! second2 & /ill x rema9s true1 t ! practice ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & humanity1 is a c]ta9 & almo/ infallible me?od ( acquir+ :at ^? virtues *iefly aim at1 ! confid5ce & love ( ^? we live )4 ,a p]son may be v easily misrepres5t$ ) reg>d to a p>ticul> action2 b x is sc>ce possible t he %\ld be s ) reg>d to ! g5]al t5or ( 8 conduct4 ,an innoc5t man may be believ$ to h done wrong3 ?is1 h[ev]1 w r>ely happ54 ,on ! contr>y1 ! e/abli%$ op9ion ( ! innoc5ce ( 8 mann]s1 w (t5 lead u to absolve him :]e he has really be5 9 ! fault1 not)/&+ v /rong presumptions4 ,a knave1 9 ! same mann] may escape c5sure1 or ev5 meet applause1 = a p>ticul> knav]y1 9 :i* 8 conduct is n und]/ood4 ,b no man 0 ev] habitually su*1 )\t be+ almo/ univ]sally kn[n to be s1 & )\t be+ ev5 frequ5tly suspect$ ( guilt1 :5 he 0 9 reality p]fectly innoc5t4 ,& s f> z vice & virtue c be ei!r puni%$ or rew>d$ by ! s5tim5ts & op9ions ( mank9d1 !y bo?1 accord+ to ! common c\rse ( ?+s1 meet ev5 "h ) some?+ m ?an exact & imp>tial ju/ice4 ,b ?\gh ! g5]al rules by :i* prosp]ity & adv]sity are commonly di/ribut$1 :5 consid]$ 9 ?is cool & philosophical light1 appe> to be p]fectly suit$ to ! situation ( mank9d 9 ?is life1 yet !y are by no means suit$ to "s ( our natural s5tim5ts4 ,our natural love & admiration = "s virtues is su*1 t we %\ld wi% to be/[ on !m all sorts ( hon\rs & rew>ds1 ev5 ^? :i* we mu/ ackn[l$ge to be ! prop] recomp5ses ( o!r qualities ) :i* ^? virtues are n always accompani$4 ,our dete/ation1 on ! contr>y1 = "s vices is su*1 t we %\ld desire to heap ^u !m e sort ( disgrace & disa/]1 ^? n except$ :i* are ! natural consequ5ces ( v diff]5t qualities4 ,magnanimity1 g5]osity1 & ju/ice comm& s high a degree ( admiration1 t we desire to see !m cr[n$ ) weal?1 & p[]1 & hon\rs ( e k9d1 ! natural consequ5ces ( prud5ce1 indu/ry1 & application2 qualities ) :i* ^? virtues are n insep>ably connect$4 ,fraud1 falsehood1 brutality1 & viol5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 excite 9 e human brea/ su* scorn & abhorr5ce1 t our indignation r\ses to see !m possess ^? advantages :i* !y may 9 "s s5se be said to h m]it$1 by ! dilig5ce & indu/ry ) :i* !y are sometimes att5d$4 ,! indu/ri\s knave cultivates ! soil2 ! indol5t good man leaves x uncultivat$4 ,:o ought to reap ! h>ve/8 ,:o />ve1 & :o live 9 pl5ty8 ,! natural c\rse ( ?+s decides x 9 fav\r ( ! knave3 ! natural s5tim5ts ( mank9d 9 fav\r ( ! man ( virtue4 ,man judges1 t ! good qualities ( ! "o are greatly ov]-recomp5s$ by ^? advantages :i* !y t5d to procure him1 & t ! omissions ( ! o!r are by f> too sev]ely puni%$ by ! di/ress :i* !y naturally br+ ^u him2 & human laws1 ! consequ5ces ( human s5tim5ts1 =feit ! life & ! e/ate ( ! indu/ri\s & cauti\s traitor1 & rew>d1 by extraord9>y recomp5ses1 ! fidelity & public _s ( ! improvid5t & c>eless good citiz54 ,?us man is by ,nature direct$ to correct1 9 "s measure1 t di/ribution ( ?+s :i* %e h]self w\ld o!rwise h made4 ,! rules :i* = ?is purpose %e prompts him to foll[1 are diff]5t f ^? :i* %e h]self obs]ves4 ,%e be/[s ^u e virtue1 & ^u e vice1 t precise rew>d or puni%m5t :i* is be/ fitt$ to enc\rage ! "o1 or to re/ra9 ! o!r4 ,%e is direct$ by ?is sole consid]ation1 & pays little reg>d to ! diff]5t degrees ( m]it & dem]it1 :i* !y may seem to possess 9 ! s5tim5ts & passions ( man4 ,man1 on ! contr>y1 pays reg>d to ?is only1 & w\ld endeav\r to r5d] ! /ate ( e virtue precisely proportion$ to t degree ( love & e/eem1 & ( e vice to t degree ( contempt & abhorr5ce1 :i* he himself conceives = x4 ,! rules :i* %e foll[s are fit = h]1 ^? :i* he foll[s = him3 b bo? are calculat$ to promote ! same great end1 ! ord] ( ! _w1 & ! p]fection & happ9ess ( human nature4 ,b ?\gh man is ?us employ$ to alt] t di/ribution ( ?+s :i* natural ev5ts w\ld make1 if left to !mselves2 ?\gh1 l ! gods ( ! poets1 he is p]petually int]pos+1 by extraord9>y means1 9 fav\r ( virtue1 & 9 opposition to vice1 & l !m1 endeav\rs to turn away ! arr[ t is aim$ at ! head ( ! righte\s1 b accel]ates ! sword ( de/ruction t is lift$ up aga9/ ! wick$2 yet he is by no means able to r5d] ! =tune ( ei!r q suitable to 8 own s5tim5ts & wi%es4 ,! natural c\rse ( ?+s _c be entirely contr\l$ by ! impot5t endeav\rs ( man3 ! curr5t is too rapid & too /rong = him to /op x2 & ?\gh ! rules :i* direct x appe> to h be5 e/abli%$ = ! wise/ & be/ purposes1 !y sometimes produce effects :i* %ock all 8 natural s5tim5ts4 ,t a great comb9ation ( m51 %\ld prevail ov] a small "o2 t ^? :o engage 9 an ent]prise ) =e-?\ght & all necess>y prep>ation1 %\ld prevail ov] su* z oppose !m )\t any2 & t e end %\ld be acquir$ by ^? means only :i* ,nature has e/abli%$ = acquir+ x1 seems to be a rule n only necess>y & unavoidable 9 itself1 b ev5 useful & prop] = r\s+ ! indu/ry & att5tion ( mank9d4 ,yet1 :51 9 consequ5ce ( ?is rule1 viol5ce & artifice prevail ov] s9c]ity & ju/ice1 :at indignation does x n excite 9 ! brea/ ( e humane spectator8 ,:at sorr[ & compassion = ! suff]+s ( ! innoc5t1 & :at furi\s res5tm5t aga9/ ! success ( ! oppressor8 ,we are equally griev$ & enrag$1 at ! wrong t is done1 b (t5 f9d x altoge!r out ( our p[] to r$ress x4 ,:5 we ?us despair ( f9d+ any =ce ^u e>? :i* c *eck ! triumph ( inju/ice1 we naturally appeal to ,heav51 & hope1 t ! great ,au?or ( our nature w himself execute h]eaft]1 :at all ! pr9ciples :i* he has giv5 u = ! direction ( our conduct1 prompt u to attempt ev5 "h2 t he w complete ! plan :i* he himself has ?us taught u to beg92 & w1 9 a life to come1 r5d] to e "o accord+ to ! works :i* he has p]=m$ 9 ?is _w4 ,& ?us we are l$ to ! belief ( a future /ate1 n only by ! weaknesses1 by ! hopes & fe>s ( human nature1 b by ! noble/ & be/ pr9ciples :i* belong to x1 by ! love ( virtue1 & by ! abhorr5ce ( vice & inju/ice4 8,does x suit ! greatness ( ,god10 says ! eloqu5t & philosophical bi%op ( ,cl]mont1 ) t passionate & exagg]at+ =ce ( imag9ation1 :i* seems sometimes to exce$ ! b\nds ( decorum2 8does x suit ! greatness ( ,god1 to leave ! _w :i* he has creat$ 9 s univ]sal a disord]8 ,to see ! wick$ prevail almo/ always ov] ! j2 ! innoc5t de?ron$ by ! usurp]2 ! fa!r become ! victim ( ! ambition ( an unnatural son2 ! husb& expir+ "u ! /roke ( a b>b>\s & fai?less wife8 ,f ! height ( 8 greatness ought ,god to behold ^? melan*oly ev5ts z a fanta/ical amusem5t1 )\t tak+ any %>e 9 !m8 ,because he is great1 %\ld he be weak1 or unju/1 or b>b>\s8 ,because m5 are little1 ought !y to be all[$ ei!r to be dissolute )\t puni%m5t1 or virtu\s )\t rew>d8 ,o ,god6 if ?is is ! "* ( y\r ,supreme ,be+2 if x is y :om we adore "u su* dreadful ideas2 ,i c no long] ackn[l$ge y = my fa!r1 = my protector1 = ! com=t] ( my sorr[1 ! support ( my weakness1 ! rew>d] ( my fidelity4 ,y w\ld !n be no m ?an an indol5t & fanta/ical tyrant1 :o sacrifices mank9d to 8 insol5t vanity1 & :o has br\ght !m out ( no?+1 only to make !m s]ve = ! sport ( 8 leisure1 & ( 8 caprice40 ,:5 ! g5]al rules :i* det]m9e ! m]it & dem]it ( actions1 come ?us to be reg>d$1 z ! laws ( an ,all-p[]ful ,be+1 :o wat*es ov] our conduct1 & :o1 9 a life to come1 w rew>d ! obs]vance1 & puni% ! brea* ( !m2 !y necess>ily acquire a new sacr$ness f ?is consid]ation4 ,t our reg>d to ! w ( ! ,deity1 ought to be ! supreme rule ( our conduct1 c be d\bt$ ( by no body :o believes 8 exi/5ce4 ,! v ?\ght ( disob$i5ce appe>s to involve 9 x ! mo/ %ock+ impropriety4 ,h[ va91 h[ absurd w\ld x be = man1 ei!r to oppose or to neglect ! comm&s t 7 laid ^u him by ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 & ,inf9ite ,p[]6 ,h[ unnatural1 h[ impi\sly ungrateful n to rev]5ce ! precepts t 7 prescrib$ to him by ! inf9ite goodness ( 8 ,creator1 ev5 ?\gh no puni%m5t 0 to foll[ _! violation4 ,! s5se ( propriety too is "h well support$ by ! /ronge/ motives ( self-int]e/4 ,! idea t1 h[ev] we may escape ! obs]vation ( man1 or be plac$ above ! rea* ( human puni%m5t1 yet we are always act+ "u ! eye1 & expos$ to ! puni%m5t ( ,god1 ! great av5g] ( inju/ice1 is a motive capable ( re/ra9+ ! mo/ head/rong passions1 ) ^? at lea/ :o1 by con/ant reflection1 h r5d]$ x famili> to !m4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t religion en=ces ! natural s5se ( duty3 & h5ce x is1 t mank9d are g5]ally dispos$ to place great confid5ce 9 ! probity ( ^? :o seem deeply impress$ ) religi\s s5tim5ts4 ,su* p]sons1 !y imag9e1 act "u an additional tye1 besides ^? :i* regulate ! conduct ( o!r m54 ,! reg>d to ! propriety ( action z well z to reputation1 ! reg>d to ! applause ( 8 own brea/1 z well z t ( o!rs1 are motives :i* !y suppose h ! same influ5ce ov] ! religi\s man1 z ov] ! man ( ! _w4 ,b ! =m] lies "u ano!r re/ra9t1 & nev] acts delib]ately b z 9 ! pres5ce ( t ,great ,sup]ior :o is f9ally to recomp5se him accord+ to 8 de$s4 ,a great] tru/ is repos$1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 9 ! regul>ity & exactness ( 8 conduct4 ,& :]ev] ! natural pr9ciples ( religion are n corrupt$ by ! facti\s & p>ty zeal ( "s wor?less cabal2 :]ev] ! fir/ duty :i* x requires1 is to fulfil all ! obligations ( morality2 :]ev] m5 are n taught to reg>d frivol\s obs]vances1 z m imm$iate duties ( religion1 ?an acts ( ju/ice & b5efic5ce2 & to imag9e1 t by sacrifices1 & c]emonies1 & va9 supplications1 !y c b>ga9 ) ! ,deity = fraud1 & p]fidy1 & viol5ce1 ! _w und\bt$ly judges "r 9 ?is respect1 & ju/ly places a d\ble confid5ce 9 ! rectitude ( ! religi\s man's behavi\r4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,9 :at cases ! s5se ( duty ought to be ! sole pr9ciple ( our conduct2 & 9 :at cases x ought to concur ) o!r motives4 ,religion af=ds su* /rong motives to ! practice ( virtue1 & gu>ds u by su* p[]ful re/ra9ts f ! temptations ( vice1 t _m h be5 l$ to suppose1 t religi\s pr9ciples 7 ! sole laudable motives ( action4 ,we ought nei!r1 !y said1 to rew>d f gratitude1 nor puni% f res5tm5t2 we ought nei!r to protect ! helplessness ( our *ildr51 nor af=d support to ! infirmities ( our p>5ts1 f natural affection4 ,all affections = p>ticul> objects1 ought to be ext+ui%$ 9 our brea/1 & "o great affection take ! place ( all o!rs1 ! love ( ! ,deity1 ! desire ( r5d]+ ourselves agreeable to him1 & ( direct+ our conduct 9 e respect accord+ to 8 w4 ,we ought n to be grateful f gratitude1 we ought n to be *>itable f humanity1 we ought n to be public-spirit$ f ! love ( our c\ntry1 nor g5]\s & j f ! love ( mank9d4 ,! sole pr9ciple & motive ( our conduct 9 ! p]=mance ( all ^? diff]5t duties1 ought to be a s5se t ,god has comm&$ u to p]=m !m4 ,i %all n at pres5t take "t to exam9e ?is op9ion p>ticul>ly2 ,i %all only obs]ve1 t we %\ld n h expect$ to h f\nd x ent]ta9$ by any sect1 :o pr(ess$ !mselves ( a religion 9 :i*1 z x is ! fir/ precept to love ! ,"l our ,god ) all our he>t1 ) all our s\l1 & ) all our /r5g?1 s x is ! second to love our neighb\r z we love ourselves2 & we love ourselves surely = our own sakes1 & n m]ely because we are comm&$ to d s4 ,t ! s5se ( duty %\ld be ! sole pr9ciple ( our conduct1 is no :]e ! precept ( ,*ri/ianity2 b t x %\ld be ! rul+ & gov]n+ "o1 z philosophy1 & z1 inde$1 common s5se directs4 ,x may be a "q h[ev]1 9 :at cases our actions ought to arise *iefly or entirely f a s5se ( duty1 or f a reg>d to g5]al rules2 & 9 :at cases "s o!r s5tim5t or affection ought to concur1 & h a pr9cipal influ5ce4 ,! decision ( ?is "q1 :i* _c1 p]haps1 be giv5 ) any v great accuracy1 w dep5d ^u two diff]5t circum/ances2 fir/1 ^u ! natural agreeabl5ess or de=mity ( ! s5tim5t or affection :i* w\ld prompt u to any action indep5d5t ( all reg>d to g5]al rules2 & secondly1 ^u ! precision & exactness1 or ! loos5ess & inaccuracy ( ! g5]al rules !mselves4 ,i4 ,fir/1 ,i say1 x w dep5d ^u ! natural agreeabl5ess or de=mity ( ! affection itself1 h[ f> our actions ought to arise f x1 or entirely proce$ f a reg>d to ! g5]al rule4 ,all ^? graceful & admir$ actions1 to :i* ! b5evol5t affections w\ld prompt u1 ought to proce$ z mu* f ! passions !mselves1 z f any reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( conduct4 ,a b5efactor ?9ks himself b ill requit$1 if ! p]son ^u :om he has be/[$ 8 good (fices1 repays !m m]ely f a cold s5se ( duty1 & )\t any affection to 8 p]son4 ,a husb& is dissatisfi$ ) ! mo/ ob$i5t wife1 :5 he imag9es h] conduct is animat$ by no o!r pr9ciple besides h] reg>d to :at ! relation %e /&s 9 requires4 ,?\gh a son %\ld fail 9 none ( ! (fices ( filial duty1 yet if he wants t affectionate rev]5ce :i* x s well becomes him to feel1 ! p>5t may ju/ly compla9 ( 8 indiff]5ce4 ,nor c\ld a son be q satisfi$ ) a p>5t :o1 ?\gh he p]=m$ all ! duties ( 8 situation1 _h no?+ ( t fa!rly fondness :i* might h be5 expect$ f him4 ,) reg>d to all su* b5evol5t & social affections1 x is agreeable to see ! s5se ( duty employ$ r to re/ra9 ?an to enliv5 !m1 r to h9d] u f do+ too mu*1 ?an to prompt u to d :at we ought4 ,x gives u pleasure to see a fa!r oblig$ to *eck 8 own fondness1 a fri5d oblig$ to set b\nds to 8 natural g5]osity1 a p]son :o has receiv$ a b5efit1 oblig$ to re/ra9 ! too sangu9e gratitude ( 8 own temp]4 ,! contr>y maxim takes place ) reg>d to ! malevol5t & unsocial passions4 ,we ought to rew>d f ! gratitude & g5]osity ( our own he>ts1 )\t any reluctance1 & )\t be+ oblig$ to reflect h[ great ! propriety ( rew>d+3 b we ought always to puni% ) reluctance1 & m f a s5se ( ! propriety ( puni%+ ?an f any savage disposition to rev5ge4 ,no?+ is m graceful ?an ! behavi\r ( ! man :o appe>s to res5t ! greate/ injuries1 m f a s5se t !y des]ve1 & are ! prop] objects ( res5tm5t1 ?an f feel+ himself ! furies ( t disagreeable passion2 :o1 l a judge1 consid]s only ! g5]al rule1 :i* det]m9es :at v5geance is due = ea* p>ticul> (f5ce2 :o1 9 execut+ t rule1 feels less = :at himself has suff]$1 ?an :at ! (f5d] is ab\t to suff]2 :o1 ?\gh 9 wra? rememb]s m]cy1 & is dispos$ to int]pret ! rule 9 ! mo/ g5tle & fav\rable mann]1 & to all[ all ! alleviations :i* ! mo/ c&id humanity c\ld1 consi/5tly ) good s5se1 admit (4 ,z ! selfi% passions1 accord+ to :at has =m]ly be5 obs]v$1 hold 9 o!r respects a sort ( middle place1 betwe5 ! social & unsocial affections1 s d !y likewise 9 ?is4 ,! pursuit ( ! objects ( private int]e/1 9 all common1 little1 & ord9>y cases1 ought to fl[ r f a reg>d to ! g5]al rules :i* prescribe su* conduct1 ?an f any passion = ! objects !mselves2 b ^u m important & extraord9>y occasions1 we %\ld be awkw>d1 insipid1 & ungraceful1 if ! objects !mselves did n appe> to animate u ) a consid]able degree ( passion4 ,to be anxi\s1 or to be lay+ a plot ei!r to ga9 or to save a s+le %ill+1 w\ld degrade ! mo/ vulg> tradesman 9 ! op9ion ( all 8 neighb\rs4 ,let 8 circum/ances be ev] s mean1 no att5tion to any su* small matt]s1 = ! sake ( ! ?+s !mselves1 mu/ appe> 9 8 conduct4 ,8 situation may require ! mo/ sev]e conomy1 & ! mo/ exact assiduity3 b ea* p>ticul> ex]tion ( t conomy & assiduity mu/ proce$ n s mu* f a reg>d = t p>ticul> sav+ or ga91 z = ! g5]al rule :i* to him prescribes1 ) ! utmo/ rig\r1 su* a t5\r ( conduct4 ,8 p>simony to-day mu/ n arise f a desire ( ! p>ticul> ?ree-p5ce :i* he w save by x1 nor 8 att5dance 9 8 %op f a passion = ! p>ticul> t5-p5ce :i* he w acquire by x3 bo? ! "o & ! o!r ought to proce$ solely f a reg>d to ! g5]al rule1 :i* prescribes1 ) ! mo/ unrel5t+ sev]ity1 ?is plan ( conduct to all p]sons 9 8 way ( life4 ,9 ?is consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "* ( a mis]1 & t ( a p]son ( exact conomy & assiduity4 ,! "o is anxi\s ab\t small matt]s = _! own sake2 ! o!r att5ds to !m only 9 consequ5ce ( ! s*eme ( life :i* he has laid d[n to himself4 ,x is q o!rwise ) reg>d to ! m extraord9>y & important objects ( self-int]e/4 ,a p]son appe>s mean-spirit$1 :o does n pursue ^! ) "s degree ( e>ne/ness = _! own sake4 ,we %\ld despise a pr9ce :o 0 n anxi\s ab\t conqu]+ or def5d+ a prov9ce4 ,we %\ld h little respect = a private g5tleman :o did n ex]t himself to ga9 an e/ate1 or ev5 a consid]able (fice1 :5 he c\ld acquire !m )\t ei!r meanness or inju/ice4 ,a memb] ( p>liam5t :o %ews no ke5ness ab\t 8 own election1 is ab&on$ by 8 fri5ds1 z altoge!r unwor?y ( _! atta*m5t4 ,ev5 a tradesman is ?\ght a poor-spirit$ fell[ among 8 neighb\rs1 :o does n be/ir himself to get :at !y call an extraord9>y job1 or "s uncommon advantage4 ,?is _s & ke5ness con/itutes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! man ( ent]prise & ! man ( dull regul>ity4 ,^? great objects ( self-int]e/1 ( :i* ! loss or acquisition q *anges ! rank ( ! p]son1 are ! objects ( ! passion prop]ly call$ ambition2 a passion1 :i* :5 x keeps )9 ! b\nds ( prud5ce & ju/ice1 is always admir$ 9 ! _w1 & has ev5 sometimes a c]ta9 irregul> greatness1 :i* dazzles ! imag9ation1 :5 x passes ! limits ( bo? ^! virtues1 & is n only unju/ b extravagant4 ,h5ce ! g5]al admiration = ,h]oes & ,conqu]ors1 & ev5 = ,/atesm51 ^: projects h be5 v d>+ & ext5sive1 ?\gh altoge!r devoid ( ju/ice2 su* z ^? ( ! ,c>d9als ( ,ri*lieu & ( ,retz4 ,! objects ( av>ice & ambition diff] only 9 _! greatness4 ,a mis] is z furi\s ab\t a halfp5ny1 z a man ( ambition ab\t ! conque/ ( a k+dom4 ,,ii4 ,secondly1 ,i say1 x w dep5d p>tly ^u ! precision & exactness1 or ! loos5ess & inaccuracy ( ! g5]al rules !mselves1 h[ f> our conduct ought to proce$ entirely f a reg>d to !m4 ,! g5]al rules ( almo/ all ! virtues1 ! g5]al rules :i* det]m9e :at are ! (fices ( prud5ce1 ( *>ity1 ( g5]osity1 ( gratitude1 ( fri5d%ip1 are 9 _m respects loose & inaccurate1 admit ( _m exceptions1 & require s _m modifications1 t x is sc>ce possible to regulate our conduct entirely by a reg>d to !m4 ,! common prov]bial maxims ( prud5ce1 be+ f\nd$ 9 univ]sal exp]i5ce1 are p]haps ! be/ g5]al rules :i* c be giv5 ab\t x4 ,to affect1 h[ev]1 a v /rict & lit]al adh]5ce to !m w\ld evid5tly be ! mo/ absurd & ridicul\s p$antry4 ,( all ! virtues ,i h j n[ m5tion$1 gratitude is t1 p]haps1 ( :i* ! rules are ! mo/ precise1 & admit ( ! fewe/ exceptions4 ,t z soon z we c we %\ld make a return ( equal1 & if possible ( sup]ior value to ! s]vices we h receiv$1 w\ld seem to be a pretty pla9 rule1 & "o :i* admitt$ ( sc>ce any exceptions4 ,^u ! mo/ sup]ficial exam9ation1 h[ev]1 ?is rule w appe> to be 9 ! highe/ degree loose & inaccurate1 & to admit ( t5 ?\s& exceptions4 ,if y\r b5efactor att5d$ y 9 y\r sickness1 ought y to att5d him 9 88 or c y fulfil ! obligation ( gratitude1 by mak+ a return ( a diff]5t k9d8 ,if y ought to att5d him1 h[ long ought y to att5d him8 ,! same "t :i* he att5d$ y1 or long]1 & h[ mu* long]8 ,if y\r fri5d l5t y money 9 y\r di/ress1 ought y to l5d him money 9 88 ,h[ mu* ought y to l5d him8 ,:5 ought y to l5d him8 ,n[1 or to-morr[1 or next mon?8 ,& = h[ long a "t8 ,x is evid5t1 t no g5]al rule c be laid d[n1 by :i* a precise answ] c1 9 all cases1 be giv5 to any ( ^! que/ions4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 8 "* & y\rs1 betwe5 8 circum/ances & y\rs1 may be su*1 t y may be p]fectly grateful1 & ju/ly refuse to l5d him a halfp5ny3 &1 on ! contr>y1 y may be will+ to l5d1 or ev5 to give him t5 times ! sum :i* he l5t y1 & yet ju/ly be accus$ ( ! blacke/ +ratitude1 & ( n hav+ fulfill$ ! hundr$? "p ( ! obligation y lie "u4 ,z ! duties ( gratitude1 h[ev]1 are p]haps ! mo/ sacr$ ( all ^? :i* ! b5efic5t virtues prescribe to u1 s ! g5]al rules :i* det]m9e !m are1 z ,i said be=e1 ! mo/ accurate4 ,^? :i* asc]ta9 ! actions requir$ by fri5d%ip1 humanity1 hospitality1 g5]osity1 are /ill m vague & indet]m9ate4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o virtue ( :i* ! g5]al rules det]m9e ) ! greate/ exactness e ext]nal action :i* x requires4 ,?is virtue is ju/ice4 ,! rules ( ju/ice are accurate 9 ! highe/ degree1 & admit ( no exceptions or modifications1 b su* z may be asc]ta9$ z accurately z ! rules !mselves1 & :i* g5]ally1 inde$1 fl[ f ! v same pr9ciples ) !m4 ,if ,i owe a man t5 p\nds1 ju/ice requires t ,i %\ld precisely pay him t5 p\nds1 ei!r at ! "t agre$ ^u1 or :5 he dem&s x4 ,:at ,i ought to p]=m1 h[ mu* ,i ought to p]=m1 :5 & :]e ,i ought to p]=m x1 ! :ole nature & circum/ances ( ! action prescrib$1 are all ( !m precisely fixt & det]m9$4 ,?\gh x may be awkw>d & p$antic1 !re=e1 to affect too /rict an adh]5ce to ! common rules ( prud5ce or g5]osity1 !re is no p$antry 9 /ick+ fa/ by ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ sacr$ reg>d is due to !m2 & ! actions :i* ?is virtue requires are nev] s prop]ly p]=m$1 z :5 ! *ief motive = p]=m+ !m is a rev]5tial & religi\s reg>d to ^? g5]al rules :i* require !m4 ,9 ! practice ( ! o!r virtues1 our conduct %\ld r be direct$ by a c]ta9 idea ( propriety1 by a c]ta9 ta/e = a p>ticul> t5\r ( conduct1 ?an by any reg>d to a precise maxim or rule2 & we %\ld consid] ! end & f\ndation ( ! rule1 m ?an ! rule itself4 ,b x is o!rwise ) reg>d to ju/ice3 ! man :o 9 t ref9es ! lea/1 & adh]es ) ! mo/ ob/9ate /$fa/ness1 to ! g5]al rules !mselves1 is ! mo/ comm5dable1 & ! mo/ to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,?\gh ! end ( ! rules ( ju/ice be1 to h9d] u f hurt+ our neighb\r1 x may frequ5tly be a crime to violate !m1 ?\gh we c\ld pret5d1 ) "s pretext ( reason1 t ?is p>ticul> violation c\ld d no hurt4 ,a man (t5 becomes a villa9 ! mom5t he beg9s ev5 9 8 own he>t1 to *icane 9 ?is mann]4 ,! mom5t he ?9ks ( dep>t+ f ! mo/ /aun* & positive adh]5ce to :at ^? inviolable precepts prescribe to him1 he is no long] to be tru/$1 & no man c say :at degree ( guilt he may n arrive at4 ,! ?ief imag9es he does no evil1 :5 he /eals f ! ri*1 :at he supposes !y may easily want1 & :at possibly !y may nev] ev5 "k has be5 /ol5 f !m4 ,! adult]] imag9es he does no evil1 :5 he corrupts ! wife ( 8 fri5d1 provid$ he cov]s 8 intrigue f ! suspicion ( ! husb&1 & does n di/urb ! peace ( ! family4 ,:5 once we beg9 to give way to su* ref9em5ts1 !re is no enormity s gross ( :i* we may n be capable4 ,! rules ( ju/ice may be comp>$ to ! rules ( gramm>2 ! rules ( ! o!r virtues to ! rules :i* critics lay d[n = ! atta9m5t ( :at is sublime & elegant 9 composition4 ,! "o1 are precise1 accurate1 & indisp5sable4 ,! o!r1 are loose1 vague1 & indet]m9ate1 & pres5t u r ) a g5]al idea ( ! p]fection we ought to aim at1 ?an af=d u any c]ta9 & infallible directions = acquir+ x4 ,a man may le>n to write grammatically by rule1 ) ! mo/ absolute infallibility2 & s1 p]haps1 he may be taught to act ju/ly4 ,b !re are no rules ^: obs]vance w infallibly lead u to ! atta9m5t ( elegance or sublimity 9 writ+1 ?\gh !re are "s :i* may help u1 9 "s measure1 to correct & asc]ta9 ! vague ideas :i* we might o!rwise h ent]ta9$ ( ^? p]fections3 & !re are no rules by ! k ( :i* we c infallibly be taught to act ^u all occasions ) prud5ce1 ) j magnanimity1 or prop] b5efic5ce4 ,?\gh !re are "s :i* may enable u to correct & asc]ta9 9 sev]al respects1 ! imp]fect ideas :i* we might o!rwise h ent]ta9$ ( ^? virtues4 ,x may sometimes happ51 t ) ! mo/ s]i\s & e>ne/ desire ( act+ s z to des]ve approbation1 we may mi/ake ! prop] rules ( conduct1 & ?us be misl$ by t v pr9ciple :i* ought to direct u4 ,x is 9 va9 to expect1 t 9 ?is case mank9d %\ld entirely approve ( our behavi\r4 ,!y _c ent] into t absurd idea ( duty :i* influ5c$ u1 nor g along ) any ( ! actions :i* foll[ f x4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 some?+ respectable 9 ! "* & behavi\r ( "o :o is ?us betray$ into vice1 by a wrong s5se ( duty1 or by :at is call$ an errone\s consci5ce4 ,h[ fatally soev] he may be misl$ by x1 he is /ill1 ) ! g5]\s & humane1 m ! object ( commis]ation ?an ( hatr$ or res5tm5t4 ,!y lam5t ! weakness ( human nature1 :i* exposes u to su* unhappy delusions1 ev5 :ile we are mo/ s9c]ely lab\r+ aft] p]fection1 & endeav\r+ to act accord+ to ! be/ pr9ciple :i* c possibly direct u4 ,false notions ( religion are almo/ ! only causes :i* c occasion any v gross p]v]sion ( our natural s5tim5ts 9 ?is way2 & t pr9ciple :i* gives ! greate/ au?ority to ! rules ( duty1 is alone capable ( di/ort+ our ideas ( !m 9 any consid]able degree4 ,9 all o!r cases common s5se is suffici5t to direct u1 if n to ! mo/ exquisite propriety ( conduct1 yet to some?+ :i* is n v f> f x2 & provid$ we are 9 e>ne/ desir\s to d well1 our behavi\r w always1 ^u ! :ole1 be praise-wor?y4 ,t to obey ! w ( ! ,deity1 is ! fir/ rule ( duty1 all m5 are agre$4 ,b conc]n+ ! p>ticul> comm&m5ts :i* t w may impose ^u u1 !y diff] widely f "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 ! greate/ mutual =be>ance & tol]ation is due2 & ?\gh ! def5ce ( society requires t crimes %\ld be puni%$1 f :atev] motives !y proce$1 yet a good man w always puni% !m ) reluctance1 :5 !y evid5tly proce$ f false notions ( religi\s duty4 ,he w nev] feel aga9/ ^? :o commit !m t indignation :i* he feels aga9/ o!r crim9als1 b w r regret1 & sometimes ev5 admire _! un=tunate firmness & magnanimity1 at ! v "t t he puni%es _! crime4 ,9 ! trag$y ( ,mahomet1 "o ( ! f9e/ ( ,mr4 ,voltaire's1 x is well repres5t$1 :at ought to be our s5tim5ts = crimes :i* proce$ f su* motives4 ,9 t trag$y1 two "y p ( diff]5t sexes1 ( ! mo/ innoc5t & virtu\s dispositions1 & )\t any o!r weakness except :at ende>s !m ! m to u1 a mutual fondness = "o ano!r1 are in/igat$ by ! /ronge/ motives ( a false religion1 to commit a horrid murd]1 t %ocks all ! pr9ciples ( human nature3 a v5]able old man1 :o _h express$ ! mo/ t5d] affection = !m bo?1 = :om1 not)/&+ he 0 ! av[$ enemy ( _! religion1 !y _h bo? conceiv$ ! highe/ rev]5ce & e/eem1 & :o 0 9 reality _! fa!r1 ?\gh !y did n "k him to be su*1 is po9t$ out to !m z a sacrifice :i* ,god _h expressly requir$ at _! h&s1 & !y are comm&$ to kill him4 ,:ile !y are ab\t execut+ ?is crime1 !y are tortur$ ) all ! agonies :i* c arise f ! /ruggle betwe5 ! idea ( ! indisp5sabl5ess ( religi\s duty on ! "o side1 & compassion1 gratitude1 rev]5ce = ! age1 & love = ! humanity & virtue ( ! p]son :om !y are go+ to de/roy1 on ! o!r4 ,! repres5tation ( ?is exhibits "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 & p]haps ! mo/ in/ructive spectacle t 0 ev] introduc$ ^u any !atre4 ,! s5se ( duty1 h[ev]1 at la/ prevails ov] all ! amiable weaknesses ( human nature4 ,!y execute ! crime impos$ ^u !m2 b imm$iately discov] _! error1 & ! fraud :i* _h deceiv$ !m1 & are di/ract$ ) horror1 remorse1 & res5tm5t4 ,su* z are our s5tim5ts = ! unhappy ,seid & ,palmira1 su* ought we to feel = e p]son :o is 9 ?is mann] misl$ by religion1 :5 we are sure t x is really religion :i* misleads him1 & n ! pret5ce ( x1 :i* is made a cov] to "s ( ! wor/ ( human passions4 ,z a p]son may act wrong by foll[+ a wrong s5se ( duty1 s nature may sometimes prevail1 & lead him to act "r 9 opposition to x4 ,we _c 9 ?is case be displeas$ to see t motive prevail1 :i* we ?9k ought to prevail1 ?\gh ! p]son himself is s weak z to ?9k o!rwise4 ,z 8 conduct1 h[ev]1 is ! effect ( weakness1 n pr9ciple1 we are f> f be/[+ ^u x any ?+ t approa*es to complete approbation4 ,a bigott$ ,roman ,ca?olic1 :o1 dur+ ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 _h be5 s ov]come by compassion1 z to save "s unhappy prote/ants1 :om he ?\ght x 8 duty to de/roy1 w\ld n seem to be entitl$ to t high applause :i* we %\ld h be/[$ ^u him1 _h he ex]t$ ! same g5]osity ) complete self-approbation4 ,we might be pleas$ ) ! humanity ( 8 temp]1 b we %\ld /ill reg>d him ) a sort ( pity :i* is altoge!r inconsi/5t ) ! admiration t is due to p]fect virtue4 ,x is ! same case ) all ! o!r passions4 ,we d n dislike to see !m ex]t !mselves prop]ly1 ev5 :5 a false notion ( duty w\ld direct ! p]son to re/ra9 !m4 ,a v dev\t ,quak]1 :o ^u be+ /ruck ^u "o *eek1 in/ead ( turn+ up ! o!r1 %\ld s f> =get 8 lit]al int]pretation ( our ,savi\r's precept1 z to be/[ "s good discipl9e ^u ! brute t insult$ him1 w\ld n be disagreeable to u4 ,we %\ld laugh & be div]t$ ) 8 _s1 & r l him ! bett] = x4 ,b we %\ld by no means reg>d him ) t respect & e/eem :i* w\ld seem due to "o :o1 ^u a l occasion1 _h act$ prop]ly f a j s5se ( :at 0 prop] to be done4 ,no action c prop]ly be call$ virtu\s1 :i* is n accompani$ ) ! s5tim5t ( self-approbation4 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,,iv4 ,( ! ,,effect ( ,,utility ^u ! s5tim5t ( approbation4 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,"o ,,section4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! beauty :i* ! appe>ance ( ,,utility be/[s ^u all ! productions ( art1 & ( ! ext5sive influ5ce ( ?is species ( beauty4 ,t utility is "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( beauty has be5 obs]v$ by e body1 :o has consid]$ ) any att5tion :at con/itutes ! nature ( beauty4 ,! conv5i5cy ( a h\se gives pleasure to ! spectator z well z its regul>ity1 & he is z mu* hurt :5 he obs]ves ! contr>y defect1 z :5 he sees ! correspond5t w9d[s ( diff]5t =ms1 or ! door n plac$ exactly 9 ! middle ( ! build+4 ,t ! fitness ( any sy/em or ma*9e to produce ! end = :i* x 0 int5d$1 be/[s a c]ta9 propriety & beauty ^u ! :ole1 & r5d]s ! v ?\ght & contemplation ( x agreeable1 is s v obvi\s t nobody has ov]look$ x4 ,! cause too1 :y utility pleases1 has ( late be5 assign$ by an +5i\s & agreeable philosoph]1 :o jo9s ! greate/ dep? ( ?\ght to ! greate/ elegance ( expression1 & possesses ! s+ul> & happy tal5t ( treat+ ! ab/ruse/ subjects n only ) ! mo/ p]fect p]spicuity1 b ) ! mo/ lively eloqu5ce4 ,! utility ( any object1 accord+ to him1 pleases ! ma/] by p]petually sugge/+ to him ! pleasure or conv5i5cy :i* x is fitt$ to promote4 ,e "t he looks at x1 he is put 9 m9d ( ?is pleasure2 & ! object 9 ?is mann] becomes a s\rce ( p]petual satisfaction & enjoym5t4 ,! spectator ent]s by sympa?y into ! s5tim5ts ( ! ma/]1 & necess>ily views ! object "u ! same agreeable aspect4 ,:5 we visit ! palaces ( ! great1 we _c help conceiv+ ! satisfaction we %\ld enjoy if we ourselves 7 ! ma/]s1 & 7 possess$ ( s mu* artful & +5i\sly contriv$ accommodation4 ,a simil> acc\nt is giv5 :y ! appe>ance ( inconv5i5cy %\ld r5d] any object disagreeable bo? to ! own] & to ! spectator4 ,b t ?is fitness1 ?is happy contrivance ( any production ( art1 %\ld (t5 be m valu$1 ?an ! v end = :i* x 0 int5d$2 & t ! exact adju/m5t ( ! means = atta9+ any conv5i5cy or pleasure1 %\ld frequ5tly be m reg>d$1 ?an t v conv5i5cy or pleasure1 9 ! atta9m5t ( :i* _! :ole m]it w\ld seem to consi/1 has n1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 yet tak5 notice ( by any body4 ,t ?is h[ev] is v frequ5tly ! case1 may be obs]v$ 9 a ?\s& in/ances1 bo? 9 ! mo/ frivol\s & 9 ! mo/ important conc]ns ( human life4 ,:5 a p]son comes into 8 *amb]1 & f9ds ! *airs all /&+ 9 ! middle ( ! room1 he is angry ) 8 s]vant1 & r ?an see !m cont9ue 9 t disord]1 p]haps takes ! tr\ble himself to set !m all 9 _! places ) _! backs to ! wall4 ,! :ole propriety ( ?is new situation arises f its sup]ior conv5i5cy 9 leav+ ! floor free & dis5gag$4 ,to atta9 ?is conv5i5cy he volunt>ily puts himself to m tr\ble ?an all he c\ld h suff]$ f ! want ( x2 s9ce no?+ 0 m easy1 ?an to h set himself d[n ^u "o ( !m1 :i* is probably :at he does :5 8 lab\r is ov]4 ,:at he want$ !re=e1 x seems1 0 n s mu* ?is conv5i5cy1 z t arrangem5t ( ?+s :i* promotes x4 ,yet x is ?is conv5i5cy :i* ultimately recomm5ds t arrangem5t1 & be/[s ^u x ! :ole ( its propriety & beauty4 ,a wat*1 9 ! same mann]1 t falls beh9d above two m9utes 9 a day1 is despis$ by "o curi\s 9 wat*es4 ,he sells x p]haps = a c\ple ( gu9eas1 & pur*ases ano!r at fifty1 :i* w n lose above a m9ute 9 a =tnight4 ,! sole use ( wat*es h[ev]1 is to tell u :at o'clock x is1 & to h9d] u f break+ any engagem5t1 or suff]+ any o!r inconv5i5cy by our ignorance 9 t p>ticul> po9t4 ,b ! p]son s nice ) reg>d to ?is ma*9e1 w n always be f\nd ei!r m scrupul\sly punctual ?an o!r m51 or m anxi\sly conc]n$ ^u any o!r acc\nt1 to "k precisely :at "t ( day x is4 ,:at int]e/s him is n s mu* ! atta9m5t ( ?is piece ( k1 z ! p]fection ( ! ma*9e :i* s]ves to atta9 x4 ,h[ _m p ru9 !mselves by lay+ out money on tr9kets ( frivol\s utility8 ,:at pleases ^! lov]s ( toys is n s mu* ! utility1 z ! aptness ( ! ma*9es :i* are fitt$ to promote x4 ,all _! pockets are fluff$ ) little conv5i5cies4 ,!y contrive new pockets1 unkn[n 9 ! clo!s ( o!r p1 9 ord] to c>ry a great] numb]4 ,!y walk ab\t load$ ) a multitude ( baubles1 9 weight & sometimes 9 value n inf]ior to an ord9>y ,jew's-box1 "s ( :i* may sometimes be ( "s little use1 b all ( :i* might at all times be v well sp>$1 & ( :i* ! :ole utility is c]ta9ly n wor? ! fatigue ( be>+ ! burd54 ,nor is x only ) reg>d to su* frivol\s objects t our conduct is influ5c$ by ?is pr9ciple2 x is (t5 ! secret motive ( ! mo/ s]i\s & important pursuits ( bo? private & public life4 ,! poor man's son1 :om ,heav5 9 its ang] has visit$ ) ambition1 :5 he beg9s to look ar\nd him admires ! condition ( ! ri*4 ,he f9ds ! cottage ( 8 fa!r too small = 8 accommodation1 & fancies he %\ld be lodg$ m at 8 ease 9 a palace4 ,he is displeas$ ) be+ oblig$ to walk a-foot1 or to endure ! fatigue ( rid+ on horseback4 ,he sees 8 sup]iors c>ri$ ab\t 9 ma*9es1 & imag9es t 9 "o ( ^! he c\ld travel ) less inconv5i5cy4 ,he feels himself naturally indol5t1 & will+ to s]ve himself ) 8 own h&s z little z possible2 & judges1 t a num]\s ret9ue ( s]vants w\ld save him f a great deal ( tr\ble4 ,he ?9ks if he _h atta9$ all ^!1 he w\ld sit /ill cont5t$ly1 & be quiet1 enjoy+ himself 9 ! ?\ght ( ! happ9ess & tranquillity ( 8 situation4 ,he is en*ant$ ) ! di/ant idea ( ?is felicity4 ,x appe>s 9 8 fancy l ! life ( "s sup]ior rank ( be+s1 & 9 ord] to arrive at x1 he devotes himself = ev] to ! pursuit ( weal? & greatness4 ,to obta9 ! conv5i5cies :i* ^! af=d1 he submits 9 ! fir/ ye>1 nay 9 ! fir/ mon? ( 8 application1 to m fatigue ( body & m uneas9ess ( m9d ?an he c\ld h suff]$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life f ! want ( !m4 ,he /udies to di/+ui% himself 9 "s labori\s pr(ession4 ,) ! mo/ unrel5t+ indu/ry he lab\rs night & day to acquire tal5ts sup]ior to all 8 competitors4 ,he endeav\rs next to br+ ^? tal5ts into public view1 & ) equal assiduity solicits e opportunity ( employm5t4 ,= ?is purpose he makes 8 c\rt to all mank9d1 he s]ves ^? :om he hates1 & is obsequi\s to ^? :om he despises4 ,?r\gh ! :ole ( 8 life he pursues ! idea ( a c]ta9 artificial & elegant repose :i* he may nev] arrive at1 = :i* he sacrifices a real tranquillity t is at all times 9 8 p[]1 & :i*1 if 9 ! extremity ( old age he %\ld at la/ atta9 to x1 he w f9d to be 9 no respect pref]able to t humble security & cont5tm5t :i* he _h ab&on$ = x4 ,x is !n1 9 ! la/ dregs ( life1 8 body wail$ ) toil & diseases1 8 m9d gall$ & ruffl$ by ! memory ( a ?\s& injuries & disappo9tm5ts :i* he imag9es he has met ) f ! inju/ice ( 8 enemies1 or f ! p]fidy & +ratitude ( 8 fri5ds1 t he beg9s at la/ to f9d t weal? & greatness are m]e tr9kets ( frivol\s utility1 no m adapt$ = procur+ ease ( body or tranquillity ( m9d ?an ! tweez]-cases ( ! lov] ( toys2 & l !m too1 m tr\blesome to ! p]son :o c>ries !m ab\t ) him ?an all ! advantages !y c af=d him are commodi\s4 ,!re is no o!r real diff]5ce betwe5 !m1 except t ! conv5i5cies ( ! "o are some:at m obs]vable ?an ^? ( ! o!r4 ,! palaces1 ! g>d5s1 ! equipage1 ! ret9ue ( ! great are objects ( :i* ! obvi\s conv5i5cy /rikes e body4 ,!y d n require t _! ma/]s %\ld po9t out to u :]e9 consi/s _! utility4 ,( our own accord we readily ent] into x1 & by sympa?y enjoy & !reby applaud ! satisfaction :i* !y are fitt$ to af=d him4 ,b ! curiosity ( a too?