---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is v]sion ( ! text _c repres5t c]ta9 typographical effects4 ,italics are delimit$ ) ! #8' "* z italic4 ,! s+le in/ance ( a sup]script is giv5 z #8,z#e'4 ,9 ! orig9al text1 footnote ref]5ces 7 numb]$1 beg9n+ ) #8#a' on ea* page4 ,!y h be5 r5umb]$ consecutively = uniqu5ess & h be5 mov$ to foll[ ! p>agraphs 9 :i* !y are ref]5c$4 ,ref]5ces to notes 9 ! index & else:]e h be5 *ang$ to reflect ! revis$ numb]s4 ,m9or errors1 attributable to ! pr9t]1 h be5 correct$4 ,please see ! transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ?is text = details reg>d+ ! h&l+ ( any textual issues enc\nt]$ dur+ its prep>ation4 ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,philosophy ,,by ,,john ,,burnet1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,greek ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,college ,,( ,,/4 ,,salvator ,,& ,,/4 ,,leon>d1 ,,/4 ,,&rews 1 ' 4--,,ari/otle4 ,,second ,,edition ,,london ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black #aijh ,fir/ ,edition publi%$ ,april #ahib4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,edition ,x has be5 no easy task to revise ?is volume 9 su* a way z to make x m wor?y ( ! fav\r ) :i* x has be5 receiv$4 ,mo/ ( x has _h to be rewritt5 9 ! light ( c]ta9 discov]ies made s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition1 above all1 t ( ! extracts f ,m5on's 1 :i* h furni%$1 z ,i believe1 a clue to ! hi/ory ( ,py?agoreanism4 ,i tru/ t all o!r obligations are duly ackn[l$g$ 9 ! prop] place4 ,x did n seem wor? :ile to elim9ate all traces ( a c]ta9 y\?ful assurance :i* m>k$ ! fir/ edition4 ,i %\ld n write n[ z ,i wrote at ! age ( tw5ty-five2 b ,i /ill feel t ! ma9 cont5tions ( ! book 7 s\nd1 s ,i h n tri$ to am5d ! /yle4 ,! ref]5ces to ,zell] & 8,ritt] & ,prell]0 are adapt$ ?r\gh\t to ! late/ editions4 ,! ,ari/otelian comm5tators are ref]r$ to by ! pages & v]ses ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy edition1 & ,/obaeus by ^? ( ,wa*smu?4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,/4 ,,&rews1 #aijh4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition ,no apology is ne$$ = ! appe>ance ( a "w deal+ ) ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 ,! want ( "o has long be5 felt2 = !re are few bran*es ( philology 9 :i* m progress has be5 made 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 & ! results ( t progress h n yet be5 made accessible to ! ,engli% read]4 ,my orig9al int5tion 0 simply to report ^! results2 b ,i soon f\nd t ,i 0 oblig$ to diss5t f "s ( !m1 & x seem$ be/ to say s di/9ctly4 ,v likely ,i am wrong 9 mo/ ( ^! cases1 b my mi/akes may be ( use 9 call+ att5tion to unobs]v$ po9ts4 ,9 any case1 ,i hope no "o w ?9k ,i h be5 want+ 9 ! respect due to ! great au?ority ( ,zell]1 :o 0 ! fir/ to recall ! hi/ory ( philosophy f ! extravagances into :i* x _h w&]$ e>li] 9 ! c5tury4 ,i am glad to f9d t all my div]g5ces f 8 acc\nt h only l$ me a little fur!r 9 ! pa? t he /ruck out4 ,i am v s5sible ( ! imp]fect execution ( "s p>ts ( ?is "w2 b ! subject has become s l>ge1 & ! numb] ( au?orities ^: te/imony mu/ be weigh$ is s great1 t x is n easy = any "o writ] to be equally at home 9 all p>ts ( ! field4 ,i h consult$ ! /ud5t's conv5i5ce by giv+ ref]5ces to ! sev5? edition ( ,ritt] & ,prell] 7ed4 ,s*ultess7 ?r\gh\t4 ,! ref]5ces to ,zell] are to ! f\r? ,g]man edition1 f :i* ! ,engli% translation 0 made4 ,i h be5 able to make "s use also ( ! rec5tly publi%$ fif? edition 7#ahib71 & all ref]5ces to x are di/+ui%$ by ! symbol ,z#e4 ,i c only wi% t x _h appe>$ 9 "t = me to incorporate its results m ?or\ghly4 ,i h to ?ank _m fri5ds = advice & sugge/ions1 &1 above all1 ,mr4 ,h>old ,h4 ,joa*im1 ,fell[ ( ,m]ton ,college1 :o read mo/ ( ! "w be=e x w5t to press4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,ox=d1 #ahib4 ,,cont5ts ,,pages ,,introduction #a-ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,milesian ,,s*ool #cg-hd ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion #he-adb ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h]akleitos ,,( ,,ephesos #adc-aia ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,p>m5ides ,,( ,,elea #aib-bbf ,,*apt] ,v ,,emp$okles ,,( ,,akragas #bbg-bhi ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,anaxagoras ,,( ,,klazom5ai #bij-cah ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,py?agoreans #cai-cef ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,y\ng] ,,eleatics #ceg-cgi ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,leukippos ,,( ,,miletos #chj-djd ,,*apt] ,x ,,eclecticism ,,& ,,reaction #dje-dah ,,app5dix ,,! ,,s\rces #dai-dbf ,,index #dbg-dcc ,,abbreviations ,ar*4 ,ar*iv fr ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie4 ,b]l91 #ahhh-aijh4 ,,be>e4 ,greek ,!ories ( ,elem5t>y ,cognition1 by ,john ,i4 ,be>e4 ,ox=d1 #aijf4 ,,diels ,dox4 ,doxographi graeci4 ,h]mannus ,diels4 ,b]l91 #ahgi4 ,,diels ,vors4 ,die ,fragm5te d] ,vorsokratik]1 von ,h]mann ,diels1 ,zweite ,auflage1 ,er/] ,b&4 ,b]l91 #aijf4 ,,gomp]z4 ,greek ,?9k]s1 by ,!odor ,gomp]z1 ,au?oris$ 7,engli%7 ,edition1 vol4 i4 ,london1 #aija4 ,,jacoby4 ,apollodors ,*ronik1 von ,felix ,jacoby 7,philol4 ,unt]s4 ,heft xvi474 ,b]l91 #aijb4 ,r4 ,p4 ,hi/oria ,philosophiae ,graecae1 ,h4 ,ritt] et ,l4 ,prell]4 ,editio octava1 quam curavit ,edu>dus ,wellmann4 ,go?a1 #ahih4 ,,zell]4 ,die ,philosophie d] ,grie*51 d>ge/ellt von ,dr4 ,edu>d ,zell]4 ,er/] ,!il1 ,fnfte ,auflage4 ,leipzig1 #ahib4 ,,e>ly ,,greek ,,philosophy ,,introduction ,sid5ote3 ,! cosmological "* ( e>ly ,greek philosophy4 ,i4 ,x 0 n till ! primitive view ( ! _w & ! cu/om>y rules ( life _h brok5 d[n1 t ! ,greeks1 began to feel ! ne$s :i* philosophies ( nature & ( conduct seek to satisfy4 ,nor 7 ^? ne$s felt all at once4 ,! traditional maxims ( conduct 7 n s]i\sly que/ion$ till ! old view ( nature _h pass$ away2 &1 = ?is reason1 ! e>lie/ philosoph]s busi$ !mselves ma9ly ) speculations ab\t ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,9 due season1 ,logic 0 call$ into be+ to meet a fre% want4 ,! pursuit ( cosmological inquiry beyond a c]ta9 po9t inevitably br\ght to light a wide div]g5ce betwe5 sci5ce & common s5se1 :i* 0 itself a problem t dem&$ solution1 & moreov] con/ra9$ philosoph]s to /udy ! means ( def5d+ _! p>adoxes aga9/ ! prejudices ( ! unsci5tific _m4 ,lat] /ill1 ! prevail+ int]e/ 9 logical matt]s rais$ ! "q ( ! orig9 & validity ( k2 :ile1 ab\t ! same "t1 ! breakd[n ( traditional morality gave rise to ,e?ics4 ,! p]iod :i* prec$es ! rise ( ,logic & ,e?ics has ?us a di/9ctive "* ( its own1 & may fitly be treat$ ap>t4#a ,footnote #a3 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,demokritos falls outside ! p]iod ?us limit$4 ,! common practice ( treat+ ?is y\ng] contempor>y ( ,sokrates along ) ! 8pre-,socratic philosoph]s0 obscures ! true c\rse ( hi/orical developm5t4 ,demokritos comes aft] ,protagoras1 & 8 !ory is already condition$ by ! epi/emological problem4 7,see ,bro*>d1 8,protagoras et ,dmocrite10 ,ar*4 ii4 p4 #cfh47 ,he has also a regul> !ory ( conduct 7,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 iv4 #ead n474 ,sid5ote3 ,! primitive view ( ! _w4 ,,ii4 ,ev5 9 ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any record1 ! primitive view ( ! _w is fa/ pass+ away4 ,we are left to ga!r :at mann] ( ?+ x 0 f ! /ray glimpses we get ( x "h & !re 9 ! old] lit]ature1 to :i* x =ms a sort ( sombre backgr\nd1 & f ! _m /range my?s & /rang] rites t liv$ on1 z if to be> witness ( x to lat] times1 n only 9 out-(-!-way p>ts ( ,hellas1 b ev5 9 ! 8my/]ies0 ( ! m cultivat$ /ates4 ,s f> z we c see1 x mu/ h be5 ess5tially a ?+ ( %r$s & pat*es1 ready to fall 9 pieces z soon z /irr$ by ! fre% breeze ( a l>g] exp]i5ce & a m fe>less curiosity4 ,! only explanation ( ! _w x c\ld (f] 0 a wild tale ( ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,su* a /ory z t ( ,ouranos1 ,gaia1 & ,kronos belongs pla9ly1 z ,mr4 ,lang has %[n 9 ,cu/om & ,my?1 to ! same level ( ?\ght z ! ,maori tale ( ,papa & ,rangi2 :ile 9 its details ! ,greek my? is1 if any?+1 ! m savage ( ! two4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be misl$ by metaphors ab\t 8! *ildhood ( ! race10 ?\gh ev5 ^!1 if prop]ly und]/ood1 are sugge/ive en\gh4 ,our ideas ( ! true /ate ( a *ild's m9d are apt to be col\r$ by t !ory ( ant5atal exi/5ce :i* has f\nd1 p]haps1 its highe/ expression 9 ,wordswor?'s ,ode on ! ,intimations ( ,immortality4 ,we transf] ^! ideas to ! race g5]ally1 & are ?us l$ to ?9k ( ! m5 :o made & repeat$ my?s z simple1 innoc5t creatures :o 7 someh[ ne>] ?an we are to ! beg9n+ ( ?+s1 & s1 p]haps1 saw ) a cle>] vision4 ,a tru] view ( :at a *ild's ?\ghts really are w help to put u on ! "r track4 ,left to !mselves1 *ildr5 are (t5 torm5t$ by vague t]rors ( surr\nd+ objects :i* !y fe> to confide to any "o4 ,_! games are bas$ ^u an animi/ic !ory ( ?+s1 & !y are great believ]s 9 luck & 9 ! lot4 ,!y are devotees1 too1 ( t 8cult ( odds & ends0 :i* is feti%ism2 & ! unsightly old dolls :i* !y (t5 *]i% m fondly ?an ! *oice/ products ( ! toy-%op1 rem9d u =cibly ( ! unga9ly /ocks & /ones :i* ,pausanias f\nd 9 ! ,holy ( ,holies ( _m a /ately ,greek temple4 ,at ,sp>ta ! ,tynd>idai 7 a c\ple ( bo>ds1 :ile ! old image ( ,h]a at ,samos 0 a r\ghly-hewn log4#b ,footnote #b3 ,see ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii4 #fd2 ,m5zies1 ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 pp4 #bgb-bgf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ rememb] t1 ev5 9 ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any record1 ! _w 0 already v old4 ,^? ,greeks :o fir/ tri$ to und]/& nature 7 n at all 9 ! position ( m5 sett+ out on a hi!rto untrodd5 pa?4 ,!re 0 already 9 ! field a tol]ably consi/5t view ( ! _w1 ?\gh no d\bt x 0 r impli$ & assum$ 9 ritual & my? ?an di/9ctly realis$ z su*4 ,! e>ly ?9k]s did a f> great] ?+ ?an m]ely to make a beg9n+4 ,by turn+ _! backs on ! savage view ( ?+s1 !y r5ew$ _! y\?1 & ) x1 z x prov$1 ! y\? ( ! _w1 at a "t :5 ! _w seem$ 9 its dotage4 ,! m>vel is t !y 7 able to d ?is s ?or\ghly z !y did4 ,a savage my? might be pres]v$ "h & !re to ! sc&al ( philosoph]s2 feti%es1 totems1 & magic rites might lurk 9 holes & corn]s ) ! moles & ) ! bats1 to be une>!d long aft]w>ds by ! curi\s 9 su* matt]s4 ,b ! all-p]vad+ sup]/ition1 :i* we call primitive because we "k n h[ or :5ce x came1 0 gone = ev]2 & we f9d ,h]odotos not+ ) unfeign$ surprise ! exi/5ce among 8b>b>ians0 ( beliefs & cu/oms :i*1 n s long ago1 8 own =efa!rs _h taught & practis$ q z zeal\sly z ev] did ,libyan or ,scy?4 ,ev5 !n1 he might h f\nd mo/ ( !m surviv+ on ! 8high places0 ( ,hellas4 ,sid5ote3 ,traces ( ! primitive view 9 e>ly lit]ature4 ,,iii4 ,9 "o respect ! way _h be5 prep>$ already4 ,long be=e hi/ory beg9s1 ! colonisation ( ! isl&s & ! coa/s ( ,asia ,m9or _h br\ght ab\t a /ate ( ?+s t 0 n fav\rable to ! rigid ma9t5ance ( traditional cu/oms & ways ( ?\ght4 ,a my? is ess5tially a local ?+1 & ?\gh ! emigrants might give ! names ( ance/ral sanctu>ies to simil> spots 9 _! new homes1 !y c\ld n transf] ) ! names ! old s5tim5t ( awe4 ,besides1 ^! 71 on ! :ole1 /irr+ & joyful times4 ,! _s ( adv5ture is n fav\rable to sup]/ition1 & m5 ^: *ief occupation is fight+ are n apt to be oppress$ by t 8fe> ( ! _w0 :i* "s tell u is ! normal /ate ( ! savage m9d4 ,ev5 ! savage becomes 9 great measure free f x :5 he is really happy4 ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,hom]4 ,t is :y we f9d s few traces ( ! primitive view ( ! _w 9 ,hom]4 ,! gods h become frankly human1 & ev]y?+ savage is1 s f> z may be1 kept out ( sight4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 ve/iges ( e>ly beliefs & practices1 b !y are exceptional4 ,9 t /range episode ( ! ,f\rte5? ,book ( ! ,iliad kn[n z ,! ,deceiv+ ( ,zeus we f9d a numb] ( !ogonical ideas :i* are o!rwise q =eign to ,hom]1 b !y are treat$ ) s little s]i\sness t ! :ole ?+ has ev5 be5 reg>d$ z a p>ody or burlesque ( "s primitive poem on ! bir? ( ! gods4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is to mi/ake ! _s ( ,hom]4 ,he f9ds ! old my? ready to 8 h&1 & sees 9 x matt] = a 8joy\s tale10 j z ,demodokos did 9 ! loves ( ,ares & ,aphrodite4 ,!re is no antagonism to traditional views1 b r a complete deta*m5t f !m4 ,x has (t5 be5 not$ t ,hom] nev] speaks ( ! primitive cu/om ( purification = blood%$4 ,! dead h]oes are burn$1 n buri$1 z ! k+s ( cont95tal ,hellas 74 ,gho/s play h>dly any "p4 ,9 ! ,iliad we h1 to be sure1 ! gho/ ( ,patroklos1 9 close connexion ) ! solit>y in/ance ( human sacrifice 9 ,hom]4 ,all t 0 "p ( ! traditional /ory1 & ,hom] says z little ab\t x z he c4 ,!re is also ! ,nekyia 9 ! ,elev5? ,book ( ! ,odyssey1 :i* has be5 assign$ to a late date on ! gr\nd t x conta9s ,orphic ideas4 ,! reason+ does n appe> cog5t4 ,z we %all see1 ! ,orphics did n s mu* inv5t new ideas z revive old ones1 & if ! leg5d took ,odysseus to ! abode ( ! dead1 t _h to be describ$ 9 accordance ) ! accept$ views ab\t x4 ,9 fact1 we are nev] entitl$ to inf] f ,hom]'s sil5ce t ! primitive view 0 unkn[n to him4 ,! abs5ce ( c]ta9 ?+s f ! poems is due to retic5ce r ?an ignorance2 =1 :]ev] any?+ to 8 purpose 0 to be got f an old /ory1 he did n hesitate to use x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! tradition necess>ily br\ght him into contact ) savage ideas1 he pref]s to treat !m ) res]ve4 ,we may inf]1 !n1 t at lea/ 9 a c]ta9 society1 t ( ! pr9ces = :om ,hom] sang1 ! primitive view ( ! _w 0 already discr$it$ by a comp>atively e>ly date4#c ,footnote #c3 ,on all ?is1 see especially ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 pp4 #ad sqq4 ,sid5ote3 #b4 ,hesiod4 ,,iv4 ,:5 we come to ,hesiod1 we seem to be 9 ano!r _w4 ,we he> /ories ( ! gods :i* are n only irrational b repulsive1 & ^! /ories are told q s]i\sly4 ,hesiod makes ! ,muses say3 8,we "k h[ to tell _m false ?+s t are l ! tru?2 b we "k too1 :5 we w1 to utt] :at is true40#d ,?is means t he 0 q consci\s ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hom]ic _s & 8 own4 ,! old light-he>t$ness is gone1 & x is important to tell ! tru? ab\t ! gods4 ,hesiod kn[s1 too1 t he belongs to a lat] & a sadd] "t ?an ,hom]4 ,9 describ+ ! ,ages ( ! ,_w1 he ins]ts a fif? age betwe5 ^? ( ,bronze & ,iron4 ,t is ! ,age ( ! ,h]oes1 ! age ,hom] sang (4 ,x 0 bett] ?an ! ,bronze ,age :i* came be=e x1 & f> bett] ?an t :i* foll[$ x1 ! ,age ( ,iron1 9 :i* ,hesiod lives4#e ,he also feels t he is s++ = ano!r class4 ,x is to %eph]ds & husb&m5 he addresses himself1 & ! pr9ces = :om ,hom] sang h become remote p]sons :o give 8crook$ dooms40 ,= common m5 !re is no hope b 9 h>d1 unceas+ toil4 ,x is ! voice ( ! p we n[ he> = ! fir/ "t1 & ( a p = :om ! romance & spl5d\r ( ! ,greek ,middle ,ages meant no?+4 ,! primitive view ( ! _w _h nev] really di$ out among !m2 s x 0 natural = _! fir/ spokesman to assume x 9 8 poems4 ,t is :y we f9d 9 ,hesiod ^! old1 savage tales1 :i* ,hom] disda9$ to speak (4 ,footnote #d3 ,hes4 ,!og4 #bg4 ,!y are ! same ,muses :o inspir$ ,hom]1 :i* means1 9 our language1 t ,hesiod wrote 9 hexamet]s & us$ ! ,epic dialect4 ,! new lit]>y g5re has n yet f\nd its appropriate vehicle1 :i* is elegy4 ,footnote #e3 ,!re is great hi/orical insight "h4 ,x 0 ,hesiod1 n our mod]n hi/orians1 :o fir/ po9t$ out t ! 8,greek ,middle ,ages0 7 a break 9 ! normal developm5t4 ,yet x w\ld be wrong to see 9 ! ,!ogony a m]e revival ( ! old sup]/ition4 ,no?+ c ev] be reviv$ j z x 02 = 9 e reaction !re is a polemical elem5t :i* diff]5tiates x completely f ! e>li] /age x va9ly seeks to reproduce4 ,hesiod c\ld n help be+ affect$ by ! new _s :i* trade & adv5ture _h awak5$ ov] ! sea1 & he became a pione] 9 spite ( himself4 ,! rudim5ts ( :at grew into ,ionic sci5ce & hi/ory are to be f\nd 9 8 poems1 & he really did m ?an any "o to ha/5 t decay ( ! old ideas :i* he 0 seek+ to arre/4 ,! ,!ogony is an attempt to r$uce all ! /ories ab\t ! gods into a s+le sy/em1 & sy/em is necess>ily fatal to s wayw>d a ?+ z my?ology4 ,hesiod1 no less ?an ,hom]1 tea*es a panhell5ic poly!ism2 ! only diff]5ce is t ) him ?is is m directly bas$ on ! leg5ds atta*$ to ! local cults1 :i* he ?us s\ght to inve/ ) a national significance4 ,! result is t ! my? becomes prim>y & ! cult second>y1 a complete inv]sion ( ! primitive relation4 ,h]odotos tells u t x 0 ,hom] & ,hesiod :o made a !ogony = ! ,hell5es1 :o gave ! gods _! names1 & di/ribut$ among !m _! (fices & arts1#f & x is p]fectly true4 ,! ,olympian pan!on took ! place ( ! old local gods 9 m5's m9ds1 & ?is 0 z mu* ! do+ ( ,hesiod z ( ,hom]4 ,! ord9>y man _h no ties to ?is company ( gods1 b at mo/ to "o or two ( !m2 & ev5 ^! he w\ld h>dly recognise 9 ! humanis$ figures1 deta*$ f all local associations1 :i* poetry _h sub/itut$ = ! old] objects ( wor%ip4 ,! gods ( ,greece _h become a spl5did subject = art2 b !y came betwe5 ! ,hell5es & _! ance/ral religions4 ,!y 7 incapable ( satisfy+ ! ne$s ( ! p1 & t is ! secret ( ! religi\s revival :i* we %all h to consid] 9 ! sequel4 ,footnote #f3 ,h]od4 ii4 #ec4 ,sid5ote3 ,cosmogony4 ,v4 ,nor is x only 9 ?is way t ,hesiod %[s himself a *ild ( 8 "t4 ,8 ,!ogony is at ! same "t a ,cosmogony1 ?\gh x w\ld seem t "h he 0 foll[+ o!rs r ?an work+ out a ?\ght ( 8 own4 ,at any rate1 he only m5tions ! two great cosmogonical figures1 ,*aos & ,eros1 & does n really br+ !m into connexion ) 8 sy/em4 ,! conception ( ,*aos repres5ts a di/9ct ef=t to picture ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 ,x is n a =mless mixture1 b r1 z its etymology indicates1 ! yawn+ gulf or gap :]e no?+ is z yet4#g ,we may be sure t ?is is n primitive4 ,savage man does n feel call$ ^u to =m an idea ( ! v beg9n+ ( all ?+s2 he takes = grant$ t !re 0 some?+ to beg9 )4 ,! o!r figure1 t ( ,eros1 0 d\btless int5d$ to expla9 ! impulse to production :i* gave rise to ! :ole process4 ,t1 at lea/1 is :at ! ,maoris mean by x1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ rem>kable passage#h3-- ,f ! conception ! increase1 ,f ! increase ! swell+1 ,f ! swell+ ! ?\ght1 ,f ! ?\ght ! remembrance1 ,f ! remembrance ! desire4 ,! ^w became fruitful1 ,x dwelt ) ! feeble glimm]+1 ,x br\ght =? ! night4 ,hesiod mu/ h _h "s su* primitive speculation to "w on1 b he does n tell u any?+ cle>ly on ! subject4 ,footnote #g3 ,! ^w c]ta9ly means ! 8gape0 or 8yawn10 ! ,orphic 4 ,grimm comp>$ x ) ! ,sc&9avian ,g9nunga-,gap4 ,footnote #h3 ,quot$ f ,taylor's ,new ,zeal&1 pp4 #aaj-aab1 by ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 9 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 vol4 ii4 p4 #eb 7#bnd ed474 ,we h records ( great activity 9 ! production ( cosmogonies dur+ ! :ole ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 & we "k some?+ ( ! sy/ems ( ,epim5ides1 ,ph]ekydes1#i & ,ak\silaos4 ,z !re 7 speculations ( ?is k9d ev5 be=e ,hesiod1 we ne$ h no hesitation 9 believ+ t ! e>lie/ ,orphic cosmogony goes back to t c5tury too4#aj ,! feature :i* is common to all ^! sy/ems is ! attempt to get beh9d ! gap1 & to put ,kronos or ,zeus 9 ! fir/ place4 ,?is is :at ,ari/otle has 9 view :5 he di/+ui%es ! 8!ologians0 f ^? :o 7 half !ologians & half philosoph]s1 & :o put :at 0 be/ 9 ! beg9n+4#aa ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is process is ! v rev]se ( sci5tific1 & might be c>ri$ on indef9itely2 s we h no?+ to d ) ! cosmogoni/s 9 our pres5t inquiry1 except s f> z !y c be %[n to h influ5c$ ! c\rse ( m sob] inve/igations4 ,inde$1 ^! speculations are /ill bas$ on ! primitive view ( ! _w1 & s fall outside ! limits we h trac$ = ourselves4 ,footnote #i3 ,= ! rema9s ( ,ph]ekydes1 see ,diels1 ,vorsokratik]1 pp4 #ejf sqq4 7#a/ ed471 & ! int]e/+ acc\nt 9 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 pp4 #he sqq4 ,footnote #aj3 ,?is 0 ! view ( ,lobeck ) reg>d to ! s-call$ 8,rhapsodic ,!ogony0 describ$ by ,damaskios1 & 0 reviv$ by ,otto ,k]n 7,de ,orphei ,epim5idis ,ph]ecydis ,!ogoniis1 #ahhh74 ,its savage "* is ! be/ pro( ( its antiquity4 ,cf4 ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 vol4 i4 *ap4 x4 ,footnote #aa3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ajia b #h4 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( e>ly ,greek cosmology4 ,,vi4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! /ep t plac$ ! ,ionian cosmologi/s once = all above ! level ( ! ,maoris8 ,grote & ,zell] make x consi/ 9 ! sub/itution ( imp]sonal causes act+ accord+ to law = p]sonal causes act+ arbitr>ily4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 p]sonal & imp]sonal 0 n really felt 9 antiquity1 & x is a mi/ake to lay mu* /ress on x4 ,x seems r t ! real advance made by ! sci5tific m5 ( ,miletos 0 t !y left (f tell+ tales4 ,!y gave up ! hopeless task ( describ+ :at 0 :5 z yet !re 0 no?+1 & ask$ in/ead :at all ?+s really are n[4 ,sid5ote3 ,ex nihilo nihil4 ,! great pr9ciple :i* und]lies all _! ?9k+1 ?\gh x is fir/ put into words by ,p>m5ides1 is t ,no?+ comes into be+ out ( no?+1 & no?+ passes away into no?+4 ,!y saw1 h[ev]1 t p>ticul> ?+s 7 always com+ into be+ & pass+ away aga91 & f ?is x foll[$ t _! exi/5ce 0 no true or /able "o4 ,! only ?+s t 7 real & et]nal 7 ! orig9al matt] :i* pass$ ?r\gh all ^! *anges & ! motion :i* gave rise to !m1 to :i* 0 soon add$ t law ( proportion or comp5sation :i*1 despite ! cont9ual becom+ & pass+ away ( ?+s1 secur$ ! relative p]man5ce & /ability ( ! v>i\s =ms ( exi/5ce t g to make up ! _w4 ,t ^! 71 9 fact1 ! lead+ ideas ( ! e>ly cosmologi/s1 _c1 ( c\rse1 be prov$ till we h giv5 a detail$ exposition ( _! sy/ems2 b we c %[ at once h[ natural x 0 = su* ?\ghts to come to !m4 ,x is always ! problem ( *ange & decay t fir/ excites ! wond] :i*1 z ,plato says1 is ! />t+-po9t ( all philosophy4 ,besides ?is1 !re 0 9 ! ,ionic nature a ve9 ( melan*oly :i* l$ x to brood ^u ! in/ability ( ?+s4 ,ev5 be=e ! "t ( ,?ales1 ,mimn]mos ( ,kolophon s+s ! sadness ( *ange2 &1 at a lat] date1 ! lam5t ( ,simonides1 t ! g5]ations ( m5 fall l ! leaves ( ! =e/1 t\*es a *ord already /ruck by ! e>lie/ s+] ( ,ionia4#ab ,n[1 s long z m5 c\ld believe ev]y?+ !y saw 0 alive l !mselves1 ! spectacle ( ! unceas+ dea? & new bir? ( nature w\ld only t+e _! ?\ghts ) a c]ta9 m\rnfulness1 :i* w\ld f9d its expression 9 su* ?+s z ! ,l9os dirges :i* ! ,greeks borr[$ f _! ,asiatic neighb\rs2#ac b :5 primitive animism1 :i* _h se5 consci\s life ev]y:]e1 0 gone1 & poly!i/ic my?ology1 :i* _h p]sonifi$ at lea/ ! m /rik+ natural ph5om5a1 0 go+1 x mu/ h seem$ t !re 0 n[h]e any abid+ reality4 ,n[adays we are accu/om$1 = good & = ill1 to ! notion ( dead ?+s1 ob$i5t1 n to inn] impulses1 b solely to me*anical laws4 ,b t is n ! view ( ! natural man1 & we may be sure t1 :5 fir/ x =c$ itself on him1 x mu/ h provok$ a /rong s5se ( dissatisfaction4 ,relief 0 only to be _h f ! reflexion t z no?+ comes f no?+1 no?+ c pass away into no?+4 ,!re mu/1 !n1 be some?+ :i* always is1 some?+ fundam5tal :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t all *ange1 & ceases to exi/ 9 "o =m only t x may reappe> 9 ano!r4 ,x is significant t ?is some?+ is spok5 ( z 8dea?less0 & 8ageless40#ad ,footnote #ab3 ,simonides1 fr4 #he1 #b ,b]gk4 ,il4 vi4 #adf4 ,footnote #ac3 ,on ,adonis-,?ammuz1 ,lity]ses1 ,l9os1 & ,osiris1 see ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bgh sqq4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! ,epic phrase seems to h sugge/$ ?is4 ,anaxim&] appli$ bo? epi!ts to ! prim>y sub/ance 7,r4 ,p4 #ag & #ag a74 ,euripides1 9 describ+ ! bless$ness ( ! sci5tific life 7fr4 inc4 #iaj71 says 444 7,r4 ,p4 #adh c f9474 ,sid5ote3 ,,vii4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no hi/orian ( ,greek philosophy has cle>ly laid x d[n t ! ^w :i* 0 us$ by ! e>ly cosmologi/s to express ?is idea ( a p]man5t & prim>y sub/ance 0 none o!r ?an 2 & t ! title 1 s commonly giv5 to philosophical works ( ! six? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c41#ae means simply ,conc]n+ ! ,prim>y ,sub/ance4 ,bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle use ! t]m 9 ?is s5se :5 !y are discuss+ ! e>li] philosophy1#af & its hi/ory %[s cle>ly en\gh :at its orig9al mean+ mu/ h be54 ,9 ,greek philosophical language1 always means t :i* is prim>y1 fundam5tal1 & p]si/5t1 z oppos$ to :at is second>y1 d]ivative1 & transi5t2 :at is 8giv510 z oppos$ to t :i* is made or becomes4 ,x is :at is !re to beg9 )4 ,x is true t ,plato & 8 successors also id5tify ) ! be/ or mo/ normal condition ( a ?+2 b t is j because !y held ! goal ( any developm5t to be prior to ! process by :i* x is rea*$4 ,su* an idea 0 :olly unkn[n to ! pione]s ( philosophy4 ,!y s\ght ! explanation ( ! incomplete _w we "k1 n 9 ! end1 b 9 ! beg9n+4 ,x seem$ to !m t1 if only !y c\ld /rip (f all ! modifications :i* ,art & ,*ance _h introduc$1 !y w\ld get at ! ultimately real2 & s ! se>* aft] 1 fir/ 9 ! _w at l>ge & aft]w>ds 9 human society1 became ! *ief int]e/ ( ! age we h to deal )4 ,footnote #ae3 ,i d n mean to imply t ! philosoph]s us$ ?is title !mselves2 = e>ly prose writ+s _h no titles4 ,! writ] m5tion$ 8 "n & ! subject ( 8 "w 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 z ,h]odotos1 = in/ance1 does4 ,footnote #af3 ,plato1 ,laws1 #hib c #b1 7i4e4 7 7i4e4 74 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #a4 #aic a #ba1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 4 ,! ^w 1 by :i* ! e>ly cosmologi/s are usually said to h designat$ ! object ( _! se>*1 is 9 ?is s5se purely ,ari/otelian4 ,x is q natural t x %\ld be employ$ 9 ! well-kn[n hi/orical sket* ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,metaphysics2 = ,ari/otle is !re te/+ ! !ories ( e>li] ?9k]s by 8 own doctr9e ( ! f\r causes4 ,b ,plato nev] uses ! t]m 9 ?is connexion1 & x does n occur once 9 ! g5u9e fragm5ts ( ! e>ly philosoph]s4 ,x is conf9$ to ! ,/oic & ,p]ipatetic h&books f :i* mo/ ( our k is d]iv$1 & ^! simply repeat ,ari/otle4 ,zell] has po9t$ out 9 a footnote#ag t x w\ld be an ana*ronism to ref] ! subtle ,ari/otelian use ( ! ^w to ! beg9n+s ( speculation4 ,to ,anaxim&] c\ld only h meant 8beg9n+10 & x 0 f> m ?an a beg9n+ t ! e>ly cosmologi/s 7 look+ =3 x 0 ! et]nal gr\nd ( all ?+s4 ,!re is "o v important conclusion t foll[s at once f ! acc\nt j giv5 ( ! mean+ ( 1 & x is1 t ! se>* = ! prim>y sub/ance really 0 ! ?+ t int]e/$ ! ,ionian philosoph]s4 ,_h _! ma9 object be51 z ,tei*mll] held x 01 ! explanation ( cele/ial & meteorological ph5om5a1 _! rese>*es w\ld n h be5 call$ 1#ah b r or 4 ,& ?is we %all f9d confirm$ by a /udy ( ! way 9 :i* ,greek cosmology develop$4 ,! gr[+ ?\ght :i* may be trac$ ?r\gh ! successive repres5tatives ( any s*ool is always t :i* conc]ns ! prim>y sub/ance1 :ile ! a/ronomical & o!r !ories are1 9 ! ma91 peculi> to ! individual ?9k]s4 ,tei*mll] und\bt$ly did good s]vice by 8 prote/ aga9/ ! treatm5t ( ^! !ories z m]e isolat$ curiosities4 ,!y =m1 on ! contr>y1 coh]5t sy/ems :i* mu/ be look$ at z :oles4 ,b x is none ! less true t ,greek philosophy began1 z x end$1 ) ! se>* = :at 0 abid+ 9 ! flux ( ?+s4 ,footnote #ag3 ,zell]1 p4 #bag1 n4 #b 7,eng4 trans4 p4 #bdh1 n4 #b74 ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #eg1 n4 #aje4 ,footnote #ah3 ,we h ! au?ority ( ,plato = giv+ !m ?is "n4 ,cf4 ,phd4 #if a #g1 4 ,s1 9 ! fragm5t ( ,euripides ref]r$ to on p4 #ab1 n4 #ad1 ! man :o disc]ns 8! ageless ord] ( immortal 0 is ref]r$ to z 4 ,sid5ote3 ,motion & re/4 ,,viii4 ,b h[ c\ld ?is give back to nature ! life ( :i* x _h be5 robb$ by advanc+ k8 ,simply by mak+ x possible = ! life t _h hi!rto be5 suppos$ to reside 9 ea* p>ticul> ?+ to be transf]r$ to ! "o ?+ ( :i* all o!rs 7 pass+ =ms4 ,! v process ( bir?1 gr[?1 & decay might n[ be reg>d$ z ! unceas+ activity ( ! "o ultimate reality4 ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s express$ ?is by say+ t ! e>ly cosmologi/s believ$ 9 an 8et]nal motion10 & 9 sub/ance ?is is correct1 ?\gh x is n probable t !y said any?+ ab\t ! et]nal motion 9 _! writ+s4 ,x is m likely t !y simply took x = grant$4 ,9 e>ly times1 x is n movem5t b re/ t has to be acc\nt$ =1 & we may be sure t ! et]nity ( motion 0 n ass]t$ till x _h be5 d5i$4 ,z we %all see1 x 0 ,p>m5ides :o fir/ d5i$ x4 ,! idea ( a s+le ultimate sub/ance1 :5 ?or\ghly work$ out1 seem$ to leave no room = motion2 & aft] ! "t ( ,p>m5ides1 we d f9d t philosoph]s 7 conc]n$ to %[ h[ x began4 ,at fir/1 ?is w\ld n seem to require explanation at all4 ,mod]n writ]s sometimes give ! "n ( ,hylozoism to ?is way ( ?9k+1 b ! t]m is apt to be mislead+4 ,x sugge/s !ories :i* d5y ! sep>ate reality ( life & _s1 :]eas1 9 ! days ( ,?ales1 & ev5 f> lat]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 matt] & _s _h n be5 felt1 /ill less =mulat$ 9 su* a way t x c\ld be d5i$4 ,! uncreat$1 inde/ructible reality ( :i* ^! e>ly ?9k]s tell u 0 a body1 or ev5 matt]1 if we *oose to call x s2 b x 0 n matt] 9 ! s5se 9 :i* matt] is oppos$ to _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! d[nfall ( ! primitive view ( ! _w4 ,,ix4 ,we h indicat$ ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! primitive view ( ! _w1 & we h sket*$ 9 outl9e ! view :i* displac$ x2 we mu/ n[ consid] ! causes :i* l$ to ! d[nfall ( ! "o & ! rise ( ! o!r4 ,=emo/ among ^! 0 und\bt$ly ! wid5+ ( ! ,greek horizon occasion$ by ! great ext5sion ( m>itime ent]prise :i* foll[$ ! decay ( ! ,pho5ician naval supremacy4 ,! sc5e ( ! old /ories _h1 z a rule1 be5 laid j outside ! b\nd>ies ( ! _w kn[n to ! m5 :o believ$ !m4 ,odysseus does n meet ) ,kirke or ! ,kyklops or ! ,sir5s 9 ! famili> ,aegean1 b 9 regions :i* lay beyond ! k5 ( ! ,greeks at ! "t ! ,odyssey 0 compos$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,we/ 0 beg9n+ to be famili> too1 & ! fancy ( ! ,greek explor]s l$ !m to id5tify ! l&s :i* !y discov]$ ) ! places :i* ! h]o ( ! national fairy-tale _h come to 9 8 w&]+s4 ,x 0 soon discov]$ t ! mon/r\s be+s 9 "q 7 no long] to be f\nd !re1 & ! belief grew up t !y _h nev] be5 !re at all4 ,s1 too1 ! ,milesians _h settl$ colonies all r\nd ! ,eux9e4 ,! coloni/s w5t out ) 9 _! m9ds2 &1 at ! same "t z !y *ang$ ! "n ( ! ,inhospitable to ! ,hospitable ,sea1 !y localis$ ! 8f> c\ntry0 77 ( ! primitive tale1 & made ,jason fet* ! ,gold5 ,fleece f ,kol*is4 ,above all1 ! ,phokaians _h explor$ ! ,m$it]ranean z f> z ! ,pill>s ( ,h]akles1#ai & ! new k t ! 8endless pa?s0 ( ! sea _h b\nd>ies mu/ h mov$ m5's m9ds 9 mu* ! same way z ! discov]y ( ,am]ica did 9 lat] days4 ,a s+le example w illu/rate ! process :i* 0 always go+ on4 ,accord+ to ! primitive view1 ! heav5s 7 support$ by a giant call$ ,atlas4 ,no "o _h ev] se5 him1 ?\gh he 0 suppos$ to live 9 ,arkadia4 ,! ,phokaian explor]s id5tifi$ him ) a cl\d-capp$ m\nta9 9 ,africa1 & once !y _h done ?is1 ! old belief 0 doom$4 ,x 0 impossible to g on believ+ 9 a god :o 0 also a m\nta91 conv5i5tly situat$ = ! trad] to /e] by1 z he sail$ to ,t>%i% 9 que/ ( silv]4 ,footnote #ai3 ,h]od4 i4 #afc4 ,sid5ote3 ,alleg$ ,ori5tal orig9 ( philosophy4 ,x4 ,b by f> ! mo/ important "q we h to face is t ( ! nature & ext5t ( ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by :at we call ,ea/]n wisdom on ! ,greek m9d4 ,x is a common idea ev5 n[ t ! ,greeks 9 "s way d]iv$ _! philosophy f ,egypt & ,babylon1 & we mu/ !re=e try to und]/& z cle>ly z possible :at su* a /atem5t really means4 ,to beg9 )1 we mu/ obs]ve t no writ] ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ,greek philosophy fl\ri%$ kn[s any?+ at all ( its hav+ come f ! ,ea/4 ,h]odotos w\ld n h omitt$ to say s1 _h he ev] he>d ( x2 = x w\ld h confirm$ 8 own belief 9 ! ,egyptian orig9 ( ,greek religion & civilisation4#bj ,plato1 :o _h a v great respect = ! ,egyptians on o!r gr\nds1 di/9ctly implies t !y 7 a bus9esslike r ?an a philosophical p4#ba ,ari/otle speaks only ( ! orig9 ( ma!matics 9 ,egypt#bb 7a po9t to :i* we %all return71 ?\gh1 if he _h kn[n ( an ,egyptian philosophy1 x w\ld h suit$ 8 argum5t bett] to m5tion t4 ,x is n till a f> lat] date1 :5 ,egyptian prie/s & ,alex&rian ,jews began to vie ) "o ano!r 9 discov]+ ! s\rces ( ,greek philosophy 9 _! own pa/1 t we fir/ h def9ite /atem5ts to ! effect t x came f ,pho5icia or ,egypt4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we mu/ c>efully note two ?+s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! ^w 8philosophy0 _h come by t "t to include !ology ( a m or less my/ical type1 & 0 ev5 appli$ to v>i\s =ms ( asceticism4#bc ,9 ! second place1 ! s-call$ ,egyptian philosophy 0 only arriv$ at by a process ( turn+ primitive my?s into allegories4 ,we are /ill able to judge ,philo's ,old ,te/am5t int]pretation = ourselves1 & we may be sure t ! ,egyptian allegori/s 7 ev5 m arbitr>y2 = !y _h f> less promis+ mat]ial to "w on4 ,no?+ c be m savage ?an ! my? ( ,isis & ,osiris2#bd yet x is fir/ int]pret$ accord+ to ! ideas ( lat] ,greek philosophy1 & !n decl>$ to be ! orig9al s\rce ( t philosophy4 ,footnote #bj3 ,all he c say is t ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos & ! doctr9e ( transmigration came f ,egypt 7ii4 #di1 #abc74 ,we %all see t bo? ^! /atem5ts are incorrect1 & 9 any case !y d n imply any?+ directly z to philosophy4 ,footnote #ba3 ,9 ,rep4 #dce e1 aft] say+ t is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,?racians & ,scy?ians1 & ( ! ,hell5es1 he ref]s u to ,pho5icia & ,egypt = 4 ,9 ! ,laws1 :]e ! ,egyptians are s /rongly comm5d$ = _! cons]vatism 9 matt]s ( art1 he says 7#gdg b #f7 t ari?metical /udies are valuable only if we remove all & f ! s\ls ( ! le>n]s4 ,o!rwise1 we produce in/ead ( 1 z we c see t ! ,pho5icians1 ! ,egyptians1 & _m o!r peoples d4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #a4 #iha b #bc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ,zell]1 p4 #c1 n4 #b4 ,philo applies ! t]m to ! !ology ( ! ,ess5es & ,!rapeutai4 ,footnote #bd3 ,on ?is1 see ,lang1 ,my?1 ,ritual1 & ,religion1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ace4 ,?is me?od ( int]pretation may be said to culm9ate ) ! ,neopy?agorean ,n\m5ios1 f :om x pass$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s4 ,x is ,n\m5ios :o asks1 8,:at is ,plato1 b ,moses speak+ ,attic80#be ,x seems likely1 inde$1 t he 0 ?9k+ ( c]ta9 m>k$ resemblances betwe5 ,plato's ,laws & ! ,levitical ,code :5 he said ?is--resemblances due to ! fact t c]ta9 primitive legal ideas are simil>ly modifi$ 9 bo?2 b 9 any case ,clem5t & ,eusebios give ! rem>k a f> wid] application4#bf ,at ! ,r5aissance1 ?is absurd f>rago 0 reviv$ along ) ev]y?+ else1 & c]ta9 ideas d]iv$ f ! ,praep>atio ,evangelica cont9u$ = long to col\r accept$ views on ! subject4 ,ev5 ,cudwor? speaks complac5tly ( ! anci5t 8,mos*ical or ,mosaical philosophy0 taught by ,?ales & ,py?agoras4#bg ,x is important to realise ! true orig9 ( ?is deeply-root$ prejudice aga9/ ! orig9ality ( ! ,greeks4 ,x does n come f mod]n rese>*es into ! beliefs ( anci5t peoples2 = ^! h disclos$ absolutely no?+ 9 ! way ( evid5ce = a ,pho5ician or ,egyptian philosophy4 ,x is a m]e residuum ( ! ,alex&rian passion = allegory4 ,footnote #be3 ,n\m5ios1 fr4 #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #fbd71 2 ,footnote #bf3 ,clem5t 7,/rom4 i4 p4 #h1 #e1 ,/hl97 calls ,plato 4 ,footnote #bg3 ,we le>n f ,/rabo 7xvi4 p4 #geg7 t x 0 ,poseidonios :o introduc$ ,mo*os ( ,sidon into ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,he attributes ! atomic !ory to him4 ,8 id5tification ) ,moses1 h[ev]1 is a lat] t\r de =ce4 ,philon ( ,byblos publi%$ :at purport$ to be a translation ( an anci5t ,pho5ician hi/ory by ,san*unia?on1 :i* 0 us$ by ,porphyry & aft]w>ds by ,eusebios4 ,h[ famili> all ?is became1 is %[n by ! spee* ( ! /rang] 9 ! ,vic> ( ,wakefield1 *ap4 xiv4 ,( c\rse no "o n[adays w\ld re/ ! case = ! ,ori5tal orig9 ( ,greek philosophy on ! evid5ce ( ,clem5t or ,eusebios2 ! fav\rite argum5t 9 rec5t times has be5 ! analogy ( ! arts & religion4 ,we are see+ m & m1 x is said1 t ! ,greeks d]iv$ _! art & _m ( _! religi\s ideas f ! ,ea/2 & x is urg$ t ! same w 9 all probability prove true ( _! philosophy4 ,?is is a speci\s argum5t1 b n 9 ! lea/ conclusive4 ,x ignores altoge!r ! ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ! way ^! ?+s are transmitt$ f p to p4 ,mat]ial civilisation & ! arts may pass easily f "o p to ano!r1 ?\gh !y h n a common language1 & c]ta9 simple religi\s ideas c be convey$ by ritual bett] ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 c only be express$ 9 ab/ract language1 & x c only be transmitt$ by educat$ m51 :e!r by means ( books or oral tea*+4 ,n[ we "k ( no ,greek1 9 ! times we are deal+ )1 :o knew en\gh ( any ,ori5tal language to read an ,egyptian book or ev5 to li/5 to ! disc\rse ( an ,egyptian prie/1 & we nev] he> till a late date ( ,ori5tal tea*]s :o wrote or spoke 9 ,greek4 ,! ,greek travell] 9 ,egypt w\ld no d\bt pick up a few words ( ,egyptian1 & x is c]ta9 t someh[ or o!r ! prie/s c\ld make !mselves und]/ood by ! ,greeks4 ,!y 7 able to rebuke ,hekataios = 8 family pride1 & ,plato tells a /ory ( ! same sort at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,timaeus4#bh ,b !y mu/ h made use ( int]pret]s1 & x is impossible to conceive ( philosophical ideas be+ communicat$ ?r\gh an un$ucat$ dragoman4#bi ,footnote #bh3 ,h]od4 ii4 #adc2 ,plato1 ,tim4 #bb b #c4 ,footnote #bi3 ,gomp]z's 8native bride10 :o discusses ! wisdom ( h] p ) h] ,greek "l 7,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #ie71 does n conv9ce me ei!r4 ,%e w\ld probably tea* h] maids ! rites ( /range goddesses2 b %e w\ld n be likely to talk !ology ) h] husb&1 & /ill less philosophy or sci5ce4 ,! use ( ,babylonian z an int]national language w acc\nt = ! fact t ! ,egyptians knew some?+ ( ,babylonian a/ronomy2 b x does n help u to expla9 h[ ! ,greeks c\ld communicate ) ! ,egyptians4 ,x is pla9 t ! ,greeks did n ev5 "k ( ?is int]national language2 = x is j ! sort ( ?+ !y w\ld h record$ ) int]e/ if !y _h4 ,9 e>ly days1 !y may h met ) x 9 ,cyprus1 b t 0 app>5tly =gott54 ,b really x is n wor? :ile to ask :e!r ! communication ( philosophical ideas 0 possible or n1 till "s evid5ce has be5 produc$ t any ( ^! peoples _h a philosophy to communicate4 ,no su* evid5ce has yet be5 discov]$1 &1 s f> z we "k1 ! ,indians 7 ! only p besides ! ,greeks :o ev] _h any?+ t des]ves ! "n4 ,no "o n[ w sugge/ t ,greek philosophy came f ,india1 & inde$ ev]y?+ po9ts to ! conclusion t ,indian philosophy came f ,greece4 ,! *ronology ( ,sanskrit lit]ature is an extremely difficult subject2 b1 s f> z we c see1 ! great ,indian sy/ems are lat] 9 date ?an ! ,greek philosophies :i* !y mo/ ne>ly resemble4 ,( c\rse ! my/icism ( ! ,upani%ads & ( ,buddhism 7 ( native gr[? & pr(\ndly influ5c$ philosophy1 b !y 7 n !mselves philosophy 9 any true s5se ( ! ^w4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ,= ! possibility t ,indian philosophy came f ,greece1 see ,web]1 ,die ,grie*5 9 ,indi5 7,b]l4 ,sitzb4 #ahij1 pp4 #ija sqq471 & ,goblet d',alviella1 ,ce que l',inde doit la ,grce 7,p>is1 #ahig74 ,sid5ote3 ,egyptian ma!matics4 ,,xi4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be ano!r ?+ to say t ,greek philosophy orig9at$ q indep5d5tly ( ,ori5tal influ5ces4 ,! ,greeks !mselves believ$ _! ma!matical sci5ce to be ( ,egyptian orig91 & !y mu/ also h kn[n some?+ ( ,babylonian a/ronomy4 ,x _c be an accid5t t philosophy orig9at$ 9 ,ionia j at ! "t :5 communication ) ^! two c\ntries 0 easie/1 & x is significant t ! v man :o 0 said to h introduc$ geometry f ,egypt is also reg>d$ z ! fir/ ( ! philosoph]s4 ,x ?us becomes v important = u to discov]1 if we c1 :at ,egyptian ma!matics meant4 ,we %all see t1 ev5 "h1 ! ,greeks 7 really orig9al4 ,!re is a papyrus 9 ! ,rh9d collection at ! ,briti% ,museum#ca :i* gives u an in/ructive glimpse ( ari?metic & geometry z ^! sci5ces 7 und]/ood on ! banks ( ! ,nile4 ,x is ! "w ( "o ,aahmes1 & conta9s rules = calculations bo? ( an ari?metical & a geometrical "*4 ,! ari?metical problems mo/ly conc]n measures ( corn & fruit1 & deal p>ticul>ly ) su* que/ions z ! division ( a numb] ( measures among a giv5 numb] ( p]sons1 ! numb] ( loaves or j>s ( be] t c]ta9 measures w yield1 & ! wages due to ! workm5 = a c]ta9 piece ( "w4 ,x corresponds exactly1 9 fact1 to ! description ( ,egyptian ari?metic :i* ,plato has giv5 u 9 ! ,laws1 :]e he tells u t ! *ildr5 le>nt along ) _! lett]s to solve problems 9 ! di/ribution ( apples & wrea?s to great] or small] numb]s ( p1 ! pair+ ( box]s & wre/l]s1 & s =?4#cb ,?is is cle>ly ! orig9 ( ! art :i* ! ,greeks call$ 1 & !y c]ta9ly borr[$ t f ,egypt2 b !re is n ! slighte/ trace ( :at ! ,greeks call$ 1 or ! sci5tific /udy ( numb]s4 ,footnote #ca3 ,i am indebt$ = mo/ ( ! in=mation :i* foll[s to ,cantor's ,vorlesung5 b] ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 vol4 i4 pp4 #df-fc4 ,see also ,g['s ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,ma!matics1 #gc-hj2 & ,milhaud1 ,la sci5ce grecque1 pp4 #ia sqq4 ,! discussion 9 ! la/-nam$ "w is ( special value because x is bas$ on ,m4 ,rodet's pap] 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,ma?matique1 vol4 vi41 :i* 9 "s important respects supplem5ts ! int]pretation ( ,eis5lohr1 on :i* ! e>li] acc\nts dep5d4 ,footnote #cb3 ,plato1 ,laws1 #hai b #d1 1 4 1 1 4 ,9 its context1 ! passage implies t no m ?an ?is c\ld be le>nt 9 ,egypt4 ,! geometry ( ! ,rh9d papyrus is ( a simil>ly utilit>ian "*1 & ,h]odotos1 :o tells u t ,egyptian geometry arose f ! necessity ( measur+ ! l& afre% aft] ! inundations1 is obvi\sly f> ne>] ! m>k ?an ,ari/otle1 :o says t x grew out ( ! leisure enjoy$ by ! prie/ly ca/e4#cc ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t ! rules giv5 = calculat+ areas are only exact :5 ^! are rectangul>4 ,z fields are usually m or less rectangul>1 ?is w\ld be suffici5t = practical purposes4 ,! rule = f9d+ :at is call$ ! seqt ( a pyramid is1 h[ev]1 on a r high] level1 z we %\ld expect2 = ! angles ( ! ,egyptian pyramids really are equal1 & !re mu/ h be5 "s me?od = obta9+ ?is result4 ,x comes to ?is4 ,giv5 ! 8l5g? across ! sole ( ! foot10 t is1 ! diagonal ( ! base1 & t ( ! piremus or 8ridge10 to f9d a numb] :i* repres5ts ! ratio betwe5 !m4 ,?is is done by divid+ half ! diagonal ( ! base by ! 8ridge10 & x is obvi\s t su* a me?od might q well be discov]$ empirically4 ,x seems an ana*ronism to speak ( elem5t>y trigonometry 9 connexion ) a rule l ?is1 & !re is no?+ to sugge/ t ! ,egyptians w5t any fur!r4#cd ,t ! ,greeks le>nt z mu* f !m1 we %all see to be highly probable1 ?\gh we %all see also t1 f a comp>atively e>ly p]iod1 !y g5]alis$ x s z to make x ( use 9 measur+ ! di/ances ( inaccessible objects1 su* z %ips at sea4 ,x 0 probably ?is g5]alisation t sugge/$ ! idea ( a sci5ce ( geometry1 :i* 0 really ! creation ( ! ,py?agoreans1 & we c see h[ f> ! ,greeks soon surpass$ _! tea*]s f a rem>k ( ,demokritos :i* has be5 pres]v$4 ,he says 7fr4 #bii73 8,i h li/5$ to _m le>n$ m51 b no "o has yet surpass$ me 9 ! con/ruction ( figures out ( l9es accompani$ by demon/ration1 n ev5 ! ,egyptian h>p$onapts1 z !y call !m40#ce ,n[ ! ^w is n ,egyptian b ,greek4 ,x means 8cord-fa/5]10#cf & x is a /rik+ co9cid5ce t ! olde/ ,indian geometrical treatise is call$ ! ulvasutras or 8rules ( ! cord40 ,^! ?+s po9t to ! use ( ! triangle ( :i* ! sides are #c1 #d1 #e1 & :i* has always a "r angle4 ,we "k t ?is triangle 0 us$ f an e>ly date among ! ,*9ese & ! ,h9dus1 :o d\btless got x f ,babylon1 & we %all see t ,?ales probably le>nt ! use ( x 9 ,egypt4#cg ,!re is no reason :atev] = suppos+ t any ( ^! peoples _h 9 any degree tr\bl$ !mselves to give a !oretical demon/ration ( its prop]ties1 ?\gh ,demokritos w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 able to d s4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ note ! highly significant fact t all ma!matical t]ms are ( purely ,greek orig94#ch ,footnote #cc3 ,h]od4 ii4 #aji2 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #a4 #iha b #bc4 ,footnote #cd3 ,= a full] acc\nt ( ?is me?od1 see ,g[1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,ma!matics1 pp4 #abg sqq42 & ,milhaud1 ,sci5ce grecque1 p4 #ii4 ,footnote #ce3 ,r4 ,p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #cf3 ,! real mean+ ( 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,cantor4 ,! g>d5] lay+ out a fl[]-b$ is ! true mod]n repres5tative ( ! 8h>p$onapts40 ,footnote #cg3 ,see ,milhaud1 ,sci5ce grecque1 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! ^w is (t5 suppos$ to be d]iv$ f ! t]m piremus us$ 9 ! ,rh9d papyrus1 :i* does n mean pyramid1 b 8ridge40 ,x is really1 h[ev]1 a ,greek ^w too1 & is ! "n ( a k9d ( cake4 ,! ,greeks call$ crocodiles liz>ds1 o/ri*es sp>r[s1 & obelisks meat-skew]s1 s !y may v well h call$ ! pyramids cakes4 ,we seem to he> an e*o ( ! slang ( ! m]c5>ies t c>v$ _! names on ! colossus at ,abu-,simbel4 ,sid5ote3 ,babylonian a/ronomy4 ,,xii4 ,! o!r s\rce f :i* ! ,ionians directly or indirectly d]iv$ mat]ial = _! cosmology 0 ! ,babylonian a/ronomy4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,babylonians f a v e>ly date _h record$ all cele/ial ph5om5a l eclipses4 ,!y _h also /udi$ ! planet>y motions1 & det]m9$ ! signs ( ! zodiac4 ,fur!r1 !y 7 able to pr$ict ! recurr5ce ( ! ph5om5a !y _h obs]v$ ) consid]able accuracy by means ( cycles bas$ on _! record$ obs]vations4 ,i c see no reason = d\bt+ t !y _h obs]v$ ! ph5om5on ( precession4 ,inde$1 !y c\ld h>dly h fail$ to notice x2 = _! obs]vations w5t back ov] s _m c5turies1 t x w\ld be q appreciable4 ,we "k t1 at a lat] date1 ,ptolemy e/imat$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes at "o degree 9 a hundr$ ye>s1 & x is extremely probable t ?is is j ! ,babylonian value4 ,at any rate1 x agrees v well ) _! division ( ! cele/ial circle into #cfj degrees1 & made x possible = a c5tury to be reg>d$ z a day 9 ! 8,great ,ye>10 a conception we %all meet ) lat] on4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,?ree diff]5t positions ( ! equ9ox are giv5 9 ?ree diff]5t ,babylonian tablets1 namely1 #aj1 #h #ae1 & #h #j #cj ( ,aries4 7,kugl]1 ,mondre*nung1 p4 #ajc2 ,g9zel1 ,klio1 i4 p4 #bje47 ,giv5 k ( ?is k9d1 & ! practice ( =mulat+ recurr5ces 9 cycles1 x is sc>cely conceivable t ! ,babylonians %\ld n h inv5t$ a cycle = precession4 ,x is equally intelligible t !y %\ld only h rea*$ a r\gh approximation2 = ! precessional p]iod is really ab\t #bg1fjj ye>s & n #cf1jjj4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ,plato's 8p]fect ye>0 is also #cf1jjj sol> ye>s 7,adam's ,republic1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjb71 & t x is probably connect$ ) ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 7,cf4 ,tim4 #ci d1 a passage :i* is mo/ easily int]pret$ if ref]r$ to precession47 ,?is sugge/ion z to ! orig9 ( ! 8,great ,ye>0 0 ?r[n out by ,mr4 ,adam 7op4 cit4 p4 #cje71 & is n[ confirm$ by ,hilpre*t1 ,! ,babylonian ,exp$ition ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania 7,philadelphia1 #aijf74 ,we %all see t ,?ales probably knew ! cycle :i* ! ,babylonians us$ to pr$ict eclipses 7 #c72 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ! pione]s ( ,greek sci5ce _h any detail$ k ( ! ,babylonian a/ronomy4 ,x 0 n till ! "t ( ,plato t ev5 ! names ( ! planets 7 kn[n1#dj & ! record$ obs]vations 7 only made available 9 ,alex&rian times4 ,b1 ev5 if !y _h kn[n ^!1 _! orig9ality w\ld rema94 ,! ,babylonians /udi$ & record$ cele/ial ph5om5a = :at we call a/rological purposes1 n f any sci5tific int]e/4 ,!re is no evid5ce at all t _! accumulat$ obs]vations ev] sugge/$ to !m ! lea/ dissatisfaction ) ! primitive view ( ! _w1 or t !y attempt$ to acc\nt = :at !y saw 9 any b ! crude/ way4 ,! ,greeks1 on ! o!r h&1 ) f> few] data to g ^u1 made at lea/ ?ree discov]ies ( capital importance 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree g5]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y discov]$ t ! e>? is a sph]e & does n re/ on any?+4 ,9 ! second place1 !y discov]$ ! true !ory ( lun> & sol> eclipses2 &1 9 close connexion ) ?is1 !y came to see1 9 ! ?ird place1 t ! e>? is n ! c5tre ( our sy/em1 b revolves r\nd x l ! o!r planets4 ,n v mu* lat]1 c]ta9 ,greeks ev5 took1 at lea/ t5tatively1 ! f9al /ep ( id5tify+ ! c5tre r\nd :i* ! e>? & ! planets revolve ) ! sun4 ,^! discov]ies w be discuss$ 9 _! prop] place2 !y are only m5tion$ "h to %[ ! gulf betwe5 ,greek a/ronomy & ev]y?+ t _h prec$$ x4 ,! ,babylonians _h z _m ?\s& ye>s z ! ,greeks _h c5turies to make ^! discov]ies1 & x does n appe> t !y ev] ?\ght ( "o ( !m4 ,! orig9ality ( ! ,greeks _c be successfully que/ion$ till x c be %[n t ! ,babylonians _h ev5 an incorrect idea ( :at we call ! sol> sy/em4 ,footnote #dj3 ,9 classical ,greek lit]ature1 no planets b & are m5tion$ by "n at all4 ,p>m5ides 7or ,py?agoras7 fir/ id5tifi$ ^! z a s+le planet 7 #ic74 ,m]cury appe>s = ! fir/ "t by "n 9 ,tim4 #ch e1 & ! o!r div9e names are giv5 9 ,ep94 #ihg b sq41 :]e !y are said to be 8,syrian40 ,! ,greek names 1 1 1 1 1 may be old]1 b ?is _c be prov$4 ,we may sum up all ?is by say+ t ! ,greeks did n borr[ ei!r _! philosophy or _! sci5ce f ! ,ea/4 ,!y did1 h[ev]1 get f ,egypt c]ta9 rules ( m5suration :i*1 :5 g5]alis$1 gave bir? to geometry2 :ile f ,babylon !y le>nt t ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s recur 9 cycles ) ! greate/ regul>ity4 ,?is piece ( k und\bt$ly _h a great deal to d ) ! rise ( sci5ce2 = to ! ,greek x sugge/$ fur!r que/ions su* z ! ,babylonian did n dream (4#da ,footnote #da3 ,! ,platonic acc\nt ( ?is matt] is to be f\nd 9 ! ,ep9omis1 #ihf e #i sqq41 & is summ$ up by ! words 1 7#ihg d #i74 ,! po9t is well put by ,!on 7,adra/os71 ,exp4 p4 #agg1 #bj ,hill]1 :o speaks ( ! ,*aldaeans & ,egyptians z 1 1 4 ,! importance ( ?is la/ passage is t x repres5ts ! view tak5 at ,alex&ria1 :]e ! facts 7 accurately kn[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sci5tific "* ( ! e>ly ,greek cosmology4 ,,xiii4 ,x is necess>y to say some?+ z to ! sci5tific wor? ( ! philosophy we are ab\t to /udy4 ,we h j se5 t ! ,ea/]n peoples 71 at ! "t ( :i* we write1 consid]ably ri*] ?an ! ,greeks 9 accumulat$ facts1 ?\gh ^! facts _h c]ta9ly n be5 obs]v$ = any sci5tific purpose1 & _! possession nev] sugge/$ a revision ( ! primitive view ( ! _w4 ,! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 saw 9 !m some?+ t c\ld be turn$ to acc\nt1 & !y 7 nev] z a p sl[ to act on ! maxim1 ,*acun pr5d son bi5 p>t\t o il le tr\ve4 ,! mo/ /rik+ monum5t ( ?is _s :i* has come d[n to u is ! "w ( ,h]odotos2 & ! visit ( ,solon to ,croesus :i* he describes1 h[ev] unhi/orical x may be1 gives a v lively & fai?ful picture ( x4 ,croesus tells ,solon t he has he>d mu* ( 88 wisdom & 8 w&]+s10 & h[1 f love ( k 771 he has travell$ ov] mu* l& = ! purpose ( see+ :at 0 to be se5 7 74 ,! words 1 1 & are1 9 fact1 ! cat*words ( ! "t1 ?\gh !y _h1 we mu/ rememb]1 a some:at diff]5t mean+ f t :i* !y 7 aft]w>ds made to be> at ,a!ns4#db ,! idea t und]lies !m all may1 p]haps1 be be/ r5d]$ 9 ,engli% by ! ^w ,curiosity2 & x 0 j ?is great gift ( curiosity1 & ! desire to see all ! wond]ful ?+s--pyramids1 inundations1 & s =?--t 7 to be se51 :i* enabl$ ! ,greeks to pick up & turn to _! own use su* scraps ( k z !y c\ld come by among ! b>b>ians4 ,no soon] did a ,greek philosoph] le>n half a doz5 geometrical propositions1 & he> t ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s recur 9 cycles1 ?an he set to "w to look = law ev]y:]e 9 nature1 &1 ) a spl5did audacity1 almo/ am\nt+ to 1 to con/ruct a sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,we may smile1 if we please1 at ! /range m$ley ( *ildi% fancy & true sci5tific insight :i* ^! ,titanic ef=ts display1 & sometimes we feel dispos$ to sympa?ise ) ! sages ( ! day :o w>n$ _! m d>+ contempor>ies 8to ?9k ! ?\ghts befitt+ man's e/ate0 7 74 ,b we %all d well to rememb] at ! same "t t ev5 n[ x is j su* h>dy anticipations ( exp]i5ce t make sci5tific progress possible1 & t ne>ly e "o ( ! e>ly inquir]s :om we are ab\t to /udy made "s p]man5t addition to ! /ore ( positive k1 besides op5+ up new views ( ! _w 9 e direction4 ,footnote #db3 ,/ill1 ! ^w nev] :olly lo/ its e>ly associations1 & ! ,greeks always felt t ! meant lit]ally 8! life ( ! spectator40 ,its special use1 & ! :ole !ory ( ! 8?ree lives10 seem to be ( ,py?agorean orig94 ,see my edition ( ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 p4 #ai n4 ,!re is no ju/ification ei!r = ! idea t ,greek sci5ce 0 built up solely by m or less lucky guesswork1 in/ead ( by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,! nature ( our tradition1 :i* mo/ly consi/s ( ,placita--t is1 ( :at we call 8results0--t5ds1 no d\bt1 to create ?is impression4 ,we are seldom told :y any e>ly philosoph] held ! views he did1 & ! appe>ance ( a /r+ ( 8op9ions0 sugge/s dogmatism4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 exceptions to ! g5]al "* ( ! tradition2 & we may reasonably suppose t1 if ! lat] ,greeks _h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! matt]1 !re w\ld h be5 _m m4 ,we %all see t ,anaxim&] made "s rem>kable discov]ies 9 m>9e biology1 :i* ! rese>*es ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h fully confirm$ 7 #ba71 & ev5 ,x5ophanes support$ "o ( 8 !ories by ref]r+ to ! fossils & petrifactions ( su* widely sep>at$ places z ,malta1 ,p>os1 & ,syracuse 7 #ei74 ,?is is en\gh to %[ t ! !ory1 s commonly held by ! e>li] philosoph]s1 t ! e>? _h be5 orig9ally 9 a moi/ /ate1 0 n my?ological 9 orig91 b 0 bas$ on1 or at any rate confirm$ by1 biological & palaeontological obs]vations ( a ?or\ghly mod]n & sci5tific type4 ,x w\ld surely be absurd to imag9e t ! m5 :o c\ld make ^! obs]vations _h n ! curiosity or ! ability to make _m o!rs ( :i* ! memory is lo/4 ,inde$1 ! idea t ! ,greeks 7 n obs]v]s is almo/ ludicr\sly wrong1 z is prov$ by two simple consid]ations4 ,! anatomical accuracy ( ,greek sculpture be>s witness to tra9$ habits ( obs]vation1 & ^? ( ! highe/ ord]1 :ile ! fix+ ( ! seasons by ! heliacal ris+ & sett+ ( ! />s %[s a famili>ity ) cele/ial ph5om5a :i* is by no means common at ! pres5t day4#dc ,we "k1 !n1 t ! ,greeks c\ld obs]ve well 9 matt]s affect+ agriculture1 navigation1 & ! arts1 & we "k t !y 7 curi\s ab\t ! _w4 ,is x conceivable t !y did n use _! p[]s ( obs]vation to gratify t curiosity8 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t !y _h n our in/rum5ts ( precision2 b a great deal c be discov]$ by ! help ( v simple app>atus4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ,anaxim&] erect$ 8 gnomon m]ely t ! ,sp>tans might "k ! seasons4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,^! two po9ts are rightly emphasis$ by ,/aigmll]1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*4 d] ,naturwiss5s*aft5 im klassis*5 ,alt]tume 7,progr4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahii1 p4 #h74 ,footnote #dd3 ,! gnomon 0 n a sundial1 b an upright erect$ on a flat surface1 9 ! c5tre ( ?ree conc5tric circles4 ,^! 7 drawn s t ! end ( ! gnomon's %ad[ t\*$ ! inn]mo/ circle at midday on ! summ] sol/ice1 ! int]m$iate circle at ! equ9oxes1 & ! out]mo/ circle at ! w9t] sol/ice4 ,see ,brets*neid]1 ,die ,geometrie vor ,euklid1 p4 #fj4 ,nor is x true t ! ,greeks made no use ( exp]im5t4 ,! rise ( ! exp]im5tal me?od dates f ! "t :5 ! m$ical s*ools began to influ5ce ! developm5t ( philosophy1 & accord+ly we f9d t ! fir/ record$ exp]im5t ( a mod]n type is t ( ,emp$okles ) ! klepsydra4 ,we h 8 own acc\nt ( ?is 7fr4 #ajj71 & we c see h[ x br\ght him to ! v]ge ( anticipat+ bo? ,h>vey & ,torricelli4 ,x is once m inconceivable t an inquisitive p %\ld h appli$ ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 a s+le case )\t ext5d+ x to ! elucidation ( o!r problems4 ,( c\rse ! great difficulty = u is ! geoc5tric hypo!sis f :i* sci5ce inevitably />t$1 ?\gh only to outgr[ x 9 a surpris+ly %ort "t4 ,s long z ! e>? is suppos$ to be 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w1 meteorology1 9 ! lat] s5se ( ! ^w1 is necess>ily id5tifi$ ) a/ronomy4 ,x is difficult = u to feel at home 9 ?is po9t ( view1 & inde$ we h no suitable ^w to express :at ! ,greeks at fir/ call$ an 4 ,x w be conv5i5t to use ! ^w 8_w0 = x2 b !n we mu/ rememb] t x does n ref] solely1 or ev5 *iefly1 to ! e>?4 ,! lat] ^w be>s witness to ! gr[? ( sci5tific ideas4 ,x meant at fir/ ! m>%all+ ( an army1 & next ! ord]$ con/itution ( a /ate4 ,x 0 transf]r$ f ?is to ! _w because 9 e>ly days ! regul>ity & con/ancy ( human life 0 f> m cle>ly se5 ?an ! uni=mity ( nature4 ,man liv$ 9 a *>m$ circle ( law & cu/om1 b ! _w ar\nd him /ill seem$ lawless4 ,t1 too1 is :y1 :5 ! regul> c\rse ( nature 0 fir/ realis$1 no bett] ^w = x c\ld be f\nd ?an 4 ,x is ! same metaphor :i* /ill lives on 9 ! expression 8natural law40#de ,footnote #de3 ,! t]m seems to be ,py?agorean 9 ?is s5se4 ,x 0 n famili> ev5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x5ophon speaks ( 8:at ! sophi/s call ! 0 7,mem4 i4 #aa74 ,= 1 see bel[1 #ad1 #gb4 ,! sci5ce ( ! six? c5tury 0 ma9ly conc]n$1 !n1 ) ^? p>ts ( ! _w t are 8al(t0 7 71 & ^! include1 along ) ! heav5ly bodies1 su* ?+s z cl\ds1 ra9b[s1 & lightn+4 ,t is h[ ! heav5ly bodies came sometimes to be expla9$ z ignit$ cl\ds1 an idea :i* seems a/oni%+ to u4 ,b we mu/ be> 9 m9d t sci5ce inevitably & rightly began ) ! mo/ obvi\s hypo!sis1 & t x 0 only ! ?or\gh work+ out ( ?is t c\ld %[ its inadequacy4 ,x is j because ! ,greeks 7 ! fir/ p to take ! geoc5tric hypo!sis s]i\sly t !y 7 able to g beyond x4 ,( c\rse ! pione]s ( ,greek ?\ght _h no cle> idea ( ! nature ( sci5tific hypo!sis1 & suppos$ !mselves to be deal+ ) ultimate reality4 ,t 0 inevitable be=e ! rise ( ,logic4 ,at ! same "t1 a sure in/9ct guid$ !m to ! "r me?od1 & we c see h[ x 0 ! ef=t to 8save appe>ances0#df t really op]at$ f ! fir/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ^? m5 t we owe ! conception ( an exact sci5ce :i* %\ld ultimately take 9 ! :ole _w z its object4 ,!y fanci$--absurdly en\gh1 no d\bt--t !y c\ld "w out ?is sci5ce at once4 ,we sometimes make ! same mi/ake n[adays2 & x c no m rob ! ,greeks ( ! hon\r ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to see ! true1 ?\gh p]haps unatta9able1 end ( all sci5ce ?an x c rob our own sci5tific m5 ( ! hon\r ( hav+ br\ght t end ne>] ?an x 04 ,x is /ill k ( ! k9d =ese5 & attempt$ by ! ,greeks t !y are 9 se>* (4 ,footnote #df3 ,?is phrase orig9at$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,plato4 ,! me?od ( rese>* 9 use !re 0 = ! lead] to 8prop\nd0 71 7 x z a 8problem0 77 to f9d ! simple/ 8hypo!sis0 7 7 on :i* x is possible to acc\nt = & d ju/ice to all ! obs]v$ facts 7 74 ,x 0 9 its ,fr5* =m1 sauv] les app>5ces1 t ! phrase acquir$ ! mean+ x usually has n[4 ,sid5ote3 ,s*ools ( philosophy4 ,,xiv4 ,!ophra/os1 ! fir/ writ] to treat ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy 9 a sy/ematic way1#dg repres5t$ ! e>ly cosmologi/s z /&+ to "o ano!r 9 ! relation ( ma/] & s*ol>1 & z memb]s ( regul> societies4 ,?is has be5 reg>d$ by _m mod]n writ]s z an ana*ronism1 & "s h ev5 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( 8s*ools0 ( philosophy altoge!r4 ,su* a reaction aga9/ ! old] view 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 s f> z x 0 direct$ aga9/ arbitr>y classifications l ! 8,ionic0 & 8,italian0 s*ools1 :i* are d]iv$ ?r\gh ,la]tios ,diog5es f ! ,alex&rian writ]s ( 8,successions40 ,b ! express /atem5ts ( ,!ophra/os are n to be s lightly set aside4 ,z ?is po9t is ( great importance1 x w be necess>y to elucidate x /ill fur!r be=e we ent] ^u our /ory4 ,footnote #dg3 ,see ,app5dix1 #g4 ,! mod]n view really re/s ^u a mi/ak5 idea ( ! way 9 :i* civilisation develops4 ,9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( life1 we f9d t ! corporation at fir/ is ev]y?+ & ! individual no?+4 ,! peoples ( ! ,ea/ h>dly got beyond ?is /age at all2 _! sci5ce1 su* z x is1 is anonym\s1 ! inh]it$ prop]ty ( a ca/e or guild1 & we /ill see cle>ly 9 "s cases t x 0 once ! same among ! ,hell5es4 ,m$ic9e1 = in/ance1 0 orig9ally ! 8my/]y0 ( ! ,asklepiads1 & x is to be suppos$ t all craftsm5 771 among/ :om ,hom] classes ! b>ds 771 7 at fir/ organis$ 9 a simil> way4 ,:at di/+ui%$ ! ,hell5es f o!r peoples 0 t at a comp>atively e>ly date ^! crafts came "u ! influ5ce ( out/&+ individuals1 :o gave !m a fre% direction & a new impulse4 ,x is d\btless 9 "s su* way t we %\ld und]/& ! relation ( ,hom] to ! ,hom]idai4 ,! ,asklepiads at a lat] date produc$ ,hippokrates1 & if we knew m ( su* guilds z ! ,daidalids1 x is likely we %\ld f9d some?+ ( ! same k9d4 ,b ?is does n de/roy ! corporate "* ( ! craft2 inde$1 x r int5sifies x4 ,! guild becomes :at we call a 8s*ool10 & ! disciple takes ! place ( ! appr5tice4 ,t is a vital *ange4 ,a close guild ) none b (ficial heads is ess5tially cons]vative1 :ile a b& ( disciples atta*$ to a ma/] !y rev]e is ! greate/ progressive =ce ! _w kn[s4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! lat] ,a!nian s*ools 7 organis$ corporations1 ! olde/ ( :i*1 ! ,academy1 ma9ta9$ its exi/5ce z su* = "s n9e hundr$ ye>s1 & ! only "q we h to decide is :e!r ?is 0 an innovation made 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 or r ! cont9uance ( an old tradition4 ,z x happ5s1 we h ! au?ority ( ,plato = speak+ ( ! *ief e>ly sy/ems z h&$ d[n 9 s*ools4 ,he makes ,sokrates speak ( 8! m5 ( ,ephesos10 ! ,h]akleiteans1 z =m+ a /rong body 9 8 own day1#dh & ! /rang] ( ! ,sophi/ & ! ,/atesman speaks ( 8 s*ool z /ill 9 exi/5ce at ,elea4#di ,we also he> ( 8,anaxagoreans10#ej & no "o1 ( c\rse1 c d\bt t ! ,py?agoreans 7 a society4 ,9 fact1 !re is h>dly any s*ool b t ( ,miletos = :i* we h n ext]nal evid5ce ( ! /ronge/ k9d2 & ev5 z reg>ds x1 we h ! significant fact t ,!ophra/os speaks ( philosoph]s ( a lat] date z hav+ be5 8associates ( ! philosophy ( ,anaxim5es40#ea ,we %all see too 9 ! fir/ *apt] t ! int]nal evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,milesian s*ool is v /rong inde$4 ,x is f ?is po9t ( view1 !n1 t we %all n[ proce$ to consid] ! m5 :o creat$ ,hell5ic sci5ce4 ,footnote #dh3 ,?t4 #agi e #d1 444 4 ,! humor\s d5ial t ! ,h]akleiteans _h any disciples 7#ahj b #h1 1 27 implies t ?is 0 ! normal & recognis$ relation4 ,footnote #di3 ,soph4 #bdb d #d1 444 ' 4 ,cf4 ib4 #baf a #c1 7:]e is probably int]polat$1 b gives ! "r s5se72 #bag a1 #a1 4 ,footnote #ej3 ,crat4 #dji b #f1 4 ,footnote #ea3 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #abb2 &1 on ! :ole subject1 see ,diels1 8b] die lte/5 ,philosoph5s*ul5 d] ,grie*50 9 ,philosophis*e ,aufstze ,edu>d ,zell] gewidmet 7,leipzig1 #ahhg74 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,milesian ,,s*ool ,sid5ote3 ,miletos & ,lydia4 #a4 ,x 0 at ,miletos t ! e>lie/ s*ool ( sci5tific cosmology _h its home4 ,at ! "t x arose1 ! ,milesians 7 9 an exceptionally fav\rable position = sci5tific z well z comm]cial pursuits4 ,!y _h1 inde$1 come into conflict m ?an once ) ! neighb\r+ ,lydians1 ^: rul]s 7 n[ b5t ^u ext5d+ _! dom9ion to ! coa/2 b1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,?rasyb\los1 tyrant ( ,miletos1 _h succe$$ 9 mak+ t]ms ) ,k+ ,alyattes1 & an alliance 0 conclud$ betwe5 !m1 :i* n only sav$ ,miletos = ! pres5t f a disa/] l t :i* befell ,smyrna1 b secur$ x aga9/ mole/ation = ! future4 ,ev5 half a c5tury lat]1 :5 ,croesus1 resum+ 8 fa!r's =w>d policy1 made w> ^u & conqu]$ ,ephesos1 ,miletos 0 /ill able to ma9ta9 ! old treaty-relation1 & nev]1 /rictly speak+1 became subject to ! ,lydians at all4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ! s5se ( security :i* ?is exceptional position w\ld fo/] _h some?+ to d ) ! rise ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,mat]ial prosp]ity is necess>y z a f\ndation = ! highe/ intellectual ef=t2 & at ?is "t ,miletos 0 9 possession ( all ! ref9em5ts ( life to a degree unkn[n 9 cont95tal ,hellas4 ,nor 0 x only 9 ?is way t ! ,lydian connexion w\ld fav\r ! gr[? ( sci5ce at ,miletos4 ,:at 0 call$ ,hell5ism at a lat] date seems to h be5 traditional 9 ! dyna/y ( ! ,m]mnadai4 ,!re may well be "s tru? 9 ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotos1 t all ! 8sophi/s0 ( ! "t flock$ to ! c\rt ( ,s>deis4#eb ,! tradition :i* repres5ts ,croesus z :at we %\ld call ! 8patron0 ( ,greek wisdom1 0 fully develop$ 9 ! fif? c5tury2 &1 h[ev] unhi/orical its details may be1 x mu/ cle>ly h "s sort ( f\ndation 9 fact4 ,p>ticul>ly notewor?y is 8! common tale among ! ,greeks10 t ,?ales accompani$ him on 8 luckless campaign aga9/ ,pt]ia1 app>5tly 9 ! capacity ( milit>y eng9e]4 ,h]odotos1 inde$1 disbelieves ! /ory t he div]t$ ! c\rse ( ! ,halys2#ec b he does n attack x on ! gr\nd ( any antec$5t improbability1 & x is q cle> t ^? :o report$ x f\nd no difficulty 9 accept+ ! relation :i* x presupposes betwe5 ! philosoph] & ! k+4 ,footnote #eb3 ,h]od4 i4 #bi4 ,"s o!r po9ts may be not$ 9 confirmation ( :at has be5 said z to ! 8,hell5ism0 ( ! ,m]mnadai4 ,alyattes _h two wives1 "o ( :om1 ! "m ( ,croesus1 0 a ,k>ian2 ! o!r 0 an ,ionian1 & by h] he _h a son call$ by ! ,greek "n ,pantaleon 7ib4 #ib74 ,! (f]+s ( ,gyges 7 po9t$ out 9 ! treasury ( ,kypselos at ,delphoi 7ib4 #ad71 & ^? ( ,alyattes 7 "o ( ! 8sights0 ( ! place 7ib4 #be74 ,croesus also %[$ great lib]ality to ,delphoi 7ib4 #ej71 & to _m o!r ,greek %r9es 7ib4 #ib74 ,he gave mo/ ( ! pill>s = ! great temple at ,ephesos4 ,! /ories ( ,miltiades 7vi4 #cg7 & ,alkmeon 7ib4 #abe7 %\ld also be m5tion$ 9 ?is connexion4 ,footnote #ec3 ,h]od4 i4 #ge4 ,he disbelieves x because he _h he>d1 probably f ! ,greeks ( ,s9ope1 ( ! great antiquity ( ! bridge on ! royal road betwe5 ,ankyra & ,pt]ia 7,ramsay1 ,asia ,m9or1 p4 #bi74 ,xan?os record$ a tradition t x 0 ,?ales :o induc$ ,croesus to asc5d 8 pyre :5 he knew a %[] 0 com+ 7fr4 #ai74 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! ,lydian alliance w\ld greatly facilitate int]c\rse ) ,babylon & ,egypt4 ,lydia 0 an advanc$ po/ ( ,babylonian culture1 & ,croesus 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) ! k+s ( bo? ,egypt & ,babylon4 ,x is notewor?y1 too1 t ,amasis ( ,egypt _h ! same ,hell5ic sympa?ies z ,croesus1 & t ! ,milesians possess$ a temple ( _! own at ,naukratis4#ed ,footnote #ed3 ,milesians at ,naukratis1 ,h]od4 ii4 #agh1 :]e ,amasis is said to h be5 4 ,he subscrib$ to ! rebuild+ ( ! temple at ,delphoi aft] ! great fire 7ib4 #ahj74 ,i4 ,,?ales ,sid5ote3 ,orig94 #b4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! f\nd] ( ! ,milesian s*ool1 & !re=e ! fir/ ( ! cosmologi/s1 0 ,?ales2#ee b all we c really be said to "k ( him comes f ,h]odotos1 & ! romance ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m5 0 already 9 exi/5ce :5 he wrote4 ,he tells u1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ,?ales 0 ( ,pho5ician desc5t1 a /atem5t :i* o!r writ]s expla9$ by say+ he belong$ to ! ,!lidai1 a noble h\se desc5d$ f ,kadmos & ,ag5or4#ef ,?is is cle>ly connect$ ) ! view ( ,h]odotos t !re 7 8,kadmeians0 f ,boiotia among ! orig9al ,ionian coloni/s1 & x is c]ta9 t !re really 7 p call$ ,kadmeians 9 sev]al ,ionic cities4#eg ,:e!r !y 7 ( ,semitic orig9 is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r matt]4 ,h]odotos probably m5tions ! suppos$ desc5t ( ,?ales simply because he 0 believ$ to h introduc$ c]ta9 improvem5ts 9 navigation f ,pho5icia4#eh ,at any rate1 ! "n ,examyes1 :i* 8 fa!r bore1 l5ds no support to ! view t he 0 a ,semite4 ,x is a ,k>ian "n1 & ! ,k>ians _h be5 almo/ completely assimilat$ by ! ,ionians4 ,on ! monum5ts1 we f9d ,greek & ,k>ian names alt]nat+ 9 ! same families1 & !re is !re=e no reason to suppose t ,?ales 0 any?+ else ?an an ord9>y ,milesian citiz51 ?\gh p]haps ) ,k>ian blood 9 8 ve9s4#ei ,footnote #ee3 ,simplicius1 inde$1 quotes f ,!ophra/os ! /atem5t t ,?ales _h _m pr$ecessors 7,dox4 p4 #dge1 #aa74 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ne$ n tr\ble u2 = ! s*olia/ on ,apollonios ,rhodios 7ii4 #abdh7 tells u t ,!ophra/os made ,prome!us ! fir/ philosoph]1 :i* is m]ely an application ( ,p]ipatetic lit]alism to a rem>k ( ,plato's 7,phileb4 #af c #f74 ,cf4 ,app5dix1 #b4 ,footnote #ef3 ,h]od4 i4 #agj 7,r4 ,p4 #i d472 ,diog4 i4 #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #i74 ,footnote #eg3 ,/rabo1 xiv4 pp4 #fcc1 #fcf2 ,pausan4 vii4 #b1 #g4 ,pri5e 0 call$ ,kadme1 & ! olde/ annali/ ( ,miletos bore ! "n ,kadmos4 ,see ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii4 #aeh4 ,footnote #eh3 ,diog4 i4 #bc1 ' -- 1 4 ,footnote #ei3 ,see ,diels1 8,?ales e9 ,semite80 7,ar*4 ii4 #afe sqq471 & ,immis*1 8,zu ,?ales ,abkunft0 7ib4 p4 #eae74 ,! "n ,examyes occurs also 9 ,kolophon 7,h]mesianax1 ,leontion1 fr4 #b1 #ch ,bgk471 & may be comp>$ ) o!r ,k>ian names su* z ,*]amyes & ,panamyes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! eclipse =etold by ,?ales4 #c4 ,by f> ! mo/ rem>kable /atem5t t ,h]odotos makes ab\t ,?ales is t he =etold ! eclipse ( ! sun :i* put an end to ! w> betwe5 ! ,lydians & ! ,m$es4#fj ,n[1 we may be sure t he 0 q ignorant ( ! true cause ( eclipses4 ,anaxim&] & 8 successors c]ta9ly 7 s1#fa & x is incr$ible t ! "r explanation %\ld once h be5 giv5 & !n =gott5 s soon4 ,ev5 suppos+1 h[ev]1 ,?ales _h kn[n ! cause ( eclipses1 no "o c believe t su* scraps ( elem5t>y geometry z he pick$ up 9 ,egypt w\ld enable him to calculate "o f ! elem5ts ( ! moon's pa?4 ,yet ! evid5ce = ! pr$iction is too /rong to be reject$ (f-h&4 ,! te/imony ( ,h]odotos to an ev5t :i* mu/ h happ5$ ab\t a hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 own bir? may1 p]haps1 be deem$ insuffici5t2 b t ( ,x5ophanes is a v diff]5t matt]1 & x is ?is we h really to deal )4#fb ,accord+ to ,!ophra/os1 ,x5ophanes 0 a disciple ( ,anaxim&]1 & he may q well h se5 & spok5 ) ,?ales4 ,9 any case1 he mu/ h kn[n scores ( p :o 7 able to rememb] :at happ5$1 & he _h no conceivable int]e/ 9 misrepres5t+ x4 ,! pr$iction ( ! eclipse is really bett] atte/$ ?an any o!r fact ab\t ,?ales :atsoev]1 & ! evid5ce = x is ab\t z /rong z = any?