,,iol,,us                               
,,iol,,us                           ,,an
 ,,anthology ,,of ,,friendship          
,,edited ,,by                           
,,edward ,,carpenter                    
,second edition1 enlarged               
,,published ,,by                        
,,swan ,,sonnenschein  ,co4 ,,limited   
,,high ,,street1 ,,bloomsbury1 ,,london 
,,and ,,by ,s4 ,,clarke ,,at            
#da1 ,,granby ,,row1 ,,manchester       
,,mcmvi            8,and as to the loves
 of ,hercules it is difficult to record 
them    because of their number4 ,but   
some who think that ,iolus was one    of
 them1 do to this day worship and honour
 him2 and make their    loved ones swear
 fidelity at his tomb40                 
7,plutarch7          ,,preface ,,to     
,,first ,,edition      ,the degree to   
which ,friendship1 in the early history 
of the world1 has  been recognised as an
 institution1 and the dignity ascribed  
to it1 are  things hardly realized      
to-day4 ,yet a very slight examination  

of the  subject shows the important part
 it has played4 ,in making the following
  collection ,i have been much struck by
 the remarkable manner in which the     
customs of various races and times      
illustrate each other1 and the way in   
which they point to a solid and enduring
 body of human sentiment on the         
subject4 ,by arranging the extracts in a
 kind of rough chronological and        
evolutionary order from those dealing   
with primitive races onwards1 the       
continuity of these customs comes out   
all the more clearly1 as well as  their 
slow modification in course of time4    
,but it must be confessed that  the     
present collection is only incomplete1  
and a small contribution1 at  best1     
towards a large subject4    ,in the     
matter of quotation and translation1 my 
best thanks are due to  various authors 
and holders of literary copyrights for  
their assistance  and authority2 and    
especially to the ,master and ,fellows  
of ,balliol  ,college for permission to 

quote from the late ,professor ,jowett's
  translation of ,plato's dialogues2 to 
,messrs4 ,george ,bell  ,sons for  leave
 to make use of the ,bohn series2 to    
,messrs4 ,a4  ,c4 ,black for leave  of  
quotation from the late ,j4 ,addington  
,symonds' ,studies of the ,greek        
,poets2 and to ,messrs4 ,longmans1      
,green  ,co41 for sanction of extracts  
from the ,rev4 ,w4 ,h4 ,hutchings'      
translation of the ,confessions of ,st4 
,augustine4 ,in cases where no reference
 is given the translations are by  the  
,editor4                                
,e4 ,c4    ,march1 #aijb4               
,,contents                              
page           ,preface                 
v4        ,i4 ,friendship-customs in the
 ,pagan and ,early ,world               
#a       ,,ii4 ,the place of ,friendship
 in ,greek ,life and ,thought           
#ci      ,,iii4 ,poetry of ,friendship  
among the ,greeks and ,romans           
#fe       ,,iv4 ,friendship in ,early   
,christian and ,medival ,times          

#ie        ,v4 ,the ,renaissance and    
,modern ,times                          
#aba           ,additions #aijf         
#ahc           ,index                   
#bbe          ,i4                       
,friendship-,customs in the ,pagan      
,early ,world                           
,friendship-,customs in the ,pagan      
,early ,world      ,friendship-,customs1
 of a very marked and definite          
character1 have  apparently prevailed   
among a great many primitive peoples2   
but the  information that we have about 
them is seldom thoroughly satisfactory4 
,travellers have been content to note   
external ceremonies1 like the  exchange 
of names between comrades1 or the mutual
 tasting of each other's  blood1        
but--either from want of perception or  
want of opportunity--have  not been able
 to tell us anything about the inner    
meaning of these  formalities1 or the   
sentiments which may have inspired them4
 ,still1  we have material enough to    
indicate that comrade-attachment has    

been  recognised as an important        
institution1 and held in high esteem1   
among quite savage tribes2 and some of  
the following quotations will  show     
this4 ,when we come to the higher       
culture of the ,greek age the  material 
fortunately is abundant--not only for   
the customs1 but 7in ,greek  philosophy 
and poetry7 for the inner sentiments    
which inspired these  customs4          
,consequently it will be found that the 
major part of this and  the following   
two chapters deals with matter from     
,greek sources4 ,the  later chapters    
carry on the subject in loosely         
historical sequence  through the        
,christian centuries down to modern     
times4    ,sidenote3 ,primitive         
,ceremony    ,the ,balonda are an       
,african tribe inhabiting ,londa land1  
among the  ,southern tributaries of the 
,congo ,river4 ,they were visited by    
,livingstone1 and the following account 
of their customs is derived from  him3--
      8,the ,balonda have a most        

remarkable custom of cementing          
friendship4 ,when two men agree to be   
special friends they go    through a    
singular ceremony4 ,the men sit opposite
 each other    holding hands1 and by the
 side of each is a vessel of beer4      
,slight cuts are then made on the       
clasped hands1 on the pit of the        
stomach1 on the right cheek1 and on the 
forehead4 ,the point of a    grass-blade
 is pressed against each of these cuts1 
so as to take    up a little of the     
blood1 and each man washes the          
grass-blade    in his own beer vessel4  
,the vessels are then exchanged and the 
contents drunk1 so that each imbibes the
 blood of the other4    ,the two are    
thenceforth considered as               
blood-relations1 and are    bound to    
assist each other in every possible     
manner4 ,while the    beer is being     
drunk1 the friends of each of the men   
beat on the    ground with clubs1 and   
bawl out certain sentences as           
ratification    of the treaty4 ,it is   

thought correct for all the friends of  
each party to the contract to drink a   
little of the beer4 ,the    ceremony is 
called #8,kasendi4' ,after it has been  
completed1 gifts    are exchanged1 and  
both parties always give their most     
precious    possessions40 ,natural      
,history of ,man4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,wood4  
,vol3    ,africa1 p4 #dai4    ,sidenote3
 ,exchange of ,names    ,among the      
,manganjas and other tribes of the      
,zambesi region1 ,livingstone  found the
 custom of changing names prevalent4    
8,sininyane 7a headman7 had exchanged   
names with a ,zulu at    ,shupanga1 and 
on being called the next morning made no
 answer2    to a second and third       
summons he paid no attention2 but at    
length one of his men replied1 #8,he is 
not ,sininyane now1 he is               
,moshoshoma2' and to this name he       
answered promptly4 ,the custom of       
exchanging names with men of other      
tribes is not uncommon2 and    the      
exchangers regard themselves as close   

comrades1 owing special    duties to    
each other ever after4 ,should one by   
chance visit his    comrade's town1 he  
expects to receive food1 lodging1 and   
other    friendly offices from him40    
,narrative of an ,expedition to the     
,zambesi4 ,by ,david and ,charles       
,livingstone4 ,murray1 #ahfe1 p4 #adh4  
,sidenote3 ,david and ,jonathan    ,in  
the story of ,david and ,jonathan1 which
 follows1 we have an example1  from much
 the same stage of primitive tribal     
life1 of a compact between  two         
friends--one the son of the chief1 the  
other a shepherd youth--only in  this   
case1 in the song of ,david 78,i am     
distressed for thee1 my brother         
,jonathan1 thy love to me was           
wonderful07 we are fortunate in having  
the  inner feeling preserved for us4 ,it
 should be noted that ,jonathan gives to
  ,david his 8most precious             
possessions40      8,and when ,saul saw 
,david go forth against the ,philistine 
7,goliath71 he said unto ,abner1 the    

captain of the host1 #8,abner1    whose 
son is this youth8' ,and ,abner said1   
#8,as thy soul liveth1 ,o    ,king1 ,i  
cannot tell4' ,and the ,king said1      
#8,inquire thou whose son    the        
stripling is4' ,and as ,david returned  
from the slaughter of    the            
,philistine1 ,abner took him and brought
 him before ,saul1 with    the head of  
the ,philistine in his hand4 ,and ,saul 
said to him1    #8,whose son art thou1  
young man8' ,and ,david answered1 #8,the
 son of    thy servant ,jesse the       
,bethlehemite4'      8,and it came to   
pass1 when he had made an end of        
speaking unto    ,saul1 that the soul of
 ,jonathan was knit with the soul of    
,david1    and ,jonathan loved him as   
his own soul4 ,and ,saul took him that  
day1 and would let him go no more home  
to his father's house4    ,then         
,jonathan and ,david made a covenant1   
because he loved him as    his own soul4
 ,and ,jonathan stripped himself of the 
robe that was    upon him1 and gave it  

to ,david1 and his garments1 even to his
    sword1 and to his bow1 and to his   
girdle40 #a ,sam4 ch4 xvii4 #ee4        
,sidenote3 ,flower ,friends    ,with    
regard to the exchange of names1 a      
slightly different custom  prevails     
among the ,bengali coolies4 ,two youths1
 or two girls1 will  exchange two       
flowers 7of the same kind7 with each    
other1 in token of  perpetual alliance4 
,after that1 one speaks of the other as 
8my flower10  but never alludes to the  
other by name again--only by some       
roundabout  phrase4    ,sidenote3       
,polynesia ,tahiti    ,herman ,melville1
 who voyaged among the ,pacific ,islands
 in #ahda-ahde1  gives some interesting 
and reliable accounts of ,polynesian    
customs of  that period4 ,he says3--    
8,the really curious way in which all   
the ,polynesians are in the    habit of 
making bosom friends at the shortest    
possible notice is    deserving of      
remark4 ,although1 among a people like  
the ,tahitians1    vitiated as they are 

by sophisticating influences1 this      
custom    has in most cases degenerated 
into a mere mercenary relation1    it   
nevertheless had its origin in a fine1  
and in some instances    heroic1        
sentiment formerly entertained by their 
fathers4      8,in the annals of the    
island 7,tahiti7 are examples of        
extravagant    friendships1 unsurpassed 
by the story of ,damon and ,pythias1 in 
truth1 much more wonderful2 for         
notwithstanding the devotion--even    of
 life in some cases--to which they led1 
they were frequently    entertained at  
first sight for some stranger from      
another    island40 ,omoo1 ,herman      
,melville1 ch4 #ci1 p4 #aed4            
8,though little inclined to jealousy in 
7ordinary7 love-matters1    the         
,tahitian will hear of no rivals in his 
friendship40 ,ibid1    ch4 #dj4         
,sidenote3 ,marquesas ,islands          
,melville spent some months on one of   
the ,marquesas ,islands1 in a valley    
occupied by a tribe called ,typees2 one 

day there turned up a stranger          
belonging to a hostile tribe who        
occupied another part of the island3--  
8,the stranger could not have been more 
than twenty-five years of    age1 and   
was a little above the ordinary height2 
had he been a    single hair's breadth  
taller1 the matchless symmetry of his   
form    would have been destroyed4 ,his 
unclad limbs were beautifully    formed2
 whilst the elegant outline of his      
figure1 together with    his beardless  
cheeks1 might have entitled him to the  
distinction    of standing for the      
statue of the ,polynesian ,apollo2 and  
indeed    the oval of his countenance   
and the regularity of every feature     
reminded me of an antique bust4 ,but the
 marble repose of art    was supplied by
 a warmth and liveliness of expression  
only to    be seen in the ,south ,sea   
,islander under the most favourable     
developments of nature4444 ,when ,i     
expressed my surprise 7at his           
venturing among the ,typees7 he looked  

at me for a moment as    if enjoying my 
perplexity1 and then with his strange   
vivacity    exclaimed--#8,ah6 me        
taboo--me go ,nukuheva--me go ,tior--me 
go ,typee--me    go everywhere--nobody  
harm me1 me taboo4'      8,this         
explanation would have been altogether  
unintelligible to    me1 had it not     
recalled to my mind something ,i had    
previously    heard concerning a        
singular custom among these islanders4  
,though the country is possessed by     
various tribes1 whose mutual            
hostilities almost wholly preclude any  
intercourse between    them2 yet there  
are instances where a person having     
ratified    friendly relations with some
 individual belonging to the valley1    
whose inmates are at war with his own1  
may under particular    restrictions    
venture with impunity into the country  
of his    friend1 where under other     
circumstances he would have been        
treated as an enemy4 ,in this light are 
personal friendships    regarded among  

them1 and the individual so protected is
 said to    be #8taboo1' and his person 
to a certain extent is held as sacred4  
,thus the stranger informed me he had   
access to all the valleys in    the     
island40 ,typee1 ,herman ,melville1 ch4 
xviii4    ,in almost all primitive      
nations1 warfare has given rise to      
institutions  of military               
comradeship--including1 for instance1   
institutions of  instruction for young  
warriors1 of personal devotion to their 
leaders1  or of personal attachment to  
each other4 ,in ,greece these customs   
were  specially defined1 as later       
quotations will show4    ,sidenote3     
,tacitus on ,military ,comradeship      
,tacitus1 speaking of the arrangement   
among the ,germans by which each        
military chief was surrounded by younger
 companions in arms1 says3--            
8,there is great emulation among the    
companions1 which shall    possess the  
highest place in the favour of their    
chief2 and    among the chiefs1 which   

shall excel in the number and valour    
of his companions4 ,it is their dignity1
 their strength1 to be    always        
surrounded with a large body of select  
youth1 an ornament    in peace1 a       
bulwark in war444 ,in the field of      
battle1 it is    disgraceful for the    
chief to be surpassed in valour2 it is  
disgraceful for the companions not to   
equal their chief2 but it    is reproach
 and infamy during a whole succeeding   
life to retreat    from the field       
surviving him4 ,to aid1 to protect him2 
to place    their own gallant actions to
 the account of his glory is their      
first and most sacred engagement40      
,tacitus1 ,germania1 #ac1 #ad1    ,bohn 
,series4    ,sidenote3 ,the ,khalifa at 
,khartoum    ,among the ,arab tribes    
very much the same thing may be found1  
every ,sheikh  having his bodyguard of  
young men1 whom he instructs and        
educates1 while  they render to him     
their military and personal devotion4   
,in the late  expedition of the ,british

 to ,khartoum 7,nov41 #ahii71 when      
,colonel ,wingate  and his troops mowed 
down the ,khalifa and his followers with
 their  ,maxims1 the death of the       
,khalifa was thus described by a        
correspondent of  the daily papers3--   
8,in the centre of what was evidently   
the main attack on our right    we came 
across a very large number of bodies all
 huddled together    in a very small    
place2 their horses lay dead behind     
them1 the    ,khalifa lay dead on his   
furma1 or sheepskin1 the typical end of 
the ,arab ,sheikh who disdains          
surrender2 on his right was the         
,khalifa ,aly ,wad ,hila1 and on his    
left ,ahmed ,fedil1 his great           
fighting leader1 whilst all around him  
lay his faithful emirs1    all content  
to meet their death when he had chosen  
to meet his4    ,his black ,mulamirin1  
or bodyguard1 all lay dead in a straight
    line about #dj yards in front of    
their master's body1 with their    faces
 to the foe and faithful to the last4   

,it was truly a    touching sight1 and  
one could not help but feel that 444    
their    end was truly grand4444        
,amongst the dead were found two men    
tied    together by the arms1 who had   
charged towards the guns and had    got 
nearer than any others4 ,on enquiring of
 the prisoners ,colonel    ,wingate was 
told these two were great friends1 and  
on seeing the    ,egyptian guns come up 
had tied themselves by the arms with a  
cord1 swearing to reach the guns or die 
together40    ,sidenote3 ,primitive     
,germans    ,compare also the following 
quotation from ,ammianus ,marcellinus   
7xvi4  #ac71 who says that when         
,chonodomarus1 8,king of the ,alamanni10
 was taken  prisoner by the ,romans1    
8,his companions1 two hundred in number1
 and three friends    peculiarly        
attached to him1 thinking it infamous to
 survive their    prince1 or not to die 
for him1 surrendered themselves to be   
put    in bonds40    ,sidenote3 ,south  
,african ,tribes    ,the following      

passage from ,livingstone shows the     
existence among the  ,african tribes of 
his time of a system1 which ,wood       
rightly says 8has  a singular           
resemblance to the instruction of pages 
in the days of  chivalry03--            
8,monina 7one of the confederate chiefs 
of the ,banyai7 had a great    number of
 young men about him1 from twelve to    
fifteen years of    age4 ,these were all
 sons of free men1 and bands of young   
lads    like them in the different      
districts leave their parents about     
the age of puberty and live with such   
men as ,monina for the sake    of       
instruction4 ,when ,i asked the nature  
of the instruction ,i was    told       
#8,bonyi1' which ,i suppose may be      
understood as indicating    manhood1 for
 it sounds as if we should say1 #8to    
teach an ,american    ,americanism1' or1
 #8an ,englishman to be ,english4'      
,while here they    are kept in         
subjection to rather stringent          
regulations4444 ,they    remain         

unmarried until a fresh set of youths is
 ready to occupy    their place under   
the same instruction40 ,missionary      
,travels and    ,researches in ,south   
,africa4 ,by ,david ,livingstone1 #aheg1
 p4 #fah4    ,m4 ,foley 7,bulln4 ,soc4  
d',anthr4 de ,paris1 #ahgi7 speaks of   
fraternity in  arms among the natives of
 ,new ,caledonia as forming a close     
tie--closer  even than consanguinity4   
,sidenote3 ,greek ,friendship and       
,medival ,chivalry    ,with regard to   
,greece1 ,j4 ,addington ,symonds has    
some interesting remarks1  which are    
well worthy of consideration2 he says3--
      8,nearly all the historians of    
,greece have failed to insist upon      
the fact that fraternity in arms played 
for the ,greek race the    same part as 
the idealisation of women for the       
knighthood of    feudal ,europe4 ,greek 
mythology and history are full of tales 
of friendship1 which can only be        
paralleled by the story of    ,david and
 ,jonathan in the ,bible4 ,the legends  

of ,herakles and    ,hylas1 of ,theseus 
and ,pirithus1 of ,apollo and ,hyacinth1
 of    ,orestes and ,pylades1 occur     
immediately to the mind4 ,among the     
noblest patriots1 tyrannicides1         
lawgivers1 and self-devoted    heroes in
 the early times of ,greece1 we always  
find the names of    friends and        
comrades received with peculiar honour4 
,harmodius    and ,aristogeiton1 who    
slew the despot ,hipparchus at ,athens2 
,diocles and ,philolaus1 who gave laws  
to ,thebes2 ,chariton and               
,melanippus1 who resisted the sway of   
,phalaris in ,sicily2 ,cratinus    and  
,aristodemus1 who devoted their lives to
 propitiate offended    deities when a  
plague had fallen on ,athens2 these     
comrades1    staunch to each other in   
their love1 and elevated by friendship  
to the pitch of noblest enthusiasm1 were
 among the favourite    saints of ,greek
 legend and history4 ,in a word1 the    
chivalry    of ,hellas found its motive 
force in friendship rather than in      

the love of women2 and the motive force 
of all chivalry is a    generous1       
soul-exalting1 unselfish passion4 ,the  
fruit which    friendship bore among the
 ,greeks was courage in the face of     
danger1 indifference to life when honour
 was at stake1 patriotic    ardour1 the 
love of liberty1 and lion-hearted       
rivalry in battle4    #8,tyrants1' said 
,plato1 #8stand in awe of friends4'0    
,studies of    the ,greek ,poets4 ,by   
,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ig4      
,sidenote3 ,fraternity in ,arms in      
,sparta    ,the customs connected with  
this fraternity in arms1 in ,sparta and 
in ,crete1 are described with care and  
at considerable length in the  following
 extract from ,mller's ,history and     
,antiquities of the ,doric  ,race1 book 
iv41 ch4 #d1 par4 #f3--      8,at       
,sparta the party loving was called 1   
and his    affection was termed a       
breathing in1 or inspiring 772    which 
expresses the pure and mental connection
 between the two    persons1 and        

corresponds with the name of the other1 
viz43 1    i4e41 listener or bearer4    
,now it appears to have been the        
practice for every youth of good        
character to have his lover2 and    on  
the other hand every well-educated man  
was bound by custom    to be the lover  
of some youth4 ,instances of this       
connection    are furnished by several  
of the royal family of ,sparta2 thus1   
,agesilaus1 while he still belonged to  
the herd 77 of    youths1 was the hearer
 77 of ,lysander1 and himself had in    
his turn also a hearer2 his son         
,archidamus was the lover of the    son 
of ,sphodrias1 the noble ,cleonymus2    
,cleomenes ,,iii4 was when    a young   
man the hearer of ,xenares1 and later in
 life the lover    of the brave         
,panteus4 ,the connection usually       
originated from the    proposal of the  
lover2 yet it was necessary that the    
listener    should accept him with real 
affection1 as a regard to the riches    
of the proposer was considered very     

disgraceful2 sometimes1    however1 it  
happened that the proposal originated   
from the other    party4 ,the connection
 appears to have been very intimate and 
faithful2 and was recognised by the     
,state4 ,if his relations were          
absent1 the youth might be represented  
in the public assembly by    his lover2 
in battle too they stood near one       
another1 where their    fidelity and    
affection were often shown till death2  
while at home    the youth was          
constantly under the eyes of his lover1 
who was to    him as it were a model and
 pattern of life2 which explains why1   
for many faults1 particularly want of   
ambition1 the lover could    be punished
 instead of the listener40    ,sidenote3
 ,crete      8,this ancient national    
custom prevailed with still greater     
force    in ,crete2 which island was    
hence by many persons considered as     
the original seat of the connection in  
question4 ,here too it was              
disgraceful for a well-educated youth to

 be without a lover2    and hence the   
party loved was termed 1 the praised2   
the lover being simply called 4 ,it     
appears that the    youth was always    
carried away by force1 the intention of 
the    ravisher being previously        
communicated to the relations1 who      
however took no measures of precaution1 
and only made a feigned    resistance2  
except when the ravisher appeared1      
either in family    or talent1 unworthy 
of the youth4 ,the lover then led him   
away    to his apartment 771 and        
afterwards1 with any chance             
companions1 either to the mountains or  
to his estate4 ,here they    remained   
two months 7the period prescribed by    
custom71 which were    passed chiefly in
 hunting together4 ,after this time had 
expired1    the lover dismissed the     
youth1 and at his departure gave him1   
according to custom1 an ox1 a military  
dress1 and brazen cup1    with other    
things2 and frequently these gifts were 
increased by    the friends of the      

ravisher4 ,the youth then sacrificed the
 ox    to ,jupiter1 with which he gave a
 feast to his companions3 and    now he 
stated how he had been pleased with his 
lover2 and he    had complete liberty by
 law to punish any insult or disgraceful
    treatment4 ,it depended now on the  
choice of the youth whether the         
connection should be broken off or not4 
,if it was kept up1 the    companion in 
arms 771 as the youth was then called1  
wore the military dress which had been  
given him1 and fought in    battle next 
his lover1 inspired with double valour  
by the gods of    war and love1         
according to the notions of the         
,cretans2 and even    in man's age he   
was distinguished by the first place and
 rank in    the course1 and certain     
insignia worn about the body4           
8,institutions1 so systematic and       
regular as these1 did not exist    in   
any ,doric ,state except ,crete and     
,sparta2 but the feelings    on which   
they were founded seem to have been     

common to all the    ,dorians4 ,the     
loves of ,philolaus1 a ,corinthian of   
the family of    the ,bacchiadae1 and   
the lawgiver of ,thebes1 and of ,diocles
 the    ,olympic conqueror1 lasted until
 death2 and even their graves    were   
turned towards one another in token of  
their affection2    and another person  
of the same name was honoured in        
,megara1 as    a noble instance of      
self-devotion for the object of his     
love40    ,ibid4    ,sidenote3 ,diocles 
,for an account of ,philolaus and       
,diocles1 ,aristotle 7,pol4 ii4 #i7 may 
be  referred to4 ,the second ,diocles   
was an ,athenian who died in battle for 
the youth he loved4      8,his tomb was 
honoured with the  of heroes1 and a     
yearly contest for skill in kissing     
formed part of his memorial             
celebration40 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds' 8,a     
,problem in ,greek ,ethics10            
privately printed1 #ahhc2 see also      
,theocritus1 ,idyll xii4    infra4      
,sidenote3 ,albanian ,customs    ,hahn1 

in his ,albanesische ,studien1 says that
 the ,dorian customs  of comradeship    
still flourish in ,albania 8just as     
described by the  ancients10 and are    
closely entwined with the whole life of 
the  people--though he says nothing of  
any military signification4 ,it appears 
to be a quite recognised institution for
 a young man to take to himself  a youth
 or boy as his special comrade4 ,he     
instructs1 and when necessary  reproves1
 the younger2 protects him1 and makes   
him presents of various  kinds4 ,the    
relation generally1 though not always   
ends with the marriage  of the elder4   
,the following is reported by ,hahn as  
in the actual words of  his informant   
7an ,albanian73--      8,love of this   
kind is occasioned by the sight of a    
beautiful    youth2 who thus kindles in 
the lover a feeling of wonder and       
causes his heart to open to the sweet   
sense which springs from    the         
contemplation of beauty4 ,by degrees    
love steals in and takes    possession  

of the lover1 and to such a degree that 
all his    thoughts and feelings are    
absorbed in it4 ,when near the beloved  
he loses himself in the sight of him2   
when absent he thinks of    him only40  
,these loves1 he continued1 8are with a 
few exceptions    as pure as sunshine1  
and the highest and noblest affections  
that    the human heart can entertain40 
,hahn1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aff4    ,hahn also  
mentions that troops of youths1 like the
 ,cretan and ,spartan  agelae1 are      
formed in ,albania1 of twenty-five or   
thirty members each4  ,the comradeship  
usually begins during adolescence1 each 
member paying  a fixed sum into a common
 fund1 and the interest being spent on  
two or  three annual feasts1 generally  
held out of doors4    ,sidenote3 ,the   
,theban ,band    ,the ,sacred ,band of  
,thebes1 or ,theban ,band1 was a        
battalion composed  entirely of friends 
and lovers2 and forms a remarkable      
example of  military comradeship4 ,the  
references to it in later ,greek        

literature are  very numerous1 and there
 seems no reason to doubt the general   
truth of  the traditions concerning its 
formation and its complete annihilation 
by  ,philip of ,macedon at the battle of
 ,chaeronea 7,b4,c4 #cch74 ,thebes was  
the  last stronghold of ,hellenic       
independence1 and with the ,theban ,band
 ,greek  freedom perished4 ,but the mere
 existence of this phalanx1 and the fact
 of  its renown1 show to what an extent 
comradeship was recognised and prized   
as an institution among these peoples4  
,the following account is taken  from   
,plutarch's ,life of ,pelopidas1        
,clough's translation3--                
8,gorgidas1 according to some1 first    
formed the ,sacred ,band of #cjj        
chosen men1 to whom as being a guard for
 the citadel the ,state    allowed      
provision1 and all things necessary for 
exercise2 and    hence they were called 
the city band1 as citadels of old were  
usually called cities4 ,others say that 
it was composed of young    men attached

 to each other by personal affection1   
and a pleasant    saying of ,pammenes is
 current1 that ,homer's ,nestor was not 
well    skilled in ordering an army1    
when he advised the ,greeks to rank     
tribe and tribe1 and family and family1 
together1 that so #8tribe    might      
tribe1 and kinsmen kinsmen aid1' but    
that he should have    joined lovers and
 their beloved4 ,for men of the same    
tribe or    family little value one     
another when dangers press2 but a band  
cemented together by friendship grounded
 upon love is never to    be broken1 and
 invincible2 since the lovers1 ashamed  
to be base    in sight of their beloved1
 and the beloved before their lovers1   
willingly rush into danger for the      
relief of one another4 ,nor can    that 
be wondered at since they have more     
regard for their absent    lovers than  
for others present2 as in the instance  
of the man    who1 when his enemy was   
going to kill him1 earnestly requested  
him to run him through the breast1 that 

his lover might not blush    to see him 
wounded in the back4 ,it is a tradition 
likewise that    ,iolus1 who assisted   
,hercules in his labours and fought at  
his    side1 was beloved of him2 and    
,aristotle observes that even in his    
time lovers plighted their faith at     
,iolus' tomb4 ,it is likely1            
therefore1 that this band was called    
sacred on this account2 as    ,plato    
calls a lover a divine friend4 ,it is   
stated that it was    never beaten till 
the battle at ,chaeronea2 and when      
,philip after    the fight took a view  
of the slain1 and came to the place     
where    the three hundred that fought  
his phalanx lay dead together1 he       
wondered1 and understanding that it was 
the band of lovers1 he    shed tears and
 said1 #8,perish any man who suspects   
that these men    either did or suffered
 anything that was base4'      8,it was 
not the disaster of ,laius1 as the poets
 imagine1 that    first gave rise to    
this form of attachment among the       

,thebans1    but their lawgivers1       
designing to soften whilst they were    
young    their natural fickleness1      
brought for example the pipe into great 
esteem1 both in serious and sportive    
occasions1 and gave great               
encouragement to these friendships in   
the ,palaestra1 to temper    the manner 
and character of the youth4 ,with a view
 to this1 they    did well again to make
 ,harmony1 the daughter of ,mars and    
,venus1    their tutelar deity2 since   
where force and courage is joined       
with gracefulness and winning behaviour1
 a harmony ensues that    combines all  
the elements of society in perfect      
consonance and    order4      8,gorgidas
 distributed this sacred ,band all      
through the front    ranks of the       
infantry1 and thus made their gallantry 
less    conspicuous2 not being united in
 one body1 but mingled with many        
others of inferior resolution1 they had 
no fair opportunity of    showing what  
they could do4 ,but ,pelopidas1 having  

sufficiently    tried their bravery at  
,tegyrae1 where they had fought alone1  
and around his own person1 never        
afterwards divided them1 but    keeping 
them entire1 and as one man1 gave them  
the first duty in    the greatest       
battles4 ,for as horses run brisker in a
 chariot than    single1 not that their 
joint force divides the air with greater
    ease1 but because being matched one 
against another circulation    kindles  
and enflames their courage2 thus1 he    
thought1 brave    men1 provoking one    
another to noble actions1 would prove   
most    serviceable and most resolute   
where all were united together40        
,sidenote3 ,athenus    ,stories of      
romantic friendship form a staple       
subject of ,greek literature1  and were 
everywhere accepted and prized4 ,the    
following quotations from  ,athenus and 
,plutarch contain allusions to the      
,theban ,band1 and other  examples3--   
8,and the ,lacedmonians offer sacrifices
 to ,love before they go to    battle1  

thinking that safety and victory depend 
on the friendship    of those who stand 
side by side in the battle array4444    
,and the    regiment among the ,thebans1
 which is called the ,sacred ,band1     
is wholly composed of mutual lovers1    
indicating the majesty of    the ,god1  
as these men prefer a glorious death to 
a shameful and    discreditable life40  
,athenus1 bk4 xiii41 ch4 #ab4           
,sidenote3 ,iolus    ,iolus1            
above-mentioned1 is said to have been   
the charioteer of  ,hercules1 and his   
faithful companion4 ,as the comrade of  
,hercules he was  worshipped beside him 
in ,thebes1 where the gymnasium was     
named after  him4 ,plutarch alludes to  
this friendship again in his treatise on
 ,love  7,eroticus1 par4 #ag73--        
8,and as to the loves of ,hercules1 it  
is difficult to record them    because  
of their number2 but those who think    
that ,iolus was one    of them do to    
this day worship and honour him1 and    
make their    loved ones swear fidelity 

at his tomb40    ,sidenote3 ,plutarch on
 ,love    ,and in the same treatise3--  
8,consider also how ,love 7,eros7 excels
 in warlike feats1 and is    by no means
 idle1 as ,euripides called him1 nor a  
carpet knight1    nor #8sleeping on soft
 maidens' cheeks4' ,for a man inspired  
by    ,love needs not ,ares to help him 
when he goes out as a warrior    against
 the enemy1 but at the bidding of his   
own god is #8ready'    for his friend   
#8to go through fire and water and      
whirlwinds4' ,and    in ,sophocles'     
play1 when the sons of ,niobe are being 
shot at and    dying1 one of them calls 
out for no helper or assister but his   
lover4      8,and you know of course how
 it was that ,cleomachus1 the           
,pharsalian1 fell in battle4444 ,when   
the war between the    ,eretrians and   
,chalcidians was at its height1         
,cleomachus had come    to aid the      
latter with a ,thessalian force2 and the
 ,chalcidian    infantry seemed strong  
enough1 but they had great difficulty in

    repelling the enemy's cavalry4 ,so  
they begged that high-souled    hero1   
,cleomachus1 to charge the ,eretrian    
cavalry first4 ,and he    asked the     
youth he loved1 who was by1 if he would 
be a spectator    of the fight1 and he  
saying he would1 and affectionately     
kissing    him and putting his helmet on
 his head1 ,cleomachus1 with a proud    
joy1 put himself at the head of the     
bravest of the ,thessalians1    and     
charged the enemy's cavalry with such   
impetuosity that he    threw them into  
disorder and routed them2 and the       
,eretrian    infantry also fleeing in   
consequence1 the ,chalcidians won a     
splendid victory4 ,however1 ,cleomachus 
got killed1 and they show    his tomb in
 the market place at ,chalcis1 over     
which a huge    pillar stands to this   
day40 ,eroticus1 par4 #ag1 trans4       
,bohn's    ,classics4    ,and further on
 in the same3--      8,and among you    
,thebans1 ,pemptides1 is it not usual   
for the    lover to give his boylove a  

complete suit of armour when he is      
enrolled among the men8 ,and did not the
 erotic ,pammenes change    the         
disposition of the heavy-armed infantry1
 censuring ,homer as    knowing nothing 
about love1 because he drew up the      
,achans in    order of battle in tribes 
and clans1 and did not put lover and    
love together1 that so #8spear should be
 next to spear and helmet    to helmet' 
7,iliad1 xiii4 #aca71 seeing that love  
is the only    invincible general4 ,for 
men in battle will leave in the lurch   
clansmen and friends1 aye1 and parents  
and sons1 but what warrior    ever broke
 through or charged through lover and   
love1 seeing    that when there is no   
necessity lovers frequently display     
their    bravery and contempt of life40 
,sidenote3 ,athenus on the same    ,the 
following is from the ,deipnosophists of
 ,athenus 7bk4 xiii4 ch4  #gh73--       
8,but ,hieronymus the ,peripatetic says 
that the loves of youths    used to be  
much encouraged1 for this reason1 that  

the vigour    of the young and their    
close agreement in comradeship have led 
to the overthrow of many a tyranny4 ,for
 in the presence of his    favorite a   
lover would rather endure anything than 
earn the name    of coward2 a thing     
which was proved in practice by the     
,sacred    ,band1 established at ,thebes
 under ,epaminondas2 as well as by the  
death of the ,pisistratid1 which was    
brought about by ,harmodius    and      
,aristogeiton4      8,and at ,agrigentum
 in ,sicily the same was shown by the   
mutual    love of ,chariton and         
,melanippus--of whom ,melanippus was the
    younger beloved1 as ,heraclides of  
,pontus tells in his ,treatise    on    
,love4 ,for these two having been       
accused of plotting against             
,phalaris1 and being put to torture in  
order to force them to    betray their  
accomplices1 not only did not tell1 but 
even    compelled ,phalaris to such pity
 of their tortures that he    released  
them with many words of praise4         

