,transcrib] ,note ,s9ce #acd appe>$ on page #adc & aga9 on page #adg1 ! ,section numb] on pages #adg & all succe$+ 7 increm5t$4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts 0 also increm5t$ respectively4 ,text emphasis d5ot$ by ,italics4 ,li/ ( ,,errata bel[ has be5 appli$ to ! text4 ,,errata4 ,page #dd4 l9e #d4 f ! bottom1 = t read z #ahi4 #f4 = appe>5es read appe>ances #dfd4 #d4 = ,d',,aub5ton read ,,daub5ton #dhb4 #ab4 = adv]s>ies read adv]s>y ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,huttonian ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,by ,,john ,,playfair ,f4 ,r4 ,s4 ,,ed94 ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,ma!matics ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh4 ,nunc naturalem causam qurimus et assiduam1 non r>am et =iuitam4 ,,s5eca4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,cadell ,,& ,,davies1 ,,london1 ,,& ,,william ,,cree*1 ,,ed9burgh4 #ahjb4 ,ent]$ 9 ,/ation]s ,hall4 ,,neill ,,co4 ,pr9t]s1 ,ed9burgh ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,,! ,treatise "h (f]$ to ! ,public1 0 drawn up ) a view ( expla9+ ,dr ,hutton's ,!ory ( ! ,e>? 9 a mann] m popul> & p]spicu\s ?an is done 9 8 own writ+s4 ,! obscurity ( ^! has be5 (t5 compla9$ (2 & !nce1 no d\bt1 x has aris51 t s little att5tion has be5 paid to ! +5i\s & orig9al speculations :i* !y conta94 ,,! simple/ way ( accompli%+ ! object propos$1 seem$ to be1 to pres5t a ,g5]al ,outl9e ( ! ,sy/em1 9 "o cont9u$ ,disc\rse2 & to introduce aft]w>ds1 9 ! =m ( ,notes1 :at f>!r elucidation any p>ticul> subject 0 ?\ght to dem&4 ,?r\gh ! :ole1 ,i h aim$ at little m ?an a cle> exposition ( facts1 & a pla9 d$uction ( ! conclusions gr\nd$ on !m2 nor %all ,i claim any m]it to myself1 if1 9 ! ord] :i* ,i h f\nd x necess>y to adopt1 "s argum5ts may h tak5 a new =m1 & "s additions may h be5 made to a sy/em naturally ri* 9 ! numb] & v>iety ( its illu/rations4 ,,( ! qualifications :i* ?is und]tak+ requires1 !re is "o t ,i may safely suppose my self to possess4 ,hav+ be5 in/ruct$ by ,di ,hutton himself 9 8 !ory ( ! e>?2 hav+ liv$ 9 intimate fri5d%ip ) t excell5t man = sev]al ye>s1 & almo/ 9 ! daily habit ( discuss+ ! que/ions "h treat$ (2 ,i h _h ! be/ opportunity ( und]/&+ 8 views1 & becom+ acqua9t$ ) 8 peculi>ities1 :e!r ( expression or ( ?\ght4 ,9 ! o!r qualifications necess>y = ! illu/ration o a sy/em s ext5sive & v>i\s1 ,i am abundantly s5sible ( my defici5cy1 & %all !re=e ) great def]5ce1 & consid]able anxiety wait t decision f :i* !re is no appeal4 ,,ed9burgh ,,college1 #a/ ,m>* #ahjb4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction4 ,object ( a ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,division ( m9]als into ,/ratifi$ & ,un/ratifi$4 ,page #a ,,section ,i4 ,,ph5om5a ,,peculi> ,,to ,,/ratifi$ ,,bodies4 #a4 ,mat]ials ( ! ,/rata4 ,page #d ,pres5t /rata compos$ ( ! rema9s ( m anci5t rocks1 #a4 ,pro(s f calc>e\s /rata1 #b4--;f silice\s1 #c4--;f argillace\s1 #d4--;f bitum9\s1 #e1 #f4 ,abs5ce ( organiz$ rema9s f ! /rata call$ primitive1 n univ]sally true1 #h1 #i4--,t]m ,prim>y sub/itut$ = ,primitive4 ,composition f ! mat]ials ( m anci5t rocks1 #aj4 #b4 ,consolidation ( ! ,/rata4 p4 #ae ,consolidation1 :at1 #aa4 ,objections to aque\s consolidation1 #ab1 #ac1 #ad4 ,compression affects ! action ( fire on bodies1 #ae1 #af1 #ag4--;,igne\s consolidation ( m9]als prove f fossil wood1 #ai4--;,f ! fl9ts 9 *alk1 #bj4--;f s&/one1 #ba4--;f ! calc>e\s /rata1 #bc1 #bd1 #be4--;f ! argillace\s1 #bf1 #bg4--;f ! bitum9\s1 #bh1 #bi4--;f ! sal9e1 #cb4 ,salt m9es 9 ,*e%ire4 ,trona ( ,africa1 #ed1 #ce4 #c4 ,position ( ! ,/rata4 p4 #dj ,/rata =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 #cf4 ,app>5t elevation n produc$ by ! retreat ( ! sea1 #cg4--,/rata1 horizontal1 :5 =m$1 #ch1 #ci4 ,di/urbance ( ! /rata prov$ f _! incl9$ position #dj1 #da1 #db4--;f %ifts1 c4 #db4 ,%ifts ( diff]5t dates1 ib4 ,di/urbance ( ! primitive /rata visible at _! junction ) ! second>y1 #dc1 #dd4 ,?is di/urbance produc$ by a =ce direct$ upw>d1 #de1 #df4 ,?is =ce ! effect ( subt]rane\s heat1 #dg1 #dh4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,ph5om5a ,,peculi> ,,to ,,un/ratifi$ ,,bodies4 #a4 ,metallic ,ve9s4 p4 #eg ,ve9s def9$4 ,!y conta9 sub/ances t 7 once 9 fusion1 #di1 #ej4 ,metallic ve9s1 native metals1 c4 #ea4 ,native copp]1 #eb4 ,manganese1 #ec4 ,fragm5ts ( rocks includ$ 9 ve9s1 #ee4 ,%ift+ & heav+ ( ve9s1 #ef1 #eg4 ,ve9s ( diff]5t dates1 #eh4 ,/ratification n f\nd 9 ve9s4 ,coat+ ( ! sides1 :at1 #ei4 ,metallic ve9s mo/ common 9 primitive /rata2 b n conf9$ to !m1 #fj4 #b4 ,:9/one4 p4 #ff ,enum]ation ( /ones ( ?is g5us1 #fa4 ,:91 :e!r 9 ve9s or 9 masses1 resembles lava1 #fb4 ,is a subt]rane\s lava1 #fc4 ,column> /ructure an argum5t = fusion1 #fd4 ,n produc$ by dry+1 #fe4 ,:9/one p5etrat$ by pyrites1 #ff4 ,induration ( ! /rata 9 contact ) :91 #fg ,coal *>r$ by :9/one ve9s1 #fh4 ,di/urbance ( ! /rata by :9/one ve9s1 #fi4 ,ph5om5a ( :9 int]pos$ betwe5 /rata1 #gj1 #ga4 ,transition f :9 to /rata n gradual4 #gb4 ,agates & *alc$onies 9 :9/one1 #gd4 ,?is /one melt$ & reproduc$ f fusion by ,sir ,james ,hall1 #ge4 ,m9]al alkali f\nd 9 x by ,dr ,k5n$y1 ib4 ,:9/ones ( diff]5t =mation1 #gf4 ,porphyry a species or v>iety ( :9/one1 #gg4 #c4 ,granite4 p4 #hb ,granite def9$4 ,exi/s 9 masses & ve9s1 #gg4 ,! basis ( o!r rocks1 #gh4 ,its orig9al fluidity inf]r$ f ! cry/allization ( its p>ts1 #gi4 ,its fusion1 f ! /ructure ( ! ,portsoy granite1 #hj1 #ha4--;f granite ve9s1 #hb4 ,g5]al conclusion z to ! igne\s orig9 ( m9]als1 #hc1 #hd1 #he4 ,actual exi/5ce ( subt]rane\s heat kn[n f hot spr+s1 volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 #hf4 ,volcanic fire seat$ deep "u ! surface1 #hg4 ,subt]rane\s heat n accompani$ by burn+1 #hh1 #hi4 ,transmission ( subt]rane\s heat1 s z to produce hot spr+s1 c4 #ij1 #ia4 ,,section ,,iii ,,ph5om5a ,,common ,,to ,,/ratifi$ ,,& ,,un/ratifi$ ,,bodies4 p4 #ig ,*emical ag5ts :i* produce ! decomposition ( m9]al sub/ances at ! surface1 #ib1 #ic4 ,me*anical ag5ts1 #ie1 #if4 ,pro(s ( we>+ f ! sea %ore1 #ig1 #ih4 ,riv]s1 #ii1 #ajj4 ,defiles among m\nta9s1 #ajb4 ,supply ( ! soil f ! decomposition ( rocks1 #ajc4 ,gravel 9 ! soil1 #ajd1 #aje4 ,gold f\nd 9 ! soil1 #ajf4 ,t91 #ajg4 ,pro(s ( wa/e f m\nta9\s c\ntries1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,/ructure ( ,valleys1 #aaa4 ,transportation ( /ones1 #aab4 ,ne>e/ measure ( ! wa/e1 #aac4 ,g5]al rem>ks1 #aad1 #aae4 ,no production ( m9]als on ! surface1 #aaf4 ,reproduction at ! bottom ( ! sea1 #aag4 ,cont9u$ sy/em ( decay & r5ovation1 #aah4 ,def5ce aga9/ ! *>ge ( impiety1 #aai4 ,antiquity & ord] ( ! revolutions ( ! globe1 #abj1 #aba1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd4 ,consi/5cy ) ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s1 #abe4 ,scope ( ?is !ory ( ! e>? di/+ui%es x f o!rs2 beauty & ext5t ( its views1 #abf4 ,new facts1 #abg4 ,comp>ison ( ?is !ory ) t ( ,buffon1 #abi4 ,( ,lazz>o ,moro1 #acj4 ,plutonic sy/em1 #aca4 ,di/+ui%$ by ! pr9ciple ( compression1 #acb4 ,expla9s ! oblate figure ( ! e>?1 ib4 ,prejudices aga9/ ?is sy/em1 #acc4 ,:at may be expect$ f ! progress ( sci5ce1 #acd4 ,,notes ,,& ,,additions4 ,,note ,i4--,orig9 ( ,calc>e\s ,e>?4 p4 #adc ,dr ,hutton's op9ion on ?is subject accurately /at$1 #ace4 ,misrepres5t$ by ,kirwan1 #acf4 ,,note ,,ii4--,orig9 ( ,coal4 p4 #adg ,vegetable orig9 ( coal4 ,op9ion ( ,buffon1 #acg4--( ,ardu9o1 ib4--( ,lehman1 #ach4 ,di/9ction attempt$ betwe5 wood coal & m9]al coal1 #aci4 ,n ( diff]5t orig91 b gradually pass "o into ! o!r1 #adj4 ,bovey coal1 #ada4 ,kirwan d]ives ! matt] ( m9]al coal f ! decomposition ( hornbl5de1 c4 #adc4 ,absurdity ( ?is supposition1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg4 ,,note ,,iii4--,primitive ,m\nta9s4 p4 #afj ,lehman introduc$ ! t]m ,primitive m\nta9s1 #adi4 ,suppos$ m anci5t ?an organiz$ bodies1 #aej4 ,/ratification ( primitive m\nta9s d5i$ by ,p9i1 & ma9ta9$ by ,saussure1 #aea4 ,,note ,,iv4--,prim>y ,/rata n ,primitive4 p4 #afc ,%ells f\nd 9 prim>y /rata1 #aeb4 ,s&/one 9 prim>y m\nta9s1 #aec4 ,qu>tzy s& 9 ! s*i/us ( ! ,grampians1 ib4 ,rocks di/+ui%$ by ,w]n] into ?ree ord]s1 #aed4 ,objections to ?is arrangem5t1 #aee4 ,,note ,v4--,transportation ( ! ,mat]ials ( ! ,/rata4 p4 #aga ,! transportation ( mat]ials1 object$ to by ! ,neptuni/s1 is impli$ 9 _! own sy/em1 #aef1 #aeg1 #aeh4 ,pro(s ( great transportation f ! animal & vegetable rema9s1 f\nd 9 rocks1 #afj4 ,,note ,,vi4--,kirwan's ,notion ( ,precipitation4 p4 #ahj ,difficulty1 ( precipitat+ ! mat]ials dissolv$ 9 ! *aotic fluid1 #afb4 ,insuffici5cy ( ! explanation attempt$1 ib4 ,,note ,,vii4--,compression 9 ! ,m9]al ,regions4 p4 #aha ,effects ascrib$ to compression by ,newton1 comp>$ w ! effects ascrib$ to x 9 ?is !ory1 #afc4 ,fallacy ( ,kirwan's argum5t conc]n+ ! fusion ( ,c>r>a m>ble1 #afe1 #aff4 ,heat ( ! m9]al region may be support$ )\t fuel1 #afg4 ,quotation f ,newton's ,optics1 ib4 ,g5]al rem>ks1 #afi4 ,,note ,,viii4--,sp>ry ,/ructure ( ,calc>e\s ,petrifactions4 p4 #aij ,sp>ry & organic /ructure co-exi/ 9 c]ta9 fossils1 #aga4 ,sp>ry & /ratifi$ /ructure co-exi/ 9 gneiss1 m>ble1 c4 #agb4 ,,note ,,ix4--,petroleum1 c4 p4 #aid ,petroleum1 c4 f ! di/illation ( coal1 #agc4 ,gradation f petroleum to coal (t5 met )1 #agd4 ,connection ( amb] & coal1 #age4 ,:y m9es ( bl9d coal h n always petroleum m9es ne> !m1 #agf4 ,,note ,x4--,! ,height above ! ,level ( ! ,sea1 at :i* ,m>ks ( ,aque\s ,deposition are n[ f\nd4 p4 #aii ,^! m>ks consi/ ei!r 9 /ratification or 9 m>9e objects1 #agg4 ,! m>ks ( /ratification obs]v$1 #adgci feet above ! sea1 #agh4 ,%ells 9 ,p]u1 #adaij1 #agi4 ,kirwan's mi/ake conc]n+ ^! %ells1 #ahj4 ,8 error simil> to ,,voltaire',s1 #aha4 ,,note ,,xi4--,fracture & ,dislocation ( ! ,/rata4 p4 #bjd ,slips1 #ahb4 ,rib ( lime/one 9 a slip ne> ,hudd]sfield1 #ahc1 #ahd4 ,s+ul> fracture ( pudd+-/ones at ,oban 9 ,argyle%ire1 #ahe4 ,simil> ph5om5a obs]v$ by ,saussure betwe5 ,nice & ,g5oa1 ib4 ,rem>ks on x1 #ahf4 ,,note ,,xii4--,elevation & ,inflection ( ! ,/rata4 p4 #bji ,junction ( prim>y & second>y /rata1 #ahg4 ,breccia incumb5t on ! prim>y1 #ahh4 ,junction ( ! prim>y & second>y /rata3 ,at ,torbay 9 ,devon%ire1 #aij1--;coa/ ( ,b]wick%ire1 #aia1--;,cull5 9 ,banff%ire1 #aic1--;,ard5caple 9 ,dunb>ton%ire1 ,arran1 c4 #aid1--,pembroke%ire1 #aie1--;,j$burgh1 #aif1--;,+lebor\gh 9 ,york%ire1 #aig1--;,cumb]l&1 #aih4 ,inflection ( ! /rata1 #aii4 ,rem>kable in/ances 9 ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 #bjj1 #bja1--on ,b5-,law]s 9 ,p]?%ire1 #bjb1--;coa/ ( ,b]wick%ire1 ib4--,plym\?1 #bjc4 ,/rata suff]+ su* inflections h be5 s(t & ductile1 #bjd4 ,g5]al prop]ty ( ^! inflections1 #bje1 #bjf4 uni=m /ret* ( ! prim>y /rata1 #bjg4 ,inf]5ces z to ! nature ( ! elevat+ =ce1 #bjh4 ,imp]fection ( o!r !ories4 ,cry/allisation1 ib4 ,m>ks ( undul 9 ! s*i/us1 #bji4 ,elevation ( ! /rata a /ronghold ( ! ,huttonian !ory1 #baj4 ,elevation ( ! /rata enables u to see f> into ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 #baa4 ,,note ,,xiii4--,metallic ,ve9s4 p4 #bci ,specim5s ( native iron1 #bab1 #bac4 ,m>graaf's specim51 #bad4 ,kirwan's hypo!sis1 #bae4 ,increase ( ! specific gravity ( native gold by fusion1 no argum5t aga9/ its igne\s orig91 #baf4 ,specim5s ( gold & silv] %oot+ ?r\gh qu>tz1 an argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,huttonian !ory1 #bah1 #bai4 ,pro( 9 fav\r ( ! same f *alc$ony includ+ calc>e\s sp>1 #bbj4 ,matt] t fills ve9s n f above or f ei!r side1 #bba4 ,op9ion ( ! ,neptuni/s1 #bbb4 ,suppos$ fact t ve9s are less ri* z ! dep? increases1 #bbc4 ,no m>ks ( horizontal deposition 9 ve9s2 _! coat+ diff]s f /ratification1 #bbd4 ,neptuni/s appe> to be misl$ by ! t]m ,/ratification1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,ve9s heave or %ift "o ano!r1 #bbg4 ,va/ =ce employ$ = t purpose1 #bbh4 ,ve9s ( diff]5t =mation1 #bca4 ,pieces ( rock insulat$ 9 ve9s1 #bcb4 ,supposition t ve9s h be5 fill$ by infiltrations1 absurd1 #bcc4 ,l5ticul> ve9s1 & ,pipe ve9s1 #bcd4 ,,note ,,xiv4--,on ,:9/one4 p4 #bfj ,:9/one1 nei!r ( volcanic nor aque\s =mation1 #bce4 ,zeolite & c>bonate ( lime includ$ 9 :9/one1 b n 9 lava1 ib4 ,n introduc$ by infiltration1 #bcf4 ,disposition ( :9/one m\nta9s diff]s f t ( /reams ( lava1 #bcg4 ,?is argum5t fir/ employ$ by ,mr ,/range1 #bch4 ,8 g5]al views ( ?is subject1 #bci4 ,explanation ( ! regul> /ructure ( :9/one hills1 accord+ to ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 #bdj4 ,_m hills suppos$ to be ext+ui%$ volcanoes1 are rocks ( real :9/one t has fl[$ deep "u ! surface4 ,ve9 ( :9/one mi/ak5 = a /ream ( lava by ,faujas1 #bda1 #bdb4 ,subm>9e volcanoes ( ,dolomieu1 #bdc4 ,objections to ?is !ory1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,dolomieu 9 ano!r place cont5ds = ! aque\s =mation ( basaltes1 #bdf4 ,8 argum5ts answ]$2 also ^? ( ,b]gman1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,argum5t ( ,,w]n] = ! aque\s orig9 ( basaltes1 #bej4 ,rem>ks on ! suppos$ gradual transition ( basaltes to argillace\s s*i/us1 #bea1 #beb4 ,( ! %ells said to be f\nd 9 basaltes1 #bec4 ,in/ances f ,portru% 9 ,irel&1 & f ,c]igo on ! ,coa/ ( ,greece1 ib4 & #bed1--;f ! ,v]onese1 #bee4 ,objections to ! ,neptunian =mation ( :9/one1 f\nd$ on ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! contigu\s /ratifi$ rocks1 #bef4 ,on ! resemblance ( ! /rata bel[ & above c]ta9 masses ( :9/one1 #beg4 ,on ! irregul>ity ( ! ?ickness ( ^? masses1 #beh4 ,w$ge =m masses ( :9/one includ$ betwe5 /rata1 #bei4 ,consequ5ces ( ?is w$ge =m1 #bfj4 ,s&/one fragm5ts includ$ 9 :91 #bfa1 #bfb4 ,b5d+ ( ! /rata contigu\s to :9/one1 #bfd4 ,induration1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,*>r+ ( coal by :91 #bfg4 ,( ! mann] 9 :i* ! bitum5 may h be5 driv5 (f by heat1 #bfh4 ,two k9ds ( fossil coke1 #bfi4 ,graduation into plumbago1 ib4 & #bgj4 ,only rema9+ objection obviat$ by ,sir ,james ,hall's exp]im5ts1 #bga4 ,,note ,,xv4--,on ,granite4 p4 #cjg ,granite ve9s ( two k9ds1 #bgd4 ,ve9s ,( :i* ! communication ) l>ge masses ( ! same /one is n visible3 ,at ! ,isle ( ,coll 9 ! ,hebrides1 #bge1--;at ,portsoy1 #bgf1--;9 ,cornwall1 #bgg1--;9 ,gl5tilt1 #bgh4 ,ve9s visibly connect$ ) l>g] masses4 ,argum5t furni%$ by !m 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory1 #bgi1 #bhj4 ,impossibility ( _! be+ =m$ by infiltration1 #bha4 ,ve9s ( ?is k9d 9 ,arran1 #bhb1--;,gall[ay1 #bhc1--sides ( ,lo* ,*loney1 ,inv]ness%ire1 #bhd1--,/ ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 ,cornwall #bhe4 ,fragm5ts ( s*i/us conta9$ 9 granite1 #bhg4 #b4 ,granite ( ,portsoy4 p4 #cbj ,description ( ?is granite1 #bhh4 ,pi]re graphique ( ,m4 ,patr9 n p]fectly ! same ) t ( ,portsoy1 #bhi4 ,qu>tz cry/alliz$ 9 ! pi]re graphique1 #bij4 ,in/ances ( qu>tz cry/alliz$ 9 o!r granites4 ,9 t ( ,/ ,agnes 9 ,cornwall1 #bia4 ,:e!r ?is cry/allization is only f\nd 9 second>y granites1 #bib4 #c4 ,/ratification ( ,granite4 p4 #cbf ,"q /at$ conc]n+ ! /ratification ( granite1 #bic4 ,rem>kable examples ( /ratifi$ granite at ,*orley ,=e/1 ,leice/]%ire1 & at ,fassnet ,wat] 9 ,b]wick%ire1 #bie4 ,/ratification ( ,mont ,blanc1 & ! ,aiguilles ( ,*am\ni ma9ta9$ by ,saussure1 #bif1 #big4 ,seems nev]!less d\btful1 #bih4 ,9 ! granite m\nta9s ( ,arran d\btful2 #cjj4 ,explanation ( ! /ratification ( granite 9 ?is !ory1 #cja4 ,if granitic ve9s 7 f\nd proce$+ f real granitic /rata1 !y c\ld n be expla9$ on ! pr9ciples "h laid d[n1 #cjb4 ,no su* ve9s h be5 discov]$1 #cjc4 ,answ] to an objection made to ! igne\s orig9 ( granitic m\nta9s1 #cjd1 #cje4 ,( ! proportion ( ! e>?'s surface occupi$ by granite rocks1 #cjf4 ,n exce$+ a n9etie? "p1 #cjg1 #caa4 ,ext5t ( granite 9 ,scotl& errone\sly e/imat$ by ,dr ,hutton1 #cab4 ,am\nts p]haps to a tw5ty-f\r? ( ! :ole surface1 #cac4 ,obs]vations on ,mr ,kirwan's op9ion1 #cad4 ,,note ,,xvi4--,riv]s & ,lakes4 p4 #cej ,! riv]s h holl[$ out ! valleys1 #cae4 ,illu/ration f ! c\rse ( ! ,danube1 #caf4 ,c\rses ( _m riv]s reta9 m>ks ( hav+ consi/$ ( a s]ies ( lakes1 #cag1 #cah4 ,fill+ up & dra9+ ( lakes1 #cbj4 ,in/ances f ! lakes 9 ,cumb]l&1 #cba4 ,lake ( ,g5eva1 #cbb4 ,lakes 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ib4 ,cat>acts1 #cbc4 ,difficulties 9 expla9+ ! g5]ation & cont9uance ( lakes exemplifi$ 9 t ( ,g5eva1 #cbd4 ,attempt to resolve ^! difficulties1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,all lakes n equally subject to !m1 #cbi4 ,wa/+ ( ! l& by ! riv]s1 prov$ f ! m\?s ( riv]s on bold coa/s1 #ccj4 ,examples f ,cornwall1 #cca4 ,,note ,,xvii4--,rema9s ( ,decompos$ ,rocks4 p4 #cga ,pla9 ( ,crau1 #ccd4 ,its gravel f ! decomposition ( pudd+-/one1 #che4 ,same true ( mu* ( ! gravel 9 ?is isl&1 #ccg1 #cch4 ,m\nt ,rigi 9 ,switz]l& ! rema9s ( a body ( pudd+-/one1 #cci4 ,measure ( ! de/ruction 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks sometimes1 af=d$ by ! un/ratifi$1 #cdj1 #cda4 ,rate at :i* ! elevation ( m\nta9s has be5 suppos$ to decrease1 #cdb4 ,,note ,,xviii4--,transportation ( ,/ones1 c4 p4 #cha ,gravel small] & r\nd] ! f>!r f its native place1 #cdc4 ,diff]5t s\rces ( caill\ r\ls1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,/ones t h begun _! migration be=e ! cutt+ out ( ! pres5t valleys1 #cdf4 ,declivity necess>y to enable /ones to travel f ! top ( ,mont ,blanc to ! top ( ,mont ,jura1 #cdg4 ,granite f ,mont ,blanc f\nd ea/w>d 9 ! valley ( ! ,drance1 #cdh4 ,ma*9]y employ$ by nature 9 transport+ rocks1 #cdi1 #cej4 ,in/ances ( transport$ /ones ( great size1--f ! vic9ity ( ,g5eva1 #cea1 #ceb1--;f ! ,isle ( ,arran1 #cec4 ,h[ gravity may contribute to ! mov+ ( l>ge /ones1 ev5 :5 ! declivity is small1 #ced4 ,rock+-/ones1 #cee4 ,/one 9 ,borr[dale1--9 ! valley ( ,urs]51 #cef4 ,l>ge /ones are sometimes ! rema9s ( ve9s1 #ceg4 ,( ! hypo!sis ( a debacle1 #ceh4 ,/ructure ( valleys unfav\rable to ?is hypo!sis1 #cei1 #cfj4 ,p>ticul>ly ( valleys close at ! ends1 #cfa1 #cfb4 ,:e!r ! supposition ( a debacle is necess>y to expla9 ! mov+ ( l>ge masses ( rock1 #cfd4 ,:e!r ! abrupt faces ( hills indicate ! exi/5ce ( any sudd5 torr5t1 c4 #cfe4 ,fact conc]n+ ! /eep faces ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! s\? ( ,africa1 #cff4 ,a fact /at$ t w\ld lead necess>ily to belief 9 a debacle2 no example ( x has yet occurr$1 #cfg4 ,,note ,,xix4--,transportation ( ,mat]ials by ! ,sea4 p4 #dac ,( ! mann] 9 :i* ! detritus ( ! l& is spread out ov] ! bottom ( ! sea1 #cfi1 #cgj4 ,seas r5d]$ %all[]1 #cga4 ,s& banks1 #cgb4 ,great sy/em ( curr5ts trac$ 9 ! ,atlantic1 #cgc1 #cgd4 ,h[ f> ?is transportation ( mat]ials may affect ! e>?'s diurnal motion1 #cgf1 #cgg4 ,kirwan's misappreh5sion ( ,frisi1 & ( ,major ,r5nell1 #cgh1 #cgi4 ,8 mi/ake ab\t ! tides1 #chj1 #cha1--;& ab\t ! =mation ( s& banks1 #chd4 ,,note ,,xx4--,inequalities ( ! ,planet>y ,motions4 p4 #dcg ,^! inequalities all p]iodical1 #che4 ,circum/ances on :i* ?is dep5ds1 #chf4 ,aff9ity ( ?is conclusion to t :i* ,dr ,hutton has e/abli%$ ) respect to ! *anges at ! surface ( ! e>?1 #chg4 ,,note ,,xxi4--,*anges 9 ! ,app>5t ,level ( ! ,sea4 p4 #dda ,relative level ( ! sea & l& subject to *ange1 #chh4 ,pro(s t x has sunk1 on ! %ores ( ?is isl&1 #chi1--on ! coa/s ( ,france & ,fl&]s1 #cij1 #cia1--on ! %ores ( ! ,baltic1 #cib4 ,?is has n aris5 f ! depression ( ! sea1 b f ! elevation ( ! l&1 #cic1 #cid4 ,! surface ( ! ,hadriatic high] n[ ?an =m]ly1 #cie1 #cif4 ,also ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 #cih4 ,irregul>ities 9 ^! *anges1 #cii1 #djj4 ,hypo!sis ( ,frisi1 t t[>ds ! equator ! sea is e :]e ris+1 #dja4 ,disprov$1 ib4 ,conclusion1 #djb4 ,,note ,,xxii4--,fossil ,bones4 p4 #deh ,vegetable & animal rema9s conta9$ 9 ! fossil k+dom1 #djc4 ,( ^? t are envelop$ or p5etrat$ ) calc>e\s e>?1 #dje1 #djf4 ,( ! bones buri$ 9 ! loose e>?1 #djg4 ,bones 9 ,sib]ia ref]r$ to ! rh9oc]os & ! elephant1 #djh4 ,^? on ! ,ohio d\btful1 #djh1 #dji4 ,op9ion ( ,camp]1 #daj4--( ,cuvi]1 #daa4 ,objections to ! latt]1 ib4 ,enum]ation ( five species ( animals n[ ext9ct1 #dab4 ,*ange 9 ! animal1 & vegetable k+dom may acc\nt = bones f\nd 9 c\ntries :]e no analog\s species n[ exi/s1 #dad4 ,pro(s t ! animals ^: bones are f\nd 9 ,sib]ia inhabit$ t c\ntry1 #dae-dag4 ,,note ,,xxiii4--,geology ( ,kirwan & ,de ,luc4 p4 #dgg ,^! au?ors h improp]ly drawn religion into _! qu>rel ) ,dr ,hutton1 #dai4 ,de ,luc writes a hi/ory ( :at befel ! e>? be=e ! creation ( ! sun1 #dbj4 ,rem>ks on ,kirwan's geological writ+s1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbe4 ,,note ,,xxiv4--,sy/em ( ,buffon4 p4 #dhc ,9 :at ,buffon's !ory ( ! e>? & ,dr ,hutton's agree1 & 9 :at !y diff]1 #dbf1 #dbg4 ,great m]it ( ,buffon1 not)/&+ 8 errors1 #dbh4 ,,note ,,xxv4--,figure ( ! ,e>?4 p4 #dhh ,physical cause ( ! e>?'s oblate figure n obvi\s f its pres5t condition1 #dbi4 ,h[ expla9$ by ! ,neptuni/s1 #dcj4 ,exam9ation ( _! solution1 #dca1 #dcb4 ,contradiction impli$ 9 x1 #dcc4 ,insuffici5cy ( ,buffon's explanation1 #dcd4 ,( ! pr9ciple on :i* ! oblat5ess ( ! e>? may be acc\nt$ = 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 #dce4 ,( ! *anges t w\ld happ5 9 ! figure ( a t]raque\s body l ! e>?1 suppos+ x ev] s irregul>1 #dcf1 #dcg1 #dch4 ,two diff]5t causes ( *ange1 ib4 ,ultimate figure1 t by :i* ! causes ( *ange are be/ resi/$1 #dci4 ,sph]oidal figure1 nev] p]fectly acquir$1 #ddj4 ,agreem5t ( ?is !ory ) obs]vation1 #dda4 ,probable ext5sion ( ! sy/em ( wa/e1 & r5ovation to ! o!r planets1 #ddb1 #ddc4 ,confirmation f ! sy/em ( ,saturn1 #ddd1 #dde4 ,,note ,,xxvi4--,prejudices relat+ to ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 p4 #eaj ,alleg$ by "s t a !ory ( ! e>? ought n at pres5t to be attempt$1 #ddf4 ,! quick succession ( geological !ories has p>tly aris5 f _! object be+ misund]/ood1 #ddg4 ,a succession ( !ories is (t5 a cont9u$ approximation to ! tru?1 #ddh4 ,! m v>i\s ! ph5om5a ( any class1 ! great] ! *ance ( discov]+ _! true cause1 #ddi4 ,reason to ?9k t ! lead+ facts 9 geology are n[ kn[n1 #dej1 #dea4 ,a t5d5cy may be obs]v$ 9 geological sy/ems to approa* to "o ano!r1 & to ! ,huttonian1 #deb4 ,example f t ( ,saussure1 #dec1--( ,dolomieu1 #ded1 #dee4 ,! discov]ies ( ,dr ,black 7 necess>y = und]/&+ ! true !ory ( ! e>?1 #deg4 ,use ( !ory 9 matt]s ( obs]vation1 #deh1 c4 ,,illu/rations1 c4 ,a ,,v little att5tion to ! ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom1 is suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t ! condition ( ! e>?'s surface has n be5 ! same at all times t x is at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,:5 we obs]ve ! impressions ( plants 9 ! he>t ( ! h>de/ rocks2 :5 we discov] trees conv]t$ into fl9t1 & entire b$s ( lime/one or ( m>ble compos$ ( %ells & corals2 we see ! same individual 9 two /ates1 ! mo/ widely diff]5t f "o ano!r2 &1 9 ! latt] in/ance1 h a cle> pro(1 t ! pres5t l& 0 once deep imm]s$ "u ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,if to ?is we add1 t _m masses ( rock1 ! mo/ solid & compact1 consi/ ( no o!r mat]ials b s& & gravel2 t1 on ! o!r h&1 loose gravel1 su* z is =m$ only 9 b$s ( riv]s1 or on ! sea %ore1 n[ ab\nds 9 places remote f bo?3 if we reflect1 at ! same "t1 on ! irregul> & brok5 figure ( our cont95ts1 & ! id5tity ( ! m9]al /rata on opposite sides ( ! same valley1 or ! same inlet ( ! sea2 we %all see abundant reason to conclude1 t ! e>? has be5 ! !atre ( _m great revolutions1 & t no?+ on its surface has be5 exempt$ f _! effects4 ,to trace ! s]ies ( ^! revolutions1 to expla9 _! causes1 & ?us to connect toge!r all ! indications ( *ange t are f\nd 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 is ! prop] object ( a ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,b1 ?\gh ! att5tion ( m5 may be turn$ to ! !ory ( ! e>? by a v sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a ( geology1 ! =mation ( su* a !ory requires an accurate & ext5sive exam9ation ( ^? ph5om5a1 & is inconsi/5t ) any b a v advanc$ /ate ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 9 ^? sci5ces1 no rese>* m ardu\s ?an ?is2 none c]ta9ly :]e ! subject is s complex2 :]e ! appe>ances are s extremely div]sifi$1 or s widely scatt]$1 & :]e ! causes t h op]at$ are s remote f ! sph]e ( ord9>y obs]vation4 ,h5ce ! attempt6 to =m a !ory ( ! e>? are ( v mod]n orig91 & z1 f ! simplicity ( its subject a/ronomy is ! elde/1 s1 on acc\nt ( ! complexness ( its subject1 geology is ! y\nge/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,x is =eign f ! pres5t purpose to ent] on any hi/ory ( ! sy/ems t1 s9ce ! rise ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 h be5 inv5t$ to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t ^! sy/ems are usually r$uc$ to two classes1 accord+ z !y ref] ! orig9 ( t]re/rial bodies to ,,fire or to ,,wat]2 & t1 con=mably to ?is division1 _! foll[]s h ( late be5 di/+ui%$ by ! fanciful names ( ,vulcani/s & ,neptuni/s4 ,to ! =m] ( ^! ,dr ,hutton belongs mu* m ?an to ! latt]2 ?\gh1 z he employs ! ag5cy bo? ( fire & ( wat] 9 8 sy/em1 he _c1 9 /rict propriety1 be arrang$ ) ei!r4 ,9 ! succ9ct acc\nt :i* ,i am n[ ab\t to give ( ?is sy/em1 ,i %all consid] ! m9]al k+dom z divid$ into two p>ts1 namely1 /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ sub/ances ,i %all treat1 fir/1 ( ! ph5om5a peculi> to ! /ratifi$2 next1 ( ^? peculi> to ! un/ratifi$2 &1 la/ly1 ( ! ph5om5a common to bo?4 ,beg9n+1 !n1 ) ! fir/1 ! subject naturally divides itself into ?ree bran*es2 viz4 ! mat]ials ! consolidation1 & ! position ( ! /rata4 ,,section ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,peculi> ,,to ,,/ratifi$ ,,bodies4 #a4 ,mat]ials ( ! ,/rata4 #a4 ,,x is well kn[n t1 on remov+ ! loose e>? :i* =ms ! imm$iate surface ( ! l&1 we come to ! solid rock1 ( :i* a great proportion is f\nd to be regul>ly dispos$ 9 /rata1 or b$s ( det]m9ate ?ickness1 incl9$ at diff]5t angles to ! horizon1 b sep>at$ f "o ano!r by equidi/ant sup]ficies1 t (t5 ma9ta9 _! p>allelism to a great ext5t4 ,^! /rata be> su* evid5t m>ks ( be+ deposit$ by wat]1 t !y are univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to h _h _! orig9 at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & x is also admitt$1 t ! mat]ials :i* !y consi/ (1 7 !n ei!r s(t1 or 9 su* a /ate ( comm9ution & sep>ation1 z r5d]s !m capable ( arrangem5t by ! action ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y 7 imm]s$4 ,?us f> mo/ ( ! !ories ( ! e>? agree2 b f ?is po9t !y beg9 to div]ge1 & ea* to assume a "* & direction peculi> to itself4 ,dr ,hutton's does s1 by lay+ d[n ?is fundam5tal proposition1 ,t 9 all ! /rata we discov] pro(s ( ! mat]ials hav+ exi/$ z elem5ts ( bodies1 :i* mu/ h be5 de/roy$ be=e ! =mation ( ^? ( :i* ^! mat]ials n[ actually make a "p4#a ,footnote #a3 ,hutton's ,!ory1 vol4 ,i p4 #bj1 c4 #b4 ,! calc>e\s /rata are ! portion ( ! m9]al k+dom t gives ! cle>e/ te/imony to ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,!y (t5 conta9 %ells1 corals1 & o!r exuvi ( m>9e animals 9 s great abundance1 t !y appe> to be compos$ ( no o!r mat]ials4 ,?\gh ^! rema9s ( organiz$ bodies are n[ conv]t$ into /one or into sp>1 _! %ape & int]ior /ructure are (t5 s well pres]v$1 t ! species ( animal or plant ( :i* !y once made a "p1 c /ill be di/+ui%$ & po9t$ out among ! liv+ inhabitants ( ! ocean4 ,o!rs ( ! calc>e\s /rata appe> to be compos$ ( fragm5ts ( "s anci5t rocks1 :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 brok51 h be5 aga9 unit$ into a compact /one4 ,9 ^! we f9d pieces cle>ly m>k$ z hav+ be5 once cont9u\s b n[ plac$ at a di/ance f "o ano!r1 & exhibit+ exactly ! same appe>ances z if !y float$ 9 a fluid ( ! same specific gravity ) !mselves4 ,f ^!1 !re=e1 & a v>iety ( simil> appe>ances1 ,dr ,hutton concludes1 t ! mat]ials ( all ! calc>e\s /rata h be5 furni%$1 ei!r f ! dissolution ( =m] /rata1 or f ! rema9s ( organiz$ bodies4 ,b1 ?\gh ?is conclusion is meant to be ext5d$ to all ! calc>e\s /rata1 x is n ass]t$ t e cubic in* ( m>ble or ( lime/one conta9s 9 x ! *>act]s ( its =m] condition1 & ( ! *anges ?r\gh :i* x has pass$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be safely affirm$1 t !re is sc>ce any entire /ratum :]e su* *>act]s are n to be f\nd4 ,^! mu/ be held z decisive ) respect to ! :ole sy/em ( /rata to :i* !y belong2 !y prove ! exi/5ce ( calc>e\s rocks be=e ! =mation ( ! pres5t2 &1 z ! de/ruction ( ^? is evid5tly adequate to ! supply ( ! mat]ials ( ^! t we n[ see1 to look = any o!r supply 7 sup]flu\s1 & c\ld only emb>rass our reason+s by ! introduction ( unnecess>y hypo!ses4#b ,footnote #b3 ,,note ,i4 #c4 ,! same conclusions result f an exam9ation ( ! silice\s /rata2 "u :i* we may compreh5d ! common s&/one1 & also ^? pudd+-/ones or breccias :]e ! gravel consi/s ( qu>tz4 ,9 all ^! in/ances1 x is pla91 t ! s& or gravel exi/$ 9 a /ate q loose & unconnect$1 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 previ\s to its consolidation into /one4 ,b su* bodies ( gravel or s& c\ld only be =m$ f ! attrition ( l>ge masses ( qu>tz1 or f ! dissolution ( su* s&/one /rata z exi/ at pres5t2 = x w h>dly be alleg$1 t s& is a cry/allization ( qu>tz1 =m$ f t sub/ance1 :5 x passes f a fluid to a solid /ate4 ,^? pudd+-/ones 9 :i* ! gravel is r\nd & poli%$1 c>ry ! conclusion /ill f>!r1 z su* gravel c only be =m$ 9 ! b$s ( riv]s or on ! %ores ( ! sea2 =1 9 ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 ?\gh curr5ts are kn[n to exi/1 yet !re c be no motion ( ! wat] suffici5tly rapid to produce ! attrition requir$ to give a r\nd figure & smoo? surface to h>d & irregul> pieces ( /one4 ,!re mu/ h exi/$1 !re=e1 n only a sea1 b cont95ts1 previ\sly to ! =mation ( ! pres5t /rata4 ,! same ?+ is cle>ly %[n by ^? petrifactions ( wood1 :]e1 ?\gh ! vegetable /ructure is p]fectly pres]v$1 ! :ole mass is silice\s1 & has1 p]haps1 be5 f\nd 9 ! he>t ( "s m\nta91 deep imb$d$ 9 ! solid rock4 #d4 ,*>act]s ( ! same import are also f\nd among ! argillace\s /rata1 ?\gh p]haps m r>ely ?an among ! calc>e\s or silice\s4 ,su* are ! impressions ( ! leaves & /ems ( vegetables2 also ! bodies ( fi% & amphibi\s animals1 f\nd v (t5 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( argillace\s s*i/us1 & 9 mo/ in/ances hav+ ! figure accurately pres]v$1 b ! sub/ance ( ! animal replac$ by clay or pyrites4 ,^! are all rema9s ( anci5t seas or cont95ts2 ! latt] ( :i* h long s9ce disappe>$ f ! surface ( ! e>?1 b h /ill _! memory pres]v$ 9 ^? ar*ives1 :]e nature has record$ ! revolutions ( ! globe4 #e4 ,among bitum9\s bodies1 pit-coal is ! only "o :i* con/itutes regul> & ext5sive /rata2 & no fossil has its orig9 f ! wa/e ( =m] cont95ts1 m>k$ by /rong] & m di/9ct *>act]s4 ,n to m5tion t ! coal /rata are alt]nat$ ) ^? t h be5 already enum]at$1 & t !y (t5 conta9 %ells & corals1 p]fectly m9]aliz$1 x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t !re are entire b$s ( ?is fossil1 :i* appe> to consi/ :olly ( wood1 & 9 :i* ! fibr\s /ructure is p]fectly pres]v$4 ,f ^! in/ances1 ! appe>ances ( vegetable /ructure may be trac$ ?r\gh all possible gradations1 d[n to an evanesc5t /ate4 ,?is la/ /ate is und\bt$ly ! mo/ common2 & ?\gh coal does n !n1 on b>e inspection1 make kn[n its vegetable orig91 yet1 if we take x 9 connection ) ! o!r t]ms ( ! s]ies1 z we may call !m2 if we consid] t ! two extremes1 viz4 coal1 ) ! vegetable /ructure p]fect1 & coal )\t any su* /ructure visible1 are (t5 f\nd 9 ! same or 9 contigu\s b$s2 &1 if we rem>k1 t ?r\gh all ^! gradations coal conta9s ne>ly ! same *emical elem5ts1 & yields1 on analysis1 bitum5 & *>coal1 comb9$ ) a great] or less proportion ( e>?3 if we take all ^! circum/ances into acc\nt1 we _c d\bt t ?is fossil is e :]e ! same1 & d]ives its orig9 f ! trees & plants t grew on ! surface ( ! e>? be=e ! =mation ( ! pres5t l&4 #f4 ,dr ,hutton has fur!r obs]v$1 t if ^? anci5t cont95ts 7 at all simil> to ! pres5t1 we c be at no loss to acc\nt = ! want ( any di/9ct m>k ( vegetable organization 9 ! great] "p ( ! coal /rata4 ,x is pla91 t ! daily wa/e ( animal & vegetable sub/ances on ! surface ( ! e>?1 mu/ dis5gage a great quantity ( oily z well z c>bonic matt]1 :i*1 ) :atev] elem5t x is at fir/ comb9$1 is ultimately deliv]$ into ! ocean4 ,?us1 ! oily or fulig9\s p>ts ( animal & vegetable sub/ances1 let loose by burn+1 fir/ asc5d into ! atmosph]e1 b are at l5g? precipitat$1 & ei!r fall imm$iately into ! sea1 or are1 9 "p at lea/1 wa%$ d[n into x f ! l&4 ,f o!r causes also1 mu* vegetable matt] is c>ri$ d[n by ! riv]s2 & ! :ole quantity ( animal & vegetable sub/ances ?us deliv]$ into ! sea1 mu/ be v consid]able1 am\nt+ annually to ! :ole residuum ( ^? sub/ances1 n employ$ 9 ! ma9t5ance or reproduction ( animal & vegetable bodies4 ,:e!r *emically unit$ to ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 or simply susp5d$ 9 !m1 ?is matt] is at la/ precipitat$1 &1 m+l+ ) e>?y sub/ances1 is =m$ into /rata1 ! place ( :i* w be det]m9$ by ! curr5ts1 ! position ( ! pres5t cont95ts1 & _m o!r circum/ances n easily enum]at$4 ,if1 !n1 an ord] ( ?+s simil> to :at we n[ see1 exi/$ be=e ! =mation ( ! pres5t /rata1 x w\ld necess>ily happ51 t ! animal & vegetable sub/ances1 diffus$ ?r\gh ! ocean1 be+ sep>at$ f ! wat]1 w\ld be deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 w\ld =m b$s1 less or m pure1 accord+ to ! quantity ( e>? & o!r sub/ances deposit$ at ! same "t4 ,^! b$s be+ consolidat$ & m9]aliz$ by op]ations t are aft]w>ds to be consid]$1 h be5 conv]t$ into pit-coal1 ! p>ts ( :i* are impalpable1 & reta9 no?+ ( _! primitive /ructure4#c ,footnote #c3 ,,note ,,ii4 ,if1 !n1 ! =mation ( coal f animal & vegetable bodies be admitt$1 ! g5]al position :i* d]ives ! orig9 ( ! /rata f ! wa/e ( =m] l&1 z x is applicable to all ! k9ds already enum]at$1 & ( c\rse to all ^? ) :i* !y are alt]nat$1 compreh5ds a v l>ge portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,x compreh5ds1 inde$1 all ! /rata usually di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,second>y2 b !re is ano!r great division ( ! m9]al k+dom1 viz4 ! rocks1 call$ ,primitive1 :i*1 z !y are nev] alt]nat$ ) ! second>y1 b are always inf]ior to !m1 mu/ be fur!r exam9$1 be=e we c decide :e!r ! same conclusion ext5ds to !m or n4 #g4 ,"h x mu/ be c>efully obs]v$1 t1 among ! prim>y rocks1 ! granite is n meant to be includ$1 except :]e t /one is /ratifi$1 & ei!r co9cides ) ve9$ granite or ) gneiss4 ,! primitive /rata1 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 compreh5d1 besides gneiss1 ! micace\s1 *lorite1 hornbl5de1 & silice\s s*i/us1 toge!r ) slate1 & "s o!r k9ds ( argillite2 to :i* we mu/ add1 s]p5t9e1 micace\s lime/one1 & ! great] "p ( m>bles4 ,^! are mo/ly di/+ui%$ by _! lam9at$ /ructure1 by hav+ _! planes mu* elevat$ ) respect to ! horizon1 & by belong+ m to ! m\nta9\s ?an ! level p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,!y r>ely conta9 ve/iges ( organiz$ bodies2 s r>ely1 inde$1 t !y 7 call$ primitive by ! geologi/s :o fir/ di/+ui%$ !m f o!r rocks1 on ! supposition ( _! be+ "p ( ! primeval nucleus ( ! globe1 :i* _h nev] und]gone any *ange :atsoev]2 b ?is1 ,i believe1 has n[ almo/ ceas$ to be ! op9ion ( any geologi/4#d ,! ,neptuni/s hold ! rocks1 "h enum]at$1 & also granite1 to be produc$ by aque\s deposition2 b ma9ta9 !m to be 9 ! /ricte/ s5se primeval1 & ( a =mation antec$5t to all organiz$ bodies4 ,footnote #d3 ,,note ,,iii4 #h4 ,9 opposition to ?is1 ,dr ,hutton ma9ta9$1 t ! prim>y s*i/us1 l all ! o!r /rata1 0 =m$ ( mat]ials deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & collect$ f ! wa/e ( rocks /ill m anci5t4 ,:51 !re=e1 he con=m$ to ! receiv$ language ( m9]alogi/s1 by call+ ^! /rata primitive1 he only meant to describe !m z m anci5t ?an any o!r /rata n[ exi/+1 b n z m anci5t ?an any t ev] _h exi/$4 ,!y are di/+ui%$1 9 8 sy/em1 by ! "n ( ,prim>y1 r ?an ( ,primitive /rata4 ,t ! acc\nt n[ giv5 ( _! orig9 is well f\nd$1 may be prov$ by unque/ionable facts4 ,=1 fir/1 ?\gh1 agreeably to ! obs]vation j made1 ! anci5t /rata d b r>ely conta9 any rema9s ( organiz$ bodies1 !y are n entirely de/itute ( !m4 ,diff]5t places 9 ?is isl& h be5 po9t$ out by ,dr ,hutton1 :]e m>9e objects h be5 discov]$ 9 prim>y lime/one1 ei!r by himself or o!rs1 & x w\ld n be difficult to add m in/ances ( ! same k9d4#e ,9 ,dauph9e1 coal1 :i* is c]ta9ly a d]ivative sub/ance1 has be5 f\nd among m\nta9s :i* h a title to ! "* ( primitive1 su* z no "o w dispute4 ,^! facts put ! composition ( su* rocks f loose mat]ials1 beyond all d\bt1 & also prove _! =mation to be po/]ior to ! exi/5ce ( an animal & vegetable sy/em4 ,!y d inde$ prove ?is 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 only ( ! p>ticul> b$s 9 :i* !y are f\nd2 b z ^! b$s are 9 all o!r respects z mu* to be acc\nt$ prim>y z any "p ( ! m9]al k+dom1 x is evid5t t ! negative in/ances are "h ( no =ce1 & t no?+ c be ga9$ to ! adv]s>ies ( ?is op9ion by d5y+ x 9 g5]al1 if !y are oblig$ to admit x 9 a s+le case4 ,footnote #e3 ,,note ,,iv4 #i4 ,aga91 x is c]ta91 z ,dr ,hutton rem>ks1 t !re are few consid]able bodies ( s*i/us1 ev5 ! mo/ decid$ly primitive1 :]e s& & gravel may n 9 "s p>ts be obs]v$4 ,inde$1 x is n only true t !y are to be f\nd 9 "s p>ts ( !m2 b1 9 fact1 among _m ( ! primitive m\nta9s1 we f9d l>ge tracts1 compos$ entirely ( a s*i/ose & mu* indurat$ s&/one1 9 b$s highly incl9$1 sometimes alone1 sometimes alt]nat$ ) o!r s*i/i4 ,9 _m ( !m1 ! s& ( :i* !y consi/ appe>s to be entirely ( granite1 f ! detritus ( :i* rock x %\ld seem t !y 7 *iefly =m$4 #aj4 ,?us we conclude1 t ! /rata bo? prim>y & second>y1 bo? ^? ( anci5t & ^? ( m rec5t orig91 h _h _! mat]ials furni%$ f ! ru9s ( =m] cont95ts1 f ! dissolution ( rocks1 or ! de/ruction ( animal or vegetable bodies1 simil>1 at lea/ 9 "s respects1 to ^? t n[ occupy ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is conclusion is n inde$ prov$ ( e individual portion ( rock1 b x is demon/rat$ ( _m & l>ge p>ts1 & ^? scatt]$ indiff]5tly ?r\gh all ! v>ieties ( ! /rata2 & !re=e1 f ! rules ( ! /ricte/ reason+1 we mu/ inf]1 t ! :ole is d]iv$ f ! same orig94#f ,footnote #f3 ,,note ,v4 ,?us f> conc]n+ ! mat]ials ( ! /rata2 &1 z ^! 7 orig9ally loose & unconnect$1 we mu/ next consid] by :at means !y 7 consolidat$ into /one4 #b4 ,consolidation ( ! ,/rata4 #aa4 ,?\gh ,dr ,hutton has no :]e def9$ ! mean+ ( ! t]m consolidation1 he has be5 scrupul\sly exact 9 us+ x con/antly 9 ! same s5se4 ,he und]/&s by x1 n m]ely t quality 9 a h>d body1 by :i* its p>ts coh]e toge!r1 b also t by :i* x fills up ! space compreh5d$ )9 its surface1 be+ to s5se )\t porosity1 & imp]vi\s to air & moi/ure4 ,n[1 a por\s mass ( unconnect$ mat]ials1 su* z ! /rata appe> orig9ally to h be51 c acquire h>dness & solidity only 9 two ways1 t is1 ei!r :5 x is fir/ r$uc$ by heat into a /ate ( fusion1 or at lea/ ( s(tness1 & aft]w>ds p]mitt$ to cool2 or :5 matt] t is dissolv$ 9 "s fluid m5/ruum1 is introduc$ along ) t m5/ruum into ! por\s mass1 &1 be+ deposit$1 =ms a cem5t by :i* ! :ole is r5d]$ firm & compact4 ,fire & wat]1 !re=e1 are ! only two physical ag5ts to :i* we c ascribe ! consolidation ( ! /rata2 &1 9 ord] to det]m9e to :i* ( !m t effect is to be attribut$1 we mu/ inquire :e!r !re are any c]ta9 *>act]s t di/+ui% ! action ( ! "o f t ( ! o!r1 & :i* may be comp>$ ) ! ph5om5a actually obs]v$ among m9]al sub/ances4 #ab4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is evid5t1 t ! consolidation produc$ by ! action ( wat]1 or ( ano!r fluid m5/ruum1 9 ! mann] j ref]r$ to1 mu/ necess>ily be imp]fect1 & c nev] entirely bani% ! porosity ( ! mass4 ,= ! bulk ( ! solv5t1 & ( ! matt] x conta9$ 9 solution1 be+ great] ?an ! bulk ( ei!r tak5 s+ly1 :5 ! latt] 0 deposit$1 ! =m] w\ld h suffici5t room left1 & w\ld cont9ue to occupy a c]ta9 space 9 ! int]ior ( ! /rata4 ,a liquid solv5t1 !re=e1 c\ld nev] %ut up ! pores ( a body to ! entire exclusion ( itself2 &1 _h m9]al sub/ances be5 consolidat$1 z "h suppos$1 ! solv5t ought ei!r to rema9 )9 !m 9 a liquid /ate1 or if evaporat$1 %\ld h left ! pores empty & ! body p]vi\s to wat]4 ,nei!r ( ^! h[ev]1 is ! fact2 _m /ratifi$ bodies are p]fectly imp]vi\s to wat]1 & few m9]al sub/ances conta9 wat] 9 a liquid /ate4 ,t !y sometimes conta9 x1 *emically unit$ to !m1 is no pro( ( _! solidity hav+ be5 br\ght ab\t by t fluid2 = su* *emical union is z consi/5t ) ! supposition ( igne\s z ( aque\s consolidation1 s9ce ! region 9 :i* ! fire 0 appli$1 on e hypo!sis mu/ h ab\nd$ ) humidity4 #ac4 ,aga91 if wat] 0 ! solv5t by :i* ! consolidat+ matt] 0 introduc$ into ! int]/ices ( ! /rata1 t matt] c\ld consi/ only ( su* sub/ances z are soluble 9 wat]1 :]eas x consi/s ( a va/ v>iety ( sub/ances1 altoge!r insoluble ei!r 9 x1 or 9 any s+le m5/ruum :atsoev]4 ,! /rata are consolidat$1 = example1 by qu>tz1 by fluor1 by feldsp>1 & by all ! metals1 9 _! endless comb9ations ) sulphure\s bodies4 ,to affirm t wat] 0 ev] capable ( dissolv+ ^! sub/ances1 is to ascribe to x p[]s :i* x confess$ly has n at pres5t2 &1 !re=e1 x is to introduce an hypo!sis1 n m]ely gratuit\s1 b "o :i*1 physically speak+1 is absurd & impossible4 ,?is is n all1 h[ev]2 =1 ev5 if ?is difficulty 7 to be pass$ ov]1 x w\ld /ill be requir$ to expla91 h[ ! wat]1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! matt] :i* x held 9 solution1 _h ins9uat$ itself into ! pores ( ! /rata1 became sudd5ly dispos$ to deposit t matt]1 & to all[ x1 by cry/allization or concretion1 to assume a solid =m4#g ,! ,neptuni/s mu/ ei!r assign a suffici5t reason = ?is great & univ]sal *ange1 or mu/ expect to see _! sy/em treat$ z an in>tificial accumulation ( hypo!ses :i* assigns opposite virtues to ! same subject1 & is alike at v>iance ) nature & ) itself2 9 a ^w1 a sy/em t might pass = ! inv5tion ( an age1 :5 z yet s\nd philosophy _h n alight$ on ! e>?1 nor taught man t he is b ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( nature1 & c nei!r ext5d 8 p[] nor 8 k a hair's-bread? beyond 8 exp]i5ce & obs]vation ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4#h ,footnote #g3 ,,note ,,vi4 ,footnote #h3 ,homo natur m9i/]1 et int]pres tantm facit et intelligit1 quantm de natur ord9e re1 vel m5te1 obs]vav]it3 nec amplius scit1 aut pote/4--,nov4 ,org4 lib4 i4 aph4 #a4 #ad4 ,su* are ! m obvi\s1 b ,i ?9k unansw]able objections1 t may be urg$ aga9/ ! aque\s consolidation ( ! /rata4 ,x is true1 t /ony concretions1 "s ( !m mu* indurat$1 are =m$ 9 ! humid way "u our eyes4 ,v p>ticul> conditions1 h[ev]1 are requir$ = t purpose1 & conditions su* z c h>dly h exi/$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,fir/4 ,! wat] mu/ dissolve ! sub/ance ( :i* ! concretion is to be =m$1 z x actually does 9 ! case ( calc>e\s1 & 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 9 t ( silice\s1 e>?4 ,secondly4 ,x mu/ be sep>at$ f t sub/ance1 z by evaporation1 or by a comb9ation ( ! matt] dissolv$ ) "s ?ird sub/ance1 to :i* x has a great] aff9ity ?an to wat]1 s z to =m ) x an insoluble comp\nd4 ,la/ly1 ! wat] t is depriv$ ( its solution mu/ be c>ri$ (f1 & m ( t :i* conta9s ! solution mu/ be suppli$1 z sometimes happ5s :]e wat] runs 9 a /ream1 or drops f ! ro( ( a cav]n4 ,! two la/ conditions are peculi>ly inapplicable to ! bottom ( ! sea1 :]e ! /ate ( ! surr\nd+ fluid w\ld nei!r p]mit ! wat] t 0 depriv$ ( its solution f be+ drawn (f1 nor t :i* conta9$ ! solution f succe$+ x4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$1 t ! consolidation ( /alactitical concretions1 t is1 ! fill+ up ( _! pores1 is always imp]fect1 & is br\ght ab\t by ! repeat$ action ( ! fluid runn+ ?r\gh ! por\s mass1 & cont9u+ to deposit !re "s ( ! matt] x holds 9 solution4 ,?is1 :i* is prop]ly infiltration1 is incompatible ) ! nature ( a fluid1 ei!r ne>ly1 or altoge!r quiesc5t4 #ae4 ,9 ord] to judge :e!r objections ( equal weight c be oppos$ to ! hypo!sis ( igne\s consolidation1 we mu/ att5d to a v important rem>k1 fir/ made by ,dr ,hutton1 & appli$ ) wond]ful success to expla9 ! mo/ my/]i\s ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! effects ( fire on bodies v>y ) ! circum/ances "u :i* x is appli$ to !m1 &1 !re=e1 a consid]able all[ance mu/ be made1 if we w\ld comp>e ! op]ation ( t elem5t :5 x consolidat$ ! /rata1 ) ! results ( our daily exp]i5ce4 ,! mat]ials ( ! /rata 7 dispos$1 z we h already se51 loose & unconnect$1 at ! bottom ( ! sea2 t is1 ev5 on ! mo/ mod]ate e/imation1 at ! dep? ( sev]al miles "u its surface4 ,at ?is dep?1 & "u ! pressure ( a column ( wat] ( s great a height1 ! action ( heat w\ld diff] mu* f t :i* we obs]ve "h ^u ! surface2 &1 ?\gh our exp]i5ce does n enable u to compute ) accuracy ! am\nt ( ?is diff]5ce1 x nev]!less po9ts out ! direction 9 :i* x mu/ lie1 & ev5 m>ks c]ta9 limits to :i* x w\ld probably ext5d4 ,! t5d5cy ( an increas$ pressure on ! bodies to :i* heat is appli$1 is to re/ra9 ! volatility ( ^? p>ts :i* o!rwise w\ld make _! escape1 & to =ce !m to endure a m int5se action ( heat4 ,at a c]ta9 dep? "u ! surface ( ! sea1 ! p[] ev5 ( a v int5se heat might !re=e be unable to drive (f ! oily or bitum9\s p>ts f ! inflammable matt] !re deposit$1 s t1 :5 ! heat 0 )drawn1 ^! pr9ciples might be f\nd /ill unit$ to ! e>?y & c>bonic p>ts1 =m+ a sub/ance v unlike ! residuum obta9$ aft] combu/ion "u a pressure no great] ?an ! weight ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is 9 l mann] reasonable to believe1 t1 on ! application ( heat to calc>e\s bodies "u great compression1 ! c>bonic gas w\ld be =c$ to rema92 ! g5]ation ( quicklime w\ld be prev5t$1 & ! :ole might be s(t5$1 or ev5 completely melt$2 :i* la/ effect1 ?\gh n directly d$ucible f any exp]im5t yet made1 is r5d]$ v probable1 f ! analogy ( c]ta9 *emical ph5om5a4 #af4 ,an analogy ( ?is k9d1 d]iv$ f a prop]ty ( ! b>ytic e>?1 0 sugge/$ by t excell5t *emi/ & philosoph]1 ! late ,dr ,,black4 ,! b>ytic e>?1 z is well kn[n1 has a /rong] attraction = fix$ air ?an common calc>e\s e>? has1 s t ! c>bonate ( b>ytes is able to endure a great degree ( heat be=e its fix$ air is expell$4 ,accord+ly1 :5 expos$ to an increas+ heat1 at a c]ta9 temp]ature1 x is br\ght into fusion1 ! fix$ air /ill rema9+ unit$ to x3 if ! heat be fur!r increas$1 ! air is driv5 (f1 ! e>? loses its fluidity1 & appe>s 9 a cau/ic /ate4 ,"h1 x is pla91 t ! b>ytic e>?1 :i* is infusible1 or v refractory1 p] se1 z well z ! calc>e\s1 owes its fusibility to ! pres5ce ( ! fix$ air2 & x is !re=e probable1 t ! same ?+ w\ld happ5 to ! calc>e\s e>?1 if by any means ! fix$ air 7 prev5t$ f escap+ :5 great heat is appli$ to x4 ,?is escape ( ! fix$ air is exactly :at ! compression 9 ! subt]rane\s regions is calculat$ to prev5t1 & !re=e we are n to wond] if1 among ! calc>e\s /rata1 we f9d m>ks ( actual fusion hav+ tak5 place4#i ,footnote #i3 ,,note ,,vii4 #ag4 ,^! effects ( pressure to resi/ ! decomposition1 & augm5t ! fusibility ( bodies1 be+ once suppos$1 we %all f9d little difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! consolidation ( ! /rata by heat1 s9ce ! int]vals betwe5 ! loose mat]ials ( :i* !y orig9ally consi/$ may h be5 clos$1 ei!r by ! s(t5+ ( ^? mat]ials1 or by ! introduction ( =eign matt] among !m1 9 ! /ate ( a fluid1 or ( an ela/ic vap\r4 ,no objection to ?is hypo!sis c arise f ! consid]ations /at$ 9 ! prec$+ case2 ! solv5t "h employ$ w\ld want no pores to lodge 9 aft] its "w 0 complet$1 nor w\ld x f9d any difficulty 9 mak+ its retreat ?r\gh ! d5se/ & mo/ solid sub/ances 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,nei!r c its incapacity to dissolve ! bodies submitt$ to its action be alleg$4 ,heat is ! mo/ p[]ful & mo/ g5]al ( all solv5ts2 &1 ?\gh "s bodies1 su* z ! calc>e\s1 are able to resi/ its =ce on ! surface ( ! e>?1 yet1 z has j be5 %[n1 x is p]fectly agreeable to analogy to suppose1 t1 "u great pressure1 ! c>bonic /ate ( ! lime be+ pres]v$1 ! pure/ lime/one or m>ble might be s(t5$1 or ev5 melt$4 ,) respect to o!r sub/ances1 less d\bt ( _! fusibility is ent]ta9$2 & ?\gh1 9 our exp]im5ts1 ! refractory nature ( silice\s e>? has n be5 completely subdu$1 a degree ( s(tness & an incipi5t fusion h nev]!less be5 induc$4 ,?us x appe>s1 9 g5]al1 t ! same difficulties d n press aga9/ ! two !ories ( aque\s & ( igne\s consolidation2 &1 t ! latt] employs an ag5t incomp>ably m p[]ful ?an ! =m]1 ( m g5]al activity1 &1 :at is ( inf9ite importance 9 a philosophical !ory1 va/ly m def9ite 9 ! laws ( its op]ation4 #ah4 ,a m p>ticul> exam9ation ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( fossils w confirm ?is conclusion1 & w %[1 t1 :]ev] !y be> m>ks ( hav+ be5 fluid1 ^! m>ks are su* z *>act]ize ! fluidity ( fusion1 & di/+ui% x f t :i* is produc$ by solution 9 a m5/ruum4 ,dr ,hutton has enum]at$ _m ( ^! discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( t c>eful & accurate exam9ation ( fossils1 9 :i* he probably nev] 0 excell$ by any m9]alogi/4 ,x w be suffici5t "h to po9t out a few ( ! mo/ rem>kable examples4 #ai4 ,fossil wood1 p5etrat$ by silice\s matt]1 is a sub/ance well kn[n to m9]alogi/s2 x is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 v>i\s situations1 & frequ5tly 9 ! he>t ( great bodies ( rock4 ,on exam9ation1 ! silice\s matt] is (t5 obs]v$ to h p5etrat$ ! wood v unequally1 s t ! vegetable /ructure rema9s 9 "s places entire2 & 9 o!r places is lo/ 9 a homog5e\s mass ( agate or jasp]4 ,:]e ?is happ5s1 x may be rem>k$1 t ! l9e :i* sep>ates ^! two p>ts is q %>p & di/9ct1 altoge!r diff]5t f :at mu/ h tak5 place1 _h ! fl9ty matt] be5 introduc$ into ! body ( ! wood1 by any fluid 9 :i* x 0 dissolv$1 z x w\ld !n h p]vad$ ! :ole1 if n uni=mly1 yet ) a regul> gradation4 ,9 ^? specim5s ( fossil wood t are p>tly p5etrat$ by agate1 & p>tly n p5etrat$ at all1 ! same %>pness ( t]m9ation may be rem>k$1 & is an appe>ance highly *>act]i/ic ( ! fluidity produc$ by fusion4 #bj4 ,! r\nd nodules ( fl9t t are f\nd 9 *alk1 q insulat$ & sep>ate f "o ano!r1 af=d an argum5t ( ! same k9d2 s9ce ! fl9ty matt]1 if x _h be5 c>ri$ into ! *alk by any solv5t1 mu/ h be5 deposit$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( uni=mity1 & w\ld n n[ appe> collect$ into sep>ate masses1 )\t any trace ( its exi/5ce 9 ! int]m$iate p>ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we conceive ! melt$ fl9t to h be5 =cibly inject$ among ! *alk1 & to h p5etrat$ x1 some:at z m]cury may1 by pressure1 be made to p5etrate ?r\gh ! pores ( wood1 x might1 on cool+1 exhibit ! same appe>ances t ! *alk-b$s ( ,engl& d actually pres5t u )4 ,! silice\s pudd+-/one is an in/ance closely connect$ ) ! two la/2 9 x we f9d bo? ! pebbles1 & ! cem5t :i* unites !m1 consi/+ ( fl9t equally h>d & consolidat$2 & ?is circum/ance1 = :i* x is impossible to acc\nt by infiltration1 or ! ins9uation ( an aque\s solv5t1 is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! supposition1 t a /ream ( melt$ fl9t has be5 =cibly inject$ among a mass ( loose gravel4 #ba4 ,! common grit1 or s&/one1 ?\gh x c]ta9ly gives no indication ( hav+ possess$ fluidity1 is /rongly expressive ( ! effects ( heat4 ,x is s1 especially 9 ^? in/ances :]e ! p>ticles ( qu>tzy s&1 ( :i* x is compos$1 are firmly & closely unit$1 )\t ! help ( any cem5t+ sub/ance :atsoev]4 ,?is appe>ance1 :i* is v common1 seems to be q inconsi/5t ) e idea ( consolidation1 except an incipi5t fusion1 :i*1 ) ! assi/ance ( a suitable compression1 has enabl$ ! p>ticles ( qu>tz to unite into /one4 ,x has inde$ be5 ass]t$1 t ! m]e apposition ( /ony p>ticles1 s z to p]mit _! corpuscul> attraction to take place1 0 suffici5t to =m !m into /one4 ,to ?is ,dr ,hutton has v well repli$1 t1 admitt+ ! possibility ( a h>d & firm body be+ produc$ 9 ?is way ( :i*1 h[ev]1 we h no pro(1 ! close & compact texture1 ! p]fect consolidation ( ! /ones we are n[ speak+ (1 w\ld /ill rema9 to be expla9$1 & ( ?is x is evid5t t ! m]e apposition ( p>ticles1 & ! =ce ( _! mutual attraction1 c af=d no solution4 #bb4 ,^! pro(s t ! /rata mu/ h endur$ ! action ( int5se heat1 ?\gh imm$iately d$uc$ f ^? ( ! silice\s g5us only1 ext5d 9 reality to all ! /rata1 ( e k9d1 ) :i* !y are f\nd alt]nat$4 ,x is impossible t heat1 ( ! int5sity "h suppos$1 c h act$ on a p>ticul> /ratum1 & n on ^? t are contigu\s to x2 &1 z !re are no /rata ( any k9d ) :i* ! qu>tzy & silice\s are n int]mix$1 s !re are none ( :i* ! igne\s consolidation is n ?us r5d]$ probable4 ,we ne$ re/ no?+1 h[ev]1 on ?is argum5t1 z ! fossils ( e g5us may be %[n to speak di/9ctly = !mselves4 #bc4 ,^? ( ! calc>e\s g5us d s p]haps m sp>+ly ?an ! re/2 yet ev5 among !m !re are _m facts1 t1 ?\gh tak5 unconnect$ ) all o!rs1 are suffici5t to e/abli% ! action ( subt]rane\s fire4 ,su*1 = example1 are ! calc>e\s breccias1 compos$ ( fragm5ts ( m>ble or lime/one1 & n only adapt$ to ea* o!r's %ape1 b ind5t$ into "o ano!r1 9 a mann] n a little resembl+ ! sutures ( ! human cranium4 ,f su* in/ances1 x is impossible n to inf] ! s(tness ( ! calc>e\s fragm5ts :5 !y 7 consolidat$ into "o mass4 ,n[1 ?is s(tness c\ld be induc$ only by heat2 = x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 t ! action ( any o!r solv5t is q inadequate to ! s(t5+ ( l>ge fragm5ts ( /one1 )\t dissolv+ !m altoge!r4 #bd4 ,9 _m o!r in/ances x appe>s c]ta91 t ! /ones ( ! calc>e\s g5us h be5 r$uc$ by heat into a /ate ( fluidity mu* m p]fect4 ,?us1 ! sal9e or f9] k9ds ( m>ble1 & _m o!rs t h a /ructure highly cry/alliz$1 mu/ h be5 s(t5$ to a degree little %ort ( fusion1 be=e ?is cry/allization c\ld take place4 ,ev5 ! petrifactions :i* ab\nd s mu* 9 lime/ones t5d to e/abli% ! same fact2 = !y possess a sp>ry /ructure1 & mu/ h acquir$ t /ructure 9 _! transition f a fluid to a solid /ate4#aj ,footnote #aj3 ,,note ,,viii4 #be4 ,9 acc\nt+1 by ! op]ation ( heat1 = ^! appe>ances ( fluidity1 ,dr ,hutton has proce$$ on ! pr9ciple already laid d[n1 z con=mable to analogy1 t calc>e\s e>?1 "u great compression1 may h its fix$ air reta9$ 9 x1 not)/&+ ! action ( int5se heat1 & may1 by t means1 be r$uc$ into fusion1 or into a /ate approa*+ to x4 ,9 all ?is ,i d n ?9k t he has dep>t$ f ! /ricte/ rules ( philosophical inve/igation4 ,! facts j /at$ prove1 t lime/one 0 once s(t1 its fragm5ts reta9+ at ! same "t _! peculi> =m1 an effect to :i* we "k ( none simil> b ^? ( fire2 &1 !re=e1 ?\gh we c\ld n conjecture h[ heat might be appli$ to lime/one s z to melt x1 in/ead ( r$uc+ x to a calx1 we %\ld1 nev]!less1 h be5 =c$ to suppose1 t ?is _h actually tak5 place 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 & 0 a fact :i*1 ?\gh we 7 n able to expla9 x1 we 7 n entitl$ to d5y4 ,! pr9ciple j m5tion$ relieves u !re=e f a difficulty1 t w\ld h emb>rass$1 b c\ld n h ov]turn$1 ?is !ory ( ! e>?4 #bf4 ,f ! argum5ts :i* ! argillace\s /rata af=d = ! igne\s consolidation ( fossils1 ,i %all select "o on :i* ,dr ,hutton us$ to lay consid]able /ress1 & :i* "s ( ! adv]s>ies ( 8 sy/em h endeav\r$ to refute4 ,?is argum5t is f\nd$ on ! /ructure ( c]ta9 iron/ones call$ sept>ia1 (t5 met ) among ! argillace\s s*i/us1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! vic9ity ( coal4 ,^! /ones are usually ( a l5ticul> or sph]oidal =m1 & are divid$ 9 _! int]ior into di/9ct septa1 by ve9s ( calc>e\s sp>1 ( :i* "o set are circul> & conc5tric1 ! o!r rectil9eal2 div]g+ f ! c5tre ( ! =m]1 & dim9i%+ 9 size z !y rec$e f x4 ,n[1 :at is *iefly to be rem>k$ is1 t ^! ve9s t]m9ate be=e !y rea* ! surface ( ! /one2 s t ! matt] ) :i* !y are fill$ _c h be5 introduc$ f )\t by infiltration1 or 9 any o!r way :atsoev]4 ,! only o!r supposition1 !re=e1 t is left = expla9+ ! s+ul> /ructure ( ?is fossil1 is1 t ! :ole mass 0 orig9ally fluid1 & t1 9 cool+1 ! calc>e\s "p sep>at$ f ! re/1 & aft]w>ds cry/alliz$4 #bg4 ,x has be5 urg$ aga9/ ?is !ory ( ! sept>ia1 t ^! /ones are sometimes f\nd ) ! calc>e\s ve9s ext5d+ all ! way to ! circumf]5ce1 & ( c\rse communicat+ ) ! outside4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 t ?is fact does n affect ! argum5t drawn f specim5s 9 :i* no su* communication takes place4 ,x is at be/ only an ambigu\s in/ance1 t may be expla9$ by two opposite !ories1 & may be reconcil$ ei!r to ! notion ( igne\s or ( aque\s consolidation3 b if !re is a s+le close sept>ium 9 nature1 x c1 ( c\rse1 be expla9$ only by "o ( ^! !ories1 & ! o!r mu/1 ( necessity1 be reject$4 ,besides1 x is pla91 t a close sept>ium c nev] h be5 op51 ?\gh an op5 sept>ium may v well h be5 close2 & inde$1 z ?is /one is1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 subject to p]petual exfoliation1 x w\ld be wond]ful if no "o 0 ev] f\nd ) ! calc>e\s ve9s rea*+ to ! surface4 ,) reg>d to ! light1 !re=e1 t !y give into _! own hi/ory1 ^! two k9ds ( sept>ia are by no means on an equal foot+2 & ?is may s]ve to %[1 h[ necess>y x is1 9 all inductive reason+1 & p>ticul>ly 9 a subject s complex z geology1 to sep>ate ) c>e su* ph5om5a z admit ( two solutions1 f su* z admit only ( "o4 #bh4 ,! bitum9\s /rata come next to be consid]$2 & !y are ( great consequ5ce 9 ! pres5t argum5t1 because _! dissimil>ity 9 s _m p>ticul>s to all o!r m9]al sub/ances1 r5d]s !m :at ,"l ,bacon calls an in/antia s+ul>is1 hav+ ! fir/ rank among facts subs]vi5t to inductive inve/igation4 ,b ?\gh unlike 9 sub/ance to o!r fossils1 & compos$1 z has be5 %[n1 ( mat]ials t belong$ n orig9ally to ! m9]al k+dom1 !y agree 9 _m mat]ial circum/ances ) ! /rata already enum]at$4 ,_! b$s are dispos$ 9 ! same mann]1 & are alt]nat$ indiscrim9ately ) ^? ( all ! second>y rocks1 &1 be+ =m$ 9 ! same region1 mu/ h be5 subject to ! same accid5ts1 & h endur$ ! op]ation ( ! same causes4 ,!y are trav]s$ too l ! o!r /rata1 by ve9s ( ! metals1 ( sp>s1 ( basaltes1 & ( o!r sub/ances2 &1 :atev] argum5t may h]eaft] be d]iv$ f ?is to prove ! action ( fire on ! /rata s trav]s$1 is z mu* applicable to coal z to any o!r m9]al4 ,! coal /rata also conta9 pyrites 9 great abundance1 a sub/ance t is p]haps1 m ?an any o!r1 ! decid$ prog5y ( fire4 ,?is comp\nd ( metal & sulphur1 :i* is f\nd 9 m9]al bodies ( e k9d1 ,i believe1 )\t any exception1 is de/roy$ by ! contact ( moi/ure1 & resolv$ into a vitriolic salt4 ,at ! same "t x is f\nd 9 ! /rata1 n trav]s+ !m 9 ve9s1 :i* may be suppos$ ( m rec5t =mation ?an ! /rata !mselves2 b exi/+ 9 ! he>t ( ! mo/ solid rocks1 (t5 nicely cry/alliz$1 & completely inclos$1 on all sides1 )\t ! mo/ m9ute vacuity4 ,! pyrites mu/ h be5 pres5t1 !re=e1 :5 ! /rata 7 consolidat$1 & x is inconceivable1 if _! consolidation 0 br\ght ab\t 9 ! wet way1 t a sub/ance %\ld be s g5]ally f\nd 9 !m1 ! v exi/5ce ( :i* is incompatible ) humidity4 ,?is argum5t = ! igne\s orig9 ( ! /rata is applicable to !m all1 b especially to ^? ( coal1 z ab\nd+ ) pyrites m ?an any o!r4 #bi4 ,! difficulty t "h naturally pres5t itself1 viz4 h[ vegetable matt]1 su* z coal is suppos$ to h be51 c\ld be expos$ to ! action ( int5se heat1 )\t be+ depriv$ ( its inflammable "p1 is obviat$ by ! pr9ciple =m]ly expla9$ conc]n+ ! effects ( compression4 ,! weight incumb5t on ! /rata ( coal1 :5 !y 7 expos$ to ! int5se heat ( ! m9]al regions1 may h be5 su* z to reta9 ! oily & bitum9\s1 z well z sulphure\s p>ts1 ?\gh ! :ole 0 r$uc$ almo/ to fusion2 & ?us1 on cool+1 ! sulphur unit+ ) iron might cry/allize1 & assume ! =m ( pyrites4 #cj4 ,! compression1 h[ev]1 has n 9 e in/ance pres]v$ ! bitum9\s1 9 union ) ! c>bonic "p ( coal2 & h5ce a m>k ( ! op]ation ( fire q peculi> to ?is fossil1 & f\nd 9 ^? infusible k9ds ( x :i* conta9 no bitum51 & burn )\t flame4 ,^! resemble1 "s ( !m v precisely1 & all !m 9 a great degree1 ! products obta9$ by ! di/illation ( ! common bitum9\s coal t is1 !y consi/ ( *>coal1 unit$ to an e>?y basis 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,x is natural !re=e to conclude1 t ?is sub/ance 0 prep>$ 9 ! m9]al regions by ! action ( heat1 :i*1 9 "s in/ances1 has driv5 (f ! inflammable "p ( ! coal4 ,t ! heat %\ld1 9 "s cases1 h done s1 is n inconsi/5t ) ! g5]al effect attribut$ to compression4 ,! conditions necess>y = reta9+ ! m volatile p>ts1 may n h be5 pres5t e :]e 9 ! same degree1 s t ! latt]1 ?\gh !y c\ld n escape1 may h be5 =c$ f "o "p ( a /ratum1 or body ( /rata1 to ano!r4 #ca4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is x mu/ be obs]v$1 t1 z ! fix$ "p ( coal is ?us f\nd 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 sep>ate f ! volatile or bitum9\s1 s1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( coal /rata1 ! latt] is sometimes f\nd )\t any mixture ( ! =m]4 ,! f\nta9s ( naph?a & petroleum are well kn[n2 & ,dr ,hutton has describ$ a /ratum ( lime/one1 ly+ 9 ! c5tre ( a coal c\ntry1 :i* is p]vad$ & t+$ by bitum9\s matt]1 ?r\gh its :ole mass1 & has1 at ! same "t1 _m close cavities 9 ! he>t ( x1 l9$ ) calc>e\s sp>1 & conta9+ fossil pit*1 sometimes 9 l>ge pieces1 sometimes 9 hemisph]ical drops1 scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! cavities4 ,?is comb9ation c\ld only be effect$ by a "p ( ! inflammable matt] ( ! b$s ( coal und]nea?1 be+ driv5 (f by heat1 & made to p5etrate ! lime/one1 :ile x 0 yet s(t & p]vi\s to heat$ vap\rs4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ,,note ,,ix4 #cb4 ,hi!rto we h enum]at$ ^? fossils t are ei!r n at all1 or v sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sal9e bodies among ! m9]al /rata1 su* = in/ance z rock-salt1 :i* are readily dissolv$ 9 wat]2 & x yet rema9s to exam9e by :at cause _! consolidation has be5 effect$4 ,"h ! !ori/s :o consid] wat] z ! sole ag5t 9 ! m9]alization ( fossils1 are inde$ deliv]$ f "o difficulty1 b x is only t !y may be h>d] press$ on by ano!r4 ,x _c n[ be said1 t ! m5/ruum :i* !y employ is incapable ( dissolv+ ! sub/ances expos$ to its action1 z 9 ! case ( metallic or /ony bodies2 b x may v well be ask$1 h[ ! wat] came to deposit ! salts :i* x held 9 solution1 & to deposit !m s copi\sly z x has done 9 _m places1 )\t any ve/ige ( simil> deposition 9 ! places imm$iately contigu\s4 ,if !y refuse to call to _! assi/ance any o!r ?an _! fav\rite elem5t1 !y w n f9d x easy to answ] ?is "q1 & mu/ feel ! emb>rassm5t ( a sy/em1 subject to two difficulties1 s nicely1 b s unhappily adju/$1 t "o ( !m is always prep>$ to act :5ev] ! o!r is remov$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y w admit ! op]ation ( subt]rane\s heat1 x appe>s possible1 t ! local application ( su* heat may h driv5 ! wat]1 9 vap\r1 f "o place to ano!r1 & by su* action (t5 repeat$ 9 ! same spot1 may h produc$ ^? great accumulations ( sal9e matt]1 t are actually f\nd 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 #cc4 ,b grant+ t1 ei!r 9 ! way j po9t$ out1 or 9 "s o!r t is unkn[n1 ! salt & ! wat] h be5 sep>at$1 "s fur!r action ( heat seems requisite1 be=e a compact1 & highly indurat$ body1 l rock-salt1 c\ld be produc$4 ,! m]e precipitation ( ! salt1 w\ld1 z ,dr ,hutton has obs]v$1 =m only an assemblage ( loose cry/als at ! bottom ( ! sea1 )\t solidity or cohesion3 & to conv]t su* a mass into a firm & solid rock1 w\ld require ! application ( su* heat z 0 able to r$uce x into fusion4 ,! consolidation ( rock-salt1 !re=e1 h[ev] its sep>ation f ! wat] is acc\nt$ =1 _c be expla9$ b on ! hypo!sis ( subt]rane\s heat4 #cd4 ,"s o!r ph5om5a t h be5 obs]v$ 9 salt m9es1 come 9 support ( ! same conclusion4 ,! salt rock ( ,*e%ire1 :i* lies 9 ?ick b$s1 int]pos$ betwe5 /rata ( an argillace\s or m>ly /one1 & is itself mix$ ) a consid]able portion ( ! same e>?1 exhibits a v great peculi>ity 9 its /ructure4 ,?\gh x =ms a mass extremely compact1 ! salt is f\nd to be arrang$ 9 r\nd masses ( five or six feet 9 diamet]1 n truly sph]ical1 b ea* compress$ by ^? t surr\nd x1 s z to h ! %ape ( an irregul> polyh$ron4 ,^! are =m$ ( conc5tric coats1 di/+ui%able f "o ano!r by _! col\r1 t is1 probably by ! great] or less quantity ( e>? :i* !y conta91 s t ! ro( ( ! m9e1 z x exhibits a horizontal section ( !m1 is divid$ into polygonal figures1 ea* ) a multitude ( polygons )9 x1 hav+ altoge!r no inconsid]able resemblance to a mosaic pavem5t4 ,9 ! triangul> spaces )\t ! polygons1 ! salt is 9 coats p>allel to ! sides ( ! polygons4 ,! circum/ances :i* gave rise to ?is s+ul> /ructure we %\ld 9 va9 endeav\r to def9e2 yet "s g5]al conclusions conc]n+ !m seem to be )9 our rea*4 ,x is cle> t ! :ole mass ( salt 0 fluid at once1 & t ! =ces1 :atev] !y 71 :i* gave solidity to x1 & produc$ ! new arrangem5t ( its p>ticles1 7 all 9 action at ! same "t4 ,! uni=mity ( ! coat$ /ructure is a pro( ( ?is1 &1 above all1 ! compression ( ! polyh$ra1 :i* is always mutual1 ! flat side ( "o be+ turn$ to ! flat side ( ano!r1 & nev] an angle to an angle1 nor an angle to a side4 ,! coats =m$ z x 7 r\nd s _m diff]5t c5tres ( attraction1 is also an appe>ance q inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( deposition2 bo? ^!1 h[ev]1 are compatible ) ! notion ( solidity acquir$ by ! refrig]ation ( a fluid1 :]e ! :ole mass is act$ on at ! same "t1 & :]e no solv5t rema9s to be dispos$ ( aft] ! induration ( ! re/4 #ce4 ,ano!r species ( fossil salt exhibits appe>ances equally fav\rable to ! !ory ( igne\s consolidation4 ,?is is ! ,trona ( ,africa1 :i* is no o!r ?an soda1 or m9]al alkali1 9 a p>ticul> /ate4 ,! specim5 ( ?is fossil 9 ,dr ,black's1 n[ ,dr ,hope's1 collection1 is ( a sp>ry & radiat$ /ructure1 & is evid5tly "p ( ! cont5ts ( a ve91 hav+ a /ony cru/ adh]+ to x1 on "o side1 ) its own sp>ry /ructure complete1 on ! opposite4 ,x conta9s b ab\t "o six? ( ! wat] ( cry/allization ess5tial to ?is salt :5 obta9$ 9 ! humid way2 &1 :at is p>ticul>ly to be rem>k$1 x does n lose ?is wat]1 nor become cov]$ ) a p[d]1 l ! common alkali1 by simple exposure to ! air4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ?is fossil does n orig9ate f m]e precipitation2 & :5 we add1 t 9 its sp>ry /ructure x conta9s evid5t m>ks ( hav+ once be5 fluid1 we h little reason to ent]ta9 mu* d\bt conc]n+ ! pr9ciple ( its consolidation4 ,?us1 !n1 ! te/imony giv5 to ! op]ation ( fire1 or heat1 z ! consolidat+ p[] ( ! m9]al k+dom1 is n conf9$ to a few fossils1 b is g5]al ov] all ! /rata4 ,h[ f> ! un/ratifi$ fossils agree 9 support+ ! same conclusion1 w be aft]w>ds exam9$4 #c4 ,position ( ! ,/rata4#ab ,footnote #ab3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #abj4 #cf4 ,we h se5 ( :at mat]ials ! /rata are compos$1 & by :at p[] !y h be5 consolidat$2 we are next to inquire1 f :at cause x proce$s1 t !y are n[ s f> remov$ f ! region :i* !y orig9ally occupi$1 & :]e=e1 f be+ all cov]$ by ! ocean1 !y are at pres5t rais$ 9 _m places fifte5 ?\s& feet above its surface4 ,:e!r ?is great *ange ( relative place c be be/ acc\nt$ = by ! depression ( ! sea1 or ! elevation ( ! /rata !mselves1 rema9s to be consid]$4 ,( ^! two suppositions1 ! =m]1 at fir/ sight1 seems und\bt$ly ! mo/ probable1 & we feel less reluctance to suppose1 t a fluid1 s un/able z ! ocean1 has und]gone ! great revolution "h ref]r$ to1 ?an t ! solid f\ndations ( ! l& h mov$ a s+le fa?om f _! place4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a m]e illusion4 ,su* a depression ( ! level ( ! sea z is "h suppos$1 c\ld n happ5 )\t a *ange proportionally great 9 ! solid "p ( ! globe2 &1 ?\gh admitt$ z true1 w be f\nd v inadequate to expla9 ! pres5t condition ( ! /rata4 #cg4 ,suppos+ ! appe>ances :i* cle>ly indicate subm]sion "u wat] to rea* no high] ?an t5 ?\s& feet above ! pres5t level ( ! sea1 & ( c\rse ! surface ( ! sea to h be5 =m]ly high] by t quantity ?an x is n[2 x necess>ily foll[s1 t a bulk ( wat] has disappe>$1 equal to m ?an a sev5 hundr$? "p ( ! :ole magnitude ( ! globe4#ac ,! exi/5ce ( empty cav]ns ( ext5t suffici5t to conta9 ?is va/ body ( wat]1 & ( su* a convulsion z to lay !m op51 & give room to ! retreat ( ! sea1 are suppositions :i* a philosoph] c\ld only be ju/ifi$ 9 admitt+1 if !y promis$ to furni% a v complete explanation ( appe>ances4 ,b ?is ju/ification is entirely want+ 9 ! pres5t case2 = ! retreat ( ! ocean to a l[] level1 furni%es a v p>tial & imp]fect explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( geology4 ,x w n expla9 ! numb]less rema9s ( anci5t cont95ts t are involv$1 z we h se51 9 ! pres5t1 unless x be suppos$ t ! anci5t ocean1 ?\gh x rose to s great a height1 _h nev]!less its %ores1 & 0 ! b\nd>y ( l& /ill high] ?an itself4 ,&1 z to t :i* is n[ m imm$iately ! object ( inquiry1 ! position ( ! /rata1 ?\gh ! above hypo!sis w\ld acc\nt 9 "s sort = ! *ange ( _! place1 relatively to ! level ( ! sea2 yet1 if x %all be prov$1 t ! /rata h *ang$ _! place relatively to ea* o!r1 & relatively to ! plane ( ! horizon1 s z to h _h an angul> motion impress$ on !m1 x is evid5t t1 = ^! facts1 ! retreat ( ! sea does n af=d ev5 ! %ad[ ( a !ory4 ,footnote #ac3 ,,note ,x4 #ch4 ,n[1 x is c]ta91 t _m ( ! /rata h be5 mov$ angul>ly1 because t1 9 _! orig9al position1 !y mu/ h be5 all ne>ly horizontal4 ,loose mat]ials1 su* z s& & gravel subsid+ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & hav+ _! int]/ices fill$ ) wat]1 possess a k9d ( fluidity3 !y are dispos$ to yield on ! side opposite to t :]e ! pressure is greate/1 & are !re=e1 9 "s degree1 subject to ! laws ( hydro/atics4 ,on ?is acc\nt !y w arrange !mselves 9 horizontal lay]s2 & ! vibrations ( ! incumb5t fluid1 by impress+ slight motion backw>d1 & =w>d1 on ! mat]ials ( ^! lay]s1 w v mu* assi/ ! accuracy ( _! level4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 meant to d5y1 t ! =m ( ! bottom might influ5ce1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 ! /ratification ( ! sub/ances deposit$ on x4 ,! figure ( ! l[] b$s deposit$ on an unev5 surface1 w\ld necess>ily be affect$ by two causes2 ! incl9ation ( t surface1 on ! "o h&1 & ! t5d5cy to horizontality1 on ! o!r2 b1 z ! =m] cause w\ld gr[ less p[]ful z ! di/ance f ! bottom increas$1 ! latt] cause w\ld f9ally prevail1 s t ! upp] b$s w\ld approa* to horizontally1 & ! l[] w\ld nei!r be exactly p>allel to !m1 nor to "o ano!r4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we meet ) rocks1 dispos$ 9 lay]s q p>allel to "o ano!r1 we may re/ assur$1 t ! inequalities ( ! bottom h _h no effect1 & t no cause has int]rupt$ ! /atical t5d5cy above expla9$4 ,n[1 rocks hav+ _! lay]s exactly p>allel1 are v common1 & prove _! orig9al horizontally to h be5 m precise ?an we c\ld v5ture to conclude f analogy alone4 ,9 b$s ( s&/one1 = in/ance1 no?+ is m frequ5t ?an to see ! ?9 lay]s ( s&1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r by lay]s /ill f9] ( coaly1 or micace\s matt]1 t are almo/ exactly p>allel1 & cont9ue s to a great ext5t )\t any s5sible deviation4 ,^! planes c h acquir$ _! p>allelism only 9 consequ5ce ( ! prop]ty ( wat] j /at$1 by :i* x r5d]s ! surfaces ( ! lay]s1 :i* x deposits1 p>allel to its own surface1 & !re=e p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,?\gh su* /rata1 !re=e1 may n n[ be horizontal1 !y mu/ h be5 s orig9ally2 o!rwise x is impossible to discov] any cause = _! p>allelism1 or any rule by :i* x c h be5 produc$4 #ci4 ,?is argum5t = ! orig9al horizontality ( ! /rata1 is applicable to ^? t are n[ f>!/ remov$ f t position4 ,among su*1 = in/ance1 z are highly incl9$1 or ev5 q v]tical1 & among ^? t are b5t & incurvat$ 9 ! mo/ fanta/ical mann]1 z happ5s m especially 9 ! prim>y s*i/i1 we obs]ve1 ?r\gh all _! s9uosities & inflections1 an equality ( ?ickness & ( di/ance among _! compon5t lam94 ,?is equality c\ld only be produc$ by ^? lam9 hav+ be5 orig9ally spread out on a flat & level surface1 f :i* situation1 !re=e1 !y mu/ aft]w>ds h be5 lift$ up by ! action ( "s p[]ful cause1 & mu/ h suff]$ ?is di/urbance :ile !y 7 yet 9 a c]ta9 degree flexible & ductile4 ,?\gh ! prim>y direction ( ! =ce :i* ?us elevat$ !m mu/ h be5 f bel[ upw>ds1 yet x has be5 s comb9$ ) ! gravity & resi/ance ( ! mass to :i* x 0 appli$1 z to create a lat]al & oblique ?ru/1 & to produce ^? contortions ( ! /rata1 :i*1 :5 on ! great scale1 are among ! mo/ /rik+ & in/ructive ph5om5a ( geology4 #dj4 ,great additional =ce is giv5 to ?is argum5t1 9 _m cases1 by ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* ! /ratifi$ rocks are compos$4 ,! b$s ( breccia & pudd+-/one1 = in/ance1 are (t5 9 planes almo/ v]tical1 &1 at ! same "t1 conta9 gravel-/ones1 & o!r fragm5ts ( rock1 ( su* a size & weight1 t !y c\ld n rema9 9 _! pres5t position an in/ant1 if ! cem5t :i* unites !m 7 to become s(t2 & !re=e !y c]ta9ly _h n t position at ! "t :5 ?is cem5t 0 actually s(t4 ,?is rem>k has be5 made by m9]alogi/s :o 7 n l$ to x by any sy/em4 ,! judici\s & indefatigable obs]v] ( ! ,alps1 describ+ ! pudd+-/one ( ,valors9e1 ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,arve1 tells u1 t he 0 a/oni%$ to f9d x 9 b$s almo/ v]tical1 a situation 9 :i* x c\ld n possibly h be5 =m$4 ,t p>ticles1 he adds1 ( extreme t5uity1 susp5d$ 9 a fluid1 might become agglut9at$1 & =m v]tical b$s1 is a ?+ t may be conceiv$2 b t pieces ( /one1 ( sev]al p\nds weight1 %\ld h re/$ on ! side ( a p]p5dicul> wall1 till !y 7 envelop$ 9 a /ony cem5t1 & unit$ into "o mass1 is a supposition impossible & absurd4 ,x %\ld be consid]$1 !re=e1 z a ?+ demon/rat$1 t ?is pudd+-/one 0 =m$ 9 a horizontal position1 or "o ne>ly su*1 & elevat$ aft] its induration4 ,we "k n1 he cont9ues1 ! =ce by :i* ?is elevation has be5 effect$2 b x is an important /ep among ! prodigi\s numb] ( v]tical b$s t are to be met ) 9 ! ,alps1 to h f\nd "s t mu/ c]ta9ly h be5 =m$ 9 a horizontal situation4#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 ii #fij4 #da4 ,no?+ c be m s\nd & conclusive ?an ?is reason+2 & _h ! +5i\s au?or pursu$ x m sy/ematically1 x mu/ h l$ him to a !ory ( m\nta9s v little diff]5t f t :i* we are n[ endeav\r+ to expla94 ,if "s ( ! v]tical /rata are prov$ to h be5 =m$ horizontally1 !re c be no reason = n ext5d+ ! same conclusion to !m all1 ev5 if we _h n ! support ( ! argum5t f ! p>allelism ( ! lay]s1 :i* has be5 already /at$4 #db4 ,! highly incl9$ position1 & ! manifold inflections ( ! /rata1 are n ! only pro(s ( ! di/urbance t !y h suff]$1 & ( ! viol5ce ) :i* !y h be5 =c$ up f _! orig9al place4 ,^? int]ruptions ( _! cont9uity :i* are obs]v$1 bo? at ! surface & "u x1 are evid5ces ( ! same fact4 ,x is pla91 t if !y rema9$ n[ 9 ! situation 9 :i* !y 7 at fir/ deposit$1 !y w\ld nev] appe> to be sudd5ly brok5 (f4 ,no /ratum w\ld t]m9ate abruptly2 b1 h[ev] its nature & prop]ties might *ange1 x w\ld con/itute an entire & cont9u$ rock1 at lea/ :]e ! effects ( wa/e & detritus _h n produc$ a sep>ation4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is v f> f be+ ! actual condition ( /ratifi$ bodies4 ,^? t are mu* incl9$1 or t make consid]able angles ) ! horizontal plane1 mu/ t]m9ate abruptly :]e !y come up to ! surface4 ,_! do+ s is a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! position1 & furni%es no argum5t1 x may be said1 = _! hav+ be5 di/urb$1 diff]5t f t :i* has be5 already d$uc$ f _! incl9ation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 in/ances ( a brea* ( cont9uity 9 ! /rata1 "u ! surface1 t af=d a pro( ( ! viol5ce ) :i* !y h be5 displac$1 diff]5t f any hi!rto m5tion$4 ,( ?is nature are ! slips or %ifts1 t s (t5 p]plex ! m9] 9 8 subt]rane\s j\rney1 & :i* *ange at once all ^? l9es & be>+s t _h hi!rto direct$ 8 c\rse4 ,:5 8 m9e rea*es a c]ta9 plane1 :i* is sometimes p]p5dicul>1 sometimes oblique to ! horizon1 he f9ds ! b$s ( rock brok5 asund]1 ^? on ! "o side ( ! plane hav+ *ang$ _! place1 by slid+ 9 a p>ticul> direction along ! face ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is motion !y h sometimes pres]v$ _! p>allelism1 t is1 ! /rata on "o side ( ! slip cont9ue p>allel to ^? on ! o!r2 9 o!r cases1 ! /rata on ea* side become incl9$ to "o ano!r1 ?\gh _! id5tity is /ill to be recogniz$ by _! possess+ ! same ?ickness1 & ! same int]nal *>act]s4 ,^! %ifts are (t5 ( great ext5t1 & mu/ be measur$ by ! quantity ( ! rock mov$1 tak5 9 conjunction ) ! di/ance to :i* x has be5 c>ri$4 ,9 "s in/ances1 a ve9 is =m$ at ! plane ( ! %ift or slip1 fill$ ) mat]ials ( ! k9ds :i* w be h]eaft] m5tion$2 9 o!r in/ances1 ! opposite sides ( ! rock rema9 contigu\s1 or h ! int]val betwe5 !m fill$ ) s(t & unconsolidat$ e>?4 ,all ^! are ! und5iable effects ( "s great convulsion1 :i* has %ak5 ! v f\ndations ( ! e>?2 b :i*1 f> f be+ a disord] 9 nature1 is "p ( a regul> sy/em1 ess5tial to ! con/itution & economy ( ! globe4 ,! production ( ! appe>ances n[ describ$1 belongs1 )\t d\bt1 to diff]5t p]iods ( "t2 &1 :]e slips int]sect "o ano!r1 we c (t5 di/+ui% ! less f ! m anci5t ,!y are all1 h[ev]1 ( a date po/]ior to t at :i* ! wav+ & undulat$ =ms ( ! /rata 7 acquir$1 z !y d n c>ry ) !m any m>ks ( ! s(tness ( ! rock1 b _m ( its complete induration4 ,! same ph5om5on :i* is ?us exemplifi$ on a great scale 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 is (t5 mo/ beautifully exhibit$ 9 s+le specim5s ( /one1 & is accompani$ ) ?is rem>kable circum/ance1 t ! integrity ( ! /one is n de/roy$ by ! %ifts1 :atev] w\nds _h be5 made 9 x be+ heal$1 & ! p>ts firmly reunit$ to "o ano!r4#ae ,footnote #ae3 ,,note ,,xi4 #dc4 ,?