,,lyn*-,,law ,,an ,,inve/igation ,,into ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,lyn*+ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,by ,,james ,,elb]t ,,cutl]1 ,,ph4,d4 ,in/ructor 9 ,economics 9 ,wellesley ,college2 sometime ,h5ry ,c4 ,rob9son ,fell[ & ,in/ructor 9 ,political ,economy 9 ,yale ,univ]sity ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ia ,,& #ic ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,,london ,,& ,,bombay #aije ,copyright1 #aije ,by ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 ,all rights res]v$ ,! ,plimpton ,press ,norwood ,mass4 ,,=eword ,few p are able to read ab\t lyn*-executions1 ) atroci\s =ms ( torture & cruel dea?1 su* z h occurr$ f "t to "t )9 t5 ye>s 9 ?is c\ntry1 )\t a feel+ ( national %ame4 ,x is necess>y t facts %\ld be kn[n & t public op9ion %\ld be correct$ z to ! e?ics ( t mode ( deal+ ) crime4 ,lyn*-law is a v diff]5t ?+ :]e laws & civil in/itutions are 9 full =ce & activity f :at x is :]e !y are want+4 ,x is n admissible t a self-gov]n+ democracy %\ld plead ! remissness ( its own select$ ag5ts z an excuse = mob-viol5ce4 ,x is a disgrace to our civilization t m5 c be put to dea? by pa9ful me?ods1 :i* our laws h disc>d$ z nev] suitable1 & )\t ! pro(s ( guilt :i* our laws call = 9 any case :atsoev]4 ,x w\ld be a disgrace to u if among/ u m5 %\ld burn a rattlesnake or a mad dog4 ,! badness ( ! victim is n an elem5t 9 ! case at all4 ,torture & burn+ are =bidd51 n because ! victim is n bad en\gh1 b because we are too good4 ,x is on acc\nt ( :at we owe to ourselves t ^! me?ods are %ameful to u1 if we desc5d to !m4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t public op9ion is n educat$ up to ?is level4 ,! read] ( ! pres5t book w le>n v int]e/+ facts ab\t ! causes alleg$ = lyn*+1 & ab\t ! public view ( t crime4 ,_m curr5t errors w be correct$1 & _m notions :i* are irrelevant1 al?\gh !y are popul>ly believ$ to be g]mane & important1 w be set aside4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,sumn]4 ,,new ,,hav51 ,,conn41 ,febru>y1 #aije4 ,,preface ,9 mak+ ?is inve/igation into ! hi/ory ( lyn*+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 my po9t ( view has be5 t ( a /ud5t ( society & social ph5om5a4 ,! purpose ( ! inve/igation has n be5 prim>ily to write ! hi/ory ( lyn*+1 b to det]m9e f ! hi/ory ! causes = ! preval5ce ( ! practice1 to det]m9e :at ! social conditions are "u :i* lyn*-law op]ates1 & to te/ ! validity ( ! argum5ts :i* h be5 advanc$ 9 ju/ification ( lyn*+4 ,at ! pres5t "t _m positive op9ions are held ) ref]5ce to lyn*+1 & ^! are q at v>iance "o ) ano!r4 ,any "o :o attempts to inve/igate a subject "u su* conditions _c hope to escape criticism2 nei!r c he hope to h giv5 ! subject equal consid]ation f e /&po9t4 ,! mo/ t "o c say is t he has pursu$ ! inve/igation ) p]fect hone/y ( purpose & ) op5ness ( m9d4 ,to ?is /udy ( ! hi/ory ( lyn*+ ,i h br\ght no !ories to prove & no consci\s prejudices to confirm4 ,my fir/ endeavor has be5 to obta9 all ! facts possible2 my f9al endeavor has be5 to po9t out ! conclusions cle>ly w>rant$ by su* facts4 ,! mat]ial = a /udy ( ?is nature is f\nd 9 a wide range ( s\rces & ,i gratefully record "h my obligations to ^? :o h aid$ me 9 ! task ( collect+ & sift+ ?is mat]ial4 ,= "s v valuable notes on ! e>ly hi/ory ( lyn*-law ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws1 ( ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts4 ,( 8 notes ,i h made free use1 indicat+ my obligation to him 9 ea* in/ance1 ei!r by ! use ( ! lett] 7,m7 or by special m5tion4 ,six ( ! *apt]s h be5 read by him 9 ! manuscript1 & he has giv5 me mu* enc\ragem5t & k9dly criticism dur+ ! prep>ation ( ^! pages = publication4 ,= _m valuable sugge/ions dur+ ! prosecution ( ?is /udy ,i am indebt$ to memb]s ( ! ,faculty ( ! ,social ,sci5ces ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 especially to ,pr(essors ,sumn]1 ,f>nam1 ,b\rne1 & ,kell]4 ,! editors ( ! ,yale ,review h v c\rte\sly p]mitt$ me to use 9 ,*apt] ,,viii ! mat]ial :i* 0 publi%$ 9 a cond5s$ =m 9 ! ,yale ,review = ,augu/1 #aijd4 ,to _m o!rs :om ,i _c "h m5tion by "n ,i desire to express my ?anks & ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness = in=mation giv5 9 response to inquiries4 ,! numb] ( reque/s :i* h come to h& = copies ( ?is /udy1 f p]sons liv+ 9 v>i\s sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well z 9 ,europe1 & ! att5tion t has be5 giv5 ! subject ( lyn*+s 9 newspap]s & magaz9es1 indicate a desire on ! "p ( ! g5]al public to le>n ! facts conc]n+ lyn*+s4 ,by _m x is believ$ t 9 no o!r respect to-day is ,am]ican civilization s op5 to reproa* z 9 its tol]ation ( ! practice ( lyn*+1 & !re is an increas+ dem& t ?is summ>y me?od ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice be suppress$ & utt]ly aboli%$4 ,t ?is book may contribute 9 "s measure to a bett] und]/&+ ( ?is mo/ s]i\s & difficult problem is ! hope ) :i* x is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! read]4 ,j4 ,e4 ,c4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,page ,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,orig9 ( ! ,t]m ,lyn*-law #ac ,,*apt] ,,iii ,e>ly ,lyn*-law #da ,,*apt] ,,iv ,lyn*-law #ahcj-ahfj #ij ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,recon/ruction ,p]iod #acg ,,*apt] ,,vi ,lyn*+s #aee ,,*apt] ,,vii ,lyn*-law & its ,ju/ification #aic ,,*apt] ,,viii ,rem$ies #bbg ,,*apt] ,,ix ,"s ,conclusions #bfg ,li/ ( ,p]iodicals ,cit$ #bhj ,index #bhb ,,*>ts ,,fac+ ,,page ,i4 ,numb] lyn*$ comp>$ ) numb] legally execut$1 #ahhb-aijc #afb ,,ii4 ,numb] lyn*$ accord+ to mon?s 9 diff]5t sections ( ! ,u4 ,s41 #ahhb-aijc #afc ,,iii4 ,p]c5tages lyn*$ = v>i\s causes by mon?s1 #ahhb-aijc #agj ,,iv4 ,numb] ( ,:ites1 ,negroes & ,o!rs lyn*$ accord+ to ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc #aga ,v4 ,numb] ( wom5 7,:ites & ,negroes7 lyn*$ accord+ to ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc #agb ,proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes1 #ahhb-aijc1 ,wom5 7,:ites & ,negroes74 ,,vi4 ,p]c5tages lyn*$ = v>i\s causes by ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc1 ,:ites & ,o!rs #agc ,,vii4 ,p]c5tages lyn*$ = v>i\s causes by ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc1 ,negroes #agd ,,viii4 ,proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes1 #ahhb-aijc1 ,:ites & ,o!rs #age ,,ix4 ,proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes1 #ahhb-aijc1 ,negroes #agf ,x4 ,proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ,s\!rn ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc1 ,:ites & ,o!rs #agg ,,xi4 ,proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ,s\!rn ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc1 ,negroes #agh ,,xii4 ,proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ,we/]n ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc #agi ,,xiii4 ,proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ,ea/]n ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc #ahj ,,lyn*-,,law ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,x has be5 said t our c\ntry's national crime is lyn*+4 ,we may be reluctant to admit our peculi>ity 9 ?is respect & x may seem unpatriotic to d s1 b ! fact rema9s t lyn*+ is a crim9al practice :i* is peculi> to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! practice :]eby mobs capture individuals suspect$ ( crime1 or take !m f ! (fic]s ( ! law1 & execute !m )\t any process at law1 or break op5 jails & hang convict$ crim9als1 ) impunity1 is to be f\nd 9 no o!r c\ntry ( a high degree ( civilization4 ,riots & mob executions take place 9 o!r c\ntries1 b !re is no su* frequ5t adm9i/ration ( :at may be t]m$ popul> ju/ice :i* c prop]ly be comp>$ ) lyn*-law proc$ure 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! frequ5cy & impunity ( lyn*+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ju/ly reg>d$ z a s]i\s & disquiet+ symptom ( ,am]ican society4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! practice ( summ>ily puni%+ public (f5d]s & suspect$ crim9als is f\nd 9 two di/9ct types ( society3 fir/1 ! fronti] type :]e society is 9 a =mative /ate & ! civil regulations are n suffici5tly e/abli%$ to insure ! puni%m5t ( (f5d]s2 & second1 ! type ( society :i* is f\nd 9 old] communities ) well e/abli%$ civil regulations1 ! p ( :i* are ord9>ily law-abid+ & cons]vative citiz5s4 ,9 ?is second type ( society1 rec\rse to lyn*-law proc$ure may be _h ei!r 9 times ( popul> excitem5t & social disruption1 or :5 !re is a contra/ 9 ! population su* z is to be se5 9 ! ,s\? betwe5 ! :ites & ! negroes1 or aga9/ disreputable *>act]s 9 ! community = ^: puni%m5t "u ! law no tangible evid5ce c be adduc$1 or aga9/ p]sons guilty ( committ+ "s he9\s (f5se :i* on acc\nt ( its atrocity & fi5di%ness is p>ticul>ly %ock+ to ! community4 ,9 o!r c\ntries "o or m ( ^! conditions has at times exi/$1 & summ>y me?ods ( puni%m5t to :i* lyn*-law proc$ure 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be>s a close resemblance h be5 foll[$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! settlem5t & developm5t ( ?is c\ntry1 h[ev]1 all ( ^! conditions h exi/$ almo/ side by side4 ,f colonial times d[n to ! pres5t day !re has be5 a section ( ! c\ntry :]e ! fronti] type ( society 0 to be f\nd4 ,at ! same "t !re has be5 an old]1 bett] settl$ section ( ! c\ntry1 =m+ a diff]5t type ( society1 :]e1 ?\gh ! judici>y 0 well e/abli%$ & ! appreh5sion & puni%m5t ( public (f5d]s 0 well provid$ = 9 ! law1 circum/ances h aris5 ( su* a nature t ! regul> & legal adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 0 deem$ inadequate or defective1 & 0 !re=e disreg>d$4 ,z w be made cle> 9 ! foll[+ pages1 lyn*-law has be5 resort$ to 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 times ( popul> excitem5t & social disruption2 x has be5 inflict$ ^u negroes1 ,indians1 ,italians1 ,mexicans2 x has be5 inflict$ ^u disreputable *>act]s2 x has be5 inflict$ ^u p]sons guilty ( he9\s (f5ses4 ,! practice ( lyn*+ does n prevail 9 ,canada#a2 nor is a simil> practice to be f\nd 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 or ,g]many4 ,! ne>e/ approa* t c be f\nd 9 ,europe to ! ,am]ican practice ( lyn*+ exi/s 9 ! rural di/ricts ( little ,russia :]e ! peasants sometimes adopt summ>y measures aga9/ horse-?ieves4 ,! ,russian law provides only a light puni%m5t = horse-/eal+1 &1 s9ce ! peasant's horse is almo/ 8 only prop]ty & is 8 *ief in/rum5t ( labor1 summ>y me?ods seem necess>y 9 ord] to *eck ! v]itable plague ( horse-/eal+ :i* breaks out e ye> z soon z ! d>k nights ( autumn beg94 ,:5 a ?ief is caught1 ! common way is = ! m5 ( ! village to club him to dea?1 ea* try+ to /rike 9 su* a way z to inflict no injury m s]i\s ?an a bruise4 ,ano!r me?od is to tie ! crim9al by ! feet to ! tail ( a "y & active colt :i* is !n ridd5 at a gallop until little is left ( ! horse-?ief4 ,!re is also a mode ( execution :]eby ! ?ief is b\nd h& & foot to a b5* or log1 & ! wom5 ( ! village ?ru/ ne$les & p9s into ! soles ( ! victim's feet & o!r s5sitive p>ts1 until dea? ensues4#b ,aside f ?is in/ance :i* is f\nd 9 ! loosely organiz$ society ( ! peasants 9 ! rural di/ricts ( ,russia1 no?+ l lyn*-law c be said to prevail 9 ,europe4 ,occasionally mobs put p]sons to dea? :o h committ$ "s brutal & outrage\s crime4 ,a newspap] report /ates t ! burgoma/] ( ,/ujhely1 ,hung>y1 0 lyn*$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aijb1 = hav+ set fire to 8 home 9 :i* 7 8 wife1 fa!r1 "m1 & ?ree si/]s1 all ( :om 7 burn$ to dea?4 ,! burgoma/] _h become angry at ! memb]s ( 8 family = "s trifl+ cause1 & 8 me?od ( rev5ge s enrag$ 8 neighbors t !y imm$iately 8took summ>y measures & lyn*$ him40#c ,a simil> report tells ( ! lyn*+ ( a ,bohemian village s*oolma/] :o sudd5ly became insane & began %oot+ 8 revolv] "r & left among 8 pupils1 kill+ ?ree & dang]\sly w\nd+ ?ree o!rs4#d ,p 9 ! l[] /ages ( civilization1 su* z ! ,melanesians1 ,micronesians1 & ! inhabitants ( ! ,gu9ea ,coa/ ( ,africa1 (t5 h secret societies :i* take control ( important functions1 su* z ! initiation ( "y p]sons arriv+ at maturity1 or ! exaction ( p5alties = ! transgression ( cu/oms & traditions4 ,9 mo/ cases ^! societies =m an ess5tial "p ( ! /ate1 hold+ q ! place ( ! *ief4 ,occasionally !y deg5]ate & create a reign ( t]ror by _! extortions & exactions4 ,secret tribunals = ?ieves & robb]s1 l ! society ( ! 8,old ,ox10 h exi/$ 9 ,*9a4#e ,su* in/ances1 h[ev]1 m]ely illu/rate ! g5]al tru? t summ>y me?ods ( puni%+ (f5d]s are sometimes resort$ to 9 e c\ntry 9 times ( great popul> excitem5t or :5 "s peculi>ly atroci\s crime has be5 p]petrat$4 ,!y 9 no way invalidate ! ass]tion t ! practice ( lyn*+ is peculi>ly an ,am]ican in/itution4 ,hi/orically "s p>allels may be cit$ %[+ ! execution ( summ>y ju/ice "u fronti] conditions 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ,br&e's ,diction>y ( ,sci5ce1 ,lit]ature1 & ,art1 publi%$ 9 #ahdb1 x 0 /at$ t 8lyn* law may be call$ a democratic imitation ( ! old feudal ,vehmg]i*te40 ,ref]5ce 0 !re made to ! 8irregul> & rev5geful species ( ju/ice adm9i/]$ by ! populace 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 evid5tly mean+ ! op]ation ( lyn*-law on ! we/]n fronti] at t "t4 ,lyn*-law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has nev] be5 adm9i/]$ by an organization s p]fect & ext5sive z t ( ! ,vehmic c\rts4#f ,! feudal conditions h be5 lack+ :i* made t organization possible4 ,x is only 9 its raison d'tre t ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law may be comp>$ to ! ,vehmic c\rts4 ,! e>ly settl]s 9 ?is c\ntry felt !mselves compell$ to resort to summ>y proce$+s z a means ( protection2 ! civil gov]nm5t 0 n suffici5tly organiz$ & e/abli%$ to insure ! puni%m5t ( violators ( ! public peace & security4 ,9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies utt] lawlessness & disreg>d ( au?ority 0 prevail+ 9 ,g]many1 & = a "t ! ,vehmic c\rts af=d$ "s protection aga9/ ! outrages ( ! pr9ces & nobles4 ,) ! increas+ /r5g? ( ! regul> gov]nm5ts1 h[ev]1 ! ne$ ( special protection dim9i%$ & ^! tribunals gradually disappe>$4 ,l ! ,vehmic c\rts1 ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! judici>y & a m effective execution ( ! laws by ! (ficials1 ! adm9i/ration ( lyn*-law 9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has decl9$4 ,! t5d5cy1 x may be not$1 = societies secretly organiz$ = ! arbitr>y puni%m5t ( (f5d]s to pass into ! control ( ! p]sons aga9/ :om !y 7 orig9ally direct$1 is to be se5 n only 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,vehmic c\rts b also 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,ku-,klux ,klan & num]\s vigilance societies 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! proce$+s ( su* societies necess>ily awak5 di/ru/ & fe> among ! m quiet 9 ! community1 :ile ! rogues1 ^: *>act]s are n yet kn[n1 ha/5 to obta9 admittance1 bo? z a %ield aga9/ enemies & a cloak to cov] _! own misde$s4 ,soon _! v9dictive actions & _! rascalities excite ! indignation ( ! community2 a c\nt]p>ty ( 8mod]ators0 mu/ be =m$ to *eck ! 8regulators02 !n beg9s a deadly /ruggle = supremacy4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ! abuse ( lyn*-law on ! fronti]4 ,! tyranny ( ! ,vehmic c\rts becomes ! tak+ ( private v5geance1 ! feud & ! v5detta1 "u lyn*-law4 ,! ,vehmic c\rts1 h[ev]1 give no explanation = ! pres5ce ( lyn*-law z an in/itution 9 ,am]ican society4 ,no connection c be trac$ fur!r ?an a few simil>ities 9 ! me?ods adopt$ to put d[n lawlessness at a "t :5 ! civil gov]nm5t prov$ weak & ineffici5t4 ,"s writ]s h /at$ t lyn*-law 0 anci5tly kn[n 9 ,engl& by ! "n ( ,lyd=d law & ,halifax law1 & t ! same ?+ 0 kn[n 9 ,scotl& z ,c[p] ju/ice & ,j$d>t or ,j$burg ju/ice4 ,lyd=d law is def9$ 9 a diction>y ( ! sev5te5? c5tury z 8a c]ta9 ,law :]eby !y fir/ hang a ,man & aft]w>ds indite him40#g ,"o ( ,grose's ,prov]bs reads3 8,fir/ hang & draw1 ,!n he> ! cause by ,lid=d law40 ,we/cott1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,devon%ire10 has pres]v$ "s droll v]ses ab\t ! t[n ( ,lyd=d4 ,! fir/ twelve l9es are z foll[s3 8,i (t h he>d ( ,lyd=d law1 ,h[ 9 ! morn+ !y hange & draw1 ,& sit 9 judgem5t aft]2 ,at fir/ ,i wond]$ at yt mu*1 ,b s9ce ,i fynd ! reasons su* ,z yt des]ves no laught]4 8,!y h a ca/le on a hill1 ,i tooke x = an old wyndmill1 ,! vanes bl[5 (f by wea!r3 ,to lye !re9 "o night1 'tis gue/1 ',tw]e bett] to be /on'd & pre/1 ,or hang'd2 n[ *use y :e!r40#h ,x has be5 ass]t$1 !re=e1 t 8,lyd=d law became a prov]bial expression = summ>y puni%m5t )\t trial40#i ,?is1 h[ev]1 is go+ fur!r ?an ! facts w all[1 & is :olly mislead+ :5 ?us us$ to %[ ! connection betwe5 ,lyd=d law & lyn*-law4 ,x w\ld seem to imply t ,lyd=d law 9 ,engl& 0 once z well kn[n1 z a "n = summ>y puni%m5t1 z lyn*-law has become 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,z a prov]bial expression ,lyd=d law nev] came into g5]al use2 x 0 conf9$ to "o section ( ,engl& & nev] became m ?an a localism4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ,engl& a c]ta9 summ>y proc$ure 0 kn[n by ! "n ( ,halifax law4 ,9 ?is case !re 0 a trial foll[$ by imm$iate puni%m5t4 ,! trial 0 ( a summ>y nature )\t adequate opportunity ( def5se1 & ! puni%m5t 0 irrevocable4 ,! "n1 ,halifax law1 orig9at$ f ! s-call$ gibbet law or cu/om 9 ! =e/ ( ,h>dwick1 coext5sive ) ! p>i% ( ,halifax1 "u :i* ! fri? burgh]s summ>ily tri$ any "o *>g$ ) /eal+ goods to ! value ( #ac d41 & c\ld condemn him to be behead$ on ! m>ket-day4#aj ,c[p] ju/ice is def9$ by ,jamieson to mean 8try+ a man aft] execution2 ! same ) ,j$d>t1 or ,j$burgh ju/ice10 & ! latt] he def9es z 8a legal trial aft] ! infliction ( puni%m5t40 ,j$d>t ju/ice ref]s to ,j$burgh1 a ,scot* bord] t[n1 :]e _m ( ! bord] raid]s are said to h be5 hang$ )\t ! =mality ( a trial4 ,x is said t 89 mock]y ( ju/ice1 assizes 7 held ^u !m aft] t !y _h suff]$40#aa ,all ( ^! expressions1 h[ev]1 7 entirely prov9cial4 ,!y 7 m]ely diff]5t names us$ to *>act]ize ! me?ods employ$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl& & ,scotl& = execut+ popul> ju/ice4 ,^! practices diff] f ! adm9i/ration ( lyn*-law 9 n disp5s+ ) all regul> proce$+s4 ,fur!r1 z w appe> lat]1 ! dea? p5alty 0 n at fir/ inflict$ "u lyn*-law2 orig9ally1 lyn*+ 0 synonym\s ) :ipp+4 ,x is impossible1 !re=e1 to trace lyn*-law back to ^! m$ival practices & f9d 9 !m any explanation = ! exi/5ce ( ! practice ( lyn*+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,a g5]al idea ( ! hi/ory ( lyn*-law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is obta9$ by not+ ! def9itions ( ! t]m t h appe>$ f "t to "t 9 ! diction>ies4 ,br&e's ,diction>y ( ,sci5ce1 ,lit]ature1 & ,art 7#ahdb7ab conta9s ! foll[+3 8,lyn* ,law4 ,! irregul> & rev5geful species ( ju/ice adm9i/]$ by ! populace 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is said to h be5 s call$ f a ,virg9ian f>m] ( ! "n ( ,lyn*1 :o took ! law into 8 h&s on "s occasion1 by *as+ a ?ief1 ty+ him to a tree1 & flogg+ him ) 8 own h&s40 ,a 8,univ]sity ,edition0 ( ,web/]'s ,diction>y 7#ahde7 def9es 8,lyn*-law0 z 8,! practice ( puni%+ m5 = crime by private1 unau?oriz$ p]sons1 )\t a legal trial02 & gives ! v]b lyn* mean+ 8to inflict puni%m5t )\t ! =ms ( law1 z by a mob40 ,worce/]'s ,diction>y 7#ahdf7 has 8,lyn*-law4 ,an irregul> & rev5geful species ( ju/ice1 adm9i/]$ by ! populace or a mob1 )\t any legal au?ority or trial4 ,br&e40 ,= ! v]b lyn* ! mean+ is giv51 8,to condemn & execute 9 ob$i5ce to ! decree ( a multitude or mob1 )\t a legal trial2 sometimes practic$ 9 ! new settlem5ts 9 ! s\?we/ "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,qu4 ,rev40 ,9 ,web/]'s ,diction>y 7#ahdh7 8,lyn*-law0 is def9$ z 8,! practice ( puni%+ m5 = crimes or (f5ses by private1 unau?oriz$ p]sons1 )\t a legal trial4 ,! t]m is said to be d]iv$ f a ,virg9ia f>m]1 nam$ ,lyn*1 :o ?us took ! law into 8 own h&s4 7,u4 ,s470#ac ,"s important *anges are noticeable 9 ! def9itions atta*$ to lyn*-law =ty ye>s lat]4 ,! ,progressive ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language1 edit$ by ,samuel ,fall[s & publi%$ at ,*icago 9 #ahhe1 gives ?is def9ition = ! v]b lyn*3 8,to puni% )\t ! =ms ( law2 specifically to hang by mob-law40 ,9 a note x is /at$ t m ?an "o etymology is claim$ = ! ^w4 ,john ,s4 ,f>m] 9 8 8,am]icanisms10 publi%$ at ,london 9 #ahhi1 says ! orig9 ( ! t]m lyn*-law 8is wrapp$ 9 my/]y2 _m explanations h be5 put =w>d2 none1 h[ev]1 are conclusive40 ,9 ,web/]'s ,diction>y1 edition ( #ahic1 ! foll[+ def9ition is f\nd3 8,lyn*3 ,to inflict puni%m5t ^u1 especially dea?1 )\t ! =ms ( law1 z :5 a mob captures & hangs a suspect$ p]son40 ,lyn*-law is def9$ 9 a g5]al way z 8,! act or practice by private p]sons ( inflict+ puni%m5t = crimes or (f5ses1 )\t due process ( law10 b ?is note is add$3 8,! t]m ,lyn* law is said to be d]iv$ f a ,virg9ian nam$ ,lyn*1 :o took ! law into 8 own h&s4 ,b ! orig9 ( ! t]m is v d\btful40#ad ,!re are two diff]5ces betwe5 ! def9itions =mulat$ 9 ! =ties & ^? =mulat$ 9 ! eighties & 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 ! lat] def9itions ! op]ation ( lyn*-law is describ$ z be+ mu* m h>% & sev]e1 & !re is an expression ( d\bt z to ! orig9 ( ! t]m4 ,9 ! e>li] def9itions dea? is n m5tion$ z ! ord9>y p5alty adm9i/]$ by lyn*-law & ! ,am]ican orig9 ( ! t]m is accept$ )\t "q4 ,! d\bt z to ! orig9 probably arose because ( ! numb] ( /ories :i* h appe>$1 all claim+ to acc\nt = its orig91 & also because ( ! lack ( any c>eful inve/igation to det]m9e ! "q au!ntically f hi/orical s\rces4 ,! increas$ h>%ness express$ 9 ! def9itions is1 ( c\rse1 due to ! fact t ! puni%m5t inflict$ "u ! "n ( lyn*-law has become m sev]e & inexorable4 ,lyn*+ is n[ practically synonym\s ) summ>y & illegal capital puni%m5t at ! h&s ( a mob4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ! hi/ory ( ?is *ange w be trac$ & ! conditions not$ :i* h l$ to ! cont9uance ( ! practice ( lyn*+ & giv5 to x its increas$ sev]ity4 ,9 ! above citations to v>i\s def9itions t h be5 giv5 = lyn*-law x 0 not$ t m ?an "o orig9 has be5 claim$ = ! t]m4 ,an inve/igation into ! circum/ances surr\nd+ its orig9 w ?r[ consid]able light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( lyn*-law proc$ure 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ?is "q w !re=e be tak5 up 9 "s detail4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,t]m ,,lyn*-,,law ,_m & v>i\s explanations ( ! orig9 ( ! t]m ,lyn*'s law1 or lyn*-law1 h be5 (f]$4 ,"s ( ^! explanations are evid5tly no?+ m ?an ! (fspr+ ( m9ds f]tile 9 res\rces2 o!rs h ! support ( tradition & are entitl$ to consid]ation4 ,n infrequ5tly confusion & app>5t contradiction h result$ f ! failure to di/+ui% cle>ly betwe5 ! practice itself & ! "n by :i* x has be5 kn[n4 ,to foll[ back ?r\gh hi/ory ! successive outbreaks ( su* practices is n to discov] ! orig9 ( 8lyn*-law10 ! t]m :i* has n[ become s firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! orig9 is to be f\nd at t "t :5 ^! practices fir/ came to be kn[n by ! "n ,lyn*'s law or lyn*-law4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 giv5 m or less indorsem5t 9 ! encyclop$ias1 lyn*-law owes its "n to ,james ,fitz/eph5 ,lyn*1 mayor & w>d5 ( ,galway1 ,irel&4 ,he 0 ! fam\s 8,w>d5 ( ,galway0 :o tri$1 condemn$1 & execut$ 8 own son 9 ! ye> #adic4 ,! /ory is told ) v>y+ details4 ,"o tradition has x t ! mayor s5t 8 son to ,spa9 to pur*ase a c>go ( w9e4 ,! "y man squ&]$ ! money intru/$ to him1 b succe$$ 9 obta9+ a c>go on cr$it f a ,spani% fri5d ( 8 fa!r4 ,?is g5tleman's nephew accompani$ him on ! return voyage to ,irel& :]e ! money 0 to be paid4 ,"y ,lyn*1 to conceal 8 misuse ( ! money1 caus$ ! ,spani>d to be ?r[n ov]bo>d & return$ home 9 triumph ) 8 c>go ( w9e4 ,b a sailor1 on 8 dea?-b$1 reveal$ to ! mayor ( ,galway ! crime :i* 8 son _h committ$4 ,! "y man 0 tri$ be=e 8 fa!r1 convict$ & s5t5c$ to be hang$4 ,ano!r tradition /ates t ! son ( ! ,spani% fri5d ( 8 fa!r 0 visit+ him at 8 home 9 ,irel&4 ,?is son 0 fa/ supplant+ him 9 ! affections ( a ,galway lady to :om he 0 engag$4 ,"o night1 9 a fit ( jeal\s passion1 he /abb$ ! ,spani>d to ! he>t & ?rew 8 body into ! sea4 ,! crime 0 quickly discov]$1 & on be+ br\ght be=e 8 fa!r = trial he 0 condemn$ to die z a sacrifice to public ju/ice4 ,public sympa?y1 h[ev]1 turn$ 9 favor ( ! "y man1 & e ef=t 0 made to effect 8 p>don4 ,! fa!r 8undaunt$ly decl>$ t ! law %\ld take its c\rse40 ,on ! way to ! place ( execution a mob appe>$1 l$ by memb]s ( ! "m's family1 dem&+ m]cy4 ,! fa!r1 f9d+ t he c\ld n 8accompli% ! ends ( ju/ice at ! accu/om$ place & by ! usual h&s10 conduct$ 8 son up a w9d+ /airway to a w9d[ ov]look+ ! public /reet4 8,"h he secur$ ! end ( a rope1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly fix$ ar\nd ! neck ( 8 son1 to an iron /aple :i* project$ f ! wall1 &1 aft] tak+ f him a la/ embrace1 he laun*$ him into et]nity40 ,! p1 8ov]aw$ by ! magnanim\s act1 retir$ sl[ly & peaceably to _! sev]al dwell+s40 ,9 ! c\ncil books ( ,galway !re is said to be a m9ute t 8,james ,lyn*1 mayor ( ,galway1 hang$ 8 own son out ( ! w9d[ = defraud+ & kill+ /rang]s1 )\t m>tial or common law1 to %[ a good example to po/]ity40 ,9 commemoration ( ?is 8,roman act ( ju/ice10 a /one sculptur$ ) a skull & crossbones 0 erect$ 9 ,lomb>d ,/reet1 ,galway1 9 #aebd1 & 9 #ahed 0 re]ect$ on ! wall ( ,/4 ,ni*olas ,*ur*y>d4#ae ,?is 8,galway /ory0 may be dismiss$ ) b little consid]ation4 ,h[ell ,colton ,fea!r/on ( ! ,lyn*burg 7,va47 ,b> has cle>ly %[n t ?is act ( ! mayor ( ,galway 0 entirely )\t any def9ition ev] atta*$ to lyn*-law & t !re 0 no reason = be/[+ ^u x any "n1 & m p>ticul>ly 8 "n4 ,mayor ,lyn* 0 ! legally con/itut$ au?ority presid+ ov] ! tribunal 9 :i* 8 son _h _h1 presumably1 a fair & regul> trial4 ,he m]ely p]si/$ 9 execut+ ! laws 9 ! face ( popul> opposition & tumult4 ,lyn*-law has always be5 consid]$ z op]at+ :olly )\t1 or 9 opposition to1 e/abli%$ laws ( gov]nm5t4#af ,equally fanciful & fictiti\s b less romantic is ! 8pirate /ory0 ( ! orig9 ( ! "n lyn*-law4 ,x is said t ab\t #afhg "o ,lyn* 0 s5t to ?is c\ntry f ,engl& "u a commission to suppress piracy4 ,he is cr$it$ ) hav+ fai?fully execut$1 )\t ! =mality ( a trial1 e pirate t he captur$4 ,x is presum$ t ow+ to ! difficulty ( adh]+ to ! usual =ms ( law 9 ! colonies1 ?is ,judge ,lyn* 0 emp[]$ to proce$ summ>ily aga9/ pirates & ?us gave rise to ! t]m4#ag ,b :atev] ! facts may be ab\t ! me?ods employ$ by ?is man ,lyn* to suppress piracy1#ah !re is no evid5ce to %[ t !y 7 ev] kn[n z ,lyn*'s law or _h any connection :atev] ) lyn*-law4 ,on its etymological side ! ^w lyn* has be5 trac$ to an old ,anglo-,saxon v]b l9*1 mean+ to beat sev]ely ) a pliable in/rum5t1 to *a/ise or to maltreat1 :i* is said to h surviv$ 9 ?is cognate mean+ 9 ,am]ica1 z h _m o!r words & expressions long obsolete 9 ,great ,brita94#ai ,= ?is d]ivation1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be no au?ority4 ,!re is no evid5ce t su* a v]b 8surviv$0 9 ,am]ica2 nor is !re any evid5ce t su* an ,anglo-,saxon v]b ev] exi/$4#bj ,accord+ to ,skeat ! "n ,lyn* is f hl9c1 an ,anlgo-,saxon ^w mean+ a ridge ( l&4#ba ,fur!rmore1 z 0 not$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 :5 ! ^w lyn* fir/ came into g5]al use1 x 0 /amp$ z ( ,am]ican orig94#bb ,no ,engli% lexicograph] recogniz$ ! t]ms lyn* or lyn*-law until #ahdh1 & 9 #ahdi ,craig gave ! v]b 8lyn*0 z mean+ 8to puni% summ>ily )\t judicial inve/igation1 z by a mob4--,an ,am]ican ^w40#bc ,! fact t ,wright's ,engli% ,dialect ,diction>y 7#aijb7 does n conta9 ! ^w lyn*1 & ! fur!r fact t ,murray's ,ox=d ,diction>y 7#aijc7 /ates t ! t]m 0 orig9ally us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 may be reg>d$ z conclusive evid5ce t ! orig9 ( 8lyn*-law0 is n to be s\ght 9 ,engl&4 ,!re is a tradition 9 ! ,drake family ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a :i* ascribes ! orig9 ( ! t]m to ! precipitate hang+1 to prev5t a rescue1 ( a ,tory nam$ ,major ,be>d1 on ,lyn* ,creek 9 ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( x is giv5 by ,john ,h4 ,:eel]1 to :om x 0 communicat$ by ,hon4 ,b4 ,f4 ,moore1 :o receiv$ x f ! ,drake family3 8,! orig9 ( lyn*-law3 ,dur+ ! revolution !re 0 a not$ tory 444 9 t portion =m]ly call$ ,bute ,c\nty1 n[ embrac$ )9 ! c\nties ( ,frankl9 & ,na%1 call$ ,major ,be>d4 ,major ,john ,h4 ,drake liv$ ne> ,hilli>d/on2 he & 8 family 7 decid$ :igs4 ,he _h a daught]1 beautiful & accompli%$1 by ^: *>ms ,be>d 0 captivat$2 & ! tradition runs1 t ! h&some figure & comm&+ air ( ,be>d _h its effect on ! "y lady1 not)/&+ ! diff]5ce 9 politics betwe5 him & h] fa!r4 ,on "o occasion1 ,be>d encamp$ = ! night ne> a mill on ,swift ,creek4 ,?is became kn[n to ,major ,drake & o!r :igs1 & !y organiz$ a =ce 444 & captur$ him4444 ,aft] "s consultation x 0 resolv$ to take him z a prison] to headqu>t]s ( ,colonel ,seawell1 comm&+ 9 camp at a =d on ,lyn* ,creek1 9 ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 ab\t tw5ty miles (f4 ,he 0 ti$ on 8 horse & c>ri$ "u gu>d4 ,aft] rea*+ camp1 x 0 det]m9$ to organize a c\rt-m>tial1 & try him = 8 life4 ,b be=e proce$+ to trial1 a report came t a /rong body ( tories 7 9 pursuit to rescue him2 ?is creat$ a panic1 = !y knew 8 popul>ity & p[]1 s !y hung him4 ,! report$ pursuit prov$ a false al>m1 & x be+ sugge/$ t z ! s5t5ce _h be5 inflict$ be=e ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt _h be5 pron\nc$1 !re=e x 0 illegal4 ,! body 0 !n tak5 d[n1 ! c\rt reorganiz$1 he 0 tri$1 condemn$ & re-hung by ! neck until he 0 dead4 8,! tree on :i* he 0 hung /ood n f> f ,rocky ,=d1 on ,lyn*'s ,creek2 & x became a say+ 9 ,frankl91 :5 a p]son committ$ any (f5ce ( magnitude1 t #8he ought to be tak5 to ,lyn* ,creek'2 & s ! ^w #8,lyn* law' became a fixture 9 ! ,engli% language40#bd ,9 pass+1 ! resemblance ( ?is affair to ,lyd=d law r ?an lyn*-law is to be not$1 & also ! fact t ,:eel]1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a10 publi%$ ?irty-?ree ye>s e>li]1 gives an acc\nt ( ! hang+ ( 8,capta9 ,be>d ab\t #aggh10 b says no?+ ab\t its be+ 9 any way connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ! t]m lyn*-law4 ,inde$1 accord+ to ?is e>li] acc\nt !re 0 no?+ irregul> 9 ! proce$+2 he 0 hung 9 accordance ) ! ord9>y rules ( w>4 ,be>d & "o ( 8 b&1 nam$ ,por*1 :o _h be5 captur$ ) him1 87 tri$ by a c\rt-m>tial & bo? 7 =?) hung4 ,su* 0 ! end ( ,capta9 ,be>d40#be ,! two acc\nts v>y some:at1 b !re is no room = d\bt z to _! hav+ ref]5ce to ! same occurr5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! 8tradition0 9 ! ,drake family mu/ h aris5 betwe5 #ahea & #ahhd4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 fur!r ?an ?is /atem5t f\nd 9 ,:eel]'s book1 t 8,lyn* law0 became a fixture 9 ! ,engli% language because ( a say+ common 9 ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 t any "o :o committ$ a grave (f5se 8ought to be tak5 to ,lyn* ,creek40 ,"s evid5ce has rec5tly be5 br\ght =w>d indicat+ t lyn*-law may h d]iv$ its "n f ,lyn*'s ,creek1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4#bf ,"s extracts f ,bo/on newspap]s 9 ! ye> #agfh1 dat$ ,*>le/[n1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 %[ ! exi/5ce ( 8,regulators0 at t "t1 & m5tion is made ( a meet+ t !y 7 to h on ,lyn*'s ,creek 8:]e x 0 expect$ #a1bjj w\ld be assembl$40 ,x is also evid5t t "o ( _! me?ods ( inflict+ puni%m5t 0 by :ipp+4 ,"o extract /ates t 8! p call$ regulators h lately sev]ely *a/is$ "o ,lum1 :o is come to t[n2 b we h n yet le>nt ! real cause ( ?is sev]ity to him40 ,! ass]tion has be5 made1 !re=e1 t lyn*-law d]iv$ its "n f ,lyn*'s ,creek1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 because at t place ! practice ( lyn*+ began4 ,! practice :i* came to be kn[n z 8regulat+0 _h its beg9n+ e>li] ?an #agfh1 h[ev]1 & ?is beg9n+ 0 n 9 ! neighborhood ( ,lyn*'s ,creek4 ,z e>ly z #agff x _h begun 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & _h ext5d$ f ,granville ,c\nty into ,orange & ,anson c\nties4 ,up to ,april1 #agfh1 ^? :o _h tak5 "p 9 ^! proce$+s 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7 designat$ by ! appellation ( ! 8,mob10 & seem to h adopt$ x !mselves4 ,b on ,april #d1 #agfh1 at a g5]al meet+1 !y dropp$ ?is "n & =mally adopt$ ! "n ( 8,regulators40#bg ,:5 ?is practice ( 8regulat+0 0 />t$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a x 0 in/itut$ by ,?omas ,woodw>d1 ,joseph ,kirkl&1 & ,b>naby ,pope1#bh :o liv$ 9 ! region betwe5 ! ,catawba & ! ,saluda ,riv]s1 & n on ! ,p$ee or ,lyn*'s ,creek4 ,?us1 a "n--t ( 8,regulation10 n 8,lyn* ,law10--_h be5 giv5 ?is practice be=e x rea*$ ! ,p$ee section ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,if ! conduct ( ! ,regulators 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 0 to give ! "n to ! practice ( illegal puni%m5t1 x w\ld h be5 call$1 n 8,lyn* ,law10 b 8,broad ,riv] ,ju/ice0 or 8,savannah ,law40#bi ,no evid5ce has yet be5 f\nd :i* %[s any connection betwe5 8,lyn* ,law0 & 8,regulation0 at ?is "t4#cj ,alex&] ,gregg1 writ+ ( ! ,regulator movem5t 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 makes ! /atem5t3 8,!y call$ !mselves #8,regulators'2 & ?us #8,lyn* law' _h its orig9 at ?is p]iod40#ca ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,gibbes _h writt5 eight ye>s e>li] ?an ,gregg3 8,! ,regulation1 an association ( respectable plant]s1 took ! matt] 9 h&1 & en=c$ ord] by a sy/em ( ,lyn* law40#cb ,nei!r ( ^! writ]s1 h[ev]1 implies t ! ,regulation 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a _h any?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( ! t]m lyn*-law4 ,joseph ,johnson1 9 a book publi%$ 9 #ahea1 gave a brief acc\nt ( ! ,regulators & ,s*(ilites4 ,he says1 8! mo/ respectable inhabitants unit$ to inflict summ>y ju/ice on ! depr$ators & call$ !mselves ,regulators40#cc ,9 ?is connection he does n ref] to lyn*-law at all4 ,9 ano!r connection he writes3 8,?is process1 9 :at is n[ call$ #8lyn* law1' 0 !n designat$ #8regulat+1' & ! associates = ?is purpose 7 call$ #8,regulators4'0#cd ,no ref]5ce to lyn*-law is to be f\nd 9 ,ramsay's ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aghe4 ,bo? ( ! acc\nts giv5 by ,:eel] ( ! occurr5ce at ,lyn* ,creek1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ref]r$ to above1 imply t ! t]m lyn*-law 0 n 9 use any "t previ\s to ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,z w appe> lat]1 ! t]ms regulation & lyn*-law are n f\nd toge!r until a mu* lat] date1 & !n !y are n us$ 9 connection ) ev5ts 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,/ill ano!r 8,orig9 ( ,lyn*'s law0 is giv5 9 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,augu/ #h1 #ahce4ce ,an anecdote is relat$ ( an occurr5ce 89 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,pa41 _m ye>s ago40 ,a poa*+ vagabond1 long "u suspicion1 0 f9ally detect$ & told to leave ! neighborhood 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs on p5alty ( prosecution4 ,! poa*] refus$ to comply & a p>ty ( five or six ( 8 neighbors w5t to 8 home & 8proce$$ to try him 9 due =m1 *oos+ "o ( _! numb]1 a f>m] nam$ ,lyn*1 to be judge40 ,! judge 8decid$ t ! poa*] %\ld be ti$ up & receive ?ree hundr$ la%es1 #8well laid on1' & !n be giv5 tw5ty-f\r h\rs to leave ! place "u p5alty ( receiv+ ?ree hundr$ m if f\nd aft] t "t4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce 0 inflict$ on ! spot1 ) su* good int5t z to r5d] its repetition unnecess>y4 ,! culprit made (f z fa/ z 8 lac]at$ limbs w\ld p]mit him40 ,no?+ fur!r is kn[n ( ?is f>m] nam$ ,lyn*1 :o act$ z judge at ?is impromptu trial1 & !re is no reason = reg>d+ ?is incid5t z 9 any way connect$ ) ! orig9 ( lyn*-law4 ,x is m]ely an in/ance ( rec\rse to summ>y proc$ure aga9/ an unpopul> individual4 ,x may or may n h be5 kn[n at ! "t z puni%m5t by ,lyn*'s law4 ,we n[ come to ! explanation ( ! orig9 ( ! t]m :i* has be5 mo/ frequ5tly giv5 & :i* 0 = ye>s accept$ )\t "q4 ,x is to ! effect t lyn*-law orig9ally _h ref]5ce to ! k9d ( law adm9i/]$ by ,*>les ,lyn*1 9 ,virg9ia1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,x is ne$less to rec\nt "h all ! v>iations 9 ! /ories connect+ ! orig9 ( lyn*-law ) ! ,lyn* family 9 ,virg9ia4#cf ,9 c]ta9 acc\nts ,*>les ,lyn* has be5 confus$ ) 8 old] bro!r1 ,john ,lyn*1 :o rema9$ a ,quak] all 8 life & 0 ! f\nd] ( ,lyn*burg1 ,virg9ia4 ,"s acc\nts ref] vaguely to a ,virg9ia f>m]1 or plant]1 by ! "n ( ,lyn*1 ^: vigor\s me?ods ( puni%+ wrongdo]s gave rise to ! t]m lyn*-law4#cg ,haydn's ,diction>y ( ,dates 7#ahfj7 app>5tly is responsible = ! fiction t ?is mode ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice began ab\t ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury & d]ives its "n f ,john ,lyn*1 a f>m]1 :o ex]cis$ x ^u ! fugitive slaves & crim9als dwell+ 9 ! ,dismal ,swamp1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :5 !y committ$ outrages ^u p]sons & prop]ty :i* ! law c\ld n promptly repress4 ,?is /ory is repeat$ 9 ! editions ( #ahgc & #ahhe1 & is also giv5 9 ,h>p]s' ,popul> ,cyclopdia ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#ch & seems to h become g5]ally accept$ 9 ,france4#ci ,x is1 h[ev]1 :olly errone\s4 ,! movem5t = indep5d5ce _h f ! fir/ a great _m oppon5ts 9 ! m\nta9\s sections ( ,virg9ia1 & !re 0 a consid]able numb] ( ,tories 9 ,b$=d ,c\nty1 :]e ,*>les ,lyn* liv$4#dj ,! unsettl$ condition ( affairs also l$ _m desp]adoes to resort to ?is section ( ,virg9ia4 ,bo? ,tories & desp]adoes h>ass$ ! ,cont95tals & plund]$ _! prop]ty ) impunity4#da ,! prices paid by bo? armies = horses made horse-/eal+ a lucrative practice1 & ! ineffici5cy ( ! judici>y made puni%m5t practically out ( ! "q4 ,! c\nty c\rts 7 m]ely exam9+ c\rts 9 all su* cases1 & ! s+le c\rt = ! f9al trial ( felonies sat at ,williamsburg1 m ?an two hundr$ miles away4 ,to take ! prison]s ?i!r1 & ! witnesses necess>y to convict !m1 0 next to impossible4 ,frequ5tly ! (fic]s 9 *>ge ( prison]s w\ld be attack$ by outlaws & =c$ to release _! m51 or be captur$ by ,briti% troops & !mselves made prison]s4 ,x 0 "u ^! circum/ances t ,colonel ,lyn* conf]r$ ) "s ( 8 neighbors z to :at 0 be/ to be done4 ,aft] delib]ation !y decid$ to take matt]s into _! own h&s1 to puni% lawlessness ( e k9d1 & s f> z possible re/ore peace & security to _! community4 ,= ! purpose ( atta9+ ^! ends !y =m$ an organization ) ,mr4 ,lyn* at ! head4 ,"u 8 direction suspect$ p]sons 7 arre/$ & br\ght to 8 h\se1 :]e !y 7 tri$ by a c\rt compos$ ( himself1 z presid+ ju/ice1 & 8 ?ree neighbors1 ,william ,pre/on1 ,rob]t ,adams1 ,jr41 & ,james ,callaway1 sitt+ z associate ju/ices4 ,! practice ( ?is c\rt 0 to h ! accus$ br\ght face to face ) 8 accus]s1 p]mit him to he> ! te/imony aga9/ himself1 & to all[ him to def5d himself by call+ witnesses 9 8 behalf & by %[+ mitigat+ & ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,if acquitt$1 he 0 all[$ to g1 8(t5 ) apologies & rep>ation40 ,if convict$1 he 0 s5t5c$ to receive ?irty-n9e la%es on ! b>e back1 & if he did n !n %\t 8,lib]ty ,=ev]10 to be hang$ up by ! ?umbs until he did s4 ,! execution ( ! s5t5ce took place imm$iately ^u conviction4 ,! condemn$ 0 ti$ to a l>ge walnut tree /&+ 9 ,mr4 ,lyn*'s y>d & ! /ripes inflict$--) su* vigor1 x is said1 t ev5 ! /\te/ he>t$ ,tory %\t$ = 8,lib]ty0 )\t necessitat+ a resort to fur!r puni%m5t4#db ,! news ( ! invasion ( ,virg9ia by ,cornwallis gave ! ,b$=d ,tories /rong enc\ragem5t & a conspiracy 0 =m$ to ov]?r[ ! c\nty organization & seize1 = ! use ( ,cornwallis on 8 arrival1 ! /ores t ,lyn* _h collect$ = ,gre5e's army 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! conspirator's plans1 h[ev]1 became kn[n to ,colonel ,lyn*1 tradition says ?r\gh "o ( _! own numb]1 & he _h !m all arre/$4 ,9 ! case ( ^! conspirators1 :o 7 guilty ( a treasonable (f5se1 a m s]i\s situation pres5t$ itself4 ,lyn* himself 0 on ! po9t ( sett+ out ) 8 regim5t = ! ea/ to oppose ! ,briti% "u ,b5$ict ,arnold4 ,x 0 n wise to inflict ! usual puni%m5t & !n give ! conspirators _! fre$om aga92 nei!r c\ld he take !m z prison]s along ) him on ! rapid m>* t he 0 =c$ to make4 ,aft] c>eful delib]ation1 ,colonel ,lyn*1 z ! presid+ ju/ice1 s5t5c$ !m to t]ms ( imprisonm5t v>y+ f "o to five ye>s4 ,rob]t ,c[an1 :o _h =m]ly be5 a fell[ ju/ice on ! c\nty b5* & :o seems to h be5 ! r+lead]1 0 s5t5c$ to a ye>'s imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #bj1jjj4dc ,?is c\rt1 ev5 ?\gh x be consid]$ z /ill ! regul> c\nty c\rt1 _h cle>ly transc5d$ its p[]s2 ! ,g5]al ,c\rt alone _h jurisdiction 9 cases ( treason4 ,aft] ! w>1 !re=e1 ! ,tories :o _h suff]$ at 8 h&s ?reat5$ to prosecute ,colonel ,lyn* & 8 fri5ds4 ,to avoid lawsuits & z a means ( f9ally settl+ ! affair1 ,lyn* br\ght ! :ole matt] be=e ! ,virg9ia legislature4 ,aft] a l5g?y debate1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,page1 8ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( ! :ole c\ntry10 ! foll[+ act 0 pass$ 9 ,octob]1 #aghb3 8,an act to indemnify c]ta9 p]sons 9 suppress+ a conspiracy aga9/ ?is /ate4 ,i4 ,,:]eas div]s evil-dispos$ p]sons 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighty1 =m$ a conspiracy & did actually attempt to levy w> aga9/ ! commonweal?2 & x is repres5t$ to ! pres5t g5]al assembly1 t ,william ,pre/on1 ,rob]t ,adams1 junior1 ,james ,callaway1 & ,*>les ,lyn*1 & o!r fai?ful citiz5s1 aid$ by deta*m5ts ( volunte]s f diff]5t p>ts ( ! /ate1 did1 by timely & effectual measures1 suppress su* conspiracy3 ,& :]eas ! measures tak5 = t purpose may n be /rictly w>rant$ by law1 al?\gh ju/ifiable f ! imm95ce ( ! dang]2 ,,ii4 ,,be ,,x ,,!re=e ,,enact$1 ,t ! said ,william ,pre/on1 ,rob]t ,adams1 junior1 ,james ,callaway & ,*>les ,lyn*1 & all o!r p]sons :atsoev]1 conc]n$ 9 suppress+ ! said conspiracy1 or 9 advis+1 issu+1 or execut+ any ord]s1 or measures tak5 = t purpose1 /& indemnifi$ & exon]at$ ( & f all pa9s1 p5alties1 prosecutions1 actions1 suits1 & damages1 on acc\nt !re(4 ,& t if any indictm5t1 prosecution1 action1 or suit1 %all be laid or br\ght aga9/ !m1 or any ( !m1 = any act or ?+ done !re91 ! def5dant1 or def5dants may plead 9 b>1 or ! g5]al issue1 & give ?is act 9 evid5ce40#dd 8,! proce$+s 9 ,b$=d1 :i* ! legislature ?us pron\nc$ to be illegal1 b ju/ifiable1 7 imitat$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 & came to be kn[n by ! "n ( ,lyn*'s ,law4 ,9 ju/ice to ,colonel ,lyn*1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t 8 action 0 tak5 at a "t :5 ! ,/ate 0 9 ! ?roes ( a ho/ile invasion4 ,! ,g5]al ,c\rt1 be=e :i* ! conspirators %\ld h be5 tri$1 0 tempor>ily disp]s$4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1 !n ! gov]nor ( ! ,/ate1 0 prov+ himself peculi>ly incompet5t to fill ! position4 ,! :ole executive dep>tm5t 0 9 a /ate ( p>tial p>alysis4 ,x 01 !re=e1 no _s ( insubord9ation or disreg>d ( ! law t induc$ ,lyn* to act z he did4 ,!re 7 few m5 liv+ m incl9$ ?an ?is simple ,quak] f>m] to r5d] due respect 9 ^w & de$ to ! e/abli%$ au?orities40#de ,! old walnut tree on :i* lyn*-law is said to h be5 fir/ adm9i/]$ 0 /ill /&+1 9 #aijj1df on ! lawn ( ! ,lyn* home/ead1 two miles f ! village ( ,lyn* ,/ation on ! ,s\!rn ,railway4 ,a "p ( x 0 dead b ! re/ 0 /ill vigor\s & bore its annual crop ( nuts4 ,! dea? p5alty1 h[ev]1 0 nev] inflict$ "u its %ad[4 ,"s say t ! ,quak] proclivities ( 8,judge ,lyn*0#dg prev5t$ him f pass+ s5t5ce ( dea?2 o!rs say t x 0 due to 8 native s5se ( humanity4 ,mr4 ,page pres5ts "s evid5ce %[+ t 8bo? cu/om & s5tim5t 7 viol5tly oppos$ to visit+ capital puni%m5t ^u ! detect$ ,tory conspirators40#dh ,9 ! det]m9ation ( orig9s x is frequ5tly impossible to obta9 direct evid5ce be>+ on ! po9t 9 "q4 ,9 ?is case !re is direct evid5ce = connect+ ! "n ( ,*>les ,lyn* ) ! orig9 ( 8lyn*-law40#di ,9 #ahag ,judge ,sp5c] ,roane wrote 9 a lett] to ,william ,wirt3 8,9 ! ye> #agib !re 7 _m suits on ! s\? side ( ,james ,riv]1 = inflict+ ,lyn*'s law40 ,mr4 ,wirt adds1 9 a note explanatory ( ! words 8,lyn*'s law10 8,?irty-n9e la%es1 inflict$ )\t trial or law1 on m]e suspicion ( guilt1 :i* c\ld n be regul>ly prov54 ,?is lawless practice1 :i*1 sometimes by ! ord] ( a magi/rate1 sometimes )\t1 prevail$ ext5sively 9 ! upp] c\nties on ,james ,riv]1 took its "n f ! g5tleman :o set ! fir/ example ( x40#ej ,?\gh ,wirt does n m5tion ,*>les ,lyn* by "n1 he does say t ! lawless practice 8prevail$ ext5sively 9 ! upp] c\nties on ,james ,riv]10 & ,*>les ,lyn* 0 = ye>s closely id5tifi$ ) ! int]e/s ( ,campbell#ea & ,b$=d c\nties--two ( ! upp] c\nties on ! ,james ,riv]4 ,h5ry ,h[e1 9 8 8,hi/orical ,collections ( ,virg9ia10 9 a section entitl$ 8,lyn* ,law10 says3 8,at t "t 7! "t ( ! ,revolution71 ?is c\ntry 7,campbell ,c\nty & vic9ity7 0 v ?9ly settl$1 & infe/$ by a lawless b& ( tories & desp]adoes4 ,! necessity ( ! case involv$ desp]ate measures1 & ,col4 ,lyn*1 !n a lead+ :ig1 appreh5d$ & _h !m puni%$1 )\t any sup]flu\s c]emony4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! t]m #8,lyn* ,law4' ,?is practice ( ,lyn*+ cont9u$ ye>s aft] ! w>1 & 0 appli$ to _m cases ( m]e suspicion ( guilt1 :i* c\ld n be regul>ly prov540#eb ,9 a book writt5 a few ye>s lat] ?an ! above1 ,h[e has ! foll[+ to say on ! same subject3 8,! ,lyn* ,law1 z x is t]m$1 orig9at$ 9 ,virg9ia at ! "t ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 & 0 fir/ adopt$ by ,colonel ,lyn* aga9/ a lawless b& ( tories & desp]adoes1 :o infe/$ ! c\ntry at ! base ( ! ,blue ,ridge4 ,?is plan 0 aft]w>ds foll[$ 9 ! we/1 & its op]ation 0 salut>y 9 ridd+ ! c\ntry ( miscreants :om ! law 0 n /rong en\gh to puni%4 ,! tribunal ( ,squire ,bir*1 z ! p]son :o p]sonat$ ! judge 0 call$1 0 e/abli%$ "u a tree 9 ! woods2 ! culprit be+ usually f\nd guilty 0 ti$ to a tree & la%$ )\t m]cy1 & !n expell$ f ! c\ntry4 ,9 g5]al1 #8! regulators' only ex]cis$ ?is law ^u ! mo/ base & vile *>act]s40#ec ,?is acc\nt giv5 by ,h[e _c be consid]$ z :olly indep5d5t ( ! influ5ce ( ,wirt4 ,9 8 8,hi/orical ,collections ( ,virg9ia10 ,h[e quotes f ,wirt's book 9 sub/antiation ( 8 /atem5t t ! 8practice ( ,lyn*+ cont9u$ ye>s aft] ! w>40 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 ! fact t he repeat$ 8 ass]tions 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( 8,lyn* ,law0 9 emphatic t]ms 9 8 lat] book1 & !re) describ$ ! op]ation ( 8,lyn* ,law0 9 ! we/1 is /rong evid5ce t he _h o!r s\rces ( in=mation ?an ,wirt's book on ! matt]4#ed ,an acc\nt1 entirely indep5d5t ( any influ5ce f ei!r ,wirt or ,h[e1 is f\nd 9 8,colonel ,william ,m>t9's ,n>rative ( ,fronti] ,life10 prep>$ ab\t #ahdb = ,dr4 ,lyman ,c4 ,drap] & n[ 9 ! ,drap] ,,ms4 ,collections 9 ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,hi/orical ,society ,libr>y4 ,x is z foll[s3 8,9 ^? times !re 7 a great _m bad m5 settl$ along ! fronti]s :o by _! !fts annoy$ ! c\ntry greatly4 ,insomu* t ! p ent]$ into comb9ations to suppress !m & =m$ companies call$ regulators4 ,!y =m$ 9 milit>y /yle1 ) (fic]s1 etc4 8,!y also organiz$ a c\rt & appo9t$ "s ?ree or f\r ( _! ag$1 discreet m5 judges to try crim9al causes1 aw>d puni%m5t1 etc4 ,! company w\ld br+ up suspect$ fell[s & ! c\rt w\ld try !m4 ,b !y seldom ext5d$ puni%m5t beyond :ipp+ & driv+ !m f ! c\ntry1 sometimes mak+ !m pay = prop]ty /ol51 :5 !y _h ! means4 8,?is me?od ( break+ up comb9ations ( rogues 0 fir/ set on foot by ,col4 ,*>les ,lyn*1 ( ,b$=d c\nty1 ,va41 :]e ,i 0 rais$4 ,he & my fa!r 7 acqua9t$4 7,! same man = :om ,lyn*burg 0 nam$47 ,?is plan 0 />t$ "s sev5ty or eighty ye>s ago4#ee 8,! measure seem$ to be call$ = f ! situation ( ! c\ntry at ! "t4 ,& x has be5 practic$ m or less 9 ! settl+ ( new c\ntries f t "t until )9 a few ye>s pa/1 s9ce ! laws op]ate ) m effici5cy4 ,! au?orities g5]ally conniv$ at x f ! necessity ( ! case4 ,& p]haps n[h]e has x be5 m common ?an 9 ,t5nessee4 ,lyn* at fir/ puni%$ ) ?irty-n9e /ripes1 tak+1 z ,i suppose1 ,moses = 8 model4 ,& ?is 0 = a great :ile call$ ,lyn*'s law1 mean+ all unlawful :ipp+4 ,any ( ! old m5 n[ 9 ! ,s\? & ,we/ c tell ! mean+ ( ,lyn*'s law4 8,lyn*1 h[ev]1 has be5 improv$ ^u & m sev]e puni%m5ts sometimes inflict$4 ,i h giv5 ?is feature ( ,we/]n hi/ory f ! presumption t y may n h kn[n x40#ef ,su* is ! /ronge/ evid5ce be>+ directly on ! po9t "u consid]ation4 ,x is true t ,m>t9's acc\nt1 z well z ,h[e's1 0 n writt5 until m ?an =ty ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,*>les ,lyn*4 ,x is true1 also1 t _m /ories h ref]r$ to a man by ! "n ( ,lyn* 9 ,virg9ia1 sometimes specifically m5tion+ ,*>les ,lyn* or ,colonel ,lyn*1 at o!r times nam+ "s o!r ,lyn*4#eg ,b x is likewise true t x is 9 ?is way t tradition has be5 p]si/5t 9 attribut+ ! orig9 ( lyn*-law to a memb] ( ! ,lyn* family 9 ,virg9ia4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce no evid5ce :atsoev] has be5 f\nd = trac+ ! beg9n+ ( lyn*-law to any o!r memb] ( t family1 x may be said t tradition has ?us p]si/5tly po9t$ to ,colonel ,*>les ,lyn* z ! fir/ lyn*]4 ,traditions are 9 g5]al f> f tru/wor?y1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y usually h "s basis 9 fact4 ,9 ?is case ,wirt's /atem5t gives1 at ! v lea/1 a presumption 9 favor ( ! tradition1 :i* facts to ! contr>y only c remove4#eh ,! e>lie/ use ( ! expression 8,lyn*'s law0 t is kn[n at ! pres5t "t is ?is "o f\nd 9 ,wirt's book :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahah4 ,judge ,roane wrote t !re 7 _m suits 9 ! ye> #agib = inflict+ ,lyn*'s law4 ,f 8 /atem5t x does n foll[ t ! t]m ,lyn*'s law 0 9 use 9 ! ye> #agib4 ,x does foll[1 h[ev]1 t ! t]m 0 at lea/ a localism 9 ,virg9ia 9 ! ye> #ahag4 ,o!r t]ms 7 also 9 use = summ>y & illegal puni%m5t 9 ! p]iod #aghj-ahcj4 ,! foll[+ appe>$ 9 ! ,salem ,gazette ( ,octob] #b1 #ahab3 8,p :o clamor$ viol5tly aga9/ ,mr4 ,adams' #8gag law' 9 #8#ii1 see no?+ to disapprove 9 ! #8club law' enact$ at ,baltimore1 z a sub/itute = x4--,mess5g]40#ei ,9 ! ye> #ahai two passages entitl$ 8,summ>y ju/ice0 appe>$ 9 ,niles' ,regi/]4 ,!y read z foll[s3 8,summ>y ju/ice4--,a t9 p$l> at ,ea/on1 ,pa4 0 discov]$ to h two negro *ildr5 9 8 c>t4 ,on exam9ation1 "o ( ! little suff]]s 0 f\nd to h be5 cramm$ 9 su* a mann]1 t 8 e> 0 rubb$ (f6 ,! p indignantly rose & cut (f ! fell['s e>4 ,i am no advocate = ! violation ( ! laws1 b f my he>t ,i c't feel sorry = him4--,village ,record]40#fj 8,summ>y ju/ice4 ,aft] a late ext5sive fire :i* happ5$ at ,*>le/on1 a fell[ 0 f\nd secret+ "s goods t _h be5 /ol5 dur+ ! calamity4 ,! alt]native 0 (f]$ to him1 :e!r he w\ld be prosecut$ at law1 or suff] puni%m5t on ! spot2 he *ose ! latt]1 0 ti$ to a tree1 receiv$ fifty la%es well laid on1 & got (f cle>1 hav+ re/or$ ! /ol5 goods40#fa ,9 ! ye> #ahbb ,niles' ,regi/] conta9$ ! foll[+3 8,riot4 ,a p>cel ( ,iri% labor]s employ$ 9 ! navy y>d at ,*>le/[n1 lately attempt$ to rescue "s prop]ty ( "o ( _! fell[s out ( ! h&s ( ! %]iff4 ,! affray 0 a sev]e "o--b #8club law' did n prevail4 ,capta9 ,hull expos$ himself consid]ably to quell ! riot40#fb ,writ+ "u ! date ( ,novemb] #bi1 #ahai1 ,w4 ,faux describes an in/ance ( ! use ( summ>y me?ods aga9/ an unpopul> individual 9 ,pr9ceton1 ,indiana1 & says3 8,! p ( ! place deput$ f\r p]sons to in=m him1 t unless he quitt$ ! t[n & ! /ate imm$iately1 he %\ld receive ,lyn*'s law1 t is1 :ipp+ 9 ! woods40#fc ,"u ! date ( ,decemb] #af1 #ahai1 ref]r+ to 8! ,r[dies ( ,k5tucky10 ! same au?or writes3 8,^! regulators are self-appo9t$ m9i/]s ( ju/ice1 to puni% or de/roy ^? :om ! law _c t\*40#fd ,on ,july #ag1 #ahbd1 ,niles' ,regi/] publi%$ ! in=mation t sev]al murd]s _h be5 committ$ 9 ,k5tucky 8by p]sons :o call$ !mselves #8regulators4'0#fe ,w4 ,n4 ,blane publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahbd an acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,am]ica & describ$ 8! practice ( ,regulat+0 t !n exi/$ 9 p>ts ( ,k5tucky1 ,indiana1 & ,ill9ois4 ,he tells h[ ! b&s ( ,regulators 7 organiz$ & _! me?ods ( inflict+ puni%m5t1 b does n use ! t]m lyn* or lyn*-law4#ff ,judge ,james ,hall1 9 8 8,lett]s f ! ,we/10 publi%$ 9 #ahbh1 uses ! foll[+ words3 8,no comm5tator has tak5 any notice ( ,l9*'s ,law1 :i* 0 once ! lex loci ( ! fronti]4 ,! citiz5s =m$ !mselves into a #8regulat+ company4' ,sometimes ! suff]]s resort$ to c\rts ( ju/ice = remun]ation1 & !re h be5 in/ances ( heavy damages be+ recov]$ ( ! regulators40#fg ,x ?us appe>s t summ>y & illegal me?ods ( puni%+ (f5d]s 7 kn[n "u v>i\s names betwe5 #aghj & #ahcj4 ,! t]m ,lyn*'s law 0 n exclusively appli$ to su* practices4 ,! evid5ce obta9able at pres5t1 !re=e1 indicates t at "s "t betwe5 #aghj & #ahag ! t]m ,lyn*'s law became a localism 9 ,virg9ia 9 ! region ( ! ,james ,riv]4 ,by ! ye> #ahai x _h spread z f> we/ z ,indiana1 & by #ahbh x _h become /ill m widely us$ b _h n sup]s$$ all o!r t]ms = ! popul> adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 ,to ! "q :y or h[ ,lyn*'s "n came to be atta*$ to ?is practice1 !re is at pres5t no conclusive answ]4 ,x may be said t ,colonel ,*>les ,lyn* 0 a prom95t man 9 8 community1 & :5 he adopt$ extra-legal me?ods ( puni%+ public (f5d]s dur+ ! tr\bl\s times ( ! ,revolution1 he no d\bt attract$ consid]able att5tion to himself1 & ?us 8 "n became id5tifi$ ) su* practices4 ,x may also be said t ! uniqu5ess ( "s ( 8 puni%m5ts1 su* z compell+ ! ,tories to %\t 8,lib]ty =ev]10 probably br\ght 8 "n into prom95ce ) ! practice4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t no contemporane\s evid5ce has yet be5 discov]$ :i* w expla9 :y ,lyn*'s "n came to be appli$ to ! practice4 ,we "k def9itely only t ! =m ( ! expression 0 at fir/ ,lyn*'s law1 & t tradition1 support$ by all ! evid5ce t we h1 ascribes its orig9 to ,colonel ,lyn*4 ,equally c]ta9 x is t ,lyn*'s law orig9ally signifi$ a :ipp+ = re=matory purposes ) m or less disreg>d = its legality1 & 0 s us$ at a "t subsequ5t to ! ,am]ican ,revolution & n be=e t "t4 ,evid5tly ! t]m orig9at$ 9 ,virg9ia1 & z ! tide ( emigration mov$ we/w>d x 0 c>ri$ along ! fronti] :]e conditions 7 su* z to enc\rage ! use ( extra-legal me?ods aga9/ public (f5d]s4 ,?is becomes m evid5t :5 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! popul> adm9i/ration ( puni%m5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,a consid]ation ( e>ly lyn*-law1 or lyn*-law d[n to #ahcj1 con/itutes ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,e>ly ,,lyn*-,,law ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! orig9 ( ! t]m by :i* ! practice has come to be kn[n4 ,9 ?is *apt] we are conc]n$ ) ! practice itself4 ,some?+ ( ! nature ( lyn*-law proc$ure dur+ ! ,revolution>y epo* has already become app>5t1 b a m detail$ inve/igation into ! e>ly hi/ory ( su* proc$ure w reveal o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,x has be5 said by "s t ! fir/ in/ance ( ! op]ation ( lyn*-law 9 ,am]ica 0 9 ,decemb]1 #agfc1 at ,paxtang 7n[ ,h>risburg71 ,p5nsylvania4 ,indian scalp+ p>ties _h be5 lay+ wa/e ! settlem5ts ) rel5tless fury1 & ! appeals ( ! settl]s to ! ,quak] gov]nm5t = help _h be5 treat$ ) contempt4 ,exasp]at$ at ! policy pursu$ by ! ,quak]s t[>d ! ,indians1 ! ,scot*-,iri% :o _h settl$ 9 ,lanca/] & ,cumb]l& c\nties =m$ sev]al companies ( ,rang]s to patrol ! bord]s & give protection4 8,ab\t ! middle ( ,decemb]1 ^w 0 br\ght to ! settl]s liv+ at ,paxtang1 t an ,indian kn[n to h committ$ depr$ations 9 ! vic9ity _h be5 trac$ to ,cone/oga4 ,mat!w ,smi?1 a man ( influ5ce & popul>ity among 8 associates1 call$ toge!r a numb] ( ! ,paxtang ,rang]s1 & l$ !m to ! ,cone/oga settlem5t4 ,"o ( ! m5 saw an ,indian issu+ f a h\se1 & ?\ght t he recogniz$ him z ! savage :o _h kill$ 8 own "m4 ,fir+ 8 rifle1 he br\ght ! ,indian d[n4 ,!n1 ) a l\d %\t1 ! furi\s mob ru%$ into ! cab9s1 & kill$ all ! ,indians :om !y f\nd !re1 "s six 9 numb]4 ,f\rte5 ( ! ,cone/ogas manag$ to escape1 &1 flee+ to ,lanca/]1 7 giv5 a place ( refuge 9 ! c\nty jail4 ,:ile !re1 ^w 0 aga9 c>ri$ to ! ,paxtang m5 t an ,indian1 kn[n to h murd]$ ! relatives ( "o ( _! numb]1 0 among ^? :o _h receiv$ ! protection ( ! ,lanca/] magi/rates4 ,?is aga9 ar\s$ a feel+ ( rage & res5tm5t among/ ! ,rang]s4 ,on ,decemb] #bg1 "s fifty ( !m1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,laz>us ,/ew>t1 m>*$ to ,lanca/]1 broke op5 ! jail1 & ) ! fury ( a mob massacr$ e ,indian conta9$ !re91 man1 woman1 & *ild40#fh ,9 connection ) ?is incid5t x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,scot*-,iri% are to blame = ! introduction ( lyn*-law 9 ,am]ica2 t !y br\ght ) !m traditions ( ! adm9i/ration ( summ>y ju/ice 9 ,m$ival ,scotl&1 &1 amid/ ! p]ils ( ! fronti]1 quickly resort$ to ! anci5t me?ods ( suppress+ viol5ce & depr$ation4 ,! case ( ! ,regulators 9 ! ,c>ol9as is also cit$ z an in/ance ( ! ,scot*-,iri% backwoodsm5 tak+ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice into _! own h&s1 :5 _! rul]s fail$ to provide = !m a safe gov]nm5t4 ,x is said t ?is same self-reliant _s is exhibit$ 9 ! 8family feuds ( ,k5tucky1 :i* = ! mo/ "p seem peculi> to families be>+ ,scotti% names40#fi ,und\bt$ly ! ,scot*-,iri% play$ an important "p 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( lyn*-law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b x 0 r because !y 7 ! vangu>d ( a new civilization ?an because !y 7 ( ,scotti% desc5t t !y play$ ?is important "p4 ,environm5tal influ5ces ( old _h made !m pione]s4 ,be=e com+ to ?is c\ntry !y _h beh9d !m a c5tury ( fronti] life4 ,_! exp]i5ce 9 ,irel&1 :]e ! soil 0 poor & :]e by reason ( ! diff]5ce 9 religion !y liv$ ap>t f1 & (t5 9 op5 ho/ility to1 ! natives1 l$ !m to be self-reliant & self-ass]tive4 ,_! tra9+ _h ?us made !m /urdy fronti]sm51 q ! sort to subdue ! wild]ness & become ! f\nd]s ( a new civilization4 ,amid ! vicissitudes incid5t to settlem5t 9 a virg9 t]ritory x 0 (t5 necess>y1 z a matt] ( self-pres]vation1 to use prompt & decisive measures aga9/ depr$ators4 ,t ! e>ly settl]s did n always obs]ve 8due process ( law0 c sc>cely be urg$ z des]v+ condemnation4 ,!y m]ely adopt$ ! means :i* seem$ to !m ! mo/ exp$i5t "u ! exi/+ circum/ances4 ,! adoption ( summ>y measures by ,scot*-,iri% ,rang]s 9 ,p5nsylvania 9 #agfc1 h[ev]1 does n furni% an isolat$ in/ance1 nor inde$ ! e>lie/ in/ance1 ( ! use ( su* measures aga9/ ,indians4 ,! prov9cial gov]nm5ts 7 n infrequ5tly call$ ^u to take note ( su* occurr5ces 9 ord] to pres]ve amicable relations ) ! v>i\s ,indian tribes1 & consid]able difficulty 0 commonly exp]i5c$ :5 ! attempt 0 made to br+ to ju/ice :ite m5 :o _h murd]$ ,indians4 ,9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,new ,hamp%ire 9 ,june1 #agec1 two :ite m5 kill$ two ,indians :o 7 accus$ ( hav+ c>ri$ (f two negroes ! prec$+ ye>4 ,aft] sev]al mon?s ! m5 7 arre/$1 indict$ = ! murd]1 plac$ 9 ! jail at ,portsm\?1 & _! trial set = ,m>* #ba1 #aged4 ,! night previ\s to ! day appo9t$ = ! trial a p>ty ( _! neighbors appe>$ 9 ,portsm\?1 broke op5 ! jail & set !m free4 8,?is outrage produc$ great excitem5t 9 ! community--"s endeavor+ to discov] & retake ! murd]]s1 & o!rs favor+ _! escape4 ,bo? ! murd] & ! rescue1 h[ev]1 7 g5]ally ju/ifi$ 9 ! community4 ,&1 al?\gh rew>ds 7 (f]$ by ,gov]nor ,w5twor? = ! appreh5sion ( ,b[5 & ,morrill1 yet 9 a %ort "t !y w5t op5ly ab\t _! bus9ess1 )\t fe> ( mole/ation1 & ! m5 engag$ 9 break+ ! jail at ,portsm\?1 ?\gh well kn[n1 7 nev] call$ to acc\nt1 b1 on ! contr>y1 7 consid]$ z hav+ p]=m$ a mo/ m]itori\s act4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! mo/ sub/antial m5 9 ! c\ntry 7 engag$ 9 ! rescue1--by act or advice1--& ! ,gov]nm5t c\ld n h made an arre/ _h !y made ! attempt4 ,pres5ts 7 aft]w>ds made to ! relatives ( ^! ,indians by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 & ?us ! #8blood 0 wip$ away' to ! satisfaction ( ! ,indians40#gj ,9 ,may1 #agie1 9 ! c\nty ( ,/4 ,clair 9 ! ,ill9ois c\ntry1 two ,indians 7 murd]$ :ile !y 7 9 ! cu/ody ( ! %]iff :o 0 convey+ !m to jail ^u w>rant4 ,an ef=t 0 made to br+ ! murd]]s to ju/ice1 b al?