,,university ,,of ,,california ,,publications ,,college ,,of ,,agriculture ,,agricultural ,,experiment ,,station ,,berkeley1 ,,california ,,comparison ,,of ,,woods ,,for ,,butter ,,boxes ,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,turnbow ,illustration3 ,proper method of packing cartoned butter in #fj-pound boxes ,,bulletin ,no4 #cfi ,august1 #aibc ,,university ,,of ,,california ,,press ,,berkeley #aibc ,,comparison ,,of ,,woods ,,for ,,butter ,,boxes ,,by ,g4 ,d4 ,,turnbow ,butter boxes used in shipping and storing butter in ,california1 are usually made of spruce which is largely shipped in from other states particularly from ,washington and ,oregon4 ,with the recent war1 however1 there came an acute shortage of spruce on the ,pacific ,coast with a corresponding increase in price4 ,the commercial manufacturers did some work in an attempt to find a substitute for spruce1 but the trade did not readily accept a change4 ,there was a demand from both the lumber and the butter interests for investigation to find a suitable substitute for spruce4 ,the production of spruce is somewhat limited in ,california1 but there is an abundance of white fir and a limited amount of cottonwood available4 ,however1 the creamerymen have not used white fir and cottonwood to any extent for butter containers1 on account of the belief that these materials would impart a wood flavor to the butter4 ,inasmuch as nearly all of the butter made in this ,state is shipped or stored in wooden containers1 the use of white fir or cottonwood1 would mean first1 a material saving to the butter manufacturers in marketing expense1 and second1 an opportunity for the lumber interests to use a large amount of raw material already available in ,california1 which heretofore had been of little commercial value or use4 ,,butter ,,absorbs ,,odor ,the volatile fats in butter have the property of absorbing odors1 which often results in an undesirable flavor4 ,great care then must be exercised in keeping butter from coming in contact with materials that will impart a foreign flavor4 ,butter need be exposed to foreign odors only a short length of time before the flavor is permanently affected4 ,experiments,a were conducted1 therefore1 to determine whether white fir or cottonwood would impart a flavor to the butter and also to determine the possibility of storing butter in cubes and marketing it in #fj-pound cases when these woods were used4 ,a ,this experiment was suggested by ,mr4 ,m4 ,b4 ,pratt1 ,deputy ,state ,forester4 ,through his coperation1 all box material was furnished by the ,swayne ,lumber ,company of ,oroville and the ,capitol ,box ,factory of ,sacramento4 ,,cube ,,butter ,,in ,,cold ,,storage ,the butter for cold storage was packed in white fir1 cottonwood1 and spruce containers holding ten pounds each4 ,both seasoned and unseasoned woods were used in each of the three methods of packing4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,butter packed in cubes paraffined and parchment lined4 ,the first set packed with butter were plain unseasoned boxes of each of the woods4 ,the second set had the inner surface paraffined before packing4 ,the method of paraffining was to invert the box over a steam jet and steam thoroughly4 ,this served a double purpose in that it opened the pores of the wood and allowed the paraffin to penetrate1 and the heated surface of the wood kept the paraffin in a liquid condition so that it could be put on in a thinner coat than if the paraffin had been applied to a cold surface4 ,after the boxes had been allowed to drain1 the inside was then painted with paraffin at #bdj ,f4 ,this method gave a complete covering to the wood1 a result which is not always obtained by some of the commercial paraffin atomizers4 ,the third set was paraffined as above and1 in addition1 lined with good parchment paper so that no butter could come in contact with either wood or paraffin 7fig4 #a74 ,twenty-three #aj-pound boxes were packed in the three ways4 ,they were filled with the butter from one churning which scored #ib after being chilled for #bd hours at #ej ,f4 and were shipped immediately after