,,the ,,proofs ,,of ,,christ',s ,,resurrection2 ,,from ,a ,,lawyer',s ,,standpoint4 ,,by ,,charles ,r4 ,,morrison4 ,illustration ,,andover3 ,,warren ,f4 ,,draper4 #ahhb4 ,entered1 according to ,act of ,congress1 in the year #ahhb1 ,,by ,,warren ,f4 ,,draper1 ,in the ,office of the ,librarian of ,congress1 at ,washington4 ,all ,rights ,reserved4 ,,preface4 ,the present treatise is intended to give what the author has often felt the need of--a compact and thoroughly reliable statement of the principal historical facts to the authenticity and integrity of the ,new ,testament writings concerning our ,lord1 and the presumptions from them which establish his claims as our ,divine ,redeemer and ,saviour4 ,the question of his ,resurrection from the dead is selected as the pivot1 because everything hinges upon it4 ,this question1 whichever way it is determined1 is decisive4 ,it is a question which greatly concerns every one4 ,it is a question of evidence1 and as such is especially deserving of careful inquiry by members of the legal profession4 ,for1 as ,prof4 ,greenleaf observed in his work hereafter cited1--8,if a close examination of the evidences of ,christianity may be expected of one class of men more than another1 it would seem incumbent on us1 who make the law of evidence one of our peculiar studies40 ,as the question of ,christ's ,resurrection is the objective point of our inquiries1 all other questions are subordinated to it1 and examined so far only as deemed material to the main question4 ,the author has availed himself of a lawyer's privilege1 and made use of the researches1 arguments1 and conclusions of others who may justly be regarded as authority1 and to whom he has given credit as far as practicable1 but has endeavored to form an independent judgment in view of all accessible sources of information4 ,the work is1 in the main1 as published in a series of articles in the ,new ,hampshire ,journal1 and also in the ,vermont ,chronicle1 from ,march #e1 #ahha1 to ,april #a1 #ahhb1 which will explain the use of the common version in the earlier chapters and the ,new ,revision in the later ones4 ,while the proofs have been marshalled around the principal fact1 those to establish the subsidiary question of our ,four ,gospels and the ,book of ,acts have been largely centered upon the 8,memoirs0 mentioned in the confessedly genuine writings of ,justin ,martyr4 ,justin1 in his ,first ,apology1 so called1 written before the year one hundred and fifty of our era1 and probably ten years earlier1 has given a graphic account of the usages in the churches generally4 ,in this account he says that1 on the 8day called ,sunday10 ,memoirs of ,christ were read with the ,prophets1 in all their assemblies4 ,hence1 when it is ascertained that these ,memoirs were our ,canonical ,gospels1 we make a long stride toward the conclusion of their undoubted authenticity and genuineness4 ,to all questions of evidence which arise1 the author applies legal principles and presumptions derived from experience and constantly acted upon in courts of justice4 ,he asks of the reader a patient perusal to the end1 for he confidently believes that the vital fact of ,christ's ,resurrection1 with all the grand consequences which necessarily follow it1 is as susceptible of proof1 from undoubted historical facts and solid argument1 as any other event in history4 ,the work is written for busy men in all the walks of life1 and the writer has endeavored to make himself understood4 ,,charles ,r4 ,,morrison4 ,,manchester1 ,n4 ,h41 ,august1 #ahhb4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,,sources ,,of ,,evidence #g ,,ii4 ,,admissions ,,and ,,presumptions #ab ,,iii4 ,,papias ,,and ,,justin ,,martyr #ad ,,iv4 ,,the ,,memoirs ,,intended ,,by ,,justin ,,martyr #ah ,v4 ,,quotations ,,and ,,citations #bc ,,vi4 ,,justin',s ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,gospel #cj ,,vii4 ,,no ,,others ,,proved #cd ,,viii4 ,,presumption ,,of ,,permanency #dc ,,ix4 ,,the ,,memoirs ,,of ,,the ,,year ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,eighty #de ,x4 ,,ascending ,,the ,,stream #ej ,,xi4 ,,still ,,ascending ,,the ,,stream #eg ,,xii4 ,,in ,,their ,,proper ,,repositories #fc ,,xiii4 ,,integrity ,,of ,,the ,,gospels #fg ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,credibility ,,of ,,the ,,evangelists #gd ,,xv4 ,,the ,,apocalypse ,,and ,,the ,,four ,,epistles #ha ,,xvi4 ,,his ,,predictions ,,concerning ,,himself #hi ,,xvii4 ,,order ,,of ,,events #aja ,,xviii4 ,,sufficiency ,,of ,,the ,,proofs #aaj 7,false ,assumptions47 ,,xix4 ,,sufficiency ,,of ,,the ,,proofs #abj 7,affirmative ,evidence47 ,,xx4 ,,logical ,,results #acd ,,index #adc ,,the ,,proofs ,,of ,,christ',s ,,resurrection4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,sources ,,of ,,evidence4 ,it is a characteristic of all who deny this and all other miracles1 that they beg the whole question to begin with4 ,they assume as an axiom that a miracle is impossible1 or impossible to be proved by human testimony4 ,or1 to put it more mildly1 in the language of one of their number 7,renan#a71 8neither men of the people nor men of the world are competent to prove it4 ,great precaution and a long habit of scientific research are requisite40 ,if these are sound axioms1 it should be a matter of indifference who were the witnesses1 or what their credibility or means of knowledge1 since at the best they were but human1 and it is not claimed that they were experts or savans after the modern skeptical school1 although they might be expected to know whether one who walked with them1 and to whose instructions they listened1 and from whom they received their commission1 were dead or alive4 ,it is also a comfortable assumption on their part that no one is a scholar who does not agree with their opinion1 and many young men who would not be thought to be behind the times are misled by their confident boasting4 8,no modern theologian10 says ,strauss1#b 8who is also a scholar1 now considers any of the four ,gospels to be the work of its pretended author1 or in fact to be by an ,apostle or colleague of an ,apostle40 ,the logic of this is1 that if any one does so consider them1 he is not a scholar4 ,the same kind of scholarship and habit of thinking that induced this wise conclusion brought him at last to the denial of the existence of a personal ,god or a future life4 ,his experience is instructive1 and shows the inevitable tendency of all reasoning that denies the possibility of a miracle or a divine revelation4 ,mill's hard logic cannot well be resisted4 8,once admit a ,god1 and the production1 by his direct volition1 of an effect which in any case owed its origin to his creative will1 is no more a purely arbitrary hypothesis to account for the past1 but must be reckoned with as a serious possibility40 ,if1 then1 a miracle may occur1 it may be proved,a by human testimony1 for the very motive or reason for its occurrence1 or1 at least the principal reason1 must be its value as an attestation4 ,and the immense labor which the ,tbingen school and every class of skeptics have bestowed in attempts to disprove the authorship of the ,four ,gospels1 shows that they have not much confidence in their axioms after all4 ,why so anxious as to the witnesses1 if it is immaterial who they are1 or what they testify to8 ,if a miracle cannot be proved by any evidence1 why have they multiplied books to prove or disprove the authorship of the gospels8 ,,the ,,best ,,evidence4 ,the best evidence of which the subject admits1 is all that is required in courts2 and it is sufficient in matters of the highest concern1 even in cases of life and death1 that a fact be proved beyond a reasonable doubt4 ,the best evidence to ,christ's disciples of his resurrection1 was that of their own senses4 ,this evidence we cannot have4 ,we are in the position1 in some respects1 of jurors1 who must decide not from their own knowledge1 but upon the testimony of others4 ,we have not1 however1 the witnesses upon the stand1 but only what may be regarded as their depositions1 and it is made a question whether the writings produced are their depositions4 ,the question1 then1 in this stage is1 who were the writers of the ,four ,gospels and the book of ,acts8 ,as to the latter1 the writer claims to have written a former treatise1 and it seems to be taken by both parties to the controversy1 that the same person 7whoever he was7 wrote both books1 so that any evidence of ,luke's authorship of the third ,gospel1 is evidence of his authorship of ,acts1 and vice versa4 ,and the same is true in respect to the ,fourth ,gospel and the ,first ,epistle of ,john4 ,the best evidence as to the authorship of any of these books which the nature of the subject admits of1 is from history and tradition1 including in these terms quotations1 citations1 harmonies1 commentaries1 translations1 and manuscripts4 ,there are two modes of presenting this evidence4 ,one is to begin with their present acknowledged acceptance1 and ascend the stream2 the other is to strike tributaries1 as near their source as we are able1 and descend to the river4 ,the latter will be adopted here in the first instance1 and ultimately both modes of proof4 ,,lost ,,tributaries4 ,one hundred years from the crucifixion1 churches had been established in all the cities and in many of the villages of the ,roman ,empire1 from ,cappadocia and ,pontus on the east1 to ,gaul on the west1 and ,christians were very numerous4 ,tacitus describes those at ,rome at the time of ,nero's barbarity1 as 8a great multitude10 and ,pliny1 in his letter to ,trajan1 cir4 ,a4,d4 #aaj1 affirms that the heathen temples were almost deserted1 so that the sacred victims scarcely found any purchasers1 and that the 8superstition10 as he termed it1 not only infected the cities1 but had even spread into the villages1 of ,pontus and ,bithynia 7,gibbon1 p4 #egf74 ,hence persons unacquainted with the subject might suppose that it would be easy to adduce abundant proof from writers of the first century1 as to what memoirs of our ,lord1 if any1 were in the churches at the time ,pliny wrote his celebrated letter4 ,such1 however1 is not the fact4 ,there is no direct historical testimony known to be earlier than the first apology#c of ,justin ,martyr to the ,roman ,emperor1 cir4 ,a4,d4 #aci4 ,there are certain fragments written by ,papias1 ,bishop of ,hierapolis1 which may be of an earlier date1 but this is uncertain4 ,there are also quotations apparently from the third and fourth ,gospels1 by ,basilides1#d the ,gnostic heretic who flourished at ,alexandria as early as ,a4,d4 #abe4 ,there is an epistle to the ,philippian church1 attributed to ,polycarp which ,dean ,stanley thinks dates about ,a4,d4 #acj4 ,its genuineness is not universally admitted4 ,there is an epistle1 conceded to be genuine1 from the church at ,rome to the church at ,corinth1 of the probable date of ,a4,d4 #ie4 ,there are epistles attributed by some to ,ignatius1 who suffered martyrdom1 cir4 ,a4,d4 #ajg1 but their genuineness is controverted4 ,there are in addition three other writings known as the ,epistle of ,barnabas1 the ,letter to ,diognetus1 and the ,pastor ,hermas4 ,they are by unknown authors1 and of uncertain date1 but were probably written in the latter part of the first or the first part of the second century4 ,and these are all that have come down to us in any form from the first one hundred years after the crucifixion4 ,that we have no more is easily explained4 ,this period was one of intense activity and violent persecutions4 ,five 7as some reckon them7 of the ten general persecutions were within#e this period4 ,the first was under ,nero1 ,a4,d4 #fd1 the second under ,domitian1 ,a4,d4 #ie1 the third under ,trajan1 ,a4,d4 #ajj1 the fourth under ,antoninus the ,philosopher1 and the fifth under ,severus1 ,a4,d4 #abg2 and1 as some of these continued several years1 there was scarcely an intermission for three-quarters of a century4 ,the horrible tortures and cruel deaths under ,nero are well-known1 and1 under ,domitian1 forty thousand were supposed to have suffered martyrdom4 ,it is no matter of surprise1 therefore1 that so little has reached us from this early period4 ,christians were making history1 not writing it1 and of their writings the most perished4 ,there were hundreds and thousands who well knew what memoirs of our ,lord were accepted by the churches in this period1 from whose lips no voice comes except in the volume of universal tradition4 #a ,renan's ,life of ,jesus1 p4 #dc4 #b ,the ,old ,faith and the ,new 7#ahgd71 p4 #de4 ,a ,see also post1 c4 #ah4 #c ,a4,d4 #ach or #aci is the date most usually assigned to this most important work1 although some place it as late as ,a4,d4 #aej4 ,if his statement in it that 8,christ was born #aej years ago0 were to be taken strictly1 it would make its date ,a4,d4 #adf or ,a4,d4 #add1 according as we allow four or six years as the error for the beginning of the true ,christian era2 but he may have used the number in a general way4 ,his martyrdom is variously stated at ,a4,d4 #afe and ,a4,d4 #afg4 #d ,that the quotations were by ,basilides himself ,matthew ,arnold's reasoning seems entirely satisfactory1 and 8no one0 he says1 8who had not a theory to serve would ever dream of doubting it40 ,perhaps it may be permitted to regard ,matthew ,arnold as a 8scholar20 and see ,abbot's 8,fourth ,gospel10 ,boston 7#ahhj71 p4 #hf4 ,see also post1 c4 #e4 #e ,buck's ,theological ,dictionary1 and ,vol4 ,,vii of ,m',clintock and ,strong's ,cyclopedia1 p4 #iff4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,admissions ,,and ,,presumptions4 ,with the somewhat scanty and inconclusive evidence from writings of the first one hundred years from the crucifixion1 are there any facts that are conceded1 and any presumptions from them8 ,there are concessions1 and from what motives is immaterial1 since there is no doubt of the existence of the facts that are admitted even by those who deny the authenticity of the ,gospels4 ,says ,renan#a3 8,not the slightest doubt has been raised by serious criticism against the authenticity of the ,epistle to the ,galatians1 the two ,epistles to the ,corinthians1 or the ,epistle to the ,romans2 while the arguments on which are founded the attacks on the two ,epistles to the ,thessalonians1 and that to the ,philippians1 are without value40 ,and it may be added that the genuineness of the ,book of ,revelations is conceded and insisted upon by most of his way of thinking4 ,now1 from the four ,epistles against whose authenticity 8not the slightest doubt has been raised by serious criticism10 and the writings of ,josephus1 ,tacitus and ,pliny1 these facts are as well established as any facts of history can possibly be established3--,jesus ,christ was born in ,judea in the days of ,herod1 and was crucified under ,pontius ,pilate4 ,he was a most extraordinary character1 and a wonderful teacher4 ,he gathered disciples1 of whom twelve were called ,apostles4 ,after his death1 his followers were formed into numerous churches1 which1 in a few years1 extended into all parts of the then known world1 and of which there has been a continuous succession till now4 ,if1 from their disciples1 we know something of the life and teachings of ,confucius and ,socrates1 we should expect as much concerning him whose advent revolutionized the world1 within three centuries overturned the old pagan superstitions throughout the ,roman ,empire1 and is still the greatest moral power of the most enlightened nations of the earth4 ,but1 if there were any accepted memoirs of him in that first hundred years from his crucifixion1 what has become of them8 ,it is incredible that they should have dropped out of existence and there be no history or tradition of it4 ,it is incredible that they should have been lost to churches having a continuous life1 or that others should have been substituted for them1 and there be no trace of their disappearance or of a substitution4 ,in the churches in every period1 the old and the young were together4 ,how1 then1 was displacement and substitution possible without protest8 ,how was the loss of accepted memoirs possible1 so long as there was a continued succession of teachers8 ,yet none have reached our time other than those which have come to us through all the centuries as authentic writings of those whose names they bear4 ,by the law of the 8survival of the fittest10 all other productions making any pretensions to such a character perished long ago1 only fragments of them remain1 and our four ,gospels are in the churches4 ,there is1 therefore1 to begin with1 the strongest presumption in their favor4 8,it is10 says ,professor ,greenleaf1#b 8for the objector to show them spurious2 for on him1 by the plainest rules of law1 lies the burden of proof40 ,and from what has appeared it is plain that this 8burden0 is a very heavy one4#c #a ,renan's ,life of ,jesus1 p4 #ce4 #b ,the ,testimony of the ,four ,evangelists 7p4 #bh1 section #aj71 by ,simon ,greenleaf1 ,,ll4,d41 #ahdf4 ,his standard work on evidence is in every lawyer's library4 #c ,see also post1 c4 #h4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,papias ,,and ,,justin ,,martyr4 ,the fact of the early reception1 by the churches1 of ,memoirs of ,christ deemed authentic1 probable in itself without any proof1 is conclusively proved by writings and to which reference has been made1 particularly those of ,papias and ,justin ,martyr4 ,papias was bishop of ,hierapolis1 in ,phrygia1 in the first part of the second century of the ,christian era4 ,though of moderate capacity1 and entertaining extravagant ideas of the millennium1 he was entirely honest1 and there is no reason to question his testimony as to what he was told in respect to ,matthew and ,mark4 ,he suffered martyrdom about ,a4,d4 #afc4 ,from fragments of his writings found in ,eusebius and in the works of ,irenus1 it appears that 8,john the ,presbyter0 gave him information in respect to the ,first and ,second ,gospels4 ,there is a difference of opinion as to whether this ,john was ,john the ,apostle4 ,eusebius held that he was not1 and says that in his day 7#bfd-cdj7 there were two tombs at ,ephesus1 both of which were called ,john's4 ,the question of identity is not very material4 ,papias gives1 in explanation1 that he imagined that 8what was to be got from books0 concerning the ,lord1 was not as profitable to him 8as what came from the living and abiding voice40 ,for this reason1 he says1 8,if1 then1 any one who had attended on the elders came1 ,i asked minutely after their sayings1 what ,andrew or ,peter said1 or what was said by ,philip1 or by ,thomas1 or by ,james1 or by ,john1 or by ,matthew1 or by any other of the ,lord's disciples1#a which things ,aristion and the ,presbyter ,john1 the disciples of the ,lord1 say40 ,from this1 it is plain there were then accredited 8books0 concerning our ,lord4 ,and two of these books are identified by his statement of what he was told by ,john the ,presbyter1 that 8,mark1 having become the interpreter of ,peter1 wrote down accurately whatever he remembered of ,peter's instructions10 whom he accompanied 7it was not1 however1 in exact order that he related the sayings or deeds of ,christ71 8and ,matthew put together the oracles in the ,hebrew language1 and each one interpreted them as best he could40 ,these extracts prove that the ,first and ,second ,gospels were extant1 not only when ,papias wrote1 and when the ,presbyter gave him the information1 but also some time before4 ,his informant1 if not ,john the ,apostle1 must have been one who had seen the ,apostles or some of them1 so that the testimony is very direct4 ,that ,papias does not mention ,luke's ,gospel1 or ,john's ,gospel1 proves nothing except that he had no occasion to say anything about them1 in that connection4 ,the ,fourth ,gospel may not have been written at the time of the interview with the ,presbyter1 for the ,apostle ,john lived until about the year #ajj1 and he wrote his ,gospel very late in life4 ,it is not quoted by ,clement4 ,and as to the ,third ,gospel1 the occasion for the writing of it is distinctly stated by the author himself1 who was well known4 ,and so of the ,fourth ,gospel2 its authorship modestly but clearly appears upon its face4 ,we have mere fragments from ,papias not exceeding two or three hundred lines all told4 ,in some of his five books 7almost the whole of which have been lost7 there may have been references to both ,luke and ,john4 ,eusebius#b states that ,papias made use of testimonials from the ,first ,epistle of ,john2 but as he does not say that ,papias ascribed that ,epistle to ,john1 his use of it only proves that it was extant when he wrote4 ,there is1 however1 a quotation in one of these fragments 7v71 8,in my ,father's house are many mansions10 which is literally as in ,john xiv4 #b1 and so1 presumptively1 was taken from it4 ,it is an interesting fact that the only quotations other than this1 by ,papias 7if those in this fragment are indeed by him71 are as in verses #be to #bh of the #aeth of ,first ,corinthians1 a chapter which will be found to have great weight in another part of this discussion4 ,papias1 therefore1 probably#c quotes the ,fourth ,gospel4 ,but1 without such quotation1 no inference could be drawn against ,luke or ,john from mere silence4 ,papias would still prove the ,first and ,second ,gospels1 leaving the ,third and ,fourth to stand upon the presumption in their favor stated in our last chapter1 and upon positive evidence from other sources4 #a ,the quotations from ,papias are from ,vol4 ,i1 of the ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library1 translated by ,rev4 ,alexander ,roberts1 ,d4,d41 and ,james ,donaldson1 ,,ll4,d42 and so in respect to any of the ,apostolic ,fathers4 ,the editors say the words1 8,which things1 etc410 are usually translated1 8,what ,aristion and ,john say10 and that such translation is admissible1 but that they more naturally mean that ,john and ,aristion1 even at the time of ,justin's writing1 were telling him of the sayings of the ,lord4 #b ,eusebius ,b4 ,,iii41 c4 #ci4 #c ,the editors call it 8mere guess-work0 7,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ddd1 note74 ,eusebius makes no mention of it1 though his silence is not conclusive against it4 ,the question is of sufficient importance to warrant the giving of the entire passage from ,irenus in which the quotations appear4 ,it is the last of five short chapters of his work on ,heresies4 ,certain passages are printed in italics1 which the reader is specially asked to consider3 8,as the presbyters say1 then those who were deemed worthy of an abode in heaven shall go there1 others shall enjoy the delights of ,paradise1 and others shall possess the splendor of the city1 for everywhere the ,saviour will be seen1 according as they shall be worthy who see ,him4 ,but there is this distinction between the habitation of those who produce an hundred-fold1 and those who produce sixty-fold1 and who produce thirty-fold2 for the first will be taken up into the heavens1 the second class will dwell in ,paradise1 and the last will inhabit the city2 and that on this account the ,lord said1 #8,in my ,father's house are many mansions2' for all things belong to ,god1 who supplies all with a suitable dwelling-place1 even as ,his word says1 that a share is given to all by the ,father1 according as each one is or shall be worthy4 ,and this is the couch in which they shall recline who feast1 being invited to the wedding4 ,the ,presbyters1 the disciples of the ,apostles1 say that this is the gradation and arrangement of those who are saved1 and that they advance through steps of this nature2 and that1 moreover1 they ascend through the ,spirit to the ,son1 and through the ,son to the ,father2 and that in due time the ,son will yield up ,his work to the ,father1 even as it is said by the apostle1 #8,for ,he must reign till ,he hath put all enemies under ,his feet4 ,the last enemy that shall be destroyed is death4' ,for in the times of the kingdom the just man who is on the earth shall forget to die4 ,but when ,he saith all things are put under ,him1 it is manifest that ,he is excepted which did put all things under ,him4 ,and when all things shall be subdued unto ,him1 then shall the ,son also ,himself be subject unto ,him that put all things under ,him1 that the ,son may be all in all40 ,there being no question of the genuineness of this passage from ,irenus1 by whom were the quotations1 found in it8 ,now while it is possible they were by ,irenus1 to illustrate what #8the ,presbyters1 the disciples of the ,apostles1' maintained1 the more obvious and natural interpretation is1 that they were cited by those ,presbyters themselves4 ,this being so1 it is not of much consequence whether ,irenus had this information of these views and citations1 from ,papias 7from whom he had obtained like information upon other subjects as to the sayings of the ,presbyters71 or whether ,irenus had this information of their sayings from other sources4 ,in either event the quotations were made either by ,papias1 his contemporaries1 or predecessors1 8disciples of the ,apostles40 ,and of this opinion are ,charteris 7,canonicity1 c4 #ag1 of the ,introduction71 and ,routh1 ,tischendorf1 ,wescott1 ,dorner and ,riggenback1 as cited in 8,supernatural ,religion0 p4 #fjd4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,memoirs ,,intended ,,by ,,justin ,,martyr4#a ,great importance attaches to them in connection with other facts4 ,the date of ,justin's birth is uncertain1 being placed as early as ,a4,d4 #he1 and as late as ,a4,d4 #aad2 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wright says about ,a4,d4 #ajj4 ,his martyrdom was about ,a4,d4 #afe4 ,his father and grandfather were probably of ,roman origin4 ,before his conversion to ,christianity1 he studied in the schools of the philosophers1 but after that he became an ,evangelist1 and a vigorous writer in defence of the ,christian faith4 ,it is probable that he travelled much4 ,he was not the first that wrote an ,apology for ,christians1 but his are the earliest extant4 ,besides these1 he wrote a much larger work 7the ,dialogue with ,trypho1 a ,jew71 a work on the resurrection1 and some others2 and by some1 he has been regarded as the author of the ,pastor ,hermas4 ,his first and principal ,apology1 of the probable date of ,a4,d4 #ach-i1 was addressed as follows3 8,to the ,emperor ,titus lius ,adrianus ,antoninus ,pius ,augustus ,csar1 and to his son ,verissimus1 the philosopher1 and to ,lucius1 the philosopher1 the natural son of ,csar1 and the adopted son of ,pius1 a lover of learning1 and to the ,sacred ,senate1 with the whole people of the ,romans1 ,i1 ,justin1 the son of ,priscus and grandson of ,bacchius1 native of ,flavia ,neapolis in ,palestine1 present this address and petition in behalf of those of all nations who are unjustly hated and wantonly abused1 myself being one of them40 ,those to whom this formal address was made1 would not be expected to know anything about ,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke1 or ,john2 but it was otherwise1 in respect to the ,old ,testament1 for ,jewish synagogues were in every city1 and the ,septuagint had been known for three hundred years4 ,in this ,apology he explains some of the teachings of our ,lord1 and the usages of his disciples2 and in respect to the last1 are these passages3 8,for the ,apostles1 in the memoirs composed by them1 which are called ,gospels1 have thus delivered unto us what was enjoined upon them2 that ,jesus took bread and when he had given thanks said1 #8,this do ye in remembrance of me1 this is my body2' and that1 after the same manner having taken the cup and given thanks1 he said1 #8,this is my blood2' and he gave it to them alone40444 8,and we afterwards continually remind each other of these things4 ,and the wealthy among us help the needy2 and we always keep together2 and for all things wherewith we are supplied1 we bless the ,maker of all1 through his ,son ,jesus ,christ1 and through the ,holy ,ghost4 ,and on the day called ,sunday1 all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place1 and the ,memoirs of the ,apostles or the writings of the ,prophets are read1 as long as time permits2 then when the reader has ceased1 the president verbally instructs1 and exhorts to the imitation of these good things4 ,then we all rise together and pray1 and as we before said1 when our prayer is ended1 bread and wine and water are brought1 and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings according to his ability1 and the people assent1 saying ,amen2 and there is a distribution to each1 and a participation of that over which thanks have been given1 and to those who are absent a portion is sent by the deacons4 ,and they who are well-to-do1 and willing1 give what each thinks fit2 and what is collected is deposited with the president1 who succors the orphans and widows1 and those who1 through sickness or any other cause1 are in want1 and those who are in bonds1 and the strangers sojourning among us1 and in a word1 takes care of all who are in need4 ,but ,sunday is the day on which we all hold our common assembly1 because it is the first day on which ,god1 having wrought a change in the darkness and matter1 made the world2 and ,jesus ,christ1 our ,saviour1 on the same day rose from the dead4 ,for he was crucified on the day before that of ,saturn 7,saturday73 and on the day after that of ,saturn1 which is the day of the ,sun1 having appeared to his apostles and disciples1 he taught them these things1 which we have submitted to you also for your consideration40 ,this passage is a part of chapter sixty-six1 and the whole of chapter sixty-seven4 ,the great question is1 ,what were these 8,memoirs of the ,apostles10 which were thus read with the writings of the ,prophets8 ,it is a question of interpretation4 ,by the rule adopted in courts1 these words are to be construed with the context1 and in connection with other writings of ,justin in relation to the same subject1 and also in the light of all the surrounding circumstances4 ,these precise terms are first used in chapter sixty-seven4 ,the same ,memoirs1 evidently1 in chapter sixty-six1 are described as ,memoirs 8composed0 by the ,apostles4 ,they are not again referred to in this ,apology4 ,they are referred to several times in the ,dialogue1 chapters one hundred to one hundred and eight1 by the following terms3 ,the ,memoirs of ,his ,apostles2 ,the ,memoirs of ,his ,apostles2 ,the ,memoirs of ,his ,apostles2 ,the ,memoirs of the ,apostles2 ,for in the ,memoirs which ,i say were drawn up by his ,apostles and those who followed them2 ,the ,memoirs of ,his ,apostles2 ,the ,memoirs2 ,the ,memoirs2 ,the ,memoirs2 ,the ,memoirs of the ,apostles2 ,the ,memoirs of ,him2 ,the ,memoirs of ,his ,apostles2 ,the ,memoirs4 ,four times he calls them ,the ,memoirs2 three times ,the ,memoirs of the ,apostles2 five times ,the ,memoirs of ,his ,apostles2 and once1 ,the ,memoirs of ,him1 i4 e41 ,christ1 as ,roberts and ,donaldson interpret it1#b and as the context and the whole scope indicate4 ,it is plain that the same 8,memoirs0 are intended throughout1 under these various terms4 ,in chapter eighty-eight of the ,dialogue1 in mentioning the descent of the ,holy ,ghost upon ,jesus at his baptism1 ,justin says that when he came out of the water1 the ,holy ,ghost lighted on him like a dove1 as 8the ,apostle of this very ,christ of ours wrote40 ,the incident is mentioned in all four of the ,gospels4 ,but for his explanation elsewhere1 it would be inferred that all the 8,memoirs0 were 8composed0 by the ,apostles4 ,but he carefully explains his meaning1 so that the 8,memoirs10 or some of them1 may have been 8drawn up0 either by the ,apostles1 or by those who followed them4 ,it is obvious that these ,memoirs were not biographies or sketches by unknown or irresponsible persons1 but writings well understood by the ,churches to have been 8composed0 or 8drawn up0 by the ,apostles1 or with their approval4 ,as ,mark was understood to be ,peter's interpreter1 so ,luke was understood to have been ,paul's companion1 and to have written under his sanction4 ,and ,paul was an ,apostle1 although not one of the twelve4 ,justin had informed the ,roman ,emperor#c of the ,apostles1 and he gave like information to ,trypho4#c ,he meant that all who should read should know that what he gave of the life and teachings of ,christ was not from irresponsible sources1 but from writings expressly sanctioned1 if not actually written1 by those whom ,christ had selected as witnesses4 ,these ,memoirs1 therefore1 were doubtless understood by ,justin1 and by the church in general1 in city and country1 to have been the productions of ,apostles or their companions4 ,they were read the same as the ,prophets1 and placed upon the same footing4 ,justin1 in writing to ,trypho1 speaks of having believed ,,god',s ,,voice ,,spoken ,,by ,,the ,,apostles ,,of ,,christ4 ,and since1 in speaking of their actual composition1 he uses the plural1 8,apostles10 we should look for two or more ,memoirs1 8drawn up10 by ,apostles4 ,now what were these ,memoirs8 ,what writings will answer the description8 ,matthew#d and ,mark will1 according to what the ,presbyter said of them4 ,were there any others8 ,there should be one more at least1 that was written by an ,apostle1 else wherefore1 the plural8 ,the four ,gospels that have come down to us1 answer the description in every particular4 ,to use a legal phrase1--8,from the time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary10 two of them have been accepted in the ,church as having been composed by ,apostles1 and two1 by companions of ,apostles4 ,unless it can be shown that when ,justin wrote1 there were other ,memoirs of ,christ that will answer to his description1 our four ,gospels and no others were intended4 ,were there any besides these8 #a ,the quotations from ,justin ,martyr are from ,vol4 ,,ii4 of the ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library1 edited by ,roberts and ,donaldson4 #b ,see post1 c4 #g1 note #ad4 #c 8,for from ,jerusalem there went out into the world men1 twelve in number1 444 who proclaimed to every race of men that they were sent by ,christ to teach all the word of ,god0 7,ap4 c4 #ci74 8,and by those things which were published in his name among all nations by the ,apostles0 7ibid4 c4 #db74 8,his ,apostles going forth from ,jerusalem preached everywhere0 7ibid4 c4 #de47 8,and further there was a certain man with us whose name was ,john1 one of the ,apostles of ,christ0 7,dia4 c4 #ha74 8,for as he 7,abraham7 believed the voice of ,god1 and it was imputed to him for righteousness1 in like manner we1 having believed ,god's voice spoken by the ,apostles of ,christ1 and promulgated to us by the prophets1 have renounced even to death all the things of the world0 7ibid4 c4 #aai74 #d ,the writer of ,barnabas1 in quoting as in ,matthew xx4 #af1 had used the authoritative ,latin formula 7it is written7 for quotations from ,scripture1 as follows3 8,let us beware lest we be found1 as it is written1 #8,many are called but few are chosen'0 7,ep4 of ,bar4 c4 #d74 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,quotations ,,and ,,citations4 ,the apparent or seeming use of our ,gospels by ,justin and his contemporaries is a fact of great weight in determining whether they are the 8,memoirs0 referred to by him4 ,according to the ,indexes of ,texts by the learned editors of the ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library1 ,john's ,gospel is quoted or cited1 twice in ,barnabas1 once in ,diognetus1 twice in ,hermas1 once by ,justin1 and once by ,papias4 ,mark is quoted or cited1 once in ,barnabas1 twice by ,clement1 three times by ,justin1 and once by ,polycarp3 ,acts is quoted or cited once in ,barnabas1 once by ,clement1 once by ,justin1 and four times by ,polycarp3 ,luke is quoted or cited three times in ,barnabas1 three times by ,clement1 once in ,hermas1 fourteen times by ,justin1 and twice by ,polycarp3 and ,matthew is quoted or cited six times in ,barnabas1 five times by ,clement1 twice in ,diognetus1 nine times in ,hermas1 forty-seven times by ,justin1 and seven times by ,polycarp4 ,as to citations1 passages deemed such by one1 may have been overlooked or regarded differently by another1 so that there is not an entire agreement as to the number of citations1 i4 e4 of allusions or references that are not quotations4 ,and it should be understood that in the quotations1 the books from which they are taken are not stated1 except that ,justin indicates that his1 in general1 are from the 8,memoirs40 ,their agreement with our ,gospels is sometimes literally exact1 quite often it is otherwise2 and not unfrequently two or three passages are seemingly blended1 as if the author were quoting from memory and giving the sense1 merely4 ,it will be sufficient for the purposes of the argument to give examples 7except as to the ,fourth ,gospel7 only from ,justin1 and to omit his quotations from ,matthew and ,mark1 since they are so numerous and not a few of them of considerable length4 ,of his references1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wright says#a3 8,upon examination it is found that of the one hundred and twenty or more allusions which ,justin makes to the ,gospel history1 nearly all coincide as to substance with the statements of either ,matthew or ,luke4 ,of the sixty or seventy apparently direct quotations1 ten are exact1 twenty-five are only slightly variant1 while there are thirty-two in which the variation is considerable4 ,but in respect to variations from the original in quotation1 it should be remembered that familiarity often leads to carelessness with regard to minute points4 ,justin1 himself1 out of one hundred and sixty-two quotations from the ,old ,testament1 has only sixty-four exact1 while forty-four are slightly variant1 and fifty-four decidedly so40 ,if the reader1 with the ,new ,testament in hand1 will make a comparison in the examples which will be given1 he can form his own judgment1 which it is conceived1 will be no doubtful one4 ,the substantial agreement is very striking even when the language is not identical4 ,,justin ,,from ,,acts4 8,he was taken up into heaven while they beheld40 7,res41 c4 #i47 ,acts i4 #i4 ,,from ,,mark4 8,but is it not absurd to say that these members will exist after the resurrection from the dead1 since the ,saviour said1 #8,they neither marry nor are given in marriage1 but shall be as the angels in heaven4'0 7,res41 c4 #b47 ,mark xi4 #be4 8,and that we ought to worship ,god alone1 he thus persuadeth us3 #8,the greatest commandment is1 8,thou shalt worship the ,lord thy ,god1 and him only shalt thou serve with all thy heart1 and with all thy strength the ,lord ,god that made thee40'0 7,ap4 c4 #af47 ,mark xii4 #cj4 8,he says1 #8,i am not come to call the righteous1 but sinners to repentance4'0 7,res41 c4 #h47 ,mark ii4 #ag4 ,,from ,,luke4 ,the first three are parts of long quotations from the ,sermon on the ,mount1 principally as in ,matthew 7,ap4 cc4 #ae1 #af7 ,luke vi43 #bh1 #bi1 and ,matthew vi43 #g1 #h1 #ac4 #d4 8,we are persuaded that every man 444 will render account according to the power he has received from ,god1 as ,christ intimated when he said1 #8,to whom ,god has given more1 of him shall more be required4'0 7,ap4 c4 #ag47 ,luke xv4 #dh4 #e4 8,and the angel of ,god who was sent to the same virgin at that time brought her good news1 saying1 #8,behold1 thou shalt conceive of the ,holy ,ghost1 and shall bear a son1 and he shall be called the ,son of the ,highest4 ,and thou shalt call his name ,jesus1 for he shall save his people from their sins1' as they who have recorded#b all that concerns our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ have taught1 whom we believe since by ,isaiah also1 whom we have now adduced1 the ,spirit of prophecy declared that he should be born as we intimated before40 7,ap4 c4 #cc47 ,luke i4 #cb1 and ,matthew i4 #ba4 #f4 8,as our ,lord himself says1 #8,he that heareth me1 heareth him that sent me4'0 7,ap4 c4 #fc47 ,luke x4 #af4 #g4 8,and again in other words he said1 #8,i give unto you power to tread on serpents1 and on scorpions and on scolopendras1 and on all the might of the enemy4'0 7,dial4 c4 #gf47 ,luke x4 #ai4 #h4 8,for he exclaimed before his crucifixion3 #8,the ,son of ,man must suffer many things1 and be rejected by the scribes and pharisees and be crucified1 and on the third day rise again4'0 7,dial4 c4 #gf47 ,luke ix4 #bb4 #i4 8,just as our ,lord also said3 #8,they shall neither marry nor be given in marriage1 but shall be equal to the angels1 the children of the ,god of the resurrection4'0 7,dial4 c4 #ha47 ,luke xx4 #ce1 #cf4 #aj4 8,for he taught us to pray for our enemies also1 saying1 #8,love your enemies2 be kind and merciful as your heavenly ,father' is1 for we see that the ,almighty ,god is kind and merciful1 causing his sun to rise on the unthankful and on the righteous1 and sending rain on the holy and on the wicked40 7,dial4 c4 #if47 ,luke vi4 #ce1 and ,matthew v4 #de4 #aa4 8,but the ,virgin ,mary received faith and joy1 when the angel ,gabriel announced the good tidings to her that the ,spirit of the ,lord would come upon her and the power of the ,highest would overshadow her2 wherefore also the ,holy ,thing begotten of her is the ,son of ,god2 and she replied1 #8,be it unto me according to thy word4'0 7,dial4 c4 #ajj47 ,luke i4 #ce1 #ch4 #ab4 8,for when ,christ was giving up his spirit on the cross he said3 #8,father1 unto thy hands ,i commend my spirit1' as ,i have learned also from the ,memoirs40 7,dial4 c4 #aje47 ,luke xxiii4 #df4 #ac4 8,he says1 #8,the children of this world marry and are given in marriage2 but the children of the world to come neither marry nor are given in marriage1 but shall be like the angels in heaven4'0 7,res41 c4 #c47 ,luke xx4 #cd1 #ce4 #ad4 8,and wishing to confirm this1 when his disciples did not know whether to believe he had truly risen in the body1 and were looking upon him and doubting1 he said to them1 #8,ye have not yet faith1 see that it is ,i1' and he let them handle him1 and showed them the prints of the nails in his hands4 ,and when they were by every kind of proof persuaded that it was himself and in the body1 they asked him to eat with them1 that they might thus still more accurately ascertain that he had in verity risen bodily2 and he did eat honeycomb and fish4 ,and when he had thus shown them that there is truly a resurrection of the flesh1 and wishing to show them this also1 that it is not impossible for flesh to ascend into heaven 7as he had said that our dwelling place is in heaven74 #8,he was taken up into heaven while they beheld1' as he was in the flesh40 7,res41 c4 #i47 ,luke xxiv4 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #da1 #db1 #dc1 and ,acts i4 #i4 ,before presenting ,justin1 from the ,fourth ,gospel1 the use of this ,gospel by his contemporaries will be considered4 ,in ,barnabas 7c4 #f7 it is said that 8,he was to be manifested in flesh and to sojourn among us40 7,com4 ,john i4 #ad47 ,it is also said in c4 #ab1 in effect1 that the brazen serpent was a type of ,jesus4 7,com4 ,john iii4 #ad-ah47 ,another passage in c4 #g1 although not cited by the editors1 is1 8,because they shall see him then in that day having a scarlet robe about his body down to his feet2 and they shall say1 #8is not this he whom we once despised and pierced and mocked and crucified8'0 ,this may have had reference to what is recorded only in ,john1 as ,apollinaris1#c bishop of ,hierapolis 7cir4 ,a4,d4 #agj71 afterward wrote3 8,the ,son of ,god1 pierced in the sacred side1 who shed forth from his side the two things again cleansing1 water and blood1 word and spirit40 ,in ,diognetus1 c4 #f1 it is said that 8,christians dwell in the world yet are not of the world40 7,com4 ,john xvii4 #aa1 #ad1 #af47 ,in c4 #aa it is said1 8,this is he who was from the beginning0 7,com4 ,john i4 #a72 and in the same chapter1 8,for who that is rightly taught and begotten by the loving ,word1 would not seek to know accurately the things which have been clearly shown by the ,word to his disciples1 to whom the ,word being manifested has revealed them40 7,com4 ,john i4 #ad1 #ah47 ,there is but a single quotation in this eloquent ,letter1 which is as in ,first ,corinthians viii4 #a1 8,knowledge puffeth up1 but love edifieth40 ,john alone speaks of ,christ as the door1 but the figure is often used in ,hermas1 as1 8,you saw1 he added1 the multitude who were building the tower8 ,i saw them1 sir1 ,i said4 ,those1 he said1 are all glorious angels1 and by them accordingly is the ,lord surrounded4 ,and the gate is the ,son of ,god4 ,this is the one entrance to the ,lord4 ,in no other way1 then1 shall any one enter into him except through his ,son40 7,simil4 ix4 #ab47 ,john x4 ,this book of ,hermas is an allegory in which an angel1 in the guise of a shepherd1 gives instruction in the doctrines and duties that were held and required by the ,church4 ,it has not a single quotation from either the ,old or ,new ,testament4 ,but as ,dr4 ,chartris in 8,canonicity0 7p4 #acg7 well says3 8,the dignity1 mission1 and sufferings of ,god's ,son are prominent in ,hermas' teaching1 and remind us of the ,fourth ,gospel at every turn40 ,the supposed quotation by ,papias1 ,fragment #e 7found in ,irenus71 8,in my ,father's house are many mansions10 has been given in a previous chapter4,a ,basilides1 according to ,hippolytus1 used as proof-texts the exact passages found in ,john i4 #i and ,john ii4 #d4 ,hippolytus first records the comments of ,basilides on the sentence in ,genesis1 ,let there be light1 and then proceeds as follows3 8,and this1 he says1 is what is said in the ,gospels1 #8,the true light which lighteth every man which cometh into the world4' ,and that each thing1 he says1 has its own seasons1 the ,saviour is a sufficient witness when he says1 #8,my hour is not yet come4'0 ,those who deny that these quotations#d were by ,basilides1 claim that ,hippolytus sometimes mixes up the opinions of the master of a school with those of his followers1 and so it is not certain that ,basilides used these texts4 ,the learned author of 8,canonicity10 recently published1 p4 #agc1 declares that the difficulties in the way of ascribing those quotations to any other than ,basilides1 are 8enormous40 ,the reasoning of ,matthew ,arnold 7who is quite far from being rigidly orthodox7 is so conclusive that we give the substance of it3 8,if we take all the doubtful cases of the kind and compare them with our present case1 we shall find that it is not one of them4 ,it is not true that here where the name of ,basilides has just come before1 and where no mention of his son or of his disciples has intervened since1 there is any such ambiguity as is found in other cases4444 ,the author in general uses the formula1 according to them1 when he quotes from the school1 and the formula1 he says1 when he gives the dicta of the ,master4 ,and in this particular case he manifestly quotes the dicta of ,basilides1 and no one who had not a theory to serve would ever dream of doubting it4 ,basilides1 therefore1 about the year one hundred and twenty-five of our own era1 had before him the ,fourth ,gospel40 ,the ,epistles of ,ignatius1 whether the longer or shorter or ,syriac1 may be of too doubtful genuineness1 or rather1 the extent as to which they are genuine is too doubtful to be relied upon1 although some of them contain numerous quotations4 #a ,the ,logic of ,christian ,evidences4 ,by ,g4 ,frederick ,wright1 ,andover1 ,a4,d4 #ahhj1 p4 #aij4 #b ,or1 as ,dr4 ,abbott translated it1 as 8those who have written ,memoirs of all things concerning our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ1 whom we believe10 etc4 ,fourth ,gospel1 p4 #ba4 #c ,as quoted 7p4 #dc7 in ,the ,supernatural ,origin of ,christianity4 ,by ,george ,p4 ,fisher1 ,professor of ,church ,history in ,yale ,college 7,a4,d4 #ahgj74 ,a ,chap4 #c4 #d ,judge ,waite does not even refer to these quotations except to quote from ,dr4 ,davidson in respect to ,basilides in general1 that 8,his supposed quotations from the ,new ,testament in ,hippolytus are too precarious to be trusted40 ,he does not seem to have known anything of ,professors ,arnold and ,fisher1 or ,dr4 ,abbot1 not to mention other very respectable writers within the last ten years1 who have regarded the use of the ,fourth ,gospel by ,basilides as sufficiently attested4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,justin',s ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,fourth ,,gospel4 ,christ's pre-existence1 not declared in the other ,gospels1 is frequently referred to by ,justin4#a ,john alone calls ,jesus the ,word2 ,justin often refers to him as such4 ,justin regards the elevation of the brazen serpent in the wilderness as typical#b of the crucifixion4 ,he says it denoted salvation to those who flee for refuge to him who sent his crucified son into the world2 the idea of ,god's sending his ,son into the world is peculiar to ,john4 ,the descent of the ,holy ,spirit in the form of a dove1 at the baptism of ,jesus1 is mentioned only in the ,first and ,fourth ,gospels4 ,justin 7,dial4 c4 #hh7 says that when ,jesus 8came out of the water1 the ,holy ,ghost lighted on him like a dove1 as the ,apostles of this very ,christ of ours wrote40 ,justin 7,dial4 c4 #hh7 cites1 as the words of ,john the ,baptist1 8,i am not the ,christ1 but the voice of one crying40 ,this declaration1 8,i am not the ,christ10 and this application to himself of the language of ,isaiah1 are attributed to the ,baptist only in ,john 7,john i4 #bj1 #bc1 and iii4 #bh74 ,hilgenfeld1 the latest representative of the ,tbingen skeptical school1 recognizes#c here the use of the ,fourth ,gospel by ,justin4 ,and ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot1 following ,professor ,drummond1 gives twenty#d instances 7including the express quotation7 of the apparent or seeming use of this ,gospel by ,justin4 ,the express quotation as in ,john iii4 #c1 #e1 is as follows3 8,for ,christ also said1 #8,except ye be born again ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven4' ,now1 that it is impossible for those who have once been born to enter into their mothers' womb is manifest to all40 7,ap4 c4 #fa47 ,this is as translated in the ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library4 ,dr4 ,abbot 7p4 #bi7 translates it 8,except ye be born again1 ye shall in no wise enter into the kingdom of heaven40 ,matthew ,arnold1 8,except ye be born again ye shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven40 ,our common version is1 8,except a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of ,god20 and in verse #e1 8,except a man be born of water and the ,spirit he cannot enter into the kingdom of ,god40 ,the revised version1 8,except a man be born anew10 or 8from above0 7margin71 8he cannot see the kingdom of ,god40 ,there is a substantial agreement in the quotation with ,john's ,gospel1 and unmistakable reference to the interview with ,nicodemus1 which is found only in ,john4 ,the most rational inference is that it was from that source4 ,justin1 in this quotation1 was as definite as when 7,ap4 c4 #cb7 he wrote3 8,moses then1 who was the first of the prophets1 spake in these very words1 #8,the sceptre shall not depart from ,judah1 nor a lawgiver from between his feet1 until he come for whom it is reserved2 and he shall be the desire of the nations1 binding his foal to the vine1 washing his robe in the blood of the grape4'0 7,com4 ,gen4 xlix4 #aj1 #aa47 ,he does not state where the passage is to be found1 and its divergence from ,genesis is greater than the difference in the language of ,jesus1 as quoted by ,justin and recorded by ,john4 ,justin1 in quoting from the ,old ,testament1 usually gives the name of the prophet1 but nothing more2 just as he gives this quotation as the language of ,christ4 ,he writes ,moses said1 or ,isaiah said1 and he also writes ,christ said4 ,the other ,apostolic ,fathers1 in their quotations from the ,old ,testament1 do not usually give the name of the prophet1 but only1 8,it is written10 8,god said10 8,the ,spirit saith10 8,the ,scripture saith10 and often only 8saith10 8,the ,scripture0 in such cases being implied4 ,and1 as a rule1 they do not quote with literal accuracy or a near approximation to it4 ,it has been objected1 that if this quotation was actually from the ,fourth ,gospel1 more than a single quotation from it should be expected4 ,let this be tested by the four epistles confessed to be genuine4 ,there is not a single quotation by ,justin from either of these acknowledged epistles1 and it is doubtful if there is a single reference to them1 certainly not in his ,apology4 ,nor is this all4 ,the epistle to the ,galatians 7and ,renan says1 8,thanks to the ,epistle to the ,galatians607 is not referred to in any way by ,clement1 or in ,barnabas1 or ,hermas2 nor ,first ,corinthians in ,barnabas or ,hermas 7and but once in ,diognetus72 nor ,romans in ,hermas2 nor ,revelation in ,barnabas1 or ,diognetus1 or ,polycarp1 and but once by ,clement4 ,to account for ,justin's silence1 it has been imagined1 without the slightest evidence1 that ,justin was 8anti-,pauline40 ,but how are the omissions by other writers to be accounted for8 ,how did it happen that ,clement made no reference to ,galatians8 ,it was not from hostility1 certainly1 for he speaks of 8,the blessed ,apostle ,paul40 ,yet writing this epistle from the church at ,rome1 to the church at ,corinth1 he has but a single quotation from ,paul's ,epistle to the ,romans1 and but a single quotation from ,paul's ,first ,epistle to the ,corinthians1 and no reference to ,galatians4 ,the well-known distinction of everyday application in courts of law and elsewhere1 between positive and negative evidence1 is to be kept in mind4 ,whether ,john's ,gospel would be quoted by any writer acquainted with it1 might depend entirely upon his object in writing2 and so of ,galatians1 or any of the books of the ,new ,testament4 ,while a single undoubted quotation proves the existence of that which is quoted from1 non-quotation may prove nothing at all4 ,justin apparently has one quotation from the ,fourth ,gospel1 with many implied references to it4 ,but if there were neither the one nor the other1 to infer his ignorance of that ,gospel from his silence would be just as sensible as to infer that a lawyer had never heard of ,blackstone1 or ,kent1 or ,story1 because he has not quoted from them4 ,if ,justin in his ,apology quoted once from ,mark1 and once from ,john1 and not at all from ,acts1 or ,revelations1 or ,paul's ,epistles1 it was because his subject did not call for any use of those writings1 beyond the use which he made of ,mark and ,john4 ,and if 7as was apparently the fact7 he quoted ,luke six times and ,matthew eighteen times in his ,apology1 it was doubtless because ,matthew better served his purpose1 or was more firmly fixed in his memory1 from his having been born in ,palestine1 where ,matthew's ,gospel was published4 ,a like explanation accounts for the fact that the ,fourth ,gospel is not quoted by ,polycarp in his ,epistle to the ,philippians4 ,neither does he quote or cite from ,revelations4 ,the result so far is this3 ,the ,fourth ,gospel1 apparently1 is quoted by ,basilides1 and ,justin1 and ,papias2 and1 in addition1 there are many implied references to it4 ,there is about the same amount of evidence in respect to ,mark and the book of ,acts4 ,the evidence accumulates as to ,luke's ,gospel1 and from ,matthew1 the quotations and citations become very numerous4 ,that these quotations and citations were forgeries is an idea that cannot be seriously entertained by anybody4 ,there were originals from which the quotations were taken2 and presumptively1 those originals were the 8,memoirs0 so often referred to by ,justin2 and presumptively our ,gospels were those ,memoirs1 since they answer the description4 ,and unless it can be shown that other writings that will answer the description were then extant1 this presumption is well nigh conclusive4 #a ,ap4 cc4 #e1 #bc1 #cb1 #db1 #ej1 #ec1 #fc2 ,dial4 cc4 #dh1 #eg1 #fh1 #gf1 #he1 #ajj1 #aja4 #b ,ap4 c4 #fj3 ,dial4 cc4 #g1 #id1 #adj4 #c ,abbot1 p4 #de2 ,fisher1 p4 #ci2 ,sears1 8,the ,heart of ,christ0 7,a4,d4 #ahgc71 pp4 #df-fg4 #d ,abbot1 pp4 #dj-ej4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,no ,,others ,,proved4 ,the latest work in this country which denies the genuineness of our ,gospels1 is 8,the ,history of the ,christian religion to the year two hundred40 7,chicago1 #ahha47 ,the author says it is the result of an investigation extending through several years1 two of which were spent in the library of congress1 8which is peculiarly rich in the department of biblical literature40 ,he claims that his volume 8will be found to be the most complete record of the events connected with the ,christian religion during the first two centuries1 which has ever been presented to the public40 ,he shows no lack of ability or disposition to make as strong a case as possible against our ,gospels4 ,and he understands the issue4 ,for1 he says1 the question what ,gospels were used by ,justin1 8is of the highest importance40 ,in this work1 then1 if anywhere1 should there be proof of other writings than our ,gospels1 that will meet the requirements of the case4 ,but what do we find8 ,it gives a list of 8forty ,gospels10 before the decree of ,pope ,gelasius1 ,a4,d4 #did4 ,the only marvel is that the list is not longer4 ,the greater portion are the now extant ,apocryphal ,gospels1 ,acts1 and ,revelations1 which may be found in ,vol4 ,,xvi41 of the ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library4 ,much confusion1 says#a ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot1 has arisen from the fact that the term 8,gospel0 was in ancient times applied to speculative works which gave the writer's view of the ,gospel1 i4 e41 of the doctrine of ,christ1 or among the ,gnostics1 which set forth their gnosis2 e4 g41 among the followers of ,basilides1 ,hippolytus tells us1 8,the ,gospel is the knowledge of supermundane things40 ,of all the ,apocryphal ,gospels1 ,samuel ,ives ,curtiss1 the well-known ,german professor in the ,chicago ,theological ,seminary1 writes3#b-- 8,i shall not waste any ink or paper to prove that the ,protevangelium1 the ,gospel of the ,infancy1 the ,acts of ,pilate1 etc41 in their present forms as known to us and as quoted by ,judge ,waite1 arose at a later period than our canonical ,gospels40 444 8,a knowledge of the original sources and the literature of the subject would have saved him from this pitiful blunder4 ,i simply refer to ,professor ,lipsius' article on the ,apocryphal ,gospels1 in ,smith and ,wace's ,dictionary of ,christian ,biography1 ,london1 #ahhj1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #gjj1 seq42 and ,holtzmann's ,apocryphon des ,neuen ,testaments1 in ,schenkel's ,bible ,lexicon1 ,leipzig1 #ahfi1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #agj seq4 ,as neither of these articles are by orthodox men1 or by those who have the slightest bias toward orthodoxy1 they are calculated to inspire confidence in persons of every shade of belief or disbelief4 ,both are authorities2 ,meyer's ,conversations-,lexikon says of ,professor ,lipsius1 of ,jena1 that he is one of the most eminent scholars in ,germany40 7,see note #b47 ,with this concurring judgment of the most eminent scholars1 not much time should be spent upon these ,apocryphal books4 ,but a single quotation is given by ,judge ,waite that is claimed by him to have been made by ,justin from either of them4 ,and this 7although not to be found in any single passage in our ,gospels7 may be gathered from different passages1 which would be in keeping with ,justin's mode4 ,it corresponds quite nearly1 though not precisely1 with a part#c of the description in the ,protevangelium of the announcement to ,mary4 ,but this no more proves the use of the ,protevangelium by ,justin than it proves the use of ,justin's ,apology by the writer of the ,protevangelium4 ,aside from this quotation1 there are a few facts stated by ,justin that are claimed1 by some persons1 to have been taken from the ,apocryphal ,gospels4 ,one is1 that ,jesus made ploughs and yokes1 which ,justin of course would infer1 from the fact that it was a part of the business of a carpenter to make ploughs and yokes4 ,another is1 that ,jesus was born in a cave4 ,dr4 ,thompson1 says#d1 8,it is not impossible1 to say the least1 but that the apartment in which our ,saviour was born was in part a cave4 ,i have seen many such1 consisting of one or more rooms in front of and including a cavern1 where the cattle were kept40 ,justin1 who was a native of ,judea1 added a circumstance well known from tradition1 which ,luke did not think it of consequence to mention1 that the manger was in a cave1 i4 e41 that the stable in which was the manger was in a cave4 ,he had no occasion to resort to books for such a fact4 ,another is1 that ,justin refers the ,roman ,emperor to 8,acts of ,pilate0 as affording evidence of what he had stated concerning ,christ's crucifixion1 and the miracles which he had performed4 ,according to the usual course1 ,pilate should have made a report of the crucifixion4 ,it is supposed that he did1 and that it was lost or destroyed4 ,justin appeals to it1 as if then in the archives of the government4 ,whether he was well or ill informed upon the subject1 the document to which he appeals1 clearly was not understood by him to be one of the 8,memoirs0 of ,christ1 8drawn up0 by an ,apostle1 or a 8companion0 of an ,apostle4 ,nothing purporting to be ,pilate's report is extant4 ,the ,apocryphal book1 known as the ,gospel of ,nicodemus or ,acts of ,pilate1 does not purport to contain#e any such report4 ,another is1 that ,justin says that ,christ was of the ,house of ,david2 a fact which ,jesus himself had declared#f and which is also referred to1 in ,acts4 ,the only remaining fact1 in respect to the alleged use of the ,protevangelium1 is in relation to the census4 ,it is claimed that ,justin and the ,protevangelium agree that it was only to be taken in ,judea4#g ,but ,justin does not so state4 ,it also happens1 that while ,justin makes mention of ,cyrenius1 the ,protevangelium only says1 8,and there was an order from the ,emperor ,augustus that all in ,bethlehem of ,judea should be enrolled10 saying nothing of ,cyrenius4 ,this is followed by an absurd and worthless story of occurrences1 by the way4 ,justin has two references to the census1 which will be found in the note4#h ,justin1 in stating that there was a census in ,judea1 does not exclude the idea that it was more general4 ,judge ,waite1 following the anonymous author of 8,the ,supernatural10 and others1 also claims that ,justin's statement that at the baptism of ,jesus 8a fire was kindled in the ,jordan10 must have been taken either from the 8,gospel of the ,hebrews10 or the 8,preaching of ,paul40 ,as to the former 7as he gives the translation from a fragment from ,jerome7 it is1 that1 8certainly there shone around the place a great light10 which is not what ,justin said4 ,there is no evidence from any quarter that this 8,gospel of the ,hebrews0 was in existence 7other than as ,matthew's ,gospel was in existence71 when ,justin wrote4 ,nor is there any evidence that it was in use1 at any period1 except among the ,nazarenes 7a small ,judaizing sect of ,christians71 and the ,cerinthians1 and ,ebionites1 two heretical sects4 ,the very authorities quoted to prove its existence1 clearly show that it was never in general use1 or accepted by the churches generally4 ,neither the work itself1 nor ,jerome's translation of it1 has been in existence for centuries4 ,from what is known of it1 it seems to have been#i the ,hebrew ,gospel of ,matthew1 8not entire and perfect1 but corrupted and curtailed40 ,it omitted the first two chapters4 ,some of the corruptions show its true character#aj so far as it varied from ,matthew's ,hebrew ,gospel2 for as ,papias wrote1 and the ,fathers generally believed1 ,matthew first composed his ,gospel in the ,hebrew dialect4 8,the ,preaching of ,paul0 was less known1 and even of less account1 than the other4 ,judge ,waite says 7p4 #bbi7 that it 8was referred to by ,lactantius and others1 and was generally known in the second century40 ,but he furnishes no evidence of it1 and ,lactantius died about ,a4,d4 #cbe4 ,as to its contents1 ,judge ,waite only says that 8,it contained references to the ,sybilline writings2 also to the fire in ,jordan at the time of the baptism of ,jesus40 ,there is no good reason to suppose that it was extant when ,justin wrote2 and most certainly1 it was never received by the churches generally4 ,eusebius does not seem to have known anything of it1 unless to reject it as spurious4 ,he says 7,book ,,iii41 c4 #be73 8,among the spurious1 must be numbered both the books called #8,the ,acts of ,paul1' and that called #8,pastor1' and #8,the ,revelation of ,peter4'0 ,eusebius also is equally pronounced against the production called the 8,gospel according to ,peter40 ,that this 8,gospel0 was referred to by ,justin in the passage before considered 7vide c4 #d71 is the fact to be proved4 ,the first mention of it1 was by ,serapion#aa1 who became ,bishop of ,antioch ,a4,d4 #aia1 fifty years after ,justin wrote4 ,he found a few copies of it among his flock1 which he replaced1 substituting ,mark's ,gospel for it1 for the reason that he found in it 8many things superadded to the sound faith of our ,saviour2 and some also attached1 that are foreign to it40 ,this bishop seems to have had no knowledge of its existence till that time4 ,it favored the ,docet1 from some of whom it had come into his parish4 ,the pretence that ,tertullian referred to it1 and intended to assert that in his day the ,gospel of ,mark was understood to have this ,gospel of ,peter for its original1 has nothing to rest upon but another perversion of ,tertullian's meaning4 ,the passage relied upon is here given with such words in italics as must be supplied to warrant the use which has been attempted to be made of it3 8,the ,gospel which ,mark published is affirmed to be0 what is known as 8,peter's0 ,gospel1 8whose interpreter ,mark was40 ,this forced construction1 would make ,mark the interpreter1 not of ,peter1 but of the heretical work at some time known by some as ,peter's ,gospel4 ,not ,strauss himself1 nor even the author of 8,the ,supernatural10 so interpreted ,tertullian4 ,what ,tertullian wrote was1 that 8,the ,gospel which ,mark published is affirmed to be ,peter's2 whose interpreter ,mark was40 ,marcion mutilated ,luke's ,gospel1 and ,judge ,waite says1 8,tertullian called him a hound40 ,if any one in his day had perverted his language as to ,mark's ,gospel1 so as to make it endorse the work which ,serapion 7who was a cotemporary of ,tertullian7 suppressed as heretical1 ,tertullian would not have been likely to have used a less expressive word than that which he applied to ,marcion4 ,tertullian simply meant1 as ,papias had written1 and the church believed1 that ,mark was ,peter's interpreter1 and in that sense ,mark's ,gospel was ,peter's ,gospel4 ,the next writer referred to for 8,peter's ,gospel0 is ,origen1 ,a4,d4 #bcj4 ,origen says3 8,there are some who say the brethren of ,christ were the children of ,joseph by a former wife1 who lived with him before ,mary2 and they are induced to this opinion by some passages in that which is entitled 7the italics are ours7 #8,the ,gospel of ,peter1 or the ,book of ,james4'0 ,when it is considered that ,origen1 in most explicit terms1 declares that our four ,gospels 8are the only undisputed ones in the whole ,church of ,god throughout the world10 and that of these1 8the second is according to ,mark1 who composed it as ,peter explained it to him1 whom he also acknowledges as his son in his ,general ,epistle10 the perversion of his language is apparent4 ,mr4 ,norton1 whose opinion1 it is conceded1 8is entitled to great weight10 upon a careful examination of the subject1 believes that this 8,gospel0 was not a history or biography of ,christ's ministry at all1 but only a doctrinal#ab treatise4 ,not a single fragment of it has come down to us4 ,there is no evidence from any quarter that it was generally received in the churches at any period2 on the contrary1 the evidence1 so far as it goes1 proves that it was not so received4 ,it was the ,gospel exclusively used by the ,ebionites1#ac and neither ,justin nor the majority of ,christians in his time were ,ebionites4 ,its very suppression by ,serapion is conclusive2 and there is nothing to impeach ,eusebius' judgment against it4 ,there is no evidence that it was even in existence when ,justin wrote1 for the mere fact of its being found by ,serapion forty or fifty years after is too remote4 ,hence1 if ,justin1 in the paragraph before quoted in chapter four1 by 8him0 meant ,peter1 instead of ,christ 7which we do not accept71#ad the ,gospel of ,mark1 which in a sense was understood to be ,peter's1 was the one intended2 and the true construction of the words in question is of minor importance4 ,judge ,waite has succeeded as well as any one1 in his attempt to find other writings than our ,gospels1 that will meet the necessities of the case4 ,professor ,lipsius1 one of the most eminent scholars in ,germany1 says1#ae 8,the attempt to prove that ,justin ,martyr and the ,clementine ,homilies had one extra-canonical authority common to them both1 either in the ,gospel to the ,hebrews or in the ,gospel of ,st4 ,peter1 has altogether failed40 ,of recent writers this side of the ocean1 ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot of ,harvard ,college 7who has already 8a distinguished ,continental reputation071 states1#af after a thorough examination of the whole subject1 as some of the results3 8,we have seen that there is no direct evidence of any weight that ,justin used either the #8,gospel according to the ,hebrews' 7so far as this was distinguished from the ,gospel according to ,matthew7 or the #8,gospel according to ,peter4' ,that he should have taken either of these as the source of his quotations1 or that either of these constituted the #8,memoirs' read generally at public worship in the ,christian churches of his time1 is in the highest degree improbable40444 8,still less can be said in behalf of the hypothesis that any other ,apocryphal #8,gospel' of which we know anything1 constituted the #8,memoirs1' which he cites1 if they were one book1 or was included among them1 if they were several40 ,mr4 ,rowe's#ag judgment is1 that the facts referred to by ,justin1 but not recorded in the ,gospels1 stand to those which are recorded1 in the proportion of only four1 to one hundred and ninety-six4 ,in other words1 that all but four out of about two hundred references1 appear in the ,gospels4 8,it is marvellous10 he says1 8when we consider the nearness of the time when ,justin lived to our ,lord's ministry1 that he should have preserved so few incidents respecting it which vary from those in our ,gospels1 rather than that those to which he has referred should present the slight variations they do2 for it is an interval within which traditionary reminiscences must have possessed all their freshness40 #a ,p4 #af of 8,authorship of the ,fourth ,gospel10 etc4 7#ahhj74 #b ,the ,daily ,inter-,ocean of ,feb4 #ab1 #ahha4 ,to the same effect1 8,the ,authorship10 p4 #ih1 note #f2 ,the ,supernatural ,origin of ,christianity1 by ,george ,p4 ,fisher1 ,d4,d41 ,professor of ,christian ,history in ,yale ,college 7#ahgj71 p4 #aia-b2 ,origin1 etc41 by ,prof4 ,c4 ,e4 ,stowe 7#ahfg71 p4 #ahe1 c4 #g4 #c 8,and the angel of ,god who was sent to the same virgin at that time1 brought her the good news1 saying1 #8,behold thou shalt conceive of the ,holy ,ghost and shalt bear a son1 and he shall be called the ,son of the ,highest1 and thou shalt call his name ,jesus1 for he shall save his people from their sins4'0 ,after a dozen lines1 the last clause is repeated as follows3 8,wherefore1 too1 the angel said to the virgin1 #8,thou shalt call his name ,jesus1 for he shall save his people from their sins4'0 ,the last clause seems to have been transferred from ,matthew by ,justin4 ,the ,protevangelium 7c4 #aa7 reads as follows3 8,and she hearing1 reasoned with herself1 saying3 ,shall ,i conceive by the ,lord1 the living ,god8 ,and shall ,i bring forth1 as every woman brings forth8 ,and the angel of the ,lord said3 ,not so1 ,mary2 for the power of the ,lord shall overshadow thee2 wherefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the ,son of the ,most ,high4 ,and thou shalt call his name ,jesus1 for he shall save his people from their sins4 ,and ,mary said3 ,behold the servant of the ,lord before his face2 let it be unto me according to thy word4 ,and she made the purple and the scarlet and took them to the priest10 etc4 ,the account is preceded by the story that it had fallen to her lot to spin purple and scarlet for the veil of the temple1 and that when the angel spake to her she was going with a pitcher to fill it with water4 ,it is not easy to believe that ,justin's simple narrative came from such a source4 #d ,the ,land and the ,book1 by ,w4 ,m4 ,thompson1 ,d4,d41 twenty-five years a missionary of the ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,f4 ,m41 in ,syria and ,palestine1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ejc4 #e ,the first part contains a graphic account of the trial and crucifixion4 ,at the trial witnesses are represented as appearing before ,pilate and narrating different miracles which had been performed4 ,judge ,waite devotes considerable space in comparing these accounts with the ,gospel narratives4 ,he argues that the ,apocryphal account must have been the earlier one1 because of its brevity1 and because it does not include all the miracles4 ,this is as if one should infer that the plea of the advocate1 or the charge of the judge1 preceded the testimony1 or the compendium1 the history4 #f ,matt4 ix4 #bg2 xii4 #bc2 xv4 #bb2 ,mark x4 #dg2 xii4 #ce-g2 ,luke xx4 #cj-a2 xl4 #f2 xviii4 #ch-i2 ,john vii4 #db2 ,acts xiii4 #bc2 ,ro4 i4 #c4 #g ,protevangelium1 p4 #ag2 vol4 #af1 ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library1 pp4 #ah-ai4 #h ,apology1 c4 #cd4 8,now there is a village in the land of the ,jews1 thirty-five stadia from ,jerusalem1 in which ,jesus ,christ was born1 as you can ascertain also from the registers of the taxing made under ,cyrenius1 your first procurator in ,judea40 ,dial4 c4 #gh4 8,then he was afraid and did not put her away2 but on the occasion of the first census which was taken in ,judea under ,cyrenius1 he went up from ,nazareth where he lived to ,bethlehem1 to which he belonged1 to be enrolled2 for his family was of the tribe of ,judah1 which then inhabited that region40 ,joseph was both of the tribe of ,judah1 and of the house and lineage of ,david1 and there is no contradiction4 ,it is to be noticed that the census is spoken of as the first census that was taken4 ,cyrenius1 called then procurator1 was afterward governor4 #i ,see authorities in ,note #b4 #aj 8,now my mother1 the ,holy ,ghost1 took me by one of my hairs1 and brought me to the great mountain even ,tabor40 8,jesus said unto him1 go sell all which thou possessest and divide among the poor1 and come follow me4 ,but the rich man began to scratch his head1 and it did not please him40 ,origin1 etc41 by ,professor ,stowe1 p4 #bb4 #aa ,abbott's ,fourth ,gospel1 p4 #gh2 ,eusebius1 b4 #f1 c4 #ab2 b4 #c1 c4 #be4 #ab ,abbott1 etc41 p4 #gi2 ,waite's ,history1 p4 #aa4 #ac ,abbott1 etc41 p4 #ajd1 ,eusebius1 b4 #f1 c4 #ab4 #ad ,the entire passage is as follows3 8,and when it is said that he changed the name of one of the ,apostles to ,peter2 and when it is written in the ,memoirs of him that this so happened1 as well as that he changed the names of other two brothers1 the sons of ,zebedee1 to ,boanerges1 which means sons of thunder2 this was an announcement of the fact that it was he by whom ,jacob was called ,israel1 and ,oshea called ,jesus 7,joshua7 under whose name the people who survived of those who came from ,egypt were conducted into the land promised to the patriarchs40 ,the controversy is1 whether the personal pronouns 8,he0 and 8,him0 refer to ,jesus1 or whether 8,him0 refers to ,peter4 ,judge ,waite says that ,justin has ten times 8,memoirs of the ,apostles10 and five times1 8,memoirs10 and not once1 8,memoirs of ,christ40 ,it is true we do not find 8,memoirs of ,christ40 ,but confessedly the ,memoirs intended were of or concerning ,christ1 and not of or concerning the ,apostles1 or either of them4 ,justin used the expression ,memoirs of the ,apostles just as we say the ,gospel of ,john4 ,they were concerning ,christ2 he is the grand subject of discourse in all ,justin's writings4 ,and in ,ap4 c4 #cc1 ,justin speaks of those 8who have written ,memoirs of all things concerning our ,saviour ,jesus ,christ40 ,in the proper and highest sense they should only be spoken of as 8,memoirs of ,christ40 ,judge ,waite1 after the author of 8,the ,supernatural0 7p4 #ccg71 says1 to refer to the more distant antecedent is contrary to the rule4 ,the rule is of but slight importance as compared to the whole scope4 ,and to apply the rule here1 ,peter would be the one who changed the names of the sons of ,zebedee2 for ,peter1 and not ,christ1 would be the last antecedent4 #ae ,as quoted by ,dr4 ,ezra ,abbot1 pp4 #ih1 #ii2 see1 also1 ,inter-,ocean of ,february #ab1 #ahha4 #af ,abbot1 etc41 p4 #ajc1 #ajd2 ,inter-,ocean of ,february #ab4 #ag ,bampton ,lectures for #ahgg1 pp4 #bgi1 #bha4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,presumption ,,of ,,permanency4 ,in general1 says ,mr4 ,phillips1#a there is a presumption in favor of the continuance of what is once proved to have existed4 ,it is a familiar principle of law1 says ,chief ,justice ,parker1 that a state of things once shown to exist is presumed to continue until something is shown to rebut the presumption4 ,and this position1 says ,professor ,greenleaf1 is founded 8on the experienced continuance or permanency of longer or shorter duration in human affairs4 ,when1 therefore1 the existence of a person1 a personal relation1 or a state of things1 is once established by proof1 the law presumes that the person1 relation1 or state of things continues to exist as before1 until the contrary is shown1 or until a different presumption is raised from the nature of the subject in question40 ,with other examples of the application of this presumption1 he mentions opinions and religious convictions3 8,the opinions also of individuals1 once entertained and expressed1 and the state of mind1 once proved to exist1 are presumed to remain unchanged until the contrary appears4 ,thus1 all the members of a ,christian community1 being presumed to entertain the common faith1 no man is supposed to disbelieve the existence and moral government of ,god1 until it is shown from his own declarations40 ,this presumption being founded in reason and experience1 is of universal application4 ,it is not conclusive1 but stands 8until something is shown to rebut it40 ,it is the basis of ,hume's argument against miracles1 but which he misapplies1 making it conclusive instead of presumptive evidence4 ,as a presumption1 it is strictly applicable to the question in hand1 and will be found to have great force4 ,for1 from this natural and reasonable presumption1 it should be taken1 unless the contrary is proved1 that the accepted 8,memoirs0 of ,justin's time remained in the churches4 ,hence if we can ascertain with entire certainty what 8,memoirs0 were accepted in the churches in the year #ahj1 and no evidence of displacement and substitution appears1 we shall have most satisfactory evidence what 8,memoirs0 were the ones intended by him in his ,apology4 #a ,phillips on ,evidence1 #dth ,am4 ,ed41 #fdj3 #ag ,n4 ,h4 ,rep41 #dji3 #a ,greenleaf on ,evidence1 #da1 #db4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,the ,,memoirs ,,of ,,the ,,year ,,one ,,hundred ,,and ,,eighty4 ,there is undoubted proof that within forty years from the time ,justin wrote his ,first ,apology1 our ,four ,gospels 7and no others7 with the ,book of ,acts1 were universally received in the church1 as we now receive them4 ,it comes from the writings of ,agrippa ,castor1 ,apollinaris1 ,bishop of ,hierapolis1 ,apelles1 ,athenagoras1 ,basilides1 ,celsus1 ,clement of ,alexandria1 ,eusebius1 ,heracleon1 ,irenus1 ,jerome1 ,marcion1 ,melito1 ,bishop of ,sardis1 ,origen1 ,pantnus1 ,polycarp1 ,serapion1 ,tatian1 ,theophilus1 ,tertullian1 ,valentine1 ,the ,letter of the ,church of ,vienne and ,lyons1 and the unknown authors of the ,clementine ,homilies1 and the ,muratori ,canon--,christians1 ,gnostics1 ,heretics1 and ,heathen1 all concurring to prove universal reception1 beyond a reasonable doubt4 ,so strong is this proof that even ,strauss does not deny such reception by the end of the second century1 and he admits that there is evidence of an earlier date4 ,he says3 8,we learn from the works of ,irenus1 of ,clement ,alexandrinus1 and of ,tertullian1 that1 at the end of the second century after ,christ1 our ,four ,gospels were recognized by the orthodox church as the writings of the ,apostles and the disciples companions of the ,apostles1 and were separated from many other similar productions1 as authentic records of the life of ,jesus4 ,the first ,gospel1 according to our ,canon1 is attributed i4 e4 by the authors named to ,matthew1 who is enumerated among the twelve ,apostles2 the fourth to ,john1 the beloved disciple of our ,lord2 the second to ,mark1 the interpreter of ,peter2#a and the third to ,luke1 the companion of ,paul4 ,we have1 besides1 the authority of earlier authors1 both in their own works1 and in quotations cited by others40 ,as a false witness sometimes admits a part1 the better to conceal what is more important1 so ,strauss admits a state of things as existing at the end of the century1 that1 beyond dispute1 should be carried back to a time at least twenty years earlier4 ,thus ,professor ,fisher1 in his exhaustive work1 says of ,john's ,gospel 