-pick1 ( an e>-pick]1 ( a ma*9e = cutt+ ! nails1 or ( any o!r tr9ket ( ! same k9d1 is n s obvi\s4 ,_! conv5i5ce may p]haps be equally great1 b x is n s /rik+1 & we d n s readily ent] into ! satisfaction ( ! man :o possesses !m4 ,!y are !re=e less reasonable subjects ( vanity ?an ! magnific5ce ( weal? & greatness2 & 9 ?is consi/s ! sole advantage ( ^! la/4 ,!y m effectually gratify t love ( di/9ction s natural to man4 ,to "o :o 0 to live alone 9 a desolate isl& x might be a matt] ( d\bt1 p]haps1 :e!r a palace1 or a collection ( su* small conv5i5cies z are commonly conta9$ 9 a tweez]-case1 w\ld contribute mo/ to 8 happ9ess & enjoym5t4 ,if he is to live 9 society1 inde$1 !re c be no comp>ison1 because 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r cases1 we con/antly pay m reg>d to ! s5tim5ts ( ! spectator1 ?an to ^? ( ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 & consid] r h[ 8 situation w appe> to o!r p1 ?an h[ x w appe> to himself4 ,if we exam9e1 h[ev]1 :y ! spectator di/+ui%es ) su* admiration ! condition ( ! ri* & ! great1 we %all f9d t x is n s mu* ^u acc\nt ( ! sup]ior ease or pleasure :i* !y are suppos$ to enjoy1 z ( ! numb]less artificial & elegant contrivances = promot+ ?is ease or pleasure4 ,he does n ev5 imag9e t !y are really happi] ?an o!r p3 b he imag9es t !y possess m means ( happ9ess4 ,& x is ! +5i\s & artful adju/m5t ( ^? means to ! end = :i* !y 7 int5d$1 t is ! pr9cipal s\rce ( 8 admiration4 ,b 9 ! languor ( disease1 & ! we>9ess ( old age1 ! pleasures ( ! va9 & empty di/9ctions ( greatness disappe>4 ,to "o1 9 ?is situation1 !y are no long] capable ( recomm5d+ ^? toilsome pursuits 9 :i* !y _h =m]ly engag$ him4 ,9 8 he>t he curses ambition1 & va9ly regrets ! ease & ! indol5ce ( y\?1 pleasures :i* are fl$ = ev]1 & :i* he has fooli%ly sacrific$ = :at1 :5 he has got x1 c af=d him no real satisfaction4 ,9 ?is mis]able aspect does greatness appe> to e man :5 r$uc$ ei!r by sple5 or disease to obs]ve ) att5tion 8 own situation1 & to consid] :at x is t is really want+ to 8 happ9ess4 ,p[] & ri*es appe> !n to be :at !y are1 enorm\s & op]ose ma*9es contriv$ to produce a few trifl+ conv5i5cies to ! body1 consi/+ ( spr+s ! mo/ nice & delicate1 :i* mu/ be kept 9 ord] ) ! mo/ anxi\s att5tion1 & :i* 9 spite ( all our c>e are ready e mom5t to bur/ into pieces1 & to cru% 9 _! ru9s _! un=tunate possessor4 ,!y are imm5se fabrics1 :i* x requires ! lab\r ( a life to raise1 :i* ?reat5 e mom5t to ov]:elm ! p]son t dwells 9 !m1 & :i* :ile !y /&1 ?\gh !y may save him f "s small] inconv5i5cies1 c protect him f none ( ! sev]] inclem5cies ( ! season4 ,!y keep (f ! summ] %[]1 n ! w9t] /orm1 b leave him always z mu*1 & sometimes m expos$ ?an be=e1 to anxiety1 to fe>1 & to sorr[2 to diseases1 to dang]1 & to dea?4 ,b ?\gh ?is spl5etic philosophy1 :i* 9 "t ( sickness or l[ spirits is famili> to e man1 ?us entirely depreciates ^? great objects ( human desire1 :5 9 bett] heal? & 9 bett] hum\r1 we nev] fail to reg>d !m "u a m agreeable aspect4 ,our imag9ation1 :i* 9 pa9 & sorr[ seems to be conf9$ & coop$ up )9 our own p]sons1 9 times ( ease & prosp]ity exp&s itself to e ?+ ar\nd u4 ,we are !n *>m$ ) ! beauty ( t accommodation :i* reigns 9 ! palaces & conomy ( ! great2 & admire h[ e ?+ is adapt$ to promote _! ease1 to prev5t _! wants1 to gratify _! wi%es1 & to amuse & ent]ta9 _! mo/ frivol\s desires4 ,if we consid] ! real satisfaction :i* all ^! ?+s are capable ( af=d+1 by itself & sep>at$ f ! beauty ( t arrangem5t :i* is fitt$ to promote x1 x w always appe> 9 ! highe/ degree contemptible & trifl+4 ,b we r>ely view x 9 ?is ab/ract & philosophical light4 ,we naturally conf\nd x 9 our imag9ation ) ! ord]1 ! regul> & h>moni\s movem5t ( ! sy/em1 ! ma*9e or conomy by means ( :i* x is produc$4 ,! pleasures ( weal? & greatness1 :5 consid]$ 9 ?is complex view1 /rike ! imag9ation z some?+ gr& & beautiful & noble1 ( :i* ! atta9m5t is well wor? all ! toil & anxiety :i* we are s apt to be/[ ^u x4 ,& x is well t nature imposes ^u u 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is ?is deception :i* r\ses & keeps 9 cont9ual motion ! indu/ry ( mank9d4 ,x is ?is :i* fir/ prompt$ !m to cultivate ! gr\nd1 to build h\ses1 to f\nd cities & commonweal?s1 & to inv5t & improve all ! sci5ces & arts1 :i* ennoble & embelli% human life2 :i* h entirely *ang$ ! :ole face ( ! globe1 h turn$ ! rude =e/s ( nature into agreeable & f]tile pla9s1 & made ! trackless & b>r5 ocean a new fund ( subsi/5ce1 & ! great high road ( communication to ! diff]5t nations ( ! e>?4 ,! e>? by ^! lab\rs ( mank9d has be5 oblig$ to r$\ble h] natural f]tility1 & to ma9ta9 a great] multitude ( inhabitants4 ,x is to no purpose1 t ! pr\d & unfeel+ l&lord views 8 ext5sive fields1 & )\t a ?\ght = ! wants ( 8 bre?r51 9 imag9ation consumes himself ! :ole h>ve/ t gr[s ^u !m4 ,! homely & vulg> prov]b1 t ! eye is l>g] ?an ! belly1 nev] 0 m fully v]ifi$ ?an ) reg>d to him4 ,! capacity ( 8 /oma* be>s no proportion to ! imm5sity ( 8 desires1 & w receive no m ?an t ( ! meane/ peasant4 ,! re/ he is oblig$ to di/ribute among ^?1 :o prep>e1 9 ! nice/ mann]1 t little :i* he himself makes use (1 among ^? :o sit up ! palace 9 :i* ?is little is to be consum$1 among ^? :o provide & keep 9 ord] all ! diff]5t baubles & tr9kets1 :i* are employ$ 9 ! conomy ( greatness2 all ( :om ?us d]ive f 8 luxury & caprice1 t %>e ( ! necess>ies ( life1 :i* !y w\ld 9 va9 h expect$ f 8 humanity or 8 ju/ice4 ,! produce ( ! soil ma9ta9s at all times ne>ly t numb] ( inhabitants1 :i* x is capable ( ma9ta9+4 ,! ri* only select f ! heap :at is mo/ preci\s & agreeable4 ,!y consume little m ?an ! poor1 & 9 spite ( _! natural selfi%ness & rapacity1 ?\gh !y mean only _! own conv5i5cy1 ?\gh ! sole end :i* !y propose f ! lab\rs ( all ! ?\s&s :om !y employ1 be ! gratification ( _! own va9 & insatiable desires1 !y divide ) ! poor ! produce ( all _! improvem5ts4 ,!y are l$ by an invisible h& to make ne>ly ! same di/ribution ( ! necess>ies ( life1 :i* w\ld h be5 made1 _h ! e>? be5 divid$ into equal portions among all its inhabitants1 & ?us )\t int5d+ x1 )\t kn[+ x1 advance ! int]e/ ( ! society1 & af=d means to ! multiplication ( ! species4 ,:5 ,provid5ce divid$ ! e>? among a few lordly ma/]s1 x nei!r =got nor ab&on$ ^? :o seem$ to h be5 left out 9 ! p>tition4 ,^! la/ too enjoy _! %>e ( all t x produces4 ,9 :at con/itutes ! real happ9ess ( human life1 !y are 9 no respect inf]ior to ^? :o w\ld seem s mu* above !m4 ,9 ease ( body & peace ( m9d1 all ! diff]5t ranks ( life are ne>ly ^u a level1 & ! begg>1 :o suns himself by ! side ( ! highway1 possesses t security :i* k+s are fight+ =4 ,! same pr9ciple1 ! same love ( sy/em1 ! same reg>d to ! beauty ( ord]1 ( art & contrivance1 frequ5tly s]ves to recomm5d ^? in/itutions1 :i* t5d to promote ! public welf>e4 ,:5 a patriot ex]ts himself = ! improvem5t ( any "p ( ! public police1 8 conduct does n always arise f pure sympa?y ) ! happ9ess ( ^? :o are to reap ! b5efit ( x4 ,x is n commonly f a fell[-feel+ ) c>ri]s & waggon]s t a public-spirit$ man enc\rages ! m5d+ ( high roads4 ,:5 ! legislature e/abli%es premiums & o!r enc\ragem5ts to advance ! l95 or wooll5 manufactures1 its conduct seldom proce$s f pure sympa?y ) ! we>] ( *eap or f9e clo?1 & mu* less f t ) ! manufactur]1 or m]*ant4 ,! p]fection ( police1 ! ext5sion ( trade & manufactures1 are noble & magnific5t objects4 ,! contemplation ( !m pleases u1 & we are int]e/$ 9 :atev] c t5d to advance !m4 ,!y make "p ( ! great sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 & ! :eels ( ! political ma*9e seem to move ) m h>mony & ease by means ( !m4 ,we take pleasure 9 behold+ ! p]fection ( s beautiful & gr& a sy/em1 & we are uneasy till we remove any ob/ruction t c 9 ! lea/ di/urb or encumb] ! regul>ity ( its motions4 ,all con/itutions ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 are valu$ only 9 proportion1 z !y t5d to promote ! happ9ess ( ^? :o live "u !m4 ,?is is _! sole use & end4 ,f a c]ta9 _s ( sy/em1 h[ev]1 f a c]ta9 love ( art & contrivance1 we sometimes seem to value ! means m ?an ! end1 & to be eag] to promote ! happ9ess ( our fell[-creatures1 r f a view to p]fect & improve a c]ta9 beautiful & ord]ly sy/em1 ?an f any imm$iate s5se or feel+ ( :at !y ei!r suff] or enjoy4 ,!re h be5 m5 ( ! greate/ public _s1 :o h %ewn !mselves 9 o!r respects n v s5sible to ! feel+s ( humanity4 ,& on ! contr>y1 !re h be5 m5 ( ! greate/ humanity1 :o seem to h be5 entirely devoid ( public _s4 ,e man may f9d 9 ! circle ( 8 acqua9tance in/ances bo? ( ! "o k9d & ! o!r4 ,:o _h ev] less humanity1 or m public _s1 ?an ! celebrat$ legislator ( ,muscovy8 ,! social & well natur$ ,james ! ,fir/ ( ,great ,brita9 seems1 on ! contr>y1 to h _h sc>ce any passion1 ei!r = ! glory1 or ! int]e/ ( 8 c\ntry4 ,w\ld y awak5 ! indu/ry ( ! man1 :o seems almo/ dead to ambition1 x w (t5 be to no purpose to describe to him ! happ9ess ( ! ri* & ! great2 to tell him t !y are g5]ally %elt]$ f ! sun & ! ra91 t !y are seldom hungry1 t !y are seldom cold1 & t !y are r>ely expos$ to we>9ess1 or to want ( any k9d4 ,! mo/ eloqu5t exhortation ( ?is k9d w h little effect ^u him4 ,if y w\ld hope to succe$1 y mu/ describe to him ! conv5i5cy & arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t ap>tm5ts 9 _! palaces1 y mu/ expla9 to him ! propriety ( _! equipages1 & po9t out to him ! numb]1 ! ord]1 & ! diff]5t (fices ( all _! att5dants4 ,if any ?+ is capable ( mak+ impression ^u him1 ?is w4 ,yet all ^! ?+s t5d only to keep (f ! sun & ! ra91 to save !m f hung] & cold1 f want & we>9ess4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if y w\ld implant public virtue 9 ! brea/ ( him1 :o seems he$less ( ! int]e/ ( 8 c\ntry1 x w (t5 be to no purpose to tell him1 :at sup]ior advantages ! subjects ( a well-gov]n$ /ate enjoy2 t !y are bett] lodg$1 t !y are bett] clo!d1 t !y are bett] f$4 ,^! consid]ations w commonly make no great impression4 ,y w be m likely to p]suade1 if y describe ! great sy/em ( public police :i* procures ^! advantages1 if y expla9 ! connexions & dep5d5cies ( its sev]al p>ts1 _! mutual subord9ation to "o ano!r1 & _! g5]al subs]vi5cy to ! happ9ess ( ! society2 if y %[ h[ ?is sy/em might be introduc$ into 8 own c\ntry1 :at x is t h9d]s x f tak+ place !re at pres5t1 h[ ^? ob/ructions might be remov$1 & all ! sev]al :eels ( ! ma*9e ( gov]nm5t be made to move ) m h>mony & smoo?ness1 )\t grat+ ^u "o ano!r1 or mutually ret>d+ "o ano!r's motions4 ,x is sc>ce possible t a man %\ld li/5 to a disc\rse ( ?is k9d1 & n feel himself animat$ to "s degree ( public _s4 ,he w1 at lea/ = ! mom5t1 feel "s desire to remove ^? ob/ructions1 & to put into motion s beautiful & s ord]ly a ma*9e4 ,no?+ t5ds s mu* to promote public _s z ! /udy ( politics1 ( ! sev]al sy/ems ( civil gov]nm5t1 _! advantages & disadvantages1 ( ! con/itution ( our own c\ntry1 its situation1 & int]e/ ) reg>d to =eign nations1 its comm]ce1 its def5ce1 ! disadvantages x lab\rs "u1 ! dang]s to :i* x may be expos$1 h[ to remove ! "o1 & h[ to gu>d aga9/ ! o!r4 ,^u ?is acc\nt political disquisitions1 if j & reasonable1 & practicable1 are ( all ! works ( speculation ! mo/ useful4 ,ev5 ! weake/ & ! wor/ ( !m are n altoge!r )\t _! utility4 ,!y s]ve at lea/ to animate ! public passions ( m51 & r\se !m to seek out ! means ( promot+ ! happ9ess ( ! society4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! beauty :i* ! appe>ance ( utility be/[s ^u ! *>act]s & actions ( m52 & h[ f> ! p]ception ( ?is beauty may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! orig9al pr9ciples ( approbation4 ,! *>act]s ( m51 z well z ! contrivances ( art1 or ! in/itutions ( civil gov]nm5t1 may be fitt$ ei!r to promote or to di/urb ! happ9ess bo? ( ! individual & ( ! society4 ,! prud5t1 ! equitable1 ! active1 resolute1 & sob] "* promises prosp]ity & satisfaction1 bo? to ! p]son himself & to e "o connect$ ) him4 ,! ra%1 ! insol5t1 ! slo?ful1 effem9ate1 & voluptu\s1 on ! contr>y1 =ebodes ru9 to ! individual1 & mis=tune to all :o h any ?+ to d ) him4 ,! fir/ turn ( m9d has at lea/ all ! beauty :i* c belong to ! mo/ p]fect ma*9e t 0 ev] inv5t$ = promot+ ! mo/ agreeable purpose3 & ! second all ! de=mity ( ! mo/ awkw>d & clumsy contrivance4 ,:at in/itution ( gov]nm5t c\ld t5d s mu* to promote ! happ9ess ( mank9d z ! g5]al preval5ce ( wisdom & virtue8 ,all gov]nm5t is b an imp]fect rem$y = ! defici5cy ( ^!4 ,:atev] beauty1 !re=e1 c belong to civil gov]nm5t ^u acc\nt ( its utility1 mu/ 9 a f> sup]ior degree belong to ^!4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at civil policy c be s ru9\s & de/ructive z ! vices ( m58 ,! fatal effects ( bad gov]nm5t arise f no?+1 b t x does n suffici5tly gu>d aga9/ ! mis*iefs :i* human wick$ness gives occasion to4 ,?is beauty & de=mity :i* *>act]s appe> to d]ive f _! usefulness or inconv5i5cy1 are apt to /rike1 9 a peculi> mann]1 ^? :o consid]1 9 an ab/ract & philosophical light1 ! actions & conduct ( mank9d4 ,:5 a philosoph] goes to exam9e :y humanity is approv$ (1 or cruelty condemn$1 he does n always =m to himself1 9 a v cle> & di/9ct mann]1 ! conception ( any "o p>ticul> action ei!r ( cruelty or ( humanity1 b is commonly cont5t$ ) ! vague & indet]m9ate idea :i* ! g5]al names ( ^? qualities sugge/ to him4 ,b x is 9 p>ticul> in/ances only t ! propriety or impropriety1 ! m]it or dem]it ( actions is v obvi\s & disc]nible4 ,x is only :5 p>ticul> examples are giv5 t we p]ceive di/9ctly ei!r ! concord or disagreem5t betwe5 our own affections & ^? ( ! ag5t1 or feel a social gratitude arise t[>ds him 9 ! "o case1 or a sympa!tic res5tm5t 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 we consid] virtue & vice 9 an ab/ract & g5]al mann]1 ! qualities by :i* !y excite ^! sev]al s5tim5ts seem 9 a great measure to disappe>1 & ! s5tim5ts !mselves become less obvi\s & disc]nible4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! happy effects ( ! "o & ! fatal consequ5ces ( ! o!r seem !n to rise up to ! view1 & z x 7 to /& out & di/+ui% !mselves f all ! o!r qualities ( ei!r4 ,! same +5i\s & agreeable au?or :o fir/ expla9$ :y utility pleases1 has be5 s /ruck ) ?is view ( ?+s1 z to resolve our :ole approbation ( virtue into a p]ception ( ?is species ( beauty :i* results f ! appe>ance ( utility4 ,no qualities ( ! m9d1 he obs]ves1 are approv$ ( z virtu\s1 b su* z are useful or agreeable ei!r to ! p]son himself or to o!rs2 & no qualities are disapprov$ ( z vici\s b su* z h a contr>y t5d5cy4 ,& ,nature1 inde$1 seems to h s happily adju/$ our s5tim5ts ( approbation & disapprobation1 to ! conv5i5cy bo? ( ! individual & ( ! society1 t aft] ! /ricte/ exam9ation x w be f\nd1 ,i believe1 t ?is is univ]sally ! case4 ,b /ill ,i affirm1 t x is n ! view ( ?is utility or hurtfulness :i* is ei!r ! fir/ or pr9cipal s\rce ( our approbation & disapprobation4 ,^! s5tim5ts are no d\bt enhanc$ & enliv5$ by ! p]ception ( ! beauty or de=mity :i* results f ?is utility or hurtfulness4 ,b /ill1 ,i say1 !y are orig9ally & ess5tially diff]5t f ?is p]ception4 ,= fir/ ( all1 x seems impossible t ! approbation ( virtue %\ld be a s5tim5t ( ! same k9d ) t by :i* we approve ( a conv5i5t & well contriv$ build+1 or t we %\ld h no o!r reason = prais+ a man ?an t = :i* we comm5d a *e/ ( draw]s4 ,& secondly1 x w be f\nd1 ^u exam9ation1 t ! usefulness ( any disposition ( m9d is seldom ! fir/ gr\nd ( our approbation2 & t ! s5tim5t ( approbation always involves 9 x a s5se ( propriety q di/9ct f ! p]ception ( utility4 ,we may obs]ve ?is ) reg>d to all ! qualities :i* are approv$ ( z virtu\s1 bo? ^? :i*1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 are orig9ally valu$ z useful to ourselves1 z well z ^? :i* are e/eem$ on acc\nt ( _! usefulness to o!rs4 ,! qualities mo/ useful to ourselves are1 fir/ ( all1 sup]ior reason & und]/&+1 by :i* we are capable ( disc]n+ ! remote consequ5ces ( all our actions1 & ( =esee+ ! advantage or detrim5t :i* is likely to result f !m3 & secondly1 self-comm&1 by :i* we are enabl$ to ab/a9 f pres5t pleasure or to endure pres5t pa91 9 ord] to obta9 a great] pleasure or to avoid a great] pa9 9 "s future "t4 ,9 ! union ( ^? two qualities consi/s ! virtue ( prud5ce1 ( all ! virtues t :i* is mo/ useful to ! individual4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^? qualities1 x has be5 obs]v$ on a =m] occasion1 t sup]ior reason & und]/&+ are orig9ally approv$ ( z j & "r & accurate1 & n m]ely z useful or advantage\s4 ,x is 9 ! ab/rus] sci5ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! high] p>ts ( ma!matics1 t ! greate/ & mo/ admir$ ex]tions ( human reason h be5 display$4 ,b ! utility ( ^? sci5ces1 ei!r to ! individual or to ! public1 is n v obvi\s1 & to prove x requires a discussion :i* is n always v easily compreh5d$4 ,x 0 n1 !re=e1 _! utility :i* fir/ recomm5d$ !m to ! public admiration4 ,?is quality 0 b little insi/$ ^u1 till x became necess>y to make "s reply to ! reproa*es ( ^?1 :o1 hav+ !mselves no ta/e = su* sublime discov]ies1 endeav\r$ to depreciate !m z useless4 ,t self-comm&1 9 ! same mann]1 by :i* we re/ra9 our pres5t appetites1 9 ord] to gratify !m m fully ^u ano!r occasion1 is approv$ (1 z mu* "u ! aspect ( propriety1 z "u t ( utility4 ,:5 we act 9 ?is mann]1 ! s5tim5ts :i* influ5ce our conduct seem exactly to co9cide ) ^? ( ! spectator4 ,! spectator does n feel ! felicitations ( our pres5t appetites4 ,to him ! pleasure :i* we are to enjoy a week h5ce1 or a ye> h5ce1 is j z int]e/+ z t :i* we are to enjoy ?is mom5t4 ,:5 = ! sake ( ! pres5t1 !re=e1 we sacrifice ! future1 our conduct appe>s to him absurd & extravagant 9 ! highe/ degree1 & he _c ent] into ! pr9ciples :i* influ5ce x4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 we ab/a9 f pres5t pleasure1 9 ord] to secure great] pleasure to come1 :5 we act z if ! remote object int]e/s u z mu* z t :i* imm$iately presses ^u ! s5ses1 z our affections exactly correspond ) 8 own1 he _c fail to approve ( our behavi\r3 & z he kn[s f exp]i5ce1 h[ few are capable ( ?is self-comm&1 he looks ^u our conduct ) a consid]able degree ( wond] & admiration4 ,h5ce arises t em95t e/eem ) :i* all m5 naturally reg>d a /eady p]sev]ance 9 ! practice ( frugality1 indu/ry1 & application1 ?\gh direct$ to no o!r purpose ?an ! acquisition ( =tune4 ,! resolute firmness ( ! p]son :o acts 9 ?is mann]1 & 9 ord] to obta9 a great ?\gh remote advantage1 n only gives up all pres5t pleasures1 b endures ! greate/ lab\r bo? ( m9d & body1 necess>ily comm&s our approbation4 ,t view ( 8 int]e/ & happ9ess :i* appe>s to regulate 8 conduct1 exactly tallies ) ! idea :i* we naturally =m ( x4 ,!re is ! mo/ p]fect correspond5ce betwe5 8 s5tim5ts & our own1 & at ! same "t1 f our exp]i5ce ( ! common weakness ( human nature1 x is a correspond5ce :i* we c\ld n reasonably h expect$4 ,we n only approve1 !re=e1 b 9 "s measure admire 8 conduct1 & ?9k x wor?y ( a consid]able degree ( applause4 ,x is ! consci\sness ( ?is m]it$ approbation & e/eem :i* is alone capable ( support+ ! ag5t 9 ?is t5\r ( conduct4 ,! pleasure :i* we are to enjoy t5 ye>s h5ce int]e/s u s little 9 comp>ison ) t :i* we may enjoy to-day1 ! passion :i* ! fir/ excites1 is naturally s weak 9 comp>ison ) t viol5t emotion :i* ! second is apt to give occasion to1 t "o c\ld nev] be any balance to ! o!r1 unless x 0 support$ by ! s5se ( propriety1 by ! consci\sness t we m]it$ ! e/eem & approbation ( e body1 by act+ 9 ! "o way1 & t we became ! prop] objects ( _! contempt & d]ision by behav+ 9 ! o!r4 ,humanity1 ju/ice1 g5]osity1 & public _s1 are ! qualities mo/ useful to o!rs4 ,:]e9 consi/s ! propriety ( humanity & ju/ice has be5 expla9$ ^u a =m] occasion1 :]e x 0 %ewn h[ mu* our e/eem & approbation ( ^? qualities dep5d$ ^u ! concord betwe5 ! affections ( ! ag5t & ^? ( ! spectators4 ,! propriety ( g5]osity & public _s is f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciple ) t ( ju/ice4 ,g5]osity is diff]5t f humanity4 ,^? two qualities1 :i* at fir/ sight seem s ne>ly alli$1 d n always belong to ! same p]son4 ,humanity is ! virtue ( a woman1 g5]osity ( a man4 ,! fair sex1 :o h commonly mu* m t5d]ness ?an ours1 h seldom s mu* g5]osity4 ,t wom5 r>ely make consid]able donations is an obs]vation ( ! civil law#g4 ,humanity consi/s m]ely 9 ! exquisite fell[-feel+ :i* ! spectator ent]ta9s ) ! s5tim5ts ( ! p]sons pr9cipally conc]n$1 s z to grieve = _! suff]+s1 to res5t _! injuries1 & to rejoice at _! good =tune4 ,! mo/ humane actions require no self-d5ial1 no self-comm&1 no great ex]tion ( ! s5se ( propriety4 ,!y consi/ only 9 do+ :at ?is exquisite sympa?y w\ld ( its own accord prompt u to d4 ,b x is o!rwise ) g5]osity4 ,we nev] are g5]\s except :5 9 "s respect we pref] "s o!r p]son to ourselves1 & sacrifice "s great & important int]e/ ( our own to an equal int]e/ ( a fri5d or ( a sup]ior4 ,! man :o gives up 8 pret5sions to an (fice t 0 ! great object ( 8 ambition1 because he imag9es t ! s]vices ( ano!r are bett] entitl$ to x1 ! man :o exposes 8 life to def5d t ( 8 fri5d1 :i* he judges to be ( m importance1 nei!r ( !m act f humanity1 or because !y feel m exquisitely :at conc]ns t o!r p]son ?an :at conc]ns !mselves4 ,!y bo? consid] ^? opposite int]e/s n 9 ! light 9 :i* !y naturally appe> to !mselves1 b 9 t 9 :i* !y appe> to o!rs4 ,to e by-/&]1 ! success or pres]vation ( ?is o!r p]son may ju/ly be m int]e/+ ?an _! own2 b x _c be s to !mselves4 ,:5 to ! int]e/ ( ?is o!r p]son1 !re=e1 !y sacrifice _! own1 !y accommodate !mselves to ! s5tim5ts ( ! spectator1 & by an ef=t ( magnanimity act accord+ to ^? views ( ?+s :i* !y feel1 mu/ naturally occur to any ?ird p]son4 ,! soldi] :o ?r[s away 8 life 9 ord] to def5d t ( 8 (fic]1 w\ld p]haps be b little affect$ by ! dea? ( t (fic]1 if x %\ld happ5 )\t any fault ( 8 own2 & a v small disa/] :i* _h befall5 himself might excite a mu* m lively sorr[4 ,b :5 he endeav\rs to act s z to des]ve applause1 & to make ! imp>tial spectator ent] into ! pr9ciples ( 8 conduct1 he feels1 t to e body b himself1 8 own life is a trifle comp>$ ) t ( 8 (fic]1 & t :5 he sacrifices ! "o to ! o!r1 he acts q prop]ly & agreeably to :at w\ld be ! natural appreh5sions ( e imp>tial by-/&]4 ,footnote #g3 ,r>o muli]es don>e sol5t4 ,x is ! same case ) ! great] ex]tions ( public _s4 ,:5 a "y (fic] exposes 8 life to acquire "s inconsid]able addition to ! dom9ions ( 8 sov]eign1 x is n1 because ! acquisition ( ! new t]ritory is1 to himself1 an object m desireable ?an ! pres]vation ( 8 own life4 ,to him 8 own life is ( inf9itely m value ?an ! conque/ ( a :ole k+dom = ! /ate :i* he s]ves4 ,b :5 he comp>es ^? two objects ) "o ano!r1 he does n view !m 9 ! light 9 :i* !y naturally appe> to himself1 b 9 t 9 :i* !y appe> to ! nation he fights =4 ,to !m ! success ( ! w> is ( ! highe/ importance2 ! life ( a private p]son ( sc>ce any consequ5ce4 ,:5 he puts himself 9 _! situation1 he imm$iately feels t he _c be too prodigal ( 8 blood1 if by %$d+ x1 he c promote s valuable a purpose4 ,9 ?us ?w>t+1 f a s5se ( duty & propriety1 ! /ronge/ ( all natural prop5sities1 consi/s ! h]oism ( 8 conduct4 ,!re is _m an hone/ ,engli%man1 :o1 9 8 private /ation1 w\ld be m s]i\sly di/urb$ by ! loss ( a gu9ea1 ?an by ! national loss ( ,m9orca1 :o yet1 _h x be5 9 8 p[] to def5d t =tress1 w\ld h sacrific$ 8 life a ?\s& times r ?an1 ?r\gh 8 fault1 h let x fall into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,:5 ! fir/ ,brutus l$ =? 8 own sons to a capital puni%m5t1 because !y _h conspir$ aga9/ ! ris+ lib]ty ( ,rome1 he sacrific$ :at1 if he _h consult$ 8 own brea/ only1 w\ld appe> to be ! /rong] to ! weak] affection4 ,brutus ought naturally to h felt mu* m = ! dea? ( 8 own sons1 ?an = all t probably ,rome c\ld h suff]$ f ! want ( s great an example4 ,b he view$ !m1 n ) ! eyes ( a fa!r1 b ) ^? ( a ,roman citiz54 ,he ent]$ s ?or\ghly into ! s5tim5ts ( ?is la/ "*1 t he paid no reg>d to t tye1 by :i* he himself 0 connect$ ) !m2 & to a ,roman citiz51 ! sons ev5 ( ,brutus seem$ contemptible1 :5 put into ! balance ) ! smalle/ int]e/ ( ,rome4 ,9 ^! & 9 all o!r cases ( ?is k9d1 our admiration is n s mu* f\nd$ ^u ! utility1 z ^u ! unexpect$1 & on t acc\nt ! great1 ! noble1 & exalt$ propriety ( su* actions4 ,?is utility1 :5 we come to view x1 be/[s ^u !m1 und\bt$ly1 a new beauty1 & ^u t acc\nt /ill fur!r recomm5ds !m1 to our approbation4 ,?is beauty1 h[ev]1 is *iefly p]ceiv$ by m5 ( reflection & speculation1 & is by no means ! quality :i* fir/ recomm5ds su* actions to ! natural s5tim5ts ( ! bulk ( mank9d4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 t s f> z ! s5tim5t ( approbation arises f ! p]ception ( ?is beauty ( utility1 x has no ref]5ce ( any k9d to ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,if x 0 possible1 !re=e1 t a p]son %\ld gr[ up to manhood )\t any communication ) society1 8 own actions might1 not)/&+1 be agreeable or disagreeable to him on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to 8 happ9ess or disadvantage4 ,he might p]ceive a beauty ( ?is k9d 9 prud5ce1 temp]ance1 & good conduct1 & a de=mity 9 ! opposite behavi\r3 ,he might view 8 own temp] & "* ) t sort ( satisfaction ) :i* we consid] a well contriv$ ma*9e1 9 ! "o case2 or ) t sort ( di/a/e & dissatisfaction ) :i* we reg>d a v awkw>d & clumsy contrivance1 9 ! o!r4 ,z ^! p]ceptions1 h[ev]1 are m]ely a matt] ( ta/e1 & h all ! feebl5ess & delicacy ( t species ( p]ceptions1 ^u ! ju/ness ( :i* :at is prop]ly call$ ta/e is f\nd$1 !y probably w\ld n be mu* att5d$ to by "o 9 8 solit>y & mis]able condition4 ,ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld occur to him1 !y w\ld by no means h ! same effect ^u him1 antec$5t to 8 connexion ) society1 :i* !y w\ld h 9 consequ5ce ( t connexion4 ,he w\ld n be ca/ d[n ) inw>d %ame at ! ?\ght ( ?is de=mity2 nor w\ld he be elevat$ ) secret triumph ( m9d f ! consci\sness ( ! contr>y beauty4 ,he w\ld n exult f ! notion ( des]v+ rew>d 9 ! "o case1 nor tremble f ! suspicion ( m]it+ puni%m5t 9 ! o!r4 ,all su* s5tim5ts suppose ! idea ( "s o!r be+1 :o is ! natural judge ( ! p]son t feels !m2 & x is only by sympa?y ) ! decisions ( ?is arbit] ( 8 conduct1 t he c conceive1 ei!r ! triumph ( self-applause1 or ! %ame ( self-condemnation4 ,,"p ,v4 ,( ! ,,influ5ce ( ,,cu/om & ,,fa%ion ^u ! s5tim5ts ( moral approbation & disapprobation4 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,"o ,,section4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ^u our notions ( beauty & de=mity4 ,!re are o!r pr9ciples besides ^? already enum]at$1 :i* h a consid]able influ5ce ^u ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 & are ! *ief causes ( ! _m irregul> & discordant op9ions :i* prevail 9 diff]5t ages & nations conc]n+ :at is blameable or praise-wor?y4 ,^! pr9ciples are cu/om & faction1 pr9ciples :i* ext5d _! dom9ion ov] our judgm5ts conc]n+ beauty ( e k9d4 ,:5 two objects h frequ5tly be5 se5 toge!r1 ! imag9ation acquires a habit ( pass+ easily f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,if ! fir/ appe>1 we lay our acc\nt t ! second is to foll[4 ,( _! own accord !y put u 9 m9d ( "o ano!r1 & ! att5tion glides easily along !m4 ,?\gh1 indep5d5t ( cu/om1 !re %\ld be no real beauty 9 _! union1 yet :5 cu/om has ?us connect$ !m toge!r1 we feel an impropriety 9 _! rep>ation4 ,! "o we ?9k is awkw>d :5 x appe>s )\t its usual companion4 ,we miss some?+ :i* we expect$ to f9d1 & ! habitual arrangem5t ( our ideas is di/urb$ by ! disappo9tm5t4 ,a suit ( clo!s1 = example1 seems to want some?+ if !y are )\t ! mo/ insignificant ornam5t :i* usually accompanies !m1 & we f9d a meanness or awkw>dness 9 ! abs5ce ev5 ( a haun* button4 ,:5 !re is any natural propriety 9 ! union1 cu/om increases our s5se ( x1 & makes a diff]5t arrangem5t appe> /ill m disagreeable ?an x w\ld o!rwise seem to be4 ,^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to see ?+s 9 a good ta/e1 are m disgu/$ by :atev] is clumsy or awkw>d4 ,:]e ! conjunction is improp]1 cu/om ei!r dim9i%es1 or takes away altoge!r1 our s5se ( ! impropriety4 ,^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to slov5ly disord] lose all s5se ( neatness or elegance4 ,! modes ( furniture or dress :i* seem ridicul\s to /rang]s1 give no (f5ce to ! p :o are us$ to !m4 ,fa%ion is diff]5t f cu/om1 or r is a p>ticul> species ( x4 ,t is n ! fa%ion :i* e body we>s1 b :i* ^? we> :o are ( a high rank1 or "*4 ,! graceful1 ! easy1 & comm&+ mann]s ( ! great1 jo9$ to ! usual ri*ness & magnific5ce ( _! dress1 give a grace to ! v =m :i* !y happ5 to be/[ ^u x4 ,z long z !y cont9ue to use ?is =m1 x is connect$ 9 our imag9ations ) ! idea ( some?+ t is g5teel & magnific5t1 & ?\gh 9 itself x %\ld be indiff]5t1 x seems1 on acc\nt ( ?is relation1 to h some?+ ab\t x t is g5teel & magnific5t too4 ,z soon z !y drop x1 x loses all ! grace1 :i* x _h appe>$ to possess be=e1 & be+ n[ us$ only by ! inf]ior ranks ( p1 seems to h some?+ ( _! meanness & awkw>dness4 ,dress & furniture are all[$ by all ! _w to be entirely "u ! dom9ion ( cu/om & fa%ion4 ,! influ5ce ( ^? pr9ciples1 h[ev]1 is by no means conf9$ to s n>r[ a sph]e1 b ext5ds itself to :atev] is 9 any respect ! object ( ta/e1 to music1 to poetry1 to ar*itecture4 ,! modes ( dress & furniture are cont9ually *ang+1 & t fa%ion appe>+ ridicul\s to-day :i* 0 admir$ five ye>s ago1 we are exp]im5tally conv9c$ t x ow$ its vogue *iefly or entirely to cu/om & fa%ion4 ,clo!s & furniture are n made ( v durable mat]ials4 ,a well fanci$ coat is done 9 a twelve-mon?1 & _c cont9ue long] to propagate1 z ! fa%ion1 t =m accord+ to :i* x 0 made4 ,! modes ( furniture *ange less rapidly ?an ^? ( dress2 because furniture is commonly m durable4 ,9 five or six ye>s1 h[ev]1 x g5]ally und]goes an entire revolution1 & e man 9 8 own "t sees ! fa%ion 9 ?is respect *ange _m diff]5t ways4 ,! productions ( ! o!r arts are mu* m la/+1 &1 :5 happily imag9$1 may cont9ue to propagate ! fa%ion ( _! make = a mu* long] "t4 ,a well contriv$ build+ may endure _m c5turies3 a beautiful air may be deliv]$ d[n by a sort ( tradition1 ?r\gh _m successive g5]ations3 a well writt5 poem may la/ z long z ! _w2 & all ( !m cont9ue = ages toge!r1 to give ! vogue to t p>ticul> /yle1 to t p>ticul> ta/e or mann]1 accord+ to :i* ea* ( !m 0 compos$4 ,few m5 h an opportunity ( see+ 9 _! own times ! fa%ion 9 any ( ^! arts *ange v consid]ably4 ,few m5 h s mu* exp]i5ce & acqua9tance ) ! diff]5t modes :i* h obta9$ 9 remote ages & nations1 z to be ?or\ghly reconcil$ to !m1 or to judge ) imp>tiality betwe5 !m1 & :at takes place 9 _! own age & c\ntry4 ,few m5 !re=e are will+ to all[ t cu/om or fa%ion h mu* influ5ce ^u _! judgm5ts conc]n+ :at is beautiful1 or o!rwise1 9 ! productions ( any ( ^? arts2 b imag9e1 t all ! rules1 :i* !y ?9k ought to be obs]v$ 9 ea* ( !m1 are f\nd$ ^u reason & nature1 n ^u habit or prejudice4 ,a v little att5tion1 h[ev]1 may conv9ce !m ( ! contr>y1 & satisfy !m1 t ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ov] dress & furniture1 is n m absolute ?an ov] ar*itecture1 poetry1 & music4 ,c any reason1 = example1 be assign$ :y ! ,doric capital %\ld be appropriat$ to a pill>1 ^: height is equal to eight diamet]s2 ! ,ionic volute to "o ( n9e2 & ! ,cor9?ian foliage to "o ( t58 ,! propriety ( ea* ( ^? appropriations c be f\nd$ ^u no?+ b habit & cu/om4 ,! eye hav+ be5 us$ to see a p>ticul> proportion connect$ ) a p>ticul> ornam5t1 w\ld be (f5d$ if !y 7 n jo9$ toge!r4 ,ea* ( ! five ord]s has its peculi> ornam5ts1 :i* _c be *ang$ = any o!r1 )\t giv+ (f5ce to all ^? :o "k any ?+ ( ! rules ( ar*itecture4 ,accord+ to "s ar*itects1 inde$1 su* is ! exquisite judgm5t ) :i* ! anci5ts h assign$ to ea* ord] its prop] ornam5ts1 t no o!rs c be f\nd :i* are equally suitable4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 a little difficult to be conceiv$ t ^! =ms1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 extremely agreeable1 %\ld be ! only =ms :i* c suit ^? proportions1 or t !re %\ld n be five hundr$ o!rs :i*1 antec$5t to e/abli%$ cu/om1 w\ld h fitt$ !m equally well4 ,:5 cu/om1 h[ev]1 has e/abli%$ p>ticul> rules ( build+1 provid$ !y are n absolutely unreasonable1 x is absurd to ?9k ( alt]+ !m = o!rs :i* are only equally good1 or ev5 = o!rs :i*1 9 po9t ( elegance & beauty1 h naturally "s little advantage ov] !m4 ,a man w\ld be ridicul\s :o %\ld appe> 9 public ) a suit ( clo!s q diff]5t f ^? :i* are commonly worn1 ?\gh ! new dress %\ld 9 itself be ev] s graceful or conv5i5t4 ,& !re seems to be an absurdity ( ! same k9d 9 ornam5t+ a h\se aft] a q diff]5t mann] f t :i* cu/om & fa%ion h prescrib$2 ?\gh ! new ornam5ts %\ld 9 !mselves be some:at sup]ior to ! common ones4 ,accord+ to ! anci5t rhetoricians1 a c]ta9 measure or v]se 0 by nature appropriat$ to ea* p>ticul> species ( writ+1 z be+ naturally expressive ( t "*1 s5tim5t1 or passion1 :i* ought to pr$om9ate 9 x4 ,"o v]se1 !y said1 0 fit = grave & ano!r = gay works1 :i* c\ld n1 !y ?\ght1 be int]*ang$ )\t ! greate/ impropriety4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mod]n times1 h[ev]1 seems to contradict ?is pr9ciple1 ?\gh 9 itself x w\ld appe> to be extremely probable4 ,:at is ! burlesque v]se 9 ,engli% is ! h]oic v]se 9 ,fr5*4 ,! trag$ies ( ,rac9e & ! ,h5riad ( ,voltaire1 are 9 ! same v]se )1 ,?us said to my lady ! knight full ( c>e4 ,! burlesque v]se 9 ,fr5*1 on ! contr>y1 is pretty mu* ! same ) ! h]oic v]se ( t5 syllables 9 ,engli%4 ,cu/om has made ! "o nation associate ! ideas ( gravity1 sublimity1 & s]i\sness1 to t measure :i* ! o!r has connect$ ) :atev] is gay1 flippant1 & ludicr\s4 ,no?+ w\ld appe> m absurd 9 ,engli% ?an a trag$y writt5 9 ! ,alex&r9e v]ses ( ! ,fr5*1 or 9 ,fr5*1 ?an a "w ( ! same k9d 9 v]ses ( t5 syllables4 ,an em95t arti/ w br+ ab\t a consid]able *ange 9 ! e/abli%$ modes ( ea* ( ^? arts1 & introduce a new fa%ion ( writ+1 music1 or ar*itecture4 ,z ! dress ( an agreeable man ( high rank recomm5ds itself1 & h[ peculi> & fanta/ical soev]1 comes soon to be admir$ & imitat$2 s ! excell5cies ( an em95t matt] recomm5d 8 peculi>ities1 & 8 mann] becomes ! fa%ionable /yle 9 ! art :i* he practises4 ,! ta/e ( ! ,italians 9 music & ar*itecture1 has1 )9 ^! fifty ye>s1 und]gone a consid]able *ange1 f imitat+ ! peculi>ities ( "s em95t ma/]s 9 ea* ( ^? arts4 ,s5eca is accus$ by ,qu9tilian ( hav+ corrupt$ ! ta/e ( ! ,romans1 & ( hav+ introduc$ a frivol\s prett9ess 9 ! room ( maje/ic reason & mascul9e eloqu5ce4 ,sallu/ & ,tacitus h by o!rs be5 *>g$ ) ! same accusation1 ?o' 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,!y gave reputation1 x is pret5d$1 to a /yle1 :i* ?\gh 9 ! highe/ degree concise1 elegant1 expressive1 & ev5 poetical1 want$1 h[ev]1 ease1 simplicity1 & nature1 & 0 evid5tly ! production ( ! mo/ lab\r$ & /udi$ affectation4 ,h[ _m great qualities mu/ t writ] possess :o c ?us r5d] 8 v faults agreeable8 ,aft] ! praise ( ref9+ ! ta/e ( a nation1 ! highe/ eulogy1 p]haps1 :i* c be be/[$ ^u any au?or is to say1 t he corrupt$ x4 ,9 our own language1 ,mr4 ,pope & ,dr4 ,swift h ea* ( !m introduc$ a mann] diff]5t f :at 0 practis$ be=e1 into all works t are writt5 9 rhyme1 ! "o 9 long v]ses1 ! o!r 9 %ort4 ,! qua9tness ( ,butl] has giv5 place to ! pla9ness ( ,swift4 ,! rambl+ fre$om ( ,dryd51 & ! correct b (t5 t$i\s & prosaic languor ( ,addison1 are no long] ! objects ( imitation1 b all long v]ses are n[ writt5 aft] ! mann] ( ! n]v\s precision ( ,mr4 ,pope4 ,nei!r is x only ov] ! productions ( ! arts1 t cu/om & fa%ion ex]t _! dom9ion4 ,!y influ5ce our judgm5ts1 9 ! same mann]1 ) reg>d to ! beauty ( natural objects4 ,:at v>i\s & opposite =ms are deem$ beautiful 9 diff]5t species ( ?+s8 ,! proportions :i* are admir$ 9 "o animal1 are altoge!r diff]5t f ^? :i* are e/eem$ 9 ano!r4 ,e class ( ?+s has its own peculi> con=mation1 :i* is approv$ (1 & has a beauty ( its own1 di/9ct f t ( e o!r species4 ,x is ^u ?is acc\nt t a le>n$ ,jesuit1 fa!r ,buffi]1 has det]m9$ t ! beauty ( e object consi/s 9 t =m & col\r1 :i* is mo/ usual among ?+s ( t p>ticul> sort to :i* x belongs4 ,?us1 9 ! human =m1 ! beauty ( ea* feature lies 9 a c]ta9 middle equally remov$ f a v>iety ( o!r =ms t are ugly4 ,a beautiful nose1 = example1 is "o t is nei!r v long1 nor v %ort1 nei!r v /raight1 nor v crook$1 b a sort ( middle among all ^! extremes1 & less diff]5t f any "o ( !m1 ?an all ( !m are f "o ano!r4 ,x is ! =m :i* ,nature seems to h aim$ at 9 !m all1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %e deviates f 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 & v seldom hits exactly2 b to :i* all ^? deviations /ill be> a v /rong resemblance4 ,:5 a numb] ( draw+s are made aft] "o patt]n1 ?\gh !y may all miss x 9 "s respects1 yet !y w all resemble x m ?an !y resemble "o ano!r2 ! g5]al "* ( ! patt]n w run ?r\gh !m all2 ! mo/ s+ul> & odd w be ^? :i* are mo/ wide ( x2 & ?\gh v few w copy x exactly1 yet ! mo/ accurate del9eations w be> a great] resemblance to ! mo/ c>eless1 ?an ! c>eless ones w be> to "o ano!r4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 ea* species ( creatures1 :at is mo/ beautiful be>s ! /ronge/ *>act]s ( ! g5]al fabric ( ! species1 & has ! /ronge/ resemblance to ! great] "p ( ! individuals ) :i* x is class$4 ,mon/]s1 on ! contr>y1 or :at is p]fectly de=m$1 are always mo/ s+ul> & odd1 & h ! lea/ resemblance to ! g5]ality ( t species to :i* !y belong4 ,& ?us ! beauty ( ea* species1 ?\gh 9 "o s5se ! r>e/ ( all ?+s1 because few individuals hit ?is middle =m exactly1 yet 9 ano!r1 is ! mo/ common1 because all ! deviations f x resemble x m ?an !y resemble "o ano!r4 ,! mo/ cu/om>y =m1 !re=e1 is 9 ea* species ( ?+s1 accord+ to him1 ! mo/ beautiful4 ,& h5ce x is t a c]ta9 practice & exp]i5ce 9 contemplat+ ea* species ( objects is requisite1 be=e we c judge ( its beauty1 or "k :]e9 ! middle & mo/ usual =m consi/s4 ,! nice/ judgm5t conc]n+ ! beauty ( ! human species1 w n help u to judge ( t ( fl[]s1 or horses1 or any o!r species ( ?