the first scoring to a cold storage plant in ,san ,francisco and stored at a temperature of #ab ,f4 ,the butter was scored monthly for six months4 ,the summary of the scoring is given in table #a4 ,,table #a ,influence of ,various ,woods on ,cube ,butter in ,storage,b ,b ,this scoring was done by ,t4 ,j4 ,harris1 ,san ,francisco ,dairy ,produce ,exchange1 ,s4 ,l4 ,denning1 ,oakland1 and ,g4 ,d4 ,turnbow1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,university of ,california4 ,average score ,no4 ,kind of butter in of of ,how ,first ,lowest ,average of same kind sample wood treated score score all scores of box ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #a ,white ,fir ,unseasoned #ib4e #hi #ij4heg ,no ,paraffin ,no ,parchment #b ,cottonwood ,unseasoned #ib4e #hf #hi4bad ,no ,paraffin ,no ,parchment #c ,spruce ,unseasoned #ib4e #hh #ij4ghe ,no ,paraffin ,no ,parchment #d ,spruce ,seasoned #ib4e #hi #ij4fdb ,paraffin ,no ,parchment #f ,white ,fir ,seasoned #ib4e #ij #ij4heg ,paraffin ,no ,parchment #g ,cottonwood ,seasoned #ib4e #hg #hi4ega ,paraffin ,no ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #e ,cottonwood ,unseasoned #ib4e #hh #hi4heg ,paraffin ,no ,parchment #h ,spruce ,unseasoned #ib4e #ij #ij4ibh ,paraffin ,no ,parchment #i ,white ,fir ,unseasoned #ib4e #hi #ij4ega ,paraffin ,no ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #aj ,cottonwood ,unseasoned #ib4e #ia4j #ia4gad ,paraffin ,parchment #aa ,cottonwood ,unseasoned #ib4e #hi4j #ij4ega #ia4adb ,paraffin ,parchment #ah ,cottonwood ,unseasoned #ib4e #hi4j #ia4adb ,paraffin ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ab ,spruce ,unseasoned #ib4e #ij4e #ia4e ,paraffin ,parchment #ac ,spruce ,unseasoned #ib4e #ia4j #ia4ega #ia4ccc ,paraffin ,parchment #ad ,spruce ,unseasoned #ib4e #ij4j #ij4ibh ,paraffin ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ae ,white ,fir ,unseasoned #ib4e #hi4j #ij4ibh ,paraffin ,parchment #af ,white ,fir ,unseasoned #ib4e #ij4j #ia4bhe #ia4ajg ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ag ,white ,fir ,seasoned #ib4e #hi4j #ij4heg #ia4adb ,paraffin ,parchment #bj ,white ,fir ,seasoned #ib4e #ij4e #ia4dbh ,paraffin ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ai ,cottonwood ,seasoned #ib4e #ij4e #ia4ega ,paraffin ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #ba ,spruce ,seasoned #ib4e #ij4j #ia4bad ,paraffin ,parchment #bb ,spruce ,seasoned #ib4e #ij4j #ia4ega #ia4ebc ,paraffin ,parchment #bc ,spruce ,seasoned #ib4e #ia4j #ia4ghe ,paraffin ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,sixty-,,pound ,,boxes ,,packed ,,for ,,market ,the butter for market was cut into two-pound squares1 wrapped and packed in #fj-pound containers1 made of white fir1 cottonwood and spruce 7figs4 #b1 #c and #d74 ,the butter was stored in a cold room1 the temperature of which ranged from #dh to #ej ,f4 ,it was held in storage twenty-eight days1 which is within two days of the maximum time butter may be held and still sold as fresh butter4 ,butter held over thirty days must be labeled 8storage butter40 ,the butter was scored four times during the storage period4 ,the butter used was all from the same churning which scored #ic after being chilled for twenty-four hours at #ej ,f4 ,table #b gives a summary of the scores showing the effect upon butter in containers with varying treatments4 ,when paraffined1 the inside of the boxes was painted with the paraffin at #bdj ,f4 ,,table #b ,influence of ,various ,woods on ,butter ,packed in #fj-,lb4 ,boxes,c ,c ,butter scored by ,j4 ,c4 ,marquardt and ,g4 ,d4 ,turnbow of the ,college of ,agriculture1 ,university of ,california4 ,average ,no4 of ,highest ,lowest of all sample ,kind of wood ,how treated score score scores ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #a ,white ,fir ,unseasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper #c ,cottonwood ,unseasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper #g ,spruce ,unseasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #a-;a ,white ,fir ,unseasoned1 ,not ,paraffined -- -- -- ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment #c-;a ,cottonwood ,unseasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment #g-;a ,spruce ,unseasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #b ,white ,fir ,seasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper #i ,cottonwood ,seasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper #h ,spruce ,seasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #b-;a ,white ,fir ,seasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment #i-;a ,cottonwood ,seasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ij #ia4age ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment #h-;a ,spruce ,seasoned1 ,not ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #d ,cottonwood ,seasoned1 ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper #e ,white ,fir ,seasoned1 ,box ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper #f ,spruce ,seasoned1 ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,wrapping ,paper ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- #d-;a ,cottonwood ,seasoned1 ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment #e-;a ,white ,fir ,seasoned1 ,paraffined #ic #ib4ge #ib4efb ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment #f-;a ,spruce ,seasoned1 ,paraffined #ic #ic #ic ,parchment ,wrapped1 ,no ,cartons ,box ,lined with ,parchment ,,nailing ,,of ,,boxes ,five-penny cement-coated nails were used in making the boxes4 ,practically no splitting was caused by the nails in unseasoned white fir1 spruce1 or cottonwood4 ,there was very little splitting in seasoned cottonwood4 ,the nails1 however1 caused a slight splitting in the seasoned spruce and quite a noticeable splitting in the white fir1 but not enough in either to cause an appreciable loss4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4--,typical #fj-pound white fir boxes showing general run of this wood4 ,,conclusions ,cube ,butter in ,cold ,storage ,boxes paraffined and parchment lined4--,white fir and cottonwood can be used in place of spruce for storing butter in cubes1 when properly seasoned1 paraffined1 and parchment lined4 ,cottonwood is equal to spruce as a butter container4 ,butter stored in cottonwood boxes for six months had an average score of #j4jdh of a point above spruce treated in the same manner4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4--,method of lining #fj-pound boxes with paper4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4--,parchment wrapped butter in parchment lined box4 ,white fir may be used very successfully4 ,it scored during the six months' storage only an average of #j4cha of a point below spruce4 ,in the final scoring1 after six months' storage1 none of the cubes packed in seasoned1 paraffined and parchment lined containers received a cut directly due to wood flavor4 ,green or unseasoned white fir1 cottonwood or spruce1 may impart a slight wood flavor to the butter when packed in cubes1 even though they are paraffined and parchment lined4 ,the butter stored in unseasoned cubes scored an average of #j4bah of a point below the butter stored in seasoned boxes with the same treatment4 ,while the average difference was very small1 in some cases there was a decided wood flavor which was pronounced enough to affect materially the flavor of the butter4 ,boxes paraffined but not parchment lined4--,unseasoned boxes of white fir1 cottonwood and spruce1 paraffined but not parchment lined are not entirely satisfactory for storing butter4 ,the butter so stored was criticized in practically all cases for wood flavor4 ,butter stored in white fir boxes scored #j4ceh of a point lower than that in spruce boxes1 while butter in cottonwood boxes scored #a4jga lower than that in spruce4 ,storing butter in cubes without parchment lining or in cubes carelessly lined with parchment will cause objectionable flavors regardless of the wood4 ,boxes neither paraffined nor parchment lined4--,butter allowed to come in direct contact with any of the three untreated woods will always take up wood flavor4 ,the injury to the flavor is about equal from all three woods4 ,sixty-,pound ,boxes ,packed for ,market ,white fir is as good