,whereupon ,apollo1    pleased at his   
conduct1 granted to ,phalaris a respite 
from    death2 and declared the same to 
the men who inquired of the    ,pythian 
priestess how they might best attack    
him4 ,he also gave an    oracular saying
 concerning ,chariton4444               
#8,blessed indeed was ,chariton and     
,melanippus1      ,pioneers of ,godhead1
 and of mortals the one most#a          
beloved4'0    ,epaminondas1 the great   
,theban general and statesman1 so we are
 told by  the same author1 had for his  
young comrades ,asopichus and           
,cephisodorus1  8the latter of whom fell
 with him at ,mantineia1 and is buried  
near him40    ,sidenote3 ,parmenides and
 ,zeno    ,these are mainly instances of
 what might be called 8military         
comradeship10 but as may be supposed1   
friendship in the early world  did not  
rest on this alone4 ,with the growth of 
culture other interests  came in2 and   
among the ,greeks especially association
 in the pursuit of  art or politics or  

philosophy became a common ground4      
,parmenides1 the  philosopher1 whose    
life was held peculiarly holy1 loved his
 pupil ,zeno  7see ,plato ,parm1        
#abg;,a73      8,parmenides and ,zeno   
came to ,athens1 he said1 at the great  
,panathenan festival2 the former was1 at
 the time of his visit1    about #fe    
years old1 very white with age1 but     
well-favoured4 ,zeno    was nearly #dj  
years of age1 of a noble figure and fair
 aspect2    and in the days of his youth
 he was reported to have been beloved   
of ,parmenides40    ,sidenote3 ,phdo    
,pheidias1 the sculptor1 loved          
,pantarkes1 a youth of ,elis1 and carved
  his portrait at the foot of the       
,olympian ,zeus 7,pausanias v4 ,,ii71   
and  politicians and orators like       
,demosthenes and schines were proud to  
avow  their attachments4 ,it was in a   
house of ill-fame1 according to         
,diogenes  ,laertius 7ii4 #aje7 that    
,socrates first met ,phdo3--      8,this
 unfortunate youth was a native of      

,elis4 ,taken prisoner in    war1 he was
 sold in the public market to a slave   
dealer1 who    then acquired the right  
by ,attic law to engross his earnings   
for his own pocket4 ,a friend of        
,socrates1 perhaps ,cebes1 bought    him
 from his master1 and he became one of  
the chief members    of the ,socratic   
circle4 ,his name is given to the       
,platonic    dialogue on immortality1   
and he lived to found what is called    
the ,eleo-,socratic ,school4 ,no reader 
of ,plato forgets how the    sage on the
 eve of his death stroked the beautiful 
long hair of    ,phdo1 and prophesied   
that he would soon have to cut it short 
in    mourning for his teacher40 ,j4 ,a4
 ,symonds1 ,a ,problem in ,greek        
,ethics p4 #eh4    ,the relation of     
friendship to the pursuit of philosophy 
is a favorite  subject with ,plato1 and 
is illustrated by some later quotations 
7see  infra ch4 #b74    ,sidenote3 ,the 
,story of ,harmodius and ,aristogeiton  
,i conclude the present section by the  

insertion of three stories taken  from  
classical sources4 ,though of a         
legendary character1 it is probable     
that they enshrine some memory or       
tradition of actual facts4 ,the story   
of ,harmodius and ,aristogeiton at any  
rate is treated by ,herodotus and       
,thucydides as a matter of serious      
history4 ,the names of these two friends
  were ever on the lips of the          
,athenians as the founders of the city's
  freedom1 and to be born of their blood
 was esteemed among the highest of      
honours4 ,but whether historical or not1
 these stories have much the same  value
 for us1 in so far as they indicate the 
ideals on which the ,greek  mind dwelt1 
and which it considered possible of     
realisation4      8,now the attempt of  
,aristogeiton and ,harmodius arose out  
of a    love affair1 which ,i will      
narrate at length2 and the narrative    
will show that the ,athenians themselves
 give quite an inaccurate    account of 
their own tyrants1 and of the incident  

in question1    and know no more than   
other ,hellenes4 ,pisistratus died at an
    advanced age in possession of the   
tyranny1 and then1 not as is    the     
common opinion ,hipparchus1 but ,hippias
 7who was the eldest of    his sons7    
succeeded to his power4      8,harmodius
 was in the flower of his youth1 and    
,aristogeiton1 a    citizen of the      
middle class1 became his lover4         
,hipparchus made an    attempt to gain  
the affections of ,harmodius1 but he    
would not    listen to him1 and told    
,aristogeiton4 ,the latter was naturally
    tormented at the idea1 and fearing  
that ,hipparchus1 who was    powerful1  
would resort to violence1 at once formed
 such a plot    as a man in his station 
might for the overthrow of the tyranny4 
,meanwhile ,hipparchus made another     
attempt2 he had no better    success1   
and thereupon he determined1 not indeed 
to take any    violent step1 but to     
insult ,harmodius in some underhand     
manner1    so that his motive could not 

be suspected#b4444      8,when          
,hipparchus found his advances repelled 
by ,harmodius he    carried out his     
intention of insulting him4 ,there was a
 young    sister of his whom ,hipparchus
 and his friends first invited    to    
come and carry a sacred basket in a     
procession1 and then    rejected her1   
declaring that she had never been       
invited by them    at all because she   
was unworthy4 ,at this ,harmodius was   
very    angry1 and ,aristogeiton for his
 sake more angry still4 ,they and    the
 other conspirators had already laid    
their preparations1 but    were waiting 
for the festival of the great           
,panathena1 when the    citizens who    
took part in the procession assembled in
 arms2 for    to wear arms on any other 
day would have aroused suspicion4       
,harmodius and ,aristogeiton were to    
begin the attack1 and the rest    were  
immediately to join in1 and engage with 
the guards4 ,the    plot had been       
communicated to a few only1 the better  

to avoid    detection2 but they hoped   
that1 however few struck the blow1 the  
crowd who would be armed1 although not  
in the secret1 would at    once rise and
 assist in the recovery of their own    
liberties4      8,the day of the        
festival arrived1 and ,hippias went out 
of the    city to the place called the  
,ceramicus1 where he was occupied       
with his guards in marshalling the      
procession4 ,harmodius and              
,aristogeiton1 who were ready with their
 daggers1 stepped forward    to do the  
deed4 ,but seeing one of the            
conspirators in familiar    conversation
 with ,hippias1 who was readily         
accessible to all1    they took alarm   
and imagined that they had been         
betrayed1 and    were on the point or   
being seized4 ,whereupon they determined
 to    take their revenge first on the  
man who had outraged them and    was the
 cause of their desperate attempt4 ,so  
they rushed1 just    as they were1      
within the gates4 ,they found           

,hipparchus near the    ,leocorium1 as  
it was called1 and then and there       
falling upon him    with all the blind  
fury1 one of an injured lover1 the other
 of a    man smarting under an insult1  
they smote and slew him4 ,the crowd     
ran together1 and so ,aristogeiton for  
the present escaped the    guards2 but  
he was afterwards taken1 and not very   
gently handled    7i4e41 tortured74     
,harmodius perished on the spot40 ,thuc3
    vi4 #ed-ef1 trans4 by ,b4 ,jowett4  
,sidenote3 ,the ,story of ,orestes and  
,pylades      8,phocis preserves from   
early times the memory of the union     
between ,orestes and ,pylades1 who      
taking a god as witness of the          
passion between them1 sailed through    
life together as though in    one boat4 
,both together put to death             
,klytemnestra1 as though    both were   
sons of ,agamemnon2 and gisthus was     
slain by both4    ,pylades suffered more
 than his friend by the punishment which
    pursued ,orestes4 ,he stood by him  

when condemned1 nor did they    limit   
their tender friendship by the bounds of
 ,greece1 but sailed    to the furthest 
boundaries of the ,scythians--the one   
sick1 the    other ministering to him4  
,when they had come into the ,tauric    
land straightway they were met by the   
matricidal fury2 and while    the       
barbarians were standing round in a     
circle ,orestes fell down    and lay on 
the ground1 seized by his usual mania1  
while ,pylades    #8wiped away the foam1
 tended his body1 and covered him with  
his    well-woven cloak'--acting not    
only like a lover but like a father4    
8,when it was determined that one should
 remain to be put to    death1 and the  
other should go to ,mycen to convey a   
letter1 each    wishes to remain for the
 sake of the other1 thinking that if    
he saves the life of his friend he saves
 his own life4 ,orestes    refused to   
take the letter1 saying that ,pylades   
was more worthy    to carry it1 acting  
more like the lover than the beloved4   

#8,for1'    he said1 #8the slaying of   
this man would be a great grief to me1  
as ,i am the cause of these             
misfortunes4' ,and he added1 #8,give    
the tablet to him1 for 7turning to      
,pylades7 ,i will send thee to          
,argos1 in order that it may be well    
with thee2 as for me1 let    anyone kill
 me who desires it4'      8,such love is
 always like that2 for when from boyhood
 a serious    love has grown up and it  
becomes adult at the age of reason1 the 
long-loved object returns reciprocal    
affection1 and it is hard to            
determine which is the lover of which1  
for--as from a mirror--the    affection 
of the lover is reflected from the      
beloved40 ,trans4    from ,lucian's     
,amores1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,baylis4            
,sidenote3 ,the ,story of ,damon and    
,pythias 7or ,phintias7      8,damon and
 ,phintias1 initiates in the            
,pythagorean mysteries1    contracted so
 faithful a friendship towards each     
other1 that    when ,dionysius of       

,syracuse intended to execute one of    
them1 and    he had obtained permission 
from the tyrant to return home and      
arrange his affairs before his death1   
the other did not hesitate    to give   
himself up as a pledge of his friend's  
return#c4 ,he    whose neck had been in 
danger was now free2 and he who might   
have    lived in safety was now in      
danger of death4 ,so everybody1 and     
especially ,dionysius1 were wondering   
what would be the upshot    of this     
novel and dubious affair4 ,at last1 when
 the day fixed    was close at hand1 and
 he had not returned1 everyone condemned
    the one who stood security1 for his 
stupidity and rashness4 ,but    he      
insisted that he had nothing to fear in 
the matter of his    friend's constancy4
 ,and indeed at the same moment and the 
hour    fixed by ,dionysius1 he who had 
received leave1 returned4 ,the          
tyrant1 admiring the courage of both1   
remitted the sentence which    had so   
tried their loyalty1 and asked them     

besides to receive    him in the bonds  
of their friendship1 saying that he     
would make    his third place in their  
affection agreeable by his utmost       
goodwill and effort4 ,such indeed are   
the powers of friendship3    to breed   
contempt of death1 to overcome the sweet
 desire of    life1 to humanise cruelty1
 to turn hate into love1 to compensate  
punishment by largess2 to which powers  
almost as much veneration    is due as  
to the cult of the immortal gods4 ,for  
if with these    rests the public       
safety1 on those does private happiness 
depend2    and as the temples are the   
sacred domiciles of these1 so of those  
are the loyal hearts of men as it were  
the shrines consecrated    by some holy 
spirit40 ,valerius ,maximus1 bk4 iv4 ch4
 #g4 ,de    ,amiciti ,vinculo4          
,,ii4    ,the ,place of ,friendship in  
,greek ,life  ,thought          ,the    
,place of ,friendship in ,greek ,life   
,thought      ,the extent to which the  
idea of friendship 7in a quite romantic 

sense7  penetrated the ,greek mind is a 
thing very difficult for us to realise2 
and some modern critics entirely miss   
this point4 ,they laud the ,greek       
culture to the skies1 extolling the     
warlike bravery of the people1 their    
enthusiastic political and social       
sentiment1 their wonderful artistic     
sense1 and so forth2 and at the same    
time speak of the stress they laid  on  
friendship as a little peculiarity of no
 particular importance--not  seeing that
 the latter was the chief source of     
their bravery and  independence1 one of 
the main motives of their art1 and so   
far an organic  part of their whole     
polity that it is difficult to imagine  
the one  without the other4 ,the ,greeks
 themselves never made this mistake2 and
  their literature abounds with         
references to the romantic attachment as
  the great inspiration of political and
 individual life4 ,plato1 himself1  may 
almost be said to have founded his      
philosophy on this sentiment4           

,nothing is more surprising to the      
modern than to find ,plato speaking1    
page after page1 of ,love1 as the       
safeguard of states and the tutoress  of
 philosophy1 and then to discover that  
what we call love1 i4e41 the  love      
between man and woman1 is not meant at  
all--scarcely comes within his          
consideration--but only the love between
 men--what we should call romantic      
friendship4 ,his ideal of this latter   
love is ascetic2 it is an absorbing     
passion1 but it is held in strong       
control4 ,the other love--the love of   
women--is for him a mere sensuality4 ,in
 this1 to some extent1 lies the         
explanation of his philosophical        
position4    ,but it is evident that in 
this fact--in the fact that among the   
,greeks  the love of women was          
considered for the most part sensual1   
while the  romance of love went to the  
account of friendship1 we have the      
strength  and the weakness of the ,greek
 civilisation4 ,strength1 because by the

  recognition everywhere of romantic    
comradeship1 public and private  life   
was filled by a kind of divine fire2    
weakness1 because by the                
non-recognition of woman's equal part in
 such comradeship1 her saving1  healing1
 and redeeming influence was lost1 and  
the ,greek culture doomed  to be to that
 extent one-sided4 ,it will1 we may     
hope1 be the great  triumph of the      
modern love 7when it becomes more of a  
true comradeship  between man and woman 
than it yet is7 to give both to society 
and to the  individual the grandest     
inspirations1 and perhaps in conjunction
 with  the other attachment1 to lift the
 modern nations to a higher level of    
political and artistic advancement than 
even the ,greeks attained4 ,i quote  one
 or two modern writers on the subject1  
and then some passages from  ,plato and 
others indicating the philosophy of     
friendship as entertained  among the    
,greeks4    ,sidenote3 ,bishop          
,thirlwall on ,greek ,friendship        

,bishop ,thirlwall1 that excellent      
thinker and scholar1 in his ,history of 
,greece 7vol4 #a1 p4 #agf7 says3--      
8,one of the noblest and most amiable   
sides of the ,greek character    is the 
readiness with which it lent itself to  
construct intimate    and durable       
friendships2 and this is a feature no   
less prominent    in the earliest than  
in the latest times4 ,it was indeed     
connected with the comparatively low    
estimation in which female    society   
was held2 but the devotedness and       
constancy with which    these           
attachments were maintained was not the 
less admirable    and engaging4 ,the    
heroic companions whom we find          
celebrated1    partly by ,homer and     
partly in traditions1 which if not of   
equal    antiquity were grounded on the 
same feeling1 seem to have but one      
heart and soul1 with scarcely a wish or 
object apart1 and only    to live1 as   
they are always ready to die1 for one   
another4 ,it is    true that the        

relation between them is not always one 
of perfect    equality3 but this is a   
circumstance which1 while it often adds 
a peculiar charm to the poetical        
description1 detracts little    from the
 dignity of the idea which it presents4 
,such were the    friendships of        
,hercules and ,iolus1 of ,theseus and   
,pirithus1 of    ,orestes and ,pylades3 
and though these may owe the greater    
part    of their fame to the later epic 
or even dramatic poetry1 the    moral   
groundwork undoubtedly subsisted in the 
period to which    the tradition        
referred4 ,the argument of the ,iliad   
mainly turns    on the affection of     
,achilles for ,patroclus--whose love for
 the    greater hero is only tempered by
 reverence for his higher birth    and  
his unequalled prowess4 ,but the mutual 
regard which united    ,idomeneus and   
,meriones1 ,diomedes and                
,sthenelus--though1 as the    persons   
themselves are less important1 it is    
kept more in the    background--is      

manifestly viewed by the poet in the    
same light4    ,the idea of a ,greek    
hero seems not to have been thought     
complete1    without such a brother in  
arms by his side40    ,sidenote3        
,compared to ,chivalry    ,the following
 is from ,ludwig ,frey 7,der ,eros und  
die ,kunst1 p4 #cc73--      8,let it    
then be repeated3 love for a youth was  
for the ,greeks    something sacred1 and
 can only be compared with our ,german  
homage    to women--say the chivalric   
love of medival times40    ,sidenote3   
,educational and ,political ,value      
,g4 ,lowes ,dickinson1 in his ,greek    
,view of ,life1 noting the absence of   
romance in the relations between men and
 women of that civilisation1  says3     
8,nevertheless1 it would be a mistake to
 conclude1 from these    conditions1    
that the element of romance was absent  
from ,greek    life4 ,the fact is simply
 that with them it took a different     
form1    that of passionate friendship  
between men4 ,such friendships1 of      

course1 occur in all nations and at all 
times1 but among the    ,greeks they    
were1 we might say1 an institution4     
,their ideal was    the development and 
education of the younger by the older   
man1    and in this view they were      
recognised and approved by custom and   
law as an important factor in the       
state40 ,greek ,view of ,life1    p4    
#afg4      8,so much indeed were the    
,greeks impressed with the manliness of 
this passion1 with its power to prompt  
to high thought and heroic    action1   
that some of the best of them set the   
love of man for man    far above that of
 man for woman4 ,the one1 they          
maintained1 was    primarily of the     
spirit1 the other primarily of the      
flesh2 the    one bent upon shaping to  
the type of all manly excellence both   
the body and the soul of the beloved1   
the other upon a passing    pleasure of 
the senses40 ,ibid1 p4 #agb4            
,sidenote3 ,relation to ,women    ,the  
following are some remarks of ,j4 ,a4   

,symonds on the same subject3--         
8,partly owing to the social habits of  
their cities1 and partly    to the      
peculiar notions which they entertained 
regarding the    seclusion of free women
 in the home1 all the higher elements of
    spiritual and mental activity1 and  
the conditions under which    a generous
 passion was conceivable1 had become the
 exclusive    privileges of men4 ,it was
 not that women occupied a semi-servile 
station1 as some students have imagined1
 or that within the    sphere of the    
household they were not the respected   
and trusted    helpmates of men4 ,but   
circumstances rendered it impossible for
    them to excite romantic and         
enthusiastic passion4 ,the exaltation   
of the emotions was reserved for the    
male sex40 ,a ,problem in    ,greek     
,ethics1 p4 #fh4    ,sidenote3 ,j4 ,a4  
,symonds on ,socrates    ,and he        
continues3--      8,socrates therefore  
sought to direct and moralise a force   
already    existing4 ,in the ,phdrus he 

describes the passion of love    between
 man and boy as a #8mania1' not         
different in quality    from that which 
inspires poets2 and after painting that 
fervid    picture of the lover1 he      
declares that the true object of a noble
    life can only be attained by        
passionate friends1 bound together    in
 the chains of close yet temperate      
comradeship1 seeking always    to       
advance in knowledge1 self-restraint1   
and intellectual    illumination4 ,the  
doctrine of the ,symposium is not       
different1    except that ,socrates here
 takes a higher flight4 ,the same love  
is treated as the method whereby the    
soul may begin her mystic    journey to 
the region of essential beauty1 truth1  
and goodness4    ,it has frequently been
 remarked that ,plato's dialogues have  
to    be read as poems even more than as
 philosophical treatises2 and    if this
 be true at all1 it is particularly true
 of both the    ,phdrus and the         
,symposium4 ,the lesson which both      

essays seem    intended to inculcate1 is
 this3 love1 like poetry and prophecy1  
is a divine gift1 which diverts men from
 the common current of    their lives2  
but in the right use of this gift lies  
the secret of    all human excellence4  
,the passion which grovels in the filth 
of    sensual grossness may be          
transformed into a glorious enthusiasm1 
a winged splendour1 capable of soaring  
to the contemplation of    eternal      
verities40    ,in the ,symposium or     
,banquet of ,plato 7,b4,c4 #dbh--;,b4,c4
 #cdg71 a supper  party is supposed1 at 
which a discussion on love and          
friendship takes  place4 ,the friends   
present speak in turn--the enthusiastic 
,phdrus1 the  clear-headed ,pausanias1  
the grave doctor ,eryximachus1 the comic
 and  acute ,aristophanes1 the young    
poet ,agathon2 ,socrates1 tantalising1  
suggestive1 and quoting the profound    
sayings of the prophetess ,diotima2  and
 ,alcibiades1 drunk1 and quite ready to 
drink more2--each in his turn1  out of  

the fulness of his heart1 speaks2 and   
thus in this most dramatic  dialogue we 
have love discussed from every point of 
view1 and with  insight1 acumen1 romance
 and humour unrivalled4    ,sidenote3   
,from the ,speech of ,phdrus in the     
,symposium    ,phdrus and ,pausanias1 in
 the two following quotations1 take the 
line  which perhaps most thoroughly     
represents the public opinion of the    
day--as  to the value of friendship in  
nurturing a spirit of honour and        
freedom1  especially in matters military
 and political3--      8,thus numerous  
are the witnesses who acknowledge love  
to be the    eldest of the gods4 ,and   
not only is he the eldest1 he is also   
the source of the greatest benefits to  
us4 ,for ,i know not any    greater     
blessing to a young man beginning life  
than a virtuous    lover1 or to the     
lover than a beloved youth4 ,for the    
principle    which ought to be the guide
 of men who would nobly live--that      
principle1 ,i say1 neither kindred1 nor 

honour1 nor wealth1 nor    any other    
motive is able to implant so well as    
love4 ,of what am    ,i speaking8 of the
 sense of honour and dishonour1 without 
which    neither states nor individuals 
ever do any good or great work4    ,and 
,i say that a lover who is detected in  
doing any dishonorable    act1 or       
submitting through cowardice when any   
dishonour is done    to him by another1 
will be more pained at being detected by
 his    beloved than at being seen by   
his father1 or by his companions1    or 
by anyone else4 ,the beloved too1 when  
he is seen in any    disgraceful        
situation1 has the same feeling about   
his lover4 ,and    if there were only   
some way of contriving that a state or  
an    army should be made up of lovers  
and their loves1 they would be    the   
very best governors of their own city1  
abstaining from all    dishonour1 and   
emulating one another in honour2 and    
when fighting    at one another's side1 
although a mere handful1 they would     

overcome the world4 ,for what lover     
would not choose rather to be    seen by
 all mankind than by his beloved1 either
 when abandoning    his post or throwing
 away his arms8 ,he would be ready to   
die a    thousand deaths rather than    
endure this4 ,or who would desert his   
beloved1 or fail him in the hour of     
danger8 ,the veriest coward    would    
become an inspired hero1 equal to the   
bravest1 at such a    time2 love would  
inspire him4 ,that courage which1 as    
,homer says1    the god breathes into   
the soul of heroes1 love of his own     
nature    infuses into the lover40      
,symposium of ,plato1 trans4 ,b4        
,jowett4    ,sidenote3 ,speech of       
,pausanias      8,in ,ionia and other   
places1 and generally in countries which
    are subject to the barbarians1 the  
custom is held to be    dishonorable2   
loves of youths share the evil repute of
 philosophy    and gymnastics1 because  
they are inimical to tyranny2 for the   
interests of rulers require that their  

subjects should be poor in    spirit1   
and that there should be no strong bond 
of friendship or    society among them1 
which love above all other motives is   
likely    to inspire1 as our ,athenian  
tyrants learned by experience40         
,ibid4    ,sidenote3 ,speech of         
,aristophanes    ,aristophanes goes more
 deeply into the nature of this love of 
which  they are speaking4 ,he says it is
 a profound reality--a deep and intimate
  union1 abiding after death1 and making
 of the lovers 8one departed soul       
instead of two40 ,but in order to       
explain his allusion to 8the other half0
  it must be premised that in the       
earlier part of his speech he has in a  
serio-comic vein pretended that human   
beings were originally constructed      
double1 with four legs1 four arms1 etc42
 but that as a punishment for  their    
sins ,zeus divided them perpendicularly1
 8as folk cut eggs before  they salt    
them10 the males into two parts1 the    
females into two1 and  the              

hermaphrodites likewise into two--since 
when1 these divided people  have ever   
pursued their lost halves1 and 8thrown  
their arms around and  embraced each    
other1 seeking to grow together again40 
,and so1 speaking of  those who were    
originally males1 he says3      8,and   
these when they grow up are our         
statesmen1 and these only1    which is a
 great proof of the truth of what ,i am 
saying4 ,and    when they reach manhood 
they are lovers of youth1 and are not   
naturally inclined to marry or beget    
children1 which they do1    if at all1  
only in obedience to the law1 but they  
are satisfied    if they may be allowed 
to live with one another unwedded2 and  
such a nature is prone to love and ready
 to return love1 always    embracing    
that which is akin to him4 ,and when one
 of them finds    his other half1       
whether he be a lover of youth or a     
lover of    another sort1 the pair are  
lost in an amazement of love and        
friendship and intimacy1 and one will   

not be out of the other's    sight1 as  
,i may say1 even for a moment3 they will
 pass their    whole lives together2 yet
 they could not explain what they       
desire of one another4 ,for the intense 
yearning that each of    them has       
towards the other does not appear to be 
the desire of    lovers' intercourse1   
but of something else which the soul of 
either evidently desires and cannot     
tell1 and of which she only    has a    
dark and doubtful presentiment4 ,suppose
 ,hephstus1 with    his instruments1 to 
come to the pair who are lying side by  
side    and say to them1 #8,what do you 
people want of one another8' they       
would be unable to explain4 ,and suppose
 further that when he    saw their      
perplexity he said3 #8,do you desire to 
be wholly one2    always day and night  
to be in one another's company8 for if  
this    is what you desire1 ,i am ready 
to melt you into one and let you    grow
 together1 so that being two you shall  
become one1 and while    you live1 live 

a common life as if you were a single   
man1 and    after your death in the     
world below still be one departed soul  
instead of two--,i ask whether this is  
what you lovingly desire1    and whether
 you are satisfied to attain            
this8'--there is not a man    of them   
who when he heard the proposal would    
deny or would not    acknowledge that   
this meeting and melting in one         
another's arms1    this becoming one    
instead of two1 was the very expression 
of his    ancient need40 ,ibid4         
,sidenote3 ,speech of ,socrates         
,socrates1 in his speech1 and especially
 in the later portion of it where  he   
quotes his supposed tutoress ,diotima1  
carries the argument up to its  highest 
issue4 ,after contending for the        
essentially creative1 generative  nature
 of love1 not only in the ,body but in  
the ,soul1 he proceeds to  say that it  
is not so much the seeking of a lost    
half which causes the  creative impulse 
in lovers1 as the fact that in our      

mortal friends we are  contemplating    
7though unconsciously7 an image of the  
,essential and ,divine  ,beauty2 it is  
this that affects us with that wonderful
 8mania10 and lifts  us into the region 
where we become creators4 ,and he       
follows on to the  conclusion that it is
 by wisely and truly loving our visible 
friends that  at last1 after long long  
experience1 there dawns upon us the     
vision of  that ,absolute ,beauty which 
by mortal eyes must ever remain         
unseen3--      8,he who has been        
instructed thus far in the things of    
love1 and    who has learned to see the 
beautiful in due order and succession1  
when he comes towards the end will      
suddenly perceive a nature    of        
wondrous beauty 444 beauty absolute1    
separate1 simple and    everlasting1    
which without diminution and without    
increase1 or    any change1 is imparted 
to the evergrowing and perishing        
beauties    of all other things4 ,he    
who1 from these ascending under the     

influence of true love1 begins to       
perceive that beauty1 is not    far from
 the end40 ,ibid4    ,this is indeed the
 culmination1 for ,plato1 of all        
existence--the ascent  into the presence
 of that endless ,beauty of which all   
fair mortal things  are but the mirrors4
 ,but to condense this great speech of  
,socrates is  impossible2 only to       
persistent and careful reading 7if even 
then7 will it  yield up all its         
treasures4    ,sidenote3 ,socrates in   
the ,phdrus    ,in the dialogue named   
,phdrus the same idea is worked out1    
only to  some extent in reverse order4  
,as in the ,symposium the lover by      
rightly  loving at last rises to the    
vision of the ,supreme ,beauty2 so in   
the  ,phdrus it is explained that in    
reality every soul has at some time     
seen that ,vision 7at the time1 namely1 
of its true initiation1 when  it was    
indeed winged7--but has forgotten it2   
and that it is the dim  reminiscence of 
that ,vision1 constantly working within 

us1 which guides  us to our earthly     
loves and renders their effect upon us  
so transporting4  ,long ago1 in some    
other condition of being1 we saw ,beauty
 herself3--      8,but of beauty1 ,i    
repeat again that we saw her there      
shining    in company with the celestial
 forms2 and coming to earth we    find  
her here too1 shining in clearness      
through the clearest    aperture of     
sense4 ,for sight is the keenest of our 
bodily senses2    though not by that is 
wisdom seen2 her loveliness would have  
been transporting if there had been a   
visible image of her1 and    the same is
 true of the loveliness of the other    
ideas as well4    ,but this is the      
privilege of beauty1 that she is the    
loveliest    and also the most palpable 
to sight4 ,now he who is not newly      
initiated1 or who has become corrupted1 
does not easily rise    out of this     
world to the sight of true beauty in the
 other2 he    looks only at her earthly 
namesake1 and instead of being awed     

at the sight of her1 like a brutish     
beast he rushes on to enjoy    and      
beget2 he consorts with wantonness1 and 
is not afraid or    ashamed of pursuing 
pleasure in violation of nature4 ,but he
    whose initiation is recent1 and who 
has been the spectator of    many       
glories in the other world1 is amazed   
when he sees anyone    having a god-like
 face or form1 which is the expression  
of ,divine    ,beauty2 and at first a   
shudder runs through him1 and again the 
old awe steals over him2 then looking   
upon the face of his    beloved as of a 
god he reverences him1 and if he were   
not afraid    of being thought a        
downright madman1 he would sacrifice to 
his beloved as to the image of a god40  
,the ,phdrus of ,plato1    trans4 ,b4   
,jowett4    ,and again3--      8,and so 
the beloved who1 like a god1 has        
received every true and    loyal service
 from his lover1 not in pretence but in 
reality1    being also himself of a     
nature friendly to his admirer1 if in   

former days he has blushed to own his   
passion and turned away his    lover1   
because his youthful companions or      
others slanderously    told him that he 
would be disgraced1 now as years        
advance1 at the    appointed age and    
time1 is led to receive him into        
communion4 ,for    fate which has       
ordained that there shall be no         
friendship among    the evil has also   
ordained that there shall ever be       
friendship    among the good4 ,and when 
he has received him into communion and  
intimacy1 then the beloved is amazed at 
the goodwill of the    lover2 he        
recognises that the inspired friend is  
worth all other    friendships or       
kinships1 which have nothing of         
friendship in them    in comparison4    
,and when this feeling continues and he 
is nearer    to him and embraces him1 in
 gymnastic exercises and at other       
times of meeting1 then does the fountain
 of that stream1 which    ,zeus when he 
was in love with ,ganymede named desire1

 overflow    upon the lover1 and some   
enters into his soul1 and some when he  
is filled flows out again2 and as a     
breeze or an echo rebounds    from the  
smooth rocks and returns whence it came1
 so does the    stream of beauty1       
passing the eyes which are the natural  
doors    and windows of the soul1 return
 again to the beautiful one2 there      
arriving and quickening the passages of 
the wings1 watering them    and         
inclining them to grow1 and filling the 
soul of the beloved    also with love40 
,ibid4    ,for ,plato the real power    
which ever moves the soul is this       
reminiscence  of the ,beauty which      
exists before all worlds4 ,in the actual
 world the  soul lives but in anguish1  
an exile from her true home2 but in the 
presence of her friend1 who reveals the 
,divine1 she is loosed from her         
suffering and comes to her haven of     
rest4      8,and wherever she the soul  
thinks that she will behold the         
beautiful one1 thither in her desire she

 runs4 ,and when she has    seen him1   
and bathed herself with the waters of   
desire1 her    constraint is loosened1  
and she is refreshed1 and has no more   
pangs and pains2 and this is the        
sweetest of all pleasures at    the     
time1 and is the reason why the soul of 
the lover will never    forsake his     
beautiful one1 whom he esteems above    
all2 he has    forgotten mother and     
brethren and companions1 and he thinks  
nothing of the neglect and loss of his  
property2 the rules and    proprieties  
of life1 on which he formerly prided    
himself1 he now    despises1 and is     
ready to sleep like a servant1 wherever 
he is    allowed1 as near as he can to  
his beautiful one1 who is not only      
the object of his worship1 but the only 
physician who can heal    him in his    
extreme agony40 ,ibid4    ,sidenote3    
,the ,banquet of ,xenophon    ,at       
another time1 in the ,banquet of        
,xenophon1 ,socrates is again made to   
speak at length on the subject of       