+s4 ,x is = ! same reason t 9 diff]5t climates & :]e diff]5t cu/oms & ways ( liv+ take place1 z ! g5]ality ( any species receives a diff]5t con=mation f ^? circum/ances1 s diff]5t ideas ( its beauty prevail4 ,! beauty ( a ,moori% is n exactly ! same ) t ( an ,engli% horse4 ,:at diff]5t ideas are =m$ 9 diff]5t nations conc]n+ ! beauty ( ! human %ape & c\nt5ance8 ,a fair complexion is a %ock+ de=mity ^u ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,?ick lips & a flat nose are a beauty4 ,9 "s nations long e>s t hang d[n ^u ! %\ld]s are ! objects ( univ]sal admiration4 ,9 ,*9a if a lady's foot is s l>ge z to be fit to walk ^u1 %e is reg>d$ z a mon/] ( ugl9ess4 ,"s ( ! savage nations 9 ,nor? ,am]ica tie f\r bo>ds r\nd ! heads ( _! *ildr51 & ?us squeeze !m1 :ile ! bones are t5d] & gri/ly1 into a =m t is almo/ p]fectly squ>e4 ,europeans are a/oni%$ at ! absurd b>b>ity ( ?is practice1 to :i* "s mission>ies h imput$ ! s+ul> /upidity ( ^? nations among :om x prevails4 ,b1 :5 !y condemn ^? savages1 !y d n reflect t ! ladies 9 ,europe _h1 till )9 ^! v few ye>s1 be5 endeav\r+1 = ne> a c5tury pa/1 to squeeze ! beautiful r\ndness ( _! natural %ape into a squ>e =m ( ! same k9d4 ,& t not)/&+ ! _m di/ortions & diseases :i* ?is practice 0 kn[n to occasion1 cu/om _h r5d]$ x agreeable among "s ( ! mo/ civiliz$ nations1 :i*1 p]haps1 ! _w ev] beheld4 ,su* is ! sy/em ( ?is le>n$ & +5i\s fa!r1 conc]n+ ! nature ( beauty2 ( :i* ! :ole *>m1 accord+ to him1 w\ld ?us seem to arise f its fall+ 9 ) ! habits :i* cu/om _h impress$ ^u ! imag9ation1 ) reg>d to ?+s ( ea* p>ticul> k9d4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 be induc$ to believe t our s5se ev5 ( ext]nal beauty is f\nd$ altoge!r on cu/om4 ,! utility ( any =m1 its fitness = ! useful purposes = :i* x 0 int5d$1 evid5tly recomm5ds x1 & r5d]s x agreeable to u indep5d5t ( cu/om4 ,c]ta9 col\rs are m agreeable ?an o!rs1 & give m delight to ! eye ! fir/ "t x ev] beholds !m4 ,a smoo? surface is m agreeable ?an a r\gh "o4 ,v>iety is m pleas+ ?an a t$i\s undiv]sifi$ uni=mity4 ,connect$ v>iety1 9 :i* ea* new appe>ance seems to be introduc$ by :at w5t be=e x1 & 9 :i* all ! adjo9+ p>ts seem to h "s natural relation to "o ano!r1 is m agreeable ?an a disjo9t$ & disord]ly assemblage ( unconnect$ objects4 ,b ?\gh ,i _c admit t cu/om is ! sole pr9ciple ( beauty1 yet ,i c s f> all[ ! tru? ( ?is +5i\s sy/em z to grant1 t !re is sc>ce any "o ext]nal =m s beautiful z to please1 if q contr>y to cu/om & unlike :atev] we h be5 us$ to 9 t p>ticul> species ( ?+s3 or s de=m$ z n to be agreeable1 if cu/om uni=mly supports x1 & habituates u to see x 9 e s+le individual ( ! k9d4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion ^u moral s5tim5ts4 ,s9ce our s5tim5ts conc]n+ beauty ( e k9d are s mu* influ5c$ by cu/om & fa%ion1 x _c be expect$1 t ^?1 conc]n+ ! beauty1 ( conduct1 %\ld be entirely exempt$ f ! dom9ion ( ^? pr9ciples4 ,_! influ5ce "h1 h[ev]1 seems to be mu* less ?an x is e :]e else4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no =m ( ext]nal objects1 h[ absurd & fanta/ical soev]1 to :i* cu/om w n reconcile u1 or :i* fa%ion w n r5d] ev5 agreeable4 ,b ! *>act]s & conduct ( a ,n]o1 or a ,claudius1 are :at no cu/om w ev] reconcile u to1 :at no fa%ion w ev] r5d] agreeable2 b ! "o w always be ! object ( dread & hatr$2 ! o!r ( scorn & d]ision4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! imag9ation1 ^u :i* our s5se ( beauty dep5ds1 are ( a v nice & delicate nature1 & may easily be alt]$ by habit & education3 b ! s5tim5ts ( moral approbation & disapprobation1 are f\nd$ on ! /ronge/ & mo/ vigor\s passions ( human nature2 & ?\gh !y may be some:at w>pt1 _c be entirely p]v]t$4 ,b ?\gh ! influ5ce ( cu/om & fa%ion1 ^u moral s5tim5ts1 is n altoge!r s great1 x is h[ev] p]fectly simil> to :at x is e :]e else4 ,:5 cu/om & fa%ion co9cide ) ! natural pr9ciples ( "r & wrong1 !y height5 ! delicacy ( our s5tim5ts1 & increase our abhorr5ce = e ?+ :i* approa*es to evil4 ,^? :o h be5 educat$ 9 :at is really good company1 n 9 :at is commonly call$ su*1 :o h be5 accu/om$ to see no?+ 9 ! p]sons :om !y e/eem$ & liv$ )1 b ju/ice1 mode/y1 humanity1 & good ord]1 are m %ock$ ) :atev] seems to be inconsi/5t ) ! rules :i* ^? virtues prescribe4 ,^?1 on ! contr>y1 :o h _h ! mis=tune to be br\ght up amid/ viol5ce1 lic5ti\sness1 falsehood1 & inju/ice1 lose1 ?\gh n all s5se ( ! impropriety ( su* conduct1 yet all s5se ( its dreadful enormity1 or ( ! v5geance & puni%m5t due to x4 ,!y h be5 famili>iz$ ) x f _! infancy1 cu/om has r5d]$ x habitual to !m1 & !y are v apt to reg>d x z1 :at is call$ ! way ( ! _w1 some?+ :i* ei!r may1 or mu/ be practis$1 to h9d] u f be+ ! dupes ( our own integrity4 ,fa%ion too w sometimes give reputation to a c]ta9 degree ( disord]1 & on ! contr>y disc\nt5ance qualities :i* des]ve e/eem4 ,9 ! reign ( ,*>les ,,ii4 a degree ( lic5ti\sness 0 deem$ ! *>act]i/ic ( a lib]al education4 ,x 0 connect$1 accord+ to ! notions ( ^? times1 ) g5]osity1 s9c]ity1 magnanimity1 loyalty1 & prov$ t ! p]son :o act$ 9 ?is mann]1 0 a g5tleman1 & n a puritan2 sev]ity ( mann]s1 & regul>ity ( conduct1 on ! o!r h&1 7 altoge!r unfa%ionable1 & 7 connect$1 9 ! imag9ation ( t age1 ) cant1 cunn+1 hypocrisy1 & l[ mann]s4 ,to sup]ficial m9ds1 ! vices ( ! great seem at all times agreeable4 ,!y connect !m1 n only ) ! spl5d\r ( =tune1 b ) _m sup]i\r virtues1 :i* !y ascribe to _! sup]iors2 ) ! _s ( fre$om & indep5d5cy1 ) frankness1 g5]osity1 humanity1 & polit5ess4 ,! virtues ( ! inf]ior ranks ( p1 on ! contr>y1 _! p>simoni\s frugality1 _! pa9ful indu/ry1 & rigid adh]5ce to rules1 seem to !m mean & disagreeable4 ,!y connect !m1 bo? ) ! meanness ( ! /ation to :i* ^? qualities commonly belong1 & ) _m great vices1 :i*1 !y suppose1 usually accompany !m2 su* z an abject1 c[>dly1 ill-natur$1 ly+1 pilf]+ disposition4 ,! objects ) :i* m5 9 ! diff]5t pr(essions & /ates ( life are conv]sant1 be+ v diff]5t1 & habituat+ !m to v diff]5t passions1 naturally =m 9 !m v diff]5t *>act]s & mann]s4 ,we expect 9 ea* rank & procession1 a degree ( ^? mann]s1 :i*1 exp]i5ce has taught u1 belong to x4 ,b z 9 ea* species ( ?+s1 we are p>ticul>ly pleas$ ) ! middle con=mation1 :i* 9 e "p & feature agrees mo/ exactly ) ! g5]al /&>d :i* nature seems to h e/abli%$ = ?+s ( t k9d2 s 9 ea* rank1 or1 if ,i may say s1 9 ea* species ( m51 we are p>ticul>ly pleas$1 if !y h nei!r too mu*1 nor too little ( ! "* :i* usually accompanies _! p>ticul> condition & situation4 ,a man1 we say1 %\ld look l 8 trade & pr(ession2 yet ! p$antry ( e pr(ession is disagreeable4 ,! diff]5t p]iods ( life h1 = ! same reason1 diff]5t mann]s assign$ to !m4 ,we expect 9 old age1 t gravity & s$at5ess :i* its infirmities1 its long exp]i5ce1 & its worn-out s5sibility seem to r5d] bo? natural & respectable2 & we lay our acc\nt to f9d 9 y\? t s5sibility1 t gaiety & sprightly vivacity :i* exp]i5ce tea*es u to expect f ! lively impressions t all int]e/+ objects are apt to make ^u ! t5d] & unpractis$ s5ses ( t e>ly p]iod ( life4 ,ea* ( ^? two ages1 h[ev]1 may easily h too mu* ( ^! peculi>ities :i* belong to x4 ,! flirt+ levity ( y\?1 & ! immoveable ins5sibility ( old age1 are equally disagreeable4 ,! "y1 accord+ to ! common say+1 are mo/ agreeable :5 9 _! behavi\r !re is some?+ ( ! mann]s ( ! old1 & ! old1 :5 !y reta9 some?+ ( ! gaiety ( ! "y4 ,ei!r ( !m1 h[ev]1 may easily h too mu* ( ! mann]s ( ! o!r4 ,! extreme coldness1 & dull =mality1 :i* are p>don$ 9 old age1 make y\? ridicul\s4 ,! levity1 ! c>elessness1 & ! vanity1 :i* are indulg$ 9 y\?1 r5d] old age contemptible4 ,! peculi> "* & mann]s :i* we are l$ by cu/om to appropriate to ea* rank & pr(ession1 h sometimes p]haps a propriety indep5d5t ( cu/om2 & are :at we %\ld approve ( = _! own sakes1 if we took into consid]ation all ! diff]5t circum/ances :i* naturally affect ^? 9 ea* diff]5t /ate ( life4 ,! propriety ( a p]son's behavi\r1 dep5ds n ^u its suitabl5ess to any "o circum/ance ( 8 situation1 b to all ! circum/ances1 :i*1 :5 we br+ 8 case home to ourselves we feel1 %\ld naturally call ^u 8 att5tion4 ,if he appe>s to be s mu* occupi$ by any "o ( !m1 z entirely to neglect ! re/1 we disapprove ( 8 conduct1 z some?+ :i* we _c entirely g along )1 because n prop]ly adju/$ to all ! circum/ances ( 8 situation3 yet1 p]haps1 ! emotion he expresses = ! object :i* pr9cipally int]e/s him1 does n exce$ :at we %\ld entirely sympa?ize )1 & approve (1 9 "o ^: att5tion 0 n requir$ by any o!r ?+4 ,a p>5t 9 private life might1 ^u ! loss ( an only son1 express )\t blame1 a degree ( grief & t5d]ness1 :i* w\ld be unp>donable 9 a g5]al at ! head ( an army1 :5 glory1 & ! public safety dem&$ s great a "p ( 8 att5tion4 ,z diff]5t objects ought1 ^u common occasions1 to occupy ! att5tion ( m5 ( diff]5t pr(essions1 s diff]5t passions ought1 naturally to become habitual to !m2 & :5 we br+ home to ourselves _! situation 9 ?is p>ticul> respect1 we mu/ be s5sible1 t e occurr5ce %\ld naturally affect !m m or less1 accord+ z ! emotion :i* x excites1 co9cides or disagrees ) ! fixt habit & temp] ( _! m9ds4 ,we _c expect ! same s5sibility to ! gay pleasures & amusem5ts ( life 9 a cl]gyman :i* we lay our acc\nt ) 9 an (fic]4 ,! man ^: peculi> occupation x is to keep ! _w 9 m9d ( t awful futurity :i* awaits !m1 :o is to ann\nce :at may be ! fatal consequ5ces ( e deviation f ! rules ( duty1 & :o is himself to set ! example ( ! mo/ exact con=mity1 seems to be ! mess5g] ( tid+s1 :i* _c1 9 propriety1 be deliv]$ ei!r ) levity or indiff]5ce4 ,8 m9d is suppos$ to be cont9ually occupi$ ) :at is too gr& & solemn1 to leave any room = ! impressions ( ^? frivol\s objects1 :i* fill up ! att5tion ( ! dissipat$ & ! gay4 ,we readily feel !re=e1 t1 indep5d5t ( cu/om1 !re is a propriety 9 ! mann]s :i* cu/om has allott$ to ?is pr(ession2 & t no?+ c be m suitable to ! "* ( a cl]gyman1 ?an t grave1 t au/]e & ab/ract$ sev]ity1 :i* we are habituat$ to expect 9 8 behavi\r4 ,^! reflections are s v obvi\s1 t !re is sc>ce any man s inconsid]ate1 z n1 at "s "t1 to h made !m1 & to h acc\nt$ to himself 9 ?is mann] = 8 approbation ( ! usual "* ( ?is ord]4 ,! f\ndation ( ! cu/om>y "* ( "s o!r pr(essions is n s obvi\s1 & our approbation ( x is f\nd$ entirely 9 habit1 )\t be+ ei!r confirm$1 or enliv5$ by any reflections ( ?is k9d4 ,we are l$ by cu/om1 = example1 to annex ! "* ( gaiety1 levity1 & sprightly fre$om1 z well z ( "s degree ( dissipation1 to ! milit>y pr(ession3 yet1 if we 7 to consid] :at mood or tone ( temp] w\ld be mo/ suitable to ?is situation1 we %\ld be apt to det]m9e1 p]haps1 t ! mo/ s]i\s & ?\ghtful turn ( m9d1 w\ld be/ become ^? ^: lives are cont9ually expos$ to uncommon dang]2 & :o %\ld !re=e be m con/antly occupi$ ) ! ?\ghts ( dea? & its consequ5ces ?an o!r m54 ,x is ?is v circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* is n improbably ! occasion :y ! contr>y turn ( m9d prevails s mu* among m5 ( ?is pr(ession4 ,x requires s great an ef=t to conqu] ! fe> ( dea?1 :5 we survey x ) /ead9ess & att5tion1 t ^? :o are con/antly expos$ to x1 f9d x easi] to turn away _! ?\ghts f x altoge!r1 to wrap !mselves up 9 c>eless security & indiff]5ce1 & to plunge !mselves1 = ?is purpose1 into e sort ( amusem5t & dissipation4 ,a camp is n ! elem5t ( a ?\ghtful or a melan*oly man3 p]sons ( t ca/1 inde$1 are (t5 abundantly det]m9$1 & are capable1 by a great ef=t1 ( go+ on ) inflexible resolution to ! mo/ unavoidable dea?4 ,b to be expos$ to cont9ual1 ?\gh less imm95t dang]1 to be oblig$ to ex]t1 = a long "t1 a degree ( ?is ef=t1 exhau/s & depresses ! m9d1 & r5d]s x incapable ( all happ9ess & enjoym5t4 ,! gay & c>eless1 :o h occasion to make no ef=t at all1 :o fairly resolve nev] to look be=e !m1 b to lose 9 cont9ual pleasures & amusem5ts1 all anxiety ab\t _! situation1 m easily support su* circum/ances4 ,:5ev]1 by any peculi> circum/ances1 an (fic] has no reason to lay 8 acc\nt ) be+ expos$ to any uncommon dang]1 he is v apt to lose ! gaiety & dissipat$ ?\ghtlessness ( 8 "*4 ,! capta9 ( a city gu>d is commonly z sob]1 c>eful1 & p5uri\s an animal z ! re/ ( 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,a long peace is1 = ! same reason1 v apt to dim9i% ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! civil & ! milit>y "*4 ,! ord9>y situation1 h[ev]1 ( m5 ( ?is pr(ession1 r5d]s gaiety1 & a degree ( dissipation1 s mu* _! usual "*2 & cu/om has1 9 our imag9ation1 s /rongly connect$ ?is "* ) ?is /ate ( life1 t we are v apt to despise any man1 ^: peculi> hum\r or situation1 r5d]s him incapable ( acquir+ x4 ,we laugh at ! grave & c>eful faces ( a city gu>d1 :i*1 s little resemble ^? ( _! pr(ession4 ,!y !mselves seem (t5 to be a%am$ ( ! regul>ity ( _! own mann]s1 &1 n to be out ( ! fa%ion ( _! trade1 are fond ( affect+ t levity1 :i* is by no means natural to !m4 ,:atev] is ! deportm5t :i* we h be5 accu/om$ to see 9 a respectable ord] ( m51 x comes to be s associat$ 9 our imag9ation ) t ord]1 t :5ev] we see ! "o1 we lay our acc\nt t we are to meet ) ! o!r1 & :5 disappo9t$1 miss some?+ :i* we expect$ to f9d4 ,we are emb>rass$1 & put to a /&1 & "k n h[ to address ourselves to a "*1 :i* pla9ly affects to be ( a diff]5t species f ^? ) :i* we %\ld h be5 dispos$ to class x4 ,! diff]5t situations ( diff]5t ages & c\ntries1 are apt1 9 ! same mann]1 to give diff]5t *>act]s to ! g5]ality ( ^? :o live 9 !m1 & _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! p>ticul> degree ( ea* quality1 t is ei!r blameable1 or praise-wor?y1 v>y accord+ to t degree1 :i* is usual 9 _! own c\ntry1 & 9 _! own times4 ,t degree ( polit5ess1 :i* w\ld be highly e/eem$1 p]haps1 w\ld be ?\ght effem9ate adulation1 9 ,russia1 w\ld be reg>d$ z rud5ess & b>b>ism at ! c\rt ( ,france4 ,t degree ( ord] & frugality1 :i*1 9 a ,poli% nobleman1 w\ld be consid]$ z excessive p>simony1 w\ld be reg>d$ z extravagance 9 a citiz5 ( ,am/]dam4 ,e age & c\ntry look ^u t degree ( ea* quality1 :i* is commonly to be met ) 9 ^? :o are e/eem$ among !mselves1 z ! gold5 mean ( t p>ticul> tal5t or virtue4 ,& z ?is v>ies1 accord+ z _! diff]5t circum/ances r5d] diff]5t qualities m or less habitual to !m1 _! s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! exact propriety ( "* & behavi\r v>y accord+ly4 ,among civiliz$ nations1 ! virtues :i* are f\nd$ ^u humanity1 are m cultivat$ ?an ^? :i* are f\nd$ ^u self-d5ial & ! comm& ( ! passions4 ,among rude & b>b>\s nations1 x is q o!rwise1 ! virtues ( self-d5ial are m cultivat$ ?an ^? ( humanity4 ,! g5]al security & happ9ess :i* prevail 9 ages ( civility & polit5ess af=d little ex]cise to ! contempt ( dang]1 to pati5ce 9 endur+ lab\r1 hung]1 & pa94 ,pov]ty may easily be avoid$1 & ! contempt ( x !re=e1 almo/ ceases to be a virtue4 ,! ab/95ce f pleasure1 becomes less necess>y1 & ! m9d is m at lib]ty to unb5d itself1 & to indulge its natural incl9ations 9 all ^? p>ticul> respects4 ,among savages & b>b>ians x is q o!rwise4 ,e savage und]goes a sort ( ,sp>tan discipl9e1 & by ! necessity ( 8 situation is inur$ to e sort ( h>d%ip4 ,he is 9 cont9ual dang]3 ,he is (t5 expos$ to ! greate/ extremities ( hung]1 & frequ5tly dies ( pure want4 ,8 circum/ances n only habituate him to e sort ( di/ress1 b tea* him to give way to none ( ! passions :i* t di/ress is apt to excite4 ,he c expect f 8 c\ntrym5 no sympa?y or indulg5ce = su* weakness4 ,be=e we c feel mu* = o!rs1 we mu/ 9 "s measure be at ease ourselves4 ,if our own mis]y p9*es u v sev]ely1 we h no leisure to att5d to t ( our neighb\r3 ,& all savages are too mu* occupi$ ) _! own wants & necessities1 to give mu* att5tion to ^? ( ano!r p]son4 ,a savage1 !re=e1 :atev] be ! nature ( 8 di/ress1 expects no sympa?y f ^? ab\t him1 & disda9s1 ^u t acc\nt1 to expose himself1 by all[+ ! lea/ weakness to escape him4 ,8 passions1 h[ furi\s & viol5t soev]1 are nev] p]mitt$ to di/urb ! s]5ity ( 8 c\nt5ance or ! composure ( 8 conduct & behavi\r4 ,! savages 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 we are told1 assume ^u all occasions ! greate/ indiff]5ce1 & w\ld ?9k !mselves degrad$ if !y %\ld ev] appe> 9 any respect to be ov]come1 ei!r by love1 or grief1 or res5tm5t4 ,_! magnanimity & self-comm&1 9 ?is respect1 are almo/ beyond ! conception ( ,europeans4 ,9 a c\ntry 9 :i* all m5 are ^u a level1 ) reg>d to rank & =tune1 x might be expect$ t ! mutual incl9ations ( ! two p>ties %\ld be ! only ?+ consid]$ 9 m>riages1 & %\ld be indulg$ )\t any sort ( contr\l4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is ! c\ntry 9 :i* all m>riages1 )\t exception1 are made up by ! p>5ts1 & 9 :i* a "y man w\ld ?9k himself disgrac$ = ev]1 if he %ew$ ! lea/ pref]5ce ( "o woman above ano!r1 or did n express ! mo/ complete indiff]5ce1 bo? ab\t ! "t :51 & ! p]son to :om he 0 to be m>ri$4 ,! weakness ( love1 :i* is s mu* indulg$ 9 ages ( humanity & polit5ess1 is reg>d$ among savages z ! mo/ unp>donable effem9acy4 ,ev5 aft] ! m>riage ! two p>ties seem to be a%am$ ( a connexion :i* is f\nd$ ^u s sordid a necessity4 ,!y d n live toge!r4 ,!y see "o ano!r by /eal? only4 ,!y bo? cont9ue to dwell 9 ! h\ses ( _! respective fa!rs1 & ! op5 cohabitation ( ! two sexes1 :i* is p]mitt$ )\t blame 9 all o!r c\ntries1 is "h consid]$ z ! mo/ indec5t & unmanly s5suality4 ,nor is x only ov] ?is agreeable passion t !y ex]t ?is absolute self-comm&4 ,!y (t5 be> 9 ! sight ( all _! c\ntrym5 ) injuries1 reproa*1 & ! grosse/ insults ) ! appe>ance ( ! greate/ ins5sibility1 & )\t express+ ! smalle/ res5tm5t4 ,:5 a savage is made prison] ( w>1 & receives1 z is usual1 ! s5t5ce ( dea? f 8 conqu]ors1 he he>s x )\t express+ any emotion1 & aft]w>ds submits to ! mo/ dreadful torm5ts1 )\t ev] bemoan+ himself1 or discov]+ any o!r passion b contempt ( 8 enemies4 ,:ile he is hung by ! %\ld]s ov] a sl[ fire1 he d]ides 8 torm5tors1 & tells !m ) h[ mu* m +5uity1 he himself _h torm5t$ su* ( _! c\ntrym5 z _h fall5 into 8 h&s4 ,aft] he has be5 scor*$ & burnt1 & lac]at$ 9 all ! mo/ t5d] & s5sible p>ts ( 8 body = sev]al h\rs toge!r1 he is (t5 all[$1 9 ord] to prolong 8 mis]y1 a %ort respite1 & is tak5 d[n f ! /ake3 he employs ?is int]val 9 talk+ ^u all indiff]5t subjects1 inquires aft] ! news ( ! c\ntry1 & seems indiff]5t ab\t no?+ b 8 own situation4 ,! spectators express ! same ins5sibility2 ! sight ( s horrible an object seems to make no impression ^u !m2 !y sc>ce look at ! prison]1 except :5 !y l5d a h& to torm5t him4 ,at o!r times !y smoke tobacco1 & amuse !mselves ) any common object1 z if no su* matt] 0 go+ on4 ,e savage is said to prep>e himself f 8 e>lie/ y\? = ?is dreadful end4 ,he composes1 = ?is purpose1 :at !y call ! song ( dea?1 a song :i* he is to s+ :5 he has fall5 into ! h&s ( 8 enemies1 & is expir+ "u ! tortures :i* !y inflict ^u him4 ,x consi/s ( insults ^u 8 torm5tors1 & expresses ! highe/ contempt ( dea? & pa94 ,he s+s ?is song ^u all extraord9>y occasions1 :5 he goes out to w>1 :5 he meets 8 enemies 9 ! field1 or :5ev] he has a m9d to %[ t he has famili>is$ 8 imag9ation to ! mo/ dreadful mis=tunes1 & t no human ev5t c daunt 8 resolution1 or alt] 8 purpose4 ,! same contempt ( dea? & torture prevails among all o!r savage nations4 ,!re is n a negro f ! coa/ ( ,africa :o does n1 9 ?is respect1 possess a degree ( magnanimity :i* ! s\l ( 8 sordid ma/] is too (t5 sc>ce capable ( conceiv+4 ,=tune nev] ex]t$ m cruelly h] empire ov] mank9d1 ?an :5 %e subject$ ^? nations ( h]oes to ! refuse ( ! jails ( ,europe1 to wret*es :o possess ! virtues nei!r ( ! c\ntries :i* !y come f1 nor ( ^? :i* !y g to1 & ^: levity1 brutality1 & bas5ess1 s ju/ly expose !m to ! contempt ( ! vanqui%$4 ,?is h]oic & unconqu]able firmness1 :i* ! cu/om & education ( 8 c\ntry dem& ( e savage1 is n requir$ ( ^? :o are br\ght up to live 9 civiliz$ societies4 ,if ^! la/ compla9 :5 !y are 9 pa91 if !y grieve :5 !y are 9 di/ress1 if !y all[ !mselves ei!r to be ov]come by love1 or to be discompos$ by ang]1 !y are easily p>don$4 ,su* weaknesses are n appreh5d$ to affect ! ess5tial p>ts ( _! "*4 ,z long z !y d n all[ !mselves to be transport$ to d any ?+ contr>y to ju/ice or humanity1 !y lose b little reputation1 ?\gh ! s]5ity ( _! c\nt5ance or ! composure ( _! disc\rse & behavi\r %\ld be some:at ruffl$ & di/urb$4 ,a humane & poli%$ p1 :o h m s5sibility to ! passions ( o!rs1 c m readily ent] into an animat$ & passionate behavi\r1 & c m easily p>don "s little excess4 ,! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$ is s5sible ( ?is2 & be+ assur$ ( ! equity ( 8 judges1 indulges himself 9 /rong] expressions ( passion1 & is less afraid ( expos+ himself to _! contempt by ! viol5ce ( 8 emotions4 ,we c v5ture to express m emotion 9 ! pres5ce ( a fri5d ?an 9 t ( a /rang]1 because we expect m indulg5ce f ! "o ?an f ! o!r4 ,& 9 ! same mann] ! rules ( decorum among civiliz$ nations1 admit ( a m animat$ behavi\r1 ?an is approv$ ( among b>b>ians4 ,! fir/ conv]se toge!r ) ! op5ness ( fri5ds2 ! second ) ! res]ve ( /rang]s4 ,! emotion & vivacity ) :i* ! ,fr5* & ! ,italians1 ! two mo/ poli%$ nations ^u ! cont95t1 express !mselves on occasions t are at all int]e/+1 surprise at fir/ ^? /rang]s :o happ5 to be travell+ among !m1 & :o1 hav+ be5 educat$ among a p ( dull] s5sibility1 _c ent] into ?is passionate behavi\r1 ( :i* !y h nev] se5 any example 9 _! own c\ntry4 ,a "y ,fr5* nobleman w weep 9 ! pres5ce ( ! :ole c\rt ^u be+ refus$ a regim5t4 ,an ,italian1 says ! abbot ,d ,bos1 expresses m emotion on be+ condemn$ 9 a f9e ( tw5ty %ill+s1 ?an an ,engli%man on receiv+ ! s5t5ce ( dea?4 ,cic]o1 9 ! times ( ! highe/ ,roman polit5ess1 c\ld1 )\t degrad+ himself1 weep ) all ! bitt]ness ( sorr[ 9 ! sight ( ! :ole s5ate & ! :ole p2 z x is evid5t he mu/ h done 9 ! end ( almo/ e oration4 ,! orators ( ! e>li] & rud] ages ( ,rome c\ld n probably1 consi/5t ) ! mann]s ( ! times1 h express$ !mselves ) s mu* emotion4 ,x w\ld h be5 reg>d$1 ,i suppose1 z a violation ( nature & propriety 9 ! ,scipios1 9 ! ,leliuses1 & 9 ! eld] ,cato1 to h expos$ s mu* t5d]ness to ! view ( ! public4 ,^? anci5t w>riors c\ld express !mselves1 ) ord]1 gravity1 & good judgm5t2 b are said to h be5 /rang]s to t sublime & passionate eloqu5ce :i* 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,rome1 n _m ye>s be=e ! bir? ( ,cic]o1 by ! two ,grac*i1 by ,crassus1 & by ,sulpitius4 ,?is animat$ eloqu5ce1 :i* has be5 long practic$1 ) or )\t success1 bo? 9 ,france & ,italy1 is b j beg9n+ to be introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,s wide is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! degrees ( self-comm& :i* are requir$ 9 civiliz$ & 9 b>b>\s nations1 & by su* diff]5t /&>ds d !y judge ( ! propriety ( behavi\r4 ,?is diff]5ce gives occasion to _m o!rs t are n less ess5tial4 ,a poli%$ p be+ accu/om$ to give way1 9 "s measure1 to ! movem5ts ( nature1 become frank1 op51 & s9c]e4 ,b>b>ians1 on ! contr>y1 be+ oblig$ to smo!r & conceal ! appe>ance ( e passion1 necess>ily acquire ! habits ( falsehood & dissimulation4 ,x is obs]v$ by all ^? :o h be5 conv]sant ) savage nations1 :e!r 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 or ,am]ica1 t !y are all equally imp5etrable1 & t1 :5 !y h a m9d to conceal ! tru?1 no exam9ation is capable ( draw+ x f !m4 ,!y _c be trepann$ by ! mo/ artful que/ions4 ,! torture itself is incapable ( mak+ !m confess any ?+ :i* !y h no m9d to tell4 ,! passions ( a savage too1 ?\gh !y nev] express !mselves by any outw>d emotion1 b lie conceal$ 9 ! brea/ ( ! suff]]1 are1 not)/&+1 all m\nt$ to ! highe/ pit* ( fury4 ,?\gh he seldom %[s any symptoms ( ang]1 yet 8 v5geance1 :5 he comes to give way to x1 is always sangu9>y & dreadful4 ,! lea/ affront drives him to despair4 ,8 c\nt5ance & disc\rse inde$ are /ill sob] & compos$1 & express no?+ b ! mo/ p]fect tranquillity ( m9d3 ,b 8 actions are (t5 ! mo/ furi\s & viol5t4 ,among ! ,nor?-,am]icans x is n uncommon = p]sons ( ! t5d]e/ age & m fe>ful sex to dr[n !mselves ^u receiv+ only a slight reprim& f _! mo!rs1 & ?is too )\t express+ any passions or say+ any ?+1 except1 y %all no long] h a daught]4 ,9 civiliz$ nations ! passions ( m5 are n commonly s furi\s or s desp]ate4 ,!y are (t5 clamor\s & noisy1 b are seldom v hurtful2 & seem frequ5tly to aim at no o!r satisfaction1 b t ( conv9c+ ! spectator1 t !y are 9 ! "r to be s mu* mov$1 & ( procur+ 8 sympa?y & approbation4 ,all ^! effects ( cu/om & fa%ion1 h[ev]1 ^u ! moral s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 are inconsid]able 9 comp>ison ( ^? :i* !y give occasion to 9 "s o!r cases2 & x is n conc]n+ ! g5]al /yle ( "* & behavi\r1 t ^? pr9ciples produce ! greate/ p]v]sion ( judgm5t1 b conc]n+ ! propriety or impropriety ( p>ticul> usages4 ,! diff]5t mann]s :i* cu/om tea*es u to approve ( 9 ! diff]5t pr(essions & /ates ( life1 d n conc]n ?+s ( ! greate/ importance4 ,we expect tru? & ju/ice f an old man z well z f a "y1 f a cl]gyman z well z f an (fic]2 & x is 9 matt]s ( small mom5t only t we look = ! di/+ui%+ m>ks ( _! respective *>act]s4 ,) reg>d to ^! too1 !re is (t5 "s unobs]v$ circum/ance :i*1 if x 0 att5d$ to1 w\ld %[ u1 t1 indep5d5t ( cu/om1 !re 0 a propriety 9 ! "* :i* cu/om _h taught u to allot to ea* pr(ession4 ,we _c compla91 !re=e1 9 ?is case1 t ! p]v]sion ( natural s5tim5t is v great4 ,?\gh ! mann]s ( diff]5t nations require diff]5t degrees ( ! same quality1 9 ! "* :i* !y ?9k wor?y ( e/eem1 yet ! wor/ t c be said to happ5 ev5 "h1 is t ! duties ( "o virtue are sometimes ext5d$ s z to encroa* a little ^u ! prec9cts ( "s o!r4 ,! ru/ic hospitality t is 9 fa%ion among ! ,poles encroa*es1 p]haps1 a little ^u conomy & good ord]2 & ! frugality t is e/eem$ 9 ,holl&1 ^u g5]osity & good-fell[%ip4 ,! h>d9ess dem&$ ( savages dim9i%es _! humanity2 &1 p]haps1 ! delicate s5sibility requir$ 9 civiliz$ nations sometimes de/roys ! mascul9e firmness ( ! "*4 ,9 g5]al1 ! /yle ( mann]s :i* takes place 9 any nation1 may commonly ^u ! :ole be said to be t :i* is mo/ suitable to its situation4 ,h>d9ess is ! "* mo/ suitable to ! circum/ances ( a savage2 s5sibility to ^? ( "o :o lives 9 a v civiliz$ society4 ,ev5 "h1 !re=e1 we _c compla9 t ! moral s5tim5ts ( m5 are v grossly p]v]t$4 ,x is n !re=e 9 ! g5]al /yle ( conduct or behavi\r t cu/om au?orizes ! wide/ dep>ture f :at is ! natural propriety ( action4 ,) reg>d to p>ticul> usages its influ5ce is (t5 mu* m de/ructive ( good morals1 & x is capable ( e/abli%+1 z lawful & blameless1 p>ticul> actions1 :i* %ock ! pla9e/ pr9ciples ( "r & wrong4 ,c !re be great] b>b>ity1 = example1 ?an to hurt an infant8 ,its helplessness1 its innoc5ce1 its amiabl5ess1 call =? ! compassion ev5 ( an enemy1 & n to sp>e t t5d] age is reg>d$ z ! mo/ furi\s ef=t ( an enrag$ & cruel conqu]or4 ,:at !n %\ld we imag9e mu/ be ! he>t ( a p>5t :o c\ld injure t weakness :i* ev5 a furi\s enemy is afraid to violate8 ,yet ! exposition1 t is1 ! murd] ( newborn infants1 0 a practice all[$ ( 9 almo/ all ! /ates ( ,greece1 ev5 among ! polite & civiliz$ ,a!nians2 & :5ev] ! circum/ances ( ! p>5t r5d]$ x inconv5i5t to br+ up ! *ild1 to ab&on x to hung]1 or to wild bea/s1 0 reg>d$ )\t blame or c5sure4 ,?is practice _h probably begun 9 times ( ! mo/ savage b>b>ity4 ,! imag9ations ( m5 _h be5 fir/ made famili> ) x 9 t e>lie/ p]iod ( society1 & ! uni=m cont9uance ( ! cu/om _h h9d]$ !m aft]w>ds f p]ceiv+ its enormity4 ,we f9d1 at ?is day1 t ?is practice prevails among all savage nations2 & 9 t rude/ & l[e/ /ate ( society x is und\bt$ly m p>donable ?an 9 any o!r4 ,! extreme indig5ce ( a savage is (t5 su* t he himself is frequ5tly expos$ to ! greate/ extremity ( hung]1 he (t5 dies ( pure want1 & x is frequ5tly impossible = him to support bo? himself & 8 *ild4 ,we _c wond]1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is case he %\ld ab&on x4 ,"o :o 9 fly+ f an enemy1 :om x 0 impossible to resi/1 %\ld ?r[ d[n 8 infant1 because x ret>d$ 8 flight1 w\ld surely be excusable2 s9ce1 by attempt+ to save x1 he c\ld only hope = ! consolation ( dy+ ) x4 ,t 9 ?is /ate ( society1 !re=e1 a p>5t %\ld be all[$ to judge :e!r he c br+ up 8 *ild1 ought n to surprise u s greatly4 ,9 ! latt] ages ( ,greece1 h[ev]1 ! same ?+ 0 p]mitt$ f views ( remote int]e/ or conv5i5cy1 :i* c\ld by no means excuse x4 ,un9t]rupt$ cu/om _h by ?is "t s ?or\ghly au?oriz$ ! practice1 t n only ! loose maxims ( ! _w tol]at$ ?is b>b>\s pr]ogative1 b ev5 ! doctr9e ( philosoph]s1 :i* ought to h be5 m j & accurate1 0 l$ away by ! e/abli%$ cu/om1 & ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 in/ead ( c5sur+1 support$ ! horrible abuse1 by f>-fet*$ consid]ations ( public utility4 ,ari/otle talks ( x z ( :at ! magi/rate ought ^u _m occasions to enc\rage4 ,! humane ,plato is ( ! same op9ion1 &1 ) all t love ( mank9d :i* seems to animate all 8 writ+s1 no :]e m>ks ?is practice ) disapprobation4 ,:5 cu/om c give sanction to s dreadful a violation ( humanity1 we may well imag9e t !re is sc>ce any p>ticul> practice s gross :i* x _c au?orize4 ,su* a ?+1 we he> m5 e day say+1 is commonly done1 & !y seem to ?9k ?is a suffici5t apology = :at1 9 itself1 is ! mo/ unju/ & unreasonable conduct4 ,!re is an obvi\s reason :y cu/om %\ld nev] p]v]t our s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! g5]al /yle & "* ( conduct & behavi\r1 9 ! same degree z ) reg>d to ! propriety or unlawfulness ( p>ticul> usages4 ,!re nev] c be any su* cu/om4 ,no society c\ld subsi/ a mom5t1 9 :i* ! usual /ra9 ( m5s conduct & behavi\r 0 ( a piece ) ! horrible practice ,i j n[ m5tion$4 ,illu/ration ,,"p ,,vi4 ,( ,sy/ems ( ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,,consi/+ ,,( ,,f\r ,,sections4 ,,section ,i4 ,( ! que/ions :i* ought to be exam9$ 9 a !ory ( moral s5tim5ts4 ,if we exam9e ! mo/ celebrat$ & rem>kable ( ! diff]5t !ories :i* h be5 giv5 conc]n+ ! nature & orig9 ( our moral s5tim5ts1 we %all f9d t almo/ all ( !m co9cide ) "s "p or o!r ( t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to give an acc\nt (2 & t if e ?+ :i* has already be5 said be fully consid]$1 we %all be at no loss to expla9 :at 0 ! view or aspect ( nature :i* l$ ea* p>ticul> au?or to =m 8 p>ticul> sy/em4 ,f "s "o or o!r ( ^? pr9ciples :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to unfold1 e sy/em ( morality t ev] _h any reputation 9 ! _w has1 p]haps1 ultimately be5 d]iv$4 ,z !y are all ( !m1 9 ?is respect1 f\nd$ ^u natural pr9ciples1 !y are all ( !m 9 "s measure 9 ! "r4 ,b z _m ( !m are d]iv$ f a p>tial & imp]fect view ( nature1 !re are _m ( !m too 9 "s respects 9 ! wrong4 ,9 treat+ ( ! pr9ciples ( morals !re are two que/ions to be consid]$4 ,fir/1 :]e9 does virtue consi/8 ,or :at is ! tone ( temp]1 & t5\r ( conduct1 :i* con/itutes ! excell5t & praise-wor?y "*1 ! "* :i* is ! natural object ( e/eem1 hon\r1 & approbation8 & secondly1 by :at p[] or faculty 9 ! m9d is x1 t ?is "*1 :atev] x be1 is recomm5d$ to u8 ,or 9 o!r words1 h[ & by :at means does x come to pass1 t ! m9d pref]s "o t5\r ( conduct to ano!r1 d5om9ates ! "o "r & ! o!r wrong2 consid]s ! "o z ! object ( approbation1 hon\r1 & rew>d1 & ! o!r ( blame1 c5sure1 & puni%m5t8 ,we exam9e ! fir/ "q :5 we consid] :e!r virtue consi/s 9 b5evol5ce1 z ,dr4 ,hut*eson imag9es2 or 9 act+ suitably to ! diff]5t relations we /& 91 z ,dr4 ,cl>ke supposes2 or 9 ! wise & prud5t pursuit ( our own real & solid happ9ess1 z has be5 ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,we exam9e ! second "q1 :5 we consid]1 :e!r ! virtu\s "*1 :atev] x consi/s 91 be recomm5d$ to u by self-love1 :i* makes u p]ceive t ?is "*1 bo? 9 ourselves & o!rs1 t5ds mo/ to promote our own private int]e/ or by reason1 :i* po9ts out to u ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o "* & ano!r1 9 ! same mann] z x does t betwe5 tru? & falsehood2 or by a peculi> p[] ( p]ception1 call$ a moral s5se1 :i* ?is virtu\s "* gratifies & pleases1 z ! contr>y disgu/s & displeases x2 or la/ ( all1 by "s o!r pr9ciple 9 human nature1 su* z a modification ( sympa?y1 or ! l4 ,i %all beg9 ) consid]+ ! sy/ems :i* h be5 =m$ conc]n+ ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions1 & %all proce$ aft]w>ds to exam9e ^? conc]n+ ! second4 ,illu/ration ,,section ,,ii4 ,( ! diff]5t acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue4 ,,introduction4 ,! diff]5t acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue1 or ( ! temp] ( m9d :i* con/itutes ! excell5t & praise-wor?y "*1 may be r$uc$ to ?ree diff]5t classes4 ,accord+ to "s1 ! virtu\s temp] ( m9d does n consi/ 9 any "o species ( affections1 b 9 ! prop] gov]nm5t & direction ( all our affections1 :i* may be ei!r virtu\s or vici\s accord+ to ! objects :i* !y pursue1 & ! degree ( vehem5ce ) :i* !y pursue !m4 ,accord+ to ^! au?ors1 !re=e1 virtue consi/s 9 propriety4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 virtue consi/s 9 ! judici\s pursuit ( our own private int]e/ & happ9ess1 or 9 ! prop] gov]nm5t & direction ( ^? selfi% affections :i* aim solely at ?is end4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ^! au?ors1 !re=e1 virtue consi/s 9 prud5ce4 ,ano!r set ( au?ors make virtue consi/ 9 ^? affections only :i* aim at ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 n 9 ^? :i* aim at our own4 ,accord+ to !m1 !re=e1 dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce is ! only motive :i* c /amp ^u any action ! "* ( virtue4 ,! "* ( virtue1 x is evid5t1 mu/ ei!r be ascrib$ indiff]5tly to all our affections1 :5 "u prop] gov]nm5t & direction2 or x mu/ be conf9$ to "s "o class or division ( !m4 ,! great division ( our affections is into ! selfi% & ! b5evol5t4 ,if ! "* ( virtue1 !re=e1 _c be ascrib$ indiff]5tly to all our affections1 :5 "u prop] gov]nm5t & direction1 x mu/ be conf9$ ei!r to ^? :i* aim directly at our own private happ9ess1 or to ^? :i* aim directly at t ( o!rs4 ,if virtue1 !re=e1 does n consi/ 9 propriety1 x mu/ consi/ ei!r 9 prud5ce or 9 b5evol5ce4 ,besides ^! ?ree1 x is sc>ce possible to imag9e t any o!r acc\nt c be giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue4 ,i %all endeav\r to %ew h]eaft] h[ all ! o!r acc\nts1 :i* are seem+ly diff]5t f any ( ^!1 co9cide at bottom ) "s "o or o!r ( !m4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 propriety4 ,accord+ to ,plato1 to ,ari/otle1 & to ,z5o1 virtue consi/s 9 ! propriety ( conduct1 or 9 ! suitabl5ess ( ! affection f :i* we act to ! object :i* excites x4 ,i4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,plato#h ! s\l is consid]$ z some?+ l a little /ate or republic1 compos$ ( ?ree diff]5t faculties or ord]s4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ,plato de ,rep4 lib4 iv4 ,! fir/ is ! judg+ faculty1 ! faculty :i* det]m9es n only :at are ! prop] means = atta9+ any end1 b also :at ends are fit to be pursu$1 & :at degree ( relative value we ought to put ^u ea*4 ,?is faculty ,plato call$1 z x is v prop]ly call$ reason1 & consid]$ x z :at _h a "r to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( ! :ole4 ,"u ?is appellation1 x is evid5t1 he compreh5d$ n only t faculty by :i* we judge ( tru? & falsehood1 b t by :i* we judge ( ! propriety or impropriety ( desires & affections4 ,! diff]5t passions & appetites1 ! natural subject ( ?is rul+ pr9ciple1 b :i* are s apt to rebel aga9/ _! ma/]1 he r$uc$ to two diff]5t classes or ord]s4 ,! fir/ consi/$ ( ^? passions1 :i* are f\nd$ 9 pride & res5tm5t1 or 9 :at ! s*oolm5 call$ ! irascible "p ( ! s\l2 ambition1 animosity1 ! love ( hon\r1 & ! dread ( %ame1 ! desire ( victory1 sup]iority1 & rev5ge2 all ^? passions1 9 %ort1 :i* are suppos$ ei!r to rise f1 or to d5ote :at1 by a metaphor 9 our language1 we commonly call _s or natural fire4 ,! second consi/$ ( ^? passions :i* are f\nd$ 9 ! love ( pleasure1 or 9 :at ! s*oolm5 call$ ! concupiscible "p ( ! s\l4 ,x compreh5d$ all ! appetites ( ! body1 ! love ( ease & security1 & ( all s5sual gratifications4 ,x r>ely happ5s t we break 9 ^u t plan ( conduct1 :i* ! gov]n+ pr9ciple prescribes1 & :i* 9 all our cool h\rs we _h laid d[n to ourselves z :at 0 mo/ prop] = u to pursue1 b :5 prompt$ by "o or o!r ( ^? two diff]5t sets ( passions2 ei!r by ungov]nable ambition & res5tm5t1 or by ! importunate solicitations ( pres5t ease & pleasure4 ,b ?