+ t happ5$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,footnote #fj3 ,h]od4 i4 #gd4 ,footnote #fa3 ,= ! !ories held by ,anaxim&] & ,h]akleitos1 see infra1 #ai1 #ga4 ,footnote #fb3 ,diog4 i4 #bc1 1 1 4 ,n[ x is q possible to pr$ict eclipses )\t kn[+ _! true cause1 & !re is no d\bt t ! ,babylonians actually did s4 ,on ! basis ( _! a/ronomical obs]vations1 !y _h made out a cycle ( #bbc lun> mon?s1 )9 :i* eclipses ( ! sun & moon recurr$ at equal int]vals ( "t4#fc ,?is1 x is true1 w\ld n enable !m to pr$ict eclipses ( ! sun = a giv5 spot on ! e>?'s surface2 = ^! ph5om5a are n visible at all places :]e ! sun is above ! horizon at ! "t4 ,we d n occupy a position at ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & :at a/ronom]s call ! geoc5tric p>allax has to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x w\ld only1 !re=e1 be possible to tell by means ( ! cycle t an eclipse ( ! sun w\ld be visible some:]e1 & t x might be wor? :ile to look out = x4 ,n[1 if we may judge f a report by a ,*aldaean a/ronom] :i* has be5 pres]v$1 ?is 0 j ! position ( ! ,babylonians4 ,!y wat*$ = eclipses at ! prop] dates2 &1 if !y did n occur1 !y ann\nc$ ! fact z a good om54#fd ,to expla9 :at we are told ab\t ,?ales no m ?an ?is is requir$4 ,he simply said !re w\ld be an eclipse2 &1 z good luck w\ld h x1 x 0 visible 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & on a /rik+ occasion4 ,footnote #fc3 ,! fir/ to call att5tion to ! ,*aldaean cycle 9 ?is connexion seems to h be5 ! ,rev4 ,george ,co/>d1 ,fell[ ( ,wadham ,college4 ,see 8 ,diss]tation on ! ,use ( ,a/ronomy 9 ,hi/ory 7,london1 #agfd71 p4 #ag4 ,x is inaccurate to call x ! ,s>os2 t 0 q ano!r ?+ 7see ,g9zel1 ,klio1 i4 p4 #cgg74 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ,?ales4 #d4 ,! pr$iction ( ! eclipse does n1 !n1 ?r[ mu* light ^u ! sci5tific atta9m5ts ( ,?ales2 b1 if we c fix its date1 x w give u a po9t f :i* to />t 9 try+ to det]m9e ! "t at :i* he liv$4 ,mod]n a/ronom]s h calculat$ t !re 0 an eclipse ( ! sun1 probably visible 9 ,asia ,m9or1 on ,may #bh 7,o4,s471 #ehe ,b4,c41#fe :ile ,pl9y gives ! date ( ! eclipse =etold by ,?ales z ,ol4 ,,xlviii4 #d 7#ehe_/d ,b4,c474#ff ,?is1 x is true1 does n exactly tally2 = ,may #ehe belongs to ! ye> #ehf_/e ,b4,c4 ,x is suffici5tly ne>1 h[ev]1 to ju/ify u 9 id5tify+ ! eclipse z t ( ,?ales1 & ?is is confirm$ by ,apollodoros1 :o fix$ 8 floruit 9 ! same ye>4#fg ,! fur!r /atem5t t1 accord+ to ,demetrios ,phal]eus1 ,?ales 8receiv$ ! "n ( wise0 9 ! ar*on%ip ( ,damasias at ,a!ns1 agrees v well ) ?is1 & is d\btless bas$ on ! /ory ( ! ,delphic tripod2 = ! ar*on%ip ( ,damasias is ! era ( ! re/oration ( ! ,py?ian ,games4#fh ,footnote #fd3 ,see ,george ,smi?1 ,assyrian ,discov]ies 7#ahge71 p4 #dji4 ,! inscription :i* foll[s 0 f\nd at ,k\yunjik3-- 8,to ! k+ my "l1 ?y s]vant ,abil-,i/>4 99 99 99 99 99 8,conc]n+ ! eclipse ( ! moon ( :i* ! k+ my "l s5t to me2 9 ! cities ( ,akkad1 ,borsippa1 & ,nipur1 obs]vations !y made1 & !n 9 ! city ( ,akkad1 we saw "p4444 ,! obs]vation 0 made1 & ! eclipse took place4 99 99 99 99 99 8,& :5 = ! eclipse ( ! sun we made an obs]vation1 ! obs]vation 0 made & x did n take place4 ,t :i* ,i saw ) my eyes to ! k+ my "l ,i s5d40 ,footnote #fe3 ,= ! lit]ature ( ?is subject1 see ,r4 ,p4 #h b1 add+ ,g9zel1 ,speziell] ,kanon1 p4 #aga4 ,see also ,milhaud1 ,sci5ce grecque1 p4 #fb4 ,footnote #ff3 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 ii4 #ec4 ,footnote #fg3 ,= ,apollodoros1 see ,app5dix1 #bj4 ,! dates 9 our text ( ,diog5es 7i4 #cg2 ,r4 ,p4 #h7 _c be reconcil$ ) "o ano!r4 ,t giv5 = ! dea? ( ,?ales is probably "r2 = x is ! ye> be=e ! fall ( ,s>deis 9 #edf_/e ,b4,c41 :i* is "o ( ! regul> eras us$ by ,apollodoros4 ,x no d\bt seem$ natural to make ,?ales die ! ye> be=e ! 8ru9 ( ,ionia0 :i* he =esaw4 ,sev5ty-eight ye>s be=e ?is br+s u to #fbe_/d ,b4,c4 = ! bir? ( ,?ales1 & ?is gives u #ehe_/d ,b4,c4 = 8 =tie? ye>4 ,t is ,pl9y's date = ! eclipse1 & ,pl9y's dates come f ,apollodoros ?r\gh ,nepos4 ,= a full discussion ( ! subject1 see ,jacoby1 pp4 #age sqq4 ,footnote #fh3 ,diog4 i4 #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #i74 ,i d n discuss ! ,py?ian era & ! date ( ,damasias "h1 ?\gh x appe>s to me t ! la/ ^w has n yet be5 said ^u ! subject4 ,jacoby 7pp4 #agj sqq47 argues /rongly = #ehb_/a1 ! date n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,o!rs fav\r ! ,py?ian ye> #ehf_/e ,b4,c41 :i* is ! v ye> ( ! eclipse1 & ?is w\ld help to expla9 h[ ^? hi/orians :o us$ ,apollodoros came to date x a ye> too late2 = ,damasias 0 ar*on = two ye>s & two mon?s4 ,x is ev5 possible t !y misund]/ood ! words 1 :i* are int5d$ to di/+ui% him f an e>li] ar*on ( ! same "n1 z mean+ 89 ! second ye> ( ,damasias40 ,apollodoros gave only ,a!nian ar*ons1 & ! r$uction to ,olympiads is ! "w ( lat] writ]s4 ,kir*n]1 adopt+ ! ye> #ehb_/a = ,damasias1 br+s ! ar*on%ip ( ,solon d[n to #eia_/j 7,rh4 ,mus4 liii4 pp4 #bdb sqq474 ,b ! date ( ,solon's ar*on%ip c nev] h be5 d\btful4 ,on ,kir*n]'s reckon+1 we come to #ehf_/e ,b4,c41 if we keep ! traditional date ( ,solon4 ,see also ,e4 ,mey]1 ,=s*ung51 ii4 pp4 #bdb sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ales 9 ,egypt4 #e4 ,! introduction ( ,egyptian geometry into ,hellas is univ]sally ascrib$ to ,?ales1 & x is extremely probable t he did visit ,egypt2 = he _h a !ory ( ! inundations ( ! ,nile4 ,9 a well-kn[n passage1#fi ,h]odotos gives ?ree explanations ( ! fact t ?is alone ( all riv]s rises 9 summ] & falls 9 w9t]2 b1 z 8 cu/om is 9 su* cases1 he does n "n _! au?ors4 ,! fir/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 t :i* attributes ! floods to ! ,etesian w9ds1 is ascrib$ to ,?ales 9 ! ,placita1#gj & also by _m lat] writ]s4 ,n[1 ^? /atem5ts are d]iv$ f a treatise on ! ,rise ( ! ,nile attribut$ to ,ari/otle & kn[n to ! ,greek comm5tators1 b n[ extant only 9 a ,lat9 epitome ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4#ga ,9 ?is "w ! fir/ ( ! ?ree !ories m5tion$ by ,h]odotos is ascrib$ to ,?ales1 ! second to ,eu?ym5es ( ,massalia1 & ! ?ird to ,anaxagoras4 ,:]e did ,ari/otle1 or :oev] wrote ! book1 get ^! names8 ,we ?9k naturally once m ( ,hekataios1 :om ,h]odotos s (t5 reproduces )\t m5tion+ 8 "n2 & ?is conjecture is mu* /r5g!n$ :5 we f9d t ,hekataios actually m5tion$ ,eu?ym5es4#gb ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ,?ales really 0 9 ,egypt2 &1 p]haps1 t ,hekataios1 9 describ+ ! ,nile1 took acc\nt1 z 0 only natural1 ( 8 di/+ui%$ fell[-citiz5's views4 ,footnote #fi3 ,h]od4 ii4 #bj4 ,footnote #gj3 ,aet4 iv4 ,i4 #a 7,dox4 p4 #chd74 ,footnote #ga3 ,dox4 pp4 #bbf-bbi4 ,! ,lat9 epitome w be f\nd 9 ,rose's edition ( ! ,ari/otelian fragm5ts4 ,footnote #gb3 ,hekataios1 fr4 #bgh 7,f4,h4,g4 i4 p4 #ai74 ,sid5ote3 ,?ales & geometry4 #f4 ,z to ! nature & ext5t ( ! ma!matical k br\ght back by ,?ales f ,egypt1 x seems desirable to po9t out t _m writ]s h s]i\sly misund]/ood ! "* ( ! tradition4#gc ,9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,euclid1 ,proclus enum]ates1 on ! au?ority ( ,eudemos1 c]ta9 propositions :i* he says 7 kn[n to ,?ales4#gd ,"o ( ! !orems ) :i* he cr$its him is t two triangles are equal :5 !y h "o side & ! two adjac5t angles equal4 ,?is he mu/ h kn[n1 said ,eudemos1 z o!rwise he c\ld n h measur$ ! di/ances ( %ips at sea f a wat*-t[] 9 ! way he 0 said to h done4#ge ,"h we see h[ all ^! /atem5ts arose4 ,c]ta9 rem>kable feats 9 ! way ( measurem5t 7 traditionally ascrib$ to ,?ales1 & x 0 assum$ t he mu/ h kn[n all ! propositions :i* ^! imply4 ,b ?is is q an illusory me?od ( inf]5ce4 ,bo? ! measurem5t ( ! di/ance ( %ips at sea1 & t ( ! height ( ! pyramids1 :i* is also ascrib$ to him1#gf are easy applications ( :at ,aahmes calls ! seqt4 ,^! rules ( m5suration may well h be5 br\ght f ,egypt by ,?ales1 b we h no gr\nd = suppos+ t he knew any m ab\t _! rationale ?an did ! au?or ( ! ,rh9d papyrus4 ,p]haps1 inde$1 he gave !m a wid] application ?an ! ,egyptians _h done4 ,/ill1 ma!matics1 prop]ly s call$1 did n come into exi/5ce till "s "t aft] ,?ales4 ,footnote #gc3 ,see ,cantor1 ,vorlesung5 b] ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 vol4 i4 pp4 #aab sqq42 ,allman1 8,greek ,geometry f ,?ales to ,euclid0 7,h]ma!na1 iii4 pp4 #afd-agd74 ,footnote #gd3 ,proclus1 9 ,eucl4 pp4 #fe1 #g2 #aeg1 #aj2 #bej1 #bj2 #bii1 #a2 #ceb1 #ad2 7,fri$le974 ,eudemos wrote ! fir/ hi/ories ( a/ronomy & ma!matics1 j z ,!ophra/os wrote ! fir/ hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,footnote #ge3 ,proclus1 p4 #ceb1 #ad1 7,eucl4 i4 #bf7 ' 4 ,= ! me?od adopt$ by ,?ales1 see ,tann]y1 ,gomtrie grecque1 p4 #ij4 ,i agree1 h[ev]1 ) ,dr4 ,g[ 7,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,ma!matics1 #hd7 t x is v unlikely ,?ales reproduc$ & measur$ on l& ! enorm\s triangle :i* he _h con/ruct$ 9 a p]p5dicul> plane ov] ! sea4 ,su* a me?od w\ld be too cumbr\s to be ( use4 ,x is mu* simpl] to suppose t he made use ( ! ,egyptian seqt4 ,footnote #gf3 ,! olde/ v]sion ( ?is /ory is giv5 9 ,diog4 i4 #bg1 1 4 ,cf4 ,pl9y1 ,h4 ,nat4 xxxvi4 #hb1 m5suram altitud9is e>um depreh5d]e inv5it ,?ales ,milesius umbram meti5do qua hora p> esse corpori solet4 7,hi]onymos ( ,rhodes 0 contempor>y ) ,eudemos47 ,?is ne$ imply no m ?an ! simple reflexion t ! %ad[s ( all objects w probably be equal to ! objects at ! same h\r4 ,plut>* 7,conv4 sept4 sap4 #adg a7 gives a m elaborate me?od1 1 1 1 4 ,?is1 z ,dr4 ,g[ po9ts out1 is only ano!r calculation ( seqt1 & may v well h be5 ! me?od ( ,?ales4 ,sid5ote3 ,?ales z a politician4 #g4 ,?ales appe>s once m 9 ! pages ( ,h]odotos "s "t be=e ! fall ( ! ,lydian empire4 ,he is said to h urg$ ! ,ionian ,greeks to unite 9 a f$]al /ate ) its capital at ,teos4#gg ,we %all h occasion to notice m ?an once 9 ! sequel t ! e>ly s*ools ( philosophy 7 9 ! habit ( try+ to influ5ce ! c\rse ( political ev5ts2 & !re are _m ?+s1 = in/ance ! "p play$ by ,hekataios 9 ! ,ionian revolt1 :i* po9t to ! conclusion t ! sci5tific m5 ( ,miletos took up a v decid$ position 9 ! /irr+ times t foll[$ ! dea? ( ,?ales4 ,x is ?is political action :i* has ga9$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,milesian s*ool 8 undisput$ place among ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m52 & x is ow+ ma9ly to 8 inclusion among ^? wor?ies t ! num]\s anecdotes :i* 7 told ( him 9 lat] days atta*$ !mselves to 8 "n4#gh ,footnote #gg3 ,h]od4 i4 #agj 7,r4 ,p4 #i d74 ,footnote #gh3 ,! /ory ( ,?ales fall+ into a well 7,plato1 ,?t4 #agd a7 is no?+ b a fable tea*+ ! uselessness ( 2 ! anecdote ab\t ! 8corn]0 9 oil 7,ar4 ,pol4 1 #aa4 #abei a #f7 is int5d$ to inculcate ! opposite lesson4 ,sid5ote3 ,unc]ta9 "* ( ! tradition4 #h4 ,if ,?ales ev] wrote any?+1 x soon 0 lo/1 & ! works :i* 7 writt5 9 8 "n did n1 z a rule1 deceive ev5 ! anci5ts4#gi ,ari/otle pr(esses to "k some?+ ab\t ! views ( ,?ales2 b he does n pret5d to "k h[ !y 7 arriv$ at1 nor ! argum5ts by :i* !y 7 support$4 ,he does1 inde$1 make c]ta9 sugge/ions1 :i* are repeat$ by lat] writ]s z /atem5ts ( fact2 b he himself simply gives !m = :at !y are wor?4#hj ,!re is ano!r difficulty 9 connexion ) ! tradition4 ,_m a precise-look+ /atem5t 9 ! ,placita has no o!r f\ndation ?an ! habit ( ascrib+ any doctr9e :i* 01 r\ghly speak+1 *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole ,ionic 8,succession0 to 8,?ales & 8 foll[]s10 & s produc+ ! appe>ance ( a def9ite /atem5t ab\t ,?ales4 ,b1 9 spite ( all ?is1 we ne$ n d\bt t ,ari/otle 0 correctly in=m$ ) reg>d to ! lead+ po9ts4 ,we h se5 traces ( ref]5ce to ,?ales 9 ,hekataios1 & no?+ c be m likely ?an t lat] writ]s ( ! s*ool %\ld h quot$ ! views ( its f\nd]4 ,we may v5ture1 !re=e1 ^u a conjectural re/oration ( 8 cosmology1 9 :i* we %all be guid$ by :at we "k = c]ta9 ( ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! ,milesian s*ool2 = we %\ld naturally expect to f9d its *>act]i/ic doctr9es at lea/ =e%ad[$ 9 ! tea*+ ( its e>lie/ repres5tative4 ,b all ?is mu/ be tak5 = j :at x is wor?2 speak+ /rictly1 we d n "k any?+ ab\t ! tea*+ ( ,?ales at all4 ,footnote #gi3 ,see ,r4 ,p4 #i e4 ,footnote #hj3 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 ,sid5ote3 ,conjectural acc\nt ( ! cosmology ( ,?ales4 #i4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,ari/otle may be r$uc$ to ?ree3 7#a7 ,! e>? floats on ! wat]4#ha 7#b7 ,wat] is ! mat]ial cause#hb ( all ?+s4 7#c7 ,all ?+s are full ( gods4 ,! magnet is alive2 = x has ! p[] ( mov+ iron4#hc ,footnote #ha3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihc b #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #aj72 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bid a #bh 7,r4 ,p4 #aa74 ,lat] writ]s add t he gave ?is z an explanation ( e>?quakes 7s ,aet4 iii4 #ae1 #a72 b ?is is probably due to a 8,hom]ic allegori/0 7,app5dix1 #aa71 :o wi%$ to expla9 ! epi!t 4 ,cf4 ,diels1 ,dox4 p4 #bbe4 ,footnote #hb3 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihc b #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #aj74 ,i h said 8mat]ial cause10 because 7b #ai7 means 7b #g74 ,footnote #hc3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #e4 #daa a #g 7,r4 ,p4 #ac72 ib4 #b4 #dje a #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #ac a74 ,diog4 i4 #bd 7,r4 ,p4 ib47 adds amb]4 ,?is comes f ,hesy*ios ( ,miletos2 = x occurs 9 ! s*olium ( ,p>4 ,a on ,plato1 ,rep4 #fjj a4 ,! fir/ ( ^! /atem5ts mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! light ( ! second1 :i* is express$ 9 ,ari/otelian t]m9ology1 b w\ld und\bt$ly mean t ,?ales _h said wat] 0 ! fundam5tal or prim>y ?+1 ( :i* all o!r ?+s 7 m]e transi5t =ms4 ,x 01 we %all see1 j su* a prim>y sub/ance t ! ,milesian s*ool z a :ole 0 seek+1 & x is unlikely t ! e>lie/ answ] to ! great "q ( ! day %\ld h be5 ! comp>atively subtle "o giv5 by ,anaxim&]4 ,we are1 p]haps1 ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t ! greatness ( ,?ales consi/$ 9 ?is1 t he 0 ! fir/ to ask1 n :at 0 ! orig9al ?+1 b :at is ! prim>y ?+ n[2 or1 m simply /ill1 8,:at is ! _w made (80 ,! answ] he gave to ?is "q 03 ,wat]4 ,sid5ote3 ,wat]4 #aj4 ,ari/otle & ,!ophratos1 foll[$ by ,simplicius & ! doxograph]s1 sugge/ sev]al explanations ( ?is answ]4 ,by ,ari/otle ^! explanations are giv5 z conjectural2 x is only lat] writ]s t repeat !m z if !y 7 q c]ta94#hd ,! mo/ probable view ( !m seems to be t ,ari/otle simply ascrib$ to ,?ales ! argum5ts us$ at a lat] date by ,hippon ( ,samos 9 support ( a simil> !sis4#he ,?is w\ld acc\nt = _! physiological "*4 ,! rise ( sci5tific m$ic9e _h made biological argum5ts v popul> 9 ! fif? c5tury2 b1 9 ! days ( ,?ales1 ! prevail+ int]e/ 0 n physiological1 b r :at we %\ld call meteorological1 & x is !re=e f ?is po9t ( view we mu/ try to und]/& ! !ory4 ,footnote #hd3 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihc b #bb2 ,aet4 i4 #c1 #a2 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #cf1 #aj 7,r4 ,p4 #aj1 #ab1 #ab a74 ,! la/ ( ! explanations giv5 by ,ari/otle1 namely1 t ,?ales 0 influ5c$ by e>ly cosmogonical !ories ab\t ,okeanos & ,te?ys1 has /rangely be5 suppos$ to be m hi/orical ?an ! re/1 :]eas x is m]ely a fancy ( ,plato's tak5 lit]ally4 ,plato says m ?an once 7,?t4 #ahj d #b2 ,crat4 #djb b #d7 t ,h]akleitos & 8 pr$ecessors 7 7 d]iv$ _! philosophy f ,hom] 7,il4 xiv4 #bja71 & ev5 e>li] s\rces 7,orph4 frag4 #b1 ,diels1 ,vors4 #a/ ed4 p4 #dia74 ,9 quot+ ?is sugge/ion1 ,ari/otle ref]s x to 8"s0--a ^w :i* (t5 means ,plato--& he calls ! orig9ators ( ! !ory 1 z ,plato _h done 7,met4 #ihc b #bh2 cf4 ,?t4 #aha b #c74 ,?is is a *>act]i/ic example ( ! way 9 :i* ,ari/otle gets hi/ory out ( ,plato4 ,see ,app5dix1 #b4 ,footnote #he3 ,comp>e ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #b4 #dje b #b 7,r4 ,p4 #bbj7 ) ! passages ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ note4 ,! same sugge/ion is made 9 ,zell]'s fif? edition 7p4 #ahh1 n4 #a71 :i* ,i _h n se5 :5 ! above 0 writt54 ,dr+1 8,?ales0 7,zs*r4 f4 ,philos4 #ahif1 pp4 #agi sqq471 takes ! same view4 ,we n[ "k t1 ?\gh ,ari/otle decl9es to consid] ,hippon z a philosoph] 7,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #c2 ,r4 ,p4 #bai a71 he 0 discuss$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e kn[n z ,m5on's ,iatrika4 ,see ,diels 9 ,h]mes1 xxviii4 p4 #dbj4 ,n[ x is n v h>d to see h[ consid]ations ( a meteorological k9d may h l$ ,?ales to adopt ! view he did4 ,( all ! ?+s we "k1 wat] seems to take ! mo/ v>i\s %apes4 ,x is famili> to u 9 a solid1 a liquid1 & a vapor\s =m1 & s ,?ales may well h ?\ght t he saw ! _w-process f wat] & back to wat] aga9 go+ on be=e 8 v eyes4 ,! ph5om5on ( evaporation naturally sugge/s ev]y:]e t ! fire ( ! heav5ly bodies is kept up by ! moi/ure :i* !y draw f ! sea4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 ! c\ntry p speak ( ! appe>ance ( sunbeams z 8! sun draw+ wat]40 ,wat] comes d[n aga9 9 ! ra92 & la/ly1 s ! e>ly cosmologi/s ?\ght1 x turns to e>?4 ,?is seems /range to u1 b x may h seem$ natural en\gh to m5 :o 7 famili> ) ! riv] ( ,egypt :i* _h =m$ ! ,delta1 & ) ! torr5ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i* br+ d[n unusually l>ge alluvial deposits4 ,at ! pres5t day ! ,gulf ( ,latmos1 on :i* ,miletos us$ to /&1 is completely fill$ up4 ,la/ly1 !y ?\ght1 e>? turns once m to wat]--an idea d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( dew1 night-mi/s1 & subt]ranean spr+s4 ,= ^! la/ 7 n 9 e>ly times suppos$ to h any?+ at all to d ) ! ra94 ,! 8wat]s "u ! e>?0 7 reg>d$ z an entirely indep5d5t s\rce ( moi/ure4#hf ,footnote #hf3 ,! view "h tak5 mo/ resembles t ( ! 8,hom]ic allegori/0 ,h]akleitos 7,r4 ,p4 #ab a74 ,t1 h[ev]1 is also a conjecture1 probably ( ,/oic1 z ! o!rs are ( ,p]ipatetic1 orig94 ,sid5ote3 ,!ology4 #aa4 ,! ?ird ( ! /atem5ts m5tion$ above is suppos$ by ,ari/otle himself to imply t ,?ales believ$ 9 a 8s\l ( ! _w10 ?\gh he is c>eful to m>k ?is z no m ?an an inf]5ce4#hg ,! doctr9e ( ! _w-s\l is !n attribut$ q positively to ,?ales by ,aetios1 :o gives x 9 ! ,/oic phraseology :i* he f\nd 9 8 imm$iate s\rce1 & id5tifies ! _w-intellect ) ,god4#hh ,cic]o f\nd a simil> acc\nt ( ! matt] 9 ! ,epicurean manual :i* he foll[$1 b he goes a /ep fur!r4 ,elim9at+ ! ,/oic pan!ism1 he turns ! _w-intellect into a ,platonic demi\rgos1 & says t ,?ales held !re 0 a div9e m9d :i* =m$ all ?+s out ( wat]4#hi ,all ?is is d]iv$ f ! cauti\s /atem5t ( ,ari/otle1 & c h no great] au?ority ?an its s\rce4 ,we ne$ n ent]1 !n1 ^u ! old controv]sy :e!r ,?ales 0 an a!i/ or n4 ,x is really irrelevant4 ,if we may judge f 8 successors1 he may v possibly h call$ wat] div9e2 b1 if he _h any religi\s beliefs at all1 we may be sure !y 7 q unconnect$ ) 8 cosmological !ory4 ,footnote #hg3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #e4 #daa a #g 7,r4 ,p4 #ac74 ,footnote #hh3 ,aet4 i4 #g1 #aa ,/ob4 i4 #ef 7,r4 ,p4 #ad74 ,on ! s\rces "h ref]r$ to1 see ,app5dix1 #aa1 #ab4 ,footnote #hi3 ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,d4 #a4 #be 7,r4 ,p4 #ac b74 ,on ,cic]o's s\rce1 see ,dox4 pp4 #abe1 #abh4 ,! ,h]culanean papyrus ( ,philodemos is1 un=tunately1 defective j at ?is po9t1 b x is n likely t ! ,epicurean manual anticipat$ ,cic]o's mi/ake4 ,nor mu/ we make too mu* ( ! say+ itself t 8all ?+s are full ( gods40 ,x is (t5 suppos$ to mean t ,?ales attribut$ a 8pla/ic life0 to matt]1 or t he 0 a 8hylozoi/40 ,we h se5 already h[ mislead+ ?is way ( speak+ is apt to be1#ij & we %all d well to avoid x4 ,x is n safe to reg>d su* an apoph!gm z evid5ce = any?+2 ! *ances are t x belongs to ,?ales z "o ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 r ?an z f\nd] ( ! ,milesian s*ool4 ,fur!r1 su* say+s are1 z a rule1 anonym\s to beg9 )1 & are attribut$ n[ to "o sage & n[ to ano!r4#ia ,on ! o!r h&1 x is extremely probable t ,?ales did say t ! magnet & amb] _h s\ls4 ,t is no apoph!gm1 b some?+ m on ! level ( ! /atem5t t ! e>? floats on ! wat]4 ,x is1 9 fact1 j ! sort ( ?+ we %\ld expect ,hekataios to record ab\t ,?ales4 ,x w\ld be wrong1 h[ev]1 to draw any inf]5ces f x z to 8 view ( ! _w2 = to say t ! magnet & amb] are alive is to imply1 if any?+1 t o!r ?+s are n4#ib ,footnote #ij3 ,see ,introd4 ,,viii4 ,footnote #ia3 ,plato ref]s to ! say+ 9 ,laws1 #hii b #i 7,r4 ,p4 #ad b71 )\t m5tion+ ,?ales4 ,t ascrib$ to ,h]akleitos 9 ! de "p4 ,an4 1 #e4 #fde a #ag seems to be a m]e v>iation on x4 ,s 9 ,diog4 ix4 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #df d7 ,h]akleitos is cr$it$ ) ! say+ 4 ,footnote #ib3 ,bumk]1 ,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie1 p4 #aj1 n4 #a4 ,,ii4 ,,anaxim&] ,sid5ote3 ,life4 #ab4 ,! next "n t has come d[n to u is t ( ,anaxim&]1 son ( ,praxiades4 ,he too 0 a citiz5 ( ,miletos1 & ,!ophra/os describ$ him z an 8associate0 ( ,?ales4#ic ,we h se5 h[ t expression is to be und]/ood 7 ,,xiv474 ,accord+ to ,apollodoros1 ,anaxim&] 0 sixty-f\r ye>s old 9 ,ol4 ,,lviii4 #b 7#edg_/f ,b4,c472 & ?is is confirm$ by ,hippolytos1 :o says he 0 born 9 ,ol4 ,,xlii4 #c 7#faj_/i ,b4,c471 & by ,pl9y1 :o assigns 8 discov]y ( ! obliquity ( ! zodiac to ! same ,olympiad4#id ,we seem to h "h some?+ m ?an a m]e comb9ation ( ! ord9>y type2 =1 accord+ to all ! rules ( ,alex&rian *ronology1 ,anaxim&] %\ld h 8fl\ri%$0 9 #efe ,b4,c41 t is1 j half-way betwe5 ,?ales & ,anaxim5es1 & ?is w\ld make him sixty1 n sixty-f\r1 9 #edf4 ,n[ ,apollodoros appe>s to h said t he _h met ) ! "w ( ,anaxim&]2 & 8 reason = m5tion+ ?is mu/ be t he f\nd 9 x "s indication :i* enabl$ him to fix its date )\t hav+ rec\rse to conjecture4 ,diels sugge/s t ,anaxim&] may h giv5 8 age at ! "t ( writ+ z sixty-f\r1 & t ! book may h conta9$ "s o!r /atem5t %[+ x to h be5 publi%$ 9 #edg_/f ,b4,c4#ie ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ?is h>dly does ju/ice to ! fact t ! ye> giv5 is j t :i* prec$$ ! fall ( ,s>deis & ! subjugation ( ! ,lydian empire by ! ,p]sians4 ,x may be a m plausible conjecture t ,anaxim&]1 writ+ "s ye>s lat]1 incid5tally m5tion$ :at 8 age _h be5 at ! "t ( t great crisis4 ,we "k f ,x5ophanes t ! "q1 8,h[ old 7 y :5 ! ,m$e appe>$80 0 consid]$ an int]e/+ "o 9 ^? days4#if ,at all ev5ts1 we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 believ+ t ,anaxim&] 0 a g5]ation y\ng] ?an ,?ales4 ,:5 he di$ we d n really "k4#ig ,footnote #ic3 ,r4 ,p4 #ae d4 ,t ! words 1 giv5 by ,simplicius1 de ,caelo1 p4 #fae1 #ac1 are ! orig9al words ( ,!ophra/os is %[n by ! agreem5t ( ,cic4 ,acad4 ii4 #aah1 popul>is et sodalis4 ,! two passages repres5t q indep5d5t bran*es ( ! tradition4 ,see ,app5dix1 #g1 #ab4 ,footnote #id3 ,diog4 ii4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #ae72 ,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #f 7,dox4 p4 #efj72 ,pl94 ,n4,h4 ii4 #ca4 ,pl9y's dates come f ,apollodoros ?r\gh ,nepos4 ,footnote #ie3 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxxi4 p4 #bd4 ,footnote #if3 ,x5ophanes1 fr4 #bb 7fr4 #ag1 ,k>/52 ,r4 ,p4 #ie a74 ,jacoby 7p4 #aij7 ?9ks t ,apollodoros fix$ ! floruit ( ,anaxim&] =ty ye>s be=e t ( ,py?agoras1 t is1 9 #egb_/a ,b4,c41 & t ! /atem5t z to 8 age 9 #edg_/f is a m]e inf]5ce f ?is4 ,footnote #ig3 ,! /atem5t t he 8di$ soon aft]0 7,diog4 ii4 #b2 ,r4 ,p4 #ae7 seems to mean t ,apollodoros made him die 9 ! ye> ( ,s>deis 7#edf_/e71 "o ( 8 regul> epo*s4 ,if ?is is s1 ,apollodoros _c h said also t he fl\ri%$ 9 ! days ( ,polykrates1 & ,diels is probably "r 9 suppos+ t ?is notice ref]s to ,py?agoras & has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! wrong place4 ,l 8 pr$ecessor1 ,anaxim&] di/+ui%$ himself by c]ta9 practical inv5tions4 ,"s writ]s cr$it$ him ) t ( ! gnomon2 b t c h>dly be correct4 ,h]odotos tells u ?is in/rum5t came f ,babylon1 s p]haps x 0 ,anaxim&] :o made x kn[n among ! ,greeks4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ to con/ruct a map1 & ,erato/h5es said ?is 0 ! map elaborat$ by ,hekataios4#ih ,footnote #ih3 ,= ! gnomon1 see ,introd4 p4 #ca1 n4 #dd2 & cf4 ,diog4 ii4 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #ae72 ,h]od4 ii4 #aji 7,r4 ,p4 #ae a74 ,pl9y1 on ! o!r h&1 ascribes ! inv5tion ( ! gnomon to ,anaxim5es 7,n4,h4 ii4 #hg74 ,! tru? seems to be t ! erection ( celebrat$ gnomons 0 traditionally ascrib$ to c]ta9 philosoph]s4 ,t ( ,delos 0 ref]r$ to ,ph]ekydes4 ,= ! map see ,aga!m]os1 i4 #a1 1 ' 1 4 ,?is is f ,erato/h5es4 ,cf4 ,/rabo1 i4 p4 #g4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ophra/os on ,anaxim&]'s !ory ( ! prim>y sub/ance4 #ac4 ,ne>ly all we "k ( ,anaxim&]'s sy/em is d]iv$ 9 ! la/ resort f ,!ophra/os4#ii ,z to ! cr$ibility ( :at we are told on 8 au?ority1 x is en\gh to rem>k t ! orig9al "w1 :i* 0 9 ! h&s ( ,apollodoros1 mu/ c]ta9ly h exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ,!ophra/os4 ,moreov]1 he seems once at lea/ to h quot$ ,anaxim&]'s own words1 & he criticis$ 8 /yle4 ,"h are ! rema9s ( :at he said ( him 9 ! ,fir/ ,book3-- ,anaxim&] ( ,miletos1 son ( ,praxiades1 a fell[-citiz5 & associate ( ,?ales1#ajj said t ! mat]ial cause & fir/ elem5t ( ?+s 0 ! ,inf9ite1 he be+ ! fir/ to introduce ?is "n = ! mat]ial cause4 ,he says x is nei!r wat] nor any o!r ( ! s-call$#aja elem5ts1 b a sub/ance diff]5t f !m :i* is inf9ite1 f :i* arise all ! heav5s & ! worlds )9 !m4--,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #b 7,dox4 p4 #dgf2 ,r4 ,p4 #af74 ,he says t ?is is et]nal & ageless1 & t x encompasses all ! worlds4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #ag a74 ,& into t f :i* ?+s take _! rise !y pass away once m1 8z is orda9$2 = !y make rep>ation & satisfaction to "o ano!r = _! inju/ice accord+ to ! appo9t$ "t10 z he says#ajb 9 ^! some:at poetical t]ms4--,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #af74 ,& besides ?is1 !re 0 an et]nal motion1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* 0 br\ght ab\t ! orig9 ( ! worlds4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #ag a74 ,he did n ascribe ! orig9 ( ?+s to any alt]ation 9 matt]1 b said t ! oppositions 9 ! sub/ratum1 :i* 0 a b\ndless body1 7 sep>at$ out4--,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aej1 #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #ah74 ,footnote #ii3 ,see ! conspectus ( extracts f ,!ophra/os giv5 by ,diels1 ,dox4 p4 #acc2 ,vors4 pp4 #ac sqq4 ,9 ?is & o!r cases1 :]e ! words ( ! orig9al h be5 pres]v$ by ,simplicius1 ,i h giv5 !m alone4 ,on ! v>i\s writ]s quot$1 see ,app5dix1 #i sqq4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,simplicius says 8successor & disciple0 7 7 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ! ,physics2 b see above1 p4 #eb1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #aja3 ,= ! expression 1 see ,diels1 ,elem5tum1 p4 #be1 n4 #d4 ,9 view ( ?is1 we mu/ keep ! ,,ms4 read+ 1 in/ead ( writ+ ) ,us5]4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,diels 7,vors4 p4 #ac7 beg9s ! actual quotation ) ! words 4444 ,! ,greek practice ( bl5d+ quotations ) ! text tells aga9/ ?is4 ,x is v r>e = a ,greek writ] to op5 a v]bal quotation abruptly4 ,fur!r1 x is saf] n to ascribe ! t]ms & 9 _! te*nical ,platonic s5se to ,anaxim&]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! prim>y sub/ance is n "o ( ! 8elem5ts40 #ad4 ,anaxim&] taught1 !n1 t !re 0 "o et]nal1 inde/ructible sub/ance out ( :i* ev]y?+ arises1 & into :i* ev]y?+ once m returns2 a b\ndless /ock f :i* ! wa/e ( exi/5ce is cont9ually be+ made good4 ,?is is only ! natural developm5t ( ! ?\ght we h v5tur$ to ascribe to ,?ales1 & !re c be no d\bt t ,anaxim&] at lea/ di/9ctly =mulat$ x4 ,inde$1 we c /ill foll[ to "s ext5t ! reason+ :i* l$ him to d s4 ,?ales _h reg>d$ wat] z ! mo/ likely ( all ! ?+s we "k to be t ( :i* all o!rs are =ms2 ,anaxim&] appe>s to h ask$ himself h[ ! prim>y sub/ance c\ld be "o ( ^! p>ticul> ?+s4 ,8 argum5t seems to be pres]v$ by ,ari/otle1 :o has ! foll[+ passage 9 8 discussion ( ! ,inf9ite3-- ,fur!r1 !re _c be a s+le1 simple body :i* is inf9ite1 ei!r1 z "s hold1 "o di/9ct f ! elem5ts1 :i* !y !n d]ive f x1 nor )\t ?is qualification4 ,= !re are "s :o make ?is 7i4e4 a body di/9ct f ! elem5ts7 ! inf9ite1 & n air or wat]1 9 ord] t ! o!r ?+s may n be de/roy$ by _! inf9ity4 ,!y are 9 opposition "o to ano!r--air is cold1 wat] moi/1 & fire hot--& !re=e1 if any "o ( !m 7 inf9ite1 ! re/ w\ld h ceas$ to be by ?is "t4 ,accord+ly !y say t :at is inf9ite is some?+ o!r ?an ! elem5ts1 & f x ! elem5ts arise4--,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #e4 #bjd b #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #af b74 ,x is cle> t 9 ?is passage ,anaxim&] is contra/$ ) ,?ales & ) ,anaxim5es4 ,nor is !re any reason to d\bt t ! acc\nt giv5 ( 8 reason+ is sub/antially correct1 ?\gh ! =m is ,ari/otle's own1 & ! m5tion ( 8elem5ts0 is an ana*ronism4#ajc ,anaxim&] 0 /ruck1 x w\ld seem1 by ! opposition & /rife betwe5 ! ?+s :i* g to make up ! _w2 ! w>m fire 0 oppos$ to ! cold air1 ! dry e>? to ! moi/ sea4 ,^! opposites 7 at w>1 & any pr$om9ance ( "o ov] ! o!r 0 an 8inju/ice0 = :i* !y mu/ make rep>ation to "o ano!r4#ajd ,we may suppose t 8 ?\ghts ran some:at z foll[s4 ,if ,?ales _h be5 "r 9 say+ t wat] 0 ! fundam5tal reality1 x w\ld n be easy to see h[ any?+ else c\ld ev] h exi/$4 ,"o side ( ! opposition1 ! cold & moi/1 w\ld h _h its way un*eck$1 inju/ice w\ld h prevail$1 & ! w>m & dry w\ld h be5 driv5 f ! field long ago4 ,we mu/1 !n1 h some?+ :i* is n itself "o ( ! w>r+ opposites we "k1 some?+ m primitive1 out ( :i* !y arise1 & into :i* !y once m pass away4 ,t ,anaxim&] call$ ?is some?+ by ! "n ( 1 is cle> f ! doxograph]s2 ! curr5t /atem5t t ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( a 8fir/ pr9ciple0 0 introduc$ by him1 is probably due to a misund]/&+ ( :at ,!ophra/os said4#aje ,footnote #ajc3 ,! conception ( elem5ts is n old] ?an ,emp$okles 7 #ajf71 & ! ^w 1 :i* is prop]ly translat$ by elem5ta1 0 fir/ us$ 9 ?is s5se by ,plato4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! t]m1 see ,diels1 ,elem5tum 7#ahii74 ,footnote #ajd3 ,! important ^w 0 omitt$ 9 ! ,ald9e ,simplicius1 b is 9 all ! ,,mss4 ,we %all see t 9 ,h]akleitos 8ju/ice0 means ! obs]vance ( an equal balance betwe5 :at 7 call$ lat] ! elem5ts 7 #gb74 ,see also ,introd4 p4 #cb1 n4 #de4 ,footnote #aje3 ,if ! words quot$ f ,!ophra/os by ,simplicius1 ,phys4 p4 #bd1 #ae 7,r4 ,p4 #af71 /ood by !mselves1 no "o w\ld ev] h suppos$ !m to mean t ,anaxim&] call$ ! ,b\ndless 4 ,!y w\ld naturally be r5d]$3 8hav+ be5 ! fir/ to introduce ?is "n 7i4e4 7 = ! 02 b ! words ( ,hippolytos 7,ref4 i4 #f1 #b71 1 h l$ ne>ly all writ]s to take ! passage 9 ! less obvi\s s5se4 ,we n[ "k1 h[ev]1 t ,hippolytos is no indep5d5t au?ority1 b re/s altoge!r on ,!ophra/os2 s ! natural view to take is t ei!r 8 imm$iate s\rce1 or he himself1 or a copyi/1 has dropp$ out be=e 1 & corrupt$ into 4 ,x is n cr$ible t ,!ophra/os made bo? /atem5ts4 ,! o!r passage f ,simplicius comp>$ by ,us5] 7p4 #aej1 #bc71 1 does n seem to me to h any?+ to d ) ! "q4 ,x means simply t ,anaxim&] 0 ! fir/ to "n ! sub/ratum z ! 8mat]ial cause10 :i* is a diff]5t po9t altoge!r4 ,?is is h[ ,neuhus] takes ! passage 7,anaxim&]1 pp4 #g sqq472 b ,i _c agree ) him 9 hold+ t ! ^w is ascrib$ to ! ,milesian4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( ! !ory4 #ae4 ,x 0 natural = ,ari/otle to reg>d ?is !ory z an anticipation or pres5tim5t ( 8 own doctr9e ( 8indet]m9ate matt]40#ajf ,he knew v well1 ( c\rse1 t he himself 0 ! au?or ( t2 b x is 9 accordance ) 8 me?od to repres5t 8 own !ories z ! di/9ct =mulation ( tru?s :i* e>li] ?9k]s _h only guess$ at4 ,x 0 to be expect$1 !n1 t he %\ld sometimes express ! views ( ,anaxim&] 9 t]ms ( ! !ory ( 8elem5ts40 ,he knew too t ! ,b\ndless 0 a body1#ajg ?\gh 9 8 own sy/em !re 0 no room = any?+ corporeal prior to ! elem5ts2 s he _h to speak ( x z a b\ndless body 8alongside (0 or 8di/9ct f0 ! elem5ts 7 74 ,s f> z ,i "k1 no "o has d\bt$ t1 :5 he uses ?is phrase1 he is ref]r+ to ,anaxim&]4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #b4 #ajfi b #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #af c74 ,footnote #ajg3 ,?is is tak5 = grant$ 9 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc a #af2 #bjd b #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #af b71 & /at$ 9 1 #h4 #bjh a #h 7,r4 ,p4 #af a74 ,cf4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aej1 #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #ah74 ,9 a numb] ( o!r places ,ari/otle speaks ( a ?9k]1 :om he does n happ5 to "n1 :o held t ! prim>y sub/ance 0 some?+ 8int]m$iate betwe50 ! elem5ts or betwe5 two ( !m4#ajh ,ne>ly all ! ,greek comm5tators ref]r$ ?is to ,anaxim&] also1 b mo/ mod]n writ]s refuse to foll[ !m4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 easy to %[ t ,anaxim&] c h nev] meant to describe ! ,b\ndless 9 ?is way1 b t is no real objection to ! old] int]pretation4 ,x is difficult to see t x is m ( an ana*ronism to call ! ,b\ndless 8int]m$iate betwe5 ! elem5ts0 ?an to say t x is 8di/9ct f ! elem5ts02 & inde$1 if once we introduce ! elem5ts at all1 ! =m] description is 9 "s ways ! m adequate ( ! two4 ,at any rate1 if we refuse to und]/& ^! passages z ref]r+ to ,anaxim&]1 we %all h to say t ,ari/otle paid a great deal ( att5tion to "s e>ly ?9k]1 ^: v "n has be5 lo/1 & :o n only agre$ ) "s ( ,anaxim&]'s views1 b also1 z is %[n by "o passage1 us$ "s ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic expressions4#aji ,we may add t 9 "o or two places ,ari/otle c]ta9ly seems to id5tify ! 8int]m$iate0 ) ! some?+ 8di/9ct f0 ! elem5ts4#aaj ,footnote #ajh3 ,ari/otle speaks f\r times ( some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 ,fire & ,air 7,g54 ,corr4 1 #a4 #cbh b #ce2 ib4 #e4 #ccb a #ba2 ,phys4 1 #d4 #ahg a #ad2 ,met4 1 #g4 #ihh a #cj74 ,9 five places we h some?+ int]m$iate betwe5 ,wat] & ,air 7,met4 1 #g4 #ihh a #ac2 ,g54 ,corr4 1 #e4 #ccb a #ba2 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc a #ah2 ib4 #e4 #bje a #bg2 de ,caelo1 1 #e4 #cjc b #ab74 ,once 7,phys4 1 #f4 #ahi b #a7 we he> ( some?+ betwe5 ,wat] & ,fire4 ,?is v>iation %[s at once t he is n speak+ hi/orically4 ,if any "o ev] held ! doctr9e ( 1 he mu/ h kn[n p]fectly well :i* two elem5ts he meant4 ,footnote #aji3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #e4 #cjc b #ab1 1 1 4 ,t ?is ref]s to ,idaios ( ,him]a1 z sugge/$ by ,zell] 7p4 #beh71 seems v improbable4 ,ari/otle n[h]e m5tions 8 "n1 & ! tone ( 8 ref]5ce to ,hippon 9 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #c 7,r4 ,p4 #bai a7 %[s t he 0 n likely to pay s mu* att5tion to ! ( ! ,milesian s*ool4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,cf4 ,phys4 1 #e4 #bjd b #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #af b71 :]e ,zell] rightly ref]s to ,anaxim&]4 ,n[1 at ! end 7#bje a #be7 ! :ole passage is summ>is$ ?us3 ' 1 ' 4 ,9 ,g54 ,corr4 1 #a4 #cbh b #ce we h fir/ 1 & a little fur!r on 7#cbi a #i7 4 ,9 1 #e4 #ccb a #bj we h ' 1 4 ,!re is ev5 "o place 9 :i* he appe>s to speak ( ,anaxim&]'s ,b\ndless z a 8mixture10 ?\gh 8 words may p]haps admit ( ano!r int]pretation4#aaa ,b ?is is ( no consequ5ce = our int]pretation ( ,anaxim&] himself4 ,x is c]ta9 t he _c h said any?+ ab\t 8elem5ts10 :i* no "o ?\ght ( be=e ,emp$okles1 & no "o c\ld ?9k ( be=e ,p>m5ides4 ,! "q has only be5 m5tion$ at all because x has be5 ! subject ( a l5g?y controv]sy1#aab & because x ?r[s great light on ! hi/orical value ( ,ari/otle's /atem5ts4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( 8 own sy/em1 ^! are abundantly ju/ifi$2 b we %all h to rememb] 9 o!r cases t1 :5 he seems to attribute an idea to "s e>li] ?9k]1 we are n 9 ! lea/ b\nd to believe :at he says 9 a hi/orical s5se4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,met4 1 #b4 #ajfi b #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #af c74 ,zell] 7p4 #bje1 n4 #a7 assumes an 8easy zeugma40 ,i %\ld pref] to say t 0 an aft]?\ght1 & t ,ari/otle really meant 444 4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ahg a #bj does n assign ! 8mixture0 to ,anaxim&]4 ,footnote #aab3 ,= ! lit]ature ( ?is controv]sy1 see ,r4 ,p4 #ae4 ,a good deal ( light is ?r[n on ?is & simil> que/ions by ,w4 ,a4 ,heidel1 8,qualitative ,*ange 9 ,pre-,socratic ,philosophy0 7,ar*4 xix4 p4 #ccc74 ,sid5ote3 ,! prim>y sub/ance is inf9ite4 #af4 ,anaxim&]'s reason = conceiv+ ! prim>y sub/ance z b\ndless 01 no d\bt1 t indicat$ by ,ari/otle1 namely1 8t becom+ might n fail40#aac ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ^! words are 8 own1 ?\gh ! doxograph]s speak z if !y 74 ,x is en\gh = u to "k t ,!ophra/os1 :o _h se5 8 book1 attribut$ ! ?\ght to him4 ,& c]ta9ly ! way 9 :i* he reg>d$ ! _w w\ld br+ home to him ) m ?an common =ce ! ne$ ( a b\ndless /ock ( matt]4 ,! 8opposites0 ( :i* our _w consi/s are1 we h se51 at w> ) "o ano!r1 & _! /rife is m>k$ by 8unju/0 encroa*m5ts on ei!r side4 ,! w>m commits 8inju/ice0 9 summ]1 ! cold 9 w9t]4 ,to r$ress ! balance1 !y mu/ be absorb$ once m 9 _! common gr\nd2 & ?is w\ld lead 9 ! long run to ! de/ruction ( ev]y?+ b ! ,b\ndless itself1 if !re 7 n an inexhau/ible supply ( x f :i* opposites might cont9ually be sep>at$ out afre%4 ,we mu/ picture to ourselves1 !n1 an endless mass1 :i* is n any "o ( ! opposites we "k1 /ret*+ out )\t limit on e side ( ! heav5s :i* b\nd ! _w we live 94#aad ,?is mass is a body1 & out ( x our _w once em]g$ by ! 8sep>at+ out0 ( ! opposites1 :i* "o day w all be absorb$ aga9 9 ! ,b\ndless1 & our _w w cease to be4 ,footnote #aac3 ,phys4 1 #h4 #bjh a #h 7,r4 ,p4 #af a74 ,t ?is ref]s to ,anaxim&] is %[n by ,aet4 i4 #c1 #c 7,r4 ,p4 #af a74 ,! same argum5t is giv5 9 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc b #ah1 a passage :]e ,anaxim&] has j be5 quot$ by "n1 1 4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 believe t ! argum5ts giv5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] 7#bjc b #g2 ,r4 ,p4 #ag7 are ,anaxim&]'s4 ,!y be> ! /amp ( ! ,eleatic dialectic1 & are1 9 fact1 ^? ( ,melissos4 ,footnote #aad3 ,i h assum$ t ! ^w means spatially inf9ite 7?\gh n 9 any precise ma!matical s5se71 n qualitatively indet]m9ate1 z ma9ta9$ by ,tei*mll] & ,tann]y4 ,! decisive reasons = hold+ t ! s5se ( ! ^w is 8b\ndless 9 ext5t0 are z foll[s3 7#a7 ,!ophra/os said t ! prim>y sub/ance ( ,anaxim&] 0 & conta9$ all ! worlds1 & ! ^w ev]y:]e means 8to encompass10 n1 z has be5 sugge/$1 8to conta9 pot5tially40 7#b7 ,ari/otle says 7,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc b #bc7 ' 1 4 7#c7 ,anaxim&]'s !ory ( ! 0 adopt$ by ,anaxim5es1 & he id5tifi$ x ) ,air1 :i* is n qualitatively indet]m9ate4 ,sid5ote3 ,! et]nal motion4 #ag4 ,! doxograph]s say x 0 ! 8et]nal motion0 t br\ght into be+ 8all ! heav5s & all ! worlds )9 !m40 ,z we h se5 7 ,,viii71 x is n likely t ,anaxim&] himself us$ ! phrase 8et]nal motion40 ,t is r ,ari/otle's own v]sion ( :at he f\nd /at$ ab\t ! 8sep>at+ out0 ( opposites4 ,we are n told expressly h[ ,anaxim&] conceiv$ ?is to op]ate1 b ! t]m 8sep>at+ out0 sugge/s "s process ( %ak+ & sift+ z 9 a sieve4 ,n[ x is j su* a process t ,plato makes ! ,py?agorean ,timaios describe1 & ! mo/ probable !ory is c]ta9ly t "h1 z 9 _m o!r cases1 he has reproduc$ a g5u9ely e>ly view4 ,z we %all see1 x is q likely t ! ,py?agoreans %\ld h foll[$ ,anaxim&] 9 ?is4#aae ,9 any case1 x is wrong to id5tify ! 8et]nal motion0 ) ! diurnal revolution ( ! heav5s1 z has sometimes be5 done4 ,t motion _c possibly be et]nal1 = ! simple reason t ! heav5s !mselves are p]i%able4 ,ari/otle says1 inde$1 t all :o believe ! _w has come into be+ repres5t ! e>? z hav+ be5 =c$ into ! c5tre by ! circul> motion2#aaf b1 ?\gh ?is d\btless ref]s to ,anaxim&] among o!rs1 x is q irrelevant "h4 ,x has to d only ) ! =mation ( ! _w aft] x has be5 once = all sep>at$ (f & enclos$ 9 its own heav51 & we %all h to rememb] x :5 we come to t "p ( ! !ory4 ,at pres5t1 we h only to d ) ! motion ( ! ,b\ndless itself2 &1 if we wi% to picture t1 x is mu* saf] to reg>d x z a sort ( %ak+ up & d[n :i* sorts out ! opposites f ! inf9ite mass4 ,footnote #aae3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #eb e1 :]e ! elem5ts are sep>at$ by be+ %ak51 /irr$1 & c>ri$ 9 diff]5t directions3 8j z by sieves & in/rum5ts = w9n[+ corn1 ! gra9 is %ak5 & sift$1 & ! d5se & heavy p>ts g "o way1 & ! r>e & light are c>ri$ to a diff]5t place & settle !re40 ,= ! relation ( ,py?agoreanism to ,anaxim&]1 see bel[1 #ec4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bie a #i4 ,! id5tification ( ! et]nal motion ) ! diurnal revolution is insi/$ on by ,tei*mll] & ,tann]y1 & is ! real s\rce ( ! v unnatural int]pretation :i* !y give to ! ^w 4 ,x 0 obvi\sly difficult to cr$it ,anaxim&] ) a belief 9 an inf9ite body :i* revolves 9 a circle4 ,! :ole !ory re/s ^u a confusion betwe5 ! f9ite sph]ical )9 ! & ! inf9ite outside x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! innum]able worlds4 #ah4 ,we are told m ?an once t ,anaxim&] believ$ !re 7 8innum]able worlds 9 ! ,b\ndless10#aag & x is n[ usual to reg>d ^! ) ,zell] z an inf9ite s]ies succe$+ "o ano!r 9 "t4 ,x may be all[$ at once t 8 dispro( ( ! idea t ! worlds are coexi/5t & et]nal is decisive4 ,to suppose t ,anaxim&] reg>d$ ?is or any o!r _w z et]nal1 is a flat contradiction ( ev]y?+ we o!rwise "k1 & ( ! ,!ophra/ean tradition t he taught ! _w 0 p]i%able4 ,we h1 !n1 to decide betwe5 ! view t1 ?\gh all ! worlds are p]i%able1 !re may be an unlimit$ numb] ( !m 9 exi/5ce at ! same "t1 & ! view t a new _w nev] comes into exi/5ce till ! old "o has pass$ away4 ,n[1 ,zell] all[s#aah t !re is no?+ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! views t is inconsi/5t ) :at we "k ( ,anaxim&]2 b he ?9ks all ! /atem5ts :i* h come d[n to u po9t r to ! second4 ,x seems to me t ?is is by no means ! case1 &1 z ! matt] is ( fundam5tal importance1 x w be necess>y to exam9e ! evid5ce once m4 ,footnote #aag3 ,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #ba b74 ,! words are mo/ naturally to be int]pret$ z ref]r+ to an or cycle ( & 9 ea* ( a multitude ( coexi/5t worlds4 ,x w\ld be a v /range phrase to use ( a succession ( s+le worlds4 ,footnote #aah3 ,zell]1 pp4 #bcd sqq4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! doxographical tradition proves t ,!ophra/os discuss$ ! views ( all ! e>ly philosoph]s z to :e!r !re 0 "o _w or an inf9ite numb]1 & !re c be no d\bt t1 :5 he ascrib$ 8innum]able worlds0 to ! ,atomi/s1 he meant coexi/5t & n successive worlds4 ,n[1 if he _h really class$ two su* diff]5t views "u "o head1 he w\ld at lea/ h be5 c>eful to po9t out 9 :at respect !y diff]$1 & !re is no trace ( any su* di/9ction 9 our tradition4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,anaxim&]1 ,anaxim5es1 ,ar*elaos1 ,x5ophanes1 ,diog5es1 ,leukippos1 ,demokritos1 & ,epicurus are all m5tion$ toge!r z hold+ ! doctr9e ( 8innum]able worlds0 on all sides ( ?is "o1#aai & ! only di/9ction drawn betwe5 _! views is t1 :ile ,epicurus made ! di/ances betwe5 ^! worlds unequal1 ,anaxim&] said all ! worlds 7 equidi/ant4#abj ,zell] reject$ ?is evid5ce1 :i* he suppos$ to be m]ely t ( ,/obaios1 on ! gr\nd t we c h no confid5ce 9 a writ] :o attributes 8innum]able worlds0 to ,anaxim5es1 ,ar*elaos1 & ,x5ophanes4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ two1 ,i hope to %[ t ! /atem5t is q correct1 & t x is n ev5 incorrect 9 ! case ( ! la/4#aba ,9 any case1 x c be prov$ t ! passage comes f ,aetios1#abb & !re is no reason = d\bt+ t1 9 ! la/ resort1 x is d]iv$ f ,!ophra/os1 ?\gh ! "n ( ,epicurus may h be5 add$ lat]4 ,?is is /ill fur!r confirm$ by :at ,simplicius says 9 8 comm5t>y on ! ,physics4#abc ,^? :o assum$ innum]able worlds1 e4g4 ,anaxim&]1 ,leukippos1 ,demokritos1 &1 at a lat] date1 ,epicurus1 held t !y came into be+ & pass$ away ad inf9itum1 "s always com+ into be+ & o!rs pass+ away4 ,footnote #aai3 ,aet4 ii4 #a1 #c 7,dox4 p4 #cbg74 ,zell] is wrong 9 und]/&+ "h ( ! revolution ( a cycle4 ,x means simply 89 e direction we turn10 & s does ! alt]native read+ 4 ,! six are 1 1 1 1 1 7,nicom4 ,introd4 p4 #he1 #aa1 ,ho*e71 & ,polybios uses ( surr\nd+ space4 ,footnote #abj3 ,aet4 ii4 #a1 #h 7,dox4 p4 #cbi71 1 4 ,footnote #aba3 ,= ,anaxim5es1 see #cj2 ,x5ophanes1 #ei2 ,ar*elaos1 ,*ap4 ,x4 ,footnote #abb3 ,?is is %[n by ! fact t ! li/ ( names is giv5 also by ,!odoret4 ,see ,app5dix1 #aj4 ,footnote #abc3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aaba1 #e 7,r4 ,p4 #ba b74 ,zell] says 7p4 #bcd1 n4 #d7 t ,simplicius else:]e 7de ,caelo1 p4 #bgc b #dc7 makes ! same /atem5t m d\btfully4 ,b ! words 1 on :i* he relies1 are h>dly an expression ( d\bt1 & ref]1 9 any case1 to ! d]ivation ( ! doctr9e ( 8innum]able worlds0 f t ( ! 1 n to ! doctr9e itself4 ,x is probable t ?is too comes f ,!ophra/os ?r\gh ,alex&]4 ,simplicius does n inv5t su* ?+s4 ,we come la/ly to a v important /atem5t :i* ,cic]o has copi$ f ,philodemos1 ! au?or ( ! ,epicurean treatise on ,religion f\nd at ,h]culaneum1 or p]haps f ! imm$iate s\rce ( t "w4 8,anaxim&]'s op9ion 010 he makes ,velleius say1 8t !re 7 gods :o came into be+1 ris+ & pass+ away at long int]vals1 & t ^! 7 ! innum]able worlds02#abd & ?is mu/ cle>ly be tak5 along ) ! /atem5t ( ,aetios to ! effect t1 accord+ to ,anaxim&]1 ! 8innum]able heav5s0 7 gods4#abe ,n[ x is v mu* m natural to und]/& ! 8long int]vals0 :i* ,cic]o m5tions z int]vals ( space ?an z int]vals ( "t2#abf &1 if we take ! passage 9 ?is way1 we h a p]fect agreem5t among all our au?orities4 ,footnote #abd3 ,cic]o1 de ,nat4 ,d4 i4 #be 7,r4 ,p4 #ba74 ,footnote #abe3 ,aet4 i4 #g1 #ab 7,r4 ,p4 #ba a74 ,! read+ ( ,/ob41 1 is gu>ante$ by ! ( ,cyril1 & ! 7i4e4 7 ( ! pseudo-,gal54 ,see ,dox4 p4 #aa4 ,x may be add$ t x is v unnatural to und]/& ! /atem5t t ! ,b\ndless 8encompasses all ! worlds0 ( worlds succe$+ "o ano!r 9 "t2 = on ?is view !re is at a giv5 "t only "o _w to 8encompass40 ,moreov]1 ! argum5t m5tion$ by ,ari/otle t1 if :at is outside ! heav5s is inf9ite1 body mu/ be inf9ite1 & !re mu/ be innum]able worlds1 c only be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se1 & is c]ta9ly int5d$ to repres5t ! reason+ ( ! ,milesians2 = !y 7 ! only cosmologi/s :o held !re 0 a b\ndless body outside ! heav5s4#abg ,la/ly1 we happ5 to "k t ,petron1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,py?agoreans1 held !re 7 j "o hundr$ & eighty-?ree worlds arrang$ 9 a triangle1#abh :i* %[s t views ( ?is sort exi/$ long be=e ! ,atomi/s1 & looks l an attempt to introduce "s ord] into ,anaxim&]'s univ]se4 ,footnote #abf3 ,x is simple/ to suppose t ,cic]o f\nd 9 8 ,epicurean s\rce1 & t is a te*nical t]m = ! int]mundia4 ,footnote #abg3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc b #be1 ' 7sc4 71 7sc4 74 ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! next words-- 2--%[ cle>ly t ?is ref]s to ! ,atomi/s z well2 b ! w n apply to !m4 ,! sugge/ion is r t bo? ^? :o made ! ,b\ndless a body & ^? :o made x a held ! doctr9e ( 9 ! same s5se4 ,footnote #abh3 ,see bel[1 #ec4 ,cf4 ,diels1 ,elem5tum1 pp4 #fc sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,orig9 ( ! heav5ly bodies4 #ai4 ,! doxograph]s h n left u 9 ! d>k z to ! process by :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w arose f ! ,b\ndless4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t comes ultimately f ,!ophra/os3-- ,he says t some?+ capable ( begett+ hot & cold 0 sep>at$ (f f ! et]nal at ! orig9 ( ?is _w4 ,f ?is arose a sph]e ( flame :i* grew r\nd ! air encircl+ ! e>?1 z ! b>k gr[s r\nd a tree4 ,:5 ?is 0 torn (f & enclos$ 9 c]ta9 r+s1 ! sun1 moon1 & />s came into exi/5ce4--,ps4-,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #ai74 ,we see f ?is t :5 a portion ( ! ,b\ndless _h be5 sep>at$ (f f ! re/ to =m a _w1 x fir/ ( all diff]5tiat$ itself into ! two opposites1 hot & cold4 ,! hot appe>s z a sph]e ( flame surr\nd+ ! cold2 ! cold1 z e>? ) air surr\nd+ x4 ,we are n told1 h[ev]1 9 ?is extract h[ ! cold came to be diff]5tiat$ into e>?1 air1 & wat]2 b !re is a passage 9 ,ari/otle's ,meteorology :i* ?r[s "s light on ! subject4 ,we read !re3-- ,b ^? :o are wis] 9 ! wisdom ( m5 give an orig9 = ! sea4 ,at fir/1 !y say1 all ! t]re/rial region 0 moi/2 &1 z x 0 dri$ up by ! sun1 ! portion ( x t evaporat$ produc$ ! w9ds & ! turn+s ( ! sun & moon1 :ile ! portion left beh9d 0 ! sea4 ,s !y ?9k ! sea is becom+ small] by be+ dri$ up1 & t at la/ x w all be dry4--,meteor4 1 #a4 #cec b #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& ! same absurdity arises = ^? :o say t ! e>? & ! t]re/rial "p ( ! _w at fir/ 7 moi/1 b t air arose f ! heat ( ! sun1 & t ! :ole _w 0 ?us increas$1 & t ?is is ! cause ( w9ds & ! turn+s ( ! heav5s4#abi--;,ib4 #b4 #cee a #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #bj a74 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ! passage1 ,alex&] tells u t ?is 0 ! view ( ,anaxim&] & ,diog5es2 & :at he says is amply confirm$ by ,anaxim&]'s !ory ( ! sea z x is giv5 by ! doxograph]s 7 #bj74 ,we conclude1 !n1 t aft] ! fir/ sep>ation ( ! hot & ! cold1 ! heat ( ! sph]e ( flame turn$ "p ( ! moi/1 cold int]ior ( ! _w into air or vap\r--x is all "o at ?is date--& t ! expansion ( ?is mi/ broke up ! sph]e ( flame itself into r+s4 ,i give ! !ory :i* he adopt$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! heav5ly bodies f ^! r+s z x has be5 pres]v$ by ,hippolytos1 ) "s supplem5ts f ,aetios3-- ,! heav5ly bodies are :eels ( fire sep>at$ (f f ! fire :i* encircles ! _w1 & enclos$ 9 air4 ,& !y h brea?+-holes1 c]ta9 pipe-l passages at :i* ! heav5ly bodies are se54 ,= ?is reason1 too1 :5 ! brea?+-holes are /opp$1 eclipses occur4 ,& ! moon appe>s n[ to wax & n[ to wane because ( ! /opp+ & op5+ ( ! passages4 ,! circle ( ! sun is tw5ty-sev5 times ! size 7( ! e>?1 :ile t7 ( ! moon is eighte5 times z l>ge4#acj ,! sun is highe/ ( all1 & l[e/ are ! :eels ( ! fix$ />s4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #bj74 ,anaxim&] said ! />s 7 hoop-l compressions ( air1 full ( fire1 brea?+ out flames at a c]ta9 po9t f orifices4 ,! sun 0 highe/ ( all1 aft] x came ! moon1 & bel[ ^! ! fix$ />s & ! planets4--,aetios1 ii4 #ac1 #g2 #ae1 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #ai a74 ,anaxim&] said ! sun 0 a r+ tw5ty-eight times ! size ( ! e>?1 l a c>t-:eel ) ! felloe holl[ & full ( fire1 %[+ ! fire at a c]ta9 po9t1 z if ?r\gh ! nozzle ( a pair ( bell[s4--,aet4 ii4 #bj1 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #ai a74 ,anaxim&] said ! sun 0 equal to ! e>?1 b ! r+ f :i* x brea!s out & by :i* x is c>ri$ r\nd 0 tw5ty-sev5 times z l>ge z ! e>?4--,aet4 ii4 #ba1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #cea74 ,anaxim&] said ! moon 0 a r+ eighte5 times ! size ( ! e>?4444--,aet4 ii4 #be1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #cee74aca ,anaxim&] held t ?und] & lightn+ 7 caus$ by ! bla/4 ,:5 x is %ut up 9 a ?ick cl\d & bur/s =? ) viol5ce1 !n ! breakage ( ! cl\d makes ! noise1 & ! rift gives ! appe>ance ( a fla% by contra/ ) ! d>kness ( ! cl\d4--,aet4 iii4 #c1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #cfg74 ,anaxim&] held t w9d 0 a curr5t ( air 7i4e4 vap\r7 :i* arose :5 its f9e/ & moi/e/ p>ticles 7 set 9 motion or dissolv$ by ! sun4--,aet4 iii4 #f1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #cgd74 ,ra9 0 produc$ by ! moi/ure drawn up f ! e>? by ! sun4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #f1 #g 7,dox4 p4 #efj74 ,footnote #abi3 ,zell]'s difficulty ab\t ! mean+ ( "h 7p4 #bbc1 n4 #b7 seems to be an imag9>y "o4 ,! moon has c]ta9ly a movem5t 9 decl9ation &1 !re=e1 7,drey]1 ,planet>y ,sy/ems1 p4 #ag1 n4 #a74 ,footnote #acj3 ,i assume ) ,diels 7,dox4 p4 #efj7 t some?+ has fall5 out 9 our text ( ,hippolytos4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 ) ,tann]y1 ,sci5ce hellne1 p4 #ia1 suppli$ 8eighte5 times0 r ?an 8n9ete5 times40 ,zell] 7p4 #bbd1 n4 #b7 pref]s ! text ( our ,,ms4 ( ,hippolytos to ! te/imony ( ,aetios4 ,footnote #aca3 ,aetios goes on to say t ! moon also is l a holl[ c>t-:eel full ( fire ) an 4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! figures ( ,hippolytos & ,aetios is due to ! fact t "o ref]s to ! int]nal & ! o!r to ! ext]nal circumf]5ces ( ! r+s4 ,cf4 ,tann]y1 ,sci5ce hellne1 p4 #ia2 & ,diels1 8,ueb] ,anaxim&]s ,kosmos0 7,ar*4 x4 pp4 #bca sqq474 ,we saw above t ! sph]e ( flame 0 brok5 up into r+s by ! expansion ( ! air or vap\r t its own heat _h drawn up f ! moi/1 cold int]ior4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ,anaxim&] knew no?+ ( ! r+ ( ,saturn4 ,!re are ?ree ( ^! r+s1 t ( ! sun1 t ( ! moon1 &1 la/ly1 ne>e/ to ! e>?1 ! circle ( ! />s4 ,! circle ( ! sun 0 tw5ty-sev5 times1 & t ( ! moon eighte5 times z l>ge z ! e>?1 f :i* we may p]haps inf] t ! circle ( ! />s 0 n9e times z l>ge4 ,! numb]s n9e1 eighte51 tw5ty-sev51 play a consid]able "p 9 primitive cosmogonies4#acb ,we d n see ! r+s ( fire z complete circles2 = ! mi/ t =m$ !m encloses ! fire1 & becomes an out] r+ ( opaque vap\r4 ,^! out] r+s1 h[ev]1 h op5+s at "o po9t ( _! circumf]5ce1 ?r\gh :i* ! fire escapes1 & ^! are ! heav5ly bodies we actually see4#acc ,footnote #acb3 ,z ,diels po9ts out 7,ar*4 x4 p4 #bbi7 ! explanation giv5 by ,gomp]z1 p4 #ec1 _c be "r4 ,x implies ! fif? c5tury !ory ( 4 ,anaxim&] knew no?+ ( ! 8great mass0 ( ! sun4 ,footnote #acc3 ,! true mean+ ( ?is doctr9e 0 fir/ expla9$ by ,diels 7,dox4 pp4 #be sqq474 ,! flames ru% =? p] magni circum spiracula mundi1 z ,lucretius has x 7vi4 #dic74 ,! 1 to :i* ^! are comp>$1 is simply ! nozzle ( a pair ( bell[s1 a s5se :i* ! ^w has 9 ,apollonios ,rhodios 7iv4 #ggf71 & has no?+ to d ) ! meteorological ph5om5on ( ! same "n1 = :i* see ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #ga4 ,x is n n[ necess>y to refute ! e>li] int]pretations4 ,x w be obs]v$ t we only he> ( ?ree circles1 & t ! circle ( ! sun is ! highe/4 ,! circle ( ! />s pres5ts "s difficulty4 ,x is1 9 all probability1 ! ,milky ,way1 ! appe>ance ( :i* may well h sugge/$ ! :ole !ory4#acd ,x seems t ,anaxim&] mu/ h ?\ght x _h m 8brea?+-holes0 ?an "o1 ?\gh ! tradition is sil5t on ?is po9t4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason = suppos+ t he reg>d$ x z a sph]e4 ,he c\ld n h fail$ to see t a sph]e s plac$ w\ld make ! sun & moon p]man5tly invisible4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to say ( ! fix$ />s t d n lie 9 ! ,milky ,way8 ,!re seems to be no way ( acc\nt+ = !m unless we assume t !y are ! 8innum]able worlds0 :i* we h j discuss$4 ,z ! fire & air :i* surr\nd$ ! _w h be5 brok5 up into r+s1 we mu/ be able to see "r out into ! ,b\ndless1 & ! fix$ />s mu/ be j ! worlds1 ea* surr\nd$ by its fi]y envelope4 ,x does n seem possible to expla9 all we are told 9 any o!r way2 &1 if ?is is "r1 ! /atem5t ( "s au?ors1 t ,anaxim&] reg>d$ ! />s ( heav5 z gods1 may be m ?an ! m]e mi/ake :i* x is n[ g5]ally tak5 to be4#ace ,footnote #acd3 ,x _c be ! ,zodiac2 = ! planets 7 n sep>ately /udi$ yet4 ,footnote #ace3 ,! ,placita & ,eusebios bo? h in/ead ( 7see above1 p4 #fe1 n4 #b71 & x seems j possible t ?is is n a m]e corruption ( ! text4 ,! common s\rce may h _h bo? /atem5ts4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 re/ ! int]pretation giv5 above on ?is v insecure basis4 ,q ap>t f x1 x seems to be ! only way out ( ! difficulty4 ,! explanation giv5 ( ?und] & lightn+ 0 v simil>4 ,!y too 7 caus$ by fire break+ ?r\gh compress$ air1 t is to say1 ?r\gh ! /orm-cl\ds4 ,x seems probable t ?is is really ! orig9 ( ! !ory1 & t ,anaxim&] expla9$ ! heav5ly bodies on ! analogy ( lightn+1 n vice v]sa4 ,t w\ld be 9 p]fect agreem5t ) ! meteorological int]e/ ( ! "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>? & sea4 #bj4 ,we turn n[ to :at we are told ( ! orig9 ( e>? & sea f ! moi/1 cold matt] :i* 0 8sep>at$ (f0 9 ! beg9n+1 & :i* fill$ ! inside ( ! sph]e ( flame3-- ,! sea is :at is left ( ! orig9al moi/ure4 ,! fire has dri$ up mo/ ( x & turn$ ! re/ salt by scor*+ x4--,aet4 iii4 #af1 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #bj a74 ,he says t ! e>? is cyl9drical 9 =m1 & t its dep? is z a ?ird "p ( its4 bread?4--,ps4-,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,! e>? sw+s free1 held 9 its place by no?+4 ,x /ays :]e x is because ( its equal di/ance f ev]y?+4 ,its %ape is convex & r\nd1 & l a /one pill>4 ,we are on "o ( ! surfaces1 & ! o!r is on ! opposite side4#acf--;,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #bj74 ,footnote #acf3 ,! ,,mss4 ( ,hippolytos h 4 ,roep] read 1 suppos+ ! second ^w to be a gloss on ! fir/2 b ,diels has %[n 7,dox4 p4 #bah7 t bo? are want$4 ,! fir/ means 8convex10 & applies to ! surface ( ! e>?2 :ile ! second means 8r\nd10 & ref]s to its circuit4 ,z to 1 x is n easy to say any?+ positive4 ,x might1 possibly1 be a m]e corruption ( 7cf4 ,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #b2 ,r4 ,p4 #bj a72 b1 if s1 x is a v old "o4 ,aetios 7iii4 #aj1 #b71 :o is q indep5d5t ( ,hippolytos1 has 2 ,roep] sugge/$ 2 ,tei*mll]1 2 :ile ,diels d\btfully puts =w>d 1 :i* he sugge/s might be a ,!ophra/ean mod]nisation ( an orig9al 7,dox4 p4 #bai74 ,adopt+ = a mom5t ! lat] !ory ( 8elem5ts10 we see t ,anaxim&] put fire on "o side z 8! hot10 & all ! re/ on ! o!r z 8! cold10 :i* is also moi/4 ,?is may expla9 h[ ,ari/otle came to speak ( ! ,b\ndless z int]m$iate betwe5 fire & wat]4 ,& we h se5 also t ! moi/ elem5t 0 p>tly turn$ into 8air0 or vap\r by ! fire1 :i* expla9s h[ he c\ld say ! ,b\ndless 0 some?+ betwe5 fire & air1 or betwe5 air & wat]4#acg ,footnote #acg3 ,see above1 p4 #eh1 n4 #dh4 ,! moi/1 cold int]ior ( ! _w is n1 x w be notic$1 pure wat]4 ,x is always call$ 8! moi/0 or 8! moi/ /ate40 ,t is because x has to be /ill fur!r diff]5tiat$ "u ! influ5ce ( heat into e>?1 wat]1 & vap\r4 ,! gradual dry+ up ( ! wat] by ! fire is a good example ( :at ,anaxim&] meant by 8inju/ice40 ,& we see h[ ?is inju/ice br+s ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! _w4 ,! fire w 9 "t dry up & burn up ! :ole ( ! cold1 moi/ elem5t4 ,b !n x w n be fire any long]2 x w simply be ! 8mixture10 if we *oose to call x s1 ( ! hot & cold--t is1 x w be ! same z ! ,b\ndless :i* surr\nds x1 & w pass away into x4 ,! view :i* ,anaxim&] takes ( ! e>? is a great advance ^u any?+ we c reasonably attribute to ,?ales1 & ,ari/otle has pres]v$ ! argum5ts by :i* he support$ x4 ,x is equally di/ant f ! extremes 9 e direction1 & !re is no reason = x to move up or d[n or sideways4#ach ,/ill1 he does n atta9 to ! idea t x is sph]ical4 ,he believes t we live on a convex disc1 & f ?is ! cyl9drical =m foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! really rem>kable ?+ is t he %\ld h se51 h[ev] dimly1 t !re is no absolute up & d[n 9 ! _w4 ,footnote #ach3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bie b #aj1 7 7 1 4 ,t ,ari/otle is really reproduc+ ,anaxim&] seems to be %[n by ! use ( 9 ! old s5se ( 8equality40 ,sid5ote3 ,animals4 #ba4 ,we h se5 en\gh to %[ u t ! speculations ( ,anaxim&] ab\t ! _w 7 ( an extremely d>+ "*2 we come n[ to ! cr[n+ audacity ( all1 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( liv+ creatures4 ,! ,!ophra/ean acc\nt ( ?is has be5 well pres]v$ by ! doxograph]s3-- ,liv+ creatures arose f ! moi/ elem5t z x 0 evaporat$ by ! sun4 ,man 0 l ano!r animal1 namely1 a fi%1 9 ! beg9n+4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #bb a74 ,! fir/ animals 7 produc$ 9 ! moi/ure1 ea* enclos$ 9 a prickly b>k4 ,z !y advanc$ 9 age1 !y came out ^u ! dri] "p4 ,:5 ! b>k broke (f1#aci !y surviv$ = a %ort "t4--,aet4 v4 #ai1 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #bb74 ,fur!r1 he says t orig9ally man 0 born f animals ( ano!r species4 ,8 reason is t :ile o!r animals quickly f9d food by !mselves1 man alone requires a l5g?y p]iod ( suckl+4 ,h5ce1 _h he be5 orig9ally z he is n[1 he w\ld nev] h surviv$4--,ps4-,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,he decl>es t at fir/ human be+s arose 9 ! inside ( fi%es1 & aft] hav+ be5 re>$ l %>ks1#adj & become capable ( protect+ !mselves1 !y 7 f9ally ca/ a%ore & took to l&4--,plut4 ,symp4 ,quae/4 #gcj f 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,footnote #aci3 ,?is is to be und]/ood 9 ! light ( :at we are told ab\t bel[4 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,hi/4 ,an4 1 #aj4 #efe a #be1 1 1 1 4 ,footnote #adj3 ,read+ = ) ,doehn]1 :o comp>es ,plut4 de soll4 anim4 #ihb a1 :]e ! ( ! %>k is describ$4 ,see p4 #gd1 n4 #ada4 ,! importance ( ^! /atem5ts has sometimes be5 ov]rat$ & /ill m (t5 und]e/imat$4 ,anaxim&] has be5 call$ a precursor ( ,d>w9 by "s1 :ile o!rs h treat$ ! :ole ?+ z a my?ological survival4 ,x is !re=e important to notice t ?is is "o ( ! r>e cases :]e we h n m]ely a placitum1 b an indication1 meagre ?\gh x be1 ( ! obs]vations on :i* x 0 bas$1 & ! l9e ( argum5t by :i* x 0 support$4 ,x is cle> f ?is t ,anaxim&] _h an idea ( :at is meant by adaptation to environm5t & survival ( ! fitte/1 & t he saw ! high] mammals c\ld n repres5t ! orig9al type ( animal4 ,= ?is he look$ to ! sea1 & he naturally fix$ ^u ^? fi%es :i* pres5t ! close/ analogy to ! mammalia4 ,! /atem5ts ( ,ari/otle ab\t ! galeus levis 7 %[n long ago by ,johannes ,mll] to be m accurate ?an ^? ( lat] naturali/s1 & we n[ "k t ^! obs]vations 7 already made by ,anaxim&]4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! %>k n\ri%es its "y furni%$ him ) ! v ?+ he requir$ to expla9 ! survival ( ! e>lie/ animals4#ada ,footnote #ada3 ,on ,ari/otle & ! galeus levis1 see ,johannes ,mll]1 8,ueb] d5 glatt5 ,hai des ,ari/oteles0 7,k4 ,preuss4 ,akad41 #ahdb71 to :i* my att5tion has be5 direct$ by my colleague1 ,pr(4 ,d',arcy ,?omson4 ,! precise po9t ( ! words appe>s f ,ari/4 ,hi/4 ,an4 1 #aj4 #efe b #a1 1 1 1 4 ,x is n necess>y to suppose t ,anaxim&] ref]r$ to ! fur!r ph5om5on describ$ by ,ari/otle1 :o m ?an once says t all ! except ! 8s5d out _! "y & take !m back aga90 7 1 ib4 #efe b #bc71 = :i* comp>e also ,ael4 i4 #ag2 ,plut4 de soll4 anim4 #ihb a4 ,! plac5ta & umbilical cord describ$ by ,johannes ,mll] w acc\nt suffici5tly = all he says4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i und]/& t deep-sea fi%]m5 at ! pres5t day confirm ?is rem>kable /atem5t also1 & two cr$ible witnesses h in=m$ me t !y believe !y h se5 ! ?+ happ5 ) _! own eyes4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ology4 #bb4 ,9 ! c\rse ( our discussion ( ! 8innum]able worlds0 we saw t ,anaxim&] reg>d$ ^! z gods4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 z ,zell] says1#adb t to ! ,greeks ! ^w meant prim>ily an object ( wor%ip1 & he rightly adds t no "o w\ld ?9k ( wor%ipp+ innum]able worlds4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is no real objection to our int]pretation1 ?\gh x s]ves to br+ out an int]e/+ po9t 9 ! developm5t ( ,greek !ological ideas4 ,! philosoph]s1 9 fact1 dep>t$ altoge!r f ! receiv$ usage ( ! ^w 4 ,emp$okles call$ ! ,sph]e & ! ,elem5ts gods1 ?\gh x is n to be suppos$ t he reg>d$ !m z objects ( wor%ip1 & 9 ! same way we %all f9d t ,diog5es ( ,apollonia spoke ( ,air z a god4#adc ,z we may le>n f ! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes1 x 0 j ?is way ( speak+ t got philosoph]s ! "n ( be+ 4 ,x is ( great importance to be> ?is po9t 9 m9d2 =1 :5 we come to ,x5ophanes1 we %all see t ! god or gods he spoke ( meant j ! _w or worlds4 ,x seems also t ,anaxim&] call$ ! ,b\ndless itself div9e1#add :i* is q 9 accordance ) ! language ( ,emp$okles & ,diog5es ref]r$ to above4 ,footnote #adb3 ,zell]1 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #adc3 ,= ,emp$okles1 see ,*ap4 ,v4 #aai2 & = ,diog5es1 ,*ap4 ,x4 #ahh1 fr4 #e4 ,! cosmologi/s foll[$ ! !ogoni/s & cosmogoni/s 9 ?is4 ,no "o wor%ipp$ ,okeanos & ,te?ys1 or ev5 ,ouranos4 ,footnote #add3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc b #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #ag74 ,,iii4 ,,anaxim5es ,sid5ote3 ,life4 #bc4 ,anaxim5es ( ,miletos1 son ( ,eury/ratos1 01 accord+ to ,!ophra/os1 an 8associate0 ( ,anaxim&]4#ade ,apollodoros said1 x appe>s1 t he 8fl\ri%$0 ab\t ! "t ( ! fall ( ,s>deis 7#edf_/e ,b4,c471 & di$ 9 ,ol4 ,,lxiii4 7#ebh_/ebd ,b4,c474#adf ,9 o!r words1 he 0 born :5 ,?ales 8fl\ri%$10 & 8fl\ri%$0 :5 ,?ales di$1 & ?is means t ,apollodoros _h no def9ite in=mation ab\t 8 date at all4 ,he mo/ probably made him die 9 ! sixty-?ird ,olympiad because t gives j a hundr$ ye>s1 or ?ree g5]ations1 = ! ,milesian s*ool f ! bir? ( ,?ales4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 say any?+ positive z to 8 date1 except t he mu/ h be5 y\ng] ?an ,anaxim&]1 & mu/ h fl\ri%$ be=e #did ,b4,c41 :5 ! s*ool 01 ( c\rse1 brok5 up by ! de/ruction ( ,miletos4 ,footnote #ade3 ,!ophr4 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #bf74 ,footnote #adf3 ,?is foll[s f a comp>ison ( ,diog4 ii4 #c4 ) ,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #bc74 ,9 ! latt] passage we mu/1 h[ev]1 read = ) ,diels4 ,! sugge/ion 9 ,r4 ,p4 #bc e t ,apollodoros m5tion$ ! ,olympiad )\t giv+ ! numb] ( ! ye> is inadequate2 = ,apollodoros did n reckon by ,olympiads1 b ,a!nian ar*ons4 ,jacoby 7p4 #aid7 br+s ! date ( 8 dea? into connexion ) ! floruit ( ,py?agoras1 :i* seems to me less probable4 ,lortz+ 7,jahresb]41 #ahih1 p4 #bjb7 objects to my view on ! gr\nd t ! p]iod ( a hundr$ ye>s plays no "p 9 ,apollodoros's calculations4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 f ,jacoby1 pp4 #ci sqq41 t !re is "s reason = believ+ he made use ( ! g5]ation ( #cc ye>s4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 book4 #bd4 ,anaxim5es wrote a book :i* c]ta9ly surviv$ until ! age ( lit]>y criticism2 = we are told t he us$ a simple & unpret5ti\s ,ionic1#adg v diff]5t1 we may suppose1 f ! poetical prose ( ,anaxim&]4#adh ,we may probably tru/ ?is criticism1 :i* comes ultimately f ,!ophra/os2 & x furni%es a good illu/ration ( ! tru? t ! "* ( a man's ?\ghts is sure to f9d expression 9 8 /yle4 ,we h se5 t ! speculations ( ,anaxim&] 7 di/+ui%$ = _! h>dihood & bread?2 ^? ( ,anaxim5es are m>k$ by j ! opposite quality4 ,he appe>s to h ?\ght out 8 sy/em c>efully1 b he rejects ! m audaci\s !ories ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,! result is t1 :ile 8 view ( ! _w is on ! :ole mu* less l ! tru? ?an ,anaxim&]'s1 x is m fruitful 9 ideas t 7 de/9$ to hold _! gr\nd4 ,footnote #adg3 ,diog4 ii4 #c 7,r4 ,p4 #bc74 ,footnote #adh3 ,cf4 ! /atem5t ( ,!ophra/os above1 #ac4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory ( ! prim>y sub/ance4 #be4 ,anaxim5es is "o ( ! philosoph]s on :om ,!ophra/os wrote a special monograph2#adi & ?is gives u an additional gu>antee = ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! tradition d]iv$ f 8 great "w4 ,! foll[+#aej are ! passages :i* seem to conta9 ! fulle/ & mo/ accurate acc\nt ( :at he _h to say on ! c5tral feature ( ! sy/em3-- ,anaxim5es ( ,miletos1 son ( ,eury/ratos1 :o _h be5 an associate ( ,anaxim&]1 said1 l him1 t ! und]ly+ sub/ance 0 "o & inf9ite4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 say x 0 indet]m9ate1 l ,anaxim&]1 b det]m9ate2 = he said x 0 ,air4--,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #bf74 ,f x1 he said1 ! ?+s t are1 & h be51 & %all be1 ! gods & ?+s div9e1 took _! rise1 :ile o!r ?+s come f its (fspr+4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #bh74 8,j z10 he said1 8our s\l1 be+ air1 holds u toge!r1 s d brea? & air encompass ! :ole _w40--,aet4 i4 #c1 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #bd74 ,& ! =m ( ! air is z foll[s4 ,:]e x is mo/ ev51 x is invisible to our sight2 b cold & heat1 moi/ure & motion1 make x visible4 ,x is always 9 motion2 =1 if x 7 n1 x w\ld n *ange s mu* z x does4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #bh74 ,x diff]s 9 diff]5t sub/ances 9 virtue ( its r>efaction & cond5sation4--,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #bf74 ,:5 x is dilat$ s z to be r>]1 x becomes fire2 :ile w9ds1 on ! o!r h&1 are cond5s$ ,air4 ,cl\d is =m$ f ,air by felt+2#aea & ?is1 /ill fur!r cond5s$1 becomes wat]4 ,wat]1 cond5s$ /ill m1 turns to e>?2 & :5 cond5s$ z mu* z x c be1 to /ones4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #bh74aeb ,footnote #adi3 ,on ^! monographs see ,dox4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see ! conspectus ( extracts f ,!ophra/os giv5 9 ,dox4 p4 #ace4 ,footnote #aea3 8,felt+0 77 is ! regul> t]m = ?is process ) all ! e>ly cosmologi/s1 f :om ,plato has tak5 x 7,tim4 #eh b #d2 #gf c #c74 ,footnote #aeb3 ,a m cond5s$ =m ( ! same doxographical tradition is giv5 by ,ps4-,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #c 7,r4 ,p4 #be74 ,sid5ote3 ,r>efaction & cond5sation4 #bf4 ,at ! fir/ glance1 ?is und\bt$ly looks l a fall+ (f f ! m ref9$ doctr9e ( ,anaxim&] to a crud] view2 b a mom5t's reflexion w %[ t ?is is n altoge!r ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! introduction ( r>efaction & cond5sation into ! !ory is a notable advance4#aec ,9 fact1 x makes ! ,milesian cosmology ?or\ghly consi/5t = ! fir/ "t2 s9ce x is cle> t a !ory :i* expla9s ev]y?