\gh 8! mo/ positive evid5ce 0 adduc$ to ! gr& jury aga9/ two p]sons1 inhabitants ( ! c\nty ( ,/4 ,clair1 t ! murd] 0 committ$ by !m10 no bill ( indictm5t 0 f\nd aga9/ !m4 ,?ree attempts 7 made to secure an indictm5t f ! gr& jury1 all ( :i* 7 unsuccessful4 ,ref]r+ to ano!r in/ance :]e ,indians 7 murd]$ by :ites1 :i* occurr$ at ab\t ! same "t b ! circum/ances ( :i* 7 8n only n blameable b laudable10 ,gov]nor ,/4 ,clair wrote1 9 8 report to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate1 8_h ! affair be5 ev] s crim9al 9 its nature1 x w\ld h be51 ,i believe1 impossible to h br\ght ! actors to puni%m5t40#ga ,9 sev]al respects !re is a resemblance betwe5 ! means :i* 7 employ$ by ! e>ly settl]s = protection aga9/ ,indian depr$ators & ! me?ods :i* h be5 adopt$ 9 m rec5t ye>s = ! puni%m5t ( public (f5d]s4 ,9 _! purpose1 9 _! organization1 & 9 _! summ>y infliction ( ! dea? p5alty1 ! ,rang]s 7 n unlike ! vigilance committees :i* h be5 closely id5tifi$ ) ! lat] op]ation ( ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law4 ,9 break+ op5 jails1 &1 z 9 ,lanca/]1 ,p5nsylvania1 9 massacr+ inmates aga9/ :om !re 0 a /rong popul> res5tm5t1 or1 z 9 ,portsm\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 9 lib]at+ prison]s ^: crim9al conduct 0 g5]ally ju/ifi$ 9 ! community1 !re appe> "s ( ! di/9ctive features :i* h m>k$ ! lat] op]ation ( lyn*-law 9 well settl$ communities4 ,x is also probably true t ! antagoni/ic relations :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! :ites & ! ,indians dur+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry directly enc\rag$ a popul> disreg>d ( all legal proc$ure on ! "p ( ! :ites :5 deal+ ) ,indians4 ,b ! use ( summ>y measures aga9/ ,indians & ! att5dant occurr5ces c sc>cely be said to m>k ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation ( lyn*-law 9 ,am]ica4 ,! mean+ :i* 0 at fir/ atta*$ to ! t]m ,lyn*'s law & ! nature ( ! practice :i* fir/ came to be kn[n by t "n preclude su* a beg9n+ = ! practice4 ,lyn*'s law orig9ally correspond$ mu* m closely to :at 0 kn[n z 8regulat+10 a practice :i* 0 e>ly adopt$ n only :]e ! fronti] type ( society exi/$1 b also :]e !re 0 ! /able & bett] organiz$ =m ( society *>act]i/ic ( old] communities4 ,! foll[+ appe>$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,gazette ( ,decemb] #ah1 #ageb3 8,we he> f ,elizabe?-,t[n1 t an odd ,sect ( ,p h lately appe>$ !re1 :o g "u ! ,d5om9ation ( ,regul>s3 !re are ne> a ,doz5 ( !m1 :o dress !mselves 9 ,wom5's ,cloa?s1 & pa9t+ _! ,faces1 g 9 ! ,ev5+ to ! ,h\ses ( su* z are report$ to h beat _! ,wives3 :]e "o ( !m ent]+ 9 fir/1 seizes ! ,del9qu5t1 :il/ ! re/ foll[1 /rip him1 turn up 8 ,po/]iors & flog him ) ,rods mo/ sev]ely1 cry+ out all ! ,"t1 ,wo to ! ,m5 t beat _! ,wives3--,x seems t sev]al ,p]sons 9 t ,bor\gh1 7& 'tis said "s v des]v$ly7 h und]gone ! ,discipl9e1 to ! no small ,t]ror ( o!rs1 :o are 9 any ,way consci\s ( des]v+ ! same ,puni%m5t4 ',tw]e to be wi%'d1 t 9 ord] = ! m equal ,di/ribution ( ,ju/ice1 !re w\'d arise ano!r ,sect1 "u ! ,title ( ,regulatrixes :o %\ld dress !mselves 9 ,m5s ,cloa!s1 & flagilate ! ,po/]iors ( ! ,scolds1 ,t]magants1 c41 c40#gb ,9 a lett] dat$ ,decemb] #g1 #agec1 8,prud5ce ,goodwife10 aft] relat+ h[ h] husb& beats & maltreats h]1 writes z foll[s3 8,my ,case be+ happily nois'd abroad1 induc$ sev]al g5]\s "y ,m5 to discipl9e him4 ,^! "y ,p]sons d /ile1 or are /il$1 ,regulators3 & s !y are ) ,propriety3 = !y h regulat$ my de> ,husb&1 & ! re/ ( ! bad ,ones h]eab\ts1 t !y are afraid ( us+ su* ,b>b>ity2 & ,i mu/ ) ,pleasure ackn[l$ge1 t s9ce my ,husb& has felt :at :ipp+ 01 he has entirely left (f :ipp+ me1 & promises fai?fully he w nev] beg9 aga94 ,?o' !re are "s t are afraid ( :ipp+ _! ,wives1 = fe> ( danc+ ! same ,jigg2 yet ,i und]/&1 !y are n afraid ( mak+ ,application1 9 ord] to h ^? de> ,regulators indict$2 & if !y %\ld x might disc\rage !m = ! future1 to appe> to ! ,assi/ance ( ! ,innoc5t & ,helpless2 & !n poor ,wives :o h ! unhapp9ess to be lockt 9 ,w$lock ) bad ,husb&s1 take c>e ( y\r t5d] ,hides2 = y may dep5d ^u be+ bang'd )\t ,m]cy40#gc ,^! may be reg>d$ z sporadic cases ( 8regulat+10 z illu/rations ( ! k9d ( 8regulat+0 :i* is f\nd 9 a /able & well organiz$ =m ( society4 ,!y are in/ances ( ! infliction ( summ>y corporal puni%m5t ^u individuals = ^: puni%m5t "u ! law little tangible evid5ce c be adduc$1 & ! nature ( ^: (f5se is su* t legal p5alties are popul>ly believ$ to be inapplicable4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 f #agfe to #agga1 "u fronti] conditions comb9$ ) political diss5sion1 8regulation0 assum$ a well-organiz$ =m & ga9$ consid]able /r5g?4#gd ,! movem5t 0 inaugurat$ 9 ! nor?-c5tral "p ( ! prov9ce to resi/ :at 0 consid]$ oppressive exactions laid by gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,specifically1 ! grievances 7 excessive taxes1 di%one/ %]iffs1 & extortionate fees4 ,a meet+ 8to inquire into ! abuse ( p[] & take prop] measures = am5dm5t0 0 held at ,maddock's mill on ,octob] #aj1 #agff1 & sev]al resolutions 7 draft$ & adopt$4#ge ,no?+ 0 done by ! au?orities to alleviate ! grievances1 h[ev]1 & a g5]al meet+ 0 held on ,april #d1 #agfh1 at :i* ! organization into a body ( ,regulators 0 p]fect$4 ,an agreem5t 0 drawn up & ! memb]s b\nd !mselves by oa? to its obs]vance4 ,?is agreem5t reads z foll[s3 8,we ! subscrib]s d volunt>ily agree to =m ourselves into an association1 to assemble ourselves = conf]5ce = regulat+ public grievances & abuses ( p[]1 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 ) o!rs ( ! l nature t may occur4 8#a4 ,t we w pay no m taxes until we are satisfi$ !y are agreeable to law1 & appli$ to ! purposes !re9 m5tion$2 unless we _c help x1 or are =c$4 8#b4 ,t we w pay no (fic] any m fees ?an ! law all[s1 unless we are oblig$ to x2 & !n to %[ our dislike1 & be> an op5 te/imony aga9/ x4 8#c4 ,t we w att5d our meet+s ( conf]5ce z (t5 z we conv5i5tly c1 & is necess>y1 9 ord] to consult our repres5tatives on ! am5dm5t ( su* laws z may be f\nd griev\s or unnecess>y2 & to *oose m suitable m5 ?an we h done h]et(ore = burgesses & ve/rym52 & to petition ! h\ses ( assembly1 gov]nor1 c\ncil1 k+ & p>liam5t1 c41 = r$ress 9 su* grievances z 9 ! c\rse ( ! und]tak+ may occur2 & to in=m "o ano!r1 le>n1 "k1 & enjoy all ! privileges & lib]ties t are all[$ & 7 settl$ on u by our wor?y ance/ors1 ! f\nd]s ( our pres5t con/itution1 9 ord] to pres]ve x on its anci5t f\ndation1 t x may /& firm & un%ak54 8#d4 ,t we w contribute to collections = defray+ necess>y exp5ses att5d+ ! "w1 accord+ to our abilities4 8#e4 ,t 9 case ( diff]5ce 9 judgm5t1 we w submit to ! judgm5t ( ! majority ( our body4 8,to all :i* we solemnly swe>1 or be+ a quak]1 or o!rwise scrupul\s 9 consci5ce ( ! common oa?1 d solemnly affirm1 t we w /& true & fai?ful to ?is cause1 till we br+ ?+s to a true regulation1 accord+ to ! true int5t & mean+ h]e(1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! majority ( u40#gf ,z ?is agreem5t indicates1 ?is organization 0 prim>ily = ! purpose ( 8regulat+ public grievances & abuses ( p[]10 n = ! purpose ( br++ to ju/ice public (f5d]s beyond ! rea* ( law1 su* z horse ?ieves & desp]adoes4 ,_! me?ods ( proc$ure1 h[ev]1 closely resembl$ ^? t h be5 adopt$ by o!r b&s ( ,regulators = ! purpose ( met+ out ju/ice to fronti] crim9als4 ,_! favorite me?od seems to h be5 to adm9i/] :ipp+s4 ,9 an int]cept$ lett] f ,r$nap ,h[ell to ,james ,hunt]1 bo? lead+ ,regulators1 ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8,i give out "h t ! ,regulators are det]m9$ to :ip e "o :o goes to law1 or w n pay 8 j debts1 or w n agree to leave 8 cause to m51 :]e disput$4 ,t !y w *oose repres5tatives1 b n s5d !m to be put 9 jail4 ,9 %ort1 to /& 9 def5ce2 & z to ?ieves1 to drive !m out ( ! c\ntry40#gg ,f "t to "t1 h[ev]1 s]i\s di/urbances & riots occurr$4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aggj1 ab\t #aej ,regulators attack$ ! sup]ior c\rt :i* 0 9 session at ,hillsboro1 sev]ely :ipp$ sev]al m5 :o _h incurr$ _! enmity1 & de/roy$ consid]able prop]ty4 ,new laws 7 hurri$ly enact$ by ! legislature & ! lead]s ( ! riots 7 arre/$1 b ! ,regulators 7 n easily subdu$ or conciliat$4 ,9 #agga ,gov]nor ,tryon call$ out ! militia1 & a battle took place betwe5 ! ,regulators & ! militia1 9 :i* ! ,regulators 7 utt]ly defeat$ & _! organization brok5 up4 ,ea* side1 h[ev]1 _h sev]al m5 kill$ & _m w\nd$4 ,a simil> attempt at 8regulat+0 0 made 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a at ab\t ! same "t4#gh ,! 8,back ,c\ntry10 z x 0 call$1 _h become infe/$ ) robb]s & brig&s4 ,prior to ! ye> #agfi ! only c\rt ( crim9al & civil jurisdiction 9 ! ,prov9ce--except ! c\rts ( ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace1 :i* _h jurisdiction 9 civil causes z high z tw5ty p\nds curr5t money--80 hold5 9 ,*>le/[n40 ,?is gave practical immunity f puni%m5t to ^? :o 7 lawlessly incl9$ 9 ! di/ant p>ts ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #ageb1 ! inhabitants along ! ,p$ee ,riv] ne> ! m\? ( ,lyn*e's ,creek petition$ ! ,upp] ,h\se ( ,assembly = ! creation ( a new c\nty 9 :i* twelve or m ,ju/ices %\ld be appo9t$ :o %\ld h a g5]al jurisdiction ov] bo? civil & crim9al causes4 ,?is & o!r petitions :i* 7 pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>s f diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,prov9ce receiv$ scant att5tion on ! "p ( ! ,prov9cial ,gov]nm5t4 ,= sev]al ye>s ! ,gov]nm5t did n seem to compreh5d ! real nature ( ! evils1 or ! rem$ies necess>y to be appli$4 ,consequ5tly1 !re 0 a v decid$ opposition betwe5 ! ,regulators & ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nt we h ( ! op]ations ( ! organization :i* became kn[n z ! ,regulators is 9 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,gazette ( ,may #bf1 #agfg1 9 an extract f a lett] f ,p9e ,tree ,hill 7,camd571 dat$ ,may #ad1 #agfg4 ,x is z foll[s3 8,on ! #f? in/41 a numb] ( arm$ m51 be+ 9 se>* ( ,horse ,/eal]s1 robb]s1 c41 discov]$ a p>cel ( !m 9 camp on ,broad ,riv]1 :]e an engagem5t soon ensu$1 & ! ,?ieves 7 put to flight2 & ?\gh none ( !m 7 tak51 x is reasonable to suppose1 f ! quantity ( blood on ! gr\nd1 t "s ( !m 7 kill$4 ,!y left beh9d !m t5 horses1 ?irte5 saddles1 "s guns1 c40#gi ,! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,gazette ( ,july #bg-;,augu/ #c1 9 ! same ye>1 made ?is /atem5t3 8,! gang ( ,villa9s f ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :o h = "s ye>s pa/1 9 small p>ties1 "u p>ticul> lead]s1 infe/$ ! back p>ts ( ! ,s\!rn ,prov9ces1 /eal+ horses f "o1 & sell+ !m 9 ! next1 not)/&+ ! late public examples made ( sev]al ( !m1 we he> are m =midable ?an ev] z to numb]s1 & m audaci\s & cruel 9 _! !fts & outrages4 ',tis report$ t !y consi/ ( m ?an #bjj1 =m a *a9 ( communication ) ea* o!r1 & h places ( g5]al meet+2 :]e 79 imitation ( ,c\ncils ( ,w>7 !y =m plans ( op]ation & def5ce1 & 7allud+ to _! secrecy & fidelity to ea* o!r7 call _! places ,free ,mason ,lodges4 ,in/ances ( _! cruelty to ! p 9 ! back settlem5ts1 :]e !y rob or o!rwise abuse1 are s num]\s & %ock+1 t a n>rative ( !m w\ld fill a :ole ,gazette1 & e read] ) horror4 ,!y at pres5t range 9 ! ,=ks betwe5 ,broad1 ,saludy1 & ,savannah ,riv]s4 ,two ( ! gang 7 hang$ la/ week at ,savannah1 viz41 ,lundy ,h>t & ,obadiah ,gre5age4 ,two o!rs1 ,james ,f]guson & ,jesse ,hamb]sam1 7 kill$ :5 ^! 7 tak540#hj ,app>5tly1 x 0 = ! purpose ( break+ up & br++ to ju/ice ?is 8gang ( ,villa9s0 t ,?omas ,woodw>d1 ,joseph ,kirkl&1 & ,b>naby ,pope 8in/itut$ ! ,regulation40#ha ,at any rate1 an organization _h be5 =m$ 9 ! region surr\nd+ ! ,broad ,riv]1 &1 z e>ly z #agfg1 ! memb]s ( ?is organization _h come to be kn[n z ,regulators4 ,9 an address to bo? ,h\ses ( ,assembly1 ,novemb] #e1 #agfg1 ! ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce1 ref]r+ to ! 8unhappy situation 9 ! ,back ,p>ts ( ?is ,c\ntry10 made ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,! means to suppress ^? lic5ti\s spirits t h s lately appe>$ 9 ! di/ant p>ts ( ! ,prov9ce1 &1 assum+ ! "n ( ,regulators1 h1 9 defiance ( ,gov]nm5t1 & to ! subv]sion ( good ord]1 illegally tri$1 condemn$1 & puni%$ _m p]sons1 require an att5tive delib]ation40#hb ,! c\rts t 7 ask$ = by ! inhabitants 7 n e/abli%$1 h[ev]1 & ! 8regulation0 cont9u$4 ,! foll[+ is tak5 f ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,gazette ( ,june #ac1 #agfh3 8,x seems h>dly probable t ! di/urbances 9 our back settlem5ts w entirely subside1 not)/&+ all ! prud5t /eps t h be5 tak51 or c be tak51 by ! ,gov]nm5t to suppress !m1 until ! late ,act ( ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ?is ,prov9ce = e/abli%+ ,circuit ,c\rts1#hc takes effect3 = we daily he> ( new irregul>ities committ$ by ! p call$ ,regulators1 :o1 seem+ to despair ( root+ out ^? desp]ate villa9s t rema9 among !m any o!r way1 /ill take ^u !mselves to puni% su* (f5d]s z !y c cat*4 ,we he>1 t )9 ?is mon?1 "o ,watts & "o ,di/oe1 h receiv$ #ejj la%es ea* by _! direction2 & t an infam\s woman has also receiv$ corporal puni%m5t4 ,we he>1 also1 t "o ,john ,b[les has lately lo/ 8 life 9 attempt+ to take ,mr4 ,woodw>d1 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! p call$ ,regulators4 ,accord+ to our acc\nt1 ,woodw>d1 refus+ to surr5d] himself1 ,b[les fir$ at1 & w\ld h kill$ him1 b ! ball /ruck ! b>rel ( a gun :i* he held across 8 brea/1 ^u :i*1 "s p 9 company ) ,woodw>d1 fir$1 & kill$ ,b[les40#hd ,on ,july #be1 ! foll[+ intellig5ce 0 giv5 9 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,gazette3 8,! la/ acc\nts f ! ,back ,settlem5ts say1 t ! ,p call$ ! ,regulators 7 to h a meet+ at ,lyn*e's ,creek1 on la/ ,friday1 :]e x 0 expect$ #abjj w\ld be assembl$4 ,! occasion ( ?is meet+ is said to be1 a ,p>ty ( !m lately hav+ be5 r\ghly us$ by a ,gang ( ,b&itti1 consi/+ ( ,mulattoes1 ,free ,negroes1 c41 notori\s ,h>bor]s ( runaway slaves1 at a place call$ ,?ompson's ,creek1 :om !y ord]$ to remove4 ,x is add$1 !y anxi\sly wait to he> ! fate ( ! ,act = e/abli%+ ,circuit ,c\rts 9 ?is ,prov9ce1 s5t home = ! ,royal approbation1 :i*1 if x obta9s1 w re/ore good ord] 9 ^? p>ts40#he ,! ,gov]nor ( ! ,prov9ce1 n und]/&+ ! situation 9 ! remote settlem5ts1 made an attempt to en=ce ord] & compel ob$i5ce to law by s5d+ an (fic] ) full discretion>y p[] aga9/ ! ,regulators4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts is describ$ by ,ramsay 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,! extreme difficulty ( br++ crim9als f ! remote settlem5ts to a legal condemnation _h induc$ a numb] ( m51 :o call$ !mselves regulators1 to take ! law into _! h&s4 ,!y1 by _! own au?ority1 inflict$ corporal puni%m5t on sundry p]sons )\t any regul> condemnation4 ,to rem$y abuses ( ?is k9d1 "l ,*>les ,greville ,montague1 !n gov]nor ( ! prov9ce1 advanc$ to ! rank ( colonel a man ( l[ "*1 ( ! "n ( ,scovil1 & employ$ him to en=ce regul> law among ^! self-con/itut$ regulators4 ,9 execution ( 8 commission he adopt$ sev]e measures1 :i* involv$ multitudes 9 great di/ress40#hf ,?is ,colonel ,scovil 7or ,s*ovel--8 "n is writt5 9 v>i\s ways71 in/ead ( r$ress+ ! grievances on bo? sides1 arm$ ! depr$ators & p>ad$ !m = battle4 ,be=e a battle took place1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! ,regulators & ! ,s*(ilites1 z !y 7 kn[n f ! "n ( _! lead]1 wis] c\nsels prevail$ & bo? p>ties s5t delegates to ! ,gov]nor ask+ = 8 int]v5tion4#hg ,9 ?is way ! disa/r\s results ( ! conflict 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a betwe5 ! ,regulators & ! ,gov]nm5t 7 avoid$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,f9ally1 ! necessity = c\rts 9 ! int]ior ( ! ,prov9ce c\ld no long] be d5i$4 ,! ,royal approval 0 giv51 & 9 ! ye> #agfi sev5 new c\rts1 ) suitable jails & c\rt-h\ses1 7 e/abli%$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! int]ior4#hh ,?is m>k$ ! end ( ! ,regulation movem5t 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,! condition ( affairs :i* _h call$ x into exi/5ce _h ceas$ to prevail & ! practice ( 8regulat+0 01 !re=e1 discont9u$4 ,a s+le quotation w conclude all t ne$ "h be said 9 reg>d to ! ,regulation 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,x is an 8extract ( a lett] f a ,g5tleman at ,p$ee1 to 8 fri5d 9 ,t[n10 & appe>$ 9 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,gazette1 ,septemb] #b1 #agfh4 ,x reads z foll[s3 8,i wi% y w\ld in=m me :at is g5]ally ?\ght 9 t[n ( ! ,regulators1 :o n[ reign uncontroll$ 9 all ! remote p>ts ( ! ,prov9ce4 ,9 ,june1 !y held a ,congress at ! ,cong>ees1 :]e a va/ numb] ( p assembl$2 sev]al ( ! pr9cipal settl]s on ?is ,riv]1 m5 ( prop]ty1 among !m4 ,:5 ^! return$1 !y reque/$ ! mo/ respectable p 9 ^! p>ts to meet on a c]ta9 day2 !y did s1 &1 ^u ! report made to !m1 !y unanim\sly adopt$ ! ,plan ( ,regulation1 & are n[ execut+ x ) indefatigable ard\r4 ,_! resolution is1 9 g5]al1 effectually to d5y ! ,jurisdiction ( ! ,c\rts hold5 9 ,*>le/[n ov] ^? p>ts ( ! ,prov9ce t ought to be by "r out ( x2 to purge1 by me?ods ( _! own1 ! c\ntry ( all idle p]sons1 all t h n a visible way ( gett+ an hone/ liv+1 all t are suspect$ or kn[n to be guilty ( malpractices1 & also to prev5t ! s]vice ( any writ or w>rant f ,*>le/[n2 s t a ,deputy ,m>%al w\ld be h&l$ by !m ) sev]ity4 ,aga9/ ^? !y brea! high indignation4 ,!y are e day1 except+ ,sundays1 employ$ 9 ?is ,regulation "w1 z !y t]m x4 ,!y h br\ght _m "u ! la%1 & are sc\rg+ & bani%+ ! bas] sort ( p1 su* z ! above1 ) univ]sal dilig5ce4 8,su* z !y ?9k reclaimable1 !y are a little t5d] (2 & ^? !y task1 giv+ !m s _m acres to t5d 9 s _m days1 on pa9 ( flagellation1 t !y may n be r$uc$ to pov]ty1 & by t be l$ to /eal f _! indu/ri\s neighb\rs4 ,?is c\rse1 !y say1 !y are det]m9$ to pursue1 ) e o!r effectual measure1 t w answ] _! purpose2 & t !y w def5d !mselves 9 x to ! la/ extremity4 ,!y hold correspond5ce ) o!rs 9 ! same plan1 & are engag$ to abide by & support ea* o!r :5ev] !y may be call$ ^u = t purpose4 ,?is1 x seems1 !y are to cont9ue till ,c\nty ,c\rts1 z well z ,circuit ,c\rts1 %all be rightly e/abli%$1 t !y may enjoy1 by t means1 ! rights & privileges ( ,briti% subjects1 :i* !y ?9k !mselves n[ depriv$ (4 ,!y imag9e t1 z ! ,jurisdiction ( ! ,c\rts 9 ,*>le/[n ext5ds all ov] ! ,prov9ce1 ,gov]nm5t is n a protection1 b an oppression2 t !y are n tri$ !re by _! ,pe]s2 & t ! accumulat$ exp5ses ( a law-suit1 or prosecution1 puts ju/ice out ( _! p[]2 by :i* means ! hone/ man is n secure 9 8 prop]ty1 & villa9y becomes rampant ) impunity4 8,inde$1 ! grievances !y compla9 ( are _m1 & ! _s ( ,regulation rises high] & spreads wid] e day4 ,:at ?is is to end 91 ,i "k n2 b ?us matt]s are situat$2 an acc\nt ( :i*1 ,i imag9e1 is n unacceptable1 ?\gh p]haps disagreeable to he>40#hi ,?is lett] may be reg>d$1 ^u ! :ole1 z an imp>tial acc\nt ( ! ,regulation movem5t 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4#ij ,x exhibits ! "* ( ^? :o 7 tak+ ! lead 9 ! matt]1 & indicates ! objects :i* !y propos$ to accompli%4 ,x also indicates t _! usual proc$ure 0 to :ip & bani% all p]sons :om !y consid]$ inimical to ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,regulation movem5t 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a closely resembl$ ! ,regulation movem5t 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t lyn*-law 0 9 op]ation at ?is "t 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 ?\gh n kn[n by t "n4 ,! practice ( adm9i/]+ corporal puni%m5t = re=matory or corrective purposes1 ! practice ( 8regulat+0 public (f5d]s & public grievances1 is ! ess5ce ( lyn*-law proc$ure4 ,z ev5ts %ap$ !mselves = ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution 9 #agge1 conditions became su* z to enc\rage ! frequ5t use ( summ>y me?ods ( r$ress+ grievances 9 all ( ! colonies4 ,! increas+ dissatisfaction among ! coloni/s ) ! way !y 7 be+ gov]n$ by ! "m c\ntry1 ! obnoxi\s ,/amp ,act & o!r measures :i* !y ?\ght to be unju/ly impos$ ^u !m1 r5d]$ rec\rse to summ>y proc$ure n only easy b popul>ly ju/ifiable4#ia ,x 0 a "t ( excitem5t :5 neighbor look$ ^u neighbor ) suspicion & ! slighte/ (f5se 0 deem$ wor?y ( sev]e puni%m5t4 ,social conditions 7 unsettl$2 ! civil au?orities 7 fa/ los+ ! respect & support ( ! p 9 ! community2 ?reats & taunts1 satire & insult1 7 preval5t4#ib ,"u su* conditions x is n /range t summ>y proc$ure came to be 9 vogue f ,ma9e to ,georgia4 ,fur!rmore1 dur+ ! entire p]iod ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> n only 7 ! usual unsettl$ conditions incid5t to a w> prevail+1 b1 9 addition1 !re 0 disaffection & disagreem5t among ! coloni/s !mselves4 ,almo/ e community _h its ,tories :o frequ5tly s\ght1 op5ly or secretly1 to fur!r ! ,royal cause & injure ! ,am]ican cause4 ,9 return1 ! ,am]ican sympa?iz]s (t5 adopt$ retaliatory measures aga9/ ! ,tories4 ,9 su* cases x 0 hopeless to appeal to ! civil or ! judicial p[]s = !y 7 badly disorganiz$4 ,n infrequ5tly conditions 7 su* z to preclude action "u m>tial law1 & ?us ! only rec\rse possible 0 ! popul> adm9i/ration ( ju/ice 9 ! =m ( summ>y proc$ure ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod 0 ! practice ( t>r+ & fea!r+4#ic ,x has be5 said t 8?is s+ul> puni%m5t0 0 begun 9 ,am]ica by ,briti% troops :o t>r$ & fea!r$ an inhabitant ( ! t[n ( ,bill]ica1 ,massa*usetts1 on ,m>* #i1 #agge4id ,b a numb] ( in/ances may be cit$ %[+ t ?is puni%m5t _h be5 adm9i/]$ 9 m ?an "o ( ! colonies sev]al ye>s e>li]4 ,x is probable t _m ( ! e>ly immigrants knew ( ?is mann] ( puni%m5t be=e !y left _! native %ores#ie2 at any rate1 !y did n wait until #agge = ! ,briti% troops to set !m an example4#if ,on ,septemb] #g1 #agfh1 at ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 a 8,cu/om-,h\se ,wait]0 in=m$ an (fic] ( ! cu/oms t "s measures _h be5 tak5 on bo>d a vessel1 9 ! h>bor to elude ! paym5t ( c]ta9 duties4 ,?is 8engag$ ! ,att5tion ( a ,numb] ( ! ,inhabitants4 ,betwe5 ! ,h\rs ( ,t5 & ,elev51 ,a4,m4 he 0 tak5 f "o ( ! ,:>ves1 & conduct$ to ! common1 :]e 8 ,head1 ,body & ,limbs 7 cov]$ ) w>m ,t>1 & !n a l>ge ,quantity ( ,fea!rs 7 appli$ to all ,p>ts4 ,! poor ,wait] 0 !n exalt$ to a ,seat on ! ,front ( a ,c>t1 & 9 ?is ,mann] l$ into ! ,ma9 ,/reet1 :]e a ,pap]1 ) ! ,^w ,in=m] !reon1 9 l>ge ,lett]s1 0 affix$ to 8 ,brea/1 & ano!r ,pap]1 ) ! same ,^w1 to 8 ,back4 ,?is ,sc5e drew toge!r1 )9 a few ,m9utes1 sev]al ,hundr$ ,p1 :o proce$$1 ) ,huzzas & l\d ,acclamations1 ?r\gh ! ,t[n40#ig ,on ,saturday1 ,septemb] #aj1 #agfh1 8two ,in=m]s1 an ,engli%man & a ,fr5*man1 7 tak5 up by ! ,populace at ,newbury-,port1 7,mass47 :o t>r$ !m fea!r$ !m2 b be+ late !y 7 h&-cuff$ & put into cu/ody until ! ,sabba? 0 ov]3--,accord+ly on ,monday ,morn+1 !y 7 aga9 t>r$ & roll$ 9 ,fea!rs1 !n fix$ 9 a ,c>t ) ,halt]s1 & c>ri$ ?ro' ! pr9cipal ,/reets ( ! ,t[n40#ih ,^u 8 release ! ,engli%man1 ,jo%ua ,vick]y by "n1 w5t be=e a ju/ice ( ! peace & took oa? 8t he nev] did directly or indirectly make or give any ,in=mation to any ,(fic] ( ! ,cu/oms nor to any o!r ,p]son ei!r aga9/ ,capt4 ,john ,emm]y1 or any o!r ,man :atev]2 t he 0 no ways conc]n$ ) ,francis ,magno 9 8 ,in=mation1 nor ev] wrote "o ,l9e = ! said ,francis1 on t ,acc\nt40#ii ,^! /atem5ts 7 corroborat$ by ! ,fr5*man & x 0 %[n t ! only gr\nd = suspicion aga9/ ,vick]y 0 ! fact t he _h be5 9 ! company ( ! ,fr5*man on ! day t ! 8,in=mation0 0 giv54 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,may #ah1 #agfi1 at ,provid5ce1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,jesse ,saville1 8a ,tidesman belong+ to ! ,cu/om-,h\se0 :o 0 accus$ ( 8,in=m+10 0 seiz$ by a numb] ( p1 /ripp$ nak$1 cov]$ f head to foot ) turp5t9e & fea!rs & sev]ely beat54 8,= ! bett] br++ to ,ju/ice & condign ,puni%m5t ! ,au?ors ( ?is d>+ atroci\s ,outrage1 ! ,commission]s ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,cu/oms0 (f]$ a rew>d ( fifty p\nds /]l+ = _! discov]y & conviction4#ajj ,a simil> case ( t>r+ & fea!r+1 ! (f5d] be+ 8a ,p]son :o _h in=m$ aga9/ a ,m]*ant1 respect+ a ,vessel !n 9 ! ,we/-,indies10 occurr$ 9 ,new ,hav51 ,connecticut1 9 ,septemb]1 #agfi4aja ,9 ,new ,york1 9 ,octob]1 #agfi1 8"o ,kelly1 an ,oy/]man1 ,mit*n]1 a ,tav]n-keep]1 & "o or two m1 hav+1 x is said1 made an ,in=mation to ! ,cu/om-,h\se ,(fic]s1 :i* occasion$ ! ,seizure ( a few ,casks ( ,w9e belong+ to ! ,mate ( a ,vessel1 & 01 x is said1 ! :ole ,sav+ he _h made ( ?ree ,ye>s ,wages3 ,! ,populace be+ greatly inc5s$ aga9/ ! ,in=m]s1 aft] sev]al ,days ,se>*1 f\nd & seiz$ !m1 plac$ & ti$ !m 9 ,c>ts1 & c>ri$ !m ?ro' great ,"p ( ! ,city1 att5d$ ) _m ,?\s& ,p1 :o huzza'd1 insult$ & treat$ !m ) ! utmo/ ,indignity1 (t5 besme>+ _! ,faces & ,clo!s ) ,t>1 & spr9kl+ !m ) ,fea!rs4444 ,! ,magi/rates int]pos$1 b 7 = "s ,"t unable to /op ! ,cavalcade1 till ! ,populace _h 9 "s ,measure satiat$ _! ,res5tm5t40#ajb ,! ,bo/on ,*ronicle = ,octob] #bf-cj1 #agfi1ajc conta9$ ! foll[+ "u ! head+ ( 8,bo/on03 8,la/ ,saturday ev5+1 a p]son suspect$ to be an in=m]1 0 /ripp$ nak$1 put 9 a ,c>t1 :]e he 0 fir/ t>r$1 !n fea!r$1 & 9 ?is condition1 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets ( ! t[n1 foll[$ by a great conc\rse ( p40 ,dur+ ! ye> #aggj !re 0 mu* popul> feel+ aga9/ m]*ants :o import$ goods contr>y to ! non-importation agreem5t4 ,su* import]s 7 ?reat5$ ) _m dire puni%m5ts includ+ t> & fea!rs1 & 9 sev]al in/ances ! ?reat5$ puni%m5ts 7 adm9i/]$4#ajd ,at ,philadelphia1 9 ,octob]1 #aggc1 a c]ta9 ,eb5ez] ,ri*>dson1 accus$ ( 8seek+ an opportunity to di/ress ! ,trade ( ,philadelphia10 0 publicly notifi$1 by 8,t> & ,fea!rs10 ( ! puni%m5t :i* 0 9 /ore = him1 a puni%m5t :i* he n>r[ly escap$ by leav+ ! city 8closely pursu$ by _m well-wi%]s to peace & good ord]40#aje ,on ,novemb] #a1 #aggc1 ,john ,malcolm :o _h r5d]$ himself obnoxi\s 8by be+ an ,in=m]0 0 8g5teely ,t>r'd & ,fea!r'd0 by 8ab\t #cj ,sailors0 at ,p[nalbor\gh 7,mass474#ajf ,on ,janu>y #be1 #aggd1 ,malcolm 0 9 ,bo/on1 & :5 "s taunt+ rem>ks 7 made to him to ! effect t he _h be5 t>r$ & fea!r$ b n 9 ! prop] mann]1 he d>$ any "o to d x bett] & assault$ "o man1 slightly injur+ him4 ,9 ! ev5+ a numb] ( p took ,malcolm out1 /ripp$ him1 t>r$ 8 head & 8 body1 fea!r$ him1 set him 9 a *air 9 a c>t1 & ?us c>ri$ him ?r\gh ! /reets1 f9ally :ipp+ & beat+ him be=e !y let him g4#ajg ,on ! morn+ ( ,janu>y #cj ! foll[+ h&bill#ajh 0 f\nd pa/$ up 9 ! mo/ public places3 ,,bre?r51 ,,& ,,fell[-,,citiz5s6 ,?is is to ,c]tify1 ,t ! mod]n ,puni%m5t lately inflict$ on ! ignoble ,,john ,,malcolm1 0 n done by our ,ord]--,we res]ve t ,me?od = br++ ,villa9s ( great] ,consequ5ce to a ,s5se ( ,guilt & ,infamy4 ,,joyce1 junr4 7,*airman ( ! ,committee = ,t>+ & ,fea!r+47 ,if any ,p]son %\ld be s h>dy z to te> ?is d[n1 !y may expect my sev]e/ ,res5tm5t4 ,j4 jun4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #aggc & #aggd tea commission]s & tea consignees1 9 addition to cu/oms in=m]s & import]s ( ,briti% goods1 fell into popul> disfavor1 & ?us became subjects = t>r+ & fea!r+4 8,tiewaghnodago0 9 ! ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,decemb] #bj1 #aggc1aji said t he _h be5 in=m$ t 8"s little ,%opkeep]s 9 ?is ,t[n10 f9d+ t tea 0 n likely to be us$1 _h rais$ ! price ( c(fee a few copp]s p] p\nd1 & he ask$ 8:e!r ,t> & ,fea!rs w\ld n be a con/itutional enc\ragem5t = su* em95t ,patriotism40 ,9 ! p]iod #agfe-agge !re 7 likewise cases ( mob viol5ce :]e h\ses 7 attack$ & damag$ by hav+ missiles ?r[n at !m & :]e prop]ty 0 de/roy$4#aaj ,9 "o in/ance at lea/ ! own] ( goods :i* 7 de/roy$ by a mob recov]$ damages 9 ! c\rts4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #aggb1 accord+ to ,s4 ,g4 ,arnold1#aaa !re occurr$ 8a memorable in/ance ( ! triumph ( law ov] popul> prejudice40 ,"o ,david ,hill 0 detect$ 9 sell+ goods includ$ 9 ! non-importation agreem5t1 & ! goods 7 seiz$ & de/roy$ by a mob4 ,hill br\ght action 9 ! ,rhode ,isl& c\rts1 & ! sup]ior c\rt confirm$ ! judgm5t ( ! inf]ior c\rt & gave ! pla9tiff two hundr$ & eighty-two p\nds damages & co/s4 ,t>r+ & fea!r+ 0 n res]v$ = c]ta9 in=m]s & import]s or = tea consignees alone1 h[ev]4 ,?is puni%m5t 0 adm9i/]$ 9 at lea/ two in/ances = (f5ses o!r ?an ^? gr[+ out ( ! political controv]sies ( ! "t4 ,! ,bo/on ,gazette = ,novemb] #f1 #agfi1aab conta9$ ! foll[+ item3 8,la/ ,?ursday ,aft]noon a "y ,woman f ! ,c\ntry 0 decoy$ into "o ( ! ,b>racks 9 ,t[n1 & mo/ %amefully abus$ by "s ( ! ,soldi]s !re3--! ,p]son t entic$ h] ?i!r ) promises ( dispos+ ( all h] m>ket+ !re 7:o also belong$ to ! ,c\ntry7 0 aft]w>ds tak5 by ! ,populace & sev]al times duck'd 9 ! ,wat] at "o ( ! ,docks 9 ,t[n2 b luckily = him he made 8 escape f !m soon] ?an 0 int5d$2--h[ev]1 we he>1 t aft] he _h cross$ ! ,f]ry to ,*>le/[n1 on 8 return home1 ! ,p !re be+ in=m$ ( ! base "p he _h be5 act+1 took him & plac$ him 9 a ,c>t1 & aft] t>r+ & fea!r+ him 7! pres5t popul> ,puni%m5t = mod]n del9qu5ts7 !y c>t$ him ab\t t ,t[n = two or ?ree ,h\rs1 z a ,spectacle ( ,contempt & a ,w>n+ to o!rs f practis+ su* vile ,artifices = ! ,delusion & ,ru9 ( ! virtu\s & innoc5t3 ,he 0 !n dismiss$1 & p]mitt$ to proce$ to ! ,t[n :]e he belong$1 = !m to act ) z !y %\ld see fit40 ,9 ,janu>y1 #aggd1 smallpox became preval5t 9 ,m>blehead1 ,massa*usetts1 & an inoculat+ hospital 0 erect$ on ,cat ,isl& z a private ent]prise4 ,?is hospital1 h[ev]1 0 popul>ly reg>d$ ) suspicion & disfavor1 = x 0 ?\ght to be a s\rce ( contagion4 ,:5 f\r m5 7 detect$ 9 ! act ( /eal+ clo?+ f ! hospital1 !y 7 promptly t>r$ & fea!r$1 &1 aft] be+ plac$ 9 a c>t & exhibit$ ?r\gh ! pr9cipal /reets ( ! t[n1 7 c>ri$ to ,salem1 accompani$ by a procession ( m5 & boys1 m>*+ to ! music ( a fife & sev]al drums4 ,a numb] ( new cases ( smallpox develop$ soon aft] ?is affair1 & popul> indignation ran s high aga9/ ! proprietors ( ! hospital t !y 7 op5ly ?reat5$ ) p]sonal viol5ce & 7 f9ally compell$ to close its doors4 ,subsequ5tly a rumor t ! hospital 0 to be op5$ aga9 awak5$ fre% opposition1 & on ,janu>y #bf a p>ty ( disguis$ m5 visit$ ! isl&1 & z a result ( _! visit ! build+ 0 completely de/roy$ by fire4 ,two m5 7 arre/$ z be+ implicat$ 9 ! inc5di>ism & 7 conf9$ 9 ! ,salem jail1 b a l>ge numb] ( m5 f ,m>blehead m>*$ to ,salem1 surr\nd$ ! jail1 broke op5 ! doors1 ov]p[]$ ! jail] & 8 assi/ants1 releas$ ! two prison]s & conduct$ !m home 9 triumph4 ,a =ce ( citiz5s 0 lat] organiz$ by ! %]iff = ! purpose ( go+ to ,m>blehead to recapture ! m51 b :5 x became kn[n t an equally l>ge =ce 0 organiz+ & arm+ 9 ,m>blehead to protect !m1 ! %]iff ab&on$ 8 purpose & no fur!r ef=t 0 made to prosecute ! inc5di>ies4 ,be=e ! tr\ble connect$ ) ! hospital 0 f9ally end$1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! f\r m5 :o _h be5 t>r$ & fea!r$ 0 aga9 ! subject ( popul> indignation because ( 8 br++ away clo?+ f ,cat ,isl&4 ,he 0 tak5 f 8 b$ "o night by a mob & c>ri$ to ! public :ipp+-po/ :]e he 0 sev]ely :ipp$ & beat54#aac ,dur+ ! ye> #agge1 :5 ! _s ( rebellion rose to ! height ( arm$ resi/ance & op5 w>f>e1 !re 0 increas$ occasion = rec\rse to summ>y proc$ure4 ,9 t ye> mobs ga!r$ 9 _m places1#aad riots 7 num]\s & cases ( t>r+ & fea!r+ occurr$ 9 sev]al ( ! colonies4 ,9 ,june1 #agge1 ,laughl9 ,m>t9 & ,james ,dealy 7 /ripp$ ( _! clo!s1 t>r$ & fea!r$1 & c>t$ ?r\gh ! ,/reets ( ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 by ord] ( ! 8,secret ,committee10 "o ( ! committees :i* _h be5 =m$ to c>ry on an indep5d5t gov]nm5t 9 t ,prov9ce4#aae ,9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye>1 ?is committee _h ano!r man1 8a ,mr4 ,walk]1 ,gunn] ( ,=t ,john/on10 treat$ 9 ! same way4#aaf ,9 ,septemb]1 #agge1 ,james ,smi?1 a judge ( ! ,c\rt ( ,common ,pleas = ,du*ess ,c\nty1 ,new ,york1 toge!r ) ,co5 ,smi? ( ! same place1 7 8h&somely t>r$ & fea!r$0 = act+ 9 op5 contempt ( ! resolves ( ! ,c\nty ,committee4 8,! judge und]took to sue =1 & recov] ! arms tak5 f ! ,tories by ord] ( said committee1 & actually committ$ "o ( ! committee1 :o assi/$ at dis>m+ ! ,tories1 :i* enrag$ ! p s mu*1 t !y rose & rescu$ ! prison]1 & p\r$ out _! res5tm5t on ?is villan\s retail] ( ! law40#aag ,9 ,decemb]1 #agge1 8at ,quibblet[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,?omas ,r&olph1 coop]1 :o _h publicly prov$ himself an enemy to 8 c\ntry1 by revil+ & us+ 8 utmo/ endeavors to oppose ! proce$+s ( ! cont95tal & prov9cial conv5tions1 9 def5ce ( _! rights & lib]ties2 & be+ judg$ a p]son n ( consequ5ce en\gh = a sev]] puni%m5t1 0 ord]$ to be /ripp$ nak$1 well coat$ ) t> & fea!rs1 & c>ri$ 9 a wagon publicly ar\nd ! t[n--:i* puni%m5t 0 accord+ly inflict$4 ,z soon z he became duly s5sible ( 8 (f5ce1 = :i* he e>ne/ly begg$ p>don1 & promis$ to atone1 z f> z he 0 able1 by a contr>y behavior = ! future1 he 0 releas$ & suff]$ to return to 8 home1 9 less ?an half an h\r4 ,! :ole 0 conduct$ ) t regul>ity & decorum t ought to be obs]v$ 9 all public puni%m5ts40#aah ,9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! ,revolution1 also1 !re 7 cases ( t>r+ & fea!r+4 ,at ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #aggf1 8,john ,rob]ts1 a diss5t+ m9i/]1 0 seiz$ on suspicion ( be+ an enemy to ! rights ( ,am]ica1 :5 he 0 t>r$ & fea!r$2 aft] :i*1 ! populace1 ^: fury c\ld n be appeas$1 erect$ a gibbet on :i* !y hang$ him1 & aft]w>ds made a bonfire1 9 :i* ,rob]ts1 toge!r ) ! gibbet1 0 consum$ to a%es40#aai ,dur+ ! campaign ( ,april to ,decemb]1 #aggf1 = ! possession ( ! ,hudson ,riv]1 ,tryon1 :o :5 gov]nor ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a _h l$ ! militia aga9/ ! ,regulators1 0 8fom5t+ plots ( a mo/ da/>dly "* aga9/ ! p]sons & prop]ty ( patriots4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! seizure ( ,wa%+ton himself4 ,! plott]s 7 sometimes discov]$1 &1 :5 !y 71 su* 0 ! exasp]ation ( ! ,new ,york patriots t !y did n hesitate to cruelly maltreat !m1 a coat ( t> & fea!rs be+ among ! lighte/ p5alties40#abj ,9 ,virg9ia ! mann] ( puni%+ by t>r+ & fea!r+ 0 likewise sometimes foll[$4 ,accord+ to ,wirt1 8,! "n ( #8,briti% tory' 0 ( itself en\gh1 at t p]iod 7! close ( ! ,revolution71 to ?r[ almo/ any company 9 ,virg9ia into flames1 & 0 pretty g5]ally a signal = a coat ( t> & fea!rs2 a signal :i* 0 n v (t5 disobey$40#aba ,! practice ( t>r+ & fea!r+ 0 ?us ma9ly conf9$ to cases 9 :i* popul> indignation 0 ar\s$ aga9/ ,tories1 or aga9/ p]sons express+ ,tory s5tim5ts & conspir+ to injure ! ,am]ican cause4 ,x is ?is fact t makes t>r+ & fea!r+ p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,revolution>y times4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t summ>y puni%m5t 0 also adm9i/]$ 9 o!r ways4 ,v>i\s o!r =ms ( corporal puni%m5t1 z well z ! occasional infliction ( capital puni%m5t1 7 v frequ5tly adopt$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,revolution4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 9 ! discussion ( ! orig9 ( ! t]m lyn*-law1 ! legislative act 0 cit$ :i* indemnifi$ ,*>les ,lyn* & "s o!rs = ! "p :i* !y _h tak5 9 suppress+ a conspiracy4 ,a simil> act ( indemnification 0 pass$ by ! legislature ( ,virg9ia 9 ! ye> #aggi4 ,?is act reads z foll[s3 8,,:]eas div]s evil dispos$ p]sons on ! fronti]s ( ?is commonweal? _h broke out into an op5 insurrection & conspiracy1 & actually levi$ w> aga9/ ! commonweal?1 & x is repres5t$ to ! pres5t g5]al assembly1 t ,william ,campbell1 ,walt] ,crockett1 & o!r liege subjects ( ! commonweal?1 aid$ by deta*m5ts ( ! militia & volunte]s f ! c\nty ( ,wa%+ton1 & o!r p>ts ( ! fronti]s did by timely & effectual ex]tion1 suppress & defeat su* conspiracy3 ,& :]eas ! necess>y measures tak5 = t purpose may n be /rictly w>rant$ by law1 al?\gh ju/ifiable f ! imm$iate urg5cy & imm95ce ( ! dang]3 ,be x !re=e decl>$ & enact$1 ,t ! said ,william ,campbell1 ,walt] ,crockett1 & all o!r p]sons :atsoev] conc]n$ 9 suppress+ ! said conspiracy & insurrection1 or 9 advis+1 issu+ or execut+ any ord]s or measures tak5 = t purpose1 /& indemnifi$ & cle>ly exon]at$ (1 & f all pa9s1 p5alties1 prosecutions1 actions1 suits1 & damages on acc\nt !re(3 ,& t if any indictm5t1 prosecution1 action1 or suit1 %all be laid or br\ght aga9/ !m1 or any ( !m1 = any act or ?+ done !re91 ! def5dant or def5dants may plead 9 b>1 or ! g5]al issue1 & give ?is act 9 evid5ce40#abb ,9 ! ye> #ahcf ! editor ( ! ,s\!rn ,lit]>y ,mess5g] said t frequ5t inquiry _h be5 made 9 ! prec$+ ye> z to ! orig9 ( ,lyn*'s law4 ,aft] an allusion to ! hi/orical int]e/ ( ! subject1 he answ]$ ! inquiry 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,x w be p]ceiv$ f ! annex$ pap]1 t ! law1 s call$1 orig9at$ 9 #aghj1 9 ,pittsylvania1 ,virg9ia4 ,colonel ,william ,lyn*1 ( t c\nty1 0 its au?or2 & we are in=m$ by a resid5t1 :o 0 a memb] ( a body =m$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ x into effect1 t ! ef=ts ( ! association 7 :olly successful4 ,a tra9$ b& ( villa9s1 ^: op]ations ext5d$ f ,nor? to ,s\?1 ^: well conc]t$ s*emes _h bidd5 defiance to ! ord9>y laws ( ! l&1 & ^: success enc\rag$ !m to p]sev]e 9 depr$ations ^u an un(f5d+ community1 0 disp]s$ & laid pro/rate "u ! infliction ( ,lyn*'s law4 ,( h[ _m t]rible1 & deeply to be lam5t$ consequ5ces--( h[ great an am\nt ( p]man5t evil--has ! p>tial & tempor>y good be5 productive6 8#8,:]eas1 _m ( ! inhabitants ( ! c\nty ( ,pittsylvania1 z well z else:]e1 h su/a9$ great & intol]able losses by a set ( lawless m5 :o h b&$ !mselves toge!r to deprive hone/ m5 ( _! j rights & prop]ty1 by /eal+ _! horses1 c\nt]feit+1 & pass+ pap] curr5cy1 & committ+ _m o!r species ( villa9y1 too t$i\s to m5tion1 & t ^? vile miscreants d /ill p]si/ 9 _! diabolical practices1 & h hi!rto escap$ ! civil p[] ) impunity1 x be+ almo/ useless & unnecess>y to h rec\rse to our laws to suppress & puni% ^? freeboot]s1 !y hav+ x 9 _! p[] to extricate !mselves :5 br\ght to ju/ice by suborn+ witnesses :o d swe> !m cle>--we1 ! subscrib]s1 be+ det]m9$ to put a /op to ! iniquit\s practices ( ^? unlawful & ab&on$ wret*es1 d ent] into ! foll[+ association1 to wit3 t next to our consci5ces1 s\l & body1 we hold our rights & prop]ty1 sacr$ & inviolable4 ,we solemnly prote/ be=e ,god & ! _w1 t 7= ! future7 ^u he>+ or hav+ suffici5t reason to believe1 t any villa9y or species ( villa9y hav+ be5 committ$ )9 our neighborhood1 we w =?) embody ourselves1 & repair imm$iately to ! p]son or p]sons suspect$1 or ^? "u suspici\s *>act]s1 h>bor+1 aid+1 or assi/+ ^? villa9s1 & if !y w n desi/ f _! evil practices1 we w inflict su* corporeal puni%m5t on him or !m1 z to u %all seem adequate to ! crime committ$ or ! damage su/a9$2 t we w protect & def5d ea* & e "o ( u1 ! subscrib]s1 z well jo9tly z sev]ally1 f ! insults & assaults (f]$ by any o!r p]son 9 _! behalf3 & fur!r1 we d b9d ourselves jo9tly & sev]ally1 our jo9t & sev]al heirs c4 to pay or cause to be paid1 all damages t %all or may accrue 9 consequ5ce ( ?is our laudable und]tak+1 & w pay an equal proportion accord+ to our sev]al abilities2 & we1 aft] hav+ a suffici5t numb] ( subscrib]s to ?is association1 w conv5e ourselves to "s conv5i5t place1 & w make *oice ( our body five ( ! be/ & mo/ discreet m5 belong+ to our body1 to direct & gov]n ! :ole1 & we w /rictly adh]e to _! det]m9ations 9 all cases :atsoev] relative to ! above und]tak+2 & if any ( our body summon$ to att5d ! execution ( ?is our plan1 & fail s to d )\t a reasonable excuse1 !y %all =feit & pay ! sum ( "o hundr$ p\nds curr5t money ( ,virg9ia1 to be appropriat$ t[>d defray+ ! cont+5t exp5ses ( ?is our und]tak+4 ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eunto set our h&s1 ?is #bb;d day ,septemb] #aghj4'0abc ,! only indication ( ! s\rce f :i* ! editor obta9$ ?is agreem5t is f\nd 9 ! ref]5ce to 8a resid5t1 :o 0 a memb] ( a body =m$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ x into effect40 ,x is ^u ?is ref]5ce t its au!nticity dep5ds4 ,! agreem5t s\nds g5u9e & is n out ( h>mony ) ! condition ( affairs at t "t 9 ,virg9ia4 ,no?+ is kn[n1 h[ev]1 ( any ,colonel ,william ,lyn* 9 ! c\nty ( ,pittsylvania1 ,virg9ia4#abd ,x is possible t ! man ref]r$ to 0 ,colonel ,*>les ,lyn* ( ,b$=d ,c\nty4 ,an in/ance ( summ>y corporal puni%m5t occurr$ 9 ,virg9ia on ,octob] #aj1 #aghc1 z is %[n by ! foll[+ act entitl$ 8,an act ( indemnity to c]ta9 p]sons03 8,be x enact$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly1 ,t all & e p]son or p]sons :o ei!r directly or indirectly committ$ any insult or injury aga9/ ! p]son ( a c]ta9 ,joseph ,williamson1 on ! t5? day ( ,octob]1 9 ! ye> "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & eighty ?ree1 or brea* ( ! peace on t occasion1 & :i* 0 previ\s to ! ratification ( ! def9itive treaty betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica1 %all be1 & !y are h]eby respectively indemnifi$ = ! same1 & %all be exon]at$ & dis*>g$ ( & f any f9es1 p5alties1 or =feitures1 :i* !y might h incurr$ !reby40#abe ,judge ,roane's /atem5t t !re 7 _m suits 9 #agib = inflict+ ,lyn*'s law indicates t !re 7 _m cases ( its infliction 9 ! ye>s prec$+ t date4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t ! practice ( adm9i/]+ corporal puni%m5t 9 a summ>y mann] 0 v preval5t 9 ,virg9ia f #aghj to #agib4 ,dur+ ! p]iod #agib-ahai acc\nts ( lyn*-law proc$ure are v r>e4 ,!re are b few s\rces ( in=mation on ! subject dur+ t p]iod4 ,inde$1 x is true t ! *ief s\rce ( in=mation on ! subject f #agib to #ahcj is ! writ+s ( travel]s :o h *anc$ to witness or he> ( in/ances ( su* proc$ure4 ,"u ! date ( ,novemb] #bi1 #ahai1 ,w4 ,faux describes ! treatm5t giv5 a "y ,yankee1 ( ! "n ( ,williams1 ne> ,pr9ceton1 ,indiana1 two ye>s e>li]4 ,he 0 suspect$ ( hav+ robb$ a /ore1 b only circum/antial evid5ce c\ld be adduc$ aga9/ him & he 0 acquitt$4 8,! p ( ! place1 h[ev]1 prejudic$ aga9/ him1 z a ,yankee1 deput$ f\r p]sons to in=m him1 t unless he quitt$ ! t[n & /ate imm$iately1 he %\ld receive ,lyn*'s law1 t is1 a :ipp+ 9 ! woods4 ,he dep>t$1 ) 8 wife & *ild1 next day1 on foot2 b 9 ! woods1 f\r miles f ,pr9ceton1 !y 7 ov]tak5 by two m51 arm$ ) guns1 dogs1 & a :ip1 :o said !y came to :ip him1 unless he w\ld confess & discov] to !m ! /ol5 money1 s t !y might h x4 ,he va9ly expo/ulat$ ) !m2 b1 9 consid]ation ( 8 wife's entreaties & cries1 !y remitt$ 8 s5t5ce to ?irte5 la%es4 ,"o man !n b\nd him to a tree & la%$ him ) a c[-hide :ip1 :ile ! o!r held & gagg$ him2 ! al>m$ wife1 all ! "t1 %riek+ murd]4 ,he 0 !n unti$1 & told to dep>t f ! /ate imm$iately1 or he %\ld receive ano!r :ipp+ on ! morr[1 z a w>n+ & t]ror to all future com+ ,yankees4 8,?is poor fell[ 0 ( respectable p>5ts at ,b]l91 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 & possess$ a well-in=m$ m9d4 ,he quitt$ ! /ate1 & return+1 soon aft]1 to prosecute 8 execution]s1 di$ at ,evansville1 be=e he _h effect$ s desirable an object40#abf ,9 8,lett]s f ,ill9ois10 ! second edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahah1 ,morris ,birkbeck writes3 8,!re is no?+ t ,i anticipate ) s mu* satisfaction & security z ! rapid developm5t ( society 9 our new c\ntry4 ,its elem5ts are rude c]ta9ly1 & het]og5e\s4 ,! fir/ settl]s1 unprotect$1 & unassi/$ amid dang]s & difficulties1 h be5 accu/om$ f e>ly y\? to rely on _! own p[]s2 & !y surr5d] ) reluctance1 & only by halves1 _! "r ( def5ce aga9/ e aggression1 ev5 to ! laws :i* !mselves h con/itut$4 8,!y h be5 anxi\sly /udi\s ( mildness 9 ! =m+ ( ^! laws1 & :51 9 practice1 !y seem ineffici5t1 !y too frequ5tly proce$ ) ,indian p]sev]ance to acts ( v5geance1 inconsi/5t ) ! duty ( =be>ance ess5tial to social man4 ,h5ce de$s ( savage & ev5 f]oci\s viol5ce are too common to be view$ ) ! abhorr5ce due to !m4 8,?is disposition is ev9c$ cont9ually1 & act$ on )\t any feel+ ( private or p]sonal animosity4 8,if a man1 :om ! public voice has proclaim$ a ?ief or a sw9dl]1 escapes f ju/ice = want ( a legal pro( ( 8 guilt1 ?\gh ! law & a jury ( 8 fell[ citiz5s h acquitt$ him1 t5 to "o b he is met ) be=e he c quit ! neighborhood1 &1 ti$ up to a sapl+1 receives a sc\rg+ t m>ks him = ! re/ ( 8 life4 8,9 ,k5tucky1 ^: in/itutions h acquir$ great] maturity1 su* ev5ts h tak5 place "s ye>s ago2 b n[ !y w\ld sc>cely be tol]at$1 & !y w soon be matt] ( hi/ory only1 9 ,indiana & ,ill9ois4 8,no crime b murd] #8( ! fir/ degree' is puni%$ ) dea?1 9 any ( ! we/]n /ates1 nor1 ,i believe1 9 ! ,union4 ,9 ,k5tucky !re is a g5]al p5it5ti>y1 = ! puni%m5t ( o!r (f5ces by imprisonm5t & lab\r40#abg ,william ,newnham ,blane1 :o travel$ ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada 9 ! ye>s #ahbb & #ahbc1 describ$ ! lyn*-law proc$ure ( t "t z foll[s3 8,aft] leav+ ,c>lyle1 ,i took ! ,%awnee t[n road1 t bran*es (f to ! ,s4 ,e41 & pass$ ! ,walnut ,hills1 & ,moore's ,prairie4 ,^! two places _h a ye> or two be=e be5 infe/$ by a notori\s gang ( robb]s & =g]s1 :o _h fix$ !mselves 9 ^! wild p>ts1 9 ord] to avoid ju/ice4 ,z ! c\ntry became m settl$1 ^! desp]adoes became m & m tr\blesome4 ,! inhabitants !re=e took t me?od ( gett+ rid ( !m1 t _h be5 adopt$ n _m ye>s ago 9 ,hopk9son & ,h5d]son c\nties ,k5tucky1 & :i* is absolutely necess>y 9 new & ?9ly settl$ di/ricts1 :]e x is almo/ impossible to puni% a crim9al accord+ to legal =ms4 8,on su* occasions !re=e1 all ! quiet & indu/ri\s m5 ( a di/rict =m !mselves into companies1 "u ! "n ( #8,regulators4' ,!y appo9t (fic]s1 put !mselves "u _! ord]s1 & b9d !mselves to assi/ & /& by ea* o!r4 ,! fir/ /ep !y !n take1 is to s5d notice to any notori\s vagabonds1 desir+ !m to quit ! ,/ate 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( days1 "u ! p5alty ( receiv+ a domicili>y visit4 ,%\ld ! p]son :o receives ! notice refuse to comply1 !y sudd5ly assemble1 & :5 unexpect$1 g1 9 ! night "t1 to ! rogue's h\se1 take him out1 tie him to a tree1 & give him a sev]e :ipp+1 e "o ( ! p>ty /rik+ him a c]ta9 numb] ( times4 8,?is discipl9e is g5]ally suffici5t to drive (f ! culprit2 b %\ld he cont9ue ob/9ate1 & refuse to avail himself ( ano!r w>n+1 ! ,regulators pay him a second visit1 inflict a /ill sev]] :ipp+1 ) ! addition probably ( cutt+ (f bo? 8 e>s4 ,no culprit has ev] be5 kn[n to rema9 aft] a second visit4 ,= in/ance1 an old man1 ! fa!r ( a family1 all ( :om he educat$ z robb]s1 fix$ himself at ,moore's ,prairie1 & committ$ num]\s !fts1 c4 c4 ,he 0 h>dy en\gh to rema9 aft] ! fir/ visit1 :5 bo? he & 8 sons receiv$ a :ipp+4 ,at ! second visit ! ,regulators puni%$ him v sev]ely1 & cut (f 8 e>s4 ,?is drove him (f1 toge!r ) 8 :ole gang2 & travell]s c n[ pass 9 p]fect safety1 :]e x 0 once dang]\s to travel alone4 8,!re is also a company ( ,regulators ne> ,v9c5nes1 :o h brok5 up a notori\s gang ( co9]s & ?ieves :o _h fix$ !mselves ne> t place4 ,^! rascals1 be=e !y 7 driv5 (f1 _h p>ties settl$ at diff]5t di/ances 9 ! woods1 & ?us held communication & pass$ horses & /ol5 goods f "o to ano!r1 f ! ,ohio to ,lake ,erie1 & f !nce into ,canada or ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates4 ,?us x 0 next to impossible to detect ! robb]s1 or to recov] ! /ol5 prop]ty4 8,:ile ,i 0 /ay+ at ! h\se ( a ,mr4 ,mulligan 9 ,ill9ois1 ?irty miles f ,/4 ,l\is1 "o ( ! m51 :o _h belong$ to ! gang ne> ,v9c5nes1 0 tak5 up on ! *>ge ( pass+ c\nt]feit money4444 8,?is practice ( ,regulat+ seems v /range to an ,european4 ,i h talk$ ) "s ( ! *ief m5 ( ! ,regulators1 :o all lam5t$ ! necessity ( su* a sy/em4 ,!y v s5sibly rem>k$1 t :5 ! c\ntry became m ?ickly settl$1 !re w\ld no long] be any necessity = su* proce$+s1 & t !y %\ld all be delight$ at be+ able to obta9 ju/ice 9 a m =mal mann]4 ,i =got to m5tion1 t ! rascals puni%$1 h sometimes prosecut$ ! ,regulators1 = an assault4 ,! juries h[ev]1 kn[+ ! bad *>act]s ( ! prosecutors1 w\ld give b trifl+ damages1 :i* divid$ among s _m1 am\nt$ to next to no?+ = ea* individual40#abh ,9 a book entitl$ 8,lett]s f ! ,we/10 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahbh1 ,judge ,james ,hall wrote on ! subject ( lyn*-law z foll[s3 8,among ! e>ly settl]s !re 0 a way ( try+ causes1 :i* may p]haps be new to y4 ,no comm5tator has tak5 any notice ( ,l9*'s ,law1 :i* 0 once ! lex loci ( ! fronti]s4 ,its op]ation 0 z foll[s3 ,:5 a horse ?ief1 a c\nt]feit]1 or any o!r desp]ate vagabond1 infe/$ a neighborhood1 evad+ ju/ice by cunn+1 or by a /rong arm1 or by ! numb] ( 8 conf$]ates1 ! citiz5s =m$ !mselves into a #8regulat+ company1' a k9d ( holy bro!rhood1 ^: duty 0 to purge ! community ( its unruly memb]s4 ,m\nt$1 arm$1 & comm&$ by a lead]1 !y proce$$ to arre/ su* notori\s (f5d]s z 7 deem$ fit subjects ( exempl>y ju/ice2 _! op]ations 7 g5]ally c>ri$ on 9 ! night4 ,squire ,bir*1 :o 0 p]sonat$ by "o ( ! p>ty1 e/abli%$ 8 tribunal "u a tree 9 ! woods1 & ! culprit 0 br\ght be=e him1 tri$1 & g5]ally convict$2 he 0 !n ti$ to a tree1 la%$ )\t m]cy1 & ord]$ to leave ! c\ntry )9 a giv5 "t1 "u pa9 ( a second visitation4 ,x seldom happ5$1 t m ?an "o or two 7 ?us puni%$2 _! conf$]ates took ! h9t & fl$1 or 7 admoni%$ to quit ! neighborhood4 ,nei!r ! ju/ice nor ! policy ( ?is practice c be def5d$2 b x 0 (t5 resort$ to f necessity1 & its op]ation 0 salut>y1 9 ridd+ ! c\ntry ( miscreants :om ! law 0 n /rong en\gh to puni%4 ,x 0 liable to abuse1 & 0 sometimes abus$2 b 9 g5]al1 x 0 conduct$ ) mod]ation1 & only ex]t$ ^u ! base/ & mo/ lawless m54 ,sometimes ! suff]]s resort$ to c\rts ( ju/ice = remun]ation1 & !re h be5 in/ances ( heavy damages be+ recov]$ ( ! regulators4 ,:5ev] a c\nty became /rong en\gh to en=ce ! laws1 ^! high-h&$ do+s ceas$ to be tol]at$40#abi ,9 ! above extracts we h a fair description ( ! op]ation ( lyn*-law z x 0 c>ri$ we/w>d by ! emigrants f ,virg9ia & ! neighbor+ ,/ates4 ,! weakness & inadequacy ( ! civil regulations1 & ! pres5ce ( su* crim9als z ! horse-?ief1 ! c\nt]feit]1 ! robb]1 & ! desp]ado1 :o f9d ! fronti] bo? a retreat f ! consequ5ces ( pa/ crime & a new !at] = ! p]petration ( crime1 gave a con/ant ju/ification = rec\rse to lyn*-law4 ,! usual mann] ( proce$+ 0 = ! settl]s to consult toge!r & 9 a m or less =mal way to e/abli% 8! in/itution ( ,regulators40 ,sometimes ! ,regulators 7 small bodies ( m5 *os5 by ! p to look aft] ! int]e/s ( ! community--9 effect1 !y 7 committees ( safety4 ,at o!r times1 ! ,regulators 7 bodies ( m5 :o volunt>ily assum$ ! duty ( polic+ a di/rict4 ,! duties ( su* companies1 :e!r kn[n z ,regulators or z ,rang]s or by "s o!r "n1 7 to f]ret out & puni% crim9als1 to drive out 8suspici\s *>act]s10 & to ex]cise a g5]al sup]vision ov] ! int]e/s ( ! settlem5ts 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,_! /atute-book 0 ! 8code ( 8 honor1 ,judge ,lyn*0#acj2 _! ord] ( trial 0 simil> to t ( a 8drum-head c\rt-m>tial02 ! pr9ciples ( _! puni%m5t 7 c]ta9ty1 rapidity1 & inexorability4 ,!y 7 9 !mselves judges1 juries1 witnesses1 & execution]s4 ,^! bodies ( m5 b\nd !mselves by a regul> compact1 to ! p & to ea* o!r1 to rid ! community ( all ?ieves1 robb]s1 plund]]s1 & villa9s ( e description4 ,su* compacts 7 usually v]bal b !y 7 sometimes 9 writ+4#aca ,! compact ent]$ into by ! ,regulators ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a has already be5 cit$4 ,if ! agreem5t ( #aghj 9 ,virg9ia1 to :i* ! editor ( ! ,s\!rn ,lit]>y ,mess5g] gave 8 indorsem5t1 be accept$ z g5u9e1 we h a record ( ano!r su* compact4 ,!re is record$1 also1 a compact ent]$ into by a company ( ,regulators 9 ,ill9ois 9 #ahbj4 ,x reads z foll[s3 8,"k all m5 by ^! pres5ts3 8,t we 7"h foll[ twelve names71 citiz5s ( ---- settlem5t1 9 ! /ate ( ,ill9ois1 h ?is day1 jo9tly & sev]ally1 b\nd !mselves toge!r z a company ( ,rang]s & ,regulators1 to protect ?is settlem5t aga9/ ! crimes & misdemeanors (1 all & s+ul>1 e p]son or p]sons :omsoev]1 & especially aga9/ all horse-?ieves1 & r5egades1 & robb]s4 ,& we d by ^! pres5ts1 h]eby b9d ourselves1 jo9tly & sev]ally z a=esaid1 unto ea* o!r1 & to ! fell[-citiz5s ( ?is settlem5t1 to puni%1 accord+ to ! code ( 8 honor1 ,judge ,lyn*1 all violations ( ! law1 aga9/ ! peace & dignity ( ! said p ( ---- settlem5t2 & to discov] & br+ to spe$y puni%m5t1 all illegal comb9ations--to rid ! c\ntry ( su* z are dang]\s to ! welf>e ( ?is settlem5t--to pres]ve ! peace1 & g5]ally to v9dicate ! law1 )9 ! settlem5t a=esaid4 ,all ( :i* purposes we are to accompli% z peaceably z possible3 b we are to accompli% !m "o way or ano!r4 8,9 te/imony :]e(1 we h h]eunto set our h&s & affix$ our seals1 ?is twelf? day ( ,octob]1 ,anno ,dom9i1 eighte5 hundr$ & tw5ty4 7,sign$ by twelve m547 8,ackn[l$g$ & subscrib$ 9 ! pres5ce ( 8,c----,t4 ,h----n1 8,j----,p4 ,d----n10 & five o!rs1 :o seem to h be5 a portion ( 8! fell[-citiz5s ( ?is settlem5t10 ref]r$ to 9 ! docum5t4#acb ,! companies ( ,regulators 7 g5]ally organiz$ only tempor>ily to meet "s em]g5cy 9 p>ticul> communities4 ,! "o /rik+ exception is ! ,regulation movem5t 9 ! ,c>ol9as4 ,! circum/ances surr\nd+ t movem5t1 h[ev]1 7 n p>allel$ else:]e4 ,! duration & /r5g? ( ! organization !re1 0 und\bt$ly due to ! prom95ce ( ! political factor 9 its exi/5ce4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! ,c>ol9a ,regulation & ! summ>y practices :i* 7 incid5t to ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 !re exi/$ almo/ exclusively d[n to #ahcj :at may be call$ ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law pure & simple4 ,?is =m ( lyn*-law proc$ure has always be5 ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( necessity1 & has be5 condemn$ only because ( its liability to abuse4 ,z "o writ] has said1 ref]r+ to ! ,regulators3 8,_! acts may sometimes h be5 high-h&$ & unju/ifiable1 b on ! :ole--& x is only 9 su* a view t social in/itutions are to be e/imat$--!y 7 ! pres]v]s ( ! communities = :om !y act$4 ,9 "t1 x is true1 !y deg5]at$1 & sometimes ! corps fell into ! h&s ( ! v m5 !y 7 organiz$ to puni%4 8,e social organization is liable to misdirection1 & ?is1 among o!rs1 has be5 p]v]t$ to ! fur!rance ( selfi% & unpr9cipl$ purposes2 =1 l prejudices & habits ( ?\ght1 organiz$ in/itutions frequ5tly survive ! necessities :i* call !m into exi/5ce4 ,abuses gr[ up "u all sy/ems2 &1 p]haps1 ! wor/ abuse ( all1 is a measure or exp$i5t1 good ?\gh tempor>y1 reta9$ aft] ! pass+ away ( ! "t = :i* x 0 adopt$40#acc ,if x be said t 8all law emanates f ! p1 & is1 9 fact1 :e!r writt5 or n1 no?+ m or less ?an c]ta9 rules ( action by :i* a p agree to be gov]n$10 !n ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law is sc>cely m ?an "o /ep remov$ f g5u9e law4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! ye> #ahcd1 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons1 citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ( no p>ticul> /ate or t]ritory1 & beyond ! pale ( ! regul> op]ations ( ! law1 7 collect$ at a place call$ ,dubuque's m9es1 we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 & nor? ( ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri4 ,on ,may #bi ( t ye>1 ,patrick ,o',conn]1 :o _h ! reputation ( be+ a desp]ate "*1 %ot & kill$ ,george ,o',keefe4 ,o',conn] 80 arre/$ by mutual cons5t ( all p>ties1 &1 on ! next day1 0 duly tri$1 by a jury ( twelve citiz5s1 tak5 f ! multitude4 ,privilege 0 giv5 to ! prison] to object to all su* z he *ose n to be tri$ by1 & he made no objections to ! mode ( trial4 ,he 0 all[$ ! privilege ( *oos+ a fri5d to c\nsel ) him1 & assi/ 9 conduct+ ! trial40 ,aft] he>+ ! te/imony ( ! witnesses t 7 call$1 ! jury retir$1 & 8aft] a session ( ab\t two h\rs10 return$ ! foll[+ v]dict3 8,we1 ! jury select$ to try ,patrick ,o',conn]1 = ! murd] ( ,george ,o',keefe1 on ! #bi? in/4 aft] exam9+ ! witnesses on oa?1 & att5tively he>+ & consid]+ ! te/imony aga9/ ! prison]1 d unanim\sly agree t ! said ,o',conn] is guilty ( murd] 9 ! highe/ degree1 & are ( op9ion t ! said ,o',conn] has done an act :i*1 9 a l& ( laws1 w\ld =feit 8 life4 ,& inasmu* z ! security ( ! lives ( ! good citiz5s ( ?is c\ntry requires t an example %\ld be made1 to pres]ve ord] & conv9ce evil dispos$ p]sons t ?is is n a place :]e ! lives ( m5 may be tak5 ) impunity--we are ( op9ion t ! said ,o',conn] %\ld be c>efully secur$ until ! #bj? day ( ,june1 & t1 at ! h\r ( #ab o'clock1 ( said day1 ! said ,patrick ,o',conn] be conduct$ to ! place ( execution1 & !re be hung by ! neck until he is dead40 ,?is v]dict 0 sign$ by ! twelve memb]s ( ! jury4 ,pursuant to a public notice1 a meet+ ( ! citiz5s 0 held on ,june #ag to make arrangem5ts = ! execution ( ,o',conn] on ,june #bj4 ,l4 ,:eel] 0 reque/$ to take comm& ( a company ( volunte]s to act z a gu>d4 ,a committee ( ?ree 0 appo9t$ to make ! necess>y arrangem5ts = ! execution & burial ( ,o',conn]4 ,h5ry ,adams 0 reque/$ to act z %]iff on ! day ( ! execution4 ,a committee ( ?ree 0 appo9t$ to collect sums to defray ! necess>y exp5se 8= ! keep+1 execut+1 burial1 c41 ( said ,o',conn]40 ,x 0 vot$ t ! %]iff be all[$ ! sum ( tw5ty-five doll>s = ! keep+ & execution ( said ,o',conn]2 & t if !re 7 any?+ ov] & above t am\nt1 aft] all necess>y exp5ses 7 paid1 ! same %\ld g to ! execution]4 8,at #ab o'clock1 on ! day ( ! execution1 ! prison] 0 tak5 f 8 place ( conf9em5t1 "u a gu>d ( a company ( volunte]s1 comm&$ by ,l4 ,:eel]1 to ! place ( execution1 :]e _h assembl$ ab\t #a1ejj citiz5s4 ,he 0 plac$ on a c>t1 ! rope 0 made fa/ to ! gall[s1 :5 ! c>t 0 driv5 away1 leav+ ! prison] susp5d$ betwe5 ! heav5s & ! e>?4 8,! :ole proce$+s 7 c>ri$ on ) ! utmo/ regul>ity & good ord]4 ,by mutual cons5t ( all1 e c(fee h\se 0 kept clos$1 & n a drop ( spirits 0 sold until aft] ! execution40#acd ,at ! "t ( ?is affair no judicial or civil regulations 7 yet e/abli%$ 9 t region4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !n1 0 ,patrick ,o',conn] legally execut$ or 0 he execut$ by lyn*-law8 ,d\btless mo/ m5 w agree t he 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 legally execut$1 & yet _m in/ances ( ! op]ation ( lyn*-law on ! fronti] 7 sc>cely less ju/ifiable1 ?\gh ! trial & infliction ( puni%m5t may h be5 f> m summ>y4 ,9 g5]al1 ! puni%m5ts adm9i/]$ "u lyn*-law previ\s to #ahcj 7 n sev]e1 usually consi/+ ( a :ipp+1 or "s o!r =m ( corporal puni%m5t1 & bani%m5t aft] a specifi$ "t4 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,july #ag1 #ahbd 7#bf3 #cbf7 conta9s ! foll[+3 8,k5tucky4--,sev]al murd]s h lately be5 committ$ 9 ?is /ate by p]sons :o call !mselves #8regulators'--b effectual measures h be5 tak5 to arre/ & puni% !m40 ,?is case 0 evid5tly an abuse ( lyn*-law2 a b& ( desp]adoes1 presumably1 adopt$ ! "n ( 8regulators0 z a cloak = _! misde$s1 & ?us s\ght immunity f puni%m5t4 ,capital puni%m5t 0 v r>ely inflict$ by ! sub/antial & respectable settl]s :o sometimes f\nd x necess>y to use lyn*-law me?ods at ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! summ>y & extra-legal me?ods ( puni%m5t adopt$ dur+ colonial times1 & ! summ>y practices ( ! "t ( ! ,revolution1 7 c>ri$ by ! emigrants f ! orig9al colonies z !y pu%$ ! l9e ( ! fronti] fur!r & fur!r to ! we/w>d4 ,frequ5t occasion 0 f\nd on ! fronti] = ! use ( su* me?ods & practices to curb ! activity ( ! lawless & ! vici\s4 ,:5 ! legislature ( ,virg9ia au?oritatively decl>$ t circum/ances may arise "u :i* measures1 ?\gh n /rictly w>rant$ by law1 are ju/ifiable f ! imm95ce ( ! dang]1 x gave expression to a pr9ciple :i* f\nd ready acceptance among ! e>ly settl]s expos$ to ! dang]s & vicissitudes ( fronti] life4 ,?\gh ! /atem5t ( ! pr9ciple by ! legislature ( ,virg9ia may n h be5 kn[n1 & probably 0 n kn[n1 to v _m ( ^? :o took an active "p 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( lyn*-law1 nev]!less ! pr9ciple itself 0 a matt] ( common k1 = x 0 9 ! air1 z x 71 & x 0 repeat$ly embodi$ 9 action4 ,9 reality1 ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( lyn*-law is b ! work+ out ( ?is pr9ciple "u v>y+ conditions4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,lyn*-,,law #ahcj-ahfj ,) ! exception ( ! summ>y practices *>act]i/ic ( ,revolution>y times1 ! lyn*-law proc$ure t prevail$ prior to #ahcj 0 l>gely ( ! fronti] type4 ,ev5 9 ,revolution>y times1 h[ev]1 :5 w> & political controv]sies _h br\ght ab\t a /ate ( social disruption lead+ to ! adoption ( lyn*-law proc$ure 9 well settl$ communities1 _m ( ! in/ances ( su* proc$ure might prop]ly be classifi$ "u ! fronti] type4 ,9 remote p>ts ( _m ( ! colonies ! civil regulations _h nev] be5 suffici5tly e/abli%$ to insure ! puni%m5t ( public (f5d]s1 & rec\rse 0 _h to summ>y & extra-legal me?ods on ! gr\nd t !re 0 a lack ( c\rts & o!r requisites = legal proc$ure4 ,! ,regulation movem5t 9 ! ,c>ol9as1 ?