\gh ^! two ord]s ( passions are s apt to mislead u1 !y are /ill consid]$ z necess>y p>ts ( human nature3 ! fir/ hav+ be5 giv5 to def5d u aga9/ injuries1 to ass]t our rank & dignity 9 ! _w1 to make u aim at :at is noble & hon\rable1 & to make u di/+ui% ^? :o act 9 ! same mann]2 ! second to provide = ! support & necessities ( ! body4 ,9 ! /r5g?1 acut5ess1 & p]fection ( ! gov]n+ pr9ciple 0 plac$ ! ess5tial virtue ( prud5ce1 :i*1 accord+ to ,plato1 consi/$ 9 a j & cle> disc]nm5t1 f\nd$ ^u g5]al & sci5tific ideas1 ( ! ends :i* 7 prop] to be pursu$1 & ( ! means :i* 7 prop] = atta9+ !m4 ,:5 ! fir/ set ( passions1 ^? ( ! irascible "p ( ! s\l1 _h t degree ( /r5g? & firmness1 :i* enabl$ !m1 "u ! direction ( reason1 to despise all dang]s 9 ! pursuit ( :at 0 hon\rable & noble2 x con/itut$ ! virtue ( =titude & magnanimity4 ,?is ord] ( passions1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 0 ( a m g5]\s & noble nature ?an ! o!r4 ,!y 7 consid]$ ^u _m occasions z ! auxili>ies ( reason1 to *eck & re/ra9 ! inf]ior & brutal appetites4 ,we are (t5 angry at ourselves1 x 0 obs]v$1 we (t5 become ! objects ( our own res5tm5t & indignation1 :5 ! love ( pleasure prompts to d :at we disapprove (2 & ! irascible "p ( our nature is 9 ?is mann] call$ 9 to assi/ ! rational aga9/ ! concupiscible4 ,:5 all ^? ?ree diff]5t p>ts ( our nature 7 9 p]fect concord ) "o ano!r1 :5 nei!r ! irascible nor concupiscible passions ev] aim$ at any gratification :i* reason did n approve (1 & :5 reason nev] comm&$ any ?+1 b :at ^! ( _! own accord 7 will+ to p]=m2 ?is happy composure1 ?is p]fect & complete h>mony ( s\l1 con/itut$ t virtue :i* 9 _! language is express$ by a ^w :i* we commonly translate temp]ance1 b :i* might m prop]ly be translat$ good temp]1 or sobriety & mod]ation ( m9d4 ,ju/ice1 ! la/ & greate/ ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 took place1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 :5 ea* ( ^? ?ree faculties ( ! m9d conf9$ itself to its prop] (fice1 )\t attempt+ to encroa* ^u t ( any o!r2 :5 reason direct$ & passion obey$1 & :5 ea* passion p]=m$ its prop] duty1 & ex]t$ itself t[>ds its prop] object easily & )\t reluctance1 & ) t degree ( =ce & en]gy1 :i* 0 suitable to ! value ( :at x pursu$4 ,9 ?is consi/$ t complete virtue1 t p]fect propriety ( conduct1 :i* ,plato1 aft] "s ( ! anci5t ,py?agoreans1 d5om9at$ ,ju/ice4 ,! ^w1 x is to be obs]v$1 :i* expresses ju/ice 9 ! ,greek language1 has sev]al diff]5t mean+s2 & z ! correspond5t ^w 9 all o!r languages1 s f> z ,i "k1 has ! same1 !re mu/ be "s natural aff9ity among ^? v>i\s significations4 ,9 "o s5se we are said to d ju/ice to our neighb\r :5 we ab/a9 f do+ him any positive h>m1 & d n directly hurt him1 ei!r 9 8 p]son1 or 9 8 e/ate1 or 9 8 reputation4 ,?is is t ju/ice :i* ,i h treat$ ( above1 ! obs]vance ( :i* may be extort$ by =ce1 & ! violation ( :i* exposes to puni%m5t4 ,9 ano!r s5se we are said n to d ju/ice to our neighb\r unless we conceive = him all t love1 respect & e/eem1 :i* 8 "*1 8 situation1 & 8 connexion ) ourselves1 r5d] suitable & prop] = u to feel1 & unless we act accord+ly4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t we are said to d inju/ice to a man ( m]it :o is connect$ ) u1 ?o' we ab/a9 f hurt+ him 9 e respect1 if we d n ex]t ourselves to s]ve him & to place him 9 t situation 9 :i* ! imp>tial spectator w\ld be pleas$ to see him4 ,! fir/ s5se ( ! ^w co9cides ) :at ,ari/otle & ! ,s*oolm5 call commutative ju/ice1 & ) :at ,grotius calls ! ju/itia expletrix1 :i* consi/s 9 ab/a9+ f :at is ano!r's1 & 9 do+ volunt>ily :atev] we c ) propriety be =c$ to d4 ,! second s5se ( ! ^w co9cides ) :at "s h call$ di/ributive ju/ice#i1 & ) ! ju/itia attributrix ( ,grotius1 :i* consi/s 9 prop] b5efic5ce1 9 ! becom+ use ( :at is our own1 & 9 ! apply+ x to ^? purposes ei!r ( *>ity or g5]osity1 to :i* x is mo/ suitable1 9 our situation1 t x %\ld be appli$4 ,9 ?is s5se ju/ice compreh5ds all ! social virtues4 ,!re is yet ano!r s5se 9 :i* ! ^w ju/ice is sometimes tak51 /ill m ext5sive ?an ei!r ( ! =m]1 ?\gh v mu* ak9 to ! la/2 & :i* runs too1 s f> z ,i "k1 ?r\gh all languages4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ s5se t we are said to be unju/1 :5 we d n seem to value any p>ticul> object ) t degree ( e/eem1 or to pursue x ) t degree ( ard\r :i* to ! imp>tial spectator x may appe> to des]ve or to be naturally fitt$ = excit+4 ,?us we are said to d inju/ice to a poem or a picture1 :5 we d n admire !m en\gh1 & we are said to d !m m ?an ju/ice :5 we admire !m too mu*4 ,9 ! same mann] we are said to d inju/ice to ourselves :5 we appe> n to give suffici5t att5tion to any p>ticul> object ( self-int]e/4 ,9 ?is la/ s5se1 :at is call$ ju/ice means ! same ?+ ) exact & p]fect propriety ( conduct & behavi\r1 & compreh5ds 9 x1 n only ! (fices ( bo? commutative & di/ributive ju/ice1 b ( e o!r virtue1 ( prud5ce1 ( =titude1 ( temp]ance4 ,x is 9 ?is la/ s5se t ,plato evid5tly und]/&s :at he calls ju/ice1 & :i*1 !re=e1 accord+ to him1 compreh5ds 9 x ! p]fection ( e sort ( virtue4 ,footnote #i3 ,! di/ributive ju/ice ( ,ari/otle is some:at diff]5t4 ,x consi/s 9 ! prop] di/ribution ( rew>ds f ! public /ock ( a community4 ,see ,ari/otle ,e?ic4 ,nic4 l4 #e4 c4 #b4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,plato ( ! nature ( virtue1 or ( t temp] ( m9d :i* is ! prop] object ( praise & approbation4 ,x consi/s1 accord+ to him1 9 t /ate ( m9d 9 :i* e faculty conf9es itself )9 its prop] sph]e )\t encroa*+ ^u t ( any o!r1 & p]=ms its prop] (fice ) t precise degree ( /r5g? & vig\r :i* belongs to x4 ,8 acc\nt1 x is evid5t1 co9cides 9 e respect ) :at we h said above conc]n+ ! propriety ( conduct4 ,,ii4 ,virtue1 accord+ to ,ari/otle#aj1 consi/s 9 ! habit ( m$iocrity accord+ to "r reason4 ,e p>ticul> virtue1 accord+ to him1 lies 9 a k9d ( middle betwe5 two opposite vices1 ( :i* ! "o (f5ds f be+ too mu*1 ! o!r f be+ too little affect$ by a p>ticul> species ( objects4 ,?us ! virtue ( =titude or c\rage lies 9 ! middle betwe5 ! opposite vices ( c[>dice & ( presumptu\s ra%ness1 ( :i* ! "o (f5ds f be+ too mu*1 & ! o!r f be+ too little affect$ by ! objects ( fe>4 ,?us too ! virtue ( frugality lies 9 a middle betwe5 av>ice & pr(usion1 ( :i* ! "o consi/s 9 an excess1 ! o!r 9 a defect ( ! prop] att5tion to ! objects ( self int]e/4 ,magnanimity1 9 ! same mann]1 lies 9 a middle betwe5 ! excess ( arrogance & ! defect ( pusillanimity1 ( :i* ! "o consi/s 9 too extravagant1 ! o!r 9 too weak a s5tim5t ( our own wor? & dignity4 ,x is unnecess>y to obs]ve t ?is acc\nt ( virtue corresponds too pretty exactly ) :at has be5 said above conc]n+ ! propriety & impropriety ( conduct4 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,ari/otle ,e?ic4 ,nic4 l4 #b4 c4 #e4 et seq4 et l4 #c4 c4 #e4 et seq4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle#aa1 inde$1 virtue did n s mu* consi/ 9 ^? mod]ate & "r affections1 z 9 ! habit ( ?is mod]ation4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is1 x is to be obs]v$1 t virtue may be consid]$ ei!r z ! quality ( an action1 or z ! quality ( a p]son4 ,consid]$ z ! quality ( an action1 x consi/s1 ev5 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 9 ! reasonable mod]ation ( ! affection f :i* ! action proce$s1 :e!r ?is disposition be habitual to ! p]son or n4 ,consid]$ z ! quality ( a p]son1 x consi/s 9 ! habit ( ?is reasonable mod]ation1 9 its hav+ become ! cu/om>y & usual disposition ( ! m9d4 ,?us ! action :i* proce$s f an occasional fit ( g5]osity is und\bt$ly a g5]\s action1 b ! man :o p]=ms x1 is n necess>ily a g5]\s p]son1 because x may be ! s+le action ( ! k9d :i* he ev] p]=m$4 ,! motive & disposition ( he>t1 f :i* ?is action 0 p]=m$1 may h be5 q j & prop]3 b z ?is happy mood seems to h be5 ! effect r ( accid5tal hum\r ?an ( any ?+ /eady or p]man5t 9 ! "*1 x c reflect no great hon\r on ! p]=m]4 ,:5 we d5om9ate a "* g5]\s or *>itable1 or virtu\s 9 any respect1 we mean to signify t ! disposition express$ by ea* ( ^? appellations is ! usual & cu/om>y disposition ( ! p]son4 ,b s+le actions ( any k9d1 h[ prop] & suitable soev]1 are ( little consequ5ce to %[ t ?is is ! case4 ,if a s+le action 0 suffici5t to /amp ! "* ( any virtue ^u ! p]son :o p]=m$ x1 ! mo/ wor?less ( mank9d might lay claim to all ! virtues2 s9ce !re is no man :o has n1 ^u "s occasions1 act$ ) prud5ce1 ju/ice1 temp]ance1 & =titude4 ,b ?\gh s+le actions1 h[ laudable soev]1 reflect v little praise ^u ! p]son :o p]=ms !m1 a s+le vici\s action p]=m$ by "o ^: conduct is usually v regul>1 greatly dim9i%es & sometimes de/roys altoge!r our op9ion ( 8 virtue4 ,a s+le action ( ?is k9d suffici5tly %[s t 8 habits are n p]fect1 & t he is less to be dep5d$ ^u1 ?an1 f ! usual tra9 ( 8 behavi\r1 we might h be5 apt to imag9e4 ,footnote #aa3 ,see ,ari/otle ,e?ic4 ,nic4 lib4 ii4 *4 #a41 #b41 #c4 & #d4 ,ari/otle too#ab1 :5 he made virtue to consi/ 9 practical habits1 _h x probably 9 8 view to oppose ! doctr9e ( ,plato1 :o seems to h be5 ( op9ion t j s5tim5ts & reasonable judgm5ts conc]n+ :at 0 fit to be done or to be avoid$1 7 alone suffici5t to con/itute ! mo/ p]fect virtue4 ,virtue1 accord+ to ,plato1 might be consid]$ z a species ( sci5ce1 & no man1 he ?\ght1 c\ld see cle>ly & demon/ratively :at 0 "r & :at 0 wrong1 & n act accord+ly4 ,passion might make u act contr>y to d\btful & unc]ta9 op9ions1 n to pla9 & evid5t judgm5ts4 ,ari/otle1 on ! contr>y1 0 ( op9ion1 t no conviction ( ! und]/&+ 0 capable ( gett+ ! bett] ( invet]ate habits1 & t good morals arose n f k b f action4 ,footnote #ab3 ,see ,ari/otle ,mag4 ,mor4 lib4 i4 *4 #a4 ,,iii4 ,accord+ to ,z5o#ac1 ! f\nd] ( ! /oical doctr9e1 e animal 0 by nature recomm5d$ to its own c>e1 & 0 end[$ ) ! pr9ciple ( self-love1 t x might endeav\r to pres]ve1 n only its exi/5ce1 b all ! diff]5t p>ts ( its nature1 9 ! be/ & mo/ p]fect /ate ( :i* !y 7 capable4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,cic]o de f9ibus1 lib4 iii4 also ,diog5es ,la]tius 9 ,z5one1 lib4 vii4 segm5t #hd4 ,! self-love ( man embrac$1 if ,i may say s1 8 body & all its diff]5t memb]s1 8 m9d & all its diff]5t faculties & p[]s1 & desir$ ! pres]vation & ma9t5ance ( !m all 9 _! be/ & mo/ p]fect condition4 ,:atev] t5d$ to support ?is /ate ( exi/5ce 01 !re=e1 by nature po9t$ out to him z fit to be *os52 & :atev] t5d$ to de/roy x1 z fit to be reject$4 ,?us heal?1 /r5g?1 agility1 & ease ( body1 z well z ! ext]nal conv5i5cies :i* c\ld promote ^!1 weal?1 p[]1 hon\rs1 ! respect & e/eem ( ^? we live )1 7 naturally po9t$ out to u z ?+s eligible1 & ( :i* ! possession 0 pref]able to ! contr>y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sickness1 infirmity1 unwield9ess1 pa9 ( body1 z well z all ! ext]nal inconv5i5cies :i* t5d$ to occasion or br+ on any ( !m1 pov]ty1 ! want ( au?ority1 ! contempt or hatr$ ( ^? we live )2 71 9 ! same mann]1 po9t$ out to u z ?+s to be %unn$ & avoid$4 ,9 ea* ( ^? two diff]5t classes ( objects !re 7 "s :i* appe>$ to be m ! objects ei!r ( *oice or rejection ?an o!rs 9 ! same class4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ class1 heal? appe>$ evid5tly pref]able to /r5g?1 & /r5g? to agility2 reputation to p[]1 & p[] to ri*es4 ,& ?us too1 9 ! second class1 sickness 0 m to be avoid$ ?an unwield9ess ( body1 ignom9y ?an pov]ty1 & pov]ty ?an ! want ( au?ority4 ,virtue & ! propriety ( conduct consi/$ 9 *oos+ & reject+ all diff]5t objects & circum/ances accord+ z !y 7 by nature r5d]$ m or less ! objects ( *oice or rejection2 9 select+ always f among ! sev]al objects ( *oice pres5t$ to u1 t :i* 0 mo/ to be *os51 :5 we c\ld n obta9 !m all3 & 9 select+ too out ( ! sev]al objects ( rejection (f]$ to u1 t :i* 0 lea/ to be avoid$1 :5 x 0 n 9 our p[] to avoid !m all4 ,by *oos+ & reject+ ) ?is j & accurate disc]nm5t1 by ?us be/[+ ^u e object ! precise degree ( att5tion x des]v$1 accord+ to ! place :i* x held 9 ?is natural scale ( ?+s1 we ma9ta9$1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 t p]fect rectitude ( conduct :i* con/itut$ ! ess5ce ( virtue4 ,?is 0 :at !y call$ to live consi/5tly1 to live accord+ to nature1 & to obey ^? laws & directions :i* nature1 or ! ,au?or ( nature1 _h prescrib$ = our conduct4 ,s f> ! ,/oical idea ( propriety & virtue is n v diff]5t f t ( ,ari/otle & ! anci5t p]ipatetics4 ,:at *iefly di/+ui%$ ^? two sy/ems f "o ano!r 0 ! diff]5t degrees ( self-comm& :i* !y requir$4 ,! p]ipatetics all[$ ( "s degree ( p]turbation z suitable to ! weakness ( human nature1 & z useful to s imp]fect a creature z man4 ,if 8 own mis=tunes excit$ no passionate grief1 if 8 own injuries call$ =? no lively res5tm5t1 reason1 or a reg>d to ! g5]al rules :i* det]m9$ :at 0 "r & fit to be done1 w\ld commonly1 !y ?\ght1 be too weak to prompt him to avoid ! "o or to beat (f ! o!r4 ,! ,/oics1 on ! contr>y1 dem&$ ! mo/ p]fect apa?y1 & reg>d$ e emotion :i* c\ld 9 ! smalle/ degree di/urb ! tranquillity ( ! m9d1 z ! effect ( levity & folly4 ,! ,p]ipatetics seem to h ?\ght t no passion exce$$ ! b\nds ( propriety z long z ! spectator1 by ! utmo/ ef=t ( humanity1 c\ld sympa?ize ) x4 ,! ,/oics1 on ! contr>y1 appe> to h reg>d$ e passion z improp]1 :i* made any dem& ^u ! sympa?y ( ! spectator1 or requir$ him to alt] 9 any respect ! natural & ord9>y /ate ( 8 m9d1 9 ord] to keep "t ) ! vehem5ce ( its emotions4 ,a man ( virtue1 !y seem to h ?\ght1 ought n to dep5d ^u ! g5]osity ( ^? he lives ) = p>don or approbation4 ,accord+ to ! ,/oics1 e ev5t %\ld1 to a wise man1 appe> indiff]5t1 & :at = its own sake c\ld be ! object nei!r ( desire1 nor av]sion1 nei!r ( joy1 nor sorr[4 ,if he pref]r$ "s ev5ts to o!rs1 if "s situations 7 ! objects ( 8 *oice1 & o!rs ( 8 rejection1#ad x 0 n1 because he reg>d$ ! "o z1 9 !mselves1 9 any respect bett] ?an ! o!r1 or ?\ght t 8 own happ9ess w\ld be m complete 91 :at is call$1 ! =tunate1 ?an 9 :at is commonly reg>d$ z ! di/ressful situation2 b because ! propriety ( action1 ! rule :i* ! gods _h giv5 him = ! direction ( 8 conduct1 requir$ him to *oose & reject 9 ?is mann]4 ,among ! prim>y objects ( natural incl9ation1 or among ^? ?+s :i* nature _h orig9ally recomm5d$ to u z eligible1 0 ! prosp]ity1 ( our family1 ( our relations1 ( our fri5ds1 ( our c\ntry1 ( mank9d1 & ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al4 ,nature too _h taught u t z ! prosp]ity ( two 0 pref]able to t ( "o1 t ( _m or ( all mu/ be inf9itely m s4 ,t we ourselves 7 b "o1 & t consequ5tly :]ev] our prosp]ity 0 inconsi/5t ) t1 ei!r ( ! :ole1 or ( any consid]able "p ( ! :ole1 x ought1 ev5 9 our own *oice1 to yield to :at 0 s va/ly pref]able4 ,z all ! ev5ts 9 ?is _w 7 conduct$ by ! provid5ce ( a wise1 p[]ful & good ,god1 we might be assur$ t :atev] happ5$1 t5d$ to ! prosp]ity & p]fection ( ! :ole1 if we ourselves1 !re=e1 7 9 pov]ty1 9 sickness1 or 9 any o!r calamity1 we ought1 fir/ ( all1 to use our utmo/ endeav\rs1 s f> z ju/ice & our duty to o!rs w\ld all[1 to rescue ourselves f ?is disagreeable circum/ance4 ,b if aft] all we c\ld d1 we f\nd ?is impossible1 we ought to re/ satisfi$ t ! ord] & p]fection ( ! univ]se requir$ t we %\ld 9 ! mean "t cont9ue 9 ?is situation4 ,& z ! prosp]ity ( ! :ole %\ld1 ev5 to u1 appe> pref]able to s insignificant a "p z ourselves1 our situation1 :atev] x 01 ought f t mom5t to become ! object ( our *oice1 & ev5 ( our desire1 if we w\ld ma9ta9 t complete propriety & rectitude ( s5tim5t & conduct 9 :i* ! p]fection ( our nature consi/s4 ,if1 inde$1 any opportunity ( extricat+ ourselves %\ld (f]1 x became our duty to embrace x4 ,! ord] ( ! univ]se1 x 0 evid5t1 no long] requir$ our cont9uance 9 ?is situation1 & ! great director ( ! _w pla9ly call$ ^u u to leave x1 by s cle>ly po9t+ out ! road :i* we 7 to foll[4 ,x 0 ! same case ) ! adv]sity ( our relations1 our fri5ds1 our c\ntry4 ,if )\t violat+ any m sacr$ obligation1 x 0 9 our p[] to prev5t or to put an end to _! calamity1 x und\bt$ly 0 our duty to d s4 ,! propriety ( action1 ! rule :i* ,jupit] _h giv5 u = ! direction ( our conduct1 evid5tly requir$ ?is ( u4 ,b if x 0 altoge!r out ( our p[] to d ei!r1 we ought !n to consid] ?is ev5t z ! mo/ =tunate :i* c\ld possibly h happ5$3 ,because we might be assur$ t x t5d$ mo/ to ! prosp]ity & ord] ( ! :ole3 :i* 0 :at we ourselves1 if we 7 wise & equitable1 ought mo/ ( all to desire4 8,9 :at s5se1 says ,epictetus1 are "s ?+s said to be accord+ to our nature1 & o!rs contr>y to x8 ,x is 9 t s5se 9 :i* we consid] ourselves z sep>at$ & deta*$ f all o!r ?+s4 ,= ?us x may be said to be accord+ to ! nature ( ! foot to be always clean4 ,b if y consid] x z a foot1 & n z some?+ deta*$ f ! re/ ( ! body1 x mu/ behove x sometimes to trample 9 ! dirt1 & sometimes to tread ^u ?orns1 & sometimes too to be cut (f = ! sake ( ! :ole body2 & if x refuses ?is1 x is no long] a foot4 ,?us too ought we to conceive ) reg>d to ourselves4 ,:at are y8 ,a man4 ,if y consid] y\rself z some?+ sep>at$ & deta*$1 x is agreeable to y\r nature to live to old age1 to be ri*1 to be 9 heal?4 ,b if y consid] y\rself z a man1 & z a "p ( a :ole1 ^u acc\nt ( t :ole x w behoove y sometimes to be 9 sickness1 sometimes to be expos$ to ! inconv5i5cy ( a sea voyage1 sometimes to be 9 want2 & at la/1 p]haps1 to die be=e y\r "t4 ,:y !n d y compla98 ,don't y "k t by do+ s1 z ! foot ceases to be a foot1 s y cease to be a man80#ae ,footnote #ad3 ,"s ( ^! expressions s\nd a little awkw>d 9 ! ,engli% language3 !y are lit]al translations ( ! te*nical t]ms ( ! ,/oics4 ,footnote #ae3 ,arrian4 lib4 ,,ii4 c4 #e4 ,?is submission to ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 ?is entire indiff]5ce ) reg>d to :atev] conc]ns ourselves1 :5 put into ! balance ) ! int]e/ ( ! :ole1 c\ld d]ive its propriety1 x is evid5t1 f no o!r pr9ciple besides t1 ^u :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 ! propriety ( ju/ice 0 f\nd$4 ,z long z we view our own int]e/s ) our own eyes1 x is sc>ce possible t we %\ld will+ly acquiesce 9 _! be+ ?us sacrific$ to ! int]e/s ( ! :ole4 ,x is only :5 we view ^? opposite int]e/s ) ! eyes ( o!rs1 t :at conc]ns ourselves c appe> to be s contemptible 9 ! comp>ison1 z to be resign$ )\t any reluctance4 ,to e body b ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 no?+ c appe> m agreeable to reason & propriety ?an t ! "p %\ld give place to ! :ole4 ,b :at is agreeable to ! reason ( all o!r m51 ought n to appe> contr>y to 84 ,he himself !re=e ought to approve ( ?is sacrifice1 & ackn[l$ge its con=mity to reason4 ,b all ! affections ( a wise man1 accord+ to ! /oics1 are p]fectly agreeable to reason & propriety1 & ( _! own accord co9cide ) :atev] ^! rul+ pr9ciples prescribe4 ,a wise man1 !re=e1 c\ld nev] feel any reluctance to comply ) ?is disposition ( ?+s4 ,,iv4 ,besides ^! anci5t1 !re are "s mod]n sy/ems1 accord+ to :i* virtue consi/s 9 propriety2 or 9 ! suitabl5ess ( ! affection f :i* we act1 to ! cause or object :i* excites x4 ,! sy/em ( ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 :i* places virtue 9 act+ accord+ to ! relations ( ?+s1 9 regulat+ our conduct accord+ to ! fitness or incongruity :i* !re may be 9 ! application ( c]ta9 actions to c]ta9 ?+s1 or to c]ta9 relations3 ,t ( ,mr4 ,woola/on1 :i* places x 9 act+ accord+ to ! tru? ( ?+s1 accord+ to _! prop] nature & ess5ce1 or 9 treat+ !m z :at !y really are1 & n z :at !y are n3 t ( my "l ,%aftesbury1 :i* places x 9 ma9ta9+ a prop] balance ( ! affections1 & 9 all[+ no passion to g beyond its prop] sph]e2 are all ( !m m or less inaccurate descriptions ( ! same fundam5tal idea4 ,! description ( virtue :i* is ei!r giv51 or at lea/ meant & int5d$ to be giv5 9 ea* ( ^? sy/ems1 = "s ( ! mod]n au?ors are n v =tunate 9 _! mann] ( express+ !mselves1 is no d\bt q j1 s f> z x goes4 ,!re is no virtue )\t propriety1 & :]ev] !re is propriety1 "s degree ( approbation is due4 ,b /ill ?is description is imp]fect4 ,= ?\gh propriety is an ess5tial +r$i5t 9 e virtu\s action1 x is n always ! sole +r$i5t4 ,b5efic5t actions h 9 !m ano!r quality by :i* !y appe> n only to des]ve approbation b recomp5se4 ,none ( ^? sy/ems acc\nt ei!r easily or suffici5tly = t sup]ior degree ( e/eem :i* seems due to su* actions1 or = t div]sity ( s5tim5t :i* !y naturally excite4 ,nei!r is ! description ( vice m complete4 ,= 9 ! same mann]1 ?\gh impropriety is a necess>y +r$i5t 9 e vici\s action1 x is n always ! sole +r$i5t1 & !re is (t5 ! highe/ degree ( absurdity & impropriety 9 v h>mless & insignificant actions4 ,delib]ate actions1 ( a p]nici\s t5d5cy to ^? we live )1 h1 besides _! impropriety1 a peculi> quality ( _! own by :i* !y appe> to des]ve1 n only disapprobation1 b puni%m5t2 & to be ! objects1 n ( dislike m]ely1 b ( res5tm5t & rev5ge3 & none ( ^? sy/ems easily & suffici5tly acc\nt = t sup]ior degree ( dete/ation :i* we feel = su* actions4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 prud5ce4 ,! mo/ anci5t ( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 prud5ce1 & ( :i* any consid]able rema9s h come d[n to u1 is t ( ,epicurus1 :o is said1 h[ev]1 to h borr[$ all ! lead+ pr9ciples ( 8 philosophy1 f "s ( ^? :o _h gone be=e him1 p>ticul>ly ,f ,ari/ippus2 ?\gh x is v probable1 not)/&+ ?is allegation ( 8 enemies1 t at lea/ 8 mann] ( apply+ ^? pr9ciples 0 altoge!r 8 own4 ,accord+ to ,epicurus1#af bodily pleasure & pa9 7 ! sole ultimate objects ( natural desire & av]sion4 ,t !y 7 always ! natural objects ( ^? passions1 he ?\ght requir$ no pro(4 ,pleasure might1 inde$1 appe> sometimes to be avoid$2 n1 h[ev]1 because x 0 pleasure1 b because1 by ! enjoym5t ( x1 we %\ld ei!r =feit "s great] pleasure1 or expose ourselves to "s pa9 t 0 m to be avoid$ ?an ?is pleasure 0 to be desir$4 ,pa91 9 ! same mann]1 might appe> sometimes to be eligible2 n1 h[ev]1 because x 0 pa91 b because by endur+ x we might ei!r avoid a /ill great] pa91 or acquire "s pleasure ( mu* m importance4 ,t bodily pa9 & pleasure1 !re=e1 7 always ! natural objects ( desire & av]sion1 01 he ?\ght1 abundantly evid5t4 ,nor 0 x less s1 he imag9$1 t !y 7 ! sole ultimate objects ( ^? passions4 ,:atev] else 0 ei!r desir$ or avoid$ 0 s1 accord+ to him1 ^u acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to produce "o or o!r ( ^? s5sations4 ,! t5d5cy to procure pleasure r5d]$ p[] & ri*es desirable1 z ! contr>y t5d5cy to produce pa9 made pov]ty & insignificancy ! objects ( av]sion4 ,hon\r & reputation 7 valu$1 because ! e/eem & love ( ^? we live ) 7 ( ! greate/ consequ5ce bo? to procure pleasure & to def5d u f pa94 ,ignom9y & bad fame1 on ! contr>y1 7 to be avoid$1 because ! hatr$1 contempt1 & res5tm5t ( ^? we liv$ ) de/roy$ all security1 & necess>ily expos$ u to ! greate/ bodily evils4 ,footnote #af3 ,see ,cic]o de f9ibus1 lib4 i4 ,diog5es ,la]t4 #a4 x4 ,all ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d 71 accord+ to ,epicurus1 ultimately d]iv$ f ^? ( ! body4 ,! m9d 0 happy :5 x ?\ght ( ! pa/ pleasures ( ! body1 & hop$ = o!rs to come3 & x 0 mis]able :5 x ?\ght ( ! pa9s :i* ! body _h =m]ly endur$1 & dread$ ! same or great] !reaft]4 ,b ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! m9d1 ?\gh ultimately d]iv$ f ^? ( ! body1 7 va/ly great] ?an _! orig9als4 ,! body felt only ! s5sation ( ! pres5t in/ant1 :]eas ! m9d felt also ! pa/ & ! future1 ! "o by remembrance1 ! o!r by anticipation1 & consequ5tly bo? suff]$ & enjoy$ mu* m4 ,:5 we are "u ! greate/ bodily pa91 he obs]v$1 we %all always f9d1 if we att5d to x1 t x is n ! suff]+ ( ! pres5t in/ant :i* *iefly torm5ts u1 b ei!r ! agoniz+ remembrance ( ! pa/1 or ! yet m horrible dread ( ! future4 ,! pa9 ( ea* in/ant1 consid]$ by itself1 & cut (f f all t goes be=e & all t comes aft] x1 is a trifle n wor? ! reg>d+4 ,yet ?is is all :i* ! body c ev] be said to suff]4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5 we enjoy ! greate/ pleasure1 we %all always f9d t ! bodily s5sation1 ! s5sation ( ! pres5t in/ant makes b a small "p ( our happ9ess1 t our enjoym5t *iefly arises ei!r f ! *e>ful recollection ( ! pa/1 or ! /ill m joy\s anticipation ( ! future1 & t ! m9d always contributes by mu* ! l>ge/ %>e ( ! ent]ta9m5t4 ,s9ce our happ9ess & mis]y1 !re=e1 dep5d$ *iefly on ! m9d1 if ?is "p ( our nature 0 well dispos$1 if our ?\ghts & op9ions 7 z !y %\ld be1 x 0 ( little importance 9 :at mann] our body 0 affect$4 ,?\gh "u great bodily pa91 we might /ill enjoy a consid]able %>e ( happ9ess1 if our reason & judgm5t ma9ta9$ _! sup]iority4 ,we might ent]ta9 ourselves ) ! remembrance ( pa/1 & ) ! hopes ( future pleasure2 we might s(t5 ! rig\r ( our pa9s1 by recollect+ :at x 0 :i*1 ev5 9 ?is situation1 we 7 "u any necessity ( suff]+4 ,t ?is 0 m]ely ! bodily s5sation1 ! pa9 ( ! pres5t in/ant1 :i* by itself c\ld nev] be v great4 ,t :atev] agony we suff]$ f ! dread ( its cont9uance 0 ! effect ( an op9ion ( ! m9d1 :i* might be correct$ by ju/] s5tim5ts2 by consid]+ t1 if our pa9s 7 viol5t1 !y w\ld probably be ( %ort duration2 & t if !y 7 ( long cont9uance1 !y w\ld probably be mod]ate1 & admit ( _m int]vals ( ease2 & t1 at any rate1 dea? 0 always at h& & )9 call to deliv] u1 :i* z1 accord+ to him1 x put an end to all s5sation1 ei!r ( pa9 or pleasure1 c\ld n be reg>d$ z an evil4 ,:5 we are1 said he1 dea? is n2 & :5 dea? is1 we are n2 dea? !re=e c be no?+ to u4 ,if ! actual s5sation ( positive pa9 0 9 itself s little to be fe>$1 t ( pleasure 0 /ill less to be desir$4 ,naturally ! s5sation ( pleasure 0 mu* less pung5t ?an t ( pa94 ,if1 !re=e1 ?is la/ c\ld take s v little f ! happ9ess ( a well-dispos$ m9d1 ! o!r c\ld add sc>ce any ?+ to x4 ,:5 ! body 0 free f pa9 & ! m9d f fe> & anxiety1 ! sup]add$ s5sation ( bodily pleasure c\ld be ( v little importance2 & ?\gh x might div]sify1 c\ld n be prop]ly be said to increase ! happ9ess ( ?is situation4 ,9 ease ( body1 !re=e1 & 9 security or tranquillity ( m9d1 consi/$1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 ! mo/ p]fect /ate ( human nature1 ! mo/ complete happ9ess :i* man 0 capable ( enjoy+4 ,to obta9 ?is great end ( natural desire 0 ! sole object ( all ! virtues1 :i*1 accord+ to him1 7 n desirable ^u _! own acc\nt1 b ^u acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to br+ ab\t ?is situation4 ,prud5ce1 = example1 ?\gh accord+ to ?is philosophy1 ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( all ! virtues1 0 n desirable ^u its own acc\nt4 ,t c>eful & labori\s & circumspect /ate ( m9d1 ev] wat*ful & ev] att5tive to ! mo/ di/ant consequ5ces ( e action1 c\ld n be a ?+ pleasant or agreeable = its own sake1 b ^u acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to procure ! greate/ goods & to keep (f ! greate/ evils4 ,to ab/a9 f pleasure too1 to curb & re/ra9 our natural passions = enjoym5t1 :i* 0 ! (fice ( temp]ance1 c\ld nev] be desirable = its own sake4 ,! :ole value ( ?is virtue arose f its utility1 f its enabl+ u to po/pone ! pres5t enjoym5t = ! sake ( a great] to come1 or to avoid a great] pa9 t might ensue f x4 ,temp]ance1 9 %ort1 0 no?+ b prud5ce ) reg>d to pleasure4 ,to support lab\r1 to endure pa91 to be expos$ to dang] or to dea?1 ! situations :i* =titude w\ld (t5 lead u into1 7 surely /ill less ! objects ( natural desire4 ,!y 7 *os5 only to avoid great] evils4 ,we submitt$ to lab\r1 9 ord] to avoid ! great] %ame & pa9 ( pov]ty1 & we expos$ ourselves to dang] & to dea? 9 def5ce ( our lib]ty & prop]ty1 ! means & in/rum5ts ( pleasure & happ9ess2 or 9 def5ce ( our c\ntry1 9 ! safety ( :i* our own 0 necess>ily compreh5d$4 ,=titude enabl$ u to d all ?is *e>fully1 z ! be/ :i*1 9 our pres5t situation1 c\ld possibly be done1 & 0 9 reality no m ?an prud5ce1 good judgm5t1 & pres5ce ( m9d 9 prop]ly appreciat+ pa91 lab\r1 & dang]1 always *oos+ ! less 9 ord] to avoid ! great]4 ,x is ! same case ) ju/ice4 ,to ab/a9 f :at is ano!rs 0 n desirable on its own acc\nt1 & x c\ld n surely be bett] = y1 t ,i %\ld possess :at is my own1 ?an t y %\ld possess x4 ,y ought h[ev]1 to ab/a9 f :atev] belongs to me1 because by do+ o!rwise y w provoke ! res5tm5t & indignation ( mank9d4 ,! security & tranquillity ( y\r m9d w be entirely de/roy$4 ,y w be fill$ ) fe> & con/]nation at ! ?\ght ( t puni%m5t :i* y w imag9e t m5 are at all times ready to inflict ^u y1 & f :i* no p[]1 no art1 no concealm5t1 w ev]1 9 y\r own fancy1 be suffici5t to protect y4 ,t o!r species ( ju/ice :i* consi/s 9 do+ prop] good (fices to diff]5t p]sons1 accord+ to ! v>i\s relations ( neighb\rs1 k9sm51 fri5ds1 b5efactors1 sup]iors1 or equals1 :i* !y may /& 9 to u1 is recomm5d$ by ! same reasons4 ,to act prop]ly 9 all ^! diff]5t relations procures u ! e/eem & love ( ^? we live )2 z to d o!rwise excites _! contempt & hatr$4 ,by ! "o we naturally secure1 by ! o!r we necess>ily endang] our own ease & tranquillity1 ! great & ultimate objects ( all our desires4 ,! :ole virtue ( ju/ice1 !re=e1 ! mo/ important ( all ! virtues1 is no m ?an discreet & prud5t conduct ) reg>d to our neighb\rs4 ,su* is ! doctr9e ( ,epicurus conc]n+ ! nature ( virtue4 ,x may seem extraord9>y t ?is philosoph]1 :o is describ$ z a p]son ( ! mo/ amiable mann]s1 %\ld nev] h obs]v$1 t1 :atev] may be ! t5d5cy ( ^? virtues1 or ( ! contr>y vices1 ) reg>d to our bodily ease & security1 ! s5tim5ts :i* !y naturally excite 9 o!rs are ! objects ( a mu* m passionate desire or av]sion ?an all _! o!r consequ5ces2 ,t to be amiable1 to be respectable1 to be ! prop] object ( e/eem1 is by e well-dispos$ m9d m valu$ ?an all ! ease & security :i* love1 respect1 & e/eem c procure u2 ,t1 on ! contr>y1 to be odi\s1 to be contemptible1 to be ! prop] object ( indignation1 is m dreadful ?an all t we c suff] 9 our body f hatr$1 contempt1 or indignation2 & t consequ5tly our desire ( ! "o "*1 & our av]sion to ! o!r1 _c arise f any reg>d to ! effects :i* ei!r ( !m is likely to produce ^u ! body4 ,?is sy/em is1 no d\bt1 altoge!r inconsi/5t ) t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%4 ,x is n difficult1 h[ev]1 to discov] f :at phasis1 if ,i may say s1 f :at p>ticul> view or aspect ( nature1 ?is acc\nt ( ?+s d]ives its probability4 ,by ! wise contrivance ( ! ,au?or ( nature1 virtue is ^u all ord9>y occasions1 ev5 ) reg>d to ?is life1 real wisdom1 & ! sure/ & readie/ means ( obta9+ bo? safety & advantage4 ,our success or disappo9tm5t 9 our und]tak+s mu/ v mu* dep5d ^u ! good or bad op9ion :i* is commonly ent]ta9$ ( u1 & ^u ! g5]al disposition ( ^? we live )1 ei!r to assi/ or to oppose u4 ,b ! be/1 ! sure/1 ! easie/1 & ! readie/ way ( obta9+ ! advantage\s & ( avoid+ ! unfav\rable judgm5ts ( o!rs1 is und\bt$ly to r5d] ourselves ! prop] objects ( ! =m] & n ( ! latt]4 8,d y desire1 said ,socrates1 ! reputation ( a good musician8 ,! only sure way ( obta9+ x1 is to become a good musician4 ,w\ld y desire 9 ! same mann] to be ?\ght capable ( s]v+ y\r c\ntry ei!r z a g5]al or z a /atesman8 ,! be/ way 9 ?is case too is really to acquire ! art & exp]i5ce ( w> & gov]nm5t1 & to become really fit to be a g5]al or a /atesman4 ,& 9 ! same mann] if y w\ld be reckon$ sob]1 temp]ate1 j1 & equitable1 ! be/ way ( acquir+ ?is reputation is to become sob]1 temp]ate1 j1 & equitable4 ,if y c really r5d] y\rself amiable1 respectable1 & ! prop] object ( e/eem1 !re is no fe> ( y\r n soon acquir+ ! love1 ! respect1 & e/eem ( ^? y live )40 ,s9ce ! practice ( virtue1 !re=e1 is 9 g5]al s advantage\s1 & t ( vice s contr>y to our int]e/1 ! consid]ation ( ^? opposite t5d5cies und\bt$ly /amps an additional beauty & propriety ^u ! "o1 & a new de=mity & impropriety ^u ! o!r4 ,temp]ance1 magnanimity1 ju/ice1 & b5efic5ce1 come ?us to be approv$ (1 n only "u _! prop] *>act]s1 b "u ! additional "* ( ! highe/ wisdom & mo/ real prud5ce4 ,& 9 ! same mann] ! contr>y vices ( intemp]ance1 pusillanimity1 inju/ice1 & ei!r malevol5ce or sordid selfi%ness1 come to be disapprov$ (1 n only "u _! prop] *>act]s1 b "u ! additional "* ( ! mo/ %ort-sight$ folly & weakness4 ,epicurus appe>s 9 e virtue to h att5d$ to ?is species ( propriety only4 ,x is t :i* is mo/ apt to occur to ^? :o are endeav\r+ to p]suade o!rs to regul>ity ( conduct4 ,:5 m5 by _! practice1 & p]haps too by _! maxims1 manife/ly %[ t ! natural beauty ( virtue is n l to h mu* effect ^u !m1 h[ is x possible to move !m b by repres5t+ ! folly ( _! conduct1 & h[ mu* !y !mselves are 9 ! end likely to suff] by x8 ,by runn+ up all ! diff]5t virtues too to ?is "o species ( propriety1 ,epicurus indulg$ a prop5sity1 :i* is natural to all m51 b :i* philosoph]s 9 p>ticul> are apt to cultivate ) a peculi> fondness1 z ! great means ( display+ _! +5uity1 ! prop5sity to acc\nt = all appe>ances f z few pr9ciples z possible4 ,& he1 no d\bt1 indulg$ ?is prop5sity /ill fur!r1 :5 he ref]r$ all ! prim>y objects ( natural desire & av]sion to ! pleasures & pa9s ( ! body4 ,! great patron ( ! atomical philosophy1 :o took s mu* pleasure 9 d$uc+ all ! p[]s & qualities ( bodies f ! mo/ obvi\s & famili>1 ! figure1 motion1 & arrangem5t ( ! small p>ts ( matt]1 felt no d\bt a simil> satisfaction1 :5 he acc\nt$1 9 ! same mann]1 = all ! s5tim5ts & passions ( ! m9d f ^? :i* are mo/ obvi\s & famili>4 ,! sy/em ( ,epicurus agre$ ) ^? ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,z5o1 9 mak+ virtue consi/ 9 act+ 9 ! mo/ suitable mann] to obta9 ! #agprim>y objects ( natural desire4 ,x diff]$ f all ( !m 9 two o!r respects2 fir/1 9 ! acc\nt :i* x gave ( ^? prim>y objects ( natural desire2 & secondly1 9 ! acc\nt :i* x gave ( ! excell5ce ( virtue1 or ( ! reason :y t quality ought to be e/eem$4 ,footnote #ag3 ,prima natur4 ,! prim>y objects ( natural desire consi/$1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 9 bodily pleasure & pa91 & 9 no?+ else :]eas1 accord+ to ! o!r ?ree philosoph]s1 !re 7 _m o!r objects1 su* z k1 su* z ! happ9ess ( our relations1 ( our fri5ds1 ( our c\ntry1 :i* 7 ultimately desirable = _! own sakes4 ,virtue too1 accord+ to ,epicurus1 did n des]ve to be pursu$ = its own sake1 nor 0 itself "o ( ! ultimate objects ( natural appetite1 b 0 eligible only ^u acc\nt ( its t5d5cy to prev5t pa9 & to procure ease & pleasure4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! o!r ?ree1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 desirable1 n m]ely z ! means ( procur+ ! o!r prim>y objects ( natural desire1 b z some?+ :i* 0 9 itself m valuable ?an !m all4 ,man1 !y ?\ght1 be+ born = action1 8 happ9ess mu/ consi/1 n m]ely 9 ! agreeabl5ess ( 8 passive s5sations1 b also 9 ! propriety ( 8 active ex]tions4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make virtue consi/ 9 b5evol5ce4 ,! sy/em :i* makes virtue consi/ 9 b5evol5ce1 ?\gh ,i ?9k n s anci5t z all ( ^? :i* ,i h already giv5 an acc\nt (1 is1 h[ev]1 ( v great antiquity4 ,x seems to h be5 ! doctr9e ( ! great] "p ( ^? philosoph]s :o1 ab\t & aft] ! age ( ,augu/us1 call$ !mselves ,eclectics1 :o pret5d$ to foll[ *iefly ! op9ions ( ,plato & ,py?agoras1 & :o ^u t acc\nt are commonly kn[n by ! "n ( ! lat] ,platoni/s4 ,9 ! div9e nature1 accord+ to ^! au?ors1 b5evol5ce or love 0 ! sole pr9ciple ( action1 & direct$ ! ex]tion ( all ! o!r attributes4 ,! wisdom ( ! ,deity 0 employ$ 9 f9d+ out ! means = br++ ab\t ^? ends :i* 8 goodness sugge/$1 z 8 inf9ite p[] 0 ex]t$ to execute !m4 ,b5evol5ce1 h[ev]1 0 /ill ! supreme & gov]n+ attribute1 to :i* ! o!rs 7 subs]vi5t1 & f :i* ! :ole excell5cy1 or ! :ole morality1 if ,i may be all[$ su* an expression1 ( ! div9e op]ations1 0 ultimately d]iv$4 ,! :ole p]fection & virtue ( ! human m9d consi/$ 9 "s resemblance or p>ticipation ( ! div9e p]fections1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 be+ fill$ ) ! same pr9ciple ( b5evol5ce & love :i* influ5c$ all ! actions ( ! deity4 ,! actions ( m5 :i* fl[$ f ?is motive 7 alone truly praise-wor?y1 or c\ld claim any m]it 9 ! sight ( ! deity4 ,x 0 by actions ( *>ity & love only t we c\ld imitate1 z became u1 ! conduct ( ,god1 t we c\ld express our humble & dev\t admiration ( 8 inf9ite p]fections1 t by fo/]+ 9 our own m9ds ! same div9e pr9ciple1 we c\ld br+ our own affections to a great] resemblance ) 8 holy attributes1 & !reby become m prop] objects ( 8 love & e/eem2 till at la/ we arriv$ at t imm$iate conv]se & communication ) ! deity to :i* x 0 ! great object ( ?is philosophy to raise u4 ,?is sy/em1 z x 0 mu* e/eem$ by _m anci5t fa!rs ( ! *ri/ian *ur*1 s aft] ! re=mation x 0 adopt$ by sev]al div9es ( ! mo/ em95t piety & le>n+1 & ( ! mo/ amiable mann]s2 p>ticul>ly1 by ,dr4 ,ralph ,cudwor?1 by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,m1 & by ,mr4 ,john ,smi? ( ,cambridge4 ,b ( all ! patrons ( ?is sy/em1 anci5t or mod]n1 ! late ,dr4 ,hut*eson1 0 und\bt$ly beyond all comp>ison1 ! mo/ acute1 ! mo/ di/9ct1 ! mo/ philosophical1 & :at is ( ! greate/ consequ5ce ( all1 ! sob]e/ & mo/ judici\s4 ,t virtue consi/s 9 b5evol5ce is a notion support$ by _m appe>ances 9 human nature4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ already t prop] b5evol5ce is ! mo/ graceful & agreeable ( all ! affections1 t x is recomm5d$ to u by a d\ble sympa?y1 t z its t5d5cy is necess>ily b5efic5t1 x is ! prop] object ( gratitude & rew>d1 & t ^u all ^! acc\nts x appe>s to our natural s5tim5ts to possess a m]it sup]ior to any o!r4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ too t ev5 ! weakness ( b5evol5ce are n v disagreeable to u1 :]eas ^? ( e o!r passion are always extremely disgu/+4 ,:o does n abhor excessive malice1 excessive selfi%ness1 or excessive res5tm5t8 ,b ! mo/ excessive indulg5ce ev5 ( p>tial fri5d%ip is n s (f5sive4 ,x is ! b5evol5t passions only :i* c ex]t !mselves )\t any reg>d or att5tion to propriety1 & yet reta9 some?