\gh su* m>ks ( viol5ce z h be5 n[ enum]at$ are common 9 "s degree to all ! /rata1 !y ab\nd mo/ among ! prim>y1 & po9t out ^! z ! "p ( our globe :i* has be5 expos$ to ! greate/ vicissitudes4 ,at _! junction ) ! second>y1 or :]e !y em]ge1 z x 71 f "u ! latt]1 ph5om5a occur1 :i* m>k "s ( ^? vicissitudes ) a/oni%+ precision2 ph5om5a ( :i* ! nature 0 fir/ accurately explor$1 & ! consequ5ces fully d$uc$1 by ! geologi/ ^: sy/em ,i am endeav\r+ to expla94 ,he obs]v$1 9 sev]al in/ances1 t :]e ! prim>y s*i/us rises 9 b$s almo/ v]tical1 x is cov]$ by horizontal lay]s ( second>y s&/one1 :i* la/ are p5etrat$ by ! irregul> tops ( ! s*i/us1 & also involve fragm5ts ( t rock1 "s angul>1 o!rs r\nd & smoo?1 z if worn by attrition4 ,f ?is he conclud$1 t ! prim>y /rata1 aft] be+ =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 9 planes ne>ly horizontal1 7 rais$1 s z to become almo/ v]tical1 :ile !y 7 yet cov]$ by ! ocean1 & be=e ! second>y /rata _h begun to be deposit$ on !m4 ,he also argu$1 t1 z ! fragm5ts ( ! prim>y rock1 includ$ 9 ! second>y1 are _m ( !m r\nd$ & worn1 ! deposition ( ! latt] mu/ h be5 sep>at$ f ! elevation ( ! =m] by su* an int]val ( "t1 z gave room = ! action ( wa/e & decay1 all[+ ^? fragm5ts fir/ to be deta*$1 & aft]w>ds wr\ght into a r\nd figure4#af ,footnote #af3 ,,note ,,xii4 #dd4 ,inde$1 ! int]position ( a breccia betwe5 ! prim>y & second>y /rata1 9 :i* ! fragm5ts1 :e!r r\nd or angul>1 are always ( ! prim>y rock1 is a fact s g5]al1 & ! quantity ( ?is breccia is (t5 s great1 t x leads to a conclusion m p>adoxical ?an any ( ! prec$+1 b f :i*1 nev]!less1 x seems v difficult to )hold ass5t4 ,r\nd gravel1 :5 9 great abundance1 agreeably to a rem>k already made1 mu/ necess>ily be consid]$ z a production peculi> to ! b$s ( riv]s1 or ! %ores ( cont95ts1 & z h>dly ev] =m$ at great dep?s "u ! surface ( ! sea4 ,x %\ld seem1 !n1 t ! prim>y s*i/us1 aft] atta9+ its erect position1 _h be5 rais$ up to ! surface1 :]e ?is gravel 0 =m$2 & f !nce _h be5 let d[n aga9 to ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 :]e ! second>y /rata 7 deposit$ on x4 ,su* alt]nate elevations & depressions ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 h[ev] extraord9>y !y may seem1 w appe> to make a "p ( ! sy/em ( ! m9]al k+dom1 f o!r ph5om5a h]eaft] to be describ$4 #de4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 by comp>+ ! actual position ( ! /rata1 _! erectness1 _! curvature1 ! int]ruptions ( _! cont9uity1 & ! transv]se /ratification ( ! second>y 9 respect ( ! prim>y1 ) ! regul> & level situation :i* ! same /rata mu/ h orig9ally possess$1 we h a complete demon/ration ( _! hav+ be5 di/urb$1 torn asund]1 & mov$ angul>ly1 by a =ce t has1 9 g5]al1 be5 direct$ f bel[ upw>ds4 ,9 e/abli%+ ?is conclusion1 we h reason$ m f ! facts :i* relate to ! angul> elevation ( ! /rata1 ?an f ^? :i* relate to _! absolute elevation1 or _! translation to a great] di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,?is has be5 done1 because ! appe>ances1 :i* respect ! absolute lift+ up ( ! /rata are m ambigu\s ?an ^?1 :i* respect ! *ange ( _! angul> position4 ,! =m] might be acc\nt$ =1 c\ld !y be sep>at$ f ! latt]1 9 two ways1 viz4 ei!r by ! retreat ( ! sea1 or ! rais+ up ( ! l&2 b ! latt] c be expla9$ only 9 "o way1 & =ce u ( necessity to ackn[l$ge ! exi/5ce ( an exp&+ p[]1 :i* has act$ on ! /rata ) incr$ible en]gy1 & has be5 direct$ f ! c5tre t[>d ! circumf]5ce4 #df4 ,:5 we are assur$ ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a p[] z ?is 9 ! m9]al regions1 we %\ld argue ) s+ul> inconsi/5cy1 if we did n ascribe to x all ! o!r appe>ances ( motion 9 ^? regions1 :i* x is adequate to produce4 ,if nature 9 h] subt]rane\s abodes is provid$ ) a =ce t c\ld bur/ asund] ! massy pavem5t ( ! globe1 & place ! fragm5ts upright ^u _! edges1 c\ld %e n1 by ! same ef=t1 raise !m f ! greate/ dep?s ( ! sea1 to ! highe/ elevation ( ! l&8 ,! cause t is adequate to "o ( ^! effects is adequate to !m bo? toge!r2 = x is a pr9ciple well kn[n 9 me*anical philosophy1 t ! =ce :i* produces a p>allel motion1 may1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* x is appli$1 produce also an angul> motion1 )\t any dim9ution ( ! =m] effect4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be extremely unphilosophical to suppose1 t any o!r cause has *ang$ ! relative level ( ! /rata1 & ! surface ( ! sea1 ?an t :i* has1 9 s _m cases1 rais$ ! /rata f a horizontal to a highly incl9$1 or ev5 v]tical situation3 x w\ld be to introduce ! action ( m causes ?an ! ph5om5a require1 & to =get1 t nature1 ^: op]ations we are endeav\r+ to trace1 comb9es ! possession ( inf9ite res\rces ) ! mo/ economical application ( !m4 #dg4 ,f all1 !re=e1 t relates to ! position ( ! /rata1 ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 affirm+1 t _! di/urbance & removal f ! place ( _! orig9al =mation1 by a =ce direct$ f bel[ upw>ds1 is a fact 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?1 z p]fectly asc]ta9$ z any ?+ :i* is n ! subject ( imm$iate obs]vation4 ,z to ! p[] by :i* ?is great effect has be5 produc$1 we _c expect to decide ) equal evid5ce1 b mu/ be cont5t$ to pass f :at is c]ta9 to :at is probable4 ,we may1 !n1 rem>k1 t ( ! =ces 9 nature to :i* our exp]i5ce does 9 any degree ext5d1 none seems s capable ( ! effect we w\ld ascribe to x1 z ! expansive p[] ( heat2 a p[] to :i* no limits c be set1 & "o1 :i*1 on gr\nds q indep5d5t ( ! elevation ( ! /rata1 has be5 already conclud$ to act ) great en]gy 9 ! subt]rane\s regions4 ,we h1 inde$1 no o!r alt]native1 b ei!r to adopt ?is explanation1 or to ascribe ! facts 9 "q to "s secret & unkn[n cause1 ?\gh we are ignorant ( its nature1 & h no evid5ce ( its exi/5ce4 ,we are !re=e to suppose1 t ! p[] ( ! same subt]rane\s heat1 :i* consolidat$ & m9]aliz$ ! /rata at ! bottom ( ! sea1 has s9ce rais$ !m up to ! height at :i* !y are n[ plac$1 & has giv5 !m ! v>i\s incl9ations to ! horizon :i* !y are f\nd actually to possess4 #dh4 ,! probability ( ?is hypo!sis w appe> greatly increas$1 :5 x is consid]$1 t1 besides ^? n[ enum]at$1 !re are o!r indications ( movem5t among ! bodies ( ! m9]al k+dom1 :]e effects ( heat m *>act]i/ic ?an simple expansion are cle>ly to be discov]$4 ,?us1 on exam9+ ! m>ks ( disord] & movem5t :i* are f\nd among ! /rata1 x _c fail to be obs]v$1 t not)/&+ ! fracture & dislocation1 ( :i* !y af=d s _m examples1 !re are few empty spaces to be met ) among !m1 z f> z our obs]vation ext5ds4 ,! brea*es & sep>ations are num]\s1 & di/9ct2 b !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 completely fill$ up ) m9]als ( a k9d q diff]5t f ! rock on ea* side ( !m1 & rem>kable = conta9+ no ve/iges ( /ratification4 ,we are ?us l$ to consid] ! un/ratifi$ m9]als1 ! second ( ! divisions into :i* ! :ole m9]al k+dom1 view$ geologically1 ought to be di/+ui%$4 ,^! m9]als are imm$iately connect$ ) ! di/urbance ( ! /rata1 & appe>1 9 _m in/ances1 to h be5 ! in/rum5ts ( _! elevation4 ,,section ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,peculi> ,,to ,,un/ratifi$ ,,bodies4 #a4 ,metallic ,ve9s4 #di4 ,,! un/ratifi$ m9]als exi/ ei!r 9 ve9s1 int]sect+ ! /ratifi$1 or 9 masses surr\nd$ by !m4 ,ve9s are ( v>i\s k9ds1 & may 9 g5]al be def9$1 sep>ations 9 ! cont9uity ( a rock1 ( a det]m9ate wid?1 b ext5d+ indef9itely 9 l5g? & dep?1 & fill$ ) m9]al sub/ances1 diff]5t f ! rock itself4 ,! m9]al ve9s1 /rictly s call$1 are ^? fill$ ) cry/alliz$ sub/ances1 & conta9+ ! metallic ores4 ,t ^! ve9s are ( a =mation subsequ5t to ! h>d5+ & consolidation ( ! /rata :i* !y trav]se1 is too obvi\s to require any pro(2 & x is no less cle>1 f ! cry/alliz$ & sp>ry /ructure ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 !m1 t ^! sub/ances mu/ h concret$ f a fluid /ate4 ,n[1 t ?is fluidity 0 simple1 l t ( fusion by heat1 & n comp\nd1 l t ( solution 9 a m5/ruum1 is inf]r$ f _m ph5om5a4 ,x is inf]r$ f ! ackn[l$g$ insolubility ( ! sub/ances t fill ! ve9s1 9 any "o m5/ruum :atsoev]2 f ! total disappe>ance ( ! solv5t1 if !re 0 any2 f ! complete fill+ up ( ! ve9 by ! sub/ances :i* t solv5t _h deposit$2 f ! entire abs5ce ( all ! appe>ances ( horizontal or gradual deposition2 &1 la/ly1 f ! exi/5ce ( close cavities1 l9$ ) cry/als1 & admitt+ no egress to any ?+ b heat4 #ej4 ,to ! same effect may be m5tion$ ^? gr\ps ( cry/als compos$ ( sub/ances ! mo/ diff]5t1 t are unit$ 9 ! same specim51 all int]sect+ & mutually impress+ "o ano!r4 ,^! admit ( be+ expla9$1 on ! supposition t !y 7 orig9ally 9 fusion1 & became solid by ! loss ( heat2 a cause t act$ on !m all alike1 & alike impell$ !m to cry/allize3 ,b ! appe>ances ( simultane\s cry/allization seem incompatible ) ! nature ( deposition f a solv5t1 :]e1 ) respect #af diff]5t sub/ances1 ! effects mu/ take place sl[ly1 & 9 succession4 #ea4 ,! metals conta9$ 9 ! ve9s :i* we are n[ treat+ (1 appe> v commonly 9 ! =m ( an ore1 m9]aliz$ by sulphur4 ,_! union ) ?is latt] sub/ance c be produc$1 z we "k1 by heat1 b h>dly by ! way ( solution 9 a m5/ruum1 & c]ta9ly n at all1 if t m5/ruum is no?+ else ?an wat]4 ,! metals1 !re=e1 :5 m9]aliz$ by sulphur1 give no c\nt5ance to ! hypo!sis ( aque\s solution2 & /ill less d !y give any :5 !y are f\nd native1 z x is call$1 t is1 malleable1 pure & uncomb9$ ) any o!r sub/ance4 ,! great masses ( native iron f\nd 9 ,sib]ia & ,s\? ,am]ica are well kn[n2 & no?+ c]ta9ly c less resemble ! products ( a *emical precipitation4 ,gold1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ p]fect ( ! metals1 is f\nd native mo/ frequ5tly2 ! o!rs m r>ely1 9 proportion ne>ly to ! facility ( _! comb9ation ) sulphur4 ,( all su* specim5s x may be safely affirm$1 t if !y h ev] be5 fluid1 or ev5 s(t1 !y mu/ h be5 s by ! action ( heat2 =1 to suppose t a metal has be5 precipitat$1 pure & uncomb9$ f any m5/ruum1 is to trespass aga9/ all analogy1 & to ma9ta9 a physical impossibility4 ,b x is c]ta91 t _m ( ! native metals h once be5 9 a /ate ( s(tness1 because !y be> on !m impressions :i* !y c\ld n h receiv$ b :5 !y 7 s(t4 ,?us1 gold is (t5 impress$ by qu>tz & o!r /ones1 :i* /ill adh]e to x1 or are involv$ 9 x4 ,specim5s ( qu>tz1 conta9+ gold & silv] %oot+ ?r\gh !m1 ) ! mo/ beautiful & v>i$ ramifications1 are e :]e to be met ) 9 ! cab9ets ( ! curi\s2 & conta91 9 _! /ructure1 ! cle>e/ pro(1 t ! metal & ! qu>tz h be5 bo? s(t1 & h cry/alliz$ toge!r4 ,by ! compactness1 also1 ( ! body :i* !y =m1 !y %[1 t :5 !y acquir$ solidity1 x 0 by ! concretion ( ! :ole mass1 & n by su* p>tial concretion z takes place :5 a solv5t is sep>at$ f sub/ances :i* x held 9 solution4 #eb4 ,native copp] is v abundant2 & "s specim5s ( x h be5 f\nd cry/alliz$4 ,"h ! cry/allization ( ! metal is a pro( t x has pass$ f a fluid to a solid /ate2 & its purity is a pro( t x did n make t transition by be+ precipitat$ f a m5/ruum4 #ec4 ,aga91 pieces ( native manganese h be5 f\nd possess+ s exactly ! *>act]s peculi> to t metal :5 r$uc$ 9 our furnaces1 t x is impossible to consid] !m z d]iv+ _! figure & solidity f any cause b fusion4 ,! +5i\s au?or :o describes ^! specim5s1 ,la ,peyr\se1 0 s =cibly /ruck ) ?is resemblance1 t he imm$iately drew ! same conclusion f x :i* is drawn "h1 attribut+ ! only diff]5ce1 :i* he rem>k$ betwe5 ! native & ! artificial regulus1 to ! diff]5t en]gy ) :i* ! same ag5t works :5 employ$ by nature & by art4#ag ,footnote #ag3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #fh4 ,j\rnal de ,phys4 ,janvi]1 #aghf4 #ed4 ,all ^! appe>ances conspire to prove1 t ! mat]ials :i* fill ! m9]al ve9s 7 melt$ by heat1 & =cibly inject$1 9 t /ate1 into ! clefts & fissures ( ! /rata4 ,^! fissures we mu/ conceive to h aris51 n m]ely f ! %r9k+ ( ! /rata :ile !y acquir$ h>dness & solidity1 b f ! viol5ce done to !m1 :5 !y 7 heav$ up & elevat$ 9 ! mann] :i* has already be5 expla9$4#ah ,footnote #ah3 ,,note ,,xiii4 #ee4 ,:5 ^! suppositions are once admitt$1 ! o!r lead+ facts 9 ! hi/ory ( metallic ve9s w be readily acc\nt$ =4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 x is evid5t to :at we mu/ ascribe ! fragm5ts ( ! surr\nd+ rock t are (t5 f\nd imm]s$ 9 ! ve9s1 & encompass$ on all sides by cry/alliz$ sub/ances4 ,^! fragm5ts be+ no d\bt deta*$ by ! concussion1 :i* at once tore asund] & elevat$ ! /rata1 7 su/a9$ by ! melt$ matt] t fl[$ at ! same "t upw>d ?r\gh ! ve94 ,l>ge masses ( rock are (t5 f\nd 9 ?is mann] completely insulat$2 "o ( ^!1 :i* ,m4 ,de ,luc has describ$ ) great accuracy1 is no less ?an a va/ segm5t ( a m\nta94#ai ,footnote #ai3 ,lettres ,physiques1 c4 tom4 iii4 ,p4 #cfa4 #ef4 ,! imm5se viol5ce :i* has accompani$ ! =mation ( m9]al ve9s1 is p>ticul>ly m>k$ by ! slips & %ifts ( ! /rata on ea* side ( !m all t5d+ to %[ :at mighty *anges h tak5 place 9 ^? regions1 :i* our imag9ation errone\sly pa9ts z ! abode ( ev]la/+ sil5ce & re/4 ,?is %ift+ ( ! /rata is be/ obs]v$1 :]e ! ve9s make a transv]se section ( b$s ( rock1 consid]ably incl9$ to ! horizon4 ,!re x is common to see ! b$s on "o side ( ! ve9 slipp$ along f ! correspond+ b$s on ! o!r side1 & remov$ sometimes 9 a horizontal1 sometimes 9 an oblique direction4 ,9 ?is way1 n only ! /rata are %ift$1 b ve9s1 :i* int]sect "o ano!r1 are also %ift$ !mselves4 ,!y are heav$1 z x is call$ 9 ! significant language ( ! m9]s1 & =c$ out ( _! direction4 ,x is impossible1 9 su* a case1 b to connect 9 ! m9d ! =mation ( ! ve91 & ! production ( ! slips :i* accompany x1 & to reg>d !m z p>ts ( ! same ph5om5on4 #eg4 ,:]e ^! slips are horizontal1 & exhibit great bodies ( /rata c>ri$ f _! place1 :ile ! p>ts ( ! transf]r$ mass rema9 undi/urb$ relatively to "o ano!r1 !y furni% a de> pro(1 t ?is *ange ( plaice has n aris5 f ! fall+ 9 ( ! ro(s ( cav]ns1 z "s geologi/s suppose4 ,! horizontal direction1 & ! regul>ity ( ! movem5t1 are incompatible ) ! action ( su* a cause z ?is2 & inde$ x is highly int]e/+ to rem>k1 9 ! mid/ ( ! signs ( di/urbance :i* prevail 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 t !re reigns a c]ta9 symmetry & ord]1 :i* indicate ! action ( a =ce ( incr$ible magnitude1 b sl[ & gradual 9 its effects4 ,! p>ts ( ! mass mov$ are undi/urb$ relatively to "o ano!r2 :at has be5 brok5 has be5 cem5t$2 ! brea*es ( cont9uity h be5 fill$ up & heal$2 & e :]e we see ! op]ation ( a cause t c\ld unite z well z sep>ate4 ,! tw(old action ( heat to exp& & to melt1 c\ld sc>ce be po9t$ out m cle>ly by any sy/em ( appe>ances4 #eh4 ,z a long p]iod 0 no d\bt requir$ = ! elevation ( ! /rata1 ! r5ts made 9 !m are n all ( ! same date1 nor ! ve9s all ( ! same =mation4 ,?is is cle> 9 ! case ( "o ve9 produc+ a %ift or slip 9 ano!r2 = ! ve9 :i* =ces ! o!r out ( its place1 & pres]ves its own direction1 is evid5tly ! m rec5t ( ! two1 & mu/ h _h its mat]ials 9 a /ate ( activity1 :5 ^? ( ! o!r 7 in]t4 ,sometimes1 also1 at ! int]section ( two ve9s1 we may trace ! curr5t ( ! mat]ials ( ! "o1 across ^? ( ! o!r2 & "h1 ( consequ5ce1 ! relative antiquity is det]m9$ j z 9 ! =m] in/ance4 #ei4 ,! want ( any appe>ance ( /ratification 9 m9]al ve9s has already be5 tak5 notice (4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$1 9 _m in/ances1 a t5d5cy to a regul> arrangem5t ( ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 !m2 ^? ( ! same k9d =m+ coats p>allel to ! sides ( ! ve91 & ne>ly ( an equal ?ickness4 ,?is ph5om5on is consid]$ z "o ( ! /ronge/ argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,neptunian sy/em1 b has no?+ 9 x1 9 ! lea/ incompatible ) t !ory :i* ascribes ! =mation ( ve9s to ! action ( subt]rane\s heat4 ,:5 melt$ matt] f ! m9]al regions 0 ?r[n up into ! ve9s1 t :i* 0 ne>e/ to ! sides w\ld soone/ lose its heat4 ,! simil> sub/ances1 also1 w\ld unite :ile ?is process 0 go+ =w>d1 & w\ld cry/allize1 z 9 o!r cases ( congelation1 f ! sides t[>d ! int]ior4 ,!re is ! m reason = suppos+ ?is to h be5 ! case1 t ! same sort ( coat+ is (t5 obs]v$ on ! inside ( close cavities1 :i* are1 nev]!less1 s con/ruct$1 z to af=d a demon/ration t no *emical solv5t 0 ev] includ$ 9 !m1 7 #gd47 ,"s ve9s1 x mu/ also be consid]$1 may h be5 fill$ by successive injections ( melt$ matt]1 & ?is w\ld naturally give rise to a v>iety ( sep>ate incru/ations4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,see "s f>!r rem>ks on ?is subject at ,,note ,,xiii4 #fj4 ,9 ! view n[ giv5 ( metallic ve9s1 !y h be5 consid]$ z trav]s+ only ! /ratifi$ p>ts ( ! globe4 ,!y d1 h[ev]1 occasionally int]sect ! un/ratifi$ p>ts1 p>ticul>ly ! granite1 ! same ve9 (t5 cont9u+ its c\rse across rocks ( bo? k9ds1 )\t suff]+ any mat]ial *ange2 &1 if we h hi!rto paid no att5tion to ?is circum/ance1 x is because ! ord] pursu$ 9 ?is essay requir$1 t ! relation ( ! ve9s to /ratifi$ bodies %\ld be fir/ treat$ (4 ,besides1 ! facts 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ve9s1 :e!r conta9$ 9 /ratifi$ or un/ratifi$ rocks1 are s ne>ly alike1 t 9 a g5]al view ( geology1 !y d n require to be di/+ui%$4 ,x is mat]ial to rem>k1 t1 ?\gh metallic ve9s are f\nd indiscrim9ately 9 all ! diff]5t k9ds ( rock1 :e!r /ratifi$ or o!rwise1 !y are mo/ abundant 9 ! class ( prim>y s*i/i4 ,all ! c\ntries mo/ rem>kable = _! m9es1 & ! m\nta9s di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( metallif]\s1 are prim>y1 & ! in/ance ( ,d]by%ire is p]haps ! mo/ consid]able exception to ?is rule t is kn[n4 ,?is pref]5ce1 :i* ! metals appe> to give to ! prim>y /rata1 is v consi/5t ) ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 :i* repres5ts ! rocks ( t ord] z be+ mo/ *ang$ f _! orig9al position1 & ^? on :i* ! di/urb+ =ces ( ! subt]rane\s regions h act$ mo/ frequ5tly1 & ) greate/ en]gy4 ,! prim>y /rata are ! l[e/1 also1 & h ! mo/ direct communication ) ^? regions f :i* ! m9]al ve9s d]ive all _! ri*es4 #b4 ,( ,:9/one4 #fa4 ,beside ! ve9s fill$ ) sp>1 & conta9+ ! metallic ores1 ! /rata are int]sect$ by ve9s ( :9/one1 porphyry1 & granite1 ! *>act]s ( :i* are next to be exam9$4 ,! t]m :91 or :9/one1 ) ,dr4 ,hutton1 l ! ^w trap1 ) ! ,g]man m9]alogi/s1 d5otes a class ( /ones1 compreh5d+ sev]al di/9ct species1 or at lea/ v>ieties4 ,! common basalt1 ! wack51 mull51 & crag ( ,kirwan1 ! grn/e9 ( ,w]n]1 & ! amygdaloid1 are compreh5d$ "u ! "n ( :94 ,all ^! /ones h a t5d5cy to a spa?ose /ructure1 & discov] at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( cry/allization4 ,!y are1 at ! same "t1 )\t any m>k ( /ratification 9 _! int]nal texture1 z !y are also1 = ! mo/ "p1 9 _! outw>d configuration2 &1 z ! diff]5t species "h enum]at$ compose1 n unfrequ5tly1 p>ts ( ! same cont9u\s rock1 ! *ange f "o to ano!r be+ made ?r\gh a s]ies ( ins5sible gradations1 !y may safely be reg>d$ by ! geologi/ z belong+ to ! same g5us4 #fb4 ,:91 ?\gh n /ratifi$1 exi/s 9 two diff]5t ways1 t is1 ei!r 9 ve9s1 7call$ 9 ,scotl& dykes17 trav]s+ ! /rata l ! ve9s already describ$1 or 9 irregul> masses1 incumb5t on ! /rata1 & sometimes int]pos$ betwe5 !m4 ,9 bo? ^! =ms1 :9/one has ne>ly ! same *>act]s1 & be>s1 9 all its v>ieties1 a mo/ /rik+ resemblance to ! lavas :i* h actually fl[$ f volcanoes on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is resemblance is s great1 t ! two sub/ances h be5 (t5 mi/ak5 = "o ano!r2 & _m rocks1 :i* h be5 pron\nc$ to be ! rema9s ( ext+ui%$ volcanoes1 by m9]alogi/s ( no inconsid]able "n1 h be5 f\nd1 on clos] exam9ation1 to be no?+ else ?an masses or ve9s ( :9/one4 ,?is latt] /one is inde$ only to be di/+ui%$ f ! =m]1 by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! int]nal *>act]s ( bo?2 & *iefly f ?is circum/ance1 t :9/one (t5 conta9s calc>e\s sp> & zeolite1 :]eas nei!r ( ^! sub/ances is f\nd 9 su* lavas1 z are c]ta9ly kn[n to h be5 ?r[n out by volcanic explosions4 ,n[1 f ^! circum/ances ( aff9ity betwe5 lava & :9/one1 on ! "o h&1 & ( div]sity on ! o!r1 z ! =mation ( ! "o is kn[n1 x %\ld seem t "s probable conclusion may be drawn conc]n+ ! =mation ( ! o!r4 ,! aff9ity 9 "q is con/ant & ess5tial2 ! diff]5ce v>iable & accid5tal2 & ?is naturally leads to suspect1 t ! two /ones h ! same orig92 & t1 z lava is c]ta9ly a production ( fire1 s probably is :9/one4 #fc4 ,b1 9 ord] to see :e!r ?is hypo!sis w expla9 ! div]sity ( ! two sub/ances1 )\t :i* x w n be entitl$ to mu* att5tion1 we mu/ rem>k1 t ! pres5ce ( c>bonate ( lime 9 a body t has be5 fus$1 argues1 agreeably to ! pr9ciples =m]ly expla9$1 t ! fusion 0 br\ght ab\t "u a great compress+ =ce1 t is to say1 deep 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 or 9 ! great laboratory ( ! m9]al regions4 ,we are1 !re=e1 to suppose t ! fusion ( ! :9 0 p]=m$ 9 ^? regions1 :]e ! compression 0 suffici5t to pres]ve ! c>bonic gas 9 union ) ! calc>e\s e>?1 s t ^! two sub/ances melt$ toge!r1 &1 on cool+1 cry/alliz$ into sp>4 ,9 ! lavas1 aga91 ?r[n out by volcanic eruption1 ! fusion1 z we "k1 :]ev] x may beg91 cont9ues 9 ! op5 air1 :]e ! pressure is only t ( ! atmosph]e3 ! calc>e\s e>?1 :i*1 !re=e1 may h be51 9 ! =m ( a c>bonate1 among ! mat]ials ( ?is lava1 mu/ be conv]t$ into quicklime1 & become infusible2 h5ce ! want ( calc>e\s sp> 9 lavas t h fl[$ at ! surface4 ,?us1 :9/one is to be acc\nt$ a subt]rane\s1 or un]upt$ lava2 & our !ory has ! advantage ( expla9+ bo? ! aff9ity & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! /ony bodies1 )\t ! introduction ( any new hypo!sis4 ,9 ! ,neptunian sy/em1 ! aff9ity ( :9/one & lava is a p>adox :i* admits ( no solution4 #fd4 ,! column> /ructure sometimes f\nd 9 t species ( :9/one call$ basaltes1 is a fact :i* has giv5 rise to mu* discussion2 & x mu/ be confess$1 t ?\gh "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & peculi> *>act]s ( ?is fossil1 x is n t :i* gives ! cle>e/ & mo/ direct in=mation conc]n+ its orig94 ,"o circum/ance1 h[ev]1 v mu* 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion t basaltic rocks owe _! =mation to fire1 is1 t ! column> =m is sometimes assum$ by ! lava actually erupt$ f volcanoes4 ,n[1 x is c]ta9ly ( no small importance1 to h ! syn!tic argum5t on our side1 & to "k1 t basaltic columns c be produc$ by fire2 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 to give absolute c]ta9ty to our conclusion1 x w\ld be necess>y to %[1 t !re are 9 nature no o!r means b ?is by :i* ^! columns c be =m$4 ,?is sort ( evid5ce is h>dly to be look$ =2 b s9ce ! p[] ( fusion1 to produce ! ph5om5a 9 "q1 is p]fectly e/abli%$1 & s9ce ! production ( ! same ph5om5a 9 ! humid way is a m]e hypo!sis1 if !re be ! lea/ reason to suspect ! action ( subt]rane\s heat z "o ( ! causes ( m9]alization1 e maxim ( s\nd philosophy requires t ! basaltic /ructure1 9 all cases1 %\ld be ascrib$ to x4 #fe4 ,! ,neptuni/s w no d\bt allege1 ) ,,b]gman1 t1 9 ! dry+ ( />*1 clay1 & a few o!r sub/ances1 some?+ analog\s to basaltic columns is produc$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a mo/ important diff]5ce is to be rem>k$1 correspond+ v exactly to "o ( ! *>act]s :i* we h all along obs]v$ to di/+ui% ! products ( aque\s1 f ^? ( igne\s consolidation4 ,! columns =m$ by ! sub/ances j m5tion$1 are di/ant f "o ano!r3 !y are sep>at$ by fissures :i* wid5 f ! bottom to ! top1 & :i* arise f ! %r9k+ & dry+ ( ! mass4 ,9 ! basaltic columns1 no su* op5+s1 nor vacuity ( any k9d is f\nd2 ! pill>s are 9 contact1 &1 ?\gh p]fectly di/9ct1 are s close1 t ! %>p edge ( a w$ge c h>dly be introduc$ betwe5 !m4 ,?is is a great peculi>ity 9 ! basaltic /ructure1 & is /rongly expressive ( ?is fact1 t ! mass 0 all fluid toge!r1 & t its p>ts took _! new arrangem5t1 n 9 consequ5ce ( ! sep>ation ( a fluid f a solid "p1 by :i* great %r9k+ & mu* empty space might be produc$2 b 9 consequ5ce ( a cause :i*1 l refrig]ation1 act$ equally on all ! p>ts ( ! mass1 & pres]v$ _! absolute contact aft] _! fluidity _h ceas$4 #ff4 ,a m>k ( fusion1 or at lea/ ( ! op]ation ( heat1 :i* :9/one possesses 9 common ) _m o!r m9]als1 is its be+ p5etrat$ by pyrites1 a sub/ance1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 t is ( all o!rs mo/ exclusively ! production ( fire4 ,ano!r m>k ( fusion1 m di/9ctive ( :91 is1 t bo? 9 ve9s & 9 masses x sometimes includes pieces ( s&/one1 or ( ! o!r contigu\s /rata1 completely insulat$1 & hav+ ! appe>ance ( fragm5ts ( rock1 float+ 9 a fluid suffici5tly d5se & pond]\s to su/a9 _! weight4 ,?\gh ^! fragm5ts h be5 too refractory to be r$uc$ into fusion !mselves1 !y h n rema9$ entirely un*ang$1 b are1 9 g5]al1 extremely indurat$1 9 comp>ison ( ! rock f :i* !y appe> to h be5 deta*$4 #fg4 ,simil> in/ances ( extraord9>y induration are obs]v$ 9 ! p>ts ( ! /rata 9 contact ) :9/one1 :e!r !y =m ! sides ( ! ve9s1 or ! floors1 & ro(s ( ! masses into :i* ! :9/one is di/ribut$4 ,! /rata :e!r s&y or argillace\s1 9 su* situations1 are usually extremely h>d & consolidat$2 ! =m] 9 p>ticul> lose _! granulat$ texture1 & are sometimes conv]t$ into p]fect jasp]4 ,?is int]e/+ rem>k 0 fir/ made by ,dr ,hutton1 & ! tru? ( x has be5 v]ifi$ by a great numb] ( subsequ5t obs]vations4 #fh4 ,to ! same excell5t geologi/ we are indebt$ = ! k ( an analog\s fact1 att5dant on ! passage ( :9/one ve9s ?r\gh coal /rata4 ,z ! b$s ( /one :]e !y are 9 contact ) ve9s ( :91 seem to acquire additional induration1 s ^? ( coal1 9 l circum/ances1 are frequ5tly f\nd to h lo/ _! fusibility1 & to be r$uc$ ne>ly to ! condition ( coke1 or ( *>coal4 ,! exi/5ce ( coal ( ?is k9d has be5 already m5tion$1 & consid]$ z a pro( ( ! op]ation ( subt]rane\s heat4 ,9 ! in/ances "h ref]r$ to1 t is1 :]e ! *>r+ ( ! coal is limit$ to ^? p>ts ( ! /rata :i* are 9 contact ) ! :91 or 9 its imm$iate vic9ity1 ! heat is po9t$ out z resid+ 9 ! ve92 & ?is is to be acc\nt$ = only on ! supposition ( ! melt$ :91 at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! consolidation ( ! coal1 hav+ fl[$ ?r\gh ! op5+s ( ! /rata4 ,! heat has be5 p[]ful en\gh1 9 _m cases1 to drive (f ! bitum9\s matt] ( ! coal1 & to =ce x into cold] & m di/ant p>ts4 ,few facts1 9 ! hi/ory ( fossils1 are m rem>kable ?an ?is1 & none m directly assimilates ! op]ations ( ! m9]al regions1 ) ^? t take place at ! surface ( ! e>?4 #fi4 ,aga91 ! di/urbance ( ! /rata1 :]ev] ve9s ( :9/one ab\nd1 if n a direct pro( ( ! orig9al fluidity ( ! :9/one1 is a cle> indication ( ! viol5ce ) :i* x 0 introduc$ into its place4 ,?is di/urbance ( ! position ( ! /rata1 by %ift+1 unusual elevation1 & o!r irregul>ities1 :]e !y are int]sect$ by :9/one ve9s1 is a fact s well kn[n to m9]s1 t :5 !y meet ) any sudd5 *ange 9 ! ly+ ( ! metals1 !y are wont to =etell _! approa* to masses1 or ve9s ( un/ratifi$ matt]2 &1 9 _! figurative language1 po9t !m out z ! causes ( ! confusion ) :i* !y are s g5]ally accompani$4#ba ,! m9]al ve9s likewise1 z well z ! /rata1 are (t5 heav$ & %ift$ by ! ve9s ( :9/one4 ,footnote #ba3 ,a ,tr\ble is ! "n :i* ! colli]s 9 ?is c\ntry give to a ve9 ( :9/one4 #gj4 ,:9/one ( e species is f\nd frequ5tly int]pos$ 9 tabul> masses1 betwe5 b$s ( /ratifi$ rocks2 & x !n adds to ! indications ( its igne\s orig91 already enum]at$1 "s o!rs t are peculi> to x :5 9 ?is situation4 ,9 su* in/ances1 x is n uncommon to f9d ! /rata 9 "s places1 contigu\s to ! :91 elevat$1 & b5t ) _! concavity upw>d1 s t !y appe> cle>ly to h be5 act$ on by a =ce t proce$$ f bel[1 at ! same "t t !y 7 s(t5$1 & r5d]$ 9 "s degree flexible3 x is ne$less to rem>k1 t ^! effects c be expla9$ by no?+ b ! fusion ( ! :92 & t ! great =ce ) :i* x 0 impell$ aga9/ ! /rata1 c\ld be produc$ by no cause b heat1 act+ 9 ! mann] t is "h suppos$4 #ga4 ,aga91 if x be true t ! masses ( :91 ?us int]pos$ among ! /rata1 7 introduc$ !re1 aft] ! =mation ( ! latt]1 we might expect to f9d1 at lea/ 9 _m in/ances1 t ! b$s on :i* ! :9/one re/s1 & ^? by :i* x is cov]$1 are exactly alike4 ,if ^! b$s 7 once contigu\s1 & h be5 only heav$ up & sep>at$ by ! irruption ( a fluid mass ( subt]rane\s lava1 _! id5tity %\ld /ill be recognis$4 ,n[1 ?is is precisely :at is obs]v$2 x is kn[n to hold 9 a va/ numb] ( in/ances1 & is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! rock ( ,salisbury ,crag1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,?is simil>ity ( ! /rata t cov] ! masses ( :9/one1 to ^? t s]ve z ! base on :i* !y re/1 & aga9 ! dissimilitude ( bo? to ! int]pos$ mass1 are facts :i* ,i ?9k c h>dly receive any explanation1 on ! pr9ciples ( ! ,neptunian !ory4 ,if ^! rocks1 bo? /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$1 are to be reg>d$ z productions ( ! sea1 ! circum/ances w\ld require to be po9t$ out1 :i* h det]m9$ ! :9/one1 & ! b$s t are all r\nd x1 to be s extremely unlike 9 _! /ructure1 ?\gh =m$ at ! same "t1 & 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( "o ano!r2 z also ^? circum/ances1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* det]m9$ ! /ratifi$ deposits above & bel[ ! :9/one1 to be precisely ! same1 ?\gh ! times ( _! =mation mu/ h be5 v diff]5t4 ,! homog5e\s sub/ances1 ?us1 plac$ at a di/ance1 & ! het]og5e\s br\ght s closely toge!r1 are ph5om5a equally unacc\ntable1 9 a !ory t ascribes _! orig9 to ! op]ation ( ! same elem5t1 & t necess>ily dates _! =mation accord+ to ! ord] 9 :i* !y lie1 "o above ano!r4 #gb4 ,if1 inde$1 9 ^! in/ances1 ! gradation 7 ins5sible1 z "s h ass]t$ x to be1 betwe5 ! /rata & ! int]pos$ mass1 s t x 0 impossible to po9t out ! l9e :]e ! "o end$ & ! o!r began1 :atev] difficulties we might p]ceive 9 ! ,neptunian !ory1 we %\ld f9d x h>d to sub/itute a bett] 9 its room4 ,b ! tru? seems to be1 t1 9 ! cases we are n[ treat+ (1 no su* gradation exi/s2 & t1 ?\gh :]e ! two k9ds ( rock come into contact a *ange is (t5 obs]v$1 by ! /rata hav+ acquir$ an additional degree ( induration1 yet ! l9e ( sep>ation is well def9$1 & c be precisely asc]ta9$4 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t innum]able specim5s1 exhibit+ su* l9es ( sep>ation1 are to be met )2 & :]ev] c>e has be5 tak5 to obta9 a fre% fracture ( ! /one1 & to remove ! effects ( accid5tal causes1 ev5 :]e ! two rocks are mo/ firmly unit$1 & mo/ closely assimilat$1 ,i am p]suad$ t no unc]ta9ty has ev] rema9$ z to ! l9e ( _! sep>ation4 ,= ^! reasons1 x seems probable t ! gradual transition ( basaltes into ! adjo9+ /rata1 is 9 all cases imag9>y1 & is1 9 tru?1 a m]e illusion1 proce$+ f ha/y & inaccurate obs]vation4 #gc4 ,ano!r rem>kable fact 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! :9/one rocks1 rema9s yet to be m5tion$1 & ) x ,i %all conclude ! argum5t1 z f> z ^! rocks are conc]n$4 ,"s ( ! species ( :9/one are ! common matrices ( agates & *alc$onies1 :i* lie inclos$ 9 !m 9 ! =m ( r\nd nodules4 ,! orig9al fluidity ( ^! nodules is ev9c$ by _! figur$1 & sometimes cry/alliz$ /ructure1 & inde$ is s g5]ally admitt$1 t ! only "q conc]n+ !m is1 :e!r ?is fluidity 0 ! effect ( heat or ( solution4 ,to answ] ?is "q1 ,dr ,hutton obs]ves1 t ! =mation ( ! conc5tric coats1 ( :i* ! agate is usually compos$1 has evid5tly proce$$ f ! circumf]5ce t[>d ! c5tre1 ! ext]ior coats always impress+ ! int]ior1 b nev] ! rev]se4 ,! same ?+ also foll[s f ?is o!r fact1 t :5 !re is any vacuity )9 ! agate1 x is usually at ! c5tre1 & !re too are f\nd ! regul> cry/als1 :5 any su* h be5 =m$4 ,x !re=e appe>s c]ta91 t ! progress ( consolidation has be5 f ! circumf]5ce inw>ds1 & t ! outw>d coats ( ! agate 7 ! fir/ to acquire solidity & h>dness4 #gd4 ,n[1 x mu/ be consid]$ t ^! coats are highly consolidat$2 t !y are ( v pure silice\s matt]1 & are utt]ly imp]vi\s to e sub/ance :i* we "k (1 except light & heat4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t :atev] at any "t1 dur+ ! progress ( consolidation1 0 conta9$ )9 ! coats already =m$1 mu/ h rema9$ !re z long z ! agate 0 entire1 )\t ! lea/ possibility ( escape4 ,b no?+ is f\nd )9 ! coats ( ! agate save its own sub/ance2 !re=e1 no extrane\s sub/ance1 t is to say no solv5t1 0 ev] includ$ )9 !m4 ,! fluidity ( ! agate 0 !re=e simple1 & unassi/$ by any m5/ruum4 ,9 ?is argum5t1 no?+ appe>s to me want+1 t is necess>y to ! p]fection ( a physical1 ,i _h almo/ said ( a ma!matical1 demon/ration4 ,x seems1 inde$1 to be impossible t ! igne\s orig9 ( fossils c\ld be record$ 9 pla9] language1 ?an by ! ph5om5on :i* has j be5 describ$4 #ge4 ,! exam9ation ( p>ticul> specim5s ( agates & *alc$onies1 af=ds _m m argum5ts ( ! same k9d1 :i* ,dr ,hutton us$ to d$uce ) an acut5ess & vivacity1 :i* 8 fri5ds h (t5 li/5$ to ) great admiration & delight4#bb ,^!1 h[ev]1 mu/ be pass$ ov] at pres5t2 & ,i h only fur!r to rem>k1 t a s]ies ( ! mo/ int]e/+ exp]im5ts1 in/itut$ by ,sir ,,james ,,hall1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh1#bc has remov$ ! only rema9+ objection t c\ld be urg$ aga9/ ! igne\s orig9 ( :9/one4 ,?is objection is f\nd$ on ! common obs]vation1 t :5 a piece ( :9/one or basaltes is actually melt$ 9 a crucible1 on cool+1 x becomes glass1 & loses its orig9al "* entirely2 & f !nce x 0 conclud$1 t ?is "* _h n be5 orig9ally produc$ by fusion4 ,! exp]im5ts above m5tion$1 h[ev]1 h %[n1 9 ! mo/ satisfactory mann]1 t melt$ :91 by regulat$ or by sl[ cool+1 is prev5t$ f assum+ ! appe>ance ( glass1 & becomes a /ony sub/ance1 h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f :9/one or lava4 ,footnote #bb3 ,,note ,,xvi4 ,footnote #bc3 vol4 v4 p4 #dc4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ano!r +5i\s *emi/1 ,dr ,,k5n$y1 h %[n1 t :9/one conta9s m9]al alkali1 by :i*1 ( c\rse1 its fusion mu/ h be5 assi/$4#bd ,dr ,hutton us$ to ascribe its fusibility1 9 a great measure at lea/1 to ! quantity ( iron conta9$ 9 x3 bo? ^! causes h no d\bt unit$ to r5d] x m easily melt$ ?an ! ord9>y mat]ials ( ! /rata4 ,footnote #bd3 ,trans4 ,r4 ,s4 ,ed94 vol4 v4 p4 #he4 #gf4 ,9 a ^w1 !re=e1 to conceive aright ! orig9 ( t class ( un/ratifi$ rocks1 di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( :9/one1 we mu/ suppose1 t long aft] ! consolidation ( ! /rata1 & dur+ ! "t ( _! elevation1 ! mat]ials ( ! =m] 7 melt$ by ! =ce ( subt]rane\s heat1 & inject$ among ! r5ts & fissures ( ! rocks already =m$4 ,9 ?is mann] 7 produc$ ! ve9s or dikes ( :9/one2 &1 :]e circum/ances all[$ ! /ream ( melt$ matt] to diffuse itself m widely1 tabul> masses 7 =m$1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds rais$ up1 toge!r ) ! surr\nd+ /rata1 above ! level ( ! sea1 & h be5 s9ce laid op5 by ! op]ation ( ^? causes t cont9ually *ange & wa/e ! surface ( ! l&4 ,^! un/ratifi$ rocks are n1 h[ev]1 all ! "w ( ! same p]iod2 !y diff] evid5tly 9 ! date ( _! =mation1 & x is n unusual1 to f9d tabul> masses ( "o species ( :91 int]sect$ by ve9s ( ano!r species4 ,inde$1 ( all ! fossil bodies :i* compose ! pres5t l&1 ! ve9s ( :9 appe> to be ! mo/ rec5tly consolidat$4#be ,footnote #be3 ,,note ,,xiv4 ,porphyry may s prop]ly be reg>d$ z a v>iety ( :91 di/+ui%$ only by involv+ cry/alliz$ feldsp>1 t1 9 a geological sket* l ! pres5t1 x is h>dly entitl$ to a sep>ate article4 ,l ! o!r k9ds ( :91 x exi/s bo? 9 ve9s & 9 tabul> masses1 hav+1 no d\bt1 an orig9 simil> to t :i* has j be5 describ$4 ,porphyry1 h[ev]1 has ! peculi>ity ( be+ r>ely f\nd 9 any b ! prim>y /rata2 x seems to be ! :9/one ( ! old _w1 or at lea/ t :i* is ( ! highe/ antiquity 9 ! pres5t4 ,x no :]e1 ,i believe1 assumes a column>1 or basaltic appe>ance1 ( any regul>ity2 b ?is is also true ( _m o!r v>ieties ( :91 ( all1 inde$1 except ! mo/ compact & homog5e\s4 ,^! diff]5ces are n s consid]able z to require our ent]+ into any p>ticul> detail conc]n+ ! natural hi/ory ( ?is fossil4 #c4 ,granite4 #gg4 ,! t]m ,granite is us$ by ,dr ,hutton to signify an aggregate /one1 9 :i* qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica are f\nd di/9ct f "o ano!r1 & n dispos$ 9 lay]s4 ,! addition ( hornbl5de1 s*orl1 or g>net1 to ! ?ree +r$i5ts j m5tion$1 is n und]/ood to alt] ! g5us ( ! /one1 b only to con/itute a specific diff]5ce1 :i* x is ! bus9ess ( li?ology to m>k by "s appropriate "*1 annex$ to ! g5]ic "n ( granite4 ,! fossil n[ def9$ exi/s1 l :9/one & porphyry1 bo? 9 masses & 9 ve9s1 ?\gh mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! =m]4 ,x is l !m un/ratifi$ 9 its texture1 & is reg>d$ "h1 z be+ also un/ratifi$ 9 its outw>d /ructure4#bf ,"o +r$i5t :i* is ess5tial to granite1 namely1 qu>tz1 is n conta9$ 9 :9/one2 & ?is circum/ance s]ves to di/+ui% ^! g5]a f "o ano!r1 ?\gh1 9 o!r respects1 !y seem to be unit$ by a *a9 ( ins5sible gradations1 f ! mo/ homog5e\s basaltes1 to granite ! mo/ highly cry/alliz$4 ,footnote #bf3 ,^? rocks t consi/ ( ! +r$i5ts "h enum]at$1 if !y h at ! same "t a s*i/ose texture1 or a disposition into lay]s1 are prop]ly di/+ui%$ f granite1 & call$ ,gneiss1 or ,granitic ,s*i/us4 ,b x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r a /one does n exi/ compos$ ( ^! +r$i5ts1 & de/itute ( a s*i/ose texture1 b yet divid$ into l>ge b$s1 visible 9 its ext]nal =m4 ,dr ,hutton supposes su* a /one n to exi/1 or at lea/ n to con/itute any su* proportion ( ! m9]al k+dom1 z to entitle x to p>ticul> consid]ation1 9 ! g5]al speculations ( geology4 ,:e!r ?is supposition is p]fectly correct1 may require to be f>!r consid]$3 ?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta91 t a rock1 9 all respects con=mable to x1 composes a great proportion ( :at are usually call$ ! granite m\nta9s4 ,see ,,note ,,xv4 #gh4 ,granite1 x has be5 j said1 exi/s mo/ commonly 9 masses2 & ^! masses are r>ely1 if ev]1 incumb5t on any o!r rock3 !y are ! basis on :i* o!rs re/1 & seem1 = ! mo/ "p1 to rise up f "u ! anci5t1 or prim>y /rata4 ,! granite1 !re=e1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 is inf]ior to e o!r rock2 & z x also composes _m ( ! greate/ m\nta9s1 x has ! peculi>ity ( be+ elevat$ ! highe/ into ! atmosph]e1 & sunk ! deepe/ "u ! surface1 ( all ! m9]al sub/ances ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,not)/&+ ! circum/ance ( n be+ alt]nat$ ) /ratifi$ bodies1 :i* con/itutes a rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 granite & :9/one1 ! aff9ity ( ^! fossils is su* z to make ! simil>ity ( _! orig9 by no means improbable4 ,accord+ly1 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 granite is reg>d$ z a /one ( m rec5t =mation ?an ! /rata incumb5t on x2 z a sub/ance :i* has be5 melt$ by heat1 & :i*1 :5 =c$ up f ! m9]al regions1 has elevat$ ! /rata at ! same "t4 #gi4 ,t granite has und]gone a *ange f a fluid to a solid /ate1 is ev9c$ f ! cry/alliz$ /ructure 9 :i* "s ( its compon5t p>ts are usually f\nd4 ,?is cry/allization is p>ticul>ly to be rem>k$ ( ! feldsp>1 & also ( ! s*orl1 :]e !re is any admixture ( t sub/ance1 :e!r 9 sl5d] spicul1 or 9 l>g] masses4 ,! qu>tz itself is 9 "s cases cry/alliz$1 & is s1 p]haps1 m frequ5tly ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,! fluidity ( granite1 9 "s =m] p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 is s evid5t f ?is1 z to make x appe> s+ul> t x %\ld ev] h be5 consid]$ z a fossil t _h rema9$ always ! same1 & "o1 into ! orig9 ( :i* x 0 ne$less to inquire4 ,if ! regul> =ms ( cry/allization are n to be receiv$ z pro(s ( ! sub/ance to :i* !y belong hav+ pass$ f a fluid to a solid /ate1 nei!r are ! figures ( %ells & ( o!r suppos$ petrifactions1 to be tak5 z indications ( a passage f ! animal to ! m9]al k+dom2 s t !re is an end ( all geological !ories1 & ( all reason+s conc]n+ ! anci5t condition ( ! globe4 ,to an argum5t :i* /rikes equally at ! root ( all !ories1 x belongs n to ?is1 9 p>ticul>1 to make any reply4 #hj4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 consid] x z admitt$1 t ! mat]ials ( ! granite 7 orig9ally fluid2 &1 9 addition to ?is1 we ?9k x c easily be prov$1 t ?is fluidity 0 n t ( ! elem5ts tak5 sep>ately1 b ( ! entire mass4 ,?is la/ conclusion foll[s1 f ! /ructure ( ^? specim5s1 :]e "o ( ! sub/ances is impress$ by ! =ms :i* are peculi> to ano!r4 ,?us1 9 ! ,portsoy granite1#bg :i* ,dr ,hutton has s m9utely describ$1 ! qu>tz is impress$ by ! rhomboidal cry/als ( ! feldsp>1 & ! /one ?us =m$ is compact & highly consolidat$4 ,h5ce1 ?is granite is n a cong]ies ( p>ts1 :i*1 aft] be+ sep>ately =m$1 7 someh[ br\ght toge!r & agglut9at$2 b x is c]ta9 t ! qu>tz1 at lea/1 0 fluid :5 x 0 m\ld$ on ! feldsp>4 ,9 o!r granites1 ! impressions ( ! sub/ances on "o ano!r are obs]v$ 9 a diff]5t ord]1 & ! qu>tz gives its =m to ! feldsp>4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is m unusual2 ! qu>tz is commonly ! sub/ance :i* has receiv$ ! impressions ( all ! re/2 & ! spicul ( s*orl (t5 %oot bo? across x & ! feldsp>4 ,footnote #bg3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #ajd4 ,! +r$i5ts ( granite 7 !re=e fluid :5 mix$1 or at lea/ :5 9 contact ) "o ano!r4 ,n[1 ?is fluidity 0 n ! effect ( solution 9 a m5/ruum2 =1 9 t case1 "o k9d ( cry/al ought n to impress ano!r1 b ea* ( !m %\ld h its own peculi> %ape4 #ha4 ,! p]fect consolidation ( _m granites1 furni%es an argum5t to ! same effect4 ,=1 agreeably to :at 0 already obs]v$1 9 treat+ ( ! /rata1 a sub/ance1 :5 cry/alliz+1 or pass+ f a fluid to a solid /ate1 _c be free f porosity1 mu* less fill up completely a space ( a giv5 =m1 if1 at ! same "t1 any solv5t is sep>at$ f x2 because ! solv5t s sep>at$ w\ld /ill occupy a c]ta9 space1 &1 :5 remov$ by evaporation or o!rwise1 w\ld leave t space empty4 ,! p]fect adju/m5t1 !re=e1 ( ! %ape ( "o set ( cry/alliz+ bodies1 to ! %ape ( ano!r set1 z 9 ! ,portsoy granite1 & _! consolidation into "o mass1 is z /rong a pro( z c\ld be desir$1 t !y cry/alliz$ f a /ate ( simple fluidity1 su* z1 ( all kn[n causes1 heat alone is able to produce4 #hb4 ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 does n re/ on a s+le class ( facts4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 _m in/ances1 t :]e granite & /ratifi$ rocks1 su* z prim>y s*i/us1 are 9 contact1 ! latt] are p5etrat$ by ve9s ( ! =m]1 :i* trav]se !m 9 v>i\s directions4 ,^! ve9s are ( diff]5t dim5sions1 "s be+ ( ! bread? ( sev]al y>ds1 o!rs ( a few in*es1 or ev5 t5?s ( an in*2 !y dim9i% z !y rec$e f ! ma9 body ( ! granite1 to :i* !y are always firmly unit$1 con/itut+1 inde$1 a "p ( ! same cont9u$ rock4 ,^! ph5om5a1 :i* 7 fir/ di/9ctly obs]v$ by ,dr ,hutton1 are ( great importance 9 geology1 & af=d a cle> solution ( ! two *ief que/ions conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 granite & s*i/us4 ,z e ve9 mu/ be ( a date po/]ior to ! body 9 :i* x is conta9$1 x foll[s1 t ! s*i/us 0 n sup]-impos$ on ! granite1 aft] ! =mation ( ?is la/4 ,if x be argu$1 t ^! ve9s1 ?\gh po/]ior to ! s*i/i1 are also po/]ior to ! granite1 & 7 =m$ by ! infiltration ( wat] 9 :i* ! granite 0 dissolv$ or susp5d$2 x may be repli$1 #amo1 ,t ! p[] ( wat] to dissolve granite1 is a po/ulatum ( ! same k9d t we h s (t51 & = su* good reason1 refus$ to conc$e2 &1 #b;d1 ,t 9 _m in/ances ! ve9s proce$ f ! ma9 body ( ! granite upw>ds into ! s*i/us2 s t !y are 9 planes mu* elevat$ 9 respect ( ! horizon1 & h a direction q opposite to t :i* ! hypo!sis ( infiltration requires4 ,x rema9s c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! :ole mass ( granite1 & ! ve9s proce$+ f x1 are coeval1 & bo? ( lat] =mation ?an ! /rata4 ,n[1 ?is be+ e/abli%$1 & ! fluidity ( ! ve9s1 :5 !y p5etrat$ into ! s*i/us1 be+ obvi\s1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t ! :ole granite mass 0 also fluid at ! same "t4 ,b ?is c h be5 br\ght ab\t only by subt]rane\s heat1 :i* also impell$ ! melt$ matt] aga9/ ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 ) su* =ce z to raise !m f _! place1 & to give !m t highly incl9$ position 9 :i* !y are /ill support$ by ! granite1 aft] its fluidity has ceas$4 ,?us a conclusion1 r5d]$ probable by ! cry/allization ( granite1 is e/abli%$ beyond all contradiction by ! ph5om5a ( granitic ve9s4#bh ,footnote #bh3 ,,note ,,xv4 #hc4 ,) ! granite1 we %all consid] ! pro( ( ! igne\s orig9 ( all m9]al sub/ances z complet$4 ,^! sub/ances1 !re=e1 :e!r /ratifi$ or un/ratifi$1 owe _! consolidation to ! same cause1 ?\gh act+ ) diff]5t degrees ( en]gy4 ,! /ratifi$ h be5 9 g5]al only s(t5$ or p5etrat$ by melt$ matt]1 :]eas ! un/ratifi$ h be5 r$uc$ into p]fect fusion4 #hd4 ,9 ?is g5]al conclusion we may di/+ui% two p>ts1 :i*1 9 _! degree ( c]ta9ty1 diff] p]haps some:at f "o ano!r4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 & t :i* /&s highe/ 9 po9t ( evid5ce1 consi/s ( two propositions2 namely1 t ! fluidity :i* prec$$ ! consolidation ( m9]al sub/ances 0 ,,simple1 t is1 x did n arise f ! comb9ation ( ^! sub/ances ) any solv5t2 &1 next1 t aft] consolidation1 ^! bodies h be5 rais$ up by an expansive =ce act+ f bel[1 & h by t means be5 br\ght into _! pres5t situation4 ,^! two propositions seem to me to be support$ by all ! evid5ce t is necess>y to con/itute ! mo/ p]fect demon/ration4 #he4 ,! o!r "p ( ! g5]al conclusion1 t fire1 or m prop]ly heat1 0 ! cause ( ! fluidity ( ^! m9]al bodies1 & also ( _! subsequ5t elevation1 is n p]haps to be consid]$ z a tru? s fully demon/rat$ z ! two prec$+ propositions2 x is1 no d\bt1 a matt] ( ,,!ory2 or a portion ( "o ( ^? invisible *a9s by :i* m5 seek to connect 9 ! m9d ! /ate ( nature t is pres5t1 ) ! /ates ( x t are pa/2 & p>ticipates ( t unc]ta9ty f :i* our reason+s conc]n+ su* causes z are n direct objects ( p]ception1 are h>dly ev] exempt$4 ,t x p>ticipates ( ?is unc]ta9ty 9 a v slight degree1 w1 h[ev]1 be admitt$1 :5 x is consid]$ t ! cause assign$ has be5 prov$ suffici5t = ! effect2 t ! same is n true ( any o!r kn[n cause2 & t ?is !ory acc\nts1 ) s+ul> simplicity & precision1 = a sy/em ( facts s v>i\s & complex1 z t :i* is pres5t$ by ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe4 #hf4 ,nei!r c x be said t ! exi/5ce ( subt]rane\s heat is a pr9ciple assum$ )\t any evid5ce1 b t ( ! geological facts :i* x is int5d$ to expla93 on ! contr>y1 x is prov$ by ph5om5a )9 ! circle ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 namely1 ^? ( hot spr+s1 volcanoes1 & e>?quakes4 ,^! leave no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( heat1 & ( a mov+ & expansive p[]1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 s t ! only que/ions are1 at :at dep? is ?is p[] lodg$8 to :at ext5t1 & ) :at int5sity1 does x act8 ,t x is lodg$ at a v consid]able dep?1 is r5d]$ probable by ! p]man5cy ( "s ( ! prec$+ ph5om5a3 f ! e>lie/ times _m f\nta9s h reta9$ _! heat to ! pres5t day2 & volcanoes1 ?\gh !y become ext+ui%$ at l5g?1 h a v long p]iod allott$ = _! duration4 ,! cause ( e>?quakes is c]ta9ly a =ce t resides v deep "u ! surface1 o!rwise ! ext5t ( ! concussion c\ld n be su* z has be5 obs]v$ 9 _m in/ances4 #hg4 ,! int5sity ( volcanic fire1 is ano!r circum/ance t fav\rs ! op9ion ( its be+ seat$ deep "u ! surface4 ,t ?is int5sity is consid]able1 is c]ta9 f ! exp]im5ts made by ,sir ,james ,hall on ! fusibility ( :9/one & lava2 f :i* x appe>s1 t ! l[e/ temp]ature 9 :i* ei!r ( ^! /ones melt1 is ab\t #hj ( ,w$gewood's pyromet]4 ,"s m9]alogi/s h inde$ affirm$1 t lava is melt$1 n by ! int5sity ( ! heat appli$ to x1 b 9 consequ5ce ( a c]ta9 comb9ation =m$ betwe5 x & bitum9\s sub/ances1 9 a mann] :i* !y d n attempt to expla91 & :i* has inde$ no analogy to any ?+ t is kn[n4 ,t a hypo!sis1 =m$ 9 su* direct opposition to ! mo/ obvi\s pr9ciples ( inductive reason+1 %\ld h be5 imag9$ by a philosoph] :o _h exam9$ ! ph5om5a ( ,etna & ,vesuvius ) mu* att5tion1 & describ$ !m ) great accuracy & tru?1 is m wond]ful ?an t x %\ld h be5 adopt$ by m9]alogi/s1 ^: views ( nature may h be5 conf9$ )9 a cab9et or a laboratory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a hypo!sis1 :i*1 hav+ nev] _h any support b f o!r hypo!ses1 h>dly m]it$ ! direct refutation t x has receiv$ f ! exp]im5ts j m5tion$4 #hh4 ,b1 if ! int5sity ( volcanic heat be su* z is "h /at$1 x w be f\nd v difficult to acc\nt = a fire ( su* activity1 & ( su* long cont9uance 9 ! same spot1 by any decomposition ( m9]al sub/ances ne> ! surface4 ,9 ! place :]e ?is combu/ion is suppos$ to exi/1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 t !re is no fre% supply ( mat]ials to replace ^? t h be5 consum$1 & t1 !re=e1 ! orig9al accumulation ( ^! mat]ials 9 "o spot1 mu/ h be5 v unlike any ?+ t has ev] be5 obs]v$ conc]n+ ! disposition ( m9]als 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 #hi4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we ascribe ! ph5om5a ( volcanoes to ! c5tral heat1 ! acc\nt t may be giv5 ( !m is simple1 & consi/5t ) itself4 ,accord+ to all ! appe>ances f :i* ! exi/5ce ( su* heat has be5 inf]r$ above1 x is ( a nature s f> diff]5t f ord9>y fire1 t x may require no circulation ( air1 & no supply ( combu/ible mat]ials to support x4 ,x is n accompani$ ) inflammation or combu/ion1 ! great pressure prev5t+ any sep>ation ( p>ts 9 ! sub/ances on :i* x acts1 & ! abs5ce ( t ela/ic fluid )\t :i* heat seems to h no p[] to decompose bodies1 ev5 ! mo/ combu/ible1 contribut+ to ! unalt]able nature ( all ! sub/ances 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,!re1 ( consequ5ce1 ! only effects ( heat are fusion & expansion2 & t :i* =ms ! nucleus ( ! globe may !re=e be a fluid mass1 melt$1 b un*ang$ by ! action ( heat4 #ij4 ,if1 f ! conf9es ( ?is nucleus1 we conceive c]ta9 fissures & op5+s to trav]se ! solid cru/1 & to issue at ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! vap\rs asc5d+ ?r\gh ^! may 9 "t heat ! sides ( ! tubes ?r\gh :i* !y pass to a va/ di/ance f ! l[] extremities4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to fix ! limit to :i* ?is di/ance may ext5d1 on acc\nt ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! rate at :i* heat moves :5 x has a fluid = its vehicle1 & :5 x is left to make its way alone ?r\gh a solid body4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 ! supply ( heat is rapid1 z be+ made by a vap\r asc5d+ ?r\gh a tube ( solid rock2 & ! dissipation ( x sl[1 z aris+ f its transmission ?r\gh ! rock4 ,! wa/e ( heat is !re=e small1 comp>$ ) ! supply1 & gr[s small] at e giv5 po9t1 ! long] ! /ream ( heat$ vap\r has cont9u$ to fl[4 ,su* a /ream1 !re=e1 ?\gh x may at fir/ be cond5s$ )9 a small di/ance ( its s\rce1 w 9 "t rea* high] & high]1 & may at la/ be able to c>ry its heat to an imm5se di/ance f ! place ( its orig9al d]ivation4 ,?us1 x is easy to conceive1 t vap\rs f ! m9]al regions may convey _! heat to res]voirs ( wat] ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 & may 9 t mann] produce hot spr+s1 & ev5 boil+ f\nta9s1 l ^? ( ,rycum & ,geys]4 #ia4 ,:51 in/ead ( a heat$ vap\r1 melt$ matt] is ?r[n up ?r\gh ! %afts or tubes1 :i* ?us communicate ) ! m9]al regions1 ve9s ( :9/one & basaltes are =m$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,:5 ! melt$ matt] rea*es to ! surface1 x is ?r[n out 9 ! =m ( lava1 & all ! o!r ph5om5a ( volcanoes are produc$4 ,la/ly1 :]e melt$ matt] ( ?is k9d1 or vap\rs )\t be+ cond5s$1 h _! progress ob/ruct$1 ^? dreadful concussions are produc$1 :i* seem to ?reat5 ! exi/5ce ev5 ( ! e>? itself4 ,?\gh t]rible1 !re=e1 to ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! globe1 ! e>?quake has its place 9 ! great sy/em ( geological op]ations1 & is "p ( a s]ies ( ev5ts1 ess5tial1 z w m cle>ly appe> h]eaft]1 to ! g5]al ord]1 & to ! pres]vation ( ! :ole4 ,su*1 accord+ to ?is !ory1 are ! *anges :i* h befall5 m9]al sub/ances 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 & ?\gh diff]5t = ! /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ p>ts ( ^? sub/ances1 !y are connect$ toge!r by ! same pr9ciple1 or expla9$ by ! same cause4 ,x rema9s to consid] t "p ( ! hi/ory ( bo? :i* describes _! *anges aft] _! elevation to ! surface2 & "h we %all f9d new causes introduc$1 :i* are m directly ! subjects ( obs]vation1 ?an ^? hi!rto treat$ (2 causes1 also1 :i* act on all fossils alike1 & alike prep>e !m = _! ultimate de/9ation4 ,,section ,,iii4 ,,( ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,common ,,to ,,/ratifi$ ,,& ,,un/ratifi$ ,,bodies4 #ib4 ,,! s]ies ( *anges :i* fossil bodies are de/9$ to und]go1 does n cease ) _! elevation above ! level ( ! sea2 x assumes1 h[ev]1 a new direction1 & f ! mom5t t !y are rais$ up to ! surface1 is con/antly ex]t$ 9 r$uc+ !m aga9 "u ! dom9ion ( ! ocean4 ,! solidity is n[ de/roy$ :i* 0 acquir$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?2 & z ! bottom ( ! sea is ! great laboratory1 :]e loose mat]ials are m9]aliz$ & =m$ into /one1 ! atmosph]e is ! region :]e /ones are decompos$1 & aga9 resolv$ into e>?4 ,?is decomposition ( all m9]al sub/ances1 expos$ to ! air1 is cont9ual1 & is br\ght ab\t by a multitude ( ag5ts1 bo? *emical & me*anical1 ( :i* "s are kn[n to u1 & _m1 no d\bt1 rema9 to be discov]$4 ,among ! v>i\s ari=m fluids :i* compose our atmosph]e1 "o is already di/+ui%$ z ! gr& pr9ciple ( m9]al decomposition2 ! o!rs are n inactive1 & to !m we mu/ add moi/ure1 heat1 & p]haps light2 sub/ances :i*1 f _! aff9ities to ! elem5ts ( m9]al bodies1 h a p[] ( ent]+ into comb9ation ) !m1 & ( ?us dim9i%+ ! =ces by :i* !y are unit$ to "o ano!r4 ,by ! action ( air & moi/ure1 ! metallic p>ticles1 p>ticul>ly ! iron1 :i* ent]s 9 great abundance into ! composition ( almo/ all fossils1 becomes oxydat$ 9 su* a degree z to lose its t5acity2 s t ! texture ( ! surface is de/roy$1 & a "p ( ! body resolv$ into e>?4 #ic4 ,"s e>?s1 aga91 su* z ! calc>e\s1 are imm$iately dissolv$ by wat]2 & ?\gh ! quantity s dissolv$ be extremely small1 ! op]ation1 by be+ cont9ually r5ew$1 produces a sl[ b p]petual corrosion1 by :i* ! greate/ rocks mu/ 9 "t be subdu$4 ,! action ( wat] 9 de/roy+ h>d bodies into :i* x has obta9$ entrance1 is mu* assi/$ by ! vicissitudes ( heat & cold1 especially :5 ! latt] ext5ds z f> z ! po9t ( congelation2 = ! wat]1 :5 froz51 occupies a great] space ?an be=e1 & if ! body is compact en\gh to refuse room = ?is expansion1 its p>ts are torn asund] by a repulsive =ce act+ 9 e direction4 #id4 ,besides ^! causes ( m9]al decomposition1 ! action ( :i* we c 9 "s measure trace1 !re are o!rs kn[n to u only by _! effects4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 ! pure/ rock cry/al affect$ by exposure to ! wea!r1 its lu/re t>ni%$1 & ! poli% ( its surface impair$1 b we "k no?+ ( ! p[] by :i* ^! op]ations are p]=m$4 ,?us also1 9 ! precautions :i* ! m9]alogi/ takes to pres]ve ! fre% fracture ( 8 specim5s1 we h a pro( h[ indiscrim9ately all ! productions ( ! fossil k+dom are expos$ to ! attacks ( _! unkn[n enemies1 & we p]ceive h[ difficult x is to delay ! beg9n+s ( a process :i* no p[] :atev] c f9ally c\nt]act4 #ie4 ,! me*anical =ces employ$ 9 ! dis9tegration ( m9]al sub/ances1 are m easily m>k$ ?an ! *emical4 ,"h aga9 wat] appe>s z ! mo/ active enemy ( h>d & solid bodies2 &1 9 e /ate1 f transp>5t vap\r to solid ice1 f ! smalle/ rill to ! greate/ riv]1 x attacks :atev] has em]g$ above ! level ( ! sea1 & lab\rs incessantly to re/ore x to ! deep4 ,! p>ts loos5$ & dis5gag$ by ! *emical ag5ts1 are c>ri$ d[n by ! ra9s1 &1 9 _! desc5t1 rub & gr9d ! sup]ficies ( o!r bodies4 ,?us wat]1 ?\gh incapable ( act+ on h>d sub/ances by direct attrition1 is ! cause ( _! be+ s act$ on2 &1 :5 x desc5ds 9 torr5ts1 c>ry+ ) x s&1 gravel1 & fragm5ts ( rock1 x may be truly said to turn ! =ces ( ! m9]al k+dom aga9/ itself4 ,e sep>ation :i* x makes is necess>ily p]man5t1 & ! p>ts once deta*$ c nev] be unit$1 save at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 #if4 ,b x w\ld f> exce$ ! limits ( ?is sket*1 to pursue ! causes ( m9]al decomposition ?r\gh all _! =ms4 ,x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t ! consequ5ce ( s _m m9ute1 b indefatigable ag5ts1 all work+ toge!r1 & hav+ gravity 9 _! fav\r1 is a sy/em ( univ]sal decay & degradation1 :i* may be trac$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! l&1 f ! m\nta9 top to ! sea %ore4 ,t we may p]ceive ! full evid5ce ( ?is tru?1 "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe1 we w beg9 our survey f ! latt] ( ^! /ations1 & retire gradually t[>d ! =m]4 #ig4 ,if ! coa/ is bold & rocky1 x speaks a language easy to be int]pret$4 ,its brok5 & abrupt cont\r1 ! deep gulfs & sali5t promontories by :i* x is ind5t$1 & ! proportion :i* ^! irregul>ities be> to ! =ce ( ! waves1 comb9$ ) ! inequality ( h>dness 9 ! rocks1 prove1 t ! pres5t l9e ( ! %ore has be5 det]m9$ by ! action ( ! sea4 ,! nak$ & precipit\s cliffs :i* ov]hang ! deep1 ! rocks holl[$1 p]=at$1 z !y are f>!r advanc$ 9 ! sea1 & at la/ insulat$1 lead to ! same conclusion1 & m>k v cle>ly s _m diff]5t /ages ( decay4 ,x is true1 we d n see ! successive /eps ( ?is progress exemplifi$ 9 ! /ates ( ! same individual rock1 b we see !m cle>ly 9 diff]5t individuals2 & ! conviction ?us produc$1 :5 ! ph5om5a are suffici5tly multipli$ & v>i$1 is z irresi/ible1 z if we saw ! *anges actually effect$ 9 ! mom5t ( obs]vation4 ,on su* %ores1 ! fragm5ts ( rock once deta*$1 become in/rum5ts ( fur!r de/ruction1 & make a "p ( ! p[]ful artill]y ) :i* ! ocean assails ! bulw>ks ( ! l&3 !y are impell$ aga9/ ! rocks1 f :i* !y break (f o!r fragm5ts1 & ! :ole are ?us gr\nd aga9/ "o ano!r2 :atev] be _! h>dness1 !y are r$uc$ to gravel1 ! smoo? surface & r\nd figure ( :i*1 are ! mo/ c]ta9 pro(s ( a detritus :i* no?+ c resi/4 #ih4 ,aga91 :]e ! sea coa/ is flat1 we h abundant evid5ce ( ! degradation ( ! l& 9 ! bea*es ( s& & small gravel2 ! s& banks & %oals t are cont9ually *ang+2 ! alluvial l& at ! m\?s ( ! riv]s2 ! b>s t seem to oppose _! dis*>ge into ! sea1 & ! %all[ness ( ! sea itself4 ,on su* coa/s1 ! l& usually seems to ga9 ^u ! sea1 :]eas1 on %ores ( a bold] aspect1 x is ! sea t g5]ally appe>s to ga9 ^u ! l&4 ,:at ! l& acquires 9 ext5t1 h[ev]1 x loses 9 elevation2 &1 :e!r its surface increase or dim9i%1 ! depr$ations made on x are 9 bo? cases ev9c$ ) equal c]ta9ty4 #ii4 ,if we proce$ 9 our survey f ! %ores1 inl&1 we meet at e /ep ) ! fulle/ evid5ce ( ! same tru?s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! nature & economy ( riv]s4 ,e riv] appe>s to consi/ ( a ma9 trunk1 f$ f a v>iety ( bran*es1 ea* runn+ 9 a valley proportion$ to its size1 & all ( !m toge!r =m+ a sy/em ( vallies1 communicat+ ) "o ano!r1 & hav+ su* a nice adju/m5t ( _! declivities1 t none ( !m jo9 ! pr9cipal valley1 ei!r on too high or too l[ a level2 a circum/ance :i* w\ld be inf9itely improbable1 if ea* ( ^! vallies 7 n ! "w ( ! /ream t fl[s 9 x4 ,if inde$ a riv] consi/$ ( a s+le /ream1 )\t bran*es1 runn+ 9 a /raight valley1 x might be suppos$ t "s great concussion1 or "s p[]ful torr5t1 _h op5$ at once ! *annel by :i* its wat]s are conduct$ to ! ocean2 b1 :5 ! usual =m ( a riv] is consid]$1 ! trunk divid$ into _m bran*es1 :i* rise at a great di/ance f "o ano!r1 & ^! aga9 subdivid$ into an inf9ity ( small] ramifications1 x becomes /rongly impress$ ^u ! m9d1 t all ^! *annels h be5 cut by ! wat]s !mselves2 t !y h be5 sl[ly dug out by ! wa%+ & erosion ( ! l&2 & t x is by ! repeat$ t\*es ( ! same in/rum5t1 t ?is curi\s assemblage ( l9es has be5 engrav$ s deeply on ! surface ( ! globe4 #ajj4 ,! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! c\rses ( riv]s1 are also to be trac$1 9 _m in/ances1 by successive plat=ms1 ( flat alluvial l&1 ris+ "o above ano!r1 & m>k+ ! diff]5t levels on :i* ! riv] has run at diff]5t p]iods ( "t4 ,( ^!1 ! numb] to be di/+ui%$1 9 "s in/ances1 is n less ?an f\r1 or ev5 five2 & ?is necess>ily c>ries u back1 l all ! op]ations we are n[ treat+ (1 to an antiquity extremely remote3 =1 if x be consid]$1 t ea* *ange :i* ! riv] makes 9 its b$1 oblit]ates at lea/ a "p ( ! monum5ts ( =m] *anges1 we %all be conv9c$1 t only a small "p ( ! progression c leave any di/9ct memorial beh9d x1 & t !re is no reason to ?9k1 t1 9 ! "p :i* we see1 ! beg9n+ is includ$4#bi ,footnote #bi3 ,,note ,,xvi4 #aja4 ,9 ! same mann]1 :5 a riv] und]m9es its banks1 x (t5 discov]s deposits ( s& & gravel1 t h be5 made :5 x ran on a high] level ?an x does at pres5t4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 ! same /rata are se5 on bo? ! banks1 ?\gh ! b$ ( ! riv] is n[ sunk deep betwe5 !m1 & p]haps holds z w9d+ a c\rse ?r\gh ! solid rock1 z if x fl[$ along ! surface2 a pro( t x mu/ h begun to s9k its b$1 :5 x ran ?r\gh su* loose mat]ials z oppos$ b a v inconsid]able resi/ance to its /ream4 ,a riv]1 ( :i* ! c\rse is bo? s]p5t9e & deeply excavat$ 9 ! rock1 is among ! ph5om5a1 by :i* ! sl[ wa/e ( ! l&1 & also ! cause ( t wa/e1 are mo/ directly po9t$ out4 #ajb4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :]e riv]s issue ?r\gh n>r[ defiles among m\nta9s1 t ! id5tity ( ! /rata on bo? sides is mo/ easily recognis$1 & rem>k$ at ! same "t ) ! greate/ wond]4 ,on obs]v+ ! ,pot[mack1 :]e x p5etrates ! ridge ( ! ,allegany m\nta9s1 or ! ,irti%1 z x issues f ! defiles ( ,altai1 !re is no man1 h[ev] little addict$ to geological speculations1 :o does n imm$iately ackn[l$ge1 t ! m\nta9 0 once cont9u$ q across ! space 9 :i* ! riv] n[ fl[s2 &1 if he v5tures to reason conc]n+ ! cause ( s wond]ful a *ange1 he ascribes x to "s great convulsion ( nature1 :i* has torn ! m\nta9 asund]1 & op5$ a passage = ! wat]s4 ,x is only ! philosoph]1 :o has deeply m$itat$ on ! effects :i* action long cont9u$ is able to produce1 & on ! simplicity ( ! means :i* nature employs 9 all h] op]ations1 :o sees 9 ?is no?+ b ! gradual work+ ( a /ream1 t once fl[$ ov] ! top ( ! ridge :i* x n[ s deeply int]sects1 & has cut its c\rse ?r\gh ! rock1 9 ! same way1 & almo/ ) ! same in/rum5t1 by :i* ! lapid>y divides a block ( m>ble or granite4 #ajc4 ,x is highly int]e/+ to trace up1 9 ?is mann]1 ! action ( causes ) :i* we are famili>1 to ! production ( effects1 :i* at fir/ seem to require ! introduction ( unkn[n & extraord9>y p[]s2 & x is no less int]e/+ to obs]ve1 h[ skilfully nature has balanc$ ! action ( all ! m9ute causes ( wa/e1 & r5d]$ !m conducive to ! g5]al good4 ,( ?is we h a mo/ rem>kable in/ance1 9 ! provision made = pres]v+ ! soil1 or ! coat ( vegetable m\ld1 spread out ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?is coat1 z x consi/s ( loose mat]ials1 is easily wa%$ away by ! ra9s1 & is cont9ually c>ri$ d[n by ! riv]s into ! sea4 ,?is effect is visible to e "o2 ! e>? is remov$ n only 9 ! =m ( s& & gravel1 b its f9] p>ticles susp5d$ 9 ! wat]s1 t+e ^? ( "s riv]s cont9ually1 & ^? ( all occasionally1 t is1 :5 !y are flood$ or swoll5 ) ra9s4 ,! quantity ( e>? ?us c>ri$ d[n1 v>ies accord+ to circum/ances2 x has be5 comput$1 9 "s in/ances1 t ! wat] ( a riv] 9 a flood1 conta9s e>?y matt] susp5d$ 9 x1 am\nt+ to m ?an ! two hundr$ & fiftie? "p ( its own bulk4#cj ,! soil1 !re=e1 is cont9ually dim9i%$1 its p>ts be+ transport$ f high] to l[] levels1 & f9ally deliv]$ into ! sea4 ,b x is a fact1 t ! soil1 not)/&+1 rema9s ! same 9 quantity1 or at lea/ ne>ly ! same1 & mu/ h done s1 ev] s9ce ! e>? 0 ! receptacle ( animal or vegetable life4 ,! soil1 !re=e1 is augm5t$ f o!r causes1 j z mu*1 at an av]age1 z x is dim9i%$ by t n[ m5tion$2 & ?is augm5tation evid5tly c proce$ f no?+ b ! con/ant & sl[ dis9tegration ( ! rocks4 ,9 ! p]man5ce1 !re=e1 ( a coat ( vegetable m\ld on ! surface ( ! e>?1 we h a demon/rative pro( ( ! cont9ual de/ruction ( ! rocks2 & _c b admire ! skill1 ) :i* ! p[]s ( ! _m *emical & me*anical ag5ts employ$ 9 ?is complicat$ "w1 are s adju/$1 z to make ! supply & ! wa/e ( ! soil exactly equal to "o ano!r4 ,footnote #cj3 ,see ,lehman1 ,traits de ,phys4 c4 tom4 iii4 p4 #cei4 ,note4 #ajd4 ,be=e we take leave ( ! riv]s & ! pla9s1 we mu/ rem>k ano!r fact1 (t5 obs]v$ 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! latt]1 & cle>ly ev9c+ ! =m] exi/5ce ( imm5se bodies ( /rata1 9 situations f :i* !y h n[ entirely disappe>$4 ,! fact "h allud$ to is1 ! great quantity ( r\nd & h>d gravel1 (t5 to be met ) 9 ! soil1 "u su* circum/ances1 z prove1 t x c only h come f ! decomposition ( rocks1 t once occupi$ ! v gr\nd ov] :i* ?is gravel is n[ spread4 ,9 ! *alk c\ntry1 = in/ance1 ab\t ,london1 ! quantity ( fl9ts 9 ! soil is e :]e great2 &1 9 p>ticul> situations1 no?+ b fl9ty gravel is f\nd to a consid]able dep?4 ,n[1 ! s\rce f :i* ^! fl9ts are d]iv$ is q evid5t1 = !y are precisely ! same ) ^? conta9$ 9 ! *alk b$s1 :]ev] ^! la/ are f\nd undi/urb$1 & f ! de/ruction ( su* b$s !y h no d\bt orig9at$4 ,h5ce a great ?ickness ( *alk mu/ h be5 decompos$1 to yield ! quantity ( fl9ts n[ 9 ! soil ( ^! c\ntries2 = ! fl9ts are b ?9ly scatt]$ ?r\gh ! native *alk1 comp>$ ) _! abundance 9 ! loose e>?4 ,to af=d1 = example1 su* a body ( fl9ty gravel z is f\nd ab\t ,k5s+ton1 :at an enorm\s quantity ( *alk rock mu/ h be5 de/roy$8 #aje4 ,?is argum5t1 :i* ,dr ,hutton has appli$ p>ticul>ly to ! *alk c\ntries1 may be ext5d$ to _m o!rs4 ,! great pla9 ( ,crau1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,rhone1 is well kn[n1 & 0 reg>d$ ) wond]1 ev5 9 ages :5 ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe 0 n an object ( mu* att5tion4 ,! imm5se quantity ( l>ge r\nd gravel-/ones1 ) :i* ?is ext5sive pla9 is entirely cov]$1 has be5 suppos$1 by "s m9]alogi/s1 to h be5 br\ght d[n by ! ,durance1 & o!r torr5ts1 f ! ,alps2 b1 on fur!r exam9ation1 has be5 f\nd to be ( ! same k9d t is conta9$ 9 c]ta9 horizontal lay]s ( pudd+-/one1 :i* are ! basis ( ! :ole pla94 ,x _c be d\bt$1 !re=e1 t ! va/ body ( gravel spread ov] x1 has orig9at$ f ! de/ruction ( lay]s ( ! same rock1 :i* may p]haps h ris5 to a great height above :at is n[ ! surface4 ,inde$1 f kn[+ ! dep? ( ! gravel t cov]s ! pla91 & ! av]age quantity ( ! l gravel conta9$ 9 a giv5 ?ickness ( rock1 "o might e/imate h[ mu* ( ! latt] has be5 actually worn away4 ,:e!r data precise en\gh c\ld be f\nd1 to give any weight to su* a computation1 mu/ be left f] future inquiry to det]m9e4#ca ,footnote #ca3 ,,note ,,xvii4 #ajf4 ,9 ^! in/ances1 *alk & pudd+-/one1 by conta9+ 9 !m p>ts inf9itely less de/ructible ?an _! g5]al mass1 h1 aft] !y are worn away1 left beh9d !m v unequivocal m>ks ( _! exi/5ce4 ,! same has happ5$ 9 ! case ( m9]al ve9s1 :]e ! sub/ances lea/ subject to dissolution h rema9$1 & are scatt]$ at a great di/ance f _! native place4 ,?us gold1 ! lea/ liable to decomposition ( all ! metals1 is v g5]ally diffus$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 & is f\nd1 9 a great] or less abundance1 9 ! s& ( almo/ all riv]s4 ,b ! native place ( ?is m9]al is ! solid rock1 or ! ve9s & cavities conta9$ 9 ! rock1 & f !nce x mu/ h made its way into ! soil4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is ano!r pro( ( ! va/ ext5t to :i* ! degradation ( ! l&1 & ( ! rock1 :i* is ! basis ( x1 has be5 e>n$2 & consequ5tly1 ( ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! elevation & %ape ( ! e>?'s surface 9 ! pres5t1 & 9 =m] ages4 #ajg4 ,! ve9s ( t9 furni% an argum5t ( ! same k9d4 ,! ores ( ?is metal are v inde/ructible1 & little subject to decomposition1 s t !y rema9 v long 9 ! gr\nd )\t *ange4 ,:]e !re are t9 ve9s1 z 9 ,cornwall1 ! t9-/one or t9 ore is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 su* vallies & /reams z h ! same direction ) ! ve9s2 & h5ce ! /ream+1 z x is call$1 or wa%+ ( ! e>?1 to obta9 ! t9-/one f x4 ,n[1 if x be consid]$1 t none ( ?is ore c h come into ! soil b f p>ts ( a ve9 actually de/roy$1 x mu/ appe> evid5t t a great wa/e ( ^! ve9s has tak5 place1 & consequ5tly ( ! s*i/us or granite 9 :i* !y are conta9$4 #ajh4 ,^! lessons1 :i* ! geologi/ is taught 9 flat & op5 c\ntries1 become m /rik+1 by ! /udy ( ^? ,alp9e tracts1 :]e ! surface ( ! e>? atta9s its greate/ elevation4 ,if we suppose him plac$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! mid/ ( su* a sc5e1 z soon z he has recov]$ f ! impression made by ! novelty & magnific5ce ( ! spectacle be=e him1 he beg9s to discov] ! foot/eps ( "t1 & to p]ceive1 t ! works ( nature1 usually deem$ ! mo/ p]man5t1 are ^? on :i* ! *>act]s ( vicissitude are mo/ deeply impr9t$4 ,he sees himself 9 ! mid/ ( a va/ ru91 :]e ! precipices :i* rise on all sides ) su* boldness & asp]ity1 ! %>p peaks ( ! granite m\nta9s1 & ! huge fragm5ts t surr\nd _! bases1 d b m>k s _m epo*s 9 ! progress ( decay1 & po9t out ! en]gy ( ^? de/ructive causes1 :i* ev5 ! magnitude & solidity ( su* great bodies h be5 unable to resi/4 #aji4 ,! result ( a m m9ute inve/igation1 is 9 p]fect unison ) ?is g5]al impression4 ,:5ce is x1 t ! elevation ( m\nta9s is s obvi\sly connect$ ) ! h>dness & inde/ructibility ( ! rocks :i* compose !m8 ,:y is x1 t a l(ty m\nta9 ( s(t & second>y rock is no :]e to be f\nd2 & t su* *a9s1 z ! ,pyr5ees or ! ,alps1 nev] consi/ ( any b ! h>de/ /one1 ( granite = in/ance1 or ( ^? prim>y /rata1 :i*1 if we are to cr$it ! prec$+ !ory1 h be5 twice heat$ 9 ! fires1 & twice temp]$ 9 ! wat]s1 ( ! m9]al regions8 ,is x n pla9 t ?is arises1 n f any direct connection betwe5 ! h>dness ( /ones1 & _! height 9 ! atmosph]e1 b f ?is1 t ! wa/e & detritus to :i* all ?+s are subject1 w n all[ s(t & weak sub/ances to rema9 long 9 an expos$ & elevat$ situation8 ,7 x n = ?is1 ! second>y rocks1 be+ 9 position sup]9cumb5t on ! prim>y1 ought to be ! highe/ ( ! two1 & %\ld cov] ! prim>y1 7z !y no d\bt h at "o "t done17 9 ! highe/ z well z ! l[e/ situations1 or among ! m\nta9s z well z 9 ! pla9s4 #aaj4 ,aga91 :]e=e is x1 t among all m\nta9s1 rem>kable = _! rugg$ness & asp]ity1 ! rock1 on exam9ation1 is always f\nd ( v unequal de/ructibility1 "s p>ts yield+ to ! wea!r1 & to ! o!r causes ( dis9tegration1 mu* m sl[ly ?an ! re/1 & hav+ /r5g? suffici5t to support !mselves1 :5 left alone1 9 sl5d] pyramids1 bold projections1 & ov]hang+ cliffs8 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! rock wa/es uni=mly1 ! m\nta9s are simil> to "o ano!r2 _! swells & slopes are g5tle1 & !y are b\nd$ by a wav+ & cont9u\s surface4 ,! int]m$iate degrees ( resi/ance :i* ! rocks oppose to ! causes ( de/ruction1 produce int]m$iate =ms4 ,x is ?is :i* gives to ! m\nta9s1 ( e diff]5t species ( rock1 a diff]5t habit & expression1 & :i*1 9 p>ticul>1 has imp>t$ to ^? ( granite t v5]able & maje/ic "*1 by :i* !y r>ely fail to be di/+ui%$4 #aaa4 ,! /ructure ( ! vallies among m\nta9s1 %[s cle>ly to :at cause _! exi/5ce is to be ascrib$4 ,"h we h fir/ a l>ge valley1 communicat+ directly ) ! pla91 & w9d+ betwe5 high ridges ( m\nta9s1 :ile ! riv] 9 ! bottom ( x desc5ds ov] a surface1 rem>kable1 9 su* a sc5e1 = its uni=m declivity4 ,into ?is1 op5 a multitude ( transv]se or second>y vallies1 int]sect+ ! ridges on ei!r side ( ! =m]1 ea* br++ a contribution to ! ma9 /ream1 proportion$ to its magnitude2 &1 except :]e a cat>act n[ & !n int]v5es1 all hav+ t nice adju/m5t 9 _! levels1 7#ii47 :i* is ! m wond]ful1 ! great] ! irregul>ity ( ! surface4 ,^! second>y vallies h o!rs ( a small] size op5+ into !m2 &1 among m\nta9s ( ! fir/ ord]1 :]e all is laid out on ! greate/ scale1 ^! ramifications are cont9u$ to a f\r?1 & ev5 a fif?1 ea* dim9i%+ 9 size z x increases 9 elevation1 & z its supply ( wat] is less4 ,?r\gh !m all1 ?is law is 9 g5]al obs]v$1 t :]e a high] valley jo9s a l[] "o1 ( ! two angles :i* x makes ) ! latt]1 t :i* is obtuse is always on ! desc5d+ side2 a law t is ! same ) t :i* regulates ! conflu5ce ( /reams runn+ on a surface ne>ly ( uni=m incl9ation4 ,?is alone is a pro( t ! vallies are ! "w ( ! /reams2 & inde$ :at else b ! wat] itself1 work+ its way ?r\gh ob/acles ( unequal resi/ance1 c\ld h op5$ or kept up a communication betwe5 ! inequalities ( an irregul> & alp9e surface8 #aab4 ,_m m argum5ts1 all lead+ to ! same conclusion1 may be d$uc$ f ! g5]al facts1 kn[n 9 ! natural hi/ory ( m\nta9s2 &1 if ! ,oreologi/ w\ld trace back ! progress ( wa/e1 till he come 9 sight ( t orig9al /ructure1 ( :i* ! rema9s are /ill s va/1 he p]ceives an imm5se mass ( solid rock1 nak$ & un%apely1 z x fir/ em]g$ f ! deep1 & incomp>ably great] ?an all t is n[ be=e him4 ,! op]ation ( ra9s & torr5ts1 modifi$ by ! h>dness & t5acity ( ! rock1 has work$ ! :ole into its pres5t =m2 has holl[$ out ! vallies1 & gradually deta*$ ! m\nta9s f ! g5]al mass1 cutt+ d[n _! sides into /eep precipices at "o place1 & smoo?+ !m into g5tle declivities at ano!r4 ,f ?is has result$ a transportation ( mat]ials1 :i*1 bo? = ! quantity ( ! :ole1 & ! magnitude ( ! individual fragm5ts1 mu/ seem incr$ible to e "o1 :o has n le>n$ to calculate ! effects ( cont9u$ action1 & to reflect1 t l5g? ( "t c conv]t accid5tal into /eady causes4 ,h5ce fragm5ts ( rock1 f ! c5tral *a91 are f\nd to h travell$ into di/ant vallies1 ev5 :]e _m inf]ior ridges int]v5e3 h5ce ! granite ( ,mont ,blanc is se5 9 ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 or on ! sides ( ,jura2 & ! ru9s ( ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s lie scatt]$ ov] ! %ores ( ! ,baltic4#cb ,footnote #cb3 ,,note ,,xviii4 #aac4 ,?us1 ) ,dr ,hutton1 we %all be dispos$ to consid] ^? great *a9s ( m\nta9s1 :i* trav]se ! surface ( ! globe1 z cut out ( masses va/ly great]1 & m l(ty ?an any ?+ t n[ rema9s4 ,! pres5t appe>ances af=d no data = calculat+ ! orig9al magnitude ( ^! masses1 or ! height to :i* !y may h be5 elevat$4 ,! ne>e/ e/imate we c =m is1 :]e a *a9 or gr\p ( m\nta9s1 l ^? ( ,rosa 9 ! ,alps1 is horizontally /ratifi$1 & :]e1 ( consequ5ce1 ! undi/urb$ position ( ! m9]al b$s enables u to ref] ! :ole ( ! pres5t inequalities ( ! surface to ! op]ation ( wa/e or decay4 ,^! m\nta9s1 z !y n[ /&1 may n inaptly be comp>$ to ! pill>s ( e>? :i* workm5 leave beh9d !m1 to af=d a measure ( ! :ole quantity ( e>? :i* !y h remov$4 ,z ! pill>s1 7consid]+ ! m\nta9s z su*17 are 9 ?is case ( less height ?an !y orig9ally 71 s ! measure furni%$ by !m is b a limit1 :i* ! quantity s\ght mu/ necess>ily exce$4 #aad4 ,su*1 accord+ to ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 are ! *anges :i* ! daily op]ations ( wa/e h produc$ on ! surface ( ! globe4 ,^! op]ations1 inconsid]able if tak5 sep>ately1 become great1 by conspir+ all to ! same end1 nev] c\nt]act+ "o ano!r1 b proce$+1 ?r\gh a p]iod ( indef9ite ext5t1 cont9ually 9 ! same direction4 ,?us e ?+ desc5ds1 no?+ returns upw>d2 ! h>d & solid bodies e :]e dissolve1 & ! loose & s(t no :]e consolidate4 ,! p[]s :i* t5d to pres]ve1 & ^? :i* t5d to *ange ! condition ( ! e>?'s surface1 are nev] 9 equilibrio2 ! latt] are1 9 all cases1 ! mo/ p[]ful1 &1 9 respect ( ! =m]1 are l liv+ 9 comp>ison ( dead =ces4 ,h5ce ! law ( decay is "o :i* suff]s no exception3 ,! elem5ts ( all bodies 7 once loose & unconnect$1 & to ! same /ate nature has appo9t$ t !y %\ld all return4 #aae4 ,x af=ds no presumption aga9/ ! reality ( ?is progress1 t1 9 respect ( man1 x is too sl[ to be imm$iately p]ceiv$3 ,! utmo/ portion ( x to :i* our exp]i5ce c ext5d1 is evanesc5t1 9 comp>ison ) ! :ole1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z ! mom5t>y increm5t ( a va/ progression1 circumscrib$ by no o!r limits ?an ! duration ( ! _w4 ,,"t p]=ms ! (fice ( integrat+ ! inf9itesimal p>ts ( :i* ?is progression is made up2 x collects !m into "o sum1 & produces f !m an am\nt great] ?an any t c be assign$4 #aaf4 ,:ile on ! surface ( ! e>? s mu* is e :]e go+ to decay1 no new production ( m9]al sub/ances is f\nd 9 any region accessible to man4 ,! in/ances ( :at are call$ petrifactions1 or ! =mation ( /ony sub/ances by means ( wat]1 :i* we sometimes obs]ve1 :e!r !y be f]rug9\s concretions1 or calc>e\s1 or1 z happ5s 9 "s r>e cases1 silice\s /alactites1 are too few 9 numb]1 & too inconsid]able 9 ext5t1 to be deem$ mat]ial exceptions to ?is g5]al rule4 ,! bodies ?us g5]at$1 also1 are no soon] =m$1 ?an !y become subject to wa/e & dissolution1 l all ! o!r h>d sub/ances 9 nature2 s t !y b ret>d = a :ile ! progress by :i* !y are all resolv$ into du/1 & soon] or lat] committ$ to ! bosom ( ! deep4 #aag4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 to imag9e1 t !re is no :]e any means ( repair+ ?is wa/e2 =1 on comp>+ ! conclusion at :i* we are n[ arriv$1 viz4 t ! pres5t cont95ts are all go+ to decay1 & _! mat]ials desc5d+ into ! ocean1 ) ! proposition fir/ laid d[n1 t ^! same cont95ts are compos$ ( mat]ials :i* mu/ h be5 collect$ f ! decay ( =m] rocks1 x is impossible n to recognise two correspond+ /eps ( ! same progress2 ( a progress1 by :i* m9]al sub/ances are subject$ to ! same s]ies ( *anges1 & alt]nately wa/$ away & r5ovat$4 ,9 ! same mann]1 z ! pres5t m9]al sub/ances d]ive _! orig9 f sub/ances simil> to !mselves2 s1 f ! l& n[ go+ to decay1 ! s& & gravel =m+ on ! sea %ore1 or 9 ! b$s ( riv]s2 f ! %ells & corals1 :i* 9 su* enorm\s quantities are e day accumulat$ 9 ! bosom ( ! sea2 f ! drift wood1 & ! multitude ( vegetable & animal rema9s cont9ually deposit$ 9 ! ocean3 f all ^! we _c d\bt1 t /rata are n[ =m+ 9 ^? regions1 to :i* nature seems to h conf9$ ! p[]s ( m9]al reproduction2 f :i*1 aft] be+ consolidat$1 !y are aga9 de/9$ to em]ge1 & to exhibit a s]ies ( *anges simil> to ! pa/4#cc ,footnote #cc3 ,,note ,,xix4 #aah4 ,h[ (t5 ^! vicissitudes ( decay & r5ovation h be5 repeat$1 is n = u to det]m9e3 !y con/itute a s]ies1 ( :i*1 z ! au?or ( ?is !ory has rem>k$1 we nei!r see ! beg9n+ nor ! end2 a circum/ance t accords well ) :at is kn[n conc]n+ o!r p>ts ( ! economy ( ! _w4 ,9 ! cont9uation ( ! diff]5t species ( animals & vegetables t inhabit ! e>?1 we disc]n nei!r a beg9n+ nor an end2 &1 9 ! planet>y motions1 :]e geometry has c>ri$ ! eye s f> bo? into ! future & ! pa/1 we discov] no m>k1 ei!r ( ! comm5cem5t or ! t]m9ation ( ! pres5t ord]4#cd ,x is unreasonable1 inde$1 to suppose1 t su* m>ks %\ld any :]e exi/4 ,! ,au?or ( nature has n giv5 laws to ! univ]se1 :i*1 l ! in/itutions ( m51 c>ry 9 !mselves ! elem5ts ( _! own de/ruction4 ,he has n p]mitt$1 9 8 works1 any symptom ( infancy or ( old age1 or any sign by :i* we may e/imate ei!r _! fixture or _! pa/ duration4 ,he may put an end1 z be no d\bt gave a beg9n+1 to ! pres5t sy/em1 at "s det]m9ate p]iod2 b we may safely conclude1 t ?is great cata/rophe w n be br\ght ab\t by any ( ! laws n[ exi/+1 & t x is n indicat$ by any ?