,love--though not in so inspired a      
strain  as in ,plato3--      8,truly1 to
 speak for one1 ,i never remember the   
time when ,i    was not in love2 ,i know
 too that ,charmides has had a great    
many lovers1 and being much beloved has 
loved again4 ,as for    ,critobulus1 he 
is still of an age to love1 and to be   
beloved2    and ,nicerates too1 who     
loves so passionately his wife1 at least
    as report goes1 is equally beloved  
by her4444 ,and as for you1    ,callias1
 you love1 as well as the rest of us2   
for who is it that    is ignorant of    
your love for ,autolycus8 ,it is the    
town-talk2    and foreigners1 as well as
 our citizens1 are acquainted with      
it4 ,the reason for your loving him1 ,i 
believe to be that you    are both born 
of illustrious families2 and at the same
 time are    both possessed of personal 
qualities that render you yet more      
illustrious4 ,for me1 ,i always admired 
the sweetness and evenness    of your   
temper2 but much more when ,i consider  

that your passion    for ,autolycus is  
placed on a person who has nothing      
luxurious or    affected in him2 but in 
all things shows a vigour and temperance
    worthy of a virtuous soul2 which is 
a proof at the same time that    if he  
is infinitely beloved1 he deserves to be
 so4 ,i confess    indeed ,i am not     
firmly persuaded whether there be but   
one ,venus    or two1 the celestial and 
the vulgar2 and it may be with this     
goddess1 as with ,jupiter1 who has many 
different names though    there is still
 but one ,jupiter4 ,but ,i know very    
well that both    the ,venuses have     
quite different altars1 temples and     
sacrifices4    ,the vulgar ,venus is    
worshipped after a common negligent     
manner2    whereas the celestial one is 
adored in purity and sanctity of        
life4 ,the vulgar inspires mankind with 
the love of the body only1    but the   
celestial fires the mind with the love  
of the soul1 with    friendship1 and a  
generous thirst after noble actions4444 

,nor is    it hard to prove1 ,callias1  
that gods and heroes have always had    
more passion and esteem for the charms  
of the soul1 than those    of the body3 
at least this seems to have been the    
opinion of our    ancient authors4 ,for 
we may observe in the fables of         
antiquity    that ,jupiter1 who loved   
several mortals on account of their     
personal beauty only1 never conferred   
upon them immortality4    ,whereas it   
was otherwise with ,hercules1 ,castor1  
,pollux1 and    several others2 for     
having admired and applauded the        
greatness    of their courage and the   
beauty of their minds1 he enrolled them 
in the number of the gods4444 ,you are  
then infinitely obliged to    the gods1 
,callias1 who have inspired you with    
love and friendship    for ,autolycus1  
as they have inspired ,critobulus with  
the same    for ,amandra2 for real and  
pure friendship knows no difference in  
sexes40 ,banquet of ,xenophon  viii4    
7,bohn74    ,sidenote3 ,plutarch        

,philosophises    ,plutarch1 who wrote  
in the first century ,a4,d4 7nearly #ejj
 years after  ,plato71 carried on the   
tradition of his master1 though with an 
admixture  of later influences2 and     
philosophised about friendship1 on the  
basis of  true love being a             
reminiscence4      8,the rainbow is ,i  
suppose a reflection caused by the sun's
    rays falling on a moist cloud1      
making us think the appearance    is in 
the cloud4 ,similarly erotic fancy in   
the case of noble    souls causes a     
reflection of the memory from things    
which here    appear and are called     
beautiful to what is really divine and  
lovely and felicitous and wonderful4    
,but most lovers pursuing    and groping
 after the semblance of beauty in youths
 and women1    as in mirrors1#d can     
derive nothing more certain than        
pleasure    mixed with pain4 ,and this  
seems the love-delirium of ,ixion1 who  
instead of the joy he desired embraced  
only a cloud1 as children    who desire 

to take the rainbow into their hands1   
clutching at    whatever they see4 ,but 
different is the behaviour of the noble 
and chaste lover3 for he reflects on the
 divine beauty that can    only be felt1
 while he uses the beauty of the visible
 body only    as an organ of the memory1
 though he embraces it and loves it1    
and associating with it is still more   
inflamed in mind4 ,and so    neither in 
the body do they sit ever gazing at and 
desiring    this light1 nor after death 
do they return to this world    again1  
and skulk and loiter about the doors and
 bedchambers of    newly-married people1
 disagreeable ghosts of pleasure-loving 
and    sensual men and women1 who do not
 rightly deserve the name of    lovers4 
,for the true lover1 when he has got    
into the other world    and associated  
with beauties as much as is lawful1 has 
wings and    is initiated and passes his
 time above in the presence of his      
,deity1 dancing and waiting upon him1   
until he goes back to the    meadows of 

the ,moon and ,aphrodite1 and sleeping  
there commences    a new existence4 ,but
 this is a subject too high for the     
present    occasion40 ,plutarch's       
,eroticus  xx4 trans4 ,bohn's ,classics4
          ,,iii4    ,poetry of          
,friendship among ,greeks  ,romans      
,poetry of ,friendship among ,greeks    
,romans      ,the fact1 already         
mentioned1 that the romance of love     
among the ,greeks  was chiefly felt     
towards male friends1 naturally led to  
their poetry  being largely inspired by 
friendship2 and ,greek literature       
contains such  a great number of poems  
of this sort1 that ,i have thought it   
worth while  to dedicate the main       
portion of the following section to     
quotations from  them4 ,no translations 
of course can do justice to the beauty  
of the  originals1 but the few specimens
 given may help to illustrate the depth 
and tenderness as well as the temperance
 and sobriety which on the whole        
characterised ,greek feeling on this    

subject1 at any rate during the best    
period of ,hellenic culture4 ,the       
remainder of the section is devoted to  
,roman poetry of the time of the ,csars4
    ,sidenote3 ,motive of ,homer's      
,iliad    ,it is not always realised    
that the ,iliad of ,homer turns upon the
 motive  of friendship1 but the extracts
 immediately following will perhaps make
  this clear4 ,e4 ,f4 ,m4 ,benecke in   
his ,position of ,women in ,greek       
,poetry  7p4 #gf7 says of the ,iliad3-- 
8,it is a story of which the main motive
 is the love of ,achilles    for        
,patroclus4 ,this solution is           
astoundingly simple1 and yet    it took 
me so long to bring myself to accept it 
that ,i am    quite ready to forgive    
anyone who feels a similar hesitation4  
,but those who do accept it cannot fail 
to observe1 on further    consideration1
 how thoroughly suitable a motive of    
this kind    would be in a national     
,greek epic4 ,for this is the motive    
running    through the whole of ,greek  

life1 till that life was transmuted     
by the influence of ,macedonia4 ,the    
lover-warriors ,achilles and            
,patroclus are the direct spiritual     
ancestors of the sacred ,band    of     
,thebans1 who died to a man on the field
 of ,chrona40    ,sidenote3 ,j4 ,a4     
,symonds on the same    ,the following  
two quotations are from ,the ,greek     
,poets by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1  ch4 iii4 p4
 #hj et seq43--      8,the ,iliad       
therefore has for its whole subject the 
passion of    ,achilles--that ardent    
energy or  of the hero which displayed  
itself first as anger against           
,agamemnon1 and afterwards as love      
for the lost ,patroclus4 ,the truth of  
this was perceived by one of    the     
greatest poets and profoundest1 critics 
of the modern world1    ,dante4 ,when   
,dante1 in the ,inferno1 wished to      
describe ,achilles1    he wrote1 with   
characteristic brevity3--               
8,achille      ,che per amore al fine   
combatteo40                             

78,achilles      ,who at the last was   
brought to fight by love407      8,in   
this pregnant sentence ,dante sounded   
the whole depth of the    ,iliad4 ,the  
wrath of ,achilles for ,agamemnon1 which
 prevented him    at first from         
fighting2 the love of ,achilles1 passing
 the love of    women1 for ,patroclus1  
which induced him to forego his anger   
and    to fight at last2 these are the  
two poles on which the ,iliad    turns40
    ,sidenote3 ,achilles and ,patroclus 
,after his quarrel with ,agamemnon1 not 
even all the losses of the ,greeks  and 
the entreaties of ,agamemnon himself    
will induce ,achilles to fight--not     
till ,patroclus is slain by             
,hector--,patroclus1 his dear friend    
8whom above  all my comrades ,i         
honoured1 even as myself40 ,then he     
rises up1 dons his  armour1 and driving 
the ,trojans before him revenges himself
 on the body  of ,hector4 ,but          
,patroclus lies yet unburied2 and when  
the fighting is  over1 to ,achilles     

comes the ghost of his dead friend3--   
8,the son of ,peleus1 by the shore of   
the roaring sea lay1 heavily            
groaning1 surrounded by his ,myrmidons2 
on a fair space of sand    he lay1 where
 the waves lapped the beach4 ,then      
slumber took him1    loosing the cares  
of his heart1 and mantling softly around
 him1    for sorely wearied were his    
radiant limbs with driving ,hector on   
by windy ,troy4 ,there to him came the  
soul of poor ,patroclus1 in    all      
things like himself1 in stature1 and in 
the beauty of his    eyes and voice1 and
 on the form was raiment like his own4  
,he    stood above the hero's head1 and 
spake to him3--      8#8,sleepest thou1 
and me hast thou forgotten1 ,achilles8  
,not in my    life wert thou neglectful 
of me1 but in death4 ,bury me soon1 that
    ,i may pass the gates of ,hades4    
,far off the souls1 the shadows of      
the dead1 repel me1 nor suffer me to    
join them on the river bank2    but1 as 
it is1 thus ,i roam around the          

wide-doored house of ,hades4    ,but    
stretch to me thy hand ,i entreat2 for  
never again shall ,i    return from     
,hades when once ye shall have given me 
the meed of    funeral fire4 ,nay1 never
 shall we sit in life apart from our    
dear    comrades and take counsel       
together4 ,but me hath hateful fate     
enveloped--fate that was mine at the    
moment of my birth4 ,and for    thyself1
 divine ,achilles1 it is doomed to die  
beneath the noble    ,trojan's wall4    
,another thing ,i say to thee1 and bid  
thee do it if    thou wilt obey me3--lay
 not my bones apart from thine1         
,achilles1    but lay them together2 for
 we were brought up together in your    
house1 when ,mentius brought me1 a      
child1 from ,opus to your    house1     
because of woeful bloodshed on the day  
in which ,i slew the    son of          
,amphidamas1 myself a child1 not willing
 it but in anger at    our games4 ,then 
did the horseman1 ,peleus1 take me1 and 
rear me    in his house1 and cause me to

 be called thy squire4 ,so then let     
one grave also hide the bones of both of
 us1 the golden urn thy                 
goddess-mother gave to thee4'      8,him
 answered swift-footed ,achilles3--     
#8,why1 dearest and most honoured1 hast 
thou hither come1 to lay    on me this  
thy behest8 ,all things most certainly  
will ,i perform1    and bow to what thou
 biddest4 ,but stand thou near3 even for
 one    moment let us throw our arms    
upon each other's neck1 and take our    
fill of sorrowful wailing4'      8,so   
spake he1 and with his outstretched     
hands he clasped1 but    could not      
seize4 ,the spirit1 earthward1 like     
smoke1 vanished with    a shriek4 ,then 
all astonished arose ,achilles1 and beat
 his palms    together1 and spake a     
piteous word3--      #8,heavens6 is     
there then1 among the dead1 soul and the
 shade of    life1 but thought is theirs
 no more at all8 ,for through the       
night the soul of poor ,patroclus stood 
above my head1 wailing    and sorrowing 

loud1 and bade me do his will2 it was   
the very    semblance of himself4'      
8,so spake he1 and in the hearts of all 
of them he raised desire    of          
lamentation2 and while they were yet    
mourning1 to them    appeared           
rose-fingered dawn about the piteous    
corpse40 ,iliad1    xxiii4 #ei et seq4  
,sidenote3 ,plato on the above    ,plato
 in the ,symposium dwells tenderly on   
this relation between  ,achilles and    
,patroclus3--      ,and great 8was the  
reward of the true love of ,achilles    
towards    his lover ,patroclus--his    
lover and not his love 7the notion that 
,patroclus was the beloved one is a     
foolish error into which    schylus has 
fallen1 for ,achilles was surely the    
fairer of the    two1 fairer also than  
all the other heroes2 and1 as ,homer    
informs    us1 he was still beardless1  
and younger far74 ,and greatly as the   
gods honour the virtue of love1 still   
the return of love on the    part of the
 beloved to the lover is more admired   

and valued and    rewarded by them1 for 
the lover has a nature more divine and  
worthy of worship4 ,now ,achilles was   
quite aware1 for he had been    told by 
his mother1 that he might avoid death   
and return home1    and live to a good  
old age1 if he abstained from slaying   
,hector4    ,nevertheless he gave his   
life to revenge his friend1 and dared   
to die1 not only on his behalf1 but     
after his death4 ,wherefore    the gods 
honoured him even above ,alcestis1 and  
sent him to the    ,islands of the      
,blest40 ,symposium1 speech of ,phdrus1 
trans4 by    ,b4 ,jowett4    ,sidenote3 
,criticism of ,plato's ,view    ,and on 
this passage ,symonds has the following 
note3--      8,plato1 discussing the    
,myrmidones of schylus1 remarks in the  
,symposium that the tragic poet was     
wrong to make ,achilles    the lover of 
,patroclus1 seeing that ,patroclus was  
the elder of    the two1 and that       
,achilles was the youngest and most     
beautiful    of all the ,greeks4 ,the   

fact however is that ,homer raises no   
question in our minds about the relation
 of lover and beloved4    ,achilles and 
,patroclus are comrades4 ,their         
friendship is equal4    ,it was only the
 reflective activity of the ,greek mind1
 working    upon the ,homeric legend by 
the light of subsequent custom1 which   
introduced these distinctions40 ,the    
,greek ,poets1 ch4 iii4 p4    #ajc4     
,sidenote3 ,athenus    ,from the time of
 ,homer onwards1 ,greek literature was  
full of songs  celebrating friendship3--
      8,and in fact there was such      
emulation about composing poems of      
this sort1 and so far was any one from  
thinking lightly of the    amatory      
poets1 that schylus1 who was a very     
great poet1 and    ,sophocles too       
introduced the subject of the loves of  
men on the    stage in their tragedies3 
the one describing the love of ,achilles
    for ,patroclus1 and the other1 in   
his ,niobe1 the mutual love of    her   
sons 7on which account some have given  

an ill name to that    tragedy72 and all
 such passages as those are very        
agreeable to    the spectators40        
,athenus1 bk4 xiii4 ch4 #ge4            
,sidenote3 ,from ,theognis    ,one of   
the earlier ,greek poets was ,theognis  
7,b4,c4 #eej7 whose ,gnom or  ,maxims   
were a series of verses mostly addressed
 to his young friend  ,kurnus1 whom by  
this means he sought to guide and       
instruct out of the  stores of his own  
riper experience4 ,the verses are       
reserved and didactic  for the most     
part1 but now and then1 as in the       
following passage1 show  deep underlying
 feeling3--      8,lo1 ,i have given    
thee wings wherewith to fly      ,over  
the boundless ocean and the earth2      
,yea1 on the lips of many shalt thou lie
      ,the comrade of their banquet and 
their mirth4    ,youths in their        
loveliness shall make thee sound        
,upon the silver flute's melodious      
breath2    ,and when thou goest darkling
 underground      ,down to the          

lamentable house of death1    ,oh yet   
not then from honour shalt thou cease1  
,but wander1 an imperishable name1      
,kurnus1 about the seas and shores of   
,greece1      ,crossing from isle to    
isle the barren main4    ,horses thou   
shalt not need1 but lightly ride        
,sped by the ,muses of the violet crown1
    ,and men to come1 while earth and   
sun abide1      ,who cherish song shall 
cherish thy renown4    ,yea1 ,i have    
given thee wings6 and in return         
,thou givest me the scorn with which ,i 
burn40                  ,theognis       
,gnomai1 lines #bcg-bed1                
trans4 by ,g4 ,lowes ,dickinson4        
,sidenote3 ,sappho    ,as ,theognis had 
his well-loved disciples1 so had the    
poetess ,sappho  7#fjj ,b4,c47 ,her     
devotion to her girl-friends and        
companions is indeed  proverbial4       
8,what ,alcibiades and ,charmides and   
,phdrus were to ,socrates1    ,gyrinna  
and ,atthis and ,anactoria were to the  
,lesbian40 ,max    ,tyrius1 quoted in   

,h4 ,t4 ,wharton's ,sappho1 p4 #bc4     
,sidenote3 ,to ,lesbia    ,perhaps the  
few lines of ,sappho1 translated or     
paraphrased by ,catullus  under the     
title ,to ,lesbia1 form the most        
celebrated fragment of her  extant work4
 ,they may be roughly rendered thus3--  
8,peer of all the gods unto me appeareth
    ,he of men who sitting beside thee  
heareth    ,close at hand thy syllabled 
words sweet spoken1            ,or      
loving laughter--      ,that sweet laugh
 which flutters my heart and bosom4     
,for1 at sight of thee1 in an instant   
fail me    ,voice and speech1 and under 
my skin there courses                   
,swiftly a thin flame2      ,darkness is
 on my eyes1 in my ears a drumming1     
,drenched in sweat my frame1 my body    
trembling2    ,paler ev'n than          
grass--'tis1 ,i doubt1 but little       
,from death divides me40    ,sidenote3  
,anacreon to ,bathyllus    ,several of  
the odes of ,anacreon 7,b4,c4 #ebj7 are 
addressed to his young  friend          

,bathyllus4 ,the following short one has
 been preserved to us by  ,athenus 7bk4 
xiii4  #ag73--      8,o boy1 with       
virgin-glancing eye1      ,i call thee1 
but thou dost not hear2    ,thou know'st
 not how my soul doth cry      ,for     
thee1 its charioteer40    ,sidenote3    
,epigram on ,lovers    ,anacreon had not
 the passion and depth of ,sappho1 but  
there is a mark of  genuine feeling in  
some of his poems1 as in this simple    
little epigram3--      8,on their       
hindquarters horses      ,are branded   
oft with fire1    ,and anyone knows a   
,parthian      ,because he wears a tiar2
    ,and ,i at sight of lovers          
,their nature can declare1    ,for in   
their hearts they too      ,some subtle 
flame-mark bear40    ,sidenote3 ,pindar 
to ,theoxenos    ,the following fragment
 is from ,pindar's ,ode to his young    
friend  ,theoxenos--in whose arms       
,pindar is said to have died 7,b4,c4    
#ddb73--      8,o soul1 'tis thine in   
season meet1    ,to pluck of love the   

blossom sweet1      ,when hearts are    
young3    ,but he who sees the blazing  
beams1    ,the light that from that     
forehead streams1      ,and is not      
stung2--    ,who is not storm-tossed    
with desire1--    ,lo6 he1 ,i ween1 with
 frozen fire1    ,of adamant or stubborn
 steel    ,is forged in his cold heart  
that cannot feel40                      
,trans4 by ,j4 ,addington ,symonds1     
,the ,greek ,poets1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bhf4   
,sidenote3 ,epigrams of ,plato          
,plato's epigrams on ,aster and ,agathon
 are well known4 ,the two  first-quoted 
make a play of course on the name ,aster
 7star74      ,to ,aster3      8,thou   
wert the morning star among the living1 
,ere thy fair light had fled2    ,now1  
having died1 thou art as ,hesperus1     
giving      ,new splendour to the dead40
                                        
7,shelley47      ,to the same3          
8,thou at the stars dost gaze1 who art  
my star--,o would that ,i were          
,heaven1 to gaze on thee1 ever with     

thousands of eyes40      ,to ,agathon3  
8,thee as ,i kist1 behold6 on my lips my
 own soul was trembling2    ,for1 bold  
one1 she had come1 meaning to find her  
way through40    ,sidenote3 ,meleager   
,there are many other epigrams and songs
 on the same subject from the  ,greek   
writers4 ,the following is by ,meleager 
7a native of ,gadara in  ,palestine7    
about #fj ,b4,c41 and one of the        
sweetest and most human of the  lyric   
poets3--      8,o mortals crossed in    
love6 the ,southwind1 see6      ,that   
blows so fair for sailor folk1 hath     
ta'en    ,half of my soul1 ,andragathos1
 from me4      ,thrice happy ships1     
thrice blessd billowy main1    ,and four
 times favored wind that bears the      
youth1    ,o would ,i were a ,dolphin6  
so1 in truth1    ,high on my shoulders  
ferried he should come    ,to ,rhodes1  
sweet haunt of boys1 his island-home40  
,from the ,greek ,anthology1 ii4 #djb4  
,sidenote3 ,epigram    ,also from the   
,greek ,anthology3--      8,o say1 and  

again repeat1 fair1 fair--and still ,i  
will say it--      ,how fair1 my friend1
 and good to see1 thou art2    ,on pine 
or oak or wall thy name ,i do not       
blazon--      ,love has too deeply      
graved it in my heart40    ,sidenote3   
,epitaph ,anonymous      8,perhaps the  
most beautiful says ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds of 
the    sepulchral epigrams is one by an 
unknown writer1 of which ,i here    give
 a free paraphrase4 ,anth4 ,pal41 vii4  
#cdf3--      #8,of our great love1      
,parthenophil1    ,this little stone    
abideth still      ,sole sign and token3
    ,i seek thee yet1 and yet shall     
seek1    ,tho' faint mine eyes1 my      
spirit weak      ,with prayers unspoken4
      ,meanwhile best friend of friends1
 do thou1    ,if this the cruel fates   
allow1      ,by death's dark river1     
,among those shadowy people1 drink      
,no drop for me on ,lethe's brink3      
,forget me never6'0              ,the   
,greek ,poets1 vol4 #b1 p4 #bih4        
,theocritus1 though coming late in the  

,greek age 7about #cjj ,b4,c47 when     
,athens had yielded place to            
,alexandria1 still carried on the ,greek
  tradition in a remarkable way4 ,a     
native of ,syracuse1 he caught and      
echoed in a finer form the life and     
songs of the country folk of that       
region--themselves descendants of       
,dorian settlers4 ,songs and ballads    
full of similar notes linger among the  
,greek peasants1 shepherds and          
fisher-folk1 even down to the present   
day4    ,sidenote3 ,theocritus ,idyl    
,,xii4    ,the following poem 7trans4 by
 ,m4 ,j4 ,chapman1 #ahcf7 is one of the 
best  known and most beautiful of his   
,idyls3--      ,,idyl ,,xii4      8,art 
come1 dear youth8 two days and nights   
away6    7,who burn with love1 grow aged
 in a day47    ,as much as apples sweet 
the damson crude    ,excel2 the blooming
 spring the winter rude2    ,in fleece  
the sheep her lamb2 the maid in         
sweetness    ,the thrice-wed dame2 the  
fawn the calf in fleetness2    ,the     

nightingale in song all feathered kind--
    ,so much thy longed-for presence    
cheers my mind4    ,to thee ,i hasten1  
as to shady beech1    ,the traveller1   
when from the heaven's reach    ,the sun
 fierce blazes4 ,may our love be strong1
    ,to all hereafter times the theme of
 song6    #8,two men each other loved to
 that degree1    ,that either friend did
 in the other see    ,a dearer than     
himself4 ,they lived of old    ,both    
golden natures in an age of gold4'      
,o father ,zeus6 ageless immortals all6 
,two hundred ages hence may one recall1 
,down-coming to the irremeable river1   
,this to my mind1 and this good news    
deliver3    #8,e'en now from east to    
west1 from north to south1    ,your     
mutual friendship lives in every mouth4'
    ,this1 as they please1 th'          
,olympians will decide3    ,of thee1 by 
blooming virtue beautified1    ,my      
glowing song shall only truth disclose2 
,with falsehood's pustules ,i'll not    
shame my nose4    ,if thou dost sometime

 grieve me1 sweet the pleasure    ,of   
reconcilement1 joy in double measure    
,to find thou never didst intend the    
pain1    ,and feel myself from all doubt
 free again4      ,and ye ,megarians1 at
 ,nisa dwelling1    ,expert at rowing1  
mariners excelling1    ,be happy ever6  
for with honours due    ,th' ,athenian  
,diocles1 to friendship true    ,ye     
celebrate4 ,with the first blush of     
spring    ,the youth surround his tomb3 
there who shall bring    ,the sweetest  
kiss1 whose lip is purest found1        
,back to his mother goes with garlands  
crowned4    ,nice touch the arbiter must
 have indeed1    ,and must1 methinks1   
the blue-eyed ,ganymede    ,invoke with 
many prayers--a mouth to own    ,true to
 the touch of lips1 as ,lydian stone    
,to proof of gold--which test will      
instant show    ,the pure or base1 as   
money changers know40    ,sidenote3     
,idyl ,,xxix4    ,the following ,idyl1  
of which ,i append a rendering1 is      
attributed to  ,theocritus3--           

,,idyl ,,xxix4      8,they say1 dear    
boy1 that wine and truth agree2    ,and1
 being in wine1 ,i'll tell the truth to 
thee--    ,yes1 all that works in secret
 in my soul4    ',tis this3 thou dost   
not love me with thy whole              
,untampered heart4 ,i know2 for half my 
time    ,is spent in gazing on thy      
beauty's prime2    ,the other half is   
nought4 ,when thou art good1    ,my days
 are like the gods'2 but when the mood  
,tormenting takes thee1 'tis my night of
 woe4    ,how were it right to vex a    
lover so8    ,take my advice1 my lad1   
thine elder friend1    ',twill make thee
 glad and grateful in the end3    ,in   
one tree build one nest1 so no grim     
snake    ,may creep upon thee4 ,for     
to-day thou'lt make    ,thy home on one 
branch1 and to-morrow changing    ,wilt 
seek another1 to what's new still       
ranging2    ,and should a stranger      
praise your handsome face1    ,him more 
than three-year-proven friend you'll    
grace1    ,while him who loved you first

 you'll treat as cold    ,as some       
acquaintanceship of three days old4     
,thou fliest high1 methinks1 in love and
 pride2    ,but ,i would say3 keep ever 
at thy side    ,a mate that is thine    
equal2 doing so1    ,the townsfolk shall
 speak well of thee alway1    ,and love 
shall never visit thee with woe--       
,love that so easily men's hearts can   
flay1    ,and mine has conquered that   
was erst of steel4    ,nay1 by thy      
gracious lips ,i make appeal3           
,remember thou wert younger a year agone
    ,and we grow grey and wrinkled1 all1
 or e'er    ,we can escape our doom2 of 
mortals none    ,his youth retakes      
again1 for azure wings    ,are on her   
shoulders1 and we sons of care    ,are  
all too slow to catch such flying       
things4      ,mindful of this1 be       
gentle1 is my prayer1    ,and love me1  
guileless1 ev'n as ,i love thee2    ,so 
when thou hast a beard1 such friends as 
were    ,achilles and ,patroclus we may 
be40    ,sidenote3 ,bion    ,bion was a 

poet of about the same period as        
,theocritus1 but of whom  little is     
known4 ,the following is a fragment     
translated by ,a4 ,lang3--      8,happy 
are they that love1 when with equal love
 they are    rewarded4 ,happy was       
,theseus1 when ,pirithus was by his     
side1 yea    tho' he went down to the   
house of implacable ,hades4 ,happy among
    hard men and inhospitable was       
,orestes1 for that ,pylades chose to    
share his wanderings4 ,and he was happy1
 ,achilles acides1 while    his darling 
lived1--happy was he in his death1      
because he avenged    the dread fate of 
,patroclus40 ,theocritus1 ,bion and     
,moschus1    ,golden ,treasury series1  
p4 #ahb4    ,sidenote3 ,lament for ,bion
 by ,moschus    ,the beautiful ,lament  
for ,bion by ,moschus is interesting in 
this  connection1 and should be compared
 with ,shelley's lament for ,keats in   
,adonais--for which latter poem indeed  
it supplied some suggestions3--         
8,ye mountain valleys1 pitifully groan6 