+ ab\t !m :i* is engag+4 ,!re is some?+ pleas+ ev5 9 m]e in/9ctive good-w :i* goes on to d good (fices )\t once reflect+ :e!r by ?is conduct x is ! prop] object ei!r ( blame or approbation4 ,x is n s ) ! o!r passions4 ,! mom5t !y are des]t$1 ! mom5t !y are unaccompani$ by ! s5se ( propriety1 !y cease to be agreeable4 ,z b5evol5ce be/[s ^u ^? actions :i* proce$ f x1 a beauty sup]ior to all o!rs1 s ! want ( x1 & mu* m ! contr>y incl9ation1 communicates a peculi> de=mity to :atev] evid5ces su* a disposition4 ,p]nici\s actions are (t5 puni%able = no o!r reason ?an because !y %[ a want ( suffici5t att5tion to ! happ9ess ( our neighb\r4 ,besides all ?is1 ,dr4 ,hut*eson#ah obs]v$1 t :5ev] 9 any action1 suppos$ to proce$ f b5evol5t affections1 "s o!r motive _h be5 discov]$1 our s5se ( ! m]it ( ?is action 0 j s f> dim9i%$ z ?is motive 0 believ$ to h influ5c$ x4 ,if an action1 suppos$ to proce$1 f gratitude1 %\ld be discov]$ to h aris5 f an expectation ( "s new fav\r1 or if :at 0 appreh5d$ to proce$ f public _s1 %\ld be f\nd out to h tak5 its orig9 f ! hope ( a pecuni>y rew>d1 su* a discov]y w\ld entirely de/roy all notion ( m]it or praise-wor?9ess 9 ei!r ( ^! actions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 ! mixture ( any selfi% motive1 l t ( a base alloy1 dim9i%$ or took away altoge!r ! m]it :i* w\ld o!rwise h belong$ to any action1 x 0 evid5t1 he imag9$1 t virtue mu/ consi/ 9 pure & dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce alone4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see ,inquiry conc]n+ virtue1 sect4 #a4 & #b4 ,:5 ^? actions1 on ! contr>y1 :i* are commonly suppos$ to proce$ f a selfi% motive1 are discov]$ to h aris5 f a b5evol5t "o1 x greatly enhances our s5se ( _! m]it4 ,if we believ$ ( any p]son t he endeav\r$ to advance 8 =tune f no o!r view b t ( do+ fri5dly (fices1 & ( mak+ prop] returns to 8 b5efactors1 we %\ld only love & e/eem him ! m4 ,& ?is obs]vation seem$ /ill m to confirm ! conclusion1 t x 0 b5evol5ce only :i* c\ld /amp ^u any action ! "* ( virtue4 ,la/ ( all1 :at1 he imag9$1 0 an evid5t pro( ( ! ju/ness ( ?is acc\nt ( virtue1 9 all ! disputes ( casui/s conc]n+ ! rectitude ( conduct1 ! public good1 he obs]v$1 0 ! /&>d to :i* !y con/antly ref]r$2 !reby univ]sally ackn[l$g+ t :atev] t5d$ to promote ! happ9ess ( mank9d 0 "r & laudable & virtu\s1 & ! contr>y1 wrong1 blameable1 & vici\s4 ,9 ! late debates ab\t passive ob$i5ce & ! "r ( resi/ance1 ! sole po9t 9 controv]sy among m5 ( s5se 01 :e!r univ]sal submission w\ld probably be att5d$ ) great] evils ?an tempor>y insurrections :5 privileges 7 invad$4 ,:e!r :at1 ^u ! :ole1 t5d$ mo/ to ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 0 n also morally good1 0 nev] once1 he said1 made a "q4 ,s9ce b5evol5ce1 !re=e1 0 ! only motive :i* c\ld be/[ ^u any action ! "* ( virtue1 ! great] ! b5evol5ce :i* 0 evid5c$ by any action1 ! great] ! praise :i* mu/ belong to x4 ,^? actions :i* aim$ at ! happ9ess ( a great community1 z !y demon/rat$ a m enl>g$ b5evol5ce ?an ^? :i* aim$ only at t ( a small] sy/em1 s 7 !y1 likewise1 proportionally ! m virtu\s4 ,! mo/ virtu\s ( all affections1 !re=e1 0 t :i* embrac$ z its object ! happ9ess ( all intellig5t be+s4 ,! lead virtu\s1 on ! contr>y1 ( ^? to :i* ! "* ( virtue c\ld 9 any respect belong1 0 t :i* aim$ no fur!r ?an at ! happ9ess ( an individual1 su* z a son1 a bro!r1 a fri5d4 ,9 direct+ all our actions to promote ! greate/ possible good1 9 submitt+ all inf]ior affections to ! desire ( ! g5]al happ9ess ( mank9d1 9 reg>d+ ones self b z "o ( ! _m1 ^: prosp]ity 0 to be pursu$ no fur!r ?an x 0 consi/5t )1 or conducive to t ( ! :ole1 consi/$ ! p]fection ( virtue4 ,self-love 0 a pr9ciple :i* c\ld nev] be virtu\s 9 any degree or 9 any direction4 ,x 0 vici\s :5ev] x ob/ruct$ ! g5]al good4 ,:5 x _h no o!r effect ?an to make ! individual take c>e ( 8 own happ9ess1 x 0 m]ely innoc5t1 & ?o' x des]v$ no praise1 nei!r ought x to incur any blame4 ,^? b5evol5t actions :i* 7 p]=m$1 not)/&+ "s /rong motive f self-int]e/1 7 ! m virtu\s ^u t acc\nt4 ,!y demon/rat$ ! /r5g? & vig\r ( ! b5evol5t pr9ciple4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson#ai 0 s f> f all[+ self-love to be 9 any case a motive ( virtu\s actions1 t ev5 a reg>d to ! pleasure ( self-approbation1 to ! com=table applause ( our own consci5ces1 accord+ to him1 dim9i%$ ! m]it ( a b5evol5t action4 ,?is 0 a selfi% motive1 he ?\ght1 :i*1 s f> z x contribut$ to any action1 demon/rat$ ! weakness ( t pure & dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce :i* c\ld alone /amp ^u ! conduct ( man ! "* ( virtue4 ,9 ! common judgm5ts ( mank9d1 h[ev]1 ?is reg>d to ! approbation ( our own m9ds is s f> f be+ consid]$ z :at c 9 any respect dim9i% ! virtue ( any action1 t x is r look$ ^u z ! sole motive :i* des]ves ! appellation ( virtu\s4 ,footnote #ai3 ,inquiry conc]n+ virtue1 sect #b4 art4 #d4 also illu/rations on ! moral s5se1 sect4 #e4 la/ p>agraph4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue 9 ?is amiable sy/em1 a sy/em :i* has a peculi> t5d5cy to n\ri% & support 9 ! human he>t ! noble/ & ! mo/ agreeable ( all affections1 & n only to *eck ! inju/ice ( self-love1 b 9 "s measure to disc\rage t pr9ciple altoge!r1 by repres5t+ x z :at c\ld nev] reflect any hon\r ^u ^? :o 7 influ5c$ by x4 ,z "s ( ! o!r sy/ems :i* ,i h already giv5 an acc\nt (1 d n suffici5tly expla9 f :5ce arises ! peculi> excell5cy ( ! supreme virtue ( b5efic5ce1 s ?is sy/em seems to h ! contr>y defect1 ( n suffici5tly expla9+ f :5ce arises our approbation ( ! inf]ior virtues ( prud5ce1 vigilance1 circumspection1 temp]ance1 con/ancy1 firmness4 ,! view & aim ( our affections1 ! b5efic5t & hurtful effects :i* !y t5d to produce1 are ! only qualities at all att5d$ to 9 ?is sy/em4 ,_! propriety & impropriety1 _! suitabl5ess & unsuitabl5ess1 to ! cause :i* excites !m1 are disreg>d$ altoge!r4 ,reg>d to our own private happ9ess & int]e/ too1 appe> ^u _m occasions v laudable pr9ciples ( action4 ,! habits ( conomy1 indu/ry1 discretion1 att5tion1 & application ( ?\ght1 are g5]ally suppos$ to be cultivat$ f self-int]e/$ motives1 & at ! same "t are appreh5d$ to be v praise-wor?y qualities1 :i* des]ve ! e/eem & approbation ( e body4 ,! mixture ( a selfi% motive1 x is true1 seems (t5 to sully ! beauty ( ^? actions :i* ought to arise f a b5evol5t affection4 ,! cause ( ?is1 h[ev]1 is n t self-love c nev] be ! motive ( a virtu\s action1 b t ! b5evol5t pr9ciple appe>s 9 ?is p>ticul> case to want its due degree ( /r5g?1 & to be altoge!r unsuitable to its object4 ,! "*1 !re=e1 seems evid5tly imp]fect1 & ^u ! :ole to des]ve blame r ?an praise4 ,! mixture ( a b5evol5t motive 9 an action to :i* self-love alone ought to be suffici5t to prompt u1 is n s apt inde$ to dim9i% our s5se ( its propriety1 or ( ! virtue ( ! p]son :o p]=ms x4 ,we are n ready to suspect any p]son ( be+ defective 9 selfi%ness4 ,?is is by no means ! weak side ( human nature1 or ! fail+ ( :i* we are apt to be suspici\s4 ,if we c\ld really believe1 h[ev]1 ( any man1 t1 0 x n f a reg>d to 8 family & fri5ds1 he w\ld n take t prop] c>e ( 8 heal?1 8 life1 or 8 =tune1 to :i* self-pres]vation alone ought to be suffici5t to prompt him1 x w\ld und\bt$ly be a fail+1 ?o' "o ( ^? amiable fail+s1 :i* r5d] a p]son r ! object ( pity ?an ( contempt or hatr$4 ,x w\ld /ill1 h[ev]1 some:at dim9i% ! dignity & respectabl5ess ( 8 "*4 ,c>elessness & want ( conomy are univ]sally disapprov$ (1 n1 h[ev] z proce$+ f a want ( b5evol5ce1 b f a want ( ! prop] att5tion to ! objects ( self-int]e/4 ,?\gh ! /&>d by :i* casui/s frequ5tly det]m9e :at is "r or wrong 9 human conduct1 be its t5d5cy to ! welf>e or disord] ( society1 x does n foll[ t a reg>d to ! welf>e ( society %\ld be ! sole virtu\s motive ( action1 b only t1 9 any competition1 x ought to ca/ ! balance aga9/ all o!r motives4 ,b5evol5ce may1 p]haps1 be ! sole pr9ciple ( action 9 ! ,deity1 & !re are sev]al1 n improbable1 argum5ts :i* t5d to p]suade u t x is s4 ,x is n easy to conceive :at o!r motive an indep5d5t & all p]fect be+1 :o /&s 9 ne$ ( no?+ ext]nal1 & ^: happ9ess is complete 9 himself1 c act f4 ,b :atev] may be ! case ) ! ,deity1 s imp]fect a creature z man1 ! support ( ^: exi/5ce requires s _m ?+s ext]nal to him1 mu/ (t5 act f _m o!r motives4 ,! condition ( human nature 7 peculi>ly h>d1 if ^? affections1 :i*1 by ! v nature ( our be+1 ought frequ5tly to influ5ce our conduct1 c\ld ^u no occasion appe> virtu\s1 or des]ve e/eem & comm5dation f any body4 ,^? ?ree sy/ems1 t :i* places virtue 9 propriety1 t :i* places x 9 prud5ce1 & t :i* makes x consi/ 9 b5evol5ce1 are ! pr9cipal acc\nts :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! nature ( virtue4 ,to "o or o!r ( !m1 all ! o!r descriptions ( virtue1 h[ diff]5t soev] !y may appe>1 are easily r$ucible4 ,t sy/em :i* places virtue 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ! ,deity1 may be c\nt$ ei!r among ^? :i* make x consi/ 9 prud5ce1 or among ^? :i* make x consi/ 9 propriety4 ,:5 x is ask$1 :y we ought to obey ! w ( ! ,deity1 ?is "q1 :i* w\ld be impi\s & absurd 9 ! highe/ degree1 if ask$ f any d\bt t we ought to obey him1 c admit b ( two diff]5t answ]s4 ,x mu/ ei!r be said t we ought to obey ! w ( ! ,deity because he is a be+ ( inf9ite p[]1 :o w rew>d u et]nally if we d s1 & puni% u et]nally if we d o!rwise3 ,or x mu/ be said1 t indep5d5t ( any reg>d to our own happ9ess1 or to rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( any k9d1 !re is a congruity & fitness t a creature %\ld obey its creator1 t a limit$ & imp]fect be+ %\ld submit to "o ( inf9ite & incompreh5sible p]fections4 ,besides "o or o!r ( ^! two x is impossible to conceive t any o!r answ] c be giv5 to ?is "q4 ,if ! fir/ answ] be ! prop] "o1 virtue consi/s 9 prud5ce1 or 9 ! prop] pursuit ( our own f9al int]e/ & happ9ess2 s9ce x is ^u ?is acc\nt t we are oblig$ to obey ! w ( ! ,deity4 ,if ! second answ] be ! prop] "o1 virtue mu/ consi/ 9 propriety1 s9ce ! gr\nd ( our obligation to ob$i5ce is ! suitabl5ess or congruity ( ! s5tim5ts ( humility & submission to ! sup]iority ( ! object :i* excites !m4 ,t sy/em :i* places virtue 9 utility co9cides too ) t :i* makes x consi/ 9 propriety4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em all ^? qualities ( ! m9d :i* are agreeable or advantage\s1 ei!r to ! p]son himself or to o!rs1 are approv$ ( z virtu\s1 & ! contr>y disapprov$ ( z vici\s4 ,b ! agreeabl5ess or utility ( any affection dep5ds ^u ! degree :i* x is all[$ to subsi/ 94 ,e affection is useful :5 x is conf9$ to a c]ta9 degree ( mod]ation1 & e affection is disadvantage\s :5 x exce$s ! prop] b\nds4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em !re=e1 virtue consi/s1 n 9 any "o affection1 b 9 ! prop] degree ( all ! affections1 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 x & t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%1 is1 t x makes utility1 & n sympa?y1 or ! correspond5t affection ( ! spectator1 ! natural & orig9al measure ( ?is prop] degree4 ,,*ap4 ,,iv4 ,( lic5ti\s sy/ems4 ,all ^? sy/ems1 :i* ,i h hi!rto giv5 an acc\nt (1 suppose t !re is a real & ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 vice & virtue1 :atev] ^! qualities may consi/ 94 ,!re is a real & ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! propriety & impropriety ( any affection1 betwe5 b5evol5ce & any o!r pr9ciple ( action1 betwe5 real prud5ce & %ort-sight$ folly or precipitate ra%ness4 ,9 ! ma9 too all ( !m contribute to enc\rage ! praise-wor?y1 & to disc\rage ! blameable disposition4 ,x may be true p]haps1 ( "s ( !m1 t !y t5d1 9 "s measure1 to break ! balance ( ! affections1 & to give ! m9d a p>ticul> bias to "s pr9ciples ( action1 beyond ! proportion t is due to !m4 ,! anci5t sy/ems :i* place virtue 9 propriety1 seem *iefly to recomm5d ! great1 ! awful1 & ! respectable virtues1 ! virtues ( self-gov]nm5t & self-comm&2 =titude1 magnanimity1 indep5d5cy ^u =tune1 ! contempt ( all outw>d accid5ts1 ( pa91 pov]ty1 exile1 & dea?4 ,x is 9 ^! great ex]tions t ! noble/ propriety ( conduct is display$4 ,! s(t1 ! amiable1 ! g5tle virtues1 all ! virtues ( indulg5t humanity are1 9 comp>ison1 b little insi/$ ^u1 & seem1 on ! contr>y1 by ! ,/oics 9 p>ticul>1 to h be5 (t5 reg>d$ z m]e weaknesses :i* x behov$ a wise man n to h>b\r 9 8 brea/4 ,! b5evol5t sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 :ile x fo/]s & enc\rages all ^? mild] virtues 9 ! highe/ degree1 seems entirely to neglect ! m awful & respectable qualities ( ! m9d4 ,x ev5 d5ies !m ! appellation ( virtues4 ,x calls !m moral abilities1 & treats !m z qualities :i* d n des]ve ! same sort ( e/eem & approbation1 t is due to :at is prop]ly d5om9at$ virtue4 ,all ^? pr9ciples ( action :i* aim only at our own int]e/1 x treats1 if t be possible1 /ill worse4 ,s f> f hav+ any m]it ( _! own1 !y dim9i%1 x pret5ds1 ! m]it ( b5evol5ce1 :5 !y co-op]ate ) x3 & prud5ce1 x is ass]t$1 :5 employ$ only 9 promot+ private int]e/1 c nev] ev5 be imag9$ a virtue4 ,t sy/em1 aga91 :i* makes virtue consi/ 9 prud5ce only1 :ile x gives ! highe/ enc\ragem5t to ! habits ( caution1 vigilance1 sobriety1 & judici\s mod]ation1 seems to degrade equally bo? ! amiable & respectable virtues1 & to /rip ! =m] ( all _! beauty1 & ! latt] ( all _! gr&eur4 ,b not)/&+ ^! defects1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ea* ( ^? ?ree sy/ems is to enc\rage ! be/ & mo/ laudable habits ( ! human m9d3 & x 7 well = society1 if1 ei!r mank9d 9 g5]al1 or ev5 ^? few :o pret5d to live accord+ to any philosophical rule1 7 to regulate _! conduct by ! precepts ( any "o ( !m4 ,we may le>n f ea* ( !m some?+ t is bo? valuable & peculi>4 ,if x 0 possible1 by precept & exhortation1 to inspire ! m9d ) =titude & magnanimity1 ! anci5t sy/ems ( propriety w\ld seem suffici5t to d ?is4 ,or if x 0 possible1 by ! same means1 to s(t5 x into humanity1 & to awak5 ! affections ( k9dness & g5]al love t[>ds ^? we live )1 "s ( ! pictures ) :i* ! b5evol5t sy/em pres5ts u1 might seem capable ( produc+ ?is effect4 ,we may le>n f ! sy/em ( ,epicurus1 ?\gh und\bt$ly ! wor/ ( all ! ?ree1 h[ mu* ! practice ( bo? ! amiable & respectable virtues is conducive to our own int]e/1 to our own ease & safety & quiet ev5 9 ?is life4 ,z ,epicurus plac$ happ9ess 9 ! atta9m5t ( ease & security1 he ex]t$ himself 9 a p>ticul> mann] to %[ t virtue 01 n m]ely ! be/ & ! sure/1 b ! only means ( acquir+ ^? invaluable possessions4 ,! good effects ( virtue1 ^u our inw>d tranquility & peace ( m9d1 are :at o!r philosoph]s h *iefly celebrat$4 ,epicurus1 )\t neglect+ ?is topic1 has *iefly insi/$ ^u ! influ5ce ( t amiable quality on our outw>d prosp]ity & safety4 ,x 0 ^u ?is acc\nt t 8 writ+s 7 s mu* /udi$ 9 ! anci5t _w by m5 ( all diff]5t philosophical p>ties4 ,x is f him t ,cic]o1 ! great enemy ( ! ,epicurean sy/em1 borr[s 8 mo/ agreeable pro(s t virtue alone is suffici5t to secure happ9ess4 ,s5eca1 ?\gh a ,/oic1 ! sect mo/ opposite to t ( ,epicurus1 yet quotes ?is philosoph] m frequ5tly ?an any o!r4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s o!r sy/ems :i* seem to take away altoge!r ! di/9ction betwe5 vice & virtue1 & ( :i* ! t5d5cy is1 ^u t acc\nt1 :olly p]nici\s3 ,i mean ! sy/ems ( ! duke ( ,ro*ef\cault & ,dr4 ,m&eville4 ,?\gh ! notions ( bo? ^! au?ors are 9 almo/ e respect errone\s1 !re are1 h[ev]1 "s appe>ances 9 human nature :i*1 :5 view$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 seem at fir/ sight to fav\r !m4 ,^!1 fir/ slightly sket*$ out ) ! elegance & delicate precision ( ! duke ( ,ro*ef\cault1 & aft]w>ds m fully repres5t$ ) ! lively & humor\s1 ?\gh co>se & ru/ic eloqu5ce ( ,dr4 ,m&eville1 h ?r[n ^u _! doctr9es an air ( tru? & probability :i* is v apt to impose ^u ! unskilful4 ,dr4 ,m&eville1 ! mo/ me?odical ( ^? two au?ors1 consid]s :atev] is done f a s5se ( propriety1 f a reg>d to :at is comm5dable & praise-wor?y1 z be+ done f a love ( praise & comm5dation1 or z he calls x f vanity4 ,man1 he obs]ves1 is naturally mu* m int]e/$ 9 8 own happ9ess ?an 9 t ( o!rs1 & x is impossible t 9 8 he>t he c ev] really pref] _! prosp]ity to 8 own4 ,:5ev] he appe>s to d s1 we may be assur$ t he imposes ^u u1 & t he is !n act+ f ! same selfi% motives z at all o!r times4 ,among 8 o!r selfi% passions1 vanity is "o ( ! /ronge/1 & he is always easily flatt]$ & greatly delight$ ) ! applauses ( ^? ab\t him4 ,:5 he appe>s to sacrifice 8 own int]e/ to t ( 8 companions1 he kn[s t ?is conduct w be highly agreeable to _! self-love1 & t !y w n fail to express _! satisfaction by bell[+ ^u him ! mo/ extravagant praises4 ,! pleasure :i* he expects f ?is1 ov]-balances1 9 8 op9ion1 ! int]e/ :i* he ab&ons 9 ord] to procure x4 ,8 conduct1 !re=e1 ^u ?is occasion1 is 9 reality j z selfi%1 & arises f j z mean a motive z ^u any o!r4 ,he is flatt]$1 h[ev]1 & he flatt]s himself ) ! belief t x is entirely dis9t]e/$2 s9ce1 unless ?is 0 suppos$1 x w\ld n seem to m]it any comm5dation ei!r 9 8 own eyes or 9 ^? ( o!rs4 ,all public _s1 !re=e1 all pref]5ce ( public to private int]e/1 is1 accord+ to him a m]e *eat & imposition ^u mank9d2 & t human virtue :i* is s mu* boa/$ (1 & :i* is ! occasion ( s mu* emulation among m51 is ! m]e (fspr+ ( flatt]y begot ^u pride4 ,:e!r ! mo/ g5]\s & public-spirit$ actions may n1 9 "s s5se1 be reg>d$ z proce$+ f self-love1 ,i %all n at pres5t exam9e4 ,! decision ( ?is "q is n1 ,i appreh5d1 ( any importance t[>ds e/abli%+ ! reality ( virtue1 s9ce self-love may frequ5tly be a virtu\s motive ( action4 ,i %all only endeav\r to %[ t ! desire ( do+ :at is hon\rable & noble1 ( r5d]+ ourselves ! prop] objects ( e/eem & approbation1 _c ) any propriety be call$ vanity4 ,ev5 ! love ( well-gr\nd$ fame & reputation1 ! desire ( acquir+ e/eem by :at is really e/imable1 does n des]ve t "n4 ,! fir/ is ! love ( virtue1 ! noble/ & ! be/ passion ( human nature4 ,! second is ! love ( true glory1 a passion inf]ior no d\bt to ! =m]1 b :i* 9 dignity appe>s to come imm$iately aft] x4 ,he is guilty ( vanity :o desires praise = qualities :i* are ei!r n praise-wor?y 9 any degree1 or n 9 t degree :i* he expects to be prais$ = !m2 :o sets 8 "* ^u ! frivol\s ornam5ts ( dress & equipage1 or ! equally frivol\s accompli%m5ts ( ord9>y behavi\r4 ,he is guilty ( vanity :o desires praise = :at inde$ v well des]ves x1 b :at he p]fectly kn[s does n belong to him4 ,! empty coxcomb :o gives himself airs ( importance :i* he has no title to1 ! silly li> :o assumes ! m]it ( adv5tures :i* nev] happ5$1 ! fooli% plagi>y :o gives himself out = ! au?or ( :at he has no pret5sions to1 are prop]ly accus$ ( ?is passion4 ,he too is said to be guilty ( vanity :o is n cont5t$ ) ! sil5t s5tim5ts ( e/eem & approbation1 :o seems to be fond] ( _! noisy expressions & acclamations ?an ( ! s5tim5ts !mselves1 :o is nev] satisfi$ b :5 8 own praises are r++ 9 8 e>s1 & :o solicits ) ! mo/ anxi\s importunity all ext]nal m>ks ( respect1 is fond ( titles1 ( complim5ts1 ( be+ visit$1 ( be+ att5d$1 ( be+ tak5 notice ( 9 public places ) ! appe>ance ( def]5ce & att5tion4 ,?is frivol\s passion is altoge!r diff]5t f ei!r ( ! two =m]1 & is ! passion ( ! l[e/1 & ! lea/ ( mank9d1 z !y are ( ! noble/ & ! greate/4 ,b ?\gh ^! ?ree passions1 ! desire ( r5d]+ ourselves ! prop] objects ( hon\r & e/eem2 or ( becom+ :at is hon\rable & e/imable2 ! desire ( acquir+ hon\r & e/eem by really des]v+ ^? s5tim5ts2 & ! frivol\s desire ( praise at any rate1 are widely diff]5t2 ?\gh ! two =m] are always approv$ (1 :ile ! latt] nev] fails to be despis$2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a c]ta9 remote aff9ity among !m1 :i*1 exagg]at$ by ! humor\s & div]t+ eloqu5ce ( ?is lively au?or1 has enabl$ him to impose ^u 8 read]s4 ,!re is an aff9ity betwe5 vanity & ! love ( true glory1 z bo? ^! passions aim at acquir+ e/eem & approbation4 ,b !y are diff]5t 9 ?is1 t ! "o is a j1 reasonable1 & equitable passion1 :ile ! o!r is unju/1 absurd1 & ridicul\s4 ,! man :o desires e/eem = :at is really e/imable1 desires no?+ b :at he is ju/ly entitl$ to1 & :at _c be refus$ him )\t "s sort ( injury4 ,he1 on ! contr>y1 :o desires x ^u any o!r t]ms1 dem&s :at he has no j claim to4 ,! fir/ is easily satisfi$1 is n apt to be jeal\s or suspici\s t we d n e/eem him en\gh1 & is seldom solicit\s ab\t receiv+ _m ext]nal m>ks ( our reg>d4 ,! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 is nev] to be satisfi$1 is full ( jeal\sy & suspicion t we d n e/eem him s mu* z he desires1 because he has "s secret consci\sness t he desires m ?an he des]ves4 ,! lea/ neglect ( c]emony1 he consid]s z a mortal affront1 & z an expression ( ! mo/ det]m9$ contempt4 ,he is re/less & impati5t1 & p]petually afraid t we h lo/ all respect = him1 & is ^u ?is acc\nt always anxi\s to obta9 new expressions ( e/eem1 & _c be kept 9 temp] b by cont9ual att5dance & adulation4 ,!re is an aff9ity too betwe5 ! desire ( becom+ :at is hon\rable & e/imable1 & ! desire ( hon\r & e/eem1 betwe5 ! love ( virtue & ! love ( true glory4 ,!y resemble "o ano!r n only 9 ?is respect1 t bo? aim at really be+ :at is hon\rable & noble1 b ev5 9 t respect 9 :i* ! love ( true glory resembles :at is prop]ly call$ vanity1 "s ref]5ce to ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,! man ( ! greate/ magnanimity1 :o desires virtue = its own sake1 & is mo/ indiff]5t ab\t :at actually are ! op9ions ( mank9d ) reg>d to him1 is /ill1 h[ev]1 delight$ ) ! ?\ghts ( :at !y %\ld be1 ) ! consci\sness t ?\gh he may nei!r be hon\r$ nor applaud$1 he is /ill ! prop] object ( hon\r & applause1 & t if mank9d 7 cool & c&id & consi/5t ) !mselves1 & prop]ly in=m$ ( ! motives & circum/ances ( 8 conduct1 !y w\ld n fail to hon\r & applaud him4 ,?\gh he despises ! op9ions :i* are actually ent]ta9$ ( him1 he has ! highe/ value = ^? :i* ought to be ent]ta9$ ( him4 ,t he might ?9k himself wor?y ( ^? hon\rable s5tim5ts1 &1 :atev] 0 ! idea :i* o!r m5 might conceive ( 8 "*1 t :5 he %\ld put himself 9 _! situation1 & consid]1 n :at 01 b :at ought to be _! op9ion1 he %\ld always h ! highe/ idea ( x himself1 0 ! great & exalt$ motive ( 8 conduct4 ,z ev5 9 ! love ( virtue1 !re=e1 !re is /ill "s ref]5ce1 ?\gh n to :at is1 yet to :at 9 reason & propriety ought to be1 ! op9ion ( o!rs1 !re is ev5 9 ?is respect "s aff9ity betwe5 x1 & ! love ( true glory4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 at ! same "t1 a v great diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! man :o acts solely f a reg>d to :at is "r & fit to be done1 f a reg>d to :at is ! prop] object ( e/eem & approbation1 ?\gh ^! s5tim5ts %\ld nev] be be/[$ ^u him1 acts f ! mo/ sublime & godlike motive :i* human nature is ev5 capable ( conceiv+4 ,! man1 on ! o!r h&1 :o :ile he desires to m]it approbation is at ! same "t anxi\s to obta9 x1 ?\gh he too is laudably 9 ! ma91 yet 8 motives h a great] mixture ( human infirmity4 ,he is 9 dang] ( be+ mortifi$ by ! ignorance & inju/ice ( mank9d1 & 8 happ9ess is expos$ to ! envy ( 8 rivals1 & ! folly ( ! public4 ,! happ9ess ( ! o!r1 on ! contr>y1 is altoge!r secure & indep5d5t ( =tune1 & ( ! caprice ( ^? he lives )4 ,! contempt & hatr$ :i* may be ?r[n ^u him by ! ignorance ( mank9d1 he consid]s z n belong+ to him1 & is n at all mortifi$ by x4 ,mank9d despise & hate him f a false notion ( 8 "* & conduct4 ,if !y knew him bett]1 !y w\ld e/eem & love him4 ,x is n him :om1 prop]ly speak+1 !y hate & despise1 b ano!r p]son :om !y mi/ake him to be4 ,our fri5d1 :om we %\ld meet at a masqu]ade 9 ! g>b ( our enemy1 w\ld be m div]t$ ?an mortifi$1 if "u t disguise we %\ld v5t our indignation aga9/ him4 ,su* are ! s5tim5ts ( a man ( real magnanimity1 :5 expos$ to unju/ c5sure4 ,x seldom happ5s1 h[ev]1 t human nature arrives at ?is degree ( firmness4 ,?\gh none b ! weake/ & mo/ wor?less ( mank9d are mu* delight$ ) false glory1 yet1 by a /range inconsi/5cy1 false ignom9y is (t5 capable ( mortify+ ^? :o appe> ! mo/ resolute & det]m9$4 ,dr4 ,m&eville is n satisfi$ ) repres5t+ ! frivol\s motive ( vanity1 z ! s\rce ( all ^? actions :i* are commonly acc\nt$ virtu\s4 ,he endeav\rs to po9t out ! imp]fection ( human virtue 9 _m o!r respects4 ,9 e case1 he pret5ds1 x falls %ort ( t complete self-d5ial :i* x pret5ds to1 &1 in/ead ( a conque/1 is commonly no m ?an a conceal$ indulg5ce ( our passions4 ,:]ev] our res]ve ) reg>d to pleasure falls %ort ( ! mo/ ascetic ab/95ce1 he treats x z gross luxury & s5suality4 ,e ?+1 accord+ to him1 is luxury :i* exce$s :at is absolutely necess>y = ! support ( human nature1 s t !re is a vice ev5 9 ! use ( a clean %irt1 or ( a conv5i5t habitation4 ,! indulg5ce ( ! incl9ation to sex1 9 ! mo/ lawful union1 he consid]s z ! same s5suality ) ! mo/ hurtful gratification ( t passion1 & d]ides t temp]ance & t *a/ity :i* c be practic$ at s *eap a rate4 ,! +5i\s sophi/ry ( 8 reason+1 is "h1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 cov]$ by ! ambiguity ( language4 ,!re are "s ( our passions :i* h no o!r names except ^? :i* m>k ! disagreeable & (f5sive degree4 ,! spectator is m apt to take notice ( !m 9 ?is degree ?an 9 any o!r4 ,:5 !y %ock 8 own s5tim5ts1 :5 !y give him "s sort ( antipa?y & uneas9ess1 he is necess>ily oblig$ to att5d to !m1 & is f !nce naturally l$ to give !m a "n4 ,:5 !y fall 9 ) ! natural /ate ( 8 own m9d1 he is v apt to ov]look !m altoge!r1 & ei!r gives !m no "n at all1 or1 if he gives !m any1 x is "o :i* m>ks r ! subjection & re/ra9t ( ! passion ?an ! degree :i* x /ill is all[$ to subsi/ 91 aft] x is s subject$ & re/ra9$4 ,?us ! common names ( ! #bjlove ( pleasure1 & ( ! love ( sex1 d5ote a vici\s & (f5sive degree ( ^? passions4 ,! words temp]ance & *a/ity1 on ! o!r h&1 seem to m>k r ! re/ra9t & subjection :i* !y are kept "u1 ?an ! degree :i* !y are /ill all[$ to subsi/ 94 ,:5 he c %[1 !re=e1 t !y /ill subsi/ 9 "s degree1 he imag9es1 he has entirely demoli%$ ! reality ( ! virtues ( temp]ance & *a/ity1 & %[n !m to be m]e impositions ^u ! inatt5tion & simplicity ( mank9d4 ,^? virtues1 h[ev]1 d n require an entire ins5sibility to ! objects ( ! passions :i* !y mean to gov]n4 ,!y only aim at re/ra9+ ! viol5ce ( ^? passions s f> z n to hurt ! individual1 & nei!r di/urb nor (f5d ! society4 ,footnote #bj3 ,luxury & lu/4 ,x is ! great fallacy ( ,dr4 ,m&eville's book#ba to repres5t e passion z :olly vici\s1 :i* is s 9 any degree & 9 any direction4 ,x is ?us t he treats e ?+ z vanity :i* has any ref]5ce1 ei!r to :at are1 or to :at ought to be ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs3 & x is by means ( ?is sophi/ry1 t he e/abli%es 8 fav\rite conclusion1 t private vices are public b5efits4 ,if ! love ( magnific5ce1 a ta/e = ! elegant arts & improvem5ts ( human life1 = :atev] is agreeable 9 dress1 furniture1 or equipage1 = ar*itecture1 /atu>y1 pa9t+1 & music1 is to be reg>d$ z luxury1 s5suality & o/5tation1 ev5 9 ^? ^: situation all[s1 )\t any inconv5i5cy1 ! indulg5ce ( ^? passions1 x is c]ta9 t luxury1 s5suality1 & o/5tation are public b5efits3 s9ce1 )\t ! qualities ^u :i* he ?9ks prop] to be/[ su* opprobri\s names1 ! arts ( ref9em5t c\ld nev] f9d enc\ragem5t1 & mu/ langui% = want ( employm5t4 ,"s popul> ascetic doctr9es :i* _h be5 curr5t be=e 8 "t1 & :i* plac$ virtue 9 ! entire extirpation & annihilation ( all our passions1 7 ! real f\ndation ( ?is lic5ti\s sy/em4 ,x 0 easy = ,dr4 ,m&eville to prove1 fir/1 t ?is entire conque/ nev] actually took place among m52 & secondly1 t1 if x 0 to take place univ]sally1 x w\ld be p]nici\s to society1 by putt+ an end to all indu/ry & comm]ce1 & 9 a mann] to ! :ole bus9ess ( human life4 ,by ! fir/ ( ^! propositions he seem$ to prove t !re 0 no real virtue1 & t :at pret5d$ to be su*1 0 a m]e *eat & imposition ^u mank9d2 & by ! second1 t private vices 7 public b5efits1 s9ce )\t !m no society c\ld prosp] or fl\ri%4 ,footnote #ba3 ,fable ( ! ,bees4 ,su* is ! sy/em ( ,dr4 ,m&eville1 :i* once made s mu* noise 9 ! _w1 & :i*1 ?\gh p]haps1 x nev] gave occasion to m vice ?an :at w\ld h be5 )\t x1 at lea/ taught t vice1 :i* arose f o!r causes1 to appe> ) m effront]y1 & to av[ ! corruption ( its motives ) a pr(ligate audaci\sness :i* _h nev] be5 he>d ( be=e4 ,b h[ de/ructive soev] ?is sy/em may appe>1 x c\ld nev] h impos$ ^u s great a numb] ( p]sons1 nor h occasion$ s g5]al an al>m among ^? :o are ! fri5ds ( bett] pr9ciples1 _h x n 9 "s respects bord]$ ^u ! tru?4 ,a sy/em ( natural philosophy may appe> v plausible1 & be = a long "t v g5]ally receiv$ 9 ! _w1 & yet h no f\ndation 9 nature1 nor any sort ( resemblance to ! tru?4 ,! vortices ( ,des ,c>tes 7 reg>d$ by a v +5i\s nation1 = ne> a c5tury toge!r1 z a mo/ satisfactory acc\nt ( ! revolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,yet x has be5 demon/rat$1 to ! conviction ( all mank9d1 t ^! pret5d$ causes ( ^? wond]ful effects1 n only d n actually exi/1 b are utt]ly impossible1 & if !y did exi/1 c\ld produce no su* effects z are ascrib$ to !m4 ,b x is o!rwise ) sy/ems ( moral philosophy1 & an au?or :o pret5ds to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our moral s5tim5ts1 _c deceive u s grossly1 nor dep>t s v f> f all resemblance to ! tru?4 ,:5 a travell] gives an acc\nt ( "s di/ant c\ntry1 he may impose ^u our cr$ulity ! mo/ gr\ndless & absurd fictions z ! mo/ c]ta9 matt]s ( fact4 ,b :5 a p]son pret5ds to in=m u ( :at passes 9 our neighb\rhood1 & ( ! affairs ( ! v p>i% :i* we live 91 ?\gh "h too1 if we are s c>eless z n to exam9e ?+s ) our own eyes1 he may deceive u 9 _m respects1 yet ! greate/ falsehoods :i* he imposes ^u u mu/ be> "s resemblance to ! tru?1 & mu/ ev5 h a consid]able mixture ( tru? 9 !m4 ,an au?or :o treats ( natural philosophy1 & pret5ds to assign ! causes ( ! great ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 pret5ds to give an acc\nt ( ! affairs ( a v di/ant c\ntry1 conc]n+ :i* he may tell u :at he pleases1 & z long z 8 n>ration keeps )9 ! b\nds ( seem+ possibility1 he ne$ n despair ( ga9+ our belief4 ,b :5 he proposes to expla9 ! orig9 ( our desires & affections1 ( our s5tim5ts ( approbation & disapprobation1 he pret5ds to give an acc\nt1 n only ( ! affairs ( ! v p>i% t we live 91 b ( our own dome/ic conc]ns4 ,?\gh "h too1 l indol5t ma/]s :o put _! tru/ 9 a /ew>d :o deceives !m1 we are v liable to be impos$ ^u1 yet we are incapable ( pass+ any acc\nt :i* does n pres]ve "s little reg>d to ! tru?4 ,"s ( ! articles1 at lea/1 mu/ be j1 & ev5 ^? :i* are mo/ ov]*>g$ mu/ h _h "s f\ndation1 o!rwise ! fraud w\ld be detect$ ev5 by t c>eless inspection :i* we are dispos$ to give4 ,! au?or :o %\ld assign1 z ! cause ( any natural s5tim5t1 "s pr9ciple :i* nei!r _h any connexion ) x1 nor resembl$ any o!r pr9ciple :i* _h "s su* connexion1 w\ld appe> absurd & ridicul\s to ! mo/ injudici\s & unexp]i5c$ read]4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,( ! diff]5t sy/ems :i* h be5 =m$ conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( approbation4 ,,introduction4 ,aft] ! inquiry conc]n+ ! nature ( virtue1 ! next "q ( importance 9 ,moral ,philosophy1 is conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( approbation1 conc]n+ ! p[] or faculty ( ! m9d :i* r5d]s c]ta9 *>act]s agreeable or disagreeable to u1 makes u pref] "o t5\r ( conduct to ano!r1 d5om9ate ! "o "r & ! o!r wrong1 & consid] ! "o z ! object ( approbation1 hon\r1 & rew>d2 ! o!r z t ( blame1 c5sure1 & puni%m5t4 ,?ree diff]5t acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( ?is pr9ciple ( approbation4 ,accord+ to "s1 we approve & disapprove bo? ( our own actions & ( ^? ( o!rs1 f self-love only1 or f "s view ( _! t5d5cy to our own happ9ess or disadvantage2 accord+ to o!rs1 reason1 ! same faculty by :i* we di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 enables u to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is fit & unfit bo? 9 actions & affections3 accord+ to o!rs ?is di/9ction is altoge!r ! effect ( imm$iate s5tim5t & feel+1 & arises f ! satisfaction or disgu/ ) :i* ! view ( c]ta9 actions or affections inspires u4 ,self-love1 reason1 & s5tim5t1 !re=e1 are ! ?ree diff]5t s\rces :i* h be5 assign$ = ! pr9ciple ( approbation4 ,be=e ,i proce$ to give an acc\nt ( ^? diff]5t sy/ems1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 t ! det]m9ation ( ?is second "q1 ?\gh ( ! greate/ importance 9 speculation1 is ( none 9 practice4 ,! "q conc]n+ ! nature ( virtue necess>ily has "s influ5ce ^u our notions ( "r & wrong 9 _m p>ticul> cases4 ,t conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( approbation c possibly h no su* effect4 ,to exam9e f :at contrivance or me*anism )91 ^? diff]5t notions or s5tim5ts arise1 is a m]e matt] ( philosophical curiosity4 ,,*ap4 ,i4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* d$uce ! pr9ciple ( approbation f self-love4 ,^? :o acc\nt = ! pr9ciple ( approbation f self-love1 d n all acc\nt = x 9 ! same mann]1 & !re is a good deal ( confusion & inaccuracy 9 all _! diff]5t sy/ems4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,hobbes1 & _m ( 8 foll[]s1#bb man is driv5 to take refuge 9 society1 n by any natural love :i* he be>s to 8 own k9d1 b because )\t ! assi/ance ( o!rs he is incapable ( subsi/+ ) ease or safety4 ,society1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 becomes necess>y to him1 & :atev] t5ds to its support & welf>e1 he consid]s z hav+ a remote t5d5cy to 8 own int]e/1 &1 on ! contr>y1 :atev] is likely to di/urb or de/roy x1 he reg>ds z 9 "s measure hurtful or p]nici\s to himself4 ,virtue is ! great support1 & vice ! great di/urb] ( human society4 ,! =m]1 !re=e1 is agreeable1 & ! latt] (f5sive to e man2 z f ! "o he =esees ! prosp]ity1 & f ! o!r ! ru9 & disord] ( :at is s necess>y = ! com=t & security ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,footnote #bb3 ,puff5dorff4 ,m&eville4 ,t ! t5d5cy ( virtue to promote1 & ( vice to di/urb ! ord] ( society1 :5 we consid] x coolly & philosophically1 reflects a v great beauty ^u ! "o1 & a v great de=mity ^u ! o!r1 _c1 z ,i h obs]v$ ^u a =m] occasion1 be call$ 9 "q4 ,human society1 :5 we contemplate x 9 a c]ta9 ab/ract & philosophical light1 appe>s l a great1 an imm5se ma*9e1 ^: regul> & h>moni\s movem5ts produce a ?\s& agreeable effects4 ,z 9 any o!r beautiful & noble ma*9e t 0 ! production ( human art1 :atev] t5d$ to r5d] its movem5ts m smoo? & easy1 w\ld d]ive a beauty f ?is effect1 &1 on ! contr>y1 :atev] t5d$ to ob/ruct !m w\ld displease ^u t acc\nt3 s virtue1 :i* is1 z x 71 ! f9e poli% to ! :eels ( society1 necess>ily pleases2 :ile vice1 l ! vile ru/1 :i* makes !m j> & grate ^u "o ano!r1 is z necess>ily (f5sive4 ,?is acc\nt1 !re=e1 ( ! orig9 ( approbation & disapprobation1 s f> z x d]ives !m f a reg>d to ! ord] ( society1 runs into t pr9ciple :i* gives beauty to utility1 & :i* ,i h expla9$ ^u a =m] occasion2 & x is f !nce t ?is sy/em d]ives all t appe>ance ( probability :i* x possesses4 ,:5 ^? au?ors describe ! innum]able advantages ( a cultivat$ & social1 above a savage & solit>y life2 :5 !y expatiate ^u ! necessity ( virtue & good ord] = ! ma9t5ance ( ! "o1 & demon/rate h[ infallibly ! preval5ce ( vice & disob$i5ce to ! laws t5d to br+ back ! o!r1 ! read] is *>m$ ) ! novelty & gr&eur ( ^? views :i* !y op5 to him3 he sees pla9ly a new beauty 9 virtue1 & a new de=mity 9 vice1 :i* he _h nev] tak5 notice ( be=e1 & is commonly s delight$ ) ! discov]y1 t he seldom takes "t to reflect1 t ?is political view1 hav+ nev] occurr$ to him 9 8 life be=e1 _c possibly be ! gr\nd ( t approbation & disapprobation ) :i* he has always be5 accu/om$ to consid] ^? diff]5t qualities4 ,:5 ^? au?ors1 on ! o!r h&1 d$uce f self-love ! int]e/ :i* we take 9 ! welf>e ( society1 & ! e/eem :i* ^u t acc\nt we be/[ ^u virtue1 !y d n mean1 t :5 we 9 ?is age applaud ! virtue ( ,cato1 & dete/ ! villa9y ( ,catil9e1 our s5tim5ts are influ5c$ by ! notion ( any b5efit we receive f ! "o1 or ( any detrim5t we suff] f ! o!r4 ,x 0 n because ! prosp]ity or subv]sion ( society1 9 ^? remote ages & nations1 0 appreh5d$ to h any influ5ce ^u our happ9ess or mis]y 9 ! pres5t times2 t accord+ to ^? philosoph]s1 we e/eem$ ! virtu\s1 & blam$ ! disord]ly "*4 ,!y nev] imag9$ t our s5tim5ts 7 influ5c$ by any b5efit or damage :i* we suppos$ actually to r$\nd to u1 f ei!r2 b by t :i* might h r$\nd$ to u1 _h we liv$ 9 ^? di/ant ages & c\ntries2 or by t :i* might /ill r$\nd to u1 if 9 our own times we %\ld meet ) *>act]s ( ! same k9d4 ,! idea1 9 %ort1 :i* ^? au?ors 7 grop+ ab\t1 b :i* !y 7 nev] able to unfold di/9ctly1 0 t indirect sympa?y :i* we feel ) ! gratitude or res5tm5t ( ^? :o receiv$ ! b5efit or suff]$ ! damage result+ f su* opposite *>act]s3 & x 0 ?is :i* !y 7 indi/9ctly po9t+ at1 :5 !y said1 t x 0 n ! ?