7which is conceded to have been the last73 8,we choose to begin#b with the unquestioned fact of the universal reception of the ,fourth ,gospel as genuine in the last quarter of the second century4 ,at that time we find that it was held in every part of ,christendom to be the work of the ,apostle ,john4 ,the prominent witnesses are ,tertullian in ,north ,africa1 ,clement in ,alexandria1 and ,irenus in ,gaul40 ,and ,professor ,abbot#c says3 8,i begin with the statement1 which cannot be questioned1 that our present ,gospels1 and no others1 were received by the great body of ,christians as genuine and sacred books during the last quarter of the second century40 ,theophilus of ,antioch1 as early as ,a4,d4 #ahj1 not only quotes from the ,fourth ,gospel1 as ,scripture1 but names ,john as its author1 as follows3#d 8,as the ,holy ,scriptures1 and all who have the ,spirit1 teach us1 among whom ,john says1 #8,in the beginning was the ,word1 and the ,word was with ,god2' signifying that ,god alone was in the beginning1 and that the ,word was in him4 ,and then he says1 the ,word was ,god1 and all things were made by ,him1 and without him there was not anything made40 ,theophilus also wrote a ,commentary upon the ,gospels4 ,before this time1 also1 our ,gospels and ,acts had been included in a list#e of canonical books received in the churches4 ,they were in their present order1 and1 as far as their authorship is stated1 are attributed to the persons whose names are now assigned to them4 ,and before#f this date1 ,celsus 7who anticipated ,strauss by seventeen hundred years7 had cited alleged contradictions in the ,gospels1 and particularly as to there being one or two angels at the sepulchre4 ,he attempted to ridicule the idea that blood and water came from ,jesus' side--a fact that is stated only in ,john4 ,he refers to the fact that ,christ 8after his death arose1 and showed the marks of his punishment1 and how his hands had been pierced40 ,although he does not name the authors of the books1 yet his numerous quotations correspond with them1 including ,luke and ,john4 ,and in respect to all of the discrepancies1 etc41 he says3 8,all these things ,i have taken out of your own books10 i4 e4 ,scriptures4 8,we need10 says he1 8no after witness1 for you fall upon your own swords40 ,his work has not come down to us except as contained in ,origen's writings1 which1 however1 quote so fully from it1 that it is nearly reproduced4 ,and ten years#g before this time1 ,tatian1 who had been a disciple of ,justin 7but after ,justin's death became heretical71 wrote a ,commentary or ,harmony upon the ,gospels4 ,he called it ,diatesseron1 which means the ,gospel of the ,four4 ,the celebrated ,syrian1 ,father ,ephrm1 who died ,a4,d4 #cgc1 wrote a commentary on it4 ,bar-,salibi1 who flourished in the last part of the twelfth century1 was also well acquainted with ,tatian's work2 and says that it began with ,john i4 #a3 8,in the beginning was the ,word40 ,before this date1 ,heracleon1 a disciple of the ,gnostic ,valentine1 wrote a commentary upon the ,fourth ,gospel4 ,the work is known#h to us through many fragments1 which ,origen has woven into his own commentary on the same ,gospel4 ,quotations from the canonical ,gospels between the periods mentioned are very numerous4 ,it is unnecessary to cite them1 or to give other specific proof of a state of things existing as early as #ahj1 as shown by most incontrovertible evidence1 whatever doubt may be had as to some items of this evidence4 ,indeed an earlier date might properly be assumed than that taken as the basis of our argument4 ,thus ,dr4 ,charteris1 in his recent work1 says1 in view of all the circumstances3 8,when we pass the middle of the century1 and come to the works of ,tatian1 ,athenagoras1 and ,theophilus 7with a quotation by name7 we are out of the region of controversy40 7,canonicity1 lxxxi47 ,there were a few persons called the ,alogi1 a nickname having the double meaning of 8deniers of the doctrine of the ,logos10 and 8men without reason10 who denied ,john's authorship of the ,fourth ,gospel4 ,they were probably a few#i eccentric individuals1 who attracted no attention1 and none of whose names are preserved4 ,the fact that they appealed to no tradition in favor of their views1 denied ,john's authorship of the ,apocalypse likewise1 and absurdly ascribed both to ,cerinthus1 whom no one supposes could have been their author1 shows that they were persons of no critical judgment4 ,they were outside of the churches of which ,justin wrote4 ,the reception of the canonical ,gospels1 to the exclusion of all others1 was universal in those churches4 #a ,not the interpreter of 8,peter's ,gospel60 7,page #di-ej1 ,vol4 #a1 of 8,the ,life of ,jesus10 etc41 #ahfj74 #b ,p4 #ci of 8,the ,supernatural ,origin of ,christianity10 7#ahgj71 by ,prof4 ,fisher4 #c ,p4 #ac of 8,the ,authorship of the ,fourth ,gospel0 7#ahhj74 #d ,p4 #agg of ,prof4 ,stowe's 8,origin and ,history of the ,books of the ,new ,testament0 7#ahfg72 ,strauss' ,life of ,christ1 p4 #eb2 ,waite's ,history1 pp4 #cjb1 #ced2 p4 #acj of ,fisher's 8,supernatural ,origin10 etc4 #e ,a fragment of this writing was discovered by the ,italian scholar ,muratori1 and from him is called the ,muratori ,canon4 ,it is written in ,latin1 but is supposed to have been first written in ,greek4 ,the first part of the writing is wanting1 so that it begins with ,luke1 which it calls the 8,third book of the ,gospel according to ,luke40 ,it was found in the ,ambrosian ,library1 at ,milan1 in a manuscript containing extracts from writings of ,ambrose1 ,chrysostom1 and others4 ,it professes to give a list of the writings that are recognized in the ,christian ,church4 ,judge ,waite 7p4 #dab7 assigns ,a4,d4 #aij as its date4 ,prof4 ,curtiss says of it3 8,the most eminent ,new ,testament scholars in ,america1 ,england and ,germany1 with a few exceptions1 hold that it was written in the last quarter of the second century 7the most setting the date at about #agj-ahj ,a4,d47 ,some of them are3 ,prof4 ,ezra ,abbot1 of ,harvard ,college2 ,drs4 ,e4 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,canon ,wescott1 ,w4 ,a4 ,sanday1 ,credner1 ,weiseler1 ,bleek1 ,reuss1 ,hilgenfeld1 and many others0 7,inter-,ocean1 ,february #ab1 #ahha74 ,the ,fragment contains internal evidence of the time when it was written4 ,in reference to the 8,pastor0 it says3 ,this 8did ,hermas write1 very recently1 in our times1 in the city of ,rome1 while his brother ,bishop ,pius sat in the chair in the church of ,rome40 ,now ,pius was ,bishop from ,a4,d4 #adb to #aeg4 ,waite's ,history1 p4 #bcb4 #f ,in reply to ,judge ,waite1 who assigned ,a4,d4 #baj to ,celsus1 ,professor ,curtiss says that 8,dr4 ,keim1 who belongs to the most liberal ,german school1 and who made a very careful investigation of the subject 7,celsus ,wahres ,wort1 ,zurich1 #ahgc71 sets the date in the year #agg or #agh1 ,a4,d40 ,see also ,smith and ,wace's ,dictionary of ,christian ,biography1 ,london1 #ahgg1 vol4 #a1 p4 #dcf2 ,fisher1 p4 #db2 8,heart of ,christ10 by ,edmund ,h4 ,sears1 #ahgc1 p4 #adh2 ,abbott's ,fourth ,gospel1 etc41 p4 #eh4 ,see also ,sanday1 p4 #bfb1 and ,canonicity1 by ,dr4 ,charteris1 #ahhj1 p4 #cfi4 ,origen1 in one place1 in answering his objections1 speaks of him as 8a man long since dead40 #g ,pp4 #eb-ec of ,abbot's ,fourth ,gospel4 #h 8,tischendorf's ,origin of the ,four ,gospels10 p4 #hi4 #i ,abbott's ,fourth ,gospel1 pp4 #ah1 #bj2 ,fisher1 p4 #fi4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,ascending ,,the ,,stream4 ,now consider the tremendous force of the proved fact that1 within forty years of the time when ,justin wrote his ,first ,apology1 we reach a period when it is no longer a debatable question whether our ,gospels are 8the ,memoirs0 of ,christ which were read with the ,prophets in city and country4 ,the presumption of continuance attaches4 ,it has before been proved beyond a reasonable doubt that1 in the year one hundred and forty1 there were accepted 8,memoirs0 of our ,lord1 which were read with the ,prophets in all the churches4 ,there is no evidence whatever that those ,memoirs in the intervening forty years were dropped and others substituted for them2 therefore it should be presumed that they were in the churches in the year one hundred and eighty2 and the ,memoirs in the churches at this latter period are positively known and seen1 to have been the ,canonical ,gospels4 ,they have come closer to us1 and in the nearer vision we are able to determine their identity with the utmost certainty4 ,and the natural presumption that there was no substitution within the short interval of forty years1 is immensely strengthened by the difficulties attending any attempted substitution1--difficulties so great that they must have left unmistakable evidence of conflict upon the page of history4 ,the churches were very numerous1 and occupied a territory of more than two thousand miles in extent from ,syria to ,gaul4 ,each church had its bishop or presbyter1 and elders2 and in each church1 once in seven days1 were the ,memoirs of our ,lord read with the ,prophets4 ,there were hundreds who1 from their own recollections1 and thousands who1 from their parents or instructors1 at any given time within these forty years1 had perfect knowledge what ,memoirs were thus read in the year one hundred and forty4 ,young men of twenty then1 were only sixty1 forty years later4 ,was there a substitution in those forty years1 and these bishops1 and elders1 and thousands of communicants every ,sabbath of all ages1 not know it2 or knowing it had not objected2 or objecting1 and history have no record of it8 ,not a few of these were educated men2 and indeed all the bishops and elders may be presumed to have been as well versed in the accepted ,gospels as in the writings of the prophets4 ,it is to be borne in mind that we are dealing now with the question of substitution within the short period of forty years4 ,a score of names can be given of men living within that time or immediately after1 who1 from their own recollection or from others1 must have had perfect knowledge of the whole subject3 ,athenagoras1 a philosopher at ,athens about the year one hundred and sixty2 ,caius1 a presbyter at ,rome about the year two hundred2 ,claudius ,apollinaris1 ,bishop of ,hierapolis1 cir4 #agc2 ,clement of ,alexandria1 who became the head of the ,alexandrian ,school in #ahg2 ,dionysius1 ,bishop of ,corinth1 who died a martyr in #agc2 ,hegesippus1 the historian 7whose works are now lost71 who died in #ahj2 ,hermas1 who was prominent toward the close of the century2 ,irenus1 ,bishop of ,lyons2 ,justin himself1 whose martyrdom was as late as the year #afe2 ,leonides1 the martyr2 ,melito1 ,bishop of ,sardis2 the world-renowned ,origen1 son of ,leonides2 ,pantnus2 ,polycarp2 ,polycrates1 ,bishop of ,ephesus2 ,pothinus the predecessor of ,irenus 7and whose martyrdom was about #afg72 ,serapion1 ,bishop of ,antioch2 ,tertullian1 the eloquent ,roman lawyer of ,carthage2 ,theophilus1 the predecessor of ,serapion2 and ,victor1 ,bishop of ,rome4 ,it may be said1 and with truth1 that the ,fourth ,gospel1 whenever introduced1 came in not as a substitute1 but as a supplement4 ,the evidence1 however1 is conclusive that by the year one hundred and eighty1 it had obtained as permanent a footing as either of the other ,gospels4 ,its reception was as hearty1 and the tradition of its authorship as strong1 as in respect to the others4 ,to infer that it was the forged product of the period now under consideration1 or any other1 is as if ,de ,soto had concluded that the mighty stream which he discovered hastening to the ,gulf1 with deep and rapid current1 so wide that a man could scarcely be seen from shore to shore1 had its origin not in far-off lakes or mountains1 but in some miserable crocodile swamp of the country he was traversing1 and but just out of sight4 ,and who forged the ,fourth ,gospel and imposed it as ,john's upon this score of persons1 and hundreds of others8 ,or did these men conspire together1 to deceive themselves1 the churches1 and the world8 ,what name has come down to us from that age1 or any other1 who was capable of such an undertaking8 ,what forger wrote those discourses of ,our ,lord with ,nicodemus8 ,or those with the women of ,samaria8 ,or those with his disciples on the eve of his crucifixion8 ,or the parable of the good ,shepherd8 ,or that memorable prayer recorded in the seventeenth of ,john8 ,that any sane man should attribute either of these to a criminal forger would be incredible1 if we were not confronted with the fact4 ,and what sort of a man was this forger of the ,fourth ,gospel8 ,we have ,baur's conception of him as 8,a man of remarkable mind1 of an elevated spirit1 and penetrated with a warm adoring faith in ,christ as the ,son of ,god and ,saviour of the world60 ,and ,baur thinks it easier to believe 7without proof7 in the existence of this remarkable genius and elevated character1 who would invent fictitious discourses1 falsely attribute them to the ,christ whom he adored1 and forge the name of the beloved disciple1 than to believe with the whole body of the ,christian ,church1 that the discourses and utterances were those of our ,lord6#a ,if ,john did not write the ,fourth ,gospel1 who did8 ,not one of those who deny his authorship1 can give an answer to this question4 ,it is no answer to say that many in the second century believed that ,hermas 7whom ,paul mentions in his ,epistle to the ,romans71 wrote the ,pastor or ,shepherd of ,hermas4 ,such was not the universal sentiment4 ,the work was never generally received as ,scripture4 ,on the contrary1 the author of the ,muratorian ,fragment1 while placing the ,four ,gospels in the list of canonical books universally received1 says of 8,the ,pastor10 that it was written 8very recently in our times0 by another ,hermas1 a brother of the ,bishop of ,rome1 and that it was read in 8some of the churches10 not as ,scripture but for 8edification10 the same as the ,epistle of ,clement4 ,it was rejected by ,tertullian1 not only as ,apocryphal1 but as hurtful4 ,nor is it any answer1 to say that the so-called ,epistle of ,barnabas was early attributed to ,barnabas the ,levite4 ,in the first place1 it is by no means certain that this tradition was unfounded4 ,from the little we know of ,barnabas1 it would be rash to conclude that he could not have written it4 ,if uninspired1 he may have written just such a book4 ,in the second place1 no one ascribed it to him till the time of ,clement of ,alexandria1 and it was ranked by ,eusebius among the 8spurious0 writings1 which1 however much known and read in the church1 were never regarded as authoritative4 ,eusebius also places ,the ,pastor ,hermas in the list of writings whose authorship is disputed4 ,the ,fourth ,gospel rests upon an entirely different basis4 ,there was but one tradition in respect to it1 and from our first knowledge of it1 it was regarded as authoritative1 and its authorship was undisputed2 for the slight exception of the few individuals1 called the ,alogi1 is of no account4 ,it was included in the commentaries and harmonies to which reference has been made2 and such works would not have been written until the books upon which they were based had been long enough in the churches for a felt need of commentaries upon them4 ,it was quoted as ,scripture by ,theophilus1 and ,john its author was expressly named as moved by the ,holy ,ghost4 ,in the ,muratori ,canon1 it was placed as ,scripture in the list of ,canonical books1 universally received4 ,and that it could not have come in after the year one hundred and forty1 or have been received unless it was genuine1 will be still more obvious from a more particular consideration of some of those who accepted it4 ,pantnus1 who was at the head of the ,alexandrian school in the year one hundred and eighty1 was 7says ,eusebius7 distinguished for his learning4 ,before his conversion he was a ,stoic philosopher4 ,after that1 and before he became the head of the ,catechetical school1 he traveled extensively as an ,evangelist4 ,he went as far as the ,indies1 where he found that the ,apostle ,bartholomew1 who had preceded him1 had left the ,gospel of ,matthew in ,hebrew4 ,pantnus could not have been ignorant of the 8,memoirs10 which were accepted in ,justin's time1 and he lived until the year two hundred and twelve4 ,we have no direct evidence from him2 but ,clement1 his pupil and successor1 and noted for his learning1 could not have been ignorant of the opinions of ,pantnus2 and from ,clement there is the strongest testimony4 ,he flourished between ,a4,d4 #afe and #bbj1 and became head of the ,alexandrian ,school in ,a4,d4 #ahg4 ,origen1 his successor1 with his great genius and acquirements1 and extensive travel1 and from his father ,leonides1 and his predecessors ,clement and ,pantnus1 must have been fully informed of the 8,memoirs0 which were in the churches in the year one hundred and forty4 ,and he says1 that he has 8understood from tradition1 respecting the ,four ,gospels1 which are the only undisputed ones in the whole church of ,god throughout the world10 that the first was by ,matthew1 the second by ,mark1 8who composed it as ,peter explained to him10 the third by ,luke1 the companion of ,paul1 and 8last of all0 ,john 8who reclined upon the breast of ,jesus10 has left one ,gospel1 in which he confesses that he could write so many that the whole world could not contain them4 ,tertullian1 the celebrated lawyer1 says1 8,of the ,apostles1 ,john and ,matthew published the faith to us40 ,in defending the ,gospel of ,luke against the mutilation of the heretic ,marcion1 he positively affirms that all the churches founded by the ,apostles accepted1 not ,marcion's abridgment of ,luke1 but a well-known form which had been 8received from its first publication20 and that the other ,gospels had been received from the same sources in authenticated copies4 8,in his abundant writings10 says ,norton1#b 8there is not a chapter in the ,gospels of ,matthew1 ,luke and ,john1 from which he does not quote10 and from most of them his quotations are numerous4 ,tertullian was born at ,carthage about ,a4,d4 #afj1 and from his conversion1 about the year one hundred and eighty-five1 he entered with great earnestness and ability into a vindication of ,christianity1 and the discussion of various questions connected with it4 ,this able advocate could not have been misinformed of the usages of the churches less than half a century previous to the time when he entered upon his work4 ,the evidence of ,irenus is still more conclusive4 ,he was born in ,syria about ,a4,d4 #abj1 and he was therefore twenty years old when ,justin wrote4 ,his teacher was ,polycarp1 ,bishop of ,smyrna1 and his immediate predecessor at ,lyons was ,pothinus4 ,polycarp1 at his martyrdom1 was asked to save his life by denying ,christ4 8,no10 he said1 8eighty and six years have ,i served him and he never did me any injury2 how1 then1 can ,i blaspheme my ,king and my ,saviour80 ,pothinus1 at his martyrdom1 cir4 #agg1 was more than ninety years old4 ,the lives of these two men reached far back into the first century4 ,they were at1 or past1 middle life when ,justin wrote1 and presbyters of important churches2 and it is utterly incredible that they should not have known what 8,memoirs0 were read in their churches in ,justin's time4 ,and it is equally incredible that ,irenus1 the disciple of the one and the immediate successor in office of the other1 and himself twenty years old when ,justin wrote1 should not have been as well informed upon this subject4 ,yet ,irenus quotes#c from our ,gospels and ,acts1 as ,scripture1 ascribes their authorship to ,matthew1 ,mark1 ,luke and ,john1 and says that such was the accepted tradition in all the churches4 ,after referring to the others1 he says of the ,fourth ,gospel3 8,afterwards ,john1 the disciple of our ,lord1 the same that lay upon his bosom1 also published the ,gospel while he was yet at ,ephesus1 in ,asia0 7,eu4 v4 #h74 ,and again#d3 8,all the ,elders testify1 who were conversant with ,john1 the disciple of our ,lord1 in ,asia1 that he delivered these things40 ,about ,a4,d4 #ahj1 in a treatise against heretics1 he appeals to the canonical ,gospels with as much confidence that they are all well known and accepted by ,christians1 as any would do at the present day4 ,tischendorf#e says the number of passages where ,irenus has recourse to the ,gospels is about four hundred1 and about eighty of these in ,john4 ,sanday#e estimates the quotations from ,john in this treatise at seventy-three4 ,but ,clement1 and ,origen1 and ,pantnus1 and ,polycarp1 and ,pothinus1 and ,tertullian1 were not better informed upon this subject than ,serapion1 who so promptly suppressed the heretical ,gospel of ,peter1 or than ,theophilus1 his immediate successor1 who was the first after ,papias 7other than the author of the ,muratorian ,fragment7 to mention any of the four ,gospels by name1 or than the author of this ,fragment1 or than many intelligent officers and members of the numerous churches from the ,euphrates to the ,seine4 ,with such evidence and from such sources1 and the entire absence of any evidence of substitution1 it may well be regarded as morally certain1 that none occurred4 ,what was probable1 from the seeming use of the ,canonical ,gospels by ,justin and his contemporaries1 has become a moral certainty4 ,the ,memoirs which1 in the year one hundred and eighty1 were universally accepted1 were the same that forty years before were read with the ,prophets1 in city and country1 in all the churches every ,sabbath day4 ,of this there can be no doubt4 ,the ,memoirs of the year one hundred and eighty1 were ,,our ,,canonical ,,gospels2 and the ,memoirs of the year one hundred and forty1 were ,,our ,,canonical ,,gospels4 ,and we take our stand with ,justin1 with these ,gospels in our hands1 only forty years from the death of ,john1 the beloved disciple1 and at the close of a hundred years from the crucifixion of our ,lord4 ,and still we ascend the stream4 #a ,wright's ,logic1 etc41 p4 #ahg1 ,tischendorf1 p4 #dc4 #b ,norton's ,genuineness of the ,gospels1 etc41 ,part ,,ii4 c4 #a2 ,wright1 p4 #ahg4 #c ,wright1 pp4 #ahh1 #ahi1 ,tischendorf1 p4 #ce4 #d ,stowe's ,origin1 etc41 p4 #agf4 #e ,origin1 etc41 p4 #ce2 ,wright1 p4 #ahi4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,still ,,ascending ,,the ,,stream4 ,the evidence thus far has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that at the writing of ,justin's ,first ,apology1 the ,canonical ,gospels were read with the ,prophets in city and country1 on 8the day called ,sunday10 as authentic ,memoirs of our ,lord4 ,assuming the date#a of this ,apology to have been ,a4,d4 #ach or #aci1 the time was a little over one hundred years from the ,crucifixion1 and less than eighty years from the death of ,mark and ,luke1 and all the ,apostles other than ,john1 and only forty years from his death4 ,how long were these periods as they affect the argument from the universal reception of the ,gospels in ,justin's time1 and from the universal tradition in their favor which accompanied such reception8 ,the writer has within two days 7in ,april1 #ahha7 met with three persons who saw ,lafayette on his visit to ,new ,england in #ahbd4 ,one of them distinctly remembers the sentiment#b which ,lafayette gave at ,concord1 and another shook hands with him4 ,there were hundreds of ,revolutionary soldiers present1 some of whom the ,general recognized and called by name1 although he had not seen their faces for more than forty years4 ,this was in #ahbd4 ,whittier's poem describes one of these soldiers1 as he now remembers him1 at the time of ,monroe's tour in #ahag1 sixty-four years ago3 8,once a soldier1 blame him not1 ,that the ,quaker he forgot1 ,when to think of battles won1 ,and the red coats on the run1 ,laughed aloud ,friend ,morrison40 ,and throughout the country there are thousands now living,a who well knew men who were in active life during the ,war of the ,revolution4 ,in the ,granite ,monthly for ,december1 #ahhj1 was published the ,diary of ,rev4 ,timothy ,walker of ,concord1 for the year #aghj1 and there were earlier ,diaries kept by him which have been preserved by his descendants4 ,the ,diary of ,matthew ,patten of ,bedford1 from #agej to #agij1 is in the custody of ,charles ,h4 ,woodbury1 ,esq41 of ,new ,york4 ,the ,congregational church at ,concord1 of which ,timothy ,walker was the first pastor1 ,november1 #ahhj1 celebrated its one hundred and fiftieth anniversary4 ,there are several towns in ,new ,hampshire1 as ,londonderry1 ,dover1 ,exeter and ,portsmouth1 that were settled earlier than ,concord2 and some of them as early as #afbc4 ,the landing of the ,pilgrims was two hundred and sixty years ago4 ,it seems but as yesterday4 ,a century from the ,crucifixion was no longer than a century now2 and as an event1 to be remembered1 the ,crucifixion was as much greater than the ,landing of the ,pilgrims as the glory of the noonday sun is above that of the feeblest star in the most distant heavens4 ,the time that has elapsed since ,timothy ,walker wrote ,diaries which are now in existence is as long as from the ,crucifixion to ,justin's ,apology2 more than thirty years longer than from the martyrdom of ,peter and ,paul to ,justin's ,apology2 and sixty years longer than from ,john's death to ,justin's ,apology4 ,the churches in ,justin's time were not dealing with writings from a dim and misty past1 or of limited or infrequent use4 ,none were as ancient as ,walker's ,diary2 the last had not seen half its years2 they were in all the churches1 and read every ,sabbath day4 ,the argument which proves that there was no substitution between #adj and #ahj is as much more forcible to prove that there was no substitution between the years #ajj and #adj1 or between the years #fj and #ajj1 as those times were nearer the great events which the ,gospels recorded4 ,if1 for example1 there were accepted ,memoirs of our ,lord in the churches in the year #ajj1 from the presumed continuance of a state of things the existence of which has been proved1#c it should be presumed that they remained in the churches till ,justin's time1 there being no evidence to the contrary4 ,and so there would be the same 7or greater7 difficulties in the way of displacement and substitution1 between the year #ajj and the year #adj1 as between the year #adj and the year #ahj4 ,justin and his contemporaries had from their own recollection1#d or from others1 whether parents1 teachers1 presbyters or bishops1 as great facilities for knowing what ,memoirs were accepted in the churches forty years before1 as had ,irenus and his contemporaries in respect to the period of forty years before one hundred and eighty4 ,and there was a succession and continued life in the churches from #ajj to #adj1 the same as from #adj to #ahj4 ,this reasoning is applicable to ,clement and his contemporaries1 and shows that ,memoirs which were in the churches in the year #ajj could not have displaced accepted and generally received ,memoirs of any previous period4 ,we know from the ,epistle of ,clement1 as clearly as from ,justin's ,apology1 how ,christians loved and adored their ,divine ,lord and ,master1 and how strongly attached they must have been to any ,memoirs of him1 which they accepted as authentic4 ,and the testimony of ,pliny is1 that ,christians in his day were accustomed to meet before daybreak and sing a responsive hymn to ,christ as ,god4 ,it is utterly incredible that accepted ,memoirs of ,christ1 thus worshipped1 should have been thrown aside by presbyters or bishops1 and hundreds of churches1 throughout the ,roman ,empire1 without a shock that would have left unmistakable evidences of it in history4 ,there being an entire absence of any evidence of displacement and substitution1 it is morally certain there was none4 ,john's ,gospel1 however1 stands upon a different footing1 since it came in not to displace1 but to supplement4 ,john lived to the close of the first century4 ,who dared to forge a spurious ,gospel in his name1 so soon after his death that it had obtained such a footing in the churches1 at the end of forty years1 as to be quoted as his production8 ,who1 during that period1 was capable of composing it8 ,and how were hundreds of presbyters or bishops1 and churches1 from ,syria to ,gaul1 persuaded to receive a spurious ,gospel1 as the genuine work of the beloved disciple who was in life within the personal#d recollections of many8 ,it is a fact to be emphasized1 that neither this ,gospel1 nor the others1 can be assailed on historical or traditional grounds4 ,there is but one history or tradition concerning them4 ,the objections to them are either negative or speculative1 mere assumptions1 not supported by any history or tradition4 ,the first use of the four ,gospels of which there is any history1 is in statements of facts found to be recorded in them1 and in quotations of teachings of ,christ1 corresponding with them4 ,the first description of them after ,papias1 is that of 8,memoirs0 of ,christ1 8drawn up0 by ,apostles and companions of ,apostles4 ,the first mention of them by the names of the writers1 ascribes their authorship to the men whose names they now bear4 ,there is no history or tradition of a time when the first ,gospel was ascribed to any but ,matthew1 or the second to any but ,mark1 or the fourth to any but ,john#e1 or the third1 with ,acts1 to any but ,luke4 ,the standing objection that none of them is mentioned by name till the time of ,theophilus1 and ,irenus1 and the writer of the ,muratori ,canon1 is not of the slightest consequence as opposing evidence4 ,for1 if these ,gospels were not mentioned by name1 neither were any#f others2 and surely we are not expected to believe that there were no originals1 from which the many quotations1 from ,clement of ,rome1 in the year #ig1 down1 were taken4 ,this objection proves too much4 ,for it proves1 if it proves anything1 that there were no ,gospels or writings to answer to the quotations1 which1 under the circumstances1 is a palpable absurdity4 ,besides1 it is not true in respect to the ,first and ,second ,gospels1 for ,papias1 certainly as early as the middle of the second century1 and probably before the year #adj1 gave the names of ,matthew and ,mark respectively1 as their authors1 the latter being 8the interpreter of ,peter40 #a ,judge ,waite controverts the generally received opinion of the date of ,justin's ,first ,apology4 ,verissimus became ,csar in #aci1 but he is not addressed as ,csar1 but as 8philosopher40 ,in reply to this1 ,mr4 ,waite says1 that the same is true of the ,second ,apology1 8which is admitted by all to have been written after #aci40 ,in the first place1 there is considerable uncertainty which of the ,apologies was first written1 and some critics maintain that what is called the ,second was a preface to the ,first1 and others still that it was a continuation of the ,first4 7,see introductory notice to ,vol4 ,,ii4 of the ,a4 ,n4 ,c4 ,l47 ,in the second place1 the address to ,urbicus in the so-called ,second ,apology1 was not by ,justin4 ,he only gives it as the language of one ,lucius1 in narrating an occurrence which1 for aught that appears1 may have taken place before the year #aci4 ,mr4 ,waite also says that ,justin would be but twenty-five years of age in #aci4 ,he might have written his ,apology in #aci1 nevertheless4 ,and there are many who put his birth earlier than the year #aad1 and some as early as the year #he4 ,there are no certain data by which to determine the time of his birth4 ,again he says that ,marcion did not come to ,rome till about #adj1 and that ,justin 7c4 #bf7 refers to him as being 8even at this day alive1 and teaching his disciples to believe in some ,god greater than the ,creator40 ,but ,justin meant to express his abhorrence of his doctrines4 ,he refers to him as 8a man of ,pontus10 and again 7in c4 #eh7 as 8,marcion of ,pontus10 and says the devils put him forward4 ,he nowhere describes him as being of ,rome or at ,rome4 ,in his extensive travels he doubtless knew of him while he was at ,pontus4 ,judge ,waite also says that1 if in the year #aci1 ,justin would have said that ,christ was born #adj years ago1 instead of #aej4 ,but correcting the error for the beginning of our ,era1 the time would have been ,a4,d4 #adf1 or #add1 as we allow four or six years for the error1 and ,justin1 using round numbers1 would more naturally have taken the longer period4 ,there is nothing therefore in ,judge ,waite's arguments to change the opinion in what he concedes to be 8the very valuable ,encyclopedia of ,mc,clintock and ,strong10 and of ,page1 ,neander1 ,lemisch1 ,roberts and ,donaldson1 ,sears1 ,fisher1 ,eusebius1 7c4 #h7 and many others1 assigning the year #aci4 ,see also ,canonicity1 by ,dr4 ,charteris 7#ahhj7 p4 lv4 ,it is1 however1 not essential to the argument from the ,first ,apology1 whether it was written in the year #aci1 or #add1 or #adf1 or even #aej of our ,era4 ,by as much as it lengthens the period from the death of ,john to the date of the ,first ,apology1 it shortens the time between that date and the year #ahj4 #b 8,the memories of ,light ,infantry ,poor and ,yorktown ,scammel40 ,a ,rev4 ,simeon ,parmelee1 ,d4,d41 celebrated his one hundredth birthday at the house of his son-in-law ,hon4 ,e4 ,j4 ,hamilton1 ex-mayor of the city of ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y41 ,jan4 #af1 #ahhb4 ,his intellect was clear1 and to those who called he had an ever ready response1 and replied happily and wittily to the addresses4 ,he had been in the ministry from #ahjh to #ahfi1 and1 for years after1 preached occasionally4 ,his eldest daughter is #gb years of age1 and his descendants now living1 number #ec4 ,upon his #ijth birthday he wrote a hymn of considerable merit4 ,when #ajj years old1 he remembered with vivid freshness the ,inauguration of ,george ,washington1 although at that time but in his #hth year4 ,see ,congregationalist1 ,jan4 #be1 #ahhb4 #c ,see ,phillips1 ,parker1 and ,greenleaf1 as quoted in c4 #h4 #d ,justin in his ,first ,apology 7c4 #ae7 refers to many of sixty or seventy years of age1 who have been ,christ's disciples from childhood4 #e ,prof4 ,fisher 7p4 #fi7 says1 that besides the few individuals called the ,alogi1 or men 8without understanding10 there is no allusion to the denial of ,john's authorship of the ,fourth ,gospel by any writer1 before the latter part of the fourth century4 #f ,as to the controverted reference in ,justin's ,apology to 8,memoirs of ,him10 see c4 #d1 and c4 #g1 note #ad4 ,that1 if correctly interpreted by ,judge ,waite1 could only have been ,mark's ,gospel4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,in ,,their ,,proper ,,repositories4 ,certain propositions have been established by facts and arguments that cannot be successfully controverted3 7a7 ,the advent of ,christ and its stupendous results4 7b7 ,the formation of numerous churches which by the end of the first century were in all parts of the ,roman ,empire1 with presbyters or bishops and elders in every church1 and many thousands of communicants4 7c7 ,they regarded him with the greatest reverence and affection1 obeying his commands as their ,lord and ,master1 paying him divine honors1 and for his sake joyfully yielding up their lives4 7d7 ,of his disciples and followers1 twelve1 called ,apostles1 were understood to have special authority from him in the ,church4 7e7 ,from the nature of the case we should look for the reception in these numerous churches1 of ,memoirs of their ,lord which they would deem authentic1 and at so early a period1 that they would be able to determine whether they were authentic or not4 7f7 ,to such ,memoirs1 once accepted1 they would be so strongly attached that they could not be displaced and others substituted for them1 in hundreds of churches in all the ,roman ,empire1 without such controversy as would have left indubitable evidence of it4 7g7 ,as far back as history goes1 doctrines#a were taught1 facts asserted1 and quotations made1 corresponding with the ,canonical ,gospels1 and such use was continued until a time when there is a positive identification of them by name4 ,within this period there was one writer making numerous quotations and references1 who declared that the writings from which he quoted1 and to which he referred1 were 8,memoirs0 of ,christ 8drawn up0 by ,apostles or companions of ,apostles4 7h7 ,there is no proof of the existence of writings other than those ,gospels answering to his description1 or corresponding with the quotations2 and finally within forty years of his first reference to these 8,memoirs0 they are clearly seen to be the ,canonical ,gospels4 7i7 ,from first to last there is no evidence whatever of displacement of ,gospels previously accepted1 and the substitution of others for them in the churches generally4 7j7 ,the ,fourth ,gospel is of such a character1 and was in use so soon after the death of its author 7and who is also stated as its author in the ,gospels itself71 as to make the idea of attempted and successful forgery in the highest degree improbable4 7k7 ,and these ,gospels within less than eighty years from the death of the ,apostles other than ,john1 and within forty years of his death1 were read with the ,prophets in the churches1 in city and country1 every ,lord's day1 and accepted as ,apostolic4 7l7 ,from the earliest period they were where they should be if authentic1 and where they could not have been1 unless accepted as authentic4 ,some illustrations have already been given in chapter eleven of the brief interval between the ,apostles and ,justin ,martyr4 ,let any intelligent reader of sixty1 from his own recollection1 or any young person1 from the recollections of others with whom he is acquainted1 determine for himself4 ,the writer was admitted to the ,bar almost forty years ago2 he has within a few months seen an original deed#b of land in ,londonderry 7the home of his ancestors7 executed one hundred and fifty years ago2 he has in his possession certified copies of certificates of marriages and births1 in his own genealogical record--going back from one to two hundred years1 in one instance two hundred and thirty years1 and these certificates would be received as evidence in any ,court4 ,they would be received1 because made by the proper custodian of public documents1 found in the proper repository for them4 ,the presumption of law in such case is the judgment of charity4 ,it presumes that documents found in their proper repository1 and not bearing marks of forgery1 are genuine4 ,a deed forty years old1 followed by a possession agreeing with it1 is admitted in evidence without other proof of its execution4 ,our ,gospels in ,justin's time were where they should have been1 if authentic4 ,the ,church was the proper repository for authentic ,memoirs of its ,founder4 ,our ,gospels were there4 ,they were in their proper repository4 ,and upon every principle that rules in the administration of justice1 or in the common affairs of life1 it must be presumed that they were rightfully there4 ,their rejection is not 8the judgment of charity40 ,it reverses the maxim that fraud is not to be presumed4 ,it charges forgery1 of which there is no evidence1 upon persons whom it finds it impossible to discover and identify4 ,it imputes ignorance and indifference to multitudes who had every opportunity for knowing the truth1 and who were willing to suffer all things for their convictions of the truth4 ,it presses1 as of vital consequence1 trivial objections and alleged errors in chronology1 geography and history1 which 7if made out7 would not for a moment be thought sufficient to successfully impugn the authenticity of any secular work as well supported by external evidence4 ,it is unnecessary to further consider such objections4#c ,it is no exaggeration to say1 that the various theories and speculations of those who deny the genuineness of the ,gospels are1 in the main1 but ingenious attempts at the solution of the problem3 8,given1 the impossibility of miracles1 what may be supposed to be the true history of ,jesus ,christ80 ,the only consistent answer that could be made1 would be that upon such an hypothesis1 it is impossible to determine what was his life or character4 ,but1 given1 the possibility of miracles 7and if there is a ,god they must be possible71 there is no reasonable doubt of the authenticity of the ,gospels1 and the book of ,acts4 ,they come to us from their proper repositories1 and must be presumed to be rightfully there4 ,they are proved to have been in those repositories within but a short period from the death of the ,apostles4 ,they were accepted as ,apostolic1 and as having been drawn up by ,apostles or companions of ,apostles4 ,if such undoubted reception1 and use1 and tradition1 at so early a period1 and thence until now1 cannot be trusted1 no credit can be given to any writings or history from ancient times4 ,they can be trusted4 ,the stream which eighteen hundred years ago was issuing from ,apostolic times and the hills of ,palestine1 has flowed