\gh /imulat$ by political diss5sion1 _h its basis & orig9 9 fronti] conditions2 & x is obvi\s t lyn*-law op]at$ "u fronti] conditions 9 ! r\gh-&-ready me?ods ( adm9i/]+ ju/ice :i* 7 adopt$ by ! pione]s :o mov$ we/w>d ov] ! ,alleghanies into ! valley ( ! ,mississippi4 ,be=e ab\t ! ye> #ahcj1 !n1 lyn*-law 0 conf9$ almo/ entirely to ! bord] settlem5ts1 & 0 g5]ally excus$ & ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( necessity4 ,x 0 n reg>d$ z a s]i\s m5ace to law & ord]4 ,x 0 adopt$ m]ely z a tempor>y exp$i5t :i* 0 expect$ to fall into disuse :5 ! civil gov]nm5t & ! judici>y became firmly e/abli%$4 ,soon aft] #ahcj a *ange took place4 ,! anti-slav]y agitation 0 accompani$ by a revival ( lyn*-law1 & ! practice spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,n only did lyn*-law cont9ue to be ex]cis$ occasionally 9 ! bord] settlem5ts1 b x 0 reviv$ 9 well-e/abli%$ communities = ! purpose ( putt+ d[n abolitionism4 ,! e>ly ?irties witness$ _m acts ( viol5ce4 ,! foll[+ appe>$ 9 ! ,massa*usetts ,j\rnal 9 ! ye> #ahca3 8,progress ( ,viol5ce4--,x ought to be obs]v$ t !re nev] 0 a "t ( peace 9 :i* viol5ce 0 s common 9 ?is c\ntry z at ?is p]iod4444 ,citiz5s :o feel (f5d$ take ! law into _! own h&s )\t c]emony40 ,!n foll[s a recital ( ?irte5 cases ( viol5ce :i* occurr$ )9 two or ?ree mon?s1 includ+ riots1 duels1 insurrections ( negroes1 p]secutions ( abolitioni/s1 c4#ace ,! foll[+ in/ances1 select$ ) ref]5ce to ! localities 9 :i* !y occurr$1 indicate ! ext5t ( t]ritory ov] :i* lyn*-law practices prevail$ at ?is "t3 8,wilm+ton1 ,n4 ,c41 ,sept4 #bh4--,?ree r+lead]s ( ! late diabolical conspiracy 7 execut$ at ,onsl[ ,c\rt ,h\se1 on ,friday ev5+ la/1 #bc;d in/4 by ! p4 ,!re 0 a f\r?1 :o escap$ dur+ ! tumult40#acf ,! editor ( ! ,lib]ator adds3 8#8,execut$ by ! p' d\btless means execut$ by a mob1 on suspicion ( guilt1 )\t inve/igation or trial40 ,a ,mr4 ,rob9son 0 la%$ on ! b>e back at ,pet]sburg1 ,virg9ia1 = say+ 8t black m5 h1 9 ! ab/ract1 a "r to _! fre$om40 ,aft] ! sc\rg+ he 0 told to leave ,pet]sburg & nev] return or he w\ld be treat$ 8wors]40#acg ,9 ,georgia1 a man1 nam$ ,john ,lamb1 0 sev]ely treat$ because he _h subscrib$ to ! ,lib]ator4 8,a mob ( unpr9cipl$ vagabonds assembl$ ar\nd 8 h\se & viol5tly took him out & t>r$ & fea!r$ him4 ,!y !n p\r$ oil on 8 head & set fire to x4 ,!y next c>ri$ him on a rail to ! riv] & duck$ him4 ,& !n !y return$ ) him to a po/ ne> ,d>raugh & ,simms' ,tav]n1 & :ipp$ him40#ach ,! slave insurrection 9 ,virg9ia "u ! lead]%ip ( ,nat ,turn] took place 9 ,augu/ ( ! ye> #ahca4 ,! nature & ext5t ( ?is insurrection has be5 frequ5tly misund]/ood4 ,on ! "o h&1 x has be5 repres5t$ z hav+ be5 conf9$ to a magi/]ial di/rict2 on ! o!r h&1 its lead] is said to h recruit$ 8 =ces ?r\gh all ,ea/]n ,virg9ia & ?r\gh ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,bo? ( ^! views are 9 a measure true4#aci ,nat 0 a negro end[$ ) a m9d capable ( high atta9m5ts4 ,he 0 a c>eful /ud5t ( ! ,bible & a ,bapti/ prea*]4 ,he read ! newspap]s & e book )9 8 rea*1 & he 0 an att5tive li/5] at discussions ( ! political & social que/ions ( ! day4 ,b 8 m9d grappl$ ) ?+s beyond its rea*4 ,! example ( ,t\ssa9t ,l',ouv]ture 9 ! isl& ( ,hayti1 & t ( ,gabriel ,pross] 9 ,ri*mond 9 #ahjj1 toge!r ) ! spee*es & writ+s ( abolitioni/s1 inspir$ him to make an attempt to 8call ! att5tion ( ! civiliz$ _w to ! condition ( 8 race40 ,he became a complete fanatic & believ$ t ! ,"l _h de/9$ him to free 8 race4 ,! r$ t9t ( ! autumn leaves 0 a sign ( ! blood :i* 0 to be %$4 ,! eclipse ( ! sun 9 ,febru>y & its peculi> appe>ance 9 ,augu/1 #ahca1 7 to him om5s indicat+ t ! "t _h come = him to put 8 plans into op]ation4 ,= sev]al ye>s plans = insurrection _h be5 matur+ 9 ,nat's m9d1 & by ,febru>y1 #ahca1 he _h s f> det]m9$ ^u 8 s*eme t he relat$ x to f\r ( ! mo/ influ5tial negroes ( 8 section4 ,f t "t e ef=t 0 made to enli/ ! co-op]ation ( o!r slaves1 b ) ! greate/ pati5ce & prud5ce4 ,he deem$ x possible to conqu] ! c\nty ( ,s\?ampton1 m>* to ! ,dismal ,swamp1 collect+ ! slaves z he w5t1 & s gradually ov]come ! ,/ate1 z ! ,am]icans _h ! ,briti% 9 ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,on ! night ( ,sunday1 ,augu/ #ba1 ,nat op5$ ! insurrection4 ,a misund]/&+ 9 reg>d to ! date depriv$ him ( a few ( 8 foll[]s1 b1 at ! head ( a small p>ty :i* increas$ 9 numb]s z x proce$$1 he w5t f h\se to h\se murd]+ e :ite p]son t c\ld be f\nd4 ,x is *>act]iz$ z a massacre 8b>b>\s beyond degree40 ,depr$ations1 murd]s1 & ! mo/ revolt+ crimes 7 committ$ 9 cold blood4 ,be=e ! insurrection 0 put d[n ab\t sixty :ites1--m51 wom5 & *ildr51--7 slaught]$4 ,! condition ( affairs 9 ,s\?ampton = ab\t t5 days aft] ! massacre is be/ describ$ by a committee ( citiz5s 9 a lett] to ,presid5t ,jackson1 on ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is an extract3 8,mo/ ( ! havoc has be5 conf9$ to a limit$ section ( our c\nty1 b s inhuman has be5 ! but*]y1 s indiscrim9ate ! c>nage1 t ! tomahawk & scalp+ knife h n[ no horrors4 ,along ! road travel$ by our rebelli\s blacks1 compris+ a di/ance ( some?+ l tw5ty-sev5 miles1 no :ite s\l n[ lives to tell h[ fi5dlike 0 _! purpose4 ,9 ! bosom ( almo/ e family ?is enemy /ill exi/s4 ,our homes1 ^? ne> ! sc5es ( havoc1 z well z o!rs m remote1 h all be5 des]t$ & our families ga!r$ toge!r & gu>d$ at public places 9 ! c\nty2 &1 /ill fur!r1 ! excitem5t is s great t 7 ! ju/ices to pron\nce a slave innoc5t1 we fe> a mob w\ld be ! consequ5ce40#adj ,_m ( ! rebelli\s slaves 7 %ot on sight & "s innoc5t negroes suff]$4 ,"s prison]s tak5 ne> ,cross ,keys 7 %ot by ! ,murfreesboro troops & _! heads 7 left = weeks /uck up on poles z a w>n+ to all :o %\ld und]take a simil> plot4 ,! capta9 ( ! m>9es1 z !y m>*$ ?r\gh ,vicksville on _! way home1 bore ^u 8 sword ! head ( a rebel4 ,a negress :o attempt$ to kill a ,mrs4 ,francis 0 dragg$ out1 aft] %e _h be5 tak5 prison]1 ti$ to an oak tree1 & h] body riddl$ ) bullets4 ,x is said t "s ( ! slaves suff]$ fe>ful torture1 be+ burnt ) r$-hot irons & _! bodies be+ horribly mutilat$1 be=e dea? came to _! relief4 ,nat 0 p]secut$ ) p9-pricks & s\ndly :ipp$ be=e he 0 put 9 jail to await 8 trial4 ,accord+ to ,drewry1 h[ev]1 al?\gh 8mu* excitem5t & ra%ness _h prevail$ 9 ! pursuit & capture ( ! rebels1 ! cases ( m]cy & humanity ov]%ad[ ^? ( b>b>ity & leave ! decision 9 favor ( ! =m]40 ,fifty-?ree ( ! sixty or sev5ty negroes connect$ ) ! massacre 7 br\ght be=e ! c\nty c\rt4 ,( ^! sev5te5 7 execut$ & twelve transport$4 ,! re/ 7 dis*>g$1 except ! f\r free negroes :o 7 s5t on to ! ,sup]ior ,c\rt1 ?ree ( :om 7 execut$4 ,nat & 8 ?ree associate-lead]s1 ,h>k1 ,nelson1 & ,sam1 7 hung accord+ to ! s5t5ce ( ! c\rt4 8,! bodies ( ^? execut$1 ) "o exception1 7 buri$ 9 a dec5t & becom+ mann]4 ,t ( ,nat ,turn] 0 deliv]$ to ! doctors1 :o sk9n$ x & made grease ( ! fle%40 ,! execution ( ! plot 0 ?us conf9$ to a magi/]ial di/rict ( ?ree ?\s& inhabitants4 ,yet e ef=t _h be5 made to r\se ! negroes ( neighbor+ c\nties 9 ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,! influ5ce ( ! insurrection 0 wide-spread1 ext5d+ to ! ,nor? z well z ! ,s\?4 ,! imm$iate result 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,s\? 0 ! greate/ excitem5t1 al>m1 & confusion4 8,m5 w5t ab\t 9 gr\ps1 ! militia drills 7 r5ew$1 & ! arms call$ 9 a few mon?s be=e1 reissu$40 ,?omas ,gray1 :o liv$ 9 ,s\?ampton1 said3 8,x is ! fir/ in/ance 9 our hi/ory ( an op5 rebellion ( ! slaves1 & att5d$ ) su* atroci\s circum/ances ( cruelty & de/ruction z c\ld n fail to leave a deep impression1 n only on ! m9ds ( ! community :]e ! fe>ful trag$y 0 wr\ght1 b ?r\gh\t e portion ( our c\ntry 9 :i* ?is population is f\nd40 ,9 ! ,nor? ! imm$iate effect 0 a m pron\nc$ conviction ( ! evils ( slav]y4 ,9 g5]al1 ! effect ( ! ,s\?ampton insurrection 0 to c5t] public consid]ation on ! slave "q4#ada ,its influ5ce 0 indirect1 r ?an direct1 9 /imulat+ rec\rse to lyn*-law 9 ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! spr+ & summ] ( #ahcd !re 0 a great deal ( riot+ 9 :i* ,iri%m5 7 pr9cipally conc]n$4 ,sev]al riots occurr$ 9 ,new ,york ,city & 9 ,philadelphia betwe5 :ites & blacks1 :i* 7 said to be due to ! abolitioni/s hav+ /irr$ up ! blacks4#adb ,! foll[+ appe>$ 9 ! ,bo/on ,:ig 9 ,octob]1 #ahcd3 8,! hi/ory ( ! proce$+s ( ! pa/ ye> furni%es examples ( outrage & viol5ce altoge!r unprec$5t$ 9 ! annals ( our c\ntry4 ,x w\ld seem t ! supremacy ( ! laws is to be no f>!r reg>d$ ?an x co9cides ) ! caprices & prejudices ( an infuriat$ & misguid$ & ignorant populace4444 ,mobs1 :i* n[ seem to be ! ord] ( ! day1 are ( rec5t orig9 among u4444 ,our newspap]s n[1 ) a few honorable exceptions1 enc\rage ^! outrages & b>b>\s proce$+s1 & by ! inflammatory articles 9 _! columns1 incite to ! commission ( ! mo/ he9\s crimes40#adc ,! expression 8,lyn*'s law0 fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,lib]ator 9 ! issue ( ,septemb] #bg1 #ahcd 7#d3 #aec71 9 an extract f ! ,lanca/] 7,p5nsylvania7 ,j\rnal4 ,! passage quot$ is z foll[s3 8,9 our quiet village ( ,new ,holl&1 we und]/& ,lyn*'s law 0 c>ri$ into execution la/ week1 aga9/ a /rang] :o _h giv5 "s (f5ce to ! inhabitants4 ,! man 0 tak5 f 8 domicile1 t>r$ & fea!r$ 9 ! true ,yankee /yle1 m>*$ out ( t[n & let run4 ,we h n he>d ! cause ( ?is summ>y proce$+40 ,ano!r extract f ! ,lanca/] ,j\rnal reads z foll[s3 8,we h he>d ( ano!r case ( an appeal to ,lyn*'s code4 ,a celebrat$ ,philadelphia doctor1 a disciple ( ! ,tappan s*ool1 :o c\ld n f9d room = ! ov]fl[+s ( 8 milk ( human k9dness 9 ! city ( bro!rly love1 paid a visit to ,columbia1 9 ?is c\nty1 a few days s9ce1 prep>$1 x is said1 to deliv] a c\rse ( amalgamation lectures4 ,a b>rel ( t> 0 pur*as$1 & a pill[ well /uff$ ) fea!rs procur$ = ! occasion4 ,a h9t ( ^! proce$+s 0 giv5 to ! le>n$ ,doctor's fri5ds1 :o did n keep ! secret1 & ! ,doctor n wi%+ to be exhibit$ 9 ! co/ume ( a goose1 took w+ 9 an ea/]n direction1 & has n be5 he>d ( s9ce40#add ,! expression 8,lyn*'s law0 fir/ appe>s 9 ,niles' ,regi/] "u ! date ( ,octob] #e1 #ahcc 7#de3 #hg71 9 an extract f ! ,/4 ,l\is ,republican4 ,! quotation is z foll[s3 8#8,lyn*'s ,law4' ,we h he>d1 t capt4 ,slick summon$ 8 corps ! o!r night1 & obta9$ possession ( a man ) ^: misde$s !y _h become famili>1 c>ri$ him to ! prairie ne> t[n1 & adm9i/]$ #8,lyn*'s ,law' ^u him 9 f9e /yle4 ,he receiv$ ab\t fifty la%es--& 0 ord]$ to decamp4 ,! (f5ce consi/$ 9 *eat+ at ! gam+ table--:]e( he 0 ov]-fond4444 ,sev]al v effective demon/rations h be5 made ^u ! gambl]s 9 & ab\t t[n1 & !y h be5 oblig$ to make !mselves sc>ce4 ,?is is z x %\ld be40 ,lyn*-law proce$+s 7 inaugurat$ aga9/ gambl]s 9 ,virg9ia ab\t a ye> lat]4 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,octob] #d1 #ahcd 7#dg3 #ff7 says3 8,l>ge ne/s ( gambl]s 9 ,ri*mond & ,norfolk 7 completely r\t$1 a %ort "t ago1 by summ>y processes--num]\s bodies ( "y m5 hav+ tak5 ! matt] 9 *>ge4 ,!y broke into ! gambl+ h\ses1 & de/roy$ all ! app>atus & furniture--b f>!r ?an ?is1 committ$ no acts ( viol5ce4 ,"s curi\s disclosures ( ! great pr(its made by ! knaves h be5 br\ght to light by ^! proce$+s40 ,! mo/ notori\s case ( an appeal to summ>y proc$ure aga9/ gambl]s occurr$ 9 ,july1 #ahce1 at ,vicksburg1 ,mississippi4 ,pr(essional gambl]s _h = ye>s made ,vicksburg _! r5dezv\s & c]ta9 sections ( ! city 7 almo/ :olly giv5 ov] to !m4 ,frequ5tly1 9 arm$ bodies1 !y di/urb$ ! good ord] ( public assemblages1 insult$ citiz5s on ! /reets1 & op5ly defi$ ! civil au?orities4 ,! laws 7 f\nd ineffectual = _! puni%m5t2 _! numb]s & _! crimes cont9ually increas$4#ade ,at a b>becue on ! ,f\r? ( ,july "o ( ^! gambl]s1 nam$ ,cakl]1 became insol5t & creat$ a di/urbance4 ,lat] a meet+ 0 held & an anti-gambl+ society 0 organiz$4 8,x 0 det]m9$ to take him 7,cakl]7 into ! woods & ,lyn* him--:i* is a mode ( puni%m5t provid$ = su* z become obnoxi\s 9 a mann] :i* ! law _c rea*4 ,he 0 imm$iately c>ri$ out "u a gu>d1 att5d$ by a cr[d ( respectable citiz5s--ti$ to a tree1 puni%$ ) /ripes--t>r$ & fea!r$2 & ord]$ to leave t[n 9 =ty-eight h\rs40 ,! foll[+ morn+ public notice 0 giv5 t all gambl]s mu/ leave ! t[n 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,t night ano!r 0 8,lyn*$40 ,! next morn+ ! citiz5s und]/ood t a not$ gambl]1 nam$ ,nor?1 _h defi$ !m1 b>ricad$ 8 h\se1 & toge!r ) "s ( 8 fell[s _h made prep>ations to /ay 9 ! t[n4 ,! volunte]s 7 imm$iately assembl$ &1 foll[$ by a cr[d ( citiz5s1 m>*$ to ,nor?'s resid5ce & dem&$ an unconditional surr5d]4 ,?is 0 refus$4 ,! h\se 0 !n surr\nd$ & an attempt made to =ce an entrance4 ,j z ! door 0 bur/ op51 ,dr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,bodley1 a highly respect$ citiz51 0 %ot & in/antly kill$ by ! gambl]s4 ,greatly inc5s$ at ?is1 ! cr[d ru%$ into ! build+ & dragg$ out ! inmates1 "o ( :om _h be5 s]i\sly w\nd$1 hurri$ !m )\t c]emony to ! common gall[s & hang$ !m4 ,five gambl]s 7 ?us execut$ at ?is "t & _! bodies left susp5d$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4#adf ,ab\t ! "t ( ! ,vicksburg affair suspicion 0 ar\s$ 9 ,madison ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 t ! ,murrell gang _h organiz$ ! blacks = an insurrection4#adg 8,two individuals1 by "n ,cotton & ,saund]s1 bo? ( !m /eam doctors by pr(ession10 7 ?\ght to be prom95tly connect$ ) ! s*eme4 ,a 8committee ( inve/igation0 0 appo9t$ by a mass-meet+ ( ! citiz5s & z a result ( ! inve/igation ! two 8/eam doctors0 & ?ree o!r :ite m5 7 hang$1 & also sev]al negroes1 8"s t5 or fifte510 )\t any process at law4#adh ,j4 ,h4 ,+raham1 writ+ ( conditions 9 ,mississippi at ab\t ?is "t1 aft] describ+ a 8*a9 gang0 ( negroes1 uses ! foll[+ language3 8,9 ,nat*ez1 negro crim9als only are ?us honor$--a coat ( t> & fea!rs' be+ appli$ to ^? :ite m5 :o may require "s k9d ( discipl9e n provid$ by ! c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,?is la/ summ>y process ( popul> ju/ice1 or m prop]ly excitem5t1 t]m$ #8,lyn*'s law'1 ,i believe1 f its orig9ator1 is too mu* 9 vogue 9 ?is /ate4 ,9 ! res5tm5t ( public z well z private wrongs1 individuals h long be5 9 ! habit ( =e/all+ & improv+ ^u ! decisions ( ! c\rts1 by tak+ ! execution ( ! laws into _! own h&s4444 ,! want ( a p5it5ti>y has _h a t5d5cy to keep ?is cu/om alive 9 ?is /ate long] ?an x w\ld o!rwise h exi/$4 ,:5 an individual is guilty ( any (f5ce1 :i* r5d]s him am5able to ! laws1 he mu/ ei!r be acquitt$ altoge!r or suff] dea?40#adi ,lyn*-law 0 also kn[n 9 ! ea/]n /ates at ?is "t4 ,n only 7 !re mobs :i* dealt summ>ily ) (f5d]s1 z 9 ! ye> #ahca1 b _! proce$+s 7 kn[n by a diff]5t "n4 ,x 0 n[ no long] simply 8mobs0 & 8mobocracy10 b 8,lyn*'s law10 & 8,judge ,lyn*'s c\rt0 z well4 ,! ,bo/on ,daily ,adv]tis] 9 ,july1 #ahce1 gave expression to ! foll[+1 "u ! head+ 8,lyn*'s ,law03 8,we h _h occasion ( late to adv]t to ! use ( ?is t]m 9 our pap]1 z indicat+ puni%m5ts1 wantonly & 9 disreg>d ( law1 appli$ 9 c]ta9 portions ( our c\ntry to individuals suspect$ or guilty ( crime40#aej ,on ! night ( ,septemb] #aj1 #ahce1 a gall[s 0 erect$ 9 ,brighton ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 9 front ( ,mr4 ,g>rison's h\se1 ) two ropes susp5d$ !refrom4 ,on ! crossb> 0 ! inscription 8,judge ,lyn*'s law40#aea ,! foll[+ appe>$ 9 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,octob] #c1 #ahce 7#di3 #gf-g73 8,our village 7,kana:a ,sal9es1 ,w4 ,va47 0 ?r[n into consid]able commotion on ,friday morn+ la/ 9 consequ5ce ( ! arrival ( judge ,lyn* among u4 ,8 bus9ess 0 soon asc]ta9$1 & by 8 au?ority f\r :ite m5 f ,ohio 7 soon arre/$ & tri$ be=e #ab intellig5t p]sons ( our c\nty1 = endeavor+ to p]suade sev]al slaves to leave _! ma/]s1 = "s free /ate4444 ,^! cong5ial spirits ( ,g>rison1 ,tappan ,co4 7 arre/$ 9 ! neighborhood ( our village1 tri$1 condemn$1 & receiv$ ! s5t5ce pron\nc$ on !m by ! jury4 ,t is to say1 ,joe ,gill & ! eld] ,drake to receive n9e & ?irty la%es ea*1 & leave ! c\nty 9 #bd h\rs2 ! y\ng] ,drake1 ) ,ross1 to be dis*>g$ = want ( evid5ce1 b ) a promise f !m t !y w\ld also quit ! c\nty 9 #bd h\rs4 ,! evid5ce 444 produc$ an unanim\s v]dict on ! "p ( ! jury1 t two %\ld be lyn*$ & ! o!r two excus$1 provid$ !y w\ld leave ?is "p ( ! c\ntry40 ,! foll[+ appe>$ 9 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,decemb] #e1 #ahce 7#di3 #bbh73 8,lyn* law 9 ,col]a94 ,! sect kn[n z p]fectioni/s h rec5tly be5 mak+ "s conv]ts 9 ,col]a9 7,frankl9 ,c\nty1 ,mass471 & hold+ meet+s !re consid]ably to ! annoyance ( ! majority ( ! inhabitants4 ,we le>n t "o ( ! lead]s 444 :o 0 suspect$ ( tak+ ) 8 female disciples "s lib]ties inconsi/5t ) ! hol9ess ( 8 pr(ession1 0 tak5 out a few days s9ce1 ridd5 ne>ly ?ree miles ^u a rail1 t>r$ & fea!r$1 & dismiss$1 ) an admonition to quit ! t[n--a piece ( advice ) :i* he has s9ce compli$40#aeb ,"s idea ( ! preval5ce ( mob viol5ce & lyn*-law proc$ure 9 #ahce is obta9$ f ! foll[+ editorials 9 ,niles' ,regi/]3 8,meet+s h be5 held at ,danville1 ,k5tucky2 at ,ri*mond & ,pet]sburg & _m o!r t[ns 9 ,virg9ia2 at ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 at _m places 9 ,mississippi2 &1 inde$1 x may be g5]ally said 9 all ! s\? & s\?we/ 9 consequ5ce ( ! flood ( inc5di>y publications let loose by a few #8anti-slav]y' m5 ( ! nor?1 incit+ ! negroes to insurrection1 & murd]1 & desolation2 &1 at z _m places1 p]haps1 a l _s has be5 %[n aga9/ gambl]s4 ,anti-gam+ societies h be5 introduc$ 9 a numb] ( cities & t[ns4 ,executions by #8,lyn* law1' h be5 num]\s4 ,acts ( p]sonal viol5ce1 on o!r acc\nts1 "s ( :i* are t]rific1 also ab\nd4 ,society is 9 an awful /ate4 ,:at is ! cause ( x80#aec 8,dur+ ! la/ & ! pres5t week we h cut out & laid aside m ?an #ejj articles1 relat+ to ! v>i\s excitem5ts n[ act+ on ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 public & private6 ,society seems ev]y:]e unh+$1 & ! demon ( #8blood & slaught]' has be5 let loose ^u u6 ,we h ! slave "q 9 _m diff]5t =ms1 includ+ ! proce$+s ( kidnapp]s & man/eal]s--& o!rs belong+ to ! free negroes3 ! proscription & prosecution ( gambl]s2 ) mobs gr[+ out ( local matt]s--& a great collection ( acts ( viol5ce ( a private1 or p]sonal nature1 end+ 9 dea?2 & regret to believe1 also1 t an awful political outcry is ab\t to be rais$ to rally ! #8poor aga9/ ! ri*'6 ,we h executions1 & murd]s1 & riots to ! utmo/ limits ( ! union4 ,! "* ( our c\ntrym5 seems sudd5ly *ang$1 & ?\s&s int]pret ! law 9 _! own way--sometimes 9 "o case1 & !n 9 ano!r1 guid$ app>5tly only by _! own w6444 ,we lately gave1 by way ( a specim51 a few articles ( a nature simil> to ^? n[ 9 our possession4 ,we _c cons5t to hold up our c\ntry to ! contempt & scorn ( ! old _w1 & %all1 !re=e1 g5]ally suppress !m1 ?\gh "s cases ( peculi> atrocity mu/ be ins]t$4 ,let ! laws rule4 ,& let no "o d any?+ t may h a t5d5cy to br+ !m into popul> disrespect60#aed ,ev5 ?\gh "s all[ance = exagg]ation 9 ! above /atem5ts may be necess>y1 !re yet rema9s unque/ionable evid5ce ( a v unsettl$ /ate ( affairs4#aee ,an editorial writt5 9 a less s5sational /yle appe>$ 9 ! ,regi/] 9 ,octob]4 ,! fir/ s5t5ces are z foll[s3 8,meet+s ( ! p h be5 held 9 ne>ly all ! *ief cities & t[ns 9 ! nor!rn /ates--at :i* ! proce$+s ( ! abolitioni/s 7 reject$ & disav[$1 ) great unanimity & mu* zeal4 ,& 9 ! s\? we almo/ daily he> ( #8judge ,lyn*1' & ( p]sons :o are flogg$ & driv5 away1 or #8execut$1' "u s5t5ces r5d]$ by him40#aef ,judge ,jay 9 a *>ge to a ,gr& ,jury at ,:ite ,pla9s1 ,new ,york1 9 ,novemb]1 #ahce1 ref]r$ to ! 8_s ( lawless viol5ce0 t 0 abroad 9 ! l&1 & spoke ( ! dang] to civil & religi\s lib]ty if x 7 n arre/$4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,judge ,cran*1 9 a simil> *>ge to a ,gr& ,jury 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 spoke ( ! 8/ate ( excitem5t0 :i* exi/$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4#aeg ,"s attribut$ ! cause ( all ?is excitem5t to ! abolitioni/s4#aeh ,a correspond5t ( ! ,m$9a 7,ohio7 ,free ,press e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahcf wrote z foll[s3 8,:5 a body ( m5 ) su* feel+s & pr9ciples1 beg9 to di/ract ! nation ) _! mad s*emes1 x is high "t = a community to notice !m4 ,i am no advocate ( ,lyn* law1 b ,i mu/ say t if ,lyn* law mu/ be practis$1 ,i "k ( no fitt] subjects = its op]ation ?an su* fanatics40#aei ,! foll[+ appe>s 9 an article on ,lyn* ,law 9 ,am]ica publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #ahgg3 8,among ! in/itutions specially ,am]ican1 few h _h worse od\r 9 ,engl& ?an :at is commonly kn[n z #8,lyn* law4' ,9 ! "t ( ! anti-slav]y agitation ! rec\rse to ,lyn* law by ! support]s ( #8! dome/ic in/itution1' or #8involunt>y s]vitude1' z x 0 euphoni\sly call$1 caus$ j indignation4 ,x 0 by ,lyn* law t m5 :o d>$ to speak aga9/ slav]y 7 sil5c$ 9 ! ,slave ,/ates40#afj ,?us1 ! def5d]s ( slav]y 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 highly inc5s$ at ! int]f]5ce ( abolitioni/s :om !y felt knew b little ab\t ! actual conditions1 & laid ^u ! %\ld]s ( ^! 8fanatics0 ! blame = ! necessity ( resort+ to lyn*-law2 ! abolitioni/s1 on ! o!r h&1 said t lawless viol5ce 0 ! direct result ( slav]y#afa & ! attempt ( ! ,s\? to put d[n free discussion by means ( =ce4 ,! ye>s ( ,jackson's presid5cy1 #ahbi-ahcg1 h be5 di/+ui%$ by political writ]s z ! ,jacksonian p]iod1--a p]iod 9 :i* !re 0 an unusual am\nt ( turbul5ce & viol5ce4 ,x has be5 repeat$ly sugge/$ t ,jackson's own arbitr>y temp]am5t & example did some?+ to set ?is fa%ion4 8,x is1 h[ev]1 m j to see1 bo? 9 ! ,presid5t himself & 9 ! mobs ( 8 "t ( p[]1 symptoms ( "o & ! same ?+2 namely1 a great democratic upheaval1 ! wilful self-ass]tion ( a ma/]ful p1 & ( a man :o 0 _! true repres5tative4444 ,dur+ ,jackson's eight ye>s ev]y?+ is *ang+2 bo? society & politics are und]go+ revolution2 deep organic processes are 9 progress2 significant atmosph]ic *anges are sett+ 940#afb 8,x is n possible t a gr[+ nation %\ld spread ov] new t]ritory1 & feel ! ?rill ( its own "y en]gies cont5d+ successfully ) nature 9 all h] rude =ce1 )\t social commotions & a c]ta9 recklessness & upro>4 ,! contagion ( ^! =ms ( disord] produces o!r & less excusable =ms40#afc ,! cause = all ! turbul5ce & viol5ce lay deep] ?an abolitionism1 slav]y1 or ! "* ( political lead]s4 ,^! 7 m]ely ! manife/ations ( ! disruption ( und]ly+ social =ces :i* 7 w>r+ aga9/ ea* o!r :ile seek+ to come to a /able equilibrium "u new & *ang$ conditions4 ,society 0 9 process ( reorganization4 ,x 0 a "t ( social readju/m5t4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( society :i* exi/$1 & x 0 a condition conducive to ! spread ( lyn*-law4 ,x 0 due to ?is fact t ! t]m lyn*-law ga9$ a p]man5t place 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,e>ly 9 ! =ties1 z m5tion$ 9 ! introduction1 ! diction>ies admitt$ ! t]m to _! li/ & ?us gave to x ! seal ( _! approval4 ,a writ] 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahei 7p4 #gid7 says3 8,i ?9k ,i _h nev] he>d ( lyn*-law until ab\t ! ye> #ahcd1 :5 ! citiz5s ( ,vicksburg organiz$ !mselves into a ,c\rt ( ,uncommon ,pleas1 ) special ref]5ce to c]ta9 m5 9 _! mid/ :o 71 or 7 said to be1 #8liv+ on ! bord]s ( ! law4' ,& ,i well rememb]1 boy z ,i 01 ! s5sation ) :i* ! news ( ! hang+ ( ! ,vicksburg gambl]s 0 receiv$ 9 ! old ,/ates1 & h[ soon ! t]ms #8,lyn* law' & #8lyn*+' became famili> z h\sehold words40 ,x 0 ! application ( lyn*-law1 !n1 to ! gambl]s infe/+ ! t[ns along ! ,mississippi ,riv] t famili>iz$ ! public ) ! t]m1 & x 0 ! con/ant ex]cise ( summ>y me?ods ( puni%m5t aga9/ abolitioni/s & o!r unpopul> individuals 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry t furni%$ ! occasion = its cont9u$ use4 ,9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahce1 two negroes 7 burn$ to dea? ne> ,mobile1 ,alabama1 = 8mo/ b>b>\sly murd]+0 two *ildr54 ,! murd]]s _h _! trial1 ! result ( :i* is giv5 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph tak5 f a ,mobile pap]3 8,z ! ,c\rt pron\nc$ ! only s5t5ce kn[n to ! law--! smo!r$ flame broke =?4 ,! laws ( ! c\ntry _h nev] conceiv$ t crimes c\ld be p]petrat$ ) su* peculi> circum/ances ( b>b>ity1 & _h !re=e provid$ no adequate puni%m5t4 ,_! lives 7 ju/ly =feit$ to ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 b ! peculi> circum/ances dem&$ t ! ord9>y puni%m5t %\ld be dep>t$ f--!y 7 seiz$1 tak5 to ! place :]e !y _h p]petrat$ ! act1 & burn$ to dea?40#afd ,a case ( burn+ alive1 :i* on acc\nt ( ! subsequ5t ev5ts ga9$ great notoriety1 occurr$ at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri1 ,april #bh1 #ahcf4 ,"o writ] designat$ x z 8! execution ( #8,lyn* ,law' ^u a yell[ fell[1 by means ( a sl[ fire40 ,a color$ man 0 arre/$ on bo>d a boat by a deputy %]iff & a con/able4 ,ano!r color$ man1 a free mulatto1 assi/$ him to escape1 & ! (fic]s imm$iately arre/$ ! mulatto4 ,he1 h[ev]1 turn$ ^u ! (fic]s1 drew a knife & /abb$ ,deputy ,%]iff ,hammond1 kill+ him in/antly1 & also s]i\sly w\nd$ ,mr4 ,mull1 ! con/able4 ,he 0 f9ally captur$1 h[ev]1 & lock$ up 9 ! jail4 ,lat] ! p assembl$ &1 aft] ?reat5+ to te> d[n ! jail if he 0 n deliv]$ to !m1 secur$ ! prison]1 conduct$ him to ! outskirts ( ! city1 plac$ a *a9 r\nd 8 neck & a rope r\nd 8 body1 & ?us fa/5$ him to a tree a few feet f ! gr\nd4 ,a fire 0 !n plac$ r\nd ! tree & he 0 roa/$ alive4#afe ,:5 ?is case came up = consid]ation be=e ! ,gr& ,jury ( ,/4 ,l\is ,c\nty1 ,judge ,lawless--accord+ to subsequ5t comm5ts rightly nam$--made ! foll[+ *>ge3 8,i h reflect$ mu* on ?is matt]1 & aft] weigh+ all ! consid]ations t pres5t !mselves z be>+ ^u x1 ,i feel x my duty to /ate my op9ion to be1 t :e!r ! ,gr& ,jury %all act at all1 dep5ds ^u ! solution ( ?is prelim9>y "q1 namely1 :e!r ! de/ruction ( ,mc,intosh 0 ! act ( ! #8few' or ! act ( ! #8_m4' 8,if on a calm view ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ?is dreadful transaction1 y %all be ( op9ion t x 0 p]petrat$ by a def9ite1 &1 comp>$ to ! population ( ,/4 ,l\is1 a small numb] ( individuals1 sep>ate f ! mass1 & evid5tly tak+ ^u !mselves1 z contradi/+ui%$ f ! multitude1 ! responsibility ( ! act1 my op9ion is t y ought to indict !m all1 )\t a s+le exception4 8,if on ! o!r h&1 ! de/ruction ( ! murd]] ( ,hammond 0 ! act z ,i h said1 ( ! _m--( ! multitude1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ^? words--n ! act ( num]able & asc]ta9able malefactors1 b ( congregat$ ?\s&s1 seiz$ ^u & impell$ by t my/]i\s1 metaphysical1 & almo/ electric phr5zy1 :i*1 9 all nations & ages1 has hurri$ on ! infuriat$ multitude to de$s ( dea? & de/ruction--!n1 ,i say1 act n at all 9 ! matt]--! case !n transc5ds y\r jurisdiction--x is beyond ! rea* ( human law40#aff ,x 0 = d5\nc+ ! burn+ ( ?is color$ man & viol5tly attack+ ,judge ,lawless 9 8 ,obs]v] t ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,p4 ,lovejoy _h 8 pr9t+-(fice de/roy$ by a mob 9 ,/4 ,l\is1 & 0 =c$ to remove 8 pap] to ,alton1 ,ill9ois4 ,he did n cease to express 8 convictions1 h[ev]1 & nei!r did 8 p]secutions cease4 ,?ree times 8 press 0 de/roy$ by mobs4 ,on ,novemb] #g1 #ahcg1 :ile endeavor+ to protect 8 prop]ty1 he met 8 dea? at ! h&s ( an ,alton mob4 ,9 an address on 8,! ,p]petuation ( our ,political ,in/itutions10 deliv]$ be=e ! ,"y ,m5's ,lyceum ( ,spr+field1 ,ill9ois1 on ,janu>y #bg1 #ahcg1 ,abraham ,l9coln *>act]iz$ ! _s ( ! times 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,acc\nts ( outrages committ$ by mobs =m ! ev]yday news ( ! times4 ,!y h p]vad$ ! c\ntry f ,new ,engl& to ,l\isiana2 !y are nei!r peculi> to ! et]nal sn[s ( ! =m] nor ! burn+ suns ( ! latt]2 !y are n ! creature ( climate1 nei!r are !y conf9$ to ! slavehold+ or ! non-slavehold+ ,/ates4 ,alike !y spr+ up among ! pleasure-hunt+ ma/]s ( ,s\!rn slaves1 & ! ord]-lov+ citiz5s ( ! l& ( /eady habits4 ,:atev] !n _! cause may be1 x is common to ! :ole c\ntry4 8,x w\ld be t$i\s z well z useless to rec\nt ! horrors ( all ( !m4 ,^? happ5+ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi & at ,/4 ,l\is are p]haps ! mo/ dang]\s 9 example & revolt+ to humanity4 ,9 ! ,mississippi case !y fir/ comm5c$ by hang+ ! regul> gambl]s--a set ( m5 c]ta9ly n foll[+ = a livelihood a v useful or v hone/ occupation1 b "o :i*1 s f> f be+ =bidd5 by ! laws1 0 actually lic5s$ by an act ( ! legislature pass$ b a s+le ye> be=e4 ,next1 negroes suspect$ ( conspir+ to rise an insurrection 7 caught up & hang$ 9 all p>ts ( ! ,/ate2 !n1 :ite m5 suppos$ to be leagu$ ) ! negroes2 & f9ally1 /rang]s f neighbor+ ,/ates1 go+ ?i!r on bus9ess1 7 9 _m in/ances subject$ to ! same fate4 ,?us w5t on ?is process ( hang+1 f gambl]s to negroes1 f negroes to :ite citiz5s1 & f ^! to /rang]s1 till dead m5 7 lit]ally dangl+ f ! b\ghs ( trees by e roadside1 & 9 numb]s almo/ suffici5t to rival ! native ,spani% moss ( ! c\ntry z a drap]y ( ! =e/4 8,turn !n to t horror-/rik+ sc5e at ,/4 ,l\is4 ,a s+le victim only 0 sacrific$ !re4 ,?is /ory is v %ort1 & is p]haps ! mo/ highly tragic ( any?+ ( its l5g? t has ev] be5 witness$ 9 real life4 ,a mulatto man by ! "n ( ,mc,intosh 0 seiz$ 9 ! /reet1 dragg$ to ! suburbs ( ! city1 *a9$ to a tree1 & actually burn$ to dea?2 & all )9 a s+le h\r f ! "t he _h be5 a freeman att5d+ to 8 own bus9ess & at peace ) ! _w4 8,su* are ! effects ( mob law1 & su* are ! sc5es becom+ m & m frequ5t 9 ?is l& s lately fam$ = love ( law & ord]1 & ! /ories ( :i* h ev5 n[ gr[n too famili> to attract any?+ m ?an an idle rem>k40#afg ,! foll[+ p>agraph appe>$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,lit]>y ,mess5g] 9 ! ye> #ahci 7#e3 #bah73 8,=ty ye>s ago1 ! practice ( wreak+ private v5geance1 or ( inflict+ summ>y & illegal puni%m5t = crimes1 actual or pret5d$1 :i* has be5 gloss$ ov] by ! "n ( ,lyn*'s ,law1 0 h>dly kn[n except 9 sp>se1 fronti] settlem5ts1 beyond ! rea* ( c\rts & legal proce$+s40 ,! above quotations set =? cle>ly ! condition ( affairs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ?is "t4 ,x 0 ! _s ( ! times1 r ?an any p>ticul> cause1 :i* br\ght ab\t rec\rse to lyn*-law practices4 ,lyn*-law 0 invok$ = no p>ticul> (f5se to ! exclusion ( all o!r (f5ses2 nei!r 0 x peculi> to any "o section ( ! c\ntry4 ,f hav+ be5 practis$ only 9 ! bord] settlem5ts z a tempor>y means ( suppress+ lawlessness until ! civil regulations c\ld be e/abli%$1 lyn*-law me?ods _h come to prevail ev5 9 well settl$ communities4 ,^? writ]s :o express$ ! op9ion ab\t #ahcj t lyn*-law 0 dy+ out did n =esee ! great popul> excitem5t :i* exi/$ dur+ ,jackson's adm9i/ration4 ,! anti-slav]y agitation act$ z a sp>k 9 a t9d]-box & seem$ to beget a _s ( lawlessness 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,to ! inflam$ imag9ation ( ! popul> m9d ! slighte/ provocation seem$ a s]i\s (f5se4 ,! law did n rea* su* (f5ses1 or !y 7 deem$ to be inadequately puni%$ by ! law1 & ?is seem$ to ! p a ju/ification = summ>y puni%m5t4 ,9 ! slave ,/ates su* puni%m5t 0 g5]ally a :ipp+ or flogg+1 (t5 foll[$ by t>r+ & fea!r+1 inflict$ ^u abolitioni/s or any p]sons suspect$ ( 8tamp]+ ) ! slaves10 or di/ribut+ 8inc5di>y tracts40 ,9 cases ( a suspect$ conspiracy = an insurrection among ! slaves ! suppos$ lead]s 7 (t5 summ>ily puni%$1 sometimes by ! infliction ( ! dea? p5alty4 ,along ! ,mississippi ,riv]1 ! gambl]s _h ar\s$ ! res5tm5t ( ! peace-lov+ portion ( ! community by _! vices & excesses ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 _m places !y 7 able to bid defiance to ! civil au?orities & laugh at ?reats ( en=c+ ! law aga9/ !m4 ,"h aga9 ! exig5cies ( ! situation seem$ to ! p to ju/ify ! adoption ( lyn*-law4 ,?is case ( ! summ>y treatm5t ( ! gambl]s may be reg>d$ z a transition f ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law to ! sporadic & epidemical type :i* lat] prevail$ 9 ! well settl$ ,/ates4 ,! au?or ( a book publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahcg wrote3 8,! ,lyn*-law1 is n1 prop]ly speak+1 an opposition to ! e/abli%$ laws ( ! c\ntry1 or1 is at lea/1 n contemplat$ z su* by its adh]5ts2 b r z a supplem5t to !m1--a species ( common law1 :i* is z old z ! c\ntry1 & :i*1 :atev] may be ! notion ( #8! le>n$ 9 ! law1' has nev]!less be5 productive ( "s ( ! happie/ results40#afh ,9 #ahci1 ,f4 ,m>ryat wrote3 8,! ,lyn* law ( ! pres5t day1 z practic$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ! ,we/ & ,s\?1 may be divid$ into two diff]5t heads3 ! fir/ is1 ! adm9i/ration ( x 9 cases 9 :i* ! laws ( ! ,/ates are consid]$ by ! majority z n hav+ aw>d$ a puni%m5t adequate1 9 _! op9ion1 to ! (f5ce committ$2 & ! o!r1 :5 f excitem5t ! majority w n wait = ! law to act1 b inflict ! puni%m5t ) _! own h&s40#afi ,occasionally innoc5t p]sons suff]$ ! viol5ce ( lyn*+ mobs1#agj & sometimes damages 7 secur$ ?r\gh ! c\rts = hav+ suff]$ lyn*-law4 ,cases ( ?is nature 7 n uncommon 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! op]ation ( lyn*-law 9 ,virg9ia1#aga & 9 ! lat] ?irties simil> suits 7 in/itut$ 9 ! c\rts4 ,on ,septemb] #d1 #ahce1 c]ta9 inhabitants ( ,br[nsville1 ,t5nessee1 con/itut$ !mselves a lyn* c\rt = ! trial ( ,anson ,moody1 suspect$ ( be+ a kidnapp]1 or slave /eal]4 ,!y seiz$ him 9 ! dead ( night1 tri$ him1 convict$ him1 & !n proce$$ to puni%m5t by inflict+ "o hundr$ la%es ) a 8c[sk910 br&+ him on ! *eek ) ! lett] ,r & comm&+ him to leave ! c\ntry4 ,a jury 9 ! ,circuit ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ,di/rict ( ,we/ ,t5nessee gave him a v]dict ( #b1jjj & co/s aga9/ five ( ! memb]s ( ! ,lyn* c\rt4#agb ,9 ,yazoo1 ,mississippi1 a ,mr4 ,h>ris1 = "s real or suppos$ (f5se1 0 8sev]ely lyn*$0 by ,h4 ,w4 ,dunn1 ,c4 ,w4 ,ba91 & o!rs4 ,he prosecut$ ^? two individuals = ! outrage1 & ! case 0 tri$ 9 ! circuit c\rt ( ,yazoo ,c\nty4 ,! jury return$ a v]dict = ! pla9tiff ( #bj1jjj4agc ,two "y m5 9 ,fayette ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 7 s5t5c$ to ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t & to pay a f9e ( #ej ea* = assi/+ to ride ,john ,t4 ,fo/] on a rail4 ,! said ,fo/] di$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! injuries he receiv$ dur+ ! outrage4#agd ,%]man ,?ompson & ,samuel ,?ompson1 ( ,m]id51 ,connecticut1 7 s5t5c$ to pay a f9e ( #bj ea* & to suff] imprisonm5t 9 ! common jail = ! t]m ( six mon?s = hav+ p>ticipat$ 9 an outrage ^u ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,ludl[ 9 ,octob]1 #ahcg4age ,! ,gr& ,jury ( ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 f\nd bills ( indictm5t aga9/ a numb] ( individuals conc]n$ 9 ! affair ( ,novemb] #g1 #ahcg1 :5 ,lovejoy 0 kill$1 b ! suits 7 evid5tly n pu%$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 ! trial ( ,rock1 "o ( ! assailants1 :i* came up be=e ! municipal c\rt1 ! jury return$ a special v]dict t ! def5dant1 9 _! op9ion1 0 guilty ( ! v>i\s *>ges 9 ! indictm5t1 b t !y return him n guilty on a "q ( jurisdiction4#agf ,previ\s to #ahdj ! v]b lyn* 0 occasionally us$ to include capital puni%m5t1 b ! common & g5]al use 0 to indicate a p]sonal ca/igation ( "s sort4 8,to lyn*0 _h n !n und]gone a *ange 9 mean+ & acquir$ ! s5se ( 8to put to dea?40#agg ,web/]'s ,diction>y1 edition ( #ahdh1 gives3 8,lyn*1 v4 t4 ,to inflict pa91 or puni%1 )\t ! =ms ( law1 z by a mob1 or by unau?oriz$ p]sons10 & 8,lyn*$1 pp4 ,puni%$ or abus$ )\t ! =ms ( law40 ,^! same def9itions /ill /& 9 ! edition ( #ahgf4 ,x 0 n until a "t subsequ5t to ! ,civil ,w> t ! v]b lyn* came to c>ry ! idea ( putt+ to dea?4 ,m5 7 puni%$ ) dea? 8by ,lyn*-law0 & 8by ord] ( ,judge ,lyn*10 b x is s /at$ 9 e su* case t dea? 0 inflict$4 ,a few typical in/ances ( ! use ( ! ^w w illu/rate ! po9t4 ,! ,/4 ,l\is ,bullet91 ,novemb] #ba1 #ahce1 conta9$ ! foll[+ item3 8,full] & ,bridges1 ! m5 suspect$ ( hav+ kidnapp$ ,major ,d\gh]ty's slaves 444 7 s\ndly flogg$1 or 9 o!r words--,lyn*$1 & set on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 ) ! positive assurance t1 if !y 7 aga9 f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! ,/ate ( ,miss\ri1 _! fate %\ld be dea? by hang+40#agh ,niles' ,regi/] = ,decemb] #e1 #ahce 7#di3 #bbh7 heads a p>agraph tak5 f ! ,l\isiana ,adv]tis] 8,m ,lyn*+40 ,! p>agraph tells ( ! murd] ( ,john ,w4 ,brock by ,john ,joseph ,%ort1 :o 0 8tri$ 9 a summ>y mann]1 & execut$1 by hang+40 ,"u ! title 8,lyn*]s ,lyn*$0 ! foll[+ language 0 us$ 9 ! ,lib]ator = ,septemb] #bd1 #ahcf 7#f3 #aee73 8,a p>ty ( f #f to #ab p]sons proce$$ to ! h\se ( ,judge ,b]mudez la/ night 444 _! object be+1 z x is suppos$1 to assault or ,lyn* ! ,judge40 ,! foll[+ passage is f ! ,lib]ator1 ,augu/ #ag1 #ahch 7#h3 #aca73 8,lyn*+4 ,a man nam$ ,john ,miles1 :o hails f ,c9c9nati1 receiv$ #ajj la%es 9 ,adams c\nty1 ,mississippi1 = endeavor+ to entice negroes away40 ,"u ! head+ 8,horrible ,lyn*+0 ! foll[+ item1 tak5 f ! ,s\!rn ,mississippi ,sun ( ! #ai? ult41 appe>s 9 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,decemb] #ad1 #ahci 7#eg3 #bef73 8,crook & ,c>t] :o 7 conf9$ 9 ! jail ( ,scott c\nty = murd]1 h be5 tak5 by =ce f prison by "s ( ! citiz5s ( t c\nty & hung6 ,x w be recollect$ t !y once made _! escape f ! jail & 7 retak54--,!y 7 br\ght to ,rank9 c\nty two or ?ree weeks s9ce = trial1 b 7 rem&$ = want ( "s te/imony4 ,! p h tak5 ! law into _! own h&s1 & execut$ !m )\t a trial40 ,! ord9>y use ( ! t]m at ?is "t 0 v well /at$ by ,philip ,hone :5 he wrote 9 8 di>y on ,augu/ #b1 #ahce3 8,a t]rible sy/em prevails 9 "s ( ! ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,/ates1 :i* consi/s 9 444 beat+1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 & 9 "s cases hang+ ! unhappy object ( _! v5geance1 & ?is is g5]ally call$ #8,lyn*'s ,law4'0#agi ,in/ances may be cit$ %[+ t ! t]m cont9u$ to be us$ 9 ?is way d[n to #ahfj4 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,augu/ #bd1 #ahdd 7#ff3 #dbh7 has ?is p>agraph3 8,judge ,lyn*4 ,f\r m51 ,rea1 ,mit*ell1 ,:ite & ,jones1 7 tri$ & condemn$ be=e 8 honor1 ,*ief ,ju/ice ,lyn*1 on ! #af? in/4 at ,s\? ,sulphur1 ,texas1 = kill+ two m5 & "o boy ( ! ,delaw>e tribe ( fri5dly ,indians4 ,!y 7 execut$ "u said s5t5ce1 ! next day1 9 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( p]sons40 ,9 ! ye> #ahde !re 7 "s lawless proce$+s 9 ,scott ,c\nty1 ,miss\ri4 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,july #bf1 #ahde 7#fh3 #cbe7 describes ! occurr5ce 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,a p>ty ( m5 444 7 *>g$ ) burn+ ! h\ses1 /ocks1 etc4 & do+ o!r injuries to a man nam$ ,lane4 ,"s ( 8 neighbors collect$ & caught sev]al ( ! p]sons *>g$1 lyn*$ !m1 & ord]$ !m to leave ! c\nty1 :i* !y did4 ,a few days ago1 !y return$ ) a consid]able p>ty & av[$ _! det]m9ation to drive out or be av5g$ on ,lane & ^? :o _h assi/$ to lyn* & drive !m away40 ,! foll[+ item is tak5 f ! ,/4 ,l\is ,reveille = ,octob] #b1 #ahde3 8,x is report$ t ! two m5 nam$ ,r$man1 bro!rs1 ) five o!rs1 7 rec5tly arre/$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,dav5port1 *>g$ ) ! murd] ( ,colonel ,dav5port4 ,suspicion 0 /rong z to _! guilt4 ,we h he>d rumors t ,lyn* law _h be5 inflict$ ^u bo? ! ,r$mans s9ce _! arre/--t !y bo? 7 hung40#ahj ,niles' ,regi/] = ,janu>y #ag1 #ahdf 7#fi3 #cbj7 gives ! foll[+3 8,lyn*+ 9 ,florida4 ,a man by ! "n ( ,yeoman1 accus$ ( be+ a not$ slave /eal]--hav+ be5 dis*>g$ by ,judge ,w>r51 ( ,bak] ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 on a writ ( habeas corpus 444 on 8 arrival at ,jeff]son ,c\nty1 ,florida1 n9ety citiz5s assembl$ & took a =mal vote1 :i* /ood #fg = & #bc aga9/ hang+ him4 ,he 0 execut$ accord+ly at #ab o'clock1 on ! #b;d in/40#aha ,9 #ahee sev]al negroes 7 summ>ily execut$ by mobs 9 ,t5nessee4 ,! ,lib]ator gives an acc\nt ( ^! occurr5ces "u ! head+1 8,hang+ ,negroes 9 ,t5nessee by ,judge ,lyn*'s ,code40#ahb ,9 ! ,lib]ator1 ,janu>y #ah1 #ahef 7p4 #ab71 x is /at$ t 8,judge ,?omas ,cl+man1 ( ,c>roll c\nty1 ,miss\ri1 0 murd]$1 ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 by "o ( 8 field slaves4 ,! murd]] 0 in/antly hung by ,lyn* law40 ,! ,lib]ator1 ,may #b1 #ahef 7p4 #gb71 conta9s ?is p>agraph1 tak5 f ! ,we/]n ,h]ald3 8,lyn* ,law 9 ,virg9ia4--,a man nam$ ,william ,hornbeck1 liv+ 9 ,lewis ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 = ! alleg$ ill-treatm5t ( 8 family1 0 lyn*$ by ! "y m5 9 ! neighborhood1 "o night la/ week4--,/ripp$ ( 8 clo?+1 rode on a rail1 made to run ?r\gh a bri> pat*1 a /\t paddle us$ to keep him go+1 & a coat ( t> & fea!rs appli$40 ,! ,lib]ator1 ,decemb] #d1 #aheg 7p4 #aif7 copies ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* an abolitioni/ 0 lyn*$ 9 ,mississippi3 8444 ,a cr[d took him to ! woods1 told him to /rip1 c>ri$ to a holl[ & ti$ ar\nd a tree4 ,he 0 !n told :at 0 _! int5tion3 to lyn* him until he told some?+4 ,! la%+ 0 comm5c$ by two :o us$ /raps fa/5$ to /icks ab\t #aj 94 long44440 ,! same issue ( ! ,lib]ator conta9s ! foll[+3 8,lyn* ,law ,proce$+s4--,9 ,b>ton ,c\nty1 ,s\?we/]n ,miss\ri1 great excitem5t has rec5tly exi/$ on acc\nt ( ! do+s ( a set ( lawless wret*es call$ #8,slick]s1' :o pret5d$ to be aft] a horse-?ief1 b :o #8slick$'#ahc or b>b>\sly beat sev]al m5 until _! lives 7 despair$ (1 & :5 wom5 int]f]$1 "s 7 badly beat5 & o!rs violat$44440 ,! foll[+ p>agraph appe>$ 9 ! ,lib]ator1 ,decemb] #ca1 #ahfj 7p4 #baa73 8,lyn* ,law ,aga94--,two :ite m5 nam$ ,wat]s & a mulatto nam$ ,wilson1 at ,mosely ,hall1 a village 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 7 arre/$ a few days ago = hurra+ = ,l9coln & ! ,abolitioni/s & sev]ely beat+ a citiz5 :o remon/rat$ ) !m4 ,!y 7 imm$iately tri$ by a jury1 :o ord]$ !m to be :ipp$1 & to h _! heads %av$4 ,! v]dict 0 c>ri$ out on ! spot40 ,! use ( ! ^w lyn* 9 a /ory entitl$ 8,jack ,long2 or lyn*-law & v5geance10 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,:ig ,review = ,febru>y1 #ahde1 purport+ to be a true /ory ( fronti] life 9 ,%elby ,c\nty1 ,texas1 fully be>s out ! ass]tion t 8to lyn*0 0 g5]ally und]/ood at t "t to mean to :ip or to maltreat4 ,accord+ to ! /ory a b& ( m5 call+ !mselves 8,regulators10 l$ by a ruffian1 t]roriz$ ! c\nty4 ,once !y lyn*$1 t is1 la%$ to a tree1 :ipp$ & beat1 ,jack ,long1 leav+ him = dead4 ,he recov]$ & left ! c\nty 9 ob$i5ce to _! ord]s1 b lat] came back & %ot all b two ( ! 8,regulators40 ,x %\ld be said1 h[ev]1 t ! in/ances ( ! application ( lyn*-law :i* are giv5 9 ,niles' ,regi/] & ! ,lib]ator f #ahcj to #ahfj %[ an increase 9 ! sev]ity ( ! puni%m5t adm9i/]$4 ,z ! slav]y controv]sy w5t on & ! brea* wid5$ betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 x 0 b natural t su* %\ld be ! case4 ,_m p 9 ! ,s\? felt t no puni%m5t 0 q sev]e en\gh = an abolitioni/4 ,crimes committ$ by negroes 7 also treat$ ) great] sev]ity4 ,! foll[+ extract f a private lett]1 dat$ ,h\/on1 ,texas1 ,augu/ #bc1 #ahfj1 to a fri5d 9 ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 expresses a s5tim5t felt at t "t 9 _m sections ( ! ,s\?3 8,tell y\r abolition fri5ds to g on & soon !y w h ! pleasure ( see+ ! negro r$uc$ to su* a /ate ( hopeless bondage t !y may well pity !m4 ,i solemnly decl>e t to-day ! negro is n z free z he 0 two or five ye>s ago2 & :y8 ,simply because 8 ma/] has be5 goad$ on to desp]ation by inc5di>y acts & spee*es4 ,n[ he fe>s ! negro1 & b9ds him d[n z y w\ld a savage animal4 ,"o ye> ago1 all 0 peace & quietness "h4 ,! negro 0 all[$ to g out1 to h dances & frolics2 to-day "o d>e n %[ 8 head aft] n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,sev5 companies ( patrols are organiz$ & gu>d ! city ea* night1 sixte5 horse-patrol sc\r ! c\ntry ar\nd4 ,=ty-eight vigilance m5 say live1 bani% or die1 z ! pro( may g to %[4 ,& s x is all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,m5 are hung e day by ! decision ( plant]s1 lawy]s1 judges & m9i/]s4 ,x is no hot impetu\s act1 b cool1 /]n ju/ice4 ,x is ! sav+ ( wife & daught]1 "m & si/] f ! h& ( desecration4 ,x is ! /opp+ ( sc5es t w\ld make ! ,druses & ,turks blu% = %ame40#ahd ,at ! "t ?is lett] 0 writt51 & dur+ ! ?ree ye>s prec$+1 !re 0 a great deal ( excitem5t 9 ,texas4 ,vigilance societies 7 9 active op]ation aga9/ desp]adoes & abolitioni/s4 ,9 #aheg a vigilance committee 9 ! 8upp] c\ntry10 z x 0 !n call$1 0 8rak+ ! c\ntry =e & aft & sw++ e horse-?ief & murd]]10 t c\ld be f\nd4 ,a travel] saw twelve bodies susp5d$ f "o tree & on ano!r tree five4#ahe ,9 ! summ] ( #ahfj !re 0 an insurrection & conspiracy 9 ,dallas1 ,ellis1 ,t>rant & ,d5ton c\nties1 9 nor!rn ,texas4 ,! ?ree r+lead]s1 ,sam1 ,cato1 & ,patrick1 7 hung by a vigilance committee on ,july #bd4 ,tw5ty-two insurrectioni/s 9 all 7 said to h be5 hang$4#ahf ,?is condition ( affairs mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation 9 connection ) ! /atem5ts made 9 ! above lett] & ! fe>s & prejudice !re9 express$4 ,:5 draw+ any conclusions f ! in/ances record$ 9 ! newspap]s z to ! hi/ory ( lyn*-law dur+ ?is p]iod1 !re is ano!r fact to be kept 9 m9d4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ! facilities = obta9+ news 7 greatly increas$2 ! means ( communication betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry 7 v mu* improv$ & ! numb] ( newspap]s publi%$ _h rapidly increas$4 ,!re 7 no d\bt _m cases ( ! adm9i/ration ( summ>y ju/ice 9 ! remote di/ricts dur+ ! ?irties & ! e>ly =ties :i* nev] came to ! notice ( ei!r ! ,lib]ator or ,niles' ,regi/]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 abundant evid5ce to make ! conclusion a safe "o t lyn*-law 0 m & m resort$ to dur+ ?is p]iod & t ! puni%m5ts adm9i/]$ "u t "n by vigilance committees & mobs came to be m & m sev]e1 dea? be+ frequ5tly inflict$ dur+ ! lat] ye>s4 ,! ,p>kville 7,mo47 ,democrat made ! foll[+ /atem5t 9 ! ye> #ahef3 8,de$s ( d>+ & outrages p]petrat$ by negroes1 are con/antly becom+ m frequ5t4 ,we hope t ! prop] au?orities w see to x t all su* cases are puni%$ to ! ext5t ( ! law40#ahg ,! ,lib]ator = ,may #b1 #ahef 7p4 #gb7 conta9s an item :i* reads 9 ?is way3 8,9 ,hancock ,c\nty1 ,la41 ,samuel ,l4 ,watson1 a negro ov]se]1 :ipp$ "o ( ! negroes "u him1 & a few days aft]1 ! negro caught him 9 a field & beat him ) a club till he di$4 ,! trag$y clos$ 9 ! usual way1 by ! summ>y hang+ ( ! negro by ! populace40 ,!re are indications1 !re=e1 t crime 0 on ! increase among ! negroes at ?is "t & t ! :ites _h cause = inflict+ m rigor\s puni%m5t4 ,! foll[+ editorial appe>$ 9 ! ,lib]ator1 ,decemb] #ai1 #ahef 7p4 #bjd73 8,a record ( ! cases ( #8,lyn* ,law' 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates reveals ! />tl+ fact1 t )9 tw5ty ye>s1 ov] ?ree hundr$ :ite p]sons h be5 murd]$ ^u ! accusation--9 mo/ cases unsupport$ by legal pro(--( c>ry+ among slave-hold]s argum5ts address$ expressly to _! own intellects & consci5ces1 z to ! morality & exp$i5cy ( slav]y40 ,if ?is figure may be accept$ z reliable = ! :ites1 x is )9 ! tru? to say t a consid]ably l>g] numb] ( negroes met ) summ>y capital puni%m5t dur+ ! v>i\s insurrection excitem5ts :i* occurr$4 ,! summ>y execution ( negroes did n1 h[ev]1 become a s]i\s evil previ\s to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,s long z ! negroes 7 valuable z slaves1 x 0 a direct economic loss to ! slave-hold] if an able-bodi$ slave 7 put to dea?4 ,9 g5]al1 x 0 only 9 cases ( real or suppos$ conspiracy aga9/ ! :ites1 or 9 cases ( insurrection1 t ! negroes 7 kill$ 9 a summ>y mann]4 ,su* 0 ! case 9 ,virg9ia at ! "t ( ! ,nat ,turn] insurrection2 su* 0 ! case 9 ,mississippi 9 #ahce :5 x 0 discov]$ t ! ,murrell gang _h laid plans = a g5]al upris+ among ! slaves4 ,a simil> condition ( affairs exi/$ 9 nor!rn ,texas 9 #ahfj1 :5 x 0 ?\ght t /ry*n9e _h be5 di/ribut$ among ! negroes & !y _h be5 in/ruct$ to put x 9 ! wells & 9 ! food ( _! ma/]s4 ,damages 7 sometimes claim$ by own]s = ! loss ( _! slaves ?r\gh illegal proc$ure4 ,a suit 0 in/itut$ 9 ! ye> #aheg 9 ! ,jeff]son ,circuit ,c\rt ( ,k5tucky aga9/ ! city ( ,l\isville = ! value ( ! slaves ,george1 ,bill1 & ,jack1 ! murd]]s ( ! ,joyce family4 ,george & ,bill _h be5 hung by an infuriat$ mob1 & ,jack _h cut 8 own ?roat 9 jail1 9 ord] to escape ! fate :i* befell 8 companions4 #a1ejj ea* 0 claim$ z damages by ! own]s ( ! negroes4 ,! ,l\isville ,c\ri] 9 comm5t+ ^u ! case said ! suit w\ld be ( int]e/ & importance1 involv+ "s delicate pr9ciples ( law4#ahh ,9 #aheh a vigilance committee 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,%elby ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 ^: me?od ( proc$ure 0 describ$ z foll[s3 8,!y ord] :ite m5 & free negroes :o h be5 conc]n$ 9 evil de$s1 to leave ! c\nty )9 ?ree days4 ,any prop]ty belong+ to a :ite man is to be apprais$ by ?ree dis9t]e/$ p]sons1 & ! price paid1 aft] su* p]son has be5 direct$ to leave ! c\nty4 ,slaves :o are vici\s mu/ be remov$1 also1 f ,%elby c\nty1 by _! ma/]s40#ahi ,! prop]ty "r 9 ! slaves 0 g5]ally recogniz$ 9 cases :]e !y committ$ (f5ses aga9/ a neighbor or a neighbor's slaves4 ,a common way ( settl+ su* matt]s 0 = a numb] ( ! plant]s to meet toge!r & decide ^u ! am\nt ( damages to be paid & :at %\ld con/itute an equitable settlem5t1 )\t go+ ?r\gh any =mal legal proc$ure4 ,9 ,l\isiana a tribunal =m$ 9 ?is way tri$ & gave s5t5ce ( dea? ^u two negroes = violat+ ! p]son ( a "y :ite girl on ,*ri/mas eve1 #ahef4aij ,an exam9ation ( ! files ( ! ,lib]ator %[s t1 dur+ ! t5 ye>s #ahcj-ahdj1 9 cases :]e ma/]s1 ov]se]s1 or mi/resses 7 murd]$ by slaves1 ! law 0 all[$ to take its c\rse almo/ )\t exception4 ,! same is true 9 ! case ( rape committ$ ^u :ite wom5 by negroes4 ,! record /&s1 ?ree slaves & "o free negro legally execut$ = rape & two slaves legally execut$ = attempt$ rape4 ,!re are "s in/ances report$ ( summ>y puni%m5t1 n dea?1 be+ adm9i/]$ to negroes = induc+ :ite girls to run away ) !m1 or = liv+ ) :ite wom54 ,!re 7 also ?ree in/ances ( burn+ negroes at ! /ake dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,^! cases h be5 describ$ above3 "o 0 ! burn+ ( two slaves ne> ,mobile1 ,alabama1 = murd]+ two *ildr52 ano!r 0 ! burn+ ( ! free mulatto at ,/4 ,l\is = kill+ an (fic]2 & ! o!r 0 ! burn+ ( a slave 9 ,arkansas = ! murd] ( 8 ma/]4 ,= ! t5 ye>s #ahej-ahfj1 ! record is some:at diff]5t4 ,out ( =ty-six negroes put to dea? = ! murd] ( own]s or ov]se]s1 tw5ty 7 legally execut$ & tw5ty-six 7 summ>ily execut$4 ,( ! latt]1 "o 0 a female slave :o 0 tak5 f ! con/able & hang$ ^u a tree = ! crime ( beat+ h] mi/ress to dea?1 & ano!r 0 a negro woman :o 0 burn$ to dea? = poison+ h] ma/]4 ,eight ( ! rema9+ tw5ty-f\r negroes 7 summ>ily execut$ by be+ burn$ at ! /ake4 ,= ! crime ( rape ^u :ite wom51 ?ree negroes 7 legally execut$1 & = attempt$ rape two 7 legally execut$2 :ile twelve negroes 7 m or less brutally put to dea? by mobs = hav+ committ$ ! crime4 ,( ! latt]1 f\r 7 burn$ at ! /ake1 ?ree ( :om _h committ$ ! d\ble crime ( rape & murd]4 ,"s o!r in/ances ( rape & ( attempt$ rape are report$1 b no /atem5t is made z to ! mann] or ! nature ( ! puni%m5t inflict$4 ,x _c be said1 h[ev]1 t ^! cases ( ! infliction ( capital puni%m5t ^u negroes )\t process ( law 7 any?+ m ?an sporadic & isolat$ cases4 ,!y 7 sc>cely m ?an local 9 _! influ5ce4 ,! mo/ important ?+ br\ght to light by ! above comp>ison ( ! two t5-ye> p]iods is ! t5d5cy1 9 ! lat] p]iod1 t[>d less reliance on legal proc$ure & t[>d great] read9ess on ! "p ( ! p to take matt]s into _! own h&s4 ,! newspap]s 9 ! fifties n only frequ5tly excus$ summ>y proc$ure b (t5 op5ly advocat$ x4 ,"o in/ance only w be cit$ & x is f a s\!rn newspap]4 ,9 #ahef1 a ,mr4 ,pe>ce1 resid+ 9 ,morgan ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 attempt$ to give "o ( 8 negroes a flogg+ = "s misdemeanor4 ,! negro pick$ up an ax & at "o bl[ split 8 ma/]'s head op54 ,he !n fl$4 ,:ile he 0 /ill at l>ge ! ,madison ,mess5g] pr9t$ ! foll[+3 8,beyond d\bt he w be captur$ be=e _m h\rs4 ,if he is1 al?\gh we admire submission to ! c\rse po9t$ out by ! law ( ! l&1 9 ?is case s mu* ( ! brute has be5 manife/$1 we %\ld be glad to see our citiz5s rise en masse1 & avail !mselves ( ,lyn* law1 & hang ! rascal )\t c\rt or jury40#aia ,! prec$+ p>agraphs h made x cle> t negroes occasionally suff]$ dea? "u lyn*-law previ\s to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x 0 n common1 h[ev]1 to *>act]ize ! summ>y hang+ ( negroes z lyn*+4 ,su* occurr5ces 7 nei!r common nor g5]al en\gh to give to ! v]b lyn* its mod]n mean+1 ev5 ?\gh !y _h be5 always designat$ z lyn*+s4 ,x 0 ) ref]5ce to ! lawless proce$+s :i* took place 9 ! we/]n & s\?we/]n portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! fifties t ! t]m lyn* 0 fir/ us$ 9 its mod]n s5se4 ,! vigilance committees :i* 7 !n common 9 t section ( ! c\ntry (t5 hung desp]adoes & horse-?ieves1 & frequ5tly :5 su* p]sons 7 ?us execut$ !y 7 said to h be5 lyn*$4 ,a p>agraph 9 ! ,lib]ator1 ,novemb] #i1 #ahfj 7p4 #agi71 has ! head+3 8,f\r m5 ,lyn*$ 9 ,texas40 ,! p>agraph conta9s a clipp+ f a ,texas pap] describ+ ! circum/ances "u :i* f\r m5 7 f\nd "o morn+ hung 9 ! public squ>e ( a t[n 9 ,nav>ro ,c\nty1 & ref]s to ! 8_m acc\nts ( lyn*+s 9 ,texas40 ,h[itt's ,j\rnal = ,febru>y #ab1 #ahdh 7#c3 #aji71 conta9s an article entitl$ 8,am]ican ,lyn*+--,! ,desp]adoes ( ! ,s\?-,we/40 ,! article is really a review ( a book publi%$ "u ! title 8,! ,desp]adoes ( ! ,s\?-,we/10 :i*1 accord+ to ! review]1 gives a picture ( ! /ate ( society 9 t section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,quotations f ! book are giv5 9 :i* ! au?or outl9es ! way ! ,we/ 0 settl$ up & ! difficulty ( keep+ prison]s until a regul> trial c\ld be _h1 & ! exasp]at+ delays & po/ponem5ts br\ght ab\t by pettifogg+ lawy]s4 ,! au?or describes ! op]ation ( lyn*-law at t "t 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,!n1 aft] all o!r means ( r$ress h be5 exhau/$1 ! hone/1 h>d-work+ portion ( ! community organize !mselves into a community ( lyn*]s1 elect a capta91 appo9t a committee1 &1 z !y say1 #8take ju/ice into _! own h&s4'444 ,! company ( lyn*]s once =m$1 !y proce$ to ! execution ( summ>y ju/ice4 ,x is easy to see :at sad "w !y mu/ make ( x1 r5d]$ furi\s1 z !y h be51 by multitud9\s wrongs4 ,& accord+ly1 !y :ip1 bang1 torture1 burn1 flay alive2 & h[ev] !y may beg91 end at la/ by act+ l a b& ( savages4 ,:at else c\ld be expect$ ( su* m51 h[ev] hone/1 h[ev] m]ciful1 /ung to ungov]nable rage by s _m injuries1 & n[ plac$ z judges 9 _! own case1 9 a position beyond responsibility8 ,by & by1 ! m cunn+ rogues take %elt] "u _! protection1 & bawl out ! l\de/ = ju/ice4 ,!n ! fruit ( ru9 is ripe4 ,m5 accuse _! enemies ( ! mo/ appall+ crimes1 9 ord] to glut feel+s ( private rev5ge4 ,a hypocritical zeal = hone/y becomes ! cloak = rap9e & murd]4 ,v5geance supplants law1 & brute =ce & fury trample d[n all %[ ( ord]4444 ,b ! =ce is nev] :olly on "o side only4 ,! lyn*]s1 or #8regulators1' z !y are (t5 call$1 soon f9d t _! foes organize also2 arm !mselves1 & prep>e = sy/ematic resi/ance1 "u ! d5om9ation ( #8mod]ators4' ,!n comm5ces a gu]illa w>f>e z d>k & deadly 9 its hate1 z ! old ,engli% conte/ betwe5 ! ,r$ & ! ,:ite ,roses4 ,x is a w> ( utt] ext]m9ation40 ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal = ,febru>y #ag1 #ahee 7#bc3 #aja7 conta9s an article entitl$ 8,am]ican ,jott+s4 ,ecc5tricities 9 crim9al jurisprud5ce--,lyn* ,law40 ,! foll[+ quotations are bo? illu/rative & in/ructive3 8,a respect = law & ord] is z conspicu\s 9 g5]al circum/ances 9 ! great] "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z x is 9 ,engl&4 ,?is mu* may be said )\t prejudice to ! fact1 t v /range ?+s occasionally come to pass1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\? & we/1 9 violation ( ! regul> c\rse ( ju/ice4444 ,x is d\btless ! p]functor9ess 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice :i* at times ar\ses ! indignation ( ! public & causes !m to h rec\rse to :at is call$ ,lyn* ,law1 9 :i* respect ,am]ican society1 9 ! m newly settl$ p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 may be said to be at ! /age ( ! r\gh populace ( ,ed9burgh :5 !y int]rupt$ ! ord9>y c\rse ( ju/ice1 & laid viol5t h&s on ,capta9 ,porte\s4 ,x is ?us int]e/+ to note h[ long x is be=e a p acquire ! habit ( implicit submission to ! maxims ( law--! "t1 ( c\rse1 be+ proportion$ accord+ z ! adm9i/rators ( t law are 9 !mselves unwor?y ( respect4 ,! anci5t v5ality ( judges & juries 9 ,scotl&1 n[ ! !me ( romance1 w\ld appe> to be /ill mat*$ on ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 & sometimes1 z popul> feel+ incl9es1 x leads to simil> results4444 ,objectionable & dang]\s z lyn*+ may be consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract !re c be little d\bt ( its propriety practically 9 c]ta9 conditions ( ,am]ican society4 ,:5 judges & c\rts are leagu$ ) desp]adoes1 or :5 peculi> difficulties /& 9 ! way ( a prompt adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ! public1 9 self-def5se1 feel impell$ to int]f]e4 ,at ! settlem5t ( ,cali=nia1 & be=e society _h "t to e/abli% regul> tribunals1 or to give due efficacy to ! law1 life & prop]ty w\ld n h be5 safe = a mom5t1 unless a ,vigilance ,committee _h *>g$ itself ) ! duty ( lyn*+4 ,ev5 :51 9 su* newly op5$ t]ritories1 judges are appo9t$1 only a small advance is made t[>ds a vigor\s legal adm9i/ration4 ,( ,am]ican judges x ne$s to be recollect$ t _! position is (t5 n su* z to comm& respect4 ,a judge ( ! supreme c\rts 9 ,engl& is a be+ alo( 9 e respect f ! p1 & he scrupul\sly ab/a9s f int]f]5ce p]sonally 9 matt]s :i* might by possibility come be=e him 9 8 judicial capacity4 ,an ,am]ican judge1 on ! o!r h&1 is n dissev]$ f ! ord9>y action ( society2 & if he looks =w>d to a gov]nor%ip1 or "s o!r high function1 he requires to cultivate a c]ta9 popul>ity40 ,9 ^! extracts !re is pres5t$ v cle>ly ! "* ( ! illegal & summ>y proce$+s to :i* ! t]m lyn*-law 0 g5]ally & commonly appli$ 9 ! fifties4 ,! quot$ passages likewise indicate ! attitude ( public s5tim5t at t "t t[>d su* proce$+s & ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce4 ,! t5d5cy = vigilance societies organiz$ 9 ! int]e/s ( law & ord] to pass quickly into ! control ( ! lawless & ! vici\s1 or = c\nt]-organizations to be =m$ by ! lawless elem5t 9 ! population1 is also giv5 due prom95ce4 ,! ,vigilance ,committee movem5t 9 ! ,we/ atta9$ its highe/ /ate ( organization & effectiv5ess "u ! ,san ,francisco ,committees ( ,vigilance ( #ahea & ( #ahef4 ,! discov]y ( gold 9 #ahdh _h br\ght to ,cali=nia 9 a few ye>s m5 f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,national *>act]i/ics came into conflict4 ,mexicans1 ,fr5*m51 ,iri%m51 & ,am]icans 7 sudd5ly ?r[n toge!r 9 a virg9 t]ritory4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( civil gov]nm5t & judicial tribunals c\ld n keep pace ) ! rapid increase 9 population4 ,:5 su* civil gov]nm5t 0 begun1 ! control :i* ! vici\s & corrupt elem5t 9 ! population 0 able to ex]cise ov] x r5d]$ x ineffectual4 ,x 0 a "t ( social irresponsibility1 & s]i\s crimes 7 ( common occurr5ce4 ,out ( five hundr$ & ?irty-five homicides :i* occurr$ 9 ,cali=nia dur+ ! ye> #ahee1 !re 7 b sev5 legal executions4#aib ,x 0 "u ^! conditions & on ! gr\nd t "s su* organization 0 necess>y to br+ ab\t ord] & security1 t ! two ,san ,francisco ,vigilance ,committees 7 organiz$4 8,ea* hang$ f\r m5 & bani%$ ab\t ?irty4 ,ea* rescu$ two prison]s f ! c\nty jail by means ( surprise p>ties4444 ,! crimes committ$ by ! victims ( ! fir/ tribunal 7 aga9/ prop]ty & life1 :ile ^? ( ! second 7 /rongly t9ctur$ ) political immorality4444 ,! re=mation ( #ahea 0 sup]ficial & tempor>y2 t ( #ahef radical & p]man5t40#aic ,on ! :ole1 ?\gh ! measures tak5 seem extreme1 ^! committees accompli%$ _! end rem>kably well1 & x is to _! cr$it t !y promptly disb&$ :5 _! "t ( usefulness _h pass$4 ,committees ( ,vigilance 7 =m$ else:]e ?an 9 ! city ( ,san ,francisco1 h[ev]4 ,_m places 9 ,cali=nia dur+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,/ate _h simil> committees1 ?