\ght ( :at we _h ga9$ or suff]$ :i* prompt$ our applause or indignation1 b ! conception or imag9ation ( :at we might ga9 or suff] if we 7 to act 9 society ) su* associates4 ,sympa?y1 h[ev]1 _c1 9 any s5se1 be reg>d$ z a selfi% pr9ciple4 ,:5 ,i sympa?ize ) y\r sorr[ or y\r indignation1 x may be pret5d$1 inde$1 t my emotion is f\nd$ 9 self-love1 because x arises f br++ y\r case home to myself1 f putt+ myself 9 y\r situation1 & !nce conceiv+ :at ,i %\ld feel 9 ! l circum/ances4 ,b ?\gh sympa?y is v prop]ly said to arise f an imag9>y *ange ( situations ) ! p]son pr9cipally conc]n$1 yet ?is imag9>y *ange is n suppos$ to happ5 to me 9 my own p]son & "*1 b 9 t ( ! p]son ) :om ,i sympa?ize4 ,:5 ,i condole ) y = ! loss ( y\r only son1 9 ord] to ent] into y\r grief1 ,i d n consid] :at ,i1 a p]son ( su* a "* & pr(ession1 %\ld suff]1 if ,i _h a son1 & if t son 0 un=tunately to die3 b ,i consid] :at ,i %\ld suff] if ,i 0 really y1 & ,i n only *ange circum/ances ) y1 b ,i *ange p]sons & *>act]s4 ,my grief1 !re=e1 is entirely ^u y\r acc\nt1 & n 9 ! lea/ ^u my own4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 9 ! lea/ selfi%4 ,h[ c t be reg>d$ z a selfi% passion1 :i* does n arise ev5 f ! imag9ation ( any ?+ t has befall51 or t relates to myself1 9 my own prop] p]son & "*1 b :i* is entirely occupi$ ab\t :at relates to y8 ,a man may sympa?ize ) a woman 9 *ild-b$2 ?\gh x is impossible t he %\ld conceive himself z suff]+ h] pa9s 9 8 own prop] p]son & "*4 ,t :ole acc\nt ( human nature1 h[ev]1 :i* d$uces all s5tim5ts & affections f self-love1 :i* has made s mu* noise 9 ! _w1 b :i*1 s f> z ,i "k1 has nev] yet be5 fully & di/9ctly expla9$1 seems to me to h aris5 f "s confus$ misappreh5sion ( ! sy/em ( sympa?y4 ,,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make reason ! pr9ciple ( approbation4 ,x is well kn[n to h be5 ! doctr9e ( ,mr4 ,hobbes1 t a /ate ( nature1 is a /ate ( w>2 & t antec$5t to ! in/itution ( civil gov]nm5t1 !re c\ld be no safe or peaceable society among m54 ,to pres]ve society1 !re=e1 accord+ to him1 0 to support civil gov]nm5t1 & to de/roy civil gov]nm5t 0 ! same ?+ z to put an end to society4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( civil gov]nm5t dep5ds ^u ! ob$i5ce t is paid to ! supreme magi/rate4 ,! mom5t he loses 8 au?ority1 all gov]nm5t is at an end4 ,z self-pres]vation1 !re=e1 tea*es m5 to applaud :atev] t5ds to promote ! welf>e ( society1 & to blame :atev] is likely to hurt x2 s ! same pr9ciple1 if !y w\ld ?9k & speak consi/5tly1 ought to tea* !m to applaud ^u all occasions ob$i5ce to ! civil magi/rate1 & to blame all disob$i5ce & rebellion4 ,! v ideas ( laudable & blameable1 ought to be ! same ) ^? ( ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce4 ,! laws ( ! civil magi/rate1 !re=e1 ought to be reg>d$ z ! sole ultimate /&>ds ( :at 0 j & unju/1 ( :at 0 "r & wrong4 ,x 0 ! av[$ int5tion ( ,mr4 ,hobbes1 by propagat+ ^! notions1 to subject ! consci5ces ( m5 imm$iately to ! civil1 & n to ! ecclesia/ical p[]s1 ^: turbul5ce & ambition1 he _h be5 taught1 by ! example ( 8 own times1 to reg>d z ! pr9cipal s\rce ( ! disord]s ( society4 ,8 doctr9e1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 0 peculi>ly (f5sive to ,!ologians1 :o accord+ly did n fail to v5t _! indignation aga9/ him ) great asp]ity & bitt]ness4 ,x 0 likewise (f5sive to all s\nd morali/s1 z x suppos$ t !re 0 no natural di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 t ^! 7 mutable & *angeable1 & dep5d$ ^u ! m]e arbitr>y w ( ! civil magi/rate4 ,?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 !re=e1 0 attack$ f all qu>t]s1 & by all sorts ( weapons1 by sob] reason z well z by furi\s declamation4 ,9 ord] to confute s odi\s a doctr9e1 x 0 necess>y to prove1 t antec$5t to all law or positive in/itution1 ! m9d 0 naturally end[$ ) a faculty1 by :i* x di/+ui%$ 9 c]ta9 actions & affections1 ! qualities ( "r1 laudable1 & virtu\s1 & 9 o!rs ^? ( wrong1 blameable1 & vici\s4 ,law1 x 0 ju/ly obs]v$ by ,dr4 ,cudwor?1#bc c\ld n be ! orig9al s\rce ( ^? di/9ctions2 s9ce ^u ! supposition ( su* a law1 x mu/ ei!r be "r to obey x1 & wrong to disobey x1 or indiff]5t :e!r we obey$ x1 or disobey$ x4 ,t law :i* x 0 indiff]5t :e!r we obey$ or disobey$1 c\ld n1 x 0 evid5t1 be ! s\rce ( ^? di/9ctions2 nei!r c\ld t :i* x 0 "r to obey & wrong to disobey1 s9ce ev5 ?is /ill suppos$ ! antec$5t notions or ideas ( "r & wrong1 & t ob$i5ce to ! law 0 con=mable to ! idea ( "r1 & disob$i5ce to t ( wrong4 ,footnote #bc3 ,immutable ,morality1 l4 #a4 ,s9ce ! m9d1 !re=e1 _h a notion ( ^? di/9ctions antec$5t to all law1 x seem$ necess>ily to foll[1 t x d]iv$ ?is notion f reason1 :i* po9t$ out ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* x did t betwe5 tru? & falsehood3 & ?is conclusion1 :i* ?\gh true 9 "s respects1 is r ha/y 9 o!rs1 0 m easily receiv$ at a "t :5 ! ab/ract sci5ce ( human nature 0 b 9 its infancy1 & be=e ! di/9ct (fices & p[]s ( ! diff]5t faculties ( ! human m9d _h be5 c>efully exam9$ & di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,:5 ?is controv]sy ) ,mr4 ,hobbes 0 c>ri$ on ) ! greate/ w>m? & ke5ness1 no o!r faculty _h be5 ?\ght ( f :i* any su* ideas c\ld possibly be suppos$ to arise4 ,x became at ?is "t1 !re=e1 ! popul> doctr9e1 t ! ess5ce ( virtue & vice did n consi/ 9 ! con=mity or disagreem5t ( human actions ) ! law ( a sup]ior1 b 9 _! con=mity or disagreem5t ) reason1 :i* 0 ?us consid]$ z ! orig9al s\rce & pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation4 ,t virtue consi/s 9 con=mity to reason1 is true 9 "s respects1 & ?is faculty may v ju/ly be consid]$1 z 9 "s s5se1 ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation1 & ( all solid judgm5ts conc]n+ "r & wrong4 ,x is by reason t we discov] ^? g5]al rules ( ju/ice by :i* we ought to regulate our actions3 & x is by ! same faculty t we =m ^? m vague & indet]m9ate ideas ( :at is prud5t1 ( :at is dec5t1 ( :at is g5]\s or noble1 :i* we c>ry con/antly ab\t ) u1 & accord+ to :i* we endeav\r1 z well z we c1 to model ! t5\r ( our conduct4 ,! g5]al maxims ( morality are =m$1 l all o!r g5]al maxims1 f exp]i5ce & induction4 ,we obs]ve 9 a great v>iety ( p>ticul> cases :at pleases or displeases our moral faculties1 :at ^! approve or disapprove (1 &1 by induction f ?is exp]i5ce1 we e/abli% ^? g5]al rules4 ,b induction is always reg>d$ z "o ( ! op]ations ( reason4 ,f reason1 !re=e1 we are v prop]ly said to d]ive all ^? g5]al maxims & ideas4 ,x is by ^!1 h[ev]1 t we regulate ! great] "p ( our moral judgm5ts1 :i* w\ld be extremely unc]ta9 & prec>i\s if !y dep5d$ altoge!r ^u :at is liable to s _m v>iations z imm$iate s5tim5t & feel+1 :i* ! diff]5t /ates ( heal? & hum\r are capable ( alt]+ s ess5tially4 ,z our mo/ solid judgm5ts1 !re=e1 ) reg>d to "r & wrong1 are regulat$ by maxims & ideas d]iv$ f an induction ( reason1 virtue may v prop]ly be said to consi/ 9 a con=mity to reason1 & s f> ?is faculty may be consid]$ z ! s\rce & pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation4 ,b ?\gh reason is und\bt$ly ! s\rce ( ! g5]al rules ( morality1 & ( all ! moral judgm5ts :i* we =m by means ( !m2 x is altoge!r absurd & un9telligible to suppose t ! fir/ p]ceptions ( "r & wrong c be d]iv$ f reason1 ev5 9 ^? p>ticul> cases ^u ! exp]i5ce ( :i* ! g5]al rules are =m$4 ,^! fir/ p]ceptions1 z well all o!r exp]im5ts ^u :i* any g5]al rules are f\nd$1 _c be ! object ( reason1 b ( imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,x is by f9d+ 9 a va/ v>iety ( in/ances t "o t5\r ( conduct con/antly pleases 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & t ano!r z con/antly displeases ! m9d1 t we =m ! g5]al rules ( morality4 ,b reason _c r5d] any p>ticul> object ei!r agreeable or disagreeable to ! m9d = its own sake4 ,reason may %[ t ?is object is ! means ( obta9+ "s o!r :i* is naturally ei!r pleas+ or displeas+1 & 9 ?is mann] may r5d] x ei!r agreeable or disagreeable = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,b no?+ c be agreeable or disagreeable = its own sake1 :i* is n r5d]$ su* by imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,if virtue1 !re=e1 9 e p>ticul> in/ance1 necess>ily pleases = its own sake1 & if vice z c]ta9ly displeases ! m9d1 x _c be reason1 b imm$iate s5se & feel+1 :i*1 9 ?is mann]1 reconciles u to ! "o1 & ali5ates u f ! o!r4 ,pleasure & pa9 are ! great objects ( desire & av]sion3 b ^! are di/+ui%$ n by reason1 b by imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,if virtue1 !re=e1 is desirable = its own sake1 & if vice is1 9 ! same mann]1 ! object ( av]sion1 x _c be reason :i* orig9ally di/+ui%es ^? diff]5t qualities1 b imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,z reason1 h[ev]1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 may ju/ly be consid]$ z ! pr9ciple ( approbation & disapprobation1 ^! s5tim5ts 71 ?r\gh inatt5tion1 long reg>d$ z orig9ally fl[+ f ! op]ations ( ?is faculty4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson _h ! m]it ( be+ ! fir/ :o di/+ui%$ ) any degree ( precision 9 :at respect all moral di/9ctions may be said to arise f reason1 & 9 :at respect !y are f\nd$ ^u imm$iate s5se & feel+4 ,9 8 illu/rations ^u ! moral s5se he has expla9$ ?is s fully1 &1 9 my op9ion1 s unansw]ably1 t1 if any controv]sy is /ill kept up ab\t ?is subject1 ,i c impute x to no?+1 b ei!r to inatt5tion to :at t g5tleman has writt51 or to a sup]/iti\s atta*m5t to c]ta9 =ms ( expression1 a weakness n v uncommon among ! le>n$1 especially 9 subjects s deeply int]e/+ z ! pres5t1 9 :i* a man ( virtue is (t5 lo? to ab&on1 ev5 ! propriety ( a s+le phrase :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to4 ,,*ap4 ,,iii4 ,( ^? sy/ems :i* make s5tim5t ! pr9ciple ( approbation4 ,^? sy/ems :i* make s5tim5t ! pr9ciple ( approbation may be divid$ into two diff]5t classes4 ,i4 ,accord+ to "s ! pr9ciple ( approbation is f\nd$ ^u a s5tim5t ( a peculi> nature1 ^u a p>ticul> p[] ( p]ception ex]t$ by ! m9d at ! view ( c]ta9 actions or affections2 "s ( :i* affect+ ?is faculty 9 an agreeable & o!rs 9 a disagreeable mann]1 ! =m] are /ampt ) ! *>act]s ( "r1 laudable1 & virtu\s2 ! latt] ) ^? ( wrong1 blameable & vici\s4 ,?is s5tim5t be+ ( a peculi> nature di/9ct f e o!r1 & ! effect ( a p>ticul> p[] ( p]ception1 !y give x a p>ticul> "n1 & call x a moral s5se4 ,,ii4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! pr9ciple ( approbation1 !re is no occasion = suppos+ any new p[] ( p]ception :i* _h nev] be5 he>d ( be=e3 ,nature1 !y imag9e1 acts "h1 z 9 all o!r cases1 ) ! /ricte/ conomy1 & produces a multitude ( effects f "o & ! same cause2 & sympa?y1 a p[] :i* has always be5 tak5 notice (1 & ) :i* ! m9d is manife/ly end[$1 is1 !y ?9k1 suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! effects ascrib$ to ?is peculi> faculty4 ,i4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson#bd _h be5 at great pa9s to prove t ! pr9ciple ( approbation 0 n f\nd$ on self-love4 ,he _h demon/rat$ too t x c\ld n arise f any op]ation ( reason4 ,no?+ rema9$1 he ?\ght1 b to suppose x a faculty ( a peculi> k9d1 ) :i* ,nature _h end[$ ! human m9d1 9 ord] to produce ?is "o p>ticul> & important effect4 ,:5 self-love & reason 7 bo? exclud$1 x did n occur to him t !re 0 any o!r kn[n faculty ( ! m9d :i* c\ld 9 any respect answ] ?is purpose4 ,footnote #bd3 ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue4 ,?is new p[] ( p]ception he call$ a moral s5se1 & suppos$ x to be some:at analog\s to ! ext]nal s5ses4 ,z ! bodies ar\nd u1 by affect+ ^! 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 appe> to possess ! diff]5t qualities ( s\nd1 ta/e1 od\r1 col\r2 s ! v>i\s affections ( ! human m9d1 by t\*+ ?is p>ticul> faculty 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 appe> to possess ! diff]5t qualities ( amiable & odi\s1 ( virtu\s & vici\s1 ( "r & wrong4 ,! v>i\s s5ses or p[]s ( p]ception1#be f :i* ! human m9d d]ives all its simple ideas1 71 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ( two diff]5t k9ds1 ( :i* ! "o 7 call$ ! direct or antec$5t1 ! o!r1 ! reflex or consequ5t s5ses4 ,! direct s5ses 7 ^? faculties f :i* ! m9d d]iv$ ! p]ception ( su* species ( ?+s z did n presuppose ! antec$5t p]ception ( any o!r4 ,?us s\nds & col\rs 7 objects ( ! direct s5ses4 ,to he> a s\nd or to see a col\r does n presuppose ! antec$5t p]ception ( any o!r quality or object4 ,! reflex or consequ5t s5ses1 on ! o!r h&1 7 ^? faculties f :i* ! m9d d]iv$ ! p]ception ( su* species ( ?+s z presuppos$ ! antec$5t p]ception ( "s o!r4 ,?us h>mony & beauty 7 objects ( ! reflex s5ses4 ,9 ord] to p]ceive ! h>mony ( a s\nd1 or ! beauty ( a col\r1 we mu/ fir/ p]ceive ! s\nd or ! col\r4 ,! moral s5se 0 consid]$ z a faculty ( ?is k9d4 ,t faculty1 :i* ,mr4 ,locke calls reflection1 & f :i* he d]iv$ ! simple ideas ( ! diff]5t passions & emotions ( ! human m9d1 01 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hut*eson1 a direct int]nal s5se4 ,t faculty aga9 by :i* we p]ceiv$ ! beauty or de=mity1 ! virtue or vice ( ^? diff]5t passions & emotions1 0 a reflex1 int]nal s5se4 ,footnote #be3 ,treatise ( ! passions4 ,dr4 ,hut*eson endeav\r$ /ill fur!r to support ?is doctr9e1 by %ew+ t x 0 agreeable to ! analogy ( nature1 & t ! m9d 0 end[$ ) a v>iety ( o!r reflex s5ses exactly simil> to ! moral s5se2 su* z a s5se ( beauty & de=mity 9 ext]nal objects2 a public s5se1 by :i* we sympa?ize ) ! happ9ess or mis]y ( our fell[-creatures2 a s5se ( %ame & hon\r1 & a s5se ( ridicule4 ,b not)/&+ all ! pa9s :i* ?is +5i\s philosoph] has tak5 to prove t ! pr9ciple ( approbation is f\nd$ 9 a peculi> p[] ( p]ception1 some:at analog\s to ! ext]nal s5ses1 !re are "s consequ5ces1 :i* he ackn[l$ges to foll[ f ?is doctr9e1 t w1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ by _m z a suffici5t confutation ( x4 ,! qualities1 he all[s1#bf :i* belong to ! objects ( any s5se1 _c1 )\t ! greate/ absurdity1 be ascrib$ to ! s5se itself4 ,:o ev] ?\ght ( call+ ! s5se ( see+ black or :ite1 ! s5se ( he>+ l\d or l[1 or ! s5se ( ta/+ sweet or bitt]8 ,&1 accord+ to him1 x is equally absurd to call our moral faculties virtu\s or vici\s1 morally good or evil4 ,^! qualities belong to ! objects ( ^? faculties1 n to ! faculties !mselves4 ,if any man1 !re=e1 0 s absurdly con/itut$ z to approve ( cruelty & inju/ice z ! highe/ virtues1 & to disapprove ( equity & humanity z ! mo/ pitiful vices1 su* a con/itution ( m9d might inde$ be reg>d$ z inconv5i5t bo? to ! individual & to ! society1 & likewise z /range1 surpris+1 & unnatural 9 itself2 b x c\ld n1 )\t ! greate/ absurdity1 be d5om9at$ vici\s or morally evil4 ,footnote #bf3 ,illu/rations ^u ! ,moral ,s5se4 ,sect4 #a4 p4 #bcg1 et seq4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,yet surely if we saw any man %\t+ ) admiration & applause at a b>b>\s & unm]it$ execution1 :i* "s insol5t tyrant _h ord]$1 we %\ld n ?9k we 7 guilty ( any great absurdity 9 d5om9at+ ?is behavi\r vici\s & morally evil 9 ! highe/ degree1 ?\gh x express$ no?+ b deprav$ moral faculties1 or an absurd approbation ( ?is horrid action1 z ( :at 0 noble1 magnanim\s1 & great4 ,our he>t1 ,i imag9e1 at ! sight ( su* a spectator1 w\ld =get = a :ile its sympa?y ) ! suff]]1 & feel no?+ b horror & dete/ation1 at ! ?\ght ( s execrable a wret*4 ,we %\ld abom9ate him ev5 m ?an ! tyrant :o might be goad$ on by ! /rong passions ( jeal\sy1 fe>1 & res5tm5t1 & ^u t acc\nt be m excusable4 ,b ! s5tim5ts ( ! spectator w\ld appe> altoge!r )\t cause or motive1 & !re=e mo/ p]fectly & completely dete/able4 ,!re is no p]v]sion ( s5tim5t or affection :i* our he>t w\ld be m av]se to ent] into1 or :i* x w\ld reject ) great] hatr$ & indignation ?an "o ( ?is k9d2 & s f> f reg>d+ su* a con/itution ( m9d z be+ m]ely some?+ /range or inconv5i5t1 & n 9 any respect vici\s or morally evil1 we %\ld r consid] x z ! v la/ & mo/ dreadful /age ( moral depravity4 ,correct moral s5tim5ts1 on ! contr>y1 naturally appe> 9 "s degree laudable & morally good4 ,! man1 ^: c5sure & applause are ^u all occasions suit$ ) ! greate/ accuracy to ! value or unwor?9ess ( ! object1 seems to des]ve a degree ev5 ( moral approbation4 ,we admire ! delicate precision ( 8 moral s5tim5ts3 !y lead our own judgm5ts1 &1 ^u acc\nt ( _! uncommon & surpris+ ju/ness1 !y ev5 excite our wond] & applause4 ,we _c inde$ be always sure t ! conduct ( su* a p]son w\ld be 9 any respect correspond5t to ! precision & accuracy ( 8 judgm5ts conc]n+ ! conduct ( o!rs4 ,virtue requires habit & resolution ( m9d1 z well z delicacy ( s5tim5t2 & un=tunately ! =m] qualities are sometimes want+1 :]e ! latt] is 9 ! greate/ p]fection4 ,?is disposition ( m9d1 h[ev]1 ?\gh x may sometimes be att5d$ ) imp]fections1 is incompatible ) any ?+ t is grossly crim9al1 & is ! happie/ f\ndation ^u :i* ! sup]/ructure ( p]fect virtue c be built4 ,!re are _m m5 :o mean v well1 & s]i\sly purpose to d :at !y ?9k _! duty1 :o not)/&+ are disagreeable on acc\nt ( ! co>s5ess ( _! moral s5tim5ts4 ,x may be said1 p]haps1 t ?\gh ! pr9ciple ( approbation is n f\nd$ ^u any p[] ( p]ception t is 9 any respect analog\s to ! ext]nal s5ses1 x may /ill be f\nd$ ^u a peculi> s5tim5t :i* answ]s ?is "o p>ticul> purpose & no o!r4 ,approbation & disapprobation1 x may be pret5d$1 are c]ta9 feel+s or emotions :i* arise 9 ! m9d ^u ! view ( diff]5t *>act]s & actions2 & z res5tm5t might be call$ a s5se ( injuries1 or gratitude a s5se ( b5efits1 s ^! may v prop]ly receive ! "n ( a s5se ( "r & wrong1 or ( a moral s5se4 ,b ?is acc\nt ( ?+s1 ?\gh x may n be liable to ! same objections ) ! =ego+1 is expos$ to o!rs :i* are equally unansw]able4 ,fir/ ( all1 :atev] v>iations any p>ticul> emotion may und]go1 x /ill pres]ves ! g5]al features :i* di/+ui% x to be an emotion ( su* a k9d1 & ^! g5]al features are always m /rik+ & rem>kable ?an any v>iation :i* x may und]go 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,?us ang] is an emotion ( a p>ticul> k9d3 & accord+ly its g5]al features are always m di/+ui%able ?an all ! v>iations x und]goes 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,ang] aga9/ a man1 is1 no d\bt1 some:at diff]5t f ang] aga9/ a woman1 & t aga9 f ang] aga9/ a *ild4 ,9 ea* ( ^? ?ree cases1 ! g5]al passion ( ang] receives a diff]5t modification f ! p>ticul> "* ( its object1 z may easily be obs]v$ by ! att5tive4 ,b /ill ! g5]al features ( ! passion pr$om9ate 9 all ^! cases4 ,to di/+ui% ^!1 requires no nice obs]vation3 a v delicate att5tion1 on ! contr>y1 is necess>y to discov] _! v>iations3 e body takes notice ( ! =m]3 sc>ce any body obs]ves ! latt]4 ,if approbation & disapprobation1 !re=e1 71 l gratitude & res5tm5t1 emotions ( a p>ticul> k9d1 di/9ct f e o!r1 we %\ld expect t 9 all ! v>iations :i* ei!r ( !m might und]go1 x w\ld /ill reta9 ! g5]al features :i* m>k x to be an emotion ( su* a p>ticul> k9d1 cle>1 pla91 & easily di/+ui%able4 ,b 9 fact x happ5s q o!rwise4 ,if we att5d to :at we really feel :5 ^u diff]5t occasions we ei!r approve or disapprove1 we %all f9d t our emotion 9 "o case is (t5 totally diff]5t f t 9 ano!r1 & t no common features c possibly be discov]$ betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! approbation ) :i* we view a t5d]1 delicate1 & humane s5tim5t1 is q diff]5t f t ) :i* we are /ruck by "o t appe>s great1 d>+1 & magnanim\s4 ,our approbation ( bo? may1 ^u diff]5t occasions1 be p]fect & entire2 b we are s(t5$ by ! "o1 & we are elevat$ by ! o!r1 & !re is no sort ( resemblance betwe5 ! emotions :i* !y excite 9 u4 ,b1 accord+ to t sy/em :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%1 ?is mu/ necess>ily be ! case4 ,z ! emotions ( ! p]son :om we approve (1 are1 9 ^? two cases1 q opposite to "o ano!r1 & z our approbation arises f sympa?y ) ^? opposite emotions1 :at we feel ^u ! "o occasion1 c h no sort ( resemblance to :at we feel ^u ! o!r4 ,b ?is c\ld n happ5 if approbation consi/$ 9 a peculi> emotion :i* _h no?+ 9 common ) ! s5tim5ts we approv$ (1 b :i* arose at ! view ( ^? s5tim5ts1 l any o!r passion at ! view ( its prop] object4 ,! same ?+ holds true ) reg>d to disapprobation4 ,our horror = cruelty has no sort ( resemblance to our contempt = mean-spirit$ness4 ,x is q a diff]5t species ( discord :i* we feel at ! view ( ^? two diff]5t vices1 betwe5 our m9ds & ^? ( ! p]son ^: s5tim5ts & behavi\r we consid]4 ,secondly1 ,i h already obs]v$1 t n only ! diff]5t passions or affections ( ! human m9d :i* are approv$ or disapprov$ ( appe> morally good or evil1 b t prop] & improp] approbation appe>1 to our natural s5tim5ts1 to be /ampt ) ! same *>act]s4 ,i w\ld ask1 !re=e1 h[ x is1 t1 accord+ to ?is sy/em1 we approve or disapprove ( prop] or improp] approbation4 ,to ?is "q1 !re is1 ,i imag9e1 b "o reasonable answ]1 :i* c possibly be giv54 ,x mu/ be said1 t :5 ! approbation ) :i* our neighb\r reg>ds ! conduct ( a ?ird p]son co9cides ) our own1 we approve ( 8 approbation1 & consid] x z1 9 "s measure1 morally good2 & t on ! contr>y1 :5 x does n co9cide ) our own s5tim5ts1 we disapprove ( x1 & consid] x z1 9 "s measure1 morally evil4 ,x mu/ be all[$1 !re=e1 t1 at lea/ 9 ?is "o case1 ! co9cid5ce or opposition ( s5tim5ts1 betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! p]son obs]v$1 con/itutes moral approbation or disapprobation4 ,& if x does s 9 ?is "o case1 ,i w\ld ask1 :y n 9 e o!r8 to :at purpose imag9e a new p[] ( p]ception 9 ord] to acc\nt = ^? s5tim5ts8 ,aga9/ e acc\nt ( ! pr9ciple ( approbation1 :i* makes x dep5d ^u a peculi> s5tim5t1 di/9ct f e o!r1 ,i w\ld object2 t x is /range t ?is s5tim5t1 :i* ,provid5ce und\bt$ly int5d$ to be ! gov]n+ pr9ciple ( human nature1 %\ld hi!rto h be5 s little tak5 notice (1 z n to h got a "n 9 any language4 ,! ^w moral s5se is ( v late =mation1 & _c yet be consid]$ z mak+ "p ( ! ,engli% tongue4 ,! ^w approbation has b )9 ^! few ye>s be5 appropriat$ to d5ote peculi>ly any ?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,9 propriety ( language we approve ( :atev] is entirely to our satisfaction1 ( ! =m ( a build+1 ( ! contrivance ( a ma*9e1 ( ! flav\r ( a di% ( meat4 ,! ^w consci5ce does n imm$iately d5ote any moral faculty by :i* we approve or disapprove4 ,consci5ce supposes1 inde$1 ! exi/5ce ( "s su* faculty1 & prop]ly signifies our consci\sness ( hav+ act$ agreeably or contr>y to its directions4 ,:5 love1 hatr$1 joy1 sorr[1 gratitude1 res5tm5t1 ) s _m o!r passions :i* are all suppos$ to be ! subjects ( ?is pr9ciple1 h made !mselves consid]able en\gh to get titles to "k !m by1 is x n surpris+ t ! sov]eign ( !m all %\ld hi!rto h be5 s little he$$1 t1 a few philosoph]s except$1 no body has yet ?\ght x wor? :ile to be/[ a "n ^u x8 ,:5 we approve ( any "* or action1 ! s5tim5ts :i* we feel1 are1 accord+ to ! =ego+ sy/em1 d]iv$ f f\r s\rces1 :i* are 9 "s respects diff]5t f "o ano!r4 ,fir/1 we sympa?ize ) ! motives ( ! ag5t2 secondly1 we ent] into ! gratitude ( ^? :o receive ! b5efit ( 8 actions2 ?irdly1 we obs]ve t 8 conduct has be5 agreeable to ! g5]al rules by :i* ^? two sympa?ies g5]ally act2 &1 la/ ( all1 :5 we consid] su* actions z mak+ "p ( a sy/em ( behavi\r :i* t5ds to promote ! happ9ess ei!r ( ! individual or ( ! society1 !y appe> to d]ive a beauty f ?is utility1 n unlike t :i* we ascribe to any well contriv$ ma*9e4 ,aft] d$uct+1 9 any "o p>ticul> case1 all t mu/ be ackn[l$g$ to proce$ f "s "o or o!r ( ^! f\r pr9ciples1 ,i %\ld be glad to "k :at rema9s1 & ,i %all freely all[ ?is ov]plus to be ascrib$ to a moral s5se1 or to any o!r peculi> faculty1 provid$ any body w asc]ta9 precisely :at ?is ov]plus is4 ,x might be expect$1 p]haps1 t if !re 0 any su* peculi> pr9ciple1 su* z ?is moral s5se is suppos$ to be1 we %\ld feel x1 9 "s p>ticul> cases1 sep>at$ & deta*$ f e o!r1 z we (t5 feel joy1 sorr[1 hope1 & fe>1 pure & unmix$ ) any o!r emotion4 ,?is h[ev]1 ,i imag9e1 _c ev5 be pret5d$4 ,i h nev] he>d any in/ance alleg$ 9 :i* ?is pr9ciple c\ld be said to ex]t itself alone & unmix$ ) sympa?y or antipa?y1 ) gratitude or res5tm5t1 ) ! p]ception ( ! agreem5t or disagreem5t ( any action to an e/abli%$ rule1 or la/ ( all ) t g5]al ta/e = beauty & ord] :i* is excit$ by inanimat$ z well z by animat$ objects4 ,,ii4 ,!re is ano!r sy/em :i* attempts to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( our moral s5tim5ts f sympa?y di/9ct f t :i* ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to e/abli%4 ,x is t :i* places virtue 9 utility1 & acc\nts = ! pleasure ) :i* ! spectator surveys ! utility ( any quality f sympa?y ) ! happ9ess ( ^? :o are affect$ by x4 ,?is sympa?y is diff]5t bo? f t by :i* we ent] into ! motives ( ! ag5t1 & f t by :i* we g along ) ! gratitude ( ! p]sons :o are b5efit$ by 8 actions4 ,x is ! same pr9ciple ) t by :i* we approve ( a well contriv$ ma*9e4 ,b no ma*9e c be ! object ( ei!r ( ^? two la/ m5tion$ sympa?ies4 ,i h already1 9 ! f\r? "p ( ?is disc\rse1 giv5 "s acc\nt ( ?is sy/em4 ,,section ,,iv4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* diff]5t au?ors h treat$ ( ! practical rules ( morality4 ,x 0 obs]v$ 9 ! ?ird "p ( ?is disc\rse1 t ! rules ( ju/ice are ! only rules ( morality :i* are precise & accurate2 t ^? ( all ! o!r virtues are loose1 vague1 & indet]m9ate2 t ! fir/ may be comp>$ to ! rules ( gramm>2 ! o!rs to ^? :i* critics lay d[n = ! atta9m5t ( :at is sublime & elegant 9 composition1 & :i* pres5t u r ) a g5]al idea ( ! p]fection we ought to aim at1 ?an af=d u any c]ta9 & infallible directions = acquir+ x4 ,z ! diff]5t rules ( morality admit su* diff]5t degrees ( accuracy1 ^? au?ors :o h endeav\r$ to collect & dige/ !m into sy/ems h done x 9 two diff]5t mann]s2 & "o set has foll[$ ?ro' ! :ole t loose me?od to :i* !y 7 naturally direct$ by ! consid]ation ( "o species ( virtues2 :ile ano!r has z univ]sally endeav\r$ to introduce into _! precepts t sort ( accuracy ( :i* only "s ( !m are susceptible4 ,! fir/ h wrote l critics1 ! second l gramm>ians4 ,i4 ,! fir/1 among :om we may c\nt all ! anci5t morali/s1 h cont5t$ !mselves ) describ+ 9 a g5]al mann] ! diff]5t vices & virtues1 & ) po9t+ out ! de=mity & mis]y ( ! "o disposition z well z ! propriety & happ9ess ( ! o!r1 b h n affect$ to lay d[n _m precise rules t are to hold good unexceptionably 9 all p>ticul> cases4 ,!y h only endeav\r$ to asc]ta91 z f> z language is capable ( asc]ta9+1 fir/1 :]e9 consi/s ! s5tim5t ( ! he>t1 ^u :i* ea* p>ticul> virtue is f\nd$1 :at sort ( int]nal feel+ or emotion x is :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( fri5d%ip1 ( humanity1 ( g5]osity1 ( ju/ice1 ( magnanimity1 & ( all ! o!r virtues1 z well z ( ! vices :i* are oppos$ to !m3 &1 secondly1 ,:at is ! g5]al way ( act+1 ! ord9>y tone & t5\r ( conduct to :i* ea* ( ^? s5tim5ts w\ld direct u1 or h[ x is t a fri5dly1 a g5]\s1 a brave1 a j1 & a humane man1 w\ld1 ^u ord9>y occasions1 *use to act4 ,to *>act]ize ! s5tim5t ( ! he>t1 ^u :i* ea* p>ticul> virtue is f\nd$1 ?\gh x requires bo? a delicate & accurate p5cil1 is a talk1 h[ev]1 :i* may be execut$ ) "s degree ( exactness4 ,x is impossible1 inde$1 to express all ! v>iations :i* ea* s5tim5t ei!r does or ought to und]go1 accord+ to e possible v>iation ( circum/ances4 ,!y are endless1 & language wants names to m>k !m by4 ,! s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip1 = example1 :i* we feel = an old man is diff]5t f t :i* we feel = a "y3 t :i* we ent]ta9 = an au/]e man diff]5t f t :i* we feel = "o ( s(t] & g5tl] mann]s3 & t aga9 f :at we feel = "o ( gay vivacity & _s4 ,! fri5d%ip :i* we conceive = a man is diff]5t f t ) :i* a woman affects u1 ev5 :]e !re is no mixture ( any gross] passion4 ,:at au?or c\ld enum]ate & asc]ta9 ^! & all ! o!r inf9ite v>ieties :i* ?is s5tim5t is capable ( und]go+8 ,b /ill ! g5]al s5tim5t ( fri5d%ip & famili> atta*m5t :i* is common to !m all1 may be asc]ta9$ ) a suffici5t degree ( accuracy4 ,! picture :i* is drawn ( x1 ?\gh x w always be 9 _m respects incomplete1 may1 h[ev]1 h su* a resemblance z to make u "k ! orig9al :5 we meet ) x1 & ev5 di/+ui% x f o!r s5tim5ts to :i* x has a consid]able resemblance1 su* z good-w1 respect1 e/eem1 admiration4 ,to describe1 9 a g5]al mann]1 :at is ! ord9>y way ( act+ to :i* ea* virtue w\ld prompt u1 is /ill m easy4 ,x is1 inde$1 sc>ce possible to describe ! int]nal s5tim5t or emotion ^u :i* x is f\nd$1 )\t do+ some?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,x is impossible by language to express1 if ,i may say s1 ! invisible features ( all ! diff]5t modifications ( passion z !y %[ !mselves )94 ,!re is no o!r way ( m>k+ & di/+ui%+ !m f "o ano!r1 b by describ+ ! effects :i* !y produce )\t1 ! alt]ations :i* !y occasion 9 ! c\nt5ance1 9 ! air & ext]nal behavi\r1 ! resolutions !y sugge/1 ! actions !y prompt to4 ,x is ?us t ,cic]o1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,(fices1 endeav\rs to direct u to ! practice ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 & t ,ari/otle 9 ! practical p>ts ( 8 ,e?ics1 po9ts out to u ! diff]5t habits by :i* he w\ld h u regulate our behavi\r1 su* z lib]ality1 magnific5ce1 magnanimity1 & ev5 jocul>ity & good hum\r1 qualities1 :i* t indulg5t philosoph] has ?\ght wor?y ( a place 9 ! catalogue ( ! virtues1 ?\gh ! lightness ( t approbation :i* we naturally be/[ ^u !m1 %\ld n seem to entitle !m to s v5]able a "n4 ,su* works pres5t u ) agreeable & lively pictures ( mann]s4 ,by ! vivacity ( _! descriptions !y inflame our natural love ( virtue1 & increase our abhorr5ce ( vice3 by ! ju/ness z well z delicacy ( _! obs]vations !y may (t5 help bo? to correct & to asc]ta9 our natural s5tim5ts ) reg>d to ! propriety ( conduct1 & sugge/+ _m nice & delicate att5tions1 =m u to a m exact ju/ness ( behavi\r1 ?an :at1 )\t su* in/ruction1 we %\ld h be5 apt to ?9k (4 ,9 treat+ ( ! rules ( morality1 9 ?is mann]1 consi/s ! sci5ce :i* is prop]ly call$ ,e?ics1 a sci5ce1 :i* ?\gh l criticism1 x does n admit ( ! mo/ accurate precision1 is1 h[ev]1 bo? highly useful & agreeable4 ,x is ( all o!rs ! mo/ susceptible ( ! embelli%m5ts ( eloqu5ce1 & by means ( !m ( be/[+1 if t be possible1 a new importance ^u ! smalle/ rules ( duty4 ,its precepts1 :5 ?us dress$ & adorn$1 are capable ( produc+ ^u ! flexibility ( y\?1 ! noble/ & mo/ la/+ impressions1 & z !y fall 9 ) ! natural magnanimity ( t g5]\s age1 !y are able to inspire1 = a "t at lea/1 ! mo/ h]oic resolutions1 & ?us t5d bo? to e/abli% & confirm ! be/ & mo/ useful habits ( :i* ! m9d ( man is susceptible4 ,:atev] precept & exhortation c d to animate u to ! practice ( virtue1 is done by ?is sci5ce deliv]$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,ii4 ,! second set ( morali/s1 among :om we may c\nt all ! casui/s ( ! middle & latt] ages ( ! *ri/ian *ur*1 z well z all ^? :o 9 ?is & 9 ! prec$+ c5tury h treat$ ( :at is call$ natural jurisprud5ce1 d n cont5t !mselves ) *>act]iz+ 9 ?is g5]al mann] t t5\r ( conduct :i* !y w\ld recomm5d to u1 b endeav\r to lay d[n exact & precise rules = ! direction ( e circum/ance ( our behavi\r4 ,z ju/ice is ! only virtue ) reg>d to :i* su* exact rules c prop]ly be giv52 x is ?is virtue1 t has *iefly fall5 "u ! consid]ation ( ^? two diff]5t sets ( writ]s4 ,!y treat ( x1 h[ev]1 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,^? :o write ^u ! pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce1 consid] only :at ! p]son to :om ! obligation is due1 ought to ?9k himself entitl$ to exact by =ce2 :at e imp>tial spectator w\ld approve ( him = exact+1 or :at a judge or arbit]1 to :om he _h submitt$ 8 case1 & :o _h und]tak5 to d him ju/ice1 ought to oblige ! o!r p]son to suff] or to p]=m4 ,! casui/s1 on ! o!r h&1 d n s mu* exam9e :at x is1 t might prop]ly be exact$ by =ce1 z :at x is1 t ! p]son :o owes ! obligation ought to ?9k himself b\nd to p]=m f ! mo/ sacr$ & scrupul\s reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice1 & f ! mo/ consci5ti\s dread1 ei!r ( wrong+ 8 neighb\r1 or ( violat+ ! integrity ( 8 own "*4 ,x is ! end ( jurisprud5ce to prescribe rules = ! decisions ( judges & arbit]s4 ,x is ! end ( casui/ry to prescribe rules = ! conduct ( a good man4 ,by obs]v+ all ! rules ( jurisprud5ce1 suppos+ !m ev] s p]fect1 we %\ld des]ve no?+ b to be free f ext]nal puni%m5t4 ,by obs]v+ ^? ( casui/ry1 suppos+ !m su* z !y ought to be1 we %\ld be entitl$ to consid]able praise by ! exact & scrupul\s delicacy ( our behavi\r4 ,x may frequ5tly happ5 t a good man ought to ?9k himself b\nd1 f a sacr$ & consci5ti\s reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice to p]=m _m ?+s :i* x w\ld be ! highe/ inju/ice to extort f him1 or = any judge or arbit] to impose on him by =ce4 ,to give a trite example2 a highwayman1 by ! fe> ( dea?1 obliges a travell] to promise him a c]ta9 sum ( money4 ,:e!r su* a promise1 extort$ 9 ?is mann] by unju/ =ce1 ought to be reg>d$ z obligatory1 is a "q t has be5 v mu* debat$4 ,if we consid] x m]ely z a "q ( jurisprud5ce1 ! decision c admit ( no d\bt4 ,x w\ld be absurd to suppose t ! highwayman c be entitl$ to use =ce to con/ra9 ! o!r to p]=m4 ,to extort ! promise 0 a crime :i* des]v$ ! highe/ puni%m5t1 & to extort ! p]=mance w\ld only be add+ a new crime to ! =m]4 ,he c compla9 ( no injury :o has be5 only deceiv$ by ! p]son by :om he might ju/ly h be5 kill$4 ,to suppose t a judge ought to en=ce ! obligation ( su* promises1 or t ! magi/rate ought to all[ !m to su/a9 an action at law1 w\ld be ! mo/ ridicul\s ( all absurdities4 ,if we consid] ?is "q1 !re=e1 z a "q ( jurisprud5ce1 we c be at no loss ab\t ! decision4 ,b if we consid] x z a "q ( casui/ry1 x w n be s easily det]m9$4 ,:e!r a good man1 f a consci5ti\s reg>d to t mo/ sacr$ rule ( ju/ice1 :i* comm&s ! obs]vance ( all s]i\s promises1 w\ld n ?9k himself b\nd to p]=m1 is at lea/ mu* m d\btful4 ,t no reg>d is due to ! disappo9tm5t ( ! wret* :o br+s him into ?is situation1 t no injury is done to ! robb]1 & consequ5tly t no?+ c be extort$ by =ce1 w admit ( no sort ( dispute4 ,b :e!r "s reg>d is n1 9 ?is case1 due to 8 own dignity & hon\r1 to ! inviolable sacr$ness ( t "p ( 8 "* :i* makes him rev]5ce ! law ( tru?1 & abhor e ?+ t approa*es to trea*]y & falsehood1 may1 p]haps1 m reasonably be made a "q4 ,! casui/s accord+ly are greatly divid$ ab\t x4 ,"o p>ty1 ) :om we may c\nt ,cic]o among ! anci5ts1 among ! mod]ns1 ,puff5dorf1 ,b>beyrac 8 comm5tator1 & above all ! late ,dr4 ,hut*eson1 "o :o 9 mo/ cases 0 by no means a loose casui/1 det]m9e1 )\t any hesitation1 t no sort ( reg>d is due to any su* promise1 & t to ?9k o!rwise is m]e weakness & sup]/ition4 ,ano!r p>ty1 among :om we may reckon #bg"s ( ! anci5t fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 z well z "s v em95t mod]n casui/s1 h be5 ( ano!r op9ion1 & h judg$ all su* promises obligatory4 ,footnote #bg3 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 la ,placette4 ,if we consid] ! matt] accord+ to ! common s5tim5ts ( mank9d1 we %all f9d t "s reg>d w\ld be ?\ght due ev5 to a promise ( ?is k9d2 b t x is impossible to det]m9e h[ mu*1 by any g5]al rule t w apply to all cases )\t exception4 ,! man :o 0 q frank & easy 9 mak+ promises ( ?is k9d1 & :o violat$ !m ) z little c]emony1 we %\ld n *oose = our fri5d & companion4 ,a g5tleman :o %\ld promise a highwayman five p\nds & n p]=m1 w\ld incur "s blame4 ,if ! sum promis$1 h[ev]1 0 v great1 x might be m d\btful1 :at 0 prop] to be done4 ,if x 0 su*1 = example1 t ! paym5t ( x w\ld entirely ru9 ! family ( ! promis]1 if x 0 s great z to be suffici5t = promot+ ! mo/ useful purposes1 x w\ld appe> 9 "s measure crim9al1 at lea/ extremely improp]1 to ?r[ x1 = ! sake ( a punctilio1 into su* wor?less h&s4 ,! man :o %\ld begg> himself1 or :o %\ld ?r[ away an hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 ?