onward1 enriching and blessing the nations4 #a ,mr4 ,waite assumes that ,clement did not hold to a literal resurrection4 ,clement's language admits of no such construction1 although in writing to ,christians who understood all about it1 he was not as definite upon this point1 as ,justin in his address to a different class4 ,clement refers to the resurrection in c4 #bd3 8,let us consider1 beloved1 how the ,lord continually proves to us that there shall be a future resurrection1 of which he has rendered the ,lord ,jesus ,christ the first fruits by raising him from the dead40 ,and again in c4 #db1 after saying that the ,apostles were commissioned1 he adds3 8,having therefore1 received their order1 and being fully assured by the resurrection of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 and established in the ,word of ,god1 with full assurance of the ,holy ,ghost1 they went forth proclaiming that the kingdom of ,god was at hand40 ,the force of this language is not controlled by any means1 by reference to the day's following the night1 and the springing up of the fruits of the earth1 from the sowing of the seed4 #b ,the deed dated ,june #af1 #agca1 was by ,david ,morrison1 one of the grantees in the ,charter of ,londonderry of #agbb1 to his brother-in-law1 ,david ,mc,alister4 ,this deed with another from the same grantor to ,william ,mc,alister dated ,february #bd1 #agdf1 are now in the possession of ,jonathan ,mc,alister1 ,esq41 a descendant of ,david and an owner of the original granted land4 #c ,one other correction should be made4 ,judge ,waite arbitrarily assigns ,cerinthus to the year #ade4 ,he gives no reason or authority for it4 ,it is the testimony of all antiquity that ,cerinthus was contemporary with the ,apostle ,john1 and that ,john died about the year #ajj4 ,irenus1 upon the authority of ,polycarp1 says that ,john1 being about to enter a bath and finding ,cerinthus within1 drew back saying3 8,let us even be gone lest the bath should fall to pieces1--,cerinthus1 that enemy of the truth1 being within40 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,encyclopedia of ,mc,clintock and ,strong1 p4 #aij4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,integrity ,,of ,,the ,,gospels4 ,as stated in former chapters1 this is to be presumed till the contrary is shown4 ,there is1 however1 strong confirmation from many sources4 ,first4--,the writings of the ,apostolic ,fathers present to our view the ,christ of the ,gospels1 in his advent and life1 ministry and teaching1 death and resurrection4 ,in particular1 his resurrection from the dead is cited by ,clement 7,a4,d4 #ig7 as an earnest of that of his followers1 and as a proof that he came forth from ,god4 ,the greatest of miracles1 and the central fact of ,christianity1 appears in the earliest writings 7outside of the ,new ,testament71 the date of which can be determined4 ,judge ,waite1 in his 8wonderful hundred#a years of silence by ,christian writers0 concerning the miracles of ,christ1 is oblivious of what he had before stated1 that aside from the ,gospels1 there are left of the first century 8only the ,epistles of ,paul1 the one ,epistle of ,clement of ,rome1 some slight notices by ,jewish and heathen writers1 and the few legends and traditions preserved in the writings of the ,fathers40 ,such an argument from silence1 where there are no writings extant1 is not befitting a judge4 ,second4--,the earliest quotations substantially agree with the ,canonical ,gospels4 ,some of those by ,justin ,martyr have been given in chapters five and six1 and those by ,clement may be found in the ,note4#b ,these quotations by ,apostolic and ,christian ,fathers1 afford ample#c means for comparison1 and no variations appear to indicate any changes to affect the character or teachings of our ,lord4 ,professor ,fisher says#d of ,justin's references1 that they embrace 8not more0 than two sayings of ,jesus that have not substantial parallels in the four ,evangelists4 ,the first is1 8,in what things ,i shall apprehend you1 in these will ,i judge you10 which is found also in ,clement of ,alexandria1 and ,hippolytus4 ,the second is1 8,there shall be schisms and heresies10 a prediction referred also to ,christ by ,tertullian4 ,these sayings may have come from tradition4 ,it seems not improbable that they were current expressions1 embodying what ,jesus taught#e respecting the standard by which men shall be judged according to the light which they have received1 and divisions in the same household4 7,see cc4 #f to #h ante74 ,third4--,the facts in ,christ's history referred to by the ,fathers1 with very rare exceptions 7the most of which were stated and explained in chapter seven71 correspond with the ,evangelists4 ,the exceptional facts are such as would naturally have been derived from tradition1 and they in no way change the life or character of our ,lord as they appear in the ,gospels4 ,the marvel is1 that they should be so few and unimportant1 considering that some of the writers lived at a time when#f 8traditionary reminiscences must have possessed all their freshness40 ,fourth4--,marcion's ,gospel 7written as early as the year #ade71 except in intentional omissions and mutilations1 for which he was sharply called to an account by ,tertullian1 presents a substantial agreement with ,luke's ,gospel4 ,judge ,waite claims that it was earlier than ,luke's2 but the almost unanimous verdict of scholars is against him4 ,indeed1 ,professor ,fisher1 in the ,march number of the ,princeton ,review for #ahha 7p4 #bag71 says3 8,that ,marcion's ,gospel was an abridgment of our ,luke is now conceded on all hands1 even by the author of #8,supernatural ,religion4' ,dr4 ,sanday has not only demonstrated this by a linguistic argument1 but has proved by a comparison of texts that the ,gospel of the ,canon must have been for some time in use1 and have attained to a considerable circulation1 before ,marcion applied to it his pruning-knife4 ,there is no reason to doubt that he took for his purpose a ,gospel of established authority in the ,church40 ,professor ,curtiss also says that 8the weight of scholarship is overwhelmingly in favor of the priority of ,luke40 ,and he quotes from the last edition of the 8,supernatural ,religion10 the admission referred to by ,professor ,fisher4 ,its anonymous author says that ,dr4 ,sanday's very able examination 8has convinced us that our earlier hypothesis is untenable2 that the portions of our third ,synoptic1 excluded from ,marcion's ,gospel1 were really written by the same pen which composed the mass of the work2 and1 consequently1 that our third ,synoptic existed in his time1 and was substantially in the hands of ,marcion40 ,dr4 ,sanday#g shows1 as he expresses it1 that ,marcion's ,gospel stands to ,luke's 8entirely in the relation of defect4 ,we may say entirely1 for the additions are so insignificant--some thirty words in all1 and those for the most part supported by other authority--that for practical purposes they are not to be reckoned4 ,with the exception of these thirty words inserted1 and also some slight alterations of phrase1 ,marcion's ,gospel presents simply an abridgment of our ,st4 ,luke40 ,that ,marcion's ,gospel was not one of ,justin's 8,memoirs10 is plain from his calling him a wolf1#g 8sent forth by the devil40 ,although ,marcion's ,gospel is not in existence1 except as reproduced from the works of ,tertullian and ,epiphanius1 its agreement with ,luke 7with the exceptions which they pointed out7 becomes important evidence that ,luke is to-day as it was in the year one hundred and forty-five4 ,fifth4--,our ,gospels and ,acts before the close of the second century of our era were translated into other languages1 and the ,syriac1 ,coptic and ,latin versions which have come down to us with some imperfections and slight variations1 are in substantial agreement with our present version in all that is material4 ,a translation of a given date presumably represents a text of greater age than itself4 ,hence the manuscripts from which these translations were made were older than the year two hundred1 and probably older than the year one hundred and fifty4 ,sixth4--,the early and continued multiplication of copies affords strong evidence4 ,those who copied from originals deemed authentic would certainly endeavor to make exact copies4 ,as these ,memoirs were read in all the churches1 and1 doubtless1 in ,christian families and ,christian schools1 they soon became very numerous4 ,there was fraternal intercourse between the churches4 ,any substantial difference in the copies would be noticed4 ,any such differences would be transmitted in copies made from these copies1 and so on1 to the manuscripts which have reached us4 ,the number of copies before the tenth persecution 7commenced ,a4,d4 #cjj1 and lasting ten years7 must have reached many thousands4#h ,so complete was then supposed to be the extinction of ,christianity1 that coins were struck and inscriptions set up1 recording the fact1 that the 8,christian superstition0 was now utterly exterminated1 and the worship of the gods restored by ,diocletian1 who assumed the name of ,jupiter1 and ,maximian1 who took that of ,hercules4 ,this persecution1 in addition to the destruction of life1 was specially#i directed to the destruction of copies of the ,scriptures4 ,seventh4--,constantine1 their successor1 in the year #cca1 caused fifty copies of the ,scriptures to be made for ,byzantium1 under the care of ,eusebius of ,csarea1 the church historian4 ,the manuscript discovered by the celebrated ,tischendorf1 in #ahei1 at the convent of ,st4 ,catherine1 on ,mount ,sinai1 is believed to be one of those copies1 and to be the oldest#aj ,greek manuscript in existence4 ,if one of the fifty1 it is more than fifteen hundred years old4 ,it is called the ,sinaitic ,codex4 ,the second rank belongs to the ,vatican ,codex4 ,its date is probably not later than the fourth century4 ,the next in the order of time is the ,alexandrian ,codex4 ,its date is the latter part of the fourth century or the beginning of the fifth century4 ,the ,vatican has been in the ,vatican ,library since #adde4 ,the ,alexandrian was sent1 in #afbh1 by the ,patriarch of ,constantinople1 to ,charles ,i41 and is now in the ,british ,museum4 ,the ,sinaitic was presented by its discoverer to the ,emperor of ,russia4 ,there is no doubt whatever that these three manuscripts were written back of the 8dark ages10 and at a time when the true text could be known with great exactness1 and was comparatively free from errors4 ,with these1 there are fifty manuscripts that are a thousand years old4 ,there are1 it is estimated1 more than seventeen hundred manuscripts of the whole1 or portions1 of the ,new ,testament1 ranging in date from the fourth to the sixteenth century4 ,providence1 says ,tischendorf1 has ordained for the ,new ,testament more sources of the greatest antiquity than are possessed by all the old ,greek literature put together4 ,the number of manuscripts of the ,greek ,classics1 says#aa ,professor ,stowe1 is very small compared with the ,greek ,testament manuscripts1 and the oldest of them scarcely reaches nine hundred years4 ,there are such differences between the ,sinaitic1 ,vatican1 and ,alexandrian manuscripts as indicate that no two of them were taken from the same original4 ,a little reflection will convince any one1 that while no single copy may be literally exact from its original1 the multiplication of copies adds greatly to substantial accuracy as the result of the whole4 ,for although there is a tendency to a repetition of some errors1 by different copyists from the same original1 as where successive sentences end with the same word1 yet1 in general1 different copyists would make different errors1 one in one part of the instrument1 and the other in another1 and1 where the copies are numerous1 they mutually correct each other4 ,so it happens that in the different manuscripts of the ,new ,testament1 with different readings of many thousands 7counting all trifles1 like the omission to dot an i or cross a t in ,english chirography1 as different readings71 there is substantial agreement4 ,it is a fact to be emphasized1 says#ab ,professor ,fisher1 8that the ,scriptures are almost utterly free from wilful corruption20 and he endorses the opinion of the great critic1 ,bentley1 that the real text 8is competently exact in the worst manuscripts now extant2 nor is one article of faith or moral precept either perverted or lost in them40 ,and examining the subject in hand from a lawyer's standpoint1 the worst manuscript1 or translation1 or version1 is sufficient for the purposes of the argument4 ,and to cite once more the great authority of ,professor ,greenleaf1#ac to the genuineness of the ,four ,gospels3 8,the entire text of the ,corpus ,juris ,civilis is received as authority in all the courts of ,continental ,europe1 upon much weaker evidence of its genuineness2 for the integrity of the ,sacred ,text has been preserved by the jealousy of opposing sects beyond any moral possibility of corruption2 while that of the ,roman ,civil ,law has been preserved only by tacit consent1 without the interest of any opposing school to watch over and preserve it from alteration40 ,and now 7#ahhb7 the ,new ,revision1 both of the text and of the translation1 by scholars who have no superior1 and the careful product of ten years' labor1 has been long enough before the world to know the results4 ,not a single fact or witness to the ,resurrection is lost1 and not a single doctrine is changed1 while many passages are better understood4 #a ,he puts the date of the ,epistle of ,barnabas1 ,a4 ,d4 #acj1 but it is generally placed earlier4 #b 8,be merciful that ye may obtain mercy2 forgive that it may be forgiven to you2 as ye do1 so shall it be done unto you2 as ye judge so shall ye be judged2 as ye are kind so shall kindness be shown to you2 with what measure ye mete with the same it shall be measured to you0 7c4 #ac74 ,matt4 vi4 #ab-ae2 ,matt4 vii4 #b2 ,luke vi4 #cf-ch4 8,this people honoreth me with their lips1 but their heart is far from me0 7c4 #ae74 ,matt4 xv4 #h2 ,mark vii4 #f4 8,woe to that man6 ,it were better for him that he had never been born1 than that he should cast a stumbling block before one of my elect1 yea it were better for him that a millstone should be hung about his neck1 and he should be sunk in the depths of the sea1 than that he should cast a stumbling-block before any of my little ones0 7c4 #df74 ,matt4 xviii4 #f2 ,matt4 xxvi4 #bd2 ,mark ix1 #db2 ,luke xvii4 #b4 #c ,the entire ,gospel could be reproduced from those writings1 including ,irenus1 ,tertullian1 ,clement of ,alexandria1 and ,origen4 #d ,the ,princeton ,review for ,march1 #ahha1 p4 #bja4 #e ,matt4 x4 #cd-cf2 ,luke x4 #ac-ae2 ,luke xii4 #dg-ec4 #f ,bampton ,lectures for #ahgg1 p4 #bba1 by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,a4 ,row1 ,m4 ,a41 ,pembroke ,college1 ,oxford1 ,prebendary of ,st4 ,paul's ,cathedral4 #g ,ap4 ,i41 cc4 #bb1 #eh4 ,see also ,sanday's ,gospels of the ,second ,century1 p4 #bad1 and 8,canonicity10 by ,a4 ,h4 ,charteris1 ,d4 ,d41 #ahhj1 pp4 #gf1 #cic4 #h ,norton estimates the number by the close of the second century at sixty thousand1 which may be a large estimate4 #i ,vol4 ,,vii4 of ,mc,clintock and ,strong1 p4 #iff2 ,neander's ,church ,history1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #adh4 ,neander says that ,feb4 #bb1 ,a4,d4 #cjc1 on one of the great pagan festivals1 at the first dawn of day1 the magnificent church of ,nicomedia 7then the imperial residence7 was broken open1 the copies of the ,bible found in it were burned1 and the whole church abandoned to plunder and then to destruction4 ,the next day was published an edict that all assembling of ,christians for the purpose of religious worship was forbidden2 churches were to be demolished to their foundations2 all manuscripts of the ,bible should be burned2 those who held places of honor and rank must renounce their faith1 or be degraded2 those belonging to the lower walks of private life to be divested of their rights as citizens and freemen2 slaves were to be incapable of receiving their freedom so long as they remained ,christians2 and in judicial proceedings the torture might be used against all ,christians of whatsoever rank4 8,it is quite evident10 says ,neander1 8that the plan now was to extirpate ,christianity from the root40 ,but it was the darkness which preceded the dawn1 for this was the last of the ,pagan persecutions4 #aj ,a facsimile steel engraving forming the frontispiece to ,tischendorf's ,new ,testament1 gives specimens of the ,greek text in which these three manuscripts are severally written4 ,the difference in the style of the text is one great means by which experts determine the age of the manuscript4 ,the oldest manuscripts are written in large1 square1 upright capitals2 and they are called ,uncials4 ,the later manuscripts are written in flowing scripts2 they are called ,cursives4 ,the proportion of ,uncial to ,cursive manuscripts is about one to ten4 ,the ,cursive was introduced in the tenth century4 #aa ,origin and ,history of the ,books of the ,new ,testament1 by ,prof4 ,c4 ,e4 ,stowe1 ,a4,d4 #ahfg1 pp4 #ca1 #fb4 #ab ,in ,scribner's ,monthly for ,february1 #ahha1 p4 #fag4 #ac ,an ,examination of the ,testimony of the ,four ,evangelists by the rules of ,evidence administered in ,courts of ,justice1 etc4 ,by ,simon ,greenleaf1 ,,ll4,d41 ,royal ,professor of ,law in ,harvard ,university 7,a4,d4 #ahdf71 p4 #bh4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,credibility ,,of ,,the ,,evangelists4 ,the question of their credibility is before that of their inspiration4 ,if uninspired1 they may have given us everything essential to the determination of ,christ's resurrection4 ,if inspired1 inspiration may have been bestowed in such a manner as to leave them subject to some of the limitations of human testimony4 ,if reliable accounts of the life1 teachings1 death1 and resurrection1 of our ,lord1 were to be published to the world1 it was of the last importance that they should not carry upon their face the appearance of collusion and contrivance4 ,let any one who is disturbed by any seeming contradictions or errors1 consider for a moment what would be the consequence if they did not exist4 ,if each writer narrated the same occurrences and teachings and in the same terms1 it would be extremely difficult1 if not impossible1 to believe that they were independent witnesses4 ,and so1 if each should give all of the same occurrences and teachings1 although in different terms1 or a part of them1 but in the same terms1 it would be almost as difficult to believe that we have independent witnesses4 ,as it is1 no question can arise4 ,neither of them covers the whole ground1 and where the same matters appear1 it is1 in general1 except in brief passages easily remembered1 in different terms4 ,we are sure there was no collusion4 ,we are sure we have the testimony of independent writers4 ,this is conceded4 ,says ,judge ,waite 7pp4 #caa1 #cac73 ,that the ,gospels 8are not merely copied one from the other1 with changes1 is the almost unanimous verdict of ,biblical scholars40 ,and in this1 he expresses the verdict of those who reject1 not less than of those who accept the ,gospels4 ,among the limitations attending mere human testimony1 are1 that1 ordinarily1 no witness will state the whole of any transaction1 and no two witnesses will state it in precisely the same terms1 unless there is fraud or collusion1 and the testimony of each is but the recital of something that has been committed to memory4 ,another limitation is1 that even with two or more witnesses1 errors to some extent will come in4 ,there will be some lack of correct observation1 or some misrecollection1--not only the omission of a part1 but positive misstatement by one or more of the witnesses4 ,the whole transaction is to be gathered from all the witnesses4 ,and the law1 having respect to human infirmities1 says it is enough in all cases to prove the substance of words alleged to have been spoken1 or the substance of the issue1 in any civil or criminal cause2 immaterial errors of time1 or place1 or distance1 or other circumstance1 will be disregarded4 ,now it is conceivable that the ,evangelists1 under the guidance of the ,divine ,spirit1 may have been left 7to some extent7 subject to these limitations1 in order that their testimony1 conforming to these laws of observation and memory1 be the more credible4 ,hence1 whether the ,evangelists1 in this stage of the inquiry1 be regarded as inspired or uninspired1 it is labor lost1 to adduce alleged errors#a or contradictions which1 if made out1 could not seriously affect their honesty and general competency4 ,in order that a witness receive our confidence1 we should be satisfied of his means of knowledge1 his capacity to ascertain the facts1 and his disposition to give a correct account of them4 ,two of the writers1 ,matthew and ,john1 were of the twelve 7and ,john was the beloved disciple7 and hence they had the best possible means of knowing the facts4 ,matthew1 from his business of a tax-gatherer1 may be presumed to have been sharp1 shrewd and observant4 ,john1 from his most intimate association1 was pre-eminently qualified to give testimony4 ,he gives it with solemnity equal to an oath3 8,and he that saw bare record1 and his record is true2 and he knoweth that he saith true1 that ye might believe0 7c4 xix4 #ce74 8,and many other signs truly did ,jesus in the presence of his disciples1 which are not written in this book2 but these are written1 that ye might believe that ,jesus is the ,christ1 the ,son of ,god2 and that believing1 ye might have life through his name0 7c4 xx4 #cj1 #ca74 ,again1 after stating what ,peter asked concerning the disciple 8whom ,jesus loved10 and what followed1 it is said3 8,this is the disciple which testifieth of these things1 and who wrote these things2 and we#b know that his testimony is true0 7c4 xxi4 #bj-bd74 ,this ,gospel1 obviously written later than the others1 omits much that is contained in them1 and is1 so to speak1 of higher order4 ,the first incident mentioned in it1 is the witness borne to ,christ by the ,baptist4 ,it gives none of the parables1 so abundant in the ,synoptics4#c ,it relates but two of the miracles recorded in them1 i4 e4 the feeding of the five thousand1 and the walking upon the water1 7c4 vi4 #a-ba74 ,it adds six miracles not recorded in the ,synoptics 7among which is the raising of ,lazarus71 numerous conversations and discourses of the greatest interest1 and facts relating to the crucifixion and resurrection1 of great weight as evidence4 ,it is written in purer ,greek than the others2 its style#d is elegant and graceful2 it gives every indication of calm1 thoughtful and deliberate composition1 and in these respects tends to confirm the uniform tradition that it was the ripe product of a mind and heart1 enriched1 quickened1 and vitalized1 by familiar intercourse with our ,lord and the truths which he declared1 as well as by the ,spirit promised to the ,apostles4 ,men with favorable native gifts1 become educated fast under such influences4 ,it affords about the only means for a connected chronological history of our ,lord's ministry1 which is seen to have embraced a longer#e period1 than could have been ascertained from the ,synoptics4 ,although ,mark was not one of the twelve1 the character of his ,gospel in its life-like description of events1 and its omitting nothing,a where ,peter was prominent1 confirms the tradition1 that he was an attendant upon ,peter's ministry1 and was his interpreter4 ,nine-tenths#f of the incidents related in ,mark are also recorded in the other ,gospels4 ,luke was an educated man1 and1 as he incidentally discloses1 a companion of ,paul in a part of his journeyings4 ,his ,gospel was evidently drawn up with great care4 ,in the prologue 7c4 i4 #a-e7 he gives a reason for his writing1 and the sources of his information4 8,many have taken in hand to set forth in order a declaration of those things which are most surely believed among us40 ,these things1 he says1 8were delivered unto us by those who from the beginning were eye witnesses and ministers of the ,word40 ,he was stimulated to give an additional narrative 78having had perfect understanding of all things from the very first07 for the satisfaction of his friend1 ,theophilus1 and in order that he might know 8the certainty of those things10 wherein he had been instructed4 ,no historian could enter upon his work in a better spirit1 or with more excellent qualifications and opportunities4 ,in a subsequent treatise which in terms refers to the former1 he finds nothing to retract or qualify4 ,can any one tell why ,luke1 as a historian1 is not entitled to as much credit as ,josephus8 ,in comparing the ,gospels with each other1 or with ,josephus1 it should be constantly borne in mind1 that omission 7except under special circumstances7 is not contradiction4 ,the facts of history1 like the conclusions of a jury1 are to be drawn from all credible sources1 and the transaction deemed to be as shown upon all the evidence4 ,positive testimony from a single witness may prove a fact against the negative testimony of any number of witnesses1 who are silent upon the subject4 ,it is also to be remembered that the ,gospels are not so much connected histories1 as reminiscences of events and teachings1 with but little regard 7sometimes an utter disregard7 to their chronological order4 ,neither ,gospel is1 of itself1 any approach to a connected history from ,christ's birth to his ascension4 ,the events1 so far as known to us1 are to be gathered from them all4 ,mark begins with the ,baptist at the river ,jordan1 and ,john at about the same time4 ,it is not to be inferred that they knew nothing of the infancy1 or childhood1 or young manhood of ,jesus4 ,matthew omits the presentation at the temple1 the vision to the ,shepherds1 and other incidents2 and ,luke omits the visit of the ,wise men1 the slaying of the children1 the flight into ,egypt1 and other incidents4 ,but in so doing1 neither contradicts the other2 nor does ,josephus1 by his silence concerning these events1 contradict the ,evangelists4 ,he may have been ignorant of some of these events1 for he was not born until the year #cg1 and1 being a ,jew and not a ,christian1 he might not choose to mention those which had come to his knowledge4 ,luke's ,gospel may or may not have made use of writings then in existence relating to ,christ 7but which never found general acceptance71 and the same is true of the ,first and ,second ,gospels4 ,it is no impeachment of their credibility4 ,every historian makes such use of materials that he deems reliable1 as best answers his purpose1 and his history is none the less trustworthy on that account4 ,hence1 as a matter of evidence1 it is of no consequence how many or how few1 previous manuscripts may be traced in our ,gospels1 or either of them4 ,such writings had an ephemeral existence1 never came into general use1 and the ,four ,gospels and no others were the accepted ,gospels in all the churches4 ,whatever literature of the kind preceded them perished so early that it cannot be told when it disappeared1 or what was its character or completeness4 ,the ,evangelists give every mark of honest witnesses4 ,their story is simple1 straightforward and unimpassioned1 even under circumstances calculated to arouse resentment4 ,they seem intent upon nothing but the giving of a truthful narrative1 not sparing themselves or extenuating their own faults4 ,their frequent incidental allusions to matters of government1 custom1 nationality1 etc41 and minuteness of detail1 are such as would never be found in false witnesses4 8,a false witness10 says ,mr4 ,greenleaf1 8will not willingly detail any circumstances in which his testimony will be open to contradiction1 nor multiply them where there is danger of being detected by a comparison of them with other accounts equally circumstantial40 ,it would detract nothing from the credit of the ,evangelists1 if1 in the multitude of their incidental references1 error should be found in a few of them1 for some error is inseparable from all human productions2 and their inspiration may not have been so circumstantial as to exclude immaterial errors4 ,with such differences as show most convincingly that the ,evangelists are independent witnesses1 there is such unity in the character and life of ,christ1 as exhibited by them1 as shows the same original for the likeness4 ,this essential unity of the ,gospel is evidenced by the fact that not a single church or communion exists1 that does not accept all the ,gospels1 if either4 ,from internal evidence1 it is extremely probable that the ,synoptics were written before the destruction of ,jerusalem4 ,luke was certainly written before ,acts1 and the history in ,acts is not carried later than the year #fb1 eight years before that event4 ,as the four undisputed ,epistles were all written before the year #fj1 the logical order will be to present the testimony of ,paul to the ,resurrection before that of the ,evangelists4 #a ,president ,bartlett believes that notwithstanding its long line of exposure1 the outer historical difficulties seem reduced to the solitary question of the taxing under ,cyrenius4 7,the ,princeton ,review for ,january1 #ahhj1 p4 #dd47 ,aside from any question of inspiration1 it is improbable that ,luke made a mistake4 ,justin ,martyr1 who wrote at a very early period1 in his ,apology to the ,roman ,emperor1 refers to this taxing as a well known event 7,ap41 c4 #cd74 ,he again refers to it in his ,dialogue 7c4 #gh7 as being the first census taken in ,judea under ,cyrenius4 ,celsus1 who was not wanting in skill or inclination to attack at all points1 found no occasion here4 ,it may well be that a person holding the office which ,cyrenius held at the first enrolment was called a 8procurator40 ,or ,luke in speaking of this enrolment may have referred to ,cyrenius by the title which he afterwards bore2 or ,cyrenius may have been in the office twice4 ,president ,bartlett also concludes with ,warrenton that there is not any instance of a really inapposite quotation from the ,old ,testament1 although the quotations are sometimes inaccurate4 ,he also concludes that the instances of alleged contradictions may be reduced to five1 and that there is no insurmountable difficulty in reconciling them4 ,but1 for reasons stated in the text1 the inquiry is not material to our argument4 #b ,many suppose that the 8we0 are the ,elders at ,ephesus4 ,but if so1 why did they not sign8 ,the 8we0 preceded by the unmistakable reference to ,john and followed by the first person singular1 in the closing verse1 is as likely to have been ,john4 #c 8,synoptics0--a word often used by writers at the present day to designate the first three ,gospels4 #d ,the ,apocalypse is quite different in style and in respect to pure ,greek4 ,for these reasons and others some of the early ,fathers denied that the ,apostle wrote it4 ,but such was the early tradition4 ,justin ,martyr refers to him as the author1 and as ,dr4 ,sears1 in his ,heart of ,christ1 well argues1 these differences are sufficiently accounted for by the highly excited state of mind in which the ,apocalypse was written2 and he points out many agreements both in doctrine and mode of expression4 #e ,three years1 and possibly four4 ,a ,its omission of ,peter's want of faith1 as recorded in ,matthew #ad-cj1 is an exception4 #f ,wright's ,logic1 etc41 p4 #baj2 ,norton's ,genuineness1 etc41 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ahh2 ,wescott's ,introduction1 cc4 #c and #d4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,apocalypse ,,and ,,the ,,four ,,epistles4 ,while all ,infidels1 from ,celsus before the year #ahj to ,waite1 in #ahha1 have agreed that 8either ,jesus was not really dead1 or he did not really rise again10 some#a of them have assumed the one1 and some the other alternative4 ,strauss1 with ,celsus1 doubts the reality of the resurrection1 rather than the death4 ,schleiermacher1 on the other hand1 held that ,jesus returned again to life from a state of lethargy2 and this view1 although not the position generally taken by skeptics1 is still held by a very few4 ,there have been two institutions in the ,christian church1 the ,lord's ,supper and the ,lord's day1 that have testified from the beginning that ,jesus was really dead1 and did really rise again from the dead4 ,they displaced the ,jewish ,passover and the ,jewish ,sabbath1 both strongly entrenched in the law of ,moses and long established custom4 ,such substitution can be accounted for1 only upon the hypothesis of the fullest conviction of the death and resurrection of our ,lord4 ,the ,lord's day is referred to by ,paul in ,first ,corinthians 7c4 xvi47 under the designation of 8the first day of the week10 and is mentioned by ,john in ,revelation 7c4 i4 #aj71 where he says1 8,i was in the ,spirit on the ,lord's ,day40 ,the ,lord's ,supper has great prominence given to it by ,paul in the eleventh chapter of ,first ,corinthians4 ,those to whom he writes are admonished not to eat 8of that bread10 or drink 8of that cup10 in an unworthy manner1 8,for as often as ye eat this bread and drink this cup1 ye proclaim the ,lord's death till he come40 ,as to the origin of this sacrament1 he says1 8,i have received of the ,lord that which ,i also delivered unto you1 that the ,lord ,jesus the same night in which he was betrayed took bread1 and when he had given thanks1 he brake and said1 ,take1 eat2 this is my body broken for you2 this do in remembrance of me3 and after the same manner also he took the cup1 when he had supped1 saying1 ,this cup is the ,new ,testament in my blood2 this do ye as oft as ye drink it1 in remembrance of me40 ,this ,epistle was written as early as the year#b #eg1 or within #bg years after the ,crucifixion4 ,it is not to be doubted that such a command would be observed from the first formation of any church4 ,both the death and resurrection of ,christ appear in the book of ,revelation4 ,he is called 8,the first begotten of the dead0 7c4 i4 #e71 8,he that liveth and was dead0 7c4 i4 #hh71 8,the ,lamb as it had been slain10 before whom the four living creatures and the elders 7as representing the whole ,church7 fall down1 saying1 8,thou art worthy to take the book1 and to open the seals thereof2 for thou wast slain1 and hast redeemed us to ,god by thy blood1 out of every kindred1 and tongue1 and people1 and nation0 7c4 v4 #f to #aj74 ,and ,john says that he was in exile1 8for the ,word of ,god1 and for the testimony of ,jesus ,christ0 7c4 i4 #i74 ,what was this 8testimony10 other than that which ,luke says in ,acts 7c4 iv4 #b7 was given by ,peter and ,john when the ,sadducees were 8grieved that they taught the people1 and preached through ,jesus ,christ the resurrection from the dead20 or other than that1 given by ,peter in the presence of ,john1 7c4 iii4 #ae7 that the ,jews had 8killed the ,prince of ,life1 whom ,god hath raised from the dead2 whereof we are witnesses40 ,even from the book of ,revelation#c alone1 were there no other proof1 should we conclude that ,john testified that ,jesus died and rose again4 ,this was the burden of ,paul's preaching and the inspiration of his life4 ,nor do we stop with ,paul4 ,from his writings we know that all the ,apostles and the whole ,church from the beginning1 maintained the same grand theme with all the strength of conviction of which men are capable4 ,he had been preaching three years prior to the first visit to ,jerusalem referred to in ,galatians 7c4 i4 #ah74 ,at this visit he had 8returned again10 to ,damascus4 ,his leaving ,damascus was probably the time when he was let down from the wall in a basket1 as stated in ,second ,corinthians 7c4 xi4 #cc71 and the city was then held 8under ,aretus the ,king40 ,fourteen years after his conversion or his escape 7it is uncertain which71 he went up to ,jerusalem with ,barnabas1 taking ,titus also with him4 ,the precise date of his conversion is unknown1 but was approximately#d in the year #cf4 ,he writes of the last visit mentioned in ,galatians1 8that when ,james1 ,cephas and ,john1 who seemed to be pillars1 perceived the grace that was given unto me1 they gave to me and ,barnabas the right hand of fellowship2 that we should go unto the heathen1 and they unto the circumcision40 ,from that time1 then1 if not before1 with the full recognition of all the ,apostles1 he became distinctively the ,apostle to the ,gentiles4 ,and at the first visit mentioned1 he saw ,james1 the ,lord's brother1 and also ,peter1 and abode with him fifteen days4 ,afterwards1 he went into the regions of ,syria and ,cilicia1 and was unknown by face unto the churches of ,judea1 but they had heard1 8,that he which persecuted us in times past now preacheth the faith which once he destroyed20 and he says1 8they glorified ,god in me0 7c4 i4 #ah-bd74 ,he says in the thirteenth verse1 8,ye have heard of my conversation in time past1 in the ,jews' religion1 how that beyond measure ,i persecuted the church of ,god and wasted it40 ,as there is no doubt what 8the faith0 was1 which he preached after his conversion1 so there is no doubt what 8the faith0 was 8which once he destroyed40 ,within three years after the commencement of his ministry1 he saw ,james the ,lord's brother1 and abode with ,peter fifteen days2 and at the expiration of the fourteen years1 all the ,apostles were ready to give him the right hand of fellowship4 ,as there is no doubt what 8faith0 he preached 7which was the same which he had destroyed71 so there is none as to what faith the others preached1 and had preached from the beginning4 ,his conversion was within six years of the ,crucifixion4 ,as he from that time preached ,jesus and the ,resurrection1 there is no doubt but that ,jesus and the ,resurrection were preached during the six years before his conversion4 ,hence1 from ,paul's four ,epistles 7whose genuineness is beyond controversy71 we are inevitably carried back to the first ministry of any of the ,apostles1 for the time when the doctrine of the ,resurrection was first proclaimed4 ,this conclusion is reached without recourse to the testimony of either of the ,evangelists2 and believers may say with ,renan1 though in a different spirit1 8,thanks to the ,epistle to the ,galatians60 ,if from this ,epistle the precise commencement of the ministry of ,peter and ,john cannot be determined1 it must be inferred that it was before1 and apparently some time before1 ,paul's conversion1 which1 as has been seen1 was within six years of the ,crucifixion4 ,for this reason1 as well as many others1 the importance of ,paul's testimony can hardly be overestimated4 ,but in order that its full force may be better apprehended1 it may be useful to present it more in detail1 as3 ,in ,romans 8,god commendeth his love toward us in that while we were yet sinners1 ,christ died for us0 7,rom4 v4 #h72 8,christ being raised from the dead1 dieth no more0 7,rom4 vi4 #i72 8,christ that died1 yea1 rather that is risen again1 who is even at the right hand of ,god0 7,rom4 viii4 #cd72 8,declared to be the ,son of ,god1 with power according to the spirit of holiness1 by the resurrection from the dead0 7,rom4 i4 #d72 8,the word is nigh thee1 in thy mouth and in thy heart1 that is the word of faith which we preach1 that if thou shalt confess with thy mouth the ,lord ,jesus1 and shalt believe in thy heart that ,god hath raised him from the dead1 thou shalt be saved0 7,rom4 x4 #h1 #i72 ,and to the ,galatians--8,paul1 an ,apostle1 not of men1 neither by man1 but by ,jesus ,christ1 and ,god the ,father who raised him from the dead0 7,gal4 i4 #a72 ,and to the ,corinthians--8,now if ,christ be preached that he rose from the dead1 how say some among you that there is no resurrection of the dead60 8,but if there be no resurrection of the dead1 then is ,christ not risen20 8,and if ,christ be not risen1 then is our preaching vain1 and your faith is also vain20 8,yea1 and we are found false witnesses of ,god because we have testified of ,god that he raised up ,christ1 whom he raised not up1 if so be that the dead rise not0 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ab to #af72 8,for ,i delivered unto you ,,first ,,of ,,all that which ,i also received1 how that ,christ died for our sins according to the ,scriptures2 and that he was buried1 and that he rose again the third day according to the ,scriptures2 and that he was seen of ,cephas1 then of the twelve2 after that he was seen of about five hundred brethren at once1 of whom the greater part remain unto this present1 but some are fallen asleep2 after that he was seen of ,james2 then of all the ,apostles2 and last of all he was seen of me also1 as one born out of due time2 for ,i am the least of the ,apostles and am not meet to be called an ,apostle because ,i persecuted the ,church of ,god0 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #c-aj74 ,we know not with what body ,jesus appeared to ,paul six years after his ascension2 nor with what body or just when his saints shall rise4 ,but when ,paul says that ,christ1 having died for our sins1 was buried and rose again the third day1 and was seen by those enumerated1 it would be a most violent perversion of language to infer that it was not a material resurrection4 ,his flesh had not then seen corruption1 and he had not yet ascended4 ,the state of things had changed at the time he was seen by ,paul1 and hence the mode of his appearance was different4 ,paul could not have been ignorant that the ,apostles were persuaded that they beheld and handled the corporeal body of their risen ,lord1 and if he had entertained a different idea of the character of the appearances to them1 he could not have written as we have quoted4 ,as will be shown in subsequent chapters1 he had 8received10 a corporeal resurrection1 and so he 8delivered40 ,these four ,epistles of ,paul were written about ,a4,d4 #eh1 or within less than thirty years from the ,crucifixion4 ,by them1 two things are established beyond dispute4 ,first1 the doctrine of the ,resurrection1 whether true or false1 is not a myth or legend1 in any sense in which those words are commonly understood1 or in any sense in which they should ever be used4 ,nor are the appearances or supposed appearances of our risen ,lord1 mentioned by ,paul 7whether they be regarded as real or not71 myths or legends4 ,the doctrine of the ,resurrection was not the product of a subsequent age2 it was received from the beginning4 ,nor were the appearances of our risen ,lord1 which were the basis of that doctrine1 the product of a subsequent age4 ,a skeptic1 if he will or must1 may say that the doctrine is not true1 and that the appearances which were accepted as evidence of it were not real2 but he cannot without an abuse of language say that the one1 or the others1 are myths or legends4 ,second1 the ,apostles and early disciples most intensely believed the doctrine to be true1 and the appearances to be real4 ,even ,strauss is compelled to admit their sincerity4 ,he concedes that the ,epistle to the ,corinthians is undoubtedly genuine4 ,and he says that on its authority1 8,one must believe that many members of the primitive church who were yet living at the time when this ,epistle was written1 especially the ,apostles1 were convinced that they had witnessed appearances of the risen ,christ40 7,strauss' ,life1 etc41 p4 #hcb47 ,and this is generally conceded by all skeptics at the present day who have any claim to be even tolerably informed upon the subject of the ,resurrection1 and any disposition to deal with it in any spirit of fairness4 ,this narrows our inquiry very much4 ,thus far we rest on solid ground4 ,we start with the fact fully established1 that we are not dealing with myths1 or legends1 concerning a remote transaction4 ,we know precisely what convictions in respect to the ,resurrection were entertained at the very time of the transaction1 by those best qualified to judge2 and we also know many of the facts1 upon which these convictions were based4 ,we may say1 if we choose1 that the supposed appearances were not real2 but we cannot say they are an afterthought4 ,they must have been entertained from the very beginning1 certainly as early as the day of ,pentecost4 ,the ,apostles believed with most intense earnestness1 that they had seen their ,risen ,lord1 and had received from him their ,commission to disciple all nations1 baptizing them into the name of the ,father1 and of the ,son1 and of the ,holy ,ghost4 ,their honesty being conceded1 the only question remaining is1 were they deceived8 ,mistake on their part could only have been in one or two things2 either that he did not die upon the cross1 or else that he was not alive afterward4 ,and here it is important to observe1 that the ,evangelists do little more than give to some extent the times and circumstances of transactions already declared1 in the ,epistles1 to have occurred4 ,of course those transactions as they were understood when the ,epistles were written1 had their times and circumstances4 ,paul declared what he had 8received10--that ,jesus died and was buried4 ,the ,gospels state the time and the attending circumstances4 ,paul declared1 as he had 8received10--that ,christ rose again the third day4 ,the ,gospels state the circumstances4 ,paul declared1 as he had 8received10--that ,jesus after he rose on the third day1 was seen by ,cephas1 then by the twelve1 after that by about five hundred brethren1 after that by ,james1 and then again by all the ,apostles4 ,the ,gospels and the first chapter of ,acts state the circumstances of some1 though not of all1 of these several appearances4 ,from what we know already from ,paul's ,epistles1 further information from some source should be expected2 and the ,evangelists afford that information4 ,we must believe that they state the circumstances1 as they were understood when ,paul wrote his ,epistles1 and as they were understood when the ,resurrection was first proclaimed on the day of ,pentecost4 ,as the principal facts1 i4 e4 the ,resurrection and subsequent visible appearances till the ,ascension1 were not an afterthought1 neither are the circumstances attending them as recorded by the ,evangelists1 an afterthought4 ,in respect to these circumstances1 we can see and know what the ,apostles supposed they saw1 and heard1 and knew4 ,the ,evangelists1 therefore1 by stating circumstances not specified by ,paul1 enable us to determine more certainly1 whether the ,apostles were deceived4 ,and what they state of ,christ's predictions of his death and his resurrection1 may also help us to determine whether the ,apostles were deceived4 #a ,strauss' ,life of ,jesus1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #hdc-d2 ,godet's ,com4 on ,st4 ,luke1 ,a4,d4 #ahha1 p4 #eaa4 #b ,conybeare and ,howson's ,life1 etc41 of ,paul1 p4 #ifb4 #c ,judge ,waite will not admit ,john's authorship1 and he cites ,eusebius cc4 #c-ci1 as having attributed the ,apocalypse to ,john the ,presbyter4 ,this may indicate a present 8tendency0 by skeptical writers to shift their ground4 ,eusebius1 however1 only states that there were two1 ,john the ,apostle1 and ,john the ,presbyter1 and that 8it is probable that the second1 if it be not allowed that it was the first1 saw the ,revelation ascribed to ,john40 ,justin ,martyr had long before 7,dial41 c4 #ha7 in express terms given ,john the ,apostle as the author2 and such is the general verdict of scholars4 #d ,conybeare and ,howson1 pp4 #dch1 #ifa1 #ifd4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,his ,,predictions ,,concerning ,,himself4 ,in the account of ,christ's crucifixion by ,matthew and ,mark1 it is recorded that they which passed by railed on him1 saying1--8,thou that destroyest the temple and buildest it in three days1 save thyself02 and that witnesses had testified to the same accusation1 but did not agree4 ,the disagreement seems to have been1 that some 7,mark xiv4 #eh7 testified that he said1--8,i will destroy this temple that is made with hands and in three days ,i will build another made without hands10 and the others 7,matthew xxvi4 #fa7 8,i am able to destroy the temple of ,god and to build it in three days40 ,the ,evangelists properly characterize both classes as false witnesses4 ,jesus had not said1 8,i will destroy10 nor 8,i am able to destroy10 but1 8,destroy 7thou7 this temple40 ,it was not a destroying by him1 but by them2 and it was the temple of his own body4 ,it was the earliest1 and in some respects the most striking of his predictions of his death and resurrection4 ,it was on the occasion of his cleansing the temple at the first ,passover4 ,the ,jews demanded of him1 8,what sign showest thou unto us1 seeing thou doest these things80 ,jesus said1 8,destroy this temple and in three days ,i will raise it up40 ,the ,jews therefore said1 8,forty and six years was this temple in building1 and wilt thou rear it up in three days8 ,but he spake of the temple of his body4 ,when1 therefore1 he was raised from the dead his disciples remembered that he spake this1 and they believed the ,scripture and the word which ,jesus had said40 7,john ii4 #ac to #bb47 ,it must have been soon after this ,passover1 and certainly before ,john the ,baptist was cast into prison1 that ,jesus said to ,nicodemus1 that1 as ,moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness1 even so must the ,son of ,man be lifted up1 that whosoever believeth may in him have eternal life4 7,john iii4 #ad1 #ae47 ,nicodemus does not appear again1 until his mild protest to the rest of the ,sanhedrim1--8,doth our law judge a man except it first hear from himself1 and know what he doeth80#a ,they answered and said unto him1 8,art thou also of ,galilee8 ,search and see that out of ,galilee ariseth no prophet40 ,he was silent4 7,john viii4 #de to #eb47 ,but when ,jesus had been put to death as a malefactor1 no longer afraid1 he comes with ,joseph of ,arimathea1 bringing a mixture of myrrh and aloes1 about a hundred pounds weight1 and they gave the ,crucified ,one a princely burial4 7,john xix4 #ci1 #dj1 #da47 ,what had wrought this change in ,nicodemus8 ,the lifting up upon the cross1 was to him assured proof that ,jesus was a true 8prophet1 and more than a prophet40 ,on more than one occasion in his early ministry1 ,jesus in reply to a demand for a sign from heaven had said1 8,there shall no sign be given but the sign of ,jonah the prophet2 for as ,jonah was three days and three nights in the belly of the whale1 so shall the ,son of man be three days and three nights in the heart of the earth40 7,matthew xii4 #ch to #dj2 ,luke xi4 #bi47 ,that he should be there only three days and three nights implied his resurrection4 ,to any objection that he was not in the tomb any part of three nights1 the customary#b use of language among the ,jews is a sufficient answer4 ,in the ,talm hieros1 it is said that a day and a night together make up a period2 and a part of such a period is counted as the whole4 ,it is a received#c rule among the ,jews that a part of a day is put for the whole4 ,yet that the prediction was expressed in such terms1 is strong evidence of the truthfulness of the record4 ,as ,godet well says1 8,who would ever have dreamed of falsely putting in the mouth of ,jesus the expression three days and three nights1 when in actual fact the time spent in the tomb did not exceed one day and two nights80 ,jesus1 when called to account for healing on the ,sabbath day1 answered3 8,my ,father worketh even until now1 and ,i work40 ,for this cause1 therefore1 the ,jews sought the more to kill him1 because he not only broke the ,sabbath1 but also called ,god his own ,father1 making himself equal with ,god4 ,in reply ,jesus said3 8,for as the ,father raiseth the dead1 and quickeneth them1 even so the ,son quickeneth whom he will 444 ,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto you1 ,the hour cometh and now is1 when the dead shall hear the voice of the ,son of ,god2 and they that hear shall live4444 ,marvel not at this1 for the hour cometh1 in which all that are in the tomb shall hear his voice1 and shall come forth2 they that have done good1 unto the resurrection of life2 and they that have done ill1 unto the resurrection of judgment40 7,john v4 #a to #bi47 ,in his discourse in the ,synagogue at ,capernaum1 concerning the manna1 he said to the ,jews3 8,the bread which ,i give is my flesh 7that is1 my life71 for the life of the world4444 ,for my flesh is meat indeed1 and my blood is drink indeed4444 ,many therefore of his disciples when they heard1 said1 #8,this is a hard saying2 who can hear it8' ,but ,jesus knowing in himself that his disciples murmured at this1 said unto them1 #8,doth this cause you to stumble8 ,what then if ye behold the ,son of man ascending where he was before4'0 7,john vi4 #cj to #fc47 ,his first distinct announcement that he should be put to death and be raised from the dead1 was upon ,peter's confession1-- 8,thou art the ,christ the ,son of the living ,god20 and it doubtless was in consequence of this confession4 ,it was after ,john the ,baptist had been put to death1 and after the third ,passover1 but before the time had come for a public declaration of his ,messiahship2 for he charged the disciples that they should tell no man that he was the ,christ4 ,the place was in the coast of ,cesarea ,philippi1 near the sources of the ,jordan4 ,with verbal differences1 the same account substantially is given by each of the ,synoptics1 and as follows3 8,from that time began ,jesus to show unto his disciples1 how that he must go into ,jerusalem and suffer many things of the elders and chief priests and scribes1 and the third day be raised up40 7,matthew xvi4 #ba47 8,and he began to teach them that the ,son of ,man must suffer many things1 and be rejected of the elders and the chief priests1 and the scribes1 and be killed1 and after three days rise again40 7,mark viii4 #ca47 8,the ,son of ,man must suffer many things and be rejected of the elders and the chief priests and scribes and be killed1 and the third day be raised up40 7,luke ix4 #bb47 ,such is the testimony of these three witnesses4 ,they agree also1 that he warned the disciples not to anticipate worldly glory1 but the reverse4 ,peter1 from his conception of the ,messiahship1 treated ,christ's predictions of his death as but gloomy forebodings1 and began to rebuke him1 saying1 8,be it far from thee1 ,lord2 this shall never be unto thee40 ,but he turned and said unto ,peter1 8,get thee behind me1 ,satan2 thou art a stumbling block unto me3 for thou mindest not the things of ,god but the things of men40 7,matthew xvi4 #bc2 ,mark viii4 #cc47 ,six or eight days after these transactions ,jesus took with him ,peter and ,john and ,james1 and went up into a mountain to pray2 and he was transfigured before them4 ,as they were coming down from the mountain 8he commanded them to tell the vision to no man until the ,son of ,man be risen from the dead40 7,matthew xvii4 #a1 #b2 ,mark viii4 #b to #i2 ,luke ix4 #bh to #cf47 ,mark adds 7doubtless from ,peter71 that they kept that saying1 questioning among themselves1 what the rising again from the dead should mean4 ,elijah's appearance suggested to them the question1 8,why do the scribes say that ,elijah must first come80 ,to which ,jesus replied1 8,elijah is come already1 and they knew him not1 but did unto him whatsoever they listed4 ,even so shall the ,son of ,man also suffer of them40 ,then understood the disciples that he spake unto them of ,john the ,baptist 7,matthew xvii4 #aj to #ac74 ,mark 7ix4 #ab to #ad7 puts the reference to the ,son of ,man in the form of a question3 8,and how is it written of the ,son of ,man that he should suffer many things and be set at naught8 ,but ,i say unto you that ,elijah is come1 and they have also done unto him whatsoever they listed1 even as it is written of him40 ,in either form his own death is predicted4 ,after the transfiguration he went to ,capernaum1 passing through ,galilee4 8,and while they abode in ,galilee1 ,jesus said unto them1 #8,the ,son of ,man shall be delivered up into the hands of men2 and they shall kill him1 and the third day he shall be raised up4' ,and they were exceeding sorry40 7,matthew xvii4 #bb1 #bc47 8#8,the ,son of ,man is delivered up into the hands of men1 and they shall kill him2 and when he is killed1 after three days he shall rise again4' ,but they understood not the saying1 and were afraid to ask him40 7,mark ix4 #cj to #cb47 8#8,let these words sink into your ears3 for the ,son of ,man shall be delivered up into the hands of men4' ,but they understood not this saying1 and it was concealed from them that they should not perceive it2 and they were afraid to ask him about this saying40 7,luke ix4 #dd1 #de47 ,it is not necessary to suppose that it was otherwise concealed than by their dullness of apprehension1 and preconceived opinions4 ,at the feast of ,tabernacles1 ,jesus said to the officers whom the ,pharisees had sent to take him3 8,yet a little while am ,i with you1 and ,i go unto him that sent me4 ,ye shall seek me and shall not find me3 and where ,i am ye cannot come40 7,john vii4 #cb to #ce47 ,he said the same to the ,pharisees or the 8,jews10 the day following the feast as he taught in the temple2 and they said1 8,will he kill himself1 that he saith whither ,i go ye cannot come80 ,in reply1 after repeating his previous declaration1 he said1 8,when ye have lifted up the ,son of ,man1 then shall ye know that ,i am he1 and that ,i do nothing of myself1 but as the ,father taught me1 ,i speak these things4 ,and he that sent me is with me2 he hath not left me alone2 for ,i do always the things that are pleasing to him40 7,john viii4 #ba to #cj47 ,in the parable of the good shepherd spoken soon after the ,feast1 ,jesus says3 8,i am the good shepherd 444 and ,i lay down my life for the sheep4444 ,therefore doth the ,father love me because ,i lay down my life that ,i may take it again4 ,no man taketh it away from me1 but ,i lay it down of myself4 ,i have power to lay it down1 and ,i have power to take it again4 ,this commandment received ,i of my ,father40 7,john x4 #aa to #ah47 ,he said to ,martha1 8,i am the resurrection and the life2 he that believeth on me1 though he die yet shall he live40 7,john xi4 #be47 ,as he was going up to ,jerusalem to the ,passover at which he was to suffer1 he again repeated his announcement to his disciples4 8,behold we go up to ,jerusalem2 and the ,son of ,man shall be delivered unto the chief priests and scribes2 and they shall condemn him to death1 and shall deliver him unto the ,gentiles to mock1 to scourge1 and to crucify2 and the third day he shall be raised up40 7,matthew xx4 #ah1 #ai47 8,behold1 we go up to ,jerusalem2 and the ,son of ,man shall be delivered unto the chief priests and the scribes2 and they shall condemn him to death1 and shall deliver him unto the ,gentiles2 and they shall mock him1 and shall spit upon him1 and shall scourge him1 and shall kill him2 and after three days he shall rise again40 7,mark x4 #cc1 #cd47 8,behold we go up to ,jerusalem1 and all the things that are written by the prophets shall be accomplished unto the ,son of ,man2 for he shall be delivered up unto the ,gentiles1 and shall be mocked1 and shamefully entreated1 and spit upon2 and they shall scourge and kill him2 and the third day he shall rise again4 ,and they understood none of these things2 and this saying was hid from them2 and they perceived not the things that were said40 7,luke xviii4 #ca to #cd47 ,immediately after 7as it would seem71 the mother of ,james and ,john came with them with the request1 that the sons might sit one on his right hand1 and one on his left hand1 in his kingdom4 ,the ten were moved with indignation4 ,but ,jesus said1 8,the ,son of ,man came not to be ministered unto1 but to minister and to give his life a ransom for many40 7,matthew xx4 #bj to #bh2 ,mark x4 #de47 ,six days before the ,passover1 he came to ,bethany1 where ,lazarus was whom he had raised from the dead1 and they made him a supper in the house of ,simon2 and ,mary 7the sister of ,lazarus7 anointed his head and feet with very precious ointment4 ,this excited the anger of ,judas4 ,jesus said1 8,why trouble ye the woman1 for she hath wrought a good work upon me4 ,for ye have the poor always with you2 but me ye have not always1 for in that she poured this ointment upon my body she did it to prepare me for burial4 ,verily ,i say unto you1 ,wheresoever this ,gospel shall be preached in the whole world1 that also which this woman hath done shall be spoken of for a memorial of her40 7,matthew xxvi4 #f to #ac2 ,mark xiv4 #c to #aj2 ,john xii4 #b to #h47 ,immediately after his triumphal entry into ,jerusalem1 on the first day of the week of his crucifixion1 he was told that certain ,greeks desired to see him4 ,it was to him a sign of his glorification among the ,gentiles1 and1 therefore1 of his death4 ,he answered1 8,the hour is come that the ,son of ,man should be glorified4 ,verily1 verily ,i say unto you1 except a grain of wheat fall into the earth and die1 it abideth by itself alone2 but if it die1 it beareth much fruit4444 ,now is my soul troubled2 and what shall ,i say8 ,father1 save me from this hour4 ,but for this cause came ,i unto this hour4444 ,and ,i1 if ,i be lifted up from the earth1 will draw all men unto myself40 ,but this he said signifying by what manner of death he should die40 7,john xii4 #bj to #bb47 ,the parable of the wicked husbandman 7to be found in all the ,synoptics7 represents them as killing the son and heir1 by whom1 as the context shows1 our ,lord was intended4 ,and ,jesus said1 8,did ye never read in the ,scriptures3 #8,the stone which the builders rejected1 ,the same was made the head of the corner2 ,this was from the ,lord1 ,and it is marvellous in our eyes4' ,therefore1 say ,i unto you1 ,the kingdom of ,god shall be taken away from you1 and shall be given to a nation bringing forth the fruits thereof4 ,and he that falleth on this stone shall be broken to pieces2 but on whomsoever it shall fall1 it will scatter him as dust40 7,matthew xxi4 #db to #de2 ,mark xii4 #a to #ab2 ,luke xx4 #i to #aj47 ,and every day he was teaching in the temple2 every night he went out and lodged in the ,mount of ,olives till the third day of the week 7,tuesday7 with which his public ministry ended2 and then he departed from the temple1 never to return4 ,when he had finished his teaching in the temple1 he said unto his disciples1 8,ye know that after two days the ,passover cometh1 and the ,son of ,man is delivered up to be crucified40 7,matthew xxvi4 #b47 ,peter and ,john1 as he had directed1 made ready the ,passover1 and when the hour was come1 he sat down1 and the ,apostles with him4 ,and he said unto them1 8,with desire ,i have desired to eat this ,passover with you before ,i suffer40 7,luke xxii4 #g to #ae47 ,all the ,evangelists state1 that ,jesus at the ,passover supper said to the twelve1 8,one of you shall betray me02 and two of the ,evangelists say that he designated the traitor1 by the giving of the sop4 7,matthew xxvi4 #ba to #be2 ,mark xiv4 #ah to #ba2 ,luke xxii4 #ba to #bc2 ,john xiii4 #ba to #ce47 ,after giving him the sop1 ,jesus said to ,judas1 8,that thou doest do quickly20 and he having received the sop1 went out straightway to carry out that which he had before agreed2 and it was night4 7,luke xxii4 #b to #f2 ,john xiii4 #bf to #cj47 ,after ,judas had gone out1 ,jesus said1 8,now is the son of man glorified1 and ,god is glorified in him2 and to ,peter he said1 ,whither ,i go thou canst not follow me now1 but thou shalt follow afterwards40 7,john xii4 #cf1 #cg47 ,to the institution of the ,lord's ,supper1 there is the testimony of the three ,synoptic ,gospels1 and that of ,paul2 four witnesses2 and its constant observance from that time to the present4 ,it was to commemorate his death to the end of the world1--8,take1 eat1 this is my body4444 ,drink ye all of it2 for this is my blood of the covenant which is shed for many unto remission of sins40 7,matthew xvii4 #bf to #bh47 8,take ye2 this is my body40 8,this is my blood of the covenant which is shed for many40 7,mark xiv4 #bb to #be47 8,this is my body which is given for you2 this do in remembrance of me4444 ,this cup is the new covenant in my blood1 even that which is poured out for you40 7,luke xxii4 #ah to #bb47 8,this is my body1 which is for you2 this do in remembrance of me4444 ,this cup is the new covenant in my blood2 this do as oft as ye drink it in remembrance of me4 ,for as often as ye eat this bread and drink the cup1 ye proclaim the ,lord's death till he come40 7#a ,corinthians xi4 #bc to #bh47 ,to his saying that he would go before them into ,galilee after his resurrection1 there are two witnesses4 ,it was after they had sung their hymn1 and had gone out unto the ,mount of ,olives4 8,all ye shall be offended in me this night2 for it is written ,i will smite the shepherd1 and the sheep of the flock shall be scattered abroad4 ,but after ,i am raised up ,i will go before you into ,galilee40 ,so1 ,matthew4 ,mark's account is3 8,and ,jesus saith unto them1 ,all ye shall be offended2 for it is written1 ,i will smite the shepherd1 and the sheep shall be scattered abroad4 ,howbeit after ,i am raised up ,i will go before you into ,galilee40 7,matthew xxvi4 #ca1 #cb2 ,mark xiv4 #bg1 #bh47 ,that ,peter should thrice deny that he knew him1 is proved by all the ,evangelists4 8,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto thee1 that this night before the cock crow#d thou shalt deny me thrice40 7,matthew xxvi4 #cd1 #ce47 8,i tell thee1 ,peter1 the cock shall not crow this day1 until thou shalt thrice deny that thou knowest me40 7,luke xxii4 #cd47 8,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto thee1 the cock shall not crow till thou hast denied me thrice40 7,john xiii4 #ch47 ,mark 7probably from ,peter himself7 says that when ,peter said1 8,although all should be offended1 yet will not ,i10 ,jesus said to him1 8,verily ,i say unto thee1 that thou to-day1 even this night1 before the cock crow twice1 shalt deny me thrice40 8,but he spake exceeding vehemently1 ,if ,i must die with thee1 ,i will not deny thee4 ,and in like manner said they all40 7,mark xiv4 #bf to #ca47 ,yet in the discourse which followed1 ,jesus again says1 8,behold the hour cometh1 yea1 is come1 that ye shall be scattered1 every man to his own1 and shall leave me alone2 and yet ,i am not alone1 because the ,father is with me40 7,john x4 #ca1 #cb47 8,yet a little while1 and the world beholdeth me no more2 but ye behold me2 because ,i live ye shall live also40 7,john xiv4 #ai1 #bj47 8,peace ,i leave with you2 my peace ,i give unto you2 not as the world giveth ,i give unto you4 ,let not your heart be troubled1 neither let it be fearful40 8,ye heard how ,i said to you1 ,i go away1 and ,i come unto you4 ,if ye loved me ye would have rejoiced1 because ,i go unto the ,father1 for the ,father is greater than ,i4 ,and now ,i have told you before it come to pass1 that when it is come to pass ye may believe40 7,john xiv4 #bg to #ca47 8,greater love hath no man than this1 that a man lay down his life for his friends4 ,ye are my friends if ye do the things which ,i command you40 7,john xv4 #ac1 #ad47 8,but now ,i go unto him that sent me1 and none of you asketh me1 ,whither goest thou8 ,but because ,i have spoken these things unto you sorrow hath filled your heart40 7,john xv4 #e1 #f47 8,a little while and ye behold me no more1 and again a little while and ye shall see me40 7,john xv4 #af47 8,verily1 verily1 ,i say unto you1 that ye shall weep and lament1 but the world shall rejoice2 ye shall be sorrowful1 but your sorrow shall be turned into joy40 7,john xvi4 #bj47 8,and ,i am no more in the world1 but these are in the world1 and ,i come to thee40 7,john xvii4 #aa47 8,again the high priest asked him and saith unto him1 ,art thou the ,christ1 the ,son of the ,blessed8 ,and ,jesus said1 ,i am1 and ye shall see the ,son of ,man sitting at the right hand of power1 and coming with the clouds of heaven40 7,mark xiv4 #fb47 ,to ,pilate he said1 8,i am a king02 and 8,thou wouldst have no power against me1 except it were given thee from above40 7,john xviii4 #cc to #cg2 xix4 #aa47 ,to the penitent thief he said1 8,verily1 ,i say unto thee1 to-day shalt thou be with me in paradise40 7,luke xxiii4 #dc47 ,when he had cried with a loud voice ,,he ,,said1 8,,father1 ,,into ,,thy ,,hands ,i ,,commend ,,my ,,spirit40 7,luke xxiii4 #df47 ,and all the ,evangelists1 four witnesses1 say that he 8gave up10 or 8yielded up10 the ghost4 ,there is as much evidence of these utterances 7and they are not all of his predictions1 in some form1 of his death and resurrection71 as there is of any of his sayings upon any subject1 and they are so interwoven with the entire narrative that is impossible to set them aside1 and leave anything to which we can safely assent as historically true of all his recorded acts and words4 ,there is no alternative1 except to believe that he uttered these predictions1 or else to arbitrarily set aside the testimony of the four ,evangelists1 as well as that of ,paul4 ,it is impossible to save their character as honest witnesses1 and deny that ,jesus at various times1 and in different ways1 foretold his death and the circumstances attending it1 and also his resurrection1 and that after he was raised from the dead1 he would go before them into ,galilee4 ,not that we have the precise words1 neither more nor less1 that he uttered4 ,in no instance do any two of the five witnesses give precisely the same words4 ,their testimony is in accordance with what usually,a occurs1 with honest witnesses4 ,the witness says1 8,i cannot give the exact words1 or all of them40 ,he is told to give the substance of what was said2 and he does so to the extent of his recollection1 using some of the same words1 doubtless1 but in the main expressing the idea in language of his own4 ,yet there is sufficient certainty1 for the court or jury1 in matters of the greatest concern4 ,it is1 in the highest degree1 unreasonable to demand more of the ,evangelists4 ,it is also to be borne in mind that neither of them professes to give all of our ,lord's sayings2 and ,john1 writing much later than the others1 purposely omitted many things as having been already sufficiently stated4 ,if1 then 7as it cannot be doubted was a fact71 ,jesus plainly foretold his death1 why did it take his disciples by surprise8 ,the answer to this question may be that not till within six months of the close of his ministry were they thus told2 those months were crowded with his teachings and miracles1 multitudes were following him2 he had just before entered ,jerusalem as they might expect their ,messiah would do1 amidst the hosannahs of thousands2 and they were so filled with their visions of his glory1 and their false conceptions of the predicted ,messiah1 whom they believed him to be1 that they could not understand him4 ,their mistake under the circumstances was a natural one4 7,see also post1 c4 #ai47 #a ,canon ,farrar's ,life of ,christ1 c4 #ac2 ,lange1 ditto1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bi2 ,john ii4 #ac-bb1 and iii #bb-be4 ,here1 and in all subsequent references1 the citations are from the ,revised ,version of the ,new ,testament1 unless otherwise stated4 #b ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bgc1 note1 citing ,stier1 ii1 #aga4 #c ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bgc1 note2 ,godet on ,luke1 p4 #bfe2 ,whitby1 as quoted by ,scott1 on ,matthew xii4 #dj2 ,genesis i4 #e2 ,daniel viii4 #ad1 with ,genesis vii4 #d and #ag2 ,deuteronomy xiv4 #bh1 with xxvi4 #ab2 #a ,samuel xx4 #ab1 with v4 #ai2 #b ,chronicles x4 #e1 with v4 #ab2 ,matthew xxvi4 #b1 with xxvii4 #fc and #fd2 ,luke ii4 #ba1 with i4 #ei2 #a ,kings xx4 #bi2 ,esther iv4 #af2 ,greenleaf on the ,evangelists1 etc41 #bfh1 #bfi and notes4 #d ,the cock crows about midnight and about three in the morning1 which was the beginning of the fourth watch4 ,galicinium 7,cock-crowing7 standing alone means the latter time2 so that the same time is referred to by all4 ,greenleaf's ,testimony1 etc41 p4 #dcf1 and citations4 ,a ,see post1 c4 #ai4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,order ,,of ,,events4 ,whatever difficulties may exist as to minor points1 all the facts necessary to a correct decision of the question of the ,resurrection may be ascertained with reasonable certainty1 and the order of their occurrence4,a ,that ,jesus ,christ was crucified under ,pontius ,pilate is the testimony of all history4 ,that his crucifixion was the day before the ,jewish ,sabbath is proved by all the ,evangelists1 and the constant observance of the ,first ,day of the week as the ,lord's ,day4 ,having been condemned to death1 and his execution entrusted to ,roman soldiers1 there is the strongest presumption that the sentence was fully executed4 ,this presumption is confirmed by all the ,evangelists1 by ,paul in all his ,epistles1 and by the constant teaching of all the ,apostles4 ,on the day of ,pentecost1 ,peter boldly said1 ,ye men of ,israel1 ,jesus of ,nazareth being delivered up by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of ,god1 8ye by the hand of lawless men did crucify and slay20 and no one called in question the fact of his death4 ,again1 at the healing of the lame man1 he declared1 8,ye denied the ,holy and ,righteous ,one and asked for a murderer to be granted unto you1 and killed the ,prince of ,life20 this charge he repeated before the ,sanhedrim2 and there was no denial4 ,when ,peter and ,john1 after their release from prison1 were brought before the ,council1 one charge against them was3 8,ye have filled ,jerusalem with your teaching1 and intend to bring this man's blood upon us40 ,stephen1 when brought before the ,council1 declared1 8,ye have now become the betrayers and murderers 444 of the ,righteous ,one40 ,if there could have been the slightest doubt of the actual death of ,christ1 the ,council would have furnished the evidence4 ,john solemnly declares that 8one of the soldiers1 with a spear1 pierced his side1 and straightway there came out blood and water40 ,it was a thrust by a ,roman soldier to make the fact of death absolutely certain4 ,it was such a result as would have followed1 if1 from excessive labors and extreme agony1 there was a collection of water about the heart1 or if from like causes1 and as ,dr4 ,stroud and other eminent surgeons suppose1#a the cause of his death was a rupture or breaking of the heart4 ,and1 finally1 not less than forty times1 on different occasions1 and in a variety of ways1 had ,jesus foretold his death4 ,he instituted a ,sacrament to commemorate it2 he said to the penitent thief3 8,this day shalt thou be with me in ,paradise20 and in the extreme moment1 8,father1 into thy hands ,i commend my ,spirit40 ,it is not possible to accept the hypothesis of his return to life from a state of lethargy1 without destroying his moral character1 as well as that of his disciples4 ,where was he1 when ,peter and ,stephen were charging home his death upon the guilty ,jews8 ,where was he1 when ,stephen suffered martyrdom for his sake1 and when his apostles and disciples were preaching his death and resurrection8 ,even ,strauss is constrained to say 8,the whole country-side knew that he was dead40 ,he was buried4 ,so says ,paul1 and#b all the ,evangelists4 ,as the day of the crucifixion was drawing to its close1 that the bodies should not remain on the cross#b upon the ,sabbath 7for that day#b of the ,sabbath1 was a high day71 the ,jews asked of ,pilate that the legs of those who had been crucified might be broken1#b and they be taken away4 ,the soldiers brake the legs of the others1 but not of ,jesus1 for they found that he was already dead2 and his death was assured by one of the soldiers4 ,thereupon ,joseph of ,arimathea1 a rich man and a counsellor1 begged the body of ,jesus4 ,pilate1 after he knew from the centurion that he was dead1 commanded it to be delivered4 ,joseph1 with ,nicodemus1 wound it in fine linen with spices1 and laid it in his own new tomb1 hewn out in the rock1 rolled a great stone 8to10 or 8against0 the door1 and departed4 ,the sepulchre was 8nigh at hand10 otherwise1 there would not have been time for the burial before the coming in of the ,sabbath4 ,the next#c day the chief priests and ,pharisees or some of them1 obtained from ,pilate a guard1 and made the sepulchre sure1 sealing the stone 7,matthew xxvii4 #fb1 #ff74 ,the objection that they could not have known that ,jesus had said1 8,after three days ,i will rise again10 is well answered by ,alford3 8,not the saying1 but its meaning was hid from his disciples40 ,judas knew it1 and may have informed the chief priests and ,pharisees of it2 and they may have known it from other sources1 for it was not spoken in secret4 ,nor with their perverse rejection of him while they could not deny his works1 is it improbable that they might have some apprehension of the necessity of a guard8 ,we are not to judge them from our standpoint1 but from theirs4 ,they did not believe that he was the ,messiah 7,acts iii4 #ag2 #a ,corinthians ii4 #h74 ,they said and doubtless believed1 after a fashion1 8,he deceiveth the people0 and 8casteth out devils through the prince of the devils40 ,their guilty fears were the occasion of this increased certainty of his resurrection4 ,the mention of a guard by ,matthew 7although not by the other ,evangelists71 is in perfect keeping with his previous occupation1 which had led him to make1 and observe1 precautions against fraud4 ,it was1 in his view1 as in ours1 an important fact that their precautions against imposition had reacted upon themselves4 ,his narrative is unimpeached4 ,it was published early1 and his statement of the appointment of a guard was not contradicted4 ,the facts must stand that ,jesus died1 and was buried2 and at the instance of his bitterest foes1 soldiers guarded his tomb against the little company of his frightened followers4 ,at a very early hour on the first day of the week it was known that the stone had been rolled away1 and the body of ,jesus was not in the tomb4 ,such is the testimony of all the ,evangelists4 ,this great fact is at the threshold of our inquiry4 ,it must be accounted for4 ,the ,christian's explanation is that ,jesus rose from the dead1 and an angel of the ,lord descended and rolled away the stone4 ,the account which the soldiers were induced to circulate was1 that his disciples came by night and stole him away while they slept4 ,this story was current among the ,jews when ,matthew wrote#d his ,gospel1 and when1 nearly a hundred years after1 ,justin ,martyr wrote to ,trypho the ,jew4 ,it ought not to be difficult to determine which explanation is the true one4 ,as soon as ,mary ,magdalene 7who was of the company of women who came first to see the sepulchre71 saw that the stone was rolled away1 she ran to ,peter and ,john1 saying1 8,they have taken away the ,lord out of the tomb and we know not where they have laid him40 7,john xx4 #b47 ,the other women#e entered into the sepulchre1 and found not the body of ,jesus1 but saw two angels1 one of whom said to them1 8,he is not here1 he is risen2 but go your way and tell his disciples and ,peter1 that he goeth before you into ,galilee1 there shall ye see him as he said unto you40 7,why should the ,apostles be told that ,jesus would go before them into ,galilee1 if he was to show himself to them that very day at ,jerusalem8 ,both to prepare them for the interview at ,jerusalem1 and in order that the tidings might be carried to all the disciples1 the most of whom were in ,galilee47 ,they departed quickly with fear and great joy1 and told these things unto such of the ,apostles as they found in the city2 but 8these words appeared in their sight as idle talk2 and they disbelieved them40 7,luke xxiv4 #aa47 ,as soon as ,peter and ,john knew from ,mary ,magdalene1 of the open sepulchre1 they ran both together1 but ,john outran ,peter and came first to the tomb2 8and stooping and looking in1 he seeth the linen clothes lying2 yet entered he not in4 ,simon ,peter therefore also cometh1 following him1 and enters into the tomb2 and he beholdeth the linen clothes lying and the napkin that was upon his head1 not lying with the linen clothes1 but rolled up in a place by itself4 ,then entered in therefore the other disciple also1 which came first to the tomb1 and he saw and believed4 ,for as yet they knew not the ,scripture that he must rise again from the dead4 ,so the disciples went away again unto their own home40 7,john xx4 #a-aj47 ,such is the circumstantial account given by ,john of the state of things at the tomb1 as they found it before ,jesus appeared to any one1 and before they had received any information that he had risen from the dead4 ,the body was not there4 ,it could hardly have been removed by friends1 and they both be ignorant of it4 ,had it been taken by enemies8 ,there were the linen clothes1 and there1 rolled up in a place by itself1 was the napkin4 ,who had arranged them thus8 8,all had been done calmly1 collectedly4 ,neither earthly friends nor earthly foes had done it2 the one would not have stripped the garments from the body1 the other would have been at no pains so carefully to arrange#f and deposit them40 ,so ,john must have reasoned and1 perhaps recalling what ,jesus had said1 he believed4 ,he believed from what he saw1 and not from the ,scriptures1 for as yet he knew not from them1 that the ,christ 8must rise again from the dead40 ,it is not probable that he then avowed his conviction4 ,he trusted that ,jesus would1 in due time1 reveal himself to them all4 ,the particulars of his appearance to ,mary ,magdalene appear in the ,fourth ,gospel4 ,she was not expecting to see him1 and1 blinded by her tears1 she knew not that it was ,jesus until he spoke her name1 doubtless in a familiar tone4 ,she turneth herself1 and saith unto him in ,hebrew1 ,rabboni1 which is to say1 ,master4 ,she would have clung to him4 ,jesus had told his disciples before his crucifixion that he was to go to the ,father4 ,but this event was yet in the future2 and