+ :i* we p]ceive4 ,footnote #cd3 ,,note ,,xx4 #aai4 ,to ass]t1 !re=e1 t1 9 ! economy ( ! _w1 we see no m>k1 ei!r ( a beg9n+ or an end1 is v diff]5t f affirm+1 t ! _w _h no beg9n+1 & w h no end4 ,! fir/ is a conclusion ju/ifi$ by common s5se1 z well z s\nd philosophy2 :ile ! second is a presumptu\s & unw>rantable ass]tion1 = :i* no reason f exp]i5ce or analogy c ev] be assign$4 ,dr ,hutton might1 !re=e1 ju/ly compla9 ( ! unc&id criticism1 :i*1 by sub/itut+ ! "o ( ^! ass]tions = ! o!r1 endeav\r$ to load 8 !ory ) ! reproa* ( a!ism & impiety4 ,mr ,,kirwan1 9 br++ =w>d ?is h>% & ill-f\nd$ c5sure1 0 nei!r animat$ by ! _s1 nor guid$ by ! maxims ( true philosophy4 ,by ! _s ( philosophy1 he mu/ h be5 induc$ to reflect1 t su* poison$ weapons z he 0 prep>+ to use1 are h>dly ev] all[able 9 sci5tific conte/1 z hav+ a less direct t5d5cy to ov]?r[ ! sy/em1 ?an to hurt ! p]son ( an adv]s>y1 & to w\nd1 p]haps incurably1 8 m9d1 8 reputation1 or 8 peace4 ,by ! maxims ( philosophy1 he mu/ h be5 rem9d$1 t1 9 no "p ( ! hi/ory ( nature1 has any m>k be5 discov]$1 ei!r ( ! beg9n+ or ! end ( ! pres5t ord]2 & t ! geologi/ sadly mi/akes1 bo? ! object ( 8 sci5ce & ! limits ( 8 und]/&+1 :o ?9ks x 8 bus9ess to expla9 ! means employ$ by ,,inf9ite ,,wisdom = e/abli%+ ! laws :i* n[ gov]n ! _w4 ,by att5d+ to ^! obvi\s consid]ations1 ,mr ,kirwan w\ld h avoid$ a v illib]al & ung5]\s proce$+2 &1 h[ev] he might h diff]$ f ,dr ,hutton z to ! tru? ( 8 op9ions1 he w\ld n h c5sur$ _! t5d5cy ) su* ra% & unju/ifiable sev]ity4 ,b1 if ?is au?or may be blam$ = want+ ! temp]1 or neglect+ ! rules1 ( philosophic inve/igation1 he is h>dly less culpable1 = hav+ s slightly consid]$ ! scope & _s ( a "w :i* he condemn$ s freely4 ,9 t "w1 in/ead ( f9d+ ! _w repres5t$ z ! result ( necessity or *ance1 :i* might be look$ =1 if ! accusations ( a!ism or impiety 7 well f\nd$1 we see e :]e ! utmo/ att5tion to discov]1 & ! utmo/ disposition to admire1 ! in/ances ( wise & b5efic5t design manife/$ 9 ! /ructure1 or economy ( ! _w4 ,! enl>g$ views ( ^!1 :i* 8 geological sy/em af=d$1 appe>$ to ,dr ,hutton himself z its mo/ valuable result4 ,!y 7 ! p>ts ( x :i* he contemplat$ ) greate/ delight2 & he w\ld h be5 less flatt]$1 by be+ told ( ! +5uity & orig9ality ( 8 !ory1 ?an ( ! addition :i* x _h made to our k ( f9al causes4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t he %\ld be hurt by an attempt to accuse him ( op9ions1 s diff]5t f ^? :i* he _h always taught2 & if he answ]$ ,mr ,kirwan's attack ) w>m? or asp]ity1 we mu/ ascribe x to ! indignation excit$ by unm]it$ reproa*4 #abj4 ,b to return to ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?3 ,?\gh !re be 9 x no data1 f :i* ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t ord] c be asc]ta9$1 !re are _m by :i* ! exi/5ce ( t ord] may be trac$ back to an antiquity extremely remote4 ,! b$s ( primitive s*i/us1 = in/ance1 conta9 s&1 gravel1 & o!r mat]ials1 collect$1 z already %[n1 f ! dissolution ( m9]al bodies2 :i* bodies1 !re=e1 mu/ h exi/$ long be=e ! olde/ "p ( ! pres5t l& 0 =m$4 ,aga91 9 ?is gravel we sometimes f9d pieces ( s&/one1 & ( o!r comp\nd rocks1 by :i* we are ( c\rse c>ri$ back a /ep f>!r1 s z to rea* a sy/em ( ?+s1 f :i* ! pres5t is ! ?ird 9 succession2 & ?is may be consid]$ z ! mo/ anci5t epo*a1 ( :i* any memorial exi/s 9 ! records ( ! fossil k+dom4 #aba4 ,next 9 ! ord] ( "t to ! consolidation ( ! prim>y /rata1 we mu/ place _! elevation1 :51 f be+ horizontal1 & at ! bottom ( ! sea1 !y 7 brok51 set on edge1 & rais$ to ! surface4 ,x is ev5 probable1 z =m]ly obs]v$1 t to ?is succe$$ a depression ( ! same /rata1 & a second elevation1 s t !y h twice visit$ ! sup]ior1 & twice ! inf]ior regions4 ,dur+ ! second imm]sion1 7 =m$1 fir/1 ! great bodies ( pudd+-/one1 t 9 s _m in/ances lie imm$iately above !m2 & next 7 deposit$ ! /rata t are /rictly d5om9at$ second>y4 #abb4 ,! ?ird great ev5t1 0 ! rais+ up ( ?is comp\nd body ( old & new /rata f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & =m+ x into ! dry l&1 or ! cont95ts1 z !y n[ exi/4#ce ,contempor>y ) ?is1 we mu/ suppose ! injection ( melt$ matt] among ! /rata1 & ! consequ5t =mation ( ! cry/alliz$ & un/ratifi$ rocks1 namely1 ! granite1 metallic ve9s1 & ve9s ( porphyry & :9/one4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is to be consid]$ z embrac+ a p]iod ( great duration2 & x mu/ always be recollect$1 t ve9s are f\nd ( v diff]5t =mation2 s t :5 we speak g5]ally1 x is p]haps impossible to /ate any ?+ m precise conc]n+ _! antiquity1 ?an t !y are po/]ior to ! /rata1 & t ! ve9s ( :9/one seem to be ! mo/ rec5t ( all1 z !y trav]se e o!r4 ,footnote #ce3 ,,note ,,xxi4 #abc4 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ) respect to "t1 we mu/ class ! facts t reg>d ! detritus & wa/e ( ! l&1 & mu/ c>efully di/+ui% !m f ! m anci5t ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,"h we are to reckon ! %ap+ ( all ! pres5t inequalities ( ! surface2 ! =mation ( hills ( gravel1 & ( :at h be5 call$ t]ti>y /rata1 consi/+ ( loose & unconsolidat$ mat]ials2 also collections ( %ells n m9]alis$1 l ^? 9 ,tura9e2 su* petrifactions z ^? conta9$ 9 ! rock ( ,gibralt>1 on ! coa/ ( ,dalmatia1 & 9 ! caves ( ,bayreu?4 ,! bones ( l& animals f\nd 9 ! soil1 su* z ^? ( ,sib]ia1 or ,nor? ,am]ica1 are probably m rec5t ?an any ( ! =m]4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,,note ,,xxii4 #abd4 ,^! ph5om5a1 !n1 are all s _m m>ks ( ! lapse ( "t1 among :i* ! pr9ciples ( geology enable u to di/+ui% a c]ta9 ord]1 s t we "k "s ( !m to be m1 & o!rs to be less di/ant1 b )\t be+ able to asc]ta91 ) any exactness1 ! proportion ( ! imm5se int]vals :i* sep>ate !m4 ,^! int]vals admit ( no comp>ison ) ! a/ronomical measures ( "t2 !y _c be express$ by ! revolutions ( ! sun or ( ! moon2 nor is !re any syn*ronism betwe5 ! mo/ rec5t epo* z ( ! m9]al k+dom1 & ! mo/ anci5t ( our ord9>y *ronology4 #abe4 ,on :at is n[ said is gr\nd$ ano!r objection to ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 namely1 t ! high antiquity ascrib$ by x to ! e>?1 is inconsi/5t ) t sy/em ( *ronology :i* re/s on ! au?ority ( ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s4 ,?is objection w\ld no d\bt be ( weight1 if ! high antiquity 9 "q 7 n re/rict$ m]ely to ! globe ( ! e>?1 b 7 also ext5d$ to ! human race4 ,t ! orig9 ( mank9d does n g back beyond six or sev5 ?\s& ye>s1 is a position s involv$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,mosaic books1 t any ?+ inconsi/5t ) x1 w\ld no d\bt /& 9 opposition to ! te/imony ( ^? anci5t records4 ,on ?is subject1 h[ev]1 geology is sil5t2 & ! hi/ory ( arts & sci5ces1 :5 trac$ z high z any au!ntic monum5ts ext5d1 ref]s ! beg9n+s ( civilization to a date n v diff]5t f t :i* has j be5 m5tion$1 & inf9itely )9 ! limits ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ! epo* z1 m>k$ by ! physical revolutions ( ! globe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! au?ority ( ! ,sacr$ ,books seems to be b little int]e/$ 9 :at reg>ds ! m]e antiquity ( ! e>? itself2 nor does x appe> t _! language is to be und]/ood lit]ally conc]n+ ! age ( t body1 any m ?an conc]n+ its figure or its motion4 ,! !ory ( ,dr ,hutton /&s "h precisely on ! same foot+ ) ! sy/em ( ,,cop]nicus2 = !re is no reason to suppose1 t x 0 ! purpose ( revelation to furni% a /&>d ( geological1 any m ?an ( a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,x is admitt$1 on all h&s1 t ! ,scriptures are n int5d$ to resolve physical que/ions1 or to expla9 matt]s 9 no way relat$ to ! morality ( human actions2 & if1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is pr9ciple1 a consid]able latitude ( int]pretation 7 n all[$1 we %\ld cont9ue at ?is mom5t to believe1 t ! e>? is flat2 t ! sun moves r\nd ! e>?2 & t ! circumf]5ce ( a circle is no m ?an ?ree times its diamet]4 ,x is b reasonable1 !re=e1 t we %\ld ext5d to ! geologi/ ! same lib]ty ( speculation1 :i* ! a/ronom] & ma!matician are already 9 possession (2 & ?is may be done1 by suppos+ t ! *ronology ( ,,moses relates only to ! human race4 ,?is lib]ty is n m necess>y to ,dr ,hutton ?an to o!r !ori/s4 ,no +5uity has be5 able to reconcile ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe ) ! op9ion ( its rec5t orig92 & accord+ly ! cosmologies ( ,kirwan & ,de ,luc1 ?\gh contriv$ ) m m9]alogical skill1 are n less =c$ & unsatisfactory ?an ^? ( ,burnet & ,:i/on4 #abf4 ,x is impossible to look back on ! sy/em :i* we h ?us endeav\r$ to illu/rate1 )\t be+ /ruck ) ! novelty & beauty ( ! views :i* x sets be=e u4 ,! v plan & scope ( x di/+ui% x f all o!r !ories ( ! e>?1 & po9t x out z a "w ( great & orig9al inv5tion4 ,! sole object ( su* !ories has hi!rto be51 to expla9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! pres5t laws ( ! m9]al k+dom 7 fir/ e/abli%$1 or began to exi/1 )\t treat+ ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y n[ proce$1 & by :i* _! cont9uance is provid$ =4 ,! au?ors ( ^! !ories h accord+ly gone back to a /ate ( ?+s altoge!r unlike ! pres5t1 & h conf9$ _! reason+s1 or _! fictions1 to a crisis :i* nev] has exi/$ b once1 & :i* nev] c return4 ,dr ,hutton1 on ! o!r h&1 has guid$ 8 inve/igation by ! philosophical maxim1 ,causam naturalem et assiduam qurimus1 non r>am et =tuitam4 ,8 !ory1 accord+ly1 pres5ts u ) a sy/em ( wise & provid5t economy1 :]e ! same in/rum5ts are cont9ually employ$1 & :]e ! decay & r5ovation ( fossils be+ c>ri$ on at ! same "t 9 ! diff]5t regions allott$ to !m1 pres]ve 9 ! e>? ! conditions ess5tial = ! support ( animal & vegetable life4 ,we h be5 long accu/om$ to admire t beautiful contrivance 9 nature1 by :i* ! wat] ( ! ocean1 drawn up 9 vap\r by ! atmosph]e1 imp>ts1 9 its desc5t1 f]tility to ! e>?1 & becomes ! great cause ( vegetation & ( life2 b n[ we f9d1 t ?is vap\r n only f]tilizes1 b creates ! soil2 prep>es x f ! solid rock1 &1 aft] employ+ x 9 ! great op]ations ( ! surface1 c>ries x back into ! regions :]e all its m9]al *>act]s are r5ew$4 ,?us1 ! circulation ( moi/ure ?r\gh ! air1 is a prime mov]1 n only 9 ! annual succession ( ! seasons1 b 9 ! great geological cycle1 by :i* ! wa/e & reproduction ( entire cont95ts is circumscrib$4 ,p]haps a m /rik+ view ?an ?is1 ( ! wisdom t presides ov] nature1 0 nev] pres5t$ by any philosophical sy/em1 nor a great] addition ev] made to our k ( f9al causes4 ,x is an addition :i* gives consi/5cy to ! re/1 by prov+1 t equal =esight is ex]t$ 9 provid+ = ! :ole & = ! p>ts1 & t no less a c>e is tak5 to ma9ta9 ! con/itution ( ! e>?1 ?an to pres]ve ! tribes ( animals & vegetables :i* dwell on its surface4 ,9 a ^w1 x is ! peculi> excell5ce ( ?is !ory1 t x ascribes to ! ph5om5a ( geology an ord] simil> to t :i* exi/s 9 ! prov9ces ( nature ) :i* we are be/ acqua9t$2 t x produces seas & cont95ts1 n by accid5t1 b by ! op]ation ( regul> & uni=m causes2 t x makes ! decay ( "o "p subs]vi5t to ! re/oration ( ano!r1 & gives /ability to ! :ole1 n by p]petuat+ individuals1 b by reproduc+ !m 9 succession4 #abg4 ,aga91 9 ! detail ( ?is !ory1 & ! ample induction on :i* x is f\nd$1 we meet ) _m facts & obs]vations1 ei!r entirely new1 or hi!rto v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,?us1 ! ve9s :i* proce$ f masses ( granite1 & p5etrate ! incumb5t s*i/us1 _h ei!r escap$ ! obs]vation ( =m] m9]alogi/s1 or ! importance ( ! ph5om5on _h be5 entirely ov]look$4 ,dr ,hutton has describ$ ! appe>ances ) great accuracy1 & drawn f !m ! mo/ int]e/+ conclusions4 ,at ! junction ( ! prim>y & second>y /rata1 ! facts :i* he has not$ _h be5 obs]v$ by o!rs2 b no "o ,i ?9k _h s fully und]/ood ! language :i* !y speak1 or _h s cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! consequ5ces t necess>ily foll[ f !m4 ,he is ! fir/ :o di/9ctly po9t$ out ! *>act]s :i* di/+ui% :9/one f lava1 & :o expla9$ ! true relation t subsi/s betwe5 ^! sub/ances4 ,he also discov]$ ! induration ( ! /rata1 9 contact ) ve9s ( :91 & ! *>r+ ( ! coal 9 _! vic9ity4 ,8 !ory also enabl$ him to det]m9e ! aff9ity ( :9/one & granite to "o ano!r1 & _! relation to ! o!r great bodies ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,to ! obs]vations ( ! same excell5t geologi/1 we are indebt$ = ! k ( ! g5]al & important fact1 t all ! h>d sub/ances ( ! m9]al k+dom1 :5 elevat$ into ! atmosph]e1 h a t5d5cy to decay1 & are subject to a dis9tegration & wa/e1 to :i* no limit c be set b t ( _! entire de/ruction2 t no provision is made on ! surface = repair+ ?is wa/e1 & t !re1 no new fossil is produc$2 t ! =mation ( all ! v>i$ sc5]y :i* ! surface ( ! e>? exhibits1 dep5ds on ! op]ation ( causes1 ! mom5t>y ex]tions ( :i* are famili> to u1 ?\gh we knew n be=e ! effects :i* _! accumulat$ action 0 able to produce4 ,^! are facts 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?1 ! discov]y ( :i* is due to ,dr ,hutton2 &1 %\ld we lay all fur!r speculation aside1 & consid] ! !ory ( ! e>? z a "w too great to be attempt$ by man1 we mu/ /ill reg>d ! ph5om5a & laws j m5tion$1 z =m+ a solid & valuable addition to our k4 #abh4 ,if we w\ld comp>e ?is !ory ) o!rs1 z to ! invisible ag5ts :i* x employs1 we mu/ consid]1 t fire & wat] are ! two p[]s :i* all ( !m mu/ make use (1 s t !y c diff] f "o ano!r only by ! way 9 :i* !y comb9e ^! p[]s4 ,9 ,dr ,hutton's sy/em1 wat] is fir/ employ$ to deposit & arrange1 & !n fire to consolidate1 m9]alize1 & la/ly1 to elevate ! /rata2 b ) respect to ! un/ratifi$ or cry/alliz$ sub/ances1 ! action ( fire only is recognis$4 ,! sy/em hav+ lea/ aff9ity to ?is is ! ,neptunian1 :i* ascribes ! =mation ( all m9]als to ! action ( wat] alone1 & ext5ds ?is hypo!sis ev5 to ! un/ratifi$ rocks4 ,"h1 !re=e1 ! action ( fire is entirely exclud$2 & ! ,neptuni/s h c]ta9ly made a great sacrifice to ! love ( tru?1 or ( p>adox1 9 reject+ ! assi/ance ( s p[]ful an auxili>y4#cg ,footnote #cg3 ,,note ,,xxiii4 #abi4 ,9 ! sy/ems :i* employ ! ag5cy ( ! latt] elem5t1 we are to look = a great] resemblance to t ( ,dr ,hutton1 ?\gh _m & great m>ks ( di/9ction are easily p]ceiv$4 ,9 ! cosmologies1 = example1 ( ,,leibnitz & ,,buffon1 fire & wat] are bo? employ$1 z well z 9 ?is2 b !y are employ$ 9 a rev]se ord]4 ,^! philosoph]s introduce ! action ( fire fir/1 & !n ! action ( wat]1 :i* is to inv]t ! ord] ( nature altoge!r1 z ! consolidation ( ! rocks mu/ be po/]ior to _! /ratification4 ,inde$1 ! !ory ( ,buffon is s+ul>ly defective3 besides inv]t+ ! ord] ( ! two great op]ations ( /ratification & consolidation1 & ( c\rse giv+ no real explanation ( ! latt]1 x gives no acc\nt ( ! elevation1 or highly incl9$ position ( ! /rata2 x makes no di/9ction betwe5 /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ bodies1 nor does x (f] any b ! mo/ unsatisfactory explanation ( ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,?is sy/em1 !re=e1 has b a v di/ant resemblance to ! ,huttonian !ory4#ch ,footnote #ch3 ,,note ,,xxiv4 #acj4 ,! sy/em ( ,,lazz>o ,,moro has be5 rem>k$ z approa*+ ne>] to ?is !ory ?an any o!r2 & x is c]ta91 t "o v important pr9ciple is common to !m bo?4 ,! !ory ( ! ,italian geologi/ 0 *iefly direct$ to ! explanation ( ! rema9s ( m>9e animals1 :i* are f\nd 9 m\nta9s f> f ! sea2 & x appe>s to h be5 sugge/$ to him by ! ph5om5a ( ! ,campi ,phlegri1 & by ! production ( ! new isl& ( ,santor9i 9 ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,he accord+ly supposes1 t ! isl&s & cont95ts h be5 all rais$ up1 l ! above-m5tion$ isl&1 f ! bottom ( ! sea1 by ! =ce ( volcanic fire3 t ^! fires began to burn "u ! bottom ( ! ocean1 soon aft] ! creation ( ! _w1 :5 z yet ! ocean cov]$ ! :ole e>?3 t !y at fir/ elevat$ a portion ( ! l&2 & 9 ?is primitive l& no %ells are f\nd1 z ! orig9al ocean 0 de/itute ( fi%4 ,! volcanoes cont9u+ to burn1 "u ! sea1 aft] ! creation ( animat$ nature1 ! /rata t 7 !n rais$ up by _! action 7 full ( %ells & o!r m>9e objects2 &1 f ! viol5ce ) :i* !y 7 elevat$1 arose ! contortions & incl9$ position :i* !y frequ5tly possess4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,d ,cro/acei1 et degli altri ,m>9i ,corpi1 *e si trovano su' ,monti3 di ,ant4 ,lazz>o ,moro4 ,v5ezia4 #agdj4 ,?is sy/em is imp]fect1 z x makes no peculi> provision = ! consolidation ( ! /rata1 :i*1 accord+ to x1 z well z ! ,neptunian sy/em1 mu/ be ascrib$ to ! action1 n ( fire1 b ( wat]4 ,no acc\nt is giv5 ( ! m9]alization ( ! %ells f\nd 9 ! /rata1 or ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ! %ells f\nd loose at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & no di/9ction is made betwe5 /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ sub/ances4 ,b1 ) all ?is1 ,lazz>o ,moro has c]ta9ly ! m]it ( hav+ p]ceiv$1 t "s o!r p[] ?an t :i* deposit$ ! /rata1 mu/ h be5 employ$ = _! elevation1 & t !y h endur$ ! action ( a di/urb+ =ce4 #aca4 ,f ?is comp>ison x appe>s1 t ,dr ,hutton's !ory is suffici5tly di/9ct1 ev5 f ! !ories :i* approa* to x mo/ ne>ly1 to m]it1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 ! appellation ( new & orig9al4 ,!re are inde$ few inv5tions or discov]ies1 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 to :i* ne>] approa*es 7 n made be=e !y 7 fully unfold$4 ,x !re=e v well des]ves to be di/+ui%$ by a p>ticul> "n2 &1 if x behoves u to foll[ ! analogy obs]v$ 9 ! names ( ! two great sy/ems1 :i* at pres5t divide ! op9ions ( geologi/s1 we may jo9 ,mr ,kirwan 9 call+ ?is ! ,,plutonic ,,sy/em4 ,= my own "p1 ,i w\ld r h x *>act]iz$ by a less spl5did1 b ju/] "n1 t ( ! ,,huttonian ,,!ory4 #acb4 ,! circum/ance1 h[ev]1 :i* gives to ?is !ory its peculi> "*1 & exalts x inf9itely above all o!rs1 is ! introduction ( ! pr9ciple ( pressure1 to modify ! effects ( heat :5 appli$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,?is is 9 fact ! key to ! gr& enigma ( ! m9]al k+dom1 :]e1 :ile "o set ( ph5om5a indicates ! action ( fire1 ano!r set1 equally rem>kable1 seems to exclude ! possibility ( t action1 by pres5t+ u ) m9]al sub/ances1 9 su* a /ate z !y c\ld nev] h be5 br\ght into by ! op]ation ( ! fires we see at ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,^! two classes ( ph5om5a are reconcil$ toge!r1 by admitt+ ! p[] ( compression to conf9e ! volatile p>ts ( bodies :5 heat is appli$ to !m1 & to =ce !m1 9 _m in/ances1 to und]go fusion1 in/ead ( be+ calc9$ or dissipat$ by burn+ or inflammation4 ,9 ?is hypo!sis1 :i* "s affect to consid] z a pr9ciple gratuit\sly assum$1 !re appe>s to me no?+ b a v fair & legitimate g5]alization ( ! prop]ties ( heat4 ,combu/ion & inflammation are *emical processes1 to :i* o!r conditions are requir$1 besides ! pres5ce ( a high temp]ature4 ,! /ate ( ! m9]al regions makes x reasonable to presume1 t ^! conditions are want+ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :]e1 ( consequ5ce1 we h a "r to look = no?+ b expansion & fusion1 ! only op]ations :i* seem ess5tial to heat1 & insep>able f ! application ( x1 9 c]ta9 degrees1 to c]ta9 sub/ances4 ,?\gh ?is pr9ciple1 !re=e1 _h no c\nt5ance f analogy1 ! admirable simplicity1 & ! unity1 :i* x introduces into ! ph5om5a ( geology1 w\ld suffici5tly ju/ify ! application ( x to ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,z ano!r excell5ce ( ?is !ory1 ,i may1 p]haps1 be all[$ to rem>k1 t x ext5ds its consequ5ces beyond ^? to :i* ! au?or ( x has himself adv]t$1 & t x af=ds1 :i* no geological !ory has yet done1 a satisfactory explanation ( ! sph]oidal figure ( ! e>?4#dj ,footnote #dj3 ,,note ,,xxv4 #acc4 ,yet1 ) all ^! circum/ances ( orig9ality1 gr&eur1 & simplicity 9 its fav\r1 ) ! addition ( evid5ce z demon/rative z ! nature ( ! subject w admit1 ?is !ory has probably _m ob/acles to ov]come1 be=e x meet ! g5]al approbation4 ,! greatness ( ! objects :i* x sets be=e u1 al>ms ! imag9ation2 ! p[]s :i* x supposes to be lodg$ 9 ! subt]rane\s regions2 a heat :i* has subdu$ ! mo/ refractory rocks1 & has melt$ b$s ( m>ble & qu>tz2 an expansive =ce1 :i* has fold$ up1 or brok5 ! /rata1 & rais$ :ole cont95ts f ! bottom ( ! sea2 ^! are ?+s ) :i*1 h[ev] c]ta9ly !y may be prov$1 ! m9d _c soon be famili>iz$4 ,! *ange & movem5t also1 :i* ?is !ory ascribes to all t ! s5ses decl>e to be mo/ unalt]able1 raise up aga9/ x ! same prejudices :i* =m]ly oppos$ ! belief 9 ! true sy/em ( ! _w2 & x af=ds a curi\s pro(1 h[ little su* prejudices are subject to v>y1 t z ,ari/>*us1 an anci5t foll[] ( t sy/em1 0 *>g$ ) impiety = mov+ ! ev]la/+ ,ve/a f h] place1 s ,dr ,hutton1 ne>ly on ! same gr\nd1 has be5 subject$ to ! v same accusation4 ,ev5 ! l5g? ( "t :i* ?is !ory reg>ds z necess>y to ! revolutions ( ! globe1 is look$ on z belong+ to ! m>vell\s2 & man1 :o f9ds himself con/ra9$ by ! want ( "t1 or ( space1 9 almo/ all 8 und]tak+s1 =gets1 t 9 ^!1 if 9 any ?+1 ! ri*es ( nature reject all limitation4#da ,footnote #da3 ,,note ,,xxvi4 ,! evid5ce :i* mu/ be oppos$ to all ^! causes ( incr$ulity1 _c be fully und]/ood )\t mu* /udy & att5tion4 ,x requires n only a c>eful exam9ation ( p>ticul> in/ances1 b compreh5sive views ( ! :ole ph5om5a ( geology2 ! comp>ison ( ?+s v remote ) "o ano!r2 ! int]pretation ( ! obscure by ! lum9\s1 & ( ! d\btful by ! decisive appe>ances4 ,! geologi/ mu/ n cont5t himself ) exam9+ ! insulat$ specim5s ( 8 cab9et1 or ) pursu+ ! nice subtleties ( m9]alogical arrangem5t2 he mu/ /udy ! relations ( fossils1 z !y actually exi/2 he mu/ foll[ nature into h] wilde/ & mo/ inaccessible abodes2 & mu/ select1 = ! places ( 8 obs]vations1 ^? po9ts1 f :i* ! v>iety & gradation ( h] works c be mo/ ext5sively & accurately explor$4 ,)\t su* an exact & compreh5sive survey1 8 m9d w h>dly be prep>$ to reli% ! true !ory ( ! e>?4 ,natur enim vis atque maje/as omnibus mom5tis fide c>et1 si quis modo p>tes atque non totam complectatur animo4#db ,footnote #db3 ,,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 lib4 vii4 ,cap4 i4 #acd4 ,if inde$ ?is !ory ( ! e>? is z well f\nd$ z we suppose x to be1 ! lapse ( "t mu/ necess>ily remove all objections to x1 & ! progress ( sci5ce w only develope its evid5ce m fully4 ,z x /&s at pres5t1 ?\gh true1 x mu/ be /ill imp]fect2 & x _c be d\bt$1 t ! great pr9ciples ( x1 ?\gh e/abli%$ on an immoveable basis1 mu/ yet und]go _m modifications1 requir+ to be limit$1 9 "o place1 or to be ext5d$1 9 ano!r4 ,a "w ( su* v>iety & ext5t _c be c>ri$ to p]fection by ! ef=ts ( an individual4 ,ages may be requir$ to fill up ! bold outl9e :i* ,dr ,hutton has trac$ ) s ma/]ly a h&2 to deta* ! p>ts m completely f ! g5]al mass2 to adju/ ! size & position ( ! subord9ate memb]s2 & to give to ! :ole piece ! exact proportion & true col\r+ ( nature4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 9 l5g? ( "t1 may be expect$ f ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 & f ! mutual assi/ance :i* p>ts ( k1 seem+ly ! mo/ remote1 (t5 af=d to "o ano!r4 ,n only may ! obs]vations ( ! m9]alogi/1 9 tracts yet unexplor$1 complete ! enum]ation ( geological facts2 & ! exp]im5ts ( ! *emi/1 on sub/ances n yet subject$ to 8 analysis1 af=d a m intimate acqua9tance ) ! nature ( fossils1 & a measure ( ! p[] ( ^? *emical ag5ts to :i* ?is !ory ascribes su* va/ effects3 b also1 f o!r sci5ces1 less directly connect$ ) ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?1 mu* in=mation may be receiv$4 ,! accurate geographical maps & surveys :i* are n[ mak+2 ! f\nd+s2 ! obsevations ( curr5ts2 ! b>ometrical measurem5ts1 may all comb9e to asc]ta9 ! reality1 & to fix ! quantity ( ^? *anges :i* t]re/rial bodies cont9ually und]go4 ,e new improvem5t 9 sci5ce af=ds ! means ( del9eat+ m accurately ! face ( nature z x n[ exi/s1 & ( transmitt+1 to future ages1 an acc\nt1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ! face ( nature z x %all !n exi/4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! sci5ce ( ! pres5t times is de/9$ to survive ! physical revolutions ( ! globe1 ! ,,huttonian ,,!ory may be confirm$ by hi/orical record2 & ! au?or ( x w be rememb]$ among ! illu/ri\s few1 ^: sy/ems h be5 v]ifi$ by ! obs]vations ( succe$+ ages1 support$ by facts unkn[n to !mselves1 & e/abli%$ by ! decisions ( a tribunal1 sl[1 b infallible1 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 tru? & falsehood4 ,,notes ,,& ,,additions4 ,,notes ,,& ,,additions4 ,,note ,i4 #b4 ,orig9 ( calc>e\s rocks4 #ace4 ,,x has be5 ass]t$1 t ,dr ,hutton w5t f>!r ?an is /at$ at #b1 & ma9ta9$ all calc>e\s matt] to be orig9ally ( animal =mation4 ,?is position1 h[ev]1 is s f> f be+ laid d[n by ,dr ,hutton1 t x belongs to an inquiry :i* he c>efully avoid$ to ent] on1 z be+ altoge!r beyond ! limits ( philosophical inve/igation4 ,he has inde$ no :]e treat$ ( ! fir/ orig9 ( any ( ! e>?s1 or ( any sub/ance :atsoev]1 b only ( ! trans=mations :i* bodies h und]gone s9ce ! pres5t laws ( nature 7 e/abli%$4 ,he consid]$ ?is la/ z all t a sci5ce1 built on exp]im5t & obs]vation1 c possibly ext5d to2 & will+ly left1 to m presumptu\s inquir]s1 ! task ( c>ry+ _! reason+s beyond ! b\nd>ies ( nature1 & ( unfold+ ! prop]ties ( ! *aotic fluid1 ) z mu* m9ut5ess ( detail1 z if !y 7 describ+ ! circum/ances ( a *emical process :i* !y _h actually witness$4 ,! idea ( calc>e\s matt] :i* really belongs to ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 is1 t 9 all ! *anges :i* ! t]raque\s globe has und]gone 9 pa/ ages1 ?is matt] exi/$1 z x does n[1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( lime/one & m>ble1 or 9 ! composition ( o!r /ones1 or 9 ! /ate ( corals1 %ells1 & bones ( animals4 ,x may be true1 t !re is no p>ticle ( calc>e\s matt]1 at pres5t exi/+ on ! surface ( ! e>?1 t has n1 at "s "t1 made a "p ( an animal body2 b ( ?is we c h no c]ta9ty1 nor is x ( any importance t we %\ld4 ,x is en\gh to "k1 t ! rocks ( m>ble & lime/one conta9 9 g5]al m>ks ( hav+ be5 =m$ f mat]ials collect$ at ! bottom ( ! sea2 & ( ?is a s+le cockle-%ell1 or piece ( coral1 f\nd includ$ 9 a rock1 is a suffici5t pro( ) respect to ! :ole mass ( :i* x makes a "p4 ,! pr9cipal object :i* ,dr ,hutton _h 9 view :5 he spoke ( ! masses ( m>ble & lime/one1 z compos$ ( ! calc>e\s matt] ( m>9e bodies1#dc 0 to prove1 t !y _h be5 all =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & f mat]ials !re deposit$4 ,8 g5]al conclusion is1 ,t all ! /rata ( ! e>?1 n only ^? consi/+ ( su* calc>e\s masses1 b o!rs sup]9cumb5t ^u ^!1 h _h _! orig9 at ! bottom ( ! sea1 by ! collection ( s& & gravel1 ( %ells1 ( corall9e & cru/ace\s bodies1 & ( e>?s & clays v>i\sly mix$1 or sep>at$ & accumulat$4 ,?is is a g5]al conclusion1 well au!nticat$ by ! appe>ances ( nature1 & highly important 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #bc1 #bd4 ,footnote #dd3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #bf4 #acf4 ,9 8 ,geological ,essays1 ,mr ,kirwan says1 t "s geologi/s1 z ,buffon1 & ( late ,dr ,hutton1 h exclud$ calc>e\s e>? f ! numb] ( ! primeval1 ass]t+ ! masses ( x we at pres5t behold to proce$ f %ell-fi%4 ,b1 9 addition to ! unf\nd$ supposition1 t %ell-fi%1 or any animals1 possess ! p[] ( produc+ any simple e>?1 ^! philosoph]s %\ld h consid]$1 t1 be=e ! exi/5ce ( any fi%1 ! /ony masses t inclose ! bason ( ! sea1 mu/ h exi/$2 &1 among ^!1 !re is none 9 :i* calc>e\s e>? is n f\nd4 ,dr ,hutton endeav\rs to evade ?is argum5t1 by suppos+ ! _w we n[ inhabit to h aris5 f ! ru9s & fragm5ts ( an ant]ior1 )\t po9t+ at any orig9al4 ,if we are ?us to proce$ 9 inf9itum1 ,i %all n pret5d to foll[ him2 b1 if he /ops any :]e1 he w f9d ! same argum5t equally to occur4#de ,footnote #de3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #ac4 ,! argum5t "h employ$ w\ld c]ta9ly be conclusive aga9/ any "o1 :o1 9 disput+ ab\t ! fir/ orig9 ( ?+s1 %\ld d5y t ! calc>e\s is z anci5t z any o!r ( ! simple e>?s4 ,b ?is has no?+ to d ) ,dr ,hutton's speculations1 :i*1 z has be5 j said1 nev] ext5d$ to ! fir/ orig9 ( sub/ances1 b 7 conf9$ entirely to _! *anges2 s t :at he ass]ts conc]n+ ! calc>e\s rocks1 is no m ?an t ^? :i* we n[ see h be5 =m$ f loose mat]ials1 deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,x 0 n !re=e 9 ord] to evade ,mr ,kirwan's argum5t1 z ! prec$+ passage w\ld lead u to believe1 t he suppos$ ! _w :i* we n[ inhabit to h aris5 f ! ru9 & wa/e ( an ant]ior _w2 b x 0 because ?is seem$ to him a conclusion :i* necess>ily foll[$ f ! ph5om5a ( geology1 & x 0 a conclusion t he _h d$uc$ long be=e he he>d ( ,mr ,kirwan's objections to 8 sy/em4 ,in/ead ( an evasion1 !re=e1 any "o :o consid]s ! subject fairly1 w see1 9 ,dr ,hutton's reason+1 no?+ b ! caution ( a philosoph]1 :o wisely conf9es 8 !ory )9 ! same limits by :i* nature has conf9$ 8 exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,x is nev]!less true1 t ,dr ,hutton has sometimes express$ himself z if he ?\ght t ! pres5t calc>e\s rocks are all compos$ ( animal rema9s4#df ,?is conclusion1 h[ev]1 is m g5]al ?an ! facts w>rant2 &1 f "s incorrectness or ambiguity ( language1 is c]ta9ly m g5]al ?an he int5d$4 ,! idea ( calc>e\s rocks1 on :i* he argues ?r\gh\t 8 :ole !ory1 is precisely t :i* is /at$ 9 ! prec$+ article4 ,footnote #df3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #bc4 ,,note ,,ii4 #f4 ,orig9 ( coal4 #acg4 ,! vegetable orig9 ( coal seems to be suffici5tly prov$ by ! reason+ 9 #e4 & #f42 & t reason+ w appe> /ill m satisfactory1 f :at is said at #bh4 & #bi41 conc]n+ ! consolidation ( ?is fossil4 ,dr ,hutton has treat$ bo? ( ! matt] ( coal & ( its consolidation4 ,"p4 ,i4 ,*ap4 #h41 ( 8 ,!ory ( ! ,e>? #dg4 ,footnote #dg3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #eeh1 c4 ,! notion1 h[ev]1 t coal is ( vegetable orig91 is n peculi> to ?is !ory1 b has be5 = "s "t ! prevail+ op9ion4 ,buffon supposes ?is m9]al to be =m$ f vegetable & animal sub/ances1 ! oil & fat ( :i* h be5 conv]t$ into bitum5 by ! action ( acids4#dh ,a fundam5tal mi/ake1 h[ev]1 is committ$ by ?is au?or1 & by ,m4 ,,g5sanne1 7au?or ( ! natural hi/ory ( ,langu$oc17 on ^: obs]vations he greatly relies1 9 consid]+ coal z consi/+ ( bitum5 unit$ to e>?1 ?us omitt+ ! only +r$i5t ess5tial to coal1 namely ! c>bon or *>coal4 ,?is may truly be consid]$ z ! ess5tial "p1 because coal may exi/ )\t bitum51 z 9 ! in/ance ( bl9d coal1 b n )\t *>coal4 ,footnote #dh3 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,m9]aux4 tom4 i4 p4 #dbi1 #dto edit4 ,ano!r !ory ( coal1 v analog\s to ,dr ,hutton's1 is t ( ,,ardu9o1 pr(essor ( m9]alogy at ,v5ice1 9 :i* he supposes x =m$ f vegetable & animal rema9s f ! l& & sea1 b *iefly f ! latt]4#di ,?is !ory ( coal is conta9$ 9 ,dr ,hutton's1 9 :i* ! animal & vegetable rema9s mu/ be suppos$ to come bo? f ! e>? & ! sea4 ,x seems to be )\t any good reason t ,ardu9o consid]s ! sea z ! *ief s\rce ( ^! mat]ials4 ,8 rem>ks1 h[ev]1 are v +5i\s1 & des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,footnote #di3 ,saggio ,fisico-m9]alogico del ,sig4 ,giov4 ,ardu9o2 ,atti di ,si5a1 tom4 v4 p4 #bbh1 #bha1 c4 ,^! acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( coal are all ne>ly ! same2 x is 9 :at relates to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! common coal1 9 :i* !re is no ligne\s /ructure1 & ^? v>ieties ( x 9 :i* t /ructure is app>5t1 & aga9 9 expla9+ ! consolidation ( bo?1 t ! !ory laid d[n "h is peculi>4 #ach4 ,"s o!r m9]alogi/s ref] "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( coal to ! vegetable k+dom1 b n ! o!r4 ,unable to resi/ ! conviction :i* arises f ! fibr\s /ructure ( p>ts ( /rata1 & ev5 entire /rata ( coal1 !y h suppos$1 t wood1 :i* _h be5 someh[ buri$ 9 ! e>?1 or p]haps deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 _h become impregnat$ ) bitum51 :i* la/1 h[ev]1 !y consid] z ( m9]al orig94 ,?is appe>s to be ! op9ion ( ,lehman2 & also ( "s v late writ]s4 ,!re seems1 h[ev]1 to be h>dly less reason = ref]r+ ! orig9 ( "o "p ( coal to ! vegetable or animal k+dom ?an ano!r4 ,! two la/ are c]ta9ly capable ( furni%+ bo? ! c>bonic & bitum9\s p>ts2 & !re=e1 to d]ive ^! f diff]5t s\rces1 is at lea/ a v unnecess>y complication ( hypo!ses4 #aci4 ,ano!r explanation ( coal1 v diff]5t f any ( ! prec$+1 has lately be5 advanc$ & set up 9 opposition to ! ,huttonian ,!ory4 ,mr ,kirwan1#ej ! only m9]alogi/1 ,i believe1 :o has attempt$ to d]ive bo? ! c>bonic & bitum9\s matt] ( coal f ! m9]al k+dom1 di/+ui%es betwe5 wood coal & m9]al coal1 & gives a !ory entirely new ( ! =mation ( ! latt]4 ,wood coal is t 9 :i* ! ligne\s /ructure is s app>5t1 z to leave no d\bt ( its vegetable orig92 m9]al coal is t 9 :i* no su* /ructure c be discov]$1 & is ! same :i* ,dr ,hutton d]ives f ! vegetable juices1 & o!r rema9s1 comm9ut$1 disp]s$1 c>ri$ into ! sea1 & !re precipitat$1 s z to unite ) diff]5t proportions ( e>?1 & to become aft]w>ds m9]aliz$4 ,footnote #ej3 ,geol4 ,essays1 essay vii4 p4 #bij4 ,^! two species ( coal1 :i* ! ,huttonian !ory consid]s z gradations ( ! same sub/ance1 ,mr ,kirwan reg>ds z p]fectly di/9ct1 con/itut+ two m9]als1 ( an orig9 & =mation entirely diff]5t4 ,he !re=e endeav\rs to asc]ta9 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ea*1 consid]$ geologically4 #adj4 ,b "h ! lead+ di/9ction1 impli$ 9 all ! re/1 t ! two k9ds ( coal are nev] f\nd 9 ! same b$1 b always 9 diff]5t situations1 & ) diff]5t laws ( /ratification1 is expressly contradict$ by matt] ( fact4 ,coal1 z is said above1 ) its ligne\s texture q app>5t1 & coal ) no su* /ructure visible1 are (t5 f\nd 9 ! same seam1 are br\ght up f ! same m9e1 & unit$ 9 ! same specim54 ,i h a specim5 f a b$ ( coal1 9 ! ,isle ( ,sky1 f\nd "u a basaltic rock1 consi/+ ( a ligne\s "p1 :i* graduates into "o 9 :i* !re is no ve/ige ( a fibr\s texture1 & 9 :i* ! surface is smoo? & glossy1 ) a fracture almo/ vitre\s4 ,! upp] "p ( ! specim5 is !re=e p]fect wood coal1 & ! "u "p p]fect m9]al-coal1 9 ! language ( ,mr ,kirwan2 at ! same "t t ! transition f ! "o to ! o!r is made by ins5sible degrees4 ,?is specim51 7 x p]fectly solit>y1 is suffici5t to prove ! id5tity ( ! two species ( coal we are n[ speak+ (1 & to %[1 t ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is accid5tal1 n ess5tial4 ,! specim51 h[ev]1 is f> f be+ solit>y2 ! numb] ( simil> appe>ances is s great1 z h>dly to h escap$ ! obs]vation ( any m9]alogi/4 ,mr ,kirwan admits1 t wood coal is (t5 f\nd "u basaltes2#ea b :at is ess5tial to be rem>k$ is1 t1 9 ?is in/ance1 we h bo? ! wood coal & ! common m9]al-coal1 ly+ "u t rock1 & ! "o pass+ gradually into ! o!r ,x appe>s1 inde$1 t _m ( ! facts :i* ,mr ,kirwan produces1 9 treat+ ( :at he calls c>bonif]\s soils1 are q inconsi/5t ) ! di/9ction he w\ld make betwe5 wood-coal & m9]al coal4#eb ,footnote #ea3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #caj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,ibid4 p4 #caa4 #ada4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true1 t !re are in/ances 9 :i* ! wood coal1 or fossil wood1 z x is usually call$1 =ms entire b$s1 q unconnect$ ) ! ord9>y coal1 & /ratifi$ 9 "s respects diff]5tly4 ,su* is ! ,bovey coal 9 ,devon%ire1 ! wood-coal 9 ! nor? ( ,irel&1 & p]haps ! ,surturbr&t ( ,icel&4 ,) respect to ! ,bovey coal1 x does by no means answ] to "o ( ,mr ,kirwan's rem>ks1 viz4 t late obs]vations h asc]ta9$1 t no su* p>allelism ( ! b$s1 z 9 m9]al coal1 nor ev5 any di/9ct numb] ( /rata is f\nd4 ,9 ! ,bovey coal1 ! numb] ( /rata is v well def9$1 by b$s ( clay regul>ly int]pos$2 b z to ! ext5t ( ^! b$s1 ! coal hav+ be5 work$ only at "o place1 & by an op5 pit1 )\t any ext5sive subt]rane\s excavation1 no?+ is kn[n ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! ,bovey coal too1 ,i mu/ obs]ve1 ?\gh its b$s h ! ligne\s /ructure v di/9ct1 ! clay int]pos$ betwe5 ^! b$s1 :i* is b little indurat$1 conta9s a great deal ( coaly matt]1 9 ! =m ( ?9 flakes1 int]sp]s$ ?r\gh x4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 !re are no m9]al re9s nor %ifts1 nor any b$ ( indurat$ /one1 t accompany ?is coal2 s t1 ?\gh "o c n d\bt ( its vegetable orig91 "s d\bt may be ent]ta9$ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! m9]aliz+ op]ations1 to :i* x has be5 subject$ ,! consid]ation ( ^!1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ! pres5t argum5t2 & ! peculi>ities ( ?is semi-m9]aliz$ coal1 z x may be call$1 h no?+ to d ) ! g5]al "q1 :e!r wood coal & m9]al coal are ! same sub/ance2 ab\t :i* "q1 if ! gradations are prop]ly consid]$1 ,i ?9k1 no reasonable d\bt c rema94 #adb4 ,"o ( ,mr ,kirwan's objections to ! vegetable orig9 ( coal1 is f\nd$ on ?is fact1 t !re is1 9 ! museum at ,flor5ce1 a cellul> s&/one1 ! cells ( :i* are fill$ ) g5u9e m9]al coal4 ,c\ld ?is 7adds he7 h be5 orig9ally wood8#ec ,! answ] to ! int]rogatory propos$ "h z a r$uctio ad absurdum1 is1 t mo/ und\bt$ly x may h be5 wood4 ,s&/one ) *>r$ wood1 t is1 ) wood coal 9 x1 is n an uncommon ph5om5on 9 coal c\ntries4 ,i h se5 a specim5 ( ?is k9d f ! ,hales ,qu>ry1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 consi/+ ( a piece ( *>r$ wood1 imb$d$ 9 s&/one2 ! wood 0 mu* alt]$1 b ! rema9s ( its fibr\s /ructure 7 di/9ctly visible4 ,?is af=ds a p]fect comm5t>y on ! specim5 9 ! ,flor5ce cab9et4 ,footnote #ec3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #cba4 #adc4 ,if !n x be grant$1 z ,i ?9k x mu/1 t ! two k9ds ( coal we h be5 speak+ ( are ( ! same orig91 x is n v necess>y to ent] on a refutation ( ,mr ,kirwan's !ory ) respect to ei!r ( !m4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! =mation ( m9]al coal1 h[ev]1 is s s+ul>1 t x _c be pass$ ov] )\t rem>k4 ,mr ,kirwan supposes1 #amo1 ,t natural c>bon 0 orig9ally conta9$ 9 _m m\nta9s ( ! granite & porphyritic ord]1 & also 9 silice\s s*i/us2 & might1 by dis9tegration & decomposition1 be sep>at$ f ! /ony p>ticles4 #b;d1 ,t bo? petrol & c>bon are (t5 conta9$ 9 trap1 s9ce hornbl5de1 :i* has lately be5 f\nd to conta9 c>bon1 v frequ5tly ent]s into its composition4 ,my op9ion 7adds he7 is1 t coal m9es1 or /rata ( coal1 z well z ! m\nta9s 9 :i* !y are f\nd1 owe _! orig9 to ! dis9tegration ( primeval m\nta9s1 ei!r n[ totally de/roy$1 or ^: height & bulk1 9 consequ5ce ( su* dis9tegration1 are consid]ably less5$2 & t ^! rocks1 anci5tly de/roy$1 conta9$ mo/ probably a f> l>g] proportion ( c>bon & petrol ?an ^? ( ! same d5om9ation n[ conta91 s9ce _! dis9tegration took place at s e>ly a p]iod4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #cbh1 c4 ,by ! decomposition ( ^! m\nta9s1 ! feldsp> & hornbl5de 7 conv]t$ into clay2 ! bitum9\s p>ticles1 ?us set free1 reunit$1 & 7 absorb$1 p>tly by ! argil1 b *iefly by ! c>bonace\s matt]1 ) :i* !y h ! greate/ aff9ity4 ,! c>bonic & bitum9\s p>ticles1 ?us unit$1 be+ difficultly miscible ) wat]1 & specifically heavi]1 sunk ?r\gh ! moi/1 pulpy1 incoh]5t argillace\s masses1 & =m$ ! l[e/ /ratum1 c4 ,su* is ,mr ,kirwan's !ory ( ! =mation ( coal1 & nobody ,i ?9k w dispute ! orig9ality ( x4 #add4 ,to ent] on a =mal refutation ( an op9ion s load$ ) objections1 w\ld be a task z irksome z unnecess>y4 ,a few obs]vations w suffice4 ,! notion ( ! great degradation ( m\nta9s1 involv$ 9 ?is hypo!sis1 is ! "p ( x to :i* ,i am lea/ dispos$ to object4 ,b ,i _c help rem9d+ ,mr ,kirwan1 t ! effects ( wa/e are n suppos$ less 9 ?is1 ?an 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory2 & t he has assum$ ! v pr9ciple1 ( :i* t !ory makes s mu* use1 ?\gh he has res]v$ to himself1 z x %\ld seem1 ! "r ( d5y+ x1 :5 x does n accord ) 8 sy/em4 ,x is inde$ wor? :ile to comp>e :at is said conc]n+ ! degradation ( m\nta9s1 9 ! above quotations1 & /ill m fully 9 ! book itself1 ) :at is advanc$ conc]n+ _! inde/ructibility1 9 ano!r passage ( ! same volume3#ee ,footnote #ee3 ,page #dcf4 ,all m\nta9s are n subject to decay2 = in/ance1 sc>ce any ( ^? t consi/ ( r$ granite4 ,! /one ( :i* ! ,runic rocks are =m$1 h )/ood decomposition = two ?\s& ye>s1 z _! *>act]s ev9ce1 c4 ,basaltic pill>s1 9 g5]al1 bid defiance to decay1 c4 ,he goes on to d5y e /ep ( ! degradation ( l&1 by :i* x is wa/$1 c>ri$ into ! sea1 & spread out ov] its bottom1 ?\gh all ^! are necess>y po/ulata 9 8 !ory ( ! =mation ( coal4 ,"o c be at no loss ab\t e/imat+ ! value ( a sy/em1 9 :i* su* gross inconsi/5cies make a necess>y "p4 #ade4 ,! quantity ( hornbl5de & silice\s s*i/us1 necess>y to be decompos$1 9 ord] to produce ! coal /rata pres5tly exi/+1 is enorm\s1 & w\ld lead to an e/imate ( :at is worn away f ! primeval m\nta9s1 f> exce$+ any ?+ t ,dr ,hutton has suppos$4 ,x is true1 t ,mr ,kirwan1 nev] at all emb>rass$ ab\t pres]v+ a similitude betwe5 nature z %e is n[1 & z %e 0 h]et(ore1 lays x d[n1 t ! "p ( ! primeval m\nta9s :i* is worn away1 conta9$ mu* m c>bon ?an ! "p :i* is left beh9d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is an arbitr>y supposition2 & s9ce1 9 ?is sy/em1 su* suppositions are s easily admitt$1 :y may we n conceive1 9 ! primeval m\nta9s1 a m copi\s s\rce ( c>bonic matt] ?an hornbl5de or silice\s s*i/us8 ,we h b to imag9e1 t ! diamond exi/$ among ^! m\nta9s 9 su* abundance1 z to con/itute l>ge rocks4 ,?is /one be+ made up ( pure1 or highly conc5trat$ c>bon1 ! adamant9e summits ( a s+le ridge1 by _! decomposition1 might af=d a c>bonic basis1 suffici5t = ! coal b$s ( all ! surr\nd+ pla9s4 #adf4 ,we may also object to ,mr ,kirwan1 t ! silice\s "p ( ! m\nta9s has n be5 *emically dissolv$2 x has be5 only abrad$ & worn away4 ,me*anical action has r$uc$ ! qu>tz to gravel & s&1 b has n produc$ on x any *emical *ange4 ,! c>bon1 !re=e1 c\ld n be let loose4 ,exp]im5t1 inde$1 might be employ$1 to det]m9e :e!r ! silice\s matt] ( ! second>y1 & ( ! prim>y /rata conta9s ?is sub/ance 9 ! same proportion4 ,aga91 a m fatal symptom c h>dly be imag9$ 9 any !ory1 ?an t1 :5 ! circum/ances ( ! ph5om5a to be expla9$ are a little *ang$1 ! !ory is "u ! necessity ( *ang+ a great deal4 ,n[1 ?is is :at happ5s to ,mr ,kirwan's !ory1 9 ! attempt made to expla9 by x ! /ratum ( coal describ$ 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie1#ef z cutt+ a m\nta9 ( argillace\s /rata 9 two1 at ab\t ?ree-f\r?s ( its height4 ,?is /ratum1 ,mr ,kirwan says1 mu/ h be5 =m$ by transudation f ! sup]ior "p ( ! m\nta91#eg ,besides t ?is is a gratuit\s supposition ( a ?+1 )\t example1 x involves 9 x an absurdity1 :i* becomes evid5t ! mom5t ! "q is ask$1 ,:at occupi$ ! place ( ! coal-b$ be=e ! transudation f ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta98 ,has ! liquid coal1 z x p]colat$ ?r\gh ! upp] /rata1 expell$ any sub/ance f ! place x n[ occupies8 or has x be5 p[]ful en\gh to raise up1 or to float1 z x 71 ! upp] "p ( ! m\nta98 ,footnote #ef3 ,tom4 xi4 p4 #bgb4 ,footnote #eg3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #cch4 ,! situation ( ?is b$ ( coal is n s+ul>1 & its =mation is easily expla9$ on ,dr ,hutton's !ory4 ,x is "p ( a /ratum ( coal1 :i* has be5 deposit$1 l all o!rs1 at ! bottom ( ! sea2 f :5ce c]ta9 causes1 ( v g5]al op]ation1 h rais$ x up1 toge!r ) ! att5d+ /rata3 ^! /rata h s9ce be5 all cut d[n1 & worn away by ! op]ations ( ! surface2 & ! m\nta91 ) ! coal /ratum 9 ! middle ( x1 is a "p ( !m :i* has be5 left beh9d4 ,!re is no wond]1 t a coal /ratum %\ld be f\nd alt]nat+ ) o!rs1 9 a m\nta91 any m ?an 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & no m ne$ ( a sep>ate explanation4#eh ,footnote #eh3 ,?is /ratum ( coal1 :i* is describ$ by ,,hass5fratz1 is rem>kable = be+ 9 a m\nta9 :i* re/s imm$iately on prim>y s*i/us & granite4 #adg4 ,aft] all1 x may be ask$1 = :at purpose is x t s _m incongru\s & ill support$ hypo!ses are ?us pil$ on "o ano!r8 is x only to avoid ascrib+ ! c>bonic & bitum9\s matt] ( coal to a sub/ance 9 :i* we "k ) c]ta9ty t su* matt] resides 9 great abundance1 9 ord] to d]ive x f o!r sub/ances1 9 :i* a subtle analysis has %[n1 t x exi/s 9 a v small proportion8 ,su* reason+ is s great a trespass on e pr9ciple ( common s5se1 n to say ( s\nd philosophy1 t1 to be/[ any "t on ! refutation ( x1 is1 9 "s degree1 to fall "u ! same c5sure4 ,,note ,,iii4 #g4 ,primitive m\nta9s4 #adh4 ,! enum]ation ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( prim>y s*i/us1 at #g1 is n propos$ z at all complete4 ,x w be less defective1 h[ev]1 if we add to x talcose s*i/us1 & lapis oll>is or pot/one4#ei ,footnote #ei3 ,kirwan's ,m9]alogy1 vol4 i4 p4 #aee4 #adi4 ,! rocks call$ "h by ! "n ( prim>y1 7 fir/ di/+ui%$1 z =m+ ! basis ( all ! great *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & z con/itut+ a sep>ate division ( ! m9]al k+dom1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,,lehman1 director ( ! ,prussian m9es4 ,see 8 "w1 intitul$1 ,essai d'une ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,c\*es de la ,t]re4#fj ,^! rocks 7 reg>d$ by ,lehman z p>ts ( ! orig9al nucleus ( ! globe1 :i* _h und]gone no alt]ation1 b rema9$ n[ su* z !y 7 at fir/ creat$2 &1 agreeably to ?is supposition1 he be/[$ on !m1 & on ! m\nta9s compos$ ( !m1 ! "n ( primitive4 ,he rem>ks1 nev]!less1 _! di/ribution into b$s1 ei!r p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 or highly incl9$1 & ! sup]-position ( ! second>y & horizontal /rata4 ,h[ev] m9]alogi/s may n[ diff] 9 _! !ories f ,lehman1 !y mu/ consid] ?is di/9ction z a great /ep 9 ! sci5ce ( geology1 & v mat]ial to ! "r arrangem5t ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,footnote #fj3 ,tom4 iii4 p4 #bci1 c4 ,! ,fr5* translation is 9 #agei1 b ! orig9al preface is dat$ at ,b]l91 #agef4 #aej4 ,sev]al m9]alogi/s h agre$ ) him 9 ! supposition1 t ^! rocks are a "p ( ! orig9al /ructure ( ! globe1 & prior to all organiz$ matt]4 ,( ?is numb] is ,,pallas2#fa & also ,,de ,,luc1 :o applies ! t]m primordial to ! rocks 9 "q1 & consid]s !m z nei!r /ratifi$ nor =m$ by wat]4#fb ,9 8 subsequ5t writ+s1 h[ev]1 he admits _! =mation f aque\s deposition1 z ! ,neptuni/s d 9 g5]al1 b holds !m to be m anci5t ?an organiz$ bodies4 ,footnote #fa3 ,obs]vations sur la ,=mation des ,montagnes4 ,footnote #fb3 ,lettres ,phys4 ,sur l',hi/oire de la ,t]re1 tom4 ii4 p4 #bjf4 #aea4 ,,p9i1 pr(essor ( natural hi/ory at ,milan1 has d5i$ ! /ratification ( primitive m\nta9s1 9 a memoir on ! m9]alogy ( ,/ ,go?>d1 & 9 ano!r on ! revolutions ( ! globe4#fc ,8 reason+s are oppos$ by ,,saussure1#fd & are c]ta9ly1 9 _m respects1 v op5 to attack4 ,!y proce$ on a comp>ison betwe5 ! division ( rocks1 by :at is call$ ! planes ( _! /ratification1 & _! division by transv]se fissures3 two ?+s1 :i* he ?9ks s mu* alike1 t !y ought n to be ref]r$ to diff]5t causes2 &1 z ! "o _c be reg>d$ z ! effect ( aque\s deposition1 s nei!r %\ld ! o!r4 ,?is is a v fallaci\s argum5t1 because x conf\nds two ?+s t are ess5tially diff]5t2 &1 in/ead ( inquir+ ab\t a matt] ( fact1 inquires ab\t its cause4 ,! tru? is1 t ! dispute has aris5 f n di/+ui%+ ! granite f ! s*i/us m\nta9s1 & f involv+ bo? "u ! "n ( primitive4 ,m4 ,p9i seems to be 9 ! "r1 :5 he holds ! granite ( ,/ ,go?>d to be un/ratifi$2 b x is )\t any good reason1 t he w\ld ext5d ! same conclusion to ! s*i/us ( t m\nta94 ,,*>p5ti]1 & ,saussure1 9 8 la/ two volumes1 cont5d ev5 = ! /ratification ( granite4#fe ,footnote #fc3 ,memoria sulle ,rivoluzioni del ,globo ,t]re/re2 ,memorie della ,societa ,italiana1 tom4 v4 p4 #bbb1 c4 ,footnote #fd3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #ahha4 ,footnote #fe3 ,see ,,note ,,xv4 on ,granite4 ,z ! cons5t1 if n univ]sal1 is v g5]al = ! /ratification ( ! prim>y s*i/us1 & ! fact itself abundantly obvi\s1 9 almo/ all ! in/ances ,i h ev] met )1 ,i h n consid]$ x z necess>y to ent] "h into any argum5t on ?is subject4 ,,note ,,iv4 #h4 ,prim>y /rata n primitive4 #aeb4 ,an acc\nt ( ! facts ref]r$ to #h1 may be f\nd 9 ,hutton's ,!ory1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccb1 c4 ,to :at is !re said1 ( ! %ells conta9$ 9 ! prim>y lime/one ( ,cumb]l&1 ,i mu/ add1 t ,i h s9ce _h an opportunity ( v]ify+ ! conjecture1 t ! lime/one rock1 9 :i* ! %ells 7 f\nd1 ne> ! head ( ,coni/on ,lake1 is "p ( ! same body ( /rata1 :]e %ells 7 f\nd1 9 a qu>ry betwe5 ,ambleside & ,l[-wood4 ,! lime/one ( t qu>ry conta9s sev]al m>9e objects2 x is 9 /rata decl9+ ab\t #aj f ! p]p5dicul>1 t[>d ! ,s4 ,e41 & =ms a belt1 /ret*+ across ! c\ntry f ,n4 ,e4 to ,s4 ,w4 ,9 a qu>ry :]e ! argillace\s s*i/us1 on ! s\? side ( ?is lime/one belt1 is work$ = pavem5t1 are impressions ( :at ,i ?9k may safely be acc\nt$ m>9e objects2 !y h ! =m ( %ells1 are mu* indurat$1 & full ( pyrites4 ,!y seem to be ( ! same k9d ) ! impressions said to be f\nd 9 a slate qu>ry1 ne> ! village ( ,mat 9 ,switz]l&4#ff ,footnote #ff3 ,hutton's ,!ory1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbg4 ,ano!r spot1 af=d+ in/ances ( %ells 9 prim>y lime/one1 is 9 ,devon%ire4 ,on ! sea %ore on ! ea/ side ( ,plym\? ,dock1 opposite to ,/oneh\se1 ,i f\nd a specim5 ( s*i/ose micace\s lime/one1 conta9+ a %ell ( ! bivalve k9d3 x 0 /ruck (f f ! solid rock1 & _c possibly be consid]$ z an adv5titi\s fossil4 ,n[1 no rocks c be m decid$ prim>y ?an ^? ab\t ,plym\?4 ,!y consi/ ( calc>e\s /rata1 9 ! =m ei!r ( m>ble or micace\s lime/one1 alt]nat+ ) v>ieties ( ! same s*i/us1 :i* prevails ?r\gh ,cornwall to ! we/1 & ext5ds ea/w>d into ,d>tmoor1 & on ! sea-coa/1 z f> z ! ,b]ry-head4 ,^! all int]sect ! horizontal plane1 9 a l9e f ea/ to we/ ne>ly2 !y are v erect1 ^? at ,plym\? be+ elevat$ to ! nor?4 ,?\gh1 !re=e1 ! rema9s ( m>9e animals are n frequ5t among ! prim>y rocks1 !y are n exclud$ f !m2 & h5ce ! exi/5ce ( %ell-fi% & zoophytes1 is cle>ly prov$ to be ant]ior to ! =mation ev5 ( ^? p>ts ( ! pres5t l& :i* are ju/ly acc\nt$ ! mo/ anci5t4 #aec4 ,! rocks :i* conta9 s& or gravel1 :i* are ( a granulat$ texture1 mu/ also be consid]$ z c>ry+ 9 !mselves a te/imony ( ! mo/ unequivocal k9d1 ( _! be+ d]iv$ f ! detritus & wa/e ( =m] rocks4 ,n[1 ! fact /at$ 9 ! text1 conc]n+ s& f\nd 9 s*i/us1 mo/ ju/ly acc\nt$ prim>y1 might be exemplifi$ by actual ref]5ce to _m spots on ! e>?'s surface4 ,a few su* w be suffici5t 9 ?is place4 ,/ ,go?>d is a c5tral po9t1 9 "o ( ! greate/ tracts ( prim>y m\nta9s on ! face ( ! e>?1 yet ar5ace\s /rata are f\nd 9 its vic9ity4 ,betwe5 ,ayrolo & ! ,hospice ( ,/ ,go?>d1 ,saussure f\nd a rock1 compos$ ( an ar5ace\s or granul> pa/e1 includ+ 9 x hornbl5de & g>nets4 ,he is some:at unwill+ to give ! "n gres to ?is /one1 :i* ,m4 ,besson _h done2 b he nev]!less describes x z hav+ a granulat$ /ructure4#fg ,footnote #fg3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #ahbb4 ,among ! mo/ indurat$ rocks t compose ! m\nta9s ( ?is isl&1 _m are ar5ace\s4 ,?us1 on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&1 ! great body ( high & rugg$ m\nta9s on ! %ores ( ,arafaig1 c4 f ,ardnamur*an to ,gl5elg1 consi/s1 9 a great measure1 ( a granitic s&/one1 9 v]tical b$s4 ,?is /one sometimes occupies great tracts2 at o!r times x is alt]nat$ ) ! micace\s1 or o!r v>ieties ( prim>y s*i/us2 x occurs1 likewise1 9 sev]al ( ! isl&s1 & is a fossil :i* we h>dly f9d describ$ or nam$ by ! writ]s on m9]alogy4 ,mu*1 also1 ( a highly indurat$1 b granulat$ qu>tz1 is f\nd 9 sev]al places 9 ,scotl&1 9 b$s or /rata1 alt]nat$ ) ! common s*i/us ( ! m\nta9s4 ,rem>kable in/ances ( ?is may be se5 on ! nor? side ( ! f]ry ( ,bala*uli%1 & aga9 on ! sea-%ore at ,cull54 ,at ! latt]1 ! /rata are rem>kably regul>1 alt]nat+ ) diff]5t species ( s*i/us4 ,at ! =m]1 ! qu>tz is s pure1 t ! /one has be5 mi/ak5 = m>ble4 ,^! examples are p]haps suffici5t2 b ,i mu/ add1 t 9 ! micace\s & talcose s*i/i !mselves1 ?9 lay]s ( s& are (t5 f\nd1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! lay]s ( mica or talc4 ,i h a specim51 f ! summit ( "o ( ! highe/ ( ! ,grampian m\nta9s1 :]e ! ?9 plates1 ( a talcky or asbe/9e sub/ance1 are sep>at$ by lay]s ( a v f9e qu>tzy s&1 n mu* consolidat$4 ,! m\nta9 f :i* x 0 br\ght1 consi/s ( v]tical /rata1 mu* int]sect$ by qu>tz ve9s4 ,x is impossible to d\bt1 9 ?is in/ance1 t ! ?9 plates ( ! "o sub/ance1 & ! small gra9s ( ! o!r1 7 deposit$ toge!r at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & t !y 7 alike produc$ f ! degradation ( rocks1 m anci5t ?an any :i* n[ exi/4 #aed4 ,9 ! ,neptunian sy/em1 z improv$ by ,,w]n]1 an attempt is made to take (f ! =ce ( su* in/ances z are produc$ 9 #h1 #i1 & #aeb1 c4 by di/+ui%+ rocks1 z to _! =mation1 into ?ree diff]5t ord]s1 ! primitive1 ! int]m$iate1 & ! second>y1 or1 to speak m prop]ly1 into prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y4 ,! same m9]alogi/ di/+ui%es1 among ! mat]ials ( ^! rocks1 betwe5 :at he t]ms *emical & me*anical deposits4 ,by me*anical deposits1 are und]/ood s&1 gravel1 & :atev] be>s ! m>k ( fracture & attrition2 by *emical deposits1 ^? :i* are regul>ly cry/alliz$1 or :i* h a t5d5cy to cry/allization1 & 9 :i* ! action ( me*anical causes _c be trac$4 ,?is di/9ction is f\nd$ 9 nature1 & proce$s on real & palpable diff]5ces2 b ! application made ( x to ! ?ree k9ds ( /rata j enum]at$1 seems by no means entitl$ to ! same praise4 ,! primitive rocks conta91 x is said1 none b *emical deposits1 & are entirely compos$ ( !m3 ! int]m$iate conta9 a mixture ( bo?1 & also "s ve/iges ( organiz$ bodies3 ! second>y consi/ almo/ entirely ( ! me*anical1 or ( ! rema9s ( su* bodies1 ) little ( ! *emical4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 !n1 are held to conta9 no m>k or ve/ige :atsoev] ( any ?+ m anci5t ?an !mselves1 & are1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 primeval1 or =m$ ( ! fir/ mat]ials1 deposit$ by ! imm5se ocean :i* orig9ally encompass$ ! globe4 ,aft] !m 7 =m$ ! int]m$iate1 mo/ly consi/+ ( *emical deposits1 b conta9+ also "s animal rema9s1 & "s spoils f ! l&1 subject$ to ! v>i\s k9ds ( de/ruction1 :i* ev5 !n made a "p ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,^! rocks1 x is alleg$1 are *iefly argillace\s1 are less indurat$ ?an ! prim>y1 & n int]sect$ by ve9s ( qu>tz4 ,! second>y 7 =m$ f ! rema9s ( ! o!r two1 & conta9 m me*anical deposits ?an any o!r4 ,?is sket* ( :at ,i und]/& to be ,w]n]'s op9ion conc]n+ ! diff]5t =mation ( ! /rata1 is *iefly tak5 f a view ( 8 sy/em1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique = #ahjj4 #aee4 ,! ma9 objection to ! di/9ction "h made betwe5 ! prim>y & ! int]m$iate /rata1 is f\nd$ on ! facts t h be5 j /at$4 ,! s&/one ( ,/ ,go?>d is f a c\ntry hav+ e "* ( a prim>y "o 9 ! highe/ p]fection4 ,! in/ances ,i h m5tion$ f ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 are f m\nta9s1 less elevat$ inde$ ?an ! ,alps1 b :]e ! rock is micace\s1 talcose1 or silice\s1 9 planes erect to ! horizon1 & int]sect$ by ve9s' ( qu>tz4 ,! %ells f ,plym\? are f a rock1 t ,w]n] w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 admit to be truly primitive4 ,^? f ! lakes1 also1 are f ! c5tre ( a c\ntry1 occupi$ by porphyry1 s*orl1 horn/one-s*i/us1 & _m o!rs1 ab\t ! ord] ( :i* !re c be no dispute4 ,x is true1 t 9 ?is tract !re are argillace\s /rata1 ( ! k9d t might be acc\nt$ int]m$iate1 7 !y n int]pos$ among ^? t are c]ta9ly prim>y2 & ?is v int]mixture %[s1 h[ little f\ndation !re is = ! di/9ction attempt$ to be made betwe5 ! =mation ( ! "o & ( ! o!r4 ,if !re is any pr9ciple 9 m9]alogy1 :i* may be consid]$ z p]fectly asc]ta9$1 x is1 t rocks simil>ly /ratifi$1 & alt]nat$ ) "o ano!r1 are ( ! same =mation4 ,h5ce we conclude1 t !re is no ord] ( /rata yet kn[n1 t does n conta9 pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( m anci5t /rata4 ,we see no?+1 9 ! /rict s5se1 primitive4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood1 t :at is "h said has no ref]5ce to granite1 :i* ,i d n consid] z a /ratifi$ rock1 & 9 :i* nei!r ! rema9s ( organiz$ bodies1 nor s&1 h ,i believe be5 ev] f\nd2 ?\gh "s in/ances w be h]eaft] m5tion$1 :]e granite conta9s fragm5ts ( o!r /one1 viz4 ( diff]5t k9ds ( prim>y s*i/us4 ,to ! in/ances ( s& involv$ 9 prim>y s*i/us1 ,i might h add$ _m f ! rocks ( t ord] on ! coa/ ( ,b]wick%ire1 ( :i* m5tion is s (t5 made 9 ^! ,illu/rations2 b ,i wi%$ to draw ! evid5ce f ^? rocks t are mo/ unequivocally prim>y1 & to :i* ! ,w]n]ian di/9ction ( int]m$iate c\ld n possibly be appli$4 ,if any "o ass]t1 z ,m4 ,de ,luc has done1 t s& is a *emical deposit1 a c]ta9 mode ( cry/allization :i* qu>tz sometimes assumes1 let him draw ! l9e :i* sep>ates s& f gravel2 & let him expla9 :y qu>tz1 9 ! =m ( s&1 is n f\nd 9 m9]al ve9s1 9 granite1 nor 9 basaltes1 t is1 9 none ( ! situations :]e ! appe>ances ( cry/allization are mo/ g5]al & be/ asc]ta9$4 ,,note ,v4 #aj4 ,transportation ( ! mat]ials ( ! /rata4 #aef4 ,! great transportation or travell+ ( ! mat]ials ( ! /rata1 suppos$ by ,dr ,hutton1 has be5 treat$ z absurd by "s ( 8 oppon5ts1 p>ticul>ly ,de ,luc & ,kirwan4 ,^! philosoph]s seem n to h obs]v$1 t _! own sy/em1 & inde$ e sy/em :i* d]ives ! second>y /rata f ! prim>y1 involves a transportation ( mat]ials1 h>dly less ?an is suppos$ 9 ! ,huttonian !ory1 & a degradation ( ! primeval m\nta9s1 9 _m in/ances mu* great]4 ,to =m "s notion ( ?is degradation1 x mu/ be recollect$1 t ! primeval m\nta9s1 :i* furni%$ ! mat]ials ( ! second>y /rata 9 ! pla9s1 _c h /ood 9 ! place n[ occupi$ by ^! pla9s4 ,?is is obvi\s2 & !re=e we mu/ necess>ily reg>d ! second>y /rata z d]iv$ f ! primitive m\nta9s :i* are ! ne>e/ to !m1 & ( :i* a "p /ill rema9s4 ,?is "p is suffici5t to def9e ! base ( ! orig9al m\nta9s2 & ! quantity ( ! second>y /rata :i* surr\nd !m may help u to make "s e/imate ( _! height4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 ! ext5sive tract ( second>y c\ntry ab\t ,newca/le1 :]e coal m9es h be5 sunk ?r\gh a succession ( second>y /rata1 to ! dep? ( m ?an a ?\s& feet4 ,?is second>y c\ntry may be consid]$ z compreh5d+ almo/ ! :ole ( ! c\nties ( ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham1 & probably z ext5d+ v f> "u ! "p ( ! ,g]man ,ocean :i* wa%es _! coa/s2 & ! :ole /rata compos+ x mu/ be d]iv$1 on ! hypo!sis we are n[ consid]+1 f ! ,*eviot ,hills1 on "o side1 & f ^? 9 ! high p>ts ( ,we/morel& & ,cumb]l& on ! o!r1 compreh5d+ ! ,al/on-,moor ,hills1 & ! l>ge gr\p ( prim>y m\nta9s1 s well kn[n f ! sublime & romantic sc5]y ( ! ,lakes4 ,n[1 ! m\nta9s :i* /ood on ?is base1 _h n only to supply ! mat]ials = ! tract already m5tion$1 on ! ea/1 b _h also _! cont+5t to furni% to ! pla9s on ! we/ & nor?2 ! ,*eviots to ,roxburgh%ire & ,b]wick%ire2 ! ,nor?umb]l& m\nta9s to ! coal /rata ab\t ,:itehav51 & along ! sea coa/ to ,lanca%ire4 ,on ! :ole1 we %all n exce$ ! tru?1 if we suppose1 t ! second>y /rata1 at ! feet ( ! above m\nta9s1 are six or sev5 times m ext5sive ?an ! base ( ! m\nta9\s tract4 ,if !n we take ! m$ium dep? ( ^! second>y /rata to be "o ?\s& feet1 x is evid5t1 t ! mass ( /one :i* composes !m1 if x 7 plac$ on ! same base ) ! primitive m\nta9s1 w\ld rea* to ! height ( six ?\s& feet4 ,?is is suppos+ ! mass to pres]ve ! bread? ( its base uni=mly to ! summit2 b if x be suppos$ to tap]1 z m\nta9s usually d1 we mu/ multiply ?is six ?\s& by ?ree1 9 ord] to h ! height ( ^! primeval m\nta9s1 :i*1 !re=e1 7 orig9ally elevat$ n less ?an eighte5 ?\s& feet2 9 height1 !re=e1 !y once rivall$ ! ,cordill]as1 & are n[ b poorly repres5t$ by ! hills ( ,skidaw & ,helvellyn4 ,x 7 easy to %[1 t ?is e/imate is /ill bel[ ! result t /rictly foll[s f ! ,neptunian hypo!sis2 b x is unnecess>y to proce$ fur!r1 ?an to prove1 t ! pr9ciple ( ! degradation ( m\nta9s1 is involv$ 9 t hypo!sis to an excessive & improbable degree2 & t ! support]s ( x1 h ei!r be5 guilty ( ! inconsi/5cy ( refus+ to ,dr ,hutton ! mod]ate use ( a pr9ciple1 :i* !y !mselves employ 9 its utmo/ ext5t1 or ( n hav+ suffici5tly adv]t$ to ! consequ5ces ( _! own sy/em4 #aeg4 ,! =mation ( second>y /rata f ! degradation ( ! contigu\s m\nta9s1 on close exam9ation1 is subject to _m o!r difficulties ( ! same k9d4 ,m\nta9s ( second>y /rata1 & ne>ly horizontal1 are f\nd 9 ?is isl& ( ! height ( ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,su* are ,+lebor\gh1 ,:>nside1 & p]haps "s o!rs on ! we/ ( ,york%ire4 ,! :ole *a91 inde$1 = second>y m\nta9s1 is ( great elevation4 ,! /rata are ( lime/one1 & ( a v co>se-gra9$ s&/one1 alt]nat+ ) x4 ,no m\nta9s c m cle>ly po9t out1 t ! /rata ( :i* !y consi/ 7 once cont9u$ q across ! vallies :i* n[ sep>ate !m2 & h5ce1 if ! mat]ials ( ^? /rata 7 inde$ furni%$ f any contigu\s primitive m\nta9s1 ! latt] mu/ h be51 out ( all proportion1 high] ?an any m\nta9s n[ 9 ,brita94 #aeh4 ,?us1 a great degradation ( ! primitive m\nta9s1 & ( c\rse a great travell+ ( _! mat]ials1 is prov$ to make a necess>y "p ( ! ,neptunian !ory4 ,! ext5t ( ?is travell+ or transportation may be r5d]$ m evid5t1 if we apply a simil> mode ( reason+ to l>g] portions ( ! globe4 ,! nor?-we/ ( ,europe furni%es u an in/ance ( a v ext5sive tract ( second>y c\ntry1 compreh5d+ ! great] "p ( ,brita91 ! :ole ( ,fl&]s & ,holl&1 "p ( ,g]many1 ! nor!rn prov9ces ( ,france1 & probably ! b$ ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 at lea/ = a great ext5t4 ,)9 ?is circle almo/ all is second>y1 & on ! sides ( x all r\nd are plac$ ridges or gr\ps ( primitive m\nta9s1 namely ! m\nta9s ( ,auv]gne1 at lea/ 9 "p1 & go+ r\nd by ! ea/1 ! ,alps1 ! ,vosges1 ! ,h>tz1 ! ,highl&s & ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 ! hilly c\ntries ( ,cumb]l&1 ,wales1 & ,cornwall4 ,?is zone ( primitive m\nta9s1 on ! supposition ( ! ,neptuni/s1 mu/ h ris5 up 9 ! =m ( isl&s 9 ! great ocean1 t orig9ally cov]$ ! e>?1 =m+ a k9d ( circul> ,ar*ipelago1 includ+ 9 its bosom a sea1 :i* 0 f sev5 to five hundr$ miles 9 diamet]4 ,ov] ! :ole ( ?is ext5t1 ! detritus ( ! above m\nta9s mu/ h be5 c>ri$1 9 ord] to =m ! flat int]jac5t c\ntries :i* are n[ expos$ to our view4 ,su* !n1 ev5 on _! own supposition1 is ! ext5t to :i* ! ,neptuni/s mu/ admit t ! mat]ials ( ! primeval m\nta9s 7 transport$ by ! ocean4 #aei4 ,?is transportation ( mat]ials1 may n be s great z t :i* is involv$ 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 b is su* z %\ld make ! enemies ( 8 sy/em consid]1 h[ ne>ly ! pr9ciples !y mu/ introduce1 agree ) ^? t !y w\ld reject4 ,?is is "o fact1 out ( _m1 :i* %[s1 t !re is at pres5t a mu* ne>] agreem5t betwe5 ! sy/ems ( geology1 ?an betwe5 _! au?ors4 #afj4 ,to ^! facts1 demon/rat+ ! great transportation ( fossils 9 "s =m] conditions ( ! globe1 we may add ano!r1 recognis$ by all m9]alogi/s4 ,! animal exuvi conta9$ 9 lime/one & m>ble1 are (t5 kn[n to belong to seas1 extremely remote f ! c\ntries :]e !y are n[ f\nd4 ,9 ! *alk-b$s ( ,engl&1 9 ! lime/ones ( ,france1 a great proportion ( ! petrifactions belong to ! tropical seas1 & appe> to h be5 br\ght f ! vic9ity ( ! equator4 ,buffon obs]ves1 t ( ! fossil %ells f\nd 9 ,france1 x has be5 disput$1 :e!r ! =eign are n m num]\s ?an ! native2 &1 ?\gh he is himself ( op9ion t !y are n1 x is evid5t t !y mu/ be> a consid]able proportion to ! :ole4#fh ,9 ! petrifactions ( ,monte ,bolca1 ne> ,v]ona1 :]e ! impressions ( fi% are pres]v$ betwe5 ! lam9 ( a calc>e\s s*i/us1 "o hundr$ & five diff]5t species h be5 enum]at$1 ( :i* ?irty-n9e are f ! ,asiatic seas1 ?ree f ! ,african1 eighte5 f ^? ( ,s\?1 & elev5 f ^? ( ,nor? ,am]ica4#fi ,simil> obs]vations h be5 made on ! m>9e plants1 & ! impressions ( vegetables1 f\nd 9 rocks1 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,at ,/ ,*aumont1 ne> ,lyons1 is f\nd an argillace\s s*i/us1 cov]+ a b$ ( coal1 e lam9a ( :i* is m>k$ ) ! impressions ( ! /em1 leaf1 or o!r "p ( "s plant2 & x happ5s1 says ,m4 ,,font5elle1 by an unacc\ntable de/9ation ( nature1 t n "o ( ^! plants is a native ( ,france4 ,!y are all f]ns ( diff]5t species1 peculi> to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 or ! w>m] climates ( ,am]ica4 ,"h also 0 f\nd ! fruit ( a tree1 :i* gr[s only on ! coa/s ( ,malab> & ,corom&el4#gj ,footnote #fh3 ,buffon1 ,?orie de la ,t]re1 art4 #h4 ,footnote #fi3 ,saussure1 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iii4 #aece4 ,footnote #gj3 ,mm4 ,de l',acad4 ,des ,sci5ces1 #agah1 p4 #c & #bhg2 & #agba1 p4 #hi1 c4 ,! same holds ( ! bodies ( amphibi\s animals :i* n[ make a "p ( ! fossil k+dom4 ,! head & ! bones ( crocodiles h be5 f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,%epey1 at ! m\? ( ! ,?ames2 & ! rema9s ( an animal ( ! same species1 b ( a v>iety n[ peculi> to ! ,ganges1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! alum rocks on ! coa/ ( ,york%ire4#ga ,^! pro(s ( ! transportation ( mat]ials by ! sea1 h ! advantage ( involv+ no?+ hypo!tical1 & ( be+ equally address$ to ! geologi/s ( e p]suasion4 ,footnote #ga3 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 l4 p4 #fhh4 ,,camp] d5ies t ! rema9s "h m5tion$ belong to ! crocodile1 or any amphibi\s animal1 & ref]s !m to ! balna4 ,he passes ! same judgm5t on ^? fossil bones f ,/ ,pet]'s ,m\nt1 ne> ,mae/ri*t1 :i* h be5 suppos$ to belong to ! crocodile2 he looks on !m z belong+ to :ales1 ?\gh ( an unkn[n species4 ,9 ?is ,m\nt1 s fam\s = its petrifactions1 he f9ds _m specim5s ( bones1 :i* he ?9ks belong to ! turtle4 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol lxxvi4 p4 #ddc4 ,! op9ion ( an au?or1 s well skill$ 9 comp>ative anatomy1 mu/ be reg>d$ z ( great weight3 if x takes f our argum5t 9 "o "p1 x adds to x 9 ano!r1 & ! acquisition ( ! turtle makes up abundantly = ! loss ( ! crocodile4 ,on ?is subject ,i _c help obs]v+1 t ! accurate comp>ison ( ! animal exuvi ( ! m9]al k+dom1 ) _! liv+ ar*etypes1 is n m]ely a curi\s inquiry1 b is "o t may lead to important consequ5ces1 conc]n+ ! nature & direction ( ! =ces :i* h *ang$1 & are cont9ually *ang+1 ! surface ( ! e>?4 #afa4 ,^! rem>ks ,i h ?\ght x prop] to add to ! pro(s ( ! composition ( ! pres5t f =m] /rata1 9 ord] to %[1 t ! great transportation ( mat]ials involv$ 9 t supposition1 is n only con=mable to ! hypo!sis ( ! ,neptuni/s conc]n+ ! second>y /rata1 b is also prov$ by ! mo/ direct evid5ce1 indep5d5tly ( all hypo!sis4 ,all ?is reason+ reg>ds ! anci5t /ate ( ! globe4 ,:e!r su* a travell+ ( /ony bodies makes a "p ( ! sy/em n[ actually c>ry+ on1 w be consid]$ 9 ano!r place4#gb ,footnote #gb3 ,see ,,note ,,xix4 ,,note ,,vi4 #ac4 ,mr ,kirwan's notion ( precipitation4 #afb4 ,! ,neptuni/ :o has provid$ ! means ( dissolv+ ! mat]ials ( ! /rata1 has only p]=m$ half 8 "w1 & mu/ f9d x a task ( equal difficulty to =ce ?is p[]ful m5/ruum to "p ) its solution4 ,mr ,kirwan1 aw>e 9 "s degree ( ?is difficulty1 has attempt$ to obviate x 9 a v s+ul> way4 ,fir/1 he ascribes ! solution ( all sub/ances 9 wat]1 or 9 :at he calls ! *aotic fluid1 to _! be+ f9ely pulv]is$1 or creat$ 9 a /ate ( ! mo/ m9ute division4 ,next1 z to ! deposition1 ! solv5t be+1 z he ackn[l$ges1 v insuffici5t 9 quantity1 ! precipitation took place1 7he says17 on t acc\nt ! m rapidly4 ,if he means by ?is to say1 t a precipitation )\t solution w\ld take place ! soon] ! m inadequate ! m5/ruum 0 to dissolve ! :ole1 ! proposition may be true2 b w be ( no use to expla9 ! cry/allization ( m9]als1 7! v object he has 9 view17 because to cry/allization1 x is n a b>e subsid5ce ( p>ticles susp5d$ 9 a fluid1 b x is a passage f *emical solution to non-solution1 or insolubility1 t is requir$4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he means to say1 t ! solution actually took place m quickly1 & 0 m imm$iately foll[$ by precipitation1 because ! quantity ( ! m5/ruum 0 insuffici5t1 ?is is to ass]t1 t ! weak] ! cause1 ! m in/antane\s w be its effect4 ,( two propositions ! "o ( :i* is nugatory1 & ! o!r absurd1 x is n mat]ial to inquire :i* ! au?or _h 9 view4 ,,note ,,vii4 #af4 ,compression 9 ! m9]al regions4 #afc4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k1 t ! effects ascrib$ to compression 9 ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 v mu* resemble ^? :i* ,sir ,,isaac ,,newton supposes to be produc$ 9 ! sun & ! fix$ />s by t same cause4 ,are n1 says he1 ! sun & fix$ />s great e>?s1 vehem5tly hot1 ^: heat is cons]v$ by ! greatness ( ! bodies1 & ! mutual action & reaction betwe5 !m1 & ! light :i* !y emit2 & ^: p>ts are kept f fum+ away1 n only by _! fixity1 b also by ! va/ weight & d5sity ( ! atmosph]es incumb5t ^u !m1 & v /rongly compress+ !m4#gc ,footnote #gc3 ,newton's ,optics1 ,qu]y #aa4 #afd4 ,! fact ( wat] boil+ at a l[] temp]ature "u a less compression1 is suffici5t to ju/ify ! supposition1 t bodies may be made by pressure to endure extreme heat1 )\t ! dissipation ( _! p>ts1 t is1 )\t evaporation or combu/ion4 ,a fur!r po/ulatum is introduc$ 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 namely1 t comp\nd bodies1 su* z c>bonate ( lime1 :5 ! compression prev5ts _! sep>ation1 may admit ( fusion1 not)/&+ t ! fix$ "p may be infusible :5 sep>at$ f ! volatile4 ,?is assumption is support$ by ! analogical fact ( ! fusion ( ! c>bonate ( b>ytes1 z m5tion$ 9 ! text4 #afe4 ,9 a region :]e ! action ( heat 0 accompani$ ) su* compression z is "h suppos$1 !re c\ld be no fire1 prop]ly s call$1 & no combu/ion2 ?is is admitt$ by ,dr ,hutton1 & x is !re=e a fallaci\s argum5t :i* is br\ght aga9/ 8 !ory1 f ! impossibility ( fire be+ ma9ta9$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,?is impossibility is precisely :at he supposes2 & yet ,mr ,kirwan's argum5ts are direct$1 n aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( heat 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 b aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( burn+ & inflammation4 ,aft] tak+ notice1#gd t ,saussure _h succe$$1 ?\gh ) extreme difficulty1 9 melt+ a p>ticle ( lime/one1 s small z to be visible only ) a microscope1 :at 7adds he7 mu/ h be5 ! heat necess>y to melt :ole m\nta9s ( ?is matt]8 ,judg+ by all t we at pres5t "k ( heat1 su* a high degree c\ld only be produc$ by ! pure/ air1 act+ on an enorm\s quantity ( combu/ible matt]4 ,n[1 ,,ehrman obs]v$1 t ! combu/ion ( two hundr$ & eighty cubic in*es ( air1 act+ on *>coal1 0 n able to effect ! fusion ( "o gra9 ( ,c>r>a m>ble2 f :5ce x is app>5t1 t all ! air 9 ! atmosph]e1 nor 9 t5 atmosph]es1 w\ld n melt a s+le m\nta9 ( ?is sub/ance1 ( any ext5t1 ev5 if !re 7 a suffici5t quantity ( inflammable matt] = x to act ^u4 ,judg+ also ( subt]rane\s heat by :at we "k ( t ( volcanoes1 no su* heat exi/s3 ! highe/ !y 9 g5]al produce1 is t requisite = ! fusion ( ! volcanic glass call$ obsidian1 :i* ,saussure f\nd n to exce$ #aae ( ,w$gewood2 b basalt9e1 :i* requires #adj ( ,w$gewood1 is nev] melt$ 9 ! lavas ( tna4 ,h[ little capable1 !n1 w\ld volcanic heat be to effect ! fusion ( ,c>r>a m>ble1 :i*1 accord+ to ! same excell5t au?or1 w\ld require a heat ( upw>ds ( #fcjj ( ,w$gewood1 if ?is pyromet] c\ld ext5d s f>8 ,& 9 :at circum/ances does ,dr ,hutton suppose ?is a/oni%+ heat to h exi/$1 & ev5 /ill to exi/1 "u ! ocean1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 :]e nei!r a suffici5t quantity ( pure air1 nor ( combu/ible matt]1 capable ( su* mighty effects1 c1 ) any appe>ance ( probability1 be suppos$ to exi/3 &1 )\t ^!1 su* degrees ( heat _c ev5 be imag9$1 )\t fly+ into ! region ( *im]as4 ,footnote #gd3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dec4 #aff4 ,n[1 ?is reason+ is n applicable to ,dr ,hutton's hypo!sis ( subt]rane\s heat1 because x is gr\nd$ on exp]im5ts1 :]e t v sep>ation ( ! volatile & fix$ p>ts takes place1 :i* is exclud$ 9 t hypo!sis4 ,:5 lime/one or m>ble is expos$ to su* heat z is "h m5tion$1 or ev5 to heat ( a degree va/ly inf]ior1 ! c>bonic gas is expell$1 & ! body is r$uc$ to pure lime2 f ! refractory nature ( :i*1 z we le>n f ! fact relative to b>ytes1 m5tion$ above1 no conclusion c be drawn z to ! infusibility ( ! same sub/ance1 :5 comb9$ ) ! c>bonic gas4 ,! ,c>r>a m>ble may require a heat ( #fcjj ( ,w$gewood1 to melt x 9 ! op5 air1 :]e ! c>bonic gas escapes f x2 b "u su* a pressure z w\ld reta9 ?is gas1 x _c be inf]r$1 t x might n melt ) ! heat ( a glass-h\se furnace4 ,9 l mann]1 x may be true1 t two hundr$ & eighty cubic in*es ( air1 act+ on *>coal1 _c effect ! fusion ( "o gra9 ( ?is m>ble1 aft] its fix$ air is driv5 (f f x2 b we _c f !nce draw any inf]5ce1 applicable to a case :]e ! c>bonic gas is reta9$1 & :]e ! action ( heat is indep5d5t ( atmosph]ic air4 ,no?+1 !re=e1 c be m inconclusive ?an ?is reason+1 z x proce$s on ! supposition1 t ,dr ,hutton's sy/em admits propositions1 :i* 9 fact x expressly d5ies4 #afg4 ,( ! production & ma9t5ance ( heat1 9 circum/ances s diff]5t f ^? ( ord9>y exp]i5ce1 we c h>dly be expect$ to give any explanation2 b we are n entitl$1 m]ely on t acc\nt1 to d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( su* heat4 ,mr ,kirwan ?9ks o!rwise3 ,judg+1 he says1 f all we at pres5t "k ( heat1 su* a high degree ( x1 7z w melt lime/one17 c\ld only be produc$ by ! pure/ air1 act+ on an enorm\s quantity ( combu/ible matt]4 ,)\t ^!1 su* degrees ( heat _c ev5 be imag9$1 )\t fly+ into ! region ( *im]as4#ge ,footnote #ge3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #ded4 ,n[1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! high degree ( temp]ature :i* is "h und]/ood1 is probably n necess>y to ! purposes ( m9]alization1 z has j be5 %[n2 &1 9 ! second place1 x is n ,,fire1 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w1 b ,,heat1 :i* is requir$ = t purpose2 & !re is no?+ *im]ical 9 suppos+1 t nature has ! means ( produc+ heat1 ev5 9 a v great degree1 )\t ! assi/ance ( fuel or ( vital air4 ,friction is a s\rce ( heat1 unlimit$1 = :at we "k1 9 its ext5t1 & s p]haps are o!r op]ations1 bo? *emical & me*anical2 nor are ei!r combu/ible sub/ances1 or vital air1 conc]n$ 9 ! heat ?us produc$4 ,s also ! heat ( ! sun's rays 9 ! focus ( a burn+ glass1 ! mo/ int5se t is kn[n1 is indep5d5t ( ! sub/ances j m5tion$2 &1 ?\gh t heat c]ta9ly c\ld n calc9e a metal1 nor ev5 burn a piece ( wood1 )\t oxyg5\s gas1 x w\ld d\btless produce z high a temp]ature 9 ! abs5ce z 9 ! pres5ce ( t gas4 ,x is true1 t x is n by ! sol> rays t subt]rane\s heat is produc$2 b /ill1 f ?is in/ance1 we see1 t !re is no incongruity 9 suppos+ ! production ( heat to be indep5d5t ( combu/ible bodies1 & ( vital air4 ,we are inde$1 9 all cases1 /rang]s to ! orig9 ( heat2 philosoph]s dispute1 at ?is mom5t1 conc]n+ ! s\rce ( t :i* is produc$ by burn+2 & mu* m are !y at a loss to det]m9e1 :at upholds ! light & heat ( ! great lum9>y1 :i* animates all nature by its influ5ce4 ,if we w\ld =m any op9ion on ?is object1 we %all d well to att5d to ! sugge/ions ( t great philosoph]1 :o 0 h>dly less f o!rs by 8 d\bts & conjectures1 ?an by 8 mo/ rigor\s & pr(\nd inve/igations4 ,may n great1 d5se1 & fix$ bodies1 :5 heat$ beyond a c]ta9 degree1 emit light s copi\sly1 z1 by ! emission & reaction ( its light1 & ! reflections & refractions ( its rays )9 its pores1 to gr[ /ill hott]1 till x comes to a c]ta9 p]iod ( heat1 su* z is t ( ! sun8 ,&1 are n ! sun & fix$ />s great e>?s1 vehem5tly hot1 ^: heat is cons]v$ by ! greatness ( ! bodies1 & ! mutual action & reaction betwe5 !m & ! light :i* !y emit8#gf ,footnote #gf3 ,newton's ,optics1 ubi supra4 #afh4 ,"s rec5t exp]im5ts1 seem to make ! sugge/ions 9 ?is qu]y applicable to an opaque body l ! e>?1 z well z to lum9\s bodies1 su* z ! sun & fix$ />s4 ,! radiation ( heat1 :]e !re is no light1 0 fir/ r5d]$ probable by ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,,pictet ( ,g5eva2#gg & ! only objections to :i* ! conclusions f ^? exp]im5ts seem$ liable1 are remov$ by ! late v important discov]ies ( ,dr ,,h]s*el4#gh ,f ^! x appe>s1 t heat is capable ( refraction & reflection1 z well z light1 s t x is n absurd to suppose1 t ! heat ( great1 d5se1 & fac$ bodies1 may be cons]v$ by ! greatness ( ! bodies1 & ! mutual action & reaction betwe5 !m & ! heat :i* !y emit4 ,footnote #gg3 ,essai sur le ,feu4 ,footnote #gh3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahjj1 p4 #hd4 ,! exi/5ce ( subt]rane\s heat is /ill fur!r r5d]$ probable f ! rese>*es ( ,,mairan1 :i* t5d to %[1 t !re is ano!r s\rce ( t]re/rial heat besides ! influ5ce ( ! sol> rays4#gi ,footnote #gi3 ,mm4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #agfe1 p4 #adc4 ,:atev] be ! tru? ) reg>d to ^! conjectures1 x is c]ta91 t ! fir/ & orig9al s\rce ( heat is indep5d5t ( burn+4 ,burn+ is an effect ( ! conc5tration ( heat2 & ?