+ by ! trans=mations ( a s+le sub/ance is b\nd to reg>d all diff]5ces z purely quantitative4 ,! inf9ite sub/ance ( ,anaxim&]1 f :i* ! opposites 89 x0 are 8sep>at$ out10 _c1 /rictly speak+1 be ?\ght ( z homog5e\s1 & ! only way to save ! unity ( ! prim>y sub/ance is to say t all div]sities are due to ! pres5ce ( m or less ( x 9 a giv5 space4 ,& :5 once ?is important /ep has be5 tak51 x is no long] necess>y to make ! prim>y sub/ance some?+ 8di/9ct f ! elem5ts10 to use ,ari/otle's inaccurate b conv5i5t phrase2 x may j z well be "o ( !m4 ,footnote #aec3 ,simplicius1 ,phys4 p4 #adi1 #cb 7,r4 ,p4 #bf b71 says1 accord+ to ! ,,mss41 t ,!ophra/os spoke ( r>efaction & cond5sation 9 ! case ( ,anaxim5es alone4 ,we mu/ ei!r suppose ) ,zell] 7p4 #aic1 n4 #b7 t ?is means 8alone among ! olde/ ,ionians0 or read = ) ,us5]4 ,! regul> t]ms are & or 4 ,plut>*1 de prim4 frig4 #idg f 7,r4 ,p4 #bg71 says t ,anaxim5es us$ ! t]m = ! r>efi$ air4 ,sid5ote3 ,air4 #bg4 ,! air t ,anaxim5es speaks ( includes a good deal t we %\ld n call by t "n4 ,9 its normal condition1 :5 mo/ ev5ly di/ribut$1 x is invisible1 & x !n corresponds to our 8air02 x is id5tical ) ! brea? we inhale & ! w9d t bl[s4 ,t is :y he call$ x 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! old idea1 famili> to u 9 ,hom]1 t mi/ or vap\r is cond5s$ air1 is /ill accept$ )\t "q4 ,9 o!r words1 we may say t ,anaxim5es suppos$ x to be a good deal easi] to get liquid air ?an x has s9ce prov$ to be4 ,x 0 ,emp$okles1 we %all see1 :o fir/ discov]$ t :at we call air 0 a di/9ct corporeal sub/ance1 & 0 n id5tical ei!r ) vap\r or ) empty space4 ,9 ! e>li] cosmologi/s 8air0 is always a =m ( vap\r1 & ev5 d>kness is a =m ( x4 ,x 0 ,emp$okles :o cle>$ up ?is po9t too by %[+ t d>kness is a %ad[4#aed ,footnote #aed3 ,= ! mean+ ( 9 ,hom]1 see ,s*midt1 ,synonomik1 #ce2 & = its survival 9 ,ionic prose1 ,hippokrates1 1 1 1 #ae1 4 ,plato is /ill consci\s ( ! old mean+ ( ! ^w2 = he makes ,timaios say 77 1 7,tim4 #eh d74 ,! view giv5 9 ! text has be5 criticis$ by ,tann]y1 8,une n\velle hypo?se sur ,anaxim&re0 7,ar*4 viii4 pp4 #ddc sqq471 & ,i h slightly alt]$ my expression ( x to meet ^! criticisms4 ,! po9t is ( fundam5tal importance1 z we %all see1 = ! int]pretation ( ,py?agoreanism4 ,x 0 natural = ,anaxim5es to fix ^u ,air 9 ?is s5se z ! prim>y sub/ance2 =1 9 ! sy/em ( ,anaxim&]1 x occupi$ an int]m$iate place betwe5 ! two fundam5tal opposites1 ! sph]e ( flame & ! cold1 moi/ mass )9 x 7 #ai74 ,we "k f ,plut>* t he fanci$ air became w>m] :5 r>efi$1 & cold] :5 cond5s$4 ,( ?is he satisfi$ himself by a curi\s exp]im5tal pro(4 ,:5 we brea! ) our m\?s op51 ! air is w>m2 :5 we brea! ) our lips clos$1 x is cold4#aee ,footnote #aee3 ,plut4 de prim4 frig4 #idg f 7,r4 ,p4 #bg74 ,sid5ote3 ,! _w brea!s4 #bh4 ,?is argum5t f human brea?+ br+s u to an important po9t 9 ! !ory ( ,anaxim5es1 :i* is atte/$ by ! s+le fragm5t t has come d[n to u4#aef 8,j z our s\l1 be+ air1 holds u toge!r1 s d brea? & air encompass ! :ole _w40 ,! prim>y sub/ance be>s ! same relation to ! life ( ! _w z to t ( man4 ,n[ ?is1 we %all see1 0 ! ,py?agorean view2#aeg & x is also an e>ly in/ance ( ! argum5t f ! microcosm to ! macrocosm1 & s m>ks ! fir/ beg9n+s ( an int]e/ 9 physiological matt]s4 ,footnote #aef3 ,aet4 i4 #c1 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #bd74 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #ec4 ,sid5ote3 ,! p>ts ( ! _w4 #bi4 ,we turn n[ to ! doxographical tradition conc]n+ ! =mation ( ! _w & its p>ts3-- ,he says t1 z ! air 0 felt$1 ! e>? fir/ came into be+4 ,x is v broad & is accord+ly support$ by ! air4--,ps4-,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #c 7,r4 ,p4 #be74 ,9 ! same way ! sun & ! moon & ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 :i* are ( a fi]y nature1 are support$ by ! air because ( _! bread?4 ,! heav5ly bodies 7 produc$ f ! e>? by moi/ure ris+ f x4 ,:5 ?is is r>efi$1 fire comes into be+1 & ! />s are compos$ ( ! fire ?us rais$ al(t4 ,!re 7 also bodies ( e>?y sub/ance 9 ! region ( ! />s1 revolv+ along ) !m4 ,& he says t ! heav5ly bodies d n move "u ! e>?1 z o!rs suppose1 b r\nd x1 z a cap turns r\nd our head4 ,! sun is hidd5 f sight1 n because x goes "u ! e>?1 b because x is conceal$ by ! high] p>ts ( ! e>?1 & because its di/ance f u becomes great]4 ,! />s give no heat because ( ! greatness ( _! di/ance4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #g1 #d-f 7,r4 ,p4 #bh74 ,w9ds are produc$ :5 air is cond5s$ & ru%es along "u propulsion2 b :5 x is conc5trat$ & ?ick5$ /ill m1 cl\ds are g5]at$2 &1 la/ly1 x turns to wat]4#aeh--;,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #g1 #g 7,dox4 p4 #efa74 ,! />s are fix$ l nails 9 ! cry/all9e vault ( ! heav5s4--,aet4 ii4 #ad1 #c 7,dox4 p4 #cdd74 ,!y d n g "u ! e>?1 b turn r\nd x4--,ib4 #af1 #f 7,dox4 p4 #cdf74 ,! sun is fi]y4--,ib4 #bj1 #b 7,dox4 p4 #cdh74 ,x is broad l a leaf4--,ib4 #bb1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #ceb74 ,! heav5ly bodies are div]t$ f _! c\rses by ! resi/ance ( compress$ air4--,ib4 #bc1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #ceb74 ,! moon is ( fire4--,ib4 #be1 #b 7,dox4 p4 #cef74 ,anaxim5es expla9$ lightn+ l ,anaxim&]1 add+ z an illu/ration :at happ5s 9 ! case ( ! sea1 :i* fla%es :5 divid$ by ! o>s4--,ib4 iii4 #c1 #b 7,dox4 p4 #cfh74 ,hail is produc$ :5 wat] freezes 9 fall+2 sn[1 :5 !re is "s air imprison$ 9 ! wat]4--,aet4 iii #d1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #cgj74 ,! ra9b[ is produc$ :5 ! beams ( ! sun fall on ?ick cond5s$ air4 ,h5ce ! ant]ior "p ( x seems r$1 be+ burnt by ! sun's rays1 :ile ! o!r "p is d>k1 ow+ to ! pr$om9ance ( moi/ure4 ,& he says t a ra9b[ is produc$ at night by ! moon1 b n (t51 because !re is n con/antly a full moon1 & because ! moon's light is weak] ?an t ( ! sun4--,s*ol4 ,arat4#aei 7,dox4 p4 #bca74 ,! e>? 0 l a table 9 %ape4--,aet4 iii4 #aj1 #c 7,dox4 p4 #cgg74 ,! cause ( e>?quakes 0 ! dryness & moi/ure ( ! e>?1 occasion$ by dr\ghts & heavy ra9s respectively4--,ib4 #ae1 #c 7,dox4 p4 #cgi74 ,footnote #aeh3 ,! text is v corrupt "h4 ,i reta9 1 because we are told above t w9ds are cond5s$ air1 & ,i adopt ,zell]'s 7p4 #bdf1 n4 #eed74 ,we h se5 t ,anaxim5es 0 q ju/ifi$ 9 go+ back to ,?ales 9 reg>d to 8 g5]al !ory ( ! prim>y sub/ance2 b x _c be d5i$ t ! effect ( ?is ^u ! details ( 8 cosmology 0 un=tunate4 ,! e>? is once m imag9$ z a table-l disc float+ ^u ! air4 ,! sun1 moon1 & planets are also fi]y discs :i* float on ! air 8l leaves40 ,x foll[s t ! heav5ly bodies _c be ?\ght ( z go+ "u ! e>? at night1 b only z go+ r\nd x lat]ally l a cap or a mill/one4#afj ,?is curi\s view is also m5tion$ 9 ,ari/otle's ,meteorology1#afa :]e ! elevation ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! e>?1 :i* makes x possible = ! heav5ly bodies to be hidd5 f sight1 is ref]r$ to4 ,9 fact1 :]eas ,anaxim&] _h reg>d$ ! orbits ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s z oblique ) ref]5ce to ! e>?1 ,anaxim5es reg>d$ ! e>? itself z incl9$4 ,! only real advance is ! di/9ction ( ! planets1 :i* float freely 9 ! air1 f ! fix$ />s1 :i* are fa/5$ to ! 8cry/all9e0 vault ( ! sky4#afb ,footnote #aei3 ,! s\rce ( ?is is ,poseidonios1 :o us$ ,!ophra/os4 ,dox4 p4 #bca4 ,footnote #afj3 ,!odoret 7iv4 #af7 speaks ( ^? :o believe 9 a revolution l t ( a mill/one1 z contra/$ ) "o l t ( a :eel4 ,diels 7,dox4 p4 #df7 ref]s ^! similes to ,anaxim5es & ,anaxim&] respectively4 ,!y come1 ( c\rse1 f ,aetios 7,app5dix1 #aj71 ?\gh !y are giv5 nei!r by ,/obaios nor 9 ! ,placita4 ,footnote #afa3 1 #a4 #ced a #bh 7,r4 ,p4 #bh c74 ,footnote #afb3 ,we d n "k h[ ,anaxim5es imag9$ ! 8cry/all9e0 sky4 ,x is probable t he us$ ! ^w z ,emp$okles did4 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,v4 #aab4 ,! e>?y bodies1 :i* circulate among ! planets1 are d\btless int5d$ to acc\nt = eclipses & ! phases ( ! moon4#afc ,footnote #afc3 ,see ,tann]y1 ,sci5ce hellne1 p4 #aec4 ,= ! precisely simil> bodies assum$ by ,anaxagoras1 see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #ace4 ,see fur!r ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #aea4 ,sid5ote3 ,innum]able worlds4 #cj4 ,z might be expect$1 !re is ! same difficulty ab\t ! 8innum]able worlds0 ascrib$ to ,anaxim5es z ab\t ^? ( ,anaxim&]1 & mo/ ( ! argum5ts giv5 above 7 #ah7 apply "h also4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 is f> less satisfactory4 ,cic]o says t ,anaxim5es reg>d$ air z a god1 & adds t x came into be+4#afd ,t !re is "s confusion "h is obvi\s4 ,air1 z ! prim>y sub/ance1 is c]ta9ly et]nal1 & x is q likely t ,anaxim5es call$ x 8div9e10 z ,anaxim&] did ! ,b\ndless2 b x is c]ta9 t he also spoke ( gods :o came into be+ & pass$ away4 ,^! arose1 he said1 f ! air4 ,?is is expressly /at$ by ,hippolytos1#afe & also by ,/4 ,augu/9e4#aff ,^! gods are probably to be expla9$ l ,anaxim&]'s4 ,simplicius1 inde$1 takes ano!r view2#afg b he may h be5 misl$ by a ,/oic au?ority4 ,footnote #afd3 ,cic4 de nat4 ,d4 i4 #bf 7,r4 ,p4 #bh b74 ,on :at foll[s see ,kris*e1 ,=s*ung51 pp4 #eb sqq4 ,footnote #afe3 ,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #g1 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #bh74 ,footnote #aff3 ,aug4 de civ4 ,d4 viii4 #b3 8,anaxim5es omnes r]um causas inf9ito ari d$it3 nec deos negavit aut tacuit2 non tam5 ab ipsis arem factum1 s$ ipsos ex are ortos cr$idit0 7,r4 ,p4 #bh b74 ,footnote #afg3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aaba1 #ab 7,r4 ,p4 #bh a74 ,! passage f ! ,placita is ( high] au?ority ?an ?is f ,simplicius4 ,note1 fur!r1 t x is only to ,anaxim5es1 ,h]akleitos1 & ,diog5es t successive worlds are ascrib$ ev5 "h4 ,) reg>d to ,anaxim&]1 ,simplicius is q cle>4 ,= ! ,/oic view ( ,h]akleitos1 see ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #gh2 & = ,diog5es1 ,*ap4 ,x4 #ahh4 ,t ,simplicius is foll[+ a ,/oic au?ority is sugge/$ by ! words 4 ,cf4 also ,simpl4 de ,caelo1 p4 #bjb1 #ac4 ,sid5ote3 ,influ5ce ( ,anaxim5es4 #ca4 ,x is n q easy = u to realise t1 9 ! eyes ( 8 contempor>ies1 & = long aft]1 ,anaxim5es 0 a mu* m important figure ?an ,anaxim&]4 ,& yet ! fact is c]ta94 ,we %all see t ,py?agoras1 ?\gh he foll[$ ,anaxim&] 9 8 acc\nt ( ! heav5ly bodies1 0 f> m indebt$ to ,anaxim5es = 8 g5]al !ory ( reality 7 #ec74 ,we %all see fur!r t :51 at a lat] date1 sci5ce reviv$ once m 9 ,ionia1 x 0 8! philosophy ( ,anaxim5es0 to :i* x atta*$ itself 7 #abb74 ,anaxagoras adopt$ _m ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic views 7 #ace71 & "s ( !m ev5 f\nd _! way into ! cosmology ( ! ,atomi/s4#afh ,diog5es ( ,apollonia w5t back to ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,anaxim5es1 & once m made ,air ! prim>y sub/ance1 ?\gh he also tri$ to comb9e x ) ! !ories ( ,anaxagoras 7 #ahh74 ,we %all come to all ?is lat] on2 b x seem$ desirable to po9t out at once t ,anaxim5es m>ks ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! l9e ( ?\ght :i* />t$ ) ,?ales1 & to %[ h[ ! 8philosophy ( ,anaxim5es0 came to mean ! ,milesian doctr9e z a :ole4 ,?is x c only h done because x 0 really ! "w ( a s*ool1 ( :i* ,anaxim5es 0 ! la/ di/+ui%$ repres5tative1 & because 8 contribution to x 0 "o t complet$ ! sy/em he _h inh]it$ f 8 pr$ecessors4 ,t ! !ory ( r>efaction & cond5sation 0 really su* a completion ( ! ,milesian sy/em1 we h se5 already 7 #bf71 & x ne$ only be add$ t a cle> realisation ( ?is fact w be ! be/ clue at once to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,milesian cosmology itself & to t ( ! sy/ems :i* foll[$ x4 ,9 ! ma91 x is f ,anaxim5es t !y all />t4 ,footnote #afh3 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! au?ority ( ,anaxim5es 0 s great t bo? ,leukippos & ,demokritos adh]$ to 8 !ory ( a disc-l e>?4 ,cf4 ,aet4 iii4 #aj1 #c-e 7 71 7 74 4 1 4 ,?is1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! sph]ical =m ( ! e>? 0 already a commonplace 9 circles affect$ by ,py?agoreanism4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion ,sid5ote3 ,migrations to ! ,we/4 #cb4 ,s f> we h n met ) any trace ( direct antagonism betwe5 sci5ce & popul> beliefs1 ?\gh ! views ( ! ,milesian cosmologi/s 7 really z inconsi/5t ) ! religions ( ! p z ) ! my?ology ( ! an?ropomorphic poets4#afi ,two ?+s ha/5$ ! conflict--! %ift+ ( ! sc5e to ! ,we/1 & ! religi\s revival :i* swept ov] ,hellas 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,footnote #afi3 ,= ! !ological views ( ,anaxim&] & ,anaxim5es1 see #bb & #cj4 ,! *ief figures 9 ! philosophical hi/ory ( ! p]iod 7 ,py?agoras ( ,samos & ,x5ophanes ( ,kolophon4 ,bo? 7 ,ionians by bir?1 & yet bo? sp5t ! great] "p ( _! lives 9 ! ,we/4 ,we see f ,h]odotos h[ ! ,p]sian advance 9 ,asia ,m9or occasion$ a s]ies ( migrations to ,sicily & ,s\!rn ,italy2#agj & ?is1 ( c\rse1 made a great diff]5ce to philosophy z well z to religion4 ,! new views _h probably gr[n up s naturally & gradually 9 ,ionia t ! %ock ( conflict & reaction 0 avoid$2 b t c\ld no long] be s1 :5 !y 7 transplant$ to a region :]e m5 7 :olly unprep>$ to receive !m4 ,footnote #agj3 ,cf4 ,h]od4 i4 #agj 7advice ( ,bias72 vi4 #bb sqq4 7,kale ,akte74 ,ano!r1 ?\gh a some:at lat]1 effect ( ^! migrations 0 to br+ ,sci5ce into contact ) ,rhetoric1 "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic products ( ,we/]n ,hellas4 ,already 9 ,p>m5ides we may note ! pres5ce ( t dialectical & controv]sial _s :i* 0 de/9$ to h s great an influ5ce on ,greek ?\ght1 & x 0 j ?is fusion ( ! art ( argu+ = victory ) ! se>* = tru? t be=e long gave bir? to ,logic4 ,sid5ote3 ,! religi\s revival4 #cc4 ,mo/ important ( all 9 its influ5ce on philosophy 0 ! religi\s revival :i* culm9at$ ab\t ?is "t4 ,! religion ( cont95tal ,hellas _h develop$ 9 a v diff]5t way f t ( ,ionia4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos1 :i* came f ,?race1 & is b>ely m5tion$ 9 ,hom]1 conta9$ 9 g]m a :olly new way ( look+ at man's relation to ! _w4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly be wrong to cr$it ! ,?racians !mselves ) any v exalt$ views2 b !re c be no d\bt t1 to ! ,greeks1 ! ph5om5on ( ec/asy sugge/$ t ! s\l 0 some?+ m ?an a feeble d\ble ( ! self1 & t x 0 only :5 8out ( ! body0 x c\ld %[ its true nature4#aga ,to a less ext5t1 su* ideas 7 also sugge/$ by ! wor%ip ( ,demet]1 ^: my/]ies 7 celebrat$ at ,eleusis2 ?\gh1 9 lat] days1 ^! came to take ! lead+ place 9 m5's m9ds4 ,t 0 because !y 7 incorporat$ 9 ! public religion ( ,a!ns4 ,footnote #aga3 ,on all ?is1 see ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 pp4 #cbg sqq4 ,x is probable t he exagg]at$ ! degree to :i* ^! ideas 7 already develop$ among ! ,?racians1 b ! ess5tial connexion ( ! new view ( ! s\l ) ,nor!rn wor%ips is confirm$ by ! tradition ov] & ov] aga94 ,be=e ! "t ) :i* we are deal+1 tradition %[s u dimly an age ( inspir$ prophets--,bakides & ,sibyls--foll[$ by "o ( /range m$ic9e-m5 l ,ab>is & ,ari/eas ( ,prokonnesos4 ,) ,epim5ides ( ,crete1 we t\* ! fr+e ( hi/ory1 :ile ,ph]ekydes ( ,syros is ! contempor>y ( ! e>ly cosmologi/s1 & we /ill h "s fragm5ts ( 8 disc\rse4 ,x look$ z if ,greek religion 7 ab\t to ent] ^u ! same /age z t already rea*$ by ! religions ( ! ,ea/2 &1 b = ! rise ( sci5ce1 x is h>d to see :at c\ld h *eck$ ?is t5d5cy4 ,x is usual to say t ! ,greeks 7 sav$ f a religion ( ! ,ori5tal type by _! hav+ no prie/hood2 b ?is is to mi/ake ! effect = ! cause4 ,prie/hoods d n make dogmas1 ?\gh !y pres]ve !m once !y are made2 & 9 ! e>li] /ages ( _! developm5t1 ! ,ori5tal peoples _h no prie/hoods ei!r 9 ! s5se int5d$4#agb ,x 0 n s mu* ! abs5ce ( a prie/hood z ! exi/5ce ( ! sci5tific s*ools t sav$ ,greece4 ,footnote #agb3 ,see ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii4 #dfa4 ,! exagg]at$ rle (t5 attribut$ to prie/hoods is a survival ( ,fr5* eighte5? c5tury ?9k+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,orphic religion4 #cd4 ,! new religion--= 9 "o s5se x 0 new1 ?\gh 9 ano!r z old z mank9d--rea*$ its highe/ po9t ( developm5t ) ! f\ndation ( ! ,orphic communities4 ,s f> z we c see1 ! orig9al home ( ^! 0 ,attika2 b !y spread ) extraord9>y rapidity1 especially 9 ,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily4#agc ,!y 7 fir/ ( all associations = ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos2 b !y 7 di/+ui%$ by two features :i* 7 new among ! ,hell5es4 ,!y look$ to a revelation z ! s\rce ( religi\s au?ority1 & !y 7 organis$ z artificial communities4 ,! poems :i* conta9$ _! !ology 7 ascrib$ to ! ,?racian ,orpheus1 :o _h himself desc5d$ into ,hades1 & 0 !re=e a safe guide ?r\gh ! p]ils :i* beset ! disembodi$ s\l 9 ! next _w4 ,we h consid]able rema9s ( ?is lit]ature1 b !y are mo/ly ( late date1 & _c safely be us$ z evid5ce = ! beliefs ( ! six? c5tury4 ,we d "k1 h[ev]1 t ! lead+ ideas ( ,orphicism 7 q e>ly4 ,a numb] ( ?9 gold plates ) ,orphic v]ses inscrib$ on !m h be5 discov]$ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy2#agd & ?\gh ^! are some:at lat] 9 date ?an ! p]iod ) :i* we are deal+1 !y belong to ! "t :5 ,orphicism 0 a liv+ cre$ & n a fanta/ic revival4 ,:at c be made out f !m z to ! doctr9e has a />tl+ resemblance to ! beliefs :i* 7 preval5t 9 ,india ab\t ! same "t1 ?\gh x seems impossible t !re %\ld h be5 any actual contact betwe5 ,india & ,greece at ?is date4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! ,orgia#age 0 to 8purify0 ! believ]'s s\l1 & s enable x to escape f ! 8:eel ( bir?10 & x 0 = ! bett] atta9m5t ( ?is end t ! ,orphics 7 organis$ 9 communities4 ,religi\s associations mu/ h be5 kn[n to ! ,greeks f a fairly e>ly date2#agf b ! olde/ ( ^! 7 bas$1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 on ! tie ( k9dr$ blood4 ,:at 0 new 0 ! in/itution ( communities to :i* any "o might be admitt$ by initiation4#agg ,?is 01 9 fact1 ! e/abli%m5t ( *ur*es1 ?\gh !re is no evid5ce t ^! 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r 9 su* a way t we c\ld rightly speak ( !m z a s+le *ur*4 ,! ,py?agoreans came ne>] to realis+ t4 ,footnote #agc3 ,see ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii4 #dec-dfj1 :o rightly emphasises ! fact t ! ,orphic !ogony is ! cont9uation ( ,hesiod's "w4 ,z we h se51 "s ( x is ev5 old] ?an ,hesiod4 ,footnote #agd3 ,= ! gold plates ( ,?\rioi & ,petelia1 see ! ,app5dix to ,miss ,h>rison's ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 :]e ! text ( !m is discuss$ & a translation giv5 by ,pr(essor ,gilb]t ,murray4 ,footnote #age3 ,?is 0 ! olde/ "n = ^! 8my/]ies10 & x simply means 8sacram5ts0 7cf4 74 ,orgia are n necess>ily 8orgia/ic40 ,t association ( ideas m]ely comes f ! fact t !y belong$ to ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos4 ,footnote #agf3 ,h]odotos m5tions t ,isagoras & ^? ( 8 wor%ipp$ ! ,k>ian ,zeus 7v4 #ff71 & x is probable t ! ,orgeones atta*$ by ,klei/h5es to ! ,attic phratriai 7 associations ( ?is k9d4 ,see ,f\c>t1 ,les associations religieuses *ez les ,grecs4 ,footnote #agg3 ,a /rik+ p>allel is af=d$ to all ?is by :at we are told 9 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #cci4 8,! lead+ feature t di/+ui%$ !m0 7! ,semitic my/]ies ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c47 8f ! old public cults ) :i* !y came into competition1 is t !y 7 n bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( nationality1 b s\ght recruits f m5 ( e race :o 7 will+ to accept initiation ?r\gh ! my/ic sacram5ts40 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophy z a ,way ( ,life4 #ce4 ,we h to take acc\nt ( ! religi\s revival "h1 *iefly because x sugge/$ ! view t philosophy 0 above all a 8way ( life40 ,sci5ce too 0 a 8purification10 a means ( escape f ! 8:eel40 ,?is is ! view express$ s /rongly 9 ,plato's ,pha$o1 :i* 0 writt5 "u ! influ5ce ( ,py?agorean ideas4#agh ,sokrates became to 8 foll[]s ! ideal 8wise man10 & x 0 to ?is side ( 8 p]sonality ! ,cynics ma9ly atta*$ !mselves4 ,f !m proce$$ ! ,/oic sage & ! ,*ri/ian sa9t1 & also ! :ole brood ( impo/ors :om ,lucian has pillori$ = our edification4#agi ,sa9ts & sages are apt to appe> 9 que/ionable %apes1 & ,apollonios ( ,tyana %[$ 9 ! end :]e ?is view may lead4 ,x 0 n :olly abs5t f any ,greek philosophy aft] ! days ( ,py?agoras4 ,ari/otle is z mu* possess$ by x z any "o1 z we may see f ! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,e?ics1 & z we %\ld see /ill m di/9ctly if we possess$ su* works z ! ,protreptikos 9 _! entirety4#ahj ,plato1 inde$1 tri$ to make ! ideal wise man ( s]vice to ! /ate & mank9d by 8 doctr9e ( ! philosoph] k+4 ,x 0 he alone1 s f> z we "k1 t insi/$ on philosoph]s desc5d+ by turns into ! cave f :i* !y _h be5 releas$ & com+ to ! help ( _! =m] fell[-prison]s4#aha ,t 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! view t prevail$1 & ! 8wise man0 became m & m deta*$ f ! _w4 ,apollonios ( ,tyana 0 q entitl$ to reg>d himself z ! spiritual heir ( ,py?agoras2 = ! !urgy & ?aumaturgy ( ! late ,greek s*ools 0 b ! fruit ( ! se$ s[n 9 ! g5]ation be=e ! ,p]sian ,w>s4 ,footnote #agh3 ,! ,pha$o is d$icat$1 z x 71 to ,e*ekrates & ! ,py?agorean society at ,phlei\s1 & x is evid5t t ,plato 9 8 y\? 0 impress$ by ! religi\s side ( ,py?agoreanism1 ?\gh ! influ5ce ( ,py?agorean sci5ce is n cle>ly m>k$ till a lat] p]iod4 ,note specially ! ( ,phd4 #ff b #d4 ,9 ,rep4 x4 #fjj b #a1 ,plato speaks ( ,py?agoras z ! orig9ator ( a private 4 ,footnote #agi3 ,cf4 especially ! po9t ( view ( ! ,auction ( ,lives 7 74 ,footnote #ahj3 ,= ! ( ,ari/otle1 see ,bywat] 9 ,j4 ,phil4 ii4 p4 #ee2 ,diels 9 ,ar*4 i4 p4 #dgg2 & ! notes on ,e?ics1 i4 #e1 9 my edition4 ,footnote #aha3 ,plato1 ,rep4 #ebj c #a1 4 ,! allegory ( ! ,cave seems to be ,orphic1 & ,i believe ,pr(essor ,/ew>t's sugge/ion 7,my?s ( ,plato1 p4 #beb1 n4 #b71 t ,plato _h ! 9 m9d1 to be q ju/ifi$4 ,! idea ( rescu+ ! 8spirits 9 prison0 is ?or\ghly ,orphic4 ,sid5ote3 ,no doctr9e 9 ! 8,my/]ies40 #cf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be wrong to suppose t ,orphicism or ! ,my/]ies sugge/$ any def9ite doctr9es to philosoph]s1 at lea/ dur+ ! p]iod :i* we are ab\t to consid]4 ,we h admitt$ t !y really impli$ a new view ( ! s\l1 & we might !re=e h expect$ to f9d t !y pr(\ndly modifi$ m5's !ory ( ! _w & _! relation to x4 ,! /rik+ ?+ is t ?is did n happ54 ,ev5 ^? philosoph]s :o 7 mo/ closely 9 t\* ) ! religi\s movem5t1 l ,emp$okles & ! ,py?agoreans1 held views ab\t ! s\l :i* really contradict$ ! !ory impli$ by _! religi\s practices4#ahb ,!re is no room = an immortal s\l 9 any philosophy ( ?is p]iod4 ,up to ,plato's "t immortality 0 nev] treat$ 9 a sci5tific way1 b m]ely assum$ 9 ! ,orphic rites1 to :i* ,plato half s]i\sly turns = confirmation ( 8 own tea*+4#ahc ,footnote #ahb3 ,= ,emp$okles1 see #aai2 = ! ,py?agoreans1 see #adi4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,cf4 ,phd4 #fi c #b1 1 444 ,! g5tle irony ( ?is & simil> passages ought to be unmi/akable4 ,all ?is is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,) u a religi\s revival g5]ally means ! vivid realisation ( a new or =gott5 doctr9e1 :ile anci5t religion has prop]ly no doctr9e at all4 8,! initiat$10 ,ari/otle said1 87 n expect$ to le>n any?+1 b m]ely to be affect$ 9 a c]ta9 way & put into a c]ta9 frame ( m9d40#ahd ,no?+ 0 requir$ b t ! ritual %\ld be correctly p]=m$1 & ! wor%ipp] 0 free to give any explanation ( x he pleas$4 ,x might be z exalt$ z t ( ,p9d> & ,sophokles1 or z mat]ial z t ( ! it9]ant my/]y-mong]s describ$ by ,plato 9 ! ,republic4 ,! ess5tial ?+ 0 t he %\ld duly sacrifice 8 pig4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,ari/4 fr4 #de1 #adhc a #ai1 1 4 ,i4 ,,py?agoras ,,( ,,samos ,sid5ote3 ,"* ( ! tradition4 #cg4 ,x is no easy task to give an acc\nt ( ,py?agoras t c claim to be reg>d$ z hi/ory4 ,our pr9cipal s\rces ( in=mation#ahe are ! ,lives compos$ by ,iambli*os1 ,porphyry1 & ,la]tios ,diog5es4 ,t ( ,iambli*os is a wret*$ compilation1 bas$ *iefly on ! "w ( ! ari?metician ,nikoma*os ( ,g]asa 9 ,judaea1 & ! romance ( ,apollonios ( ,tyana1 :o reg>d$ himself z a second ,py?agoras1 & accord+ly took great lib]ties ) 8 mat]ials4#ahf ,porphyry /&s1 z a writ]1 on a f> high] level ?an ,iambli*os2 b 8 au?orities d n inspire u ) m confid5ce4 ,he1 too1 made use ( ,nikoma*os1 & ( a c]ta9 noveli/ call$ ,antonius ,diog5es1 au?or ( a "w entitl$ ,m>vels f beyond ,?ule4#ahg ,diog5es quotes1 z usual1 a consid]able numb] ( au?orities1 & ! /atem5ts he makes mu/ be e/imat$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! s\rces f :i* !y 7 drawn4#ahh ,s f>1 x mu/ be confess$1 our mat]ial does n seem promis+4 ,fur!r exam9ation %[s1 h[ev]1 t a good _m fragm5ts ( two mu* old] au?orities1 ,ari/ox5os & ,dikai>*os1 are emb$d$ 9 ! mass4 ,^! writ]s 7 bo? disciples ( ,ari/otle2 !y 7 natives ( ,s\!rn ,italy1 & contempor>y ) ! la/ g5]ation ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool4 ,bo? wrote acc\nts ( ,py?agoras2 & ,ari/ox5os1 :o 0 p]sonally intimate ) ! la/ repres5tatives ( sci5tific ,py?agoreanism1 also made a collection ( ! say+s ( 8 fri5ds4 ,n[ ! ,neopy?agorean /ory1 z we h x 9 ,iambli*os1 is a tissue ( incr$ible & fanta/ic my?s2 b1 if we sift out ! /atem5ts :i* g back to ,ari/ox5os & ,dikai>*os1 we c easily con/ruct a rational n>rative1 9 :i* ,py?agoras appe>s n z a miracle-mong] & religi\s innovator1 b simply z a morali/ & /atesman4 ,we might !n be tempt$ to suppose t ?is is ! g5u9e tradition2 b t w\ld be altoge!r a mi/ake4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 a ?ird & /ill e>li] /ratum 9 ! ,lives1 & ?is agrees ) ! late/ acc\nts 9 repres5t+ ,py?agoras z a wond]-work] & a religi\s re=m]4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,see ,e4 ,rohde's admirable pap]s1 8,die ,quell5 des ,iambli*us 9 se9] ,biographie des ,py?agoras0 7,rh4 ,mus4 xxvi41 xxvii474 ,footnote #ahf3 ,iambli*os 0 a disciple ( ,porphyry1 & contempor>y ) ,con/ant9e4 ,! ,life ( ,py?agoras has be5 edit$ by ,nauck 7#ahhd74 ,nikoma*os belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! second c5tury ,a4,d4 ,!re is no evid5ce t he add$ any?+ to ! au?orities he foll[$1 b ^! 7 already vitiat$ by ,neopy?agorean fables4 ,/ill1 x is to him we *iefly owe ! pres]vation ( ! valuable evid5ce ( ,ari/ox5os4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,porphyry's ,life ( ,py?agoras is ! only consid]able extract f 8 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 9 f\r books1 t has surviv$4 ,! romance ( ,antonius is ! orig9al p>odi$ by ,lucian 9 8 ,v]a ,hi/oria4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,! importance ( ! life 9 ,la]tios ,diog5es lies 9 ! fact t x gives u ! /ory curr5t at ,alex&ria be=e ! rise ( ,neopy?agoreanism & ! promulgation ( ! gospel accord+ to ,apollonios ( ,tyana4 ,"s ( ! mo/ /rik+ miracles ( ,py?agoras are relat$ on ! au?ority ( ,&ron's ,tripod1 & ( ,ari/otle's "w on ! ,py?agoreans4#ahi ,bo? ^! treatises belong to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 & are !re=e unt\*$ by ,neopy?agorean fancies4 ,fur!r1 x is only by assum+ ! /ill e>li] exi/5ce ( ?is view t we c expla9 ! allusions ( ,h]odotos4 ,! ,hellespont9e ,greeks told him t ,salmoxis or ,zamolxis _h be5 a slave ( ,py?agoras1#aij & ,salmoxis is a figure ( ! same class z ,ab>is & ,ari/eas4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,&ron ( ,ephesos wrote a "w on ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 call$ ,! ,tripod1 9 allusion to ! well-kn[n /ory4 ,! feats ascrib$ to ,py?agoras 9 ! ,ari/otelian treatise rem9d u ( an ecclesia/ical leg5d4 ,= example1 he kills a deadly snake by bit+ x2 he 0 se5 at ,kroton & ,metapontion at ! same "t2 he exhibit$ 8 gold5 ?igh at ,olympia1 & 0 address$ by a voice f heav5 :5 cross+ ! riv] ,kasas4 ,! same au?ority /at$ t he 0 id5tifi$ by ! ,krotoniates ) ,apollo ,hyp]boreios 7,ari/4 fr4 #ahf74 ,footnote #aij3 ,h]od4 iv4 #ie4 ,x seems1 !n1 t bo? ! olde/ & ! late/ acc\nts agree 9 repres5t+ ,py?agoras z a man ( ! class to :i* ,epim5ides & ,onomakritos belong$--9 fact1 z a sort ( 8m$ic9e-man02 b1 = "s reason1 !re 0 an attempt to save 8 memory f ?is imputation1 & t attempt belong$ to ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! significance ( ?is w appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,sid5ote3 ,life ( ,py?agoras4 #ch4 ,we may be said to "k = c]ta9 t ,py?agoras pass$ 8 e>ly manhood at ,samos1 & 0 ! son ( ,mnes>*os2#aia & he 8fl\ri%$10 we are told1 9 ! reign ( ,polykrates4#aib ,?is date _c be f> wrong2 = ,h]akleitos already speaks ( him 9 ! pa/ t5se4#aic ,footnote #aia3 ,cf4 ,h]od4 iv4 #ie1 & ,h]akleitos1 fr4 #ag 7,r4 ,p4 #ca a74 ,h]odotos repres5ts him z liv+ at ,samos4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ari/ox5os said t he came f "o ( ! isl&s :i* ! ,a!nians occupi$ aft] expell+ ! ,tyrrh5ians 7,diog4 viii4 #a74 ,?is sugge/s ,lemnos1 f :i* ! ,tyrrh5ian 8,pelasgians0 7 expell$ by ,miltiades 7,h]od4 vi4 #adj71 or possibly "s o!r isl& :i* 0 occupi$ at ! same "t4 ,!re 7 also ,tyrrh5ians at ,imbros4 ,?is expla9s ! /ory t he 0 an ,etrurian or a ,tyrian4 ,o!r acc\nts br+ him into connexion ) ,phlei\s1 b t is p]haps a pi\s inv5tion ( ! ,py?agorean society :i* fl\ri%$ !re at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,pausanias 7ii4 #ac1 #a7 gives x z a ,phleiasian tradition t ,hippasos1 ! great-gr&fa!r ( ,py?agoras1 _h emigrat$ f ,phlei\s to ,samos4 ,footnote #aib3 ,erato/h5es id5tifi$ ,py?agoras ) ! ,olympic victor ( ,ol4 ,,xlviii4 #a 7#ehh_/g ,b4,c471 b ,apollodoros gave 8 floruit z #ecb_/a1 ! era ( ,polykrates4 ,he d\btless bas$ ?is on ! /atem5t ( ,ari/ox5os quot$ by ,porphyry 7,v4 ,py?4 #i71 t ,py?agoras left ,samos f dislike to ! tyranny ( ,polykrates 7,r4 ,p4 #ec a74 ,= a full discussion1 see ,jacoby1 pp4 #bae sqq4 ,footnote #aic3 ,h]akl4 fr4 #af1 #ag 7,r4 ,p4 #ca1 #ca a74 ,! ext5sive travels attribut$ to ,py?agoras by late writ]s are1 ( c\rse1 apocryphal4 ,ev5 ! /atem5t t he visit$ ,egypt1 ?\gh f> f improbable if we consid] ! close relations betwe5 ,polykrates ( ,samos & ,amasis1 re/s on no suffici5t au?ority4#aid ,h]odotos1 x is true1 obs]ves t ! ,egyptians agre$ 9 c]ta9 practices ) ! rules call$ ,orphic & ,bac*ic1 :i* are really ,egyptian1 & ) ! ,py?agoreans2#aie b ?is does n imply t ! ,py?agoreans d]iv$ ^! directly f ,egypt4 ,he says also 9 ano!r place t ! belief 9 transmigration came f ,egypt1 ?\gh c]ta9 ,greeks1 bo? at an e>li] & a lat] date1 _h pass$ x (f z _! own4 ,he refuses1 h[ev]1 to give _! names1 s he c h>dly be ref]r+ to ,py?agoras4#aif ,nor does x matt]2 = ! ,egyptians did n believe 9 transmigration at all1 & ,h]odotos 0 simply deceiv$ by ! prie/s or ! symbolism ( ! monum5ts4 ,footnote #aid3 ,x occurs fir/ 9 ! ,b\siris ( ,isokrates1 #bh 7,r4 ,p4 #eb74 ,footnote #aie3 ,h]od4 ii4 #ha 7,r4 ,p4 #eb a74 ,! comma at is cle>ly "r4 ,h]odotos believ$ t ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos 0 introduc$ f ,egypt by ,melamp\s 7ii4 #di71 & he means to sugge/ t ! ,orphics got ^! practices f ! wor%ipp]s ( ,bak*os1 :ile ! ,py?agoreans got !m f ! ,orphics4 ,footnote #aif3 ,h]od4 ii4 #abc 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,! words 8^: names ,i "k1 b d n write0 _c ref] to ,py?agoras2 = x is only ( contempor>ies t ,h]odotos speaks 9 ?is way 7cf4 i4 #ea2 iv4 #dh74 ,/e9's sugge/ion t he meant ,emp$okles seems to me conv9c+4 ,h]odotos may h met him at ,?\rioi4 ,nor is !re any reason to suppose t ref]s specially to ! ,py?agoreans4 ,if ,h]odotos _h ev] he>d ( ,py?agoras visit+ ,egypt1 he w\ld surely h said s 9 "o or o!r ( ^! passages4 ,!re 0 no occasion = res]ve1 z ,py?agoras mu/ h di$ be=e ,h]odotos 0 born4 ,ari/ox5os said t ,py?agoras left ,samos 9 ord] to escape f ! tyranny ( ,polykrates4#aig ,x 0 at ,kroton1 a city already fam\s = its m$ical s*ool1#aih t he f\nd$ 8 society4 ,h[ long he rema9$ !re we d n "k2 he di$ at ,metapontion1 :i!r he _h retir$ on ! fir/ signal ( revolt aga9/ 8 influ5ce4#aii ,footnote #aig3 ,porph4 ,v4 ,py?4 #i 7,r4 ,p4 #ec a74 ,footnote #aih3 ,f :at ,h]odotos tells u ( ,demok$es 7iii4 #aca7 we c see t ! m$ical s*ool ( ,kroton 0 f\nd$ be=e ! "t ( ,py?agoras4 ,cf4 ,wa*tl]1 ,de ,alcmaeone ,crotoniata1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #aii3 ,x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t ,py?agoras sp5t 8 la/ days at ,metapontion2 ,ari/ox5os said s 7ap4 ,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #bdi71 & ,cic]o 7,de ,f94 v4 #d7 speaks ( ! hon\rs :i* cont9u$ to be paid to 8 memory 9 t city 7,r4 ,p4 #eg c74 ,cf4 also ,&ron1 fr4 #f 7,f4,h4,g4 ii4 #cdg74 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ord]4 #ci4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ! detail$ /atem5ts :i* h be5 h&$ d[n ) reg>d to ! organisation ( ! ,py?agorean ,ord] re/ ^u any hi/orical basis1 & 9 ! case ( _m ( !m we c /ill see h[ !y came to be made4 ,! di/9ction ( grades )9 ! ,ord]1 v>i\sly call$ ,ma!maticians & ,ak\smatics1 ,esot]ics & ,exot]ics1 ,py?agoreans & ,py?agori/s1#bjj is an inv5tion design$ to expla9 h[ !re came to be two widely diff]5t sets ( p1 ea* call+ !mselves disciples ( ,py?agoras1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,s1 too1 ! /atem5t t ! ,py?agoreans 7 b\nd to inviolable secrecy1 :i* goes back to ,ari/ox5os1#bja is int5d$ to expla9 :y !re is no trace ( ! ,py?agorean philosophy prop] be=e ,philolaos4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,= ^! di/9ctions1 see ,porphyry 7,v4 ,py?4 #cg7 & ,iambli*os 7,v4 ,py?4 #hj71 quot$ ,r4 ,p4 #ef & #ef b4 ,! "n is cle>ly relat$ to ! 1 ) :i* we %all h to deal %ortly 7 #dd74 ,footnote #bja3 ,= ! 8my/ic sil5ce10 see ,ari/ox5os1 ap4 ,diog4 viii4 #ae 7,r4 ,p4 #ee a74 ,tann]y1 8,sur le secret dans l'cole de ,py?agore0 7,ar*4 i4 pp4 #bh sqq471 ?9ks t ! ma!matical doctr9es 7 ! secrets ( ! s*ool1 & t ^! 7 divulg$ by ,hippasos2 b ! mo/ reasonable view is t !re 7 no secrets at all except ( a ritual k9d4 ,! ,py?agorean ,ord] 0 simply1 9 its orig91 a religi\s frat]nity ( ! type describ$ above1 & n1 z has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$1 a political league4#bjb ,nor _h x any?+ to d ) ! 8,dorian ari/ocratic ideal40 ,py?agoras 0 an ,ionian1 & ! ,ord] 0 orig9ally conf9$ to ,a*aian /ates4#bjc ,nor is !re ! slighte/ evid5ce t ! ,py?agoreans fav\r$ ! ari/ocratic r ?an ! democratic p>ty4#bjd ,! ma9 purpose ( ! ,ord] 0 to secure = its own memb]s a m adequate satisfaction ( ! religi\s in/9ct ?an t suppli$ by ! ,/ate religion4 ,x 01 9 fact1 an in/itution = ! cultivation ( hol9ess4 ,9 ?is respect x resembl$ an ,orphic society1 ?\gh x seems t ,apollo1 r ?an ,dionysos1 0 ! *ief ,py?agorean god4 ,t is d\btless :y ! ,krotoniates id5tifi$ ,py?agoras ) ,apollo ,hyp]boreios4#bje ,f ! nature ( ! case1 h[ev]1 an indep5d5t society )9 a ,greek /ate 0 apt to be br\ght into conflict ) ! l>g] body4 ,! only way 9 :i* x c\ld !n ass]t its "r to exi/ 0 by id5tify+ ! ,/ate ) itself1 t is1 by secur+ ! control ( ! sov]eign p[]4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,py?agorean ,ord]1 s f> z x c be trac$1 is1 accord+ly1 ! hi/ory ( an attempt to sup]s$e ! ,/ate2 & its political action is to be expla9$ z a m]e incid5t ( t attempt4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,plato1 ,rep4 x4 #fjj a1 implies t ,py?agoras held no public (fice4 ,! view t ! ,py?agorean sect 0 a political league1 ma9ta9$ 9 mod]n times by ,kris*e 7,de societatis a ,py?agora conditae scopo politico1 #ahcj71 goes back1 z ,rohde has %[n 7loc4 cit471 to ,dikai>*os1 ! *ampion ( ! 8,practical ,life10 j z ! view t x 0 prim>ily a sci5tific society goes back to ! ma!matician & musician ,ari/ox5os4 ,! =m] ant$at$ ,ar*ytas1 j z ! latt] ant$at$ ,philolaos 7see ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #ach74 ,grote's good s5se enabl$ him to see ?is q cle>ly 7vol4 iv4 pp4 #cbi sqq474 ,footnote #bjc3 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii4 #ejb1 ,anm4 ,x is /ill necess>y to insi/ ^u ?is1 z ! idea t ! ,py?agoreans repres5t$ ! 8,dorian ideal0 dies v h>d4 ,9 8 ,kulturhi/oris*e ,beitrge 7,heft i4 p4 #ei71 ,max ,c4 ,p4 ,s*midt imag9es t lat] writ]s call ! f\nd] ( ! sect ,py?agoras in/ead ( ,py?agores1 z he is call$ by ,h]akleitos & ,demokritos1 because he _h become 8a ,dorian ( ! ,dorians40 ,! fact is simply t is ! ,attic =m ( 1 & t ! writ]s 9 "q wrote ,attic4 ,simil>ly1 ,plato calls ,ar*ytas1 :o did belong to a ,dorian /ate1 ,ar*ytes1 ?\gh ,ari/ox5os & o!rs reta9$ ! ,dorian =m ( 8 "n4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,kylon1 ! *ief oppon5t ( ! ,py?agoreans1 is describ$ by ,ari/ox5os 7,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #bdh7 z 4 ,t>as1 lat] ! *ief seat ( ! ,py?agoreans1 0 a democracy4 ,! tru? is t1 at ?is "t1 ! new religion appeal$ to ! p r ?an ! ari/ocracies1 :i* 7 apt to be 8free-?9k+0 7,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt4 iii4 #beb74 ,x5ophanes1 n ,py?agoras1 is _! man4 ,footnote #bje3 ,we h ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 fr4 #ahf1 #aeaj b #bj1 = ! id5tification ( ,py?agoras ) ,apollo ,hyp]boreios4 ,! names ( ,ab>is & ,ari/eas /& = a my/ical movem5t p>allel to ! ,orphic1 b bas$ on ! wor%ip ( ,apollo4 ,! lat] tradition makes !m pr$ecessors ( ,py?agoras2 & t ?is has "s hi/orical basis1 appe>s f ,h]od4 iv4 #ac sqq41 & above all f ! /atem5t t ,ari/eas _h a /atue at ,metapontion1 :]e ,py?agoras di$4 ,! connexion ( ,py?agoras ) ,zamolxis belongs to ! same ord] ( ideas4 ,z ! leg5d ( ! ,hyp]boreans is ,delian1 we see t ! religion taught by ,py?agoras 0 g5u9ely ,ionian 9 its orig94 ,sid5ote3 ,d[nfall ( ! ,ord]4 #dj4 ,= a "t ! new ,ord] seems actually to h succe$$ 9 secur+ ! supreme p[]1 b reaction came at la/4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,kylon1 a weal?y noble1 ,kroton 0 able to ass]t itself victori\sly aga9/ ! ,py?agorean dom9ation4 ,?is1 we may well believe1 _h be5 gall+ en\gh4 ,! 8rule ( ! sa9ts0 w\ld be no?+ to x2 & we c /ill imag9e & sympa?ise ) ! irritation felt by ! pla9 man ( ^? days at hav+ 8 legislation done = him by a set ( incompreh5sible p$ants1 :o made a po9t ( ab/a9+ f beans1 & w\ld n let him beat 8 own dog because !y recognis$ 9 its h[ls ! voice ( a dep>t$ fri5d 7,x5ophanes1 fr4 #g74 ,?is feel+ w\ld be aggravat$ by ! private religi\s wor%ip ( ! ,society4 ,greek /ates c\ld nev] p>don ! introduction ( new gods4 ,_! objection to ?is 0 n1 h[ev]1 t ! gods 9 "q 7 false gods4 ,if !y _h be51 x w\ld n h matt]$ s mu*4 ,:at !y c\ld n tol]ate 0 t any "o %\ld e/abli% a private means ( communication betwe5 himself & ! unse5 p[]s4 ,t introduc$ an unkn[n & incalculable elem5t into ! arrangem5ts ( ! ,/ate1 :i* might v likely be ho/ile to ^? citiz5s :o _h no means ( propitiat+ ! intrud+ div9ity4 ,ari/ox5os's v]sion ( ! ev5ts :i* l$ to ! d[nfall ( ! ,py?agorean ,ord] is giv5 at l5g? by ,iambli*os4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,py?agoras _h refus$ to receive ,kylon into 8 ,society1 & he !re=e became a bitt] foe ( ! ,ord]4 ,f ?is cause ,py?agoras remov$ f ,kroton to ,metapontion1 :]e he di$4 ,! ,py?agoreans1 h[ev]1 /ill reta9$ possession ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,kroton1 till at la/ ! p>tisans ( ,kylon set fire to ,milo's h\se1 :]e !y 7 assembl$4 ,( ^? 9 ! h\se only two1 ,ar*ippos & ,lysis1 escap$4 ,ar*ippos retir$ to ,t>as2 ,lysis1 fir/ to ,a*aia & !n to ,!bes1 :]e he became lat] on ! tea*] ( ,epame9ondas4 ,! ,py?agoreans :o rema9$ conc5trat$ !mselves at ,rhegion2 b1 z ?+s w5t f bad to worse1 !y all left ,italy except ,ar*ippos4#bjf ,footnote #bjf3 ,see ,rohde1 ,rh4 ,mus4 xxvi4 p4 #efe1 n4 #a4 ,! n>rative 9 ! text 7,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #bej2 ,r4 ,p4 #ei b7 goes back to ,ari/ox5os & ,dikai>*os 7,r4 ,p4 #ei a74 ,!re is no reason to suppose t _! view ( ,py?agoras has vitiat$ _! acc\nt ( :at mu/ h be5 a p]fectly well-kn[n piece ( hi/ory4 ,accord+ to ! lat] /ory1 ,py?agoras himself 0 burn$ to dea? 9 ! h\se ( ,milo1 along ) 8 disciples4 ,?is is m]ely a dramatic compression ( ! :ole s]ies ( ev5ts into a s+le sc5e2 we h se5 t ,py?agoras di$ at ,metapontion be=e ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,! valuable ref]5ce 9 ,polybios ii4 #ci 7,r4 ,p4 #ei7 to ! burn+ ( ,py?agorean c]ta9ly implies t ! di/urbances w5t on = a v consid]able "t4 ,?is acc\nt has all ! air ( be+ hi/orical4 ,! m5tion ( ,lysis proves1 h[ev]1 t ^? ev5ts 7 spread ov] m ?an "o g5]ation4 ,! c\p d'tat ( ,kroton c h>dly h occurr$ be=e #dej ,b4,c41 if ! tea*] ( ,epame9ondas escap$ f x1 & x may well h be5 ev5 lat]4 ,b x mu/ h be5 be=e #daj ,b4,c4 t ! ,py?agoreans left ,rhegion = ,hellas2 ,philolaos 0 c]ta9ly at ,!bes ab\t t "t4#bjg ,footnote #bjg3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #fa d #g1 e #g4 ,! political p[] ( ! ,py?agoreans z an ,ord] 0 n[ gone = ev]1 ?\gh we %all see t "s ( !m return$ to ,italy at a lat] date4 ,9 exile !y seem to h dropp$ ! m]ely magical & sup]/iti\s p>ts ( _! sy/em1 & ?is enabl$ !m to take _! place z "o ( ! sci5tific s*ools ( ,hellas4 ,sid5ote3 ,want ( evid5ce z to ! tea*+ ( ,py?agoras4 #da4 ,( ! op9ions ( ,py?agoras we "k ev5 less ?an ( 8 life4 ,ari/otle cle>ly knew no?+ = c]ta9 ( e?ical or physical doctr9es go+ back to ! f\nd] ( ! ,society himself4#bjh ,ari/ox5os only gave a /r+ ( moral precepts4#bji ,dikai>*os is quot$ by ,porphyry z ass]t+ t h>dly any?+ ( :at ,py?agoras taught 8 disciples 0 kn[n except ! doctr9e ( transmigration1 ! p]iodic cycle1 & ! k9%ip ( all liv+ creatures4#baj ,! fact is1 t1 l all tea*]s :o introduce a new way ( liv+ r ?an a new view ( ! _w1 ,py?agoras pref]r$ oral in/ruction to ! dissem9ation ( 8 op9ions by writ+1 & x 0 n till ,alex&rian times t any "o v5tur$ to =ge books 9 8 "n4 ,! writ+s ascrib$ to ! e>lie/ ,py?agoreans 7 also =g]ies ( ! same p]iod4#baa ,! e>ly hi/ory ( ,py?agoreanism is1 !re=e1 :olly conjectural2 b we may /ill make an attempt to und]/&1 9 a v g5]al way1 :at ! position ( ,py?agoras 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek ?\ght mu/ h be54 ,footnote #bjh3 ,:5 discuss+ ! ,py?agorean sy/em1 ,ari/otle always ref]s x to 8! ,py?agoreans10 n to ,py?agoras himself4 ,t ?is 0 int5tional seems to be prov$ by ! phrase 1 :i* occurs m ?an once 7e4g4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihe b #bc2 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bic a #bj74 ,py?agoras himself is only ?rice m5tion$ 9 ! :ole ,ari/otelian corpus1 & 9 only "o ( ^! places 7,m4 ,mor4 #aahb a #aa7 is any philosophical doctr9e ascrib$ to him4 ,we are told !re t he 0 ! fir/ to discuss ! subject ( goodness1 & t he made ! mi/ake ( id5tify+ its v>i\s =ms ) numb]s4 ,b ?is is j "o ( ! ?+s :i* prove ! late date ( ! ,magna ,moralia4 ,ari/otle himself is q cle> t :at he knew z ! ,py?agorean sy/em belong$ 9 ! ma9 to ! days ( ,emp$okles1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,leukippos2 =1 aft] m5tion+ ^!1 he goes on to describe ! ,py?agoreans z 8contempor>y ) & e>li] ?an !m0 7 1 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihe b #bc74 ,footnote #bji3 ,! fragm5ts ( ! ( ,ari/ox5os are giv5 by ,diels1 ,vors4 pp4 #bhb sqq4 ,footnote #baj3 ,v4 ,py?4 #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #ee74 ,footnote #baa3 ,see ,diels1 ,dox4 p4 #aej2 & 8,e9 gefls*tes ,py?agorasbu*0 7,ar*4 iii4 pp4 #dea sqq474 ,cf4 also ,b]nays1 ,die ,h]aklitis*5 ,briefe1 n4 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,transmigration4 #db4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 !re c be no d\bt t he really taught ! doctr9e ( transmigration4#bab ,! /ory told by ! ,greeks ( ! ,hellespont & ,pontos z to 8 relations ) ,salmoxis c\ld nev] h ga9$ curr5cy by ! "t ( ,h]odotos if he _h n be5 kn[n z a man :o taught /range views ( ! life aft] dea?4#bac ,n[ ! doctr9e ( transmigration is mo/ easily to be expla9$ z a developm5t ( ! savage belief 9 ! k9%ip ( m5 & bea/s1 z all alike *ildr5 ( ! ,e>?1#bad a view :i* ,dikai>*os said ,py?agoras c]ta9ly held4 ,fur!r1 among savages1 ?is belief is commonly associat$ ) a sy/em ( taboos on c]ta9 k9ds ( food1 & ! ,py?agorean rule is be/ kn[n = its prescription ( simil> =ms ( ab/95ce4 ,?is 9 itself goes f> to %[ t x orig9at$ 9 ! same ideas1 & we h se5 t ! revival ( ^! w\ld be q natural 9 connexion ) ! f\ndation ( a new religi\s society4 ,!re is a fur!r consid]ation :i* tells /rongly 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ,india we h a precisely simil> doctr9e1 & yet x is n possible to assume any actual borr[+ ( ,indian ideas at ?is date4 ,! only explanation :i* w acc\nt = ! facts is t ! two sy/ems 7 indep5d5tly evolv$ f ! same primitive ideas4 ,^! are f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w2 b x seems to h be5 only 9 ,india & 9 ,greece t !y 7 develop$ into an elaborate doctr9e4 ,footnote #bab3 ,! prop] ,greek t]m = ?is is 1 & ! inaccurate only occurs 9 late writ]s4 ,hippolytos & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria say 1 :i* is accurate b cumbr\s4 ,see ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #dbh1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #bac3 ,on ! significance ( ?is1 see above1 p4 #ic4 ,footnote #bad3 ,diet]i*1 8,mutt] ,erde0 7,ar*iv fr ,religionswiss5s*aft1 viii4 pp4 #bi & #dg74 ,sid5ote3 ,ab/95ce4 #dc4 ,x has inde$ be5 d\bt$ :e!r we h a "r to accept :at we are told by su* late writ]s z ,porphyry on ! subject ( ,py?agorean ab/95ce4 ,ari/ox5os1 :om we h admitt$ to be "o ( our e>lie/ witnesses1 may be cit$ to prove t ! orig9al ,py?agoreans knew no?+ ( ^! re/rictions on ! use ( animal fle% & beans4 ,he und\bt$ly said t ,py?agoras did n ab/a9 f animal fle% 9 g5]al1 b only f t ( ! pl\gh+ ox & ! ram4#bae ,he also said t ,py?agoras pref]r$ beans to e o!r vegetable1 z be+ ! mo/ laxative1 & t he 0 p>tial to suck+-pigs & t5d] kids4#baf ,ari/ox5os1 h[ev]1 is a witness :o v (t5 breaks d[n "u cross-exam9ation1 & ! palpable exagg]ation ( ^! /atem5ts %[s t he is endeav\r+ to combat a belief :i* exi/$ 9 8 own day4 ,we are !re=e able to %[1 out ( 8 own m\?1 t ! tradition :i* made ! ,py?agoreans ab/a9 f animal fle% & beans goes back to a "t long be=e !re 7 any ,neopy?agoreans int]e/$ 9 uphold+ x4 ,/ill1 x may be ask$ :at motive ,ari/ox5os c\ld h _h = d5y+ ! common belief8 ,! answ] is simple & in/ructive4 ,he _h be5 ! fri5d ( ! la/ ( ! ,py?agoreans2 &1 9 _! "t1 ! m]ely sup]/iti\s "p ( ,py?agoreanism _h be5 dropp$1 except by "s zealots :om ! heads ( ! ,society refus$ to ackn[l$ge4 ,t is :y he repres5ts ,py?agoras himself 9 s diff]5t a light f bo? ! old] & ! lat] traditions2 x is because he gives u ! view ( ! m enlight5$ sect ( ! ,ord]4 ,^? :o clung fai?fully to ! old practices 7 n[ reg>d$ z h]etics1 & all mann] ( !ories 7 set on foot to acc\nt = _! exi/5ce4 ,x 0 relat$1 = in/ance1 t !y desc5d$ f "o ( ! 8,ak\smatics10 :o _h nev] be5 initiat$ into ! deep] my/]ies ( ! 8,ma!maticians40#bag ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is pure inv5tion4 ,! satire ( ! poets ( ! ,middle ,com$y proves cle>ly en\gh t1 ev5 ?\gh ! fri5ds ( ,ari/ox5os did n practise ab/95ce1 !re 7 pl5ty ( p 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 call+ !mselves foll[]s ( ,py?agoras1 :o did4#bah ,hi/ory has n be5 k9d to ! ,ak\smatics1 b !y nev] :olly di$ out4 ,! names ( ,diodoros ( ,asp5dos & ,nigidius ,figulus help to bridge ! gulf betwe5 !m & ,apollonios ( ,tyana4 ,footnote #bae3 ,ari/ox5os ap4 ,diog4 viii4 #bj1 1 ' 4 ,footnote #baf3 ,ari/ox5os ap4 ,gell4 iv4 #aa1 #e1 2 ib4 #f1 8porculis quoque m9usculis et ha$is t5]ioribus victitasse1 idem ,ari/ox5us ref]t40 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ,ari/ox5os may be "r ab\t ! taboo on beans4 ,we "k t x 0 ,orphic1 & x may h be5 transf]r$ to ! ,py?agoreans by mi/ake4 ,t1 h[ev]1 w\ld n affect ! g5]al conclusion t at lea/ "s ,py?agoreans practis$ ab/95ce f v>i\s k9ds ( food1 :i* is all t is requir$4 ,footnote #bag3 ,! sect ( ! 8,ak\smatics0 0 said to desc5d f ,hippasos 7,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #ha2 ,r4 ,p4 #ef74 ,n[ ,hippasos 0 ! au?or ( a 7,diog4 viii4 #g2 ,r4 ,p4 #ef c71 t is to say1 ( a sup]/iti\s c]emonial or ritual h&book1 probably conta9+ ,ak\smata l ^? we are ab\t to consid]2 = we are told t x 0 writt5 4 ,footnote #bah3 ,diels has collect$ ^! fragm5ts 9 a conv5i5t =m 7,vors4 pp4 #bia sqq474 ,= our purpose ! mo/ important passages are ,antiphanes1 fr4 #ace1 ,kock1 2 ,alexis1 fr4 #bbj1 1 1 ' ' ' 2 fr4 #aif 7f ! 71 ' 2 ,ari/ophon1 fr4 #i 7f ! 71 1 2 ,mnesima*os1 fr4 #a1 4 ,see also ,!okritos1 xiv4 #e1 1 ' ' 4 ,we "k1 !n1 t ,py?agoras taught ! k9%ip ( bea/s & m51 & we inf] t 8 rule ( ab/95ce f fle% 0 bas$1 n ^u humanit>ian or ascetic gr\nds1 b on taboo4 ,?is is /rik+ly confirm$ by a fact :i* we are told 9 ,porphyry's ,def5ce ( ,ab/95ce4 ,! /atem5t 9 "q does n inde$ g back to ,!ophra/os1 z s mu* ( ,porphyry's tract c]ta9ly does2#bai b x is1 9 all probability1 due to ,h]akleides ( ,pontos1 & is to ! effect t1 ?\gh ! ,py?agoreans did z a rule ab/a9 f fle%1 !y nev]!less ate x :5 !y sacrific$ to ! gods4#bbj ,n[1 among savage peoples1 we (t5 f9d t ! sacr$ animal is sla9 & eat5 sacram5tally by its k9sm5 on c]ta9 solemn occasions1 ?\gh 9 ord9>y circum/ances ?is w\ld be ! greate/ ( all impieties4 ,"h1 aga91 we h to d ) a v primitive belief2 & we ne$ n !re=e atta* any weight to ! d5ials ( ,ari/ox5os4#bba ,footnote #bai3 ,see ,b]nays1 ,!ophra/os' ,s*rift b] ,frmmigkeit4 ,porphyry's tract1 1 0 d\btless sav$ f ! g5]al de/ruction ( 8 writ+s by its con=mity to ! ascetic t5d5cies ( ! age4 ,ev5 ,/4 ,j]ome made con/ant use ( x 9 8 polemic aga9/ ,iovianus1 ?\gh he is c>eful n to m5tion ,porphyry's "n 7,!ophr4 ,s*r4 n4 #b74 ,! tract is address$ to ,ca/ricius ,firmus1 ! disciple & fri5d ( ,plot9os1 :o _h fall5 away f ! /rict veget>ianism ( ! ,py?agoreans4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! passage occurs ,de ,ab/4 p4 #eh1 #be ,nauck3 1 4 ,! "p ( ! "w f :i* ?is is tak5 comes f "o ,clodius1 on :om see ,b]nay1 ,!ophr4 ,s*r4 p4 #aa4 ,he 0 probably ! rhetorician ,sextus ,clodius1 & a contempor>y ( ,cic]o4 ,b]nays has %[n t he made use ( ! "w ( ,h]akleides ( ,pontos 7ib4 n4 #ai74 ,on 8my/ic sacrifice0 g5]ally1 see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,rel4 ,sem4 i4 p4 #bgf4 ,footnote #bba3 ,porphyry 7,v4 ,py?4 c #ae7 has pres]v$ a tradition to ! effect t ,py?agoras recomm5d$ a fle% diet = a?letes 7,milo874 ,?is /ory mu/ h orig9at$ at ! same "t z ^? relat$ by ,ari/ox5os1 & 9 a simil> way4 ,9 fact1 ,b]nays has %[n t x comes f ,h]akleides ( ,pontos 7,!ophr4 ,s*r4 n4 #h74 ,iambli*os 7,v4 ,py?4 #e4 #be7 & o!rs 7,diog4 viii4 #ac1 #dg7 got out ( ?is by suppos+ x ref]r$ to a gymna/ ( ! same "n4 ,we see "h v di/9ctly h[ ! ,neoplatoni/s = _! own ends endeav\r$ to g back to ! orig9al =m ( ! ,py?agorean leg5d1 & to expla9 away ! f\r? c5tury recon/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,ak\smata4 #dd4 ,we %all n[ "k :at to ?9k ( ! v>i\s ,py?agorean rules & precepts :i* h come d[n to u4 ,^! are ( two k9ds1 & h v diff]5t s\rces4 ,"s ( !m1 d]iv$ f ! collection ( ,ari/ox5os1 & = ! mo/ "p pres]v$ by ,iambli*os1 are m]e precepts ( morality4 ,!y d n pret5d to g back to ,py?agoras himself2 !y are only ! say+s :i* ! la/ g5]ation ( 8,ma!maticians0 he>d f _! pr$ecessors4#bbb ,! second class is ( a v diff]5t nature1 & ! say+s :i* belong to x are call$ ,ak\smata1#bbc :i* po9ts to _! be+ ! prop]ty ( t sect ( ,py?agoreans :i* _h fai?fully pres]v$ ! old cu/oms4 ,lat] writ]s int]pret !m z 8symbols0 ( moral tru?2 b _! int]pretations are extremely f>-fet*$1 & x does n require a v practis$ eye to see t !y are g5u9e taboos ( a ?or\ghly primitive type4 ,i give a few examples 9 ord] t ! read] may judge :at ! fam\s ,py?agorean rule ( life 0 really l4 #a4 ,to ab/a9 f beans4 #b4 ,n to pick up :at has fall54 #c4 ,n to t\* a :ite cock4 #d4 ,n to break bread4 #e4 ,n to /ep ov] a crossb>4 #f4 ,n to /ir ! fire ) iron4 #g4 ,n to eat f a :ole loaf4 #h4 ,n to pluck a g>l&4 #i4 ,n to sit on a qu>t measure4 #aj4 ,n to eat ! he>t4 #aa4 ,n to walk on highways4 #ab4 ,n to let swall[s %>e "o's ro(4 #ac4 ,:5 ! pot is tak5 (f ! fire1 n to leave ! m>k ( x 9 ! a%es1 b to /ir !m toge!r4 #ad4 ,d n look 9 a mirror beside a light4 #ae4 ,:5 y rise f ! b$clo!s1 roll !m toge!r & smoo? out ! impress ( ! body4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,= ^! see ,diels1 ,vors4 pp4 #bhb sqq4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,!re is an excell5t collection ( 9 ,diels1 ,vors4 pp4 #bgi sqq41 :]e ! au?orities w be f\nd4 ,x is impossible to discuss ^! 9 detail "h1 b /ud5ts ( folklore w see at once to :at ord] ( ideas !y belong4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply pro(s ( ! close connexion betwe5 ,py?agoreanism & primitive modes ( ?\ght1 b :at has be5 said is really suffici5t = our purpose4 ,! k9%ip ( m5 & bea/s1 ! ab/95ce f fle%1 & ! doctr9e ( transmigration all hang toge!r & =m a p]fectly intelligible :ole f ! po9t ( view :i* has be5 indicat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,py?agoras z a man ( sci5ce4 #de4 ,7 ?is all1 we %\ld be tempt$ to delete ! "n ( ,py?agoras f ! hi/ory ( philosophy altoge!r1 & relegate him to ! class ( 8m$ic9e-m50 77 along ) ,epim5ides & ,onomakritos4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be q wrong4 ,z we %all see1 ! ,py?agorean ,society became "o ( ! *ief sci5tific s*ools ( ,hellas1 & x is c]ta9 t ,py?agorean sci5ce z well z ,py?agorean religion orig9at$ ) ! ma/] himself4 ,h]akleitos1 :o is n p>tial to him1 says t ,py?agoras _h pursu$ sci5tific inve/igation fur!r ?an o!r m51 ?\gh he also says t he turn$ 8 mu* le>n+ into an art ( mis*ief4#bbd ,h]odotos call$ ,py?agoras 8by no means ! weake/ sophi/ ( ! ,hell5es10 a title :i* at ?is date does n imply ! slighte/ disp>agem5t4#bbe ,ari/otle ev5 said t ,py?agoras fir/ busi$ himself ) ma!matics & numb]s1 & t x 0 lat] on he atta*$ himself to ! miracle-mong]+ ( ,ph]ekydes4#bbf ,is x possible = u to trace any connexion betwe5 ^! two sides ( 8 activity8 ,footnote #bbd3 ,h]akl4 fr4 #ag 7,r4 ,p4 #ca a74 ,! ^w is 9 itself q g5]al4 ,:at x *iefly means "h we see f a valuable notice pres]v$ by ,iambli*os1 ,v4 ,py?4 #hi1 4 ,tann]y's int]pretation ( ?is /atem5t is bas$ on a misund]/&+1 & ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,footnote #bbe3 ,h]od4 iv4 #ie4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,ari/4 1 fr4 #ahf1 #aeaj a #ci1 1 4 ,we h se5 t ! aim ( ! ,orphic & o!r ,orgia 0 to obta9 release f ! 8:eel ( bir?0 by means ( 8purifications10 :i* 7 g5]ally ( a v primitive type4 ,! new ?+ 9 ! ,society f\nd$ by ,py?agoras seems to h be5 t1 :ile x admitt$ all ^! half-savage cu/oms1 x at ! same "t sugge/$ a m exalt$ idea ( :at 8purification0 really 04 ,ari/ox5os tells u t ! ,py?agoreans employ$ music to purge ! s\l z !y us$ m$ic9e to purge ! body1 & x is abundantly cle> t ,ari/otle's fam\s !ory ( is d]iv$ f ,py?agorean s\rces4#bbg ,su* me?ods ( purify+ ! s\l 7 famili> 9 ! ,orgia ( ! ,korybantes1 & w s]ve to expla9 ! ,py?agorean int]e/ 9 ,h>monics4 ,b !re is m ?an ?is4 ,if we c tru/ ,h]akleides s f>1 x 0 ,py?agoras :o fir/ di/+ui%$ ! 8?ree lives10 ! ,!oretic1 ! ,practical1 & ! ,apolau/ic1 :i* ,ari/otle made use ( 9 ! ,e?ics4 ,! g5]al !ory ( ^! lives is cle>1 & x is impossible to d\bt t 9 sub/ance x belongs to ! v beg9n+ ( ! s*ool4 ,x is to ?is effect4 ,we are /rang]s 9 ?is _w1 & ! body is ! tomb ( ! s\l1 & yet we mu/ n seek to escape by self-murd]2 = we are ! *attels ( ,god :o is our h]dsman1 & )\t 8 comm& we h no "r to make our escape4#bbh ,9 ?is life1 !re are ?ree k9ds ( m51 j z !re are ?ree sorts ( p :o come to ! ,olympic ,games4 ,! l[e/ class is made up ( ^? :o come to buy & sell1 & next above !m are ^? :o come to compete4 ,be/ ( all1 h[ev]1 are ^? :o come simply to look on 774 ,! greate/ purification ( all is1 !re=e1 dis9t]e/$ sci5ce1 & x is ! man :o devotes himself to t1 ! true philosoph]1 :o has mo/ effectually releas$ himself f ! 8:eel ( bir?40 ,x w\ld be ra% to say t ,py?agoras express$ himself exactly 9 ?is mann]2 b all ^! ideas are g5u9ely ,py?agorean1 & x is only 9 "s su* way t we c bridge ! gulf :i* sep>ates ,py?agoras ! man ( sci5ce f ,py?agoras ! religi\s tea*]4#bbi ,we mu/ n[ endeav\r to discov] h[ mu* ( ! lat] ,py?agorean sci5ce may reasonably be ascrib$ to ,py?agoras himself4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,its imm$iate s\rce is to be f\nd 9 ,plato1 ,laws1 #gij d #b sqq41 :]e ! ,korybantic rites are adduc$ z an in/ance4 ,= a full acc\nt see ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 p4 #ccf1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,plato gives ?is z ! ,py?agorean view 9 ,phd4 #fb b1 = ! int]pretation ( :i* cf4 ,esp9as 9 ,ar*4 viii4 pp4 #ddi sqq4 ,plato di/9ctly implies t x 0 n m]ely ! !ory ( ,philolaos1 b some?+ old]4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,see ,dr+ 9 ,ar*4 v4 pp4 #eje sqq4 ,!re seems to be a ref]5ce to ! !ory ( ! 8?ree lives0 9 ,h]akleitos1 fr4 #aaa4 ,x 0 app>5tly taught 9 ! ,py?agorean ,society ( ,phlei\s2 = ,h]akleides made ,py?agoras exp\nd x 9 a conv]sation ) ! tyrant ( ,phlei\s 7,cic4 ,tusc4 v4 #c2 ,diog4 pr4 #ab1 viii4 #h71 & x is develop$ by ,plato 9 a dialogue :i* is1 z x 71 d$icat$ to ,e*ekrates4 ,if x %\ld be ?\ght t ?is is int]pret+ ,py?agoras too mu* 9 ! light ( ,s*op5hau]1 x may be answ]$ t ev5 ! ,orphics came v ne> su* a !ory4 ,! s\l mu/ n dr9k ( ,le!1 b g pa/ x & dr9k ( ! wat] ( ,memory1 be=e x c claim to become "o ( ! h]oes4 ,?is has obvi\s po9ts ( contact ) ,plato's 1 & ! only "q is h[ mu* ( ! ,pha$o we are to ascribe to ,py?agorean s\rces4 ,a great deal1 ,i suspect4 ,see ,pr(4 ,/ew>t's ,my?s ( ,plato1 pp4 #aeb sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari?metic4 #df4 ,9 8 treatise on ,ari?metic1 ,ari/ox5os said t ,py?agoras 0 ! fir/ to c>ry t /udy beyond ! ne$s ( comm]ce1#bcj & 8 /atem5t is confirm$ by ev]y?+ we o!rwise "k4 ,by ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 we f9d t !re is a widespread int]e/ 9 su* subjects & t ^! are /udi$ = _! own sake4 ,n[ ?is new int]e/ _c h be5 :olly ! "w ( a s*ool2 x mu/ h orig9at$ ) "s great man1 & !re is no "o b ,py?agoras to :om we c ref] x4 ,z1 h[ev]1 he wrote no?+1 we h no sure means ( di/+ui%+ 8 own tea*+ f t ( 8 foll[]s 9 ! next g5]ation or two4 ,all we c safely say is t1 ! m primitive any ,py?agorean doctr9e appe>s1 ! m likely x is to be t ( ,py?agoras himself1 & all ! m s if x c be %[n to h po9ts ( contact ) views :i* we "k to h be5 held 9 8 own "t or %ortly be=e x4 ,9 p>ticul>1 :5 we f9d ! lat] ,py?agoreans tea*+ ?+s t 7 already some?+ ( an ana*ronism 9 _! own day1 we may be reasonably sure t we are deal+ ) survivals :i* only ! au?ority ( ! ma/]'s "n c\ld h pres]v$4 ,"s ( ^! mu/ be m5tion$ at once1 ?\gh ! develop$ sy/em belongs to a lat] "p ( our /ory4 ,x is only by sep>at+ its e>lie/ =m f its lat] t ! true place ( ,py?agoreanism 9 ,greek ?\ght c be made cle>1 ?\gh we mu/ always rememb] t no "o c n[ pret5d to draw ! l9e betwe5 its successive /ages ) any c]ta9ty4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,/ob4 i4 p4 #bj1 #a1 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! figures4 #dg4 ,n[ "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable /atem5ts t we h ab\t ,py?agoreanism is :at we are told ( ,eurytos on ! unimpea*able au?ority ( ,ar*ytas4 ,eurytos 0 ! disciple ( ,philolaos1 & ,ari/ox5os expressly m5tion$ him along ) ,philolaos z hav+ taught ! la/ ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ! m5 ) :om he himself 0 p]sonally acqua9t$4 ,he !re=e belongs to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 by :i* "t ! ,py?agorean sy/em 0 fully develop$1 & he 0 no ecc5tric en?usia/1 b "o ( ! =emo/ m5 9 ! s*ool4#bca ,we are told ( him1 !n1 t he us$ to give ! numb] ( all sorts ( ?+s1 su* z horses & m51 & t he demon/rat$ ^! by arrang+ pebbles 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,x is to be not$ fur!r t ,ari/otle comp>es 8 proc$ure to t ( ^? :o br+ numb]s into figures l ! triangle & ! squ>e4#bcb ,footnote #bca3 ,ap>t f ! /ory 9 ,iambli*os 7,v4 ,py?4 #adh7 t ,eurytos he>d ! voice ( ,philolaos f ! grave aft] he _h be5 _m ye>s dead1 x is to be notic$ t he is m5tion$ aft] him 9 ! /atem5t ( ,ari/ox5os ref]r$ to 7,diog4 viii4 #df2 ,r4 ,p4 #fb74 ,footnote #bcb3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ajib b #h 7,r4 ,p4 #gf a74 ,ari/otle does n quote ! au?ority ( ,ar*ytas "h1 b ! s\rce ( 8 /atem5t is made q cle> by ,!ophr4 ,met4 p4 vi4 a #ai 7,us5]71 7sc4 7 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,n[ ^! /atem5ts1 & especially ! rem>k ( ,ari/otle la/ quot$1 seem to imply ! exi/5ce at ?is date1 & e>li]1 ( a num]ical symbolism q di/9ct f ! alphabetical notation on ! "o h& & f ! ,euclidean repres5tation ( numb]s by l9es on ! o!r4 ,! =m] 0 inconv5i5t = ari?metical purposes1 j because ! z]o 0 "o ( ! few ?+s ! ,greeks did n inv5t1 & !y 7 !re=e unable to develop a really s]viceable num]ical symbolism bas$ on position4 ,! latt]1 z w appe> %ortly1 is intimately b\nd up ) t absorption ( ari?metic by geometry1 :i* is at lea/ z old z ,plato1 b _c be primitive4#bcc ,x seems r t numb]s 7 repres5t$ by dots arrang$ 9 symmetrical & easily recognis$ patt]ns1 ( :i* ! m>k+ ( dice or dom9oes gives u ! be/ idea4 ,& ^! m>k+s are1 9 fact1 ! be/ pro( t ?is is a g5u9ely primitive me?od ( indicat+ numb]s2 = !y are ( unkn[n antiquity1 & g back to ! "t :5 m5 c\ld only c\nt by arrang+ numb]s 9 su* patt]ns1 ea* ( :i* became1 z x 71 a fre% unit4 ,?is way ( c\nt+ may well be z old z reckon+ ) ! f+]s1 or ev5 old]4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,ari?metic is old] ?an geometry1 & 0 mu* m advanc$ 9 ,egypt1 ?\gh /ill 9 ! =m :i* ! ,greeks call$ r ?an z prop]4 ,ev5 ,plato puts ,ari?metic be=e ,geometry 9 ! ,republic 9 def]5ce to ! tradition4 ,8 own !ory ( numb]1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ ! inv]sion ( ?is ord] :i* we f9d c>ri$ out 9 ,euclid4 ,x is1 !re=e1 v significant t we d n f9d any adequate acc\nt ( :at ,ari/otle c h meant by 8^? :o br+ numb]s into figures l ! triangle & ! squ>e0 till we come to c]ta9 late writ]s :o call$ !mselves ,py?agoreans1 & reviv$ ! /udy ( ari?metic z a sci5ce indep5d5t ( geometry4 ,^! m5 n only ab&on$ ! l9e> symbolism ( ,euclid1 b also reg>d$ ! alphabetical notation1 :i* !y did use1 z some?+ conv5tional1 & inadequate to repres5t ! true nature ( numb]4 ,nikoma*os ( ,g]asa says expressly t ! lett]s us$ to repres5t numb]s are only significant by human usage & conv5tion4 ,! mo/ natural way w\ld be to repres5t l9e> or prime numb]s by a r[ ( units1 polygonal numb]s by units arrang$ s z to m>k out ! v>i\s plane figures1 & solid numb]s by units dispos$ 9 pyramids & s =?4#bcd ,he !re=e gives u figures l ?is3-- ,n[ x ought to be obvi\s t ?is is no innovation1 b1 l s _m ?+s 9 ,neopy?agoreanism1 a rev]sion to primitive usage4 ,( c\rse ! employm5t ( ! lett] alpha to repres5t ! units is d]iv$ f ! conv5tional notation2 b o!rwise we are cle>ly 9 pres5ce ( some?+ :i* belongs to ! v e>lie/ /age ( ! sci5ce--some?+1 9 fact1 :i* gives ! only possible clue to ! mean+ ( ,ari/otle's rem>k1 & to :at we are told ( ! me?od ( ,eurytos4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,nikoma*os ( ,g]asa1 ,introd4 ,ari?m4 p4 #hc1 #ab1 ,ho*e1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 444 ,! same symbolism is us$ by ,!o1 ,expositio1 pp4 #ca sqq4 ,cf4 also ,iambl4 ,introd4 p4 #ef1 #bg1 ,pi/elli1 1 ' 4 ,sid5ote3 ,triangul>1 squ>e1 & oblong numb]s4 #dh4 ,?is is /ill fur!r confirm$ by ! tradition :i* repres5ts ! great revelation made by ,py?agoras to mank9d z hav+ be5 precisely a figure ( ?is k9d1 namely ! tetraktys1 by :i* ! ,py?agoreans us$ to swe>1#bce & we h no less an au?ority ?an ,speusippos = hold+ t ! :ole !ory :i* x implies 0 g5u9ely ,py?agorean4#bcf ,9 lat] days !re 7 _m k9ds ( tetraktys1#bcg b ! orig9al "o1 t by :i* ! ,py?agoreans swore1 0 ! 8tetraktys ( ! dekad40 ,x 0 a figure l ?is-- & repres5t$ ! numb] t5 z ! triangle ( f\r4 ,9 o!r words1 x %[$ at a glance t #a #b #c #d #aj4 ,speusippos tells u ( sev]al prop]ties :i* ! ,py?agoreans discov]$ 9 ! dekad4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ numb] t has 9 x an equal numb] ( prime & composite numb]s4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is goes back to ,py?agoras himself1 we _c tell2 b we are probably ju/ifi$ 9 ref]r+ to him ! conclusion t x is 8accord+ to nature0 t all ,hell5es & b>b>ians c\nt up to t5 & !n beg9 ov] aga94 ,footnote #bce3 ,cf4 ! =mula 1 :i* is all ! m likely to be old t x is put into ! m\? ( ,py?agoras by ! =g] ( ! 1 ?us mak+ him swe> by himself6 ,see ,diels1 ,ar*4 iii4 p4 #deg4 ,! ,doric dialect %[s1 h[ev]1 t x belongs to ! lat] g5]ations ( ! s*ool4 ,footnote #bcf3 ,speusippos wrote a "w on ! ,py?agorean numb]s1 bas$ *iefly on ,philolaos1 & a consid]able fragm5t ( x is pres]v$ 9 ! ,!ologum5a ,ari?metica4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ,diels1 ,vorsokratik]1 p4 #bce1 #ae1 & is discuss$ by ,tann]y1 ,sci5ce hellne1 pp4 #cgd sqq4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,= ^! see ,!on1 ,expositio1 pp4 #ic sqq4 ,hill]4 ,! us$ by ,plato 9 ! ,timaeus is ! second describ$ by ,!on 7,exp4 p4 #id1 #aj sqq474 ,x is no d\bt ,py?agorean1 b h>dly z old z ,py?agoras4 ,x is obvi\s t ! tetraktys may be indef9itely ext5d$ s z to exhibit ! sums ( ! s]ies ( successive numb]s 9 a graphic =m1 & ^! sums are accord+ly call$ 8triangul> numb]s40 ,= simil> reasons1 ! sums ( ! s]ies ( successive odd numb]s are call$ 8squ>e numb]s10 & ^? ( successive ev5 numb]s 8oblong40 ,if odd numb]s are add$ to ! unit 9 ! =m ( gnomons1 ! result is always a simil> figure1 namely a squ>e1 :ile1 if ev5 numb]s are add$1 we get a s]ies ( rectangles1#bch z %[n by ! figure3-- ,squ>e ,numb]s4 ,oblong ,numb]s4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t we are entitl$ to ref] ! /udy ( sums ( s]ies to ,py?agoras himself2 b :e!r he w5t beyond ! oblong1 & /udi$ pyramidal or cubic numb]s1 we _c say4#bci ,footnote #bch3 ,cf4 ,milhaud1 ,philosophes gomtres1 pp4 #aae sqq4 ,ari/otle puts ! matt] ?us 7,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc a #ac73 1 4 ,?is is m cle>ly /at$ by ,ps4-,plut4 7,/ob4 i4 p4 #bb1 #af71 1 4 ,i _c feel satisfi$ ) any ( ! explanations :i* h be5 giv5 ( ! words 9 ! ,ari/otelian passage 7see ,zell]1 p4 #cea1 n4 #b71 & ,i w\ld !re=e sugge/ comp>+ ,b\!ros 7,/ob4 i4 p4 #ai1 #i71 :o says1 accord+ to ! ,,ms4 read+1 7 71 1 7sc4 74 ,footnote #bci3 ,9 ! fragm5t ref]r$ to above 7p4 #aac1 n4 #bcf71 ,speusippos speaks ( f\r z ! fir/ pyramidal numb]2 b ?is is tak5 f ,philolaos1 s we _c safely ascribe x to ,py?agoras4 ,sid5ote3 ,geometry & h>monics4 #di4 ,x is easy to see h[ ?is way ( repres5t+ numb]s w\ld sugge/ problems ( a geometrical nature4 ,! dots :i* /& = ! pebbles are regul>ly call$ 8b\nd>y-/ones0 71 t]m9i1 8t]ms071 & ! area :i* !y occupy1 or r m>k out1 is ! 8field0 774#bdj ,?is is evid5tly a v e>ly way ( speak+1 & may !re=e be ref]r$ to ,py?agoras himself4 ,n[ x mu/ h /ruck him t 8fields0 c\ld be comp>$ z well z numb]s1#bda & x is ev5 likely t he knew ! r\gh me?ods ( do+ ?is :i* 7 traditional 9 ,egypt1 ?\gh c]ta9ly ^! w\ld fail to satisfy him4 ,once m ! tradition is s+ul>ly helpful 9 sugge/+ ! direction t 8 ?\ghts mu/ h tak54 ,he knew1 ( c\rse1 ! use ( ! triangle #c1 #d1 #e 9 con/ruct+ "r angles4 ,we h se5 7p4 #bd7 t x 0 famili> 9 ! ,ea/ f a v e>ly date1 & t ,?ales introduc$ x to ! ,hell5es1 if !y did n "k x already4 ,9 lat] writ]s x is actually call$ ! 8,py?agorean triangle40 ,n[ ! ,py?agorean proposition p> excell5ce is j t1 9 a "r-angl$ triangle1 ! squ>e on ! hypot5use is equal to ! squ>es on ! o!r two sides1 & ! s-call$ ,py?agorean triangle is ! application ( its conv]se to a p>ticul> case4 ,! v "n 8hypot5use0 af=ds /rong confirmation ( ! intimate connexion betwe5 ! two ?+s4 ,x means lit]ally 8! cord /ret*+ ov] aga9/10 & ?is is surely j ! rope ( ! 8h>p$onapt40#bdb ,an e>ly tradition says t ,py?agoras sacrific$ an ox :5 he discov]$ ! pro( ( ?is proposition1 & inde$ x 0 ! real f\ndation ( sci5tific ma!matics4#bdc ,footnote #bdj3 ,we h ( a s]ies 771 !n ( a proportion1 & 9 lat] times ( a syllogism4 ,! signs 31 331 & are a survival ( ! orig9al use4 ,! t]m is (t5 us$ by ! lat] ,py?agoreans1 ?\gh ,attic usage requir$ = a rectangle4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! ( ! abacus & ! *ess-bo>d 7 also call$ 4 ,footnote #bda3 ,9 8 comm5t>y on ,euclid i4 #dd1 ,proclus tells u on ! au?ority ( ,eudemos t ! 