when she would detain him1 ,jesus saith to her1 ,touch me not 7or ,take not hold on me7 for ,i am not yet ascended unto the ,father3 but go unto my brethren and say to them1 ,i ascend unto my ,father1 and your ,father1 and my ,god1 and your ,god4 ,this would remind them of what he had told them2 and would remind her1 as ,peter afterwards was reminded1 that she would best manifest her love by willing service4 ,she obeyed4 ,but those to whom she told it1 when they heard that he was alive1 and had been seen of her1 disbelieved4 7,mark xvi4 #ag47 ,the other women after delivering the message of the angels1 returned4 ,and behold ,jesus met them saying 8,all ,hail40 ,and they came and took hold of his feet and worshipped him4 ,then saith ,jesus unto them1 ,fear not3 go tell my brethren that they depart into ,galilee1 and there shall they see me4 7,matthew xxviii4 #i1 #aj47 ,matthew1 speaking in a general way1 does not distinguish this appearance from that to ,mary ,magdalene1 but blends the two together4 ,the salutation was different1 and the message and the circumstances were different4 ,nor is it1 as ,strauss 7p4 #hac7 vainly imagines1 any objection to the hypothesis of separate appearances1 that it involves 8a restless running to and fro of the disciples and the women20 for under the intense excitement it could hardly have been otherwise4#g ,jesus joined himself to two of the disciples on their journey to ,emmaus1 discoursed to them by the way1 and made himself known in the breaking of bread4 ,one of them was ,cleopas1 the other 7his name not given7 is supposed#h to have been ,luke4 ,when they left ,jerusalem1 the woman had reported the message from the angel4 ,peter and ,john had returned from the tomb1 but no one had seen the ,risen ,lord4 ,the time of their leaving was before ,mary ,magdalene had told that she had seen the ,lord4 ,the day therefore must have been considerably advanced before ,jesus appeared to her4 ,it was toward evening1 when ,jesus sat down with them to meat4 ,their eyes were opened and they knew him1 and he 8vanished out of their sight40 ,and they rose up that very hour and returned to ,jerusalem1 and found the eleven gathered together and them that were with them1 saying1 8,the ,lord is risen indeed1 and hath appeared to ,simon40 ,this1 as we learn from ,paul1 was the first appearance to any of the ,apostles4 ,the time and place are not mentioned4 ,we only know that it was before the arrival of the two disciples4 ,emmaus#i was about eight miles from ,jerusalem4 ,the narrative seems to indicate that the event had but just occurred4 ,the two disciples rehearsed the things that had happened4 ,as they spake1 ,jesus himself stood in the midst of the disciples1 and said1 8,peace be unto you40 ,but they were terrified and affrighted1 and supposed that they beheld a spirit4 ,he said unto them1 8,why are ye troubled1 and wherefore do reasonings arise in your heart8 ,see my hands and my feet1 that it is ,i myself2 handle me and see2 for a spirit hath not flesh and bones1 as ye behold me having40 ,and when he had said this1 he showed them his hands and his feet2 and while they still disbelieved for joy and wondered1 he said unto them1 8,have ye here anything to eat80 and they gave him a piece of broiled fish4 ,and he took it1 and did eat before them4 7,luke xxiv4 #ce-dc47 ,but ,thomas1 who was not with them1 having said1 8,except ,i shall see in his hands the print of the nails1 and put my finger into the print of the nails1 and put my hand into his side1 ,i will not believe10 ,jesus eight days after stood in their midst and said1 8,peace be unto you40 ,then saith he to ,thomas1 8,reach hither thy finger1 and see my hands2 and reach hither thy hand1 and put it into my side3 and be not faithless1 but believing40 ,thomas answered and said unto him1 8,my ,lord and my ,god40 ,jesus saith unto him1 8,because thou hast seen me thou hast believed2 blessed are they that have not seen and yet have believed40 7,john xx4 #bd-bi47 ,after these things ,jesus manifested himself at the ,sea of ,tiberias1 to ,peter1 ,thomas1 ,nathaniel1 ,james1 ,john and two others4 ,it was on this occasion that he three times asked ,simon ,peter1 8,lovest thou me80 and he signified to him by what death he should glorify ,god4 ,this is said to be the third time that he manifested himself to the disciples1 i4 e41 to the ,apostles when they were together4 7,john xxi4 #a-bc47 ,then he appeared 7says ,paul7 to above five hundred brethren at once1 of whom the greater part remain until now1 but some are fallen asleep4 ,paul is speaking only of manifestations to ,apostles or some of them4 ,the ,apostles surely were not absent from this great assembly4 ,all the circumstances indicate that it was the meeting which he had provided#aj for1 before his crucifixion1 and that it occurred on a mountain in ,galilee4 ,then he appeared to ,james4 ,paul is our authority4 ,neither time1 nor place1 nor circumstance is given4 ,it is strong confirmation of the genuineness of our writings that there is no disclosure of the particulars of the interview with either ,peter1 the first of the ,apostles1 or with ,james1 our ,lord's brother4 ,jesus doubtless had something to say to each for himself alone1 and none of the sacred writers have lifted the veil4 ,at the end of the forty days he led the ,apostles out over against ,bethany1 gave them his final charge1 and lifted up his hands and blessed them4 ,and it came to pass while he blessed them1 he parted from them1 and was carried up into heaven4 7,luke xxiv4 #ej-ec2 ,acts i4 #a-ab47 ,such are some of the proofs of his resurrection4 ,their sufficiency as evidence of it1 and its logical results1 remain to be considered4 ,a ,and hence there is no occasion to inquire whether the ,evangelists agree precisely as to the details 7as far as given7 of his arrest1 or trial1 or crucifixion4 ,that he was arrested and tried and crucified is admitted on all hands4 #a ,alford on ,john's ,gospel4 ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #ccc1 #ccd4 ,stroud on the ,physical ,cause of the ,death of ,christ4 ,friedlieb1 p4 #afg4 ,the ,last ,day of ,our ,lord's ,passion1 by ,rev4 ,wm4 ,hanna1 ,,ll4,d41 c4 #ac1 and ,appendix4 ,barnes' ,notes1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #chf4 #b #a ,corinthians xv4 #c1 #d2 ,acts xiii4 #bh1 #bi2 ,deuteronomy xxi4 #bb1 #bc2 ,john xix4 #ca-ci2 ,luke xxxiii4 #ej-ed2 ,mark xv4 #db-df2 ,matthew xxvii4 #eg-fj4 #c ,it does not appear that there was a formal meeting of the ,sanhedrim1 and the act may have proceeded from the more violent members of it4 ,the time may have been during their ,sabbath1 or at its close1 which would have been in season4 ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #cdc2 ,farrar1 c4 #fb4 #d ,matthew xxviii4 #ae2 ,dialogue1 c4 #ajh4 #e ,mary1 the mother of ,james1 ,salome1 ,joanna1 wife of ,chuza1 ,herod's steward1 and other women from ,galilee who beheld the sepulchre and where he was laid4 ,they may not have come all at the same time1 but in different companies4 ,matthew xvii4 #ee1 #ef1 and xxviii1 #a-g2 ,mark xv4 #dj1 #da1 #dg1 and xvi4 #a-h2 ,luke xxiii4 #di1 #ee1 #ef1 and xxiv4 #a-aj2 ,john xx4 #a2 ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #cfb1 #cfh4 #f ,the ,forty ,days after ,our ,lord's ,resurrection1 by ,rev4 ,william ,hanna1 ,,ll4,d41 p4 #ec4 #g ,the words 8as they went to tell his disciples10 in our common version1 are wanting in the ,sinaitic and ,vatican manuscripts4 ,their omission in the ,revised ,version removes a difficulty4 ,the true text does not state when it was1 that ,jesus met them4 #h ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #chc4 #i ,all attempts to identify this with certainty1 out of the numerous villages in the vicinity of ,jerusalem1 have failed4 ,see ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,iii42 ,robinson1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #adf-aej2 ,barnes' ,notes1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #ajg4 #aj #a ,corinthians xv4 #f2 ,matthew xxviii4 #g1 #aj1 #af2 ,mark xvi4 #g1 #ae1 #ah2 ,lange1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #daa2 ,farrar1 c4 #fb2 ,hanna's ,forty ,days1 c4 #h1 p4 #ahe2 c4 #i1 p4 #bbi2 ,geikie1 c4 #fd4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,sufficiency ,,of ,,the ,,proofs 7,,false ,,assumptions74 ,evidence which ought to convince a reasonable man should be deemed sufficient4 ,the standing objection from the days of ,celsus1 that ,jesus should have shown himself after his resurrection to his enemies1 is unreasonable4 ,it is as if one should refuse to believe the transfiguration1 the raising of the daughter of ,jairus1 or the agony in the garden1 because not witnessed by the multitude1 and by only ,peter1 ,james1 and ,john of the ,apostles4 ,his humiliation and sufferings were ended4 ,not again was he to be mocked1 and scourged1 and crucified4 ,those who had wilfully rejected him1 would have been no more convinced than before4 ,they had said he cast out devils through the prince of devils4 ,they had plotted to put ,lazarus also to death1 whom he had raised up before their eyes4 ,they had bribed the soldiers to report that his body had been stolen4 ,they would have proclaimed that he was not dead1 or else that his return to life was by the agency of ,satan4 ,to return to those who had put every insult upon him1 and were ready to renew the attack1 could only have been to their swift destruction1 and the time for this had not come4 ,and even if some of them had believed1 it would have added nothing to the proof4 ,any one who now refuses to accept the genuineness of the ,gospel1 or the credibility of the writers1 or1 accepting both1 refuses to believe upon the testimony of his disciples1 would not be convinced by any amount of evidence4 ,there would remain every question of credibility1 and1 in addition1 that of personal identity1 as to which only those intimately acquainted with him were fully qualified to judge4 ,the proofs will be found sufficient by those who are disposed to lay aside preconceived adverse opinions1 and believe the fact when it is proved4 ,,proof ,,is ,,possible4 ,the event may have occurred4 ,by this is meant that it cannot be said that its occurrence is1 in the nature of things1 an impossibility4 ,the existence of the ,lord ,god ,almighty1 the ,jehovah of the ,scriptures1 may be real1 as accepted by the reason and conscience of most men in civilized nations4 ,it may have been within his power to raise his ,son1 ,jesus ,christ1 from the dead2 and there may have been sufficient reasons for the exercise of this power4 ,he may have been able to do this1 without violating1 or suspending1 any law of his universe4 ,the resurrection may have been as conformable to law as the death of the body4 ,the law of gravitation is neither violated nor suspended1 but merely overcome1 in numberless instances every day1 by the introduction of what is1 under the circumstances1 a greater force2 and it may be a universal law that the greater force 7other things being equal7 shall overcome the less4 ,if it were true that the like had never occurred1 it cannot be maintained that ,god has not in any instance done something which he had not done before1 and of which consequently there had been no previous experience4 8,men10 says ,dr4 ,taylor1#a 8are continually reaching results which the forces of nature1 left to themselves1 never could have caused2 and if this be so with men1 why should we deny to ,god the possibility of intervening in a similar way1 and so producing effects that are not merely supernatural1 but superhuman80 ,and why1 we ask1 should we deny to him the possibility of doing something which he has not done before2 8,my ,father worketh hitherto10 said ,jesus1 8and ,i work40 8,the#b affirmation of the impossibility of a miracle carries with it the elimination of ,god out of the universe40 ,there is no escape from this conclusion2 and consequently there are those who admit the possibility#c of miracles1 even while denying that they can be proved4 ,the event1 then1 may have occurred4 ,it is a question of evidence4 ,again1 if ,christ did rise from the dead1 he would give his disciples sufficient evidence of it4 ,he could give to the bodily senses and perceptive powers which they had as other men have 7and which 8experience0 tells us1 may be trusted when they have a fair chance71 such proofs of his resurrection that they could believe it1 and rationally believe it4 ,this may be said to be almost a truism4 ,to concede that ,god could1 and did1 raise ,jesus ,christ from the dead1 and deny that he could1 or would1 afford evidence of it1 if not an utter absurdity1 is in the highest degree unreasonable1 and we are not trying to convince any but reasonable men4 ,to what end should he perform this miracle1 and yet afford no evidence of it8 ,the question right here is not whether we have sufficient evidence for our assurance1 but whether his disciples could reasonably be convinced of his resurrection1 assuming that it really took place4 ,then if they might rationally believe what actually occurred1 upon evidence furnished them1 those to whom they declared it1 and we to whom their testimony has come1 may also believe it4 ,if they were not bound to reject the evidence of their own senses1 because of previous experience or the want of it1 neither were those to whom they preached1 nor we ourselves1 bound to reject it4 ,in other words1 assuming that ,christ did rise from the dead1 and assuming that satisfactory proofs of his resurrection were given to his disciples1 it is not impossible that sufficient evidence of both of these facts may be accessible to us4 ,to deny this1 is to say that ,christ must die and rise again1 in every age1 and in every place1 where there are nations or persons1 whether few or many1 who have not before witnessed such events4 ,yet to this absurdity must ,hume's famous argument from experience come4 ,if ,jesus rose from the dead1 the fact was susceptible of proof to his disciples4 ,it was susceptible of proof to those who believed it on the testimony of his disciples4 ,it is susceptible of proof to one to whom that testimony is transmitted4 ,assuming his resurrection to be true1 it would be more wonderful than a miracle1 if all means of a rational belief in the fact were the exclusive property of his immediate disciples2 and their contemporaries and all after them1 to the end of time1 be compelled in the exercise of right reason to reject it1 notwithstanding it is true4 ,hence we say as the basis of further argument that the resurrection may have occurred2 and if it did occur1 we undoubtedly have such evidence of it as may be accepted by a reasonable man4 ,leaving1 then1 the possible for the probable1 in a matter that is but a question of evidence4 ,,what ,,are ,,the ,,proofs8 ,the fact of ,christ's resurrection was proclaimed by his ,apostles and disciples from the beginning of their ministry1 commencing on the ,day of ,pentecost1 fifty days after the crucifixion4 ,this fact was1 as expressed by ,paul1 that ,christ 8died10 and was 8buried10 and was 8raised on the third day20 and by ,luke that 8he showed himself alive after his passion1 by many proofs10 appearing unto the ,apostles whom he had chosen#d1 for forty days1 8and speaking the things concerning the kingdom of ,god20 and by ,peter1 8whom ,god raised up1 having loosed the pangs of death because it was not possible that he should be holden of it30 and 8,ye killed the ,prince of ,life1 whom ,god raised from the dead2 whereof we are witnesses40 ,the evidence being conclusive that such was the proclamation1 how is it to be accounted for8 ,the obvious explanation is1 that the ,apostles so preached because they so believed1 and because such was the fact1 and they had sufficient evidence of it3 and this has been accepted by the church these eighteen hundred years4 ,how do infidels account for the preaching of the ,resurrection within fifty days after the crucifixion8 ,some have claimed that his death was not real1 and that he recovered from a swoon4 ,this is disproved by the evidence to which we have referred#d1 and1 although once held by ,paulus and others1 has by later skeptical writers been 8treated with contempt40#e 8,the whole country-side10 says ,strauss1#f 8knew that he was dead40 ,roman executioners made sure work4 ,pilate refused his consent to any removal until he had instituted an inquiry1 and knew that ,jesus was dead2 nor is it possible to accept the hypothesis of a return from mere lethargy or trance1 without destroying his moral character4 ,this hypothesis may be put aside4 ,others have claimed that the ,apostles did not believe what they preached4 ,to accept this view we must conclude that1 without motive and against every motive1 and 8amidst sufferings the most grievous to flesh and blood1 they persevered in a conspiracy to cheat the world into piety1 honesty and benevolence40 ,conscience and common sense revolt against such a theory1 and it shares the fate of the other4 ,it has1 says ,professor ,milligan1#g 8been abandoned by every inquirer to whom a moment's attention is due40 ,the final refuge of most infidel writers1 is the theory of visions4 ,by this they mean that the appearances of our ,lord were either optical illusions1 or mere hallucinations4 ,some1 like ,dr4 ,hooykaas#h in ,holland1 and ,judge ,waite#h in this country1 claim that the doctrine preached was not that ,christ's body was raised up1 but that his spirit came back from ,hades1 or the place of departed spirits4 ,we have before#i shown that such a conception is an entire perversion of the language of ,paul1 as well as of the ,evangelists4 ,and ,mr4 ,hooykaas' argument that we are never told that ,jesus rose 8from death10 far less 8from the grave10 but always 8from the dead10 does not agree with the record2 and if it did1 the inference would be unwarrantable4 ,when the angel said to the woman1 8,why seek ye the living among the dead8 he is not here but is risen10 they were not looking for him in ,hades6 ,peter1 in the passage from which we have quoted1 distinguishes between ,hades and the grave1 for he says1 that ,david1 8foreseeing1 spoke of the resurrection of ,christ1 that neither was his soul left in ,hades1 nor did his flesh see corruption4 ,this ,jesus did ,god raise up40 ,now1 by what evidence is the theory of visions or optical illusions to be tested8 ,by the whole evidence8 ,by suppressing a part1 and changing the rest8 ,judicial fairness requires that the whole be considered1 just as it comes to us1 reconciling such parts as may be reconciled1 and adopting the more probable view in case of any seeming contradictions1 if there are any4 ,yet those who deny the resurrection adopt a course that could not be tolerated in any judge or jury1 or secular historian4 ,they suppress1 or supply1 as best suits their theory4 ,thus some of them assume that there were no appearances at ,jerusalem1 although the contrary is plain in all the ,evangelists4 ,even ,mark1 whom ,strauss treats as giving the oldest tradition1 represents the women as going to the sepulchre4 ,this implies that they were at ,jerusalem1 if the sepulchre was at ,jerusalem4 ,were they there alone8 ,mark1 in saying that 8the disciples left ,jesus when he was arrested1 and fled10 does not say that they fled from ,jerusalem4 ,on the contrary1 he1 in the same chapter1 speaks of ,peter as following ,jesus afar off1 and then denying him4 ,and so in the ,fourth ,gospel1 8the disciple whom ,jesus loved0 is said to have been so near to the cross1 that ,jesus could say unto him 8,behold thy mother60 ,they would not leave ,jerusalem till the end of the ,feast4 ,this continued one week1 the first day and the last being 8an holy convocation40 ,although they fled at first1 they rallied2 and they did not leave ,jerusalem till they had conformed to the requirements of the law4 ,mark also1 in giving the direction1 8,go tell his disciples and ,peter10 8,he goeth before you into ,galilee10 implies that they had not yet gone into ,galilee4 ,they also assume that the ,apostles believed because of ,mary ,magdalene's faith4 ,this is pure fiction4 ,peter and ,john knew that the tomb was empty1 before the appearance to ,mary ,magdalene4 ,matthew does not mention her statement that she had seen the ,lord1 nor ,john the reception which she had4 ,mark#aj says that they1 when they heard that he was alive1 and had been seen of her1 8disbelieved20 and ,luke#aa 7referring to all the women7 says that their words 8appeared in their sight as idle talk1 and they disbelieved them40 ,there is not the slightest allusion to ,mary ,magdalene1 or to the company of women1 in the ,acts of the ,apostles1 or either of the ,epistles4 ,how idle1 then1 is ,renan's boast1#ab that 8the glory of the ,resurrection belongs to ,mary of ,magdala40 ,indeed it might appear to us that there should have been some reference to her4 ,the explanation1 probably1 is twofold3 ,among the ,greeks1#ac women were not competent witnesses2 and ,paul and the ,apostles rested their faith upon appearances to ,apostles1 either alone or in company with others1 they being the constituted witnesses4 ,when one was to be substituted for ,judas1 ,peter#ad said that the choice must be made from those 8which have companied with us all the time that the ,lord ,jesus went in and out among us1 beginning from the baptism of ,john1 unto the day that he was received up from us2 of these must one become a witness with us of his resurrection40 ,and ,paul makes no reference to the journey to ,emmaus4 ,they also assume that the ,apostles were in a state of mind conducive to misleading fancies4 ,the reverse of this is true4 ,it must1 however1 be conceded that the idea of a restoration to life of one who had been dead was not strange to them2 for three#ae such instances were recorded in their ,scriptures1 and they had witnessed three miracles of the kind4 ,but these were in respect to persons who1 after they were raised up1 lived and died as other men2 and they were brought to life by some visible agency1 as by a prophet in the name of the ,lord1 or ,jesus by his own word4 ,the resurrection which the disciples came to believe was1 on the contrary1 to a temporary sojourning with them1 and then an ascension before their eyes2 and it was accomplished by no visible hand4 ,and although ,jesus had predicted his death and resurrection1 they could not understand the one1 any more than the other1 because they could not conceive how that their ,messiah could suffer death at the hands of his enemies4 ,the evidence upon this point is most conclusive2 and its scope was admirably put by ,gilbert ,west1#af four generations ago4 8,this1 therefore1 being their settled notion of the ,messiah1 can we wonder their former faith in him should be extinguished1 when they saw him suffering1 crucified1 and dying1 and1 instead of saving others1 not able to save himself8 ,to prepare them for these events he had indeed most circumstantially foretold#ag his own sufferings1 death1 and resurrection2 but the ,apostles themselves assure us that they did not understand those predictions till some time after their accomplishment2 and they made this confession at a time when they were as sensible of their former dullness1 and undoubtedly as much amazed at it as they now pretend to be who object to it against them2 so that their veracity upon this point is not to be questioned4444 ,they had conceived great expectations from the persuasion that he was the ,christ of ,god2 but these were all vanished2 their promised deliverer1 their expected king1 was dead and buried1 and no one left to call him from the grave as he did ,lazarus4 ,with his life1 they might presume1 ended his power of working miracles2 and death1 perhaps1 was an enemy he could not subdue1 since it was apparent he could not escape it1 and hence their despair40 ,and hence we say1 when the third day was ushered in there was no one of all his disciples at the sepulchre to welcome him4 ,those who loved him most1 came but to embalm his body4 ,mary ,magdalene beheld not her risen ,saviour1 but an empty tomb2 and her hurried tidings were not that he is risen1 but1 8,they have taken away the ,lord out of the tomb1 and we know not where they have laid him40 ,when ,jesus even speaks to her1 she at first supposes him to be the gardener1 and says1 8,if thou hast borne him hence1 tell me where thou hast laid him1 and ,i will take him away40 ,peter and ,john beheld no vision1 but only 8the linen clothes lying1 and the napkin1 that was upon his head1 not lying with the linen clothes1 but rolled up in a place by itself40 ,the other women do not see ,jesus until after they have found that the sepulchre is empty1 and have been told by the angels1 8,he is risen1 even as he said3 ,,come ,,see ,,the ,,place ,,where#ah ,,the ,,lord ,,lay40 ,the two disciples1 some hours after1 had heard1 not that he had been seen1 but that certain women who were early at the tomb found not his body1 and were told by angels that he was alive2 and that the absence of the body had been confirmed by those of their company who visited the tomb4 ,and finally1 the ,apostles1 instead of expecting to see him1 refused to believe upon the testimony of the women1 and were only convinced by the evidence of their own senses4 #a ,taylor on the ,gospel ,miracles 7#ahha71 p4 #ag4 #b ,id41 p4 #be4 #c 8,we do not say a miracle is impossible2 we say there has been no instance1 up to this time1 of a proved miracle40--,renan's ,life of ,jesus1 etc41 p4 #eg4 8,what ,i insist on is1 that a miracle cannot be established by human testimony40--,ingersoll1 ,north ,american ,review for ,november1 #ahha1 p4 #ead4 ,the skeptical author of ,supernatural ,religion in defending himself against the criticism that upon his theory his historical argument is unnecessary1 in his preface to the sixth edition1 says3 8,the preliminary affirmation is not that miracles are impossible1 but that they are antecedently incredible4 ,the counter allegation is that although miracles may be antecedently incredible1 they nevertheless actually took place4 ,it is1 therefore1 necessary1 not only to establish the antecedent incredibility1 but to examine the validity of the allegation that certain miracles occurred1 and this involves the historical inquiry into the evidence for the ,gospels4 ,indeed many will not acknowledge the case to be complete until other witnesses are questioned4 ,this would leave the question of ,christ's ,resurrection to be determined as a matter of evidence2 and of course evidence enough to induce a reasonable conviction would be sufficient to overcome the antecedent improbability40 ,but he dare not trust himself or his readers to an examination of the evidence upon this basis4 ,for when he is pressed with the testimony of the ,apostles to the ,resurrection1 and is compelled to concede their honesty1 he says 7p4 #ajej71 8,the belief that a dead man rose from the dead and appeared to several persons alive is at once disposed of upon abstract grounds40 ,that is1 his pretended examination of the evidence is a sham1 and when he cannot meet it1 it is at once disposed of 8upon abstract grounds60 #d ,see chap4 xvii4 pp4 #aja-b1 ante1 pp4 #aja1 #ajb4 #e ,milligan on the ,resurrection of ,our ,lord1 p4 #gf2 ,strauss1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #hdf-hff4 #f ,the ,old ,faith and the ,new 7#ahge71 p4 #hj4 #g ,on the ,resurrection1 etc41 p4 #hj4 #h ,the ,bible for ,learners1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #dfd2 ,waite's ,history1 etc41 p4 #bf4 #i ,see chap4 xv1 p4 #he1 ante1 p4 #he4 #aj ,mark xvi4 #aa4 #aa ,luke xxiv4 #aa4 #ab ,the ,apostles1 by ,ernest ,renan 7#ahff71 p4 #fa4 #ac ,adams' ,roman ,antiquities1 p4 #bhd2 ,condition of ,women1 by ,l4 ,maria ,child1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #c4 #ad ,acts i4 #ae1 #ba1 #bb4 #ae #a ,kings xvii42 #b ,kings iv42 #b ,kings xiii4 #ba2 ,matthew ix42 ,luke vii42 ,john xi42 ,hebrews xi4 #ce4 #af ,gilbert ,west on the ,history and ,evidences of the ,resurrection of ,jesus ,christ4 ,boston1 #ahcd 7first published in ,england in #agdg71 p4 #fg4 #ag ,see chap4 xvi1 p4 #hi1 ante1 p4 #hi4 #ah 8,the cerements were there1 but the body was gone4 ,whither8 ,had it been stolen and hidden8 ,who would have been the thieves8 ,friends or foes8 ,not friends2 for how could their faith be made heroic for their crusade against the world's unbelief by a theft and a carcase8 ,not foes2 for it was their interest to prevent the disappearance of the body1 that there might be ocular demonstration of the falsity of the predicted resurrection4 ,the fact of the actual resurrection of our ,lord is a rock-of-ages that never can be moved40--,commentary on ,mark1 by ,james ,morrison1 ,d4,d4 7#ahhb71 p4 #dde4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,sufficiency ,,of ,,the ,,proofs 7,,affirmative ,,evidence74 ,holding1 then1 the objectors to the historical record1 and keeping in mind that the question is narrowed down to the hypothesis of visions on the one hand1 or to a true resurrection on the other1 what evidence had the ,apostles and immediate disciples that they were not deceived8 ,first and foremost1 they had the empty tomb4 ,they knew#a that the body was neither left on the cross1 in violation of the ,jewish law1 nor thrown to the 8dust-heap10 in violation of the ,roman law which required a delivery to the friends as soon as claimed1 but was placed in the sepulchre1 as attested by all the ,evangelists1 as also by ,paul4 ,they knew that they had not taken it away1 and that if the ,jews had1 they would have been but too ready to produce it when1 only a few days after1 it was boldly proclaimed1 that that ,jesus whom they had crucified1 ,god had raised from the dead4 ,it was the absence of the body that first arrested the attention of the women1 and also of ,peter and ,john1 and which1 with the orderly arrangement of the grave clothes1 induced a conviction of the truth in the mind of ,john1 before ,jesus appeared to any1 and sent ,peter to his home 8wondering40 ,and these same facts 7the good faith of the disciples themselves being undoubted71 can never be explained1 in any rational way1 otherwise than by the fact of the ,resurrection4 ,there is a great truth in ,professor ,keim's expression#b that3 8,it is upon an empty tomb that the ,christian ,church is founded40 ,they had further proof1 in subsequent appearances to individuals singly1 to the collective body of ,apostles1 and to the multitude of believers1 under circumstances that satisfied them1 and should convince us1 that they were not deceived4 ,there are several things to be considered1 in determining whether they were deceived4 ,first1 in respect to time4 ,there were no appearances till after the fact that the tomb was empty was fully understood1 nor till some hours after4 ,this lapse of time has been overlooked by most writers2 and1 from want of attention to it1 inconsistencies as to occurrences at the sepulchre1 as to the number and appearance of angels1 the companies of women1 the persons composing them1 the messages received and carried1 and the appearances to them1 of our risen ,lord1 have been imagined1 that are easily explained1 upon the very natural hypothesis of several transactions of like character during the six hours or more#c which elapsed before the journey to ,emmaus4 ,at that time no one had seen the ,lord2 for it cannot be doubted that his appearance would be reported as soon as possible after its occurrence4 ,when ,jesus joined the two disciples1 their eyes were 8holden10 until in a long discourse he had prepared them for a revelation of himself4 ,peter must have meditated some hours upon the absence of the body1 before ,jesus showed himself to him4 ,it was not till after this1 and after the return of the disciples from ,emmaus1 that he said to the others1 8,peace be unto you40 ,then a whole week1 before he returns4 ,then1 probably after a longer interval 7for they returned to ,galilee71 he shows himself at the ,sea of ,tiberias4 ,then1 after some days1 to above five hundred brethren1 at a place to which they had been directed to go by the angels1 and by ,jesus both before and after his resurrection4 ,then to ,james4 ,and then at ,jerusalem to the ,apostles1 whom he led out over against ,bethany2 and while he blessed them1 he parted from them and was carried up into heaven4 ,in all this1 we see how they were prepared to exercise a sober and intelligent judgment1 so that neither they1 nor we1 should be in doubt whether what they beheld was their risen ,lord1 or a phantom of their own imagination4 ,and will any one tell us1 right here1 what better proof ,jesus could have given his disciples1 of his ,resurrection8 ,if the evidence was sufficient for them1 it may be sufficient for us1 unless we are prepared to say that the miracle shall be repeated whenever it is challenged6 ,was it essential to a reasonable conviction on their part that the ,scribes and ,pharisees should also be convinced8 7,nicodemus1 and ,joseph of ,arimathea1 were convinced47 ,it must be admitted that the disciples1 of all others1 were qualified to judge1 if any persons could be qualified4 ,what force could the belief of the ,sanhedrim have added to the testimony of their own senses8 ,assume1 as a hypothesis1 the reality of ,christ's resurrection1 we again ask1 ,what proof of it should have been given his disciples that was not given8 ,they had the same kind of proof1 during forty days1 that they had before his crucifixion4 ,he walked with them1 talked with them1 instructed them1 ate before them1 and with them 7,acts4 x4 #da71 called things to their remembrance1 opened to them the ,scriptures1 and gave them their great commission to disciple all nations2 and1 to preclude all questioning1 said1 8,see my hands and my feet1 that it is ,i myself2 handle me and see2 for a spirit hath not flesh and bones1 as ye behold me have4 ,and when he had said this1 he showed them his hands and his feet40 ,and to ,thomas1 eight days after1 he said1 8,reach hither thy finger and see my hands2 and reach thy hand and put it into my side3 and be not faithless but believing40 ,we do not accept ,origen's#d view that ,jesus after his resurrection and before his ascension 8existed in a body intermediate1 as it were1 between the grossness of that which he had before his suffering and the appearance of a soul uncovered by such a body10 although it now has the support of able writers4 ,the general#e sentiment of the ,church from the beginning has been against it4 ,it is not warranted by the record1 and it involves more mysteries and difficulties than it escapes4 ,we fully agree with ,judge ,waite#f that1 according to the ,canonical ,gospels1 8,the very body in which ,jesus was crucified1 and which was buried by ,joseph of ,arimathea1 is raised from the dead1 appears to the disciples1 is not only seen but felt1 and ,jesus himself1 in the flesh1 as he was before he was crucified1 calls for fish to eat to satisfy his disciples that he was not a spirit2 that his body was not spiritual1 but material and human like theirs20 and also with a very different man 7,mr4 ,barnes71 who1 with his usual good sense1 says3 8,it was necessary first to establish the proof of his resurrection1 and that could be done only by his appearing as he was when he died20 and also with ,drs4 ,mc,clintock and ,strong in their invaluable ,cyclopedia1 that3 8,according to the ,scriptures the disciples were assured by the testimony of their own senses that the body of ,christ after his resurrection was the same identical body of human flesh and bones which had been crucified and laid in the sepulchre40 7,vol4 ,,viii41 ,a4,d4 #ahgi47 ,peter's testimony 7as recorded in ,acts x4 #da7 that ,jesus after he was raised up was made manifest1 not to all the people1 but unto witnesses that were chosen before of ,god1 even to us 8who did eat and drink with him after he rose from the dead10 seems just as decisive as the ,canonical ,gospels4 ,and so of ,john's testimony 7#a ,john i4 #a71 8that which we beheld1 and our hands handled40 ,our ,lord was in the tomb less than thirty-six hours1 and his flesh 8did not see corruption40 ,his body1 apparently1 was as human as that of ,lazarus after he was raised4 ,the criticism that it is not said that there was blood seems frivolous1 for there could be no living flesh or bones without blood-vessels and blood4 ,although for the time he forbade ,mary ,magdalene to touch1 or rather to detain him1 he permitted the other women to take hold of his feet1 and directed the ,apostles to handle him4 ,mary ,magdalene saw him as a man1 and supposed him to be the gardener1 until he called her by name4 ,the two disciples conversed with him as a man2 and that they did not know him was only because their eyes were 8holden40 ,his sudden disappearance after the repast1 and equally sudden appearance in the midst of the ,apostles1 at most present no greater difficulties than his transfiguration1 his walking upon the sea1 his passing through his enemies when they were about to throw him down the cliff 7all before his crucifixion71 or the opening of the prison doors to two of the ,apostles4 ,the doors1 even if bolted and barred1 may have opened as to ,peter1 or those present may have been so preoccupied that a perfectly natural but silent withdrawal in the one case1 and entrance in the other1 were simply unnoticed4 ,as the man ,christ ,jesus1 he rose from the dead1 and angels1 as porters1 having rolled away the stone1 he came forth in visible human form1 and with the same body that was crucified4 ,he would have been seen by his disciples1 if they had been 8watching and waiting0 for him1 and by the guard1 if they had not become 8as dead men20 perhaps in order that they might not behold him1 for he had said1 8,yet a little while and the world beholdeth me no more40 7,john xiv4 #ai47 ,as the man ,christ ,jesus1 he showed himself to his disciples forty days2 and then1 with a body1 until then1 of flesh and blood1 as human as that of ,elijah1 before he was taken up1 ascended into the heavens4 ,thus1 in his rising from the dead1 and in the change at his ascension1 he typified both the dead who shall be raised1 and the living who shall be 8changed40 ,and any conception of him as less corporeal from his resurrection to his ascension than before1 does not conform to the record1 and1 by so much as it makes him less corporeal and tangible1 it impairs the force of the evidence4 ,each one of the ,apostles had as much evidence that ,jesus was alive after his crucifixion1 as he had that ,peter or ,john or ,thomas was alive1 and evidence of just as high a character4 ,and this proof by facts addressed to their own intelligence and bodily senses of sight1 and hearing1 and feeling1 was continued forty days4 ,there is no conflict in the evidence on this point4 ,every lawyer knows that omission is not contradiction4 ,even when witnesses profess to give the whole1 it rarely or never happens that some will not state something which others omit1 and not unfrequently a witness is called to testify to a part only1 and does not undertake to give the whole4 ,this is the precise truth in respect to the ,evangelists4 ,not one of them professes to state all that occurred after the crucifixion1 or all the instances of our ,lord's appearing to his disciples4 ,each writes for the particular object he has in view4 ,and there is a great liability to mistake1 if one forgets that it is true in narratives in respect to transactions subsequent to the crucifixion1 as well as before1 that there is often a passing from one event to another with nothing to indicate but that they were immediately connected in point of time1 when1 in fact1 there was a considerable interval between them4,a ,of the ten specified instances of his appearing1 ,matthew speaks of two1 ,mark of three1 ,luke of three1 ,john of four1 and ,paul of five1 or seven2#g but neither contradicts the other1 nor ,luke's statement in his subsequent 8treatise10 that ,jesus showed himself alive after his passion 8forty days1 and speaking the things concerning the kingdom of ,god40 ,the instances were sufficiently numerous1 the time long enough1 and the acts tangible enough1 to afford as undoubted proof as that which they had of the existence and bodily presence of each other4 ,peter might as well have doubted the denial of which he had so bitterly repented1 as to have doubted that it was his ,master who said unto him the third time1 8,simon1 son of ,john1 lovest thou me80 and all of them might as well have doubted that they had ever listened to his teaching1 as to have doubted the commission which they received from him4 ,the evidence that was personal to themselves we cannot have4 ,we know they had it1 and were capable of judging concerning it1 and we can see that it was of a character that might be justly deemed conclusive4 ,there is1 besides1 much that is common to us with them4 ,the judgment was not of one but of many1 and not from a single appearance to one of their number1 but from many appearances to different persons1 at various times1 and under circumstances most favorable to a true