\gh1 by a c]ta9 reaction1 x has ! p[] ( cont9u+ & augm5t+ t heat1 x nev] c be reg>d$ z its prim>y & mat]ial cause4 ,:51 !re=e1 we suppose a s\rce ( heat1 indep5d5t ( fire & ( burn+1 we suppose :at c]ta9ly exi/s 9 nature1 ?\gh we are n in=m$ ( ! mann] ( its exi/5ce1 nor ( its place1 o!rwise ?an f consid]+ ! ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom4 #afi4 ,la/ly1 we are n entitl$1 accord+ to any rules ( philosophical inve/igation1 to reject a pr9ciple1 to :i* we are fairly l$ by an induction f facts1 m]ely because we _c give a satisfactory explanation ( x4 ,x w\ld be a v uns\nd view ( physical sci5ce1 :i* w\ld induce "o to d5y ! pr9ciple ( gravitation1 ?\gh he _c expla9 x1 or ev5 ?\gh ! admission ( x r$uces him to great metaphysical difficulties4 ,if inde$ a d[nright absurdity1 or inconsi/5cy ) kn[n & e/abli%$ facts1 be involv$ 9 any pr9ciple1 x ought n to be admitt$1 h[ev] x may seem calculat$ to expla9 o!r appe>ances4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,dr ,hutton held1 t combu/ion 0 c>ri$ on 9 a region :]e !re 0 no vital air1 we %\ld h said1 t he admitt$ an absurdity1 & t a !ory f\nd$ on su* po/ulata 0 worse ?an *im]ical4 ,b1 if ! only ?+ imputable to him is1 t1 be+ l$ by induction to admit ! fusion ( m9]al sub/ances 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 he has assum$ ! exi/5ce ( su* heat z 0 suffici5t = ?is fusion1 ?\gh he is unable to assign ! cause ( x1 ,i believe x w be f\nd1 t 8 sy/em only %>es 9 an imp]fection1 :i* is common to all physical !ories1 & :i* ! utmo/ improvem5t ( sci5ce w nev] completely remove4 #agj4 ,?us1 !n1 we are l$1 x mu/ be all[$1 into ! region ( hypo!sis & conjecture1 b by no means into t ( *im]as4 ,inde$1 ! reproa* ( fly+ into ! latt] region1 may be said to come b ill f "o1 :o has trode s (t5 ! crude consi/5ce ( ! *aos1 & :o delights to dwell beyond ! b\nd>ies ( nature4 ,by soj\rn+ !re long1 x is n impossible t ! eye may become s accu/om$ to fanta/ic =ms1 t ! figures & proportions ( nature %all appe> to x de=m$ & mon/r\s4 ,,note ,,viii4 #bd4 ,sp>ry /ructure ( calc>e\s petrifactions4 #aga4 ,:5 ! %ells & corals 9 lime/one are quot$ by m9]alogi/s1 x is n always consid]$ 9 :at /ate !y are f\nd4 ,9 g5]al1 !y h a sp>ry /ructure1 v diff]5t f t ( ! orig9al %ell or coral1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 !y reta9 ! figure ) wond]ful exactness1 ?\gh probably sometimes alt]$ 9 size4 ,?\gh sp>ry1 !y are (t5 foliat$1 & pres]ve _! animal1 9 conjunction ) _! m9]al1 texture4 ,n[1 ?is cry/allization is a m>k ( "s op]ation1 q diff]5t f any t c be ascrib$ to ! wat] 9 :i* ^! bodies _h _! orig91 & by :i* !y 7 br\ght into _! place4 ,!y 7 imp]vi\s to wat]2 & x _c be said t _! sp>ry /ructure has be5 d]iv$ f ! p]colation ( t fluid1 c>ry+ new calc>e\s matt] into _! pores4 ,we c acc\nt = ! *ange produc$ 9 !m1 ,i ?9k1 only by suppos+ !m to h be5 s(t5$ by heat1 s z to p]mit _! p>ts to arrange selves anew1 & to assume ! *>act]i/ic organization ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,all %ells h n ! *ange effect$ on !m t is "h ref]r$ to2 ^? 9 *alk1 = in/ance1 reta9 v mu* _! orig9al =m 9 all respects4 ,?is is :at we might expect f ! v diff]5t degree ( int5sity1 ) :i* ! m9]aliz+ cause has act$ on *alk1 & on lime/one or m>ble4 ,9 g5]al1 x is 9 ! h>de/ & mo/ consolidat$ lime/one1 t ! m>9e objects are mo/ completely *ang$ into sp>4 ,x w\ld be exce$+ly int]e/+ to exam9e1 :e!r any ( ! phosphoric acid rema9s unit$ to %ells ( ei!r ( ^! k9ds4 ,we might mo/ readily expect x to be unit$1 9 a c]ta9 degree1 to ! %ells t are lea/ m9]aliz$4 ,?is exp]im5t w\ld enable u also to appreciate ! =ce ( ,mr ,kirwan's argum5t aga9/ ! f9] m>bles1 su* z ! ,c>r>a1 conta9+ %ells4#hj ,?is argum5t proce$s on an exp]im5t1 m5tion$ 9 ! ,tur9 ,memoirs = #aghi1 f :i* x appe>s1 t no phosphoric acid is f\nd 9 pure lime/one2 & its abs5ce1 ,mr ,kirwan says1 _c be attribut$ to fusion1 z phosphoric acid is inde/ructible by heat4 ,footnote #hj3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #deh4 ,he calls ?is a demon/ration2 b1 9 ord] to entitle x to t "n1 x w be necess>y1 fir/1 to prove1 t phosphoric acid exi/s 9 ^? lime/ones :i* evid5tly consi/ ( %ells 9 a m9]aliz$ /ate4 ,if ^! are f\nd )\t phosphoric acid1 x is evid5t t ! prec$+ argum5t fails entirely4 ,if !y are f\nd to conta9 t acid1 x w !n no d\bt af=d a probability1 ?\gh n a demon/ration1 t ,c>r>a m>ble does n directly orig9ate f %ells4 ,t nature has "s process1 by :i* ! above acid is sep>at$ f ! e>? ( bones1 & probably also f ! e>? ( %ells1 is evid5t f ! /ate 9 :i* ! bones are f\nd 9 ! caves ( ,bayreu?4 ,^? t are ! mo/ rec5t1 & lea/ petrifi$1 conta9 mo/ ( ! phosphoric acid4 ,:]e ! petrifaction has proce$$ f>1 t acid is n f\nd4 #agb4 ,among _m ( ! /rata1 su* a fluidity has prevail$1 z to enable "s ( ! sub/ances includ$ 9 !m to cry/allize4 ,calc>e\s sp> & silice\s cry/als are (t5 f\nd 9 /ratifi$ rocks1 =m+ ve9s ( secretion1 or l9+ close cavities1 includ$ on all sides by ! uncry/alliz$ rock4 ,9 ! in/ances ( gneiss1 & _m species ( m>ble1 almo/ ! :ole matt] ( ! /ratum is cry/alliz$4 ,?is union ( a /ratifi$ & cry/alliz$ /ructure 9 ! same sub/ance1 has a great aff9ity to t union ( ! cry/alliz$ ) ! organic /ructure ( %ells & corals :i* has j be5 m5tion$2 & bo? are d\btless to be ref]r$ to ! same cause4 ,,note ,,ix4 #ha4 ,petroleum1 c4 #agc4 ,accord+ to ! !ory ( coal laid d[n above1 its two *ief mat]ials1 *>coal & bitum51 be+ furni%$ by ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 bo? ( ! l& & ( ! sea1 h =m$ ) "o ano!r a new comb9ation1 by ! action ( subt]rane\s heat2 b h also1 9 "s cases1 be5 sep>at$ by t same action1 :]e ! degree ( compression necess>y = _! union1 happ5$ to be want+4 ,! c>bonic "p1 :5 ?us sep>at$ f ! bitum9\s1 =ms an infusible coal1 :i* burns )\t flame3 ! bitum9\s "p1 :5 sep>at$ f ! c>bonic1 is f\nd 9 ! v>i\s /ates ( naph?a1 petroleum1 asphaltes1 & jet4 ,! great resemblance ( infusible or bl9d coal1 to ! residuum obta9$ by ! di/illation ( bitum9\s coal2 & aga91 ! co9cid5ce ( ! bitum5s j nam$1 ) ! volatile "p1 or ! matt] br\ght ov] by su* di/illation1 are /rong argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ?is !ory4 ,! o!r facts 9 ! natural hi/ory ( coal1 s]ve to confirm ! same conclusion2 b x mu/ be confess$1 t :at we "k ( ! pure bitum5s1 except ! circum/ance j m5tion$1 is ( a m ambigu\s nature1 & may be reconcil$ ) diff]5t !ories4 ,! drops ( petroleum conta9$ )9 ! cavities ( ! lime/one1 m5tion$ at #ca1 are h[ev] /rong facts 9 confirmation ( ,dr ,hutton's op9ions1 & !y are furni%$ by ! sub/ances purely bitum9\s4 ,a c>eful exam9ation w\ld probably make u acqua9t$ ) o!rs ( ! same k9d1 = lime/one is v (t5 ! matrix 9 :i* petroleum & asphaltes are conta9$4 ,! greate/ m9e ( asphaltes 9 ,europe1 t 9 ! ,val de ,trav]s 9 ! t]ritory ( ,neuf*tel1 is 9 lime/one1 f :i*1 ?\gh x 9 "s places exudes1 x is 9 g5]al extract$ by ! application ( heat4 ,! /rata = sev]al leagues are impregnat$ ) bitum52 &1 if exam9$ ) att5tion1 w\ld probably af=d specim5s simil> to ^? :i* h j be5 m5tion$4 #agd4 ,x is a g5]al rem>k1 t1 :]e petroleum is f\nd1 on digg+ deep]1 !y come to asphaltes2 &1 at a dep? /ill great]1 !y discov] coal4 ,?is probably does n hold inv>iably2 b x is c]ta91 t mo/ ( ! f\nta9s ( petroleum are 9 ! neighb\rhood ( coal /rata4 ,petroleum & asphaltes are f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ,alsace1 9 a b$ ( s&1 betwe5 two b$s ( clay or argillace\s s*i/us1 & ! same c\ntry also af=ds coal4#ha ,?is is true likewise ( ! fossil pit* ( ,coal-,brookdale2 & ( ! petroleum f\nd 9 ,/ ,ca?>9e's ,well1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,auv]gne#hb conta9s abundance ( fossil pit*1 :i* exudes1 9 ! w>m season1 f a rock impregnat$ ) x ?r\gh its :ole mass4 ,!re are also coal /rata 9 ! same c\ntry1 n f> di/ant4 ,footnote #ha3 ,encyclopdia1 mot1 ,asphalte4 ,footnote #hb3 ,voyage en ,auv]gne1 p> ,lagr&1 tom4 i4 p4 #cea4 ,a v satisfactory obs]vation relat+ to ?is subject1 has lately be5 communicat$ f a c\ntry1 ) ^: natural hi/ory we 7 till ( late entirely unacqua9t$4 ,9 ! ,burmha empire1 petroleum is dug up 9 an argillace\s e>?1 f ! dep? ( sev5ty cubits4 ,?is argillace\s e>?1 or s*i/us1 lies "u a b$ ( free/one2 & "u all1 ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty cubits f ! surface1 is a b$ ( coal4#hc ,footnote #hc3 ,asiatic ,rese>*es1 vol4 vi1 art4 #f4 p4 #acj4 #age4 ,9 ! petroleum lake ( ! ,isl& ( ,tr9idad1 describ$ ,phil ,trans4 #aghi1 ! petroleum evid5tly exudes f ! rock1 & is collect$ 9 a v>iety ( spr+s 9 ! bottom1 aft] :i* x h>d5s1 & acquires ! consi/5cy ( pit*4 ,! mann]1 !re=e1 9 :i* petroleum exi/s 9 ! /rata1 is v consi/5t ) ! idea ( its hav+ be5 introduc$ 9 ! =m ( a hot vap\r4 ,ev5 amb] appe>s to h "s relation to coal4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! unconsolidat$ e>? 9 ,prussia & ,pom]ania2 b ,i am n sure :e!r ?is e>? is travell$ or n4 ,9 ! same e>? :]e ! amb] is f\nd1 !re is (t5 a mixture ( coaly matt]1 :i* burns 9 ! fire2 x is app>5tly fibr\s1 & has be5 consid]$ z a k9d ( fossil-wood4#hd ,footnote #hd3 ,buffon1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,m9]aux1 tom4 ii4 p4 #e4 ,^! circum/ances make out a connection betwe5 ! pur] bitum5s & ord9>y coal2 b d n1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 e/abli% any ?+ ) respect to ! m imm$iate relation1 suppos$ 9 ?is !ory to exi/ betwe5 !m & bl9d coal4 ,x is probable1 inde$1 t1 to discov] any facts ( t k9d1 ! natural hi/ory ( bo? sub/ances mu/ be m c>efully exam9$2 ! natural hi/ory ( bl9d coal1 9 p>ticul>1 has hi!rto be5 b little att5d$ to4 #agf4 ,a fact is m5tion$ by ,mr ,kirwan1 :i* mu/ n be reg>d$ z less valuable = be+ adv]se to ?is !ory4 ,x is1 t nei!r petroleum1 nor any fossil bitum51 is f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,kilk5ny coal1 z might be expect$1 if t coal 0 depriv$ ( its bitum9\s "p by subt]rane\s di/illation4#he ,?is1 h[ev]1 admits ( explanation4 ,?\gh a g5]al connection1 on ! above hypo!sis1 might be expect$ betwe5 bitum5s & infusible coal1 we _c look = x 9 e in/ance4 ,! heat :i* drove (f ! bitum5 f "o "p ( a /ratum ( coal1 may only h =c$ x to a cold] "p ( ! same /ratum2 & ?us1 9 sep>at+ x f "o portion ( c>bonic matt]1 may h unit$ x to ano!r4 ,bl9d coal may !re=e be f\nd :]e no bitum5 has be5 actually extricat$4 ,9 l mann]1 bitum5 may h be5 sep>at$1 :]e ! coal 0 n r$uc$ to ! /ate ( coke1 z a "p ( ! bitum5 only may h be5 driv5 (f1 & en\gh left to prev5t ! coal f becom+ absolutely infusible4 ,footnote #he3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dgc4 ,x %\ld be consid]$ too1 if ! bitum5 0 really sep>at$1 & =c$1 9 ! /ate ( vap\r1 into "s argillace\s or lime/one /ratum1 t ?is /ratum may h be5 wa/$ & worn away long ago1 s t ! bitum5 x conta9$ may h entirely disappe>$4 ,x does n !re=e necess>ily foll[1 t1 :]ev] we f9d bl9d coal1 !re also we %\ld discov] "s ( ! pur] bitum5s4 ,,note ,x4 #cg4 ,! height above ! level ( ! sea at :i* ! m>ks ( aque\s deposition are n[ f\nd4 #agg4 ,we h two me?ods ( det]m9+ ! m9imum ( ! *ange :i* has happ5$ to ! relative level ( ! sea & l&2 or = fix+ a limit1 :i* ! true quantity ( t *ange mu/ necess>ily exce$4 ,! "o is1 by obs]v+ to :at height ! regul> /ratification ( m\nta9s rea*es above ! pres5t level ( ! sea2 ! o!r is1 by det]m9+ ! greate/ height above t level1 at :i* ! rema9s ( m>9e animals are n[ f\nd4 ,( ^! two crit]ia1 ! fir/ seems pref]able1 z ! fact on :i* x proce$s is mo/ g5]al1 & lea/ subject to be affect$ by accid5tal causes1 or su* z h op]at$ s9ce ! =mation ( ! rocks4 ,! results ( bo?1 h[ev]1 if we are c>eful to select ! extreme cases1 agree m ne>ly ?an c\ld h be5 expect$4 #agh4 ,! m\nta9 ,rosa1 9 ! ,alps1 is entirely ( /ratifi$ rocks1 v regul>ly dispos$1 & ne>ly horizontal4#hf ,! highe/ summit ( ?is m\nta9 is1 by ,saussure's measurem5t1 #bdcj toises1 or #adgci ,engli% feet1 above ! level ( ! sea1 or l[] ?an ! top ( ,mont ,blanc only by #bj toises1 or #abh feet4#hg ,?is is1 ,i believe1 ! highe/ po9t on ! e>?'s surface1 at :i* ! m>ks ( regul> /ratification are c]ta9ly kn[n to exi/2 = ?\gh1 by ! acc\nt ( ! same excell5t m9]alogi/1 ,mont ,blanc itself is /ratifi$1 yet1 z ! rock is granite1 ! /ratification v]tical1 & some:at ambigu\s1 x is mu* less prop] ?an ,monte ,rosa = asc]ta9+ ! limit 9 "q4 ,footnote #hf3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #bach4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ibid4 #bace4 #agi4 ,aga91 9 ! new cont95t1 we h an in/ance ( %ells conta9$ 9 a rock1 n mu* l[] ?an ! summit ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,?is is "o describ$ by ,don ,,ulloa1 ne> ! quicksilv] m9e ( ,guanca-,velica1 9 ,p]u4 ,! height at :i* a specim5 ( ^! %ells1 giv5 by ,ulloa to ,m4 ,le ,,g5til1 0 f\nd1 0 #bbbb #a_/c toises1 or #adaij feet ,engli%1 above ! level ( ! seas4#hh ,?is height agrees ) ! prec$+1 )9 #edi feet1 a quantity comp>atively small4 ,footnote #hh3 ,see ,hi/4 ,acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #aggj4 ,phys4 ,gnrale1 ,no4 #g4 #ahj4 ,! la/ ( ! facts j m5tion$ is curi\sly comm5t$ on by ,mr ,kirwan4 ,z he has prov$1 he says1 t ! m\nta9s high] ?an #hejj feet 7 all =m$ be=e ! creation ( fi%1 x foll[s1 t ! %ells f\nd at ,guanca-,velica1 mu/ h be5 c>ri$ !re by ! deluge4#hi ,n[1 )\t object+ to ! pro( "h ref]r$ to1 7?\gh x seems v op5 to objection17 x is suffici5t to rem>k1 t1 if ! %ells at ,guanca-,velica 7 c>ri$ !re by ! deluge1 or any o!r cause t op]at$ aft] ! =mation ( ! rock ( :i* ! m\nta9 consi/s1 !y c make no "p ( t rock1 b mu/ lie1 l o!r adv5titi\s fossils1 loose & deta*$ on ! surface1 or at mo/ ext]nally agglut9at$ to ! /one4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly n ! fact2 =1 9 ! acc\nt j quot$1 we read1 t ,don ,ulloa told ,m4 le ,g5til1 qu'il avoit dta* ces coquilles d'un banc =t pais4 ,?is seems pla9ly to indicate1 t ! %ells 7 includ$ 9 a b$ ( rock2 ,b1 grant+ t ! expression is a little ambigu\s1 on turn+ to ! ,mmoires ,philosophiques ( ! same au?or1 ! difficulty is completely remov$1 & x is made evid5t1 t ^! %ells are 9 fact integrant p>ts ( ! rock4 ,on voit dans ces montagnes-l1 7ab\t ,guanca-,velica1 & p>ticul>ly at t 9 :i* is ! quicksilv] m9e17 des coquilles entires1 petrifies et enf]mes au milieu de la ro*e1 que les eaux de pluie mett5t dec\v]t4 ,ces coquilles font corps avec la pi]re2 mais malgr cela1 on rem>que que la p>tie qui fut coquille1 se di/+ue p> la c\leur1 la /ructure1 la qualit de la matire de t\t autre corps pi]reux qui l'enf]me1 et du massif qui s'e/ fix entre les deux ecailles1#ij c4 ,he goes on to say1 t "o c di/+ui% m>ks ( ^! %ells hav+ be5 worn1 be=e !y 7 includ$ 9 ! /one4 ,footnote #hi3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #ed4 ,footnote #ij3 ,mm4 ,philosophiques de ,don ,ulloa1 ,disc\rs xvi4 vol4 i4 p4 #cfd4 #aha4 ,?us x appe>s1 t :atev] pro( any fossil %ell af=ds1 t ! rock 9 :i* x is f\nd 0 =m$ "u ! sea1 ! same is af=d$ by ! fossil %ells ( ,guanca-,velica2 & we are1 !re=e1 p]fectly entitl$ to conclude1 t ! relative level ( ! sea & l& has *ang$1 s9ce ! =mation ( ! latt]1 by m ?an #adjjj feet4 ,! height assum$ 9 #cg is !re=e mu* "u ! tru?2 & ! wat]1 = :i* ! ,neptuni/s mu/ provide room 9 subt]rane\s cav]ns1 might v well h be5 /at$ at m ?an a five-hundr$? "p ( ! :ole mass ( ! e>?4 ,?us also ! argum5t by :i* ! ,neptuni/s w\ld connect ! creation ( fi% ) ! beg9n+ ( ! second>y m\nta9s1 falls entirely to ! gr\nd4 ,inde$1 x is /range t ,mr ,kirwan %\ld h suppos$ x possible1 t ! %ells 9 "q 7 loose & unconnect$ ) ! rock1 & _h cont9u$ s1 ev] s9ce ! deluge1 9 su* elevat$ gr\nd1 :]e ! torr5ts we> & cut d[n ! m\nta9s ) unexampl$ viol5ce1 & h holl[$ out ,quebradas s mu* deep] & m abrupt ?an ! gl5s or vallies among o!r m\nta9s4 ,he _h n1 ,i believe1 se5 ! passage ,i h quot$ f ,ulloa2 b ! circum/ances did n w>rant ! %ells 9 "q to be reg>d$ z extrane\s & adv5titi\s fossils4 ,a geologi/ %\ld h kn[n bett] ?an to suppose ?is possible4 ,:5 we see ,,voltaire ascrib+ to accid5tal causes ! transportation ( ^? %ells :i* he _h be5 told 7 (t5 f\nd among ! ,alps1 we c excuse 9 a ,poet & a ,wit1 t ignorance ( ! facts 9 m9]alogy1 :i* conceal$ f him ! extreme absurdity ( 8 ass]tion2 b :5 a ,*emi/ or ,m9]alogi/ talks & reasons 9 ! same mann]1 we _c consid] him z entitl$ to ! same indulg5ce4 ,,note ,,xi4 #db4 ,fracture & dislocation ( ! /rata4 #ahb4 ,! greate/ "p ( ! facts relative to ! fracture & dislocation ( ! /rata1 belongs to ! hi/ory ( ve9s4 ,! in/ances ( slips1 :]e no new m9]al sub/ance is introduc$ betwe5 ! sep>at$ rocks1 are :at prop]ly belong to ?is place4 ,! frequ5cy ( ^!1 & _! great ext5t1 are well kn[n :]ev] m9es h be5 wr\ght4 ,9 "s ( !m no op5+ is left1 b ! slipp$ /rata rema9 contigu\s2 9 o!r cases1 !re is introduc$ an unconsolidat$ e>?1 (t5 a clay1 :i* may be suppos$ to h come f above1 arid v probably to h be5 c>ri$ d[n by ! wat]4 ,9 "s su* cases1 h[ev]1 !re are n want+ appe>ances1 :i* %[ ! matt] 9 ! slip to h be5 =c$ up f bel[1 z we f9d x to conta9 sub/ances :i* c\ld n h come f ! surface4#ia ,footnote #ia3 ,unconsolidat$ e>? conta9$ betwe5 ! sides ( a rock t has slipp$1 is frequ5t 9 ,cornwall1 & is call$ a ,fleukan4 #ahc4 ,a v rem>kable fact ( ?is k9d occurr$ n long ago1 9 digg+ ! ,hudd]sfield canal 9 ,york%ire2 & a v di/9ct acc\nt ( x is giv5 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 by ! eng9e] :o direct$ ! "w4 ,9 c>ry+ a tunnel into ! he>t ( a hill1 ! m9]s came to :at is call$ 9 ! description a fault1 ?r[1 or break1 or :at we h "h call$ a %ift1 :i* 0 fill$ ) %ale set on edge1 mix$ ) s(t] e>?1 & 9 "s places ) small lumps ( coal4 ,! fault or space fill$ ) ^! mat]ials1 0 9 g5]al ab\t f\r y>ds broad1 & lay ne>ly 9 ! direction ( ! tunnel1 s t a consid]able ext5t ( x 0 visible4 ,beside ! %ale1 x conta9$ a rib ( lime/one1 ab\t f\r feet ?ick1 :i* run p>allel to ! sides ( ! fault1 & ab\t f\r feet f ! s\!rn m>g9 ( x4 ,on ea* side ( ?is rib 7 f\nd balls ( lime/one1 promiscu\sly scatt]$1 & ( v>i\s sizes1 f an ounce to "o hundr$ p\nds weight4 ,! balls1 :5 brok51 7 f\nd to conta9 "s pyrites ne> _! edges2 !y 7 n p]fectly globul>1 b flatt5$ on ! opposite sides1 & simil> to "o ano!r4#ib ,at ! "t :5 ! acc\nt 0 writt51 ab\t sev5ty y>ds ( ! rib _h be5 discov]$4 ,footnote #ib3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agif1 p4 #cej4 #ahd4 ,n[1 x is c]ta91 t nei!r ?is rib ( lime/one1 nor ! balls t accompani$ x1 c h come f above1 z !re is no lime/one )9 tw5ty miles ( ! place :]e !y 7 f\nd4 ,!y mu/1 !re=e1 h be5 =c$ up f bel[1 & no d\bt belong to "s lime/one /rata1 :i* lie !re at a great dep? "u ! surface4 ,! l5g? ( ?is fragm5t ( rock1 :i*1 f ! acc\nt1 "o mu/ suppose to h be5 entire1 conveys no mean idea1 ei!r ( ! int5sity or regul>ity ( ! =ce by :i* x 0 br\ght into its pres5t situation4 ,9 ve9s1 x is n uncommon to meet ) /ones t appe> to h come f a great] dep?3 b ?is is probably ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( ! same ph5om5on1 :i* has appe>$ 9 a m]e slip1 & none1 ,i ?9k1 c speak a language less liable to be misund]/ood4 #ahe4 ,i %all "h m5tion ano!r m>k ( viol5t fracture1 t has be5 obs]v$ 9 rocks ( breccia or pudd+-/one1 :i*1 ?\gh n ( ! same k9d ) ! prec$+1 & ( a nature q peculi>1 belongs r to ?is place ?an any o!r4 ,9 rocks ( ! k9d1 j m5tion$1 x sometimes happ5s1 t consid]able portions are sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 z if by a ma!matical plane1 :i* _h cut "r across all ! qu>tzy pebbles 9 its way4 ,none ( ! pebbles are drawn out ( _! sockets1 t is1 out ( ! cem5t t surr\nds !m1 b are divid$ 9 two ) a v smoo? & ev5 fracture4 ,! pebbles1 9 ! in/ances :i* ,i h se51 7 ( qu>tz1 & o!r species ( prim>y & mu* indurat$ rock4 ,"l ,,webb ,,seym\r & ,i obs]v$ pudd+-/one rocks1 exhibit+1 in/ances ( ?is s+ul> k9d ( fracture1 ne> ,oban1 9 ,argyle%ire1 ab\t ?ree ye>s ago4 ,! ph5om5on 0 !n entirely new to u bo?2 b ,i h s9ce met ) an in/ance ( ! same k9d 9 ,saussure's la/ "w4 ,z ! fact is ( s p>ticul> a k9d1 ,i %all /ate x 9 8 own words3 ,! place 0 on ! sea %ore1 ne> ! little t[n ( ,alassio1 betwe5 ,nice & ,g5oa4 ,en passant entre ces blocs de bre*e1 j'admirai quelques-uns d'entr'eux1 d'une gr&eur considrable1 et taills en cubes1 avec la plus p>faite rgul>it4 ,il y avoit ceci de rem>quable1 c'e/ que l'action de la pesanteur1 qui avoit taill ces cubes en rompant leurs c\*es1 avoit c\p t\s les caill\x des bre*es fleur de la surface de la pi]re1 aussi nettem5t que si c'et t une masse molle qu'on et tran*e v]ticalem5t avec un rasoir4 ,cep5dant p>mi ces caill\x1 la plup>t calcaires1 il s'en tr\voit de trs durs1 de petrosilex1 p> exemple1 mme de jade1 qui toi5t tran*es t\t aussi nettem5t que les autres4#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iii4 #agca4 #ahf4 ,?is description is no d\bt accurate1 ?\gh x involves 9 x some?+ ( !ory1 viz4 t ! fracture 0 made by ! weight ( ! /one4 ,?is may inde$ be true3 ! op]ation probably belongs altoge!r to ! surface1 & is "o ) :i* ! p[]s ( ! m9]al regions are n directly conc]n$4 ,! ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 appe>s to me1 on e supposition1 v difficult to expla94 ,9 ! specim5 :i* ,i br\ght f ,oban1 ! smalle/ pieces ( /one are cut 9 two1 z well z ! l>ge/4 ,! consolidation & h>dness ( ! mass are v great1 & ! connection ( ! diff]5t fragm5ts s p]fect1 t x is no wond] ! :ole %\ld break z "o /one4 ,b /ill1 t ! fracture %\ld be s exactly 9 "o plane1 & )\t any %att]+1 is n a little enigmatical2 if x is inde$ a fracture1 x mu/ be ! consequ5ce ( an imm5se impulse1 v sudd5ly communicat$4 ,,note ,,xii4 #dc4 ,elevation & inflection ( ! /rata4 #ahg4 ,! evid5ce ( ! diff]5t =mation ( ! prim>y & second>y /rata1 & ( ! *anges :i* ! =m] h und]gone1 is be/ se5 at ! po9ts :]e ^? /rata come into contact ) "o ano!r4 ,dr ,hutton 0 n ! fir/ :o obs]v$ ^! junctions1 ?\gh ! fir/ :o rightly int]pret$ ! appe>ances :i* !y exhibit4 ,he has m5tion$ obs]vations ( ?is sort by ,de ,luc on ! conf9es ( ! ,h>tz2 by ! au?or ( ! ,tableau de la ,suisse1 at ! pass ( ,yetz2 by ,voight1 9 ,?ur+ia2 & ,s*reib]1 at ! m\nta9 ( ,g>dette4#id ,footnote #id3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #daj to #dec4 ,! lead+ facts to be rem>k$1 are1 ,i4 ,! v]tical or v upright position ( ! prim>y or l[] /rata4 ,,ii4 ,! sup]/ratification ( ! second>y1 9 a position ne>ly horizontal1 s z to be at "r angles to ^? on :i* !y re/4 ,,iii4 ,! int]position ( a breccia betwe5 !m or1 z happ5s 9 _m cases1 ! transition ( ! l[e/ ( ! second>y b$s into a breccia1 conta9+ fragm5ts sometimes worn1 sometimes angul>1 ( ! prim>y rock4 ,?is la/ is a ph5om5on extremely g5]al1 & all our subsequ5t in=mation confirms ,dr ,hutton's anticipations conc]n+ x4 ,x w be v rem>kable1 he says1 if simil> appe>ances1 7su* z ^? ( ! breccia describ$ by ,voight17 are always f\nd ^u ! junction ( ! ,alp9e ) ! level c\ntries4#ie ,saussure1 9 a "p ( 8 "w1 n publi%$ :5 ,dr ,hutton wrote ?is passage1 has atte/$ ! g5]ality ( ! fact ) respect to ! :ole ,alps1 f ! ,tyrol to ! ,m$it]ranean3 ,un sait que l'on obs]ve sans aucune exception1 ce sont les amas de dbris1 s\s la =me de blocs1 de bre*es1 de p\d+ues1 de grs1 de sable1 ou amoncels1 et =mant des montagnes1 ou des coll9es1 disp]ss sur le bord ext]ieur1 ou mme dans les pla9es qui bord5t la *a9e des ,alpes4#if ,footnote #ie3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddh4 ,footnote #if3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #bccj4 ,?is passage is p]fectly decisive z to ! g5]ality ( ! fact1 t ! ,alps1 f ! ,tyrol to ! ,m$it]ranean1 are bord]$ all r\nd by pudd+-/ones or breccias4 ,at ! same "t1 x is necess>y to rem>k1 t ,m4 ,saussure1 by enum]at+ loose blocks & s&1 along ) pudd+-/ones1 breccias & grit1 conf\nds toge!r ?+s :i* are extremely diff]5t1 & :i* h _h _! orig9 at p]iods extremely remote f "o ano!r4 ,! consolidat$ rocks ( breccia1 pudd+-/one & grit1 ?\gh !y are indications ( wa/e1 h receiv$ _! pres5t "* at ! bottom ( ! sea3 ! loose blocks ( /one1 ! s& & gravel1 on ! o!r h&1 are ! effects ( ! wa/e n[ go+ =w>d on ! surface ( ! l&1 & are ! mat]ials out ( :i* rocks ( ! ?ree k9ds j m5tion$ may h]eaft] be compos$4 ,if s skilful a m9]alogi/ z ,saussure is guilty ( su* inaccuracy1 x mu/ be ascrib$ to ! confusion necess>ily aris+ f ! sy/em :i* he foll[$1 & n to 8 own want ( discrim9ation4 #ahh4 ,! same ph5om5on1 ( a breccia circumscrib+ ! prim>y m\nta9s1 is met ) 9 ,scotl&2 & ! ,grampians1 :]ev] !y are b\nd$ by second>y /rata1 :e!r on ! s\? or nor?1 af=d examples ( x4 ,! breccia g5]ally consi/s ( ! fragm5ts ( ! prim>y rock1 mo/ commonly r\nd$1 b sometimes also angul>1 unit$ by a cem5t ( second>y =mation1 & ! :ole dispos$ 9 horizontal b$s4 ,x 0 on ! con/ancy ( ?is accompanim5t ( ! prim>y /rata1 & on ! great quantity ( highly poli%$ gravel (t5 includ$ 9 ^! breccias1 t ,dr ,hutton gr\nd$ ! hypo!sis ( ! d\ble rais+ up & lett+ d[n ( ! anci5t /rata4 ,see #dc4 #ahi4 ,z ! spots :]e ! prim>y & second>y rocks may be se5 9 contact ) "o ano!r are ( great importance 9 geology1 & pres5t to ! s5ses ! mo/ /rik+ monum5ts ( ! high antiquity & great revolutions ( ! globe1 x may be useful to po9t out su* ( !m z h be5 obs]v$ 9 ?is isl&4 ,to ^? :i* ,dr ,hutton has describ$1 ,i h a few m to add1 ! result ( "s geological excursions1 :i* ,i made 9 company ) ! ,"r ,hon\rable ,"l ,,webb ,,seym\r1 to ^: assi/ance ,i h be5 mu* indebt$ 9 ! prosecution ( ^! inquiries4 #aij4 ,! mo/ s\!rn junction :i* we obs]v$ is at ,torbay1 :]e ! anci5t s*i/us :i* prevails along ! coa/1 f ! ,l&'s ,end to t po9t1 receives a cov]+ ( r$ horizontal s&/one1 ! same :i* composes ! great] "p ( ,devon%ire4 ,! spot :]e ! imm$iate contact is visible1 is on ! %ore1 a little to ! s\? ( ,paynton2 & "o circum/ance1 :i* among _m o!rs s]ves to di/+ui% ! diff]5t =mation ( ! two k9ds ( rock1 is1 t ! s*i/us1 :i* is elevat$ "h at an angle ( ab\t #de1 is full ( qu>tz ve9s1 :i* ve9s are entirely conf9$ to x1 & d n1 9 z f> z we c\ld obs]ve1 p5etrate into ! s&/one1 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,x is probable1 t on ! nor? %ore ( ! bay1 ! same l9e ( junction is visible3 we saw x at ,babicomb ,bay1 /ill m to ! nor?w>d4 #aia4 ,f ?is place1 ! second>y /rata ( diff]5t k9ds prevail )\t int]ruption1 along ! coa/ ( ! ,briti% ,*annel1 & ( ! ,g]man ,ocean1 z f> z ,b]wick ^u ,twe$1 & = "s miles beyond x4 ,! sea coa/ !n int]sects a prim>y ridge1 ! ,lamm]muir ,hills1 :i* trav]ses ,scotl& f ea/ to we/1 unit+1 ne> ! c5tre ( ! c\ntry1 ) ! metallif]\s range ( ,leadhills1 & aft]w>ds ) ! m\nta9s ( ,gall[ay4 ,! section :i* ! sea coa/ makes ( ! ea/]n extremity ( ?is ridge1 is highly in/ructive1 f ! great di/urbance ( ! prim>y /rata1 & ! v>iety ( _! inflections4 ,! junction ( ^! /rata ) ! second>y1 on ! s\? side1 is ne> ! little sea-port ( ,eyem\?1 b ! imm$iate contact is n visible4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! ridge1 ! junction is at a po9t call$ ! ,sicc>1 n f> f ,dunglass1 ! seat ( ,sir ,james ,hall1 ,b>onet4 ,by be+ well laid op51 & dissect$ by ! work+ ( ! sea1 ! rock "h displays ! relation betwe5 ! two ord]s ( /rata to great advantage4 ,dr ,hutton himself has describ$ ?is junction2 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfd4 #aib4 ,f ! po9t j m5tion$1 ! second>y /rata cont9ue z f> z ,/onehav51 :]e ! s\!rn *a9 ( ! ,grampian m\nta9s is int]sect$ by ! sea-coa/4 ,"h a great mass ( pudd+-/one appe>s to lie on ! prim>y /rata1 b _! imm$iate contact has n be5 obs]v$4 #aic4 ,go+ along ! coa/ t[>d ! nor?1 ! next junctions :i* we saw 7 on ! %ore1 "o ne> ,g>d5/on1 & ano!r ne> ,cull51 9 ,banff%ire4 ,! latt] is v di/9ct2 x is ab\t a mile to ! we/w>d ( ! rocks call$ ,! ,?ree ,k+s1 :]e a r$ s&/one1 ! l[] b$s ( :i* involve mu* qu>tzy gravel1 lies horizontally ^u v regul>1 upright1 & highly indurat$ /rata4 ,"s ( ^! /rata are micace\s1 & o!rs ( ! granulat$ qu>tz1 m5tion$ 9 #aec4 #aid4 ,?is la/ is1 ,i believe1 ! mo/ nor!rn junction :i* has be5 obs]v$ 9 our isl&4 ,! we/]n coa/ furni%es sev]al m1 :i* h[ev] are n all visible4 ,! l9e ( sep>ation1 betwe5 ! prim>y s*i/us ( ! ,grampians & ! s&/one :i* cov]s x1 is int]sect$ at its we/]n extremity by ! ,fri? ( ,clyde1 n f> f ,ard5caple 9 ,dunb>ton%ire4 ,! two k9ds ( /one c be trac$ )9 a few y>ds ( ea* o!r1 b n to ! actual contact3 ! b$s ( s&/one ne>e/ ! s*i/us =m z usual a breccia1 load$ ) fragm5ts ( ! prim>y rock4 ,! second>y rock1 :i* beg9s "h1 cont9ues = ab\t fifty miles s\?1 to ,girvan 9 ,ayr%ire1 :]e ! prim>y s*i/us aga9 rises up1 b is n se5 9 contact ) ! second>y4 ,x ext5ds to ! ,mull ( ,gall[ay & ! %ores ( ! ,solway ,fri?4 ,! ,isle ( ,arran1 h[ev]1 n f> di/ant f ?is "p ( ! coa/1 conta9s a junction at its nor!rn extremity1 :]e second>y /rata ( lime/one lie imm$iately on a prim>y micace\s s*i/us4 ,?is is describ$ by ,dr ,hutton1 & 0 ! fir/ ph5om5on ( ! k9d :i* he _h an opportunity ( exam9+4#ig ,! junction is visible b at "o spot1 & is n se5 s di/9ctly z 9 "s ( ! in/ances j m5tion$2 b ! great quantity ( pudd+-/one ne> x1 r5d]s x m int]e/+ ?an x w\ld be o!rwise4 ,z ! great] "p ( ?is little isl& is surr\nd$ by second>y /rata1 o!r junctions might be expect$ to be visible4 ,footnote #ig3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbi4 #aie4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,engl& & ,wales1 f ! ,solway ,fri? to ! ,l&'s ,end1 ?\gh !re are sev]al alt]nations f second>y to prim>y /rata1 ,i "k n t any ( !m h be5 obs]v$4 ,at ,/ ,bride's ,bay1 9 ,pembroke%ire1 ! prim>y & second>y /rata are se5 v ne> _! junction2 b ! precise l9e ,i believe is n visible4 ,! coal-pits 9 ! second>y /rata1 approa* "h )9 a few hundr$ y>ds ( ! prim>y4 ,! second>y /rata :i* comm5ce at ?is place1 occupy bo? sides ( ! ,bri/ol ,*annel1 & meet ! ,corni% s*i/us1 :i* ext5ds across ! nor? ( ,devon%ire to ! ,quantock ,hills1 9 a l9e t may be look$ = on ! sea coa/1 "s :]e betwe5 ,wat*ett & ,m9ehead4 #aif4 ,besides ! sea coa/1 ! b$s ( riv]s may be expect$ to af=d in=mation on ?is subject4 ,to ! in/ances ,i h m5tion$1 ,i h accord+ly two o!rs f ! inl& c\ntry to be add$4 ,"o ( !m is f ! riv] ,j$1 a little way above ,j$burgh1 :]e ! second>y /rata are se5 ly+ horizontally on ! prim>y1 a section ( bo? be+ made by ! b$ ( ! riv]4 ,! ph5om5a "h are v di/9ct1 & /rongly m>k$2 ,dr ,hutton has describ$ & repres5t$ !m 9 a plate4#ih ,he has m5tion$ ano!r junction1 n f> f ?is1 :i* he saw 9 ! ,tiviot4 ,bo? ^! belong to ! same prim>y ridge ) ! ,sicc> po9t4 ,footnote #ih3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcj2 also plate #c4 #aig4 ,i %all m5tion only "o o!r1 :i* 0 discov]$ by ,"l ,webb ,seym\r & myself1 at ! foot ( ! high m\nta9 ( ,+lebor\gh1 9 ,york%ire4 ,z we w5t along ! ,askrig road f ,+leton1 ab\t a mile & a half f ! latt]1 an op5+ appe>$ 9 ! side ( ! hill1 on ! "r1 ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds f ! road1 =m$ by a l>ge /one1 :i* lay horizontally1 & 0 support$ by two o!rs1 /&+ upright4 ,on go+ up to ! spot1 we f\nd x 0 ! m\? ( a small cave1 ! /one ly+ horizontally1 be+ "p ( a lime/one b$1 & ! two upright /ones1 v]tical plates ( a prim>y argillace\s s*i/us4 ,! lime/one b$1 :i* =m$ ! ro( ( ! cave1 0 ne>ly horizontal1 decl9+ to ! s\?-ea/2 ! s*i/us ne>ly v]tical1 /ret*+ f nor?-we/ by we/1 to s\?-ea/ by ea/4 ,! s*i/us1 ?\gh close 9 contact ) ! lime/one1 seem$ to conta9 no?+ calc>e\s1 & did n eff]vesce ) acids 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,z ?is cave is at ! foot ( ,+lebor\gh1 a cold w9d1 #bd bel[ ! temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air1 :i* issu$ f ! m\? ( x1 might v well be suppos$ to come f ! inmo/ recesses ( t m\nta94 ,+lebor\gh1 :i* consi/s entirely ( /rata ( lime/one & grit1 ne>ly horizontal1 & alt]nat+ ) "o ano!r1 rises to ! height ( #ahjj or #bjjj feet above ! spot :]e we n[ /ood4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 is ! greate/ ?ickness ( second>y /rata t has ev] be5 obs]v$ incumb5t on ! prim>y1 & x is !re=e a geological fact highly des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,! c\ntry all r\nd1 to a v great ext5t1 is compos$ ( lime/one1 ) a few b$s ( grit int]pos$1 & =m+1 beside ,+lebor\gh1 "s o!r high m\nta9s1 su* z ,:>nside & ,p5nigant1 all re/+1 x is probable1 on ! same f\ndation4 ,at ! spot j describ$1 no breccia appe>$ to be int]pos$ betwe5 ! primitive & second>y rock2 b we f\nd a breccia at ano!r po9t ( ! same junction1 n f> di/ant4 ,?is 0 at a cascade1 9 ! riv] ,greta1 call$ ,?ornton ,=ce1 ab\t two miles & a half f ! place j m5tion$4 ,! ,greta "h precipitates itself f a horizontal rock ( lime/one2 &1 aft] a fall ( ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty feet1 is receiv$ into a bason :i* x has work$ out 9 ! prim>y s*i/us4 ,?is s*i/us is 9 b$s almo/ p]p5dicul>2 x exactly resembles t :i* has ,j be5 describ$1 & /ret*es ne>ly 9 ! same direction4 ,on ! s\? side ( ! riv] a breccia 0 se51 ly+ ^u ! s*i/us1 or r1 x might be said1 t ! l[e/ b$s ( lime/one conta9$ 9 !m _m r\nd$ fragm5ts ( /one1 :i*1 on comp>ison1 resembl$ exactly ! s*i/us und]nea?4 ,! prim>y rock itself is "h sev5 or eight hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! same s*i/us1 some:at l[] d[n ! valley1 & ne>] to ,+leton1 appe>s 9 l>ge quantities1 & is qu>ri$ = slate4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ! imm$iate junction ( ! lime/one & s*i/us does n appe>4 ,i h dwelt long] on ! description ( ^! appe>ances ?an on any o!rs ( ! same k9d1 because1 f ! great mass ( second>y /rata :i* "h cov]s ! prim>y1 ! circum/ances are su* z we _c expect to see v (t5 exemplifi$4 #aih4 ,! ,lakes ( ,cumb]l& are mu* visit$ by travell]s2 & x may be wor? rem>k+1 on t acc\nt1 t1 z ! site ( ^! lakes is a pat* ( prim>y c\ntry1 b\nd$ on all sides by second>y1 s1 9 ! riv]s t run f ! lakes1 su* junctions z we are n[ treat+ ( may be expect$ to be f\nd4 ,"u ,dun-,mallet1 on ! side t[>d ,ulles ,wat]1 we obs]v$ a breccia1 :i* 0 9 horizontal lay]s1 & seem$ to lie on ! prim>y s*i/us1 s t ! :ole hill is p]haps a piece ( m indurat$ breccia1 or second>y rock1 :i* has resi/$ ! we>+ & wa%+ d[n ( ! riv]s bett] ?an ! re/4 #aii4 ,aft] asc]ta9+ ! fact ( ! di/urbance ( ! /rata1 & _! removal f _! orig9al position1 x is ( consequ5ce to inquire into ! direction ( ! =ce by :i* ^! *anges h be5 produc$4 ,n[1 if ! di/urb$ or elevat$ /rata1 7 e :]e 9 planes1 )\t b5d+ or s9uosity1 x might p]haps be h>d to det]m9e1 :e!r t =ce _h act$ 9 ! direction ( gravity1 or 9 ! opposite4 ,ei!r supposition w\ld acc\nt = ! appe>ances2 &1 z gravity is a kn[n =ce1 provid+ we c f9d "s place fit to receive ! matt] impell$ d[nw>d by x1 its action w\ld furni% ! mo/ probable solution ( ! difficulty4 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t ! ,neptunian sy/em proce$s1 imag9+1 t c]ta9 great cav]ns or vacuities hav+ be5 op5$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe1 a great "p ( ! wat]s :i* =m]ly cov]$ its surface1 retir$ into !m1 & mu* ( ! solid rock also sunk d[n at ! same "t4 ,9 ?is way1 "o extremity ( a /ratum has be5 elevat$1 :ile ! o!r has be5 depress$1 & a c]ta9 incl9ation to ! horizon has be5 giv5 to ! :ole ( x4 ,?us "o cause s]ves two purposes2 ! vacuities 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>? acc\nt1 bo? = ! depression ( ! sea1 & ! elevation ( ! l&2 & ! ,neptuni/s1 if ! ph5om5a 7 all su* z h be5 n[ /at$1 might boa/ ( a felicity ( explanation1 n v usual 9 _! sy/em4 ,b ?is appe>ance ( success vani%es1 :5 ! elevation & di/urbance ( ! /rata are m m9utely exam9$1 & are f\nd to include wav+ & inflection1 9 a great v>iety ( =ms4 ,x !n becomes evid5t1 t ! b$s ( rock1 at ! "t :5 !y 7 di/urb$ f _! horizontal position1 _h n _! pres5t h>dness & rigidity1 b 71 9 a c]ta9 degree at lea/1 s(t & flexible4 ,)\t ^! qualities1 !y c\ld n h receiv$1 z !y h (t5 done1 ! curvature ( a circle1 n _m feet1 nay1 n _m in*es1 9 diamet]2 nor c\ld !y h be5 b5t into sup]ficies1 ) _! curvature 9 opposite directions1 s t ! same surface is 9 "o "p convex1 & 9 ano!r concave1 on ! same side1 ) a l9e ( contr>y flexure int]pos$4 ,^! are appe>ances1 n reconcilable ) ! m]e fall+ 91 & break+ d[n ( indurat$ rocks4 #bjj4 ,! inflections & wav+s t we are "h speak+ (1 ?\gh n peculi> to ! prim>y /rata1 are f\nd mo/ frequ5tly among !m1 & are p]fectly famili> to e "o :o 8 travell$ among m\nta9s ) any view to ! /udy ( geology4 ,! foll[+ are a few in/ances ( ?is ph5om5on out ( a great numb] :i* might be produc$4 ,saussure1 9 describ+ ! r\te f ,g5eva to ,*am\ni1 m5tions _m rem>kable in/ances ( ! b5d+ ( ! /rata1 & p>ticul>ly :]e ! small /ream ( ,nant d',arp5az =ms a cascade1 by fall+ ov] ! face ( a p]p5dicul> lime/one rock4 ,! /rata ( ?is rock are b5t into circul> ar*es1 extremely regul>1 & ) _! concavity turn$ to ! left4 ,:at des]ves p>ticul>ly to be rem>k$1 is1 t a m\nta9 beh9d ! cascade has its /rata b5t 9 a direction opposite to ! =m]1 or ) _! concavity to ! "r4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! /rata ( bo? rocks are ! same1 s t a v]tical section ( !m w\ld give a curve1 9 ! figure ( an ,s4#ii ,^! circum/ances are m5tion$ by ,saussure1 & f !m we may inf] ?is o!r prop]ty ( ^! /rata1 t _! section by a horizontal plane1 mu/ exhibit a sy/em ( /raight l9es1 probably all p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,footnote #ii3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 vol i4 #dgb2 also1 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cj4 ,! same m9]alogi/ describes ! calc>e\s /rata :i* compose ! m\nta9 ,ax5b]g1 on ! side ( ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne1 z hav+ f top to bottom ( ! m\nta9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,s compress$1 7ecrase7 ) _! curvature 9 "s places v great4 ,^! inflections are repeat$ sev]al times1 & (t5 9 contr>y directions2 ! lay]s are sometimes brok51 :]e _! curvature is greate/4#ajj ,footnote #ajj3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #aice4 ,on ! side ( ! same lake1 is ano!r in/ance ( b5t /rata1 9 a m\nta91 ( :i* ! b$s are horizontal 9 ! l[] "p1 b are b5t at "o end upw>ds1 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,c4 ,! horizontal "p is ( great ext5t1 & ! rock is also calc>e\s1#aja ,footnote #aja3 ,ibid4 #ccg4 ,! ,montagne de la ,tuile1 ne> ,montmelian1 receives its "n f ! b$s ( rock be+ incurvat$ 9 =m ( a tyle4#ajb ,among second>y m\nta9s1 ! same k9d ( ph5om5a are obs]v$1 ?\gh less frequ5tly1 & ) less v>iety ( inflection4 ,! *a9 ( ,jura is second>y1 & ! b$s :i* compose x are ( lime/one1 or ( grit3 !y are b5t 9 su* a mann]1 t 9 a transv]se section ( ! m\nta91 ea* lay] w\ld h ! figure ( a p>abola4#ajc ,footnote #ajb3 ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 #aahb1 & plate i4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ibid4 tom4 i4 #ccd4 #bja4 ,! ,pyr5ees furni% abundance ( ph5om5a ( ! same k9d1 z we le>n f ! ,essai sur la ,m9]alogie des ,pyr5es4 ,! calc>e\s /rata ( ! valley ( ,aspe1 repres5t$ plate v4 ( t "w1 des]ve p>ticul>ly to be rem>k$4 #bjb4 ,our own isl& ab\nds ) examples ( ! b5d+ & inflection ( ! /rata1 especially ! prim>y1 & _m ( !m v mu* resembl+ ^? 9 ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,on ! top ( ! m\nta9 ( ,b5-,law]s1 9 ,p]?%ire1 !re is a rock1 ! face ( :i* exhibits a section ( a great numb] ( ?9 equidi/ant lay]s1 b5t backw>ds & =w>ds l ^? describ$ by ,saussure2 & ?is unequivocal pro( ( ! rock hav+ once exi/$ 9 ! /ate ( a flexible & t5aci\s pa/e1 is r5d]$ m /rik+1 by ! great elevation ( ! spot1 & ! rugg$ness & induration1 bo? ( ! /one itself1 & ( e ?+ t surr\nds x4 ,_m o!r m\nta9s 9 ?is tract consi/ ( a s*i/us1 :i* is talcose r ?an micace\s1 & subject1 9 a rem>kable degree1 to ! sort ( s9uosity & inflection "h treat$ (4 ,! appe>ances ( ! prim>y /rata on ! coa/ ( ,b]wick%ire1 h be5 already m5tion$1 z af=d+ mu* valuable in/ruction 9 geology4 ,!y also exemplify ! wav+ & inflection ( ! /rata on a l>ge scale1 & ) great v>iety4 ,a section ( "s ( !m is giv5 by ,dr ,hutton1 9 8 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 f a draw+ made by ,sir ,james ,hall4 ,! nature ( ! curve sup]ficies into :i* ! s*i/us is b5t1 is ! bett] und]/ood f ?is1 t1 besides transv]se sections f nor? to s\?1 ! deep ind5tures :i* ! sea has made1 & ! project+ po9ts ( rock1 exhibit _m longitud9al sections1 9 a direction f ea/ to we/4 #bjc4 ,! dock-y>ds at ,plym\? are 9 sev]al places cut out ( a solid rock ( prim>y s*i/us1 s+ul>ly incurvat$4 ,! inflections are se5 !re to great advantage1 be+ exhibit$ 9 ?ree sections1 at "r angles to "o ano!r1 transv]se1 longitud9al & horizontal4 #bjd4 ,f ^! in/ances1 to :i* x 7 easy to add _m m1 two conclusions may be drawn4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is v obvi\s1 viz4 t ! /rata mu/ h be5 pliant & s(t :5 !y acquir$ _! pres5t =m4 ,! b5d+ ( an indurat$ b$ ( /one into an ar* ( great curvature1 & )\t fracture1 z 9 ! prec$+ examples1 is a physical impossibility4 ,saussure has inde$ obs]v$ a fracture to accompany ! b5d+1 9 "o or two cases2 b x is an uncommon ph5om5on1 &1 :]e x happ5s1 mu/ no d\bt be und]/ood to indicate an imp]fect flexibility4 ,n[1 if x be grant$ t ! /rata 7 at any "t s(t & flexible1 s9ce _! complete =mation1 x w be f\nd impossible to d5y _! hav+ be5 s(t5$ by ! application ( heat4 #bje4 ,! second conclusion1 allud$ to above1 results f a prop]ty1 :i* belongs v g5]ally1 if n univ]sally1 to ! inflections ( ! /rata4 ,?is consi/s 9 _! curvature be+ simple1 or 9 "o dim5sion only1 l a cyl9dric sup]ficies1 n d\ble1 or 9 two dim5sions1 l ! sup]ficies ( a sph]e or sph]oid4 ,?is may be o!rwise express$ by say+1 t ! sections ( ! b5t /rata1 by a horizontal plane1 are /raight l9es1 p>allel to "o ano!r4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 e su* /ratum seems z if x 7 b5t ov] all axis & ! axes ( all ^! diff]5t b5d+s1 = a great ext5t ( c\ntry1 are ne>ly p>allel4 ,! tru? ( ?is is evid5t1 :]e ! /rata are se5 bo? transv]sely & longitud9ally4 ,x holds rem>kably ( ! prim>y s*i/us on ! coa/ ( ,b]wick%ire2 :]e ! b$s ( rock1 if cut transv]sely1 by a v]tical plane1 exhibit ! figures ( v complicat$ curves1 ) v>i\s maxima & m9ima1 & po9ts ( contr>y flexure2 b1 if !y are cut by a horizontal plane1 ! section w produce no?+ b /raight l9es1 ne>ly p>allel4 #bjf4 ,! con/ancy ( ! direction ( ! prim>y /rata1 :5 e/imat$ by _! int]section ) ! horizontal plane1 is (t5 v rem>kable4 ,_! elevation & flexure are subject to great & sudd5 *anges1 s z to pass n only f great] to less1 b f "o side to ! opposite1 )9 a small di/ance2 b ! horizontal l9e 9 :i* !y /ret*1 usually pres]ves ! same be>+ to a great ext5t4 ,! g5]al direction ( ! prim>y /rata1 9 ! s\? "p ( ,scotl&1 is f ,e4,n4,e4 to ,w4,s4,w42 & ! same is ne>ly true ( ^? :i* compose ! ridge ( ! ,grampians on ! nor?1 & ! hills ( ,cumb]l& & ,we/morel& t[>d ! s\?1 ?\gh betwe5 ! s*i/us ( ^! ?ree tracts1 !re is no communication at ! surface1 ea* be+ entirely sep>at$ f ! "o next x1 by ! int]position ( second>y /rata4 ,i h already m5tion$ ! obs]vations ( ,"l ,webb ,seym\r & myself1 at ! foot ( ,+lebor\gh2 & x appe>s f !m1 t ! v]tical s*i/us on :i* t m\nta9 re/s1 ?\gh x /ill pres]ves an ea/]n & we/]n direction1 v>ies sev]al po9ts f t ( ! m nor!rn /rata4 ,! /rata ( ,wales return m to ! fir/ m5tion$ direction1 & ^? ( ,devon%ire & ,cornwall agree ) x v ne>ly4 ,9 all ?is1 x w be easily conceiv$1 t ,i d n mean to speak ) absolute precision1 or to d5y ! exi/5ce ( great local irregul>ities4 ,! result giv5 is only a k9d ( av]age1 d$uc$ f obs]vations h>dly susceptible ( great exactness1 & n yet suffici5tly multipli$ to give to ! conclusion all ! accuracy x may atta94 #bjg4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! prim>y /rata to take a uni=m direction1 has also be5 obs]v$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,saussure rem>k$ 9 ! ,alps1 t ! b$s ( s*i/us are g5]ally p>allel to ! *a9s ( m\nta9s compos$ ( !m2#ajd & ?is rem>k is probably applicable to all m\nta9s consi/+ ( prim>y /rata4 ,! g5]al direction1 !re=e1 ( ! s*i/us ( ! ,alps1 mu/ be conf9$ betwe5 ,w4 #aj ,s4 & ,w4 #dj ,s4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! direction ( ! /rata is ab\t ,w4,n4,w4#aje ,if ,saussure's rule may be dep5d$ on1 ! s*i/us ( ! ,altaic1 & mo/ ( ! o!r great *a9s 9 ! old cont95t1 are 9 directions t run consid]ably to ! s\? ( we/4 ,! ,urals1 & p]haps "s o!r ( ! nor!rn *a9s1 are h[ev] entirely diff]5t4 ,9 ! ,urals1 z we le>n n only f ! g5]al direction ( ! *a91 b f a section ( x 9 ! #aj? volume ( ! ,nova ,acta ( ,pet]sburgh 7,tab4 #ab17 ! direction ( ! /rata is ne>ly f ,n4 to ,s4 ,?is la/ is probably ! direction 9 ! great *a9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 s t ! uni=mity ( direction 9 ! prim>y /rata1 :i* "s m9]alogi/s w\ld ext5d to ^? ( ! :ole e>?1 is c]ta9ly imag9>y1 ?\gh !re c be no d\bt t x ext5ds ov] v l>ge portions ( ! e>?'s surface4#ajf ,footnote #ajd3 ,voyage aux ,alpes1 tom4 i4 #egg4 ,footnote #aje3 ,essai sur la ,m9]alogie des ,pyr5es4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,x is p]haps unnecess>y to obs]ve1 t ! two propositions1 t ! int]sections ( ! /rata ) ! horizon are p>allel l9es2 & t !y are l9es :i* res]ve ! same be>+ ) respect to ! po9ts ( ! compass2 are ne>ly ! same ?+ = tracts ( mod]ate ext5t1 b = l>ge portions ( ! e>?'s surface are extremely diff]5t4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! belt ( prim>y v]tical s*i/us1 :i* trav]ses ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 7 to be produc$ ea/w>d 9 ! same plane1 f its nor!rn extremity1 :]e its direction is ,e4,n4,e4 & its latitude #ee #eg'1 x w\ld cut ! m]idian always less obliquely z x advanc$1 till1 hav+ increas$ x longitude ab\t #bf #bh'1 x w\ld be at "r angles to ! m]idian1 & its direction ( consequ5ce due ea/ & we/4 ,?is w\ld happ5 9 ! p>allel ( #eh #ea'1 7on ! %ore ( ! ,gulf ( ,f9l&1 ne> ,revel17 ! /rata be+ n[ ext5d$ ab\t #hhj ,g4 miles f ! ,sicc> ,po9t4 ,conv]sely1 v]tical /rata1 hav+ ! same be>+ ) respect to ! m]idian1 may be 9 planes v mu* incl9$ to "o ano!r4 ,a /ratum :i* be>s ea/ & we/ 9 ,cornwall1 & "o t does ! same at ! ea/ end ( ! ,altaic1 w be 9 planes1 :i*1 if produc$1 w\ld cut "o ano!r at "r angles4 ,all ?is is suffici5tly pla9 f ! doctr9e ( ! sph]e1 & is m5tion$ "h m]ely z a caution to prev5t too ha/y conclusions f be+ drawn f any correspond5ce ( be>+ among ! /rata ( remote c\ntries4 ,= ! sake ( ^? :o w\ld d$uce ! m$ium be>+ ( any body ( /rata f a numb] ( obs]vations1 x may be prop] to take notice1 t ! true av]age is n to be f\nd by simply tak+ an ari?imetical mean among all ! obs]vations4 ,a m exact way is to "w by ! trav]se table1 z 9 keep+ a %ip's reckon+1 7suppos+ ! di/ance run to be always unity17 & to compute f ! obs]v$ be>+s ! am\nt ( all ! s\?+ or nor?+1 & also all ! ea/+ & we/+4 ,! sum ( all ! latt]1 divid$ by ! sum ( all ! =m]1 is ! tang5t ( ! angle :i* ! g5]al direction ( ! /rata makes ) ! m]idian4 #bjh4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! prim>y /rata to rema9 /raight 9 ! horizontal direction1 & to be b5t 9 ! v]tical1 is a ph5om5on :i* po9ts v directly to ! causes f :5ce x has aris54 ,a surface ( simple curvature1 or a surface /raight 9 "o direction1 is :at ! application ( =ces to diff]5t po9ts ( a plane1 :i* is flexible1 ?\gh ) a c]ta9 degree ( rigidity1 w naturally produce4 ,! supposition1 !re=e1 t ^! /rata 7 once flat & horizontal1 & 7 impell$ upw>d f t situation be=e !y _h become rigid or h>d1 w expla9 _! hav+ ! k9d ( curvature :i* removes !m z little z possible f _! orig9al condition4 ,b no o!r hypo!sis af=ds any reason :y !y %\ld h t curvature m ?an any o!r4 ,f ! fall+ 9 ( ro(s ( cav]ns1 we might expect fracture & dislocation1 )\t any ord] or regul>ity2 b c]ta9ly no b5d+ or s9uosity1 nor any symmetrical arrangem5t4 ,if1 z "s m9]alogi/s allege1 ! curvature1 z well z incl9ation ( ! /rata1 arose f ! irregul>ities ( ! bottom on :i* !y 7 deposit$1 :y is ! =m] 9 "o dim5sion only1 & :y is x n 9 e direction1 l t ( hills & valleys1 or ! actual surface ( ! e>?8 ,or1 la/ly1 if ! :ole /ructure ( ! primitive m\nta9s is an effect ( cry/allization1 & if ^! m\nta9s are n[ su* z !y h ev] be5 f ! "t ( _! consolidation1 :5ce is x1 t1 9 _! b5d+s ! law j m5tion$ is s con/antly obs]v$8 ,inde$1 ! idea ( ascrib+ ! inflections ( ! /rata to cry/allization1 ?\gh sugge/$ by ,saussure1#ajg & s9ce become a fav\rite sy/em ) sev]al m9]alogi/s1 appe>s to me 9 ! highe/ degree unsatisfactory & illusive4 ,! purpose = :i* cry/allization is "h introduc$1 is n to give a specific figure to a p>ticul> sub/ance1 b to arrange ! sub/ances :i* x has =m$ & figur$1 accord+ to c]ta9 rules2 a "w :i* we "k n h[ x is to p]=m1 & 9 :i* we h no exp]i5ce ( its p[]4 ,accord+ly1 ?is pr9ciple does n acc\nt1 9 any way :atev]1 = ! circum/ances :i* att5d ! inflection ( ! /rata1 = ! simple curvature :i* !y affect1 nor = t p>allelism ( _! lay]s1 :i*1 9 all _! b5d+s1 is s accurately pres]v$4 ,x does1 inde$1 s little s]ve to expla9 ^! facts1 t1 7 ! appe>ances completely rev]s$2 did ! /rata assume ! mo/ complex1 in/ead ( ! mo/ simple curvature2 in/ead ( equidi/ant1 7 !y conv]g+1 or alt]nately rec$+ & approa*+ to "o ano!r2 ! !ory ( cry/allization might be equally appli$ to !m4 ,! /ate ( ! ph5om5a is a matt] ( p]fect indiff]5ce to su* a !ory z ?is2 all ?+s are expla9$ by x ) ! same facility2 ! /raight & ! crook$1 ! squ>e & ! r\nd1 ! moveable & ! immoveable4 ,is x n evid5t t su* an explanation is a m]e ^w2 or1 if any ?+ m ?an a ^w1 an expression ( our ignorance1 s awkw>d & indirect1 z to deprive u ( :atev] cr$it might h be5 ga9$ by a pla9 & c&id av[al ( x8 ,footnote #ajg3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 i4 #dge4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott51 t a !ory :i* acc\nts = any ?+1 & a !ory :i* acc\nts = no?+1 /& precisely on ! same foot+1 & ought to be bani%$ f all p>ts ( philosophy1 z !y h be5 f ^? sci5ces :i* are ju/ly hon\r$ ) ! "n ( accurate4 ,! animat$ orbs ( ,ari/otle1 & ! vortices ( ,des ,c>tes1 h long ceas$ to be m5tion$ 9 physical a/ronomy2 ! fir/1 because1 !y acc\nt$ = e ?+ alike2 ! second1 because1 :5 !y acc\nt$ = "o ?+1 !y nev] c\ld be made to acc\nt = ano!r4 ,bo? !ories1 !re=e1 h v prop]ly be5 reject$2 &1 :5 geology %all und]go a simil> purification1 ! pr9ciple we h be5 consid]+ w n be ! only sacrifice requir$ ( ! ,neptunian sy/em4 #bji4 ,an appe>ance obs]v$ 9 "s k9ds ( prim>y s*i/us1 :i* cle>ly indicates _! deposition by wat]1 & 9 planes v diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* we n[ see !m1 ?\gh x might h be5 introduc$ be=e1 is also mu* connect$ ) ! pres5t argum5t4 ,?is appe>ance consi/s ( small wav+s or undul on ! surface ( ! plates ( s*i/us1 precisely simil> to ^! m>ks :i* are left by ! sea on a g5tly incl9+ bea* ( s&1 at ! ebb+ ( ! tide4 ,all ! species ( s*i/us d n seem to af=d in/ances ( ^! wav+s4 ,! rocks :i* d s1 are1 ,i ?9k1 *iefly ( ! argillace\s k9d1 b (t5 highly indurat$2 s t ! lam9 conta9+ ! impressions are n to be torn asund] b ) great difficulty4 ,in/ances ( x ab\nd 9 ! s*i/us ( ,b]wick%ire1 & are also n unfrequ5t 9 t ( ,gall[ay4 ,all mu/ agree ab\t ! ag5t :i* produc$ ^! m>ks2 x c\ld be no o!r ?an ! sea2 b x mu/ h be5 ! sea act+ on loose1 small & r\nd p>ticles1 ly+ on a surface :i* 0 ne>ly horizontal4 #baj4 ,dr ,hutton's !ory is no :]e /rong]1 ?an 9 :at relates to ! elevation & inflection ( ! /rata2 po9ts 9 :i* all o!rs are s egregi\sly defective4 ,! ph5om5a to be connect$ are "h extremely v>i\s1 & ev5 9 appe>ance contradictory3 ! horizontally ( "o "p ( ! /rata2 ! incl9$ or v]tical position ( ano!r2 ! p]fect planes 9 :i* "o set are ext5d$2 ! break+ & dislocation f\nd 9 a second2 ! inflection & s9uosity ( a ?ird2 & almo/ e :]e ! utmo/ rigidity & induration1 comb9$ ) appe>ances ( ! greate/ s(tness & flexibility2 ! pres]vation ( a p>allelism ( sup]ficies 9 ! mid/ ( s mu* irregul>ity1 & ! assumption ( a det]m9ate species ( curvature1 "u circum/ances ! mo/ dissimil>2 all ^! appe>ances 7 to be connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & ) ! consolidation ( ! /rata1 & ?is is done by ! tw(old hypo!sis1 ( aque\s deposition1 & ! action ( subt]rane\s heat4 ,:5 ^! circum/ances are fairly consid]$1 & :5 ! %ifts :i* o!r sy/ems are put to on ?is occasion are rememb]$1 ,i ?9k x w be grant$1 t few attempts at g5]alization h be5 m successful1 ?an t :i* has be5 made by ! ,huttonian ,!ory4 #baa4 ,to ! fact ( ! elevation ( ! /rata1 ! /udy ( geology is mu* indebt$4 ,! /ratifi$ =m ( a great proportion ( ! e>?'s surface1 gives to m9]als t organization & regul>ity1 :i* makes _! disposition an object ( sci5ce1 & _! incl9$ position s]ves to br+ t organization into view1 f f> great] dep?s ?an we c ev] rea* by artificial excavations4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! t]m9ation ( /rata1 t make ) ! horizon an angle ( #cj1 ly+ "o ov] ano!r1 is se5 = a horizontal di/ance ( two miles2 !n x is c]ta91 t if ^! /rata h t ext5t "u gr\nd1 :i* may be reasonably suppos$1 ! ?ickness ( ! :ole mass1 measur$ by a l9e p]p5dicul> to its /ratification1 is half ! horizontal di/ance1 or am\nts to "o mile4 ,x w\ld also require a pit to be sunk f ! upp]mo/ ( ^! /rata1 to ! dep? ( 7#b miles tan #cj1 7 #fjic feet be=e x c\ld int]sect ! und]mo/2 & !re=e1 if we suppose ! same /ratum to pres]ve ! same "* = ! ext5t ( "s miles1 we obta9 ! same in=mation f inspect+ ! edge-seams1 & see 9 reality z f> into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 z if we _h sunk a p]p5dicul> %aft to ! dep? ( #fjjj feet4 ,9 g5]al1 ! l5g? ( ! horizontal l9e drawn across ! /rata1 f ! l[e/ 9 position to ! highe/1 multipli$ into ! s9e ( ! incl9ation ( ! /rata to ! horizon1 gives ! ?ickness ( ! :ole1 measur$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! plane ( ! /ratification3 & ! same horizontal di/ance1 multipli$ into ! tang5t ( ! incl9ation1 gives ! actual dep? at :i* ! l[e/ /ratum w\ld meet a p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 drawn f ! highe/ extremity ( ! upp] /ratum4 ,9 _m cases1 ! ext5t ( /ratifi$ mat]ials admitt+ ( su* an exam9ation z ?is1 is mu* great] ?an has n[ be5 suppos$4 ,m4 ,pallas describes a range ( hills on ! s\?-ea/ side ( ! p59sula ( ! ,tauride1 :i* is cut d[n p]p5dicul>ly t[>d ! sea1 & (f]s a complete section ( ! p>allel b$s ( a prim>y1 or1 z he calls x1 an anci5t lime/one1 incl9$ at an angle ( #de to ! horizon2 & ?is section cont9ues = ! l5g? ( #acj v]/s1 or ab\t #hf ,engli% miles4 ,! b$s are s regul>1 t ,m4 ,pallas comp>es !m to ! leaves ( a book4#ajh ,! height ( ^! hills does n exce$ #abjj feet1 b ! real height ( ! upp]mo/ /ratum above ! und]mo/1 is #hf #a_/b #hf #e_/g #fa miles ne>ly4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,see ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,petropol4 tom4 x4 7#agib17 p4 #beg4 ,if !re=e we conceive t !re is no %ift 9 all ?is great sy/em ( /rata1 we 9 reality are enabl$1 by means ( x1 to see no less ?an #fa miles into ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 ne>ly a #fe? "p ( ! radius ( ! globe4 ,x is true1 t we c h>dly suppose s great a body ( /rata to h be5 rais$ )\t %ift+1 s t we mu/ dim9i% ?is dep? consid]ably2 b 7 x r$uc$ ev5 to "o-half x w appe>1 t m5 see mu* f>!r into ! int]ior ( ! globe ?an !y are aw>e (1 & t geologi/s are reproa*$ )\t reason = =m+ !ories ( ! e>?1 :5 all t !y c d is b to make a few scrat*es on its surface4 ,art inde$ c d little m2 b nature supplies ! defici5cy1 & makes discov]ies to ! att5tive obs]v]1 on ! same great scale ) h] o!r op]ations4 ,! simple/ acc\nt t c be giv5 ( ! va/ body ( p>allel & highly incl9$ /rata j m5tion$1 is1 t x consi/s ( ! ends ( horizontal /rata1 or ( /rata n greatly incl9$1 t h be5 =c$ up :5 !y 7 all s(t & flexible4 ,?is is a mu* m conceivable supposition ?an ,pallas's1 viz4 t ! great] "p ( ?is mass has sunk d[n into "s va/ cav]n 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,,note ,,xiii4 #ec4 ,metallic ,ve9s4 #bab4 ,! l>ge specim5s ( native iron f\nd 9 ,sib]ia & ,p]u1 m5tion$ above1 #ea1 are among ! mo/ curi\s facts 9 ! natural hi/ory ( metals4 ,x has be5 d\bt$1 h[ev]1 by "s1 :e!r !y really belong to natural hi/ory1 or are n r to be acc\nt$ artificial productions4 ,if !y _h be5 f\nd 9 ! he>t ( rocks1 or 9 ! mid/ ( metallic ve9s1 no d\bt ( ?is sort c\ld possibly h be5 ent]ta9$2 b1 z !y lie q on ! surface1 9 ! middle ( flat c\ntries1 & at a di/ance f any kn[n ve9 ( metal1 ! conjecture t !y may be artificial1 & ! rema9s ( ! iron f\nd]ies ( anci5t & unkn[n nations1 is at fir/ sight n entirely de/itute ( probability4 ,?is probability1 h[ev]1 w appe> to be ! less1 ! m c>efully ! specim5s are exam9$4 ,! metal is too p]fect1 & ! masses too l>ge1 to h be5 melt$ 9 ! furnaces1 or to h be5 transport$ by ! ma*9]y1 ( a rude p4 ,! specim5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica weighs #cjj qu9tals1 or ab\t #ae tons1 & is s(t & malleable4#aji ,! ,sib]ian specim51 describ$ by ,pallas1 is also v l>ge2 x is s(t & malleable1 & full ( r\nd cavities1 conta9+ a sub/ance1 :i*1 on exam9ation1 has be5 f\nd to be *rysolite4#aaj ,n[1 x is c]ta9ly q impossible1 t1 9 an artificial fusion1 s mu* *rysolite c\ld h come by any means to be involv$ 9 ! iron2 b1 if ! fusion 0 natural1 & happ5$ 9 a m9]al ve91 ! iron & ! *rysolite 7 bo? 9 _! native place1 & _! meet+ toge!r has no?+ 9 x t is inexplicable4 ,footnote #aji3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #aghh1 p4 #cg4 also p4 #ahc1 c4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,kirwan's ,m9]alogy1 vol4 ii4 art4 ,native ,iron4 #bac4 ,"s circum/ances 9 ! description ( ! specim5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 su* z ! impressions ( ! feet ( m5 & ( birds on its surface1 are n to be acc\nt$ = on any hypo!sis1 & c]ta9ly require m c>eful inve/igation4 ,x is said1 t ?is iron is v little subject to ru/1 & ! analysis ( a piece ( x by ,,pr\/ makes x probable1 t x owes ?is quality to its union ) nickel4#aaa ,x appe>s1 also1 t ! c\ntry ( ,*aco1 :]e ?is specim5 0 f\nd1 af=ds _m o!rs ( ! same k9d1 "o ( :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! description above ref]r$ to4 ,t c\ntry lies on ! ea/ side ( ! ,plata1 & is a pla9 extremely level1 & ( va/ ext5t1 )\t any appe>ance ( m9]al ve9s2 b su* ve9s may nev]!less exi/ undiscov]$1 9 a tract subject to p]iodical inundations1 & :]e ! native rock is cov]$ ) alluvial e>? & gravel to a great dep?4 ,! ve9s maybe wa%$ away1 & ! m durable sub/ances1 su* z ^? pieces ( native iron1 may be left beh9d2 &1 ?\gh !y mu/ be ( a =mation extremely anci5t1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 !y may n h be5 v long on ! surface4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,annales de ,*imie1 tom4 xxxv4 ,messidor1 p4 #dg4 #bad4 ,specim5s ( native iron h be5 f\nd1 less rem>kable ?an ! prec$+ = _! size1 b 9 circum/ances t exclud$ all idea ( artificial fusion4 ,( ?is sort 0 ,,m>graaf',s specim5 ( native iron1 ! fir/ ( ! k9d t 0 kn[n2 x consi/$ ( small bits ( s(t & malleable iron1 f\nd 9 ! he>t ( a br[n iron-/one4#aab ,?is makes x c]ta91 t native iron is a natural production1 & ! m]e circum/ance ( great magnitude1 9 ! specim5s be=e m5tion$1 does n entitle u to d\bt ( _! hav+ t same orig94 ,x is a circum/ance1 besides1 n 9 ! lea/ mat]ial to ?is argum5t2 ! smalle/ piece ( native iron be+ z mu* a pro( ( fusion z ! greate/2 & ! specim5 ( ,m>graaf be+ j z conclusive 9 fav\r ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 z ^? ( ,pallas or ,de ,celis1 suppos+ _! reality 9 m9]al productions to be completely e/abli%$4 metal malleable & ductile1 9 ev] s small a quantity1 _c be ! result ( precipitation f a m5/ruum1 )\t a v p>ticul> comb9ation ( circum/ances4 ,su* a metal1 c ! o!r h&1 c be readily produc$ by igne\s fusion2 s t "h ! negative & affirmative p>ts ( ! inductive argum5t may bo? be reg>d$ z complete4 ,footnote #aab3 ,kirwan's ,m9]alogy1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aef4 #bae4 ,mr ,kirwan1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! magnitude ( ! two l>ge specim5s m5tion$ above1 supposes1 t small pieces ( native iron 7ab\t ! =mation ( :i* he appe>s to h no difficulty7 h be5 orig9ally agglut9at$ by petroleum1 & left b>e1 :5 ! surr\nd+ /ony or e>?y masses ei!r )]$ or 7 wa%$ (f4#aac ,?is is no d\bt ! mo/ s+ul> ( all ! op9ions :i* h be5 advanc$ on ! subject2 &1 z x borr[s no?+ f analogy1 x admits ( no pro(1 & requires no refutation4 ,none b a *emi/ ( em95ce c\ld h v5tur$ ) impunity on an ass]tion s inconsi/5t ) all ! ph5om5a & pr9ciples ( 8 sci5ce4 ,footnote #aac3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dje4 #baf4 ,a rem>k ( ! same au?or1 on ! subject ( ! native gold f\nd 9 ! c\nty ( ,wickl[ 9 ,irel&1 is entitl$ to m att5tion4 ,t ^! lumps ( native gold1 he says1 7 nev] 9 fusion1 is evid5t f _! l[ specific gravity1 & ! gra9s ( s& f\nd 9 ! mid/ ( !m4 ,i f\nd ! specific gravity ( a lump ( ! size ( a nutmeg to be only #abhjj1 :]eas1 aft] fusion1 x became #ahgjj4aad ,footnote #aad3 ,ibid4 p4 #djb4 ,?is argum5t is plausible2 b1 ,i ?9k1 nev]!less inconclusive4 ,! s& f\nd 9 ! gold1 acc\nts1 at lea/ 9 "p1 = its lightness4 ,x is only by repeat$ fusions t any ( ! metals is br\ght to its utmo/ purity & highe/ specific gravity2 & on no supposition c ! melt+ ( gold 9 ! m9]al regions1 be v likely to sep>ate x f het]og5e\s sub/ances4 ,t qu>tzy s& %\ld be f\nd 9 x1 aft] su* a process1 is naturally to be expect$4 ,! impressions :i* ! qu>tz cry/als h left on ! ,wickl[ gold1 w\ld be receiv$ z a full pro( ( ! fusion ( t metal1 if geologi/s always regulat$ _! !ories by ! pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! belief ( ord9>y m54 #bag4 ,don ,rub9 de ,celis1 9 ! pap] ref]r$ to above1 m5tions "s masses ( silv] f\nd at ,quantajaia1 & also "s du/ ( plat9a1 9 t]ms t excite a /rong desire to h m in=mation conc]n+ !m4 ,!y are consid]$ by him z effects ( volcanic fire2 s we may conclude1 t !y conta9 evid5t m>ks ( fusion1 & w\ld 9 ?is sy/em be ascrib$ to t heat1 f :i* volcanic fire is b a p>tial & accid5tal d]ivation4 #bah4 ,! /ate also 9 :i* gold & silv] are (t5 f\nd p]vad+ masses ( qu>tz1 & %oot+ across !m 9 e direction1 furni%es a /rong argum5t = ! igne\s orig91 bo? ( ! metal & ! /one4 ,f su* specim5s1 x is evid5t1 t ! qu>tz & ! metal cry/alliz$1 or pass$ f a fluid to a solid /ate1 at ! same "t2 & x is h>dly less cle>1 t ?is fluidity did n proce$ f solution 9 any m5/ruum3 ,= ! m5/ruum1 :e!r wat] or ! *aotic fluid1 to enable x to dissolve ! qu>tz1 mu/ h _h an alkal9e impregnation2 &1 to enable x to dissolve ! metal1 x mu/ h _h1 at ! same "t1 an acid impregnation4 ,b ^! two opposite qualities c\ld n reside 9 ! same subject2 ! add & alkali w\ld unite toge!r1 &1 if equally p[]ful1 =m a neutral salt1 7l sea-salt17 incapable ( act+ ei!r on ! metallic or ! silice\s body4 ,if ! acid 0 mo/ p[]ful1 ! comp\nd salt might act on ! metal1 b n at all ^u ! qu>tz2 & if ! alkali 0 mo/ p[]ful1 ! comp\nd might act on ! qu>tz1 b n at all on ! metal4 ,9 no case1 !re=e1 c\ld x act on bo? at ! same "t4 ,fire or heat1 if suffici5tly int5se1 is n subject to ?is difficulty1 z x c\ld ex]cise its =ce ) equal effect on bo? bodies4 #bai4 ,! simultane\s consolidation ( ! qu>tz & ! metal is inde$ s highly improbable1 t ! ,neptuni/s r suppose1 t ! ramifications 9 su* specim5s z are "h allud$ to1 h be5 produc$ by ! metal defus+ itself ?r\gh rifts already =m$ 9 ! /one4#aae ,b x may be answ]$1 t betwe5 ! *annels 9 :i* ! metal p]vades ! qu>tz1 & ! ord9>y cracks or fissures 9 /ones1 !re is no resemblance :atev]3 ,t a sy/em ( holl[ tubes1 w9d+ ?r\gh a /one1 7z ! tubes 9 "q1 mu/ h be51 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 be=e !y 7 fill$ by ! metal17 is itself f> m inconceivable ?an ! ?+ :i* x is int5d$ to expla92 & la/ly1 t if ! /one 0 p]=at$ by su* tubes1 x w\ld /ill be inf9ite to "o t !y did n all exactly jo91 or inosculate ) "o ano!r4 ,footnote #aae3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dja4 #bbj4 ,! comp5etration1 z x may be call$1 ( two het]og5e\s sub/ances1 has "h furni%$ a pro( ( _! hav+ be5 melt$ by fire4 ,! inclusion ( "o het]og5e\s sub/ance )9 ano!r1 z happ5s among ! sp>s & drus5s1 f\nd s commonly 9 m9]al ve9s1 (t5 leads to a simil> conclusion4 ,?us1 f a specim5 ( *alc$ony1 includ+ 9 x a piece ( calc>e\s sp>1 ,dr ,hutton has d]iv$ a v +5i\s & satisfactory pro(1 t ^! two sub/ances 7 p]fectly s(t at ! same "t1 & mutually affect$ ea* o!r at ! mom5t ( _! concretion4#aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #ic4 ,ea* ( ^! sub/ances has its peculi> =m1 :i*1 :5 left to itself1 x naturally assumes2 ! sp> tak+ ! =m ( rhombic cry/als1 & ! *alc$ony affect+ a mammalat$ /ructure1 or a sup]ficies compos$ ( sph]ical segm5ts1 contigu\s to "o ano!r4 ,n[1 9 ! specim5 "u consid]ation1 ! sp> is includ$ 9 ! *alc$ony1 & ! peculi> figure ( ea* is impress$ on ! o!r2 ! angles & planes ( ! sp> are ind5t$ into ! *alc$ony1 & ! sph]ical segm5ts ( ! *alc$ony are impr9t$ on ! planes ( ! sp>4 ,^! appe>ances are consi/5t ) no notion ( consolidation t does n involve 9 x ! simultane\s concretion ( ! :ole mass2 & su* concretion _c arise f precipitation f a solv5t1 b only f ! congelation ( a melt$ body4 ,?is argum5t1 x mu/ be rem>k$1 is n gr\nd$ on a solit>y specim51 7?\gh if x 7 x might /ill be p]fectly conclusive17 b on a ph5om5on ( :i* !re are innum]able in/ances4 #bba4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ve9s 7 fill$ by ! injection ( fluid matt] f bel[2 & ?is acc\nt ( !m1 :i* agrees s well ) ! ph5om5a already describ$1 is confirm$ by ?is1 t no?+ ( ! sub/ances :i* fill ! ve9s is to be f\nd any :]e at ! surface4 ,x is n ) ! ve9s z ) ! /rata1 :]e1 9 ! loose s& on ! %ore1 & 9 ! %ells & corals accumulat$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 we p]ceive ! same mat]ials ( :i* ^! /rata are compos$4 ,! same does n equally hold ( metallic ve9s3 ,look1 says ,dr ,hu/on1 into ! s\rces ( our m9]al treasures8 ,ask ! m9] f :5ce has come ! metal 9 8 ve9s8 ,n f ! e>? or air above1 n f ! /rata :i* ! ve9 trav]ses3 ^! d n conta9 an atom ( ! m9]als n[ consid]$4 ,!re is b "o place f :5ce ^! m9]als may h come2 ?is is ! b[els ( ! e>?2 ! place ( p[] & expansion2 ! place f :5ce has proce$$ t int5se heat1 by :i* loose mat]ials h be5 consolidat$ into rocks1 z well z t enorm\s =ce1 by :i* ! regul> /rata h be5 brok5 & displac$4#aag ,footnote #aag3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 #bbb4 ,! above is a v j & natural reflection2 b if1 in/ead ( int]rogat+ ! m9]2 we consult ! ,neptuni/1 we w receive a v diff]5t reply4 ,z ?is philosoph] nev] emb>rasses himself ab\t pres]v+ a uni=mity 9 ! c\rse ( nature1 he w tell u1 t ?\gh x may be true1 t nei!r ! air1 ! upp] "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 nor ev5 ! sea1 conta9 at pres5t any ?+ l ! mat]ials ( ! ve9s1 yet ! "t 0 :5 ^! mat]ials 7 all m+l$ toge!r 9 ! *aotic mass1 & con/itut$ "o va/ fluid1 encompass+ ! e>?2 f :i* fluid x 01 t ! m9]als 7 precipitat$ & deposit$ 9 ! clefts & fissures ( ! /rata4 #bbc4 ,x is alleg$1 9 pro( ( ?is hypo!sis1 t m9]al ve9s are f\nd to be less ri* z !y g f>!r d[n1 :]eas !y ought to be ri*] if !y 7 fill$ by ! projection ( melt$ matt] f bel[4 ,b ! fact1 t m9es are less ri* z !y desc5d f>!r1 ?\gh x may hold 9 "s in/ances1 is n g5]al1 & may !re=e be suppos$ to arise f local causes1 su* z are1 9 respect ( u1 accid5tal1 & beyond ! limits to :i* our !ories c be expect$ to rea*4 ,?us ! m9es ( ,mexico & ,p]u are said to be subject to ! prec$+ rule2 b 9 ! m9es ( ,d]by%ire & ,cornwall1 ! v contr>y is und]/ood to take place4 ,besides1 :at we are pleas$ to call ! ri*es ( a m9e1 are ri*es relatively to u1 & relatively to a di/9ction :i* nature does n recognise4 ,! sp>s & ve9/ones :i* are ?r[n out 9 ! rubbi% ( our m9es1 may be z preci\s 9 ! eyes ( nature1 z conducive to ! great objects ( h] economy1 & are c]ta9ly z *>act]i/ic ( m9]al ve9s1 z ! ores ( silv] or gold1 to :i* we atta* s great a value4 ,unless ! =m] are 9 small] quantity1 or less highly cry/alliz$ at great ?an at small dep?s1 :i* ,i believe is n alleg$1 no conclusion c be drawn f sub/ances1 :i* occupy 9 g5]al b a small proportion ( any ve91 &1 9 _! dissem9ation ?r\gh x1 d n seem to be always guid$ by ! same law4 #bbd4 ,aga91 if ! ve9s 7 fill$ by deposition f above1 we ought to discov] 9 !m su* horizontal /ratification z is ! effect ( deposition f wat]1 & we %\ld p]ceive no m>ks ( ! mat]ials hav+ be5 introduc$ ) viol5ce into _! place4 ,! ,neptuni/s _c object to ! trial ( _! !ory by ^! two frets4 ,z to ! fir/1 x is ackn[l$g$1 t !re is a c]ta9 regul> disposition ( ! sub/ances 9 m9]al ve9s1 z /at$ #ei1 b x is "o :i* has h>dly any ?+ 9 common ) ! real ph5om5a ( /ratification4 ,x consi/s 9 ! di/ribution ( ! pr9cipal sub/ances 9 coats p>allel to ! sides ( ! ve91 ea* sub/ance =m+ a sep>ate coat4 ,9 a ve91 = in/ance1 conta9+ qu>tz1 fluor1 calc>e\s sp>1 lead1 c4 we might expect to f9d a l9+ ( qu>tz cry/als1 appli$ imm$iately to ! walls ( ! m9e1 & foll[+ exactly ! irregul>ities ( _! surface2 next1 p]haps1 a coat ( fluor1 !n ( calc>e\s sp>1 & la/ ( lead ore 9 ! c5tre ( ! ve91 ! same ord] be+ obs]v$ on ! opposite side4 ,^! successive coats1 x is mat]ial to rem>k1 are n 9 planes1 b 9 unev5 surfaces1 ( :i* ! inequalities are evid5tly det]m9$ by ^? ( ! walls1 t is1 ( ! rock :i* =ms ! sides ( ! ve92 nei!r are !y horizontal1 b are p>allel to ! walls1 :e!r ^! be p]p5dicul> or incl9$4 ,"h1 !re=e1 !re is no appe>ance ( ! action ( t /atical law :i* has direct$ ! arrangem5t ( ! o!r /rata1 & :i* t5ds to make ! plane ( e /ratum deposit$ by wat] p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( gravity4 ,! coat+ ( ! ve9s has !re=e be5 p]=m$ "u ! conduct ( "s o!r p[] ?an t :i* presides ov] aque\s deposition4 ,if1 z ! ,neptuni/s ma9ta91 ! mat]ials 9 ! ve9s 7 deposit$ by wat]1 9 ! mo/ p]fect tranquillity1 x is wond]ful t we d n f9d ^? mat]ials dispos$ 9 horizontal lay]s1 across ! ve91 in/ead ( be+ p>allel to its sides2 & x seems v unacc\ntable1 t ! common /rata1 deposit$ z we are told :ile ! wat] 0 9 a /ate ( great agitation1 h s rigor\sly obey$ ! laws ( hydro/atics1 7 #ch47 & acquir$ a p>allelism 9 ! planes ( _! /ratification1 :i* approa*es s (t5 to geometrical precision2 :ile ! mat]ials ( ! ve9s1 9 circum/ances s mu* m fav\rable = do+ ! same1 h done ne>ly ! rev]se1 & tak5 a position1 (t5 at "r angles to t :i* hydro/atical pr9ciples require4 ,?is is a p>adox :i* ! ,neptunian sy/em has creat$1 & :i* !re=e x is n v likely to resolve4 #bbe4 ,m]e words %\ld h little p[] to mislead1 9 a sci5ce :i* treats ( s5sible objects1 su* z are always easily subject$ to ! exam9ation ( sight or ( t\*2 yet !re is "s appe>ance z if ! ,neptuni/s 7 misl$ 9 ?is1 & o!r in/ances1 by ! t]m /ratification4 ,?\gh an incru/ation on ! p]p5dicul> face ( a rock has v little aff9ity to a /ratum1 su* z we are accu/om$ to see deposit$ by wat]1 yet ! same "n be+ once impos$ on bo?1 m9]alogi/s h proce$$ to reason conc]n+ !m1 z if !y 7 precisely ! same ?+1 & 7 bo? to be ascrib$ to ! same cause4 ,inde$ e p]p5dicul> or highly incl9$ b$ ( /one1 is inexplicable z an effect ( aque\s deposition1 9 a sy/em1 unprovid$1 z ! ,neptunian is1#aah ) ! means ( rais+ up su* b$s f a horizontal into a v]tical position4 ,?is obs]vation may also be ext5d$ to all cases ( v]tical /ratification4 ,wat] _c directly arrange its deposits 9 planes highly incl9$1 & !re=e ,i h (t5 wond]$ to see ! ,neptuni/s cont5d+ s eag]ly = ! /ratification ( c]ta9 rocks1 su* z granite1 :i*1 be+ v]tical1 or highly incl9$1 0 mu* less fri5dly to _! sy/em ?an ! entire abs5ce ( all /ratification w\ld h be54 ,i 0 dispos$ to admire _! c&\r1 :5 ! use :i* !y made ( ! fact conv9c$ me1 t ,i ought only to wond] at _! inconsequ5tial reason+4 ,! ,huttonian ,!ory is1 inde$1 ! only "o :i* possesses ! means ( reconcil+ ! elevation ( ! /rata ) _! horizontal deposition1 & :i* is entitl$ to consid] /ratification1 9 :atev] plane x may be1 z orig9ally ! "w ( ! ocean4 ,! geologi/s :o atta* !mselves exclusively to ! action ( wat]1 w nev] be able to ext5d ! dom9ion ( t elem5t s f> z ,dr ,hutton has done1 by comb9+ x ) fire4 ,footnote #aah3 ,see prec$+ note4 #bbf4 ,b1 ?\gh ! ,neptunian sy/em 7 provid$ ) eng9es1 p[]ful en\gh to raise up /rata f a level to a v]tical plane1 ?is w\ld avail no?+ 9 ! pres5t in/ance2 s9ce1 on no supposition1 c ! incru/ations on ! p]p5dicul> sides ( a ve9 h ev] be5 horizontal4 ,on no supposition1 !re=e1 c ^! incru/ations be receiv$ z a pro( ( aque\s deposition3 x may inde$ be c]ta9ly inf]r$ f !m1 t ! matt] :i* !y consi/ ( 0 fluid at ! "t ( _! =mation2 b ! abs5ce ( all appe>ance ( a horizontal disposition1 9 any "p ( ! ve91 am\nts ne>ly to a demon/ration1 t ?is fluidity did n proce$ f solution 9 a m5/ruum4 ,we mu/ !re=e conceive ! coats to h be5 =m$ dur+ ! refrig]ation ( ! melt$ matt] inject$ f ! m9]al regions into ! clefts & fissures ( ! /rata4 7 #ei47 #bbg4 ,m9]al ve9s1 p>ticul>ly at _! int]sections ) "o ano!r1 conta9 abundant m>ks ( ! mo/ viol5t & repeat$ di/urbance 7 #ef474 ,n to m5tion t !y owe _! fir/ =mation to ! fracture & displac+ ( rocks already consolidat$1 x appe>s1 t !y h orig9at$ at v diff]5t p]iods1 & t ! bir? ( ea* has be5 accompani$ ) convulsions1 :i* %ook ! f\ndations ( ! e>?4 ,9 ,cornwall1 = in/ance1 ! pr9cipal ve9s1 & ^? :i* !y di/+ui% p>ticul>ly by ! "n ( ,lodes1 h ne>ly ! same direction ) ! /rata or v]tical s*i/us1 ext5d+ f ab\t ,e4 ,n4 ,e4 to ,w4 ,s4 ,w4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are (t5 int]sect$ ne>ly at "r angles by o!r m9]al ve9s1 call$ ,cross ,c\rses1 & ?is h>dly ev] happ5s )\t ! latt] mov+1 or1 z x is call$1 heav+ ! =m] out ( _! direction4 ,?is pla9ly indicates1 t ! cross c\rses are ( lat] orig9 ?an ! o!rs1 & t _! =mation 0 accompani$ ) su* a =ce1 z mu/1 9 _m sub/ances1 h mov$ ! :ole body ( rock :i* con/itutes ! promontory ( ,cornwall1 & probably mu* m1 = sev]al y>ds1 9 a horizontal direction4 ,sometimes1 also1 bo? ! longitud9al & ! cross ve9 are =c$ out ( _! place by a ?ird4 ,^! di/urbances arise n only f m9]al ve9s1 b f ve9s ( porphyry & granite1 ! production ( :i* has be5 att5d$ ) no less viol5ce ?an ( ! o!rs4 #bbh4 ,:at is "h said ( ,cornwall1 is ! hi/ory1 9 "s degree1 ( all m9]al c\ntries :atev]4 ,! great horizontal translation :i* has ?us accompani$ ! =mation ( ve9s2 ! movem5t impress$ on su* va/ bodies ( rock1 & ! frequ5t r5ewal ( ^! imm5se convulsions2 are n to be expla9$ by ! mild & tranquil dom9ion ( ! wat]y elem5t4 ,!y require ! utmo/ p[] t is kn[n any :]e to exi/1 & 7 x n = ! admonitions ( ! volcano & ! e>?quake1 we might d\bt if ev5 subt]rane\s heat itself possess$ an en]gy adequate to ^! a/oni%+ effects4 #bbi4 ,f ! heav+ ( "o ve9 by ano!r1 x is evid5t1 t !re 0 a =ce ( protrusion 9 ! direction ( "o ( !m1 t act$ at ! "t ( its =mation4 ,?is =ce _c be acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t ve9s 7 produc$ by ! m]e %r9k+ ( ! /rata2 = ! rocks c\ld n1 9 t case1 h be5 r5t asund]1 & impell$ =w>d at ! same "t4 ,x appe>s mo/ likely1 t fissures 9 ! /rata 7 made1 at lea/ 9 _m in/ances1 & ! matt] p\r$ into !m1 ne>ly at ! same "t1 bo? be+ effects ( ! same cause1 ! expansive =ce ( subt]rane\s heat4 #bcj4 ,x is rem>k$1 at #ef1 t ! %ift+ ( ! /rata is be/ obs]v$ :]e ! ve9s make a transv]se section ( b$s ( rock1 consid]ably incl9$ to ! horizon4 ,x is also true1 t 9 "s cases ! ne> approa* ( ! /rata to ! level1 may make ! %ifts produc$ by ! ve9s v easy to be discov]$4 ,?us 9 ,d]by%ire1 :]e ! m9]al ve9s are 9 second>y /rata1 ne>ly horizontal1 !re is almo/ no in/ance 9 :i* ! correspond+ /rata are n obs]v$ to be on diff]5t levels1 on ! opposite sides ( ! same ve94 #bca4 ,! fact describ$ by ,de ,luc1 & ref]r$ to at #ee1 may1 = :at we "k ( x1 admit ( be+ expla9$ 9 two ways4 ,! great w$ge ( rock :i* appe>s to be insulat$ betwe5 two bran*es ( ! same ve91 may ei!r be a mass t has be5 brok5 (f1 & su/a9$ by ! melt$ matt] t fl[$ all ar\nd x2 or1 x may be a mass ( rock conta9$ betwe5 two ve9s t are 9 reality di/9ct1 & ( diff]5t =mation4 ,:e!r ?is la/ supposition is ! tru?1 w\ld probably be evid5t f a c>eful exam9ation ( bo? p>ts ( ! ve92 z "s diff]5ce ( "* _c fail to be ! consequ5ce ( diff]5t =mation4 ,if no su* diff]5ce is obs]v$1 ! two bran*es mu/ be suppos$ to belong to ! same ve91 & ! only probable explanation ( ! insulation ( s l>ge a mass ( rock w be by ! fir/ m5tion$ supposition4 ,?is fact1 !re=e1 not)/&+ ! great att5tion ,m4 ,de ,luc has be/[$ on x1 /ill requires fur!r exam9ation1 be=e x c be decid$ :e!r x incl9es to ! ,huttonian ,!ory1 z on ! fir/ supposition1 or is1 z on ! latt] hypo!sis1 equally balanc$ betwe5 x & ! ,w]n]ian4 #bcb4 ,:atev] be ! case ) ?is fact1 ! g5]al "o ( pieces ( rock be+ f\nd insulat$ 9 ve9s1 is c]ta9ly fav\rable to ! notion ( an inject$ & pond]\s fluid hav+ orig9ally su/a9$ !m4 ,:]e1 z happ5s 9 "s in/ances1 ! /ones conta9$ 9 ! ve9s h no aff9ity to any ( ! rocks above1 !y _c be suppos$ to h come any h[ b f bel[1 & to h be5 c>ri$ up by ! matt] ( ! ve94 ,! in/ance f ! slip at ! ,hudd]sfield ,canal has be5 already m5tion$4 #bcc4 ,! prec$+ obs]vations h be5 pr9cipally direct$ aga9/ t !ory ( ve9s :i* supposes !m to h be5 fill$ by deposition f wat]4 ,!re is ano!r !ory ma9ta9$ by "s ( ! ,neptuni/s1 t ! metals 9 ve9s 7 introduc$ !re by infiltration4#aai ,?is op9ion is suffici5tly refut$ by ! fact1 t r>ely any metallic ore is f\nd out ( ! ve91 or 9 ! rock on ei!r side ( x1 & lea/ ( all :]e ! ve9 is ri*e/4 ,?is is inconsi/5t ) ! notion ( ! ore be+ c>ri$ into ! ve9 by wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh ! adjac5t rocks1 unless "s satisfactory reason is assign$1 :i* det]m9$ ! wat] to leave ! ore 9 ! ve9 & no :]e else4 ,besides1 ?is hypo!sis does n acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! sp>s & ve9/ones :i* fill ! ve91 & :i* appe> cle>ly to h be5 br\ght !re at ! same "t ) ! ore1 & no d\bt by ! same cause4 ,footnote #aai3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dja4 #bcd4 ,! ve9s1 prop]ly s call$1 are indef9itely ext5d$2 b !re are also ?9 plates ( sp>1 & ( cry/als ( diff]5t k9ds1 (t5 f\nd includ$ 9 rocks1 & %ut 9 on all sides1 to :i* ! "n ( ve9s is commonly appli$4 ,^! la/ ought c]ta9ly to be di/+ui%$ f ! =m]1 & may n improp]ly be call$ ,plate ,ve9s or ,l5ticul> ,ve9s1 ! plate or cake ( sp> ( :i* !y consi/ hav+ v (t5 ! =m ( a l5s1 ?