,,! ,,?\s& ,,buddhas ,,anci5t ,,buddhi/ ,,pa9t+s ,,f ,,! ,,cave-,,temples ,,( ,,tun-,,huang ,,on ,,! ,,we/]n ,,fronti] ,,( ,,*9a ,,recov]$ ,,& ,,describ$ ,,by ,,aurel ,,/e91 ,k4,c4,i4,e4 ,,) ,,an ,,introductory ,,essay ,,by ,,laur5ce ,,b9yon ,,publi%$ ,,"u ,,! ,,ord]s ,,( ,h4,m4 ,,secret>y ,,( ,,/ate ,,= ,,india ,,& ,,) ,,! ,,co-,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,tru/ees ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,museum ,,text ,,london ,,b]n>d ,,qu>it*1 ,ltd4 #aiba ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,engl& ,,at ,,! ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,by ,,fr$]ick ,,hall ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,raphael ,,petrucci ,,to ,,^: ,,devotion ,,to ,,f>-,,ea/]n ,,art ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,^! ,,pa9t+s ,,owes ,,mo/ ,,?is ,,album ,,:i* ,,he ,,_h ,,help$ ,,to ,,plan ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,9 ,,admiration1 ,,affection1 ,,& ,,sorr[ ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface ix ,,! ,,tun-,,huang ,,pa9t+s ,,& ,,_! ,,place ,,9 ,,buddhi/ ,,art ,an ,introductory ,essay by ,laur5ce ,b9yon #a-aj ,,descriptive ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,pictures by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 #aa-fc ,i1 ,,ii4 ,! ,p>adise ( ,bhaiajyaguru #aa ,,iii4 ,a cele/ial assemblage #ac ,,iv1 ,v4 ,processions ( ,majur & ,samantabhadra #ad ,,vi4 ,details f a pa9t+ ( a ,buddhi/ ,heav5 #ae ,,vii4 ,! ,p>adise ( kyamuni #af ,,viii4 ,amitbha's ,p>adise #ah ,,ix4 ,leg5d>y sc5es f a pa9t+ ( ,maitreya's ,p>adise #ai ,x4 ,amitbha ) att5dants #bj ,,xi4 ,a ,p>adise ( ,amitbha #ba ,,xii4 ,sc5es f ,gautama ,buddha's ,life #bc ,,xiii4 ,sc5es f ! ,buddha leg5d #be ,,xiv4 ,images ( ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas #bf ,,xv4 ,two =ms ( ,avalokitev>a #bh ,,xvi4 ,f\r =ms ( ,avalokitev>a #bi ,,xvii4 ,avalokitev>a 9 ,glory #cj ,,xviii4 ,avalokitev>a /&+1 ) will[ spray #ca ,,xix4 ,two ,avalokitev>as ) ! will[ #cb ,,xx4 ,avalokitev>a ) flame-wrea!d halo #cc ,,xxi4 ,avalokitev>a /&+ #cc ,,xxii4 ,two ,avalokitev>a pa9t+s ) donors #cd ,,xxiii4 ,six-arm$ ,avalokitev>a ) att5dant ,bodhisattvas #ce ,,xxiv4 ,two pap] pa9t+s ( ,avalokitev>a #cf ,,xxv4 ,two pa9t+s ( ,kitig>bha #cg ,,xxvi4 ,vairavaa's ,progress #ci ,,xxvii4 ,virpka & ,majur #dj ,,xxviii4 ,bu/ ( a ,lokapla #db ,,xxix4 ,two ,dh>maplas & a ,bodhisattva #dc ,,xxx4 ,side-sc5es & details f a ,buddhi/ ,p>adise pa9t+ #dd ,,xxxi4 ,a ,tibetan pa9t+ ( ,tr #de ,,xxxii4 ,pap] pictures ( a ,bodhisattva1 sa9t1 & monk #dg ,,xxxiii4 ,pap] pictures ( h]mit & horse-dragon #dg ,,xxxiv1 ,,xxxv4 ,embroid]y picture ( kyamuni on ! ,vulture ,peak #dh ,,xxxvi4 ,bhaiajyaguru's ,p>adise #ej ,,xxxvii4 ,bann]s ) sc5es f ! ,buddha leg5d #ea ,,xxxviii4 ,buddha ,tejaprabha & ,avalokitev>a z guide ( s\ls #ec ,,xxxix4 ,kitig>bha ) ! ,inf]nal ,judges #ed ,,xl4 ,kitig>bha z ,patron ( ,travell]s #ee ,,xli4 ,avalokitev>a & two o!r ,bodhisattvas #ef ,,xlii4 ,avalokitev>a1 ?\s&-arm$1 ) att5dant div9ities #eg ,,xliii4 ,avalokitev>a ) ,lokapla att5dants #eh ,,xliv4 ,fragm5t ( /&+ ,avalokitev>a #ei ,,xlv4 ,vairavaa cross+ ! ocean #ei ,,xlvi4 ,fragm5t ) *ild on demon's h& #fa ,,xlvii4 ,?ree ,lokapla bann]s #fa ,,xlviii4 ,fragm5t ) figure ( demonic w>rior #fc ,,index #fd ,,preface ,! purpose ( ?is publication is to place be=e /ud5ts int]e/$ 9 ,ea/]n art reproductions ( select specim5s f among ! great collection ( anci5t ,buddhi/ pa9t+s :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! explorations ( my second ,c5tral-,asian j\rney1 c>ri$ out 9 #aijf-h "u ! ord]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india1 ,i _h ! good =tune to recov] f a wall$-up *apel at ! #8,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas' ne> ,tun-huang4 ,! ess5tial facts conc]n+ _! discov]y w be f\nd summ>iz$ 9 ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,b9yon's ,introductory ,essay4 ,^? :o may wi% = details ( ! circum/ances att5d+ x1 & = "s acc\nt ( ! local conditions :i* expla9 ! pres]vation ( ^! relics ( anci5t ,buddhi/ art 9 ! di/ant region :]e ! we/]nmo/ ,m>*es ( true ,*9a adjo9 ! great des]ts ( inn]mo/ ,asia1 w f9d !m 9 my p]sonal n>rative ( t exp$ition4#a ,!y h be5 record$ /ill m fully 9 ,s]9dia1 ! f9al report on ! results ( my explorations1 rec5tly issu$ f ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,press4#b ,9 ,mr4 ,b9yon's ,introductory ,essay !re w be f\nd a lucid exposition1 by ! h& ( a compet5t exp]t1 ( ! reasons :i* inve/ ^? pa9t+s ) special int]e/ = ! /udy ( ,buddhi/ art z transplant$ f ,india ?r\gh ,c5tral ,asia to ! ,f> ,ea/1 & ) great importance1 too1 = ! hi/ory ( ,*9ese art 9 g5]al4 ,!re light is ?r[n also on ! manifold problems rais$ by ! v>iety ( art influ5ces f ! ,we/1 ! ,s\?1 & ! ,ea/ :i* are reflect$ 9 diff]5t gr\ps ( ^! pa9t+s & :i* "s ( !m %[ 9 /rik+ int]mixture4 ,b ?r\gh\t x is ,buddhi/ inspiration & leg5d1 z propagat$ by ! ,mahyna sy/em ( ,buddhism 9 ,c5tral & ,ea/]n ,asia1 :i* furni% ! !mes ( ^! pa9t+s & det]m9e ! pres5tation ( individual figures & sc5es 9 !m4 ,= ! prop] appreciation ( _! art "s k ( ! traditional elem5ts 9 subjects & treatm5t is indisp5sably ne$$4 ,x has h5ce be5 my aim 9 ! descriptive text ref]r+ to ea* ,plate to supply su* iconographic in=mation z ! non-speciali/ /ud5t may ne$ = ! compreh5sion ( ! subject & details1 & z ! pres5t /ate ( our rese>*es p]mits to be safely (f]$4 ,9 ! same descriptive notes ,i h endeav\r$ to record in=mation also z to ! /ate ( pres]vation1 "* ( workman%ip1 col\r+1 & simil> po9ts 9 ea* pa9t+4 ,hav+ ?us briefly indicat$ ! object & scope ( ?is publication1 x /ill rema9s = me to give "s acc\nt ( ! lab\rs :i* _h to prec$e x1 & to record my grateful ackn[l$gem5t ( ! manifold help :i* alone r5d]$ ! realization ( ?is long-*]i%$ plan possible 9 ! end4 ,9 ,mr4 ,b9yon's ,introductory ,essay ref]5ce has be5 made to ! protract$ & delicate op]ations :i* 7 ne$$ at ! ,briti% ,museum be=e ! hundr$s ( pa9t+s1 mo/ ( !m on f9e silk1 :i* _h la91 (t5 crumpl$ up into tight little packets1 = c5turies "u ! cru%+ weight ( masses ( manuscript bundles1 c\ld all be safely op5$ out1 clean$1 & made accessible = exam9ation4 ,! f>-rea*+ arti/ic int]e/ ( ^! pictures _h already greatly impress$ me :5 ,i fir/ beheld !m 9 _! orig9al place ( deposit4 ,b only z ! "w ( pres]vation progress$ did x become possible fully to realize ! weal? & v>iety ( all ^! mat]ials1 ! novel problems !y rais$1 & ! ext5t & difficulties ( ! lab\rs :i* _! detail$ /udy & int]pretation w\ld ne$4 ,! mixture ( influ5ces already ref]r$ to reveal$ itself pla9ly 9 features directly d]iv$ f ,graeco-,buddhi/ art & 9 m>ks ( ! *ange x _h und]gone on its passage ?r\gh ,c5tral ,asia or ,tibet4 ,b ! prepond]ance ( ,*9ese ta/e & /yle 0 all ! same unmi/akable f ! fir/4 ,on ! iconographic side1 too1 x soon became cle> t ! v>i$ imag]y display$ by ! pa9t+s1 ?\gh bas$ on ,indian conceptions & =ms1 bore ! impress ( important *anges und]gone on its transition to ,*9a & aft] its adoption !re4 ,! *ief hope ( guidance = ! int]pretation ( ?is ,pan!on lay manife/ly 9 comp>ison ) ! arti/ic creations ( ! lat] ,mahyna ,buddhism ( ! ,f> ,ea/1 especially ( ,japan1 & 9 ! ,*9ese inscriptions display$ by _m ( ! silk pa9t+s4 ,x 0 obvi\s h5ce t = ?is "p ( my collection a collaborator 0 ne$$ :o ) k ( ,buddhi/ iconography w\ld comb9e ! qualifications ( a ,s9ologue z well z famili>ity ) ,f>-,ea/]n art 9 g5]al4 ,?r\gh ,mr4 ,b9yon's fri5dly int]cession ,i 0 able 9 ! autumn ( #aiaa & t[>ds ! close ( my /ay 9 ,engl& to secure ?is collaborator1 & "o exceptionally qualifi$1 9 ! p]son ( ,m4 ,raphael ,petrucci4 ,already di/+ui%$ 9 m ?an "o field ( rese>*1 ,m4 ,petrucci comb9$ en?usia/ic devotion to ,f>-,ea/]n art z a critic1 connoisseur1 & collector1 ) ,s9ologue /udies begun "u su* a ma/] z ,m4 ,*avannes4 ,a s]ies ( important publications on ! art ( ,*9a & ,japan be>s eloqu5t te/imony to 8 em95t fitness = :at 0 b\nd to prove a difficult task4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ two ye>s ,m4 ,petrucci devot$ protract$ lab\rs to ! /udy ( our pa9t+s & _! inscriptions4 ,! results 7 to be embodi$ 9 an ext5sive ,app5dix to ,s]9dia1 probably requir+ a sep>ate volume4 ,9 #aiac he suppli$ me ) ! draft ( 8 introductory *apt] deal+ ) ! votive inscriptions ( our pa9t+s1 & aft] my />t t ye> = a ?ird ,c5tral-,asian exp$ition he discuss$ 9 a sep>ate essay ^? elaborate compositions or #8,maalas' :i* =m ! subject ( "s ( ! l>ge/ & arti/ically mo/ int]e/+ ( our pa9t+s4#c ,9 addition to ! above ,m4 ,petrucci _h collect$ a great mass ( ,*9ese textual mat]ials = ! id5tification ( ,jtaka sc5es1 individual div9ities1 c41 repres5t$ 9 ! pa9t+s1 :5 ! invasion ( ,belgium cut him (f f 8 home at ,brussels & all 8 mat]ials4 ,"u ! conditions creat$ by ! _w w> he 0 unable to resume 8 task 9 e>ne/4 ,b he f\nd occasion ev5 !n1 9 ! mid/ ( volunt>ily und]tak5 m$ical duties "u ! ,belgian ,r$ ,cross1 to revisit our ,collection1 to assi/ ) 8 exp]t advice 9 ! catalogu+ ( ! ,tun-huang pa9t+s1 & to publi% 9 ! ,annales ( ! ,muse ,guimet a %ort b v in/ructive & /imulat+ confr5ce on !m4#d ,:5 return+ 9 ,may #aiaf f my ?ird ,c5tral-,asian exp$ition1 ,i f\nd ,m4 ,petrucci at ,p>is1 /ill full ( vig\r & eag]ly b5t ^u c>ry+ ?r\gh 8 task4 ,:5 a few weeks aft]w>ds ,i 0 able to in=m him ( ! =tunate *ance :i*1 z w be expla9$ pres5tly1 _h (f]$ to make select specim5s ( our ,tun-huang pa9t+s accessible 9 adequate reproductions to a wid] circle ( /ud5ts ( ,f>-,ea/]n art1 he mo/ will+ly und]took to contribute ! ma9 portion ( ! text :i* 0 to accompany !m4 ,b "s mon?s lat] he began to suff] f an int]nal ailm5t1 & ?\gh 9 ! autumn ( #aiaf he 0 /ill /rong en\gh to take a v helpful %>e 9 ! selection ( ! pa9t+s to be reproduc$ 9 ,! ,?\s& ,buddhas1 8 condition became s]i\s en\gh to necessitate a grave op]ation 9 ,febru>y #aiag4 ,?is he ov]came ) app>5t success1 only to succumb a week lat] to diph!ritis contract$ 9 ! hospital4 ,depriv$ ?us by a cruel bl[ ( ,fate ( a mo/ valu$ collaborator & fri5d1 we mu/ re/ cont5t ) d$icat+ to 8 memory ?is publication 9 :i* he 0 to h borne a pr9cipal %>e4 ,9 accordance ) ! plan sanction$ 9 #aiaa by ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india1 ! ,detail$ ,report on ! results ( my second ,c5tral-,asian exp$ition 0 to include also a sy/ematic survey & full descriptive li/ ( all ! art relics br\ght away f ! ,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas4 ,) ?is object 9 view ,i _h tak5 c>e1 at ! same "t :5 enli/+ ,m4 ,petrucci's collaboration1 to use z _m plates ( ,s]9dia z ! claims ( abundant #8f9ds' f o!r sites w\ld all[1 = ! reproduction ( *>act]i/ic specim5s among ! diff]5t classes ( pa9t+s1 draw+s1 & wood-cuts recov]$ 9 ! wall$-up *apel4#e ,b x 0 cle> f ! fir/ t ! limitations impos$ by ! numb] & size ( ! ,s]9dia plates1 & ev5 m p]haps by ! co/ ( col\r reproduction1 w\ld n all[ adequate ju/ice be+ done to ! arti/ic1 z di/+ui%$ f ! iconographic & ar*aeological1 value ( ! pa9t+s4 ,x 0 equally easy to =esee t1 h[ev] num]\s ! small-scale reproductions 9 ! plates ( ,s]9dia might be1 & h[ev] ?or\gh ! description & analysis ( ! new mat]ials 9 its text1 ! v "*1 bulk1 & correspond+ly high price ( t detail$ report w\ld prev5t x f mak+ ^? pa9t+s suffici5tly accessible to /ud5ts int]e/$ ma9ly 9 _! art4 ,= ^! & cognate reasons ,i _h be5 anxi\s f ! outset to arrange = a sep>ate publication l ! pres5t4 ,b ! attempts made 9 ?is direction be=e my return to duty 9 ,india at ! close ( #aiaa fail$ f want ( ne$ful means1 & subsequ5tly di/ance & absorb+ ex]tions 9 ! field1 z impli$ by my ?ird ,c5tral-,asian exp$ition 7#aiac-af71 preclud$ _! effective r5ewal4 ,t auspices prov$ m fav\rable on my return f t j\rney 0 due ma9ly to ! g5]\s int]e/ :i* a f>-sight$ /atesman1 ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,mr4 ,au/5 ,*amb]la91 !n ,h4,m4 ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,india1 0 pleas$ to %[ 9 ! plan4 ,8 appreciation ( ! importance ( ^! pictorial treasures & ( ! ne$ ( secur+ an adequate record ( !m be=e _! imp5d+ division betwe5 ! ,briti% ,museum & ,delhi 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 induc+ ! au?orities ( ! ,india ,(fice1 ) ! ready co-op]ation ( ! ,tru/ees ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 to sanction ! pres5t publication at a co/ n exce$+ #a1ijj4 ,reg>d = ! special difficulties !n prevail+ ow+ to ! w> is an additional reason = ,mr4 ,*amb]la9's timely help be+ rememb]$ by me ) pr(\nd gratitude4 ,! execution ( ! plates1 bo? by ?ree-col\r & half-tone process1 0 entru/$ to ,messrs4 ,h5ry ,/one ,son1 ( ,banbury1 ^: e/abli%m5t1 "u ! exp]t direction ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,milne1 ,c4,b4,e41 _h already prov$ its special fitness = su* "w by produc+ ! col\r plates = my ,des]t ,ca?ay & ,s]9dia4#f ,i feel all ! m grateful = ! great skill & c>e be/[$ by !m ^u ! tru?ful r5d]+ ( ! pa9t+s1 & = ! success a*iev$1 because ,i le>n$ to "k ! consid]able te*nical difficulties :i* _h to be fac$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ! col\r plates4 ,aft] my return to ,india 9 ! autumn ( #aiag ,mr4 ,b9yon k9dly *>g$ himself 9 my place ) all ! arrangem5ts :i* 7 ne$$ 9 connexion ) ! reproduction "w4 ,x 0 "u ! con/ant & ev]-wat*ful sup]vision ( ,mr4 ,laur5ce ,b9yon t ! exact+ lab\rs ne$$ = ! safe treatm5t & future pres]vation ( ! ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s1 & ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( close on sev5 ye>s1 _h be5 effect$ 9 ! ,pr9ts & ,draw+s ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,to 8 unfail+ k & c>e all /ud5ts ( ^! rema9s ( ,buddhi/ art owe gratitude = ! ease ) :i* !y c n[ be exam9$4 ,b to ^? :om ! pres5t publication is int5d$ to rea* he has r5d]$ a s]vice equally great by contribut+ to x 8 ,introductory ,essay1 ,! exp]t guidance x af=ds z reg>ds ! evolution ( ,buddhi/ pictorial art 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & ) reg>d to a v>iety ( k9dr$ que/ions helps appreciably to r$uce ! loss :i* ,! ,?\s& ,buddhas has suff]$ ?r\gh ,m4 ,petrucci's untimely dea?1 & = t help ,i feel deeply behold54 ,t lam5t$ ev5t left me ) a heavi] obligation ?an ,i _h anticipat$ 9 reg>d to ! text bo? ( ?is publication & ( ! correspond+ portion ( ,s]9dia4 ,9 meet+ ?is obligation ,i realize fully ! limitations ( my compet5ce4 ,?\gh famili> ) ! iconography ( ,graeco-,buddhi/ art & ( su* rema9s ( ,buddhi/ art 9 ,c5tral ,asia z ,i _h ! good =tune to br+ to light myself1 ,i _h nev] f\nd leisure = a sy/ematic /udy ( ! religi\s art ( ! ,f> ,ea/ or ,tibet4 ,!re 0 en\gh 9 ! ar*aeology ( ! sites ,i _h explor$ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,trm ,bas9 & along ! we/]nmo/ ,m>*es ( ,*9a & 9 ! geography & hi/ory ( ^? wide regions fully to occupy my att5tion4 ,9 addition1 my want ( ,s9ologue qualifications made itself sadly felt4 ,=tunately ,i _h tak5 special c>e to secure a suffici5tly detail$ description ( all pictorial rema9s dur+ ! ye>s ( my r5ew$ abs5ce 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ^? imm$iately foll[+4 ,?is ,descriptive ,li/1 n[ compris$ 9 ,s]9dia1#g 0 prep>$ ma9ly by ! h& ( ,miss ,f4 ,m4 ,g4 ,lorim]1 ^: pa9/ak+ s*ol>ly "w z assi/ant at my ,briti% ,museum collection has prov$ ?r\gh\t a v valuable help4 ,besides ,m4 ,petrucci's int]pretations !re 0 embodi$ 9 x also mu* useful in=mation receiv$ on arti/ic po9ts f my fri5d & *ief assi/ant ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,&rews1 & on ,*9ese inscriptions f ,dr4 ,l4 ,giles & ,mr4 ,a4 ,d4 ,waley ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 z well z _m helpful iconographic explanations k9dly furni%$ by two ,japanese exp]ts1 ,pr(essor ,taki & ,mr4 ,yabuki4 ,?is ,descriptive ,li/ made x possible = me to provide 9 ,s]9dia a sy/ematic review ( all our pictorial relics f ,tun-huang1#h & ?is 9 turn has greatly facilitat$ ! prep>ation ( ! descriptive text = ! pres5t publication4 ,= details :i* c\ld n f9d m5tion 9 x ref]5ce to ! *apt]s ( ,s]9dia already quot$ w prove useful4 ,x only rema9s = me to add my grateful ackn[l$gem5ts = ! c>e :i* my fri5ds ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,&rews1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,b9yon1 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,freeman h be5 k9d en\gh to be/[1 :e!r on plates or on pr9t1 & to express ! wi% t ! reception accord$ to ,! ,?\s& ,buddhas bo? 9 ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/ may ju/ify ! hope :i* prompt$ ! sacrifice incurr$ = _! sake at a "t ( great /ra9 & /ress4 ,,aurel ,,/e94 ,camp1 ,moh& ,m>g1 ,ka%mir4 ,june #b1 #aiba4 #a ,see ,ru9s ( ,des]t ,ca?ay 7,macmillan ,co41 ,london1 #aiab71 ii4 pp4 #bj-ca1 #afc-bcd4 #b ,see ,s]9dia ,detail$ ,report on explorations 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ,we/]nmo/ ,*9a1 c>ri$ out & describ$ "u ! ord]s ( ,h4,m4 ,indian ,gov]nm5t by ,aurel ,/e91 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,indian ,ar*aeological ,survey 7,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d1 #aiba1 vols4 i-v1 ,royal #dto71 pp4 #gia-hbe4 #c ,^! contributions h s9ce be5 pr9t$ 9 ,app5dix ,e ( ,s]9dia1 pp4 #acib-dbh1 aft] hav+ be5 c>efully prep>$ = publication by ,m4 ,*avannes1 ) ! assi/ance ( common fri5ds1 ,,mm4 ,f\*] & ,sylva9 ,lvi4 #d ,see ,petrucci1 ,les pe9tures b\ddhiques de ,t\5-h\ang1 ,mission ,/e9 7,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 ,biblio?que de vulg>isation1 xli1 #aiaf1 pp4 #aae-dj74 #e ,see ,plates ,,lvi-,,civ 9 ,s]9dia1 vol4 iv4 #f ,sev5 ( ^? 9 ! latt] "w h1 ) ! k9d p]mission ( ! ,delegates ( ! ,cl>5don ,press1 be5 us$ also "h4 #g ,see ,s]9dia1 ,*apt] ,,xxv1 section ii1 pp4 #icg-ajhh4 #h ,see ,s]9dia1 ,*apt] ,,xxiii1 sections i-ix1 pp4 #hca-id4 ,,! ,,tun-,,huang ,,pa9t+s ,,& ,,_! ,,place ,,9 ,,buddhi/ ,,art ,,an ,,introductory ,,essay ,,by ,,laur5ce ,,b9yon ,i ,! pa9t+s & draw+s "h reproduc$ are a selection f ! mass ( preci\s mat]ial discov]$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e91 & br\ght away by him f #8,! ,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas' at ,tun-huang1 on ! extreme we/]n fronti] ( ,*9a4 ,! romantic circum/ances ( ! discov]y h be5 fully describ$ by ,sir ,aurel 9 ! second volume ( 8 ,ru9s ( ,des]t ,ca?ay2 & to ^? pages ! read] is ref]r$4 ,b x may be well to recall briefly ! ma9 facts ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ,m>* #aijg ,sir ,aurel ,/e9's exp$ition1 :i* _h left ,ka%mir 9 ,april ( ! prec$+ ye>1 arriv$ at ,tun-huang4 ,f ,k%g> ! travell]s _h proce$$ to ,yrk&2 !nce to ,khotan1 :]e ,sir ,aurel on 8 previ\s j\rney 9 #aijj-a _h dis9t]r$ su* int]e/+ rema9s ( ! anci5t civilization once fl\ri%+ 9 t region2 !nce ea/w>d along ! s\!rn skirts ( ! great des]t1 explor+ v>i\s sites by ! way ) ri* results1 till at ,tun-huang !y f\nd !mselves at la/ )9 ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,kan-su4 ,tun-huang is a squ>e-wall$ t[n 9 a prosp]\s oasis ( ! des]t4 ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 _h be5 attract$ ?i!r by ! k t ne> ! oasis 7 a numb] ( sacr$ grottos kn[n z #8,! ,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas'1 fill$ ) anci5t ,buddhi/ frescoes & sculptures4#a ,b aft] arriv+ at ,tun-huang1 he also he>d1 ?r\gh a ,muhammadan trad]1 rum\rs ( some?+ /ill m excit+ to ! ar*aeologi/--a hidd5 deposit ( manuscripts :i* _h be5 accid5tally discov]$ a few ye>s previ\sly 9 "o ( ! caves4 ,9 a b>r5 valley to ! s\?-ea/ ( ! t[n1 above a n>r[ /rip ( irrigat$ soil1 ) r[s ( elms & popl>s1 !re is a cliff ( conglom]ate rock1 :i* is honeycomb$ ) hundr$s ( cavities4 ,^! h be5 holl[$ out to s]ve z ,buddhi/ %r9es1 /ill frequ5t$ by pi\s wor%ipp]s2 & ! walls ( ! cellas are cov]$ ) old frescoes4 ,x 0 9 "o ( ! l>g] %r9es t ! deposit ( manuscripts _h be5 discov]$ by ! ,taoi/ monk 9 *>ge ( c]ta9 grottos4 ,! monk _h collect$ money f ! fai?ful1 & _h und]tak5 to re/ore ?is p>ticul> %r9e to its =m] spl5d\r2 a labori\s "w1 s9ce ! drift+ ( ! s& & falls ( crumbl+ rock _h "h1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 block$ ! entrance ( ! cave1 & ! s& & debris _h to be cle>$ away be=e ! actual "w ( ! re/or] c\ld beg94 ,:ile ! m5 engag$ on ?is lab\r 7 at "w1 !y _h notic$ a crack 9 ! fresco$ wall ( ! passage betwe5 temple & ante*apel4 ,an op5+ 0 f\nd2 & ?is l$ to a recess holl[$ out ( ! rock beh9d ! /ucco$ wall4 ,! room ?us disclos$ prov$ to be completely fill$ ) rolls ( manuscript4 ,specim5s _h be5 s5t to ! ,vic]oy ( ! ,prov9ce1 b no /eps _h be5 tak5 to remove !m2 & 9 fact :5 ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 fir/ arriv$ at ! ,caves he f\nd t ! deposit 0 c>efully lock$ away beh9d a wood5 door2 & :51 aft] leav+ ,tun-huang = a mon?'s j\rney ( exploration1 he return$ 9 ,may1 a brick wall _h be5 add$ to protect ! hidd5 treasure4 ,! read] mu/ g to ,ru9s ( ,des]t ,ca?ay = ! full acc\nt ( ! /ages by :i* ! ,taoi/ prie/ :o gu>d$ ! %r9es 0 induc$ fir/ to %[ "s specim5s1 & f9ally to let ,sir ,aurel c>ry (f a goodly ho>d ( ! manuscripts & mo/ ( ! pictorial rema9s4 ,! cave _h be5 said to conta9 only ,,mss42 & bundles ( ,,mss4 7 !re 9 imm5se quantities2 b on op5+ "o ( ! bundles ,sir ,aurel 0 delight$ to f9d t x conta9$ pa9t+s on silk4 ,! pa9t+s 7 all1 or ne>ly all1 crumpl$ up4 ,x seems z if !y _h be5 hurri$ly ?ru/ away 9 ! vault on "s sudd5 al>m1 probably ( a b>b>ian raid4 ,&1 9 fact1 on "o ( ! pictures is a votive inscription pray+ to ,kuan-y9 = protection aga9/ ! ,t>t>s & ! ,tibetans4 ,! position ( ,tun-huang on ! we/]nmo/ fronti] ( ,*9a1 at ! int]section ( ! great trade-r\te across ,asia1 f ea/ to we/1 ) ! high road betwe5 ,mongolia 9 ! nor? & ,tibet 9 ! s\?1 naturally expos$ x to incursions & invasions4 ,int]nal evid5ce ( dat$ docum5ts seems to %[ t ! treasure1 or at any rate ! great bulk ( x1 0 hidd5 away soon aft] ! close ( ! t5? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,to complete ! /ory1 we mu/ add t ,m4 ,pelliot1 ! di/+ui%$ savant & travell]1 paid a visit a ye> lat] to ! ,caves & 0 all[$ to c>ry (f :at rema9$ ( ! pa9t+s & a l>ge selection f ! ho>d ( manuscripts4 ,^! are n[ 9 ! ,biblio?que ,nationale & 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,:at 0 left ( ,*9ese manuscripts 0 subsequ5tly transmitt$ by (ficial ord] to ,pek+2 mu* be+ #8lo/' on ! way4 ,n till ! pa9t+s 7 br\ght to ,london c\ld any real exam9ation ( !m be made4 ,ea* packet _h to be c>efully op5$1 & ! brittle1 du/y silk1 sometimes 9 a hundr$ fragm5ts1 op5$ out1 clean$1 &1 :]e necess>y1 piec$ toge!r4 ,?is 0 done at ! ,briti% ,museum2 & x 0 a lab\r ( ye>s = ! /aff ( m\nt]s atta*$ to ! ,pr9t ,room4 ,! pa9t+s 7 c>efully clean$1 & ! col\rs 7 f\nd 9 mo/ cases to h lo/ little ( _! pri/9e dep? & brightness2 ?\gh :]e a c]ta9 v]digris gre5 0 us$1 x has t5d$ to eat away ! silk on :i* x 0 laid1 a :ole figure 9 "s cases hav+ ?us disappe>$ & left only its surr\nd+ outl9e4 ,any attempt at re/oration or ret\*+ has be5 scrupul\sly avoid$2 b :5 a pa9t+ :i* is 9 fragm5ts has be5 laid d[n on silk ( a neutral tone1 & m\nt$1 ! eye is easily c>ri$ ov] ! gaps1 & ! ma9 design reappe>s4 ,sev]al ( ! pa9t+s /ill reta9 _! orig9al bord]s1 usually ( a dull mulb]ry-purple silk4 ,! small bann]s1 ( :i* a great quantity 7 f\nd1 _h all orig9ally a p$im5t-%ap$ head-piece1 & long silk /ream]s ) a wood5 weight at ! bottom to /eady ! bann] z x hung4 ,^! bann]s are mo/ly pa9t$ on bo? sides4 ,! delicate "w ( m\nt+ & clean+ 0 done by ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,littlejohn1 ,*ief ,m\nt] 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,pr9ts & ,draw+s1 assi/$ 9 lat] /ages by ,mr4 ,y4 ,uru%ib>a1 a ,japanese arti/ & craftsman4 ,mean:ile ! l>ge embroid]y picture 7,pl4 ,,xxxiv7 _h be5 skilfully /it*$ on to a new back+ ( canvas by ,miss ,e4 ,a4 ,w9t] ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,art ,ne$lework4 ,a selection ( ! mo/ important pictures1 draw+s1 & woodcuts =m$ "p ( an exhibition ( treasures ( all sorts br\ght back by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 f 8 second exp$ition & set out 9 ! long l[] gall]y ( ! new w+ ( ! ,briti% ,museum op5$ by ,h4,m4 ! ,k+ 9 ,may #aiad4 ,! outbreak ( ! ,w> s soon aft]1 & ! subsequ5t clos+ ( ! ,museum1 un=tunately prev5t$ ! exhibition f becom+ adequately kn[n to ! public4 ,9 #aiag ,mr4 ,littlejohn1 :o _h receiv$ a commission 9 ! ,r4,g4,a41 0 kill$ 9 action4 ,dur+ 8 la/ mon?s at ! ,museum he _h be5 prep>+ a note on ! orig9 ( ! sy/em ( m\nt+ pictures z kakemono1 to use ! conv5i5t ,japanese t]m4 ,^? famili> ) ,japanese pictures "k t kakemono are pa9t+s m\nt$ on silk1 ) bord]s ( brocade above & bel[ ! design1 & ) two n>r[ /rips ( silk hang+ d[n f above4 ,^! h be5 expla9$ z int5d$ to keep away birds1 or evil spirits2 b nei!r !ory has ev] seem$ satisfactory2 & 9 ! /ream]s ( ! ,tun-huang bann]s1 z ,mr4 ,littlejohn p]ceiv$1 0 a mu* m plausible explanation ( _! orig94 ,!y are a survival4 ,& o!r details 9 ! ,japanese 7orig9ally ,*9ese7 sy/em ( m\nt+ c\ld be expla9$1 he sugge/$1 by a ref]5ce to ?is =gott5 orig94 ,,ii ,! pictorial treasures br\ght away f ,tun-huang by ,sir ,aurel1 & n[ divid$ betwe5 ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t & ! ,briti% ,museum1 consi/ ( votive pa9t+s 7mo/ly on silk1 ?\gh a c]ta9 numb] are on pap]7 ( v>i\s sizes1 "s be+ z mu* z six or sev5 feet high2 ( a long s]ies ( small bann]s on silk & l>g] bann]s on l952 ( "o or two magnific5t specim5s ( embroid]y1 ! f9e/ ( :i* is reproduc$ 7,pls4 ,,xxxiv & ,,xxxv72 ( outl9e draw+s1 & ( woodcuts4 ,! pres5t publication is int5d$ to illu/rate ! specim5s :i* h mo/ importance = ! /udy ( ,ea/]n art4 ,! pa9t+s & draw+s1 ) a few unimportant exceptions1 are all ( ,buddhi/ inspiration4 ,at fir/ sight ! limitation ( scope & ! repetition ( simil> !mes may give an impression ( monotony4 ,clos] /udy reveals a rem>kable v>iety4 ,?is v>iety is due to diff]5ces ( /yle1 :i* are acc\nt$ = p>tly by ! diff]5t dates1 /ill m by ! diff]5t localities at :i* !y 7 produc$1 p>tly by ! v v>y+ degrees ( skill 9 ! pa9t]s :o produc$ !m4 ,be+ all f\nd 9 "o place1 ! pa9t+s might be suppos$ to be all ! product ( a s+le local s*ool4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case1 z a brief exam9ation %[s at once4 ,!re are specim5s 7( little acc\nt z art7 :i* are purely ,indian 9 /yle & probably ,nepalese2 !re are examples ( ! well-def9$ ,tibetan type ( ,buddhi/ picture2 !re are pa9t+s :i* are entirely ,*9ese2 & !re are1 la/ly1 a numb] :i* conta9 ,indian1 ,*9ese1 & possibly ,tibetan elem5ts 9 v>y+ proportions1 b are 9 an int]m$iate /yle & may safely be held to be ! product ( local s*ools ( ,*9ese ,turke/n1 & ( ! region :i*1 on ! ea/1 jo9s x to ,*9a prop]4 ,until a few ye>s ago1 sc>cely any?+ 0 kn[n 9 ,europe ( ,buddhi/ pa9t+ beyond ! fam\s frescoes ( ,aja 9 ,india & ,buddhi/ pa9t+s by ,japanese ma/]s1 ( :i* ! frescoes 9 ! ,horiuji ,temple at ,n>a are among ! olde/ & mo/ celebrat$4 ,x 0 kn[n t ! ,japanese modell$ _! "w closely on ,*9ese tradition2 & a few ,*9ese ,buddhi/ pa9t+s ( e>ly p]iods are pres]v$ 9 ,japan2 b :ile an ext5sive s]ies ( anci5t ,japanese ,butsu-y exi/s1 correspond+ specim5s f ,*9a are v r>e inde$4 ,& if ! e>ly ,buddhi/ art ( ,*9a 0 little kn[n1 /ill less 0 kn[n ( ! int]m$iate l9ks 9 ! tradition :i* pass$ on f ,india to ,*9a ?r\gh ,turke/n4 ,b n[1 ?r\gh successive explorations & discov]ies1 ! /ory ( ,buddhi/ art & ! phases ( its progress ea/w>ds ?r\gh ,asia are fairly pla9 & famili>4 ,& "s ( ! mo/ illum9at+ & important docum5ts h be5 suppli$ by ! discov]ies ( ,sir ,aurel ,/e94 ,9 ! pa9t+s ) :i* we are deal+1 ! ,indian elem5t is obvi\sly v /rong1 j z #8,! ,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas'1 :]e !y 7 f\nd1 7 holl[$ out ( ! cliff 9 ob$i5ce to immemorial ,indian tradition3 we are rem9d$ at once ( ! fresco$ caves ( ,aja4 ,b !re are o!r elem5ts besides ! ,indian1 z we %all see4 ,h[ did ,buddhism p5etrate into ,c5tral ,asia8 ,f ,india prop] x travell$ by way ( ! extreme nor?-we/ fronti]1 ! valley ( ,pe%aw>1 !n kn[n z ! k+dom ( ,g&hra2 !nce to ! c\ntries ly+ nor?1 & s ea/w>ds by ! great trade-r\te across ! des]t to ,*9a4 ,g&hra is ! fir/ /age ( ?is long j\rney3 & x 0 9 ,g&hra t ! ,buddhi/ art ( ! ,fur!r ,ea/1 z we "k x1 0 fir/ =mulat$4 ,! n[ well-kn[n sculptures ( ,g&hra1 a f9e s]ies ( :i* may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 date f ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ( our era to ab\t ! six?4 ,!y repres5t a late ,hell5i/ic tradition put to ! s]vice ( ! ,indian religion4 ,x 0 9 ,g&hra t ! types ( ,buddhi/ art became fix$4 ,x 0 !re t ! type ( kyamuni himself 0 fir/ inv5t$1 or r adapt$ f ! ideal =ms ( ,hell5i/ic sculpture4 ,= "s c5turies aft] ! ,buddha's dea?1 ,indian arti/s _h always refra9$ f repres5t+ ! image ( ! ,"l4 ,! ,hell5i/ic elem5t1 app>5t 9 poses1 9 drap]y1 9 decorative motifs l ! acan?us-ornam5t1 t5ds to become subm]g$ 9 ! lat] phases ( ! art1 ?\gh some?+ ( x /ill p]si/s recognizably 9 ! ,buddhi/ art ( remote ,japan1 ev5 to-day4 ,at a des]t site ( ,khotan1 ! little k+dom ly+ at ! s\!rn edge ( ! ,taklamakn ,des]t1 beyond ! m\nta9s on ! nor?-ea/]n fronti] ( ,ladkh & ,ka%mir1 ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 f\nd on 8 fir/ exp$ition 7#aijj-a7 ! rema9s ( settlem5ts ab&on$ to ! encroa*+ s& ab\t ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 ,among ^! rema9s 7 heaps ( lett]s & docum5ts writt5 9 e>ly ,indian script & language on wood5 tablets1 ti$ ) /r+ & seal$2 & 9 mo/ cases ! seal 0 a ,greek seal1 engrav$ ) a figure ( ,a!ne1 ,h]acles1 or o!r deity4 ,aga91 at ,mrn1 a site ne> ,lop-nr & mu* fur!r ea/1 ,sir ,aurel1 on 8 second exp$ition1 discov]$ ,buddhi/ %r9es adorn$ ) frescoes ( ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 pa9t$ 9 ! /yle ( late classical tradition4 ,fasc9at+ z are ^! traces ( ,greece & ! ,we/ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,asian des]ts1 ! influ5ce ( ,hell5ism 0 n pr(\nd or =mative4 ,india 0 ! ma9 influ5ce on ! culture ( ! cities once fl\ri%+ along ! *a9 ( oases 9 ! des]ts we/ ( ,*9a1 ,buddhism ! great civiliz+ factor1 & ,g&hra ! s\rce f :i* ! local s*ools ( art drew _! inspiration4 ,g&hra art 0 itself n )\t "s admixture f ,p]sian s\rces2 & ,iranian motives ( decoration are f\nd 9 ^! des]t sites1 z !y are f\nd 9 ,*9a itself1 j z "s ( ! ,tun-huang manuscripts are writt5 9 ! ,iranian dialect call$ ,sogdian4 ,! art ( ,turke/n is full ( mix$ influ5ces1 ! reflection ( its civilization4 ,& :at ( ,*9a8 ,= dur+ ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 & ! two c5turies foll[+ ,*9a pursu$ a policy ( political & milit>y expansion we/w>d1 ) a view to op5+ up trade-r\tes1 consolidat+ h] fronti]s & protect+ !m f ! ravages ( ! ,huns & o!r tribes2 & ,ea/]n ,turke/n became a ,*9ese protectorate4 ,?\gh aft]w>ds ,*9a's hold became weak5$ & h] p[] rec$$1 9 ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d41 "u an ,emp]or ( ! great ,t#8ang dyna/y1 ! :ole region came aga9 "u ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 & ! ,empire's political sph]e ( influ5ce 0 ext5d$ z f> z ! bord]s ( ,p]sia & ! %ores ( ! ,caspian4 ,b ,*9ese influ5ce seems to h be5 conf9$ ma9ly to adm9i/ration1 & to h affect$ b little ! culture ( ! p1 ?