,rivers and ,dorian springs for ,bion   
weep6    ,ye plants drop tears6 ye      
groves lamenting moan6    ,exhale your  
life1 wan flowers2 your blushes deep    
,in grief1 anemonies and roses1 steep6  
,in softest murmurs1 ,hyacinth6 prolong 
,the sad1 sad woe thy lettered petals   
keep2    ,our minstrel sings no more his
 friends among    ,sicilian muses6 now  
begin the doleful song40                
,m4 ,j4 ,chapman trans4 in the          
,greek ,pastoral ,poets1 #ahcf4         
,sidenote3 ,story of ,hyacinthus    ,the
 allusion to ,hyacinth is thus explained
 by ,chapman3--      8,hyacinthus1 a    
,spartan youth1 the son of ,clio1 was in
 great    favour with ,apollo4          
,zephyrus1 being enraged that he        
preferred    ,apollo to him1 blew the   
discus when flung by ,apollo1 on a day  
that ,hyacinthus was playing at         
discus-throwing with that god1          
against the head of the youth1 and so   
killed him4 ,apollo1 being    unable to 
save his life1 changed him into the     

flower which was    named after him1 and
 on whose petals the ,greeks fancied    
they    could trace the notes of a      
grief1 1 4#e ,a festival called    the  
,hyacinthia was celebrated for three    
days in each year at    ,sparta1 in     
honour of the god and his unhappy       
favorite40 ,note to    ,moschus1 ,idyl  
iii4    ,sidenote3 ,told by ,ovid       
,the story of ,apollo and ,hyacinth is  
gracefully told by ,ovid1 in the tenth  
book of his ,metamorphoses3--           
8,midway betwixt the past and coming    
night    ,stood ,titan#f when the pair1 
their limbs unrobed1    ,and glist'ning 
with the olive's unctuous juice1    ,in 
friendly contest with the discus vied40 
,the younger one is struck by the       
discus2 and like a fading flower        
8,to its own weight unequal drooped the 
head    ,of ,hyacinth2 and o'er him     
wailed the god3--    ,liest thou so1    
balia's child1 of youth    ,untimely    
robbed1 and wounded by my fault--    ,at
 once my grief and guilt8--,this hand   

hath dealt    ,thy death6 ',tis ,i who  
send thee to the grave6    ,and yet     
scarce guilty1 unless guilt it were     
,to sport1 or guilt to love thee6 ,would
 this life    ,might thine redeem1 or be
 with thine resigned6    ,but           
thou--since ,fate denies a god to die-- 
,be present with me ever6 ,let thy name 
,dwell ever in my heart and on my lips1 
,theme of my lyre and burden of my song2
    ,and ever bear the echo of my wail  
,writ on thy new-born flower6 ,the time 
shall come    ,when1 with thyself       
associate1 to its name    ,the mightiest
 of the ,greeks shall link his own4     
,prophetic as ,apollo mourned1 the blood
    ,that with its dripping crimson dyed
 the turf    ,was blood no more3 and    
sudden sprang to life    ,a flower40    
,ovid's ,metamorphoses trans4           
,h4 ,king1 ,london1 #ahga4    ,sidenote3
 ,virgil ,eclogue ,,ii4    ,in ,roman   
literature1 generally1 as might be      
expected1 with its more  materialistic  
spirit1 the romance of a friendship is  

little dwelt upon2  though the grosser  
side of the passion1 in such writers as 
,catullus  and ,martial1 is much in     
evidence4 ,still we find in ,virgil a   
notable  instance4 ,his #bnd ,eclogue   
bears the marks of genuine feeling2 and1
  according to some critics1 he there   
under the guise of ,shepherd ,corydon's 
love for ,alexis celebrates his own     
attachment to the youthful ,alexander3--
      8,corydon1 keeper of cattle1 once 
loved the fair lad ,alexis2    ,but he1 
the delight of his master1 permitted no 
hope to the shepherd4    ,corydon1      
lovesick swain1 went into the forest of 
beeches1    ,and there to the mountains 
and woods--the one relief of his        
passion--    ,with useless effort       
outpoured the following artless         
complainings3--    ,alexis1 barbarous   
youth1 say1 do not my mournful lays move
 thee8    ,showing me no compassion1    
thou'lt surely compel me to perish4     
,even the cattle now seek after places  
both cool and shady2    ,even the       

lizards green conceal themselves in the 
thorn-bush4    ,thestylis1 taking sweet 
herbs1 such as garlic and thyme1 for the
 reapers    ,faint with the scorching   
noon1 doth mash them and bray in a      
mortar4    ,alone in the heat of the day
 am ,i left with the screaming cicalas1 
,while patient in tracking thy path1 ,i 
ever pursue thee1 ,belovd40             
,trans4 by ,j4 ,w4 ,baylis4             
,sidenote3 ,corydon and ,alexis         
,there is a translation of this same    
#bnd ,eclogue1 by ,abraham ,fraunce     
7#aeia7 which is interesting not only on
 account of its felicity of  phrase1 but
 because1 as in the case of some other  
,elizabethan hexameters1  the metre is  
ruled by quantity1 i4e41 length of      
syllables1 instead  of by accent4 ,the  
following are the first five lines of   
,fraunce's  translation3--      8,silly 
shepherd ,corydon lov'd hartyly fayre   
lad ,alexis1    ,his master's dearling1 
but saw noe matter of hoping2    ,only  
amydst darck groves thickset with       

broade-shadoe beech-trees    ,dayly     
resort did he make1 thus alone to the   
woods1 to the mountayns1    ,with broken
 speeches fond thoughts there vainly    
revealing40    ,sidenote3 ,catullus to  
,quintius    ,catullus also 7b4 ,b4,c4  
#hg7 has some verses of real feeling3-- 
8,quintius1 if 'tis thy wish and will   
,that ,i should owe my eyes to thee1    
,or anything that's dearer still1       
,if aught that's dearer there can be2   
,then rob me not of that ,i prize1      
,of the dear form that is to me1    ,oh6
 far far dearer than my eyes1      ,or  
aught1 if dearer aught there be40       
,catullus1 trans4 ,hon4                 
,j4 ,lamb1 #ahba4    ,sidenote3 ,to     
,juventius      8,if all complying1 thou
 would'st grant      ,thy lovely eyes to
 kiss1 my fair1    ,long as ,i pleased2 
oh6 ,i would plant      ,three hundred  
thousand kisses there4      ,nor could  
,i even then refrain1      ,nor satiate 
leave that fount of blisses1    ,tho'   
thicker than autumnal grain      ,should

 be our growing crop of kisses40        
7,ibid47    ,sidenote3 ,to ,licinius    
8,long at our leisure yesterday         
,idling1 ,licinius1 we wrote    ,upon my
 tablets verses gay1    ,or took our    
turns1 as fancy smote1    ,at rhymes and
 dice and wine4      ,but when ,i left1 
,licinius mine1    ,your grace and your 
facetious mood    ,had fired me so1 that
 neither food    ,would stay my misery1 
nor sleep    ,my roving eyes in quiet   
keep4    ,but still consumed1 without   
respite1    ,i tossed about my couch in 
vain    ,and longed for day--if speak ,i
 might1    ,or be with you again4       
,but when my limbs with all the strain  
,worn out1 half dead lay on my bed1     
,sweet friend to thee this verse ,i     
penned1    ,that so thou mayest         
condescend    ,to understand my pain4   
,so now1 ,licinius1 beware6    ,and be  
not rash1 but to my prayer    ,a        
gracious hearing tender2    ,lest on thy
 head pounce ,nemesis3    ,a goddess    
sudden and swift she is--    ,beware    

lest thou offend her60    ,sidenote3    
,martial to ,diadumenos    ,the         
following little poem is taken from     
,martial3      8,as a vineyard breathes1
 whose boughs with grapes are bending1  
,or garden where are hived ,sicanian    
bees2    ,as upturned clods when summer 
rain's descending      ,or orchards rich
 with blossom-laden trees2    ,so1 cruel
 youth1 thy kisses breathe--so sweet--  
,would'st thou but grant me all their   
grace1 complete60          ,,iv4        
,friendship in ,early ,christian        
,medival ,times          ,friendship in 
,early ,christian  ,medival ,times      
,the quotations we have given from      
,plato and others show the very high    
ideal of friendship which obtained in   
the old world1 and the respect  accorded
 to it4 ,with the incoming of the       
,christian centuries1 and the  growth of
 ,alexandrian and ,germanic influences1 
a change began to take  place4 ,woman   
rose to greater freedom and dignity and 
influence than  before4 ,the romance of 

love began to centre round her4#g ,the  
days of  chivalry brought a new devotion
 into the world1 and the ,church exalted
  the ,virgin ,mother to the highest    
place in heaven4 ,friendship between    
men ceased to be regarded in the old    
light--i4e41 as a thing of deep         
feeling1 and an important social        
institution4 ,it was even1 here and     
there1 looked on with disfavour--and    
lapses from the purity or chastity of   
its standard were readily suspected and 
violently reprobated4 ,certainly  it    
survived in the monastic life for a long
 period2 but though inspiring  this to a
 great extent1 its influence was not    
generally acknowledged4  ,the ,family1  
in the modern and more limited sense of 
the word 7as opposed  to the clan71     
became the recognised unit of social    
life1 and the ideal  centre of all good 
influences 7as illustrated in the       
worship of the ,holy  ,family74 ,at the 
same time1 by this very shrinkage of the
 ,family1 as well  as by other          

influences1 the solidarity of society   
became to some extent  weakened1 and    
gradually the more communistic forms of 
the early world  gave place to the      
individualism of the commercial period4 
,the special sentiment of comrade-love  
or attachment 7being a thing  inherent  
in human nature7 remained of course     
through the ,christian  centuries1 as   
before1 and unaltered--except that being
 no longer  recognised it became a      
private and personal affair1 running    
often  powerfully enough beneath the    
surface of society1 but openly          
unacknowledged1 and so far deprived of  
some of its dignity and influence4      
,owing to this fact there is nothing1   
for this period1 to be quoted in  the   
way of general ideal or public opinion  
on the subject of friendship1  and the  
following sections therefore become     
limited to the expression  of individual
 sentiments and experiences1 in prose   
and poetry4 ,these we  find1 during the 
medival period1 largely colored by      

religion2 while  at the ,renaissance and
 afterwards they are evidently affected 
by ,greek  associations4    ,sidenote3  
,saint ,augustine    ,following are some
 passages from ,s4 ,augustine3--        
8,in those years when ,i first began to 
teach in my native town1    ,i had made 
a friend1 one who through having the    
same interests    was very dear to me1  
one of my own age1 and like me in the   
first    flower of youth4 ,we had grown 
up together1 and went together to       
school1 and used to play together4 ,but 
he was not yet so great    a friend as  
afterwards1 nor even then was our       
friendship true2    for friendship is   
not true unless ,thou cementest it      
between    those who are united to ,thee
 by that #8love which is shed abroad    
in our hearts by the ,holy ,ghost which 
is given unto us4' ,yet    our          
friendship was but too sweet1 and       
fermented by the pursuit    of kindred  
studies4 ,for ,i had turned him aside   
from the true    faith 7of which as a   

youth he had but an imperfect grasp7 to 
pernicious and superstitious fables1 for
 which my mother grieved    over me4    
,and now in mind he erred with me1 and  
my soul could not    endure to be       
separated from him4 ,but lo1 ,thou didst
 follow close    behind ,thy fugitives1 
,thou--both ,god of vengeance and       
fountain of    mercies--didst convert us
 by wonderful ways2 behold1 ,thou didst 
take him out of this life1 when scarcely
 a year had our close    intimacy       
lasted--sweet to me beyond the sweetness
 of my whole    life4444      8,no ray  
of light pierced the gloom with which my
 heart was    enveloped by this grief1  
and wherever ,i looked ,i beheld death4 
,my native place was a torment to me1   
and my father's house    strangely      
joyless2 and whatever ,i had shared with
 him1 without    him was now turned into
 a huge torture4 ,my longing eyes sought
    him everywhere1 and found him not2  
and ,i hated the very places1    because
 he was not in them1 neither could they 

say to me #8he is    coming1' as they   
used to do when he was alive and was    
absent4    ,and ,i became a great puzzle
 to myself1 and ,i asked my soul why    
it was so sad1 and why so disquieted    
within me2 and it knew not    what to   
answer4 ,and if ,i said #8,trust thou in
 ,god1' it rightly    did not obey2 for 
that dearest one whom it had lost was   
both    truer and better than that      
phantasm in which it was bidden to      
trust4 ,weeping was the only thing which
 was sweet to me1 and    it succeeded my
 friend in the dearest place in my      
heart40 ,s4    ,augustine1 ,confessions1
 bk4 #d1 ch4 iv4 ,trans4 by ,rev4 ,w4   
,h4    ,hutchings1 ,m4,a4      8,i was  
miserable1 and miserable is every soul  
which is fettered    by the love of     
perishable things2 he is torn to pieces 
when    he loses them1 and then he      
perceives how miserable he was in       
reality while he possessed them4 ,and so
 was ,i then1 and ,i wept    most       
bitterly1 and in that bitterness ,i     

found rest4 ,thus was ,i    miserable1  
and that miserable life ,i held dearer  
than my friend4    ,for though ,i would 
fain have changed it1 yet to it ,i clung
 even    more than to him2 and ,i cannot
 say whether ,i would have parted       
with it for his sake1 as it is related1 
if true1 that ,orestes    and ,pylades  
were willing to do1 for they would      
gladly have    died for each other1 or  
together1 for they preferred death to   
separation from each other4 ,but in me a
 feeling which ,i cannot    explain1 and
 one of a contradictory nature had      
arisen2 for ,i    had at once an        
unbearable weariness of living1 and a   
fear of    dying4 ,for ,i believe the   
more ,i loved him1 the more ,i hated and
    dreaded death which had taken him   
from me1 and regarded it as    a most   
cruel enemy2 and ,i felt as if it would 
soon devour all    men1 now that its    
power had reached him4444 ,for ,i       
marvelled that    other mortals lived1  
because he whom ,i had loved1 without   

thought    of his ever dying1 was dead2 
and that ,i still lived--,i who was     
another self--when he was gone1 was a   
greater marvel still4 ,well    said a   
certain one of his friend1 #8,thou half 
of my soul2' for ,i    felt that his    
soul and mine were #8one soul in two    
bodies'3 and    therefore life was to me
 horrible1 because ,i hated to live as  
half of a life2 and therefore perhaps ,i
 feared to die1 lest he    should wholly
 die whom ,i had loved so greatly40     
,ibid1 ch4 vi4    ,sidenote3            
,montalembert on the ,monks    ,it is   
interesting to see1 in these extracts   
from ,s4 ,augustine1 and  in those which
 follow from ,montalembert1 the points  
of likeness and  difference between the 
,christian ideal of love and that of    
,plato4 ,both  are highly               
transcendental1 both seem to contemplate
 an inner union of  souls1 beyond the   
reach of space and time2 but in ,plato  
the union is in  contemplation of the   
,eternal ,beauty1 while in the          

,christian teachers it  is in devotion  
to a personal ,god4      8,if inanimate 
nature was to them an abundant source of
 pleasure    they had a life still more 
lively and elevated in the life of the  
heart1 in the double love which burned  
in them--the love of their    brethren  
inspired and consecrated by the love of 
,god40 ,monks of    the ,west1 introdn41
 ch4 v4      8,everything invited and   
encouraged them to choose one or several
    souls as the intimate companions of 
their life4444 ,and to prove    how     
little the divine love1 thus understood 
and practised1 tends    to exclude or   
chill the love of man for man1 never was
 human    eloquence more touching or    
more sincere than in that immortal      
elegy by which ,s4 ,bernard laments a   
lost brother snatched by    death from  
the cloister3--#8,flow1 flow my tears1  
so eager to flow6    he who prevented   
your flowing is here no more6 ,it is not
 he who    is dead1 it is ,i who now    
live only to die4 ,why1 ,o why have we  

loved1 and why have we lost each        
other4'0 ,ibid4      8,the mutual       
affection which reigned among the monks 
flowed as a    mighty stream through the
 annals of the cloister4 ,it has left   
its trace even in the #8formulas1'      
collected with care by modern           
erudition4444 ,the correspondence of the
 most illustrious1 of    ,geoffrey de   
,vendme1 of ,pierre le ,vnrable1 and of 
,s4 ,bernard1    give proofs of it at   
every page40 ,ibid4    ,sidenote3 ,saint
 ,anselm    ,saint ,anselm's letters to 
brother monks are full of expressions of
 the  same ardent affection4            
,montalembert gives several examples3-- 
8,souls well-beloved of my soul10 he    
wrote to two near relatives    whom he  
wished to draw to ,bec1 8my eyes        
ardently desire to behold    you2 my    
arms expand to embrace you2 my lips sigh
 for your kisses2    all the life that  
remains to me is consumed with waiting  
for    you4 ,i hope in praying1 and ,i  
pray in hoping--come and taste how      

gracious the ,lord is--you cannot fully 
know it while you find    sweetness in  
the world40    ,sidenote3 ,to his       
,friend ,lanfranc      8#8,far from the 
eyes1 far from the heart' say the       
vulgar4 ,believe    nothing of it2 if it
 was so1 the farther you were distant   
from    me the cooler my love for you   
would be2 whilst on the contrary1    the
 less ,i can enjoy your presence1 the   
more the desire of that    pleasure     
burns in the soul of your friend40      
,sidenote3 ,to ,gondulph      8,to      
,gondulf1 ,anselm----,i put no other or 
longer salutations at the    head of my 
letter1 because ,i can say nothing more 
to him whom ,i    love4 ,all who know   
,gondulph and ,anselm know well what    
this means1    and how much love is     
understood in these two names40 444     
8,how    could ,i forget thee8 ,can a   
man forget one who is placed like a     
seal upon his heart8 ,in thy silence ,i 
know that thou lovest me2    and thou   
also1 when ,i say nothing1 thou knowest 

that ,i love thee4    ,not only have ,i 
no doubt of thee1 but ,i answer for thee
 that thou    art sure of me4 ,what can 
my letter tell thee that thou knowest   
not already1 thou who art my second     
soul8 ,go into the secret    place of   
thy heart1 look there at thy love for   
me1 and thou shalt    see mine for      
thee40 444 8,thou knewest how much ,i   
love thee1 but    ,i knew it not4 ,he   
who has separated us has alone          
instructed me    how dear to me thou    
wert4 ,no1 ,i knew not before the       
experience    of thy absence how sweet  
it was to have thee1 how bitter to have 
thee not4 ,thou hast another friend whom
 thou hast loved as much    or more than
 me to console thee1 but ,i have no     
longer thee6--thee6    thee6 thou       
understandest8 and nothing to replace   
thee4 ,those who    rejoice in the      
possession of thee may perhaps be       
offended by what    ,i say4 ,ah6 let    
them content themselves with their joy1 
and permit    me to weep for him whom ,i

 ever love40    ,sidenote3 ,the ,story  
of ,amis and ,amile    ,the story of    
,amis and ,amile1 a medival legend1     
translated by ,william  ,morris 7as well
 as by ,walter ,pater7 from the         
,bibliotheca ,elzeviriana1  is very     
quaint and engaging in its old-world    
extravagance and  supernaturalism3--    
,amis and ,amile were devoted friends1  
twins in resemblance and    life4 ,on   
one occasion1 having strayed apart1 they
 ceased not to    seek each other for   
two whole years4 ,and when at last they 
met    8they lighted down from their    
horses1 and embraced and kissed    each 
other1 and gave thanks to ,god that they
 were found4 ,and they    swore fealty  
and friendship and fellowship perpetual1
 the one to    the other1 on the sword  
of ,amile1 wherein were relics40 ,thence
    they went together to the court of  
8,charles1 king of ,france40      ,here 
soon after1 ,amis took ,amile's place in
 a tournament1 saved    his life from a 
traitor1 and won for him the ,king's    

daughter    to wife4 ,but so it happened
 that1 not long after1 he himself    was
 stricken with leprosy and brought to   
,amile's door4 ,and    when ,amile and  
his royal bride knew who it was they    
were sore    grieved1 and they brought  
him in and placed him on a fair bed1    
and put all that they had at his        
service4 ,and it came to pass    one    
night 8whenas ,amis and ,amile lay in   
one chamber without other    company1   
that ,god sent to ,amis ,raphael his    
angel1 who said to    him3 #8,sleepest  
thou1 ,amis8' ,and he1 who deemed that  
,amile had    called to him1 answered3  
#8,i sleep not1 fair sweet fellow4'     
,then    the angel said to him3 #8,thou 
hast answered well1 for thou art the    
fellow of the citizens of heaven1 and   
thou hast followed after    ,job1 and   
,thoby in patience4 ,now ,i am ,raphael1
 an angel of our    ,lord1 and am come  
to tell thee of a medicine for thine    
healing1    whereas he hath heard thy   
prayers4 ,thou shalt tell to ,amile thy 

fellow1 that he slay his two children   
and wash thee in their    blood1 and    
thence thou shalt get the healing of thy
 body4'0      ,amis was shocked when he 
heard these words1 and at first refused 
to tell ,amile2 but the latter had also 
heard the angel's voice1    and pressed 
him to tell4 ,then1 when he knew1 he too
 was sorely    grieved4 ,but at last he 
determined in his mind not even to spare
    his children for the sake of his    
friend1 and going secretly to    their  
chamber he slew them1 and bringing some 
of their blood    washed ,amis--who     
immediately was healed4 ,he then arrayed
 ,amis in    his best clothes and1 after
 going to the church to give thanks1    
they met ,amile's wife who 7not knowing 
all7 rejoiced greatly    too4 ,but      
,amile1 going apart again to the        
children's chamber to    weep over them1
 found them at play in bed1 with only a 
thread of    crimson round their throats
 to mark what had been done6      ,the  
two knights fell afterwards and were    

killed in the same    battle2 8for even 
as ,god had joined them together by good
 accord    in their life-days1 so in    
their death they were not sundered40    
,and a miracle was added1 for even when 
they were buried apart    from each     
other the two coffins leapt together in 
the night and    were found side by side
 in the morning4    ,of this story ,mr4 
,jacobs1 in his introduction to ,william
 ,morris'  translation1 says3 8,amis and
 ,amile were the ,david and ,jonathan1  
the  ,orestes and ,pylades1 of the      
medival world40 ,there were some thirty 
other  versions of the legend 8in almost
 all the tongues of ,western and        
,northern  ,europe0--their 8peerless    
friendship0 having given them a place   
among the  medival saints4 7,see ,old   
,french ,romances trans4 by ,william    
,morris1  ,london1 #ahif47    ,sidenote3
 ,eastern ,poets    ,it may not be out  
of place here1 and before passing on to 
the times of  the ,renaissance and      
,modern ,europe1 to give one or two     

extracts relating  to ,eastern          
countries4 ,the honour paid to          
friendship in ,persia1 ,arabia1  ,syria 
and other ,oriental lands has always    
been great1 and the tradition  of this  
attachment there should be especially   
interesting to us1 as  having arisen    
independently of classic or ,christian  
ideals4 ,the poets of  ,persia1 ,saadi  
and ,jalal-ud-din ,rumi 7#acth cent471  
,hafiz 7#adth cent471  ,jami 7#aeth     
cent471 and others1 have drawn much of  
their inspiration from  this source2 but
 unfortunately for those who cannot read
 the originals1  their work has been    
scantily translated1 and the            
translations themselves  are not always 
very reliable4 ,the extraordinary way in
 which1 following  the method of the    
,sufis1 and of ,plato1 they identify the
 mortal and the  divine love1 and see in
 their beloved an image or revelation of
 ,god  himself1 makes their poems       
difficult of comprehension to the       
,western  mind4 ,apostrophes to ,love1  

,wine1 and ,beauty often1 with them1    
bear a  frankly twofold sense1 material 
and spiritual4 ,to these poets of the   
mid-region of the earth1 the bitter     
antagonism between matter and spirit1   
which like an evil dream has haunted so 
long both the extreme ,western and  the 
extreme ,eastern mind1 scarcely exists2 
and even the body 8which is a  portion  
of the dust-pit0 has become perfect and 
divine4    ,sidenote3 ,jalal-ud-din     
,rumi      8,every form you see has its 
archetype in the placeless world4444    
,from the moment you came into the world
 of being    ,a ladder was placed before
 you that you might escape 7ascend74    
,first you were mineral1 later you      
turned to plant1    ,then you became an 
animal3 how should this be a secret to  
you8    ,afterwards you were made man1  
with knowledge1 reason1 faith2          
,behold the body1 which is a portion of 
the dust-pit1 how perfect it has        
grown6    ,when you have travelled on   
from man1 you will doubtless become an  

angel2    ,after that you are done with 
earth3 your station is in heaven4       
,pass again even from angelhood3 enter  
that ocean1    ,that your drop may      
become a sea which is a hundred seas of 
#8,oman4'0                              
,from the ,divani ,shamsi ,tabriz of    
,jalal-ud-din                           
,rumi1 trans4 by ,r4 ,a4 ,nicholson4    
8',twere better that the spirit which   
wears not true love as a garment    ,had
 not been3 its being is but shame4      
,be drunken in love1 for love is all    
that exists4444    ,dismiss cares and be
 utterly clear of heart1    ,like the   
face of a mirror1 without image or      
picture4    ,when it becomes clear of   
images1 all images are contained in it40
                                        
,ibid4      8,happy the moment when we  
are seated in the palace1 thou and ,i1  
,with two forms and with two figures1   
but with one soul1 thou and ,i40        
,ibid4      8,once a man came and       
knocked at the door of his friend4      

,his friend said1 #8,who art thou1 ,o   
faithful one8'    ,he said1 #8',tis ,i4'
 ,he answered1 #8,there is no           
admittance4    ,there is no room for the
 raw at my well-cooked feast4    ,naught
 but fire of separation and absence     
,can cook the raw one and free him from 
hypocrisy6    ,since thy self has not   
yet left thee1    ,thou must be burned  
in fiery flames4'    ,the poor man went 
away1 and for one whole year            
,journeyed burning with grief for his   
friend's absence4    ,his heart burned  
till it was cooked2 then he went again  
,and drew near to the house of his      
friend4    ,he knocked at the door in   
fear and trepidation    ,lest some      
careless word should fall from his lips4
    ,his friend shouted1 #8,who is that 
at the door8'    ,he answered1 #8',tis  
thou who art at the door1 ,o beloved6'  
,the friend said1 #8,since 'tis ,i1 let 
me come in1    ,there is not room for   
two ,i's in one house4'0                
,from the ,masnavi of ,jalal-ud-din     

,rumi1                     trans1 by ,e4
 ,h4 ,whinfield4    ,sidenote3 ,hafiz   
and ,saadi    ,some short quotations    
here following are taken from ,flowers  
culled from  ,persian ,gardens          
7,manchester1 #ahgb73      8,everyone1  
whether he be abstemious or             
self-indulgent is    searching after the
 ,friend4 ,every place may be the abode 
of love1    whether it be a mosque or a 
synagogue4444 ,on thy last day1 though  
the cup be in thy hand1 thou may'st be  
borne away to ,paradise    even from the
 corner of the tavern40 ,hafiz4      8,i
 have heard a sweet word which was      
spoken by the old man of    ,canaan     
7,jacob7--#8,no tongue can express what 
means the separation    of friends4'0   
,hafiz4      8,neither of my own free   
will cast ,i myself into the fire2 for  
the chain of affection was laid upon my 
neck4 ,i was still at a    distance when
 the fire began to glow1 nor is this the
 moment    that it was lighted up within
 me4 ,who shall impute it to me as    a 

fault1 that ,i am enchanted by my       
friend1 that ,i am content in    casting
 myself at his feet80 ,saadi4    ,hahn  
in his ,albanesische ,studien1 already  
quoted 7p4 #bj71 gives some  of the     
verses of ,nein or ,nesim ,bey1 a       
,turco-,albanian poet1 of which the     
following is an example3--              
8,whate'er1 my friend1 or false or true1
      ,the world may tell thee1 give no 
ear1      ,for to separate us1 dear1    
,the world will say that one is two4    
,who should seek to separate us         
,may he never cease to weep4    ,the    
rain at times may cease2 but he      ,in
 ,summer's warmth or ,winter's sleep    
,may he never cease to weep40           
,besides literature there is no doubt a 
vast amount of material embedded  in the
 customs and traditions of these        
countries and awaiting adequate         
recognition and interpretation4 ,the    
following quotations may afford some    
glimpses of interest4    ,sidenote3     
,suleyman and ,ibrahim    ,suleyman the 

,magnificent4--,the story of ,suleyman's
 attachment to his ,vezir  ,ibrahim is  
told as follows by ,stanley             
,lane-,poole3--      8,suleyman1 great  
as he was1 shared his greatness with a  
second    mind1 to which his reign owed 
much of its brilliance4 ,the ,grand     
,vezir ,ibrahim was the counterpart of  
the ,grand ,monarch ,suleyman4    ,he   
was the son of a sailor at ,parga1 and  
had been captured by    corsairs1 by    
whom he was sold to be the slave of a   
widow at    ,magnesia4 ,here he passed  
into the hands of the young prince      
,suleyman1 then ,governor of ,magnesia1 
and soon his extraordinary    talents   
and address brought him promotion4444   
,from being ,grand    ,falconer on the  
accession of ,suleyman1 he rose to be   
first    minister and almost co-,sultan 
in #aebc4      8,he was the object of   
the ,sultan's tender regard3 an emperor 
knows better than most men how solitary 
is life without    friendship and love1 
and ,suleyman loved this man more than a

    brother4 ,ibrahim was not only a    
friend1 he was an entertaining    and   
instructive companion4 ,he read         
,persian1 ,greek and ,italian2    he    
knew how to open unknown worlds to the  
,sultan's mind1 and    ,suleyman drank  
in his ,vezir's wisdom with assiduity4  
,they lived    together3 their meals    
were shared in common2 even their beds  
were    in the same room4 ,the ,sultan  
gave his sister in marriage to the      
sailor's son1 and ,ibrahim was at the   
summit of power40 ,turkey1    ,story of 
,nations series1 p4 #agd4    ,sidenote3 
,story of a ,bagdad ,dervish    ,j4 ,s4 
,buckingham1 in his ,travels in         
,assyria1 ,media and ,persia1 speaking  
of his guide whom he had engaged at     
,bagdad1 and who was supposed to have   
left his heart behind him in that city1 
says3--      8,amidst all this ,i was at
 a loss to conceive how the ,dervish    
could find much enjoyment in the        
expedition while laboring    under the  
strong passion which ,i supposed he must

 then be    feeling for the object of   
his affections at ,bagdad1 whom he had  
quitted with so much reluctance4 ,what  
was my surprise however on    seeking an
 explanation of this seeming            
inconsistency1 to find    it was the    
son1 and not the daughter1 of his friend
 ,elias who    held so powerful a hold  
on his heart4 ,i shrank back from the   
confession as a man would recoil from a 
serpent on which he had    unexpectedly 
trodden 444 but in answer to enquiries  
naturally    suggested by the subject he
 declared he would rather suffer death  
than do the slightest harm to so pure1  
so innocent1 so heavenly a    creature  
as this4444      8,i took the greatest  
pains to ascertain by a severe and      
minute investigation1 how far it might  
be possible to doubt    of the purity of
 the passion by which this ,affgan      
,dervish was    possessed1 and whether  
it deserved to be classed with that     
described as prevailing among the       
ancient ,greeks2 and the result    fully

 satisfied me that both were the same4  
,ismael was however    surprised beyond 
measure when ,i assured him that such a 
feeling    was not known at all among   
the peoples of ,europe40 ,travels1      
c41 #bnd edition1 vol4 #a1 p4 #aei4     
,sidenote3 ,another ,story      8,the   
,dervish added a striking instance of   
the force of these    attachments1 and  
the sympathy which was felt in the      
sorrows to    which they led1 by the    
following fact from his own history4    
,the    place of his residence1 and of  
his usual labour1 was near the    bridge
 of the ,tigris1 at the gate of the     
,mosque of the ,vizier4    ,while he sat
 here1 about five or six years since1   
surrounded by    several of his friends 
who came often to enjoy his conversation
    and beguile the tedium of his work1 
he observed1 passing among    the crowd1
 a young and beautiful ,turkish boy1    
whose eyes met his1    as if by destiny1
 and they remained fixedly gazing on    
each other    for some time4 ,the boy1  

after #8blushing like the first hue of a
    summer morning1' passed on1         
frequently turning back to look on      
the person who had regarded him so      
ardently4 ,the ,dervish felt    his     
heart #8revolve within him1' for such   
was his expression1 and    a cold sweat 
came across his brow4 ,he hung his head 
upon his    graving-tool in dejection1  
and excused himself to those about      
him by saying he felt suddenly ill4     
,shortly afterwards the boy    returned1
 and after walking to and fro several   
times1 drawing    nearer and nearer1 as 
if under the influence of some          
attracting    charm1 he came up to his  
observer and said1 #8,is it really true1
    then1 that you love me8' #8,this1'  
said ,ismael1 #8was a dagger in my      
heart2 ,i could make no reply4' ,the    
friends who were near him1 and    now   
saw all explained1 asked him if there   
had been any previous    acquaintance   
existing between them4 ,he assured them 
that they had    never seen each other  

before4 #8,then1' they replied1 #8such  
an    event must be from ,god4'         
8,the boy continued to remain for a     
while with this party1 told    with     
great frankness the name and rank of his
 parents1 as well    as the place of his
 residence1 and promised to repeat his  
visit    on the following day4 ,he did  
this regularly for several months    in 
succession1 sitting for hours by the    
,dervish1 and either    singing to him  
or asking him interesting questions1 to 
beguile    his labours1 until as ,ismael
 expressed himself1 #8though they were  
still two bodies they became one soul4' 
,the youth at length fell    sick1 and  
was confined to his bed1 during which   
time his lover1    ,ismael1 discontinued
 entirely his usual occupations and     
abandoned    himself completely to the  
care of his beloved4 ,he watched the    
changes of his disease with more than   
the anxiety of a parent1    and never   
quitted his bedside1 night or day4      
,death at length    separated them2 but 

even when the stroke came the ,dervish  
could    not be prevailed on to quit the
 corpse4 ,he constantly visited the     
grave that contained the remains of all 
he held dear on earth1    and planting  
myrtles and flowers there after the     
manner of the    ,east1 bedewed them    
daily with his tears4 ,his friends      
sympathised    powerfully in his        
distress1 which he said #8continued to  
feed his    grief' until he pined away  
to absolute illness1 and was near       
following the fate of him whom he       
deplored40 ,ibid1 p4 #afj4    ,sidenote3
 ,explanation      8,from all this1     
added to many other examples of a       
similar kind1    related as happening   
between persons who had often been      
pointed    out to me in ,arabia and     
,persia1 ,i could no longer doubt the   
existence in the ,east of an affection  
for male youths1 of as pure    and      
honorable a kind as that which is felt  
in ,europe for those    of the other sex
 444 and it would be as unjust to       

suppose that    this necessarily implied
 impurity of desire as to contend that  
no one could admire a lovely countenance
 and a beautiful form in    the other   
sex1 and still be inspired with         
sentiments of the most    pure and      
honorable nature towards the object of  
his admiration40    ,ibid1 p4 #afc4     
8,one powerful reason why this passion  
may exist in the ,east1    while it is  
quite unknown in the ,west1 is probably 
the seclusion    of women in the former1
 and the freedom of access to them in   
the    latter4444 ,had they the         
,asiatics the unrestrained intercourse  
which we enjoy with such superior beings
 as the virtuous and    accomplished    
females of our own country they would   
find nothing    in nature so deserving  
of their love as these40 ,ibid1 p4 #afe4
          ,v4    ,the ,renaissance and  
,modern ,times          ,the            
,renaissance and ,modern ,times         
,sidenote3 ,montaigne and ,stephen de la
 ,botie    ,with the ,renaissance1 and  

the impetus it gave at that time to the 
study  of ,greek and ,roman models1 the 
exclusive domination of ,christianity   
and  the ,church was broken4 ,a         
literature of friendship along classic  
lines  began to spring up4 ,montaigne   
7b4 #aecc7 was saturated with classic   
learning4 ,his essays were doubtless    
largely formed upon the model of        
,plutarch4 ,his friendship with ,stephen
 de la ,botie was evidently of a        
romantic and absorbing character4 ,it is
 referred to in the following  passage  
by ,william ,hazlitt2 and the           
description of it occupies a large  part
 of ,montaigne's ,essay on ,friendship4 
8,the most important event of his       
counsellor's life at ,bordeaux    was   
the friendship which he there formed    
with ,stephen de la    ,botie1 an       
affection which makes a streak of light 
in modern    biography almost as        
beautiful as that left us by ,lord      
,brook and    ,sir ,philip ,sydney4 ,our
 essayist and his friend esteemed1      