1 1 & ( 7 ,py?agorean inv5tions4 ,= an acc\nt ( ^! & ! subsequ5t application ( ! t]ms 9 ,conic ,sections1 see ,milhaud1 ,philosophes gomtres1 pp4 #ha sqq4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,! v]b is1 ( c\rse1 us$ intransitively4 ,! explanation sugge/$ 9 ! text seems to me mu* simpl] ?an t ( ,max ,c4 ,p4 ,s*midt 7,kulturhi/oris*e ,beitrge1 ,heft i4 pp4 #fd sqq474 ,he expla9s ! hypot5use z ! longe/ /r+ 9 a triangul> h>p2 b my view seems m 9 accordance ) analogy4 ,s is1 lit]ally1 a plumb-l9e4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,! /atem5t comes f ,eudemos2 = x is f\nd 9 ,proclus's comm5t>y on ,euclid i4 #dg4 ,:e!r hi/orical or n1 x is no ,neopy?agorean fancy4 ,sid5ote3 ,incomm5surability4 #ej4 ,"o great disappo9tm5t1 h[ev]1 await$ ,py?agoras4 ,x foll[s at once f ! ,py?agorean proposition t ! squ>e on ! diagonal ( a squ>e is d\ble ! squ>e on its side1 & ?is ought surely to be capable ( num]ical expression4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 !re is no squ>e numb] :i* c be divid$ into two equal squ>e numb]s1 & s ! problem _c be solv$4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x is d\btless true t ,py?agoras discov]$ ! incomm5surability ( ! diagonal & ! side ( a squ>e1 & ! pro( m5tion$ by ,ari/otle1 namely1 t1 if !y 7 comm5surable1 we %\ld h to say t an ev5 numb] 0 equal to an odd numb]1 is di/9ctly ,py?agorean 9 "*4#bdd ,h[ev] t may be1 x is c]ta9 t ,py?agoras did n c>e to pursue ! subject any fur!r4 ,he _h1 z x 71 /umbl$ on ! fact t ! squ>e root ( two is a surd1 b we "k t x 0 left = ,plato's fri5ds1 ,!odoros ( ,kyr5e & ,!aitetos1 to give a complete !ory ( ! matt]4#bde ,! fact is t ! discov]y ( ! ,py?agorean proposition1 by giv+ bir? to geometry1 _h really sup]s$$ ! old view ( quantity z a sum ( units2 b x 0 n till ,plato's "t t ! full consequ5ces ( ?is 7 se54#bdf ,= ! pres5t1 ! incomm5surability ( ! diagonal & ! squ>e rema9$1 z has be5 said1 a 8sc&al\s exception40 ,our tradition says t ,hippasos ( ,metapontion 0 dr[n$ at sea = reveal+ ?is skeleton 9 ! cupbo>d4#bdg ,footnote #bdd3 ,ari/4 ,an4 ,pr4 1 #bc4 #da a #bf1 4 ,! pro(s giv5 at ! end ( ,euclid's ,t5? ,book 7vol4 iii4 pp4 #djh sqq41 ,heib]g7 turn on ?is v po9t4 ,!y are n ,euclidean1 & may be sub/antially ,py?agorean4 ,cf4 ,milhaud1 ,philosophes gomtres1 p4 #id4 ,footnote #bde3 ,plato1 ,!aet4 #adg d #c sqq4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,h[ novel ^! consequ5ces 71 is %[n by ! fact t 9 ,laws1 #hai d #e1 ! ,a!nian ,/rang] says t he _h only realis$ !m late 9 life4 ,footnote #bdg3 ,?is v]sion ( ! tradition is m5tion$ 9 ,iambli*os1 ,v4 ,py?4 #bdg1 & looks old] ?an ! o!r1 :i* we %all come to lat] 7 #adh74 ,hippasos is ! enfant t]rible ( ,py?agoreanism1 & ! traditions ab\t him are full ( in/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,proportion & h>mony4 #ea4 ,^! la/ consid]ations %[ t1 :ile x is q safe to attribute ! sub/ance ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,euclid to ,py?agoras1 ! ari?metic ( ,books ,,vii4-,,ix41 & ! 8geometrical algebra0 ( ,book ,,ii4 are c]ta9ly n 84 ,!y op]ate ) l9es or ) areas in/ead ( ) units1 & ! relations :i* !y e/abli% !re=e hold good :e!r !y are capable ( num]ical expression or n4 ,t is d\btless :y ari?metic is n treat$ 9 ,euclid till aft] plane geometry1 a complete inv]sion ( ! orig9al ord]4 ,= ! same reason1 ! doctr9e ( proportion :i* we f9d 9 ,euclid _c be ,py?agorean1 & is inde$ ! "w ( ,eudoxos4 ,yet x is cle> t ! e>ly ,py?agoreans1 & probably ,py?agoras himself1 /udi$ proportion 9 _! own way1 & t ! ?ree 8m$ieties0 9 p>ticul> g back to ! f\nd]1 especially z ! mo/ complicat$ ( !m1 ! 8h>monic10 /&s 9 close relation to 8 discov]y ( ! octave4 ,if we take ! h>monic proportion #ab 3 #h 3 #f1bdh we f9d t #ab 3 #f is ! octave1 #ab 3 #h ! fif?1 & #h 3 #f ! f\r?1 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t x 0 ,py?agoras himself :o discov]$ ^! int]vals4 ,! /ories :i* h come d[n to u ab\t 8 obs]v+ ! h>monic int]vals 9 a smi?y1 & !n weigh+ ! hamm]s t produc$ !m1 or ( 8 susp5d+ weights correspond+ to ^? ( ! hamm]s to equal /r+s1 are1 inde$1 impossible & absurd2 b x is %e] wa/e ( "t to rationalise !m4#bdi ,= our purpose _! absurdity is _! *ief m]it4 ,!y are n /ories :i* any ,greek ma!matician or musician c\ld possibly h inv5t$1 b g5u9e popul> tales be>+ witness to ! exi/5ce ( a real tradition t ,py?agoras 0 ! au?or ( ?is mom5t\s discov]y4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,plato 7,tim4 #cf a #c7 def9es ! h>monic mean z 444 4 ,! h>monic mean ( #ab & #f is !re=e #h2 = #h #ab - #ab_/c #f #f_/c4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,= ^! /ories & a criticism ( !m1 see ,max ,c4 ,p4 ,s*midt1 ,kulturhi/oris*e ,beitrge1 i4 pp4 #gh sqq4 ,! smi?'s hamm]s belong to ! region ( ,mr*51 & x is n true ei!r t ! notes w\ld be det]m9$ by ! weight ( ! hamm]s1 or t1 if !y 71 ! weights hung to equal /r+s w\ld produce ! notes4 ,^! inaccuracies 7 po9t$ out by ,montucla 7,m>t91 tudes sur le ,time1 i4 p4 #cia74 ,sid5ote3 ,?+s are numb]s4 #eb4 ,x 0 ?is too1 no d\bt1 t l$ ,py?agoras to say all ?+s 7 numb]s4 ,we %all see t1 at a lat] date1 ! ,py?agoreans id5tifi$ ^! numb]s ) geometrical figures2 b ! m]e fact t !y call$ !m 8numb]s10 :5 tak5 9 connexion ) :at we are told ab\t ! me?od ( ,eurytos1 is suffici5t to %[ ?is 0 n ! orig9al s5se ( ! doctr9e4 ,x is en\gh to suppose t ,py?agoras reason$ some:at z foll[s4 ,if musical s\nds c be r$uc$ to numb]s1 :y %\ld n ev]y?+ else8 ,!re are _m lik5esses to numb] 9 ?+s1 & x may well be t a lucky exp]im5t1 l t by :i* ! octave 0 discov]$1 w reveal _! true num]ical nature4 ,! ,neopy?agorean writ]s1 go+ back 9 ?is z 9 o!r matt]s to ! e>lie/ tradition ( ! s*ool1 indulge _! fancy 9 trac+ out analogies betwe5 ?+s & numb]s 9 endless v>iety2 b we are =tunately disp5s$ f foll[+ !m 9 ^! vag>ies4 ,ari/otle tells u di/9ctly t ! ,py?agoreans expla9$ only a few ?+s by means ( numb]s1#bej :i* means t ,py?agoras himself left no develop$ doctr9e on ! subject1 :ile ! ,py?agoreans ( ! fif? c5tury did n c>e to add any?+ ( ! sort to ! s*ool tradition4 ,ari/otle does imply1 h[ev]1 t1 accord+ to !m ! 8"r "t0 77 0 sev51 ju/ice 0 f\r1 & m>riage ?ree4 ,^! id5tifications1 ) a few o!rs l !m1 we may safely ref] to ,py?agoras or 8 imm$iate successors2 b we mu/ n atta* mu* importance to !m4 ,!y are m]e sports ( ! analogical fancy4 ,if we wi% to und]/& ! cosmology ( ,py?agoras1 we mu/ />t1 n f !m1 b f any /atem5ts we c f9d t pres5t po9ts ( contact ) ! tea*+ ( ! ,milesian s*ool4 ,^!1 we may fairly inf]1 belong to ! sy/em 9 its mo/ primitive =m4 ,footnote #bej3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ajgh b #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #gh72 ,zell]1 p4 #cij1 n4 #b4 ,! ,!ologum5a ,ari?metica1 wrongly attribut$ to ,nikoma*os ( ,g]asa1 is full ( fanciful doctr9e on ?is subject 7,r4 ,p4 #gh a74 ,alex&] 9 ,met4 p4 #ch1 #h1 gives a few def9itions :i* may be old 7,r4 ,p4 #gh c74 ,sid5ote3 ,cosmology4 #ec4 ,n[ ! mo/ /rik+ /atem5t ( ?is k9d is "o ( ,ari/otle's4 ,! ,py?agoreans held1 he tells u1 t !re 0 8b\ndless brea?0 outside ! heav5s1 & t x 0 inhal$ by ! _w4#bea ,9 sub/ance1 ?is is ! doctr9e ( ,anaxim5es1 & x becomes practically c]ta9 t x 0 t ( ,py?agoras1 :5 we f9d t ,x5ophanes d5i$ x4#beb ,we may inf]1 !n1 t ! fur!r developm5t ( ! idea is also due to ,py?agoras himself4 ,we are told t1 aft] ! fir/ unit _h be5 =m$--h[ev] t may h tak5 place--! ne>e/ "p ( ! ,b\ndless 0 fir/ drawn 9 & limit$2#bec & fur!r1 t x is j ! ,b\ndless ?us inhal$ t keeps ! units sep>ate f ea* o!r4#bed ,x repres5ts ! int]val betwe5 !m4 ,?is is a v primitive way ( describ+ ! nature ( discrete quantity4 ,footnote #bea3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #f4 #bac b #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #ge74 ,footnote #beb3 ,diog4 ix4 #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #ajc c74 ,x is true t ,diog5es is "h draw+ f a biographical r ?an a doxographical s\rce 7,dox4 p4 #afh71 b ?is t\* c h>dly be an inv5tion4 ,footnote #bec3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ajia a #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #gd74 ,footnote #bed3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #f4 #bac b #bc 7,r4 ,p4 #ge a74 ,! words h caus$ unnecess>y difficulty1 because !y h be5 suppos$ to attribute ! function ( limit+ to ! 4 ,ari/otle makes x q cle> t 8 mean+ is t /at$ 9 ! text4 ,cf4 especially ! words 4 ,! t]m is ! prop] anti!sis to 4 ,9 8 "w on ! ,py?agorean philosophy1 ,ari/otle us$ in/ead ! phrase 7,/ob4 i4 p4 #aef1 #h2 ,r4 ,p4 #ge71 :i* is also q intelligible if we rememb] :at ! ,py?agoreans meant by 7cf4 p4 #aae1 n4 #bdj74 ,9 ! passages ( ,ari/otle j ref]r$ to1 ! ,b\ndless is also spok5 ( z ! void or empty4 ,?is id5tification ( air & ! void is a confusion :i* we h already met ) 9 ,anaxim5es1 & x ne$ n surprise u to f9d x "h too4#bee ,we f9d also1 z we might expect1 di/9ct traces ( ! o!r confusion1 t ( air & vap\r4 ,x seems c]ta91 9 fact1 t ,py?agoras id5tifi$ ! ,limit ) fire1 & ! ,b\ndless ) d>kness4 ,we are told by ,ari/otle t ,hippasos made ,fire ! fir/ pr9ciple1#bef & we %all see t ,p>m5ides1 9 discuss+ ! op9ions ( 8 contempor>ies1 attributes to !m ! view t !re 7 two prim>y 8=ms10 ,fire & ,night4#beg ,we also f9d t ,light & ,d>kness appe> 9 ! ,py?agorean table ( opposites "u ! heads ( ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$ respectively4#beh ,! id5tification ( brea? ) d>kness "h impli$ is a /rong pro( ( ! primitive "* ( ! doctr9e2 = 9 ! six? c5tury d>kness 0 suppos$ to be a sort ( vap\r1 :ile 9 ! fif?1 its true nature 0 well kn[n4 ,plato1 ) 8 usual hi/orical tact1 makes ! ,py?agorean ,timaios describe mi/ & d>kness z cond5s$ air4#bei ,we mu/ ?9k1 !n1 ( a 8field0 ( d>kness or brea? m>k$ out by lum9\s units1 an imag9ation :i* ! />ry heav5s w\ld naturally sugge/4 ,x is ev5 probable t we %\ld ascribe to ,py?agoras ! ,milesian view ( a plurality ( worlds1 ?\gh x w\ld n h be5 natural = him to speak ( an inf9ite numb]4 ,we "k1 at lea/1 t ,petron1 "o ( ! e>ly ,py?agoreans1 said !re 7 j a hundr$ & eighty-?ree worlds arrang$ 9 a triangle2#bfj & ,plato makes ,timaios admit1 :5 lay+ d[n t !re is only "o _w1 t some?+ might be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! view t !re are five1 z !re are five regul> solids4#bfa ,footnote #bee3 ,cf4 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #f4 #bac a #bg1 ' 444 1 ' 1 2 de ,"p4 ,an4 1 #aj4 #fef b #ae1 2 de ,an4 1 #aj #dai b #cd1 4 ,footnote #bef3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #g 7,r4 ,p4 #ef c74 ,footnote #beg3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #ia4 ,footnote #beh3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf a #be 7,r4 ,p4 #ff74 ,footnote #bei3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #eh d #b4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,?is is quot$ by ,plut>*1 de def4 orac4 #dbb b1 d1 f ,phanias ( ,eresos1 :o gave x on ! au?ority ( ,hippys ( ,rhegion4 ,if we may foll[ ,wilam[itz 7,h]mes1 xix4 p4 #ddd7 9 suppos+ t ?is really means ,hippasos ( ,metapontion 7& x 0 9 ,rhegion t ! ,py?agoreans took refuge71 ?is is a v valuable piece ( evid5ce4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #ee c #g sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! heav5ly bodies4 #ed4 ,anaxim&] _h reg>d$ ! heav5ly bodies z :eels ( 8air0 fill$ ) fire :i* escapes ?r\gh c]ta9 op5+s 7 #ai71 & !re is evid5ce t ,py?agoras adopt$ ! same view4#bfb ,we h se5 t ,anaxim&] only assum$ ! exi/5ce ( ?ree su* :eels1 & held t ! :eel ( ! sun 0 ! l[e/4 ,x is extremely probable t ,py?agoras id5tifi$ ! int]vals betwe5 ^! r+s ) ! ?ree musical int]vals :i* he _h discov]$1 ! f\r?1 ! fif?1 & ! octave4 ,t w\ld be ! mo/ natural beg9n+ = ! lat] doctr9e ( ! 8h>mony ( ! sph]es10 ?\gh t expression w\ld be d\bly mislead+ if appli$ to any !ory we c prop]ly ascribe to ,py?agoras himself4 ,! ^w does n mean h>mony1 & ! 8sph]es0 are an ana*ronism4 ,we are /ill at ! /age :5 :eels or r+s 7 consid]$ suffici5t to acc\nt = ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t sun1 moon1 planets1 & fix$ />s mu/ all be reg>d$ z mov+ 9 ! same direction f ea/ to we/4 ,py?agoras c]ta9ly did n ascribe to ! planets an orbital motion ( _! own f we/ to ea/4 ,! old idea 0 r t !y 7 left beh9d m or less e day4 ,z comp>$ ) ! fix$ />s1 ,saturn is left beh9d lea/ ( all1 & ! ,moon mo/2 s1 in/ead ( say+ t ! ,moon took a %ort] "t ?an ,saturn to complete its pa? ?r\gh ! signs ( ! ,zodiac1 m5 said ,saturn travell$ quick] ?an ! ,moon1 because x m ne>ly succe$s 9 keep+ up ) ! signs4 ,in/ead ( hold+ t ,saturn takes ?irty ye>s to complete its revolution1 !y said x took ! fix$ />s ?irty ye>s to pass ,saturn1 & only tw5ty-n9e days & a half to pass ! ,moon4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts to be> 9 m9d reg>d+ ! planet>y sy/ems ( ! ,greeks1 & we %all return to x aga94#bfc ,footnote #bfb3 ,?is w be f\nd 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #ic4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,= a cle> /atem5t ( ?is view 7:i* 0 /ill t ( ,demokritos71 see ,lucretius1 v4 #fba sqq4 ,! view t ! planets _h an orbital motion f we/ to ea/ is attribut$ by ,aetios1 ii4 #af1 #c1 to ,alkmaion 7 #if71 :i* c]ta9ly implies t ,py?agoras did n hold x4 ,z we %all see 7 #aeb71 x is f> f cle> t any ( ! ,py?agoreans did4 ,x seems r to be ,plato's discov]y4 ,! acc\nt j giv5 ( ! views ( ,py?agoras is1 no d\bt1 conjectural & incomplete4 ,we h simply assign$ to him ^? portions ( ! ,py?agorean sy/em :i* appe> to be ! olde/1 & x has n ev5 be5 possible at ?is /age to cite fully ! evid5ce on :i* our discussion is bas$4 ,x w only appe> 9 its true light :5 we h exam9$ ! second "p ( ! poem ( ,p>m5ides & ! sy/em ( ! lat] ,py?agoreans4#bfd ,= reasons :i* w !n be app>5t1 ,i d n v5ture to ascribe to ,py?agoras himself ! !ory ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! c5tral fire4 ,x seems safe/ to suppose t he /ill adh]$ to ! geoc5tric hypo!sis ( ,anaxim&]4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 h[ev]1 x w be cle> t he op5$ a new p]iod 9 ! developm5t ( ,greek sci5ce1 & x 0 c]ta9ly to 8 s*ool t its greate/ discov]ies 7 directly or indirectly due4 ,:5 ,plato delib]ately attributes "s ( 8 own mo/ important discov]ies to ! ,py?agoreans1 he 0 ackn[l$g+ 9 a *>act]i/ic way ! debt he ow$ !m4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #ib-ic1 & ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #aej-aeb4 ,,ii4 ,,x5ophanes ,,( ,,kolophon ,sid5ote3 ,life4 #ee4 ,we h se5 h[ ,py?agoras id5tifi$ himself ) ! religi\s movem5t ( 8 "t2 we h n[ to consid] a v diff]5t manife/ation ( ! reaction aga9/ t view ( ! gods :i* ! poets _h made famili> to e "o4 ,x5ophanes d5i$ ! an?ropomorphic gods altoge!r1 b 0 q unaffect$ by ! revival ( m primitive ideas t 0 go+ on all r\nd him4 ,we /ill h a fragm5t ( an elegy 9 :i* he ridicul$ ,py?agoras & ! doctr9e ( transmigration4 8,once1 !y say1 he 0 pass+ by :5 a dog 0 be+ ill-treat$4 #8,/op6' he said1 #8don't hit x6 ,x is ! s\l ( a fri5d6 ,i knew x :5 ,i he>d its voice4'0#bfe ,we are also told t he oppos$ ! views ( ,?ales & ,py?agoras1 & attack$ ,epim5ides1 :i* is likely en\gh1 ?\gh no fragm5ts ( ! k9d h come d[n to u4#bff ,8 *ief importance lies 9 ! fact t he 0 ! au?or ( ! qu>rel betwe5 philosophy & poetry :i* culm9at$ 9 ,plato's ,republic4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,see fr4 #g 7 #ah ,k>/471 ap4 ,diog4 viii4 #cf 7,r4 ,p4 #hh74 ,footnote #bff3 ,diog4 ix4 #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #ig74 ,we "k t ,x5ophanes ref]r$ to ! pr$iction ( an eclipse by ,?ales 7,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #da1 n4 #fb74 ,we %all see t 8 own view ( ! sun 0 h>dly consi/5t ) ! possibility ( su* a pr$iction1 s x may h be5 9 connexion ) ?is t he oppos$ him4 ,x is n easy to det]m9e ! date ( ,x5ophanes4 ,timaios said he 0 a contempor>y ( ,hi]on & ,epi*>mos1 & he c]ta9ly seems to h play$ a "p 9 ! anecdotical romance ( ,hi]on's c\rt :i* amus$ ! ,greeks ( ! f\r? c5tury mu* z t ( ,croesus & ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m5 amus$ ^? ( ! fif?4#bfg ,z ,hi]on reign$ f #dgh to #dfg ,b4,c41 t w\ld make x impossible to date ! bir? ( ,x5ophanes mu* e>li] ?an #egj ,b4,c41 ev5 if we suppose him to h liv$ till ! age ( a hundr$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bo? ,sextus & ,clem5t say t ,apollodoros gave ,ol4 ,,xl4 7#fbj-faf ,b4,c47 z ! date ( 8 bir?1 & ! =m] adds t 8 days 7 prolong$ till ! "t ( ,d>eios & ,cyrus4#bfh ,aga91 ,diog5es1 ^: in=mation on su* matt]s mo/ly comes f ,apollodoros1 says t he fl\ri%$ 9 ,ol4 ,,lx4 7#edj-ecg ,b4,c471 & ,diels holds t ,apollodoros really said s4#bfi ,h[ev] t may be1 x is evid5t t ! date #edj ,b4,c4 is bas$ on ! assumption t he w5t to ,elea 9 ! ye> ( its f\ndation1 & is1 !re=e1 a m]e comb9ation4#bgj ,footnote #bfg3 ,timaios ap4 ,clem4 ,/rom4 i4 p4 #ecc 7,r4 ,p4 #ie74 ,!re is only "o anecdote :i* actually repres5ts ,x5ophanes 9 conv]sation ) ,hi]on 7,plut4 ,reg4 apoph?4 #age e71 b x is natural to und]/& ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ajaj a #d z an allusion to a rem>k made by ,epi*>mos to him4 ,ari/otle has m ?an "o anecdote ab\t ,x5ophanes1 & x seems mo/ likely t he d]iv$ !m f ! romance ( :i* ,x5ophon's ,/rom4 is an e*o4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,clem41 loc4 cit42 ,sext4 ,/rom4 i4 #beg4 ,! m5tion ( ,cyrus is confirm$ by ,hipp4 ,/rom4 i4 #id4 ,diels ?9ks t ,d>eios 0 m5tion$ fir/ = metrical reasons2 b no "o has satisfactorily expla9$ :y ,cyrus %\ld be m5tion$ at all1 unless ! e>ly date 0 int5d$4 ,on ! :ole subject1 see ,jacoby1 pp4 #bjd sqq41 :o is c]ta9ly wrong 9 suppos+ t c mean 8dur+ ! times ( ,d>eios & ,cyrus40 ,footnote #bfi3 ,/rom4 xxxi4 p4 #bb4 ,he assumes an e>ly corruption ( ,n into ,m4 ,z ,apollodoros gave ! ,a!nian ar*on1 & n ! ,olympiad1 we might ) m probability suppose a confusion due to two ar*ons hav+ ! same "n4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,z ,elea 0 f\nd$ by ! ,phokaians six ye>s aft] !y left ,phokaia 7,h]od4 i4 #afd sqq47 its date is j #edj-ci ,b4,c4 ,cf4 ! way 9 :i* ,apollodoros dat$ ,emp$okles by ! era ( ,?\rioi 7 #ih74 ,:at we d "k = c]ta9 is t ,x5ophanes _h l$ a w&]+ life f ! age ( tw5ty-five1 & t he 0 /ill alive & mak+ poetry at ! age ( n9ety-two4 ,he says himself 7fr4 #h #bd ,k>/42 ,r4 ,p4 #ig73-- ,!re are by ?is "t ?reescore ye>s & sev5 t h toss$ my c>eworn s\l#bga up & d[n ! l& ( ,hellas2 & !re 7 !n five-&-tw5ty ye>s f my bir?1 if ,i c say aught truly ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,footnote #bga3 ,b]gk 7,litt]aturges*4 ii4 p4 #dah1 n4 #bc7 took "h to mean ! lit]>y "w ( ,x5ophanes1 b x is surely an ana*ronism to suppose t at ?is date x c\ld be us$ l ! ,lat9 cura4 ,x is tempt+ to suppose t 9 ?is passage ,x5ophanes 0 ref]r+ to ! conque/ ( ,ionia by ,h>pagos1 & t he is1 9 fact1 answ]+ ! "q ask$ 9 ano!r poem#bgb 7fr4 #bb #ag ,k>/42 ,r4 ,p4 #ie a73-- ,?is is ! sort ( ?+ we %\ld say by ! fireside 9 ! w9t]-"t1 z we lie on s(t c\*es aft] a good meal1 dr9k+ sweet w9e & crun*+ *ickpeas3 8,( :at c\ntry are y1 & h[ old are y1 good sir8 ,& h[ old 7 y :5 ! ,m$e appe>$80 ,footnote #bgb3 ,x 0 c]ta9ly ano!r poem2 = x is 9 hexamet]s :ile ! prec$+ fragm5t is 9 elegiacs4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 be sure ( ?is1 & we mu/ be cont5t ) :at is1 aft] all1 = our purpose ! ma9 fact1 namely1 t he ref]s to ,py?agoras 9 ! pa/ t5se1 & is 9 turn s ref]r$ to by ,h]akleitos4#bgc ,footnote #bgc3 ,x5ophanes1 fr4 #g 7above1 p4 #abd1 n4 #bfe72 ,h]akleitos1 frs4 #af1 #ag 7bel[1 p4 #adg74 ,!ophra/os said t ,x5ophanes _h 8he>d0 ,anaxim&]1#bgd & we %all see t he 0 c]ta9ly acqua9t$ ) ! ,ionian cosmology4 ,:5 driv5 f 8 native city1 he liv$ 9 ,sicily1 *iefly1 we are told1 at ,zankle & ,katana4#bge ,l ,ar*ilo*os be=e him1 he unburd5$ 8 s\l 9 elegies & satires1 :i* he recit$ at ! banquets :]e1 we may suppose1 ! refugees tri$ to keep up ! usages ( good ,ionian society4 ,! /atem5t t he 0 a rhapsode has no f\ndation at all4#bgf ,! s+] ( elegies 0 no pr(essional l ! rhapsode1 b ! social equal ( 8 li/5]s4 ,9 8 n9ety-second ye> he 0 /ill1 we h se51 lead+ a w&]+ life1 :i* is h>dly consi/5t ) ! /atem5t t he settl$ at ,elea & f\nd$ a s*ool !re1 especially if we are to ?9k ( him z sp5d+ 8 la/ days at ,hi]on's c\rt4 ,x is q probable t he visit$ ,elea1 & x is j possible t he wrote a poem ( two ?\s& hexamet]s on ! f\ndation ( t city1 :i* 0 naturally a subject ( int]e/ to all ! ,ionic migrs4#bgg ,b x is v rem>kable t no anci5t writ] expressly says t he ev] 0 at ,elea1 & ! only ?+ besides ! d\btful poem ref]r$ to :i* connects him ) x is a s+le anecdote ( ,ari/otle's z to ! answ] he gave ! ,eleates :5 !y ask$ :e!r !y %\ld sacrifice to ,leuko!a & lam5t h] or n4 8,if y ?9k h] a goddess10 he said1 8d n lam5t h]2 if n1 d n sacrifice to h]40 ,t is absolutely all1 & x is only an apoph!gm4#bgh ,x is /range !re %\ld be no m if ,x5ophanes _h really f\nd a home at la/ 9 ! ,phokaian colony4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,diog4 ix4 #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #if a74 ,footnote #bge3 ,diog4 ix4 #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #if74 ,! use ( ! old "n ,zankle1 in/ead ( ! lat] ,mess5e1 po9ts to an e>ly s\rce = ?is /atem5t--probably ! elegies ( ,x5ophanes himself4 ,footnote #bgf3 ,diog4 ix4 #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #ig7 says 1 :i* is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,no?+ is said any:]e ( 8 recit+ ,hom]1 & ! ^w is us$ q loosely = 8to recite40 ,gomp]z's imag9ative picture 7,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #aee7 has no fur!r support ?an ?is s+le ^w4 ,nor is !re any trace ( ,hom]ic influ5ce 9 ! fragm5ts4 ,!y are 9 ! usual elegiac /yle4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,! /atem5t is ju/ly suspect$ by ,hill] 7,rh4 ,mus4 xxxiii4 p4 #ebi7 to come f ,lobon ( ,argos1 :o provid$ ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m51 ,epim5ides1 etc41 ) /i*ometric notices1 all duly record$ 9 ,diog5es4 ,ev5 if true1 h[ev]1 x proves no?+4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,ari/4 ,rhet4 1 #bf4 #adjj b #e 7,r4 ,p4 #ih a74 ,anecdotes l ?is are really anonym\s4 ,plut>* transf]s ! /ory to ,egypt 7,p4 ,ph4 ,fr4 p4 #bb1 #ac71 & o!rs tell x ( ,h]akleitos4 ,x is h>dly safe to build on su* a f\ndation4 ,sid5ote3 ,poems4 #ef4 ,accord+ to a notice pres]v$ 9 ,diog5es1 ,x5ophanes wrote 9 hexamet]s & also compos$ elegies & iambics aga9/ ,hom] & ,hesiod4#bgi ,no good au?ority says any?+ ab\t 8 hav+ writt5 a philosophical poem4#bhj ,simplicius tells u he _h nev] met ) ! v]ses ab\t ! e>? /ret*+ inf9itely d[nw>ds 7fr4 #bh71bha & ?is means t ! ,academy possess$ no copy ( su* a poem1 :i* w\ld be v /range if x _h ev] exi/$4 ,simplicius 0 able to f9d ! complete works ( mu* small] m54 ,nor does int]nal evid5ce l5d any support to ! view t he wrote a philosophical poem4 ,diels ref]s ab\t tw5ty-eight l9es to x1 b !y w\ld all come 9 q z naturally 9 8 attacks on ,hom] & ,hesiod1 z ,i h endeav\r$ to %[4 ,x is also significant t a consid]able numb] ( !m are d]iv$ f comm5tators on ,hom]4#bhb ,x seems probable1 !n1 t ,x5ophanes express$ 8 !ological & philosophical views incid5tally 9 8 satires4 ,t w\ld be q 9 ! mann] ( ! "t1 z we c see f ! rema9s ( ,epi*>mos4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,diog4 ix4 #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #ig74 ,! ^w is a rem9isc5ce ( ,timon1 fr4 #fj2 ,diels1 4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,! olde/ ref]5ce to a poem is 9 ! ,g5eva s*olium on ,il4 xxi4 #aif 7quot+ fr4 #cj71 & ?is goes back to ,krates ( ,mallos4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t su* titles are ( lat] date ?an ,x5ophanes1 & he _h be5 giv5 a place among philosoph]s long be=e ! "t ( ,krates4 ,all we c say1 !re=e1 is t ! ,p]gam5e libr>ians gave ! title to "s poem ( ,x5ophanes4 ,footnote #bha3 ,simpl4 de ,caelo1 p4 #ebb1 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #ig b74 ,x is true t two ( our fragm5ts 7#be & #bf7 are pres]v$ by ,simplicius1 b he got !m f ,alex&]4 ,probably !y 7 quot$ by ,!ophra/os2 = x is pla9 t ,alex&] _h no fir/-h& k ( ,x5ophanes ei!r4 ,if he _h1 he w\ld n h be5 tak5 9 by ,m4,x4,g4 7,see p4 #ach1 n4 #cje47 ,footnote #bhb3 ,?ree fragm5ts 7#bg1 #ca1 #cc7 come f ! ,hom]ic ,allegories1 two 7#cj1 #cb7 are f ,hom]ic s*olia4 ,! satires !mselves are call$ ,silloi by late writ]s1 & ?is "n may g back to ,x5ophanes himself4 ,x is also possible1 h[ev]1 t x orig9ates 9 ! fact t ,timon ( ,phlei\s1 ! 8sillograph]0 7c4 #bei ,b4,c471 put mu* ( 8 satire ^u philosoph]s into ! m\? ( ,x5ophanes4 ,only "o iambic l9e has be5 pres]v$1 & t is imm$iately foll[$ by a hexamet] 7fr4 #ad #e ,k>/474 ,?is sugge/s t ,x5ophanes ins]t$ iambic l9es among 8 hexamet]s 9 ! mann] ( ! ,m>gites1 :i* w\ld be a v natural ?+ = him to d4#bhc ,footnote #bhc3 ,cf4 ,wilam[itz1 ,progr4 ,gryphiswald4 #ahhj4 ,sid5ote3 ,! fragm5ts4 #eg4 ,i give all ! fragm5ts ( any importance accord+ to ! text & arrangem5t ( ,diels4 ,,elegies 7#a7 ,n[ is ! floor clean1 & ! h&s & cups ( all2 "o sets twi/$ g>l&s on our heads1 ano!r h&s u fragrant o9tm5t on a salv]4 ,! mix+ b[ls /& ready1 full ( gladness1 & !re is m w9e at h& t promises nev] to leave u 9 ! lur*1 s(t & smell+ ( fl[]s 9 ! j>s4 ,9 ! mid/ ! frank9c5se s5ds up its holy smoke1 & !re is cold wat]1 sweet & clean4 ,br[n loaves are set be=e u & a lordly table lad5 ) *eese & ri* honey4 ,! alt> 9 ! mid/ is clu/]$ r\nd ) fl[]s2 song & revel fill ! halls4 ,b fir/ x is meet t m5 %\ld hymn ! god ) joyful song1 ) holy tales & pure words2 !n aft] libation & pray] made t we may h /r5g? to d "r--= t is 9 tru? ! bett] way--no s9 is x to dr9k z mu* z a man c take & get home )\t an att5dant1 s he be n /rick5 9 ye>s4 ,& above all m5 is he to be prais$ :o aft] dr9k+ gives goodly pro( ( himself 9 ! trial ( skill1 z memory & voice w s]ve him4 ,let him n s+ ( ,titans & ,giants--^? fictions ( ! m5 ( old--nor ( turbul5t civil broils 9 :i* is no good ?+ at all2 b ev] give he$ful rev]5ce to ! gods4 7#b7 ,:at if a man w9 victory 9 swiftness ( foot1 or 9 ! p5ta?lon1 at ,olympia1 :]e is ! prec9ct ( ,zeus by ,pisa's spr+s1 or 9 wre/l+1--:at if by cruel box+ or t fe>ful sport m5 call pankration he become m glori\s 9 ! citiz5s' eyes1 & w9 a place ( hon\r 9 ! sight ( all at ! games1 8 food at ! public co/ f ! ,/ate1 & a gift to be an heirloom = him1--:at if he conqu] 9 ! *>iot-race1--he w n des]ve all ?is = 8 portion s mu* z ,i d4 ,f> bett] is our art ?an ! /r5g? ( m5 & ( horses6 ,^! are b ?\ghtless judgm5ts1 nor is x fitt+ to set /r5g? be=e our art4 ,ev5 if !re arise a mighty box] among a p1 or "o great 9 ! p5ta?lon or at wre/l+1 or "o excell+ 9 swiftness ( foot--& t /&s 9 hon\r be=e all tasks ( m5 at ! games--! city w\ld be none ! bett] gov]n$ = t4 ,x is b little joy a city gets ( x if a man conqu] at ! games by ,pisa's banks2 x is n ?is t makes fat ! /ore-h\ses ( a city4 7#c7 ,!y le>nt da9ty & unpr(itable ways f ! ,lydians1 s long z !y 7 free f hateful tyranny2 !y w5t to ! m>ket-place ) cloaks ( purple dye1 n less ?an a ?\s& ( !m all told1 va+lori\s & pr\d ( _! comely tresses1 reek+ ) fragrance f cunn+ salves4 ,,satires 7#aj7 ,s9ce all at fir/ h le>nt accord+ to ,hom]4444 7#aa7 ,hom] & ,hesiod h ascrib$ to ! gods all ?+s t are a %ame & a disgrace among mortals1 /eal+s & adult]ies & deceiv+s ( "o ano!r4 ,r4 ,p4 #ii4 7#ab7 ,!y h utt]$ _m1 _m lawless de$s ( ! gods1 /eal+s & adult]ies & deceiv+s ( "o ano!r4 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 7#ad7 ,b mortals deem t ! gods are begott5 z !y are1 & h clo!s#bhd l !irs1 & voice & =m4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajj4 7#ae7 ,yes1 & if ox5 & horses or lions _h h&s1 & c\ld pa9t ) _! h&s1 & produce works ( art z m5 d1 horses w\ld pa9t ! =ms ( ! gods l horses1 & ox5 l ox51 & make _! bodies 9 ! image ( _! sev]al k9ds4 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 7#af7 ,! ,e?iopians make _! gods black & snub-nos$2 ! ,?racians say !irs h blue eyes & r$ hair4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajj b4 7#ah7 ,! gods h n reveal$ all ?+s to m5 f ! beg9n+1 b by seek+ !y f9d 9 "t :at is bett]4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajd b4 7#bc7 ,"o god1 ! greate/ among gods & m51 nei!r 9 =m l unto mortals nor 9 ?\ght4444 ,r4 ,p4 #ajj4 7#bd7 ,he sees all ov]1 ?9ks all ov]1 & he>s all ov]4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajb4 7#be7 ,b )\t toil he swaye? all ?+s by ! ?\ght ( 8 m9d4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajh b4 7#bf7 ,& he abide? ev] 9 ! selfsame place1 mov+ n at all2 nor do? x befit him to g ab\t n[ hi!r n[ ?i!r4 ,r4 ,p4 #aaj a4 7#bg7 ,all ?+s come f ! e>?1 & 9 e>? all ?+s end4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajc a4 7#bh7 ,?is limit ( ! e>? above is se5 at our feet 9 contact ) ! air2#bhe bel[ x rea*es d[n )\t a limit4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajc4 7#bi7 ,all ?+s are e>? & wat] t come into be+ & gr[4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajc4 7#cj7 ,! sea is ! s\rce ( wat] & ! s\rce ( w9d2 = nei!r 9 ! cl\ds 7w\ld !re be any bla/s ( w9d bl[+ =?7 f )9 )\t ! mighty sea1 nor riv]s' /reams nor ra9-wat] f ! sky4 ,! mighty sea is fa!r ( cl\ds & ( w9ds & ( riv]s4#bhf ,r4 ,p4 #ajc4 7#ca7 ,! sun sw++ ov]#bhg ! e>? & w>m+ x4444 7#cb7 ,%e t !y call ,iris is a cl\d likewise1 purple1 sc>let & gre5 to behold4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajc4 7#cc7 ,= we all are born ( e>? & wat]4 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 7#cd7 ,!re nev] 0 nor w be a man :o has c]ta9 k ab\t ! gods & ab\t all ! ?+s ,i speak (4 ,ev5 if he %\ld *ance to say ! complete tru?1 yet he himself kn[s n t x is s4 ,b all may h _! fancy4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajd4 7#ce7 ,let ^! be tak5 z fancies#bhh some?+ l ! tru?4 ,r4 ,p4 #ajd a4 7#cf7 ,all ( !m#bhi t are visible = mortals to behold4 7#cg7 ,& 9 "s caves wat] drips4444 7#ch7 ,if god _h n made br[n honey1 m5 w\ld ?9k figs f> sweet] ?an !y d4 ,footnote #bhd3 ,i =m]ly1 ) ,zell]1 pref]r$ ,!odoret's read+ 1 b bo? ,clem5t & ,eusebios h 1 & ,!odoret is entirely dep5d5t on !m4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,read+ = ) ,diels4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,?is fragm5t has be5 recov]$ 9 its entirety f ! ,g5eva s*olia on ,hom] 7see ,ar*4 iv4 p4 #feb74 ,! words 9 brackets are add$ by ,diels4 ,see also ,prae*t]1 8,zu ,x5ophanes0 7,philol4 xviii4 p4 #cjh74 ,footnote #bhg3 ,! ^w is 4 ,?is is quot$ f ! ,allegories z an explanation ( ! "n ,hyp]ion1 & d\btless ,x5ophanes s meant x4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,read+ ) ,wilam[itz4 ,footnote #bhi3 ,z ,diels sugge/s1 ?is probably ref]s to ! />s1 :i* ,x5ophanes held to be cl\ds4 ,sid5ote3 ,! heav5ly bodies4 #eh4 ,! int5tion ( "o ( ^! fragm5ts 7fr4 #cb7 is p]fectly cle>4 8,iris too0 is a cl\d1 & we may inf] t ! same ?+ _h j be5 said ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s2 = ! doxograph]s tell u t ^! 7 all expla9$ z 8cl\ds ignit$ by motion40#bij ,to ! same context cle>ly belongs ! explanation ( ! ,/4 ,elmo's fire :i* ,aetios has pres]v$4 8,! ?+s l />s :i* appe> on %ips10 we are told1 8:i* "s call ! ,diosk\roi1 are little cl\ds made lum9\s by motion40#bia ,9 ! doxograph]s ?is explanation is repeat$ ) trifl+ v>iations "u ! head ( moon1 />s1 comets1 lightn+1 %oot+ />s1 & s =?1 :i* gives ! appe>ance ( a sy/ematic cosmology4#bib ,b ! sy/em is due to ! arrangem5t ( ! "w ( ,!ophra/os1 & n to ,x5ophanes2 = x is obvi\s t a v few hexamet]s add$ to ^? we possess w\ld amply acc\nt = ! :ole doxography4 ,footnote #bij3 ,cf4 ,diels ad loc4 7,p4 ,ph4 ,fr4 p4 #dd71 8ut ,sol et cet]a a/ra1 quae cum 9 nebulas evanesc]5t1 deorum simul op9io casura erat40 ,cf4 ,ar*4 x4 p4 #ecc4 ,footnote #bia3 ,aet4 ii4 #ah1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #cdg71 1 1 4 ,:at we he> ( ! sun pres5ts "s difficulties4 ,we are told1 on ! "o h&1 t x too 0 an ignit$ cl\d2 b ?is c h>dly be "r4 ,! evaporation ( ! sea f :i* cl\ds arise is di/9ctly said to be due to ! sun's heat4 ,!ophra/os /at$ t ! sun1 accord+ to ,x5ophanes1 0 a collection ( sp>ks f ! moi/ exhalation2 b ev5 ?is leaves ! exhalation itself unexpla9$4#bic ,t1 h[ev]1 matt]s little1 if ! *ief aim ( ,x5ophanes 0 to discr$it ! an?ropomorphic gods1 r ?an to give a sci5tific !ory ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! important ?+ is t ,helios too is a tempor>y ph5om5on4 ,! sun does n g r\nd ! e>?1 z ,anaxim&] taught1 b /raight on1 & ! appe>ance ( a circul> pa? is solely due to its increas+ di/ance4 ,s x is n ! same sun t rises next morn+1 b a new "o altoge!r2 :ile ! old "o 8tumbles into a hole0 :5 x comes to c]ta9 un9habit$ regions ( ! e>?4 ,besides t1 !re are _m suns & moons1 "o ( ea* = e region ( ! e>?4#bid ,x is obvi\s t ?+s ( t k9d _c be gods4 ,footnote #bib3 ,! passages f ,aetios are collect$ 9 ,p4 ,ph4 ,fr4 pp4 #cb sqq4 7,vors4 p4 #db74 ,footnote #bic3 ,aet4 ii4 #bj1 #c 7,dox4 p4 #cdh71 4 1 4 ,footnote #bid3 ,aet4 ii4 #bd1 #i 7,dox4 p4 #cee74 1 ' ' 1 4 ,x is cle> t 9 ?is notice has be5 errone\sly sub/itut$ = 1 z x has also 9 ,aet4 ii4 #bd1 #d 7,dox4 p4 #ced74 ,! vigor\s expression 8tumbl+ into a hole0#bie seems cle>ly to come f ! v]ses ( ,x5ophanes himself1 & !re are o!rs ( a simil> k9d1 :i* we mu/ suppose 7 quot$ by ,!ophra/os4 ,! />s g out 9 ! daytime1 b gl[ aga9 at night 8l *>coal emb]s40#bif ,! sun is ( "s use 9 produc+ ! _w & ! liv+ creatures 9 x1 b ! moon 8does no "w 9 ! boat40#big ,su* expressions c only be meant to make ! heav5ly bodies appe> ridicul\s1 & x w !re=e be well to ask :e!r ! o!r suppos$ cosmological fragm5ts c be int]pret$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,footnote #bie3 ,t ?is is ! mean+ ( appe>s suffici5tly f ! passages ref]r$ to 9 ,liddell & ,scott4 ,footnote #bif3 ,aet4 ii4 #ac1 #ad 7,dox4 p4 #cdc71 4 ,footnote #big3 ,aet4 ii4 #cj1 #h 7,dox4 p4 #cfb71 1 1 ,! v]b means 8to cork40 ,cf4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,pax1 #acjf4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>? & wat]4 #ei4 ,9 fr4 #bi ,x5ophanes says t 8all ?+s are e>? & wat]10 & ,hippolytos has pres]v$ ! acc\nt giv5 by ,!ophra/os ( ! context 9 :i* ?is occurr$4 ,x 0 z foll[s3-- ,x5ophanes said t a mixture ( ! e>? ) ! sea is tak+ place1 & t x is be+ gradually dissolv$ by ! moi/ure4 ,he says t he has ! foll[+ pro(s ( ?is4 ,%ells are f\nd 9 midl& di/ricts & on hills1 & he says t 9 ! qu>ries at ,syracuse has be5 f\nd ! impr9t ( a fi% & ( seawe$1 at ,p>os ! =m ( an an*ovy 9 ! dep? ( ! /one1 & at ,malta flat impressions ( all m>9e animals4 ,^!1 he says1 7 produc$ :5 all ?+s 7 =m]ly mud1 & ! outl9es 7 dri$ 9 ! mud4 ,all human be+s are de/roy$ :5 ! e>? has be5 c>ri$ d[n into ! sea & turn$ to mud4 ,?is *ange takes place = all ! worlds4--,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #ad 7,r4 ,p4 #ajc a74 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! !ory ( ,anaxim&]1 & we may p]haps cr$it him r ?an ,x5ophanes ) ! obs]vations ( fossils4#bih ,mo/ rem>kable ( all1 h[ev]1 is ! /atem5t t ?is *ange applies to 8all ! worlds40 ,x really seems impossible to d\bt t ,!ophra/os attribut$ a belief 9 8innum]able worlds0 to ,x5ophanes4 ,z we h se5 already1 ,aetios includes him 9 8 li/ ( ^? :o held ?is doctr9e1 & ,diog5es ascribes x to him also4#bii ,9 ?is place1 ,hippolytos seems to take x = grant$4 ,we %all also f9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 ano!r connexion he said ! ,_w or ,god 0 "o4 ,if our int]pretation ( him is correct1 !re is no difficulty "h4 ,! ma9 po9t is t1 s f> f be+ a primeval goddess1 & 8a sure seat = all ?+s ev]10 ,gaia too is a pass+ appe>ance4 ,t belongs to ! attack ^u ,hesiod1 &1 if 9 ?is connexion ,x5ophanes spoke1 ) ,anaxim&]1 ( 8innum]able worlds10 :ile else:]e he said t ,god or ! ,_w 0 "o1 t is probably connect$ ) a /ill bett] atte/$ contradiction :i* we h n[ to exam9e4 ,footnote #bih3 ,!re is an int]e/+ note on ^! 9 ,gomp]z's ,greek ,?9k]s 7,eng4 trans4 i4 p4 #eea74 ,i h translat$ 8 conjecture in/ead ( ! ,,ms4 1 z ?is is said to involve a palontological impossibility1 & impressions ( fucoids are f\nd1 n inde$ 9 ! qu>ries ( ,syracuse1 b ne> !m4 ,x is said also t !re are no fossils 9 ,p>os1 s ! an*ovy mu/ h be5 an imag9>y "o4 ,footnote #bii3 ,aet4 ii4 #a1 #b 7,dox41 p4 #cbg72 ,diog4 ix4 #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #ajc c74 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ?is passage ( ,diog5es comes f ! biographical comp5dium 7,dox4 p4 #afh72 b1 = all t1 x is a s]i\s matt] to d5y ! ,!ophra/ean orig9 ( a /atem5t f\nd 9 ,aetios1 ,hippolytos1 & ,diog5es4 ,sid5ote3 ,f9ite or inf9ite8 #fj4 ,ari/otle tri$ )\t success to discov] f ! poems ( ,x5ophanes :e!r he reg>d$ ! _w z f9ite or inf9ite4 8,he made no cle> pron\ncem5t on ! subject10 he tells u4#cjj ,!ophra/os1 on ! o!r h&1 decid$ t he reg>d$ x z sph]ical & f9ite because he said x 0 8equal e way40#cja ,?is1 h[ev]1 leads to v s]i\s difficulties4 ,we h se5 already t ,x5ophanes said ! sun w5t "r on to inf9ity1 & ?is agrees ) 8 view ( ! e>? z an inf9itely ext5d$ pla94 ,/ill m difficult to reconcile ) ! idea ( a sph]ical & f9ite _w is ! /atem5t ( fr4 #bh t1 :ile ! e>? has an upp] limit :i* we see1 x has no limit bel[4 ,?is is atte/$ by ,ari/otle1 :o speaks ( ! e>? be+ 8inf9itely root$10 & adds t ,emp$okles criticis$ ,x5ophanes = hold+ ?is view4#cjb ,x fur!r appe>s f ! fragm5t ( ,emp$okles quot$ by ,ari/otle t ,x5ophanes said ! va/ ,air ext5d$ inf9itely upw>ds4#cjc ,we are !re=e b\nd to try to f9d room = an inf9ite e>? & an inf9ite air 9 a sph]ical & f9ite _w6 ,t comes ( try+ to f9d sci5ce 9 satire4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we reg>d ^! /atem5ts f ! same po9t ( view z ^? ab\t ! heav5ly bodies1 we %all at once see :at !y mo/ probably mean4 ,! /ory ( ,ouranos & ,gaia 0 always ! *ief sc&al ( ! ,!ogony1 & ! inf9ite air gets rid ( ,ouranos altoge!r4 ,z to ! e>? /ret*+ inf9itely d[nw>ds1 t gets rid ( ,t>t>os1 :i* ,hom] describ$ z situat$ at ! bottommo/ limit ( e>? & sea1 z f> b5ea? ,hades z heav5 is above ! e>?4#cjd ,?is is pure conjecture1 ( c\rse2 b1 if x is ev5 possible1 we are entitl$ to disbelieve t su* />tl+ contradictions occurr$ 9 a cosmological poem4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf b #bc 7,r4 ,p4 #aja71 4 ,footnote #cja3 ,?is is giv5 z an inf]5ce by ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #bc1 #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #ajh b71 4 ,x does n m]ely come f ,m4,x4,g4 7,r4 ,p4 #ajh71 ' 4 ,hippolytos has x too 7,ref4 i4 #ad2 ,r4 ,p4 #ajb a71 s x goes back to ,!ophra/os4 ,timon ( ,phlei\s und]/ood ,x5ophanes 9 ! same way2 = he makes him call ! ,"o 7fr4 #fj1 ,diels #dj ,wa*sm42 ,r4 ,p4 #ajb a74 ,footnote #cjb3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bid a #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #ajc b74 ,footnote #cjc3 ,i take z an attribute & z pr$icate to bo? subjects4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,il4 viii4 #ac-af1 #dgh-dha1 especially ! words ' ' 444 ,iliad viii4 mu/ h seem$ a p>ticul>ly bad book to ,x5ophanes4 ,a m subtle explanation ( ! difficulty comm5d$ itself to ! late ,p]ipatetic :o wrote an acc\nt ( ! ,eleatic s*ool1 "p ( :i* is /ill extant 9 ! ,ari/otelian corpus1 & is g5]ally kn[n n[ z ! treatise on ,melissos1 ,x5ophanes1 & ,gorgias4#cje ,he said t ,x5ophanes decl>$ ! _w to be nei!r f9ite nor inf9ite1 & he compos$ a s]ies ( argum5ts 9 support ( ?is !sis1 to :i* he add$ ano!r l x1 namely1 t ! _w is nei!r 9 motion nor at re/4 ,?is has introduc$ endless confusion into our s\rces4 ,alex&] us$ ?is treatise z well z ! great "w ( ,!ophra/os1 & ,simplicius suppos$ ! quotations f x to be f ,!ophra/os too4 ,hav+ no copy ( ! poems he 0 completely baffl$1 & until rec5tly all acc\nts ( ,x5ophanes 7 vitiat$ by ! same confusion4 ,x may ev5 be sugge/$ t1 b = ?is1 we %\ld h he>d v little ( ! 8philosophy ( ,x5ophanes10 a way ( speak+ :i* is 9 ! ma9 a survival f ! days be=e ?is s*ola/ic ex]cise 0 recognis$ z hav+ no au?ority4 ,footnote #cje3 ,9 ,bekk]'s edition ?is treatise be>s ! title 1 1 1 b ! be/ ,,ms4 gives z ! titles ( its ?ree sections3 7#a7 1 7#b7 1 7#c7 4 ,! fir/ section1 h[ev]1 pla9ly ref]s to ,melissos1 s ! :ole treatise is n[ entitl$ ,de ,melisso1 ,x5ophane1 ,gorgia 7,m4,x4,g474 ,x has be5 edit$ by ,apelt 9 ! ,teubn] ,s]ies1 & m rec5tly by ,diels 7,abh4 d] k4 ,preuss4 ,akad4 #aijj71 :o has also giv5 ! section deal+ ) ,x5ophanes 9 ,p4 ,ph4 ,fr4 pp4 #bd-bi 7,vors4 pp4 #cf sqq474 ,he has n[ )drawn ! view ma9ta9$ 9 ,dox4 p4 #ajh t ! "w belongs to ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 & holds t x 0 a ,p]ipatetico eclectico 7i4e4 sceptica1 platonica1 /oica admisc5te7 circa ,*ri/i natalem conscriptum4 ,if t is s1 !re is no reason to d\bt1 z ,i =m]ly did1 t ! second section is really meant to deal ) ,x5ophanes4 ,! writ] w\ld h no fir/-h& k ( 8 poems1 & ! ord] 9 :i* ! philosoph]s are discuss$ is t ( ! passage 9 ! ,metaphysics :i* sugge/$ ! :ole ?+4 ,x is possible t a section on ,p>m5ides prec$$ :at we n[ h4 ,sid5ote3 ,god & ! _w4 #fa4 ,9 ! passage ( ! ,metaphysics j ref]r$ to1 ,ari/otle speaks ( ,x5ophanes z 8! fir/ p>tisan ( ! ,"o10#cjf & ! context %[s t he means to sugge/ he 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,eleatics4 ,we h se5 already t ! c]ta9 facts ( 8 life make x v unlikely t he settl$ at ,elea & f\nd$ a s*ool !re1 & x is probable t1 z usual 9 su* cases1 ,ari/otle is simply reproduc+ c]ta9 /atem5ts ( ,plato4 ,at any rate1 ,plato _h spok5 ( ! ,eleatics z ! 8p>tisans ( ! ,:ole10#cjg & he _h also spok5 ( ! s*ool z 8/>t+ ) ,x5ophanes & ev5 e>li]40#cjh ,! la/ words1 h[ev]1 %[ cle>ly en\gh :at he meant4 ,j z he call$ ! ,h]akleiteans 8foll[]s ( ,hom] & /ill m anci5t tea*]s10#cji s he atta*$ ! ,eleatic s*ool to ,x5ophanes & /ill e>li] au?orities4 ,we h se5 9 o!r in/ances h[ ^! playful & ironical rem>ks ( ,plato 7 tak5 s]i\sly by 8 successors1 & we ne$ n let ?is fre% in/ance ( ! same ?+ influ5ce our g5]al view ( ,x5ophanes unduly4 ,footnote #cjf3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf b #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #aja71 4 ,! v]b occurs n[h]e else1 b is pla9ly =m$ on ! analogy ( 1 1 & ! l4 ,x is n likely t x means 8to unify40 ,ari/otle c\ld easily h said if he _h meant t4 ,footnote #cjg3 ,?t4 #aha a #f1 4 ,! n\n has no o!r mean+ ?an 8p>tisan40 ,!re is no v]b 8to make /ation>y10 & su* a =mation w\ld be aga9/ all analogy4 ,! d]ivation 444 appe>s fir/ 9 ,sext4 ,ma?4 x4 #df1 f :i* passage we may inf] t ,ari/otle us$ ! ^w1 n t he gave ! d]ivation4 ,footnote #cjh3 ,soph4 #bdb d #e 7,r4 ,p4 #aja b74 ,if ! passage implies t ,x5ophanes settl$ at ,elea1 x equally implies ?is ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,b ,elea 0 n f\nd$ till ,x5ophanes 0 9 ! prime ( life4 ,footnote #cji3 ,?t4 #agi e #c1 1 4 ,9 ?is passage1 ,hom] /&s to ! ,h]akleiteans 9 exactly ! same relation z ,x5ophanes does to ! ,eleatics 9 ! ,sophi/4 ,ari/otle goes on to tell u t ,x5ophanes1 8ref]r+ to ! :ole _w1#caj said ! ,"o 0 god40 ,?is cle>ly alludes to frs4 #bc-bf1 :]e all human attributes are d5i$ ( a god :o is said to be "o & 8! greate/ among gods & m540 ,x may be add$ t ^! v]ses ga9 v mu* 9 po9t if we may ?9k ( !m z closely connect$ ) frs4 #aa-af1 in/ead ( ref]r+ ! "o set ( v]ses to ! ,satires & ! o!r to a cosmological poem4 ,x 0 probably 9 ! same context t ,x5ophanes call$ ! _w or god 8equal e way0#caa & d5i$ t x brea!d4#cab ,! /atem5t t1 !re is no ma/]%ip among ! gods#cac also goes v well ) fr4 #bf4 ,a god has no wants1 nor is x fitt+ = "o god to be ! s]vant ( o!rs1 l ,iris & ,h]mes 9 ,hom]4 ,footnote #caj3 ,met4 #iha b #bd4 ,! words _c mean 8gaz+ up at ! :ole heav5s10 or any?+ ( t sort4 ,!y are tak5 z ,i take !m by ,bonitz 7im ,h9blicke auf d5 ganz5 ,himmel7 & ,zell] 7im ,h9blick auf das ,weltganze74 ,! ^w _h become mu* too col\rless to be> ! o!r mean+1 & 1 z we "k1 means :at 0 lat] call$ 4 ,footnote #caa3 ,see above1 p4 #acg1 n4 #cja4 ,footnote #cab3 ,diog4 ix4 #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #ajc c71 ' 1 4 ,see above1 p4 #abj1 n4 #beb4 ,footnote #cac3 ,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #d1 1 ' 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,mono!ism or poly!ism4 #fb4 ,t ?is 8god0 is j ! _w1 ,ari/otle tells u1 & ! use ( ! ^w is q 9 accordance ) ,anaxim&]'s4 ,x5ophanes reg>d$ x z s5ti5t1 ?\gh )\t any special organs ( s5se1 & x sways all ?+s by ! ?\ght ( its m9d4 ,he also calls x 8"o god10 &1 if t is mono!ism1 !n ,x5ophanes 0 a mono!i/1 ?\gh ?is is surely n h[ ! ^w is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! fact is t ! expression 8"o god0 wak5s all sorts ( associations 9 our m9d :i* did n exi/ at all = ! ,greeks ( ?is "t4 ,8 contempor>ies w\ld h be5 m likely to call ,x5ophanes an a!i/ ?an any?+ else4 ,z ,edu>d ,mey] excell5tly says3 8,9 ,greece ! "q ( "o god or gods _m h>dly plays any "p4 ,:e!r ! div9e p[] is ?\ght ( z a unity or a plurality1 is irrelevant 9 comp>ison ) ! "q :e!r x exi/s at all1 & h[ its nature & its relation to ! _w is to be und]/ood40#cad ,footnote #cad3 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii4 #dff4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is wrong to say ) ,freud5?al t ,x5ophanes 0 9 any s5se a poly!i/4#cae ,t he %\ld use ! language ( poly!ism 9 8 elegies is only :at we %\ld expect1 & ! o!r ref]5ces to 8gods0 c be be/ expla9$ z incid5tal to 8 attack on ! an?ropomorphic gods ( ,hom] & ,hesiod4 ,9 "o case1 ,freud5?al has press$ a prov]bial way ( speak+ too h>d4#caf ,lea/ ( all c we admit t ,x5ophanes all[$ ! exi/5ce ( subord9ate or dep>tm5tal gods2 = x 0 j ! exi/5ce ( su* t he 0 *iefly conc]n$ to d5y4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ,freud5?al 0 m ne>ly "r ?an ,wilam[itz1 :o says t ,x5ophanes 8upheld ! only real mono!ism t has ev] exi/$ ^u e>?40#cag ,diels1 ,i fancy1 comes ne>] ! m>k1 :5 he calls x a 8some:at n>r[ pan!ism40#cah ,b all ^! views w\ld h surpris$ ,x5ophanes himself ab\t equally4 ,he 0 really ,goe!'s ,weltk9d1 ) prophets to "r & left ( him1 & he w\ld h smil$ if he _h kn[n t "o day he 0 to be reg>d$ z a !ologian4 ,footnote #cae3 ,freud5?al1 ,die ,!ologie des ,x5ophanes4 ,footnote #caf3 ,x5ophanes calls 8 god 8greate/ among gods & m510 b ?is is simply a case ( 8pol> expression10 to :i* p>allels w be f\nd 9 ,wilam[itz's note to ! ,h]akles1 v4 #aajf4 ,cf4 especially ! /atem5t ( ,h]akleitos 7fr4 #bj7 t 8no "o ( gods or m50 made ! _w4 ,footnote #cag3 ,grie*is*e ,lit]atur1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #cah3 ,p>m5ides ,lehrg$i*t1 p4 #i4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,h]akleitos ,,( ,,ephesos ,sid5ote3 ,life ( ,h]akleitos4 #fc4 ,h]akleitos ( ,ephesos1 son ( ,blyson1 is said to h 8fl\ri%$0 9 ,ol4 ,,lxix4 7#ejd_/c-eja_/j ,b4,c472#cai t is to say1 j 9 ! middle ( ! reign ( ,d>eios1 ) :om sev]al traditions connect$ him4#cbj ,we %all see t ,p>m5ides 0 assign$ to ! same ,olympiad1 ?\gh = ano!r reason 7 #hd74 ,x is m important1 h[ev]1 = our purpose to notice t1 :ile ,h]akleitos ref]s to ,py?agoras & ,x5ophanes by "n & 9 ! pa/ t5se 7fr4 #af71 he is 9 turn ref]r$ to by ,p>m5ides 7fr4 #f74 ,^! ref]5ces are suffici5t to m>k 8 prop] place 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,zell] holds1 inde$1 t he _c h publi%$ 8 "w till aft] #dgh ,b4,c41 on ! gr\nd t ! expulsion ( 8 fri5d ,h]modoros1 allud$ to 9 fr4 #aad1 c\ld n h tak5 place be=e ! d[nfall ( ,p]sian rule4 ,if t 7 s1 x might be h>d to see h[ ,p>m5ides c\ld h kn[n ! views ( ,h]akleitos2 b !re is surely no difficulty 9 suppos+ t ! ,ephesians may h s5t "o ( _! =emo/ citiz5s into bani%m5t at a "t :5 !y 7 /ill pay+ tribute to ! ,great ,k+4 ,! ,p]sians nev] took _! int]nal self-gov]nm5t f ! ,ionian cities1 & ! spuri\s ,lett]s ( ,h]akleitos %[ ! accept$ view 0 t ! expulsion ( ,h]modoros took place dur+ ! reign ( ,d>eios4#cba ,footnote #cai3 ,diog4 ix4 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #bi71 no d\bt f ,apollodoros ?r\gh "s int]m$iate au?ority4 ,jacoby1 pp4 #bbg sqq4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,b]nays1 ,die ,h]aklitis*5 ,briefe1 pp4 #ac sqq4 ,footnote #cba3 ,b]nays1 op4 cit4 pp4 #bj sqq4 ,sotion said t ,h]akleitos 0 a disciple ( ,x5ophanes1#cbb :i* is n probable2 = ,x5ophanes seems to h left ,ionia = ev] be=e ,h]akleitos 0 born4 ,m likely he 0 n a disciple ( any "o2 b x is cle>1 at ! same "t1 t he 0 acqua9t$ bo? ) ! ,milesian cosmology & ) ! poems ( ,x5ophanes4 ,he also knew some?+ ( ! !ories taught by ,py?agoras 7fr4 #ag74 ,footnote #cbb3 ,sotion ap4 ,diog4 ix4 #e 7,r4 ,p4 #bi c74 ,( ! life ( ,h]akleitos we really "k no?+1 except1 p]haps1 t he belong$ to ! anci5t royal h\se & resign$ ! nom9al position ( ,basileus 9 fav\r ( 8 bro!r4#cbc ,! orig9 ( ! o!r /atem5ts be>+ on x is q transp>5t4#cbd ,footnote #cbc3 ,diog4 ix4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #ca74 ,footnote #cbd3 ,see ,pat91 ,h]aklits ,e9heitslehre1 pp4 #c sqq4 ,h]akleitos said 7fr4 #fh7 t x 0 dea? to s\ls to become wat]2 & we are told accord+ly t he di$ ( dropsy4 ,he said 7fr4 #aad7 t ! ,ephesians %\ld leave _! city to _! *ildr51 & 7fr4 #gi7 t ,"t 0 a *ild play+ draughts4 ,we are !re=e told t he refus$ to take any "p 9 public life1 & w5t to play ) ! *ildr5 9 ! temple ( ,artemis4 ,he said 7fr4 #he7 t corpses 7 m fit to be ca/ out ?an dung2 & we are told t he cov]$ himself ) dung :5 attack$ ) dropsy4 ,la/ly1 he is said to h argu$ at great l5g? ) 8 doctors because ( fr4 #eh4 ,= ^! tales see ,diog4 ix4 #c-e1 & comp>e ! /ories ab\t ,emp$okles discuss$ 9 ,*ap4 ,v4 #ajj4 ,sid5ote3 ,8 book4 #fd4 ,we d n "k ! title ( ! "w ( ,h]akleitos#cbe--;if1 inde$1 x _h "o at all--& x is n v easy to =m a cle> idea ( its cont5ts4 ,we are told t x 0 divid$ into ?ree disc\rses3 "o deal+ ) ! univ]se1 "o political1 & "o !ological4#cbf ,x is n likely t ?is division is due to ,h]akleitos himself2 all we c inf] f ! /atem5t is t ! "w fell naturally into ^! ?ree p>ts :5 ! ,/oic comm5tators took _! editions ( x 9 h&4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,! v>iety ( titles enum]at$ 9 ,diog4 ix4 #ab 7,r4 ,p4 #cj b7 seems to %[ t none 0 au!ntically kn[n4 ,t ( 8,muses0 comes f ,plato1 ,soph4 #bdb d #g4 ,! o!rs are m]e 8mottoes0 7,s*u/]7 prefix$ by ,/oic editors1 & int5d$ to emphasise _! view t ! subject ( ! "w 0 e?ical or political 7,diog4 ix4 #ae2 ,r4 ,p4 #cj c74 ,footnote #cbf3 ,diog4 ix4 #e 7,r4 ,p4 #cj74 ,bywat] has foll[$ ?is h9t 9 8 arrangem5t ( ! fragm5ts4 ,! ?ree sections are #a-ij1 #ia-ig1 #ih-acj4 ,! /yle ( ,h]akleitos is prov]bially obscure1 &1 at a lat] date1 got him ! nickname ( 8! ,d>k40#cbg ,n[ ! fragm5ts ab\t ! ,delphic god & ! ,sibyl 7frs4 #aa & #ab7 seem to %[ t he 0 q consci\s ( writ+ an oracul> /yle1 & we h to ask :y he did s4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x 0 ! mann] ( ! "t4#cbh ,! /irr+ ev5ts ( ! age1 & ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s revival1 gave some?+ ( a prophetic tone to all ! lead]s ( ?\ght4 ,p9d> & ,ais*ylos h x too4 ,!y all feel t !y are 9 "s measure inspir$4 ,x is also ! age ( great individualities1 :o are apt to be solit>y & disda9ful4 ,h]akleitos at lea/ 0 s4 ,if m5 c>$ to dig = ! gold !y might f9d x 7fr4 #h72 if n1 !y mu/ be cont5t ) /raw 7fr4 #ea74 ,?is seems to h be5 ! view tak5 by ,!ophra/os1 :o said t ! head/rong temp]am5t ( ,h]akleitos sometimes l$ him into incomplet5ess & inconsi/5cies ( /atem5t4#cbi ,b t is a v diff]5t ?+ f /udi$ obscurity & ! discipl9a arcani sometimes attribut$ to him2 if ,h]akleitos does n g out ( 8 way to make 8 mean+ cle>1 nei!r does he hide x 7fr4 #aa74 ,footnote #cbg3 ,r4 ,p4 #cj a4 ,! epi!t is ( late date1 b ,timon ( ,phlei\s already call$ him 7fr4 #dc1 ,diels74 ,footnote #cbh3 ,see ! valuable obs]vations ( ,diels 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,h]akleitos von ,ephesos1 pp4 iv4 sqq4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,cf4 ,diog4 ix4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #ca74 ,sid5ote3 ,! fragm5ts4 #fe4 ,i give a v]sion ( ! fragm5ts accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ,mr4 ,bywat]'s exempl>y edition4#ccj 7#a7 ,x is wise to he>k51 n to me1 b to my ,^w1 & to confess t all ?+s are "o4#cca ,r4 ,p4 #dj4 7#b7 ,?\gh ?is ,^w#ccb is true ev]more1 yet m5 are z unable to und]/& x :5 !y he> x = ! fir/ "t z be=e !y h he>d x at all4 ,=1 ?\gh all ?+s come to pass 9 accordance ) ?is ,^w1 m5 seem z if !y _h no exp]i5ce ( !m1 :5 !y make trial ( words & de$s su* z ,i set =?1 divid+ ea* ?+ accord+ to its nature & %[+ h[ x truly is4 ,b o!r m5 "k n :at !y are do+ :5 awake1 ev5 z !y =get :at !y d 9 sleep4 ,r4 ,p4 #cb4 7#c7 ,fools :5 !y d he> are l ! deaf3 ( !m does ! say+ be> witness t !y are abs5t :5 pres5t4 ,r4 ,p4 #ca a4 7#d7 ,eyes & e>s are bad witnesses to m5 if !y h s\ls t und]/& n _! language4 ,r4 ,p4 #db4 7#e7 ,! _m d n take he$ ( su* ?+s z ^? !y meet )1 nor d !y m>k !m :5 !y are taught1 ?\gh !y ?9k !y d4 7#f7 ,kn[+ n h[ to li/5 nor h[ to speak4 7#g7 ,if y d n expect ! unexpect$1 y w n f9d x2 = x is h>d to be s\ght out & difficult4#ccc 7#h7 ,^? :o seek = gold dig up mu* e>? & f9d a little4 ,r4 ,p4 #dd b4 7#aj7 ,nature loves to hide4 ,r4 ,p4 #cd f4 7#aa7 ,! "l ^: is ! oracle at ,delphoi nei!r utt]s nor hides 8 mean+1 b %[s x by a sign4 ,r4 ,p4 #cj a4 7#ab7 ,& ! ,sibyl1 ) rav+ lips utt]+ ?+s mir?less1 unb$iz5$1 & unp]fum$1 rea*es ov] a ?\s& ye>s ) h] voice1 ?anks to ! god 9 h]4 ,r4 ,p4 #cj a4 7#ac7 ,! ?+s t c be se51 he>d1 & le>n$ are :at ,i prize ! mo/4 ,r4 ,p4 #db4 7#ad7 444 br++ untru/wor?y witnesses 9 support ( disput$ po9ts4 7#ae7 ,! eyes are m exact witnesses ?an ! e>s4#ccd ,r4 ,p4 #db c4 7#af7 ,! le>n+ ( _m ?+s tea*e? n und]/&+1 else w\ld x h taught ,hesiod & ,py?agoras1 & aga9 ,x5ophanes & ,hekataios4 ,r4 ,p4 #ca4 7#ag7 ,py?agoras1 son ( ,mnes>*os1 practis$ inquiry beyond all o!r m51 & *oos+ out ^! writ+s1 claim$ = 8 own wisdom :at 0 b a k ( _m ?+s & an art ( mis*ief4#cce ,r4 ,p4 #ca a4 7#ah7 ,( all ^: disc\rses ,i h he>d1 !re is n "o :o atta9s to und]/&+ t wisdom is ap>t f all4 ,r4 ,p4 #cb b4 7#ai7 ,wisdom is "o ?+4 ,x is to "k ! ?\ght by :i* all ?+s are /e]$ ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,r4 ,p4 #dj4 7#bj7 ,?is _w1#ccf :i* is ! same = all1 no "o ( gods or m5 has made2 b x 0 ev]1 is n[1 & ev] %all be an ev]-liv+ ,fire1 ) measures k9dl+1 & measures go+ out4 ,r4 ,p4 #ce4ccg 7#ba7 ,! trans=mations ( ,fire are1 fir/ ( all1 sea2 & half ( ! sea is e>?1 half :irlw9d4#cch 444 ,r4 ,p4 #ce b4 7#bb7 ,all ?+s are an ex*ange = ,fire1 & ,fire = all ?+s1 ev5 z w>es = gold & gold = w>es4 ,r4 ,p4 #ce4 7#bc7 ,x becomes liquid sea1 & is measur$ by ! same tale z be=e x became e>?4#cci ,r4 ,p4 #ci4 7#bd7 ,fire is want & surfeit4 ,r4 ,p4 #cf a4 7#be7 ,fire lives ! dea? ( air1#cdj & air lives ! dea? ( fire2 wat] lives ! dea? ( e>?1 e>? t ( wat]4 ,r4 ,p4 #cg4 7#bf7 ,fire 9 its advance w judge & convict#cda all ?+s4 ,r4 ,p4 #cf a4 7#bg7 ,h[ c "o hide f t :i* nev] sets8 7#bh7 ,x is ! ?und]bolt t /e]s ! c\rse ( all ?+s4 ,r4 ,p4 #ce b4 7#bi7 ,! sun w n ov]/ep 8 measures2 if he does1 ! ,er9yes1 ! h&maids ( ,ju/ice1 w f9d him out4 ,r4 ,p4 #ci4 7#cj7 ,! limit ( ,ea/ & ,we/ is ! ,be>2 & opposite ! ,be> is ! b\nd>y ( bright ,zeus4#cdb 7#ca7 ,if !re 7 no sun x w\ld be night1 = all ! o!r />s c\ld d4#cdc 7#cb7 ,! sun is new e day4 7#cc7 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #da1 n4 #fb4 7#cd7 444 ! seasons t br+ all ?+s4 7#ce7 ,hesiod is mo/ m5's tea*]4 ,m5 ?9k he knew v _m ?+s1 a man :o did n "k day or night6 ,!y are "o4#cdd ,r4 ,p4 #ci b4 7#cf7 ,god is day & night1 w9t] & summ]1 w> & peace1 surfeit & hung]2 b he takes v>i\s %apes1 j z fire1#cde :5 x is m+l$ ) spices1 is nam$ accord+ to ! sav\r ( ea*4 ,r4 ,p4 #ci b4 7#cg7 ,if all ?+s 7 turn$ to smoke1 ! no/rils w\ld di/+ui% !m4 7#ch7 ,s\ls smell 9 ,hades4 ,r4 ,p4 #df d4 7#ci7 ,cold ?+s become w>m1 & :at is w>m cools2 :at is wet dries1 & ! p>*$ is moi/$4 7#dj7 ,x scatt]s & x ga!rs2 x advances & retires4 7#da1 #db7 ,y _c /ep twice into ! same riv]s2 = fre% wat]s are ev] fl[+ 9 ^u y4 ,r4 ,p4 #cc4 7#dc7 ,hom] 0 wrong 9 say+3 8,w\ld t /rife might p]i% f among gods & m560 ,he did n see t he 0 pray+ = ! de/ruction ( ! univ]se2 =1 if 8 pray] 7 he>d1 all ?+s w\ld pass away4#cdf444 ,r4 ,p4 #cd d4 7#dd7 ,w> is ! fa!r ( all & ! k+ ( all2 & "s he has made gods & "s m51 "s bond & "s free4 ,r4 ,p4 #cd4 7#de7 ,m5 d n "k h[ :at is at v>iance agrees ) itself4 ,x is an attunem5t ( opposite t5sions1#cdg l t ( ! b[ & ! lyre4 ,r4 ,p4 #cd4 7#df7 ,x is ! opposite :i* is good = u4#cdh 7#dg7 ,! hidd5 attunem5t is bett] ?an ! op54 ,r4 ,p4 #cd4 7#dh7 ,let u n conjecture at r&om ab\t ! greate/ ?+s4 7#di7 ,m5 t love wisdom mu/ be acqua9t$ ) v _m ?+s inde$4 7#ej7 ,! /raight & ! crook$ pa? ( ! full]'s comb is "o & ! same4 7#ea7 ,asses w\ld r h /raw ?an gold4 ,r4 ,p4 #ca a4 7#ea;a7 ,ox5 are happy :5 !y f9d bitt] vet*es to eat4#cdi ,r4 ,p4 #dh b4 7#eb7 ,! sea is ! pure/ & ! impure/ wat]4 ,fi% c dr9k x1 & x is good = !m2 to m5 x is undr9kable & de/ructive4 ,r4 ,p4 #dg c4 7#ec7 ,sw9e wa% 9 ! mire1 & b>ny>d f[ls 9 du/4 7#ed7 444 to delight 9 ! mire4 7#ee7 ,e bea/ is driv5 to pa/ure ) bl[s4#cej 7#ef7 ,same z #de4 7#eg7 ,good & ill are "o4 ,r4 ,p4 #dg c4 7#eh7 ,physicians :o cut1 burn1 /ab1 & rack ! sick1 dem& a fee = x :i* !y d n des]ve to get4 ,r4 ,p4 #dg c4#cea 7#ei7 ,c\ples are ?+s :ole & ?+s n :ole1 :at is drawn toge!r & :at is drawn asund]1 ! h>moni\s & ! discordant4 ,! "o is made up ( all ?+s1 & all ?+s issue f ! "o4#ceb 7#fj7 ,m5 w\ld n h kn[n ! "n ( ju/ice if ^! ?+s 7 n4#cec 7#fa7 ,to ,god all ?+s are fair & good & "r1 b m5 hold "s ?+s wrong & "s "r4 ,r4 ,p4 #de4 7#fb7 ,we mu/ "k t w> is common to all & /rife is ju/ice1 & t all ?+s come into be+ & pass away 787 ?r\gh /rife4 7#fd7 ,all ! ?+s we see :5 awake are dea?1 ev5 z all we see 9 slumb] are sleep4 ,r4 ,p4 #db c4#ced 7#fe7 ,! wise is "o only4 ,x is unwill+ & will+ to be call$ by ! "n ( ,zeus4 ,r4 ,p4 #dj4 7#ff7 ,! b[ 77 is call$ life 771 b its "w is dea?4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 7#fg7 ,mortals are immortals & immortals are mortals1 ! "o liv+ ! o!rs' dea? & dy+ ! o!rs' life4 ,r4 ,p4 #df4 7#fh7 ,= x is dea? to s\ls to become wat]1 & dea? to wat] to become e>?4 ,b wat] comes f e>?2 & f wat]1 s\l4 ,r4 ,p4 #ch4 7#fi7 ,! way up & ! way d[n is "o & ! same4 ,r4 ,p4 #cf d4 7#gj7 ,9 ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ! beg9n+ & end are common4 7#ga7 ,y w n f9d ! b\nd>ies ( s\l by travell+ 9 any direction1 s deep is ! measure ( x4#cee ,r4 ,p4 #da d4 7#gb7 ,x is pleasure to s\ls to become moi/4 ,r4 ,p4 #df c4 7#gc7 ,a man1 :5 he gets drunk1 is l$ by a be>dless lad1 tripp+1 kn[+ n :]e he /eps1 hav+ 8 s\l moi/4 ,r4 ,p4 #db4 7#gd-gf7 ,! dry s\l is ! wise/ & be/4#cef ,r4 ,p4 #db4 7#gg7 ,man is k9dl$ & put out l a light 9 ! night-"t4 7#gh7 ,& x is ! same ?+ 9 u t is quick & dead1 awake & asleep1 "y & old2 ! =m] are %ift$#ceg & become ! latt]1 & ! latt] 9 turn are %ift$ & become ! =m]4 ,r4 ,p4 #dg4 7#gi7 ,"t is a *ild play+ draughts1 ! k+ly p[] is a *ild's4 ,r4 ,p4 #dj a4 7#hj7 ,i h s\ght = myself4 ,r4 ,p4 #dh4 7#ha7 ,we /ep & d n /ep into ! same riv]s2 we are & are n4 ,r4 ,p4 #cc a4 7#hb7 ,x is a we>9ess to lab\r = ! same ma/]s & be rul$ by !m4 7#hc7 ,x re/s by *ang+4 7#hd7 ,ev5 ! posset sep>ates if x is n /irr$4 7#he7 ,corpses are m fit to be ca/ out ?an dung4 7#hf7 ,:5 !y are born1 !y wi% to live & to meet ) _! dooms--or r to re/--& !y leave *ildr5 beh9d !m to meet ) _! dooms 9 turn4 7#hg-hi7 ,a man may be a gr&fa!r 9 ?irty ye>s4 7#ij7 ,^? :o are asleep are fell[-work]s4444 7#ia;a7 ,?\ght is common to all4 7#ia;b7 ,^? :o speak ) und]/&+ mu/ hold fa/ to :at is common to all z a city holds fa/ to its law1 & ev5 m /rongly4 ,= all human laws are f$ by ! "o div9e law4 ,x prevails z mu* z x w1 & suffices = all ?+s ) some?+ to sp>e4 ,r4 ,p4 #dc4 7#ib7 ,s we mu/ foll[ ! common1#ceh yet ! _m live z if !y _h a wisdom ( _! own4 ,r4 ,p4 #dd4 7#ic7 ,!y are e/rang$ f t ) :i* !y h mo/ con/ant int]c\rse4#cei ,r4 ,p4 #cb b4 7#id7 ,x is n meet to act & speak l m5 asleep4 7#ie7 ,! wak+ h "o common _w1 b ! sleep+ turn aside ea* into a _w ( 8 own4 7#if7 ,! way ( man has no wisdom1 b t ( ,god has4 ,r4 ,p4 #de4 7#ig7 ,man is call$ a baby by ,god1 ev5 z a *ild by a man4 ,r4 ,p4 #de4 7#ih1 #ii7 ,! wise/ man is an ape comp>$ to ,god1 j z ! mo/ beautiful ape is ugly comp>$ to man4 7#ajj7 ,! p mu/ fight = its law z = its walls4 ,r4 ,p4 #dc b4 7#aja7 ,great] dea?s w9 great] portions4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 7#ajb7 ,gods & m5 hon\r ^? :o are sla9 9 battle4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 7#ajc7 ,wantonness ne$s putt+ out1 ev5 m ?an a h\se on fire4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 7#ajd7 ,x is n good = m5 to get all !y wi% to get4 ,x is sickness t makes heal? pleasant2 evil1#cfj good2 hung]1 pl5ty2 we>9ess1 re/4 ,r4 ,p4 #dh b4 7#aje-ajg7 ,x is h>d to fight ) "o's he>t's desire4#cfa ,:atev] x wi%es to get1 x pur*ases at ! co/ ( s\l4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 7#ajh1 #aji7 ,x is be/ to hide folly2 b x is h>d 9 times ( relaxation1 ov] our cups4 7#aaj7 ,& x is law1 too1 to obey ! c\nsel ( "o4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 7#aaa7 ,= :at ?\ght or wisdom h !y8 ,!y foll[ ! poets & take ! cr[d z _! tea*]1 kn[+ n t !re are _m bad & few good4 ,= ev5 ! be/ ( !m *oose "o ?+ above all o!rs1 immortal glory among mortals1 :ile mo/ ( !m are glutt$ l bea/s4#cfb ,r4 ,p4 #ca a4 7#aab7 ,9 ,pri5e liv$ ,bias1 son ( ,teutamas1 :o is ( m acc\nt ?an ! re/4 7,he said1 8,mo/ m5 are bad407 7#aac7 ,"o is t5 ?\s& to me1 if he be ! be/4 ,r4 ,p4 #ca a4 7#aad7 ,! ,ephesians w\ld d well to hang !mselves1 e gr[n man ( !m1 & leave ! city to be>dless lads2 = !y h ca/ out ,h]modoros1 ! be/ man among !m1 say+1 8,we w h none :o is be/ among u2 if !re be any su*1 let him be s else:]e & among o!rs40 ,r4 ,p4 #bi b4 7#aae7 ,dogs b>k at e "o !y d n "k4 ,r4 ,p4 #ca a4 7#aaf7 444 7,! wise man7 is n kn[n because ( m5's want ( belief4 7#aag7 ,! fool is flutt]$ at e ^w4 ,r4 ,p4 #dd b4 7#aah7 ,! mo/ e/eem$ ( !m kn[s b fancies2#cfc yet ( a tru? ju/ice %all ov]take ! artific]s ( lies & ! false witnesses4 7#aai7 ,hom] %\ld be turn$ out ( ! li/s & :ipp$1 & ,ar*ilo*os likewise4 ,r4 ,p4 #ca4 7#abj7 ,"o day is l any o!r4 7#aba7 ,man's "* is 8 fate4#cfd 7#abb7 ,!re awaits m5 :5 !y die su* ?+s z !y look n = nor dream (4 ,r4 ,p4 #df d4 7#abc7 444 #cfet !y rise up & become ! wakeful gu>dians ( ! quick & dead4 ,r4 ,p4 #df d4 7#abd7 ,night-walk]s1 ,magians1 prie/s ( ,bak*os & prie/esses ( ! w9e-vat1 my/]y-mong]s4444 7#abe7 ,! my/]ies practis$ among m5 are unholy my/]ies4 ,r4 ,p4 #dh4 7#abf7 ,& !y pray to ^! images1 z if "o 7 to talk ) a man's h\se1 kn[+ n :at gods or h]oes are4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 7#abg7 ,= if x 7 n to ,dionysos t !y made a procession & sang ! %ameful phallic hymn1 !y w\ld be act+ mo/ %amelessly4 ,b ,hades is ! same z ,dionysos 9 ^: hon\r !y g mad & keep ! fea/ ( ! w9e-vat4 ,r4 ,p4 #di4 7#abi1 #acj7 ,!y va9ly purify !mselves by defil+ !mselves ) blood1 j z if "o :o _h /epp$ into ! mud 7 to wa% 8 feet 9 mud4 ,any man :o m>k$ him do+ ?us1 w\ld deem him mad4 ,r4 ,p4 #di a4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,9 8 edition1 ,diels has giv5 up all attempt to arrange ! fragm5ts accord+ to subject1 & ?is makes 8 text unsuitable = our purpose4 ,i ?9k1 too1 t he ov]e/imates ! difficulty ( an approximate arrangem5t1 & makes too mu* ( ! view t ! /yle ( ,h]akleitos 0 8aphori/ic40 ,t x 0 s1 is an important & valuable rem>k2 b x does n foll[ t ,h]akleitos wrote l ,nietzs*e4 ,= a ,greek1 h[ev] prophetic 9 8 tone1 !re mu/ always be a di/9ction betwe5 an aphori/ic & an incoh]5t /yle4 ,see ! excell5t rem>ks ( ,lortz+ 9 ,b]l4 ,phil4 ,wo*5s*r4 #ahif1 pp4 #a sqq4 ,footnote #cca3 ,bo? ,bywat] & ,diels accept ,b]gk's = & ,mill]'s = 4 ,cf4 ,philo1 leg4 all4 iii4 c1 quot$ 9 ,bywat]'s note4 ,footnote #ccb3 ,! is simply ! disc\rse ( ,h]akleitos himself2 ?\gh1 z he is a prophet1 we may call x 8! ,^w40 ,x c nei!r mean a disc\rse address$ to ,h]akleitos nor yet 8reason40 7,cf4 ,zell]1 p4 #fcj1 n4 #a2 ,eng4 trans4 ii4 p4 #g1 n4 #b47 ,a difficulty has be5 rais$ ab\t ! words 4 ,h[ c\ld ,h]akleitos say t 8 disc\rse _h always exi/$8 ,! answ] is t 9 ,ionic means 8true0 :5 c\pl$ ) words l 4 ,cf4 ,h]od4 i4 #cj1 2 & ev5 ,ari/oph4 ,frogs1 #ajeb1 4 ,x is only by tak+ ! words 9 ?is way t we c und]/& ,ari/otle's hesitation z to ! prop] punctuation ( ! fragm5t 7,rhet4 #e4 #adjg b #ae2 ,r4 ,p4 #cj a74 ,! ,/oic int]pretation giv5 by ,m>cus ,aurelius1 iv4 #df 7,r4 ,p4 #cb b71 mu/ be reject$ altoge!r4 ,! ^w 0 nev] us$ l t till po/-,ari/otelian times4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,i h dep>t$ f ! punctuation ( ,bywat] "h1 & suppli$ a fre% object to ! v]b z sugge/$ by ,gomp]z 7,ar*4 i4 #ajj74 ,footnote #ccd3 ,cf4 ,h]od1 i4 #h4 ,! application is1 no d\bt1 ! same z t ( ! la/ two fragm5ts4 ,p]sonal inquiry is bett] ?an tradition4 ,footnote #cce3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 p4 #ajg1 n4 #bbd4 ,! be/ atte/$ read+ is 1 n 1 & means 8claim$ z 8 own40 ,! words h be5 d\bt$ s9ce ! "t ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 & ,diels has n[ come to reg>d ! :ole fragm5t z spuri\s4 ,?is is because x 0 us$ to prove t ,py?agoras wrote books 7cf4 ,diels1 ,ar*4 iii4 p4 #dea74 ,z ,mr4 ,bywat] has po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 ! fragm5t itself makes no su* /atem5t2 x only says t he read books1 :i* we may presume he did4 ,i w\ld fur!r sugge/ t ! old-fa%ion$ is r too good = a =g]1 & t ! omission ( ! v ?+ to be prov$ is rem>kable4 ,! la/ sugge/ion ( a book by ,py?agoras disappe>s ) ! read+ = 4 ,( c\rse a late writ] :o read ( ,py?agoras mak+ extracts f books w\ld assume t he put !m into a book ( 8 own1 j z p did 9 8 own days4 ,= ! re/1 ,i und]/& ( sci5ce1 :i* is contra/$ ) ! :i* ,py?agoras d]iv$ f ! ( m5 l ,ph]ekydes ( ,syros4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,! ^w mu/ mean 8_w0 "h1 n m]ely 8ord]20 = only ! _w c\ld be id5tifi$ ) fire4 ,?is use ( ! ^w is ,py?agorean1 & !re is no reason to d\bt t ,h]akleitos may h kn[n x4 ,footnote #ccg3 ,x is important to notice t is int]nal accusative ) 1 8) its measures k9dl+ & its measures go+ out40 ,footnote #cch3 ,on ! ^w 1 see bel[1 p4 #afe1 n4 #chj4 ,footnote #cci3 ,! subject ( fr4 #bc is 1 z we see f ,diog4 ix4 #i 7,r4 ,p4 #cf71 2 & ,aet4 i4 #c1 #aa 7,dox4 p4 #bhd a #a2 b #e71 7,dbn]3 1 libri7 4 ,h]akleitos might q well say 1 & ! context 9 ,clem5t 7,/rom4 v4 p4 #gab7 seems to imply ?is4 ,! phrase c only mean t ! proportion ( ! measures rema9s con/ant4 ,s practically ,zell] 7p4 #fij1 n4 #a71 zu d]selb5 ,grsse4 ,footnote #cdj3 ,) ,diels ,i adopt ! transposition 7propos$ by ,tocco7 ( & 4 ,footnote #cda3 ,i und]/& ( ! 1 = :i* see bel[1 p4 #afh4 ,diels has po9t$ out t is ! old ^w = 8to convict40 ,x is1 lit]ally1 8to ov]take10 j z is 8to cat*40 ,footnote #cdb3 ,9 ?is fragm5t x is cle> t 1 & !re=e means 8b\nd>y10 n 8hill40 ,z means ! bright blue sky1 ,i d n ?9k its c be ! ,s\? ,pole1 z ,diels says4 ,x is m likely ! horizon4 ,i am incl9$ to take ! fragm5t z a prote/ aga9/ ! ,py?agorean !ory ( a s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,we le>n f ,diog4 ix4 #aj 7quot$ bel[1 p4 #afd7 t ,h]akleitos expla9$ :y ! sun 0 w>m] & bright] ?an ! moon1 & ?is is d\btless a fragm5t ( t passage4 ,i n[ ?9k ! words are f ,h]akleitos4 ,s ,diels4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,hesiod said ,day 0 ! *ild ( ,night 7,!og4 #abd74 ,footnote #cde3 ,read+ = ) ,diels4 ,footnote #cdf3 ,il4 xviii4 #ajg4 ,i add ! words f ,simpl4 9 ,cat4 7#hh b #cj s*ol4 ,br474 ,!y seem to me at lea/ to repres5t some?+ t 0 9 ! orig9al4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,i _c ?9k x likely t ,h]akleitos said bo? & 1 & ,i pref] ,plut>*'s 7,r4 ,p4 #cd b7 to ! ( ,hippolytos4 ,diels ?9ks t ! polemic ( ,p>m5ides decides ! "q 9 fav\r ( 2 b see bel[1 p4 #ahd1 n4 #dae1 & ,*ap4 ,,iv4 p4 #aih1 n4 #dch4 ,footnote #cdh3 ,?is1 ,i n[ ?9k1 is ! m$ical rule 1 e4g4 7,/ew>t on ,ari/4 ,e?4 #aajd b #af74 ,footnote #cdi3 ,fr4 #ea;a 0 recov]$ by ,bywat] f ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,see ,j\rn4 ,phil4 ix4 p4 #bcj4 ,footnote #cej3 ,on fr4 #ee see ,diels 9 ,b]l4 ,sitzb4 #aija1 p4 #ahh4 ,footnote #cea3 ,i n[ read ) ,b]nays & ,diels4 ,footnote #ceb3 ,on fr4 #ei see ,diels 9 ,b]l4 ,sitzb4 #aija1 p4 #ahh4 ,! read+ seems to be well atte/$ & gives an excell5t s5se4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 correct to say t ! optative c\ld n be us$ 9 an imp]ative s5se4 ,footnote #cec3 ,by 8^! ?