\gh1 z may be suppos$1 consid]ably irregul>4 ,ei!r ( ^! t]ms be+ d]iv$ entirely f ext]nal *>act]s1 has ! advantage ( involv+ no?+ !oretical4 ,! l5ticul> ve9s are c]ta9ly n =m$ l ! usual m9]al ve9s1 by injection1 s9ce !y are %ut 91 on all sides1 by ! solid rock4 ,:5 !y are f\nd1 !re=e1 9 /ratifi$ rocks1 su* z h n !mselves be5 melt$1 we mu/ conceive !m to be compos$ ( mat]ials m fusible ?an ! surr\nd+ rock1 s t !y h be5 br\ght into fusion by a degree ( heat :i* ! re/ ( ! rock 0 able to resi/1 &1 on cool+1 h assum$ a sp>ry /ructure4 ,:5 !y are f\nd 9 rocks1 ( :i* ! :ole has be5 fluid1 !y mu/ be consid]$ z compon5t p>ts ( t mass1 :i*1 by an elective attraction1 h unit$ ) "o ano!r1 & sep>at$ !mselves f ! sub/ances to :i* !y _h less aff9ity4 ,! ve9s ( ?is k9d seem to be connect$ ) ^? call$ 9 ,d]by%ire ,pipe ,ve9s1 9 :i* ! ores ( metals are sometimes f\nd4 ,! pipe ve9s1 inde$1 are n 9 all cases completely insulat$1 b sometimes communicate ) ! ve9s prop]ly call$ m9]al4 ,i am too little acqua9t$1 h[ev]1 ) _! natural hi/ory1 to ,be able to say ) c]ta9ty to :i* ( ! two species !y ought to be ref]r$4 ,,note ,,xiv4 #ge4 ,on ,:9/one4 #bce4 ,to ! facts & reason+s giv5 above1 ,i %all1 9 ?is note1 add a few rem>ks1 t5d+ to %[1 t :9/one is n ( volcanic1 nor ( aque\s1 b c]ta9ly ( igne\s orig94 ,x is ass]t$1 7 #fb17 t c>bonate ( lime & zeolite are (t5 conta9$ 9 :9/one1 b nev] 9 lava1 & t ?is circum/ance may sometimes s]ve to di/+ui% ^! /ones f "o ano!r4 ,) respect to c>bonate ( lime1 9 p>ticul>1 x seems evid5t1 t ?is sub/ance _c ent] into ! orig9al composition ( any lava1 because ! same heat :i* melt$ ! lava1 w\ld1 :]e !re 0 no great] pressure ?an ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 expel ! c>bonic acid & produce quicklime4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 rocks conta9+ c>bonate ( lime1 h (t5 be5 consid]$ z lavas1 into ! pores & cavities ( :i*1 calc>e\s matt] hav+ be5 c>ri$ by ! infiltration ( wat]1 _h cry/alliz$ into sp>4 ,?us ,,spallanzani1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! ,euganean ,hills1 9 ,lomb>dy1 describes "s ( ! rocks z ab\nd+ at _! surface1 & ev5 9 _! int]ior1 ) air-bubbles ( v>i\s sizes1 f su* z are h>dly p]ceptible1 to "s t are half an in* 9 diamet]2 & :i*1 he says1 are all ( an oval figure1 ) _! longe/ diamet]s 9 ! same direction4 ,?is he consid]s z a pro( t ! rock is a g5u9e lava2 = ! air-bubbles prove ! /one to h _h its fluidity f fire2 & by _! elongation 9 ! same direction !y prove1 t ! mass :5 fluid 0 also 9 motion4 ,spallanzani adds1 t _m ( ^! cavities are fill$ ) cry/als ( ! c>bonate ( lime1 an effect ( ! infiltration ( wat]4#abj ,footnote #abj3 ,voyages dans les deux ,siciles1 tom4 iii4 p4 #aeg4 ,edit4 de ,faujas de ,/ ,fond4 #bcf4 ,?\gh ! argum5t "h advanc$ = ! igne\s orig9 ( ! rock may be admitt$ z conclusive1 ! introduction ( calc>e\s sp> into x by infiltration mu/ /ill be que/ion$4 ,lava1 except 9 a /ate ( decay or decomposition1 is n readily p5etrat$ by wat]2 &1 if x 71 ! fill+ ( cavities ) sp>1 by means ( ! wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh !m1 w\ld /ill be subject to _m difficulties1 7#ab474 ,besides1 :9/one rocks are frequ5tly f\nd s full ( calc>e\s sp>1 or ( zeolite1 t !y w\ld become por\s to su* a degree1 if ! cavities fill$ ) ^! latt] sub/ances 7 all empty1 t !y c\ld h>dly su/a9 _! own weight1 & mu* less t ( ! great masses ( rock incumb5t on !m4 ,9 su* cases1 x is c]ta91 t ! cry/alliz$ sub/ances 7 "p ( ! orig9al composition ( ! rock4 ,! tru? is1 t ! infiltration ( ! wat] is a m]e gratuit\s assumption1 introduc$ = ! purpose ( expla9+ ! exi/5ce ( c>bonat$ lime 9 a /one :i* _h endur$ ! action ( int5se heat3 & ?is assumption ought ( c\rse to be reject$1 if ! ph5om5on c be expla9$ by a !ory1 t is 9 o!r respects con=mable to nature4 ,! sp>1 !n1 may be consid]$ z a pro(1 t ! rocks 9 "q are to be numb]$ ) ^? un]upt$ lavas :i* h fl[$ deep 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & "u a great compress+ =ce4 ,?is is ! m probable1 t ! ,euganean ,hills1 l "s :9/one hills 9 our own c\ntry1 h1 9 c]ta9 places1 a cov]+ ( slaty & calc>e\s /rata incumb5t on !m1 ev5 at _! summits1#aba s t ! torr5t ( melt$ /one1 ( :i* !y are admitt$ to consi/1 _c h fl[$ f ! m\? ( a volcano4 ,i d n mean to say1 t !re are among ^! hills no ve/iges ( volcanic explosion4 ,i am v f> f hav+ data suffici5t = draw+ ?is conclusion2 b ,i believe x may be safely affirm$1 t ! bulk ( !m is no m compos$ ( volcanic lava1 ?an ! basaltes ( ,/affa1 or ( ! ,giant's ,causeway4 ,footnote #aba3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agge1 p4 #cd4 #bcg4 ,b1 besides ! evid5ce d$uc$ f calc>e\s sp> & zeolite1 aga9/ ! rocks conta9+ !m be+ real lava1 !re are o!r m>ks1 ev5 less equivocal p]haps1 t di/+ui% ! lavas :i* we suppose to h fl[$ 9 ! m9]al regions1 f ^? :i* h actually fl[$ on ! surface4 ,^! are :at we collect f ! disposition1 ! organization1 or1 z we may say1 ! physical geography ( :9/one c\ntries1 unlike1 9 s _m respects1 to t ( volcanic c\ntries4 ,! %ape ( :9/one hills2 _! l>ge flat t]races1 ris+ "o above ano!r2 _! p]p5dicul> faces1 & ! correspond5ce ( _! heights ev5 at consid]able di/ances2 h no?+ simil> to !m 9 ! irregul> torr5ts ( volcanic lavas4 ,! ph5om5a ( ! =m] are also on a scale ( magnitude v f> exce$+ ! latt]1 & cle>ly indicate1 t ?\gh bo? h be5 produc$ by fire1 x has be5 by fire 9 v diff]5t circum/ances1 & regulat$ by v diff]5t laws4 ,! /ructure ( ! two k9ds ( rock agrees1 9 _m respects1 & s does _! *emical analysis2 b _! disposition & arrangem5t are s dissimil>1 t !y _c be suppos$ to be ( ! same =mation4 #bch4 ,?is argum5t1 ,i believe1 0 fir/ /at$ by ,mr ,/range1 9 a lett] to ,sir ,,john ,,pr+le1 publi%$ 9 ! #fe? volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions4#abb ,t intellig5t obs]v]1 aft] visit+ ! c\ntries 9 ,europe mo/ rem>kable ei!r = burn+1 or = :at are acc\nt$1 ext+ui%$ volcanoes1 & exam9+ !m ) a v discrim9at+ eye1 rema9$ conv9c$1 t !re are two di/9ct species ( rock1 :i* bo? owe _! orig9 to fire2 b to fire act+ 9 circum/ances & situations extremely diff]5t4 ,! fir/ is ! common volcanic lava2 ! o!r1 to :i* he gives ! "n ( a basalt9e rock1 compreh5ds su* rocks z ! ,giant's ,causeway1 ! basaltes ( ! ,viv>ais1 ( ! ,euganean ,hills1 c4 & diff]s 9 no?+ f t :i* is call$ "h by ! "n ( :9/one4 ,mr ,/range conceiv$1 t ! "o ( ^! k9ds ( /one c\ld1 no m ?an ! o!r1 be acc\nt$ ! "w ( aque\s deposition1 b 0 l$ to ! di/9ction j m5tion$1 by obs]v+ ! organization & arrangem5t 9 ! rocks ( ! latt] k9d1 & comp>+ !m ) ! disord] & ru9 t e :]e m>k ! foot/eps ( volcanic fire ,he does n pret5d to det]m9e ! nature ( ! fire to :i* ! basalt9e rocks owe _! =mation1 nor ! circum/ances 9 :i* x has act$3 he is satisfi$ ) ! negative conclusion1 t x is n volcanic2 & 8 pap] af=ds a specim5 ( :at is p]haps r>e 9 any ( ! sci5ces1 & c]ta9ly mo/ r>e ( all 9 geology1 viz4 a philosophic induction c>ri$ j z f> z ! facts w be> x out1 & n a s+le /ep beyond t po9t4 ,footnote #abb3 ,acc\nt ( ,two ,giants' ,causeways 9 ! ,v5etian ,/ate1 c4 by ,john ,/range1 ,esq4 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lxv4 7#agge17 p4 #e1 c4 #bci4 ,sev]al o!r h9ts conta9$ 9 ?is pap] are highly des]v+ ( notice2 = we n only f9d 9 x ! notion ( a =mation ( basaltic rocks1 igne\s ?\gh n volcanic1 b also t ( _! simultane\s cry/allization1#abc toge!r ) ! sugge/ion1 t granite & basalt are ( ! same orig91#abd ,^! op9ions _h n1 ,i believe1 occurr$ at t "t to any m9]alogi/ except ,dr ,hutton1 nor _h !y be5 communicat$ by him to any b a few ( 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds2 s t ,mr ,/range has )\t d\bt all ! m]it ( a fir/ discov]]4 ,inde$1 )\t ! k ( ! pr9ciple ( compression1 su* z x is laid d[n by ,dr ,hutton1 x 0 h>dly possible = him to proce$ fur!r ?an he has done4 ,he rem>k$ ! unburnt lime/one t lies on ! tops ( "s ( ! ,euganean basaltes1 & seems to h be5 aw>e ( ! great difficulty1 :i* x 0 res]v$ = ! ,huttonian ,!ory to ov]come4 ,8 lett] conta9s also "s excell5t g5]al rem>ks on ! rocks ( ! ,viv>ais & ,velay1 :i* he _h visit$1 be=e ,,faujas ,,de ,,/ ,,fond _h publi%$ 8 curi\s & elaborate description ( ^! c\ntries4 ,footnote #abc3 ,phil4 ,trans1 ubi supra1 p4 #ag4 ,footnote #abd3 ,ibid4 p4 #cf & #cg4 #bdj4 ,! cause ( ! peculi> /ructure :i* has j be5 obs]v$ to di/+ui% :9/one f volcanic c\ntries1 is easily assign$ 9 ! ,huttonian ,!ory4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 ! :9/one rocks 7 =m$1 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 ( melt$ matt] p\r$ into ! r5ts & op5+s ( ! /rata4 ,!y 7 ca/1 !re=e1 9 ^? op5+s1 z 9 a m\ld2 & receiv$ ! impression & "* ( ! rocks by :i* !y 7 surr\nd$4 ,h5ce ! tabul> masses ( :9/one1 :i* :5 s(t h be5 int]pos$ betwe5 /rata1 & compress$ by _! weight1 s z almo/ to h !mselves acquir$ ! appe>ance ( /ratification4 ,h5ce ! p]p5dicul> faces ( ! same rocks1 produc$ by _! be+ abutt$ :5 yet s(t1 aga9/ ! abrupt sides ( ! /rata4 ,! rocks :i* =m$ ^? m\lds h1 9 _m cases1 entirely disappe>$2 9 o!rs1 a "p /ill rema9s1 surr\nd+1 or ev5 cov]+1 ! basaltes1 z 9 ! ,euganean ,hills1 9 ^? ( ! ,val di ,noto 9 ,sicily1 ! rocks ne> ,lisbon1#abe & 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,great ,brita94 ,footnote #abe3 ,re*]*es sur les ,volcans ,ete9ts du ,viv>ais2 ,lettre du ,dolomieu1 p4 #ddc4 ,above all1 ! ve9s ( :9/one :i* int]sect ! /rata1 are ! complete/ pro(s ( ! !ory "h giv5 ( ^! rocks1 & ! mo/ inconsi/5t1 9 all respects1 ) ! hypo!sis ( _! volcanic orig94 #bda4 ,if ^! crit]ia are appli$ to :at are call$ ext+ui%$ volcanoes1 ,i h no d\bt t _m :i* h be5 reckon$ ( t numb]1 w be f\nd to d]ive _! orig9 m directly f ! fire ( ! m9]al regions4 ,! basaltic rocks ( ! ,viv>ais1 ,i am well p]suad$1 belong to ?is class2 & ,i conclude t !y d s1 n only f ! acc\nt ( !m giv5 by ,mr ,/range1 b f ! description ( ,faujas himself1 :o1 ?\gh "u ! influ5ce ( ! opposite !ory1 seems v fair & accurate 9 8 description ( ph5om5a4 ,! mo/ unequivocal m>k ( real :9/one rock1 & ( a =mation 9 ! /ricte/ s5se m9]al1 is :]e ve9s ( t k9d ( rock int]sect ! /rata4 ,n[1 9 a lett] to ,buffon1 on ! /reams ( lava f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( c]ta9 calc>e\s rocks 9 ! l[] ,viv>ais1 ,faujas describes :at c be acc\nt$ no?+ else b a ve9 or dike ( :9/one1 accompani$ ) sev]al ( its mo/ rem>kable & *>act]i/ic appe>ances3 ,figurez-v\s un c\rant de lave1 de la nature du basalte noir1 dur et compacte1 qui a p]c trav]s les masses calcaires1 et s'e/ fait j\r dans quelques p>ties1 p>oissant et disp>oissant alt]nativem5t3 ,cette c\le de matire volcanique s'enfonce s\s une p>tie de la ville1 btie sur le ro*]2 elle rep>oit dans la cave d'un m>*al1 se ca*e et se montre encore de temps en temps en desc5dant dans le vallon1 c4 ,ce qu'il y a d'admirable1 c'e/ que la lave =me deux bran*es bi5 extraord9aires1 dont l'une s'leve sur la crte du ro*]1 t&is que l'autre c\pe horizontalem5t de gr&s bancs calcaires esc>ps1 qui sont dc\v]t1 et bord5t le *em94 ,quels ef=ts n'-a-t-il pas fallu p\r =c] cette lave se pr5dre une telle direction1 et se p]c] cette suite de ro*]s calcaires8 ,si cette longue c\le de lave avoit eu #bjj ou #cjj toises de l>geur1 je ne s]ois pas surpris qu'un torr5t de matire en fusion de ce volume eut pu produire1 des effets extraord9aires et viol5s2 mais figurez-v\s1 ,monsieur1 que dans les endroits les plus l>ges1 elle n'a t\t-au-plus qu'environ #ab ou #ae pi$s2 elle n'en a que #c ou #d dans c]ta9es p>ties4#abf ,footnote #abf3 ,volca9s ,ete9ts du ,viv>ais1 p4 #cbh1 c4 ,?is n>r[ /ream is to be trac$ across ! /rata = m ?an a league & a half2 & ! :ole appe>$ to ,faujas s m>vell\s1 t he says he almo/ d\bt$ ! te/imony ( 8 s5ses4 ,he w\ld h done mu* bett]1 h[ev]1 to h d\bt$ ! conclusions ( 8 !ory2 = x 0 by !m t ! ph5om5a be=e him 7 r5d]$ s my/]i\s & incr$ible4 ,:ile he cont9u$ to reg>d :at is describ$ above z a /ream ( melt$ lava1 :i* _h desc5d$ f ! top ( "o m\nta91 & climb$ up ! sides ( ! opposite1 l wat] 9 a conduit pipe1 pi]c+ occasionally ?r\gh va/ bodies ( solid rock1 x is no wond] t he consid]$ z m>vell\s :at is inde$ physically impossible4 ,_h 8 belief 9 ! volcanic !ory p]mitt$ him to see 9 all ?is1 n a sup]ficial curr5t1 b "o ( indef9ite dep?1 he w\ld h beheld ! object dive/$1 n ( :at 0 curi\s & int]e/+1 b ( :at 0 incr$ible or absurd1 & r$uc$ to ! same class ( ?+s ) m9]al ve9s4 ,t x belongs really to ?is class1 & is no m ?an a ve9 or dike ( :9/one1 int]sect+ ! /rata to an unkn[n dep?1 & mo/ probably1 l o!r ve9s1 communicat+ ) ! m9]al regions1 _c be d\bt$ by any "o :o has /udi$ ! subject ( basalt9e rocks1 ?r\gh any o!r m$ium ?an ! volcanic !ory4 ,! ramifications :i* run f x into ! calc>e\s rock1 contriv$1 ,faujas says1 j z if on purpose to p]plex m9]alogi/s1 is "o ( ! well kn[n & *>act]i/ic appe>ances ( basaltic ve9s4 #bdb4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$1 t ! lava describ$ by ! same au?or z heav+ up a mass ( granite1#abg & includ+ pieces ( x1 is a rock ( real :9/one4 ,! same may be said ( _m o!rs2 &1 ?\gh ,i pret5d n to affirm t !re is no?+ volcanic 9 ! ,viv>ais1 ,i mu/ say1 t no?+ decid$ly volcanic appe>s 9 ! description ( t c\ntry1 b _m ?+s t are c]ta9ly ( a v diff]5t orig94 ,footnote #abg3 ,volca9s ,ete9ts du ,viv>ais1 fol4 p4 #cfe1 c4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( geological sci5ce1 a skilful m9]alogi/ c\ld h>dly employ himself bett]1 ?an 9 trav]s+ ^? ambigu\s c\ntries1 :]e s mu* has be5 ascrib$ to ! anci5t op]ation ( volcanic fire1 & m>k+ out :at belongs ei!r cle>ly to ! erupt$ or un]upt$ lavas1 & :at p>ts are ( d\btful =mation1 conta9+ no m>k by :i* !y may be ref]r$ to ! "o ( ^! any m ?an ! o!r4 ,su* a "w w\ld contribute v mat]ially to illu/rate ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 #bdc4 ,"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s attempts to support ! volcanic !ory1 is ! sy/em ( subm>9e volcanoes1 imag9$ by ! celebrat$ m9]alogi/ ,,dolomieu4 ,! ph5om5on t l$ to ?is hypo!sis1 0 :at he _h obs]v$ 9 ! hills ne> ,lisbon1 & /ill m rem>kably 9 ^? ( ! ,val di ,noto 9 ,sicily1 :]e ! basalt9e rocks _h regul> /rata incumb5t on !m1 & 9 "s cases int]pos$ or alt]nat$ ) !m4#abh ,x seem$ f ?is evid5t1 t ! /rata 7 ( lat] =mation ?an ! /one on :i* !y re/$2 & z !y mu/1 on e supposition1 be held to be deposit$ by wat]1 x 0 conclud$1 t ! lava :i* !y cov]$ _h be5 ?r[n out by volcanoes at ! bottom ( ! sea2 t ! /rata _h aft]w>ds be5 deposit$ on ?is lava2 & t1 9 "s cases1 !re _h be5 frequ5t alt]nations ( ^! eruptions & depositions4#abi ,footnote #abh3 ,mmoire de ,deodate de ,dolomieu1 sur les ,volca9s ,ete9ts du ,val di ,noto1 en ,sicile4 ,j\rnal de ,phys4 tom4 xxv4 7#aghd4 ,septembre47 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #abi3 ,ne> ,viz9i1 9 ! ,val di ,noto1 ,dolomieu tells u1 t he c\nt$ elev5 b$s1 alt]nately calc>e\s & volcanic1 9 ! p]p5dicul> face ( a hill1 :i* at a di/ance appe>$ l a piece ( clo?1 /rip$ black & :ite2 ubi supra4 ,he has s9ce made simil> obs]vations 9 ! ,vic5t9e & 9 ,tyrol4 ,j\rnal de ,phys4 tom4 xxxvii4 7#agij71 p>tie #b1 p4 #bjj4 #bdd4 ,?\gh ?is hypo!sis does c]ta9ly deliv] ! sy/em ( ! ,volcani/s f "o great difficulty1 x is itself liable to insurm\ntable objections4 ,i %all j m5tion "s ( ! pr9cipal4 #a4 ,! regul> & equidi/ant /rata t we (t5 see cov]+ ! tops ( :9/one or basaltic rocks1 c\ld n h be5 deposit$ 9 ! oblique & v mu* incl9$ position :i* !y n[ occupy4 ,?is is rem>kable 9 ! /rata :i* cov] ! basaltic rock ( ,salisbury ,craig1 ne> ,ed9burgh1 at its nor!rn extremity4 ,! /rata are v regul>1 & mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 a plane ne>ly horizontal2 yet ! surface ( ! basaltes on :i* !y n[ re/ is v mu* incl9$1 dipp+ rapidly to ! nor?-ea/4 ,! necessity ( a horizontal deposition 9 /rata1 :i*1 ?\gh n n[ horizontal1 h _! planes ne>ly p>allel to "o ano!r1 has be5 prov$ at #ch4 #b4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! pr9ciples e/abli%$ above1 ev5 ! /rata !mselves h n be5 consolidat$ )\t ! action ( fire4 ,by ,dolomieu's sy/em1 !re=e1 ! consolidation ( ! /rata :i* cov] ! basaltes is n acc\nt$ =4 #c4 ,!re are no means furni%$ by ! hypo!sis ( subm>9e volcanoes = br++ ! basalt1 & ! /rata :i* cov] x1 above ! level ( ! sea4 ,if x is said t ! wat]s ( ! sea h be5 dra9$ (f1 ! objections are all incurr$ t h be5 /at$ at #cg4acj ,if x is said1 t ! rocks !mselves h be5 elevat$ by a =ce1 impell+ !m upw>ds1 we say1 t ! exi/5ce ( su* a =ce1 :5 admitt$1 furni%es ano!r means ( expla9+ ! :ole ph5om5on1 namely1 t ( ! injection ( melt$ matt] among ! /rata1 ! same t is us$ 9 ! ,huttonian ,!ory4 ,footnote #acj3 ,dolomieu adopts ?is supposition2 he ?9ks1 t ! surface ( ! sea mu/ h be5 =m]ly #ejj or #fjj toises above its pres5t level4 ,ibid4 p4 #aif4 #d4 ,! ph5om5a ( basaltic ve9s are n 9 ! lea/ expla9$ by ! hypo!sis ( subm>9e volcanoes4 ,t hypo!sis1 !n1 ev5 if ! =ego+ objections 7 remov$1 does n s]ve to expla9 all ! facts respect+ ! rocks ( ?is g5us1 & wants1 ( consequ5ce1 "o ( ! mo/ important *>act]s ( a true !ory4 ,x mu/ be all[$1 h[ev]1 t x makes a consid]able approa* to su* a !ory1 & t ! subm>9e volcanoes ( ,dolomieu1 h an aff9ity to ! un]upt$ lavas ( ,dr ,hutton4 #bde4 ,?\gh 9 ^! rem>ks ,i h endeav\r$ to expose ! errors ( ! volcanic sy/em1 ,i _c b consid] t sy/em z com+ inf9itely ne>] to ! tru? ?an ! ,neptunian4 ,x has ! m]it ( di/+ui%+ an ord] ( rocks1 :i* be>s no m>ks ( aque\s =mation1 & 9 :i* ! cry/alliz$1 sp>ry1 or lava-l /ructure1 bespeaks _! primeval fluidity1 & ref]s _! orig9 to fire4 ,! ,neptunian sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 /rives to conf\nd ! mo/ m>k$ di/9ction 9 ! m9]al k+dom1 & to expla9 ! =mation1 bo? ( ! /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ rocks1 by ! op]ation ( ! same elem5t4 ,?\gh *>geable ) ?is inconsi/5cy1 x has become ! prevail+ sy/em ( geology2 & ! argum5ts :i* support x are !re=e entitl$ to att5tion4 #bdf4 ,x w no d\bt be ?\ght s+ul>1 t ! same m9]alogi/1 :om we h j se5 ex]t+ 8 +5uity 9 def5ce ( ! volcanic sy/em1 %\ld n[ appe> equally /r5u\s 9 def5ce ( ! ,neptunian4 ,?\gh ,dolomieu cont5ds = ! volcanic orig9 ( "s basaltic rocks1 he does n admit t all basaltes is volcanic1 nor ev5 all ( igne\s =mation4 ,?us he /ates1 t he _h exam9$ at ,rome "s ( ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts ( art1 execut$ 9 basaltes1 br\ght f ,upp] ,egypt1 & t he c\ld discov] no m>k ( ! action ( fire 9 any ( !m4#aca ,footnote #aca3 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 tome xxxvii4 7#agij17 p>tie #b1 p4 #aic4 ,on ! contr>y1 he f\nd t "s ( !m consi/$ ( gre5 basaltes1 :i* *anges its col\r to a bronze1 :5 expos$ ev5 to a mod]ate heat1 & :i* !re=e1 he argues1 c nev] h endur$ any /rong action ( fire4 ,! answ] to ?is argum5t is v pla91 if we admit ! effects ascrib$ by ,dr ,hutton to ! compression :i* necess>ily takes place 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,if inde$ ! heat 9 ^? regions resembl$ exactly t ( our fires at ! surface1 x w\ld n be easy to d5y ! above conclusion1 :i* !re=e c]ta9ly holds good aga9/ ! volcanic orig9 ( ! ,egyptian basaltes4 ,b !re is no reason :y1 "u /rong compression1 ! col\r+ matt] ( ^! /ones might n be fix$1 & inde/ructible by heat1 ?\gh x c be easily volatiliz$ or consum$ :5 su* compression is remov$4 ,?is argum5t !n is aga9/ ! volcanic2 b n aga9/ :at has be5 call$ ! ,plutonic =mation ( basaltes4 #bdg4 ,z to ! o!r m>ks ( fire :i* ,dolomieu s\ght = & did n f9d 9 ! above m5tion$ /ones1 we are n exactly in=m$ 9 :at !y consi/$4 ,if ! cry/alliz$ or spa?ose texture t belongs to ?is description ( /ones 0 want+1 ! specim5s 7 n to be consid]$ z ( ! real basaltic or :9/one g5us1 :atev] _! "n or hi/ory may seem to indicate4 ,if !y did possess t texture1 !y _h ! only m>k ( an igne\s orig9 t c\ld be expect$1 suppos+ t orig9 to h be5 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,no "p1 !re=e1 ( ! obs]vations ( ?is +5i\s m9]alogi/1 c be consid]$ z inconsi/5t ) ! !ory ( basaltic rocks :i* has be5 laid d[n above4 #bdh4 ,b]gman _h be=e reason$ on ?is subject precisely 9 ! same mann]1 b f bett] data1 z ! /ones f :i* he d]iv$ 8 argum5t 7 9 _! native place3 ,trap1 says t +5i\s au?or1 7t is :9/one17 is f\nd 9 ! /ratifi$ m\nta9s ( ,we/ ,go?l&1 9 a way t des]ves to be describ$4 ,! l[] /ratum1 :i* is sev]al ,sw$i% miles 9 circuit1 7#aj-a_/b ( ^! miles make a degree17 is an ar5ace\s /one1 horizontal1 re/+ on granite1 & hav+ its p>ticles agglut9at$ by clay4 ,! /ratum above ?is is calc>e\s1 full ( ! petrifactions ( m>9e animals1 & above ?is is ! trap4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( rock compose ! great] "p ( ! m\nta9s j m5tion$1 ?\gh !re are "s o!r b$s1 p>ticul>ly v ?9 b$s ( m>l & ( clay1 :i* sep>ate ! middle /ratum1 bo? f t :i* is "u x & ov] x1 & are frequ5tly s p5etrat$ ) bitum5 t !y burn 9 ! fire4 ,?is s*i/us is black2 :5 burnt x becomes r$1 & aft]w>ds1 :5 wa%$ ) wat]1 af=ds alum4 ,h[ c x be suppos$1 he adds1 t ! trap has ev] be5 viol5tly heat$1 :ile ! %i/us on :i* x is incumb5t reta9s its blackness1 :i* h[ev] x loses by ! action ev5 ( a v weak fire8#acb ,footnote #acb3 ,b]gman de ,productis ,volcaniis1 ,opuscula1 tom4 iii4 p4 #bad1 c4 ,! answ] to ?is argum5t is already giv54 ,! reason+1 z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 is conclusive only aga9/ ! action ( volcanic fire1 or fire at ! surface2 b n aga9/ ! action ( heat deep 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & "u ! pressure ( ! sup]9cumb5t ocean4 ,9 su* a situation1 ! bitum9\s s*i/us might be 9 contact ) ! melt$ basalt1 & yet !re might be no evaporation ( ! volatile1 nor combu/ion ( ! inflammable p>ts4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 always happ51 t ! bitum9\s sub/ances1 or sub/ances alt]able by fire1 :i* are f\nd 9 contact ) basaltes1 are )\t any m>k ( hav+ endur$ ! op]ation ( fire4 ,in/ances 9 :i* su* op]ation is app>5t are giv5 above1 #cj2 & m w be add$ 9 ! conclusion ( ?is note4 #bdi4 ,! same m9]alogi/ f\nds ano!r argum5t = ! aque\s =mation ( :9 or trap on ! exi/5ce ( t /one 9 ! =m ( ve9s1 includ$ 9 primeval rocks3 ,inv5itur hoc saxum 7trap7 9 ,suecia pluribus locis1 speque 9 montibus primvis1 angu/as impl5s v5as1 adeo subtilis /ructur1 ut p>ticul s9t impalpabiles1 et1 dum nig] e/1 g5u9um efficit lapidem ,lydium4 ,9 hisce montibus1 nulla adsunt ignis subt]ranei ve/igia4#acc ,footnote #acc3 ,opuscula1 ubi supra4 ,! ph5om5a "h describ$1 namely1 a ve9 ( compact :9/one trav]s+ a prim>y rock1 is1 )\t d\bt1 z incapable ( be+ expla9$ by ! op]ation ( a volcano1 z x is by t ( aque\s deposition4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a mo/ complete pro( ( ! orig9al s(tness ( ! sub/ance ( :i* ! ve9s consi/1 & af=ds "o ( ! /ronge/ possible argum5ts = su* an op]ation ( fire z is suppos$ 9 ! pres5t !ory4 ,! ma9 argum5ts1 !re=e1 :i* h be5 propos$ z subv]sive ( ! igne\s orig9 ( basaltes1 are only subv]sive ( _! =mation by "o modification ( fire1 viz4 ( fire act+ ne> ! surface2 & ?us ! weapons :i* directly pi]ce ! arm\r ( ! ,volcani/1 & inflict a mortal w\nd1 are easily turn$ aside by ! sup]ior temp] ( ! ,plutonic mail4 #bej4 ,an argum5t f\nd$ on facts v simil> to "s ( ! prec$+1 & lead+ to ! same conclusion1 is employ$ by ! m9]alogi/ to :om ! ,neptunian sy/em owes its *ief support4 ,w]n]1 9 8 obs]vations on volcanic rocks & on basaltes1 has re/$ 8 pro( ( ! aque\s =mation ( ! latt]1 on _! int]position betwe5 b$s ( /one 9 m\nta9s regul>ly /ratifi$1 & obvi\sly =m$ by wat]4 ,he describes an in/ance ( ?is 9 ! basaltic hill ( ,s*eib5b]g2 & ! facts1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m are n uncommon1 are highly des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,ne> ! top ( ?is hill1 & above ! basaltic rock :i* composes ! body ( x1 he tells u1 t !re 0 a s&-pit2 a circum/ance :i* he appe>s to consid] z n a little s+ul>4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 at ! bottom ( ! hill1 t he met ) ! appe>ances :i* *iefly attract$ 8 notice3 ,fir/1 says he2 or l[e/1 0 a ?ick bank ( qu>tzy s&1 above t a b$ ( clay1 !n a b$ ( ! argillace\s /one call$ wacke2 & ^u ?is la/ re/$ ! basaltes4 ,:5 ,i saw1 adds he1 ! ?ree fir/ b$s runn+ almo/ horizontally "u ! basaltes1 & =m+ its base2 ! s& becom+ f9] above1 !n argillace\s1 & at la/ *ang+ into real clay1 z ! argil 0 conv]t$ into wacke 9 ! sup]ior "p2 &1 la/ly1 ! wacke into basaltes2 9 a ^w1 :5 ,i f\nd a p]fect transition f pure s& to argillace\s s&1 f ! latt] to a s&y clay1 & f ?is s&y clay1 ?r\gh _m gradations1 to a fat clay1 to wacke1 & at la/ basaltes1 ,i 0 irresi/ibly l$ to conclude1 t ! basaltes1 ! wacke1 ! clay1 & ! s&1 are all ( "o & ! same =mation2 & t !y are all ! effect ( a *emical precipitation dur+ "o & ! same subm]sion ( ?is c\ntry4#acd ,footnote #acd3 ,combi5 je fus surpris de voir en arrivant au fond1 un epais banc de sable qu>tzeux1 puis au-dessus une c\*e d'argile1 enf9 une c\*e de la pi]re argileuse nomme ,wacke1 et sur celle-ci repos] le basalte4 ,qu& je vis les trois premires c\*es s'enfonc] presqu' horizontalem5t s\s le basalte1 et =m] a9si sa base2 le sable dev5ir plus f9 au-dessus1 puis argileux1 et se *ang] enf9 en vraie argile1 comme l'argile se conv]tissoit en wacke dans sa p>tie suprieure2 et f9alem5t la wacke en basalte2 en un mot1 de tr\v] ici une transition p>faite du sable pur au sable argileux1 de celui-ci l'argile sablonneuse1 et de l'argile sablonneuse1 p> plusieurs gradations1 l'argile grasse1 la wacke et enf9 au basalte4 ,a cette vue1 je fus sur le *amp et irrsi/iblem5t entra9 p5s]1 7comme l'auroit t sans d\te t\t connoisseur imp>tial frapp des consqu5ces de ce phnomne27 je fus1 dis je1 irrsi/iblem5t entra9 aux id es suivantes3 ,ce basalte1 cette wacke1 cette argile1 et ce sable1 sont d'une seule et mme =mation2 ils sont t\s l'effet d'une precipitation p> voie humide dans une seule et mme subm]sion de cette contre2 les eaux qui la c\vroi5t alors transportoi5t d'abord le sable1 puis deposoi5t l'argile1 et *angoi5t peu--peu leur prcipitation en wacke1 et enf9 en vraie basalte4--,j\rnal de ,physique1 tom4 xxxviii4 7#agia17 ,p>tie i4 p4 #dae4 ,fir/1 z to ! s& on ! top ( ?is basaltic hill1 x is mo/ probably ! rema9s ( c]ta9 s&/one /rata t orig9ally cov]$ ! basaltic "p1 b are n[ worn away4 ,we are !re=e to consid] ?is z an in/ance ( a basaltic rock1 int]pos$ betwe5 /rata t are und\bt$ly ( m>9e orig94 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ inconsi/5t ) ,dr ,hutton's !ory ( basaltes2 on ! contr>y1 x is "o ( ! pr9cipal facts on :i* t !ory is f\nd$4 ,x has inde$ be5 argu$ by "s m9]alogi/s1 t bodies ?us contigu\s mu/ owe _! orig9 to ! same elem5t1 & t a m9]al sub/ance _c be ( m rec5t =mation ?an t :i* lies above x4 ,b ! maxim1 t a fossil mu/ h ! same orig9 ) ^? t surr\nd x1 does n hold1 unless !y h a c]ta9 simil>ity ( /ructure4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 ! want ( ?is simil>ity1 t au?orizes u to assign diff]5t p]iods ( =mation to m9]al ve9s1 & to ! rocks 9 :i* !y are includ$4 ,9 a succession ( /rata1 no "o c d\bt1 t ! l[e/ 7 ! fir/ =m$1 & ! o!rs 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y lie2 b1 :5 betwe5 two /rata ( s&/one or ( lime/one we f9d an int]m$iate rock1 s diff]5t z to resemble lava1 & to h no?+ s*i/ose or /ratifi$ 9 its composition1 ! same in/rum5t _c be suppos$ to h be5 employ$ 9 ! =mation ( bo?2 nor is !re any reason :y we may n suppose1 t ! int]m$iate body 0 int]pos$ betwe5 ! o!r two1 by "s action subsequ5t to _! =mation4 ,x 0 ?us t ,dolomieu conclud$1 :5 he saw a lava-l /one int]pos$ betwe5 calc>e\s /rata 9 ! ,val di ,noto1 t1 ?\gh contigu\s1 ^! two rocks c\ld n possibly be ( ! same =mation2 & ?us f> x is c]ta91 t e unprejudic$ obs]v] mu/ agree ) him4 #bea4 ,b ! circum/ance on :i* ,w]n] seems to lay ! greate/ /ress1 is ! gradual transition f ! s& to ! basalt1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iate /eps ( clay & wacke2 ?is gradual transition he consid]s z a direct pro(1 t !y are all ( ! same =mation4 ,a gradual transition ( "o body into ano!r1 c only be said to take place1 :5 x is impossible to def9e _! common b\nd>y1 or to det]m9e ! l9e :]e ! "o beg9s & ! o!r ends4 ,n[1 if ?is be ! prop] notion ( gradual transition1 ,i mu/ say1 t aft] mu* c>eful exam9ation1 ,i h nev] se5 an in/ance1 9 :i* su* a transition takes place betwe5 :9/one & ! contigu\s /rata4 ,! l9e ( sep>ation1 ?\gh 9 "s places less evid5t ?an 9 o!rs1 has1 on ! :ole1 be5 m>k$ out ) great precision2 &1 ?\gh ! /ones h be5 firmly unit$1 or1 z "o may say1 weld$ "o ^u ano!r1 yet1 :5 a fre% fracture 0 obta9$1 ! /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ p>ts h r>ely fail$ to be di/+ui%$4 ,! fre% fracture is inde$ (t5 necess>y1 = _m species ( :9/one get by decomposition a granulat$ texture at ! surface1 s z h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f real s&/one4 ,"s ( ! k9ds ( prim>y s*i/us also1 p>ticul>ly ! argillace\s1 :5 mu* indurat$1 h 9 _! /ructure a consid]able resemblance to :9/one2 !y are slightly granul>1 or lam9at$1 & h a t5d5cy to a sp>ry texture4 ,:]e x happ5s t ?is sort ( s*i/us & :9/one are contigu\s1 x is natural to expect1 t _! common b\nd>y w be trac$ ) difficulty1 & 9 _m p>ts w be q unc]ta94 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 if a c>eful exam9ation is made2 if ! effects ( accid5tal causes are remov$2 &1 above all1 if ! m ambigu\s in/ances are comp>$ ) ! m decisive1 & int]pret$ by !m1 ?\gh s+le specim5s may be d\btful1 we w h>dly ev] f9d t any unc]ta9ty rema9s ) respect to entire rocks4 #beb4 ,?is g5]al fact1 :i* ,i /ate on mu* bett] au?ority ?an t ( my own obs]vations1 viz4 on ^? ( ,dr ,hutton1 is n giv5 z absolutely )\t exception4 ,! !ory ( :9/one :i* has be5 laid d[n "h1 leads u inde$ to look = "s su* exceptions4 ,x is c]ta91 t ! basis ( :9/one1 or ! mat]ial out ( :i* x is prep>$ by ! action ( subt]rane\s heat1 is clay 9 "s /ate or o!r1 & probably 9 t ( argillace\s s*i/us4 ,x foll[s1 ( consequ5ce1 t argillace\s s*i/us may by heat be conv]t$ into :9/one1 or ! mat]ial out ( :i* is prep>$ by ! action ( subt]rane\s heat1 is clay 9 "s /ate or o!r1 & probably 9 t ( argillace\s s*i/us4 ,x foll[s1 ( consequ5ce1 t argillace\s s*i/us may by heat be conv]t$ into :9/one4 ,:51 !re=e1 melt$ :9/one has be5 p\r$ ov] a rock ( su* %i/us1 x may1 by its heat1 h conv]t$ a "p ( t rock into a /one simil> to itself2 & ?us may n[ seem to be unit$1 by an ins5sible gradation1 ) ! /ratum on :i* x is incumb5t2 & ph5om5a ( ?is k9d may be expect$ to h really happ5$1 ?\gh b r>ely1 z a p>ticul> comb9ation ( circum/ances seems necess>y to produce !m4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t /ones may graduate into "o ano!r1 )\t be+ ( ! same =mation2 & t x is fallaci\s to conclude1 f ! ins5sible transition ( "o k9d ( rock into ano!r1 )\t any o!r circum/ance ( aff9ity1 t !y h bo? ! same orig94 ,i am dispos$1 !re=e1 to make "s limitation to :at is said 9 #gb1 :]e ,i h express$ an absolute incr$ulity z to su* transitions z are "h ref]r$ to4 ,! great skill & exp]i5ce ( ! m9]alogi/ :o has describ$ ! /rata at ,s*eib5b]g1 d n all[ u to d\bt ( 8 exactness1 ?\gh "s ( ! appe>ances are su* z decomposition & we>+ might well en\gh be suppos$ to produce4 ,! faire/ way is to take ,mr ,w]n]'s obs]vations j z !y are giv5 u1 & to try :e!r !y _c be expla9$ )\t ! assi/ance ( 8 !ory4 ,9 effect1 ! wack5 :i* he describes1 re/s1 x w\ld seem1 on an unconsolidat$ b$ ( clay2 & x may be suppos$1 t a "p ( ?is b$ has be5 conv]t$ into wack5 by ! heat ( ! incumb5t mass1 & has ?us produc$ ! app>5t gradation f ! "o sub/ance to ! o!r4 ,z ! appe>ances ( ! rocks ( ,s*eib5b]g seem to be consid]$ by ,w]n] z furni%+ a v /rong1 & ev5 an unexpect$ confirmation ( 8 sy/em1 ,i _c help ?9k+1 t an explanation ( !m1 on ! pr9ciples ( ,dr ,hutton1 )\t any /ra9+ or =c+ ( ^? pr9ciples1 contributes n a little t[>d ext5d+ ! empire ( ! latt] ov] all ! ph5om5a ( geology4 #bec4 ,ano!r fact1 :i* has be5 mu* infill$ on ( late1 9 pro( ( ! aque\s =mation ( basaltic rocks1 is t %ells are f\nd 9 !m4 ,( ! reality ( ?is fact1 h[ev]1 or at lea/ ( ! in/ances hi!rto produc$1 great d\bts ,i ?9k may be reasonably ent]ta9$4 ,! specim5s ( ! suppos$ basaltes1 ) %ells includ$ 9 !m1 t are *iefly reli$ on1 are f\nd at ,portru% 9 ,irel&1 a rocky promontory to ! we/w>d ( ! ,giant's ,causeway1 & sep>at$ f x by a consid]able body ( calc>e\s /rata4 ,"s ( ^! specim5s 7 br\ght to ,ed9burgh ab\t a ye> ago1 & 7 suppos$1 ,i believe1 to conta9 an irrefragable pro( ( ! ,neptunian orig9 ( ! basaltic promontory :]e !y 7 f\nd4 ,i w5t to see ^! specim5s 9 company ) ,"l ,webb ,seym\r & ,sir ,james ,hall2 &1 on exam9+ !m c>efully1 we 7 all ( op9ion1 t ! /ones :i* conta9$ ! %ells1 or ! impressions ( ! %ells1 7 no "p ( ! real basaltes4 ,!y 7 all v compact1 & _h all m or less ( a silice\s appe>ance1 su* z t ( *]t2 !y _h no?+ ( a sp>ry or cry/alliz$ /ructure2 _! fracture 0 con*oidal1 & b slightly unev54 ,9 two ( !m1 "o ( :i* bore ! impression ( a cornu ammonis1 ! s*i/ose texture might be di/9ctly p]ceiv$4 ,a specim5 :i* accompani$ !m1 b 9 :i* !re 0 no %ell1 s]v$ v exactly to expla9 ! relation betwe5 ^! /ones & ! true basaltes4 ,"p ( ?is specim5 0 a true basalt1 & ! re/ a sort ( horn/one1 exactly ! same ) t 9 :i* ! %ells 71 & n unlike ! jasp] t is "u ! :9/one ( ,salisbury ,crag1 & 9 contact ) x2 s t on ! :ole x 0 evid5t1 t ! rock conta9+ ! %ells is ! s*i/us or /ratifi$ /one1 :i* s]ves z ! base ( ! basaltes1 & :i* has acquir$ a high degree ( induration1 by ! vic9ity ( ! great ignit$ mass ( :9/one4 ,?is solution ( ! difficulty has s9ce be5 confirm$ by obs]vations made on ! spot by ,dr ,hope1 :o discov]$ two or ?ree alt]nations ( ! basaltic rock1 ) ! b$s ( ! s*i/us 9 :i* ! %ells are conta9$4 #bed4 ,?is also expla9s "s obs]vations ( ,spallanzani1 made 9 ! isl& ( ,c]igo1 on ! coa/ ( ,greece1 ! ,cy?ra ( ! anci5ts4#ace ,! base ( t isl& is lime/one2 b x ab\nds also 9 un/ratifi$ rocks1 :i* ! ,italian naturali/ supposes to be ( volcanic orig92 b :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 we w\ld reg>d z :9/one1 or p]haps porphyry2 & !y are said to conta9 oy/]-%ells & pect9ites ( a l>ge size1 p]fectly m9]aliz$4 ,^! petrifactions1 h[ev]1 ,spallanzani says1 are n conta9$ 9 ! lava t has actually fl[$1 b 9 /ones :i* h only endur$ a slight] action ( fire4 ,)\t ! comm5t>y af=d$ by ! ,portru% specim5s1 x w\ld be difficult to make out any ?+ v precise f ?is description4 ,by help ( ! in=mation d]iv$ f ^? specim5s1 we may conclude1 t ! condition ( ! %ells 9 !m1 & 9 ! rocks ( ,c]igo1 is p]fectly alike2 & t1 9 bo? cases1 ! %ells are involv$ 9 p>ts ( ! rock :i* are truly /ratifi$1 b :i* h be51 9 "s degree1 assimilat$ to ! basaltes by ! heat :i* !y h endur$4 ,spallanzani w\ld probably h us$ exactly ! same t]ms :i* he employs 9 speak+ ( ,c]igo1 if he _h be5 requir$ to describe ! petrifi$ %ells at ,portru%4 ,footnote #ace3 ,j\rnal de physique1 tom4 xlviii4 7#agih17 p4 #bgh4 #bee4 ,9 ! in/ances j m5tion$1 ! petrifi$ m>9e objects are n f\nd 9 ! real :9/one2 b if !y 7 f\nd 9 x1 :5 x bord]s on /ratifi$ rocks conta9+ su* objects1 ! ?+ w\ld n be at all surpris+1 nor furni% any argum5t aga9/ ! igne\s consolidation ( ! /one4 ,if a torr5t ( melt$ matt] 0 p\r$ 9 among ! /rata1 by a =ce :i* at ! same "t broke up & disord]$ ^? /rata1 no?+ c\ld be m natural1 ?an t ?is matt] %\ld conta9 fragm5ts ( !m1 & ( ! objects peculi> to !m4 ,9 "o in/ance1 m5tion$ by ,mr ,/range1 ?is seems actually to h tak5 place4 ,9 ! ,v]onese1 a c\ntry rem>kable = a mixture ( lime/one /rata1 conta9+ m>9e objects1 ) volcanic or basalt9e hills1 he assures u1 t he _h se5 a mass ( /one1 :i* _h evid5tly concret$ f fusion1 9 :i* ! m>9e fossil bodies1 orig9ally1 z he supposes1 conta9$ 9 ! /rata1 7 p]fectly di/+ui%able1 ?\gh v>i\sly disfigur$4#acf ,x may be1 t 9 ?is1 z 9 ! =ego+ examples1 x 0 n real basaltes1 or real lava1 :i* conta9$ ! %ells1 b ! cont]m9al rock2 b1 suppos+ x to be z ,mr ,/range repres5ts x1 !re appe>s to be no inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! ph5om5on1 & ! igne\s orig9 ( ! rock 9 :i* ! %ells 7 includ$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be rem>k$1 t ! pres5ce ( great pressure1 to prev5t ! conv]sion ( ! %ells into quicklime1 seems absolutely necess>y2 & t ! ph5om5on ( ^! basaltic petrifactions1 requires ! application ( heat to h be5 deep "u ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,footnote #acf3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agge1 p4 #be4 #bef4 ,! ph5om5a we h be5 consid]+1 h be5 select$ z ! mo/ unfav\rable to ! igne\s orig9 ( basaltic rocks2 & we h se51 t :5 duly exam9$1 !y are n at all inconsi/5t ) x4 ,we are n[ to take a view ( "s appe>ances1 t seem q irreconcilable ) ! aque\s =mation ( ^! rocks4 ,:]e :9/one rocks are f\nd 9 masses1 b\nd$ by ! /rata1 & insulat$ among !m1 !y subject ! ,neptunian sy/em to great difficulties4 ,=1 suppos+ x true t ?is /one may be produc$ by ! precipitation & cry/allization ( m9]al sub/ances dissolv$ 9 wat]1 yet x seems unacc\ntable1 t ?is effect has be5 s local & limit$ 9 ext5t1 z (t5 to be conf9$ to an irregul> figure ( a few acres1 :ile1 all r\nd1 ! sub/ances deposit$ h _h no t5d5cy to cry/allization1 & h be5 =m$ into ! common second>y /rata4 ,! rock ( ,salisbury ,craig1 = in/ance1 is a mass ( :9/one1 hav+ a p]p5dicul> face eighty or n9ety feet high t[>d ! we/1 & ext5d+ f nor? to s\? ) a circul> sweep ab\t #ijj y>ds4 ,! :ole ( ?is rock re/s on regul> b$s ( second>y s&/one1 n horizontal1 b consid]ably depress$ t[>d ! nor?-ea/3 ! rock is l(tie/ 9 ! middle1 & decreases 9 ?ickness t[>d ea* end1 t]m9at+ at its nor!rn extremity 9 a k9d ( w$ge4 ,x is cov]$ at top1 t[>d t extremity1 ) regul> b$s ( s&/one1 p]fectly simil> to ^? on :i* x is incumb5t2 & x is n improbable1 t ?is cov]+ =m]ly ext5d$ ov] ! :ole4 ,n[1 :at cause c h det]m9$ ! column ( wat]1 :i* re/$ on ! base at pres5t occupi$ by ?is rock1 to deposit no?+ b ! mat]ials ( :9/one1 :ile ! wat] on ! s\?1 we/1 & nor?1 0 deposit+ ! mat]ials ( ar5ace\s & m>ly /rata8 ,:]e=e1 )9 ?is small space1 0 ! precipitate e :]e *emical1 to use ! language ( ,w]n]1 :ile close to x1 on ei!r side1 x 0 entirely me*anical8 ,:y is !re1 9 ?is case1 no gradation8 & :y is a m]e ma!matical l9e ! b\nd>y betwe5 regions :]e su* diff]5t laws h prevail$8 ,:5ce also1 we may ask1 has ! basaltic deposit be5 abruptly t]m9at$ t[>d ! we/1 s z to produce ! /eep face :i* has j be5 m5tion$8 ,! op]ation ( curr5ts1 or ( any motion t c take place 9 a fluid1 w furni% no explanation :atev] ( ^! ph5om5a2 yet !y are ph5om5a f> f be+ peculi> to a s+le hill2 !y are among ! mo/ g5]al & *>act]i/ic appe>ances 9 ! natural hi/ory ( :9/one m\nta9s2 & a geological !ory :i* does n acc\nt = !m1 is h>dly entitl$ to any consid]ation4 #beg4 ,! basaltic rock1 j describ$1 is also cov]$1 at lea/ p>tly1 ) /rata p]fectly simil> to ^? t lie "u x4 ,n[1 x appe>s altoge!r unacc\ntable1 t aft] ! wat] _h done deposit+ ! mat]ials ( ! :9 on ! spot 9 "q1 ! =m] ord] 0 s quickly resum$1 & a deposition ( s&1 & ( ! o!r mat]ials ( ! /rata1 took place j z be=e4 ,all ?is is q un9telligible2 & ! pr9ciples ( ! ,neptunian sy/em seem "h to /& z mu* 9 ne$ ( explanation1 z any ( ! appe>ances :i* !y are int5d$ to acc\nt =4 #beh4 ,! unequal ?ickness1 & great irregul>ity 9 ! surface ( ! :9/one mass1 "h treat$ (1 & ( _m rocks ( ! same k9d1 is also a great objection to ! notion ( _! aque\s =mation4 ,?is seems to h be5 p]ceiv$ by ,w]n]1 9 ! in/ance ( ! rocks =m]ly m5tion$2 & he endeav\rs to expla9 x1 by suppos+1 t mu* ( ^! rocks has be5 de/roy$ by wa/e & decomposition1 s t an irregul>ity ( _! surface1 & want ( correspond5ce has be5 giv5 to !m1 :i* !y did n orig9ally possess4 ,9 ! in/ance ( ,salisbury ,craig1 h[ev]1 we h a pro(1 t ! great irregul>ity ( surface1 & ! inequality ( ?ickness1 d n always arise f ^! causes4 ,! ?9ne/ "p ( t rock1 t[>d its nor!rn extremity1 is /ill cov]$ by ! /rata 9 _! natural place1 & has be5 p]fectly def5d$ by !m f e sort ( we>+ & decay4 ,! cunei=m %ape1 !re=e1 :i* ?is rock takes at its extremities1 & ! great diff]5ce ( its ?ickness at !m & 9 ! middle1 is a "p ( its orig9al con/itution1 & c be attribut$ to no?+ casual1 or subsequ5t to its consolidation4 ,! same may be said ( _m o!r basaltic rocks1 :]e an inequality ( ?ickness1 mo/ unlike to :at belongs to aque\s deposits1 is kn[n to exi/ 9 b$s ( :9/one t are /ill deep "u ! surface4 ,?us ! toad/one ( ,d]by%ire1 ev5 :]e x has a ?ick cov]+ ( /rata ov] x1 has be5 f\nd1 by ! s9k+ ( p]p5dicul> %afts1 to v>y f ! ?ickness ( eighte5 y>ds to m ?an sixty1 )9 ! horizontal di/ance ( less ?an a furlong4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d is ev] f\nd to take place 9 ^? b$s ( rock :i* are c]ta9ly kn[n to orig9ate f aque\s deposition1 & no "* c m /rongly m>k an ess5tial diff]5ce ( =mation4 #bei4 ,we h _h frequ5t occasion to consid] ! *>act]s ( ^? masses ( :9/one :i* are s (t5 f\nd int]pos$ betwe5 /ratifi$ rocks4 ,^! h be5 f\nd 9 g5]al v adv]se to ! ,neptunian sy/em2 & two ( !m :i* yet rema9 to be m5tion$1 are ev5 m s ?an any ( ! re/4 ,:]e a b$ or tabul> mass ( :9/one is int]pos$ betwe5 /rata1 & :]ev] an opportunity (f]s ( see+ its t]m9ation1 if ! /rata "u x are n brok51 x may be rem>k$1 t !y d n abut !mselves bluff & abrupt aga9/ ! :94 ,on ! contr>y1 if we m>k ! c\rse ( ! /ratum :i* cov]s ! :9/one1 & ( t :i* is ! base ( x1 we %all f9d !y conv]ge t[>d "o ano!r1 ! int]pos$ mass gr[+ ?9n] & ?9n]1 l a w$ge4 ,:5 ! latt] t]m9ates1 ! two =m] come 9 contact1 & h no /ratum int]pos$ betwe5 !m4 ,?us ! ro( & base ( ! :9/one rock are contigu\s b$s1 t appe> z if !y _h be5 lift$ up & b5t1 & sep>at$ by an int]pos$ mass4 ,_h ! :ole be5 an effect ( simultane\s deposition1 ! regul> /rata mu/ h be5 abruptly t]m9at$ by ! :91 l two c\rses ( diff]5t =ts ( masonry :]e !y meet ) "o ano!r4 #bfj4 ,f ?is w$ge-=m ( ! :9/one masses1 & 9 g5]al f ! irregul>ity ( _! surfaces1 ano!r conclusion foll[s1 simil> to ! prec$+1 & "o :i* has be5 already m5tion$4 ,:]e ! surface ( ! int]pos$ mass is greatly incl9$ to ! horizon1 ! /rata :i* re/ on ?is incl9$ plane1 are nev]!less z exactly p>allel to t plane1 & to "o ano!r1 z if !y 7 really horizontal4 ,x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t !y 7 n deposit$ on ! same incl9$ plane on :i* !y n[ re/2 =1 if s1 !y w\ld h be5 /ill ne>ly horizontal1 & by no means p>allel to ! incl9$ side ( ! :9/one4 ,?is foll[s f ! nature ( aque\s deposition1 z already expla9$4 ,we h a rem>kable in/ance ( ! ph5om5on "h ref]r$ to1 9 ! rock ( ,salisbury ,craig1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 s (t5 made1 & 9 :i* almo/ e circum/ance is unit$1 t c s]ve to elucidate ! natural hi/ory ( basaltic rocks4 ,! nor? end ( t rock is 9 ! figure ( a w$ge1 ) its incl9$ side consid]ably /eep1 & cov]$ by /rata ( grit1 p]fectly regul>1 & p>allel to ! surface on :i* !y lie4 ,! inspection ( !m w conv9ce any "o1 t !y 7 n deposit$ by ! wat]1 on a bottom s highly incl9$ z t on :i* !y n[ re/4 ,!y are ( a /ructure v s*i/ose2 _! lay]s v ?92 s t any inaccuracy ( _! p>allelism w\ld be readily obs]v$4 ,! appe>ances ( ! horizontal deposition ( ^! /rata1 are inde$ s cle>1 & s impossible to be misund]/ood1 t ! foll[]s ( ! ,huttonian sy/em w\ld n risk mu*1 if !y 7 to leave ! :ole !ory ( :9/one to ! decision ( ?is s+le fact1 & %\ld agree to ab&on t !ory altoge!r1 if ! ,neptuni/s c %ew any physical or /atical pr9ciple1 on :i* ! deposition n[ describ$ c possibly h be5 made2 or w po9t out ! rule1 by :i* nature has giv5 a /ructure s nicely /ratifi$ to ar5ace\s b$s deposit$ on a surface s highly incl9$4 ,if no su* pr9ciple c be po9t$ out1 ?\gh we _c conclude t ! ,huttonian ,!ory is true1 we c]ta9ly may conclude t ! ,neptunian is false4 #bfa4 ,pro(s ( ! igne\s =mation ( :9/one1 /ill m direct1 are d]iv$ f ! induration ( ! contigu\s /rata2 f _! di/urbance :5 int]f]$ by ve9s ( :9/one2 & f ! *>r+ ( ! coal :i* happ5s to be 9 contact ) ^! ve9s4 ,^! are consid]$ above at #ff1 #fg1 c42 & x is p>ticul>ly tak5 notice ( at #ff1 t pieces ( s&/one are sometimes f\nd z if float+ 9 ! :9/one1 &1 at ! same "t1 greatly alt]$ 9 _! texture4 ,"o ( ! be/ & mo/ unequivocal in/ances ( ?is sort :i* ,i h se51 is to be f\nd on ! s\? side ( ,ar?ur's ,seat1 ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,! rock :i* composes ! upp] "p ( ! hill1 on t side1 is a :9/one breccia1 su* z we h _m examples (1 &1 ,i believe1 v mu* resembl+ :at is call$ a lava brecciata by ! volcanic geologi/s4 ,! /ony fragm5ts includ$ 9 ?is comp\nd mass1 are = ! great] "p r\nd$2 & "s ( !m are ( :9/one1 o!rs ( porphyry1 /rongly *>act]iz$ by rectangul> macul ( feldsp>1 & _m seem to be ( s&/one1 b s consid]ably alt]$1 z to leave x at lea/ disputable :e!r !y really are s or n4 ,9 "o "p1 h[ev]1 :]e ! face ( ! rock is ne>ly p]p5dicul>1 a n>r[ ridge is se5 /&+ out f ! re/1 & ( a diff]5t col\r1 be+ m entirely cov]$ ) moss ?an ! rock r\nd ab\t x1 &1 z may be presum$ f t circum/ance1 less liable to decomposition4 ,on exam9ation ,i f\nd1 t ?is ridge does n consi/ ( :9/one1 b ( a v h>d & highly consolidat$ s&/one4 ,x appe>s to be ! edge ( a /ratum1 ( ! ?ickness ( ab\t n9e or t5 in*es1 & ( ! height ( fifte5 or sixte5 feet4 ,x is n p]fectly /raight1 b slightly wav$1 its g5]al direction be+ ne>ly v]tical2 & x is on bo? sides firmly embrac$ by ! :9/one4 ,:5 brok51 x appe>s t ?is s&/one resembles 9 col\r1 & 9 e ?+ b its great] consolidation1 & m vitre\s /ructure1 ! common grit f\nd at ! bottom ( ! hill1 & ov] all ! adjac5t pla94 #bfb4 ,if all ^! circum/ances are put toge!r1 !re appe>s b "o conclusion t c be drawn f !m4 ,we h "h ! manife/ m>ks ( "s p[] :i* c\ld lift up ?is fragm5t ( rock f its native place1 di/ant at lea/ sev]al hundr$ y>ds f its pres5t situation1 place x upright on its edge1 encompass x ) a solid rock1 ( a nature q het]og5e\s to itself1 & be/[ on x1 at ! same "t1 a great addition ( solidity & induration4 ,if ! mass 9 :i* ?is /one is n[ imb$d$1 be suppos$ to h be5 once 9 fusion1 & =cibly ?r[n up f bel[1 invad+ ! /rata1 & c>ry+ ! fragm5ts along ) x1 ! :ole ph5om5a n[ describ$ admit ( an explanation1 & all ! circum/ances accord p]fectly ) "o ano!r2 b1 )\t ?is supposition1 !y are s _m sep>ate prodigies1 :i* h no connection ) "o ano!r1 nor ) any ?+ t is kn[n4 ,x is inde$ impossible1 t ! effects ( motion & heat c be m cle>ly express$ ?an !y are "h1 or ! subject 9 :i* ^! p[]s resid$ m di/9ctly po9t$ out4 #bfc4 ,! prec$+ facts be+ susceptible b ( "o int]pretation1 are on t acc\nt extremely valuable4 ,! ph5om5a ( ,salisbury ,craig1 ne> ! same place1 are almo/ equally free f ambiguity4 ,! basaltic rock :i* =ms t precipice1 re/s on ar5ace\s or m>ly /rata2 & ^!1 9 _! imm$iate contact ) ! =m]1 af=d an in/ance ( :at is m5tion$ #fg1 namely1 ! conv]sion ( ! /rata 9 su* situations into a k9d ( petrosilex1 or ev5 jasp]4 ,! l9e :i* sep>ates ! "o rock f ! o!r1 is1 at ! same "t1 s well def9$1 z1 9 ! eyes ev5 ( ! mo/ det]m9$ ,neptuni/1 to exclude all idea ( ins5sible gradation4 #bfd4 ,! same rock af=ds "s rem>kable in/ances ( ! di/urbance ( ! /rata contigu\s to ! :9/one4 ,! b$s ( ! =m] are b5t upw>ds 9 sev]al places2 &1 at "o 9 p>ticul>1 =m an ar*1 ) its convexity d[nw>d1 s z to make x evid5t1 t ! =ce :i* produc$ ?is b5d+ 0 direct$ f bel[ upw>ds4 #bfe4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 :]e :9/one takes ! =m ( ve9s1 int]sect+ ! /rata1 t ! induration ( ! latt] is mo/ conspicu\s4 ,! coa/ ( ,ayr%ire1 & ! opposite coa/ ( ,arran1 exhibit ^! ve9s 9 a/oni%+ v>iety & abundance4 ,! /rata are1 9 _m in/ances1 s reticulat$ by ! ve9s1 & int]sect$ at su* small di/ances1 t x seems necess>y to suppose1 t ! fissures 9 !m 7 h>dly soon] made ?an fill$ up4 ,?is at lea/ is true1 if ! ve9s are to be acc\nt$ all ( ! same =mation2 &1 9 ! greate/ numb] ( in/ances by f>1 !re is no m>k ( ! "o be+ po/]ior to ! o!r4 #bff4 ,! induration ( ! sides ( ^! ve9s1 9 "s cases1 has be5 su*1 t ! sides h become m durable ?an ! ve9 itself2 s t ! :9/one has be5 worn away by ! wa%+ ( ! waves1 & has left ! sides /&+ up1 ) an empty space1 l a dit*1 betwe5 !m4 ,"o ( ^! ,i rem>k$ on ! s\? side ( ,brodick ,bay1 9 ,arran1 :i*1 :]e x met ! face ( an abrupt cliff 0 n less ?an =ty or fifty feet 9 dep?4 #bfg4 ,i %all pass ov] :atev] argum5t might be drawn 9 fav\r ( our sy/em1 f ! sl5d] ramifications ( ! ve9s1 & ! v>ieties ( _! sizes1 f a few in*es to _m fa?oms 9 diamet]1 & also f ! connection :i* !y (t5 appe> to h ) ! great tabul> masses ( basaltes2 & %all only add a few rem>ks on ! *>r+ ( coal 9 ! vic9ity ( ve9s or masses ( :9/one4 ,! connection betwe5 ! *>r+ ( coal & ! pres5ce ( :9/one1 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,dr ,hutton2 &1 z f> z opportunities ( v]ify+ ! obs]vation h yet occurr$1 appe>s to be a fact no less g5]al ?an x is curi\s & int]e/+4 ,9 ! coal m9es ( ,scotl&1 x c]ta9ly holds rem>kably1 p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ab\t ,saltcoats 9 ,ayr%ire1 :]e a :9/one dike is kn[n to /ret* across ! :ole ( ! coal c\ntry1 & to be e :]e accompani$ ) bl9d or un9flammable coal4 ,at ,newca/le1 dikes ( ! same k9d are met )1 & "o1 9 p>ticul>1 9 :at is call$ ! ,walk] ,colli]y1 has prov$ ! action ( subt]rane\s fire1 to ! satisfaction ( m9]alogi/s n[ise prejudic$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,huttonian sy/em4 ,! coal f\nd "u basaltes1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,sky1 has be5 already m5tion$1 #adj4 ,to :at 0 said conc]n+ ! fibr\s /ructure ( ! p>ts ( t fossil 9 imm$iate contact ) ! :91 x may be add$1 t x is also *>r$ 9 ^? p>ts1 s z to h h>dly any flame :5 x is burnt1 ?\gh fur!r d[n x is ( ! nature ( ord9>y coal4 ,inde$1 if !re be any tru? 9 ,mr ,kirwan's g5]al rem>k1 t x is common to f9d wood coal "u basaltes1 x mu/ be und]/ood to arise f ?is1 t ! coal 9 contact ) ! basaltes is frequ5tly *>r$1 & its fibr\s /ructure1 by t means1 r5d]$ m visible4 #bfh4 ,x has be5 object$ to ! supposition ( coal hav+ its bitum9\s "p driv5 (f by ! heat ( ! :9/one1 t ?is ought n1 on ,dr ,hutton's pr9ciples1 to happ5 9 ! m9]al regions4 ,b x may be repli$1 z has be5 done above1 t ! local application ( heat might c]ta9ly produce ?is effect1 & might drive (f ! volatile ports f a hott] to a cold] "p ( ! same /ratum4 ,! bitum5 has n be5 s volatiliz$ & exp&$ z entirely to escape f ! m9]al regions2 b x has be5 expell$ f "s p>ts ( a mass1 only to be cond5s$ & conc5trat$ 9 o!rs4 ,?is supposition co9cides exactly ) ! appe>ances4 #bfi4 ,! native or fossil coke :i* accompanies :9/one1 has be5 di/+ui%$ into two v>ieties4 ,! fir/ is ! mo/ common1 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! coal is p]fectly *>r$1 x is solid1 & breaks ) a smoo? & %9+ surface4 ,! second is also p]fect *>coal1 b is v por\s & spongy4 ,?is sub/ance is mu* r>] ?an ! o!r4 ,dr ,hutton m5tions an in/ance ( x at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,ayr1 :]e !re is a :9/one dike4#acg ,i _h ! satisfaction ( visit+ x along ) him4 ,x 0 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 bel[ ! high wat] m>k2 ! specim5s _h ! exact appe>ance ( a c9d]4 ,footnote #acg3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #faa4 ,9 ! banks ( ! same riv]1 "s miles high] up1 he f\nd a piece ( coal1 belong+ to a regul> /ratum1 involv$ 9 :9/one1 & extremely incombu/ible4 ,x consum$ v sl[ly 9 ! fire1 & deflagrat$ ) nitre l plumbago4 ,?is be consid]$ z ! same fossil :i* has be5 describ$ "u ! "n ( plombag9e4 ,ne> x1 & connect$ ) ! same ve9 ( :9/one1 0 a real & und\bt$ plumbago4 ,f ^! circum/ances he also conclud$1 t plumbago is ! extreme ( a gradation1 ( :i* fossil-coal is ! beg9n+1 & is no?+ else ?an ?is la/ r$uc$ to p]fect *>coal ,?is agrees ) ! *emical analysis1 :i* %[s plumbago to be compos$ ( c>bon1 comb9$ ) iron4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is !ory1 he m5tions a specim51 9 8 possession1 ( /eatical :9/one1 f ,cumb]l&1 conta9+ nodules ( a v p]fect & beautiful plumbago2 & he also takes notice ( a m9e ( ?is la/1 9 ,ayr%ire1 :i*1 on ! au?ority ( ,dr ,k5n$y1 :o has exam9$ x ) great c>e1 ,i c /ate z be+ conta9$1 or envelop$ 9 :9/one2 & ,i hope ! public w soon be fav\r$ ) a p>ticul> description ( ?is v int]e/+ spot1 by ! same +5i\s & accurate obs]v]4 #bgj4 ,?us ! m9]alogical & *emical discov]ies agree 9 repres5t+ coal1 bl9d coal1 plombag9e1 plumbago1 z all modifications ( ! same sub/ance1 & z exhibit+ ! same pr9ciple1 c>bon1 9 a /ate ( great] or less comb9ation4 ,z ! la/ & highe/ t]m ( ?is s]ies %\ld be plac$ ! diamond2 b we are yet unacqua9t$ ) ! matrix ( ?is curi\s fossil1 & its geological relation to o!r m9]als4 ,:5 kn[n1 !y w probably give to ?is sub/ance ! same place 9 ! geological1 z 9 ! *emical arrangem5t3 9 ! mean "t1 x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k1 h[ well all ! prec$+ facts agree ) ! hypo!sis ( ! igne\s =mation ( :9/one1 & h[ anomal\s & unconnect$ !y appe>1 accord+ to e o!r !ory4 #bga4 ,not)/&+ all ?is accumulat$ & unansw]able evid5ce = ! igne\s =mation ( basaltes1 a great objection w\ld /ill rema9 to our !ory1 7 x n = ! v accurate & conclusive exp]im5ts conc]n+ ! fusion ( ?is fossil1 ref]r$ to above1 #ge4 ,a /rong prejudice aga9/ ! production ( any ?+ l a real /one by means ( fusion1 _h aris51 ev5 among ^? m9]alogi/s1 :o 7 e day witnesses ( ! /ony appe>ance assum$ by volcanic lava4 ,!y /ill ma9ta9$1 on ! au?ority ( _! own imp]fect exp]im5ts1 t no?+ b glass c ev] be obta9$ by ! melt+ ( e>?s or ( /ones1 9 :atev] mann] !y are comb9$4 ,an +5i\s naturali/1 aft] describ+ a block ( basaltes1 9 :i* he discov]$ su* appe>ances1 z incl9$ him to admit its igne\s consolidation1 rejects t hypo!sis1 m]ely f ! imag9>y inability ( fire to give to any sub/ance a /ony "*3 ,quelque mlange1says he1 de t]res que l'on suppose1 quelque soit le degr de feu que l'on imag9e1 quelque soit le tems que l'on emploie1 il e/ trs c]ta9 que l'on n'obti5dra pas1 p> le seul fluide ign1 ni basalte1 ni ri5 qui lui ressemble4#ach ,footnote #ach3 ,j\rnal de ,phys4 tom4 xlix4 7#agii17 p4 #cf4 ,sir ,james ,hall's exp]im5ts h completely demon/rat$ ! contr>y ( :at is "h ass]t$3 !y h add$ mu* to ! evid5ce ( ! ,huttonian sy/em2 &1 indep5d5tly ( all !ory1 h n>r[$ ! circle ( prejudice & error4 ,,note ,,xv4 #hc4 ,on ,granite4 #a4 ,granite ,ve9s4 #bgb4 ,x is said above1 #gg1 t granite is f\nd 9 un/ratifi$ masses1 & 9 ve9s4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! conditions1 x con/itutes entire m\nta9s1 & =ms ! c5tral ridge ( _m ( ! greate/ *a9s t trav]se ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,x is ! granite ( ?is k9d t has be5 mo/ g5]ally describ$ by travell]s & m9]alogi/s4 ,! ve9s h n be5 s mu* att5d$ to1 ?\gh !y are ( peculi> importance = asc]ta9+ ! relation betwe5 granite & o!r fossils4 #bgc4 ,?\gh ,dr ,hutton 0 ! fir/ geologi/ :o expla9$ ! nature ( granite ve9s1 & :o obs]v$ ) att5tion ! ph5om5a :i* accompany !m1 he is n ! fir/ :o has m5tion$ !m4 ,m4 ,besson f\nd ve9s ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,limoges1 9 an argillace\s s*i/us1 & unconnect$1 z f> z appe>$1 ) any l>ge mass ( granite4#aci ,footnote #aci3 ,j\rnal de ,phys4 tom4 xxix4 p4 #hi4 ,saussure met ) granite ve9s 9 ! ,valors9e1 b did n see !m di/9ctly4 ,he ascrib$ !m to infiltration4#adj ,! date ( ?is obs]vation is 9 #aggf3 ,he aft]w>ds discov]$ simil> appe>ances at ,lyons4#ada ,footnote #adj3 ,voyage au ,alpes1 tom4 i4 #eih1 #eii4 ,footnote #ada3 ,ibid4 #fja4 ,w]n] also1 9 enum]at+ ! sub/ances ( :i* ve9s are =m$1 reckons granite z "o ( !m4 #bgd4 ,ve9s ( granite may be consid]$ z ( two k9ds1 accord+ z !y are connect$1 or n connect$ app>5tly ) any l>ge mass ( granite1 x is probable1 t ^! two k9ds ( ve9s only diff] 9 appe>ance1 & t bo? are connect$ ) masses ( ! same rock1 ?\gh t connection is visible 9 "s in/ances1 & invisible 9 o!rs4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 :atev] x be ) respect to ! ?+ obs]v$1 is real ) respect to ! obs]v]2 &1 z x is "r1 9 a description ( facts1 to avoid e ?+ hypo!tical1 ,i %all speak ( ^! ve9s sep>ately4 #bge4 ,ve9s ( granite1 hav+ no communication1 s f> z c be discov]$1 ) any mass ( ! same rock1 are f\nd 9 ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&1 peculi>ly 9 t ( ,coll1 :]e !y trav]se ! b$s ( gneiss & hornbl5de s*i/us1 :i* compose ! ma9 body ( ! isl&4 ,!y are sometimes sev]al fa?oms 9 ?ickness1 obliquely int]sect+ ! planes ( ! /rata j m5tion$1 :i* are ne>ly v]tical4 ,9 ^! ve9s ! feldsp> is pr$om9ant2 x is v highly cry/alliz$1 & ( a beautiful fle% col\r4 ,_m small] ve9s are also to be met ) 9 ! same place2 b no l>ge mass ( granite is f\nd1 ei!r 9 ?is or ! adjac5t isl& ( ,tiree4 #bgf4 ,! ,portsoy granite1 ( :i* m5tion has be5 already made1 #hj1 also con/itutes a ve9 or dike1 trav]s+ a highly indurat$ micace\s s*i/us1 ab\t a mile to ! ea/w>d ( ! little t[n ( ,portsoy1 & n visibly connect$ ) any l>ge mass ( ! same k9d4 ,m dikes ?an "o ( ?is granite h be5 obs]v$ ne> ! same spot4 ,a simil> granite is likewise f\nd inl&1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,huntly1 ab\t eighte5 miles s\? ( ,portsoy2 b :e!r 9 ! %ape ( a ve9 or a mass1 ,i h n be5 able to le>n4 #bgg4 ,ve9s ( granite are also frequ5t 9 ,cornwall1 :]e !y are kn[n by ! "n ( lodes1 ! same "n :i* is appli$ 9 t c\ntry to metallic ve9s4 ,! granite ve9s frequ5tly int]sect ! metallic1 & are rem>kable = produc+ %ifts 9 !m1 or = ?r[+ !m out ( _! natural direction4 ,! m9]al ve9s1 p>ticul>ly ^? t yield copp] & t91 run ne>ly f ea/ to we/1 hav+ ! same direction ) ! b$s ( ! rock itself1 :i* is a v h>d s*i/us4 ,! granite lodes1 z also ^? ( porphyry1 call$ elvan 9 ,cornwall1 are at "r angles ne>ly to ! =m]2 & x is rem>k$1 t !y g5]ally heave ! m9]al ve9s1 b t ! m9]al ve9s seldom or nev] heave ! cross-ve9s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 !re=e1 ! ve9s ( granite & porphyry are po/]ior 9 =mation to ! metallic ve9s4 ,^! ve9s ( granite may p]haps be connect$ ) ! great granitic mass t runs longitud9ally ?r\gh ,cornwall1 f ,d>tmoor to ! ,l&'s ,end4 ,?is mu* is c]ta91 t _! directions 9 g5]al are su*1 t1 if produc$1 !y w\ld int]sect t mass1 ne>ly at "r angles4 #bgh4 ,! granite ve9s 9 ,gl5tilt1 :]e ,dr ,hutton made 8 fir/ obs]vations on ?is subject1 are n1 ,i believe1 visibly connect$ ) any l>ge mass ( ! same rock4#adb ,! b$ ( ! riv] ,tilt1 9 ! di/ance ( little m ?an a mile1 is int]sect$ by no less ?an six v p[]ful ve9s ( granite1 all ( !m accompani$ ) su* m>ks ( disord] & confusion 9 ! /rata1 z indicate v /rongly ! viol5ce ) :i* ! granite 0 "h introduc$ into its place4 ,^! ve9s v probably belong to ! great mass ( granite :i* is kn[n to =m ! c5tral ridge ( ! ,grampians fur!r to ! nor?2 b !y are sev]al miles di/ant f x1 & ! connection is p]haps invisible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,footnote #adb3 ,trans4 ,royal ,society ,ed94 ,vol iii4 p4 #gg1 c4 #bgi4 ,! second k9d ( granite ve91 is "o :i* proce$s visibly f a mass ( t rock1 & p5etrates into ! contigu\s /rata4 ,! importance ( ?is class ( ve9s1 = asc]ta9+ ! relation betwe5 granite & o!r m9]al bodies1 has be5 po9t$ out1 #hb2 & by means ( !m x has be5 %[n1 t ! granite1 ?\gh inf]ior 9 position1 is ( m rec5t =mation ?an ! s*i/us incumb5t on x2 & t ! latt]1 in/ead ( hav+ be5 quietly deposit$ on ! =m]1 has be51 long aft] its deposition & consolidation1 heav$ up f its horizontal position1 by ! liquid body ( granite =cibly impell$ aga9/ x f bel[4 ,x has be5 alleg$1 9 ord] to take (f ! =ce ( ! argum5t d]iv$ f granite ve9s1 t ^! ve9s are =m$ by infiltration1 ?\gh1 to give any probability to ?is supposition1 x w\ld be necess>y to %[1 t wat] is able to dissolve ! +r$i5ts ( granite2 & ev5 if ?is c\ld be done1 ! direction :i* ! ve9s h1 9 _m in/ances1 ris+ up f ! granite1 is a pro(1 z rem>k$ #hb1 t !y _c be ! effect ( infiltration4 ,ano!r objection has be5 ?r[n out1 namely1 t ! ve9s "h ref]r$ to are n ( true granite1 accord+ to ! def9ition :i* m9]alogi/s h giv5 ( t sub/ance4 ,! =ce ( a fact1 h[ev]1 is n to be less5$ by a *ange ( names1 or ! use ( arbitr>y def9itions4 ,! g5]al fact is1 t ! granitic mass1 & ! ve9 proce$+ f x1 con/itute "o cont9u\s1 & un9t]rupt$ body1 )\t any l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 !m4 ,! geological argum5t turns on ?is circum/ance alone2 & x is no matt] :e!r ! rock be a sy5ite1 a granitelle1 or a real granite4 ,! ph5om5on speaks ! same language1 & leads to ! same conclusion1 :atev] be ! te*nical t]ms ! m9]alogi/ employs 9 describ+ x4 #bhj4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$1 t a diff]5ce ( "* is (t5 to be obs]v$ betwe5 ! granite mass & ! ve9s proce$+ f x2 sometimes ! sub/ances 9 ! latt] are m highly cry/alliz$ ?an 9 ! =m]2 sometimes1 b m r>ely1 !y are less cry/alliz$1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 an +r$i5t t ent]s into ! mass seems entirely want+ 9 ! ve94 ,^! v>ieties1 = :at we yet "k1 are n subject to any g5]al rule2 b !y h be5 held out z a pro(1 t ! masses & ! ve9s are n ( ! same =mation4 ,x may be answ]$1 t a p]fect simil>ity betwe5 sub/ances t1 on e hypo!sis1 mu/ h cry/alliz$ 9 v diff]5t circum/ances1 is n always to be look$ =2 b ! mo/ direct answ] is1 t ?is p]fect simil>ity does sometimes occur1 insomu* t1 9 c]ta9 in/ances1 no diff]5ce :atsoev] c be discov]$ betwe5 ! mass & ! ve91 b !y consi/ ( ! same +r$i5ts1 & h ! same degree ( cry/allization4 ,"s in/ances ( ?is are j ab\t to be rem>k$4 #bha4 ,a /rong objection to ! suppos$ orig9 ( granitic ve9s f infiltration1 & inde$ to _! =mation 9 any way b by igne\s fusion1 arises f ! numb] ( fragm5ts ( s*i/us1 (t5 conta9$1 & completely insulat$ 9 ^? ve9s4 ,h[ ^! fragm5ts 7 introduc$ into ! fissures ( ! s*i/us1 & su/a9$ till !y 7 surr\nd$ by ! matt] deposit$ by wat]1 is v h>d to be conceiv$2 b if !y 7 c>ri$ 9 by ! melt$ granite1 no?+ is m easily und]/ood4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! places :]e ! ph5om5a ( granite ve9s may be di/9ctly se54 #bhb4 ,! isl& ( ,arran1 rem>kable = collect+ into a v small compass a great numb] ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts ( geology1 exhibits _m in/ances ( ! p5etration ( s*i/us by ve9s ( granite4 ,a gr\p ( granite m\nta9s occupies ! nor!rn extremity ( ! isl&1 ! highe/ ( :i*1 ,goatfield1 rises ne>ly to ! height ( #cjjj feet1 & on ! s\? side is cov]$ ) s*i/us to ! height ( #aajj4 ,f !nce1 ! l9e ( junction1 or t at :i* ! granite em]ges f "u ! s*i/us1 w9ds1 s f> z ,i 0 able to obs]ve1 r\nd ! :ole gr\p ( m\nta9s1 ) _m wav+s & irregul>ities1 ris+ sometimes to a great]1 & desc5d+ sometimes to a mu* l[] level1 ?an t j m5tion$4 ,along ?is l9e1 p>ticul>ly on ! s\?1 :]ev] ! rock is laid b>e1 & cut into by ! torr5ts1 innum]able ve9s ( granite are to be se5 ent]+ into ! s*i/us1 gr[+ n>r[] z !y advance into x2 & be+ direct$1 9 v _m cases1 f bel[ upw>ds1 !y are precisely ( ! k9d :i* ! infiltration ( wat] c\ld n produce1 ev5 7 t fluid capable ( dissolv+ ! sub/ances :i* ! ve9 consi/s (4 ,f ?is s\? face ( ! m\nta91 & f ! b$ ( a torr5t t int]sects x v deeply1 ,dr ,hutton br\ght a block ( s*i/us1 ( sev]al hundr$ weight1 curi\sly p5etrat$ by granite ve9s1 includ+ 9 !m _m insulat$ fragm5ts ( ! s*i/us4 ,f ?is po9t1 ! common section ( ! granite & s*i/us desc5ds t[>ds ! we/ side ( ! m\nta91 & is visible at ! bottom ( a deep gl51 7,gl5-,rosa17 :i* deta*es ,goatfield f ! hills f>!r to ! we/4 ,! junction is laid b>e at sev]al places 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] :i* runs 9 ! bottom ( ?is gl52 & 9 all ( !m exhibits1 9 a great] or less degree1 ! appe>ances ( di/urbance & viol5ce :i* h accompani$ ! injection ( ! granite ve9s4 ,_m circum/ances r5d] ?is spot int]e/+ to a geologi/1 &1 among o!rs1 an int]section ( ! granite1 a little above its junction ) ! s*i/us1 by a dike or ve9 ( v compact :9/one4 ,! same l9e ( junction is f\nd on ! opposite1 or nor?-ea/1 side ( ! m\nta91 :]e x is int]sect$ by ano!r little riv]1 ! ,sannax1 :i* on ?is side det]m9es ! base ( ! m\nta94 ,?is junction is no less rem>kable ?an ! o!r two4 ,! isl& ( ,arran conta9s1 ,i h no d\bt1 _m o!r spots :]e ^! ph5om5a are to be se52 b ,i h _h no opportunity ( obs]v+ !m1 nor d ,i f9d t ,dr ,hutton met ) any o!rs 9 8 visit to ?is isl&4 #bhc4 ,ano!r s]ies ( granite ve9s is f\nd 9 ,gall[ay1 :i* 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,dr ,hutton & 8 fri5d ,mr ,cl]k1 & aft]w>ds m fully explor$ by ,sir ,james ,hall & ,mr ,d\glas1 ! pres5t ,e>l ( ,selkirk4 ,! two la/ trac$ ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 a mass ( granite & ! s*i/us incumb5t ^u x1 all r\nd a tract ( c\ntry1 ab\t elev5 miles by sev51 ext5d+ f ! banks ( ,lo* ,k5 we/w>d2 & 9 all ?is tract !y f\nd1 t :]ev] ! junction ( ! granite ) ! s*i/us 0 visible1 ve9s ( ! =m]1 f fifty y>ds1 to ! t5? ( an in* 9 wid?1 7 to be se5 runn+ into ! latt]1 & p]vad+ x 9 all directions1 s z to put x beyond all d\bt1 t ! granite ( ^! ve9s1 & consequ5tly ( ! great body itself1 :i* 0 obs]v$ to =m ) ! ve9s "o un9t]rupt$ mass1 mu/ h fl[$ 9 a s(t or liquid /ate into its pres5t position4#adc ,i h only f>!r to add1 t "s ( ^! ve9s are rem>kable = conta9+ granite1 n s5sibly diff]5t1 9 any respect1 f ! mass f :i* !y proce$4 ,footnote #adc3 ,trans4 ,royal ,society ,ed94 vol4 iii4 p4 #h4 #bhd4 ,9 ,inv]ness%ire1 betwe5 ,b]n]a & ,=t ,augu/us1 ! same ph5om5a occur on ! nor? side ( ,lo* ,*loney1 :]e "s granite m\nta9s rise f "u ! s*i/us4 ,9 travell+ ne> ?is place1 ,"l ,webb ,seym\r & myself 7 adv]tis$ ( our approa* to a junction ( granite & s*i/us1 by f9d+ among ! loose /ones on ! road _m pieces ( s*i/us1 int]sect$ ) ve9s ( feldsp> & granite4 ,we walk$ along ?is junction = m ?an a mile2 & t[>d ! ea/ end1 :]e ! road leaves x1 we saw1 9 ! b$ ( a /ream t runs into ,lo* ,*loney1 _m beautiful specim5s ( granitic ve9s p]vad+ ! s*i/us1 & bran*+ out into v m9ute ramifications4 #bhe4 ,! la/ in/ance ,i h to m5tion f my own obs]vation1 is at ,/ ,mi*ael's ,m\nt 9 ,cornwall4 ,t m\nt is entirely ( granite1 ?ru/ up f "u a v h>d micace\s s*i/us1 :i* surr\nds x on all sides4 ,at ! base ( x1 on ! we/ side1 a great numb] ( ve9s run (f f ! granite1 & spread !mselves l s _m roots fix$ 9 ! s*i/us3 !y are se5 at l[ wat]4 ,9 ! small] ve9s1 ! granite is ( v m9ute1 ?\gh di/9ct p>ts2 9 ! l>g]1 x is m highly cry/alliz$1 & is undi/+ui%able f ! mass ( ! hill4 ,besides ! above1 ,cornwall probably af=ds _m o!r in/ances ( ! same k9d1 :i* ,i h n _h an opportunity to exam9e4 ,su* in/ances may 9 p>ticul> be look$ = at ! ,l&'s ,end1 :]e a promontory1 consi/+ ( a c5tral "p ( granite1 & cov]$ by a micace\s s*i/us on bo? sides ( x1 is cut transv]sely by ! sea coa/1 & ! contact ( ! granite & s*i/us ( c\rse twice expos$ to view4 #bhf4 ,scotl& also af=ds o!r examples ( granite ve9s1 & "s ( !m h be5 actually describ$4 ,mr ,jameson has tak5 notice ( "s :i* he saw 9 ! bottom ( ! riv] ,spey1 at ,gl5 ,drummond1 9 ,bad5a*1 & has repres5t$ !m 9 an engrav+4#add ,!y trav]se ! /rata 9 v>i\s directions1 & inclose pieces ( ! micace\s s*i/us2 &1 f ! great numb] ( loose blocks :i* he f\nd1 exhibit+ portions ( su* ve9s1 x is probable1 t !y are v num]\s 9 ?is qu>t]4 ,! same m9]alogi/ m5tions "s in/ances ( simil> ve9s 9 ! ,%etl& ,isles4#ade ,footnote #add3 ,m9]alogy ( ! ,scotti% ,isles1 vol4 ii4 p4 #c4 ,footnote #ade3 ,ibid4 p4 #baf4 ,9 ,ross-%ire1 ,sir ,george ,mack5zie has obs]v$ a great v>iety ( granite ve9s1 "s ( !m ( l>ge size4 ,"o ( !m1 9 p>ticul>1 n f> f ,c\l1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 0 suppos$ to be a s+le mass1 ris+ f "u ! s*i/us2 b1 on a m c>eful exam9ation1 has be5 f\nd to be a "p ( a great sy/em ( ve9s :i* int]sects ! micace\s s*i/us ( ?is tract 9 v>i\s directions4 #bhg4 ,! granite ve9s are n ! only pro( t ?is /one is m rec5t ?an "s o!r productions ( ! m9]al k+dom4 ,specim5s ( granite are (t5 f\nd1 conta9+ r\nd nodules ( o!r /ones1 z1 = example1 ( gneiss or micace\s s*i/us4 ,su* is ! specim5 ( granite conta9+ gneiss1 :i* ,w]n] himself is said to be 9 possession (1 & to consid] z a pro(1 t ! s*i/us is ( great] antiquity ?an ! granite4 ,su* also seem$ to me "s pieces ( granite1 :i* ,i met ) 9 ,cornwall1 ne> ! ,l&'s ,end2 & o!rs :i* ,i saw 9 ,ayr%ire1 9 loose blocks1 on ! sea coa/ betwe5 ,ayr & ,girvan4 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! conta9+ /one is m mod]n ?an ! conta9$4 ,! ,neptuni/s inde$ admit ?is to be true1 b allege1 t all granite is n ( ! same =mation2 & t1 ?\gh "s granite is rec5t1 ! great] "p boa/s ( ! highe/ antiquity :i* belongs to any ?+ 9 ! fossil k+dom4 ,?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is purely hypo!tical2 x is a fiction contriv$ on purpose to reconcile ! fact "h m5tion$ ) ! g5]al sy/em ( aque\s deposition1 & has no support f any o!r ph5om5on4 #b4 ,granite ( ,portsoy4 #bhh4 ,! granite ( ,portsoy is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> v>ieties ( ?is /one1 & is rem>kable = ?is circum/ance1 t ! feldsp> is ! sub/ance :i* has assum$ ! figure ( its prop] cry/al1 & has giv5 its =m to ! qu>tz1 s t ! latt] is impress$ bo? ) ! acute & obtuse angles belong+ to ! rhombic figure ( ! =m]4 ,! angul> pieces ( qu>tz ?us m\ld$ on ! feltsp>1 & rang$ by means ( x 9 r[s1 give to ?is /one ! appe>ance ( rude alphabetical writ+4 ,n[1 ,dr ,hutton argu$1 t sub/ances precipitat$ f a solution1 & cry/alliz+ at lib]ty1 _c be suppos$ to impress "o ano!r 9 ! mann] "h exemplifi$2 & t !y c\ld d s only :5 ! :ole mass acquir$ solidity at ! same "t1 or at ! same "t ne>ly4#adf ,su* simultane\s consolidation c be produc$ 9 no way t we "k (1 b by ! cool+ ( a mass t has be5 9 fusion4 ,footnote #adf3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 ,p4 #ajd4 #bhi4 ,a granite1 br\ght f ,da\ria by ,m4 ,,patr91 & describ$ by him 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,physique = #agia1 p4 #bie1 "u ! "n ( pi]re graphique1 seem$ to ,dr ,hutton to h s great a resemblance to ! granite ( ,portsoy1 t he v5tur$ to consid] !m bo? z ! same /one1 & z bo? conta9+ qu>tz m\ld$ on feltsp>4#adg ,x %\ld seem1 h[ev]1 f fur!r explanations1 :i* ,m4 ,patr9 has s9ce giv51 b ,dr ,hutton 0 mi/ak5 9 8 conjecture1 & t1 9 ! pi]re graphique ( ! =m] m9]alogi/1 ! qu>tz gives its =m to ! feltsp>1 pres]v+ 9 its cry/als _! natural angle ( #abj degrees#adh ,x is impossible1 ,i ?9k1 to d\bt ( ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t2 & ! graphical /one ( ,portsoy mu/ !re=e be admitt$ to diff] mat]ially f t ( ,da\ria4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 )\t "s consid]able aff9ity1 besides t ( _! outw>d appe>ance2 =1 ?\gh ! qu>tz 9 ! =m] is g5]ally m\ld$ on ! feltsp>1 ! feldsp> is also occasionally impress$ by ! qu>tz1 & sometimes ev5 includ$ 9 x4 ,!y may be consid]$ z v>ieties ( ! same species ( granite2 & ! pi]re graphique ( ,corsica is probably a ?ird v>iety1 diff]5t f !m bo?4 ,footnote #adg3 ,trans4 ,royal ,society ,ed94 vol4 iii4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #adh3 ,j\rnal ,brita9nique1 7( ,g5eva17 #agih1 vol4 viii4 ,sci5ces et ,arts1 p4 #gh4 #bij4 ,x w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 t all ^! /ones lead exactly to ! same conclusion4 ,m4 ,patr9 describes 8 specim5 z conta9+ qu>tz cry/als1 t are = ! mo/ "p only cases1 hav+ _! int]ior fill$ ) feltsp> ,le feltspa? en masse conti5t des cry/eaux qu>tzeux1 qui n'ont le plus s\v5t que la c>casse1 et dont l'int]ieur e/ rempli de feltspa?2 s\v5t il manque ces c>casses quelques unes de leurs faces1 et s\v5t la section de cette pi]re dans un s5s transv]sal aux cry/eaux1 pres5te une suite de figures qui sont des portions d'hexagones1 et qui ne resembl5t pas mal des c>actres ,hebraiques4#adi ,footnote #adi3 ,j\rnal ,britannique1 ,ibid4 ,^! imp]fect hexagonal cases ( qu>tz1 fill$ ) feldsp>1 c]ta9ly indicate ! cry/allization ( sub/ances1 :i* all assum$ _! solidity at ! same "t1 &1 9 do+ s1 con/ra9$ ! figures ( "o ano!r4 ,to use ! words ( ,dr ,hutton1 :e!r cry/alliz+ qu>tz inclose a body ( feltsp>1 or concret+ feltsp> det]m9e ! %ape ( fluid qu>tz1 p>ticul>ly if we h1 z is "h ! case1 two solid bodies includ+ & includ$1 x am\nts to a demon/ration1 t ^? bodies h concret$ f a fluid /ate ( fusion1 h n cry/alliz$1 9 ! mann] ( salts1 f a solution4#aej ,footnote #aej3 ,trans4 ,royal ,society ,ed94 ubi supra1 p4 #hd4 #bia4 ,! qu>tz 9 granite s g5]ally receives ! impressions ( all ! o!r sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly ( ! feldsp> & s*orl1 & appe>s to be s passive a body1 t x has be5 d\bt$ by "s m9]alogi/s1 :e!r 9 ?is /one x ev] assumes its own figure1 except :]e cavities af=d room = its cry/allization4 ,b x is c]ta9 t1 beside ! ,da\rian granite j m5tion$1 !re are o!rs1 9 :i* ! qu>tz is completely cry/alliz$4 ,( ?is sort are "s specim5s1 f\nd 9 a granite ve9 on ! we/ side ( ! hill ( ,/ ,agnes1 9 ,cornwall4 ,! ve9 trav]ses ! primitive s*i/us1 ( :i* t hill consi/s1 f s\? to nor? ne>ly3 ! /one is mu* decompos$1 & ! feldsp> 9 g5]al is almo/ r$uc$ to ! /ate ( clay4 ,9 ?is decompos$ mass1 qu>tz cry/als are f\nd1 hav+ ! %ape ( d\ble hexagonal pyramids1 p]fectly regul> & complete4 ,! side ( ! hexagon1 :i* is ! base ( ! two opposite pyramids1 v>ies f half a t5? to a t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & is ! same ) ! altitude ( ea* ( ! pyramids4 ,9 "s few specim5s1 ! two pyramids d n re/ on ! same base1 b are sep>at$ by a v %ort1 ?\gh regul>1 hexagonal prism4 ,! surfaces ( ^! cry/als are r\gh1 & some:at opaque1 ) sl5d] spicul ( s*orl frequ5tly trav]s+ !m4 ,?is r\ghness is occasion$ by slight furr[s on ! surface ( ! cry/al1 v regul>ly dispos$1 & p>allel to "o ano!r1 be+ )\t d\bt impressions f ! ?9 plates ( ! feldsp>1 :i* surr\nd$ ! cry/al1 & slightly ind5t$ x4 ,!y v mu* resemble "s impressions1 rem>k$ by ,dr ,hutton 9 ! granite ( ,portsoy1 & ascrib$ by him also to a simil> cause4 ,he has repres5t$ ^! 