before    they saw1 each other4 ,la     
,botie had written a little work#h in   
which ,montaigne recognised sentiments  
congenial with his own1    and which    
indeed bespeak a soul formed in the     
mould of classic    times4 ,of          
,montaigne1 la ,botie had also heard    
accounts1 which    made him eager to    
behold him1 and at length they met at a 
large    entertainment given by one of  
the magistrates of ,bordeaux4 ,they     
saw and loved1 and were thenceforward   
all in all to each other4    ,the       
picture that ,montaigne in his essays   
draws of this friendship    is in the   
highest degree beautiful and touching2  
nor does la    ,botie's idea of what is 
due to this sacred bond betwixt soul    
and soul fall far short of the grand    
perception which filled the    exalted  
mind of his friend4444 ,montaigne       
married at the age of    #cc1 but1 as he
 informs us1 not of his own wish or     
choice4 #8,might    ,i have had my      
wish1' says he1 #8,i would not have     

married ,wisdom    herself if she would 
have had me4'0 ,life of ,montaigne1 by  
,wm4    ,hazlitt4    ,sidenote3         
,montaigne on ,friendship    ,the       
following is from ,montaigne's ,essay1  
bk4 #a1 ch4 xxvii3--      8,as to       
marriage1 besides that it is a covenant1
 the making    of which is only free1   
but the continuance in it forced and    
compelled1 having another dependence    
than that of our own free    will1 and a
 bargain moreover commonly contracted to
 other    ends1 there happen a thousand 
intricacies in it to unravel1    enough 
to break the thread1 and to divert the  
current1 of a    lively affection3      
whereas friendship has no manner of     
business    or traffic with anything but
 itself4444 ,for the rest1 what    we   
commonly call friends and friendships   
are nothing but an    acquaintance and  
connection1 contracted either by        
accident or    upon some design1 by     
means of which there happens some little
    intercourse betwixt our souls3 but1 

in the friendship ,i speak    of1 they  
mingle and melt into one piece1 with so 
universal a    mixture that there is    
left no more sign of the seam by which  
they    were first conjoined4 ,if any   
one should importune me to give a       
reason why ,i loved him ,stephen de la  
,botie ,i feel it could no    otherwise 
be expressed than by making answer1     
#8,because it was    he2 because it was 
,i4' ,there is1 beyond what ,i am able  
to say1    ,i know not what inexplicable
 and inevitable power that brought    on
 this union4 ,we sought one another long
 before we met1 and    from the         
characters we heard of one another1     
which wrought more    upon our          
affections than in reason mere reports  
should do1 and1    as ,i think1 by some 
secret appointment of heaven2 we        
embraced    each other in our names2 and
 at our first meeting1 which was        
accidentally at a great city            
entertainment1 we found ourselves    so 
mutually pleased with one another--we   

became at once mutually    so           
endeared--that thenceforward nothing was
 so near to us as one    another4444    
8,common friendships will admit of      
division1 one may love the    beauty of 
this1 the good humour of that person1   
the liberality    of a third1 the       
paternal affection of a fourth1 the     
fraternal    love of a fifth1 and so on4
 ,but this friendship that possesses    
the whole soul1 and there rules and     
sways with an absolute    sovereignty1  
can admit of no rival4444 ,in good      
earnest1 if ,i    compare all the rest  
of my life with the four years ,i had   
the    happiness to enjoy the sweet     
society of this excellent man1 'tis     
nothing but smoke1 but an obscure and   
tedious night4 ,from the day    that ,i 
lost him ,i have only led a sorrowful   
and languishing life2    and the very   
pleasures that present themselves to me1
 instead of    administering anything of
 consolation1 double my affliction for  
his loss4 ,we were halves throughout1   

and to that degree that1    methinks1 by
 outliving him ,i defraud him of his    
part40    ,sidenote3 ,sidney1 ,greville 
and ,dyer    ,philip ,sidney1 born      
#aeed1 was remarkable for his strong    
personal  attachments4 ,chief among his 
allies were his school-mate and distant 
relative1 ,fulke ,greville 7born in the 
same year as himself71 and his  college 
friend ,edward ,dyer 7also about his own
 age74 ,he wrote youthful  verses to    
both of them4 ,the following1 according 
to the fashion of the  age1 are in the  
form of an invocation to the pastoral   
god ,pan3--      8,only for my two      
loves' sake1    ,in whose love ,i       
pleasure take2    ,only two do me       
delight    ,with their ever-pleasing    
sight2    ,of all men to thee retaining 
,grant me with these two remaining40    
,sidenote3 ,philip ,sidney and ,hubert  
,languet    ,an interesting friendship  
existed also between ,sidney and the    
well-known  ,french ,protestant1 ,hubert
 ,languet--many years his senior--whose 

conversation and correspondence helped  
much in the formation of ,sidney's      
character4 ,these two had shared        
together the perils of the massacre of  
,s4 ,bartholomew1 and had both escaped  
from ,france across the ,rhine to       
,germany1 where they lived in close     
intimacy at ,frankfort for a length of  
time2 and after this a warm friendship  
and steady correspondence--varied  by   
occasional meetings--continued between  
the two until ,languet's death4         
,languet had been ,professor of ,civil  
,law at ,padua1 and from #aeej forwards 
was recognised as one of the leading    
political agents of the ,protestant     
,powers4      8,the elder man           
immediately discerned in ,sidney a youth
 of no    common quality1 and the       
attachment he conceived for him savoured
    of romance4 ,we possess a long      
series of ,latin letters from           
,languet to his friend1 which breathe   
the tenderest spirit of    affection1   
mingled with wise counsel and ever      

watchful thought    for the young man's 
higher interests4444 ,there must have   
been    something inexplicably          
attractive in his ,sidney's person and  
his genius at this time2 for the tone of
 ,languet's correspondence    can only  
be matched by that of ,shakespeare in   
the sonnets written    for his unknown  
friend40 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,english 
,men of    ,letters ,series1 pp4 #bg1   
#bh4    ,of this relation ,fox ,bourne  
says3--      8,no love-oppressed youth  
can write with more earnest passion and 
more fond solicitude1 or can be troubled
 with more frequent fears    and more   
causeless jealousies1 than ,languet1 at 
this time #ee    years old1 shows in his
 letters to ,sidney1 now #ai40          
,sidenote3 ,giordano ,bruno    ,it may  
be appropriate here to introduce two or 
three sonnets from ,michel  ,angelo 7b4 
#adge74 ,michel ,angelo1 one of the     
greatest1 perhaps the  greatest1 artist 
of the ,italian ,renaissance1 was deeply
 imbued with the  ,greek spirit4 ,his   

conception of ,love was close along the 
line of ,plato's4  ,for him the body was
 the symbol1 the expression1 the        
dwelling place of  some divine beauty4  
,the body may be loved1 but it should   
only be loved  as a symbol1 not for     
itself4 ,diotima in the ,symposium had  
said that  in our mortal loves we first 
come to recognise 7dimly7 the divine    
form of  beauty which is ,eternal4      
,maximus ,tyrius 7,dissert4 xxvi4 #h7   
commenting on  this1 confirms it1 saying
 that nowhere else but in the human     
form1 8the  loveliest and most          
intelligent of bodily creatures10 does  
the light of  divine beauty shine so    
clear4 ,michel ,angelo carried on the   
conception1  gave it noble expression1  
and held to it firmly in the midst of a 
society  which was certainly willing    
enough to love the body 7or try to love 
it7  merely for its own sake4 ,and      
,giordano ,bruno 7b4 #aeej7 at a later  
date  wrote as follows3--      8,all the
 loves--if they be heroic and not purely

 animal1 or what    is called natural1  
and slaves to generation as instruments 
in    some way of nature--have for      
object the divinity1 and tend towards   
divine beauty1 which first is           
communicated to1 and shines in1         
souls1 and from them or rather through  
them is communicated to    bodies2      
whence it is that well-ordered affection
 loves the body    or corporeal beauty1 
insomuch as it is an indication of      
beauty    of spirit40 ,gli ,eroici      
,furori 7dial4 iii4 #ac71 trans4 ,l4    
,williams4    ,sidenote3 ,michel        
,angelo's ,sonnets    ,the labours of   
,von ,scheffler and others have now     
pretty conclusively  established that   
the love-poems of ,michel ,angelo were  
for the most part  written to male      
friends--though this fact was disguised 
by the pious  frauds of his nephew1 who 
edited them in the first instance4      
,following  are three of his sonnets1   
translated by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds4 ,it will
 be seen  that the last line of the     

first contains a play on the name of his
  friend3--      ,to ,tommaso de'       
,cavalieri3      ,a ,,che ,,piu         
,,debb',,io4      8,why should ,i seek  
to ease intense desire      ,with still 
more tears and windy words of grief1    
,when heaven1 or late or soon1 sends no 
relief      ,to souls whom love hath    
robed around with fire4      ,why need  
my aching heart to death aspire1        
,when all must die8 ,nay death beyond   
belief      ,unto these eyes would be   
both sweet and brief1      ,since in my 
sum of woes all joys expire6            
,therefore because ,i cannot shun the   
blow      ,i rather seek1 say who must  
rule my breast1      ,gliding between   
her gladness and her woe8    ,if only   
chains and bands can make me blest1     
,no marvel if alone and bare ,i go      
,an armd ,knight's captive and slave    
confessed40      ,,non ,,vider ,,gli    
,,occhi ,,miei4      8,no mortal thing  
enthralled these longing eyes      ,when
 perfect peace in thy fair face ,i      

found2      ,but far within1 where all  
is holy ground1      ,my soul felt      
,love1 her comrade of the skies3    ,for
 she was born with ,god in ,paradise2   
,nor all the shows of beauty shed around
      ,this fair false world her wings  
to earth have bound2      ,unto the     
,love of ,loves aloft she flies4        
,nay1 things that suffer death quench   
not the fire      ,of deathless spirits2
 nor eternity      ,serves sordid ,time1
 that withers all things rare4    ,not  
love but lawless impulse is desire3     
,that slays the soul2 our love makes    
still more fair      ,our friends on    
earth1 fairer in death on high40        
,,veggio ,,nel ,,tuo ,,bel ,,viso4      
8,from thy fair face ,i learn1 ,o my    
loved lord1      ,that which no mortal  
tongue can rightly say2      ,the soul  
imprisoned in her house of clay1        
,holpen by thee to ,god hath often      
soared3    ,and tho' the vulgar1 vain1  
malignant horde      ,attribute what    
their grosser wills obey1      ,yet     

shall this fervent homage that ,i pay1  
,this love1 this faith1 pure joys for us
 afford4    ,lo1 all the lovely things  
we find on earth1      ,resemble for the
 soul that rightly sees1      ,that     
source of bliss divine which gave us    
birth3    ,nor have we first fruits or  
remembrances      ,of heaven elsewhere4 
,thus1 loving loyally1      ,i rise to  
,god and make death sweet by thee40     
,sidenote3 ,richard ,barnfield          
,richard ,barnfield1 one of the         
,elizabethan singers 7b4 #aegd7 wrote a 
long poem1 dedicated to 8,the ,ladie    
,penelope ,rich0 and entitled 8,the     
,affectionate ,shepheard10 which he     
describes as 8an imitation of ,virgil in
  the #bnd ,eclogue1 of ,alexis40 ,i    
quote the first two stanzas3--      ,i4 
8,scarce had the morning starre hid from
 the light    ,heaven's crimson ,canopie
 with stars bespangled1    ,but ,i began
 to rue th' unhappy sight    ,of that   
fair boy that had my heart intangled2   
,cursing the ,time1 the ,place1 the     

sense1 the sin2      ,i came1 ,i saw1 ,i
 view'd1 ,i slippd in4      ,,ii4       
,if it be sin to love a sweet-fac'd     
,boy1    7,whose amber locks trust up in
 golden tramels    ,dangle adown his    
lovely cheekes with joye    ,when pearle
 and flowers his faire haire enamels7   
,if it be sin to love a lovely ,lad1    
,oh then sinne ,i1 for whom my soule is 
sad40    ,sidenote3 ,barnfield's        
,sonnets    ,these stanzas1 and the     
following three sonnets 7also by        
,barnfield7 from a  series addressed to 
a youth1 give a fair sample of a        
considerable class  of ,elizabethan     
verses1 in which classic conceits were  
mingled with a  certain amount of real  
feeling3--      ,,sonnet ,,iv4          
8,two stars there are in one fair       
firmament      7,of some intitled       
,ganymede's sweet face7      ,which     
other stars in brightness do disgrace1  
,as much as ,po in cleanness passeth    
,trent4    ,nor are they common-natur'd 
stars2 for why1      ,these stars when  

other shine vaile their pure light1     
,and when all other vanish out of sight 
,they add a glory to the world's great  
eie3    ,by these two stars my life is  
only led1      ,in them ,i place my joy1
 in them my pleasure1      ,love's      
piercing darts and ,nature's precious   
treasure1    ,with their sweet food my  
fainting soul is fed3      ,then when my
 sunne is absent from my sight      ,how
 can it chuse 7with me7 but be darke    
night80      ,,sonnet ,,xviii4          
8,not ,megabetes1 nor ,cleonymus        
7,of whom great ,plutarch makes such    
mention1      ,praysing their faire with
 rare invention71    ,as ,ganymede were 
halfe so beauteous4    ,they onely      
pleased the eies of two great kings1    
,but all the world at my love stands    
amazed1      ,nor one that on his       
angel's face hath gazed1    ,but        
7ravisht with delight7 him presents     
bring3      ,some weaning lambs1 and    
some a suckling kyd1      ,some nuts1   
and fil-beards1 others peares and plums2

      ,another with a milk-white heyfar 
comes2    ,as lately gon's man 7,damtas7
 did2      ,but neither he nor all the  
,nymphs beside1      ,can win my        
,ganymede with them t' abide40          
,,sonnet ,,xix4      8,ah no2 nor ,i my 
selfe3 tho' my pure love      7,sweete  
,ganymede7 to thee hath still been pure1
      ,and ev'n till my last gaspe shall
 aie endure1    ,could ever thy obdurate
 beuty move3    ,then cease1 oh goddesse
 sonne 7for sure thou art      ,a       
,goddesse sonne that can resist desire71
      ,cease thy hard heart1 and        
entertain love's fire    ,within thy    
sacred breast3 by ,nature's art4        
,and as ,i love thee more than any      
,creature      7,love thee1 because thy 
beautie is divine1      ,love thee1     
because my selfe1 my soule1 is thine3   
,wholie devoted to thy lovely feature71 
,even so of all the vowels1 ,i and ,u   
,are dearest unto me1 as doth ensue40   
,sidenote3 ,francis ,bacon on           
,friendship    ,francis ,bacon's essay  

,of friendship is known to everybody4   
,notwithstanding the somewhat cold and  
pragmatic style and genius of the       
author1 the subject seems to inspire him
 with a certain enthusiasm2 and  some   
good things are said4      8,but we may 
go farther and affirm most truly that it
 is a mere    and miserable solitude to 
want true friends1 without which    the 
world is but a wilderness2 and even in  
this scene also of    solitude1         
whosoever in the frame of his nature and
 affections    is unfit for friendship1 
he taketh it of the beast1 and not      
from humanity4 ,a principal fruit of    
friendship is the ease and    discharge 
of the fulness of the heart1 which      
passions of all    kinds do cause and   
induce4 ,we know diseases of stoppings  
and    suffocations are the most        
dangerous in the body2 and it is not    
much otherwise in the mind3 you may take
 sarza to open the liver1    steel to   
open the spleen1 flower of sulphur for  
the lungs1    castoreum for the brain2  

but no receipt openeth the heart but a  
true friend1 to whom you may impart     
griefs1 joys1 fears1 hopes1             
suspicions1 counsels1 and whatsoever    
lieth upon the heart to    oppress it1  
in a kind of civil shrift or            
confession4444      8,certainly if a man
 would give it a hard phrase1 those that
    want friends to open themselves     
unto1 are cannibals of their    own     
hearts2 but one thing is most admirable 
7wherewith ,i will    conclude this     
first fruit of friendship7 which is1    
that this    communicating of a man's   
self to his friend worketh two contrary 
effects1 for it redoubleth joys1 and    
cutteth griefs in halfs2    for there is
 no man that imparteth his joys to his  
friend1 but    he joyeth the more1 and  
no man that imparteth his griefs to his 
friend1 but he grieveth the less40      
,essay #bg1 ,of friendship4             
,sidenote3 ,shakespeare's ,sonnets      
,shakespeare's sonnets have been much   
discussed1 and surprise and even  doubt 

have been expressed as to their having  
been addressed 7the first  #abf of them7
 to a man friend2 but no one who reads  
them with open mind  can well doubt this
 conclusion2 nor be surprised at it1 who
 knows  anything of ,elizabethan life   
and literature4 8,were it not for the   
fact10  says ,f4 ,t4 ,furnivall1 8that  
many critics really deserving the name  
of  ,shakespeare students1 and not      
,shakespeare fools1 have held the       
,sonnets to  be merely dramatic1 ,i     
could not have conceived that poems so  
intensely  and evidently autobiographic 
and self-revealing1 poems so one with   
the  spirit and inner meaning of        
,shakespeare's growth and life1 could   
ever  have been conceived to be other   
than what they are--the records of his  
own  loves and fears40      ,,sonnet    
,,xviii4      8,shall ,i compare thee to
 a summer's day8    ,thou art more      
lovely and more temperate3    ,rough    
winds do shake the darling buds of ,may1
    ,and summer's lease hath all too    

short a date4    ,some time too hot the 
eye of heaven shines1    ,and often is  
his gold complexion dimmed2    ,and     
every fair from fair sometime declines1 
,by chance1 or nature's changing course1
 untrimmed2    ,but thy eternal summer  
shall not fade1    ,nor lose possession 
of that fair thou owest2    ,nor shall  
death brag thou wander'st in his shade1 
,when in eternal lines to time thou     
growest4      ,so long as men can       
breathe1 or eyes can see1      ,so long 
lives this1 and this gives life to      
thee40      ,,sonnet ,,xx4      8,a     
woman's face1 with ,nature's own hand   
painted1    ,hast thou1 the             
master-mistress of my passion2    ,a    
woman's gentle heart1 but not acquainted
    ,with shifting change1 as is false  
women's fashion2    ,an eye more bright 
than theirs1 less false in rolling1     
,gilding the object whereupon it gazeth2
    ,a man in hue1 all hues in his      
controlling1    ,which steals men's     
eyes1 and women's souls amazeth2    ,and

 for a woman wert thou first created2   
,till ,nature1 as she wrought thee1 fell
 a-doting1    ,and by addition me of    
thee defeated1    ,by adding one thing  
to my purpose nothing4      ,but since  
she pricked thee out for women's        
pleasure1      ,mine be thy love1 and   
thy love's use their treasure40         
,,sonnet ,,civ4      8,to me1 fair      
friend1 you never can be old1    ,for as
 you were when first your eye ,i ey'd1  
,such seems your beauty still4 ,three   
winters cold    ,have from the forest   
shook three summers' pride2    ,three   
beauteous springs to yellow autumn      
turned    ,in process of the seasons ,i 
have seen2    ,three ,april perfumes in 
three hot ,junes burned1    ,since first
 ,i saw you fresh1 which yet are green4 
,ah6 yet doth beauty1 like a dial hand1 
,steal from his figure1 and no pace     
perceived2    ,so your sweet hue1 which 
methinks still doth stand1    ,hath     
motion1 and mine eye may be deceived2   
,for fear of which1 hear this1 thou age 

unbred1      ,ere you were born was     
beauty's summer dead40      ,,sonnet    
,,cviii4      8,what's in the brain that
 ink may character1    ,which hath not  
figur'd to thee my true spirit8         
,what's new to speak1 what new to       
register1    ,that may express my love1 
or thy dear merit8    ,nothing1 sweet   
boy2 but yet1 like prayers divine1    ,i
 must each day say o'er the very same1  
,counting no old thing old1 thou mine1  
,i thine1    ,even as when first ,i     
hallow'd thy fair name4      ,so that   
eternal love1 in love's fresh case1     
,weighs not the dust and injury of age2 
,nor gives to necessary wrinkles place1 
,but makes antiquity for aye his page2  
,finding the first conceit of love there
 bred1      ,where time and outward form
 would show it dead40    ,sidenote3     
,merchant of ,venice    ,that           
,shakespeare1 when the drama needed it1 
could fully and warmly enter  into the  
devotion which one man may feel for     
another1 as well as into  the tragedy   

which such devotion may entail1 is shown
 in his ,merchant  of ,venice by the    
figure of ,antonio1 over whom from the  
first line of  the play 78,in sooth ,i  
know not why ,i am so sad07 there hangs 
a shadow of  destiny4 ,the following    
lines are from ,act iv4 sc4 #a3--       
,antonio3 8,commend me to your honorable
 wife2    ,tell her the process of      
,antonio's end2    ,say how ,i loved    
you1 speak me fair in death2    ,and    
when the tale is told1 bid her be judge1
    ,whether ,bassanio had not once a   
love4    ,repent not you that you shall 
lose your friend1    ,and he repents not
 that he pays your debt2    ,for1 if the
 ,jew do cut but deep enough1    ,i'll  
pay it instantly with all my heart4     
,bassanio3 ,antonio1 ,i am married to a 
wife1    ,who is as dear to me as life  
itself2    ,but life itself1 my wife1   
and all the world1    ,are not with me  
esteem'd above thy life3    ,i would    
lose all1 ay1 sacrifice them all1       
,here to this devil1 to deliver you40   

,sidenote3 ,henry the ,fifth    ,we may 
also1 in this connection1 quote his     
,henry the ,fifth 7act iv4  scene #f7   
for the deaths of the ,duke of ,york and
 the ,earl of ,suffolk at  the battle of
 ,agincourt4 ,exeter1 addressing ,henry1
 says3--      8,suffolk first died2 and 
,york1 all haggled over1    ,comes to   
him1 where in gore he lay insteep'd1    
,and takes him by the beard1 kisses the 
gashes1    ,that bloodily did yawn upon 
his face2    ,he cries aloud1--#8,tarry1
 dear cousin ,suffolk6    ,my soul shall
 thine keep company to heaven3          
,tarry1 sweet soul1 for mine2 then fly  
abreast1    ,as in this glorious and    
well-foughten field    ,we kept together
 in our chivalry6'    ,upon these words 
,i came and cheered him up3    ,he      
smiled me in the face1 raught me his    
hand1    ,and1 with a feeble gripe1     
says1 #8,dear my ,lord1    ,commend my  
service to my sovereign4'    ,so did he 
turn1 and over ,suffolk's neck    ,he   
threw his wounded arm1 and kissed his   

lips2    ,and so1 espoused to death1    
with blood he seal'd    ,a testament of 
noble-ending love40    ,sidenote3 ,sir  
,thomas ,browne    ,shakespeare1 with   
his generous many-sided nature was1 as  
the ,sonnets  seem to show1 and as we   
should expect1 capable of friendship1   
passionate  friendship1 towards both men
 and women4 ,perhaps this marks the     
highest  reach of temperament4 ,that    
there are cases in which devotion to a  
man-friend altogether replaces the love 
of the opposite sex is curiously  shown 
by the following extract from ,sir      
,thomas ,browne3--      8,i never yet   
cast a true affection on a woman2 but ,i
 have loved    my friend as ,i do       
virtue1 my soul1 my ,god4444 ,i love my 
friend    before myself1 and yet        
methinks ,i do not love him enough3 some
    few months hence my multiplied      
affection will make me believe ,i       
have not loved him at all4 ,when ,i am  
from him1 ,i am dead till ,i    be with 
him2 when ,i am with him1 ,i am not     

satisfied1 but would    be still nearer 
him4444 ,this noble affection falls not 
on vulgar    and common constitutions1  
but on such as are marked for virtue3   
he that can love his friend with this   
noble ardour1 will in a    competent    
degree affect all40 ,sir ,thomas        
,browne1 ,religio    ,medici1 #afdb4    
,sidenote3 ,william ,penn    ,william   
,penn 7b4 #afdd7 the founder of         
,pennsylvania1 and of ,philadelphia1    
8,the city of brotherly love0 was a     
great believer in friendship4 ,he says  
in his ,fruits of ,solitude3--      8,a 
true friend unbosoms freely1 advises    
justly1 assists readily1    adventures  
boldly1 takes all patiently1 defends    
courageously1 and    continues a friend 
unchangeably4444 ,in short1 choose a    
friend as    thou dost a wife1 till     
death separate you4444 ,death cannot    
kill    what never dies4 ,nor can       
spirits ever be divided that love and   
live in the same ,divine ,principle2 the
 ,root and ,record of their             

friendship4444 ,this is the comfort of  
friends1 that though they    may be said
 to die1 yet their friendship and       
society are1 in the    best sense1 ever 
present1 because immortal40             
,sidenote3 ,william of ,orange    ,it   
may be worth while here to insert two   
passages from ,macaulay's ,history  of  
,england4 ,the first deals with the     
remarkable intimacy between the  ,young 
,prince ,william of ,orange and 8a      
gentleman of his household0 named       
,bentinck4 ,william's escape from a     
malignant attack of small-pox      8was 
attributed partly to his own singular   
equanimity1 and partly    to the        
intrepid and indefatigable1 friendship  
of ,bentinck4 ,from    the hands of     
,bentinck alone ,william took food and  
medicine--by    ,bentinck alone ,william
 was lifted from his bed and laid down  
in it4 #8,whether ,bentinck slept or not
 while ,i was ill1' said    ,william to 
,temple with great tenderness1 #8,i know
 not4 ,but this ,i    know1 that through

 sixteen days and nights1 ,i never once 
called    for anything but that         
,bentinck was instantly at my side4'    
,before    the faithful servant had     
entirely performed his task1 he had     
himself caught the contagion40 7,but he 
recovered47 ,history of    ,england1 ch4
 vii4    ,sidenote3 ,princess ,anne and 
,lady ,churchill    ,the second passage 
describes the devotion of the ,princess 
,anne 7daughter  of ,james ,,ii4 and    
afterwards ,queen ,anne7 to ,lady       
,churchill--a devotion  which had       
considerable influence on the political 
situation4      8,it is a common        
observation that differences of taste1  
understanding1 and disposition are no   
impediments to friendship1    and that  
the closest intimacies often exist      
between minds1 each    of which supplies
 what is wanting in the other4 ,lady    
,churchill    was loved and even        
worshipped by ,anne4 ,the princess could
 not    live apart from the object of   
her romantic fondness4 ,she married1    

and was a faithful and even an          
affectionate wife2 but ,prince          
,george1 a dull man1 whose chief        
pleasures were derived from his         
dinner and his bottle1 acquired over her
 no influence comparable    to that     
exercised by her female friend1 and soon
 gave himself    up with stupid patience
 to the dominion of that vehement and   
commanding spirit by which his wife was 
governed40 ,history of    ,england1 ch4 
vii4    ,sidenote3 ,archbishop ,potter  
,that the tradition of ,greek thought   
was not quite obliterated in ,england   
by the ,puritan movement is shown by the
 writings of ,archbishop ,potter1  who  
speaks with approval of friendship as   
followed among the ,greeks1 8not  only  
in private1 but by the public allowance 
and encouragement of their  laws2 for   
they thought there could be no means    
more effectual to excite  their youth to
 noble undertakings1 nor any greater    
security to their  commonwealths1 than  
this generous passion40 ,he then quotes 

,athenus1  saying that 8free            
commonwealths and all those states that 
consulted  the advancement of their own 
honour1 seem to have been unanimous  in 
establishing laws to encourage and      
reward it40 ,john ,potter1  ,antiquities
 of ,greece1 #afih4    ,sidenote3       
,winckelmann's ,letters    ,the #ahth   
century however in ,england1 with its   
leaning towards formalism1  was perhaps 
not favorable to the understanding of   
the ,greek spirit4  ,at any rate there  
is not much to show in that direction4  
,in ,germany  the classical tradition in
 art was revived by ,raphael ,mengs1    
while  ,winckelmann1 the art critic1    
showed himself one of the best          
interpreters  of the ,hellenic world    
that has ever lived4 ,his letters too1  
to his  personal friends1 breathe a     
spirit of the tenderest and most        
passionate  devotion3 8,friendship10 he 
says1 8without love is mere             
acquaintanceship40  ,winckelmann met1 in
 #agfb1 in ,rome1 a young nobleman1     

,reinhold von ,berg1  to whom he became 
deeply attached3--      8,almost at     
first sight there sprang up1 on         
,winckelmann's side1    an attachment as
 romantic1 emotional and passionate as  
love4    ,in a letter to his friend he  
said1 #8,from the first moment an       
indescribable attraction towards you1   
excited by something more    than form  
and feature1 caused me to catch an echo 
of that harmony    which passes human   
understanding and which is the music of 
the    everlasting concord of things4444
 ,i was aware of the deep consent    of 
our spirits1 the instant ,i saw you4'   
,and in a later letter3    #8,no name by
 which ,i might call you would be sweet 
enough or    sufficient for my love2 all
 that ,i could say would be far too     
feeble to give utterance to my heart and
 soul4 ,truly friendship    came from   
heaven and was not created by mere human
 impulses4444    ,my one friend1 ,i love
 you more than any living thing1 and    
time    nor chance nor age can ever     

lessen this love40 ,ludwig ,frey1       
,der ,eros und die ,kunst1 ,leipzig1    
#ahih1 p4 #baa4    ,sidenote3 ,goethe on
 ,winckelmann    ,goethe1 that universal
 genius1 has some excellent thoughts on 
this  subject2 speaking of ,winckelmann 
he says3--      8,the affinities of     
human beings in ,antiquity give evidence
 of    an important distinction between 
ancient and modern times4 ,the          
relation to women1 which among us has   
become so tender and full    of meaning1
 hardly aspired in those days beyond the
 limits of    vulgar necessity4 ,the    
relation of parents to their children   
seems    in some respects to have been  
tenderer4 ,more to them than all        
other feelings was the friendship       
between persons of the male    sex      
7though female friends too1 like        
,chloris and ,thyia1 were               
inseparable1 even in ,hades74 ,in these 
cases of union between two    youths1   
the passionate fulfilment of loving     
duties1 the joys of    inseparableness1 

the devotion of one for the other1 the  
unavoided    companionship in death1    
fill us with astonishment2 indeed one   
feels oneself ashamed when poets1       
historians1 philosophers and    orators 
overwhelm us with legends1 anecdotes1   
sentiments and    ideas1 containing such
 meaning and feeling4 ,winckelmann felt 
himself born for a friendship of this   
kind--not only as capable    of it1 but 
in the highest degree in need of it2 he 
became    conscious of his true self    
only under the form of friendship40     
,goethe on ,winckelmann4    ,sidenote3  
,poem by ,goethe    ,some of ,goethe's  
poems further illustrate this subject4  
,in the ,saki ,nameh  of his            
,west-,oestlichen ,divan he has followed
 the style of a certain class  of       
,persian love-songs4 ,the following poem
 is from a ,cupbearer to his  ,master3--
      8,in the market-place appearing   
,none thy ,poet-fame dispute2    ,i too 
gladly hear thy singing1      ,i too    
hearken when thou'rt mute4      ,yet ,i 

love thee1 when thou printest           
,kisses not to be forgot1    ,best of   
all1 for words may perish1      ,but a  
kiss lives on in thought4      ,rhymes  
on rhymes fair meaning carry1           
,thoughts to think bring deeper joy2    
,sing to other folk1 but tarry          
,silent with thy serving-boy40          
,sidenote3 ,august von ,platen    ,count
 ,august von ,platen 7born at ,ansbach  
in ,bavaria1 #agif7 was in respect  of  
style one of the most finished and      
perfect of ,german poets4 ,his nature   
7which was refined and self-controlled7 
led him from the first to form  the most
 romantic attachments with men4 ,he     
freely and openly expressed  his        
feelings in his verses2 of which a great
 number are practically  love-poems     
addressed to his friends4 ,they include 
a series of twenty-six  sonnets to one  
of his friends1 ,karl ,theodor ,german4 
,of these ,raffalovich  says 7,uranisme1
 ,lyons1 #ahif1 p4 #cea73--      8,these
 sonnets to ,karl ,theodor ,german are  

among the most    beautiful in ,german  
literature4 ,platen in the sonnet       
surpasses    all the ,german poets1     
including even ,goethe4 ,in them        
perfection    of form1 and poignancy or 
wealth of emotion are illustrated to    
perfection4 ,the sentiment is similar to
 that of the sonnets of    ,shakespeare 
7with their personal note71 and the form
 that of the    ,italian or ,french     
sonnet40    ,sidenote3 ,platen's        
,sonnets    ,platen1 however1 was       
unfortunate in his affairs of the heart1
 and there  is a refrain of suffering in
 his poems which comes out              
characteristically  in the following    
sonnet3--      8,since pain is life and 
life is only pain1      ,why he can feel
 what ,i have felt before1      ,who    
seeing joy sees it again no more    ,the
 instant he attempts his joy to gain2   
,who1 caught as in a labyrinth unaware1 
,the outlet from it never more can find2
      ,whom love seems only for this end
 to bind--    ,in order to hand over to 