as spruce for #fj-pound boxes when seasoned and parchment lined1 the butter being wrapped in parchment only4 ,cottonwood is not quite as satisfactory as either spruce or white fir1 there being some criticism on the flavor of the butter4 ,butter can be shipped in seasoned white fir or cottonwood boxes1 lined with ordinary wrapping paper1 if the butter is parchment wrapped and cartoned4 ,there is no advantage in using parchment paper to line the box4 ,since there was practically no trouble experienced in the unparaffined boxes1 there is no advantage in paraffining the inside of the box4 ,since the completion of the investigational work1 approximately #dj1jjj white fir boxes have been used with entire satisfaction for shipping butter at the ,university ,farm4 ,,station ,,publications ,,available ,,for ,,free ,,distribution ,,bulletins ,no4 #bec4 ,irrigation and ,soil ,conditions in the ,sierra ,nevada ,foothills1 ,california4 #bfa4 ,melaxuma of the ,walnut1 8,juglans regia40 #bfb4 ,citrus ,diseases of ,florida and ,cuba ,compared with those of ,california4 #bfc4 ,size ,grades for ,ripe ,olives4 #bfh4 ,growing and ,grafting ,olive ,seedlings4 #bgj4 ,a ,comparison of ,annual ,cropping1 ,biennial ,cropping1 and ,green ,manures on the ,yield of ,wheat4 #bgc4 ,preliminary ,report on ,kearney ,vineyard ,experimental ,drain4 #bge4 ,the ,cultivation of ,belladonna in ,california4 #bgf4 ,the ,pomegranate4 #bgg4 ,sudan ,grass4 #bgh4 ,grain ,sorghums4 #bgi4 ,irrigation of ,rice in ,california4 #bhj4 ,irrigation of ,alfalfa in the ,sacramento ,valley4 #bhc4 ,the ,olive ,insects of ,california4 #bhe4 ,the ,milk ,goat in ,california4 #bhf4 ,commercial ,fertilizers4 #bhg4 ,vinegar from ,waste ,fruits4 #bid4 ,bean ,culture in ,california4 #bih4 ,seedless ,raisin ,grapes4 #cjd4 ,a ,study of the ,effects of ,freezes on ,citrus in ,california4 #cjh4 ,i4 ,fumigation with ,liquid ,hydrocyanic ,acid4 ,,ii4 ,physical and ,chemical ,properties of ,liquid ,hydrocyanic ,acid4 #cab4 ,mariout ,barley4 #cag4 ,selections of ,stocks in ,citrus ,propagation4 #cai4 ,caprifigs and ,caprification4 #cba4 ,commercial ,production of ,grape ,syrup4 #cbd4 ,storage of ,perishable ,fruit at ,freezing ,temperatures4 #cbe4 ,rice ,irrigation ,measurements and ,experiments in ,sacramento ,valley1 #aiad-aiai4 #cbh4 ,prune ,growing in ,california4 #cca4 ,phylloxera-,resistant ,stocks4 #ccd4 ,preliminary ,volume ,tables for ,second-,growth ,redwoods4 #cce4 ,cocoanut ,meal as a ,feed for ,dairy ,cows and ,other ,livestock4 #ccf4 ,the ,preparation of ,nicotine ,dust as an ,insecticide4 #ccg4 ,some ,factors of ,dehydrater ,efficiency4 #cci4 ,the ,relative ,cost of ,making ,logs from ,small and ,large ,timber4 #cda4 ,studies on ,irrigation of ,citrus ,groves4 #cdc4 ,cheese ,pests and ,their ,control4 #cdd4 ,cold ,storage as an ,aid to the ,marketing of ,plums4 #cdg4 ,the ,control of ,red ,spiders in ,deciduous ,orchards4 #cdh4 ,pruning ,young ,olive ,trees4 #cdi4 ,a ,study of ,sidedraft and ,tractor ,hitches4 #cej4 ,agriculture in ,cut-over ,redwood ,lands4 #cea4 ,california ,state ,dairy ,cow ,competition4 #ceb4 ,further ,experiments in ,plum ,pollination4 #cec4 ,bovine ,infectious ,abortion4 #ced4 ,results of ,rice ,experiments in #aibb4 #cee4 ,the ,peach ,twig ,borer4 #ceg4 ,a ,self-mixing ,dusting ,machine for ,applying ,dry ,insecticides and ,fungicides4 #ceh4 ,black ,measles1 ,water ,berries1 and ,related ,vine ,troubles4 #cei4 ,fruit ,beverage ,investigations4 #cfj4 ,gum ,diseases of ,citrus ,trees in ,california4 #cfa4 ,preliminary ,volume ,tables for ,second ,growth ,redwood4 #cfb4 ,dust and the ,tractor ,engine4 #cfc4 ,the ,pruning of ,citrus ,trees in ,california4 #cfd4 ,fungicidal ,dusts for the ,control of ,bunt4 #cfe4 ,avocado ,culture in ,california4 ,,circulars ,no4 #gj4 ,observations on the ,status of ,corn ,growing in ,california4 #hb4 ,the ,common ,ground ,squirrel of ,california4 #hg4 ,alfalfa4 #aaa4 ,the ,use of ,lime and ,gypsum on ,california ,soils4 #aac4 ,correspondence ,courses in ,agriculture4 #aag4 ,the ,selection and ,cost of a ,small ,pumping ,plant4 #abg4 ,house ,fumigation4 #acf4 ,melilotus indica as a ,green-,manure ,crop for ,california4 #add4 ,oidium or ,powdery ,mildew of the ,vine4 #aea4 ,feeding and ,management of ,hogs4 #aeb4 ,some ,observations on the ,bulk ,handling of ,grain in ,california4 #aec4 ,announcement of the ,california ,state ,dairy ,cow ,competition1 #aiaf-ah4 #aed4 ,irrigation ,practice in ,growing ,small ,fruit in ,california4 #aee4 ,bovine ,tuberculosis4 #aeg4 ,control of the ,pear ,scab4 #aei4 ,agriculture in the ,imperial ,valley4 #afj4 ,lettuce ,growing in ,california4 #afa4 ,potatoes in ,california4 #afd4 ,small ,fruit ,culture in ,california4 #afe4 ,fundamentals of ,sugar ,beet ,culture under ,california ,conditions4 #aff4 ,the ,county ,farm ,bureau4 #afg4 ,feeding ,stuffs of ,minor ,importance4 #agj4 ,fertilizing ,california ,soils for the #aiah ,crop4 #agb4 ,wheat ,culture4 #agc4 ,the ,construction of the ,wood-,hoop ,silo4 #agd4 ,farm ,drainage ,methods4 #age4 ,progress ,report on the ,marketing and ,distribution of ,milk4 #agh4 ,the ,packing of ,apples in ,california4 #agi4 ,factors of ,importance in ,producing ,milk of ,low ,bacterial ,count4 #ahb4 ,extending the ,area of ,irrigated ,wheat in ,california for #aiah4 #ahd4 ,a ,flock of ,sheep on the ,farm4 #ahh4 ,lambing ,sheds4 #aij4 ,agriculture ,clubs in ,california4 #aic4 ,a ,study of ,farm ,labor in ,california4 #aih4 ,syrup from ,sweet ,sorghum4 #aii4 ,onion ,growing in ,california4 #bja4 ,helpful ,hints to ,hog ,raisers4 #bjb4 ,county ,organizations for ,rural ,fire ,control4 #bjc4 ,peat as a ,manure ,substitute4 #bje4 ,blackleg4 #bjf4 ,jack ,cheese4 #bjh4 ,summary of the ,annual ,reports of the ,farm ,advisors of ,california4 #bji4 ,the ,function of the ,farm ,bureau4 #baj4 ,suggestions to the ,settler in ,california4 #bab4 ,salvaging ,rain-,damaged ,prunes4 #bad4 ,seed ,treatment for the ,prevention of ,cereal ,smuts4 #bae4 ,feeding ,dairy ,cows in ,california4 #bag4 ,methods for ,marketing ,vegetables in ,california4 #bah4 ,advanced ,registry ,testing of ,dairy ,cows4 #bai4 ,the ,present ,status of ,alkali4 #bbd4 ,control of the ,brown ,apricot ,scale and the ,italian ,pear ,scale on ,deciduous ,fruit ,trees4 #bbh4 ,vineyard ,irrigation in ,arid ,climates4 #bcj4 ,testing ,milk1 ,cream1 and ,skim ,milk for ,butterfat4 #bcb4 ,harvesting and ,handling ,california ,cherries for ,eastern ,shipment4 #bcc4 ,artificial ,incubation4 #bcd4 ,winter ,injury to ,young ,walnut ,trees during #aiba-bb4 #bce4 ,soil ,analysis and ,soil and ,plant ,interrelations4 #bcf4 ,the ,common ,hawks and ,owls of ,california from the ,standpoint of the ,rancher4 #bcg4 ,directions for the ,tanning and ,dressing of ,furs4 #bch4 ,the ,apricot in ,california4 #bci4 ,harvesting and ,handling ,apricots and ,plums for ,eastern ,shipment4 #bdj4 ,harvesting and ,handling ,pears for ,eastern ,shipment4 #bda4 ,harvesting and ,handling ,peaches for ,eastern ,shipment4 #bdb4 ,poultry ,feeding4 #bdd4 ,central ,wire ,bracing for ,fruit ,trees4 #bde4 ,vine ,pruning ,systems4 #bdg4 ,colonization and ,rural ,development4 #bdh4 ,some ,common ,errors in ,vine ,pruning and ,their ,remedies4 #bdi4 ,replacing ,missing ,vines4 #bej4 ,measurement of ,irrigation ,water on the ,farm4 #bea4 ,recommendations ,concerning the ,common ,diseases and ,parasites of ,poultry in ,california4 #beb4 ,supports for ,vines4 #bec4 ,vineyard ,plans4 #bed4 ,the ,use of ,artificial ,light to ,increase ,winter ,egg ,production4 #bee4 ,leguminous ,plants as ,organic ,fertilizer in ,california ,agriculture4 #bef4 ,the ,control of ,wild ,morning ,glory4 #beg4 ,the ,small-,seeded ,horse ,bean4 #beh4 ,thinning ,deciduous ,fruits4 #bei4 ,pear ,by-products4 #bfj4 ,a ,selected ,list of ,references ,relating to ,irrigation in ,california4 #bfa4 ,sewing ,grain ,sacks4 #bfc4 ,tomato ,production in ,california4 ,transcriber's notes3 ,in the text version1 italics are represented by underscores1 and bold text by equals symbols4 ,the bulletins and circulars sections have been expanded from #b columns in small font to a single column to allow them to be more easily read4 ,the single occurrence of paraffine has been changed to paraffin for consistency with general use in the text4