9 8 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 plate ii4 fig4 #d4 ,! action & reaction ( two cry/alliz+ bodies1 h>dly admits ( a /rong] & m unequivocal expression1 ?an 9 ^! two in/ances4 ,:]e ! granite 0 little decompos$1 ! qu>tz 0 n easily dis5gag$ f ! mass x 0 imb$d$ 91 & (t5 broke 9 pieces be=e x c\ld be extricat$4 ,! cry/allization ( ! qu>tz1 !re=e1 w\ld n h be5 discov]$1 b = ! decomposition ( ! feltsp>2 & x is probable1 t simil> cry/allizations exi/ 9 _m granites :]e !y are n p]ceiv$4 #bib4 ,"s m9]alogi/s are incl9$ to ?9k1 t ! regul> cry/allization ( qu>tz is to be f\nd only 9 :at !y call second>y granites1 or 9 ^? t are ( a =mation subsequ5t to ! great masses :i* con/itute ! granite m\nta9s4 ,x is inde$ true1 t 9 ! in/ances giv5 "h1 bo? f ,cornwall & ,da\ria1 ! granites conta9+ qu>tz cry/als are f ve9s t int]sect ! prim>y s*i/us1 & are !re=e1 on e hypo!sis1 ( a =mation subsequ5t to t s*i/us4 ,b x does n foll[ f !nce1 t !y are less anci5t ?an ! great masses ( un/ratifi$ granite2 ) ^! la/ !y are mo/ probably coval1 nor c !re be any reason = ?9k+ ! cry/allization ( qu>tz a m>k ( m rec5t =mation ?an t ( feltsp>4 #c4 ,/ratification ( ,granite4 #bic4 ,:at are ! v>i\s modes 9 :i* granite exi/s1 is a "q n absolutely decid$ among m9]alogi/s4 #a4 ,t x exi/s z a s*i/ose /one ( a fissile texture1 9 gneiss & ve9$ granite1 is on all h&s admitt$1 ?\gh 9 ?is /ate ! "n ( granite is g5]ally )held f x4 #b4 ,t x exi/s (t5 )\t any indication ( a fissile texture1 & altoge!r un/ratifi$1 is likewise ackn[l$g$4 #c4 ,t x is f\nd 9 ve9s1 int]sect+ ! /rata1 has be5 %[n above4 ,! only mode ( its exi/5ce subject to dispute1 is t 9 :i* x is said to be /ratifi$ 9 its outw>d configuration1 b n s*i/ose 9 its texture4 ,on ?is po9t m9]alogi/s d n p]fectly agree3 ,dr ,hutton did n ?9k t ?is 0 a /ate 9 :i* granite ev] appe>s4 ,:5 n s*i/ose 9 its /ructure1 he suppos$ x to be un/ratifi$ altoge!r2 & he consid]$ x z a body :i*1 l :9/one1 0 orig9ally 9 a /ate ( igne\s fusion1 &1 9 t condition1 inject$ among ! /rata4 ,! s*ool ( ,w]n]1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta91 t granite1 if n always1 is g5]ally /ratifi$1 & dispos$ 9 b$s1 sometimes horizontal1 ?\gh m frequ5tly v]tical1 or highly incl9$4 ,9 =m+ an op9ion :]e !re are great au?orities on opposite sides1 a man mu/ tru/ *iefly to 8 own obs]vations1 & ought to e/eem himself =tunate if ^! lead to any c]ta9 conclusion4 ,m9e incl9e me to diff] f ,dr ,hutton1 on ! "o h&1 & f ! ,neptuni/s1 on ! o!r1 z !y conv9ce me1 t granite does =m /rata :]e x has no "* ( gneiss2 &1 at ! same "t1 induce me to suspect1 t ! /ratification ascrib$ by ! ,neptuni/s to ! granite m\nta9s1 is1 9 _m in/ances1 ei!r an illusion1 or at lea/ some?+ v diff]5t f :at1 9 o!r /ones1 is acc\nt$ /ratification4 #bid4 ,! fir/ example ,i ev] saw ( granite t 0 /ratifi$1 & yet _h no "* ( gneiss1 0 at ,*orley ,=e/1 9 ,leice/]%ire4 ,! great] "p ( t =e/ has = its base a horn/one s*i/us1 prim>y & v]tical2 &1 on its ea/]n bord]1 p>ticul>ly ne> ,m\nt ,sorrel1 are b$s ( granite1 hold+ ! same direction ) ^? ( ! s*i/us4 ,! /one is a real granite2 x has no?+ 9 its int]nal /ructure ( a s*i/ose or fissile appe>ance2 & its b$s1 :i* x is mat]ial to rem>k1 are no ?ick] ?an ^? ( ! horn/one /rata 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,?is granite is rem>kable1 too1 = be+ close to ! second>y s&/one /rata2 ,i did n see _! contact1 b trac$ !m )9 a small di/ance ( "o ano!r2 s t ,i ?9k x is n likely t any body ( rock int]v5es4 ,at ! same "t t ,i /ate my belief ( ?is rock ( granite be+ 9 regul> /rata1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t a v intellig5t m9]alogi/1 :o view$ ^! rocks at ! same "t1 & ^: eye 0 well practis$ 9 geological obs]vation1 rema9$ 9 d\bt conc]n+ !m4 #bie4 ,ano!r in/ance ( a real granite1 dispos$ 9 regul> b$s1 b )\t any "* ( gneiss1 is "o :i* ,i saw 9 ,b]wick%ire1 9 ,lamm]muir1 ne> ! village ( ,prie/law4 ,! little riv] ( ,fassnet cuts ! b$s across1 & r5d]s x easy to obs]ve _! /ructure4 ,! b$s are n v ?ick2 !y run f ab\t ,s4,s4,w4 to ,n4,n4,e4 l ! s*i/us on ei!r side ( !m4 ,i 0 9 company ) ,sir ,james ,hall :5 ,i saw ^! rocks2 we exam9$ !m ) a good deal ( att5tion1 & trac$ !m = m ?an a mile 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]2 &1 if ,i mi/ake n1 our op9ions conc]n+ !m 7 precisely ! same4 #bif4 ,:at exi/s 9 two in/ances may exi/ 9 _m1 &1 aft] ^! obs]vations1 ,i %\ld be guilty ( great inconsi/5cy1 9 refus+ to ass5t to ! acc\nts ( ,pallas1 ,de ,luc1 ,saussure1 & _m o!r m9]alogi/s1 :o s (t5 repres5t granite z =m$ into /rata4 ,9 "s cases1 h[ev]1 x is c]ta91 t ! /ratification !y describe is extremely unlike t 9 ! two in/ances j m5tion$1 & inde$ v unlike any ?+ t is else:]e kn[n by ! "n ( /ratification4 ,= example1 ! /ratification mu/ be v ambigu\s1 & v obscurely m>k$1 t 0 n discov]$ till aft] a s]ies ( obs]vations1 cont9u$ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 by a v skilful & di/+ui%+ m9]alogi/4 ,yet su* und\bt$ly is ! /ratification ( ,mont ,blanc1 & ( ! granite m\nta9s 9 its neighb\rhood1 z x escap$ ! eyes ( ,saussure1 9 ! repeat$ visits :i* he made to !m1 dur+ a p]iod ( no less ext5t ?an has j be5 m5tion$4 ,x 0 n till ne> ! conclusion ( ^? lab\rs1 to :i* ! geologi/s ( e age w consid] !mselves z highly indebt$1 t1 hav+ rea*$ ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc1 he p]ceiv$1 or ?\ght t he p]ceiv$1 ! /ratification ( ! granite m\nta9s4 ,! ,aiguilles or ,ne$les :i* bord] ! valley ( ,*am\ni1 & ev5 ,mont ,blanc itself1 appe>$ to be =m$ ( va/ tabul> masses ( granite1 9 position ne>ly v]tical1 & s exactly p>allel1 t he did n hesitate to call !m by ! "n ( /rata4 ,till ?is mom5t1 ^! same m\nta9s1 view$ f a l[] po9t1 _h be5 reg>d$ by him z compos$ ( great plates ( rock1 ne>ly v]tical inde$1 b appli$1 z x 71 r\nd an axis1 & resembl+ ! leaves ( an arti*oke2#aea & ! fissures by :i* !y are sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 _h be5 consid]$ z effects ( wa/e & degradation4 ,b n[1 7says he1 speak+ ( ! view f ! top ( ,mont ,blanc17 ,i 0 fully conv9c$1 t ^! m\nta9s are entirely compos$ ( va/ plates ( granite1 p]p5dicul> to ! horizon1 & direct$ f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w4 ,?ree ( ^! plates1 sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 =m$ ! top ( ! ,aiguille du ,midi1 & o!r simil> plates1 decreas+ gradually 9 height1 compose its declivity to ! s\?4#aeb ,footnote #aea3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 ii4 #iaj1 c4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #aiif4 #big4 ,saussure 0 s /rongly impress$ ) ! appe>ances ( :at he acc\nt$ regul> /ratification1 su* z wat] only c produce1 & su* z mu/ h be5 9 ! beg9n+ horizontal1 t1 plac$ z he n[ 01 on "o ( ! highe/ po9ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 he =m$ ! bold conception1 t ! summit on :i* he 0 /&+ _h be5 once buri$ "u ! surface1 to ! dep? at lea/ ( half ! diamet] ( ! m\nta91 & horizontally di/ant f its pres5t place by a l9e n less ?an ! :ole height ( ! m\nta92 ! granite b$s :i* compose t m\nta91 hav+ be5 rais$ by "s enorm\s p[] f _! horizontal position1 & turn$ z on an axis1 till !y 7 br\ght into ! v]tical plane4 ,9 ?is notion1 :i* suits s well ) ! nature ( m\nta9s really compos$ ( v]tical /rata1 & :i* does cr$it to ! ext5t ( ,saussure's views1 x is wond]ful t he did n see ! ov]?r[ ( ! geological sy/em be _h adopt$1 :i* is provid$ ) no means :atsoev] ( expla9+ ^! great effects4 ,su*1 !n1 7 ! ideas sugge/$ to ,saussure1 by view+ ! m\nta9s ( ! ,alps f ! highe/ ( _! summits4 ,8 great exp]i5ce1 8 accurate k ( ! objects be=e him1 & ! p[] he _h acquir$ ( dissipat+ ^? illusions1 to :i*1 9 view+ m\nta9\s tracts1 ! eye is peculi>ly subject1 all conspire to give great weight to 8 op9ion4 ,yet1 z ?is op9ion is oppos$ by t :i* he himself _h s long ent]ta9$1 be=e x c be receiv$ ) p]fect confid5ce1 x w require to be v]ifi$ by new obs]vations4 ,x seems c]ta91 t ! b$s ( rock "h describ$1 diff] f all ord9>y /rata1 bo? horizontal & v]tical1 9 ! circum/ance ( _! va/ ?ickness1 ?ree ( !m be+ s l>ge z to =m ! ma9 body ( a m\nta94 ,_! p>allelism _c easily be asc]ta9$2 & !y h at be/ b a v slight resemblance to su* b$s z wat] is kn[n to produce4 #bih4 ,_! p>allelism is difficult to be asc]ta9$2 =1 on acc\nt ( ! magnitude & inaccessibility ( ! objects1 x is impossible to place ! eye 9 any situation1 :]e x %all n be mu* ne>] to "o "p ( ! planes :]e( ! p>allelism is to be e/imat$1 ?an to ano!r4 ,inde$1 "o c p]ceive a cause :i* may h r5d]$ ! p>allelism ( ! plates ( granite :i* compose ! aiguilles1 m accurate 9 appe>ance ?an 9 reality1 :5 view$ f a po9t s elevat$ z ! summit ( ,mont ,blanc4 ,=1 ev5 on ! supposition t ! comp>ison ( ^? plates to leaves ( arti*okes 0 j1 & t ! planes ( _! sep>ation conv]g$ t[>d "o ano!r1 9 asc5d+ to ! top1 :5 !y 7 view$ f a po9t m elevat$ ?an t top1 ?is conv]g5cy w\ld be dim9i%$1 &1 by ! =ce ( ! p]spective1 might ev5 be conv]t$ into p>allelism4 ,we _c at pres5t asc]ta9 :at effect ?is cause ( deception may h actually produc$4 #bii4 ,! obs]vations ( ,saussure conc]n+ ! /ratification ( granite1 are n1 h[ev]1 9 all in/ances1 liable to ^! objections2 & x seems to be on mu* less exceptionable gr\nds t he pron\nces ! granite ( ,/ ,go?>d to be /ratifi$4 ,! gneiss & micace\s s*i/us :i* con/itute ! l[] "p ( t m\nta91 are succe$$ by a granite )\t any s*i/ose appe>ance1 b divid$ into l>ge plates1 exactly p>allel to ! b$s ( ! =m] gneiss4 ,^! he reg>ds z real /rata4 ,on /udy+ !m 9 detail1 he says1 consid]able irregul>ities 7 to be obs]v$1 b n great] ?an 9 ! case ( lime/one or micace\s s*i/us4#aec ,x may be inf]r$ f ?is1 t ^! plates ( granite are n s ?ick b t !y admit ( comp>ison ) b$s t are kn[n ) c]ta9ty to be ( aque\s =mation1 & ,i am !re=e dispos$ to believe1 t ! granite ( ,/ ,go?>d1 9 ?is "p at lea/1 is /ratifi$4 ,! transition f gneiss to granite en masse1 is n uncommon1 z ,saussure has obs]v$ 9 o!r in/ances1 & z we are j ab\t to consid] m p>ticul>ly4 ,footnote #aec3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #ahcj4 #cjj4 ,9 ! m\nta9s ( our own c\ntry1 "s difficulties conc]n+ ! /ratification ( granite h also occurr$4 ,9 ,arran1 = in/ance1 ! m\nta9 ( ,goatfield1 :i* ,i h m5tion$ above z af=d+ an in/ance ( granite s5d+ out _m ve9s into ! s*i/us1 & rivett$1 z x 71 by means ( !m to ! sup]9cumb5t rock1 :5 ,i visit$ x1 )1 a view ( v]ify+ on ! spot ! int]e/+ obs]vations :i* ,dr ,hutton _h !re made1 appe>$ to me to be )\t any ve/ige ( /ratification 9 its granitic "p1 z did also ! :ole gr\p ( m\nta9s to :i* x belongs4 ,x 01 !re=e1 n )\t a good deal ( surprise1 t ,i lately read1 9 an acc\nt ( t isl&1 by a v accurate & +5i\s m9]alogi/1 t ,goatfield consi/s ( /ratifi$ granite4#aed ,! impression :i* ! appe>ance ( t m\nta9 made on my m9d1 is j ! rev]se2 & ?\gh ,i saw l>ge tabul> masses1 sometimes ne>ly v]tical1 sep>at$ by fissures1 !y appe>$ to be mu* too irregul>1 too little ext5d$ 9 l5g? & height1 & va/ly too mu* 9 ?ickness1 to be reckon$ ! effects ( /ratification4 ,= all ?is1 ,i w\ld by no means be und]/ood to set my obs]vations 9 opposition to ^? ( ,mr ,jameson4 ,9 my visit to ,arran1 ,i did n direct my inquiries mu* t[>d ?is po9t2 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! rocks did n sugge/ ! necessity ( do+ s1 & ,i 0 n p]fectly aw>e h[ mu* ! /ratification ( granite _h be5 insi/$ on by "s m9]alogi/s2 s t ,i appli$ myself entirely to /udy "s o!r ( ! int]e/+ ph5om5a :i* ?is little isl& (f]s 9 s great abundance4 ,i !re=e c>ry my confid5ce 9 ! appe>ances :i* seem$ to indicate a want ( /ratification 9 ! granite ( ,arran no fur!r ?an to rema9 sceptical bo? z to ,mr ,jameson's conclusions & my own1 till an opportunity %all occur ( v]ify+ ! "o or ! o!r by actual obs]vation4 ,footnote #aed3 ,m9]alogy ( ! ,scotti% ,isles1 vol4 i4 p4 #ce1 #cf4 #cja4 ,! /ratification ( granite1 ?\gh x made no "p ( ,dr ,hutton's sy/em1 does by no means emb>rass 8 !ory ) any new difficulty4 ,rocks1 ( :i* ! p>ts are highly cry/alliz$1 are already admitt$ z belong+ to ! /rata1 & are exemplifi$ 9 m>ble1 gneiss1 & ve9$ granite4 ,9 ! two la/1 we h n only /ratification1 b a s*i/ose1 unit$ ) a cry/alliz$ /ructure1 & ! effects ( deposition by wat]1 & ( fluidity by fire1 are c]ta9ly no :]e m s+ul>ly comb9$4 ,! /ratification ( ^! sub/ances is !re=e m extraord9>y ?an ev5 t ( ! mo/ highly cry/alliz$ granite4 ,nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r c be expla9$ b by suppos+1 t :ile su* a degree ( fluidity 0 produc$ by heat1 z enabl$ ! body :5 x cool$ to cry/allize1 ! :ole mass 0 kept 9 its place by great pressure act+ on all sides1 s t ! %ape 0 pres]v$ z orig9ally giv5 to x by ! sea4 ,z we _c1 h[ev]1 suppose1 t ! int5sity ( ! heat1 or ! fusibility ( ! sub/ance ?r\gh all ! p>ts ( a /ratum1 7 precisely ! same1 we may expect to f9d 9 ! same /ratum1 or 9 ! same body ( /rata1 t 9 "s p>ts ! m>ks ( /ratification are completely oblit]at$ :ile 9 o!rs !y rema9 entire4 ,x is ?us t ve9$ granite1 ( :at ,i ?9k %\ld be call$ granitic s*i/us1 (t5 graduates into granite 9 mass1 t is1 granite )\t any s*i/ose or fissile texture4 ,saussure says1 t to be ve9$ or n ve9$1 is an affection ( granite1 t seems1 9 _m cases1 accid5tal2#aee z1 9 ! mid/ ( rocks ( t sub/ance1 mo/ cle>ly fissile1 l>ge portions appe> )\t any ve/ige ( /ratification4 ,( ?is ph5om5on1 :i* is frequ5t 9 ! ,alps1 in/ances are also to be met ) 9 ! granite rocks ( ,scotl&1 & ! adjac5t isles2 & ,i "k t ,dr ,hope1 9 a m9]alogical excursion :i* he lately made among ! ,hebrides1 obs]v$ _m int]e/+ & curi\s examples ( x4 ,inde$1 :5 rocks 7 s mu* fus$ z to cry/allize1 & s compress$1 at ! same "t1 z to rema9 /ratifi$1 !y 7 evid5tly on ! v]ge ( *ange2 two opposite =ces 7 v ne>ly balanc$1 & ea* c>ri$ z f> z x c\ld g )\t entirely ov]com+ ! o!r2 s t a small alt]ation 9 ! conditions may h made a great alt]ation 9 ! effects4 ,h5ce a sudd5 transition f a /ratifi$ to an un/ratifi$ texture1 :i* is only f\nd 9 rocks highly cry/alliz$1 & su* z h endur$ ! mo/ viol5t action ( ! m9]aliz+ p[]s4 ,footnote #aee3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #badc4 #cjb4 ,n[1 ?\gh ! /ratification ( granite1 or ! mixture ( ! /ratifi$ ) ! un/ratifi$ rocks ( t g5us1 is n only reconcilable ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,huttonian geology1 b might ev5 h be5 d$uc$ z a coroll>y f ^? pr9ciples1 be=e x 0 actually obs]v$1 x may be consid]$ z inconsi/5t ) ! !ory ( granitic ve9s t has j be5 giv54 ,a /ratum1 ?\gh s(t or fluid1 c\ld n invade ! surr\nd+ /rata ) viol5ce1 nor s5d out ve9s to p5etrate into !m4 ,x might1 if1 /rongly compress$ by ano!r /ratum less fluid ?an itself1 fill up any fissures or cracks t 7 9 t o!r1 b ?is w\ld h>dly produce1 su* l>ge ve9s1 & ( su* consid]able l5g?1 z (t53 p5etrate f ! granite into ! s*i/us1 nor c\ld x give rise to any appe>ance ( di/urbance4 ,if1 !re=e1 ve9s 7 f\nd proce$+ f su* /ratifi$ granite z t ( ,*orley ,=e/ or ,lamm]muir1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 t ! explanation ( !m 0 /ill a desid]atum 9 geology4 ,! ,neptunian !ory ( infiltration w\ld inde$ be z applicable to !m z to any o!r ve9s2 = x is b little affect$ by ! condition ( ! ph5om5a to be expla9$4 ,inde$1 x is v difficult to set any limits to ! explanations :i* ?is !ory af=ds2 & x w\ld c]ta9ly puzzle a ,neptuni/1 to assign any good reason :y infiltration has n produc$ ve9s ( "o s*i/us runn+ into ano!r1 or ve9s ( s*i/us runn+ into granite1 z well z ( granite runn+ into1 s*i/us4 ,he w f9d x a h>d task to re/ra9 ! activity ( 8 !ory1 & to conf9e its explanations to ^? ?+s t really exi/4 #cjc4 ,z ! ,huttonian sy/em _c boa/ ( !ories ( equal v]satility1 x w\ld be n a little emb>rass$ to acc\nt = ve9s ( great magnitude proce$+ f a rock di/9ctly /ratifi$1 & accompani$ ) m>ks ( hav+ di/urb$ ! rocks ?r\gh :i* !y pass4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 incl9$ to believe1 t ?is emb>rassm5t w nev] occur2 & t ! granite ve9s d n proce$ f ! rocks t are really /ratifi$1 b f su* z h nev] be5 deposit$ by wat]1 & :]e ! appe>ances ( /ratification1 if !re are any1 are altoge!r illusory4 ,?is anticipation1 h[ev]1 requires to be v]ifi$ by future obs]vation2 & x rema9s to be se51 :e!r granitic ve9s ev] accompany real granitic /rata1 or are peculi> to ^? 9 :i* ! appe>ances ( regul> b$s are ei!r ambigu\s1 or are entirely want+4 ,! decision ( ?is "q is an object highly wor?y ( ! att5tion ( geologi/s4 #cjd4 ,an argum5t1 direct$ at once aga9/ ! igne\s orig9 & un/ratifi$ nature ( all granite1 is giv5 9 a "w already m5tion$4 ,if granite _h fl[$ f bel[1 h[ does x happ51 t1 aft] x _h bur/ ?r\gh ! /rata ( micace\s s*i/us1 c4 x did n ov]fl[ ! neighb\r+ c\ntry8 ,if ?is hypo!sis 7 true1 ,mont ,blanc c\ld nev] h exi/$4#aef ,footnote #aef3 ,m9]alogy ( ! ,scotti% ,isles1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aff4 ,a !ory is nev] m unfairly dealt )1 ?an :5 ^? p>ts are sep>at$ :i* 7 meant to support "o ano!r1 & ea* left to /& or fall by itself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is precisely :at is done 9 ! pres5t in/ance2 = ,dr ,hutton's !ory ( granite w\ld n des]ve a mom5t's consid]ation1 if x 7 s in>tificially con/ruct$1 z to suppose t granite 0 orig9ally fluid1 & yet to po9t out no means ( h9d]+ ?is fluid f diffus+ itself ov] ! /rata1 & settl+ 9 a horizontal plane4 ,! tru? is1 t 8 !ory1 at ! same "t t x conceives ?is /one to h be5 9 fusion1 supposes x to h be51 9 t /ate1 inject$ among ! /rata already consolidat$2 to h heav$ !m up1 & to h be5 =m$ 9 ! concavity s produc$1 z 9 a m\ld4 ,?us ,mont ,blanc1 suppos+ t x is un/ratifi$1 is und]/ood to consi/ ( a mass t 0 melt$ by subt]rane\s heat "u ! /rata1 & be+ impell$ upw>ds by a =ce1 t may /& 9 "s comp>ison ) t :i* project$ ! planets 9 _! orbits1 heav$ up ! /rata by :i* x 0 cov]$1 & 9 :i* x rema9$ includ$ on all sides4 #cje4 ,! cov]+ ( /rata1 ?us rais$ up1 may h be5 bur/ asund] at ! summit1 :]e ! curvature & elevation 7 ! greate/2 b ! melt$ mass und]nea? may h already acquir$ solidity1 or may h be5 su/a9$ by ! b$s ( s*i/us incumb5t on its sides4 ,?is s*i/us1 =m+ ! ext]ior cru/1 0 imm$iately act$ on by ! causes ( wa/e & decomposition1 :i* h long s9ce /ripp$ ! granite ( a great "p ( its cov]+1 & are n[ ex]cis+ _! p[] on ! c5tral mass4 ,t ev5 ,mont ,blanc itself1 z well z o!r un/ratifi$ m\nta9s1 0 once cov]$ ) s*i/us1 w appe> to h 9 x no?+ incongru\s1 :5 we consid] ! height to :i* ! s*i/us /ill rises on its sides1 or 9 ! adjac5t m\nta9s2 & :5 we reflect1 t1 f ! appe>ances ( wa/e & degradation :i* ^! m\nta9s exhibit1 x is c]ta91 t ! s*i/us mu/ h rea*$ mu* high] ?an x does at pres5t4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t :5 ! correspond+ p>ts are br\ght toge!r1 & plac$ 9 _! natural ord]1 no room is left = ! reproa*1 t ?is sy/em is inconsi/5t ) ! exi/5ce ( granite m\nta9s4 ,i h no pleasure 9 controv]sial writ+2 &1 not)/&+ ! advantages :i* a weak attack always gives to a def5d]1 ,i _c b regret1 t ,dr ,hutton's adv]s>ies h be5 s mu* m eag] to refute ?an to und]/& 8 !ory4 ,illu/ration #cjf4 ,a rem>k :i* ,dr ,hutton has made on ! quantity ( granite t appe>s at ! surface1 comp>$ ) t ( o!r m9]al bodies1 has be5 w>mly conte/$4 ,hav+ affirm$1 t ! great] "p ( rocks be> m>ks ( be+ =m$ f ! wa/e & decomposition ( o!r rocks1 he alleges t granite1 7a /one :i* does n conta9 su* m>ks7 does n1 = z mu* z appe>s f actual obs]vation1 make up a t5?1 nor p]haps ev5 a hundr$? "p ( ! m9]al k+dom4#aeg ,mr ,kirwan cont5ds1 t ?is is a v errone\s e/imate1 & t ! quantity ( granite visible on ! surface1 f> exce$s :at is "h suppos$4#aeh ,! "q is c]ta9ly ( no mat]ial importance to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,dr ,hutton's !ory3 x is evid5t1 too1 t an e/imation1 :i* v>ies s mu* z f a t5? to a hundr$? "p1 _c h be5 meant z any ?+ precise2 yet x may n be q sup]flu\s to %[1 t ! tru? probably lies ne>] to ! lea/ ?an ! greate/ ( ! limits j m5tion$4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 i4 p4 #baa4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dhj4 #cjg4 ,?\gh granite =ms a "p1 g5]ally ! c5tral "p1 ( all ! great *a9s ( m\nta9s1 x usually occupies a mu* less ext5t ( surface ?an ! prim>y s*i/us4 ,?us 9 ! ,alps1 if a l9e be drawn f ,g5eva to ,ivrea1 x w be ab\t eighty-five geographical miles 9 l5g?1 & w measure ! bread? ( ?is =midable *a9 ( m\nta9s1 at ! place ( its greate/ elevation4 ,n[1 f ! obs]vations ( ,saussure1 :o cross$ ! ,alps exactly 9 ?is direction1 x may be collect$1 t less ?an n9e miles ( ?is l9e1 or n above a t5? "p ( x1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,mont ,blanc1 is occupi$ by granite4 #cjh4 ,9 "s sections ( ! ,alps1 no granite at all appe>s4 ,?us1 9 ! r\te f ,*amb]y to ,tur91 across ,mont ,c5is1 :i* measures by ! road n less ?an n9ety miles1 no granite is f\nd1 at lea/ ( t k9d :i* is di/9ctly 9 mass1 & diff]5t f gneiss or ve9$ granite4#aei ,footnote #aei3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iii4 #aaij1 c4 #cji4 ,9 "s o!r places ( ! same m\nta9s1 ! granite is m abundant4 ,a l9e f ! lake ( ,?un1 along ! c\rse ( ! ,a>1 & ov] ! m\nta9s to ! upp] end ( ,lago ,maggiore1 crosses a v elevat$ tract1 & passes by ! s\rces ( ! ,rhone1 ! ,rh9e1 & ! ,tess9o1 :i* la/ runs into ! ,po4 ,a good deal ( granite is discov]$ "h1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,grimsel & ,/ ,go?>d2 b by f> ! great] "p ( x is ! ve9$ granite1 ! granite 9 mass be+ conf9$ *iefly to ! nor? side ( ! ,grimsel4 ,bo? toge!r d n occupy m ?an "o-?ird ( ! l9e1 & !re=e ! latt] less ?an "o-six?4 #caj4 ,! essay on ! m9]alogy ( ! ,pyr5ees1 by ! ,abb ,,palasso1 conta9s a m9]alogical *>t ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,f ?is *>t ,i h f\nd1 by computation1 t ! granite does n occupy "o-fif? ( ! horizontal surface on ! nor? side ( ! ridge1 reckon+ f "o end ( x to ! o!r4 ,inde$1 _m great tracts1 ev5 ( ! c5tral p>ts ( ! ,pyr5ees1 conta9 no granite :atsoev]2 & n a few ( ! highe/ m\nta9s consi/ entirely ( calc>e\s s*i/us4 ,a l>ge d$uction %\ld be made f ! fraction #a_/e on acc\nt ( ! sub/ances unkn[n1 :i*1 f ! con/ruction ( ! *>t1 are (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! granitic tract4 #caa4 ,i might add o!r e/imations ( ! same k9d1 all confess$ly rude & imp]fect1 b /ill convey+1 by means ( numb]s1 a bett] idea ( ! limit to :i* our k approximates1 ?an c\ld be done simply by words2 &1 on ! :ole1 x w\ld appe>1 t if we /ate ! proportion ( granite to s*i/us to be t ( "o to f\r1 we %all c]ta9ly d no inju/ice to ! ext5t ( ! =m]4 ,x rema9s to =m a r\gh e/imate f maps1 & f ! acc\nts ( travell]s1 ( :at proportion ( ! e>?'s surface consi/s ( prim>y1 & :at ( second>y rocks4 ,aft] supply+ ! want ( accurate measurem5t by :at appe>$ to me ! mo/ probable suppositions1 ,i h f\nd1 t ab\t #a_/ah ( ! surface ( ! old cont95t may be conceiv$ to be occupi$ by primitive m\nta9s2 ( :i*1 if we take "o-fif?1 we h #a_/ij = ! "p ( ! surface occupi$ by granite rocks1 :i* diff]s n greatly f ! lea/ ( ! two limits assign$ by ,dr ,hutton4 #cab4 ,9 e/imat+ ! granite ( ,scotl&1 ,dr ,hutton has c]ta9ly err$ consid]ably 9 defect1#afj & ,mr ,kirwan1 :o always diff]s f him1 is "h ne>e/ ! tru?2 ?\gh he is "r purely by accid5t1 z ! in=mation on :i* he proce$s is vague & errone\s4 ,footnote #afj3 ,dr ,hutton 9 ?is case no d\bt made a v loose e/imate4 ,he says1 ! granite does n p]haps occupy m ?an a #ejj;d? "p ( ! :ole surface4 ,! :ole surface ( ,scotl& is n mu* m ?an #bc1jjj geographical miles1 ! #ejj;d? "p ( :i* is exactly #df2 & ?is is exce$$ by ! granite 9 ,kirkcudbright%ire done1 z may be ga!r$ f :at is said #bhc4 ,! places 9 ,scotl& :]e granite is f\nd1 are v well kn[n2 b ! ext5t ( "s ( ! mo/ consid]able ( !m is n accurately asc]ta9$4 ,9 ! s\!rn p>ts1 except ! granite ( ,gall[ay1 :i* is f\nd 9 two pretty l>ge insulat$ tracts1 !re is no o!r ( any magnitude4 ,! granite ( ! nor? ext5ds ov] a l>ge di/rict4 ,if we suppose a l9e to be drawn1 f a few miles s\? ( ,ab]de5 to a few miles s\? ( ,=t ,william1 x w m>k out ! c5tral *a9 ( ! ,grampians 9 its full ext5t1 pass+ ov] ! mo/ elevat$ gr\nd1 & by ! heads ( ! l>ge/ riv]s1 9 ,scotl&4 ,along ?is l9e !re are _m granite m\nta9s1 & l>ge tracts 9 :i* granite is ! prevail+ rock4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 l>ge spaces also 9 :i* no granite appe>s1 ?\gh1 if we 7 p]mitt$ to speak !oretically1 & if ! "q did n entirely relate to a matt] ( obs]vation1 we might suppose1 t1 9 no "p ( ?is c5tral ridge is ! granite f> f ! surface1 not)/&+ t 9 "s places x may be cov]$ by ! s*i/us4 #cac4 ,a great "p ( ! ,grampian m\nta9s is on ! s\? side ( ! l9e j m5tion$1 b h>dly any granite is f\nd 9 ?is division ( !m1 except su* ve9s z ^? ( ,gl5tilt4 ,on ! nor? side ( ! l9e1 ! granite ext5ds 9 v>i\s directions2 &1 if f ,=t ,william a l9e is drawn to ,inv]ness1 ! quadrilat]al figure1 b\nd$ on two sides by ^! l9es1 & on ! o!r two by ! sea1 w be f\nd to conta9 mu* granite1 & _m di/ricts consi/+ entirely ( t /one4 ,?is is 9 fact ! great granite c\ntry ( ,scotl&3 x is a l>ge tract1 conta9+ ab\t #cagj squ>e geographical miles1 or ab\t a sev5? "p ( ! :ole3 b ! proportion ( x occupi$ by granite _c at pres5t be asc]ta9$ ) any exactness1 nor w1 till "s m9]alogi/ %all f9d leisure to exam9e ! c\rses ( ! great riv]s1 ! ,dee1 ! ,spey1 c4 :i* trav]se ?is c\ntry4 ,if we call x "o-f\r? ( ! :ole surface1 its ext5t is c]ta9ly n und]rat$1 & w am\nt to #gij squ>e miles ne>ly2 to :i* add+ #aej1 z a v full all[ance = all ! o!r granite conta9$ 9 ,scotl&1 exclusive ( ! isles1 we %all h #idj squ>e miles1 betwe5 a tw5ty-f\r? & tw5ty-fif? "p ( ! surface ( ! :ole4 ,?is computation1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 aims at no?+ precise1 b ,i ?9k x is su*1 t a m accurate survey w\ld r dim9i% ?an increase ! proportion assign$ 9 x to ! granite rock4 #cad4 ,?is result may p]haps fall z mu* %ort ( ,mr ,kirwan's notion1 z x exce$s ! e/imate made by ,dr ,hutton4 ,if x %all n1 & if ! =m] has1 9 ?is in/ance1 come ne>e/ ! tru?1 x _c be ascrib$ to ! accuracy ( 8 in=mation1 or ! s\ndness ( ! pr9ciples :i* direct$ 8 rese>*4 ,mr ,,williams1 :om he quotes1 0 a m9]1 ( great skill & exp]i5ce 9 "s bran*es ( 8 pr(ession1 to :i*1 if he _h conf9$ himself1 he might h writt5 a book full ( useful in=mation4 ,:at he says on ! subject ( granite1 is1 9 ! ma9 ,i believe j2 b x is f> too g5]al to au?orize ! conclusion :i* ,mr ,kirwan d]ives f x4 ,dr ,a%1 = ^: judgm5t ,i h great respect1 _c1 ,i ?9k1 h meant1 :5 he us$ ! expression granitic rocks1 to describe granite /rictly s call$4 ,he says1 9 ! passage quot$ by ,mr ,kirwan1 t f ,gall[ay1 ,dumfries1 & ,b]wick1 !re is a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 commonly s*i/ose1 b (t5 also granitic4 ,n[1 ! fact is1 t ! great belt ( prim>y rock1 "h allud$ to1 :i* trav]ses ! s\? ( ,scotl&1 consi/s ( v]tical s*i/us ( v>i\s k9ds2 b except 9 ,gall[ay1 & aga9 9 ,lamm]muir1 ne> ,prie/law1 x appe>s1 z already m5tion$1 to conta9 no granite :atsoev]4 ,if ! ,g]man m9]alogi/ quot$ by ,mr ,kirwan1 :5 he says t ! ,grampian m\nta9s consi/ ( micace\s lime/one1 gneiss1 porphyry1 argillite1 & granite1 alt]nat+ ) "o ano!r1 means only to affirm t all ^! /ones are f\nd 9 ! ,grampians1 he is c]ta9ly 9 ! "r1 & ! catalogue might easily be enl>g$2 b1 if he ei!r means to say1 t ^! are ne>ly 9 equal abundance1 or t ! granite is commonly f\nd 9 /rata alt]nat+ ) o!r /rata1 ,i mu/ say1 t ^! are propositions q contr>y to any ?+ ,i h ev] se5 or he>d ( ^? m\nta9s4 ,b x is probable t ?is is n meant1 & t ! fault lies 9 und]/&+ ! expressions mu* too lit]ally4 ,mr ,kirwan accuses ,dr ,hutton ( n kn[+ :]e to look = ! granite2 n aw>e ( h[ mu*1 not)/&+ any error committ$ 9 ! pres5t e/imate1 he 0 skill$ 9 ! art ( m9]alogical obs]vation2 an art1 :i* ^? :o h n practis$ d n always "k h[ to appreciate4 ,b1 h[ev] imp]fect ,mr ,kirwan's k ( ?is subject has be51 he has "h _h ! good =tune to correct a m9]alogi/ ( v sup]ior in=mation4 ,! m]e disposition to oppose is n always )\t its use3 no man is 9 e ?+ free f error1 &1 to controv]t indiscrim9ately all ! op9ions ( any individual1 is an infallible secret = be+ sometimes 9 ! "r4 ,,note ,,xvi4 #ajj4 ,riv]s & ,lakes4 #cae4 ,riv]s are ! causes ( wa/e mo/ visible to u1 & mo/ obvi\sly capable ( produc+ great effects4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 9 ! greate/ riv]s1 t ! p[] to *ange & we> ! surface ( ! l& is mo/ cle>ly se54 ,x is at ! heads ( riv]s1 & 9 ! fe$]s ( ! l>g] /reams1 :]e !y desc5d ov] ! mo/ rapid slope1 & are mo/ subject to irregul> or tempor>y increase & dim9ution1 t ! causes :i* t5d to pres]ve1 & ^? t t5d to *ange ! =m ( ! e>?'s surface1 are f>!/ f balanc+ "o ano!r1 & :]e1 aft] e season1 almo/ aft] e flood1 we p]ceive "s *ange produc$1 = :i* no comp5sation c be made1 & some?+ remov$ :i* is nev] to be replac$4 ,:5 we trace up riv]s & _! bran*es t[>d _! s\rce1 we come at la/ to rivulets1 t run only 9 "t ( ra91 & t are dry1 at o!r seasons4 ,x is !re1 says ,dr ,hutton1 t ,i w\ld wi% to c>ry my read]1 t he may be conv9c$1 by 8 own obs]vation1 ( ?is great2 fact1 t ! riv]s h1 9 g5]al1 holl[$ out _! valleys4 ,! *anges ( ! valley ( ! ma9 riv] are b sl[2 ! pla9 inde$ is wa/$ 9 "o place1 b is repair$ 9 ano!r1 & we d n p]ceive ! place f :5ce ! repair+ matt] has proce$$4 ,t :i* ! spectator sees "h1 does n !re=e imm$iately sugge/ to him :at has be5 ! /ate ( ?+s be=e ! valley 0 holl[$ out4 ,b x is o!rwise 9 ! valley ( ! rivulet2 no p]son c exam9e x )\t see+1 t ! rivulet c>ries away matt] :i* _c be repair$1 except by we>+ away "s "p ( ! surface ( ! place ^u :i* ! ra9 t =ms ! /ream is ga!r$4 ,! rema9s ( a =m] /ate are "h visible2 & we c1 )\t any long *a9 ( reason+1 comp>e :at has be5 ) :at is at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,x requires b little /udy to replace ! p>ts remov$1 & to see nature at "w1 resolv+ ! mo/ h>d & solid masses1 by ! cont9u$ influ5ces ( ! sun & atmosph]e4#afa ,we see ! beg9n+ ( t long j\rney1 by :i* heavy bodies travel f ! summit ( ! l& to ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & we rema9 conv9c$1 t1 on our cont95ts1 !re is no spot on :i* a riv] may n =m]ly h run4#afb ,footnote #afa3 ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 vol4 ii4 #bid4 ,footnote #afb3 ,ibid4 p4 #bif4 #caf4 ,! view ?us af=d$ ( ! op]ations1 9 _! nasc5t /ate1 :i* h %ap$ out & fa%ion$ ! pres5t surface ( ! l&1 is necess>y to prep>e u = foll[+ !m to ! utmo/ ext5t ( _! effects4 ,f ^! effects1 ! tru? ( ! proposition1 t riv]s h cut & =m$1 n ! b$s only1 b ! :ole ( ! valleys1 or r sy/em ( valleys1 ?r\gh :i* !y fl[1 is demon/rat$ on a pr9ciple :i* has a close aff9ity to t on :i* *ances are usually calculat$1 #ii4 ,9 ord] to conceive rightly ! c\rse ( a great riv]1 & ! communication subsi/+ betwe5 ! ma9 trunk & its remote/ bran*es1 let u take ! in/ance ( ! ,danube & ca/ our eyes on "o ( ! maps con/ruct$ by ,,m>sigli1 = illu/rat+ ! natural hi/ory ( t great riv]4#afc ,:5 x is consid]$1 t ov] all ! va/ & unev5 surface1 :i* rea*es f ! ,alps to ! ,eux9e1 & f ! m\nta9s ( ,crapack to ^? ( ,hmus1 a regul> communication is kept up betwe5 e po9t & ! l9e ( greate/ depression1 9 :i* ! riv] fl[s1 no "o c hesitate to ackn[l$ge1 t x is ! ag5cy ( ! wat]s alone :i* has op5$ !m a free passage ?r\gh all ! intricacies ( ?is amaz+ labyr9?4 ,9 effect1 suppose ?is communication to be int]rupt$1 & t "s sudd5 op]ation ( nature 7 to erect a b>ri] ( m\nta9s to oppose ! ,!ise or ! ,drave1 z !y roll$ _! wat]s to ! ,danube4 ,f ?is :at c\ld possibly result1 b ! damm+ up ( ^? riv]s till _! wat]s 7 deep1 or high en\gh to f9d a v5t1 ei!r "u ! bases or ov] ! tops ( ! oppos+ ridge4 ,?us !re w\ld be =m$ imm5se lakes & imm5se cat>acts1 :i*1 by fill+ up :at 0 too l[1 & cutt+ d[n :at 0 too high1 w\ld 9 "t re/ore su* a uni=m declivity ( surface z _h be=e prevail$4 ,j s 9 ! times t are pa/1 :atev] may h be5 ! irregul>ities ( ! surface at its fir/ em]g+ f ! sea1 or :atev] irregul>ities may h be5 produc$ 9 x by subsequ5t convulsions1 ! sl[ action ( ! /reams w\ld n fail 9 "t to create or r5ew a sy/em ( valleys communicat+ ) "o ano!r1 l t :i* we at pres5t behold4 ,wat]1 9 all circum/ances1 w\ld f9d its way to ! l[e/ po9t2 ?\gh1 :]e ! surface 0 q irregul>1 x w\ld n d s till aft] be+ damm$ up 9 a ?\s& lakes1 or da%$ 9 cat>acts ov] a ?\s& precipices4 ,:]e nei!r ( ^! is ! case2 & :]e ! lake & ! cat>act are comp>atively r>e ph5om5a2 !re we p]ceive t con/itution ( a surface1 :i* wat] alone1 ( all physical ag5ts1 has a t5d5cy to produce2 & we mu/ conclude1 t ! probability ( su* a con/itution hav+ aris5 f ano!r cause1 is1 to ! probability ( its hav+ aris5 f ! runn+ ( wat]1 9 su* a proportion z unity be>s to a numb] inf9itely great4 ,footnote #afc3 ,hi/oire du ,danube1 tom4 i4 tab4 #cd4 #cag4 ,! c\rses ( _m riv]s reta9 m>ks t !y once consi/$ ( a s]ies ( lakes1 :i* h be5 conv]t$ into dry gr\nd1 by ! tw(old op]ation ( fill+ up ! bottoms1 & deep5+ ! outlets4 ,?is happ5s1 especially1 :5 successive t]races ( gravelly & flat l& are f\nd on ! banks ( a riv]1 #ajj4 ,su* plat=ms1 or haughs z !y are call$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 are always pro(s ( ! wa/e & detritus produc$ by ! riv]1 & ( ! diff]5t levels on :i* x has run2 b !y sometimes lead u f>!r1 & make x c]ta91 t ! great mass ( gravel :i* =ms ! successive t]races on ea* side ( ! riv]1 0 deposit$ 9 ! bas9 ( a lake4 ,if1 f ! level ( ! highe/ t]race1 d[n to ! pres5t b$ ( ! riv]1 all is alluvial1 & =m$ ( s& & gravel1 x is !n evid5t1 t ! space z l[ z ! riv] n[ runs mu/ h be5 once occupi$ by wat]2 at ! same "t1 x is de>1 t wat] mu/ h /ood1 or fl[$ z high at lea/1 z ! upp]mo/ surface ( ! mead[4 ,x is impossible to reconcile ^! two facts1 :i* are bo? und5iable1 b by suppos+ a lake1 or body ( /agnant wat]1 to h "h occupi$ a great holl[1 7:i* by u mu/ be held z "o ( ! orig9al inequalities ( ! globe1 because we c trace x no f>!r back17 & t ?is holl[1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 has be5 fill$ up by ! gravel & alluvial e>? br\ght d[n by ! riv]1 :i* is n[ cutt+ its *annel ?r\gh mat]ials ( its own deposit+4 ,!re is no great riv] t does n af=d in/ances ( ?is1 bo? 9 ! hilly "p ( its c\rse1 & :]e x desc5ds fir/ f !nce into ! pla94 ,7 !re room "h = ! m9ut] details ( topographical description1 ?is might be illu/rat$ by innum]able examples4 #cah4 ,x is said above1 t ! wat] mu/ h run or /ood1 9 =m] times1 z l[ z ! pres5t bottom ( ! riv]2 b !re is (t5 cle> evid5ce1 t x has run or /ood mu* l[]1 because ! alluvial l& rea*es f> bel[ ! pres5t level ( ! riv]4 ,?is is kn[n to hold 9 v _m in/ances1 :]e x has happ5$ t pits h be5 sunk to consid]able dep?s on ! banks ( l>ge riv]s4 ,by t means1 ! dep? ( ! alluvial gr\nd1 "u ! pres5t b$ ( ! riv]1 has be5 discov]$ to be great2 & f ?is arises ! difficulty1 s g5]ally exp]i5c$1 ( f9d+ good f\ndations = bridges t are built ov] riv]s 9 l>ge valleys1 or op5 pla9s1 ! gr\nd be+ compos$ ( travell$ mat]ials to an unkn[n dep?1 )\t any ?+ l ! native or solid /rata4 ,9 su* cases1 x is evid5t1 t =m]ly ! wat] mu/ h be5 mu* l[]1 z well z mu* high]1 ?an its pres5t level1 & ?is is only consi/5t ) ! notion1 t ! place 0 once occupi$ by a deep lake4 #cai4 ,if1 foll[+ ! light d]iv$ f ^! indications1 we g back to ! "t :5 ! riv] ran above ! highe/ ( ^? levels at :i* x has left any traces ( its op]ations1 we %all see x compos$ ( a s]ies ( lakes & cat>acts1 f :i*1 by ! fill+ up ( ! "o1 & ! we>+ d[n ( ! o!r1 ! wat]s h at l5g? work$ out to !mselves a quiet & un9t]rupt$ passage to ! ocean4 ,we may1 inde$1 on good evid5ce1 g back /ill f>!r ?an ! succession ( su* mead[s or t]races1 z are above m5tion$1 w c>ry u1 & may consid] ! :ole valley1 or tr\gh ( ! riv]1 z produc$ by its own op]ations4 ,! orig9al inequalities ( ! surface1 & ! disposition ( ! /rata1 mu/ no d\bt h det]m9$ ! wat] c\rses at fir/2 b ?is does n h9d] u f consid]+ ! riv]s z hav+ modifi$ & *ang$ ^? inequalities1 & z ! proximate causes ( ! %ape & configuration :i* ! surface has n[ assum$4 #cbj4 ,f ?is gradual *ange ( lakes into riv]s1 x foll[s1 t a lake is b a tempor>y & accid5tal condition ( a riv]1 :i* is e day approa*+ to its t]m9ation2 & ! tru? ( ?is is atte/$1 n only by ! lakes t h exi/$1 b also by ^? t cont9ue to exi/4 ,:]e any consid]able /ream ent]s a lake1 a flat mead[ is usually obs]v$ increas+ f ye> to ye>4 ,! soil ( ?is mead[ is dispos$ 9 horizontal /rata3 ! mead[ is t]m9at$ by a m>%2 :i* m>% is acquir+ solidity1 & is soon to be conv]t$ into a mead[1 z ! mead[ w be into an arable field4 ,all ?is :ile ! s$im5t ( ! riv] makes its way sl[ly into ! lake1 =m+ a m\nd or bank "u ! surface ( ! wat]1 ) a pretty rapid slope t[>d ! lake4 ,?is m\nd increases by ! addition ( new e>?1 s&1 & gravel1 p\r$ 9 ov] ! slope2 & ?us ! progress ( fill+ up cont9ually advances4 #cba4 ,9 small lakes1 ?is progress may easily be trac$2 & w be f\nd s+ul>ly conspicu\s 9 t beautiful assemblage ( lakes1 :i* s highly adorns ! m\nta9 sc5]y ( ,we/morel& & ,cumb]l&4 ,among ^! a great numb] ( in/ances appe>1 9 :i* lakes are ei!r p>tially fill$ up1 or h entirely disappe>$4 ,9 ! ,lake ( ,keswick1 we n only discov] ! m>ks ( fill+ up at ! upp] end1 :i* ext5d f> into ,borr[dale1 f :i* valley a small riv] fl[s into ! lake2 b we h ! cle>e/ pro(1 t ?is lake 0 once unit$ to t ( ,bass5?waite1 & occupi$ ! :ole valley f ,borr[dale to ,ouse-,bridge4 ,^! two lakes are at pres5t jo9$ only by a /ream1 :i* runs f ! =m] into ! latt]1 & _! cont9uity is int]rupt$ by a consid]able piece ( alluvial l&1 compos$ ( b$s ( e>? & gravel1 )\t rock1 or any appe>ance ( ! native /rata4 ,?is sep>ation1 !re=e1 seems no o!r ?an a b>1 =m$ by ! influx ( two riv]s1 t ent] ! valley "h f opposite sides1 ! ,greata f ! ea/1 & ,newl&'s wat] f ! we/4 ,! surface ( ?is mead[ is at pres5t twelve or fifte5 feet at lea/ above ! level ( ei!r lake & a quantity ( wat] ( t dep? mu/ !re=e h be5 drawn (f by ! deep5+ ( ! issue at ,ouse-,bridge1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ( bo? lakes passes1 9 its way to ! ocean4 ,_m m examples1 simil> to ?is1 may be collect$ f ! same lakes2 !re are inde$ few places f :i*1 9 ?is bran* ( geology1 m in=mation may be collect$4 #cbb4 ,! l>g] lakes exemplify ! same progress4 ,:]e ! ,rhone ent]s ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ! bea* has be5 obs]v$ to receive an annual increase2 & ! ,portus ,valesi1 n[ ,port ,valais1 :i* is at pres5t half a league f ! lake1 0 =m]ly close ^u its bank4 ,inde$1 ! s$im5ts ( ! ,rhone appe> cle>ly to h =m$ ! valley ?r\gh :i* x runs1 to a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree leagues at lea/ f ! place :]e ! riv] n[ dis*>ges itself into ! lake4 ,! gr\nd !re is p]fectly horizontal1 compos$ ( s& & mud1 little rais$ above ! level ( ! riv]1 & full ( m>%es4 ,! deposition made by ! ,rhone aft] x ent]s ! lake1 is visible to ! eye2 & may be se5 fall+ d[n 9 cl\ds to ! bottom4 ,! great lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica are und]go+ ! same *anges1 &1 x w\ld seem1 ev5 ) m rapidity4 ,z ! riv]s1 h[ev]1 :i* supply ^! va/ res]voirs1 are none ( !m v great1 ! fill+ up is mu* less rem>kable ?an ! dra9+ (f ( ! wat]1 by ! deep5+ ( ! outlet4 ,an intellig5t travell] has rem>k$1 t 9 ,lake ,sup]ior itself ! dim9ution ( ! wat]s is app>5t1 & t m>ks c be discov]$ on ! rocks1 ( ! surface hav+ be5 six feet high] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,9 ! small] lakes ?is dim9ution is /ill m evid5t4#afd ,9 "s ( ^? f> inl&1 ! gr\nd all r\nd appe>$ to ! same travell] to be ! deposit f ! riv]s1 ( :i* ! lakes !mselves may be consid]$ z a m]e expansion4#afe ,footnote #afd3 ,mack5zie's ,voyages ?r\gh ! ,cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ! ,froz5 & ,pacific ,oceans1 p4 xlii4 & xxxvi4 ,footnote #afe3 ,ibid4 p4 #abb4 #cbc4 ,9 ord] to give uni=m declivities to ! riv]s1 ! lakes mu/ n only be fill$ up or dra9$1 b ! cat>act1 :]ev] !re is "o1 mu/ be worn away4 ,! latt] is an op]ation 9 all cases visible4 ,! /ream1 z x precipitates itself ov] ! rocks1 hurries along ) x1 n only s& & gravel1 b occasionally l>ge /ones1 :i* gr9d & we> d[n ! rock ) a =ce proportion$ to _! magnitude & accel]ation4 ,! smoo? surface ( ! rocks 9 all wat]falls1 _! r\nd$ surface1 & curi\s excavations1 are ! mo/ satisfactory pro(s ( ! con/ant attrition :i* !y endure2 &1 :]e ! rocks are deeply int]sect$1 ^! m>ks (t5 rea* to a great height above ! level on :i* ! wat] n[ fl[s4 ,! ph5om5a1 9 su* in/ances1 are among ! argum5ts be/ calculat$ to remove all incr$ulity respect+ ! wa/e :i* riv]s h produc$1 & are cont9u+ to produce4 ,!y suff] no d\bt to rema91 t ! height & asp]ity ( e wat]fall are cont9ually dim9i%+2 t innum]able cat>acts are entirely oblit]at$2 t ^? :i* rema9 are v]g+ t[>d ! same end1 & t ! ,falls ( ,montmor5ci & ,niag>a mu/ ultimately disappe>4 #cbd4 ,?\gh !re c be no d\bt ( ! ju/ness ( ! prec$+ conclusions1 :5 appli$ to lakes 9 g5]al1 "s app>5t exceptions occur1 9 :i* ! progress ( dra9+ & fill+ up seems to h be5 susp5d$1 or ev5 to h gone 9 a contr>y direction4 ,^! exceptions consi/ ( ! lakes :i* appe> to h receiv$ a great] quantity ( mat]ials ?an 0 suffici5t to h fill$ !m up4 ,su*1 = example1 is ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 :i* receives ! ,rhone desc5d+ f ! ,valais1 "o ( ! deepe/ & longe/ valleys on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,n[1 if ?is valley1 or ev5 a l>ge proportion ( x1 _h be5 excavat$ by ! ,rhone itself1 z our !ory leads u to suppose1 ! lake ought to h be5 entirely fill$ up1 because ! mat]ials br\ght d[n by ! riv] seem to be mu* great] ?an ! lake1 on any reasonable supposition conc]n+ its orig9al magnitude1 c possibly h receiv$4 ,:at1 !n1 x may be said1 has become ( all t ! ,rhone has br\ght d[n & deposit$ 9 x8 ,! lake1 at ?is mom5t1 reta9s1 9 "s places1 ! dep? ( m ?an #ajjj feet2 & yet1 ( all t ! ,rhone c>ries into x1 no?+ b ! pure wat] issues4 ,if x has be5 cont9u+ to dim9i%1 bo? 9 sup]ficial ext5t & 9 dep?1 f ! "t :5 ! ,rhone began to run into x1 :at mu/ h be5 its orig9al dim5sions8 ,i _c pret5d to remove entirely ! difficulty :i* is "h /at$2 yet ,i ?9k ! foll[+ rem>ks may g "s l5g? 9 do+ s4 #cbe4 ,x is c]ta91 t f ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 & ( ! gr\nd r\nd x1 we c h>dly draw any inf]5ce z to its orig9al dim5sions4 ,saussure has trac$1 ) 8 usual skill1 ! m>ks ( ! c\rse ( ! ,rhone1 on a level greatly above ! pres5t2 &1 by obs]vations on ! side ( ,mont ,saleve1 has f\nd pro(s ( ! runn+ ( wat]1 at lea/ #bjj toises above ! pres5t sup]ficies ( ! lake4 ,b1 if ev] ! sup]ficies ( ! lake /ood at ?is height1 or at ?is height ne>ly1 ?\gh we c conjecture b little conc]n+ ! /ate ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 :i* no d\bt 0 also on a high] level1 ! lake may v well be suppos$ to h be5 ( f> great] dim5sions ?an x is n[4 ,x may h occupi$ ! :ole space f ,jura to ,saleve1 & includ$ ! ,lake ( ,neuf*tel2 s t x may h be5 ( magnitude suffici5t to receive ! spoils ( ! ,valais1 :i*1 z ! surface ( its wat]s l[]$1 may h be5 wa%$ away & c>ri$ d[n to ! sea4 ,?us x may h af=d$ a tempor>y receptacle = ! debris ( ! ,alps1 & may h s]v$ = an entrepot1 z x 71 :]e ^? debris 7 deposit$1 be=e !y 7 c>ri$ to ! place ( _! ultimate de/9ation4 #cbf4 ,b ! great dep? :i* ! lake has at pres5t1 /ill rema9s to be expla9$1 because no mud or gravel c\ld be c>ri$ beyond ! gulf1 ( a ?\s& feet deep1 :i* 0 "h ready to receive x4 ,! reality ( ?is difficulty mu/ be ackn[l$g$2 & "s cause seems to act1 if n 9 ! g5]ation1 yet c]ta9ly 9 ! pres]vation ( lakes1 ) :i* we are b little acqua9t$ ,we c inde$ imag9e "s causes ( t k9d to occur 9 ! c\rse ( ! degradation ( ! l&1 :i* may produce new lakes1 or increase ! dim5sions ( ! old4 ,! we>+ away ( a /ratum1 or body ( /rata1 may lay b>e1 & r5d] accessible to ! wat]1 "s b$s ( m9]al sub/ances soluble 9 t fluid4 ,! di/rict1 = in/ance1 9 ,*e%ire1 :i* conta9s rock-salt1 ext5ds ov] a tract ( f\rte5 or fifte5 miles1 & is cov]$ by a ?ick /ratum ( clay1 m or less indurat$1 :i* def5ds ! salt f ! wat] at ! surface1 & pres]ves ! :ole mass 9 a /ate ( dryness4 ,%\ld ?is cov]+ be broke op5 by any natural convulsion1 or %\ld x be worn away1 z x mu/ be 9 ! progress ( ! g5]al detritus1 ! wat] w\ld ga9 admission to ! sal9e /rata1 w\ld gradually dissolve !m1 & =m ( c\rse a v deep & ext5sive lake1 :]e all 0 be=e dry l&4 ,?is ev5t is n only possible1 b x %\ld seem1 t 9 ! c\rse ( ?+s x mu/ necess>ily happ54 #cbg4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d may h tak5 place 9 ! track ( ! ,rhone1 & may h produc$ ! ,leman ,lake4 ,x is n impossible1 t1 at a v remote p]iod1 ! ,rhone desc5d$ f ! ,alps )\t =m+ any lake1 or at lea/ any lake ( :i* ! rema9s are n[ exi/+2 & ?is supposition1 :i* is m probable ?an t ( #cbe1 we %all soon f9d to be con=mable to appe>ances ( ano!r k9d4 ,! riv] may h wore away ! second>y lime/one /rata ov] :i* x took its c\rse aft] x left ! s*i/us ( ! m\nta9s2 &1 9 do+ s1 may h rea*$ "s /ratum ( a sal9e nature1 & ?is be+ wa%$ out1 may h left beh9d x a lake1 :i* is b mod]n comp>$ ) _m ( ! revolutions t h happ5$ on ! surface ( ! e>?4#aff ,footnote #aff3 ,!re are salt spr+s at ,bex1 ne> ,aigle1 ab\t t5 miles f ! head ( ! lake3 sal9e /rata1 !re=e1 are probably at no great di/ance4 ,?is explanation is no d\bt hypo!tical2 b x is propos$ 9 "o ( ^? cases1 9 :i* hypo!tical reason+s are w>rant$ by ! /ricte/ rules ( philosophical inve/igation4 ,x is propos$ 9 a case1 :]e ! causes visible to man seem inadequate to ! effect1 & :]e we mu/ !re=e h rec\rse to an ag5t t is invisible4 ,if ! op]ations ascrib$ to ?is ag5t are con=mable to ! analogy ( nature1 x is all t c 9 reason be requir$4 #cbh4 ,ano!r circum/ance may also influ5ce ! g5]ation & pres]vation ( lakes2 b x is also "o ) :i* we are b little acqua9t$4 ,! /rata1 & inde$ ! :ole body ( m9]al sub/ances :i* =ms ! basis ( our l&1 h be5 rais$ up f ! bottom ( ! sea1 by a progress t %\ld seem 9 g5]al to h be5 gradual & sl[4 ,appe>ances1 h[ev]1 are n want+1 :i* %[1 t ?is progress is n uni=m2 & t bo? ris+ & s9k+ 9 ! surface ( ! l&1 or 9 ! rocks :i* are ! base ( x1 h happ5$ )9 a p]iod ( "t1 :i* is by no means ( great ext5t4 ,9 ?is progress1 ! elevations & depressions may n be ! same = e spot4 ,!y may be p>tial1 & "o "p ( a /ratum1 or body ( /rata1 may rise to a great] height1 or be m depress$1 ?an ano!r4 ,x is n impossible1 t ?is process may affect ! dep? ( lakes1 & *ange ! relative level ( _! sides & bottom4 #cbi4 ,all lakes1 h[ev]1 d n involve ! difficulty :i* ! prec$+ conjectures are int5d$ to remove4 ,! great lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica d n1 = in/ance1 receive _! supply f v l>ge riv]s4 ,( c\rse1 x is n f a tract great 9 comp>ison ( !mselves1 t ! wa/e & detritus is br\ght d[n into !m2 & x seems n at all wond]ful1 t1 )\t be+ fill$ up1 !y h be5 able to receive x4 ,! same1 9 a degree at lea/1 is true ( _m o!r lakes4 ,x %\ld also be consid]$1 t we may err greatly 9 ! e/imate we make ( ! mat]ials actually c>ri$ d[n & deposit$ 9 any lake4 ,to judge ( _! entire am\nt1 we %\ld "k ! orig9al =m ( ! inequalities on ! e>?'s surface2 ( ! quantity ( depression :i* exi/$1 indep5d5tly ( ! riv]s2 & ?\gh1 9 g5]al1 ^! orig9al inequalities may be ov]look$1 & ! pres5t consid]$ z made by ! runn+ ( wat]1 yet1 9 p>ticul> in/ances1 ?is may be f> f true4 ,! ,valais1 = example1 :i* we consid] z ! "w ( ! ,rhone1 may1 :5 ! ,alps rose out ( ! sea1 h includ$ _m depressions ( ! surface1 :i* ! riv] jo9$ toge!r1 &1 f be+ a s]ies ( lakes1 =m$ into "o great valley4 99 99 99 99 99 #ccj4 ,! m\?s by :i* riv]s on bold rocky coa/s dis*>ge _! wat]s into ! sea1 af=d a v /rik+ confirmation ( ! conclusions conc]n+ ! g5]al sy/em ( wa/e & degradation :i* h be5 drawn above4 ,at ^! m\?s we usually see1 n only ! b$ ( ! riv]1 b frequ5tly a consid]able valley1 cut out ( ! solid rock1 :ile t rock pres]ves its elevation1 & its precipit\s aspect1 :]ev] x is n int]sect$ by a run ( wat]4 ,no convulsion t c h torn asund] ! rocks2 no brea* t c h be5 made 9 !m1 antec$5t to ! runn+ ( ! wat]s1 w acc\nt = ! circum/ance ( e riv] f9d+ a correspond+ op5+1 by :i* x makes its way to ! sea2 = t op5+ be+ s ne>ly proportional to ! magnitude ( ! riv]1 & = su* brea*es nev] occurr+ b :]e /reams ( wat] are f\nd4 #cca4 ,! actual survey ( any bold & rocky coa/1 w make ?is cle>] ?an any g5]al /atem5t c possibly d4 ,let u take1 = an example1 ! coa/ ( ! ,briti% ,*annel1 f ,torbay to ! ,l&'s ,end1 :i* is fac$ by a cont9u$ ramp>t ( high cliffs1 =m$ ( mu* indurat$ & primeval rock4 ,if we consid] ! brea*es 9 ?is ramp>t1 at ! m\?s ( ! ,d>t1 ( ! ,plym & ,tam]1 ( ! riv] at ,f[ey1 ( ! ,fal1 ! ,hel1 c4 x w appe> p]fectly cle>1 t !y h be5 produc$ by _! respective /reams4 ,:]e !re is no /ream1 !re is no brea* 9 ! rock1 no s(t5+ 9 ! bold & /]n aspect :i* ?is %ore e :]e pres5ts to ! ocean4 ,if we look at ! small] /reams1 we f9d !m work+ _! way ?r\gh ! cliffs at ! pres5t mom5t2 & we see ! /eps by :i* ! l>g] valleys ( ! ,d>t & ! ,tam] h be5 cut d[n to ! level ( ! sea4 ,if we w\ld h /ill cle>] evid5ce1 t no brea*es made antec$5tly to ! runn+ ( ! riv]s h op5$ a way = !m1 we ne$ only look to ! opposite side1 or nor!rn %ore1 ( ! same promontory1 :]e we also f9d a s]ies ( outlets1 all orig9at+ 9 ! ridge ( ! c\ntry1 & becom+ deep] z !y approa* ! sea1 b altoge!r unconnect$ ) ! op5+s on ! s\? side2 & ?is c\ld h>dly h be5 ! case1 _h !y be5 ! effects ( previ\s concussions1 or ( any peculi>ity 9 ! orig9al /ructure ( ! rocks4 #ccb4 ,9 contemplat+ su* coa/s z ^!1 :5 we g back to ! "t :5 ! riv]s ran ^u a level z high z ! highe/ ( ! cliffs on ! sea %ore1 we mu/ suppose1 t ! l& !n ext5d$ _m miles f>!r into :at is n[ occupi$ by ! sea4 ,:5 at ,plym\?1 = in/ance1 ! ,tam] & ! ,plym fl[$ on ! level ( ,m\nt ,edgecombe or ( ,/at5 ,heights1 if ! riv]s ran ) a mod]ate declivity into ! sea1 ! coa/ mu/ h advanc$ _m miles beyond its pres5t l9e4 ,?us ! l&1 :5 high]1 0 also m ext5d$1 & ! limits ( our isl& 9 t anci5t /ate1 7 d\btless v diff]5t f ^! by :i* x is at pres5t circumscrib$4 ,if ) ! same views we consid] any o!r ( ! bold coa/s :i* ! map ( ! _w pres5ts u )1 we %all quickly rem>k1 t :]ev] a deep int]section ( ! sea is made into ! l&1 z on ! we/]n %ores ( our own isl&1 or on ^? ( ,norway1 a riv] runs 9 at ! head ( x1 & po9ts out by :at means su* inlets are =m$1 viz4 by ! unit$ p[]s ( ! sea & ( ! l&1 ! wat]s ( ! latt] hav+ op5$ ! way by :i* ^? ( ! =m] h p5etrat$ s f> into ! c\ntry4 #ccc4 ,x is n meant assur$ly to d5y ! irregul>ities ( ! sea coa/1 z x may h orig9ally exi/$2 ^! irregul>ities no d\bt det]m9$ ! initial op]ations ( t wa/e & decay1 by :i*1 9 process ( "t1 !y 7 !mselves entirely effac$4 ,! l9e ( our coa/s may be comp>$ to "o ( ^? curves1 :i* are sometimes treat$ ( 9 ! high] geometry1 :]e ! ord9ates are functions1 n only (1 _! absciss1 b also ( ! "t elaps$ s9ce a c]ta9 epo*a4 ,! =m ( ! curve at t epo*a1 or :5 ! "t began to fl[1 corresponds to ! orig9al =m ( ! sea coa/1 on its em]g+ f ! ocean1 & be=e ! p[]s ( wa/+ & decay _h begun to act ^u x4 ,to speak /rictly1 ! orig9al figure1 9 bo? cases1 influ5ces all ! subsequ5t2 b ! f>!r remov$ f x 9 po9t ( "t1 ! less is t influ5ce2 s t1 9 physical que/ions1 & = ! purpose ( su* approximations z suit ! imp]fection ( our k1 ! consid]ation ( ! orig9al figure may be :olly left out4 ,,note ,,xvii4 #aje4 ,rema9s ( ,decompos$ ,rocks4 #ccd4 ,,! pla9 ( ,crau 0 ! ,campus ,lapideus ( ! anci5ts2 &1 z my?ology always seeks to connect itself ) ! extraord9>y facts 9 natural hi/ory1 x 0 said to be ! spot :]e ,h]cules1 fight+ ) ! sons ( ,neptune1 & be+ 9 want ( weapons1 0 suppli$ f heav5 by a %[] ( /ones3 h5ce x 0 call$ ,campus ,h]culeus4 ,?is pla9 is on ! ea/ side ( ! ,rhone1 betwe5 ,salon & ,aries3 x is ( a triangul> =m1 ab\t tw5ty squ>e leagues 9 ext5t1 & is cov]$ almo/ entirely ) qu>tzy gravel4 ,?is imm5se collection ( gravel has be5 suppos$ by "s to h be5 br\ght d[n by ! ,durance f ! ,alps ( ,dauph9e2 by o!rs x has be5 ascrib$ to ! ,rhone2 & by _m to ! sea1 z be+ a "w too great = any riv]4 ,! explanation m5tion$ above1 #aje1 namely1 t ! loose gravel on ! pla9 arises f ! decomposition ( a great /ratum ( pudd+-/one1 :i* is ! basis ( ! :ole1 is ! op9ion ( ,saussure1 & is f\nd$ on 8 own obs]vations4#afg ,footnote #afg3 ,see ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iii4 #aeib et #aeig4 ,see also on ?is subject a ,memoir by ,lamanon1 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 tom4 xxii4 p4 #dgg2 & ano!r by ,m4 ,de ,s]vi]es1 ibid4 p4 #bgj4 #cce4 ,! !ories t h be5 contriv$ = expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( ! pla9 ( ,crau1 af=d an in/ance ( ! necessity ( g5]aliz+ our obs]vations be=e we c expla9 a p>ticul> appe>ance3 9 o!r words1 !y prove ! tru? ( ,"l ,bacon's maxim1 ,t ! explanation ( a ph5om5on %\ld n be s\ght = f ! /udy ( t ph5om5on alone1 b f ! comp>ison ( x ) o!rs4 ,"o ( ! !ories ( ?is pla9 is1 t ! breccia1 :i* is ! base ( x1 is =m$ f ! consolidation ( ! loose gravel ( ! pla91 by wat] p]colat+ ?r\gh x1 & c>ry+ "s cem5t+ sub/ance along ) x1 or "s lapidific juice1 z x is call$4 ,& inde$1 :e!r ! gravel is =m$ f ! breccia1 or ! breccia f ! gravel1 is a "q :i* probably c\ld nev] be resolv$ by ! m]e exam9ation ( ! pla9 itself4 ,b ! "q is v soon decid$1 :5 we comp>e :at is obs]v$ "h ) o!r appe>ances 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?'s surface1 & consid] h[ mu* m frequ5t ! decomposition ( solids is1 ?an _! reconsolidation1 9 any place above ! level ( ! sea4 #ccf4 ,! argum5t = ! decomposition ( /ony sub/ances :i* is af=d$ by ! /ate ( ?is s+ul> pla91 may be confirm$ by ! appe>ances obs]v$ 9 _m ext5sive tracts ( l& all ov] ! _w1 & especially 9 "s p>ts ( ,great ,brita94 ,! road to ,exet] f ,taunton ,dean1 betwe5 ! latt] & ,honiton1 passes ov] a l>ge hea? or d[n1 consid]ably elevat$ above ! pla9 ( ,taunton4 ,! rock :i* is ! base ( ?is hea?1 z f> z c be discov]$1 is lime/one1 & ov] ! surface ( x l>ge fl9ts1 9 ! =m ( gravel1 are v ?ickly spread4 ,!re is no high] gr\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood f :i* ?is gravel c be suppos$ to h come1 nor any /ream t c h c>ri$ x1 s t no explanation ( x rema9s1 b t x is =m$ ( ! fl9ts conta9$ 9 b$s ( lime/one1 :i* are n[ worn away4 ,! fl9ts on ! hea? are precisely ( ! k9d f\nd 9 lime/one2 _m ( !m are n mu* worn1 & _c h travell$ f> f ! rock 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally conta9$4 ,x seems c]ta91 !re=e1 t !y are ! debris ( lime/one /rata1 n[ entirely decompos$1 t once lay above ! /rata :i* at pres5t =m ! base ( ?is elevat$ pla91 & probably cov]$ !m to a consid]able height4 ,?is explanation c>ries ! great] probability ) x1 t any o!r way ( acc\nt+ = ! fact 9 "q1 z ! travell+ ( ! gravel f high] gr\nds1 or ! imm]sion ( ! surface "u ! sea1 w imply *anges 9 ! face ( ! c\ntry1 incomp>ably great] ?an are "h suppos$4 ,our hypo!sis seems to give ! m9imum ( all ! k9ds ( *ange t c possibly acc\nt = ! ph5om5on4 #ccg4 ,! same rem>ks may be made on ! high pla9 ( ,blackd[n1 :i* ! road passes ov] 9 go+ f ,exet] to ! we/w>d4 ,! fl9ts !re are dissem9at$ ov] ! surface z ?ickly z 9 ! o!r in/ance1 & c be expla9$ only on ! same supposition4 ,aga91 9 ! int]ior ( ,engl&1 beg9n+ f ab\t ,worce/] & ,birm+ham1 & proce$+ nor?-ea/ ?r\gh ,w>wick%ire1 ,leice/]%ire1 ,nott+ham%ire1 z f> z ! s\? ( ,york%ire1 a p>ticul> species ( highly indurat$ gravel1 =m$ ( granulat$ qu>tz1 is f\nd e :]e 9 great abundance4 ,?is same gravel ext5ds to ! we/ & nor?-we/1 z f> z ,a%burn 9 ,d]by%ire1 & p]haps /ill f>!r to ! nor?4 ,! quantity ( x ab\t ,birm+ham is v rem>kable1 z well z 9 _m o!r places2 & ! ph5om5on is ! m surpris+1 t no rock ( ! same sort is se5 9 its native place4 ,x is su* gravel z might be expect$ 9 a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 9 ,scotl&1 = in/ance1 or 9 ,switz]l&1 b n at all 9 ! f]tile & second>y pla9s ( ,engl&4 ,?is enigma is expla9$1 h[ev]1 :5 x is obs]v$1 t ! basis ( ! :ole tract j describ$ is a r$ s&/one1 (t5 conta9+ 9 x a h>d qu>tzy gravel1 p]fectly simil> to t :i* has j be5 m5tion$4 ,f ! dissolution ( b$s ( ?is s&/one1 :i* =m]ly cov]$ ! pres5t1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is gravel is d]iv$4 ,b1 z ! gravel is 9 g5]al ?9ly disp]s$ ?r\gh ! s&/one1 & ab\nds only 9 "s ( its lay]s1 x %\ld !re=e seem1 t a va/ body ( /rata mu/ h be5 worn away & decompos$1 be=e su* quantities ( gravel z n[ exi/ 9 ! soil c\ld h be5 let loose4 #cch4 ,i h said1 t a rock capable ( af=d+ su* gravel z ?is1 is n to be f\nd 9 ! tract ( c\ntry j m5tion$4 ,?is h[ev]1 is n /rictly true2 = 9 ,worce/]%ire1 betwe5 ,bromesgrove & ,birm+ham1 ab\t sev5 miles f ! latt]1 a rock is f\nd consi/+ ( indurat$ /rata1 greatly elevat$1 & )\t d\bt primitive1 f ! detritus ( :i* su* gravel z we are n[ speak+ ( might be produc$4 ,^! /rata seem to rise up f "u ! second>y1 :]e !y are int]sect$ by ! road2 &1 = z mu* z appe>s1 are n ( great ?ickness1 s t !y _c h af=d$ ! mat]ials ( ?is gravel directly1 ?\gh !y may h done s indirectly1 or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! r$ s&/one2 t is to say1 a prim>y rock ( :i* !y are ! rema9s1 may h af=d$ mat]ials = ! gravel 9 ! s&/one2 & ?is s&/one may 9 its turn h af=d$ ! mat]ials ( ! pres5t soil1 & p>ticul>ly ! gravel conta9$ 9 x4 #cci4 ,pudd+-/ones be+ v liable to decomposition1 h probably1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 af=d$ l>ge proportion ( ! loose gravel n[ f\nd 9 ! soil ,! m\nta9s1 or at lea/ hills1 ( ?is rock1 :i* are f\nd 9 _m places1 prove ! great ext5t ( su* decomposition4 ,m\nt ,rigi1 = in/ance1 on ! side ( ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne1 is entirely ( pudd+-/one1 & is #gdb toises 9 height1 measur$ f ! level ( ! lake4 ,by ! descriptions giv5 ( x1 z well z ( o!r hills ( ! same k9d 9 ,switz]l&1 we may1 )\t due att5tion1 be l$ to suppose t !y are entirely =m$ ( loose gravel4 ,ev5 ,m4 ,saussure's description is *>geable ) ?is fault1 ?\gh1 :5 att5d$ to1 x w be f\nd to conta9 a suffici5t pro(1 t ?is hill is compos$ ( real pudd+-/one4#afh ,! nature ( ! ?+ also1 w\ld be suffici5t to conv9ce u1 t a hill1 m ?an #djjj feet 9 height1 c\ld n consi/ ( loose & unconsolidat$ mat]ials4 ,if1 !n1 we reg>d ,m\nt ,rigi z ! rema9s ( a body ( pudd+-/one /rata1 we mu/ conclude1 t ^! /rata 7 orig9ally m ext5sive1 & ! adjac5t valleys & pla9s w s]ve1 9 "s degree1 to measure ! quantity ( !m :i* "t has de/roy$4 ,footnote #afh3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #aida4 #cdj4 ,if ! !ory ( un/ratifi$ m\nta9s1 namely ^? ( :9/one1 porphyry1 & granite1 be admitt$ z laid d[n above1 x w furni% a measure ( ! de/ruction :i* has tak5 place 9 ! /ratifi$ rocks1 & ( ! va/ depr$ations :i* h be5 made ^u !m s9ce !y 7 rais$ up f ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,l e o!r measure1 h[ev]1 ( wa/+1 by a ?+ t is itself subject to wa/e1 x c only give a m9imum1 or a limit :i* ! quantity wa/$ mu/ necess>ily exce$4 ,! abrupt face ( a :9/one rock mu/ be und]/ood z an evid5ce1 t "s body ( /rata :i* support$ x :5 fluid1 rema9$ 9 contact ) x1 :5 x 0 become solid2 & if ?is "p ( ! m\ld 9 :i* ! :9/one 0 ca/1 has disappe>$1 x mu/ g5]ally be ascrib$ to ! op]ation ( wa/e & decomposition4 ,su* a face1 = in/ance1 z t :i* ,salisbury ,craig pres5ts to ! we/1 viz4 a p]p5dicul> wall ( :9/one1 ab\t n9ety feet high1 rais$ on a body ( s&/one /rata ( ! height ( ab\t #cjj feet1 c h be5 produc$ only by hav+ be5 abutt$ aga9/ "s /ratifi$ rock1 equally abrupt1 & ( ! same elevation ) itself4 ,( ?is rock no "p rema9s4 ,! basaltic rock ( ,ed9burgh ,ca/le is ne>ly 9 ! same /ate4 ,its p]p5dicul> sides on ! s\?1 we/1 & nor?1 are n[ dis5gag$ f ! /rata by :i* !y 7 once encompass$4 #cda4 ,! granite m\nta9s also1 :]e !y are q un/ratifi$1 give rise to ! same conclusion4 ,^? c5tral *a9s :i* we f9d 9 s _m in/ances t[]+ above ! s*i/us :i* cov] _! sides1 h probably be5 once completely envelop$ by ! latt]2 &1 on ?is supposition1 an e/imate may sometimes be =m$ ( ! orig9al height ( su* m\nta9s4 ,9 ^! e/imations1 h[ev]1 "s unc]ta9ty mu/ arise1 f our be+ unable to di/+ui% betwe5 ! effects :i* are to be ascrib$ to ! fracture & dislocation t took place :5 ! comp\nd body ( /ratifi$ & un/ratifi$ rocks 0 rais$ up f ! bottom ( ! sea1 & ! effects produc$ by ! subsequ5t wa/e & decomposition at ! surface4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 we are n always able to sep>ate betwe5 ! orig9al inequalities ( ! surface1 & ^? :i* we>+ has produc$4 #cdb4 ,x w\ld be important to asc]ta9 ! rate at :i* ! elevation ( m\nta9s decreases1 & ?is is :at we may p]haps expect to be accompli%$1 by ! progress ( geological sci5ce1 & ! multiply+ ( accurate obs]vations4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 t ! ,pyr5ees dim9i% ab\t t5 in*es 9 a c5tury2 b :at confid5ce is to be put 9 ?is e/imate1 ,i am unable to det]m9e4#afi ,footnote #afi3 ,essai sur la ,m9]alogie des ,pyr5es1 p4 #hg4 ,a v unequivocal m>k ( ! degradation ( m\nta9s is (t5 to be met ) 9 ! heaps ( loose /ones f\nd on _! tops4 ,^! /ones1 x is obvi\s1 _c h come f any o!r place by natural means1 & !y are accord+ly always %>p & angul>1 & h none ( ! *>act]s ( transport$ rocks4 ,!y are said sometimes to h be5 br\ght by m5's h&s2 b ?is is highly improbable1 _! quantity is (t5 s consid]able1 & ! difficulty ( transportation s great4 ,:]e any purpose 0 to be s]v$ by heap+ !m toge!r1 m5 h avail$ !mselves ( ! /ones t !y f\nd ready prep>$ on ! summit1 & h con/ruct$ f !m cairns1 :i* h s]v$ z signals1 useful 9 _! pa/oral1 & sometimes 9 _! milit>y occupations4 ,,note ,,xviii4 #aab4 ,transportation ( ,/ones1 c4 #cdc4 ,,nature supplies ! means ( trac+ ) consid]able c]ta9ty ! migration ( fossil bodies on ! surface ( ! e>?1 z only ! m indurat$ /ones1 & ^? mo/ /rongly *>act]iz$1 c endure ! accid5ts t mu/ befal !m 9 travell+ to a di/ance f _! native place4 ,x is a fact v g5]ally obs]v$1 t :]e ! valleys among primitive m\nta9s op5 into huge pla9s1 ! gravel ( ^? pla9s consi/s1 ( /ones1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! m\nta9s4 ,! ne>] t any spot is to ! m\nta9s1 ! l>g] are ! gravel /ones1 & ! less r\nd$ is _! figure2 &1 z ! di/ance increases1 ?is gravel1 :i* (t5 =ms a /ratum ne>ly level1 is cov]$ ) a ?ick] b$ ( e>? or vegetable soil4 ,?is progression has p>ticul>ly be5 obs]v$ 9 ! valleys ( ,pimont & ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 :]e a b$ ( gravel =ms ! basis ( ! soil1 f ! foot ( ! ,alps to ! %ores ( ! ,hadriatic4#agj ,we may collect f ,,guett>d1 t a simil> gradation is f\nd 9 ! gravel & e>? :i* cov] ! great pla9 ( ,pol&1 f ,m\nt ,krapack to ! ,baltic4#aga ,! reason ( ?is gradation is evid5t2 ! f>!r ! /ones h travell$1 & ! m rubb+ !y h endur$1 ! small] !y gr[1 ! m regul> is ! figure !y assume1 & ! great] ! quantity ( t f9] detritus :i* con/itutes ! soil4 ,! wa%+ ( ! ra9s & riv]s is "h obvi\s2 & ea* ( ! ?ree quantities j m5tion$1 if n directly proportional to ! di/ance :i* ! /ones h migrat$ f _! native place1 may be said1 9 ! language ( geometry1 to be at lea/ proportional to a c]ta9 function ( t di/ance4 ,footnote #agj3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iii4 #acae4 ,footnote #aga3 ,mm4 ,acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #agfb1 p4 #bcd1 #bic1 c4 #cdd4 ,! imm5se quantity ( caill\x r\ls1 or r\nd$ gravel1 collect$ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( m\nta9\s tracts1 has l$ "s geologi/s to suppose ! exi/5ce ( anci5t curr5ts1 :i* desc5d$ f ! m\nta9s1 9 a quantity1 & ) a mom5tum1 ( :i* !re is no example 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w4 ,?us ,saussure imag9es1 t ! hill ( ,sup]gue1 ne> ,tur91 :i* is =m$ ( gravel1 c only be expla9$ by suppos+ su* curr5ts z are j m5tion$1 or :at he t]ms a debacle1 to h tak5 place at "s =m] p]iod4#agb ,if1 h[ev]1 we ascribe to ! m\nta9s a magnitude & elevation va/ly great] ?an t :i* !y n[ possess2 if we reg>d ! valleys betwe5 !m z cut out by ! riv]s & torr5ts f an imm5se ramp>t ( solid rock1 nei!r mat]ials suffici5tly great1 nor ag5ts suffici5tly p[]ful1 w appe> to be want+1 = collect+ bodies ( gravel & o!r loose mat]ials1 equal to any t are f\nd on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! necessity ( introduc+ a debacle1 or any o!r unkn[n ag5t1 to acc\nt = ! transportation ( fossils1 seems to arise f und]rat+ ! effects ( action long cont9u$1 & n limit$ by su* %ort p]iods z circumscribe ! works1 & ev5 ! obs]vations1 ( m54 ,footnote #agb3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iii4 #acjc4 #cde4 ,! supply ( gravel & caill\x r\ls1 = ! pla9s ext5d$ at ! feet ( primitive m\nta9s1 is d\btless 9 _m cases mu* increas$ by ! pudd+-/one1 int]pos$ betwe5 ! second>y & ! prim>y /rata4 ,! b$s ( pudd+-/one conta9 gravel already =m$ on ! %ores ( cont95ts1 t ceas$ to exi/ be=e ! pres5t 7 produc$2 & ! cem5t ( ?is gravel1 yield+ easily to ! wea!r1 all[s ! /ones includ$ 9 x to be wa%$ d[n by ! torr5ts1 & scatt]$ ov] ! pla9s4 ,i "k n if ! hill ( ,sup]gue above m5tion$1 is n 9 reality a mass ( ! pudd+-/one :i* =ms ! bord] ( ! ,alps1 & ( :i* ! mat]ials h suff]$ no transportation s9ce ! "t ( _! la/ consolidation4 ,?is at lea/ is c]ta91 t ,saussure1 not)/&+ 8 accuracy1 has sometimes conf\nd$ ! loose gravel on ! surface ) t :i* is consolidat$ into rock2 an inaccuracy :i* is to be *>g$1 z ,i h else:]e obs]v$1 r aga9/ 8 sy/em ?an himself4 #cdf4 ,! loose /ones f\nd on ! sides ( hills1 & ! bottoms ( valleys1 :5 trac$ back to _! orig9al place1 po9t out ) demon/rative evid5ce ! great *anges :i* h happ5$ s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( _! j\rney2 & 9 p>ticul> s]ve to %[1 t _m valleys :i* n[ deeply int]sect ! surface1 _h n begun to be cut out :5 ^! /ones 7 fir/ deta*$ f _! native rocks4 ,we "k1 = in/ance1 t /ones "u ! influ5ce ( su* =ces z we are n[ consid]+1 _c h fir/ desc5d$ f "o ridge1 & !n asc5d$ on ! side ( an opposite ridge4 ,b ! granite ( ,mont ,blanc has be5 f\nd1 z m5tion$ above1 on ! sides ( ,jura1 & ev5 on ! side ( x f>!/ f ! ,alps4 ,n[1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! e>?'s surface1 betwe5 ! c5tral *a9 ( ! ,alps1 f :i* ^! pieces ( granite mu/ h come1 & ! ridge ( ,mont ,jura1 besides _m small] valleys1 !re is ! great valley ( ! ,rhone1 f ! bottom ( :i*1 to ! place :]e !y n[ lie1 is a height ( n less ?an #cjjj feet4 ,/ones c\ld n1 by any =ce t we "k (1 be made to asc5d ov] ?is height4 ,we mu/ !re=e suppose1 t :5 !y travell$ f ,mont ,blanc to ,jura1 ?is deep valley did n exi/1 b t su* an uni=m declivity1 z wat] c run on ) rapidity1 ext5d$ f ! "o summit to ! o!r4 ,?is supposition accords well ) :at has be5 already said conc]n+ ! rec5t =mation ( ! ,leman ,lake1 & ( ! pres5t valley ( ! ,rhone4 #cdg4 ,we c d]ive1 9 a matt] ( ?is sort1 b little & f calculation2 yet we may discov] by x1 :e!r our hypo!sis transgresses mat]ially aga9/ ! laws ( probability1 & is inconsi/5t ) physical pr9ciples already e/abli%$4 ,! horizontal di/ance f ,mont ,jura to ! granite m\nta9s1 at ! head ( ! ,arve1 may be acc\nt$ fifty geographic miles4 ,?\gh we suppose ,mont ,blanc1 & ! re/ ( ^? m\nta9s1 to h be5 orig9ally mu* high] ?an !y are at pres5t1 ! ridge ( ,jura mu/ h be5 s likewise2 & ?\gh probably n by an equal quantity1 yet x is ! faire/ way to suppose ! diff]5ce ( _! height to h be5 ne>ly ! same 9 =m] ages t x is at pres5t1 & x may !re=e be tak5 at #aj1jjj feet4 ,! declivity ( a plane f ! top ( ,mont ,jura to ! top ( ,mont ,blanc1 w\ld !re=e be ab\t "o mile & ?ree qu>t]s 9 fifty1 or "o foot 9 ?irty2 an incl9ation mu* great] ?an is necess>y = wat] to run on1 ev5 ) extreme rapidity1 & m ?an suffici5t to enable a riv] or a torr5t to c>ry ) x /ones or fragm5ts ( rock1 almo/ to any di/ance4 ,saussure1 9 relat+ ! fact t pieces ( granite are f\nd among ! high passes ne> ! summits ( ,mont ,jura1 alleges1 t !y are only f\nd 9 spots f :i* ! c5tral *a9 ( ! ,alps may be se54 ,b x %\ld seem t ?is co9cid5ce is accid5tal1 because1 f :atev] cause ! transportation ( ^! blocks has proce$$1 ! =m ( ! m\nta9s1 especially ( ,mont ,jura1 mu/ be too mu* *ang$ to admit ( ! supposition1 t ! places ( x f :i* ,mont ,blanc is n[ visible1 are ! same f :i* t m\nta9 0 visible :5 ^! /ones 7 transport$ hi!r4 ,x may be1 h[ev]1 t ! passes :i* n[ exi/ 9 ,mont ,jura are ! rema9s ( valleys or b$s ( torr5ts1 :i* once fl[$ we/w>d f ! ,alps2 & x is natural1 t ! fragm5ts f ! latt] m\nta9s %\ld be f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ^? anci5t wat]-tracks4 #cdh4 ,saussure obs]v$ 9 ano!r "p ( ! ,alps1 t :]e ! ,drance desc5ds f ! sides ( ,mont ,velan & ! ,great ,/ ,b]n>d1 to jo9 ! ,rhone 9 ! ,valais1 ! valley x runs 9 lies betwe5 m\nta9s ( prim>y s*i/us1 9 :i* no granite appe>s1 & yet t ! bottom ( ?is valley1 t[>d its l[] extremity1 is = a consid]able way cov]$ ) loose blocks ( granite4#agc ,8 famili> acqua9tance ) all ! rocks ( ^? m\nta9s1 l$ him imm$iately to suspect1 t ^! /ones came f ! granite *a9 ( ,mont ,blanc1 :i* is we/w>d ( ! ,drance1 & consid]ably high] ?an ! int]v5+ m\nta9s4 ,?is conjecture 0 v]ifi$ by ! obs]vations ( "o ( 8 fri5ds1 :o f\nd ! /ones 9 "q to agree exactly ) a rock at ! po9t ( ,ornes1 ! ne>e/ "p ( ! granite *a94 ,footnote #agc3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 ii4 #ajbb4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! surface1 h[ev]1 ! valley ( ,orsi]e lies betwe5 ! rocks ( ,ornex & ! valley ( ! ,drance1 & w\ld c]ta9ly h int]cept$ ! granite blocks 9 _! way f ! "o ( ^! po9ts to ! o!r1 if x _h exi/$ at ! "t :5 !y 7 pass+ ov] t tract4 ,! valley ( ,orsi]e1 !re=e1 0 n =m$1 :5 ! torr5ts1 or ! glaci]s transport$ ^! fragm5ts f _! native place4 ,m\nta9\s c\ntries1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 af=d s _m facts simil> to ! prec$+1 t we %\ld nev] h done 7 we to enum]ate all ! in/ances 9 :i* !y occur4 ,!y lead to conclusions ( great use1 if we w\ld comp>e ! ma*9]y :i* nature actually employs 9 ! transportation ( rocks1 ) ! l>ge/ fragm5ts ( rock :i* appe> to h be5 remov$1 at "s =m] p]iod1 f _! native place4 #cdi4 ,= ! mov+ ( l>ge masses ( rock1 ! mo/ p[]ful eng9es )\t d\bt :i* nature employs are ! glaci]s1 ^? lakes or riv]s ( ice :i* are =m$ 9 ! highe/ valleys ( ! ,alps1 & o!r m\nta9s ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,^! great masses are 9 p]petual motion1 und]m9$ by ! influx ( heat f ! e>?1 & impell$ d[n ! declivities on :i* !y re/ by _! own enorm\s weight1 toge!r ) t ( ! innum]able fragm5ts ( rock ) :i* !y are load$4 ,^! fragm5ts !y gradually transport to _! utmo/ b\nd>ies1 :]e a =midable wall asc]ta9s ! magnitude1 & atte/s ! =ce1 ( ! great eng9e by :i* x 0 erect$4 ,! imm5se quantity & size ( ! rocks ?us transport$1 h be5 rem>k$ ) a/oni%m5t by e obs]v]1#agd & expla9 suffici5tly h[ fragm5ts ( rock may be put 9 motion1 ev5 :]e !re is b little declivity1 & :]e ! actual surface ( ! gr\nd is consid]ably unev54 ,9 ?is mann]1 be=e ! valleys 7 cut out 9 ! =m !y n[ are1 & :5 ! m\nta9s 7 /ill m elevat$1 huge fragm5ts ( rock may h be5 c>ri$ to a great di/ance2 & x is n wond]ful1 if ^! same masses1 greatly dim9i%$ 9 size1 & r$uc$ to gravel or s&1 h rea*$ ! %ores1 or ev5 ! bottom1 ( ! ocean4 ,footnote #agd3 ,! /ones collect$ on ! ,glaci] de ,miage1 :5 ,saussure visit$ x1 7 9 su* quantity z to conceal ! ice entirely4 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 ii4 #hed4 #cej4 ,next 9 =ce to ! glaci]s1 ! torr5ts are ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts employ$ 9 ! transportation ( /ones4 ,^!1 :5 !y desc5d f ! sides ( m\nta9s1 & ev5 :]e ! declivity ( _! c\rse is n v great1 produce effects :i* no?+ b direct exp]i5ce c\ld r5d] cr$ible4 ,! fragm5ts ( rock :i* oppose ! torr5t1 are r5d]$ specifically light] by ! fluid 9 :i* !y are imm]s$1 & lose by t means at lea/ a ?ird "p ( _! weight3 !y are1 at ! same "t1 impell$ by a =ce proportional to ! squ>e ( ! velocity ) :i* ! wat] ru%es aga9/ !m1 & proportional also to ! quantity ( gravel & /ones :i* x has already put 9 motion4 ,p]haps1 aft] tak+ all ^! circum/ances into computation1 9 ! mid/ ( a sc5e p]fectly quiet & undi/urb$1 a philosoph] might rema9 9 d\bt z to ! p[] ( torr5ts to move ! enorm\s bodies ( rock :i* are se5 9 ! bottom ( ! n>r[ valleys or deep gl5s ( a m\nta9\s c\ntry2 b 8 incr$ulity1 says an exp]i5c$ travell]1 w cease altoge!r1 if he has be5 surpris$ by a /orm 9 ! mid/ ( "s ,alp9e region2 if he has se5 ! numb] & impetuosity ( ! cat>acts :i* ru%$ d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta9s1 & beheld ! ru9 :i* accompani$ !m2 & if1 :5 ! tempe/ 0 pass$1 he has view$ ^? mead[s1 :i* a few h\rs be=e 7 cov]$ ) v]dure1 n[ buri$ "u heaps ( /ones1 or ov]:elm$ by masses ( liquid mud1 & ! sides ( ! m\nta9s cut by deep rav9es1 :]e ! track ( ! smalle/ rivulet 0 n be=e to be discov]$4#age ,footnote #age3 ,see an acc\nt ( a ?und] /orm ne> ,b>eges1 9 ! ,essai sur la ,m9]alogie des ,pyr5es1 p4 #acd4 ,x is b r>ely1 h[ev]1 ev5 on occasions l ^!1 t su* va/ masses ( rock c be se5 actually 9 motion1 z are (t5 f\nd on ! surface1 app>5tly remov$ to a great di/ance f _! native place4 ,! magnitude ( ^! is s great1 9 _m in/ances1 t _! transportation _c be expla9$ )\t suppos+1 t ! surface 0 v diff]5t :5 ^! transportations took place f :at x is at pres5t2 t ! elevation ( ! m\nta9s 0 great]1 & ! gr\nd smoo!r & m uni=m1 at lea/ 9 "s directions4 ,if ^! suppositions are admitt$1 & !y are c\nt5anc$1 z we h already se51 by almo/ e ph5om5on 9 geology1 ! difficulties :i* pres5t !mselves "h w n appe> insurm\ntable4 #cea4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ blocks ( granite t we "k (1 is on ! ea/ side ( ! lake ( ,g5eva1 call$ ,pi]re de ,g\t1 ab\t t5 feet 9 height1 ) a horizontal section ( fifte5 by tw5ty4#agf ,ano!r block n f> f x1 & ne>ly ( ! same size1 has "s rema9s ( s*i/us atta*$ to x4 ,^! /ones v mu* resemble ^? :i* h fall5 f ! ,aiguilles1 9 ! valley ( ,*am\ni4 ,! di/ance f _! pres5t situation to ^? ,aiguilles is ab\t ?irty ,engli% miles1 ) _m m\nta9s & valleys at pres5t int]pos$4 ,by :atev] means1 !re=e1 ^! blocks 7 transport$1 _! motion mu/ h be5 ov] a surface ( mu* m uni=m declivity ?an ! pres5t4 ,if ! surface 0 )\t great inequalities1 & its g5]al declivity ab\t "o foot 9 ?irty1 z already comput$1 ! glaci]s1 9 ! fir/ place1 & ! torr5ts aft]w>ds1 may h s]v$ = ! transportation ev5 ( ^! rocks4 ,footnote #agf3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 i4 #cjh4 #ceb4 ,aga91 9 ! n>r[ vale or gl5 :i* sep>ates ! ,great f ! ,little ,saleve1 ! /rata are all calc>e\s1 b a great numb] ( loose blocks ( granite & prim>y s*i/us are scatt]$ ov] ! surface4 ,a block ( ! =m]1 ne> ! l[] end ( ! valley1 is ab\t ! size ( #abjj cubic feet4 ,two o!r l>ge blocks ( ! same k9d ( /one re/ on a base ( horizontal lime/one1 elevat$ two or ?ree feet above ! re/ ( ! surface4 ,?is elevation arises no d\bt f ! protection :i* ! /ones h af=d$ to ! calc>e\s b$s on :i* !y lie1 s t ^! b$s d n we> away s fa/ z ^? :i* are fully expos$ to ! wea!r4 ,b x is surely to take a v limit$ view ( ! op]ations on ! surface1 to suppose1 ) ,saussure1 t ! p>ts ( ! calc>e\s rock "u ^! /ones has suff]$ no wa/e :atsoev]1 s t ! /ones rema9 n[ 9 ! id5tical spot :]e !y 7 plac$ by ! great debacle :i* br\ght !m d[n f ! high ,alps4#agg ,= my "p1 ,i h no d\bt t ! ,arve1 :i* is /ill at no great di/ance1 :5 x ran on a high] level1 & 9 a l9e diff]5t f ! pres5t1 aid$ by ! glaci]s & sup]ior elevation ( ! m\nta9s1 0 an eng9e suffici5tly p[]ful = effect+ ! transportation ( ^! /ones4 ,footnote #agg3 ,ibid4 #bbg4 #cec4 ,^! ph5om5a are n peculi> to ! ,alps1 b prevail1 9 a great] or less degree1 9 ! vic9ity ( all prim>y or granite m\nta9s4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,arran1 a fragm5t ( ! same k9d ) t :i* con/itutes ! upp] "p ( ,goatfield1 is f\nd on ! sea %ore1 at lea/ ?ree miles f ! ne>e/ granite rock1 & ) a bay ( ! sea int]v5+4 ,its dim5sions are n f> f ^? ( ! pi]re de g\t4 ,9 "s =m] /ate ( ! granitic m\nta9s 9 t isl&1 ! declivity f ! top ( ,goatfield may h be5 v uni=m1 & m rapid ?an x is at pres5t4 #ced4 ,besides glaci]s & torr5ts1 :i* h no d\bt be5 ! pr9cipal in/rum5ts 9 produc+ ^! *anges1 o!r causes may h occasionally op]at$4 ,l>ge /ones1 :5 once deta*$1 & re/+ on an incl9$ plane1 f ! effects ( wa/e & decomposition1 may advance horizontally1 at ! same "t t !y desc5d p]p5dicul>ly1 & ?is w happ5 ?