,despair2      ,who prays each dizzy    
lightning-flash to end him1      ,each  
star to reel his thread of life away    
,with all the torments which his heart  
are rending2      ,and envies even the  
dead their pillow of clay1    ,where    
,love no more their foolish brains can  
steal4    ,he who knows this1 knows me1 
and what ,i feel40    ,sidenote3 ,on the
 ,death of ,pindar    ,one of ,platen's 
sonnets deals with an incident1 referred
 to in an earlier  page1 namely1 the    
death of the poet ,pindar in the        
theatre1 in the arms  of his young      
friend ,theoxenos3--      8,oh6 when ,i 
die1 would ,i might fade away      ,like
 the pale stars1 swiftly and silently1  
,would that death's messenger might come
 to me1    ,as once it came to          
,pindar--so they say4    ,not that ,i   
would in ,life1 or in my ,verse1        
,with him1 the great ,incomparable1     
compare2      ,only his ,death1 my      
friend1 ,i ask to share3    ,but let me 
now the gracious tale rehearse4         

,long at the play1 hearing sweet        
,harmony1      ,he sat2 and wearied out 
at last1 had lain    ,his cheek upon his
 dear one's comely knee2      ,then when
 it died away--the choral strain--      
,he who thus cushioned him said3 ,wake  
and come6      ,but to the ,gods above  
he had gone home40    ,sidenote3 ,wagner
 and ,ludwig ,,ii4    ,the              
correspondence of ,richard ,wagner      
discloses the existence of a very  warm 
friendship between him and ,ludwig      
,,ii41 the young king of ,bavaria4      
,ludwig as a young man appears to have  
been a very charming personality1  good 
looking1 engaging and sympathetic2      
everyone was fond of him4  ,yet his     
tastes led him away from 8society10 into
 retirement1 and the  companionship of  
,nature and a few chosen friends--often 
of humble birth4  ,already at the age of
 fifteen he had heard ,lohengrin1 and   
silently  vowed to know the composer4   
,one of his first acts when he came to  
the  throne was to send for ,wagner2 and

 from the moment of their meeting a     
personal intimacy sprang up between     
them1 which in due course led to  the   
establishment of the theatre at         
,bayreuth1 and to the liberation of     
,wagner's genius to the world4 ,though  
the young king at a later time lost  his
 reason--probably owing to his          
over-sensitive emotional nature--this   
does not detract from the service that  
he rendered to ,music by his  generous  
attachment4 ,how ,wagner viewed the     
matter may be gathered from  ,wagner's  
letters4      8,he1 the king1 loves me1 
and with the deep feeling and glow    of
 a first love2 he perceives and knows   
everything about me1    and understands 
me as my own soul4 ,he wants me to stay 
with    him always4444 ,i am to be free 
and my own master1 not his              
music-conductor--only my very self and  
his friend40 ,letters to    ,mme4 ,eliza
 ,wille1 #dth ,may1 #ahfd4      8,it is 
true that ,i have my young king who     
genuinely adores me4    ,you cannot form

 an idea of our relations4 ,i recall one
 of the    dreams of my youth4 ,i once  
dreamed that ,shakespeare was alive3    
that ,i really saw and spoke to him3 ,i 
can never forget the    impression that 
dream made on me4 ,then ,i would have   
wished to see    ,beethoven1 though he  
was already dead4 ,something of the same
 kind    must pass in the mind of this  
lovable man when with me4 ,he says    he
 can hardly believe that he really      
possesses me4 ,none can read    without 
astonishment1 without enchantment1 the  
letters he writes    to me40 ,ibid1 #ith
 ,sept41 #ahfd4      8,i hope now for a 
long period to gain strength again by   
quiet    work4 ,this is made possible   
for me by the love of an unimaginably   
beautiful and thoughtful being3 it seems
 that it had to    be even so greatly   
gifted a man and one so destined for me1
    as this young ,king of ,bavaria4    
,what he is to me no one can    imagine4
 ,my guardian6 ,in his love ,i          
completely rest and fortify    myself   

towards the completion of my task40     
,letter to his    brother-in-law1 #ajth 
,sept41 #ahfe4    ,for letters from     
,ludwig to ,wagner see ,additions1 infra
 p4 #ahc4    ,sidenote3 ,wagner on      
,greek ,comradeship    ,in these letters
 we see chiefly of course the passionate
 sentiments  of which ,ludwig was       
capable2 but that ,wagner fully         
understood the  feeling and appreciated 
it may be gathered from various passages
 in his  published writings--such as the
 following1 in which he seeks to show   
how  the devotion of comradeship became 
the chief formative influence of the    
,spartan ,state3--      8,this beauteous
 naked man is the kernel of all         
,spartanhood2 from    genuine delight in
 the beauty of the most perfect human   
body--that    of the male--arose that   
spirit of comradeship which pervades and
    shapes the whole economy of the     
,spartan ,state4 ,this love of man    to
 man1 in its primitive purity1 proclaims
 itself as the noblest    and least     

selfish utterance of man's sense of     
beauty1 for it    teaches man to sink   
and merge his entire self in the object 
of    his affection20 and again3--8,the 
higher element of that love of    man to
 man consisted even in this3 that it    
excluded the motive of    egoistic      
physicalism4 ,nevertheless it not only  
included a purely    spiritual bond of  
friendship1 but this spiritual          
friendship    was the blossom and the   
crown of the physical friendship4 ,the  
latter sprang directly from delight in  
the beauty1 aye in the    material      
bodily beauty of the beloved comrade2   
yet this delight    was no egoistic     
yearning1 but a thorough stepping out of
 self    into unreserved sympathy with  
the comrade's joy in himself2           
involuntarily betrayed by his life-glad 
beauty-prompted bearing4    ,this love1 
which had its basis in the noblest      
pleasures of    both eye and soul--not  
like our modern postal correspondence of
    sober friendship1 half              

business-like1 half sentimental--was the
    ,spartan's only tutoress of youth1  
the never-ageing instructress    alike  
of boy and man1 the ordainer of common  
feasts and valiant    enterprises2 nay  
the inspiring helpmeet on the           
battlefield4 ,for    this it was that   
knit the fellowship of love into        
battalions    of war1 and fore-wrote the
 tactics of death-daring1 in rescue     
of the imperilled or vengeance for the  
slaughtered comrade1 by    the          
infrangible law of the soul's most      
natural necessity40 ,the    ,art-work of
 the ,future1 trans4 by ,w4 ,a4 ,ellis4 
,sidenote3 ,k4 ,h4 ,ulrichs    ,we may  
close this record of celebrated ,germans
 with the name of ,k4 ,h4  ,ulrichs1 a  
,hanoverian by birth who occupied for a 
long time an official  position in the  
revenue department at ,vienna1 and who  
became well known  about #ahff through  
his writings on the subject of          
friendship4 ,he gives1  in his pamphlet 
,memnon1 an account of the 8story of his

 heart0 in early  years4 ,in an         
apparently quite natural way1 and       
independently of outer  influences1 his 
thoughts had from the very first been of
 friends of his  own sex4 ,at the age of
 #ad1 the picture of a ,greek hero or   
god1 a statue1  seen in a book1 woke in 
him the tenderest longings4      8,this 
picture 7he says71 put away from me1 as 
it was1 a hundred    times1 came again a
 hundred times before the eyes of my    
soul4    ,but of course for the origin  
of my special temperament it is in    no
 way responsible4 ,it only woke up what 
was already slumbering    there--a thing
 which might have been done equally well
 by    something else40    ,from that   
time forward the boy worshipped with a  
kind of romantic  devotion elder        
friends1 young men in the prime of early
 manhood2  and later still his writings 
threw a flood of light on the 8urning0  
temperament--as he called it--of which  
he was himself so marked an example4    
,sidenote3 ,ulrichs' ,verses    ,some of

 ,ulrichs' verses are scattered among   
his prose writings3--      ,to his      
friend ,eberhard4      8,and so         
farewell6 perchance on ,earth           
,god's finger--as 'twixt thee and me--  
,will never make that wonder clear      
,why thus ,it drew me unto thee40       
,memnon1 ,leipzig1 #ahih1 p4 #ajd4      
,and this3--      8,it was the day of   
our first meeting--      ,that happy    
day1 in ,davern's grove--    ,i felt the
 ,spring wind's tender greeting1        
,and ,april touched my heart to love4   
,thy hand in mine lay kindly mated2     
,thy gaze held mine quite fascinated--  
,so gracious wast1 and fair6    ,thy    
glance my life-thread almost severed2   
,my heart for joy and gladness quivered1
      ,nigh more than it could bear4    
,there in the grove at evening's hour   
,the breeze thro' budding twigs hath    
ranged1    ,and lips have learned to    
meet each other1      ,and kisses mute  
exchanged40                             
,memnon1 p4 #bc4    ,sidenote3 ,byron's 

,letters    ,to return to ,england4     
,with the beginning of the #aith century
 we find two  great poets1 ,byron and   
,shelley1 both interested in and even   
writing in a  romantic strain on the    
subject in question4    ,byron's        
attachment1 when at ,cambridge1 to      
,eddleston the chorister1 a  youth two  
years younger than himself1 is well     
known4 ,in a youthful letter  to ,miss  
,pigot he1 ,byron1 speaks of it in      
enthusiastic terms3                     
8,trin4 ,coll41 ,camb41 ,july #eth1     
#ahjg4      8,i rejoice to hear you are 
interested in my protg2 he has    been  
my almost constant associate since      
,october1 #ahje1 when    ,i entered     
,trinity ,college4 ,his voice first     
attracted my    attention1 his          
countenance fixed it1 and his manners   
attached    me to him for ever4 ,he     
departs for a mercantile house in town  
in    ,october1 and we shall probably   
not meet till the expiration of my      
minority1 when ,i shall leave to his    

decision either entering as    a partner
 through my interest or residing with me
 altogether4 ,of    course he would in  
his present frame of mind prefer the    
latter1    but he may alter his opinion 
previous to that period2 however he     
shall have his choice4 ,i certainly love
 him more than any human    being1 and  
neither time nor distance have had the  
least effect    on my 7in general7      
changeable disposition4 ,in short we    
shall    put ,lady ,e4 ,butler and ,miss
 ,ponsonby to the blush1 ,pylades and   
,orestes out of countenance1 and want   
nothing but a catastrophe    like ,nisus
 and ,euryalus to give ,jonathan and    
,david the #8go by4'    ,he certainly is
 more attached to me than even ,i am in 
return4    ,during the whole of my      
residence at ,cambridge we met every    
day1    summer and winter1 without      
passing one tiresome moment1 and        
separated each time with increasing     
reluctance40    ,sidenote3 ,the ,adieu  
,eddleston gave ,byron a cornelian      

7brooch-pin7 which ,byron prized much1  
and is said to have kept all his life4  
,he probably refers to it1 and to  the  
inequality of condition between him and 
,eddleston1 in the following  stanza    
from his poem1 ,the ,adieu1 written     
about this time3--      8,and thou1 my  
friend1 whose gentle love      ,yet     
thrills my bosom's chords1    ,how much 
thy friendship was above                
,description's power of words6    ,still
 near my breast thy gift ,i wear        
,which sparkled once with ,feeling's    
tear1      ,of ,love1 the pure1 the     
sacred gem2    ,our souls were equal1   
and our lot    ,in that dear moment     
quite forgot2      ,let pride alone     
condemn40    ,the ,lady ,eleanor ,butler
 and ,miss ,sarah ,ponsonby mentioned in
 the above  letter were at that time    
living at ,llangollen1 in ,wales1 and   
were known  as the 8,ladies of          
,llangollen10 their romantic attachment 
to each other  having already become    
proverbial4 ,when ,miss ,ponsonby was   

seventeen1 and  ,lady ,e4 ,butler some  
twenty years older1 they had run away   
from their  respective and respectable  
homes in ,ireland1 and taking a cottage 
at  ,llangollen lived there1 inseparable
 companions1 for the rest of their      
lives4 ,letters and diaries of          
contemporary celebrities mention their  
romantic devotion4 7,the ,duke of       
,wellington was among their visitors47  
,lady ,eleanor died in #ahbi1 at the age
 of ninety2 and ,miss ,ponsonby only    
survived her 8beloved one0 7as she      
always called her7 by two years4        
,sidenote3 ,byron's ,nisus and ,euryalus
    ,as to the allusion to ,nisus and   
,euryalus1 ,byron's paraphrase of the   
episode 7from the #ith book of ,virgil's
 neid7 serves to show his interest  in  
it3--      8,nisus1 the guardian of the 
portal1 stood1    ,eager to gild his    
arms with hostile blood2                
,well-skilled in fight the quivering    
lance to wield1    ,or pour his arrows  
thro' the embattled field3    ,from ,ida

 torn1 he left his ,sylvan cave1    ,and
 sought a foreign home1 a distant grave4
      ,to watch the movements of the    
,daunian host1    ,with him ,euryalus   
sustains the post2    ,no lovelier mien 
adorn'd the ranks of ,troy1    ,and     
beardless bloom yet graced the gallant  
boy2    ,tho' few the seasons of his    
youthful life1    ,as yet a novice in   
the martial strife1    ',twas his1 with 
beauty1 valour's gifts to share--    ,a 
soul heroic1 as his form was fair4      
,these burn with one pure flame of      
generous love2    ,in peace1 in war1    
united still they move2    ,friendship  
and glory form their joint reward2      
,and now combined they hold their       
nightly guard40      ,the two then carry
 out a daring raid on the enemy1 in     
which    ,euryalus is slain4 ,nisus1    
coming to his rescue is--after          
performing prodigies of valor--slain    
too4      8,thus ,nisus all his fond    
affection proved--    ,dying1 revenged  
the fate of him he loved2    ,then on   

his bosom sought his wonted place1      
,and death was heavenly in his friend's 
embrace6      ,celestial pair6 if aught 
my verse can claim1    ,wafted on       
,time's broad pinion1 yours is fame6    
,ages on ages shall your fate admire1   
,no future day shall see your names     
expire1    ,while stands the ,capitol1  
immortal dome6    ,and vanquished       
millions hail their empress1 ,rome60    
,sidenote3 ,t4 ,moore on ,byron         
,byron's friendships1 in fact1 with     
young men were so marked that ,moore in 
his ,life and ,letters of ,lord ,byron  
seems to have felt it necessary to      
mention and1 to some extent1 to explain 
them3--      8,during his stay in       
,greece 7in #ahaj7 we find him forming  
one    of those extraordinary           
friendships--if attachment to persons so
    inferior to himself can be called by
 that name--of which ,i have    already 
mentioned two or three instances in his 
younger days1    and in which the pride 
of being a protector and the pleasure   

of exciting gratitude seem to have      
contributed to his mind the    chief1   
pervading charm4 ,the person whom he now
 adopted in this    manner1 and from    
similar feelings to those which had     
inspired his    early attachments to the
 cottage boy near ,newstead and the     
young    chorister at ,cambridge1 was a 
,greek youth1 named ,nicolo ,giraud1    
the son1 ,i believe1 of a widow lady in 
whose house the artist    ,lusieri      
lodged4 ,in this young man he seems to  
have taken the most    lively and even  
brotherly interest40    ,sidenote3      
,shelley on ,friendship    ,shelley1 in 
his fragmentary ,essay on               
,friendship--stated by his friend  ,hogg
 to have been written 8not long before  
his death0--says3--      8,i remember   
forming an attachment of this kind at   
school4 ,i    cannot recall to my memory
 the precise epoch at which this took   
place2 but ,i imagine it must have been 
at the age of eleven or    twelve4 ,the 
object of these sentiments was a boy    

about my own    age1 of a character     
eminently generous1 brave and gentle1   
and    the elements of human feeling    
seemed to have been1 from his    birth1 
genially compounded within him4 ,there  
was a delicacy    and a simplicity in   
his manners1 inexpressibly attractive4  
,it    has never been my fortune to meet
 with him since my schoolboy    days2   
but either ,i confound my present       
recollections with the    delusions of  
past feelings1 or he is now a source of 
honour and    utility to everyone around
 him4 ,the tones of his voice were so   
soft and winning1 that every word       
pierced into my heart2 and    their     
pathos was so deep that in listening to 
him the tears have    involuntarily     
gushed from my eyes4 ,such was the being
 for whom ,i    first experienced the   
sacred sentiments of friendship40    ,it
 may be noted that ,hogg takes the      
reference as to himself6    ,sidenote3  
,leigh ,hunt on ,school-life    ,with   
this passage we may compare the         

following from ,leigh ,hunt3--      8,if
 ,i had reaped no other benefit from    
,christ ,hospital1 the    school would  
be ever dear to me from the recollection
 of the    friendships ,i formed in it1 
and of the first heavenly taste it      
gave me of that most spiritual of the   
affections4444 ,if ever    ,i tasted a  
disembodied transport on earth1 it was  
in those    friendships which ,i        
entertained at school1 before ,i dreamt 
of    any maturer feeling4 ,i shall     
never forget the impression it made     
on me4 ,i loved my friend for his       
gentleness1 his candour1 his    truth1  
his good repute1 his freedom even from  
my own livelier    manner1 his calm and 
reasonable kindness4 ,it was not any    
particular talent that attracted me to  
him1 or anything striking    whatsoever4
 ,i should say1 in one word1 it was his 
goodness4 ,i    doubt whether he ever   
had a conception of a tithe of the      
regard    and respect ,i entertained for
 him2 and ,i smile to think of the      

perplexity 7though he never showed it7  
which he probably felt    sometimes at  
my enthusiastic expressions2 for ,i     
thought him a    kind of angel4 ,it is  
no exaggeration to say1 that1 take away 
the    unspiritual part of it--the      
genius and the knowledge--and there is  
no height of conceit indulged in by the 
most romantic character    in           
,shakespeare1 which surpassed what ,i   
felt towards the merits    ,i ascribed  
to him1 and the delight which ,i took in
 his society4    ,with the other boys ,i
 played antics1 and rioted in fantastic 
jests2 but in his society1 or whenever  
,i thought of him1 ,i fell    into a    
kind of ,sabbath state of bliss2 and ,i 
am sure ,i could have    died for him4  
8,i experienced this delightful         
affection towards three successive      
schoolfellows1 till two of them had for 
some time gone out into    the world and
 forgotten me2 but it grew less with    
each1 and in    more than one instance  
became rivalled by a new set of         

emotions1    especially in regard to the
 last1 for ,i fell in love with his     
sister--at least1 ,i thought so4 ,but on
 the occurrence of her    death1 not    
long after1 ,i was startled at finding  
myself assume    an air of greater      
sorrow than ,i felt1 and at being       
willing to    be relieved by the sight  
of the first pretty face that turned    
towards me4444 ,my friend1 who died     
himself not long after his    quitting  
the ,university1 was of a ,german family
 in the service of    the court1 very   
refined and musical40 ,autobiography of 
,leigh    ,hunt1 ,smith and ,elder1     
#ahgj1 p4 #ge4    ,sidenote3 ,lord      
,beaconsfield's 8,coningsby0    ,on this
 subject of boy-friendships and their   
intensity ,lord ,beaconsfield  has1 in  
,coningsby1 a quite romantic passage1   
which notwithstanding  its sentimental  
setting may be worth quoting2 because1  
after all1 it  signalises an            
often-forgotten or unconsidered aspect  
of school-life3--      8,at school1     

friendship is a passion4 ,it entrances  
the being2    it tears the soul4 ,all   
loves of after-life can never bring its 
rapture1 or its wretchedness2 no bliss  
so absorbing1 no pangs of    jealousy or
 despair so crushing and so keen6 ,what 
tenderness and    what devotion2 what   
illimitable confidence1 infinite        
revelations    of inmost thoughts2 what 
ecstatic present and romantic future2   
what bitter estrangements and what      
melting reconciliations2    what scenes 
of wild recrimination1 agitating        
explanations1    passionate             
correspondence2 what insane             
sensitiveness1 and what    frantic      
sensibility2 what earthquakes of the    
heart and whirlwinds    of the soul are 
confined in that simple phrase1 a       
schoolboy's    friendship60             
,sidenote3 ,tennyson's 8,in ,memoriam0  
,alfred ,tennyson1 in his great poem ,in
 ,memoriam1 published about the  middle 
of the #aith century1 gives superb      
expression to his love for his  lost    

friend1 ,arthur ,hallam4 ,reserved1     
dignified1 in sustained meditation  and 
tender sentiment1 yet half revealing    
here and there a more passionate        
feeling2 expressing in simplest words   
the most difficult and elusive  thoughts
 7e4g41 ,cantos #abh and #abi71 as well 
as the most intimate and  sacred moods  
of the soul2 it is indeed a great work  
of art4 ,naturally1  being such1 it was 
roundly abused by the critics on its    
first appearance4  ,the ,times solemnly 
rebuked its language as unfitted for any
 but amatory  tenderness1 and because   
young ,hallam was a barrister spent much
 wit upon  the poet's 8,amaryllis of the
 ,chancery bar40 ,tennyson himself1     
speaking of  ,in ,memoriam1 mentioned   
7see ,memoir by his son1 p4 #hjj7 8the  
number of  shameful letters of abuse he 
had received about it60      ,,canto    
,,xiii4      8,tears of the widower1    
when he sees1      ,a late-lost form    
that sleep reveals1      ,and moves his 
doubtful arms1 and feels    ,her place  

is empty1 fall like these2      ,which  
weep a loss for ever new1      ,a void  
where heart on heart reposed2      ,and1
 where warm hands have prest and closed1
    ,silence1 till ,i be silent too4    
,which weep the comrade of my choice1   
,an awful thought1 a life removed1      
,the human-hearted man ,i loved1    ,a  
spirit1 not a breathing voice4          
,come ,time1 and teach me1 many years1  
,i do not suffer in a dream2      ,for  
now so strange do these things seem1    
,mine eyes have leisure for their tears2
      ,my fancies time to rise on wing1 
,and glance about the approaching sails1
      ,as tho' they brought but         
merchant's bales1    ,and not the burden
 that they bring40      ,,canto ,,xviii4
      8',tis well1 'tis something1 we   
may stand        ,where he in ,english  
earth is laid1      ,and from his ashes 
may be made    ,the violet of his native
 land4      ',tis little2 but it looks  
in truth      ,as if the quiet bones    
were blest      ,among familiar names to

 rest    ,and in the places of his      
youth4      ,come then1 pure hands1 and 
bear the head      ,that sleeps1 or     
wears the mask of sleep1      ,and come1
 whatever loves to weep1    ,and hear   
the ritual of the dead4      ,ah yet1   
ev'n yet1 if this might be1      ,i1    
falling on his faithful heart1          
,would breathing thro' his lips impart  
,the life that almost dies in me3       
,that dies not1 but endures with pain1  
,and slowly forms the firmer mind1      
,treasuring the look it cannot find1    
,the words that are not heard again40   
,,canto ,,lix4      8,if1 in thy second 
state sublime1        ,thy ransom'd     
reason change replies      ,with all the
 circle of the wise1    ,the perfect    
flower of human time2      ,and if thou 
cast thine eyes below1      ,how dimly  
character'd and slight1      ,how       
dwarf'd a growth of cold and night1     
,how blanch'd with darkness must ,i     
grow6      ,yet turn thee to the        
doubtful shore1      ,where thy first   

form was made a man2      ,i loved thee1
 ,spirit1 and love1 nor can    ,the soul
 of ,shakspeare love thee more40        
,,canto ,,cxxvii4      8,dear friend1   
far off1 my lost desire1        ,so far1
 so near1 in woe or weal2      ,o loved 
the most when most ,i feel    ,there is 
a lower and a higher2      ,known and   
unknown1 human1 divine6      ,sweet     
human hand and lips and eye1      ,dear 
heavenly friend that canst not die1     
,mine1 mine1 for ever1 ever1 mine6      
,strange friend1 past1 present and to   
be2      ,loved deeplier1 darklier      
understood2      ,behold ,i dream a     
dream of good    ,and mingle all the    
world with thee40      ,,canto          
,,cxxviii4      8,thy voice is on the   
rolling air2      ,i hear thee where the
 waters run2      ,thou standest in the 
rising sun1    ,and in the setting thou 
art fair4      ,what art thou then8 ,i  
cannot guess2      ,but tho' ,i seem in 
star and flower      ,to feel thee some 
diffusive power1    ,i do not therefore 

love thee less3      ,my love involves  
the love before2      ,my love is vaster
 passion now2      ,tho' mixed with ,god
 and ,nature thou1    ,i seem to love   
thee more and more4      ,far off thou  
art1 but ever nigh2      ,i have thee   
still1 and ,i rejoice2      ,i prosper1 
circled with thy voice2    ,i shall not 
lose thee tho' ,i die40    ,sidenote3   
,browning's 8,may and ,death0           
,following is a little poem by ,robert  
,browning entitled ,may and ,death1     
which may well be placed near the       
stanzas of ,in ,memoriam3--      8,i    
wish that when you died last ,may1      
,charles1 there had died along with you 
,three parts of ,spring's delightful    
things2      ,ay1 and for me the fourth 
part too4      ,a foolish thought1 and  
worse1 perhaps6      ,there must be many
 a pair of friends    ,who arm-in-arm   
deserve the warm      ,moon-births and  
the long evening-ends4      ,so1 for    
their sake1 be ,may still ,may6         
,let their new time1 as mine of old1    

,do all it did for me2 ,i bid           
,sweet sights and sounds throng         
manifold4      ,only one little sight1  
one plant      ,woods have in ,may1 that
 starts up green    ,save a sole streak 
which1 so to speak1      ,is ,spring's  
blood1 spilt its leaves between--       
,that1 they might spare2 a certain wood 
,might miss the plant2 their loss were  
small2    ,but ,i--whene'er the leaf    
grows there--      ,it's drop comes from
 my heart1 that's all40    ,sidenote3   
,ralph ,waldo ,emerson    ,between      
,browning and ,whitman we may insert a  
few lines from ,r4 ,w4  ,emerson3--     
8,the only way to have a friend is to be
 one4444 ,in the last    analysis love  
is only the reflection of a man's own   
worthiness    from other men4 ,men have 
sometimes exchanged names with their    
friends1 as if they would signify that  
in their friend each loved    his own   
soul4      8,the higher the style we    
demand of friendship1 of course the less
    easy to establish it with flesh and 

blood4444 ,friends1 such as we          
desire1 are dreams and fables4 ,but a   
sublime hope cheers ever the    faithful
 heart1 that elsewhere1 in other regions
 of the universal    power1 souls are   
now acting1 enduring1 and daring1 which 
can love    us1 and which we can love40 
,essay on ,friendship4    ,sidenote3    
,henry ,d4 ,thoreau    ,these also from 
,henry ,d4 ,thoreau3--      8,no word is
 oftener on the lips of men than        
,friendship1 and    indeed no thought is
 more familiar to their aspirations4    
,all men    are dreaming of it1 and its 
drama1 which is always a tragedy1 is    
enacted daily4 ,it is the secret of the 
universe4 ,you may thread    the town1  
you may wander the country1 and none    
shall ever speak    of it1 yet thought  
is everywhere busy about it1 and the    
idea of    what is possible in this     
respect affects our behaviour towards   
all new men and women1 and a great many 
old ones4 ,nevertheless    ,i can       
remember only two or three essays on    

this subject in all    literature4444   
,to say that a man is your friend1 means
 commonly    no more than this1 that he 
is not your enemy4 ,most contemplate    
only what would be the accidental and   
trifling advantages of    friendship1 as
 that the friend can assist in time of  
need1 by his    substance1 or his       
influence1 or his counsel2 but he who   
foresees    such advantages in this     
relation proves himself blind to its    
real advantage1 or indeed wholly        
inexperienced in the relation           
itself4444 ,what is commonly called     
,friendship is only a little    more    
honour among rogues4 ,but sometimes we  
are said to love    another1 that is1 to
 stand in a true relation to him1 so    
that we    give the best to1 and receive
 the best from1 him4 ,between whom      
there is hearty truth there is love2 and
 in proportion to our    truthfulness   
and confidence in one another our lives 
are divine    and miraculous1 and answer
 to our ideal4 ,there are passages of   

affection in our intercourse with mortal
 men and women1 such as    no prophecy  
had taught us to expect1 which transcend
 our earthly    life1 and anticipate    
heaven for us40 ,from ,on the ,concord  
,river4    ,sidenote3 ,walt ,whitman    
,i conclude this collection with a few  
quotations from ,whitman1 for whom  8the
 love of comrades0 perhaps stands as the
 most intimate part of his  message to  
the world--8,here the frailest leaves of
 me and yet my strongest  lasting40     
,whitman1 by his great power1           
originality and initiative1  as well as 
by his deep insight and wide vision1 is 
in many ways the  inaugurator of a new  
era to mankind2 and it is especially    
interesting to  find that this idea of  
comradeship1 and of its establishment as
 a social  institution1 plays so        
important a part with him4 ,we have seen
 that in  the ,greek age1 and more or   
less generally in the ancient and pagan 
world1  comradeship was an institution2 
we have seen that in ,christian and     

modern  times1 though existent1 it was  
socially denied and ignored1 and indeed 
to a great extent fell under a kind of  
ban2 and now ,whitman's attitude        
towards it suggests to us that it really
 is destined to pass into its  third    
stage1 to arise again1 and become a     
recognised factor of modern  life1 and  
even in a more extended and perfect form
 than at first4#i      8,it is to the   
development1 identification1 and general
 prevalence    of that fervid           
comradeship 7the adhesive love1 at least
 rivaling    the amative love hitherto  
possessing imaginative literature1 if   
not going beyond it71 that ,i look for  
the counterbalance and    offset of our 
materialistic and vulgar ,american      
,democracy1 and    for the              
spiritualisation thereof4 ,many will say
 it is a dream1    and will not follow  
my inferences2 but ,i confidently expect
    a time when there will be seen1     
running like a half-hid warp    through 
all the myriad audible and visible      

worldly interests    of ,america1       
threads of manly friendship1 fond and   
loving1 pure    and sweet1 strong and   
lifelong1 carried to degrees hitherto   
unknown--not only giving tone to        
individual character1 and making    it  
unprecedently emotional1 muscular1      
heroic1 and refined1 but    having      
deepest relations to general politics4  
,i say ,democracy    infers such loving 
comradeship1 as its most inevitable twin
 or    counterpart1 without which it    
will be incomplete1 in vain1 and        
incapable of perpetuating itself40      
,democratic ,vistas1 note4    ,sidenote3
 8,leaves of ,grass0    ,the three      
following poems are taken from ,leaves  
of ,grass3--      8,recorders ages      
hence1    ,come1 ,i will take you down  
underneath this impassive exterior1 ,i  
will        tell you what to say of me1 
,publish my name and hang up my picture 
as that of the tenderest lover1    ,the 
friend the lover's portrait1 of whom his
 friend his lover was        fondest1   

,who was not proud of his songs1 but of 
the measureless ocean of love           
within him1 and freely pour'd it forth1 
,who often walk'd lonesome walks        
thinking of his dear friends1 his       
lovers1    ,who pensive away from one he
 lov'd often lay sleepless and          
dissatisfied        at night1    ,who   
knew too well the sick1 sick dread lest 
the one he lov'd might        secretly  
be indifferent to him1    ,whose        
happiest days were far away through     
fields1 in woods1 on hills1        he   
and another wandering hand in hand1 they
 twain apart from other        men1     
,who oft as he saunter'd the streets    
curv'd with his arm the shoulder        
of his friend1 while the arm of his     
friend rested upon him also40           
,leaves of ,grass1 #ahia-b edn41 p4     
#ajb4      8,when ,i heard at the close 
of the day how my name had been receiv'd
 with        plaudits in the capital1   
still it was not a happy night for me   
that        follow'd1    ,and else when 

,i carous'd1 or when my plans were      
accomplish'd1 still ,i        was not   
happy1    ,but the day when ,i rose at  
dawn from the bed of perfect health1    
refresh'd1 singing1 inhaling the ripe   
breath of autumn1    ,when ,i saw the   
full moon in the west grow pale and     
disappear in the        morning light1  
,when ,i wander'd alone over the beach1 
and undressing bathed1 laughing         
with the cool waters1 and saw the sun   
rise1    ,and when ,i thought how my    
dear friend my lover was on his way     
coming1        ,o then ,i was happy1    
,o then each breath tasted sweeter1 and 
all that day my food nourish'd        me
 more1 and the beautiful day pass'd     
well1    ,and the next came with equal  
joy1 and with the next at evening came  
my        friend1    ,and that night    
while all was still ,i heard the waters 
roll slowly        continuously up the  
shores1    ,i heard the hissing rustle  
of the liquid and sands as directed to  
me        whispering to congratulate me1