apprehension1 usually in open day2 and it would be passing strange if each and all were deceived by their own senses4 ,these appearances were never repeated after the ascension4 ,none of the disciples under any excitement ever again saw their ,lord as the man ,christ ,jesus walking the earth as before2 or saw him coming to the earth1 although they all believed that he would speedily return in like manner as they beheld him going into heaven4 ,stephen saw him not upon the earth1 but 8standing on the right hand of ,god40 ,paul saw him1 and 8was not disobedient unto the heavenly vision0 7,acts xxvi4 #ai74 ,john saw him1 in vision1 not only as 8the ,son of ,man0 in glorious array1 but as 8the ,lion of the tribe of ,judah10 and also as a 8,lamb standing as though it had been slain10 in the 8midst of the throne0 7,revelation i4 #ab-bj1 and v4 #e-h74 ,their subsequent experience is consistent1 if they had been dealing with realities4 ,but if all their interviews during those forty days were a delusion1 and the ascension a delusion1 it is wholly inexplicable that their imagination or senses never played them false afterward4 ,they believed that he would soon return1 just as strongly as they believed that he had ascended1 and yet they never saw him returning1 or as having returned4 ,if delusions created the faith1 how much more should the faith multiply the delusions1 and such appearances 7as ,godet#h has well put it7 8go on increasing as the square of the belief itself40 ,yet at the very time when they should have multiplied1 if they were not real1 they ceased altogether6 ,we have1 as the disciples had1 our ,lord's predictions#i of his death and resurrection 7for the two events were generally referred to in the same discourse71 and the prophecies concerning him4 ,the greatest obstacle to their acceptance of his resurrection was their inability to comprehend his death if he were indeed the true ,messiah4 ,and hence we find that ,jesus in the walk to ,emmaus1 opens to the disciples the ,scriptures concerning himself1 and says1 8,behoved it not the ,christ to suffer these things1 and to enter into his glory80 ,we may well suppose that with other prophecies1 he interpreted to them what ,daniel had said 7c4 ix4 #bf7 that 8after three score and two weeks1 shall ,messiah be cut off1 but not for himself20 and that wonderful chapter in ,isaiah 7the fifty-third7 so descriptive of his passion1 that it seems 8as if written at the foot of the cross20 and all the sacrifices for fifteen hundred years2 and that it was not possible 8that the blood of bulls and goats should take away sins20 and as ,moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness1 even so was the ,son of ,man 8lifted up40 ,and so to the ,apostles he explained the ,scriptures1 and said to them1 8,thus it is written that the ,christ should suffer1 and rise again from the dead the third day40 7,luke xxiv4 #de1 #df74 ,he reminds them what he had said1 that all things must needs be fulfilled which were written in the law of ,moses and in the ,prophets and in the ,psalms concerning himself 7,luke xxiv4 #dd74 ,the angels say to the women1 8,tell his disciples and ,peter he goeth before you into ,galilee1 and there shall ye see him as he said unto you0 7,mark xvi4 #g72 and also1 8,remember how he spake unto you when he was yet in ,galilee1 saying that the ,son of ,man must be delivered up into the hands of sinful men1 and be crucified1 and the third day rise again0 7,luke xxiv4 #f1 #g74 ,and we find that when the disciples understood the mystery of his death1 they joyfully accepted the proofs of his resurrection2 and ,peter1 who had said1 8,be it far from thee1 ,lord1 this shall never be unto thee0 7,matthew xvi4 #bc71 on the day of ,pentecost could explain that ,jesus 7whom ,god had 8raised up1 having loosed the pangs of death071 was delivered up to be crucified and slain 8by the determinate counsel and foreknowledge of ,god02 and that ,david spake of his resurrection4 7,acts ii4 #bb-ca47 ,not only do the prophecies point to his resurrection1 but as already#i shown1 ,jesus himself foretold it as well as the manner and circumstances of his death2 and it is more rational to accept it1 than to believe that such an ,one as is portrayed in the ,gospels was either false or mistaken4 8,which of you convicteth me of sin80 has found none to accept the challenge in eighteen hundred years6 ,on the contrary1 as ,dr4 ,taylor has said1#aj 8,before the portraiture which the ,evangelists have painted1 men of every age have stood in rooted admiration40 ,and as ,j4 ,s4 ,mill concedes1#aa 8,it is of no use to say that ,christ1 as exhibited in the ,gospels1 is not historical3 for none of his disciples or their proselytes were capable of inventing the sayings ascribed to him1 or imagining the life and character revealed in the ,gospels40 ,his resurrection was a moral necessity from his own character as delineated in the ,gospels1 even our enemies themselves being judges4 ,his could not have been 8the richest of human lives10 as declared by ,hooykaas1#ab nor his utterances 8the most beautiful moral teaching that humanity has received10 as avowed by ,renan1 if his power to lay down his life and 8to take it again0 were at the best a mere delusion4 ,his predictions of his death and resurrection1 as we have before shown1 are so interwoven with the entire narrative1 that it is impossible to set them aside and leave anything to which we can assent as true1 of all his recorded acts and words2 and there is no alternative except to believe that he uttered them1 or else to arbitrarily set aside the testimony of the four ,evangelists1 as well as that of ,paul4 ,that the ,christ of the ,gospels should rise from the dead1 as he said1 is in the highest degree probable4 ,only by his resurrection could he vindicate himself from the charge of blasphemy4 ,without it1 the cross was a gibbet1 a monument of folly if not of crime4 ,without it1 the sacrament which he instituted on the eve of his crucifixion1 keeps in perpetual remembrance the falsity of his pretensions1 his impotency to save himself from his enemies4 ,without it1 the taunt of those who mocked him1 8,he saved others1 himself he cannot save10 was merited4 ,without it1 while one might pity him for his sufferings1 we should the more sympathize with the ,sanhedrim in protecting the people from a visionary enthusiast1 if not a wilful impostor1 and inflicting 7although by irregular methods7 the penalty for blasphemy expressly commanded by the ,mosaic ,law4 ,it cannot be too strongly stated that there is no middle ground4 ,if he was what he claimed1 his resurrection was already assured4 ,if he was not what he claimed1 he could not have been the exalted character eulogized by those who deny his resurrection1 and before which the world bows in reverence4 ,if he was what he claimed1 we can see a grand and all-sufficient reason why ,god 7if there be a ,god7 should by miracle give the highest possible authentication to his mission4 ,he said1 8,i am the light of the world20 and the world was in darkness4 ,he said that he came forth from ,god1 and he ought to show his credentials4 ,he said he was the ,son of ,god1 and that he always did those things that pleased ,him2 which he could not do1 if he set up claims destitute of foundation4 ,he said1 8,as ,moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness1 even so must the ,son of ,man be lifted up2 that whosoever believeth1 may have in him eternal life4 ,for ,god so loved the world that ,he gave ,his only begotten ,son1 that whosoever believeth on him should not perish1 but have eternal life40 ,the great central truths which he declared in all his teachings1 were the fact of sin1 the need of a ,saviour1 and that he is a ,saviour4 ,if sin1 as all experience testifies1 is universal1 always downward1 and its end when finished death1 the redemption of multitudes,b of the human race from its power to holiness1 and bliss1 and endless progress1 as 8heirs of ,god1 and joint heirs with ,christ10 was an object worthy of divine interposition1 and only an atheist should look upon such a miracle of redemption as impossible or improbable4 8',twas great to speak a world from naught1 ',twas greater to redeem40 ,christ's resurrection being established1 the darkness over the land1 the rending of the veil1 the coming#ac out of the tombs1 the ministry of the angels in the garden before his betrayal1 and at the sepulchre1 the earthquake1 the rolling away of the stone1 and the fear that came upon the watchers1 were fitting accompaniments of the transactions which they surrounded4 ,nor1 if some of them are not mentioned by other historians1 are they overthrown1 for omission is not contradiction1 in history any more than in courts4 ,why should ,josephus1 who was not born till some years after the crucifixion1 and not a ,christian1 be expected to mention them8 ,and as to ,greek and ,roman writers1 even ,renan#ad says that 8it is not surprising that they paid little attention to a movement which was going on within a narrow space foreign to them4 ,christianity was lost to their vision upon the dark background of ,judaism40 ,and so his being seen by ,stephen the first martyr1 by ,john in the ,apocalypse1 and by ,paul on the way to ,damascus1 are in harmony with the record of his resurrection and ascension1 and may be said to confirm them4 ,yet it may be questioned if ,paul would have been so absolutely certain that ,jesus 7against whose followers he was breathing out threatening and slaughter7 said to him1 8,saul1 ,saul1 why persecutest thou me80 but for the previous appearances4 ,if he would1 he does not rest the case upon the one to himself4 ,he gives the others first1 and then adds1 8,and last of all 444 to me also40 ,while there is a mutual support1 the most solid basis for our belief is1 in the incontrovertible and tangible appearances which preceded ,paul's conversion2 and when ,john would declare the certainty of their faith1 he says1 8,that which we have heard1 that which we have seen with our eyes1 that which we have beheld1 and our hands handled40 7#a ,john i4 #a74 ,and viewing the indubitable proofs of his resurrection1 in their relation to the prophecies concerning him1 the necessity for his advent1 his predictions concerning himself1 his character and works and teachings from his incarnation to his ascension1 the lives and deaths of his ,apostles1 the wonderful enlargement of his little church1 when the ,apostles 8with great power gave their witness of the resurrection of the ,lord ,jesus10 and its equally wonderful continuance1 extension1 moral influence1 inspirations and hopes1 they rise to the sublimity of moral certainty4 ,these things cannot rationally be accounted for unless there is a ,god1 and if there is a ,god1 as all courts of justice everywhere assume1 and universal conscience declares1 to refuse assent to the conclusion to which they necessarily lead1--the ,resurrection of ,jesus ,christ from the dead1--cannot be the exercise of right reason4 ,least of all should lawyers1 accustomed to weigh evidence1 refuse to believe upon the testimony of others4 ,as ,gibson1 the great chief justice of ,pennsylvania1 said3 8,give ,christianity a common law trial2 submit the evidence pro and con to an impartial jury under the direction of a competent court1 and the verdict will assuredly be in its favor40 ,we have not the witnesses before us2 but it is every day's practice to prove historical facts by any approved and general history1 and such are our ,gospels and ,epistles2 and they are confirmed by sacraments and institutions that continue to our times1 and will continue to the end of the world4 ,nor does the sufficiency of the proofs depend upon any question of the precise extent of the genuineness of the ,gospels1 or their exact agreement4 ,men accustomed to weigh evidence know that it is enough if the substance of the issue is proved1 and that a literal agreement is never to be expected in honest witnesses4 ,in all the great facts of the ,resurrection1 the ,gospels and the ,epistles concur4 ,this has been found satisfactory to such standard authors in the legal profession as ,blackstone and ,kent and ,story1 such masters of the rules of evidence as ,starkie and ,greenleaf1 and such giants as ,lord ,brougham1 ,john ,marshall1 ,theophilus ,parsons1 ,jeremiah ,mason and ,daniel ,webster1 and many others both of the dead and the living1 and no historical event rests on a firmer basis4 ,some of its logical results will be suggested in the concluding chapter4 #a ,see ante1 c4 #ag1 p4 #aja1 and ,godet's ,defence1 etc41 #ahha1 p4 #ajf4 #b ,as quoted by ,godet1 p4 #di4 #c ,see ante1 c4 #ag1 p4 #aja4 #d ,origen against ,celsus1 ,book ,,ii41 c4 #db4 #e ,see editor's note to ,lange's ,life of ,christ2 ,mc,clintock and ,strong1 ,vol4 ,,viii41 p4 #ajee2 ,abbott's ,dictionary of ,religious ,knowledge1 p4 #hjd2 ,barnes on ,john xx4 #ba2 ,scott on ,john xx4 #ai4 ,an able article by ,professor ,robinson of the ,union ,theological ,seminary1 ,n4 ,y41 on the ,nature of ,our ,lord's ,resurrection-body will be found in the ,bibliotheca ,sacra for #ahde1 p4 #bib4 ,he thus distributes the opinions on the subject3 8,on this subject three different opinions have prevailed more or less at various times in the church4 ,some have held that the body of ,christ was changed at the resurrection as to its substance1 so that it was in its substance a different and spiritual body4 ,others have regarded the ,lord as having had after the resurrection the same body as before1 but glorified2 or1 as the earliest writers express it1 changed as to its qualities and attributes4 ,the third and larger class have supposed that the body with which ,christ rose from the dead was the same natural body of flesh and blood which had been taken down from the cross and laid in the sepulchre40 ,this article we had not read until after writing chapter #ai1 but our convictions are confirmed by his thorough discussion of the subject4 ,he concludes that the evidence of the reality of our ,lord's human body1 from the ,resurrection to the ,ascension1 is even stronger than that for any other forty days1 since ,jesus was specially careful to assure his disciples of the fact4 #f ,history1 etc41 p4 #cce4 ,a ,for example1 it is an entire misconception of ,luke's ,gospel to conclude from it that the ascension was the same day as the resurrection2 and his account in ,acts makes this certain1 it being conceded that both works were by the same writer4 #g ,paul seems to have grouped appearances4 ,we may paraphrase thus3 8,and that he was seen of ,cephas2 then of the twelve on three occasions40 #h ,defence1 etc41 p4 #aje4 #i ,see ante1 c4 #af1 p4 #hi4 #aj ,the ,gospel ,miracles1 etc41 p4 #dh4 #aa ,as quoted by ,dr4 ,taylor1 p4 #da4 #ab ,the ,bible1 etc41 p4 #ea2 ,renan1 p4 #ace4 ,b ,see ,rev4 vii4 #i-ag4 #ac ,those who came out of the tombs 8after his resurrection10 it may be presumed1 had recently deceased 7for they were recognized1 as it would seem71 and they appeared only to those who1 like ,simeon and ,anna the ,prophetess1 had been looking 8for the consolation of ,israel20 and not to those who had rejected him4 ,their coming was so overshadowed by the principal events to which it was merely an incident1 that it is mentioned only by ,matthew1 and even he gives no information of who they were1 or anything of their subsequent history4 #ad ,the ,apostles1 by ,ernest ,renan1 p4 #bbg4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,logical ,,results4 ,of these we mention only the following3 ,first4--,since the proofs of ,christ's ,resurrection are incomparably greater than those of any other miracle1 and its consequences are beyond conception more glorious1 it is the part of wisdom to force the issue upon it4 ,the decisive battle of the world in respect to the miraculous in ,christianity is to be fought right here1 and all other engagements are mere skirmishes4 ,it is well it is so4 ,christ's ,resurrection is our ,gibraltar4 ,if we cannot hold this position1 we cannot hold any4 ,but we do hold it1 and with it the whole field of controversy upon the subject4 ,let any one who doubts or denies the reality of miracles1 meet the overwhelming proofs of this the greatest of all miracles4 ,if he cannot do it1 he should yield2 and it is no dishonor to be vanquished by the truth4 ,if1 after examining these proofs1 he still imagines that he can overcome them1 he is beyond the reach of argument4 ,second4--,as it is the central fact of ,christianity1 the keystone in the arch of the ,christian ,faith1 those who reject it have no right to the ,christian name4 ,strauss is so far to be commended that1 when by his myths and sophistries he had brought himself to deny the one1 he had the manliness not to appropriate the other4 ,and of those of his fellows who still cling to it for its supposed advantages1 he sarcastically says3 8,reasons they may have1 but reason they have none40 ,chadwick1 ,hooykaas1 ,miln1 ,savage and others1#a who talk of their 8,church of the ,future10 may well follow his example4 ,if they refuse1 there is as little sense as piety in a recognition1 or quasi recognition1 of them as ministers of the ,gospel1 when at the best they are only popular lecturers to mere social or literary1 if not infidel clubs1 that choose to be called ,churches or ,religious ,societies4 ,this no doubt is distasteful to those who are looking for the time when all sects shall fraternize on a common level of skepticism and indifference4 ,but if we have any colors we should stand by them4 ,fidelity to truth and to the ,master requires a separation uncompromising and complete from all who deny ,him4 ,it is safe to be as tolerant as ,jesus and his ,apostles4 7,see ,john viii4 #ba2 #b ,corinthians vi4 #ad1 #ae2 ,revelation i4 #d1 #e2 #a ,corinthians xv4 #af1 #ag1 #ah2 #a ,john ii4 #ab1 #bc2 #a ,peter i4 #c1 #d2 #b ,peter ii4 #a1 #b2 ,revelation ii4 #f2 ,acts v4 #cj-cc2 ,acts iv4 #aa1 #ab47 ,third4--,it authenticates his mission and vindicates his claims to the utmost4 ,by it ,god affixed the seal of his approval1 and evermore declares as by a voice from heaven1 8,this is my beloved ,son in whom ,i am well pleased3 hear ye ,him40 ,his teachings are no longer opinions to be accepted or rejected as they meet with our approval1 but authoritative and final4 ,they are not the speculations of sages and philosophers1 either of olden or recent times1 to be weighed in the balance of human reason1 but everlasting truth to be received and obeyed without doubting or questioning4 ,since ,christ's resurrection is assured1 ,webster well declared1#b as every man in the exercise of right reason must1 8,i hold it my duty to believe1 not what ,i can comprehend or account for1 but what my ,master teaches me40 ,by this1 of course1 it is not intended that we are not to exercise our reason as to the genuineness of the teachings ascribed to him1 or their proper meaning1 or1 in other words1 as to textuality1 inspiration1 translation1 and interpretation4 ,in each of these departments there is and will be ample room for the greatest research1 and the ripest scholarship4 ,in respect to all these1 is doubtless true now1 as when spoken by ,robinson1 that1 8,the ,lord has more truth yet to break forth out of his holy word40 ,but when in a teachable spirit1 we know what ,jesus taught1 it is the end of controversy4 ,fourth4--,a necessary consequence from his ,resurrection must be an undoubted assurance that we have the means of knowing what his teachings were1 so far as they are essential to our guidance in this life and preparation for that which is to come4 ,the very idea of a revelation is that it shall be so made known1 that it can be understood1 trusted in1 and obeyed1 by those to whom it is given1 and for whom it is intended1 so far at least1 as shall be necessary for the regulation of their own conduct4 ,beyond this1 we cannot claim1 as a logical result of ,christ's ,resurrection1 and do not now inquire4 ,and we find that through all the years since our ,lord's ascension1 while the church has had essential truth1 and there has been substantial#c agreement in different copies and versions1 there have always been and still are1 unsolved questions of genuineness1 translation1 interpretation1 and inspiration4 ,in respect to the last1 ,ingersoll's demand#d that if the writers of the ,gospels were inspired there should be but one account1 or1 if more than one1 there should be no contradiction1 is unwarrantable2 and his own concession proves it4 8,as a rule10 he says1 8where several persons testify to the same transaction1 while agreeing in the main points they will disagree upon many minor things1 and such disagreement upon minor matters is generally considered as evidence that the witnesses have not agreed among themselves upon the story they should tell4 ,these differences in statement are accounted for from the facts that all did not see alike1 and that all did not have the same opportunity for seeing1 and that all had not equally good memories4 ,but when we claim that the witnesses were inspired1 we admit that he who inspired them did know exactly what occurred1 and consequently there should be no contradiction in the minutest detail40 ,this is very poor logic4 ,for although 8,he who inspired0 did know exactly what occurred1 there may have been the best of reasons for not inspiring a full record of all that occurred1 or an exact record in all respects of what is recorded2 and it must be presumed that such an inspiration would be given as would be most conducive to the end in view4 ,and a like answer disposes of his confident assertion1 that 8one inspired record of all that happened ought to be enough40 ,he would have ,divine wisdom sacrifice everything else for the sake of uniformity and precise accuracy in incidental and immaterial matters4 ,in other words he would tithe 8mint and anise and cummin10 at the expense of 8weightier matters40 ,the ,gospels were separately written at different times1 according to the needs in the first instance of the particular classes for which they were immediately intended1 and ultimately for the wants of the whole world4 ,each by itself was as complete and accurate as it was best it should be2 and the whole taken together are as full and exact1 as it is best they should be4 ,and looking beyond the particular classes to whom they were first given1 to all generations and peoples1 it was of supreme importance that they should be believed2 and in order to this1 that they should be so written as not to carry suspicion of collusion or fabrication upon their face4 ,mr4 ,ingersoll knows that the testimony of four witnesses agreeing in the main points1 while differing in minor matters1 is more satisfactory than the testimony of one4 ,if there were nothing to be counted but numbers1 the evidence would be four times as strong4 ,it is more than four times as strong4 ,for1 as ,mr4 ,starkie says1#e and every lawyer knows1 8,the credibility of testimony frequently depends upon the exercise of reason1 on the effect of coincidences in testimony1 which1 if collusion be excluded1 cannot be accounted for but upon the supposition that the testimony of concurring witnesses is true2 so much so that their individual character for veracity is frequently but of secondary importance40 ,but to have this effect it is indispensable that collusion be excluded4 ,and it is of vastly greater consequence that we be certain that we have 7as it is conceded we have7 independent accounts of the crucifixion than it is1 for instance1 that the inscriptions over the cross as given by the four ,evangelists should precisely agree1 or that either should have been the exact words that were written4 ,in fact1 while they all agree that the accusation was 8,the ,king of the ,jews0 7which is all that is material71 no two of them agree with each other4 ,but as ,professor ,greenleaf says1 no greater certainty is called for4 8,the same#f verbal exactness is not necessary in historians whose aim is religious instruction1 as in recorders of public inscriptions40 ,if but one account1 there would be the absence of that personality and variety1 which we now have1 and more especially the want of that conclusive proof which comes from independent witnesses4 ,if the ,gospels had been written as ,mr4 ,ingersoll says they should have been if inspired1 the objections against them1 if not insurmountable1 would have been tenfold stronger4 ,and why should not ,divine wisdom so inspire as to secure the best possible results8 ,and although two of the writers were ,apostles1 and to the ,apostles was the ,holy ,spirit given to teach them 8all things10 and bring to their remembrance 8all things0 which ,jesus had said unto them 7,john xiv4 #bf71 this does not necessarily imply an exact transmission of all the words spoken4 ,regard should be had to the substance of things in this1 as in other matters1 and not to mere verbal accuracy1 except in those rare cases in which it is important to know the precise language used4 ,it may safely be affirmed that there is no discrepancy in relation to any essential fact1 or important doctrine or duty4 ,and it is just this degree of certainty and accuracy1 that we should expect from our ,lord's true ,messiahship as proved by his ,resurrection4 ,fifth4--,by it1 we know that he had power to impart to his ,apostles to whom he entrusted the establishment of his church1 and to ,paul whom he especially selected as an ,apostle to the ,gentiles1 inspiration and the gift of miracles4 ,as the ,father sent him into the world1 even so he sent them into the world 7,john xviii4 #ah72 and what things soever they should bind1 or loose1 on earth1 should be bound or loosed in heaven 7,luke xxi4 #ad-af74 ,miracles were attestations of their ,apostleship1 8,god also bearing witness with them1 both by signs and wonders1 and by manifold powers and by gifts of the ,holy ,ghost1 according to his own will40 7,hebrews ii4 #d47 ,with the writings of ,john the volume of inspiration was complete4 ,if any miracles were wrought after his time 7which is questioned by many#g71 there are none sufficiently authenticated to be of any evidential value to us4 ,but there is in every true ,church1 and will be to the end of time1 what is of greater importance than the working of miracles1 the convicting and transforming power of the ,holy ,ghost2 and any community1 by whatever name it may be called1 that has not this attestation is not a true ,church of the ,lord ,jesus ,christ4 ,the promise of the ,comforter who shall 8convict the world of sin and of righteousness and of judgment20 and 8,lo6 ,i am with you alway1 even unto the end of the world10 are as immutable as the throne of ,god4 ,if the ,gospel had been only a 8civilization10 as ,mr4 ,chadwick terms it1 it had never been known outside of ,judea4 ,it is because it is the 8wisdom of ,god1 and the power of ,god unto salvation to every one that believeth10 that it has gained its marvellous victories1 overturning ,pagan ,rome1 and in these later days transforming even ,madagascar1 the ,sandwich ,islands1 and the cannibals#h of the ,fiji ,islands into ,christian communities4 ,sixth4--,in our conception of ,jesus as our ,saviour1 we should not separate his death from his resurrection and ascension4 ,if he died for our sins1 he rose again for our justification4 ,he is now exalted as a ,prince and a ,saviour at the right hand of the ,father1 to give repentance and the remission of sins4 ,united to him by faith1 and changed into his image1 our resurrection is assured by his1 and because he lives we shall live also4 ,as oft as we 8eat this bread and drink this cup10 we do show forth his death ,,till ,,he ,,come4 8,henceforth10 7said#i the great ,apostle7 8there is laid up for me the crown of righteousness which the ,lord1 the righteous judge1 shall give to me at that day1 and not only to me1 but also to all them that leave loved his appearing40 8,and#aj the ,spirit and the ,bride say1 ,come2 and he that heareth let him say1 ,come2 and he that is athirst let him come2 he that will1 let him take the water of ,life freely40 #a ,it is one of the marvels of sin and shows the effrontery of ,satan1 that ,hooykaas1 who is about as rank an infidel as ,strauss himself1 should be pastor at ,rotterdam1 a ,doctor of ,divinity1 and entitle his book1 which laboriously excludes everything miraculous or supernatural in relation to ,jesus1 8,the ,bible for ,learners40 ,mr4 ,chadwick1 while admitting that he is not a ,christian in the original sense of the word1 argues against ,strauss 7with whom he agrees in sentiment7 the right to apply the term to himself1 but meaning by it only 8a stream of tendency10 8freedom1 progress and civilization40 8,it may be10 he says1 8that some of you conceive that my definition of ,christianity does worse than include those who are at pains to prove themselves not ,christians4 ,it includes the dangerous classes of society2 it includes the men of vice and crime4 ,there is no doubt of it40 7,see ,free ,religious ,index for ,march #ag1 #ahha1 ,march #bd1 #ahha1 and ,march #ca1 #ahha47 ,mr4 ,miln recently preached a sermon upon 8,the ,church of the ,future10 from which he said all speculative beliefs as a condition of membership will be excluded1 even the belief in a personal ,deity4 7,see ,index for ,february #bc1 #ahhb47 ,he does not believe in prayer other than communion with himself4 7,see ,new ,york ,observer of ,february #bc1 #ahhb47 ,if ,mr4 ,savage has not yet gone as far1 he stops but little short of it4 #b ,so expressed in a creed drawn up by him in #ahjg4 7,see ,congregationalist of ,february #ae1 #ahhb47 ,a copy of this creed was read at the centennial anniversary of his birth 7,january #ah1 #ahhb7 by the ,congregational ,church of ,salisbury1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,he joined this church on profession of faith ,september #ac1 #ahjg1 and never removed his connection4 7,see ,new ,hampshire ,journal of ,january #bh1 #ahhb47 #c ,see chap4 xiii4 p4 #fg1 ante4 #d ,in the ,north ,american ,review for ,august1 #ahha1 p4 #aah4 #e ,starkie on ,evidence1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,sec4 #aj1 and note upon ,hume4 #f ,greenleaf's ,testimony of the ,evangelists1 p4 #dgh4 #g ,history of ,god's ,church1 by ,enoch ,pond1 ,d4,d41 p4 #fjf4 ,and as to ,judge ,waite's 8many cases of resurrection from the dead1 handed down in the ancient mythologies0 and by heathen writers1 it will be soon enough to notice them whenever there shall be a serious attempt to run a parallel between the evidence in support of them1 and that which proves the resurrection of our ,lord4 ,and so of the whole swarm of lying wonders1 whether found in heathen writers1 the ,apocryphal ,gospels1 or exhibited by modern conjurors or spiritualists1--senseless1 frivolous1 for no worthy object1 and1 beyond the mystery accompanying them1 supported by no reasonable proof4 ,our ,saviour told his disciples 8beforehand0 that 8there shall arise false ,christs and false prophets1 and shall show great signs and wonders1 so as to lead astray1 if possible1 even the elect40 7,matthew xxiv4 #bd47 ,paul told ,timothy that 8the ,spirit saith expressly that in later times some shall fall away from the faith1 giving heed to seducing spirits and doctrines of demons1 through the hypocrisies of men that speak lies1 branded in their own conscience as with a hot iron40 7#a ,timothy iv4 #a1 #b47 ,this will be strange to any modern ,sadducee who believes there is 8neither angel nor ,spirit10 but the ,christian will do well to give heed4 #h ,within the last thirty years1 through the labors of ,english ,wesleyan missionaries1 there has been an entire moral renovation of cannibals1 once revelling and rioting in every excess of atrocity and bestial shame4 ,now there are nine thousand churches and thousands of communicants1 fourteen thousand schools and nearly fifty thousand scholars3 and out of a population of about one hundred and twenty thousand1 over one hundred thousand are reckoned as regular attendants at the churches4 ,cannibalism has been voluntarily abandoned1 save by a single tribe1 in eighty inhabited islands3 idolatry has been abjured1 and all traces of it swept away4 ,and to-day a gentle and refined ,english woman1 as ,miss ,gordon-,cumming in her book1 ,at ,home in ,fiji1 testifies1 can travel these islands alone1 mingling with the people1 rambling through their villages1 sleeping in their huts and eating at their tables1 with none to molest her or make her afraid4 7,see ,rev4 ,edward ,abbott1 in ,congregationalist of ,february #ae1 #ahhb47 #i #b ,timothy iv4 #h4 #aj ,revelation xxii4 #ag4 ,,index ,a4 ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,to ,,subjects ,,and ,,ancient ,,authors ,,and ,,writings4 ,absence of the body of ,jesus4 ,see ,empty ,tomb4 ,acts and ,luke1 have one author1 #i1 #gg4 ,acts1 quoted from1 by ,justin1 #bc1 #bd1 #bf4 when written1 #gi4 ,acts of ,peter and ,paul 7,apocryphal71 #cg1 #ch4 ,acts of ,pilate 7,apocryphal71 #cd1 #ce1 #cf1 #da1 note #e4 ,admissions and ,presumptions1 #i1 #ab1 #ac1 #bb1 #dc4 ,see1 also1 ,renan1 ,strauss1 ,waite4 ,after-thought1 ,resurrection is not an1 #f1 #hf4 ,aged disciples1 #ee1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fb1 note #d4 ,agrippa ,castor1 testimony of1 #de4 ,alexandrian ,codex1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aj4 ,alogi1 #dg1 #dh1 #ec1 #fj1 with #fb1 note #e4 ,ambrose1 #dh1 note #e4 ,ancient ,deeds and ,records1 are evidence1 #eh1 #ei1 #fd1 #fe4 ,andrew1 the ,apostle1 #ad4 ,angels1 as porters1 #abd4 at the ,sepulchre1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aah1 #abg1 #acj4 ,announcement1 to ,mary1 #be1 #ce1 #da1 note #c4 ,antoninus1 #aj1 #ah4 ,apelles1 testimony of1 #de4 ,apocalypse1 authorship of1 #ab1 #dh1 #hj1 note #d1 #hh1 note #c4 ,quotations from1 #cb1 #ha1 #hb4 ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #cd-db1 #adj1 note #g4 ,justin did not use1 #cd-db4 ,apologies of ,justin ,martyr1 #ah-fg4 dates of1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 note #c1 #ah1 #eg1 #eh1 #fa1 note #a4 ,apollinaris1 testimony of1 #bg1 #bi1 note #c1 #de4 ,apostles1 sincerity of1 #gd1 #gh1 #hf1 #aad4 ,apostleship1 requisite for1 #aaf1 #aai1 note #ad4 ,appearances1 of the ,risen ,lord1 #g1 #ha-hi1 #aje-aji1 #aae-abf4 corporeal and material1 #bf1 #ff1 #he1 #ajg1 #aad1 #abb-abd1 #acb1 note #e4 ,jerusalem1 #aje-ajh1 #aae1 #aba4 none such after ,ascension1 #abf1 on the mountain1 #he1 #hg1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 note #aj1 #aba4 ,paul's enumeration of1 #he1 #hg1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #abe1 #acc1 note #g4 sea of ,galilee1 #ajh1 #aba1 #abe4 to ,james1 #hg1 #ajh1 #aba4 to ,mary ,magdalene1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aba1 #abc4 to ,peter1 #he1 #hg1 #ajg1 #abc4 to the ,eleven1 #he1 #hg1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 note #aj1 #aac1 #aba4 to the five hundred1 #he1 #hg1 #ajh1 #aji1 note #aj1 #aba1 #abe4 to the two disciples1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aba1 #abc1 #abd4 to the women1 #ajf1 #aji1 notes #e and #g1 #aae1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aba1 #abc1 #abe4 to ,thomas1 #ajg1 #ajh4 why not to ,sanhedrim1 #aaj1 #abb4 ,appearance1 to ,paul1 #acj1 #aca4 in the ,apocalypse1 #acj4 to ,stephen1 #abf1 #acj4 ,aretus1 the ,king1 #hc4 ,aristion1 #ad1 #af1 note #a4 ,ascending the ,stream1 #ej-ff4 ,ascension1 change at1 #ajh1 #abd4 ,luke's1 account of1 #abe4 ,athenagoras1 testimony of1 #de1 #dg1 #ea4 ,authority of ,jesus1 vindicated1 #ace4 ,authorship of ,acts1 #i1 #df1 #gg4 of ,apocalypse1 #ab1 #cb1 #dh1 #hh1 note #c4 of the ,fourth ,gospel4 ,see same4 ,barnabas and ,titus1 #aj1 #ec1 #hc4 ,barnabas1 ,epistle of1 #aj1 #bc1 #ec4 ,date of1 #aj1 #fg1 #gb1 note #a4 ,quotes ,matthew as ,scripture1 #bb1 note #d4 ,uses the ,fourth ,gospel1 #bc1 #bf4 ,bar-,salibi1 on ,tatian1 #dg4 ,bartholomew1 #ed4 ,basilides1 used the ,fourth ,gospel1 #aj1 #aa1 note #d1 #bg1 #bh1 #de4 time of1 #aj1 #bh1 #cd4 ,begging the question1 #g4 ,best evidence1 what is1 #aj4 ,blasphemy1 or a true ,resurrection1 #abi4 ,bodily senses may be trusted1 #abd1 #abe4 ,brethren of ,jesus1 #ci4 ,burial of ,jesus1 certainty of1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aji1 note #b4 ,csarea ,philippi1 #ia4 ,caius1 of ,rome1 testimony of1 #ea4 ,canon of ,muratori1 see ,muratori ,canon4 ,cappadocia and ,pontus to ,gaul1 #i1 #ej4 ,cave1 birth of ,jesus in1 #ce1 #cf1 #da1 note #d4 ,celsus1 first ,heathen writer against ,christianity1 #de-dh1 #aaj4 ,date of his writing1 #df1 #dh1 note #f4 ,quoted our ,gospels1 #de1 #df1 #dg4 ,theory of1 #ha1 #hh1 note #a4 ,makes no reference to ,cyrenius1 #gi1 note #a4 ,census in ,judea1 #cf1 #da1 note #h1 #db1 #gi1 note #a4 ,central ,fact of ,christianity1 #acd4 ,central ,truths of the ,gospel1 #abi4 ,cerinthians1 #cg4 ,cerinthus and ,john1 #dh1 #ff1 note #c4 time of1 #ff1 note #c4 ,certainty in courts1 #ii4 ,children of ,joseph1 #ci4 ,christian ,era1 true date of1 #aa1 note #c1 #ab1 #fa1 note #a4 ,christianity1 supposed extinction of1 #gj4 not a mere civilization1 #aci4 ,chronology of the ,gospels1 #gf1 #gg1 #hj1 note #e4 ,church at ,lyons1 #de4 ,church at ,vienne1 #de4 of ,rome to ,corinth1 #aj4 ,see ,clement of ,rome4 8,church of the future10 #acd1 #adj1 note #a4 ,chuza1 ,herod's ,steward1 #aji1 note #e4 ,chrysostom1 #dh1 note #e4 ,citations by ,justin and others1 #bc-dj4 ,claudius ,apollinaris1 testimony of1 #de1 #ea4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 #de1 #df1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ef1 #fh1 #gb1 note #c4 ,clementine ,homilies1 #de4 ,clement of ,rome1 #aj1 #ae1 #ei1 #fj1 #ff1 note #a1 #gb1 note #b4 date of his ,epistle1 #aj4 quotations in1 #bc1 #cb1 #ff1 note #a1 #gb1 note #b4 upon the ,resurrection1 #ff1 note #a1 #fg4 ,cleopas and ,luke1 #ajf4 ,cock-crowing1 #ig1 #ajj1 note #d4 ,codex1 ,alexandrian1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aj4 ,sinaitic1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aj1 #aji1 note #g4 ,vatican1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aj1 #aji1 note #g4 ,commentaries and ,harmonies1 #de1 #dg4 ,coming of ,christ1 #ha1 #abf1 #aci4 ,coming out of the tombs1 #acj1 #acc1 note #ac4 ,confucius1 #ab4 ,constantine1 #gj4 ,copies1 multiplication of1 #fi1 #gj4 ,coptic ,version1 #fi4 ,corporeal ,resurrection1 #bf1 #ff1 note #a1 #fg1 #he1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #acb1 notes #d1 #e4 ,corinthian church1 #aj4 ,see ,clement of ,rome4 ,corinthians1 ,epistles to1 conceded to be genuine1 #ab1 #hf4 quotations from1 #af1 #ag1 #ah1 note #c1 #ca1 #cb1 #ha-hg4 upon the ,resurrection1 #ha-hg4 when written1 #gi1 #hb1 #hh1 note #b4 ,corpus ,juris ,civilis 7,body of the ,civil ,law71 #gb4 ,credibility of the ,evangelists1 #gd-ha1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajh1 #aad1 #abb1 #abd1 #abe1 #aca1 #acb1 #acf1 #ach4 ,of witnesses1 tests of1 #ge1 #gg1 #gh1 #ii1 #abd1 #aca1 #acb1 #acf1 #acg4 ,cross1 inscription upon1 #ach4 ,crucifixion of ,jesus--conceded1 #ab1 #aja4 differing accounts of1 #aja1 #abe4 ,crucifixion of ,jesus1 surrounding circumstances1 #acj1 #acc1 notes #ac1 #ad4 ,cursive manuscripts1 #gc1 note #aj4 ,cyrenius1 taxing under1 #cf1 #da1 note #h1 #gi1 note #a4 ,damascus1 ,paul at1 #hb1 #hc4 ,darkness over the land1 #acj1 #acc1 note #ad4 ,day1 how reckoned1 #ij1 #ajj1 notes #b1 #c4 ,death of ,jesus1 certainty of1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #aad1 #aag4 ,denial of ,peter1 predicted1 #ig1 #ih4 ,destruction of copies1 #gc1 note #i4 of ,jerusalem1 #gi4 ,diatessaron of ,tatian1 #de1 #dg4 ,diocletian1 #gj4 ,diognetus1 letter to1 #aj1 #bc1 #bg4 ,dionysius of ,corinth1 #ea4 ,disagreement of witnesses against ,jesus1 #hi4 ,docet1 #ch4 ,domitian1 persecutions under1 #aa4 ,earlier writings1 use of in ,gospels1 #gh4 ,ebionites1 #cg1 #ci4 ,elders or ,presbyters1 testimony of1 #ag1 note #c1 #ee1 #fj1 #hj1 note #b4 ,elijah's ascension1 #abd4 ,his coming1 #ib4 ,emmaus1 locality of1 #ajg1 #aji1 note #i4 journey to1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aba4 was late in the day1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,empty ,tomb1 must be accounted for1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #aaf1 #aah1 #aai1 note #ah1 #abj1 #acb1 note #b4 ,ephesus1 tombs at1 #ad4 ,ephrm 7the ,syrian ,father71 #dg4 ,epistles1 that are conceded1 #ab1 #hd4 quotations from1 #ca1 #cb1 #ha-hg4 when written1 #gi1 #hb1 #he4 ,epistle of ,john1 #i1 #ae1 #abc4 ,epistles of ,paul1 #ab1 #ca1 #cb1 #gi1 #ha-hg4 ,errors in copying1 #ga1 #gb4 of witnesses4 ,see ,credibility4 ,eusebius1 fifty copies by1 #gj4 on different subjects1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 note #b1 #cg1 #ch1 #ec1 #gj1 #hh1 note #c4 ,evidence1 rules of1 #i1 #ac1 #bb1 #dc1 #gg1 #gh1 #abd1 #aca1 #acf1 #ach4 ,experience1 reasoning from1 #ab1 #dc1 #aab1 #abd4 ,false ,assumptions1 corrected1 #aaj-aag4 ,fifty copies by ,eusebius1 #gj4 ,fire in the ,jordan1 #cg4 ,flesh1 implies blood1 #abc4 ,flight into ,egypt1 #gh4 ,forgery of ,john's ,gospel1 absurdity of1 #eb1 #fj1 #fd4 ,fourth ,gospel1 early use of1 by