\gh outside ( ,san ,francisco !y 7 usually organiz$ only tempor>ily to deal ) p>ticul> cases4 ,simil> 8,popul> ,tribunals0 exi/$ 9 ,utah1 ,nevada1 ,oregon1 ,wa%+ton1 ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 & ,colorado dur+ ! e>ly p]iod ( _! settlem5t4 ,bancr(t says at ! close ( 8 fir/ volume on ,popul> ,tribunals3 8,i h giv5 9 ?is volume _m examples ( ,popul> ,tribunals1 b ! half has n be5 told4 ,x is safe to say t ?us f> 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! ,pacific ,/ates f> m has be5 done t[>d right+ wrongs & adm9i/]+ ju/ice outside ! pale ( law ?an )9 x40 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! preval5ce ( lyn*-law dur+ ! colonization ( ! t]ritory we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] is furni%$ by an editorial 9 ! ,new ,york ,times ( ,m>* #ai1 #ahfd1 writt5 "u ! title 8,judge ,lyn*40 ,! op5+ s5t5ces are z foll[s3 8,our fell[-citiz5s 9 ! f> ,we/1 9 ! m9]al t]ritories bord]+ ^u ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & 9 ^? on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta9s1 are hold+ ,lyn* c\rts 9 extraord9>y numb]1 & c>ry+ out ! decrees ( t f]oci\s judge ) unprec$5t$ en]gy4 ,our late/ files f ! di/ant regions ( ,idaho1 ,nevada1 ,utah1 c41 conta9 acc\nts ( executions 9 numb]s t we ?9k 7 nev] equall$ ev5 9 ! e>ly days ( ,cali=nia settlem5t1 nor 9 any "p ( ! ,we/40 ,!n foll[s a recital ( v>i\s in/ances1 tw5ty or m robb]s & murd]]s hung 9 ,idaho ,t]ritory1 f\r murd]]s hung by a 8,citiz5s ,association0 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,nevada1 c4 ,x is /at$ t on ,?ursday ( t week bills 7 pass$ 9 ,congress enabl+ ,nevada & two o!r ,t]ritories to =m con/itutions prep>atory to _! admission to ! ,union z ,/ates4 ,z a condition to _! admission an irrevocable ord9ance 0 provid$ prohibit+ slav]y1 & ! writ] ( ! editorial rem>ks1 8we ?9k lyn*+ might h be5 add$40 ,lyn*-law prevail$ to a l>ge ext5t1 also1 dur+ ! bord] tr\bles att5d+ ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,p>ticul>ly 0 ?is ! case 9 ,kansas :]e1 along ) ! gu]rilla w>f>e t w5t on = a numb] ( ye>s1 _m in/ances ( summ>y proc$ure occurr$ t may be prop]ly classifi$ "u lyn*-law4 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,new ,york ,tribune 9 ,lawr5ce1 ,k4 ,t41 wrote on ,may #cj1 #aheh3 8,!re is a v g5]al disposition to pass ov] ! helplessly useless =ms ( ,t]ritorial law & corrupt ,f$]al c\rts1 & try ^! p>ties 7i4e41 horse-?ieves7 by ,lyn* law40#aid ,! lyn*-law proc$ure ( ! fifties t 0 mo/ commonly m5tion$ & describ$ 9 ! newspap]s & p]iodicals 0 t t prevail$ 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,bodies ( citiz5s1 organiz$ secretly or op5ly "u ! names ( 8vigilance committees10 8vigilance societies10 8vigilantes10 8regulators10 8law-&-ord] m510 8,citiz5s' ,associations10 c41 puni%$ ) summ>y sev]ity horse-?ieves1 cattle-?ieves1 highway robb]s1 c\nt]feit]s1 burgl>s1 & sw9dl]s1 z well z murd]]s4 ,c]ta9 rude =ms ( trial 7 g5]ally obs]v$1 acquittals 7 r>e b n entirely unkn[n1 & ! puni%m5t 0 usually dea? by hang+4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* lyn*-law 0 resort$ to at ?is "t is to be ref]r$1 bo? to ! lack ( a well e/abli%$ civil gov]nm5t1 & to a d\bt on ! "p ( ! p z to ! adequacy ( ! ord9>y legal ma*9]y4 ,x 0 ! use ( ! ^w lyn*+ 9 connection ) ^! summ>y proce$+s aga9/ :ite m5 ( desp]ate "*1 ! crim9als ( ! fronti] region we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 dur+ ! p]iod ( settlem5t1 t fir/ gave to x its mod]n mean+ ( putt+ to dea?4 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 7 be+ recon/ruct$ & ! :ites 7 ?reat5$ ) negro dom9ation1 summ>y practices 7 adopt$ aga9/ ! negroes4 ,! negro _h ceas$ to be valuable z prop]ty & 0 look$ ^u z a dang]\s political factor 9 ! community2 to take 8 life 0 ?\ght to be ! easie/ & quicke/ way to dispose ( him4 ,! adoption ( ?is plan 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,s\? gave = ! ^w lyn*+ a new application4 ,s9ce ! ,recon/ruction ,p]iod1 !n1 to lyn* has g5]ally meant to put to dea?4 ,! infliction ( any m9or puni%m5t )\t legal trial /ill con/itutes lyn*-law1 b ! simple t]m 8lyn*+0 usually implies capital puni%m5t4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ! t]m w be us$ ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ?is inve/igation4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,recon/ruction ,,p]iod ,a civil w> is worse 9 _m respects ?an a =eign w>4 ,:5 ! memb]s ( a society are =c$ to settle any diff]5ces t !y may h & come toge!r 9 ord] to resi/ ! aggressions ( a =eign foe1 ! int]nal organization ( ! society is /r5g!n$4 ,a civil w>1 on ! contr>y1 %akes ! v f\ndations ( ! social /ructure4 ,! antagonism ( int]e/s :i* br+s on & att5ds a civil w> weak5s e social bond & t5ds to disorganize ! society4 ,h5ce1 a long] p]iod ( "t is requir$ = ! effects ( int]nal diss5sion to be oblit]at$4 ,! feel+s eng5d]$ by su* a w> are n easily ov]come ei!r by ! victors or by ! vanqui%$4 ,= m5 :o h f\ght aga9/ ea* o!r on ! battle-field1 quietly to lay aside _! arms & at once ent] into bus9ess & social relations1 requires an am\nt ( magnanimity & =be>ance t human nature 9 g5]al does n possess4 ,at ! close ( ! ,civil ,w> 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,s\? 0 9 a mu* weak] condition ?an ! ,nor?4 ,an attempt _h be5 made to set up a new & sep>ate gov]nm5t1 b ! attempt _h fail$ utt]ly4 ,! ,union armies _h ov]run :ole sections ( ! ,s\? & left ! c\ntry desolate4 ,! ,emancipation ,proclamation _h put an end to ! in/itution ( negro slav]y on :i* ! :ole organization ( ,s\!rn society _h re/$4 ,out ( ! ru9s ( ! old mu/ arise a new society organiz$ on an entirely diff]5t basis4 ,x 0 inevitable t !re %\ld be social di/urbances & acts ( viol5ce :ile s great a *ange 0 9 progress4#aie ,be=e ! passions ( w> _h subsid$1 h[ev]1 & an opportunity _h be5 giv5 ! ,s\!rn]s to accommodate !mselves to ! new ord] ( ?+s1 new causes = irritation & animosity appe>$4 ,politically1 ! recon/ruction policy adopt$ by ! ,f$]al ,congress1 by its lack ( wisdom & ( effici5t lead]%ip1 br\ght cont9u$ humiliation & annoyance4 ,socially1 !re 7 two causes ( vexation & exasp]ation :i* ! p 7 9 no mood to be>4 ,! class ( individuals kn[n z 8c>pet-bagg]s10 by reason ( _! m]c5>y & malici\s conduct1 aggravat$ ! p beyond endurance4 ,! second di/urb+ elem5t 0 ! negroes4#aif ,! hi/ory ( ! recon/ruction p]iod--! mi/akes1 ! misund]/&+s1 ! ho/ility z betwe5 ! :ites ( ! ,nor? & ( ! ,s\?2 ! crim9al di%one/y & knav]y ( ! 8c>pet-bag gov]nm5ts02 ! ignorance & lawlessness prevail+ among ! negroes--all ?is may be read else:]e4 ,)\t attempt+ to fix ! blame = ! anomal\s condition ( affairs1 x is suffici5t "h to po9t out t ! adm9i/ration ( civil law 0 only p>tially & imp]fectly re-e/abli%$1 & t = t reason1 & = o!r reasons1 !re 0 an unusual am\nt ( disord] & viol5ce prevail+ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! pro( ( ?is is to be f\nd n only 9 ! daily newspap]s1 b also 9 ! records ( ! proce$+s & debates 9 ,congress dur+ ! twelve ye>s f #ahfe to #ahgg1 & especially 9 ! ?irte5 volumes embody+ ! report ( ! jo9t select committee appo9t$ by ,congress to inve/igate affairs 9 ! insurrection>y ,/ates ) ref]5ce to ! ,ku-,klux conspiracy4#aig ,x is to ?is s-call$ ,ku-,klux conspiracy t att5tion is "h to be direct$4 ,! my/]y connect$ ) ! organization kn[n z ! ,ku-,klux ,klan & ! peculi> hi/ory & subsequ5t influ5ce ( ! organization makes x necess>y to speak ( x "h 9 "s detail4#aih ,9 ,may1 #ahff1 a numb] ( "y m5 9 ! t[n ( ,pulaski1 9 ,giles ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 =m$ a secret society = ! purpose ( div]sion & amusem5t to :i* !y gave ! "n 8,ku-,klux ,klan40#aii ,! my/]y connect$ ) ! "n--my/]i\s because x 0 mean+less & allit]ative--gave x a peculi> pot5cy4 ,?is 0 manife/ n only 9 ! impression made by x on ! g5]al public1 b likewise 9 ! weird influ5ce t x _h on ! memb]s ( ! ,klan !mselves4 ,!y _h adopt$ a my/]i\s "n2 !reupon ! orig9al plan 0 modifi$ s z to make ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! ord] h>monize ) ! "n4 ,amusem5t 0 kept z ! end 9 view1 b ! me?ods by :i* !y 7 to obta9 x 7 ^? ( secrecy & my/]y4 ,:5 ! report ( ! committee on rules & ritual came up = consid]ation1 ! recomm5dations 7 modifi$ to adapt !m to ! new idea4 ,! report z f9ally adopt$ provid$ = ! foll[+ (fic]s3 a ,gr& ,cyclops or ,presid5t1 a ,gr& ,magi or ,vice-,presid5t1 a ,gr& ,turk or ,m>%al1 a ,gr& ,ex*equ] or ,treasur]1 & two ,lictors :o 7 ! out] & inn] gu>ds ( ! 8,d510 z ! place ( meet+ 0 designat$4 ,! memb]s b\nd !mselves by oa? to ma9ta9 pr(\nd & absolute secrecy ) ref]5ce to ! ord] & ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to x4 ,?is obligation prohibit$ ^? :o assum$ x f disclos+ t !y 7 ,ku ,klux1 or ! "n ( any o!r memb]1 & f solicit+ any "o to become a memb]4 ,ea* memb] 0 requir$ to provide himself ) ! foll[+ outfit3 ,a :ite mask1 a tall c>dbo>d hat s con/ruct$ z to increase ! we>]'s app>5t height1 a g[n or robe ( suffici5t l5g? to cov] ! entire p]son4 ,! matt] ( color & mat]ial 0 left to ! individual's ta/e & fancy1 & ea* select$ :at 9 8 judgm5t w\ld be ! mo/ hide\s & fanta/ic4 ,ea* memb] c>ri$ also a small :i/le ) :i*1 by means ( a code ( signals agre$ ^u1 !y held communications ) "o ano!r4 ,! 8d50 0 at fir/ 9 ! law (fice ( a memb] ( ! ,pulaski b>1 :]e ! sugge/ion = ! =mation ( ! ,klan _h be5 made4 ,b ! room 0 small1 & x 0 too ne> ! bus9ess portion ( ! t[n to be a suitable place = meet+4 ,on ! br[ ( a ridge t runs along ! we/]n outskirts ( ! t[n !re /ood at t "t ! ru9s ( an old resid5ce t _h be5 p>tially demoli%$ by a cyclone4 ,und]nea? ! portion t rema9$ /&+ 0 a l>ge cell>4 ,no o!r h\ses /ood ne>1 & ar\nd ^! ru9s 7 ! /orm-torn1 limbless trunks ( trees :i* _h once =m$ a magnific5t grove4 ,?is dre>y1 desolate & uncanny place 0 9 e way mo/ suitable = a 8d510 & ! ,klan appropriat$ x4 ,:5 a meet+ 0 held "o ,lictor 0 /ation$ ne> ! h\se & ! o!r fifty y>ds f x on ! road lead+ into ! t[n4 ,^! 7 dress$ 9 ! fanta/ic regalia ( ! ord] & bore trem5d\s spe>s z ! badge ( _! (fice4 ,at ! close ( ! w>1 :5 ! "y m5 ( ! ,s\? :o _h escap$ dea? on ! battle-field return$ to _! homes1 !y pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( en=c$ inactivity4 ,!y c\ld n engage at once 9 bus9ess or pr(essional pursuits4 ,9 ! case ( _m1 bus9ess habits 7 brok5 up4 ,few _h capital to ent] m]cantile or agricultural ent]prises4 ,!re 0 also a total lack ( ! amusem5ts & social div]sions :i* prevail :]ev] society is 9 a normal condition4 ,! reaction1 !re=e1 :i* foll[$ ! excitem5t ( army sc5es & s]vice 0 int5se4 ,x is n /range1 !n1 t ?is secret society ) its my/]i\s "n & grotesque disguises %\ld awak5 pr(\nd curiosity 9 ! t[n ( ,pulaski4 ,by means ( subt]fuges memb]s 7 easily secur$ )\t direct solicitation & ! ord] rapidly increas$ 9 size4 ,by ! "t ! eligible mat]ial 9 ! t[n _h be5 us$ up1 ! "y m5 f ! c\ntry1 ^: curiosity _h be5 inflam$ by ! newspap] notices1 began to come 9 & apply = admission to ! ,klan4 ,!n 8d5s0 7 e/abli%$ at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,sometimes a /rang] f o!r p>ts ( ,t5nessee1 or f ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 or ,texas1 visit+ 9 a neighborhood :]e ! ord] prevail$1 w\ld be initiat$ & on 8 dep>ture c>ry ) him p]mission to e/abli% a 8d50 at home4 ,9 fact ?is 0 (t5 done )\t su* p]mission1 & ?us ! connect+ l9k betwe5 ^! 8d5s0 0 v fragile4 ,x 0 only by a sort ( tacit agreem5t t ! ,pulaski ,klan 0 reg>d$ z ! s\rce ( p[] & au?ority4 ,?is 0 ! condition ( affairs 9 ,april1 #ahfg4 ,dur+ ! fall & w9t] ( #ahff1 ! gr[? ( ! ,klan _h be5 rapid1 & x _h spread ov] a wide ext5t ( t]ritory4 ,s f> !re _h appe>$ no ne$ = a compact organization1 rigid rules1 & close sup]vision4 ,! lead+ memb]s ( ! ,klan 7 contemplat+ no?+ m s]i\s ?an amusem5t4 ,!y enjoy$ ! baffl$ curiosity & wild speculations ( a my/ifi$ public ev5 m ?an ! rude sport af=d$ by ! ludicr\s initiations4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! comb9$ op]ation ( sev]al causes l$ to ! trans=mation ( ! ,ku-,klux ,klan into a b& ( 8regulators40 ,^! causes may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads3 7#a7 ,! impressions made by ! ord] ^u ! m9ds ( ^? :o unit$ ) x2 7#b7 ,! impressions ^u ! public by its weird & my/]i\s me?ods2 7#c7 ,! anomal\s & peculi> condition ( affairs 9 ! ,s\? at ?is "t4 ,! preval5t idea seems to h be5 t ! ,klan contemplat$ "s great & important mission4 ,:5 admitt$ to memb]%ip ?is conclusion1 9 ! case ( _m1 0 deep5$ r ?an remov$ by :at !y saw & he>d4 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ! ritual or ! obligation or 9 any "p ( ! c]emony to favor su* a conclusion2 b ! impression /ill rema9$ t ?is my/]i\sness & secrecy1 ! high-s\nd+ titles ( ! (fic]s1 ! grotesque dress ( ! memb]s1 & ! =midable obligation1 all meant m ?an m]e sport4 ,ea* _h 8 own speculations z to :at 0 to be ! "* ( ! s]i\s "w :i* ! ,klan _h to d1 b _m 7 satisfi$ t !re 0 su* "w4 ,:5 ! meet+s fir/ began to be held 9 ! dilapidat$ h\se on ! hill pass]s-by 7 frequ5t4 ,mo/ ( !m pass$ ! grim & gho/ly s5t9el by ! roadside 9 sil5ce1 b always ) a quick5$ /ep4 ,occasionally "o w\ld /op & ask3 8,:o are y80 ,9 awfully sepul*ral tones ! inv>iable answ] 03 8,a _s f ! o!r _w4 ,i 0 kill$ at ,*ickamauga40 ,su* an answ]1 especially :5 giv5 to a sup]/iti\s negro1 0 extremely t]rify+ & if1 9 addition1 he he>d ! upro>i\s noises issu+ f ! 8d50 at ! mom5t ( a c&idate's inve/iture ) ! 8regal cr[n10 he _h ! f\ndation = a mo/ awe-inspir+ /ory4 ,!re came f ! c\ntry simil> /ories4 ,! belat$ labor]1 pass+ aft] nightfall "s lonely & seclud$ spot1 he>d horrible noises & saw fe>ful sights4 ,^! /ories 7 repeat$ ) su* embelli%m5ts z ! imag9ation ( ! n>rator sugge/$ until ! feel+ ( ! negroes & ( _m ( ! :ite p1 at m5tion ( ! ,ku-,klux1 0 "o ( awe & t]ror4 ,9 ! c\ntry x 0 notic$ t ! nocturnal p]ambulations ( ! color$ population dim9i%$ or entirely ceas$ :]ev] ! ,ku-,klux appe>$4 ,9 _m ways !re 0 a noticeable improvem5t 9 ! habits ( a l>ge class :i* _h hi!rto be5 caus+ great annoyance4 ,9 ?is way ! ,klan gradually realiz$ t ! mo/ p[]ful devices ev] inv5t$ = controll+ ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s 7 9 _! h&s4 ,ev5 ! mo/ highly cultur$ 7 unable :olly to resi/ ! weird & peculi> feel+ :i* p]vad$ e community :]e ! ,ku-,klux appe>$4 ,circum/ances made x evid5t t ! measures & me?ods employ$ = sport might be effectually us$ to subs]ve ! public welf>e--to suppress lawlessness & protect prop]ty4 ,! v =ce ( circum/ances c>ri$ ! ,klan away f its orig9al purpose1 s t 9 ! summ] ( #ahfg x 0 virtually a b& ( regulators1 hone/ly1 b 9 an injudici\s & dang]\s way1 try+ to protect prop]ty & pres]ve peace & ord]4 ,x 0 ?is conception ( ! mission ( ! ,klan :i* l$ to its reorganization on a plan correspond+ to its increas$ size & new purpose4 ,"s abuses ( :at 0 by common cons5t ! law ( ! ,klan & "s o!r evils _h already made _! appe>ance4 ,x 0 hop$ also t ?is dang] c\ld be effectually gu>d$ aga9/ by reorganization4 ,) ^! objects 9 view ! ,gr& ,cyclops ( ! ,pulaski 8d50 s5t out a reque/ to all ! 8d5s0 ( :i* he _h k1 to appo9t delegates to meet 9 conv5tion at ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahfg4 ,at ! "t appo9t$ ?is conv5tion 0 held & delegates 7 pres5t f a numb] ( ,/ates4 ,a plan ( reorganization1 previ\sly prep>$1 0 submitt$ to ?is conv5tion & adopt$4 ,! t]ritory cov]$ by ! ,klan 0 designat$ z ! 8,invisible ,empire40 ,?is 0 subdivid$ into 8realms0 cot]m9\s ) ! b\nd>ies ( ! ,/ates4 ,! 8realms0 7 divid$ into 8dom9ions10 correspond+ to congressional di/ricts1 ! 8dom9ions0 into 8prov9ces0 cot]m9\s ) c\nties1 & ! 8prov9ces0 into 8d5s40 ,! (fic]s 7 ! ,gr& ,wiz>d ( ! ,invisible ,empire & 8 t5 ,g5ii1 ! ,gr& ,dragon ( ! ,realm & 8 eight ,hydras1 ! ,gr& ,titan ( ! ,dom9ion & 8 six ,furies1 ! ,gr& ,cyclops ( ! ,d5 & 8 two ,night ,hawks1 & o!r m9or (fic]s4 ,! decl>ation ( pr9ciples & objects prescrib$ loyalty to ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t & opposition to lawlessness & viol5ce ( e k9d4 ,no mat]ial *ange 0 made 9 ! me?ods ( ! ,klan's op]ations4 ,! ess5tial features ( my/]y1 secrecy1 & grotesqu5ess 7 reta9$1 b /eps 7 tak5 ) a view to deep5+ & int5sify+ ! impressions already made ^u ! public m9d4 ,h5ce=? ! ,ku-,klux c\rt$ publicity z assidu\sly z !y _h =m]ly seem$ to %un x4 ,!y appe>$ at diff]5t po9ts at ! same "t & always :5 & :]e !y 7 lea/ expect$4 ,devices 7 multipli$ to deceive p 9 reg>d to _! numb]s & to play ^u ! fe>s ( ! sup]/iti\s4 ,on ! night ( ,july #d1 #ahfg1 public p>ades 7 made 9 _m t[ns 9 ,t5nessee4 ,= sev]al ye>s !re exi/$ 9 ! ,s\? a spuri\s & p]v]t$ =m ( ! 8,union ,league40 ,aga9/ ?is organization ! ,ku-,klux direct$ _! ef=ts1 & ?is has giv5 color to ! ass]tion t ! ,ku-,klux ,klan 0 a political organization hav+ only political ends 9 view4 ,! 8,union ,leagues0 9 ! ,s\?1 or ! 8,loyal ,leagues0 z !y 7 sometimes call$1 7 g5]ally compos$ ( ! disord]ly elem5t ( ! negro population & l$ by :ite m5 :o 7 !n consid]$ ! base/ & meane/ ( m51 ! 8c>pet-bagg]s0 & 8scalawags40 ,! depr$ations committ$ by memb]s ( ^! organizations & ! g5]al lawlessness !n prevail+ con/itutes ! ju/ification = ! ,ku-,klux ,klan tak+ ^u itself ! duty ( a vigilance society4 ,9 ju/ification ( ! devices :i* 7 us$ to t]rorize ! negroes1 x 0 held t x 0 n only bett] to det] ! negroes f !ft & o!r lawlessness 9 ?is way ?an to put !m 9 ! p5it5ti>y1 b x 0 ! only way at ?is "t by :i* !y c\ld be controll$4 ,! jails w\ld n conta9 !m2 ! c\rts c\ld n or w\ld n try !m4 ,at fir/ ! ,klan seem$ to ex]cise a :olesome influ5ce1 b ! good effect 0 %ort-liv$4 ,! ord] conta9$ )9 itself s\rces ( weakness4 ,! devices & disguises by :i* ! ,klan deceiv$ outsid]s enabl$ all :o 7 s dispos$1 ev5 its own memb]s1 to practice deception on ! ,klan itself4 ,x plac$ 9 ! h&s ( its own memb]s ! facility to d de$s ( viol5ce = ! gratification ( p]sonal feel+ & h !m cr$it$ to ! ,klan4 ,_m de$s ( viol5ce 7 ?us done by m5 :o 7 ,ku-,klux1 b :o1 :ile act+ "u cov] ( _! connection ) ! ,klan1 7 n "u its ord]s4 ,9 addition to ?is ! v class :i* ! ,klan propos$ to hold 9 *eck & awe into good behavior soon became :olly unmanageable4 ,^? :o _h =m]ly committ$ depr$ations to be laid to ! *>ge ( ! negroes1 aft] a brief int]val ( good behavior1 assum$ ! guise ( ,ku-,klux & return$ to _! old ways4 ,outrages 7 committ$ by mask$ m5 9 regions f> remote f any ,ku-,klux organizations4 ,secrecy 0 ! /r5g? ( ! ,ku-,klux ,klan s long z x 0 conjo9$ ) my/]y1 b :5 ! masks & disguises ceas$ to be my/]i\s1 secrecy 0 its greate/ weakness4 ,causes 7 at "w also :i* l$ ! ,klan to adopt measures ( great] sev]ity4 ,x _h come to pass t all ! disord] done 9 ! c\ntry 0 *>g$ ^u ! ,ku-,klux because done "u disguises :i* !y _h inv5t$ & us$4 ,!y felt t ! *>ge ( wrong 0 unfairly br\ght aga9/ !m1 &1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 !y 7 c>ri$ beyond ! limits ( prud5ce & "r by a hot zeal = self-v9dication aga9/ unju/ asp]sions4 ,! my/]y & secrecy t _h be5 c\rt$ by ! ,klan l$ to ! ,klan & its objects be+ :olly misund]/ood & mis9t]pret$4 ,_m p 7 sure t ! ,klan meant treason & revolution4 ,a feel+ ( int5se ho/ility succe$$ ! fir/ impressions ( awe & t]ror :i* ! ,klan _h inspir$4 ,! negroes =m$ organizations ( a milit>y "* ! av[$ purpose ( :i* 0 8to make w> ^u & ext]m9ate ! ,ku-,klux40 ,on sev]al occasions ! ,klan 0 fir$ into4 ,! effect ( su* attacks 0 to provoke c\nt] ho/ility f ! ,klan1 & s !re 0 irritation & c\nt] irritation till 9 "s places ! /ate ( ?+s 0 little %ort ( op5 w>f>e4 ,matt]s cont9u$ to gr[ worse until x 0 imp]atively necess>y t !re %\ld be int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #ahfh1 ! legislature ( ,t5nessee1 9 ob$i5ce to ! call ( ,gov]nor ,br[nl[1 assembl$ 9 extra session & pass$ a mo/ /r+5t anti-,ku-,klux /atute4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,/ate a reign ( t]ror foll[$ & ! gov]nor 0 compell$ to s5d troops & proclaim m>tial law 9 c]ta9 c\nties4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahfi1 ! ,gr& ,wiz>d ( ! ,invisible ,empire issu$ a proclamation to 8 subjects4 ,?is proclamation recit$ ! legislation direct$ aga9/ ! ,klan & /at$ t ! ord] _h 9 l>ge measure accompli%$ ! objects ( its exi/5ce4 ,at a "t :5 ! civil law af=d$ inadequate protection to life & prop]ty1 :5 robb]y & lawlessness ( e description 7 unrebuk$1 :5 all ! bett] elem5ts ( society 7 9 con/ant dread = ! safety ( _! prop]ty1 p]sons1 & families1 ! ,klan _h af=d$ protection & security to _m firesides & 9 _m ways contribut$ to ! public welf>e4 ,b greatly to ! regret ( all good citiz5s1 "s memb]s ( ! ,klan _h violat$ positive ord]s2 o!rs1 "u ! "n & disguises ( ! organization1 _h assum$ to d acts ( viol5ce1 = :i* ! ,klan 0 held responsible4 ,! ,gr& ,wiz>d _h be5 inve/$ ) ! p[] to det]m9e que/ions ( p>am\nt importance to ! int]e/s ( ! ord]4 ,!re=e1 9 ! ex]cise ( t p[]1 ! ,gr& ,wiz>d decl>$ t ! organization t _h be5 kn[n z ! ,ku-,klux ,klan 0 dissolv$ & disb&$4 ,= sev]al ye>s aft] ,m>*1 #ahfi1 ! pap]s report$ & comm5t$ on 8,ku-,klux outrages0 committ$ at v>i\s places4#bjj ,! au?ors ( ^! outrages no d\bt act$ 9 ! "n ( ! ,klan & "u its disguises1 & x may be t 9 "s cases !y 7 m5 :o _h be5 ,ku-,klux1 b x _c be *>g$ t !y 7 act+ by ! au?ority ( ! ord]4 ,! report ( ! jo9t committee ( ,congress appo9t$ to inve/igate ! 8,ku-,klux conspiracy0 records a great deal ( lawlessness & viol5ce dur+ ! p]iod #ahff-ga1 a "p ( :i* may be ju/ly attribut$ to ! ,klan4 ,! great] "p ( ! outrage\s conduct attribut$ to ! ,klan belongs to a date subsequ5t to its disb&m5t1 & is *>geable m]ely to ! influ5ce ( ! op]ations ( ! ,klan4 ,z "o writ] has put x1 ! bir? ( ?is ord] 0 an accid5t1 its gr[? a com$y1 & its dea? a trag$y4 ,its exi/5ce c be expla9$ only :5 ! anomal\s condition ( social & political affairs 9 ! ,s\? dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately succe$+ ! w> is tak5 into acc\nt4 ,9 ?is discussion ( ! conditions 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates :i* promot$ rec\rse to lyn*-law1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t at ! same "t ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law 0 9 vogue 9 ! ,we/4 ,! tide ( immigration t[>d t "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* _h set 9 e>ly 9 ! fifties1 cont9u$ ) increas$ vigor aft] ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,:ile ! e/abli%m5t ( ,t]ritorial gov]nm5t1 foll[$ by admission to ! ,union & ,/ate gov]nm5t1 0 rem>kably exp$iti\s 9 ! ,we/1 yet !re 0 con/ant occasion = rec\rse to lyn*-law aga9/ desp]adoes & p]sons guilty ( /eal+ live /ock4 ,9 o!r sections ( ! c\ntry1 also1 lyn*-law 0 9 op]ation4#bja ,! foll[+ /ati/ics1 obta9$ f an exam9ation ( ! files ( ! ,new ,york ,times = ! ?ree ye>s1 #ahga-gc1 give "s idea ( ! di/ribution & "* ( lyn*+s at t "t#bjb3 ,k5tucky3 #b negroes hung = rape1 #a :ite hung = rape1 #a negro hung = murd]1 #c negroes %ot by mask$ m51 #a negro 8murd]$0 by ,ku-,klux4 ,t5nessee3 #b negroes hung = robb]y & arson1 #a negro %ot & hung = robb]y & murd]1 #a negro %ot = attempt$ outrage1 #a negro hung & %ot = murd]1 #a :ite %ot = murd] ( wife4 ,miss\ri3 #e horse ?ieves hung1 #a negro hung = outrage1 #a :ite hung = murd]1 #c :ites hung = murd] & robb]y1 #c :ites %ot = def5d+ & be+ bondsm5 ( c\nty (ficials accus$ ( peculation4 ,cali=nia3 #b :ites hung = murd]1 #a :ite hung & %ot = murd]1 #a ,indian hung = murd]1 #a ,malay 7/ew>d ( /eam]7 %ot & ?r[n ov]bo>d ne> coa/ ( ,cali=nia = ravi%+ sick girl1 elev5 ye>s old4 ,montana3 #b :ites hung = murd]4 ,l\isiana3 #d negroes hung = murd]1 #c horse ?ieves hung4 ,virg9ia3 #a desp]ado1 horse ?ief & murd]] hung4 ,alabama3 #a :ite %ot = murd]4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #b :ites %ot = murd]1 #aj negroes %ot & hung by ,ku-,klux4 ,nevada3 #a desp]ado hung1 #a :ite hung = kill+ man 9 saloon r[4 ,wiscons92 #a :ite hung = murd]4 ,indiana3 #c negroes hung = murd]1 #a :ite hung = murd]4 ,nebraska3 #a negro & #a :ite man 8kill$0 = robb]y & %oot+ woman4 ,kansas3 #b :ites hung = murd]1 #a desp]ado & #a horse ?ief 8kill$ 9 jail40 ,colorado3 #b :ites hung = keep+ gambl+ outfit4 ,mi*igan3 #b :ites di$ f beat+ :i* !y receiv$ = kill+ a man 9 a ,g]man-,iri% riot on ! /reets4 ,ohio3 #b :ites hung = murd]4 ,m>yl&3 #a negro hung = arson4 ,total3 #da :ites1 #cb negroes1 #a ,malay1 #a ,indian4 ,! majority ( ^? lyn*$ 9 ^! ?ree ye>s1 z giv5 by ! ,times1 7 =cibly tak5 f ! cu/ody ( (fic]s ( ! law4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! jails 7 brok5 into1 & ! prison]s 7 tak5 out & hang$ or 7 kill$ 9 ! jail2 9 o!r in/ances1 ! prison]s 7 tak5 f ! (fic]s & put to dea? be=e !y c\ld be tak5 to ! jail4 ,"s ( ! lyn*+s 7 c>ri$ on by vigilance societies1 o!rs by mobs ( mask$ p]sons or by 8,ku-,kluxes40 ,) two exceptions1 no?+ is said 9 ! reports ( ^! lyn*+s ab\t any attempts to take legal action aga9/ ! lyn*]s4 ,9 ! two in/ances :]e attempts 7 made to prosecute ! lyn*]s1 x does n appe> t !re 0 any measure ( success4 ,x ?us appe>s t lyn*-law 0 9 op]ation 9 ne>ly e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ ! close ( ! ,civil ,w>1 & t ! ord9>y p5alty inflict$ 0 dea?4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ! application ( lyn*-law "u ! anomal\s conditions 9 ! ,s\? t r5d]$ ! recon/ruction p]iod a di/9ctive p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( lyn*-law4 ,! recon/ruction ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates has be5 rightly *>act]iz$ z 8"o ( ! wor/ p]iods ( misgov]nm5t & maladm9i/ration 9 ! hi/ory ( any civiliz$ community40#bjc ,! emancipation ( ! slaves & ! recon/ruction policy c>ri$ out by ! political lead]s 9 ,congress n only br\ght ab\t a *ang$ relation betwe5 ! two races1 b made negro dom9ation a real evil & an imm95t dang]4 ,! ,s\!rn plant]s consid]$ !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 resort+ to summ>y measures z a means ( protect+ _! prop]ty & _! families4 ,bo? ! social & ! political conditions 9 ! ,s\? 7 su* z to give a di/9ctively new impulse to ! lyn*+ _s4#bjd ,x is true t ! extreme measures tak5 "u ,ku-,klux disguises nev] receiv$ ! approval ( ! mass ( ! ,s\!rn p1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 few det]m9$ ef=ts 7 made by ! civil au?orities 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to br+ ,ku-,klux (f5d]s to ju/ice4 ,! outrage ^u fre$m51 p]sons ( ,nor!rn orig9 & ,s\!rn]s accus$ ( favor+ ! recon/ruction acts ( ,congress1 7 n /opp$ until aft] ,congress _h pass$ ! s-call$ 8=ce bill0 9 #ahga4 ,by ?is measure ! jurisdiction ( ! ,f$]al c\rts 0 ext5d$ to ,ku-,klux cases1 & ! ,presid5t 0 au?oriz$ to susp5d ! writ ( habeas corpus :5 necess>y to pres]ve ord]4 ,! ,f$]al troops 7 n entirely )drawn f ! ,s\? until #ahgg4 ,z a result ( ! do+s ( recon/ruction times1 habits ( lawlessness h be5 p]petuat$ at ! ,s\?1 ! effect ( :i* is /ill to be se54 ,! disguises introduc$ by ! ,ku-,klux#bje h frequ5tly giv5 security aga9/ id5tification at lyn*+s 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! mod]n 8,:ite ,caps10 s well kn[n 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n ,/ates z well z 9 ! ,s\?1 ?\gh !y are m]ely local & g5]ally only tempor>y organizations1 use ! same me?ods t 7 employ$ by ! ,ku-,klux4 ,! 8,:ite ,caps0 may be reg>d$ z ! successors ( ! ,ku-,klux4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,lyn*+s ,9 rec5t ye>s1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ab\t ! ye> #ahia1 mu* has be5 said & writt5 ^u ! subject ( lyn*+4 ,explanations & excuses h be5 (f]$ = ! preval5ce ( ! practice 9 ! ,s\? & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,rem$ies & means = ! suppression ( lyn*+s h be5 freely & widely discuss$4 ,mo/ ( ! lit]ature1 h[ev]1 %[s a /rong sectional or p>tisan _s1 & is1 9 reality1 b little m ?an ! expression ( p]sonal op9ion4 ,sc>cely any attempt has be5 made to pres5t ! g5]al facts relat+ to ! practice ( lyn*+ = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,! p]usal ( m ?an sev5ty-five magaz9e articles discuss+ rec5t lyn*+s & deal+ ) diff]5t phases ( ! subject left ^u ! writ]'s m9d no impression m di/9ct ?an ?is1 t "s facts ( a /ati/ical nature 7 v mu* ne$$4 ,! fir/ plan t sugge/$ itself 0 to make a p]sonal inve/igation ( ! cases ( lyn*+ t h occurr$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 to int]view p]sonally or to correspond ) individuals acqua9t$ ) ! facts 9 su* occurr5ces1 & ?us get "s reliable data4 ,su* a plan1 h[ev]1 has by trial be5 f\nd impracticable4 ,mr4 ,george ,c4 ,holt ( ,new ,york _h an exam9ation made ( ! index & files ( ! ,new ,york ,daily ,times = ! fir/ six mon?s ( ! ye> #ahib1 & a record made ( all ! in/ances ( lyn*+ report$ !re4 ,8 exp]i5ce c be/ be giv5 9 8 own words4 ,he says3 8,aft] obta9+ a li/ ( ! cases report$ 9 ! ,times1 ,i draft$ a circul> lett] ( inquiry ask+ = in=mation 9 respect to ! "n1 age1 resid5ce1 & occupation ( ! man lyn*$1 ! *>ge aga9/ him1 8 possible guilt1 ! circum/ances ( ! lyn*+1 & :at /eps1 if any1 7 aft]w>ds tak54 ,9 ea* report$ case ( lyn*+ ,i mail$ ?ree copies ( ! circul> lett]1 ) a /amp$ envelope = reply1 address$ "o to ! di/rict attorney ( ! c\nty1 "o to ! po/ma/]1 & "o to any cl]gyman ( ! city or t[n :]e ! lyn*+ occurr$4 8,to ! pr9t$ circul>s s5t out answ]s 7 receiv$ 9 relation to #af out ( ! #cj cases ( lyn*+4 ,no answ]s 7 receiv$ 9 #ad ( ! cases1 al?\gh ! envelopes bore ! usual direction to ! po/ma/] to be return$ if n deliv]$1 & only "o ( !m 0 return$4 ,( ! #af cases 9 respect to :i* answ]s 7 receiv$1 !re 7 #c cases 9 :i* #c answ]s 7 return$1 #e 9 :i* #b 7 return$1 & #h 9 :i* "o 0 return$4 ,mo/ ( ! answ]s 7 unsign$2 _m 7 v vague2 a few decl9$ to /ate ! facts2 & sev]al reque/$ secrecy4 ,! g5]al impression d]iv$ f ! attempt to obta9 in=mation by ! circul> 0 t !re 01 9 _m cases1 a /rong dis9cl9ation1 = "s cause1 to give any in=mation40#bjf ,9 an attempt to v]ify "s reports ( lyn*+s 9 ! ye>s #aijb & #aijc1 ! writ] has met ) a simil> exp]i5ce4 ,a lett] address$ to ! mayor ( a t[n 9 ,arkansas 0 return$ ) ! foll[+ p5cil$ at ! bottom ( ! %eet3 8if y w give me "s idea z to y\r reasons = want+ ?is in=mation ,i might give y "s in=mation reg>d+ same40 ,a lett] address$ to ! mayor ( a t[n 9 ,georgia 0 return$ ) ! foll[+ writt5 at ! bottom ( ! %eet3 8,9 answ] to ! above ,i w say t ,i don't "k any?+ ab\t x40 ,no "n 0 sign$ 9 ei!r case4 ,^! two replies1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,holt's exp]i5ce1 are suffici5t to indicate ! difficulties att5dant ^u ! collection1 by any su* me?od1 ( data 9 reg>d to lyn*+s cov]+ any consid]able p]iod ( "t4 ,= m ?an tw5ty-two ye>s ! ,*icago ,tribune has publi%$ at ! close ( ea* ye> an itemiz$ summ>y ( ! disa/]s & crimes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye>4 ,an editorial 9 ! ,tribune = ,janu>y #a1 #ahhc1 reads z foll[s3 8,else:]e 9 ?is issue w be f\nd a s]ies ( reviews ( ! happ5+s dur+ #ahhb4 ,a necrological table is furni%$1 also a li/ ( ! m important crimes1 casualties1 suicides1 lyn*+s1 & judicial executions = ! la/ ye>4 ,! tables h be5 prep>$ ) great c>e f ! columns ( ,! ,tribune1 & furni% z complete a review ( ! unpleasant features ( ! dead ye> z c\ld possibly be obta9$40 ,?is annual review publi%$ by ! ,tribune supplies ! mo/ available & practically ! only s\rce = /ati/ics ( lyn*+s4 ,! foll[+ facts are giv53 ! date ( ! lyn*+1 ! "n ( ! victim1 8 color & 8 nationality1 ! alleg$ crime = :i* he 0 lyn*$1 & ! t[n & ,/ate :]e ! lyn*+ took place4 ,only ! names ( ^? :o h suff]$ dea? at ! h&s ( mobs are includ$4 ,no acc\nt is tak5 ( attempt$ lyn*+s or ( p]sons to :om mob viol5ce 0 done b :o recov]$ f _! injuries4 ,9 us+ ?is record z ! basis ( ?is inve/igation su* means z 7 available h be5 employ$ = purposes ( correction & v]ification4 ,9 e case :]e an error 0 app>5t1 or !re 0 any reason = d\bt1 ! orig9al report ( ! lyn*+ has be5 exam9$ 9 "s newspap] ( ! prop] date1 ei!r ! ,*icago ,tribune1 or ! ,new ,york ,times1 or ! ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,only a v few po9ts h be5 left unsettl$ because ( insuffici5t in=mation4 ,! ,cyclop$ic ,review ( ,curr5t ,hi/ory gives confirmatory evid5ce = a p]iod cov]+ ! la/ twelve ye>s4 ,x1 h[ev]1 m5tions only ! 8notable crimes0 & ?is evid5ce1 !re=e1 applies to a comp>atively small numb] ( cases4 ,= ! la/ six mon?s ( ! ye> #aijb a subscription to a newspap] clipp+ ag5cy 0 ma9ta9$ z a fur!r means ( det]m9+ ! reliability & complet5ess ( ! ,tribune record4 ,! ag5cy select$ 0 an old & well e/abli%$ "o4 ,in/ructions 7 giv5 ! read]s to s5d full acc\nts ( e lyn*+1 toge!r ) a few editorial comm5ts f v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,clipp+s on lyn*+s 7 receiv$ f newspap]s 9 e section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,out ( ! fifty-?ree victims ( lyn*+ giv5 9 ! summ>y publi%$ by ! ,*icago ,tribune = ! six mon?s1 ,july-,decemb]1 #aijb1 =ty-six 7 report$ by ! newspap] clipp+ ag5cy & no errors ( any importance 7 %[n4 ,a few additional cases 7 m5tion$ 9 ! clipp+s1 b !y 7 ma9ly on ! bord] l9e betwe5 murd] & lyn*+ & c\ld rightly be disreg>d$4 ,und\bt$ly !re are errors & inaccuracies 9 p>ticul> cases 9 ! ,tribune record4#bjg ,any "o :o has endeavor$ to sift ! tru? f conflict+ newspap] reports w readily appreciate ! difficulty ( obta9+ an accurate acc\nt ( a lyn*+ f su* a s\rce4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is inve/igation1 h[ev]1 only ! mo/ g5]al facts are requir$1 & x is believ$ t 9 reg>d to ^! ! report] or ! newspap] correspond5t is less likely to indulge 8 imag9ative p[]s4 ,fur!rmore1 by reason ( ! popul> excitem5t :i* usually att5ds lyn*+-bees & ! extraord9>y me?ods ( execution (t5times employ$1 x is fair to presume t b few lyn*+s escape ! report]2 ! details ( mo/ lyn*+s exhibit s cle>ly ! j\rnali/ic idea ( facts ( contemporane\s human int]e/ t ! publication ( su* news is n (t5 int5tionally omitt$4 ,!re is nei!r ! motive nor ! opportunity to keep lyn*+s f ! newspap]s t !re (t5 is 9 ! case ( suicides & murd]s2 n only inde$ is e su* motive = secrecy abs5t1 b !re is usually1 m or less /rongly express$1 a public s5tim5t approv+ or excus+ a lyn*+4 ,:at ! likelihood is ( e lyn*+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ be5 report$ to ! ,*icago ,tribune dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s1 & :e!r ! probability has be5 uni=m ?r\gh\t ! p]iod1 !re is no means ( det]m9+4 ,! annual review ( disa/]s & crimes has1 h[ev]1 be5 made a special feature ?r\gh\t ! p]iod1 & ?is gives at lea/ a presumption 9 favor ( fullness & complet5ess 9 ! record4 ,x is at any rate safe to say t ! cases ( lyn*+ actually report$ probably af=d a fair av]age basis ( cases = /ati/ical inve/igation4 ,9 view ( ^! consid]ations1 toge!r ) ! corrections & v]ifications t h be5 made1 x is believ$ t ! ,tribune record has reliability suffici5t = its exam9ation to lead to ! d$uction ( tru/wor?y & valuable conclusions4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #aijd1 ! ,*icago ,tribune publi%$ ! foll[+ 8table ( lyn*+s0 cov]+ ! la/ n9ete5 ye>s#bjh3 #ahhe #ahd #ahhf #ach #ahhg #abb #ahhh #adb #ahhi #agf #ahij #abg #ahia #aib #ahib #bce #ahic #bjj #ahid #aij #ahie #aga #ahif #aca #ahig #aff #ahih #abg #ahii #ajg #aijj #aae #aija #ace #aijb #if #aijc #ajd ,aft] c>efully go+ ov] ! li/s ( names1 z publi%$ ea* ye>1 ( ! p]sons lyn*$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s1 ! writ] obta9$ ! foll[+ table :i* is bas$ ?r\gh\t on ! numb] ( p]sons lyn*$4 ,if only ! numb] ( lyn*+s 7 tak5 into acc\nt ! numb]s giv5 w\ld be consid]ably small]4#bji ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,lyn*$ #ahhb #aad #ahhc #acd #ahhd #baa #ahhe #ahd #ahhf #ach #ahhg #abb #ahhh #adb #ahhi #agf #ahij #abh #ahia #aie #ahib #bce #ahic #bjj #ahid #aig #ahie #ahj #ahif #aca #ahig #afe #ahih #abg #ahii #ajg #aijj #aae #aija #ace #aijb #ig #aijc #ajd -------- ,total #cccg ,?is table agrees ) ! ,tribune table = ! n9ete5 ye>s ) ! exception ( ! ye>s #ahij1 #ahia1 #ahid1 #ahie1 #ahig & #aijb4 ,9 "s ( ^! cases ! diff]5ce is due m]ely to an error :i* _h be5 made 9 foot+ up ! li/s4 ,"s in/ances are giv5 ( a fa!r & son be+ lyn*$1 or ( five horse ?ieves1 or ( two negroes1 & ea* ( ^! in/ances _h be5 c\nt$ z "o 9 mak+ up ! totals4 ,9 o!r cases an error 0 f\nd 9 ! in/ance report$4 ,9 #aijb1 a report ( a negro hav+ be5 lyn*$ = murd] 9 ,alabama 0 f\nd lat] to be untrue & 8 "n 0 dropp$ f ! li/4#baj ,two names h be5 add$ to ! li/ = #aijb f in=mation :i* ! writ] obta9$ ?r\gh ! newspap] clipp+ ag5cy & subsequ5t correspond5ce4 ,9 #aijc a record ( p]sons lyn*$1 kept by ! writ] f newspap]s o!r ?an ! ,*icago ,tribune1#baa conta9$ sixty-?ree out ( ! "o hundr$ & f\r report$ by ! ,tribune1 & corroborat$ ! ,tribune record ) ref]5ce to ^! sixty-?ree4 ,9 ! writ]'s record sev5 lyn*+s 7 report$ :i* did n appe> 9 ! ,tribune record4 ,lett]s ( inquiry 9 reg>d to ^! result$ 9 only f\r replies1 "o d5y+ t ! report$ lyn*+ _h tak5 place1 ! rema9+ ?ree n /at+ def9itely :e!r any lyn*+ :atsoev] _h tak5 place4 ,no alt]ation1 !re=e1 has be5 made 9 ! ,tribune record = #aijc4 ,illu/ration3 ,i4 ,,numb] ,,lyn*$ ,,comp>$ ,,) ,,numb] ,,legally ,,execut$ #ahhb-aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,ii4 ,,numb] ,,lyn*$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,mon?s ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,sections ,,( ,,! ,u4,s4 #ahhb-aijc ,*>t ,i has be5 prep>$ f ! above table & %[s at a glance ! relative preval5ce ( lyn*+ dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc4bab ,! solid l9e1 repres5t+ ! numb] ( p]sons lyn*$1 beg9s at #aad 9 #ahhb1 goes up to #baa 9 #ahhd1 falls to #abb 9 #ahhg1 rises aga9 to #agf 9 #ahhi1 falls aga9 ! foll[+ ye> to #abh1 & !n rises to #bce 9 ! ye> #ahib4 ,f #ahib on ! l9e %[s a g5]al d[nw>d t5d5cy4 ,! l>ge numb] 9 #ahhd 0 due to ! "w ( vigilantes 9 ,montana & ,colorado4 ,accord+ to ! record1 #dj horse ?ieves & cattle ?ieves receiv$ summ>y ju/ice 9 ,montana dur+ ! ye> & ! lyn*+ ( sev5te5 cattle ?ieves 0 report$ f ,colorado4 ,! l>ge numb] 9 #ahib 0 due to ! lyn*+ ( negroes 9 ! ,s\?4 ,^! facts are %[n 9 ano!r =m 9 ,*>t ,,iv4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison ! brok5 l9e has be5 drawn on ,*>t ,i to repres5t ! numb] ( p]sons legally execut$ dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! figures = legal executions h also be5 tak5 f ! ,tribune record1 b no fur!r v]ification has be5 made ( !m ?an m]ely to foot up ! li/s ( names & v]ify ! totals4 ,! ,tribune record ( legal executions is no d\bt incomplete1 b x is "h giv5 = :at x is wor?4 ,9 a g5]al way ! brok5 l9e foll[s ! solid l9e ) ! exception ( ! ye> #ahib & ! la/ five ye>s4 ,9 ! review ( ! ye> #ahha1 ! ,tribune report$ n9ety-"o legal executions b gave no record ( lyn*+s4 ,to indicate ! direction ( ! brok5 l9e previ\s to #ahhb a %ort l9e has be5 drawn at ! left ( ! *>t4 ,on ! :ole1 ,*>t ,i seems to indicate a relation%ip betwe5 legal executions & lyn*+s4 ,!re is an indication t ! upw>d t5d5cy 9 ! brok5 l9e s9ce #ahhg may h contribut$ to ! d[nw>d t5d5cy 9 ! solid l9e s9ce #ahib--! puni%m5t ( crimes by law may t5d to make rec\rse to lyn*+ less frequ5t4 ,ano!r factor is ne$$1 h[ev]1 to make ?is reason+ conclusive2 "s way ( measur+ ! am\nt ( crime 9 ! c\ntry dur+ ^! sev]al ye>s is requisite4 ,= ?is purpose ! writ] took ! numb] ( murd]s report$ by ! ,tribune & plott$ !m on a trial *>t 9 connection ) ! numb] lyn*$ & ! numb] legally execut$4 ,! result 0 s unsatisfactory & inconclusive1 h[ev]1 t any attempt to make su* a comp>ison 0 ab&on$4#bac ,9 ,*>t ,,ii is %[n ! numb] ( p]sons lyn*$ accord+ to mon?s ?r\gh\t ! tw5ty-two ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc4 ,because ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( lyn*+s 9 diff]5t sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & because ( ! diff]5ces 9 climate1 ! ,/ates h be5 divid$ into ?ree gr\ps z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! ,s\!rn ,gr\p1 compris+ ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,georgia1 ,florida1 ,k5tucky1 ,t5nessee1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,miss\ri1 ,arkansas1 ,l\isiana1 & ,texas2 7#b7 ,! ,we/]n ,gr\p1 compris+ all ! o!r ,/ates & ,t]ritories we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]2 7#c7 ,! ,ea/]n ,gr\p1 compris+ all ! o!r ,/ates ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ! fewe/ are lyn*$ 9 ! mon?s ( ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 & ,novemb]4 ,! l>ge/ numb] are lyn*$ 9 ,june1 ,july1 & ,decemb]4 ,by divid+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s into ?ree p]iods & draw+ l9es to %[ ! mon?ly fluctuations = ea* ( ^! p]iods1 x c be %[n t ^! same t5d5cies are *>act]i/ic ( %ort] p]iods ( "t1 ! t5d5cy t[>d an increase 9 ,decemb] be+ less m>k$1 h[ev]1 9 ! p]iod #ahif-aijc4 ,sev]al explanations sugge/ !mselves4 ,p]haps ! be/ explanation ( ! fall 9 ! l9e f ! high po9t 9 ,june & ,july to a mu* l[] po9t 9 ,augu/ is sugge/$ by ! fact t s9ce mo/ ( ! p]sons lyn*$ 9 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p are negroes & _! "t is l>gely occupi$ ) _! camp-meet+s & v>i\s religi\s ex]cises dur+ ! mon? ( ,augu/1--a cu/om :i* orig9at$ 9 ! "t ( slav]y1#bad--!y commit a small] numb] ( crimes aga9/ ! :ites & ?us !re is less occasion = lyn*+ dur+ t mon?4 ,dur+ ! mon?s ( ,june & ,july1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 !re is "w to be done 9 t5d+ ! gr[+ crops1 disagreem5ts & qu>rels frequ5tly arise betwe5 ! :ites & ! blacks1 ! latt] (t5 retaliat+ ^u ! =m] by "s (f5se aga9/ prop]ty or p]son1 ?us giv+ great] occasion = lyn*+4 ,! increase 9 ,decemb] is possibly due to indulg5ce 9 excesses & to ! commission ( a great] numb] ( (f5ses by ! negroes 9 connection ) _! celebration ( ,*ri/mas4 ,idl5ess on ! "p ( ! negroes probably has mu* to d ) ! :ole matt]4 ,x has long be5 true t 8! ,devil f9ds "w = idle h&s to d40 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,gr\p !re is comp>atively little v>iation 9 ! numb] lyn*$ 9 ! diff]5t mon?s4 ,! drop 9 ! l9e 9 ! mon?s ( ,febru>y & ,novemb] is probably expla9$ by ! fact t ^? two mon?s are ! busy seasons ( ! ye> = ! cattlem54 ,! 8fall r\nd-up0 takes place 9 ,novemb] & ! 8spr+ r\nd-up0 ab\t ,febru>y4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,gr\p ! l9e %[s v little v>iation 9 ! numb] lyn*$ 9 ! diff]5t mon?s4 ,a slight increase 9 ! mon? ( ,june is indicat$4 ,*>t ,,iii %[s ! p]c5tages lyn*$ = v>i\s causes by mon?s = ! entire p]iod ( tw5ty-two ye>s & = ! total numb] ( p]sons lyn*$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ t "t4 ,be=e proce$+ to an analysis ( ?is *>t a ^w ( explanation is necess>y conc]n+ ! classification ( causes t has be5 adopt$4 ,! v>i\s causes assign$ = ! lyn*+s 9 ! ,tribune record h be5 gr\p$ into eight classes z foll[s3 ,murd]1 ,rape1 ,assault1 ,m9or ,(f5ses1 ,desp]adism1#bae ,!ft1 ,arson1 ,unkn[n4 ,! class ,murd] includes murd]1 attempt$ murd]1 accessory to murd]1 suspect$ murd]1 alleg$ murd]1 conspiracy to murd]1 complicity 9 murd]4 ,! class ,rape includes rape1 attempt$ rape1 alleg$ rape4 ,! class ,m9or ,(f5ses includes race prejudice1 misceg5ation1 & v>i\s m9or (f5ses2 su* z 7= :ites7 wife beat+1 cruelty1 kidnapp+1 saloon keep+1 turn+ /ate's evid5ce1 refus+ to turn /ate's evid5ce1 be+ obnoxi\s1 sw9dl+1 political prejudice1 s$uction1 giv+ in=mation1 frauds1 in=m+1 protect+ a negro1 giv+ evid5ce1 mob indignation1 illicit di/ill+1 disord]ly conduct1 ince/1 elopem5t1 rev5ue in=m]1 disreputable "*1 arre/ ( a m9or1 aid+ escape ( murd]]1 suspect$ ( kill+ cattle1 prospective elopem5t2 7= negroes7 grave robb]y1 ?reat5$ political exposures1 sl&]1 self-def5se1 wife beat+1 cutt+ levees1 kidnapp+1 voodooism1 poison+ horses1 writ+ insult+ lett]s1 inc5di>y language1 sw9dl+1 jilt+ a girl1 coloniz+ negroes1 turn+ /ate's evid5ce1 political tr\bles1 gambl+1 qu>rel+1 poison+ wells1 ?r[+ /ones1 unpopul>ity1 mak+ ?reats1 circulat+ sc&als1 be+ tr\blesome1 bad reputation1 drunk5ness1 /rike riot+1 riot+1 insults1 suppos$ (f5se1 insult+ wom51 fraud1 crim9al abortion1 alleg$ /ock poison+1 entic+ s]vant away1 writ+ lett] to :ite woman1 ask+ :ite woman 9 m>riage1 conspiracy1 introduc+ smallpox1 giv+ in=mation1 conjur+1 to prev5t evid5ce1 be+ disreputable1 in=m+1 conceal+ a crim9al1 slapp+ a *ild1 %oot+ at (fic]1 pass+ c\nt]feit money1 felony1 elopem5t ) :ite girl1 refus+ to give evid5ce1 giv+ evid5ce1 disobey+ f]ry regulations1 runn+ qu>ant9e1 violation ( contract1 pay+ att5tion to :ite girl1 resi/+ assault1 inflammatory language1 resi/+ arre/1 te/ify+ = "o ( 8 own race1 keep+ gambl+-h\se1 qu>rel ov] pr(it %>+1 =c+ :ite boy to commit crime1 lawlessness4 ,! cause 8race prejudice0 is giv51 almo/ )\t exception1 only 9 ! case ( ! lyn*+ ( negroes by :ites & does n appe> at all 9 ! e>li] ye>s ( ! p]iod #ahhb-aijc4 ,! probable reason = giv+ race prejudice z a cause = lyn*+ is t no (f5se _h be5 committ$ :i* 0 consid]$ wor?y ( m5tion z a cause4 ,?is is borne out by ! foll[+ in/ances4 ,on ,febru>y #bb1 #ahih1 a negro by ! "n ( ,f4 ,b4 ,bak] 0 lyn*$ at ,lake ,city1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = accept+ ! (fice ( po/ma/]4 ,9 ! ,tribune record ! cause is giv5 z 8race prejudice40 ,on ,febru>y #aj1 #ahid1 a negro nam$ ,coll9s 0 lyn*$ 9 ,georgia = 8entic+ s]vant away40 ,"o newspap] 9 report+ ?is occurr5ce gave 8race prejudice0 z ! cause4 ,! color$ victims cr$it$ to 8race prejudice0 9 #aijb by ! ,tribune 7 lyn*$ because !y 7 suppos$ to h made "s insult+ rem>ks ab\t sev]al :ite m54 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aijc1 ,eli ,hilson1 color$1 0 kill$ by 8,:itecaps0 9 ,l9coln ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 because he refus$ to leave ! c\nty 9 response to _! w>n+4 ,9 ! ,tribune record 8race prejudice0 is giv5 z ! cause = ! lyn*+ ( ,hilson4 ,^! facts con/itute ! ju/ification = plac+ 8race prejudice0 "u ,m9or ,(f5ses4 ,! class ,!ft includes !ft1 l>c5y1 burgl>y1 robb]y1 suspect$ robb]y1 safe break+1 cattle /eal+1 horse /eal+1 mule /eal+4 ,! class ,desp]adism includes ! action ( desp]ado1 outlaw1 highway robb]1 tra9 wreck]1 tra9 robb]4 ,! class ,arson includes arson1 inc5di>ism1 b>n burn+4 ,! class ,assault includes assault1 murd]\s assault4 ,! class ,unkn[n includes unkn[n (f5se1 no (f5se1 )\t cause1 mi/ak5 id5tity1 by accid5t1 no cause giv54 ,!re are 9 ! li/s only a few cases ( mi/ak5 id5tity & only "o by accid5t4 ,!y h be5 put 9 ?is class m]ely because !re 0 no o!r place to put !m4 ,:]e m ?an "o cause 0 giv5 ! foll[+ pr9ciples ( classification h be5 obs]v$3 rape & murd] "u ,rape1 robb]y & murd] "u ,murd]1 arson & murd] "u ,murd]1 assault & robb]y "u ,assault1 robb]y & arson "u ,arson4 ,?r\gh\t ?is *apt]1 :5ev] any "o ( ! above eight classes is meant ! ^w = ! class w be begun ) a capital lett]4 ,?is w avoid ! dang] ( confus+ ! pres5t use ( ! t]ms ) _! ord9>y & g5]al use4 ,9 an analysis ( ,*>t ,,iii1 x appe>s t small] p]c5tages ( p]sons are lyn*$ = ,murd] 9 ! summ] mon?s ?an 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 & t l>g] p]c5tages are lyn*$ = ,rape 9 ! summ] mon?s ?an 9 ! w9t] mon?s1 b t if ,murd] & ,rape be tak5 toge!r l>g] p]c5tages are lyn*$ = ^? crimes 9 ! summ] ?an 9 ! w9t]4 ,! p]c5tage lyn*$ = ,assault %[s little v>iation ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,! p]c5tage lyn*$ = ,m9or ,(f5ses is also fairly uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,) reg>d to ,desp]adism a m>k$ diff]5ce is %[n betwe5 ! summ] mon?s & ! w9t] mon?s4 ,only ab\t "o p] c5t ( ! lyn*+s 9 ! summ] are = ,desp]adism1 !re be+ none 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 :ile 9 ,janu>y #f4d p] c5t1 9 ,febru>y #aj4e p] c5t1 9 ,octob] #d4b p] c5t1 9 ,novemb] #d4e p] c5t1 & 9 ,decemb] #aa4b p] c5t are = t cause4 ,! p]c5tage lyn*$ = ,!ft is relatively high 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july1 b especially high 9 ,octob]4 ,ne>ly #bj p] c5t ( ! lyn*+s 9 ,octob] are = ,!ft4 ,!re is a relatively small p]c5tage = ,arson 9 ! summ]4 ,! l>g] p]c5tage ( lyn*+s = ,arson are 9 ,m>*1 ,septemb]1 ,octob]1 & ,novemb]4 ,z to ! influ5ce ( ! seasons on crime1 ,mayo-,smi? /ates t x has be5 pretty well det]m9$ t crimes aga9/ ! p]son are m num]\s 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]1 & t crimes aga9/ prop]ty are m num]\s 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4#baf ,*>t ,,iii %[s con=mity to ?is law ( crimes4#bag ,a l>g] p]c5tage is lyn*$ = ,murd]1 ,rape1 & ,assault--crimes aga9/ ! p]son--9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,a l>g] p]c5tage is lyn*$ = ,desp]adism1 ,!ft1 & ,arson1--crimes aga9/ prop]ty1--9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,iii4 ,,p]c5tages ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,by ,,mon?s #ahhb-aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,iv4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,:ites1 ,,negroes ,,& ,,o!rs ,,lyn*$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,ye>s #ahhb-aijc ,*>t ,,iv %[s ! relative numb] ( :ites1 negroes1 & o!r p]sons lyn*$ ea* ye> dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! l>ge/ numb] ( :ites 7 lyn*$ 9 ! ye> #ahhd1 ! majority ( !m be+ 9 ! ,we/]n ,gr\p ( ,/ates4 ,s9ce t ye> !re has be5 a g5]al b irregul> decl9e 9 ! lyn*+ ( :ites4 ,if ! tops ( ! columns repres5t+ ! :ites 7 jo9$ toge!r by a l9e1 ! l9e w\ld rise & fall ) m or less regul>ity1 sugge/+ ! conclusion t lyn*+s t5d to recur 9 gr\ps f ye> to ye>1 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! lyn*+ mania spreads 9 successive waves ov] ! c\ntry4 ,if ! tops ( ! columns repres5t+ ! negroes 7 jo9$ toge!r by a l9e1 ! same t5d5cy w\ld be noticeable1 b ! waves w\ld appe> less regul> & less m>k$4 ,! waves = ! :ites & ! negroes d n correspond at all f ye> to ye>1 b ?is p]haps c be expla9$ by ! fact t ! lyn*+ ( negroes is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates :ile ! lyn*+ ( :ites is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,!re is no psy*ic connection betwe5 ! lyn*+ ( a negro 9 ! ,s\? & ! lyn*+ ( a murd]] or cattle ?ief 9 ! ,we/4 ,= ! lyn*+ ( negroes1 #ahib & #ahic are ! ye>s 9 :i* ! l>ge/ numb] 7 lyn*$1 ! numb]s be+ #aef & #aee respectively4 ,! *>t %[s a g5]al increase 9 ! lyn*+ ( negroes f #ahhb to #ahib1 & a g5]al decl9e f #ahic to #aijc4 ,9 #aijc1 h[ev]1 ne>ly twice z _m negroes 7 lyn*$ z 9 #ahhb4 ,! *>t also %[s an increase 9 ! proportion ( negroes lyn*$ to :ites lyn*$ dur+ ! p]iod #ahhb-aijc4 ,! total numb] ( negroes lyn*$ dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s is #b1jfj1 an av]age ( #ic p] ye>4 ,! total numb] ( :ites lyn*$ dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s is #a1afi1 an av]age ( #ec p] ye>4 ,*>t ,,iv also %[s1 "u ! title ( ,o!rs1 ! comp>atively small numb] 7#ajh7 ( ,indians1 ,mexicans1 & =eign]s t h be5 lyn*$ dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,9 ! ye>s :5 ! l>g] numb]s 7 lyn*$ !y 7 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 9 #ahhc1 sev5 ,mexicans1 f\r ,indians1 & "o ,*9aman2 9 #ahhd1 six ,mexicans1 "o ,indian1 "o ,japanese1 & "o ,swiss2 9 #ahhe1 six ,*9ese & two ,indians2 9 #ahia1 elev5 ,italians 7at ,new ,orleans71 two ,indians1 & two ,*9ese2 9 #ahic1 five ,italians1 two ,indians1 two ,mexicans1 & "o ,bohemian2 9 #ahie1 five ,italians 7at ,wals5burg1 ,colorado71 two ,indians1 & two ,mexicans4 ,9 all1 =ty-five ,indians1 tw5ty-eight ,italians1 tw5ty ,mexicans1 twelve ,*9ese1 "o ,japanese1 "o ,swiss1 & "o ,bohemian 7 lyn*$ dur+ ! p]iod #ahhb-aijc4 ,*>t ,v %[s ! numb] ( females1 bo? :ite & color$1 lyn*$ ea* ye> dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,) ! exception ( ! ye>s #ahhb1 #ahhc1 #ahhg1 & #ahii "o or m 7 lyn*$ ea* ye>4 ,9 ! ye> #ahie1 ?irte5 7 lyn*$1 eight color$ & five :ite wom54 ,! majority ( ! color$ females 7 lyn*$ 9 ! five ye>s #ahia-ie4 ,9 all1 =ty color$ & tw5ty-?ree :ite females1 or a total ( sixty-?ree females 7 lyn*$ dur+ ! p]iod #ahhb-aijc4 ,! l[] half ( ,*>t ,v %[s ! causes = :i* ! females 7 lyn*$4 ,( ! :ites1 n9e 7 lyn*$ = murd] or complicity 9 murd]1 "o = be+ a disreputable "*1 "o because ( mob indignation1 "o = race prejudice1 "o = misceg5ation1 "o = arson1 two = !ft1 & sev5 = unkn[n reasons4 ,( ! color$1 tw5ty 7 lyn*$ = murd] or complicity 9 murd]1 two = alleg$ well poison+1 eight = race prejudice1 five = arson1 "o = !ft1 & f\r = unkn[n reasons4 ,illu/ration3 ,v4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,wom5 7,,:ites ,,& ,,negroes7 ,,lyn*$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,ye>s #ahhb-aijc ,illu/ration3 ,,proportion ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes #ahhb-aijc ,,wom5 7,,:ites ,,& ,,negroes7 ,illu/ration3 ,,vi4 ,,p]c5tages ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,by ,,ye>s #ahhb-aijc ,,:ites ,,& ,,o!rs ,*>t ,v really supplem5ts ,*>t ,,iv4 ,9 ,*>t ,,iv1 ! #c1ccg p]sons :o h be5 lyn*$ dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s are classifi$ accord+ to race only4 ,9 ,*>t ,v ! numb] ( females 9 ,*>t ,,iv is %[n & also ! causes = :i* !y 7 lyn*$4 ,9 ! fur!r inve/igation sex w be disreg>d$ & ! :ites1 ,indians1 ,mexicans1 & =eign]s w be gr\p$ toge!r "u ! head ( ,:ites & ,o!rs1 ?is mak+ a classification into negroes & ^? n negroes4 ,*>t ,,vi %[s ! p]c5tages lyn*$ = v>i\s causes by ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc1 = ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,! p]c5tages lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes v>y greatly f ye> to ye>4 ,! p]c5tage lyn*$ = ,murd] v>ies f #bd p] c5t to #gj p] c5t4 ,! p]c5tage lyn*$ = ,!ft v>ies f #c4i p] c5t to #df4e p] c5t4 ,9 ! ?ree ye>s #ahih-aijj1 & 9 ! ye> #aijc1 none 7 lyn*$ = ,!ft4 ,! p]c5tage lyn*$ = ,rape v>ies f #a4h p] c5t to #bj p] c5t1 none be+ lyn*$ = t cause 9 #aijb4 ,rape is n p>ticul>ly important z a cause4 ,! *ief value ( ,*>t ,,vi is se5 by contra/+ x ) ,*>t ,,vii4 ,*>t ,,vii %[s ! p]c5tages lyn*$ = v>i\s causes by ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc1 = ,negroes4 ,! p]c5tage lyn*$ = ,murd] does n v>y greatly f ye> to ye>1 ! extreme v>iation be+ f #bh4b p] c5t 9 ! ye> #ahhb to #ec p] c5t 9 ! ye> #ahih4 ,rape appe>s z an important cause1 ! p]c5tage v>y+ f #bb4f p] c5t 9 ! ye> #aija to #ef4e p] c5t 9 ! ye> #ahhb4 ,! *>t indicates 9 a g5]al way a decrease 9 ! importance ( ,rape z a cause = ! lyn*+ ( ,negroes s9ce #ahhb4 ,m9or ,(f5ses1 on ! contr>y1 h increas$ 9 importance z a cause = ! lyn*+ ( ,negroes4 ,9 ! lat] ye>s1 also1 a l>g] p]c5tage has be5 = ,assault4 ,comp>+ ,*>ts ,,vi & ,,vii x appe>s t !re is great] uni=mity 9 ! p]c5tages lyn*$ = ! diff]5t causes f ye> to ye> 9 ! case ( ! ,negroes ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,a small] p]c5tage is lyn*$ = ,murd] & a mu* l>g] p]c5tage is lyn*$ = ,rape 9 ! case ( ! ,negroes ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,= ! ,negroes1 ,!ft is l>gely l>c5y & burgl>y :ile = ! ,:ites & ,o!rs x is /eal+ live /ock4 ,desp]adism figures to a v limit$ ext5t z a cause = lyn*+ ,negroes4 ,assault figures to a v limit$ ext5t z a cause = lyn*+ ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,*>t ,,viii %[s ! proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes1 #ahhb-aijc1 = ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,?is *>t1 l ,*>t ,,vi1 cov]s ! total numb] ( ,:ites & ,o!rs t h be5 lyn*$ dur+ ! p]iod1 )\t ref]5ce to p>ticul> sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,murd] ) #fbh /&s highe/1 & ,!ft1 ) #bfd1 second4 ,rape ) #aji ranks ?ird z a cause1 & ,desp]adism1 ) #ic1 f\r?4 ,m9or ,(f5ses is cr$it$ ) #eb1 ,arson ) #ca1 & ,assault ) #aa4 ,! numb] lyn*$ :i* fall "u ! class ,unkn[n is #hi4 ,( ! total numb]1 #di4b p] c5t 7 lyn*$ = ,murd]1 #bj4f p] c5t = ,!ft1 #h4e p] c5t = ,rape1 #g4c p] c5t = ,desp]adism1 #d p] c5t = ,m9or ,(f5ses1 #b4d p] c5t = ,arson1 4#h p] c5t = ,assault1 & #g p] c5t is cr$it$ to ,unkn[n4 ,( ^? lyn*$ = ,!ft1 ne>ly #ij p] c5t 7 lyn*$ = ! crime ( /eal+ live /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,vii ,,p]c5tages ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,by ,,ye>s #ahhb-aijc ,,negroes ,illu/ration3 ,,viii4 ,,proportion ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes #ahhb-aijc ,,:ites ,,& ,,o!rs ,*>t ,,ix %[s ! proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes1 #ahhb-aijc1 = ,negroes4 ,?is *>t1 l ! prec$+ *>t1 cov]s ! total numb] ( ,negroes t h be5 lyn*$ dur+ ! p]iod1 )\t ref]5ce to p>ticul> sections ( ! c\ntry4 ,by f> ! great] numb] ( ,negroes h be5 lyn*$ ei!r = ,murd] or = ,rape4 ,murd] is cr$it$ ) #ghc & ,rape ) #gjg4 ,m9or ,(f5ses ) #bjh ranks ?ird z a cause = ! lyn*+ ( ,negroes1 & ,arson1 ) #ajd1 f\r?4 ,!ft ) #aja ranks fif?4 ,assault is cr$it$ ) #dg & ,desp]adism ) #bj4 ,to ! class ,unkn[n #ij are cr$it$4 ,( ! total numb]1 #ch p] c5t 7 lyn*$ = ,murd]1 #cd4c p] c5t = ,rape1 #aj4a p] c5t = ,m9or ,(f5ses1 #e p] c5t = ,arson1 #d4i p] c5t = ,!ft1 #b4c p] c5t = ,assault1 4#i p] c5t = ,desp]adism1 & #d4c p] c5t is cr$it$ to ,unkn[n4 ,( ! ,negroes lyn*$ = ,!ft only #ad p] c5t 7 lyn*$ = /eal+ live /ock1 ! rema9+ #hf p] c5t be+ lyn*$ = causes t may be fairly class$ "u petty l>c5y4 ,by comp>+ ,*>ts ,,viii & ,,ix ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 ! reasons assign$ = ! lyn*+ ( ,negroes & = ! lyn*+ ( ,:ites & ,o!rs are readily se54 ,! l>g] numb] 9 ea* case is "u ,murd]1 b fur!r ?an t ! ord] ( ! arrangem5t ( ! causes does n agree4 ,rape :i* occupies second place 9 ! *>t = ! ,negroes & is ne>ly equal to ,murd]1 drops to ?ird place on ! *>t = ! ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,comp>atively speak+1 ,!ft1 p>ticul>ly ! /eal+ ( live /ock1 & ,desp]adism are mu* m important z causes = ! lyn*+ ( ,:ites & ,o!rs ?an = ! lyn*+ ( ,negroes4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,negroes1 ,rape1 ,m9or ,(f5ses1 & ,arson are mu* m important z causes ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,assault is also m important z a cause = lyn*+ ,negroes ?an = lyn*+ ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,*>t ,x %[s ! proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc1 = ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,! majority ( ! ,:ites & ,o!rs t h be5 lyn*$ 9 ?is section ( ! c\ntry h be5 lyn*$ = ,murd]4 ,! numb]s lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #cba1 ,rape #fi1 ,!ft #fc1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #db1 ,desp]adism #cj1 ,arson #ai1 ,assault #f1 ,unkn[n #ej4 ,! p]c5tages lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #ec4e p] c5t1 ,rape #aa4e p] c5t1 ,!ft #aj4e p] c5t1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #g p] c5t1 ,desp]adism #e p] c5t1 ,arson #c4b p] c5t1 ,assault #a p] c5t1 ,unkn[n #h4c p] c5t4 ,*>t ,,xi %[s ! proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc1 = ,negroes4 ,z might be expect$1 ! causes arrange !mselves 9 ! same ord] z 9 ,*>t ,,ix4 ,! numb]s lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #gec1 ,rape #fge1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #bjf1 ,arson #ajd1 ,!ft #if1 ,assault #df1 ,desp]adism #ah1 ,unkn[n #hg4 ,! p]c5tages lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #ch p] c5t1 ,rape #cd p] c5t1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #aj4c p] c5t1 ,arson #e4b p] c5t1 ,!ft #d4h p] c5t1 ,assault #b4c p] c5t1 ,desp]adism 4#i p] c5t1 ,unkn[n #d4c p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ix4 ,,proportion ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes #ahhb-aijc ,,negroes ,illu/ration3 ,x4 ,,proportion ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,/ates #ahhb-aijc ,,:ites ,,& ,,o!rs ,a comp>ison ( ,*>ts ,x & ,,xi %[s h[ greatly ! lyn*+ ( ,negroes 9 ! ,s\? pr$om9ates ov] ! lyn*+ ( ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,aga9/ #fjj ,:ites & ,o!rs lyn*$ dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s1 #a1ihe ,negroes 7 lyn*$4 ,) reg>d to ! causes assign$ = ! lyn*+s a wide v>iation is obs]v$4 ,only #ch p] c5t ( ! ,negroes1 aga9/ #ec4e p] c5t ( ! ,:ites & ,o!rs1 7 lyn*$ = ,murd]4 ,rape /&s next to ,murd] 9 ord] ( importance 9 bo? cases1 b :ile #cd p] c5t ( ! ,negroes 7 lyn*$ = ,rape1 only #aa4e p] c5t ( ! ,:ites & ,o!rs 7 lyn*$ = t cause4 ,m9or ,(f5ses1 ,arson1 ,!ft1 & ,assault appe> z ( mu* m importance z causes = ! lyn*+ ( ,negroes ?an = ! lyn*+ ( ,:ites & ,o!rs4 ,^? :o assume t ! majority ( ! negroes lyn*$ 9 ! ,s\? are lyn*$ = ! crime ( rape aga9/ :ite wom51 & t ! lyn*+ ( negroes is !re=e ju/ifiable1 w f9d v little satisfaction 9 an exam9ation ( ,*>t ,,xi4 ,9 ! classification ( ! cases ! writ] has put e case :]e bo? rape & murd] 7 assign$ z ! cause1 "u ,rape4 ,x is possible t if a c>eful inve/igation 7 made ( all ! cases cr$it$ to ,murd]1 x might be f\nd t ! motive 9 "s cases 0 rape b t ! actual crime committ$ 0 murd]1 & t x 0 = rape z well z = murd] t ! negroes 9 su* cases 7 lyn*$4 ,! lyn*]s may h consid]$ !mselves ! av5g]s ( ! crime ( rape z well z ( ! crime ( murd]4 ,! /ati/ics1 h[ev]1 _c be made to %[ t m ?an ?irty-f\r p] c5t ( ! negroes lyn*$ 9 ! ,s\? dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s h be5 lyn*$ = ! crime ( rape1 ei!r attempt$1 alleg$1 or actually committ$2 & x is safe to say t if rape 7 connect$ ) ! (f5se 9 any case1 t fact w\ld ord9>ily be /at$ 9 ! report4 ,*>t ,,xii %[s ! proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ! ,we/]n ,gr\p ( ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc4 ,?is *>t cov]s ! total numb] ( p]sons lyn*$ 9 t section ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s1 no di/9ction be+ made ei!r z to race or nationality4 ,! numb]s lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #bgi1 ,!ft #aii1 ,desp]adism #fd1 ,rape #cd1 ,arson #ab1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #i1 ,assault #d1 ,unkn[n #ca4 ,! total numb] lyn*$ = all causes is #fcb4 ,! p]c5tages lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #dd4a p] c5t1 ,!ft #ca4e p] c5t1 ,desp]adism #aj4a p] c5t1 ,rape #e4d p] c5t1 ,arson #a4i p] c5t1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #a4d p] c5t1 ,assault 4#f p] c5t1 ,unkn[n #d4i p] c5t4 ,lyn*+s = ,!ft & ,desp]adism are p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,( ! #aii lyn*$ = ,!ft1 #ahi or #ie p] c5t 7 lyn*$ = /eal+ live /ock4 ,*>t ,,xiii %[s ! proportion lyn*$ = v>i\s causes 9 ! ,ea/]n ,gr\p ( ,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc4 ,! *>t cov]s ! total numb] ( p]sons1 )\t di/9ction z to race or nationality1 :o h be5 lyn*$ 9 t section ( ! c\ntry dur+ ! tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! majority h be5 lyn*$ = ,murd] & ,rape4 ,! numb]s lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #eh1 ,rape #ch1 ,!ft #g1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #c1 ,assault #b1 ,desp]adism #a1 ,unkn[n #aa4 ,none 7 lyn*$ = ,arson4 ,! p]c5tages lyn*$ = ! v>i\s causes are z foll[s3 ,murd] #dh4c p] c5t1 ,rape #ca4g p] c5t1 ,!ft #e4h p] c5t1 ,m9or ,(f5ses #b4e p] c5t1 ,assault #a4g p] c5t1 ,desp]adism 4#h p] c5t1 ,unkn[n #i4a p] c5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,xi4 ,,proportion ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,/ates #ahhb-aijc ,,negroes ,illu/ration3 ,,xii4 ,,proportion ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,/ates #ahhb-aijc ,?us f> 9 ?is inve/igation ! "q ( ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s has only ent]$ to ! ext5t ( divid+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ?ree sections1 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,/ates1 ! ,we/]n ,gr\p1 & ! ,ea/]n ,gr\p4#bah ,! foll[+ tables %[ ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s by ,/ates on ! basis ( ! numb] ( p]sons lyn*$1 ^! p]sons be+ classifi$ into ,:ites1 ,negroes & ,o!rs4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,lyn*$ ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc ,,:ites ,,negroes ,,o!rs ,,total ,mississippi #ci #bid #a #ccd ,texas #aad #aii #aa #cbd ,l\isiana #cd #bcb #ai #bhe ,georgia #bh #bda #bfi ,alabama #df #aih #bdd ,arkansas #fj #aci #a #bjj ,t5nessee #di #aej #aii ,k5tucky #fd #ajc #afg ,florida #ai #aae #acd ,s\? ,c>ol9a #h #aji #aag ,miss\ri #di #db #ia ,virg9ia #ba #gj #ia ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ae #dh #a #fd ,we/ ,virg9ia #ai #bg #df ,m>yl& #b #ah #bj ------ -------- ------ ---------- ,total #efg #aihe #cc #behe ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,lyn*$ ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc ,,:ites ,,negroes ,,o!rs ,,total ,indian ,t]ritory 7,oklahoma7 #gc #g #ae #ie ,montana #hj #a #d #he ,colorado #ee #c #f #fd ,nebraska #eb #b #b #ef ,kansas #cd #ag #ea ,cali=nia #bi #ab #da ,wyom+ #cg #cg ,dakota 7,nor? & ,s\?7 #bh #a #f #ce ,new ,mexico #cj #a #c #cd ,arizona #be #c #bh ,wa%+ton #bj #f #bf ,idaho #ad #e #ai ,oregon #ae #a #c #ai ,i[a #ae #a #af ,alaska #d #d #h ,utah #d #a #b #g ,m9nesota #e #a #f ,nevada #c #b #e ------ ---- ---- ------ ,total #ebc #cd #ge #fcb ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,lyn*$ ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc ,,:ites ,,negroes ,,o!rs ,,total ,indiana #da #aa #eb ,ohio #aj #aa #ba ,ill9ois #aa #aj #ba ,mi*igan #g #a #h ,p5nsylvania #b #e #g ,wiscons9 #f #f ,new ,york #a #a #b ,new ,j]sey #a #a ,connecticut #a #a ,delaw>e #a #a ---- ---- -- ------ ,total #gi #da #abj ,,total ,,numb] ,,( ,,p]sons ,,lyn*$1 #ahhb-aijc ,,:ites ,,negroes ,,o!rs ,,total ,s\!rn #efg #aihe #cc #behe ,we/]n #ebc #cd #ge #fcb ,ea/]n #gi #da #abj -------- -------- ------ -------- ,total #aafi #bjfj #ajh #cccg ,illu/ration3 ,,xiii4 ,,proportion ,,lyn*$ ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,causes ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,/ates #ahhb-aijc ,exclud+ ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates !re are no ,/ates 9 ! ,union 9 :i* lyn*+s h n tak5 place dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,9 =ty-five ( ! ,/ates & ,t]ritories1 z !y are at pres5t organiz$1 "o or m p]sons h be5 lyn*$ dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,/ates m ?an ?ree times z _m negroes z :ites h be5 lyn*$4 ,9 ,texas ! 8,o!rs0 7 ,mexicans1 ) ! exception ( "o ,indian2 9 ,l\isiana ! 8,o!rs0 7 all ,italians4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,gr\p ( ,/ates only ab\t five p] c5t ( ! p]sons lyn*$ 7 negroes :ile ne>ly twelve p] c5t 7 8,o!rs10 ! majority ( :om 7 ,indians1 b !re 7 also ,*9am51 ,mexicans1 ,italians1 a ,japanese1 a ,swiss1 & a ,bohemian4 ,9 ! ,ea/]n ,gr\p ( ,/ates ab\t ?irty-f\r p] c5t ( ! p]sons lyn*$ 7 negroes & ! re/ 7 :ites1 !re be+ no 8,o!rs40 ,only "o lyn*+ ) "o p]son lyn*$ is cr$it$ to ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates4 ,9 ,july1 #ahhf1 9 ,lit*field ,c\nty1 ,connecticut1 ,*>les ,lockwood1 a f>m-h&1 0 f\nd e>ly "o morn+ hang+ f ! limb ( a tree1 evid5tly hav+ be5 dead = sev]al h\rs4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,york ,times1#bai public op9ion 0 divid$ z to :e!r he _h be5 lyn*$ or _h committ$ suicide4 ,! coron]'s v]dict said t x 0 a case ( suicide4 ,to a dis9t]e/$ p>ty1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce appe>s v /rong 9 favor ( ! =m] view4 ,lockwood _h brutally murd]$ 8pretty ,mattie ,r&ell10 ( ,morris1 ,connecticut1 & escap$4 ,se>*+ p>ties 7 organiz$ & 7 sc\r+ ! c\ntry1 & feel+ ran high 9 ! community aga9/ him4 ,?reats 7 repeat$ly made aga9/ 8 life4 ,8 body 0 f\nd "o morn+ dangl+ f ! limb ( a tree4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 =m$ f read+ v>i\s newspap] acc\nts ( ! occurr5ce1 ! ,*icago ,tribune rightly includ$ ,*>les ,lockwood 9 ! li/ ( p]sons lyn*$ 9 ! ye> #ahhf4 ,= ! purpose ( /udy+ ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s ) a view to det]m9+ :at p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ! population1 if any1 promote & fo/] ! practice ( lyn*+1 x is ! numb] ( lyn*+s t h occurr$ 9 specifi$ di/ricts :i* %\ld be consid]$ r ?an ! numb] ( p]sons :o h be5 lyn*$ 9 ^? di/ricts4 ,n infrequ5tly sev]al p]sons h be5 lyn*$ at "o "t & su* cases w\ld t5d to vitiate any conclusions drawn f an inve/igation made on ! basis ( ! numb] ( p]sons lyn*$4 ,! circum/ances :i* surr\nd lyn*+s d n v>y 9 any respect accord+ to ! numb] ( victims at p>ticul> lyn*+s4 ,! foll[+ tables h !re=e be5 prep>$ to %[ ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s by ,/ates on ! basis ( ! numb] ( lyn*+s4 ,9 mak+ up ^! figures x 0 f\nd necess>y to e/abli% "s /&>d l5g? ( "t = a lyn*+4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( cases :]e p]sons 7 lyn*$ on succe$+ or subsequ5t days at or ne> ! same place1 & ! "q arose z to :e!r !re 0 "o lyn*+ or m ?an "o lyn*+ 9 su* cases4 ,x w\ld seem t ord9>ily1 if "o :ole day int]v5$ betwe5 ! lyn*+ ( "o p]son & ! lyn*+ ( ano!r p]son1 suffici5t "t _h elaps$ = ! excitem5t ov] ! lyn*+ ( ! fir/ p]son to abate some:at & t ! lyn*+ ( ! second p]son 9 su* a case c\ld n rightfully be consid]$ a "p ( ! prec$+ act ( mob viol5ce4 ,us+ ?is z a crit]ion1 all cases 9 :i* p]sons 7 lyn*$ on two succe$+ days at or ne> ! same place h be5 classifi$ z "o lyn*+1 b all cases 9 :i* at lea/ a day int]v5$ 9 ! lyn*+ ( two or m p]sons at or ne> ! same place h be5 classifi$ z two or m lyn*+s4 ,,numb] ,,( ,,lyn*+s ,,by ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc '#hb'hc'hd'he'hf'hg'hh'hi'ij'ia'ib'ic'id 'ie ,mississippi #c #aj #aj #ab #ab #aj #aj #bb #aa #bj #aa #ab #ad #ac ,georgia #c #e #e #i #f #d #ab #i #ag #aa #ac #aa #af #ad ,texas #aj #ac #ae #bj #ad #f #aj #aj #bb #ac #h #h #aj #ag ,l\isiana #e #c #e #b #f #i #g #h #h #ad #ah #ab #aa #d ,alabama #e #d #c #d #d #d #i #f #h #ad #ad #ag #ab #aj ,t5nessee #b #f #i #f #d #f #e #h #ab #bj #ad #ab #aa ,arkansas #b #g #f #g #c #h #b #e #f #aj #bj #i #f #g ,k5tucky #f #d #f #c #e #f #f #h #e #g #i #aa #af #ab ,florida #b #a #b #c #d #c #b #c #h #g #f #g #h ,s\? #f #c #a #a #d #b #b #e #d #a #e #aa #e #e ,c>ol9a ,miss\ri #c #b #c #f #d #a #a #g #a #a #e #d #e #d ,virg9ia #b #a #e #d #b #a #c #g #c #d #e #h #e #b ,nor? #b #c #f #b #c #f #c #b #b #e #b #a #a ,c>ol9a ,we/ #a #b #a #c #c #b #d #b #e #b ,virg9ia ,m>yl& #b #c #a #b #a #a #a #a #c ,total #ej #fa #fh #ij #gf #ff #ghajj #ihabjadfabeabcaaa '#if'ig'ih'ii'jj'ja'jb'jc,total ,mississippi #f #ae #ab #aa #ae #aa #i #ad #bfc ,georgia #h #ac #ab #ag #ad #ac #i #aj #bca ,texas #d #ad #c #f #b #g #e #f #bbc ,l\isiana #ba #aj #h #i #i #ad #aj #aa #bjd ,alabama #ac #af #h #e #h #ab #d #b #ahb ,t5nessee #ab #e #g #b #f #i #d #d #afd ,arkansas #d #aj #aj #e #f #e #f #aj #aed ,k5tucky #f #g #e #c #a #d #h #b #adj ,florida #g #f #a #d #g #e #c #f #ie ,s\? #d #f #e #a #b #e #b #e #he ,c>ol9a ,miss\ri #e #c #e #c #b #d #d #c #gf ,virg9ia #e #d #a #e #b #d #gc ,nor? #a #b #b #b #c #a #c #a #ec ,c>ol9a ,we/ #a #a #a #b #a #b #a #cd ,virg9ia ,m>yl& #a #a #b #a #bj ,total #icaac #he #gj #hc #ic #gc #ge #aiig ,,numb] ,,( ,,lyn*+s ,,by ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,we/]n ,,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc '#hb'hc'hd'he'hf'hg'hh'hi'ij'ia'ib'ic'id 'ie ,indian #a #c #c #b #c #d #b #a #e #f #e ,t]ritory 7,oklahoma7 ,kansas #b #b #b #e #e #a #c #b #c #c #c #a ,nebraska #b #f #a #c #d #d #f #b #b #b #c ,colorado #f #a #c #a #c #d #b #b #a #a #b ,montana #e #i #b #c #b #c #a #a ,cali=nia #c #b #b #a #c #c #a #b #a #d #a #a #d ,new ,mexico #e #b #d #c #a #b #a #d #a ,dakota #a #a #c #b #c #a #b #a #a #a #a 7,nor? ,s\?7 ,wa%+ton #b #a #b #b #a #a #c #a #a #a #a ,arizona #d #a #a #a #b #b #a #b ,wyom+ #b #a #a #c #a #d ,i[a #c #b #b #a #b #b ,oregon #d #c #a #b ,idaho #a #a #b #a #a #a ,alaska #b ,m9nesota #b #b ,utah #c #b ,nevada #a #a ,total #be #bg #dj #bi #af #af #bh #bb #ab #af #ah #bb #ag #ah '#if'ig'ih'ii'jj'ja'jb'jc,total ,indian #d #a #c #a #c #dg ,t]ritory 7,oklahoma7 ,kansas #a #c #a #b #a #dj ,nebraska #ce ,colorado #b #c #a #cb ,montana #a #b #c #cb ,cali=nia #a #b #ca ,new ,mexico #bc ,dakota #b #a #bj 7,nor? ,s\?7 ,wa%+ton #a #a #ah ,arizona #b #a #ag ,wyom+ #a #a #b #af ,i[a #ab ,oregon #a #aa ,idaho #a #h ,alaska #c #a #f ,m9nesota #a #e ,utah #e ,nevada #b #a #e ,total #g #aa #h #d #d #aj #e #h #cfc ,,numb] ,,( ,,lyn*+s ,,by ,,ye>s ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,/ates1 #ahhb-aijc '#hb'hc'hd'he'hf'hg'hh'hi'ij'ia'ib'ic'id 'ie ,indiana #d #c #c #e #e #b #d #c #b #b ,ohio #b #a #a #c #b #a #a #d #b #b ,ill9ois #a #b #a #b #a #a #b #a #a ,mi*igan #b #a #a #a #a ,p5nsylvania #a #a #a #b #a ,wiscons9 #a #a #a #b #a ,new ,york #a ,connecticut #a ,delaw>e ,new ,j]sey #a ,total #g #g #f #e #aj #f #e #d #d #aj #f #e #g #c '#if'ig'ih'ii'jj'ja'jb'jc,total ,indiana #a #a #a #b #a #a #dj ,ohio #a #bj ,ill9ois #a #a #a #b #c #bj ,mi*igan #a #g ,p5nsylvania #a #g ,wiscons9 #f ,new ,york #a #b ,connecticut #a ,delaw>e #a #a ,new ,j]sey #a ,total #c #c #b #a #b #a #d #d #aje ,,total ,,numb] ,,( ,,lyn*+s ,,by ,,ye>s1 #ahhb-aijc '#hb'hc'hd'he'hf'hg'hh'hi'ij'ia'ib'ic'id 'ie ,s\!rn #ej #fa #fh #ij #gf #ff #ghajj #ihabjadfabeabcaaa ,/ates ,we/]n #be #bg #dj #bi #af #af #bh #bb #ab #af #ah #bb #ag #ah ,/ates ,ea/]n #g #g #f #e #aj #f #e #d #d #aj #f #e #g #c ,/ates ,total #hb #ieaadabdajb #hhajaabfaadadfagjaebadgacb '#if'ig'ih'ii'jj'ja'jb'jc,total ,s\!rn #icaac #he #gj #hc #ic #gc #ge #aiig ,/ates ,we/]n #g #aa #h #d #d #aj #e #h #cfc ,/ates ,ea/]n #c #c #b #a #b #a #d #d #aje ,/ates ,total #ajcabg #ie #ge #hiajd #hb #hg #bdfe ,if mu* t has be5 said & writt5 9 rec5t ye>s on ! subject ( lyn*+ is true2 if ! pres5ce ( ! color$ race1 because ( ! "* ( ! crimes :i* negroes commit1 is l>gely responsible = ! practice ( lyn*+2 if ! immigration into ?is c\ntry ( 8! scum ( ,europe0 is also responsible = ! practice2 if lyn*+ is1 9 addition1 a relic ( b>b>ism & a sign ( deg5]acy 9 ,am]ican civilization1--!n !re ought to be "s correlation betwe5 ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s & ! proportion ( ! :ite elem5t to ! color$ & ! =eign elem5ts 9 ! population1 & also betwe5 ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s & ! degree ( illit]acy 9 ! population4 ,) ?is idea 9 m9d an attempt has be5 made to f9d out :e!r any su* correlations exi/ ) ref]5ce to ! lyn*+s t h occurr$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,/ates & 9 ! ?ree ,/ates ( ! ,ea/]n ,gr\p 9 :i* lyn*+s h be5 mo/ num]\s4 ,9 ! foll[+ table ! p]c5tage :i* ! total numb] ( lyn*+s be>s to ! total population ( ^! sev]al ,/ates has be5 plac$ alongside ! p]c5tage ( ! negroes 9 ! population1 ! p]c5tage ( =eign born 9 ! population1 & ! p]c5tage ( illit]ates 9 ! population4 ,9 ! same table also !re h be5 giv5 ! p]c5tage ( ! p]sons lyn*$ 9 ^! sev]al ,/ates :o 7 :ites1 & ! p]c5tage ( ! p]sons lyn*$ :o 7 negroes4 ,f ?is table !re appe>s to be no di/9ct correlation betwe5 ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s & ! p]c5tage ( negroes 9 ! population4 ,9 a g5]al way ! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s to ! population is highe/ 9 ! ,/ates :]e ! negro elem5t is l>ge/1 b ,virg9ia1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & notably ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 are exceptions4 ,s f> z any correlation at all c be trac$ betwe5 ! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s & ! p]c5tage ( =eign born1 ! latt] v>ies inv]sely to ! =m]4 ,! p]c5tage ( illit]ates v>ies f ,/ate to ,/ate 9 ab\t ! same way t ! p]c5tage ( negroes does2 & h5ce !re is ! same g5]al conclusion to be drawn ) ref]5ce to ! correlation ( lyn*+s to illit]acy z ) ref]5ce to ! correlation ( lyn*+s to ! p]c5tage ( negroes1 namely1 t !re is no di/9ct correlation4 ,:5 ! p]c5tage ( ! p]sons lyn*$ :o 7 negroes is comp>$ ) ! p]c5tage ( negroes 9 ! population1 h[ev]1 x is at once app>5t t !re is a correlation betwe5 !m4 ,if plott$ graphically ! l9es repres5t+ ! two p]c5tages w\ld rise & fall 9 almo/ p]fect uni=mity1 only ,georgia & ,t5nessee pres5t+ slight exceptions to ! g5]al t5d5cy4 ,,p] ,,c5t ,,p] ,,c5t ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,( ,,:ites ,,( ,,negroes ,,lyn*+s ,,9 ,,9 ,,to ,,population,,population ,,population #aijj #ahijaijj #ahijaijj ,mississippi 4#jafidb4b #da4ceg4f #eh4e ,georgia 4#jajdec4b #ec4cdf4g #df4g ,texas 4#jjgcgh4a #gi4fba4h #bj4d ,l\isiana 4#jadgdi4i #eb4hej4j #dg4a ,alabama 4#jjiiee4a #ed4gdd4h #de4b ,t5nessee 4#jjhage4f #gf4bbd4d #bc4h ,arkansas 4#jaaggb4f #gb4jbg4d #bh4j ,k5tucky 4#jjfehe4f #hf4gad4d #ac4c ,florida 4#jagieg4e #ef4cdb4e #dc4g ,s\? 4#jjfcdj4a #da4fei4h #eh4d ,c>ol9a ,miss\ri 4#jjbdid4d #id4h #e4f #e4b ,virg9ia 4#jjcifa4f #fd4cch4d #ce4f ,nor? 4#jjbgfe4b #ff4gcd4g #cc4j ,c>ol9a ,we/ 4#jjceie4g #ie4e #d4c #d4e ,virg9ia ,m>yl& 4#jjafgi4c #hj4bbj4g #ai4h ,indiana 4#jjaeig4i #ig4g #b4a #b4c ,ohio 4#jjjdig4f #ig4g #b4d #b4c ,ill9ois 4#jjjdih4e #ih4b #a4e #a4h ,,p] ,,p] ,,p] ,,c5t ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,c5t ,,(,,c5t ,,(,,( ,,=eign,,illit]ates ,,9 ,,lyn*$,,lyn*$ ,,born ,,9 ,,population ,,:o ,,:o ,,population ,,7 ,,7 ,,:ites ,,negroes #ahijaijj #ahjjaijjbbj ,mississippi #aa4fg #hh4jb #j4f #j4edj4j #cb4j ,georgia #aj4dj #hi4ei #j4g #j4fci4h #cj4e ,texas #ce4ah #fa4da #f4h #e4iai4g #ad4e ,l\isiana #aa4ib #ha4dj #d4d #c4hde4h #ch4e ,alabama #ah4he #ha4ad #a4j #j4hda4j #cd4j ,t5nessee #bd4fb #ge4cg #a4a #j4ibf4f #bj4g ,arkansas #cj4j #fi4e #a4c #a4abf4f #bj4d ,k5tucky #ch4cb #fa4fg #c4b #b4cba4f #af4e ,florida #ad4ag #he4hb #e4i #d4ebg4h #ba4i ,s\? #f4hc #ic4af #j4e #j4dde4j #ce4i ,c>ol9a ,miss\ri #ec4hd #df4ae #h4h #g4j #i4a #f4d ,virg9ia #bc4jg #gf4ib #a4a #a4jcj4b #bb4i ,nor? #bc4dc #ge4j #j4b #j4bce4g #bh4g ,c>ol9a ,we/ #da4cj #eh4fi #b4e #b4caa4d #b4e ,virg9ia ,m>yl& #aj4j #ij4j #i4j #g4iae4g #aa4a ,indiana #gh4h #ba4a #f4g #e4f #f4c #d4f ,ohio #dg4f #eb4cab4e #aa4j #e4b #d4j ,ill9ois #eb4c #dg4fbb4j #bj4a #e4b #d4b ,= ! purpose ( fur!r inve/igat+ ! subject ( ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s 9 relation to p>ticul> *>act]i/ics ( ! population1 ! lyn*+s :i* h occurr$ dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s 9 ! ,s\!rn ,gr\p ( ,/ates & 9 ! ?ree ,/ates ( ! ,ea/]n ,gr\p 9 :i* lyn*+s h be5 mo/ num]\s 7 classifi$ accord+ to ! c\nties 9 :i* !y occurr$ 9 ^! sev]al ,/ates4 ,on ! basis ( ?is classification a c>eful /udy 0 made ( ! same *>act]i/ics ( ! population by c\nties z 7 consid]$ above ) ref]5ce to ! population by ,/ates4 ,! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s to ! population 9 ! sev]al c\nties :]e lyn*+s h tak5 place 0 comp>$ ) ! p]c5tage ( negroes1 ! p]c5tage ( =eign born1 & ! p]c5tage ( illit]ates 9 ^? sev]al c\nties4#bba ,to facilitate comp>ison1 trial *>ts 7 drawn on :i* ! p]c5tages 7 plott$ 9 graphic =m1 & ! results 7 c>efully not$4 ,9 ! comp>ison ( ! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s ) ! p]c5tage ( negroes 9 ! population by c\nties no correlation c be cle>ly di/+ui%$4 ,9 _m c\nties :]e ! negroes con/itute betwe5 sixty p] c5t & eighty p] c5t ( ! population ! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s is high1 b !re are also num]\s exceptions4 ,9 ! comp>ison ( ! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s ) ! p]c5tage ( =eign born 9 ! population by c\nties !re appe>s to be no di/+ui%able correlation4 ,x is %[n pretty conclusively1 h[ev]1 t !re is no t5d5cy = ! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s to increase :]e ! p]c5tage ( =eign born 9 ! population is l>ge4 ,9 ! comp>ison ( ! p]c5tage ( lyn*+s ) ! p]c5tage ( illit]ates 9 ! population by c\nties !re appe>s to be n ! slighte/ correlation4 ,! net result ( ?is inve/igation into "s *>act]i/ics ( ! population 9 relation to ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s is negative r ?an positive4 ,! proportion betwe5 ! :ite & color$ elem5ts 9 ! population does n seem to affect ! preval5ce ( lyn*+s4 ,x is only ! proportion ( :ites lyn*$ to negroes lyn*$ t seems to be> any relation to ! proportion betwe5 ! :ite & color$ elem5ts 9 ! population4 ,! p]c5tage ( =eign born 9 ! population does n seem to influ5ce ! preval5ce ( lyn*+s & !re is n ! slighte/ indication t ! practice ( lyn*+ is any?+ else ?an a ?or\ghly ,am]ican practice4 ,s f> z ! p]c5tage ( illit]ates 9 ! population is an indication ( ! degree ( culture & civilization possess$ by a community1 x does n appe> t lyn*+s are conf9$ to backw>d communities4 ,! d$uctions :i* may be drawn z a result ( ?is inve/igation af=d no explanation :y1 = in/ance1 a great] numb] ( lyn*+s occurr$ 9 ,decatur ,c\nty1 ,georgia1 ?an 9 any o!r c\nty 9 t ,/ate1 or :y !re 7 t5 lyn*+s 9 ,dallas ,c\nty1 ,alabama1 b only "o lyn*+ 9 ,l[ndes1 an adjo9+ c\nty4 ,x is probably true t ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s is l>gely affect$ by entirely local conditions1 conditions :i* _c be repres5t$ by /ati/ics4#bbb ,9 ?is *apt] no?+ has be5 said ab\t ! me?ods adopt$ = lyn*+ dur+ ! tw5ty-two-ye> p]iod4 ,9 ! record ( lyn*+s publi%$ by ! ,*icago ,tribune no m5tion is made ( ! mann] ( dea? :i* ! victims suff]$4 ,x is probably true t mo/ ( ! lyn*+s 7 ei!r by hang+ or by %oot+1 or by bo? hang+ & %oot+4 ,additional indignities & cruelties h n infrequ5tly be5 inflict$1 h[ev]1 & !re h be5 a numb] ( cases :]e ! victims h be5 burn$ alive4 ,! foll[+ cases ( lyn*+ by burn+ alive h come to ! writ]'s notice3 9 #ahhd1 "o 9 ,texas2 9 #ahia1 "o 9 ,texas1 "o 9 ,l\isiana2 9 #ahib1 "o 9 ,arkansas2 9 #ahic1 "o 9 ,texas2 9 #ahid1 "o 9 ,k5tucky2 9 #ahie1 "o 9 ,texas2 9 #ahig1 "o 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 9 #ahii1 "o 9 ,georgia1 "o 9 ,mississippi1 "o 9 ,k5tucky2 9 #aija1 "o 9 ,kansas2 9 #aijb1 ?ree 9 ,mississippi1 "o 9 ,arkansas1 "o 9 ,texas1 "o 9 ,colorado2 9 #aijc1 "o 9 ,ill9ois1 "o 9 ,delaw>e2 9 #aijd1 "o 9 ,mississippi1 "o 9 ,georgia1 at ea* ( :i* two p]sons 7 burn$ at ! /ake1 9 ! =m] in/ance "o ( !m be+ a woman4 ,9 all ^! cases ! victims 7 negroes & !y 7 believ$ to be ei!r guilty ( sev]al crimes or ( a s+le atroci\s crime4 ,! majority 7 lyn*$ = ! d\ble crime ( rape1 or attempt$ rape1 & murd]4 ,if ^! cases ( burn+ alive =m a li/ t is at all complete1 !re is gr\nd = believ+ t z ! practice ( lyn*+ cont9ues ! puni%m5ts inflict$ t5d to increase 9 sev]ity & ! victims are tortur$ m & m be=e dea? comes to _! relief4 ,:ile ! exact figures h be5 giv5 9 ?is inve/igation ( lyn*+s 9 rec5t ye>s bas$ on ! ,*icago ,tribune record1 x is to be rememb]$ t ^! figures are probably only approximations4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r exactly #c1ccg p]sons h be5 lyn*$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s1 or :e!r !re h be5 exactly #b1dfe lyn*+s4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ^! approximations are z ne>ly correct & z reliable z any t we %all ev] get1 & !re seems to be no reason :y !y %\ld n =m a s\nd basis = ! /ati/ical /udy attempt$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,lyn*-,,law ,,& ,,its ,,ju/ification ,= m ?an a c5tury ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ! legislature ( ,virg9ia has be5 appeal$ to z a ju/ification = rec\rse to lyn*-law4 ,9 ,revolution>y times x 0 held t ! imm$iate urg5cy & imm95t dang] ( ! situation ju/ifi$ ! summ>y & extra-legal measures t 7 tak5 to suppress conspiracies aga9/ ,am]ican patriots4 ,on ! fronti] x 0 urg$ t ! imm95ce ( ! dang] w>rant$ summ>y proc$ure aga9/ desp]adoes & m>aud]s1 at fir/ m]ely :ipp+ & bani%m5t1 lat] hang+ & summ>y execution4 ,9 ! "t ( ! anti-slav]y agitation circum/ances _h aris5 "u :i* measures1 ?\gh n /rictly w>rant$ by law1 7 held to be ju/ifiable f ! nature ( ! (f5se4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! slave-hold] summ>y treatm5t 9 ! =m ( flogg+1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 & bani%+ ! abolitioni/ 0 :olly ju/ifiable4 ,! doctr9e t 8:5 ! law is ineffici5t to take hold ( a man ! p %\ld0 0 aga9 & aga9 ref]r$ to 9 support ( ! summ>y puni%m5t ( ! abolitioni/s4 ,hidd5 away 9 ,judge ,lawless's *>ge to ! ,/4 ,l\is gr& jury is ! same pr9ciple4#bbc ,if ! lawless viol5ce 0 ! "w ( ! 8_m10 if x 0 committ$ by a repres5tative numb] ( ! citiz5s :ile 9 a /ate ( fr5zy & excitem5t1 x mu/ be consid]$ beyond ! rea* ( human law4 ,9 #ahci1 ,w4 ,e4 ,*ann+ /at$ ! pr9ciple 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,und\bt$ly !re may be crimes1 s unnatural1 s t]rible to a community1 t a p may be =giv51 if1 deem+ ! usual =ms ( ju/ice too sl[1 !y assume ! p]il\s (fice ( inflict+ spe$y puni%m5t4444 ,!re is1 inde$1 z ,i h intimat$1 "o case :]e popul> commotion does comp>atively little h>m1 ,i mean t :i* is excit$ by "s d>+ crime1 :i* ! laws /]nly =bid1 & :i* s5ds an electric ?rill ( horror ?r\gh a virtu\s community4 ,9 su* a case1 ! public )\t law d ! "w ( law1 & en=ce ^? natural1 et]nal pr9ciples ( "r1 on :i* all legislation %\ld re/40#bbd ,gov]nor ,lyn*1 ( ,mississippi1 9 8 message to ! ,/ate legislature 9 #ahcf1 us$ ! foll[+ language ) ref]5ce to ! hang+ ( ! ,vicksburg gambl]s3 8,h[ev] we may regret ! occasion1 we are con/ra9$ to admit t necessity w sometimes prompt a summ>y mode ( trial & puni%m5t unkn[n to ! law40#bbe ,a few ye>s lat] ,capta9 ,m>ryat wrote3 8,engli%m5 express _! surprise t 9 a moral community su* a mon/rosity z ,lyn* law %\ld exi/2 b al?\gh ! pres5t sy/em1 :i* has be5 d]iv$ f ! orig9al ,lyn* law1 _c be too sev]ely condemn$1 x mu/1 9 ju/ice to ! ,am]icans1 be consid]$ t ! orig9al cu/om ( ,lyn* law 0 =c$ ^u !m by circum/ances4444 ,9 its orig9 ! practice 0 no m blameable ?an 7 ! laws e/abli%$ by ! ,pilgrim fa!rs on _! fir/ l&+ at ,plym\?1 or any law enact$ among/ a community left to !mselves1 _! own res\rces1 & _! own guidance & gov]nm5t4 ,lyn* law1 z at fir/ con/itut$1 0 no?+ m ?an puni%m5t aw>d$ to (f5d]s by a community :o _h be5 injur$1 & :o _h no law to ref] to1 & c\ld h no r$ress if !y did n take ! law into _! own h&s2 ! pres5t sy/em ( ,lyn* law is1 on ! contr>y1 an illegal ex]cise ( ! p[] ( ! majority 9 opposition to & defiance ( ! laws ( ! c\ntry1 & ! measure ( ju/ice adm9i/]$ & aw>d$ by ^? laws4 8,x mu/ be rememb]$ t fifty ye>s ago1 !re 7 b few :ite m5 to ! we/w>d ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s2 t ! ,/ates ( ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee 7 at t "t z scanty 9 population z ev5 n[ are ! di/ricts ( ,i[ay & ,columbia2 t by ! in/itutions ( ! ,union a di/rict requir$ a c]ta9 numb] ( inhabitants be=e x c\ld be ackn[l$g$ z ev5 a di/rict2 & t previ\s to su* ackn[l$gm5t1 ! p :o _h squatt$ on ! l& _h no claim to protection or law4 ,x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d1 t ^! di/ant t]ritories (f]$ an asylum to _m :o fl$ f ! v5geance ( ! laws1 m5 )\t pr9ciple1 ?ieves1 rogues1 & vagabonds1 :o escap+ !re1 w\ld (t5 int]f]e ) ! happ9ess & peace ( "s small yet well-conduct$ community1 :i* _h migrat$ & settl$ on ^! f]tile regions4 ,^! communities _h no appeal aga9/ p]sonal viol5ce1 no protection f rapacity & inju/ice4 ,!y 7 n yet )9 ! pale ( ! ,union4444 8,x 01 !re=e1 to rem$y ! defect ( !re be+ no e/abli%$ law1 t ,lyn* law1 z x is t]m$1 0 appli$ to2 )\t x1 all security1 all social happ9ess w\ld h be5 9 a /ate ( abeyance4 ,by degrees1 all di/urb]s ( ! public peace1 all (f5d]s aga9/ ju/ice met ) _! des]ts2 & x is a qu]y1 :e!r on its fir/ in/itution1 any law f ! b5* 0 m hone/ly & imp>tially adm9i/]$ ?an ?is v ,lyn* law1 :i* has n[ _h its "n pro/itut$ by ! mo/ b>b>\s excesses & contemptu\s violation ( all law :atev]4 ,! examples ,i am able to br+ =w>d ( ,lyn* law1 9 its primitive /ate1 w all be f\nd to h be5 bas$ ^u necessity1 & a due reg>d to morals & to ju/ice40#bbf ,9 #ahdc ! practice ( employ+ lyn*-law 9 fronti] settlem5ts 0 ju/ifi$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 8,until ! law 444 is completely e/abli%$ ! ,lyn* tribunals ass]t a concurr5t jurisdiction1 s to speak1 ) ! ord9>y c\rts2 & ?is jurisdiction !y pres]ve until ! population loses ! habit ( resort+ !reto1 & acquires t ( confid+ 9 ! protection af=d$ by ! legal tribunals2 a *ange ( habit :i* takes place1 we believe1 z soon z ^? tribunals h p[] to protect4 ,9 a new & ?9ly peopl$ c\ntry e man feels t he may at any "t be call$ ^u to act z 8 own protector4 ,a habit ( self-reliance is ?us g5]at$ :i* "t alone c conv]t into a habit ( rely+ ^u ! law40#bbg ,9 a book descriptive ( bord] life 9 ,texas1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #aheb1 ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law receiv$ ! foll[+ ju/ification3 8,x is ! /]n prim>y law ( self-pres]vation--?is bord] cu/om ( br++ crim9als be=e ! :ole body ( citiz5s = judgm5t--f :i* m5 sitt+ beside law-gu>d$ he>?s recoil 9 dismay1 & he>+ only its cruel side1 /igmatize z ! utt]ly unp>donable ,lyn* ,law4 ,mo/ true x is1 t no?+ b urg5t & deplorable necessity w drive a j & m]ciful man to p>ticipate 9 its tribunals1 b x is n less true t 9 fronti] settlem5ts1 if ! fe> ( its quick v5geance did n ov]awe ! wick$1 ! innoc5t & peaceful w\ld be 9 h\rly dang] ( wrong & outrage4444 8,! wild v]dicts bord]]s sometimes enact1 9 ! fai? t !y are j & ne$ful1 s\nd unc\?ly to ^? f5c$ r\nd ) regul> c\rts1 & mu/ seem dreadful to ,*ri/ian m5 accu/om$ to ! solemn decorum ) :i* con/itut$ c\rts deal out _! legal aw>ds ( *a9s1 la%es1 & hang+s2 yet1 se5 close at h&1 ) a k ( ! situation ( ! community1 & ( ! life & de$s ( ! evil-do]1 _m ( ,judge ,lyn*'s v]dicts w appe> m j & necess>y ?an half ( ! s5t5ces ( ! regul> c\rts4444 8,/atute law is b ! =mal expression ( :at ! l>g] community deems wise/ & mo/ j = ! g5]al welf>e1 ! small1 crude1 remote settlem5t does ! same = itself2 only )\t writ+ d[n its enactm5ts1 & 9 ! m summ>y way en=c$ by its peculi> situation4 ,x has no prison h\ses 9 :i* to deta9 a crim9al1 no c\rts 9 :i* to try him1 no funds :]e) to support him 9 long duress4 ,if a crime is committ$ ! accus$ has ! :ole community = judges & jury1 & if he is f\nd guilty by common suffrage !y proce$ to execute ! v]dict40#bbh ,ano!r writ] c>ries ! v9dication ( ! fronti]sm5 & pione]s /ill fur!r by attribut+ culpability to ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t = n provid+ remote settlem5ts ) legal tribunals1 s t rec\rse to lyn*-law w\ld h be5 unnecess>y4 ,he writes3 8,! great] %>e ( ! s9 & disgrace falls ^u ! gov]nm5t1 :i* leaves to its citiz5s a heavy & responsible (fice1 t ought to be gu>d$ by all ! solemnities & securities ( law40#bbi ,su* are ! argum5ts & ! l9es ( reason+ by :i* ! op]ation ( lyn*-law previ\s to ! ,civil ,w> 0 g5]ally ju/ifi$4#bcj ,v9dication 0 urg$ on gr\nds ( necessity or self-pres]vation & ! nature ( ! (f5se1 & x 0 lyn*-law z appli$ to :ites t 0 ?us v9dicat$4 ,! anti-slav]y agitation & ! emancipation ( ! slaves br\ght to ! support ( lyn*-law proc$ure ano!r factor--t ( race prejudice4 ,! numb] ( negroes lyn*$ 9 rec5t ye>s z comp>$ ) ! numb] ( :ites lyn*$ has indicat$ s cle>ly ! exi/5ce ( race prejudice t _m writ]s h giv5 to x ! *ief place among ! causes ( lyn*+s4 ,x is a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to consid] ?is race prejudice z ( rec5t orig9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,race prejudice betwe5 ! :ites & ! negroes 9 ?is c\ntry began ) ! l&+ ( ! fir/ %ip-load ( slaves 9 ,virg9ia4 ,9 describ+ ! condition ( ! negroes 9 ! colony ( ,virg9ia1 ,george ,w4 ,williams says3 8,x 0 n a mitigat+ circum/ance t ! :ite s]vants ( ! colony :o came into natural contact ) ! ,negroes 7 #8disord]ly p]sons1' or convicts s5t to ,virg9ia by an ord] ( ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,x 0 fix$ by public s5tim5t & law t !re %\ld be no relation betwe5 ! races4 ,! fir/ prohibition 0 made ,septemb] #ag1 #afcj4 ,hugh ,davis1 a :ite s]vant1 0 publicly flogg$ #8be=e an assembly ( ,negroes & o!rs1' = defil+ himself ) a ,negro4 ,x 0 also requir$ t he %\ld confess z mu* on ! foll[+ ,sabba?4444 ,all int]c\rse 0 cut (f betwe5 ! races4 ,int]m>ry+ ( :ites & blacks 0 prohibit$ by sev]e laws4 ,& ! mo/ common civilities & am5ities 7 fr[n$ d[n :5 int5d$ = a ,negro4 ,! plantation 0 z religi\s z ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* 0 z secul> z ! plantation4 ,! #8:ite ,*ri/ians' hat$ ! ,negro1 & ! ,*ur* be/[$ ^u him a mo/ b\ntiful am\nt ( neglect40#bca ,! importation ( negroes f ,africa into ?is c\ntry br\ght a /ream ( racial h]$ity f ! torrid zone to m+le ) a simil> /ream :i* _h its orig9 & developm5t 9 ! nor? temp]ate zone4 ,:5 ^! two /reams met1 ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! =m] 73 civilization ( a v l[ level2 no lett]s or art or sci5ce1 language 9 ! agglut9ative /ate2 indu/ries conf9$ to a v elem5t>y agriculture1 fi%+1 a little hunt+1 & "s simple h&icrafts2 no religion except t :i* expla9s all natural ph5om5a by ref]5ce to spirits1 mo/ly ill-dispos$ t[>ds man2 physical & psy*ic *>act]i/ics sub/antially uni=m1 only tra9$ obs]v]s be+ able to detect diff]5ces "h & !re4 ,! /ream f ! nor? temp]ate zone1 on ! contr>y1 0 *>act]iz$ by an h]$it>y end[m5t delicately adju/$ to ! highe/ civilization record$ 9 hi/ory4 ,a diff]5ce & contra/ bett] adapt$ to br++ ab\t racial antagonism c sc>cely be conceiv$4#bcb ,on bo? physical & psy*ic gr\nds !re is reason = an antagoni/ic feel+ betwe5 ! :ite race & ! black race4 ,physically !re is great div]sity betwe5 ! racial types ( ! two races4 ,! color ( ! negro's sk91 8 k9ky hair1 & 8 g5]al physiognomy1 especially 8 flat nose & protrud+ lips ) rec$+ 7actual or app>5t7 =ehead1--all are widely div]se f ! :ite man's /&>d ( beauty & symmetry4 ,measur$ by ! ,caucasian ideal ! features ( ! negro are co>se & animal-l4 ,to mo/ :ite p]sons1 also1 ! odor aris+ f an assemblage ( negroes is extremely disagreeable1 & "s negroes say t !y f9d ! odor ( :ite p]sons simil>ly di/a/eful4#bcc ,) ref]5ce to ! psy*ic *>act]i/ics ( ! two races1 _! intellectual & moral traits1 !re is ev5 great] div]sity4 ,9 _! religion1 & ess5tial mann]s1 cu/oms1 & habits ( ?\ght1 ! diff]5ces are s great z to con/itute almo/ opposite extremes4 ,!re is a total lack ( any?+ l a community ( int]e/ betwe5 ! two races4 ,memb]s ( ! :ite race & ( ! black race d n f9d satisfaction 9 int]m>riage & m+l+ toge!r ar\nd ! he>?/one4 ,! :ites & ! blacks nev] h associat$ & d n to-day associate toge!r 9 public & 9 private z "o p4#bcd ,:5 two races1 occupy+ ! same t]ritory & liv+ side by side1 diff] s widely 9 _! physical features1 9 _! int]e/s & 9 _! atta9m5ts1 z d ! :ite & color$ races 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is mo/ natural & inde$ almo/ inevitable t prejudice %\ld arise betwe5 !m4 ,! in/itution ( slav]y has no d\bt creat$ a ca/e feel+ on ! "p ( ! ma/] race1 & yet ?is is b ! /r5g!n+ & deep5+ ( a natural race antipa?y1 ! causes = :i* are evid5t4 ,slav]y m]ely int5sifi$ a feel+ t 0 due to o!r causes4 ,x is an error to say t slav]y has be5 ! cause ( all ! prejudice aga9/ ! negro4#bce ,x is true t ! black race long wore ! *a9 ( slav]y & 0 reg>d$ z an inf]ior race1 & ?is 0 true 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z well z else:]e2 b ! reason = ! antagoni/ic feel+ lies deep] ?an t fact4#bcf ,an indication ( ! exi/5ce ( racial prejudice dur+ ! p]iod ( slav]y is f\nd 9 a report adopt$ at ! 8,second ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,p ( ,color0 :i* met at ,philadelphia 9 ,june1 #ahcb4 ,?is conv5tion1 compos$ ( free negroes1 adopt$ a resolution 9 :i* ! foll[+ passage occurs3 8,! rec5t occurr5ces at ! ,s\? h swell$ ! tide ( prejudice until x has almo/ revolutioniz$ public s5tim5t1 :i* has giv5 bir? to sev]e legislative enactm5ts 9 "s ( ! ,/ates1 & almo/ ru9$ our int]e/s & prospects 9 o!rs1 9 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( y\r ,committee1 our situation is m prec>i\s ?an x has be5 at any o!r p]iod s9ce ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,! ev5ts ( ! pa/ ye> h be5 m fruitful 9 p]secution1 & h pres5t$ m inducem5ts ?an any o!r p]iod ( ! hi/ory ( our c\ntry1 = ! m5 ( color to fly f ! graves ( _! fa!rs1 & seek new homes 9 a l& :]e ! ro>+ bill[s ( prejudice are less injuri\s to _! rights & privileges40#bcg ,to ?is view ( ! matt] !re is an app>5t objection4 ,x w\ld seem t if race prejudice exi/$ dur+ ! "t ( slav]y1 x %\ld h manife/$ itself 9 ! =m ( summ>y treatm5t ( ! negroes m frequ5tly ?an x did4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no occasion = its manife/ation4 ,s long z ! blacks 7 valuable z slaves & accept$ _! inf]ior position )\t prote/1 no "o want$ to get rid ( !m or put !m to dea?4 ,! fact t slaves 7 prop]ty1 & 9 t capacity 7 am5able to ! laws1 made rec\rse to unlawful proc$ure aga9/ !m bo? unwise & unnecess>y4 ,x 0 only 9 cases ( insurrection among ! slaves1 or :5 "s especially brutal & b>b>\s crime 0 committ$ by a negro1 t summ>y measures 7 adopt$ prior to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,at su* times negroes 7 kill$ )\t m]cy1 sometimes !y 7 tortur$ & _! bodies mutilat$ :ile /ill alive1 & occasionally !y 7 burn$ to dea?4 ,b ^! 7 extraord9>y occasions2 ord9>ily ! law 0 all[$ to take its c\rse4#bch ,a c>eful /udy ( ! relations :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! two races f #afai to #ahfj w reveal ! pres5ce ( m or less racial antipa?y4 ,! in/itution ( slav]y1 h[ev]1 act$ z a *eck to ! manife/ation ( ?is antagoni/ic feel+ z reg>ds ! mann] ( proc$ure = ! puni%m5t ( negroes accus$ ( s]i\s (f5ses4 8,slav]y 01 9 its way1 a ?or\ghgo+ s*ool2 ! negro race 0 educat$ 9 ! cotton-fields & cab9s ( ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! ,old ,s\? !re 0 v little negro crime & no negro idl5ess4 ,! negro work$ "u direction2 he 0 taught h[ to "w2 he *e]fully accept$ 8 "w1 & he 0 ! s\l ( fidelity1 z ! hi/ory ( ! w> prov$40#bci ,re/ra9ts 7 plac$ ar\nd him2 he receiv$ protection & gu>dian%ip2 &1 above all1 he receiv$ an indu/rial tra9+ :i* gave him "s degree ( control ov] 8 own impulses & actions4 ,he 0 look$ ^u & gov]n$ z a *ild1 & he 0 puni%$ z a *ild :5 he committ$ a brea* ( ! peace or "s s]i\s (f5se aga9/ p]son or prop]ty4 ,! legal proc$ure = ! puni%m5t ( negroes1 bas$ ^u ! prop]ty "r 9 slaves1 0 9 p]fect accord ) ! ord] ( society t _h be5 e/abli%$ dur+ two hundr$ ye>s or m ( slav]y4 ,:5 ! in/itution ( slav]y 0 attack$ 9 ! e>ly ?irties & dur+ ! ye>s ( controv]sy :i* foll[$1 & /ill m :5 x 0 f9ally ov]?r[n 9 ! sixties1 race prejudice began to manife/ itself 9 ! mann] ( treatm5t accord$ negro crim9als4 ,by ! emancipation ( ! slaves 9 #ahfc1 "u ! exi/+ conditions1 absolutely no re/riction 0 left ^u its manife/ation1 = ! prop]ty "r 9 ! negro _h be5 swept away & ! great mass ( ! negroes1 f9d+ all ! old re/ra9ts sudd5ly remov$1 naturally mi/ook lib]ty = lic5se & committ$ _m excesses4 ,l>ge numb]s ( negroes ceas$ to "w4 8,! wor/ in/9cts ( ! negro came to ! front2 ! p]c5tage ( crim9als among negroes increas$ to an al>m+ ext5t2 _m 7 guilty ( crimes ( viol5ce ( ! mo/ he9\s & repulsive k9d40#bdj ,! result ( emancipation _h n be5 fully anticipat$ & no adequate legal provision 0 made = ! control ( ! fre$m54 ,! f\ndation _h be5 remov$ f ! old legal sy/em & no new sy/em 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! place ( ! old "o :i* to any degree c\ld cope ) ! condition ( affairs4 ,fur!r1 n only did ! emancipation ( ! slaves leave no re/riction ^u ! manife/ation ( race prejudice 9 ! =m ( summ>y proc$ure aga9/ negro crim9als1 b ! sudd5 elevation ( ! negroes to political equality ) ! :ites directly enc\rag$ its display4 8,two hundr$ ye>s or m ( slav]y educat$ bo? ! :ite & ! black to a fix$ ord] ( society1 9 :i* ! negro 0 ! s]vant & ! :ite man ! ma/]4 ,9 "o g5]ation1 ?r\gh z deva/at+ a w> z any c\ntry ev] exp]i5c$1 slav]y 0 aboli%$1 ! va/ prop]ty int]e/s 9 ! slave de/roy$1 ! /ructure ( society rev]s$1 ! ma/] put at ! bottom & ! slave at ! top40#bda ,9 ! light ( subsequ5t hi/ory a great] mi/ake c\ld sc>cely h be5 made ?an t ( giv+ ! elective fran*ise to ! newly emancipat$ slave4 ,he 0 f> f be+ a fully develop$ man capable ( ex]cis+ ! duties ( citiz5%ip 9 a democratic gov]nm5t1 b 9 ! legal in/itutions :i* 7 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,s\? dur+ ! p]iod ( ,recon/ruction x 0 assum$ t he 0 entitl$ to an equal %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t ) 8 =m] ma/]4 ,a legal sy/em 0 e/abli%$ :i* _h no basis 9 ! ord] ( society !n exi/+4 ,! result 0 enmity & bitt]ness betwe5 :ites & blacks at a "t :5 !re %\ld h be5 sympa?y & =be>ance1 & summ>y & illegal measures 7 adopt$ by ! :ites to prev5t negro dom9ation4 ,any "o :o w\ld deal intellig5tly ) ! que/ions pres5t+ !mselves 9 ! ,s\? to-day mu/ recognize ! exi/5ce ( a racial prejudice4 ,9 "s respects x is an unreason+ prejudice1 a prejudice 9 ! extreme s5se ( ! ^w1 b !re is also a real & sub/antial basis = su* racial antipa?y1 & x is a feel+ :i* is n likely to disappe> = g5]ations to come4 ,x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! consid]ation ( all rem$ies propos$ = exi/+ evils 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is some?+ t _c be remov$ by legislative enactm5ts2 nei!r c x be de/roy$ by con/ant cry+ out aga9/ x4 ,:ile x does n ju/ify ! lyn*+ ( negroes1 x does furni% a /&po9t f :i* ju/ification is easy1 & x is a fact :i* makes ! prev5tion ( su* lyn*+s extremely difficult1 p>ticul>ly :]e brutal crimes are committ$ ^u :ites by negroes4 ,! commone/ ju/ification = lyn*+ negroes 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! plausibility ( :i* re/s v l>gely on race prejudice1 is ! crime ( rape z direct$ aga9/ :ite wom54 ,accord+ to ,till+ha/ ?is crime has come into exi/5ce s9ce ! ,civil ,w>1 & its p]petrators are ov]come 9 _m cases by primitive passions :i* ma/] ! crim9al's :ole be+1 a great fe> be+ pres5t also :i* impels to murd]4#bdb ,/rictly speak+1 ?is crime has n come into exi/5ce s9ce ! ,civil ,w>4 ,x is n a new crime to ! negro4 ,x has m]ely increas$ & become m common along ) ! g5]al increase 9 crim9ality manife/ 9 ! negro race s9ce emancipation4#bdc ,9 colonial times laws 7 9 =ce 9 a numb] ( ! colonies provid+ = ! puni%m5t ( rape committ$ by negroes on :ite wom51 & !re 7 num]\s in/ances ( ! p]petration ( ?is crime4#bdd ,9 ! ye> #agje ! ,assembly ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,p5nsylvania enact$ t 8,,:]eas "s ,difficulties h aris5 )9 ?is ,prov9ce1 ab\t ! ,mann] ( ,trial & ,puni%m5t ( ,negroes committ+ ,murd]1 ,manslaught]1 ,bugg]y1 ,burgl>y1 ,rapes1 ,attempts ( ,rapes 444 x %all & may be lawful = two ju/ices ( ! ,peace ( ?is ,prov9ce1 :o %all be p>ticul>ly commissionat$ by ! ,gov]nor = t ,s]vice1 )9 ! respective ,c\nties !re(1 & ,six ( ! mo/ sub/antial ,freehold]s ( ! ,neighb\rhood to he>1 exam9e1 try & det]m9e 444 & %all be puni%$ by ,dea?4 ,& = an ,attempt ( ,rape or ,ravi%m5t on any :ite ,woman or ,maid1 & = robb+1 /eal+1 or fraudul5tly tak+ & c>ry+ away any ,goods1 liv+ or dead1 above ! ,value ( ,five ,p\nds1 e ,negroe1 ^u ,conviction ( any ( said ,crimes1 %all be :ipp$ ,?irty-n9e ,la%es1 & br&$ on ! ,=ehead ) ! ,lett] ,r or ,t1 & export$ out ( ?is ,prov9ce by ! ,ma/] or ,own]1 )9 ,six ,mon?s aft] ,conviction1 nev] to return into ! same1 ^u ,pa9 ( ,dea?1 & %all be kept 9 ,prison till ,exportation at _! ,ma/]s or ,own]s or _! own ,*>ge40#bde ,by an act pass$ ,decemb] #aj1 #agab1 ! colony ( ,new ,york provid$ t 8all & e ,negro ,indian or o!r ,slave1 :o 444 %all murd] or o!rwise kill 444 or conspire or attempt ! ,dea? ( any ( ,h] ,maje/y's liege p1 n be+ ,slaves1 or %all commit or attempt any rape on any ( said ,subjects1 or %all wilfully burn any dwell+-h\se1 b>n1 etc4 444 or %all wilfully mutilate1 mayhem or dismemb] any ( ! said ,subjects n be+ ,slaves z a=esaid1 or %all wilfully murd] any ,negro1 ,indian or ,mallatto ,slave )9 ?is ,colony1 & %all !re( be convict$ be=e ?ree or m ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace 444 9 ,conjunction ) five ( ! pr9cipal ffreehold]s ( ! ,c\nty :]e9 su* fact %all be committ$1 444 or be=e any ,c\rt ( ,oy] & ,t]m9] or ,g5]al ,gaole ,deliv]y 444 %all suff] ! pa9s ( ,dea? 9 su* mann] & ) su* circum/ances z ! aggravation or enormity ( _! ,crimes 9 ! ,judgm5t ( ! ,ju/ices ( ^? ,c\rts a=esaid1 or z 9 ! judgm5t ( ,sev5 ( ! said ,ju/ices & ffreehold]s !y %all m]it & require40#bdf ,by an act pass$ ,m>* #aa1 #agac-ad1 ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,new ,j]sey made ! above enactm5t ! law ( ,new ,j]sey1 & add$ ! provision t 8if any ,negro1 ,indian or ,mulatto ,slave %all attempt to ravi% any :ite ,woman or ,maid 444 any two ,ju/ices ( ! ,peace are h]eby au?oriz$ to inflict su* corporal ,puni%m5t1 n ext5d+ to ,life or ,limb1 ^u su* ,slave or ,slaves s (f5d+1 z to ! said ,ju/ices %all seem meet40 ,9 #agba ,delaw>e pass$ 8,an ,act = ! ,trial ( ,negroes0 ! provisions ( :i* 7 simil> to ^? ( ! law ( ,p5nsylvania enact$ 9 #agje4 ,two ju/ices ( ! peace1 8p>ticul>ly commissionat$ by ! ,gov]nor = t s]vice )9 ! respective c\nties !re(10 & six ( ! mo/ sub/antial freehold]s ( ! neighborhood1 7 to he>1 exam9e1 try & det]m9e (f5ses committ$ by negro or mulatto slaves1 & x 0 provid$ t 8if any ,negro or ,mulatto slave 444 %all attempt to commit a rape on a :ite woman or maid1 !y %all be tri$ 9 mann] a=esaid1 & %all be puni%$ by /&+ f\r h\rs 9 ! pillory at ! ,c\rt-,h\se on "s c\rt day1 ) bo? e>s nail$ to ! pillory1 & be=e he be tak5 d[n f ! same %all h bo? 8 e>s cut (f close to 8 head40#bdg ,by an act ( ,june #h1 #agea1 x became ! law ( ,m>yl& 8t if any slave or slaves %all at any "t consult1 advise1 conspire or attempt to raise any insurrection )9 ?is prov9ce1 or to murd] or poison any p]son or p]sons :atsoev]1 or to commit a rape ^u any :ite woman1 or to burn any h\se or h\ses1 & be !re( convict by confession or v]dict 444 %all suff] dea?1 z 9 cases ( felony1 )\t b5efit ( cl]gy40#bdh ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ageh1 ! ,assembly resolv$ to try 8a plan :i* w\ld save ! lives ( ! slaves & /ill act z a det]r5t f fur!r crimes40 ,x 0 enact$ 8t except = rape or murd] no male slave :o _h committ$ a crime :i* 0 ord9>ily puni%$ by dea? %\ld suff] dea? = ! fir/ (f5ce2 b t on due conviction su* an (f5d] %\ld be ca/rat$1 ! %]iff to be all[$ = ! op]ation tw5ty %ill+s to be paid by ! public4 ,! c\rt mu/ fix ! value ( ! slave be=e ! execution ( ?is s5t5ce1 s t if x %\ld be ! cause ( 8 dea? !re might be no dispute z to ! value to be paid 8 ma/]4 ,?ree p\nds 7 all[$ by ! public = ! cur+ ( ! slave's w\nds4 ,= ! second (f5ce dea? might be ! p5alty40#bdi ,=ego+ fur!r quotation & ref]5ce1 ! /atem5t may be made t 9 ! colonial p]iod1 :5 laws 7 enact$ = ! trial & puni%m5t ( (f5ses committ$ by negroes ^u :ites1 rape 0 usually "o ( ! (f5ses = :i* capital puni%m5t 0 provid$1 & consid]able discretion 0 g5]ally all[$ ! judicial au?orities z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! p5alty %\ld be inflict$1 ! me?ods ( hang+ & burn+ alive bo? be+ employ$4 ,9 ,massa*usetts1 9 ! ye> #afgf1 ,ba/o1 a negro slave1 0 s5t5c$ to be hang$ = rape on ! daught] ( 8 ma/]4#bej ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 9 ! ye> #agca1 8a negro slave call$ ,h>ry1 ravi%$ ,annatye ,pry]s1 b1 app>5tly )\t ex]cis+ mu* =ce2 s5t5c$ to receive =ty-"o la%es & to be br&$ on ! "r %\ld] ) ! lett] #8,b4'0#bea ,9 ,m>yl&1 9 #agci1 8two slaves ( ,anne ,arundel 7 execut$1 "o = burgl>y1 ! o!r = rape on a :ite woman2 & ! body ( ! second1 :o _h be5 a notori\s (f5d]1 0 hung 9 *a9s at "s di/ance f ! gall[s40#beb ,9 ,som]set ,c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey1 9 ! ye> #agdd1 a "y negro 0 burnt alive = ravi%+ a :ite *ild ab\t n9e ye>s old4#bec ,! puni%m5t ( burn+ alive1 :i* 0 sometimes appli$ to negroes by ! c\rts dur+ ! colonial p]iod1 01 h[ev]1 usually inflict$ = o!r (f5ses ?an rape1 su* z murd] or conspiracy to murd] 7p>ticul>ly by ! use ( poison71 insurrection1 & arson4#bed ,b ?is puni%m5t 0 nev] appli$ to negroes dur+ ! colonial p]iod except by judicial decree4 ,inde$1 ) ! possible exception ( ! slave insurrection 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 #agdj1bee !re are no in/ances record$ 9 colonial hi/ory :]e slaves 7 publicly execut$ )\t trial4#bef ,bo? by law & by public s5tim5t slaves 7 recogniz$ z *attels1 & :5 !y 7 execut$ = crimes = ! commission ( :i* ! own]s c\ld 9 no way be held responsible1 su* own]s 7 entitl$ to indemnification & c\ld ent] suit at law = damages4 ,x 0 cu/om>y = ! c\rts :5 pass+ s5t5ce ( dea? ^u a slave to fix ! valuation ( ! slave1 & ?is sum 0 !n paid to ! own]4 ,!re is evid5ce to %[ t ?is crime direct$ aga9/ :ite wom5 cont9u$ to be p]petrat$ d[n to ! "t ( ! ,civil ,w>4 ,! ,salem 7,mass47 ,gazette = ,octob] #e1 #ahac1 conta9$ ?is item3 8,at ! late t]m ( ! ,supreme ,judicial ,c\rt1 hold5 at ,nor?ampton1 ,pet] ,pyn]1 a black man1 0 convict$ ( a ,rape1 committ$ on ! body ( a :ite female4 ,! circum/ances ( ! case 7 ( a v di/ress+ nature1 & ! evid5ce ( 8 guilt cle> beyond a "q4 ,s5t5ce ( ,dea? 0 pron\nc$ by 8 ,honor ,*ief ,ju/ice ,p>sons1 9 a solemn & affect+ mann]40 ,! ,ri*mond ,enquir] ( ,decemb] #ad1 #ahac1 gives an acc\nt ( ! kill+ ( a negro slave by a :ite woman 9 def5se ( h] virtue4#beg ,! foll[+ passages are tak5 f ,niles' ,regi/] 9 ! ye>s #ahba & #ahbb4 8,a ,mon/]4 ,a negro fell[1 arm$ ) a gun1 seiz$ ^u a respectable m>ri$ lady1 ne> ,c>t]sville1 ,va41 & attempt$ to commit a rape on h]4 ,aft] a long conte/1 %e succe$$ 9 gett+ out ( 8 clut*es1 :5 he fir$ at h]1 b miss$ 8 aim4 ,ab\t an h\r aft]w>ds1 he 9 l mann] attack$ ano!r m>ri$ lady--n succe$+1 aft] a desp]ate /ruggle1 he attempt$ to kill h] ) a knife1 b %e wre/$ x f him1 & gett+ releas$1 ran away1 :5 he fir$ at h] & lodg$ _m %ot 9 ! back ( h] neck & head--& yet1 ?us w\nd$1 %e escap$4 ,! fell[ decl>$ 8 int5tion ( ?us s]v+ all ! :ite wom5 he c\ld meet )4 ,a rew>d is (f]$ = 8 appreh5sion40#beh 8,a negro1 ne> ,w9*e/]1 9 ,virg9ia1 lately assail$ two "y ladies1 ti$ !m to trees & compell$ !m to endure 8 loa?some c>esses2 b 0 happily fru/rat$ z to 8 ultimate design40#bei 8,trial ( ,n$4 ,a negro fell[ s nam$1 0 tri$ & condemn$ at ,norfolk on ! #ai? in/4 = ! crime ( committ+ a rape on ! p]son ( a respectable :ite woman4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty1 & ! decision ( ! c\rt 0 receiv$ ) a bur/ ( applause40#bfj 8,^! rem>ks 7 *iefly induc$ by reflect+ on ! late conspiracy at ,*>le/on1 & c]ta9 %ock+ enormities committ$ ne> ,norfolk & 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a on ! p]sons ( :ite wom51 = :i* ! p]petrators 7 put to dea?1 ! relation ( :i* is too disgu/+ = our pages4 ,?irty-five h be5 hung & o!rs rema9 = execution at ,*>le/on1 & _m 7 s5t5c$ to transportation1 c4 yet x appe>s t ! trials are n yet ov]4 ,! plot seems to h be5 well devis$1 its op]ation 0 ext5sive1 & its int5t t]rific4444 ,:5 ! plan 0 ne>ly ripe1 ! conspiracy 0 made kn[n1 & a l>ge numb] ( ! suppos$ pr9cipals 7 arre/$--tw5ty-two ( :om 7 execut$ 9 "o day6444 ,! sy/em ( slav]y involves 9 itself a /ate ( dreadful sev]ity1 = x is su/a9$ only by =ce--& ab\t #fj ye>s ago1 ?irte5 blacks 7 burnt alive 9 ! !n colony ( ,new ,york = insurrection>y movem5ts40#bfa ,! foll[+ item appe>$ 9 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,july #af1 #ahca 7#dj3 #cde73 8,a "y lady1 9 ,dupl9 ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ab\t f\rte5 ye>s old1 :ile proce$+ to pay a visit to a neighbor betwe5 elev5 & twelve o'clock1 noon1 0 violat$ & murd]$ close to ! road1 aft] an app>5tly sev]e /ruggle1 ! gr\nd at ! place be+ mu* trodd54 ,! ,inf]nal1 aft] accompli%+ 8 fir/ purpose1 cut h] ?roat6 ,no clue _h be5 discov]$ by :i* to trace ! villa940 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,augu/ #bd1 #ahcc 7#dd3 #dbc7 conta9$ ! foll[+3 8,a free negro call+ himself ,james ,w>field1 has be5 committ$ to ! jail ( ,h>=d c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 *>g$ ) ! commission ( a rape ^u a little girl ag$ n9e ye>s1 ! daught] ( ,mr4 ,william ,adams1 a respectable resid5t ( t c\nty40 ,su* evid5ce %[s t ! crime ( rape direct$ aga9/ :ite wom5 0 n unkn[n prior to #ahfj4bfb ,z reg>ds o!r crimes frequ5tly committ$ by negroes dur+ ! p]iod ( slav]y1 app>5tly x =m$ a r small proportion4 ,x 0 f> f be+ a crime t 0 m frequ5tly committ$ ?an any o!r1 & yet x 0 "o = ! p]petration ( :i* ! negroes %[$ a m>k$ prop5sity :5ev] an opportunity pres5t$ itself4 ,"u ! in/itution ( slav]y1 h[ev]1 su* opportunities 7 few4 ,f ! nature ( slav]y1 ! negro seldom _h an opportunity to ravi% a :ite woman4 ,! /rong1 burly negro :o 0 consid]$ dang]\s & likely to commit viol5ce 0 ord9>ily put at h>d labor 9 ! fields & kept "u /rict surveillance4 ,also1 ! discipl9e to :i* ! negro 0 subject$ :5 a slave gave him a ma/]y ov] himself :i* x has be5 extremely difficult = him to obta9 by 8 own ef=ts4 ,habits ( ob$i5ce & indu/ry1 h[ev] inculcat$1 g v f> t[>d re/ra9+ crim9al impulses4 ,! good effects ( ! discipl9e ( ! slave rgime 7 p>ticul>ly manife/ dur+ ! progress ( ! ,civil ,w>1 :5 ! ,s\!rn plant]s 7 oblig$ to leave _! families ) no o!r protectors ?an ! slaves1 & ^! slaves dis*>g$ _! tru/ ) uni=m fai?fulness & loyalty4 ,f ! colonial p]iod to ! beg9n+ ( ! anti-slav]y agitation 9 ! e>ly ?irties1 ! law 0 regul>ly all[$ to take its c\rse 9 deal+ ) negro crim9als4 ,v little incl9ation 0 %[n on ! "p ( ! p to inflict puni%m5t o!rwise ?an z 0 !n provid$ by law4 ,) reg>d to ! crime ( rape two in/ances may be cit$ :]e summ>y measures 7 employ$4 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,novemb] #ae1 #ahbc 7#be3 #agf7 conta9$ ?is item3 8,negro ,frank 0 lately tri$ at ,fr$]ick1 ,m>yl&1 = hav+ defl\r$ a "y :ite female4 ,t ! fact _h tak5 place1 & z /at$1 9 ! mo/ brutal mann]1 0 admitt$2 b ,frank 0 acquitt$ = ! want ( suffici5t pro( ( 8 p]son4 ,"s ( ! p1 h[ev]1 ?\ght he 0 guilty--&1 aft] 8 release1 he 0 beat5 s sev]ely1 z almo/ to deprive him ( life40 ,! foll[+ item appe>$ 9 ,niles' ,regi/] = ,m>* #aj1 #ahcb 7#db3 #bb73 8,a negro fell[ lately committ$ a horrid outrage on ! body ( a girl twelve or ?irte5 ye>s old1 ! daught] ( a respectable g5tleman 9 ,d9widdie c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 :o 0 almo/ kill$ by 8 brutality4 ,! ravi%] 0 caught by ! fa!r1 & in/antly puni%$ ) #aej la%es1 ( :i* x 0 believ$ t he w\ld die--if n he w\ld be br\ght to trial40 ,t !re 0 an increas+ disposition to resort to summ>y me?ods = ! puni%m5t ( negroes dur+ ! p]iod #ahcj-ahfj has be5 %[n 9 ! evid5ce cit$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv2 b s f> z ! infliction ( summ>y capital puni%m5t 0 conc]n$1 t did n become a s]i\s evil until ! "t ( ! ,recon/ruction ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates4 ,comp>atively few negroes 7 lyn*$ until aft] ! close ( ! ,w>4 ,x may be said1 !re=e1 t :ile race prejudice & ! crime ( rape aga9/ :ite wom5 bo? exi/$ z causes = ! summ>y treatm5t ( negroes prior to ! ,civil ,w>1 bo? 7 held 9 *eck by ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,x ?us appe>s t ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( slav]y !re 0 a great] reliance on legal proc$ure = ! treatm5t ( negroes accus$ ( he9\s (f5ses ?an has be5 manife/ s9ce t "t2 & n only did ! in/itution ( slav]y directly br+ ab\t ?is great] reliance on legal proc$ure1 by ! suppression ( ! /ronge/ inc5tives t[>d adopt+ summ>y & illegal proc$ure1 b x made possible ! enactm5t ( special laws provid+ = a m exp$iti\s trial & execution ( s5t5ce 9 ! case ( negro (f5d]s4 ,9 ! ye> #agdj1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a made ! foll[+ provision = ! trial ( slaves3 8,& :]eas1 natural ju/ice =bids t any p]son1 ( :at condition soev]1 %\ld be condemn$ unhe>d1 & ! ord] ( civil gov]nm5t requires t = ! due & equal adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 "s conv5i5t me?od & =m ( trial %\ld be e/abli%$2 ,be x !re=e enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 ,t all crimes & (f5ces :i* %all be committ$ by slaves 9 ?is ,prov9ce1 & = :i* capital puni%m5t %all or lawfully may be inflict$1 %all be he>d1 exam9$1 tri$1 adjudg$ & f9ally det]m9$ by any two ju/ices assign$ to keep ! peace1 & any numb] ( freehold]s n less ?an ?ree or m ?an five1 9 ! c\nty :]e ! (f5ces %all be committ$1 & :o lives 9 ! p>ts adjac5t1 & c be mo/ conv5i5tly assembl$2 ei!r ( :i* ju/ices1 on compla9t made or in=mation receiv$ ( any su* (f5ce committ$ by a slave1 %all commit ! (f5d] to ! safe cu/ody ( ! con/able ( ! p>i% :]e su* (f5ce %all be committ$1 & %all )\t delay1 by w>rant "u 8 h& & seal1 call to 8 assi/ance & reque/ any "o ( ! ne>e/ ju/ices ( ! peace to associate ) him1 & %all1 by ! same w>rant1 summon su* a numb] ( ! neighbor+ freehold]s z a=esaid1 to assemble & meet toge!r ) ! said ju/ices1 at a c]ta9 day & place1 n exce$+ ?ree days aft] ! appreh5d+ ( su* slave or slaves#bfc2 & ! ju/ices & freehold]s be+ s assembl$1 %all cause ! slave accus$ or *>g$1 to be br\ght be=e !m1 & %all he> ! accusation :i* %all be br\ght aga9/ su* slave1 & 8 or h] def5ce1 & %all proce$ to ! exam9ation ( witnesses & o!r evid5ces1 & f9ally to he> & det]m9e ! matt] br\ght be=e !m1 9 ! mo/ summ>y & exp$iti\s mann]2 & 9 case ! (f5d] %all be convict$ ( any crime = :i* by law ! (f5d] ought to suff] dea?1 ! said ju/ices %all give judgm5t1 & aw>d & cause execution ( _! s5t5ce to be done1 by inflict+ su* mann] ( dea? & at su* "t1 z ! said ju/ices1 by & ) ! cons5t ( ! freehold]s1 %all direct1 & :i* !y %all judge w be mo/ effectual to det] o!rs f (f5d+ 9 ! l mann]4 8,& be x fur!r enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 ,t if any crime or (f5ce n capital1 %all be committ$ by any slave1 su* slave %all be proce$$ aga9/ & tri$ = su* (f5ce 9 ! mann] h]e9be=e direct$1 by any "o ju/ice ( ! peace & any two freehold]s ( ! c\ntry :]e ! (f5ce %all be committ$1 & c be mo/ conv5i5tly assembl$2 & ! said ju/ice & freehold]s %all be assembl$1 summon$ & call$ toge!r1 & %all proce$ ^u ! trial ( any slave :o %all commit any (f5ce n capital1 9 l mann] z is h]e9be=e direct$ = try+ ( causes capital4 ,& 9 case any slave %all be convict$ be=e !m ( any (f5ce n capital1 ! said "o ju/ice1 by & ) ! cons5t ( ! said freehold]s1 %all give judgm5t = ! inflict+ any corporal puni%m5t1 n ext5d+ to ! tak+ away life or memb]1 z he & !y 9 _! discretion %all ?9k fit1 & %all aw>d & cause execution to be done accord+ly4 ,provid$ always1 t if ! said "o ju/ice & two freehold]s1 ^u exam9ation ( any slave *>g$ or accus$ be=e !m = an (f5ce n capital1 %all f9d ! same to be a great] (f5ce1 & may des]ve dea?1 !y %all1 ) all conv5i5t spe$1 summons & reque/ ! assi/ance ( ano!r ju/ice & "o or m freehold]s1 n exce$+ ?ree1 :i* said ju/ice & freehold]s newly assembl$1 %all jo9 ) ! ju/ice & freehold]s fir/ assembl$1 & %all proce$ 9 ! trial1 & unto f9al judgm5t & execution1 if ! case %all s require1 9 mann] z is h]e9be=e direct$ = ! trial ( capital (f5ces4 8,& be x fur!r enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 ,t two ju/ices & "o freehold]1 or "o ju/ice & two freehold]s1 ( ! said two ju/ices & ?ree freehold]s1 %all make a quorum1 & ! conviction or acquittal ( any slave or slaves by su* a quorum ( !m %all be f9al 9 all capital cases2 b on ! trial ( slaves = (f5ces n capital1 x %all & may be suffici5t if be=e s5t5ce or judgm5t %all be giv5 = inflict+ a corporal puni%m5t1 n ext5d+ to life or memb]1 t "o ju/ice & any "o ( ! freehold]s %all agree t ! slave accus$ is guilty ( ! (f5ce ) :i* he %all be *>g$4444 8,& :]eas1 slaves may be h>bor$ & enc\rag$ to commit (f5ces1 & conceal$ & receiv$ by free negroes1 & su* free negroes may escape ! puni%m5t due to _! crimes1 = want ( suffici5t & legal evid5ce aga9/ !m2 ,be x !re=e fur!r enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 ,t ! evid5ce ( any free ,indian or slave1 )\t oa?1 %all 9 l mann] be all[$ & admitt$ 9 all cases aga9/ any free negroes1 ,indians 7free ,indians 9 amity ) ?is gov]nm5t1 only except$17 mulattoe or mu/izoe2 & all crimes & (f5ces committ$ by free negroes1 ,indians1 7except z be=e except$17 mulattoes or mu/izoes1 %all be proce$$ 91 he>d1 tri$1 adjudg$ & det]m9$ by ! ju/ices & freehold]s appo9t$ by ?is ,act = ! trial ( slaves1 9 l mann]1 ord] & =m1 z is h]eby direct$ & appo9t$ = ! proce$+s & trial ( crimes & (f5ces committ$ by slaves2 any law1 /atute1 usage or cu/om to ! contr>y not)/&+40#bfd ,few ( ! o!r colonies made su* c>eful & compreh5sive provision = exp$it+ ! trial ( slaves1 :e!r accus$ ( m9or or ( capital (f5ses4 ,a numb] ( ! o!r colonies1 h[ev]1 made simil> provision = ! prompt trial ( slaves & foll[$ ! same g5]al pr9ciples 9 _! legislation affect+ ! puni%m5t ( (f5ses committ$ by slaves4#bfe ,inde$1 x 0 g5]ally true ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( slav]y t a special =m ( trial 0 provid$ 9 ! case ( slaves accus$ ( s]i\s (f5ses1 & t special p5alties 7 impos$ ^u su* (f5d]s4 ,x is to be not$ 9 ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,act ( #agdj t free negroes 7 giv5 ! same =m ( trial z ! slaves1 & t ! :ole purport & _s ( ! /atute 0 m]ely t ju/ice might be done4 ,s long z ! negro race 0 9 bondage to ! :ite race1 !n1 n only 7 ! incit+ causes ( negro lyn*+ l>gely held 9 *eck1 b su* provisions 7 made = ! trial & puni%m5t ( miscreant slaves t resort to lyn*+ 0 :olly )\t ju/ification4 ,ev5 aft] ! anti-slav]y agitation _h begun 9 ! e>ly ?irties & summ>y measures 7 occasionally tak5 aga9/ negro (f5d]s1 ju/ification 0 claim$ on ! gr\nd ( ! inc5di>y publications & utt]ances ( ! abolitioni/s r ?an ! specific crimes committ$ by ! blacks4 ,! fact t dur+ ! p]iod ( slav]y1 9 ! case ( ! rap+ ( :ite wom51 z well z ( o!r crimes1 ! law 0 g5]ally all[$ to take its c\rse1 goes f> t[>d refut+ ! argum5t t lyn*+ is necess>y to repress crime among ! negroes 9 ! ,s\? to-day4 ,hi/ory has %[n x to be a fundam5tal mi/ake to assume t illegal & summ>y proc$ure aga9/ a p>ticul> (f5se w det] f t (f5se4 ,z "o writ] has v =cibly said1 if an argum5t bas$ on ?is assumption 7 put into pla9 language1 x w\ld read3 8,let pa/ crime be met ) pres5t crime 9 ord] t future crime may be prev5t$40#bff ,all rev5geful deal+ ) crime has increas$ crime r ?an less5$ x4 ,! only det]r5t f crime t m5 h f\nd is ! prompt & c]ta9 & solemn puni%m5t by law1 su/a9$ & support$ by a confid5t1 unyield+ body ( public op9ion4#bfg ,! attempt to ju/ify ! lyn*+ ( negroes on ! plea t lyn*+ = rape committ$ ^u :ite wom5 is necess>y to repress t crime is )\t support 9 any respect4 ,fr$]ick ,d\glass less5$ ! =ce ( ?is plea v consid]ably :5 he po9t$ out t !re h be5 ?ree di/9ct excuses (f]$ = ! p]secution ( negroes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,fir/1 x 0 because ( insurrections2 !n1 x 0 ! fe> ( negro dom9ation & supremacy2 !n1 :5 nei!r ( ^! 