\gh traces ( x are disc]nible 9 _! arts & indu/ries1 ev] m m>k$ z we g fur!r ea/4 ,?is way pass$ ! old great high road betwe5 ea/ & we/1 by :i* ! ,*9ese silks 7 c>ri$ ov]l& to ,antio* & ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x 0 a highway = comm]ce1 b also = ideas & religions4 ,& ! e>ly c5turies ( our era 7 m>k$ by an extraord9>y f]m5t ( my/ical beliefs bo? 9 ea/ & we/4 ,:ile ,*ri/ianity & ,mi?raism 7 cont5d+ = supremacy 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ,buddhism 0 mak+ its victori\s progress ea/w>ds4 ,b x 0 no long] ! simple e?ical doctr9e prea*$ by ,gautama4 ,mahyna ,buddhism1 z ! lat] developm5t ( ,buddhism is call$--! ,great ,vehicle1 z oppos$ to ! ,hnayna1 or ,small ,vehicle1 ( ! orig9al doctr9e--0 fir/ =mulat$ ab\t ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,x 0 no long] ! salvation ( ! individual :i* 0 ! aim ( ! dev\t1 b ! salvation ( ! :ole _w1 t[>ds :i* ! ,bodhisattvas /rive unceas+ly out ( _! b\ndless love = e s5ti5t be+4 ,! ,bodhisattvas 9 ?is new phase ( ,buddhism became m & m ! object ( popul> wor%ip4 ,!y are ei!r m5 :o1 hav+ won ! "r to ent] ,buddhahood1 refuse t peace = ! sake ( suff]+ mank9d1 or else cele/ial be+s :o assume a human =m4 ,( ?is la/ ord] ( be+s is ,avalokitev>a1 :om ! ,*9ese "k z ,kuan-y91 & ! ,japanese z ,kwannon2 ! fav\rite object ( adoration 9 ,mahyna ,buddhism4 ,he appe>s 9 art bo? 9 male & female =m4 ,9 lat] art ! female =m is almo/ univ]sal1 b 9 ! ,tun-huang pa9t+s ! male =m is pr$om9ant4 ,avalokitev>a is ! spiritual son ( ,amitbha1 ! imp]sonal ,buddha1 ! ,light ( ! ,enlight5$2 & ,amitbha is said to h creat$ a ,p>adise 9 ! ,we/1 :]e s\ls :o believe 9 him may be born & re/ = a long age1 or 9 popul> belief = ev]4 kyamuni1 we note1 has no long] ! supreme position1 ?\gh sometimes he is pa9t$ z reign+ ov] a ,p>adise1 or1 z 9 ! l>ge embroid]y-picture 7,pl4 ,,xxxiv71 /&+ on ! ,vulture ,peak1 ! sc5e ( 8 la/ tea*+4 ,z ,avalokitev>a is inc>nate ,pity1 s1 among o!r great ,bodhisattvas1 ,majur embodies ! ,_s ( ,wisdom1 ,samantabhadra /&s = ! p[] ( ! ,*ur*1 ,kitig>bha is ! break] ( ! p[]s ( ,hell & ! illum9ator ( its d>kness4 ,bhaiajy>ja is ! "l ( m$ic9e2 & ,maitreya is ! ,buddha t is to come4 ,besides ! ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas1 ! ,lokaplas or ,demon ,k+s :o gu>d ea* "o ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s ( ! ,_w are frequ5t figures 9 art4 ,^! are survivals ( primitive demon-wor%ip adopt$ into ,buddhism4 ,! subjects ( ! ,tun-huang pa9t+s are1 !n1 s+le figures ( ,bodhisattvas1 especially ( ,avalokitev>a1 or ( ! ,lokaplas2 small pictures ( sc5es f ,gautama's life1 or ! ,jtakas1 /ories ( 8 lives 9 previ\s inc>nations2 & repres5tations ( ! ,we/]n ,p>adise4 ,?is la/ subject is sometimes highly elaborat$1 ) an imm5se numb] ( figures ( ! ble/ gr\p$ 9 pavilions & t]races built ab\t a lotus lake4 ,fl[]s are ra9$ ?r\gh ! air1 & cele/ial be+s dance & s+ = ! delight ( ! s\ls dwell+ 9 ! ,happy ,l& ( ,amitbha's creation4 ,all ?is c>ries u f> inde$ f ! ,f\r ,noble ,tru?s & ! ,eightfold ,pa?--! simple doctr9e 9 :i* kyamuni taught ! means ( ,salvation "h on e>?4 ,mu* ( ?is lat] ,buddhism 0 d\btless an accretion f o!r fai?s ) :i* x came 9 contact on its progress ?r\gh ,asia4 ,amitbha may be a borr[+ f ! wor%ip ( ,mi?ras2 & c]ta9 ( ! ,bodhisattvas may h be5 orig9ally deifi$ h]oes ( l&s into :i* ,buddhism made its way4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,turke/n1 ,mani*aeism1 ! religion f\nd$ by ! ,p]sian ,mani 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d41 f\nd a home2 & at ,turfn--"o ( ! oases :i* h be5 explor$--,mani*aeans1 ,buddhi/s1 & ,*ri/ians 7 liv+ peaceably side by side4 ,= ! /udy ( religion1 !n1 ! art f\nd 9 ! v>i\s sites on ! bord]s ( ! ,taklamakn & ,lop des]ts is ( extraord9>y int]e/4 ,b1 z art1 x is ( a local & prov9cial type1 & ?\gh (t5 ( consid]able m]it1 x n[h]e rises beyond a c]ta9 level4 ,,iii ,b at ,tun-huang we are )9 ! fronti]s ( ,*9a prop]2 & ,*9ese art dur+ ! ,t#8ang p]iod1 sev5? to t5? c5tury ,a4,d41 0 at its gr&e/ height ( p[]4 ,! extraord9>y int]e/ ( ^! pa9t+s is t1 ?\gh a great numb] ( !m are1 z we might expect1 obvi\sly prov9cial productions 7e4g4 ,pls4 ,,xxiv & ,,xxvi71 o!rs belong to ! c5tral tradition ( ,*9ese ,buddhi/ pa9t+2 & z sc>cely any su* pa9t+s ( ! ,t#8ang p]iod are kn[n to exi/1 ! importance ( ?is gr\p1 = ! /udy ( ,*9ese art1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,h[ d we "k t ^! pa9t+s belong to t c5tral tradition8 ,we "k x f ! e>ly ,buddhi/ pa9t+s ( ,japan1 ( :i* noble ma/]pieces 7"s p]haps actually ,*9ese7 are pres]v$ 9 ! ,japanese temples4 ,ev5 if we did n "k t ! e>ly ,japanese pa9t]s f\nd$ _! /yle entirely on ! ,t#8ang ma/]s1 ! ,tun-huang pictures1 sometimes s s+ul>ly close to ! ,japanese ,buddhi/ art ( ! same p]iod1 w\ld prove x4 ,plate ,,iii reproduces r m ?an ! left-h& half ( a l>ge pa9t+1 :i* itself seems to be only ! upp] portion ( a /ill l>g] composition4 ,! orig9al (f]s extreme difficulties to photography2 & ?\gh ! reproduction is m successful ?an might h be5 anticipat$1 x is necess>y to /udy ! orig9al to appreciate ! delicacy ( ! draw+1 especially ( ! faces ( ! ,bodhisattvas4 ,! s]5e gr&eur ( ! design is enhanc$ by a p]vasion ( grace 9 ! del9eation ( e =m4 ,"h1 surely1 is ! h& ( a ma/]4 ,rivall+ ?is 9 beauty is ! l>ge pa9t+ ( :i* a portion is reproduc$ on ,plate ,i1 & ano!r portion on ,plate ,,ii4 ,"h !re is a simil> delicate expressiv5ess ( draw+1 comb9$ ) a gl[+ animation ( v>i$ col\r4 ,! picture is full ( exquisite detail4 ,note ! life & *>m1 = in/ance1 9 ! figure seat$ ) h] back to u 9 ! w9d[ ( ! high pavilion 9 ! upp] "r-h& portion1 next ! bord] 7,pl4 ,i74 ,"h aga9 is a ma/] ( individual temp]am5t4 ,9 bo? ( ^! pictures ! arti/ has be5 able to control 8 complex mat]ial & multitude ( =ms into a wond]ful h>mony1 )\t any re/lessness or confusion2 & we are tak5 into an atmosph]e ( /range peace1 :i* yet seems fill$ ) buoyant motion & ) float+ /ra9s ( music4 ,none ( ! o!r pictures is1 z art1 q on ?is level1 ! t5d5cy be+ = ! quality ( ! workman%ip to be inadequate to ! conception & design4 ,! two gr& fragm5ts illu/rat$ on ,plates ,,iv & ,v2 ! ,avalokitev>a 7,pl4 ,,xx72 ! ,vairavaa cross+ ! ocean 7,pl4 ,,xlv7 are p]haps ne>e/4 ,& next w\ld come su* examples z ! ,avalokitev>a 9 ,glory 7,pl4 ,,xvii7 & o!r repres5tations ( ! same ,bodhisattva 7,pls4 ,,xviii1 ,,xix1 ,,xxi71 & "s ( ! ,p>adise pictures1 & bann]s2 b z we gradually desc5d ! scale1 an ins5sitive execution contra/s m & m ) ! dignity & gr&eur ( ! design4 ,^! 7 n great pa9t]s1 b !y belong$ to a great s*ool4 ,9 su* a picture z ! ,two ,=ms ( ,avalokitev>a 7,pl4 ,,xv7 we feel t if only ! r inanimate workman%ip correspond$ to ! gr&eur ( ! design1 we %\ld be 9 pres5ce ( a ma/]piece4 ,we h a h9t at lea/ ( :at maje/y ! ,t'ang ma/]s mu/ h be5 capable4 ,?is gr\p ( pa9t+s gives to ! collection f\nd at ,tun-huang an arti/ic importance q beyond t ( any ( ! gr\ps ( works ( art discov]$ by v>i\s exp$itions 9 ,turke/n2 & x is wor? :ile to exam9e !m a little m closely4 ,! flood+ wave ( ,indian religion & ,indian art1 aft] trav]s+ a region ( inf]ior cultures1 meets 9 ,*9a = ! fir/ "t an e/abli%$ art ( orig9al p[] & native g5ius4 ,! ,indian religion1 9 spite ( vicissitudes & rebuffs1 takes a firm hold on ! ,*9ese4 ,buddhi/ pa9t+s are dem&$ ( ! great ma/]s4 ,( :at "* is ! result+ art8 ,we are unable to say :at ! e>lie/ treatm5t ( ,buddhi/ !mes by ,*9ese arti/s 0 l4 ,buddhi/ images 7 introduc$ f ,india z e>ly z ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d41 & 7 eag]ly s\ght = & /udi$ 9 succe$+ times4 ,plate ,,xiv--! orig9al ( :i* is1 s f> z we "k1 unique--is ( s+ul> int]e/2 = x consi/s ( a gr\p ( draw+s aft] ,indian ,buddhi/ /atues--j su* z ! great pilgrim ( ! sev5? c5tury1 ,hsan-tsang1 might h br\ght back f 8 long j\rney+s among ! sacr$ sites ( ,india4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury ! fam\s pa9t] ,ku ,k#8ai-*ih pa9t$1 we "k1 _m ,buddhi/ subjects1 b nei!r ! #8,admonitions' 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 nor ! ,l-%5 ,fu 9 ! ,fre] ,collection1 %[s any trace ( ,buddhi/ or ,indian influ5ce2 on ! contr>y1 !y %[ ! purely native /yle ( ,*9a 9 its integrity4 ,t purely native /yle is f\nd 9 ! pa9t+s we are exam9+1 b n z a rule 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ma9 subjects4 ,_m ( ! l>ge pictures ( ,p>adise h bord]s on ei!r side1 divid$ into comp>tm5ts1 9 :i* are pa9t$ sc5es f ! ,jtakas or /ories ( ! =m] lives ( ,buddha4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ! pr$ella pictures ( an ,italian alt>-piece4 ,plate ,i af=ds a good example1 %[+ "p ( ! "r-h& bord] ( ! picture4 ,& "h ! figures1 ! dresses1 ! l&scape1 ! /yle ( draw+1 ! spac+1 are all ,*9ese4 ,7 x n = ! subject-matt]1 no "o w\ld dream ( sugge/+ any influ5ce f ,india4 ,9 ! small bann]s1 ^! ,jtaka episodes =m sometimes ! entire subject1 ?ree or m sc5es be+ usually pa9t$ "o above ! o!r4 ,examples are reproduc$ on ,plate ,,xii1 ,plate ,,xiii1 & ,plate ,,xxxvii4 ,on ^! bann]s we f9d sc5es f ! leg5d ( kyamuni 9 8 la/ life on e>?2 8 conception by 8 "m1 8 bir? 9 ! ,lumb9 g>d51 8 fir/ /eps1 8 a?letic feats z a boy2 8 fir/ meet+ ) dea? & sickness2 8 flight f ! palace at midnight4 ,ev5 "h ev]y?+ is ,*9ese3 types1 co/ume1 ar*itecture1 pictorial conv5tions2 x is only aft] ,gautama has tak5 up 8 mission & begun to tea* t he is repres5t$ 9 ,indian guise1 accord+ to ! traditions d]iv$ f ,g&hra4 ,h[ comes x1 !n1 t 9 portray+ ! ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas1 ! sa9ts & ,lokaplas or ,demon ,k+s1 ! ,*9ese pa9t]s foll[ s closely ! ,indian =mula8 ,we may suppose t j z fifte5?-c5tury pa9t]s 9 ,italy & ! ,ne!rl&s1 9 repres5t+ ,gospel sc5es1 portray$ ,*ri/ & 8 disciples dress$ 9 a conv5tional1 suppos$ly ,ori5tal g>b1 b pa9t$ secul> p]sons & spectators 9 ! co/ume ( _! own "t & place1 s x 0 ) ^! ,*9ese arti/s4 ,& p]haps ?is is suffici5t explanation4 ,yet1 :5 we rem>k :at fidelity to ,g&hran models 0 obs]v$1 once ! ,*9ese arti/s _h come to "k !m2 :5 we rememb] t ! ,jtaka sc5es 7 frequ5t subjects ( ! s*ool ( ,g&hra & 7 ( c\rse treat$ 9 ! same /yle z ! ,bodhisattvas2 & :5 we consid] t ,buddha himself1 9 8 y\?1 is portray$ 9 ^! bann] pa9t+s z a ,*9ese boy 9 ,*9ese dress1 we may be tempt$ by ano!r hypo!sis4 ,we may suppose t :5 ! ,buddha-leg5ds 7 fir/ illu/rat$ by ,*9ese pa9t]s !y 7 kn[n by writt5 & oral tradition only1 & t ! pa9t]s1 hav+ no models to fall back ^u1 pa9t$ ! *os5 sc5es 9 _! own way & accord+ to _! own lights2 & ?is /yle1 ?is treatm5t1 once fix$1 rema9$4 ,x might be t ! tradition ?us =m$ 7:i*1 be x notic$1 is cont9u$ 9 ,japanese art ?r\gh\t7 repres5ts an e>li] phase ( ,buddhism1 :5 ! ,buddha-leg5d 0 m prom95t 9 ! m\?s ( mission>ies ?an ! wor%ip ( ! ,bodhisattvas4 ,b all ?is is conjecture1 & ! simpl] explanation may be ! "r "o4 ,at any rate1 :at we h to note is ! fact t ,*9ese pa9t+ _h already develop$ a p[]ful g5ius ( its own1 &1 h[ev] mu* x borr[$1 0 able to fuse its borr[+s 9 its own /yle4 ,b be=e deal+ ) ?is "q ( ! fusion ( ,indian subject-matt] 9 ,*9ese /yle1 let u complete :at !re is to say ab\t ! purely ,*9ese features 9 ! ,tun-huang pa9t+s4 ,besides ! illu/rations ( ,jtaka-leg5ds1 !re are at ! foot ( _m ( ! pictures portraits ( _! donors4 ,^! are mo/ valuable docum5ts = ! /ud5t ( ,*9ese pa9t+2 = !y give u portraits ( p actually liv+ at a c]ta9 date1 !y %[ u :at co/ume !y wore--!reby (t5 help+ u to det]m9e ! approximate date ( undat$ pictures--& !y af=d m ?an a h9t ( ! preval5t /yle ( draw+ 9 secul> art4 ,e "o :o has /udi$ ! e>li] art ( ,*9a kn[s h[ difficult x is to f9d a really tru/wor?y />t+-po9t = dat+ pictures & arriv+ at a s\nd conception ( ! /yle ( a giv5 p]iod4 ,we h usually only an anci5t tradition1 at ! be/1 ( date & au?or%ip4 ,b "h we h dat$ "w1 f :i* we c />t4 ,among ! pa9t+s reproduc$ is "o1 #8,f\r ,=ms ( ,avalokitev>a' 7,pl4 ,,xvi71 :i* be>s a date correspond+ to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #hfd4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ date f\nd on any ( ! pa9t+s4 ,o!rs be> dates ( ! late n9? & e>ly t5? c5turies4 ,comp>+ ! picture reproduc$ on ,plate ,,xvi ) o!r pictures :i* are n dat$1 we c h little hesitation 9 assign+ ! great majority ( ! pa9t+s to ! second half ( ! ,tang dyna/y 7sev5? to t5? c5turies7 & t[>ds its close1 ?\gh x w\ld be ra% to attempt any m9ute det]m9ation ( dates1 = reasons already giv54 ,we "k no?+ c]ta9 ( ,*9ese pa9t+ be=e ,tang times1 except ! pa9t+ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 #8,admonitions ( ! ,in/ructress 9 ! ,palace'1 & ! #8,l-%5 ,fu' 9 ! ,fre] ,collection1 bo? ascrib$ to ,ku ,k#8ai-*ih4 ,:e!r ei!r ( ^! be all[$ to be an orig9al ( ! f\r? c5tury or n1 !re c be no d\bt t !y repres5t ! /yle ( t p]iod 9 its ma9 *>act]i/ics3 !y %[ a great ma/]y ( expressive draw+ ( ! human figure1 an extraord9>y comm& ( f9ely modulat$1 s9u\s l9e1 a love ( x bo? = its own sake & z expressive ( movem5t1 & a q primitive & rudim5t>y treatm5t ( l&scape4 ,! pa9t+s we are n[ consid]+ af=d no adequate mat]ial = comp>ison2 b "o ?+ is at once noticeable1 & t is ! alt]$ ideal ( ! human =m2 9 place ( ! tall1 sl5d] proportions ( ,ku ,k#8ai-*ih1 ,t#8ang art sub/itutes %ort] & m massive proportions4 ,an ideal ( p[] has sup]s$$ an ideal ( grace4 ,h9ts ( ! treatm5t ( l&scape1 primitive by comp>ison ) ! mature ,sung art1 b decid$ly m advanc$ ?an ,ku ,k#8ai-*ih's1 are also ( mu* int]e/4 ,among ! ,tun-huang pa9t+s !re is at lea/ "o 7,pl4 ,,xxxviii7 :i* seems to be 9 an e>li] /yle ?an ! re/4 ,?is pa9t+ ( ,buddha att5d$ by div9ities ( ! ,planets comes ne>] to ! /yle we f9d 9 ,ku ,k#8ai-*ih1 bo? 9 its f9]1 dri] l9e1 9 its proportions ( ! figure1 its g5]ally m primitive aspect1 & its comp>ative fre$om f ,indian influ5ce4 ,! bann]$ *>iot may be comp>$ ) ! *>iot 9 ! ,ku ,k#8ai-*ih picture 9 ! ,fre] ,collection4 ,& yet ?is picture is dat$ ) a ye> correspond+ to ,a4,d4 #hig1 actually lat] ?an ! #8,f\r ,=ms ( ,avalokitev>a'4 ,simil>ly a woodcut1 dat$ ,a4,d4 #idg1 is mu* rud] & m primitive-look+ ?an ano!r dat$ ,a4,d4 #hfh4 ,^! facts & comp>isons w>n u ( ! dang] ( attempt+ to assign dates too confid5tly4 ,x may well be t ! pa9t+s :i* are actually ! e>lie/ h ! lea/ primitive aspect4 ,ano!r example :i* has an ar*aic air is ! small picture ( ,kitig>bha en?ron$1 on blue silk 7,pl4 ,,xxxix72 b "h1 too1 we may d\bt :e!r ! primitive features may n be due to prov9cial /yle pres]v+ old tradition r ?an to actual antiquity4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be rememb]$ t dates go+ z f> back z ! fif? c5tury ,a4,d4 are f\nd among ! manuscripts heap$ 9 ! ,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas2 !re is no reason !re=e :y "s ( ! pa9t+s %\ld n be consid]ably old] ?an ! e>lie/ dat$ specim54 ,"o or two pa9t+s 9 ! collection seem to h be5 add$ to ! hidd5 /ore at a lat] date4 ,su* is ! pa9t+ reproduc$ on ,plate ,,xxxviii ( ,avalokitev>a conduct+ a s\l4 ,?is is exceptionally well pres]v$1 & bo? ! /yle & ! co/ume ( ! woman po9t to a date m rec5t ?an late ,t#8ang4 ,x is a pa9t+ ( great beauty4 ,we may n[ return to ! "q ( ! way 9 :i* ,indian subject-matt] 0 fus$ 9 ,*9ese /yle4 ,z we h se51 ! n>rative-pictures1 depict+ episodes f ! ,jtakas1 7 orig9ally pa9t$ 9 a purely native mann]1 ! :ole !me be+ bodily translat$ into ,*9ese t]ms2 & ?is tradition p]si/$1 & ev5 9 ,japan ! ,buddha leg5d is giv5 a ,*9ese dress4 ,b ) ! devotional pictures x 0 diff]5t4 ,z e>ly z ! fif? c5tury1 ,*9ese arti/s1 z we "k f ! sculptures at ,yn-kang1 7 copy+ ! ,g&hra types ( ! ,bodhisattvas1 ?\gh1 z ,m4 ,petrucci has obs]v$1 ! ,g&hra tradition appe>s at ,yn-kang #8 l'tat de dbris1 comme une *ose f9issante'4 ,we may suppose t ! copy+ ( ,g&hra models w5t on = a "t side by side ) ! complete translation ( ,indian /ory into ,*9ese =mula4 ,b by degrees ! ,*9ese g5ius ass]t$ itself2 & probably ! adv5t ( ,wu ,tao-tz & a few o!r m5 ( g5ius gave a fre% "* to ! ,buddhi/ art ( ,t#8ang4 ,! ,*9ese g5ius is /rong j :]e ! ,indian g5ius is weak4 ,! b5t ( ! ,indian arti/ is to p\r out 8 emotions & imag9+s 9 a torr5t1 %ap+ !m to =m & col\r z !y come2 he delights 9 exub]ance & a f9e excess2 he _c be> to leave a corn] ( 8 space unfill$4 ,if we comp>e ! ,aja frescoes ) ! be/ ( ! ,tun-huang pa9t+s1 say ) t p>tly reproduc$ on ,plate ,,iii1 we feel a diff]5t in/9ct at "w4 ,! ,indian pa9t]s draw _! figures & animals ) an admirably expressive p[] & s5se ( life2 !y h fre%ness ( vision1 & spontane\s vig\r1 & directness ( emotion4 ,& x is "p ( _! spontane\sness t 9 gr\p+ figures toge!r !y accept ! accid5tal appe>ances ( =m1 ) a result t is (t5 re/less to ! eye4 ,9 ! ,tun-huang pa9t+ we feel t ! arti/ obeys an in/9ct :i* controls ! complex l9es ( _m gr\p$ figures into a cont9u\s reposeful h>mony2 a subtle relation betwe5 =m & =m & betwe5 gr\p & gr\p is set up2 ^! relations r ?an del9eation ( objects engross ! pa9t]4 ,!re is a s5se ( movem5t 9 ! passage ( ! great ,bodhisattva on 8 pac+ elephant1 prec$$ & att5d$ by bless$ be+s1 b x is z if !y mov$ to music2 & ! s9u\s /ream+ ( ! cl\d on :i* a clu/] ( happy s\ls is borne enhances ?is effect ( s]5e & rhy?mic motion4 ,?is subtle unify+ in/9ct ( design inh]es 9 ! ,*9ese g5ius4 ,look1 aga91 at ! small pa9t+s ( ,jtaka sc5es at ! side ( ,plate ,i1 & note ev5 !re ! use ( spac+4 ,9 contra/ ) ,indian arti/s1 ! ,*9ese und]/& to ! full ! p[] ( sugge/ion & ! value ( retic5ce4 ,!y "k h[ to foil =ms 9 movem5t ) =ms 9 repose1 ri* detail ) empty space1 s z to /ir 9 ! spectator ! int5se/ appreciation ( ea* p>ticul> elem5t4 ,space is n1 9 ,*9ese pa9t+1 some?+ left ov] & unfill$2 x is a positive p[] & an integral factor 9 design4 ,9 ! typical classics ( ,*9ese art ^! special p[]s 9 ! control ( ord]$1 flu5t l9e1 & 9 ma/]y ( spac+1 are magnific5tly display$4 ,b ev5 9 ^! ,tun-huang pictures1 :]e ! subject-matt]1 ! imag]y1 & ! canons ( ideal =m are tak5 ov] f ,india1 we feel h[ all ?is is be+ fus$ 9 ! fire ( a diff]5t g5ius4 ,& 9 su* a picture z ! l>ge ,p>adise 7,pls4 ,i & ,,ii7 h[ pot5tly ?is g5ius is at "w1 controll+ all ^! _m gr\ps ( cr[d$ figures1 & ?is built-up composition1 ) all its v>i\s col\rs1 9 ! spell ( a s+le mood ( immat]ial felicity & peace6 ,,iv ,x has be5 m5tion$ t a s]ies ( ,nepalese pa9t+s ( ,bodhisattvas 7 f\nd at ,tun-huang4 ,^! are preci\s docum5ts1 because ( ! extreme r>ity ( ,indian pa9t+s ( s e>ly a p]iod2 b z _! arti/ic int]e/ is b slight1 !y h n be5 *os5 = illu/ration4 ,plate ,,xxxi reproduces a ,tibetan pa9t+4 ,! t]ritory ( ,tun-huang 0 conqu]$ by ! ,tibetans 9 ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury ,a4,d41 & till ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury ! ,tibetan p[] 0 dom9ant4 ,quantities ( ,tibetan ,buddhi/ writ+s 7 f\nd 9 ! cave3 & among ! pa9t+s ?is "o1 c]ta9ly1 is entirely ,tibetan 9 /yle4 7,two ,tibetan draw+s are reproduc$ on ,pl4 ,,xxxii47 ,x is ( ! same type z ! num]\s pictures br\ght f ,tibet itself 9 rec5t ye>s1 collections ( :i* are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & 9 o!r museums ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,) reg>d to ^! pictures ! "q ( date has always be5 a matt] ( conjecture4 ,_m are d>k5$ by inc5se-smoke1 :i* 9 a few ye>s c give an appe>ance ( impressive antiquity4 ,! probability is t ! ,tun-huang specim5 dates f ab\t ! t5? c5tury1 &1 if s1 x is likely to be ! olde/ ( its k9d n[ 9 exi/5ce1 or at ! lea/ "o ( ! olde/4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 di/emp] on l951 a te*nique fav\r$ by ! ,tibetan arti/s4 ,b h[ did ?is ,tibetan art gr[ up8 ,:at is ! indig5\s elem5t 9 x8 ,buddhism 0 only introduc$ into ! c\ntry 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & :e!r ,tibet _h any art to speak ( be=e its introduction we d n "k4 ,9 ,tibetan ,buddhism ! ,tantra sy/em ( magic & wit*craft1 & ! wor%ip ( demons 7suppos$ to be conv]t$ by ,buddha & to be vassals "u 8 sov]eignty71 play a dom9ant "p2 & 9 ! pa9t+s ! =ms are (t5 mon/r\s & horrible1 ! col\r+ sombrely spl5did4 ,b ! h>monies ( fluid1 s9u\s l9e1 = :i* !y are ev5 m rem>kable1 seem to be an elem5t borr[$ f ,*9ese art & c>ri$ to excess 9 ,tibet4 ,if we comp>e = a mom5t ?is pa9t+ )1 = in/ance1 ! "o reproduc$ on ,plate ,,xlii1 we see h[ mu* ?is elem5t c\nts =4 ,& on ! :ole x seems likelie/ to suppose t ,tibetan pa9t+ is r an (f%oot ( ,*9ese art1 develop$ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 & s acquir+ a special "*1 ?an a native gr[?4 ,b ( ?is we _c be c]ta94 ,plate ,,xlii illu/rates1 mu* r$uc$1 an impos+ example ( ! k9d ( pa9t+ 9 a mix$ /yle :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/n4 ,note h[ ! fl[]s dropp+ ?r\gh ! air sugge/ none ( t s5se ( ! fragility ( fl[]s1 & ( _! light float+ on ! air1 :i* ! ,*9ese arti/ kn[s in/9ctively h[ to give3 !y are heavy & motionless4 ,!re is a c]ta9 rigidity & solidity 9 ! :ole picture2 & ! effect ( solidity is consci\sly aim$ at by ! sy/em ( modell+ ! c5tral figure 9 two tones ( col\r4 ,?is sy/em is c>ri$ yet fur!r 9 ,plate ,x1 :]e high lights on nose & =ehead 7black5$ ?r\gh oxidization 9 "s places7 h be5 add$ 9 :ite4 ,comp>e also ,plate ,,xi1 illu/rat+ a v l>ge pa9t+ ( simil> "*1 full ( ! mo/ int]e/+ detail 7note ! babies enclos$ )9 ! lotus-buds1 s\ls ( ! bless$ ab\t to be born into ,p>adise74 ,^! pictures are pa9t$ 9 :at ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 calls #8! fresco /yle'1 because !y repeat on silk ! mann] ( ! fresco pa9t+s ( ,tun-huang4 ,9 all ^! pictures ! ,*9ese elem5t is pres5t b n dom9ant2 & ! sy/em ( modell+ 9 two tones ( col\r comes1 we _c d\bt1 f ! we/4 ,x is true t x 0 sometimes copi$ by ! ,*9ese 9 _! ,buddhi/ pa9t+s1 z we "k f e>ly ,japanese examples foll[+ ,*9ese prototypes3 b ! ,*9ese ( ,t#8ang times 7 int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! we/]n c\ntries2 !y lik$ to introduce figures ( p f ^? regions into _! pictures2 &1 z we "k1 a pa9t] f ,khotan settl$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! eigh? c5tury & _h great success !re4 ,b ! desire to sugge/ mass & r\ndness by means ( modell+ 9 pa9t+ 0 aga9/ ! in/9cts ( ! ,*9ese & ,japanese2 x occurs only 9 c]ta9 ,buddhi/ pictures1 ! survival ( a borr[+ f ! we/ pres]v$ by hi]atic tradition4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( all ! ,tun-huang pictures is n a pa9t+ b a piece ( embroid]y4 ,un=tunately x does n l5d itself well to photography 9 col\r2 & its quality & impressive "* are m]ely sugge/$ 9 ! small ,plate 7,pl4 ,,xxxiv7 & 9 ! detail ) a gr\p ( donors 7,pl4 ,,xxxv74 ,?\gh m]ely ! reproduction by craftsm5 ( a ma/]'s "w1 x %[s su* skill & ta/e 9 execution1 x is s f9e 9 col\r1 & s well pres]v$1 t x mu/ be rank$ ) ! v f9e/ ( ! pa9t+s z an indication ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,buddhi/ art ( ,t#8ang4 #a ,= ! wall-pa9t+s & sculptures ( ! cave-temples ( ,tun-huang1 see n[ ! f9e reproductions 9 ,m4 ,paul ,pelliot's ,les ,grottes de ,t\5-h\ang1 ,pe9tures et ,sculptures des poques des ,wei1 des ,t#8ang et des ,song 7,p>is1 ,paul ,geu?n]1 9 progress74 ,,descriptive ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,pictures ,,f ,,! ,,caves ,,( ,,! ,,?\s& ,,buddhas ,,at ,,tun-,,huang ,,by ,,aurel ,,/e9 ,,plates ,i1 ,,ii ,,! ,,p>adise ,,( ,,bhai,,ajyaguru ,! fir/ two plates reproduce portions1 on half ! scale ( ! orig9al1 f ! "r & left ( a l>ge pa9t+ on silk 7,*4 lii4 #jjc71 rem>kable = its noble design1 ! delicacy ( its draw+1 & its gl[+ col\rs4 ,9 spite ( ! damage x has suff]$ along its sides & bottom 7see ,s]9dia1 ,pl4 ,,lvii7 x /ill measures close on sev5 feet 9 height & ov] five & a half feet across4 ,x repres5ts a ,buddhi/ ,p>adise &1 accord+ to ,m4 ,petrucci's int]pretation1 ! "o presid$ ov] by ,bhaiajyaguru1 ! ,buddha ( ,m$ic9e1 ^: cult s9ce an e>ly p]iod has be5 widespread 9 ,nor!rn ,buddhism f ,tibet to ,japan4 ,8 ,heav5 is plac$ 9 ! ,ea/ by sacr$ texts pres]v$ 9 ! ,*9ese ,tripiaka4 ,9 _! descriptions z well z 9 our pa9t+ ,bhaiajyaguru's ,p>adise %>es ! ess5tial features ( t /ill m popul> abode ( ,buddhi/ bliss1 ! ,we/]n ,p>adise1 or ,sukhvat1 presid$ ov] by ! ,buddha ,amitbha4 ,( ?is ! #8,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas' h pres]v$ num]\s repres5tations bo? among ! pictures recov]$ f ! wall$-up *apel 7see ,pls4 ,,vi-,,viii1 ,x-,,xi7 & among ! mural pa9t+s decorat+ ! temples4 ,b ! leg5d>y sc5es occupy+ ! side panels ( our pa9t+ & connect$ ) ,bhaiajyaguru are diff]5t1 & s are also c]ta9 details 9 ! arrangem5t & p]sonnel ( ! ma9 subject4 ,^! di/9ctive features are f\nd aga9 9 ano!r some:at less elaborate picture ( ,bhaiajyaguru's ,p>adise1 reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xxxvi4 ,8 ,heav5 pres5ts itself 9 our picture1 z 9 all ! l>ge ,p>adise pa9t+s ( ,tun-huang1 z a great assemblage ( cele/ial be+s1 elaborately /ag$ on ri*ly decorat$ t]races & c\rts :i* rise above a lotus lake4 ,on ! sides & beh9d ! t]races !re are se5 pavilions & elaborate /ructures ( *>act]i/ically ,*9ese /yle1 repres5t+ ! heav5ly mansions4 ,x is 9 ?is sumptu\s sett+ t ,*9ese ,buddhism has visualiz$ f an e>ly p]iod ! idea ( a ,p>adise :]e ! s\ls ( believ]s 9 ! ,law may be reborn1 free f all ta9t1 9 ! buds ( ! lotus lake to enjoy !reaft] = aeons1 or 9 popul> belief = ev]1 blissful re/ & pleasures 9 ! company ( ,bodhisattvas1 ,arhats1 & o!r beatifi$ p]sonalities4 ,! s*eme ( ! :ole1 z 9 all repres5tations ( ,buddhi/ ,heav5s among ! ,tun-huang pa9t+s1 is ord]$ on ! /rictly symmetrical l9es ( a #8,maala'1 build+s1 trees1 gr\ps1 & ev5 individual figures balanc+ ea* o!r on ei!r side ( ! picture & all c5tr+ r\nd ! presid+ ,buddha 9 ! middle4 ,"h we see ,bhaiajyaguru seat$ ) fold$ legs & we>+ a crimson mantle ov] a gre5 "u-robe4 ,:ile 8 "r h& is rais$ z usual 9 ! vit>ka-mudr1 ! left holds ! begg+ b[l 9 8 lap4 ,beh9d him a c\ple ( fl[]+ trees support a hexagonal canopy ( r$ drap]y4 ,a halo & nimbus ( manifold b h>moni\sly bl5d$ col\rs surr\nd ! ,buddha's figure1 :i* 9 pose & dress & 9 ! features ( ! mild p5sive face be>s ! impress ( ! type fir/ evolv$ 9 ,graeco-,buddhi/ art ev5 m cle>ly ?an ! figures ( ! surr\nd+ ,bodhisattvas4 ,( ^! ! two en?ron$ are id5tifi$ by ,m4 ,petrucci ) ,majur on ! "r & ,samantabhadra on ! left4 ,above ^! two *ief ,bodhisattvas rise six-ti]$ umbrellas wrea!d 9 cl\ds1 ab\t :i* float gracefully pois$ figures ( ,aps>as4 ,! ri* fl[+ g>m5ts1 :i* include %awl-l /oles1 & ! abundant jewell$ ornam5ts ( ! two are %>$ also by o!r halo$ figures obvi\sly meant = ,bodhisattvas1 :o appe> 9 att5dance on ! c5tral ,buddha or 9 v>y+ supple poses occupy ! =e portion ( ! t]race4 ,! features ( all are drawn ) extreme delicacy & pleas+ v>iety ( expression1 ! eyes be+ 9 _m cases almo/ /raight1 :ile ! fle% is :ite1 ) %ad+ 9 t9ts ( p9k4 ,by ! side ( ei!r ( ! en?ron$ ,bodhisattvas !re is se5 a composite gr\p ( div9ities1 unhalo$ & five on ea* side1 ( types n ord9>ily met ) among ! att5dants 9 ^! ,p>adise pictures4 ,?ree figures 9 ea* gr\p are w>rior k+s1 recall+ ! ,lokaplas1 or ,gu>dians ( ! ,f\r ,regions 7see ,pls4 ,,xlv1 ,,xlvii71 by _! gorge\s arm\r & head-dresses4 ,! features ( mo/ ( !m are grotesque1 & ?is aspect ( _! appe>ance is enhanc$ by ! animal figures1 includ+ a dragon1 gryphon1 pho5ix1 & peacock1 :i* are %[n ris+ above _! %\ld]s or else:]e 9 conjunction ) !m4 ,ea* gr\p includes ! figure ( a demon closely resembl+ ^? :i* are usually met ) 9 ! cortge ( ,lokaplas 7see ,pls4 ,,xxvi1 ,,xlv74 ,! demon on ! "r raises a nak$ infant on 8 h&1 j z ! demon 9 ! fragm5t>y pa9t+ ( ,plate ,,xlvi4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! en?ron$ ,buddha on ! left is se5 a y\?ful p]sonage we>+ :at looks l a magi/rate's head-dress1 :ile ! correspond+ position on ! "r is occupi$ by a w>rior ) ?ree faces4 ,p]haps he repres5ts ,brahman & ! =m] div9ity ,indra4 ,be=e ! c5tral ,buddha & 9 ! middle ( ! picture is se5 a l>ge plat=m project+ f ! ma9 t]race & c>ry+ a drap$ alt> ) sacr$ vessels4 ,on ei!r side ( x kneel two unhalo$ figures 9 graceful poses hold+ up (f]+s & sugge/+ nymphs4 ,project+ /ill fur!r into ! =egr\nd is a small] plat=m1 & on x a danc] p]=ms 9 rapid movem5t to ! /ra9s ( an or*e/ra ( eight seat$ musicians4 ,! danc+ figure1 unmi/akably t ( a girl1 is dress$ 9 a bill[y orange skirt ti$ r\nd ! hips & a close-fitt+ crimson jacket rea*+ only to ! wai/ & surm\nt$ by a metal-b\nd pla/ron4 ,h] head & arms are ri*ly adorn$ ) jewell]y4 ,f beh9d ! neck issues a long n>r[ /ole :i* h] h&s wave z %e dances4 ,! figures ( ! musicians1 f\r on ea* side1 resemble ^? ( ,bodhisattvas 9 features & dress1 b ! %awl-l /oles ov] ! %\ld]s are abs5t4 ,^? to ! left play on a h>p1 two lutes1 & a psalt]y1 :ile ^? to ! "r play on clapp]s1 flute1 ,*9ese re$-organ1 & pipe4 ,! in/rum5ts1 ( :i* sev]al h _! anci5t ,japanese c\nt]p>ts among ! treasures ( ! ,%s9 collection 7see ,%s9 ,catalogue1 i4 ,pls4 #ef1 #fj71 h be5 fully describ$ 9 ,miss ,s*les+]'s exp]t notes 9 ,app5dix ,k to ,s]9dia4 ,at ! head ( ea* l9e ( musicians !re is se5 9 ! backgr\nd a small b v curi\s figure1 t ( a fat half-nak$ infant viol5tly danc+ & play+1 ! "o to ! left on a n>r[-wai/$ drum1 ! "o to ! "r app>5tly on ca/anets4 ,judg+ f o!r ,p>adise pictures we may assume t ^! play+ infants repres5t newly reborn s\ls :o 9 ! joy ( _! cele/ial *ildhood h be5 drawn to jo9 ! happy sc5e ( music & danc+4 ,a k9d ( gangway projects 9 front ( ! danc]'s plat=m into ! lotus lake1 & at its entrance /&s a ,g>ua ) widespread w+s1 play+ on cymbals4 ,f ! lake rise trees & purple or sc>let lotus buds & fl[]s1 ! latt] support+ s\ls reborn4 ,two ( ^!1 at ! extreme "r & left1 are sitt+ upright z fully develop$ ,bodhisattvas1 b ) a languid air ( newly awak5$ consci\sness4 ,two o!rs1 fa9tly visible 9 ! =egr\nd1 are repres5t$ z nak$ infants j spr++ to life or /ill curl$ up 9 sleep4 ,a rock on ! left at ! bottom edge ( ! lake is occupi$ by a crane2 its p5dant on ! "r1 a peacock1 falls outside ! reproduction 9 ,plate ,,ii4 ,! bottom corn]s ( ! ,p>adise are fill$ by ! twelve arm$ ,k+s1 ! g5]als ( ,bhaiajyaguru1 :o act z protectors ( ! ,law4 ,!y kneel six a side ^u small t]races ) gangways slop+ d[n into ! lake4 ,!y are treat$ 9 appe>ance & dress l ,lokaplas1 b c>ry no di/9ctive weapons4 ,_! h&s are jo9$ 9 adoration or else hold sacr$ vessels1 jewels1 c4 ,turn+ to ! sides ( ! picture1 we see ! ma9 t]race flank$ by two-/ori$ pavilions1 bo? ( di/9ctively ,*9ese ar*itecture1 & close by !m trees c>ry+ ri* foliage b no fl[]s4 ,! upp] *amb]s ( ! pavilions are op5 & %[ small ,bodhisattvas sitt+ on rail+s1 pull+ up re$-bl9ds or o!rwise enjoy+ _! leisur$ life4 ,! l[] *amb]s conta9 only unoccupi$ lotus seats & appe> to h j be5 ab&on$ by two subsidi>y ,buddhas1 :o are repres5t$ z advanc+1 ea* ) two att5dant ,bodhisattvas1 on to project+ w+s ( ! ma9 t]race4 ,! dress ( ! subsidi>y ,buddhas is exactly t ( ! presid+ ,bhaiajyaguru1 ( :om ,m4 ,petrucci takes !m to be repetitions1 & ! expression ( _! faces is simil>ly mild & p5sive4 ,! m>g9al sc5es1 ( :i* ,plate ,i %[s ! bett] pres]v$ ones on ! "r side1 h be5 id5tifi$ by ,m4 ,petrucci z repres5t+ incid5ts ( ! leg5d ( ,bhaiajyaguru's la/ inc>nation z a ,bodhisattva4 ,)\t ref]5ce to ! text ( ! ,*9ese ,tripiaka :i* records ?is leg5d1 b ( :i* ! translation prep>$ by ,m4 ,petrucci is n at pres5t accessible1 no int]pretation ( ! diff]5t sc5es c be attempt$ "h4 ,judg+ f ! inscrib$ c>t\*es1 at lea/ five sc5es are repres5t$ 9 ! pr$ella portion actually reproduc$ 9 our ,plate4 ,t ! treatm5t ( ! figures1 ! dresses1 ! l&scape is 9 purely ,*9ese /yle is an obs]vation uni=mly apply+ to all side sc5es to be f\nd 9 #8,maala' pictures f ! #8,?\s& ,buddhas'1 z well z to ! bann]s repres5t+ episodes f ,gautama ,buddha's life-/ory 7see ,pls4 ,,xii1 ,,xiii1 ,,xxxvii74 ,mr4 ,b9yon 9 8 ,introductory ,essay 7see above1 p4 #g7 has discuss$ diff]5t possible explanations ( ! /rik+ ass]tion ( ,*9ese /yle & feel+ 9 ^! sc5es4 ,"h x may suffice to draw att5tion to ! skill ) :i* ! rapid movem5t ( ! animal figures appe>+ 9 our sc5es is r5d]$1 & to ! clev] use1 obs]v$ else:]e also1 :i* is made ( hill ranges & simil> l&scape features = divid+ ! sev]al sc5es into cle>ly m>k$ comp>tm5ts )\t sacrific+ ! effect ( ! :ole z a connect$ /ory4 ,a comb9ation ( special qualities r5d]s ?is pa9t+ ( ,bhaiajyaguru's ,p>adise "o ( ! mo/ impressive pictures 9 ! ,collection & proves x to be f ! h& ( a ma/]4 ,z ,mr4 ,b9yon happily puts x1 we see 9 x #8delicate expressiv5ess ( draw+ comb9$ ) a gl[+ animation ( v>i$ col\r4444 ,! arti/ has be5 able to control 8 complex mat]ial & multitude ( =ms into a wond]ful h>mony1 )\t any re/lessness or confusion2 & we are tak5 into an atmosph]e ( /range peace :i* yet seems fill$ ) buoyant motion & float+ /ra9s ( music4' ,,plate ,,iii ,a ,,cele/ial ,,assemblage ,! obs]vations j quot$ apply ) equal =ce to ! l>ge pa9t+ on silk 7,*4 xxxvii4 #jjd71 ( :i* ,plate ,,iii reproduces a little m ?an ! left-h& half on ! scale ( ab\t "o-half4 ,! pa9t+ itself1 :i* ?