or in1 ,agrippa1 ,castor1 #de4 ,alogi1 #dg1 #dh1 #ec1 #fj1 with #fb1 note #e4 ,apelles1 #de4 ,apollinaris1 #bg1 #bi1 note #c1 #de4 ,athenagoras1 #de1 #dg4 ,barnabas1 #bc1 #bf4 ,basilides1 #aj1 #aa1 note #d1 #bg1 #bh1 #de4 ,caius1 of ,rome1 #ea4 ,canon of ,muratori1 #de1 #dh1 note #e1 #ec1 #ef4 ,celsus1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #dh1 note #f4 ,church of ,lyons and ,vienne1 #de4 ,claudius ,apollinaris1 #de1 #ea4 ,clement of ,alexandria1 #de1 #df1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef1 #fh1 #gb1 note #c4 ,clementine ,homilies1 #de4 ,commentaries and ,harmonies1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #ec4 ,coptic ,version1 #de1 #fi4 ,diatessaron of ,tatian1 #de1 #dg4 ,diognetus1 #bc1 #bg4 ,dionysius of ,corinth1 #ea4 ,elders at ,ephesus1 #ee4 ,hegesippus1 #ea4 ,heracleon1 #de1 #dg1 #di1 note #h4 ,hermas1 #bc1 #bg1 #ea4 ,hippolytus1 #bg1 #bh4 ,irenus1 #de1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef1 #gb1 note #c4 ,justin ,martyr1 #bc1 #cj1 #ca1 #cd-fg4 ,leonides1 #ea4 ,melito of ,sardis1 #de4 ,muratori ,canon1 #de1 #dh1 note #e1 #ec1 #ef4 ,origen1 #ci1 #de1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef1 #gb1 note #c4 ,pantnus1 #de1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef4 ,papias1 #ae1 #af1 note #c1 #bc1 #bg1 #cc4 ,polycarp1 #de1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef4 ,polycrates1 #ea4 ,pothinus1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef4 ,serapion1 #ch1 #ci1 #de1 #ea1 #ef4 ,tatian1 #de1 #dg4 ,tertullian1 #de1 #ea1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #gb1 note #c4 ,theophilus of ,antioch1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef4 ,translations1 #de1 #ea1 #fi1 #gj4 ,valentinus1 #de1 #dg4 ,victor of ,rome1 #ea4 ,galatians1 conceded genuineness of1 #ab4 evidential value of1 #hb-hg4 quotations from1 #cb1 #hj-hg4 when written1 #gi1 #hb1 #hh1 note #b4 ,galicinium or cock-crowing1 #ig1 #ajj1 note #d4 ,galilee1 appearances1 #he1 #hg1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aae1 #aba1 #abe1 #acc1 note #g4 meeting in1 #ig1 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aji1 note #aj4 predictions of ,his death1 #ic to #ajj4 ,gelasius1 ,decree of ,canonicity1 #cd4 ,genuineness of ,canonical ,gospels1 #fg-gc4 legal presumption of1 #ac1 #bb1 #dc1 #fc1 #fd1 #fe4 ,see1 also1 ,credibility1 ,memoirs4 ,gnostic ,heretics1 #aj1 #de1 #ea4 ,good ,shepherd1 #ic1 #id4 ,going up to ,jerusalem1 #id4 ,gospel of ,nicodemus 7,apocryphal71 #ce1 #cf4 ,gospel of ,hebrews 7,apocryphal71 #ce1 #cg1 #dj1 #db4 ,grand motive for ,resurrection of ,christ1 #aaa1 #abi1 #acj4 ,grave clothes1 evidence from1 #aje1 #aji1 note #f1 #aai1 note #ah4 ,greek ,classics1 manuscripts of1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aa4 ,greek and ,roman historians1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #acj1 with #acc1 note #ad4 ,greeks1 interview of1 with ,jesus1 #ie4 ,guard of soldiers1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aji1 notes #c and #d1 #abd4 ,hades not the grave1 #aae4 ,hebrew1 ,matthew written in1 #ae1 #cg4 ,hebrews1 7,apocryphal71 ,gospel of1 #ce1 #cg1 #dj1 #db1 note #aj4 ,hegesippus1 testimony of1 #ea4 ,heracleon1 testimony of1 #de1 #dg1 #di1 note #h4 ,heretics1 testimony of1 #de1 #dg1 #ea4 ,hermas1 authorship of1 #aj1 #ah1 #dh1 note #e1 #eb1 #ec4 citations in1 #bg4 date of1 #aj1 #dh1 note #e4 used ,john's ,gospel1 #bc1 #bg4 ,hermas1 ,bishop of ,rome1 #dh1 note #e4 ,hippolytus1 #bg1 #fh4 ,historical difficulties1 #fe1 #fg1 #fh1 #gi1 note #a4 ,see1 also1 ,credibility4 ,historical facts1 how proved1 #i1 #aca4 ,see1 also1 ,legal ,presumption4 ,ignatius1 ,epistles of1 #aj1 #bh4 ,inspiration1 extent of1 #ge1 #acb1 #acf4 ,irenus1 testimony of1 #ad1 #af1 note #c1 #de1 #ee1 #ef1 #ff1 note #c1 #gb1 note #c4 on ,papias1 #ad1 #ae1 #af1 note #c1 #bg4 on ,presbyters1 #af1 note #c1 #bg4 to ,john's ,gospel1 #de1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef4 ,integrity of the ,gospels1 #fg4 ,intervals between appearances1 #aba1 #abb4 ,james1 appearance to1 #hg1 #ajh1 #aba4 ,james1 the ,apostle1 #ad1 #hc1 #he4 ,james1 the ,lord's brother1 #hc1 #he4 ,jairus' daughter1 #aaj4 ,jerome's translation1 #cg4 testimony of1 #de4 ,jerusalem1 appearances at1 #aje-ajh1 #aae1 #aba4 ,jewish ,sabbath1 displaced by ,lord's ,day1 #ha1 #hb4 ,jewish ,passover1 displaced by ,lord's ,supper1 #ha1 #hb4 ,joanna1 wife of ,chuza1 #aji1 note #e4 ,john and ,cerinthus1 #ff1 note #c4 ,john1 the ,apostle1 #ad1 #ae1 #ajb1 and passim4 at the ,cross1 #aae4 at the ,sepulchre1 #aje1 #ajf1 #abj4 time of his death1 #ae1 #ef1 #eg1 #eh1 #fd1 #ff1 note #c4 ,see ,apocalypse and ,fourth ,gospel4 ,john1 the ,baptist1 #ib4 ,john1 the ,presbyter1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 note #c1 #ba1 #hh1 note #c4 ,john's ,epistle1 #i1 #ae1 #abc4 ,john's ,gospel1 character of1 #ge1 #gf1 #gh4 ,see ,fourth ,gospel4 ,josephus1 testimony from1 #ab4 compared with ,luke1 #gg1 #gh4 silence of1 no proof1 #gg1 #gh1 #acj4 when born1 #acj4 ,joseph of ,arimathea1 #ij1 #ajc1 #abb4 ,justin ,martyr's writings1 #ad4 birth1 character and martyrdom1 #ad1 #ah1 #cf1 #ea1 #fa1 note #a4 ,justin ,martyr1 on the ,apocalypse1 #hj1 note #d1 #hh1 note #c4 does not quote ,epistles1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc4 on ,cyrenius1 #gi1 note #a4 on guard of soldiers1 #ajd1 #aji1 note #d4 used the ,fourth ,gospel1 #cj-fg4 ,justin's ,apologies4 ,see ,apologies1 etc41 and ,memoirs ,intended1 by ,justin4 ,lactantius1 time of1 #cg4 ,lapse of time as evidence1 #ac1 #bb1 #fd1 #fe4 ,latin ,version1 #fi4 ,law1 the ,resurrection conformable to1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,lawyers should investigate1 preface and #aca4 ,laying down ,his life1 #ic1 #id4 ,legal presumptions1 of genuineness1 #ac1 #bb1 #dc1 #fg4 of permanency1 #ac1 #bb1 #dc1 #ej1 #ei1 #fb1 note #c4 of rightfulness1 #ac1 #bb1 #dc1 #fe1 #ff4 ,leonides the martyr1 #ea1 #ed4 ,lifting up the ,serpent1 #cj1 #hi1 #ij1 #abi4 ,lineage of ,david1 #cf1 #db1 note #i4 ,literal ,resurrection1 #ff1 note #a1 #he1 #aab1 #abc1 #abd1 #acb1 note #e4 ,logical ,results of the ,resurrection1 #acd4 ,lord's ,day1 evidential value of1 #ha1 #hb4 displaced the ,jewish ,sabbath1 #ha1 #hb4 ,lord's ,supper1 evidential value of1 #ha1 #hb1 #if1 #ig1 #ajb1 #abi4 displaced the ,passover1 #ha1 #hb4 ,lost ,tributaries1 #i1 #fg4 ,lucius1 time of1 #fa1 note #a4 ,luke's qualifications as a witness1 #ba1 #de1 #eg1 #gg1 #gh4 compared with ,josephus1 #gg1 #gh4 was a companion of ,paul1 #ba1 #de4 ,luke's ,gospel1 character of1 #i1 #dh1 note #e1 #gf1 #gg1 #gh4 was mutilated by ,marcion1 #ch1 #de1 #ed1 #fh1 #fi1 #gb1 note #g4 quotations from1 by ,justin1 #be1 #bf1 #cc4 ,see ,memoirs1 etc4 ,lyons and ,vienne1 #de4 ,manuscript copies of ,gospels1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga1 #gb4 ,marcion1 time of1 #fa1 note #a1 #fh4 8,wolf of ,pontus10 #ch1 #fa1 note #a1 #fi1 #gb1 note #g4 ,marcion's ,gospel1 date of1 #fh4 an abridgment of ,luke's1 #ch1 #de1 #ed1 #fh1 #fi1 #gb1 note #g4 proves genuineness of ,luke1 #de1 #fh1 #fi4 ,mark as ,peter's interpreter1 #ae1 #ba1 #ch1 #ci1 #de1 #df1 #eg1 #fa1 #gf4 character of his ,gospel1 #gf1 #gg4 ,see ,memoirs1 etc4 ,material ,resurrection1 #bf1 #ff1 note #a1 #he1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #acb1 note #e4 ,martha and ,lazarus1 #id4 ,matthew's qualifications1 #ad1 #ae1 #ge1 #ajc4 character of his ,gospel1 #ae1 #cg1 #gf to #gh1 #hj1 note #f4 first in ,hebrew1 #ae1 #cg4 ,see ,memoirs1 etc4 ,mary ,magdalen1 not mentioned by ,paul1 #aaf4 at the ,sepulchre1 #ajd1 #aje4 beholds the ,risen ,lord1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aag1 #aba1 #abc4 but disciples incredulous1 #aje1 #ajf1 #aaf4 ,renan's empty boast1 #aaf1 #aai1 note #ab4 ,mary the ,mother of ,james1 #aji1 note #e4 ,maximian1 #gj4 ,melito of ,sardis1 testimony of1 #de1 #ea4 ,memoirs ,intended by ,justin1 #ah1 #cd1 #de1 #ej-fg4 of the year one hundred and eighty1 #de1 #fd4 no others proved1 #cd1 #fd4 no others substituted1 #ej to #eg1 #fd4 summary of evidence1 #fc1 #fd4 were ,our ,gospels1 #ah to #fg4 ,miracles1 cessation of1 #aci1 #adj1 note #g4 are not impossible1 #g1 #fe1 #aaa1 #aah1 note #b1 #c4 conformable to law1 #aaa1 #aab4 gift of1 to the ,apostles1 #ach1 #aci4 grand motive for1 #aaa1 #abi1 #acj4 may be proved1 #h1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aah1 note #b1 #c4 ,mythological resurrections1 #adj1 note #g4 ,moral necessity of ,christ's ,resurrection1 #abh1 #abi4 ,multiplication of copies1 insures correctness1 #fi1 #gj1 #ga4 ,muratori ,canon1 date of1 #dh1 note #e4 where found1 #dh1 note #e4 what it is1 #de1 #dh1 note #e1 #ec1 #ef4 ,myths and ,legends1 disproved1 #hf1 #hg1 #hh4 ,nazarenes1 #cg4 ,nero's ,persecution1 #i1 #aa4 ,nicodemus1 #ca1 #eb1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajc1 #abb4 ,nicomedia1 ,persecution at1 #gc1 note #i4 ,omission is not ,contradiction1 #af1 #af1 note #c1 #cb1 #cf1 #fg1 #gg1 #abd1 #abe4 ,opening of prison doors1 #abd4 ,order of ,events1 #aja4 ,origen1 #ci1 #de1 #dg1 #di1 #ea1 #ed1 #ef1 #gb1 note #c1 #abb1 #acb1 note #d4 against ,celsus1 #dg1 #di1 #acb1 note #d4 against 8,peter's ,gospel10 #ci1 #de4 on genuineness of ,our ,gospels1 #de1 #ed1 #gb1 note #c4 on ,resurrection ,body1 #abb1 #acb1 note #d4 ,pagan ,nations1 ,christianized1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ac1 #aci1 #ada1 note #h4 ,pagan ,persecutions4 ,see ,ten ,persecutions4 ,pantnus1 testimony of1 #de1 #ea1 #ec1 #ed1 #ef4 ,papias1 character and martyrdom1 #ad1 #ae4 ,papias1 fragments of his writings1 #aj1 #ad1 and note #c on pp4 #af-ag1 #cg4 on ,mark's ,gospel1 #ad1 #ae1 #cg1 #ef4 on ,matthew's ,gospel1 #ad1 #ae1 #cg1 #ef4 probably used ,john's ,gospel1 #ae1 #af1 note #c1 #cc4 ,passover and the ,lord's ,supper1 #ha1 #hb4 ,passover week1 #aae4 ,pastor ,hermas1 see ,hermas4 ,part of a day for the whole1 #ij1 #ajj1 notes #b1 #c4 ,paul's conversion1 date of1 #hc1 #hh1 note #b4 testimony to the ,resurrection1 #ha to #hg4 visits to ,jerusalem1 #hb1 #hc4 ,paul's conceded ,epistles1 #ab1 #fg1 #hd1 #hf4 when written1 #gi1 #hb1 #he1 #hh1 note #b4 their great value as evidence of ,christ's ,resurrection1 #ab1 #ha to #hh4 ,peter's change of character1 #abg1 #abh4 at the tomb1 #ajd1 #aje4 charge to1 #ajh4 denial1 #ig1 #ih4 rebuked1 #ib1 #ig4 ,see ,appearances4 ,peter's ,gospel 7,apocryphal71 #bj1 with #bb1 note #b1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 note #ad1 #de1 with #dh1 note #a1 #fb1 note #f4 ,philip1 the ,apostle1 #ad4 ,philippians1 ,epistle to1 #ab4 ,physical cause of ,christ's death1 #ajb1 #ajh1 note #a4 ,pilate1 assured of ,christ's death1 #ajc1 #aad4 ,pliny's ,letter to ,trojan1 #i1 #ab1 #ei4 ,ploughs and ,yokes1 #ce4 ,polycarp1 testimony of1 #aj1 #bc1 #cc1 #de1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef4 his ,epistle1 #aj1 #cc4 his martyrdom1 #ee4 ,polycrates1 ,bishop of ,ephesus1 #ea4 ,positive and ,negative ,evidence1 #cb1 #cf1 #fg1 #gg1 #abd1 #abe4 ,pothinus1 testimony of1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef4 ,preaching of the ,resurrection1 as early as ,day of ,pentecost1 #hc1 #hd1 #aja4 disproves ,myths or ,legends1 #he1 #hf4 must be accounted for1 #aac1 #aad4 theories upon1 #aac1 #aad4 ,preaching of ,paul1 7,apocryphal17 #cg4 ,predictions of ,his ,death and ,resurrection1 by ,himself1 #hi to #ig1 #ajb1 #abh1 #abi4 by the ,prophets1 #abg1 #abh4 why not understood1 #ajj4 their great force as evidence1 #ajb4 ,preface1 #e4 ,presumptions1 see ,legal ,presumption4 ,presentation at the ,temple1 #gh4 ,previous ,resurrections1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,proclamation of the ,resurrection4 ,see ,preaching1 etc4 ,proof of the ,resurrection possible1 #aaa1 #aab4 and sufficient1 #aae to #acc4 ,prophecies of the ,resurrection4 ,see ,predictions1 etc4 ,protevangelium 7,apocryphal71 #cd to #db4 ,public ,ministry1 termination of1 #gf1 #hj1 note #e1 #if4 ,quotations in the ,second ,century1 from ,old ,testament1 not exact1 #bd1 #ca4 from ,gospels1 not exact1 #bc1 #bd1 #ca1 #dg4 name of writer not given in quoting1 before ,theophilus1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #ec1 #ef1 #fg4 ,see ,barnabas1 ,clement1 ,hermas4 ,quotations by ,justin ,martyr1 from ,acts1 #bc1 #bd1 #cc4 from ,john1 #bc1 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 from ,luke1 #bc to #bg1 #cc4 from ,mark1 #bc1 #bd1 #cb4 from ,matthew1 #bc1 #bd1 #cc4 ,quotations1 by ,irenus1 #de1 #ea1 #ee1 #ef4 by ,origen1 #de1 #gb1 note #c4 by ,papias1 #ae1 #af1 note #c4 by ,presbyters1 #af1 note #c4 by ,theophilus1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef4 by ,tertullian1 #ch1 #de1 #ed1 #ee1 #fh1 #fi1 #gb1 note #c4 ,relation of ,gospel to ,epistles1 #hg1 #hh4 ,reminiscences1 and not connected ,histories1 #gg4 ,rending the ,veil1 #acj4 ,repositories for the ,gospel1 #fc1 #fd4 ,resurrection of ,jesus ,christ1 antecedently probable1 #abh1 #abi4 sufficiently proved1 #aab to #acc4 ,resurrection ,body1 #bf1 #ff1 note #a1 #fg1 #he1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #acb1 notes #d1 #e4 ,revelations1 generally conceded1 #ab1 #hh1 note #c4 quotations from1 #cb1 #ha1 #hb4 style differs from ,gospel1 #gf1 #hj1 note #d4 sufficiently accounted for1 #gf1 #hj1 note #d4 ,revised ,version1 #gb1 #ajj1 note #a1 #aji1 note #g4 ,roman ,civil ,law1 text of1 #gb1 #gc1 note #ac4 ,romans1 ,epistle to1 conceded1 #ab4 quotations from1 #ca1 #cb1 #ha to #hg4 when written1 #gi1 #hb4 ,salome1 #aji1 note #e4 ,sanhedrim1 #hb1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajc1 #aji1 note #c1 #aaj1 #aac1 #abj1 #abb4 ,saturn-day1 ,sunday1 #ai4 ,septuagint1 #ai4 ,serapion1 testimony of1 #ch1 #ci1 #de1 #ea1 #ef4 ,severus1 persecution under1 #aj4 ,slaying of the children1 #gh4 ,shepherds1 visit of1 #gh4 ,sinaitic ,codex1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aj1 #aji1 note #g4 ,sincerity of the witnesses conceded1 #gd1 #hf1 #hg1 #aad4 ,sign of ,jonah1 #ij1 #ajj1 notes #b1 #c4 of temple of his body1 #hi4 of ,brazen ,serpent1 #hi1 #ij1 #abi4 ,silence not contradiction1 #af1 #af1 note #c1 #cb1 #cf1 #fg1 #gg1 #abd1 #abe4 ,socrates1 #ab4 ,soldiers'1 fabrication1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aji1 note #d1 #abd4 ,sources of ,evidence1 #g to #aj4 ,spear of the ,soldier1 #ajb1 #aad4 ,stephen's vision of ,christ1 #abf1 #acj4 ,substitution of ,gospels1 disproved1 #ej to #fg4 ,sufficiency of the ,proofs1 #aaj to #acj1 #acb1 #acg1 #ach4 ,superscription on the ,cross1 #ach1 #adj1 note #f4 ,suppression of ,evidence1 #aae4 ,survival of the fittest1 #ac4 ,sybilline writings1 #cg4 ,synoptics1 meaning of1 #gf1 #hj1 note #c4 ,syria and ,cilicia1 #hc4 ,syriac ,version1 #fi4 ,tabernacle predictions1 #ic4 ,tacitus1 the ,historian1 #i1 #ab4 ,tatian1 the ,heretic1 #de1 #dg1 #dh4 ,see ,diatessaron4 ,ten ,persecutions1 #aa4 ,tertullian1 the distinguished ,lawyer1 #ch1 #de1 #ec1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef1 #fj1 #fh1 #gb1 note #c4 ,theophilus of ,antioch1 #de1 #df1 #dg1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef4 ,theophilus of ,antioch1 quoted ,john by name1 #df1 #ea1 #ec4 ,theophilus1 the friend of ,luke1 #gg4 ,thessalonians1 ,epistles to1 #ab4 ,thomas the ,apostle1 #ad4 ,tiberias1 appearances at1 #ajh1 #aba1 #abe1 #acc1 note #g4 ,time1 how reckoned by the ,jews1 #ij1 #ajj1 note #c4 ,titus and ,barnabas1 #hc4 ,see ,barnabas4 ,toleration1 rule for1 #ace4 ,tombs1 at ,ephesus1 #ad4 ,tradition1 #i1 #ec1 #ed1 #ff1 #fg1 #fh4 ,trajan1 persecution under1 #i1 #aj1 #ab1 #ei4 ,transfiguration1 #ib1 #abc4 ,translations1 #fi1 #gj4 ,trypho the ,jew1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #ajd1 #aji1 note #d4 ,see ,justin ,martyr4 ,uncial manuscripts1 #gc1 note #aj4 ,unity of ,gospels1 #gi4 ,usages in ,justin's time1 #ai4 ,valentinus1 evidence from1 #de1 #dg4 ,vatican ,codex1 #gj1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aj1 #aji1 note #g4 ,victor1 ,bishop of ,rome1 #ea4 ,vienne and ,lyons1 #de4 ,vision1 theory stated1 #aad4 disproved1 #aad to #acb4 ,walking on the ,sea1 #abc4 ,wise men of the ,east1 #gh4 ,witnesses in ,court1--see ,credibility1 etc4 women not competent1 #aaf1 #aai1 note #ac4 ,women at the ,sepulchre1 #ajd to #ajf1 #aji1 note #e1 #aae1 #aaf4 ,yielding up the ,ghost1 #ii4 ,zebedee's ,sons1 #db1 note #ad1 #ij to #ajj4 ,,index ,b4 ,,alphabetical ,,index ,,to ,,modern ,,authors1 ,,events1 ,,and ,,writings4 ,abbot1 ,e4 ,a41 ,d4,d41 on date of ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #e4 ,abbott1 ,rev4 ,edward1 on ,fijis1 #ada1 note #h4 ,abbot1 ,the ,authorship of the ,fourth ,gospel by ,ezra ,abbot1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 7,boston1 #ahhj47 ,frequent citations from1 #aj to #dh4 ,abbott1 ,cyclopdia of ,religious ,knowledge1 by ,lyman ,abbott1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 cited1 #abb1 #acb1 note #e1 with #abb4 ,adams' ,roman ,antiquities1 #aai1 note #ac4 ,alford 7,dean7 #ajc1 #ajh1 note #a1 with #ajb4 ,ambrosian ,library1 #dh1 note #e4 ,ante-,nicene ,christian ,library1 #af1 notes #a1 #c1 #bb1 #bc1 #cj1 #cd4 ,arnold1 ,matthew1 on ,basilides1 #bh1 with #aj1 and #aa1 note #d4 ,bampton ,lectures1 #dj with #db1 note #ag1 #fh with #gb1 note #f4 ,barnes1 ,albert1 on site of ,emmaus1 #aji1 note #i4 on the ,resurrection ,body1 #abc1 #acb1 note #e4 ,bartlett1 ,pres41 on the slight historical errors1 #gi1 note #a4 ,baur1 ,j4 ,c41 on ,fourth ,gospel1 #eb4 ,bentley1 on genuineness of ,gospels1 #ga4 ,blackstone1 #cb1 #acb4 ,bleek1 on date of ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #e4 ,buck's ,theological ,dictionary1 #aa1 note #e4 ,cannibals ,christianized1 #aci1 #ada1 note #h4 ,canonicity1--,see ,charteris4 ,chadwick's ,views of ,christianity1 #acd1 #aci1 #adj1 note #a4 ,charteris1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,h41 ,d4,d41 on ,basilides1 #bh4 date of ,celsus1 #di1 note #f4 date of ,justin's ,apology1 #fa1 note #a4 early universal use of ,gospels1 #dg4 ,fourth ,gospel1 #ag1 #bg1 #bh1 #dg4 ,marcion's ,gospel1 #gb1 note #g1 with #fi4 ,papias1 #ag4 ,pastor ,hermas1 #bg4 ,child1 ,l4 ,maria1 #aai1 note #ac4 ,congregationalist1 #eh1 note1 #adj1 note #b1 #ada1 note #h4 ,conybeare and ,howson's ,life of ,paul1 #hb1 #hc1 with #hh1 notes #b1 #d4 ,credner1 on date of ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #e4 ,curtiss1 ,prof4 ,samuel ,ives1 ,d4,d41 on ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #cd1 #ce1 #ci1 and #dj with #db1 notes #ae1 #af4 date of ,celsus1 #dh1 note #f4 date of ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #f4 ,judge ,waite1 #ce1 #dh1 note #f4 ,cursive manuscripts of ,gospels1 #gc1 note #aj4 ,davidson1 ,samuel1 cited by ,waite1 #bi1 note #d4 ,de ,soto1 #eb4 ,donaldson and ,roberts1 #af1 notes #a1 #c1 #bj1 #bb1 note #a1 #bc1 #cj1 #fa1 note #a4 ,dorner on use by ,papias of ,john's ,gospel1 #ag4 ,drummond1 ,prof41 on ,justin's use of ,john's ,gospel1 #cj4 ,early settlements in ,new ,hampshire1 #eh4 ,farrar1 7,canon71 #ajj1 note #a1 #aji1 note #c4 ,fisher1 ,prof4 ,george ,p41 ,d4,d41 on ,alogi1 #fb1 note #e4 date of ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #da1 note #b1 with #cd4 date of ,celsus1 #di1 note #f1 with #df4 date of ,justin's ,apology1 #fa1 note #a4 date of ,muratori ,canon1 #df1 #dh1 note #e4 genuineness of text of ,gospels1 #fg1 #ga1 #gb1 note #d1 #gc1 note #ab4 ,john's ,gospel1 #bg1 #bi1 note #c1 #cc1 note #c1 with #cj4 ,justin's ,quotations1 #df1 #dh1 notes #b1 #d1 #fb1 note #e1 #fg1 #fh1 #gb1 note #d4 ,marcion's ,gospel1 #gb1 note #d1 with #fh4 ,theophilus1 #df1 #dh1 note #d4 ,free ,religious ,index1 #adj1 note #a4 ,friedlieb1 on physical ,cause of ,death1 #ajb1 #ajh1 note #a4 ,geikie1 ,the ,life and ,words of ,christ1 by ,cunningham ,geikie1 ,d4,d41 7#ahhj71 cited page #aji1 note #aj1 with page #ajh4 ,gibbon's ,rome1 #i4 ,gibson1 ,ch4 ,justice1 #aca4 ,gilbert ,west1--,see ,west4 ,godet1 ,prof4 ,f41 ,d4,d41 #hh1 note #a1 #ij1 #ajj1 note #c1 #abf1 #acb1 notes #a1 #b1 #acc1 note #h4 upon ,possibility of ,miracles1 #acb1 notes #a1 #b1 with #aaa4 upon ,sign of ,jonah1 #hh1 note #a1 #ij1 #ajj1 note #c4 upon ,vision ,theory1 #abf1 #acc1 note #h4 ,gordon-,cumming1 in ,fiji1 #ada1 note #h4 ,granite ,monthly1 #eh4 ,greenleaf1 ,prof4 ,simon1 ,,ll4,d41 on cock-crowing1 #ajj1 note #d1 with #ig4 credibility of witnesses1 #gh1 #acg1 #ach1 #adj1 notes #c1 #f4 genuineness of ,gospels1 #ac1 #gb1 #gc1 note #ac4 presumption of ,permanency1 #dc1 #dd1 note #a1 #ff4 presumption of ,rightfulness1 #ac1 #dd1 note #a1 #ff4 sign of ,jonah1 #ajj1 note #c1 with page #ij4 superscription on the ,cross1 #ach1 #adj1 note #f4 truth of ,christianity1 #acb1 #ach1 #adj1 note #f4 ,hanna1 ,rev4 ,william1 ,,ll4,d41 on cause of death1 #aji1 note #a1 with #ajb4 empty tomb1 #aje1 #aji1 note #f4 ,galilee meeting1 #aji1 note #aj1 with #ajh4 ,hilgenfeld on ,justin's use of ,john's ,gospel1 #cj1 #cc1 note #c4 on date of ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #e4 ,hooykaas and his ,bible for ,learners1 #aad1 #aai1 note #h1 #abh1 #acc1 note #ab1 #acd1 #adj1 note #a4 ,holtzmann1 on ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ce4 ,hume's argument from experience1 #dc1 #aab4 ,ingersoll on inspiration1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach4 on miracles1 #aab1 #aah1 note #c4 ,inter-,ocean 7,chicago71 #da1 note #b1 #db1 note #ae1 #af4 ,kent1 ,chancellor1 #cb1 #acb4 ,keim1 ,dr41 on date of ,celsus1 #dh1 #di1 note #f4 on the empty tomb1 #abj1 #acb1 note #b4 ,lafayette's visit1 #eg1 #fb1 note #b4 ,landing of the ,pilgrims1 #eh4 ,lange's ,life of ,jesus1 on cause of death1 #ajh1 note #a1 with #ajb4 ,cleopas and ,luke1 #ajf1 #aji1 note #h4 ,galilee meeting1 #ajh1 #aji1 note #aj4 guard of ,soldiers1 #aji1 note #c1 with #ajc4 journey to ,emmaus1 #ajf1 #aji1 note #h4 lifting up the ,serpent1 #hi1 #ij1 #ajj1 note #a4 locality of ,emmaus1 #aji1 note #i4 sign of ,jonah1 #ajj1 notes #b1 #c1 with #ij4 women at the ,sepulchre1 #ajd1 #aji1 note #e4 ,lemisch on date of ,justin's ,apology1 #fa1 note #a4 ,light ,infantry ,poor1 #fb1 note #b1 with #eg4 ,lipsius1 ,prof4 of ,jena1 on date of ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ce4 that ,justin did not use them1 #dj1 #db1 note #ae4 ,lord ,brougham1 #acb4 ,madagascar ,christianized1 #aci4 ,mason1 ,jeremiah1 #acb4 ,marshall1 ,ch4 ,justice1 #acb4 ,matthew ,arnold4 ,see ,arnold4 ,mc,clintock and ,strong's ,cyclopedia1 on ,cerinthus1 #ff1 note #c4 ,pagan ,persecutions1 #aa1 note #e1 #gc1 note #i4 ,resurrection ,body of ,christ1 #abc4 ,meyer's ,lexicon1 on date of ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ce4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s4 concedes1 ,christ ,historical1 #abh1 #acc1 note #aa4 miracles possible1 #h4 ,miln1 on 8,church of the ,future10 #acd1 #adj1 note #a4 ,milligan1 ,the ,resurrection of ,our ,lord1 by ,william ,milligan1 ,d4,d41 ,prof4 etc4 in the ,university of ,aberdeen4 7,london1 #ahha71 ,cited1 #aad1 #aai1 notes #e1 #g4 ,morrison1 ,james1 ,d4,d41 on ,empty ,tomb1 #aai1 note #ah4 ,new ,hampshire ,journal1 ,preface and #adj1 note #b4 ,new ,york ,observer1 #adj1 note #a4 ,neander1 on the date of ,justin's ,apology1 #fa1 note #a4 destruction of ,church1 etc41 at ,nicomedia1 #gc1 note #i4 ,new ,revision1 #gb1 #ajj1 note #a4 ,north ,american ,review1 #aah1 note #c1 #adj1 note #d4 ,norton1 on ,peter's ,gospel1 #ci1 #db1 note #ab1 #ef1 note #b4 on ,genuineness of ,our ,gospels1 #ed1 #ef1 #gf1 #hj1 note #f4 on number of ,copies of ,gospels1 #gc1 note #h1 with #gj4 ,page on date of ,justin's ,apology1 #fa1 note #a4 ,parker1 ,joel1 ,ch4 ,justice1 #dc4 ,parmelee1 ,dr4 ,simeon1 great age of1 #eg4 ,parsons1 ,theophilus1 ,ch4 ,justice1 #acb4 ,patten's ,diaries1 #eh4 ,paulus1 ,theory of1 #aad4 ,phillips1 on ,presumptions1 #dc1 #dd1 note #a4 ,pond1 ,dr4 ,enoch1 as to cessation of ,miracles1 #adj1 note #g4 ,princeton ,review1 #fh1 #gb1 note #d1 #gi1 note #a4 ,renan1 ,ernest1 admissions by1 #ab1 #ac1 note #a1 #hd1 #aab1 #acj1 #acc1 notes #ab and #ad4 demands expert testimony1 #g4 denials1 #g1 #aa1 note #a1 #aab1 #aah1 note #c4 idle boasting1 #hd1 #aaf1 #aai1 note #ab4 upon ,christ's teachings1 #abh1 #acc1 note #ab4 upon silence of ,historians as to occurrences at the ,crucifixion1 #acj1 #acc1 note #ad4 ,reuss1 on date of ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #e4 ,riggenback1 on use by ,papias of ,john's ,gospel1 #ag4 ,roberts and ,donaldson1 #af1 notes #a and #c1 #bj1 #bb1 note #a1 #bc1 #cj1 #fa1 note #a4 that ,justin did not cite ,peter's ,gospel1 #bj4 ,robinson's ,holy ,land1 #aji1 note #i4 ,robinson1 ,john1 the ,pilgrim ,father1 #ace4 ,robinson1 ,prof41 on the ,resurrection ,body1 #abb1 #acb1 note #e4 ,routh1 on ,papias' use of ,john's ,gospel1 #ag4 ,rowe1 ,prof4 ,see ,bampton ,lectures4 ,salisbury ,church4 ,see ,webster4 ,sanday1 ,dr41 on quotations by ,justin1 #bd4 by ,irenus1 #ef4 dates of ,celsus1 ,muratori ,canon1 #dh and #di1 notes #e1 #f4 that ,marcion's ,gospel is an abridgment of ,luke1 #fh1 #fi1 #gb1 note #g4 ,sandwich ,islands ,christianized1 #aci4 ,savage1 on the 8,church of the ,future10 #acd1 #adj1 note #a4 ,schleiermacher1 theory of1 #ha1 #hh1 note #a4 ,schenkel's ,lexicon1 on date of ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ce4 ,scott1 ,thomas1 ,d4,d41 that part of the day is counted for the whole1 #ij1 #ajj1 note #c4 upon ,resurrection ,body1 #abb1 #acb1 note #e4 ,scribner's ,monthly1 #gc1 note #ab4 ,sears' 8,heart of ,christ10 #cj1 #cc1 note #c1 #di1 note #f1 #fa1 note #a1 #hj1 note #d4 ,smith and ,wace's ,dictionary1 #ce4 ,spiritualists1 #adj1 #ada1 note #g4 ,stanley 7,dean7 as to date of ,polycarp's ,epistle1 #aj4 ,starkie1 on coincidences1 #acg1 #adj1 note #e4 on ,christianity1 #acb4 ,stier1 that part of a day is counted for the whole1 #ij1 #ajj1 note #b4 ,story1 ,judge1 #cb1 #acb4 ,stowe1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,e41 on ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ce1 #da1 note #b4 ,elders at ,ephesus1 #ef1 note #d1 with #ee4 ,gospel to ,hebrews1 #cg1 #db1 note #aj4 ,greek ,classic ,copies1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aa4 ,john's ,gospel1 #dh1 note #d4 ,theophilus1 #dh1 note #d4 ,strauss1 ,david1 ,admissions by3 actual death of ,jesus1 #ha1 #ajb1 #aad1 #aai1 note #f4 sincerity of witnesses1 #hf4 universal use of the ,gospels1 by the end of the ,second ,century1 #de1 #df4 false theories of1 #g1 #h1 #ha1 #hh1 note #a1 #ajf1 #aae4 became an atheist1 #h4 how far commended1 #ch1 #acd4 more candid than ,waite1 #ch4 ,stroud1 on physical cause of ,death1 #ajb1 #ajh1 note #a4 ,supernatural ,religion4 ,an ,inquiry into ,the ,reality of ,divine ,revelation4 7,anonymous47 ,referred to pp4 #ag1 #db1 note #ad1 #fh1 #fi1 #aab1 with #aah1 note #c4 ,taylor1 ,william1 ,d4,d41 on ,miracles1 #aaa1 #aah1 note #a1 #abh1 #acc1 note #aj4 ,thomson's 8,land and ,book10 #ce1 #cf1 #da1 note #d4 ,tischendorf1 ,constantine1 discoverer of the ,sinaitic ,codex1 #gj4 on ,commentary of ,heracleon1 #dg1 #di1 note #h4 on difference in ,manuscripts1 #gc1 note #aj4 on number of manuscript copies1 #ga1 #gc1 note #aj4 on quotations by ,irenus1 #ef1 note #c1 with #ee4 on use1 by ,papias1 of ,john's ,gospel1 #ag4 ,tbingen ,school1 #h1 #cj4 ,uncials1 number of1 #gc1 note #aj4 ,waite1 ,history of the ,christian ,religion to the year ,two ,hundred4 ,by ,charles ,b4 ,waite1 ,a4 ,m4 ,second ,edition1 ,chicago 7#ahha71 #cd4 ,waite1 ,c4 ,b41 admits ,gospels do not copy from each other1 #gd4 ,waite1 ,c4 ,b41 his mistakes as to ,apocalypse1 #hh1 note #c4 ,apocryphal ,gospels1 #ce1 #cf1 #da1 note #e4 ,basilides1 #bi1 note #d4 ,clement of ,rome1 #cb1 #ff1 note #a1 #fg1 #gb1 note #b4 ,celsus1 #dh1 note #f4 ,cerinthus1 #ff1 note #c4 ,justin ,martyr1 #e1 #aj1 #aa1 note #c1 #fa1 note #a4 ,marcion's ,gospel1 #ch1 #de1 #ed1 #fh1 #fi1 #gb1 note #g4 ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #e4 ,peter's ,gospel1 #bj1 note #b1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 note #ad1 #dh1 #fb1 note #f4 ,resurrection body1 and ,paul1 #he1 #aad1 #aai1 note #h1 #abb4 with other matters too numerous to mention4 ,walker1 ,timothy1 ,diaries of1 #eh4 ,webster1 ,daniel1 #acb1 #ace1 #adj1 note #b4 his creed1 #ace1 #adj1 note #b4 his church membership1 #adj1 note #b4 ,warrenton1 on quotations from ,o4 ,t41 #hj1 note #a4 ,weiseler1 on date of ,muratori ,canon1 #dh1 note #e4 ,westcott1 #ag1 #hj1 note #f4 ,wesleyan ,missionaries1 #ada1 note #h4 ,west1 ,gilbert1 on resurrection1 #aag1 #aai1 note #af4 ,whitby1 that a part of a day is put for the whole1 #ajj1 note #c4 ,whittier's ,poem1 #eg4 ,wright4 ,the ,logic of ,christian ,evidences4 ,by ,rev4 ,g4 ,frederick ,wright1 ,andover1 ,mass4 7#ahhj71 cited or quoted1 #ah1 #bd1 #bh1 note #a1 #ef1 notes1 and #hj1 note #f4 ,yorktown ,scammel1 #fb1 note #b4 ,,andover ,,publications4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,draper1 ,,publisher1 ,,andover1 ,,mass4 ,among the ,andover ,publications will be found choice and valuable books for intelligent readers2 also works for the special use of ,theological ,students and ,clergymen4 ,the ,catalogue embraces works on the ,evidences and ,defences of ,christianity1 ,devotional books1 ,essays in ,philosophy and ,theology1 ,church ,history1 ,discrepancies of the ,bible1 ,hermeneutics1 ,commentaries on various books of the ,old and ,new ,testaments1 ,harmonies of the ,new ,testament in ,greek and in ,english1 ,grammars of the ,new ,testament ,greek1 ,hebrew ,lexicon and ,grammars1 etc4 ,descriptive ,catalogues sent free on application4 ,all books sent by mail postpaid1 at the prices annexed4 ,a special discount of twenty per cent is given to clergymen and theological students1 excepting on the 8,bibliotheca ,sacra0 and those books which are marked by a 994 ,address ,w4 ,f4 ,,draper1 ,,publisher1 ,,andover1 ,,mass4 ,books ,published by ,w4 ,f4 ,draper4 ,remarks on the ,internal ,evidence for the ,truth of ,revealed ,religion4 ,by ,,thomas ,,erskine1 ,esq41 ,advocate4 ,third ,american1 from the ,fifth ,edinburgh ,edition4 #afmo4 #ge cents4 8,the entire treatise cannot fail to commend the positions which it advocates to intelligent and considerate minds4 ,it is one of the best1 perhaps the best1 of all the discussions of this momentous subject40--,congregationalist4 8,this argument of ,erskine for the ,internal ,evidence of the ,truth of ,revealed ,religion1 is the most compact1 natural1 and convincing we have ever read from any author40--,christian ,chronicle4 8,no man ought to consider himself as having studied theology unless he has read and pondered and read again #8,erskine on the ,internal ,evidence4'0--,independent4 ,five ,discourses on ,st4 ,paul4 ,to which is added a ,discourse on ,fatalism4 ,by ,,adolphe ,,monod4 ,translated from the ,french by ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,myers1 ,d4,d4 #abmo4 #ij cents4 8,the aim of the author is to present an estimate of the character1 labors1 and writings of the ,apostle ,paul in the light of an example1 and to apply the principles which actuated him1 and which he maintained1 to ,christians of the present day40--,boston ,journal4 8,a book unsurpassed in its department1 in any language1 for manly eloquence1 thorough research1 profound reflection1 a most earnest1 glowing1 winning ,christian spirit1 united with an exact appreciation of the great ,apostle's character and work1 and a wise1 cautious1 but bold and unflinching1 application of his teachings to the times in which we live40--,the ,translator4 8,a masterly and most eloquent delineation of the inner life of the great ,apostle40--,evangelical ,quarterly4 ,writings of ,archbishop ,whately4 ,published under the sanction of the author1 from the latest revised edition2 viz4 ,essays on some of the ,difficulties in the ,writings of ,st4 ,paul4 #abmo4 ,cloth extra1 gilt tops4 #a4ej 8,dr4 ,whately's writings are characterized by sound thought and solid judgment4 ,clear and solid sense is his peculiar characteristic4 ,he is often ingenious1 generally candid1 almost always plain and transparent40--,bibliotheca ,sacra4 8,an excellent work40--,new ,york ,evangelist4 8,the ,archbishop's writings are a part of the sterling theological letters of the age1 and ought to be possessed by all the studious and thoughtful40--,journal and ,messenger4 8,this book had passed through at least eight editions in ,england before its publication in this country4 ,dr4 ,whately is always entitled to a hearing4 ,never profound1 he is always clear2 never very original1 he is always instructive2 never disgustingly dogmatic1 he always seems to feel a serene assurance that he has exhausted the whole subject1 and that his verdict is final2 always positive and didactic1 he is yet never extreme1 but always takes the middle and moderate view40--,watchman and ,reflector4 ,essays on some of the ,peculiarities of the ,christian ,religion1 and ,historic ,doubts concerning ,napoleon4 #abmo4 pp4 #bfd and #dh4 ,bound in #a vol4 ,cloth extra1 gilt tops4 #a4ej ,historic ,doubts concerning ,napoleon4 #abmo4 ,paper covers4 #be cents2 cloth1 #dj cents4 ,about the year #ahba ,whately published this ,essay anonymously4 ,it was designed as an answer to ,hume's objections to the credibility of the ,christian miracles4 ,following ,hume's method1 ,whately gravely argued the improbability of the existence of the first ,napoleon1 and demonstrated that1 on ,hume's principles1 the testimony in relation thereto could not be credited4 ,the ,contemplations and ,letters of ,henry ,dorney of ,uley1 ,gloucestershire4 #abmo4 #a4jj ,the ,contemplations and ,letters of ,henry ,dorney were held in high estimation by ,madam ,phebe ,phillips4 ,the copy which she used1 came down to her as an heirloom from her pious ancestors1 and was ranked1 on her private table1 next to her ,bible and hymn-book4 ,so highly did she esteem the work1 that she copied out1 with her own hand1 a large part of the volume for the use of a friend4 ,it is now reprinted as a precious memorial of one of the honored founders of the ,theological ,institution4 ,bible ,history of ,prayer4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,,goodrich4 #abmo4 #a4be 8,the aim of this little volume is to embody an account of the delightful and successful intercourse of believers with heaven for some four thousand years4 ,the author has indulged a good deal in narrative1 opening and explaining the circumstances which gave birth to the several prayers4 8,the author does not aim to write a treatise on prayer1 or to comment on all the references to prayer in chronological order1 but to dwell on its nature and importance1 and make suggestions on the most important allusions to prayer1 as indicated all along for four thousand years4 ,he explains the circumstances connected with the prayers of these holy men40--,religious ,union4 ,messianic ,prophecy and the ,life of ,christ4 ,by ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,,kennedy4 #abmo4 #a4be 8,the plan of the author is to collect all the prophecies of the ,old ,testament referring to the ,messiah1 with appropriate comments and reflections1 and then to pursue the subject through the ,new ,testament in the life of ,christ as he appeared among men4 ,the reader will find the results of ,hengstenberg and ,neander here gathered up1 and presented in a readable shape40--,the ,presbyterian4 8,this work exhibits the prophetic element in the ,messianic argument in an analytical shape1 and with peculiar force40--,episcopal ,recorder4 8,the general idea of the book is a very happy one1 and it has1 on the whole been well wrought out40--,the ,lutheran4 ,theologia ,germanica4 ,which setteth forth many fair ,lineaments of ,divine ,truth1 and saith very lofty and lovely things touching a ,perfect ,life4 ,edited by ,,dr4 ,,pfeiffer1 from the only complete ,manuscript yet known4 ,translated from the ,german by ,,susanna ,,winkworth4 ,with a ,preface by the ,rev4 ,,charles ,,kingsley1 ,rector of ,eversley2 and a ,letter to the ,translator1 by the ,,chevalier ,,bunsen1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 etc42 and an ,introduction by ,,prof4 ,,calvin ,e4 ,,stowe1 ,d4,d4 #afmo4 ,cloth1 #a4be2 calf1 #b4ej ,this treatise was discovered by ,luther1 who first brought it into notice by an edition which he published in #aeaf1 of which he says3 8,and ,i will say1 though it be boasting of myself1 and #8,i speak as a fool1' that1 next to the ,bible and ,st4 ,augustine1 no book hath ever come into my hands whence ,i have learnt1 or would wish to learn1 more of what ,god and ,christ1 and man1 and all things1 are40 8,a precious lump of pure gold in a flag of earth and stone40 8,this little volume which is brought out in antique style1 is1 apart from its intrinsic value1 a curiosity of literature4 ,it may be regarded as the harbinger of the ,protestant ,reformation4 ,no fewer than seventeen editions of this book appeared in his lifetime1 and up to the present day it has continued to be a favorite manual of devotion in ,germany1 where it has passed through certainly as many as sixty editions40--,evening ,traveller4 8,i value it exceedingly1 so vivid and so rich is it1 on the great ideas of sin1 and salvation through ,christ40--,congregational ,herald4 8,a most valuable1 interesting1 and instructive volume1 upon the most vital points of ,christianity40--,lutheran ,standard4 ,haley4 ,an ,examination of the ,alleged ,discrepancies of the ,bible4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,haley1 ,m4,a4 ,with an ,introduction by ,alvah ,hovey1 ,d4,d41 ,professor in the ,newton ,theological ,institution4 ,crown #hvo4 pp4 xii and #dgc4 #a4ge ,from ,professor ,edwards ,a4 ,park4--8,i do not know any volume which gives to the ,english reader such a compressed amount of suggestion and instruction on this theme as is given in this volume40 ,from the ,presbyterian ,quarterly4--8,the book is honest1 candid1 and painstaking4 ,it will be found useful to all students of the sacred volume40 8,an able book1 containing a clear and dispassionate discussion of a momentous subject4 ,it stands unique in a field of its own40--,independent4 8,as an example of thorough and painstaking scholarship1 as a serviceable handbook for all ,bible students1 and as a popular defence of revealed truth1 it will take high rank1 and fill an important place which up to this time has been conspicuously vacant40--,congregationalist4 8,it would be difficult1 by any amount of labor1 to produce anything more convincing and satisfactory40--,the ,interior4 ,haley4 ,the ,hereafter of ,sin3 ,what it will be2 with ,answers to ,certain ,questions and ,objections4 ,by ,rev4 ,john ,w4 ,haley1 author of 8,alleged ,discrepancies of the ,bible40 #afmo4 #ge cents4 8,it presents1 in a calm and admirable manner1 the ,scriptural doctrine of future retribution1 divested1 indeed1 of the literalism with which it is sometimes presented1 and showing its accordance with the deductions of a sound philosophy40--,zion's ,herald4 8,it is a scholarly1 clear1 dispassionate1 and conclusive argument in favor of what is known as the common or orthodox view of future punishment4 ,the whole discussion is conducted in a spirit of courtesy and fairness towards all opponents which does credit to our current controversial literature40--,the ,interior4 ,wright4 ,the ,logic of ,christian ,evidences4 ,by ,rev4 ,g4 ,frederick ,wright4 #afmo4 #a4ej 8,beginning with a general statement of the principles of inductive and deductive logic1 which are illustrated by ample examples drawn from the whole field of modern science1 it advances to the consideration of the personality1 wisdom1 and benevolence of the ,creator1 as seen in nature2 to the place of miracles in the ,christian system2 to the specific evidences of ,christianity as discerned in the early history of the ,new ,testament1 and in the characteristics of the ,christians of the first and second centuries2 and to the historical probability of ,jesus and his immediate followers having been either impostors or deluded enthusiasts40--,literary ,world4 8,the book would form an admirable text-book for ,bible-classes or college classes1 and will give solid comfort and strength to all readers who have any desire to be able to give a reason for believing40--,rev4 ,dr4 ,thomas ,hill in the ,bibliotheca ,sacra4 ,wright4 ,studies in ,science and ,religion4 ,by ,prof4 ,g4 ,frederick ,wright1 author of 8,the ,logic of ,christian ,evidences40 #afmo4 #a4ej 8,the chapter on inductive reasoning1 with which the book opens1 is as full1 explanatory1 and convincing as any one could wish1 despite the fact it occupies only twenty-six pages4444 ,the grand point contended for and carried is that #8,christianity1 in its appeal to historical evidence1 allies itself with modern science rather than with the glittering generalities of transcendentalism1' and that in its beginnings science has no advantage over religion in solidity of basis40--,the ,leader4 8,the article on ,prehistoric ,man1 now appears for the first time4 ,it is illustrated by a number of maps and cuts which enhance the interest of the story4 ,the southern limit of the ice of the ,glacial ,epoch in ,north ,america is traced1 and the connection of human implements therewith is shown40--,oberlin ,review4