\gh !y be n urg$ by any torr5t1 or any ?+ b _! own weight2 = ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 z x wa/es1 rema9s high] "u ! /one1 & = a little way r\nd x1 ?an at a great] di/ance1 on acc\nt ( ! protection :i* x receives f ! /one1 z 9 ! in/ances at ,saleve1 j m5tion$4 ,! /one itself also becomes r\nd$ at ! bottom2 & ?us ! surface 9 contact ) ! gr\nd is dim9i%$ 9 ext5t1 & ! two surfaces r5d]$ convex t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,x mu/ !re=e happ51 t ! support1 cont9ually weak5+1 w at l5g? give way1 & ! /one incl9e or roll t[>d ! l[] side1 & may ev5 roll consid]ably1 if its c5tre ( gravity has be5 high above its po9t ( support1 & if its surface has _h mu* convexity3 ,?us ! horizontal may v f> exce$ ! p]p5dicul> motion2 &1 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 ! /one may travel to a great di/ance4 ,a /one1 h[ev]1 :i* travels 9 ?is mann]1 mu/ dim9i% z x proce$s1 & mu/ h be5 mu* great] 9 ! beg9n+ ?an x is at pres5t4 #cee4 ,?is k9d ( motion may be aid$ by p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,:5 a /one re/s on an incl9$ plane1 s z to be 9 a /ate n v remote f equilibrium1 if a "p be tak5 away f ! upp] side1 ! equilibrium w be lo/1 & ! /one w !reby be put 9 motion4 ,t /ones :i* lie on o!r /ones1 may1 by we>+1 be br\ght v ne> an equilibrium1 is prov$ by :at are call$ rock+-/ones1 or 9 ,cornwall ,logan /ones1 :i* h sometimes be5 mi/ak5 = works ( art2 b are c]ta9ly no?+ else ?an /ones1 :i* h be5 subject$ to ! univ]sal law ( wa/+ & decay1 9 su* peculi> circum/ances1 z ne>ly to br+ ab\t an equilibrium ( t /able k9d1 :i*1 :5 slightly di/urb$1 re-e/abli%es itself4#agh ,! ,logan /one at ! ,l&'s ,end1 is a mass ( granite1 weigh+ m ?an sixty tons1 re/+ on a rock ( granite1 ( consid]able height1 & close on ! sea %ore4 ,! two /ones t\* b 9 a small spot1 _! surfaces be+ consid]ably convex t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,! upp]mo/ is s ne>ly 9 an equilibrium1 t x c be made to vibrate by ! /r5g? ( a man1 ?\gh to ov]set x entirely w\ld require a va/ =ce4 ,?is arises f ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! /one be+ some:at l[] ?an ! c5tre ( curvature ( t "p ( x on :i* x has a t5d5cy to roll2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is1 t any motion impress$ on ! /one1 =ces its c5tre ( gravity to rise1 7?\gh n v consid]ably17 by :i* means x returns :5ev] ! =ce is remov$1 & vibrates backw>d & =w>d1 till x is r$uc$ to re/4 ,7 x requir$ to remove ! /one f its place1 x might be mo/ easily done1 by cutt+ (f a "p f "o side1 or bl[+ x away by gunp[d]2 ! /one w\ld !n lose its balance1 w\ld tumble f its p$e/al1 & might roll to a consid]able di/ance4 ,n[1 :at art is "h suppos$ to p]=m1 nature h]self 9 "t w probably effect4 ,if ! wa/e on "o side ( ?is great mass %all exce$ t on ! opposite 9 m ?an a c]ta9 proportion1 & x is n likely t t proportion w be always ma9ta9$1 ! equilibrium ( ! ,logan /one w be subv]t$1 nev] to return4 ,?us we p]ceive h[ motion may be produc$ by ! comb9$ action ( ! decomposition & gravitation ( l>ge masses ( rock4 ,footnote #agh3 ,i d n presume s f> z to say1 t all rock+-/ones are produc$ by natural means3 ,i h n suffici5t in=mation to ju/ify t ass]tion2 b ! great size ( t at ! ,l&'s ,end1 its elevat$ position1 & ! approa*es t[>d some?+ ( ! same k9d :i* are to be se5 9 o!r p>ts ( t %ore1 prove t x is no "w ( art4 ,!y :o ascribe x to ! ,druids1 d n consid] ! rapidity ) :i* ! ,corni% granite wa/es1 nor ?9k h[ improbable x is1 t ! conditions necess>y to a rock+-/one1 :e!r produc$ by nature or art1 %\ld h rema9$ ! same = sixte5 or sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s4 #cef4 ,besides ! gradual wa/e to :i* /ones expos$ to ! atmosph]e are necess>ily subject1 ^? ( a great size appe> to be liable to splitt+1 & divid+ into l>ge portions1 no d\bt f _! weight4 ,?is may be obs]v$ 9 almo/ all /ones t happ5 to be 9 su* circum/ances z we are n[ consid]+2 & f ?is cause ! subv]sion ( _! balance may be m sudd51 & ( great] am\nt1 ?an c\ld be expect$ f _! gradual decay4 ,?us1 if to ! wa/+ ( a /one at ! bottom1 we add ! accid5ts t may befal x 9 ! wa/+ ( its sides1 we see at lea/ ! physical possibility ( deta*$ /ones be+ put 9 motion1 m]ely by _! own weight4 ,x is inde$ rem>kable1 t "s ( ! l>ge/ ( ^! /ones re/ on v n>r[ bases4 ,^? at ! foot ( ,saleve t\* ! gr\nd only 9 a few po9ts3 ,! ,b\ld] /one ( ,borr[dale is support$ on a n>r[ ridge l ! keel ( a %ip1 & is prev5t$ f tumbl+ by a /one or two1 t s]ve z a k9d ( %ores to prop x up4 ,v unexpect$ accid5ts sometimes happ5 to di/urb ! re/ ( su* fragm5ts ( rock z h once migrat$ f _! own place4 ,saussure m5tions a great mass ( lapis oll>is#agi t lies deta*$ on ! side ( a declivity 9 ! valley ( ,urs]51 9 ! canton ( ,uri4 ,! p use ?is /one z a qu>ry1 & are work+ x away on ! upp] side1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x w probably be soon ov]set1 & w roll to ! bottom ( ! valley4 ,footnote #agi3 ,voyages aux ,alpes1 tom4 iv4 #ahea4 #ceg4 ,9 _m in/ances x _c be d\bt$1 t /ones ( ! k9d "h ref]r$ to are ! rema9s ( masses or ve9s ( :9/one or granite1 n[ worn away1 & t !y h travell$ b a v %ort way1 or p]haps n at all1 f _! orig9al place4 ,_m ( ! l>ge blocks ( :9/one :i* we f9d 9 ?is c\ntry1 sometimes s+le1 & sometimes scatt]$ 9 consid]able abundance ov] a p>ticul> spot1 are c]ta9ly to be ref]r$ to ?is cause4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( ?is sort are ! /ones f\nd at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 on ! hill call$ ,pa>lb]g1 :i* takes its "n f a *a9 ( l>ge r\nd /ones1 l ! pe>ls ( a necklace1 t passes ov] ! summit4 ,two ( ^!1 plac$ ne> ! highe/ po9t1 are call$ ! ,pe>l & ! ,diamond1 & 7 m5tion$ sev]al ye>s ago 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4#ahj ,f a m rec5t acc\nt1 ^! /ones appe> to be a species ( granite1 ?\gh ! hill on :i* !y lie is compos$ ( s&/one /rata4#aha ,! ,pe>l is a nak$ rock1 t rises to ! height ( #djj feet above ! summit ( ! hill2 ! ,diamond is high]1 b its base is less1 & x is m inaccessible4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,vol4 lxviii4 p4 #ajb4 ,footnote #aha3 ,b>r['s ,travels into ,s\!rn ,africa1 p4 #fj4 ,f ! above /ones =m+ a regul> *a91 z well z f ! imm5se size ( ! two l>ge/1 x is impossible to suppose t !y h be5 mov$2 & x is inf9itely m probable1 t !y are p>ts ( a granite ve91 :i* runs across ! s&/one /rata1 & ( :i* "s p>ts h resi/$ ! action ( ! wea!r1 :ile ! re/ h yield$ to x4 ,! :ole geological hi/ory ( ?is "p ( ,africa seems highly int]e/+1 s9ce1 z f> z c be collect$ f ! acc\nts ( ! +5i\s travell] j m5tion$1 x consi/s ( horizontal b$s ( s&/one or lime/one1 re/+ imm$iately on granite1 or on prim>y s*i/us4 ,loose blocks ( granite are se5 9 great abundance at ! foot ( ! ,table ,m\nta91 & along ! sea %ore4 99 99 99 99 99 #ceh4 ,! sy/em :i* acc\nts = su* ph5om5a z h be5 consid]$ 9 ?is & "s ( ! prec$+ notes1 by ! op]ation ( a great deluge1 or debacle1 z x is call$1 has be5 already m5tion$4 ,9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 no?+ :atev] is ascrib$ to su* accid5tal & unkn[n causes2 &1 ?\gh _! exi/5ce is n absolutely d5i$1 _! effects1 :atev] !y may h be51 are alleg$ to be entirely oblit]at$1 s t !y c be ref]r$ to no o!r class b t ( m]e possibilities4 ,a m9ute discussion1 h[ev]1 ( ! "q1 ,:e!r !re are1 on ! surface ( ! e>?1 any effects t require ! int]position ( an extraord9>y cause1 w\ld lead into a long] digression ?an is suit$ to ?is place4 ,i %all briefly /ate :at appe> to be ! pr9cipal objections to all su* explanations ( ! ph5om5a ( geology4 #cei4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( valleys among m\nta9s1 is highly unfav\rable to ! notion t !y 7 produc$ by any s+le great torr5t1 :i* swept ov] ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 "s in/ances1 valleys div]ge1 z x 7 f a c5tre1 9 all directions4 ,9 o!rs1 !y orig9ate f a ridge1 & proce$ ) equal dep? & ext5t on bo? sides ( x1 pla9ly indicat+1 t ! =ce :i* produc$ !m 0 no?+1 or evanesc5t at ! summit ( t ridge1 & increas$ on bo? sides1 z ! di/ance f ! ridge increas$4 ,! work+ ( wat] collect$ f ! ra9s & ! sn[s1 & seek+ its way f a high] to a l[] level1 is ! only cause we "k (1 :i* is subject to ?is law4 #cfj4 ,aga91 if we consid] a valley z a space1 :i* p]haps ) _m w9d+s & irregul>ities1 has be5 holl[$ out ( ! solid rock1 x is pla91 t no =ce ( wat]1 sudd5ly appli$1 c\ld loos5 & remove ! great mass ( /one :i* has actually disappe>$4 ,! greate/ column ( wat] t c\ld be br\ght to act aga9/ su* a mass1 :atev] be ! velocity we ascribe to x1 c\ld n break asund] & displace b$s ( rock _m leagues 9 l5g?1 & 9 cont9uity ) ! rock on ei!r side ( !m4 ,! sl[ work+ ( wat]1 on ! o!r h&1 or ! p[]s t we see e day 9 action1 are q suffici5t = ?is effect1 if "t only is all[$ !m4 #cfa4 ,"s valleys are s p>ticul>ly con/ruct$1 z to c>ry ) !m a /ill /rong] refutation ( ! exi/5ce ( a debacle4 ,^! are ! longitud9al valleys1 :i* h ! op5+s by :i* ! wat] is dis*>g$1 n at "o extremity1 b at ! broadside ,su* is t on ! ea/ side ( ,mont ,blanc1 deeply excavat$ on ! conf9es ( ! granite & s*i/us rock1 & ext5d+ p>allel to ! b$s ( ! latt]1 f ! ,col de la ,segne to ! ,col de ,f]ret2 its op5+ is ne>ly 9 ! middle1 f :i* ! ,dora issues1 & takes its c\rse ?r\gh a great valley1 ne>ly at "r angles to ! *a9 ( ! ,alps1 & to ! valley j m5tion$4 ,f ! /ructure ( ^! valleys1 ,saussure has argu$ v ju/ly aga9/ ,buffon's hypo!sis1 conc]n+ ! =mation ( valleys by curr5ts at ! bottom ( ! sea4#ahb ,x af=ds inde$ a complete refutation ( t hypo!sis3 & x af=ds "o no less complete ( ! sy/em :i* ,saussure himself seems on "s occasions s mu* incl9$ to support4 ,= if x be said1 t ?is valley 0 cut out by ! curr5t ( a debacle1 t curr5t mu/ ei!r h run 9 ! direction ( ! valley ( ,f]ret1 or 9 t ( ! ,dora1 :i* issues f x4 ,if x _h ! direction ( ! fir/1 x c\ld n cut out ! second2 & if x _h ! direction ( ! second1 x c\ld n cut out ! fir/4 ,besides1 ! =ce :i* excavat$ ?is valley mu/ h be5 no?+ at ! two extreme po9ts1 viz4 at ! ,col de la ,segne & ! ,col de ,f]ret1 & mu/ h increas$ ) ! di/ance f ea*4 ,x c h be5 produc$1 !re=e1 only by ! runn+ ( two /reams 9 opposite directions1 on a surface t 0 b slightly unev51 ^! /reams at meet+ tak+ a new direction1 ne>ly at "r angles to ! =m]4 ,a cle>] pro( c\ld h>dly be requir$ ?an is af=d$ 9 ?is case1 t :at is n[ a deep valley 0 =m]ly solid rock1 :i* ! runn+ ( ! wat]s has gradually worn away2 & t ! wat]s1 :5 !y began to run1 7 on a level z high1 at lea/1 z ! tops ( ^? m\nta9s by :i* ! valley is b\nd$ t[>d ! l[] side4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,voyage aux ,alpes1 tom4 ii4 #ibj4 #cfb4 ,longitud9al valleys1 ) ! wat] bur/+ out transv]sely f _! sides1 l ! prec$+1 are by no means conf9$ to m\nta9s ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,we h a v good example1 ?\gh on a small scale1 ( a valley ( ?is sort1 )9 a few miles ( ,ed9burgh4 ,! ,p5tl& ,hills =m a d\ble ridge1 sep>at$ by a small longitud9al valley1 t runs f ,n4 ,e4 to ,s4 ,w41 ! wat] ( :i* issues f an op5+ almo/ 9 ! middle1 & direct$ t[>ds ! s\?4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is n ! "w ( any great torr5t1 :i* ov]:elm$ ! c\ntry2 = no "o direction1 :i* x is possible to assign to su* a torr5t1 w af=d an explanation1 bo? ( ! valley & its outlet4#ahc ,footnote #ahc3 ,9 ,scotl& !re is "o valley1 ( a k9d t ,i believe is extremely r>e 9 any "p ( ! _w1 9 acc\nt+ = :i*1 ! hypo!sis ( a torr5t or debacle might1 if any :]e1 be employ$ to advantage4 ,?is is ! valley :i* ext5ds across ! isl&1 f ,inv]ness to ,=t ,william1 or f sea to sea1 be+ op5 at bo? ends1 & v little elevat$ 9 ! middle4 ,x is ne>ly /raight1 & ( a v uni=m bread?1 except t t[>ds ea* end x wid5s consid]ably4 ,! bottom1 reckon+ transv]sely1 is flat1 )\t any gradual slope f ! sides t[>ds ! middle4 ,f ! sides ! m\nta9s rise imm$iately1 & =m two cont9u$ ridges ( great height1 l ramp>ts or embankm5ts on ea* side ( a l>ge foss4 ,a great "p ( ! bottom ( ?is s+ul> valley is occupi$ by lakes1 namely1 ,lo* ,ness1 ,lo* ,oi*1 & ,lo* ,lo*y4 ,its l5g? is ab\t sixty-two miles1 & ! po9t ( p>tition f :i* ! wat]s run diff]5t ways1 viz4 nor?-ea/ to ! ,g]man ,ocean1 & s\?-we/ to ! ,atlantic1 is betwe5 ,lo* ,oi* & ,lo* ,lo*y2 &1 by ! e/imation ( ! eye1 ,i %\ld h>dly ?9k t x is elevat$ m ?an t5 or fifte5 feet above ! surface ( ei!r lake4 ,! c\ntry on bo? sides is rugg$ & m\nta9\s1 & ! /reams :i* desc5d f !nce into ! valley1 ei!r fall directly into ! lakes1 or turn (f almo/ at "r angles :5 !y ent] ! valley4 ,?\gh ! bottom ( ?is valley1 !re=e1 is e :]e alluvial1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( a few rocks :i* appe> at ! surface1 x is c]ta9ly n excavat$ by ! riv]s :i* n[ fl[ 9 x4 ,! direction ( ! valley1 x is to be obs]v$1 is ! same ) t ( ! v]tical /rata :i* compose ! m\nta9 on ei!r side4 ,"h1 !n1 we h a valley1 n cut out by ! work+ ( any /reams :i* n[ appe>2 & we may !re=e make trial ( ! hypo!sis ( a debacle4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w af=d u no assi/ance2 because1 if we suppose :at is n[ holl[ to h be5 once occupi$ by ! same k9d ( rock :i* is on ei!r side1 no =ce ( torr5ts c h sudd5ly loos5$ & remov$ f its place a body ( su* va/ magnitude4 ,a great] column ( wat]1 ?an "o hav+ = its base a transv]se section ( ! valley1 c\ld n act aga9/ x1 & ?is w\ld h to ov]come ! cohesion & in]tia ( a column ( rock ( ! same section1 & ( ! l5g? ( sixty-two miles4 ,x is n haz>d+ mu* to affirm1 t no velocity :i* c\ld be communicat$ to wat]1 n ev5 t :i* x c\ld acquire by fall+ f an inf9ite height1 c\ld give to x a =ce 9 any degree adequate to ?is great effect4 ,! explanation ( ?is valley1 :i* appe>s to me ! mo/ probable1 is ! foll[+4 ,x w be %[n h]eaft]1 t !re is good reason to suppose1 t1 9 mo/ p>ts ( our isl&1 ! relative level ( ! sea & l& has be5 9 pa/ ages consid]ably high] ?an x is at pres5t4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ?is valley may h be5 "u ! surface ( ! sea1 ! highe/ "p ( x be+ sc>cely #ajj feet above t level at pres5t4 ,x may h be5 a k9d ( s\nd1 !re=e1 or /rait1 :i* connect$ ! ,g]man ,sea ) ! ,atlantic2 & ! /rong curr5ts1 :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t times ( high wat] 9 ^! two seas1 mu/ h run alt]nately up & d[n ?is /rait1 may h produc$ t flatness ( ! bottom1 & /raightness ( ! sides1 & t wid5+ at ! extremities1 :i* are m5tion$ above4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 "s difficulties are remov$ relative to ,lo* ,ness1 :i* is s deep z h>dly to be consi/5t ) ! indef9ite l5g? ( ! p]iod ( wa/e t mu/ be ascrib$ to ! m\nta9s on ea* side ( x4 ,its dep? is said1 :]e greate/1 n to be less ?an #ahj fa?oms4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 x may1 at no v di/ant p]iod1 h be5 a "p ( ! bottom ( ! sea4 #cfc4 ,!y :o ma9ta9 ! exi/5ce ( ! debacle1 w no d\bt allege1 t ?\gh ^! valleys 7 n cut out by means ( x1 yet o!rs may4 ,b x mu/ be recollect$1 t if "s ( ! greate/ & deepe/ valleys on ! face ( ! e>?1 su* z t j m5tion$1 on ! ea/ side ( ,mont ,blanc1 are ?us %[n to be ! "w ( ! daily wa/+ ( ! surface1 :at o!r inequalities c be great en\gh to require ! int]position ( a m p[]ful cause8 ,if a dignus v9dice nodus does n exi/ "h1 9 :at "p ( ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>? is x likely to be f\nd8 #cfd4 ,! l>ge masses ( rock s (t5 met ) at a di/ance f _! orig9al place1 are "o ( ! argum5ts us$ = ! debacle4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 %[n1 t1 suppos+ a =m ( ! e>?'s surface consid]ably diff]5t f ! pres5t1 especially1 suppos+ ! abs5ce ( ! valleys :i* ! riv]s h gradually cut out1 ! transportation ( su* /ones is n impossible1 ev5 by su* p[]s z nature employs at pres5t4 ,n[1 )\t ! supposition t ! surface 0 m cont9u\s1 & t its pres5t inequalities did n exi/1 no =ce ( torr5ts1 :atev] _! velocity & magnitude may h be51 c\ld h produc$ ?is transportation4 ,no =ce ( wat] c\ld raise a /one l ! pi]re de g\tt f ! bottom ( a valley1 to ! top ( a /eep hail4 ,inde$1 if we suppose a great fragm5t ( rock to be hurri$ along on a horizontal or an incl9$ plane1 by ! =ce ( wat]1 ! mom5t x comes to a deep valley1 & has to rise up ov] an asc5t ( a c]ta9 /eepness1 x w rema9 at re/2 ! wat] itself w lose its velocity1 & ! heavy bodies :i* x c>ri$ ) x w proce$ no f>!r4 ,?us1 !re=e1 we h ! foll[+ dilemma4 ,if ! surface is n suppos$ to h _h a c]ta9 degree ( uni=mity 9 pa/ times1 a debacle is insuffici5t = ! transportation ( /ones3 ,if x is suppos$ to h _h t uni=mity1 a debacle is unnecess>y4 #cfe4 ,ano!r fact1 :i* has be5 suppos$ fav\rable to ! op9ion ( ! action ( great torr5ts at "s =m] p]iod1 is1 t 9 c\ntries l t r\nd ,ed9burgh1 :]e :9/one hills rise up f among second>y /rata1 a rem>kable uni=mity is obs]v$ 9 ! direction ( _! abrupt faces4 ,?us1 9 ! c\ntry j m5tion$1 ! /eep faces g5]ally front ! we/1 :iles 9 ! opposite direction1 ! slope is g5tle1 & ! hills decl9e gradually into ! pla94 ,h5ce x is suppos$1 t a torr5t1 sweep+ f we/ to ea/1 has c>ri$ (f ! /rata f ! we/ side ( ^! hills1 b1 be+ ob/ruct$ by ! :9/one rock1 has left ! /rata on ! ea/ side 9 _! natural place4 ,b1 besides t no =ce :i* c ev] be ascrib$ to a torr5t c\ld h remov$ at once bodies ( /rata #cjj or #djj feet1 nay ev5 #hjj or #ajjj 9 ?ickness1 :i* mu/ h be5 ! case if ?is 7 ! true explanation ( ! fact1 !re is a circum/ance :i* may p]haps enable u to expla9 ^! ph5om5a )\t ! assi/ance ( any extraord9>y cause4 ,! second>y /rata 9 :i* ! :9/one hills are f\nd 9 ?is "p ( ,scotl&1 are n horizontal1 b rise or head t[>ds ! we/1 dipp+ t[>ds ! ea/4 ,! side1 !re=e1 ( ! :9/one hills :i* is precipit\s1 is ! same ) t t[>ds :i* ! /rata rise4 ,n[1 f ! mann] 9 :i* ^! hills are suppos$ to h be5 elevat$1 ! /rata are likely to h be5 mo/ brok5 & %att]$ t[>ds t side1 :ile1 on ! opposite1 !y _h ! support ( ! :9/one rock4 ,!y w\ld become a prey1 !re=e1 m easily to ! common causes ( erosion & wa/e on ! upp] side ?an on ! l[]4 ,! /reams t fl[$ f ! high] gr\nds w\ld we> !m on ! =m] mo/ readily2 & ! action ( ^! /reams w\ld be resi/$ by ! sup]ior h>dness ( ! :9/one1 j z ! great torr5t ( ! debacle is suppos$ to h be54 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$1 t ?is fact ( ! uni=m direction ( ! abrupt faces ( m\nta9s1 is (t5 too ha/ily g5]aliz$4 ,9 primitive c\ntries1 x is no f>!r obs]v$ ?an by ! /eep faces ( ! m\nta9s be+ mo/ frequ5tly turn$ t[>d ! c5tral *a94 ,9 ,scotl&1 z soon z y leave ! flat c\ntry1 & ent] ! ,highl&s1 ! sc>ps ( ! hills face indiscrim9ately all ! po9ts ( ! compass1 & are direct$ z (t5 to ! ea/ z to ! we/4 #cff4 ,:]e ! /rata are ne>ly horizontal1 !y af=d ! mo/ di/9ct in=mation conc]n+ ! direction & progress ( ! wa/+ ( ! l&4 ,! incl9$ position ( ! /rata1 :i* 9 all o!r cases mu/ ent] = s mu* into our e/imate ( ! causes :i* h produc$ ! pres5t inequality ( ! e>?'s surface1 disappe>s !re entirely2 & ! :ole ( t inequality is to be ascrib$ to ! op]ations at ! surface1 :e!r !y h be5 sudd5 or gradual4 ,a v important fact f a c\ntry ( ?is sort1 is relat$ by ,,b>r[1 9 8 ,travels into ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,! m\nta9s ab\t ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & z f> to ! nor? z t +5i\s travell] prosecut$ 8 j\rney1 are *iefly ( horizontal /rata ( s&/one & lime/one1 exhibit+ ! appe>ance1 on _! abrupt sides1 ( regul> lay]s ( masonry1 ( t[]s1 =tifications1 c4 ,n[1 among all ^! m\nta9s1 he obs]v$1 t ! high or /eep sides look con/antly d[n ! riv]s1 :ile ! slop+ or incl9$ sides h j ! opposite direction4 ,:51 9 travell+ nor?w>d1 he pass$ ! l9e ( p>tition1 :]e ! wat]s f runn+ s\? take _! direction to ! nor?1 he f\nd1 t ! gradual slope1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 turn$ to ! nor?1 0 n[ turn$ to ! s\?3 ,! abrupt aspect ( ! m\nta9s1 9 l mann]1 f fac+ ! s\?1 0 direct$ to ! nor?2 s t1 9 bo? cases1 ! hills turn$ _! backs on ! l9e ( greate/ elevation4#ahd ,footnote #ahd3 ,b>r['s ,travels into ,s\!rn ,africa1 p4 #bde4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! =m ( ?is l& has be5 det]m9$ by ! sl[ work+ ( ! /reams4 ,! causes :i* produc$ ! effects "h describ$1 began _! action f ! l9e ( greate/ elevation1 & ext5d$ x f !nce on bo? sides1 9 opposite directions4 ,?is is ! mo/ precise "* t c m>k ! alluvial op]ations1 & di/+ui% !m f ! ov]:elm+ p[] ( a great debacle4 #cfg4 ,la/ly1 if !re 7 any :]e a hill1 or any l>ge mass compos$ ( brok5 & %apeless /ones1 ?r[n toge!r l rubbi%1 & nei!r work$ into gravel nor dispos$ ) any regul>ity1 we mu/ ascribe x to "s o!r cause ?an ! ord9>y detritus & wa/+ ( ! l&4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has nev] yet occurr$2 & x seems be/ to wait till ! ph5om5on is obs]v$1 be=e we seek = ! explanation ( x4 #cfh4 ,^! argum5ts appe> to me conclusive aga9/ ! necessity ( suppos+ ! action ( sudd5 & irregul> causes on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,9 ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i am p]haps deceiv$3 nei!r ,pallas1 nor ,saussure1 nor ,dolomieu1 nor any o!r au?or :o has esp\s$ ! hypo!sis ( su* causes1 has expla9$ 8 notions ) any precision2 on ! contr>y1 !y h all spok5 ) su* res]ve & my/]y1 z seem$ to betray ! weakness1 b may h conceal$ ! /r5g? ( _! cause4 ,i h !re=e be5 combat+ an enemy1 t 0 9 "s respects unkn[n2 & ,i may h suppos$ him dislodg$1 only because ,i c\ld n p5etrate to 8 /rongholds4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is likely soon to assume a m det]m9ate =m4 ,a zeal\s fri5d ( ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 has lately#ahe decl>$ 8 approbation ( ! hypo!sis :i* has "h be5 repres5t$ z s adv]se to t !ory2 &1 f 8 ability & vig\r ( rese>*1 x is likely to receive e improvem5t ( :i* x is susceptible4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,trans4 ,royal ,society ,ed94 vol4 v4 p #fh4 ,,note ,,xix4 #aag4 ,transportation ( ,mat]ials by ! ,sea4 #cfi4 ,,! exi/5ce ( ! great & ext5sive op]ations1 by :i* ! spoils ( ! l& are c>ri$ all ov] ! ocean1 & spread out on ! bottom ( x1 may be suppos$ to require "s fur!r elucidation4 ,we mu/ att5d1 !re=e1 to ! foll[+ circum/ances4 ,:5 ! detritus ( ! l& is deliv]$ by ! riv]s into ! sea1 ! heavie/ p>ts are deposit$ fir/1 & ! light] are c>ri$ to a great] di/ance f ! %ore4 ,! accumulation ( matt] :i* w\ld be made 9 ?is mann] on ! coa/1 is prev5t$ by ! f>!r op]ation ( ! tides & curr5ts1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* ! sub/ances deposit$ cont9ue to be worn away1 & are gradually remov$ f>!r f ! l&4 ,! reality ( ?is op]ation is c]ta92 = o!rwise we %\ld h on ! sea %ore a con/ant & unlimit$ accumulation ( s& & gravel1 :i*1 be+ p]petually br\ght d[n f ! l&1 w\ld cont9ually increase on ! %ore1 if nature did n employ "s ma*9]y = remov+ ! advanc$ "p into ! sea1 9 proportion to ! supply f beh9d4 ,! con/ant agitation ( ! wat]s1 & ! declivity ( ! bottom1 are no d\bt ! causes ( ?is gradual & widely ext5d$ deposition4 ,a s(t mass ( alluvial deposit1 hav+ its pores fill$ ) wat]1 & be+ subject to ! vibrations ( a sup]9cumb5t fluid1 w yield to ! pressure ( t fluid on ! side ( ! lea/ resi/ance1 t is1 on ! side t[>d ! sea1 & ?us w be gradually ext5d$ m & m ov] ! bottom4 ,?is w happ5 n only to ! f9] p>ts ( ! detritus1 b ev5 to ! gross]1 su* z s& & gravel4 ,= suppose t a body ( gravel re/s on a plane some:at incl9$1 at ! same "t t x is cov]$ ) wat] to a consid]able dep?1 t wat] be+ subject n only to mod]ate reciprocations1 b also to su* viol5t agitation z we see occasionally communicat$ to ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 ! gravel1 be+ r5d]$ light] by its imm]sion 9 ! wat]1 & on t acc\nt m moveable1 w1 :5 ! undulations are consid]able1 be alt]nately heav$ up & let d[n aga94 ,n[1 at ea* "t t x is heav$ up1 h[ev] small ! space may be1 x mu/ be some:at accel]at$ 9 its desc5t1 & w h>dly settle on ! same po9t :]e x re/$ be=e4 ,?us x w ga9 a little gr\nd at ea* undulation1 & w sl[ly make its way t[>ds ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 or to ! l[e/ situation x c rea*4 ,?is1 z f> z we may presume to foll[ a progress :i* is n ! subject ( imm$iate obs]vation1 is "o ( ! great means by :i* loose mat]ials ( e k9d are transport$ to a great di/ance1 & spread out 9 b$s at ! bottom ( ! ocean4 #cgj4 ,! light] p>ts are m easily c>ri$ to great di/ances1 be+ actually susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 by :i* !y are v gradually & sl[ly deposit$4 ,a rem>kable pro( ( ?is is furni%$ f an obs]vation made by ,"l ,mulgrave1 9 8 voyage to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,9 ! latitude ( #fe ne>ly1 & ab\t #bej miles di/ant f ! ne>e/ l&1 :i* 0 ! coa/ ( ,norway1 he s\nd$ ) a l9e ( #fhh fa?oms1 or #djih feet2 & ! lead1 :5 x /ruck ! gr\nd1 sunk 9 a s(t blue clay to ! dep? ( t5 feet4#ahf ,! t5uity & f95ess ( ! mud1 :i* all[$ ! lead to s9k s deep into x1 mu/ h result$ f a deposition ( ! light] k9ds ( e>?1 :i* be+ susp5d$ 9 ! wat]1 _h be5 c>ri$ to a great di/ance1 & 7 n[ )\t d\bt =m+ a regul> /ratum at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,phipps's ,voyage1 p4 #gd1 #ada4 #cga4 ,! quantity ( detritus br\ght d[n by ! riv]s1 & di/ribut$ 9 ?is mann] ov] ! bottom ( ! sea1 is s great1 t sev]al n>r[ seas h be5 !reby r5d]$ s5sibly %all[]4 ,! ,baltic has be5 comput$ to decrease 9 dep? at ! rate ( =ty in*es 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,yell[ ,sea1 :i* is a l>ge gulf conta9$ betwe5 ! coa/ ( ,*9a & ! p59sula ( ,corea1 receives s mu* mud f ! great riv]s t run into x1 t x takes its col\r1 z well z its "n1 f t circum/ance2 & ! ,european m>9]s :o h lately navigat$ x1 obs]v$1 t ! mud 0 drawn up by ! %ips1 s z to be visible 9 _! wake to a consid]able di/ance4#ahg ,computations h be5 made ( ! "t t x w require to fill up ?is gulf1 & to )draw x entirely f ! dom9ion ( ! ocean3 b ! data are n suffici5tly exact to af=d any precise result1 & are no d\bt p>ticul>ly defective f ?is cause1 t mu* ( ! e>? c>ri$ into ! gulf by ! riv]s1 mu/ be c>ri$ out ( x by ! curr5ts & tides1 & ! f9] p>ts waft$ probably to great di/ances 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4#ahh ,! m]e attempt1 h[ev]1 t[>ds su* a computation1 %[s h[ evid5t ! progress ( fill+ up is to e att5tive obs]v]2 &1 ?\gh x may n asc]ta9 ! measure1 x suffici5tly decl>es ! reality ( ! op]ations1 by :i* ! wa/e ( ! pres5t cont95ts is made subs]vi5t to ! =mation ( new l&4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,/aunton's ,acc\nt ( ! ,embassy to ,*9a1 vol4 i4 p4 #ddh4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,p]\se1 9 sail+ along ! coa/ ( ,*9a1 f ,=mosa to ! /rait betwe5 ,corea & ,japan1 ?\gh g5]ally fifty or sixty leagues f ! l&1 _h s\nd+s at ! dep? ( =ty-five fa?oms1 & sometimes at t ( tw5ty-two4 ,atlas du ,voyage de la ,p]\se1 ,no4 #dc4 #cgb4 ,s&banks1 su* z ab\nd 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 to :atev] !y owe _! orig91 are c]ta9ly modifi$1 & _! =m det]m9$1 by ! tides & curr5ts4 ,)\t ! op]ation ( ^! la/1 banks ( loose s& & mud c\ld h>dly pres]ve _! =m1 & rema9 int]sect$ by _m n>r[ *annels4 ,! =mation ( ! banks on ! coa/ ( ,holl&1 & ev5 ( ! ,dogg] ,bank itself1 has be5 ascrib$ to ! meet+ ( tides1 by :i* a /ate ( tranquillity is produc$ 9 ! wat]s1 & ( consequ5ce a m copi\s deposition ( _! mud4 ,ev5 ! great bank ( ,newf\ndl& seems to be det]m9$ 9 its ext5t by ! action ( ! ,gulf /ream4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ! curr5t :i* sets out ( ! ,baltic1 has evid5tly det]m9$ ! %ape ( ! s&banks opposite to ! coa/ ( ,norway1 & produc$ a circul> sweep 9 !m1 ( :i* x is impossible to mi/ake ! cause4 ,9 pro( ( ! action "h ascrib$ to ! wat]s ( ! sea1 9 transport+ mat]ials to an unlimit$ ext5t1 we may add ! well kn[n obs]vation1 t ! /ones br\ght up by ! lead f ! bottom ( ! sea1 are g5]ally r\nd & poli%$1 h>dly ev] %>p & angul>4 ,?is c\ld nev] happ5 to /ones t 7 n subject to p]petual attrition4 #cgc4 ,curr5ts are no d\bt ! great ag5ts 9 diffus+ ! detritus ( ! l& ov] ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,^! h be5 long kn[n to exi/2 b x is only s9ce ! lat] improvem5ts 9 navigation1 t !y h be5 und]/ood to con/itute a sy/em ( great p]man5ce1 regul>ity1 & ext5t1 connect$ ) ! trade w9ds1 & o!r circum/ances 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe4 ,! ,gulf /ream 0 _m ye>s s9ce obs]v$ to transport ! wat]1 & ! temp]ature ( ! tropical regions into ! climates ( ! nor?2 & we are indebt$ to ! rese>*es ( ,major ,,r5nell1 = ! k ( a great sy/em ( curr5ts1 ( :i* x is only a "p4 ,t geograph]1 :o is s em95t = enri*+ ! details ( 8 sci5ce ) ! mo/ int]e/+ facts 9 hi/ory or 9 physics1 has %[n1 t along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 f ab\t ! m\? ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 a curr5t fifty leagues 9 bread? sets cont9ually t[>ds ! s\?-we/4#ahi ,x d\bles ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 runs f !nce nor?-we/1 pres]v+ on ! :ole ! direction ( ! coa/1 b rea*+ s f> into ! ocean1 t1 ab\t ! p>allel ( ,/ ,hel5a1 its bread? exce$s #ajjj miles4 ,f !nce1 z x approa*es ! l9e1 its direction is m ne>ly ea/2 & meet+ 9 ! p>allel ( #c nor?1 ) a curr5t :i* has come along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa f ! nor?1 ! two unit$ /ret* across ! ,atlantic1 9 a l9e some:at s\? ( we/1 & 9 a v wide & rapid /ream4 ,?is /ream meets ! ,am]ican l& at ,cape ,/ ,roque1 :]e x is jo9$ by ano!r com+ up along ! ea/]n %ore ( t cont95t1 & direct$ t[>ds ! nor?4 ,!y proce$ nor?w>d toge!r till !y ent] ! ,gulf ( ,florida1 f :i* be+ z x 7 reflect$1 !y =m ! ,gulf /ream1 pass+ along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & /ret*+ across ! ,atlantic to ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,f !nce ! curr5t turns to ! s\?1 &1 proce$+ d[n ! coa/ ( ,spa9 & ,africa1 meets ! /ream asc5d+ f ! s\?1 z already describ$1 & ?us cont9ues 9 p]petual circulation4 ,! velocity ( ^! curr5ts is n less rem>kable ?an _! ext5t4 ,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! rate is ?irty nautical miles 9 tw5ty f\r h\rs2 9 "s places =ty five2 & "u ! l9e sev5ty sev54 ,:5 ! ,gulf /ream issues f ! ,/raits ( ,bahama1 x runs at ! rate ( f\r miles an h\r1 & proce$s to ! di/ance ( #ahjj miles1 be=e its velocity is r$uc$ to half t quantity4 ,9 ! p>allel ( #ch1 ne> #ajjj miles f ! above /rait1 ! wat] ( ! /ream has be5 f\nd t5 degrees w>m] ?an ! air4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,geography ( ,h]odotus1 p4 #fgb4 #cgd4 ,! c\rse ( ! ,gulf /ream is s fix$ & regul>1 t nuts & plants f ! ,we/ ,indies are annually ?r[n a%ore on ! ,we/]n ,isl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,! ma/ ( a man ( w>1 burnt at ,jamaica1 0 driv5 sev]al mon?s aft]w>ds on ! ,hebrides1#aij aft] p]=m+ a voyage ( m ?an #djjj miles1 "u ! direction ( a curr5t1 :i*1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ocean1 ma9ta9s its c\rse z /eadily z a riv] does ^u ! l&4 ,footnote #aij3 ,p5nant's ,arctic ,zoology1 ,introd4 p4 #gj4 ,! great sy/em ( curr5ts ?us trac$ ?r\gh ! ,atlantic1 has no d\bt ph5om5a correspond+ to x 9 ! ,indian & ,pacific ,oceans1 :i* ! indu/ry ( future navigators may discov]4 ,! :ole appe>s to be connect$ ) ! trade w9ds1 ! figure ( our cont95ts1 ! temp]ature ( ! seas !mselves1 & p]haps ) "s inequalities 9 ! /ructure ( ! globe4 ,! di/urbance produc$ by ^! causes 9 ! equilibrium ( ! sea1 probably rea*es to ! v bottom ( x1 & gives rise to ^? c\nt] curr5ts1 :i* h sometimes be5 discov]$ at great dep?s "u ! surface4#aia ,footnote #aia3 ,hi/oire ,naturelle de ,buffon1 ,supplm5t1 tom4 ix4 p4 #dgi4 #hvo4 ,! great transportation ( mat]ials t mu/ result f ! action ( ^! comb9$ curr5ts is obvi\s1 & s]ves n a little to dim9i% our wond]1 at f9d+ ! productions ( "o climate s frequ5tly includ$ among ! fossils ( ano!r4 ,amid all ! revolutions ( ! globe1 ! economy ( nature has be5 uni=m1 9 ?is respect1 z well z 9 s _m o!rs1 & h] laws are ! only ?+ t h resi/$ ! g5]al movem5t4 ,! riv]s & ! rocks1 ! seas & ! cont95ts1 h be5 *ang$ 9 all _! p>ts2 b ! laws :i* direct ^? *anges1 & ! rules to :i* !y are subject1 h rema9$ inv>iably ! same4 #cge4 ,objections h be5 made to t translation ( mat]ials by ! wat]s ( ! ocean :i* is suppos$ 9 ?is !ory1 p>ticul>ly by ,mr ,kirwan1 9 8 ,geological ,essays2 &1 ?\gh ,i might p]haps cont5t myself ) ! rem>k already made1 t ! ,neptunian sy/em involves suppositions conc]n+ ! transportation ( solid bodies by ! sea1 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w1 z wond]ful z ^? :i*1 accord+ to our !ory1 are common to all ages1 ,i am unwill+ to rema9 satisfi$ ) a m]e argum5tum ad hom9em1 :]e ! fallacy ( ! reason+ is s easily detect$4 #cgf4 ,"o ( ,mr ,kirwan's objections to ! deposition ( mat]ials at ! bottom ( ! sea1 is ?us /at$3 ,,frisi has rem>k$1 9 8 ma!matical disc\rses1 t if any consid]able mass ( matt] 7 accumulat$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! ocean1 ! diurnal motion ( ! globe w\ld be di/urb$1 & consequ5tly x w\ld be p]ceptible2 a ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 ( :i* no hi/ory or tradition gives any acc\nt4#aib ,footnote #aib3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dda4 ,! appeal made "h to ,frisi is s+ul>ly un=tunate1 z t philosoph] has demon/rat$ ! v contr>y ( ,mr ,kirwan's position1 & has prov$1 t ! di/urbance giv5 to ! diurnal motion by ! causes "h ref]r$ to may be real1 b _c be p]ceptible4 ,hav+ inve/igat$ a =mula express+ ! law :i* all su* di/urbances mu/ necess>ily obs]ve1 he concludes1 ,hc autem =mul manife/um fiet1 ex iis omnibus v>iationibus qu 9 t]re/ri sup]ficie obs]v>i sol5t1 montium et collium abrasione1 dilapsu corporum pond]osiorum 9 inf]iores telluris s9us1 nullam oriri posse v>iationem s5sibilem diurni mots4 ,nam si /atuamus data aliqua annorum p]iodo t]re/rem sup]ficiem ad duos usque p$es abradi undique1 eam v]o mat]i quantitatem ad pr(unditatem p$um #ajjj dilabi2 erit omne quod inde orietur increm5tum velocitatis diurni mots #cjjjj_/7aifchjea7b #a_/abheejfhahd4aic ,footnote #aic3 ,frisii ,op]a1 tom4 iii4 p4 #bfi4 ,"h1 x is evid5t1 t ,frisi admits ^? v *anges on ! surface :i* we are cont5d+ =1 & %[s1 t _! t5d5cy is to accel]ate ! e>?'s diurnal motion1 b1 by a quantity s small1 t1 9 a space ( "t am\nt+ at lea/ to #bjj ye>s1 ! increase ( ! diurnal motion w\ld only be su* a "p ( ! :ole z ! prec$+ fraction is ( unity4#aid ,footnote #aid3 ,! "t requisite = tak+ away by wa/e & erosion two feet f ! surface ( all our cont95ts1 & deposit+ x at ! bottom ( ! sea1 _c be reckon$ less ?an #bjj ye>s4 ,! fraction #a_/abheejfhahd1 r$uc$ to p>ts ( a day1 is #a_/adheed ( a second2 s t x w\ld require #bjj ye>s to %ort5 ! l5g? ( ! day1 by ! above fraction ( a second2 & !re=e x w\ld require #adheed times #bjj ye>s1 or #bigajhjj ye>s1 to dim9i% x an entire second4 ,! accumulat$ effect1 h[ev]1 ( all ! dim9utions dur+ t p]iod1 w\ld am\nt to mu* m3 & if we _h any p]fectly uni=m /&>d to comp>e ! motion ( ! e>? )1 its diff]5ce f t /&>d w\ld increase z ! squ>es ( ! "t1 & ! total accel]ation w\ld am\nt to "o second 9 #ggjhj ye>s4 ,:atev] relation ?is be>s to ! age ( ! globe itself1 x exce$s m ?an t5 times ! age ( any hi/orical record4 ,?\gh ,frisius concludes1 z is /at$ "h1 t ! accel]ation produc$ 9 ! diurnal motion ( ! e>?1 is f> too inconsid]able to become ! object ( a/ronomical obs]vation1 he makes a supposition difficult to be reconcil$ ) ?is conclusion1 namely1 t ! accel]ation has _h a s5sible effect on ! figure ( ! e>?1 or r ( ! sea1 hav+ increas$ ! c5trifugal =ce1 & !reby accumulat$ ! wat]s "u ! equator1 9 ! pres5t1 m ?an 9 =m] ages4 ,su* an accumulation1 he ?9ks agreeable to c]ta9 appe>ances t h be5 obs]v$ respect+ ! anci5t level ( ! sea4 ,^! appe>ances w be aft]w>ds consid]$3 x is suffici5t to rem>k "h1 t ?\gh ! fraction1 express+ ! increm5t ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 mu/ be d\ble t :i* expresses ! accel]ation1 x mu/ be too small to h any p]ceptible effect 9 elevat+ ! sea1 except aft] an imm5se int]val ( "t2 & ! comp5sations :i* arise f o!r causes1 probably mu/ prev5t x f becom+ s5sible 9 any l5g? ( "t :atsoev]4 #cgg4 ,! in/ance j giv5 may s]ve z "o ( _m1 to %ew :at confid5ce is to be plac$ 9 t indige/$ mass ( facts & quotations :i* ,mr ,kirwan1 )\t discrim9ation1 & )\t discussion1 has br\ght toge!r f all qu>t]s4 ,he has no int5tion1 ,i believe1 to deceive 8 read]s2 b we may judge1 f ?is specim51 ( ! precautions he has tak5 aga9/ be+ deceiv$ himself4 ,9 "s respects1 ! result ( ,frisi's inve/igation mu/ be consid]$ z imp]fect4 ,if !re 7 no relative motion 9 ! p>ts ( our globe1 b t by :i* ?+s desc5d f a high] to a l[] level1 a cont9ual accel]ation ( its rotation1 ?\gh extremely sl[1 w\ld take place1 z above comput$4 ,b z1 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 !re are und\bt$ly motions ( a t5d5cy opposite to ^? on ! surface1 & direct$ f ! c5tre t[>ds ! circumf]5ce1 !y mu/ produce a ret>dation 9 ! diurnal revolution2 & f ?is mu/ arise an inequality1 n uni=mly progressive 9 ! same direction1 b p]iodical1 & conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 z ! causes are by :i* x is produc$4#aie ,footnote #aie3 ,ev5 9 ! desc5t ( bodies f a high] to a l[] level at ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! :ole t5d5cy is n to increase ! velocity ( ! e>?'s rotation1 & _m comp5sations take place1 :i*1 :5 ! matt] is consid]$ only 9 g5]al1 are necess>ily ov]look$4 ,?is w appe> evid5t1 if we reflect1 t x is n simply ! approa* ( a body t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 or its removal f t c5tre1 :i* t5ds to di/urb ! rotation ( ! e>?2 b its approa* to ! axis ( ! e>?1 or its removal f t axis4 ,! velocity ) :i* a p>ticle ( matt] revolves1 :e!r on ! surface1 or 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe1 is proportional to its di/ance f ! axis ( rotation2 & !re=e1 :5 a body comes ne>] to ! axis1 x loses a "p ( ! motion :i* x _h be=e2 :i* "p1 ( consequ5ce1 is communicat$ to ! :ole mass ( ! e>?1 & !re=e t5ds to increase ! velocity ) :i* x revolves4 ,! contr>y happ5s :5 a body rec$es f ! axis2 = x !n receives an addition to its velocity1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is tak5 away f ! rotatory motion ( ! e>?4 ,h5ce1 bodies mov+ 9 a horizontal plane1 may increase or dim9i% ! swiftness ( ! diurnal motion1 accord+ z !y move t[>ds ! poles or t[>ds ! equator2 & ^? :i* desc5d f a high] to a l[] level1 di/urb ! e>?'s rotation1 mu* m 9 consequ5ce ( _! horizontal1 ?an ( _! p]p5dicul> motion4 ,! ,ganges1 = in/ance1 ?\gh its s\rce is probably elevat$ no less ?an #gjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 t5ds to ret>d ! e>?'s rotation1 by br++ its wat]s1 & ! mud conta9$ 9 !m1 f ! p>allel ( #ca to t ( #bb1 & s increas+ _! di/ance f ! e>?'s axis by m ?an #a_/ab ? "p4 ,_h ! ,ganges fl[$ t[>ds ! nor?1 z ! ,nile does1 its effect w\ld h be5 j ! contr>y4 ,9 ! same mann]1 a /one desc5d+ f ! top ( a m\nta91 may accel]ate or ret>d ! e>?'s rotation1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* x desc5ds4 ,if x desc5d on ! side ( ! elevat$ pole1 x w !n produce accel]ation1 because its di/ance f ! axis w be dim9i%$2 b if x desc5d on ! side ( ! depress$ pole1 & if ! direction 9 :i* x is mov$1 be ov] a l9e less incl9$1 ?an a l9e drawn f ! same po9t to ! depress$ pole1 x w !n produce a ret>dation1 because its di/ance f ! axis w be increas$4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t ! top ( ,m\nt ,blanc is 9 latitude #de #di1 & t its height is #bdej toises above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! po9t at :i* a l9e drawn f ! top ( ?is m\nta91 p>allel to ! e>?'s axis1 w meet ! sup]ficies ( ! sea1 7suppos+ t sup]ficies cont9u$ inl& f ! ,m$it]ranean71 mu/ be ab\t #bchb toises 9 horizontal di/ance1 or ab\t #b-a_/b m9utes s\? ( ! summit1 t is1 9 ! p>allel ( #de #df-a_/b2 & if ?is p>allel be cont9u$ all r\nd ! globe1 ! po9ts ( ! e>?'s surface betwe5 x & ! equator1 are all m di/ant f ! e>?'s axis ?an ! top ( ,m\nt ,blanc is2 :]eas all ! po9ts to ! nor? ( x are ne>] to t axis4 ,a /one1 !re=e1 f ! top ( ,m\nt ,blanc1 if c>ri$ any :]e to ! s\? ( ! above p>allel1 w ret>d ! e>?'s diurnal motion2 b if c>ri$ any :]e to ! nor? ( ! same l9e1 w accel]ate t motion4 ,! same quantity ( matt]1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ an equal di/ance t[>d ! pole1 & t[>d ! equator1 f any po9t1 w lose m velocity 9 ! =m] case ?an x w ga9 9 ! latt]1 z easily foll[s f ! nature ( circle4 ,!re=e1 suppos+ an equal disp]sion ( ! detritus ( a m\nta9 9 all directions1 ! p>ts t g t[>d ! pole w mo/ di/urb ! diurnal motion2 & h5ce a balance on _! side1 or 9 fav\r ( accel]ation1 z already obs]v$4 #cgh4 ,mr ,kirwan's second objection is f\nd$ on ! misappreh5sion ( a well-kn[n fact 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,riv]s1 says ?is au?or1 d n c>ry into ! sea ! spoils :i* !y br+ f ! l&1 b employ !m 9 ! =mation ( deltas ( l[ alluvial l& at _! m\?s1 accord+ to :at ,major ,r5nell has prov$4 ,! fact ( ! =mation ( deltas f ! spoils :i* ! riv]s c>ry f ! high] gr\nds1 is p]fectly asc]ta9$2 & ! detail into :i* ,major ,r5nell has ent]$ 9 ! passage ref]r$ to by ,mr ,kirwan1 does cr$it to ! acut5ess & accuracy ( t excell5t geograph]4 ,b x is n !re ass]t$1 t riv]s employ all ! mat]ials :i* !y c>ry ) !m1 9 ! =mation ( ^? deltas1 & deliv] none ( !m into ! sea4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y c>ry f ! delta itself mud & e>?1 :i* !y c deposit no :]e b 9 ! sea2 & x is ?is circum/ance *iefly t limits ! increase ( ^? alluvial l&s1 & makes !m ei!r cease to increase1 or makes !m increase v sl[ly aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 ?\gh ! supply ( e>? f ! high] gr\nds rema9s ne>ly ! same4 ,to make ,mr ,kirwan's argum5t conclusive1 x w\ld be necess>y to prove1 t all ! mud c>ri$ d[n by ! ,nile or ! ,ganges1 0 deposit$ on ! l[ l&s be=e ^! riv]s ent] ! sea2 a ?+ s obvi\sly absurd1 t no?+ b 8 ha/e to obta9 a conclusion unfav\rable to ! ,plutonic sy/em1 c\ld h prev5t$ him f p]ceiv+ x#aif4 ,footnote #aif3 ,! in/ance m5tion$ 9 ! ,geological ,essays1 f ! travels ( ! ,abb ,=tis1 conc]n+ urns ?r[n into ! ,adriatic1 upw>ds ( #adjj ye>s ago1 & n yet cov]$ ) mud1 mu/ be expla9$ f peculi> circum/ances1 or local causes1 ) :i* we are unacqua9t$1 z x makes aga9/ ! deposition ( e>? ne> ! %ore1 & 9 n>r[ seas2 a g5]al fact :i*1 ,i ?9k1 e body admits4 #cgi4 ,a rem>k :i* ,major ,r5nell has made conc]n+ ! m\?s ( riv]s1 9 8 ,geography ( ,h]odotus1 des]ves ,mr ,kirwan's att5tion1 ?\gh p]haps he may n be able to put on x an int]pretation q s fav\rable to 8 sy/em4 ,! rem>k is1 t ! m\?s ( great riv]s are (t5 =m$ on pr9ciples q opposite to "o ano!r1 s t "s ( !m h a real delta or triangle ( flat l& at _! m\?s1 :ile o!rs h an e/u>y1 or :at may n improp]ly be call$ a negative delta4 ,( ! latt] k9d are "s ( ! greate/ riv]s 9 ! _w1 ! ,plata1 ! ,oroonoko & ! ,m>anon1 & by f> ! greate/ numb] ( our ,european riv]s4 ,nobody c d\bt1 t ! ?ree riv]s j nam$ c>ry ) !m z mu* e>? z ! ,nile1 or ! ,euphrates1 or any o!r riv] 9 ! _w4 ,all ?is !y h deposit$ 9 ! sea1 & committ$ to ! curr5ts1 :i* sweep along ! %ore ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & by ^! !y h be5 spread out ov] ! unlimit$ tracts ( ! ocean4 ,inde$1 no?+ c be m j ?an ,dr ,hutton's obs]vation1 t :]e l[ l& is =m$ at ! m\?s ( riv]s1 !re ! riv]s br+ d[n m ?an ! sea is able to c>ry away2 b t :]e su* l& is n =m$1 x is because ! sea is able to c>ry (f imm$iately all ! deposit :i* x receives4 #chj4 ,mr ,kirwan has d5i$ on ano!r pr9ciple ! p[] ( ! sea to c>ry to a di/ance ! mat]ials deliv]$ into x3 ,not)/&+1 says he1 _m p>ticles ( e>? are by riv]s conduc$ to ! sea1 yet none are convey$ 9 any di/ance1 b are ei!r deposit$ at _! m\?s1 or reject$ by curr5ts or by tides2 & ! reason is1 because ! tide ( flood is always m impetu\s & =cible ?an ! tide ( ebb1 ! advanc+ waves be+ press$ =w>d by ! c\ntless numb] beh9d !m1 :]eas ! retreat+ are press$ backw>d by a f> small] numb]1 z mu/ be evid5t to an att5tive spectator2 & h5ce x is t all float+ ?+s ca/ into ! sea1 are at la/ ?r[n on %ore1 & n convey$ into ! mid regions ( ! sea1 z !y %\ld be if ! reciprocal undulations ( ! tides 7 equally p[]ful #aig ,footnote #aig3 ,kirwan's ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #dci4 #cha4 ,b if ! att5tive spectator1 in/ead ( tru/+ to a vague impression1 or li/5+ to "s crude !ory ( undulations1 reflects on "o ( ! mo/ simple facts respect+ ! ebb+ & fl[+ ( ! tides1 he w be v little dispos$ to acquiesce 9 ! above conclusion4 ,he has only to consid]1 t ! fl[+ ( ! tide requires j six h\rs1 & ! ebb+ ( x likewise six h\rs2 s t ! same body ( wat] fl[s 9 ^u ! %ore1 & retreats f x1 9 ! same "t4 ,! quantity ( matt] mov$1 !re=e1 & ! velocity ) :i* x is mov$1 are 9 bo? cases ! same2 & x rema9s = ,mr ,kirwan to %[ 9 :at ! diff]5ce ( _! =ce c possibly consi/4 ,! =ce ) :i* ! waves usually break ^u our %ores1 does n arise f ! velocity ( ! tide be+ great] 9 "o direction ?an 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! ma9 ocean1 ! waves h no progressive motion1 & ! columns ( wat] alt]nately rise & fall1 )\t any o!r ?an a reciprocat+ motion3 a k9d ( equilibrium takes place among ! undulations1 & ea* wave be+ equally act$ ^u by ^? on opposite sides1 rema9s fix$ 9 its place4 ,ne> ! %ore ?is _c happ52 ! wat] on ! l& side f its %all[ness be+ incapable ( ris+ to ! height necess>y to balance ! great undulations :i* are )\t4 ,! wat] runs1 !re=e1 z x 71 f a high] to a l[] level1 spread+ itself t[>ds ! l& side4 ,?is produces ! break]s on our %ores1 & ! surf ( ! tropical seas4 ,a rock or a s&bank com+ )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( ! surface1 is suffici5t1 9 any "p ( ! ocean1 to ob/ruct ! natural succession ( undulations2 &1 by de/roy+ ! mutual reaction ( ! waves1 to give !m a progressive in/ead ( a reciprocat+ motion4 #chb4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b f a small di/ance1 t ! waves are impell$ aga9/ ! %ore ) a progressive motion4 ,! bord] ( break]s t surr\nds any coa/ is n>r[1 comp>$ ) ! di/ance to :i* ! detritus f ! l& is confess$ly c>ri$2 ! wat]1 :ile x advances at ! surface1 fl[s back at ! bottom2 & ^! contr>y motions are s ne>ly equal1 t x is b a v mom5t>y accumulation ( ! wat] t is ev] produc$ on any %ore4 ,if x 7 o!rwise1 & if x 7 true t ! sea ?r[s out e ?+1 & c>ries away no?+1 we %\ld h a con/ant accumulation ( e>? & s& along all %ores :atsoev]1 at lea/ :]ev] a /ream ran into ! sea4 ,?is1 z is abundantly evid5t1 is q contr>y to ! fact4 ,s1 also1 ! b>s =m$ at ! m\?s ( riv]s1 aft] hav+ atta9$ a c]ta9 magnitude1 increase no f>!r1 n because !y cease to receive augm5tations f ! l&1 b because _! dim9ution f ! sea1 increas+ ) _! magnitude1 becomes at l5g? s great1 z completely to balance ^? augm5tations4 ,:5 prop]ly exam9$1 !re=e1 ! ph5om5a1 :i* h be5 propos$ z mo/ inconsi/5t ) ! indef9ite transportation ( /ony bodies1 af=d v satisfactory pro(s ( t op]ation4 #chc4 ,x is true1 t bodies :i* float 9 ! wat]1 :5 c>ri$ along on ! tops ( ! waves t[>ds a %elv+ bea*1 hav+ acquir$ a c]ta9 velocity1 are ?r[n f>!r 9 ^u ! l& ?an ! di/ance !y w\ld h float$ to1 if !y _h be5 simply su/a9$ by ! wat]4 ,! dep? ( wat]1 !re=e1 at ! place :]e !y take ! gr\nd1 is n likely to be su* z to float !m aga91 & to c>ry !m out t[>ds ! sea4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 left beh9d2 & ?is produces an appe>ance ( a =ce impell+ float+ bodies t[>ds ! l&1 mu* great] & m g5]al ?an really takes place4 ,^! obs]vations may s]ve to %[1 h[ uns\nd ! pr9ciples are f :i* ,mr ,kirwan's conclusions are d$uc$3 !y are p]haps m ?an is necess>y = t purpose3 x might h be5 suffici5t to obs]ve1 t ! increase ( l& on ! sea %ore is limit$1 ?\gh ! augm5tation f ! l& is c]ta9ly indef9ite1 a pro( t ! dim9ution f ! sea is con/ant & equal to ! increase4 #chd4 ,m>9]s1 says ,mr ,kirwan1 7 accu/om$1 = "s c5turies back1 to discov] _! situation1 by ! k9d ( e>? or s& br\ght up by _! s\nd+ plummets2 a me?od :i* w\ld prove fallaci\s1 if ! surface ( ! bottom did n cont9ue inv>iably ! same4#aih ,footnote #aih3 ,geol4 ,essays1 p4 #ddj4 ,! fact "h /at$1 t m>9]s1 :5 navigation 0 m imp]fect ?an x is n[1 _h v frequ5t rec\rse to ?is me?od1 & t !y /ill use x occasionally1 is v true4 ,b f ?is1 ! only inf]5ce t c be fairly d$uc$ is1 t ! *anges at ! bottom ( ! sea are v sl[1 & ! v>iation b little2 n m]ely f "o ye> to ano!r1 b ev5 f "o c5tury to ano!r4 ,! rules by :i* ! m>9] judg$ ( 8 position f ! quality ( ! e>? :i* ! lead br\ght up1 & :i* 7 d$uc$ no d\bt f obs]vations made at no v great di/ance ( "t1 might be suffici5t = 8 purpose1 ?\gh a sl[ *ange _h be5 all ! :ile go+ =w>d4 ,su* obs]vations c\ld at be/ h little accuracy1 & c\ld n be affect$ by small v>iations4 ,x is ! sl[ness ( ! *ange1 t makes ! exp]i5ce ( "o age applicable1 9 ?is1 z 9 innum]able o!r in/ances1 to ! obs]vations ( ! next4 ,if a long int]val is tak51 we w look 9 va9 = ! same uni=mity ( results4 ,a pilot1 :o w\ld at pres5t judge ( 8 position 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 by comp>+ 8 s\nd+s ) ^? tak5 by ,,py!as1 7suppos+ !m kn[n7 9 8 navigation ( t sea1 m ?an #bjjj ye>s ago1 c\ld h>dly be expect$ to det]m9e 8 latitude & longitude ) great exactness2 & ,i "k n if ! mo/ zeal\s advocate = ! immutability ( ! e>?'s surface1 w\ld be will+ to tru/ 8 safety 9 a %ip t 0 guid$ by su* antiquat$ rules4 ,,note ,,xx4 #aah4 ,inequalities 9 ! ,planet>y ,motions4 #che4 ,! ass]tion t1 9 ! planet>y motions1 we discov] no m>k1 ei!r ( ! comm5cem5t or t]m9ation ( ! pres5t ord]1 ref]s to ! late discov]ies ( ,,la ,,grange & ,,la ,,place1 :i* h contribut$ s mu* to ! p]fection ( physical a/ronomy4 ,f ! pr9ciple ( univ]sal gravitation1 ^! ma!maticians h demon/rat$1 t all ! v>iations 9 our sy/em are p]iodical2 t !y are conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits2 & consi/ ( alt]nate dim9ution & increase4 ,! orbits ( ! planets *ange n only _! position1 b ev5 _! magnitude & _! =m3 ! long] axis ( ea* has a sl[ angul> motion2 &1 ?\gh its l5g? rema9s fix$1 ! %ort] axis increases & dim9i%es1 s t ! =m ( ! orbit approa*es to t ( a circle1 & rec$es f x by turns4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 & ! incl9ation ( ! planet>y orbits1 are subject to *ange2 b ! *anges are small1 &1 be+ fir/ 9 "o direction1 & !n 9 ! opposite1 !y c nev] accumulate s z to produce a p]man5t or a progressive alt]ation4 ,?us1 9 ! cele/ial motions1 no room is left = ! introduction ( disord]2 no irregul>ity or di/urbance1 aris+ f ! mutual action ( ! planets1 is p]mitt$ to increase beyond c]ta9 limits1 b ea* ( !m1 9 "t1 af=ds a correction = itself4 ,! g5]al ord] is con/ant1 9 ! mid/ ( ! v>iation ( ! p>ts2 &1 9 ! language ( ,la ,place1 !re is a c]ta9 mean condition1 ab\t :i* our sy/em p]petually oscillates p]=m+ small vibrations on ea* side ( x1 & nev] rec$+ f x f>4#aii ,! sy/em is ?us end[$ ) a /ability1 :i* c refill ! lapse ( unlimit$ duration2 x c only p]i% by an ext]nal cause1 & by ! introduction ( laws1 ( :i* at pres5t no ve/ige is to be trac$4 ,footnote #aii3 ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde1 p> ,la ,place1 ,livre iv4 *ap4 #f4 p4 #aii4 #b;d edit4 #chf4 ,! same calculus to :i* we are indebt$ = ^! sublime conclusions1 in=ms u ( two circum/ances1 :i* m>k ! law "h treat$ ( z an effect ( wise design1 to ! entire exclusion bo? ( necessity & *ance4 ,"o ( ^! circum/ances consi/s 9 ! planet>y motions be+ all 9 ! same direction1 or all 9 consequ5tia z x is call$ by ! a/ronom]s4 ,?is is ess5tial to ! comp5sation & /ability above m5tion$3#bjj _h "o planet circulat$ r\nd ! sun 9 a direction f ea/ to we/1 & ano!r 9 a direction f we/ to ea/1 ! di/urbances !y w\ld h produc$ on "o ano!r's motion w\ld n necess>ily h be5 p]iodical2 _! irregul>ities might h cont9ually increas$1 & !y might h deviat$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages f _! orig9al condition1 beyond any limits t c be assign$4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,la ,place1 ibid4 ,! o!r circum/ance1 on :i* ! /ability ( our sy/em dep5ds1 is ! small ecc5tricity ( ! planet>y orbits1 or _! ne> approa* to circles4 ,7 _! orbits v ecc5tric1 an op5+ w\ld be giv5 to progressive *ange1 t might s f> increase1 z to prove ! de/ruction ( ! :ole4 ,b nei!r ! movem5t ( all ! planets 9 ! same direction1 nor ! small ecc5tricity ( _! orbits1 c be ascrib$ to accid5t1 s9ce t ei!r ( ^! %\ld happ5 by *ance1 9 z _m in/ances z !re are planets1 bo? prim>y & second>y1 is almo/ inf9itely improbable4 ,aga91 t any necessity 9 ! nature ( ?+s %\ld h ei!r det]m9$ ! direction ( ! planet>y motions1 or proportion$ ! quantity ( !m to ! int5sity ( ! c5tral =ce1 _c be admitt$1 z ^! are ?+s unavoidably conceiv$ to be q indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 t we consid] ! laws1 :i* make ! di/urbances 9 our sy/em correct !mselves1 & by t means give firmness & p]man5ce to x1 z a pro( ( ! consummate wisdom ) :i* ! :ole is con/ruct$4 #chg4 ,! geological sy/em ( ,dr ,hutton1 resembles1 9 _m respects1 t :i* appe>s to preside ov] ! heav5ly motions4 ,9 bo?1 we p]ceive cont9ual vicissitude & *ange1 b conf9$ )9 c]ta9 limits1 & nev] f a c]ta91 mean condition1 :i* is su*1 t1 9 ! lapse ( "t1 ! deviations f x on ! "o side1 mu/ become j equal to ! deviations f x on ! o!r4 ,9 bo?1 a provision is made = duration ( unlimit$ ext5t1 & ! lapse ( "t has no effect to we> out or de/roy a ma*9e1 con/ruct$ ) s mu* wisdom4 ,:]e ! movem5ts are all s p]fect1 _! beg9n+ & end mu/ be alike invisible4 ,,note ,,xxi4 #abb4 ,*anges 9 ! app>5t ,level ( ! ,sea4 #chh4 ,9 speak+ ( ! natural epo*s m>k$ out by ! ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom1 we h suppos$ a great] simplicity1 & sep>ation ( effects f "o ano!r1 ?an probably takes place 9 nature4 ,we h1 = in/ance1 ab/ract$1 9 speak+ ( ! wa/e & degradation ( ! l&1 f t elevation :i* may h be5 c>ri$ on at ! same "t4 ,?is appe>$ necess>y to be done1 9 ord] to simplify z mu* z possible ! view t 0 to be giv5 ( ! :ole2 b !re c be no d\bt1 t1 :ile ! l& has be5 gradually worn d[n by ! op]ations on its surface1 x has be5 rais$ up by ! expansive =ces act+ f bel[4 ,!re is ev5 reason to ?9k1 t ! elevation has n be5 uni=m1 b has be5 subject to a k9d ( oscillation1 insomu*1 t ! cont95ts h bo? asc5d$ & desc5d$1 or h _h _! level alt]nately rais$ & depress$1 indep5d5tly ( all action at ! surface1 & ?is )9 a p]iod comp>atively ( no great ext5t4 ,x w be easily und]/ood1 t ! facts we are go+ to /ate1 ea* tak5 s+ly1 prove no?+ m ?an a *ange ( ! l9e 9 :i* ! surface ( ! sea int]sects ! surface ( ! l&1 leav+ x unc]ta9 to :i* ( ! two ! *ange ought really to be ascrib$4 ,tak5 9 comb9ation1 h[ev]1 ^! facts may det]m9e :at ea* ( !m sep>ately _c asc]ta94 ,i %all fir/1 !re=e1 m5tion "s ( ! pr9cipal obs]vations relative to ! *ange above m5tion$1 & %all !n comp>e !m1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r x is mo/ probable t ?is *ange has be5 produc$ by ! motion ( ! l& or ( ! sea4 #chi4 ,if we beg9 ) exam9+ ! coa/s ( our own isl&1 we %all f9d cle> evid5ce e :]e1 t ! sea once rea*$ high] up ^u ! l& ?an x does at pres5t4 ,! m>ks ( an anci5t sea bea* are to be se5 beyond ! pres5t limits ( ! tide1 & b$s ( sea %ells1 n m9]aliz$1 are f\nd 9 ! loose e>? or soil1 sometimes z high z ?irty feet above ! pres5t level ( ! sea4 ,"s ( ^! on ! %ores ( ! ,fri? ( ,=? are v well kn[n1 & h be5 (t5 m5tion$4 ,inde$1 on ! %ores ( t fri?1 _m monum5ts appe>1 :i* w\ld seem to c>ry ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t & ! anci5t level ( ! sea1 to m ?an =ty feet4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ! ,botanic ,g>d5 ( ,ed9burgh is situat$1 aft] a ?9 cov]+ ( soil is remov$1 consi/s entirely ( sea s&1 v regul>ly /ratifi$1 ) lay]s ( a black c>bonace\s matt]1 9 ?9 lamell1 int]pos$ betwe5 !m4 ,%ells ,i believe are b r>ely f\nd 9 x1 b x has e o!r appe>ance ( a sea bea*4 ,! height ( ?is gr\nd above ! pres5t level ( ! sea is c]ta9ly n less ?an =ty feet4 #cij4 ,on almo/ e "p ( ! coa/ :]e ! rocks d n rise q abrupt & precipit\s f ! sea1 simil> m>ks ( ! l[]+ ( ! sea1 or ! ris+ ( ! l&1 may be obs]v$4 ,on ! %ores opposite to ours1 ! same appe>ances are rem>k$4 ,! au?or ( ! ,lettre ,critique to ,m4 de ,buffon1 tells u1 t he _h f\nd ! bottom ( a bason at ,dunkirk1 :i* he _h reason to ?9k 0 dug ab\t #iej ye>s ago1 t5 feet & a half above ! pres5t l[ wat] m>k1 ?\gh x mu/ h be5 orig9ally "u x4 ,! bottom ( ?is bason is 9 ! native *alk4 ,f ?is1 ! same au?or concludes1 t ! sea at ,dunkirk l[]s its level at ! rate ( an in* ne>ly 9 sev5 ye>s4 ,! obs]vation 0 made 9 #agfb1 7,lettre ,m4 le ,comte de ,buffon1 c4 p4 #ee47bja ,footnote #bja3 ,9 ! c\nty ( ,suffolk1 ne> ,wood ,bridge1 at ! di/ance ( sev5 or eight miles f ! sea1 are ! ,crag-pits1 9 :i* prodigi\s quantities ( sea %ells are discov]$1 _m ( !m p]fect & q solid1 7,p5nant's ,arctic ,zoology1 ,introd4 p4 #f47 ,l9coln%ire af=ds v>i\s pro(s ( ! same k9d2 b "s o!r circum/ances 9 ! appe>ance ( t coa/1 j ab\t to be tak5 notice (1 indicate *anges ( a m complicat$ nature4 #cia4 ,! %ores ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ( ,holl&1 h be5 (t5 in/anc$ 9 pro( ( ! same k9d ( *anges1 & x has be5 suppos$1 t1 indep5d5tly ( ^? artificial b>ri]s :i* at pres5t exclude ! wat]s ( ! ocean f ov]fl[+ a great "p ( ?is tract1 nature h]self has br\ght x ne>] to ! surface ?an x _h =m]ly be54 ,x is inde$ c]ta91 t ^? c\ntries1 to a v great ext5t inl&1 h ei!r be5 "u ! sea at "s p]iod1 by no means remote if comp>$ ) ! great revolutions ( ! globe1 or t !y are entirely alluvial1 & ( ! same sort ) ! ,deltas =m$ at ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,! relative *anges1 h[ev]1 ( ! sea & l& on ?is tract1 h be5 diff]5tly repres5t$1 & ,i am unwill+1 on t acc\nt1 to f\nd any argum5t on !m4 #cib4 ,if we proce$ f>!r to ! nor?1 to ! %ores ( ! ,baltic = in/ance1 we h und\bt$ evid5ce ( a *ange ( level 9 ! same direction z on our own %ores4 ,! level ( ?is sea has be5 repres5t$ z l[]+ at s great a rate z #dj in*es 9 a c5tury4 ,celsius obs]v$1 t sev]al rocks :i* are n[ above wat]1 7 n long ago sunk5 rocks1 & dang]\s to navigators2 & he p>ticul>ly took notice ( "o1 :i*1 9 ! ye> #afhj1 0 on ! surface ( ! wat]1 & 9 ! ye> #agia 0 #bj-a_/b ,sw$i% in*es above x4 ,f an inscription ne> ,asp1 9 ! lake ,mel>1 :i* communicates ) ! ,baltic1 engrav$1 z is suppos$1 ab\t five c5turies ago1 ! level ( ! sea appe>s to h sunk 9 t "t no less ?an #ac ,sw$i% feet4#bjb ,all ^! facts1 ) _m m :i* x is unnecess>y to enum]ate1 make ! gradual depression1 n only ( ! ,baltic1 b ( ! :ole nor!rn ocean1 a matt] ( c]ta9ty4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,frisii ,op]a1 tom4 iii4 p4 #bgd4 #cic4 ,suppos+ ^! *anges ( level betwe5 ! sea & l& to be suffici5tly asc]ta9$1 ! supposition :i* at fir/ occurs is1 t ! motion has be5 9 ! sea r ?an 9 ! l&1 & t ! =m] has actually desc5d$ to a l[] level4 ,! imag9ation naturally feels less difficulty 9 conceiv+1 t an un/able fluid l ! sea1 :i* *anges its level twice e day1 has und]gone a p]man5t depression 9 its surface1 ?an t ! l&1 ! t]ra firma itself1 has admitt$ ( an equal elevation4 ,9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 we are guid$ mu* m by fancy ?an reason2 =1 9 ord] to depress or elevate ! absolute level ( ! sea1 by a giv5 quantity1 9 any "o place1 we mu/ depress or elevate x by ! same quantity ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?2 :]eas no su* necessity exi/s ) respect to ! elevation or depression ( ! l&4 ,to make ! sea subside #cj feet all r\nd ! coa/ ( ,great ,brita91 x is necess>y to displace a body ( wat] #cj feet deep ov] ! :ole surface ( ! ocean4 ,! quantity ( matt] to be mov$ 9 t way is incomp>ably great] ?an if ! l& itself 7 to be elevat$2 = ?\gh x is ne>ly ?ree times less 9 specific gravity1 x is z mu* great] 9 bulk1 z ! surface ( ! ocean is great] ?an t ( ?is isl&4 #cid4 ,besides1 ! sea _c *ange its level1 )\t a proportional *ange 9 ! solid bottom on :i* x re/s4 ,?\gh !re be reason to suppose t su* *anges 9 ! bottom d actually take place1 yet !y are probably mu* sl[] & m imp]ceptible ?an ^? :i* we are "h consid]+4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! simple/ hypo!sis = expla9+ ^? *anges ( level1 is1 t !y proce$ f ! motion1 upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 ( ! l& itself1 & n f t ( ! sea4 ,z no elevation or depression ( ! sea c take place1 b ov] ! :ole1 its level _c be affect$ by local causes1 & is probably z little subject to v>iation z any ?+ to be met ) on ! surface ( ! globe4 #cie4 ,o!r obs]vations1 h[ev]1 made on diff]5t %ores f ! prec$+1 give great] c]ta9ty to ?is conclusion1 & make x cle>1 t ! motion or *ange :i* we are n[ treat+ ( is n to be ascrib$ to ! sea itself4 ,! obs]vations j m5tion$ prove1 t ! level ( ! ,nor? ,sea is l[] n[ ?an x 0 h]et(ore2 b x appe>s1 t 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! opposite takes place4 ,v accurate obs]vations made by ,,manfr$i1 r5d] x c]ta91 t ! sup]ficies ( ! ,hadriatic 0 high] ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 ?an t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,"s repairs t 7 c>ry+ on 9 ! ca!dral *ur* ( ,rav5na1 9 ! ye> #agca1 af=d$ him an opportunity ( obs]v+1 t ! anci5t1 & probably orig9al1 pavem5t1 0 f\r feet & a half bel[ ! pres5t1 & ne>ly a foot "u ! level ( ! sea at high wat]4#bjc ,n[1 :5 ! *ur* 0 built1 ?is _c h be5 ! position ( ! pavem5t1 relatively to ! level ( ! sea1 = x w\ld h subject$ ! floor to be "u wat] twice 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & mu/ h done s ! m unavoidably1 because at t "t 7! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury7 ! walls ( ,rav5na 7 wa%$ by ! sea4 ,! fact t ?is pavem5t is "u ! high-wat] m>k1 by ! quantity j m5tion$1 0 asc]ta9$ by actual levell+4 ,?is result 0 confirm$ by simil> facts1 obs]v$ by ,,z5dr9i at ,v5ice4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,comm5t>ii ,academi ,bononi5sis1 tom4 ii4 p>s #ama1 p4 #bcg1 c4 & p>s #b;da1 p4 #a4 c4 #cif4 ,manfr$i himself attributes all ?is to ! elevation ( ! surface ( ! sea1 & has ent]$ into a long calculation to asc]ta9 at :at rate t surface may be suppos$ to rise1 on acc\nt ( ! e>? & s& br\ght d[n by ! riv]s1 & spread out ov] ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,b z ! fact ( ! rise ( ! level ( ! sea is n g5]al1 & z ! contr>y is obs]v$ 9 ! nor? seas1 z already prov$1 ?is hypo!sis w n expla9 ! app>5t rise 9 ! level ( ! ,hadriatic4 #cig4 ,?\gh a local subsid5ce1 or settl+ ( ! gr\nd1 c\ld h>dly acc\nt = ?is *ange1 ! pavem5t be+ p]fect 9 its level1 & ! walls ( ! ca!dral )\t any %ake1 yet a subsid5ce t has ext5d$ to a great tract1 z to ! :ole ( ,italy1 if ! mass mov$ has cont9u$ p>allel to itself1 & *ang$ its place sl[ly1 w agree v well ) ! appe>ances4 ,! facts "h /at$ are also ! m des]v+ ( att5tion1 t ab\t ,rav5na1 ! l&1 at ! same "t t x has sunk 9 its level1 has ext5d$ its surface1 & has encroa*$ on ! sea4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,,augu/us1 ! l9e ( ! coa/ has be5 c>ri$ f>!r out by ab\t ?ree miles4#bjd ,?is la/ is ! und\bt$ effect ( ! degradation ( ! l& by ! riv]s2 & "h we h v cle> evid5ce ( ! =ces1 bo? "u & above ! surface1 produc+ _! respective effects at ! same "t1 s t :ile ! surface is rais$ by e>? br\ght d[n by ! riv]s1 e giv5 po9t 9 ! gr\nd is depress$ & let d[n to a l[] level4#bje ,footnote #bjd3 ,manfr$i1 ibid4 ,footnote #bje3 ,on ! coa/ ( ,dalmatia also1 ! ris+ ( ! level ( ! sea has be5 rem>k$1 p>ticul>ly at ! ru9s ( ,diocletian's palace ( ,spalatro4 #cih4 ,on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,italy simil> facts h be5 obs]v$4 ,,breislac1 9 8 ,topographia ,fisica della ,campagnia di ,roma1#bjf f c]ta9 appe>ances 9 ! ,gulfs ( ,baja & ,naples1 concludes1 t at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! level ( ! sea 0 l[] on t "p ( ! coa/ ?an x is n[4 ,! facts :i* he m5tions are ! foll[+3 #amo1 ,! rema9s ( an anci5t road are n[ to be se5 9 ! ,gulf ( ,baja at a consid]able di/ance f ! l&4 #b;d1 ,"s anci5t build+s belong+ to ,porto ,giulio are at pres5t cov]$ by ! sea4 #ctio1 ,t5 columns ( granite at ! foot ( ,monte ,nuovo1 :i* appe> to h belong$ to ! ,temple ( ! ,nymphs1 are also ne>ly cov]$ by ! sea4 #dto1 ,! pavem5t ( ! ,temple ( ,s]apis is n[ some:at l[] ?an ! high wat] m>k1 ?\gh x _c be suppos$ t ?is edifice :5 built 0 expos$ to ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ its floor frequ5tly "u wat]4 #eto1 ,! ru9s ( a palace1 built by ,tib]ius 9 ! isl& ( ,caprea1 are n[ entirely cov]$ by ! sea4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,cap4 vi4 p4 #cjj4 ,?us1 x appe>s t ! level ( ! sea is s9k+ 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes1 & ris+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & x is evid5t t ?is _c happ5 by ! motion ( ! sea itself4 ,! p>ts ( ! ocean all communicat+ ) "o ano!r1 _c rise 9 "o place & fall 9 ano!r2 b1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 a level surface1 mu/ rise equally or fall equally ov] ! :ole ( its ext5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 we place any confid5ce 9 ! prec$+ obs]vations1 & !y are c]ta9ly liable to no objection1 ei!r f _! own nature or ! "* ( ! obs]v]s1 we mu/ consid] x z demon/rat$1 t ! relative *ange ( level has proce$$ f ! elevation or depression ( ! l& itself4 ,?is agrees well ) ! prec$+ !ory1 :i* holds1 t our cont95ts are subject to be act$ ^u by ! expansive =ces ( ! m9]al regions2 t by ^! =ces !y h be5 actually rais$ up1 & are su/a9$ by !m 9 _! pres5t situation4 #cii4 ,accord+ to "s o!r facts /at$ by ! same +5i\s au?or1 x appe>s1 t on ! coa/ ( ,italy ! progress ( ! sea 9 asc5d+1 or ( ! l& 9 desc5d+1 has n be5 uni=m dur+ ! p]iod above m5tion$1 b t diff]5t oscillations h tak5 place2 s t1 f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 till "s "t 9 ! middle ages1 ! sea rose to be sixte5 feet high] ?an at pres5t1 f :i* height x has desc5d$ till x became l[] ?an x is n[1 & f t /ate ( depression x is n[ ris+ aga94 ,breislac inf]s ?is f two facts1 :i* he comb9es v +5i\sly ) ! prec$+1 viz4 ! rema9s ( "s anci5t build+s1 at ! foot ( ,monte ,nuovo1 five or six feet above ! pres5t level ( ! sea1 9 :i* are f\nd ! %ells ( "s ( ^? little m>9e animals t eat into /one3 ,& aga91 ! m>ble columns ( ! temple ( ,s]apis1 :i* are also p]=at$ by pholades1 to ! height ( sixte5 feet above ! gr\nd4 ,all ^! *anges ,breislac ascribes to ! motion ( ! sea itself2 a supposition :i*1 z we h se51 _c possibly be admitt$1 s9ce no?+ c p]man5tly affect ! level ( ! sea 9 "o place1 :i* does n affect x 9 all places :atsoev]4 #djj4 ,appe>ances1 :i* indicate su* alt]nations z h j be5 m5tion$ 9 ! level ( ! sea1 are to be met ) on "s o!r coa/s4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! coa/ ( ,l9coln%ire1 ! rema9s ( a =e/ h be5 obs]v$1 :i* are n[ entirely cov]$ by ! sea4#bjg ,! subm>9e /ratum :i* conta9s ! rema9s ( ?is =e/1 c be trac$ into ! c\ntry to a great di/ance1 & is f\nd ?r\gh\t all ! f5s ( ,l9coln%ire4 ,! /ratum itself is ab\t f\r feet ?ick2 x is cov]$ 9 "s places by a b$ ( clay sixte5 feet ?ick1 & "u x = tw5ty feet m is a b$ ( s(t mud1 l ! sc\r+s ( a dit*1 mix$ ) %ells & silt4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agii1 p4 #ade4 ,"h !n we h a /ratum :i* mu/ h be5 once upp]mo/ on ! surface ( ! dry l&1 ?\gh "o "p ( x is n[ imm]s$ "u ! sea1 & ano!r cov]$ ) e>?1 to ! dep? ( sixte5 feet4 ,a *ange ( level 9 ! sea itself w n expla9 ^! appe>ances3 !y c only be expla9$ by suppos+ ! :ole tract ( l& to h subsid$1 :i* is ! hypo!sis adopt$ by ! au?or ( ! description 9 ! ,transactions1 ,m4 ,,corria ,,de ,,s]ra2 ! subsid5ce1 h[ev]1 is n "h und]/ood to arise f ! m]e yield+ ( "s ( ! /rata imm$iately und]nea?1 b is conceiv$ to be a "p ( t geological sy/em ( alt]nate depression & elevation ( ! surface1 :i* probably ext5ds to ! :ole m9]al k+dom4 ,to reconcile all ! diff]5t facts1 ,i %\ld be tempt$ to ?9k1 t ! =e/ :i* once cov]$ ,l9coln%ire1 0 imm]s$ "u ! sea by ! subsid5ce ( ! l& to a great dep?1 & at a p]iod consid]ably remote2 t :5 s imm]s$1 x 0 cov]$ ov] ) ! b$ ( clay :i* n[ lies on x1 by deposition f ! sea1 & ! wa%+ d[n ( e>? f ! l&2 t x has em]g$ f ?is great dep? till a "p ( x has become dry l&2 b t x is n[ s9k+ aga91 if ! tradition ( ! c\ntry des]ves any cr$it1 t ! "p ( x 9 ! sea is deep] "u wat] at pres5t ?an x 0 a few ye>s ago4 ,?is might also s]ve to reconcile1 9 "s measure1 ! ph5om5a ( ?is subm>9e =e/ ) ! appe>ances :i* indicate an ext5sion ( ! l& on ! coa/ ( ,l9coln%ire4 ,inde$ ! ext5sion ( ! l& is no direct pro(1 ei!r ( its own elevation1 or ( ! depression ( ! sea1 z we may conclude f ! in/ance ( ,rav5na already m5tion$4 #dja4 ,we h conclud$ f ! facts /at$ above1 t ! level ( ! sea rises 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & s9ks 9 ! m nor!rn latitudes2 & !nce "s h suspect$1 t ! level ( ! sea _h 9 g5]al a t5d5cy to rise t[>ds ! equator1 & to s9k t[>ds ! poles4 ,?is is ! notion ( ,frisi1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 & he sugge/s1 t ?is rise ( ! sea may be ow+ to a slight accel]ation 9 ! e>?'s diurnal motion4 ,b !re are facts :i* %[1 t betwe5 ! tropics ! relative level ( ! sea & l& has sunk1 & is l[] at pres5t ?an x 0 at "s =m] p]iod1 probably n extremely remote4 ,! op9ion ( ,frisi1 !re=e1 is unsupport$ by obs]vation1 &1 z has be5 already %[n1 _c be ju/ifi$ f !ory4 ,betwe5 ! tropics1 isl&s are =m$ f ! m]e accumulation ( coral2 & x is ! peculi>ity ( ^? regions1 to produce rocks t h n pass$ ?r\gh ! usual process ( m9]al consolidation4#bjh ,! islets1 h[ev]1 :i* are ?us =m$1 mu/ h _! bases laid on a solid rock1 ?\gh p]haps at a great dep?2 & x is n probable1 t aft] !y are once rais$ above ! surface ( ! sea1 !y c /ill rise f>!r1 except by "s elevation ( ! rock :i* s]ves z _! f\ndation4#bji ,n[1 at ,palm]/on isl&1 :i* compreh5ds n9e or t5 l[ islets1 t may be reckon$ ! heads ( a great reef ( coral rock1 ,capta9 ,cook in=ms u ( 8 hav+ se51 f> beyond ! rea* ( ! sea1 ev5 9 ! mo/ viol5t /orms1 elevat$ coral rocks1 :i*1 on exam9ation1 appe>$ to h be5 p]=at$ 9 ! same mann] t ! rocks are t n[ compose ! out] edge ( ! reef4 ,?is evid5tly %[s1 he adds1 t ! sea _h =m]ly rea*$ s f>2 & "s ( ^! p]=at$ rocks 7 almo/ 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&4#baj ,footnote #bjh3 ,dr ,fo/]1 9 8 ,voyage r\nd ! ,_w1 7vol4 ii4 p4 #adf17 gives an in/ance 9 ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s1 :]e ! surface ( ! isl&1 ?\gh entirely a coral rock1 0 rais$ =ty feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,footnote #bji3 ,a v curi\s acc\nt ( ! =mation ( su* isl&s is giv5 by ,a4 ,dalrymple1 ,esq41 9 ! ,philosophical ,transitions1 vol4 lvii4 p4 #cid4 ,footnote #baj3 ,cook's ,?ird ,voyage1 vol i4 p4 #bba4 ,! same excell5t navigator1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! p59sula at ,cape ,d5bigh1 rem>ks3 ,x appe>$ to me1 t ?is p59sula mu/ h be5 an isl& 9 remote times2 = !re 7 m>ks ( ! sea hav+ fl[$ ov] ! i/hmus4 #djb4 ,we are "h t\*+ on "o ( ^? subjects1 :]e we feel mu* ! want ( accurate & anci5t obs]vations1 & :]e x is n f ! infancy1 b ! maturity ( sci5ce t any ?+ approa*+ to c]ta9ty c be look$ =4 ,! utmo/ t we c expect at pres5t1 is an anticipation1 :i* future ages mu/ c]ta9ly modify & correct4 ,! be/ ?+1 9 ! mean "t1 t c be done = ! advancem5t ( ?is bran* ( geological k1 is to asc]ta9 ) exactness ! relative level ( ! sea1 & ( su* po9ts ^u ! l& z c be di/9ctly m>k$1 & po9t$ out to succe$+ ages4 ,?is is n s easy z x may at fir/ appe>4 ,:]e e object *anges1 x is difficult to f9d a measure ( *ange1 or a fix$ po9t f :i* ! computation may beg94 ,! a/ronom]s already feel ?is inconv5i5ce1 & :5 !y w\ld ref] _! obs]vations to an immoveable plane1 t %all pres]ve its position ! same 9 all ages1 !y meet ) difficulties1 :i* _c be remov$ b by a pr(\nd ma!matical inve/igation4 ,9 geology1 we _c hope to be deliv]$ f ?is emb>rassm5t 9 ! same mann]2 & we h no res\rce b to multiply obs]vations ( ! diff]5ce ( level2 to make !m z exact z possible1 & to select po9ts ( comp>ison t h a *ance ( be+ long di/+ui%$4 ,! improvem5ts 9 b>ometrical measurem5ts1 :i* give su* facility to ! det]m9ation ( heights1 along ) s consid]able a degree ( accuracy1 w furni% an accumulation ( facts t mu/ "o day be ( great value to ! geologi/4 ,,note ,,xxii4 #abc4 ,fossil ,bones4 #djc4 ,! rema9s ( organiz$ bodies1 at pres5t includ$ 9 ! solid p>ts ( ! globe1 may be divid$ into ?ree classes4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( ! %ells1 corals1-& ev5 bodies ( fi%1 & amphibi\s animals1 :i* are n[ conv]t$ into /one1 & make integrant p>ts ( ! solid rock4 ,all ^! are p>ts ( animals t exi/$ be=e ! =mation ( ! pres5t l&1 or ev5 ( ! rocks :]e( x consi/s4 ,^! rema9s h be5 already treat$ (1 & ! evid5ce :i* !y furni% mu/ ev] be reg>d$ z ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! !ory ( ! e>?4 ,! second class consi/s ( rema9s1 :i*1 by ! help ( /alactitical concretions1 are conv]t$ into /one4 ,^! are ! exuvi ( animals1 :i* exi/$ on ! v same cont95ts on :i* we n[ dwell1 & are no d\bt ! mo/ anci5t among _! inhabitants1 ( :i* any monum5t is pres]v$4 ,9 comp>ison ( ! fir/ class1 !y mu/1 nev]!less1 be consid]$ z ( v mod]n orig94 #djd4 ,! ?ird class consi/s ( ! bones ( animals f\nd 9 ! loose e>? or soil2 ^! h n acquir$ a /ony "*1 & _! nature appe>s to be b little *ang$1 except by ! progress ( decomposition & ( m\ld]+ into e>?4 ,no decid$ l9e c be drawn betwe5 ! antiquity ( ?is & ! prec$+ class1 z !re may be betwe5 ! prec$+ & ! fir/4 ,9 "s in/ances1 ! objects ( ?is ?ird class may be coeval ) ^? ( ! second2 9 g5]al1 !y mu/ be acc\nt$ ( lat] orig91 z !y are c]ta9ly n pres]v$ 9 a mann] s well fitt$ = long cont9uance4 #dje4 ,! animal rema9s ( ! second class1 are g5]ally f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( lime/one /rata1 & are ei!r envelop$ or p5etrat$ by calc>e\s1 or sometimes f]rug9\s matt]4 ,( ?is sort are ! bones f\nd 9 ! rock ( ,gibralt>1 & on ! coa/ ( ,dalmatia4 ,! latt] are peculi>ly m>k$ = _! numb]1 & ! ext5t ( ! c\ntry ov] :i* !y are scatt]$1 leav+ x d\btful :e!r !y are ! "w ( successive ages1 or ( "s sudd5 cata/rophe t has assembl$ 9 "o place1 & ov]:elm$ ) imm$iate de/ruction1 a va/ multitude ( ! inhabitants ( ! globe4 ,^! rema9s are f\nd 9 greate/ abundance 9 ! isl&s ( ,*]so & ,os]o 2 end always 9 :at ! ,abb ,,=tis calls an ocreo-/alactitic e>?4 ,! bones are (t5 9 ! /ate ( m]e spl9t]s1 ! brok5 & confus$ relics ( v>i\s animals1 concret$ ) fragm5ts ( m>ble & lime1 9 clefts & *asms ( ! /rata4#baa ,sometimes human bones are said to be f\nd 9 ^! confus$ masses4 ,footnote #baa3 ,travels into ,dalmatia1 p4 #ddi4 #djf4 ,a v rem>kable collection ( bones 9 ?is /ate is f\nd 9 ! caves ( ,bayreu? 