+s10 he probably meant all k9ds ( inju/ice4 ,footnote #ced3 ,diels supposes t fr4 #fd w5t on 4 8,life1 ,sleep1 ,dea? is ! ?reefold ladd] 9 psy*ology1 z 9 physics ,fire1 ,wat]1 ,e>?40 ,footnote #cee3 ,i ?9k n[ ) ,diels t ! words are probably g5u9e4 ,!y pres5t no difficulty if we rememb] t means 8measurem5t10 z 9 fr4 #bc4 ,footnote #cef3 ,?is fragm5t is int]e/+ because ( ! great antiquity ( ! corruptions :i* x has suff]$4 ,accord+ to ,/ephanus1 :o is foll[$ by ,bywat] & ,diels1 we %\ld read3 1 7or r --! ,ionic =m w\ld only appe> :5 ! ^w got into ! text7 be+ a m]e gloss ^u ! some:at unusual 4 ,:5 once got into ! text1 became 1 & we get ! s5t5ce3 8! dry light is ! wise/ s\l10 :5ce ! siccum lum5 ( ,bacon4 ,n[ ?is read+ is c]ta9ly z old z ,plut>*1 :o1 9 8 ,life ( ,romulus 7c4 #bh71 takes to mean lightn+1 z x sometimes does1 & supposes ! idea to be t ! wise s\l bur/s ?r\gh ! prison ( ! body l dry lightn+ 7:atev] t may be7 ?r\gh a cl\d4 ,i d n ?9k t ,clem5t's mak+ ! same mi/ake proves any?+ at all 7,zell]1 p4 #gje1 n4 #c2 ,eng4 trans4 i4 p4 #hj1 n4 #b71 except t he _h read 8 ,plut>*4 ,la/ly1 x is wor? notic+ t1 ?\gh ,plut>* mu/ h writt5 1 ! ,,mss4 v>y betwe5 & 4 ,! next /age is ! corruption ( ! corrupt into 4 ,?is yields ! s5tim5t t 8:]e ! e>? is dry1 ! s\l is wise/10 & is z old z ,philo 7see ,mr4 ,bywat]'s notes74 ,footnote #ceg3 ,i und]/& "h z mean+ 8mov$0 f "o or division ( ! draught-bo>d to ano!r4 ,footnote #ceh3 ,sext4 ,ma?4 vii4 #acc1 4 ,x seems to me t ^! words mu/ belong to ,h]akleitos1 ?\gh ,bywat] omits !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! words 7s1 n ' 1 ! be/ ,,mss47 seem cle>ly to belong to ! ,/oic int]pret] :om ,sextus is foll[+1 & :o 0 anxi\s to connect ?is fragm5t ) fr4 #b 7 7 9 ord] to get ! doctr9e ( ! 4 ,! :ole context 9 ,sextus %\ld be read4 ,footnote #cei3 ,! words 1 :i* ,diels pr9ts z "p ( ?is fragm5t1 seem to me to belong to ,m>cus ,aurelius & n to ,h]akleitos4 ,footnote #cfj3 ,adopt+ ,heitz's = ) ,diels4 ,footnote #cfa3 ,! ^w has its ,hom]ic s5se4 ,! gratification ( desire implies ! ex*ange ( dry s\l-fire 7fr4 #gd7 = moi/ure 7fr4 #gb74 ,ari/otle und]/ood "h z ang] 7,e?4 ,nic4 #b1 #aaje a #h74 ,footnote #cfb3 ,?is seems to be a cle> ref]5ce to ! 8?ree lives40 ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #de1 p4 #ajh4 ,footnote #cfc3 ,read+ ) ,s*lei]ma*] 7or ' ) ,diels74 ,i h omitt$ 1 z ,i d n "k :at x means1 & none ( ! conjectures comm5ds itself4 ,footnote #cfd3 ,on ! mean+ ( "h1 see my edition ( ,ari/otle's ,e?ics1 pp4 #a sq4 ,z ,pr(essor ,gild]sleeve puts x1 ! is ! individual =m ( 1 z is ( 4 ,footnote #cfe3 ,i h n v5tur$ to include ! words ' at ! beg9n+1 z ! text seems to me too unc]ta94 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,diels's int]e/+ note4 ,sid5ote3 ,! doxographical tradition4 #ff4 ,x w be se5 t "s ( ^! fragm5ts are f> f cle>1 & !re are probably n a few ( :i* ! mean+ w nev] be recov]$4 ,we naturally turn1 !n1 to ! doxograph]s = a clue2 b1 z ill-luck w h x1 !y are f> less in/ructive ) reg>d to ,h]akleitos ?an we h f\nd !m 9 o!r cases4 ,we h1 9 fact1 two great difficulties to cont5d )4 ,! fir/ is ! unusual weakness ( ! doxographical tradition itself4 ,hippolytos1 ^u :om we c g5]ally rely = a fairly accurate acc\nt ( :at ,!ophra/os really said1 d]iv$ ! mat]ial = 8 fir/ f\r *apt]s1 :i* treat ( ,?ales1 ,py?agoras1 ,h]akleitos1 & ,emp$okles1 n f ! excell5t epitome :i* he aft]w>ds us$1 b f a biographical comp5dium1#cff :i* consi/$ = ! mo/ "p ( apocryphal anecdotes & apoph!gms4 ,x 0 bas$1 fur!r1 on "s writ] ( ,successions :o reg>d$ ,h]akleitos & ,emp$okles z ,py?agoreans4 ,!y are !re=e plac$ side by side1 & _! doctr9es are hopelessly mix$ up toge!r4 ,! l9k betwe5 ,h]akleitos & ! ,py?agoreans 0 ,hippasos ( ,metapontion1 9 ^: sy/em1 z we "k1 fire play$ an important "p4 ,!ophra/os1 foll[+ ,ari/otle1 _h spok5 ( ! two 9 ! same s5t5ce1 & ?is 0 en\gh to put ! writ]s ( ,successions (f ! track4#cfg ,we are =c$1 !n1 to look to ! m detail$ ( ! two acc\nts ( ! op9ions ( ,h]akleitos giv5 9 ,diog5es1#cfh :i* goes back to ! ,vetu/a ,placita1 & is1 =tunately1 pretty full & accurate4 ,all our o!r s\rces are m or less ta9t$4 ,footnote #cff3 ,on ! s\rce us$ by ,hippolytos 9 ! fir/ f\r *apt]s ( ,ref4 i4 see ,diels1 ,dox4 p4 #ade4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% ,ref4 i4 & ,ref4 ix4 z s\rces ( in=mation ab\t ,h]akleitos4 ,! latt] book is an attempt to %[ t ! ,mon>*ian h]esy ( ,noetos 0 d]iv$ f ,h]akleitos in/ead ( f ! ,gospel1 & is a ri* m9e ( ,h]akleitean fragm5ts4 ,footnote #cfg3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #g 7,r4 ,p4 #ef c73 ,!ophr4 ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 #bc1 #cc 7,r4 ,p4 #cf c74 ,footnote #cfh3 ,= ^! d\ble acc\nts see ,dox4 pp4 #afc sqq4 & ,app5dix1 #ae4 ,! second difficulty :i* we h to face is ev5 m s]i\s4 ,mo/ ( ! comm5tators on ,h]akleitos m5tion$ 9 ,diog5es 7 ,/oics1#cfi & x is c]ta9 t _! p>aphrases 7 sometimes tak5 = ! orig9al4 ,n[1 ! ,/oics held ! ,ephesian 9 peculi> v5]ation1 & s\ght to int]pret him z f> z possible 9 accordance ) _! own sy/em4 ,fur!r1 !y 7 fond ( 8accommodat+0#cgj ! views ( e>li] ?9k]s to _! own1 & ?is has _h s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! ,/oic !ories ( ! & ! are con/antly ascrib$ to ,h]akleitos by our au?orities1 & ! v fragm5ts are adult]at$ ) scraps ( ,/oic t]m9ology4 ,footnote #cfi3 ,diog4 ix4 #ae 7,r4 ,p4 #cj c74 ,s*lei]ma*] rightly insi/$ ^u ?is4 ,footnote #cgj3 ,! ^w is us$ ( ! ,/oic me?od ( int]pretation by ,philodemos 7cf4 ,dox4 #edg b1 n471 & ,cic]o 7,n4,d4 i4 #da7 r5d]s x by accommod>e4 ,*rysippos 9 p>ticul> gave a great impulse to ?is sort ( ?+1 z we may be/ le>n f ,gal51 de ,plac4 ,hippocr4 et ,plat4 ,book iii4 ,good examples are ,aet4 i4 #ac1 #b2 #bh1 #a2 iv4 #c1 #ab1--:]e di/9ctively ,/oic doctr9es are ascrib$ to ,h]akleitos4 ,:at ! ,/oics 7 capable (1 we see f ,klean!s1 fr4 #ee1 ,pe>son4 ,he propos$ to read 9 ,il4 xvi4 #bcc1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! discov]y ( ,h]akleitos4 #fg4 ,h]akleitos looks d[n n only on ! mass ( m51 b on all previ\s inquir]s into nature4 ,?is mu/ mean t he believ$ himself to h atta9$ insight into "s tru? :i* _h n hi!rto be5 recognis$1 ?\gh x 01 z x 71 />+ m5 9 ! face 7fr4 #ic74 ,cle>ly1 !n1 if we wi% to get at ! c5tral ?+ 9 8 tea*+1 we mu/ try to f9d out :at he 0 ?9k+ ( :5 he laun*$ into ^? d5unciations ( human dulness & ignorance4#cga ,! answ] seems to be giv5 9 two fragm5ts1 #ah & #de4 ,f !m we ga!r t ! tru? hi!rto ignor$ is t ! _m app>5tly indep5d5t & conflict+ ?+s we "k are really "o1 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is "o is also _m4 ,! 8/rife ( opposites0 is really an 8attunem5t0 774 ,f ?is x foll[s t wisdom is n a k ( _m ?+s1 b ! p]ception ( ! und]ly+ unity ( ! w>r+ opposites4 ,t ?is really 0 ! fundam5tal ?\ght ( ,h]akleitos is /at$ by ,philo4 ,he says3 8,= t :i* is made up ( bo? ! opposites is "o2 &1 :5 ! "o is divid$1 ! opposites are disclos$4 ,is n ?is j :at ! ,greeks say _! great & mu* belaud$ ,h]akleitos put 9 ! =efront ( 8 philosophy z summ+ x all up1 & boa/$ ( z a new discov]y80#cgb ,we %all take ! elem5ts ( ?is !ory "o by "o1 & see h[ !y are to be und]/ood4 ,footnote #cga3 ,see ,pat91 ,h]aklits ,e9heitslehre 7#ahhf74 ,to ,pat9 und\bt$ly belongs ! cr$it ( %[+ cle>ly t ! unity ( opposites 0 ! c5tral doctr9e ( ,h]akleitos4 ,x is n always easy1 h[ev]1 to foll[ him :5 he comes to details4 ,footnote #cgb3 ,philo1 ,r]4 ,div4 ,h]4 #dc 7,r4 ,p4 #cd c74 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,"o & ! ,_m4 #fh4 ,anaxim&] _h taught already t ! opposites 7 sep>at$ out f ! ,b\ndless1 b pass$ away into x once m1 s pay+ ! p5alty = _! unju/ encroa*m5ts on "o ano!r4 ,x is "h impli$ t !re is some?+ wrong 9 ! w> ( opposites1 & t ! exi/5ce ( ! ,_m is a brea* 9 ! unity ( ! ,"o4 ,! tru? :i* ,h]akleitos proclaim$ 0 t !re is no ,"o )\t ! ,_m1 & no ,_m )\t ! ,"o4 ,! _w is at once "o & _m1 & x is j ! 8opposite t5sion0 ( ! ,_m t con/itutes ! unity ( ! ,"o4 ,! cr$it ( hav+ be5 ! fir/ to see ?is is expressly assign$ to ,h]akleitos by ,plato4 ,9 ! ,sophi/ 7#bdb d71 ! ,eleatic /rang]1 aft] expla9+ h[ ! ,eleatics ma9ta9$ t :at we call _m is really "o1 proce$s3-- ,b c]ta9 ,ionian & 7at a lat] date7 c]ta9 ,sicilian ,muses rem>k$ t x 0 safe/ to unite ^! two ?+s1 & to say t reality is bo? _m & "o1 & is kept toge!r by ,hate & ,love4 8,=10 say ! m sev]e ,muses1 89 its division x is always be+ br\ght toge!r0 7cf4 fr4 #ei72 :ile ! s(t] ,muses relax$ ! requirem5t t ?is %\ld always be s1 & said t ! ,all 0 alt]nately "o & at peace ?r\gh ! p[] ( ,aphrodite1 & _m & at w> ) itself because ( some?+ !y call$ ,/rife4 ,9 ?is passage ! ,ionian ,muses /&1 ( c\rse1 = ,h]akleitos1 & ! ,sicilian = ,emp$okles4 ,we rem>k also t ! diff]5tiation ( ! "o into _m1 & ! integration ( ! _m into "o1 are bo? et]nal & simultane\s1 & t ?is is ! gr\nd ^u :i* ! sy/em ( ,h]akleitos is contra/$ ) t ( ,emp$okles4 ,we %all come back to t po9t aga94 ,mean:ile we conf9e ourselves to ?is1 t1 accord+ to ,plato1 ,h]akleitos taught t reality 0 at once _m & "o4 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 n to imag9e t :at ,h]akleitos ?us discov]$ 0 a logical pr9ciple4 ,?is 0 ! mi/ake ( ,lassalle's book4#cgc ,! id5tity 9 & ?r\gh diff]5ce :i* he proclaim$ 0 purely physical2 logic did n yet exi/1 & z ! pr9ciple ( id5tity _h n be5 =mulat$1 x w\ld h be5 impossible to prote/ aga9/ an ab/ract application ( x4 ,! id5tity :i* he expla9s z consi/+ 9 diff]5ce is simply t ( ! prim>y sub/ance 9 all its manife/ations4 ,?is id5tity _h be5 realis$ already by ! ,milesians1 b !y _h f\nd a difficulty 9 ! diff]5ce4 ,anaxim&] _h treat$ ! /rife ( opposites z an 8inju/ice10 & :at ,h]akleitos set himself to %[ 0 t1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 ! highe/ ju/ice 7fr4 #fb74 ,footnote #cgc3 ,! s\rce ( 8 error 0 ,hegel's rem>kable /atem5t t !re 0 no proposition ( ,h]akleitos t he _h n tak5 up into 8 own logic 7,ges*4 d4 ,phil4 i4 #cbh74 ,! example :i* he cites is ! /atem5t t ,be+ does n exi/ any m ?an n-,be+1 = :i* he ref]s to ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n !re ascrib$ to ,h]akleitos at all1 b to ,leukippos or ,demokritos1 ) :om x meant t space 0 z real z matt] 7 #age74 ,ari/otle does1 inde$1 tell u 9 ! ,metaphysics t 8"s0 ?9k ,h]akleitos says t ! same ?+ c be & n be2 b he adds t x does n foll[ t a man ?9ks :at he says 7,met4 #c4 #ajje b #bd74 ,i take ?is to mean t1 ?\gh ,h]akleitos did make ?is ass]tion 9 words1 he did n mean by x :at ! same ass]tion w\ld naturally h meant at a lat] date4 ,h]akleitos 0 speak+ only ( nature2 ! logical mean+ ( ! words nev] occurr$ to him4 ,?is is confirm$ by 1 #e4 #ajfb a #ca1 :]e we are told t by be+ que/ion$ 9 a c]ta9 mann] ,h]akleitos c\ld be made to admit ! pr9ciple ( contradiction2 z x 01 he did n und]/& :at he said4 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 unconsci\s ( its logical be>+4 ,ari/otle 0 aw>e1 !n1 t ! !ories ( ,h]akleitos 7 n to be und]/ood 9 a logical s5se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is does n prev5t him f say+ t accord+ to ! view ( ,h]akleitos1 ev]y?+ w\ld be true 7,met4 1 #g4 #ajab a #bd74 ,if we rememb] 8 con/ant attitude to e>li] ?9k]s1 ?is w n lead u to suspect ei!r 8 good fai? or 8 intellig5ce4 7,see ,app5dix1 #b47 ,sid5ote3 ,fire4 #fi4 ,all ?is made x necess>y = him to seek out a new prim>y sub/ance4 ,he want$ n m]ely some?+ out ( :i* ! div]sifi$ _w we "k might conceivably be made1 or f :i* opposites c\ld be 8sep>at$ out10 b some?+ :i* ( its own nature w\ld pass into ev]y?+ else1 :ile ev]y?+ else w\ld pass 9 turn into x4 ,?is he f\nd 9 ,fire1 & x is easy to see :y1 if we consid] ! ph5om5on ( combu/ion1 ev5 z x appe>s to ! pla9 man4 ,! quantity ( fire 9 a flame burn+ /eadily appe>s to rema9 ! same1 ! flame seems to be :at we call a 8?+40 ,& yet ! sub/ance ( x is cont9ually *ang+4 ,x is always pass+ away 9 smoke1 & its place is always be+ tak5 by fre% matt] f ! fuel t fe$s x4 ,?is is j :at we want4 ,if we reg>d ! _w z an 8ev]-liv+ fire0 7fr4 #bj71 we c und]/& h[ x is always becom+ all ?+s1 :ile all ?+s are always return+ to x4#cgd ,footnote #cgd3 ,t ! ,fire ( ,h]akleitos 0 some?+ on ! same level z ! 8,air0 ( ,anaxim5es & n a 8symbol10 is cle>ly impli$ 9 su* passages z ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #e4 ,9 support ( ! view t some?+ diff]5t f common fire is meant1 ,plato1 ,crat4 #dac b1 is sometimes quot$2 b a consid]ation ( ! context %[s t ! passage w n be> ?is int]pretation4 ,plato is discuss+ ! d]ivation ( f -1 & c]ta9ly 0 a prom95t ,h]akleitean conception1 & a good deal t is "h said may be ! au!ntic doctr9e ( ! s*ool4 ,sokrates goes on to compla9 t :5 he asks :at ?is is :i* 8goes ?r\gh0 ev]y?+1 he gets v inconsi/5t answ]s4 ,"o says x is ! sun4 ,ano!r asks if !re is no ju/ice aft] sunset1 & says x is simply fire4 ,a ?ird says x is n fire itself1 b ! heat :i* is 9 fire4 ,a f\r? id5tifies x ) ,m9d4 ,n[ all we are entitl$ to inf] f ?is is t diff]5t acc\nts 7 giv5 9 ! ,h]akleitean s*ool4 ,^! 7 a little less crude ?an ! orig9al doctr9e ( ! ma/]1 b = all t n "o ( !m implies any?+ immat]ial or symbolical4 ,! view t x 0 n fire itself1 b ,heat1 :i* 8pass$ ?r\gh0 all ?+s1 is relat$ to ! !ory ( ,h]akleitos z ,hippo's ,moi/ure is relat$ to ! ,wat] ( ,?ales4 ,x is q likely1 too1 t "s ,h]akleiteans attempt$ to fuse ! sy/em ( ,anaxagoras ) _! own1 j z ,diog5es ( ,apollonia tri$ to fuse x ) t ( ,anaxim5es4 ,we %all see1 inde$1 t we /ill h a "w 9 :i* ?is attempt is made 7p4 #afg1 n4 #chc74 ,sid5ote3 ,flux4 #gj4 ,?is necess>ily br+s ) x a c]ta9 way ( look+ at ! *ange & movem5t ( ! _w4 ,fire burns cont9u\sly & )\t int]ruption4 ,x is !re=e always consum+ fuel & always lib]at+ smoke4 ,ev]y?+ is ei!r m\nt+ upw>ds to s]ve z fuel1 or s9k+ d[nw>ds aft] hav+ n\ri%$ ! flame4 ,x foll[s t ! :ole ( reality is l an ev]-fl[+ /ream1 & t no?+ is ev] at re/ = a mom5t4 ,! sub/ance ( ! ?+s we see is 9 con/ant *ange4 ,ev5 z we look at !m1 "s ( ! matt] ( :i* !y are compos$ has already pass$ into some?+ else1 :ile fre% matt] has come into !m f ano!r s\rce4 ,?is !ory is usually summ$ up1 appropriately en\gh1 9 ! phrase 8,all ?+s are fl[+0 7 71 ?\gh1 z x happ5s1 x _c be prov$ t ?is is a quotation f ,h]akleitos4 ,plato1 h[ev]1 expresses ! idea q cle>ly4 8,no?+ ev] is1 ev]y?+ is becom+02 8,all ?+s are 9 motion l /reams02 8,all ?+s are pass+1 & no?+ abides02 8,h]akleitos says some:]e t all ?+s pass & naught abides2 &1 comp>+ ?+s to ! curr5t ( a riv]1 he says t y _c /ep twice into ! same /ream0 7cf4 fr4 #da7--^! are ! t]ms 9 :i* he describes ! sy/em4 ,& ,ari/otle says ! same ?+1 8,all ?+s are 9 motion10 8no?+ /eadfa/ly is40#cge ,h]akleitos held1 9 fact1 t any giv5 ?+1 h[ev] /able 9 appe>ance1 0 m]ely a section 9 ! /ream1 & t ! matt] compos+ x 0 nev] ! same 9 any two consecutive mom5ts ( "t4 ,we %all see pres5tly h[ he conceiv$ ?is process to op]ate2 mean:ile we rem>k t ! idea 0 n altoge!r novel1 & t x is h>dly ! c5tral po9t 9 ! sy/em ( ,h]akleitos4 ,! ,milesians held a simil> view4 ,! flux ( ,h]akleitos 0 at mo/ m unceas+ & univ]sal4 ,footnote #cge3 ,plato1 ,?t4 #aeb e #a2 ,crat4 #dja d #e1 #djb a #h2 ,ari/4 ,top4 1 #aa4 #ajd b #bb2 de ,caelo1 1 #a4 #bih b #cj2 ,phys4 1 #c4 #bec b #b4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,upw>d & ,d[nw>d pa?4 #ga4 ,h]akleitos appe>s to h work$ out ! details ( ! p]petual flux ) ref]5ce to ! !ories ( ,anaxim5es4#cgf ,x is unlikely1 h[ev]1 t he expla9$ ! trans=mations ( matt] by means ( r>efaction & cond5sation4#cgg ,!ophra/os1 x appe>s1 sugge/$ t he did2 b he all[$ x 0 by no means cle>4 ,! passage f ,diog5es :i* we are ab\t to quote has fai?fully pres]v$ ?is t\*4#cgh ,9 ! fragm5ts1 at any rate1 we f9d no?+ ab\t r>efaction & cond5sation4 ,! expression us$ is 8ex*ange0 7fr4 #bb72 & ?is is c]ta9ly a v good "n = :at happ5s :5 fire gives out smoke & takes 9 fuel in/ead4 ,footnote #cgf3 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,i4 #bi4 ,footnote #cgg3 ,see1 h[ev]1 ! rem>k ( ,diels quot$ ,r4 ,p4 #cf c4 ,footnote #cgh3 ,diog4 ix4 #h1 ' 4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t1 9 default ( ,hippolytos1 our be/ acc\nt ( ! ,!ophra/ean doxography ( ,h]akleitos is ! full] ( ! two acc\nts giv5 9 ,la]tios ,diog5es4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,8 op9ions on p>ticul> po9ts are ^!3-- ,he held t ,fire 0 ! elem5t1 & t all ?+s 7 an ex*ange = fire1 produc$ by cond5sation & r>efaction4 ,b he expla9s no?+ cle>ly4 ,all ?+s 7 produc$ 9 opposition1 & all ?+s 7 9 flux l a riv]4 ,! all is f9ite & ! _w is "o4 ,x arises f fire1 & is consum$ aga9 by fire alt]nately ?r\gh all et]nity 9 c]ta9 cycles4 ,?is happ5s accord+ to fate4 ,t :i* leads to ! becom+ ( ! opposites is call$ ,w> & ,/rife2 t :i* leads to ! f9al conflagration is ,concord & ,peace4 ,he call$ *ange ! upw>d & ! d[nw>d pa?1 & held t ! _w comes into be+ 9 virtue ( ?is4 ,:5 fire is cond5s$ x becomes moi/1 & :5 compress$ x turns to wat]2 wat] be+ congeal$ turns to e>?1 & ?is he calls ! d[nw>d pa?4 ,&1 aga91 ! e>? is 9 turn liquefi$1 & f x wat] arises1 & f t ev]y?+ else2 = he ref]s almo/ ev]y?+ to ! evaporation f ! sea4 ,?is is ! pa? upw>ds4 ,r4 ,p4 #cf4 ,he held1 too1 t exhalations arose bo? f ! sea & ! l&2 "s bright & pure1 o!rs d>k4 ,fire 0 n\ri%$ by ! bright ones1 & moi/ure by ! o!rs4 ,he does n make x cle> :at is ! nature ( t :i* surr\nds ! _w4 ,he held1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 b[ls 9 x ) ! concave sides turn$ t[>ds u1 9 :i* ! bright exhalations 7 collect$ & produc$ flames4 ,^! 7 ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! flame ( ! sun 0 ! brighte/ & w>me/2 = ! o!r heav5ly bodies 7 m di/ant f ! e>?2 & = t reason gave less light & heat4 ,! moon1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ne>] ! e>?2 b x mov$ ?r\gh an impure region4 ,! sun mov$ 9 a bright & unmix$ region1 & at ! same "t 0 at j ! "r di/ance f u4 ,t is :y x gives m heat & light4 ,! eclipses ( ! sun & moon 7 due to ! turn+ ( ! b[ls upw>ds1 :ile ! mon?ly phases ( ! moon 7 produc$ by a gradual turn+ ( its b[l4 ,day & night1 mon?s & seasons & ye>s1 ra9s & w9ds1 & ?+s l ^!1 7 due to ! diff]5t exhalations4 ,! bright exhalation1 :5 ignit$ 9 ! circle ( ! sun1 produc$ day1 & ! prepond]ance ( ! opposite exhalations produc$ night4 ,! increase ( w>m? proce$+ f ! bright exhalation produc$ summ]1 & ! prepond]ance ( moi/ure f ! d>k exhalation produc$ w9t]4 ,he assigns ! causes ( o!r ?+s 9 con=mity ) ?is4 ,z to ! e>?1 he makes no cle> /atem5t ab\t its nature1 any m ?an he does ab\t t ( ! b[ls4 ,^!1 !n1 7 8 op9ions4 ,r4 ,p4 #ci b4 ,x is obvi\s t1 if we c tru/ ?is passage1 x is ( ! greate/ possible value2 & t1 ^u ! :ole1 we c tru/ x is %[n by ! fact t x foll[s ! exact ord] ( topics to :i* all ! doxographies d]iv$ f ! great "w ( ,!ophra/os adh]e4 ,fir/ we h ! prim>y sub/ance1 !n ! _w1 !n ! heav5ly bodies1 & la/ly1 meteorological ph5om5a4 ,we conclude1 !n1 t x may be accept$ ) ! exceptions1 fir/ly1 ( ! probably errone\s conjecture ( ,!ophra/os z to r>efaction & cond5sation m5tion$ above2 & secondly1 ( "s pieces ( ,/oical int]pretation :i* come f ! ,vetu/a ,placita4 ,let u look at ! details ( ! !ory4 ,! pure fire1 we are told1 is to be f\nd *iefly 9 ! sun4 ,?is1 l ! o!r heav5ly bodies1 is a tr\gh or b[l1 or p]haps a sort ( boat1 ) ! concave side turn$ t[>ds u1 9 :i* ! bright exhalations f ! sea collect & burn4 ,h[ does ! fire ( ! sun pass into o!r =ms8 ,if we look at ! fragm5ts :i* deal ) ! d[nw>d pa?1 we f9d t ! fir/ trans=mation t x und]goes is into sea1 & we are fur!r told t half ( ! sea is e>? & half ( x 7fr4 #ba74 ,! full mean+ ( ?is we %all see pres5tly1 b we mu/ settle at once :at is4 ,_m !ories h be5 advanc$ ^u ! subject2 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 no "o#cgi has yet propos$ to take ! ^w 9 ! s5se :i* x always be>s else:]e1 t1 namely1 ( hurricane accompani$ by a fi]y wat]sp\t4#chj ,yet surely ?is is j :at is want$4 ,x is amply atte/$ t ,h]akleitos expla9$ ! rise ( ! sea to fire by means ( ! bright evaporations2 & we want a simil> meteorological explanation ( ! pass+ ( ! fire back into sea4 ,we want1 9 fact1 some?+ :i* w /& equally = ! smoke produc$ by ! burn+ ( ! sun & = ! imm$iate /age betwe5 fire & wat]4 ,:at c\ld s]ve ! turn bett] ?an a fi]y wat]sp\t8 ,x suffici5tly resembles smoke to be acc\nt$ = z ! product ( ! sun's combu/ion1 & x c]ta9ly comes d[n 9 ! =m ( wat]4 ,& ?is int]pretation becomes practically c]ta9 :5 tak5 9 connexion ) ! report ( ,aetios z to ! ,h]akleitean !ory ( 4 ,!y 7 due1 we are told1 8to ! k9dl+ & ext9ction ( cl\ds40#cha ,9 o!r words1 ! bright vap\r1 aft] k9dl+ 9 ! b[l ( ! sun & go+ out aga91 reappe>s z ! d>k fi]y /orm-cl\d1 & s passes once m into sea4 ,at ! next /age we f9d wat] cont9ually pass+ into e>?4 ,we are already famili> ) ?is idea 7 #aj71 & no m ne$ be said ab\t x4 ,turn+ to ! 8upw>d pa?10 we f9d t ! e>? is liquefi$ 9 ! same proportion z ! sea becomes e>?1 s t ! sea is /ill 8measur$ by ! same tale0 7fr4 #bc74 ,half ( x is e>? & half ( x is 7fr4 #ba74 ,?is mu/ mean t1 at any giv5 mom5t1 half ( ! sea is tak+ ! d[nw>d pa?1 & has j be5 fi]y /orm-cl\d1 :ile half ( x is go+ up1 & has j be5 e>?4 ,9 proportion z ! sea is increas$ by ra91 wat] passes into e>?2 9 proportion z ! sea is dim9i%$ by evaporation1 x is f$ by ! e>?4 ,la/ly1 ! ignition ( ! bright vap\r f ! sea 9 ! b[l ( ! sun completes ! circle ( ! 8upw>d & d[nw>d pa?40 ,footnote #cgi3 ,?is 0 writt5 9 #ahij4 ,9 8 ,h]akleitos von ,ephesos 7#aija7 ,diels takes x z ,i did1 r5d]+ ,glutw9d4 ,footnote #chj3 ,cf4 ,h]od4 vii4 #db1 & ,lucretius1 vi4 #dbd4 ,s5eca 7,quae/4 ,nat4 ii4 #ef7 calls x igneus turbo4 ,! op9ions ( e>ly philosoph]s on ^! ph5om5a are collect$ 9 ,aetios1 iii4 #c4 ,! ( ,anaxim&] 7,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #fi1 n4 #acc7 is a diff]5t ?+ altoge!r1 b x is q likely t ,greek sailors nam$ ! meteorological ph5om5on aft] ! famili> bell[s ( ! smi?4 ,footnote #cha3 ,aet4 iii4 #c1 #i1 7sc4 74 ,diels 7,h]akleitos1 p4 v47 seems to reg>d ! z ! =m 9 :i* wat] asc5ds to heav54 ,b ! ,greeks 7 well aw>e t wat]sp\ts bur/ & come d[n4 ,sid5ote3 ,measure = measure4 #gb4 ,! "q n[ arises1 ,h[ is x t1 9 spite ( ?is con/ant flux1 ?+s appe> relatively /able8 ,! answ] ( ,h]akleitos 0 t x is ow+ to ! obs]vance ( ! 8measures10 9 virtue ( :i* ! aggregate bulk ( ea* =m ( matt] 9 ! long run rema9s ! same1 ?\gh its sub/ance is con/antly *ang+4 ,c]ta9 8measures0 ( ! 8ev]-liv+ fire0 are always be+ k9dl$1 :ile l 8measures0 are always go+ out 7fr4 #bj72 & ^! measures ! sun w n exce$4 ,all ?+s are 8ex*ang$0 = fire & fire = all ?+s 7fr4 #bb71 & ?is implies t = ev]y?+ x takes1 fire w give z mu*4 8,! sun w n exce$ 8 measures0 7fr4 #bi74 ,& yet ! 8measures0 are n to be reg>d$ z absolutely fix$4 ,we ga!r f ! passage ( ,diog5es quot$ above t ,!ophra/os spoke ( an alt]nate prepond]ance ( ! bright & d>k exhalations1 & ,ari/otle speaks ( ,h]akleitos z expla9+ all ?+s by evaporation4#chb ,9 p>ticul>1 ! alt]nation ( day & night1 summ] & w9t]1 7 acc\nt$ = 9 ?is way4 ,n[1 9 a passage ( ! pseudo-,hippokratean treatise :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly ( ,h]akleitean orig91#chc we read ( an 8advance ( fire & wat]0 9 connexion ) day & night & ! c\rses ( ! sun & moon4#chd ,9 fr4 #bf1 aga91 we read ( fire 8advanc+10 & all ^! ?+s seem to be intimately connect$4 ,we mu/ !re=e try to see :e!r !re is any?+ 9 ! rema9+ fragm5ts t be>s ^u ! subject4 ,footnote #chb3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #b4 #dje a #bf1 4 ,footnote #chc3 ,! pres5ce ( ,h]akleitean matt] 9 ?is treatise 0 po9t$ out by ,gesn]1 b ,b]nays 0 ! fir/ to make any consid]able use ( x 9 recon/ruct+ ! sy/em4 ,! old] lit]ature ( ! subject has be5 9 ! ma9 sup]s$$ by ,c>l ,fr$ri*s' ,hippokratis*e ,unt]su*ung5 7#ahii71 :]e also a satisfactory text ( ! sections :i* conc]n u is giv5 = ! fir/ "t4 ,fr$ri*s %[s t 7z ,i said already 9 ! fir/ edition7 ! "w belongs to ! p]iod ( eclecticism & reaction :i* ,i h briefly *>act]is$ 9 #ahd1 & he po9ts out t c #c1 :i* 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be ma9ly ,h]akleitean1 is really f "s "w :i* 0 /rongly influ5c$ by ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t he goes wrong 9 attribut+ ! section to a nameless 8,physik]0 ( ! s*ool ( ,ar*elaos1 or ev5 to ,ar*elaos himself2 x is f> m l :at we %\ld expect f ! eclectic ,h]akleiteans :om ,plato describes 9 ,crat4 #dac c 7see p4 #afa1 n4 #cgd74 ,he is c]ta9ly wrong 9 hold+ ! doctr9e ( ! balance ( fire & wat] n to be ,h]akleitean1 & !re is no ju/ification = sep>at+ ! rem>k quot$ 9 ! text f its context because x happ5s to agree almo/ v]bally ) ! beg9n+ ( c4 #c4 ,z we %all see1 t passage too is ( ,h]akleitean orig94 ,footnote #chd3 1 i4 #e4 ,i %\ld read ?us3 1 4 ,9 any case1 ! mean+ is ! same1 & ! s5t5ce occurs betwe5 & 1 :i* are surely ,h]akleitean utt]ances4 ,sid5ote3 ,man #gc4 ,9 /udy+ ?is alt]nate advance ( fire & wat]1 x w be conv5i5t to />t ) ! microcosm4 ,we h m def9ite in=mation ab\t ! two exhalations 9 man ?an ab\t ! analog\s processes 9 ! _w at l>ge1 & x w\ld seem t ,h]akleitos himself expla9$ ! _w by man r ?an man by ! _w4 ,9 a well-kn[n passage1 ,ari/otle implies t s\l is id5tical ) ! dry exhalation1#che & ?is is fully confirm$ by ! fragm5ts4 ,man is made up ( ?ree ?+s1 fire1 wat]1 & e>?4 ,b1 j z 9 ! macrocosm fire is id5tifi$ ) ! "o wisdom1 s 9 ! microcosm ! fire alone is consci\s4 ,:5 x has left ! body1 ! rema9d]1 ! m]e e>? & wat]1 is altoge!r wor?less 7fr4 #he74 ,( c\rse1 ! fire :i* animates man is subject to ! 8upw>d & d[nw>d pa?10 j z mu* z ! fire ( ! _w4 ,! has pres]v$ ! obvi\sly ,h]akleitean s5t5ce3 8,all ?+s are pass+1 bo? human & div9e1 upw>ds & d[nw>ds by ex*anges40#chf ,we are j z mu* 9 p]petual flux z any?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,we are & are n ! same = two consecutive in/ants 7fr4 #ha74 ,! fire 9 u is p]petually becom+ wat]1 & ! wat] e>?2 b1 z ! opposite process goes on simultane\sly1 we appe> to rema9 ! same4#chg ,footnote #che3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #b4 #dje a #be 7,r4 ,p4 #ch74 ,diels attributes to ,h]akleitos himself ! words 1 :i* are f\nd 9 ,areios ,didymos aft] fr4 #db4 ,i c h>dly believe1 h[ev]1 t ! ^w is ,h]akleitean4 ,he seems r to h call$ ! two exhalations & 7cf4 fr4 #cg74 ,footnote #chf3 1 i4 #e1 4 ,footnote #chg3 ,we seem to h a cle> ref]5ce to ?is 9 ,epi*>mos1 fr4 #b1 ,diels 7#agj b1 ,kaibel73 8,look n[ at m5 too4 ,"o gr[s & ano!r passes away1 & all are 9 *ange always4 ,:at *anges 9 its sub/ance 7 7 & nev] abides 9 ! same spot1 w already be some?+ diff]5t f :at has pass$ away4 ,s ?\ & ,i 7 diff]5t ye/]day1 & are n[ q o!r p1 & aga9 we %all become o!rs & nev] ! same aga91 & s on 9 ! same way40 ,?is is put into ! m\? ( a debtor :o does n wi% to pay4 ,see ,b]nays on ! 7,ges4 ,abh4 i4 pp4 #aji sqq474 ,sid5ote3 7a7 ,sleep+ & wak+4 #gd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n all4 ,man is subject to a c]ta9 oscillation 9 8 8measures0 ( fire & wat]1 & ?is gives rise to ! alt]nations ( sleep+ & wak+1 life & dea?4 ,! locus classicus on ?is subject is a passage ( ,sextus ,empiricus1 :i* reproduces ! acc\nt ( ! ,h]akleitean psy*ology giv5 by ,a9esidemos 7,skeptic1 c4 #hj-ej ,b4,c474#chh ,x is z foll[s 7,r4 ,p4 #da73-- ,! natural philosoph] is ( op9ion t :at surr\nds u#chi is rational & end[$ ) consci\sness4 ,accord+ to ,h]akleitos1 :5 we draw 9 ?is div9e reason by means ( respiration1 we become rational4 ,9 sleep we =get1 b at our wak+ we become consci\s once m4 ,= 9 sleep1 :5 ! op5+s ( ! s5ses close1 ! m9d :i* is 9 u is cut (f f contact ) t :i* surr\nds u1 & only our connexion ) x by means ( respiration is pres]v$ z a sort ( root 7f :i* ! re/ may spr+ aga972 &1 :5 x is ?us sep>at$1 x loses ! p[] ( memory t x _h be=e4 ,:5 we awake aga91 h[ev]1 x looks out ?r\gh ! op5+s ( ! s5ses1 z if ?r\gh w9d[s1 & com+ toge!r ) ! surr\nd+ m9d1 x assumes ! p[] ( reason4 ,j1 !n1 z emb]s1 :5 !y are br\ght ne> ! ! fire1 *ange & become r$-hot1 & g out :5 !y are tak5 away f x aga91 s does ! portion ( ! surr\nd+ m9d :i* soj\rns 9 our body become irrational :5 x is cut (f1 & s does x become ( l nature to ! :ole :5 contact is e/abli%$ ?r\gh ! greate/ numb] ( op5+s4 ,footnote #chh3 ,sextus quotes 8,a9esidemos accord+ to ,h]akleitos40 ,natorp holds 7,=s*ung51 p4 #gh7 t ,a9esidemos really did comb9e ,h]akleiteanism ) ,skepticism4 ,diels1 on ! o!r h& 7,dox4 pp4 #baj1 #baa71 insi/s t ,a9esidemos only gave an acc\nt ( ! !ories ( ,h]akleitos4 ,?is controv]sy does n affect ! use we make ( ! passage4 ,footnote #chi3 1 oppos$ to b p>allel ) 4 ,9 ?is passage !re is obvi\sly a v l>ge admixture ( lat] phraseology & ( lat] ideas4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! id5tification ( 8t :i* surr\nds u0 ) ! air _c be ,h]akleitean2 = ,h]akleitos c h kn[n no?+ ( air1 :i* 9 8 day 0 reg>d$ z a =m ( wat] 7 #bg74 ,! ref]5ce to ! pores or op5+s ( ! s5ses is probably =eign to him also2 = ! !ory ( pores is due to ,alkmaion 7 #if74 ,la/ly1 ! di/9ction betwe5 m9d & body is f> too %>ply drawn4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! important rle assign$ to respiration may v well be ,h]akleitean2 = we h met ) x already 9 ,anaxim5es4 ,& we c h>dly d\bt t ! /rik+ simile ( ! emb]s :i* gl[ :5 !y are br\ght ne> ! fire is g5u9e 7cf4 fr4 #gg74 ,! true ,h]akleitean doctr9e d\btless 01 t sleep 0 produc$ by ! encroa*m5t ( moi/1 d>k exhalations f ! wat] 9 ! body1 :i* cause ! fire to burn l[4 ,9 sleep1 we lose contact ) ! fire 9 ! _w :i* is common to all1 & retire to a _w ( our own 7fr4 #ie74 ,9 a s\l :]e ! fire & wat] are ev5ly balanc$1 ! equilibrium is re/or$ 9 ! morn+ by an equal advance ( ! bright exhalation4 ,sid5ote3 7b7 ,life & dea?4 #ge4 ,b 9 no s\l are ! fire & wat] ?us ev5ly balanc$ = long4 ,"o or ! o!r acquires pr$om9ance1 & ! result 9 ei!r case is dea?4 ,let u take ea* ( ^! cases 9 turn4 ,x is dea?1 we "k1 to s\ls to become wat] 7fr4 #fh72 b t is j :at happ5s to s\ls :i* seek aft] pleasure4 ,= pleasure is a moi/5+ ( ! s\l 7fr4 #gb71 z may be se5 9 ! case ( ! drunk5 man1 :o1 9 pursuit ( x1 has moi/5$ 8 s\l to su* an ext5t t he does n "k :]e he is go+ 7fr4 #gc74 ,ev5 9 g5tle relaxation ov] our cups1 x is m difficult to hide folly ?an at o!r times 7fr4 #ajh74 ,t is :y x is s necess>y = u to qu5* wantonness 7fr4 #ajc72 = :atev] our he>t's desire insi/s on x pur*ases at ! price ( life1 t is1 ( ! fire )9 u 7fr4 #aje74 ,take n[ ! o!r case4 ,! dry s\l1 t :i* has lea/ moi/ure1 is ! be/ 7fr4 #gd72 b ! prepond]ance ( fire causes dea? z mu* z t ( wat]4 ,x is a v diff]5t dea?1 h[ev]1 & w9s 8great] portions0 = ^? :o die x 7fr4 #aja74 ,app>5tly ^? :o fall 9 battle %>e _! lot 7fr4 #ajb74 ,we h no fragm5t :i* tells u directly :at x is1 b ! class ( utt]ances we are ab\t to look at next leaves little d\bt on ! subject4 ,^? :o die ! fi]y & n ! wat]y dea?1 become1 9 fact1 gods1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* ! "o ,wisdom is god4 ,x is probable t ! corrupt fragm5t #abc ref]s to ?is unexpect$ fate 7fr4 #abb7 t awaits m5 :5 !y die4 ,fur!r1 j z summ] & w9t] are "o1 & necess>ily reproduce "o ano!r by _! 8opposite t5sion10 s d life & dea?4 ,!y1 too1 are "o1 we are told2 & s are y\? & age 7fr4 #gh74 ,x foll[s t ! s\l w be n[ liv+ & n[ dead2 t x w only turn to fire or wat]1 z ! case may be1 to recomm5ce once m its unceas+ upw>d & d[nw>d pa?4 ,! s\l t has di$ f excess ( moi/ure s9ks d[n to e>?2 b f ! e>? comes wat]1 & f wat] is once m exhal$ a s\l 7fr4 #fh74 ,s1 too1 we are told 7fr4 #fg7 t gods & m5 are really "o4 ,!y live ea* o!rs' life1 & die ea* o!rs' dea?4 ,^? mortals t die ! fi]y dea? become immortal1#cij !y become ! gu>dians ( ! quick & ! dead 7fr4 #abc72cia & ^? immortals become mortal 9 _! turn4 ,ev]y?+ is really ! dea? ( some?+ else 7fr4 #fd74 ,! liv+ & ! dead are always *ang+ places 7fr4 #gh71 l ! pieces on a *ild's draught-bo>d 7fr4 #gi71 & ?is applies n only to ! s\ls t h become wat]1 b to ^? t h become fire & are n[ gu>dian spirits4 ,! real we>9ess is cont9uance 9 ! same /ate 7fr4 #hb71 & ! real re/ is *ange 7fr4 #hc74 ,re/ 9 any o!r s5se is tantam\nt to dissolution 7fr4 #hd74cib ,s !y too are born once m4 ,h]akleitos e/imat$ ! duration ( ! cycle :i* pres]ves ! balance ( life & dea? z ?irty ye>s1 ! %orte/ "t 9 :i* a man may become a gr&fa!r 7frs4 #hg-hi74cic ,footnote #cij3 ,! popul> ^w is us$ = ! sake ( its p>adoxical effect4 ,/rictly speak+1 !y are all mortal f "o po9t ( view & immortal f ano!r4 ,footnote #cia3 ,we ne$ n hesitate to ascribe to ,h]akleitos ! view t ! dead become gu>dian demons ( ! liv+2 x appe>s already 9 ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 #aba1 & ! ,orphic communities _h popul>is$ x4 ,rohde1 ,psy*e 7pp4 #ddb sqq471 refus$ to admit t ,h]akleitos believ$ ! s\l surviv$ aft] dea?4 ,/rictly speak+1 x is no d\bt an inconsi/5cy2 b ,i believe1 ) ,zell] & ,diels1 t x is "o ( a k9d we may well admit4 ,_m ?9k]s h spok5 ( a p]sonal immortality1 ?\gh !re 0 really no room = x 9 _! sy/ems4 ,x is wor?y ( note 9 ?is connexion t ! fir/ argum5t :i* ,plato uses to e/abli% ! doctr9e ( immortality 9 ! ,pha$o is j ! ,h]akleitean p>allelism ( life & dea? ) sleep+ & wak+4 ,footnote #cib3 ,^! fragm5ts are quot$ by ,plot9os1 ,iambli*os1 & ,n\m5ios 9 ?is v connexion 7see ,r4 ,p4 #df c71 & x does n seem to me possible to hold1 ) ,rohde1 t !y _h no gr\nds = s int]pret+ !m4 ,!y knew ! context & we d n4 ,footnote #cic3 ,plut4 def4 orac4 #dae d1 ' 1 4 ,philo1 fr4 ,h>ris1 p4 #bj1 444 ,c5sor9us1 de die nat4 #ag1 #b1 8hoc enim tempus 7triag9ta annos7 g5ean voc>i ,h]aclitus auctor e/1 quia orbis aetatis 9 eo sit spatio3 orbem autem vocat aetatis1 dum natura ab sem5ti humana ad sem5tim rev]titur40 ,! words orbis aetatis seem to mean 1 8! circle ( life40 ,if s1 we may comp>e ! ,orphic 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! day & ! ye>4 #gf4 ,let u turn n[ to ! _w4 ,diog5es tells u t fire 0 kept up by ! bright vap\rs f l& & sea1 & moi/ure by ! d>k4#cid ,:at are ^! 8d>k0 vap\rs :i* increase ! moi/ elem5t8 ,if we rememb] ! 8,air0 ( ,anaxim5es1 we %all be incl9$ to reg>d !m z d>kness itself4 ,we "k t ! idea ( d>kness z privation ( light is n natural to ! unsophi/icat$ m9d4 ,we sometimes he> ev5 n[ ( d>kness 8?ick en\gh to cut ) a knife40 ,i suppose1 !n1 t ,h]akleitos believ$ night & w9t] to be produc$ by ! rise ( d>kness f e>? & sea--he saw1 ( c\rse1 t ! valleys 7 d>k be=e ! hill-tops1--& t ?is d>kness1 be+ moi/1 s increas$ ! wat]y elem5t z to put out ! sun's light4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 de/roys ! p[] ( d>kness itself4 ,x c no long] rise upw>ds unless ! sun gives x motion1 & s x becomes possible = a fre% sun 7fr4 #cb7 to be k9dl$1 & to n\ri% itself at ! exp5se ( ! moi/ elem5t = a "t4 ,b x c only be = a "t4 ,! sun1 by burn+ up ! bright vap\r1 deprives himself ( n\ri%m5t1 & ! d>k vap\r once m gets ! upp] h&4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t 8day & night are "o0 7fr4 #ce74 ,ea* implies ! o!r1 & !y are !re=e to be reg>d$ z m]ely two sides ( ! "o1 9 :i* alone _! true gr\nd ( explanation is to be f\nd 7fr4 #cf74 ,footnote #cid3 ,diog4 ix4 #i 7,r4 ,p4 #ci b74 ,summ] & w9t] 7 easily to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,we "k t ! 8turn+s0 ( ! sun 7 a subject ( int]e/ 9 ^? days1 & x 0 natural = ,h]akleitos to see 9 its retreat fur!r to ! s\? ! gradual advance ( ! moi/ elem5t1 caus$ by ! heat ( ! sun itself4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 dim9i%es ! p[] ( ! sun to cause evaporation1 & s x mu/ return to ! nor? once m t x may supply itself ) n\ri%m5t4 ,su* 01 at any rate1 ! ,/oic doctr9e on ! subject1#cie & t x comes f ,h]akleitos seems to be prov$ by its occurr5ce 9 ! 4 ,x seems impossible to ref] ! foll[+ s5t5ce to any o!r s\rce3-- ,& 9 turn ea* 7fire & wat]7 prevails & is prevail$ ov] to ! greate/ & lea/ degree t is possible4 ,= nei!r c prevail altoge!r = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,if fire advances t[>ds ! utmo/ limit ( ! wat]1 its n\ri%m5t fails x4 ,x retires1 !n1 to a place :]e x c get n\ri%m5t4 ,& if wat] advances t[>ds ! utmo/ limit ( ! fire1 movem5t fails x4 ,at t po9t1 !n1 x /&s /ill2 &1 :5 x has come to a /&1 x has no long] p[] to resi/1 b is consum$ z n\ri%m5t = ! fire t falls ^u x4 ,= ^! reasons nei!r c prevail altoge!r4 ,b if at any "t ei!r %\ld be 9 any way ov]come1 !n none ( ! ?+s t exi/ w\ld be z !y are n[4 ,s long z ?+s are z !y are1 fire & wat] w always be too1 & nei!r w ev] fail4#cif ,footnote #cie3 ,see ,klean!s1 fr4 #bi1 ,pe>son1 ' 7 74 ,cf4 ,cic4 ,n4,d4 iii4 #cg3 8,quid enim8 non eisdem vobis placet omnem ignem pa/us indig]e nec p]man]e ullo modo posse1 nisi alitur3 ali autem solem1 lunam1 reliqua a/ra aquis1 alia dulcibus 7f ! e>?71 alia m>9is8 eamque causam ,clean!s adf]t cur se sol ref]at nec longius progr$iatur sol/itiali orbi itemque brumali1 ne longius disc$at a cibo40 ,footnote #cif3 ,= ! ,greek text ( ?is passage1 see bel[1 p4 #ahc1 n4 #dac4 ,fr$ri*s all[s t x is f ! same s\rce z t quot$ above 7p4 #afi71 &1 z t comes f 1 i4 #c1 he d5ies ! ,h]akleitean orig9 ( ?is too4 ,he has n tak5 acc\nt ( ! fact t x gives ! ,/oic doctr9e1 :i* raises a presumption 9 fav\r ( t be+ ,h]akleitean4 ,if ,i c\ld agree ) ,fr$ri*s' !ory1 ,i %\ld /ill say t ! pres5t passage 0 a ,h]akleitean int]polation 9 ! ,physik] r ?an t ! o!r 0 an int]polation f ! ,physik] 9 ! ,h]akleitean section4 ,z x is1 ,i f9d no difficulty 9 believ+ t bo? passages give ! ,h]akleitean doctr9e1 ?\gh x becomes mix$ up ) o!r !ories 9 ! sequel4 ,see p4 #afg1 n4 #chc4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,great ,ye>4 #gg4 ,h]akleitos spoke also ( a long] p]iod1 :i* is id5tifi$ ) ! 8,great ,ye>10 & is v>i\sly describ$ z la/+ #ah1jjj & #aj1hjj ye>s4#cig ,we h no def9ite /atem5t1 h[ev]1 ( :at process ,h]akleitos suppos$ to take place 9 ! ,great ,ye>4 ,we h se5 t ! p]iod ( #cf1jjj ye>s 01 9 all probability1 ,babylonian1 & 0 t ( ! revolution :i* produces ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4#cih ,n[ #ah1jjj ye>s is j half t p]iod1 a fact :i* may be connect$ ) ,h]akleitos's way ( divid+ all cycles into an 8upw>d & d[nw>d pa?0 ,x is n at all likely1 h[ev]1 t ,h]akleitos1 :o held ) ,x5ophanes t ! sun 0 8new e day10 w\ld tr\ble himself ab\t ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 & we seem =c$ to assume t he gave "s new application to ! traditional p]iod4 ,! ,/oics1 or "s ( !m1 held t ! ,great ,ye> 0 ! p]iod betwe5 "o _w-conflagration & ! next4 ,!y 7 c>eful1 h[ev]1 to make x a good deal long] ?an ,h]akleitos did1 &1 9 any case1 we are n entitl$ )\t m ado to cr$it him ) ! !ory ( a g5]al conflagration4#cii ,we mu/ try fir/1 if possible1 to int]pret ! ,great ,ye> on ! analogy ( ! %ort] p]iods discuss$ already4 ,footnote #cig3 ,aet4 ii4 #cb1 #c1 7 74 ,c5sor9us1 de die nat4 #aa1 ,h]aclitus et ,l9us1 ,,xdccc4 ,footnote #cih3 ,see ,introd4 ,,xii4 p4 #be1 n4 #ci4 ,footnote #cii3 ,= ! ,/oic doctr9e1 cf4 ,nemesios1 de nat4 hom4 #ch 7,r4 ,p4 #ejc74 ,mr4 ,adam all[$ t no de/ruction ( ! _w or conflagration m>k$ ! end ( ,plato's ye>1 b he decl9$ to draw :at seems to me ! natural inf]5ce t ! connexion betwe5 ! two ?+s belongs to a lat] age1 & %\ld n1 !re=e1 be ascrib$ to ,h]akleitos 9 ! abs5ce ( any evid5ce t he did s connect !m4 ,nev]!less1 8 treatm5t ( ^! que/ions 9 ! second volume ( 8 edition ( ! ,republic1 pp4 #cjb sqq41 mu/ =m ! basis ( all fur!r discussion on ! subject4 ,x has c]ta9ly help$ me to put ! view :i* he rejects 7p4 #cjc1 n4 #i7 9 :at ,i hope w be f\nd a m conv9c+ =m4 ,n[ we h se5 t a g5]ation is ! %orte/ "t 9 :i* a man c become a gr&fa!r1 x is ! p]iod ( ! upw>d or d[nw>d pa? ( ! s\l1 & ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ! long] p]iod w\ld surely be t x repres5ts ! "t tak5 by a 8measure0 ( ! fire 9 ! _w to travel on ! d[nw>d pa? to e>? or return to fire once m by ! upw>d pa?4 ,plato c]ta9ly implies t su* a p>allelism betwe5 ! p]iods ( man & ! _w 0 recognis$1#djj & ?is receives a curi\s confirmation f a passage 9 ,ari/otle1 :i* is usually suppos$ to ref] to ! doctr9e ( a p]iodic conflagration4 ,he is discuss+ ! "q :e!r ! 8heav5s10 t is to say1 :at he calls ! 8fir/ heav510 is et]nal or n1 & he naturally en\gh1 f 8 own po9t ( view1 id5tifies ?is ) ! ,fire ( ,h]akleitos4 ,he quotes him along ) ,emp$okles z hold+ t ! 8heav5s0 are alt]nately z !y are n[ & 9 "s o!r /ate1 "o ( pass+ away2 & he goes on to po9t out t ?is is n really to say !y pass away1 any m ?an x w\ld be to say t a man ceases to be1 if we said t he turn$ f boy to man & !n f man to boy aga94#dja ,x is surely cle> t ?is is a ref]5ce to ! p>allel betwe5 ! g5]ation & ! ,great ,ye>1 &1 if s1 ! ord9>y int]pretation ( ! passage mu/ be wrong4 ,x is true t x is n q consi/5t ) ! !ory to suppose t a 8measure0 ( ,fire c\ld pres]ve its id5tity ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its upw>d & d[nw>d pa?2 b x is exactly ! same inconsi/5cy t we h felt b\nd to recognise ) reg>d to ! cont9uance ( individual s\ls1 a fact :i* is really 9 fav\r ( our int]pretation4 ,x %\ld be add$ t1 :ile #ah1jjj is half #cf1jjj1 #aj1hjj is #cfj #cj1 :i* w\ld make ea* g5]ation a day 9 ! ,great ,ye>4#djb ,footnote #djj3 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! g5]al s5se ( ! p>allelism betwe5 ! p]iods ( ! & ! 1 h[ev] we may und]/& ! details4 ,see ,adam1 ,republic1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhh sqq4 ,footnote #dja3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #aj4 #bgi b #ad1 ' 1 444 4 ,ari/otle po9ts out t ?is really am\nts only to say+ t x is et]nal & *anges its =m1 1 ' 7#bhj a #ad74 ,! po9t ( ! ref]5ce to ,emp$okles w appe> f de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #f4 #ccd a #a sqq4 ,:at ,ari/otle f9ds fault ) 9 bo? !ories is t !y d n reg>d ! sub/ance ( ! heav5s z some?+ outside ! upw>d & d[nw>d motion ( ! elem5ts4 ,footnote #djb3 ,?is is practically ,lassalle's view ( ! ,great ,ye>1 except t he commits ! ana*ronism ( speak+ ( 8atoms0 ( fire in/ead ( 8measures40 ,sid5ote3 ,did ,h]akleitos tea* a g5]al conflagration8 #gh4 ,mo/ mod]n writ]s1 h[ev]1 ascribe to ,h]akleitos ! doctr9e ( a p]iodical conflagration or 1 to use ! ,/oic t]m4#djc ,t ?is is inconsi/5t ) ! !ory1 z we h int]pret$ x1 is obvi\s1 & is inde$ admitt$ by ,zell]4 ,to 8 p>aphrase ( ! /atem5t ( ,plato quot$ above 7p4 #aei7 he adds ! words3 8,h]akleitos did n int5d to retract ?is pr9ciple 9 ! doctr9e ( a p]iodic *ange 9 ! con/itution ( ! _w2 if ! two doctr9es are n compatible1 x is a contradiction :i* he has n obs]v$40 ,n[1 x is 9 itself q likely t !re 7 contradictions 9 ! disc\rse ( ,h]akleitos1 b x is v unlikely t !re 0 ?is p>ticul> "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is a contradiction ( ! c5tral idea ( 8 sy/em1 ! ?\ght t possess$ 8 :ole m9d 7 #fg71 & we c only admit ! possibility ( t1 if ! evid5ce = x %\ld prove irresi/ible4 ,9 ! second place1 su* an int]pretation de/roys ! :ole po9t ( ,plato's contra/ betwe5 ,h]akleitos & ,emp$okles 7 #fh71 :i* is j t1 :ile ,h]akleitos said ! ,"o 0 always _m1 & ! ,_m always "o1 ,emp$okles said ! ,all 0 _m & "o by turns4 ,zell]'s int]pretation obliges u1 !n1 to suppose t ,h]akleitos flatly contradict$ 8 own discov]y )\t notic+ x1 & t ,plato1 9 discuss+ ?is v discov]y1 0 also bl9d to ! contradiction4#djd ,footnote #djc3 ,s*lei]ma*] & ,lassalle are notable exceptions4 ,zell]1 ,diels1 & ,gomp]z are all positive t ,h]akleitos believ$ 9 ! 4 ,footnote #djd3 ,9 8 fif? edition 7p4 #fii7 ,zell] seems to feel ?is la/ difficulty2 = he n[ says3 8,x is a contradiction :i* he1 & :i* probably ,plato too 7und d5 wahrs*e9li* au* ,plato7 has n obs]v$40 ,?is seems to me /ill less arguable4 ,plato may or may n be mi/ak52 b he makes ! p]fectly def9ite /atem5t t ,h]akleitos says 1 :ile ,emp$okles says 4 ,! ,ionian ,muses are call$ & ! ,sicilian j because ! latt] 8l[]$ ! pit*0 77 ( ! doctr9e t ?is is always s 7 74 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ,ari/otle to set aga9/ ,plato's emphatic /atem5t4 ,we h se5 t ! passage 9 :i* he speaks ( him along ) ,emp$okles z hold+ t ! heav5s 7 alt]nately 9 "o condition & 9 ano!r ref]s n to ! _w 9 g5]al1 b to fire1 :i* ,ari/otle id5tifi$ ) ! sub/ance ( 8 own 8fir/ heav540#dje ,x is also q consi/5t ) our int]pretation :5 he says t all ?+s at "o "t or ano!r become fire4 ,?is does n necess>ily mean t !y all become fire at ! same "t1 b is m]ely a /atem5t ( ! und\bt$ ,h]akleitean doctr9e ( ! upw>d & d[nw>d pa?4#djf ,footnote #dje3 ,see above1 p4 #agg1 n4 #dja4 ,footnote #djf3 ,phys4 #e1 #bje a #c 7,met4 1 #aj4 #ajfg a #d71 4 ,ev5 9 8 fif? edition 7p4 #fia7 ,zell] translates ?is es w]de alles d]e9/ zu ,feu] w]d52 b t w\ld require 4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 8 sugge/ion t 78n m]ely 07 implies t all ?+s become fire at once4 ,9 ,ari/otle's day1 !re 0 no di/9ction ( mean+ betwe5 & 4 ,ev5 if he _h said 1 we c\ld n press x4 ,:at is really noticeable is ! pres5t inf9itive :i* surely sugge/s a cont9u\s process1 n a s]ies ( conflagrations4 ,! only cle> /atem5ts to ! effect t ,h]akleitos taught ! doctr9e ( a g5]al conflagration are po/]ior to ! rise ( ,/oicism4 ,x is unnecess>y to enum]ate !m1 z !re is no d\bt ab\t _! mean+4 ,! ,*ri/ian apologi/s too 7 int]e/$ 9 ! idea ( a f9al conflagration1 & reproduce ! ,/oic view4 ,! curi\s ?+1 h[ev]1 is t !re 0 a diff]5ce ( op9ion on ! subject ev5 among ! ,/oics4 ,9 "o place1 ,m>cus ,aurelius says3 8,s t all ^! ?+s are tak5 up into ! ,reason ( ! univ]se1 :e!r by a p]iodical conflagration or a r5ovation effect$ by ext]nal ex*anges40#djg ,inde$1 !re 7 "s :o said !re 0 no g5]al conflagration at all 9 ,h]akleitos4 8,i he> all t10 ,plut>* makes "o ( 8 p]sonages say1 8f _m p1 & ,i see ! ,/oic conflagration spread+ ov] ! poems ( ,hesiod1 j z x does ov] ! writ+s ( ,h]akleitos & ! v]ses ( ,orpheus40#djh ,we see f ?is t ! "q 0 debat$1 & we %\ld !re=e expect t any /atem5t ( ,h]akleitos :i* c\ld settle x w\ld be quot$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,x is highly significant t n a s+le quotation ( ! k9d c be produc$4 ,footnote #djg3 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 x4 #g1 1 1 4 ,! are specifically ,h]akleitean1 & ! /atem5t is ! m rem>kable z ,m>cus else:]e foll[s ! usual ,/oic int]pretation4 ,footnote #djh3 ,plut4 de def4 orac4 #dae f1 1 '1 1 4 ,z ,zell] admits 7p4 #fic n471 ?is proves t "s oppon5ts ( ! ,/oic tri$ to )draw ! support ( ,h]akleitos f x4 ,c\ld !y h done s if ,h]akleitos _h said any?+ ab\t x1 or w\ld n "s "o h produc$ a decisive quotation8 ,we may be sure t1 if any "o _h1 x w\ld h be5 reit]at$ ad nauseam1 = ! inde/ructibility ( ! _w 0 "o ( ! great que/ions ( ! day4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! abs5ce ( any?+ to %[ t ,h]akleitos spoke ( a g5]al conflagration only becomes m pat5t :5 we turn to ! few fragm5ts :i* are suppos$ to prove x4 ,! fav\rite is fr4 #bd1 :]e we are told t ,h]akleitos said ,fire 0 ,want & ,surfeit4 ,t is j 9 8 mann]1 & x has a p]fectly intelligible mean+ on our int]pretation1 :i* is fur!r confirm$ by fr4 #cf4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x seems di/9ctly artificial to und]/& ! ,surfeit z ref]r+ to ! fact t fire has burnt ev]y?+ else up1 & /ill m s to int]pret ,want z mean+ t fire1 or mo/ ( x1 has turn$ into a _w4 ,! next is fr4 #bf1 :]e we read t fire 9 its advance w judge & convict all ?+s4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ?is1 h[ev]1 to sugge/ t fire w judge all ?+s at once r ?an 9 turn1 &1 inde$1 ! phraseology rem9ds u ( ! advance ( fire & wat] :i* we h se5 reason = attribut+ to ,h]akleitos1 b :i* is expressly said to be limit$ to a c]ta9 maximum4#dji ,^! appe> to be ! only passages :i* ! ,/oics & ! ,*ri/ian apologi/s c\ld discov]1 &1 :e!r our int]pretation ( !m is "r or wrong1 x is surely obvi\s t !y _c be> ! weight ( _! conclusion1 & t !re 0 c]ta9ly no?+ m def9ite to be f\nd4 ,footnote #dji3 1 i4 #c1 4 ,x is mu* easi] to f9d fragm5ts :i* are on ! face ( !m inconsi/5t ) a g5]al conflagration4 ,! 8measures0 ( fr4 #bj & fr4 #bi mu/ be ! same ?+1 & !y mu/ surely be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( fr4 #bc4 ,if ?is be s1 fr4 #bj1 & m especially fr4 #bi1 directly contradict ! idea ( a g5]al conflagration4 8,! sun w n ov]/ep 8 measures40#daj ,secondly1 ! metaphor ( 8ex*ange10 :i* is appli$ to ! trans=mations ( fire 9 fr4 #bb1 po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,:5 gold is giv5 9 ex*ange = w>es & w>es = gold1 ! sum or 8measure0 ( ea* rema9s con/ant1 ?\gh !y *ange own]s4 ,all ! w>es & gold d n come into ! same h&s4 ,9 ! same way1 :5 any?+ becomes fire1 some?+ ( equal am\nt mu/ cease to be fire1 if ! 8ex*ange0 is to be a j "o2 & t x w be j1 we are assur$ by ! wat*fulness ( ! ,er9yes 7fr4 #bi71 :o see to x t ! sun does n take m ?an he gives4 ,( c\rse !re is1 z we h se51 a c]ta9 v>iation2 b ?is is /rictly conf9$ )9 limits1 & is comp5sat$ 9 ! long run by a v>iation 9 ! o!r direction4 ,?irdly1 fr4 #dc1 9 :i* ,h]akleitos blames ,hom] = desir+ ! cessation ( /rife1 is v conclusive4 ,! cessation ( /rife w\ld mean t all ?+s %\ld take ! upw>d or d[nw>d pa? at ! same "t1 & cease to 8run 9 opposite directions40 ,if !y all took ! upw>d pa?1 we %\ld h a g5]al conflagration4 ,n[1 if ,h]akleitos _h himself held t ?is 0 ! appo9tm5t ( fate1 w\ld he h be5 likely to upbraid ,hom] = desir+ s necess>y a consummation8#daa ,f\r?ly1 we note t 9 fr4 #bj x is ?is _w1#dab & n m]ely ! 8ev]-liv+ fire10 :i* is said to be et]nal2 & x appe>s also t its et]nity dep5ds ^u ! fact t x is always k9dl+ & always go+ out 9 ! same 8measures10 or t an encroa*m5t 9 "o direction is comp5sat$ by a subsequ5t encroa*m5t 9 ! o!r4 ,la/ly1 ,lassalle's argum5t f ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! passage f ! 1 quot$ above1 is really unt\*$ by ,zell]'s objection1 t x _c be ,h]akleitean because x implies t all ?+s are fire & wat]4 ,x does n imply ?is1 b only t man1 l ! heav5ly bodies1 oscillates betwe5 fire & wat]2 & t is j :at ,h]akleitos taught4 ,x does n appe> ei!r t ! measures ( e>? v>i$ at all4 ,n[1 9 ?is passage we read t nei!r fire nor wat] c prevail completely1 & a v good reason is giv5 = ?is1 a reason too :i* is 9 /rik+ agreem5t ) ! o!r views ( ,h]akleitos4#dac ,&1 inde$1 x is n easy to see h[1 9 accordance ) ^! views1 ! _w c\ld ev] recov] f a g5]al conflagration if su* a ?+ 7 to take place4 ,! :ole process dep5ds1 s f> z we c see1 on ! fact t ,surfeit is also ,want1 or1 9 o!r words1 t an advance ( fire increases ! moi/ exhalation1 :ile an advance ( wat] deprives ! fire ( ! p[] to cause evaporation4 ,! conflagration1 ?\gh x la/$ b = a mom5t1#dad w\ld de/roy ! opposite t5sion on :i* ! rise ( a new _w dep5ds1 & !n motion w\ld become impossible4 ,footnote #daj3 ,if any "o d\bts t ?is is really ! mean+ ( ! 8measures10 let him comp>e ! use ( ! ^w by ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 fr4 #c4 ,footnote #daa3 ,?is is j ! argum5t :i* ,plato uses 9 ! ,pha$o 7#gb c7 to prove ! necessity ( 1 & ! :ole s]ies ( argum5ts 9 t passage is di/9ctly ,h]akleitean 9 "*4 ,footnote #dab3 ,h[ev] we und]/& ! t]m "h1 ! mean+ is ! same4 ,inde$1 if we suppose ) ,b]nays t x means 8ord]10 ! argum5t 9 ! text w be all ! /rong]4 ,9 no s5se ( ! ^w c\ld a survive ! 1 & ! ,/oics accord+ly said ! 0 4 ,footnote #dac3 1 i4 #c 7see above1 p4 #afg1 n4 #chc1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 1 4 ,footnote #dad3 ,9 8 note on fr4 #ff 7 #bf ,byw471 ,diels seeks to m9imise ! difficulty ( ! by say+ t x is only a little "o1 & c la/ b a mom5t2 b ! contradiction not$ above rema9s all ! same4 ,diels holds t ,h]akleitos 0 8d>k only 9 =m10 & t 8he himself 0 p]fectly cle> z to ! s5se & scope ( 8 ideas0 7,h]akleitos1 p4 i474 ,to :i* ,i w\ld add t he 0 probably call$ 8! ,d>k0 j because ! ,/oics sometimes f\nd x h>d to read _! own ideas into 8 words4 ,sid5ote3 ,/rife & 8h>mony40 #gi4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to und]/& m cle>ly ! law ( /rife or opposition :i* manife/s itself 9 ! 8upw>d & d[nw>d pa?40 ,at any giv5 mom5t1 ea* ( ! ?ree =ms ( matt]1 ,fire1 ,wat]1 & ,e>?1 is made up ( two equal portions1--subject1 ( c\rse1 to ! oscillation describ$ above1--"o ( :i* is tak+ ! upw>d & ! o!r ! d[nw>d pa?4 ,n[1 x is j ! fact t ! two halves ( ev]y?+ are be+ 8drawn 9 opposite directions10 ?is 8opposite t5sion10 t 8keeps ?+s toge!r10 & ma9ta9s !m 9 an equilibrium :i* c only be di/urb$ tempor>ily & )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,x ?us =ms ! 8hidd5 attunem5t0 ( ! univ]se 7fr4 #dg71 ?\gh1 9 ano!r aspect ( x1 x is ,/rife4 ,b]nays has po9t$ out t ! ^w meant orig9ally 8/ructure10 & ! illu/ration ( ! b[ & ! lyre %[s t ?is idea 0 pres5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t tak5 f ! concord ( high & l[ notes %[s t ! musical s5se ( ! ^w1 namely1 an octave1 0 n :olly abs5t4 ,z to ! 8b[ & ! lyre0 7fr4 #de71 ,i ?9k t ,pr(essor ,campbell has be/ br\ght out ! po9t ( ! simile4 8,z ! arr[ leaves ! /r+10 he says1 8! h&s are pull+ opposite ways to ea* o!r1 & to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! b[ 7cf4 ,plato1 ,rep4 #d4 #dci72 & ! sweet note ( ! lyre is due to a simil> t5sion & ret5tion4 ,! secret ( ! univ]se is ! same40#dae ,w>1 !n1 is ! fa!r & k+ ( all ?+s1 9 ! _w z 9 human society 7fr4 #dd72 & ,hom]'s wi% t /rife might cease 0 really a pray] = ! de/ruction ( ! _w 7fr4 #dc74 ,footnote #dae3 ,campbell's ,!aetetus 7#bnd ed471 p4 #bdd4 ,see above1 p4 #aej1 n4 #cdg4 ,b]nays expla9$ ! phrase z ref]r+ to ! %ape ( ! b[ & lyre1 b ?is is mu* less likely4 ,wilam[itz's int]pretation is sub/antially ! same z ,campbell's4 8,es i/ mit d] ,welt wie mit dem ,bog51 d5 man ause9&]zieht1 damit er zusamm5s*nellt1 wie mit d] ,saite1 die man ihr] ,spannung entgeg5zieh5 muss1 damit sie kl+t0 7,lesebu*1 ii4 p4 #abi74 ,we "k f ,philo t ,h]akleitos support$ 8 !ory ( ! atta9m5t ( h>mony ?r\gh /rife by a multitude ( examples2 &1 z x happ5s1 "s ( ^! c be recov]$4 ,!re is a rem>kable agreem5t betwe5 a passage ( ?is k9d 9 ! pseudo-,ari/otelian treatise1 entitl$ ,! ,kosmos1 & ! ,hippokratean "w to :i* we h already ref]r$4 ,t ! au?ors ( bo? drew f ! same s\rce1 namely1 ,h]akleitos1 is probable 9 itself1 & is made practically c]ta9 by ! fact t ?is agreem5t ext5ds 9 "p to ! ,lett]s ( ,h]akleitos1 :i*1 ?\gh spuri\s1 7 c]ta9ly compos$ by "s "o :o _h access to ! orig9al "w4 ,! argum5t 0 t m5 !mselves act j 9 ! same way z ,nature1 & x is !re=e surpris+ t !y d n recognise ! laws by :i* %e works4 ,! pa9t] produces 8 h>moni\s effects by ! contra/ ( col\rs1 ! musician by t ( high & l[ notes4 8,if "o 7 to make all ?+s alike1 !re w\ld be no delight 9 !m40 ,!re are _m simil> examples 9 ! ,hippokratean tract1 "s ( :i* mu/ c]ta9ly come f ,h]akleitos2 b x is n easy to sep>ate !m f ! lat] additions4#daf ,footnote #daf3 ,see on all ?is ,pat9's ,quell5/udi5 zu ,h]aklit 7#ahha74 ,! s5t5ce 7 1 i4 #e73 1 1 ' 444 1 has ! true ,h]akleitean r+4 ,?is1 too1 c h>dly h _h ano!r au?or3 8,!y tru/ to _! eyes r ?an to _! und]/&+1 ?\gh _! eyes are n fit to judge ev5 ( ! ?+s t are se54 ,b ,i speak ^! ?+s f und]/&+40 ,^! words are positively grotesque 9 ! m\? ( ! m$ical compil]2 b we are accu/om$ to he> su* ?+s f ! ,ephesian4 ,o!r examples :i* may be ,h]akleitean are ! image ( ! two m5 saw+ wood--8"o pu%es1 ! o!r pulls0--& ! illu/ration f ! art ( writ+4 ,sid5ote3 ,correlation ( opposites4 #hj4 ,!re are a numb] ( ,h]akleitean fragm5ts :i* =m a class by !mselves1 & are among ! mo/ /rik+ ( all ! utt]ances t h come d[n to u4 ,_! common *>act]i/ic is1 t !y ass]t 9 ! mo/ d[nright way ! id5tity ( v>i\s ?+s :i* are usually reg>d$ z opposites4 ,! clue to _! mean+ is to be f\nd 9 ! acc\nt already giv5 ( ! ass]tion t day & night are "o4 ,we h se5 t ,h]akleitos meant to say1 n t day 0 night or t night 0 day1 b t !y 7 two sides ( ! same process1 namely1 ! oscillation ( ! 8measures0 ( fire & wat]1 & t nei!r w\ld be possible )\t ! o!r4 ,any explanation t c be giv5 ( night w also be an explanation ( day1 & vice v]sa2 = x w be an acc\nt ( t :i* is common to bo?1 & manife/s itself n[ z "o & n[ z ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 x is j because x has manife/$ itself 9 ! "o =m t x mu/ next appe> 9 ! o!r2 = ?is is requir$ by ! law ( comp5sation or ,ju/ice4 ,?is is only a p>ticul> application ( ! univ]sal pr9ciple t ! prim>y fire is "o ev5 9 its division4 ,x itself is1 ev5 9 its unity1 bo? surfeit & want1 w> & peace 7fr4 #cf74 ,9 o!r words1 ! 8satiety0 :i* makes fire pass into o!r =ms1 :i* makes x seek 8re/ 9 *ange0 7frs4 #hb1 #hc71 & 8hide itself0 7fr4 #aj7 9 ! 8hidd5 attunem5t0 ( opposition1 is only "o side ( ! process4 ,! o!r is ! 8want0 :i* leads x to consume ! bright vap\r z fuel4 ,! upw>d pa? is no?+ )\t ! d[nw>d 7fr4 #fi74 ,if ei!r 7 to cease1 ! o!r w\ld cease too1 & ! _w w\ld disappe>2 = x takes bo? to make an app>5tly /able reality4 ,all o!r utt]ances ( ! k9d are to be expla9$ 9 ! same way4 ,if !re 7 no cold1 !re w\ld be no heat2 = a ?+ c only gr[ w>m if1 & 9 s f> z1 x is already cold4 ,& ! same ?+ applies to ! opposition ( wet & dry 7fr4 #ci74 ,^!1 x w be obs]v$1 are j ! two prim>y oppositions ( ,anaxim&]1 & ,h]akleitos is %[+ t ! w> betwe5 !m is really peace1 = x is ! common elem5t 9 !m 7fr4 #fb7 :i* appe>s z /rife1 & t v /rife is ju/ice1 & n1 z ,anaxim&] _h taught1 an inju/ice :i* !y commit "o aga9/ ! o!r1 & :i* mu/ be expiat$ by a reabsorption ( bo? 9 _! common gr\nd4#dag ,! /rife itself is ! common gr\nd 7fr4 #fb71 & is et]nal4 ,footnote #dag3 ,*ap4 ,i4 #af4 ,! mo/ />tl+ ( ^! say+s is t :i* affirms t good & evil are ! same 7fr4 #eg74 ,?is does n mean 9 ! lea/1 h[ev]1 t good is evil or t evil is good1 b simply t !y are ! two insep>able halves ( "o & ! same ?+4 ,a ?+ c become good only 9 s f> z x is already evil1 & evil only 9 s f> z x is already good1 & ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! contra/4 ,! illu/ration giv5 9 fr4 #eh %[s ?is cle>ly4 ,torture1 "o w\ld say1 0 an evil1 & yet x is made a good by ! pres5ce ( ano!r evil1 namely1 disease2 z is %[n by ! fact t surgeons expect a fee = inflict+ x ^u _! pati5ts4 ,ju/ice1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* is a good1 w\ld be altoge!r unkn[n 7 x n = ! exi/5ce ( inju/ice1 :i* is an evil 7fr4 #fj74 ,& t is :y x is n good = m5 to get ev]y?+ !y wi% 7fr4 #ajd74 ,j z ! cessation ( /rife 9 ! _w w\ld mean its de/ruction1 s ! disappe>ance ( hung]1 disease1 & we>9ess w\ld mean ! disappe>ance ( satisfaction1 heal?1 & re/4 ,?is leads to a !ory ( relativity :i* prep>es ! way = ! doctr9e ( ,protagoras1 t 8,man is ! measure ( all ?+s40#dah ,sea-wat] is good = fi% & bad = m5 7fr4 #eb71 & s ) _m o!r ?+s4 ,at ! same "t1 ,h]akleitos is n a believ] 9 absolute relativity4 ,! process ( ! _w is n m]ely a circle1 b an 8upw>d & d[nw>d pa?40 ,at ! upp] end1 :]e ! two pa?s meet1 we h ! pure fire1 9 :i*1 z !re is no sep>ation1 !re is no relativity4 ,we are told expressly t1 :ile to man "s ?+s are evil & "s ?+s are good1 all ?+s are good to ,god 7fr4 #fa74 ,n[ by ,god !re is no d\bt t ,h]akleitos meant ,fire4 ,he also calls x ! 8"o wise10 & p]haps said t x 8kn[s all ?+s40 ,!re c h>dly be any "q t :at he meant to say 0 t 9 x ! opposition & relativity :i* are univ]sal 9 ! _w disappe>4 ,x is d\btless to ?is t frs4 #if1 #ig1 & #ih ref]4 ,footnote #dah3 ,plato's exposition ( ! relativity ( k 9 ! ,!aetetus 7#aeb d sqq47 c h>dly g back to ,h]akleitos himself1 b is meant to %[ h[ ,h]akleiteanism might naturally give rise to su* a doctr9e4 ,if ! s\l is a /ream & ?+s are a /ream1 !n ( c\rse k is relative4 ,v possibly ! lat] ,h]akleiteans _h work$ out ! !ory 9 ?is direction1 b 9 ! days ( ,h]akleitos himself ! problem ( k _h n yet aris54 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,wise4 #ha4 ,h]akleitos speaks ( 8wisdom0 or ! 8wise0 9 two s5ses4 ,we h se5 already t he said wisdom 0 8some?+ ap>t f ev]y?+ else0 7fr4 #ah71 mean+ by x ! p]ception ( ! unity ( ! _m2 & he also applies ! t]m to t unity itself reg>d$ z ! 8?\ght t directs ! c\rse ( all ?+s40 ,?is is synonym\s ) ! pure fire :i* is n diff]5tiat$ into two p>ts1 "o tak+ ! upw>d & ! o!r ! d[nw>d pa?4 ,t alone has wisdom2 ! p>tial ?+s we see h n4 ,we ourselves are only wise 9 s f> z we are fi]y 7fr4 #gd74 ,sid5ote3 ,!ology4 #hb4 ,) c]ta9 res]vations1 ,h]akleitos 0 prep>$ to call ! "o ,wisdom by ! "n ( ,zeus4 ,su*1 at lea/1 appe>s to be ! mean+ ( fr4 #fe4 ,:at ^! res]vations 71 x is easy to guess4 ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 to be pictur$ 9 ! =m ( a man4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,h]akleitos w\ld only h be5 repeat+ :at _h already be5 laid d[n by ,anaxim&] & ,x5ophanes4 ,he agrees fur!r ) ,x5ophanes 9 hold+ t ?is 8god10 if x is to be call$ s1 is "o2 b 8 polemic aga9/ popul> religion 0 direct$ r aga9/ ! rites & c]emonies !mselves ?an _! m]e my?ological outgr[?4 ,he gives a li/ 7fr4 #abd7 ( "s ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic religi\s figures ( 8 "t1 & ! context 9 :i* ! fragm5t is quot$ %[s t he 9 "s way ?reat5$ !m ) ! wra? to come4 ,he comm5ts ^u ! absurdity ( pray+ to images 7fr4 #abf71 & ! /range idea t blood-guilt9ess c be wa%$ out by ! %$d+ ( blood 7fr4 #acj74 ,he seems also to h said t x 0 absurd to celebrate ! wor%ip ( ,dionysos by *e]ful & lic5ti\s c]emonies1 :ile ,hades 0 propitiat$ by gloomy rites 7fr4 #abg74 ,accord+ to ! my/ic doctr9e itself1 ! two 7 really "o2 & ! "o ,wisdom ought to be wor%ipp$ 9 its integrity4 ,! few fragm5ts :i* deal ) !ology & religion h>dly sugge/ to u t ,h]akleitos 0 9 sympa?y ) ! religi\s revival ( ! "t1 & yet we h be5 ask$ to consid] 8 sy/em 89 ! light ( ! idea ( ! my/]ies40#dai ,our att5tion is call$ to ! fact t he 0 8k+0 ( ,ephesos1 t is1 prie/ ( ! bran* ( ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies e/abli%$ 9 t city1 :i* 0 also connect$ 9 "s way ) ! wor%ip ( ,artemis or ! ,great ,"m4#dbj ,^! /atem5ts may be true2 b1 ev5 if !y are1 :at foll[s8 ,we ought surely to h le>nt f ,lobeck by ?is "t t !re 0 no 8idea0 9 ! my/]ies at all2 & on ?is po9t ! results ( rec5t an?ropological rese>* h abundantly confirm$ ^? ( philological & hi/orical inquiry4 ,footnote #dai3 ,e4 ,pfleid]]1 ,die ,philosophie des ,h]aklit von ,ephesus im ,li*te d] ,my/]i5idee 7#ahhf74 ,footnote #dbj3 ,anti/h5es 7! writ] ( ,successions7 ap4 ,diog4 ix4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #ca74 ,cf4 ,/rabo1 xiv4 p4 #fcc 7,r4 ,p4 #ca b74 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ics ( ,h]akleitos4 #hc4 ,! moral tea*+ ( ,h]akleitos has sometimes be5 reg>d$ z an anticipation ( ! 8common-s5se0 !ory ( ,e?ics4#dba ,! 8common0 ^u :i* ,h]akleitos insi/s is1 nev]!less1 some?+ v diff]5t f common s5se1 = :i*1 inde$1 he _h ! greate/ possible contempt 7fr4 #aaa74 ,x is1 9 fact1 8 /ronge/ objection to 8! _m10 t !y live ea* 9 8 own _w 7fr4 #ie71 z if !y _h a private wisdom ( _! own 7fr4 #ib72 & public op9ion is !re=e j ! opposite ( 8! common40 ,footnote #dba3 ,k/l91 ,ges*4 d4 ,e?ik1 i4 pp4 #afj sqq4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,h]akleitos are to be reg>d$ z a coroll>y ( 8 an?ropological & cosmological views4 ,_! *ief requirem5t is t we keep our s\ls dry1 & ?us assimilate !m to ! "o ,wisdom1 :i* is fire4 ,t is :at is really 8common10 & ! greate/ fault is to act l m5 asleep 7fr4 #id71 t is1 by lett+ our s\ls gr[ moi/1 to cut ourselves (f f ! fire 9 ! _w4 ,we d n "k :at 7 ! consequ5ces :i* ,h]akleitos d$uc$ f 8 rule t we mu/ hold fa/ to :at is common1 b x is easy to see :at _! nature mu/ h be54 ,! wise man w\ld n try to secure good )\t its correlative evil4 ,he w\ld n seek = re/ )\t ex]tion1 nor expect to enjoy cont5tm5t )\t fir/ suff]+ discont5t4 ,he w\ld n compla9 t he _h to take ! bad ) ! good1 b w\ld consi/5tly look at ?+s z a :ole4 ,h]akleitos prep>$ ! way = ! ,/oic _w-/ate by comp>+ 8! common0 to ! laws ( a city4 ,& ^! are ev5 m ?an a type ( ! div9e law3 !y are imp]fect embodim5ts ( x4 ,!y _c1 h[ev]1 exhau/ x altoge!r2 = 9 all human affairs !re is an elem5t ( relativity 7fr4 #ia74 8,man is a baby comp>$ to ,god0 7fr4 #ig74 ,su* z !y are1 h[ev]1 ! city mu/ fight = !m z = its walls2 &1 if x has ! good =tune to possess a citiz5 ) a dry s\l1 he is wor? t5 ?\s& 7fr4 #aac72 = 9 him alone is 8! common0 embodi$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,p>m5ides ,,( ,,elea ,sid5ote3 ,life4 #hd4 ,p>m5ides1 son ( ,pyres1 0 a citiz5 ( ,hyele1 ,elea1 or ,velia1 a colony f\nd$ 9 ,o9otria by refugees f ,phokaia 9 #edj-ci ,b4,c4#dbb ,diog5es tells u t he 8fl\ri%$0 9 ,ol4 ,,lxix4 7#ejd-ejj ,b4,c471 & ?is 0 d\btless ! date giv5 by ,apollodoros4#dbc ,on ! o!r h&1 ,plato says t ,p>m5ides came to ,a!ns 9 8 sixty-fif? ye>1 accompani$ by ,z5o1 & conv]s$ ) ,sokrates1 :o 0 !n q "y4 ,n[ ,sokrates 0 j ov] sev5ty :5 he 0 put to dea? 9 #cii ,b4,c42 & !re=e1 if we suppose him to h be5 an ephebos1 t is1 f eighte5 to tw5ty ye>s old1 at ! "t ( 8 int]view ) ,p>m5ides1 we get #dea-ddi ,b4,c4 z ! date ( t ev5t4 ,i d n hesitate to accept ,plato's /atem5t1#dbd especially z we h indep5d5t evid5ce ( ! visit ( ,z5o to ,a!ns1 :]e ,p]ikles is said to h 8he>d0 him4#dbe ,! date giv5 by ,apollodoros1 on ! o!r h&1 dep5ds solely on t ( ! f\ndation ( ,elea1 :i* he _h adopt$ z ! floruit ( ,x5ophanes4 ,p>m5ides is born 9 t ye>1 j z ,z5o is born 9 ! ye> :5 ,p>m5ides 8fl\ri%$40 ,:y any "o %\ld pref] ^! transp>5t comb9ations to ! te/imony ( ,plato1 ,i am at a loss to und]/&1 ?\gh x is equally a my/]y :y ,apollodoros himself %\ld h ov]look$ su* precise data4 ,footnote #dbb3 ,diog4 ix4 #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #aaa74 ,= ! f\ndation ( ,elea1 see ,h]od4 i4 #afe sqq4 ,x 0 on ! coa/ ( ,lucania1 s\? ( ,poseidonia 7,pae/um74 ,footnote #dbc3 ,diog4 ix4 #bc 7,r4 ,p4 #aaa74 ,cf4 ,diels1 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxxi4 p4 #cd2 & ,jacoby1 pp4 #bca sqq4 ,footnote #dbd3 ,plato1 ,p>m4 #abg b 7,r4 ,p4 #aaa d74 ,!re are1 z ,zell] has %[n1 a c]ta9 numb] ( ana*ronisms 9 ,plato1 b !re is n "o ( ?is "*4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we h exact figures z to ! ages ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o1 :i* imply t ! latt] 0 tw5ty-five ye>s y\ng] ?an ! =m]1 n =ty z ,apollodoros said4 ,9 ! second place1 ,plato ref]s to ?is meet+ 9 two o!r places 7,?t4 #ahc e #g & ,soph4 #bag c #e71 :i* d n seem to be m]e ref]5ces to ! dialogue entitl$ ,p>m5ides4 ,no p>allel c be quot$ = an ana*ronism s gl>+ & delib]ate z ?is w\ld be4 ,e4 ,mey] 7,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 iv4 #eji1 ,anm47 also reg>ds ! meet+ ( ,sokrates & ,p>m5ides z hi/orical4 ,footnote #dbe3 ,plut4 ,p]4 #d1 #c4 ,see bel[1 p4 #ceh1 n4 #heb4 ,we h se5 already 7 #ee7 t ,ari/otle m5tions a /atem5t :i* made ,p>m5ides ! disciple ( ,x5ophanes2 b ! value ( ?is te/imony is dim9i%$ by ! d\btful way 9 :i* he speaks1 & x is m ?an likely t he is only ref]r+ to :at ,plato says 9 ! ,sophi/4#dbf ,x is1 we also saw1 v improbable t ,x5ophanes f\nd$ ! s*ool ( ,elea1 ?\gh x is q possible he visit$ t city4 ,he tells u himself t1 9 8 n9ety-second ye>1 he 0 /ill w&]+ up & d[n 7fr4 #h74 ,at t "t ,p>m5ides w\ld be well advanc$ 9 life4 ,& we mu/ n ov]look ! /atem5t ( ,sotion1 pres]v$ to u by ,diog5es1 t1 ?\gh ,p>m5ides 8he>d0 ,x5ophanes1 he did n 8foll[0 him4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt1 our philosoph] 0 ! 8associate0 ( a ,py?agorean1 ,ame9ias1 son ( ,dio*aitas1 8a poor b noble man to :om he aft]w>ds built a %r9e z to a h]o40 ,x 0 ,ame9ias & n ,x5ophanes t 8conv]t$0 ,p>m5ides to ! philosophic life4#dbg ,?is does n read l an inv5tion1 & we mu/ rememb] t ! ,alex&rians _h in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory ( ,s\!rn ,italy :i* we h n4 ,! %r9e erect$ by ,p>m5ides w\ld /ill be !re 9 lat] days1 l ! grave ( ,py?agoras at ,metapontion4 ,x %\ld also be m5tion$ t ,/rabo describes ,p>m5ides & ,z5o z ,py?agoreans1 & t ,kebes talks ( a 8,p>m5idean & ,py?agorean way ( life40#dbh ,zell] expla9s all ?is by suppos+ t1 l ,emp$okles1 ,p>m5ides approv$ ( & foll[$ ! ,py?agorean mode ( life )\t adopt+ ! ,py?agorean sy/em4 ,x is possibly true t ,p>m5ides believ$ 9 a 8philosophic life0 7 #ce71 & t he got ! idea f ! ,py?agoreans2 b !re is v little trace1 ei!r 9 8 writ+s or 9 :at we are told ab\t him1 ( 8 hav+ be5 9 any way affect$ by ! religi\s side ( ,py?agoreanism4 ,! writ+ ( ,emp$okles is obvi\sly modell$ ^u t ( ,p>m5ides1 & yet !re is an impassable gulf betwe5 ! two4 ,! t\* ( *>latanism1 :i* is s /range a feature 9 ! copy1 is altoge!r abs5t f ! model4 ,x is true1 no d\bt1 t !re are traces ( ,orphic ideas 9 ! poem ( ,p>m5ides2#dbi b !y are all to be f\nd ei!r 9 ! allegorical introduction or 9 ! second "p ( ! poem1 & we ne$ n !re=e take !m v s]i\sly4 ,n[ ,p>m5ides 0 a we/]n ,hell5e1 & he _h probably be5 a ,py?agorean1 s x is n a little rem>kable t he %\ld be s free f ! common t5d5cy ( 8 age & c\ntry4 ,x is "h1 if any:]e1 t we may trace ! influ5ce ( ,x5ophanes4 ,z reg>ds 8 relation to ! ,py?agorean sy/em1 we %all h some?