\gh incomplete on all sides /ill measures close on six feet across by five feet 9 height1 repres5ts b ! upp] portion ( a mu* l>g] composition4 ,judg+ f :at survives ( ! c5tral figure 9 ! l[] brok5 "p 7see ,s]9dia1 ,pl4 ,,lix71 ! picture z a :ole 0 meant = a #8,maala' ( ! ?\s&-arm$ ,avalokitev>a1 ! ,kuan-y9 ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,b ! heavy b& ( rhomboidal ornam5t :i*1 z se5 ne> ! l[] edge ( ! ,plate1 passes beh9d ! halo ( ?is l>ge c5tral figure cle>ly m>ks (f ! div9e assemblage 9 ! upp] portion f ! re/ z a well-def9$ !me by itself4 ,! ,buddha presid+ ov] ?is assemblage1 ^: seat$ figure our ,plate %[s 9 its upp] "r corn]1 is tak5 by ,m4 ,petrucci = ,bhaiajyaguru1 & ! simil>ity 9 pose & accessories to ! c5tral ,buddha ( ! previ\sly discuss$ picture seems to support ?is id5tification4 ,un=tunately ! inscription 9 ,*9ese & ,tibetan :i* occupies ! l>ge yell[ c>t\*e 9 ! c5tre & might h af=d$ safe guidance has fad$ into illegibility4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is c5tral ,buddha is se5 a ,bodhisattva1 seat$ ) "o leg p5d5t & ) ! h& ne>e/ to ! ,buddha rais$1 l ! "r ( ! latt] himself1 9 ! vit>ka-mudr1 ! ge/ure ( argum5t4 ,9 pose1 dress1 & treatm5t ( features ^! two seat$ ,bodhisattvas be> a di/9ctly ,indian air1 & ?is w\ld well agree ) ! id5tification propos$ = !m by ,m4 ,petrucci1 :o on ! /r5g? ( inscriptional indications 9 a simplifi$ ,maala ( ,bhaiajyaguru is prep>$ to recognize ,samantabhadra 9 ! ,bodhisattva to ! left & 8 usual c\nt]p>t ,majur 9 ! correspond+ seat$ ,bodhisattva to ! "r4#a ,betwe5 ! presid+ ,buddha & ! ,bodhisattva on ei!r side are gr\p$ ?ree less] ,bodhisattvas 9 ador+ poses & two halo$ monki% disciples4 ,! heads ( ! latt]1 "o "y1 ! o!r old & emaciat$1 are drawn ) mu* expressive skill4 ,! same is ! case ) ! faces ( mo/ ( ! ,bodhisattvas1 ?\gh ! great difficulties :i* ! pa9t+ (f]s to photography d n all[ ! extreme delicacy ( ! draw+ to be fully appreciat$ 9 ! reproduction4 ,:ile ! gr\p+ & treatm5t ( ! div9e p]sonalities s f> nam$ foll[ well-e/abli%$ l9es1 a /rik+ feature1 met ) aga9 only once among our #8,maala' pa9t+s1 is introduc$ by ! two processions :i* desc5d1 c>ri$ on purple cl\ds1 f ei!r side t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! picture4 ,on ! left our ,plate %[s u ! ,bodhisattva ,samantabhadra seat$ on a lotus :i* a :ite elephant1 8 recogniz$ vhana1 c>ries1 z he advances accompani$ by ,bodhisattvas & prec$$ by heav5ly musicians to meet ,majur4 ,! latt] ,bodhisattva appe>s 9 ! correspond+ "r-h& portion ( ! picture seat$ on 8 lion & escort$ by an exactly simil> cortge4 ,ap>t f six figures ( undet]m9$ less] ,bodhisattvas1 "s ( :om c>ry sacr$ vessels1 ! cortge ( ei!r comprises f\r y\?ful musicians play+ on clapp]s1 pipe1 flute1 & m\?-organ4 ,9 front ( !m m>*es a d>k-col\r$ boy1 und\bt$ly meant = an ,indian1 c>ry+ a bronze vessel1 :ile ano!r /rides by ! side ( ! *ief ,bodhisattva1 lead+ 8 m\nt4 ,! exagg]at$ d>k col\r ( ^! ,indians is1 l ! misdraw+ ( ! elephant's head & limbs1 significant ( ! pa9t]'s want ( famili>ity ) ?+s ,indian4 ,9 ! backgr\nd two ( ! ,lokaplas1 or ,gu>dian-k+s ( ! ,f\r ,qu>t]s1 att5d ! tra9 ( ea* div9ity4 ,ab\t ! flutt]+ canopy :i* rises above ! head ( ea* float gracefully drawn ,g&h>vs 7,aps>as74 ,f ! side !re sweeps d[n a bevy ( t9y ,bodhisattva figures clu/]$ )9 a wrea? ( purple cl\d1 :ile above x a gr\p ( picturesque hills1 drawn ) true ,*9ese feel+ = l&scape1 fills ! top corn]4 ,?r\gh\t ! picture ! workman%ip is t ( a ma/]1 & ! s]5e dignity ( ! composition z a :ole is v happily bl5d$ ) t5d]ness ( mood & h>moni\s subtlety ( l9e & col\r4 ,,plates ,,iv1 ,v ,,processions ,,( ,,ma,,ju,r ,,& ,,samantabhadra ,closely alli$ 9 subject & treatm5t to ! la/ describ$ picture1 ?\gh n q equal to x 9 quality ( execution1 are ! two gr& fragm5ts 7,*4 xxxvii4 #jjc1 #jje7 p>tially illu/rat$ by ,plates ,,iv & ,v4 ,^! two l>ge pieces ( silk ) curv$ tops once belong$ respectively to ! "r & left sides ( "o ar*-%ap$ picture4 ,! c5tre portion1 :i* is likely to h conta9$ a seat$ ,buddha1 is lo/4 ,b "s idea ( ! size ( ! :ole may be =m$ f ! fact t ! surviv+ "r side portion 7,*4 xxxvii4 #jjc1 ,pl4 ,,iv7 9 its brok5 /ate /ill measures six & a half feet 9 height ) a wid? ( ab\t ?ree & a half feet1 :ile ! dim5sions ( ! badly brok5 left side are ev5 l>g]4 ,! %ape ( ! picture sugge/s t x 0 orig9ally int5d$ to occupy ! back ( a vault$ *apel recess or ( ! aisle ( an ante*apel4 ,! "r portion reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,iv 7scale "o-f\r? ( orig9al7 %[s u ,majur1 m\nt$ on 8 :ite lion1 advanc+ t[>ds ! c5tre1 surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( att5dant ,bodhisattvas1 ,lokaplas1 demons1 & nymphs4 ,8 m\nt is l$ by an ,indian att5dant & prec$$ by a pair ( musicians4 ,! :ole procession is c>ri$ on a purple cl\d4 ,! figure ( ,majur is seat$ 9 ! same attitude z t ( ,samantabhadra 9 ,plate ,,iii1 ) "o leg p5d5t1 b ) 8 "r h& held out palm upp]mo/4 ,! features ( 8 pale-complexion$ face ) its peaceful expression are v delicately r5d]$4 ,b ! ,indian model f :i* !y are d]iv$ is reflect$ /ill m cle>ly 9 ! ri*ly drap$ g>m5ts ( ! ,bodhisattva & ! =ms ( 8 abundant jewell$ ornam5ts4 ,!y are pla9ly borr[$ 9 all details f ,graeco-,buddhi/ art transplant$ into ,c5tral ,asia4 ,! elaborate halo ( ,majur des]ves m5tion = its h>moni\s col\r+ & flame bord]4 ,by ! side ( ! att5dant ,bodhisattvas1 all %[+ peaceful features1 we note ,lokaplas ) _! demon foll[]s4 ,( ! =m] ,virhaka1 ,gu>dian-k+ ( ! ,s\?1 is recognizable by 8 club4 ,! demons are *>act]iz$ by grotesque features & col\r+ ( deep r$4 ,! att5dant div9ity se5 walk+ 9 ! l[] "r corn] awaits id5tification4 ,he we>s ! dress ( a ,*9ese dignit>y 7high-wai/$ fl[]y "u-robe & wide-sleev$ jacket71 :ile coiffure & nimbus are ^? ( a ,bodhisattva4 ,he c>ries a fan & is att5d$ by two nymphs2 ( ! "o on ! "r only ! head survives 9 ! extant fragm5t4 ,! lead] ( ! lion has a sk9 ( *ocolate-br[n col\r & co>se features1 sugge/+ a negro type4 ,( ! figures ( ! musicians walk+ 9 front b little is pres]v$ on ! "r side ( ! picture4 ,b ! correspond+ pair on ! left side1 :i* ,plate ,v reproduces on a scale ( approximately "o-half ( ! orig9al1 has suff]$ less damage & all[s u to enjoy bo? ! spirit$ design & ! great delicacy ( draw+ 9 ^! figures4 ,!y m>* ) uplift$ heads1 play+ on :i/le-pipe & m\?-organ4 ,9 ! face ( ! flute-play] on ! left delight$ absorption 9 ! music is admirably express$1 :ile ! curv+ l9es ( ! body & ! float+ loose g>m5ts convey a s5se ( rhy?mic motion 9 complete h>mony ) ! subject4 ,equally expressive is ! draw+ 9 ! face ( ! musician to ! "r1 ) its look ( int5t conc5tration4 ,! l>g] scale ( reproduction all[s u to see "h ! me?od ( %ad+ us$ by ! pa9t] 9 ! treatm5t ( ! fle%4 ,! delicate col\r+ ( ! faces is well set (f by ! /rong] b h>moni\sly bl5d$ t9ts ( ! l>ge globe-%ap$ tassel :i* appe>s betwe5 !m1 hang+ f ! h>ness ( ,samantabhadra's elephant4 ,9 ! same way ! /rong black ( _! hair & ! d>k br[n ( ! ,mah\t's figure1 p>tially se5 on ! left edge ( ,plate ,v1 help to give /r5g? to ! col\r s*eme1 9 :i* light gre5s & r$s prevail4 ,,plate ,,vi ,,details ,,f ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,a ,,buddhi/ ,,heav5 ,"h we see ! left-h& bottom portion ( a ,p>adise picture reproduc$ on ! scale ( two-?irds1 b )\t ! gay col\rs ( ! orig9al 7,*4 liv4 #jjd74 ,?is repres5ts a ,buddhi/ ,heav5 presid$ ov] by a ,buddha :om ,m4 ,petrucci takes to be kyamuni4#b ,9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ic features ( ! ma9 !me1 z well z 9 ! side sc5es1 our pa9t+ agrees closely ) ! ,p>adise picture 7,*4 xxxviii4 #jjd71 ( :i* ,plate ,,vii %[s a complete reproduction4 ,to ! latt]1 !re=e1 ref]5ce may be made z reg>ds ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! cele/ial sc5e ) its c5tral ,buddha flank$ by two pr9cipal ,bodhisattvas1 c41 & t ( ! m>g9al sc5es1 :i* 9 bo? pa9t+s tell ! /ory ( ,kalyak>a & ,ppak>a1 z conta9$ 9 texts ( ! ,*9ese ,tripiaka4 ,! portion ( ! pa9t+ actually %[n 9 our ,plate repres5ts at ! top ! att5dant ho/ ( ,bodhisattvas1 seat$ or kneel+ by ! side ( ! alt> :i* occupies a c5tral position on ! t]race4 ,a project+ "p ( ?is t]race s]ves z plat=m = ! p]=mance ( ! cele/ial danc] & c>ries at ei!r front corn] ! figure ( a ,g>ua play+ on a musical in/rum5t1 app>5tly pipe & clapp]s4 ,! :ole ( ! t]race is cle>ly %[n z ( wood5 con/ruction & z rais$ on slop+ piles above ! wat]s ( ! lotus lake4 ,an unusual feature is ! gr\p+ ( ! div9e musicians on two sep>ate t]races 9 ! bottom corn]s4 ,!y are six on ea* side & play on h>p1 lute1 syr9x & ,*9ese m\?-organ1 :i/le-pipe1 & clapp]s4 ,beh9d ! musicians are trees ) pe>-%ap$ leaves & gr\ps ( conv5tional p9k & :ite fl[]s4 ,f ! lake rise reborn s\ls 9 ! %ape ( infants c>ri$ on op5 lotuses4 ,! face & ge/ure ( ! "o se5 on ! left bel[ ! rail+ ( ! ma9 t]race admirably express ! awak5+ consci\sness ( ! newly born s\l4 ,?r\gh\t ! picture ! workman%ip is highly f9i%$1 & ! delicacy ( ! draw+1 especially 9 ! features ( ! ,bodhisattvas1 des]ves notice4 ,! prevail+ col\rs are1 z usual1 %ades ( crimson & dull gre52 b ^! are enliv5$ by ! :ite ( ! fle% ( all div9e figures & ! orange1 pale blue1 & purple us$ on /oles & haloes4 ,! leg5d>y sc5es on ! sides :i* ,m4 ,*avannes fir/ id5tifi$ f ! c>t\*es1 "h =tunately be>+ ,*9ese inscriptions1#c display ?r\gh\t purely ,*9ese /yle 9 ! dress & attitudes ( figures1 c4 ,! figure ( ! kneel+ lady 9 ! left bottom comp>tm5t is ! portrait ( a donatrix & may claim special int]e/4 ,h] co/ume & coiffure agree closely ) ^? ( ! donatrices 9 two pa9t+s be>+ exact dates ( ! second half ( ! n9? c5tury ,a4,d41#d :ile !y %[ a m>k$ diff]5ce f ! f> m elaborate fa%ion display$ by ! ladies :o appe> 9 our num]\s dat$ pictures ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,i h _h occasion to call att5tion else:]e to ! v helpful indicia :i* *ang+ fa%ions 9 ! dress & coiffure ( donatrices1 & to a less] ext5t 9 ^? ( donor figures also1 supply = ! *ronology ( ! ,*#8i5-fo-tung pictures4#e ,,plate ,,vii ,,! ,,p>adise ,,( ,,kyamuni ,?is pa9t+ 7,*4 xxxviii4 #jjd71 reproduc$ "h on ! scale ( two-sev5?s1 is practically complete & 9 a v fair /ate ( pres]vation1 /ill reta9+ its bord] ( yell[i%-gre5 silk4 ,z already m5tion$ 9 ! description ( ! prec$+ ,plate1 x repres5ts ! ,p>adise ( a ,buddha 9 :om ,m4 ,petrucci recognizes kyamuni1 ! hi/orical ,buddha4#f ,! ord9ance ( ! cele/ial assemblage is simple1 ?\gh %[+ "s peculi> features4 ,! presid+ ,buddha1 ) legs int]lock$ & bo? h&s 9 ! vit>ka-mudr1 occupies a lotus seat 9 ! c5tre & faces ! drap$ alt>4 ,by him we see seat$ two pr9cipal ,bodhisattvas1 alike 9 appe>ance & dress b ) h&s 9 diff]5t poses4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,petrucci's view bas$ on ! inscriptions ( a mu*-r$uc$ pres5tation ( ! same ,p>adise 7,*4 xxxiii4 #jja71 we may id5tify ! ,bodhisattva on ! left ) kag>bha & ! "o on ! "r ) ,kitig>bha4 ,betwe5 !m & ! ,buddha is %[n on ea* side a small %av5 disciple1 ( *ildlike appe>ance ) h&s 9 adoration4 ,above ! heads ( ! ,buddha & ,bodhisattvas are se5 canopies c>ri$ by pairs ( trees & encircl$ by big fl[]s1 & beh9d !m appe>s ! pavilion ) boldly upturn$ eaves :i* repres5ts ! cele/ial mansion1 ! habitation ( bless$ s\ls4 ,9 ! air above & c>ri$ on cl\ds float ! small figures ( f\r ,buddhas amid/ a spr9kl+ ( orange fl[]s4 ,on ! ma9 t]race 9 front ( ! triad we see a danc] p]=m+ 9 spirit$ movem5t4 ,its rhy?mic rapidity is happily convey$ by ! graceful scroll-l9es ( ! sc>f %e waves freely 9 h] h&s4 ,on ei!r side f\r ,bodhisattvas occupy lotus seats ) h&s fold$ 9 adoration4 ,pairs ( musicians sit 9 front ( !m1 play+ on a re$-organ1 lute1 psalt]y1 & clapp]s4 ,gangways lead d[n f ! t]race to ! lotus lake4 ,its bottom corn]s are occupi$ by ,g>ua figures1 half human half bird1 /&+ on rocks & display+ plumy semi-floral tails1 ) h&s fold$ 9 adoration4 ,mo/ ( ! =egr\nd is fill$ by a l>ge isolat$ t]race c>ry+ 9 ! c5tre a subsidi>y ,buddha1 an arrangem5t :i* is peculi>4 ,on 8 "r is seat$ a small ,bodhisattva ador+1 :ile to 8 left ! correspond+ place is tak5 by a halo$ disciple ) %av5 head & h&s 9 ! same pose4 ,he we>s monki% robes ) ! addition ( a necklace1 & ?us pres5ts ! appe>ance peculi> 9 our pa9t+s to ,kitig>bha1 z se5 9 ,plates ,,xxv1 ,,xxxix1 ,,xl4 ,?is di/9ctly supports ! view ( ,m4 ,petrucci1 :o takes ! gr\p bel[ = a repetition ( ! pr9cipal triad & accord+ly id5tifies ! ,bodhisattva to ! left ) kag>bha & ! ,buddha ) kyamuni4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,buddha is v unusual2 = ! crimson robe l9$ ) :ite1 :i* cov]s him closely to ! neck1 %[s ! r$ disc ( ! ,sun pa9t$ on ! left %\ld]1 ! :ite disc ( ! ,moon 7) ! tree ( immortality7 on ! "r %\ld]1 & ,m\nt ,m]u on ! front ( ! body1 flank$ by a man's figure on ei!r side4#g ,! m>g9al sc5es ( ! pa9t+1 elev5 9 all1 are tak51 z m5tion$ above1 f ! leg5d ( ,kalyak>a & ,ppak>a4 ,_! detail$ int]pretations 7 to h be5 furni%$ 9 ! volume :i* ,m4 ,*avannes 0 prep>+ on a selection ( our pa9t+s = publication 9 ! ,mmoires conc]nant l',asie ori5tale ) ! help ( mat]ials left beh9d by ,m4 ,petrucci4#h ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* guidance x mu/ suffice "h to po9t out ! purely ,*9ese /yle ( all details 9 ^! sc5es1 includ+ ! curv+ hill ranges & p9e-clad cliffs :i* s]ve to sep>ate !m4 ,a broad b& resembl+ a tessellat$ pavem5t divides ! ma9 picture & side sc5es f a panel bel[1 :i* %[s ! donors kneel+ on ei!r side ( :at 0 ! space left = a d$icatory inscription completely effac$ or1 p]haps1 nev] writt54 ,on ! "r kneels a r[ ( six m5 we>+ loose belt$ coats ( diff]5t col\rs1 :ile on ! left we see 9 front a bald-head$ ag$ figure :i* may be meant ei!r = a monk or a nun2 beh9d x a lady alone1 & 9 ! ?ird rank ?ree o!rs ( m y\?ful appe>ance4 ,beh9d ^! aga9 are ?ree boys ) _! hair done 9 r\nd tufts above ! temples4 ,"h1 too1 ! co/umes are ( int]e/ z af=d+ indications z to ! approximate date ( ! pa9t+4 ,among ! m5's we may note t1 :]eas ?ree we> black hats ) wide side-flaps su* z are f\nd regul>ly on ! heads ( donors 9 our t5?-c5tury pictures1 ! o!r ?ree we> ! black lob$ & tail$ caps :i* are common 9 ! side sc5es & ! bann]s repres5t+ leg5d>y incid5ts ( ,gautama ,buddha's life 7see ,pls4 ,,xii1 ,,xiii1 ,,xxxvii74 ,( ! co/umes 9 ^! repres5tations ,i h1 z ,i believe1 %[n t !y g back to a p]iod di/9ctly e>li] ?an ! bulk ( our pictures f ! #8,?\s& ,buddhas'4#i ,! *ronological obs]vation reg>d+ our pa9t+ 7,*4 xxxviii4 #jjd7 is borne out /ill m cle>ly by ! fa%ion :i* ! donatrices display4 ,! elaborate head-dress worn by ! ladies 9 all t5?-c5tury pictures is conspicu\sly abs5t1 & ! hair is done pla9 9 a flat r\nd topknot or 9 a l>ge backw>d-wav+ cre/ j z 9 ! donatrix figures ( ! picture dat$ ,a4,d4 #hfd & reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 ,good & ref9$ z ! draw+ is1 especially 9 ! faces & h&s ( ,bodhisattvas & donatrices1 we meet else:]e ) details :i* h n be5 highly f9i%$4 ,z 9 o!r pa9t+s ( ?is class1 ! prevail+ col\r is crimson on dull light gre51 ) orange on ! ,bodhisattvas' robes & ! tiles ( ! t]race1 turquoise blue on ! alt>-clo?1 c4 ,,plate ,,viii ,,amit,,bha',s ,,p>adise ,! pa9t+ 7,*4 lviii4 #jjaa71 :i* ?is ,plate reproduces on ! scale ( two-fif?s1 is a good specim5 ( a fairly num]\s gr\p ( pictures :i* repres5t ,amitbha's #8,we/]n ,p>adise'1 or ,sukhvat1 z x is nam$ 9 ,sanskrit4 ,x has lo/ ! side sc5es & its extreme top & bottom1 b is o!rwise well pres]v$4 ,?\gh n z l>ge z "s repres5tations ( ?is1 ! mo/ popul> ( ,buddhi/ ,heav5s1 nor q z sumptu\s 9 its pageantry1 our pa9t+ yet well illu/rates all ! typical features ( ! s]ies4 ,! uni=mity ) :i* ! g5]al s*eme is obs]v$ 9 ^! ,sukhvat pictures ( our ,collection1 m ?an a doz5 9 all1 po9ts to prolong$ evolution be=e ev5 ! olde/ ( !m 0 pa9t$4 ,on ! pr9cipal t]race we see ! presid+ ,buddha1 ,amitbha1 seat$ ) 8 h& rais$ 9 ! vit>ha-mudr4 ,! ,bodhisattvas seat$ on bo? sides1 ,avalokitev>a to ! "r & ,mah/hma to ! left1 make up ! triad typical ( ,amitbha's ,p>adise z det]m9$ by inscrib$ repres5tations & famili> f an e>ly p]iod also to ,buddhism 9 ,japan4 ,betwe5 !m & 9 front1 by ! side ( ! alt>1 appe>s seat$ a ho/ ( less] ,bodhisattvas4 ,! alt> c>ries vessels ) (f]+s & is drap$ ) a valance decorat$ ) triangul> tabs & /ream]s2 x is ( int]e/ z exactly correspond+ to ! l>ge silk valances ,i recov]$ f ! wall$-up *apel4#aj ,9 ! backgr\nd above1 p>tly scre5$ by ! elaborate canopies ( ! triad1 are se5 ! cele/ial mansions 9 ! %ape ( pavilions & t[]s ( purely ,*9ese /yle4 ,a portion ( ! t]race project+ 9 front ( ! alt> is occupi$ by a danc] & six musicians1 to ^: /ra9s %e p]=ms4 ,"h1 too1 ! danc]'s rhy?mic movem5t is emphasiz$ by ! s9u\s l9es ( ! /ole :i* %e waves 9 h] h&s & by b&s flutt]+ upw>ds f h] head-dress4 ,m\?-organ1 clapp]s1 psalt]y1 flute1 & two diff]5tly %ap$ lutes are ! musical in/rum5ts play$ on4 ,at ! foot ( ! gangway desc5d+ to ! wat] ( ! lotus lake is %[n a figure sugge/+ a seat$ ,bodhisattva z se5 f ! back4 ,! lotus seat & ! curl+ drap]y ( a /ole are cle>ly recognizable4 ,! b5t arms seem to support "s (f]+1 p]haps l an ,indian #8,dl'1 z traces ( r$ fl[]s & ( leaves c be made out 9 ! orig9al4 ,lotus fl[]s & rocks appe> ris+ above ! wat]4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd is a black-til$ plat=m1 on :i* are assembl$ a ,g>ua1 peacock1 crane1 & "s small] bird resembl+ a duck b p>tly effac$4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is plat=m !re rises f ! wat] a t]race be>+ a subsidi>y repres5tation ( ,amitbha's triad4 ,! pose ( ! ,buddha is ! same z 9 ! ma9 gr\p above1 b bo? ! ,bodhisattvas by 8 side are "h %[n ) h&s jo9$ 9 adoration4 ,?is repetition ( ! div9e triad 9 ! bottom corn]s is v frequ5t 9 ! pictures ( ,amitbha's ,p>adise4 ,! repres5tation ( a newly born s\l seat$ on a lotus & float+ up ! gangway :i* leads to ea* ( ^! subsidi>y gr\ps is a pleas+ addition to ?is conv5tional arrangem5t4 ,! workman%ip ( ! pa9t+ is ?r\gh\t c>eful & well f9i%$4 ,f a backgr\nd ( dull gre5 crimson1 orange-yell[ & :ite /& out z ! prevail+ col\rs4 ,! la/ is l>gely us$ on ! decorat$ haloes & #8,padmsanas'1 or lotus seats1 z well z = ! fle% ( all att5dant figures4 ,! abs5ce ( black & blue is m>k$ 9 ! g5]al col\r s*eme4 ,,plate ,,ix ,,leg5d>y ,,sc5es ,,f ,a ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,,maitreya',s ,,p>adise ,! sc5es reproduc$ "h1 on half ! scale ( ! orig9al1 are tak5 f ! top & bottom portions ( a l>ge & well-pres]v$ silk pa9t+ 7,*4 lviii4 #jja7 ( ,maitreya's ,p>adise4 ,= a reproduction ( ! :ole picture & = its special po9ts ( iconographic int]e/1 z ! only repres5tation 9 our ,collection ( t fam\s ,tuita ,heav5 9 :i* ! future ,buddha ( ! pres5t _w p]iod is suppos$ to reside1 a ref]5ce to ,s]9dia mu/ suffice "h4#aa ,! ,*9ese inscriptions :i* r5d] ! attribution ( ?is ,p>adise to ,maitreya c]ta9 7ev5 ?\gh ! ,bodhisattva appe>s 9 x z a ,buddha1 a /atus :i* he is yet to atta97 are tak5 f ! text ( ! ,maitreya-vyk>aa-stra & accompany leg5d>y sc5es %[n 9 ! top corn]s & along ! bottom ( ! pa9t+4 ,^! sc5es1 z se5 9 our ,plate1 are n =mally sep>at$ f ! ,p>adise prop]1 b m]ge into x at ! bottom & are above only divid$ f x by a range ( p9e-clad m\nta9s4 ,! inscriptions & ! leg5d>y sc5es to :i* !y ref] 7 to h be5 int]pret$ 9 ,,mm4 ,petrucci & ,*avannes' sep>ate volume 9 ! ,mmoires conc]nant l',asie ori5tale4#ab ,! mat]ials prep>$ = x by ^? lam5t$ collaborators are n at pres5t accessible to me1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( textual guidance ! descriptive notes on ! sc5es mu/ "h be brief4 ,9 ! sc5e above on ! "r we see ?ree m5 9 ,*9ese magi/]ial co/ume seat$ along a table on a t]race1 :ile be=e !m two m5 /& "r & left ( a l>ge disc1 provid$ ) a tripod 787 & sugge/+ a metal mirror into :i* a ?ird small] figure appe>s to gaze4 ,to ! left1 betwe5 two inscrib$ c>t\*es1 are %[n ?ree m5 seat$ beh9d a table1 ! c5tre "o be+ on a lotus seat4 ,_! head-dress is ! same black hat ) broad flaps /ick+ out sideways :i* is worn by ! ?ree seat$ figures to ! "r & :i*1 z /at$ above1 is always f\nd 9 ! repres5tations ( donors on our t5?-c5tury pa9t+s4#ac ,/ill fur!r to ! left is depict$ a husb&man 9 lob$ & tail$ cap1 driv+ a pl\gh be=e :i* are h>ness$ a d>k bull or c[ & a small] :iti% animal ( ! bov9e species1 app>5tly reluctant to move on4 ,9 ! left corn] sc5e we see a p]sonage 9 (ficial dress seat$ on a small plat=m or ?rone be=e ! gate ( :at seems to repres5t a wall$ palace4 ,to ! left ( him a demon-l figure is %[n /rid+1 :ile on ! "r he is be+ approa*$ by a gr\p compris+ a ,buddha & two small] figures ( monki% disciples4 ,a little to ! "r ( ?is gr\p /&s a layman 9 ador+ pose2 above ! :ole !re appe>s a dragon-l mon/] desc5d+ on a cl\d4 ,9 ! backgr\nd to ! "r )9 ! ar*$ op5+ ( a re$ hut is se5 a pair1 app>5tly man & wife1 seat$ on a l[ plat=m be=e :i* /&s erect a lady we>+ ! wide-sleev$ dress & ! elaborate coiffure famili> f ! donatrices ( our t5?-c5tury pictures4#ad ,if ! significance & int]relation ( ! top sc5es at pres5t escapes u we h less difficulty ab\t ! g5]al int]pretation ( ^? at ! bottom ( ! picture4 ,on ! "r & left ! sc5es plac$ bel[ ! flank+ t]races ( ! ,p>adise manife/ly %[ conv]sions to ! ,buddhi/ ,law4 ,on ! "r is se5 a p]sonage elaborately dress$ & obvi\sly ( high rank1 :o is seat$ upright on a squ>e plat=m1 ) feet on a foot/ool1 und]go+ tonsure by a monk4 ,f\r m5 9 secul> co/ume1 hold+ rolls ( pap] 9 _! h&s1 /& beh9d him4 ,?ree o!rs att5d 9 front1 "o ( !m hold+ a wide di% to receive ! cut hair & a second c>ry+ a vase4 ,9 ! backgr\nd /&s a groom hold+ ?ree elaborately cap>ison$ horses4 ,_! figures are well drawn ) elegant small heads1 broad %apely brea/s1 & slim legs4 ,two are :ite & "o r$4 ,_! type closely recalls ! pres5t ,badakh% bre$ ( ,we/]n ,turke/n1 a fav\rite region = ,*9a's horse imports s9ce e>ly times2 x is exactly repres5t$ also among ! num]\s clay figures ( horses :i* 9 #aiae ,i excavat$ 9 pl5ty f ,turfn graves ( ! ,t#8ang p]iod4 ,! saddles1 high-pommel$ at back & front1 & cov]$ ) long saddle-clo?s1 are met ) !re also4 ,= ! ornam5tation ( head/all1 brea/-b&1 & crupp]1 ref]5ce to a pa9t$ panel f ,d&n-oilik %[+ a horseman & also ( ! ,t#8ang p]iod is in/ructive4#ae ,! sc5e on ! left =ms an exact p5dant to ! "o j describ$4 ,"h a lady simil>ly plac$ & attir$ is hav+ h] head %av$ by a monk4 ,among ! att5dants beh9d h] two ladies h _! hair done 9 topknots ) two high loops1 :]eas two o!rs1 evid5tly girls1 we> x 9 a bun* on ei!r side ( ! head ) a %ort lock hang+ f ea*4 ,beh9d appe> be>]s ( ! hexagonal palanqu9 ) pagoda ro(1 ( :i* a small portion is includ$ 9 ! reproduction4 ,! c5tral sc5e %[s ! adorn+ ( a ,/pa or ,buddhi/ relic t[] & pres5ts po9ts ( di/9ct antiqu>ian int]e/4 ,its %ape is cyl9drical1 ) a l[ flat dome & a squ>e base bel[4 ,a ?ree-ti]$ umbrella1 hung ) /ream]s & metal ornam5ts1 surm\nts x4 ,bel[ workm5 are se5 engag$ 9 arrang+ ! drap]ies4 ,two long tables are lad5 ) flasks1 b[ls1 & o!r (f]+s1 :ile bundles ( manuscript rolls are plac$ at ei!r side2 !y are all likely to repres5t votive gifts made at ! "t ( consecration4 ,,plate ,x ,,amit,,bha ,,) ,,att5dants ,! pa9t+ 7,*4 liii4 #jja7 :i* ?is ,plate successfully reproduces 9 col\rs1 on ! scale ( ?ree-eigh?s ( ! orig9al1 is a good repres5tative ( ! small b int]e/+ class ( :at may be designat$ z simplifi$ ,p>adise pictures4 ,we see 9 x ,amitbha en?ron$ on a lotus betwe5 ,avalokitev>a & ,mah/hma1 ) two less] ,bodhisattvas 9 front & a r[ ( well-individualiz$ disciples beh9d4 ,no lake is repres5t$2 b a comp>ison ) ! pa9t+ repres5t$ 9 ! next ,plate1 ,,xi1 ) :i* ours %>es a numb] ( m>k$ peculi>ities 9 composition1 /yle1 col\r1 & treatm5t1 suffices to %[ t a repres5tation ( ,amitbha's ,heav5 is int5d$4 ,amitbha is seat$ ) legs int]lock$ & 8 "r h& rais$ 9 ! usual vit>ka-mudr4 ,8 fle% is yell[ %ad$ ) r$ :i* has *ang$ to a curi\s iridesc5t mauve2 8 hair a bright blue4 ,8 mantle1 vivid crimson1 is wrapp$ r\nd bo? %\ld]s1 its drap]y reproduc+ all details ( ! arrangem5t :i* ,graeco-,buddhi/ sculpture _h borr[$ f ,hell5i/ic art & h&$ ov] to be /]eotyp$ ) hi]atic conv5tion 9 ! ,buddha figures ( ,c5tral ,asia & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! lotus1 8 seat1 is rais$ on a high /epp$ p$e/al & has its p9k petals cov]$ all ov] ) beautiful floral scrolls 9 :ite1 blue1 & black4 ,simil> ri* scroll-"w adorns ! base ( ! p$e/al & reappe>s on ! canopy :i* hangs above ! ,buddha's head1 rais$ on two trees4 ,_! /ems are treat$ l jewell$ poles1 & _! l>ge />-%ap$ leaves are arrang$ 9 :orls enclos+ conical clu/]s ( r$ fruit4 ,an ,aps>as sweeps d[n on ei!r side1 scatt]+ fl[]s2 h] float+ g>m5ts & ! gracefully curl+ cl\ds :i* support h] express rapidity ( movem5t4 ,avalokitev>a & ,mah/hma occupy well-design$1 if less ornate1 lotus seats1 ! =m] rais+ a flam+ jewel 9 8 left h& & ! latt] an alms-b[l4 ,among ! multicol\r$ jewell]y ) :i* !y are b$eck$1 ! ,dhyni-buddha set 9 front ( ! ti>a may be m5tion$4 ,bel[ !m are seat$ two less] ,bodhisattvas1 9 simil>ly ri* dress & adornm5t1 ! "o1 9 pr(ile1 hold+ a r$ lotus1 ! o!r1 9 ?ree-qu>t]s pr(ile1 a flask4 ,_! =e%ort5$ elliptical haloes 9 gre5 & ! transp>5t light blue /oles des]ve notice4 ,a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ elem5t is introduc$ into ! cele/ial company by ! six disciples rang$ beh9d ! triad1 ?ree a side 9 asc5d+ ti]4 ,!y all h ! %av5 heads ( monks & plump solid features2 b _! al]t faces are well individualiz$ & ! expression m>k$ly v>ies1 f ! jovial smile ( ! second figure on ! "r to ! s]i\s & ev5 sev]e look ( ! la/ on ! left4 ,x is specially regrettable "h t1 z 9 s _m ( our pa9t+s1 ! c>t\*es above ! diff]5t div9e figures h n be5 fill$ 94 ,! r$ lotus bud c>ri$ by ! la/ disciple on ! left & ! prie/'s /aff 9 ! h& ( ! correspond+ figure on ! "r d n help to id5tify !m1 nor d ! crossb>s on _! mantles4 ,! haloes ( all ^! figures1 includ+ ^? ( ! triad1 are only outl9$ 9 n>r[ r+s ( r$ & :ite1 ! int]ior be+ %[n z practically transp>5t--n a usual treatm5t4 ,bel[ ,amitbha's lotus seat1 & p>tly cov]+ ! front ( its p$e/al1 is ! panel = ! d$icatory inscription1 9 ! =m ( a /one slab ) a l[ ar*$ top1 c>ri$ on ! back ( a tortoise4 ,un=tunately ! d$ication 0 nev] inscrib$1 & we are ?us left )\t means = exactly dat+ ?is int]e/+ picture4 ,b v valuable help 9 ?is direction is af=d$ by :at rema9s ( ! figures ( ! donors 9 ! bottom corn]s4 ,t ( ! man on ! "r is lo/1 except = ! top ( 8 cap4 ,b t ( ! wife kneel+ on ! left is complete & a figure ( great *>m4 ,x is manife/ly a portrait1 pa9t$ ) consid]able skill1 & 0 des]v$ly *os5 by ,m4 ,petrucci = full-size reproduction 9 ! ,vignette ( ! pres5t publication4 ,! lady kneels on a mat1 h] h&s hold+ a long-/emm$ r$ fl[]4 ,! pose & face admirably express pi\s devotion4 ,! delicate treatm5t ( ! features di/9ctly recalls t ( female heads 9 a silk pa9t+1 un=tunately v fragm5t>y1 :i* ,i recov]$ 9 #aiae f a sev5?-c5tury ,*9ese tomb at ,turfn4 ,! lady's co/ume1 ) its pleat$ skirt high "u ! arms1 small bodice ) long n>r[ sleeves1 & little crossov] %awl1 z well z h] hair pla9ly done 9 a small knot on ! neck1 repres5t a fa%ion di/9ctly old] ?an t to be se5 9 ! donatrices' figures ( our e>lie/ dat$ picture 7see ,pl4 ,,xvi7 ( ,a4,d4 #hfd4 ,we f9d ! same indications ( an e>ly date 9 ! dresses & coiffures worn by ! donors & donatrices 9 ! silk pa9t+ ,*4 xlvii4 #jja 7,pl4 ,,xi71 :i* %>es _m peculi>ities ( our picture1 & also 9 ! und\bt$ly anci5t embroid]y picture %[n 9 ,plates ,,xxxiv1 ,,xxxv4#af ,?is *ronological obs]vation l5ds special int]e/ to a notable po9t ( te*nique1 ! use ( #8high lights' to br+ out ! modell+ ( ! fle%1 9 addition to ord9>y col\r %ad+4 ,?is is v conspicu\s 9 ! faces ( ! monki% disciples1 & equally /rik+ also 9 mo/ ( ! figures 9 ,plate ,,xi1 b x _c be trac$ else:]e among our ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s4 ,! we/]n orig9 ( ?is sy/em ( modell+ has be5 duly emphasiz$ by ,mr4 ,b9yon4#ag ,,plate ,,xi ,a ,,p>adise ,,( ,,amit,,bha ,9 ?is l>ge & on ! :ole fairly pres]v$ silk pa9t+ 7,*4 xlvii4 #jja71 reproduc$ on ! scale ( "o-f\r?1 we h a ,sukhvat s*eme fully develop$ on l9es :i*1 :ile closely resembl+ ^? ( ! picture la/ discuss$1 diff] f ^? ( ! usual ,buddhi/ ,p>adise type4 ,x %[s u ,amitbha & 8 two *ief ,bodhisattvas seat$ on lotus ?rones ris+ f ! ,sukhvat lake1 & on ! t]race =m+ ! =egr\nd v>i\s cele/ial be+s *>act]i/ic ( ,p>adise sc5es4 ,amitbha1 closely drap$1 raises 8 "r h& 9 ! vit>ka-mudr1 :ile 8 left1 mo/ly de/roy$1 is held aga9/ ! brea/4 ,8 fle% is yell[1 z usual1 8 hair grey ) outl9es & close curls indicat$ 9 black z if copi$ f /atu>y4 ,on ei!r side ( him is an elaborately decorat$ pill> ) a flam+ jewel at ! top4 ,two trees ) leaves z already describ$ 9 ,plate ,x rise beh9d him & support a canopy ornam5t$ ) ri* floral scrolls4 ,two ,aps>as sweep d[n on ei!r side ( x1 j z se5 9 ,plate ,x & ! embroid]y picture1 ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,simil> trees c>ry+ _m-ti]$ canopies rise ov] ,avalokitev>a seat$ on ! left & ,mah/hma on ! "r4 ,two att5dant ,bodhisattvas1 9 equally ri* attire z !irs1 /& by _! sides ) h&s 9 v>y+ poses4 ,! fl[]-spott$ mat]ials ( ! ,bodhisattvas' robes & ! graceful figure ( ! att5dant to ,avalokitev>a's "r may be not$4 ,at ! back ( ! triad a wall ( _m-col\r$ m>ble blocks b\nds ! lake4 ,9 ! air above desc5d ,buddhas seat$ on cl\ds2 clev]ly drawn figures ( nak$ infants1 repres5t+ reborn s\ls1 float ) outspread /oles1 :ile b]ibbon$ musical in/rum5ts symbolize h>monies p]vad+ space4 ,on ! lake swim ducks1 emblems ( happ9ess1 & oval lotus buds rise envelop+ infant s\ls4 ,inscriptions beside ! lotuses describe ! rank tak5 by ! s\l 9 its new life4 ,!re is no alt> be=e ! ,buddha1 z 9 o!r ,p>adise sc5es1 no danc] or musicians1 no cele/ial mansions4 ,b a sacr$ vessel is borne on a lotus f ! wat] be=e ,amitbha & small ,bodhisattvas kneel on ei!r side4 ,9 front ( !m aga91 on a wood5 plat=m1 are gr\p$ a two-head$ ,g>ua1 a pho5ix1 duck1 crane1 & peacock4 ,on ! t]race :i* fills ! :ole =egr\nd are seat$ ,bodhisattvas f\r a side & well spac$4 ,by ! rail 9 front are two half-nak$ infants1 no d\bt newly born s\ls1 "o advanc+ sl[ly1 ! o!r danc+ or runn+4 ,bo? hold fl[]s or b]ries & h1 l ! infants 9 ! sky1 _! heads %av$ except = a two-lob$ tuft ( hair ov] ! =ehead & "o ov] ea* e>4#ah ,betwe5 !m & ! ,bodhisattvas are %[n l>ge flam+ jewels on lotuses4 ,9 ! middle by ! side ( a slab1 ar*$ at ! top & int5d$ = a d$icatory inscription b left blank1 are %[n ! small figures ( ! donors4 ,on ! "r kneel two m5 ) long belt$ coats & small lob$ & tail$ caps4 ,_! attire be>s close resemblance to ! quasi-ar*aic dress 9 ! ,jtaka sc5es z pres5t$ by our bann]s1 & also to t 9 c]ta9 relievos ( ! e>ly ,buddhi/ cave %r9es ( ,yn-kang & ,lung-mn4#ai ,! co/ume & coiffure ( ! lady kneel+ on ! left agree exactly ) ^? ( ! donatrix se5 9 ! prec$+ ,plate & ! ,vignette4 ,z reg>ds ! *ronological evid5ce :i* ^! details ( attire af=d1 ,i may ref] to my rem>ks on t ,plate4#bj ,) ! picture reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,x our pa9t+ %>es also a numb] ( o!r *>act]i/ic peculi>ities1 su* z ! use ( #8high lights' = ! modell+ ( ! fle%2 ! unobtrusiv5ess ( ! haloes1 :i* are transp>5t & (t5 %[n only 9 outl9es2 ! fl[] patt]ns spott+ ! mat]ials ( ! robes1 c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 /rik+ diff]5ces ( composition1 su* z ! total abs5ce ( ! cele/ial mansions 9 ! backgr\nd & ! ample spac+ ( ! figures1 make x cle> t we h "h pres]v$ a specim5 ( a ,sukhvat s*eme develop$ indep5d5tly ( ! or?odox type :i* prevails among our ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s1 :e!r on silk or mural1 & :i* has become /]eotyp$ 9 ,japan4 ,!re is a g5]al abs5ce ( vivid col\rs 9 our picture4 ,dull gre51 ) grey & black = ! til$ t]race 9 front1 prevails 9 ! backgr\nd1 & dull gre51 light p9k or r$1 & gre5i% grey 9 ! col\r+ ( figures & accessories4 ,?is quiet & coolness ( col\r+ & a c]ta9 empt9ess ( ! backgr\nd give an effect ( air & space :i* su* cr[d$ compositions z ! ,p>adise se5 9 ,plates ,i1 ,,ii lack4 ,! draw+ is free & rapid b r r\gh 9 detail4 ,,plate ,,xii ,,sc5es ,,f ,,gautama ,,buddha',s ,,life ,?is & ! foll[+ ,plate1 toge!r ) ,plate ,,xxxvii1 illu/rate a gr\p ( pa9t+s well repres5t$ among ! silk bann]s ( ! ,collection & ( special iconographic & arti/ic int]e/4 ,pa9t$ l ! re/ ( ! silk bann]s on bo? sides ( a f9e gauze-l fabric1 !y %[ sc5es tak5 f ! leg5d>y life ( ,gautama ,buddha or closely connect$ ) x4 ,! usual l5g? ( ! bann]s 7exclusive ( ! triangul> top & o!r accessories7 does n appe> to h mu* exce$$ tw5ty-five in*es1 & _! wid?1 z se5 f ! specim5s :i* ,plate ,,xii reproduces full size1 is re/rict$4 ,z a necess>y result ( ! n>r[ %ape ( ! bann]s1 we f9d ! succession ( sc5es always arrang$ "o above ! o!r & 9 ! completely pres]v$ ones limit$ to f\r4#ba ,?is gr\p ( pa9t+s is z well def9$ 9 /yle z x is 9 range ( subjects & ext]nal arrangem5t4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ! sc5es connect$ ) ! physical types ( ! actors1 _! co/umes & movem5ts1 z well z ! sett+1 :e!r ar*itecture or l&scape1 appe>s "h #8translat$ bodily into ,*9ese'1 to use ,mr4 ,b9yon's graphic phrase4 ,! traditional subjects ( ! hi/orical ,buddha's life-/ory h 9 fact1 z ,m4 ,f\*] has ) equal pregnancy put x1 #8und]gone ! same disguis+ trans=mation :i* ,*ri/ian leg5d has "u ! h&s ( ! ,italian or ,flemi% pa9t]s'4#bb ,x contra/s /rik+ly ) ?is1 t ! figures ( ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas1 9 our bann]s & l>ge pa9t+s alike1 %[ close con=mity 9 physical appe>ance & dress to ! hi]atic types d]iv$ f ! ,graeco-,buddhi/ art ( ,g&hra4 ,= possible explanations ( ! v int]e/+ problem ?us rais$ ref]5ce to ,mr4 ,b9yon's #8,introductory ,essay' w suffice "h4 ,not)/&+ _! frankly ,*9ese /yle1 ! bann]s ) sc5es f ,gautama ,buddha's ,life %[ consid]able div]sity ( composition & treatm5t4 ,we note ^! v>iations all ! m easily because ! bann]s range !mselves into small gr\ps1 "o alone n af=d+ suffici5t room = a repres5tation ( ev5 ! mo/ important incid5ts ( ! ,life4 ,two bann]s ( su* a gr\p1 ea* ) only two sc5es pres]v$ out ( ! f\r :i* ! orig9al1 no d\bt1 once compris$1 are %[n 9 ,plate ,,xii on ! left & "r4 ,bo? bann]s h ! same decorat$ bord]s along ! sides & betwe5 ! sev]al sc5es1 & bo? h c>t\*es1 "h =tunately fill$ ) ,*9ese inscriptions nam+ ! subjects repres5t$4 ,! bann] on ! left 7,*4 lv4 #jjaf7 %[s u two ( ! fam\s #8,f\r ,enc\nt]s' :i* br+ be=e ,pr9ce ,gautama's eyes ! ?ree evils ( e>?ly life--old age1 illness1 & dea?1 & ! means to escape !m by r5unciation4 ,we f9d !m all repres5t$ already 9 ! fif?