0 any long] def5sible z an excuse1 ! crime ( assault ^u :ite wom5 0 put =w>d to ju/ify _! p]secution4#bfh ,! fact t n m ?an ?irty-f\r p] c5t ( ! negroes lyn*$ 9 ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s h be5 lyn*$ = t crime likewise vitiates su* a plea ( ju/ification4 ,! facts z kn[n indicate t lyn*+ = t crime1 in/ead ( hav+ a repressive influ5ce1 has directly /imulat$ its p]petration4 ,assaults on :ite wom5 h occurr$ aga9 & aga9 imm$iately foll[+ a lyn*+ = su* crime1 & !y h s occurr$ 9 ! same neighborhood :]e ! lyn*+ took place4#bfi ,x has be5 publicly /at$ t 9 "o in/ance a negro :o _h witness$ a lyn*+ = ?is crime actually committ$ an assault on 8 way home4#bgj ,! lyn*+ ( negroes 9 rec5t ye>s c be ju/ifi$ on no o!r gr\nd ?an t ! law z =mulat$ & adm9i/]$ has prov$ inadequate to deal ) ! situation--t !re has be5 gov]nm5tal ineffici5cy4 ,n t guilty negroes frequ5tly escape conviction 9 ! ,s\!rn c\rts1 or t !y fail to receive puni%m5t to ! full ext5t ( ! law1 b r t ! law & its adm9i/ration seem utt]ly unsuit$ to ! function ( deal+ ) negro crim9als4 ,a judicial sy/em adapt$ to a highly civiliz$ & cultur$ race is n equally applicable to a race ( inf]ior civilization1 & ! failure to realize ?is fact & act ^u x1 by mak+ special provision = ! control ( ! negro population 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates s9ce slav]y 0 aboli%$1 is a fundam5tal reason = ! disrepute into :i* legal proc$ure has fall5 z reg>ds negroes accus$ ( (f5ses aga9/ ! :ites4#bga ,! mi/akes ( ,recon/ruction times are n yet blott$ out 9 ! ,s\?4 ,ab/ractions /ill control :]e racial *>act]i/ics1 circum/ances1 & conditions %\ld be ! det]m9+ factors4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,civil ,w> ! ,s\!rn p h be5 bl9dly grop+ aft] "s sy/em o!r ?an slav]y :]eby two races ( widely diff]5t int]e/s & atta9m5ts c live toge!r 9 peace & h>mony "u a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 & at ! same "t a va/ numb] ( ,nor!rn p h be5 mis9t]pret+ _! motives & wat*+ e move ) a critical & suspici\s eye1 ready at any mom5t to %\t across ,mason & ,dixon's l9e t ! negroes mu/ h _! rights "u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! am5dm5ts !reto4#bgb ,"u su* conditions x has be5 practically impossible = ! ,s\? to f9d a satisfactory solution ( its problem1 & h]e9 lies all ! ju/ification t c be f\nd = ! use ( summ>y measures 9 deal+ ) ! increas+ crim9ality :i* has manife/$ itself 9 ! y\ng] g5]ations ( ! color$ race4 ,9 ! la/ analysis lyn*-law 9 ?is c\ntry is )\t any ju/ification :atsoev]4 ,9 a gov]nm5t f\nd$ on ! idea t ultimate p[] & au?ority %all re/ ) ! p1 & 9 :i* suffici5t facility has be5 giv5 to ! expression ( ! collective w ( ! p s t ! acts ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! =mulation ( ! law1 & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 ought adequately to repres5t ?is collective w1 !re is no t5able gr\nd on :i* to v9dicate ! practice ( puni%+ crim9als o!r ?an by ! regul>ly con/itut$ c\rts & ! (fic]s ( ! law4 ,b if circum/ances & conditions be tak5 into consid]ation & ! hi/ory ( ! practice c>efully not$1 x is possible to see h[ ju/ification has come ab\t ?r\gh ! diff]5t po9ts ( view t h be5 tak54 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! fronti]sm5 & pione]s summ>y proc$ure 9 c]ta9 cases 0 :olly ju/ifiable4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! ,s\!rn]s dur+ ! p]iod ( ,recon/ruction summ>y proc$ure 0 likewise :olly ju/ifiable4 ,to m5 liv+ 9 a community :]e a p>ticul>ly brutal & b>b>\s crime is committ$ ^u a :ite p]son by a negro1 ! prompt lyn*+ ( ! negro1 ev5 ) "s torture & cruelty1 seems entirely def5sible4 ,?us1 :ile we _c ju/ify ! practice ( lyn*+ on any gr\nd :atev]1 yet ! fact rema9s t x has be5 repeat$ly ju/ifi$ 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,rem$ies ,9 ! consid]ation ( rem$ies = lyn*+ x is to ! type ( lyn*-law proc$ure :i* prevails 9 well settl$ communities t att5tion is to be direct$4 ,! type ( lyn*-law proc$ure :i* is *>act]i/ic ( a fronti] society naturally ceases to exi/ ) ! disappe>ance ( t unorganiz$ =m ( society4 ,! *ang$ social conditions incid5t to an increas+ d5sity ( ! population 9 a fronti] region1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a regul> & adequate judici>y1 remove e cause = ! exi/5ce ( ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law4 ,! rapid colonization ( ! we/]n section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has ?us made t phase ( ! lyn*+ "q no long] a s]i\s matt]4 ,b h[ to put an end to ! practice ( lyn*+ 9 old] communities possess+ well e/abli%$ civil regulations is a problem = :i* ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h n yet f\nd a satisfactory solution4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 !re has be5 a /rong popul> s5tim5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 d[n to ! pres5t day1 excus+ & apologiz+ = lyn*-law proc$ure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 !re has n be5 want+ at ! same "t a _s ( d5unciation & disapprobation#bgc2 al?\gh x 0 n until ! e>ly n9eties1 :5 public att5tion 0 direct$ to ! subject by reason ( ! occurr5ce ( a numb] ( flagrant cases ( lyn*+1 t det]m9$ ef=ts 7 put =? to *eck ! practice4 ,previ\s to t "t su* discussion z !re 0 ( ! subject br\ght no effective re/ra9t to be> on ! cont9uance ( ! practice1 ei!r because ( ! int5sely p>tizan "* ( ! discussion z betwe5 ! ,nor? & ! ,s\?1 or because1 :ile ! practice 9 g5]al 0 d5\nc$1 p>ticul> in/ances ( lyn*+ 7 excus$4#bgd ,! newspap]s & magaz9es took comp>atively little notice ( lyn*+s until aft] ! ye> #ahij4 ,! newspap]s pr9t$ acc\nts ( su* occurr5ces1 b ! editorial prote/s 7 few1 & ! magaz9e lit]ature is almo/ b>r5 on ! subject4 ,on ,m>* #ad1 #ahia1 ! elev5 ,italians :o 7 accus$ ( complicity 9 ! murd] ( ! *ief ( police ( ,new ,orleans 7 summ>ily put to dea? by a mob4 ,on ,may #cj1 #ahia1 ,tump ,hampton1 color$1 0 burn$ at ! /ake 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,tammany1 ,l\isiana4 ,on ,janu>y #ca1 #ahic1 a negro by ! "n ( ,h5ry ,smi? 0 publicly burn$ at ! /ake ) extreme torture at ,p>is1 ,texas4#bge ,excursion tra9s 7 run = ! occasion & !re 7 _m wom5 & *ildr5 9 ! ?rong :i* wat*$ ! suff]+s ( ! victim4 ,^! & o!r in/ances ( a simil> "*1 toge!r ) ! increas$ numb] ( lyn*+s 9 ! ye>s #ahia1 #ahib1 #ahic 7,see *>ts ,i & ,,iv71 focus$ ! att5tion ( ! _w ^u ! ,am]ican practice ( lyn*+4 ,italy dem&$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates an indemnity = ! lyn*+ ( ! ,italians at ,new ,orleans4 ,=eign newspap]s & p]iodicals unit$ 9 heap+ abusive c5sure ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,repeat$ & insi/5t dem&s 7 made1 9 ,am]ica z well z 9 ,europe1 t lyn*]s be br\ght to ju/ice & be puni%$ z o!r murd]]s are puni%$4 ,an ef=t 0 also made at ?is "t to s organize =eign public op9ion t x w\ld be directly effective 9 putt+ an end to ! practice ( lyn*+4 ,miss ,ida ,b4 ,wells1 color$1 :o 0 editor ( ! ,free ,spee* publi%$ at ,memphis1 ,t5nessee1 & ^: pap] 0 suppress$ because %e s fi]cely d5\nc$ ! lyn*+ ( "s color$ "y m5 & arraign$ ! au?orities = fail+ to puni% ! lyn*]s1#bgf gave a s]ies ( lectures 9 ,engl& 9 #ahic-id1 & />t$ a crusade aga9/ lyn*+ by organiz+ anti-lyn*+ societies1 enroll+ z memb]s sev]al m5 ( int]national prom95ce4#bgg ,^! bodies propos$ to s5d a committee to ?is c\ntry 8to collect /ati/ics & quietly to inve/igate ! subject ( lyn*+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,! ,s\? rose en masse aga9/ su* a visit & ! gov]nors ( ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ) "o or two exceptions vehem5tly d5\nc$ ! :ole project4 ,! /atem5t ( ,gov]nor ,o',f]rall ( ,virg9ia1 himself an anti-lyn*+ man1 is typical ( ! ,s\!rn s5tim5t4 8,?+s h come to a pretty pass 9 ?is c\ntry10 he said 9 ! ,new ,york ,_w1 8:5 we are to h a lot ( ,engli% morali/s /ick+ _! noses into our int]nal affairs4 ,x is ! qu9tess5ce ( brass & impud5ce40#bgh ,! ,engli% committee nev] came to ?is c\ntry1 & ,miss ,wells at l5g? recogniz$ ! futility ( fur!r "w 9 ,engl& & return$ home4 ,%e has s9ce organiz$ anti-lyn*+ societies 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,nor?1#bgi & m rec5tly1 z *airman ( ! ,anti-lyn*+ ,bureau ( ! ,national ,afro-,am]ican ,c\ncil1 has to all appe>ance be5 work+ pr9cipally among h] own p1 urg+ !m to take /eps to prev5t lyn*+4#bhj ,out ( all ?is discussion1 agitation1 & c5sure !re came proposals = v>i\s rem$ies = lyn*+4 ,v>i\s reasons 7 assign$ = ! preval5ce ( ! practice & consequ5tly !re 0 little agreem5t 9 ! measures :i* 7 propos$ = its prev5tion or suppression1 b mo/ ( ! propos$ measures 7 ( ! nature ( new or additional laws direct$ specifically aga9/ lyn*+ or mob viol5ce4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahid a numb] ( ! citiz5s ( ,l\isiana petition$ ! legislature ( t ,/ate to enact /r+5t laws aga9/ lyn*+1 b ! legislature adj\rn$ )\t fulfill+ ! reque/4 ,a numb] ( gov]nors at ab\t ?is "t1 9 messages to ! ,/ate legislatures1 call$ att5tion to ! subject & recomm5d$ imm$iate legislation4 ,gov]nor ,hogg ( ,texas made ! matt] ( lyn*+ ! subject ( a special message1 d5\nc+ ! practice & /rongly urg+ ! enactm5t ( laws to prev5t x4 ,gov]nor ,o',f]rall1 9 a message to ! legislature ( ,virg9ia1 recomm5d$ t ! c\nty 9 :i* a lyn*+ occurs %\ld be requir$ to pay to ! ,/ate treasury a sum n exce$+ t5 ?\s& doll>s = ! b5efit ( ! public s*ool fund4 ,recomm5dations ( a simil> "* 7 subsequ5tly made by ! gov]nors ( ,m>yl& & ,georgia4 ,gov]nor ,atk9son ( ,georgia made ! unique recomm5dation t if an (fic] 9 *>ge ( a prison] is n requir$ to protect 8 *>ge at ! haz>d ( 8 own life1 he %\ld be requir$ to un%ackle ! prison]1 arm him1 & give him an opportunity to def5d himself4 ,on ! assumption t ! law's delay or sl[ness is ! pr9cipal cause = lyn*+1 ! gov]nors ( a numb] ( ,/ates (f]$ sugge/ions = a m exp$iti\s judicial proc$ure4 ,( ! _m measures propos$1 h[ev]1 & ( ! num]\s recomm5dations t special legislation be enact$ aga9/ lyn*+1 comp>atively few h receiv$ f ! v>i\s legislatures suffici5t consid]ation to lead to ! enactm5t ( laws on ! subject4#bha ,! legislature ( ,georgia1 9 ! ye> #ahic1 pass$ an act :i* au?oriz$ 8any (fic]1 *>g$ ) ! duty ( pres]v+ ! peace & execut+ ! lawful w>rants0 ( ! ,/ate1 :o %\ld h 8k ( any viol5ce attempt$ to be p]petrat$ ^u any citiz5 444 by mob viol5ce & )\t au?ority ( law10 to summon a posse ( citiz5s1 :o mu/ respond or be puni%$ = a misdemeanor1 ^: duty x %\ld be to use e means 9 _! p[]1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( tak+ human life1 to prev5t su* viol5ce4 ,x 0 made a misdemeanor = said (fic] to fail to call toge!r a posse 9 su* an em]g5cy1 & citiz5s :o respond$ 7 au?oriz$ to c>ry weapons 9 ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,any p]son engag$ 9 8mobb+ or lyn*+ any citiz5 444 )\t due process ( law0 %\ld be arre/$ & puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y = n less ?an "o nor long] ?an tw5ty ye>s2 & if dea? result$ f su* mob viol5ce ! p]son caus+ said dea? %\ld be subject to indictm5t & trial = ! (f5se ( murd]4#bhb ,! legislature ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 ! ye> #ahic pass$ an act :i* provid$ t e p]son :o %\ld conspire to break or ent]1 or :o %\ld engage 9 break+ or ent]+1 any jail or place ( conf9em5t ( prison]s = ! purpose ( kill+ or injur+ any p]son conf9$ !re9 w\ld be guilty ( a felony & be puni%able by a f9e ( n less ?an five hundr$ doll>s & by imprisonm5t = n less ?an two nor m ?an fifte5 ye>s4 ,x 0 made ! duty ( ! prosecut+ (fic] ( ! judicial di/rict 9 :i* su* a crime _h be5 committ$ to take imm$iate proce$+s aga9/ ! guilty p>ties1 & jurisdiction ( ! (f5se 0 conf]r$ ^u ! sup]ior c\rt ( any c\nty adjo9+ t 9 :i* ! viol5ce 0 committ$4 ,x 0 also made a misdemeanor puni%able by f9e & imprisonm5t1 "o or bo?1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 = a witness wilfully to fail to comply ) ! process s]v$ on him1 or1 aft] be+ sworn1 to refuse to answ] que/ions p]t95t to ! matt] be+ inve/igat$2 nor 0 any p]son to be excus$ f te/ify+ on ! gr\nd t 8 evid5ce might t5d to crim9ate himself1 = :5 he %\ld be ?us exam9$ z a witness = ! ,/ate he became altoge!r p>don$ ( any & all p>ticipation 9 ! crime conc]n+ :i* he 0 requir$ to te/ify4 ,! entire co/ incurr$ 9 ! prosecution 0 to be paid by ! c\nty 9 :i* ! crime 0 committ$1 & 9 case ! commission]s ( ! c\nty fail$ to provide a suffici5t gu>d = a jail 9 response to ! reque/ ( ! %]iff1 & ! jail %\ld be ent]$ & a prison] kill$1 ! c\nty became responsible 9 damages to be recov]$ by ! p]sonal repres5tatives ( ! prison] kill$4#bhc ,9 ! ye> #ahie ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,georgia enact$ additional legislation on ! subject ( lyn*+ by pass+ an act :i* made p5al ! (f5se ( h9d]+1 ob/ruct+1 or int]f]+ ) %]iffs or _! deputies or con/ables 9 ! execution ( any ord] or s5t5ce ( c\rt aft] trial 9 crim9al cases1 & requir+ %]iffs & con/ables to pres5t to ! gr& jury any & all p]sons s int]f]+4 ,p5alties 7 provid$ = ! (f5se & = failure to comply ) ! provisions ( ! act1 p[] be+ giv5 ! gov]nor to susp5d a d]elict %]iff or con/able & to decl>e 8 (fice vacant4#bhd ,9 ! con/itution :i* ,s\? ,c>ol9a adopt$ 9 #ahie1 x 0 provid$ t 89 case ( any prison] lawfully 9 ! *>ge1 cu/ody or control ( any (fic]1 ,/ate1 ,c\nty or municipal1 be+ seiz$ & tak5 f said (fic] ?r\gh 8 neglig5ce1 p]mission or connivance1 by a mob or o!r unlawful assemblage ( p]sons1 & at _! h&s suff]+ bodily viol5ce or dea?10 ! said (fic] %\ld be deem$ guilty ( a misdemeanor1 & ^u true bill f\nd %\ld be depos$ f (fice p5d+ trial1 & ^u conviction %\ld =feit 8 (fice1 &1 unless p>don$ by ! gov]nor1 %\ld be ineligible to hold any (fice ( tru/ or pr(it )9 ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 made ! duty ( ! prosecut+ attorney )9 ^: circuit or c\nty ! (f5se might be committ$ to =?) in/itute a prosecution aga9/ said (fic]1 :o %\ld be tri$ 9 su* c\nty 9 ! same circuit1 o!r ?an ! "o 9 :i* ! (f5se 0 committ$1 z ! attorney-g5]al might elect4 ,! fees & mileage ( all mat]ial witnesses bo? = ! ,/ate & ! def5se 7 to be paid by ! ,/ate treasur]4 ,x 0 also provid$ t 89 all cases ( lyn*+ :5 dea? ensues1 ! c\nty :]e su* lyn*+ takes place %all1 )\t reg>d to ! conduct ( ! (fic]s1 be liable 9 exempl>y damages ( n less ?an #b1jjj to ! legal repres5tatives ( ! p]son lyn*$10 & t 8any c\nty aga9/ :i* a judgm5t has be5 obta9$ = damages 9 any case ( lyn*+ %all h ! "r to recov] ! am\nt ( said judgm5t f ! p>ties engag$ 9 said lyn*+ 9 any c\rt ( compet5t jurisdiction40#bhe ,9 #ahif ,ohio ent]$ ! li/ ( ,/ates t h adopt$ anti-lyn*+ laws4 ,?is ,ohio act gave to lyn*+ its fir/ legal def9ition4 ,a lyn*+ & a mob are def9$ z foll[s3 8,t any collection ( individuals1 assembl$ = any unlawful purpose1 int5d+ to d damage or injury to any "o or pret5d+ to ex]cise correctional p[] ov] o!r p]sons by viol5ce1 & )\t au?ority ( law1 %all = ! purpose ( ?is act be reg>d$ z a #8mob1' & any act ( viol5ce ex]cis$ by !m ^u ! body ( any p]son1 %all con/itute a #8lyn*+4'0 ,"u ?is act any p]son :o is tak5 f ! h&s ( ! (fic]s ( ju/ice 9 any c\nty by a mob1 & is assault$ by ! same ) :ips1 clubs1 missiles1 or 9 any o!r mann]1 may recov] damages f ! c\nty to ! am\nt ( "o ?\s& doll>s2 any p]son assault$ by a mob & suff]+ lyn*+ at _! h&s may recov] f ! c\nty 9 :i* ! assault is made five hundr$ doll>s1 or1 if ! injury is s]i\s1 "o ?\s& doll>s1 or1 if x result 9 p]man5t disability to e>n a livelihood by manual labor1 five ?\s& doll>s2 & ! legal repres5tative ( any p]son suff]+ dea? by lyn*+ at ! h&s ( a mob may recov] f ! c\nty 9 :i* su* lyn*+ occurs ! sum ( five ?\s& doll>s1 provision be+ made = ! disposition ( ! recov]y 9 su* in/ances4 ,any p]son suff]+ dea? or injury at ! h&s ( a mob engag$ 9 an attempt to lyn* ano!r p]son is to be deem$ )9 ! provisions ( ! act1 he or 8 legal repres5tatives hav+ ! same "r ( action !reund] z "o purposely injur$ or kill$ by su* mob4 ,an ord] to ! commission]s ( a c\nty aga9/ :i* su* recov]y may be made1 to include ! same ) co/s ( action 9 ! next succe$+ tax levy ( said c\nty1 =ms a "p ( ! judgm5t 9 e su* case4 ,! c\nty1 h[ev]1 has a "r ( action to recov] ! am\nt ( any judgm5t aga9/ x1 includ+ co/s1 aga9/ any ( ! p>ties compos+ su* mob1 & any p]son pres5t ) ho/ile int5t at su* lyn*+ is to be deem$ a memb] ( ! mob & is liable to su* action4 ,9 case a mob %all c>ry a prison] into ano!r c\nty1 or %all come f ano!r c\nty to commit viol5ce on a prison] br\ght f su* c\nty = safe keep+1 ! c\nty 9 :i* ! lyn*+ 0 committ$ may recov] ! am\nt ( ! judgm5t & co/s aga9/ ! c\nty f :i* ! mob came1 unless !re 0 contributory neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! (ficials ( said c\nty 9 fail+ to protect ! prison] or disp]se said mob4 ,x is also provid$ t no?+ 9 ! act %all be held to relieve any p]son conc]n$ 9 su* lyn*+ f prosecution = homicide or assault = engag+ !re94#bhf ,by an act ( ,april #be1 #ahih1 x is fur!r provid$ 9 ! law ( ,ohio t :oev] %all break into or attempt to break into a jail or any prison1 or to attack an (fic]1 ) int5t to seize a prison] = ! purpose ( lyn*+1 %all be deem$ guilty ( a felony1 & %all be conf9$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y = n m ?an t5 ye>s nor less ?an "o ye>4#bhg ,9 #ahig1 ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 & ,texas enact$ laws direct$ aga9/ lyn*+4 ,by ! ,t5nessee act x 0 made a felony puni%able by f ?ree to tw5ty-"o ye>s' imprisonm5t1 & by full judgm5t ( infamy & disqualification1 = two or m p]sons to =m or rema9 9 any conspiracy or comb9ation1 "u any "n1 or ^u any pretext :atsoev]1 to take human life1 or engage 9 any act reasonably calculat$ to cause ! loss ( life2 or to inflict corporal puni%m5t or injury2 or to burn or o!rwise de/roy prop]ty or to feloni\sly take ! same4 ,x 0 likewise made a felony puni%able 9 l mann] = any p]son ei!r directly or indirectly to procure or enc\rage any "o to become or rema9 a memb] ( any su* unlawful conspiracy or comb9ation2 or = any p]son ei!r directly or indirectly to aid1 abet1 or enc\rage any p]son to engage or rema9 9 su* conspiracies or comb9ations1 or to aid or abet 9 ! accompli%m5t ( any purpose or end ( su* conspiracies or comb9ations4 ,any p]son guilty ( any ( ^! (f5ses 0 decl>$ to be incompet5t to sit or s]ve on any gr& or trav]se jury1 & x 0 made ! duty ( ! c\rt to c>efully exclude all su* p]sons f ! juries1 bo? gr& & petit4 ,x 0 provid$ t indictm5ts fram$ "u ! act 7 n to be held insuffici5t by reason ( ! g5]al nature ( ! *>ges pref]r$1 or = embrac+ m ?an "o ( said (f5ses 9 ! same indictm5t1 & ! act 0 to 8take effect f & aft] its passage1 ! public welf>e dem&+ x40#bhh ,by ! ,k5tucky 8,act to prev5t lyn*+1 c410 :i* 0 am5d$ by ! omission ( ?ree sections & ?us re-enact$ 9 #aijb1 x 0 provid$ t if any two or m p]sons %\ld conf$]ate or b& !mselves toge!r = ! purpose ( intimidat+1 al>m+1 di/urb+1 or injur+ any p]sons1 or to rescue any p]son or p]sons *>g$ ) a public (f5se f any (fic] ) ! view ( inflict+ any k9d ( puni%m5t on !m1 or ) ! view ( prev5t+ _! lawful prosecution = any su* (f5se or to d any feloni\s act1 !y1 or ei!r ( !m1 %\ld be deem$ guilty ( felony1 & ^u conviction %\ld be conf9$ 9 ! p5it5ti>y n less ?an "o nor m ?an five ye>s4 ,if any two or m p]sons %\ld conf$]ate or b& toge!r & g =? = ! purpose ( mole/+1 injur+1 or de/roy+ any prop]ty1 real or p]sonal1 ( ano!r p]son1 p]sons or corporation1 :e!r ! same be injur$1 mole/$ or damag$ or n1 !y %\ld be guilty ( a felony puni%able by a l p5alty2 & if any injury %\ld result to ! p]son or prop]ty ( any p]son or p]sons1 by reason ( any su* unlawful acts1 any "o p>ticipat+ 91 or aid+ or abett+1 su* unlawful acts %\ld be guilty ( a felony1 & ^u conviction %\ld be conf9$ 9 ! ,/ate p5it5ti>y n less ?an "o nor m ?an fifte5 ye>s1 unless dea? %\ld result1 9 :i* case ! p5alty = su* (f5se %\ld be t prescrib$ by law = murd]4 ,x 0 made no mitigation ( ! (f5se = any "o ^u 8 trial1 t he may h act$ ?r\gh heat or passion1 or t he may h act$ )\t malice1 & ! judge try+ ! case %\ld s in/ruct ! jury 9 writ+4 ,x 0 provid$1 also1 t any (fic] or p]son hav+ ! cu/ody ( a prison] %\ld h ! p[] & x %\ld be 8 duty to summon to 8 aid z _m ( ! able-bodi$ male citiz5s ( 8 c\nty z might be necess>y to protect su* prison]1 any p]son :o %\ld fail or refuse to respond to su* summons be+ liable to a f9e ( n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an five hundr$ doll>s2 & :5 any (fic] 9 *>ge ( a jail _h reasonable gr\nds to believe t said jail w\ld be attack$ by a mob or p]sons conf$]at$ or b&$ toge!r = ! purpose ( inflict+ viol5ce ^u any inmate ( said jail1 he 0 au?oriz$1 9 8 discretion1 to arm said ?reat5$ inmates1 ) a view to _! own protection4 ,au?ority 0 giv5 ! gov]nor to (f] a rew>d = ! appreh5sion & conviction ( any (f5d] ( ?is law 9 any sum n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s1 & also to employ detectives1 9 8 discretion1 n exce$+ two at any "o "t1 provid$ ! co/ !re( %\ld n exce$ ?ree ?\s& doll>s 9 any "o ye>4 ,! judge ( ! c\nty c\rt ( any c\nty 9 :i* ?is law %\ld be violat$ 0 also giv5 p[] to (f] a rew>d n exce$+ two hundr$ doll>s1 or supplem5t ! gov]nor's rew>d1 = ! arre/ & conviction ( any p]son violat+ ! act4 ,x 0 also provid$ t any p]son :o %\ld s5d1 circulate1 exhibit or put up any ?reat5+ notice or lett]1 %\ld ^u conviction !re( be f9$ n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an five hundr$ doll>s1 & be imprison$ 9 ! c\nty jail n less ?an ?ree nor m ?an twelve mon?s4 ,9 any prosecution "u ! act x %\ld be no exemption = a witness t 8 te/imony might incrim9ate himself2 b no su* te/imony %\ld be us$ aga9/ him 9 any prosecution except = p]jury1 & he %\ld be dis*>g$ f all liability = any violation ( ! act s necess>ily disclos$ 9 8 te/imony4#bhi ,by ! ,texas law1 :i* 0 enact$ at a special session ( ! legislature1 x 0 provid$ t :5ev] two or m p]sons %\ld comb9e toge!r = ! purpose ( mob viol5ce1 & 9 pursuance ( said comb9ation %\ld 8unlawfully & wilfully take ! life ( any reasonable creature 9 be+ by su* viol5ce10 su* p]son %\ld be deem$ guilty ( murd] by mob viol5ce1 & ^u conviction !re( %\ld be puni%$ by dea? or conf9em5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y = life1 or accord+ to ! degree ( murd]1 to be f\nd by ! jury4 ,x 0 made ! duty ( ! di/rict judges to give ?is law specially 9 *>ge to ! gr& jury at ! beg9n+ ( ea* t]m ( c\rt1 & prosecution = murd] "u ! act might be comm5c$ & c>ri$ on 9 any c\nty ( ! judicial di/rict 9 :i* ! (f5se %\ld be committ$1 except ! c\nty ( ! (f5se4 ,x 0 also provid$ t if any %]iff1 deputy %]iff1 con/able1 *ief ( police1 city m>%al or o!r (fic] 9 ! ,/ate %\ld p]mit or suff] any p]son 9 8 cu/ody *>g$ ) crime to be kill$ by "o or m p]sons1 or %\ld p]mit or suff] any su* p]son to be tak5 f 8 cu/ody & kill$ by "o or m p]sons1 he %\ld be deem$ guilty ( (ficial misconduct1 & be remov$ f (fice1 proce$+s = removal to be conduct$ by ! attorney-g5]al 9 accordance ) ! provisions ( ! act1 su* cases tak+ prec$5ce 9 all c\rts ( all o!r cases4 ,p5d+ trial su* (fic] %\ld be tempor>ily susp5d$ f 8 (fice & %\ld judgm5t be r5d]$ aga9/ him he %\ld n !reaft] be elect$ or appo9t$ to t (fice4 ,! f9al section ( ! act reads z foll[s3 8,! fact t !re is no adequate law 9 ?is ,/ate = ! suppression ( mob viol5ce1 creates an em]g5cy & an imp]ative public necessity t ! con/itutional rule requir+ all bills to be read on ?ree sev]al days be susp5d$1 & t ?is act take effect & be 9 =ce f & aft] its passage1 & x is s enact$40#bij ,9 #ahii an act deal+ ) ! subject ( lyn*+ & viol5ce by mobs 0 pass$ by ! legislature ( ,indiana4 ,9 ?is act a mob & a lyn*+ are def9$ z foll[s3 8,any collection ( individuals assembl$ = any unlawful purpose int5d+ to injure any p]son by viol5ce & )\t au?ority ( law %all1 = ! purpose ( ?is act1 be reg>d$ z a #8mob1' & any act ( viol5ce ex]cis$ by su* mob ^u ! body ( any p]son %all con/itute ! crime ( #8lyn*+1' :5 su* act or acts ( viol5ce result 9 dea?40 ,x is provid$ t any p]son :o actively p>ticipates 9 or actively aids or abets su* lyn*+1 ^u conviction !re(1 %all suff] dea? or be imprison$ dur+ life1 9 ! discretion ( ! jury1 & any p]son :o1 be+ a memb] ( any su* mob & pres5t at any su* lyn*+1 %all n actively p>ticipate 9 ! lyn*+1 %all be guilty ( abett+ su* lyn*+1 & ^u conviction !re( %all be imprison$ n less ?an two nor m ?an tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,e p]son :o %all1 aft] ! commission ( ! crime ( lyn*+1 h>bor1 conceal or assi/ any memb] ( su* mob1 ) ! int5t t he %all escape det5tion1 arre/1 capture1 or puni%m5t1 %all be deem$ an accessory aft] ! fact1 & ^u conviction !re( %all be imprison$ n m ?an tw5ty-"o ye>s nor less ?an two ye>s4 ,provision is made = ! mann] 9 :i* prosecutions %all be in/itut$ "u ! act1 & 9 case any p]sons %all come toge!r 9 any c\nty = ! purpose ( proce$+ to ano!r c\nty1 ) ! view ( lyn*+ any p]son1 or 9 case any p]son or p]sons %all pur*ase or procure any rope1 weapon1 or o!r in/rum5t 9 "o c\nty = ! purpose ( be+ us$ 9 lyn*+ any p]son 9 ano!r c\nty1 su* crime ( lyn*+1 if committ$1 %all con/itute a cont9u\s (f5se f ! "t ( its orig9al inception1 & ! c\rts ( any c\nty 9 :i* su* ov]t act has be5 committ$ %all h jurisdiction ov] ! p]son ( any memb] ( ! mob committ+ su* ov]t act4 ,p[] is giv5 ! %]iff to call by/&]s & o!rs to 8 assi/ance & arm !m = ! protection ( a prison]1 x be+ a misdemeanor = su* p]sons to refuse assi/ance1 puni%able by a f9e 9 any sum n less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s nor m ?an "o ?\s& doll>s1 & imprisonm5t 9 ! c\nty jail = a p]iod n exce$+ six mon?s4 ,if at any "t a %]iff has reason to believe t a prison] 9 8 cu/ody is 9 dang] ( be+ lyn*$1 & t he1 ) 8 deputies & assi/ants1 is n able to protect ! life ( su* prison]1 x %all be 8 duty at once to notify ! gov]nor ( su* facts2 :]eupon1 ! gov]nor %all be au?oriz$ to furni% su* militia z %all be necess>y to pres]ve ord] & def5d su* prison]4#bia ,9 #aija ! ,indiana act receiv$ ! foll[+ important am5dm5t3 8,if any p]son %all be tak5 f ! h&s ( a %]iff or 8 deputy hav+ su* p]son 9 cu/ody1 & %all be lyn*$1 x %all be conclusive evid5ce ( failure on ! "p ( su* %]iff to d 8 duty1 & 8 (fice %all !reby & !reat imm$iately be vacat$1 & ! coron] %all imm$iately succe$ to & p]=m ! duties ( %]iff until ! successor ( su* %]iff %all h be5 duly appo9t$1 pursuant to exi/+ law provid+ = ! fill+ vacancies 9 su* (fice1 & su* %]iff %all n !reaft] be eligible to ei!r election or reappo9tm5t to ! (fice ( %]iff3 ,provid$1 h[ev]1 ,t su* =m] %]iff may1 )9 t5 days aft] su* lyn*+ occurs1 file ) ! gov]nor 8 petition = re9/atem5t to ! (fice ( %]iff1 & %all give t5 days' notice ( ! fil+ ( su* petition to ! prosecut+ attorney ( ! c\nty 9 :i* su* lyn*+ occurr$ & also to ! attorney g5]al4 ,if ! gov]nor1 ^u he>+ ! evid5ce & argum5t1 if any1 pres5t$1 %all f9d t su* %]iff has done all 9 8 p[] to protect ! life ( su* prison] & p]=m$ ! duties requir$ ( him by exi/+ laws respect+ ! protection ( prison]s1 !n su* gov]nor may re9/ate su* %]iff 9 (fice44440#bib ,9 #ahii ! legislature ( ,mi*igan enact$ a law aga9/ lyn*+ modell$ on ! ,ohio act ( #ahif1 b 9 #aijc ?is law 0 repeal$4#bic ,9 ! con/itution :i* 0 adopt$ by ,alabama 9 #aija ?is provision 0 made 9 reg>d to ! responsibility ( %]iffs3 8,:5ev] any prison] is tak5 f jail or f ! cu/ody ( ! %]iff or 8 deputy1 & put to dea?1 or suff]s griev\s bodily h>m1 ow+ to ! neglect1 connivance1 c[>dice or o!r grave fault ( ! %]iff1 su* %]iff may be impea*$ "u ,section #agd ( ?is ,con/itution4 ,if ! %]iff be impea*$ & !reupon convict$1 he %all n be eligible to hold any (fice 9 ?is ,/ate dur+ ! "t = :i* he _h be5 elect$ to s]ve z %]iff40#bid ,9 response to a g5]al & a special message f ! gov]nor ( ,we/ ,virg9ia call+ att5tion to ! fact t )9 a ye> sev]al p]sons _h be5 8brutally murd]$ at ! h&s ( riot\s & lawless mobs10 ! legislature ( t ,/ate adopt$ a jo9t resolution on ,febru>y #c1 #aijc1 condemn+ 8su* riot\s & lawless acts0 & emp[]+ ! gov]nor1 by & ) ! aid & advice ( ! attorney-g5]al1 to inve/igate & place on foot su* means z 9 8 judgm5t 7 necess>y to br+ ! guilty p>ties to ju/ice4#bie ,prompt$ by ! flagrant case ( lyn*+ :i* occurr$ at ,pittsburg1 ,kansas1 on ,decemb] #be1 #aijb1bif ! legislature ( ,kansas e>ly 9 #aijc au?oriz$ c\nty commission]s to (f] & pay a rew>d 9 any sum n exce$+ five hundr$ doll>s = ! discov]y1 arre/1 & conviction ( ! p]petrator or p]petrators ( ! 8murd] or lyn*+ ( a human be+ committ$ 9 _! c\nty10#big & also enact$ a /atute aga9/ lyn*+ modell$ on ! ,indiana act ( #ahii & ! am5dm5t ( #aija4bih ,f ?is review ( ! legislation t has be5 enact$ aga9/ lyn*+ x appe>s t an application ( ! foll[+ rem$ies has be5 s\ght3 fir/1 an increase ( ! p[] ( %]iffs & ( _! responsibility = ! prop] dis*>ge ( ! duties ( _! (fice2 second1 heavi] p5alties = %]iffs & o!r (fic]s :o fail to protect f mob viol5ce any p]son lawfully 9 _! cu/ody2 ?ird1 heavi] p5alties = citiz5s :o break into jails1 or attack (fic]s1 or h9d] or ob/ruct legal proc$ure2 f\r?1 adequate provision 9 ! law = ! discov]y1 prosecution1 & puni%m5t ( lyn*]s2 fif?1 fix+ responsibility ^u a community by mak+ ! c\nty 9 :i* a lyn*+ occurs liable = damages1#bii & giv+ a "r ( recov]y to ! legal repres5tatives ( ! p]son lyn*$4 ,direct & def9ite in=mation z to ! effectiv5ess ( ^! measures 9 p>ticul> in/ances is some:at meag]1 b ! few cases t h aris5 9 ! c\rts af=d a basis = argum5t4#cjj ,on ,janu>y #f1 #ahig1 ,lawr5ce ,br[n1 color$1 0 lyn*$ 9 ,orangeburg ,c\nty1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 = suspect$ arson4 ,isaac ,br[n1 adm9i/rator ( ! e/ate ( ,lawr5ce ,br[n1 deceas$1 ent]$ suit aga9/ ,orangeburg ,c\nty 9 ! common pleas circuit c\rt ( t c\nty = ! recov]y ( damages "u ,section #f1 ,article #f1 ( ! con/itution1 & ! act to prev5t lyn*+ :i* 0 pass$ 9 #ahif4cja ,judgm5t 0 r5d]$ = ! def5dant1 ! presid+ judge direct+ ! jury to f9d a v]dict 9 8 favor1 on ! gr\nd t ! provision 9 ! con/itution & ! act ( ! legislature conf]r$ ^u ! pla9tiff no "r to recov] damages aga9/ ! def5dant1 z ! p]son lyn*$ 0 n a prison]4 ,an appeal f ?is decision 0 tak5 to ! supreme c\rt :]e ! judgm5t ( ! l[] c\rt 0 rev]s$ & ! case 0 rem&$ = trial4 ,! supreme c\rt1 con/ru+ ! con/itutional provision broadly & 9 connection ) ! act ( ! legislature1 rul$ t ! judge _h be5 9 error 9 8 directions to ! jury1 t ! correct con/ruction ( ! con/itutional provision made a c\nty liable = damages :5 ! p]son lyn*$ 0 n 9 ! cu/ody ( ! law z a prison]4 ,:ile ! c\rt decl>$ a consid]ation ( ! "q ( ! p[] ( ! legislature to pass su* an act1 indep5d5tly ( ! con/itutional provision1 to be unnecess>y 9 ! case 9 h&1 an op9ion 9 reg>d to ! matt] 0 express$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 8,x has be5 held t /atutes mak+ a community liable = damages 9 cases ( lyn*+s1 & giv+ a "r ( recov]y to ! legal repres5tatives ( ! p]son lyn*$1 are valid1 on ! gr\nd t ! ma9 purpose is to impose a p5alty on ! community1 :i* is giv5 to ! legal repres5tatives1 n because !y h be5 damag$1 b because ! legislature sees fit ?us to dispose ( ! p5alty4 ,su* /atutes are salut>y1 z _! effect is to r5d] protection to human life1 & make communities law-abid+40#cjb ,at ! ,janu>y t]m ( ! supreme c\rt ( ,ohio 9 ! ye> #aijj a decision 0 r5d]$ on ! con/itutionality ( ! 8,act = ! ,suppression ( ,mob ,viol5ce0 :i* 0 pass$ ,april #aj1 #ahif4cjc ,two cases 7 be=e ! c\rt4 ,b5jam9 ,f4 ,*ur*1 z ! adm9i/rator ( ,*>les ,w4 ,mit*ell1 deceas$1 fil$ a petition aga9/ ! bo>d ( commission]s ( ,*ampaign ,c\nty to recov] five ?\s& doll>s = ! lyn*+ ( said ,mit*ell1 at ,urbana1 9 said c\nty4#cjd ,def5dant demurr$ to ! petition & ! demurr] 0 su/a9$ by ! c\rt ( common pleas & ! petition dismiss$4 ,! circuit c\rt rev]s$ ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt ( common pleas & ! case !n came be=e ! supreme c\rt4 ,9 ! o!r case1 ,j4 ,w4 ,caldwell br\ght action1 "u ! same /atute1 aga9/ ! bo>d ( commission]s ( ,cuyahoga ,c\nty1 to recov] ! sum ( "o ?\s& doll>s = an injury :i* he alleg$ t he _h receiv$ at ! h&s ( a mob 9 t c\nty4 ,a demurr] to ! petition1 on ! gr\nd t ! petition did n /ate facts suffici5t to con/itute a cause = action & t said act 0 uncon/itutional1 0 su/a9$ by ! c\rt ( common pleas1 & ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt ( common pleas 0 affirm$ by ! circuit c\rt4 ,bo? cases came up to ! supreme c\rt on petitions 9 error to rev]se ! respective judgm5ts ( ! circuit c\rt4 ,9 ! op9ion deliv]$ on ,april #aj1 #aijj1 ! supreme c\rt fully discuss$ & upheld ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! act1 affirm+ ! judgm5t ( ! circuit c\rt 9 ,commission]s v4 ,*ur*1 adm9i/rator ( ,mit*ell1 & rev]s+ ! judgm5t ( ! circuit c\rt & ! judgm5t ( ! c\rt ( common pleas 9 ,caldwell v4 ,commission]s4 ,*ur* recov]$ f ,*ampaign ,c\nty five ?\s& doll>s ) int]e/ & co/s = ! lyn*+ ( ,mit*ell1 & ,caldwell's action 0 su/a9$ = ! recov]y ( "o ?\s& doll>s = injuries receiv$ at ! h&s ( a mob 9 ,cuyahoga ,c\nty4#cje ,! c\rt 9 its op9ion /at$ specifically t ! act 0 con/itutional2 t ! recov]y au?oriz$ by said act 0 p5al 9 its nature1 & x 0 )9 ! legislative p[] to provide !re=2 t su* legislation 0 n an ex]cise ( judicial p[]1 nor 0 x a violation ( ! "r ( trial by jury#cjf2 t su* recov]y1 & ! tax levy au?oriz$ & requir$ by said act1 7 )9 ! g5]al p[]s ( ! legislature4#cjg ,"o case has aris5 "u ! ,indiana act z am5d$ 9 #aija4 ,on ,novemb] #bj1 #aijb1 ,james ,dill>d1 a negro :o _h committ$ ! crime ( rape1 0 tak5 f ! cu/ody ( ,john ,s4 ,dudley1 ! %]iff ( ,sullivan ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 & 8lyn*$ by hang+ until dead40 ,dudley _h be5 elect$ %]iff at ! g5]al election held 9 ,novemb]1 #aijj1 & ,william ,p4 ,maxwell _h be5 elect$ coron] ( ,sullivan ,c\nty4 ,at ! g5]al election held 9 ,novemb]1 #aijb1 ea* _h be5 elect$ z 8 own successor4 ,on ! day foll[+ ! lyn*+ ( ,dill>d1 ,gov]nor ,durb9 notifi$ ,maxwell t ! (fice ( %]iff ( ,sullivan ,c\nty 0 vacant1 & t he1 z coron]1 "u ! law succe$$ to ! duties ( ! (fice4 ,maxwell !reupon dem&$ ( ,dudley ! possession ( ! (fice4 ,?is ,dudley refus$ to give1 & )9 t5 days aft] ! lyn*+ occurr$1 z provid$ = 9 ! /atute1 fil$ ) ! gov]nor a petition = re9/atem5t 9 ! (fice4 ,aft] he>+ ! petition & ! evid5ce 9 support ( x1 ,gov]nor ,durb9 d5i$ ! petition & refus$ to re9/ate him4 ,gov]nor ,durb9 !n notifi$ ! bo>d ( commission]s ( ,sullivan ,c\nty ( ! vacancy 9 ! (fice ( %]iff & sugge/$ t ! bo>d appo9t a successor to ,dudley4 ,! bo>d ( commission]s took no action1 h[ev]1 & ,maxwell br\ght suit "u a quo w>ranto /atute1 to ou/ ,dudley f ! (fice4 ,9 ! circuit c\rt ( ,sullivan ,c\nty a judgm5t = ! def5dant 0 r5d]$1 & on an appeal to ! supreme c\rt ( ,indiana ! judgm5t ( ! circuit c\rt 0 affirm$4 ,! issues 9 ! case 7 purely que/ions ( law1 x be+ held t ,maxwell did n h gr\nd = action "u ! quo w>ranto /atute1 & ! supreme c\rt express$ no op9ion on ! con/itutionality ( ! am5datory act ( #aija4cjh ,?us1 ! outcome ( ?is case 01 9 effect1 to nullify ! op]ation ( ! /atute :i* removes a %]iff f (fice :5 he all[s a prison] to be tak5 f 8 cu/ody & lyn*$4 ,! fact t ,dudley cont9u$ to ex]cise ! duties ( 8 (fice aft] ! lyn*+ occurr$1 & successfully refus$ to vacate ! (fice 9 response to ! dem&s ( ! coron]1 indicates t public s5tim5t 9 ! community did n support ! execution ( ! provisions ( ! law4 ,newspap] reports ( ! case intimate1 h[ev]1 t politics ent]$ into ! "q to "s ext5t4 ,p]haps ! pres5t situation ) ref]5ce to rem$ial legislation on ! subject ( lyn*+ c be summ$ up 9 ^! few words3 ,comp>atively few ,/ates h enact$ laws def9+ & puni%+ lyn*+1 or h enact$ any /atutes ! specific purpose ( :i* is to prev5t lyn*+4 ,:]e su* /atutes exi/ v few attempts h be5 made to en=ce !m1 & ! validity ( "s is /ill 9 d\bt4 ,f ! supreme c\rt decisions 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,ohio x w\ld seem t ! c\rts are likely to uphold /atutes giv+ recov]y ( damages f c\nties 9 cases ( lyn*+4 ,! con/itutionality ( /atutes fix+ ^u %]iffs ! p5alty ( removal f (fice = failure to protect prison]s is op5 to consid]able d\bt1 h[ev]1 & no su* measure has yet be5 en=c$4 ,9 bo? ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,alabama provision has be5 made 9 ! body ( ! con/itution = ! removal ( a %]iff f (fice "u su* circum/ances1 b neglect1 connivance1 or o!r grave fault mu/ be prov$ aga9/ ! %]iff4 ,z to ! effect t ?is rem$ial legislation has _h on ! practice ( lyn*+1 op9ions may diff]1 b x is difficult to po9t out 9 :at way ^! laws h br\ght ab\t a decrease 9 ! numb] ( lyn*+s4#cji ,x is true t n ne>ly s _m lyn*+s occurr$ 9 ! ye>s #aija1 #aijb1 #aijc1 z occurr$ 9 ! ye>s #ahia1 #ahib1 #ahic1 b x is also true t a m>k$ decl9e 9 ! numb] ( lyn*+s p] ye> began sev]al ye>s be=e ! great] numb] ( ! anti-lyn*+ laws 7 enact$4 ,x is likewise true t ! numb] ( lyn*+s p] ye>1 9 ,/ates o!r ?an ^? possess+ anti-lyn*+ /atutes has decl9$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! tru? w\ld seem to be1 !re=e1 if x be assum$ t ! numb] ( crimes or (f5ses :i* occasion lyn*+s has be5 fairly uni=m f ye> to ye>1 t ! same causes :i* l$ to ! enactm5t ( ! laws also br\ght ab\t ! decl9e 9 ! numb] ( lyn*+s1 namely1 public discussion & condemnation ( ! practice ( lyn*+1 a /rong] public s5tim5t aga9/ x1 a deep] realization ( ! s]i\sness ( ! lyn*+ problem 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t ! measures adopt$ 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a = ! prev5tion ( lyn*+1 ev5 ?\gh upheld & /rongly indors$ by ! supreme c\rt1 h n be5 altoge!r effective becomes app>5t f a special message s5t to ! ,g5]al ,assembly ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 on ,janu>y #bj1 #aijd4 ,gov]nor ,heyw>d wrote z foll[s3 8,9 my annual message to y\r honorable body ref]5ce 0 made to lawlessness 9 our ,/ate1 ! frequ5t occurr5ce ( lyn*+s be+ dealt ) p>ticul>ly4 ,y1 ! lawmak]s1 _h n be5 assembl$ "h a week :5 ano!r evid5ce ( ?is lawless _s is giv5 9 ! lyn*+ at ,reevesville4 ,! ,gov]nor is popul>ly cr$it$ ) ! p[] to prev5t or puni% ^! outrages aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,9 reality he is practically p[]less4 ,:5 ! crime has be5 committ$ 8 h&s are practically ti$4 ,! meag] rew>ds he has be5 emp[]$ to (f] out ( 8 cont+5t fund h prov$ ineffectual1 & ?is is z f> z he is p]mitt$ to g4 ,9 ! meantime ! _s ( lawlessness is un*eck$4 8,any b& ( m5 may feel secure 9 tak+ ! life ( a fell[-be+ on almo/ any pretext4 ,?is deplorable condition ought to be rem$i$4 ,to compel ! prop] respect = ! maje/y ( ! law ,i recomm5d ! enactm5t ( special legislation 9 ref]5ce to lyn*+1 t ! great responsibility ( (ficials directly *>g$ ) en=c+ ! law be br\ght home to !m1 & t m effectual measures be tak5 = ! appreh5sion ( p]sons :o take ! law 9 _! own h&s4 ,9 lieu ( "s su* legislation1 ,i sugge/ t ! ,gov]nor be provid$ ) an adequate fund = ! purpose ( suppress+ lyn*+40#caj ,on ,m>* #g1 #aijd1 ,ri*>d ,dixon1 a negro1 0 tak5 f ! jail & lyn*$ at ,spr+field1 ,ohio4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ,cl>k ,c\nty :i* adjo9s ,*ampaign ,c\nty on ! s\?4 ,9 at lea/ two o!r in/ances lyn*+s w\ld h tak5 place 9 ,ohio1 s9ce ! decision ( ! supreme c\rt :i* e/abli%$ ! validity ( ! law hold+ c\nties liable 9 damages1 _h x n be5 = ! vigilance & prompt action ( ! %]iffs4 ,! possibility ( an increase 9 ! rate ( taxation does n seem z yet to h _h any re/ra9+ influ5ce on ! actions ( p 9 ,ohio :5 occasion has aris5 = a lyn*+4 ,x is only )9 ! la/ ?ree or f\r ye>s t det]m9$ ef=ts h be5 put =? to arre/ & puni% p]sons :o h p>ticipat$ 9 lyn*+s1 b ^! ef=ts h n be5 conf9$ to ! ,/ates :i* h special laws aga9/ lyn*+4 ,lyn*]s may be puni%$ ?r\gh /atutory provisions def9+ homicide1 manslaught]1 murd]1 conspiracy1 riot1 malici\s mis*ief1 assault1 & ! l4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aijc1 elev5 p]sons 7 indict$ 9 ,/4 ,clair ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 = p>ticipat+ 9 ! lyn*+ ( a negro s*ool tea*] ! prec$+ ,june4#caa ,m ?an tw5ty p]sons 7 indict$ 9 ,v]milion ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 = p>ticipation 9 ! lyn*+ ( a negro at ,danville on ,july #be1 #aijc1 & v]dicts ( guilty ( engag+ 9 an attack on ! c\nty jail 7 f\nd aga9/ elev5 m5 & "o woman1 ! p5alty be+ an indet]m9ate s5t5ce 9 ! p5it5ti>y4#cab ,9 ,janu>y1 #aijc1 tw5ty-eight :ite citiz5s ( ,attala ,c\nty1 ,mississippi1 7 indict$ = ! lyn*+ ( two negroes4#cac ,9 ,alabama1 9 #aijb1 "s m5 7 giv5 a t]m 9 ! p5it5ti>y = lyn*+ a negro1 !y be+ 8! fir/ l (f5d]s10 accord+ to ,gov]nor ,jelks1 8to s]ve ! /ate s9ce ! great w>4 ,no man _h h]et(ore gone to ! p5it5ti>y = lyn*+ a negro40#cad ,on ,june #d1 #aijc1 ,samuel ,mit*ell1 :ite1 :o l$ ! mob t lyn*$ ,?omas ,gily>d1 a negro1 at ,jopl91 ,miss\ri1 on ,april #ae1 prec$+1 0 s5t5c$ to t5 ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y1 & two o!r m5 7 /ill to be tri$ = _! "p 9 ! burn+ ( negro h\ses foll[+ ! lyn*+4#cae ,9 ,cali=nia n9ete5 indictm5ts 7 return$ aga9/ p]sons :o engag$ 9 ! lyn*+ ( f\r m5 & a boy on ,may #ca1 #aija1 at ,look\t1 9 ,modoc ,c\nty1 & x 0 said t ! ,/ate's attorney work$ up ! case aga9/ great opposition4#caf ,!re 7 sev]al p]sons "u indictm5t 9 ,wyom+ 9 ,febru>y1 #aijd1 = connection ) a lyn*+ :i* occurr$ 9 ,big ,horn ,c\nty on ,july #ai1 #aijc4cag ,no convictions ( p]sons p>ticipat+ 9 lyn*+s 9 ei!r ,t5nessee1 ,k5tucky1 or ,texas h be5 br\ght ab\t "u ! anti-lyn*+ laws :i* 7 enact$ by ^? ,/ates 9 #ahig4cah ,! case ( ! ,/ate vs4 ,hughes1 *>g$ ) p>ticipat+ 9 a lyn*+1 came up 9 ,de,kalb ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 9 ,july1 #aijb1 b x 0 f\nd impossible to get a jury to try ! case4 ,! c\rt exhau/$ a v5ire ( ?ree hundr$ & fifty1 & 8f\nd e man 9 ! lot disqualifi$--probably hav+ !mselves aid$ 9 ! affair40#cai ,on ,novemb] #ac1 #aijb1 ,john ,davis1 color$1 0 lyn*$ 9 ,m>%all ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee4 ,two m51 ,w4 ,p4 ,hopwood & ,w4 ,h4 ,l4 ,johnson1 7 lat] arre/$ on ! *>ge ( p>ticipat+ 9 ! lyn*+4 ,on ,janu>y #g1 #aijc1 ?irty mask$ m5 appe>$ at ! jail :]e ! prison]s 7 conf9$1 obta9$ ! keys to ! jail1 & releas$ ! prison]s4#cbj ,! measures adopt$ by ,georgia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a = ! suppression ( lyn*+s h likewise rema9$ inop]ative4 ,num]\s lyn*+s h tak5 place 9 bo? ( ^! ,/ates s9ce #ahic1 b no lyn*] has yet suff]$ any ( ! p5alties prescrib$ by law4 ,a resid5t ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a rec5tly made ?is /atem5t ) ref]5ce to ! puni%m5t ( lyn*]s 9 8 ,/ate3 8,judges h *>g$ juries aga9/ ! crime1 & ,gov]nor ,aycock--risk+ 8 political =tunes = 8 convictions--rec5tly (f]$ a rew>d ( #djj ea* = ! conviction ( a p>ty ( sev5ty-five :o lyn*$ a negro ne> ,salisbury4 ,b nev] yet has ! law puni%$ a ,nor? ,c>ol9a lyn*]40#cba ,9 g5]al x may be said t ! laws propos$ f> outnumb] ! laws enact$ aga9/ lyn*+1 & t :]ev] su* laws h be5 enact$ _! en=cem5t has n z yet be5 su* z to w>rant any great reliance on _! effectiv5ess to prev5t lyn*+4 ,x c sc>cely be said t ! rem$y = lyn*+ lies at pres5t 9 ! direction ( additional ,/ate legislation specifically direct$ aga9/ x4 ,by _m x is ?\ght t a f$]al law on ! subject w\ld be mo/ effective 9 ! suppression ( lyn*+s1 & sev]al bills h be5 introduc$ 9 ,congress ) ?is end 9 view4#cbb ,on ,janu>y #ac1 #aijb1 ,mr4 ,crumpack] ( ,indiana introduc$ a bill 9 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives = ! puni%m5t ( p]sons tak+ "p 9 ! lyn*+ ( ali5s4 ,! bill 0 design$ to cov] cases simil> to ! lyn*+ ( ! ,italians at ,new ,orleans1 & jurisdiction ov] su* (f5ses 0 giv5 to ! f$]al c\rts1 p]sons :o _h tak5 "p 9 lyn*+s be+ disqualifi$ f s]v+ z jurors4#cbc ,o!rs w\ld h ,congress enact a law mak+ all :o lyn*1 :e!r ! victims be citiz5s or ali5s1 & all :o in/igate1 aid1 abet1 or %ield lyn*]s1 guilty ( a crime aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 support ( su* a law x is urg$ t a lyn*] c\ld be z easily discov]$ & puni%$ z a moon%9]1 or a c\nt]feit]1 or a mail robb]2 t if ! object ( our con/itution is to insure dome/ic tranquility1 promote ! g5]al welf>e & secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves & our po/]ity1 x ought to include ! p[] to puni% ^? :o defy ! gov]nm5t e/abli%$ by ! con/itution & take life )\t due process ( law2 & t if x 0 wor? :ile to am5d ! con/itution to prev5t ! d5ial ( ! electoral fran*ise1 x is also wor? :ile to am5d ! con/itution to prev5t & puni% ! d5ial ( ju/ice4#cbd ,a fur!r gr\nd = br++ lyn*+ )9 ! jurisdiction ( f$]al c\rts & f$]al law is ! fact t ! lyn*+ ( an ali5 may involve ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 int]national complications1 al?\gh ! f$]al gov]nm5t c take no action 9 ! premises4 ,diplomatic int]c\rse 0 actually brok5 (f betwe5 ,italy & ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! controv]sy ov] ! matt] ( an indemnity = ! lyn*+ ( ,italian citiz5s at ,new ,orleans 9 #ahia4cbe ,9 a numb] ( o!r in/ances =eign c\ntries h successfully dem&$ indemnities f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?r\gh ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,/ate = injuries done _! citiz5s by mob viol5ce4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! sums ( money t h be5 paid to =eign c\ntries s9ce #ahhj 9 ! settlem5t ( su* claims4 ,,indemnities ,,paid ,,= ,,injuries ,,to ,,ali5s4#cbf ,,ye> ,,:5 ,,c\ntry ,,to ,,locality ,,:]e ,,injuries ,,am\nt ,,( ,,indemnity ,,paid ,,:i* ,,paid ,,7 ,,inflict$ #ahhg ,*9a ,wyom+ #adg1gdh4gd #ahhh ,*9a ,pacific ,coa/ #bgf1fai4ge #ahib ,italy ,l\isiana #bd1ccj4ij #ahif ,italy ,colorado #aj1jjj4jj #ahif ,great ,brita9 ,l\isiana #a1jjj4jj #ahif ,great ,brita9 ,nebraska #a1hjj4jj #ahig ,italy ,l\isiana #f1jjj4jj #ahih ,mexico ,cali=nia #b1jjj4jj #aija ,mexico ,texas #b1jjj4jj #aija ,italy ,l\isiana #d1jjj4jj #aijc ,italy ,mississippi #e1jjj4jj ------------------------------- ,total #dhj1dii4cicbg ,) ! exception ( ! paym5t to ,*9a 9 #ahhg1 89 consid]ation ( ! losses unhappily su/a9$ by c]ta9 ,*9ese subjects by mob viol5ce at ,rock ,spr+s1 9 ! ,t]ritory ( ,wyom+1 ,septemb] #b1 #ahhe10 ^! indemnities h be5 paid 8out ( humane consid]ation1 )\t ref]5ce to ! "q ( liability !re=40 ,:ile !y h ?us n be5 paid 9 dis*>ge ( an express obligation recogniz$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re has be5 a moral obligation recogniz$ & ! f$]al gov]nm5t has felt x to be incumb5t ^u itself to r$ress grievances ( ?is nature4#cbh ,x is a peculi> situation :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c ?us be call$ ^u to pay indemnities = lyn*+s & yet _c take /eps 9 ! sev]al ,/ates to prev5t _! occurr5ce & _c 9 any way hold ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts responsible4 ,t ?is defect 9 ! f$]al con/itution %\ld be rem$i$ seems1 f ?is /&po9t1 :olly desirable4 ,x is v d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r su* an object c\ld be accompli%$ at ! pres5t "t1 & /ill m d\btful :e!r a f$]al law c\ld be enact$ & en=c$ aga9/ lyn*+ at ! pres5t "t1 )\t reviv+ ! sectionalism & _m ( ! evils ( ! ,recon/ruction ,p]iod4 ,:5 ,s5ator ,gall+] ( ,new ,hamp%ire (f]$ a resolution 9 ! #eg? ,congress t ! ,committee on ! ,judici>y be direct$ to make an inquiry into ! subject ( lyn*+s & to report :e!r !re be any rem$y = ! evil1 8 ref]5ce to a rec5t lyn*+ 9 a ,s\!rn ,/ate 0 in/antly res5t$ by ! s5ators f t ,/ate1 & ! c\rse :i* ! debate took ^u ! resolution made x app>5t at once t an attempt to make su* an inve/igation w\ld be an unwise /ep4 ,! matt] 0 dropp$ by ,s5ator ,gall+]'s mak+ ! reque/ t ! resolution lie on ! table subject to 8 call4#cbi ,( ! num]\s proposals t h be5 made = re=m 9 ! sy/em ( legal proc$ure 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z a rem$y = lyn*+1 none is m notewor?y or fundam5tal ?an t put =w>d by ,ju/ice ,brew] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,he argues t m5 are afraid ( ! law's delays & ! unc]ta9ty ( its results2 t if all 7 sure t ! guilty ones w\ld be promptly tri$ & puni%$1 ! inducem5t to lyn* w\ld be l>gely tak5 away4 ,he sugge/s1 !re=e1 ! tak+ away ( ! "r ( appeal 9 crim9al cases z "o means ( *eck+ lyn*+4#ccj ,:ile ! law's delays 9 crim9al cases are probably n s great z !y are popul>ly believ$ to be1 ! popul> impression be+ due to ov]-emphasis ( flagrant cases1#cca /ill ! fact t su* an impression is a preval5t "o makes x extremely easy = a community to c\nt5ance ! summ>y & illegal puni%m5t ( ! p]petrator ( a crime :i* has be5 p>ticul>ly %ock+ to ! community1 a crime = :i* _m p]sons 9 ! community really feel t no puni%m5t c be q adequate4 ,a case 9 po9t is t ( ! lyn*+ ( ,george ,:ite1 color$1 at ,wilm+ton1 ,delaw>e1 on ,june #bb1 #aijc4 ,a refusal by ! judges to grant an imm$iate trial on ! gr\nd t ! accus$ c\ld n !n h a fair & imp>tial trial because ( ! excit$ /ate ( public feel+1 0 publicly urg$ z a reason = ! p tak+ ! law into _! own h&s & 8uphold+ ! maje/y ( ! law40 ,! outcome 0 t ,:ite 0 burn$ at ! /ake & ^? :o p>ticipat$ 9 ! lyn*+ 7 all[$ to g free1 ! coron]'s jury return+ a v]dict t ! deceas$ came to 8 dea? at ! h&s ( p]sons unkn[n4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ! popul> idea t ! law's delays are s great z frequ5tly to defeat ! ends ( ju/ice1 :e!r x h mu* or little basis 9 fact1#ccb contributes to ! cont9uance ( ! practice ( lyn*+4 ,if to aboli% ! "r ( appeal 9 crim9al cases1 or to limit x to a consid]able ext5t1 w fur!r ! ends ( ju/ice1 z !re seems to be good reason = believ+ t x w1 su* a /ep w h a t5d5cy to *eck lyn*+ by mak+ void "o ( ! excuses mo/ frequ5tly urg$ 9 ext5uation ( ! practice4 ,lyn*+ is a ph5om5on 9 ,am]ican society too deeply root$ to be de/roy$ by m]ely tak+ away ! "r ( appeal 9 crim9al cases1 b t a measure w r5d] less plausible a prom95t excuse = its exi/5ce & cont9uance makes su* a measure wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,! gov]nors ( sev]al ,/ates h rec5tly ask$ t !y be giv5 m p[]1 & t m res\rces be plac$ at _! comm&1 9 ord] t !y may take ! initiative bo? 9 prev5t+ lyn*+s & 9 puni%+ lyn*]s4 ,some?+ may be accompli%$ by grant+ _! reque/s4 ,dur+ ! f\rte5 ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ,gov]nor ,o',f]rall's inauguration !re 7 sixty-two lyn*+s )9 ! b\nds ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia1 b dur+ ! f\r ye>s ( 8 adm9i/ration !re 7 b ?ree1 & 9 nei!r case 0 ! *ief executive 9 a position ei!r to prev5t ! crime or puni% ! (f5d]s4#ccc ,! mo/ hopeful sign at ! pres5t "t is ! /& :i* ! gov]nors & m9or (fic]s 9 a numb] ( ,/ates1 9 ! ,s\? z well z 9 ! ,nor?1 h tak5 aga9/ lyn*+4#ccd ,gov]nor ,v>daman1 ( ,mississippi1 9 8 rec5t r s5sational rescue ( a negro murd]] f a mob1#cce has at lea/ demon/rat$ ! possibility ( prev5t+ lyn*+s & en=c+ ! law4 ,gov]nor ,jelks1 ( ,alabama1 & ,gov]nor ,durb91 ( ,indiana1 h n only be5 outspok5 9 _! d5unciation ( lyn*+s b h tak5 active measures to prev5t !m4 ,a numb] ( %]iffs 9 v>i\s ,/ates h )9 ! la/ two ye>s prev5t$ lyn*+s by c\rage\sly fac+ mobs & mak+ x cle> t !y w\ld def5d _! prison]s at ! haz>d ( _! own lives4#ccf ,s long1 h[ev]1 z coron]'s juries empanell$ to inquire into ! dea? ( victims ( lyn*+ cont9ue to r5d] ! v]dict t 8! deceas$ came to 8 dea? at ! h&s ( p]sons unkn[n to ! jury10 & s long z x is true t ! coron]'s v]dict commonly m>ks ! end ( all legal proc$ure ) ref]5ce to ! occurr5ce1 x is n to be expect$ t %]iffs & jail]s w haz>d _! lives 9 ! protection ( prison]s4#ccg ,prison]s are tak5 f (fic]s ( ! law & lyn*$1 n because ! (fic]s are c[>ds1 b because !y are 9 sympa?y ) ! s5tim5t 9 ! community :i* dem&s imm$iate puni%m5t4 ,! public s5tim5t reveal$ 9 ! foll[+ citations is n f\nd 9 isolat$ in/ances1 b is typical1 al?\gh equal frankness ( /atem5t _c always be secur$4 ,a v]dict r5d]$ by a coron]'s jury 9 ,wayne ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ,augu/1 #aijb1 ov] ! body ( a negro rapi/1 read z foll[s3 8,we ! und]sign$1 empanell$ z a jury to inquire into ! cause ( ! dea? ( ,tom ,jones1 f9d t he came to 8 dea? by gun %ot w\nds1 inflict$ by p>ties unkn[n to jury1 obvi\sly by an outrag$ public act+ 9 def5se ( _! homes1 wives1 daught]s & *ildr54 ,9 view ( ! enormity ( ! crime committ$ by said ,tom ,jones1 alias ,frank ,hill1 we ?9k !y w\ld h be5 recreant to _! duty z good citiz5s _h !y act$ o!rwise40#cch ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahii1 ,ri*>d ,coleman1 a negro ravi%] & murd]]1 0 burn$ at ! /ake at ,maysville1 ,k5tucky4 ,9 response to a lett] f ! gov]nor ( ! ,/ate1 ask+ = p>ticul>s1 a ,maysville lawy] wrote z foll[s3 8,! :ole ?+ took place 9 broad daylight & 9 ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s4 ,! p>ties to x are kn[n1 ,mr4 ,la%brook 7husb& ( ,coleman's victim7 himself be+ ! lead]1 b x w be fruitless to attempt any prosecution ( !m4 ,! p ( ?is community are z good z ! p ( any o!r community 9 ! ,/ate1 or1 = t matt]1 else:]e1 & !y are %ock$1 &1 ,i may say1 well-nigh p>alyz$ by ?is gruesome happ5+ 9 _! mid/1 b ,i am satisfi$ !y w n take k9dly to any attempt to hold ! p>ties to ! transaction to any responsibilities !re=40#cci ,! only ultimate rem$y = lyn*+ is a /rong public s5tim5t aga9/ x4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates p>ticul>ly1 to dep5d v l>gely ^u public s5tim5t = ! en=cem5t ( law1 & until !re is a s5tim5t1 9 e community :]e a lyn*+ occurs1 :i* w dem& ! puni%m5t ( ^? :o take "p 9 su* lyn*+1 x c sc>cely be expect$ t %]iffs w risk _! lives to protect prison]s1 or t prosecut+ attorneys1 judges1 & juries w co-op]ate to secure ! conviction ( lyn*]s & to make !m feel ! full p5alty ( ! law4 ,a memb] ( ! ,m>yl& ,b> writ+ 9 #aijj said t less ?an a doz5 lyn*]s _h ev] be5 tri$ = _! crime1 & only "o or two _h be5 puni%$4 ,! pres5t writ] has be5 able to obta9 no in=mation :i* w\ld w>rant ! /atem5t t z _m z tw5ty-five p]sons h be5 convict$ ( a crime & puni%$ = p>ticipat+ 9 ! lyn*+ ( ov] ?ree ?\s& p]sons 9 ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s4#cdj ,f ! great] numb] ( indictm5ts t h be5 secur$ aga9/ lyn*]s dur+ ! la/ two ye>s x w\ld seem t ! practice ( lyn*+ is receiv+ /rong] public condemnation n[ ?an =m]ly1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! creation ( a public s5tim5t on any subject is a sl[ process1 p>ticul>ly ) ref]5ce to lyn*+4 ,lyn*+ z a crime aga9/ society is n yet di/+ui%$ f lyn*+ z ! ju/ifiable infliction ( a des]v$ puni%m5t by private citiz5s4 ,fur!rmore1 x is difficult to create a public s5tim5t aga9/ lyn*+ because ( ! racial antipa?y :i* aggravates ! evil 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"t w be requir$ = ! effectual application ( a rem$y = lyn*+4 ,any anti-lyn*+ measures t may be adopt$ mu/ be consid]$ z palliatives r ?an z rem$ies4 ,no s+le /atute c be enact$ :i* w put an end to ! practice ( lyn*+2 nor is x likely t any s+le measure c be adopt$ :i* w effectually suppress lyn*+4 ,e measure :i* w t5d to invalidate ! excuses (f]$ = ! adoption ( lyn*-law proc$ure1 e measure :i* w t5d to prev5t ! commission ( crimes provok+ resort to lyn*-law proc$ure1 e measure :i* w t5d to /r5g!n & ma9ta9 a popul> reliance on legal proc$ure1 e measure :i* w 9 any way t5d to create a /rong1 uncompromis+ public s5tim5t aga9/ lyn*+1 all ( ^! mu/ be adopt$ if ! practice ( lyn*+ is to be made a ?+ ( ! pa/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,"s ,,conclusions ,! "q naturally arises1 :at is ! peculi>ity ab\t ,am]ican society :i* fo/]s & tol]ates lyn*+8 ,:y is lyn*+ a peculi>ly ,am]ican in/itution8 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! explanation lies along racial l9es4 ,"s h said t ! ,scot*-,iri% are responsible = ! introduction into ?is c\ntry ( ! practice ( illegally puni%+ public (f5d]s4 ,o!rs say t x is race prejudice1 a result ( ! com+ toge!r ( _m races 9 "o c\ntry1 & p>ticul>ly t x is ! racial antagonism betwe5 ! :ite race & ! negro race1 :i* expla9s ! matt]4 ,look+ at ! hi/ory ( ! practice 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f colonial times d[n to ! pres5t day1 "o c sc>cely reg>d su* an explanation z ei!r adequate or conclusive4 ,! real explanation lies along a some:at diff]5t l9e1 & x c be po9t$ out be/ by draw+ "s contra/s betwe5 ! adm9i/ration ( ! law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & its adm9i/ration 9 ! old] c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,! ,am]ican p are n any m dispos$ t[>d lawlessness--!y are n less law-abid+--?an ,european peoples2 x is r t !y ma9ta9 a :olly diff]5t attitude t[>d ! law4 ,social & political conditions are diff]5t1 & ! law1 in/ead ( be+ some?