+ to say lat] on4 ,at pres5t we ne$ only note fur!r t1 l mo/ ( ! old] philosoph]s1 he took "p 9 politics2 & ,speusippos record$ t he legislat$ = 8 native city4 ,o!rs add t ! magi/rates ( ,elea made ! citiz5s swe> e ye> to abide by ! laws :i* ,p>m5ides _h giv5 !m4#dcj ,footnote #dbf3 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 p4 #adj1 n4 #cjh4 ,footnote #dbg3 ,diog4 ix4 #ba 7,r4 ,p4 ,,iii71 read+ ) ,diels 7,h]mes1 xxxv4 p4 #aig74 ,sotion1 9 8 ,successions1 sep>at$ ,p>m5ides f ,x5ophanes & associat$ him ) ! ,py?agoreans 7,dox4 pp4 #adf1 #adh1 #aff74 ,footnote #dbh3 ,/rabo1 vi4 #a1 p4 #beb 7p4 #aie1 n4 #dcj72 ,ceb4 ,tab4 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #aaa c74 ,?is ,kebes is n ! ,kebes ( ! ,pha$o2 b he c]ta9ly liv$ "s "t be=e ,lucian1 :o speaks ( him z a well-kn[n writ]4 ,a ,cynic ( ! "n is m5tion$ by ,a!naios 7#aef d74 ,! /atem5ts ( ,/rabo are ( ! greate/ value2 = !y are bas$ ^u hi/orians n[ lo/4 ,footnote #dbi3 ,o4 ,k]n 9 ,ar*4 iii4 pp4 #agc sqq4 ,we "k too little1 h[ev]1 ( ! apocalyptic poems ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 to be sure ( ! details4 ,all we c say is t ,p>m5ides has tak5 ! =m ( 8 poem f "s su* s\rce4 ,see ,diels1 8,ueb] die poetis*5 ,vorbild] des ,p>m5ides0 7,b]l4 ,sitzb4 #ahif71 & ! ,introduction to 8 ,p>m5ides ,lehrg$i*t1 pp4 #i sqq4 ,footnote #dcj3 ,diog4 ix4 #bc 7,r4 ,p4 #aaa74 ,plut4 adv4 ,col4 #abbf a1 1 ' 4 ,/rabo1 vi4 #a4 p4 #beb1 77 4 ' 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! poem4 #he4 ,p>m5ides 0 really ! fir/ philosoph] to exp\nd 8 sy/em 9 metrical language4 ,z !re is "s confusion on ?is subject1 x des]ves a few words ( explanation4 ,9 writ+ ( ,emp$okles1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds said3 8,! age 9 :i* he liv$ _h n yet ?r[n (f ! =m ( poetry 9 philosophical composition4 ,ev5 ,p>m5ides _h committ$ 8 au/]e !ories to hexamet] v]se40 ,n[ ?is is wrongly put4 ,! e>lie/ philosoph]s1 ,anaxim&]1 ,anaxim5es1 & ,h]akleitos1 all wrote 9 prose1 & ! only ,greeks :o ev] wrote philosophy 9 v]se at all 7 j ^! two1 ,p>m5ides & ,emp$okles2 = ,x5ophanes 0 n prim>ily a philosoph] any m ?an ,epi*>mos4 ,emp$okles copi$ ,p>m5ides2 & he1 no d\bt1 0 influ5c$ by ,x5ophanes & ! ,orphics4 ,b ! ?+ 0 an innovation1 & "o t did n ma9ta9 itself4 ,! fragm5ts ( ,p>m5ides are pres]v$ = ! mo/ "p by ,simplicius1 :o =tunately ins]t$ !m 9 8 comm5t>y1 because 9 8 "t ! orig9al "w 0 already r>e4#dca ,i foll[ ! arrangem5t ( ,diels4 ,footnote #dca3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 #add1 #be 7,r4 ,p4 #aag74 ,simplicius1 ( c\rse1 _h ! libr>y ( ! ,academy at 8 comm&4 ,diels notes1 h[ev]1 t ,proclus seems to h us$ a diff]5t ,,ms4 7#a7 ,! c> t be>s me c>ri$ me z f> z ev] my he>t desir$1 s9ce x br\ght me & set me on ! r5[n$ way ( ! goddess1 :i* alone leads ! man :o kn[s ?r\gh all ?+s4 ,on t way 0 ,i borne along2 = on x did ! wise /e$s c>ry me1 draw+ my c>1 & maid5s #e %[$ ! way4 ,& ! axle1 gl[+ 9 ! socket--= x 0 urg$ r\nd by ! :irl+ :eels at ea* end--gave =? a s\nd z ( a pipe1 :5 ! daught]s ( ! ,sun1 ha/+ to convey me into ! light1 ?rew back _! veils f (f _! faces & left ! abode ( ,night4 #aj ,!re are ! gates ( ! ways ( ,night & ,day1#dcb fitt$ above ) a l9tel & bel[ ) a ?re%old ( /one4 ,!y !mselves1 high 9 ! air1 are clos$ by mighty doors1 & ,av5g+ ,ju/ice keeps ! keys t fit !m4 ,h] did ! maid5s entreat ) g5tle words & cunn+ly p]suade #ae to unfa/5 )\t demur ! bolt$ b>s f ! gates4 ,!n1 :5 ! doors 7 ?r[n back1 !y disclos$ a wide op5+1 :5 _! braz5 po/s fitt$ ) rivets & nails swung back "o aft] ! o!r4 ,/raight ?r\gh !m1 on ! broad way1 did ! maid5s guide ! horses & ! #bj c>1 & ! goddess greet$ me k9dly1 & took my "r h& 9 h]s1 & spake to me ^! words3 ,welcome1 ,o y\?1 t come/ to my abode on ! c> t be>s !e t5d$ by immortal *>iote]s6 ,x is no ill #be *ance1 b "r & ju/ice t has s5t !e =? to travel on ?is way4 ,f>1 inde$1 does x lie f ! beat5 track ( m56 ,meet x is t ?\ %\ld/ le>n all ?+s1 z well ! un%ak5 he>t ( well-r\nd$ tru?1 z ! op9ions ( mortals 9 :i* is no true belief at all4 ,yet #cj none ! less %alt ?\ le>n ^! ?+s also1--h[ !y %\ld h judg$ t ! ?+s :i* seem to !m are1--z ?\ goe/ ?r\gh all ?+s 9 ?y j\rney4#dcc 99 99 99 99 99 ,b d ?\ re/ra9 ?y ?\ght f ?is way ( inquiry1 nor let habit by its mu* exp]i5ce =ce !e to ca/ ^u ?is way a w&]+ eye or s\nd+ e> or tongue2 b #ce judge by argum5t ! mu* disput$ pro( utt]$ by me4 ,!re is only "o way left t c be spok5 (4#dcd444 ,r4 ,p4 #aac4 ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,tru? 7#b7 ,look /eadfa/ly ) ?y m9d at ?+s ?\gh af> z if !y 7 at h&4 ,?\ can/ n cut (f :at is f hold+ fa/ to :at is1 nei!r scatt]+ itself abroad 9 ord] nor com+ toge!r4 ,r4 ,p4 #aah a4 7#c7 ,x is all "o to me :]e ,i beg92 = ,i %all come back aga9 !re4 7#d1 #e7 ,come n[1 ,i w tell !e--& d ?\ he>k5 to my say+ & c>ry x away--! only two ways ( se>* t c be ?\ght (4 ,! fir/1 namely1 t ,x is1 & t x is impossible = x n to be1 is ! way ( belief1 = tru? is its companion4 ,! o!r1 namely1 t ,x is n1 & t #e x mu/ ne$s n be1--t1 ,i tell !e1 is a pa? t none c le>n ( at all4 ,= ?\ can/ n "k :at is n--t is impossible--nor utt] x2 = x is ! same ?+ t c be ?\ght & t c be4#dce ,r4 ,p4 #aad4 7#f7 ,x ne$s mu/ be t :at c be ?\ght & spok5 ( is2 = x is possible = x to be1 & x is n possible = :at is no?+ to be4#dcf ,?is is :at ,i bid !e pond]4 ,i hold !e back f ?is fir/ way ( inquiry1 & f ?is o!r also1 ^u :i* mortals kn[+ naught w&] #e two-fac$2 = helplessness guides ! w&]+ ?\ght 9 _! brea/s1 s t !y are borne along /upefi$ l m5 deaf & bl9d4 ,undisc]n+ cr[ds1 9 ^: eyes x is1 & is n1 ! same & n ! same1#dcg & all ?+s travel 9 opposite directions6#dch ,r4 ,p4 #aae4 7#g7 ,= ?is %all nev] be prov$1 t ! ?+s t are n are2 & d ?\ re/ra9 ?y ?\ght f ?is way ( inquiry4 ,r4 ,p4 #aaf4 7#h7 ,"o pa? only is left = u to speak (1 namely1 t ,x is4 ,9 x are v _m tok5s t :at is is uncreat$ & inde/ructible2 = x is complete1#dci immovable1 & )\t end4 ,nor 0 x ev]1 nor w x be2 = n[ x is1 all at once1 a cont9u\s "o4 ,= :at k9d ( orig9 = x wilt #e ?\ look =8 ,9 :at way & f :at s\rce c\ld x h drawn its increase8 ,i %all n let !e say nor ?9k t x came f :at is n2 = x c nei!r be ?\ght nor utt]$ t any?+ is n4 ,&1 if x came f no?+1 :at ne$ c\ld h made x arise lat] r ?an soon]8 #aj ,!re=e mu/ x ei!r be altoge!r or be n at all4 ,nor w ! =ce ( tru? suff] aught to arise besides itself f t :i* is n4#ddj ,:]e=e1 ,ju/ice do? n loose h] fett]s & let any?+ come into be+ or pass away1 b holds x fa/4 ,our judgm5t !reon dep5ds on ?is3 8,is x #ae or is x n80 ,surely x is adjudg$1 z x ne$s mu/ be1 t we are to set aside ! "o way z un?9kable & nameless 7= x is no true way71 & t ! o!r pa? is real & true4 ,h[1 !n1 c :at is be go+ to be 9 ! future8 ,or h[ c\ld x come into be+8 ,if x came into #bj be+1 x is n2 nor is x if x is go+ to be 9 ! future4 ,?us is becom+ ext+ui%$ & pass+ away n to be he>d (4 ,r4 ,p4 #aag4 ,nor is x divisible1 s9ce x is all alike1 & !re is no m#dda ( x 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r1 to h9d] x f hold+ toge!r1 nor less ( x1 b ev]y?+ is full ( :at is4 ,:]e=e x is :olly cont9u\s2 = :at is1 is 9 contact #be ) :at is4 ,moreov]1 x is immovable 9 ! bonds ( mighty *a9s1 )\t beg9n+ & )\t end2 s9ce com+ into be+ & pass+ away h be5 driv5 af>1 & true belief has ca/ !m away4 ,x is ! same1 & x re/s 9 ! self-same place1 abid+ 9 itself4 ,& ?us x rema9e? con/ant 9 #cj its place2 = h>d necessity keeps x 9 ! bonds ( ! limit t holds x fa/ on e side4 ,:]e=e x is n p]mitt$ to :at is to be inf9ite2 = x is 9 ne$ ( no?+2 :ile1 if x 7 inf9ite1 x w\ld /& 9 ne$ ( ev]y?+4#ddb ,r4 ,p4 #aah4 ,! ?+ t c be ?\ght & t = ! sake ( :i* ! ?\ght exi/s is ! same2#ddc = y _c f9d #ce ?\ght )\t some?+ t is1 z to :i* x is utt]$4#ddd ,& !re is n1 & nev] %all be1 any?+ besides :at is1 s9ce fate has *a9$ x s z to be :ole & immovable4 ,:]e=e all ^! ?+s are b names :i* mortals h giv51 believ+ !m to be true--com+ into be+ & #dj pass+ away1 be+ & n be+1 *ange ( place & alt]ation ( bright col\r4 ,r4 ,p4 #aai4 ,s9ce1 !n1 x has a fur!/ limit1 x is complete on e side1 l ! mass ( a r\nd$ sph]e1 equally pois$ f ! c5tre 9 e direction2 = x _c be great] or #de small] 9 "o place ?an 9 ano!r4 ,= !re is no no?+ t c\ld keep x f rea*+ out equally1 nor c aught t is be m "h & less !re ?an :at is1 s9ce x is all inviolable4 ,= ! po9t f :i* x is equal 9 e direction t5ds equally to ! limits4 ,r4 ,p4 #abj4 ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,op9ion ,"h %all ,i close my tru/wor?y spee* & ?\ght #ej ab\t ! tru?4 ,h5ce=w>d le>n ! op9ions ( mortals1 giv+ e> to ! deceptive ord]+ ( my words4 ,mortals h made up _! m9ds to "n two =ms1 "o ( :i* !y %\ld n "n1#dde & t is :]e !y g a/ray f ! tru?4 ,!y h di/+ui%$ !m z #ee opposite 9 =m1 & h assign$ to !m m>ks di/9ct f "o ano!r4 ,to ! "o !y allot ! fire ( heav51 g5tle1 v light1 9 e direction ! same z itself1 b n ! same z ! o!r4 ,! o!r is j ! opposite to x1 d>k night1 a compact & heavy body4 ,( ^! ,i tell !e #fj ! :ole arrangem5t z x seems likely2 = s no ?\ght ( mortals w ev] out/rip !e4 ,r4 ,p4 #aba4 7#i7 ,n[ t all ?+s h be5 nam$ light & night1 & ! names :i* belong to ! p[] ( ea* h be5 assign$ to ^! ?+s & to ^?1 ev]y?+ is full at once ( light & d>k night1 bo? equal1 s9ce nei!r has aught to d ) ! o!r4 7#aj1 #aa7 ,& ?\ %alt "k ! sub/ance ( ! sky1 & all ! signs 9 ! sky1 & ! respl5d5t works ( ! gl[+ sun's pure tor*1 & :5ce !y arose4 ,& ?\ %alt le>n likewise ( ! w&]+ de$s ( ! r\nd-fac$ moon1 & ( h] sub/ance4 ,?\ %alt "k1 too1 ! heav5s t surr\nd #e u1 :5ce !y arose1 & h[ ,necessity took !m & b\nd !m to keep ! limits ( ! />s 444 h[ ! e>?1 & ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! sky t is common to all1 & ! ,milky ,way1 & ! out]mo/ ,olympos1 & ! burn+ might ( ! />s arose4 #aj ,r4 ,p4 #abc1 #abd4 7#ab7 ,! n>r[] r+s are fill$ ) unmix$ fire1 & ^? next !m ) night1 & 9 ! mid/ ( ^! ru%es _! portion ( fire4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! circles is ! div9ity t directs ! c\rse ( all ?+s2 = %e is ! beg9n] ( all pa9ful bir? & all begett+1 driv+ ! female to ! #e embrace ( ! male1 & ! male to t ( ! female4 ,r4 ,p4 #abe4 7#ac7 ,fir/ ( all ! gods %e contriv$ ,eros4 ,r4 ,p4 #abe4 7#ad7 ,%9+ by night ) borr[$ light1#ddf w&]+ r\nd ! e>?4 7#ae7 ,always look+ to ! beams ( ! sun4 7#af7 ,= j z ?\ght f9ds at any "t ! mixture ( its err+ organs1 s does x come to m52 = t :i* ?9ks is ! same1 namely1 ! sub/ance ( ! limbs1 9 ea* & e man2 = _! ?\ght is t ( :i* !re is m 9 !m4#ddg ,r4 ,p4 #abh4 7#ag7 ,on ! "r boys2 on ! left girls4#ddh 7#ai7 ,?us1 accord+ to m5's op9ions1 did ?+s come into be+1 & ?us !y are n[4 ,9 "t !y w gr[ up & pass away4 ,to ea* ( ^! ?+s m5 h assign$ a fix$ "n4 ,r4 ,p4 #abi b4 ,footnote #dcb3 ,= ^! see ,hesiod1 ,!og4 #gdh4 ,footnote #dcc3 ,see bel[1 p4 #baa1 n4 #dei4 ,footnote #dcd3 ,i read z 9 ! p>allel passage fr4 #h ad init4 ,diels's int]pretation ( 7! ,,ms4 read+ "h7 z e9 leb5dig] ,weg does n conv9ce me1 & ! confusion ( ! two words is fairly common4 ,footnote #dce3 ,i read ) ,zell] 7p4 #eeh n4 #a1 ,eng4 trans4 p4 #ehd1 n4 #a7 4 ,ap>t f ! philosophical ana*ronism ( mak+ ,p>m5ides say t 8?\ght & be+ are ! same10 x is a grammatical ana*ronism to make him use ! inf9itive 7) or )\t ! article7 z ! subject ( a s5t5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he does use ! active inf9itive aft] 9 ! con/ruction :]e we usually use a passive inf9itive 7,monro1 ,h4 ,gr4 #bca sub f9474 ,cf4 fr4 #d1 1 8are = ?9k+10 i4e4 8c be ?\ght40 ,footnote #dcf3 ,! con/ruction "h is ! same z t expla9$ 9 ! la/ note4 ,x is surpris+ t good s*ol>s %\ld acquiesce 9 ! translation ( z 8to say & ?9k ?is40 ,!n means 8x c be10 n 8be+ is10 & ! la/ phrase %\ld be con/ru$ 774 ,footnote #dcg3 ,i con/rue 4 ,! subject ( ! inf9itives is ! x1 :i* has to be suppli$ also ) & 4 ,?is way ( tak+ ! words makes x unnecess>y to believe t ,p>m5ides said 77 in/ead ( 77 = 8n-be+40 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 & except 9 rhy?mical value4 ,footnote #dch3 ,i take z neut] & und]/& z equival5t to ! ( ,h]akleitos4 ,i d n ?9k x has any?+ to d ) ! 7or 7 4 ,see ,*ap4 ,,iii4 p4 #aej1 n4 #cdg4 ,footnote #dci3 ,i /ill pref] to read ) ,plut>* 7adv4 ,col4 #aaad c74 ,proklos 79 ,p>m4 #aaeb1 #bd7 also read 4 ,simplicius1 :o has "h1 calls ! ,"o ( ,p>m5ides else:]e 7,phys4 p4 #acg1 #ae74 ,! read+ ( ,plut4 ,/rom4 #e1 helps to expla9 ! confusion4 ,we h only to suppose t ! lett]s 1 1 7 writt5 above ! l9e 9 ! ,academy copy ( ,p>m5ides by "s "o :o _h ,tim4 #ca b #c 9 m9d4 ,footnote #ddj3 ,diels =m]ly read 1 8f t :i* 9 any way is02 b he has n[ rev]t$ to ! read+ 1 suppos+ t ! o!r horn ( ! dilemma has dropp$ out4 ,9 any case1 8no?+ b :at is n c arise f :at is n0 gives a p]fectly good s5se4 ,footnote #dda3 ,= ! difficulties :i* h be5 felt ab\t "h1 see ,diels's note4 ,if ! ^w is to be press$1 8 int]pretation is admissible2 b x seems to me t ?is is simply an in/ance ( 8pol> expression40 ,x is true t x is only ! case ( !re be+ less ( :at is 9 "o place ?an ano!r t is important = ! divisibility ( ! ,"o2 b if !re is less 9 "o place1 !re is m 9 ano!r ?an 9 t place4 ,! ,greek language t5ds to express ^! implications4 ,! position ( ! relative clause makes a difficulty = u1 b h>dly = a ,greek4 ,footnote #ddb3 ,simplicius c]ta9ly read ' 1 :i* is metrically impossible4 ,i foll[$ ,b]gk 9 delet+ 1 & h int]pret$ ) ,zell]4 ,s too ,diels4 ,footnote #ddc3 ,= ! con/ruction ( 1 see above1 p4 #aih1 n4 #dce4 ,footnote #ddd3 ,z ,diels rightly po9ts out1 ! ,ionic is equival5t to 4 ,! mean+1 ,i ?9k1 is ?is4 ,we may "n ?+s z we *oose1 b !re c be no ?\ght correspond+ to a "n t is n ! "n ( some?+ real4 ,footnote #dde3 ,?is is ,zell]'s way ( tak+ ! words1 & /ill seems to me ! be/4 ,diels objects t w\ld be requir$1 & r5d]s nur e9e d]selb51 das sei un]laubt1 giv+ ! words to ! 8mortals40 ,?is seems to me to involve m s]i\s grammatical difficulties ?an ! use ( = 1 :i* is q legitimate :5 !re is an emphasis on ! numb]4 ,ari/otle mu/ h tak5 x s2 = he inf]s t "o ( ! is to be id5tifi$ ) 4 ,footnote #ddf3 ,note ! curi\s e*o ( ,il4 v4 #bad4 ,emp$okles has x too 7v4 #aed74 ,x appe>s to be a joke1 made 9 ! _s ( ,x5ophanes1 :5 x 0 fir/ discov]$ t ! moon %one by reflect$ light4 ,footnote #ddg3 ,?is fragm5t ( ! !ory ( k :i* 0 exp\nd$ 9 ! second "p ( ! poem ( ,p>m5ides mu/ be tak5 9 connexion ) :at we are told by ,!ophra/os 9 ! 8,fragm5t on ,s5sation0 7,dox4 p4 #dii2 cf4 p4 #bbb74 ,x appe>s f ?is t he said ! "* ( m5's ?\ght dep5d$ ^u ! prepond]ance ( ! light or ! d>k elem5t 9 _! bodies4 ,!y are wise :5 ! light elem5t pr$om9ates1 & fooli% :5 ! d>k gets ! upp] h&4 ,footnote #ddh3 ,?is is a fragm5t ( ,p>m5ides's embryology4 ,diels's fr4 #ah is a retranslation ( ! ,lat9 hexamet]s ( ,caelius ,aurelianus quot$ ,r4 ,p4 #abg a4 ,sid5ote3 8,x is40 #hf4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( 8 poem1 we f9d ,p>m5ides *iefly int]e/$ to prove t x is2 b x is n q obvi\s at fir/ sight :at x is precisely t is4 ,he says simply1 ,:at is1 is4 ,to u ?is does n seem v cle>1 & t = two reasons4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we %\ld nev] ?9k ( d\bt+ x1 & we _c1 !re=e1 und]/& :y x %\ld be ass]t$ ) su* it]ation & vig\r4 ,9 ! second place1 we are accu/om$ to all sorts ( di/9ctions betwe5 diff]5t k9ds & degrees ( reality1 & we d n see :i* ( ^! is meant4 ,su* di/9ctions1 h[ev]1 7 q unkn[n 9 ^? days4 8,t :i* is10 ) ,p>m5ides1 is prim>ily :at1 9 popul> language1 we call matt] or body2 only x is n matt] z di/+ui%$ f any?+ else4 ,x is c]ta9ly reg>d$ z spatially ext5d$2 = x is q s]i\sly spok5 ( z a sph]e 7fr4 #h1 #dj74 ,moreov]1 ,ari/otle tells u t ,p>m5ides believ$ 9 none b a s5sible reality1 :i* does n necess>ily mean ) him a reality t is actually p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 b includes any :i* might be s p]ceiv$ if ! s5ses 7 m p]fect ?an !y are4#ddi ,p>m5ides does n say a ^w ab\t 8,be+0 any:]e4#dej ,! ass]tion t x is am\nts j to ?is1 t ! univ]se is a pl5um2 & t !re is no su* ?+ z empty space1 ei!r inside or outside ! _w4 ,f ?is x foll[s t !re c be no su* ?+ z motion4 ,in/ead ( end[+ ! ,"o ) an impulse to *ange1 z ,h]akleitos _h done1 & ?us mak+ x capable ( expla9+ ! _w1 ,p>m5ides dismiss$ *ange z an illusion4 ,he %[$ once = all t if y take ! ,"o s]i\sly y are b\nd to d5y ev]y?+ else4 ,all previ\s solutions ( ! "q1 !re=e1 _h miss$ ! po9t4 ,anaxim5es1 :o ?\ght to save ! unity ( ! prim>y sub/ance by 8 !ory ( r>efaction & cond5sation1 did n obs]ve t1 by assum+ !re 0 less ( :at is 9 "o place ?an ano!r1 he virtually affirm$ ! exi/5ce ( :at is n 7fr4 #h1 #db74 ,! ,py?agorean explanation impli$ t empty space or air exi/$ outside ! _w1 & t x ent]$ into x to sep>ate ! units 7 #ec74 ,x1 too1 assumes ! exi/5ce ( :at is n4 ,nor is ! !ory ( ,h]akleitos any m satisfactory2 = x is bas$ ^u ! contradiction t fire bo? is & is n 7fr4 #f74 ,footnote #ddi3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #a4 #bih b #ba1 7 7 444 ,s too ,eudemos1 9 ! fir/ book ( 8 ,physics 7ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #acc1 #be71 said ( ,p>m5ides3 4 1 ' 1 4 8 0 2 7! _w7 ,! ,neoplatoni/s1 ( c\rse1 saw 9 ! ,"o ! 1 & ,simplicius calls ! sph]e a 8my?ical figm5t40 ,see especially ,bamk]1 8,die ,e9heit des ,p>m5ideis*5 ,sei5des0 7,jahrb4 f4 kl4 ,phil4 #ahhf1 pp4 #eda sqq471 & ,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie1 pp4 #ej sqq4 ,footnote #dej3 ,we mu/ n r5d] by 8,be+10 das ,se9 or l'tre4 ,x is 8:at is10 das ,sei5de1 ce qui e/4 ,z to 77 x does n1 & c\ld n1 occur4 ,cf4 p4 #aih1 n4 #dce1 above4 ,! allusion to ,h]akleitos 9 ! v]ses la/ ref]r$ to has be5 d\bt$1 ?\gh ^u insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,zell] po9ts out q rightly t ,h]akleitos nev] says ,be+ & n-,be+ are ! same 7! common translation ( fr4 #f1 #h72 &1 7 !re no?+ m ?an ?is1 ! ref]5ce might well seem d\btful4 ,! /atem5t1 h[ev]1 t1 accord+ to ! view 9 "q1 8all ?+s travel 9 opposite directions10 c h>dly be und]/ood ( any?+ b ! 8upw>d & d[nw>d pa?0 ( ,h]akleitos 7 #ga74 ,&1 z we h se51 ,p>m5ides does n attribute ! view t ,be+ & n-,be+ are ! same to ! philosoph] :om he is attack+2 he only says t x is & is n1 ! same & n ! same4#dea ,t is ! natural mean+ ( ! words2 & x furni%es a v accurate description ( ! !ory ( ,h]akleitos4 ,footnote #dea3 ,see above1 p4 #aih1 n4 #dcg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! me?od ( ,p>m5ides4 #hg4 ,! great novelty 9 ! poem ( ,p>m5ides is ! me?od ( argum5t4 ,he fir/ asks :at is ! common presupposition ( all ! views ) :i* he has to deal1 & he f9ds t ?is is ! exi/5ce ( :at is n4 ,! next "q is :e!r ?is c be ?\ght1 & ! answ] is t x _c4 ,if y ?9k at all1 y mu/ ?9k ( some?+4 ,!re=e !re is no no?+4 ,philosophy _h n yet le>n$ to make ! admission t a ?+ might be un?9kable & nev]!less exi/4 ,only t c be :i* c be ?\ght 7fr4 #e72 = ?\ght exi/s = ! sake ( :at is 7fr4 #h1 #cd74 ,?is me?od ,p>m5ides c>ries out ) ! utmo/ rig\r4 ,he w n h u pret5d t we ?9k :at we mu/ admit to be un?9kable4 ,x is true t if we resolve to all[ no?+ b :at we c und]/&1 we come into direct conflict ) ! evid5ce ( our s5ses1 :i* pres5t u ) a _w ( *ange & decay4 ,s mu* ! worse = ! s5ses1 says ,p>m5ides4 ,to _m ?is w d\btless seem a mi/ake on 8 "p1 b let u see :at hi/ory has to say on ! po9t4 ,! !ory ( ,p>m5ides is ! inevitable outcome ( a corporeal monism1 & 8 bold decl>ation ( x ought to h de/roy$ t !ory = ev]4 ,if he _h lack$ c\rage to "w out ! prevail+ views ( 8 "t to _! logical conclusion1 & to accept t conclusion1 h[ev] p>adoxical x might seem to be1 m5 might h gone on 9 ! endless circle ( opposition1 r>efaction & cond5sation1 "o & _m1 = ev]4 ,x 0 ! ?or\gh-go+ dialectic ( ,p>m5ides t made progress possible4 ,philosophy mu/ n[ cease to be moni/ic or cease to be corporeali/4 ,x c\ld n cease to be corporeali/2 = ! incorporeal 0 /ill unkn[n4 ,x !re=e ceas$ to be moni/ic1 & arriv$ at ! atomic !ory1 :i*1 s f> z we "k1 is ! la/ ^w ( ! view t ! _w is matt] 9 motion4 ,hav+ work$ out its problems on ^? conditions1 philosophy next attack$ !m on ! o!r side4 ,x ceas$ to be corporeali/1 & f\nd x possible to be moni/ic once m1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,?is progress w\ld h be5 impossible b = t fai? 9 reason :i* gave ,p>m5ides ! c\rage to reject z untrue :at 0 to him un?9kable1 h[ev] /range ! result might be4 ,sid5ote3 ,! results4 #hh4 ,he goes on to develop all ! consequ5ces ( ! admission t x is4 ,x mu/ be uncreat$ & inde/ructible4 ,x _c h aris5 out ( no?+2 = !re is no su* ?+ z no?+4 ,nor c x h aris5 f some?+2 = !re is no room = any?+ b itself4 ,:at is _c h beside x any empty space 9 :i* some?+ else might arise2 = empty space is no?+1 no?+ _c be ?\ght1 & !re=e _c exi/4 ,:at is1 nev] came into be+1 nor is any?+ go+ to come into be+ 9 ! future4 8,is x or is x n80 ,if x is1 !n x is n[1 all at once4 ,t ,p>m5ides 0 really d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( empty space 0 q well kn[n to ,plato4 ,he says t ,p>m5ides held 8all ?+s 7 "o1 & t ! "o rema9s at re/ 9 itself1 hav+ no place 9 :i* to move40#deb ,ari/otle is no less cle>4 ,9 ! de ,caelo he lays x d[n t ,p>m5ides 0 driv5 to take up ! position t ! ,"o 0 immovable j because no "o _h yet imag9$ t !re 0 any reality o!r ?an s5sible reality4#dec ,footnote #deb3 ,plato1 ,?t4 #ahj e #c1 4 ,footnote #dec3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #a4 #bih b #ba1 quot$ above1 p4 #bjc1 n4 #ddi4 ,t :i* is1 is2 & x _c be m or less4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 z mu* ( x 9 "o place z 9 ano!r1 & ! _w is a cont9u\s1 indivisible pl5um4 ,f ?is x foll[s at once t x mu/ be immovable4 ,if x mov$1 x mu/ move into an empty space1 & !re is no empty space4 ,x is hemm$ 9 by :at is1 by ! real1 on e side4 ,= ! same reason1 x mu/ be f9ite1 & c h no?+ beyond x4 ,x is complete 9 itself1 & has no ne$ to /ret* out indef9itely into an empty space t does n exi/4 ,h5ce1 too1 x is sph]ical4 ,x is equally real 9 e direction1 & ! sph]e is ! only =m :i* meets ?is condition4 ,any o!r w\ld be 9 "o direction m ?an 9 ano!r4 ,& ?is sph]e _c ev5 move r\nd its own axis2 = !re is no?+ outside ( x ) ref]5ce to :i* x c\ld be said to move4 ,sid5ote3 ,p>m5ides ! fa!r ( mat]ialism4 #hi4 ,to sum up4 ,:at is1 is a f9ite1 sph]ical1 motionless corporeal pl5um1 & !re is no?+ beyond x4 ,! appe>ances ( multiplicity & motion1 empty space & "t1 are illusions4 ,we see f ?is t ! prim>y sub/ance ( :i* ! e>ly cosmologi/s 7 9 se>* has n[ become a sort ( 8?+ 9 itself40 ,x nev] q lo/ ?is "* aga94 ,:at appe>s lat] z ! elem5ts ( ,emp$okles1 ! s-call$ 8homoeom]ies0 ( ,anaxagoras & ! atoms ( ,leukippos & ,demokritos1 is j ! ,p>m5idean 8be+40 ,p>m5ides is n1 z "s h said1 ! 8fa!r ( idealism02 on ! contr>y1 all mat]ialism dep5ds on 8 view ( reality4 ,sid5ote3 ,! beliefs ( 8mortals40 #ij4 ,x is commonly said t1 9 ! ,second ,"p ( 8 poem1 ,p>m5ides (f]$ a duali/ic !ory ( ! orig9 ( ?+s z 8 own conjectural explanation ( ! s5sible _w1 or t1 z ,gomp]z says1 8,:at he (f]$ 7 ! ,op9ions ( ,mortals2 & ?is description did n m]ely cov] o!r p's op9ions4 ,x includ$ 8 own z well1 z f> z !y 7 n conf9$ to ! unassailable gr\nd ( an app>5t philosophical necessity40#ded ,n[ x is true t 9 "o place ,ari/otle appe>s to c\nt5ance a view ( ?is sort1 b nev]!less x is an ana*ronism4#dee ,nor is x really ,ari/otle's view4 ,he 0 p]fectly well aw>e t ,p>m5ides did n admit ! exi/5ce ( 8n-be+0 9 any degree :atev]2 b x 0 a natural way speak+ to call ! cosmology ( ! ,second ,"p ( ! poem t ( ,p>m5ides4 ,8 he>]s w\ld und]/& at once 9 :at s5se ?is 0 meant4 ,at any rate1 ! ,p]ipatetic tradition 0 t ,p>m5ides1 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! poem1 meant to give ! belief ( 8! _m40 ,?is is h[ ,!ophra/os put ! matt]1 & ,alex&] seems to h spok5 ( ! cosmology z some?+ :i* ,p>m5ides himself reg>d$ z :olly false4#def ,! o!r view comes f ! ,neoplatoni/s1 & especially ,simplicius1 :o v naturally reg>d$ ! ,way ( ,tru? z an acc\nt ( ! intelligible _w1 & ! ,way ( ,op9ion z a description ( ! s5sible4 ,x ne$ h>dly be said t ?is is almo/ z great an ana*ronism z ! ,kantian p>allelism sugge/$ by ,gomp]z4#deg ,p>m5ides himself tells u 9 ! mo/ unequivocal language t !re is no tru? at all 9 ! !ory :i* he exp\nds1 & he gives x m]ely z ! belief ( 8mortals40 ,x 0 ?is t l$ ,!ophra/os to speak ( x z ! op9ion ( 8! _m40 ,footnote #ded3 ,greek ,?9k]s1 pp4 #ahj sqq4 ,footnote #dee3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf b #ca 7,r4 ,p4 #aba a74 ,ari/otle's way ( putt+ ! matt] is due to 8 int]pretation ( fr4 #h1 #ed1 :i* he took to mean t "o ( ! two 8=ms0 0 to be id5tifi$ ) & ! o!r ) 4 ,cf4 ,g54 ,corr4 1 #c4 #cah b #f1 1 4 ,?is la/ s5t5ce %[s cle>ly t :5 ,ari/otle says 1 he means :at we %\ld call 8,p>m5ides40 ,he _c h suppos$ t ,p>m5ides admitt$ ! be+ ( 9 any s5se :atev] 7cf4 ,plato1 ,soph4 #bda d #e74 ,footnote #def3 ,!ophr4 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #f 7,dox4 p4 #dhb2 ,r4 ,p4 #aba a71 4 ,= ,alex&] cf4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ch1 #bd4 ,footnote #deg3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ci1 #aj 7,r4 ,p4 #aba b74 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 p4 #ahj4 ,e4 ,mey] says 7,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 iv4 #eaj1 ,anm473 8,h[ too c we ?9k t a tea*] ( wisdom taught 8 disciples no?+ z to ! way 9 :i* !y mu/ take ! exi/+ s5sible _w1 ev5 if only z a deception80 ,?is implies 7#a7 t ! di/9ction betwe5 ,appe>ance & ,reality _h be5 cle>ly grasp$2 & 7#b7 t a c]ta9 hypo!tical & relative tru? 0 all[$ to ,appe>ance4 ,^! are palpable ana*ronisms4 ,bo? views are ,platonic1 & !y 7 n held ev5 by ,plato 9 8 e>li] writ+s4 ,8 explanation h[ev]1 ?\gh pref]able to t ( ,simplicius1 is n conv9c+ ei!r4 8,! _m0 are z f> z possible f believ+ 9 an elaborate dualism su* z ,p>m5ides exp\nd$1 & x is a highly artificial hypo!sis to assume t he wi%$ to %[ h[ ! popul> view ( ! _w c\ld be/ be sy/ematis$4 8,! _m0 w\ld h>dly be conv9c$ ( _! error by hav+ _! beliefs pres5t$ to !m 9 a =m :i* !y w\ld c]ta9ly fail to recognise4 ,?is1 inde$1 seems ! mo/ incr$ible int]pretation ( all4 ,x /ill1 h[ev]1 f9ds adh]5ts1 s x is necess>y to po9t out t ! beliefs 9 "q are call$ 8! op9ions ( mortals0 simply because ! speak] is a goddess4 ,fur!r1 we h to note t ,p>m5ides =bids two ways ( rese>*1 & we h se5 t ! second ( ^!1 :i* is also expressly ascrib$ to 8mortals10 mu/ be ! sy/em ( ,h]akleitos4 ,we %\ld surely expect1 !n1 to f9d t ! o!r way too is ! sy/em ( "s contempor>y s*ool1 & x seems h>d to discov] any ( suffici5t importance except ! ,py?agorean4 ,n[ x is admitt$ by e "o t !re are ,py?agorean ideas 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! poem1 & x is !re=e to be presum$1 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t ! :ole sy/em comes f ! same s\rce4 ,x does n appe> t ,p>m5ides said any m ab\t ,h]akleitos ?an ! words to :i* we h j ref]r$1 9 :i* he =bids ! second way ( inquiry4 ,he implies1 inde$1 t !re are really only two ways t c be ?\ght (1 & t ! attempt ( ,h]akleitos to comb9e !m 0 futile4#deh ,9 any case1 ! ,py?agoreans 7 f> m s]i\s oppon5ts at t date 9 ,italy1 & x is c]ta9ly to !m t we %\ld expect ,p>m5ides to def9e 8 attitude4 ,footnote #deh3 ,cf4 frs4 #d & #f1 especially ! words 4 ,! ?ird way1 t ( ,h]akleitos1 is only add$ z an aft]?\ght-- ' 444 ,x is /ill n q cle>1 h[ev]1 :y he %\ld h ?\ght x wor? :ile to put into hexamet]s a view :i* he believ$ to be false4 ,"h x becomes important to rememb] t he _h be5 a ,py?agorean himself1 & t ! poem is a r5unciation ( 8 =m] beliefs4 ,9 su* cases m5 commonly feel ! necessity ( %[+ :]e _! old views 7 wrong4 ,! goddess tells him t he mu/ le>n ( ^? beliefs also 8h[ m5 ought to h judg$ t ! ?+s :i* seem to !m really are40#dei ,t is cle> s f>2 b x does n expla9 ! matt] fully4 ,we get a fur!r h9t 9 ano!r place4 ,he is to le>n ^! beliefs 89 ord] t no op9ion ( mortals may ev] get ! bett] ( him0 7fr4 #h1 #fa74 ,if we rememb] t ! ,py?agorean sy/em at ?is "t 0 h&$ d[n by oral tradition alone1 we %all p]haps see :at ?is means4 ,p>m5ides 0 f\nd+ a dissid5t s*ool1 & x 0 q necess>y = him to in/ruct 8 disciples 9 ! sy/em !y might be call$ ^u to oppose4 ,9 any case1 !y c\ld n reject x intellig5tly )\t a k ( x1 & ?is ,p>m5ides _h to supply himself4#dfj ,footnote #dei3 ,i read ' 9 fr4 #a1 #cb ) ,diels1 b ,i d n feel able to accept 8 r5d]+ wie man bei grndli*] ,dur*=s*ung annehm5 ms/e1 dass si* j5es ,s*e9wes5 v]halte4 ,we mu/1 ,i ?9k1 take 7i4e4 7 q /rictly1 & ) ! inf9itive means 8ought to h40 ,! mo/ natural subject = ! inf9itive 9 t case is 1 :ile w be dep5d5t on 1 & h = its subject4 ,?is way ( tak+ ! words is confirm$ by fr4 #h1 #ed1 1 if tak5 z ,i h tak5 x ) ,zell]4 ,see above1 p4 #bja1 n4 #dde4 ,footnote #dfj3 ,! view t ! op9ions conta9$ 9 ! ,second ,"p are ^? ( o!rs1 & are n giv5 z true 9 any s5se :atsoev]1 is t ( ,diels4 ,! objections ( ,wilam[itz 7,h]mes1 xxxiv4 pp4 #bjc sqq47 d n appe> to me cog5t4 ,if we int]pret him rightly1 ,p>m5ides nev] says t 8?is hypo!tical explanation is 444 bett] ?an t ( any "o else0 7,e4 ,mey]1 iv4 #eaj1 ,anm474 ,:at he does say is t x is untrue altoge!r4 ,x seems to me1 h[ev]1 t ,diels has weak5$ 8 case by refus+ to id5tify ! !ory "h exp\nd$ ) ,py?agoreanism1 & ref]r+ x ma9ly to ,h]akleitos4 ,h]akleitos 0 emphatically n a duali/1 & ,i _c see t to repres5t him z "o is ev5 :at ,diels calls a 8c>icature0 ( 8 !ory4 ,c>icatures mu/ h "s po9t ( lik5ess4 ,x is /ill m surpris+ to me t ,pat91 :o makes ! corn]-/one ( ,h]akleiteanism1 %\ld adopt ?is view 7,p>m5ides im ,kampfe geg5 ,h]aklit1 #ahii74 ,e4 ,mey] 7loc4 cit47 seems to ?9k t ! fact ( ,z5o's hav+ modifi$ ! ( ,p>m5ides 9 an ,emp$oklean s5se 7,diog4 ix4 #bi2 ,r4 ,p4 #adj7 proves t x 0 suppos$ to h "s sort ( tru?4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld only %[1 if true1 t ,z5o _h o!r oppon5ts to face ?an ,p>m5ides _h4 ,sid5ote3 ,! duali/ cosmology4 #ia4 ,! view t ! ,second ,"p ( ! poem ( ,p>m5ides 0 a sket* ( contempor>y ,py?agorean cosmology is1 d\btless1 incapable ( rigor\s demon/ration1 b x c1 ,i ?9k1 be made extremely probable4 ,! entire hi/ory ( ,py?agoreanism up to ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 is c]ta9ly conjectural2 b1 if we f9d 9 ,p>m5ides ideas :i* are :olly unconnect$ ) 8 own view ( ! _w1 & if we f9d precisely ! same ideas 9 lat] ,py?agoreanism1 ! mo/ natural inf]5ce w surely be t ! lat] ,py?agoreans d]iv$ ^! views f _! pr$ecessors1 & t !y =m$ "p ( ! orig9al /ock-9-trade ( ! society to :i* !y belong$4 ,?is w only be confirm$ if we f9d t !y are developm5ts ( c]ta9 features 9 ! old ,ionian cosmology4 ,py?agoras came f ,samos1 :i* always /ood 9 ! close/ relations ) ,miletos2 & x 0 n1 s f> z we c see1 9 8 cosmological views t he *iefly display$ 8 orig9ality4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out above 7 #ec7 t ! idea ( ! _w brea?+ came f ,anaxim5es1 & we ne$ n be surpris$ to f9d traces ( ,anaxim&] z well4 ,n[1 if we 7 conf9$ to :at ,ari/otle tells u on ?is subject1 x w\ld be almo/ impossible to make out a case2 b 8 /atem5ts require1 z usual1 to be exam9$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>e4 ,he says1 fir/ ( all1 t ! two elem5ts ( ,p>m5ides 7 ! ,w>m & ! ,cold4#dfa ,9 ?is he is s f> ju/ifi$ by ! fragm5ts t1 s9ce ! ,fire ( :i* ,p>m5ides speaks is1 ( c\rse1 w>m1 ! o!r 8=m10 :i* has all ! opposite qualities1 mu/ ( necessity be cold4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ! habitual use ( ! t]ms 8! w>m0 & 8! cold0 is an accommodation to ,ari/otle's own sy/em4 ,9 ,p>m5ides himself !y 7 simply "o pair ( attributes among/ o!rs4 ,footnote #dfa3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf b #cd1 2 ,phys4 1 #e4 #ahh a #bj2 ,g54 ,corr4 1 #c4 #cah b #f2 1 #c4 #ccj b #ad4 ,/ill m mislead+ is ,ari/otle's id5tification ( ^! ) ,fire & ,e>?4 ,x is n q c]ta9 t he meant to say ,p>m5ides himself made ?is id5tification2 b1 on ! :ole1 x is mo/ likely t he did1 & ,!ophra/os c]ta9ly foll[$ him 9 ?is4#dfb ,x is ano!r "q :e!r x is accurate4 ,simplicius1 :o _h ! poem be=e him 7 #he71 aft] m5tion+ ,fire & ,e>?1 at once adds 8or r ,light & ,d>kness02#dfc & ?is is sugge/ive en\gh4 ,la/ly1 ,ari/otle's id5tification ( ! d5se elem5t ) 8:at is n10#dfd ! unreal ( ! ,fir/ ,"p ( ! poem1 is n v easy to reconcile ) ! view t x is e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we suppose t ! second ( ! two 8=ms10 ! "o :i* %\ld n h be5 8nam$10 is ! ,py?agorean ,air or ,void1 we get a v good explanation ( ,ari/otle's id5tification ( x ) 8:at is n40 ,we seem1 !n1 to be ju/ifi$ 9 neglect+ ! id5tification ( ! d5se elem5t ) e>? = ! pres5t4 ,at a lat] /age1 we %all be able to see h[ x may h orig9at$4#dfe ,! fur!r /atem5t ( ,!ophra/os1 t ! ,w>m 0 ! effici5t cause & ! ,cold ! mat]ial or passive1#dff is intelligible en\gh if we id5tify !m ) ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$ respectively2 b is n1 ( c\rse1 to be reg>d$ z hi/orical4 ,footnote #dfb3 ,phys4 1 #e4 #ahh a #ba1 7 7 2 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf b #cd1 4 ,cf4 ,!ophr4 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #f 7,dox4 p4 #dhb2 ,r4 ,p4 #aba a74 ,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #e 7,dox4 p4 #eha71 4 ,zell]1 p4 #efh1 n4 #a 7,eng4 trans4 p4 #eic1 n4 #b74 ,footnote #dfc3 ,phys4 p4 #be1 #ae1 7 74 ,footnote #dfd3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf b #ce1 1 4 ,see above1 p4 #bjh1 n4 #deg4 ,footnote #dfe3 ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #adg4 ,footnote #dff3 ,!ophr4 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #f 7,dox4 p4 #dhb2 ,r4 ,p4 #aba a71 foll[$ by ! doxograph]s4 ,we h se5 t ,simplicius1 ) ! poem ( ,p>m5ides be=e him1 corrects ,ari/otle by sub/itut+ ,light & ,d>kness = ,fire & ,e>?1 & 9 ?is he is amply borne out by ! fragm5ts :i* he quotes4 ,p>m5ides himself calls "o 8=m0 ,light1 ,flame1 & ,fire1 & ! o!r ,night1 & we h n[ to consid] :e!r ^! c be id5tifi$ ) ! ,py?agorean ,limit & ,unlimit$4 ,we h se5 good reason to believe 7 #eh7 t ! idea ( ! _w brea?+ belong$ to ! e>lie/ =m ( ,py?agoreanism1 & !re c be no difficulty 9 id5tify+ ?is 8b\ndless brea?0 ) ,d>kness1 :i* /&s v well = ! ,unlimit$4 8,air0 or mi/ 0 always reg>d$ z ! d>k elem5t4#dfg ,& t :i* gives def9it5ess to ! vague d>kness is c]ta9ly light or fire1 & ?is may acc\nt = ! prom95ce giv5 to t elem5t by ,hippasos4#dfh ,we may probably conclude1 !n1 t ! ,py?agorean di/9ction betwe5 ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$1 :i* we %all h to consid] lat] 7,*ap4 ,,vii471 made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ?is crude =m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we id5tify d>kness ) ! ,limit1 & light ) ! ,unlimit$1 z mo/ critics d1 we get into insup]able difficulties4 ,footnote #dfg3 ,note ! id5tification ( ! d5se elem5t ) 8air0 9 ,plut4 ,/rom41 quot$ p4 #bac1 n4 #dfb2 & = ! id5tification ( ?is 8air0 ) 8mi/ & d>kness10 cf4 ,*ap4 ,i4 #bg1 & ,*ap4 ,v4 #ajg4 ,x is to be obs]v$ fur!r t ,plato puts ?is la/ id5tification into ! m\? ( a ,py?agorean 7,tim4 #eb d74 ,footnote #dfh3 ,see above1 p4 #aba4 ,sid5ote3 ,! heav5ly bodies4 #ib4 ,we mu/ n[ look at ! g5]al cosmical view exp\nd$ 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! poem4 ,! fragm5ts are scanty1 & ! doxographical tradition h>d to int]pret2 b en\gh rema9s to %[ t "h1 too1 we are on ,py?agorean gr\nd4 ,all discussion ( ! subject mu/ />t f ! foll[+ important passage ( ,aetios3-- ,p>m5ides held t !re 7 cr[ns cross+ "o ano!r#dfi & encircl+ "o ano!r1 =m$ ( ! r>e & ! d5se elem5t respectively1 & t betwe5 ^! !re 7 o!r mix$ cr[ns made up ( light & d>kness4 ,t :i* surr\nds !m all 0 solid l a wall1 & "u x is a fi]y cr[n4 ,t :i* is 9 ! middle ( all ! cr[ns is also solid1 & surr\nd$ 9 turn by a fi]y circle4 ,! c5tral circle ( ! mix$ cr[ns is ! cause ( movem5t & becom+ to all ! re/4 ,he calls x 8! goddess :o directs _! c\rse10 8! ,hold] ( ,lots10 & 8,necessity40 ,aet4 ii4 #g4 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #abf74 ,footnote #dfi3 ,x seems mo/ likely t "h means 8cross+ "o ano!r10 z ! ,milky ,way crosses ! ,zodiac4 ,! t]m is oppos$ to 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! 8cr[ns40 #ic4 ,! fir/ ?+ we h to obs]ve is t x is q unju/ifiable to reg>d ^! 8cr[ns0 z sph]es4 ,! ^w c mean 8rims0 or 8brims0 or any?+ ( t sort1 b x seems incr$ible t x %\ld be us$ ( sph]es4 ,x does n appe>1 ei!r1 t ! solid circle :i* surr\nds all ! cr[ns is to be reg>d$ z sph]ical4 ,! expression 8l a wall0 w\ld be highly inappropriate 9 t case4 ,we seem1 !n1 to be face to face ) some?+ ( ! same k9d z ! 8:eels0 ( ,anaxim&]1 & x is obvi\sly q likely t ,py?agoras %\ld h tak5 ?is !ory f him4 ,nor is evid5ce altoge!r lack+ t ! ,py?agoreans did reg>d ! heav5ly bodies 9 ?is way4 ,9 ,plato's ,my? ( ,er1 :i* is c]ta9ly ,py?agorean 9 its g5]al "*1 we d n he> ( sph]es1 b ( ! 8lips0 ( conc5tric :orls fitt$ into "o ano!r l a ne/ ( boxes4#dgj ,ev5 9 ! ,timaeus !re are no sph]es1 b b&s or /rips cross+ ea* o!r at an angle4#dga ,la/ly1 9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn to ,ares1 :i* seems to h be5 compos$ "u ,py?agorean influ5ce1 ! ^w us$ = ! orbit ( ! planet is 1 :i* mu/ mean 8rim40#dgb ,footnote #dgj3 ,rep4 x4 #faf d #e1 2 e #a1 774 ,footnote #dga3 ,tim4 #cf b #f1 1 7! lett] 7 4 ,footnote #dgb3 ,hymn to ,ares1 #f3 1 4 ,s1 9 allusion to an ess5tially ,py?agorean view1 ,proclus says to ! planet ,v5us 7h4 iv4 #ag73 4 ,! fact is1 !re is really no evid5ce t any "o ev] adopt$ ! !ory ( cele/ial sph]es at all1 till ,ari/otle turn$ ! geometrical con/ruction :i* ,eudoxos _h set up z a hypo!sis 8to save appe>ances0 7 7 into real ?+s4#dgc ,f t "t =w>d we he> a great deal ab\t sph]es1 & x 0 natural t lat] writ]s %\ld attribute !m to ! ,py?agoreans2 b !re is no occasion to d viol5ce to ! language ( ,p>m5ides by turn+ 8 8cr[ns0 into any?+ ( ! sort4 ,at ?is date1 sph]es w\ld n h s]v$ to expla9 any?+ t c\ld n be expla9$ m simply )\t !m4 ,footnote #dgc3 ,on ! conc5tric sph]es ( ,eudoxos1 see ,drey]1 ,planet>y ,sy/ems1 *ap4 iv4 ,x is un=tunate t ! acc\nt ( ,plato's a/ronomy giv5 9 ?is "w is :olly inadequate1 ow+ to ! writ]'s excessive reliance on ,boeckh1 :o 0 l$ by evid5ce n[ g5]ally reg>d$ z untru/wor?y to attribute all ! a/ronomy ( ! ,academy to _! pr$ecessors1 & especially to ,philolaos4 ,we are next told t ^! 8cr[ns0 encircle "o ano!r or are fold$ ov] "o ano!r1 & t !y are made ( ! r>e & ! d5se elem5t4 ,we also le>n t betwe5 !m are 8mix$ cr[ns0 made up ( light & d>kness4 ,n[ x is to be obs]v$1 9 ! fir/ place1 t light & d>kness are exactly ! same ?+ z ! r>e & ! d5se1 & x looks z if !re 0 "s confusion "h4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ^! /atem5ts are bas$ on any?+ else ?an fr4 #ab1 :i* might c]ta9ly be int]pret$ to mean t betwe5 ! cr[ns ( fire !re 7 cr[ns ( night ) a portion ( fire 9 !m4 ,t may be "r2 b ,i ?9k x is r m natural to und]/& ! passage z say+ t ! n>r[] circles are surr\nd$ by wid] circles ( night1 ea* ) its portion ( fire ru%+ 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,^! la/ words w\ld !n be a simple repetition ( ! /atem5t t ! n>r[] circles are fill$ ) unmix$ fire1#dgd & we %\ld h a fairly exact reproduction ( ! planet>y sy/em ( ,anaxim&]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible1 ?\gh ,i ?9k less likely1 t ,p>m5ides repres5t$ ! space betwe5 ! circles z occupi$ by simil> r+s 9 :i* ! fire & d>kness 7 mix$ in/ead ( hav+ ! fire enclos$ 9 ! d>kness4 ,footnote #dgd3 ,su* a repetition 77 is *>act]i/ic ( all ,greek /yle1 b ! repetition at ! end ( ! p]iod g5]ally adds a new t\* to ! /atem5t at ! op5+4 ,! new t\* is "h giv5 9 ! ^w 4 ,i d n press ?is int]pretation1 b x seems to me mu* ! simple/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! goddess4 #id4 8,9 ! middle ( ^?10 says ,p>m5ides1 8is ! goddess :o /e]s ! c\rse ( all ?+s40 ,aetios1 t is1 ,!ophra/os1 expla9s ?is to mean 9 ! middle ( ! mix$ cr[ns1 :ile ,simplicius decl>es t x means 9 ! middle ( all ! cr[ns1 t is to say1 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w4#dge ,x is n v likely t ei!r ( !m _h any?+ bett] to g ^u ?an ! words ( ,p>m5ides j quot$1 & ^! are ambigu\s4 ,simplicius1 z is cle> f ! language he uses1 id5tifi$ ?is goddess ) ! ,py?agorean ,he/ia or c5tral fire1 :ile ,!ophra/os c\ld n d ?is1 because he knew & /at$ t ,p>m5ides held ! e>? to be r\nd & 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w4#dgf ,9 ?is v passage we are told t :at is 9 ! middle ( all ! cr[ns is solid4 ,! data furni%$ by ,!ophra/os1 9 fact1 exclude ! id5tification ( ! goddess ) ! c5tral fire altoge!r4 ,we _c say t :at is 9 ! middle ( all ! cr[ns is solid1 & t "u x !re is aga9 a fi]y cr[n4#dgg ,nor does x seem fitt+ to relegate a goddess to ! middle ( a solid sph]ical e>?4 ,we mu/ try to f9d a place = h] else:]e4 ,footnote #dge3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #cd1 #ad 7,r4 ,p4 #abe b74 ,footnote #dgf3 ,diog4 ix4 #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #abf a74 ,footnote #dgg3 ,i d n discuss ! int]pretation ( :i* ,diels gave 9 ,p>m5ides ,lehrg$i*t1 p4 #ajd1 & :i* is adopt$ 9 ,r4 ,p4 #afb a1 z x is n[ virtually retract$4 ,9 ! second edition ( 8 ,vorsokratik] 7p4 #aaa7 he reads 1 ' sc4 4 ,t is a flat contradiction4 ,x is ( int]e/ to obs]ve t ,mr4 ,adam also gets into ! int]ior ( ! e>? 9 8 int]pretation ( ! ,my? ( ,er4 ,x is in/ructive1 too1 because x %[s t we are really deal+ ) ! same ord] ( ideas4 ,! mo/ h]oic attempt to save ! c5tral fire = ,py?agoras 0 my own hypo!sis ( an annul> e>? 7#a/ ed4 p4 #bjc74 ,?is has met ) well-des]v$ ridicule2 b all ! same x is ! only possible solution on ^! l9es4 ,we %all see 9 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 t ! c5tral fire belongs to ! lat] developm5t ( ,py?agoreanism4 ,we are fur!r told by ,aetios t ?is goddess 0 call$ ,ananke & ! 8,hold] ( ,lots40#dgh ,we "k already t %e /e]s ! c\rse ( all ?+s1 t is1 t %e regulates ! motions ( ! cele/ial cr[ns4 ,simplicius adds1 un=tunately )\t quot+ ! actual words1 t %e s5ds s\ls at "o "t f ! light to ! unse5 _w1 at ano!r f ! unse5 _w to ! light4#dgi ,x w\ld be difficult to describe m exactly :at ! goddess does 9 ! ,my? ( ,er1 & s "h once m we seem to be on ,py?agorean gr\nd4 ,x is to be notic$ fur!r t 9 fr4 #aj we read h[ ,ananke took ! heav5s & compell$ !m to hold fa/ ! fix$ c\rses ( ! />s1 & t 9 fr4 #ab we are told t %e is ! beg9n] ( all pair+ & bir?4 ,la/ly1 9 fr4 #ac we he> t %e creat$ ,eros fir/ ( all ! gods4 ,mod]n p>allels are dang]\s1 b x is n really go+ mu* beyond :at is writt5 to say t ?is ,eros is ! ,w to ,live1 :i* leads to successive rebir?s ( ! s\l4 ,s we %all f9d t 9 ,emp$okles x is an anci5t oracle or decree ( ,ananke t causes ! gods to fall & become inc>nate 9 a cycle ( bir?s4#dhj ,footnote #dgh3 ,r4 ,p4 #abf1 :]e ,flleborn's +5i\s em5dation = is tacitly adopt$4 ,?is is bas$ ^u ! view t ,aetios 7or ,!ophra/os7 0 ?9k+ ( ! goddess t keeps ! keys 9 ! ,proem 7fr4 #a1 #ad74 ,i n[ ?9k t ! ( ! ,my? ( ,er are ! true explanation ( ! "n4 ,philo uses ! t]m 4 ,footnote #dgi3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ci1 #ai1 7i4e4 71 4 ,we %\ld probably connect ?is ) ! /atem5t ( ,diog4 ix4 #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #abg7 t m5 arose f ! sun 7read+ ) ! ,,mss4 = ! conjecture 9 ! ,basel edition74 ,footnote #dhj3 ,emp$okles1 fr4 #aae4 ,we %\ld1 !n1 be m c]ta9 ( ! place :i* ?is goddess occupies 9 ! univ]se if we c\ld be q sure :]e ,ananke is 9 ! ,my? ( ,er4 ,)\t1 h[ev]1 rais+ t vex$ "q1 we may lay d[n ) "s confid5ce t1 accord+ to ,!ophra/os1 %e occupi$ a position midway betwe5 ! e>? & ! heav5s4 ,:e!r we believe 9 ! 8mix$ cr[ns0 or n makes no diff]5ce 9 ?is respect2 = ! /atem5t ( ,aetios t %e 0 9 ! middle ( ! mix$ cr[ns und\bt$ly implies t %e 0 9 t region4 ,n[ %e is id5tifi$ ) "o ( ! cr[ns 9 a some:at confus$ passage ( ,cic]o1#dha & we h se5 above 7p4 #fi7 t ! :ole !ory ( :eels or cr[ns 0 probably sugge/$ by ! ,milky ,way4 ,x seems to me1 !re=e1 t we mu/ ?9k ( ! ,milky ,way z a cr[n int]m$iate betwe5 ! cr[ns ( ! ,sun & ! ,moon1 & ?is agrees v well ) ! prom95t way 9 :i* x is m5tion$ 9 fr4 #aa4 ,x is bett] n to be too positive ab\t ! o!r details ( ! sy/em1 ?\gh x is int]e/+ to notice t accord+ to "s x 0 ,py?agoras1 & accord+ to o!rs ,p>m5ides1 :o discov]$ ! id5tity ( ! ev5+ & morn+ />4 ,t fits 9 exactly ) our g5]al view4#dhb ,footnote #dha3 ,cic]o1 de nat4 ,d4 i4 #aa1 #bh3 8,nam ,p>m5ides quidem comm5ticium quiddam coronae simile efficit 7 appellat71 cont95te ardore lucis orbem1 qui c+at caelum1 quem appellat deum40 ,we may connect ) ?is ! /atem5t ( ,aetios1 ii4 #bj1 #h1 4 ,footnote #dhb3 ,diog4 ix4 #bc1 77 1 4 ,if1 z ,a*illes says1 ! poet ,ibykos ( ,rhegion _h anticipat$ ,p>m5ides 9 ann\nc+ ?is discov]y1 t is to be expla9$ by ! fact t ,rhegion _h become ! *ief seat ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool4 ,besides all ?is1 x is q c]ta9 t ,p>m5ides w5t on to describe h[ ! o!r gods 7 born & h[ !y fell1 an idea :i* we "k to be ,orphic1 & :i* may well h be5 ,py?agorean4 ,we %all come to x aga9 9 ,emp$okles4 ,9 ,plato's ,symposium1 ,aga?on c\ples ,p>m5ides ) ,hesiod z a n>rator ( anci5t de$s ( viol5ce committ$ by ! gods4#dhc ,if ,p>m5ides 0 exp\nd+ ! ,py?agorean !ology1 all ?is is j :at we %\ld expect2 b x seems hopeless to expla9 x on any ( ! o!r !ories :i* h be5 advanc$ on ! purpose ( ! ,way ( ,belief4 ,su* ?+s d n foll[ naturally f ! ord9>y view ( ! _w1 & we h no reason to suppose t ,h]akleitos exp\nd$ 8 views ( ! upw>d & d[nw>d pa? ( ! s\l 9 ?is =m4 ,he c]ta9ly did hold t ! gu>dian spirits ent]$ into human bodies2 b ! :ole po9t ( 8 !ory 0 t he gave a naturali/ic r ?an a !ological acc\nt ( ! process4 ,/ill less c we ?9k x probable t ,p>m5ides made up ^! /ories himself 9 ord] to %[ :at ! popul> view ( ! _w really impli$ if prop]ly =mulat$4 ,we mu/ ask1 ,i ?9k1 t any !ory on ! subject %all acc\nt = :at 0 evid5tly no inconsid]able portion ( ! poem4 ,footnote #dhc3 ,plato1 ,symp4 #aie c #a4 ,x is impli$ t ^! 7 1 includ+ su* ?+s z & 4 ,! ,epicurean criticism ( all ?is is p>tially pres]v$ 9 ,philodemos1 de pietate1 p4 #fh1 ,gomp]z2 & ,cic]o1 de nat4 ,d4 i4 #bh 7,dox4 p4 #ecd2 ,r4 ,p4 #abf b74 ,sid5ote3 ,physiology4 #ie4 ,9 describ+ ! views ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,p>m5ides 0 oblig$1 z we see f ! fragm5ts1 to say a good deal ab\t physiological matt]s4 ,l ev]y?+ else1 man 0 compos$ ( ! w>m & ! cold1 & dea? 0 caus$ by ! removal ( ! w>m4 ,"s curi\s views ) reg>d to g5]ation 7 also /at$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 males came f ! "r side & females f ! left4 ,wom5 _h m ( ! w>m & m5 ( ! cold1 a view :i* we %all f9d ,emp$okles contradict+4#dhd ,x is j ! proportion ( ! w>m & cold 9 m5 t det]m9es ! "* ( _! ?\ght1 s t ev5 corpses1 f :i* ! w>m has be5 remov$1 reta9 a p]ception ( :at is cold & d>k4#dhe ,^! fragm5ts ( in=mation d n tell u mu* :5 tak5 by !mselves2 b !y connect !mselves 9 a mo/ int]e/+ way ) ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 & po9t to ! fact t "o ( its lead+ s*ools /ood 9 close relation ) ! ,py?agorean ,society4 ,ev5 be=e ! days ( ,py?agoras1 we "k t ,kroton 0 fam\s = its doctors4 ,a ,krotoniate1 ,demok$es1 0 c\rt physician to ! ,p]sian k+1 & m>ri$ ,milo ! ,py?agorean's daught]4#dhf ,we also "k ! "n ( a v di/+ui%$ m$ical writ] :o liv$ at ,kroton 9 ! days betwe5 ,py?agoras & ,p>m5ides1 & ! few facts we are told ab\t him enable u to reg>d ! physiological views describ$ by ,p>m5ides n z isolat$ curiosities1 b z l&m>ks by means ( :i* we c trace ! orig9 & gr[? ( "o ( ! mo/ influ5tial ( m$ical !ories1 t :i* expla9s heal? z a balance ( opposites4 ,footnote #dhd3 ,= all ?is1 see ,r4 ,p4 #abg a1 ) ,ari/4 de ,"p4 ,an4 1 #b4 #fdh a #bh2 de ,g54 ,an4 1 #a4 #gfe b #ai4 ,footnote #dhe3 ,!ophr4 de s5s4 #c1 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #abi74 ,footnote #dhf3 ,h]od4 iii4 #aca1 #acg4 ,sid5ote3 ,alkmaion ( ,kroton4 #if4 ,ari/otle tells u t ,alkmaion ( ,kroton#dhg 0 a "y man 9 ! old age ( ,py?agoras4 ,he does n actually say1 z lat] writ]s d1 t he 0 a ,py?agorean1 ?\gh he po9ts out t he seems ei!r to h d]iv$ 8 !ory ( opposites f ! ,py?agoreans or !y !irs f him4#dhh ,9 any case1 he 0 intimately connect$ ) ! society1 z is prov$ by "o ( ! scanty fragm5ts ( 8 book4 ,x began z foll[s3 8,alkmaion ( ,kroton1 son ( ,peiri?\s1 spoke ^! words to ,brot9os & ,leon & ,ba?yllos4 ,z to ?+s invisible & ?+s mortal1 ! gods h c]ta9ty2 b1 s f> z m5 may inf] 4440#dhi ,! quotation un=tunately ends 9 ?is abrupt way1 b we le>n two ?+s f x4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,alkmaion possess$ t res]ve :i* m>ks all ! be/ ,greek m$ical writ]s2 & 9 ! second place1 he d$icat$ 8 "w to ! heads ( ! ,py?agorean ,society4#dij ,footnote #dhg3 ,on ,alkmaion1 see especially ,wa*tl]1 ,de ,alcmaeone ,crotoniata 7,leipzig1 #ahif74 ,footnote #dhh3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf a #bg 7,r4 ,p4 #ff74 ,9 a #cj ,diels reads1 ) great probability1 4 ,cf4 ,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #ajd1 :]e ,alkmaion is m5tion$ among ! 4 ,footnote #dhi3 1 1 1 4 ,! fact t ?is is n writt5 9 conv5tional ,doric1 l ! =g$ ,py?agorean books1 is a /rong pro( ( g5u95ess4 ,footnote #dij3 ,brot9os 7n ,bront9os7 is v>i\sly describ$ z ! son-9-law or fa!r-9-law ( ,py?agoras4 ,leon is "o ( ! ,metapont9es 9 ! catalogue ( ,iambli*os 7,diels1 ,vors4 p4 #bfh71 & ,ba?yllos is presumably ! ,poseidoniate ,ba?ylaos also m5tion$ !re4 ,alkmaion's *ief importance 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy really lies 9 ! fact t he is ! f\nd] ( empirical psy*ology4#dia ,x is c]ta9 t he reg>d$ ! bra9 z ! common s5sorium1 an important discov]y :i* ,hippokrates & ,plato adopt$ f him1 ?\gh ,emp$okles1 ,ari/otle1 & ! ,/oics rev]t$ to ! m primitive view t ! he>t p]=ms ?is function4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t he made ?is discov]y by anatomical means4 ,we h "s au?ority = say+ t he practis$ dissection1 &1 ?\gh ! n]ves 7 n yet recognis$ z su*1 x 0 kn[n t !re 7 c]ta9 8passages0 :i* might be prev5t$ f communicat+ s5sations to ! bra9 by lesions4#dib ,he also di/+ui%$ betwe5 s5sation & und]/&+1 ?\gh we h no means ( kn[+ exactly :]e he drew ! l9e betwe5 !m4 ,8 !ories ( ! special s5ses are ( great int]e/4 ,we f9d 9 him already1 :at is *>act]i/ic ( ,greek !ories ( vision z a :ole1 ! attempt to comb9e ! view ( vision z an act proce$+ f ! eye ) t :i* attributes x to an image reflect$ 9 ! eye4 ,he knew ! importance ( air = ! s5se ( he>+1 ?\gh he call$ x ! void1 a ?or\ghly ,py?agorean t\*4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r s5ses1 our in=mation is m scanty1 b suffici5t to %[ t he treat$ ! subject sy/ematically4#dic ,footnote #dia3 ,ev]y?+ be>+ on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?is subject is br\ght toge!r & discuss$ 9 ,pr(4 ,be>e's ,greek ,!ories ( ,elem5t>y ,cognition1 to :i* ,i mu/ ref] ! read] = all details4 ,footnote #dib3 ,!ophr4 de s5s4 #bf 7,be>e1 p4 #beb1 n4 #a74 ,our au?ority = ! dissections ( ,alkmaion is only ,*alcidius1 b he gets 8 in=mation on su* matt]s f f> old] s\rces4 ,! & ! inf]5ce f lesions are v\*$ = by ,!ophra/os4 ,footnote #dic3 ,! details w be f\nd 9 ,be>e1 pp4 #aa sqq4 7vision71 pp4 #ic sqq4 7he>+71 pp4 #aca sqq4 7smell71 pp4 #ahj sqq4 7t\*71 pp4 #afj sqq4 7ta/e74 ,8 a/ronomy seems surpris+ly crude = "o :o /ood 9 close relations ) ! ,py?agoreans4 ,we are told t he adopt$ ,anaxim5es' !ory ( ! sun & ,h]akleitos's explanation ( eclipses4#did ,x is all ! m rem>kable t he is cr$it$ ) orig9at+ ! idea1 :i* x requir$ all ,plato's au?ority to get accept$ lat]1 t ! planets h an orbital motion 9 ! opposite direction to ! diurnal revolution ( ! heav5s4#die ,?is1 if true1 probably /ood 9 close connexion ) 8 say+ t s\l 0 immortal because x resembl$ immortal ?+s1 & 0 always 9 motion l ! heav5ly bodies4#dif ,he seems1 9 fact1 to be ! real au?or ( ! curi\s view :i* ,plato put into ! m\? ( ! ,py?agorean ,timaios1 t ! s\l has circles revolv+ j z ! heav5s & ! planets d4 ,?is too seems to be ! explanation ( 8 fur!r /atem5t t man dies because he _c jo9 ! beg9n+ to ! end4#dig ,! orbits ( ! heav5ly bodies always come full circle1 b ! circles 9 ! head may fail to complete !mselves4 ,?is new v]sion ( ! p>allelism betwe5 ! microcosm & ! macrocosm w\ld be p]fectly natural = ,alkmaion1 ?\gh x is1 ( c\rse1 no m ?an a playful fancy to ,plato4 ,footnote #did3 ,aet4 ii4 #bb1 #d1 2 #bi1 #c1 7 74 ,footnote #die3 ,aet4 ii4 #af1 #b1 7 7 ' 4 4 ,footnote #dif3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #b4 #dje a #cj 7,r4 ,p4 #ff c74 ,footnote #dig3 ,ari/4 ,probl4 #ag1 #c4 #iaf a #cc1 1 4 ,alkmaion's !ory ( heal? z 8isonomy0 is at once t :i* mo/ cle>ly connects him ) e>li] inquir]s l ,anaxim&]1 & also t :i* _h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! subsequ5t developm5t ( philosophy4 ,he obs]v$1 to beg9 )1 t 8mo/ ?+s human 7 two10 & by ?is he meant t man 0 made up ( ! hot & ! cold1 ! moi/ & ! dry1 & ! re/ ( ! opposites4#dih ,disease 0 j ! 8mon>*y0 ( any "o ( ^!--! same ?+ t ,anaxim&] _h call$ 8inju/ice0--:ile heal? 0 ! e/abli%m5t 9 ! body ( a free gov]nm5t ) equal laws4#dii ,?is 0 ! lead+ doctr9e ( ! ,sicilian s*ool ( m$ic9e :i* came into exi/5ce n long aft]1 & we %all h to consid] 9 ! sequel its influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,py?agoreanism4 ,tak5 along ) ! !ory ( 8pores10#ejj x is ( ! greate/ importance = lat] sci5ce4 ,footnote #dih3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf a #bg 7,r4 ,p4 #ff74 ,footnote #dii3 ,aet4 v4 #cj1 #a1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 4 ,footnote #ejj3 ,my colleague1 ,dr4 ,fras] ,h>ris1 po9ts out to me t ,alkmaion's may h be5 a bett] guess ?an he knew4 ,! n]ve-fibres1 :5 magnifi$ #ajjj diamet]s1 8sometimes appe> to h a cle> c5tre1 z if ! fibrils 7 tubul>40--,s*f]1 ,ess5tials ( ,physiology 7#g? edition71 p4 #acb4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,emp$okles ,,( ,,akragas ,sid5ote3 ,pluralism4 #ig4 ,! belief t all ?+s are "o 0 common to ! philosoph]s we h hi!rto /udi$2 b n[ ,p>m5ides has %[n t1 if ?is "o ?+ really is1 we mu/ give up ! idea t x c take diff]5t =ms4 ,! s5ses1 :i* pres5t to u a _w ( *ange & multiplicity1 are deceitful4 ,f ?is !re 0 no escape2 ! "t 0 /ill to come :5 m5 w\ld seek ! unity ( ! _w 9 some?+ :i*1 f its v nature1 ! s5ses c\ld nev] p]ceive4 ,we f9d1 accord+ly1 t f ! "t ( ,p>m5ides to t ( ,plato1 all ?9k]s 9 ^: h&s philosophy made real progress ab&on$ ! moni/ic hypo!sis4 ,^? :o /ill held by x adopt$ a critical attitude1 & conf9$ !mselves to a def5ce ( ! !ory ( ,p>m5ides aga9/ ! new views4 ,o!rs taught ! doctr9e ( ,h]akleitos 9 an exagg]at$ =m2 "s cont9u$ to exp\nd ! sy/ems ( ! e>ly ,milesians4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 %[$ want ( insight2 b ev5 ^? ?9k]s :o saw t ,p>m5ides c\ld n be left unansw]$1 7 by no means equal to _! pr$ecessors 9 p[] & ?or\ghness4 ,! corporeali/ hypo!sis _h prov$ itself unable to be> ! weight ( a moni/ic /ructure2 b a ?or\gh-go+ pluralism su* z ! atomic !ory might h "s value1 if n z a f9al explanation ( ! _w1 yet at lea/ z an intelligible view ( a "p ( x4 ,any pluralism1 on ! o!r h&1 :i*1 l t ( ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras1 /ops %ort ( ! atoms1 w a*ieve no p]man5t result1 h[ev] _m may be ! brilliant ap]u :i* x embodies4 ,x w rema9 an attempt to reconcile two ?+s t _c be reconcil$1 & may always1 !re=e1 be develop$ into contradictions & p>adoxes4 ,sid5ote3 ,date ( ,emp$okles4 #ih4 ,emp$okles 0 a citiz5 ( ,akragas 9 ,sicily1 & 8 fa!r's "n1 accord+ to ! be/ acc\nts1 0 ,meton4#eja ,8 gr&fa!r1 also call$ ,emp$okles1 _h won a victory 9 ! horse-race at ,olympia 9 ,ol4 ,,lxxi4 7#dif-ie ,b4,c471#ejb & ,apollodoros fix$ ! floruit ( ,emp$okles himself 9 ,ol4 ,,lxxxiv4 #a 7#ddd-dc ,b4,c474 ,?is is ! date ( ! f\ndation ( ,?\rioi2 & x appe>s f ! quotation 9 ,diog5es t ! almo/ contempor>y biograph]1 ,glaukos ( ,rhegion1#ejc said ,emp$okles visit$ ! new city %ortly aft] its f\ndation4 ,b we are 9 no way b\nd to believe t he 0 j =ty ye>s old at ! "t ( ! ev5t 9 8 life :i* c mo/ easily be dat$4 ,t is ! assumption made by ,apollodoros2 b !re are reasons = ?9k+ t 8 date is too late by "s eight or t5 ye>s4#ejd ,x is1 inde$1 mo/ likely t ,emp$okles did n g to ,?\rioi till aft] 8 bani%m5t f ,akragas1 & he may well h be5 m ?an =ty ye>s old :5 t happ5$4 ,all1 !re=e1 we c be said to "k ( 8 date is1 t 8 gr&fa!r 0 /ill alive 9 #dif ,b4,c42 t he himself 0 active at ,akragas aft] #dgb1 ! date ( ,!ron's dea?2 & t he di$ lat] ?an #ddd4 ,footnote #eja3 ,aet4 i4 #c1 #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #afd71 ,apollodoros ap4 ,diog4 viii4 #eb 7,r4 ,p4 #afb74 ,! details ( ! life ( ,emp$okles are discuss$1 ) a c>eful criticism ( ! s\rces1 by ,bidez1 ,la biographie d',empdocle 7,g&1 #ahid74 ,footnote #ejb3 ,= ?is we h ! au?ority ( ,apollodoros 7,diog4 viii4 #ea1 #eb2 ,r4 ,p4 #afb71 :o foll[s ! ,olympic ,victors ( ,erato/h5es1 :o 9 turn appeal$ to ,ari/otle4 ,h]akleides ( ,pontos1 9 8 7see bel[1 p4 #bcc1 n4 #ebj71 spoke ( ! eld] ,emp$okles z a 8bre$] ( horses0 7,r4 ,p4 #afb a72 & ,timaios m5tion$ him z a di/+ui%$ man 9 8 ,fifte5? ,book4 ,footnote #ejc3 ,glaukos wrote 1 & is said to h be5 contempor>y ) ,demokritos 7,diog4 ix4 #ch74 ,apollodoros adds 7,r4 ,p4 #afb7 t1 accord+ to ,ari/otle & ,h]akleides1 ,emp$okles di$ at ! age ( sixty4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! words ' are ,/urz's conjecture1 ! ,,mss4 hav+ ' 1 & ,diog5es c]ta9ly said 7ix4 #c7 t ,h]akleitos liv$ sixty ye>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! /atem5t ( ,ari/otle comes f ! 1 x is n obvi\s :y he %\ld m5tion ,h]akleitos at all2 & ,h]akleides 0 "o ( ! *ief s\rces = ! biography ( ,emp$okles4 ,footnote #ejd3 ,see ,diels1 8,emp$okles und ,gorgias10 #b 7,b]l4 ,sitzb41 #ahhd74 ,!ophra/os said t ,emp$okles 0 born 8n long aft] ,anaxagoras0 7,dox4 p4 #dgg1 #ag72 & ,alkidamas made him ! fell[-pupil ( ,z5o "u ,p>m5ides1 & ! tea*] ( ,gorgias 7see bel[1 p4 #bca1 n4 #e74 ,n[ ,gorgias 0 a little old] ?an ,antiphon 7b4 ,ol4 ,,lxx471 s x is cle> we mu/ g back at lea/ to #dij ,b4,c4 = ! bir? ( ,emp$okles4 ,ev5 ^! indications are en\gh to %[ t he mu/ h be5 a boy 9 ! reign ( ,!ron1 ! tyrant :o co-op]at$ ) ,gelon ( ,syracuse 9 ! repulse ( ! ,c>?ag9ians f ,him]a4 ,8 son & successor1 ,?rasydaios1 0 a man ( ano!r /amp4 ,be=e 8 accession to ! ?rone ( ,akragas1 he _h rul$ 9 8 fa!r's "n at ,him]a1 & completely e/rang$ ! affections ( its inhabitants4 ,!ron di$ 9 #dgb ,b4,c41 & ,?rasydaios at once display$ all ! vices & follies usual 9 ! second hold] ( a usurp$ dom9ion4 ,aft] a disa/r\s w> ) ,hi]on ( ,syracuse1 he 0 driv5 out2 & ,akragas enjoy$ a free gov]nm5t till x fell be=e ! ,c>?ag9ians m ?an half a c5tury lat]4#eje ,footnote #eje3 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 ii4 p4 #ejh4 ,sid5ote3 ,emp$okles z a politician4 #ii4 ,9 ! political ev5ts ( ! next few ye>s1 ,emp$okles c]ta9ly play$ an important "p2 b our in=mation on ! subject is ( a v curi\s k9d4 ,! ,sicilian hi/orian ,timaios told "o or two /ories ab\t him1 :i* are obvi\sly g5u9e traditions pick$ up ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft]w>ds2 b1 l all popul> traditions1 !y are a little confus$4 ,! picturesque incid5ts are rememb]$1 b ! ess5tial p>ts ( ! /ory are dropp$4 ,/ill1 we may be ?ankful t ! 8collector ( old wives' tales10#ejf z sne]+ critics call$ him1 has enabl$ u to measure ! hi/orical importance ( ,emp$okles = ourselves by %[+ u h[ he 0 pictur$ by ! great-gr&*ildr5 ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,footnote #ejf3 ,he is call$ 9 ,s\idas1 s4v4 ,! view tak5 9 ! text z to ! value ( 8 evid5ce is t ( ,holm4 ,we read1 !n1#ejg t once he 0 invit$ to sup ) "o ( ! 8rul]s40 ,tradition delights 9 su* vague titles4 8,supp] 0 well advanc$1 b no w9e 0 br\ght 94 ,! re/ ( ! company said no?+1 b ,emp$okles 0 righte\sly indignant1 & insi/$ on w9e be+ s]v$4 ,! ho/1 h[ev]1 said he 0 wait+ = ! s]jeant ( ! ,c\ncil4 ,:5 t (ficial arriv$1 he 0 appo9t$ rul] ( ! fea/4 ,! ho/1 ( c\rse1 appo9t$ him4 ,!reupon he began to give h9ts ( an incipi5t tyranny4 ,he ord]$ ! company ei!r to dr9k or h ! w9e p\r$ ov] _! heads4 ,at ! "t1 ,emp$okles said no?+2 b next day he l$ bo? ( !m be=e ! c\rt1 & _h !m condemn$ & put to dea?--bo? ! man :o ask$ him to supp]1 & ! rul] ( ! fea/4#ejh ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( 8 political c>e]40 ,! next tale is t ,emp$okles prev5t$ ! ,c\ncil f grant+ 8 fri5d ,akron a piece ( l& = a family sepul*re on ! gr\nd ( 8 em95ce 9 m$ic9e1 & support$ 8 objection by a punn+ epigram4#eji ,la/ly1 he broke up ! assembly ( ! ,?\s&--p]haps "s olig>*ical association or club4#eaj ,x may h be5 = ?is t he 0 (f]$ ! k+%ip1 :i* ,ari/otle tells u he refus$4#eaa ,at any rate1 we see t ,emp$okles 0 ! great democratic lead] at ,akragas 9 ^? days1 ?\gh we h no cle> k ( :at he did4 ,footnote #ejg3 ,timaios ap4 ,diog4 viii4 #fd 7,f4,h4,g4 i4 p4 #bad1 fr4 #hh a74 ,footnote #ejh3 ,9 ! fir/ edition1 ,i sugge/$ ! analogy ( accusations = incivisme4 ,bidez says 7p4 #abg71 8,j'imag9e qu'un ,jacob9 aurait mieux jug l'hi/oire0 7?an ,k>/5 & ,holm72 8s\s la ,t]reur1 on tait suspect p\r de mo9dres vtilles40 ,footnote #eji3 ,diog4 viii4 #fe4 ,! epigram runs ?us3 ' 4 ,on ,akron1 see ,m4 ,wellmann1 op4 cit4 p4 #bce1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #eaj3 ,diog4 viii4 #ff1 ' 4 ,! ^w h>dly sugge/s a legal c\ncil1 & sugge/s a conspiracy4 ,footnote #eaa3 ,diog4 viii4 #fc4 ,ari/otle probably m5tion$ ?is 9 8 ,sophi/4 ,cf4 ,diog4 viii4 #eg4 ,sid5ote3 ,emp$okles z a religi\s tea*]4 #ajj4 ,b !re is ano!r side to 8 public "* :i* ,timaios f\nd x h>d to reconcile ) 8 political views4 ,he claim$ to be a god1 & to receive ! homage ( 8 fell[-citiz5s 9 t capacity4 ,! tru? is1 ,emp$okles 0 n a m]e /atesman2 he _h a good deal ( ! 8m$ic9e-man0 ab\t him4 ,accord+ to ,satyros1#eab ,gorgias affirm$ t he _h be5 pres5t :5 8 ma/] 0 p]=m+ sorc]ies4 ,we c see :at ?is means f ! fragm5ts ( ! ,purifications4 ,emp$okles 0 a prea*] ( ! new religion :i* s\ght to secure release f ! 8:eel ( bir?0 by purity & ab/95ce2 b x is n q c]ta9 to :i* =m ( x he adh]$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,orphicism seems to h be5 /rong at ,akragas 9 ! days ( ,!ron1 & !re are ev5 "s v]bal co9cid5ces betwe5 ! poems ( ,emp$okles & ! ,orphicis+ ,odes :i* ,p9d> address$ to t pr9ce4#eac ,!re are also "s po9ts ( simil>ity betwe5 ! ,rhapsodic ,!ogony1 z we "k x f ,damaskios1 & c]ta9 fragm5ts ( ,emp$okles1 ?\gh ! importance ( ^! has be5 exagg]at$4#ead ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no reason to d\bt ! /atem5t ( ,ammonios t fr4 #acd ref]s to ,apollo2#eae &1 if t is s1 x w\ld po9t to 8 hav+ be5 an adh]5t ( ! ,ionic =m ( ! my/ic doctr9e1 z we h se5 7 #ci7 t ,py?agoras 04 ,fur!r1 ,timaios already knew ! /ory t he _h be5 expell$ f ! ,py?agorean ,ord] = 8/eal+ disc\rses10#eaf & x is probable on ! :ole t fr4 #abi ref]s to ,py?agoras4#eag ,x w\ld be v haz>d\s to dogmatise on ?is subject2 b x seems mo/ likely t ,emp$okles _h be5 influ5c$ by ,orphic ideas 9 8 y\?1 & t1 9 lat] life1 he prea*$ a =m ( ,py?agoreanism :i* 0 n consid]$ or?odox by ! heads ( ! ,society4 ,9 any case1 x seems f> m probable t 8 political & sci5tific activity belong to ! same p]iod ( 8 life1 & t he only became a w&]+ prophet aft] 8 bani%m5t1 ?an t 8 sci5tific "w belong$ to 8 lat] days :5 he 0 a solit>y exile4#eah ,footnote #eab3 ,diog4 viii4 #ei 7,r4 ,p4 #afb74 ,satyros probably foll[$ ,alkidamas4 ,diels sugge/s 7,emp4 u4 ,gorg4 p4 #ceh7 t ! ( ,alkidamas 0 a dialogue 9 :i* ,gorgias 0 ! *ief speak]4 ,9 t case1 ! /atem5t w\ld h little hi/orical value4 ,footnote #eac3 ,see ,bidez1 p4 #aae1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #ead3 ,o4 ,k]n1 8,emp$okles und die ,orphik]0 7,ar*4 i4 pp4 #dhi sqq474 ,= ! ,rhapsodic ,!ogony1 see ,introd4 p4 #i1 n4 #aj4 ,footnote #eae3 ,see bel[1 note 9 loc4 ,footnote #eaf3 ,diog4 viii4 #ed 7,r4 ,p4 #afb74 ,footnote #eag3 ,see bel[1 note 9 loc4 ,footnote #eah3 ,! latt] view is t ( ,bidez 7pp4 #afa sqq472 b ,diels has %[n 7,b]l4 ,sitzb41 #ahih1 pp4 #djf sqq47 t ! =m] is psy*ologically m probable4 ,we he> ( a numb] ( m>vels p]=m$ by ,emp$okles1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p no?+ b inf]5ces f 8 writ+s4 ,timaios told h[ he weak5$ ! =ce ( ! etesian w9ds by hang+ bags ( asses' sk9s on ! trees to cat* !m4 ,he _h c]ta9ly said1 9 8 exagg]at$ way1 t ! k ( sci5ce z taught by him w\ld enable 8 disciples to control ! w9ds 7fr4 #aaa72 & ?is1 along ) ! fabl$ w9dbags ( ,aiolos1 is en\gh to acc\nt = ! tale4#eai ,we are also told h[ he br\ght back to life a woman :o _h be5 brea?less & pulseless = ?irty days4 ,! v]se :]e he ass]ts t 8 tea*+ w enable ,pausanias to br+ ! dead back f ,hades 7fr4 #aaa7 %[s h[ ?is /ory may h aris54#ebj ,aga91 we he> t he sweet5$ ! pe/il5t m>% betwe5 ,sel9\s & ! sea by div]t+ ! riv]s ,hypsas & ,sel9os into x4 ,we "k f co9s t ?is purification ( ! m>%es actually took place1 b we may d\bt :e!r x 0 attribut$ to ,emp$okles till a lat] "t4#eba ,footnote #eai3 ,i foll[ ! wild] =m ( ! /ory giv5 by ,diog4 viii4 #fj1 & n ! rationalis$ v]sion ( ,plut>* 7adv4 ,col4 #aabf b74 ,! epi!ts & 7 p]haps be/[$ by "s sillograph] 9 mock]y2 cf4 4 ,footnote #ebj3 ,! ( ,h]akleides1 f :i* x is d]iv$1 seems to h be5 a sort ( m$ico-philosophical romance4 ,! words are 7,diog4 viii4 #fj73 4 ,x 0 a case ( hy/]ical suffocation4 ,footnote #eba3 ,= ^! co9s see ,head1 ,hi/oria ,numorum1 pp4 #adg sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,rhetoric & m$ic9e4 #aja4 ,ari/otle said t ,emp$okles 0 ! inv5tor ( ,rhetoric2#ebb & ,gal5 made him ! f\nd] ( ! ,italian s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 :i* he puts on a level ) ^? ( ,kos & ,knidos4#ebc ,bo? ^! /atem5ts mu/ be consid]$ 9 connexion ) 8 political & sci5tific activity4 ,x seems to be c]ta9 t ,gorgias 0 8 disciple 9 physics & m$ic9e1 & "s ( ! peculi>ities :i* m>k$ 8 /yle are to be f\nd 9 ! poems ( ,emp$okles4#ebd ,x is n to be suppos$1 ( c\rse1 t ,emp$okles wrote a =mal treatise on ,rhetoric2 b x is 9 e way probable1 & 9 accordance ) 8 "*1 t ! spee*es1 ( :i* he mu/ h made _m1 7 m>k$ by t euphuism :i* ,gorgias introduc$ to ,a!ns at a lat] date1 & :i* gave rise to ! idea ( an arti/ic prose4 ,! influ5ce ( ,emp$okles on ! developm5t ( m$ic9e 01 h[ev]1 f> m important1 z x affect$ n only m$ic9e itself1 b ?r\gh x1 ! :ole t5d5cy ( sci5tific & philosophical ?9k+4 ,x has be5 said t ,emp$okles _h no successors1#ebe & ! rem>k is true if we conf9e ourselves /rictly to philosophy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m$ical s*ool :i* he f\nd$ 0 /ill liv+ 9 ! days ( ,plato1 & x _h consid]able influ5ce on him1 & /ill m on ,ari/otle4#ebf ,its fundam5tal doctr9e 0 ! id5tification ( ! f\r elem5ts ) ! hot & ! cold1 ! moi/ & ! dry4 ,x also held t we brea! ?r\gh all ! pores ( ! body1 & t ! act ( respiration is closely connect$ ) ! motion ( ! blood4 ,! he>t1 n ! bra91 0 reg>d$ z ! organ ( consci\sness4#ebg ,a m ext]nal *>act]i/ic ( ! m$ic9e taught by ! foll[]s ( ,emp$okles is t !y /ill clung to ideas ( a magical nature4 ,a prote/ aga9/ ?is by a memb] ( ! ,koan s*ool has be5 pres]v$4 ,he ref]s to !m z 8magicians & purifi]s & *>latans & quacks1 :o pr(ess to be v religi\s40#ebh ,?