-c5tury relievos ( ,yn-kang1 :ile /rangely en\gh !y h n yet be5 f\nd among ! ,g&hra sculptures4#bc ,above we see ! pr9ce rid+ out ( ! gre5-til$ gateway ( ! battlem5t$ c\rty>d wall ( 8 fa!r's palace4 ,ov] x is %[n a pavilion ) r$ timb] framework & gre5i%-blue ro(4 ,! r$-man$ well-drawn horse repres5ts ! ,kahaka ( ! leg5d4 ,a c\rti] 9 fl[+ robes ) a high black cap att5ds him on foot4 ,be=e him "u a tree is %[n ! b5t figure ( ! old man lean+ ^u a /ick & we>+ on 8 head a black hood4 ,ano!r man1 :o /&s by 8 side & evid5tly supports him1 has ! black lob$ & tail$ cap to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made above z ! head-dress worn by ! donors ( our olde/ ,tun-huang pa9t+s4 ,x is t ( all common p]sonages 9 our ,jtaka sc5es4 ,! high conical head-dress ( ! c\rti] is f\nd also 9 ! above-quot$ relievo panels ( ,yn-kang4#bd ,pr9ce ,gautama himself 9 ! sc5es ( bo? our bann]s "h we>s a head-ornam5t resembl+ a :ite lotus4 ,9 ! sc5e bel[ we see ! pr9ce rid+ ) b5t head f ! same palace gateway4 ,"h x is %[n on ! "r1 & its int]ior timb] frame cle>ly display$4 ,! c\rti] by 8 side1 attir$ z above1 approa*es ) compassionate expression ! gr\p on ! left4 ,"h "u a tree is se5 sitt+ ^u ! gr\nd ! sick man1 support$ by a fri5d 9 a r$ dress1 :ile ano!r 9 gre5 (f]s him dr9k 9 a b[l4 ,! emaciation ( 8 body & ( 8 arms spread ^u 8 knees is %[n ) reali/ic skill4 ,9 ! companion bann] on ! "r 7,*4 xlix4 #jjf7 ! l[] sc5e1 compos$ 9 exactly ! same /yle1 repres5ts ,pr9ce ,gautama z a *ild disc\rs+ on 8 ant]ior lives to civil & milit>y (fic]s1 z ! accompany+ inscription tells u4 ,! future ,buddha sits on a v]&ah ( ! palace1 hold+ out 8 arms evid5tly 9 ! act ( recit+ 8 ,jtaka tales4 ,9 front ( him kneels a man1 9 black cap & orange belt$ coat1 hold+ a manuscript roll4 ,on ! gr\nd bel[ /&s a be>d$ p]sonage we>+ ! dress ( a civilian dignit>y2 he also c>ries a roll 9 8 h&s1 :i* are cov]$ by ! wide sleeves ( 8 robe4 ,two p]sons /& beh9d ! pr9ce outside ! v]&ah4 ,"o 9 ! dress ( an att5dant c>ries 9 8 arms a r\nd receptacle fill$ ) small objects no long] recognizable4 ,! o!r1 we>+ a tall r\nd black cap1 a br[n mantle1 & :ite "u-robe1 grasps ) 8 "r h& :at f ! ge/ure seems to be ! hilt ( a sword1 & may h5ce be tak5 z repres5t+ ! milit>y elem5t 9 ! royal ent\rage4 ,! seat$ figure ( ,buddha se5 9 ! upp] panel illu/rates :at has be5 said above ab\t ! close adh]5ce to ! models d]iv$ f ,g&hra art 9 ! del9eation ( div9e figures :i* /& outside ,gautama's life-/ory be=e 8 atta9m5t ( ,buddhahood4 ,?is repres5tation ( ! ,buddha 9 our bann] reflects ,indian hi]atic tradition 9 e detail4 ,he is %[n seat$ on a l>ge sc>let lotus1 ) ! left h& rais$ 9 ! attitude ( #8protection' 7abhaya-mudr74#be ,a crimson "u-robe1 ) light blue l9+1 cov]s legs & "r %\ld]1 :ile a br[n mantle l9$ ) light gre5 is ?r[n ov] ! b>e left4 ,! f9ely drawn face1 ) ar*$ black br[s & level eyes1 %[s no trace ( ,*9ese influ5ce4 ,?r\gh\t ! draw+ is firm & cle> 9 ! smalle/ details & ! workman%ip v delicate4 ,! bann] reproduc$ 9 ! middle 7,*4 #jjga7 has surviv$ only 9 badly brok5 fragm5ts1 b ev5 ?us claims att5tion = sev]al qualities4 ,?\gh ( ! topmo/ sc5e little else rema9s b ! figure ( ! seat$ ,pr9ce ,gautama1 x c1 on ! /r5g? ( o!r closely correspond+ sc5es1 be safely recogniz$ z repres5t+ ! f>ewell 9 ! =e/ f 8 horse ,kahaka & its groom ,*&aka1#bf aft] ! pr9ce's flight f 8 fa!r's palace4 ,l[] d[n we are %[n 9 an excell5tly compos$ sc5e ! pursuit ( ! m\nt$ mess5g]s s5t by 8 fa!r uddhodana to se>* aft] him 9 ! =e/4 ,! gr\p ( five horsem5 ) heads turn$ t[>ds ea* o!r z if baffl$ z to ! track to foll[ are plung+ beh9d a =e/$ hill to ! left4 ,! draw+ ( m5 & horses is v spirit$ & ! movem5t ( bo? vividly express$4 ,9 ! bottom sc5e we may recognize ) "s probability a repres5tation ( ! ,fir/ ,s]mon 9 ! ,de] ,p>k ( ,b5>es4 kyamuni1 9 ,buddha robes1 ) halo & vesica & gild$ fle%1 is seat$ on a lotus ^u a *as$ ?rone4 ,ov] him hangs a drap$ canopy support$ by a pair ( r$-fl[]+ />-leav$ trees j z ,p>adise pictures %[ !m4 ,( ?ree monks /&+ beh9d ! ?rone ! %av5 heads are visible4 ,9 front kneel ! audi5ce--?ree m5 ) high topknots & gay p>ty-col\r$ jackets & long "u-robes4 ,) _! faces rais$ t[>ds ! ,enlight5$ ,"o !y seem to li/5 int5tly to 8 tea*+4 ,?r\gh\t ! col\r+ is ornate & c>efully appli$ 9 illum9at+ /yle4 ,,plate ,,xiii ,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,buddha ,,leg5d ,! bann] reproduc$ on ! "r 7,*4 xx4 #jjh7 on a scale almo/ full size belongs to a well-def9$ s]ies ( bann]s1 all ( ! same /yle & workman%ip1 illu/rat+ sc5es f ! /ory ( ,gautama ,buddha4#bg ,! sc5es are all simple 9 design & divid$ f ea* o!r by l[ hill ranges4 ,_! numb] 9 our bann] is only ?ree1 z %[n also by ! ?ree c>t\*es1 all left blank4 ,! top sc5e %[s ,k+ uddhodana seat$ on ! v]&ah ( 8 palace & giv+ in/ructions to ! m\nt$ mess5g] to be dispat*$ 9 se>* ( ,pr9ce ,gautama aft] 8 flight f ! palace4 ,! figure1 %ort & squat1 ( ! mess5g] is *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole s]ies2 t ( ! horse1 compact & heavy 9 build1 sugge/s a type l t ( ! pres5t ,mongol pony4 ,9 ! next sc5e we see ! mess5g] engag$ on 8 que/1 c>ry+ a r$ p5non & gallop+ to ! left4 ,! rapid movem5t ( ! horse1 "h bay ) r$ spots & :ite mane & tail1 is effectively r5d]$4 ,! sc5e bel[ repres5ts ! mess5g] return+ & report+ to ! k+ ! futility ( 8 se>*4 uddhodana is se5 z be=e seat$ on ! palace v]&ah :ile two musicians outside beguile him ) flute & pipe4 ,fur!r d[n 9 ! =egr\nd are %[n an enclosure1 conta9+ a lotus tank & a bamboo tree1 & outside its entrance a small hexagonal /ructure ) an oblong yell[ object )94 ,high] up kneels a :ite-coat$ man play+ on clapp]s4 ,! significance ( ! objects 9 ! =egr\nd is n cle>4 ,! draw+1 ?\gh r\gh1 %[s vig\r1 & ! g5]al effect is bold & 9 ! m active sc5es full ( "*4 ,on ! left ( ?is bann] is reproduc$1 on half-scale1 :at rema9s ( ! left-h& portion ( an int]e/+ b un=tunately mu*-damag$ l>ge pa9t+ on silk 7,*4 #jjei74 ,! col\r ( ! orig9al is rem>kably /rong & ! subject unusual4 ,x repres5t$1 :5 complete1 ! figure ( kyamuni /&+ erect 9 ! grotto ( ! ,vulture ,peak 7,gdhraka71 fam\s 9 ! /ory ( ! ,buddha1 & by 8 side ,jtaka sc5es ( a type n met ) else:]e among our pa9t+s & s f> unid5tifi$4 ,?\gh only ! "r %\ld] & arm ( ! ,buddha figure survive1 !re c be no d\bt ab\t its iconographic "*4 ,! rocks1 d>k blue & br[n1 :i* appe> pil$ beh9d & above1 ) ! vulture p]*$ on ! top1 w\ld r5d] ?is q c]ta94 ,! id5tification is fully confirm$ by ! pose ( ! ,buddha4 ,! arm hang+ /iffly d[nw>ds at full l5g? & slightly away f ! body1 ) f+]s also /ret*$ /raight d[n1 is se5 aga9 9 ! c5tral ,buddha ( ! great embroid]y picture ( ,plate ,,xxxiv & 9 ! figure und\bt$ly repres5t+ kyamuni on ,gdhraka1 :i* ! pa9t+ %[n 9 ,plate ,,xiv reproduces among o!r ,indian /atues ( ,buddha4 ,! repres5tation 9 ! embroid]y picture is recall$ also by ! deep yell[ col\r ( ! fle% 9 our pa9t+ z well z by ! %ape & c]ta9 details 9 ! canopy4 ,! elongat$ vesica1 cobalt blue 9 its bord]1 & ! light gre5 & v]milion nimbus are bo? edg$ ) flames & cl\d scrolls 9 v]milion & d>k blue4 ,m true to nature ?an ! vulture on ! top is ! flight ( wild geese & ducks %[n above4 ,a disciple ) %av5 head1 probably riputra1 /&s by ! side ( kyamuni & turns t[>ds him4 ,he %[s an unconv5tional type ( features drawn ) mu* vig\r4 ,! head is long & high at ! back1 ) well-def9$ #8corn]s' !re & ov] ! =ehead4 ,! l>ge nose1 bu%y eyebr[s1 & long po9t$ *9 give a /rongly m>k$ "* to ! head4 ,x is set (f by a circul> halo ( brilliant v]milion4 ,! co/ume1 too1 is peculi>2 x consi/s ( an "u-robe ( v]milion & light gre51 black %oes upturn$ at ! toes1 & a l>ge mantle ( mottl$ d>k gre51 blue1 & r$1 :i* cov]s bo? %\ld]s & arms4 ,! leg5d>y sc5es :i* appe> on ! side ( ! pa9t+ are pres]v$ 9 a v fragm5t>y condition & /ill await int]pretation4 ,b t !y are connect$ ) a /atue repres5t+ kyamuni on ! ,vulture ,peak seems cle>4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ! top sc5e !re appe>s a /atue ( a ,buddha 9 ! same pose z ! c5tral figure1 ) ! "r arm /ret*$ d[n /iffly4 ,to ! left1 9 front ( a build+ 7temple871 /&s a %av5 prie/1 po9t+ out ! /atue ) 8 rais$ arm to pass]s-by bel[4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is se5 a man 9 br[n coat & top boots rid+ a mule ) its legs hidd5 beh9d hilly gr\nd4 ,beh9d him a :ite elephant1 ) a load ( yell[ objects1 b rid] or driv] no long] visible1 proce$s 9 ! same direction to ! left4 ,on t side appe> ! r\ghly drawn figures ( two m5 ) black be>ds & %ocks ( black hair4 ,! next sc5e bel[ is ev5 m puzzl+4 ,9 ! middle are se5 a pair ( colossal h&s ris+ f ! gr\nd & enclos+ a human head 9 r$4 ,to ! "r f\r conical objects1 sugge/+ t5ts & /rip$ horizontally1 =m a r[2 a l>ge v]milion p5non is %[n above "o ( !m4 ,beh9d !m a man on a d>k grey horse is se5 rid+ rapidly4 ,8 "r arm is rais$ z if to /rike1 & two m\nt$ att5dants foll[ him4 ,! =egr\nd to ! left %[s on a gre5 slope a r[ ( unexpla9$ leaf-%ap$ objects1 & above ?is two semi-nak$ figures incomplete4 ,v curi\s is ! bottom sc5e4 ,! ,god ( ,?und] appe>s above on a cl\d )9 a r+ ( drums :i* he beats 9 viol5t movem5t4 ,9 ! c5tre1 be=e a backgr\nd ( rocks1 is %[n a l>ge ,buddha /atue )9 a scaffold+ ( v]milion poles4 ,t ! /atue repres5ts kyamuni on ,gdhraka is made c]ta9 by ! d[n/ret*$ "r arm & also by ! *>act]i/ic pose ( ! left h&1 :i* ga!rs up ! drap]y 9 an #8e>' at ! brea/1 j z ! figure 9 ,plates ,,xiv & ,,xxxiv %[s x4 ,on ei!r side ( ! scaffold+ is p]*$ a man1 busy ) 8 h&s at ! /atue's head & /eady+ himself ) "o foot at its %\ld]4 ,at ! back ( a build+ on ! left a man seems to give in/ructions to ! work]s1 :ile at ! foot ( ! /atue !re squats a small figure ) arms & legs outspread l ! ,?und]-god's4 ,! latt]'s figure 9 fury is %[n aga9 by a small deta*$ fragm5t bel[4 ,= a conjectural explanation ( ! scaffold+1 :i* might be connect$ ) "s miracul\s translation ( a sacr$ /atue1 ref]5ce to ,s]9dia mu/ suffice "h4#bh ,b :atev] ! leg5d repres5t$ 9 our side sc5es may prove to be1 we _c fail to note ! /rik+ contra/ betwe5 ! /iff hi]atic image & ! life & vig\r 9 ! re/ ( ! picture4 ,,plate ,,xiv ,,images ,,( ,,buddhas ,,& ,,bodhisattvas ,! l>ge b un=tunately poorly pres]v$ silk pa9t+ 7,*4 xxii4 #jjbc71 ( :i* ?is ,plate reproduces rema9s ( ! left-side portion1 on ! scale ( "o-?ird1 pres5ts exceptional iconographic int]e/4 ,x %[s num]\s ,buddha & ,bodhisattva images arrang$ 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts & drawn 9 an ,indian /yle :i* is unmi/akably d]iv$ f ! ,graeco-,buddhi/ art ( ,g&hra4 ,z fir/ recogniz$ by ,m4 ,petrucci f ! few ,*9ese inscriptions /ill legible 9 ! c>t\*es1#bi ! figures 7 int5d$ to reproduce sculptur$ images wor%ipp$ at v>i\s sacr$ sites ( ,india4 ,elev5 ( !m appe> 9 ! portion ( ! pa9t+ z %[n by ! ,plate1 & sev5 m are traceable p>tly above ?is portion or 9 deta*$ fragm5ts4#cj ,9 ! case ( six ! *>act]i/ic poses or attributes enable u at pres5t to id5tify ) c]ta9ty ! p>ticul> div9ity :i* ! orig9al images 7 int5d$ to repres5t4 ,= o!rs def9ite clues h yet to be se>*$ =4 ,! figure 9 ! top corn] on ! left reproduces an image ( ,gautama ,bodhisattva1 seat$ 9 ! fam\s sc5e ( ,mra's attack imm$iately prec$+ ! ,illum9ation4 ,?is is %[n by ! *>act]i/ic pose ( ! h& t\*+ ! rocky seat bhmisp>a-mudr & by ! triple mon/] head =m+ a cr[n ov] ! ,bodhisattva's head & symboliz+ ! demon army ( ,mra4 ,x 0 9 t pose t ! miracul\s image at ! sacr$ site ( ,bdh-,gay1 describ$ at l5g? by ! great ,*9ese pilgrim ,hsan-tsang & /ill traceable 9 numb]less replicas1 pres5t$ kyamuni at ! mom5t ( ,enlight5m5t4 ,! id5tification ( our figure ) ?is f>-fam$ image is confirm$ by ! ,*9ese inscription plac$ aga9/ x :i* describes x z a /atue 9 ! k+dom ( ,magadha4 ,9 ! figure n[ se5 9 ! top "r-h& corn] we meet aga9 ) a ,bodhisattva seat$ 9 ! bhmisp>a-mudr4 ,8 robe is l t ( a ,buddha & r$4 ,two :ite cresc5ts are %[n )9 ! nimbus1 :i*1 l ! vesica1 is flame-edg$4 ,"h1 too1 a =tunate *ance has pres]v$ ! accompany+ inscription f effacem5t4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,petrucci x m5tions z ! orig9al a silv] image pres]v$ 9 ! k+dom ( ,kapia1 :i* corresponds to ! region ( ! pres5t ,kbul4#ca ,iconographic indications def9e f\r m ( ! images repres5t$4 ,! figure 9 ! middle ( ! topmo/ r[ %[s ! /atue ( a ,buddha /&+ ) ! "r h& rais$ 9 ! pose ( #8,protection' & surr\nd$ by an elliptical vesica :i* is fill$ ) r[s ( small ,buddhas /&+ 9 ! same pose & visible f ! brea/ upw>ds4 ,! :ole agrees 9 all details1 d[n to ! folds ( ! drap]y1 ) two colossal /ucco relievo /atues excavat$ by me 9 #aija on ! s\!rn corn] walls ( ! great ,rawak ,vihra ( ,khotan4#cb ,( ^! & simil> repres5tations on a mu* small] scale 9 ,g&hra relievos ,m4 ,f\*] has prov$ t !y are meant to exhibit kyamuni 9 ! act ( p]=m+ ! ,great ,miracle ( rva/4#cc ,9 ano!r /&+ figure1 ! "o on ! "r ( ! middle r[1 ! introduction ( a pair ( gazelles or de] into ! ogee top ( ! vesica proves t an image repres5t+ kyamuni 9 ! ,de] ,p>k ( ,b5>es1 ! sc5e ( ! ,fir/ ,s]mon1 is int5d$4 ,! ri*ly adorn$ /&+ figure ( a ,bodhisattva 9 ! bottom r[1 hold+ ! *>act]i/ic emblems ( ! lotus & flask1 is c]ta9ly an ,avalokitev>a1 & ! pres5ce by 8 side ( v>i\s small att5dant figures may yet help to ! exact id5tification ( ! image int5d$4 ,special iconographic int]e/ atta*es to ! /&+ ,buddha figure 9 ! "r-h& bottom corn] ( ! ,plate4 ,its hi]atic pose ( peculi> /iffness1 ! treatm5t ( ! drap]y & :at rema9s ( ! backgr\nd ( speckl$ rocks1 leave no d\bt z to ! id5tity ( ! figure ) ! image ( kyamuni on ! ,vulture ,peak1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 /rik+ simil>ity also by ! f9e pa9t+ ( ,plate ,,xiii previ\sly discuss$ & by ! embroid]y picture ( ,plate ,,xxxiv4 ,! vulture %[n 9 ! =m] makes x q c]ta9 t ! backgr\nd ( all ?ree pa9t+s repres5ts ! fam\s rocky hill ne> ,rjagha or ,rjgir 9 ,bihr1 :]e anci5t tradition localiz$ v>i\s episodes ( kyamuni's lat] life4 ,!re is no inscription to tell u :]e ! ,indian image :i* all ?ree repres5tations 7 int5d$ to reproduce 0 assum$ to be4 ,b ! absolute id5tity ( ! pose1 & ! extraord9>ily close resemblance ( all details 9 ! treatm5t ( drap]y1 hair1 dress1 c41 prove all ?ree to be replicas f ! same model4 ,t ?is 0 a sculpture 9 ! ,graeco-,buddhi/ /yle is obvi\s at a glance4 ,! rigid adh]5ce 9 details to a common orig9al model :i* is prov$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case supports confid5ce 9 ! g5]al fidelity ) :i* ! o!r figures1 too1 9 our pa9t+ may be assum$ to reproduce ! orig9al images repres5t$4 ,a close p>allel is furni%$ by ! m9iatures 9 c]ta9 ,nepalese manuscripts ( ! elev5? c5tury :i* illu/rate v>i\s sacr$ images & %r9es ( ,buddhi/ ,india4 ,m4 ,f\*] has conclusively prov$ t _! pa9t]s1 9 all t conc]ns ess5tial po9ts1 h always be5 at pa9s to reproduce fai?fully ! /]eotyp$ models furni%$ by long-cont9u$ traditional imag]y4#cd ,9 :at =m our pa9t] _h receiv$ ! types he ?us conv5tionally reproduc$ is unc]ta94 ,b ! cle>ly pres]v$ ,graeco-,buddhi/ /yle %[s t !y 7 indirectly d]iv$ f ,g&hra1 & e>ly transmission ?r\gh ,c5tral ,asia is obvi\sly mo/ probable4 ,! "q may be haz>d$ :e!r ! votive object aim$ at 9 ! pa9t+ & its assum$ prototype 0 n t ( secur+ ! religi\s m]it :i* might h atta*$ to an actual pilgrimage to ^? di/ant sacr$ sites4 ,! draw+ 9 m]e outl9es ) little or sc>cely any col\r1 simil> to ! te*nique ( c]ta9 ,khotanese mural pa9t+s1 & ! p]i%$ /ate ( :ole portions ( ! silk seem to po9t to ! pa9t+ be+ ( e>ly date4 ,,plate ,,xv ,,two ,,=ms ,,( ,,avalokite,,v>a ,! pr$om9ant %>e :i* ! ,bodhisattvas claim 9 popul> ,buddhi/ wor%ip z develop$ "u ,mahyna influ5ces is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ab\t "o-half ( our ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s are devot$ to _! repres5tation1 :e!r s+ly or along ) att5dant div9ities4 ,h[ev] l>ge may be 9 dev\t speculation ! numb] ( diff]5t ,bodhisattvas1 popul> imag9ation _h already 9 ! ,nor?-,indian home ( ! ,mahyna sy/em be5 conc5trat$ ^u a small select gr\p ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,among !m ,avalokitev>a1 ! ,bodhisattva ( ,m]cy1 occupies ! =emo/ place1 & ! frequ5cy ( 8 repres5tations among our ,tun-huang pa9t+s is j z m>k$ z ! popul>ity ( 8 female manife/ation1 kn[n to ! ,*9ese z ,kuan-y91 to ! ,japanese z ,kwannon1 ! ,goddess ( ,pity1 is 9 mod]n ,buddhi/ wor%ip ?r\gh\t ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,! l>ge & fairly well-pres]v$ pa9t+ 7,*4 xxxviii4 #jje71 reproduc$ on ! scale ( "o-?ird 9 ,plate ,,xv1 pres5ts two almo/ life-size figures ( ,avalokitev>a /&+ erect & fac+ ea* o!r4 ,_! out] h&s are rais$ 9 ! vit>ka-mudr1 :ile ! ,bodhisattva on ! left c>ries 9 ! o!r h& a yell[ fl[]1 & ! "o on ! "r a flask & a will[ sprig4 ,^! are well-kn[n attributes ( ,avalokitev>a4#ce ,:i* ( 8 _m p>ticul> =ms are int5d$ may be det]m9$ f ! inscrib$ c>t\*e above1 ( :i* no translation is z yet available4 ,! figures1 drawn ) mu* c>e & pa9t$ 9 a weal? ( h>moni\s col\rs1 reflect a c]ta9 gr&eur ( design :i* breaks ?r\gh ! hi]atic conv5tions ( pose & ext]nals4 ,except = ! oblique eyes ^! conv5tions are all unmi/akably ,indian 9 type & orig94 ,b equally cle> is ! *ange1 "h se5 9 highly p]fect$ te*nique1 :i* _! treatm5t has und]gone by ! eyes & h&s ( ,*9ese pa9t]s4 ,we notice _! di/9ctive t\* q z mu* 9 ! grace & dignity ( ! features z 9 ! ma/]y ( sweep+ l9e ) :i* ! ri* robes ( ! ,bodhisattvas are treat$4 ,! features are f9ely drawn & delicately %ad$ ) p9k2 ! e>s are elongat$ & %[ hi]atic conv5tion 9 a p>ticul>ly /rik+ fa%ion4 ,! f9e draw+ ( ! %apely h&s curi\sly contra/s ) ! clumsy =e%ort5+ ( ! feet4 ,dress1 coiffure1 & jewell]y are ( ! elaborate /yle1 (t5 display$ by our ,bodhisattva bann]s2#cf b ! ornam5tation1 ?\gh c>efully treat$ 9 detail1 is n ov]done4 ,on ! front ( ! ti>as is %[n ,avalokitev>a's ,dhyni-buddha1 ,amitbha4 ,f lotus buds at _! sides desc5d ra9b[-col\r$ tassels4 ,! g>m5ts comprise %awl-l /oles1 l9$ ) light gre51 "u-robes ( ,indian r$1 & long skirts ( orange hue4 ,a :ite girdle is held r\nd ! hips by a jewell$ belt2 its end hangs d[n 9 front ( ! skirt & is ti$ bel[ 9 a butt]fly knot4 ,f a heavy gold necklet desc5d jewell$ *a9s1 :i* are ga!r$ toge!r by a l>ge circul> jewel at ! wai/1 & !n "p aga9 to loop up ! skirt ab\t ! knees4 ,a jewell$ anklet seems to ga!r ! end ( ! "u-robe above ! feet1 & ^! 9 ei!r figure are set ^u a pair ( op5 lotuses4 ,on ! out] sides ( ! figures gracefully drawn fl[]s & leaves are %[n z if float+ d[n g5tly ?r\gh ! air4 ,,plate ,,xvi ,,f\r ,,=ms ,,( ,,avalokite,,v>a ,?is well-pres]v$ l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 lv4 #jjbc71 reproduc$ "h on a scale ( two-fif?s1 (f]s special int]e/4#cg ,x is ! olde/ exactly dat$ pa9t+ 9 ! ,collection1 ! d$icatory inscription bel[ indicat+ ! ye> correspond+ to ,a4,d4 #hfd4 ,x also comb9es 9 a curi\s fa%ion hi]atic conv5tions ( ,indian orig91 su* z prevail 9 ! r[ ( f\r ,avalokitev>a figures rang$ /iffly side by side 9 ! upp] half1 ) ! m ,*9ese & m animate treatm5t ( o!rs 9 ! l[] half4 ,!re ! ,bodhisattvas ,samantabhadra & ,majur are repres5t$ 9 procession advanc+ t[>ds ea* o!r on lotus seats c>ri$ by _! respective #8,vhanas'1 ! :ite elephant ) six tusks & ! lion1 & accompani$ by _! att5dants1 j z we h already se5 !m 9 ! m sumptu\s compositions ( ,plates ,,iii & ,,iv4 ,samantabhadra has 8 h&s rais$ 9 ! vit>ka-mudr & ,majur 9 ! pose ( adoration4 ,_! dress1 ornam5ts1 circul> haloes1 c41 z well z _! cortges1 "h limit$ to two less] ,bodhisattvas c>ry+ ?ree-ti]$ umbrellas & a d>k-sk9n$ ,indian att5dant lead+ ! div9ity's m\nt1 all %[ v close agreem5t ) ! types display$ 9 ^? l>ge pa9t+s4 ,^! conv5tions are %>$ also by ! s+le ,bodhisattva figures 9 _m f9e silk bann]s ( ! ,collection1#ch & our dat$ picture proves !m to h be5 already fully e/abli%$ by ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 contra/ to ^! two ,bodhisattvas1 always easily id5tifi$1 only ! %ort ,*9ese inscriptions by ! side ( ! f\r ,avalokitev>as above c tell u :i* p>ticul> =m ( ?is mo/ popul> ,bodhisattva is to be recogniz$ 9 ea* figure4#ci ,all are practically alike 9 pose & dress except = "s m9or diff]5ces4 ,all c>ry a r$ or r$ & :ite lotus 9 "o h&1 & all1 except ! ,avalokitev>a on ! extreme left1 a flask 9 ! o!r4 ,! dress comprises a long r$di%-p9k "u-robe girt r\nd ! wai/ & rea*+ to ! feet2 a %ort tight upp] skirt & a deep pla/ron pass+ ov] brea/ & %\ld]s4 ,on ! upp] arms are close-fitt+ sleeves1 half cov]$ by armlets4 ,p9k drap]y hangs beh9d ! %\ld]s & a n>r[ /ole ( gre5 & r$ passes r\nd !m2 !nce x w9ds /iffly ab\t ! arms & ripples to ! gr\nd4 ,! figure ( ! ,dhyni-buddha ,amitbha appe>s on ! ti>a4 ,9 all ! details j m5tion$ ^! ,avalokitev>as atta* !mselves to a class ( ,bodhisattva figures1 l>gely repres5t$ among our bann]s1 :i* reproduce *>act]i/ic ,indian conv5tions 9 physical type1 dress1 pose1 & fle% col\r+ ) suffici5t clos5ess to des]ve ! g5]al designation ( #8,indian'4#dj ,_! juxtaposition ) ! m #8,*9ese' ,bodhisattvas 9 ! l[] half ( our pa9t+ is in/ructive z help+ to br+ out ! di/9ctions ( ! two types4 ,9 ! n>r[ panel bel[ we see rang$ on ei!r side ( ! d$icatory inscription ! donors & _! ladies4 ,! ,*9ese inscriptions atta*$ to !m acqua9t u ) _! p]sons4#da ,on ! "r kneels ! fa!r attir$ z a monk ) 8 ?ree sons kneel+ 9 secul> dress beh9d him4 ,on ! left are %[n two nuns1 memb]s ( ! family1 & beh9d !m two ladies1 wives ( two ( ! sons4 ,to ! int]e/ pres5t$ by ! co/umes ( ! secul> figures ,i h _h already occasion to allude4#db ,! fa%ion repres5t$ 9 ! dress & coiffure ( ! two ladies is p>ticul>ly in/ructive z af=d+ indications = ! approximate dat+ ( o!r pa9t+s :i* %[ donatrix figures4 ,! mod]ate wid? ( ! sleeves & ! abs5ce ( ornam5ts 9 ! head-dress di/+ui% ?is fa%ion ( ,a4,d4 #hfd v /rik+ly f t pres5t$ by ! donatrices 9 t5?-c5tury pictures4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we see on ! m5's heads ! wide-brimm$ black hats ( ! latt] side by side ) a /iff black cap ( a manife/ly e>li] type4 ,,plate ,,xvii ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,9 ,,glory ,! l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 lvi4 #jjai71 reproduc$ 9 ?is ,plate on a scale ( slightly less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! orig9al1 may rank among ! ri*e/ ( ! ,collection 9 respect ( decorative effect & col\r+1 & =tunately has surviv$ 9 v fair pres]vation4 ,x repres5ts ,avalokitev>a 9 8 ?\s&-arm$ & elev5-head$ =m1 surr\nd$ by num]\s gr\ps ( div9ities con/itut+ 8 #8,maala'4 ,! s*eme is repeat$ on some:at simpl] l9es 9 ano!r f9e pa9t+1 %[n by ,plate ,,xlii4 ,elaborate z its repres5tation is 9 ours1 its int]pretation is facilitat$ by ! ,*9ese inscriptions atta*$ to all ! pr9cipal div9e figures :i* appe> 9 att5dance on ! great ,bodhisattva ( ,m]cy4 ,help$ by ^! inscriptions ,m4 ,petrucci has be5 able to discuss at l5g? ! num]\s & int]e/+ que/ions ( iconographic detail :i* are rais$ by figures 9 ?is & simil> sumptu\s compositions1 & to 8 explanations & to ! full description conta9$ 9 ,s]9dia ref]5ce may conv5i5tly be made "h4#dc ,9 ! c5tre ( ! pa9t+ we see ,avalokitev>a's l>ge figure surr\nd$ by a nimbus-l disc4 ,?is is =m$ by 8 out] h&s mak+ up ! !oretical numb] ( a ?\s&1 & ea* %[+ an op5 eye m>k$ on ! palm4 ,avalokitev>a's ?\s& arms1 arrang$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 are well kn[n1 too1 to ! lat] ,buddhi/ iconography ( ,india & meant to symbolize ! m]ciful div9ity's desire to save all human be+s at ! same "t4 ,! ,bodhisattva is %[n seat$ on a lotus & "u a ri*ly tassell$ canopy4 ,8 inn] h&s1 ap>t f ! f\r 9 front1 hold a multiplicity ( well-kn[n sacr$ emblems1 includ+ ! discs ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 flasks ( ambrosia1 con*1 will[ spray1 trid5t1 ,vajra1 ! ,:eel ( ! ,law1 mace1 c4 ,f ! c5tre pair ( inn] h&s a %aft ( ra9b[ light /reams upw>ds4 ,8 fle% is yell[1 z usual1 %ad$ ) p9k2 8 hair blue1 ( ! same %ade z ! g5]al backgr\nd4 ,( ! small subsidi>y heads1 two ( demonic appe>ance are %[n by ! side ( ! e>s & ! re/ 9 ?ree ti]s above ! ti>a4 ,among ! att5dant div9ities we see at ! top ( ! canopy ! ,bodhisattvas ( ! ,sun & ,moon seat$ beh9d _! five :ite geese & five :ite horses respectively4 ,9 ! upp] corn]s appe> on f9ely pa9t$ cl\ds ! #8,buddhas ( ! t5 qu>t]s ( ! ,univ]se'1 arrang$ z all ! att5dant deities 9 symmetrical gr\ps4 ,bel[ !m are seat$ pairs ( ,bodhisattvas ) elaborate fl[]-deck$ haloes & nimbi4 ,b5ea? !m come on ! "r ,indra ) ?ree att5dants1 & on ! left ,brahman ) two4 ,all are %[n kneel+ & we>+ ,*9ese (ficial dress ( a ri* type4 ,b5ea? aga9 are %[n two mon/r\s div9ities1 bo? unmi/akably ivaitic4 ,on ! "r ,mahkla ) ?ree heads & six arms recl9es on ! back ( iva's bull4 ,on ! left ,mahev>a1 ( demonic appe>ance1 /&s ) legs ap>t ^u a crocodile-head$ snake2 8 middle h&s grasp pike & cords :i* hold two half-nak$ humans4 ,bel[ ! lotus seat ( ,avalokitev>a are se5 emaciat$ pretas or be+s 9 hell clut*+ ) out/ret*$ h&s at %[]s ( :ite gra9s 7ambrosia7 :i* ,avalokitev>a p\rs on !m4 ,9 front ( 8 lotus seat lies a tank 9 :i* /& two /alw>t ,ngas uphold+ ! /em ( ! lotus4 ,!y are 9 human %ape1 b c>ry above _! heads a cre/ =m$ ( five snake-heads1 _! anci5t ,indian emblem4 ,besides small] ,nga figures ( ! same type ! tank holds an infant s\l 7n[ almo/ de/roy$7 ris+ f a lotus4 ,! bottom corn]s are occupi$ on ea* side by a l>g] gr\p ( att5dants4 ,! c5tral figure 9 ea* case is a f\r-arm$ female div9ity ( b5efic5t aspect1 dress$ l a ,bodhisattva & seat$ on a bird4 ,! "o on ! "r rides on a pho5ix & is foll[$ by a ,buddha4 ,! female deity beh9d him is ( int]e/1 z f ! *ildr5 9 h] arms %e may be recogniz$ z ! goddess ,hrit1 :om a pi\s ,indian leg5d repres5ts z a wick$ ogress conv]t$ into a patroness ( *ildr54#dd ,! female div9ity on ! left is rid+ on a peacock1 ) two att5dants beh9d h] :o 9 ! abs5ce ( attributes or inscriptions rema9 unid5tifi$4 ,l[] d[n on ei!r side are se5 /&+ two ,lokaplas1 ,k+s ( ! ,qu>t]s1 9 arm\r1 & 9 ea* ( ! bottom corn]s a demonic ,vajrapi1 six-arm$ & s]p5t-deck$1 /raddl+ aga9/ a backgr\nd ( flames4 ,at ! feet ( ea* sits a small] demon ) a bo>'s head4 ,be=e ! ,lokaplas & close to ! edge ( ! tank are seat$ on ! "r an emaciat$ old man 9 ascetic g>b1 & on ! left a ri*ly-rob$ nymph (f]+ fl[]s4 ,bo? ^! figures1 describ$ else:]e z ! #8,sage ( ! ,air 787' & #8,nymph ( ,virtue'1 are ) p>ticul> cle>ness se5 aga9 9 ,plate ,,xlii4 ,on ! iconographic side ! int]e/ ( ?is sumptu\s pres5tation ( ,avalokitev>a's #8,maala' is obvi\s1 7 x only = ! appe>ance 9 x ( su* ivaitic deities z ,mahkla & ,mahev>a4 ,^! aptly illu/rate ! influ5ce :i* ,h9du my?ology1 ev5 9 its lat] developm5t1 cont9u$ to ex]cise on ! ,buddhi/ ,pan!on ( ,c5tral ,asia & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,on ! arti/ic side att5tion is claim$ by ! skill %[n 9 ! ord9ance ( ! :ole & ! draw+ ( individual figures4 ,b x is 9 p>ticul> ! highly effective col\r treatm5t :i* makes ?is picture rank ) ! mo/ impressive 9 ! ,collection4 ,,plate ,,xviii ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,/&+1 ,,) ,,will[ ,,spray ,x is to qualities v diff]5t f ^? ( ! prec$+ picture t ! figure ( a /&+ ,avalokitev>a 7,*4 #jjia71 reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xviii 9 half ! size ( ! orig9al1 owes its special *>m4 ,! silk pa9t+ has lo/ portions ( its sides & ! :ole bel[ ! knees ( ! figure1 & ! col\r+ ?r\gh\t has mu* fad$4 ,b ! disappe>ance ( pa9t helps to br+ out m cle>ly ! excell5ce ( ! design & ! v delicate draw+ ( figure & features4 ,) workman%ip %[+ ma/]y ( a fully e/abli%$ te*nique 9 details1 ! pa9t+ comb9es an air ( individual feel+ :i* makes its subject "o ( ! f9e/ s+le figures among/ our ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s4 ,avalokitev>a /&s fac+ ! spectator1 ) head erect b eyes d[nca/4 ,8 pose1 ) ! weight ?r[n on ! "r hip & ! body aslant to ! left %\ld]1 is *>act]i/ically ,indian4 ,! head is t ( a "y man & %[s m>k$ influ5ce ( ,g&hra art 9 its features4 ,! nose is long & /raight1 ! br[ high1 & ! eyes only slightly oblique4 ,! mod]ately ar*$ eyebr[s sweep 9 a slightly recurv$ l9e to ! out] edge ( ! br[4 ,! ?9n] *eeks & m natural proportion ( ! features give to ! face a di/9ct individuality :i* ^? ( ! conv5tional semi-fem99e ,bodhisattvas lack4 ,! expression is m$itative & remote1 ! pose graceful & dignifi$ at ! same "t4 ,! "r h& is rais$ 9 ! vit>ka-mudr at ! brea/ ) a will[ spray betwe5 ! ?umb & f+]s2 ! left hang+ by ! side holds ! flask & a tw9+ spray ) p9k fl[]s4 ,! attire & head-dress are ( ! conv5tional /yle associat$ ) ! ,bodhisattva type :i* has above be5 designat$ z #8,*9ese'4 ,! ,dhyni-buddha ,amitbha is %[n on ! front ( ! ti>a1 :i* is a simple circlet ornam5t$ ) flam+ jewels & long tassels at ! e>s4 ,! hair done 9 d\ble-leaf =m appe>s above x4 ,in/ead ( ! "u-robe a light r$ sc>f is ?r[n ov] ! brea/4 ,a /ole ( grey & olive gre51 mu* fad$1 cl+s to %\ld]s & upp] arms & is fe/oon$ across ! front ( ! figure4 ,f ! wai/ desc5ds ! skirt1 app>5tly br[n4 ,9 ! "r l[] corn] appe> two small figures kneel+ & hold+ lotus buds4 ,!y repres5t evid5tly donors1 a boy & a girl4 ,! way 9 :i* _! hair is dress$1 ! boy's p>t$ & ti$ 9 a d\ble bun* on ei!r side ( ! head & ! girl's p>t$ & ti$ beh9d1 is n usual 9 our pa9t+s4 ,! pla9 long-sleev$ robes cov]+ ! figures f neck to feet af=d no clue to ! dat+4 ,,plate ,,xix ,,two ,,avalokite,,v>as ,,) ,,! ,,will[ ,,spray ,! ,bodhisattva ( ,m]cy pres5ts himself aga91 /&+ & )\t att5dants1 9 ! two silk pa9t+s :i* ?is ,plate reproduces on ! scale ( two-fif?s ( ! orig9als4 ,9 bo? ! portion ( ! figure bel[ ! knees is lo/4 ,! pa9t+ on ! left 7,*4 xxii4 #jjcj7 %[s a good example ( ! ,bodhisattva type :i* above we h ref]r$ to z #8,*9ese'1 execut$ ) mu* skill & ref9em5t4 ,avalokitev>a1 fac+ ?ree-f\r?s to ! "r1 raises ! will[ spray 9 8 "r h&1 :ile ! left at ! wai/ c>ries ! flask4 ,! movem5t %[n 9 ! tassels ( ! canopy above ! halo sugge/s t ! figure 0 int5d$ z walk+2 x is drawn p>ticul>ly s(t & full4 ,! l[ =ehead1 full *eeks1 small m\? & *91 & oblique eyes "u highly ar*$ eyebr[s are *>act]i/ic ( ! type4 ,! hair is black & desc5ds 9 a love-lock by ! e>4 ,9 front ( ! tassell$ ti>a /&s ! ,dhyni-buddha ,amitbha ) ! "r h& rais$ 9 ! pose ( #8,protection'4 ,above ! skirt1 :i* =ms an ov]fall at ! wai/1 is %[n an "u-robe ris+ only to ! brea/s4 ,a /ole ( f9e dull blue =ms ! *ief note ( col\r 9 ! picture4 ,! jewell]y is elaborate & pl5tifully /udd$ ) pale p9k /ones4 ,! c>t\*e to ! "r is fill$ ) a ,*9ese inscription conta9+ a salutation to ,kuan-y94 ,9 ! o!r pa9t+ 7,*4 lvi4 #jjaf7 ,avalokitev>a is %[n fac+ ?ree-f\r?s to ! left ) bo? arms rais$ f ! elb[s4 ,8 h&s "h1 too1 hold will[ spray & flask1 b 9 rev]s$ ord]4 ,! upp] portion ( ! head is lo/2 :at rema9s ( ! features1 includ+ ! eyes fix$ 9 a /raight gaze to ! front1 %[s delicate draw+4 ,! fle% is :ite %ad$ ) p9k4 ,ov] a crimson "u-robe & orange-r$ skirt desc5ds 9 ample folds a /ole ( olive gre54 ,to ! usual heavy jewell]y is add$ a small /r+ ( beads r\nd ! neck4 ,! workman%ip is clean & sure4 ,,plate ,,xx ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,) ,,flame-,,wrea!d ,,halo ,! f9e silk pa9t+ 7,*4 xviii4 #jjc7 reproduc$ "h on a scale ( a little ov] two-?irds ( ! orig9al is a "w ( consid]able arti/ic m]it & is )\t a p5dant 9 ! ,collection4 ,x %[s a /&+ ,avalokitev>a pa9t$ 9 a /yle :i* %[s aff9ity to ! #8,indian' type ( ,bodhisattva figures previ\sly m5tion$ b has m>k$ peculi>ities ( its own4 ,! picture is complete1 b ! b>e upp] "p ( ! figure pa9t$ ) dull r$ outl9es & comp>atively fa9t p9k col\r+ has un=tunately mu* fad$1 :ile ! m solid & brilliant col\rs ( ! dress & jewell]y are well pres]v$ & 9 consequ5ce n[ absorb a disproportionate %>e ( att5tion4 ,avalokitev>a /&s fac+ ! spectator ) 8 feet plant$ on ! bright gre5 c5tres ( two op5 d>k-p9k lotuses4 ,8 face1 turn$ slightly t[>ds ! "r %\ld] ) eyes d[nca/1 be>s an expression ( s]i\s mildness1 z if ( compreh5d+ pity4 ,! hair ab\t ! =ehead is %[n 9 pale blue1 ! eyebr[s light gre54 ,eyela%es1 pupils ( eyes1 & ! divid+ l9e ( lips1 be+ pa9t$ 9 black1 /& out di/9ctly among ! o!rwise fad$ features4 ,bo? arms are rais$ at ! elb[1 ! "r hold+ ! will[ spray ov] ! %\ld]1 :ile ! left c>ries on ! op5 palm a %ort flask ( blue & p9k4 ,! dress consi/s ma9ly ( brilliant sc>let spr9kl$ ) small blue trefoils & ti$ at ! wai/ ) a n>r[ blue girdle4 ,a gre5 sa% is also loosely knott$ r\nd ! hips4 ,a long n>r[ /ole ( d>k p9k l9$ ) gre5 w9ds r\nd ! body f ! left %\ld] & flutt]s ab\t ! arms4 ,:ite drap]ies desc5d f beh9d ! head & %\ld]s4 ,! head-dress consi/s ( a gild$ circlet ) a ball ov] ! =ehead support+ ! ,dhyni-buddha's figure1 & beh9d ?is ( a tall cyl9drical piece 9 d>k p9k & gre5 surm\nt$ by :at may be meant = a topknot ( hair b is n[ almo/ effac$4 ,! ri* jewell]y is set ) /ones ( bright sc>let1 blue1 & copp] gre51 & hung ) /r+s ( pe>ls4 ,a l>ge gre5i% disc wrea!d ) sc>let flames =ms a nimbus4 ,op5 lotus fl[]s are se5 float+ d[n 9 ! air4 ,! ,*9ese inscription 9 ! left top corn] describes ! pa9t+ z ! gift ( a son 9 memory ( 8 fa!r1 )\t record+ ! date ( its d$ication4 ,,plate ,,xxi ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,/&+ ,! figure ( ,avalokitev>a :i* ?is ,plate %[s u on ! scale ( "o-?ird ( ! orig9al silk pa9t+ 7,*4 liii4 #jje71 well pres]v$ except = ! extreme top & bottom1 %>es ) ! ,bodhisattvas ( #8,indian' /yle *>act]i/ic features ( physical type1 pose1 & dress4 ,b ! air ( grace & g5tl5ess :i* ! ,*9ese pa9t] has "h infus$ into ! =mality ( _! conv5tions inve/s ! figure ) a peculi> *>m & raises x well above _! av]age level z a "w ( art4 ,we see ,avalokitev>a /&+ ) ! sl5d]-wai/$ body incl9$ f ! left %\ld] & its weight ?r[n on ! "r hip 9 *>act]i/ic ,indian pose4 ,b ! /iffness ( ?is attitude1 j z t ( c]ta9 traditionally fix$ details 9 ! dress1 is trans=m$ by sweep+ ,*9ese bru% l9es4 ,! figure /&s slightly to ! left1 ) ! eyes gaz+ d[n & ! h&s hold+ ! usual attributes ( ! will[ spray & ! flask4 ,! face is %ort & r\nd1 ! m\? slightly l>g] ?an usual1 ) a t9y m\/a*e & a tuft ( be>d indicat$ bel[ by a small curl4 ,! eyes are wide ap>t & almo/ level1 b ) a f9ely recurv$ l9e add$ to ! eyelids4 ,! fle% is :ite %ad$ ) r$4 ,ov] a long orange skirt1 drap$ 9 conv5tional folds1 ! ,bodhisattva we>s a %ort & tight ov]-skirt ( ,indian r$1 spr9kl$ ) blue & :ite rosettes4 ,ov] x is fe/oon$ a n>r[ cord-l b& hang+ 9 loops & /ream]s by ! sides4 ,! co/ume is complet$ by an olive-gre5 girdle1 a r$ sc>f across ! brea/1 & a n>r[ /ole ( d>k *ocolate col\r desc5d+ f ab\t ! arms to ! feet4 ,! ri*ly jewell$ ornam5ts agree 9 g5]al type ) ^? se5 on ! f\r #8,indian' ,bodhisattvas ( ,plate ,,xvi1 b ! ,dhyni-buddha is abs5t f ! ti>a4 ,! slate-blue out] bord] ( ! nimbus is ornam5t$ ) a r+ ( #8enclos$ palmettes' 9 blue & :ite1 z (t5 se5 else:]e 9 ,bodhisattva haloes4 ,,plate ,,xxii ,,two ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,pa9t+s ,,) ,,donors ,9 bo? ! silk pa9t+s :i* ?is ,plate reproduces on ! scale ( ?ree-sev5?s1 we see ,avalokitev>a repres5t$ 9 #8,indian' /yle & beside or bel[ him ! donors4 ,9 ! picture on ! left 7,*4 liv4 #jjf7 ! figure ( ! /&+ ,bodhisattva is treat$ on v =mal l9es1 typical ( ! #8,indian' /yle already repeat$ly m5tion$1 & ! col\r+ 9 bright crude t9ts solidly laid on is equally *>act]i/ic4 ,ap>t f ! hi]atic /iffness ( ! :ole figure & pose x w suffice to call att5tion to su* peculi> features z ! n>r[ b& desc5d+ f ! head-dress to ! knees & fe/oon$ 9 front ( ! body1 & ! loose locks ( hair :i* hang ov] ! %\ld]s4 ,! hair is pa9t$ ultram>9e1 ! fle% :ite & %ad$ ) v]milion4 ,! eyebr[s rais$ disproportionately high ov] ! almo/ /raight eyes are1 z (t5 else:]e1 %[n gre54 ,avalokitev>a /&s on a l>ge sc>let & :ite lotus :i* floats on a lake or /ream4 ,beh9d him on gre5 l& is %[n a r[ ( tall bamboos fill+ ! backgr\nd4 ,to ! left ( ! ,bodhisattva appe>s /&+ ! figure ( ! nun :om "o ( ! ,*9ese inscriptions names z ! donatrix1 ) a date correspond+ to ,a4,d4 #iaj4de ,%e we>s a wide-sleev$ yell[ "u-robe ) fl[]$ b& across h] brea/ & a purpli%-br[n mantle4 ,h] close-cropp$ hair is %[n 9 ultram>9e1 & h] h&s c>ry a c5s]4 ,opposite to h] /&s a boy (f]+ a sc>let lotus on a di%2 he we>s a long-skirt$ d>k br[n coat slit at ! side & %[+ wide :ite tr\s]s und]nea?4 ,m4 ,petrucci recognizes 9 him ! nun's defunct y\ng] bro!r1 :om ! d$icatory inscription associates ) h] votive gift4 ,! picture on ! "r 7,*4 xl4 #jjh7 is 9 p]fect condition & repres5ts ,avalokitev>a1 six-arm$ & seat$1 toge!r ) side sc5es & donors4 ,8 upp] h&s hold up discs emblematic ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 %[+ a ?ree-legg$ bird & a tree respectively2 ! middle h&s are rais$ on ei!r side ( ! brea/ 9 ! vit>ka-mudr1 :ile ! l[] h&s ) ros>y & flask re/ on ! knees4 ,9 front ( him is plac$ a small drap$ alt> ) flasks & a cov]$ di%4 ,! ,bodhisattva's figure1 )9 ! limitations impos$ by ! conv5tional treatm5t1 is v c>efully drawn & ! col\r+ well pres]v$ & unusual4 ,x consi/s ma9ly ( t]ra-cotta r$ on ! g>m5ts 7except+ ! /ole1 :i* is v d>k br[ni% olive71 & ( :ite %ad$ ) light p9k on ! fle%4 ,a h>% yell[ is us$ = ! jewell]y1 :ile ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t is left 9 ! d>k gre5i%-br[n ( ! silk4 ,d[n ! sides are %[n1 9 animat$ & expressive draw+ ( purely ,*9ese /yle1 sc5es repres5t+ ,calamities f :i* ,avalokitev>a miracul\sly saves 8 wor%ipp]s4#df ,on ! "r above we see a man1 nak$ except = a lo9-clo?1 ?reat5$ ) hav+ 8 head cut (f4 ,l[] d[n two m5 are flee+ ) _! arms ov] _! heads1 :ile a ?und]-cl\d 9 ! sky1 repres5t$ l a mon/r\s ,nga1 %[]s black drops on !m4 ,bel[ a man /&s calmly 9 a pyramid ( flame into :i* ano!r beh9d appe>s to h pu%$ him4 ,on ! left above a man is be+ pu%$ by ano!r ov] a precipice2 b half-way d[n he is se5 aga9 compos$ly seat$ on a cl\d4 ,! next sc5e %[s a man kneel+ 9 an ar*$ recess ) 8 head 9 a cangue1 :ile 9 front ( him are wood5 in/rum5ts = fett]+ feet & h&s4 ,at ! bottom /&s a man look+ calm al?\gh surr\nd$ by a snake1 scorpion1 & an animal app>5tly meant = a tig]4 ,9 ! bottom portion ( ! pa9t+ are %[n ! donors1 on ei!r side ( a c>t\*e int5d$ = a d$icatory inscription4 ,_! figures are drawn ) mu* c>e & (f] good examples ( co/umes belong+ to ! t5? c5tury4 ,( ! m5 on ! "r ! "o 9 front holds a c5s] & ! o!r a lotus bud betwe5 8 h&s jo9$ 9 adoration4 ,on ! left kneels a lady 9 a wide big-sleev$ robe2 h] hair is held by a c5tral framework & big p9s1 pa9t$ 9 p9k & :ite1 b lacks ! usual fl[]s & leaves4 ,beh9d h] /&s a boy 9 long :ite tr\s]s & a fl[]$ p9k & :ite tunic1 ) 8 hair p>t$ & ornam5t$ on ! top by a big b[4 ,,plate ,,xxiii ,,six-,,arm$ ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,) ,,att5dant ,,bodhisattvas ,! l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 xxvi4 #jja7 ( :i* ?is ,plate is a half-size reproduction 0 9 its orig9al condition a v f9e composition1 b has suff]$ mu* damage4 ,! l[] end has be5 de/roy$ by fire1 ! "r edge is lo/1 & sev]al l>ge holes %[ :]e d>k gre5 pa9t has corrod$ ! silk4 ,mu* ( ! col\r+ is gone2 yet 9 spite ( all ^! vicissitudes en\gh rema9s to prove ! ref9$ design ( ! :ole & ! sur5ess ( ! draw+4 ,! picture %[s a six-arm$ ,avalokitev>a seat$ on a l>ge :ite lotus 9 ! attitude kn[n z t ( #8royal ease'1 ) ! "r knee rais$ & ! head incl9$ ov] ! "r %\ld]4 ,?is *>act]i/ically #8,indian' pose corresponds to ! slim-wai/$ body & ! dress ( #8,indian' ,bodhisattva type4 ,x is only 9 figures ( ! latt] t we f9d ! fl[]-ornam5t$ caps ov] ! knees "h se54 ,! upp] h&s ) gracefully curv$ f+]s are rais$ t[>ds ! head2 ( ! middle ones ! "r is rais$ be=e ! brea/ 9 ! vit>ka-mudr1 :ile ! left is held bel[ palm up2 ! l[] h&s hang d[n bel[ ! knees4 ,no emblems are display$1 except ! ,dhyni-buddha 9 ! front ( ! ti>a1 :i* appe>s z a high solid cone ( *as$ bronze4 ,! ornam5tation ( ! circul> halo & nimbus is v elaborate & effective4 ,v&yke & fl[] patt]ns fill ! =m]1 wav+ rays ! nimbus4 ,"o cont9u\s flame bord] outl9es ! free edges ( bo?1 :ile a broad b& ( :ite surr\nds !m & encloses ! :ole figure 9 a circle ( light4 ,a /r+ ( small fl[]s se5 9 pr(ile def9es ! out] edge ( ?is circle4 ,above x is se5 a canopy set ) flam+ jewels4 ,on ei!r side ( ?is appe>s a small ,bodhisattva seat$ on a lotus :i* gr[s on a tw9+ /em4 ,two correspond+ figures occupy+ ! bottom corn]s are all b de/roy$4 ,9 ! col\r+ diff]5t %ades ( r$ & gre5 prevail$1 toge!r ) :ite2 b ! la/1 z well z ! yell[ on ,avalokitev>a's fle%1 has be5 rubb$ (f 9 mo/ places4 ,,plate ,,xxiv ,,two ,,pap] ,,pa9t+s ,,( ,,avalokite,,v>a ,! two pictures reproduc$ "h bo? repres5t ,avalokitev>a & are pa9t$ on pap]2 b _! int]e/ v>ies greatly 9 "*4 ,! "o on ! "r 7,*4 i4 #jji1 scale two-?irds ( orig9al7 %[s ! ,bodhisattva sitt+ by ! wat] on a bank "u will[s4 ,?is repres5tation ( ,avalokitev>a is f\nd only 9 "o o!r picture ( our collection & claims special iconographic int]e/ because1 z ,mr4 ,b9yon po9ts out1 accord+ to ,f>-,ea/]n tradition #8x 0 an ,emp]or ( ! ,sung p]iod :o fir/ 9 a dream saw' ,avalokitev>a z he is "h depict$ #8& comm&$ ! dream to be pa9t$2 b1 no d\bt1 ! subject is ( e>li] orig9'4#dg ,we %all see bel[ t 9 ! case ( ,kitig>bha1 too1 ! evid5ce ( ! ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s proves a c]ta9 iconographic type to h develop$ e>li] ?an ,japanese tradition w\ld lead u to assume4 ,avalokitev>a1 dress$ & adorn$ 9 ! /yle ( an #8,indian' ,bodhisattva1 is seat$ ) ! "r foot tuck$ "u & ! left p5d5t1 re/+ on an op5 lotus :i* rises f ! wat]4 ,8 "r h& holds a will[ bran* & 8 left ! usual emblem ( ! flask4 ,! :ole figure is enclos$ 9 a l>ge circul> halo drawn 9 r$ outl9e4 ,a gr\p ( conv5tional will[ trees fills ! "r segm5t ( ! halo & rises above x4 ,on ! opposite side !re appe>s above on a cl\d ! small-scale figure ( a man 9 a ,*9ese magi/rate's robes & head-dress1 kneel+ ) h&s jo9$ 9 adoration4 ,two boys we>+ _! hair 9 rolls beh9d ! neck /& at 8 back4 ,a drap$ canopy ext5ds across ! upp] end ( ! picture4 ,at its bottom1 on ! bank bord]+ ! wat]1 is %[n an alt>4 ,flank+ x on ! "r appe>s ! donor1 c>ry+ a c5s] & we>+ ! black coat & wide-brimm$ hat *>act]i/ic ( t5?-c5tury male co/ume4 ,f\r c>t\*es di/ribut$ ov] ! picture h rema9$ un9scrib$4 ,! draw+ is c>eful & ! execution sup]ior not)/&+ ! simplicity ( ! col\r s*eme1 re/rict$ ma9ly to sc>let1 light blue1 & pale gre54 ,! picture reproduc$ on ! left 7,*4 #jjed71 on ! scale ( ?ree-fif?s ( ! orig9al1 has "s int]e/+ peculi>ities4 ,above we see seat$ on a rectangul> plat=m a ,bodhisattva :o f ! att5dant div9ities & ! emblem1 a tall vase1 held by ! "o to 8 "r1 may safely be assum$ to repres5t ,avalokitev>a4 ,8 dress1 coiffure1 & accessories are ^? ( ,bodhisattva figures ( ! type above di/+ui%$ z #8,*9ese'4 ,! decoration ( ! plat=m1 :i*1 z ! lions' heads appe>+ 9 pairs bel[ )9 ar*$ op5+s %[1 is meant = a sihsana or #8lion's ?rone'1 reproduces textile patt]ns manife/ly influ5c$ by #8,sassanian' models4 ,! pres5tation ( only ! left half ( ! god's #8,maala' is an unusual feature b acc\nt$ = by ! n>r[ %ape ( ! pa9t+1 no d\bt int5d$ = a bann]4 ,x comprises bel[ two ,bodhisattvas /&+ 9 adoration1 next a pair ( halo$ monks1 above !m two ,lokaplas1 & at ! top a trid5t-c>ry+ demon4 ,"o ( ! ,lokaplas is *>act]iz$ by 8 jewell$ mace z ,virhaka1 ,reg5t ( ! ,s\?4 ,to ! "r ( ! c5tral deity & bel[ ! canopy ?ree infants are %[n kneel+ on a cl\d & play+ on flute1 m\?-organ1 & clapp]s4 ,bel[ !m aga9 & by ! side ( ! l>ge halo /&s a small ,bodhisattva1 also c>ri$ on a cl\d & clasp+ ! tall vase already ref]r$ to4 ,x is /opp]$ & mottl$ blue & :ite1 obvi\sly 9 imitation ( glaz$ c]amic w>e4 ,! l[] portion ( ! pa9t+ is fill$ by a procession mov+ to ! left & compris+ a high ,*9ese dignit>y 9 ! c5tre & 8 num]\s ret9ue4 ,9 ?is c5tral figure1 :o is att5d$ by two m5 hold+ cross$ fans ov] 8 head & is obvi\sly ! donor1 we may 9 all probability recognize "o ( ^? local *iefs :o1 z we "k f ,*9ese hi/orical notices & inscriptions1 rul$ ! region ( ,tun-huang 9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies z h]$it>y gov]nors "u ! suz]a9ty ( ! ,emp]ors4#dh ,?is p]sonage1 ov] a trail+ :ite "u-robe1 we>s a black jacket ornam5t$ ) symbols 9 yell[1 ( :i* ! discs emblematic ( ! ,sun & ! ,moon1 a pair ( rampant dragons1 & ! ,sva/ika c be made out q cle>ly4 ,he alone appe>s z a wor%ipp]1 & an elaborate head-dress ( peculi> %ape m>ks 8 high rank4 ,9 8 cortge we see (ficials we>+ :ite "u-robes & black jackets ) v>i\s =mal patt]ns ( a /iff black head-dress4 ,?ree among !m c>ry long swords be=e !m1 po9t$ d[nw>ds1 :ile two hold rolls ( pap]4 ,"o ( ! latt]1 walk+ beside ! *ief1 is repres5t$ z a m]e boy & may p]haps be a son4 ,two o!rs 9 some:at diff]5t co/ume1 includ+ %irts ( mail "u %ort] jackets1 walk a little ap>t4 ,! two fan-be>]s are attir$ 9 %ort jackets & :ite tr\s]s1 & on ! feet ( ! co>sely drawn figure to ! "r we notice /r+ s&als ( exactly ! same type z atte/$ by pl5tiful specim5s among my f9ds f ! ,tun-huang ,limes4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! l[] portion ( ! picture1 ) its animat$ if r r\gh draw+1 repres5ts a sc5e su* z old ,tun-huang mu/ h (t5 witness$ on c]emonial occasions4 ,x is h5ce specially to be regrett$ t ! abs5ce ( any d$icatory inscription leaves u 9 ignorance ( ! date & ! p>ticul> local *ief repres5t$4 ,,plate ,,xxv ,,two ,,pa9t+s ,,( ,k,,itig>bha ,bo? ! pa9t+s ( ?is ,plate repres5t ,kitig>bha1 ,avalokitev>a's only possible rival 9 popul>ity among ! ,bodhisattvas ( ! ,buddhi/ ,pan!on ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,?\gh well kn[n 9 ,*9a z ,ti-tsang & 9 ,japan z ,jiz1 yet 8 e>ly & frequ5t appe>ance among ! ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s 0 some?+ ( a surprise1 consid]+ t nei!r 9 ,indian nor 9 ,c5tral-,asian ,buddhism does 8 figure play a prom95t "p4 ,among ! ,bodhisattvas repres5t$ 9 our bann]s he is always cle>ly di/+ui%$ by ! %av5 head ( ! monk & ! b>r$ or mottl$ mantle1 ! m5dicant's g>m5t4#di ,o!r pa9t+s help to illu/rate ! sev]al aspects ( 8 "* :i* acc\nt = 8 /ill prevail+ popul>ity 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 #8,!re he is /ill wor%ipp$ z "o ( ! ,eight ,great ,bodhisattvas4 ,?r\gh c\ntless inc>nations he has be5 work+ = ! salvation ( liv+ be+s1 & he is 9 especial hon\r$ z ! break] ( ! p[]s ( hell4 ,) 8 pilgrim's /aff he /rikes ^u ! doors ( hell & op5s !m1 & ) ! lu/r\s pe>l :i* he c>ries he illu/rates its d>kness4 ,he is repres5t$ z ,"l ( ! ,six ,worlds ( ,desire1 ! _w ( ! ,devas or heav5ly spirits1 ( m5 & wom51 ( ,asuras or demons1 ( be+s 9 hell1 ( ,pretas or devils1 & ( animals2 & also z ! supreme ,reg5t ( ,hell ) ! ,t5 ,inf]nal ,k+s or ,magi/rates "u him4'#ej ,x is 9 ?is la/-nam$ "* t we see ,kitig>bha repres5t$ 9 ! l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 #jjba7 :i* is reproduc$ on ! "r ( ,plate ,,xxv1 on ! scale ( "o-?ird4 ,! ,bodhisattva is se5 seat$ on a rock cov]$ ) a figur$ clo?4 ,8 "r foot re/s on a lotus & ! left is b5t across4 ,! left h& holds ! m5dicant's /aff ov] 8 %\ld]1 :ile ! "r1 re/+ on ! knee1 supports a cry/al ball4 ,ov] a gre5 "u-robe he we>s a mantle ( grey1 mottl$ ) black1 r$1 & gre51 & b>r$ ) yell[4 ,! travell]'s %awl1 grey ornam5t$ ) a spot patt]n 9 yell[1 is b\nd r\nd 8 head & falls on 8 %\ld]s4 ,( ! usual ,bodhisattvas' adornm5t only a jewell$ necklace & bracelets appe>4 ,a multicol\r$ halo1 edg$ ) flames1 =ms ! backgr\nd to ! figure1 :ile above x hangs a canopy repres5t$ by fl[]$ sprays & /r+s ( jewels4 ,d[n ! two sides are rang$ ! t5 ,inf]nal ,k+s or ,magi/rates1 seat$ at drap$ tables1 on :i* scrolls ( judgem5t are spread4 ,att5dants wait on !m 9 v>y+ attitudes1 tak+ in/ructions1 deliv]+ reports1 hold+ fans1 c4 ,) ! exception ( a fan-hold] 9 demon %ape1 ! att5dants are all 9 secul> ,*9ese dress4 ,all ! ,judges b "o we> ,*9ese magi/]ial co/ume3 long "u-robes1 volum9\s wide-sleev$ coats ( sc>let & :ite1 & (ficial head-dress 9 a v>iety ( %apes1 black1 yell[1 or :ite4 ,! topmo/ ,judge on ! "r is clad 9 full arm\r1 ) helmet & a coat ( mail1 fr+$ ) tig]-sk91 & rea*+ d[n to ! feet4 ,9 front ( ,kitig>bha is seat$ a :ite lion1 fac$ by a monk rais+ 8 h&s 9 adoration to ! ,bodhisattva4 ,fur!r 9 ! =egr\nd we see a condemn$ s\l1 nak$ except = a lo9-clo?1 & we>+ ! cangue1 l$ by an ox-head$ mace-c>ry+ demon4 ,9 a magic mirror he is made to see ! crime = :i* he has be5 condemn$--! murd] ( an ox4 ,a cl\d above ! mirror m>ks ! sc5e z a dream4 ,beside ! mirror /&s an att5dant hold+ bru% & scroll4 ,! num]\s c>t\*es scatt]$ ab\t h be5 left un9scrib$1 or h become illegible4 ,! same is ! case ) ^? by ! donors' figures at ! foot ( ! picture4 ,=emo/ on ei!r side kneels a monk hold+ a c5s]4 ,beh9d ! "o on ! "r /&s a boy att5dant hold+ ! fungus sceptre 7ju-71 & beh9d him aga9 kneels a man ) ! wide-brimm$ black hat usual 9 t5?-c5tury co/ume4 ,! same *ronological indication is furni%$ by ! dress & coiffure ( ! ladies :o are %[n kneel+ beh9d ! monk on ! left4 ,! picture on ! left ( ! ,plate 7,*4 lviii4 #jjc1 reproduc$ on ! scale ( ?ree-eigh?s7 is complete ) its bord] ( purple silk gauze & susp5sion loops1 & %[s ,kitig>bha 9 8 "* ( ,"l ( ! ,six ,worlds1 or ,gatis1 & ,patron ( ,travell]s4 ,he sits fac+ ! spectator on a sc>let lotus 9 a pose :i* is ! exact rev]se ( ! "o %[n by ,kitig>bha 9 ! previ\sly describ$ pa9t+4 ,?us ! "r h& holds ! m5dicant's /aff & ! left ! ball ( cry/al4 ,! "u-robe1 %ad$ 9 r$ & gre51 is cov]$ by a mantle ( r$ & black inwov5 on :ite gr\nd & b>r$ ) black4 ,ov] 8 head & %\ld]s is ?r[n a grey %awl ornam5t$ ) yell[ spots & hav+ a sc>let bord] on :i* l>ge fl[]s 9 gre5 & :ite are figur$4 ,on a flat-topp$ rock 9 front ( ! ,bodhisattva1 cov]$ ) an alt>-clo?1 is a l>ge gre5 b[l1 conta9+ an op5 lotus4 ,on ei!r side sits or kneels a ,bodhisattva 9 ador+ attitude4 ,f ei!r side ( ,kitig>bha's r$ & gre5 halo rise ?ree wav+ rays ( sc>let2 ea* ( !m c>ry small figures meant to repres5t ! ,six ,worlds ( ,desire4 ,!y are on ! "r3 above1 a man = ! ,_w ( ,m52 a deity support+ discs ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 = ! ,_w ( ! ,gods2 a ,preta among/ flames = ! ,_w ( ,hell4 ,on ! left ! ,bodhisattva-l figure at ! top repres5ts ! ,_w ( ! ,asuras1 or demigods2 on ! middle ray two repres5tatives ( ! ,_w ( ,animals are recognizable 9 spite ( ! brok5 condition ( ! silk1 :ile bel[ a devil ) pit*=k & cauldron symbolizes ! ,_w ( ,demons4 ,at ! bottom ( ! picture we see repres5t$ a /one slab be>+ a d$icatory inscription & on ei!r side ( x two f9ely drawn figures ( m5 & ladies respectively4 ,_! co/ume & hair-dress furni% good examples ( ! type *>act]i/ic or donor figures ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,! inscription on ! slab is dat$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ifc1 & accord+ to ,m4 ,petrucci records ! d$ication ( ! pa9t+ by a c]ta9 vot>y :o prays = deliv]ance f long illness4 ,he makes 8 (f]+ also = ! b5efit ( 8 dep>t$ p>5ts & ( two o!r relatives nam$ 9 ! c>t\*es by _! sides4 ,,plate ,,xxvi ,,vai,,rava,a',s ,,progress ,! excell5tly pres]v$ pa9t+ 7,*4 xxxvii4 #jjb7 :i* ?is ,plate reproduces on a scale ( slightly ov] "o-half pres5ts to u ! triumphant progress ( ,vairavaa1 ,gu>dian ( ! ,nor? & ! pr9cipal ( ! ,lokaplas1 or ,protectors ( ! ,f\r ,regions4 ,! important position :i* ! ,lokaplas /ill enjoy 9 popul> ,buddhi/ wor%ip ( ! ,f> ,ea/ is cle>ly m>k$ by ! frequ5cy ( _! repres5tation among our ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s4 ,?is aga9 fully agrees ) ! e>ly orig9 ( _! conception z atte/$ by ,indian art & tradition1 & ) :at num]\s frescoes & sculptures br\ght to light by rec5t excavations 9 ,*9ese ,turke/n %[ z to _! popul>ity 9 ,c5tral-,asian ,buddhism4#ea ,! =emo/ place among ! ,lokaplas ( our pa9t+s is occupi$ by ,vairavaa1 ! ,protector ( ! ,nor!rn ,region4 ,?is is fully acc\nt$ = by ! e>ly ,indian notion :i* id5tifi$ ?is p>ticul> #8_w-protector' ) ,kub]a1 ! ,h9du god ( weal?1 ,k+ ( ! ,yakz4 ,a fur!r reason may be s\ght 9 ! special wor%ip :i* ,vairavaa z g5ius loci enjoy$ at ,khotan1 a ma9 seat ( ,buddhism 9 ,ea/]n ,turke/n & "o 9 close relations ) ,tun-huang4#eb ,ap>t f ! frequ5t appe>ance ( 8 figure 9 our bann]s1 ,vairavaa's pre-em95t position is atte/$ by ! fact t1 alone among ! ,protectors ( ! ,regions1 he is f\nd 9 pictures att5d$ by 8 demon ho/ & 9 triumphant procession4 ,) "o ( ^! pictures1 ! small ,kakemono-%ap$ silk pa9t+ reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xlv & a "w ( high arti/ic m]it1 we %all conc]n ourselves bel[4 ,! o!r %[n by our ,plate1 if n s c>eful 9 design & execution1 is yet rem>kable = its spirit$ composition & displays po9ts ( di/9ct iconographic int]e/4 ,x repres5ts ,vairavaa rid+ 9 full gallop across ! ocean accompani$ by a num]\s ho/ repres5t+ 8 army ( ,yakz1 or demons4 ,he is se51 z always1 9 ! guise ( a w>rior k+1 & we>s "h a "y & /rongly human appe>ance4 ,m\nt$ on a :ite horse ) sc>let mane & tail1 he turns back 9 ! saddle & ) 8 m\? op5 seems to call to 8 foll[]s4 ,! "r h& is rais$1 :ile ! left grasps ! re9s4 ,! /raight nose & eyes give a di/9ctly ,we/]n look to 8 face1 & 9 agreem5t ) ?is are ! light blue iris ( ! eyes & ! d>k br[n col\r ( ! hair1 includ+ a recurv$ m\/a*e & tufts ( be>d & :isk]s4 ,a long close-fitt+ coat ( scale arm\r1#ec col\r$ yell[ ) sc>let /raps & bord]1 rea*es d[n bel[ ! knee4 ,a lea!r skirt-piece ornam5t$ ) fl[]s is secur$ r\nd ! wai/ & hips1 & bel[ ! coat floats out a long olive-gre5 "u-robe4 ,a high ?ree-leav$ cr[n cov]s ! head2 its %ape & ! long /ream]s fly+ up f beh9d x di/9ctly sugge/ d]ivation f ,p]sian models4 ,!re are m indications also ( ,iranian influ5ce 9 details ( ?is & o!r ,lokapla pictures2 b ?is is n ! place to discuss !m4#ed ,broad /ream]s ( flame rise f ,vairavaa's %\ld]s & take ! place ( a nimbus4 ,!re are po9ts ( int]e/ also 9 ! acc\trem5t ( ,vairavaa's horse4 ,its head1 :i* is v small 9 proportion to neck & body1 is protect$ by a frontlet ( scale-arm\r4 ,above ! head-/all is fix$ a pair ( black & :ite fea!rs4 ,! num]\s pompon-l knobs or tassels :i* hang f ! brea/-b& & crupp] belong to a type ( #8horse-mill9]y' :i* is well kn[n f ,buddhi/ pa9t+s ( ,c5tral ,asia & ,india & is *>act]i/ic also ( ! repres5tation ( *>g]s 9 ,sassanian relievos4#ee ,pass+ ref]5ce may be made "h also to ! appe>ance ( decorative motifs unmi/akably borr[$ f textiles ( #8,sassanian' /yle on ! ,lokapla's dress & t ( 8 horse4 ,9 front ( ,vairavaa m>* two ,yakz clad 9 :at seems to be meant = mail arm\r & c>ry+ r$ p5nons4 ,beh9d him are se5 mov+ o!r demon foll[]s1 all grotesque 9 appe>ance1 & two ) animal jaws1 c4 ,!y c>ry a l>ge flag decorat$ ) a peculi> *eck & v&yke patt]n & a m9iature ,/pa1 bo? emblems associat$ ) ,vairavaa also 9 ! picture ( ,plate ,,xlv1 z well z a battle-axe & b[ & arr[s4 ,9 ! =egr\nd are %[n 9 viol5t movem5t ?ree gobl9s ( savage look c>ry+ j>s & vases & app>5tly qu>rell+ ) ! ,yakz4 ,z "o ( !m attacks ! latt] ) a bran* ( coral or #8,nga tree' 9 8 h&1 !y may repres5t ! ,ngas f :om accord+ to ! leg5d ,vairavaa won 8 treasure4 ,! flam+ jewels & squ>e-hol$ co9s scatt]$ 9 ! =egr\nd seem to h ! same symbolic be>+4 ,at ! re> /& two human figures 9 ,*9ese secul> co/ume1 ! man ) a mitre-l head-dress & a roll 9 8 h&s1 ! fair-fac$ lady ) h&s jo9$ 9 adoration & h] hair done 9 ! elaborate t5?-c5tury fa%ion4 ,:e!r !y are meant = ! donors ( ! picture seems unc]ta94 ,! :ole ho/ is swept along on a cl\d f ,vairavaa's mansion1 repres5t$ by a ,*9ese pavilion 9 ! left top corn]1 & moves across ! sea1 :i* is b\nd$ 9 ! backgr\nd by a m\nta9 range 7,m\nt ,m]u7 & 9 ! =egr\nd by cliffs4 ,infants1 ducks1 a %>k-jaw$ mon/]'s head1 & a nymph float "h 9 ! wat] betwe5 sc>let lotuses1 :ile on ! cliffs !re appe>s a /ag4 ,fl[]s are scatt]$ 9 ! air above4 ,! workman%ip1 :ile well f9i%$ ?r\gh\t1 %[s an ease & boldness :i* befits ! subject4 ,! simplicity ( ! col\r s*eme1 :i* is almo/ entirely conf9$ to yell[1 sc>let1 & :ite on gre5i%-br[n t9ts ( ! backgr\nd1 helps ! eye to take 9 ! rapidity ( ! movem5t repres5t$4 ,,plate ,,xxvii ,,vir,p,k,a ,,& ,,ma,,ju,r ,! silk bann] reproduc$ on ! "r1 on ! scale ( ?ree-fif?s 7,*4 #jjdj71 pres5ts a f9e example ( ! bann]s %[+ ,virpka1 ! ,gu>dian ( ! ,we/4 ,next to ,vairavaa he is ! mo/ frequ5tly portray$ ( ,lokaplas 9 our pa9t+s1 always cle>ly recognizable by 8 p>ticul> emblem1 ! sword4 ,l ! re/ ( ! #8,f\r ,great ,k+s' %[n 9 ! bann]s ,virpka /&s on ! back ( a cr\*+ demon s]v+ z 8 #8cognizance' 7vhana7 & repres5t+ ! ,yakz ov] :om he rules4 ,a small curl+ cl\d above 8 halo$ head m>ks ! :ole z a vision4 ,bo? ends ( ! bann] are brok5 & its accessories lo/1 b o!rwise x is almo/ intact4 ,! figure1 display+ =ce & dignity comb9$1 belongs to a class ( ,lokapla repres5tations among our pa9t+s :i*1 f c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! /yle ( treatm5t & 9 detail1 may be di/+ui%$ z #8,*9ese' f ano!r sugge/+ clos] aff9ity to a ,c5tral-,asian prototype4 ,repres5tatives ( bo? classes are se5 9 ,plate ,,xlvii4 ,b ! g5]al "* ( ! figures & _! w>rior co/ume is ess5tially ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,?is sugge/s1 9 accord ) o!r indications1 t ! type1 ?\gh no d\bt orig9ally d]iv$ f ! ,we/1 _h und]gone ?or\gh adaptation to ,*9ese art feel+ & 0 fully e/abli%$ long be=e ! probable p]iod :5 ^! bann]s 7 pa9t$4#ef ,our pa9t+ well illu/rates c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! =m] gr\p 9 ! ?ree-qu>t] pr(ile ( ! ,lokapla's figure & ! sweep+ curve ( pose1 ) ! body ?r[n out to ! wai/2 9 ! fre$om & movem5t imp>t$ to ! draw+ ma9ly by ! treatm5t ( ! fl[+ drap]y2 & 9 "s m9or peculi>ities ( arm\r & dress4 ,?\gh ,virpka's face is quiet1 )\t any di/ortion su* z usually imp>ts a grotesque look to ! ,lokaplas ( ! #8,*9ese' gr\p1 we note ! oblique cut ( ! eyes :i* is peculi> to x1 z well z o!r ,*9ese features4 ,! ri* arm\r & dress ) :i* ! ,gu>dians ( ! ,_w are always depict$ & ! manifold v>iations 9 _! details are obvi\sly ( consid]able antiqu>ian int]e/ & h be5 fully discuss$ else:]e4#eg ,! pa9t+ 9 our ,plate illu/rates !m ) p>ticul> cle>ness4 ,virpka's head is cov]$ by a helmet made ( scale-arm\r & /r5g!n$ ) lea!r b&s & a wide lea!r brim curl+ up at e>-level4 ,t ! scales repres5t$ on ! helmet & else:]e are meant = scales ( lacqu]$ h>d lea!r is made highly probable by actual scale-arm\r rema9s ( ?is k9d br\ght to light by my excavations at sites 9 ! ,taklamakn & ,lop des]ts4#eh ,a lotus-%ap$ spike is fix$ on ! top ) a recurv$ gold /em 9 front1 support+ a plume4 ,b5ea? ! helmet comes a gorget1 app>5tly also ( scale-arm\r1 desc5d+ on to ! %\ld]s4 ,f !re d[n to ! hips ! body is protect$ by a coat ( mail1 made ( r\nd-edg$ scales ov]lapp+ d[nw>ds z f> z ! wai/-belt & ( oblong scales lac$ sideways beyond x4 ,a /rong corslet1 support$ by /raps f ! %\ld]s & fitt$ ) ornam5t$ metal discs ov] ! brea/s1 is fa/5$ across ! *e/4 ,bel[ is fix$ an upp] belt1 app>5tly ( ornam5t$ lea!r4 ,! l[] belt1 ( black lea!r1 c>ries a c5trepiece 9 ! =m ( an elaborate bea/'s mask4 ,! coat ( mail is f9i%$ (f at ! bottom by a %ort pleat$ frill1 %[n "h 9 gre51 & above ! elb[s by :at looks l a ruff made ( petal-%ap$ scales4 ,f )9 ?is protrudes swa!d drap]y ( r$ & d>k grey1 z if ( sleeves4 ,f b5ea? ! mail coat desc5ds 9 ri* folds a r$ skirt ) blue bord] & :iti% l9+1 leav+ ! knees b>e2 also ! ends ( a long girdle1 loop$ up 9 front1 curl ab\t ! legs4 ,^! f bel[ ! knees are encas$ 9 greaves1 probably made ( /iff lea!r l ! corslet4 ,a r[ ( metal clasps secures !m 9 front1 :ile a l>ge disc ( d>k purple lea!r set ) a c5tral gold boss cov]s ! calf4 ,! greaves are f9i%$ (f at ! bottom by ankle-gu>ds1 9 ! =m ( a /iff ruff1 app>5tly also ( lea!r4 ,gu>ds ( closely correspond+ %ape protect ! =e>ms4 ,! feet are %od ) pla9 s&als held by a s+le toe- & heel-/rap4 ,a gre5i% /ole1 hang+ r\nd ! %\ld]s & fe/oon$ across ! front ( ! body1 completes ! ,lokapla's ri* co/ume4 ,! nude demon und]foot is %ad$ blue & has a dog-l face2 ! h&s on :i* he cr\*es are mis%ap5 & a flame bundle ris+ f 8 head takes ! place ( hair4 ,! bann] reproduc$ on ! left 7,*4 #jjcf1 scale sev5-n9?s7 repres5ts ! ,bodhisattva ,majur seat$ on 8 :ite lion &1 ap>t f ! lo/ accessories1 is rem>kably well pres]v$4 ,its /yle1 9 in/ructive contra/ to t ( ! ,lokapla picture j discuss$1 provides a good example ( ! ma9t5ance ( ,indian tradition 9 ,*9ese ,buddhi/ art4 ,! ,bodhisattva1 :om we h met already 9 sev]al ( ! previ\sly discuss$ pa9t+s1#ei is seat$ on a sc>let lotus :i* a gold5 p$e/al c>ri$ on ! back ( 8 #8,vhana' supports4 ,majur's figure is entirely ,indian 9 physical type1 pose1 & dress4 ,) 8 "r leg b5t across & ! left p5d5t & re/+ on a small blue lotus1 he keeps 8 body incl9$ to ! left prop]4 ,to ! "r h& /ret*$ d[nw>ds 9 ! v>a-mudr corresponds ! pose ( ! head1 :i* is b5t ov] ! "r %\ld] & balances ! slant ( ! body4 ,! left h& re/s on ! lotus-seat & holds a long-/emm$ gracefully curv+ lotus4 ,! body has fem99e cont\rs & is pa9t$ a dull p9ki% yell[4 ,! hair1 light blue 9 col\r1 %[s flat above ! =ehead & /raggles d[n to ! %\ld] 9 small r+lets4 ,! face is r\nd ) small features & oblique eyes ca/ d[nw>ds4 ,! dress is j z *>act]i/ically ,indian4 ,x consi/s ( a %ort crimson lag fl[]$ ) blue rosettes & a transp>5t skirt ( purple gauze :i* drapes ! legs to ! ankles4 ,a fold ( ?is crosses ! body f ! left %\ld]4 ,r\nd ! neck is ?r[n a n>r[ /ole1 gre5 spott$ ) :ite1 :i*1 :]e x passes ov] ! "r =e>m1 takes ! =m ( a #8triple cord'1 di/9ctively ,h9du4 ,! ri* jewell]y comprises heavy bracelets & anklets1 s]p5t9e armlets1 e>-r+s1 & a d\ble necklace f :i* hang gre5 & blue lotus buds4 ,a ti>a ( solid gold "w1 m\nt$ ) jewels1 cr[ns ! head4 ,beh9d ! figure appe>s a circul> halo & beh9d ! head a nimbus ( elongat$ oval %ape1 bo? ( v>iegat$ r+s ( col\r4 ,above are se5 ! rema9s ( a tassell$ canopy wav+ ) ! lion's advance4 ,! lion /rides to ! left ) 8 head turn$ back & ! m\? wide op5 z if ro>+4 ,8 mane is repres5t$ by conv5tional curls 9 diff]5t col\rs4 ,r$ spots are %[n on brea/1 j[l1 & back ( legs4 ,f 8 brea/-b& & crupp] hang heavy tassels & ornam5ts simil> to ^? above not$ on ,vairavaa's horse4 ,! att5dant :o leads him by a r$ rope is %[n z usually ) v d>k sk91 co>se features1 & bu%y black hair1 sugge/+ a negro4 ,8 dress consi/s ( a n>r[ /ole & a r$ & blue dht-l skirt1 tuck$ up at ! knees4 ,he we>s also jewell]y ( a simple k9d4 ,! design ( ! :ole is h>moni\s & in/9ct ) life1 not)/&+ ! hi]atic conv5tions ( ! subject borr[$ f di/ant ,india1 & ! workman%ip is v c>eful4 ,,plate ,,xxviii ,,bu/ ,,( ,a ,,lokap,,la ,9 ?is ,plate we see a f9e fragm5t ( a silk pa9t+ once ov] life-size 7,*4 liv4 #jjc71 reproduc$ on ! scale ( five-eigh?s & %[+ ! upp] "p ( ! body ( a ,lokapla4 ,f ! b[ betwe5 8 arm & body & ! arr[ held 9 8 h& we c safely recognize him z ,dht>ra1 ! ,gu>dian ( ! ,ea/4 ,! figure1 pres]v$ only f ! be>d$ jaws d[n to ! hip-belt1 is /&+ ?ree-f\r?s to ! left1 ) ! left h& outspread at ! brea/ & hold+ t ,_w-,protector's special emblem1 ! arr[4 ,! ,k+'s fle% is pa9t$ a tawny br[n1 ! f9ely drawn & slightly p>t$ lips deep crimson4 ,! sweep+ be>d1 :i* mu/ h giv5 to ! face a p>ticul>ly /rong if n fi]ce expression1 is black4 ,! equipm5t is v ri* & pa9t$ 9 a s]ies ( vivid col\rs1 sc>let1 orange1 blue1 mauve1 gre51 & black4 ,pr(use jewel or semi-naturali/ic floral ornam5ts1 ! latt]1 no d\bt1 copi$ f textile designs1 all pa9t$ 9 ! same bright col\rs1 cov] ! discs ( ! corslet1 /raps1 bord]s1 p$e/als ( ! jewell$ %\ld] bosses1 c4 ,( special int]e/ is ! repres5tation ( ! arm\r4 ,on ! %\ld]s & skirt x consi/s ( oblong scales ov]lapp+ upw>ds1 z v (t5 else:]e 9 our pa9t+s & also 9 relievos4#fj ,b on ! body x is repres5t$ by small int]lac+ black circles1 on a :ite gr\nd1 manife/ly int5d$ = *a9-arm\r4 ,! coat ( mail is f9i%$ on ! top by a blue jewell$ coll>1 probably ( h>d lacqu]$ lea!r l ! re/ ( ! arm\r1 ly+ back f ! neck4 ,:ite /ream]s fall+ on ! brea/ f beh9d ! e>s %[ t ! ,lokapla's head bore a ti>a1 n a helmet4 ,?