+ 9 itself to rev]5ce & respect1 is little m ?an a device = secur+ fre$om4 ,! value ( laws z rules ( conduct is n m9imiz$ b !re is no s5se ( sanctity p]ta9+ to !m4 ,to outwit1 avoid1 defy1 or =get ! laws is n a s]i\s (f5se s long z an appeal c be made to ! individual s5se ( ju/ice 9 support ( su* c\rses ( action4 ,9 ,europe1 :]e ! /atutes h gr[n up f tradition & anci5t cu/om1 ! law is reg>d$ z a m sacr$ in/itution2 9 a v real s5se x is ! product ( a sup]ior au?ority4 ,law 9 its in/itutional s5se is z mu* a pr$et]m9$ factor 9 daily affairs z is "o ( ! laws ( nature4 ,social & political conditions are fix$4 ,politics d n ent] into ! en=cem5t ( law4 ,civilization is di/ribut$ 9 a m ne>ly equal measure & ! law is en=c$ ) equal vigor ov] ! :ole c\ntry4#cda ,! judicial & adm9i/rative (fic]s are p]sons socially & politically di/9ct f ! masses1 & _! individuality is s completely subord9at$ to _! repres5tative capacity t ! law ?us comes to h a maje/y & dignity :i* c be giv5 x 9 no o!r way4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! contr>y1 ! body ( ! law lacks ! support ( long tradition & anci5t practice4 ,! e>ly immigrants br\ght ) !m ! ,european conception ( law1 b 9 ! mid/ ( new conditions1 ) no /rong gov]nm5t to en=ce x ) an imp>tial & an iron h&1 along ) ! gr[? ( ! democratic _s1 a new esprit des lois1 z ,montesquieu w\ld call x1 has be5 develop$4 ,:]e ! p1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh _! repres5tatives1 make ! laws & !n elect ! (fic]s :o are to en=ce !m1 x is inevitable t ! legal ma*9]y w prove p[]less to control popul> excitem5ts4 ,politics also ent] v l>gely into ! :ole "q4 ,9 remote di/ricts1 too1 ! p seldom h occasion to meet any o!r (fic]s ( ! law ?an _! own neighbors & fri5ds :om !y h elect$ to m9or civil (fices4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! execution ( ! law v>ies s greatly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 be+ ei!r vigor\s or lax1 9 accordance ) ! moral s5tim5t ( ! community4 ,9 a mon>*y or a highly c5traliz$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 ! law is made = ! p & en=c$ aga9/ !m by (ficials :o are 9 no s5se responsible to !m4 ,9 a democracy ) a republican =m ( gov]nm5t1 l ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 su* is n ! case4 ,! p consid] !mselves a law unto !mselves4 ,!y make ! laws2 !re=e !y c unmake !m4 ,s9ce !y say :at a judge c d1 !y ent]ta9 ! idea t !y may d ?is ?+ !mselves4 ,to execute a crim9al des]v+ ( dea? is to act m]ely 9 _! sov]eign capacity1 tempor>ily disp5s+ ) _! ag5ts1 ! legal adm9i/rators ( ! law4 ,:ile n always express$ 9 language s unmi/akable 9 mean+1 yet ?is is ! _s exhibit$1 ! vague & p]haps unconsci\s attitude t[>d ! law1 :i* seems p>ticul>ly to p]vade ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! t5d5cy t[>d public disord] has exi/$ 9 ?is c\ntry f its e>lie/ settlem5t1 & z ! l9e ( ! fronti] has sl[ly mov$ we/w>d !re has always be5 a region on ! bord] :]e ! =ces ( law 7 unorganiz$4 ,!re has ?us be5 a con/ant opportunity = a plea ( necessity 9 c]ta9 cases = resort+ to ! popul> execution ( ju/ice4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ! cu/om>y explanations ( lyn*+s attribute !m to mob rule1 emotional insanity ( ! cr[d1 race prejudice1 contempt = ! 8nigg]s10 int5se community feel+1 vivid hatr$ ( crime1 lex talionis & ! l4 ,x is (t5 ass]t$ t lyn*+s occur because ! c\rts are sl[1 unc]ta91 & unduly sympa!tic ) ! rights ( ! accus$1 because corrupt jurym51 %rewd lawy]s1 ! te*nicalities ( ! law or ! undue sympa?ies ( ! p>don+ p[]s frequ5tly prolong & save a guilty p]son's life4 ,:ile x is true on psy*ological gr\nds t puni%m5t to be effective mu/ be prompt & c]ta91 & :ile su* explanations h validity 9 p>ticul> cases1 ! fundam5tal explanation lies deep]4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! peculi> & di/9ctively ,am]ican attitude t[>d ^? in/itutions connot$ by ! t]m 8! law40#cdb ,!re is a read9ess on ! "p ( ! p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to take ! law into _! own h&s :i* is n f\nd 9 o!r c\ntries1 & ! consequ5t immunity f puni%m5t :i* is g5]ally accord$ to lyn*]s r5d]s an ,am]ican mob exce$+ly op5 to ! sugge/ion ( lyn*+4 ,x is on su* gr\nds t ! exi/5ce ( lyn*+ z a peculi>ly ,am]ican in/itution is to be expla9$4 ,su* are ! conditions & su* has be5 ! conception ( ! law :i* has fo/]$ a public s5tim5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates excus+ & apologiz+ = lyn*+s4 ,! writ] ( a book publi%$ 9 ,london 9 #ahcg 0 n f> wrong :5 he wrote3 8,! ,lyn* law1 is n1 prop]ly speak+1 an opposition to ! e/abli%$ laws ( ! c\ntry1 or1 is at lea/1 n contemplat$ z su* by its adh]5ts2 b r z a supplem5t to !m1--a species ( common law1 :i* is z old z ! c\ntry40#cdc ,to ! same effect is ?is 8,scot* ,view ( ,lyn* law0 :i* 0 occasion$ by ! lyn*+ ( ! ,italians at ,new ,orleans 9 #ahia4 ,aft] review+ ! facts & circum/ances connect$ ) t lyn*+1 ! foll[+ comm5ts 7 made3 8,?is is crude & x is primitive4 ,x is to be deplor$ & condemn$4 ,b x is n )\t a f\ndation ( reason & ju/ice4 ,! p h committ$ ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice to a c]ta9 ma*9]y2 s long z t ma*9]y works )\t flagrant inju/ice1 x w be left to d ! "w2 b :5 x utt]ly breaks d[n1 or goes 9 ! tee? ( :at is "r accord+ to ! r\gh-&-ready ideas ( ! ,am]icans1 ! p w resume ! function ( deal+ out puni%m5t direct4 ,! ultimate sanction is br\ght 94 ,t is ! ,am]ican me?od4 ,! ,briton1 :5 he ?9ks ! ord9>y tribunals h fail$1 writes to ! ,times1 or gets up a mon/] petition to ! ,home ,secret>y1 or asks a "q ( ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t40#cdd ,9 c]ta9 sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?is read9ess on ! "p ( ! p to take ! law into _! own h&s receives con/ant support & enc\ragem5t f ! racial antipa?y :i* exi/s betwe5 ! :ites & ! negroes4 ,x _c be said t ! lyn*+ ( negroes is due to 8race prejudice0 alone1 b x is true t ! antagoni/ic feel+ betwe5 ! two races aggravates ! t5d5cy to lyn*1 :5 (f5ses are committ$ aga9/ :ite p]sons by negroes4 ,o!r racial contra/s 9 ! population h likewise promot$ ! adoption ( extra-legal me?ods ( puni%m5t4 ,f colonial times d[n to ! pres5t day ! contemptu\s attitude ( ! :ites t[>d ! ,indians has und\bt$ly be5 a pot5t factor 9 ! n infrequ5t failure to obs]ve due process ( law 9 ! treatm5t ( ,indians4 ,9 ! summ>y treatm5t ( ,italians1 ,mexicans1 ,*9ese1 & o!r ali5s1 diff]5ces 9 racial *>act]i/ics h also play$ an important "p4 ,9 v _m cases ( lyn*+ a racial antipa?y has act$ z ! mo/ prom95t contributory cause1 & x is ?is fact t has induc$ _m writ]s to f9d 9 8race prejudice0 ! ultimate explanation ( lyn*+ z an ,am]ican in/itution4 ,! lyn*+ ( negroes is n[ s di/9ctively an ,am]ican practice l>gely because ( ! racial contra/ 9 ! population :i* is peculi> to ?is c\ntry4 ,n[h]e else 9 ! temp]ate zone does a color$ race ( tropical orig9 come into contact 9 su* numb]s ) a highly civiliz$ race ( ,european /ock4 ,! 8native "q0 ( tropical regions has "h be5 transplant$1 z x 71 to ! temp]ate zone4#cde ,fur!rmore1 ! difficulties aris+ f e?nic contact )9 ! tropics h be5 int5sifi$ r ?an less5$ by ?is *ange ( environm5t4 ,!re are ! same fundam5tal diff]5ces 9 racial *>act]i/ics & 9 racial h]$ity1 b ^! become acc5tuat$ & seem ev5 m adv]se 9 a climate :]e ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is ( necessity mu* m vigor\s & exact+4 ,9 addition1 !re has develop$ betwe5 ! :ite race & ! color$ race 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates an intol]ant1 inconsid]ate _s directly promot$ by an unwise & %ort-sight$ political policy4 ,a great _m ye>s w d\btless be requir$ = ! effacem5t ( ! un=tunate results ( pa/ errors1 involv+ z x does a v g5]al und]/&+ & recognition ( ! e?nic & 8societal0 factors :i* ent] vitally into ! 8race "q40 ,only 9 s f> z ?is comes ab\t1 h[ev]1 w x be possible to e/abli% a new ord] ( society ) an appropriate legal sy/em 9 ! place ( t :i* =m]ly exi/$ on ! basis ( ! in/itution ( slav]y4 ,! assumption made by _m writ]s t m negroes are lyn*$ = ! crime ( rape aga9/ :ite wom5 ?an = any o!r crime is )\t f\ndation 9 fact4 ,/ati/ics %[ t n m ?an ?irty-f\r p] c5t ( ! negroes summ>ily put to dea? dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-two ye>s h be5 lyn*$ = t crime1 ei!r alleg$1 attempt$1 or actually committ$4 ,lyn*+ = t crime1 h[ev]1 leads to lyn*+ = o!r crimes & also furni%es a gr\nd = an appeal to public s5tim5t to condone ! practice ( lyn*+4 ,s9ce ! negroes 7 made free ,am]ican citiz5s a l>ge class ( ! y\ng] g5]ation has become utt]ly %iftless & wor?less1 _m ( !m be+ vici\s & dang]\s individuals 9 a community4 ,pr(essor ,du,bois1 ?an :om !re is probably no man bett] qualifi$ to make a c>eful & cons]vative e/imate1 says t at lea/ n9e p] c5t ( ! c\nty black population 9 ! ,black ,belt are ?or\ghly lewd & vici\s4#cdf ,lyn*+ has be5 resort$ to by ! :ites n m]ely to wreak v5geance1 b to t]rorize & re/ra9 ?is lawless elem5t 9 ! negro population4 ,among ! ,s\!rn p ! conviction is g5]al t t]ror is ! only re/ra9+ influ5ce t c be br\ght to be> ^u vici\s negroes4 ,! negroes fe> no?+ s mu* z =ce1 & %\ld !y once get ! notion t !re is a reasonable hope ( escape f puni%m5t1 ! :ites 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,s\? w\ld be at _! m]cy4#cdg ,!re is no evid5ce1 h[ev]1 to %[ t ! puni%m5t ( negroes by mob viol5ce t5ds to decrease lawlessness among ! negroes1 or ev5 t5ds to re/ra9 ! vici\s elem5t f committ+ (f5ses aga9/ ! :ites4 ,on ! contr>y1 lawlessness seems to beget lawlessness & ! publicity giv5 to revolt+ crimes by lyn*+ ! p]petrators ( !m seems really to incite o!rs to commit simil> crimes1 or at lea/ sugge/s to o!rs l crimes :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,! frightful tortures & ! burn+s :i* h tak5 place 9 ! la/ few ye>s 9 connection ) ! lyn*+ ( negroes is p>tly to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t lyn*+s are n[ c>ri$ on by a l[] class ( :ites ?an =m]ly4#cdh ,! p[] ( sugge/ion z an inc5tive to crime is also evid5t 9 ?is b>b>\s conduct ( lyn*+ mobs4 ,! publicity giv5 9 ! newspap]s1 p>ticul>ly ! s5sational ones1 to ! details ( su* tragic sc5es has und\bt$ly be5 l>gely responsible = ! frequ5cy ( _! recurr5ce4#cdi ,! relations betwe5 ! y\ng] g5]ations ( ! two races are1 besides1 mu* less cordial & amicable ?an 7 ^? :i* exi/$ betwe5 ! g5]ations imm$iately prec$+2 !re is less ( a mutual und]/&+4 ,! relation ( ma/] & slave has be5 de/roy$ & no new relation has yet be5 firmly e/abli%$ 9 its place4 ,9 ! process ( adju/m5t to a new ord] ( ?+s !re has be5 con/ant friction betwe5 ! two races1 & :5 an (f5se has be5 committ$ ^u a :ite p]son by a negro1 p>ticul>ly if an assault has be5 made ^u ! p]son ( a :ite woman or *ild1 ! exasp]ation ( ! :ites has kn[n sc>cely any b\nds4 ,:ile ! decrease 9 ! numb] ( lyn*+s p] ye> s9ce ! e>ly n9eties af=ds "s hope = ! future ) ref]5ce to ! suppression ( lyn*+s1 /ill ! numb] ( burn+s & ! numb] ( cases 9 :i* ! victims are subject$ to extreme torture indicate t too mu* reliance _c be plac$ ^u any app>5t decl9e 9 ! t5d5cy to lyn*4 ,! fact also t lyn*+s frequ5tly occur 9 communities :]e su* summ>y & illegal proc$ure _h n previ\sly be5 p]mitt$ =ebodes m lyn*+s 9 ! future4 ,! s]i\sness ( ! situation ) ref]5ce to ! practice ( lyn*+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is n yet fully realiz$4 ,!re is no little gr\nd = appreh5sion 9 ! fact t x is becom+ common = cries ( 8,lyn* him10 8,hang him10 8,get a rope & /r+ him up10 c41 to be he>d1 ev5 on ! /reets ( ,new ,york ,city1 :5ev] a cr[d ga!rs 9 response to a feel+ ( popul> excitem5t & indignation ov] ! p]petration ( "s atroci\s crime4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is inve/igation into ! hi/ory ( lyn*+ x has become evid5t t !re is usually m or less public approval1 or suppos$ favorable public s5tim5t1 beh9d a lyn*+4 ,inde$1 x is n too mu* to say t popul> ju/ification is ! s9e qua non ( lyn*+4 ,x is ?is fact t di/+ui%es lyn*+1 on ! "o h&1 f assass9ation & murd]1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 f insurrection & op5 w>f>e4 ,a lyn*+ may be def9$ z an illegal & summ>y execution at ! h&s ( a mob1 or a numb] ( p]sons1 :o h 9 "s degree ! public op9ion ( ! community beh9d !m4 ,:5 ! t]m fir/ came into use x meant ! infliction ( corporal puni%m5t1 p>ticul>ly :ipp+4 ,! t]m is n[ us$ exclusively to signify ! infliction ( ! dea? p5alty 9 a summ>y fa%ion1 usually by hang+4 ,b :atev] ! p5alty impos$ or ! mann] ( its imposition1 ! s5tim5t frequ5tly express$ 9 a community :]e a lyn*+ has occurr$ is to ! effect t ! victim or victims got no m ?an 0 des]v$4 ,x fur!r appe>s f ?is inve/igation t no "o cause or crime c be assign$ = lyn*+4 ,lyn*+s take place = v>i\s causes4 ,at "o "t !re may be a lack ( ord9>y tribunals ( ju/ice1 at ano!r "t !re may be d\bt z to ! effici5cy ( ! legal ma*9]y4 ,lyn*+s may take place because ! (f5se is outside ! law b is deem$ s]i\s en\gh to m]it sev]e puni%m5t4 ,!y may occur because ( ! b>b>ity & fi5di% nature ( ! crime committ$4 ,!y may occur = "o reason or = ano!r2 ! only factor t is always pres5t is a disorganiz$ /ate ( society or a condition ( popul> excitem5t & res5tm5t :5 reliance on ord9>y legal proc$ure is at a m9imum4 ,( ! legal rem$ies = lyn*+ :i* h be5 propos$1 few h be5 enact$ into laws1 & :]e su* measures h be5 plac$ ^u ! /atute-books !y h n z yet be5 s effectively adm9i/]$ z to inspire confid5ce 9 !m z an ultimate means ( suppress+ ! practice4 ,! problem ( f9d+ a rem$y = lyn*+ is really a problem ( increas+ & ma9ta9+ a popul> reliance on ! =mulation & ! adm9i/ration ( ! law4 ,e measure :i* w 9 any way promote su* a reliance1 ei!r by invalidat+ ! excuses (f]$ 9 ju/ification ( ! practice or by develop+ a /rong public s5tim5t aga9/ x1 des]ves s]i\s consid]ation1 & e su* measure1 unless likely to be productive ( o!r evils possibly great]1 %\ld be imm$iately adopt$ & put into op]ation4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! practice ( lyn*+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a national disgrace & %\ld be s consid]$ by e citiz5 no matt] 9 :at "p ( ! c\ntry 8 home may be4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n ju/ify citiz5s ( ! ,nor!rn section 9 viol5tly attack+ citiz5s ( ! ,s\!rn section e "t t a lyn*+ occurs 9 t section1 or vice v]sa4 ,ea* section & inde$ ea* community mu/ hold itself responsible = ! prev5tion ( lyn*+s4 ,nei!r ,european philan?ropi/s nor ! ,nor!rn press or pulpit c d v mu* t[>d prev5t+ su* occurr5ces 9 ! ,s\?4 ,x is a "q ) :i* ! ,s\? alone c prop]ly deal & x is a problem :i* ! intellig5t m5 ( ! ,s\? are be/ able to solve4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,s\!rn ,education ,bo>d & ! ,g5]al ,education ,bo>d to educate bo? ! :ites & ! blacks & lift !m to a high] plane ( liv+ w d mu* t[>d prev5t+ lyn*+s4 ,! "w done by su* s*ools z ! ,hampton ,in/itute & ! ,tuskegee ,normal & ,indu/rial ,in/itute1 & ! pr9ciples advocat$ by su* m5 z ,book] ,t4 ,wa%+ton1 also lead 9 ! same direction4 ,x has be5 well sugge/$ t ! ,nor!rn pap]s & ! ,s\!rn pap]s %\ld ex*ange texts--! ,nor!rn press %\ld prea* aga9/ negro crime1 ! ,s\!rn press %\ld prea* aga9/ lawlessness & race prejudice4 ,t ?is has be5 done 9 a few in/ances gives hope = ! future4 ,to ! ext5t t ! color$ race increases its indu/rial effici5cy & becomes economically /rong 9 ! ,s\? w !re be a decrease 9 negro lawlessness & vici\sness1 & likewise w x m]it respect & confid5ce on ! "p ( ! :ite race4 ,m ?an any?+ else ! color$ race ne$s wise & able lead]s at ! pres5t "t4 ,! false notions & ideals ( ! ,recon/ruction ,p]iod h n[ be5 l>gely eradicat$4 ,! race is 9 a position to make sub/antial & mat]ial progress1 if "u able lead]%ip1 & su* progress w t5d to elim9ate ! conditions :i* fo/] lyn*+ 9 ! ,s\?4 ,if ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h a mon>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t ! mo/ practicable means = ! suppression ( lyn*+s w\ld consi/ m]ely 9 ! publication ( an edict by ! mon>* = ! bett] en=cem5t ( ! law4 ,mo/ lyn*+ mobs c\ld be easily disp]s$ 7 ! (fic]s ( ! law resolute & det]m9$ m5 int5t ^u protect+ _! prison]s & lett+ ! law take its c\rse2 if !y 7 responsible only to _! sup]ior (fic]s & n m or less directly responsible to ! p1 & if !y 7 n 9 sympa?y ) ! mob to a great] or less degree4 ,our sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 is 9 =m repres5tative & popul>1 & all our traditions are aga9/ a highly c5traliz$ =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x is !re=e necess>y to dep5d v l>gely ^u public s5tim5t = a /rict en=cem5t ( ! law4 ,lyn*-law w n cease to exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry until !re is a /rong & uncompromis+ public s5tim5t aga9/ x 9 e community1 a public s5tim5t :i*1 ) a full recognition ( ! e?nic & 8societal0 factors involv$ 9 ! 8race "q10 & ( ! necessity = a legal sy/em consi/5t ) ^! factors in/ead ( "o bas$ on ab/ract pr9ciples conc]n+ ! rights ( all m51 w inv>iably condemn lyn*+s because !y are a crime aga9/ society1 if = no o!r reason1 & w "u no circum/ances c\nt5ance !m because !y may be ! adm9i/ration ( des]v$ & well-m]it$ puni%m5ts4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,p]iodicals ,,cit$ ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,social ,sci5ce4 ,am]ican ,law ,review4 ,am]ican ,:ig ,review4 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,annual ,reports ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association4 ,atlantic ,mon?ly4 ,bo/on ,*ronicle4 ,bo/on ,daily ,adv]tis]4 ,bo/on ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,bo/on ,ev5+ ,transcript4 ,bo/on ,gazette4 ,bo/on ,news-,lett]4 ,briti% & ,=eign ,review4 ,brooklyn ,/&>d ,union4 ,*amb]s' ,j\rnal4 ,*attanooga ,times4 ,*icago ,tribune4 ,congressional ,record4 ,cyclop$ic ,review ( ,curr5t ,hi/ory4 ,d5v] ,republican4 ,essex ,gazette4 ,=tnightly ,review4 ,=um4 ,gre5 ,bag4 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e4 ,h>v>d ,law ,review4 ,h\/on ,po/4 ,h[itt's ,j\rnal4 ,indep5d5t4 ,int]national ,mon?ly4 ,johns ,hopk9s ,hi/orical ,/udies4 ,j\rnal ( ,proce$+s ( ,am]ican ,social ,sci5ce ,association4 ,leisure ,h\r4 ,leslie's ,weekly4 ,lib]ator4 ,lit]>y ,dige/4 ,london ,gazette4 ,london ,gazette]4 ,massa*usetts ,spy4 ,mod]n ,philology4 ,nation4 ,new ,engl& ,gazette4 ,new ,engl& ,magaz9e4 ,new ,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]4 ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/4 ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,sun4 ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,telegraph4 ,new ,york ,gazette4 ,new ,york ,times4 ,new ,york ,tribune4 ,new ,york ,_w4 ,niles' ,regi/]4 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,notes & ,qu]ies4 ,our ,day4 ,outlook4 ,publications ( ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association4 ,publications ( ! ,s\!rn ,hi/orical ,association4 ,public ,op9ion4 ,raleigh ,news-,obs]v]4 ,review ( ,reviews4 ,ri*mond ,planet4 ,salem ,gazette4 ,saturday ,review4 ,s\!rn ,lit]>y ,mess5g]4 ,spectator4 ,wa%+ton ,times4 ,yale ,review4 ,citations are made also to /atutes1 hi/orical records1 colonial ar*ives1 encyclop$ias1 diction>ies1 etc4 ,full ref]5ces are giv5 9 ! foot-notes4 ,= au?ors quot$ see index4 ,,index ,abolitionism1 #ia1 #ajg1 #aba4 ,abolitioni/s1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aac1 #abj1 #abb4 ,act ( indemnity1 #bi1 #gb1 #gc4 ,agreem5t to take extra-legal measures1 #di1 #gc1 #hc4 ,alabama1 burn+ alive1 #ajh1 #abf2 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aea1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 responsibility ( %]iffs1 #bdd2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bee1 #bfc4 ,alaska1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,ali5s1 lyn*+ (1 #aga1 #aha4 ,anti-slav]y agitation1 #aih4 ,arizona1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,arkansas1 burn+ alive1 #aji1 #abf1 #aia2 lyn*-law adopt$1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh4 ,arnold1 ,s4 ,g41 #ff4 ,atk9son1 ,gov]nor1 #bca4 ,au/ria-,hung>y1 mob viol5ce1 #d4 ,aycock1 ,gov]nor1 #bef4 ,bancr(t1 ,h4 ,h41 #acb1 #aih4 ,bassett1 ,john ,s41 #dh1 #baa4 ,be>d1 ,j4 ,m41 #aci4 ,birkbeck1 ,morris1 #gg4 ,blan*>d1 ,gov]nor1 #bfb4 ,blane1 ,w4 ,n41 #ch1 #gh4 ,boag1 ,rev4 ,john1 #aj4 ,bohemian lyn*$1 #agb1 #aha4 ,boies1 ,h5ry ,m41 #afd4 ,brackett1 ,j4 ,r41 #bab4 ,br&e1 #e1 #h4 ,brew]1 ,ju/ice1 on "r ( appeal1 #bfj-bfb4 ,bri/$1 ,c4 ,a41 #af4 ,br[n1 ,w4 ,g41 #adj4 ,br[n1 ,william ,wells1 #bjb4 ,br[n v4 ,orangeburg ,co41 #bdf ff4 ,bryce1 ,james1 #adj4 ,burn+ alive1 #ajh1 #aji1 #abf1 #abg1 #aia1 #bgd1 #bge2 z legal puni%m5t1 #bab ff4 ,cabell1 ,julia ,mayo1 #bc1 #cc1 #ge4 ,cali=nia1 vigilance committee movem5t1 #acb ff42 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aea1 #ahj1 #ahd2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bee4 ,canada1 practice ( lyn*+ does n exi/1 #c4 ,c>pet-bagg]s1 #ach4 ,ca/ration1 =m ( puni%m5t1 #baa4 ,cattle ?ieves1 #afc 7see horse ?ieves74 ,causes ( lyn*+s1 classification (1 #aff ff42 conclusion 9 reg>d to1 #bgf4 ,cazneau1 ,jane ,m41 #aig4 ,*ann+1 ,w4 ,e41 #aid4 ,*9a1 secret societies 91 #d4 ,*9ese lyn*$1 #agb1 #aha4 ,civil ,w>1 social disruption at close (1 #acg ff4 ,club law1 #ch4 ,colonies1 puni%m5t ( rape 91 #bjh ff4 ,colorado1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aeb1 #afc1 #ahj1 #ahd2 burn+ alive1 #aia4 ,color$ elem5t 9 population1 influ5ce on lyn*+1 #ahf ff4 ,commission]s v4 ,*ur*1 #bdh ff4 ,connecticut1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #fc2 p]petrators ( outrage f9$1 #aae2 lyn*+ ( ,*>les ,lockwood1 #ahj1 #aha1 #ahe4 ,corporal puni%m5t 7see :ipp+1 t> & fea!rs1 rid+ on rail74 ,c\nty liable = damages1 #bdf ff4 ,c[p] ju/ice1 #h4 ,craig1 ,john1 #aj4 ,crim9ality among negroes1 #bgd4 ,crockett1 ,david1 #aif4 ,damages1 suits =1 #aad1 #aae1 #abe4 ,def5sor1 #aje4 ,delaw>e1 burn+ alive1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #aia1 #bfa4 ,desj>d9s1 ,ar?ur1 #bd4 ,desp]adism1 #aff4 ,desp]adoes1 #abh ff41 #aej4 ,dewees1 ,f4 ,p41 #aej4 ,d\glass1 ,fr$]ick1 #bbc4 ,doyle1 ,a4 ,conan1 #adj4 ,drake family ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 tradition 91 #ag ff4 ,drap]1 ,lyman ,c41 #bf1 #cd1 #gc4 ,drayton1 ,john1 #fa1 #fi4 ,drewry1 ,w4 ,s41 #ib ff41 #afe4 ,du,bois1 ,w4 ,e4 ,b41 #bgd4 ,durb91 ,gov]nor1 #bfc4 ,engl&1 practice ( lyn*+ does n exi/1 #c1 #g1 #i4 ,emancipation proclamation1 #acg4 ,fall[s1 ,samuel1 #aj4 ,f>m]1 ,john ,s41 #aj4 ,faux1 ,w41 #ch1 #gf4 ,fea!r/on1 ,h4 ,c41 #ae1 #bc1 #cj4 ,fea!r/onhaugh1 ,g4 ,w41 #cf4 ,f$]al anti-lyn*+ law propos$1 #beg4 ,fiske1 ,john1 #bab4 ,flogg+ 7see :ipp+74 ,florida1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aai1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh4 ,=d1 ,paul ,leice/]1 #fj4 ,=eign elem5t 9 population1 effect on lyn*+1 #ahf ff4 ,france1 practice ( lyn*+ does n exi/1 #c4 ,fran*ise giv5 to negroes1 effect (1 #bje ff4 ,fronti] conditions1 lyn*-law "u1 #a1 #gh ff41 #abi ff41 #aej1 #aid ff4 ,gag law1 #cg4 ,galway /ory1 #ac ff4 ,gambl]s1 lyn*-law adopt$ aga9/1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajh4 ,g>n]1 ,j4 ,w41 #ach4 ,g>rison1 ,w4 ,l41 #ia1 #if4 ,georgia1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ib1 #afh1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahe2 burn+ alive1 #aia2 anti-lyn*+ laws1 #bca ff41 #bcc2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bef4 ,g]many1 practice ( lyn*+ does n exi/1 #c4 ,gregg1 ,alex&]1 #bj1 #ea ff4 ,grose1 #g4 ,grund1 ,f4 ,j41 #aad1 #bga4 ,gu9ea ,coa/1 secret societies (1 #d4 ,hakluyt1 #fa4 ,halifax law1 #h4 ,hall1 ,judge ,james1 #ci1 #ha4 ,hanna1 ,c4 ,a41 #db4 ,h>diman1 #ae4 ,hawkes1 ,ar?ur1 #bjb4 ,h5+1 #cj1 #cb1 #gc1 #gf1 #baa4 ,h5ry1 ,william ,wirt1 #cb4 ,h]%ey1 ,o4 ,f41 #bgj4 ,heyw>d1 ,gov]nor1 #beb4 ,hittell1 ,john ,s41 #acb4 ,h(fman1 ,f4 ,l41 #aec4 ,hogg1 ,gov]nor1 #bcj4 ,holt1 ,george ,c41 #aee1 #bfe4 ,hone1 ,philip1 #aag4 ,horse ?ieves1 #c1 #abb1 #abh1 #acd1 #afc4 ,h[e1 ,h5ry1 #be1 #bf1 #cc4 ,idaho1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1ahd4 ,ill9ois1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #dd1 #de1 #gh1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #ahh2 compact ent]$ into by ,regulators1 #hc2 mob viol5ce1 #aaj1 #aae2 burn+ alive1 #aia2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bed4 ,illit]acy1 /udy ( ) ref]5ce to ! di/ribution ( lyn*+s1 #ahf ff4 ,immigration1 effect on practice ( lyn*+1 #ahf ff4 ,indemnities paid by ,unit$ ,/ates1 #bei4 ,indemnification ( ,william ,pre/on & o!rs1 #bi2 ,william ,campbell & o!rs1 #gb2 ,?omas ,nelson1 ,jr41 #gc4 ,indiana1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ch1 #gg1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #ahh2 anti-lyn*+ laws1 #bda ff42 ,maxwell v4 ,dudley1 #bej4 ,indians lyn*$1 #agb4 ,cf4 #da ff41 #dd4 #de4 ,indian ,t]ritory1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,in=m]s t>r$ & fea!r$1 #fb ff4 ,+le1 ,edw>d1 #ge4 ,+raham1 ,j4 ,h41 #aja1 #bbg4 ,i[a1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #hf ff41 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,italians lyn*$1 #agb1 #aha1 #bbh4 ,jacksonian p]iod1 #ajf ff4 ,jameson1 ,r4 ,g41 #fa4 ,jamieson1 ,john1 #h4 ,japanese lyn*$1 #agb1 #aha4 ,j$d>t ju/ice1 #h4 ,jelks1 ,gov]nor1 #bfc4 ,johnson1 ,joseph1 #bb1 #ef1 #fa4 ,johnson1 ,william1 #bf4 ,judge ,lyn*1 code ( 8 honor1 #hb1 #hc1 #ajb1 #acc4 ,kansas1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #acd1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #bde2 burn+ alive1 #aia2 anti-lyn*+ law1 #bde4 ,kell]1 ,alb]t ,g41 #bgb4 ,kemble1 ,fanny1 #bja4 ,k5tucky1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ch1 #gh1 #hh1 #aea1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 damages = slaves illegally execut$1 #abe2 burn+ alive1 #aia1 #bfd2 anti-lyn*+ law1 #bch ff42 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bee1 #bfd4 ,ku-,klux ,klan #f1 #aci ff4 ,la%+ 7see :ipp+74 ,latrobe1 ,c4 ,j41 #hc4 ,lawless1 ,judge1 #aji1 #aic4 ,le,bon1 ,gu/ave1 #bge4 ,lee1 ,h5ry1 #bf4 ,legal executions comp>$ ) lyn*+s1 #afc4 ,legal rem$ies1 efficacy (1 #bde1 #bea ff1 #bgg4 ,le,roy1 ,james ,a41 #bjb4 ,le/]1 ,j4 ,c41 #aci4 ,levell1 ,w4 ,h41 #bgd4 ,l9*1 #af4 ,l9*'s ,law1 #ci1 #ha4 ,l9coln1 ,abraham1 on effects ( mob law1 #aaj ff4 ,l9n1 ,w4 ,a41 #ajc4 ,loss+1 ,b5son ,j41 #bd4 ,l\isiana1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aag1 #aea1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 slaves s5t5c$ to dea? by plant]s1 #abf2 burn+ alive1 #aia1 #bbh4 ,lovejoy1 ,rev4 ,e4 ,p41 #aaj1 #aae4 ,loyal ,league1 #adf4 ,lyd=d law1 #g4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 #aai4 ,lyn*1 diction>y def9itions (1 #i ff42 etymology (1 #af ff42 use ( ^w1 #aaf4 ,lyn*1 ,*>les1 #aa1 #bc ff4 ,lyn*1 ,john1 #bc1 #ce1 #ge4 ,lyn*1 ,james ,fitz/eph51 #ac4 ,lyn*1 ,william1 #gc1 #ge4 ,lyn*]s1 puni%m5t (1 #aad ff41 #aeb1 #bed ff41 #bfe4 ,lyn*'s ,creek1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ai ff4 ,lyn* ,creek1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #ag4 ,lyn*+1 practice peculi> to ,unit$ ,/ates1 #a ff41 #bfg ff42 social conditions affect+1 #b1 #e1 #bgg2 simil> to regulat+1 #df2 def9ition (1 #aa1 #ace1 #acf1 #ahf1 #bda1 #bgf2 mann] ( dea? by1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aia2 h[ ju/ifi$ 9 ,s\?1 #bbd-bbf1 #bgb1 #bgc4 ,lyn*+s1 reports ( 9 newspap]s1 #aei2 di/ribution ( by ,/ates1 #ahb2 di/ribution ( by c\nties1 #ahi4 ,lyn*-law1 mean+ ( t]m1 #i ff41 #dj1 #acf2 fronti] type1 #hb ff41 #he ff41 #hi1 #ij1 #abi ff41 #aej1 #aid ff42 type f\nd 9 well settl$ communities1 #b1 #aab ff4 ,lyn*'s law1 e>lie/ use ( expression1 #cf2 orig9al signification ( t]m1 #ci1 #dj2 us$ = fir/ "t 9 ,lib]ator1 #ig2 us$ = fir/ "t 9 ,niles' ,regi/]1 #ih4 ,malay lyn*$1 #aeb4 ,m>ryat1 ,f41 #aad1 #aid ff4 ,m>t91 ,colonel ,william1 #cd4 ,m>t91 ,f4 ,x41 #bj1 #dh4 ,m>t9eau1 ,h>riet1 #ajd1 #aad4 ,m>yl&1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aeb1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh4 ,massa*usetts1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ajb1 #ajc2 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #fa ff41 #fd1 #fe1 #fg ff4 ,mat!ws1 ,alb]t1 #ai1 #ba1 #cb1 #cf1 #ei4 ,maxwell v4 ,dudley1 #bej4 ,mayo-,smi?1 ,ri*mond1 #agj4 ,mc,connel1 ,j4 ,l41 #hd1 #he4 ,mc,cord1 ,d4 ,j41 #bac1 #bai1 #bba4 ,mc,crady1 ,edw>d1 #bj1 #fa1 #fi4 ,mexicans lyn*$1 #agb1 #aha4 ,mi*igan1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #ahe2 anti-lyn*+ law1 #bdd4 ,mississippi1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ii ff41 #aag1 #abj1 #afh1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 suits = damages1 #aae2 burn+ alive1 #aia2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bed4 ,miss\ri1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ih1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 #abj1 #abb1 #aea1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 burn+ alive1 #ajh1 #aji1 #abf2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bee4 ,mob law1 #cg4 ,mobocracy1 #aja4 ,mobs1 #bj1 #fi1 #ig1 #aja2 def9ition1 #bda4 ,mob viol5ce1 #ff1 #fh1 #ia1 #ajc ff41 #aaj1 #aae1 #bei2 damages =1 #ff4 ,molly ,maguires1 #aej4 ,montana1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aea1 #afc1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,montgom]y1 ,cora1 #aig4 ,moore1 ,frank1 #fj1 #fa1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga4 ,moore1 ,n9a1 #fd4 ,mormons1 #ajc4 ,murray1 ,c4 ,a41 #cf1 #aih4 ,murrell conspiracy1 #ajj4 ,nebraska1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,negroes1 lyn*+ (1 previ\s to ,civil ,w>1 #abd1 #abf ff42 9 rec5t ye>s1 #aea1 #aeb1 #agj ff41 #aha2 h[ ju/ifi$1 #bbc ff4 ,nevada1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aea1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,new ,hamp%ire1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #dd4 ,new ,j]sey1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #gj1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,new ,mexico1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,new ,york1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #fc1 #gj2 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,new ,zeal&1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #fa4 ,noble1 ,j41 #bab4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,regulators1 #bj ff41 #dh2 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ia1 #abj1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh1 #bfd2 burn+ alive1 #aia2 anti-lyn*+ law1 #bcb2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bef1 #beg4 ,nor? ,dakota1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,nuttall1 #aj4 ,o',f]all1 ,gov]nor1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bfb4 ,ohio1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #ahe1 #ahh1 #bdh2 anti-lyn*+ laws1 #bce ff42 ,commission]s v4 ,*ur*1 #bdh ff4 ,olm/$1 ,f4 ,l41 #abh4 ,o',neall1 ,j4 ,b41 #bj1 #ba1 #ec1 #ee4 ,oregon1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,page1 ,?omas ,nelson1 #adj1 #bjg1 #bbd4 ,page1 ,?omas ,walk]1 #bc ff4 ,page1 ,walt] ,h41 #bbc4 ,pell1 ,edw>d ,leigh1 #aei1 #bca4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,rang]s at ,paxtang1 #da2 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #fd2 lyn*-law adopt$1 #bb1 #ig1 #ih1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,p]fectioni/s1 #ajc4 ,phillips1 ,edw>d1 #g4 ,popul> tribunals1 #acc4 ,public s5tim5t z rem$y1 #bfe ff41 #bgi4 ,race prejudice1 #afh1 #aih ff41 #bgb4 ,ramsay1 ,david1 #ee4 ,rang]s1 #da1 #de1 #hb4 ,rape1 #abf1 #abg1 #aff1 #afi1 #agj1 #agg1 #bjg ff41 #bac ff41 #bgc4 ,ratzel1 ,f41 #d1 #bja4 ,recon/ruction p]iod *>act]iz$1 #aec4 ,regulate1 e>lie/ use 9 connection ) extra-legal puni%m5t1 #dh4 ,regulat+1 #bj1 #ch1 #ci1 #df1 #dh1 #ea1 #ei1 #hj4 ,regulators1 #f1 #bj ff41 #cc1 #ch1 #db1 #dh ff41 #gi ff41 #hh1 #aba1 #acj1 #adc4 ,rem$ies tri$1 #bde1 #bea ff4 ,revolution>y ,w>1 social conditions dur+1 #fj4 ,rhode ,isl&1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #fc2 mob viol5ce1 #ff4 ,rid+ on rail1 #ib1 #ajc1 #aac1 #abj 7see :ipp+1 t> & fea!rs74 ,riots1 #ch1 #fi1 #ia1 #ig4 ,roads1 ,jr41 ,s41 #fi4 ,rob]ts1 ,william1 #c4 ,royce1 ,josiah1 #acb4 ,russia1 lyn*-law proc$ure1 #c4 ,san ,francisco vigilance committees1 #acb4 ,s*ap]1 ,wm4 ,a41 #ba4 ,s*5ck1 ,david1 #cf4 ,s*(ilites1 #bb1 #ef4 ,scotl&1 summ>y proc$ure1 #g1 #i4 ,scot*-,iri% blam$ = introduction ( lyn*-law1 #db1 #dc4 ,sewall1 ,samuel1 #bja4 ,%al]1 ,n4 ,s41 #bgj4 ,%eph]d1 ,samuel1 #baa4 ,sidis1 ,boris1 #bge4 ,simms1 ,w4 ,g41 #bf4 ,slick1 use ( ^w1 #ih1 #abj4 ,sloane1 ,w4 ,m41 #ga4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,h41 #de4 ,sons ( ,lib]ty1 #ei1 #aed4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,regulators1 #ai1 #ba1 #ea ff42 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #fi1 #ga2 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aea1 #afh1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 provision = trial ( slaves1 #bah ff42 anti-lyn*+ law1 #bcc ff42 ,br[n v4 ,orangeburg ,co41 #bdf ff4 ,s\? ,dakota1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,squire ,bir*1 #cc1 #ha4 ,/amp ,act1 #ei4 ,/e>ns1 ,*>les1 #aci4 ,/$man1 ,c41 #bf4 ,/one1 ,alfr$ ,holt1 #aia4 ,summ]s1 ,l4 ,p41 #cf4 ,sumn]1 ,w4 ,g41 #fj1 #ajg4 ,swiss lyn*$1 #agb1 #aha4 ,t> & fea!rs1 #fj ff41 #ib1 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #abj4 ,t>leton1 ,bana/re1 #bf4 ,tea m]*ants1 subjects = t> & fea!rs1 #ff4 ,t5nessee1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ce1 #aad1 #aae1 #aai1 #aea1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 ,ku-,klux ,klan1 #aci1 #ade1 #adh2 anti-lyn*+ law1 #bcg2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bee1 #bef4 ,texas1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aah1 #aba1 #abb1 #abh1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 burn+ alive1 #aia1 #bbh2 anti-lyn*+ law1 #bdj1 #bda2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bee4 ,till+ha/1 ,j4 ,a41 #bjj4 ,tories1 #bd ff41 #fj1 #gb4 ,turn]1 ,nat41 #ib ff4 ,union ,league1 #adf4 ,upton1 ,george ,p41 #afj4 ,utah1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,v>daman1 ,gov]nor1 #bfc4 ,vehmic c\rts1 #e ff4 ,v]dicts ( coron]'s juries1 #bfc4 ,vicksburg gambl]s1 #ii1 #ajh1 #aid4 ,vigilance organizations1 #f1 #abb1 #abe1 #abh1 #acj ff4 ,virg9ia1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #bc ff41 #cb1 #ci1 #gf1 #ib1 #aai1 #aea1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 acts to indemnify1 #bi1 #gb1 #gc2 t>r+ & fea!r+1 #ga2 agreem5t ( #aghj1 #gc2 slave insurrection l$ by ,nat ,turn]1 #ib ff4 ,wa%+ton1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd4 ,wa%+ton1 ,book] ,t41 #bgh4 ,wells1 ,ida ,b41 #bbi4 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ajb1 #agi1 #ahc1 #ahh2 jo9t resolution condemn+ lyn*+1 #bdd4 ,we/cott1 #g4 ,:eel]1 ,john ,h41 #ag ff41 #ej4 ,:ipp+1 #bg1 #bh1 #cb1 #ce1 #dg1 #gf1 #gg1 #ib1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajb1 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 #aaf1 #abj1 #bag-bah4 ,:ite ,caps1 #aed1 #afh4 ,willcox1 ,walt] ,f41 #bjg4 ,williams1 ,george ,w41 #aii1 #bjc4 ,williamson1 ,hugh1 #bj1 #dh1 #ej4 ,wilson1 ,d4 ,l41 #aci4 ,wilson1 ,woodr[1 #ajg4 ,wirt1 ,william1 #bf1 #cb1 #ga4 ,wiscons91 lyn*-law adopt$1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #ahe4 ,wi/]1 ,ow51 #aig4 ,wom51 lyn*+ (1 #agb1 #agc4 ,wright1 ,c>roll ,d41 #bfh4 ,wyom+1 lyn*-law adopt$1 #ahj1 #ahd2 puni%m5t ( lyn*]s1 #bee4 ----- ,footnote #a3 ,comp>e /atem5t by ,william ,rob]ts 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahib 7#eg3 #ib74 ,footnote #b3 ,! ,times1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,dec4 #ad1 #aijb4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,/&>d ,union1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 ,nov4 #ad1 #aijb4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,telegraph1 ,oct4 #h1 #aijb4 ,footnote #e3 ,see ,f4 ,ratzel3 8,hi/ory ( ,mank9d0 7trans4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,butl]71 ,i1 #abe1 #bha1 #bhb2 ,,ii1 #aca2 ,,iii1 #ejg4 ,footnote #f3 ,see 8,fehmic c\rts10 ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 #i? edition4 ,footnote #g3 ,edw>d ,phillips3 8,! ,new ,_w ( ,words1 or a ,g5]al ,engli% ,diction>y0 7#afgh1 #d? edition74 ,footnote #h3 ,grose's 8,prov9cial ,gloss>y0 7,london1 #ahaa71 p4 #afc4 ,footnote #i3 ,see 8,lyn* ,law10 ,int]national ,cyclopdia 7#ahic74 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,c5tury ,diction>y "u 8,law40 ,footnote #aa3 ,john ,jamieson3 8,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,scotti% ,language0 7#ahgi74 ,footnote #ab3 ,an ,am]ican edition1 b\nd "u ! title1 8,br&e's ,encyclopdia10 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdc4 ,footnote #ac3 ,! ,engli% ,diction>y1 edit$ by ,rev4 ,john ,boag & publi%$ at ,glasg[ 9 #ahdh1 gives = ! v]b lyn*1 8,to inflict puni%m5t )\t ! =ms ( law1 z by a mob40 ,! def9itions giv5 = ! words 8lyn*$0 & 8lyn*+0 are also v simil> to ! ones giv5 by ,web/]4 ,x is fair to presume t ,boag consult$ ,web/] & foll[$ 8 au?ority1 al?\gh he did n m>k ! t]m z an ,am]ican ^w4 ,john ,craig's ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language 7,london1 #ahdi7 gives 8lyn*1 v4 a4 ,to puni% summ>ily )\t judicial inve/igation1 z by a mob4--,an ,am]ican ^w40 ,! ,london edition ( ,nuttall's ,diction>y 7publi%$ ab\t #ahfc7 gives 8,lyn*1 v4 a4 ,to inflict pa91 or puni% )\t ! =ms ( law1 z by an ,am]ican mob40 ,! diction>ies publi%$ 9 ,great ,brita9 previ\s to #ahdh d n conta9 ! v]b lyn*4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! edition ( #aija has ! same4 ,! ,c5tury ,diction>y is ! only rec5t au?oritative "w t /ates unequivocally t lyn*-law 0 orig9ally ! k9d ( law adm9i/]$ by ,*>les ,lyn* ( ,virg9ia4 ,footnote #ae3 ,see ,h>diman's ,hi/ory ( ,galway 7,dubl91 #ahbj71 p4 #gj4 ,also1 ,spectator 7,london71 ,april #ac1 #ahhi 7#fb3 #eaa74 ,! /ory c be trac$ back z f> z ! ye> #afgd4 ,see ,miscellany ( ! ,iri% ,ar*ological ,society 7#ahdf71 ,i1 #dd-hj4 7,m47 ,footnote #af3 ,! ,gre5 ,bag1 ,m>*1 #aijj 7#ab3 #aej74 ,footnote #ag3 ,see 8lyn* law10 ,! ,am]ican ,cyclopdia 7edition ( #ahge74 ,see also1 ,notes ,qu]ies1 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,oct4 #bc1 #aheh 7#f3 #cch71 :]e ref]5ce is made to ,london ,gazette1 #f-i ,febru>y1 #afhg-h1 ,no4 #bcai4 ,footnote #ah3 ,t he succe$$ 9 mak+ himself ?or\ghly unpopul> ) e "o is %[n 9 ! ,cal5d>s ( ,/ate ,pap]s1 ,colonial ,s]ies1 ,am]ica ,we/ ,indies1 #afhe-afhh1 & #afhh-afib4 7,m47 ,footnote #ai3 ,see 8lyn* law10 ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7#i? edition72 also1 "u 8to lyn*10 ,b>tlett's ,diction>y ( ,am]icanisms 7#d? edition1 #ahgg74 ,c4 ,a4 ,bri/$1 9 an essay on ,! ,engli% ,language 9 ,am]ica 7,cambridge ,essays1 #ahee1 p4 #fj7 says3 8,l9*1 9 sev]al ( ! nor!rn-c\nty dialects1 means to beat1 or maltreat4 ,lyn* ,law1 !n1 w\ld be simply equival5t to club-law2 & ! *ange ( a lett] may be easily acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! "n ( ,lyn* is z common 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica z 9 ,irel&40 ,footnote #bj3 ,no su* v]b z l9* or l+e is f\nd 9 ,boswor?'s ,diction>y ( ! ,anglo-,saxon ,language1 or 9 ,/ratmann's ,middle-,engli% ,diction>y4 ,murray's ,ox=d ,diction>y 7#aijc7 gives ! v]b l9* z a v>iant ( l+e1 a ^w 8( obscure orig940 ,footnote #ba3 ,see 8lyn*10 ,skeat's ,etymological ,diction>y4 ,footnote #bb3 ,al?\gh ,bri/$ +5i\sly traces lyn*-law back to ! v]b l9*1 he rem>ks1 9 pass+1 t 8if !re ev] 0 a phrase deem$ p>ticul>ly ,trans-atlantic 9 orig91 x is t ( ,lyn* ,law = summ>y & in=mal ju/ice40 ,footnote #bc3 ,see p4 #aj1 note #a4 ,footnote #bd3 8,rem9isc5ces & ,memoirs ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahhd71 p4 #agb4 ,footnote #be3 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahea71 p4 #bgd4 ,footnote #bf3 ,see article by ,alb]t ,mat!ws 9 ! ,nation1 ,dec4 #d1 #aijb 7#ge3 #dci74 ,footnote #bg3 ,alex&] ,gregg3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,*]aws0 7#ahfg71 p4 #abj4 ,f4 ,x4 ,m>t93 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahbi71 ,,ii1 #bbh1 #bcc4 ,hugh ,williamson3 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahab71 ,,ii1 #abh1 #aca4 ,footnote #bh3 ,j4 ,b4 ,o',neall3 8,annals ( ,newb]ry0 7#ahei71 p4 #gf4 ,x is n /at$ by ,o',neall at :at "t ^! g5tlem5 in/itut$ ?is practice 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,f ! evid5ce t ,gregg gives1 x app>5tly took place 9 ! summ] ( #agfg4 ,see ! foll[+ *apt]1 p4 #ec4 ,footnote #bi3 ,see article by ,edw>d ,mc,crady1 9 ! ,nation1 ,jan4 #ae1 #aijc 7#gf3 #eb74 ,?is article z orig9ally writt5 0 publi%$ 9 full 9 ! ,sunday ,news1 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 ,jan4 #aa1 #aijc4 ,9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ! ,nation1 ,m>* #ai1 #aijc 7#gf3 #bbe71 ,mr4 ,george ,s4 ,wills cites an example ( ! use ( ! ^w lyn* 9 connection ) ?is creek1 :i* is f\nd 9 a j\rnal kept by ! ,rev4 ,william ,h4 ,wills1 a ,me?odi/ m9i/] ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 :o travel$ 9 8 sulky f ,t>boro1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 to ,alabama1 9 ! e>ly summ] ( #ahcg4 ,aft] describ+ a n>r[ escape f dr[n+ 9 an attempt to cross ,lyn*'s ,creek :ile x 0 swoll51 ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wills writes 9 8 j\rnal3 8,probably ,i %all nev] =get ,lyn*es ,creek2 = x _h well nigh ,lyn*d me40--,see 8,publications ( ! ,s\!rn ,hi/orical ,association10 ,novemb]1 #aijb 7#f3dgi74 ,?is example1 h[ev]1 %[s no orig9al connection betwe5 ! t]m lyn*-law & ,lyn*'s ,creek1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,z w appe> 9 ! foll[+ pages1 by ! ye> #ahcg ! ^w lyn* _h come to be widely us$ to indicate summ>y puni%m5t4 ,evid5tly ! writ] 9 ?is case m]ely notic$ ! simil>ity betwe5 ! "n ( ! creek & ! ^w :i* _h rec5tly come into use1 & s made ?is play ^u words1 us+ ! ^w lyn* 9 a some:at figurative s5se4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see article by ,alb]t ,mat!ws 9 ! ,nation1 ,jan4 #bi1 #aijc 7#gf3 #ia74 ,9 a monograph by ,william ,a4 ,s*ap]1 on 8,sectionalism & ,repres5tation 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 ! /atem5t is made1 9 ref]5ce to ! ,regulators ( #agfh1 t 8! settl]s agre$ to rely on lyn* law1 :i* receiv$ its "n at ?is "t40--,annual ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association 7#aijj71 ,i1 #ccg4 ,! au?or ( ?is /atem5t t lyn*-law receiv$ its "n at ?is "t 01 h[ev]1 unable to cite facts to support x4 7,m47 ,footnote #ca3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,*]aws0 7#ahfg71 p4 #abh4 ,footnote #cb3 ,j4 ,b4 ,o',neall3 8,biographical ,sket*es ( ! ,b5* & ,b> ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahei71 ,i1 p4 x4 ,footnote #cc3 8,traditions & ,rem9isc5ces10 pp4 #dd-de4 ,footnote #cd3 ,ibid41 p4 #edd4 ,footnote #ce3 ,vol4 #dh1 p4 #djb4 ,footnote #cf3 ,"o su* /ory w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ *apt] on p4 #gc4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,lyn* family 9 ,virg9ia1 see ,mrs4 ,julia ,mayo ,cabell3 8,sket*es & ,recollections ( ,lyn*burg0 7#aheh71 pp4 #i-bc4 ,! *ief available s\rces ( in=mation = ! facts & ev5ts p]ta9+ to ! life ( ,*>les ,lyn* are an article by ,?omas ,walk] ,page 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #aija 7#hh3 #gca71 & "o by ,h[ell ,colton ,fea!r/on 9 ! ,gre5 ,bag1 ,m>*1 #aijj 7#ab3 #aej74 ,bo? ( ^! articles h be5 l>gely drawn ^u 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,footnote #cg3 ,a writ] 78,clav]h\se07 9 ! ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,po/ = ,june #b1 #ahfd1 says3 8,9 ,am]ica1 ! t]m #8,lyn* law' 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,pi$mont1 on ! we/]n fronti] ( ,virg9ia4 ,!re 0 no c\rt )9 ! di/rict1 & all controv]sies 7 ref]r$ to ! arbitram5t ( prom95t citiz5s4 ,among ^! 0 a man by ! "n ( ,lyn*1 ^: decisions 7 s imp>tial t he 0 kn[n z ,judge ,lyn*1 & ! sy/em 0 call$ #8,lyn* law1' & adopt$ 9 our pione] settlem5ts z an inexp5sive & spe$y me?od ( obta9+ ju/ice40 ,footnote #ch3 ,edit$ by ,b5son ,j4 ,loss+1 publi%$ 9 #ahhb4 ,footnote #ci3 ,see article by ,ar?ur ,desj>d9s1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,may1 #ahia4 ,footnote #dj3 ,*>les ,lyn* 0 born 9 #agcf1 at ,*e/nut ,hill1 8 fa!r's e/ate1 ^u a "p ( :i* ! city ( ,lyn*burg n[ /&s4 ,8 fa!r 0 a 8r$emption]0 :o came to ,virg9ia f ,irel& ab\t #agbe4 ,! "y adv5tur] subsequ5tly m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! plant] to :om ! capta9 ( ! %ip t br\ght him ov] _h sold him1 took up a l>ge tract ( l& ly+ betwe5 ! ,james & ! ,/aunton riv]s1 & became a tobacco plant] on a l>ge scale4 ,at 8 dea? ! home on ! ,james fell to 8 elde/ son1 ,john1 & ,*>les took ! "p ( ! family l&s t lay ne>] ! fronti]4 ,! "m1 ,s>ah ,lyn*1 !n a wid[1 _h jo9$ ! sect ( ! ,quak]s at ! ,c$> ,creek meet+ on ,april #af1 #agej1 & x is 9 ! records ( ?is congregation ( ,quak]s t ! foll[+ item appe>s3 8#ad ( ,dec41 #aged4 ,*>les ,lyn* & ,anne ,t]rill publi%$ = ! fir/ ,"t _! ,int5tions ( ,m>riage40 ,! "y c\ple e/abli%$ _! home on ! ,/aunton1 9 :at is n[ ! s\?we/]n "p ( ,campbell ,c\nty4 ,= ye>s ,*>les foll[$ 8 "m's tea*+s & 0 an active memb] ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds2 = "s "t he 0 8,cl]k ( ! mon?ly meet+s40 ,lat]1 h[ev]1 ! exig5cies ( ! times caus$ him to =ego "s ( 8 scruples & accept public (fice4 ,9 #agfg he became 8unsatisfactory0 to ! peace-lov+ ,quak]s & he 0 8dis[n$ = tak+ solemn oa?s1 contr>y to ! ord] & discipl9e ( ,fri5ds40 ,x 0 9 ?is ye>1 #agfg1 t he 0 elect$ to ! ,virg9ia ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 :]e he held a seat till ! colony became an indep5d5t ,/ate4 ,he 0 prom95t 9 ! e>lie/ organization ( ,b$=d ,c\nty1 =m$ f ,lun5burg ,c\nty 9 #agec 7,h5ry ,h[e3 8,hi/orical ,collections ( ,virg9ia0 7#ahde71 p4 #ahh2 ,h5+'s ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 ,,vi1 #cha71 & 0 a memb] ( ! ,virg9ia conv5tion ( #aggf1 :i*1 by s5d+ in/ructions to ! delegates f ,virg9ia 9 ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 ex]cis$ a decisive influ5ce on ! movem5t = indep5d5ce4 ,he _h be5 made a ju/ice ( ! peace "u a commission f ,gov]nor ,dunmore 9 #aggd1 & :5 ! c\nty c\rt 0 reorganiz$1 accord+ to ! ord9ance ( ! ,conv5tion1 pass$ on ! #c;d ( ,july1 #aggf1 he reta9$ ! position4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,revolution>y ,w> 8 ,quak] pr9ciples seem$ /ill to influ5ce 8 actions to an ext5t suffici5t to keep him out ( active milit>y s]vice4 ,8 loyalty 0 well kn[n1 h[ev]4 ,mr4 ,page says3 8,he did n enli/ 9 ! army1 p>tly because ( 8 ,quak] pr9ciples1 b *iefly because 8 pres5ce 0 imp]atively necess>y at home4 ,he _h to r\se ! _s ( 8 con/itu5ts to support ! action he _h advocat$ 9 ! conv5tion4 ,he _h to raise & equip troops = ! army4 ,he _h1 z x 71 to mobilize ! =ces ( 8 c\ntry1 & att5d to all ! duties ( a commiss>y dep>tm5t4 ,9 addition1 he _h to make "s provision 9 ! ev5t ( an attack f ho/ile ,indians40 ,9 #aggh ! c\rt ( ,b$=d recomm5d$ him to ! ,gov]nor = ! (fice ( ,colonel ( ,militia 9 t c\nty4 ,he accept$ ! commission & organiz$ a regim5t1 b ! call to ! front did n come till two ye>s lat] :5 ! w> 0 %ift$ to ! s\? & ,"l ,cornwallis 0 s5t to co-op]ate ) ,g5]al ,philips & ,b5$ict ,arnold 9 ! invasion ( ,virg9ia4 ,! records ( ! c\rt ( ,b$=d ,c\nty1 ! m9utes ( v>i\s ,quak] meet+s1 ! j\rnals ( ! ,virg9ia ,h\se ( ,burgesses & ( ! fir/ ,con/itutional ,conv5tion1 tak5 toge!r ) family docum5ts & traditions1 %[ ,*>les ,lyn* to h be5 a ?or\ghly capable & highly respect$ man1 a lead] among ! m5 9 8 community4 ,be=e ! close ( ! w> he made a record = himself z an (fic] 9 ! army4 ,at ! battle ( ,guil=d ,c\rt ,h\se1 ,m>* #ae1 #agha1 a battalion ( riflem5 "u 8 comm& behav$ ) mu* gallantry & aid$ 9 br++ consid]able cr$it to ! ,virg9ia militia4 ,h5ry ,h[e3 8,hi/orical ,collections ( ,virg9ia0 7#ahde71 p4 #bab4 ,w4 ,g4 ,simms3 8,life ( ,na?anael ,gre5e0 7#ahei71 p4 #ahf4 ,h5ry ,lee3 8,memoirs ( ! ,w>0 7#ahab71 ,i1 #cda1 #cde4 ,william ,johnson3 8,sket*es ( ,life & ,correspond5ce ( ,na?anael ,gre5e0 7#ahbb71 ,,ii1 #c4 ,bana/re ,t>leton3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,campaigns ( #aghj & #agha0 7#aghg71 p4 #bgb4 ,c4 ,/$man3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,w>0 7#agid71 ,,ii1 #cch4 ,he liv$ = a numb] ( ye>s aft] peace _h be5 decl>$ ) ,engl&1 & vot$ = ! new con/itution4 ,9 ! family bury+-gr\nd on 8 home/ead plantation a tomb/one be>s ! simple inscription3 8,9 memory ( ,colonel ,*>les ,lyn*1 a zeal\s & active patriot4 ,di$1 ,octob] #bi1 #agif2 ag$ #fj ye>s40 ,_m anecdotes are /ill 9 circulation among ! old inhabitants ( 8 neighborhood illu/rative ( 8 habits & "*4 ,! *orus ( a once popul> patriotic song runs z foll[s3 8,hurrah = ,colonel ,lyn*1 ,capta9 ,bob & ,callaway6 ,!y nev] turn$ a ,tory loose ,until he %\t$ #8,lib]ty'60 ,ano!r v]sion ( ?is refra9 runs ?is way3 8,hurrah = ,capta9 ,bob1 ,colonels ,lyn* & ,callaway6 ,:o nev] let a ,tory (f ,until he cri$ out #8,lib]ty6'0 ,footnote #da3 ,mr4 ,page makes no m5tion ( any tr\ble ) desp]adoes4 ,ref]r+ to ! ,tories 9 ,b$=d ,c\nty1 he says3 8,num]\s records ( ! c\nty c\rts1 tak5 toge!r ) o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 %[ t "h1 z 9 _m o!r we/]n c\nties1 !re 0 a /rong & influ5tial p>ty oppos$ to ! /ruggle = indep5d5ce4 ,= ! mo/ "p !y 7 quiet1 ?rifty m51 f> diff]5t f ! ruffians & desp]adoes t prejudice has s9ce repres5t$ !m to be40 ,t !re 7 cliques ( depr$ators & t mu* lawlessness prevail$ 9 ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as at ab\t ?is "t is und\bt$ly true1 h[ev]4 ,william ,wirt1 9 8 8,sket*es ( ! ,life & ,"* ( ,patrick ,h5ry0 7p4 #bag71 cites ! case ( ,josiah ,philips :o1 at ! head ( a b& ( b&itti1 spread t]ror 9 ! c\nties ( ,norfolk & ,pr9cess ,anne1 & 0 made an outlaw by an act ( ! legislature ( ,virg9ia1 by :i* act x became lawful = any p]son to kill him :5ev] opportunity (f]$4 ,lyman ,c4 ,drap] pres5ts ! record ( a great deal ( lawlessness & depr$ation 9 8 8,k+'s ,m\nta9 & its ,h]oes40 ,see pp4 #bda1 #cca1 #ccb1 #ccf1 #cdj note1 #cdc note1 #chd1 #ddh-ddi4 ,footnote #db3 ,x is to be und]/ood t ^! /atem5ts are bas$ on tradition & n on contempor>y evid5ce4 ,footnote #dc3 ,mr4 ,page rem>ks t ! f9e 0 n s heavy z x seems1 = 9 t ye> ! prices fix$ by ! c\rt 73 rum & br&y p] gallon1 #dj1 corn & oats p] gallon1 #b #hs41 d9n] at an 8ord9>y10 #d #ajs41 c4 ,footnote #dd3 ,h5+'s ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 ,,xi1 #acd-ace4 ,footnote #de3 ,quot$ f ! article by ,mr4 ,page4 ,no evid5ce is cit$ 9 support ( ! /atem5t t ! proce$+s 9 ,b$=d 7 imitat$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,/ate & came to be kn[n by ! "n ( ,lyn*'s ,law4 ,footnote #df3 ,see article by ,mr4 ,fea!r/on4 ,a draw+ ( ?is tree 8f a sket* f nature0 may be f\nd 9 ! ,gre5 ,bag1 ,decemb]1 #ahib 7#d3 #efa74 ,footnote #dg3 ,mr4 ,fea!r/on /ates t ,*>les ,lyn* 0 (t5 call$ 8,judge ,lyn*0 by 8 neighbors4 ,he seems to h be5 m commonly kn[n z 8,colonel ,lyn*40 ,footnote #dh3 8,! infliction ( capital puni%m5t 0 extremely r>e4 ,!re 7 only ?ree in/ances ( x1 & ^! = mo/ he9\s (f5ses1 betwe5 ! organization ( ! c\nty 7,b$=d7 & ! ,revolution4 ,! fir/ case 0 on ,may #bd1 #agef1 :5 ! c\rt assembl$ #8to he> & det]m9e all ,treasons1 ,petit ,treasons1 ,murd]s1 & o!r ,(f5ses committ$ or done by ,hampton & ,sambo belong+ to ,john ,payne ( ,goo*l&1 ,g5t4' #8,! said ,hampton & ,sambo 7 set to ! ,b> "u ,cu/ody ( ,*>les ,talbot 7!n %]iff7 to ^: ,cu/ody !y 7 be=e committ$ on ,suspicion ( _! be+ ,guilty ( ! feloni\s ,prepair+ & ,adm9i/]+ ,poyson\s ,m$ic9es to ,ann ,payne1 & be+ ,arraign$ ( ! ,premises plead$ ,n ,guilty & = _! ,trial put !mselves ^u ! ,c\rt4 ,:]eupon div]s ,witnesses 7 *>g$ & !y he>$ 9 _! ,def5ce4 ,on ,consid]ation !re( x is ! ,op9ion ( ! ,c\rt t ! said ,hampton is guilty 9 ! ,mann] & ,=m z 9 ! ,indictm5t4 ,!re=e x is consid]$ t ! said ,hampton be hang$ by ! ,neck till he be dead1 & t he be aft]w>ds cut 9 ,qu>t]s1 & 8 ,qu>t]s hung up at ! ,cross ,roads4 ,& x is ! ,op9ion ( ! ,c\rt t ! said ,sambo is guilty ( a ,misdemeanor4 ,!re=e x is consid]$ t ! said ,sambo be burnt 9 ! ,h&1 & t he also receive ?irty-"o ,la%es on 8 b>e ,back at ! ,:ipp+ ,po/4 ,memo3 ,t ! said ,hampton is adjudg$ at =ty-five ,p\nd :i* is ord]$ to be c]tifi$ to ! ,assembly 7t 8 own] may be remun]at$ accord+ to law74' ,t x 0 a conv9c+ pro( ( 8 guilt1 & n race prejudice1 t l$ ! c\rt to impose ?is savage puni%m5t is evid5t f ! fact t 9 ! same ye> a negro 0 tri$ = murd]1 ano!r = poison+1 & a ?ird = arson1 & all 7 cle>$40--,quot$ f ! article by ,mr4 ,page4 ,footnote #di3 ,?is evid5ce has be5 pres5t$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 a communication to ! ,nation4 ,see issue ( ,may #ba1 #aijc 7#gf3 #dae74 ,footnote #ej3 ,william ,wirt3 8,sket*es ( ! ,life & ,"* ( ,patrick ,h5ry0 7#ahah71 p4 #cgb4 ,mr4 ,mat!ws1 9 8 article 9 ! ,nation1 ,dec4 #d1 #aijb 7#ge3 #dci71 rem>ks t x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! note 0 writt5 by ,roane or ,wirt4 ,9 ,william ,wirt ,h5ry's 8,life ( ,patrick ,h5ry10 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dhb1 ! 8,,ms4 ,lett] ( ,judge ,roane to ,mr4 ,wirt0 is giv51 b ! note is n includ$4 ,! note 0 und\bt$ly writt5 by ,wirt4 ,footnote #ea3 ,an act = divid+ ! c\nty ( ,b$=d into two di/9ct c\nties1 ! new c\nty to be kn[n by ! "n ( ,campbell1 0 pass$ by ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 #aghb4--;,h5+'s ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 ,x1 #ddg2 ,j\rnal ( ! ,h\se ( ,delegates1 ,jan4 #e1 #aghb1 p4 #gc4 ,h[e says t ,campbell ,c\nty 0 =m$ f ,b$=d 9 #aghd1 & nam$ 9 honor ( ,g5]al ,william ,campbell1 a di/+ui%$ (fic] ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution4--8,hi/orical ,collections ( ,virg9ia40 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,publi%$ at ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahde4 ,see p4 #bab = ! quotation4 ,see ,mrs4 ,julia ,mayo ,cabell3 8,sket*es & ,recollections ( ,lyn*burg0 7#aheh71 pp4 #i-aj1 = a simil> acc\nt ( ! connection ( ,colonel ,*>les ,lyn* ) ! orig9 ( 8! celebrat$ code call$ #8,lyn* ,law4'0 ,?is acc\nt is tak5 f ! ,/4 ,l\is ,republican1 b nei!r ! au?or's "n nor ! date ( its publication is giv54 ,footnote #ec3 ,h5ry ,h[e3 8,! ,great ,we/0 7,c9c9nati1 #aheb71 p4 #ahc4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,mat!ws = ! sugge/ion t ,h[e's allusion to 8,squire ,bir*0 po9ts to ,judge ,james ,hall's 8,lett]s f ! ,we/0 z "o su* s\rce4 ,see ,*apt] ,,iii4 p4 #ha4 ,footnote #ee3 ,!re are two errors "h4 ,lyn*burg 0 n nam$ = him b = 8 bro!r1 ,john ,lyn*1 & ! plan 0 />t$ lat] ?an 8"s sev5ty or eighty ye>s ago40 ,mr4 ,mat!ws disagrees ) ! writ] 9 say+ t ?is acc\nt is entirely indep5d5t ( :at ,wirt _h writt5 on ! subject4 ,x seems to ! writ]1 h[ev]1 t ^! two inaccuracies indicate t ,m>t9 0 draw+ :olly f 8 own s\rces ( in=mation4 ,he 01 app>5tly1 m]ely writ+ d[n :at 0 consid]$ a matt] ( common k among ! old] m5 9 t section ( ! c\ntry1 _m ( :om 7 emigrants f ,virg9ia4 ,footnote #ef3 8,publications ( ! ,s\!rn ,hi/orical ,association10 ,novemb]1 #aijj1 7#d3 #dfc74 ,footnote #eg3 ,*>les ,augu/us ,murray1 9 8 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ye>s #ahcd1 #ahce1 & #ahcf0 7#b vol41 ,n4 ,y41 #ahci71 gives a traditional acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! t]m 8lyn*-law10 su* a "o z might be giv5 ar\nd a camp-fire4 ,he also describes ! op]ation ( lyn*-law at t "t 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,see ,vol ,,ii1 p4 #gi4 ,g4 ,w4 ,fea!r/onhaugh1 9 8 8,excursion ?r\gh ! ,slave ,/ates0 7,n4 ,y41 #ahdd71 gives 8,an acc\nt ( ! fir/ ,judge ,lyn*1 & ! /ate ( ,legal ,practice 9 8 ,c\rt10 pp4 #hi-ij4 ,he speaks ( a c]ta9 ,judge ,lyn* 9 ,arkansas & ( 8a fam\s ,virg9ia ance/or ( 840 ,he says t 8?is ance/or1 ! fir/ ,judge ,lyn*1 0 a mill] & a ju/ice ( ! peace 9 ! back woods10 & !n gives a traditional acc\nt ( 8 me?ods ( inflict+ puni%m5t4 ,see also ,david ,s*5ck3 8,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #aghj-ha0 7#ahhi71 pp4 #cji-caj4 ,l4 ,p4 ,summ]s3 8,hi/ory ( ,s\?we/ ,virg9ia & ,wa%+ton ,c\nty0 7#aijc71 p4 #bdc4 ,footnote #eh3 ,mr4 ,mat!ws holds a some:at diff]5t view4 ,see article1 8,! ,t]m ,lyn* ,law10 ,mod]n ,philology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #b1 ,octob]1 #aijd4 ,?is article %\ld be consult$ by any "o desir+ to inve/igate ?is matt] fur!r4 ,footnote #ei3 ,9 ! ,salem ,gazette1 ,july #ag1 #ahab1 p4 #c1 ! rise & dom9ation ( mobs 9 a community 0 *>act]iz$ z 8,mob ,law40 7,m47 ,footnote #fj3 ,jan4 #i1 #ahai 7#ae3 #chd74 7,m47 ,footnote #fa3 ,july #bd1 #ahai 7#af3 #cfh74 7,m47 ,footnote #fb3 ,june #a1 #ahbb 7#bb3 #bbd74 7,m47 ,footnote #fc3 8,memorable ,days 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahbc71 p4 #cjd4 ,footnote #fd3 ,ibid41 p4 #cah4 ,footnote #fe3 ,vol4 #bf1 p4 #cbf4 ,footnote #ff3 8,an ,excursion ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada10 pp4 #bcc-bcf4 7,m47 ,an ext5d$ extract is giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt] on p4 #gi4 ,footnote #fg3 pp4 #bia1 #bib4 ,a m ext5d$ extract is giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt] on p4 #ha4 ,footnote #fh3 ,c4 ,a4 ,hanna3 8,! ,scot*-,iri%0 7#aijb71 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #fi3 ,c4 ,a4 ,hanna3 8,! ,scot*-,iri%0 7#aijb71 p4 #fj4 ,footnote #gj3 ,new ,hamp%ire ,prov9cial ,pap]s1 ,,vi1 #bfb-bff4 7,m47 ,footnote #ga3 ,w4 ,h4 ,smi?3 8,! ,/4 ,clair ,pap]s0 7#ahhb71 ,,ii1 #cea1 #cgd1 #cgf1 #cif-cig4 7,m47 ,footnote #gb3 ,new ,j]sey ,ar*ives 7#ahig71 ,,xix1 #bbe-bbf4 7,m47 ,footnote #gc3 ,new ,j]sey ,ar*ives 7#ahig71 ,,xix1 #cbf-cbg4 ,new ,york ,gazette1 ,decemb] #ca1 #agec4 7,m47 ,?is is ! e>lie/ use ( ! ^w regulate 9 connection ) illegal puni%m5t = corrective purposes t has come to ! writ]'s notice4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see monograph on 8,! ,regulators ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a10 by ,pr(essor ,john ,s4 ,bassett ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,n4 ,c41 = a full & complete acc\nt ( ?is organization4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,association = #ahid4 ,footnote #ge3 ,f4 ,x4 ,m>t93 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahbi71 ,,ii1 #bah-bai4 ,h4 ,williamson3 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahab71 ,,ii1 #acj-aca1 #bfa4 ,footnote #gf3 ,h4 ,williamson3 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahab71 ,,ii1 #bfb-bfc4 ,j4 ,h4 ,:eel]3 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahea71 ,,ii1 #cjf4 ,footnote #gg3 ,h4 ,williamson3 8,hi/ory ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0 7#ahab71 ,,ii1 #bgj-bga4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see ,alex&] ,gregg3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,*]aws0 7#ahfg71 ,*4 ,,vii4 ,?is *apt] conta9s quotations f orig9al s\rces on ! ,regulation movem5t 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & has1 !re=e1 consid]able value4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,gregg's 8,hi/ory ( ,! ,old ,*]aws10 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #hj3 ,see ,gregg's 8,hi/ory ( ,! ,old ,*]aws10 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #ha3 ,j4 ,b4 ,o',neall3 8,! ,annals ( ,newb]ry0 7#ahei71 pp4 #ge-gf4 ,footnote #hb3 ,see ,gregg's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,*]aws10 p4 #acf4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ use ( ! ^w ,regulator 9 connection ) ! di/urbances 9 ! ,c>ol9as kn[n to ! pres5t writ]4 ,footnote #hc3 ,on ,april #ah1 a ,circuit ,c\rt ,act 0 pass$1 b aft]w>ds fail$ to become a law4 ,footnote #hd3 ,see ,gregg's 8,hi/ory ( ,! ,old ,*]aws10 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #he3 ,see ,gregg's 8,hi/ory ( ,! ,old ,*]aws10 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #hf3 ,david ,ramsay3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a0 7#aghe71 ,i1 #fc-fd4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or ^! ev5ts took place 8ab\t ! ye> #aggj40 ,o',neall says 7,annals ( ,newb]ry1 p4 #ge73 8,! ,regulators & ,sc(elites1 9 #agfd1 met 9 battle array10 c4 ,johnson says 7,traditions & ,rem9isc5ces1 p4 #ib73 8,9 #agfi great commotions arose 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 betwe5 :at 7 call$ #8,regulators' & #8,s*(ilites4'0 ,9 reality1 ! crisis 9 ! /rife betwe5 ! ,regulators & ,s*(ilites occurr$ 9 ,m>*1 #agfi4 ,?is is %[n by ! foll[+ extract1 dat$ ,*>le/[n1 7,s\? ,c>ol9a71 ,april #f1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,bo/on ,*ronicle ( ,may #aa-ae1 #agfi 7,no4 #ib1 ,,ii1 #aee73 8,! prud5t conduct ( gov]nm5t1 9 ord]+ ,joseph ,c(fill1 :o _h assum$ ! title ( ,colonel1 & "s extraord9>y p[]s1 & ) 8 p>ty _h committ$ div]s excesses1 to disp]se1 has _h ! happy effect ( once m re/or+ peace & good ord] among/ ! inhabitants ( ! we/]n settlem5ts1 :o1 exasp]at$ by ! tyrannical conduct ( ?is man1 has assembl$ 9 a l>ge body t[>ds ! close ( la/ mon?1 9 ord] to compel him to %ew :at p[]s he 0 inve/$ )1 & if !y _h f\nd t he 0 n cloa!d ) au?ority1 to h br\ght him to ju/ice1 at all ev5ts4 ,bo? p>ties 7 incamp$ )9 musket %ot ( ea* o!r1 on ,saludy riv]1 :5 ! ord]s to ,c(fill arriv$1 & ?us a great deal ( blood%$ 0 prev5t$4 ,! ,colonels ,ri*>dson1 ,?ompson1 & ,m',girt1 g5tlem5 ( great reputation1 & highly e/eem$ by ! :ole body ( hone/ back settl]s1 we are told1 ex]t$ !mselves ^u ?is occasion1 ) great _s1 discretion1 & success40 ,footnote #hg3 ,joseph ,johnson3 8,traditions & ,rem9isc5ces0 7#ahea71 p4 #de4 ,footnote #hh3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ,gregg's 8,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,*]aws10 pp4 #aea-aeb4 ,footnote #ij3 ,?is is likewise ,gregg's view ( ! matt]4 ,footnote #ia3 ,9 ! ye> #agfe & = sev]al succe$+ ye>s ! 