\gh he c\ld af=d t va/ sum1 = ! sake ( obs]v+ su* a p>ole ) a ?ief1 w\ld appe> to ! common s5se ( mank9d1 absurd & extravagant 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,su* pr(usion w\ld seem inconsi/5t ) 8 duty1 ) :at he ow$ bo? to himself & o!rs1 & :at1 !re=e1 reg>d1 to a promise extort$ 9 ?is mann]1 c\ld by no means au?orize4 ,to fix1 h[ev]1 by any precise rule1 :at degree ( reg>d ought to be paid to x1 or :at might be ! greate/ sum :i* c\ld be due f x1 is evid5tly impossible4 ,?is w\ld v>y accord+ to ! *>act]s ( ! p]sons1 accord+ to _! circum/ances1 accord+ to ! solemnity ( ! promise1 & ev5 accord+ to ! incid5ts ( ! r5c\nt]3 & if ! promis] _h be5 treat$ ) a great deal ( t sort ( gallantry1 :i* is sometimes to be met ) 9 p]sons ( ! mo/ ab&on$ *>act]s1 m w\ld seem due ?an ^u o!r occasions4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al1 t exact propriety requires ! obs]vance ( all su* promises1 :5ev] x is n inconsi/5t ) "s o!r duties t are m sacr$2 su* z reg>d to ! public int]e/1 to ^? :om gratitude1 :om natural affection1 or :om ! laws ( prop] b5efic5ce %\ld prompt u to provide =4 ,b1 z 0 =m]ly tak5 notice (1 we h no precise rules to det]m9e :at ext]nal actions are due f a reg>d to su* motives1 nor1 consequ5tly1 :5 x is t ^? virtues are inconsi/5t ) ! obs]vance ( su* promises4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t :5ev] su* promises are violat$1 ?\gh = ! mo/ necess>y reasons1 x is always ) "s degree ( di%on\r to ! p]son :o made !m4 ,aft] !y are made1 we may be conv9c$ ( ! impropriety ( obs]v+ !m4 ,b /ill !re is "s fault 9 hav+ made !m4 ,x is at lea/ a dep>ture f ! highe/ & noble/ maxims ( magnanimity & hon\r4 ,a brave man ought to die1 r ?an make a promise :i* he c nei!r keep )\t folly1 nor violate )\t ignom9y4 ,= "s degree ( ignom9y always att5ds a situation ( ?is k9d4 ,trea*]y & falsehood are vices s dang]\s1 s dreadful1 &1 at ! same "t1 su* z may s easily1 &1 ^u _m occasions1 s safely be indulg$1 t we are m jeal\s ( !m ?an ( almo/ any o!r4 ,our imag9ation !re=e atta*es ! idea ( %ame to all violations ( fai?1 9 e circum/ance & 9 e situation4 ,!y resemble1 9 ?is respect1 ! violations ( *a/ity 9 ! fair sex1 a virtue ( :i*1 = ! l reasons1 we are excessively jeal\s2 & our s5tim5ts are n m delicate ) reg>d to ! "o1 ?an ) reg>d to ! o!r4 ,brea* ( *a/ity di%on\rs irretrievably4 ,no circum/ances1 no solicitation c excuse x2 no sorr[1 no rep5tance atone = x4 ,we are s nice 9 ?is respect t ev5 a rape di%on\rs1 & ! innoc5ce ( ! m9d _c1 9 our imag9ation1 wa% out ! pollution ( ! body4 ,x is ! same case ) ! violation ( fai?1 :5 x has be5 solemnly pl$g$1 ev5 to ! mo/ wor?less ( mank9d4 ,fidelity is s necess>y a virtue1 t we appreh5d x 9 g5]al to be due ev5 to ^? to :om no?+ else is due1 & :om we ?9k x lawful to kill & de/roy4 ,x is to no purpose t ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( ! brea* ( x1 urges t he promis$ 9 ord] to save 8 life1 & t he broke 8 promise because x 0 inconsi/5t ) "s o!r respectable duty to keep x4 ,^! circum/ances may alleviate1 b _c entirely wipe out 8 di%on\r4 ,he appe>s to h be5 guilty ( an action ) :i*1 9 ! imag9ations ( m51 "s degree ( %ame is insep>ably connect$4 ,he has broke a promise :i* he _h solemnly av]r$ he w\ld ma9ta92 & 8 "*1 if n irretrievably /a9$ & pollut$1 has at lea/ a ridicule affix$ to x1 :i* x w be v difficult entirely to efface2 & no man1 ,i imag9e1 :o _h gone ?r\gh an adv5ture ( ?is k9d1 w\ld be fond ( tell+ ! /ory4 ,?is in/ance may s]ve to %[ :]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 casui/ry & jurisprud5ce1 ev5 :5 bo? ( !m consid] ! obligations ( ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice4 ,b ?\gh ?is diff]5ce be real & ess5tial1 ?\gh ^? two sci5ces propose q diff]5t ends1 ! sam5ess ( ! subject has made su* a simil>ity betwe5 !m1 t ! great] "p ( au?ors ^: pr(ess$ design 0 to treat ( jurisprud5ce1 h det]m9$ ! diff]5t que/ions !y exam9e1 sometimes accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce1 & sometimes accord+ to ^? ( casui/ry1 )\t di/+ui%+1 &1 p]haps1 )\t be+ !mselves aw>e :5 !y did ! "o1 & :5 ! o!r4 ,! doctr9e ( ! casui/s1 h[ev]1 is by no means conf9$ to ! consid]ation ( :at a consci5ti\s reg>d to ! g5]al rules ( ju/ice1 w\ld dem& ( u4 ,x embraces _m o!r p>ts ( ,*ri/ian & moral duty4 ,:at seems pr9cipally to h giv5 occasion to ! cultivation ( ?is species ( sci5ce 0 ! cu/om ( auricul> confession1 introduc$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic sup]/ition1 9 times ( b>b>ism & ignorance4 ,by t in/itution1 ! mo/ secret actions1 & ev5 ! ?\ghts ( e p]son1 :i* c\ld be suspect$ ( rec$+ 9 ! smalle/ degree f ! rules ( ,*ri/ian purity1 7 to be reveal$ to ! confessor4 ,! confessor in=m$ 8 p5it5ts :e!r1 & 9 :at respect !y _h violat$ _! duty1 & :at p5ance x behov$ !m to und]go1 be=e he c\ld absolve !m 9 ! "n ( ! (f5d$ ,deity4 ,! consci\sness1 or ev5 ! suspicion ( hav+ done wrong1 is a load ^u e m9d1 & is accompani$ ) anxiety & t]ror 9 all ^? :o are n h>d5$ by long habits ( iniquity4 ,m51 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r di/resses1 are naturally eag] to disbur!n !mselves ( ! oppression :i* !y feel ^u _! ?\ghts1 by unbosom+ ! agony ( _! m9d to "s p]son ^: secrecy & discretion !y c confide 94 ,! %ame1 :i* !y suff] f ?is ackn[l$gm5t1 is fully comp5sat$ by t alleviation ( _! uneas9ess :i* ! sympa?y ( _! confid5t seldom fails to occasion4 ,x relieves !m to f9d t !y are n altoge!r unwor?y ( reg>d1 & t h[ev] _! pa/ conduct may be c5sur$1 _! pres5t disposition is at lea/ approv$ (1 & is p]haps suffici5t to comp5sate ! o!r1 at lea/ to ma9ta9 !m 9 "s degree ( e/eem ) _! fri5d4 ,a num]\s & artful cl]gy _h1 9 ^? times ( sup]/ition1 ins9uat$ !mselves into ! confid5ce ( almo/ e private family4 ,!y possess$ all ! little le>n+ :i* ! times c\ld af=d1 & _! mann]s1 ?\gh 9 _m respects rude & disord]ly1 7 poli%$ & regul> comp>$ ) ^? ( ! age !y liv$ 94 ,!y 7 reg>d$1 !re=e1 n only z ! great directors ( all religi\s1 b ( all moral duties4 ,_! famili>ity gave reputation to :oev] 0 s happy z to possess x1 & e m>k ( _! disapprobation /amp$ ! deepe/ ignom9y ^u all :o _h ! mis=tune to fall "u x4 ,be+ consid]$ z ! great judges ( "r & wrong1 !y 7 naturally consult$ ab\t all scruples t occurr$1 & x 0 reputable = any p]son to h x kn[n t he made ^? holy m5 ! confid5ts ( all su* secrets1 & took no important or delicate /ep 9 8 conduct )\t _! advice & approbation4 ,x 0 n difficult = ! cl]gy1 !re=e1 to get x e/abli%$ z a g5]al rule1 t !y %\ld be entru/$ ) :at x _h already become fa%ionable to entru/ !m1 & ) :at !y g5]ally w\ld h be5 entru/$ ?\gh no su* rule _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,to qualify !mselves = confessors became ?us a necess>y "p ( ! /udy ( *ur*m5 & div9es1 & !y 7 !nce l$ to collect :at are call$ cases ( consci5ce1 nice & delicate situations1 9 :i* x is h>d to det]m9e :]eab\ts ! propriety ( conduct may lie4 ,su* works1 !y imag9$1 might be ( use bo? to ! directors ( consci5ces & to ^? :o 7 to be direct$2 & h5ce ! orig9 ( books ( casui/ry4 ,! moral duties :i* fell "u ! consid]ation ( ! casui/s 7 *iefly ^? :i* c1 9 "s measure at lea/1 be circumscrib$ )9 g5]al rules1 & ( :i* ! violation is naturally att5d$ ) "s degree ( remorse & "s dread ( suff]+ puni%m5t4 ,! design ( t in/itution :i* gave occasion to _! works1 0 to appease ^? t]rors ( consci5ce :i* att5d ^u ! infr+em5t ( su* duties4 ,b x is n e virtue ( :i* ! defect is accompani$ ) any v sev]e compunctions ( ?is k9d1 & no man applies to 8 confessor = absolution1 because he did n p]=m ! mo/ g5]\s1 ! mo/ fri5dly1 or ! mo/ magnanim\s action :i*1 9 8 circum/ances1 x 0 possible to p]=m4 ,9 failures ( ?is k9d1 ! rule t is violat$ is commonly n v det]m9ate1 & is g5]ally ( su* a nature too1 t ?\gh ! obs]vance ( x might entitle to hon\r & rew>d1 ! violation seems to expose to no positive blame1 c5sure1 or puni%m5t4 ,! ex]cise ( su* virtues ! casui/s seem to h reg>d$ z a sort ( works ( sup]]ogation1 :i* c\ld n be v /rictly enact$1 & :i* x 0 !re=e unnecess>y = !m to treat (4 ,! brea*es ( moral duty1 !re=e1 :i* came be=e ! tribunal ( ! confessor1 & ^u t acc\nt fell "u ! cognizance ( ! casui/s1 7 *iefly ( ?ree diff]5t k9ds4 ,fir/ & pr9cipally1 brea*es ( ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,! rules "h are all express & positive1 & ! violation ( !m is naturally att5d$ ) ! consci\sness ( des]v+1 & ! dread ( suff]+ puni%m5t bo? f ,god & man4 ,secondly1 brea*es ( ! rules ( *a/ity4 ,^! 9 all gross] in/ances are real brea*es ( ! rules ( ju/ice1 & no p]son c be guilty ( !m )\t do+ ! mo/ unp>donable injury to "s o!r4 ,9 small] in/ances1 :5 !y am\nt only to a violation ( ^? exact decorums :i* ought to be obs]v$ 9 ! conv]sation ( ! two sexes1 !y _c inde$ ju/ly be consid]$ z violations ( ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,!y are g5]ally1 h[ev]1 violations ( a pretty pla9 rule1 &1 at lea/ 9 "o ( ! sexes1 t5d to br+ ignom9y ^u ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( !m1 & consequ5tly to be att5d$ 9 ! scrupul\s ) "s degree ( %ame & contrition ( m9d4 ,?irdly1 brea*es ( ! rules ( v]acity4 ,! violation ( tru?1 x is to be obs]v$1 is n always a brea* ( ju/ice1 ?\gh x is s ^u _m occasions1 & consequ5tly _c always expose to any ext]nal puni%m5t4 ,! vice ( common ly+1 ?\gh a mo/ mis]able meanness1 may frequ5tly d hurt to no p]son1 & 9 ?is case no claim ( v5geance or satisfaction c be due ei!r to ! p]sons impos$ ^u1 or to o!rs4 ,b ?\gh ! violation ( tru? is n always a brea* ( ju/ice1 x is always a brea* ( a v pla9 rule1 & :at naturally t5ds to cov] ) %ame ! p]son :o has be5 guilty ( x4 ,! great pleasure ( conv]sation1 & inde$ ( society1 arises f a c]ta9 correspond5ce ( s5tim5ts & op9ions1 f a c]ta9 h>mony ( m9ds1 :i* l s _m musical in/rum5ts co9cide & keep "t ) "o ano!r4 ,b ?is mo/ delightful h>mony _c be obta9$ unless !re is a free communication ( s5tim5ts & op9ions4 ,we all desire1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 to feel h[ ea* o!r is affect$1 to p5etrate into ea* o!r's bosoms1 & to obs]ve ! s5tim5ts & affections :i* really subsi/ !re4 ,! man :o indulges u 9 ?is natural passion1 :o invites u into 8 he>t1 :o1 z x 71 sets op5 ! gates ( 8 brea/ to u1 seems to ex]cise a species ( hospitality m delightful ?an any o!r4 ,no man1 :o is 9 ord9>y good temp]1 c fail ( pleas+1 if he has ! c\rage to utt] 8 real s5tim5ts z he feels !m1 & because he feels !m4 ,x is ?is unres]v$ s9c]ity :i* r5d]s ev5 ! prattle ( a *ild agreeable4 ,h[ weak & imp]fect soev] ! views ( ! op5-he>t$1 we take pleasure to ent] into !m1 & endeav\r1 z mu* z we c1 to br+ d[n our own und]/&+ to ! level ( _! capacities1 & to reg>d e subject 9 ! p>ticul> light 9 :i* !y appe> to h consid]$ x4 ,?is passion to discov] ! real s5tim5ts ( o!rs is naturally s /rong1 t x (t5 deg5]ates into a tr\blesome & imp]t95t curiosity to pry into ^? secrets ( our neighb\rs :i* !y h v ju/ifiable reasons = conceal+1 &1 ^u _m occasions1 x requires prud5ce & a /rong s5se ( propriety to gov]n ?is1 z well z all ! o!r passions ( human nature1 & to r$uce x to t pit* :i* any imp>tial spectator c approve (4 ,to disappo9t ?is curiosity1 h[ev]1 :5 x is kept )9 prop] b\nds1 & aims at no?+ :i* !re c be any j reason = conceal+1 is equally disagreeable 9 its turn4 ,! man :o eludes our mo/ innoc5t que/ions1 :o gives no satisfaction to our mo/ in(f5sive inquiries1 :o pla9ly wraps himself up 9 imp5etrable obscurity1 seems1 z x 71 to build a wall ab\t 8 brea/4 ,we run =w>d to get )9 x1 ) all ! eag]ness ( h>mless curiosity1 & feel ourselves all at once pu%$ back ) ! rude/ & mo/ (f5sive viol5ce4 ,if to conceal is s disagreeable1 to attempt to deceive u is /ill m disgu/+1 ev5 ?\gh we c\ld possibly suff] no?+ by ! success ( ! fraud4 ,if we see t our companion wants to impose ^u u1 if ! s5tim5ts & op9ions :i* he utt]s appe> evid5tly n to be 8 own1 let !m be ev] s f9e1 we c d]ive no sort ( ent]ta9m5t f !m2 & if some?+ ( human nature did n n[ & !n transpire ?r\gh all ! cov]s :i* falsehood & affectation are capable ( wrapp+ ar\nd x1 a puppet ( wood w\ld be altoge!r z pleasant a companion z a p]son :o nev] spoke z he 0 affect$4 ,no man ev] deceives1 ) reg>d to ! mo/ insignificant matt]s1 :o is n consci\s ( do+ some?+ l an injury to ^? he conv]ses )2 & :o does n inw>dly blu% & %r9k back ) %ame & confusion ev5 at ! secret ?\ght ( a detection4 ,brea* ( v]acity1 !re=e1 be+ always att5d$ ) "s degree ( remorse & self-condemnation1 naturally fell "u ! cognizance ( ! casui/s4 ,! *ief subjects ( ! works ( ! casui/s1 !re=e1 7 ! consci5ti\s reg>d t is due to ! rules ( ju/ice2 h[ f> we ought to respect ! life & prop]ty ( our neighb\r2 ! duty ( re/itution2 ! laws ( *a/ity & mode/y1 & :]e9 consi/$ :at1 9 _! language1 are call$ ! s9s ( concupisc5ce3 ! rules ( v]acity1 & ! obligation ( oa?s1 promises1 & contracts ( all k9ds4 ,x may be said 9 g5]al ( ! works ( ! casui/s t !y attempt$1 to no purpose1 to direct by precise rules :at belongs to feel+ & s5tim5t only to judge (4 ,h[ is x possible to asc]ta9 by rules ! exact po9t at :i*1 9 e case1 a delicate s5se ( ju/ice beg9s to run into a frivol\s & weak scrupulosity ( consci5ce8 ,:5 x is t secrecy & res]ve beg9 to gr[ into dissimulation8 ,h[ f> an agreeable irony may be c>ri$1 & at :at precise po9t x beg9s to deg5]ate into a dete/able lie8 ,:at is ! highe/ pit* ( fre$om & ease ( behavi\r :i* c be reg>d$ z graceful & becom+1 & :5 x is t x fir/ beg9s to run into a neglig5t & ?\ghtless lic5ti\sness8 ,) reg>d to all su* matt]s1 :at w\ld hold good 9 any "o case w\ld sc>ce d s exactly 9 any o!r1 & :at con/itutes ! propriety & happ9ess ( behavi\r v>ies 9 e case ) ! smalle/ v>iety ( situation4 ,books ( casui/ry1 !re=e1 are g5]ally z useless z !y are commonly tiresome4 ,!y c\ld be ( little use to "o :o %\ld consult !m ^u occasion1 ev5 suppos+ _! decisions to be j2 because1 not)/&+ ! multitude ( cases collect$ 9 !m1 yet ^u acc\nt ( ! /ill great] v>iety ( possible circum/ances1 x is a *ance1 if among all ^? cases !re be f\nd "o exactly p>allel to t "u consid]ation4 ,"o1 :o is really anxi\s to d 8 duty1 mu/ be v weak1 if he c imag9e t he has mu* occasion = !m2 & ) reg>d to "o :o is neglig5t ( x1 ! /yle ( ^? writ+s is n su* z is likely to awak5 him to m att5tion4 ,none ( !m t5d to animate u to :at is g5]\s & noble4 ,none ( !m t5d to s(t5 u to :at is g5tle & humane4 ,_m ( !m1 on ! contr>y1 t5d r to tea* u to *icane ) our own consci5ces1 & by _! va9 subtilties s]ve to au?orize innum]able evasive ref9em5ts ) reg>d to ! mo/ ess5tial articles ( our duty4 ,t frivol\s accuracy :i* !y attempt$ to introduce into subjects :i* d n admit ( x1 almo/ necess>ily betray$ !m into ^? dang]\s errors1 & at ! same "t r5d]$ _! works dry & disagreeable1 ab\nd+ 9 ab/ruse & metaphysical di/9ctions1 b incapable ( excit+ 9 ! he>t any ( ^? emotions :i* x is ! pr9cipal use ( books ( morality to excite4 ,! two useful p>ts ( moral philosophy1 !re=e1 are ,e?ics & ,jurisprud5ce3 casui/ry ought to be reject$ altoge!r1 & ! anci5t morali/s appe> to h judg$ mu* bett]1 :o1 9 treat+ ( ! same subjects1 did n affect any su* nice exactness1 b cont5t$ !mselves ) describ+1 9 a g5]al mann]1 :at is ! s5tim5t ^u :i* ju/ice1 mode/y1 & v]acity are f\nd$1 & :at is ! ord9>y way ( act+ to :i* ^? virtues w\ld commonly prompt u4 ,some?+1 inde$1 n unlike ! doctr9e ( ! casui/s1 seems to h be5 attempt$ by sev]al philosoph]s4 ,!re is some?+ ( ?is k9d 9 ! ?ird book ( ,cic]o's ,(fices1 :]e he endeav\rs l a casui/ to give rules = our conduct 9 _m nice cases1 9 :i* x is difficult to det]m9e :]eab\ts ! po9t ( propriety may lie4 ,x appe>s too1 f _m passages 9 ! same book1 t sev]al o!r philosoph]s _h attempt$ some?+ ( ! same k9d be=e him4 ,nei!r he nor !y1 h[ev]1 appe> to h aim$ at giv+ a complete sy/em ( ?is sort1 b only meant to %[ h[ situations may occur1 9 :i* x is d\btful1 :e!r ! highe/ propriety ( conduct consi/s 9 obs]v+ or 9 rec$+ f :at1 9 ord9>y cases1 are ! rules ( duty4 ,e sy/em ( positive law may be reg>d$ z a m or less imp]fect attempt t[>ds a sy/em ( natural jurisprud5ce1 or t[>ds an enum]ation ( ! p>ticul> rules ( ju/ice4 ,z ! violation ( ju/ice is :at m5 w nev] submit to f "o ano!r1 ! public magi/rate is "u a necessity ( employ+ ! p[] ( ! commonweal? to en=ce ! practice ( ?is virtue4 ,)\t ?is precaution1 civil society w\ld become a sc5e ( blood%$ & disord]1 e man rev5g+ himself at 8 own h& :5ev] he fanci$ he 0 injur$4 ,to prev5t ! confusion :i* w\ld att5d ^u e man's do+ ju/ice to himself1 ! magi/rate1 9 all gov]nm5ts t h acquir$ any consid]able au?ority1 und]takes to d ju/ice to all1 & promises to he> & to r$ress e compla9t ( injury4 ,9 all well-gov]n$ /ates too1 n only judges are appo9t$ = det]m9+ ! controv]sies ( individuals1 b rules are prescrib$ = regulat+ ! decisions ( ^? judges2 & ^! rules are1 9 g5]al1 int5d$ to co9cide ) ^? ( natural ju/ice4 ,x does n1 inde$1 always happ5 t !y d s 9 e in/ance4 ,sometimes :at is call$ ! con/itution ( ! /ate1 t is1 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]nm5t2 sometimes ( ! int]e/ ( p>ticul> ord]s ( m5 :o tyrannize ! gov]nm5t1 w>p ! positive laws ( ! c\ntry f :at natural ju/ice w\ld prescribe4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! rud5ess & b>b>ism ( ! p h9d] ! natural s5tim5ts ( ju/ice f arriv+ at t accuracy & precision :i*1 9 m civiliz$ nations1 !y naturally atta9 to4 ,_! laws are1 l _! mann]s1 gross & rude & undi/+ui%+4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! un=tunate con/itution ( _! c\rts ( judicature h9d]s any regul> sy/em ( jurisprud5ce f ev] e/abli%+ itself among !m1 ?\gh ! improv$ mann]s ( ! p may be su* z w\ld admit ( ! mo/ accurate4 ,9 no c\ntry d ! decisions ( positive law co9cide exactly1 9 e case1 ) ! rules :i* ! natural s5se ( ju/ice w\ld dictate4 ,sy/ems ( positive law1 !re=e1 ?\gh !y des]ve ! greate/ au?ority1 z ! records ( ! s5tim5ts ( mank9d 9 diff]5t ages & nations1 yet c nev] be reg>d$ z accurate sy/ems ( ! rules ( natural ju/ice4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ! reason+s ( lawy]s1 ^u ! diff]5t imp]fections & improvem5ts ( ! laws ( diff]5t c\ntries1 %\ld h giv5 occasion to an inquiry into :at 7 ! natural rules ( ju/ice indep5d5t ( all positive in/itution4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t ^! reason+s %\ld h l$ !m to aim at e/abli%+ a sy/em ( :at might prop]ly be call$ natural jurisprud5ce1 or a !ory ( ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* ought to run ?r\gh & be ! f\ndation ( ! laws ( all nations4 ,b ?o' ! reason+s ( lawy]s did produce some?+ ( ?is k9d1 & ?\gh no man has treat$ sy/ematically ( ! laws ( any p>ticul> c\ntry1 )\t int]mix+ 9 8 "w _m obs]vations ( ?is sort2 x 0 v late 9 ! _w be=e any su* g5]al sy/em 0 ?\ght (1 or be=e ! philosophy ( law 0 treat$ ( by itself1 & )\t reg>d to ! p>ticul> in/itutions ( any "o nation4 ,9 none ( ! anci5t morali/s1 d we f9d any attempt t[>ds a p>ticul> enum]ation ( ! rules ( ju/ice4 ,cic]o 9 8 ,(fices1 & ,ari/otle 9 8 ,e?ics1 treat ( ju/ice 9 ! same g5]al mann] 9 :i* !y treat ( all ! o!r virtues4 ,9 ! laws ( ,cic]o & ,plato1 :]e we might naturally h expect$ "s attempts t[>ds an enum]ation ( ^? rules ( natural equity1 :i* ought to be en=c$ by ! positive laws ( e c\ntry1 !re is h[ev]1 no?+ ( ?is k9d4 ,_! laws are laws ( police1 n ( ju/ice4 ,grotius seems to h be5 ! fir/1 :o attempt$ to give ! _w any ?+ l a sy/em ( ^? pr9ciples :i* ought to run ?r\gh1 & be ! f\ndation ( ! laws ( all nations2 & 8 treatise ( ! laws ( w> & peace1 ) all its imp]fections1 is p]haps at ?is day ! mo/ complete "w t has yet be5 giv5 ^u ?is subject4 ,i %all 9 ano!r disc\rse endeav\r to give an acc\nt ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( law & gov]nm5t1 & ( ! diff]5t revolutions !y h und]gone 9 ! diff]5t ages & p]iods ( society1 n only 9 :at conc]ns ju/ice1 b 9 :at conc]ns police1 rev5ue1 & arms1 & :atev] else is ! object ( law4 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 at pres5t ent] into any fur!r detail conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( jurisprud5ce4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,consid]ations ,conc]n+ ! ,,fir/ ,,=mation ,,( ,,languages1 ,,& ,,! ,diff]5t ,g5ius ( orig9al & comp\nd$ ,,languages4 ,! assignation ( p>ticul> names1 to d5ote p>ticul> objects1 t is1 ! in/itution ( n\ns sub/antive1 w\ld1 probably1 be "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>ds ! =mation ( language4 ,two savages1 :o _h nev] be5 taught to speak1 b _h be5 br$ up remote f ! societies ( m51 w\ld naturally beg9 to =m t language by :i* !y w\ld endeav\r to make _! mutual wants intelligible to ea* o!r1 by utt]+ c]ta9 s\nds1 :5ev] !y meant to d5ote c]ta9 objects4 ,^? objects only :i* 7 mo/ famili> to !m1 & :i* !y _h mo/ frequ5t occasion to m5tion1 w\ld h p>ticul> names assign$ to !m4 ,! p>ticul> cave ^: cov]+ %elt]$ !m f ! wea!r1 ! p>ticul> tree ^: fruit reliev$ _! hung]1 ! p>ticul> f\nta9 ^: wat] allay$ _! ?ir/1 w\ld fir/ be d5ot$ by ! words cave1 tree1 f\nta91 or by :atev] o!r appellations !y might ?9k prop]1 9 t primitive j>gon1 to m>k !m4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! m enl>g$ exp]i5ce ( ^! savages _h l$ !m to obs]ve1 & _! necess>y occasions oblig$ !m to make m5tion (1 o!r caves1 & o!r trees1 & o!r f\nta9s1 !y w\ld naturally be/[1 ^u ea* ( ^? new objects1 ! same "n1 by :i* !y _h be5 accu/om$ to express ! simil> object !y 7 fir/ acqua9t$ )4 ,! new objects _h none ( !m any "n ( its own1 b ea* ( !m exactly resembl$ ano!r object1 :i* _h su* an appellation4 ,x 0 impossible t ^? savages c\ld behold ! new objects1 )\t recollect+ ! old ones2 & ! "n ( ! old ones1 to :i* ! new bore s close a resemblance4 ,:5 !y _h occasion1 !re=e1 to m5tion1 or to po9t out to ea* o!r1 any ( ! new objects1 !y w\ld naturally utt] ! "n ( ! correspond5t old "o1 ( :i* ! idea c\ld n fail1 at t in/ant1 to pres5t itself to _! memory 9 ! /ronge/ & livelie/ mann]4 ,& ?us1 ^? words1 :i* 7 orig9ally ! prop] names ( individuals1 w\ld ea* ( !m ins5sibly become ! common "n ( a multitude4 ,a *ild t is j le>n+ to speak1 calls e p]son :o comes to ! h\se its papa or its mama2 & ?us be/[s ^u ! :ole species ^? names :i* x _h be5 taught to apply to two individuals4 ,i h kn[n a cl[n1 :o did n "k ! prop] "n ( ! riv] :i* ran by 8 own door4 ,x 0 ! riv]1 he said1 & he nev] he>d any o!r "n = x4 ,8 exp]i5ce1 x seems1 _h n l$ him to obs]ve any o!r riv]4 ,! g5]al ^w riv]1 !re=e1 01 x is evid5t1 9 8 acceptance ( x1 a prop] "n1 signify+ an individual object4 ,if ?is p]son _h be5 c>ri$ to ano!r riv]1 w\ld he n readily h call$ x a riv]8 ,c\ld we suppose any p]son liv+ on ! banks ( ! ,?ames s ignorant1 z n to "k ! g5]al ^w riv]1 b to be acqua9t$ only ) ! p>ticul> ^w ,?ames1 if he 0 br\ght to any o!r riv]1 w\ld he n readily call x a ,?ames8 ,?is1 9 reality1 is no m ?an :at !y1 :o are well acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al ^w1 are v apt to d4 ,an ,engli%man1 describ+ any great riv] :i* he may h se5 9 "s =eign c\ntry1 naturally says1 t x is ano!r ,?ames4 ,! ,spani>ds1 :5 !y fir/ arriv$ ^u ! coa/ ( ,mexico1 & obs]v$ ! weal?1 popul\sness1 & habitations ( t f9e c\ntry1 s mu* sup]ior to ! savage nations :i* !y _h be5 visit+ = "s "t be=e1 cri$ out1 t x 0 ano!r ,spa94 ,h5ce x 0 call$ ,new ,spa92 & ?is "n has /uck to t un=tunate c\ntry ev] s9ce4 ,we say1 9 ! same mann]1 ( a h]o1 t he is an ,alex&]2 ( an orator1 t he is a ,cic]o2 ( a philosoph]1 t he is a ,newton4 ,?is way ( speak+1 :i* ! gramm>ians call an ,antonomasia1 & :i* is /ill extremely common1 ?\gh n[ n at all necess>y1 demon/rates h[ mu* mank9d are naturally dispos$ to give to "o object ! "n ( any o!r1 :i* ne>ly resembles x1 & ?us to d5om9ate a multitude1 by :at orig9ally 0 int5d$ to express an individual4 ,x is ?is application ( ! "n ( an individual to a great multitude ( objects1 ^: resemblance naturally recalls ! idea ( t individual1 & ( ! "n :i* expresses x1 t seems orig9ally to h giv5 occasion to ! =mation ( ^? classes & assortm5ts1 :i*1 9 ! s*ools1 are call$ g5]a & species1 & ( :i* ! +5i\s & eloqu5t ,m4 ,r\sseau ( ,g5eva#bh1 f9ds himself s mu* at a loss to acc\nt = ! orig94 ,:at con/itutes a species is m]ely a numb] ( objects1 be>+ a c]ta9 degree ( resemblance to "o ano!r1 & on t acc\nt d5om9at$ by a s+le appellation1 :i* may be appli$ to express any "o ( !m4 ,footnote #bh3 ,orig9e de l',inegalit4 ,p>tie premi]e1 p4 #cgf1 #cgg1 ,edition d',am/]dam1 des ,oeuvres div]ses de ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau4 ,:5 ! great] "p ( objects _h ?us be5 arrang$ "u _! prop] classes & assortm5ts1 di/+ui%$ by su* g5]al names1 x 0 impossible t ! great] "p ( t almo/ inf9ite numb] ( individuals1 compreh5d$ "u ea* p>ticul> assortm5t or species1 c\ld h any peculi> or prop] names ( _! own1 di/9ct f ! g5]al "n ( ! species4 ,:5 !re 0 occasion1 !re=e1 to m5tion any p>ticul> object1 x (t5 became necess>y to di/+ui% x f ! o!r objects compreh5d$ "u ! same g5]al "n1 ei!r1 fir/1 by its peculi> qualities2 or1 secondly1 by ! peculi> relation :i* x /ood 9 to "s o!r ?+s4 ,h5ce ! necess>y orig9 ( two o!r sets ( words1 ( :i* ! "o %\ld express quality2 ! o!r relation4 ,n\ns adjective are ! words :i* express quality consid]$ z qualify+1 or1 z ! s*oolm5 say1 9 concrete )1 "s p>ticul> subject4 ,?us ! ^w gre5 expresses a c]ta9 quality consid]$ z qualify+1 or z 9 concrete )1 ! p>ticul> subject to :i* x may be appli$4 ,words ( ?is k9d1 x is evid5t1 may s]ve to di/+ui% p>ticul> objects f o!rs compreh5d$ "u ! same g5]al appellation4 ,! words gre5 tree1 = example1 might s]ve to di/+ui% a p>ticul> tree f o!rs t 7 )]$ or bla/$4 ,prepositions are ! words :i* express relation consid]$1 9 ! same mann]1 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,?us ! prepositions (1 to1 =1 )1 by1 above1 bel[1 c4 d5ote "s relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! objects express$ by ! words betwe5 :i* ! prepositions are plac$2 & !y d5ote t ?is relation is consid]$ 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,words ( ?is k9d s]ve to di/+ui% p>ticul> objects f o!rs ( ! same species1 :5 ^? p>ticul> objects _c be s prop]ly m>k$ out by any peculi> qualities ( _! own4 ,:5 we say1 ! gre5 tree ( ! mead[1 = example1 we di/+ui% a p>ticul> tree1 n only by ! quality :i* belongs to x1 b by ! relation :i* x /&s 9 to ano!r object4 ,z nei!r quality nor relation c exi/ 9 ab/ract1 x is natural to suppose t ! words :i* d5ote !m consid]$ 9 concrete1 ! way 9 :i* we always see !m subsi/1 w\ld be ( mu* e>li] inv5tion1 ?an ^? :i* express !m consid]$ 9 ab/ract1 ! way 9 :i* we nev] see !m subsi/4 ,! words gre5 & blue w\ld1 9 all probability1 be soon] inv5t$ ?an ! words gre5ness & blu5ess2 ! words above & bel[1 ?an ! words sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,to inv5t words ( ! latt] k9d requires a mu* great] ef=t ( ab/raction ?an to inv5t ^? ( ! =m]4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t su* ab/ract t]ms w\ld be ( mu* lat] in/itution4 ,accord+ly1 _! etymologies g5]ally %[ t !y are s1 !y be+ g5]ally d]iv$ f o!rs t are concrete4 ,b ?\gh ! inv5tion ( n\ns adjective be mu* m natural ?an t ( ! ab/ract n\ns sub/antive d]iv$ f !m1 x w\ld /ill1 h[ev]1 require a consid]able degree ( ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,^?1 = example1 :o fir/ inv5t$ ! words1 gre51 blue1 r$1 & ! o!r names ( col\rs1 mu/ h obs]v$ & comp>$ toge!r a great numb] ( objects1 mu/ h rem>k$ _! resemblances & dissimilitudes 9 respect ( ! quality ( col\r1 & mu/ h arrang$ !m1 9 _! own m9ds1 into diff]5t classes & assortm5ts1 accord+ to ^? resemblances & dissimilitudes4 ,an adjective is by nature a g5]al1 & 9 "s measure1 an ab/ract ^w1 & necess>ily presupposes ! idea ( a c]ta9 species or assortm5t ( ?+s1 to all ( :i* x is equally applicable4 ,! ^w gre5 c\ld n1 z we 7 suppos+ might be ! case ( ! ^w cave1 h be5 orig9ally ! "n ( an individual1 & aft]w>ds h become1 by :at gramm>ians call an ,antonomasia ! "n ( a species4 ,! ^w gre5 d5ot+1 n ! "n ( a sub/ance1 b ! peculi> quality ( a sub/ance1 mu/ f ! v fir/ h be5 a g5]al ^w1 & consid]$ z equally applicable to any o!r sub/ance possess$ ( ! same quality4 ,! man :o fir/ di/+ui%$ a p>ticul> object by ! epi!t ( gre51 mu/ h obs]v$ o!r objects t 7 n gre51 f :i* he meant to sep>ate x by ?is appellation4 ,! in/itution ( ?is "n1 !re=e1 supposes comp>ison4 ,x likewise supposes "s degree ( ab/raction4 ,! p]son :o fir/ inv5t$ ?is appellation mu/ h di/+ui%$ ! quality f ! object to :i* x belong$1 & mu/ h conceiv$ ! object z capable ( subsi/+ )\t ! quality4 ,! inv5tion1 !re=e1 ev5 ( ! simple/ n\ns adjective1 mu/ h requir$ m metaphysics ?an we are apt to be aw>e (4 ,! diff]5t m5tal op]ations1 ( arrangem5t or class+1 ( comp>ison1 & ( ab/raction1 mu/ all h be5 employ$1 be=e ev5 ! names ( ! diff]5t col\rs1 ! lea/ metaphysical ( all n\ns adjective1 c\ld be in/itut$4 ,f all :i* ,i inf]1 t :5 languages 7 beg9n+ to be =m$1 n\ns adjective w\ld by no means be ! words ( ! e>lie/ inv5tion4 ,!re is ano!r exp$i5t = d5ot+ ! diff]5t qualities ( diff]5t sub/ances1 :i* z x requires no ab/raction1 nor any conceiv$ sep>ation ( ! quality f ! subject1 seems m natural ?an ! inv5tion ( n\ns adjective1 & :i*1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 c\ld h>dly fail1 9 ! fir/ =mation ( language1 to be ?\ght ( be=e !m4 ,?is exp$i5t is to make "s v>iation ^u ! n\n sub/antive itself1 accord+ to ! diff]5t qualities :i* x is end[$ )4 ,?us1 9 _m languages1 ! qualities bo? ( sex & ( ! want ( sex1 are express$ by diff]5t t]m9ations 9 ! n\ns sub/antive1 :i* d5ote objects s qualifi$4 ,9 ,lat91 = example1 lupus1 lupa2 equus1 equa2 juv5cus1 juv5ca2 ,julius1 ,julia2 ,lucretius1 ,lucretia1 c4 d5ote ! qualities ( male & female 9 ! animals & p]sons to :om su* appellations belong1 )\t ne$+ ! addition ( any adjective = ?is purpose4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! words =um1 pratum1 plau/rum1 d5ote by _! peculi> t]m9ation ! total abs5ce ( sex 9 ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* !y /& =4 ,bo? sex1 & ! want ( all sex1 be+ naturally consid]$ z qualities modify+ & insep>able f ! p>ticul> sub/ances to :i* !y belong1 x 0 natural to express !m r by a modification 9 ! n\n sub/antive1 ?an by any g5]al & ab/ract ^w expressive ( ?is p>ticul> species ( quality4 ,! expression be>s1 x is evid5t1 9 ?is way1 a mu* m exact analogy to ! idea or object :i* x d5otes1 ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! quality appe>s1 9 nature1 z a modification ( ! sub/ance1 & z x is ?us express$1 9 language1 by a modification ( ! n\n sub/antive1 :i* d5otes t sub/ance1 ! quality & ! subject are1 9 ?is case1 bl5d$ toge!r1 if ,i may say s1 9 ! expression1 9 ! same mann]1 z !y appe> to be 9 ! object & 9 ! idea4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neutral g5d]s1 9 all ! anci5t languages4 ,by means ( ^!1 ! mo/ important ( all di/9ctions1 t ( sub/ances into animat$ & inanimat$1 & t ( animals into male & female1 seem to h be5 suffici5tly m>k$ )\t ! assi/ance ( adjectives1 or ( any g5]al names d5ot+ ?is mo/ ext5sive species ( qualifications4 ,!re are no m ?an ^! ?ree g5d]s 9 any ( ! languages ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$2 t is to say1 ! =mation ( n\ns sub/antive1 c1 by itself1 & )\t ! accompanim5t ( adjectives1 express no o!r qualities b ^? ?ree above-m5tion$1 ! qualities ( male1 ( female1 ( nei!r male nor female4 ,i %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be surpris$1 if1 9 o!r languages ) :i* ,i am unacqua9t$1 ! diff]5t =mations ( n\ns sub/antive %\ld be capable ( express+ _m o!r diff]5t qualities4 ,! diff]5t dim9utives ( ! ,italian1 & ( "s o!r languages1 d1 9 reality1 sometimes1 express a great v>iety ( diff]5t modifications 9 ! sub/ances d5ot$ by ^? n\ns :i* und]go su* v>iations4 ,x 0 impossible1 h[ev]1 t n\ns sub/antive c\ld1 )\t los+ altoge!r _! orig9al =m1 und]go s great a numb] ( v>iations1 z w\ld be suffici5t to express t almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( qualities1 by :i* x might1 ^u diff]5t occasions1 be necess>y to specify & di/+ui% !m4 ,?\gh ! diff]5t =mation ( n\ns sub/antive1 !re=e1 might1 = "s "t1 =e/all ! necessity ( inv5t+ n\ns adjective1 x 0 impossible t ?is necessity c\ld be =e/all$ altoge!r4 ,:5 n\ns adjective came to be inv5t$1 x 0 natural t !y %\ld be =m$ ) "s simil>ity to ! sub/antives1 to :i* !y 7 to s]ve z epi!ts or qualifications4 ,m5 w\ld naturally give !m ! same t]m9ations ) ! sub/antives to :i* !y 7 fir/ appli$1 & f t love ( simil>ity ( s\nd1 f t delight 9 ! returns ( ! same syllables1 :i* is 9 ! f\ndation ( analogy 9 all languages1 !y w\ld be apt to v>y ! t]m9ation ( ! same adjective1 accord+ z !y _h occasion to apply x to a mascul9e1 to a fem99e1 or to a neutral sub/antive4 ,!y w\ld say1 magnus lupus1 magna lupa1 magnum pratum1 :5 !y meant to express a great he wolf1 a great %e wolf1 a great mead[4 ,?is v>iation1 9 ! t]m9ation ( ! n\n adjective1 accord+ to ! g5d] ( ! sub/antive1 :i* takes place 9 all ! anci5t languages1 seems to h be5 introduc$ *iefly = ! sake ( a c]ta9 simil>ity ( s\nd1 ( a c]ta9 species ( rhyme1 :i* is naturally s v agreeable to ! human e>4 ,g5d]1 x is to be obs]v$1 _c prop]ly belong to a n\n adjective1 ! signification ( :i* is always precisely ! same1 to :atev] species ( sub/antives x is appli$4 ,:5 we say1 a great man1 a great woman1 ! ^w great has precisely ! same mean+ 9 bo? cases1 & ! diff]5ce ( ! sex 9 ! subjects to :i* x may be appli$1 makes no sort ( diff]5ce 9 its signification4 ,magnus1 magna1 magnum1 9 ! same mann]1 are words :i* express precisely ! same quality1 & ! *ange ( ! t]m9ation is accompani$ ) no sort ( v>iation 9 ! mean+4 ,sex & g5d] are qualities :i* belong to sub/ances1 b _c belong to ! qualities ( sub/ances4 ,9 g5]al1 no quality1 :5 consid]$ 9 concrete1 or z qualify+ "s p>ticul> subject1 c itself be conceiv$ z ! subject ( any o!r quality2 ?\gh :5 consid]$ 9 ab/ract x may4 ,no adjective !re=e c qualify any o!r adjective4 ,a great good man1 means a man :o is bo? great & good4 ,bo? ! adjectives qualify ! sub/antive2 !y d n qualify "o ano!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 we say1 ! great goodness ( ! man1 ! ^w goodness d5ot+ a quality consid]$ 9 ab/ract1 :i* may itself be ! subject ( o!r qualities1 is ^u t acc\nt capable ( be+ qualifi$ by ! ^w1 great4 ,if ! orig9al inv5tion ( n\ns adjective w\ld be att5d$ ) s mu* difficulty1 t ( prepositions w\ld be accompani$ ) yet m4 ,e preposition1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 d5otes "s relation consid]$ 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,! preposition above1 = example1 d5otes ! relation ( sup]iority1 n 9 ab/ract1 z x is express$ by ! ^w sup]iority1 b 9 concrete ) "s co-relative object4 ,9 ?is phrase1 = example1 ! tree above ! cave1 ! ^w above1 expresses a c]ta9 relation betwe5 ! tree & ! cave1 & x expresses ?is relation 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object1 ! cave4 ,a preposition always requires1 9 ord] to complete ! s5se1 "s o!r ^w to come aft] x2 z may be obs]v$ 9 ?is p>ticul> in/ance4 ,n[1 ,i say1 ! orig9al inv5tion ( su* words w\ld require a yet great] ef=t ( ab/raction & g5]alization1 ?an t ( n\ns adjective4 ,fir/ ( all1 a relation is1 9 itself1 a m metaphysical object ?an a quality4 ,nobody c be at a loss to expla9 :at is meant by a quality2 b few p w f9d !mselves able to express1 v di/9ctly1 :at is und]/ood by a relation4 ,qualities are almo/ always ! objects ( our ext]nal s5ses2 relations nev] are4 ,no wond]1 !re=e1 t ! "o set ( objects %\ld be s mu* m compreh5sible ?an ! o!r4 ,secondly1 ?\gh prepositions always express ! relation :i* !y /& =1 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object1 !y c\ld n h orig9ally be5 =m$ )\t a consid]able ef=t ( ab/raction4 ,a preposition d5otes a relation1 & no?+ b a relation4 ,b be=e m5 c\ld in/itute a ^w1 :i* signifi$ a relation1 & no?