\gh ! surviv+ "p is only a fragm5t1 ) edges brok5 all r\nd1 en\gh rema9s to %[ t ) its vigor\s draw+1 f9e workman%ip1 & brilliant col\r+1 ! :ole mu/ h be5 a v effective picture4 ,,plate ,,xxix ,,two ,,dh>map,,las ,,& ,a ,,bodhisattva ,among ! silk bann]s reproduc$ 9 ?is ,plate1 all on ! scale ( ?ree-fif?s1 ! two on ! sides 7,*4 liv4 #jjb on ! left & ,*4 #jjd on ! "r7 %[ u ,dh>maplas1 or #8,protectors ( ! ,law'4 ,^! div9ities are conceiv$ z =ms ( ,vajrapi 9 fury & are /ill fav\rite figures 9 ! ,buddhi/ imag]y ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,orig9ally d]iv$ f ! anci5t ,g&hra repres5tations ( ! ?und]bolt be>] 7,vajrapi71 !y meet u already 9 ! six?-c5tury relievos ( ! ,lung-mn grottoes 9 ,*9a4#fa ,!y %[ !re ^? poses & t exagg]at$ developm5t ( ! muscles :i*1 toge!r ) o!r grotesque features1 rema9 *>act]i/ics ( ! type exhibit$ 9 a m or less conv5tionaliz$ =m by ! ,dh>mapla figures 9 ! pa9t+s & sculptures ( ,tun-huang4 ,^! figures1 z ,m4 ,f\*] has ju/ly obs]v$1 #8already make u ?9k ( ! a?letic demons ( ,japan'4 ,l ! re/ ( our ,dh>mapla pa9t+s1 ! two bann]s reproduc$ "h are b slightly di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 9 type & may h5ce be briefly describ$ toge!r4 ,!y are excell5tly pres]v$ & complete1 ) head-piece & /ream]s at bottom1 :i*1 h[ev]1 f consid]ation ( space are omitt$ 9 ! ,plate4 ,bo? ,dh>maplas h ! muscul> body 9 t5se attitude1 ! grotesque head ) its furi\s d[nw>d look1 & ! l>ge ri*ly ornam5t$ ,vajra repres5t+ ! ?und]bolt4 ,!y /& slightly to "o side ) ! feet plant$ ap>t on two lotuses & ! head turn$ back ov] ! %\ld]4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 ! pose ( ! arms & h&s4 ,9 ! bann] on ! left ! ,dh>mapla raises 8 "r arm ) ! h& op5 ?reat5+ly above 8 head1 :ile ! left h& by ! side grasps ! ,vajra4 ,9 ! o!r figure ! "r h& supports ! end ( ! ,vajra & ! left1 ) f+]s /iffly spread1 /eadies x half-way up4 ,9 ei!r figure ! head %[s a grotesque face ) enl>g$ />+ eyes1 mis%ap5 nose1 fi]ce m\/a*es1 & a be>d 9 long /raggl+ tufts4 ,! fle% is pa9t$ light br[n4 ,! muscles & jo9ts ( body & limbs are emphasiz$ ) conv5tional exagg]ation1 b ) an effect full ( vig\r4 ,! muscles are drawn 9 /rong black l9es to :i* modell+ is add$ by bru%work 9 light r$ or p9k4 ,abundantly deck$ ) jewell]y z ! figures are1 !y c>ry b scanty dress4 ,x comprises a %ort skirt1 bright crimson or sc>let ) slate bord]1 :i* is ti$ r\nd ! hips by a trail+ :ite girdle2 also a n>r[ /ole1 olive gre5 ) br[n or p9k rev]se1 :i* w9ds ov] bo? =e>ms4 ,! s9u\s l9es ( ! drap]y1 ! fillet ends ( ! head-dress fly+ upw>ds1 ! coil+ cl\ds above ! halo$ heads1 all help to int5sify ! expression ( viol5t ef=t4 ,! same end is well s]v$ by ! bold l9es ( ! draw+ & ! /rong & cle> col\rs us$4 ,! bann] 9 ! c5tre 7,*4 #jja7 is1 b = ! lo/ accessories1 9 an excell5t condition1 & %[s 9 its figure a f9e example ( ! ,bodhisattva type :i* has be5 di/+ui%$ above "u ! conv5tional designation ( #8,*9ese'4 ,! ,bodhisattva1 z yet unid5tifi$1 /&s 9 a peculi> pose n else:]e repres5t$ among our pa9t+s4 ,he /&s on an op5 lotus1 ) ! rais$ "r h& hold+ at %\ld] level a r\nd b[l ( mottl$ gre5 glass ) a metal rim4 ,! head is turn$ ?ree-qu>t]s t[>ds ! b[l1 :ile ! left h& hangs d[n by ! side4 ,z ! weight ( ! body is c>ri$ on ! "r leg & ! body slightly incl9es f ! "r hip t[>ds ! left %\ld]1 att5tion is clev]ly drawn by ! pose to ! object :i* ! "r h& supports4 ,! face %[s conv5tional features ( ! #8,*9ese' ,bodhisattva type 9 ! small slant+ eyes1 heavy *eeks1 & small full m\?4 ,! d[n-turn$ corn]s ( ! m\? & ! wr9kles m>k$ bel[ ! out] ends ( ! no/rils imp>t a curi\s expression to ! face4 ,z 9 all ^! bann]s1 ! fle% is left ! natural col\r ( ! silk1 ) delicate %ad+ 9 fa9t p9k to %[ ! modell+ ( face & body4 ,! dress is ! traditional ,bodhisattva attire 9 a p>ticul>ly elaborate =m4 ,a trail+ skirt ( pale p9k1 ) blue bord]1 drapes ! figure f ! wai/ to ! feet4 ,its upp] edge is held by a :ite girdle & gold-edg$ belt4 ,! end ( ?is girdle hangs d[n ) loops 9 front & ! end ( ano!r beh9d x1 made ( a ri* fl[]$ r$ mat]ial4 ,an "u-robe ( dull r$ appe>s only above ! feet4 ,! upp] half ( ! body is nude except = a b& ( purpli%-p9k drap]y1 elaborate jewell]y1 & a filmy blue /ole :i* %[n 9 delicate transp>5t col\r desc5ds ov] %\ld]s & arms to ! gr\nd4 ,! abundant jewell]y is ( a type ) :i* we h already become famili> 9 pa9t+s ( ,avalokitev>a & else:]e4 ,! head-dress consi/s ( a n>r[ fillet ( :ite drap]y1 end+ ) a n>r[ :ite b& :i* hangs 9 a long loop to ! knees4 ,ov] ! =ehead x c>ries a light gold ornam5t end+ above 9 two lotus buds :i* spr+ backw>ds ov] ! black hair4 ,?is falls beh9d 9 heavy locks d[n to ! elb[s & =ms a d>k backgr\nd to ! bu/4 ,! circul> nimbus is made up ( v>iegat$ r+s ( col\r su* z are se5 r\nd ! heads ( ! ,bodhisattvas 9 ,plate ,,xli4 ,! elaborate canopy is ( a k9d we h already met )4 ,its /raight-hang+ tassels agree ) ! motionless attitude ( ! figure4 ,yet not)/&+ ?is attitude ! :ole picture 9 its highly f9i%$ /yle seems in/9ct ) life4 ,,plate ,,xxx ,,side-,,sc5es ,,& ,,details ,,f ,a ,,buddhi/ ,,p>adise ,,pa9t+ ,?is ,plate reproduces "s side-sc5es & small portions f ! f9e b v fragm5t>y rema9s ( a l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 #jjbaf7 repres5t+ a ,buddhi/ ,heav51 probably t ( ,amitbha4 ,! col\rs ( :at is pres]v$ are 9 rem>kably fre% condition1 & ?is1 toge!r ) ! l>ge scale ( reproduction 7f\r-sev5?s71 facilitates close exam9ation ( int]e/+ details4 ,tak+ ! side-sc5es z %[n 9 ! left portion ( ! ,plate we may note fir/ ! f9e floral bord] :i* sep>ates ! two at ! top f ! ma9 picture4 ,its v]milion gr\nd is cov]$ ) ri* trail+ bun*es ( fl[]s & leaves pa9t$ 9 a v>iety ( vivid col\rs4 ,) _! naturali/ic /yle !y closely recall ! designs :i* are display$ by pl5tiful embroid]y rema9s ,i recov]$ f ! ho>d ( ! #8,?\s& ,buddhas'4#fb ,! outside bord] ( ! :ole is decorat$ ) bold gr\ps ( entw9$ t5drils 9 orange-r$ ov] d>k br[n1 %[+ 9 _! /yle a curi\s aff9ity to c]ta9 ( ! cl\d scrolls :i* appe> on ! f9e textile rema9s ( ,han times br\ght to light by me f anci5t sites 9 ! ,lop ,des]t4#fc ,! two side-sc5es above =m "p ( a s]ies ext5d+ along ! left side ( ! picture & illu/rat+ ! anci5t ,buddhi/ leg5d ( ,ajtaatru1 ! wick$ son ( ,k+ ,bimbisra4 ,*9ese inscriptions accompany mo/ ( ^! sc5es2 b ! upp] "o ( ^? "h reproduc$ has lo/ its inscription & its id5tification is h5ce n q c]ta94 ,x1 h[ev]1 appe>s to repres5t ,ajtaatru ) 8 sword drawn m5ac+ ,bimbisra1 :o is attempt+ to draw 8 own4 ,bo? are we>+ fl[+ robes su* z =m else:]e 9 our pa9t+s ! co/ume ( m9i/]s4 ,! sc5e seems laid bel[ ! /airs lead+ up to ! royal palace4 ,! sc5e bel[ appe>s1 accord+ to ! b p>tially legible inscription1 to repres5t ,ajtaatru aft] rep5tance ent]+ ! ,buddhi/ monkhood4 ,:at survives ( ! sc5e %[s ?ree m5 9 pla9 belt$ coats advanc+ to ! left 9 front ( a decorat$ & /ream]$ pavilion4 ,?is & ! build+ beh9d display v cle>ly *>act]i/ic features ( ,*9ese ar*itecture su* z ! til$ ro(s1 ! recurv+ ro(-tree ends1 ! confront+ bird heads on ! ro( ridge1 c4 ,on ! "r ( ! sc5e we see a subsidi>y ,buddha1 /&+ ) a ,bodhisattva by 8 side1 z 9 ! correspond+ gr\ps ( o!r ,p>adise pa9t+s4#fd ,! sc5es bel[ belong to a diff]5t s]ies :i* ext5d$ along ! bottom ( ! picture4 ,!y %[ 9 ! left corn] ! ,dea? ( ! ,wick$4 ,he lies /ret*$ out on a c\* plac$ 9 a v]&ah ) 8 wife wat*+ him1 :ile two %ock-head$ demons /rangle him ) sc>let ropes4 ,bel[ is se5 on a cl\d1 z a vision1 ! boil+ cauldron into :i* 8 body is be+ flung by "o ( ! ox-head$ gaol]s ( hell1 :o /&s by c>ry+ a trid5t-%ap$ pit*=k4 ,! adjo9+ sc5e depicts ! ,sickness ( ! ,wick$4 ,he sits up1 support$ by a woman1 on ! b$ laid )9 a por* or v]&ah4 ,9 ! =egr\nd a y\ng] woman ) a lute & a man c>ry+ a leaf-%ap$ r$ object & /oop+ advance t[>ds :at seems a mat ) (f]+s laid on ! gr\nd4 ,!y are small black di%es ) r$ cont5ts 7burn+ inc5se871 cl\ds ( :ite smoke drift+ f "s ( !m4 ,! ?ird sc5e ( ?is s]ies is incomplete & hav+ lo/ its inscription _c be id5tifi$4 ,x %[s a man 9 purple coat & tail$ cap runn+ to ! back ( ! sc5e betwe5 a v]&ah$ /ructure & a %r9e built ( grey tiles1 ) 8 h&s br&i%+ a /ick ov] 8 head4 ,9 front a man1 simil>ly dress$ & p]haps meant to be ! same p]son1 is se5 ) b>$ arms & body viol5tly belab\r+ ano!r1 9 purple coat & ) ! blue close-cropp$ hair ( a monk1 :o kneels on ! gr\nd & holds 8 h& to 8 head4 ,( ! fragm5ts ( ! ma9 picture reproduc$ on ! "r ! upp] "o %[s u a gr\p ( musicians1 seat$ on a small evid5tly c>pet$ plat=m & fac+ t[>ds a danc] 7n[ lo/7 z usually se5 9 ! l>ge ,p>adise pictures4 ,( ! in/rum5ts play$ a psalt]y1 h>p1 lute1 & two flutes ( diff]5t k9ds are /ill recognizable4 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ! c>pet ) a ,*9ese floral patt]n 9 ! c5tre comb9es a m$allion bord] ( unmi/akably #8,sassanian' design4#fe ,! ,bodhisattva figure on ! left belongs to ! gr\p ( a /&+ subsidi>y ,buddha already m5tion$4 ,! fragm5t reproduc$ bel[ is f ! top left corn] ( ! picture4 ,!re1 aga9/ a deep blue sky spr9kl$ ) gild$ />s & above ! /eeply curv$ indigo ro( ( a cele/ial mansion1 we see a flam+ jewel on a lotus p$e/al2 :ite /ream]s fly+ f a c5tral pavilion2 small drums float+ 9 air to symbolize heav5ly music1 & 9 ! middle ,samantabhadra seat$ on 8 :ite elephant & att5d$ by two ,bodhisattvas4 ,! drums1 pa9t$ d>k br[n & ti$ ) r$ ribbons1 are ( int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! diff]5t %apes4 ,:e!r cyl9drical or n>r[-wai/$1 !y h /r+s /ret*$ outside = ! production ( diff]5t notes by pressure "u ! arm4 ,"o has also a project+ /aff ) cross-hamm]4 ,,plate ,,xxxi ,a ,,tibetan ,,pa9t+ ,,( ,t,r ,?is ,plate reproduces ! only pa9t+ 7,*4 lii4 #jja1 scale ?ree-f\r?s7 among ^? br\ght away f ! wall$-up *apel :i* is entirely ,tibetan 9 /yle4 ,! special int]e/ x d]ives f ?is fact is fur!r increas$ by ! probability ( its be+ #8! olde/ ( its k9d n[ 9 exi/5ce1 or at lea/ "o ( ! olde/'4 ,mr4 ,b9yon 9 8 ,introduction#ff has already ref]r$ to ! ,tibetan supremacy e/abli%$ 9 ! ,tun-huang region f ! middle ( ! eigh? to ! middle ( ! n9? c5tury z expla9+ ! pres5ce ( ?is ,tibetan pa9t+4 ,he has also lucidly discuss$ ! relation :i* l9ks ! art ( ,buddhi/ ,tibet1 9 spite ( its m>k$ & /rangely p]si/5t peculi>ities1 closely ) ,*9ese art4 ,my rem>ks may h5ce be conf9$ to ! te*nique & iconography ( ! pa9t+4 ,! picture1 :i* is pres]v$ complete toge!r ) its frame ( d>k gre5 silk1 is pa9t$ 9 temp]a on /rong close-wov5 l954 ,! col\rs h g5]ally d>k5$ & 9 places h be5 rubb$ (f1 leav+ :iti% pat*es or ! clo? b>e4#fg ,! subject is ! goddess ,tr1 ! akti or female emanation ( ,avalokitev>a4 ,! goddess1 repres5t$ 9 h] usual =m z a beautiful "y woman1 is seat$ 9 ! c5tre on a v>iegat$ lotus :i* floats on ! blue wat] ( a lake4 ,%e sits ) h] "r knee rais$ & ! left leg b5t across4 ,! "r h& ) palm turn$ outw>ds 9 ! v>a-mudr re/s on ! "r knee1 ! left is at ! brea/1 bo? hold+ long curv+ sprays ) a conv5tional blue lotus at ! end4 ,! pose ( ! body slightly incl9$ to ! "r is balanc$ by ! head lean+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! s9u\s l9e ( ! :ole figure con=ms to a *>act]i/ic t5d5cy ( ,tibetan art4 ,! fle% _h be5 gild$1 b ?is gild+ has almo/ entirely worn (f4 ,! goddess we>s a d>k r$ skirt & /ole spangl$ ) gild$ fl[]s4 ,h] knees are cov]$ ) elaborately ornam5t$ caps4 ,ri* jewell]y decks neck & brea/4 ,above h] black hair b\nd ) sc>let fillets is set a five-leav$ ti>a ) a high-peak$ cr[n4 ,a nimbus ( v d>k gre51 n[ almo/ turn$ to black1 sets (f ! head1 :ile beh9d ! figure is %[n an oval vesica ) a ray$ bord] ( ra9b[-l col\rs4 ,on a d>k cl\d above ! goddess's head appe>s ! small figure ( a ,buddha seat$ 9 m$itation ) ! alms-b[l 9 8 lap4 ,on ei!r side ( him1 on pray+ mats c>ri$ by d>k gre5 cl\ds1 sit two black-halo$ sa9ts we>+ ! peak$ hoods ( ,lamas4 ,along ! sides ( ! picture are rang$ eight subsidi>y =ms ( ,tr1 diff]5tiat$ by v>y+ col\rs ( fle% & dress4 ,_! pose is ! same z t ( ! c5tral goddess2 ! "r h& re/s on ! knee1 hold+ a flask1 & ! left raises a long-/emm$ blue lotus4 ,int]sp]s$ betwe5 ^! subsidi>y ,trs are %[n six sc5es ( deliv]ance f ,calamities simil> to ^? repres5t$ on ! sides ( c]ta9 ,p>adise pa9t+s1 su* z ! "o 9 ,plates ,i1 ,,ii4 ,n all are intelligible2 b we may note 9 ! middle "o on ! left a man be+ pu%$ ov] a cliff into ! lake4 ,9 ! sc5e opposite on ! "r he is se5 calmly kneel+ on a lotus1 flame-encircl$1 :ile ano!r man on ! cliff above looks on 9 a/oni%m5t4 ,9 ! left bottom corn] are se5 ?ree m5 pursu$ by diff]5t animals1 & to ! "r ( !m a b>ge-l boat sail+ on ! lake1 ) a f\r? man kneel+ 9 pray]4 ,! m5 ?r\gh\t ^! sc5es are %[n 9 ,*9ese secul> co/ume su* z is (t5 se5 9 our ,jtaka bann]s4 ,:ile ^! figures cle>ly po9t to a ,*9ese model ( ! sc5es1 ! demonic deity 9 ! c5tre ( ! =egr\nd %[s *>act]i/ic features ( truly ,tibetan ta/e4 ,8 squat d>k blue figure sits sideways on a yell[ horse1 br&i%+ a sc>let club 9 8 "r h&4 ,8 hair is a flam+ mass /ream+ upw>ds2 a man's ble$+ head hangs f 8 saddle-clo?4 ,x is impossible to mi/ake "h a conception ( t mon/r\s type :i* ,tibetan ,buddhism "u ! influ5ce ( ,tantra doctr9es absorb$ f ,india & "u t ( its own demon wor%ip has always greatly *]i%$4 ,,plate ,,xxxii ,,pap] ,,pictures ,,( ,a ,,bodhisattva1 ,,sa9t1 ,,& ,,monk ,( ! pictures reproduc$ 9 ?is ,plate 7all on ! scale ( ?ree-fif?s7 ! two on ! sides be> ,tibetan inscriptions & !reby prove !mselves z produc$ & deposit$ aft] ! ,tibetan conque/ ( ,tun-huang4 ,b !re is no?+ ess5tial to di/+ui% _! /yle f t ( o!r ( our pa9t+s 9 :i* hi]atic figures are repres5t$ ) close adh]5ce to traditional treatm5t d]iv$ f ,india4 ,! pap] pa9t+ on ! left 7,*4 #jjcgg7 %[s a ,bodhisattva ( ! type above designat$ z #8,indian' seat$ on a yell[ lotus1 ) legs all b cross$ & ! "r h& rais$ 9 ! vit>ka-mudr4 ,! ,tibetan inscription k9dly read by ,dr4 ,b>nett#fh describes him z ! #8,"l ( ! upp] region'1 & z ! ,indian cosmic sy/em places ! ,sun & ,moon 9 ?is #8upp] region'1 ! discs above ! ,bodhisattva1 ) ! emblem ( ! ,sun god on ! "r & t ( ! ,moon god 7n[ effac$7 on ! left1 are fully acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,bodhisattva's face be>s a some:at f]oci\s aspect2 8 fle% is fa9tly col\r$ ) p9k4 ,8 g>m5ts are t\*$ ) p9k1 crimson1 & olive gre51 :ile ! jewell]y is left uncol\r$4 ,! black hair is ti$ into a high topknot & desc5ds 9 /yliz$ r+lets on ! %\ld]s4 ,! oval nimbus & vesica are bo? edg$ ) flames4 ,! pap] pa9t+ 7,*4 #jjcgf7 on ! "r1 :i* belongs to ! same s]ies1 is a m pleas+ production4 ,accord+ to ! ,tibetan inscription bel[ ! halo$ figure repres5ts ,klika1 a disciple ( kyamuni & ! f\r? ( ! ,great ,apo/les4 ,he is seat$ on a mat1 cross-legg$ & wrapp$ 9 a r$ & buff mantle l9$ ) olive gre54 ,! "r h& c>ries ! m5dicant's b[l2 ! head is %av54 ,! monk's features are full ( "* & drawn ) mu* decision4 ,on ! "r is /uck ! begg>'s /aff1 ) a bracket f :i* hangs 8 wallet4 ,sup]ior to ^! pa9t+s 9 design & workman%ip is ! draw+ on pap] 7,*4 #jjade7 reproduc$ 9 ! middle4 ,x %[s a monk seat$ on a mat 9 m$itation4 ,8 %av5 head1 ) l>ge1 some:at /raight1 features1 be>s an expression ( firmness & conc5tration admirably r5d]$ ) a few flu5t l9es4 ,nei!r eyes nor nose & m\? be> a ,*9ese look4 ,& yet ! :ole draw+ cle>ly be>s ! impress ( a ,*9ese arti/'s bru%4 ,! monk we>s an ample mantle1 & bel[ x an "u-robe ) conv5tional cross b>s m>k+ ! m5dicant's pat*$ g>b4 ,9 front are deposit$ 8 %oes1 beh9d to ! left is plac$ a high /opp]$ vase1 :ile on a ?orn-tree to ! "r are hung 8 ros>y & wallet4 ,! draw+ ( ! tree is unmi/akably ,*9ese 9 "*1 & ! :ole disposition ( ! little picture illu/rates ! ma/]y ( spac+ inh]5t 9 ,*9ese arti/ic feel+4 ,= once we are tak5 away f ! sph]e ( hi]atic conv5tions & br\ght into t\* ) life z ! eyes ( ! arti/1 or ^? ( an e>li] ma/]1 saw x4 ,,plate ,,xxxiii ,,pap] ,,pictures ,,( ,,h]mit ,,& ,,horse-,,dragon ,! two pictures on pap] reproduc$ 9 ?is ,plate on ! scale ( ?ree-f\r?s claim int]e/ by _! subjects z well z by _! arti/ic m]it4 ,! "o on ! "r 7,*4 #jjchj7 pres5ts an ag$ h]mit ) a tig] walk+ by 8 side4 ,! h]mit is repres5t$ ) a face extremely wr9kl$1 %aggy eyebr[s1 deeply sunk5 eyes & *eeks4 ,) 8 "r h& he leans ^u a r\gh /aff1 9 8 left he c>ries a /ick end+ 9 a ,vajra & fly-:isk4 ,he we>s s&als1 long spott$ tr\s]s1 & two tunics1 ! %ort] ( :i* is spott$1 has long sleeves1 & rea*es bel[ ! wai/4 ,8 head is cov]$ by a mu%room hat put above a skull-cap & ti$ "u ! *9 by sc>let b&s4 ,on 8 back is se5 a bundle ( manuscript rolls ti$ 9 a cov] & slung by a *a9 to a ?orny bran*4 ,! atta*m5t ( ?is bran* to ! h]mit's p]son is n cle>2 b 9 ano!r picture ( ! same subject a pole support+ ! bundle is %[n z c>ri$ on 8 "r %\ld]4 ,on ! fur!r side ( ! old man !re advances a tig] ( disproportionately small size4 ,bo? figures /& on a cl\d ( d>k r$ fire1 & above !m 9 ! left top corn] appe>s a small seat$ ,buddha1 also on a cl\d4 ,! pa9t us$ = ! cl\d scrolls has de/roy$ mu* ( ! pap]1 & ( ! figure too1 :]e x 0 us$ on x4 ,! only o!r col\rs are grey & a light p9k1 di/ribut$ ov] ! clo?+ & figure1 :ile ! fle% is left uncol\r$4 ,! draw+ ( ! h]mit's figure is done ) ma/]ly skill1 especially 9 ! features1 to :i* impressive /r5g? is imp>t$ by a few l9es comb9+ firmness ) great fre$om4 ,v diff]5t 9 "* is ! picture on ! left 7,*4 #jjaej71 "o ( ! v few non-,buddhi/ic pa9t+s f ! #8,?\s& ,buddhas'4 ,its subject has n be5 det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 b may possibly be relat$ to ! /ory ( h[ ! ,emp]or ,fu-hsi1 ! leg5d>y f\nd] ( ! ,*9ese polity1 fir/ receiv$ ! sy/em ( writt5 *>act]s f a #8horse-dragon'4#fi ,be=e ! kneel+ mon/] we see /&+ a be>d$ man1 ) smil+ face1 :o holds tablet & bru% 9 8 h&s 9 ! act ( writ+4 ,! back ( 8 figure has be5 cut (f :5 adapt+ ! picture z a m\nt = ! two woodcuts "u :i* x 0 discov]$4 ,he is clad 9 a :ite-sleev$ "u-robe1 long p9k mantle1 & a /iff black head-dress ) a squ>e ornam5t /uck 9 front4 ,a bran*+ column ( flame rises f ! tablet4 ,o!rs /ream f ! dragon's head & body4 ,! dragon is a composite mon/]4 ,! head is ( a conv5tional lion-l type1 ) volum9\s up/&+ mane1 out ( :i* rise ?ree %>p-po9t$ objects resembl+ m\nta9 peaks4 ,! body sugge/s t ( a scaly snake1 ) w+s ( curl+ fea!rs atta*$ & ) ! =elegs ( a bull 7874 ,9 ! =egr\nd lies a /r+ ( squ>e-hol$ ,*9ese co9s1 an emblem ! mean+ ( :i* at pres5t escapes u4 ,! :ole is drawn ) mu* vig\r &1 9 spite ( ! fe>some appe>ance ( ! mon/]1 ) a di/9ct t\* ( hum\r4 ,,plates ,,xxxiv1 ,,xxxv ,,embroid]y ,,picture ,,( ,,kyamuni ,,on ,,! ,,vulture ,,peak ,! l>ge hang+ 9 silk embroid]y 7,*4 #jjbfj71 to :i* ! small scale1 "o-t5?1 & c]ta9 photographic difficulties d n all[ full ju/ice to be done 9 ?is reproduction1 is by its size--! p]fectly pres]v$ c5tral figure is close ^u life-size--by its rem>kably skilful execution1 & by its f9e col\rs "o ( ! mo/ impressive ( ! pictorial rema9s recov]$4 ,t x repres5ts kyamuni on ,gdhraka1 ! #8,vulture ,peak'1 fam\s 9 ,buddhi/ leg5d & situat$ ne> ,rjagha1 ! pres5t ,rjgir1 is conclusively prov$ by ! rocks beh9d ! ,buddha's figure 9 ! c5tre4 ,?is f9e1 if hi]atically /iff1 figure1 z ,i h already _h occasion to po9t out1#gj :5 discuss+ ! /atues %[n by ! pictures 9 ,plates ,,xiii & ,,xiv1 9 e detail ( its pose & dress reproduces a specific type1 fix$ orig9ally by "s ,indian sculptural repres5tation4#ga ,b if its iconographic *>act]i/ics are det]m9$ by long hi]atic tradition1 x is diff]5t ) ! sett+ x has f\nd "h4 ,9 ! :ole composition ( our picture is reveal$ ! individual t\* ( a ma/]1 & ! skill & ta/e ( ! craftsm5 :o reproduc$ 8 "w make x easy = u to recognize ! m]its ( ! lo/ orig9al4 ,! design 9 our hang+ has be5 work$ solid ?r\gh\t 9 sat9-/it*4 ,! embroid]y has be5 execut$ ) admirable c>e & ! silks us$ h rema9$ clean & glossy4#gb ,! gr\nd is a co>se natural-col\r$ l95 fac$ ) light buff silk4 ,?is has mo/ly worn (f 9 ! int]spaces ( figures4 ,two ( ! figures1 too1 repres5t+ monki% disciples1 hav+ fall5 along ! l9e ( fold+1 :ile ! hang+ 0 /or$ away & cru%$ = long c5turies1 h p]i%$ except = rema9s ( ! heads4 ,o!rwise ! picture is practically complete1 & nei!r ! effect ( ! :ole nor t ( *>act]i/ic features ( treatm5t is impair$4 kyamuni /&s fac+ ! spectator ) 8 feet on a lotus4 ,8 "r arm hangs /iffly by 8 side ) ! f+]s /ret*$ d[nw>ds & ! palm turn$ to ! side4 ,! arm wrapp$ 9 ! folds ( ! gl[+ r$ mantle holds an #8e>' ( x ga!r$ at ! brea/4 ,! mantle closely drap$ ab\t ! body falls 9 a po9t to bel[ ! knees & all[s a light gre5 "u-robe to be se5 !nce to ! ankles4 ,! yell[ l9+ ( ! mantle %[s 9 a rippl+ edge along ! outl9e ( ! left arm & d[n ! body1 a device :i* is famili> already to ,g&hra sculpture4 ,! "r %\ld] & arm are left b>e & are pa9t$ a deep gold5 yell[4 ,! ,buddha's face is %[n 9 light buff &1 curi\sly en\gh1 ! "r =e>m z well4 ,?is di/9ction is emphasiz$ 9 ! case ( ! latt] by ! "w be+ execut$ 9 ?9 r[s ( *a9-/it* & is obvi\sly int5tional4 ,b its iconographic significance is = ! pres5t unc]ta94#gc ,beh9d ! head1 ) its n>r[1 slightly slant+ eyes & hair ( v d>k indigo1 appe>s a nimbus 9 pla9 r+s ( v>iegat$ col\rs4 ,a n>r[ halo %ap$ l a lotus petal1 simil>ly col\r$1 surr\nds ! :ole figure1 & beh9d ?is aga9 appe>s a bord] ( rocks emblematic ( ! ,vulture ,peak4 ,by ! side ( ! ,buddha /& pairs ( disciples & ,bodhisattvas1 bo? on lotuses4 ,! latt]1 :o may repres5t ,avalokitev>a & ,mah/hma1 turn ?ree-f\r?s t[>ds him2 ! "o on ! left ) h&s 9 adoration1 ! o!r ) bo? arms slightly advanc$ f ! elb[s & ! "r h& held z if 9 ! v>a-mudr4 ,! dress & adornm5ts ( ^! figures con=m to ^? ( ,bodhisattvas ( ! #8,indian' type z already notic$1 b are drawn m trimly4 ,a c]ta9 /iffness & simplicity 9 _! design sugge/ close aff9ity to ,indian models4 ,b 9 ! ,bodhisattvas' faces we notice ! influ5ce ( ,*9ese /yle1 z also 9 ! ornam5tal bord]s ( _! dress4 ,( ! disciples' figures 9 ! backgr\nd en\gh rema9s to %[ t _! heads 7 %av5 & halo$ & _! dress t ( monks1 ) mantles b>r$ ) cross-/ripes4 ,! face ( ! "o on ! ,buddha's left 0 l9$ & fr[n+1 :i* sugge/s id5tity ) ,kyapa2 ! o!r ) face plump & b5ign may repres5t riputra4 ,by ! side ( ! small & some:at /iff canopy above kyamuni's head are se5 two graceful ,aps>as float+ d[n ) outspread arms1 borne up by f9e cl\d scrolls & _! bill[+ /oles4 ,_! resemblance to ! ,aps>as ( ,plates ,x & ,,xi is /rik+4 ,bel[ ! ,buddha's feet !re kneels on ei!r side a small lion ( conv5tional type ) "o =epaw lift$4 ,bel[ !m aga9 is a panel = a d$ication1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has nev] be5 work$ 94 ,( ! n>r[ c>t\*es plac$ by ea* l9e ( donors1 only ! two =emo/ on ! m5's side be> ,*9ese *>act]s1 n[ mo/ly illegible4 ,! gr\ps ( donors on ei!r side ( ! panel1 dispos$ 9 /rict symmetry1 pres5t special int]e/ by _! life-l treatm5t & by _! co/umes4 ,?is is easily se5 f ,plate ,,xxxv1 :i* reproduces ! gr\p ( ! ladies on ! m adequate scale ( two-fif?s4 ,array$ 9 ?ree l9es & kneel+ on mats1 !y all we> a v pla9 type ( dress4 ,x comprises high-wai/$ skirts ( br[n1 gre51 or blue1 bodices ) long close-fitt+ sleeves1 & small %awl-l /oles4 ,!y h no jewels1 & _! hair is done 9 a small topknot )\t any ornam5ts4 ,by ! side ( ! h9dmo/ two ladies kneels a *ild1 & at ! back /&s a "y female att5dant 9 a long pla9 g[n4 ,on ! m5's side !re kneels =emo/ a %av5 monk 9 a br[n cloak1 beh9d him ?ree m5 dress$ 9 long belt$ coats ( light gre5i%-blue & we>+ peak$ & tail$ caps ( d>k br[n or blue4 ,a "y att5dant ) b>e head hold+ a /aff /&s at ! back4 ,a glance at ! lay donors is en\gh to prove t ! dress 9 ea* case is 9 close/ agreem5t ) t worn by ! donors 9 ! two pa9t+s ( ,amitbha's ,p>adise 9 ,plates ,x & ,,xi4#gd ,= ^! a s]ies ( concordant indications po/ulates a date di/9ctly old] ?an t ( our e>lie/ dat$ picture ( ,a4,d4 #hfd4ge ,a v>iety ( consid]ations lead me to believe t ! date ( ^? two pa9t+s & ( our hang+ z well _c be lat] ?an ! eigh? c5tury1 b may possibly be ev5 some:at e>li]4#gf ,9 accessory details1 too1 a v close contact reveals itself betwe5 ! embroid]y picture & ! pa9t+s %[n 9 ,plates ,x & ,,xi1 prov+ t !y belong to ! same p]iod & 7 probably produc$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! same pictorial s*ool4 ,9 all ?ree we see ! id5tical pair ( graceful ,aps>as figures1 9 an attitude n f\nd else:]e among our pa9t+s4 ,9 ! dress ( ! ,bodhisattvas we may note z a common peculi>ity ! same brocade-l decoration ( ! edges ( ! l[] robes4 ,peculi>1 too1 to ! ?ree pictures are ! pla9 sage-gre5 lotus se$-b$s und]foot or z seats ( ! div9e figures4 ,:atev] ! exact date ( production may be1 !re seems little reason to d\bt t ! hang+ mu/ rank ) ! olde/ ( our ,*#8i5-fo-tung pa9t+s4 ,! ne$lework is ( ! f9e/1 z ,plate ,,xxxv %[s ) p>ticul> cle>ness1 & to ?is ! picture owes ! /rik+ fre%ness ( its col\r effects & ! excell5t pres]vation ( all p>ts t rema94 ,,plate ,,xxxvi ,,bhai,,ajyaguru',s ,,p>adise ,! subject ( ! silk pa9t+ 7,*4 liii4 #jjb7 reproduc$ "h on ! scale ( "o-six? is a ,buddhi/ ,heav51 & by evid5ce ( ! side-sc5es pres]v$ on ! "r1 :i* are id5tical ) ^? ( ! l>g] pa9t+ se5 9 ,plates ,i & ,,ii1 x c be recogniz$ ) ,m4 ,petrucci z ano!r repres5tation ( ,bhaiajyaguru's ,p>adise4 ,! reproduction 9 our ,plate is too small to p]mit ( close /udy ( details4 ,b x suffices to convey an adequate impression ( ! /yle & g5]al arrangem5t :i* correspond closely to ^? ( ! l>g] pa9t+ fully discuss$ above4 ,= ^! reasons my comm5ts may be brief "h4 ,ap>t f ! top & bottom portions & ! side-sc5es on ! left1 :i* are lo/1 our pa9t+ is 9 excell5t condition & reta9s its col\rs 9 p>ticul> fre%ness4 ,! col\r+ is r5d]$ v di/9ctive by ! l>ge proportion ( black & blue4 ,! draw+ is ref9$ & ! "w well f9i%$ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! c5tre we see ! figure ( ! presid+ ,buddha 9 ! same pose & dress z se5 9 ,plate ,,ii2 8 fle% "h1 too1 is yell[ %ad$ ) p9k4 ,! two en?ron$ ,bodhisattvas on ei!r side c>ry "h purple or sc>let lotus buds 9 ! h&s ne>e/ him & hold ! o!rs 9 ! vit>ka-mudr4 ,imm$iately beh9d ! c5tral ,buddha are se5 f\r halo$ monki% disciples ) close-cropp$ black hair4 ,! re/ ( ! company on ! ma9 t]race is made up ( twelve small] ,bodhisattvas seat$ ) _! h&s 9 my/ic poses or hold+ lotus buds1 & two blue-hair$ nymphs kneel+ 9 v graceful attitudes by ! alt> & hold+ (f]+s4 ,9 front ( ! alt> is se5 a ri*ly dress$ danc] p]=m+ on a project+ t]race1 att5d$ by six musicians :o are "h ( a mascul9e type ) long hair l t ( ,bodhisattvas4 ,bel[ at ! sides rema9 9 "p ! figures ( two subsidi>y ,buddhas1 probably seat$1 ) att5dant ,bodhisattvas & elaborate canopies1 l ^? %[n above ! en?ron$ figures 9 ! c5tre4 ,on ! gangway lead+ d[n f ! danc]'s t]race /&s a peacock1 & bel[ x appe> ! heads ( six ( ! ,k+s1 probably twelve altoge!r1 :o 7 repres5t$ 9 ! c5tre4 ,! lake ( ! ,p>adise is se5 "h only on ! top ( ! picture ab\t ! piles support+ cele/ial mansions4 ,^! consi/ ( a high-ro($ c5tral pavilion & two op5 hexagonal %r9es ) pagoda ro(s4 ,^! are occupi$ ea* by a small seat$ ,buddha & are jo9$ to ! c5tral build+ by curv+ gangways :i* slope d[n /eeply to ! lake4 ,! m>g9al sc5es on ! "r are drawn z always 9 purely ,*9ese /yle & correspond to ^? 