    ,for the one ,i love most lay       
sleeping by me under the same cover in  
the        cool night1    ,in the       
stillness in the autumn moonbeams his   
face was inclined toward me1    ,and his
 arm lay lightly around my breast--and  
that night ,i was happy40               
,ibid1 p4 #ajc4      8,i hear it was    
charged against me that ,i sought to    
destroy institutions1    ,but really ,i 
am neither for nor against institutions1
    7,what indeed have ,i in common with
 them8 or what with the destruction of  
them87    ,only ,i will establish in the
 ,mannahatta and in every city of these 
,states        inland and seaboard1     
,and in the fields and woods1 and above 
every keel little or large that         
dents the water1    ,without edifices or
 rules or trustees or any argument1     
,the institution of the dear love of    
comrades40                              
,ibid1 p4 #ajg4          ,additions     
#aijf      ,greek ,times    ,sidenote3  
,aristotle    ,aristotle 7,ethics bk4   

viii47 says3      8,friendship is a     
thing most necessary to life1 since     
without    friends no one would choose  
to live1 though possessed of all        
other advantages40444 8,since then his  
own life is1 to a good man1    a thing  
naturally sweet and ultimately          
desirable1 for a similar    reason is   
the life of his friend agreeable to him1
 and delightful    merely on its own    
account1 and without reference to any   
object    beyond it2 and to live without
 friends is to be destitute of    a     
good1 unconditioned1 absolute1 and in   
itself desirable2 and    therefore to be
 deprived of one of the most solid and  
most    substantial of all enjoyments40 
8,being asked #8,what is ,friendship8'  
,aristotle replied #8,one soul in    two
 bodies4'0 ,diog4 ,laertius4            
,sidenote3 ,epaminondas and ,pelopidas  
,epaminondas and ,pelopidas1 the ,theban
 statesmen and generals1 were           
celebrated for their devotion to each   
other4 ,in a battle 7,b4,c4 #che7       

against the ,arcadians1 ,epaminondas is 
said to have saved his friend's  life4  
,plutarch in his ,life of ,pelopidas    
relates of them3--      8,epaminondas   
and he were both born with the same     
dispositions to    all kinds of virtues1
 but ,pelopidas took more pleasure in   
the    exercises of the body1 and       
,epaminondas in the improvements of     
the mind2 so that they spent all their  
leisure time1 the one in    hunting1 and
 the palestra1 the other in learned     
conversation1 and    the study of       
philosophy4 ,but of all the famous      
actions for which    they are so much   
celebrated1 the judicious part of       
mankind reckon    none so great and     
glorious as that strict friendship which
 they    inviolably preserved through   
the whole course of their lives1 in     
all the high posts they held1 both      
military and civil4444 ,for    being    
both in that battle1 near one another in
 the infantry1 and    fighting against  
the ,arcadians1 that wing of the        

,lacedmonians    in which they were1    
gave way and was broken2 which          
,pelopidas and    ,epaminondas          
perceiving1 they joined their shields1  
and keeping    close together1 bravely  
repulsed all that attacked them1 till at
    last ,pelopidas1 after receiving    
seven large wounds1 fell upon a    heap 
of friends and enemies that lay dead    
together4 ,epaminondas1    though he    
believed him slain1 advanced before him 
to defend his    body and arms1 and for 
a long time maintained his ground       
against    great numbers of the         
,arcadians1 being resolved to die rather
    than desert his companion and leave 
him in the enemy's power2    but being  
wounded in his breast by a spear1 and in
 his arm by a    sword1 he was quite    
disabled and ready to fall1 when        
,agesipolis1    king of the ,spartans1  
came from the other wing to his relief1 
and    beyond all expectation saved both
 their lives40    ,sidenote3 ,polemon   
and ,krates    ,polemon and ,krates were

 followers of ,plato in philosophy1 and 
in their  time 7about #cjj ,b4,c47      
leaders of the ,platonic ,school4 ,they 
were1  according to ,hesychius1 devoted 
friends3      8,krates and ,polemon     
loved each other so well that they not  
only    were occupied in life with the  
same work1 but they almost drew         
breath simultaneously2 and in death they
 shared the same grave4    ,on account  
of which1 ,archesilaus1 who visited them
 in company    with ,theophrastus 7a    
pupil of ,aristotle71 spoke of them as  
gods1    or survivors from the ,golden  
,age40                                  
,hesychius xl4    ,sidenote3 ,alexander 
and ,hephstion    ,alexander1 the great 
,world-,conqueror1 was born ,b4,c4 #cef1
 and was ,king of  ,macedonia ,b4,c4    
#ccf-cbc4 ,his great favorite was       
,hephstion1 who had been  brought up and
 educated with him4      8,when         
,hephstion died at ,ecbatana 7in #cbd7  
,alexander placed his    weapons upon   
the funeral pyre1 with gold and silver  

for the dead    man1 and a robe--which  
last1 among the ,persians is a symbol of
    great honour4 ,he shore off his own 
hair1 as in ,homeric grief1    and      
behaved like the ,achilles of ,homer4   
,indeed he acted more    violently and  
passionately than the latter1 for he    
caused the    towers and strongholds of 
,ecbatana to be demolished all round4   
,as    long as he only dedicated his own
 hair1 he was behaving1 ,i think1       
like a ,greek2 but when he laid hands on
 the very walls1 ,alexander    was      
already showing his grief in foreign    
fashion4 ,even in his    clothing he    
departed from ordinary custom1 and gave 
himself up to    his mood1 his love1 and
 his tears40                            
,aelian's ,varia ,historia1 vii1 #h4    
,persian ,poetry    ,sidenote3 ,from    
,sadi's ,rose-,garden    ,von ,kupffer1 
in his ,anthology1 ,lieblingminne und   
,freundes liebe in der  ,weltliteratur1 
gives the following three poems from    
,sadi and ,hafiz3--      8,a youth there

 was of golden heart and nature1    ,who
 loved a friend1 his like in every      
feature2    ,once1 as upon the ocean    
sailed the pair1    ,they chanced into a
 whirlpool unaware4    ,a fisherman made
 haste the first to save1    ,ere his   
young life should meet a watery grave2  
,but crying from the raging surf1 he    
said3    #8,leave me1 and seize my      
comrade's hand instead4'    ,e'en as he 
spoke the mortal swoon o'ertook him1    
,with that last utterance life and sense
 forsook him4      ,learn not love's    
temper from that shallow pate    ,who in
 the hour of fear forsakes his mate2    
,true friends will ever act like him    
above    7,trust one who is experienced 
in love72    ,for ,sadi knows full well 
the lover's part1    ,and ,bagdad       
understands the ,arab heart4    ,more   
than all else thy loved one shalt thou  
prize1    ,else is the whole world      
hidden from thine eyes40    ,sidenote3  
,from ,sadi's ,pleasure ,garden         
8,lov'st thou a being formed of dust    

like thee--    ,peace and contentment   
from thy heart shall flee2    ,waking1  
fair limbs and features shall torment   
thee2    ,sleeping1 thy love in dreams  
shall hold and haunt thee4    ,under his
 feet thy head is bowed to earth2       
,compared with him the world's a paltry 
crust2    ,if to thy loved one gold is  
nothing worth1    ,why1 then to thee is 
gold no more than dust4      ,hardly a  
word for others canst thou find1    ,for
 no room's left for others in thy mind40
    ,sidenote3 ,hafiz to his ,friend    
8,dear ,friend1 since thou hast passed  
the whole    ,of one sweet night1 till  
dawn1 with me1    ,i were scarce mortal1
 could ,i spend    ,another hour apart  
from thee4    ,the fear of death1 for   
all of time    ,hath left me since my   
soul partook    ,the water of true      
,life1 that wells    ,in sweet abundance
 from thy brook40      ,renaissance     
,sidenote3 ,beaumont and ,fletcher      
,beaumont and ,fletcher are two names   
which time and immortal friendship  have

 sealed in one4 ,francis ,beaumont was  
son of a judge1 and ,john  ,fletcher1   
who was some four or five years the     
elder of the two1 son of  a bishop4 ,the
 one went to ,oxford1 the other to      
,cambridge4 ,both took to  writing at an
 early age2 they probably met at the    
,mermaid ,tavern1 about  the year #afjd1
 and a friendship sprang up between them
 of the closest  character4 8,the       
intimacy which now commenced was one of 
singular warmth  even for that romantic 
age40 7,chambers' ,biog4 ,dict47 ,for   
many years they  lived in the same house
 as bachelors1 writing plays together1  
and sharing  everything in common4 ,then
 in #afac ,beaumont married1 but died in
 #afaf4  ,fletcher lived on unmarried1  
till #afbe1 when he died of the plague4 
,j4 ,st4 ,l4 ,strachey1 in his          
introduction to the works of ,beaumont  
and  ,fletcher in the ,mermaid ,series1 
says3--      8,in the whole range of    
,english literature1 search it from     
,chaucer till to-day1 there is no figure

 more fascinating or more    worthy of  
attention than #8the mysterious double  
personallity' of    ,beaumont and       
,fletcher4 ,whether we bow to the       
sentiment of the    first ,editor1 who1 
though he knew the secret of the poets1 
yet    since never parted while they    
lived' conceived it not equitable    to 
#8separate their ashes1' and so refuse  
to think of them apart2    whether we   
adopt the legendary union of the        
comrade-poets who    dwelt on the       
,bank-side1 who lived and worked        
together1 their    thoughts no less in  
common than the cloak and bed o'er which
    tradition has grown fond2 whether we
 think of them as two minds    so       
married that to divorce or disunite them
 were a sacrilegious    deed2 or whether
 we yield to the subtler influences of  
the    critical fancy1 and delight to   
discover and explore each from its      
source1 the twin fountains of           
inspiration that feed the majestic      
stream of song that flows through #8,the

 ,lost ,aspatia's' tragedy1    etc4 444 
whether we treat the poets as a mystery 
to which love    and sympathy are the   
initiation1 or as a problem for the     
tests    and reagents of critical       
analysis to solve1 the double name of   
,beaumont and ,fletcher will ever strike
 the fancy and excite the    imagination
 as does no other name in the annals of 
,english song40    ,george ,varley1 in  
his ,introduction to the works of ,b4   
and ,f4 7,london1 ,e4  ,moxon1 #ahci7   
says3--      8,the story of their common
 life1 which scandalises some           
biographers1 contains much that is      
agreeable to me1 as offering a          
picture of perfect union whose          
heartiness excuses its homeliness    444
 but when critics would explain away the
 community of cloak    and clothes by   
accident or slander1 methinks their     
fastidiousness    exceeds their good    
feeling40    ,sidenote3 ,sweet          
,fletcher's ,brain    ,beaumont was a   
man of great personal beauty and charm4 

,ben ,jonson was  much attracted to him4
 ,fletcher delighted to do him honour   
and to put his  name first on their     
title page2 though it is probable that  
,beaumont's  share in the plays was the 
lesser one4 ,see following verses by    
,sir ,aston  ,cokaine in the #ast       
,collection of their works1 published   
#afdg3--      8,in the large book of    
playes you late did print1    ,in       
,beaumont and in ,fletcher's name1 why  
in't    ,did you not justice8 ,give to  
each his due8    ,for ,beaumont of those
 many writ in few1    ,and ,massinger in
 other few2 the main    ,being sole     
issues of sweet ,fletcher's brain4      
,but how came ,i1 you ask1 so much to   
know8    ,fletcher's chief bosome-friend
 inform'd me so40    ,sidenote3         
,fletcher's lament for his ,friend      
,the following lines were written by    
,fletcher on the death of ,beaumont3--  
8,come1 sorrow1 come6 bring all thy     
cries1    ,all thy laments1 and all thy 
weeping eyes6    ,burn out1 you living  

monuments of woe6    ,sad1 sullen       
griefs1 now rise and overflow6          
,virtue is dead2            ,oh6 cruel  
fate6            ,all youth is fled2    
,all our laments too late4    ,oh1 noble
 youth1 to thy ne'er dying name1    ,oh1
 happy youth1 to thy still growing fame1
    ,to thy long peace in earth1 this   
sacred knell    ,our last loves         
ring--farewell1 farewell1 farewell6     
,go1 happy soul1 to thy eternal birth6  
,and press his body lightly1 gentle     
,earth40    ,sidenote3 ,an ,epitaph     
,and among the poems attributed to      
,francis ,beaumont is one generally     
supposed to be addressed to ,fletcher1  
and speaking of an alliance hidden  from
 the world--of which the last five lines
 run3--      8,if when ,i die1          
physicians doubt    ,what caused my     
death1 and these to view    ,of all     
their judgments1 which was true1    ,rip
 up my heart2 ,o1 then ,i fear    ,the  
world will see thy picture there40      
--though it is perhaps more probable    

that it was addressed to ,beaumont by   
,fletcher1 and has accidentally found   
place among the former's writings4      
,in the ,maids ,tragedy by ,b4 and ,f41 
7,act ,i4 ,scene i47 we have ,melantius 
speaking about his companion ,amintor1 a
 young nobleman3--      8,all joys upon 
him6 for he is my friend4    ,wonder not
 that ,i call a man so young my friend3 
,his worth is great2 radiant he is1 and 
temperate2    ,and one that never thinks
 his life his own1    ,if his friend    
need it40    ,sidenote3 ,vauvenargues on
 ,de ,seytres    ,the devotion of       
,vauvenargues to his friend ,de ,seytres
 is immortalized by  the loge he wrote  
on the occasion of the latter's death4  
,v41 a youth  of noble family1 born in  
,s4 ,france in #agae1 entered military  
service and  the regiment of the ,king  
at an early age4 ,he seems to have been 
a gentle1  wise character1 much beloved 
by his comrades4 ,during the ,french    
invasion  of ,bohemia1 in #agda1 when he
 was about #bf1 he met ,hippolyte de    

,seytres1  who belonged to the same     
regiment1 and who was only #ah years of 
age4 ,a  warm friendship sprang up      
between the two1 but lasted for a brief 
time  only4 ,de ,seytres died during the
 privations of the terrible ,siege of   
,prague in #agdb4 ,vauvenargues escaped1
 but with the loss of his health1 as    
well as of his friend4 ,he took to      
literature1 and wrote some philosophic  
works1 and became correspondent and     
friend of ,voltaire1 but died in  #agdg 
at the early age of #cb4 ,in his loge he
 speaks of his friend as  follows3--    
8,by nature full of grace1 his movements
 natural1 his manners    frank1 his     
features noble and grave1 his expression
 sweet and    penetrating2 one could not
 look upon him with indifference4 ,from 
the first his loveable exterior won all 
hearts in his favour1 and    whoever was
 in the position to know his character  
could not but    admire the beauty of   
his disposition4 ,never did he despise  
or    envy or hate anyone4 ,he          

understood all the passions and         
opinions1    even the most singular1    
that the world blames4 ,they did not    
surprise him2 he penetrated their cause1
 and found in his own    reflexions the 
means of explaining them40      8,and so
 ,hippolyte10 he continues1 8,i was     
destined to be the    survivor in our   
friendship--just when ,i was hoping that
 it would    mitigate all the sufferings
 and ennui of my life even to my        
latest breath4 ,at the moment when my   
heart1 full of security1    placed blind
 confidence in thy strength and youth1  
and abandoned    itself to gladness--,o 
,misery6 in that moment a mighty hand   
was    extinguishing the sources of life
 in thy blood4 ,death was    creeping   
into thy heart1 and harbouring in thy   
bosom6444 ,o pardon    me once more2 for
 never canst thou have doubted the depth
 of my    attachment4 ,i loved thee     
before ,i was able to know thee4 ,i have
    never loved but thee 444 ,i was     
ignorant of thy very name and    life1  

but my heart adored thee1 spoke with    
thee1 saw thee and    sought thee in    
solitude4 ,thou knewest me but for a    
moment2 and    when we did become       
acquainted1 already a thousand times had
 ,i    paid homage in secret to thy     
virtues4444 ,shade worthy of heaven1    
whither hast thou fled6 ,do my sighs    
reach thee8 ,i tremble--,o abyss        
profound1 ,o woe1 ,o death1 ,o grave6   
,dark veil and viewless night1    and   
mystery of ,eternity60    7,it is said  
that ,vauvenargues thought more of this 
memorial inscription  to his friend than
 of any other of his works1 and         
constantly worked at  and perfected it47
    ,sidenote3 ,from ,schiller's ,don   
,karlos    ,schiller1 the great ,german 
poet1 had an enthusiastic appreciation  
of  friendship-love1 as can be seen from
 his poems 8,freundschaft0 and 8,die    
,burgschaft10 and others of his         
writings4 ,his tragedy ,don ,karlos     
turns  upon the death of one friend for 
the sake of another4 ,the young ,infanta

  of ,spain1 ,don ,karlos1 alienated by 
the severities of his father1 ,phillip  
,,ii41 enters into plots and intrigues1 
from the consequences of which he  is   
only saved by his devoted companion1 the
 ,marquis of ,posa1 who1 by  making     
himself out the guilty party1 dies in   
the ,prince's stead4 ,early in  the play
 7,act ,i41 ,scene ii47 the attachment  
between the two is outlined3--          
,sidenote3 ,karlos and ,roderick        
,karlos4        ,oh1 if indeed 'tis     
true--    ,what my heart says--that out 
of millions1 thou    ,hast been decreed 
at last to understand me2    ,if it be  
true that ,nature all-creative    ,in   
moulding ,karlos copied ,roderick1      
,and strung the tender chords of our two
 souls    ,harmonious in the morning of 
our lives2    ,if even a tear that eases
 thus my sorrow    ,is dearer to thee   
than my father's favour--      ,marquis 
of ,posa4 ,oh1 dearer than the world6   
,karlos4        ,so low1 so low    ,have
 ,i now fallen1 have become so needy1   

,that of our early childish years       
together    ,i must remind thee--must   
indeed entreat    ,thy payment of those 
long-forgotten debts    ,which thou1    
while yet in sailor garb1 contractedst2 
,when thou and ,i1 two boys of venturous
 habit1    ,grew up1 and side by side1  
in brotherhood4    ,no grief oppressed  
me then--save that thy spirit    ,seemed
 so eclipsing mine--until at length     
,i boldly dared to love thee without    
limit1    ,since to be like thee was    
beyond my dreams4    ,then ,i began1    
with myriad tenderness    ,and          
brother-love most loyal1 to torment     
thee2    ,and thou1 proud heart1        
returned it all so coldly4    ,oft would
 ,i stand there--and thou saw'st it not6
    ,and hot and heavy tear-drops from  
my eyes    ,hung1 when perchance1 thou1 
,roderick1 hastening past me1           
,would'st throw thy arms about some     
lesser playmate4    8,why only these80  
,i cried1 and wept aloud    8,am ,i not 
also worthy of thy heart80    ,but      

thou--    ,so cold and serious before me
 kneeling1    8,homage0 thou said'st1   
8to the ,king's son is due40            
,marquis4 ,a truce1 ,o ,prince1 to all  
these tales of childhood1    ,they make 
my cheeks red even now with shame6      
,karlos4 ,and this from thee indeed ,i  
did not merit4    ,contemn thou         
could'st1 and even rend my heart1       
,but ne'er estrange4 ,three times thou  
did'st repulse    ,the young ,prince    
from thee2 thrice again he came    ,as  
suppliant to thee--to entreat thy love1 
,and urgently to press his love upon    
thee4    ,but that which ,karlos could  
not1 chance effected4    7,the story is 
then related of how as a boy he took on 
himself the blame  for a misdemeanour of
 ,roderick's1 and was severely punished 
by his royal  father7--      ,under the 
pitiless strokes my blood flowed red2   
,i looked on thee and wept not4 ,but the
 ,king    ,was angered by my boyish     
heroism1    ,and for twelve terrible    
hours emprisoned me    ,in a dark       

dungeon1 to repent thereof4    ,so proud
 and fierce was my determination    ,by 
,roderick to be beloved4 ,thou cam'st1  
,and loudly weeping at my feet did'st   
fall1    8,yes1 yes10 did'st cry1 8my   
pride is overcome1    ,one day1 when    
thou art king1 ,i will repay thee40     
,marquis 7giving his hand47    ,i will  
so1 ,karl4 ,my boyish affidavit    ,as  
man ,i now renew2 ,i will repay2    ,my 
hour will also strike1 perchance4       
,sidenote3 ,the devotion of ,roderick   
7,the hour comes1 when ,roderick takes  
on himself the blame for an intrigue  of
 ,don ,karlos with the ,queen and       
,william of ,orange4 ,he writes a letter
 to  the latter1 and allows it purposely
 to fall into the ,king's hands4 ,he is 
assassinated by order of the ,king2 and 
the following speech over his body      
7,act ,v41 ,scene iv47 is made to the   
,king by ,don ,karlos1 who thenceforth  
abjures all love except for the memory  
of his friend47      ,karlos 7to the    
,king47    ,the dead man was my friend4 

,and would you know    ,wherefore he    
died8 ,he perished for my sake4    ,yes1
 ,sire1 for we were brothers6 brothers  
by    ,a nobler chain than ,nature ever 
forges4    ,love was his glorious       
life-career4 ,and love    ,for me1 his  
great1 his glorious death4 ,mine was he4
    ,what time his lowly bearing puffed 
you up1    ,what time his gay persuasive
 eloquence    ,made easy sport of your  
proud giant-spirit4    ,you thought to  
dominate him quite--and were    ,the    
obedient creature of his deeper plans4  
,that ,i am prisoner1 is the schemed    
result    ,of his great friendship4 ,to 
achieve my safety    ,he wrote that     
letter to the ,prince of ,orange--    ,o
 ,god6 the first1 last falsehood of his 
life4    ,to rescue me he went to meet  
the ,fate    ,which he has suffered4    
,with your gracious favours    ,you     
loaded him4 ,he died for me4 ,on him    
,you pressed the favours of your heart  
and friendship4    ,your sceptre was the
 plaything of his hands2    ,he threw it

 from him1 and for me he died4          
,sidenote3 ,fritz of ,prussia and ,von  
,katte    ,there is little1 ,i believe1 
in the historical facts relating to ,don
  ,karlos to justify this tale of       
friendship2 but there seems great       
probability that the incidents were     
transferred by ,schiller from the       
history of ,frederick the ,great1 of    
,prussia1 when a youth at his father's  
court4 ,the devotion that existed       
between the young ,frederick and ,lieut4
  ,von ,katte1 the anger and severities 
of the royal parent1 the supposed       
conspiracy1 the emprisonment of         
,frederick1 and the execution of ,von   
,katte1 are all reproduced in           
,schiller's play4    ,sidenote3 ,death  
of ,von ,katte    ,von ,katte was a     
young man of good family and strange but
 charming  personality1 who1 as soon as 
he came to ,court1 being three or four  
years  older than ,frederick1 exercised 
a strong attraction upon the latter4    
,the  two were always together1 and     

finally1 enraged by the harshness of the
  royal father1 they plotted flight to  
,england4 ,they were arrested1 and      
,katte1 accused of treason to the       
throne1 was condemned to death4 ,that   
this sentence was pronounced1 not so    
much for political reasons1 as in  order
 to do despite to the affection between 
him and the ,crown ,prince1  is strongly
 suggested by the circumstances4 ,von   
,katte was sent from a  distance in     
order to be executed at ,cstrin1 in the 
fortress where the  ,prince was         
confined1 and with instructions that the
 latter should witness  his execution4  
,carlyle1 in his life of ,frederick     
,,ii41 says3--      8,katte wore1 by    
order1 a brown dress exactly like the   
,prince's2    the ,prince is already    
brought down into a lower room to see   
,katte as he passes1 7to see ,katte die 
has been the royal order1    but they   
smuggled that into abeyance7 and ,katte 
knows he shall    see him40 ,besserer1  
the chaplain of the ,garrison1 quoted by

    ,carlyle1 describing the scene as   
they approached the ,castle1            
says3--#8,here1 after long wistful      
looking about1 he did get sight    of   
his beloved ,jonathan at a window in the
 ,castle1 from whom1 he1    with        
politest and most tender expression1    
speaking in ,french1    took leave1 with
 no little emotion of sorrow4           
8,pardonnez moi1    mon cher ,katte0    
cried ,friedrich4 8,la mort est douce   
pour un si    aimable ,prince10 said    
,katte1 and fared on2 round some angle  
of    the ,fortress it appears2 not in  
sight of ,friedrich1 who sank in a      
faint1 and had seen his last glimpse of 
,katte in this world4'                  
,life of ,frederick ,,ii41 vol4 #b1 p4  
#dhi4    ,sidenote3 ,frederick the      
,great    ,frederick's grief and despair
 were extreme for a time4 ,then his     
royal  father found him a wife1 in the  
,princess ,elizabeth of ,brunswick1 whom
 he  obediently married1 but in whom he 
showed little interest--their meetings  

growing rarer and rarer till at last    
they became merely formal4 ,later1  and 
after his accession1 he spent most of   
his leisure time when away  from the    
cares of war and political              
re-organisation1 at his retreat at      
,sans-,souci1 afar from feminine society
 7a fact which provoked ,voltaire's     
sarcasms71 and in the society of his    
philosophic and military friends1 to    
many of whom he was much attached4 ,von 
,kupffer has unearthed from his  poems  
printed at ,sans-,souci in #agej the    
following1 addressed to ,count ,von     
,kaiserlinck1 a favorite companion1 on  
whom he bestowed the by-name of         
,cesarion3--      8,cesarion1 let us    
keep unspoiled    ,our faith1 and be    
true friends1    ,and pair our lives    
like noble ,greeks1        ,and to like 
noble ends6    ,that friend from friend 
may never hide    ,a fault through      
weakness or thro' pride1        ,or     
sentiment that cloys4    ,thus gold in  
fire the brighter glows1    ,and far    

more rare and precious grows1           
,refined from all alloys40    ,sidenote3
 ,frederick to ,cesarion    ,there is   
also in the same collection a long and  
beautiful ode 8,to the  shades of       
,cesarion10 of which the following are a
 few lines3--      8,o ,god6 how hard   
the word of ,fate6    ,cesarion dead6   
,his happy days    ,death to the grave  
has consecrate4        ,his charm ,i    
mourn and gentle grace4    ,he's        
dead--my tender1 faithful mate6    ,a   
thousand daggers pierce my heart2    ,it
 trembles1 torn with grief and pain4    
,he's gone6 the dawn comes not again6   
,thy grave's the goal of my heart's     
strife2        ,holy shall thy          
remembrance be2    ,to thee ,i poured   
out love in life2        ,and love in   
death ,i vow to thee40    ,sidenote3    
,herder on ,greek ,friendship    ,johann
 ,gottfried von ,herder 7#agdd-ahjc7 as 
theologian1 philosopher1  friend of     
,goethe1 ,court preacher at ,weimar1 and
 author of ,ideas on the  ,philosophy of

 ,history has had a great and enduring  
reputation4 ,the  following extract is  
from the just-mentioned book3--         
8,never has a branch born finer fruit   
than that little branch    of ,olive1   
,ivy1 and ,pine1 which was the victor's 
crown among    the ,greeks4 ,it gave to 
the young men good looks1 good health1  
and good spirits2 it made their limbs   
nimble1 graceful and    well-formed2 in 
their souls it lighted the first sparks 
of the    desire for good name1 the love
 of fame even1 and stamped on    them   
the inviolable temper of men who live   
for their city and    their country4    
,finally1 what was most precious1 it    
laid the    foundation in their         
characters of that predilection for male
    society and friendship which so     
markedly distinguishes the    ,greeks4  
,in ,greece1 woman was not the one prize
 of life for which    the young man     
fought and strove2 the loveliest ,helen 
could only    mould the spirit of one   
,paris1 even though her beauty might be 

the coveted object of all manly valour4 
,the feminine sex1 despite    the       
splendid examples of every virtue that  
it exhibited in    ,greece1 as          
elsewhere1 remained there only a        
secondary object of    the manly life4  
,the thoughts of aspiring youths reached
 towards    something higher4 ,the bond 
of friendship which they knitted among  
themselves or with grown men1 compelled 
them into a school which    ,aspasia    
herself could hardly have introduced    
them to2 so that in    many of the      
states of ,greece manly love became     
surrounded and    accompanied by those  
intelligent and educational influences1 
that    permanence of character and     
devotion1 whose sentiment and meaning   
we read of in ,plato almost as if in a  
romance from some far    planet40       
,sidenote3 ,von ,kupffer on ,ethics and 
,politics    ,elisar von ,kupffer1 in   
the introduction to his ,anthology1 from
 which ,i  have already quoted a few    
extracts1 speaks at some length on the  

great  ethical and political            
significance of a loving comradeship4   
,he says3--      8,in open linkage and  
attachment to each other ought youth to 
rejoice in youth4 ,in attachment to     
another1 one loses the habit    of      
thinking only of self4 ,in the love and 
tender care and    instruction that the 
youth receives from his lover he learns 
from    boyhood up to recognise the good
 of self-sacrifice and devotion2    and 
in the love which he shows1 whether in  
the smaller or the    greater offerings 
of an intimate friendship1 he accustoms 
himself    to self-sacrifice for        
another4 ,in this way the young man is  
early    nurtured into a member of the  
,community--to a useful member and      
not one who has self and only self in   
mind4 ,and how much closer    thus does 
unit grow to unit1 till indeed the whole
 comes to feel    itself a whole6444    
8,the close relationship between two men
 has this further    result--that folk  
instinctively and not without reason    

judge    of one from the other2 so that 
should the one be worthy and            
honorable1 he naturally will be anxious 
that the other should    not bring a    
slur upon him4 ,thus there arises a bond
 of moral    responsibility with regard 
to character4 ,and what can be of more  
advantage to the community than that the
 individual members    should feel      
responsible for each other8 ,surely it  
is just that    which constitutes       
national sentiment1 and the strength of 
a    people1 namely1 that it should form
 a complete whole in itself1    where   
each unit feels locked and linked with  
the others4 ,such    unions may be of   
the greatest social value1 as in the    
case of    the family4 ,and it is       
especially in the hour of danger that   
the    effect of this unity of feeling  
shows itself2 for where one man         
stands or falls with another1 where glad
 self-sacrifice1 learnt    in boyhood1  
becomes so to speak1 a warm-hearted     
instinct1 there    is developed a power 

of incalculable import1 a power that    
folly    alone can hold cheap4 ,indeed1 
the unconquerable force of these        
unions has already been practically     
shown1 as in the ,sacred    ,band of the
 ,thebans who fought to its bitter end  
the battle of    ,leuctra2 and1         
psychologically speaking1 the           
explanation is most    natural2 for     
where one person feels himself united1  
body and    soul to another1 is it not  
natural that he should put forth all    
his powers in order to help the other1  
in order to manifest his    love for him
 in every way8 ,if any one cannot or    
will not perceive    this we may indeed 
well doubt either the intelligence of   
his head    or the morality of his      
heart40    ,sidenote3 ,friedrich ,rckert
 to his ,friend    ,friedrich ,rckert   
7#aghh-ahff71 ,professor of ,oriental   
,literature in  ,berlin1 wrote verses in
 memory of his friend ,joseph ,kopp3--  
8,how shall ,i know myself without thee1
    ,who knew myself as part of thee8   

,i only know one half is vanished1      
,and half alone is left1 of me4         
,never again my proper mind    ,i'll    
know2 for thee ,i'll never find4        
,never again1 out there in space1       
,i'll find thee2 but here1 deep within4 
,i see1 tho' not in dreams1 thy face2   
,my waking eyes thy presence win1       
,and all my thought and poesy    ,are   
but my offering to thee4      444       
,my ,jonathan1 now hast thou fled1      
,and ,i to weep thy loss remain2    ,if 
,david's harp might grace my hands    ,o
 might it help to ease my pain6    ,my  
friend1 my ,joseph1 true of faith1      
,in life so loved--so loved in death40  
,sidenote3 ,rough ,weather ,friends     
,and the following are by ,joseph       
,kitir1 an ,austrian poet3--      8,not 
where breathing roses bless    ,the     
night1 or summer airs caress2    ,not in
 ,nature's sacred grove2    ,no1 but at 
a tap-room table1    ,sitting in the    
window-gable    ,did we plight our troth
 of love4      ,no fair lime tree's     

roofing shade    ,by the spring wind    
gently swayed    ,formed for us a bower 
of bliss2    ,no1 stormbound1 but       
love-intent1    ,there against the damp 
wall bent    ,we two bartered kiss for  
kiss4      ,therefore shalt thou1 ,love 
so rare    7,child of storms and wintry 
air71    ,not like ,spring's sweet      
fragrance fade4    ,even in sorrow thou 
shalt flourish1    ,frost shall not make
 thee afraid1    ,and in storms thou    
shalt not perish40    ,sidenote3 ,ludwig
 ,,ii4 to ,richard ,wagner    ,on p4    
#aed1 #aee above are given some letters 
of ,richard ,wagner relative to  ,ludwig
 ,,ii4's deep attachment to him4 ,below 
are some of the actual letters  of      
,ludwig to ,wagner4 7,see ,prof4 ,c4    
,beyer's book1 ,ludwig ,,ii41 ,knig von 
,bayern47      8,dear ,friend1 ,o ,i see
 clearly that your sufferings are       
deep-rooted6 ,you tell me1 beloved      
friend1 that you have looked    deep    
into the hearts of men1 and seen there  
the villainy and    corruption that     

dwells within4 ,yes1 ,i believe you1 and
 ,i can    well understand that moments 
come to you of disgust with the    human
 race2 yet always will we remember 7will
 we not1 beloved87    that there are yet
 many noble and good people1 for whom it
 is a    real pleasure to live and work4
 ,and yet you say you are no use    for 
this world6--,i pray you1 do not        
despair1 your true friend    conjures   
you2 have ,courage3 #8,love helps us to 
bear and suffer all    things1 love     
brings at last the victor's crown6'     
,love recognises1    even in the most   
corrupt1 the germ of good2 she alone    
overcomes    all6--,live on1 darling of 
my soul4 ,i recall your own words to    
you4    ,to learn to forget is a noble  
work6--,let us be careful to hide    the
 faults of others2 it was for all men   
indeed that the ,saviour    died and    
suffered4 ,and now1 what a pity that    
#8,tristan' can not be    presented     
to-day2 will it perhaps to-morrow8 ,is  
there any chance8                       