\gh !re is "s tru? 9 ?is1 x h>dly does ju/ice to ! great advances 9 physiology t 7 due to ! ,sicilian s*ool4 ,footnote #ebb3 ,diog4 viii4 #eg 7,r4 ,p4 #afb g74 ,footnote #ebc3 ,gal51 x4 #e1 ' 7! s*ools ( ,kos & ,knidos7 444 1 444 ,phili/ion 0 ! contempor>y & fri5d ( ,plato2 ,pausanias is ! disciple to :om ,emp$okles address$ 8 poem4 ,footnote #ebd3 ,see ,diels1 8,emp$okles und ,gorgias0 7,b]l4 ,sitzb41 #ahhd1 pp4 #cdc sqq474 ,! olde/ au?ority = say+ t ,gorgias 0 a disciple ( ,emp$okles is ,satyros ap4 ,diog4 viii4 #eh 7,r4 ,p4 #afb72 b he seems to h d]iv$ 8 in=mation f ,alkidamas1 :o 0 ! disciple ( ,gorgias himself4 ,9 ,plato's ,m5o 7#gf c #d-h7 ! ,emp$oklean !ory ( effluvia & pores is ascrib$ to ,gorgias4 ,footnote #ebe3 ,diels 7,b]l4 ,sitzb41 #ahhd1 p4 #cdc74 ,footnote #ebf3 ,see ,m4 ,wellmann1 ,fragm5tsammlung d] grie*is*5 rtzte1 vol4 i4 7,b]l91 #aija74 ,accord+ to ,wellmann1 bo? ,plato 79 ! ,timaeus7 & ,diokles ( ,k>y/os dep5d ^u ,phili/ion4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ! hi/ory ( philosophy f ?is po9t onw>ds )\t keep+ ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e con/antly 9 view4 ,footnote #ebg3 ,= ! f\r elem5ts1 cf4 ,anon4 ,lond4 xx4 #be 7,m5on's ,iatrika71 ' 1 ' 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 4 ,= ! !ory ( respiration1 see ,wellmann1 pp4 #hb sqq42 & = ! he>t z ! seat ( consci\sness1 ib4 pp4 #ae sqq4 ,footnote #ebh3 ,hippokr4 1 c #a1 4 ,! :ole passage %\ld be read4 ,cf4 ,wellmann1 p4 #bi n4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation to pr$ecessors4 #ajb4 ,9 ! biography ( ,emp$okles1 we he> v little ( 8 !ory ( nature4 ,! only h9ts we get are "s /atem5ts ab\t 8 tea*]s4 ,alkidamas1 :o _h good opportunities ( kn[+1 made him a fell[-/ud5t ( ,z5o "u ,p>m5ides4 ,t is bo? possible & likely4 ,!ophra/os too made him a foll[] & imitator ( ,p>m5ides4 ,b ! fur!r /atem5t t he _h 8he>d0 ,py?agoras _c be "r4 ,probably ,alkidamas said 8,py?agoreans40#ebi ,footnote #ebi3 ,diog4 viii4 #ed-ef 7,r4 ,p4 #afb74 ,"s writ]s hold t c]ta9 p>ts ( ! sy/em ( ,emp$okles1 9 p>ticul> ! !ory ( pores & effluvia 7 #aah71 :i* d n seem to foll[ v naturally f 8 own pr9ciples1 7 due to ! influ5ce ( ,leukippos4#ecj ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n necess>ily ! case4 ,we "k t ,alkmaion 7 #if7 spoke ( 8pores0 9 connexion ) s5sation1 & x may equally well be f him t ,emp$okles got ! !ory4 ,x may be add$ t ?is is m 9 accordance ) ! hi/ory ( c]ta9 o!r physiological views :i* are common to ,alkmaion & ! lat] ,ionian philosoph]s4 ,we c g5]ally see t ^? rea*$ ,ionia ?r\gh ! m$ical s*ool :i* ,emp$okles f\nd$4#eca ,footnote #ecj3 ,diels1 ,v]h&l4 d4 #ce ,philolog5v]samml4 pp4 #ajd sqq41 ,zell]1 p4 #gfg4 ,x w\ld be fatal to ! ma9 !sis ( ! next few *apt]s if x c\ld be prov$ t ,emp$okles 0 influ5c$ by ,leukippos4 ,i hope to %[ t ,leukippos 0 influ5c$ by ! lat] ,py?agorean doctr9e 7,*ap4 ,,ix4 #aga71 :i* 0 9 turn affect$ by ,emp$okles 7,*ap4 ,,vii4 #adg74 ,footnote #eca3 ,= 9 ,alkmaion1 cf4 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,an4 1 #f4 #gdd a #h2 ,!ophr4 de s5s4 #bf2 & = ! way 9 :i* 8 embryological & o!r views 7 transmitt$ ?r\gh ,emp$okles to ! ,ionian physici/s1 cf4 ,fr$ri*1 ,hippokratis*e ,unt]su*ung51 pp4 #abf sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,dea?4 #ajc4 ,we are told t ,emp$okles leapt into ! crat] ( ,etna t he might be deem$ a god4 ,?is appe>s to be a malici\s v]sion#ecb ( a tale set on foot by 8 adh]5ts t he _h be5 snat*$ up to heav5 9 ! night4#ecc ,bo? /ories w\ld easily get accept$2 = !re 0 no local tradition4 ,emp$okles did n die 9 ,sicily1 b 9 ! ,peloponnese1 or1 p]haps1 at ,?\rioi4 ,he _h gone to ,olympia to h 8 religi\s poem recit$ to ! ,hell5es2 8 enemies 7 able to prev5t 8 return1 & he 0 se5 9 ,sicily no m4#ecd ,footnote #ecb3 ,r4 ,p4 #afb h4 ,! /ory is always told ) a ho/ile purpose4 ,footnote #ecc3 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 ,?is 0 ! /ory told by ,h]akleides ( ,pontos1 at ! end ( 8 romance ab\t ! 4 ,footnote #ecd3 ,timaios took ! tr\ble to refute ! common /ories at "s l5g? 7,diog4 viii4 #ga sqq42 ,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,he 0 q positive t ,emp$okles nev] return$ to ,sicily4 ,no?+ c be m likely ?an t1 :5 w&]+ z an exile 9 ! ,peloponnese1 he %\ld h seiz$ ! opportunity ( jo9+ ! colony at ,?\rioi1 :i* 0 a h>b\r = _m ( ! 8sophi/s0 ( ?is "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,writ+s4 #ajd4 ,emp$okles 0 ! second philosoph] to exp\nd 8 sy/em 9 v]se1 if we leave ! satiri/ ,x5ophanes out ( acc\nt4 ,he 0 also ! la/ among ! ,greeks2 = ! =g$ ,py?agorean poems may be neglect$4#ece ,lucretius imitates ,emp$okles 9 ?is1 j z ,emp$okles imitat$ ,p>m5ides4 ,( c\rse1 ! poetical imag]y creates a difficulty = ! int]pret]2 b x w\ld be wrong to make too mu* ( x4 ,x _c be said t x is h>d] to extract ! philosophical k]nel f ! v]ses ( ,emp$okles ?an f ! prose ( ,h]akleitos4 ,footnote #ece3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,iv4 #he4 ,!re is "s div]g5ce ( op9ion z to ! poetical m]it ( ,emp$okles4 ,! panegyric ( ,lucretius is well kn[n4#ecf ,ari/otle says 9 "o place t ,emp$okles & ,hom] h no?+ 9 common b ! metre2 9 ano!r1 t ,emp$okles 0 8mo/ ,hom]ic40#ecg ,to my m9d1 !re c be no "q t he 0 a g5u9e poet1 f> m s ?an ,p>m5ides4 ,no "o d\bts n[adays t ,lucretius 0 "o1 & ,emp$okles really resembles him v closely4 ,footnote #ecf3 ,lucr4 i4 #gaf sqq4 ,footnote #ecg3 ,poet4 #a4 #addg b #ah2 cf4 ,diog4 viii4 #eg 7,r4 ,p4 #afb i74 ,sid5ote3 ,! rema9s4 #aje4 ,we h m abundant rema9s ( ,emp$okles ?an ( any o!r e>ly ,greek philosoph]4 ,if we may tru/ our manuscripts ( ,diog5es & ( ,s\idas1 ! libr>ians ( ,alex&ria e/imat$ ! ,poem on ,nature & ! ,purifications toge!r z #ejjj v]ses1 ( :i* ab\t #bjjj belong$ to ! =m] "w4#ech ,diels gives ab\t #cej v]ses & p>ts ( v]ses f ! cosmological poem1 or n a fif? ( ! :ole4 ,x is important to rememb] t1 ev5 9 ?is fav\rable in/ance1 s mu* has be5 lo/4 ,besides ! two poems1 ! ,alex&rian s*ol>s possess$ a prose "w ( #fjj l9es on m$ic9e ascrib$ to ,emp$okles4 ,! trag$ies & o!r poems :i* 7 sometimes attribut$ to him seem really to belong to a y\ng] writ] ( ! same "n1 :o is said by ,s\idas to h be5 8 gr&son4#eci ,footnote #ech3 ,diog4 viii4 #gg 7,r4 ,p4 #afb72 ,s\idas s4v4 ' 1 4 ,x h>dly seems likely1 h[ev]1 t ! ext5d$ to #cjjj v]ses1 s ,diels proposes to read = 9 ,diog5es4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t !re is no bett] au?ority ?an ,tzetzes = divid+ ! into ?ree books4 ,see ,diels1 8b] die ,g$i*te des ,emp$okles0 7,b]l4 ,sitzb41 #ahih1 pp4 #cif sqq474 ,footnote #eci3 ,hi]onymos ( ,rhodes decl>$ 7,diog4 viii4 #eh7 t he _h met ) =ty-?ree ( ^! trag$ies2 b see ,/e91 pp4 #e sqq4 ,! poem on ! ,p]sian ,w>s1 :i* ,hi]onymos also ref]s to 7,diog4 viii4 #eg71 seems to h aris5 f an old corruption 9 ! text ( ,ari/4 ,probl4 #ibi b #af1 :]e ,bekk] /ill reads 4 ,! same passage1 h[ev]1 is said to occur 1 9 ,meteor4 1 #d4 #chb a #a1 ?\gh !re too ,e reads 4 ,i give ! rema9s z !y are arrang$ by ,diels3-- 7#a7 ,& d ?\ give e>1 ,pausanias1 son ( ,an*itos ! wise6 7#b7 ,= /rait5$ are ! p[]s t are spread ov] _! bodily p>ts1 & _m are ! woes t bur/ 9 on !m & blunt ! edge ( _! c>eful ?\ghts6 ,!y behold b a brief span ( a life t is no life1#edj &1 doom$ to swift dea?1 are borne up & fly (f l smoke4 ,ea* is conv9c$ ( t alone :i* he _h *anc$ ^u z he is #e hurri$ to & fro1 & idly boa/s he has f\nd ! :ole4 ,s h>dly c ^! ?+s be se5 by ! eyes or he>d by ! e>s ( m51 s h>dly grasp$ by _! m9d6 ,?\1#eda !n1 s9ce ?\ ha/ f\nd ?y way hi!r1 %alt le>n no m ?an mortal m9d ha? p[]4 ,r4 ,p4 #afc4 7#c7 444 to keep )9 ?y dumb he>t4 7#d7 ,b1 ,o ye gods1 turn aside f my tongue ! madness ( ^? m54#edb ,hall[ my lips & make a pure /ream fl[ f !m6 ,& !e1 mu*-woo$1 :ite-arm$ ,virg9 ,muse1 d ,i besee* t ,i may he> :at is lawful = ! *ildr5 ( a day6 ,spe$ me on my way f ! abode ( #e ,hol9ess & drive my will+ c>6 ,!e %all no g>l&s ( glory & hon\r at ! h&s ( mortals con/ra9 to lift !m f ! gr\nd1 on condition ( speak+ 9 ?y pride beyond t :i* is lawful & "r1 & s to ga9 a seat ^u ! heights ( wisdom4 ,g to n[1 consid] ) all ?y p[]s 9 :at way ea* ?+ is cle>4 ,hold n ?y sight 9 great] cr$it z #aj comp>$ ) ?y he>+1 nor value ?y res\nd+ e> above ! cle> in/ructions ( ?y tongue2#edc & d n )hold ?y confid5ce 9 any ( ?y o!r bodily p>ts by :i* !re is an op5+ = und]/&+1#edd b consid] ev]y?+ 9 ! way x is cle>4 ,r4 ,p4 #afc4 7#e7 ,b x is ev] ! way ( l[ m9ds to disbelieve _! bett]s4 ,d ?\ le>n z ! sure te/imonies ( my ,muse bid !e1 divid+ ! argum5t 9 ?y he>t4#ede 7#f7 ,he> fir/ ! f\r roots ( all ?+s3 %9+ ,zeus1 life-br++ ,h]a1 ,aidoneus1 & ,ne/is ^: te>-drops are a well-spr+ to mortals4 ,r4 ,p4 #afd4edf 7#g7 444 uncreat$4 7#h7 ,& ,i %all tell !e ano!r ?+4 ,!re is no com+ into be+ ( aught t p]i%es1 nor any end = x 9 baneful dea?2 b only m+l+ & *ange ( :at has be5 m+l$4 ,com+ into be+ is b a "n giv5 to ^! by m54 ,r4 ,p4 #afe4 7#i7 ,b1 :5 ! elem5ts h be5 m+l$ 9 ! fa%ion ( a man & come to ! light ( day1 or 9 ! fa%ion ( ! race ( wild bea/s or plants or birds1 !n m5 say t ^! come into be+2 & :5 !y are sep>at$1 !y call t woeful dea?4 ,!y call x n aright2 b ,i too foll[ #e ! cu/om1 & call x s myself4 7#aj7 ,av5g+ dea?4 7#aa1 #ab7 ,fools6--= !y h no f>-rea*+ ?\ghts--:o deem t :at be=e 0 n comes into be+1 or t aught c p]i% & be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,= x _c be t aught c arise f :at 9 no way is1 & x is impossible & unhe>d ( t :at is %\ld p]i%2 = x #e w always be1 :]ev] "o may keep putt+ x4 ,r4 ,p4 #afe a4 7#ac7 ,& 9 ! ,all !re is naught empty & naught too full4 7#ad7 ,9 ! ,all !re is naught empty4 ,:5ce1 !n1 c\ld aught come to increase x8 7#ae7 ,a man :o is wise 9 su* matt]s w\ld nev] surmise 9 8 he>t t z long z mortals live :at !y call _! life1 s long !y are1 & suff] good & ill2 :ile be=e !y 7 =m$ & aft] !y h be5 dissolv$ !y are j no?+ at all4 ,r4 ,p4 #afe a4 7#af7 ,= ( a tru? !y 7,/rife & ,love7 7 a=etime & %all be2 nor ev]1 me?9ks1 w b\ndless "t be empti$ ( t pair4 ,r4 ,p4 #aff c4 7#ag7 ,i %all tell !e a tw(old tale4 ,at "o "t x grew to be "o only out ( _m2 at ano!r1 x divid$ up to be _m in/ead ( "o4 ,!re is a d\ble becom+ ( p]i%able ?+s & a d\ble pass+ away4 ,! com+ toge!r ( all ?+s br+s "o g5]ation into be+ & de/roys x2 ! o!r gr[s up & is scatt]$ z ?+s become #e divid$4 ,& ^! ?+s nev] cease cont9ually *ang+ places1 at "o "t all unit+ 9 "o ?r\gh ,love1 at ano!r ea* borne 9 diff]5t directions by ! repulsion ( ,/rife4 ,?us1 z f> z x is _! nature to gr[ into "o out ( _m1 & to become _m once m :5 ! "o is p>t$ #aj asund]1 s f> !y come into be+ & _! life abides n4 ,b1 inasmu* z !y nev] cease *ang+ _! places cont9ually1 s f> !y are ev] immovable z !y g r\nd ! circle ( exi/5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b come1 he>k5 to my words1 = x is le>n+ t increase? wisdom4 ,z ,i said be=e1 :5 ,i decl>$ ! #ae heads ( my disc\rse1 ,i %all tell !e a tw(old tale4 ,at "o "t x grew toge!r to be "o only out ( _m1 at ano!r x p>t$ asund] s z to be _m in/ead ( "o2--,fire & ,wat] & ,e>? & ! mighty height ( ,air2 dread ,/rife1 too1 ap>t f ^!1 ( equal weight to ea*1 & ,love among !m1 equal 9 l5g? & bread?4 #bj ,h] d ?\ contemplate ) ?y m9d1 nor sit ) daz$ eyes4 ,x is %e t is kn[n z be+ implant$ 9 ! frame ( mortals4 ,x is %e t makes !m h ?\ghts ( love & "w ! works ( peace4 ,!y call h] by ! names ( ,joy & ,aphrodite4 ,h] has no mortal yet m>k$ mov+ #be r\nd among !m1#edg b d ?\ att5d to ! undeceitful ord]+ ( my disc\rse4 ,= all ^! are equal & alike 9 age1 yet ea* has a diff]5t pr]ogative & its own peculi> nature4 ,& no?+ #cj comes into be+ besides ^!1 nor d !y pass away2 =1 if !y _h be5 pass+ away cont9ually1 !y w\ld n be n[1 & :at c\ld increase ?is ,all & :5ce c\ld x come8 ,h[1 too1 c\ld x p]i%1 s9ce no place is empty ( ^! ?+s8 ,!y are :at !y are2 b1 runn+ ?r\gh "o ano!r1 !y become n[ ?is1 n[ t1#edh & l ?+s #ce ev]more4 ,r4 ,p4 #aff4 7#ah7 ,love4 7#ai7 ,cl++ ,love4 7#bj7 ,?is 7! conte/ ( ,love & ,/rife7 is manife/ 9 ! mass ( mortal limbs4 ,at "o "t all ! limbs t are ! body's portion are br\ght toge!r by ,love 9 bloom+ life's high season2 at ano!r1 sev]$ by cruel ,/rife1 !y w&] #e ea* alone by ! break]s ( life's sea4 ,x is ! same ) plants & ! fi% t make _! homes 9 ! wat]s1 ) ! bea/s t h _! lairs on ! hills & ! seabirds t sail on w+s4 ,r4 ,p4 #agc d4 7#ba7 ,come n[1 look at ! ?+s t be> witness to my e>li] disc\rse1 if s be t !re 0 any %ortcom+ z to _! =m 9 ! e>li] li/4 ,behold ! sun1 ev]y:]e bright & w>m1 & all ! immortal ?+s t are ba!d 9 heat & bright radiance4#edi ,behold ! ra91 ev]y:]e d>k #e & cold2 & f ! e>? issue =? ?+s close-press$ & solid4 ,:5 !y are 9 /rife all ^! are diff]5t 9 =m & sep>at$2 b !y come toge!r 9 love1 & are desir$ by "o ano!r4 ,= out ( ^! h sprung all ?+s t 7 & are & %all be--trees & m5 & wom51 bea/s & birds #aj & ! fi%es t dwell 9 ! wat]s1 yea1 & ! gods t live long lives & are exalt$ 9 hon\r4 ,r4 ,p4 #aff i4 ,= ^! ?+s are :at !y are2 b1 runn+ ?r\gh "o ano!r1 !y take diff]5t %apes--s mu* does mixture *ange !m4 ,r4 ,p4 #aff g4 7#bb7 ,= all ( ^!--sun1 e>?1 sky1 & sea--are at "o ) all _! p>ts t are ca/ f> & wide f !m 9 mortal ?+s4 ,& ev5 s all ?+s t are m adapt$ = mixture are l to "o ano!r & unit$ 9 love by ,aphrodite4 ,^? ?+s1 aga91 t diff] mo/ 9 orig91 #e mixture & ! =ms impr9t$ on ea*1 are mo/ ho/ile1 be+ altoge!r unaccu/om$ to unite & v sorry by ! bidd+ ( ,/rife1 s9ce x ha? wr\ght _! bir?4 7#bc7 ,j z :5 pa9t]s are elaborat+ temple-(f]+s1 m5 :om wisdom ha? well taught _! art1--!y1 :5 !y h tak5 pigm5ts ( _m col\rs ) _! h&s1 mix !m 9 due proportion1 m ( "s & less ( o!rs1 & f !m produce %apes l unto all ?+s1 mak+ trees #e & m5 & wom51 bea/s & birds & fi%es t dwell 9 ! wat]s1 yea1 & gods1 t live long lives1 & are exalt$ 9 hon\r1--s let n ! error prevail ov] ?y m9d1#eej t !re is any o!r s\rce ( all ! p]i%able creatures t appe> 9 c\ntless numb]s4 ,"k ?is = sure1 = ?\ #aj ha/ he>d ! tale f a goddess4#eea 7#bd7 ,/epp+ f summit to summit1 n to travel only "o pa? to ! end4444 7#be7 ,:at is "r may well be said ev5 twice4 7#bf7 ,= !y prevail 9 turn z ! circle comes r\nd1 & pass into "o ano!r1 & gr[ great 9 _! appo9t$ turn4 ,r4 ,p4 #aff c4 ,!y are :at !y are2 b1 runn+ ?r\gh "o ano!r1 !y become m5 & ! tribes ( bea/s4 ,at "o "t !y are all br\ght toge!r into "o ord] by ,love2 at ano!r1 #e !y are c>ri$ ea* 9 diff]5t directions by ! repulsion ( ,/rife1 till !y gr[ once m into "o & are :olly subdu$4 ,?us 9 s f> z !y are wont to gr[ into "o out ( _m1 & aga9 divid$ become m ?an "o1 s f> !y come into be+1 & _! life is n la/+2 b 9 #aj s f> z !y nev] cease *ang+ cont9ually1 s f> are !y ev]more1 immovable 9 ! circle4 7#bg7 ,!re are di/+ui%$ nei!r ! swift limbs ( ! sun1 no1 nor ! %aggy e>? 9 its might1 nor ! sea1--s fa/ 0 ! god b\nd 9 ! close cov]+ ( ,h>mony1 sph]ical & r\nd1 rejoic+ 9 8 circul> solitude4#eeb ,r4 ,p4 #afg4 7#bg;a7 ,!re is no discord & no unseemly /rife 9 8 limbs4 7#bh7 ,b he 0 equal on e side & q )\t end1 sph]ical & r\nd1 rejoic+ 9 8 circul> solitude4 7#bi7 ,two bran*es d n spr+ f 8 back1 he has no feet1 no swift knees1 no fruitful p>ts2 b he 0 sph]ical & equal on e side4 7#cj1 #ca7 ,b1 :5 ,/rife 0 gr[n great 9 ! limbs ( ! god & sprang =? to claim 8 pr]ogatives1 9 ! fulness ( ! alt]nate "t set = !m by ! mighty oa?1 444 = all ! limbs ( ! god 9 turn quak$4 ,r4 ,p4 #afg4 7#cb7 ,! jo9t b9ds two ?+s4 7#cc7 ,ev5 z :5 fig juice rivets & b9ds :ite milk4444 7#cd7 ,cem5t+#eec meal ) wat]4444 7#ce1 #cf7 ,b n[ ,i %all retrace my /eps ov] ! pa?s ( song t ,i h travell$ be=e1 draw+ f my say+ a new say+4 ,:5 ,/rife 0 fall5 to ! l[e/ dep? ( ! vortex1 & ,love _h rea*$ to ! c5tre ( ! :irl1 9 x d all ?+s come toge!r s z to be "o only2 n all at once1 #e b com+ toge!r at _! w ea* f diff]5t qu>t]s2 &1 z !y m+l$1 c\ntless tribes ( mortal creatures 7 scatt]$ abroad4 ,yet _m ?+s rema9$ unmix$1 alt]nat+ ) ! ?+s t 7 be+ mix$1 namely1 all t ,/rife n fall5 yet reta9$2 = x _h n yet altoge!r retir$ #aj p]fectly f !m to ! out]mo/ b\nd>ies ( ! circle4 ,"s ( x /ill rema9$ )91 & "s _h pass$ out f ! limbs ( ! ,all4 ,b 9 proportion z x kept ru%+ out1 a s(t1 immortal /ream ( blameless ,love kept runn+ 91 & /raightway ^? ?+s became mortal :i* _h be5 immortal be=e1 ^? ?+s 7 mix$ t _h be5 #ae unmix$1 ea* *ang+ its pa?4 ,&1 z !y m+l$1 c\ntless tribes ( mortal creatures 7 scatt]$ abroad end[$ ) all mann] ( =ms1 a wond] to behold4 ,r4 ,p4 #afi4 99 99 99 99 99 7#cg7 ,e>? increases its own mass1 & ,air swells ! bulk ( ,air4 7#ch7 ,come1 ,i %all n[ tell !e fir/ ( all ! beg9n+ ( ! sun1#eed & ! s\rces f :i* h sprung all ! ?+s we n[ behold1 ! e>? & ! bill[y sea1 ! damp vap\r & ! ,titan air t b9ds 8 circle fa/ r\nd all ?+s4 ,r4 ,p4 #agj a4 7#ci7 ,if ! dep?s ( ! e>? & ! va/ air 7 inf9ite1 a fooli% say+ :i* has be5 va9ly dropp$ f ! lips ( _m mortals1 ?\gh !y h se5 b a little ( ! ,all4444#eee ,r4 ,p4 #ajc b4 7#dj7 ,! %>p-d>t+ sun & ! g5tle moon4 7#da7 ,b 7! sunlight7 is ga!r$ toge!r & circles r\nd ! mighty heav5s4 7#db7 ,& %e cuts (f 8 rays z he goes above h]1 & ca/s a %ad[ on z mu* ( ! e>? z is ! bread? ( ! pale-fac$ moon4#eef 7#dc7 ,ev5 s ! sunbeam1 hav+ /ruck ! broad & mighty circle ( ! moon1 returns at once1 runn+ s z to rea* ! sky4 7#dd7 ,x fla%es back to ,olympos ) untr\bl$ c\nt5ance4 ,r4 ,p4 #agj c4 7#de1 #df7 ,!re circles r\nd ! e>? a r\nd borr[$ light1 z ! nave ( ! :eel circles r\nd ! fur!/ 7goal74 7#dg7 ,= %e gazes at ! sacr$ circle ( ! lordly sun opposite4 7#dh7 ,x is ! e>? t makes night by com+ be=e ! lights4 7#di7 444 ( solit>y1 bl9d-ey$ night4 7#ej7 ,& ,iris br+e? w9d or mighty ra9 f ! sea4 7#ea7 7,fire7 swiftly ru%+ upw>ds4444 7#eb7 ,& _m fires burn b5ea? ! e>?4 ,r4 ,p4 #aga a4 7#ec7 ,= s z x ran1 x met !m at t "t1 ?\gh (t5 o!rwise4 ,r4 ,p4 #aga a4 7#ed7 ,b ! air sank d[n ^u ! e>? ) its long roots4 ,r4 ,p4 #aga a4 7#ee7 ,sea ! sweat ( ! e>?4 ,r4 ,p4 #agj b4 7#ef7 ,salt 0 solidifi$ by ! impact ( ! sun's beams4 7#eg7 ,on x 7! e>?7 _m heads sprung up )\t necks & arms w&]$ b>e & b]eft ( %\ld]s4 ,eyes /ray$ up & d[n 9 want ( =eheads4 ,r4 ,p4 #agc a4 7#eh7 ,solit>y limbs w&]$ seek+ = union4 7#ei7 ,b1 z div9ity 0 m+l$ /ill fur!r ) div9ity1 ^! ?+s jo9$ toge!r z ea* might *ance1 & _m o!r ?+s besides !m cont9ually arose4 7#fj7 ,%ambl+ creatures ) c\ntless h&s4 7#fa7 ,_m creatures ) faces & brea/s look+ 9 diff]5t directions 7 born2 "s1 (fspr+ ( ox5 ) faces ( m51 :ile o!rs1 aga91 arose z (fspr+ ( m5 ) ! heads ( ox51 & creatures 9 :om ! nature ( wom5 & m5 0 m+l$1 furni%$ ) /]ile#eeg p>ts4 #e ,r4 ,p4 #agc b4 7#fb7 ,come n[1 he> h[ ! ,fire z x 0 sep>at$ caus$ ! night-born %oots ( m5 & te>ful wom5 to arise2 = my tale is n (f ! po9t nor un9=m$4 ,:ole-natur$ =ms fir/ arose f ! e>?1 hav+ a portion bo? ( wat] & fire4#eeh ,^! did ! fire1 desir\s ( #e rea*+ its l1 s5d up1 %[+ z yet nei!r ! *>m+ =m ( wom5's limbs1 nor yet ! voice & p>ts t are prop] to m54 ,r4 ,p4 #agc c4 7#fc7 444 ,b ! sub/ance ( 7! *ild's7 limbs is divid$ betwe5 !m1 "p ( x 9 m5's & "p 9 wom5's 7body74 7#fd7 ,& ^u him came desire rem9d+ him ?r\gh sight4 7#fe7 444 ,& x 0 p\r$ out 9 ! pure p>ts2 & :5 x met ) cold wom5 arose f x4 7#ff7 ,! divid$ mead[s ( ,aphrodite4 7#fg7 ,= 9 its w>m] "p ! womb br+s =? males1 & t is :y m5 are d>k & m manly & %aggy4 7#fh7 ,on ! t5? day ( ! eigh? mon? ! :ite putrefaction arises4#eei 7#fi7 ,d\ble be>+4#efj 7#gj7 ,%eepsk94#efa 7#ga7 ,b if ?y assurance ( ^! ?+s 0 9 any way defici5t z to h[1 out ( ,wat] & ,e>? & ,air & ,fire m+l$ toge!r1 arose ! =ms & col\rs ( all ^? mortal ?+s t h be5 fitt$ toge!r by ,aphrodite1 & s are n[ come into be+4444 #e 7#gb7 ,h[ tall trees & ! fi%es 9 ! sea4444 7#gc7 ,& ev5 z at t "t ,kypris1 prep>+ w>m?1#efb aft] %e _h moi/5$ ! ,e>? 9 wat]1 gave x to swift fire to h>d5 x4444 ,r4 ,p4 #aga4 7#gd7 ,lead+ ! songless tribe ( f]tile fi%4 7#ge7 ,all ( ^? :i* are d5se )9 & r>e )\t1 hav+ receiv$ a moi/ure ( ?is k9d at ! h&s ( ,kypris4444 7#gf7 ,?is ?\ maye/ see 9 ! heavy-back$ %ell-fi% t dwell 9 ! sea1 9 sea-snails & ! /ony-sk9n$ turtles4 ,9 !m ?\ maye/ see t ! e>?y "p dwells on ! upp]mo/ surface4 7#gg-gh7 ,x is ! air t makes ev]gre5 trees fl\ri% ) abundance ( fruit ! :ole ye> r\nd4 7#gi7 ,& s fir/ ( all tall olive trees be> eggs4444 7#hj7 ,:]e=e pomegranates are late-born & apples succul5t4 7#ha7 ,w9e is ! wat] f ! b>k1 putrefi$ 9 ! wood4 7#hb7 ,hair & leaves1 & ?ick fea!rs ( birds1 & ! scales t gr[ on mighty limbs1 are ! same ?+4 7#hc7 ,b ! hair ( h$gehogs is %>p-po9t$ & bri/les on _! backs4 7#hd7 ,& ev5 z :5 a man ?9k+ to sally =? ?r\gh a /ormy night1 gets him ready a lant]n1 a flame ( blaz+ fire1 fa/5+ to x horn plates to keep out all mann] ( w9ds1 & !y scatt] ! bla/ ( ! w9ds t bl[1 b ! light leap+ out ?r\gh !m1 %9es across ! ?re%old #e ) unfail+ beams1 z mu* ( x z is f9]2#efc ev5 s did %e 7,love7 !n entrap ! elem5tal fire1 ! r\nd pupil1 conf9$ )9 membranes & delicate tissues1 :i* are pi]c$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) wondr\s passages4 ,!y keep out ! deep wat] t surr\nds ! pupil1 b !y #aj let ?r\gh ! fire1 z mu* ( x z is f9]4 ,r4 ,p4 #agg b4 7#he7 ,b ! g5tle flame 7( ! eye7 has b a scanty portion ( e>?4 7#hf7 ,out ( ^! div9e ,aphrodite fa%ion$ unwe>y+ eyes4 7#hg7 ,aphrodite fitt+ ^! toge!r ) rivets ( love4 7#hh7 ,"o vision is produc$ by bo? ! eyes4 7#hi7 ,"k t efflu5ces fl[ f all ?+s t h come into be+4 ,r4 ,p4 #aff h4 7#ij7 ,s sweet lays hold ( sweet1 & bitt] ru%es to bitt]2 acid comes to acid1 & w>m c\ples ) w>m4 7#ia7 ,wat] fits bett] into w9e1 b x w n 7m+le7 ) oil4 ,r4 ,p4 #aff h4 7#ib7 ,brass mix$ ) t94 7#ic7 ,! b]ry ( ! blue eld] is m+l$ ) sc>let4 7#id7 ,& ! black col\r at ! bottom ( a riv] arises f ! %ad[4 ,! same is se5 9 holl[ caves4 7#ie7 ,s9ce !y 7! eyes7 fir/ grew toge!r 9 ! h&s ( ,kypris4 7#if7 ,! k9dly e>? receiv$ 9 its broad funnels two p>ts ( gleam+ ,ne/is out ( ! eight1 & f\r ( ,hephai/os4 ,s arose :ite bones div9ely fitt$ toge!r by ! cem5t ( proportion4 ,r4 ,p4 #age4 7#ig7 ,! sp9e 70 brok574 7#ih7 ,& ! e>?1 an*or+ 9 ! p]fect h>b\rs ( ,aphrodite1 meets ) ^! 9 ne>ly equal proportions1 ) ,hephai/os & ,wat] & gleam+ ,air--ei!r a little m ( x1 or less ( !m & m ( x4 ,f ^! did blood arise & ! manifold =ms ( fle%4 ,r4 ,p4 #age c4 7#ii7 ,! bell 444 ! fle%y spr\t 7( ! e>74#efd 7#ajj7 ,?us#efe d all ?+s draw brea? & brea! x out aga94 ,all h bloodless tubes ( fle% ext5d$ ov] ! surface ( _! bodies2 & at ! m\?s ( ^! ! out]mo/ surface ( ! sk9 is p]=at$ all ov] ) pores closely pack$ toge!r1 s z to keep 9 ! blood :ile a free #e passage is cut = ! air to pass ?r\gh4 ,!n1 :5 ! ?9 blood rec$es f ^!1 ! bubbl+ air ru%es 9 ) an impetu\s surge2 & :5 ! blood runs back x is brea!d out aga94 ,j z :5 a girl1 play+ ) a wat]-clock ( %9+ brass1 puts ! orifice ( ! pipe ^u #aj h] comely h&1 & dips ! wat]-clock into ! yield+ mass ( silv]y wat]1--! /ream does n !n fl[ into ! vessel1 b ! bulk ( ! air inside1 press+ ^u ! close-pack$ p]=ations1 keeps x out till %e uncov]s ! compress$ /ream2 b !n air escapes & an equal volume #ae ( wat] runs 91--j 9 ! same way1 :5 wat] occupies ! dep?s ( ! braz5 vessel & ! op5+ & passage is /opp$ up by ! human h&1 ! air outside1 /riv+ to get 91 holds ! wat] back at ! gates ( ! ill-s\nd+ neck1 press+ ^u its surface1 till %e lets g ) h] h&4 #bj ,!n1 on ! contr>y1 j 9 ! opposite way to :at happ5$ be=e1 ! w9d ru%es 9 & an equal volume ( wat] runs out to make room4#eff ,ev5 s1 :5 ! ?9 blood t surges ?r\gh ! limbs ru%es backw>ds to ! int]ior1 /raightway ! /ream ( air comes 9 ) a ru%+ swell2 #be b :5 ! blood returns ! air brea!s out aga9 9 equal quantity4 7#aja7 7,! dog7 ) its no/rils track+ out ! fragm5ts ( ! bea/'s limbs1 & ! brea? f _! feet t !y leave 9 ! s(t grass4#efg 7#ajb7 ,?us all ?+s h _! %>e ( brea? & smell4 7#ajc1 #ajd7 ,?us h all ?+s ?\ght by =tune's w4444 ,& inasmu* z ! r>e/ ?+s came toge!r 9 _! fall4 7#aje7 7,! he>t71 dwell+ 9 ! sea ( blood t runs 9 opposite directions1 :]e *iefly is :at m5 call ?\ght2 = ! blood r\nd ! he>t is ! ?\ght ( m54 ,r4 ,p4 #agh a4 7#ajf7 ,= ! wisdom ( m5 gr[s accord+ to :at is be=e !m4 ,r4 ,p4 #agg4 7#ajg7 ,= out ( ^! are all ?+s =m$ & fitt$ toge!r1 & by ^! d m5 ?9k & feel pleasure & pa94 ,r4 ,p4 #agh4 7#ajh7 ,& j s f> z !y gr[ to be diff]5t1 s f> d diff]5t ?\ghts ev] pres5t !mselves to _! m9ds 79 dreams74#efh ,r4 ,p4 #agg a4 7#aji7 ,= x is ) e>? t we see ,e>?1 & ,wat] ) wat]2 by air we see bright ,air1 by fire de/roy+ ,fire4 ,by love d we see ,love1 & ,hate by griev\s hate4 ,r4 ,p4 #agf4 7#aaj7 ,= if1 support$ on ?y /eadfa/ m9d1 ?\ wilt contemplate ^! ?+s ) good int5t & faultless c>e1 !n %alt ?\ h all ^! ?+s 9 abundance ?r\gh\t ?y life1 & ?\ %alt ga9 _m o!rs f !m4 ,= ^! ?+s gr[ ( !mselves into ?y he>t1 :]e is ea* #e man's true nature4 ,b if ?\ /rive/ aft] ?+s ( ano!r k9d1 z is ! way ) m51 t5 ?\s& woes await !e to blunt ?y c>eful ?\ghts4 ,soon w ^! ?+s des]t !e :5 ! "t comes r\nd2 = !y long to return once m to _! own k9d2 = "k t all ?+s h #aj wisdom & a %>e ( ?\ght4 7#aaa7 ,& ?\ %alt le>n all ! drugs t are a def5ce aga9/ ills & old age2 s9ce = !e alone w ,i accompli% all ?is4 ,?\ %alt arre/ ! viol5ce ( ! we>iless w9ds t arise & sweep ! e>?2 & aga91 :5 ?\ s desire/1 ?\ %alt br+ back _! bla/s ) a ru%4 ,?\ #e %alt cause = m5 a seasonable dr\ght aft] ! d>k ra9s1 & aga9 ?\ %alt *ange ! summ] dr\ght = /reams t fe$ ! trees z !y p\r d[n f ! sky4 ,?\ %alt br+ back f ,hades ! life ( a dead man4 ,footnote #edj3 ,! ,,mss4 ( ,sextus h 4 ,diels reads 4 ,i /ill pref] ,scalig]'s 4 ,cf4 fr4 #ae1 4 ,footnote #eda3 ,! p]son "h address$ is /ill ,pausanias1 & ! speak] ,emp$okles4 ,cf4 fr4 #aaa4 ,footnote #edb3 ,no d\bt ma9ly ,p>m5ides4 ,footnote #edc3 ,! s5se ( ta/e1 n spee*4 ,footnote #edd3 ,zell] 9 8 e>li] editions reta9$ ! full /op aft] 1 ?us gett+ almo/ ! opposite s5se3 8,)hold all confid5ce 9 ?y bodily s5ses02 b he admits 9 8 fif? edition 7p4 #hjd1 n4 #b7 t ! context is 9 fav\r ( ,/e91 :o put only a comma at & took closely ) 4 ,s too ,diels4 ,! p>aphrase giv5 by ,sextus 7,r4 ,p4 ib47 is sub/antially "r4 ,footnote #ede3 ,!re is no difficulty 9 ! ,,ms4 if we take z 8disc\rse10 8argum5t0 7cf4 74 ,diels conjectures 1 r5d]+ 8:5 _! words h pass$ ?r\gh ! sieve ( ?y m9d40 ,nor does x seem to me necess>y to read = 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,footnote #edf3 ,! f\r elem5ts are introduc$ "u my?ological names1 = :i* see bel[1 p4 #bfd1 n4 #ehc4 ,diels is cle>ly "r 9 remov+ ! comma aft] 1 & r5d]+ ,ne/is quae lacrimis suis laticem fundit mortalibus de/9atum4 ,footnote #edg3 ,read+ 4 ,i /ill ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,knatz's palaeographically admirable conjuncture 7i4e4 among ! elem5ts7 des]ves consid]ation4 ,footnote #edh3 ,keep+ ) ,diels4 ,footnote #edi3 ,read+ ' ' ) ,diels4 ,= ! ^w 1 cf4 frs4 #fb1 #e2 #gc1 #b4 ,! ref]5ce is to ! moon1 etc41 :i* are made ( solidifi$ ,air1 & receive _! light f ! fi]y hemisph]e4 ,see bel[1 #aac4 ,footnote #eej3 ,read+ ) ,blass 7,jahrb4 f4 kl4 ,phil41 #ahhc1 p4 #ai73 ' 444 ,cf4 ,hesy*ios3 4 ,?is is practically :at ! ,,mss4 ( ,simplicius give1 & ,hesy*ios has _m ,emp$oklean glosses4 ,footnote #eea3 ,! 8goddess0 is1 ( c\rse1 ! ,muse4 ,cf4 fr4 #e4 ,footnote #eeb3 ,! ^w 1 if x is "r1 _c mean 8re/10 b only solitude4 ,!re is no reason = alt]+ 1 ?\gh ,simplicius has 4 ,footnote #eec3 ,! mascul9e %[s t ! subject _c h be5 2 & ,k>/5 0 d\btless "r 9 believ+ t ,emp$okles introduc$ ! simile ( a bak] "h4 ,x is 9 8 mann] to take illu/rations f human arts4 ,footnote #eed3 ,! ,,mss4 ( ,clem5t h & ! read+ is a m]e make%ift4 ,diels reads ' 1 8! fir/ 7elem5ts7 equal 9 age40 ,footnote #eee3 ,! l9es are ref]r$ to ,x5ophanes by ,ari/otle1 :o quotes !m de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bid a #ba4 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 p4 #acg4 ,footnote #eef3 ,i h translat$ ,diels's conjecture 1 ' 4 ,! ,,mss4 h & 4 ,footnote #eeg3 ,read+ ) ,diels1 ,h]mes1 xv4 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #eeh3 ,reta9+ 7i4e4 71 :i* is read 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ,simplicius4 ,cf4 above1 p4 #bdc1 n4 #edi4 ,footnote #eei3 ,t ,emp$okles reg>d$ milk z putrefi$ blood is /at$ by ,ari/otle 7de ,g54 ,an4 1 #h4 #ggg a #g74 ,! ^w means pus4 ,!re may be a punn+ allusion to 1 8bee/+s10 b t has its v[el long4 ,footnote #efj3 ,said ( wom5 9 ref]5ce to bir?s 9 ! sev5? & n9? mon?s4 ,footnote #efa3 ,( ! membrane r\nd ! ftus4 ,footnote #efb3 ,read+ ) ,diels4 ,footnote #efc3 ,see ,be>e1 p4 #af1 n4 #a1 :]e ,plato1 ,tim4 #de b #d 7 1 71 is aptly quot$4 ,alex&] ad loc4 und]/&s to mean ' 1 :i* seems improbable4 ,footnote #efd3 ,on fr4 #ii1 see ,be>e1 p4 #if1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #efe3 ,?is passage is quot$ by ,ari/otle 7de ,respir1 #dgc b #i71 :o makes ! curi\s mi/ake ( tak+ = ! g5itive ( in/ead ( 4 ,! locus classicus on ! subject ( ! klepsydra is ,probl4 #iad b #i sqq4 7:]e read = 1 b #ab74 ,! klepsydra 0 a metal vessel ) a n>r[ neck 77 at ! top & ) a sort ( /ra9] 77 pi]c$ ) holes 71 7 at ! bottom4 ,! passage 9 ! ,problems j ref]r$ to attributes ?is !ory ( ! ph5om5on to ,anaxagoras1 & we %all see lat] t he also made use ( a simil> exp]im5t 7 #aca74 ,footnote #eff3 ,?is seems to be ! exp]im5t describ$ 9 ,probl4 #iad b #bf1 7 7 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 ' 4 ,! epi!t appli$ to is be/ expla9$ z a ref]5ce to ! or 8bel*+0 ref]r$ to at #iae a #g z accompany+ ! dis*>ge ( wat] ?r\gh ! 4 ,any "o c produce ?is effect ) a wat]-bottle4 ,if x 7 n = ?is epi!t1 x w\ld be tempt+ to read = 4 ,/urz conjectur$ ?is1 & x is actually ! read+ ( a few ,,mss4 ,footnote #efg3 ,on fr4 #aja1 see ,be>e1 p4 #ace1 n4 #b4 ,footnote #efh3 ,t ! ref]5ce is to dreams1 we le>n f ,simpl4 de ,an4 p4 #bjb1 #cj4 ,,purifications 7#aab7 ,fri5ds1 t inhabit ! great t[n look+ d[n on ! yell[ rock ( ,akragas1 up by ! citadel1 busy 9 goodly works1 h>b\rs ( hon\r = ! /rang]1 m5 unskill$ 9 meanness1 all hail4 ,i g ab\t among y an immortal god1 no mortal n[1 hon\r$ among all z is meet1 cr[n$ ) fillets & #e fl[]y g>l&s4 ,/raightway1 :5ev] ,i ent] ) ^! 9 my tra91 bo? m5 & wom51 into ! fl\ri%+ t[ns1 is rev]5ce done me2 !y g aft] me 9 c\ntless ?rongs1 ask+ ( me :at is ! way to ga92 "s desir+ oracles1 :ile "s1 :o = _m a we>y day h be5 pi]c$ #aj by ! griev\s pangs ( all mann] ( sickness1 beg to he> f me ! ^w ( heal+4 ,r4 ,p4 #afb f4 7#aac7 ,b :y d ,i h>p on ^! ?+s1 z if x 7 any great matt] t ,i %\ld surpass mortal1 p]i%able m58 7#aad7 ,fri5ds1 ,i "k inde$ t tru? is 9 ! words ,i %all utt]1 b x is h>d = m51 & jeal\s are !y ( ! assault ( belief on _! s\ls4 7#aae7 ,!re is an oracle ( ,necessity1#efi an anci5t ord9ance ( ! gods1 et]nal & seal$ fa/ by broad oa?s1 t :5ev] "o ( ! dmons1 ^: portion is l5g? ( days1 has s9fully pollut$ 8 h&s ) blood1#egj or foll[$ /rife & #e =sworn himself1 he mu/ w&] ?rice t5 ?\s& ye>s f ! abodes ( ! bless$1 be+ born ?r\gh\t ! "t 9 all mann]s ( mortal =ms1 *ang+ "o toilsome pa? ( life = ano!r4 ,= ! mighty ,air drives him into ! ,sea1 & ! ,sea spews him =? on ! dry ,e>?2 ,e>? tosses him into ! beams ( ! blaz+ ,sun1 & he #aj fl+s him back to ! eddies ( ,air4 ,"o takes him f ! o!r1 & all reject him4 ,"o ( ^! ,i n[ am1 an exile & a w&]] f ! gods1 = t ,i put my tru/ 9 ins5sate /rife4 ,r4 ,p4 #aha4 7#aaf7 ,*>is loa!s intol]able ,necessity4 7#aag7 ,= ,i h be5 ere n[ a boy & a girl1 a bu% & a bird & a dumb fi% 9 ! sea4 ,r4 ,p4 #ahb4 7#aah7 ,i wept & ,i wail$ :5 ,i saw ! unfamili> l&4 ,r4 ,p4 #ahb4 7#aai7 ,f :at hon\r1 f :at a height ( bliss h ,i fall5 to g ab\t among mortals "h on e>?4 7#abj7 ,we h come "u ?is ro($-9 cave4#ega 7#aba7 444 ! joyless l&1 :]e are ,dea? & ,wra? & troops ( ,dooms besides2 & p>*+ ,plagues & ,rott5nesses & ,floods roam 9 d>kness ov] ! mead[ ( ,ate4 7#abb1 #abc7 ,!re 7#egb ,*?onie & f>-sight$ ,heliope1 bloody ,discord & g5tle-visag$ ,h>mony1 ,kalli/o & ,ais*re1 ,spe$ & ,t>ry+1 lovely ,tru? & d>k-hair$ ,unc]ta9ty1 ,bir? & ,decay1 ,sleep & ,wak+1 ,movem5t & ,immobility1 cr[n$ ,maje/y & ,meanness1 ,sil5ce & ,voice4 #e ,r4 ,p4 #ahb a4 7#abd7 ,alas1 ,o wret*$ race ( mortals1 twice unbless$3 su* are ! /rifes & groan+s f :i* ye h be5 born6 7#abe7 ,f liv+ creatures he made !m dead1 *ang+ _! =ms4 7#abf7 7,! goddess7 clo?+ !m ) a /range g>m5t ( fle%4#egc 7#abg7 ,among bea/s !y#egd become lions t make _! lair on ! hills & _! c\* on ! gr\nd2 & laurels among trees ) goodly foliage4 ,r4 ,p4 #aha b4 7#abh7 ,nor _h !y#ege any ,ares = a god nor ,kydoimos1 no nor ,k+ ,zeus nor ,kronos nor ,poseidon1 b ,kypris ! ,que54444 ,h] did !y propitiate ) holy gifts1 ) pa9t$ figures#egf & p]fumes ( cunn+ fragrancy1 ) (f]+s ( pure myrrh & sweet-smell+ frank9c5se1 ca/+ on ! #e gr\nd libations ( br[n honey4 ,& ! alt> did n reek ) pure bull's blood1 b ?is 0 held 9 ! greate/ abom9ation among m51 to eat ! goodly limbs aft] te>+ out ! life4 ,r4 ,p4 #ahd4 7#abi7 ,& !re 0 among !m a man ( r>e k1 mo/ skill$ 9 all mann] ( wise works1 a man :o _h won ! utmo/ weal? ( wisdom2 = :5soev] he /ra9$ ) all 8 m9d1 he easily saw ev]y?+ ( all ! ?+s t are1 9 t51 yea1 tw5ty lifetimes ( m54#egg #e 7#acj7 ,= all ?+s 7 tame & g5tle to man1 bo? bea/s & birds1 & fri5dly feel+s 7 k9dl$ ev]y:]e4 ,r4 ,p4 #ahd a4 7#aca7 ,if ev]1 z reg>ds ! ?+s ( a day1 immortal ,muse1 ?\ did/ deign to take ?\ght = my endeav\r1 !n /& by me once m z ,i pray to !e1 ,o ,kalliopeia1 z ,i utt] a pure disc\rse conc]n+ ! bless$ gods4 ,r4 ,p4 #agi4 7#acb7 ,bless$ is ! man :o has ga9$ ! ri*es ( div9e wisdom2 wret*$ he :o has a dim op9ion ( ! gods 9 8 he>t4 ,r4 ,p4 #agi4 7#acc7 ,x is n possible = u to set ,god be=e our eyes1 or to lay hold ( him ) our h&s1 :i* is ! broade/ way ( p]suasion t leads into ! he>t ( man4 7#acd7 ,= he is n furni%$ ) a human head on 8 body1 two bran*es d n spr\t f 8 %\ld]s1 he has no feet1 no swift knees1 nor hairy p>ts2 b he is only a sacr$ & unutt]able m9d fla%+ ?r\gh ! :ole _w ) rapid ?\ghts4 ,r4 ,p4 #ahj4 7#ace7 ,?is is n lawful = "s & unlawful = o!rs2 b ! law = all ext5ds ev]y:]e1 ?r\gh ! wide-rul+ air & ! inf9ite light ( heav54 ,r4 ,p4 #ahc4 7#acf7 ,w ye n cease f ?is ill-s\nd+ slaught]8 ,see ye n t ye are dev\r+ "o ano!r 9 ! ?\ghtlessness ( y\r he>ts8 ,r4 ,p4 #ahd b4 7#acg7 ,& ! fa!r lifts up 8 own son 9 a *ang$ =m & slays him ) a pray]4 ,infatuat$ fool6 ,& !y run up to ! sacrifices1 begg+ m]cy1 :ile he1 deaf to _! cries1 slaught]s !m 9 8 halls & gets ready ! evil fea/4 ,9 l mann] does ! son seize 8 fa!r1 & *ildr5 _! #e "m1 te> out _! life & eat ! k9dr$ fle%4 ,r4 ,p4 #ahd b4 7#ach7 ,dra9+ _! life ) bronze4 7#aci7 ,ah1 woe is me t ! pitiless day ( dea? did n de/roy me ere ev] ,i wr\ght evil de$s ( dev\r+ ) my lips6 ,r4 ,p4 #ahd b4 7#adj7 ,ab/a9 :olly f laurel leaves4 7#ada7 ,wret*es1 utt] wret*es1 keep y\r h&s f beans6 7#adb7 ,him w ! ro($ palace ( aigis-be>+ ,zeus nev] rejoice1 nor yet ! h\se (4444 7#adc7 ,wa% y\r h&s1 cutt+ ! wat] f ! five spr+s 9 ! unyield+ bronze4#egh ,r4 ,p4 #ahd c4 7#add7 ,fa/ f wick$ness6 ,r4 ,p4 #ahd c4 7#ade7 ,!re=e are ye di/raught by griev\s wick$nesses1 & w n unburd5 y\r s\ls ( wret*$ sorr[s4 7#adf1 #adg7 ,b1 at ! la/1 !y appe> among mortal m5 z prophets1 song-writ]s1 physicians1 & pr9ces2 & !nce !y rise up z gods exalt$ 9 hon\r1 %>+ ! he>? ( ! o!r gods & ! same table1 free f human woes1 safe f de/9y1 & incapable ( hurt4 #e ,r4 ,p4 #aha c4 7#adh7 444 ,e>? t envelops ! man4 ,footnote #efi3 ,b]nays conjectur$ 1 8decree10 = 1 b ?is is n necess>y4 ,necessity is an ,orphic p]sonage1 & ,gorgias1 ! disciple ( ,emp$okles1 says 7,hel4 #f74 ,footnote #egj3 ,i reta9 9 v4 #c 7s too ,diels74 ,! fir/ ^w ( v4 #d has be5 lo/4 ,diels sugge/s 1 :i* may well be "r1 & takes z equival5t to 4 ,i h translat$ accord+ly4 ,footnote #ega3 ,accord+ to ,porphyry1 :o quotes ?is l9e 7de ,antro ,nymph4 #h71 ^! words 7 spok5 by ! 8p[]s0 :o conduct ! s\l into ! _w 7 74 ,! 8cave0 is n orig9ally ,platonic b ,orphic4 ,footnote #egb3 ,?is passage is closely modell$ on ! ,catalogue ( ,nymphs 9 ,iliad xviii4 #ci sqq4 ,*?onie is f\nd already 9 ,ph]ekydes 7,diog4 i4 #aai74 ,footnote #egc3 ,i h reta9$ z ne>] ! ,,mss41 ?\gh a little h>d to int]pret4 ,on ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,orphic *iton 9 gno/ic imag]y see ,b]nays1 ,!ophr4 ,s*r4 n4 #i4 ,x 0 id5tifi$ ) ! coat ( sk9s made by ,god = ,adam4 ,footnote #egd3 ,?is is ! be/ 7,ael4 ,nat4 an4 xii4 #g74 ,footnote #ege3 ,! dwell]s 9 ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,footnote #egf3 ,! ,,mss4 ( ,porphyry h 1 :i* is accept$ by ,zell] & ,diels4 ,! em5dation ( ,b]nays 7adopt$ 9 ,r4 ,p47 does n conv9ce me4 ,i v5ture to sugge/ 1 on ! /r5g? ( ! /ory relat$ by ,favor9us 7ap4 ,diog4 viii4 #ec7 z to ! bloodless sacrifice (f]$ by ,emp$okles at ,olympia4 ,footnote #egg3 ,^! l9es 7 already ref]r$ to ,py?agoras by ,timaios 7,diog4 viii4 #ed74 ,z we are told 7,diog4 ib47 t "s ref]r$ ! v]ses to ,p>m5ides1 x is cle> t no "n 0 giv54 ,footnote #egh3 ,on frs4 #ach & #adc see ,vahl5 on ,ari/4 ,poet4 #ba4 #aedg b #ac1 & ,diels 9 ,h]mes1 xv4 p4 #agc4 ,sid5ote3 ,emp$okles & ,p>m5ides4 #ajf4 ,at ! v outset ( 8 poem1 ,emp$okles is c>eful to m>k ! diff]5ce betwe5 himself & previ\s inquir]s4 ,he speaks angrily ( ^? :o1 ?\gh _! exp]i5ce 0 only p>tial1 pr(ess$ to h f\nd ! :ole 7fr4 #b72 he ev5 calls ?is 8madness0 7fr4 #d74 ,no d\bt he is ?9k+ ( ,p>m5ides4 ,8 own position is n1 h[ev]1 sceptical4 ,he only deprecates ! attempt to con/ruct a !ory ( ! univ]se (f-h& in/ead ( try+ to und]/& ea* ?+ we come across 89 ! way 9 :i* x is cle>0 7fr4 #d74 ,& ?is means t we mu/ n1 l ,p>m5ides1 reject ! assi/ance ( ! s5ses4 ,weak ?\gh !y are 7fr4 #b71 !y are ! only *annels ?r\gh :i* k c ent] our m9ds at all4 ,we soon discov]1 h[ev]1 t ,emp$okles is n v m9dful ( 8 own w>n+s4 ,he too sets up a sy/em :i* is to expla9 ev]y?+1 ?\gh t sy/em is no long] a moni/ic "o4 ,x is (t5 said t ?is sy/em 0 an attempt to m$iate betwe5 ,p>m5ides & ,h]akleitos4 ,x is n easy1 h[ev]1 to f9d any trace ( specially ,h]akleitean doctr9e 9 x1 & x w\ld be tru] to say t x aim$ at m$iat+ betwe5 ,eleaticism & ! s5ses4 ,he repeats1 almo/ 9 ! same words1 ! ,eleatic argum5t = ! sole reality & inde/ructibility ( 8:at is0 7frs4 #aa-ae72 & 8 idea ( ! 8,sph]e0 seems to be d]iv$ f ! ,p>m5idean description ( ! univ]se z x truly is4#egi ,p>m5ides _h held t ! reality :i* und]lies ! illusory _w pres5t$ to u by ! s5ses 0 a corporeal1 sph]ical1 cont9u\s1 et]nal1 & immovable pl5um1 & x is f ?is t ,emp$okles />ts4 ,giv5 ! sph]e ( ,p>m5ides1 he seems to h said1 ,h[ are we to get f x to ! _w we "k8 ,h[ are we to introduce motion into ! immovable pl5um8 ,n[ ,p>m5ides ne$ n h d5i$ ! possibility ( motion )9 ! ,sph]e1 ?\gh he 0 b\nd to d5y all motion ( ! ,sph]e itself2 b su* an admission on 8 "p1 _h he made x1 w\ld n h s]v$ to expla9 any?+4 ,if any "p ( ! ,sph]e 7 to move1 ! room ( ! displac$ matt] mu/ at once be tak5 by o!r matt]1 = !re is no empty space4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld be ( precisely ! same k9d z ! matt] x _h displac$2 = all 8t is0 is "o4 ,! result ( ! motion w\ld be precisely ! same z t ( re/2 x c\ld acc\nt = no *ange4 ,b1 ,emp$okles mu/ h ask$1 is ?is assumption ( p]fect homog5eity 9 ! ,sph]e really necess>y8 ,evid5tly n2 x is simply ! old unreason$ feel+ t exi/5ce mu/ be "o4 ,if1 in/ead ( ?is1 we 7 to assume a numb] ( exi/5t ?+s1 x w\ld be q possible to apply all t ,p>m5ides says ( reality to ea* ( !m1 & ! =ms ( exi/5ce we "k might be expla9$ by ! m+l+ & sep>ation ( ^? realities4 ,! conception ( 8elem5ts0 771 to use a lat] t]m1#ehj 0 f\nd1 & ! requir$ =mula foll[s at once4 ,s f> z conc]ns p>ticul> ?+s1 x is true1 z our s5ses tell u1 t !y come into be+ & pass away2 b1 if we h reg>d to ! ultimate elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 we %all say ) ,p>m5ides t 8:at is0 is uncreat$ & inde/ructible 7fr4 #ag74 ,footnote #egi3 ,cf4 ,emp4 frs4 #bg1 #bh1 ) ,p>m4 fr4 #h4 ,footnote #ehj3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! t]m see ,diels1 ,elem5tum4 ,eudemos said 7ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #g1 #ac7 t ,plato 0 ! fir/ to use x1 & ?is is confirm$ by ! way ! ^w is introduc$ 9 ,?t4 #bja e4 ,! orig9al t]m 0 or 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! 8f\r roots40 #ajg4 ,! 8f\r roots0 ( all ?+s 7fr4 #f7 :i* ,emp$okles assum$ 7 ^? t h become traditional--,fire1 ,air1 ,e>?1 & ,wat]4 ,x is to be notic$1 h[ev]1 t he does n call ,air 1 b 1 & ?is mu/ be because he wi%$ to avoid any confusion ) :at _h hi!rto be5 meant by ! =m] ^w4 ,he _h1 9 fact1 made ! great discov]y t atmosph]ic air is a di/9ct corporeal sub/ance1 & is n to be id5tifi$ ) empty space on ! "o h& or r>efi$ mi/ on ! o!r4 ,wat] is n liquid air1 b some?+ q diff]5t4#eha ,?is tru? ,emp$okles demon/rat$ by means ( ! app>atus kn[n z ! klepsydra1 & we /ill possess ! v]ses 9 :i* he appli$ 8 discov]y to ! explanation ( respiration & ! motion ( ! blood 7fr4 #ajj74 ,ari/otle laughs at ^? :o try to %[ !re is no empty space by %utt+ up air 9 wat]-clocks & tortur+ w9esk9s4 ,!y only prove1 he says1 t air is a ?+4#ehb ,t1 h[ev]1 is exactly :at ,emp$okles int5d$ to prove1 & x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important discov]ies 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,x w be conv5i5t = u to translate ! ( ,emp$okles by 8air02 b we mu/ be c>eful 9 t case n to r5d] ! ^w 9 ! same way4 ,anaxagoras seems to h be5 ! fir/ to use x ( atmosph]ic air4 ,footnote #eha3 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,i4 #bg4 ,footnote #ehb3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #f1 #bac a #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #aei74 ,ari/otle only m5tions ,anaxagoras by "n 9 ?is passage2 b he speaks 9 ! plural1 & we "k f fr4 #ajj t ! klepsydra exp]im5t 0 us$ by ,emp$okles4 ,emp$okles also call$ ! 8f\r roots0 by ! names ( c]ta9 div9ities--8%9+ ,zeus1 life-br++ ,h]a1 ,aidoneus1 & ,ne/is0 7fr4 #f7--?\gh !re is "s d\bt z to h[ ^! names are to be apportion$ among ! elem5ts4 ,ne/is is said to h be5 a ,sicilian wat]-goddess1 & ! description ( h] %[s t %e /&s = ,wat]2 b !re is a conflict ( op9ion z to ! o!r ?ree4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 ne$ n deta9 u4#ehc ,we are already prep>$ to f9d t ,emp$okles call$ ! elem5ts gods2 = all ! e>ly ?9k]s _h spok5 9 ?is way ( :atev] !y reg>d$ z ! prim>y sub/ance4 ,we mu/ only rememb] t ! ^w is n us$ 9 its religi\s s5se4 ,emp$okles did n pray or sacrifice to ! elem5ts1 & ! use ( div9e names is 9 ! ma9 an accid5t ( ! poetical =m 9 :i* he ca/ 8 sy/em4 ,footnote #ehc3 ,9 antiquity ! ,hom]ic ,allegori/s made ,h]a ,e>? & ,aidoneus ,air1 a view :i* has f\nd its way into ,aetios f ,poseidonios4 ,x arose z foll[s4 ,! ,hom]ic ,allegori/s 7 n int]e/$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ,emp$okles1 & did n see t 8 0 q a diff]5t ?+ f ,hom]'s 4 ,n[ ?is is ! d>k elem5t1 & night is a =m ( x1 s x w\ld naturally be id5tifi$ ) ,aidoneus4 ,aga91 ,emp$okles calls ,h]a 1 & t is an old epi!t ( ,e>? 9 ,hom]4 ,ano!r view curr5t 9 antiquity id5tifi$ ,h]a ) ,air1 :i* is ! !ory ( ,plato's ,cratylus1 & ,aidoneus ) ,e>?4 ,! ,hom]ic ,allegori/s fur!r id5tifi$ ,zeus ) ,fire1 a view to :i* !y 7 d\btless l$ by ! use ( ! ^w 4 ,n[ c]ta9ly means ,fire 9 ,anaxagoras1 z we %all see1 b !re is no d\bt t 9 ,emp$okles x meant ,air4 ,x seems likely1 !n1 t ,knatz is "r 78,emp$oclea0 9 ,s*$ae ,philologicae ,h]manno ,us5]o oblatae1 #ahia1 pp4 #a sqq47 9 hold+ t ! bright ,air ( ,emp$okles 0 ,zeus4 ,?is leaves ,aidoneus to /& = ,fire2 & no?+ c\ld h be5 m natural = a ,sicilian poet1 ) ! volcanoes & hot spr+s ( 8 native isl& 9 m9d1 ?an ?is id5tification4 ,he ref]s to ! fires t burn b5ea? ! ,e>? himself 7fr4 #eb74 ,if t is s1 we %all h to agree ) ! ,hom]ic ,allegori/s t ,h]a is ,e>?2 & !re is c]ta9ly no improbability 9 t4 ,emp$okles reg>d$ ! 8roots ( all ?+s0 z et]nal4 ,no?+ c come f no?+ or pass away into no?+ 7fr4 #ab72 :at is is1 & !re is no room = com+ into be+ & pass+ away 7fr4 #h74 ,fur!r1 ,ari/otle tells u1 he taught t !y 7 un*angeable4#ehd ,?is ,emp$okles express$ by say+ t 8!y are :at !y are0 7frs4 #ag1 #cd2 #ba1 #ac71 & are 8always alike40 ,aga91 !y are all 8equal10 a /atem5t :i* seem$ /range to ,ari/otle1#ehe b 0 q intelligible 9 ! days ( ,emp$okles4 ,above all1 ! elem5ts are ultimate4 ,all o!r bodies1 z ,ari/otle puts x1 might be divid$ till y came to ! elem5ts2 b ,emp$okles c\ld give no fur!r acc\nt ( ^! )\t say+ 7z he did n7 t !re is an elem5t ( :i* ,fire & ! re/ are 9 turn compos$4#ehf ,footnote #ehd3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #a4 #cbi b #a4 ,footnote #ehe3 ,ibid4 1 #f4 #ccc a #af4 ,footnote #ehf3 ,ibid4 1 #h4 #cbe b #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #afd e74 ,?is 0 s completely misund]/ood by lat] writ]s t !y actually attribute to ,emp$okles ! doctr9e ( 7,aet4 #a4 #ac1 #a2 #ag1 #c74 ,! criticism ( ! ,py?agoreans & ,plato _h made ! hypo!sis ( elem5ts almo/ un9telligible to ,ari/otle1 & a =tiori to 8 successors4 ,z ,plato put x 7,tim4 #dh b #h71 !y 7 8n ev5 syllables10 let alone 8lett]s0 774 ,t is :y ,ari/otle1 :o d]iv$ !m f some?+ m prim>y1 calls !m 7,diels1 ,elem5tum1 p4 #be74 ,! 8f\r roots0 are giv5 z an exhau/ive enum]ation ( ! elem5ts 7fr4 #bc sub f9472 = !y acc\nt = all ! qualities pres5t$ by ! _w to ! s5ses4 ,:5 we f9d1 z we d1 t ! s*ool ( m$ic9e :i* reg>d$ ,emp$okles z its f\nd] id5tifi$ ! f\r elem5ts ) ! 8opposites10 ! hot & ! cold1 ! moi/ & ! dry1 :i* =m$ ! !oretical f\ndation ( its sy/em1 we see at once h[ ! !ory is relat$ to previ\s views ( reality4#ehg ,to put x %ortly1 :at ,emp$okles did 0 to take ! opposites ( ,anaxim&] & to decl>e t !y 7 8?+s10 ea* ( :i* 0 real 9 ! ,p>m5idean s5se4 ,we mu/ rememb] t ! conception ( quality _h n yet be5 =m$4 ,anaxim&] _h no d\bt reg>d$ 8 8opposites0 z ?+s2 ?\gh1 be=e ! "t ( ,p>m5ides1 no "o _h fully realis$ h[ mu* 0 impli$ 9 say+ t any?+ is a ?+4 ,t is ! /age we h n[ rea*$4 ,!re is /ill no conception ( quality1 b !re is a cle> appreh5sion ( :at is involv$ 9 say+ t a ?+ is4 ,footnote #ehg3 ,we "k f ,m5on t ,phili/ion put ! matt] 9 ?is way4 ,see p4 #bce1 n4 #ebg4 ,ari/otle twice#ehh makes ! /atem5t t1 ?\gh ,emp$okles assumes f\r elem5ts1 he treats !m z two1 oppos+ ,fire to all ! re/4 ,?is1 he says1 we c see = ourselves f 8 poem4 ,s f> z ! g5]al !ory ( ! elem5ts goes1 x is impossible to see any?+ ( ! sort2 b1 :5 we come to ! orig9 ( ! _w 7 #aab71 we %all f9d t ,fire c]ta9ly plays a lead+ "p1 & ?is may be :at ,ari/otle meant4 ,x is also true t 9 ! biology 7 #aad-aaf7 ,fire fulfils a unique function1 :ile ! o!r ?ree act m or less 9 ! same way4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t x has no pre-em95ce ov] ! re/3 all are equal4 ,footnote #ehh3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ihe a #ca2 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #c4 #ccj b #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #afd e74 ,sid5ote3 ,/rife & ,love4 #ajh4 ,! ,eleatic criticism _h made x necess>y = subsequ5t ?9k]s to expla9 motion4#ehi ,emp$okles />ts1 z we h se51 f an orig9al /ate ( ! 8f\r roots10 :i* only diff]s f ! ,sph]e ( ,p>m5ides 9 s f> z x is a mixture1 n a homog5e\s & cont9u\s mass4 ,! fact t x is a mixture makes *ange & motion possible2 b1 7 !re no?+ outside ! ,sph]e :i* c\ld ent] 91 l ! ,py?agorean 8,air10 to sep>ate ! f\r elem5ts1 no?+ c\ld ev] arise f x4 ,emp$okles accord+ly assum$ ! exi/5ce ( su* a sub/ance1 & he gave x ! "n ( ,/rife4 ,b ! effect ( ?is w\ld be to sep>ate all ! elem5ts 9 ! ,sph]e completely1 & !n no?+ m c\ld possibly happ52 some?+ else 0 ne$$ to br+ ! elem5ts toge!r aga94 ,?is ,emp$okles f\nd 9 ,love1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! same impulse to union t is implant$ 9 human bodies 7fr4 #ag1 #bb sqq474 ,he looks at x1 9 fact1 f a purely physiological po9t ( view1 z 0 natural = ! f\nd] ( a m$ical s*ool4 ,no mortal _h yet m>k$1 he says1 t ! v same ,love :i* m5 "k 9 _! bodies _h a place among ! elem5ts4 ,footnote #ehi3 ,cf4 ,introd4 ,,viii4 ,x is important to obs]ve t ! ,love & ,/rife ( ,emp$okles are no incorporeal =ces1 b corporeal elem5ts l ! o!r f\r4 ,at ! "t1 ?is 0 inevitable2 no?+ incorporeal _h yet be5 dreamt (4 ,naturally1 ,ari/otle is puzzl$ by ?is *>act]i/ic ( :at he reg>d$ z effici5t causes4 8,! ,love ( ,emp$okles10 he says#eij 8is bo? an effici5t cause1 = x br+s ?+s toge!r1 & a mat]ial cause1 = x is a "p ( ! mixture40 ,& ,!ophra/os express$ ! same idea by say+#eia t ,emp$okles sometimes gave an effici5t p[] to ,love & ,/rife1 & sometimes put !m on a level ) ! o!r f\r4 ,! v]ses ( ,emp$okles himself leave no room = d\bt t ! two 7 ?\ght ( z spatial & corporeal4 ,all ! six are call$ 8equal40 ,love is said to be 8equal 9 l5g? & bread?0 to ! o!rs1 & ,/rife is describ$ z equal to ea* ( !m 9 weight 7fr4 #ag74 ,footnote #eij3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #aj4 #ajge b #c4 ,footnote #eia3 ,!ophr4 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #c 7,dox4 p4 #dgg72 ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #be1 #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #aff b74 ,! function ( ,love is to produce union2 t ( ,/rife1 to break x up aga94 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 rightly po9ts out t 9 ano!r s5se x is ,love t divides & ,/rife t unites4 ,:5 ! ,sph]e is brok5 up by ,/rife1 ! result is t all ! ,fire1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 conta9$ 9 x comes toge!r & becomes "o2 & aga91 :5 ! elem5ts are br\ght toge!r once m by ,love1 ! mass ( ea* is divid$4 ,9 ano!r place1 he says t1 :ile ,/rife is assum$ z ! cause ( de/ruction1 & does1 9 fact1 de/roy ! ,sph]e1 x really gives bir? to ev]y?+ else 9 s do+4#eib ,x foll[s t we mu/ c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,love ( ,emp$okles & t 8attraction ( l = l0 to :i* he also attribut$ an important "p 9 ! =mation ( ! _w4 ,! latt] is n an elem5t di/9ct f ! o!rs2 x dep5ds1 we %all see1 on ! prop] nature ( ea* elem5t1 & is only able to take effect :5 ,/rife divides ! ,sph]e4 ,love1 on ! contr>y1 is some?+ t comes f outside & produces an attraction ( unlikes4 ,footnote #eib3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ihe a #ba2 1 #d4 #ajjj a #bd2 b #i 7,r4 ,p4 #aff i74 ,sid5ote3 ,mixture & sep>ation4 #aji4 ,b1 :5 ,/rife has once sep>at$ ! elem5ts1 :at is x t det]m9es ! direction ( _! motion8 ,emp$okles seems to h giv5 no fur!r explanation ?an t ea* 0 8runn+0 9 a c]ta9 direction 7fr4 #ec74 ,plato sev]ely condemns ?is 9 ! ,laws1#eic on ! gr\nd t no room is ?us left = design4 ,ari/otle also blames him = giv+ no acc\nt ( ! ,*ance to :i* he ascrib$ s mu* importance4 ,nor is ! ,necessity1 ( :i* he also spoke1 fur!r expla9$4#eid ,/rife ent]s into ! ,sph]e at a c]ta9 "t 9 virtue ( ,necessity1 or 8! mighty oa?0 7fr4 #cj72 b we are left 9 ! d>k z to ! orig9 ( ?is4 ,footnote #eic3 ,plato1 ,laws1 x4 #hhi b4 ,! ref]5ce is n to ,emp$okles exclusively1 b ! language %[s t ,plato is ?9k+ ma9ly ( him4 ,footnote #eid3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #f4 #ccd a #a2 ,phys4 1 #a4 #beb a #e 7,r4 ,p4 #aff k74 ,! expression us$ by ,emp$okles to describe ! movem5t ( ! elem5ts is t !y 8run ?r\gh ea* o!r0 7fr4 #ag1 #cd74 ,ari/otle tells u#eie t he expla9$ mixture 9 g5]al by 8! symmetry ( pores40 ,& ?is is ! true explanation ( ! 8attraction ( l = l40 ,! 8pores0 ( l bodies are1 ( c\rse1 mu* ! same size1 & ^! bodies c !re=e m+le easily4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a f9] body w 8run ?r\gh0 a co>se "o )\t becom+ mix$1 & a co>se body w n be able to ent] into ! pores ( a f9] "o at all4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 z ,ari/otle says1 ?is really implies some?+ l ! atomic !ory2 b !re is no evid5ce t ,emp$okles himself 0 consci\s ( t4 ,ano!r "q rais$ by ,ari/otle is ev5 m in/ructive4 ,are ! pores1 he asks1 empty or full8 ,if empty1 :at becomes ( ! d5ial ( ! void8 ,if full1 :y ne$ we assume pores at all8#eif ,^! que/ions ,emp$okles w\ld h f\nd x h>d to answ]4 ,!y po9t to a real want ( ?or\ghness 9 8 sy/em1 & m>k x z a m]e /age 9 ! transition f ,monism to ,atomism4 ,footnote #eie3 ,ibid4 1 #h4 #cbd b #cd 7,r4 ,p4 #aff h74 ,footnote #eif3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 #cbf b #f4 ,sid5ote3 ,! f\r p]iods4 #aaj4 ,x w be cle> f all ?is t we mu/ di/+ui% f\r p]iods 9 ! cycle4 ,fir/ we h ! ,sph]e1 9 :i* all ! elem5ts are mix$ toge!r by ,love4 ,secondly1 !re is ! p]iod :5 ,love is pass+ out & ,/rife com+ 91 :51 !re=e1 ! elem5ts are p>tially sep>at$ & p>tially comb9$4 ,?irdly1 comes ! complete sep>ation ( ! elem5ts1 :5 ,love is outside ! _w1 & ,/rife has giv5 free play to ! attraction ( l = l4 ,la/ly1 we h ! p]iod :5 ,love is br++ ! elem5ts toge!r aga91 & ,/rife is pass+ out4 ,?is br+s u back 9 "t to ! ,sph]e1 & ! cycle beg9s afre%4 ,n[ a _w su* z ours c exi/ only 9 ! second & f\r? ( ^! p]iods2 & x is cle> t1 if we are to und]/& ,emp$okles1 we mu/ discov] 9 :i* ( ^! we n[ are4 ,x seems to be g5]ally suppos$ t we are 9 ! f\r? p]iod2#eig ,i hope to %[ t we are really 9 ! second1 t :5 ,/rife is ga9+ ! upp] h&4 ,footnote #eig3 ,?is is ! view ( ,zell] 7pp4 #ghe sqq471 b he admits t ! ext]nal te/imony1 especially t ( ,ari/otle1 is :olly 9 fav\r ( ! o!r4 ,8 difficulty is ) ! fragm5ts1 & if x c be %[n t ^! c be int]pret$ 9 accordance ) ,ari/otle's /atem5ts1 ! "q is settl$4 ,ari/otle 0 specially int]e/$ 9 ,emp$okles1 & 0 n likely to misrepres5t him on su* a po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,our _w ! "w ( ,/rife4 #aaa4 ,t a _w ( p]i%able ?+s arises bo? 9 ! second & f\r? p]iod is di/9ctly /at$ by ,emp$okles 7fr4 #ag71 & x is inconceivable t he himself _h n made up 8 m9d :i* ( ^! worlds is ours4 ,ari/otle is cle>ly ( op9ion t x is ! _w :i* arises :5 ,/rife is increas+4 ,9 "o place1 he says t ,emp$okles 8holds t ! _w is 9 a simil> condition n[ 9 ! p]iod ( ,/rife z =m]ly 9 t ( ,love40#eih ,9 ano!r1 he tell u t ,emp$okles omits ! g5]ation ( ?+s 9 ! p]iod ( ,love1 j because x is unnatural to repres5t ?is _w1 9 :i* ! elem5ts are sep>ate1 z aris+ f ?+s 9 a /ate ( sep>ation4#eii ,?is rem>k c only mean t ! sci5tific !ories conta9$ 9 ! poem ( ,emp$okles assum$ ! increase ( ,/rife1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !y repres5t$ ! c\rse ( evolution z ! dis9tegration ( ! ,sph]e1 n z ! gradual com+ toge!r ( ?+s f a /ate ( sep>ation4#fjj ,t is only :at we %\ld expect1 if we are "r 9 suppos+ t ! problem he set himself to solve 0 ! orig9 ( ?is _w f ! ,sph]e ( ,p>m5ides1 & x is also 9 h>mony ) ! univ]sal t5d5cy ( su* speculations to repres5t ! _w z gett+ worse r ?an bett]4 ,we h only to consid]1 !n1 :e!r ! details ( ! sy/em be> out ?is g5]al view4 ,footnote #eih3 ,ari/ de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #f4 #ccd a #f3 4 ,footnote #eii3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #b4 #cja a #ad3 4 1 78our _w consi/s ( ! elem5ts 9 a /ate ( sep>ation071 ' 4 ,footnote #fjj3 ,x ne$ n mean t ,emp$okles said no?+ ab\t ! _w ( ,love at all2 = he obvi\sly says some?+ ( bo? worlds 9 fr4 #ag4 ,x is en\gh to suppose t1 hav+ describ$ bo? 9 g5]al t]ms1 he w5t on to treat ! _w ( ,/rife 9 detail4 ,sid5ote3 ,=mation ( ! _w by ,/rife4 #aab4 ,to beg9 ) ! ,sph]e1 9 :i* ! 8f\r roots ( all ?+s0 are mix$ toge!r1 we note 9 ! fir/ place t x is call$ a god 9 ! fragm5ts j z ! elem5ts are1 & t ,ari/otle m ?an once ref]s to x 9 ! same way4#fja ,we mu/ rememb] t ,love itself is a "p ( ?is mixture1#fjb :ile ,/rife surr\nds or encompasses x on e side j z ! ,b\ndless encompasses ! _w 9 e>li] sy/ems4 ,/rife1 h[ev]1 is n b\ndless1 b equal 9 bulk to ea* ( ! f\r roots & to ,love4 ,footnote #fja3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #f4 #ccc b #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #afh e72 ,met4 1 #d4 #ajjj a #bi 7,r4 ,p4 #aff i74 ,cf4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aabd1 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #afg b74 ,9 o!r places ,ari/otle speaks ( x z 8! ,"o40 ,cf4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #a4 #cae a #g 7,r4 ,p4 #afh e72 ,met4 1 #d4 #ajjj a #bi 7,r4 ,p4 #aff i72 1 #d4 #ihe a #bh 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,?is1 h[ev]1 involves a slight ,ari/otelian 8developm5t40 ,x is n q ! same ?+ to say1 z ,emp$okles does1 t all ?+s come toge!r 8into "o10 & to say t !y come toge!r 8into ! ,"o40 ,! latt] expression sugge/s t !y lose _! di/9ct & prop] "* 9 ! ,sph]e1 & ?us become some?+ l ,ari/otle's own 8matt]40 ,z has be5 po9t$ out 7p4 #bfe1 n4 #ehf71 x is h>d = ,ari/otle to grasp ! conception ( irr$ucible elem5ts2 b !re c be no d\bt t 9 ! ,sph]e1 z 9 _! sep>ation1 ! elem5ts rema9 8:at !y are0 = ,emp$okles4 ,z ,ari/otle also kn[s q well1 ! ,sph]e is a mixture4 ,comp>e ! difficulties ab\t ! 8,"o0 ( ,anaxim&] discuss$ 9 ,*ap4 ,i4 #ae4 ,footnote #fjb3 ,?is acc\nts = ,ari/otle's /atem5t1 :i* he makes once positively 7,met4 1 #a4 #iif a #g7 & once v d\btfully 7,met4 1 #d4 #ajja a #ab71 t ,love 0 ! sub/ratum ( ! ,"o 9 j ! same s5se z ! ,fire ( ,h]akleitos1 ! ,air ( ,anaxim5es1 or ! ,wat] ( ,?ales4 ,he ?9ks t all ! elem5ts become m]g$ 9 ,love1 & s lose _! id5tity4 ,9 ?is case1 x is 9 ,love he recognises 8 own 8matt]40 ,at ! appo9t$ "t1 ,/rife beg9s to ent] into ! ,sph]e & ,love to g out ( x 7frs4 #cj1 #ca74 ,! fragm5ts by !mselves ?r[ little light on ?is2 b ,aetios & ! ,plut>*ean ,/romateis h betwe5 !m pres]v$ a v fair tradition ( :at ,!ophra/os said on ! po9t4 ,emp$okles held t ,air 0 fir/ sep>at$ out & secondly ,fire4 ,next came ,e>?1 f :i*1 highly compress$ z x 0 by ! impetus ( its revolution1 ,wat] gu%$ =?4 ,f ! wat] ,mi/ 0 produc$ by evaporation4 ,! heav5s 7 =m$ out ( ! ,air & ! sun out ( ! ,fire1 :ile t]re/rial ?+s 7 cond5s$ f ! o!r elem5ts4 ,aet4 ii4 #f4 #c 7,dox4 p4 #ccd2 ,r4 ,p4 #agj74 ,emp$okles held t ! ,air :5 sep>at$ (f f ! orig9al mixture ( ! elem5ts 0 spread r\nd 9 a circle4 ,aft] ! ,air1 ,fire runn+ outw>ds1 & n f9d+ any o!r place1 ran up "u ! solid t surr\nd$ ! ,air4#fjc ,!re 7 two hemisph]es revolv+ r\nd ! e>?1 ! "o altoge!r compos$ ( fire1 ! o!r ( a mixture ( air & a little fire4 ,! latt] he suppos$ to be ! ,night4 ,! orig9 ( _! motion he d]iv$ f ! fact ( fire prepond]at+ 9 "o hemisph]e ow+ to its accumulation !re4 ,ps4-,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #aj 7,dox4 p4 #ehb2 ,r4 ,p4 #agj a74 ,footnote #fjc3 ,= ! phrase cf4 1 i4 #aj1 #a1 4 ,et4 ,m4 s4v4 444 4 ,?is probably comes ultimately f ,anaxim5es4 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #hb1 n4 #afb4 ,! fir/ ( ! elem5ts to be sep>at$ out by ,/rife1 !n1 0 ,air1 :i* took ! out]mo/ position surr\nd+ ! _w 7cf4 fr4 #ch74 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 take ! /atem5t t x surr\nd$ ! _w 89 a circle0 too /rictly4 ,x appe>s t ,emp$okles reg>d$ ! heav5s z %ap$ l an egg4#fjd ,"h1 probably1 we h a trace ( ,orphic ideas4 ,at any rate1 ! out] circle ( ! ,air became solidifi$ or froz51 & we ?us get a cry/all9e vault z ! b\nd>y ( ! _w4 ,we note t x 0 ,fire :i* solidifi$ ! ,air & turn$ x to ice4 ,fire 9 g5]al _h a solidify+ p[]4#fje ,footnote #fjd3 ,aet4 ii4 #ca1 #d 7,dox4 p4 #cfc74 ,footnote #fje3 ,aet4 ii4 #aa1 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #agj c74 ,9 its upw>d ru% ,fire displac$ a portion ( ! ,air 9 ! upp] half ( ! concave sph]e =m$ by ! froz5 sky4 ,?is air !n sunk d[nw>ds1 c>ry+ ) x a small portion ( ! fire4 ,9 ?is way1 two hemisph]es 7 produc$3 "o1 consi/+ entirely ( fire1 ! diurnal hemisph]e2 ! o!r1 ! nocturnal1 consi/+ ( air ) a little fire4 ,! accumulation ( ,fire 9 ! upp] hemisph]e di/urbs ! equilibrium ( ! heav5s & causes !m to revolve2 & ?is revolution n only produces ! alt]nation ( day & night1 b by its rapidity keeps ! heav5s & ! e>? 9 _! places4 ,?is 0 illu/rat$1 ,ari/otle tells u1 by ! simile ( a cup ( wat] :irl$ r\nd at ! end ( a /r+4#fjf ,! v]ses :i* conta9$ ?is rem>kable acc\nt ( s-call$ 8c5trifugal =ce0 h be5 lo/2 b ! exp]im5tal illu/ration is 9 ! mann] ( ,emp$okles4 ,sid5ote3 ,! sun1 moon1 />s1 & e>?4 #aac4 ,x w be obs]v$ t day & night h be5 expla9$ )\t ref]5ce to ! sun4 ,day is produc$ by ! light ( ! fi]y diurnal hemisph]e1 :ile night is ! %ad[ ?r[n by ! e>? :5 ! fi]y hemisph]e is on ! o!r side ( x 7fr4 #dh74 ,:at1 !n1 is ! sun8 ,! ,plut>*ean ,/romateis#fjg aga9 give u ! answ]3 8,! sun is n fire 9 sub/ance1 b a reflexion ( fire l t :i* comes f wat]40 ,plut>* himself makes "o ( 8 p]sonages say3 8,y laugh at ,emp$okles = say+ t ! sun is a product ( ! e>?1 aris+ f ! reflexion ( ! light ( heav51 & once m #8fla%es back to ,olympos ) untr\bl$ c\nt5ance4'0#fjh ,aetios says3#fji 8,emp$okles held t !re 7 two suns3 "o1 ! ar*etype1 ! fire 9 "o hemisph]e ( ! _w1 fill+ ! :ole hemisph]e always /ation$ opposite its own reflexion2 ! o!r1 ! visible sun1 its reflexion 9 ! o!r hemisph]e1 t :i* is fill$ ) air m+l$ ) fire1 produc$ by ! reflexion ( ! e>?1 :i* is r\nd1 on ! cry/all9e sun1 & c>ri$ r\nd by ! motion ( ! fi]y hemisph]e4 ,or1 to sum x up %ortly1 ! sun is a reflexion ( ! t]re/rial fire40 ,footnote #fjf3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bie a #af 7,r4 ,p4 #agj b74 ,! exp]im5t ) 1 :i* 1 rem9ds u ( ! exp]im5t ) ! klepsydra 9 fr4 #ajj4 ,footnote #fjg3 ,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #aj 7,dox4 p4 #ehb1 #aa2 ,r4 ,p4 #agj c74 ,footnote #fjh3 ,plut4 de ,py?4 ,or4 #djj b 7,r4 ,p4 #agj c74 ,we mu/ keep ! ,,ms4 read+ ) ,b]n>dakis & ,diels4 ,! read+ 9 ,r4 ,p4 is a conjecture ( ,wytt5ba*'s2 b cf4 ,aet4 ii4 #bj1 #ac1 quot$ 9 ! next note4 ,footnote #fji3 ,aet4 ii4 #bj1 #ac 7,dox4 p4 #cej71 1 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 1 4 1 4 ,^! passages1 & especially ! la/1 are by no means cle>4 ,! reflexion :i* we call ! sun _c be 9 ! hemisph]e opposite to ! fi]y "o2 = t is ! nocturnal hemisph]e4 ,we mu/ say r t ! light ( ! fi]y hemisph]e is reflect$ by ! e>? on to ! fi]y hemisph]e itself 9 "o conc5trat$ fla%4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! appe>ance :i* we call ! sun is ! same size z ! e>?4 ,we may expla9 ! orig9 ( ?is view z foll[s4 ,x _h j be5 discov]$ t ! moon %one by reflect$ light1 & !re is always a t5d5cy to give any novel !ory a wid] application ?an x really admits (4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 m5 saw reflect$ light ev]y:]e2 ! ,py?agoreans held a v simil> view1 & :5 we come to !m1 we %all see :y ,aetios1 or r 8 s\rce1 expresses x by speak+ ( 8two suns40 ,x 0 probably 9 ?is connexion t ,emp$okles ann\nc$ t light takes "s "t to travel1 ?\gh its spe$ is s great z to escape our p]ception4#faj 8,! moon10 we are told1 80 compos$ ( air cut (f by ! fire2 x 0 froz5 j l hail1 & _h its light f ! sun40 ,x is1 9 o!r words1 a disc ( froz5 air1 ( ! same sub/ance z ! solid sky :i* surr\nds ! heav5s4 ,diog5es says t ,emp$okles taught x 0 small] ?an ! sun1 & ,aetios tells u x 0 only half z di/ant f ! e>?4#faa ,emp$okles did n attempt to expla9 ! fix$ />s by reflect$ light1 nor ev5 ! planets4 ,!y 7 fi]y1 made out ( ! fire :i* ! air c>ri$ ) x :5 =c$ b5ea? ! e>? by ! upw>d ru% ( fire at ! fir/ sep>ation1 z we saw above4 ,! fix$ />s 7 atta*$ to ! froz5 air2 ! planets mov$ freely4#fab ,emp$okles 0 acqua9t$ 7fr4 #db7 ) ! true !ory ( sol> eclipses1 :i*1 along ) t ( ! moon's light1 0 ! great discov]y ( ?is p]iod4 ,he also knew 7fr4 #dh7 t night is ! conical %ad[ ( ! e>?1 & n a sort ( exhalation4 ,w9d 0 expla9$ f ! opposite motions ( ! fi]y & airy hemisph]es4 ,ra9 0 caus$ by ! compression ( ! ,air1 :i* =c$ any wat] !re might be 9 x out ( its pores 9 ! =m ( drops4 ,lightn+ 0 fire =c$ out f ! cl\ds 9 mu* ! same way4#fac ,footnote #faj3 ,ari/4 de ,s5su1 #f4 #ddf a #bh2 de ,an4 1 #g4 #dah b #bj4 ,footnote #faa3 ,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #aj 7,dox4 p4 #ehb1 #ab2 ,r4 ,p4 #agj c72 ,diog4 viii4 #gg2 ,aet4 ii4 #ca1 #a 7cf4 ,dox4 p4 #fc74 ,footnote #fab3 ,aet4 ii4 #ac1 #b & #aa 7,dox4 pp4 #cda sqq474 ,footnote #fac3 ,aet4 iii4 #c1 #g2 ,ari/4 ,meteor4 1 #i4 #cfi b #ab1 ) ,alex&]'s comm5t>y4 ,! e>? 0 at fir/ mix$ ) wat]1 b ! increas+ compression caus$ by ! velocity ( ! _w's revolution made ! wat] gu% =?1 s t ! sea is call$ 8! sweat ( ! e>?10 a phrase to :i* ,ari/otle objects z a m]e poetical metaphor4 ,! saltness ( ! sea 0 expla9$ by ! help ( ?is analogy4#fad ,footnote #fad3 ,ari/4 ,meteor4 1 #c4 #ceg a #bd2 ,aet4 iii4 #af1 #c 7,r4 ,p4 #agj b74 ,cf4 ! cle> ref]5ce 9 ,ari/4 ,meteor4 1 #a4 #cec b #aa4 ,sid5ote3 ,organic comb9ations4 #aad4 ,emp$okles w5t on to %[ h[ ! f\r elem5ts1 m+l$ 9 diff]5t proportions1 gave rise to p]i%able ?+s1 su* z bones1 fle%1 & ! l4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 are ! "w ( ,love2 b ?is 9 no way contradicts ! view tak5 above z to ! p]iod ( evolution to :i* ?is _w belongs4 ,love is by no means bani%$ f ! _w yet1 ?\gh "o day x w be4 ,at pres5t1 x is /ill able to =m comb9ations ( elem5ts2 b1 j because ,/rife is ev] increas+1 !y are all p]i%able4 ,! possibility ( organic comb9ations dep5ds ^u ! fact t !re is /ill wat] 9 ! e>?1 & ev5 fire 7fr4 #eb74 ,! w>m spr+s ( ,sicily 7 a pro( ( ?is1 n to speak ( ,etna4 ,^! spr+s ,emp$okles appe>s to h expla9$ by "o ( 8 *>act]i/ic images1 drawn ?is "t f ! heat+ ( w>m ba?s4#fae ,x w be not$ t 8 similes are ne>ly all drawn f human inv5tions & manufactures4 ,footnote #fae3 ,s5eca1 ,q4 ,nat4 iii4 #bd3 8fac]e solemus dracones et mili>ia et complures =mas 9 quibus a]e t5ui fi/ulas /ruimus p] declive circumdatas1 ut saepe eundem ignem ambi5s aqua p] tantum fluat spatii quantum effici5do calori sat e/4 frigida itaque intrat1 effluit calida4 idem sub t]ra ,emp$ocles exi/imat fi]i40 ,sid5ote3 ,plants4 #aae4 ,plants & animals 7 =m$ f ! f\r elem5ts "u ! influ5ce ( ,love & ,/rife4 ,! fragm5ts :i* deal ) trees & plants are #gg-ha2 & ^!1 tak5 along ) c]ta9 ,ari/otelian /atem5ts & ! doxographical tradition1 enable u to make out pretty fully :at ! !ory 04 ,! text ( ,aetios is v corrupt "h2 b x may1 p]haps1 be r5d]$ z foll[s3-- ,emp$okles says t trees 7 ! fir/ liv+ creatures to gr[ up out ( ! e>?1 be=e ! sun 0 spread out1 & be=e day & night 7 di/+ui%$2 t1 f ! symmetry ( _! mixture1 !y conta9 ! proportion ( male & female2 t !y gr[1 ris+ up ow+ to ! heat :i* is 9 ! e>?1 s t !y are p>ts ( ! e>? j z embryos are p>ts ( ! ut]us2 t fruits are excretions ( ! wat] & fire 9 plants1 & t ^? :i* h a defici5cy ( moi/ure %$ _! leaves :5 t is evaporat$ by ! summ] heat1 :ile ^? :i* h m moi/ure rema9 ev]gre51 z 9 ! case ( ! laurel1 ! olive1 & ! palm2 t ! diff]5ces 9 ta/e are due to v>iations 9 ! p>ticles conta9$ 9 ! e>? & to ! plants draw+ diff]5t p>ticles f x1 z 9 ! case ( v9es2 = x is n ! diff]5ce ( ! v9es t makes w9e good1 b t ( ! soil :i* n\ri%es !m4 ,aet4 v4 #bf1 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #agb74 ,ari/otle f9ds fault ) ,emp$okles = expla9+ ! d\ble gr[? ( plants1 upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 by ! opposite natural motions ( ! e>? & fire conta9$ 9 !m4#faf ,= 8natural motions0 we mu/1 ( c\rse1 sub/itute ! attraction ( l = l 7 #aji74 ,!ophra/os says mu* ! same ?+4#fag ,! gr[? ( plants1 !n1 is to be reg>d$ z an incid5t 9 t sep>ation ( ! elem5ts :i* ,/rife is br++ ab\t4 ,"s ( ! fire :i* is /ill b5ea? ! e>? 7fr4 #eb7 meet+ 9 its upw>d c\rse ) e>?1 /ill moi/ ) wat] & 8runn+0 d[n s z to 8rea* its own k9d10 unites ) x1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,love /ill left 9 ! _w1 to =m a tempor>y comb9ation1 :i* we call a tree or a plant4 ,footnote #faf3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #d4 #dae b #bh4 ,footnote #fag3 ,!ophr4 de causis plant>um1 i4 #ab1 #e4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! pseudo-,ari/otelian ,treatise on ,plants1#fah we are told t ,emp$okles attribut$ desire1 s5sation1 & ! capacity = pleasure & pa9 to plants1 & he rightly saw t ! two sexes are comb9$ 9 !m4 ,?is is m5tion$ by ,aetios1 & discuss$ 9 ! pseudo-,ari/otelian treatise4 ,if we may s f> tru/ t ,byzant9e translation f a ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,arabic1#fai we get a mo/ valuable h9t z to ! reason4 ,plants1 we are !re told1 came into be+ 89 an imp]fect /ate ( ! _w10#fbj 9 fact1 at a "t :5 ,/rife _h n s f> prevail$ z to diff]5tiate ! sexes4 ,we %all see t ! same ?+ applies to ! orig9al race ( animals 9 ?is _w4 ,x is /range t ,emp$okles nev] obs]v$ ! actual process ( g5]ation 9 plants1 b conf9$ himself to ! /atem5t t !y spontane\sly 8bore eggs0 7fr4 #gi71 t is to say1 fruit4 ,footnote #fah3 ,ari/4 de plantis1 1 #a4 #hae a #ae4 ,footnote #fai3 ,alfr$ ! ,engli%man translat$ ! ,arabic v]sion into ,lat9 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 ,x 0 retranslat$ f ?is v]sion into ,greek at ! ,r5aissance by a ,greek resid5t 9 ,italy4 ,footnote #fbj3 1 #b4 #hag b #ce1 8mundo 444 dim9uto et non p]fecto 9 complem5to suo0 7,alfr$74 ,sid5ote3 ,evolution ( animals4 #aaf4 ,! fragm5ts :i* deal ) ! evolution ( animals 7#eg-fb7 mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! light ( ! /atem5t 7fr4 #ag7 t !re is a d\ble com+ into be+ & a d\ble pass+ away ( mortal ?+s4 ,emp$okles describes two processes ( evolution1 :i* take exactly opposite c\rses1 "o ( !m belong+ to ! p]iod ( ,love & ! o!r to t ( ,/rife4 ,! f\r /ages ( ?is d\ble evolution are accurately di/+ui%$ 9 a passage ( ,aetios1#fba & we %all see t !re is evid5ce = ref]r+ two ( !m to ! second p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory & two to ! f\r?4 ,footnote #fba3 ,aet4 v4 #ai1 #e 7,r4 ,p4 #agc74 ,plato has made use ( ! idea ( rev]s$ evolution 9 ! ,politicus my?4 ,! fir/ /age is t 9 :i* ! v>i\s p>ts ( animals arise sep>ately4 ,x is t ( heads )\t necks1 arms )\t %\ld]s1 & eyes )\t =eheads 7fr4 #eg74 ,x is cle> t ?is mu/ be ! fir/ /age 9 :at we h call$ ! f\r? p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 t 9 :i* ,love is com+ 9 & ,/rife pass+ out4 ,ari/otle di/9ctly ref]s x to ! p]iod ( ,love1 by :i*1 z we h se51 he means ! p]iod :5 ,love is increas+4#fbb ,x is 9 accordance ) ?is t he also says ^! scatt]$ memb]s 7 subsequ5tly put toge!r by ,love4#fbc ,footnote #fbb3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #b4 #cjj b #bi 7,r4 ,p4 #agc a74 ,cf4 de ,g54 ,an4 1 #ag4 #gbb b #ag1 :]e fr4 #eg is introduc$ by ! words 4 ,simplicius1 de ,caelo1 p4 #ehg1 #ah1 expresses ! same ?