+ b a relation1 !y mu/ h be5 able1 9 "s measure1 to consid] ?is relation ab/ract$ly f ! relat$ objects2 s9ce ! idea ( ^? objects does n1 9 any respect1 ent] into ! signification ( ! preposition4 ,! inv5tion ( su* a ^w1 !re=e1 mu/ h requir$ a consid]able degree ( ab/raction4 ,?irdly1 a preposition is f its nature a g5]al ^w1 :i*1 f its v fir/ in/itution1 mu/ h be5 consid]$ z equally applicable to d5ote any o!r simil> relation4 ,! man :o fir/ inv5t$ ! ^w above1 mu/ n only h di/+ui%$1 9 "s measure1 ! relation ( sup]iority f ! objects :i* 7 s relat$1 b he mu/ also h di/+ui%$ ?is relation f o!r relations1 su* z1 f ! relation ( inf]iority d5ot$ by ! ^w bel[1 f ! relation ( juxtaposition1 express$ by ! ^w beside1 & ! l4 ,he mu/ h conceiv$ ?is ^w1 !re=e1 z expressive ( a p>ticul> sort or species ( relation di/9ct f e o!r1 :i* c\ld n be done )\t a consid]able ef=t ( comp>ison & g5]alization4 ,:atev] 7 ! difficulties1 !re=e1 :i* emb>rass$ ! fir/ inv5tion ( n\ns adjective1 ! same1 & _m m1 mu/ h emb>rass$ t ( prepositions4 ,if mank9d1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ =mation ( languages1 seem to h1 = "s "t1 evad$ ! necessity ( n\ns adjective1 by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! names ( sub/ances1 accord+ z ^! v>i$ 9 "s ( _! mo/ important qualities1 !y w\ld mu* m f9d !mselves "u ! necessity ( evad+1 by "s simil> contrivance1 ! yet m difficult inv5tion ( prepositions4 ,! diff]5t cases 9 ! anci5t languages is a contrivance ( precisely ! same k9d4 ,! g5itive & dative cases1 9 ,greek & ,lat91 evid5tly supply ! place ( ! prepositions2 & by a v>iation 9 ! n\n sub/antive1 :i* /&s = ! co-relative t]m1 express ! relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 :at is d5ot$ by t n\n sub/antive1 & :at is express$ by "s o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ^! expressions1 = example1 fructus arboris1 ! fruit ( ! tree2 sac] ,h]culi1 sacr$ to ,h]cules2 ! v>iations made 9 ! co-relative words1 arbor & ,h]cules1 express ! same relations :i* are express$ 9 ,engli% by ! prepositions ( & to4 ,to express a relation 9 ?is mann]1 did n require any ef=t ( ab/raction4 ,x 0 n "h express$ by a peculi> ^w d5ot+ relation & no?+ b relation1 b by a v>iation ^u ! co-relative t]m4 ,x 0 express$ "h1 z x appe>s 9 nature1 n z some?+ sep>at$ & deta*$1 b z ?or\ghly mix$ & bl5d$ ) ! co-relative object4 ,to express relation 9 ?is mann]1 did n require any ef=t ( g5]alization4 ,! words arboris & ,h]culi1 :ile !y involve 9 _! signification ! same relation express$ by ! ,engli% prepositions ( & to1 are n1 l ^? prepositions1 g5]al words1 :i* c be appli$ to express ! same relation betwe5 :atev] o!r objects x might be obs]v$ to subsi/4 ,to express relation 9 ?is mann] did n require any ef=t ( comp>ison4 ,! words arboris & ,h]culi are n g5]al words int5d$ to d5ote a p>ticul> species ( relations :i* ! inv5tors ( ^? expressions meant1 9 consequ5ce ( "s sort ( comp>ison1 to sep>ate & di/+ui% f e o!r sort ( relation4 ,! example1 inde$1 ( ?is contrivance w\ld soon probably be foll[$1 & :oev] _h occasion to express a simil> relation betwe5 any o!r objects w\ld be v apt to d x by mak+ a simil> v>iation on ! "n ( ! co-relative object4 ,?is1 ,i say1 w\ld probably1 or r c]ta9ly happ52 b x w\ld happ5 )\t any int5tion or =esight 9 ^? :o fir/ set ! example1 & :o nev] meant to e/abli% any g5]al rule4 ,! g5]al rule w\ld e/abli% itself ins5sibly1 & by sl[ degrees1 9 consequ5ce ( t love ( analogy & simil>ity ( s\nd1 :i* is ! f\ndation ( by f> ! great] "p ( ! rules ( gramm>4 ,to express relation !re=e1 by a v>iation 9 ! "n ( ! co-relative object1 requir+ nei!r ab/raction1 nor g5]alization1 nor comp>ison ( any k9d1 w\ld1 at fir/1 be mu* m natural & easy1 ?an to express x by ^? g5]al words call$ prepositions1 ( :i* ! fir/ inv5tion mu/ h dem&$ "s degree ( all ^? op]ations4 ,! numb] ( cases is diff]5t 9 diff]5t languages4 ,!re are five 9 ! ,greek1 six 9 ! ,lat91 & !re are said to be t5 9 ! ,arm5ian language4 ,x mu/ h naturally happ5$ t !re %\ld be a great] or a small] numb] ( cases1 accord+ z 9 ! t]m9ations ( n\ns sub/antive ! fir/ =m]s ( any language happ5$ to h e/abli%$ a great] or a small] numb] ( v>iations1 9 ord] to express ! diff]5t relations !y _h occasion to take notice (1 be=e ! inv5tion ( ^? m g5]al & ab/ract prepositions :i* c\ld supply _! place4 ,x is1 p]haps1 wor? :ile to obs]ve t ^? prepositions1 :i* 9 mod]n languages hold ! place ( ! anci5t cases1 are1 ( all o!rs1 ! mo/ g5]al1 & ab/ract1 & metaphysical2 & ( consequ5ce1 w\ld probably be ! la/ inv5t$4 ,ask any man ( common acut5ess1 ,:at relation is express$ by ! preposition above8 ,he w readily answ]1 t ( sup]iority4 ,by ! preposition bel[8 ,he w z quickly reply1 t ( inf]iority4 ,b ask him1 :at relation is express$ by ! preposition (1 &1 if he has n be=eh& employ$ 8 ?\ghts a good deal ^u ^! subjects1 y may safely all[ him a week to consid] ( 8 answ]4 ,! prepositions above & bel[ d n d5ote any ( ! relations express$ by ! cases 9 ! anci5t languages4 ,b ! preposition (1 d5otes ! same relation1 :i* is 9 !m express$ by ! g5itive case2 & :i*1 x is easy to obs]ve1 is ( a v metaphysical nature4 ,! preposition (1 d5otes relation 9 g5]al1 consid]$ 9 concrete ) ! co-relative object4 ,x m>ks t ! n\n sub/antive :i* goes be=e x1 is someh[ or o!r relat$ to t :i* comes aft] x1 b )\t 9 any respect asc]ta9+1 z is done by ! preposition above1 :at is ! peculi> nature ( t relation4 ,we (t5 apply x1 !re=e1 to express ! mo/ opposite relations2 because1 ! mo/ opposite relations agree s f> t ea* ( !m compreh5ds 9 x ! g5]al idea or nature ( a relation4 ,we say1 ! fa!r ( ! son1 & ! son ( ! fa!r2 ! fir-trees ( ! =e/1 & ! =e/ ( ! fir-trees4 ,! relation 9 :i* ! fa!r /&s to ! son1 is1 x is evid5t1 a q opposite relation to t 9 :i* ! son /&s to ! fa!r2 t 9 :i* ! p>ts /& to ! :ole1 is q opposite to t 9 :i* ! :ole /&s to ! p>ts4 ,! ^w (1 h[ev]1 s]ves v well to d5ote all ^? relations1 because 9 itself x d5otes no p>ticul> relation1 b only relation 9 g5]al2 & s f> z any p>ticul> relation is collect$ f su* expressions1 x is inf]r$ by ! m9d1 n f ! preposition itself1 b f ! nature & arrangem5t ( ! sub/antives1 betwe5 :i* ! preposition is plac$4 ,:at ,i h said conc]n+ ! preposition (1 may 9 "s measure be appli$ to ! prepositions1 to1 =1 )1 by1 & to :atev] o!r prepositions are made use ( 9 mod]n languages1 to supply ! place ( ! anci5t cases4 ,!y all ( !m express v ab/ract & metaphysical relations1 :i* any man1 :o takes ! tr\ble to try x1 w f9d x extremely difficult to express by n\ns sub/antive1 9 ! same mann] z we may express ! relation d5ot$ by ! preposition above1 by ! n\n sub/antive sup]iority4 ,!y all ( !m1 h[ev]1 express "s specific relation1 & are1 consequ5tly1 none ( !m s ab/ract z ! preposition (1 :i* may be reg>d$ z by f> ! mo/ metaphysical ( all prepositions4 ,! prepositions !re=e1 :i* are capable ( supply+ ! place ( ! anci5t cases1 be+ m ab/ract ?an ! o!r prepositions1 w\ld naturally be ( m difficult inv5tion4 ,! relations at ! same "t :i* ^? prepositions express1 are1 ( all o!rs1 ^? :i* we h mo/ frequ5t occasion to m5tion4 ,! prepositions above1 bel[1 ne>1 )91 )\t1 aga9/1 c4 are mu* m r>ely made use (1 9 mod]n languages1 ?an ! prepositions (1 to1 =1 )1 f1 by4 ,a preposition ( ! =m] k9d w n occur twice 9 a page2 we c sc>ce compose a s+le s5t5ce )\t ! assi/ance ( "o or two ( ! latt]4 ,if ^! latt] prepositions1 !re=e1 :i* supply ! place ( ! cases1 w\ld be ( su* difficult inv5tion on acc\nt ( _! ab/ract$ness1 "s exp$i5t1 to supply _! place1 mu/ h be5 ( indisp5sable necessity1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t occasion :i* m5 h to take notice ( ! relations :i* !y d5ote4 ,b !re is no exp$i5t s obvi\s1 z t ( v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( "o ( ! pr9cipal words4 ,x is1 p]haps1 unnecess>y to obs]ve1 t !re are "s ( ! cases 9 ! anci5t languages1 :i*1 = p>ticul> reasons1 _c be repres5t$ by any prepositions4 ,^! are ! nom9ative1 accusative1 & vocative cases4 ,9 ^? mod]n languages1 :i* d n admit ( any su* v>iety 9 ! t]m9ations ( _! n\ns sub/antive1 ! correspond5t relations are express$ by ! place ( ! words1 & by ! ord] & con/ruction ( ! s5t5ce4 ,z m5 h frequ5tly occasion to make m5tion ( multitudes z well z ( s+le objects1 x became necess>y t !y %\ld h "s me?od ( express+ numb]4 ,numb] may be express$ ei!r by a p>ticul> ^w1 express+ numb] 9 g5]al1 su* z ! words _m1 m1 c4 or by "s v>iation ^u ! words :i* express ! ?+s numb]$4 ,x is ?is la/ exp$i5t :i* mank9d w\ld probably h rec\rse to1 9 ! infancy ( language4 ,numb]1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 )\t relation to any p>ticul> set ( objects numb]$1 is "o ( ! mo/ ab/ract & metaphysical ideas1 :i* ! m9d ( man is capable ( =m+2 &1 consequ5tly1 is n an idea1 :i* w\ld readily occur to rude mortals1 :o 7 j beg9n+ to =m a language4 ,!y w\ld naturally1 !re=e1 di/+ui% :5 !y talk$ ( a s+le1 & :5 !y talk$ ( a multitude ( objects1 n by any metaphysical adjectives1 su* z ! ,engli%1 a1 an1 _m1 b by a v>iation ^u ! t]m9ation ( ! ^w :i* signifi$ ! objects numb]$4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! s+ul> & plural numb]s1 9 all ! anci5t languages2 & ! same di/9ction has likewise be5 reta9$ 9 all ! mod]n languages1 at lea/1 9 ! great] "p ( words4 ,all primitive & uncomp\nd$ languages seem to h a dual1 z well z a plural numb]4 ,?is is ! case ( ! ,greek1 & ,i am told ( ! ,hebrew1 ( ! ,go?ic1 & ( _m o!r languages4 ,9 ! rude beg9n+s ( society1 "o1 two1 & m1 might possibly be all ! num]al di/9ctions :i* mank9d w\ld h any occasion to take notice (4 ,^! !y w\ld f9d x m natural to express1 by a v>iation ^u e p>ticul> n\n sub/antive1 ?an by su* g5]al & ab/ract words z "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 c4 ,^! words1 ?\gh cu/om has r5d]$ !m famili> to u1 express1 p]haps1 ! mo/ subtile & ref9$ ab/ractions1 :i* ! m9d ( man is capable ( =m+4 ,let any "o consid] )9 himself1 = example1 :at he means by ! ^w ?ree1 :i* signifies nei!r ?ree %ill+s1 nor ?ree p5ce1 nor ?ree m51 nor ?ree horses1 b ?ree 9 g5]al2 & he w easily satisfy himself t a ^w1 :i* d5otes s v metaphysical an ab/raction1 c\ld n be ei!r a v obvi\s or a v e>ly inv5tion4 ,i h read ( "s savage nations1 ^: language 0 capable ( express+ no m ?an ! ?ree fir/ num]al di/9ctions4 ,b :e!r x express$ ^? di/9ctions by ?ree g5]al words1 or by v>iations ^u ! n\ns sub/antive1 d5ot+ ! ?+s numb]$1 ,i d n rememb] to h met ) any ?+ :i* c\ld det]m9e4 ,z all ! same relations :i* subsi/ betwe5 s+le1 may likewise subsi/ betwe5 num]\s objects1 x is evid5t !re w\ld be occasion = ! same numb] ( cases 9 ! dual & 9 ! plural1 z 9 ! s+ul> numb]4 ,h5ce ! intricacy & complexness ( ! decl5sions 9 all ! anci5t languages4 ,9 ! ,greek !re are five cases 9 ea* ( ! ?ree numb]s1 consequ5tly fifte5 9 all4 ,z n\ns adjective1 9 ! anci5t languages1 v>i$ _! t]m9ations accord+ to ! g5d] ( ! sub/antive to :i* !y 7 appli$1 s did !y likewise1 accord+ to ! case & ! numb]4 ,e n\n adjective 9 ! ,greek language1 !re=e1 hav+ ?ree g5d]s1 & ?ree numb]s1 & five cases 9 ea* numb]1 may be consid]$ z hav+ five & =ty diff]5t v>iations4 ,! fir/ =m]s ( language seem to h v>i$ ! t]m9ation ( ! adjective1 accord+ to ! case & ! numb] ( ! sub/antive1 = ! same reason :i* made !m v>y accord+ to ! g5d]2 ! love ( analogy1 & ( a c]ta9 regul>ity ( s\nd4 ,9 ! signification ( adjectives !re is nei!r case nor numb]1 & ! mean+ ( su* words is always precisely ! same1 not)/&+ all ! v>iety ( t]m9ation "u :i* !y appe>4 ,magnus vir1 magni viri1 magnorum virorum2 a great man1 ( a great man1 ( great m5 9 all ^! expressions ! words magnus1 magni1 magnorum1 z well z ! ^w great1 h precisely "o & ! same signification1 ?\gh ! sub/antives to :i* !y are appli$ h n4 ,! diff]5ce ( t]m9ation 9 ! n\n adjective is accompani$ ) no sort ( diff]5ce 9 ! mean+4 ,an adjective d5otes ! qualification ( a n\n sub/antive4 ,b ! diff]5t relations 9 :i* t n\n sub/antive may occasionally /&1 c make no sort ( diff]5ce ^u its qualification4 ,if ! decl5sions ( ! anci5t languages are s v complex1 _! conjugations are inf9itely m s4 ,& ! complexness ( ! "o is f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciple ) t ( ! o!r1 ! difficulty ( =m+1 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 ab/ract & g5]al t]ms4 ,v]bs mu/ necess>ily h be5 coeval ) ! v fir/ attempts t[>ds ! =mation ( language4 ,no affirmation c be express$ )\t ! assi/ance ( "s v]b4 ,we nev] speak b 9 ord] to express our op9ion t some?+ ei!r is or is n4 ,b ! ^w d5ot+ ?is ev5t1 or ?is matt] ( fact1 :i* is ! subject ( our affirmation1 mu/ always be a v]b4 ,imp]sonal v]bs1 :i* express 9 "o ^w a complete ev5t1 :i* pres]ve 9 ! expression t p]fect simplicity & unity1 :i* !re always is 9 ! object & 9 ! idea1 & :i* suppose no ab/raction1 or metaphysical division ( ! ev5t into its sev]al con/itu5t memb]s ( subject & attribute1 w\ld1 9 all probability1 be ! species ( v]bs fir/ inv5t$4 ,! v]bs pluit1 x ra9s2 n+it1 x sn[s2 tonat1 x ?und]s2 lucet1 x is day2 turbatur1 !re is a confusion1 c4 ea* ( !m express a complete affirmation1 ! :ole ( an ev5t1 ) t p]fect simplicity & unity ) :i* ! m9d conceives x 9 nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! phrases1 ,alex&] ambulat1 ,alex&] walks2 ,petrus s$et1 ,pet] sits1 divide ! ev5t1 z x 71 into two p>ts1 ! p]son or subject1 & ! attribute1 or matt] ( fact1 affirm$ ( t subject4 ,b 9 nature1 ! idea or conception ( ,alex&] walk+1 is z p]fectly & completely "o s+le conception1 z t ( ,alex&] n walk+4 ,! division ( ?is ev5t1 !re=e1 into two p>ts1 is altoge!r artificial1 & is ! effect ( ! imp]fection ( language1 :i*1 ^u ?is1 z ^u _m o!r occasions1 supplies1 by a numb] ( words1 ! want ( "o1 :i* c\ld express at once ! :ole matt] ( fact t 0 meant to be affirm$4 ,e body mu/ obs]ve h[ mu* m simplicity !re is 9 ! natural expression1 pluit1 ?an 9 ! m artificial expressions1 imb] decidit1 ! ra9 falls2 or1 tempe/as e/ pluvia1 ! wea!r is ra9y4 ,9 ^! two la/ expressions1 ! simple ev5t1 or matt] ( fact1 is artificially split & divid$1 9 ! "o1 into two2 9 ! o!r1 into ?ree p>ts4 ,9 ea* ( !m x is express$ by a sort ( grammatical circumlocution1 ( :i* ! significancy is f\nd$ ^u a c]ta9 metaphysical analysis ( ! compon5t p>ts ( ! idea express$ by ! ^w pluit4 ,! fir/ v]bs1 !re=e1 p]haps ev5 ! fir/ words1 made use ( 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 w\ld 9 all probability be su* imp]sonal v]bs4 ,x is obs]v$ accord+ly1 ,i am told1 by ! ,hebrew ,gramm>ians1 t ! radical words ( _! language1 f :i* all ! o!rs are d]iv$1 are all ( !m v]bs1 & imp]sonal v]bs4 ,x is easy to conceive h[1 9 ! progress ( language1 ^? imp]sonal v]bs %\ld become p]sonal4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t ! ^w v5it1 x comes1 0 orig9ally an imp]sonal v]b1 & t x d5ot$1 n ! com+ ( some?+ 9 g5]al1 z at pres5t1 b ! com+ ( a p>ticul> object1 su* z ! ,lion4 ,! fir/ savage inv5tors ( language1 we %all suppose1 :5 !y obs]v$ ! approa* ( ?is t]rible animal1 7 accu/om$ to cry out to "o ano!r1 v5it1 t is1 ! lion comes2 & t ?is ^w ?us express$ a complete ev5t1 )\t ! assi/ance ( any o!r4 ,aft]w>ds1 :51 on ! fur!r progress ( language1 !y _h begun to give names to p>ticul> sub/ances1 :5ev] !y obs]v$ ! approa* ( any o!r t]rible object1 !y w\ld naturally jo9 ! "n ( t object to ! ^w v5it1 & cry out1 v5it ursus1 v5it lupus4 ,by degrees ! ^w v5it w\ld ?us come to signify ! com+ ( any t]rible object1 & n m]ely ! com+ ( ! lion4 ,x w\ld n[ !re=e1 express1 n ! com+ ( a p>ticul> object1 b ! com+ ( an object ( a p>ticul> k9d4 ,hav+ become m g5]al 9 its signification1 x c\ld no long] repres5t any p>ticul> di/9ct ev5t by itself1 & )\t ! assi/ance ( a n\n sub/antive1 :i* might s]ve to asc]ta9 & det]m9e its signification4 ,x w\ld n[1 !re=e1 h become a p]sonal1 in/ead ( an imp]sonal v]b4 ,we may easily conceive h[1 9 ! fur!r progress ( society1 x might /ill gr[ m g5]al 9 its signification1 & come to signify1 z at pres5t1 ! approa* ( any ?+ :atev]1 :e!r good1 bad1 or indiff]5t4 ,x is probably 9 "s su* mann] z ?is1 t almo/ all v]bs h become p]sonal1 & t mank9d h le>n$ by degrees to split & divide almo/ e ev5t into a great numb] ( metaphysical p>ts1 express$ by ! diff]5t p>ts ( spee*1 v>i\sly comb9$ 9 ! diff]5t memb]s ( e phrase & s5t5ce4#bi ,! same sort ( progress seems to h be5 made 9 ! art ( speak+ z 9 ! art ( writ+4 ,:5 mank9d fir/ began to attempt to express _! ideas by writ+1 e "* repres5t$ a :ole ^w4 ,b ! numb] ( words be+ almo/ inf9ite1 ! memory f\nd itself q load$ & oppress$ by ! multitude ( *>act]s :i* x 0 oblig$ to reta94 ,necessity taught !m1 !re=e1 to divide words into _! elem5ts1 & to inv5t *>act]s :i* %\ld repres5t1 n ! words !mselves1 b ! elem5ts ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is inv5tion1 e p>ticul> ^w came to be repres5t$1 n by "o "*1 b by a multitude ( *>act]s2 & ! expression ( x 9 writ+ became mu* m intricate & complex ?an be=e4 ,b ?\gh p>ticul> words 7 ?us repres5t$ by a great] numb] ( *>act]s1 ! :ole language 0 express$ by a mu* small]1 & ab\t f\r & tw5ty lett]s 7 f\nd capable ( supply+ ! place ( t imm5se multitude ( *>act]s1 :i* 7 requisite be=e4 ,9 ! same mann]1 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 m5 seem to h attempt$ to express e p>ticul> ev5t1 :i* !y _h occasion to take notice (1 by a p>ticul> ^w1 :i* express$ at once ! :ole ( t ev5t4 ,b z ! numb] ( words mu/1 9 ?is case1 h become really inf9ite1 9 consequ5ce ( ! really inf9ite v>iety ( ev5ts1 m5 f\nd !mselves p>tly compell$ by necessity1 & p>tly conduct$ by nature1 to divide e ev5t into :at may be call$ its metaphysical elem5ts1 & to in/itute words1 :i* %\ld d5ote n s mu* ! ev5ts1 z ! elem5ts ( :i* !y 7 compos$4 ,! expression ( e p>ticul> ev5t1 became 9 ?is mann] m intricate & complex1 b ! :ole sy/em ( ! language became m coh]5t1 m connect$1 m easily reta9$ & compreh5d$4 ,footnote #bi3 ,z ! f> great] "p ( ,v]bs express1 at pres5t1 n an ev5t1 b ! attribute ( an ev5t1 &1 consequ5tly1 require a subject1 or nom9ative case1 to complete _! signification1 "s gramm>ians1 n hav+ att5d$ to ?is progress ( nature1 & be+ desir\s to make _! common rules q univ]sal1 & )\t any exception1 h insi/$ t all v]bs requir$ a nom9ative1 ei!r express$ or und]/ood2 & h1 accord+ly put !mselves to ! torture to f9d "s awkw>d nom9atives to ^? few v]bs1 :i* /ill express+ a complete ev5t1 pla9ly admit ( none4 ,pluit1 = example1 accord+ to ,sanctius1 means pluvia pluit1 9 ,engli%1 ! ra9 ra9s4 ,see ,sanctii ,m9]va1 l4 #c4 c4 #a4 ,:5 v]bs1 f be+ orig9ally imp]sonal _h ?us1 by ! division ( ! ev5t into its metaphysical elem5ts1 become p]sonal1 x is natural to suppose t !y w\ld fir/ be made use ( 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,no v]b is ev] us$ imp]sonally 9 our language1 nor1 s f> z ,i "k1 9 any o!r mod]n tongue4 ,b 9 ! anci5t languages1 :5ev] any v]b is us$ imp]sonally1 x is always 9 ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,! t]m9ation ( ^? v]bs1 :i* are /ill always imp]sonal1 is con/antly ! same ) t ( ! ?ird p]son s+ul> ( p]sonal v]bs4 ,! consid]ation ( ^! circum/ances1 jo9$ to ! naturalness ( ! ?+ itself1 may s]ve to conv9ce u t v]bs fir/ became p]sonal 9 :at is n[ call$ ! ?ird p]son s+ul>4 ,b z ! ev5t1 or matt] ( fact1 :i* is express$ by a v]b1 may be affirm$ ei!r ( ! p]son :o speaks1 or ( ! p]son :o is spok5 to1 z well z ( "s ?ird p]son or object1 x became necess>y to fall ^u "s me?od ( express+ ^! two peculi> relations ( ! ev5t4 ,9 ! ,engli% language ?is is commonly done1 by prefix+1 :at are call$ ! p]sonal pron\ns1 to ! g5]al ^w :i* expresses ! ev5t affirm$4 ,i came1 y came1 he or x came2 9 ^! phrases ! ev5t ( hav+ come is1 9 ! fir/1 affirm$ ( ! speak]2 9 ! second1 ( ! p]son spok5 to2 9 ! ?ird1 ( "s o!r p]son1 or object4 ,! fir/ =m]s ( language1 x may be imag9$1 might h done ! same ?+1 & prefix+ 9 ! same mann] ! two fir/ p]sonal pron\ns1 to ! same t]m9ation ( ! v]b1 :i* express$ ! ?ird p]son s+ul>1 might h said1 ego v5it1 tu v5it1 z well z ille or illud v5it4 ,& ,i make no d\bt b !y w\ld h done s1 if at ! "t :5 !y _h fir/ occasion to express ^! relations ( ! v]b1 !re _h be5 any su* words z ei!r ego or tu 9 _! language4 ,b 9 ?is e>ly p]iod ( ! language1 :i* we are n[ endeav\r+ to describe1 x is extremely improbable t any su* words w\ld be kn[n4 ,?\gh cu/om has n[ r5d]$ !m famili> to u1 !y1 bo? ( !m1 express ideas extremely metaphysical & ab/ract4 ,! ^w ,i1 = example1 is a ^w ( a v p>ticul> species4 ,:atev] speaks may d5ote itself by ?is p]sonal pron\n4 ,! ^w ,i1 !re=e1 is a g5]al ^w1 capable ( be+ pr$icat$1 z ! logicians say1 ( an inf9ite v>iety ( objects4 ,x diff]s1 h[ev]1 f all o!r g5]al words 9 ?is respect2 t ! objects ( :i* x may be pr$icat$1 d n =m any p>ticul> species ( objects di/+ui%$ f all o!rs4 ,! ^w ,i1 does n1 l ! ^w man1 d5ote a p>ticul> class ( objects1 sep>at$ f all o!rs by peculi> qualities ( _! own4 ,x is f> f be+ ! "n ( a species1 b1 on ! contr>y1 :5ev] x is made use (1 x always d5otes a precise individual1 ! p>ticul> p]son :o !n speaks4 ,x may be said to be1 at once1 bo? :at ! logicians call1 a s+ul>1 & :at !y call1 a common t]m2 & to jo9 9 its signification ! seem+ly opposite qualities ( ! mo/ precise individuality1 & ! mo/ ext5sive g5]alization4 ,?is ^w1 !re=e1 express+ s v ab/ract & metaphysical an idea1 w\ld n easily or readily occur to ! fir/ =m]s ( language4 ,:at are call$ ! p]sonal pron\ns1 x may be obs]v$1 are among ! la/ words ( :i* *ildr5 le>n to make use4 ,a *ild1 speak+ ( itself1 says1 ,billy walks1 ,billy sits1 in/ead ( ,i walk1 ,i sit4 ,z 9 ! beg9n+s ( language1 !re=e1 mank9d seem to h evad$ ! inv5tion ( at lea/ ! m ab/ract proportions1 & to h express$ ! same relations :i* ^! n[ /& =1 by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! co-relative t]m1 s !y likewise w\ld naturally attempt to evade ! necessity ( inv5t+ ^? m ab/ract pron\ns by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! v]b1 accord+ z ! ev5t :i* x express$ 0 int5d$ to be affirm$ ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]son4 ,?is seems1 accord+ly1 to be ! univ]sal practice ( all ! anci5t languages4 ,9 ,lat91 v5i1 v5i/i1 v5it1 suffici5tly d5ote1 )\t any o!r addition1 ! diff]5t ev5ts express$ by ! ,engli% phrases1 ,i came1 y came1 he1 or x came4 ,! v]b w\ld1 = ! same reason1 v>y its t]m9ation1 accord+ z ! ev5t 0 int5d$ to be affirm$ ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]sons plural2 & :at is express$ by ! ,engli% phrases1 we came1 ye came1 !y came1 w\ld be d5ot$ by ! ,lat9 words1 v5imus1 v5i/is1 v5]unt4 ,^? primitive languages1 too1 :i*1 ^u acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( inv5t+ num]al names1 _h introduc$ a dual1 z well z a plural numb]1 into ! decl5sion ( _! n\ns sub/antive1 w\ld probably1 f analogy1 d ! same ?+ 9 ! conjugations ( _! v]bs4 ,& ?us 9 all ^? orig9al languages1 we might expect to f9d1 at lea/ six1 if n eight or n9e v>iations1 9 ! t]m9ation ( e v]b1 accord+ z ! ev5t :i* x d5ot$ 0 meant to be affirm$ ( ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird p]sons s+ul>1 dual1 or plural4 ,^! v>iations aga9 be+ repeat$1 along ) o!rs1 ?r\gh all its diff]5t t5ses1 modes & voices1 mu/ necess>ily h r5d]$ _! conjugations /ill m intricate & complex ?an _! decl5sions4 ,language w\ld probably h cont9u$ ^u ?is foot+ 9 all c\ntries1 nor w\ld ev] h gr[n m simple 9 its decl5sions & conjugations1 _h x n become m complex 9 its composition1 9 consequ5ce ( ! mixture ( sev]al languages ) "o ano!r1 occasion$ by ! mixture ( diff]5t nations4 ,z long z any language 0 spoke by ^? only :o le>n$ x 9 _! infancy1 ! intricacy ( its decl5sions & conjugations c\ld occasion no great emb>rassm5t4 ,! f> great] "p ( ^? :o _h occasion to speak x1 _h acquir$ x at s v e>ly a p]iod ( _! lives1 s ins5sibly & by su* sl[ degrees1 t !y 7 sc>ce ev] s5sible ( ! difficulty4 ,b :5 two nations came to be mix$ ) "o ano!r1 ei!r by conque/ or migration1 ! case w\ld be v diff]5t4 ,ea* nation1 9 ord] to make itself intelligible to ^? ) :om x 0 "u ! necessity ( conv]s+1 w\ld be oblig$ to le>n ! language ( ! o!r4 ,! great] "p ( individuals too1 le>n+ ! new language1 n by art1 or by rem\nt+ to its rudim5ts & fir/ pr9ciples1 b by rote1 & by :at !y commonly he>d 9 conv]sation1 w\ld be extremely p]plex$ by ! intricacy ( its decl5sions & conjugations4 ,!y w\ld endeav\r1 !re=e1 to supply _! ignorance ( ^!1 by :atev] %ift ! language c\ld af=d !m4 ,_! ignorance ( ! decl5sions !y w\ld naturally supply by ! use ( prepositions2 & a ,lomb>d1 :o 0 attempt+ to speak ,lat91 & want$ to express t su* a p]son 0 a citiz5 ( ,rome1 or a b5efactor to ,rome1 if he happ5$ n to be acqua9t$ ) ! g5itive & dative cases ( ! ^w ,roma1 w\ld naturally express himself by prefix+ ! prepositions ad & de to ! nom9ative2 &1 in/ead ( ,rom1 w\ld say1 ad ,roma1 & de ,roma4 ,al ,roma & di ,roma1 accord+ly1 is ! mann] 9 :i* ! pres5t ,italians1 ! desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,lomb>ds & ,romans1 express ?is & all o!r simil> relations4 ,& 9 ?is mann] prepositions seem to h be5 introduc$1 9 ! room ( ! anci5t decl5sions4 ,! same alt]ation has1 ,i am in=m$1 be5 produc$ ^u ! ,greek language1 s9ce ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks4 ,! words are1 9 a great measure1 ! same z be=e2 b ! gramm> is entirely lo/1 prepositions hav+ come 9 ! place ( ! old decl5sions4 ,?is *ange is und\bt$ly a simplification ( ! language1 9 po9t ( rudim5ts & pr9ciple4 ,x introduces1 in/ead ( a great v>iety ( decl5sions1 "o univ]sal decl5sion1 :i* is ! same 9 e ^w1 ( :atev] g5d]1 numb]1 or t]m9ation4 ,a simil> exp$i5t enables m51 9 ! situation above-m5tion$1 to get rid ( almo/ ! :ole intricacy ( _! conjugations4 ,!re is 9 e language a v]b1 kn[n by ! "n ( ! sub/antive v]b2 9 ,lat91 sum2 9 ,engli%1 ,i am4 ,?is v]b d5otes n ! exi/5ce ( any p>ticul> ev5t1 b exi/5ce 9 g5]al4 ,x is1 ^u ?is acc\nt1 ! mo/ ab/ract & metaphysical ( all v]bs2 &1 consequ5tly1 c\ld by no means be a a ^w ( e>ly inv5tion4 ,:5 x came to be inv5t$1 h[ev]1 z x _h all ! t5ses & modes ( any o!r v]b1 by be+ jo9$ ) ! passive p>ticiple1 x 0 capable ( supply+ ! place ( ! :ole passive voice1 & ( r5d]+ ?is "p ( _! conjugations z simple & uni=m1 z ! use ( prepositions _h r5d]$ _! decl5sions4 ,a ,lomb>d1 :o want$ to say1 ,i am lov$1 b c\ld n recollect ! ^w amor1 naturally endeav\r$ to supply 8 ignorance1 by say+1 ego sum amatus4 ,io sono amato1 is at ?is day ! ,italian expression1 :i* corresponds to ! ,engli% phrase above-m5tion$4 ,!re is ano!r v]b1 :i*1 9 ! same mann]1 runs ?r\gh all languages1 & :i* is di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ! possessive v]b2 9 ,lat91 habeo2 9 ,engli%1 ,i h4 ,?is v]b1 likewise1 d5otes an ev5t ( an extremely ab/ract & metaphysical nature1 &1 consequ5tly1 _c be suppos$ to h be5 a ^w ( ! e>lie/ inv5tion4 ,:5 x came to be inv5t$1 h[ev]1 by be+ appli$ to ! passive p>ticiple1 x 0 capable ( supply+ a great "p ( ! active voice1 z ! sub/antive v]b _h suppli$ ! :ole ( ! passive4 ,a ,lomb>d1 :o want$ to say1 ,i _h lov$1 b c\ld n recollect ! ^w amav]am1 w\ld endeav\r to supply ! place ( x1 by say+ ei!r ego habebam amatum1 or ego habui amatum4 ,io avev amato1 or ,io ebbi amato1 are ! correspond5t ,italian expressions at ?is day4 ,& ?us ^u ! int]mixture ( diff]5t nations ) "o ano!r1 ! conjugations1 by means ( diff]5t auxili>y v]bs1 7 made to approa* t[>ds ! simplicity & uni=mity ( ! decl5sions4 ,9 g5]al x may be laid d[n = a maxim1 t ! m simple any language is 9 its composition1 ! m complex x mu/ be 9 its decl5sions & conjugations2 &1 on ! contr>y1 ! m simple x is 9 its decl5sions & conjugations1 ! m complex x mu/ be 9 its composition4 ,! ,greek seems to be1 9 a great measure1 a simple1 uncomp\nd$ language1 =m$ f ! primitive j>gon ( ^? w&]+ savages1 ! anci5t ,hell5ians & ,pelasgians1 f :om ! ,greek nation is said to h be5 desc5d$4 ,all ! words 9 ! ,greek language are d]iv$ f ab\t ?ree hundr$ primitives1 a pla9 evid5ce t ! ,greeks =m$ _! language almo/ entirely among !mselves1 & t :5 !y _h occasion = a new ^w1 !y 7 n accu/om$1 z we are1 to borr[ x f "s =eign language1 b to =m x1 ei!r by composition or d]ivation f "s o!r ^w or words1 9 _! own4 ,! decl5sions & conjugations1 !re=e1 ( ! ,greek are mu* m complex ?an ^? ( any o!r ,european language ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,! ,lat9 is a composition ( ! ,greek & ( ! anci5t ,tuscan languages4 ,its decl5sions & conjugations accord+ly are mu* less complex ?an ^? ( ! ,greek3 x has dropt ! dual numb] 9 bo?4 ,its v]bs h no optative mood di/+ui%$ by any peculi> t]m9ation4 ,!y h b "o future4 ,!y h no aori/ di/9ct f ! pret]it-p]fect2 !y h no middle voice2 & ev5 _m ( _! t5ses 9 ! passive voice are ek$ out1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! mod]n languages1 by ! help ( ! sub/antive v]b jo9$ to ! passive p>ticiple4 ,9 bo? ! voices1 ! numb] ( inf9itives & p>ticiples is mu* small] 9 ! ,lat9 ?an 9 ! ,greek4 ,! ,fr5* & ,italian languages are ea* ( !m comp\nd$1 ! "o ( ! ,lat91 & ! language ( ! anci5t ,franks1 ! o!r ( ! same ,lat9 & ! language ( ! anci5t ,lomb>ds4 ,z !y are bo? ( !m1 !re=e1 m complex 9 _! composition ?an ! ,lat91 s are !y likewise m simple 9 _! decl5sions & conjugations4 ,) reg>d to _! decl5sions1 !y h bo? ( !m lo/ _! cases altoge!r2 & ) reg>d to _! conjugations1 !y h bo? ( !m lo/ ! :ole ( ! passive1 & "s "p ( ! active voices ( _! v]bs4 ,! want ( ! passive voice !y supply entirely by ! sub/antive v]b jo9$ to ! passive p>ticiple2 & !y make out "p ( ! active1 9 ! same mann]1 by ! help ( ! possessive v]b & ! same passive p>ticiple4 ,! ,engli% is comp\nd$ ( ! ,fr5* & ! anci5t ,saxon languages4 ,! ,fr5* 0 introduc$ into ,brita9 by ! ,norman conque/1 & cont9u$1 till ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 to be ! sole language ( ! law z well z ! pr9cipal language ( ! c\rt4 ,! ,engli%1 :i* came to be spok5 aft]w>ds1 & :i* cont9ues to be spok5 n[1 is a mixture ( ! anci5t ,saxon & ?is ,norman ,fr5*4 ,z ! ,engli% language1 !re=e1 is m complex 9 its composition ?an ei!r ! ,fr5* or ! ,italian1 s is x likewise m simple 9 its decl5sions & conjugations4 ,^? two languages reta91 at lea/1 a "p ( ! di/9ction ( g5d]s1 & _! adjectives v>y _! t]m9ation accord+ z !y are appli$ to a mascul9e or to a fem99e sub/antive4 ,b !re is no su* di/9ction 9 ! ,engli% language1 ^: adjectives admit ( no v>iety ( t]m9ation4 ,! ,fr5* & ,italian languages h1 bo? ( !m1 ! rema9s ( a conjugation1 & all ^? t5ses ( ! active voice1 :i* _c be express$ by ! possessive v]b jo9$ to ! passive p>ticiple1 z well z _m ( ^? :i* c1 are1 9 ^? languages1 m>k$ by v>y+ ! t]m9ation ( ! pr9cipal v]b4 ,b almo/ all ^? o!r t5ses are 9 ! ,engli% ek$ out by o!r auxili>y v]bs1 s t !re is 9 ?is language sc>ce ev5 ! rema9s ( a conjugation4 ,i love1 ,i lov$1 lov+1 are all ! v>ieties ( t]m9ation :i* ! great] "p ( ,engli% v]bs admit (4 ,all ! diff]5t modifications ( mean+1 :i* _c be express$ by any ( ^? ?ree t]m9ations1 mu/ be made out by diff]5t auxili>y v]bs jo9$ to "s "o or o!r ( !m4 ,two auxili>y v]bs supply all ! defici5cies ( ! ,fr5* & ,italian conjugations2 x requires m ?an half a doz5 to supply ^? ( ! ,engli%1 :i* besides ! sub/antive & possessive v]bs1 makes use ( d1 did2 w1 w\ld2 %all1 %\ld2 c1 c\ld2 may1 might4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t language becomes m simple 9 its rudim5ts & pr9ciples1 j 9 proportion z x gr[s m complex 9 its composition1 & ! same ?+ has happ5$ 9 x1 :i* commonly happ5s ) reg>d to me*anical eng9es4 ,all ma*9es are g5]ally1 :5 fir/ inv5t$1 extremely complex 9 _! pr9ciples1 & !re is (t5 a p>ticul> pr9ciple ( motion = e p>ticul> movem5t :i*1 x is int5d$1 !y %\ld p]=m4 ,succe$+ improv]s obs]ve1 t "o pr9ciple may be s appli$ z to produce sev]al ( ^? movem5ts1 & ?us ! ma*9e becomes gradually m & m simple1 & produces its effects ) few] :eels1 & few] pr9ciples ( motion4 ,9 language1 9 ! same mann]1 e case ( e n\n1 & e t5se ( e v]b1 0 orig9ally express$ by a p>ticul> di/9ct ^w1 :i* s]v$ = ?is purpose & = no o!r4 ,b succe$+ obs]vation discov]$ t "o set ( words 0 capable ( supply+ ! place ( all t inf9ite numb]1 & t f\r or five prepositions1 & half a doz5 auxili>y v]bs1 7 capable ( answ]+ ! end ( all ! decl5sions1 & ( all ! conjugations 9 ! anci5t languages4 ,b ?is simplification ( languages1 ?\gh x arises1 p]haps1 f simil> causes1 has by no means simil> effects ) ! correspond5t simplification ( ma*9es4 ,! simplification ( ma*9es r5d]s !m m & m p]fect1 b ?is simplification ( ! rudim5ts ( languages r5d]s !m m & m imp]fect & less prop] = _m ( ! purposes ( language3 & ?is = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,fir/ ( all1 languages are by ?is simplification r5d]$ m prolix1 sev]al words hav+ become necess>y to express :at c\ld h be5 express$ by a s+le ^w be=e4 ,?us ! words1 ,dei &1 ,deo1 9 ! ,lat91 suffici5tly %[1 )\t any addition1 :at relation1 ! object signifi$ is und]/ood to /& 9 to ! objects express$ by ! o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,b to express ! same relation 9 ,engli%1 & 9 all o!r mod]n languages1 we mu/ make use (1 at lea/1 two words1 & say1 ( ,god1 to ,god4 ,s f> z ! decl5sions are conc]n$1 !re=e1 ! mod]n languages are mu* m prolix ?an ! anci5t4 ,! diff]5ce is /ill great] ) reg>d to ! conjugations4 ,:at a ,roman express$ by ! s+le ^w1 amavissem1 an ,engli%man is oblig$ to express by f\r diff]5t words1 ,i %\ld h lov$4 ,x is unnecess>y to take any pa9s to %[ h[ mu* ?is prolixness mu/ en]vate ! eloqu5ce ( all mod]n languages4 ,h[ mu* ! beauty ( any expression dep5ds ^u its concis5ess1 is well kn[n to ^? :o h any exp]i5ce 9 composition4 ,secondly1 ?is simplification ( ! pr9ciples ( languages r5d]s !m less agreeable to ! e>4 ,! v>iety ( t]m9ation 9 ! ,greek & ,lat91 occasion$ by _! decl5sions & conjugations1 give a sweetness to _! language altoge!r unkn[n to ours1 & a v>iety unkn[n to any o!r mod]n language4 ,9 po9t ( sweetness1 ! ,italian1 p]haps1 may surpass ! ,lat91 & almo/ equal ! ,greek2 b 9 po9t ( v>iety1 x is greatly inf]ior to bo?4 ,?irdly1 ?is simplification1 n only r5d]s ! s\nds ( our language less agreeable to ! e>1 b x also re/ra9s u f dispos+ su* s\nds z we h1 9 ! mann] t might be mo/ agreeable4 ,x ties d[n _m words to a p>ticul> situation1 ?\gh !y might (t5 be plac$ 9 ano!r ) mu* m beauty4 ,9 ! ,greek & ,lat91 ?\gh ! adjective & sub/antive 7 sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 ! correspond5ce ( _! t]m9ations /ill %[$ _! mutual ref]5ce1 & ! sep>ation did n necess>ily occasion any sort ( confusion4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ l9e ( ,virgil3 ,tityre tu patul recubans sub tegm9e fagi4 ,we easily see t tu ref]s to recubans1 & patul to fagi2 ?\gh ! relat$ words are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by ! int]v5tion ( sev]al o!rs3 because ! t]m9ations1 %[+ ! correspond5ce ( _! cases1 det]m9e _! mutual ref]5ce4 ,b if we 7 to translate ?is l9e lit]ally into ,engli%1 & say1 ,tityrus1 ?\ ( spread+ recl9+ "u ! %ade bee*1 dipus himself c\ld n make s5se ( x2 because !re is "h no diff]5ce ( t]m9ation1 to det]m9e :i* sub/antive ea* adjective belongs to4 ,x is ! same case ) reg>d to v]bs4 ,9 ,lat9 ! v]b may (t5 be plac$1 )\t an inconv5i5cy or ambiguity1 9 any "p ( ! s5t5ce4 ,b 9 ,engli% its place is almo/ always precisely det]m9$4 ,x mu/ foll[ ! subjective & prec$e ! objective memb] ( ! phrase 9 almo/ all cases4 ,?us 9 ,lat9 :e!r y say1 ,joannem v]b]avit ,rob]tus1 or ,rob]tus v]b]avit ,joannem1 ! mean+ is precisely ! same1 & ! t]m9ation fixes ,john to be ! suff]] 9 bo? cases4 ,b 9 ,engli% ,john beat ,rob]t1 & ,rob]t beat ,john1 h by no means ! same signification4 ,! place !re=e ( ! ?ree pr9cipal memb]s ( ! phrase is 9 ! ,engli%1 & = ! same reason 9 ! ,fr5* & ,italian languages almo/ always precisely det]m9$2 :]eas 9 ! anci5t languages a great] latitude is all[$1 & ! place ( ^? memb]s is (t51 9 a great measure1 indiff]5t4 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to ,horace1 9 ord] to int]pret "s p>ts ( ,milton's lit]al translation2 ,:o n[ enjoys !e cr$ul\s all gold1 ,:o always vacant1 always amiable ,hopes !e2 ( flatt]+ gales ,unm9dful4 are v]ses :i* x is impossible to int]pret by any rules ( our language4 ,!re are no rules 9 our language1 by :i* any man c\ld discov]1 t1 9 ! fir/ l9e1 cr$ul\s ref]r$ to :o1 & n to !e2 or1 t all gold ref]r$ to any ?+2 or1 t 9 ! f\r? l9e1 unm9dful1 ref]r$ to :o1 9 ! second1 & n to !e 9 ! ?ird2 or1 on ! contr>y1 t1 9 ! second l9e always vacant1 always amiable1 ref]r$ to !e 9 ! ?ird1 & n to :o 9 ! same l9e ) x4 ,9 ! ,lat91 inde$1 all ?is is abundantly pla94 ,qui nunc te fruitur cr$ulus aure1 ,qui semp] vacuam1 semp] amabilem ,sp]at te2 nescius aur fallacis4 ,because ! t]m9ations 9 ! ,lat9 det]m9e ! ref]5ce ( ea* adjective to its prop] sub/antive1 :i* x is impossible = any ?+ 9 ! ,engli% to d4 ,h[ mu* ?is p[] ( transpos+ ! ord] ( _! words mu/ h facilitat$ ! composition ( ! anci5ts1 bo? 9 v]se & prose1 c h>dly be imag9$4 ,t x mu/ greatly h facilitat$ _! v]sification x is ne$less to obs]ve2 & 9 prose1 :atev] beauty dep5ds ^u ! arrangem5t & con/ruction ( ! sev]al memb]s ( ! p]iod1 mu/ to !m h be5 acquirable ) mu* m ease1 & to mu* great] p]fection1 ?an x c be to ^? ^: expression is con/antly conf9$ by ! prolixness1 con/ra9t & monotony ( mod]n languages4 ,,f9is4 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4