9 ,franconia4 ,_m ( ^! belong1 z is inf]r$ ) great c]ta9ty f ! /ructure ( _! tee?1 to a c>nivor\s animal ( va/ size1 & hav+ v little aff9ity to any ( ^? t are n[ kn[n4 ,! bones are f\nd 9 diff]5t /ates1 "s be+ )\t any /alactitical concretion1 & hav+ ! calc>e\s e>? /ill unit$ to ! phosphoric acid1 s t !y belong to ! ?ird1 r ?an ! second1 ( ! prec$+ divisions4 ,9 o!rs1 ! phosphoric acid has :olly disappe>$1 & giv5 place to ! c>bonic4 ,! numb] ( ^! bones1 accumulat$ 9 ! same place1 is matt] ( a/oni%m5t1 :5 x is consid]$1 t ! animals to :i* !y belong$ 7 c>nivor\s1 s t m ?an two c nev] h liv$ 9 ! same cav]n at ! same "t4 ,! caves ( ,bayreu? seem to h be5 ! d5 & ! tomb ( a :ole dyna/y ( unkn[n mon/]s1 t issu$ f ?is c5tral spot to dev\r ! feebl] inhabitants ( ! woods1 dur+ a long succession ( ages1 be=e man _h subdu$ ! e>?1 & fre$ x f all dom9ation b 8 own4 #djg4 ,! fossil bones ( ! second & ?ird class1 b *iefly ( ! ?ird1 h n[ af=d$ matt] ( conjecture & discussion = m ?an a c5tury4 ,! facts ) respect to !m are v num]\s & int]e/+1 b c be consid]$ "h only v g5]ally4 ,! rema9s ( ?is k9d1 consi/ ( ! bones only ( l>ge animals1 s t !y h g5]ally be5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! elephant1 ! rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 or o!r animals ( great size ,! bones ( small] animals h also be5 f\nd1 b mu* m r>ely ?an ! o!r4 ,x is usually rem>k$1 t ! bones ?us discov]$ 9 ! e>? are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! simil> liv+ animals4 ,ano!r g5]al fact conc]n+ ^! rema9s1 is1 t !y are f\nd 9 all c\ntries :atsoev]1 b always 9 ! loose or travell$ e>?1 & nev] 9 ! g5u9e /rata4 ,s9ce ! ye> #afif1 :5 ! att5tion ( ! curi\s 0 call$ to ?is subject1 by ! skeleton ( an elephant dug up 9 ,?ur+ia1 & describ$ by ,t5tzelius1#bab !re is h>dly a c\ntry 9 ,europe :i* has n af=d$ in/ances ( ! same k9d4 ,fossil bones1 p>ticul>ly gr9d]s & tusks ( elephants1 h be5 f\nd 9 o!r places ( ,g]many1 9 ,pol&1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,brita91 ,irel&1 & ev5 ,icel&4#bac ,two c\ntries1 h[ev]1 af=d !m 9 great] abundance by f> ?an any o!r "p ( ! kn[n _w2 namely1 ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia 9 ! old cont95t1 & ! flat gr\nds on ! banks ( ! ,ohio 9 ! new4#bad ,footnote #bab3 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 xix4 p4 #geg4 ,footnote #bac3 ,a gr9d] ( an elephant f\nd 9 ,icel&1 is describ$ by ,b>?ol9us1 ,acta ,hafni5s4 vol4 i4 p4 #hc4 ,footnote #bad3 ,! fossil bones on ! ,ohio are describ$ 9 two pap]s by ,mr ,p4 ,coll9son1 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lvii4 p4 #dfd & #dfh4 #djh4 ,:5 ! bones 9 ,sib]ia 7 fir/ discov]$1 !y 7 suppos$ to belong to an animal t liv$ "u gr\nd1 to :i* !y gave ! "n ( ! mamm\?2 & ! cr$it be/[$ on ?is absurd fiction1 is a pro( ( ! /rong desire :i* all m5 feel ( reconcil+ extraord9>y appe>ances ) ! regul> c\rse ( nature4 ,mu* skill1 h[ev]1 9 natural hi/ory 0 n requir$ to discov] t _m ( ! bones 9 "q resembl$ ^? ( ! elephant1 p>ticul>ly ! gr9d]s & ! tusks ( t animal4 ,o!rs resembl$ ! bones ( ! rh9oc]os2 & a head ( t k9d1 hav+ ! hide pres]v$ ^u x1 0 f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 & is /ill 9 ! imp]ial cab9et at ,pet]sburgh4 ,pallas has describ$ ! fossil bones :i* he f\nd 9 ! museum at ,pet]sburgh1 on 8 be+ appo9t$ to ! sup]9t5d5ce ( x1 & enum]ates1 n only bones t belong1 9 8 op9ion1 to ! elephant & rh9oc]os1 b o!rs t belong to a k9d ( buffalo1 v diff]5t f any n[ kn[n1 & ( a size va/ly great]4#bae ,he has also describ$1 9 ano!r v curi\s memoir1 ! bones ( ! same k9d t he met ) 9 8 travels ?r\gh ! nor?-ea/ p>ts ( ,asia4 ,footnote #bae3 ,novi ,comm5t ,petrop4 tom4 xiii4 7#agfh17 p4 #dcf1 & tom4 xvii4 p4 #egf1 c4 ,! fossil bones f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,ohio1 resemble 9 _m ?+s ^? ( ,sib]ia2 l !m !y are conta9$ 9 ! soil or alluvial e>?1 & nev] 9 ! solid /rata2 l !m too !y are no o!rwise *ang$ f _! natural /ate1 ?an by be+ sometimes slightly calc9$ at ! surface2 !y are also ( great size1 & 9 great numb]s1 be+ probably ! rema9s ( sev]al diff]5t species4 #dji4 ,two inquiries conc]n+ ^! bones h excit$ ! curiosity ( naturali/s2 fir/1 to discov] among ! liv+ tribes at pres5t inhabit+ ! e>?1 ^? to :i* ! fossil rema9s may ) ! greate/ probability be ref]r$2 &1 secondly1 to f9d out ! cause :y ^! rema9s exi/ 9 su* quantities1 9 c\ntries :]e ! animals to :i* !y belong1 :atev] !y be1 are at pres5t unkn[n4 ,! solution ( ! fir/ ( ^! que/ions1 is mu* m )9 our rea* ?an ! second1 & at any rate mu/ be fir/ s\ght =4 ,on ! au?ority ( s em95t a naturali/ z ,pallas1 ! bones f ,sib]ia may safely be ref]r$ to ! elephant1 ! rh9oc]os1 & buffalo1 z m5tion$ above1 ?\gh p]haps to v>ieties ( !m ) :i* we are n n[ acqua9t$4 ,) respect to ! bones ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! "q is m d\btful1 = !y h ?is p>ticul> circum/ance att5d+ !m1 viz4 t along ) ! ?ighbones1 tusks1 c4 :i* might be suppos$ to belong to ! elephant1 gr9d]s are always f\nd ( a /ructure & =m entirely diff]5t f ! gr9d]s ( t animal4#baf ,"s naturali/s1 p>ticul>ly ,m4 ,,daub5ton1 ref]r$ ^! gr9d]s to ! hippopotamus2 b ,dr ,w4 ,,hunt] appe>s to h prov$1 9 a v satisfactory mann]1 t !y _c h belong$ to ei!r ( ! animals j m5tion$1 b to a c>nivor\s animal ( enorm\s size1 ! race ( :i*1 =tunately = ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! e>?1 seems n[ to be entirely ext9ct4#bag ,! f\ndation ( ,dr ,hunt]'s op9ion is1 t 9 ^! gr9d]s ! enamel is m]ely an ext]nal cov]+2 :]eas1 9 ! elephant1 & o!r animals de/9$ to live on vegetable food1 ! enamel is int]mix$ ) ! sub/ance ( ! too?4#bah ,footnote #baf3 ,see ,mr ,coll9son's pap]s1 above ref]r$ to4 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lvii4 ,footnote #bag3 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 lviii4 p4 #c1 c4 ,footnote #bah3 ,a fossil gr9d] 9 ! collection ( ,,john ,,macg[an1 ,esq4 ( ,ed9burgh1 answ]s ne>ly to ,mr ,coll9son's description1 & is v well repres5t$ by ! figure :i* accompanies x4 ,?is gr9d] weighs f\r p\nds "o-f\r? avoirdupois2 ! circumf]5ce ( ! corona is eighte5 in*es2 ! coat ( enamel is "o-f\r? ( an in* ?ick2 !re are five d\ble tee?2 9 ,mr ,coll9son's specim5 !re are only f\r4 #daj4 ,?\gh ?is argum5t appe>s to be ( consid]able weight1 yet ,,camp]1 :o 0 greatly skill$ 9 comp>ative anatomy1 & :o _h /udi$ ?is subject ) p>ticul> att5tion1 0 ( op9ion1 t ^! gr9d]s belong to a species ( elephant4 ,?is op9ion he /ates 9 a lett] to ,pallas1 :o _h f\nd gr9d]s & o!r bones ( ?is same animal1 on ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,ural m\nta9s4#bai ,camp] d5ies t ! animal is c>nivor\s1 because ! incisores1 or can9e tee?1 are want+2 & he argues f>!r1 f ! weight ( ! head1 :i* may be inf]r$ f ! weight ( ! gr9d]s1 t ! neck mu/ h be5 %ort1 & ! animal mu/ h be5 furni%$ ) a proboscis4 ,he aft]w>ds ab&on$ ! latt] hypo!sis1 & gave x z 8 op9ion t ! incognitum 0 nei!r c>nivor\s1 nor a species ( ! elephant4#bbj ,footnote #bai3 ,acta ,acad4 ,petrop4 tom4 i4 7#aggg17 p>s po/]ior1 p4 #bac1 c4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,ibid4 tom4 ii4 7#aghd17 p4 #bfb4 #daa4 ,nev]!less1 ,,cuvi]1 9 a mmoire read be=e ! ,national ,in/itute ( ,p>is1 ma9ta9s1 t ! fossil bones ( ! new ,cont95t1 z well z mo/ ( ^? ( ! old1 belong to c]ta9 species ( ! elephant2 ( :i*1 at lea/1 two d n n[ exi/1 & are only kn[n f rema9s pres]v$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,he di/+ui%es !m ?us3#bba ,footnote #bba3 ,mmoires de l',in/itut ,national1 ,sci5ces ,physiques1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ai1 c4 ,elephas mammonteus1--maxill obtusiore1 lamellis mol>ium t5uibus1 rectis4 ,elephas ,am]icanus1--mol>ities multicuspidibus1 lamellis po/ detritionem quadric-lobatis4 ,! latt] species1 :i* is meant to include ! animal incognitum1 is said to h liv$1 n only 9 ,am]ica1 b 9 _m p>ts ( ! old ,cont95t4 ,yet "s late inquiries into ! /ructure ( ! tee? ( gram9ivor\s animals1 & p>ticul>ly ( ! elephant1 make x v improbable t ! incognitum has belong$ to ?is g5us4#bbb ,! gr9d]s ( ! elephant h be5 f\nd to consi/ ( ?ree sub/ances1 enamel1 bone1 & :at is call$ ! cru/a petrosa1 appli$ 9 lay]s1 or folds contigu\s to "o ano!r2 & no ve/ige ( ?is /ructure appe>s 9 ! gr9d]s ( ! unkn[n animal ( ! ,ohio4#bbc ,at ! same "t1 ,dr ,hunt]'s ass]tion1 t ?is animal 0 c>nivor\s1 is r5d]$ d\btful1 n only by ! want ( can9e tee?1 b also f ! resemblance betwe5 its gr9d]s & ^? ( ! wild bo>1 :i* ,mr ,home has obs]v$ to be consid]able4#bbd ,! gr9d] ( ! bo> is simil> to t ( ! elephant1 9 ! ext5t ( ! ma/icat+ surface1 b n at all 9 ! int]nal /ructure2 & ! same is true ( ! too? ( ! animal incognitum1 s t a consid]able probability is e/abli%$1 t x & ! bo> are ( ! same g5us1 & bo? de/9$ to live occasionally ei!r on animal or vegetable food4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,see ,mr ,home's ,obs]vations on ! ,tee? ( ,gram9ivor\s ,animals1 ,phil4 ,trans4 #agii4 ,also1 an ,essay on ! ,/ructure ( ! ,tee?1 by ,dr ,blake4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,9 a pap] ins]t$ 9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,transactions1 an acc\nt is giv5 ( two diff]5t gr9d]s t are f\nd at ! ,salt ,licks ne> ! ,ohio4 ,"o ( !m resembles ! gr9d] ( ! elephant1 & may h belong$ to ! ,elephas ,am]icanus ( ,cuvi]2 ! o!r agrees pretty ne>ly ) ! gr9d] ( ,dr ,hunt]'s animal incognitum4 ,! au?or ( ! pap] ?9ks t ! animal incognitum 0 n :olly c>nivor\s1 z ! incisores1 or can9e tee?1 are nev] f\nd4 ,at ! ,great ,bone ,lick1 bones ( small] animals1 p>ticul>ly ( ! buffalo k9d1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! sal9e impregnation ( ! e>? at ^! ,licks mu/ no d\bt h contribut$ to ! pres]vation ( ! bones4 ,trans4 ,am]ican ,phil4 ,soc4 vol4 iv4 7#agii17 p4 #eaj1 c4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,obs]vations on ! ,gr9d+ ,tee? ( ! wild bo> & animal incognitum4 ,phil4 ,trans4 #ahja1 p4 #cai4 #dab4 ,ano!r animal incognitum f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica has be5 describ$ by ,cuvi]1 & appe>s to be ( a diff]5t g5us f ! incognitum ( ! ,nor?4 ,?us1 if we include ! two incognita ( ,am]ica1 ! elephas mammonteus1 ! unkn[n buffalo ( ,pallas1 & ! great animal ( ,bayreu?1 we h at lea/ five di/9ct g5]a1 or species ( ! animal k+dom1 :i* exi/$ on our cont95ts =m]ly1 b d n exi/ on !m n[4 ,! numb] is probably mu* great]3 ,pallas m5tions fossil horns ( a gazelle1 ( an unkn[n species2 & horns ( de] are (t5 f\nd1 t _c be ref]r$ to any species n[ exi/+4 ,^? ext9ct races h be5 rem>kable = _! size3 "s ( ! anci5t elephants appe> to h be5 ?ree times z l>ge z any ( ! pres5t4#bbe ,footnote #bbe3 ,camp]1 ,nov4 ,acta ,petrop4 tom4 ii4 7#aghd7 p4 #beg4 #dac4 ,! inhabitants ( ! globe1 !n1 l all ! o!r p>ts ( x1 are subject to *ange4 ,x is n only ! individual t p]i%es1 b :ole species1 & ev5 p]haps g5]a1 are ext+ui%$4 ,x is n unnatural to consid] "s "p ( ?is *ange z ! op]ation ( man4 ,! ext5sion ( 8 p[] w\ld necess>y subv]t ! balance t _h be=e be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 & ! means ( _! subsi/5ce4 ,"s ( ! l>g] & fi]c] animals might inde$ dispute ) him1 = a long "t1 ! empire ( ! globe2 & x may h requir$ ! arm ( a ,h]cules to subdue ! mon/]s :i* lurk$ 9 ! caves ( ,bayreu?1 or roam$ on ! banks ( ! ,ohio4 ,b ^!1 ) o!rs ( ! same "*1 7 at l5g? ext]m9at$3 ! m innoc5t species fl$ to a di/ance f man2 & be+ =c$ to retire into ! mo/ inaccessible p>ts1 :]e _! food 0 scanty1 & _! migration *eck$1 !y may h deg5]at$ f1 ! size & /r5g? ( _! ance/ors1 & "s species may h be5 entirely ext+ui%$4 ,b besides ?is1 a *ange 9 ! animal k+dom seems to be a "p ( ! ord] ( nature1 & is visible 9 in/ances to :i* human p[] _c h ext5d$4 ,if we look to ! mo/ anci5t inhabitants ( ! globe1 ( :i* ! rema9s are pres]v$ 9 ! /rata !mselves1 we f9d 9 ! %ells & corals ( a =m] _w h>dly any t resemble exactly ^? :i* exi/ 9 ! pres5t4 ,! species1 except 9 a few in/ances1 ate ! same1 b subject to great v>ieties4 ,! vegetable impressions on slate1 & o!r argillace\s /ones1 c seldom be exactly recognis$2 & ev5 ! insects includ$ 9 amb] are diff]5t f ^? ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* ! amb] is f\nd4 #dad4 ,suppos+1 !n1 ! *anges :i* h tak5 place 9 ! qualities & habits ( ! animal creation1 to be z great z ^? 9 _! /ructure & ext]nal =m1 we c h no reason to wond] if x %\ld appe> t "s h =m]ly dwelt 9 c\ntries f :i* ! simil> races are n[ entirely bani%$4 ,! p[] ( liv+ 9 a diff]5t climate1 ( endur+ great] degrees ( cold or ( heat1 or ( subsi/+ on diff]5t k9ds ( food1 may v well h accompani$ ! o!r *anges4 ,?\gh "o species ( elephant may n[ be conf9$ to ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,asia1 ano!r may h be5 able to endure ! sev]] climates ( ! nor?2 & ! same may be true ( ! buffalo or ! rh9oc]os4 ,9 all ?is no physical impossibility is involv$2 ?\gh :e!r x is a probable solution ( ! difficulty conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ^! animal rema9s1 c only be judg$ ( f o!r circum/ances4 #dae4 ,if we consid] att5tively ! facts t respect ! ,sib]ian fossil bones1 !re w appe> insurm\ntable objections to e !ory t supposes !m to be exotic1 & to h be5 br\ght into _! pres5t situation f a di/ant c\ntry4 ,! ext5t ( ! tract ?r\gh :i* ^! bones are scatt]$1 is a circum/ance truly wond]ful4 ,pallas assures u1#bbf t !re is n a riv] ( consid]able size 9 all ! nor? ( ,asia1 f ! ,tanais1 :i* runs into ! ,black ,sea1 to ! ,anadyr1 :i* falls into ! ,gulf ( ,kamt*atka1 9 ! sides or bottom ( :i* bones ( elephants & o!r l>ge animals h n be5 f\nd4 ,?is is especially ! case :]e ! riv]s run 9 pla9s ?r\gh gravel1 s&1 clay1 c42 among ! m\nta9s1 ! bones are r>ely discov]$4 ,! ext5t ( ! tract j m5tion$ exce$s f\r ?\s& miles2 & h[ ! bones c\ld be di/ribut$ ov] all t ext5t1 by any means b by ! animals hav+ liv$ !re1 x seems impossible to conceive4 ,no torr5t nor inundation c\ld h produc$ ?is effect1 nor c\ld ! bones br\ght 9 t way h be5 laid toge!r s z to =m complete skeletons4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,de ,reliquiis ,animalium exoticorum1 p] ,asiam ,borealem rep]tis4--,nov4 ,comm5t ,petrop4 tom4 xvii4 7#aggb17 p4 #egf4 #daf4 ,"o fact record$ by ! same au?or1 seems calculat$ to remove all unc]ta9ty4 ,x is t ( ! c>case ( a rh9oc]os1 almo/ entire1 & cov]$ ) ! hide1 f\nd 9 ! e>? 9 ! banks ( ! riv] ,wilui1 :i* falls into ! ,l5a bel[ ,jakutsk4#bbg ,"s ( ! muscles & t5dons 7 actually adh]+ to ! head :5 ,pallas receiv$ x4 ,! head1 aft] be+ dri$ 9 an ov51 is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,pet]sburgh4 ,! pres]vation ( ! sk9 & muscles ( ?is natural mummy1 z ,pallas calls x1 0 no d\bt br\ght ab\t by its be+ buri$ 9 e>? t 0 9 a /ate ( p]petual congelation2 = ! place is 9 ! p>allel ( #fd1 :]e ! gr\nd is nev] ?aw$ b to a v small dep? bel[ ! surface4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,pallas ubi supra1 p4 #ehf4 ,also1 ,voyages de ,pallas1 tom4 iv4 p4 #aca4 ,b by :at means c we acc\nt = ! c>case ( a rh9oc]os be+ buri$ 9 ! e>?1 on ! conf9es ( ! pol> circle8 ,%all we ascribe x to "s imm5se torr5t1 :i*1 sweep+ across ! des]ts ( ,t>t>y1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,altai1 transport$ ! productions ( ,india to ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia1 & int]r$ 9 ! mud ( ! ,l5a ! animals t _h f$ on ! banks ( ! ,b>ampoot] or ! ,ganges8 ,7 all o!r objections to s extraord9>y a supposition remov$1 ! pres]vation ( ! hide & muscles ( a dead animal1 & ! adhesion ( ! p>ts1 :ile x 0 dragg$ = #bjjj miles ov] "s ( ! highe/ & mo/ rugg$ m\nta9s 9 ! _w1 is too absurd to be = a mom5t admitt$4 ,or %all we suppose t ?is c>case has be5 float$ 9 by an inundation ( ! sea1 f "s tropical c\ntry n[ swall[$ up1 & ( :i* ! num]\s isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago are ! rema9s8 ,! heat ( a tropical climate1 & ! putresc5ce naturally aris+ f x1 w\ld soon1 indep5d5tly ( all o!r accid5ts1 h /ripp$ ! bones ( _! cov]+4 ,inde$ ?is in/antia s+ul>is1 z 9 e s5se x may prop]ly be call$1 seems calculat$ = ! express purpose ( exclud+ e hypo!sis b "o f be+ employ$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( fossil bones4 ,x n only excludes ! two :i* h j be5 m5tion$1 b x excludes also t ( ,buffon1 viz4 t ^! bones are ! rema9s ( animals :i* liv$ 9 ,sib]ia1 :5 ! arctic regions enjoy$ a f9e climate1 & a temp]ature l t :i* s\!rn ,asia n[ possesses4 ,f ! pres]vation ( ! fle% & hide ( ?is rh9oc]os1 x is pla91 t :5 ! body 0 buri$ 9 ! e>?1 ! climate 0 mu* ! same t x is n[1 & ! cold suffici5t to resi/ ! progress ( putrefaction4 ,pallas takes notice ( ! inconsi/5cy ( ! /ate ( ?is skeleton1 ) ! hypo!sis ( ,buffon2 b he does n obs]ve t ! inconsi/5cy is equally great betwe5 x & 8 own hypo!sis1 ! importation ( ! fossil bones by an inundation ( ! sea1 & t fle% or muscle mu/ h be5 entirely consum$ long be=e x c\ld be c>ri$ by ! waves to ! p>allel ( #fd1 f any climate :i* ! rh9oc]os at pres5t inhabits4 #dag4 ,! pres5ce ( petrifi$ m>9e objects 9 places :]e "s ( ! fossil bones are f\nd1 is no pro( t ! latt] h come f ! sea1 ?\gh x is produc$ z su* bo? by ,pallas himself1 & aft]w>ds by ,kirwan4 ,^! m>9e bodies are ! %ells & corals t h be5 p>ts ( calc>e\s rocks1 f :i* be+ deta*$ by ! ord9>y progress ( dis9tegration1 !y are n[ conta9$ 9 ! b$s ( s& or gravel :]e ! animal rema9s are buri$4 ,!y h no?+ 9 common ) ^! rema9s2 !y are real /ones1 & belong to ano!r1 & a f> m remote epo*s4 ,su* objects be+ f\nd 9 ! same place :]e ! bones lie1 argues only t ! /rata 9 ! high] gr\nds1 f :i* ! gravel has come1 are calc>e\s2 & no?+ c %[ 9 a /rong] light ! necessity ( di/+ui%+ ! diff]5t condition ( fossil bodies1 unit$ by ! m]e circum/ance ( contiguity1 be=e we draw any inf]5ce z to _! hav+ a common orig94 ,if ! m>9e rema9s 7 9 ! same condition ) ! bones2 if !y 7 9 no respect m9]aliz$2 !n ! conclusion1 t bo? _h be5 import$ by ! sea1 w\ld h great probability2 b )\t t1 _! pres5t union mu/ be held z casual1 & c give no insight into ! orig9 ( ei!r4 #dah4 ,on ! :ole1 !re=e1 no conclusion rema9s1 b t ^! bones h belong$ to species ( elephants1 rh9oc]os1 c4 :i* inhabit$ ! v c\ntries :]e _! rema9s are n[ buri$1 & :i* c\ld endure ! sev]ity ( ! ,sib]ian climate4 ,! rh9oc]os ( ! ,wilui c]ta9ly liv$ on ! conf9es ( ! ,pol> ,circle1 & 0 expos$ to ! same cold :ile alive1 by :i*1 :5 dead1 its body has be5 s long1 & s curi\sly pres]v$4 ,^! animals may also h liv$ occasionally f>!r to ! s\?1 among ! valleys betwe5 ! great ranges ( m\nta9s t b\nd ,sib]ia on t side4 ,fossil bones are b r>ely f\nd 9 ^! valleys1 probably because !y h be5 wa%$ d[n f !nce into ! pla9s4 ,we mu/ obs]ve1 too1 t ^? animals may h migrat$ ) ! seasons1 & by t means avoid$ ! rigor\s w9t] ( ! high latitudes4 ,! dom9ion ( man1 by r5d]+ su* migration to ! l>g] animals difficult or impossible1 mu/ h greatly *ang$ ! economy ( all ^? tribes1 & n>r[$ ! circle ( _! enjoym5ts & exi/5ce4 ,! heaps 9 :i* ! fossil bones appe> to be accumulat$ 9 p>ticul> places1 especially 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 h a great appe>ance ( be+ connect$ ) ! migrations ( animals1 & ! accid5ts t might br+ multitudes ( !m into ! same spot4 ,:at holds ( ,sib]ia & ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 is applicable1 a =tiori1 to all ! o!r places :]e animal rema9s are f\nd 9 ! same condition4 ,?us we are c>ri$ back to a "t :5 _m l>g] species ( animals1 n[ entirely ext9ct1 inhabit$ ! e>?1 & :5 v>ieties ( ^? t are at pres5t conf9$ to p>ticul> situations1 71 ei!r by ! lib]ty ( migration1 or by _! natural con/itution1 accommodat$ to all ! div]sities ( climate4 ,?is p]iod1 ?\gh beyond ! limits ( ord9>y *ronology1 is po/]ior to ! great revolutions on ! e>?'s surface1 & ! late/ among geological epo*s4 ,,note ,,xxiii4 #abh4 ,geology ( ,,kirwan & ,,de ,,luc4 #dai4 ,! two *ampions ( ! ,neptunian sy/em1 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves mo/ by _! ho/ility to ,dr ,,hutton1 are ,,de ,,luc & ,,kirwan4 ,!y h c>ri$ on _! attack ne>ly on ! same plan1 & h employ$ aga9/ _! antagoni/ ! weapons bo? ( !ology & sci5ce4 ,) a _s z injuri\s to ! dignity ( religion1 z to ! fre$om ( philosophical inquiry1 !y h disreg>d$ a maxim en=c$ by ! au?ority ( ,bacon1 & by all our exp]i5ce ( ! pa/2 ,tanto magis hc vanitas inhib5da v5it et corc5da1 quia1 ex div9orum et humanorum male-sana admixtione1 non solum educitur philosophia phanta/ica1 s$ etiam religio hretica4 ,itaque salut>e admodum e/1 si m5te sobri1 fidei tantum d5tur qu fidei sunt4#bbh ,footnote #bbh3 ,! :ole passage is des]v+ ( att5tion1 & x seems z if ! prophetic _s ( ,bacon _h address$ x to ! cosmologi/s ( ! pres5t day4 ,pessima enim res errorem ,,apo!osis1 et pro pe/e intellects hab5da e/1 si vanis acc$at v5]atio4 ,huic autan vanitati nonnulli ex mod]nis summ levitate ita induls]unt1 ut1 9 primo capitolo ,,g5eseos1 et aliis ,scripturis ,sacris1 philosophiam naturalem fund>i conati sunt3 ,int] ,,viva qur5tes ,,mortua4--,nov4 ,organum1 lib4 i4 aphor4 #fe ,proce$+1 accord+ly1 9 direct opposition to rules t1 h nev] yet be5 violat$ ) impunity1 & mi/ak+ ! true object ( a !ory ( ! e>?1 !y c>ry back _! inquiries to a p]iod prior to ! pres5t s]ies ( causes & effects1 :]e1 hav+ nei!r exp]i5ce nor analogy to direct !m1 !y pret5d to be guid$ by a sup]ior light4 ,!y w\ld h u to consid] _! geological speculations z a comm5t>y on ! text ( ,,moses2 !y endeav\r to expla9 ! action ( creative p[]1 &1 ) indiscreet curiosity1 w\ld te> (f ! veil :i* ! h& ( ! prophet has s wisely respect$4 ,b ! veil _c be torn (f1 & all t is beh9d x mu/ be to man z t :i* nev] has exi/$4 #dbj4 ,m4 ,de ,luc has nev]!less treat$ v diffusely ( ! hi/ory ( ! sol> sy/em1 previ\s to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pres5t laws ( nature1 & has dwelt on x ) great complac5cy1 & s+ul> m9ut5ess ( detail4 ,8 t5? lett] to ,,la ,,me!rie has ! foll[+ title3 ,on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 f ! "t :5 t planet 0 p5etrat$ by light1 till ! appe>ance ( ! sun2 a portion ( "t :i* includes ! orig9 ( heat1 & ( ! figure ( ! e>?2 ( its primeval /rata1 ( ! anci5t sea1 ( our cont95ts1 z ! bottom ( t sea1 ( ! great *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & ( vegetation4#bbi ,footnote #bbi3 ,j\rnal de ,physique1 tom4 #cg4 7#agij17 p>tie #b;de1 p4 #ccb4 ,z ,i may n h done ju/ice to ?is extraord9>y title1 x may be "r to pres5t x 9 ! orig9al4 ,sur l',hi/oire de la ,,t]re1 depuis que cette planette fut p5etre de ,,lumi]e1 jusqu' l'app>ition du ,,soleil2 espace de tems qui r5f]me les ,,orig9es de la *aleur1 et de la figure de notre globe2 de ses c\*es primordiales1 de l'anci5ne m]1 de nos cont95s1 comme fond de cette m]1 de leurs gr&es *anes de montagnes1 et de la vegetation4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i am unacqua9t$ ) e ?+ ( ?is lett] b ! title2 & c\ld n easily be prevail$ on to foll[ any man :o pr(ess$ly goes out ( nature 9 se>* ( k2 :o pret5ds to give ! hi/ory ( our planet>y sy/em :5 !re 0 no sun1 & to enum]ate ! ev5ts :i* took place betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( t lum9>y1 & ! exi/5ce ( light4 ,! absurdity ( su* an und]tak+ admits ( no apology2 & ! smile :i* x might excite1 if address$ m]ely to ! fancy1 gives place to indignation :5 x assumes ! air ( philosophic inve/igation4 #dba4 ,x sets1 h[ev]1 9 a /rong light1 ! inconsi/5cies t may be obs]v$ 9 ! intellectual "* ( ! same individual1 to consid] t ! au?or ( ?is /range & inconsi/5t rev]ie1 is1 nev]!less1 an excell5t obs]v]1 & well skill$ 9 exp]im5tal inquiries4 ,x w h>dly be believ$ t he :o writes ! hi/ory ( ! e>? be=e ! =mation ( ! sun1 is v]s$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( inductive reason+2 & t he has add$ mu* to ! /ock ( geological k1 hav+ obs]v$ accurately1 & describ$ ) great p]spicuity & c&\r4 ,8 ,lettres ,physiques are full ( valuable & j obs]vations1 ?\gh accompani$ ) reason+s t d n seem always entitl$ to ! same praise2 & 9 ano!r "w he has succe$$ :]e _m m5 ( g5ius _h fail$1 & has made consid]able improvem5ts 9 a bran* ( ! ma!matics1 )\t borr[+ almo/ any assi/ance f ! pr9ciples ( t sci5ce4#bcj ,footnote #bcj3 ,essai sur les ,modifications de l',atmosph]e4 #dbb4 ,"s ( ! same obs]vations apply to ,mr ,kirwan4 ,8 ,geological ,essays h also = _! object to expla9 ! fir/ orig9 ( ?+s2 & to say t he has n succe$$1 9 an attempt :]e no man ev] c succe$1 implies no reproa* on ! execution ( 8 "w1 :atev] x may d on ! design4 ,we h inde$ no crit]ion by :i* ! execution ( x c be e/imat$3 :at w\ld 9 any o!r place be a blemi%1 may be "h des]v+ ( praise2 & if ! "w is full ( confusion & p]plexity1 ^! are qualities inh]5t 9 ! subject :i* x is int5d$ to describe4 ,x 71 no d\bt1 to be wi%$1 t aft] em]g+ into ! regions ( day1 ,mr ,kirwan _h be5 z successful 9 copy+ ! beauty & simplicity ( nature1 z 9 repres5t+ ! disord] & inconsi/5cy ( ! *aotic mass4 ,b 8 cosmology is )\t unity 9 its pr9ciples1 or consi/5cy 9 its p>ts2 ! causes introduc$1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 su* z w acc\nt = "o set ( appe>ances j z well z = ano!r2 or1 if any ( !m is likely to prove inadequate to ! effect ascrib$ to x1 a new & arbitr>y hypo!sis is always ready to come to its assi/ance4 ,! in=mation giv5 is seldom exact3 a multitude ( facts br\ght toge!r1 )\t ! ord] & discussion ess5tial to precise k2 & an inf9ity ( quotations1 amass$ )\t criticism or comp>ison1 af=d pro(s ( ext5sive read+1 b ( ! mo/ ha/y & sup]ficial inquiry4 ,?us we h se5 passages f ,,ulloa & ,,frisi1 produc$ 9 support ( op9ions1 :i*1 :5 fairly /at$1 !y _h ! mo/ direct t5d5cy to ov]?r[4 #dbc4 ,9 "o respect1 ! geological writ+s ( ,kirwan are f> inf]ior to ,de ,luc's3 ,!y are evid5tly ! productions ( a man :o has n se5 nature ) 8 own eyes2 :o has /udi$ m9]alogy 9 cab9ets1 or 9 books only2 b :o has seldom beheld fossils 9 _! native place4 ,) ! balance 9 8 h&1 & ! ext]nal *>act]s ( ,,w]n] 9 8 view1 he has exam9$ m9]als ) dilig5ce1 & has discov]$ _m ( ^? m>ks :i* s]ve to asc]ta9 _! places1 9 a sy/em ( artificial arrangem5t4 ,b to reason & to arrange are v diff]5t occupations ( ! m9d2 & a man may des]ve praise z a m9]alogi/1 :o is b ill qualifi$ = ! rese>*es ( geology4 #dbd4 ,! same hurry & impati5ce are visible 9 ! mann] 9 :i* 8 argum5t aga9/ ,dr ,hutton is usually conduct$4 ,he has seldom be5 c>eful to make himself ma/] ( ! op9ions ( 8 adv]s>y2 & :at he gives z su*1 & directs 8 reason+s aga9/1 h (t5 no resemblance to !m :atsoev]4 ,)\t any int5tion to deceive o!rs1 b deceiv$ himself1 he usually beg9s ) misrepres5t+ ,dr ,hutton's notions1 & !n proce$s to ! refutation ( !m4 ,9 ?is imag9>y conte/1 x w readily be suppos$1 t he is 9 g5]al successful3 :5 a man has ! fram+ bo? ( 8 own argum5t1 & t ( 8 antagoni/1 he mu/ be a v unskilful logician if he does n come (f ) ! advantage4 #dbe4 ,x is b ju/ice1 h[ev]1 to ! ,neptuni/s1 to ackn[l$ge1 t !y are n all liable to ! c5sure ( beg9n+ _! rese>*es f a p]iod antec$5t to ! exi/5ce ( ! laws ( nature4 ,?is absurdity does n1 s f> z ,i "k1 infect ! sy/em ( ,w]n]4 ,t m9]alogi/ has n propos$ to expla9 ! fir/ orig9 ( ?+s1 ?\gh he has suppos$1 at "s =m] p]iod1 a condition ( ! globe v unlike ! pres5t1 viz4 ! entire subm]sion ( ! solid "u ! fluid "p4 ,,note ,,xxiv4 #abi4 ,sy/em ( ,,buffon4 #dbf4 ,! aff9ity ( ,dr ,hutton's !ory to t ( ,buffon1 is no?+ m ?an :at arises f _! mak+ use ( ! same ag5ts1 viz4 fire & wat]1 9 produc+ ! pres5t condition ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,9 almo/ all o!r respects ! two !ories are extremely diff]5t4 ,! ord] 9 :i* ^? ag5ts are employ$ 9 !m1 is directly opposite1 z has already be5 rem>k$2 ,buffon introduc+ ! action ( fire fir/1 & ( wat] only 9 ! second place1 to wa/e & de/roy m9]al bodies1 & aft]w>ds to dispose !m anew1 & arrange !m into /rata4 ,he makes no provision = ! consolidation ( ^! /rata1 nor any = _! angul> elevation2 he has no means ( expla9+ ! un/ratifi$ rocks2 nor any1 b "o extremely imp]fect1 = expla9+ ! inequalities ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,aga91 ,buffon mi/ook1 9 "s degree1 ! true object ( a !ory ( ! e>?2 & ?\gh he did n g back1 l ! geologi/s j nam$1 to a "t :5 ! laws ( nature 7 n fully e/abli%$1 he beg9s f a condition ( ?+s too unlike ! pres5t to be ! basis ( any rational speculation4 ,he does n1 inde$1 und]take to exam9e ! /ate ( our planet>y sy/em be=e ! sun exi/$2 = f su* extravagance1 ev5 :5 mo/ dispos$ to indulge 8 fancy1 he w\ld surely h revolt$4 ,b he treats ( ! _w1 :5 ! e>? & ! planets _h j ceas$ to be a "p ( ! sun1 & 7 newly deta*$ f ! body ( t lum9>y4#bca ,footnote #bca3 ,accord+ to ,buffon1 ! granite is ! true sol> matt]1 un*ang$ b by its congelation4 ,?is hypo!sis conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! planets1 contriv$ *iefly to acc\nt = ! circum/ance ( _! motion be+ all 9 ! same direction1 & 9 o!r respects n only unsupport$1 b ev5 inconsi/5t ) ! pr9ciple ( gravitation1 has no?+ 9 common ) a !ory1 conf9$ z ,dr ,hutton's is1 )9 ! field :i* mu/ = ev] b\nd our inquiries1 & n v5tur+ to speculate ab\t ! e>?1 :5 9 a condition totally diff]5t f ! pres5t4 #dbg4 ,9 :at relates to ! future1 ! two sy/ems are n m l ?an 9 :at relates to ! pa/ ,buffon repres5ts ! cool+ ( our planet1 & its loss ( heat1 z a process cont9ually advanc+1 & :i* has no limit1 b ! f9al ext9ction ( life & motion ov] all ! surface1 & ?r\gh all ! int]ior1 ( ! e>?4 ,! dea? ( nature h]self is ! di/ant b gloomy object t t]m9ates our view1 & rem9ds u ( ! wild fictions ( ! ,sc&9avian my?ology1 accord+ to :i*1 annihilation is at la/ to ext5d its empire ev5 to ! gods4 ,?is dismal & unphilosophic vision 0 unwor?y ( ! g5ius ( ,buffon1 & wond]fully ill suit$ to ! elegance & ext5t ( 8 und]/&+4 ,x =ms a complete contra/ to ! !ory ( ,dr ,hutton1 :]e no?+ is to be se5 beyond ! cont9uation ( ! pres5t ord]2 :]e no lat5t se$ ( evil ?reat5s f9al de/ruction to ! :ole2 & :]e ! movem5ts are s p]fect1 t !y c nev] t]m9ate ( !mselves4 ,?is is surely a view ( ! _w m suit$ to ! dignity ( ,,nature1 & ! wisdom ( its ,,au?or1 ?an has yet be5 (f]$ by any o!r sy/em ( cosmology4 #dbh4 ,i h (t5 quot$ ,buffon 91 ! c\rse ( ^! ,illu/rations1 & mo/ commonly = ! purpose ( combat+ 8 op9ions2 b ,i am v s5sible1 nev]!less1 ( ! obligations "u :i* he has laid all ! sci5ces connect$ ) ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,! ext5t & v>iety ( 8 k1 ! ju/ness ( 8 reason+s1 ! greatness ( 8 views1 8 correct ta/e1 & manly eloqu5ce1 qualifi$ him1 bett]1 p]haps1 ?an any o!r individual1 to compose ! ,hi/ory ( ,nature4 ,! errors into :i* he ,has fall51 are almo/ all ! unavoidable consequ5ces ( ! circum/ances 9 :i* he 0 plac$2 & if _! am\nt is e/imat$ by ! proportion t !y be> to ! g5]al excell5ce ( ! "w1 !y w be reckon$ b ( small acc\nt4 ,buffon began to write :5 _m p>ts ( natural hi/ory _h made b little progress2 :5 ! quantity ( au!ntic in=mation 0 small1 & :5 sci5tific & correct description 0 h>dly to be f\nd4 ,_m ( ! greate/ & mo/ important facts 9 geology 7 q unkn[n1 & sc>cely any "p ( ! m9]al k+dom _h be5 accurately survey$2 &1 ) su* mat]ials z ?is /ate ( ?+s af=d$1 x is n wond]ful if "s p>ts ( ! edifice he erect$ h n prov$ s solid & durable z ! re/4 ,_h he appe>$ some:at lat]2 _h he be5 f>!r remov$ f ! "t :5 reason+s a priori usurp$ ! place ( induction2 & _h he be5 z will+ to correct ! errors into :i* he _h be5 betray$ by imp]fect in=mation1 z he 0 +5i\s 9 def5d+ !m1 8 "w w\ld probably h rea*$ z great p]fection1 z x is giv5 = any ?+ )\t ! sph]e ( ! accurate sci5ces to atta94 ,if he _h exam9$ ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>? m ) 8 own eyes1 & be5 z c>eful to del9eate x ) fidelity z =ce2 if he _h li/5$ ) great] c>e to ! philosoph]s ar\nd him2 _h he att5d$ to ! demon/rations ( ,,newton m1 & despis$ ! arrangem5ts ( ,,l9n,,u less2 he w\ld h produc$ a "w1 z s+ul> = its tru? z = its beauty1 & w\ld h gone ne> to m]it ! eulogy pron\nc$ by ! en?usiasm ( 8 c\ntrym51 ,,maje/ati ,,natur ,,p> ,,+5ium4 ,,note ,,xxv4 #acj4 ,figure ( ! ,e>?4 #dbi4 ,t ! e>? is a sph]oidal body1 compress$ at ! poles1 or elevat$ at ! equator1 is a fact e/abli%$ by _m accurate exp]im5ts2 & ?\gh ^! exp]im5ts d n exactly co9cide1 z to ! degree ( oblat5ess :i* !y give to t sph]oid1 !y agree suffici5tly to put x beyond all dispute1 t ! e>?1 ?\gh solid1 has ne>ly ! same figure :i* x w\ld assume if fluid1 9 consequ5ce ( its rotation on its axis4 ,n[1 x is n at all obvi\s1 to :at physical cause ?is ph5om5on is to be ascrib$4 ,! e>?1 z x exi/s at pres5t1 has none ( ! conditions t r5d] ! assumption ( ! figure ( equilibrium 9 any way necess>y to x4 ,con/itut$ z x is1 its p>ts coh]e ) =ces incomp>ably too great to obey ! laws ( /atical pressure1 or to assume any "o figure r ?an ano!r1 on acc\nt ( ! c5trifugal t5d5cy :i* results f its revolution on its axis4 ,!re is no necessity t its sup]ficies %\ld be e :]e level1 or p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( gravity1 nor t e two columns1 /&+ on ! same base1 any :]e )9 x1 & rea*+ f !nce to any two po9ts ( ! surface1 %\ld be ( su* weights z precisely to balance "o ano!r4 ,nei!r ( ^!1 inde$1 is at all con=mable to fact4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ! v suppositions on :i* ! det]m9ation ( ! sph]oid ( equilibrium is f\nd$2 & z !y c]ta9ly d 9 no degree belong to ! e>?1 x seems /range t ! result d$uc$ f !m %\ld be 9 any way applicable to x4 ,?is co9cid5ce rema9s1 !re=e1 to be expla9$2 & x mu/ greatly enhance ! m]it ( any geological sy/em1 if x c connect ?is great & enigmatical ph5om5on ) ! o!r facts 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 #dcj4 ,to e/abli% su* a connection1 has1 accord+ly1 be5 a fav\rite object ) geologi/s1 :e!r !y h embrac$ ! ,neptunian or ,volcanic !ory3 bo? h ?\ght t !y 7 entitl$ to suppose ! primeval fluidity ( ! globe1 ! "o by wat]1 & ! o!r by fire2 & 9 :atsoev] way t fluidity 0 produc$1 ! result ( x c\ld be no o!r ?an ! sph]oidal figure ( ! :ole mass1 agreeably to ! laws ( hydro/atics4 ,if 9 ?is fluid /ate ! e>? 0 homog5e\s1 ! sph]oid w\ld be accurately elliptical1 & ! compression at ! poles w\ld be #a_/bcj ( ! radius ( ! equator2 if ! fluid 0 d5s] t[>d ! c5tre1 ! flatt5+ w\ld be less3 & 9 ei!r case1 ! body1 z x acquir$ solidity1 may be suppos$ to h reta9$ its sph]oidal figure ) little v>iation4 ,b ?\gh ! fluidity ( ! e>? w acc\nt = ! ph5om5on ( its oblate figure1 x may reasonably be que/ion$1 :e!r ?is fluidity c be admitt$1 9 consi/5cy ) o!r appe>ances4 ,accord+ to :at is e/abli%$ above1 none ( ! appe>ances 9 ! m9]al k+dom indicate m ?an a p>tial fluidity 9 any =m] condition ( ! e>?4 ,! pres5t /rata1 made up z !y are ( ! ru9s ( =m] /rata1 ?\gh s(t5$ by heat1 h n be5 r5d]$ fluid by x1 & h ev5 possess$ _! s(tness 9 p>ts1 & 9 succession1 n altoge!r1 nor at ! same "t4 ,! un/ratifi$1 & m cry/alliz$ sub/ances1 7 ca/ 9 ! bosom ( o!rs1 :i* 7 solid at ! "t :5 !y 7 fluid4 ,9 all ?is1 !re=e1 !re is no indication ( a fluidity prevail+ ?r\gh ! :ole mass1 or ev5 ov] ! :ole surface ( ! e>?1 & !re=e no?+ t c expla9 ! sph]oidal figure :i* x has acquir$4 ,! supposition1 !n1 ( ! entire body ( ! e>?1 or ev5 ( its ext]nal cru/1 hav+ be5 fluid1 ?\gh x might acc\nt = ! compression at ! poles1 does n connect t fact ) ! o!r facts 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe1 & fails1 !re=e1 9 ! po9t mo/ ess5tial to a !ory4 ,x is liable1 also1 to o!r objections1 :e!r x be conceiv$ to h proce$$ f fire or f wat]2 :e!r x has happ5$ on ! pr9ciples ( ,buffon or ( ,w]n]4 #dca4 ,fir/1 let u suppose t ! fluidity ( ! e>?1 or ( ! ext]nal cru/ ( x1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 dep?1 proce$$ f a solution ( ! :ole 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean2 &1 wav+ all ! objections t h be5 /at$ to ?is hypo!sis1 on acc\nt ( ! absolute insolubility ( _m m9]al sub/ances 9 wat]1 let u suppose !m all soluble 9 a c]ta9 degree1 & let u compute ! quantity ( ! m5/ruum1 :i*1 on ! suppositions mo/ fav\rable to ! sy/em1 mu/ h be5 requir$ to ?is great geologico-*emical op]ation4 ,! silice\s e>?1 ?\gh n soluble 9 wat] p] se1 yet1 aft] be+ dissolv$ 9 t fluid by means ( an alkali1 0 f\nd by ,dr ,black1 9 8 analysis ( ! ,geys] wat]1 to rema9 susp5d$ 9 a quantity ( wat]1 betwe5 #ejj & #ajjj times its own weight4 ,?is is "o ( ! facts mo/ fav\rable to ! ,neptunian !ory2 & t e advantage may be giv5 to t !ory1 we %all take ! lea/ ( ! numb]s j m5tion$1 & suppose t silice\s e>? may be dissolv$ or susp5d$ 9 #ejj times its weight ( wat]4 ,tak+ ?is = ! extreme degree ( insolubility ( m9]al sub/ances1 7?\gh !re are _m ( :i* ! insolubility is absolute1 or1 to speak 9 ! language ( calculation1 inf9itely great17 we may suppose ! insolubility ( all ! re/1 or ! quantities ( wat] 9 :i* !y are dissolv$1 to be rang$ 9 a desc5d+ scale f #ejj to #j1 ! extreme degree ( deliquesc5ce4 ,!n1 tak+ ! ari?metical mean betwe5 ^! extremes1 x w give u #bej1 z ! proportion ( wat] 9 :i* m9]al sub/ances may at an av]age be dissolv$4 ,b ?is av]age is mu* less ?an ! tru?2 = ! quantity ( silice\s e>? is great 9 comp>ison ( any ( ! re/1 & ! m9]al sub/ances t are extremely soluble 9 wat] are b 9 a small quantity2 !re=e1 :5 we suppose m9]al bodies1 at a m$ium1 to be soluble 9 #bej times _! own weight ( wat]1 we make a supposition extremely fav\rable to ! ,neptunian sy/em4 #dcb4 ,?is is ! proportion betwe5 ! weight ( ! solv5t1 & ( ! sub/ances held 9 solution3 to h ! proportion ( _! bulks1 we may suppose ! specific gravity ( m9]al bodies 9 g5]al to be to t ( wat] z #e to #b1 & !n we h ! ratio ( bulks1 t ( #bej #e to #b #a1 or ( #fbe to #a4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t m9]als 9 g5]al _c be suppos$ soluble 9 less ?an #fbe times _! bulk ( wat]4 #dcc4 ,aga91 x mu/ be all[$ to ! ,neptuni/s1 t ! fluidity ( ! :ole e>? is n necess>y to acc\nt = its assum+ ! sph]oidal figure4 ,x is suffici5t if ! :ole ( t cru/ or %ell ( matt] 0 fluid1 :i* is conta9$ betwe5 ! actual surface ( ! t]re/rial sph]oid1 & ! surface ( ! sph]e inscrib$ )9 x2 t is1 ( ! sph]e :i* has = its diamet] ! pol> axis ( ! e>?4 ,! :ole ( ! m9]als :i* compose ?is %ell1 mu/ at lea/ h be5 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & h =m$ ! *aotic mass ( ,mr ,kirwan4 ,! volume ( ! wat] requir$ = ?is 0 n less ?an #fbe times ! bulk ( ! sph]oidal %ell t has j be5 m5tion$4 ,b1 assum+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pol> axis & ! equatorial diamet] to be #a_/cjj ( ! latt]1 :i* is ! supposition mo/ agreeable to ! ph5om5a1 x is easy to %[ t ! magnitude ( ! above sph]oidal %ell1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! solid cont5t ( ! e>?1 & ! sph]e inscrib$ 9 x1 is great] ?an #a_/aea & less ?an #a_/aej ( ! :ole e>?2 s t ! e>? is less ?an #aea times ! sph]oidal %ell4 ,! volume ( ! wat]1 !re=e1 necess>y to hold 9 solution ! mat]ials ( ?is %ell1 is to ! volume ( ! :ole e>? z #fbe to #aea1 or 9 a great] ratio ?an t ( f\r to "o3 & su*1 !re=e1 at ! v lea/1 is ! quantity ( wat] :i* ,mr ,kirwan supposes1 aft] x ceas$ to act 9 its *emical capacity1 to h retir$ into cav]ns 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,?us ! ,neptuni/s1 9 _! acc\nt ( ! sph]oidal figure ( ! e>?1 are r$uc$ to a cruel dilemma1 & are =c$ to *oose betwe5 a physical & a ma!matical impossibility4 ,if we w\ld inquire :e!r ! op9ion ( ! igne\s orig9 ( m9]als1 z commonly receiv$ by ! ,vulcani/s1 is capable ( af=d+ a bett] solution ( ?is difficulty1 ! !ory ( ,m4 de ,buffon is ! fir/ t pres5ts itself4 #dcd4 ,t philosoph] consid]s ! exi/5ce ( ! sph]oidal figure z a pro( t ! :ole ( ! e>? mu/ h be5 orig9ally fluid2 & z ! fluidity ( ! :ole c only be ascrib$ to fusion1 he has suppos$ t ! e>? 0 orig9ally a mass ( melt$ matt] /ruck (f f ! sun by ! collision ( a comet2 & t ?is mass1 :5 made to revolve on its axis1 put on a sph]oidal figure1 :i* x has reta9$1 ?\gh n[ cool$ d[n to congelation4 ,?is sy/em ne$ n be consid]$ 9 detail2 ! f\ndation ( x is laid 9 su* defiance ( ! pr9ciples ( geometry & me*anics1 t ! ar*itect1 not)/&+ all ! f]tility ( 8 inv5tion1 & all ! res\rces ( 8 g5ius1 0 nev] able to give any solidity to ! /ructure4 ,b x w be said1 t we may take a "p ( ! sy/em1 )\t v5tur+ on ! :ole1 & may suppose t ! e>?1 or at lea/ ! ext]nal cru/ ( x1 has be5 fluid by fire1 ?\gh we d n inquire into ! cause ( ?is fire1 or into ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 produc$4 ,x is inde$ true1 t1 :5 ?is is done1 we h n ! same sort ( absurdity to enc\nt] t we met ) 9 ! ,neptunian sy/em1 & t ! ,volcanic !ory does n1 l x1 come into direct collision ) an axiom ( geometry4 ,!re are1 nev]!less1 great objections to x2 = ?\gh all ! ph5om5a ( ! m9]al k+dom atte/ a fluidity ( igne\s orig91 yet x is a fluidity t 0 nev] m ?an p>tial2 & ?\gh x has be5 ov] all ! e>?1 has be5 ov] x 9 succession only4 ,besides1 we are n entitl$ to assume ! exi/5ce1 & aga9 ! disappe>ance ( su* a great quantity ( heat1 )\t assign+ "s cause = ! *ange4 #dce4 ,s9ce1 !n1 nei!r ! hypo!sis ( ! ,neptuni/s or ! ,vulcani/s1 af=ds any good explanation ( ! figure ( ! e>?1 or su* a "o z c connect x ) ! o!r appe>ances 9 its natural hi/ory1 x rema9s to inquire1 :e!r ! sy/em t supposes a p>tial & successive fluidity1 l ,dr ,hutton's1 has any res\rce = expla9+ ?is great ph5om5on4 ,( ?is subject ,dr ,hutton has n treat$2 & :5 ,i 0 fir/ made acqua9t$ ) 8 sy/em1 x appe>$ to me a v s]i\s objection to x1 t x did n pr(ess to give an explanation ( s important a fact z ! oblate figure ( ! e>?4 ,on consid]+ ! matt] m closely1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd t !re 7 pr9ciples conta9$ 9 x f :i* a v satisfactory solution 7&1 ,i ?9k1 ! only satisfactory solution7 ( t difficulty might be d$uc$4 ,?is solution ,i %all endeav\r to expla91 9 z f>1 at lea/1 z is necess>y = ! purpose ( g5]al illu/ration4 ,x is laid d[n 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory1 t ! surface ( ! e>? is p]petually *ang$ by ! detritus ( ! l&2 & t f ! mat]ials ?us af=d$1 new horizontal /rata are p]petually =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,if ?is be true1 & if ! alt]nations ( decay & r5ovation h be5 (t5 repeat$1 x is c]ta91 t ! figure ( ! e>?1 :atev] x may h orig9ally be51 mu/ be br\ght at l5g? to co9cide ) ! sph]oid ( equilibrium4 #dcf4 ,"h x is necess>y to rem>k1 t ! expressions1 figure ( ! e>?1 & surface ( ! e>? are ea* ( !m occasionally tak5 9 two diff]5t s5ses4 ,! surface ( ! e>?1 9 its mo/ obvi\s s5se1 is t :i* b\nds ! :ole e>?1 & includes all its inequalities2 x is a surface extremely irregul>1 ris+ to ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 desc5d+ to ! bottoms ( ! valleys1 & hav+ ! cont9uity ( its curvature (t5 int]rupt$1 or sudd5ly *ang$4 ,?is may be call$ ! actual surface1 & ! figure b\nd$ by x1 ! actual figure1 ( ! e>?4 ,! surface ( ! e>?1 9 ano!r s5se1 is "o t is e :]e horizontal1 & is ! same :i* wat] assumes :5 at re/4 ,?is sup]ficies is det]m9$ by ! circum/ance ( its be+ con/antly p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( gravity2 x is ! surface m>k$ out by levell+1 & may be suppos$ to be cont9u$ f ! sea1 ?r\gh ! int]ior ( ! l&1 till x meet ! sea aga94 ,! figure b\nd$ by ?is horizontal surface1 may prop]ly be call$ ! /atical figure ( ! e>?4 ,:5 x is said t ! figure ( ! e>? is an oblate sph]oid1 x is ! /atical1 n ! actual figure :i* is meant2 & ! degrees ( ! m]idian :i* a/ronom]s measure1 are also ref]r$ to ! sup]ficies ( ! =m]4 #dcg4 ,suppose n[ a body l ! e>?1 b ) its actual figure inf9itely m irregul>1 hav+ a sea circumfus$ ar\nd x1 ! wat] w desc5d into ! l[e/ situations1 & w s arrange itself1 t its surface %all be p]p5dicul> e :]e to ! plumb-l9e1 or to ! direction ( gravity1 9 :i* /ate only x c rema9 at re/4 ,! figure ( ! sup]ficies :i* ! sea mu/ ?us take w be ( a cont9u\s curvature1 & w return into itself2 ?\gh x may1 if ! actual figure is v irregul>1 be f> ei!r f a sph]e or a sph]oid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we suppose ! solid p>ts ( ?is mass subject to be dissolv$ or worn away1 & c>ri$ d[n to ! ocean1 !re w be a t5d5cy to give to ! :ole body ! same figure t x w\ld h assum$1 if x _h be5 entirely fluid1 & subject to ! laws ( hydro/atics4 ,?is t5d5cy is ! result ( two pr9ciples4 #dch4 ,let u suppose ! body j describ$ to h no rotation1 s t ! p>ticles ( x are actuat$ only by ! =ces ( cohesion & ( attraction4 ,x is !n cle>1 t e p>ticle tak5 away by attrition f ! p>ts above ! level ( ! sea1 & deposit$ "u ! surface ( x1 makes ! g5]al figure m compact1 br++ ! remot] p>ts ne>] to ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! :ole2 s t1 9 "t1 if ! body is homog5e\s1 all ! po9ts ( ! surface w become equally di/ant f t c5tre4 ,?us ! actual figure *anges cont9ually1 & approa*es ne>] to ! /atical4 ,:ile ?is *ange is go+ =w>d 9 ! actual figure1 !re is ano!r produc$ on ! /atical1 t t5ds v mu* to accel]ate ! f9al co9cid5ce1 ( ! two4 ,! effect ( ! inequalities ( ! l&1 t rise above ! horizontal surface1 is1 by _! attraction1 to r5d] ! p>ts ( t surface imm$iately "u !m1 m convex1 ct]is p>ibus1 ?an ! re/4 ,aga91 :]e !re are p>ts ( extraord9>y dep? 9 ! sea1 t is1 :]e ! solid & d5s] p>ts are f> remov$ f ! surface ( ! ocean1 ! curvature ( ! sup]ficies ( ! sea is !reby dim9i%$1 & t sup]ficies is r5d]$ less convex ?an x w\ld be if ! sea 7 %all[]4 ,^! propositions are bo? capable ( /rict ma!matical demon/ration4 ,h5ce ! tak+ away ( any p>ticle ( matt] f ! top ( a m\nta9 t5ds to dim9i% ! curvature ( ! horizontal surface "u ! m\nta91 :]e x is greate/2 & ! deposition ( ! same p>ticle at ! bottom ( ! sea1 t5ds to increase ! curvature ( ?is sup]ficies :]e x is lea/4 ,! g5]al t5d5cy1 !re=e1 be+ to increase ! curvature :]e x is lea/1 & to dim9i% x :]e x is greate/1 mu/ be to br+ ab\t an uni=m curvature ?r\gh\t1 t is1 a sph]ical figure4 ,?us1 by ! wa/e & subsequ5t /ratification ( ! l&1 ! direction ( gravity is cont9ually alt]$2 x is m & m conc5trat$1 & ! figure br\ght ne>] to t :i* a fluid w\ld assume4 #dci4 ,if n[ we suppose ! body to revolve on its axis1 all o!r ?+s rema9+ z be=e1 ! surface b\nd+ ! sea w become diff]5t f :at x 0 9 ! =m] case1 & w be m swell$ out t[>d ! middle or equatorial regions4 ,! l& above ! level ( ! sea w /ill1 z be=e1 be worn d[n & deposit$ 9 ! bottom ( ! sea1 s z to =m /rata ne>ly p>allel to its surface3 ! t5d5cy1 !re=e1 is to r5d] ! real figure ( ! planet ne>] to ! /atical4 ,at ! same "t ! /atical figure is *ang$1 z expla9$ above2 s t ! two figures mutually approa*1 & ! limit1 or ultimate figure to :i* !y t5d1 is "o ov] :i* ! ocean might be diffus$ e :]e to ! same dep?1 = !n ! causes ( *ange w\ld entirely cease4 ,b ?is figure is no o!r ?an ! sph]oid ( equilibrium1 :i*1 !re=e1 is ! effect :i* ! wa/e & reconsolidation ( ! l& w\ld necess>ily produce1 if ! process 7 cont9u$ indef9itely1 )\t int]ruption4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 :5 a body is subject to ! action ( causes by :i* its =m is gradually *ang$1 ! figure be/ adapt$ to resi/ ^? *anges1 is ! figure :i* ! *anges !mselves ultimately produce4 ,also1 :atev] be ! irregul>ities ( d5sity1 ! t5d5cy to a *ange ( figure w n cease till ! body is m\ld$ into t p>ticul> sph]oid :i* admits ( be+ cov]$ ) wat] e :]e to ! same dep?4#bcb ,?us x appe>s1 t a solid ( an irregul> figure1 & ( irregul> d5sity1 provid$ x be 9 "p cov]$ ) wat]2 & be at ! same "t subject to wa/e above ! surface ( ! sea1 & reconsolidation "u x1 has a t5d5cy to acquire1 9 "t1 ! same figure t x w\ld h acquir$ _h x be5 entirely fluid4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,9 ! same mann] z a transition is ?us made f an irregul> figure to a sph]oid ( equilibrium1 s1 if ! actual figure 7 at fir/ m simple ?an ! sph]oid1 x w\ld /ill be *ang$ into ?is la/ by degrees4 ,let u conceive1 = in/ance1 t ! e>? is at re/1 & is a p]fect sph]e ( solid matt]1 surr\nd$ by an ocean e :]e ( equal dep?1 = example1 ( "o mile4 ,!n1 if a rotatory motion be communicat$ to x1 s t x %all revolve on its axis 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 9 consequ5ce ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 ! wat] circumfus$ ab\t ! sph]e w imm$iately rise up "u ! equator1 & w become "p ( a sph]oidal surface1 7n elliptical1 b ne>ly s17 ! equatorial diamet] ( :i* is great] ?an ! pol> axis1 9 ! ratio ( #ehh to #egg ,by ?is means ! wat] w be accumulat$ at ! equator to ! dep? ( ne>ly #b4e miles1 & =m a zone surr\nd+ ! e>?1 & ext5d+ ab\t #cg on ea* side ( ! equator4 ,! rema9d] ( ! surface w be left dry1 =m+ two va/ circumpol> cont95ts1 t rea* #ec on e side ( ! poles1 & t are elevat$ 9 ! middle m ?an f\r miles above ! level ( ! sea4 ,su* w\ld be ! /ate ( our globe1 on ! hypo!sis above laid d[n2 &1 if !re 7 no wa/e or de/ruction ( ! l&1 ?is ord] ( ?+s w\ld be p]man5t1 & nei!r ! solid nor fluid "p ( ! mass c\ld ev] acquire any o!r figure ?an t :i* has be5 describ$4 ,b1 if ! same laws be suppos$ to regulate ! action ( ! atmosph]e 9 ^? circum/ances1 t d actually regulate x accord+ to ! pres5t con/itution ( ! globe1 ! vap\rs rais$ up f ! surface ( ! sea1 w\ld be c>ri$ by ! w9ds ov] ! l&1 :]e !y w\ld be cond5s$ & precipitat$ 9 ra94 ,?us1 all ! ag5ts ( de/ruction w\ld be let loose on ! two great circumpol> cont95ts2 riv]s w\ld be =m$2 ! l& w\ld become deeply int]sect$ by rav9es2 ^? rav9es w\ld gradually op5 into wide valleys2 ! masses ( greate/ resi/ance w\ld be %ap$ into hills & m\nta9s3 & f a sup]ficies orig9ally smoo? & uni=m1 ! same inequalities w\ld be produc$ :i* at pres5t div]sify ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,:ile ! p>ts ( ! sph]e )\t ! sph]oid are ?us cont9ually dim9i%$1 ! loose e>? & s& wa%$ d[n f !m1 w be deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & w =m /rata p>allel to ! surface ( ! sup]9cumb5t wat]4 ,! actual & /atical figure are ?us br\ght ne>] "o ano!r2 &1 at ! same "t ! /atical is *ang$1 on ! pr9ciple already expla9$1 7! *ange 9 ! direction ( gravity17 & is made cont9ually to approximate to a /ate1 :i* :5 x has atta9$1 no f>!r *ange c take place1 viz4 an oblate elliptic sph]oid1 ( :i* ! surface is p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( gravity1 hav+ ! equatorial diamet] to ! pol> axis 9 ! ratio ( #bcj to #bbi4 #ddj4 ,9 ! prec$+ reason+s1 we h suppos$ ! process ( decay & subsequ5t /ratification to be c>ri$ on )\t int]ruption1 till ! :ole ( ! l& is cov]$ by ! sea4 ,?is supposition is useful = expla9+ ! nature ( ! =ces :i* h det]m9$ ! figure ( ! e>?2 b !re is no reason to ?9k t x has ev] be5 realiz$ 9 its full ext5t1 ! elevation ( /rata f ! bottom ( ! sea int]rupt+ ! progress1 & produc+ new l& 9 "o place1 z ! old decays 9 ano!r4 ,! v same l& also1 :i* is wa/$ at its surface1 may p]haps be lift$ up by ! =ces t are plac$ "u x2 or x may be let d[n1 und]go+ alt]ations ( its level1 f causes t we d n p]ceive1 b ( :i* ! action is und\bt$1 7 #chh47 ,b not)/&+ ^! int]ruptions1 ! g5]al t5d5cy to produce 9 ! e>? a sph]oidal figure may rema91 & m may be done by e revolution1 to br+ ab\t ! atta9m5t ( t figure ?an to cause a deviation f x4 ,?is figure1 !re=e1 ?\gh nev] likely to be p]fectly acquir$1 w be ! limit+ or asymptotic figure1 if x may be s call$1 to :i* ! e>? w cont9ually approa*4 #dda4 ,if ! prec$+ conclusions are j1 & if ! figure ( equilibrium is only an asymptotic figure1 to :i* t ( ! e>? may approximate1 b _c p]fectly atta91 we are n to be surpris$ if consid]able deviations f x are actually obs]v$4 ,?is has accord+ly happ5$1 insomu*1 t ! results d$uc$ f ! mo/ accurate measurem5t ( degrees ( ! m]idian1 diff] f "o ano!r1 9 ! oblat5ess !y give to ! e>?1 by ne>ly "o half ( ! quantity to be det]m9$4 ,:5 we comp>e ! degrees measur$ 9 ,france1 & 9 "s o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 ) ^? measur$ 9 ,p]u1 we obta9 = ! compression at ! poles1 less ?an #a_/cjj ( ! radius ( ! e>?4 ,b :5 we comp>e ! degrees measur$ 9 ,france ) "o ano!r1 & ) ^? lately measur$ 9 ,engl&1 we f9d t !y are be/ repres5t$ by a sph]oid t has its compression #a_/aej ( its semi-axis4#bcc ,!re is reason to ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! m]idians are n elliptical2 & o!r obs]vations seem to %[1 t !y are n ev5 simil> to "o ano!r2 or t ! e>? is n1 /rictly speak+1 a solid ( revolution2 s1 also1 ! comp>ison ( ! degree measur$ at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ) ^? measur$ on ! opposite side ( ! equator1 creates a suspicion1 t ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es are n p]fectly alike1 & t ! e>? is n equally compress$ at ! ,arctic & ! ,ant>ctic poles4 ,^! irregul>ities1 ?\gh !y d n affect ! g5]al fact ( ! e>?'s compression at ! poles1 %[ t ! true /atical figure is b imp]fectly atta9$2 & ?\gh ?is may be acc\nt$ =1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 our !ory1 x is 9 a mann] v unsatisfactory1 &1 by help ( suppositions1 n at all consi/5t ) ! orig9al fluidity ascrib$ to ! :ole mass1 or to ! ext]ior cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde1 p> ,la ,place1 p4 #fa1 #b;d edit4 #ddb4 ,z ! pr9ciples "h laid d[n expla9 h[ a solid body may atta9 v ne>ly ! figure :i* a fluid w\ld acquire 9 ord] to pres]ve its p>ts 9 equilibrium2 & s9ce ! oblate figure belongs to o!r ( ! planets z well z ! e>?1 & ! globul> to all ! great bodies ( ! univ]se1 ?is sugge/s an analogy t goes deep into ! economy ( nature1 & ext5ds f> beyond ! limits )9 :i* ! m9]alogi/ is wont to conf9e 8 speculations4 #ddc4 ,t no v irregul> figure is f\nd among ! planet>y bodies1 may !re=e be consid]$ z a pro( ( ! univ]sality ( t sy/em ( wa/e & reconsolidation t we h be5 endeav\r+ to trace 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,a f>!r pro( ( ! same arises f consid]+1 t = e giv5 mass ( matt]1 hav+ a giv5 p]iod ( rotation1 !re are two diff]5t sph]oids t answ] ! conditions ( e/abli%+ an equilibrium among its p>ts1 ! "o ne> to ! sph]e1 & ! o!r v di/ant f x1 & s oblate z to h a l5ticul> =m4 ,?us ! e>?1 suppos+ x homog5e\s1 might ei!r be 9 equilibrium1 by means ( ! figure :i* x actually has1 or ( "o 9 :i* ! pol> 0 to ! equatorial diamet] z #a to #gfh4 ,! same is true ( ! o!r planets2 & yet we no :]e f9d t ?is highly compress$ sph]oid is actually employ$ by nature4 ,! reason1 no d\bt1 is1 t 9 s oblate a sph]oid1 ! equilibrium betwe5 ! gravitat+ & ! c5trifugal =ce is ( ! k9d t does n re-e/abli% itself :5 di/urb$2 s t ! p>ts let loose1 & n kept 9 _! place by firm cohesion1 w\ld fly (f altoge!r4 ,9 su* a body1 ! wa/e at ! surface w\ld lead to an entire *ange ( =m1 & !re=e ! con/itution "h suppos$ c\ld n be p]man5t4 #ddd4 ,9 ! sy/em ( ,saturn1 we h a great deviation f ! g5]al ord]1 :i*1 nev]!less1 has l$ to a v unexpect$ v]ification ( "s ( ! conclusions d$uc$ above4 ,a pr9ciple extremely l t :i* is ! basis ( all ! =ego+ reason+s1 l$ "o ( ! greate/ philosoph]s ( ! pres5t age to discov] ! revolution ( ,saturn's r+ on its axis1 & ev5 to det]m9e ! velocity ( t revolution1 su* z x has be5 s9ce f\nd by obs]vation4 ,,la ,,place1 lay+ x d[n z a maxim1 t no?+ 9 nature c exi/1 :]e !re are causes ( *ange1 n balanc$ or comp5sat$ by o!r causes1#bcd conclud$1 t !-p>ts ( ! r+ mu/ be held f fall+ d[n to ! body ( ! planet by "s o!r =ce ?an _! m]e cohesion to "o ano!r4 ,7 x o!rwise1 e p>ticle deta*$ f ! r+1 by any means1 mu/ desc5d 9 a /raight l9e1 almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! surface ( ,saturn2 & ! f9al de/ruction ( ! r+ mu/ be inevitable4 ,! only =ce t c\ld balance ?is effect ( gravitation1 seem$ to be a c5trifugal =ce1 aris+ f ! rotation ( ! r+ on an axis pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 & p]p5dicul> to its plane4 ,la ,place proce$$ to inquire :at cel]ity ( rotation 0 adequate to ?is effect1 & f\nd t "o ( t5 h\rs & a qu>t] w\ld be requir$1 :i* is almo/ precisely ! "t aft]w>ds det]m9$ by ,dr ,,h]s*el f actual obs]vation4 ,if1 ) ?is rotation1 ! r+ is a solid annulus g5]at$ by ! rotation ( a v flat ellipsis ab\t a giv5 po9t 9 its great] axis1 co9cid+ ) ! c5tre ( ,saturn1 x may be s con/itut$1 t ! attraction ( ,saturn1 comb9$ ) ! c5trifugal =ce1 may produce a =ce p]p5dicul> to its surface1 & may enable deta*$ p>ts to rema9 at re/1 animals1 = in/ance1 to walk on its surface1 & fluids to be 9 equilibrio4 ,! sy/em ( ,saturn is ?us =tifi$ aga9/ ! lapse ( "t1 z effectually z t ( ! e>? itself2 & ! means by :i* ?is is accompli%$1 seem to prove1 t ! weapons :i* "t employs1 are 9 bo? cases ! same1 viz4 ! sl[ we>+ & decomposition ( ! solid p>ts4 ,?is sl[ we>+ may h produc$ ! figure by :i* its action is mo/ effectually resi/$4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,la ,place1 ubi supra1 p4 #bdb4 #dde4 ,?us ,dr ,hutton's !ory ( ! e>? comes at la/ to connect itself ) ! rese>*es ( physical a/ronomy4 ,! conclusion to be drawn f ?is co9cid5ce is to ! cr$it ( bo? sci5ces4 ,:5 two travell]s1 :o set out f po9ts s di/ant z ! m9]alogi/ & ! a/ronom]1 & :o foll[ r\tes s diff]5t1 meet at ! end ( _! j\rney1 & agree 9 _! report ( ! c\ntries ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$1 x af=ds no slight presumption1 t !y h kept ! "r way1 & t !y relate :at !y h actually se54 ,,note ,,xxvi4 #acc4 ,prejudices relat+ to ! ,!ory ( ! ,e>?4 #ddf4 ,among ! prejudices :i* a new !ory ( ! e>? has to ov]come1 is an op9ion1 held1 or affect$ to be held1 by _m1 t geological sci5ce is n yet ripe = su* elevat$ & difficult speculations4 ,!y w\ld1 !re=e1 get rid ( ^! speculations1 by mov+ ! previ\s "q1 & decl>+ t at pres5t we ought to h no !ory at all4 ,we are n yet1 !y allege1 suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! ph5om5a ( geology2 ! subject is s v>i\s & ext5sive t our k ( x mu/ = a long "t1 p]haps = ev]1 rema9 extremely imp]fect4 ,& h5ce x is1 t ! !ories hi!rto propos$ h succe$$ "o ano!r ) s great rapidity1 h>dly any ( !m hav+ be5 able to la/ long] ?an ! discov]y ( a new fact1 or a fact unkn[n :5 x 0 inv5t$4 ,x has prov$ insuffici5t to connect ?is fact ) ! ph5om5a already kn[n1 & has !re=e be5 ju/ly ab&on$4 ,9 ?is mann]1 !y say1 h pass$ away ! !ories ( ,woodw>d1 ,burnet1 ,:i/on1 & ev5 ( ,buffon2 & s w pass1 9 _! turn1 ^? ( ,hutton & ,w]n]4 #ddg4 ,?is unfav\rable view ( geology1 ought n1 h[ev]1 to be receiv$ )\t exam9ation2 9 sci5ce1 presumption is less hurtful ?an despair1 & inactivity is m dang]\s ?an error4 ,"o reason ( ! rapid succession ( geological !ories1 is ! mi/ake t has be5 made z to _! object1 & ! folly ( attempt+ to expla9 by !m ! fir/ orig9 ( ?+s4 ,?is mi/ake has l$ to fanciful speculations t _h no?+ b _! novelty to recomm5d !m1 & :i*1 :5 t *>m _h ceas$1 7 reject$ z m]e suppositions1 incapable ( pro(4 ,b if x is once settl$1 t a !ory ( ! e>? ought to h no o!r aim b to discov] ! laws t regulate ! *anges on ! surface1 or 9 ! int]ior ( ! globe1 ! subject is br\ght )9 ! sph]e ei!r ( obs]vation or analogy2 & !re is no reason to suppose1 t man1 :o has numb]$ ! />s1 & measur$ _! =ces1 %all ultimately prove unequal to ?is inve/igation4 #ddh4 ,aga91 !ories t h a rational object1 ?\gh !y be false or imp]fect 9 _! pr9ciples1 are = ! mo/ "p approximations to ! tru?1 suit$ to ! in=mation at ! "t :5 !y 7 propos$4 ,!y are /eps1 !re=e1 9 ! advancem5t ( k1 & are t]ms ( a s]ies t mu/ end :5 ! real laws ( nature are discov]$4 ,x is1 on ?is acc\nt1 ra% to conclude1 t 9 ! revolutions ( sci5ce1 :at has happ5$ mu/ cont9ue to happ51 & because sy/ems h *ang$ rapidly 9 "t pa/1 t !y mu/ necess>ily d s 9 "t to come4 ,he :o w\ld h reason$ s1 & :o _h se5 ! anci5t physical sy/ems1 at fir/ all rivals to "o ano!r1 & !n swall[$ up by ! ,ari/otelian2 ! ,ari/otelian physics giv+ way to ^? ( ,des ,c>tes2 & ! physics ( ,des ,c>tes to ^? ( ,newton2 w\ld h pr$ict$ t ^! la/ 7 also1 9 _! turn1 to give place to ! philosophy ( "s lat] p]iod4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a conclusion t h>dly any "o w n[ be bold en\gh to ma9ta91 aft] a hundr$ ye>s ( ! mo/ scrupul\s exam9ation h done no?+ b add to ! evid5ce ( ! ,,newtonian ,,sy/em4 ,x seems c]ta91 !re=e1 t ! rise & fall ( !ories 9 times pa/1 does n argue1 t ! same w happ5 9 ! "t t is to come4 #ddi4 ,! multif>i\s & extremely div]sifi$ object ( geological rese>*es1 does1 no d\bt1 r5d] ! fir/ /eps difficult1 & may v well acc\nt = ! in/ability hi!rto obs]v$ 9 su* !ories2 b ! v same ?+ gives reason = expect+ a v high degree ( c]ta9ty to be ultimately atta9$ 9 ^! inquiries4 ,:]e ! ph5om5a are few & simple1 !re may be sev]al diff]5t !ories t w expla9 !m 9 a mann] equally satisfactory2 & 9 su* cases1 ! true & ! false hypo!ses are n easily di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! ph5om5a are greatly v>i$1 ! probability is1 t among !m1 "s ( ^? in/anti crucis w be f\nd1 t exclude e hypo!sis b "o1 & r$uce ! explanation giv5 to ! highe/ degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,x 0 ?us1 :5 ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s 7 b imp]fectly kn[n1 & 7 conf9$ to a few g5]al & simple facts1 t ! ,philolaic c\ld claim no pref]5ce to ! ,ptolemaic sy/em3 ,! =m] seem$ a possible hypo!sis2 b z x p]=m$ no?+ t ! o!r did n p]=m1 & 0 inconsi/5t ) "s ( our mo/ natural prejudices1 x _h b few adh]5ts4 ,! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 & ! use ( m accurate in/rum5ts1 by multiply+ & div]sify+ ! facts1 e/abli%$ its cr$it2 & :5 n only ! g5]al laws1 b also ! inequalities1 & di/urbances ( ! planet>y motions 7 und]/ood1 all physical hypo!ses vani%$1 l phantoms1 be=e ! philosophy ( ,,newton4 ,h5ce ! numb]1 ! v>iety1 & ev5 ! complication ( facts1 contribute ultimately to sep>ate tru? f falsehood2 & ! same causes :i*1 9 any case1 r5d] ! fir/ attempts t[>d a !ory difficult1 make ! f9al success ( su* attempts j s mu* ! m probable4 ,?is maxim1 h[ev]1 ?\gh a g5]al enc\ragem5t to ! prosecution ( geological inquiries1 does n am\nt to a pro( t we are yet arriv$ at ! p]iod :5 ^? inquiries may safely assume ! =m ( a !ory4 ,b t we are arriv$ at su* a p]iod1 appe>s cle> f o!r circum/ances4 #dej4 ,x _c be d5i$1 t a great multitude ( facts1 respect+ ! m9]al k+dom1 are n[ kn[n ) consid]able precision2 & t ! _m dilig5t & skilful obs]v]s1 :o h aris5 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 h produc$ a great *ange 9 ! /ate ( geological k4 ,x is unnecess>y to enum]ate !m all2 ,,f]b]1 ,,b]gman1 ,,de ,,luc1 ,,saussure1 ,,dolomieu1 are ^? on :om ,dr ,hutton *iefly reli$2 & x is on _! obs]vations & 8 own t 8 sy/em is f\nd$4 ,if x be said1 t only a small "p ( ! e>?'s surface has yet be5 survey$1 & describ$ ) su* accuracy z is f\nd 9 ! writ]s j nam$1 x may be answ]$1 t ! e>? is con/ruct$ ) su* a degree ( uni=mity1 t a tract ( no v l>ge ext5t may af=d in/ances ( all ! lead+ facts t we c ev] obs]ve 9 ! m9]al k+dom4 ,! v>iety ( geological appe>ances :i* a travell] meets )1 is n at all 9 proportion to ! ext5t ( c\ntry he trav]ses2 & if he take 9 a portion ( l& suffici5t to include primitive & second>y /rata1 toge!r ) m\nta9s1 riv]s1 & pla9s1 & un/ratifi$ bodies 9 ve9s & 9 masses1 ?\gh x be n a v l>ge "p ( ! e>?'s surface1 he may f9d examples ( all ! mo/ important facts 9 ! hi/ory ( fossils4 ,?\gh ! lab\rs ( m9]alogi/s h embrac$ b a small "p ( ! globe1 !y may !re=e h compreh5d$ a v l>ge proportion ( ! ph5om5a :i* x exhibits2 & h5ce a presumption arises1 t ! outl9es1 at lea/1 ( geology h n[ be5 trac$ ) tol]able tru?1 & are n susceptible ( great v>iation4 #dea4 ,:5 ! ph5om5a ( any class are 9 g5]al ambigu\s1 & admit ( be+ expla9$ by diff]5t or ev5 opposite !ories2 if few ( ^? exclusive facts are kn[n1 :i* admit b ( "o or a few solutions1 !n we h no "r to expect mu* f our endeav\rs to g5]alise1 except ! k ( ! po9ts :]e our in=mation is mo/ defici5t1 & to :i* our obs]vations ought *iefly to be direct$4 ,b t _m ( ! exclusive & unambigu\s in/ances are kn[n1 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! globe1 ,i ?9k is evid5t f ! reason+ 9 ! =ego+ pages1 :]e s _m examples h occurr$ ( appe>ances t give ! mo/ direct negative to ! ,neptunian sy/em1 & exclude x f ! numb] ( possible hypo!ses1 by :i* ! ph5om5a ( geology c be expla9$4 ,! abundance ( su* in/ances is an infallible sign1 t ! mass ( k is 9 t /ate ( f]m5tation1 f :i* ! true !ory may be expect$ to em]ge4 #deb4 ,ano!r indication ( ! same k9d1 is ! ne> approa* t ev5 ! mo/ opposite !ories make1 9 "s respects1 to "o ano!r4 ,!re are s _m po9ts ( contact betwe5 !m1 t !y appe> to approximate to an ultimate /ate1 9 :i*1 h[ev] unwill+ly1 !y mu/ at la/ co9cide4 ,t ultimate =m1 too1 :i* all ^! !ories h a t5d5cy to put on1 if ,i am n deceiv$1 is no o!r ?an t ( ! ,huttonian !ory4 #dec4 ,! fir/ example ,i %all take f ! sy/em ( ,saussure4 ,x is to be regrett$1 t ?is excell5t geologi/ has no :]e giv5 u a complete acc\nt ( 8 !ory4 ,"s ( ! lead+ pr9ciples ( x are1 h[ev]1 unfold$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 obs]vations1 & enable u to =m a notion ( its g5]al outl9e4 ,x 0 evid5tly f> remov$ f ! sy/em ( subt]rane\s heat1 & seems1 especially 9 ! latt] "p ( ! au?or's life1 to h be5 v mu* accommodat$ to ! prevail+ sy/em ( ,,w]n]4 ,nev]!less1 ) s little aff9ity betwe5 _! g5]al views1 ,saussure & ,hutton agree 9 t mo/ important article :i* reg>ds ! elevation ( ! /rata4 ,saussure pla9ly p]ceiv$ ! impossibility ( ! /rata be+ =m$ 9 ! v]tical situations :i* s _m ( !m n[ occupy2 & he takes great pa9s to demon/rate ?is impossibility1 f "s facts t h be5 ref]r$ to above4 ,he also believ$ t ?is elevation _h be5 giv5 to /rata t 7 orig9ally level1 by a =ce direct$ upw>ds1 or by ! ref\lem5t ( ! b$s1 n by _! fall+ 91 z is ! op9ion ( ,de ,luc & "s o!r ( ! ,neptuni/s4 ,n[1 :oev] admits ?is pr9ciple1 & reasons on x consi/5tly1 )\t be+ afraid to foll[ x ?r\gh all its consequ5ces1 mu/ unavoidably come v close to ! ,huttonian !ory4 ,he mu/ see1 t a p[] :i*1 act+ f bel[1 produc$ ?is great effect c nev] h belong$ to wat]1 unless r>efi$ into /eam by ! application ( heat4 ,b if x be once admitt$ t heat resides 9 ! m9]al regions1 ! great objection to ,dr ,hutton's sy/em is remov$2 & ! !ori/1 :o 0 furni%$ ) s active & s p[]ful an ag5t1 w\ld be v unskilful 9 ! managem5t ( 8 own res\rces1 if he did n employ x 9 ! "w ( consolidat+ z well z 9 t ( rais+ up ! /rata4 ,a little att5tion w %[1 t x is qualifi$ = bo? purposes2 ?\gh insup]able objections mu/1 no d\bt1 (f] !mselves1 :]e ! effects ( compression are n und]/ood4 ,we may safely conclude1 !n1 t ! accurate & +5i\s ,geologi/ ( ,g5eva ought to h be5 a ,plutoni/1 9 ord] to give consi/5cy to ! pr9ciples :i* he _h adopt$1 & to make !m coalesce z p>ts ( "o & ! same sy/em4 ,if he embrac$ an opposite op9ion1 x probably 0 f feel+ ! =ce ( ^? objections t arise f our discov]+ no?+ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? l ! rema9s left by combu/ion1 or inflammation1 at its surface4 ,! secret by :i* ^! seem+ contradictions are to be reconcil$1 0 unkn[n to ?is m9]alogi/1 & he has accord+ly decid$ /rongly aga9/ ! action ( fire1 ev5 9 ! case ( ^? un/ratifi$ sub/ances t h ! greate/ aff9ity to volcanic lava4 #ded4 ,! !oretical conclusions ( ano!r accurate & skilful obs]v]1 ,dolomieu1 furni% a /ill m rem>kable example ( a t5d5cy to union betwe5 sy/ems pr(ess$ly ho/ile to "o ano!r4 ,?is +5i\s m9]alogi/1 obs]v+ ! int]position ( ! basalt betwe5 /ratifi$ rocks1 s t x _h n only regul> b$s ( s&/one = its base1 b 0 also cov]$ ) b$s ( ! same k9d1 saw pla9ly t ^! appe>ances 7 inconsi/5t ) ! supposition ( common volcanic explosions at ! surface4 ,he !re=e conceiv$1 t ! volcanic eruption _h happ5$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 7! level ( :i*1 9 =m] ages1 _h be5 mu* high] ?an at pres5t17 & t ! mat]ials aft]w>ds deposit$ on ! lava1 _h be5 9 l5g? ( "t consolidat$ into b$s ( /one4 ,x is evid5t1 t ?is notion ( subm>9e volcanoes1 comes v ne>1 9 _m respects1 to ,dr ,hutton's explanation ( ! same appe>ances4 ,if ! only ?+ to be acc\nt$ = 7 ! ph5om5on 9 "q1 x _c be d5i$ t ,dolomieu's hypo!sis w\ld be p]fectly suffici5t2 b ,dr ,hutton1 to :om ?is ph5om5on 0 famili>1 & :o1 l ,dolomieu1 conceiv$ ! basalt to h be5 9 fusion1 0 conv9c$ t ! retreat ( ! sea 0 n a fact well atte/$ by geological appe>ances1 & if admitt$1 0 inadequate to acc\nt = ! facts usually expla9$ by x4 ,he conceiv$1 !re=e1 t su* lava z ! prec$+ _h fl[$ n only at ! bottom ( ! sea1 b 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & hav+ be5 =c$ up ?r\gh ! fissures ( rocks already =m$1 _h heav$ up "s ( ^! rocks1 & int]pos$ itself betwe5 !m4 ,?is agrees ) ! o!r facts 9 ! natural hi/ory bo? ( ! basaltes & ! /rata4 ,x is pla91 t1 9 ?is1 !re is a great approa* ( ! two !ories to "o ano!r3 bo? ma9ta9 ! igne\s orig9 ( basaltes1 & its aff9ity to lava2 bo? ackn[l$ge t ?is lava _c h fl[$ at ! surface1 & t ! /rata :i* cov] x h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,!y only diff] z to ! mode 9 :i* ! subm>9e or subt]rane\s volcano produc$ its effect1 & t diff]5ce arises m]ely f ! "o geologi/ hav+ g5]aliz$ m ?an ! o!r4 ,dolomieu s\ght to connect ! basalt ) ! lavas t proce$ f volcanic explosions at ! surface2 ,dr ,hutton s\ght n only to connect ^! two appe>ances ) "o ano!r1 b also ) ! o!r ph5om5a ( m9]alogy1 p>ticul>ly ) ! ve9s ( basaltes1 & ! elevation ( ! /rata4 #dee4 ,9 ano!r po9t1 ! co9cid5ce ( ,dolomieu's op9ions & ,dr ,hutton's is /ill m /rik+4 ,! =m] has rem>k$1 t _m ( ! ext+ui%$ volcanoes are 9 granite c\ntries1 & t1 nev]!less1 ! lavas t !y h erupt$ conta9 no granitic /ones4 ,!re mu/ be1 !re=e1 says he1 some?+ "u ! granite1 & ?is la/ is n1 at lea/ 9 all cases1 to be consid]$ z ! basis ( ! m9]al k+dom1 or z ! body on :i* all o!rs re/4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 !re=e1 granite is n always a primordial rock1 any m ?an 9 ,dr ,hutton's4 ,b ,dolomieu makes a /ill ne>] advance to ! ,huttonian !ory2 = he supposes1 t "u ! solid & h>d cru/ ( ! globe1 !re is a sph]e ( melt$ /one1 f :i* ?is basaltic lava 0 ?r[n up4 ,! sy/em ( subt]rane\s heat is "h adopt$ 9 its utmo/ ext5t1 & 9 t =m :i* is consid]$ z ! mo/ liable to objection1 viz4 ! exi/5ce ( x at ! pres5t mom5t1 9 su* a degree z to melt rocks1 & keep !m 9 a /ate ( fusion4 ,9 ?is conclusion1 ! two !ories agree p]fectly2 & if !y d s1 x is only because ! nature ( ?+s has =c$ !m into union1 not)/&+ ! dissimilitude ( _! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,?is ought to be consid]$ z a /rong pro(1 t ! ph5om5a kn[n to m9]alogi/s are suffici5t to ju/ify ! attempts to =m a !ory ( ! e>?1 & are su* z lead to ! same conclusions1 :]e !re 0 n only no previ\s conc]t1 b ev5 a v m>k$ opposition4 ,i h already obs]v$1 t !re is a great] t5d5cy to agree among geological !ories1 ?an among ! au?ors ( ^? !ories4 #def4 ,ano!r circum/ance wor?y ( consid]ation is1 t 9 ! se>* :i* ! ,neptuni/s h made1 = facts mo/ fav\rable to ! aque\s =mation ( m9]als1 we f9d h>dly any ( a k9d t 0 unkn[n to ! au?or ( ! sy/em "h expla9$4 ,! appe>ances on :i* ,,w]n] gr\nds 8 op9ion ) respect to basaltes1 & by :i* he w\ld exclude ! action ( fire f any %>e 9 ! =mation ( x1 are all compreh5d$ 9 ! alt]nation ( t rock ) b$s1 or /rata obvi\sly ( aque\s orig94 ,n[ ^! appe>ances 7 well kn[n to ,dr ,hutton1 & are easily expla9$ by 8 !ory1 provid$ ! effects ( compression are admitt$4 ,f ?is1 & ! o!r circum/ances j obs]v$1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k1 t ! great facts on :i* e geological sy/em mu/ dep5d1 are n[ kn[n1 & t x is n too bold an anticipation to say1 t a !ory ( ! e>?1 :i* expla9s all ! ph5om5a ) :i* we are at pres5t acqua9t$1 w be f\nd to expla9 all ^? t rema9 to be discov]$4 #deg4 ,! "t inde$ 01 & we are n yet f> remov$ f x1 :5 "o ( ! mo/ important pr9ciples involv$ 9 ,dr ,hutton's !ory 0 n only unkn[n1 b c\ld n be discov]$4 ,?is 0 be=e ! cau/icity produc$ 9 lime/one by exposure to fire 0 und]/ood1 & :5 x 0 n kn[n t x arose f ! expulsion ( a c]ta9 a]ial fluid1 :i* be=e 0 a compon5t "p ( ! /one4 ,x c\ld n !n be p]ceiv$1 t ?is a]ial "p might be reta9$ by pressure1 ev5 9 spite ( ! action ( fire1 & t 9 a region :]e great compression exi/$1 ! abs5ce ( cau/icity 0 no pro( t great heat _h n be5 appli$4 ,! discov]ies ( ,dr ,,black1 !re=e1 m>k an era1 be=e :i* m5 7 n qualifi$ to judge ( ! nature ( ! p[]s t _h act$ 9 ! consolidation ( m9]al sub/ances4 ,^? discov]ies 71 inde$1 de/9$ to produce a memorable *ange 9 *emi/ry1 & 9 all ! bran*es ( k alli$ to x2 & h be5 ! f\ndation ( t brilliant progress1 by :i* a collection ( practical rules1 & ( insulat$ facts1 has 9 a few ye>s ris5 to ! rank ( a v p]fect sci5ce4 ,b ev5 be=e !y _h expla9$ ! nature ( c>bonic gas1 & its aff9ity to calc>e\s e>?1 ,i am n sure b t ,dr ,hutton's !ory 01 at lea/1 p>tly =m$1 ?\gh x mu/ c]ta9ly h rema9$1 ev5 9 8 own op9ion1 expos$ to great difficulties4 ,8 active & p5etrat+ g5ius soon p]ceiv$1 9 ! exp]im5ts ( 8 fri5d1 ! solution ( ^? difficulties1 & =m$ t happy comb9ation ( pr9ciples1 :i* has enabl$ him to expla9 ! mo/ enigmatical appe>ances 9 ! natural hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,z we are n yet f> remov$ f ! "t :5 our *emical k 0 too imp]fect to admit ( a satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( m9]alogy1 s x is n unlikely t we are approa*+ to o!r discov]ies t are to ?r[ new light on ?is sci5ce4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be to argue /rangely to say1 t we mu/ wait till ^? discov]ies are made be=e we beg9 any !oretical reason+s4 ,if ?is rule 7 foll[$1 we %\ld n "k :]e ! imp]fections ( our sci5ce lay1 nor :5 ! rem$ies 7 f\nd out1 %\ld we be 9 a condition to avail ourselves ( !m4 ,su* conduct w\ld n be caution1 b timidity1 & an excess ( prud5ce fatal to all philosophical inquiry4 #deh4 ,! tru?1 inde$1 is1 t 9 physical inquiries1 ! "w ( !ory & obs]vation mu/ g h& 9 h&1 & ought to be c>ri$ on at ! same "t1 m especially if ! matt] is v complicat$1 = !re ! clue ( !ory is necess>y to direct ! obs]v]4 ,?\gh a man may beg9 to obs]ve )\t any hypo!sis1 he _c cont9ue long )\t see+ "s g5]al conclusion arise2 & to ?is nasc5t !ory x is 8 bus9ess to att5d1 because1 by seek+ ei!r to v]ify or to disprove x1 he is l$ to new exp]im5ts1 or new obs]vations4 ,he is l$ also to ! v exp]im5ts & obs]vations t are ( ! greate/ importance1 namely1 to ^? in/anti crucis1 :i* are ! crit]ia t naturally pres5t !mselves = ! trial ( e hypo!sis4 ,he is conduct$ to ! places :]e ! transitions ( nature are mo/ p]ceptible1 & :]e ! abs5ce ( =m]1 or ! pres5ce ( new circum/ances1 excludes ! action ( imag9>y causes4 ,by ?is correction ( 8 fir/ op9ion1 a new approximation is made to ! tru?2 & by ! repetition ( ! same process1 c]ta9ty is f9ally obta9$4 ,?us !ory & obs]vation mutually assi/ "o ano!r2 & ! _s ( sy/em1 aga9/ :i* !re are s _m & su* j compla9ts1 appe>s1 nev]!less1 z ! animat+ pr9ciple ( inductive inve/igation4 ,! bus9ess ( s\nd philosophy is n to ext+ui% ?is _s1 b to re/ra9 & direct its ef=ts4 #dei4 ,x is !re=e hurtful to ! progress ( physical sci5ce to repres5t obs]vation & !ory z /&+ oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,b]gman has said1 ,obs]vationes v]as qum +5iosissimas fictiones sequi pr/at2 natur my/]ia potius indag>e qum div9>e4 ,if x is meant by ?is m]ely to say1 t x is bett] to h facts )\t !ory1 ?an !ory )\t facts1 & t x is wis] to inquire into ! secrets ( nature1 ?an to guess at !m1 ! tru? ( ! maxim w h>dly be controv]t$4 ,b if we are to und]/& by x1 z "s may p]haps h done1 t all !ory is m]e fiction1 & t ! only alt]native a philosoph] has1 is to devote himself to ! /udy ( facts unconnect$ by !ory1 or ( !ory unsupport$ by facts1 ! maxim is z f> f ! tru?1 z ,i am conv9c$ x is f ! real s5se ( ,b]gman4 ,su* an opposition betwe5 ! bus9ess ( ! !ori/ & ! obs]v]1 c only occur :5 ! speculations ( ! =m] are vague & indi/9ct1 & _c be s embodi$ z to become visible to ! latt]4 ,b ! philosoph] :o has asc5d$ to 8 !ory by a regul> g5]alization ( facts1 & :o desc5ds f x aga9 by draw+ su* palpable conclusions z may be comp>$ ) exp]i5ce1 furni%es ! infallible means ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 p]fect sci5ce & +5i\s fiction4 ,( a geological !ory t has /ood ?is d\ble te/ ( ! analytic & syn!tic me?ods1 ,dr ,hutton has furni%$ u ) an excell5t in/ance1 9 8 explanation ( granite4 ,! appe>ances :i* he obs]v$ 9 t /one l$ him to conclude1 t x _h be5 melt$1 & inject$ :ile fluid1 among ! /ratifi$ rocks already =m$4 ,he !n consid]$1 t if ?is is true1 ve9s ( granite mu/ (t5 run f ! l>g] masses ( t /one1 & p5etrate ! /rata 9 v>i\s directions2 & ?is mu/ be visible at ^? places :]e ^! diff]5t k9ds ( rock come into contact ) "o ano!r4 ,?is l$ him to se>* 9 ,arran & ,gl5tilt = ! ph5om5a 9 "q2 ! result1 z we h se51 af=d$ to 8 !ory ! fulle/ confirmation1 & to himself ! high satisfaction :i* mu/ ev] accompany ! success ( c&id & judici\s inquiry4 #dfj4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be d5i$1 t ! imp>tiality ( an obs]v] may (t5 be affect$ by sy/em2 b ?is is a mis=tune aga9/ :i* ! want ( !ory is n always a complete security4 ,! p>tialities 9 fav\r ( op9ions are n m dang]\s ?an ! prejudices aga9/ !m2 = su* is ! _s ( sy/em1 & s naturally d all m5's notions t5d to r$uce !mselves into "s regul> =m1 t ! v belief t !re c be no !ory1 becomes a !ory itself1 & may h no inconsid]able sway ov] ! m9d ( an obs]v]4 ,besides1 "o man may h z mu* delight 9 pull+ d[n1 z ano!r has 9 build+ up1 & may *oose to display 8 dext]ity 9 ! "o occupation z well z 9 ! o!r4 ,! want ( !ory1 !n1 does n secure ! c&\r ( an obs]v]1 & x may v mu* dim9i% 8 skill4 ,! discipl9e t seems be/ calculat$ to promote bo?1 is a ?or\gh k ( ! me?ods ( inductive inve/igation2 an acqua9tance ) ! hi/ory ( physical discov]y2 & ! c>eful /udy ( ^? sci5ces 9 :i* ! rules ( philosophis+ h be5 mo/ successfully appli$4 ,,f9is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib] ,note ,m9or typos correct$4 ,"s diff]5ces 9 application ( acc5ts & =matt+ 7 left z pr9t$4