9 ,plate ,i1 ! connexion ( :i* ) ! leg5d ( ,bhaiajyaguru's la/ inc>nation has already be5 t\*$ ^u4#gg ,,plate ,,xxxvii ,,bann]s ,,) ,,sc5es ,,f ,,! ,,buddha ,,leg5d ,9 my prelim9>y comm5ts on ,plate ,,xii ,i h already _h occasion to discuss briefly ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( t int]e/+ s]ies ( silk bann]s :i* illu/rate ! leg5d>y life ( ,gautama ,buddha & sc5es closely connect$ ) x4#gh ,?is makes x possible to re/rict my rem>ks on ! pa9t+s reproduc$ 9 our ,plate ma9ly to ! int]pretation ( ! incid5ts & objects !y are int5d$ to repres5t4 ,! two bann]s 7,*4 lv4 #jji-aj7 %[n on ! sides ( ! ,plate on ! scale ( ?ree-eigh?s =m a pair exhibit+ common *>act]i/ics 9 all ext]nals & und\bt$ly pa9t$ by ! same h&4#gi ,b = ! loss ( all accessories & "s damage to ! top & bottom sc5es !y are bo? excell5tly pres]v$4 ,! draw+ is notable = its f9e yet vigor\s bru%-/rokes1 ! col\rs /rong & cle>4 ,! pa9t]'s skill displays itself p>ticul>ly 9 ! l&scapes ( ! backgr\nd1 :i* convey a s5se ( great wid? & di/ance4 ,l ! figures1 ar*itecture1 spac+1 c41 ( ^! bann]s !y are ?or\ghly ,*9ese 9 _! treatm5t4 ,9 ! bann] on ! left 7,*4 lv4 #jji7 ! topmo/ sc5e %[s ! meet+ ( ,gautama ,buddha 9 a =m] bir? ) ,dpak>a ,buddha4 ,9 op5 c\ntry ) m\nta9s 9 ! backgr\nd ! ,buddha advances to ! "r foll[$ by two att5dants 9 dress ( ! ,bodhisattva type4 ,) 8 left h& he t\*es ! head ( ! boy1 ! future ,gautama1 :o b[s d[n be=e him ) h&s jo9$ 9 adoration4 ,! boy we>s a %ort de]-sk9 tunic & is b>e-head$4 ,! ,buddha's "r h& is lift$ 9 ! ge/ure ( #8,protection'4 ,! sc5e next bel[1 *ronologically out ( ord]1 repres5ts ! fir/ ?ree ( ,pr9ce ,gautama's fam\s #8,f\r ,enc\nt]s' cond5s$1 z x 71 into "o4 ,x %[s ) mu* realism ! sick man on 8 b$/ead support$ by an att5dant1 ! old man be+ l$ by a boy1 & ! putrifi$ corpse4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! #8,enc\nt]s' we h already met ) 9 ,plate ,,xii4 ,f ! corpse !re rises a cl\d c>ry+ a small kneel+ figure 9 ,*9ese secul> dress ) belt$ coat & tail$ cap4 ,! figure is turn$ t[>ds a palace-l /ructure rais$ on cl\ds & repres5t+ an abode ( ! bless$4 ,t ! figure ( ,gautama is abs5t f ! sc5e may seem /range4 ,b ! omission ( ! ascetic's figure is less surpris+4 ,9 ! f\r? #8,enc\nt]' ( ! leg5d he symbolizes ! way ( salvation1 & = ,*9ese eyes ?is may seem appropriately replac$ by ! vision ( a heav5ly abode4 ,! l>ge pa9t+s %[ u h[ completely ! hope ( ,sukhvat1 ! ,buddhi/ ,p>adise1 has effac$ ! desire ( ,nirva 9 ! m9ds ( pi\s ,*9ese4 ,! succe$+ sc5e repres5ts ! ,bodhisattva's miracul\s ,desc5t or ,conception z reveal$ to 8 "m 9 h] dream4 ,9 a c\rt ( ! palace ( ,kapilava/u ,que5 ,my is %[n ly+ asleep ^u a c\* plac$ )9 a project+ ap>tm5t4 ,its gre5 ru%-bl9ds are p>tly roll$ up4 ,! infant ,bodhisattva is se5 kneel+ ) h&s clasp$ on ! back ( ! traditional :ite elephant1 :i* gallops t[>ds ,my2 two att5dants kneel beside him4 ,! :ole gr\p1 enclos$ )9 a circul> space1 is c>ri$ on a cl\d & ?us cle>ly m>k$ z a vision4#hj ,! bottom sc5e1 :i*1 unlike ! re/1 is n to be f\nd among ! v num]\s repres5tations ( ,gautama's ,nativity 9 ,graeco-,buddhi/ sculpture1 seems to %[ ,my's return to h] fa!r's palace aft] ! dream4#ha ,my1 di/+ui%$ by a gold5 ornam5t on h] head1 is se5 walk+ ) a woman att5dant f ! palace ( ,kapilava/u4 ,bo? we> wide-sleev$ ov]-jackets 9 :i* !y muffle _! h&s4 ,9 ! companion bann] 7,*4 lv4 #jjaj7 on ! "r we see sc5es :i* cont9ue ! /ory ( ! ,nativity 9 *ronological sequ5ce4 ,! top sc5e %[s ,my asleep 9 ! same pavilion & pose z 9 ! #8,desc5t' sc5e1 b ) ?ree figures kneel+ outside to ! left on a cl\d & 9 ador+ attitude4 ,! int]pretation is unc]ta94 ,! succe$+ sc5e1 ?\gh also abs5t 9 ! ,g&hra relievos1 is q cle> 9 its "*4 ,x pres5ts to u ,my on h] way to ! ,lumb9 g>d54 ,%e is seat$ 9 a gaily col\r$ palanqu9 c>ri$ by f\r be>]s1 ^: rapid movem5t is excell5tly express$4 ,two m m5 c>ry tre/les on :i* to set ! palanqu9 d[n4 ,imm$iately bel[ we see ! miracul\s bir? ( ,gautama ,bodhisattva1 a famili> subject 9 ,buddhi/ art ( all times & regions4 ,! *ild's issue f ! "m's "r flank & h] pose grasp+ a b\gh are 9 close con=mity ) ,indian tradition4 ,b ! +5i\s use made ( ,my's wide-hang+ sleeve discreetly to scre5 ! act ( bir? seems *>act]i/ically ,*9ese4 ,! infant is spr++ d[nw>ds :]e a woman att5dant kneels to receive him on a clo?4 ,a :ite lotus appe>s :]e he is ab\t to fall4 ,! #8,nativity' s]ies is complet$ 9 ! l[e/ panel by ! fam\s incid5t ( ! ,sev5 ,/eps1 ) lotuses spr++ up b5ea? :]e ! ,infant ,bodhisattva has set 8 feet4 ,to ! "r /&s ,my1 ) h] h&s muffl$ 9 h] long sleeves & h] head turn$ back t[>ds ! "y *ild4 ,to ! left ( him /&s two wom5 att5dants ) b[$ heads & h&s rais$ 9 wond] or adoration4 ,en\gh ( ! l&scape rema9s to %[ t ! sc5e 0 laid 9 ! same gr\nds z ! prec$+ two4 ,! ,*9ese inscription 9 ! c>t\*e confirms ! int]pretation4 ,! sc5e ( ! ,sev5 ,/eps appe>s also at ! bottom ( ! silk bann] 7,*4 #jjaad71 :i* is %[n 9 ! middle ( ! ,plate r$uc$ to "o-?ird ( its size4 ,x is pa9t$ 9 a m ornate /yle ?an ! o!r two1 b lacks _! s5se ( life & space4 ,"h ! *ild /eps =w>d ) an air ( difficulty b det]m9ation1 ! left arm /ret*$ upw>ds4 ,f\r ladies b5d ov] him 9 surprise & adoration4 ,beh9d to ! left appe> a fif? lady & a man we>+ a belt$ yell[ robe & tail$ cap4 ,_! id5tity is d\btful4 ,! sc5e is prec$$ by ! ,ba? ( ! ,infant4 ,! newly born ,bodhisattva /&s 9 a gold5 lav]1 rais$ on a /& betwe5 two palm-trees4 ,_! tops are lo/ 9 a curl+ mass ( black cl\d1 & 9 ?is !re appe>1 rang$ ar*wise1 ! heads ( ! #8n9e ,dragons ( ! air'1 gaz+ d[n on ! infant ) op5 m\?s4 ,a well-kn[n ,buddhi/ tradition makes ,ngas or div9ities ( ! ?und]-cl\ds1 i4e4 #8,dragons' 9 ,*9ese eyes1 p]=m ! lav+ ( ! ,new-born4 ,! desc5t ( ! wat]1 :i* _! m\?s are suppos$ to p\r =?1 is n actually repres5t$ "h4 ,five wom5 /& r\nd1 "o hold+ a t[el4 ,! upp] portion ( ! bann] %[s ! ,sev5 ,jewels 7sapta ratnni7 associat$ 9 tradition ) ,gautama4 ,accord+ to anci5t ,indian notions1 ! ,sev5 ,jewels1 i4e4 ! be/ specim5s ( ea* k9d t appe> dur+ ! reign1 app]ta9 to e ,cakrav>t91 or ,univ]sal ,mon>*1 f 8 bir?1 & !re is good reason to believe t ! ,pr$e/9$ ,"o 0 cr$it$ ) ?is "* & its attributes f an e>ly date4 ,we see !m repres5t$ "h 9 two gr\ps3 9 ! upp] "o ! :eel1 emblem ( sov]eign rule2 ! /rong-box1 symboliz+ ! jewel or treasure2 ! g5]al & ! wife2 9 ! l[] "o ! m9i/]1 ! elephant1 & ! horse4 ,!y all /& on ! curl+ :ite cl\ds1 /yliz$ 9 a peculi> fa%ion & edg$ 9 r$1 blue1 & gre54 ,flam+ jewels adorn ! :eel1 ! horse1 & ! elephant4 ,! g5]al1 clad 9 a coat ( scale-arm\r & resembl+ a ,lokapla1 holds ) 8 "r h& a n>r[ oblong %ield & 9 8 left a p5non$ lance4 ,! wife1 ,yaodh>1 is attir$ 9 a trail+ skirt & wide jacket ) sleeves rea*+ to ! gr\nd4 ,h] hair1 z usual ) royal ladies repres5t$ 9 ! ,life sc5es1 is b\nd ) a gold fillet & done 9 two high loops ris+ up f ! cr[n4 ,! m9i/]'s dress is l h]s1 ) a long t]ra-cotta b& ti$ 9 a b[ hang+ d[n ! back4 ,9 ! :ite horse1 ) r$ mane & tail1 we recognize1 ( c\rse1 ,kahaka1 ! ,bodhisattva's *]i%$ /e$1 a fav\rite figure 9 ! ,life sc5es ( our bann]s4 ,,plate ,,xxxviii ,,buddha ,,teja,,prabha ,,& ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,z ,,guide ,,( ,,s\ls ,! two silk pa9t+s reproduc$ 9 ?is ,plate on ! scale ( "o-f\r?1 & orig9ally m\nt$ z ,kakemonos1 pres5t special int]e/ on acc\nt ( _! subjects & treatm5t4 ,! "o above 7,*4 liv4 #jjg71 accord+ to ! ,*9ese inscription 9 ! left-h& top corn]1 dates f ,a4 ,d4 #hig1 & yet is pa9t$ 9 a /yle :i*1 z po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,b9yon1#hb looks di/9ctly e>li]4 ,x repres5ts ! ,buddha ,tejaprabha 7#8radiant ) light'7 on a *>iot :i* two bullocks draw1 & surr\nd$ by ! g5ii ( ! five planets :om ! inscription m5tions4 ,! same subject appe>s to be treat$ also 9 "o ( ! f9e/ ( ! wall-pa9t+s ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas' ,caves4#hc ,! ,buddha is %[n seat$ on a blue lotus :i* occupies ! top ( an op5 two-:eel$ c>4 ,a drap$ alt> plac$ 9 front ( him across its %afts is deck$ ) gild$ vessels4 ,two elaborately decorat$ flags float beh9d ! c>1 hung f slant+ poles4 ,! ,buddha1 ^: figure alone 9 ! picture %[s di/9ct ,indian conv5tion1 raises 8 "r h& 9 ! abhaya-mudr4 ,8 fle% 0 orig9ally gild$ & 8 hair is %[n blue4 ,rays ( diff]5t col\rs radiate f 8 p]son1 replac+ a halo4 ,ov]head a ri* canopy wav+ 9 8 advance symbolizes rapid movem5t4 ,by ! side ( ! trott+ bullock /rides a d>k-sk9n$ att5dant1 recall+ ! #8,indian' lead]s ( ,majur's & ,samantabhadra's m\nts1 b c>ry+ a m5dicant's /aff in/ead ( a goad & play+ a si/rum ) 8 left h&1 z cle>ly se5 9 ! orig9al4 ,( ! g5ii repres5t$ two /& beyond ! c> dress$ 9 ,*9ese (ficial co/ume ) trail+ "u-robes & wide-sleev$ jackets4 ,! "o on ! left c>ries a di% ( fl[]s1 & )9 ! cr[n ( 8 black head-dress appe>s a :ite bo>'s head4 ,! o!r on ! "r holds a bru% & a tablet 9 8 h&s2 betwe5 two loops ( 8 elaborate head-dress !re rises ! figure ( a monkey4 ,a ?ird1 dress$ all 9 :ite1 plays ^u a l>ge lute ) a v long plectrum2#hd 8 head is surm\nt$ by a pho5ix4 ,! figure ( ! f\r? div9ity is ( demonic type1 f\r-arm$1 ) fi]y hair & grotesque features4 ,! "r h&s c>ry sword & arr[1 & ! left h&s a trid5t & b[2 above 8 cr[n is se5 a horse's head4 ,) ! comp>ative /iffness ( ! figures contra/s ! fre$om ( ! :irl+ mass ( cl\d ^u :i* ! :ole gr\p is %[n sweep+ pa/ z 9 a vision4 ,! col\r+ is /rong1 yet h>moni\s1 & ! workman%ip c>eful4 ,! picture bel[ 7,*4 lvii4 #jjb71 :i* is 9 excell5t pres]vation & /ill reta9$ its orig9al ,kakemono m\nt+ ( br[n silk1 is a noble composition /rik+ly diff]5t 9 /yle & entirely ,*9ese 9 feel+4 ,x %[s ! figure ( ,avalokitev>a1 z ,guide ( ,s\ls1 drawn ) mu* dignity & grace1 & beh9d him an att5dant s\l repres5t$ on a small] scale 9 ! guise ( a ,*9ese woman4 ,! figure ( ,avalokitev>a1 :o turns head & gaze backw>ds ov] ! left %\ld]1 is 9 physical features & dress a f9e specim5 ( ! #8,*9ese' ,bodhisattva type already repeat$ly notic$4 ,9 8 "r h& he c>ries a smok+ c5s]1 9 8 left a curv+ lotus spray & a wav+ :ite bann] ) triangul> top & /ream]s1 ! :ole exactly alike 9 %ape to ! silk bann]s br\ght away f ,*#8i5-fo-tung4 ,9 ! dress ( s(t & h>moni\sly bl5d$ col\rs ! elaborate rosettes ( ! bord]s may be not$ z manife/ly reproduc+ contempor>y textile patt]ns4 ,! figure ( ! woman beh9d1 ) h] head b[$ & h&s muffl$ 9 wide sleeves at h] brea/1 well expresses dev\t reliance on ! div9e guide4 ,h] attire1 by ! brilliant col\r+ ( ! robes & ! abs5ce ( ! elaborate metal head-dress1 /&s out 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! co/ume famili> f ! donor figures ( our t5?-c5tury pa9t+s4 ,! purple cl\d :i* c>ries bo? figures sweeps up beh9d !m to ! top ( ! picture4 ,!re a ,*9ese mansion re/+ on conv5tional cl\d scrolls repres5ts ! ,p>adise to :i* ,avalokitev>a leads 8 wor%ipp]s4 ,by ! evid5ce ( ! dress & coiffure ( ! ,bodhisattva's att5dant1 :i* seem to belong to po/-,t#8ang times1 ! pa9t+ may be class$ among/ ! late/ ( ! deposit4 ,b :at = our appreciation ( ?is beautiful picture mu/ matt] f> m ?an ?is *ronological diff]5ce is ! fact t ! /yle ( its design & its ref9$ execution give full & exclusive expression j to ^? qualities :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ,*9ese pictorial art at its be/4 ,z ,mr4 ,b9yon1 :5 comp>+ ?is picture ) ano!r pres5tation ( ,avalokitev>a1 ! "o reproduc$ 9 our ,plate ,,xlii1 has pregnantly put x1 #8we h "h a s5se ( suavity & flexile movem5t4 ,fl[]s seem really to be float+ d[n ! air1 & ! cl\d on :i* ! vot>ess foll[s ! ,bodhisattva coils up ) a wav]+ motion4 ,we feel ! pres5ce ( ! ,*9ese g5ius1 ) its in/9ct = liv+ movem5t1 & its love ( s9u\s l9e1 & its retic5t spac+4'#he ,,plate ,,xxxix ,k,,itig>bha ,,) ,,! ,,inf]nal ,,judges ,! small picture 7,*4 lxi4 #jji7 reproduc$ "h on half-scale is rem>kable = its peculi> col\r s*eme & = its ar*aic appe>ance 9 composition & draw+4 ,x repres5ts ,kitig>bha 9 8 comb9$ "* z ,patron ( ,travell]s1 ,reg5t ( ,hell1 & ,"l ( ! ,six ,worlds ( ,desire4 ,we h already above1 :5 deal+ ) ! pa9t+s reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xxv1 _h occasion to indicate briefly ! sev]al functions :i* h made ?is ,bodhisattva "o ( ! mo/ popul> figures 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,pan!on ( ! ,f> ,ea/4#hf ,our obs]vations "h may1 !re=e1 be re/rict$ to p>ticul> features ( 8 pres5tation4 ,! picture is pa9t$ on indigo blue silk :i*1 ?\gh mu* brok51 especially on ! edges1 yet reta9s ! /rong col\rs ( ! pa9t+ 9 great fre%ness4 ,kitig>bha 9 /iff hi]atic attitude is seat$ on a r$ ,padmsana ) 8 left leg re/+ on a small lotus & ! "r b5t across4 ,) 8 "r h& rais$ he grasps ! m5dicant's /aff1 :ile ! left1 palm upp]mo/1 is held outw>ds empty4 ,ov] an "u-robe ( yell[ ) v]milion bord] he c>ries a m>oon-bord]$ mantle ( p]i%$ col\r1 :ile a travell]'s %awl ( m>oon cov]s head & %\ld]s4 ,gild$ diamonds spr9kle %awl & bord]s4 ,! face & brea/ are gild$1 b ! expos$ portions ( ! limbs are pa9t$ light r$4 ,f ! l>ge circul> halo 9 blue1 v]milion1 & :ite spread out on ei!r side ?ree wav+ rays 9 ! same col\rs1 int5d$ to be> figures repres5tative ( ! ,six ,worlds 7gati7 z se5 9 ,plate ,,xxv2 b ^! h n be5 drawn 94 ,on ei!r side ( ! ,bodhisattva /&s an amply rob$ figure ) h&s 9 adoration4 ,f ! fa%ion 9 :i* ! hair ( ! figure on ! left is done 9 two knobs x c be recogniz$ z a man1 :ile ! hair desc5d+ 9 a roll on ! neck ( ! o!r figure m>ks x z a woman4 ,:e!r ! donor & 8 wife are int5d$ is n c]ta94 ,9 slant+ r[s desc5d+ f ,kitig>bha's lotus seat ! ,t5 ,inf]nal ,judges are %[n sitt+ on _! heels1 five on ea* side4 ,!y we> magi/]ial robes ) head-dresses ( v>y+ %apes & c>ry n>r[ rolls ( pap] 9 _! h&s4 ,_! faces1 drawn 9 ?ree-qu>t] pr(ile1 %[ "s endeav\r at individual *>act]ization4 ,beh9d !m on ! "r /& two m51 ) belt$ coats & wide-brimm$ hats1 hold+ a small & a v l>ge roll ( pap] respectively4 ,a ?ird man1 9 a correspond+ position on ! left1 c>ries :at appe>s to be a writ+-bru%4 ,9 ! =egr\nd we see aga91 cr\*+1 a :ite lion1 ( v /yliz$ =m4 ,a man's figure1 probably repres5t+ ! s\l ( a dep>t$1 /&s 9 ador+ pose at its head1 :ile on ! opposite side ano!r p]son ) grotesque features raises 8 h&s implor+ly t[>ds ,kitig>bha4 ,bo? z reg>ds its ar*aic /yle ( design & its peculi> h>d col\r+ ! picture has no p5dant 9 our collection4 ,b1 z ,mr4 ,b9yon has ju/ly obs]v$1 x rema9s at pres5t unc]ta9 #8:e!r ! primitive features may n be due to prov9cial /yle pres]v+ old tradition r ?an to actual antiquity'4#hg ,,plate ,,xl ,k,,itig>bha ,,z ,,patron ,,( ,,travell]s ,! pa9t+ 7,*4 #jjhd7 reproduc$ "h on half ! scale ( ! orig9al also repres5ts ,kitig>bha1 l ! "o 9 ! prec$+ ,plate1 b %[s /rik+ diff]5ces ( /yle 9 composition1 draw+1 & col\r+4 ,simplicity ( design1 delicacy ( l9e1 & h>moni\s quiet ( col\rs all comb9e to give to ?is picture a s+ul> *>m ( its own1 admirably expressive ( s]5e beatitude4 ,x is pa9t$ on pale gre5 silk &1 except :]e x is brok5 at ! bottom1 well pres]v$ along ) its bord] ( gre5i%-blue silk4 ,we see ! ,bodhisattva seat$ cross-legg$ on an op5 lotus ) gracefully po9t$ r$ petals4 ,8 face1 r\nd & y\?ful1 be>s an expression ( b5ignant mildness4 ,! eyes1 long & /raight1 are ca/ slightly d[nw>ds4 ,! "r h& holds ! m5dicant's /aff & ! left1 re/+ on ! knee1 a flam+ ball ( cry/al4 ,he is dress$ 9 a yell[i% "u-robe1 app>5tly l9$ ) p9k1 & a light gre5 mantle :i* is b>r$ & bord]$ ) black4 ,head & %\ld]s are drap$ 9 a %awl ( ,indian r$ ornam5t$ ) a fa9t spot patt]n 9 yell[4 ,! nimbus & circul> halo are ornam5t$ ) elaborate ray & floral patt]ns 9 r$ & gre5 & edg$ ) flames4 ,a broad b& ( :ite surr\nds ! :ole figure & lifts x out ( ! gre5 backgr\nd4 ,9 ! corn]s ( ?is are se5 float+ sprays ) r$ fl[]s4 ,bel[ 9 ! left corn] !re rema9s ! upp] portion ( ! kneel+ donor1 recognizable z a boy by 8 features & ! way 9 :i* 8 hair is dress$4 ,9 8 jo9$ h&s he holds a lotus fl[]4 ,8 loose-sleev$ r$ coat is spr9kl$ ) a circul> fl[] patt]n 9 yell[ & black4 ,r$ fl[]s on tall /ems rise on ei!r side ( him4 ,! c>t\*e to ! "r is left blank1 & s1 too1 ! rema9d] ( ! space probably int5d$ = a d$icatory inscription4 ,,plate ,,xli ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,& ,,two ,,o!r ,,bodhisattvas ,! ?ree pictures :i* ?is ,plate %[s1 r$uc$ to "o-half ( ! orig9al 9 ! case ( ! two on ! sides & to ?ree-eigh?s 9 t ( ! middle "o1 are *>act]i/ic specim5s ( ^? ,bodhisattva bann]s on silk :i* are v frequ5t among our ,tun-huang pa9t+s4#hh ,! bann] 9 ! middle 7,*4 i4 #jjac7 is completely pres]v$ ) its head-piece1 /ream]s1 & o!r accessories1 & its pa9t$ portion1 :i* alone is reproduc$ "h1 reta9s its col\rs 9 excell5t condition4 ,its subject is easily recogniz$ z ,avalokitev>a by ! flask & ! r$ lotus bud :i* he c>ries 9 8 "r & left h& respectively4 ,! ,bodhisattva's figure is %[n sweep+ to ! left ) trail+ drap]ies & ! head slightly b5t1 gaz+ d[n at ! lotus4 ,9 features1 dress1 & g5]al /yle ( "w x %>es ! *>act]i/ics ( ! #8,*9ese' ,bodhisattva type repeat$ly ref]r$ to be=e2 b ! holl[$ back gives a p>ticul>ly graceful curve to ! :ole figure4 ,its special slimness & ! wide semicircul> l9e %[+ ! sett+ ( ! eyes also des]ve notice4 ,! modell+ ( ! fle% by p9k %ad+ is well m>k$4 ,! p>t$ m\?1 %[+ :ite tee?1 is unusual4 ,! col\rs are v bright1 & z ! pa9t is appli$ v ?ickly1 ! opaque :ite ( ! girdle & /ream]s contra/s r h>%ly ) ! /rong blue ( ! /ole4 ,! silk bann] on ! left 7,*4 xxiv4 #jjf7 is also 9 excell5t pres]vation1 except = ! lo/ accessories4 ,! ,bodhisattva :o /&s on a blui%-gre5 lotus ) h&s 9 adoration rema9s 9 ! abs5ce ( any p>ticul> indications unid5tifi$4 ,figure1 attire1 & adornm5t con=m to ! #8,*9ese' type ( ,bodhisattvas2 b ! skirt ga!r$ up 9 front & %[+ b>e legs is n usual4 ,! col\r s*eme is ri* b h>moni\s & ! workman%ip 9 g5]al faultless1 ?\gh conf9$ to ! famili> conv5tions ( ! type4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! f9e ,bodhisattva ( ! bann] 7,*4 i4 #jjb7 se5 on ! "r4 ,8 figure is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ repres5t$ 9 ! bann]s1 rem>kable = ! skilful pose comb9+ dignity ) rapid movem5t1 = ! graceful s9u\s l9es ( body & g>m5ts1 & ! pron\nc$ & di/9ctly non-,*9ese features ( ! ,bodhisattva's face4 ,9 view ( a figure s di/9ctive & well def9$1 x is a matt] ( regret t !re is no clue at pres5t to its iconographic id5tity4 ,! ,bodhisattva is se5 walk+ away to ! left1 pres5t+ a ?ree-f\r?s back-view1 ) ! head 9 pr(ile ov] ! left %\ld]4 ,) ! left h& he ga!rs up ! folds ( ! gracefully coil+ /ole1 :ile ! "r1 b5t back at %\ld] level1 c>ries a p9k lotus bud on ! palm4 ,! erect c>riage ( ! body & its movem5t ) ! weight ?r[n =w>d on ! "r foot are admirably express$4 ,! canopy ov]head1 ) its freely sw++ tassels & bells1 emphasizes ! rapid movem5t :i* is sugge/$ also by ! feet be+ plac$ on two sep>ate lotuses4 ,! nimbus %[n m]ely 9 outl9e z an elliptical black r+ all[s ! back ( ! head & coiffure to be se5 ?r\gh4 ,! fall+ loops ( ! /ole & ! drap]y ti$ 9 a knot at ! neck hide details ( ! upp] portion ( ! dress4 ,b bel[ x ! wav+ folds ( ! gl[+ sc>let skirt are v skilfully r5d]$4 ,a close-fitt+ cap ( r$1 set ) gold ornam5ts1 cov]s ! head1 & f x projects at ! back a l>ge ri*ly decorat$ gold r+ app>5tly hold+ a tress ( hair4 ,special int]e/ atta*es to ! ,bodhisattva's face4 ,di/9ctly non-,*9ese features are ! long & prom95t nose1 ! m>k$ depression bel[ ! l[ slop+ =ehead1 ! long & /raight eye4 ,! head is equally f> remov$ f ! classical type :i* ,g&hra art propagat$4 ,a curi\s scornful expression is imp>t$ to ! face by ! eyelid drawn 9 a /raight l9e across ! half-clos$ eye & by ! p\t+ m\?4 ,its /rangely =eign look rema9s d\bly puzzl+ :]e ev]y?+ else be>s s cle>ly ! impress ( ,*9ese workman%ip4 ,,plate ,,xlii ,,avalokite,,v>a1 ,,?\s&-,,arm$1 ,,) ,,att5dant ,,div9ities ,! l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 xxviii4 #jjf7 reproduc$ 9 ?is ,plate on ! mu*-r$uc$ scale ( "o-six? is a f9e illu/ration ( t int]m+l+ ( art influ5ces = :i* ,tun-huang provid$ a classical meet+-place4 ,x %[s ,avalokitev>a ) a ?\s& arms seat$ )9 a c5tral disc1 & outside ?is "s att5dant div9ities symmetrically gr\p$4 ,! s*eme is ?us closely ak9 to t ( ! ,avalokitev>a #8,maala' se5 9 ,plate ,,xvii & fully discuss$ above4 ,b ! numb] ( div9ities is mu* small] & ! composition 9 g5]al less elaborate1 ?\gh !re is abundance ( ornam5t 9 ! details4 ,! pa9t+ is complete except along its bottom1 & its col\rs are rem>kably fre%4 ,! ri* pa9t$ bord] ( fl[] sprays :i* encloses ! :ole sugge/s ! effect ( naturali/ic embroid]y su* z is f\nd among ! textile relics f ! ,?\s& ,buddhas4#hi ,avalokitev>a's figure s+le-head$ appe>s "h too1 seat$ )9 a l>ge circul> halo =m$ by 8 #8?\s& arms'1 ea* %[+ ! symbolic op5 eye on ! palm4 ,aga9/ ?is backgr\nd are num]\s inn] arms1 all except f\r 9 ! c5tre l9e ( ! figure c>ry+ a multiplicity ( sacr$ emblems well kn[n to ,buddhi/ iconography1 su* z ! discs ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 trid5t1 ,vajra1 c4 ,ow+ to ! excell5t f9i%1 ! details ( all ^!1 z well z ( ! ri* ornam5ts :i* deck ! ,bodhisattva's body & head1 c be made out cle>ly4 ,9 front ( ! high ti>a appe>s ! figure ( ,amitbha1 8 ,dhyni-buddha4 ,! ,bodhisattva's fle% is %[n dull yell[ %ad$ ) p9k4 ,! nimbus is made up ( a sup]impos$ s]ies ( po9t$ rays brilliantly col\r$4 ,x is flame-edg$ l ! bord] ( ! circul> halo beh9d4 ,! v>iegat$ petals ( ! lotus seat h also brilliant col\rs2 gild+ is us$ = _! outl9es z well z = all jewell]y1 ! vessels on ! alt> 9 front1 & ! folds ( ,avalokitev>a's robes4 ,! backgr\nd is divid$ into an upp] & l[] half4 ,! upp]1 pa9t$ a ?9 light blue 7n[ almo/ gone7 & repres5t+ ! sky1 is spr9kl$ ) small gild$ />s & fall+ blossoms4 ,9 its top corn]s1 to ! "r & left respectively1 are %[n ! ,bodhisattvas ( ! ,sun & ! ,moon seat$ on _! respective #8,vhanas' ( horses & geese1 )9 r$ & :ite discs :i* pil$-up cl\ds c>ry4 ,aga9/ ! l[] half ( ! backgr\nd1 pa9t$ a deep blue & repres5t+ a til$ floor1 are ! halo$ figures ( ! #8,sage' & ! #8,nymph ( ,virtue'1 kneel+ on lotuses to ! "r & left respectively4 ,! =m]1 an emaciat$ old man ( ascetic type1 yet we>+ ri* app>el1 raises 8 "r h& 9 salutation1 & ! #8,nymph' c>ries h] di% ( fl[]s1 z also 9 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,9 ! tank bel[ we see aga9 two arm\r-clad ,ngas hold+ up ,avalokitev>a's disc4 ,9 front ( ! tank is an alt> deck$ ) drap]ies ( exquisitely r5d]$ floral designs & c>ry+ gilt sacrificial vessels4 ,9 ! bottom corn]s /ride 9 viol5t movem5t _m-arm$ demonic ,vajrapis 9 r$ & blue aga9/ a vividly pa9t$ backgr\nd ( flames4 ,) _! fi]y hair & grotesque features1 & by ! ,tantric emblems !y br&i% 9 _! h&s1 !y %[ close/ k9%ip to ! mon/r\s div9ities ( ,tantric orig9 9 :i* ! imag]y ( ,tibetan ,buddhism delights4 ,bel[ !m !re kneel 9 adoration two small figures1 "o ) an elephant's head on ! left & ano!r ) t ( a rat on ! "r4 ,9 ^! we may1 p]haps1 recognize ,gaea1 famili> to ,h9du my?ology1 & ! #8k+ ( ! sacr$ rats fam\s 9 ,khotan local wor%ip4#ij ,9 ^! figures & 9 a v>iety ( o!r details to :i* ,mr4 ,b9yon has v ju/ly call$ att5tion1#ia we h /rik+ indications ( t mix$ /yle ( pa9t+ to :i* ,indian prototypes1 ,iranian & ,c5tral-,asian influ5ces1 & ,tibetan ta/e h all contribut$ elem5ts1 albeit 9 v disp>ate proportions4 ,yet x does n ne$ ! ,*9ese inscriptions1 f\nd 9 a few ( ! c>t\*es & conta9+ epi!ts ( ! respective div9ities1 to conv9ce u t we owe ?is highly f9i%$ pa9t+ to ,*9ese workman%ip4 ,?is has left its m>ks cle>ly 9 a mass ( exquisite detail & 9 t p]fectly ma/]$ te*nique :i* acc\nts = ! /rong decorative effect ( ! :ole4 ,,plate ,,xliii ,,avalokite,,v>a ,,) ,,lokap,,la ,,att5dants ,! silk pa9t+ reproduc$ "h ) a r$uction to "o-?ird ( ! orig9al 7,*4 #jjaba7 is a p>ticul>ly f9e example ( ,indian tradition pres]v$ 9 ,*9ese ,buddhi/ pa9t+4 ,! picture1 damag$ at ! top & /ill m at its bottom1 %[s u ,avalokitev>a seat$ on a flat ,padmsana 9 ! pose ( #8royal ease'4 ,! %apely "r h& hangs op5 ov] ! rais$ "r knee1 :ile ! left h&1 n[ lo/1 evid5tly re/$ on ! o!r knee & held ! long spray ( purple lotus :i* rises beside ! head4 ,! figure ( ! ,bodhisattva is pres5t$ 9 accordance ) ,indian iconographic canons4 ,b ! ease & di/9ction ( ! draw+1 :i* ! simplicity ( ! figure & ! sc>city ( col\r make all ! m noticeable1 betok5 ! ,*9ese arti/'s bru%4 ,! sl5d]-wai/$ body leans t[>ds ! left %\ld]2 ! limbs are long & slim2 ! head erect4 ,! face is "y & clean-%av5 ) an expression ( s]5ity 9 ! d[nca/ slightly oblique eyes & ! f9ely curv$ lips4 ,! hair rises 9 a high cone above ! ?ree-leav$ ti>a1 ! front ( :i* %[s ,avalokitev>a's ,dhyni-buddha1 ,amitbha4 ,! fle% is left uncol\r$4 ,! dress is conf9$ to a %ort crimson lag wrapp$ ab\t ! lo9s1 a ?9 transp>5t skirt hang+ ab\t ! legs1 & a n>r[ sc>f entw9$ on ! brea/4 ,! jewell]y is ( ! type usual 9 #8,indian' ,bodhisattvas1 b pla94 ,! elliptical nimbus & circul> halo beh9d ! figure are pa9t$ 9 pale blue & gre54 ,9 ! backgr\nd are %[n fea!ry floral sprays ( a type common 9 pr9t$ silk fabrics f ! ,*#8i5-fo-tung ho>d4 ,9 ! top corn]s appe> ! small figures ( two ,lokaplas 9 mail arm\r1 ,vairavaa on ! "r & ,virpka on ! left1 bo? seat$ on rocks4 ,correspond+ figures ( ! o!r two ,gu>dians ( ! ,regions1 no d\bt1 occupi$ ! lo/ bottom corn]s4 ,,plate ,,xliv ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,/&+ ,,avalokite,,v>a ,?is ,plate %[s ! rema9+ upp] portion ( a l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 #jjdea1 scale "o-?ird7 :i* repres5t$ ,avalokitev>a /&+ )\t att5dants4 ,consid]ably brok5 z ! pa9t+ is & injur$ 9 its surface1 we recognize 9 x a f9e p5dant to ! ,avalokitev>a picture reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,"h1 too1 we see a figure ( ! conv5tional #8,indian' ,bodhisattva type imbu$ ) t grace & ref9$ quality :i* ,*9ese ma/]y ( fluid l9e & reposeful design is specially able to imp>t4 ,! physical type & ! pose ( ! body1 ) its incl9ation to ! left %\ld]1 closely correspond to ^? se5 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,b "h ?is l9e is c\nt]balanc$ by ! pose ( ! head1 :i* leans g5tly ov] ! "r %\ld]4 ,! eyes are turn$ back to ! left prop] & look d[n ) an expression ( mildness & compassion4 ,!y are almo/ /raight1 & ! recurv+ l9e add$ to ! eyelids is "h abs5t4 ,( ! will[ spray 9 ! "r h& only a few fa9t indications rema94 ,! dress1 jewell]y1 & col\r+ agree closely ) ^? display$ by ! figure 9 ,plate ,,xxi4 ,b m rema9s "h ( ! :ite %ad$ ) p9k :i* is us$ = ! col\r+ ( ! body4 ,! nimbus is made up ( pla9 circul> r+s ( d>k olive1 r$1 & :ite4 ,! ,*9ese inscription ( ! c>t\*e to ! "r /ill awaits int]pretation4 ,,plate ,,xlv ,,vai,,rava,a ,,cross+ ,,! ,,ocean ,! small ,kakemono-%ap$ picture on silk 7,*4 #jjah7 :i* ?is ,plate %[s ) a r$uction to two-?irds ( its size is "o ( ! mo/ f9i%$ ( our ,tun-huang pa9t+s4 ,x pres5ts ,vairavaa1 ! ,gu>dian-k+ ( ! ,nor?1 z he advances on a cl\d across ! heav+ sea1 ) an impos+ suite ( att5dants1 "s human1 "s demonic1 b all ( !m 9 /rik+ attires4 ,! pa9t+ 0 f\nd 9 excell5t pres]vation1 /ill reta9+ its bord] ( purple silk 7omitt$ 9 ! reproduction71 & ?us x is =tunately possible to appreciate 9 all details ! high arti/ic m]it ( a "w :i* cle>ly is f ! bru% ( a ma/]4 ,:5 deal+ above ) ano!r pres5tation ( ,vairavaa's ,progress1 ! pa9t+ %[n by ,plate ,,xxvi1 we h already _h occasion to ref] to ! special importance :i* ! ,protector ( ! ,nor!rn ,region claims z *ief among ,lokaplas1 & also to ! reasons acc\nt+ = ! popul>ity ( 8 wor%ip 9 ,c5tral ,asia & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,h5ce we may turn "h at once to ! v>i$ po9ts ( iconographic int]e/ pres5t$ by our picture4 ,! ma9 figure ( ,vairavaa1 disproportionately l>ge 9 accordance ) a conv5tion famili> already to ,graeco-,buddhi/ z well z to late ,hell5i/ic art1 /rides ahead to ! "r1 c>ry+ ! halb]d1 8 *>act]i/ic emblem1 9 ! "r h&1 & on a cl\d ris+ f 8 left a small pagoda-%ap$ %r9e1 a second>y attribute1 also o!rwise atte/$4 ,8 face is heavy b n grotesque1 ) l>ge oblique eyes & heavy eyebr[s4 ,! middle ( ! body is ?r[n out1 giv+ to ! pose an air ( pond]\s dignity4 ,8 dress is t ( a w>rior k+1 z prop] to all ,lokaplas1 b ( a p>ticul>ly elaborate type4 ,8 coat ( mail rea*es d[n almo/ to ! knees4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! scales1 %[n by a diap] ( ?ree-arm$ crosses1 is ! same peculi> "o already not$ 9 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,x appe>s also on ! corslet1 :i* is edg$ by b&s ( lacqu]$ plate1 :ile ! =e>m gu>ds & :at is visible ( ! greaves %[ oblong scales secur$ by transv]se b&s4 ,! :ole arm\r is gild$4 ,decorat$ flaps1 probably ( %ap$ lea!r1 desc5d ov] ! hips & are jo9$ 9 front by a /oma*] 9 ! %ape ( a hawk or eagle mask4 ,! %\ld]-pieces end 9 a lion head1 ?r\gh ! jaws ( :i* ! arm passes4 ,gild$ %oes cov] ! feet4 ,! high ?ree-leav$ cr[n on ,vairavaa's head1 ) ! w+-%ap$ ornam5t at ! top & ! :ite /ream]s fly+ up at ! sides1 unmi/akably recalls ! royal head-dress ( ,sassanian times4#ib ,! flames ris+ f 8 %\ld]s are an emblem also likely to h an ,iranian orig94#ic ,_! flick]+ tongues1 l ! flutt]+ /ream]s & ! freely float+ /ole1 emphasize ! ,gu>dian-k+'s rapid movem5t4 ,! same curl+ m>oon cl\d on :i* ,vairavaa advances c>ries also 8 ret9ue ( v>i$ aspects4 ,be=e him to ! "r we see ! graceful figure ( a nymph b[+ & pres5t+ a di% ( fl[]s4 ,h] id5tity is unc]ta92 9 =m & attire %e resembles ! #8,nymph ( ,virtue' we h already met 9 ! pa9t+s ( ! ,?\s&-arm$ ,avalokitev>a4#id ,( h] ri* attire may be specially not$ ! wide sleeves :i* almo/ sweep ! gr\nd1 ! acan?us-l leaves cov]+ h] %\ld]s1 & ! wrea?s ?r[n ov] h] arms4 ,! cortge beh9d ! ,lokapla consi/s p>tly ( demons1 evid5tly repres5t+ ! ,yakz ov] :om he rules1 & p>tly ( figures purely human1 :i* are cle>ly individualiz$ b /ill await def9ite id5tification4 ,( ! =m]1 two 9 ! backgr\nd h ! heads ( mon/]s1 ) fi]y hair & tusk$ jaws4 ,"o ( !m c>ries ,vairavaa's flag ( ! same elaborate design we h not$ 9 ,plate ,,xxvi4 ,ano!r demon 9 front ( ! pair1 ) br[n sk91 hairy arms1 & animal-l head wrapp$ 9 a sc>let hood1 c>ries a l>ge r\nd j> cov]$ at its m\?4 ,a f\r? 9 ! =egr\nd1 ) f]oci\s animal head & long up/&+ hair1 c>ries a club & we>s a ,lokapla's arm\r ov] a ri*ly embroid]$ sc>let coat4 ,among ! human att5dants ! mo/ /rik+ figure is t ( a f9ely drawn ag$ man4 ,he is clad only 9 a :ite skirt1 ) a sc>f across ! brea/4 ,8 hair is ti$ 9 a topknot & is :ite1 l 8 eyebr[s & be>d1 all pa9t$ ) m9ute c>e4 ,8 sunk5 features & ! sidelong glance ( 8 eyes are expressively r5d]$4 ,9 8 "r h& he c>ries a gild$ cup 7or ,vajra874 ,beh9d him we see a portly male figure ) placid clean-%av5 face & a high mitre-l head-dress f :i* drap]y falls beh9d on ! neck4 ,he we>s a gre5 robe ov] :at looks l a coat brocad$ 9 a #8,sassanian' patt]n & c>ries a flam+ jewel on a gild$ /&4 ,9 ! re> is a be>d$ muscul> ar*]1 prep>+ to %oot at a bat-l demon 9 ! sky high up to ! "r4 ,9 ! latt] we c safely recognize a ,g>ua1 ! hunt+ ( :om is a frequ5t motif 9 ,turke/n frescoes1 & ^: w+$ figure is well kn[n to ,graeco-,buddhi/ sculpture also4#ie ,! draw+ ( ! ar*]'s figure z he b5ds d[n to fit ! arr[ to ! b[1 :ile 8 gaze foll[s ! fly+ ,g>ua1 is rem>kably firm & vigor\s4 ,on 8 head he c>ries a high conical cap ( :ite1 ) metal boss at ! top & wide up/&+ brim4 ,8 dress comprises a blue tunic :i* leaves ! "r arm & brea/ b>e1 :ite bree*es1 & black top-boots4 ,8 purposeful figure 9 movem5t is clev]ly set (f by ! s]5e appe>ance ( a man /&+ 9 front ) h&s fold$ 9 adoration4 ,he we>s a full-sleev$ m>oon jacket ov] a fl[+ :ite "u-robe & ov] 8 smoo? black hair a gild$ ti>a ( peculi> %ape4 ,! special p[]s ( ,*9ese pictorial art p]vad+ ! :ole picture manife/ !mselves ) p>ticul> cle>ness 9 ! ma/]ly spac+ ( ! backgr\nd4 ,?is %[s ! gre5i%-br[n sea heav+ 9 maje/ically roll+ ridges ( :ite-cre/$ waves4 ,f> away 9 admirably convey$ di/ance rises a range ( blue & gre5 m\nta9s1 probably meant to repres5t ! fabul\s ,m\nt ,m]u :]e ,buddhi/ my?ology locates ! ,gu>dian-k+s ( ! ,regions4 ,:]ev] ! eye falls 9 ?is small b exquisite picture we may appreciate ! sure draw+ ) its cleanness ( t\*1 ! h>moni\s col\r+1 & ! highly f9i%$ workman%ip4 ,b x is 9 ?is backgr\nd t we c realize be/ to :at ext5t ! arti/ %>$ t und]/&+ ( ! ,*9ese g5ius = ! control ( ord]$ flu5t l9e & ! p[] ( sugge/ion 9 spac+4 ,,plate ,,xlvi ,,fragm5t ,,) ,,*ild ,,on ,,demon',s ,,h& ,! fragm5t ( a l>ge pap] pa9t+ 7,*4 #jjcgc7 reproduc$ "h on ! scale ( ?ree-f\r?s is ( int]e/ z x repres5ts some:at r>e details 9 skilful execution1 & also on acc\nt ( its unusual te*nique4 ,! picture1 ( :i* ano!r fragm5t survives1 has be5 drawn ^u a f9e gr\nd laid ov] smoo? buff pap]4 ,! col\rs delicately pa9t$ ov] ?is are bright & p>ticul>ly pleas+ by _! s(tness1 & ,i regret t _! reproduction _h to be =gone4 ,! execution is m f9i%$ ?an t ( any ( ! o!r pap] pa9t+s f ,*#8i5-fo-tung4 ,( ! subject ( ! :ole pa9t+ x is impossible to say m ?an t x probably repres5t$ ! #8,maala' ( a ,buddha or ,bodhisattva4 ,our fragm5t %[s on ! left1 aga9/ a backgr\nd ( l>ge-leav$ fl[]+ trees1 a demon ( d>k blue body & limbs hold+ up ) 8 h&s a nak$ infant :o leans t[>ds him smil+ & ) arms /ret*$ out4 ,! infant's =m & features are exquisitely drawn ) flu5t l9es expressive ( baby-l plumpness & %ad$ 9 p9k & :ite4 ,he has black hair & a r$ trefoil m>k on 8 =ehead4 ,! r$di%-p9k face ( ! demon be>s a clev]ly convey$ t5d] expression1 :i* contra/s ) 8 fi]ce features & %ock ( r$ & gre5 hair4 ,we h already met ) ! figure ( a simil> demon hold+ an infant 9 ! gr\p att5d+ ! ,bodhisattvas on ! "r 9 ,bhaiajyaguru's ,p>adise z %[n by ,plate ,i1 & ano!r is f\nd among ,vairavaa's att5dants 9 a woodcut f ,*#8i5-fo-tung4#if ,on ! "r is se5 a _m-ti]$ umbrella hung ) /ream]s & tassell$ *a9s1 z f\nd (t5 ov] ! *ief ,bodhisattvas 9 l>ge ,p>adise pa9t+s 7see ,plate ,i74 ,9 ! middle ( ! bottom portion ( ! fragm5t appe>s ! upp] "p ( ! halo1 topknot1 & ti>a ( a ,bodhisattva4 ,above ! c5tral ornam5t ( ! ti>a is se5 ! head ( a :ite /ag ) antl]s pa9t$ 9 silv]4 ,,plate ,,xlvii ,,?ree ,,lokap,,la ,,bann]s ,! ?ree silk bann]s :i* ?is ,plate reproduces on ! scale ( "o-?ird all depict ,virpka1 ! ,gu>dian-k+ ( ! ,we/ &1 aft] ,vairavaa1 ! mo/ popul> ( ! ,lokaplas4 ,:5 describ+ above 8 f9e picture z se5 9 ,plate ,,xxvii1 ,i h already _h occasion briefly to indicate ! iconographic features :i* are common to all our ,lokapla repres5tations1 & to t\* also ^u ^? m9or *>act]i/ics :i* all[ u to di/+ui% c]ta9 gr\ps among our num]\s bann]s ( ^! div9ities4#ig ,h5ce my acc\nt ( ^? %[n 9 our ,plate may be re/rict$ to individual po9ts des]v+ ( notice4 ,9 ! bann] on ! left 7,*4 lv4 #jjbj71 :i* is well pres]v$ except at ! top :]e ! pa9t+ has brok5 & be5 atta*$ to ! head-piece 7n %[n7 by a pat* ( purple silk1 we see a good example ( ! ,lokapla type designat$ above z #8,*9ese'4 ,virpka /&s ) 8 feet plant$ on ! back & head ( 8 cr\*+ demon cognizance & hold+ ! drawn sword upright 9 8 left h&4#ih ,8 face is middle-ag$ & s]i\s1 ! oblique eyes slightly enl>g$1 & ! iris pa9t$ a d>k yell[4 ,8 coat ( mail %[s oblong scales all ?r\gh f ! %\ld]s to ! skirt portion4 ,! fle% is %ad$ light p9k ov] ! br[ni% :ite ( ! silk4 ,! corslet is secur$ by broad %\ld]-/raps1 probably ( lacqu]1 "h cle>ly m>k$4 ,b5ea? ! hip-belt appe> an apron & hip-flaps ( %ap$ lea!r1 provid+ additional protection4 ,r\nd ! l[] edge ( ! belt hang loose r+s1 probably meant = ! atta*m5t ( ! scabb>d & o!r equipm5t4 ,! bree*es are tuck$ into greaves1 & ! feet %od ) pla9 s&als4 ,! g5]al col\r effect is subdu$ ow+ to ! preval5ce ( light br[n & pale r$ t9ts4 ,! pa9t+ 9 ! middle 7,*4 lv4 #jjdf7 is brok5 at ! top & has lo/ its bann] accessories1 b reta9s its col\rs 9 rem>kable fre%ness4 ,virpka1 turn+ slightly to ! left1 /&s ) 8 feet on ! %\ld] & knee ( a squatt+ demon4 ,he holds be=e him ) bo? h&s a long sword 9 a lacqu]$ scabb>d1 ^: po9t re/s on ! demon's head4 ,8 face1 l>ge-*eek$ & ) /rong *91 be>s a pleasant expression4 ,! oblique eyes ) light iris gaze upw>ds4 ,! coat ( mail pa9t$ yell[ & r$ %[s r\nd-edg$ scales ov]lapp+ d[nw>ds z f> z ! hip-belt1 :ile ! skirt portion has oblong scales app>5tly ov]lapp+ upw>ds4 ,trefoil-%ap$ flaps ( gre5 lea!r give additional protection to ! hips & abdom54 ,a sausage-%ap$ coll> is fa/5$ r\nd ! neck & ov] a br[n mantle4 ,solid gu>ds ( lacqu]$ lea!r protect bo? upp] & =e arms4 ,! legs are clad only 9 bree*es ti$ bel[ ! knees & hang+ loose to ! ankles4 ,! %oes ( wov5 /r+ are ( "s int]e/1 z _! make exactly corresponds to t ( %oes br\ght to light by me f ru9s ( ,han & lat] times4#ii ,! elaborately jewell$ head-dress is fitt$ ) a r$ #8cock's cre/' at ! back1 & ! halo beh9d is flame-edg$4 ,! ,*9ese inscription describes ! ,lokapla correctly z ,virpka1 #8cele/ial k+ ( ! ,we/]n ,region'4 ,! "w is c>efully f9i%$ ?r\gh\t1 & ! col\rs h>moni\s1 ?