,unto death your faithful friend1       
,,ludwig40      #aeth ,may1 #ahfe4      
8,purschling1 #dth ,aug41 #ahfe4        
8,my one1 my much-loved ,friend1--,you  
express to me your sorrow    that1 as it
 seems to you1 each one of our last     
meetings has only    brought pain and   
anxiety to me4--,must ,i then remind my 
loved    one of ,brynhilda's            
words8--,not only in gladness and       
enjoyment1    but in suffering also     
,love makes man blest4444 ,when does my 
friend think of coming to the           
#8,hill-,top1' to the woodland's        
aromatic breezes8--,should a stay in    
that particular spot not    altogether  
suit1 why1 ,i beg my dear one to choose 
any of my other    mountain-cabins for  
his residence4--,what is mine is his6   
,perhaps    we may meet on the way      
between the ,wood and the ,world1 as my 
friend expressed it6444 ,to thee ,i am  
wholly devoted2 for thee1    for thee   
only to live6                    ,unto  
death your own1 your faithful           

,,ludwig40      8,hohenschwangau1 #bnd  
,nov41 #ahfe4      8,my one ,friend1 my 
ardently beloved6 ,this afternoon1 at   
#c4cj1    ,i returned from a glorious   
tour in ,switzerland6 ,how this land    
delighted me6--,there ,i found your dear
 letter2 deepest warmest    thanks for  
the same4 ,with new and burning         
enthusiasm has it    filled me2 ,i see  
that the beloved marches boldly and     
confidently    forward1 towards our     
great and eternal goal4      8,all      
hindrances ,i will victoriously like a  
hero overcome4 ,i am    entirely at thy 
disposal2 let me now dutifully prove    
it4--,yes1 we    must meet and speak    
together4 ,i will banish all evil       
clouds2 ,love    has strength for all4  
,you are the star that shines upon my   
life1    and the sight of you ever      
wonderfully strengthens me4--,ardently  
,i long for you1 ,o my presiding ,saint1
 to whom ,i pray6 ,i should    be       
immensely pleased to see my friend here 
in about a week2 oh1    we have plenty  

to say6 ,if only ,i could quite banish  
from me the    curse of which you speak1
 and send it back to the deeps of night 
from whence it sprang6--,how ,i love1   
how ,i love you1 my one1 my    highest  
good6444      8,my enthusiasm and love  
for you are boundless4 ,once more ,i    
swear    you faith till death6          
,ever1 ever your devoted                
,,ludwig40    ,sidenote3 ,byron's       
,calmar and ,orla    ,byron's 8,death of
 ,calmar and ,orla3 an ,imitation of    
,ossian10 is1 like his  8,nisus and     
,euryalus0 7see above1 p4 #afc71 a story
 of two hero-friends  who1 refusing to  
be separated1 die together in battle3-- 
8,in ,morven dwelt the chief2 a beam of 
war to ,fingal4 ,his steps    in the    
field were marked in blood4 ,lochlin's  
sons had fled    before his angry spear2
 but mild was the eye of ,calmar2 soft  
was    the flow of his yellow locks3    
they streamed like the meteor of    the 
night4 ,no maid was the sigh of his     
soul3 his thoughts were    given to     

friendship--to dark-haired ,orla1       
destroyer of heroes6    ,equal were     
their swords in battle2 but fierce was  
the pride of    ,orla--gentle alone to  
,calmar4 ,together they dwelt in the    
cave of    ,oithona40 ,orla is sent by  
the ,king on a mission of danger amid   
the hosts of the enemy4 ,calmar insists 
on accompanying him1 in    spite of all 
entreaties to the contrary4 ,they are   
discovered4 ,a    fight ensues1 and they
 are slain4 8,morn glimmers on the      
hills3    no living foe is seen2 but the
 sleepers are many2 grim they lie    on 
,erin4 ,the breeze of ocean lifts their 
locks2 yet they do not    awake4 ,the   
hawks scream above their prey4          
8,whose yellow locks wave o'er the      
breast of a chief8 ,bright as    the    
gold of the stranger they mingle with   
the dark hair of his    friend4 ',tis   
,calmar3 he lies on the bosom of ,orla4 
,theirs is one    stream of blood4      
,fierce is the look of gloomy ,orla4 ,he
 breathes    not1 but his eye is still  

aflame4 ,it glares in death unclosed4   
,his hand is grasped in ,calmar's2 but  
,calmar lives6 ,he lives1    though low4
 #8,rise1' said the ,king1 #8,rise1 son 
of ,mora3 'tis mine    to heal the      
wounds of heroes4 ,calmar may yet bound 
on the hills    of ,morven4'            
8#8,never more shall ,calmar chase the  
deer of ,morven with ,orla1'    said the
 hero4 #8,what were the chase to me     
alone8 ,who should share    the spoils  
of battle with ,calmar8 ,orla is at     
rest4 ,rough was    thy soul1 ,orla6    
,yet soft to me as the dew of morn4 ,it 
glared on    others in lightning3 to me 
a silver beam of night4 ,bear my sword  
to blue-eyed ,mora2 let it hang in my   
empty hall4 ,it is not pure    from     
blood3 but it could not save ,orla4 ,lay
 me with my friend4    ,raise the song  
when ,i am dead4'0 ,so they are laid by 
the stream    of ,lubar1 and four gray  
stones mark the dwelling of ,orla and   
,calmar4    ,sidenote3 ,hckel's ,visit  
to ,ceylon    ,ernst ,hckel1 in his     

8,visit to ,ceylon0 describes the       
devotion entertained  for him by his    
,rodiya serving-boy at ,belligam1 near  
,galle4 ,the keeper of  the rest-house  
at ,belligam was an old and             
philosophically-minded man1  whom       
,hckel1 from his likeness to a well     
known head1 could not help  calling by  
the name of ,socrates4 ,and he          
continues3--    ,sidenote3 ,his ,rodiya 
,boy      8,it really seemed as though  
,i should be pursued by the familiar    
aspects of classical antiquity from the 
first moment of my    arrival at my     
idyllic home4 ,for1 as ,socrates led me 
up the steps    of the open central hall
 of the rest-house1 ,i saw before me1   
with    uplifted arms in an attitude of 
prayer1 a beautiful naked brown         
figure1 which could be nothing else than
 the famous statue of the    #8,youth   
adoring4' ,how surprised ,i was when the
 graceful bronze    statue suddenly came
 to life1 and dropping his arms fell on 
his    knees1 and1 after raising his    

black eyes imploringly to mine1    bowed
 his handsome face so low at my feet    
that his long black    hair fell on the 
floor6 ,socrates informed me that this  
boy was a    ,pariah1 a member of the   
lowest caste1 the ,rodiyas1 who had lost
    his parents at an early age1 so he  
had taken pity on him4 ,he was    told  
off to my exclusive service1 had nothing
 to do the livelong    day but obey my  
wishes1 and was a good boy1 sure to do  
his duty    punctually4 ,in answer to   
the question what ,i was to call my new 
body-servant1 the old man informed me   
that his name was ,gamameda4    ,of     
course ,i immediately thought of        
,ganymede1 for the favorite of    ,jove 
himself could not have been more finely 
made1 or have had    limbs more         
beautifully proportioned and moulded4   
,as ,gamameda also    displayed a       
peculiar talent as butler1 and never    
allowed anyone    else to open me a     
cocoa-nut or offer me a glass of palm   
wine1 it    was no more than right that 

,i should dub him ,ganymede4            
8,among the many beautiful figures which
 move in the foreground    of my        
memories of the paradise of ,ceylon1    
,ganymede remains one    of my dearest  
favorites4 ,not only did he fulfil his  
duties with    the greatest attention   
and conscientiousness1 but he developed 
a    personal attachment and devotion to
 me which touched me deeply4    ,the    
poor boy1 as a miserable outcast of the 
,rodiya caste1 had    been from his     
birth the object of the deepest contempt
 of his    fellow-men1 and subjected to 
every sort of brutality and             
ill-treatment4 ,with the single         
exception of old ,socrates1 who    was  
not too gentle with him either1 no one  
perhaps had ever    cared for him in any
 way4 ,he was evidently as much         
surprised as    delighted to find me    
willing to be kind to him from the      
first4444    ,i owe many beautiful and  
valuable contributions to my museum     
to ,ganymede's unfailing zeal and       

dexterity4 ,with the keen eye1    the   
neat hand1 and the supple agility of the
 ,cinghalese youth1    he could catch a 
fluttering moth or a gliding fish with  
equal    promptitude2 and his nimbleness
 was really amazing1 when1 out          
hunting1 he climbed the tall trees like 
a cat1 or scrambled    through the      
densest jungle to recover the prize ,i  
had killed40    ,my ,visit to ,ceylon1  
by ,ernst ,hckel1 p4 #bjj4 7,kegan      
,paul1    ,trench  ,co41 #ahhc74        
,hckel stayed some weeks in and around  
,belligam2 and continues1 7p4 #bgb73--  
8,on my return to ,belligam ,i had to   
face one of the hardest duties    of my 
whole stay in ,ceylon3 to tear myself   
away from this lovely    spot of earth1 
where ,i had spent six of the happiest  
and most    interesting weeks in my     
life4444 ,but hardest of all was the    
parting from my faithful ,ganymede2 the 
poor lad wept bitterly1    and implored 
me to take him with me to ,europe4 ,in  
vain had ,i    assured him that it was  

impossible1 and told him of our chill   
climate and dull skies4 ,he clung to my 
knees and declared that    he would     
follow me unhesitatingly wherever ,i    
would take him4 ,i    was at last almost
 obliged to use force to free myself    
from his    embrace4 ,i got into the    
carriage which was waiting1 and as ,i   
waved a last farewell to my good brown  
friends1 ,i almost felt as    if ,i had 
been expelled from ,paradise40          
,sidenote3 ,edward ,fitzgerald's        
friendships    ,edward ,fitzgerald1 the 
interpreter and translator of ,omar     
,khayyam1 was  a man of the deepest     
feeling and sensibility1 with a special 
gift for  friendship4 ,men like         
,tennyson and ,thackeray declared that  
they loved him  best of all their       
friends4 ,he himself said in one of his 
letters 8,my  friendships are more like 
loves40 ,a4 ,c4 ,benson1 his biographer1
 writes of  him3--      8,he was always 
taking fancies1 and once under the spell
 he could    see no faults in his       

friend4 ,his friendship for ,browne     
arose out    of one of these romantic   
impulses4 ,so too his affection for     
,posh1    the boatman2 for ,cowell1 and 
for ,alfred ,smith1 the farmer of       
,farlingay and ,boulge1 who had been his
 protg as a boy4 ,he seems    to have   
been one of those whose best friendships
 are reserved for    men2 for though he 
had beloved women friends like ,mrs4    
,cowell    and ,mrs4 ,kemble1 yet these 
are the exceptions rather than the      
rule4 ,the truth is1 there was a strong 
admixture of the feminine    in         
,fitzgerald's character40 ,fitzgerald1  
,english ,men of ,letters    ,series1   
ch4 viii4    ,sidenote3 ,fitzgerald and 
,posh    ,the friendship with ,posh1 the
 fisherman1 at ,lowestoft and at        
,woodbridge1  lasted over many years4   
,fitzgerald had a herring-lugger built  
for him1  which he called the ,meum and 
,tuum1 and in which they had many a sail
  together4 ,benson1 speaking of their  
first meeting1 says3--      8,in the    

same year #ahfd came another great      
friendship4 ,he made    the acquaintance
 of a stalwart sailor named ,joseph     
,fletcher1    commonly called ,posh4 ,it
 was at ,lowestoft that he was found1   
where ,fitzgerald used1 as he wrote in  
#ahej1 #8to wander about    the shore at
 night longing for some fellow to accost
 me who    might give some promise of   
filling up a very vacant place in my    
heart4' ,posh had seen the melancholy   
figure wandering about1    and years    
after1 when ,fitz used to ask him why he
 had not been    merciful enough to     
speak to him1 ,posh would reply that he 
had    not thought it becoming4 ,posh   
was1 in ,fitzgerald's own words1 #8a    
man of the finest ,saxon type1 with a   
complexion1 vif1 mle et    flamboyant1  
blue eyes1 a nose less than ,roman1 more
 than ,greek1    and strictly auburn    
hair that woman might sigh to possess4' 
,he was too1 according to ,fitz1 #8a man
 of simplicity of soul1    justice of   
thought1 tenderness of nature1 a        

gentleman of ,nature's    grandest      
type4' ,fitz became deeply devoted to   
this big-handed1    soft-hearted1 grave 
fellow1 then #bd years of age40         
,ibid1 ch4 iii4          ,,footnotes    
#a ,this curious oracle seems purposely 
to confuse the singular and  plural4    
#b ,digression in praise of the         
political administration of the         
,pisistratid4    #c 8,for the two men   
lived together1 and had their           
possessions in  common40 ,iamblichus1 de
 ,vita ,pythagor bk4 i4 ch4 #cc4    #d  
8,for now we see by means of a mirror   
darkly 7lit4  enigmatically72 but then  
face to face2 now ,i know in part2 but  
then  shall ,i know even as also ,i am  
known40 #a ,cor4 xiii4 #ab4    #e ,seen 
within the flower we call ,larkspur4    
#f ,the ,sun4    #g ,benecke1 ,woman in 
,greek ,poetry1 traces a germ of this   
romance  even in ,greek days4    #h 8,de
 la ,servitude ,volontaire04    #i ,as  
,whitman in this connection 7like       
,tennyson in connection with  ,in       

,memoriam7 is sure to be accused of     
morbidity1 it may be worth  while to    
insert the following note from ,in re   
,walt ,whitman1 p4  #aae1 8,dr4         
,drinkard in #ahgj1 when ,whitman broke 
down from rupture of  a small           
blood-vessel in the brain1 wrote to a   
,philadelphia doctor  detailing         
,whitman's case1 and stating that he was
 a man #8with the  most natural habits1 
bases1 and organisation he had ever     
seen4'0          ,index          ,,index
        ,achilles and ,patroclus1 #de1  
#fh et seq41 #gd1 #he      schylus1 on  
,achilles1 #gb1 #gc      ,african       
,customs1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ad      ,agathon1
 epigram to1 by ,plato1 #gi             
,agesilaus and ,lysander1 #ag           
,albania1 ,customs1 #bj1 #ba            
,alexander the ,great and ,hephstion1   
#ahh      ,amis and ,amile1 story of1   
#ajf      ,anacreon1 epigram1 #gg2      
to ,bathyllus1 #gg      ,anne1          
,princess1 and ,lady ,churchill1 #adf   
,anselm's letters to brother ,monks1    

#ajd2      to ,lanfranc1 #ajd2      to  
,gondulph1 #aje      ,apollo and        
,hyacinth1 #hh      ,arabia1 customs1   
#ab1 #aji1 #aai      ,archidamus and    
,cleonymus1 #ag      ,aristophanes1     
speech of1 #ea et seq4      ,aristotle  
quoted1 #ahe      ,aster1 epigrams to1  
by ,plato1 #gh      ,athenus quoted1    
#be1 #bh1 #gd1 #adg      ,augustine1    
,saint1 his friend1 #ii et seq4         
,bacon1 ,francis1 quoted1 #acg          
,bagdad ,dervish1 story of1 #aaf2       
another story1 #agg      ,balonda1      
ceremonies among1 #d      ,banyai1      
customs among the1 #ad      ,barnfield1 
,richard1 8,the ,affectionate           
,shepheard10 #acc2      ,sonnets1 #acd  
et seq4      ,baylis1 ,j4 ,w41 quoted1  
#cf1 #ij      ,beaconsfield1 ,lord1 on  
boy-friendships1 #afh      ,beaumont and
 ,fletcher1 #aia et seq4      ,bengali  
coolies1 #g      ,benecke1 ,e4 ,f4 ,m41 
quoted1 #fh1 #ig      ,bernard1 ,saint1 
#ajc      ,bion quoted1 #hf      ,blood1
 mutual tasting of1 #e      ,browne1    

,sir ,thomas1 8,religio ,medici0 quoted1
 #add      ,browning1 ,robert1 poem by1 
#agd      ,bruno1 ,giordano1 quoted1    
#acj      ,buckingham1 ,j4 ,s41 ,travels
 in ,assyria1 c41 #aae et seq4          
,butler1 ,lady ,e41 and ,miss ,ponsonby1
 #afa1 #afb      ,byron1 letter to ,miss
 ,pigot1 #afj2      friendship with     
,eddleston1 #afa2      paraphrase of    
story of ,nisus and ,euryalus1 #afc2    
comments by ,t4 ,moore1 #afd2      story
 of ,calmar and ,orla1 #bag             
,callias and ,autolycus1 #ei            
,calmar and ,orla1 #bag      ,carlyle1  
,t41 on ,fritz of ,prussia and von      
,katte1 #bje      ,catullus1 #hi2       
to ,quintius1 #ib2      to ,juventius1  
#ib2      to ,licinius1 #ic             
,chrona1 battle of1 #bb1 #bc1 #fh       
,chariton and ,melanippus1 #ae2         
story of1 #bi      ,chivalry1 customs   
of1 in ,arabia and ,africa1 #aa1 #ab1   
#ad      ,chivalry1 medival1 compared   
with ,greek friendship1 #ae1 #de1 #dg   
,christian influences1 #ig et seq4      

,christian and ,greek ,ideals compared1 
#ih      ,cleomachus1 story of1 #bg     
,comrade-attachment1 institution in the 
early world1 #a et seq41          #da1  
#df1 #agg1 c42      essential part of   
,greek civilisation1 #da1 #db et seq41  
#bjh1 #bji2      romance of1 #db1 #df1  
#dg1 #eb1 #ec1 #ef-fj1 #fh et seq42     
heroic quality1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #af1     
#ba-be1 #bh1 #ca-cg1 #ej1 #ea1 c42      
,educational value1 #af-ba1 #df1 #di1   
#gd1 #baj1 #baa2      relation to       
chivalry1 #aa-af1 #de1 #dg1 #ig2        
relation to ,politics1 #db1 #df1 #di1   
#ej1 #ii1 #adg1 #baa1 #bab2             
relation to ,philosophy1 #cj1 #dg-fc2   
relation to the ,divine ,love1 #dh1     
#ed-ei1 #fc1 #acj1 #acb1 #acc1 #ade     
,cratinus and ,aristodemus1 #ae         
,crete1 customs1 #ag        ,damon and  
,pythias1 #h2      story of1 #cf        
,dante quoted1 #fi      ,david and      
,jonathan1 #f1 #g1 #ae1 #ajh            
,democratic ,vistas quoted1 #agh        
,dickinson1 ,g4 ,l41 quoted1 #de1 #ge   

,diocles1 tomb honoured by lovers1 #bj1 
#hb      ,diocles and ,philolaus1 #ae1  
#ai      ,diomedes and ,sthenelus1 #de  
,diotima the prophetess1 #ec1 #abi      
,don ,karlos and the ,marquis of ,posa1 
#aii et seq4      ,dorian customs1 #af  
et seq4        ,eastern countries and   
poets1 #aji      ,eighteenth ,century1  
influence of1 #adg      ,emerson1 ,r4   
,w41 essay on friendship1 #age          
,epaminondas1 #bh1 #bi2      and        
,pelopidas1 #ahe      ,epigrams1 ,greek 
,anthology1 #hj2      of ,plato1 #gh1   
#gi      ,epitaph1 ,greek ,anthology1   
#hj      ,exchange of gifts1 #e1 #f1 #g1
 #ah1 #cf2      of names1 #e1 #f2       
of flowers1 #g        ,fitzgerald1      
,edward1 friendship for ,tennyson1      
,thackeray and others1          #bbb2   
devotion to ,fletcher1 or #8,posh1' the 
sailor1 #bbc1 #bbd      ,fletcher1      
,john1 lament for ,francis ,beaumont1   
#aid      ,flower ,friends1 #g          
,fraunce1 ,abraham1 translation of      
,virgil1 #ia      ,frederick the ,great1

 his friendship with von ,katte1 #bjd et
 seq42      poems by1 #bjg      ,frey1  
,ludwig1 quoted1 #de1 #adi              
,gamameda or ,ganymede1 #bbj            
,ganymede1 #eg1 #hb      ,germans1      
primitive1 #aa1 #ac      ,germany1      
modern1 #adg et seq4      ,goethe1 on   
,winckelmann and ,greek friendships1    
#adi2      poem by1 #aej      ,greek    
friendship compared with medival        
chivalry1 #ae1 #de1 #dg        ,hckel1  
,ernst1 and his ,rodiya boy in ,ceylon1 
#bai et seq4      ,hafiz quoted1 #aac1  
#aij      ,hallam1 ,arthur1 and         
,tennyson1 #afi et seq4      ,harmodius 
and ,aristogeiton1 #ae1 #bh2      story 
of1 #cb      ,hazlitt1 ,wm41 ,life of   
,montaigne quoted1 #abd      ,hephstion1
 favorite of ,alexander the ,great1 #ahh
      ,hercules and ,iolus1 #bc1 #be1   
#dd      ,herder on ,greek friendship1  
#bjh1 #bji      ,hermaphrodites1 #eb    
,homer's ,iliad1 motive of1 #fh-gb      
,hyacinth1 favorite of ,apollo1 #hg2    
story of1 #hh        ,idomeneus and     

,meriones1 #de      8,in ,memoriam10    
,tennyson's1 reviled by the 8,times10   
#afi2      quoted1 #agj et seq4         
,iolus1 #bc1 #be1 #dd                   
,jalal-ud-din ,rumi1 #aji1 #aaj1 #aaa   
,jealousy in friendship1 #i             
,kasendi1 an ,african ceremony1 #e      
,khalifa at ,khartoum1 #ab      ,kitir1 
,joseph1 verses by1 #bac                
,lacedmonians1 customs among1 #be       
,ladies1 the1 of ,llangollen1 #afa1 #afb
      8,leaves of ,grass0 quoted1       
#agi-aha      ,leigh ,hunt on           
school-friendships1 #aff1 #afg          
,lover answerable for his friend1 #ah2  
disgraceful for a youth not to have a   
lover1 ibid      ,lovers invincible in  
battle1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1 #bc1 #bd1 #bh    
,lucian quoted1 #ce      ,ludwig of     
,bavaria and ,r4 ,wagner1 #aec et seq42 
letters to ,wagner1 #bad et seq4        
,macaulay's ,history of ,england quoted1
 #ade1 #adf      ,maid's ,tragedy       
quoted1 #aie      ,manganjas1 ceremonies
 among1 #e      ,mania1 divine1 #ed     

,marquesas ,islands1 #i      ,martial's 
epigrams quoted1 #id      ,maximus      
,tyrius quoted1 #abi      8,may and     
,death10 poem by ,browning1 #agd        
,melantius and ,amintor1 #aie           
,meleager1 verses by1 #gi               
,melville1 ,herman1 quoted1 #h et seq4  
,michel ,angelo1 ,sonnets1 #abi2        
quoted1 #aca et seq4      ,military     
,comradeship1 #aa et seq4      ,monastic
 life1 friendship in1 #ig1 #ajc et seq4 
,montaigne and ,stephen de la ,botie1   
#abc et seq42      on marriage1 #abe    
,montalembert quoted1 #ajc et seq4      
,moore1 ,t41 on ,byron's friendships1   
#afd      ,moschus1 lament for ,bion1   
#hf      ,mulamirin1 or bodyguard of    
,khalifa1 #ac      ,mller1 ,history and 
,antiquities of the ,doric ,race1 #af et
 seq4        ,niobe1 the sons of1 #bf1  
#bg        ,orestes and ,pylades1 #ae1  
#dd2      story of1 #ce                 
,parmenides and ,zeno1 #cj              
,patroclus and ,achilles1 #de1 #fh1 #gd1
 #he      ,penn1 ,william1 quoted1 #ade 

,persia1 customs1 #aji1 #aai            
,persian ,poetry1 #aaj et seq41 #ahi1   
#aij      ,phdo1 story of1 #ca          
,phdrus of ,plato1 #dg1 #di1 #ee        
,pheidias and ,pantarkes1 #cj           
,philip of ,macedon and the ,theban     
,band1 #bc      ,pindar to ,theoxenos1  
#gh2      see also #aec      ,platen1   
,count ,august von1 #aea2      sonnets  
to his friend ,karl ,theodor ,german1   
#aea1 #aeb2      sonnet on death of     
,pindar1 #aec      ,plato quoted1 #af1  
#dh et seq41 #gb1 #gc2      epigrams1   
#gh      ,plutarch quoted1 #bb1 #bf1    
#bg1 #fa et seq42      referred to1 #abc
      ,polemon and ,krates1 #ahg        
,polynesian ,apollo1 #i      ,polynesian
 customs1 #h et seq4      #8,posh' and  
,edward ,fitzgerald1 #bbc1 #bbd         
,potter1 ,archbishop1 quoted1 #adg      
,raffalovich quoted1 #aea               
,reminiscence1 true love a1 #ee-ei      
,renaissance1 influence of1 #ii1 #abc   
,rckert1 verses to his friend1 ,joseph  
,kopp1 #ba        ,saadi quoted1 #aac1  

#ahi1 #aij      ,sacred ,band1 see      
,theban ,band      ,sacredness of       
friendship in the early world1 #aj1 #cg1
 #de      ,sappho1 #ge2      to ,lesbia1
 #gf      ,schiller quoted1 #aih et seq4
      ,school-friendships1 #afe et seq4 
,sentiment of ,comradeship1 influenced  
by ,christianity1 #ig et seq42      by  
the ,renaissance1 #ii1 #abc2      its   
place in the monastic life1 #ig1 #ajc et
 seq42      in modern ,democracy1 #agh1 
#baa      ,shakespeare1 #abh1 #ach1     
#aeb2      sonnets quoted1 #aci et seq42
      ,merchant of ,venice1 #adb2       
,henry ,v41 #adc      ,shelley1         
,adonais1 #hf2      essay on friendship1
 #afe      ,sidney1 ,philip1 friendship 
with ,fulke ,greville1 #abg2      with  
,hubert ,languet1 #abg1 #abh            
,sininyane and ,moshoshoma1 #e1 #f      
,socrates1 his views1 #dg2      quoted1 
#ec et seq41 #eh1 #ei1 #ge              
,socrates and ,phdo1 #ca                
,sophocles1 his tragedy of ,niobe1 #gd  
,sparta1 customs1 #af      ,suleyman the

 ,magnificent and ,ibrahim1 #aad        
,symonds1 ,j4 ,a41 quoted1 #ae1 #bj1    
#ca1 #dg1 #fh1 #gi      ,symposium of   
,plato1 #dh et seq42      speech of     
,phdrus1 #di2      of ,pausanias1 #ea2  
of ,aristophanes1 #eb2      of          
,socrates1 #ec1 #ed2      also #gb      
,symposium of ,xenophon1 #ei-fa         
,tacitus1 ,germania1 #aa      ,tahiti1  
customs in1 #h      ,tennyson1 ,alfred1 
and his friend ,hallam1 #afi2      8,in 
,memoriam0 quoted1 #agj et seq4         
,theban ,band1 account of1 #ba et seq42 
also #bh1 #fh1 #baa      ,theocritus1   
,idyll xii41 #hj et seq42      ,idyll   
xxix41 #hc      ,theognis and ,kurnus1  
#gd1 #ge      ,theseus and ,pirithus1   
#ae1 #dd1 #he      ,thirlwall1 ,bishop1 
quoted1 #dd      ,thoreau1 ,h4 ,d41     
quoted1 #age-f      ,thucydides quoted1 
#cb        ,ulrichs1 ,k4 ,h41 #aeg2     
verses quoted1 #aei      ,valerius      
,maximus quoted1 #cg      ,vauvenargues 
and ,de ,seytres1 #aif1 #aig            
,virgil1 #bnd ,eclogue1 #ij2            

imitated1 #acc      ,vision1 the divine1
 #ee1 #ef1 #eh      ,von ,katte1 his    
execution1 #bje      ,von ,kupffer1     
,anthology quoted1 #ahi1 #aij1 #baj1    
#baa        ,wagner1 ,richard1          
friendship with ,ludwig ,,ii41 #aec2    
letters1 #aed1 #aee2      on ,greek     
comradeship1 #aef      ,whitman1 ,walt1 
his 8love of comrades10 #agg2           
,democratic ,vistas quoted1 #agh2       
,leaves of ,grass quoted1 #agi-aha      
,william of ,orange and ,bentinck1 #ade 
,winckelmann1 #adh2      his letters1   
#adh2      ,goethe on1 #adi      ,,the  
,,end4    ,printed by ,s4 ,,clarke1 #da1
 ,granby ,row1 ,manchester              
,other ,works by the same ,author3      
,,towards ,,democracy3 complete ,poems4 
,library ,edition1 #aije1 cloth1 gilt   
edge1 #ejf pp41 #c_/f net4      ,,the   
,,same4 ,pocket ,edition1 ,india paper1 
with limp binding and gilt    edge1     
#c_/f net4    ,,england',s ,,ideal and  
other ,papers on ,social ,subjects4     
,fourth ,edition1  #aijb1 pp4 #agf1     

cloth1 #b_/f2 paper1 #a_/-              
,,civilisation3 ,,its ,,cause ,,and     
,,cure1 essays on ,modern ,science1 c4  
,eighth  ,edition1 #aijf1 pp4 #agf1     
cloth1 #b_/f2 paper1 #a_/-              
99,,love',s ,,coming ,,of ,,age3 a      
series of papers on the ,relations of   
the ,sexes4  ,fourth ,edition1 #aijc1   
pp4 #afh1 cloth1 #c_/f net4    ,,angels'
 ,,wings3 ,essays on ,art and ,life1    
with nine full-page plates1 cloth  gilt1
 pp4 #bdh1 #f_/-    ,,adam',s ,,peak    
,,to ,,elephanta3 sketches in ,ceylon   
and ,india4 ,new ,edition1  #aijc1 cloth
 gilt1 #d_/f    ,,the ,,story ,,of      
,,eros ,,and ,,psyche1 with first book  
of ,homer's ,iliad done into  ,english1 
and frontispiece1 cloth gilt1 #b_/f     
99,,iol,,us3 ,an ,anthology of          
,friendship4 ,printed in old face       
,caslon type1  with ornamental initials 
and side notes2 cloth1 gilt edge1 #b_/f 
net4    ,,chants ,,of ,,labour3 a       
,songbook for the ,people1 edited by    
,,edward ,,carpenter4  ,with            

frontispiece and cover by ,,walter      
,,crane4 ,paper1 #a_/-      7,all the   
above published by ,,swan ,,sonnenschein
  ,,co41 ,,ltd4 ,those    marked 99     
published also by ,s4 ,,clarke1         
,manchester47    ,,the ,,art ,,of       
,,creation3 ,essays on the ,self and its
 ,powers4 ,cloth1 gilt edge1  #bff pp41 
#e_/- net 7#aijd7    ,,days ,,with      
,,walt ,,whitman1 with some ,notes on   
his ,life and ,work1 and  ,portraits4   
,cloth1 gilt edge1 #ahg pp41 #e_/- net4 
7#aijf7      7,published by ,,george    
,,allen1 ,london47    ,,an ,,unknown    
,,people3 ,pamphlet on ,intermediate    
,types of ,men and ,women1 ,price  #f;d4
 net4      7,published by ,a4  ,h4 ,b4  
,,bonner1 ,took's ,court1 ,e4,c47       
,,prisons1 ,,police ,,and ,,punishment3 
an ,inquiry into the ,causes and        
,treatment  of ,crime and ,criminals4   
,crown #hvo41 cloth1 #b_/- net4 7#aijd7 
,,edward ,,carpenter2 ,,the ,,man ,,and 
,,his ,,message4 ,pamphlet by ,,tom     
,,swan1 with two  portraits and copious 

extracts from the above works1 price    
#f;d4 net4      7,published by ,a4 ,c4  
,,fifield1 ,london47