8,sons ( ,lib]ty0 7 p>ticul>ly active 9 /irr+ up resi/ance to ! acts ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t1 :i* 7 consid]$ oppressive4 ,! 8,sons ( ,lib]ty10 else:]e z well z 9 ,bo/on1 seem to h be5 regul>ly organiz$ & to h held secret meet+s at :i* resolutions 7 adopt$ & def9ite plans ( action 7 det]m9$ ^u = ei!r driv+ away or puni%+ c]ta9 8,/amp ,ma/]s10 8infam\s import]s10 & 8in=m]s40 ,w>n+ notices 7 frequ5tly po/$ & publi%$1 sign$ by 8,p4 ,p41 ,cl]k10 8,m4 ,y41 ,secret>y10 c4 ,hang+ & burn+ 9 effigy1 flagellation1 t>r+ & fea!r+1 & duck+1 7 ! punitive measures g5]ally ?reat5$ & n infrequ5tly c>ri$ into effect4--,^! /atem5ts are bas$ on a collection ( notes on 8,sons ( ,lib]ty0 :i* 7 loan$ to ! writ] by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws4 ,footnote #ib3 ,= an exposition ( ! condition ( society1 its /ate ( dissolution & lack ( organization1 dur+ ! ,revolution>y p]iod & subsequ5t to t p]iod1 see ,w4 ,g4 ,sumn]3 8,alex&] ,hamilton0 7#ahij74 ,on page #ac ?is /atem5t is made3 8,! ,union 0 f ! />t at w> ) ! turbul5t1 an>*i/ic elem5ts :i* ! ,revolution _h set loose40 ,footnote #ic3 ,a correspond5t ( ! ,new ,engl& ,gazette 9 #aggf ask$ 8:e!r x w\ld be fea!rable = a man to be detect$ ) "o ( !m 7p>dons f ! k+7 9 8 pocket40--,frank ,moore3 8,di>y ( ! ,revolution 7#ahge71 p4 #bbf4 ,paul ,leice/] ,=d1 :5 writ+ 8 hi/orical novel 8,janice ,m]$i?10 treat$ t>r+ & fea!r+ z an ord9>y incid5t ( ,revolution>y times4 ,see ,*apt]s ,,xvii1 ,,xxxviii4 ,footnote #id3 ,john ,drayton3 8,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution0 7#ahba71 ,i1 #bgc4 ,frank ,moore3 8,di>y ( ! ,revolution0 7#ahge71 p4 #dd4 ,joseph ,johnson3 8,traditions & ,rem9isc5ces0 7#ahea71 p4 #gj4 ,edw>d ,mc,crady3 8,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 ! ,revolution #agge-aghj0 7#aija71 p4 #bd4 ,! date on :i* ! t>r+ & fea!r+ ( ,?omas ,ditson ( ! t[n ( ,bill]ica took place 0 ,m>* #i1 n ,m>* #h1 z giv5 by ! above writ]s4 ,= an explanation ( ! discrepancy 9 ! date & = a description ( ! occurr5ce1 see ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,m>* #ac1 #agge 7,no4 #ajci1 p4 #c72 ,m>* #bj1 #agge 7,no4 #ajdj1 p4 #c74 ,footnote #ie3 ,joseph ,johnson3 8,traditions & ,rem9isc5ces0 7#ahea71 p4 #ga4 8,! puni%m5t ( bani%m5t1 prec$$ by ! m dreadful op]ation ( t>r+ & fea!r+10 0 put 9 execution by a 8judicial ,association0 9 ! e>ly days ( a settlem5t on ! ,bay ( ,isl&s1 ,new ,zeal&4 ,see ,r4 ,g4 ,jameson3 8,new ,zeal&1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,s\? ,wales0 7,london1 #ahdb71 pp4 #aij-aia4 ,! ,yankee1 ,june #d1 #ahac1 p4 #d1 cit$ "o ( ! laws ( ! naval code e/abli%$ dur+ ! reign ( ,ri*>d ,i z ! 8,orig9 ( ,t>r+ & ,fea!r+40 ,by ?is law any "o lawfully convict$ ( /eal+ %\ld h 8 head %orn1 & boil+ pit* p\r$ ^u 8 head1 & fea!rs or d[n /rew$ ^u ! same1 :]eby he might be kn[n until ! next l&+ place 0 rea*$1 :]e he 0 to be left4--,see ,hakluyt's 8,voyages10 ,,ii1 #ba4 ,footnote #if3 ,! writ] is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws = ! facts :i* are "h pres5t$ 9 reg>d to ! practice ( t>r+ & fea!r+ previ\s to ! ye> #agge4 ,footnote #ig3 ,salem ,gazette1 ,sept4 #f-ac1 #agfh 7,no4 #g1 p4 #bg74 ,bo/on ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,sept4 #ab1 #agfh 7,no4 #agbj1 p4 #c74 8,di>ies ( ,b4 ,lynde ,b4 ,lynde1 ,jr40 7#ahhj71 p4 #aib4 ,footnote #ih3 ,bo/on ,ev5+ ,po/1 ,sept4 #ai1 #agfh 7,no4 #agba1 p4 #c74 ,footnote #ii3 ,essex ,gazette1 ,sept4 #bj-bg1 #agfh 7,no4 #i1 p4 #cg74 ,footnote #ajj3 ,bo/on ,ev5+-,po/1 ,june #ai1 #agfi 7,no4 #agfj1 p4 #c74 ,footnote #aja3 ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,sept4 #be1 #agfi 7,no4 #gee1 p4 #c74 ,footnote #ajb3 ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,oct4 #af1 #agfi 7,no4 #geh1 p4 #b74 ,footnote #ajc3 ,no4 #adj1 ,,ii1 #cea4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,jan4 #a1 #aggj 7,no4 #gfi1 p4 #a72 ,june #aa1 #aggj 7,no4 #gib1 p4 #b72 ,july #b1 #aggj 7,no4 #gie1 p4 #b72 ,augu/ #bj1 #aggj 7,no4 #hjb1 p4 #a72 ,bo/on-,gazette ,supplem5t ,july #cj1 #aggj 7,no4 #gii1 p4 #b72 ,aug4 #f1 #aggj 7,no4 #hjj1 p4 #b72 ,bo/on ,news-,lett]1 ,june #ba1 #aggj 7,no4 #cdhj1 p4 #c72 ,essex ,gazette1 ,june #ai-bf1 #aggj1 ,,ii1 p4 #aia2 ,june #bf-;,july #c1 #aggj1 ,,ii1 p4 #aie2 ,aug4 #g-ad1 #aggj1 ,,iii1 p4 #aa2 ,london ,gazette]1 ,nov4 #ag1 #aggj 7,no4 #acjaf1 p4 #b72 8,! ,lett]s ( ,james ,murray1 ,loyali/10 edit$ by ,n9a ,moore ,tiffany 7#aija71 pp4 #afe1 #age-agh4 ,footnote #aje3 ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,nov4 #a1 #aggc 7,no4 #ifi1 pp4 #a1 #c74 ,see also ,bo/on ,news-,lett]1 ,jan4 #bg1 #aggd 7,no4 #cffi1 p4 #b74 ,footnote #ajf3 ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,nov4 #ae1 #aggc 7,no4 #iga1 p4 #c74 ,footnote #ajg3 ,bo/on ,news-,lett]1 ,jan4 #bg1 #aggd 7,no4 #cffi1 p4 #b72 ,feb4 #c1 #aggd 7,no4 #cfgj1 p4 #b72 ,massa*usetts ,spy1 ,jan4 #bg1 #aggd 7,no4 #aef1 p4 #c74 ,footnote #ajh3 ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,jan1 #ca4 #aggd 7,no4 #ihb1 p4 #c72 ,massa*usetts ,spy1 ,feb4 #c1 #aggd 7,no4 #aeg1 p4 #b74 ,on ,janu>y #ag a h&bill sign$ 9 ! same way _h be5 di/ribut$1 giv+ notice t any 8,,tea ,,consignees0 :o %\ld come to reside aga9 9 ,bo/on w\ld be giv5 8su* a ,reception z su* vile ,+rates des]ve40--,bo/on ,gazette1 ,jan4 #ag1 #aggd 7,no4 #ihj1 p4 #c72 ,bo/on ,ev5+ ,transcript1 ,feb4 #bg1 #aijc1 p4 #ad4 ,footnote #aji3 ,no4 #igf1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,bo/on ,news-,lett]1 ,nov4 #ah1 #aggc 7,no4 #cfei1 p4 #b74 ,footnote #aaa3 8,hi/ory ( ,rhode ,isl&0 7#ahgh71 ,,ii1 #cjh-cji4 ,footnote #aab3 ,no4 #gfa1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aac3 ,bo/on ,news-,lett]1 ,jan4 #bg1 #aggd 7,no4 #cffi1 p4 #b72 ,massa*usetts ,spy1 ,jan4 #bg1 #aggd 7,no4 #aef1 p4 #b72 ,essex ,gazette1 ,jan4 #be-;,feb4 #a1 #aggd 7,no4 #bhh1 ,,vi1 p4 #ajg72 ,m>* #a-h1 #aggd 7,no4 #bic1 ,,vi1 p4 #abg72 ,bo/on ,gazette1 ,feb4 #bh1 #aggd 7,no4 #ihf1 p4 #b72 ,m>* #ad1 #aggd 7,no4 #ihh1 p4 #a74 ,= a brief acc\nt ( ! :ole affair see ,s4 ,roads1 ,jr43 8,hi/ory & ,traditions ( ,m>blehead0 7#ahhj71 pp4 #ia-id4 ,footnote #aad3 ,= an acc\nt ( ! do+s ( mobs 9 ,massa*usetts see ,frank ,moore3 8,di>y ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution0 7#ahge71 pp4 #cg-db4 ,footnote #aae3 ,john ,drayton3 8,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution0 7#ahba71 ,i1 #bgc-bgd4 ,frank ,moore3 8,di>y ( ! ,revolution0 7#ahge71 pp4 #ij-ia4 ,edw>d ,mc,crady3 8,s\? ,c>ol9a 9 ! ,revolution1 #agge-aghj0 7#aija71 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,john ,drayton3 8,memoirs ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution0 7#ahba71 ,,ii1 #ag4 ,footnote #aag3 ,frank ,moore3 8,di>y ( ! ,revolution0 7#ahge71 p4 #ach4 ,footnote #aah3 ,ibid41 p4 #agh4 ,footnote #aai3 ,frank ,moore3 8,di>y ( ! ,revolution0 7#ahge71 p4 #cei4 ,footnote #abj3 ,w4 ,m4 ,sloane3 8,! ,fr5* ,w> & ! ,revolution0 7#ahic71 p4 #bci4 ,footnote #aba3 8,sket*es ( ! ,life & ,"* ( ,patrick ,h5ry0 7#ahah71 pp4 #bcb-bcc4 ,footnote #abb3 ,h5+'s 8,/atutes at ,l>ge10 ,x1 #aie4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! measures tak5 :i* 7 n /rictly w>rant$ by law1 see ,l4 ,c4 ,drap]3 8,k+'s ,m\nta9 & its ,h]oes0 7#ahha71 pp4 #chd-chg4 8,an act to indemnify ,?omas ,nelson1 ,junior1 esquire1 late gov]nor ( ?is commonweal?1 & to legalize c]ta9 acts ( 8 adm9i/ration10 0 pass$ 9 #agha4--;,h5+'s 8,/atutes at ,l>ge10 ,x1 #dgh4 ,footnote #abc3 ,s\!rn ,lit]>y ,mess5g]1 ,,ii1 #chi 7,may1 #ahcf74 ,?is ref]5ce comes to ! pres5t writ] ?r\gh ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,lamb]ton ( ,philadelphia1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,+le1 ! au?or ( 8,s\!rn ,sidelights0 7,see pp4 #aia-aic71 & ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws4 ,footnote #abd3 ,! "n ( "o ( ! y\ng] sons ( ,john ,lyn*1 ! f\nd] ( ,lyn*burg1 0 ,william1 & ,mrs4 ,cabell says t he 0 a 8,colonel 9 ! late w>40 ,?is ,william ,lyn*1 h[ev]1 m>ri$ 9 e>ly life & made 8 home 9 ! city ( ,lyn*burg4 ,see ,mrs4 ,julia ,mayo ,cabell3 8,sket*es & ,recollections ( ,lyn*burg0 7#aheh71 p4 #bj4 ,a writ] 9 ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e = ,may1 #ahei 7p4 #gid7 ref]s to a 8,mr4 ,lyn*0 :o 80 = _m ye>s ! s5ior & presid+ ,ju/ice ( ! ,c\nty ,c\rt ( ,pittsylvania40 ,?is writ] also says t ,lyn*burg 0 nam$ = ?is ,mr4 ,lyn*1 & t 8 advanc$ age prev5t$ him f tak+ ! field dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an acc\nt f memory ( a /ory he>d :5 a m]e boy f an old man1 &1 z !re are inaccuracies 9 sev]al p>ticul>s1 x _c be reg>d$ z reliable4 ,footnote #abe3 ,h5+'s 8,/atutes at ,l>ge10 ,,xi1 #cgc4 ,footnote #abf3 8,memorable ,days 9 ,am]ica0 7,london1 #ahbc71 pp4 #cjd1 #cje4 ,footnote #abg3 ,see pp4 #if-ih = ?is extract4 7,m47 ,footnote #abh3 ,w4 ,n4 ,blane3 8,an ,excursion ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 #ahbb-ahbc0 7,london1 #ahbd71 pp4 #bcc-bcf4 ,footnote #abi3 ,see pp4 #bia-bib = ?is extract4 ,! lett]s :i* compose ,judge ,hall's book 7 mo/ly pr9t$ 9 ,! ,port ,folio betwe5 #ahba & #ahbe1 b ! lett] 9 :i* he speaks ( lyn*-law fir/ appe>$ 9 ! pr9t$ volume ( #ahbh4 7,m47 ,footnote #acj3 ,?is expression is us$ 9 ! ,ill9ois agreem5t ( #ahbj 7see bel[71 & t docum5t1 if g5u9e1 furni%es ! e>lie/ in/ance ( its use kn[n to ! pres5t writ]4 ,footnote #aca3 ,?is /atem5t is made on ! au?ority ( ,mc,connel 7see bel[71 b comp>e ,c4 ,j4 ,latrobe3 8,ramble 9 ,am]ica10 7,n4 ,y41 #ahcf1 #b;d ed471 ,let4 ,,vii1 ,i1 #if4 ,footnote #acb3 ,j4 ,l4 ,mc,connel3 8,we/]n ,*>act]s or ,types ( ,bord] ,life 9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates0 7#ahec71 pp4 #bdd-bde4 7,m47 ,?is extract is copi$ v]batim1 ! names ( ! twelve m5 be+ omitt$ by ,mc,connel4 ,( ! g5u95ess ( ! docum5t ,mc,connel says3 8,i am n sure t ,i c v\* = its au!nticity1 b all :o are famili> ) ! hi/ory ( ^? times1 w recognise1 9 its peculi>ities1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! p :o !n inhabit$ ?is c\ntry4 ,! affectation ( legal =m 9 su* a docum5t z ?is w\ld be r amus+1 7 x n q too significant2 at all ev5ts1 x is entirely #89 keep+' ) ! con/itution ( a race :o _h "s reg>d = law & its v9dication1 ev5 9 _! mo/ high-h&$ acts4 ,! te*nical phraseology1 us$ s /rangely1 is easily traceable to ! little #8,ju/ice's ,=m ,book1' :i* 0 !n almo/ ! only law docum5t 9 ! c\ntry2 & ?\gh ! words are r awkw>dly comb9$1 !y no d\bt gave solemnity to ! act 9 ! eyes ( its /urdy sign]s40 ,footnote #acc3 ,j4 ,l4 ,mc,connel3 8,we/]n ,*>act]s10 c41 p4 #agf4 ,footnote #acd3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,july #ai1 #ahcd 7#df3 #ceb74 ,footnote #ace3 ,! ,lib]ator1 ,nov4 #e1 #ahca 7#a3 #ahj74 ,! publication ( ?is pap] 0 begun 9 ,bo/on 9 #ahca1 by ,william ,lloyd ,g>rison1 ! en?usia/ic agitator ( ! anti-slav]y cause4 ,8 ef=ts to make 8 li/s ( 8,s\!rn ,atrocities0 z l>ge z possible r5d] 8 pap] a valuable s\rce ( in=mation on ! subject ( lyn*-law1 p>ticul>ly lyn*-law z appli$ to negroes prior to ! ,civil ,w>4 ,footnote #acf3 ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #bi1 #ahca 7#a3 #agd74 ,footnote #acg3 ,ibid41 ,oct4 #a1 #ahca 7#a3 #aeg74 ,footnote #ach3 ,ibid41 ,dec4 #c1 #ahca 7#a3 #aid74 ,footnote #aci3 ,= ! fulle/ &1 on ! :ole1 mo/ tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ?is insurrection1 see ,w4 ,s4 ,drewry3 8,slave ,insurrections 9 ,virg9ia0 7#aijj74 ,?is book has be5 v l>gely drawn ^u = :at is "h said on ! subject4 ,see also1 ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #a1 #ahca 7#a3 #aei72 ,dec #aj1 #ahca 7#a3 #aih72 ,dec4 #ag1 #ahca 7#a3 #bjb72 ,dec4 #bd1 #ahca 7#a3 #bjf74 ,see also1 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,aug4 #bg1 #ahca 7#dj3 #dee72 ,sept4 #c1 #ahca 7#da3 #d72 ,sept4 #aj1 #ahca 7#da3 #ai72 ,sept4 #ag1 #ahca 7#da3 #ce72 ,jan4 #g1 #ahcb 7#da3 #cej74 ,footnote #adj3 ,see p4 #hd 9 ,drewry's book4 ,footnote #ada3 ,! slav]y "q 0 ! subject ( prolong$ debate at ! next session ( ! ,virg9ia ,h\se ( ,delegates4 ,see ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,jan4 #bh1 #ahcb 7#da3 #cic74 ,9 a spee* made dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is debate1 ,william ,h4 ,broadnax said3 8,i h c]ta9ly he>d1 if incorrectly1 ! g5tleman f ,s\?ampton w put me "r1 t ( ! l>ge c>go ( emigrants lately transport$ f t c\nty to ,lib]ia1 all ( :om pr(ess$ to be will+ to g1 7 r5d]$ s by "s su* sev]e m9i/rations z ^! ,i h describ$4 ,a lyn* club--a committee ( vigilance--c\ld easily ex]cise a k9d ( inquisitorial surveillance ov] any neighborhood1 & conv]t any desir$ numb]1 ,i h no d\bt1 at any "t1 into a will+ness to be remov$40 ,see ,w4 ,l4 ,g>rison3 8,?\ghts on ,african ,colonization0 7#ahcb71 p4 #gd4 ,?is ref]5ce comes to ! pres5t writ] ?r\gh ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,g>rison & ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws4 ,footnote #adb3 ,see ,niles' ,regi/] = ! ye> #ahcd4 ,footnote #adc3 ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #ah1 #ahcd 7#d3 #afh74 ,! ,new ,engl& ,magaz9e1 ,novemb]1 #ahcd 7#g3 #dji71 gives "s comm5ts on ! times "u ! head+ 8,! ,m>* ( ,an>*y40 ,footnote #add3 ,lib]ator1 ,sept4 #bg1 #ahcd 7#d3 #aec74 ,footnote #ade3 ,conditions 7 app>5tly mu* l ^? :i* exi/$ rec5tly 9 ,memphis1 ,t5nessee1 :5 a ,committee ( ,public ,safety 0 organiz$ & a crusade />t$ aga9/ gambl+4 ,see ,new ,york ,times1 ,july #ad1 #aijd2 ,july #ag1 #aijd4 ,footnote #adf3 ,see ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,july #be1 #ahce 7#dh3 #cfc72 ,aug4 #a1 #ahce 7#dh3 #cha74 ,also ,lib]ator1 ,aug4 #h1ahce 7#e3 #abf-g74 ,footnote #adg3 ,= a brief acc\nt ( ! conspiracy l$ by ,murrell1 see ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,aug4 #h1 #ahce 7#dh3 #djc-d74 ,a complete acc\nt may be f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,:ig ,review1 ,novemb]1 #ahej 7#ab3 #did72 ,m>*1 #ahea 7#ac3 #bac74 ,footnote #adh3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,aug4 #h1 #ahce 7#e3 #abf-g74 ,footnote #adi3 ,! 8,s\?-,we/10 ,,ii1 p4 #ahe-g4 ,9 ,mississippi1 at ?is "t1 elev5 crimes 7 puni%able by dea?4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,aug4 #a1 #ahce 7#e3 #abc74 ,footnote #aea3 ,bo/on ,adv]tis]1 ,sept4 #ab1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,simil> puni%m5ts h be5 inflict$ ^u ,mormons4 ,joseph ,smi?1 ,jr41 & ,sidney ,rigdon 7 t>r$ & fea!r$ on ! night ( ,m>* #be1 #ahcb4--,see ,w4 ,a4 ,l9n3 8,! ,/ory ( ! ,mormons0 7#aijb71 pp4 #acc-acg4 ,footnote #aec3 ,issue ( ,aug4 #bb1 #ahce 7#dh3 #dci74 ,footnote #aed3 ,issue ( ,sept4 #e1 #ahce 7#di3 #a74 ,footnote #aee3 ,see also ,h>riet ,m>t9eau 8,society 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahcg71 ,i1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb4 ,footnote #aef3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,oct4 #c1 #ahce 7#di3 #fe74 ,= a cau/ic satire on ! 8proce$+s ( ,judge ,lyn*10 see 8,! ,enemies ( ! ,con/itution ,discov]$10 c41 by ,def5sor 7,n4 ,y41 #ahce71 pp #dh-eb4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,lib]ator1 ,nov4 #ba1 #ahce 7#e3 #ahh74 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,june #h1 #ahch 7#h3 #hi71 = an editorial f ! ,philadelphia ,daily ,focus4 ,footnote #aei3 ,lib]ator1 ,april #af1 #ahcf 7#f3 #fc74 ,footnote #afj3 ,leisure ,h\r1 ,nov4 #bd1 #ahgg1 p4 #gej4 ,footnote #afa3 ,?is 0 ,g>rison's view ( ! matt]4 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,aug4 #aj1 #ahch 7#h3 #abg74 ,footnote #afb3 ,woodr[ ,wilson3 8,division & ,reunion0 7,edition ( #ahih71 pp4 #aae1 #aag4 ,footnote #afc3 ,w4 ,g4 ,sumn]3 8,&rew ,jackson0 7#ahhb71 pp4 #cfd-cfe2 pp4 #dbh-dbi1 9 edition ( #ahii 9 ,am]ican ,/atesm5 s]ies4 ,footnote #afd3 ,lib]ator1 ,july #d1 #ahce 7#e3 #ajh74 ,footnote #afe3 ,see ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,june #d1 #ahcf 7#ej3 #bcd74 ,also ,lib]ator1 ,may #ad1 #ahcf 7#f3 #gi71 & ,may #ba1 #ahcf 7#f3 #hc74 ,a negro slave 0 burn$ to dea? 9 a simil> way 9 ,arkansas 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcf1 = murd]+ 8 ma/] & sev]al negroes4 ,see extract f ! ,arkansas ,gazette 9 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,dec4 #ca1 #ahcf 7#ea3 #bge74 ,footnote #aff3 ,lib]ator1 ,june #be1 #ahcf 7#f3 #ajb74 ,footnote #afg3 8,abraham ,l9coln1 ,works10 ,i1 pp4 #i-aj4 ,footnote #afh3 ,f4 ,j4 ,grund3 8,! ,am]icans 9 _! moral1 social1 & political relations0 7,london1 #ahcg71 ,i1 #cbc4 7,m47 ,footnote #afi3 8,di>y 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahci71 ,,iii1 #bcb-bcc4 ,footnote #agj3 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau3 8,retrospect ( ,we/]n ,travel0 7#ahch71 ,i1 #bcf-bcg4 ,m>ryat3 8,di>y 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahci71 ,,ii1 #bja4 ,lib]ator1 ,aug4 #bd1 #ahch 7#h3 #ace71 c4 ,footnote #aga3 ,see ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,footnote #agb3 ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #bg1 #ahcg 7#g3 #agd74 ,footnote #agc3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,june #ae1 #ahci 7#ef3 #bef74 ,footnote #agd3 ,lib]ator1 ,sept4 #ad1 #ahch 7#h3 #adf74 ,footnote #age3 ,lib]ator1 ,m>* #af1 #ahch 7#h3 #dd74 ,footnote #agf3 ,lib]ator1 ,feb4 #i1 #ahch 7#h3 #bd74 ,footnote #agg3 ,?is is n :olly 9 accord ) ! op9ion express$ by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws 9 ! ,nation1 ,dec4 #d1 #aijb 7#ge3 #dda71 b 9 a private lett] to ! writ] ,mr4 ,mat!ws has accept$ ?is modification4 ,footnote #agh3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahce 7#e3 #bjd74 ,footnote #agi3 ,philip ,hone3 8,di>y #ahbh-ahea0 7#ahhi71 ,i1 #aej4 7,m47 ,footnote #ahj3 ,see ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,oct4 #be1 #ahde 7#fi3 #aae74 ,footnote #aha3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 :o 0 9 ,macon1 ,georgia1 a %ort "t aft] ?is occurr$1 gives an acc\nt ( x 9 8 book1 8,a ,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica0 7#ahej71 ,,ii1 #ca-cb4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #ai1 #ahee 7#be3 #afh74 ,footnote #ahc3 ,dur+ ! p]iod #ahcj-ahfj ! ^w 8slick0 0 occasionally us$ at places 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 9 ! same s5se z 8lyn*40 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #c1 #ahce 7#e3 #aeg71 & comp>e ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,oct4 #e1 #ahcc 7#de3 #hg74 ,footnote #ahd3 ,lib]ator1 ,sept4 #ad1 #ahfj 7#cj3 #adf74 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #b1 #aheg 7#bg3 #afj74 ,footnote #ahf3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,aug4 #bd1 #ahfj 7#cj3 #afj74 ,footnote #ahg3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,jan4 #ah1 #ahef 7#bf3 #ab74 ,footnote #ahh3 ,lib]ator1 ,oct4 #af1 #aheg 7#bg3 #afg74 ,footnote #ahi3 ,lib]ator1 ,sept4 #bd1 #aheh 7#bh3 #aee74 ,footnote #aij3 ,lib]ator1 ,april #c1 #aheg 7#bg3 #ef74 ,footnote #aia3 ,see ,lib]ator1 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahef 7#bf3 #bjd74 ,x is possibly to ?is case t ,f4 ,l4 ,olm/$ ref]s 9 8,a ,j\rney 9 ! ,back ,c\ntry0 7,n4 ,y41 #ahfj71 pp4 #ddb-ddc4 ,he says a negro kill$ 8 ma/] 8a few mon?s s9ce 9 ,georgia or ,alabama02 & 80 roa/$1 at a sl[ fire1 on ! spot ( ! murd]1 9 ! pres5ce ( _m ?\s& slaves1 driv5 to ! gr\nd f all ! adjo9+ c\nties40 ,footnote #aib3 ,see ,h4 ,h ,bancr(t3 8,popul> ,tribunals0 7#ahhg71 ,i1 #gdi4 ,9 8 two volumes on 8,popul> ,tribunals0 ?is au?or pres5ts v =cibly ! argum5ts & ! conditions urg$ 9 ju/ification ( ! acts ( ^! 8,tribunals40 ,he also exhibits ! me?ods & inn] work+s ( ^! organizations4 ,9 8,lit]>y ,indu/ries0 7#ahij71 pp4 #fee-ffc1 he tells h[ he obta9$ 8 k ( :at w5t on beh9d ! sc5es4 ,= a some:at diff]5t view ( ! ,vigilance ,committee movem5t 9 ,cali=nia1 see ,josiah ,royce3 8,cali=nia0 7#ahhf71 ,*apt]s ,,iv & ,v4 ,see also1 ,john ,s4 ,hittell3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,city ( ,san ,francisco40 ,footnote #aic3 ,quot$ f ,bancr(t3 8,popul> ,tribunals0 7#ahhg71 ,,ii1 #fff4 ,footnote #aid3 ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,june #g1 #aheh1 p4 #c4 ,footnote #aie3 ,9 a message writt5 by ,gov]nor ,cl>ke ( ,mississippi 9 #ahfe1 ?is passage occurs3 8,! t]rible conte/ ?r\gh :i* ! c\ntry has j pass$ has ar\s$ 9 e section ! fi]ce/ passions ( ! human he>t4 ,lawlessness seems to h culm9at$ 9 ! assass9ation ( ,mr4 ,l9coln40--,quot$ 9 ,j4 ,w4 ,g>n]'s 8,recon/ruction 9 ,mississippi0 7#aija71 p4 #ei4 ,! message is pr9t$ 9 ! ,new ,york ,times ( ,june #aa1 #ahfe4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see 8,report on ! ,condition ( ! ,s\?10 ,no4 #bfa ( ,reports ( ,committees ( ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives = #b;d ,sess41 #dc;d ,cong41 #ahgd-ge4 ,see1 also1 article on 8,! ,s\!rn ,"q0 by ,*>les ,gay>r 9 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,novemb] & ,decemb]1 #ahgg 7#abe3 #dgb74 ,= a compreh5sive view1 briefly /at$1 ( ! great social *anges begun 9 ! ,s\? dur+ ! recon/ruction p]iod1 see editorial 8,! ,way ,out10 9 ,outlook1 ,dec4 #bf1 #aijc 7#ge3 #ihd74 ,footnote #aig3 ,see ,reports ( ,committees ( ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives = #b;d ,sess41 #db;d ,cong41 #ahga-gb4 ,footnote #aih3 ,! be/ app>5tly reliable s\rce = in=mation z to ! "* & purpose ( ?is organization is a little book entitl$ 8,! ,ku-,klux ,klan10 writt5 by ,j4 ,c4 ,le/] & ,d4 ,l4 ,wilson1 & publi%$ at ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 9 #ahhd4 ,see also1 article 8,! ,ku-,klux ,klan10 sign$ ,d4 ,l4 ,wilson1 publi%$ 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 ,july1 #ahhd 7#f3 #cih74 ,a less valuable b an int]e/+ book is 8,k4 ,k4 ,k4 ,sket*es10 by ,j4 ,m4 ,be>d1 publi%$ at ,philadelphia 9 #ahgg4 ,_m writ]s make incid5tal ref]5ce to ! ,ku-,klux ,klan2 = example1 ,*>les ,/e>ns3 8,! ,black ,man ( ! ,s\? & ! ,rebels0 7#ahgb71 ,*ap4 #ci2 ,james ,bryce3 8,! ,am]ican ,commonweal?10 ,,ii1 #dgi4 ,an acc\nt ( 8,! ,ku-,klux ,movem5t0 is giv5 9 ,w4 ,g4 ,br[n's 8,l[] ,s\? 9 ,am]ican ,hi/ory0 7#aijb74 ,"s ( ! *>act]i/ic1 possibly exagg]at$1 features ( ! 8,ku-,klux ,movem5t0 h be5 pres5t$ 9 fiction4 ,see1 = example1 ,a4 ,conan ,doyle3 8,adv5tures ( ,%]lock ,holmes1 ,! ,five ,orange ,pips0 7#aijb71 p4 #ajd2 ,?omas ,nelson ,page3 8,r$ ,rock1 a *ronicle ( ,recon/ruction0 7#ahih74 ,footnote #aii3 ,! committee appo9t$ to select a "n report$ among o!rs ! "n 8,kukloi10 f ! ,greek ^w kuklos1 mean+ a b& or circle4 ,at m5tion ( ?is "s "o cri$ out3 8,call x #8,ku ,klux4'0 ,! ^w 8,klan0 at once sugge/$ itself1 & 0 add$ to complete ! allit]ation4 ,x has be5 said t ! society 0 nam$ 9 imitation ( ! click he>d 9 cock+ ! rifle1 b ?is seems to be )\t f\ndation 9 fact4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,see1 = example1 ,nation1 ,m>* #bc1 #ahga 7#ab3 #aib72 ,new ,york ,times1 ,feb4 #ae1 #ahga2 ,new ,york ,times1 ,aug4 #bf1 #ahgc2 ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,july #ca1 #ahgh4 ,footnote #bja3 ,= a li/ ( ! 8,molly ,maguire0 outrages 9 ! m9+ region ( ,p5nsylvania1 & = an exposition ( ! orig91 gr[?1 & "* ( t organization1 see ,f4 ,p4 ,dewees3 8,! ,molly ,maguires0 7#ahgg74 ,footnote #bjb3 ,no claim = complet5ess is made 9 reg>d to ^! /ati/ics4 ,p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( lyn*+s 9 ! ,we/ !y are d\btless incomplete4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,outlook1 ,dec4 #bf1 #aijc 7#ge3 #ihd74 ,footnote #bjd3 ,comp>e ! op9ion express$ 9 ! ,nation1 ,sept4 #g1 #ahgf 7#bc3 #ade7 on ! subject ( 8intimidation0 at ! ,s\?4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgi1 a 8,negro exodus f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates0 took place1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( its size & "*1 attract$ consid]able att5tion4 ,num]\s reasons 7 assign$ z ! cause4 ,see ,f4 ,l4 ,h(fman3 8,race ,traits & ,t5d5cies ( ! ,am]ican ,negro40--,publications ( ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association1 ,augu/1 #ahif 7#aa3 #a72 ,nation1 ,april #aj1 #ahgi 7#bh3 #bci1 #bdb72 ,report & ,te/imony ( ! ,select ,committee ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,s5ate to inve/igate ! causes ( ! removal ( ! negroes f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 #b;d ,sess41 #df? ,cong4 7,wa%+ton1 #ahhj74 ,footnote #bje3 ,x is ( int]e/ to note t ! ,sons ( ,lib]ty ( ! p]iod #agfe-agge seem to h _h a regul> organization & t 9 _! use ( disguises & 9 _! me?ods !y 7 n :olly unlike ! ,ku-,klux4 ,footnote #bjf3 8,lyn*+ & ,mobs10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,social ,sci5ce1 ,no4 #cb1 p4 #fg 7,novemb]1 #ahid74 ,footnote #bjg3 ,edw>d ,leigh ,pell1 writ+ on 8,prev5tion ( ,lyn*-law ,epidemics10 9 ! ,review ( ,reviews1 ,m>*1 #ahih 7#ag3 #cba71 que/ions ! accuracy ( ! ,tribune figures = ,alabama1 ,florida1 & ,virg9ia 9 ! ye> #ahig4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t he ref]s to lyn*+s & seems to h reg>d$ numb] ( lyn*+s z synonym\s ) numb] ( p]sons lyn*$4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,9 a rec5t article1 entitl$ 8,! ,facts ab\t ,lyn*+10 writt5 by ,george ,p4 ,upton1 :o = a numb] ( ye>s has be5 associate-editor ( ! ,tribune1 a simil> table may be f\nd4 ,see ! ,indep5d5t1 ,sept4 #bi1 #aijd 7#eg3 #gai74 ,9 ?is table1 h[ev]1 !re are num]\s inaccuracies1 & ! fact t ,mr4 ,upton does n discrim9ate betwe5 numb] ( lyn*+s & numb] ( p]sons lyn*$ detracts mat]ially f ! value ( all ( 8 /ati/ical summ>ies on ! subject4 ,footnote #bji3 ,comp>e p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #baj3 ,! negro _h escap$ f ! mob & gone to a neighbor+ c\nty :]e he gave himself up to ! au?orities = protection4 ,lat]1 accord+ to a lett] receiv$ by ! writ] f ! mayor ( ! t[n :]e he s\ght protection1 he 0 tak5 back by ! %]iff & br\ght be=e a ju/ice = a prelim9>y he>+4 ,! evid5ce 0 consid]$ insuffici5t to b9d him ov] to ! gr& jury & he 0 releas$4 ,footnote #baa3 ,pr9cipally ,new ,york ,city & ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 pap]s4 ,footnote #bab3 ,to be /rictly accurate ! numb] ( lyn*+s %\ld be tak5 r ?an ! numb] ( p]sons lyn*$1 b = ! purpose ( comp>ison f ye> to ye> ! latt] may be consid]$ suffici5tly exact4 ,see p4 #ahe4 ,footnote #bac3 ,h5ry ,m4 ,boies has %[n f ! ,tribune record ( murd]s t !re has be51 )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 8an al>m+ increase ( homicides1 accompani$ by a proportionate decrease ( executions by law & lyn*+40--8,sci5ce ( ,p5ology0 7#aija71 p4 #abj4 ,footnote #bad3 ,see ,w4 ,s4 ,drewry3 8,slave ,insurrections 9 ,virg9ia0 7#aijj71 pp4 #bb-be4 ,footnote #bae3 ,! lib]ty has be5 tak5 ( co9+ ?is ^w to designate ! cause = lyn*+ ! class ( individuals kn[n z desp]adoes4 ,no o!r ^w seems to express ! idea s cle>ly4 ,! ^w 8brig&age0 is too n>r[ 9 mean+ & too ne>ly obsolete2 ! ^w 8outlawry0 is n suffici5tly inclusive & is g5]ally us$ only 9 its te*nical s5se4 ,footnote #baf3 8,/ati/ics & ,sociology0 7#aijj71 p4 #bga4 ,footnote #bag3 ,?is may be tak5 z an indication ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,tribune record ( lyn*+s z a basis = /ati/ical inve/igation4 ,footnote #bah3 ,see p4 #afd4 ,footnote #bai3 ,see ! daily issues f ,july #bc to ,july #bg1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,^! figures are tak5 f ! ,twelf? ,c5sus1 :]e ! t]m 8illit]ates0 is us$ to designate all p]sons t5 ye>s ( age & ov] :o c nei!r read nor write1 or :o c read b _c write4 ,footnote #bba3 ,! figures giv5 by ! ,twelf? ,c5sus 7 us$4 ,! figures ( ! ,elev5? ,c5sus w\ld be m ne>ly typical = ! p]iod "u consid]ation ?an ^? ( ! ,twelf? ,c5sus1 b a difficulty 0 met ) 9 an attempt to use !m1 ow+ to ! fact t new c\nties h be5 =m$ s9ce #ahij4 ,x 0 f\nd t c\nties 9 :i* lyn*+s h occurr$ did n appe> at all 9 ! ,elev5? ,c5sus1 & t = ! sake ( complet5ess x 0 necess>y to use ! ,twelf? ,c5sus4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,alfr$ ,holt ,/one1 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association 9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 attribut$ ! amicable relations exi/+ betwe5 ! :ites & ! negroes 9 ! ,yazoo-,mississippi delta to ! abs5ce ( a :ite labor+ class1 p>ticul>ly ( field labor]s4 ,9 8 op9ion "o ( ! grave/ causes ( tr\ble betwe5 ! two races is contact on a common indu/rial plane4--8,publications ( ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association10 ,febru>y1 #aijb 7#c;d ,s]41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 #bce74 ,footnote #bbc3 ,see p4 #aji4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,lib]ator1 ,april #ai1 #ahci 7#i3 #fc74 ,footnote #bbe3 ,lib]ator1 ,april #cj1 #ahcf 7#f3 #gb74 ,footnote #bbf3 8,di>y 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahci71 ,,iii1 #bbf-bcj4 ,= a description ( ! beg9n+s ( legal proc$ure 9 isolat$ settlem5ts on ! fronti]1 see 8,n>rative ( ! ,life ( ,david ,crockett10 writt5 by himself 7#ahdc71 pp4 #acb-ace4 7,m47 ,footnote #bbg3 ,briti% & ,=eign ,review1 #ad3 #bi 7#ahdc74 ,footnote #bbh3 ,cora ,montgom]y 7,jane ,m4 ,cazneau73 8,eagle ,pass2 or ,life on ! ,bord]0 7#aheb71 pp4 #aec1 #afd-afg4 ,comp>e ! ju/ification ( ! fronti] type ( lyn*-law giv5 by ,ow5 ,wi/] 9 8 rec5t novel1 8,! ,virg9ian40 ,aft] describ+ ! lyn*+ ( "s ,wyom+ cattle-?ieves1 & emphasiz+ ! fact t 8_m an act t man does is "r or wrong accord+ to ! "t & place :i* =m1 s to speak1 its context10 ! au?or puts into ! m\? ( 8,judge ,h5ry0 ^! words3 8,!y 7! ord9>y citiz5s7 are :]e ! law comes f1 y see4 ,= !y *ose ! delegates :o made ! ,con/itution t provid$ = ! c\rts4 ,!re's y\r ma*9]y4 ,^! are ! h&s into :i* ord9>y citiz5s h put ! law4 ,s y see1 at be/1 :5 !y lyn* !y only take back :at !y once gave4444 ,we are 9 a v bad way1 & we are try+ to make t way a little bett] until civilization c rea* u4 ,at pres5t we lie beyond its pale4 ,! c\rts1 or r ! juries1 into ^: h&s we h put ! law1 are n deal+ ! law4 ,!y are )]$ h&s1 or r !y are imitation h&s made = %[1 ) no life 9 !m1 no grip4 ,!y _c hold a cattle-?ief4 ,& s :5 y\r ord9>y citiz5 sees ?is1 & sees t he has plac$ ju/ice 9 a dead h&1 he mu/ take ju/ice back into 8 own h&s :]e x 0 once at ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s4 ,call ?is primitive1 if y w1 b s f> f be+ a defiance ( ! law1 x is an ass]tion ( x--! fundam5tal ass]tion ( self-gov]n+ m51 ^u :om our :ole social fabric is bas$40--pp4 #dce-dcf4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,c4 ,a4 ,murray3 8,travels 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahci71 ,,ii1 #ha4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,bancr(t's ju/ification ( popul> tribunals & vigilance societies has be5 ref]r$ to above4 ,see ,*apt] ,,iv1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #bca3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,negro ,race 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahhc71 ,i1 #aba1 #aca4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,see ,j4 ,a4 ,till+ha/3 8,! ,negro 9 ,africa & ,am]ica0--,publications ( ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association1 ,may1 #aijb 7#c;d ,s]41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,no4 #b74 ,?is monograph pres5ts an admirable hi/orical p]spective ( ! native *>act]i/ics & ( ! acquirem5ts ( ! color$ race 9 ,am]ica4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,fanny ,kemble1 writ+ 9 #ahch-ci1 attribut$ ! 8p]sonal (f5siv5ess0 ( negroes to dirt & habits ( uncleanl9ess1 ass]t+ t ! negroes _h no respect = _! p]sonal appe>ance1 & t ?is lack ( respect 0 due to slav]y4 ,9 h] j\rnal1 ^! words are f\nd3 8,! /5* 9 an ,iri%1 ,scot*1 ,italian1 or ,fr5* hovel are q z intol]able z any ,i ev] f\nd 9 any ( our negro h\ses40 ,9 ano!r connection1 h[ev]1 :5 describ+ a c]ta9 negro nam$ ,isaac1 %e ref]s p>ticul>ly to 8 /rong physical resemblance to a monkey1 & says t %e is mu* com=t$ by ! fact t ?is individual 8speaks40 ,see 8,j\rnal ( a ,resid5ce on a ,georgian ,plantation0 7#ahfc71 pp4 #bc-bd1 #bai4 ,9 describ+ 8,! ,negro 9 ,g5]al10 ,ratzel writes3 8,! specific1 b h>dly def9able negro smell is c]ta9ly possess$ by all1 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,falk5/e9 ref]s x to ! some:at m oily composition ( ! sweat1 :i* ) uncleanly habits easily develops rancid acids40--8,hi/ory ( ,mank9d0 7,trans4 f #b;d ,g]man ed4 by ,a4 ,j4 ,butl]1 #ahig71 ,,ii1 #cae2 see also ,,ii1 #bff1 #cja4 ,a practis+ physician 9 ! city ( ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 has assur$ ! writ] t ! peculi> odor is aga9 app>5t v soon aft] a negro pati5t has be5 giv5 a ba? & a *ange ( clo?+4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,comp>e /atem5ts made 9 8,an ,apology = ! ,%ort ,%rift0--,saturday ,review1 ,may #bh1 #ahih 7#he3 #gag74 ,! foll[+ passage is f\nd 9 8,! ,sell+ ( ,joseph10 by ,*ief-,ju/ice ,samuel ,sewall1 pr9t$ 9 ,bo/on1 ,june #ab1 #agjj1 ! fir/ pr9t$ prote/ aga9/ slavehold+ 9 ,massa*usetts3 8& !re is su* a disp>ity 9 _! ,conditions1 ,col\r ,hair1 t !y c nev] embody ) u1 & gr[ up 9 ord]ly ,families1 to ! ,peopl+ ( ! ,l&3 b /ill rema9 9 our ,body ,politick z a k9d ( extravasat ,blood40--,see 8,proce$+s ( ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society0 = ,octob]1 #ahfc 7,vol4 #ahfc-fd1 p4 #afa74 ,footnote #bce3 ,william ,wells ,br[n makes ?is /atem5t 9 8 book1 8,! ,negro 9 ! ,rebellion10 pp4 #cfa-cfb4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,comp>e ! manife/ation ( race prejudice 9 ,s\? ,africa1 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,see article 8,! ,negro ,problem 9 ,s\? ,africa10 by ,ar?ur ,hawkes1 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,septemb]1 #aijc 7#bh3 #cbe71 & ! editorial comm5ts on pp4 #bfd-bfe ( ! same issue4 ,see also1 article 8,race ,prejudice 9 ! ,philipp9es10 by ,james ,a4 ,le ,roy1 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,july1 #aijb 7#ij3 #ajj74 ,footnote #bcg3 ,george ,w4 ,williams3 8,hi/ory ( ! ,negro ,race 9 ,am]ica0 7#ahhc71 ,,ii1 #gb4 ,footnote #bch3 ,evid5ce = ?is /atem5t has be5 pres5t$ above4 ,see ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,footnote #bci3 ,outlook1 ,dec4 #bf1 #aijc 7#ge3 #ihd74 ,footnote #bdj3 ,outlook1 ,dec4 #bf1 #aijc 7#ge3 #ihd74 ,footnote #bda3 ,outlook1 ,dec4 #bf1 #aijc 7#ge3 #ihd74 ,footnote #bdb3 ,see p4 #bjj ( monograph 8,! ,negro 9 ,africa & ,am]ica10 ref]r$ to above4 ,t ?is crime is ( rec5t orig9 is ei!r /at$ or assum$ by almo/ e writ] :o discusses ! lyn*+ ( negroes4 ,see1 = example1 article by ,?omas ,nelson ,page 9 ,! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aijd 7#agh3 #cc74 ,footnote #bdc3 ,f a /udy ( ! prison /ati/ics furni%$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates c5sus1 ,pr(essor ,walt] ,f4 ,willcox came to ! positive conclusion t 8a l>ge & increas+ am\nt ( negro crime is manife/$ all ov] ! c\ntry40--,see an address on 8,negro ,crim9ality10 deliv]$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,social ,sci5ce ,association1 on ,sept4 #f1 #ahii--8;,j\rnal ( ,proce$+s10 ,no4 #cg1 p4 #ig4 ,a l op9ion is express$ by _m writ]s4 ,see1 = example1 ,=um1 ,octob]1 #ahih 7#af3 #afg72 ,outlook1 ,oct4 #ca1 #aijc 7#ge3 #dic72 ,outlook1 ,dec4 #bf1 #aijc 7#ge3 #ihd74 ,footnote #bdd3 ,= a numb] ( ref]5ces on ! subject ( rape & its puni%m5t1 & also on ! subject ( burn+ alive z a legal puni%m5t = crime1 dur+ ! colonial p]iod1 ! writ] is indebt$ to ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws4 ,footnote #bde3 8,acts ( ,assembly ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,p5nsylvania0 7#agge71 pp4 #de-df4 ,on ,may #e1 #agbb1 x became ! law ( ,p5nsylvania t import]s ( s]vants :o h be5 convict$ ( rape mu/ pay a duty & ent] security = good behavior = "o ye>4--,/atutes at ,l>ge ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,,iii1 #bfd4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,colonial ,laws ( ,new ,york1 ,i1 #gfe-gff4 ,comp>e law ( ,aug4 #h1 #afhh1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,b>badoes1 :i* provid$ t two ju/ices & ?ree freehold]s 7 to 8give s5t5ce ( ,dea? ^u0 negroes1 = murd]1 rape1 burn+ h\ses1 c4--,acts ( ,assembly ,pass$ 9 ! ,isl& ( ,b>badoes1 ,f #afdh1 to #agah 7#agba71 pp4 #adj-ada4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,delaw>e 7#agig71 ,i1 #ajb-aje4 ,by an act pass$ 9 ,janu>y1 #agig1 ?irty-n9e la%es well laid on 7 add$ to ! puni%m5t = an attempt$ rape on a :ite woman or maid4--,laws ( ! ,/ate ( ,delaw>e 7#agig71 ,,ii1 #acba-acbd4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,laws ( ,m>yl& 7#agii71 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,see ,john ,s4 ,bassett3 8,slav]y & ,s]vitude 9 ! ,colony ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a0--,johns ,hopk9s ,hi/orical ,/udies 7#ahif71 ,,xiv1 #aii4 ,9 ,virg9ia ! puni%m5t ( ca/ration 0 s frequ5tly inflict$ ^u slaves by ! c\nty c\rts t ! ,assembly deem$ x necess>y to enact t 8x %all n be lawful = any c\nty or corporation c\rt1 to ord] & direct ca/ration ( any slave1 except su* slave %all be convict$ ( an attempt to ravi% a :ite woman1 9 :i* case !y may inflict su* puni%m5t40--,see ,h5+3 8,virg9ia ,/atutes at ,l>ge10 ,,vi1 #c2 ,,viii1 #ceh2 ,samuel ,%ep]d3 8,virg9ia ,/atutes at ,l>ge0 7,new ,s]ies1 #ahce71 ,i1 #abe4 ,footnote #bej3 8,records ( ! ,c\rt ( ,assi/ants ( ! ,colony ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay0 7,j4 ,noble1 #aija71 p4 #gd4 ,! foll[+ passage is tak5 f ! ,bo/on ,*ronicle1 ,sept4 #bf-,oct4 #c1 #agfh 7,no4 #db1 ,i1 #chc73 8,we he> t a negro fell[ 0 tri$ at ! ,assizes held lately at ,worce/]1 = a rape1 & f\nd guilty1 & receiv$ s5t5ce ( dea?4--,a :ite man 0 also tri$ & f\nd guilty ( ! same crime1 & s5t5c$ to sit on ! gall[s40 ,footnote #bea3 ,see 8,proce$+s ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,hi/orical ,society0 7#ahgd71 #b;d ,s]ies1 ,,iii1 #agh4 ,footnote #beb3 ,see ,j4 ,r4 ,brackett3 8,! ,negro 9 ,m>yl&0 7#ahhi71 p4 #aca4 ,footnote #bec3 ,p5nsylvania ,gazette1 ,dec4 #ad1 #agdd 7,n4 ,j4 ,ar*ives1 ,,xii1 #bdd74 ,footnote #bed3 ,! basis = ^! /atem5ts is a collection ( notes on legal burn+ alive made by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,mat!ws4 ,comp>e ,john ,fiske3 8,old ,virg9ia & h] ,neighb\rs0 7#ahig71 ,,ii1 #bfe4 ,footnote #bee3 ,section ,,lvi ( 8,an ,act = ! bett] ,ord]+ & ,gov]n+ ,negroes & o!r ,slaves 9 ?is ,prov9ce10 dat$ ! #aj? day ( ,may1 #agdj1 reads z foll[s3 8,& :]eas1 sev]al negroes did lately rise 9 rebellion1 & did commit _m b>b>\s murd]s at ,/ono & o!r p>ts adjac5t !reto2 & :]eas1 9 suppress+ ! said rebels1 sev]al ( !m 7 kill$ & o!rs tak5 alive & execut$2 & z ! exig5ce & dang] ! inhabitants at t "t 7 9 & expos$ to1 w\ld n admit ( ! =mality ( a legal trial ( su* rebelli\s negroes1 b = _! own security1 ! said inhabitants 7 oblig$ to put su* negroes to imm$iate dea?2 to prev5t1 !re=e1 any p]son or p]sons be+ que/ion$ = any matt] or ?+ done 9 ! suppression or execution ( ! said rebelli\s negroes1 z also any litigi\s suit1 action1 or prosecution t may be br\ght1 su$ or prosecut$ or comm5c$ aga9/ su* p]son or p]sons = or conc]n+ ! same2 ,be x enact$ by ! au?ority a=esaid1 ,t all & e act1 matt] & ?+1 _h1 done1 committ$ & execut$1 9 & ab\t ! suppress+ & putt+ all & e ! said negro & negroes to dea?1 is & are h]eby decl>$ lawful1 to all int5ts & purposes :atsoev]1 z fully & amply z if su* rebelli\s negroes _h und]gone a =mal trial & condemnation1 not)/&+ any want ( =m or omission :atev] 9 ! trial ( su* negroes2 & any law1 usage or cu/om to ! contr>y !re( 9 any wise not)/&+40--8,/atutes at ,l>ge ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a0 7edit$ by ,d4 ,j4 ,mc,cord1 #ahdj71 ,,vii1 #daf-dag4 ,footnote #bef3 ,in/ances are record$ :]e ,indians :o _h committ$ ! crime ( rape on :ite females 7 legally dealt )4 ,see 8,records ( ! ,colony ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay 9 ,new ,engl&10 ,,ii1 #bc2 8,new ,hav5 ,colonial ,records0 7,hoadly1 #aheh71 p4 #edc2 8,rhode ,isl& ,colonial ,records10 ,,ii1 #dbj1 #dbg1 #dbh2 8,records ( ! ,c\rt ( ,assi/ants ( ! ,colony ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay0 7,j4 ,noble1 #aija71 pp4 #ba-bb2 8,plym\? ,colony ,records10 ,,vi1 #ih4 ,footnote #beg3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,dec4 #be1 #ahac 7#e3 #bgi74 ,footnote #beh3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,aug4 #be1 #ahba 7#bj3 #dae-daf74 ,footnote #bei3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,june #h1 #ahbb 7#bb3 #bch74 ,footnote #bfj3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,july #ac1 #ahbb 7#bb3 #cbj74 ,footnote #bfa3 ,niles' ,regi/]1 ,sept1 #ad1 #ahbb 7#bc3 #ah74 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #agda t ! ?irte5 blacks 7 burn$ at ! /ake 9 ,new ,york by judicial decree4 ,footnote #bfb3 ,additional evid5ce has be5 giv5 above 9 ano!r connection4 ,see ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,by an act pass$ ! #aa? day ( ,may1 #aged1 p[] 0 giv5 ! ju/ice to po/pone ! trial to su* "t z he ?\ght prop]1 ow+ to ! frequ5t difficulty ( procur+ ! ju/ice & ! freehold]s & ! witnesses to att5d ! trial )9 ! ?ree days4--8,/atutes at ,l>ge ( ,s4 ,c40 7edit$ by ,d4 ,j4 ,mc,cord1 #ahdj71 ,,vii1 #dbf-dbg4 ,footnote #bfd3 8,/atutes at ,l>ge ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a0 7edit$ by ,d4 ,j4 ,mc,cord1 #ahdj71 ,,vii1 #djj-djb4 ,x 0 also provid$ by ?is act1 :i* 0 pass$ ! #aj? day ( ,may1 #agdj1 t an oa? = ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( duty be tak5 by ! freehold]s :5 !y assembl$ ) ! ju/ices = ! trial ( prison]s1 t ! evid5ce ( slaves1 )\t oa?1 be admitt$ aga9/ slaves1 t = c]ta9 (f5ses c]ta9 p5alties be impos$1 t comp5sation be all[$ ! own]s ( slaves execut$1 t ma/]s & o!r p]sons be compell$ to give evid5ce1 t ! con/ables execute or puni% slaves accord+ to ! judgm5ts r5d]$1 c41 c4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,! laws ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,j]sey1 & ,delaw>e h be5 cit$ above4 ,footnote #bff3 8,negro ,outrage no ,excuse = ,lyn*+0--,=um1 ,novemb]1 #ahic 7#af3 #cjj74 ,footnote #bfg3 ,walt] ,h4 ,page3 8,! ,la/ ,hold ( ! ,s\!rn ,bully0--,=um1 ,novemb]1 #ahic 7#af3 #cjc74 ,footnote #bfh3 8,lyn*+ ( ,black ,p because !y are ,black0--,our ,day1 #ac3 #bih 7#ahid74 ,footnote #bfi3 ,! foll[+ passage is tak5 f an editorial 9 ! ,h\/on 7,texas7 ,po/ ( ,octob] #bc1 #aijb3 8,f ! same telegraph pole f :i* ! two negroes 7 hang$ at ,hemp/ead on ,tuesday1 a rapi/ 0 hang$ less ?an two mon?s ago4 ,! circum/ances ( ! fir/ execution 7 fully kn[n to ! victims ( ! second mob4 ,?is tea*es v pla9ly t lyn*+ does n det]40 ,footnote #bgj3 ,see 8,! ,epidemic ( ,savag]y10 ,outlook1 ,sept4 #g1 #aija 7#fi3 #i72 also1 8,! ,lyn*+ ( ,negroes10 by ,?omas ,nelson ,page1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 ,janu>y1 #aijd 7#agh3 #cc74 ,footnote #bga3 ,comp>e ! conclusion arriv$ at by a ,georgia lawy] 9 an article 9 ! ,=um1 ,octob]1 #ahic 7#af3 #agf74 ,footnote #bgb3 ,ev5 su* a discrim9at+ & e/imable j\rnal z ! ,nation /ill makes use ( e possible occasion to prea* ! rights ( man 9 g5]al & ( ! negro 9 p>ticul>1 utt]ly ignor+ ! "q ( capability & responsibility4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,see1 = example1 ,j4 ,h4 ,+raham3 8,! ,s\?-,we/0 7#ahce71 ,,ii1 #ahe-ahi4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,see1 = example1 ,s\!rn ,lit]>y ,mess5g]1 ,m>*1 #ahci 7#e3 #bai74 ,footnote #bge3 ,see ,public ,op9ion1 ,feb4 #aa1 #ahic 7#ad3 #ddh74 ,footnote #bgf3 ,see ,our ,day1 ,may1 #ahic 7#aa3 #ccc74 ,footnote #bgg3 ,see ,haydn's 8,diction>y ( ,dates0 7#ahih71 p4 #fha4 ,also1 8,! ,cyclop$ic ,review ( ,curr5t ,hi/ory0 7#ahid71 p4 #fdg4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! ,new ,york ,_w secur$ 8int]views0 ) n9ete5 gov]nors on ! subject ( ! propos$ visit ( ! committee4 ,see ,am]ican ,law ,review1 ,novemb]-,decemb]1 #ahid 7#bh3 #ijd74 ,footnote #bgi3 ,see ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,july #ad1 #ahid4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,see ,indep5d5t1 ,may #af1 #aija 7#ec3 #aacc74 ,footnote #bha3 ,see article by ,edw>d ,leigh ,pell on 8,prev5tion ( ,lyn*-law ,epidemics10 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,m>*1 #ahih 7#ag3 #cba74 ,footnote #bhb3 ,see ,georgia ,code1 #ahie1 ,sections #cef-cei4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,public ,laws ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #ahic1 *4 #dfa4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,georgia ,laws1 #ahie1 ,"p ,i1 ,title #g1 ,no4 #bji4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,con/itution ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ,section #f1 ,article #f4 ,?is article ( ! con/itution ) additional provisions necess>y to make its op]ation effective 0 pass$ by ! legislature 9 #ahif z 8,an ,act to ,prev5t ,lyn*+40 ,see ,acts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ahif1 p4 #bac4 ,footnote #bhf3 #ib ,ohio ,laws #acf4 ,9 ?is ! orig9al act ! am\nt ( damages t c\ld be recov]$ 0 fix$ at a c]ta9 sum2 = assault1 8! sum ( #ajjj10 = suff]+ lyn*+ 8! sum ( #ejj10 c4 ,9 ?us fix+ ! am\nt ( damages x 0 said t ! legislature _h assum$ judicial p[] & _h ?us r5d]$ ! act uncon/itutional4 ,to rem$y ?is defect1 ! legislature on ,april #ba1 #ahih1 am5d$ ! act s t ! am\nt ( damages t might be recov]$ %\ld be1 = assault 8any sum n exce$+ #ajjj10 = suff]+ lyn*+ 8any sum n exce$+ #ejj10 c4 ,see #ic ,ohio ,laws #afa4 ,be+ ,sections #ddbf-d to #ddbf-ad ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes4 ,footnote #bhg3 #ic ,ohio ,laws #daa4 ,be+ ,section #fijh ( ,title ,i1 ,"p ,f\r?1 ,revis$ ,/atutes1 ,crimes & ,(f5ses4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,acts ( ,t5nessee1 #ahig1 ,*apt] #eb4 ,?is act 0 approv$ ,m>* #bd1 #ahig4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,laws ( ,k5tucky1 #ahig1 ,*apt] #bj4 ,= ! am5dm5t & re-enactm5t ( ?is law see ,laws ( ,k5tucky1 #aijb1 ,*apt] #be4 ,9 ! above rsum ( ! law no?+ has be5 includ$ f ! sections :i* 7 repeal$ 9 #aijb4 ,footnote #bij3 ,laws ( ,texas1 #ahig1 ,*apt] #ac4 ,?is act 0 approv$ ,june #ai1 #ahig4 ,footnote #bia3 ,acts ( ,indiana1 #ahii1 ,*apt] #bah4 ,be+ ,sections #bjfe;a-#bjfe;d1 #bjfe;f ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#aija74 ,by an act approv$ ,feb4 #bd1 #ahii1 bo>ds ( c\nty commission]s 9 ,indiana are au?oriz$ to pay five hundr$ doll>s rew>d = ! arre/ & conviction ( a murd]] or lyn*]4--,acts ( #ahii1 ,*apt] #ajj4 ,footnote #bib3 ,acts ( ,indiana1 #aija1 ,*apt] #adj4 ,be+ ,section #bjfe;e ( ! ,revis$ ,/atutes 7#aija74 ,footnote #bic3 ,public ,acts ( ,mi*igan1 #ahii1 ,no4 #beb4 ,repeal$ by ,public ,acts ( ,mi*igan1 #aijc1 ,no4 #bf4 ,footnote #bid3 ,con/itution ( ,alabama1 ,section #ach4 ,footnote #bie3 ,acts ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 #aijc1 p4 #cje2 ,jo9t ,resolution1 ,no4 #ab1 adopt$ ,feb4 #c1 #aijc4 ,footnote #bif3 ,see newspap]s ( ! date ,dec4 #bf1 #aijb1 & subsequ5t dates4 ,footnote #big3 ,laws ( ,kansas1 #aijc1 ,*apt] #djg4 ,?is act 0 approv$ ,m>* #aj1 #aijc4 ,footnote #bih3 ,laws ( ,kansas1 #aijc1 ,*apt] #bba4 ,?is act 0 approv$ ,m>* #aa1 #aijc4 ,footnote #bii3 ,z e>ly z ! ye> #agif1 ?is measure 0 sugge/$ z a means ( prev5t+ ! adm9i/ration ( popul> ju/ice by extra-legal me?ods4 ,9 t ye> ,gov]nor ,/4 ,clair1 9 a report to ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate conc]n+ 8,(ficial ,proce$+s 9 ! ,ill9ois ,c\ntry10 aft] describ+ an affair 9 :i* "s ,indians 7 summ>ily put to dea?1 ! circum/ances ( :i* he *>act]iz$ z 8n only n blameable b laudable10 cont9u$ 9 ^! words3 8,i am sorry h[ev]1 to add t1 _h ! affair be5 ev] s crim9al 9 its nature1 x w\ld h be51 ,i believe1 impossible to h br\ght ! actors to puni%m5t4 ,! difficulties t h occurr$ 9 cases ( t nature 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z well z 9 ?is ,t]ritory1 & ! /a9 x fixes on ! national "*1 has (t5 l$ me to consid] :e!r ju/ice c\ld n be secur$ to ! ,indians by add+ "s sanction to ! law beyond :at is usual betwe5 ! citiz5s1 & x has occurr$ to me t1 7 a pretty heavy pecuni>y f9e to be set ^u ! murd] ( an ,indian1 & a proportional "o = less] injuries1 to be levi$ ^u ! c\nties :]e ! (f5se 0 committ$ if ! (f5d]s 7 n br\ght to ju/ice1 x w\ld probably h ! effect1 = x is (t5 se5 t ! m9ds ( m5 little t9ctur$ ) ju/ice or humanity1 h a pretty /rong sympa?y ) _! pockets1 & ,i believe x to be a subject )9 ! prov9ce ( ! g5]al legislature40--,! ,/4 ,clair ,pap]s 7#ahhb71 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cig4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,= ! purpose ( obta9+ accurate & complete in=mation on ! subject ( anti-lyn*+ laws ! writ] ask$ ! foll[+ que/ions ( ?irty-?ree attorneys-g5]al 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 inclos+ 9 ea* lett] a self-address$ & /amp$ envelope = reply3 #a4 ,:at anti-lyn*+ laws h be5 enact$ 9 y\r ,/ate s9ce #ahij8 7,please give citation to /atutes47 ,if !re are no anti-lyn*+ laws 9 y\r ,/ate1 m5tion any attempts t h be5 made to enact su* laws4 #b4 ,h any cases be5 tri$ "u any ( su* laws or any attempts be5 made to t effect1 & :at has be5 ! record & ! outcome 9 ea* case8 #c4 ,are su* laws effective 9 any respect8 ,tw5ty-f\r replies 7 receiv$ to ! ?irty-?ree lett]s s5t1 & ^u exam9ation a fact became evid5t :i* is probably r m ?an a co9cid5ce--! n9e unansw]$ lett]s 7 ! ones :i* 7 s5t to ! attorneys-g5]al ( ! ,/ates1 ) "o exception1 9 :i* ! great] numb] ( lyn*+s h occurr$4 ,! exception is sc>cely wor? not+1 h[ev]1 because x 0 a reply :i* 0 v t>dy & v non-committal4 ,footnote #cja3 ,see p4 #bcd4 ,footnote #cjb3 ,br[n v4 ,orangeburg ,co41 #ee ,s4 ,c4 #de2 #cb ,s4 ,e4 #gfd4 ,! decision ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt 0 r5d]$ on ,april #bj1 #ahii4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,see p4 #bce4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,mit*ell 0 a negro & 0 lyn*$ on ,june #d1 #ahig1 = ! crime ( rape4 ,footnote #cje3 ,caldwell lo/ aga9 9 ! common pleas & circuit c\rts1 & w5t no fur!r4--,deputy ,cl]k ( ,cuyahoga ,c\nty 9 lett] to ! writ]4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,see note1 p4 #bcf4 ,! supreme c\rt by ?is decision upheld ! act 9 its orig9al =m4 ,footnote #cjg3 #fb ,o4 ,s4 #cah4 ,footnote #cjh3 #fh ,n4 ,e4 #hii4 ,footnote #cji3 ,see p4 #ahe4 ,comp>e ,*>t ,i4 ,footnote #caj3 ,new ,york ,times1 ,jan4 #ba1 #aijd4 ,gov]nor ,say]s ( ,texas made simil> /atem5ts 9 8 annual message to ! legislature ( ,texas on ,jan4 #af1 #aijc4 ,footnote #caa3 ,new ,york ,times1 ,nov4 #c1 #aijc4 ,footnote #cab3 ,new ,york ,times1 ,sept4 #g1 #aijc4 ,footnote #cac3 ,ri*mond 7,va47 ,planet1 ,feb4 #ad1 #aijc4 ,footnote #cad3 ,gov]nor's message to ! legislature1 ,jan4 #ad1 #aijc4 ,footnote #cae3 ,new ,york ,ev5+ ,sun1 ,june #e1 #aijc4 ,footnote #caf3 ,aft] a trial :i* la/$ ?ree mon?s1 ! fir/ man tri$ 0 acquitt$4--,d5v] 7,colo47 ,republican1 ,feb4 #bh1 #aijb4 ,footnote #cag3 ,attorney-g5]al ( ,wyom+ 9 lett] to ! writ]4 ,footnote #cah3 ,a woman ^: husb& 0 hang$ by a mob has rec5tly fil$ suit aga9/ tw5ty-six 8prom95t citiz5s0 ( ,flem+ ,c\nty1 ,k5tucky1 = #ej1jjj damages1 claim+ t !y 7 memb]s ( ! mob :i* lyn*$ h] husb&4--,new ,york ,times1 ,july #ad1 #aijd4 ,footnote #cai3 ,*attanooga 7,t5n47 ,times1 ,july #bg1 #aijb4 ,x w be rememb]$ t by ! ,t5nessee act any p]son guilty ( direct or indirect p>ticipation 9 a lyn*+ 0 decl>$ to be incompet5t to s]ve on a jury1 & t ! c\rt 0 to c>efully exclude all su* p]sons f bo? gr& & petit juries4 ,see p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,despat* f ,lewisburg1 ,t5nessee1 9 ,new ,york ,comm]cial ,adv]tis]1 ,jan4 #h1 #aijc4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aijc1 a gr& jury 9 ,moore ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee1 indict$ tw5ty-two memb]s ( a lyn*+ mob4--,see ,outlook1 ,oct4 #bd1 #aijc 7#ge3 #dbg74 ,footnote #cba3 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,febru>y1 #aijd 7#ic3 #aee74 ,footnote #cbb3 ,see bills introduc$ dur+ #eg? ,congress1 #a/ ,session3 ,s5ate ,bill #aaag2 ,h\se bills #ba1 #degb4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,congressional ,record1 #eg? ,congress1 #a/ ,session1 p4 #fcf4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,see ,gre5 ,bag1 ,septemb]1 #aijj 7#ab3 #dff74 ,footnote #cbe3 ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,april #ae1 #ahib4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,"s ( ^! indemnities cov] loss ( prop]ty & bodily injuries z well z loss ( life4 ,footnote #cbg3 ,see1 9 addition to ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,april #ae1 #ahib1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,/atutes at ,l>ge1 #di? ,cong41 #bnd ,sess41 ,*4 #bec2 #ej? ,cong41 #a/ ,sess41 ,*4 #abaj2 #ed? ,cong41 #a/ ,sess41 ,*4 #cgc2 #ee? ,cong41 #a/ ,sess41 ,*4 #i2 #ee? ,cong41 #b;d ,sess41 ,*4 #ega2 #ef? ,cong41 #b;d ,sess41 ,*4 #hca2 #eg? ,cong41 #b;d ,sess41 ,*4 #ajjf4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,am]ican ,law ,review1 ,septemb]-,octob]1 #aijj 7#cd3 #gji74 ,footnote #cbi3 ,see ,congressional ,record1 #eg? ,congress1 #a/ ,session1 pp4 #eijb-eije1 #eief1 #fbad4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,leslie's ,weekly1 ,aug4 #bj1 #aijc2 ,indep5d5t1 ,oct4 #bi1 #aijc 7#ee3 #bedg74 ,footnote #cca3 ,see ,h>v>d ,law ,review1 ,m>*1 #aijd 7#ag3 #cag74 ,footnote #ccb3 ,on ! "w ( ! c\rts 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 see 8,report ( ! ,commission on ,law's ,delays10 ,janu>y1 #aijd4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,review ( ,reviews1 ,m>*1 #ahih 7#ag3 #cba74 ,footnote #ccd3 ,gov]nor ,newton ,c4 ,blan*>d1 at 8 inauguration on ,may #af1 #aijd1 at ,baton ,r\ge1 ,l\isiana1 /at$ 8 position ) ref]5ce to lyn*+s 9 unmi/akable language4 8,lyn*+s10 he said1 8w n be p]mitt$ "u any circum/ances1 if x be possible = ! milit>y at ! comm& ( ! ,gov]nor to get !re 9 "t to prev5t !m4 ,& if !y occur be=e ! int]v5tion ( ! ,executive c be made effective1 inquiry & inve/igation w be made & prosecution in/igat$4 ,%]iffs w be held to ! /ricte/ acc\ntability possible "u ! law = ! safety f mob viol5ce ( p]sons 9 _! cu/ody4444 ,! c\rts are adequate to ! prompt v9dication ( ! law & ! puni%m5t ( crime40--,outlook1 ,may #bh1 #aijd 7#gg3 #aig74 ,footnote #cce3 ,gov]nor ,v>daman ord]$ out two companies ( militia & w5t himself to ! sc5e ( ! tr\ble 9 a special tra91 br++ ! negro away 9 8 private c>1 at a co/ to ! ,/ate1 x 0 said1 ( #bej1jjj4 ,see ,new ,york ,times1 ,feb4 #bi1 #aijd4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,vigilance & prompt action on ! "p ( ! (fic]s ( ! law1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( ! militia1 probably prev5t$ ! lyn*+ ( ! ?ree negroes :o assault$ ,mrs4 ,biddle at ,burl+ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 on ,july #e1 #aijd4--,see ,new ,york ,times1 ,july #af1 #aijd4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,gov]nor ,jelks1 ( ,alabama1 9 8 message ( ,jan4 #ad1 #aijc1 said 9 ref]5ce to ! lyn*+ 9 ,pike ,c\nty ( a negro :o 0 tak5 away f a con/able3 8,8 (f5se 0 probably swe>+ contr>y to "o ( 8 :ite neighbors 9 a ju/ice trial on a pro( ( "*4 ,?is 0 a cold-blood$ murd] & )\t excuse at all4444 ,! murd]]s g ab\t4 ,none ( !m w be hang$ z !y %\ld be40 ,footnote #cch3 ,! ,news-,obs]v]1 ,raleigh1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,aug4 #bg1 #aijb4 ,footnote #cci3 ,am]ican ,law ,review1 ,m>*--,april1 #aijj 7#cd3 #bch74 ,footnote #cdj3 ,= a discussion ( ! problem ( puni%+ lyn*]s & = "s /ati/ics ) ref]5ce to ! puni%m5t ( p]sons :o p>ticipat$ 9 lyn*+s dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( ! ye> #ahib1 see pap] by ,george ,c4 ,holt1 on 8,lyn*+ & ,mobs10 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,social ,sci5ce1 ,no4 #cb1 p4 #fg 7,novemb]1 #ahid74 ,footnote #cda3 ,c>roll ,d4 ,wright3 8,outl9e ( ,practical ,sociology0 7#ahii71 p4 #ceg4 ,footnote #cdb3 ,?is view ( ! matt] is ably set =? 9 ! ,gre5 ,bag = ,septemb]1 #aijj 7#ab3 #dff71 by ,o4 ,f4 ,h]%ey ( ! ,m>yl& ,b>4 ,! same idea is express$ 9 a diff]5t way 9 an article on 8,am]ican ,quality10 by ,n4 ,s4 ,%al]4 ,see ,int]national ,mon?ly1 ,july1 #aija4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,francis ,j4 ,grund3 8,! ,am]icans 9 _! moral1 social1 & political relations0 7,london1 #ahcg71 ,i1 #cbc4 7,m47 ,footnote #cdd3 ,quot$ f ! ,j\rnal ( ,jurisprud5ce 7,ed9bor\gh74 ,see ,am]ican ,law ,review1 ,may--,june1 #ahia 7#be3 #dfa74 ,footnote #cde3 ,= a compreh5sive discussion ( ! 8native "q10 see 8,a ,sociological ,view ( ! #8,native ,"q1'0 by ,alb]t ,g4 ,kell]1 ,yale ,review1 ,novemb]1 #aijc4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,du,bois3 8,! ,s\ls ( ,black ,folk0 7#aijc71 p4 #adc4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,william ,hayne ,levell3 8,on ,lyn*+ 9 ! ,s\?40--,outlook ,nov4 #af1 #aija 7#fi3 #gca74 ,footnote #cdh3 8,lyn*+ & ! ,fran*ise ,rights ( ! ,negro10 ,annals ( ! ,am]ican ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,may1 #aijj 7#ae3 #dic74 ,footnote #cdi3 ,on ! sugge/ibility ( cr[ds1 see ,gu/ave ,le,bon3 8,! ,cr[d4 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,popul> ,m9d0 7#b;d ed41 #ahig74 ,see also ,boris ,sidis3 8,! ,psy*ology ( ,sugge/ion0 7#ahih71 ,"p ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ obvi\s typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,reta9$ ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s z pr9t$4 #c4 ,re-index$ footnotes us+ numb]s & collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! la/ *apt]4 #d4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4