\gh m opaque ?an usual 9 ^! bann]s4 ,! bann] 7,*4 #jjaj71 ( :i* ! pa9t$ portion is reproduc$ on ! "r1 is complete & excell5tly pres]v$4 ,virpka's figure comb9es "h *>act]i/ics ( t ,lokapla type :i* may conv5i5tly be call$ #8,c5tral-,asian' ) a treatm5t & c]ta9 details n unlike ^? 9 ! #8,*9ese' type4 ,! ,lokapla /&s fac+ ! spectator on ! head & knee ( a contort$ demon4 ,8 "r foot is plac$ on a high] level ?an ! o!r1 & ! weight ( ! body ?r[n on ! left hip4 ,! "r h& holds ! nak$ sword aslant across ! body & ! left supports x at ! brea/4 ,! face is heavy & ) ! fr[n+ =ehead1 ! sn>l+ m\?1 & gl>+ eyes be>s a fi]c] expression ?an usual4 ,! l>ge r\nd eyes are level & ! iris gre54 ,! hair1 %[n light blue1 is bun*$ back beh9d ! e>s4 ,! fle% is pa9t$ a p9ki% r$ ) b little %ad+4 ,! coat ( mail f %\ld]s to skirt is uni=mly made up ( r\nd-edg$ scales ov]lapp+ d[nw>ds2 b _! col\r+ v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts4 ,a j]k9 ( blue lea!r elaborately ornam5t$ ) metal-"w appe>s above & bel[ ! mail corslet4 ,! =e>ms are swa!d 9 r$ drap]ies1 :i* also %[ above ! knees4 ,! :ite leg-cov]+s are tuck$ into greaves :i* display elaborately scroll$ metal-"w1 manife/ly pa9t$ 9 ) an eye ma9ly to decorative effect4 ,simil> metal-"w is %[n on ! black %oes4 ,! yell[i%-br[n col\r ( ?is metal-"w1 sugge/ive ( bronze1 is appli$ also to ! solid metal ti>a1 ) w+ ornam5ts & high cr[n1 :i* =ms ! head-dress4 ,?\gh ! draw+ is c>eful & ! col\rs cle> & fre%1 mu* is lo/ 9 g5]al effect ?r\gh excessive conc5tration on detail & ornam5t4 ,9 ! want ( space & free l9e & 9 ! result+ lack ( spontaneity we are made to feel1 z x 71 ! influ5ce ( non-,*9ese models4 ,,plate ,,xlviii ,,fragm5t ,,) ,,figure ,,( ,,demonic ,,w>rior ,?is f9e fragm5t ( a l>ge silk pa9t+ 7,*4 #jjih71 r$uc$ "h to ?ree-f\r?s ( ! orig9al1 %[s ! head & upp] "p ( ! body ( a figure demonic 9 look & ( viol5t pose4 ,no def9ite id5tification seems at pres5t possible4 ,if ! trid5t-l weapon lift$ up 9 ! left h& might sugge/ a ,lokapla1 !re are to be not$ aga9/ ?is ! flames /ream+ back f ! head & ! total abs5ce ( arm\r4 ,aga91 if ! f]oci\s look & pose w\ld make u ?9k ( a ,vajrapi ,dh>mapla1 o!r difficulties arise f ! unusual weapon1 ! fi]y hair1 & ! want ( exagg]at$ muscles4 ,s x w be be/ to leave ?is f9e figure unnam$ & to re/ cont5t ) an appreciation ( its arti/ic m]it4 ,! head1 well pres]v$ on ! :ole1 %[s a face demonic 9 features & convuls$ ) rage4 ,x is pa9t$ d>k grey ) r$ lips & black hair4 ,! eyes are di/5d$ & gl>+ 9 fury1 ! eyebr[s contract$1 & ! =ehead b[$ ) wr9kles4 ,! widely gr9n+ m\? %[s ! tongue & bo? r[s ( tee?4 ,excessively high *eekbones & nose1 bu%y eyebr[s1 a m\/a*e sweep+ fi]cely upw>ds1 & /iff spread+ be>d & :isk]s add _! quota to ! t]rify+ appe>ance ( ! head4 ,! hair on ! =ehead passes black "u a jewell$ ti>a2 b :at /reams up f ! :ole head is a cone ( r$ flame4 ,f ! re/ ( ! fragm5t all pa9t is lo/4 ,! outl9e draw+1 h[ev]1 rema9s ( a body vigor\s & muscul>4 ,b = jewell$ *a9s1 necklace1 c41 x is nude to ! hip-belt1 ov] :i* appe>s pull$ ! edge ( a skirt-l g>m5t4 ,a /ole is ga!r$ ov] ! "r upp] arm1 & ! "r h& is held be=e ! brea/1 ) f+]s /iffly upturn$ & palm d[nw>ds4 ,! left arm is lo/1 b ! h& appe>s above grasp+ ! /aff ( a weapon ) b>b$ po9ts4 ,! :ole figure is drawn ) admirable v]ve & fre$om4 ,fragm5t>y z x is1 x all[s u to surmise :at we h lo/ "h ( a "w ( true ,*9ese g5ius--& at ! same "t to realize :at we owe to ! safe hid+-place ! ,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas h provid$ = s _m o!r relics ( art4 ,,index ahhaya-mudr1 #be1 #bg1 #cb1 #ea1 #ec4 acan?us leaves1 #fj4 ,aja1 frescoes (1 #c1 #h4 ,ajtaatru1 leg5d (1 #dd4 kag>bha1 #af1 #ag4 alt>1 valance (1 #ah4 ,amitbha1 ,buddha1 #d1 #e1 #aa2 ,we/]n ,p>adise (1 #e1 #f1 #aa1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba sq41 #dd1 #eb2 triad (1 #ah4 n&a1 leg5d (1 #di4 ,&rews1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h41 xii1 #dd4 ,antio*1 #d4 ,aps>as1 #ab1 #bj1 #bb1 #di2 see ,g&h>v4 ,asuras1 ,_w (1 #ch4 ,a!ne1 on seal1 #d4 ,avalokitev>a1 ,bodhisattva ( ,m]cy 7,kuan-y92 ,kwan-non71 #d1 #ac1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bg1 #bh1 #di1 #ef1 #eh1 #ei2 guide ( s\ls1 #ec2 six-arm$1 #ce2 ?\s&-arm$1 #cj1 #eg2 emblems (1 #cj1 #eg2 f\r =ms (1 #bi2 male & female =ms (1 #d2 ,maala (1 #ac1 #cj1 #ca2 pa9t+s (1 #f2 "u will[s1 #cf2 ) will[ spray1 #ca1 #cb2 wor%ip (1 #d4 ,badakh% bre$ ( horses1 #bj4 bann]s1 on silk1 #b1 #bc1 #be1 #dj1 #dc1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #fa2 gr\ps (1 #bc2 on l951 #c4 ,b>nett1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,d41 #dg4 ,ba?1 ( ,gautama1 #eb4 ,b5>es1 ,de] ,p>k (1 #bd4 ,bhaiajyaguru1 ,buddha1 ,p>adise (1 #aa sqq41 #ad1 #ej4 ,bhaiajy>ja1 #e4 bhmisp>a-mudr1 #bg4 ,bimbisra1 #dd4 ,b9yon1 ,mr4 ,l41 ix1 xi1 xii1 #ac1 #cf1 #cg1 #de1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #eh4 bo>1 head (1 #ec4 bo>-head$ demon1 #ca4 ,bdh-,gay1 image at1 #bg4 ,bodhisattvas1 #d sq41 #aa sqq41 & passim2 bann]s (1 #ef2 #8,indian' & #8,*9ese' types (1 #ad1 #bi1 #ef2 wor%ip (1 #bh2 see ,avalokitev>a1 ,kitig>bha1 ,majur1 ,samantabhadra4 bord]s1 ( pa9t+s1 #b1 #ec1 #ee1 #ei4 ,brahman1 #ab1 #cj4 ,briti% ,museum1 pa9t+s at1 ix1 xi2 ,tru/ees (1 xi4 ,buddha1 see ,gautama1 kyamuni4 ,buddhas1 #d2 subsidi>y1 #ac1 #ag2 #8( t5 qu>t]s'1 #cj4 ,buddhism1 spread (1 into ,c5tral ,asia & ,*9a1 #c sq41 #g2 see ,mahyna4 ,buddhi/ art1 ( ,*9a1 #c1 #f2 ( ,india1 #c sq42 ( ,japan1 #d sq42 ( ,tibet1 #i4 ,buddhi/ ,heav51 see ,p>adise4 ,buddhi/ images1 f ,india1 #f4 bullocks1 #ec4 ,butsu-y #c4 ,cakrav>t91 #ec4 cangue1 #ce1 #ch4 c>t\*es1 inscrib$1 #bc1 #bf1 #bi1 #cb1 #di1 #eb1 #eh1 #ei2 un9scrib$1 #cf1 #ch4 ca/anets1 #ab4 #8,caves ( ! ,?\s& ,buddhas'1 #a1 #ac1 & passim4 cele/ial mansions1 #aa1 #ag1 #ah1 #ea1 #ed4 *a9-arm\r1 #db4 ,*amb]la91 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,mr4 ,a41 xi4 ,*&aka1 #bd4 ,*avannes1 ,m4 d41 x1 #af1 #ai4 ,*#8i5-fo-tung1 ,*9ese = #8,caves ( ,?\s& ,buddhas'1 passim4 ,*9a1 we/w>d expansion (1 #d4 ,*9ese art1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h4 ,*9ese pa9t+1 ,buddha leg5d 91 #h2 ,c5tral tradition (1 #e2 /yle (1 #ed4 #8,*9ese' type ( ,bodhisattvas1 #bi1 #cb1 #cf1 #dc1 #ed1 #ef4 ,*ri/ians1 at ,turfn1 #e4 *ronology1 ( pa9t+s1 #g1 #af1 #ba1 #ej4 clapp]s1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #be1 #cf4 ,cl>5don ,press1 ,delegates (1 xi4 clean+1 ( pa9t+s1 #b4 cl\d scrolls1 9 textiles1 #cf4 coiffure1 ( donatrices1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #cj1 #ch2 see head-dress4 co9s1 ,*9ese1 #dh4 ,conception1 ( ,gautama1 #eb4 co/ume1 ( donatrices1 #af1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj1 #ej2 ( donors1 #ag1 #bb1 #cf1 #cg1 #ch1 #ej1 #ef4 crane1 #ab1 #ah1 #bb4 cr[n1 ( ,sassanian type1 #ci1 #fj4 danc]1 #ab1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #ea4 ,de] ,p>k1 kyamuni 91 #bg4 ,delhi ,museum1 xi4 demons1 #ab1 #ae1 #dj sq41 #fa1 #fb1 #fc2 ,tibetan1 #dg2 ,_w (1 #ch2 see ,yakz4 ,dh>maplas1 #dc1 #fc4 ,dht>ra1 #db4 ,dhyni-buddha 7,amitbha71 #d1 #bj1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb1 #ce1 #eg1 #eh4 ,dpak>a1 ,buddha1 #ea4 disciples1 figures (1 #ag1 #ai1 #ba4 discs1 ( ,sun & ,moon1 #ag1 #ch4 di/emp]1 pa9t+ 91 #i1 #df4 donors1 9 pa9t+s1 #g2 see co/ume1 portraits4 dragons1 #ab1 #ai1 #dh1 #eb4 drap]y1 ,hell5i/ic1 #bj4 dress1 see co/ume2 magi/]ial1 #ai1 #bd1 #dd1 #cg1 #ee4 drums1 #ab1 #de4 ducks1 #bb2 wild1 #be4 embroid]y picture1 #aj1 #dh2 rema9s1 #dd4 fan-be>]s1 #cg4 ,fir/ ,s]mon1 see ,gautama4 flame /ream]s1 #ci1 #fj4 flask1 ( ,avalokitev>a1 #cf1 & passim4 flutes1 #ab1 #ad1 #ah1 #cf1 #de4 ,f\*]1 ,m4 ,a41 #bc1 #bg1 #bh1 #ca1 #dc4 #8,f\r ,enc\nt]s'1 see ,gautama4 ,fre] ,collection1 #g1 #h4 ,fu-hsi1 ,emp]or1 #dh4 fungus sceptre1 #ch4 ,g&hra1 ,buddhi/ art (1 #c1 #d1 #g1 #di2 types f1 #h4 ,g&h>vs1 #ad2 see ,aps>as4 ,gaea1 #eh4 ,g>ua1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #fj4 ,gatis1 see ,worlds ( ,desire4 ,gautama 7,buddha1 kyamuni71 sc5es f ,life (1 #e1 #f1 #be1 #ea2 ,*9ese treatm5t (1 #g1 #bc2 ,conception (1 #eb2 ,bir? (1 #eb2 ,ba? (1 #eb2 ,sev5 ,/eps (1 #eb2 ,f\r ,enc\nt]s (1 #bc sq41 #ea2 ,se>* =1 #bd2 ,f>ewell f ,kahaka1 #bd2 ,enlight5m5t (1 #bg2 ,fir/ ,s]mon (1 #bd1 #bg2 z tea*]1 #f2 ,miracle ( rva/1 #bg2 on ,gdhraka1 #be1 #bg1 #dh1 #di2 see ,buddha1 ,jtakas1 kyamuni4 ,giles1 ,dr4 ,l41 xii4 glass b[l1 #dc4 ,graeco-,buddhi/ art1 x1 #ab1 #ae1 #bj1 #bc1 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #eb1 #ei1 #fj4 ,gdhraka1 see ,vulture ,peak4 gryphon1 #ab4 ,gu>dians ( ,regions1 see ,lokaplas4 halo1 flame-bord]$1 #ae2 transp>5t1 #ba1 #bb4 h&s1 pair ( colossal1 #bf4 ,hrit1 #ca4 h>p1 #ab1 #af1 #de4 hats1 %ape (1 #ag4 head-dress1 ( donors1 #ai1 #bc1 #cj1 #cb2 see coiffure4 ,hell1 ,kitig>bha ,reg5t (1 #cg1 #ed4 ,hell5i/ic art1 influ5ce (1 #d1 #bj1 #ei4 ,h]acles1 on seal1 #d4 h]mit1 picture (1 #dg4 ,h]zfeld1 ,pr(4 ,e41 #dj4 high lights1 #i1 #ba1 #bb4 hills1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai4 ,hnayna ,buddhism1 #d4 ,h9du my?ology1 #ca4 ,horiuji ,temple1 #c4 horse1 draw+ (1 #ai2 types (1 #bj1 #be1 #ci4 horse's head1 #ed4 horse-dragon1 #dg4 #8horse-mill9]y'1 #bj1 #ci4 ,hsan-tsang1 pilgrim1 #f1 #bg4 human =m1 ,*9ese treatm5t (1 #g4 iconography1 ,buddhi/1 x4 ,india1 ,buddhi/ pa9t+ 91 #c4 ,indian art1 g5ius (1 #h4 ,indian g>b1 ( div9ities1 #g4 ,indian type1 ( ,bodhisattvas1 #bh1 #bi1 #cf1 #db1 #dg1 #ei4 ,indians1 d>k-sk9n$1 #ad1 #ae1 #bi1 #ec4 ,indra1 #ab1 #cj4 infants1 #ab1 #af1 #bb1 #cf1 #fa4 ,inf]nal ,judges1 #cg1 #ch1 #ee4 ,iranian1 art motifs1 #d2 influ5ces1 #eh2 emblems1 #ci1 #fj2 see ,p]sia4 iris ( eyes1 blue1 #ci2 yell[1 #fb2 gre51 #fb4 ,japan1 ,buddhi/ art (1 #e2 ,buddhi/ pa9t+s (1 #c4 ,jtakas1 sc5es f1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #bc2 see ,gautama4 ,jiz 7,kitig>bha71 #cg4 ,kbul1 #bg4 ,kakemonos1 pa9t+s m\nt$ z1 #b1 #ci1 #ec1 #ei4 ,klika1 #dg4 ,kalyak>a1 leg5d (1 #af1 #ag4 ,kahaka1 ,buddha's horse1 #bc1 #bd1 #ec4 ,kapilava/u1 #eb4 ,kapia 7,kabul71 #bg4 ,k%g>1 #a4 ,ka%mir1 #a1 #d4 ,kyapa1 #di4 ,khotan1 #a1 #d2 mural pa9t+s (1 #bh2 pa9t] f1 #aj2 ,vairavaa's wor%ip at1 #ci4 ,k+s1 ,twelve1 protectors ( ! ,law1 #ac1 #ea4 knee-caps1 #ce4 ,kitig>bha1 9 pa9t+s1 #e1 #h1 #af1 #ag1 #cg2 patron ( travell]s1 #ch1 #ed1 #ee2 ,reg5t ( ,hell1 #cg1 #ed4 ,ku ,k#8ai-*ih1 pa9t]1 #f1 #g2 /yle (1 #h4 ,kuan-y91 ,*9ese "n ( ,avalokitev>a1 q4v4 ,kub]a1 #ci4 ,kwan-non1 ,japanese "n ( ,avalokitev>a1 q4v4 ,lamas1 hoods (1 #df4 l&scape1 treatm5t (1 #g2 divid+ sc5es1 #ac2 see hills4 lag 7lo9-clo?71 #db1 #eh4 ,lauf]1 ,dr4 ,b41 #da4 lea!r1 arm\r1 #db1 #fb2 scales1 #da4 l951 pa9t+s on1 #c1 #df4 lion1 #ae1 #da1 #di1 #ee4 ,littlejohn1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w41 #b4 ,l-%5-fu1 pa9t+1 #f4 ,lokaplas1 #e1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ca1 #cf1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #ec1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb4 ,lop des]t1 #e4 ,lorim]1 ,miss ,f4 ,m4 ,g41 xii4 lotus-lake1 #ab1 #ag1 #ah1 #bb4 lotus-seats1 #bj1 #ej1 #ee4 ,lumb9 g>d51 #f1 #eb4 ,lung-mn1 relievos (1 #bb1 #dc4 lute1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #de1 #ec4 ,magadha1 #bg4 ,mahkla1 #cj4 ,mah/hma1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #di4 ,mahyna ,buddhism1 ix1 x1 #d1 #bh4 ,mahev>a1 #ca4 mail-coat1 #da1 #ei4 ,maitreya1 ,buddha1 #e2 ,p>adise (1 #ai4 ,maitreya-vyk>aa-stra1 #ah4 ,maala1 compositions1 x2 ( ,avalokitev>a1 #ac1 #cf1 #eg4 ,mani*aeism1 #e4 ,majur1 #e1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bi1 #dj4 manuscripts1 at ,*#8i5-fo-tung1 #a1 #h2 rolls1 9 pa9t+s1 #bj1 #dh4 ,mra1 attack (1 #bg4 m>g9al sc5es1 #ac1 #af1 #ag1 #dg1 #ea4 ,my1 #eb4 ,m]u1 ,m\nt1 #ag1 #dj1 #fa4 ,milne1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c41 xi4 ,mrn1 mural pa9t+s at1 #d1 #ba4 mirror1 metal1 #ai2 magic1 #ch4 ,mi?ras1 wor%ip (1 #d sq4 modell+1 9 two tones1 #aj4 monkey1 #ec4 monks1 #ag1 #cj1 #ch1 #dg1 #di4 ,moon1 ,bodhisattva (1 #cj1 #eg2 disc (1 #dg4 m\?-organ1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 #cf4 musical in/rum5ts1 #ab1 #af sqq4 musicians1 #ab1 #ae1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 #de1 #ea4 ,nga-tree 7coral71 #dj4 ,ngas1 #ca1 #dj1 #eb1 #eg4 ,n>a1 frescoes at1 #c4 ,nativity1 ( ,gautama1 #eb4 ,nepalese m9iatures1 #bg2 pa9t+s1 #c1 #i4 #8,nymph ( ,virtue'1 #ca1 #eg4 ,nymphs1 #ab1 #ae1 #ej1 #fj4 (ficials1 dress (1 #cg2 see dress4 ox-head$ demon1 #de4 palanqu91 #bj1 #eb4 ,ppak>a1 leg5d (1 #af1 #ag4 pap] pa9t+s1 #cf1 #dg sq41 #fa4 ,p>adise1 ( ,amitbha1 see ,we/]n ,p>adise2 ( ,bhaiajyaguru1 #ej2 ( ,maitreya1 #ai2 ( kyamuni1 #ae1 #af4 pavilions1 #ac4 peacock1 #ab1 #ah1 #bb1 #ca4 pe>l1 ( ,kitig>bha1 #cg4 ,pelliot1 ,m4 ,paul1 #b4 ,p]sia1 #d2 see ,iranian4 ,petrucci1 ,m4 ,r41 viii1 x1 xi1 xii1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bg1 #cj1 #cg1 #ej4 pho5ix1 #ab1 #bb1 #ca4 pipe1 #ab1 #ad1 #af1 #be2 see :i/le-pipe4 ,planets1 div9ities (1 #h1 #ec4 plectrum1 #ec4 portraits1 ( donors1 #g1 #af1 #ba4 pretas1 #ca1 #ch4 processions1 #ad sq4 psalt]y1 #ab1 #ag1 #ah1 #de4 ,rjagha 7,rjgir71 #bg1 #dh4 rat-k+1 #eh4 ratnm1 see sev54 ,rawak ,vihra1 #bg4 reborn s\ls1 #ab1 #af1 #ah1 #bb4 re$-organ1 #ab1 #ag4 ,roman ,empire1 silk trade to1 #d4 #8royal ease'1 pose (1 #ce1 #eh4 saddles1 #bj4 #8,sage ( ! ,air'1 #ca1 #eg4 akti1 ( ,avalokitev>a1 #de1 #df4 kyamuni1 #ag2 9 pictures1 #e2 leg5d (1 #f2 ,p>adise (1 #ae1 #af2 type (1 #d2 see ,gautama1 ,buddha4 ,samantabhadra1 #e1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #bi1 #de4 s&als1 #da2 ( /r+1 #cg4 riputra1 #be1 #di4 ,sassanian relievos1 #dj4 #8,sassanian' textile motifs1 #dj1 #de1 #fj4 scabb>d1 lacqu]$1 #fb4 scale arm\r1 #ci1 #da1 #db1 #ec1 #ei sq41 #fb4 ,s*les+]1 ,miss ,k41 #ab1 #ec4 ,s]9dia1 ix1 xi4 ,sev5 ,jewels1 #ec4 ,sev5 ,/eps1 ( ,gautama1 #eb4 %ad+1 me?od (1 #ae4 %oes1 ( /r+1 #fb4 ,%s9 ,collection1 #ab4 silk1 ( pa9t+s1 #b2 gauze-l1 #bc2 trade f ,*9a1 #d4 sihsana1 #cf4 ivaitic div9ities1 #cj4 slab = inscription1 #ba1 #bb1 #ch4 spac+1 ,*9ese1 #i1 #df1 #fj4 rva/1 #8,miracle (1' #bg4 /ag1 :ite1 #fa4 /atues1 ( ,buddhas & ,bodhisattvas1 #bf2 see ,vulture ,peak4 ,/one ,son1 ,messrs4 ,h5ry1 xi4 ,/pa1 consecration (1 #bj4 uddhodana1 #be4 ,sukhvat1 see ,we/]n ,p>adise2 type (1 #bb4 ,sun1 ,bodhisattva (1 #cj1 #eg2 disc (1 #dg4 ,sung p]iod1 art (1 #g4 ,syr9x1 #af4 ,taki1 ,pr(41 xii4 ,taklamakn des]t1 #e4 ,t#8ang p]iod1 art (1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,tantra doctr9es1 #df2 emblems1 #eh4 ,taoi/ monk1 at ,caves1 #a sq4 ,tr1 goddess1 #de1 #df4 ,tejaprabha1 ,buddha1 #ec4 temp]a1 pa9t+ 91 #df4 textile patt]ns1 #ed2 see ,sassanian4 ,?und] god1 #bf4 ,ti-tsang 7,kitig>bha71 #cg4 ,tibet1 ,buddhism (1 #df1 #eh2 ,buddhi/ art (1 #i1 #df4 ,tibetan pa9t+s1 #c1 #i4 ,tibetans1 at ,tun-huang1 #de1 #df1 #dg4 tig]1 #dh4 tonsure1 #ai4 trees1 9 pa9t+s1 #aa1 #af1 #bj1 #bb4 #8triple cord'1 #db4 ,tun-huang1 oasis & t[n1 #a sq42 *iefs (1 #cf2 ,tibetan conque/ (1 #i4 ,turfn1 #e2 pa9t+ f1 #ba4 ,turke/n1 ,buddhi/ art (1 #c1 #d2 pictorial /yle (1 #i2 "u ,*9ese rule1 #d4 ,tuita ,heav51 #ah4 ,uru%ib>a1 ,mr4 ,y41 #b4 ,vairavaa1 #eh2 pa9t+s (1 #f1 #ci1 #ei2 emblems (1 #dj2 flag (1 #fj4 ,vajra1 #dc1 #dg4 ,vajrapis1 #ca1 #dc1 #eh1 #fc4 v>a-mudr1 #da1 #df1 #di4 vase1 glaz$1 #cf4 ,vignette1 portrait 91 #ba4 ,virhaka1 #ae1 #cf4 ,virpka1 #dj1 #eh1 #fb4 ,viss]1 ,pr(4 ,m4 ,w4 de1 #cg4 vit>ka-mudr1 #aa1 #ad1 #af1 #ah1 #bj1 #bb1 #bh1 #bi1 #cb1 #ce1 #dg1 #ej4 votive inscription1 #b4 ,vulture ,peak 7,gdhraka71 #be1 #bg1 #dh1 #di4 ,waley1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,d41 xii4 w>rior k+s1 #ab4 ,we/]n ,p>adise 7,sukhvat71 ( ,amitbha1 #e1 #f1 #aa1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #dd1 #eb4 :eel1 ( sov]eignty1 #ec4 :i/le-pipe1 #ae1 #af4 will[ spray1 ( ,avalokitev>a1 #bh1 #cj1 #cb2 ,aval1 "u will[s1 #cf4 ,w9t]1 ,miss ,e4 ,a41 #b1 #di4 #8,worlds ( ,desire'1 #cg1 #ch1 #ed4 ,wu ,tao-tz1 pa9t]1 #h4 ,yabuki1 ,mr41 xii4 ,yakz1 #ci1 #fj2 see demons4 ,yaodh>1 #ec4 ,yn-kang1 relievos (1 #h1 #bb1 #bc4 ,footnotes #a ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #adbj4 ,= a di/9ctively #8,indian' repres5tation ( ,majur1 see bel[1 ,plate ,,xxvii4 #b ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 ,app5dix ,e1 p4 #adaj4 #c ,see ,s]9dia1 ,app5dix ,a1 pp4 #adcd sqq4 #d ,see p>ticul>ly ! pa9t+1 ,*4 lv4 #jjbc1 ( ,a4,d4 #hfd reproduc$ 9 ,plate ,,xvi4 #e ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hej1 #hhe1 #hhh4 #f ,see ,s]9dia1 p4 #adaj4 #g ,= an int]pretation ( ! symbolic mean+ ( ?is repres5tation1 cf4 ,m4 ,petrucci's #8,essai' 7,les ,maalas71 ,s]9dia1 ,app5dix ,e1 p4 #adaa4 #h ,see ,s]9dia1 p4 #hce4 #i ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hej sq4 #aj ,see ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hii sq41 #ihd sq41 ,pls4 ,,cix1 ,,cx4 #aa ,see ,s]9dia pp4 #hij1 #ajhb sq41 ,pl4 ,,lviii1 & ,m4 ,petrucci's notes 9 ,app5dix ,e ibid41 p4 #adjh sq4 #ab ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hce1 #hij1 note #ch4 #ac ,see above1 p4 #ag4 #ad ,see1 e4g41 ,plate ,,xxii4 #ae ,cf4 ,/e91 ,anci5t ,khotan1 ii4 ,pl4 ,,lix4 #af ,= details ( ! antiqu>ian evid5ce conc]n+ ! date ( ^! pictures1 cf4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hhe1 #hif4 #ag ,see above1 p4 #i4 ,( my o!r pictorial #8f9ds' f ,c5tral ,asia only ! mural pa9t+s ( ,mrn1 approximately dat+ f ! ?ird to f\r? c5tury ,a4,d41 %[ ?is use ( #8high lights'2 cf4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #ejd1 #ejh1 ,pls4 ,,xl-,,xlv4 #ah ,^! two-lob$ tufts ( hair recall ^? %[n on ! heads ( ! angels & putti 9 ! wall-pa9t+s ( ! %r9es excavat$ by me at ,mrn2 see ,s]9dia1 ,figs4 #acd1 #ach1 #adj2 ,plates ,,xl1 ,,xli4 #ai ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hej sq42 also bel[1 p4 #bc4 #bj ,see above1 p4 #ba4 #ba ,= details on ^! po9ts & on ! "q ( /yle1 cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hdg sq4 #bb ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hdh4 #bc ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hej2 ,*avannes1 ,mission ar*ologique en ,*9e1 i4 ,plan*es #bjg-aj4 #bd ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hdi1 note #ah4 #be ,?is is aga9/ ! fix$ iconographic conv5tion ( ,indian tradition :i* %[s ! "r h& rais$ & ! "r %\ld] uncov]$ by ! "u-robe4 ,! explanation may be s\ght = 9 ! fact t 9 ! case ( bann]s bo? sides ( ! silk gauze _h to be pa9t$4 ,"h & 9 ! ,buddha ( ! bann] 9 ! middle ( ! ,plate we h obvi\sly cases ( a mi/ake made by ! arti/ z to :i* side 0 to be treat$ z ! "o int5d$ = contemplation & prop]ly f9i%$4 #bf ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #heh1 & ! reproduction ( ! bann]1 ,*4 lv4 #jjab1 ,pl4 ,,lxxv4 #bg ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #idg 7sub ,*4 #jjci74 #bh ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hhj4 #bi ,see ,petrucci1 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 xli1 pp4 #aba sqq4 #cj ,plate ,,lxx ( ,s]9dia %[s ! left half ( ! pa9t+ z orig9ally op5$ out & m\nt$ at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,z reg>ds c]ta9 slight modifications ( ! arrangem5t effect$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! f9al m\nt+ & n[ se5 9 our ,plate1 ! detail$ description ( ! pa9t+ 9 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #ajbd sqq41 may be ref]r$ to4 #ca ,cf4 ,petrucci1 ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 xli4 p4 #abb4 ,! figure at ! fir/ op5+ ( ! picture at ! ,briti% ,museum 0 f\nd z a deta*$ fragm5t4 ,to its left upp] edge !re adh]$ ! inscrib$ c>t\*e subsequ5tly1 on m\nt+1 ins]t$ 9 ! blank space betwe5 ! two /&+ figures at ! bottom2 cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #ajbe sq4 #cb ,see ,anci5t ,khotan1 i4 #dic1 ,figs4 #fb-d4 #cc ,cf4 ,f\*]1 ,beg9n+s ( ,buddhi/ ,art1 p4 #agb4 #cd ,cf4 ,iconographie b\ddhique1 i4 #dj sqq4 #ce ,= ! will[-spray symbol cf4 bel[1 ,plate ,,xxiv4 #cf ,see ,plates ,,xix1 ,,xxix1 ,,xli4 #cg ,= a reproduction 9 col\rs1 b on a mu* small] scale1 see ,des]t ,ca?ay1 ii4 ,plate ,,viii4 #ch ,= su* ,bodhisattva bann]s ( ! type conv5i5tly designat$ z #8,*9ese' see ,plates ,,xix1 ,,xxix1 ,,xli4 #ci ,cf4 ,m4 ,petrucci's read+s1 ,s]9dia1 p4 #adaf sq4 #dj ,= specim5s ( ?is #8,indian' type ( ,bodhisattvas see ,plates ,,xxi1 ,,xxii2 = detail$ ref]5ces conc]n+ bann]s ( ?is type1 p>ticul>ly num]\s among ^? on l951 cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hfb4 #da ,cf4 ,m4 ,petrucci's notes1 ,s]9dia1 p4 #acih4 #db ,see above1 p4 #af4 #dc ,cf4 ,m4 ,petrucci1 on #8,maalas de ,k\an-y9'1 ,s]9dia1 ,app5dix ,e1 pp4 #adaa sqq42 & = a full description ( our pa9t+1 ibid41 pp4 #ajgg sqq4 #dd ,see ,m4 ,f\*]'s brilliant essay on #8,la ,madone b\ddhique' 9 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,buddhi/ ,art1 pp4 #bhe sqq4 #de ,see ,m4 ,petrucci's explanations 9 ,s]9dia1 p4 #acig4 ,! o!r two inscriptions seem to conta9 metrical invocations ( ! all-m]ciful ,kuan-y94 #df ,= sc5es some:at simil>1 see ! side ( ,bhaiajyaguru's ,p>adise 9 ,plate ,i4 #dg ,cf4 ,mr4 ,b9yon's note 9 ,guide to an ,exhibition ,pa9t+s1 ,manuscripts1 & o!r ,ar*aeological ,objects collect$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 9 ,*9ese ,turke/n1 ,briti% ,museum1 #aiad1 p4 #ab4 #dh ,cf4 ,*avannes1 ,dix inscriptions *9oises de l',asie c5trale1 pp4 #hj sqq42 ,s]9dia1 p4 #acch sq4 #di ,see ,s]9dia1 p4 #hfd1 ) note #af4 #ej ,cf4 ,mr4 ,b9yon's rem>ks 9 ,guide to an ,exhibition ( ,pa9t+s1 ,,mss41 c41 collect$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 7,briti% ,museum1 ,london1 #aiad71 p4 #g sq42 also ,m4 ,petrucci's acc\nt ( ,kitig>bha's #8,maalas'1 ,s]9dia p4 #adbb sq4 ,! hi/ory ( ,kitig>bha's cult 9 ,*9a & ,japan =ms ! subject ( a full & v in/ructive monograph1 ,! ,bodhisattva ,ti-tsang 7,jiz7 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,w4 de ,viss]1 ) num]\s illu/rations 7,oe/]held ,co41 ,b]l91 #aiae71 to :i* ref]5ce may be made = all details4 #ea ,= a brief summ>y ( ! facts be>+ on ! iconographic hi/ory ( ! ,lokapla figures 9 _! transition f ,india & ,c5tral ,asia to ,*9a1 cf4 e4g4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hgj sqq41 :]e ! pr9cipal au?orities are indicat$4 #eb ,see ,anci5t ,khotan1 i4 pp4 #aeh1 #beb sq4 #ec ,! treatm5t ( ! scales1 app>5tly repres5t$ by ?ree-arm$ crosses1 is peculi> & diff]s f ! sev]al me?ods ( scale arm\r :i* o!r ,lokapla figures 7see e4g4 ,plate ,,xlvii7 usually display4 ,b x is f\nd aga9 on ,vairavaa's arm\r 9 ,plate ,,xlv & may possibly be meant = a special k9d ( mail4 #ed ,= "s ( su* indications1 see ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hga sq41 #hgd4 #ee ,cf4 ,h]zfeld1 ,am ,tor von ,asi51 p4 #hg4 ,to ! examples !re quot$ 9 note #ada may be add$ ! pa9t$ panel f ,d&n-oilik1 ,d4 vii4 #e1 %[n 9 ,anci5t ,khotan1 ii4 ,pl4 ,,lix4 #ef ,= m detail$ obs]vations on ! two gr\ps among ,lokapla pictures1 cf4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hgb sqq4 #eg ,see ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hgc sq41 #ici sqq41 c4 ,que/ions closely be>+ ^u arm\r & co/ume su* z our ,lokaplas exhibit h be5 discuss$ ) mu* critical le>n+ by ,dr4 ,b4 ,lauf] 9 8 ,*9ese ,clay ,figures1 ,pt4 #a3 ,prolegom5a on ! ,hi/ory ( ,def5sive ,arm\r 7,*icago1 #aiad74 #eh ,see ,anci5t ,khotan1 i4 pp4 xvi1 #cgd1 #daa2 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #bdf1 #dfc sqq4 #ei ,see above1 pp #ab1 #ad sq41 #bi4 #fj ,= detail$ ref]5ces1 cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hgc2 see also ,anci5t ,khotan1 i4 pp4 xvi1 #beb4 #fa ,= ref]5ce to works ( ,,mm4 ,*avannes1 ,f\*]1 ,grnw$el-,burgess1 see ,s]9dia1 p4 #hge1 note #de4 #fb ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #ijd sqq41 & ! embroid]y specim5s reproduc$ !re 9 ,plates ,,cvi-,,cviii1 ,,cx1 ,,cxi4 #fc ,cf4 ,f4 ,h4 ,&rews1 ,anci5t ,*9ese ,figur$ ,silks excavat$ by ,sir ,aurel ,/e9 7,b4 ,qu>it*1 ,london1 #aibj71 pp4 #d sqq41 ,figs4 #a-c4 #fd ,see above1 ,plates ,i1 ,,ii4 #fe ,we meet ) exactly correspond+ examples ( ! comb9ation ( ,*9ese & #8,sassanian' textile motifs 9 c]ta9 pr9t$ silks f ! #8,?\s& ,buddhas'2 see ,s]9dia1 p4 #iaa1 ,plates ,,cxiii1 ,,cxiv4 #ff ,see above1 p4 #i4 #fg ,ow+ to ^! causes ! reproduction ( ! pa9t+ has pres5t$ consid]able te*nical difficulties4 ,h5ce "s ( ! details m5tion$ _c be made out 9 x q z cle>ly z 9 ! orig9al4 #fh ,see 8 ,app5dix ,k1 ,s]9dia p4 #adgc4 #fi ,cf4 ,may]s1 ,! ,*9ese ,read]'s ,manual1 p4 #dh4 #gj ,see above1 pp4 #be1 #bg4 #ga ,= full details ( ! iconographic evid5ce ,i may ref] to ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hgh sqq4 #gb ,"s idea ( ! lab\r impli$ by ! execution ( ! embroid]y may be =m$ f ! fact t ! c>eful rem\nt+ ( ! hang+ on a fre% canvas back+1 :i* became necess>y at ! ,briti% ,museum = its pres]vation1 kept ! exp]t employ$ on ?is task1 ,miss ,e4 ,a4 ,w9t]1 ( ! ,royal ,s*ool ( ,ne$lework1 occupi$ = ov] ?ree mon?s4 #gc ,"s connexion might p]haps be s\ght ) an e>ly leg5d relat+ to kyamuni's /ay on ,gdhraka4 ,:ile engag$ 9 m$itation )9 a grotto1 he 0 believ$ to h pu%$ 8 "r arm ?r\gh its rock-wall 9 ord] to reassure 8 disciple n&a1 :om ,mra1 9 ! %ape ( a vulture1 _h fright5$2 cf4 ,f\*]1 ,l'art grco-b\ddhique du ,g&hra1 i4 p4 #dig4 #gd ,see above1 pp4 #bj sqq4 #ge ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hhe4 #gf ,see above1 p4 #ba4 #gg ,see above1 p4 #ac4 #gh ,see above1 p4 #bc4 #gi ,= ! reasons :i* acc\nt = ! bann]s ) sc5es f ! ,life usually =m+ small gr\ps or at lea/ pairs1 cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #heb4 #hj ,?is is 9 complete accord ) ! orig9al ,buddhi/ tradition :i* pres5ts ! desc5t ( ! :ite elephant n z a real ev5t1 b z a dream ( ,my2 cf4 ,f\*]1 ,l'art grco-b\ddhique du ,g&hra1 i4 p4 #bib4 #ha ,= a textual ref]5ce support+ ?is int]pretation1 cf4 ,s]9dia4 p4 xxiii1 add4 to p4 #hee1 note #ej;a4 #hb ,see above1 p4 #h4 #hc ,see ,s]9dia1 pp4 #icc sq41 ,figs4 #bae1 #bbf4 #hd ,= a full description ( ?is in/rum5t1 cf4 ,miss ,k4 ,s*les+]'s note 9 ,app5dix ,h1 ,s]9dia1 p4 #adfh4 #he ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 ,app5dix ,e1 p4 #adbi4 #hf ,see above1 p4 #cg sq4 #hg ,see above1 p4 #h4 #hh ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 pp4 #hfa sqq4 #hi ,= specim5s cf4 ,s]9dia4 pp4 #ijd sq42 ,plates ,,cvi-,,viii1 c4 #ij ,see ,anci5t ,khotan1 i4 pp4 #abj sq41 #bfd sq42 ii4 ,pl4 ,,lxiii2 ,s]9dia1 iii4 p4 #abgg4 #ia ,see above1 p4 #i4 #ib ,cf4 also above1 p4 #ci4 #ic ,cf4 ,s]9dia1 p4 #hgd4 #id ,see ,plates ,,xvii1 ,,xlii4 #ie ,cf4 ,grnw$el1 ,altbuddhi/is*e ,kult/tt51 pp4 #bhb1 #cea1 ,fig4 #ehc2 ,f\*]1 ,l'art grco-b\ddhique du ,g&hra1 ii4 pp4 #cb sqq4 #if ,see ,s]9dia1 ,plate ,c 7,*4 #jjaeh74 #ig ,see above1 p4 #dj sq4 #ih ,= a likely explanation ( ?is unusual attitude1 see above1 p4 #bd1 note #be4 #ii ,see ,s]9dia1 ii4 p4 #hgd2 ,pls4 ,,xxxvii1 ,,liv4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,text ,notes3 #a4 ,italiciz$ text is indicat$ ) lead+ & trail+ und]scores4 77 #b4 ,sup]script text is indicat$ ) a lead+ c>et 774 #c4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ ! end ( ea* section 7,preface1 ,introductory ,essay1 & ma9 text74 ,numb]+ is un*ang$4 #d4 ,index sub-items h be5 plac$ on _! own l9e b5ea? ! ma9 item4 #e4 ,! orig9al pr9t$ v]sion ( ?is "w 0 compos$ ( a book conta9+ ! text & two books conta9+ numb]$ image plates4 ,*ange ,li/ 7page numb]s f orig9al pr9t$ book73 ,page #f leg5d ( ,skyamuni 9 8 la/ life *ang$ to leg5d ( kyamuni 9 8 la/ life ,page #dj ,,vir,p,k,a ,,& ,,ma,,jusr *ang$ to ,,vir,p,k,a ,,& ,,ma,,ju,r ,page #db crimson lang fl[]$ ) blue rosettes *ang$ to crimson lag fl[]$ ) blue rosettes ,page #fe ,petrucci1 ,m4 ,r41 viii1 x1 xi1 xii1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bg1 #cj1 #cg1 #ej4 *ang$ to ,petrucci1 ,m4 ,r41 v1 x1 xi1 xii1 #ad1 #af1 #ag1 #ai1 #bg1 #cj1 #cg1 #ej4 ,pr9t$ ,image ,plate ,dim5sions 7wid? x height 9 c5timet]s7 ,plate ,dim5sion ,plate ,dim5sion #a #ch4c x #di4c #be #ed4c x #cd4i #b #cc4g x #di4c #bf #dj4g x #de4a #c #cb4e x #di4f #bg #ch4j x #di4e #d #be4d x #di4d #bh #cg4i x #ci4h #e #ai4g x #ci4f #bi #db4a x #ej4c #f #cb4g x #di4c #cj #de4g x #ci4g #g #cg4c x #di4c #ca #cj4b x #di4h #h #ce4i x #di4a #cb #ej4c x #bf4b #i #di4e x #da4i #cc #eb4e x #cb4e #aj #cf4e x #di4f #cd #ag4j x #be4b #aa #da4g x #ci4e #ce #ba4e x #bj4j #ab #ed4i x #ce4e #cf #bj4d x #ba4e #ac #db4g x #di4e #cg #bj4i x #bb4h #ad #cf4a x #di4d #ch #ab4h x #cf4j #ae #ce4h x #di4i #ci #bj4b x #bb4j #af #cb4i x #di4e #dj #bj4b x #bh4c #ag #cg4f x #di4e #da #be4h x #bf4c #ah #bi4c x #di4c #db #ah4g x #bd4g #ai #ch4d x #ci4g #dc #ag4i x #bb4f #bj #bf4c x #ci4f #dd #bj4e x #bf4b #ba #ah4f x #di4d #de #ag4b x #bd4g #bb #dg4g x #cc4e #df #bg4j x #cb4h #bc #cc4c x #di4b #dg #ba4g x #bj4h #bd #dj4a x #di4e #dh #bc4d x #cb4e