+ by say+ 4 ,footnote #fbc3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #f4 #dcj a #cj 7,r4 ,p4 #agc a74 ,! second /age is t 9 :i* ! scatt]$ limbs are unit$4 ,at fir/1 !y 7 comb9$ 9 all possible ways 7fr4 #ei74 ,!re 7 ox5 ) human heads1 creatures ) d\ble faces & d\ble brea/s1 & all mann] ( mon/]s 7fr4 #fa74 ,^? ( !m t 7 fitt$ to survive did s1 :ile ! re/ p]i%$4 ,t is h[ ! evolution ( animals took place 9 ! p]iod ( ,love4#fbd ,footnote #fbd3 ,?is is well put by ,simplicius1 de ,caelo1 p4 #ehg1 #bj4 ,x is 444 1 1 ' 4 ,9 ,phys4 p4 #cga1 #cc1 he says ! ox5 ) human heads 7 4 ,! ?ird /age belongs to ! p]iod :5 ! unity ( ! ,sph]e is be+ de/roy$ by ,/rife4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! fir/ /age 9 ! evolution ( our pres5t _w4 ,x beg9s ) 8:ole-natur$ =ms0 9 :i* !re is n z yet any di/9ction ( sex or species4#fbe ,!y are compos$ ( e>? & wat]1 & are produc$ by ! upw>d motion ( fire :i* is seek+ to rea* its l4 ,footnote #fbe3 ,cf4 ,plato1 ,symp4 #ahi e4 ,9 ! f\r? /age1 ! sexes & species h be5 sep>at$1 & new animals no long] arise f ! elem5ts1 b are produc$ by g5]ation4 ,we %all see pres5tly h[ ,emp$okles conceiv$ ?is to op]ate4 ,9 bo? ^! processes ( evolution1 ,emp$okles 0 guid$ by ! idea ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,ari/otle sev]ely criticises ?is4 8,we may suppose10 he says1 8t all ?+s h fall5 out accid5tally j z !y w\ld h done if !y _h be5 produc$ = "s end4 ,c]ta9 ?+s h be5 pres]v$ because !y _h spontane\sly acquir$ a fitt+ /ructure1 :ile ^? :i* 7 n s put toge!r h p]i%$ & are p]i%+1 z ,emp$okles says ( ! ox5 ) human faces40#fbf ,?is1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 leaves too mu* to *ance4 ,"o curi\s in/ance has be5 pres]v$4 ,v]tebration 0 expla9$ by say+ t an e>ly inv]tebrate animal tri$ to turn r\nd & broke its back 9 s do+4 ,?is 0 a fav\rable v>iation & s surviv$4#fbg ,x %\ld be not$ t x cle>ly belongs to ! p]iod ( ,/rife1 & n1 l ! ox5 ) human heads1 to t ( ,love4 ,! survival ( ! fitte/ 0 ! law ( bo? processes ( evolution4 ,footnote #fbf3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #h4 #aih b #bi 7,r4 ,p4 #agc a74 ,footnote #fbg3 ,ari/4 de ,"p4 ,an4 1 #a4 #fdj a #ai4 #aag4 ,! di/9ction ( ! sexes 0 an important result ( ! gradual diff]5tiation br\ght ab\t by ! entrance ( ,/rife into ! _w4 ,emp$okles diff]$ f ! !ory giv5 by ,p>m5ides 9 8 ,second ,"p 7 #ie7 9 hold+ t ! w>m elem5t prepond]at$ 9 ! male sex1 & t males 7 conceiv$ 9 ! w>m] "p ( ! ut]us 7fr4 #fe74 ,! ftus 0 =m$ p>tly f ! male & p>tly f ! female sem5 7fr4 #fc72 & x 0 j ! fact t ! sub/ance ( a new be+'s body 0 divid$ betwe5 ! male & ! female t produc$ desire :5 ! two 7 br\ght toge!r by sight 7fr4 #fd74 ,a c]ta9 symmetry ( ! pores 9 ! male & female sem5 is1 ( c\rse1 necess>y = procreation1 & f its abs5ce ,emp$okles expla9$ ! /]ility ( mules4 ,! *ildr5 mo/ resemble t p>5t :o contribut$ mo/ to _! =mation4 ,! influ5ce ( /atues & pictures 0 also not$1 h[ev]1 z modify+ ! appe>ance ( ! (fspr+4 ,tw9s & triplets 7 due to a sup]abundance & division ( ! sem54#fbh ,footnote #fbh3 ,aet4 v4 #aj1 #a2 #aa1 #a2 #ab1 #b2 #ad1 #b4 ,cf4 ,fr$ri*1 ,hippokratis*e ,unt]su*ung51 pp4 #abf sqq4 ,z to ! gr[? ( ! ftus 9 ! ut]us1 ,emp$okles held t x 0 envelop$ 9 a membrane1 & t its =mation began on ! ?irty-six? day & 0 complet$ on ! =ty-n9?4 ,! he>t 0 =m$ fir/1 ! nails & su* ?+s la/4 ,respiration did n beg9 till ! "t ( bir?1 :5 ! fluids r\nd ! ftus 7 )drawn4 ,bir? took place 9 ! n9? or sev5? mon?1 because ! day _h be5 orig9ally n9e mon?s long1 & aft]w>ds sev54 ,milk arises on ! t5? day ( ! eigh? mon? 7fr4 #fh74fbi ,dea? 0 ! f9al sep>ation by ,/rife ( ! fire & e>? 9 ! body1 ea* ( :i* _h all along be5 /riv+ to 8rea* its own k9d40 ,sleep 0 a tempor>y sep>ation to a c]ta9 ext5t ( ! fi]y elem5t4#fcj ,at dea? ! animal is resolv$ into its elem5ts1 :i* p]haps ent] into fre% comb9ations1 p]haps become p]man5tly unit$ ) 8_! own k9d40 ,!re c be no "q "h ( an immortal s\l4 ,ev5 9 life1 we may see ! attraction ( l to l op]at+ 9 animals j z x did 9 ! upw>d & d[nw>d gr[? ( plants4 ,hair is ! same ?+ z foliage 7fr4 #hb72 &1 g5]ally speak+1 ! fi]y "p ( animals t5ds upw>ds & ! e>?y "p d[nw>ds1 ?\gh !re are exceptions1 z may be se5 9 ! case ( c]ta9 %ell-fi% 7fr4 #gf71 :]e ! e>?y "p is above4 ,^! exceptions are only possible because !re is /ill a great deal ( ,love 9 ! _w4 ,we also see ! attraction ( l = l 9 ! diff]5t habits ( ! v>i\s species ( animals4 ,^? t h mo/ fire 9 !m fly up into ! air2 ^? 9 :i* e>? prepond]ates take to ! e>?1 z did ! dog :i* always sat ^u a tile4#fca ,aquatic animals are ^? 9 :i* wat] pr$om9ates4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 apply to fi%es1 :i* are v fi]y1 & take to ! wat] to cool !mselves4#fcb ,footnote #fbi3 ,aet4 v4 #ae1 #c2 #ba1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #aij74 ,footnote #fcj3 ,aet4 v4 #be1 #d 7,dox4 p4 #dcg74 ,footnote #fca3 ,aet4 v4 #ai1 #e 7,dox4 p4 #dca74 ,cf4 ,e?4 ,eud4 1 #a4 #abce a #aa4 ,footnote #fcb3 ,ari/4 de ,respir4 #ad4 #dgg a #cb2 ,!ophr4 de causis plant4 i4 #ba4 ,emp$okles paid great att5tion to ! subject ( respiration1 & 8 v +5i\s explanation ( x has be5 pres]v$ 9 a cont9u\s =m 7fr4 #ajj74 ,we brea!1 he held1 ?r\gh all ! pores ( ! sk91 n m]ely ?r\gh ! organs ( respiration4 ,! cause ( ! alt]nate inspiration & expiration ( ! brea? 0 ! movem5t ( ! blood f ! he>t to ! surface ( ! body & back aga91 :i* 0 expla9$ by ! klepsydra4 ,! nutrition & gr[? ( animals is1 ( c\rse1 to be expla9$ f ! attraction ( l to l4 ,ea* "p ( ! body has pores into :i* ! appropriate food w fit4 ,pleasure & pa9 7 d]iv$ f ! abs5ce or pres5ce ( l elem5ts1 t is1 ( n\ri%m5t :i* w\ld fit ! pores4 ,te>s & sweat arose f a di/urbance :i* curdl$ ! blood2 !y 71 s to say1 ! :ey ( ! blood4#fcc ,footnote #fcc3 ,nutrition1 ,aet4 v4 #bg1 #a2 pleasure & pa91 ,aet4 iv4 #i1 #ae2 v4 #bh1 #a2 te>s & sweat1 v4 #bb1 #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]ception4 #aah4 ,= ! !ory ( p]ception held by ,emp$okles we h ! orig9al words ( ,!ophra/os3-- ,emp$okles speaks 9 ! same way ( all ! s5ses1 & says t p]ception is due to ! 8efflu5ces0 fitt+ into ! passages ( ea* s5se4 ,& t is :y "o _c judge ! objects ( ano!r2 = ! passages ( "s ( !m are too wide & ^? ( o!rs too n>r[ = ! s5sible object1 s t ! latt] ei!r goes ?r\gh )\t t\*+ or _c ent] at all4 ,r4 ,p4 #agg b4 ,he tries1 too1 to expla9 ! nature ( sight4 ,he says t ! int]ior ( ! eye consi/s ( fire1 :ile r\nd ab\t x is e>? & air1#fcd ?r\gh :i* its r>ity enables ! fire to pass l ! light 9 lant]ns 7fr4 #hd74 ,! passages ( ! fire & wat] are arrang$ alt]nately2 ?r\gh ^? ( ! fire we p]ceive light objects1 ?r\gh ^? ( ! wat]1 d>k2 ea* class ( objects fits into ea* class ( passages1 & ! col\rs are c>ri$ to ! sight by efflu5ce4 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 ,b eyes are n all compos$ 9 ! same way2 "s are compos$ ( l elem5ts & "s ( opposite2 "s h ! fire 9 ! c5tre & "s on ! outside4 ,t is :y "s animals are ke5-sight$ by day & o!rs by night4 ,^? :i* h less fire are ke5-sight$ 9 ! daytime1 = ! fire )9 is br\ght up to an equality by t )\t2 ^? :i* h less ( ! opposite 7i4e4 wat]71 by night1 = !n _! defici5cy is supplem5t$4 ,b1 9 ! opposite case1 ea* w behave 9 ! opposite mann]4 ,^? eyes 9 :i* fire pr$om9ates w be dazzl$ 9 ! daytime1 s9ce ! fire be+ /ill fur!r increas$ w /op up & occupy ! pores ( ! wat]4 ,^? 9 :i* wat] pr$om9ates w1 he says1 suff] ! same at night1 = ! fire w be ob/ruct$ by ! wat]4 ,& ?is goes on till ! wat] is sep>at$ (f by ! air1 = 9 ea* case x is ! opposite :i* is a rem$y4 ,! be/ temp]$ & ! mo/ excell5t vision is "o compos$ ( bo? 9 equal proportions4 ,?is is practically :at he says ab\t sight4 ,he>+1 he holds1 is produc$ by s\nd outside1 :5 ! air mov$ by ! voice s\nds inside ! e>2 = ! s5se ( he>+ is a sort ( bell s\nd+ inside ! e>1 :i* he calls a 8fle%y spr\t40 ,:5 ! air is set 9 motion x /rikes ^u ! solid p>ts & produces a s\nd4#fce ,smell1 he holds1 arises f respiration1 & t is :y ^? smell mo/ ke5ly ^: brea? has ! mo/ viol5t motion1 & :y mo/ smell comes f subtle & light bodies4#fcf ,z to t\* & ta/e1 he does n lay d[n h[ nor by means ( :at !y arise1 except t he gives u an explanation applicable to all1 t s5sation is produc$ by adaptation to ! pores4 ,pleasure is produc$ by :at is l 9 its elem5ts & _! mixture2 pa91 by :at is opposite4 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 ,& he gives a precisely simil> acc\nt ( ?\ght & ignorance4 ,?\ght arises f :at is l & ignorance f :at is unlike1 ?us imply+ t ?\ght is ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 z p]ception4 ,= aft] enum]at+ h[ we "k ea* ?+ by means ( itself1 he adds1 8= all ?+s are fa%ion$ & fitt$ toge!r out ( ^!1 & x is by ^! m5 ?9k & feel pleasure & pa90 7fr4 #ajg74 ,& = ?is reason we ?9k *iefly ) our blood1 = 9 x ( all p>ts ( ! body all ! elem5ts are mo/ completely m+l$4 ,r4 ,p4 #agh4 ,all1 !n1 9 :om ! mixture is equal or ne>ly s1 & 9 :om ! elem5ts are nei!r at too great int]vals nor too small or too l>ge1 are ! wise/ & h ! mo/ exact p]ceptions2 & ^? :o come next to !m are wise 9 proportion4 ,^? :o are 9 ! opposite condition are ! mo/ fooli%4 ,^? ^: elem5ts are sep>at$ by int]vals & r>e are dull & labori\s2 ^? 9 :om !y are closely pack$ & brok5 into m9ute p>ticles are impulsive1 !y attempt _m ?+s & f9i% few because ( ! rapidity ) :i* _! blood moves4 ,^? :o h a well-proportion$ mixture 9 "s "o "p ( _! bodies w be clev] 9 t respect4 ,t is :y "s are good orators & "s good artific]s4 ,! latt] h a good mixture 9 _! h&s1 & ! =m] 9 _! tongues1 & s ) all o!r special capacities4 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 ,footnote #fcd3 ,t is1 wat]y vap\r1 n ! elem5tal air or 7 #ajg74 ,x is id5tical ) ! 8wat]0 m5tion$ bel[4 ,x is unnecess>y1 !re=e1 to ins]t aft] ) ,k>/5 & ,diels4 ,footnote #fce3 ,be>e1 p4 #if1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #fcf3 ,ibid4 p4 #acc4 ,p]ception1 !n1 is due to ! meet+ ( an elem5t 9 u ) ! same elem5t outside4 ,?is takes place :5 ! pores ( ! organ ( s5se are nei!r too l>ge nor too small = ! 8efflu5ces0 :i* all ?+s are con/antly giv+ (f 7fr4 #hi74 ,smell 0 expla9$ by respiration4 ,! brea? drew 9 along ) x ! small p>ticles :i* fit into ! pores4 ,f ,aetios#fcg we le>n t ,emp$okles prov$ ?is by ! example ( p ) a cold 9 _! head1 :o _c smell1 j because !y h a difficulty 9 brea?+4 ,we also see f fr4 #aja t ! sc5t ( dogs 0 ref]r$ to 9 support ( ! !ory4 ,emp$okles seems to h giv5 no detail$ acc\nt ( smell1 & did n ref] to t\* at all4#fch ,he>+ 0 expla9$ by ! motion ( ! air :i* /ruck ^u ! c>tilage inside ! e> & made x sw+ & s\nd l a bell4#fci ,footnote #fcg3 ,aet4 iv4 #ag1 #b 7,dox4 p4 #djg74 ,be>e1 p4 #acc4 ,footnote #fch3 ,be>e1 pp4 #afa-c1 #ahj-ha4 ,footnote #fci3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ie sqq4 ,! !ory ( vision#fdj is m complicat$2 &1 z ,plato adopt$ mo/ ( x1 x is ( great importance 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy4 ,! eye 0 conceiv$1 z by ,alkmaion 7 #if71fda to be compos$ ( fire & wat]4 ,j z 9 a lant]n ! flame is protect$ f ! w9d by horn 7fr4 #hd71 s ! fire 9 ! iris is protect$ f ! wat] :i* surr\nds x 9 ! pupil by membranes ) v f9e pores1 s t1 :ile ! fire c pass out1 ! wat] _c get 94 ,sight is produc$ by ! fire inside ! eye go+ =? to meet ! object4 ,?is seems /range to u1 because we are accu/om$ to ! idea ( images be+ impress$ ^u ! ret9a4 ,b look+ at a ?+ no d\bt seem$ mu* m l an action proce$+ f ! eye ?an a m]e passive /ate4 ,footnote #fdj3 ,ibid4 pp4 #ad sqq4 ,footnote #fda3 ,!ophr4 de s5s4 #bf4 ,he 0 q aw>e1 too1 t 8efflu5ces10 z he call$ !m1 came f ?+s to ! eyes z well2 = he def9$ col\rs z 8efflu5ces f =ms 7or #8?+s'7 fitt+ into ! pores & p]ceiv$40#fdb ,x is n q cle> h[ ^! two acc\nts ( vision 7 reconcil$1 or h[ f> we are entitl$ to cr$it ,emp$okles ) ! ,platonic !ory4 ,! /atem5ts :i* h be5 quot$ seem to imply some?+ v l x4#fdc ,footnote #fdb3 ,! def9ition is quot$ f ,gorgias 9 ,plato1 ,m54 #gf d #d4 ,all our ,,mss4 h 1 b ,v54 ,t has 9 ! m>g9 4 1 :i* may well be an old tradition4 ,! ,ionic = 8?+s0 is 4 ,see ,diels1 ,emp$okles und ,gorgias1 p4 #dci4 ,footnote #fdc3 ,see ,be>e1 ,elem5t>y ,cognition1 p4 #ah4 ,!ophra/os tells u t ,emp$okles made no di/9ction betwe5 ?\ght & p]ception1 a rem>k already made by ,ari/otle4#fdd ,! *ief seat ( p]ception 0 ! blood1 9 :i* ! f\r elem5ts are mo/ ev5ly mix$1 & especially ! blood ne> ! he>t 7fr4 #aje74fde ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 exclude ! idea t o!r p>ts ( ! body may p]ceive also2 inde$1 ,emp$okles held t all ?+s h _! %>e ( ?\ght 7fr4 #ajc74 ,b ! blood 0 specially s5sitive because ( its f9] mixture4#fdf ,f ?is x naturally foll[s t ,emp$okles adopt$ ! view1 already ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! poem ( ,p>m5ides 7fr4 #af71 t our k v>ies ) ! v>y+ con/itution ( our bodies 7fr4 #ajf74 ,?is consid]ation became v important lat] on z "o ( ! f\ndations ( scepticism2 b ,emp$okles himself only drew f x ! conclusion t we mu/ make ! be/ use we c ( our s5ses1 & *eck "o by ! o!r 7fr4 #d74 ,footnote #fdd3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #c4 #dbg a #ba4 ,footnote #fde3 ,r4 ,p4 #agh a4 ,?is 0 ! *>act]i/ic doctr9e ( ! ,sicilian s*ool1 f :om x pass$ to ,ari/otle & ! ,/oics4 ,plato & ,hippokrates1 on ! o!r h&1 adopt$ ! view ( ,alkmaion 7 #ig7 t ! bra9 0 ! seat ( consci\sness4 ,kritias 7,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #b4 #dje b #f7 probably got ! ,sicilian doctr9e f ,gorgias4 ,at a lat] date1 ,phili/ion ( ,syracuse1 ,plato's fri5d1 sub/itut$ ! 78animal spirits07 :i* circulat$ along ) ! blood4 ,footnote #fdf3 ,be>e1 p4 #bec4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ology & religion4 #aai4 ,! !oretical !ology ( ,emp$okles rem9ds u ( ,x5ophanes1 8 practical religi\s tea*+ ( ,py?agoras & ! ,orphics4 ,we are told 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! poem t c]ta9 8gods0 are compos$ ( ! elem5ts2 & t !re=e ?\gh !y 8live long lives0 !y mu/ pass away 7fr4 #ba74 ,we h se5 t ! elem5ts & ! ,sph]e are also call$ gods1 b t is 9 q ano!r s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if we turn to ! religi\s tea*+ ( ! ,purifications1 we f9d t ev]y?+ turns on ! doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,on ! g5]al significance ( ?is en\gh has be5 said above 7 #db72 ! details giv5 by ,emp$okles are peculi>4 ,accord+ to a decree ( ,necessity1 8daemons0 :o h s9n$ are =c$ to w&] f _! home 9 heav5 = ?ree times t5 ?\s& seasons 7fr4 #aae74 ,he himself is su* an exil$ div9ity1 & has fall5 f 8 high e/ate because he put 8 tru/ 9 rav+ ,/rife4 ,! f\r elem5ts toss him f "o to ! o!r ) loa?+2 & s he has n only be5 a human be+ & a plant1 b ev5 a fi%4 ,! only way to purify oneself f ! ta9t ( orig9al s9 0 by ! cultivation ( c]emonial hol9ess1 by purifications1 & ab/95ce f animal fle%4 ,= ! animals are our k9sm5 7fr4 #acg71 & x is p>ricide to lay h&s on !m4 ,9 all ?is !re are1 no d\bt1 c]ta9 po9ts ( contact ) ! cosmology4 ,we h ! 8mighty oa?0 7fr4 #aae2 cf4 fr4 #cj71 ! f\r elem5ts1 ,hate z ! s\rce ( orig9al s91 & ,kypris z que5 9 ! ,gold5 ,age 7fr4 #abh74 ,b ^! po9ts are nei!r fundam5tal nor ( great importance4 ,& x _c be d5i$ t !re are really contradictions betwe5 ! two poems4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is j :at we %\ld expect to f9d4 ,all ?r\gh ?is p]iod1 !re seems to h be5 a gulf betwe5 m5's religi\s beliefs1 if !y _h any1 & _! cosmological views4 ,! few po9ts ( contact :i* we h m5tion$ may h be5 suffici5t to hide ?is f ,emp$okles himself4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,anaxagoras ,,( ,,klazom5ai ,sid5ote3 ,date4 #abj4 ,all t ,apollodoros tells u ) reg>d to ! date ( ,anaxagoras seems to re/ ^u ! au?ority ( ,demetrios ,phal]eus1 :o said ( him1 9 ! ,regi/] ( ,ar*ons1 t he began to /udy philosophy1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 9 ! ar*on%ip ( ,kallias or ,kalliades at ,a!ns 7#dhj-gi ,b4,c474#fdg ,?is date 0 probably d]iv$ f a calculation bas$ ^u ! philosoph]'s age at ! "t ( 8 trial1 :i* ,demetrios _h e opportunity ( le>n+ f s\rces no long] extant4 ,apollodoros inf]r$ t ,anaxagoras 0 born 9 ,ol4 ,,lxx4 7#ejj-dif ,b4,c471 & he adds t he di$ at ! age ( sev5ty-two 9 ,ol4 ,,lxxxviii4 #a 7#dbh-bg ,b4,c474#fdh ,he d\btless ?\ght x natural t he %\ld n survive ,p]ikles1 & /ill m natural t he %\ld die ! ye> ,plato 0 born4#fdi ,we h a fur!r /atem5t1 ( d\btful orig91 b probably due to ,demetrios also1 t ,anaxagoras liv$ at ,a!ns = ?irty ye>s4 ,?is may be a g5u9e tradition2#fej & if s1 we get f ab\t #dfb to #dcb ,b4,c4 z ! "t he liv$ !re4 ,footnote #fdg3 ,diog4 ii4 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #adh71 ) ! p]fectly c]ta9 em5dation ref]r$ to ib4 #adh c4 ,! ,a!ns ( #dhj ,b4,c4 w\ld h>dly be a suitable place to 8beg9 philosophis+06 ,= ! v>iation 9 ! ar*on's "n1 see ,jacoby1 p4 #bdd1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #fdh3 ,we mu/ read ) ,meursius to make ! figures come "r4 ,footnote #fdi3 ,on ! /atem5ts ( ,apollodoros1 see ,jacoby1 pp4 #bdd sqq4 ,footnote #fej3 ,diog41 loc4 cit4 ,9 any case1 x is n a m]e calculation ( ,apollodoros's2 = he w\ld c]ta9ly h made ,anaxagoras =ty ye>s old at ! date ( 8 arrival 9 ,a!ns1 & ?is w\ld give at mo/ tw5ty-eight ye>s = 8 resid5ce !re4 ,! trial _c h be5 lat] ?an #dcb ,b4,c41 & may h be5 e>li]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ^! dates are v ne>ly "r4 ,ari/otle tells u#fea t ,anaxagoras 0 old] ?an ,emp$okles1 :o 0 born ab\t #dij ,b4,c4 7 #ih72 & ,!ophra/os said#feb t ,emp$okles 0 born 8n long aft] ,anaxagoras40 ,demokritos1 too1 said t he himself 0 a "y man 9 ! old age ( ,anaxagoras1 & he mu/ h be5 born ab\t #dfj ,b4,c4#fec ,footnote #fea3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #aa 7,r4 ,p4 #aej a74 ,footnote #feb3 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #c 7,dox4 p4 #dgg71 ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #be1 #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #afb e74 ,footnote #fec3 ,diog4 ix4 #da 7,r4 ,p4 #ahg74 ,on ! date ( ,demokritos1 see ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #aga4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly life4 #aba4 ,anaxagoras 0 born at ,klazom5ai1 & ,!ophra/os tells u t 8 fa!r's "n 0 ,hegesib\los4#fed ,! names ( bo? fa!r & son h an ari/ocratic s\nd1 & we may assume !y belong$ to a family :i* _h won di/9ction 9 ! ,/ate4 ,nor ne$ we reject ! tradition t ,anaxagoras neglect$ 8 possessions to foll[ sci5ce4#fee ,x is c]ta91 at any rate1 t 9 ! f\r? c5tury he 0 already reg>d$ z ! type ( ! man :o leads ! 8!oretic life40#fef ,( c\rse ! /ory ( 8 contempt = worldly goods 0 seiz$ on lat] by ! hi/orical noveli/ & trick$ out ) ! usual apoph!gms4 ,^! d n conc]n u "h4 ,footnote #fed3 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #d 7,dox4 p4 #dgh71 repeat$ by ! doxograph]s4 ,footnote #fee3 ,plato1 ,hipp4 ma4 #bhc a1 4 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,p]4 #af4 ,footnote #fef3 ,ari/4 ,e?4 ,nic4 1 #i4 #aagi a #ac4 ,cf4 ,e?4 ,eud4 1 #d4 #abae b #f & #ae1 #abaf a #aj4 ,"o incid5t belong+ to ! e>ly manhood ( ,anaxagoras is record$1 namely1 8 obs]vation ( ! huge meteoric /one :i* fell into ! ,aigospotamos 9 #dfh-fg ,b4,c4#feg ,our au?orities tell u t he pr$ict$ ?is ph5om5on1 :i* is pla9ly absurd4 ,b we %all see reason to believe t x may h occasion$ "o ( 8 mo/ /rik+ dep>tures f ! e>li] cosmology1 & l$ to 8 adoption ( ! v view = :i* he 0 condemn$ at ,a!ns4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! fall ( ! /one made a pr(\nd impression at ! "t1 & x 0 /ill %[n to t\ri/s 9 ! days ( ,pl9y & ,plut>*4#feh ,footnote #feg3 ,diog4 ii4 #aj 7,r4 ,p4 #adi a74 ,pl9y1 ,n4,h4 ii4 #adi1 gives ! date z ,ol4 ,,lxxviii4 #b2 & ,eusebios gives x "u ,ol4 ,,lxxviii4 #c4 ,b cf4 ,m>m4 ,p>4 #eg1 ' 444 1 1 :i* is #dfh-fg ,b4,c4 ,! text ( ,diog4 ii4 #aa is corrupt4 ,= sugge/$ re/orations1 see ,jacoby1 p4 #bdd1 n4 #b2 & ,diels1 ,vors4 p4 #bid1 #bh4 ,footnote #feh3 ,pl9y1 loc4 cit41 8qui lapis etiam nunc o/5ditur magnitud9e vehis colore adu/o40 ,cf4 ,plut4 ,lys4 #ab1 444 4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation to ! ,ionic s*ool4 #abb4 ,! doxograph]s speak ( ,anaxagoras z ! pupil ( ,anaxim5es4#fei ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q2 ,anaxim5es mo/ probably di$ be=e ,anaxagoras 0 born4 ,b x is n en\gh to say t ! /atem5t arose f ! fact t ! "n ( ,anaxagoras foll[$ t ( ,anaxim5es 9 ! ,successions4 ,t is true1 no d\bt2 b x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,we h its orig9al s\rce 9 a fragm5t ( ,!ophra/os himself1 :i* /ates t ,anaxagoras _h be5 8an associate ( ! philosophy ( ,anaxim5es40#ffj ,n[ ?is expression has a v di/9ct mean+ if we accept ! view z to 8s*ools0 ( sci5ce set =? 9 ! ,introduction 7 ,,xiv474 ,x means t ! old ,ionic s*ool surviv$ ! de/ruction ( ,miletos 9 #did ,b4,c41 & cont9u$ to fl\ri% 9 ! o!r cities ( ,asia4 ,x means1 fur!r1 t x produc$ no man ( di/9ction aft] its ?ird great repres5tative1 & t 8! philosophy ( ,anaxim5es0 0 /ill taught by :oev] 0 n[ at ! head ( ! society4 ,footnote #fei3 ,cic]o1 de nat4 ,d4 i4 #bf 7aft] ,philodemos71 8,anaxagoras qui accepit ab ,anaxim5e discipl9am 7i4e4 702 ,diog4 i4 #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #d7 & ii4 #f2 ,/rabo1 xiv4 p4 #fde1 ' 2 ,euseb4 ,p4,e4 p4 #ejd2 ,gal5 ,hi/4 ,phil4 #c2 ,augu/9e1 de ,civ4 ,dei1 viii4 #b4 ,footnote #ffj3 ,phys4 ,op4 fr4 #d 7,dox4 p4 #dgh71 444 ,9 8 fif? edition 7p4 #igc1 n4 #b7 ,zell] adopts ! view giv5 9 ! text1 & confirms x by comp>+ ! v simil> /atem5t z to ,leukippos1 4 ,see bel[1 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #agb4 ,at ?is po9t1 x may be well to indicate briefly ! conclusions to :i* we %all come 9 ! next few *apt]s ) reg>d to ! developm5t ( philosophy dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,we %all f9d t1 :ile ! old ,ionic s*ool 0 /ill capable ( tra9+ great m51 x 0 n[ p[]less to keep !m4 ,anaxagoras w5t 8 own way2 ,melissos & ,leukippos1 ?\gh !y /ill reta9$ en\gh ( ! old views to be> witness to ! s\rce ( _! inspiration1 7 too /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,eleatic dialectic to rema9 cont5t ) ! !ories ( ,anaxim5es4 ,x 0 left to second-rate m9ds l ,diog5es to *ampion ! or?odox sy/em1 :ile ?ird-rate m9ds l ,hippon ( ,samos ev5 w5t back to ! crud] !ory ( ,?ales4 ,! details ( ?is anticipatory sket* w become cle>] z we g on2 = ! pres5t1 x is only necess>y to call ! read]'s att5tion to ! fact t ! old ,ionic ,philosophy n[ =ms a sort ( backgr\nd to our /ory1 j z ,orphic & ,py?agorean religi\s ideas h done 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,anaxagoras at ,a!ns4 #abc4 ,anaxagoras 0 ! fir/ philosoph] to take up 8 abode at ,a!ns4 ,we are n to suppose1 h[ev]1 t he 0 attract$ ?i!r by any?+ 9 ! "* ( ! ,a!nians4 ,no d\bt ,a!ns _h n[ become ! political c5tre ( ! ,hell5ic _w2 b x _h n yet produc$ a s+le sci5tific man4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! temp] ( ! citiz5 body 0 & rema9$ ho/ile to free inquiry ( any k9d4 ,sokrates1 ,anaxagoras1 & ,ari/otle fell victims 9 diff]5t degrees to ! bigotry ( ! democracy1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 _! (f5ce 0 political r ?an religi\s4 ,!y 7 condemn$ n z h]etics1 b z innovators 9 ! /ate religion4 ,/ill1 z a rec5t hi/orian obs]ves1 8,a!ns 9 its fl\ri%+ p]iod 0 f> f be+ a place = free inquiry to ?rive un*eck$40#ffa ,x is ?is1 no d\bt1 t has be5 9 ! m9ds ( ^? writ]s :o h repres5t$ philosophy z some?+ un-,greek4 ,x 0 9 reality ?or\ghly ,greek1 ?\gh x 0 ?or\ghly un-,a!nian4 ,footnote #ffa3 ,holm1 ,gr4 ,ges*4 ii4 #ccd4 ,! :ole *apt] is well wor? read+ 9 ?is connexion4 ,x seems mo/ reasonable to suppose t ,p]ikles himself br\ght ,anaxagoras to ,a!ns1 j z he br\ght ev]y?+ else he c\ld4 ,holm has %[n ) mu* skill h[ ! aim ( t great /atesman 01 s to say1 to ,ionise 8 fell[-citiz5s1 to imp>t to !m some?+ ( ! flexibility & op5ness ( m9d :i* *>act]is$ _! k9sm5 across ! sea4 ,x is possible t x 0 ,aspasia ( ,miletos :o introduc$ ! ,ionian philosoph] to ! ,p]iklean circle1 ( :i* he 0 h5ce=? a *ief ornam5t4 ,! ,a!nians 9 d]ision gave him ! nickname ( ,n\s4#ffb ,footnote #ffb3 ,plut4 ,p]4 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #adh c74 ,i foll[ ,zell]1 p4 #ige1 n4 #a 7,eng4 trans4 ii4 p4 #cbg1 n4 #d71 9 reg>d+ ! sobriquet z d]isive4 ,! close relation 9 :i* ,anaxagoras /ood to ,p]ikles is plac$ beyond ! rea* ( d\bt by ! te/imony ( ,plato4 ,9 ! ,pha$rus#ffc he makes ,sokrates say3 8,= all arts t are great1 !re is ne$ ( talk & discussion on ! p>ts ( natural sci5ce t deal ) ?+s on high2 = t seems to be ! s\rce :i* inspires high-m9d$ness & effectiv5ess 9 e direction4 ,p]ikles add$ ?is v acquirem5t to 8 orig9al gifts4 ,he fell 91 x seems1 ) ,anaxagoras1 :o 0 a sci5tific man2 &1 satiat+ himself ) ! !ory ( ?+s on high1 & hav+ atta9$ to a k ( ! true nature ( intellect & folly1 :i* 7 j :at ! disc\rses ( ,anaxagoras 7 ma9ly ab\t1 he drew f t s\rce :atev] 0 ( a nature to fur!r him 9 ! art ( spee*40 ,footnote #ffc3 #bgj a 7,r4 ,p4 #adh c74 ,a m difficult "q is ! alleg$ relation ( ,euripides to ,anaxagoras4 ,! olde/ au?ority = x is ,alex&] ( ,aitolia1 poet & libr>ian1 :o liv$ at ! c\rt ( ,ptolemy ,philadelphos 7c4 #bhj ,b4,c474 ,he ref]r$ to ,euripides z ! 8nursl+ ( brave ,anaxagoras40#ffd ,a great deal ( +5uity has be5 exp5d$ 9 try+ to f9d ! sy/em ( ,anaxagoras 9 ! *oruses ( ,euripides2 b1 x mu/ n[ be admitt$1 )\t result4#ffe ,! fam\s fragm5t on ! bless$ness ( ! sci5tific life might j z well ref] to any o!r cosmologi/ z to ,anaxagoras1 & inde$ sugge/s m naturally a ?9k] ( a m primitive type4#fff ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is "o fragm5t :i* di/9ctly exp\nds ! c5tral ?\ght ( ,anaxagoras1 & c\ld h>dly be ref]r$ to any "o else4#ffg ,we may conclude1 !n1 t ,euripides knew ! philosoph] & 8 views1 b x is n safe to g fur!r4 ,footnote #ffd3 ,gell4 xv4 #bj1 8,alex&] autem ,aetolus hos de ,euripide v]sus composuit02 ' 7s ,valck5a] = 7 444 ,footnote #ffe3 ,! "q 0 fir/ rais$ by ,valck5a] 7,diatribe1 p4 #bf74 ,cf4 also ,wilam[itz1 ,analecta ,euripidea1 pp4 #afb sqq4 ,footnote #fff3 ,see ,introd4 p4 #ab1 n4 #ad4 ,! fragm5t is quot$ ,r4 ,p4 #adh c4 ,! words & c>ry u back r to ! old] ,milesians4 ,footnote #ffg3 ,r4 ,p4 #aej b4 ,sid5ote3 ,! trial4 #abd4 ,%ortly be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ! enemies ( ,p]ikles began a s]ies ( attacks ^u him ?r\gh 8 fri5ds4#ffh ,pheidias 0 ! fir/ to suff]1 & ,anaxagoras 0 ! next4 ,t he 0 an object ( special hatr$ to ! religi\s p>ty ne$ n surprise u1 ev5 ?\gh ! *>ge made aga9/ him does n sugge/ t he w5t out ( 8 way to hurt _! susceptibilities4 ,! details ( ! trial are some:at obscure1 b we c make out a few po9ts4 ,! fir/ /ep tak5 0 ! introduction ( a psephism by ,diopei!s--! same :om ,ari/ophanes laughs at 9 ,! ,birds#ffi--;enact+ t an impea*m5t %\ld be br\ght aga9/ ^? :o did n practise religion1 & taught !ories ab\t 8! ?+s on high40#fgj ,:at happ5$ at ! actual trial is v diff]5tly relat$4 ,our au?orities give hopelessly conflict+ acc\nts4#fga ,x is no use attempt+ to reconcile ^!2 x is en\gh to insi/ ^u :at is c]ta94 ,n[ we "k f ,plato :at ! accusation 04#fgb ,x 0 t ,anaxagoras taught ! sun 0 a r$-hot /one1 & ! moon e>?2 & we %all see t he c]ta9ly did hold ^! views 7 #acc74 ,= ! re/1 ! mo/ plausible acc\nt is t he 0 got out ( prison & s5t away by ,p]ikles4#fgc ,we "k t su* ?+s 7 possible at ,a!ns4 ,footnote #ffh3 ,bo? ,ephoros 7repres5t$ by ,diod4 xii4 #ch7 & ! s\rce ( ,plut4 ,p]4 #cb made ^! attacks imm$iately prec$e ! w>4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be pragmatic2 !y p]haps occurr$ e>li]4 ,footnote #ffi3 ,birds1 #ihh4 ,ari/ophanes _h no respect = or?odoxy :5 comb9$ ) democratic op9ions4 ,footnote #fgj3 ,plut4 ,p]4 #cb 7,r4 ,p4 #adh71 :]e "s ( ! orig9al words h be5 pres]v$4 ,! phrase & ! ^w are ar*aisms f ! 4 ,footnote #fga3 ,^! acc\nts are repeat$ by ,diog4 ii4 #ab-ad4 ,x is wor? :ile to put ! /atem5ts ( ,satyros & ,sotion side by side 9 ord] to %[ ! unsatisfactory "* ( ! biographical tradition3-- ,sotion4 ,satyros4 ,accus]4 ,kleon4 ,?\kydides s4 ( ,melesias4 ,*>ge4 ,call+ ! sun a r$-hot ,impiety & ,m$ism4 mass4 ,s5t5ce4 ,f9$ five tal5ts4 ,s5t5c$ to dea? 9 abs5ce4 ,h]mippos repres5ts ,anaxagoras z already 9 prison "u s5t5ce ( dea? :5 ,p]ikles %am$ ! p into lett+ him (f4 ,la/ly1 ,hi]onymos says he nev] 0 condemn$ at all4 ,p]ikles br\ght him into c\rt ?9 & wa/$ by disease1 & ! judges acquitt$ him out ( compassion6 ,! ,m$ism alleg$ by ,satyros no d\bt comes f ,/esimbrotos1 :o made ,anaxagoras ! fri5d ( ,!mi/okles in/ead ( ,p]ikles4 ,?is1 too1 expla9s ! accus]'s "n 7,busolt1 ,gr4 ,ges*4 p4 #cjf1 n4 #c74 ,footnote #fgb3 ,apol4 #bf d4 ,footnote #fgc3 ,plut4 ,nic4 #bc 7,r4 ,p4 #adh c74 ,cf4 ,p]4 #cb 7,r4 ,p4 #adh74 ,driv5 f 8 adopt$ home1 ,anaxagoras naturally w5t back to ,ionia1 :]e at lea/ he w\ld be free to tea* :at he pleas$4 ,he settl$ at ,lampsakos1 & we %all see reason to believe t he f\nd$ a s*ool !re4#fgd ,probably he did n live long aft] 8 exile4 ,! ,lampsak5es erect$ an alt> to 8 memory 9 _! m>ket-place1 d$icat$ to ,m9d & ,tru?2 & ! anniv]s>y ( 8 dea? 0 long kept z a holiday = s*ool-*ildr51 x 0 said at 8 own reque/4#fge ,footnote #fgd3 ,see ! acc\nt ( ,ar*elaos 9 ,*ap4 ,x4 #aia4 ,footnote #fge3 ,! olde/ au?ority = ! hon\rs paid to ,anaxagoras is ,alkidamas1 ! pupil ( ,gorgias1 :o said ^! 7 /ill kept up 9 8 own "t4 ,ari/4 ,rhet4 1 #bc4 #acih b #ae4 ,sid5ote3 ,writ+s4 #abe4 ,diog5es includes ,anaxagoras 9 8 li/ ( philosoph]s :o left only a s+le book1 & he has also pres]v$ ! accept$ criticism ( x1 namely1 t x 0 writt5 89 a l(ty & agreeable /yle40#fgf ,!re is no evid5ce ( any weight to set aga9/ ?is te/imony1 :i* comes ultimately f ! libr>ians ( ,alex&ria4#fgg ,! /ory t ,anaxagoras wrote a treatise on p]spective z appli$ to sc5e-pa9t+ is mo/ improbable2#fgh & ! /atem5t t he compos$ a ma!matical "w deal+ ) ! quadrature ( ! circle is due to misund]/&+ ( an expression 9 ,plut>*4#fgi ,we le>n f ! passage 9 ! ,apology1 ref]r$ to above1 t ! works ( ,anaxagoras c\ld be b\ght at ,a!ns = a s+le dra*ma2 & t ! book 0 ( "s l5g? may be ga!r$ f ! way 9 :i* ,plato goes on to speak ( x4#fhj ,9 ! six? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,simplicius _h access to a copy1 d\btless 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,academy2#fha & x is to him we owe ! pres]vation ( all our fragm5ts1 ) "o or two v d\btful exceptions4 ,un=tunately 8 quotations seem to be conf9$ to ! ,fir/ ,book1 t deal+ ) g5]al pr9ciples1 s t we are left some:at 9 ! d>k ) reg>d to ! treatm5t ( details4 ,?is is ! m un=tunate1 z x 0 ,anaxagoras :o fir/ gave ! true !ory ( ! moon's light &1 !re=e1 ! true !ory ( eclipses4 ,footnote #fgf3 ,diog4 i4 #af2 ii4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #e2 #aec74 ,footnote #fgg3 ,s*auba* 7,an4 ,claz4 ,fragm4 p4 #eg7 fabricat$ a "w entitl$ out ( ! pseudo-,ari/otelian de plantis1 #hag a #bg4 ,b ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ,alfr$1 :i* is ! orig9al ( ! ,greek1 has simply et ideo dicit le*9eon2 & ?is appe>s to be due to a failure to make out ! ,arabic text f :i* ! ,lat9 v]sion 0 d]iv$4 ,cf4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 d4 ,bot4 i4 #fj4 ,footnote #fgh3 ,x comes f ,vitruvius1 vii4 pr4 #aa4 ,a =g]1 seek+ to decorate 8 production ) a great "n1 w\ld ?9k naturally ( ! philosoph] :o 0 said to h taught ,euripides4 ,footnote #fgi3 ,plut4 de ,exilio1 #fjg f4 ,! words m]ely mean t he us$ to draw ma!matical figures relat+ to ! quadrature ( ! circle on ! prison floor4 ,footnote #fhj3 ,apol4 #bf d-e4 ,! expression p]haps implies t x fill$ m ?an "o roll4 ,footnote #fha3 ,simplicius also speaks ( 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fragm5ts4 #abf4 ,i give ! fragm5ts accord+ to ! text & arrangem5t ( ,diels1 :o has made "s ( !m completely intelligible = ! fir/ "t4 7#a7 ,all ?+s 7 toge!r inf9ite bo? 9 numb] & 9 smallness2 = ! small too 0 inf9ite4 ,&1 :5 all ?+s 7 toge!r1 none ( !m c\ld be di/+ui%$ = _! smallness4 ,= air & ae!r prevail$ ov] all ?+s1 be+ bo? ( !m inf9ite2 = among/ all ?+s ^! are ! greate/ bo? 9 quantity & size4#fhb ,r4 ,p4 #aea4 7#b7 ,= air & ae!r are sep>at$ (f f ! mass t surr\nds ! _w1 & ! surr\nd+ mass is inf9ite 9 quantity4 ,r4 ,p4 ib4 7#c7 ,nor is !re a lea/ ( :at is small1 b !re is always a small]2 = x _c be t :at is %\ld cease to be by be+ cut4#fhc ,b !re is also always some?+ great] ?an :at is great1 & x is equal to ! small 9 am\nt1 &1 comp>$ ) itself1 ea* ?+ is bo? great & small4 ,r4 ,p4 #aei a4 7#d7 ,& s9ce ^! ?+s are s1 we mu/ suppose t !re are conta9$ _m ?+s & ( all sorts 9 ! ?+s t are unit+1 se$s ( all ?+s1 ) all sorts ( %apes & col\rs & sav\rs 7,r4 ,p4 ib471 & t m5 h be5 =m$ 9 !m1 & ! o!r animals t h life1 & t ^! m5 h inhabit$ cities & cultivat$ fields z ) u2 & t !y h a sun & a moon & ! re/ z ) u2 & t _! e>? br+s =? = !m _m ?+s ( all k9ds ( :i* !y ga!r ! be/ toge!r into _! dwell+s1 & use !m 7,r4 ,p4 #afj b74 ,?us mu* h ,i said ) reg>d to sep>at+ (f1 to %[ t x w n be only ) u t ?+s are sep>at$ (f1 b else:]e too4 ,b be=e !y 7 sep>at$ (f1 :5 all ?+s 7 toge!r1 n ev5 0 any col\r di/+ui%able2 = ! mixture ( all ?+s prev5t$ x--( ! moi/ & ! dry1 & ! w>m & ! cold1 & ! light & ! d>k1 & ( mu* e>? t 0 9 x1 & ( a multitude ( innum]able se$s 9 no way l ea* o!r4 ,= none ( ! o!r ?+s ei!r is l any o!r4 ,& ^! ?+s be+ s1 we mu/ hold t all ?+s are 9 ! :ole4 ,r4 ,p4 #aea4fhd 7#e7 ,& ^? ?+s hav+ be5 ?us decid$1 we mu/ "k t all ( !m are nei!r m nor less2 = x is n possible = !m to be m ?an all1 & all are always equal4 ,r4 ,p4 #aea4 7#f7 ,& s9ce ! portions ( ! great & ( ! small are equal 9 am\nt1 = ?is reason1 too1 all ?+s w be 9 ev]y?+2 nor is x possible = !m to be ap>t1 b all ?+s h a portion ( ev]y?+4 ,s9ce x is impossible = !re to be a lea/ ?+1 !y _c be sep>at$1 nor come to be by !mselves2 b !y mu/ be n[1 j z !y 7 9 ! beg9n+1 all toge!r4 ,& 9 all ?+s _m ?+s are conta9$1 & an equal numb] bo? 9 ! great] & 9 ! small] ( ! ?+s t are sep>at$ (f4 7#g7 444 ,s t we _c "k ! numb] ( ! ?+s t are sep>at$ (f1 ei!r 9 ^w or de$4 7#h7 ,! ?+s t are 9 "o _w are n divid$ nor cut (f f "o ano!r ) a hat*et1 nei!r ! w>m f ! cold nor ! cold f ! w>m4 ,r4 ,p4 #aee e4 7#i7 444 z ^! ?+s revolve & are sep>at$ out by ! =ce & swiftness4 ,& ! swiftness makes ! =ce4 ,_! swiftness is n l ! swiftness ( any ( ! ?+s t are n[ among m51 b 9 e way _m times z swift4 7#aj7 ,h[ c hair come f :at is n hair1 or fle% f :at is n fle%8 ,r4 ,p4 #aee f1 n4 #a4 7#aa7 ,9 ev]y?+ !re is a portion ( ev]y?+ except ,n\s1 & !re are "s ?+s 9 :i* !re is ,n\s also4 ,r4 ,p4 #afj b4 7#ab7 ,all o!r ?+s p>take 9 a portion ( ev]y?+1 :ile ,n\s is inf9ite & self-rul$1 & is mix$ ) no?+1 b is alone1 itself by itself4 ,= if x 7 n by itself1 b 7 mix$ ) any?+ else1 x w\ld p>take 9 all ?+s if x 7 mix$ ) any2 = 9 ev]y?+ !re is a portion ( ev]y?+1 z has be5 said by me 9 :at goes be=e1 & ! ?+s mix$ ) x w\ld h9d] x1 s t x w\ld h p[] ov] no?+ 9 ! same way t x has n[ be+ alone by itself4 ,= x is ! ?9ne/ ( all ?+s & ! pure/1 & x has all k ab\t ev]y?+ & ! greate/ /r5g?2 & ,n\s has p[] ov] all ?+s1 bo? great] & small]1 t h life4 ,& ,n\s _h p[] ov] ! :ole revolution1 s t x began to revolve 9 ! beg9n+4 ,& x began to revolve fir/ f a small beg9n+2 b ! revolution n[ ext5ds ov] a l>g] space1 & w ext5d ov] a l>g] /ill4 ,& all ! ?+s t are m+l$ toge!r & sep>at$ (f & di/+ui%$ are all kn[n by ,n\s4 ,& ,n\s set 9 ord] all ?+s t 7 to be1 & all ?+s t 7 & are n n[ & t are1 & ?is revolution 9 :i* n[ revolve ! />s & ! sun & ! moon1 & ! air & ! ae!r t are sep>at$ (f4 ,& ?is revolution caus$ ! sep>at+ (f1 & ! r>e is sep>at$ (f f ! d5se1 ! w>m f ! cold1 ! light f ! d>k1 & ! dry f ! moi/4 ,& !re are _m portions 9 _m ?+s4 ,b no ?+ is altoge!r sep>at$ (f nor di/+ui%$ f any?+ else except ,n\s4 ,& all ,n\s is alike1 bo? ! great] & ! small]2 :ile no?+ else is l any?+ else1 b ea* s+le ?+ is & 0 mo/ manife/ly ^? ?+s ( :i* x has mo/ 9 x ,r4 ,p4 #aee4 7#ac7 ,& :5 ,n\s began to move ?+s1 sep>at+ (f took place f all t 0 mov$1 & s f> z ,n\s set 9 motion all 0 sep>at$4 ,& z ?+s 7 set 9 motion & sep>at$1 ! revolution caus$ !m to be sep>at$ mu* m4 7#ad7 ,& ,n\s1 :i* ev] is1 is c]ta9ly !re1 :]e ev]y?+ else is1 9 ! surr\nd+ mass1 & 9 :at has be5 unit$ ) x & sep>at$ (f f x4#fhe 7#ae7 ,! d5se & ! moi/ & ! cold & ! d>k came toge!r :]e ! e>? is n[1 :ile ! r>e & ! w>m & ! dry 7& ! bright7 w5t out t[>ds ! fur!r "p ( ! ae!r4#fhf ,r4 ,p4 #aef4 7#af7 ,f ^! z !y are sep>at$ (f e>? is solidifi$2 = f mi/s wat] is sep>at$ (f1 & f wat] e>?4 ,f ! e>? /ones are solidifi$ by ! cold1 & ^! ru% outw>ds m ?an wat]4 ,r4 ,p4 #aef4 7#ag7 ,! ,hell5es foll[ a wrong usage 9 speak+ ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away2 = no?+ comes into be+ or passes away1 b !re is m+l+ & sep>ation ( ?+s t are4 ,s !y w\ld be "r to call com+ into be+ mixture1 & pass+ away sep>ation4 ,r4 ,p4 #aej4 7#ah7 ,x is ! sun t puts brightness into ! moon4 7#ai7 ,we call ra9b[ ! reflexion ( ! sun 9 ! cl\ds4 ,n[ x is a sign ( /orm2 = ! wat] t fl[s r\nd ! cl\d causes w9d or p\rs d[n 9 ra94 7#bj7 ,) ! rise ( ! ,dog/> m5 beg9 ! h>ve/2 ) its sett+ !y beg9 to till ! fields4 ,x is hidd5 = =ty days & nights4 7#ba7 ,f ! weakness ( our s5ses we are n able to judge ! tru?4 7#ba;a7 ,:at appe>s is a vision ( ! unse54 7#ba;b7 7,we c make use ( ! l[] animals7 because we use our own exp]i5ce & memory & wisdom & art4 7#bb7 ,:at is call$ 8birds' milk0 is ! :ite ( ! egg4 ,footnote #fhb3 ,simplicius tells u t ?is fragm5t 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ,book ,i4 ,! famili> s5t5ce quot$ by ,diog4 ii4 #f 7,r4 ,p4 #aec7 is n a fragm5t ( ,anaxagoras1 b a summ>y1 l ! ascrib$ to ,h]akleitos 7,*ap4 ,,iii4 p4 #afb74 ,footnote #fhc3 ,zell]'s /ill seems to me a conv9c+ correction ( ! ,,ms4 1 :i* ,diels reta9s4 ,footnote #fhd3 ,i _h already po9t$ out 9 ! fir/ edition t ,simplicius quotes ?is ?ree times z a cont9u\s fragm5t1 & t we are n entitl$ to break x up4 ,diels n[ pr9ts x z a s+le passage4 ,footnote #fhe3 ,simplicius gives fr4 #ad ?us 7p4 #aeg1 #e73 4 ,diels n[ reads 1 1 4 ,! correspond5ce ( 444 is /rongly 9 fav\r ( ?is4 ,footnote #fhf3 ,on ! text ( fr4 #ae1 see ,r4 ,p4 #aef a4 ,i h foll[$ ,s*orn 9 add+ f ,hippolytos4 ,sid5ote3 ,anaxagoras & 8 pr$ecessors4 #abg4 ,! sy/em ( ,anaxagoras1 l t ( ,emp$okles1 aim$ at reconcil+ ! ,eleatic doctr9e t corporeal sub/ance is un*angeable ) ! exi/5ce ( a _w :i* ev]y:]e pres5ts ! appe>ance ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away4 ,! conclusions ( ,p>m5ides are frankly accept$ & re/at$4 ,no?+ c be add$ to all ?+s2 = !re _c be m ?an all1 & all is always equal 7fr4 #e74 ,nor c any?+ pass away4 ,:at m5 commonly call com+ into be+ & pass+ away is really mixture & sep>ation 7fr4 #ag74 ,?is la/ fragm5t reads almo/ l a prose p>aphrase ( ,emp$okles 7fr4 #i72 & x is 9 e way probable t ,anaxagoras d]iv$ 8 !ory ( mixture f 8 y\ng] contempor>y1 ^: poem 0 mo/ likely publi%$ be=e 8 own treatise4#fhg ,we h se5 h[ ,emp$okles s\ght to save ! _w ( appe>ance by ma9ta9+ t ! opposites--hot & cold1 moi/ & dry--7 ?+s1 ea* "o ( :i* 0 real 9 ! ,p>m5idean s5se4 ,anaxagoras reg>d$ ?is z inadequate4 ,ev]y?+ *anges into ev]y?+ else1#fhh ! ?+s ( :i* ! _w is made are n 8cut (f ) a hat*et0 7fr4 #h7 9 ?is way4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! true =mula mu/ be3 ,!re is a portion ( ev]y?+ 9 ev]y?+ 7fr4 #aa74 ,footnote #fhg3 ,?is is d\btless ! mean+ ( ! words 9 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #ab 7,r4 ,p4 #aej a72 ?\gh c]ta9ly does n mean 8writ+s0 or op]a omnia1 b simply 8a*ievem5ts40 ,! o!r possible int]pretations are 8m advanc$ 9 8 views0 & 8inf]ior 9 8 tea*+0 7,zell]1 p4 #ajbc1 n4 #b74 ,footnote #fhh3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #d4 #ahg b #a 7,r4 ,p4 #aee a74 ,sid5ote3 8,ev]y?+ 9 ev]y?+40 #abh4 ,a "p ( ! argum5t by :i* ,anaxagoras s\ght to prove ?is po9t has be5 pres]v$ 9 a corrupt =m by ,aetios1 & ,diels has recov]$ "s ( ! orig9al words f ! s*olia/ on ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5e4 8,we use a simple n\ri%m5t10 he said1 8:5 we eat ! fruit ( ,demet] or dr9k wat]4 ,b h[ c hair be made ( :at is n hair1 or fle% ( :at is n fle%80 7fr4 #aj74fhi ,t is j ! sort ( "q ! e>ly ,milesians mu/ h ask$1 only ! physiological int]e/ has n[ def9itely replac$ ! meteorological4 ,we %all f9d a simil> tra9 ( reason+ 9 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia 7fr4 #b74 ,footnote #fhi3 ,aet4 i4 #c1 #e 7,dox4 p4 #bgi74 ,see ,r4 ,p4 #aee f & n4 #a4 ,i read ) ,us5]4 ,! /atem5t t !re is a portion ( ev]y?+ 9 ev]y?+1 is n to be und]/ood z ref]r+ simply to ! orig9al mixture ( ?+s be=e ! =mation ( ! worlds 7fr4 #a74 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 n[ 8all ?+s are toge!r10 & ev]y?+1 h[ev] small & h[ev] great1 has an equal numb] ( 8portions0 7fr4 #f74 ,a small] p>ticle ( matt] c\ld only conta9 a small] numb] ( portions1 if "o ( ^? portions ceas$ to be2 b if any?+ is1 9 ! full ,p>m5idean s5se1 x is impossible t m]e division %\ld make x cease to be 7fr4 #c74 ,matt] is inf9itely divisible2 = !re is no lea/ ?+1 any m ?an !re is a greate/4 ,b h[ev] great or small a body may be1 x conta9s j ! same numb] ( 8portions10 t is1 a portion ( ev]y?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,! portions4 #abi4 ,:at are ^! 8?+s0 ( :i* ev]y?+ conta9s a portion8 ,x once 0 usual to repres5t ! !ory ( ,anaxagoras z if he _h said t :eat1 = in/ance1 conta9$ small p>ticles ( fle%1 blood1 bones1 & ! l2 b we h j se5 t matt] is inf9itely divisible 7fr4 #c71 & t !re are z _m 8portions0 9 ! smalle/ p>ticle z 9 ! greate/ 7fr4 #f74 ,?is is fatal to ! old view4 ,if ev]y?+ 7 made up ( m9ute p>ticles ( ev]y?+ else1 we c\ld c]ta9ly arrive at a po9t :]e ev]y?+ 0 8unmix$10 if only we c>ri$ division f> en\gh4 ,?is difficulty c only be solv$ 9 "o way4#fij ,9 fr4 #h ! examples giv5 ( ?+s :i* are n 8cut (f f "o ano!r ) a hat*et0 are ! hot & ! cold2 & else:]e 7frs4 #d1 #ae71 m5tion is made ( ! o!r traditional 8opposites40 ,ari/otle says t1 if we suppose ! fir/ pr9ciples to be inf9ite1 !y may ei!r be "o 9 k9d1 z ) ,demokritos1 or opposite4#fia ,simplicius1 foll[+ ,porphyry & ,!mi/ios1 ref]s ! latt] view to ,anaxagoras2#fib & ,ari/otle himself implies t ! opposites ( ,anaxagoras _h z mu* "r to be call$ fir/ pr9ciples z ! 8homoeom]ies40#fic ,footnote #fij3 ,see ,tann]y1 ,sci5ce hellne1 pp4 #bhc sqq4 ,i /ill ?9k t ,tann]y's int]pretation is sub/antially "r1 ?\gh 8 /atem5t ( x requires "s modification4 ,footnote #fia3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #b4 #ahd b #ba1 1 1 1 4 ,footnote #fib3 ,phys4 p4 #dd1 #a4 ,he goes on to ref] to 444 4 ,he obs]ves1 h[ev]1 t ,alex&] reject$ ?is int]pretation & took closely toge!r z bo? ref]r+ to ,demokritos4 ,footnote #fic3 ,phys4 1 #d4 #ahg a #be1 77 4 ,ari/otle's own !ory only diff]s f ?is 9 s f> z he makes prior to ! 4 ,x is ( ^? opposites1 !n1 & n ( ! diff]5t =ms ( matt]1 t ev]y?+ conta9s a portion4 ,e p>ticle1 h[ev] l>ge or h[ev] small1 conta9s e "o ( ^? opposite qualities4 ,t :i* is hot is also to a c]ta9 ext5t cold4 ,ev5 sn[1 ,anaxagoras affirm$1 0 black2#fid t is1 ev5 ! :ite conta9s a c]ta9 portion ( ! opposite quality4 ,x is en\gh to indicate ! connexion ( ?is ) ! views ( ,h]akleitos 7 #hj74fie ,footnote #fid3 ,sext4 ,pyrrh4 i4 #cc 7,r4 ,p4 #afa b74 ,footnote #fie3 ,! connexion 0 already not$ by ! eclectic ,h]akleitean to :om ,i attribute 1 i4 #c-d 7see above1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 p4 #afg1 n4 #chc74 ,cf4 ! words ' 4 ,sid5ote3 ,se$s4 #acj4 ,! diff]5ce1 !n1 betwe5 ! !ory ( ,anaxagoras & t ( ,emp$okles is ?is4 ,emp$okles _h taught t1 if y divide ! v>i\s ?+s :i* make up ?is _w1 & 9 p>ticul> ! p>ts ( ! body1 su* z fle%1 bones1 & ! l1 f> en\gh1 y come to ! f\r 8roots0 or elem5ts1 :i* are1 accord+ly1 ! ultimate reality4 ,anaxagoras held t1 h[ev] f> y may divide any ( ^! ?+s--& !y are inf9itely divisible--y nev] come to a "p s small t x does n conta9 portions ( all ! opposites4 ,! smalle/ portion ( bone is /ill bone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ c pass into ev]y?+ else j because ! 8se$s10 z he call$ !m1 ( ea* =m ( matt] conta9 a portion ( ev]y?+1 t is1 ( all ! opposites1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,if we are to use ! ^w 8elem5t0 at all1 x is ^! se$s t are ! elem5ts 9 ! sy/em ( ,anaxagoras4 ,ari/otle expresses ?is by say+ t ,anaxagoras reg>ds ! z 4#fif ,we h se5 t ! t]m is ( lat] date ?an ,anaxagoras1 & x is natural to suppose t ! ^w is also only ,ari/otle's "n = ! 8se$s40 ,9 8 own sy/em1 ! are int]m$iate betwe5 ! elem5ts 771 ( :i* !y are compos$1 & ! organs 771 :i* are compos$ ( !m4 ,! he>t _c be divid$ into he>ts1 b ! p>ts ( fle% are fle%4 ,t be+ s1 ,ari/otle's /atem5t is q intelligible f 8 own po9t ( view1 b !re is no reason = suppos+ t ,anaxagoras express$ himself 9 t p>ticul> way4 ,all we are entitl$ to inf] is t he said ! 8se$s10 :i* he _h sub/itut$ = ! 8roots0 ( ,emp$okles1 7 n ! opposites 9 a /ate ( sep>ation1 b ea* conta9$ a portion ( !m all4 ,if ,anaxagoras _h us$ ! t]m 8homoeom]ies0#fig himself1 x w\ld be /range t ,simplicius %\ld quote no fragm5t conta9+ x4 ,footnote #fif3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #a1 #cad a #ah1 7,anaxagoras7 1 1 4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 repeat$ by ,!ophra/os & ! doxograph]s2 b x is to be not$ t ,aetios1 suppos+ z he does t ,anaxagoras himself us$ ! t]m1 gives x an entirely wrong mean+4 ,he says t ! 7 s call$ f ! lik5ess ( ! p>ticles ( ! to ^? ( ! body 7,dox4 #bgi a #ba2 ,r4 ,p4 #aee f74 ,lucretius1 i4 #hcj sqq4 7,r4 ,p4 #aej a7 has a simil> acc\nt ( ! matt]1 d]iv$ f ,epicurean s\rces4 ,obvi\sly1 x _c be reconcil$ ) :at ,ari/otle says4 ,footnote #fig3 ,x is m likely t we h a trace ( ! t]m9ology ( ,anaxagoras himself 9 1 #c1 1 4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sy/ems may also be reg>d$ f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,anaxagoras 0 n oblig$ by 8 !ory to reg>d ! elem5ts ( ,emp$okles z prim>y1 a view to :i* !re 7 obvi\s objections1 especially 9 ! case ( e>?4 ,he expla9$ !m 9 q ano!r way4 ,?\gh ev]y?+ has a portion ( ev]y?+ 9 x1 ?+s appe> to be t ( :i* !re is mo/ 9 !m 7fr4 #ab sub f9474 ,we may say1 !n1 t ,air is t 9 :i* !re is mo/ cold1 ,fire t 9 :i* !re is mo/ heat1 & s on1 )\t giv+ up ! view t !re is a portion ( cold 9 ! fire & a portion ( heat 9 ! air4#fih ,! great masses :i* ,emp$okles _h tak5 = elem5ts are really va/ collections ( all mann] ( 8se$s40 ,ea* ( !m is1 9 fact1 a 4#fii ,footnote #fih3 ,cf4 above1 p4 #cje4 ,footnote #fii3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #a4 #cad a #bi4 ,! ^w 0 us$ by ,demokritos 7,ari/4 de ,an4 #djd a #h2 ,r4 ,p4 #bjj71 & x occurs 9 ! 7loc4 cit474 ,x seems natural to suppose t x 0 us$ by ,anaxagoras himself1 z he us$ ! t]m 4 ,mu* difficulty has be5 caus$ by ! app>5t inclusion ( ,wat] & ,fire among ! 9 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #aa 7,r4 ,p4 #aej a74 ,bonitz und]/&s ! words to mean 8z we h j se5 t ,fire & ,wat] d 9 ! sy/em ( ,emp$okles40 ,9 any case1 goes closely ) 1 & ! g5]al s5se is t ,anaxagoras applies to ! :at is really true ( ! 4 ,x w\ld be bett] to delete ! comma aft] & add "o aft] 1 = is explanatory ( 444 4 ,9 ! next s5t5ce1 ,i read = ) ,zell] 7,ar*4 ii4 p4 #bfa74 ,see also ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #c4 #cjb b #a 7,r4 ,p4 #aej a71 :]e ! matt] is v cle>ly put4 ,sid5ote3 8,all ?+s toge!r40 #aca4 ,f all ?is x foll[s t1 :5 8all ?+s 7 toge!r10 & :5 ! diff]5t se$s ( ?+s 7 mix$ toge!r 9 inf9itely small p>ticles 7fr4 #a71 ! appe>ance pres5t$ w\ld be t ( "o ( :at _h hi!rto be5 reg>d$ z ! prim>y sub/ances4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !y did pres5t ! appe>ance ( 8air & ae!r02 = ! qualities 7?+s7 :i* belong to ^! prevail 9 quantity ov] all o!r ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 & ev]y?+ is mo/ obvi\sly t ( :i* x has mo/ 9 x 7fr4 #ab sub f9474 ,"h1 !n1 ,anaxagoras atta*es himself to ,anaxim5es4 ,! prim>y condition ( ?+s1 be=e ! =mation ( ! worlds1 is mu* ! same 9 bo?2 only1 ) ,anaxagoras1 ! orig9al mass is no long] ! prim>y sub/ance1 b a mixture ( innum]able se$s divid$ into inf9itely small p>ts4 ,?is mass is inf9ite1 l ! air ( ,anaxim5es1 & x supports itself1 s9ce !re is no?+ surr\nd+ x4#gjj ,fur!r1 ! 8se$s0 ( all ?+s :i* x conta9s are inf9ite 9 numb] 7fr4 #a74 ,b1 z ! innum]able se$s may be divid$ into ^? 9 :i* ! portions ( cold1 moi/1 d5se1 & d>k prevail1 & ^? :i* h mo/ ( ! w>m1 dry1 r>e1 & light 9 !m1 we may say t ! orig9al mass 0 a mixture ( inf9ite ,air & ( inf9ite ,fire4 ,! se$s ( ,air1 ( c\rse1 conta9 8portions0 ( ! 8?+s0 t pr$om9ate 9 ,fire1 & vice v]sa2 b we reg>d ev]y?+ z be+ t ( :i* x has mo/ 9 x4 ,la/ly1 !re is no void 9 ?is mixture1 an addition to ! !ory made necess>y by ! argum5ts ( ,p>m5ides4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 wor?y ( note t ,anaxagoras add$ an exp]im5tal pro( ( ?is to ! purely dialectical "o ( ! ,eleatics4 ,he us$ ! klepsydra exp]im5t z ,emp$okles _h done 7fr4 #ajj71 & also %[$ ! corporeal nature ( air by means ( inflat$ sk9s4#gja ,footnote #gjj3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #e4 #bje b #a 7,r4 ,p4 #aed a74 ,footnote #gja3 ,phys4 1 #f4 #bac a #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #aei74 ,we h a full discussion ( ! exp]im5ts ) ! klepsydra 9 ,probl4 #iad b #i sqq41 a passage :i* we h already us$ to illu/rate ,emp$okles1 fr4 #ajj4 ,see above1 p4 #bec1 n4 #efe4 ,sid5ote3 ,n\s4 #acb4 ,l ,emp$okles1 ,anaxagoras requir$ "s ext]nal cause to produce motion 9 ! mixture4 ,body1 ,p>m5ides _h %[n1 w\ld nev] move itself1 z ! ,milesians _h suppos$4 ,anaxagoras call$ ! cause ( motion by ! "n ( ,n\s4 ,x 0 ?is :i* made ,ari/otle say t he 8/ood out l a sob] man f ! r&om talk]s t _h prec$$ him10#gjb & he has (t5 be5 cr$it$ ) ! introduction ( ! spiritual into philosophy4 ,! disappo9tm5t express$ bo? by ,plato & ,ari/otle z to ! way 9 :i* ,anaxagoras work$ out ! !ory %\ld1 h[ev]1 make u pause to reflect be=e accept+ too exalt$ a view ( x4 ,plato#gjc makes ,sokrates say3 8,i once he>d a man read+ a book1 z he said1 ( ,anaxagoras1 & say+ x 0 ,m9d t ord]$ ! _w & 0 ! cause ( all ?+s4 ,i 0 delight$ to he> ( ?is cause1 & ,i ?\ght he really 0 "r4444 ,b my extravagant expectations 7 all da%$ to ! gr\nd :5 ,i w5t on & f\nd t ! man made no use ( ,m9d at all4 ,he ascrib$ no causal p[] :atev] to x 9 ! ord]+ ( ?+s1 b to airs1 & ae!rs1 & wat]s1 & a ho/ ( o!r /range ?+s40 ,ari/otle1 probably ) ?is passage 9 m9d1 says3#gjd 8,anaxagoras uses ,m9d z a deus ex ma*9a to acc\nt = ! =mation ( ! _w2 & :5ev] he is at a loss to expla9 :y any?+ necess>ily is1 he drags x 94 ,b 9 o!r cases he makes any?+ r ?an ,m9d ! cause40 ,^! utt]ances may well sugge/ t ! ,n\s ( ,anaxagoras did n really /& on a high] level ?an ! ,love & ,/rife ( ,emp$okles1 & ?is w only be confirm$ :5 we look at :at he himself has to say ab\t x4 ,footnote #gjb3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd b #ae 7,r4 ,p4 #aeb74 ,footnote #gjc3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #ig b #h 7,r4 ,p4 #aee d74 ,footnote #gjd3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ihe a #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #aee d74 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,n\s is unmix$ 7fr4 #ab71 & does n1 l o!r ?+s1 conta9 a portion ( ev]y?+4 ,?is w\ld h>dly be wor? say+ ( an immat]ial m9d2 no "o w\ld suppose t to be hot or cold4 ,! result ( its be+ unmix$ is t x 8has p[] ov]0 ev]y?+1 t is to say1 9 ! language ( ,anaxagoras1 x causes ?+s to move4#gje ,h]akleitos _h said z mu* ( ,fire1 & ,emp$okles ( ,/rife4 ,fur!r1 x is ! 8?9ne/0 ( all ?+s1 s t x c p5etrate ev]y:]e1 & x w\ld be mean+less to say t ! immat]ial is 8?9n]0 ?an ! mat]ial4 ,x is true t ,n\s also 8kn[s all ?+s02 b s1 p]haps1 did ! ,fire ( ,h]akleitos1#gjf & c]ta9ly ! ,air ( ,diog5es4#gjg ,zell] holds1 inde$1 t ,anaxagoras meant to speak ( some?+ incorporeal2 b he admits t he did n succe$ 9 do+ s1#gjh & t is hi/orically ! important po9t4 ,n\s is c]ta9ly imag9$ z occupy+ space2 = we he> ( great] & small] p>ts ( x 7fr4 #ab74 ,footnote #gje3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #e4 #bef b #bd1 1 1 4 ,?is is only quot$ = ! mean+ ( 4 ,( c\rse1 ! words are n meant to be hi/orical1 & /ill less is ! int]pretation 9 de ,an4 1 #d4 #dbi a #ah4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia 7fr4 #e7 c\ples 7! old ,milesian ^w7 ) 4 ,footnote #gjf3 ,if we reta9 ! ,,ms4 9 fr4 #a4 ,9 any case1 ! "n implies z mu*4 ,footnote #gjg3 ,see fr4 #c1 #e4 ,footnote #gjh3 ,zell]1 p4 #iic4 ,! tru? probably is t ,anaxagoras sub/itut$ ,n\s = ! ,love & ,/rife ( ,emp$okles1 because he wi%$ to reta9 ! old ,ionic doctr9e ( a sub/ance t 8kn[s0 all ?+s1 & to id5tify ?is ) ! new !ory ( a sub/ance t 8moves0 all ?+s4 ,p]haps1 too1 x 0 8 increas$ int]e/ 9 physiological z di/+ui%$ f purely cosmological matt]s t l$ him to speak ( ,m9d r ?an ,s\l4 ,! =m] ^w c]ta9ly sugge/s design m cle>ly ?an ! latt]4 ,b1 9 any case1 ! orig9ality ( ,anaxagoras lies f> m 9 ! !ory ( matt] ?an 9 t ( ,n\s4 ,sid5ote3 ,=mation ( ! worlds4 #acc4 ,! =mation ( a _w />ts ) a rotatory motion :i* ,n\s imp>ts to a portion ( ! mix$ mass 9 :i* 8all ?+s are toge!r0 7fr4 #ac71 & ?is rotatory motion gradually ext5ds ov] a wid] & wid] space4 ,its rapidity 7fr4 #i7 produc$ a sep>ation ( ! r>e & ! d5se1 ! cold & ! hot1 ! d>k & ! light1 ! moi/ & ! dry 7fr4 #ae74 ,?is sep>ation produces two great masses1 ! "o consi/+ ( ! r>e1 hot1 light1 & dry1 call$ ! 8,ae!r02 ! o!r1 9 :i* ! opposite qualities pr$om9ate1 call$ 8,air0 7fr4 #a74 ,( ^! ! ,ae!r or ,fire#gji took ! outside :ile ! ,air occupi$ ! c5tre 7fr4 #ae74 ,footnote #gji3 ,note t ,anaxagoras says 8air0 :]e ,emp$okles usually said 8ae!r10 & t 8ae!r0 is ) him equival5t to fire4 ,cf4 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #c4 #cjb b #d1 2 & ib4 1 #c4 #bgj b #bd1 4 ,! next /age is ! sep>ation ( ! air into cl\ds1 wat]1 e>?1 & /ones 7fr4 #af74 ,9 ?is ,anaxagoras foll[s ,anaxim5es closely4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! heav5ly bodies1 h[ev]1 he %[$ himself m orig9al4 ,we read at ! end ( fr4 #af t /ones 8ru% outw>ds m ?an wat]10 & we le>n f ! doxograph]s t ! heav5ly bodies 7 expla9$ z /ones torn f ! e>? by ! rapidity ( its revolution & made r$-hot by ! spe$ ( _! own motion4#gaj ,p]haps ! fall ( ! meteoric /one at ,aigospotamoi _h some?+ to d ) ! orig9 ( ?is !ory4 ,x may also be obs]v$ t1 :ile 9 ! e>li] /ages ( ! _w-=mation we are guid$ *iefly by ! analogy ( wat] rotat+ ) light & heavy bodies float+ 9 x1 we are "h rem9d$ r ( a sl+4 ,footnote #gaj3 ,aet4 ii4 #ac1 #c 7,dox4 p4 #cda2 ,r4 ,p4 #aeg c74 ,sid5ote3 ,innum]able worlds4 #acd4 ,t ,anaxagoras adopt$ ! ord9>y ,ionian !ory ( innum]able worlds is p]fectly cle> f fr4 #d1 :i* we h no "r to reg>d z o!r ?an cont9u\s4#gaa ,! words 8t x 0 n only ) u t ?+s 7 sep>at$ (f1 b else:]e too0 c only mean t ,n\s has caus$ a rotatory movem5t 9 m p>ts ( ! b\ndless mixture ?an "o4 ,aetios c]ta9ly includes ,anaxagoras among ^? :o held !re 0 only "o _w2 b ?is te/imony _c be consid]$ ( ! same weight z t ( ! fragm5ts4#gab ,zell]'s ref]5ce ( ! words 8else:]e1 z ) u0 to ! moon is v improbable4 ,is x likely t any "o w\ld say t ! inhabitants ( ! moon 8h a sun & moon z ) u08#gac ,footnote #gaa3 ,see above1 p4 #cjj1 n4 #fhd4 ,footnote #gab3 ,aet4 ii4 #a1 #c4 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #fc4 ,footnote #gac3 ,fur!r1 x c be prov$ t ?is passage 7fr4 #d7 occurr$ q ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! "w4 ,cf4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #cd1 #bh1 ' 1 p4 #aef1 #a1 ' 7aft] fr4 #b71 :i* itself occurr$1 ' 7aft] fr4 #a71 :i* 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! book4 ,a ref]5ce to o!r 8worlds0 w\ld be q 9 place "h1 b n a ref]5ce to ! moon4 #ace4 ,! cosmology ( ,anaxagoras is cle>ly bas$ ^u t ( ,anaxim5es1 z w be obvi\s f a comp>ison ( ! foll[+ passage ( ,hippolytos#gad ) ! quotations giv5 9 ,*ap4 ,i4 7 #bi73-- 7#c7 ,! e>? is flat 9 %ape1 & rema9s susp5d$ because ( its size & because !re is no vacuum4#gae ,= ?is reason ! air is v /rong1 & supports ! e>? :i* is borne up by x4 7#d7 ,( ! moi/ure on ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! sea arose f ! wat]s 9 ! e>? 7= :5 ^! 7 evaporat$ ! rema9d] turn$ salt71#gaf & f ! riv]s :i* fl[ into x4 7#e7 ,riv]s take _! be+ bo? f ! ra9s & f ! wat]s 9 ! e>?2 = ! e>? is holl[ & has wat]s 9 its cavities4 ,& ! ,nile rises 9 summ] ow+ to ! wat] t comes d[n f ! sn[s 9 ,e?iopia4#gag 7#f7 ,! sun & ! moon & all ! />s are fi]y /ones c>ri$ r\nd by ! rotation ( ! ae!r4 ,"u ! />s are ! sun & moon1 & also c]ta9 bodies :i* revolve ) !m1 b are invisible to u4 7#g7 ,we d n feel ! heat ( ! />s because ( ! greatness ( _! di/ance f ! e>?2 &1 fur!r1 !y are n s w>m z ! sun1 because !y occupy a cold] region4 ,! moon is bel[ ! sun1 & ne>] u4 7#h7 ,! sun surpasses ! ,peloponnesos 9 size4 ,! moon has n a light ( h] own1 b gets x f ! sun4 ,! c\rse ( ! />s goes "u ! e>?4 7#i7 ,! moon is eclips$ by ! e>? scre5+ ! sun's light f x1 & sometimes1 too1 by ! bodies bel[ ! moon com+ be=e x4 ,! sun is eclips$ at ! new moon1 :5 ! moon scre5s x f u4 ,bo? ! sun & ! moon turn 9 _! c\rses ow+ to ! repulsion ( ! air4 ,! moon turns frequ5tly1 because x _c prevail ov] ! cold4 7#aj7 ,anaxagoras 0 ! fir/ to det]m9e :at conc]ns ! eclipses & ! illum9ation ( ! sun & moon4 ,& he said ! moon 0 ( e>?1 & _h pla9s & rav9es 9 x4 ,! ,milky ,way 0 ! reflexion ( ! light ( ! />s t 7 n illum9at$ by ! sun4 ,%oot+ />s 7 sp>ks1 z x 71 :i* leapt out ow+ to ! motion ( ! heav5ly vault4 7#aa7 ,w9ds arose :5 ! air 0 r>efi$ by ! sun1 & :5 ?+s 7 burn$ & made _! way to ! vault ( heav5 & 7 c>ri$ (f4 ,?und] & lightn+ 7 produc$ by heat /rik+ ^u cl\ds4 7#ab7 ,e>?quakes 7 caus$ by ! air above /rik+ on t b5ea? ! e>?2 = ! movem5t ( ! latt] caus$ ! e>? :i* floats on x to rock4 ,footnote #gad3 ,ref4 i4 #h1 #c 7,dox4 p4 #efb74 ,footnote #gae3 ,?is is an addition to ! old] view occasion$ by ! ,eleatic d5ial ( ! void4 ,footnote #gaf3 ,! text "h is v corrupt1 b ! g5]al s5se c be got f ,aet4 iii4 #af4 #b4 ,footnote #gag3 ,! ,,ms4 read+ is 1 = :i* ,diels adopts ,fr$ri*s' 4 ,i h ?\ght x saf] to translate ! :i* ,aetios gives 7iv4 #a1 #c74 ,?is view is m5tion$ & reject$ by ,h]odotos 7ii4 #bb74 ,s5eca 7,n4 ,q4 iv4 #b1 #ag7 po9ts out t x 0 adopt$ by ,ais*ylos 7,suppl4 #eei1 fr4 #cjj1 ,nauck71 ,sophokles 7fr4 #gig71 & ,euripides 7,hel4 #c1 fr4 #bbh74 ,all ?is confirms 9 ! mo/ /rik+ way ! /atem5t ( ,!ophra/os1 t ,anaxagoras _h belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,anaxim5es4 ,! flat e>? float+ on ! air1 ! d>k bodies bel[ ! moon1 ! explanation ( ! sol/ices & ! 8turn+s0 ( ! moon by ! resi/ance ( air1 ! explanations giv5 ( w9d & ( ?und] & lightn+1 are all d]iv$ f ! e>li] inquir]4 ,sid5ote3 ,biology4 #acf4 8,!re is a portion ( ev]y?+ 9 ev]y?+ except ,n\s1 & !re are "s ?+s 9 :i* !re is ,n\s also0 7fr4 #aa74 ,9 ^! words ,anaxagoras laid d[n ! di/9ction betwe5 animate & inanimate ?+s4 ,he tells u t x is ! same ,n\s t 8has p[] ov]10 t is1 sets 9 motion1 all ?+s t h life1 bo? ! great] & ! small] 7fr4 #ab74 ,! ,n\s 9 liv+ creatures is ! same 9 all 7fr4 #ab71 & f ?is x foll[$ t ! diff]5t grades ( intellig5ce :i* we obs]ve 9 ! animal & vegetable worlds dep5d entirely on ! /ructure ( ! body4 ,! ,n\s 0 ! same1 b x _h m opportunities 9 "o body ?an ano!r4 ,man 0 ! wise/ ( animals1 n because he _h a bett] sort ( ,n\s1 b simply because he _h h&s4#gah ,?is view is q 9 accordance ) ! previ\s developm5t ( ?\ght ^u ! subject4 ,p>m5ides1 9 ! ,second ,"p ( 8 poem 7fr4 #af71 _h already made ! ?\ght ( m5 dep5d ^u ! con/itution ( _! limbs4 ,z all ,n\s is ! same1 we are n surpris$ to f9d t plants 7 reg>d$ z liv+ creatures4 ,if we may tru/ ! pseudo-,ari/otelian ,treatise on ,plants#gai s f>1 ,anaxagoras argu$ t !y mu/ feel pleasure & pa9 9 connexion ) _! gr[? & ) ! fall ( _! leaves4 ,plut>* says#gbj t he call$ plants 8animals fix$ 9 ! e>?40 ,footnote #gah3 ,ari/4 de ,"p4 ,an4 1 #aj4 #fhg a #g 7,r4 ,p4 #afj b74 ,footnote #gai3 ,ari/4 de plant4 1 #a4 #hae a #ae 7,r4 ,p4 #afj74 ,footnote #gbj3 ,plut4 ,q4,n4 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #afj71 444 4 ,bo? plants & animals orig9at$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f ! 4 ,plants fir/ arose :5 ! se$s ( !m :i* ! air conta9$ 7 br\ght d[n by ! ra9-wat]1#gba & animals orig9at$ 9 a simil> way4#gbb ,l ,anaxim&]1 ,anaxagoras held t animals fir/ arose 9 ! moi/ elem5t4#gbc ,footnote #gba3 ,!ophr4 ,hi/4 ,plant4 iii4 #a1 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #afj74 ,footnote #gbb3 ,ir5aeus1 adv4 ,ha]4 ii4 #ad1 #b 7,r4 ,p4 #afj a74 ,footnote #gbc3 ,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #h1 #ab 7,dox4 p4 #efc74 #acg4 ,9 ^! scanty notices we seem to see traces ( a polemical attitude t[>ds ,emp$okles1 & ! same may be obs]v$ 9 :at we are told ( ! !ory ( p]ception adopt$ by ,anaxagoras1 especially 9 ! view t p]ception is ( contr>ies4#gbd ,! acc\nt :i* ,!ophra/os gives ( ?is#gbe is z foll[s3-- ,b ,anaxagoras says t p]ception is produc$ by opposites2 = l ?+s _c be affect$ by l4 ,he attempts to give a detail$ enum]ation ( ! p>ticul> s5ses4 ,we see by means ( ! image 9 ! pupil2 b no image is ca/ ^u :at is ( ! same col\r1 b only on :at is diff]5t4 ,) mo/ liv+ creatures ?+s are ( a diff]5t col\r to ! pupil by day1 ?\gh ) "s ?is is s by night1 & ^! are accord+ly ke5-sight$ at t "t4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 h[ev]1 night is m ( ! same col\r ) ! eyes ?an day4 ,& an image is ca/ on ! pupil by day1 because light is a concomitant cause ( ! image1 & because ! prevail+ col\r ca/s an image m readily ^u its opposite4#gbf ,x is 9 ! same way t t\* & ta/e disc]n _! objects4 ,t :i* is j z w>m or j z cold z we are nei!r w>ms u nor cools u by its contact2 &1 9 ! same way1 we d n appreh5d ! sweet & ! s\r by means ( !mselves4 ,we "k cold by w>m1 fre% by salt1 & sweet by s\r1 9 virtue ( our defici5cy 9 ea*2 = all ^! are 9 u to beg9 )4 ,& we smell & he> 9 ! same mann]2 ! =m] by means ( ! accompany+ respiration1 ! latt] by ! s\nd p5etrat+ to ! bra91 = ! bone :i* surr\nds ?is is holl[1 & x is ^u x t ! s\nd falls4#gbg ,& all s5sation implies pa91 a view :i* w\ld seem to be ! consequ5ce ( ! fir/ assumption1 = all unlike ?+s produce pa9 by _! contact4 ,& ?is pa9 is made p]ceptible by ! long cont9uance or by ! excess ( a s5sation4 ,brilliant col\rs & excessive noises produce pa91 & we _c dwell long on ! same ?+s4 ,! l>g] animals are ! m s5sitive1 &1 g5]ally1 s5sation is proportionate to ! size ( ! organs ( s5se4 ,^? animals :i* h l>ge1 pure1 & bright eyes1 see l>ge objects & f a great di/ance1 & contr>iwise4#gbh ,& x is ! same ) he>+4 ,l>ge animals c he> great & di/ant s\nds1 :ile less s\nds pass unp]ceiv$2 small animals p]ceive small s\nds & ^? ne> at h&4#gbi ,x is ! same too ) smell4 ,r>efi$ air has m smell2 =1 :5 air is heat$ & r>efi$1 x smells4 ,a l>ge animal :5 x brea!s draws 9 ! cond5s$ air along ) ! r>efi$1 :ile a small "o draws 9 ! r>efi$ by itself2 s ! l>ge "o p]ceives m4 ,= smell is bett] p]ceiv$ :5 x is ne> ?an :5 x is f> by reason ( its be+ m cond5s$1 :ile :5 disp]s$ x is weak4 ,b1 r\ghly speak+1 l>ge animals d n p]ceive a r>efi$ smell1 nor small animals a cond5s$ "o4#gcj ,footnote #gbd3 ,be>e1 p4 #cg4 ,footnote #gbe3 ,!ophr4 de ,s5su1 #bg sqq4 7,dox4 p4 #ejg74 ,footnote #gbf3 ,be>e1 p4 #ch4 ,footnote #gbg3 ,be>e1 p4 #bjh4 ,footnote #gbh3 ,ibid4 p4 #bji4 ,footnote #gbi3 ,ibid4 p4 #ajc4 ,footnote #gcj3 ,ibid4 p4 #acg4 ,?is !ory m>ks 9 "s respects an advance ^u t ( ,emp$okles4 ,x 0 a happy ?\ght ( ,anaxagoras to make s5sation dep5d ^u irritation by opposites1 & to connect x ) pa94 ,_m mod]n !ories are bas$ ^u a simil> idea4 ,t ,anaxagoras reg>d$ ! s5ses z incapable ( rea*+ ! tru? ( ?+s is %[n by ! fragm5ts pres]v$ by ,sextus4 ,b we mu/ n1 = all t1 turn him into a sceptic4 ,! say+ pres]v$ by ,ari/otle#gca t 8?+s are z we suppose !m to be10 has no value at all z evid5ce4 ,x comes f "s collection ( apoph!gms1 n f ! treatise ( ,anaxagoras himself2 & x _h1 z likely z n1 a moral application4 ,he did say 7fr4 #ba7 t 8! weakness ( our s5ses prev5ts our disc]n+ ! tru?10 b ?is meant simply t we d n see ! 8portions0 ( ev]y?+ :i* are 9 ev]y?+2 = in/ance1 ! portions ( black :i* are 9 ! :ite4 ,our s5ses simply %[ u ! portions t prevail4 ,he also said t ! ?+s :i* are se5 give u ! p[] ( see+ ! invisible1 :i* is ! v opposite ( scepticism 7fr4 #ba;a74 ,footnote #gca3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ajji b #be 7,r4 ,p4 #afa a74 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,py?agoreans ,sid5ote3 ,! ,py?agorean s*ool4 #ach4 ,we h se5 7 #dj7 h[ ! ,py?agoreans1 aft] los+ _! supremacy at ,kroton1 conc5trat$ !mselves at ,rhegion2 b ! s*ool f\nd$ !re 0 soon brok5 up4 ,ar*ippos /ay$ beh9d 9 ,italy2 b ,philolaos & ,lysis1 ! latt] ( :om _h escap$ z a "y man f ! massacre ( ,kroton1 betook !mselves to cont95tal ,hellas1 settl+ f9ally at ,!bes4 ,we "k f ,plato t ,philolaos 0 !re "s "t dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury1 & ,lysis 0 aft]w>ds ! tea*] ( ,epame9ondas4#gcb ,"s ( ! ,py?agoreans1 h[ev]1 7 able to return to ,italy lat] on4 ,philolaos c]ta9ly did s1 & ,plato implies t he _h left ,!bes "s "t be=e #cii ,b4,c41 ! ye> 9 :i* ,sokrates 0 put to dea?4 ,9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ! *ief seat ( ! s*ool is at ,t>as1 & we f9d ! ,py?agoreans head+ ! opposition to ,dionysios ( ,syracuse4 ,x is to ?is p]iod t ,ar*ytas belongs4 ,he 0 ! fri5d ( ,plato1 & almo/ realis$1 if he did n sugge/1 ! ideal ( ! philosoph] k+4 ,he rul$ ,t>as = ye>s1 & ,ari/ox5os tells u t he 0 nev] defeat$ 9 ! field ( battle4#gcc ,he 0 also ! inv5tor ( ma!matical me*anics4 ,at ! same "t1 ,py?agoreanism _h tak5 root 9 ,hellas4 ,lysis1 we h se51 rema9$ at ,!bes1 :]e ,simmias & ,kebes _h he>d ,philolaos1 & !re 0 an important community ( ,py?agoreans at ,phlei\s4 ,ari/ox5os 0 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) ! la/ g5]ation ( ! s*ool1 & m5tion$ by "n ,x5ophilos ! ,*alkidian f ,?race1 ) ,phanton1 ,e*ekrates1 ,diokles1 & ,polymne/os ( ,phlei\s4 ,!y 7 all1 he said1 disciples ( ,philolaos & ,eurytos4#gcd ,plato 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) ^! m51 & d$icat$ ! ,pha$o to !m4#gce ,x5ophilos 0 ! tea*] ( ,ari/ox5os1 & liv$ 9 p]fect heal? at ,a!ns till ! age ( a hundr$ & five4#gcf ,footnote #gcb3 ,= ,philolaos1 see ,plato1 ,phd4 #fa d #g2 e #g2 & = ,lysis1 ,ari/ox5os 9 ,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #bej 7,r4 ,p4 #ei b74 ,footnote #gcc3 ,diog4 viii4 #gi-hc 7,r4 ,p4 #fa74 ,ari/ox5os himself came f ,t>as4 ,= ! political activity ( ! ,t>5t9e ,py?agoreans1 see ,mey]1 ,ges*4 des ,alt]?4 v4 #hbd4 ,! /ory ( ,damon & ,ph9tias 7told by ,ari/ox5os7 belongs to ?is "t4 ,footnote #gcd3 ,diog4 viii4 #df 7,r4 ,p4 #fb74 ,footnote #gce3 ,comp>e ! way 9 :i* ! ,!aetetus is d$icat$ to ! s*ool ( ,meg>a4 ,footnote #gcf3 ,see ,ari/ox5os ap4 ,val4 ,max4 viii4 #ac1 ext4 #c2 & ,s\idas s4v4 ,sid5ote3 ,philolaos4 #aci4 ,?is g5]ation ( ! s*ool really belongs1 h[ev]1 to a lat] p]iod1 & _c be pr(itably /udi$ ap>t f ,plato2 x is ) _! ma/] ,philolaos we h n[ to deal4 ,! facts we "k ab\t 8 tea*+ f ext]nal s\rces are few 9 numb]4 ,! doxograph]s1 inde$1 ascribe to him an elaborate !ory ( ! planet>y sy/em1 b ,ari/otle nev] m5tions 8 "n 9 connexion ) ?is4 ,he gives x z ! !ory ( 8! ,py?agoreans0 or ( 8"s ,py?agoreans40#gcg ,x seems natural to suppose1 h[ev]1 t ! ,py?agorean elem5ts ( ,plato's ,pha$o & ,gorgias come ma9ly f ,philolaos4 ,plato makes ,sokrates express surprise t ,simmias & ,kebes _h n le>nt f him :y x is unlawful = a man to take 8 life1#gch & x seems to be impli$ t ! ,py?agoreans at ,!bes us$ ! ^w 8philosoph]0 9 ! special s5se ( a man :o is seek+ to f9d a way ( release f ! burd5 ( ?is life4#gci ,x is extremely probable t ,philolaos spoke ( ! body 77 z ! tomb 77 ( ! s\l4#gdj ,9 any case1 we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ t he taught ! old ,py?agorean religi\s doctr9e 9 "s =m1 & x is likely t he laid special /ress ^u k z a means ( release4 ,t is ! impression we get f ,plato1 & he is by f> ! be/ au?ority we h on ! subject4 ,footnote #gcg3 ,see bel[1 #aej-aeb4 ,footnote #gch3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #fa d #f4 ,footnote #gci3 ,?is appe>s to foll[ at once f ! rem>k ( ,simmias 9 ,phd4 #fd b4 ,! :ole passage w\ld be po9tless if ! words 1 1 _h n 9 "s way become famili> to ! ord9>y ,!ban ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,n[ ,h]akleides ,pontikos made ,py?agoras inv5t ! ^w1 & exp\nd x 9 a conv]sation ) ,leon1 tyrant ( ,sikyon or ,phlei\s4 ,cf4 ,diog4 i4 #ab 7,r4 ,p4 #c71 viii4 #h2 ,cic4 ,tusc4 v4 #c4 #h2 ,dr+ 9 ,ar*4 v4 pp4 #eje sqq4 ,x seems to me t ! way 9 :i* ! t]m is introduc$ 9 ! ,pha$o is fatal to ! view t ?is is a ,sokratic idea transf]r$ by ,h]akleides to ! ,py?agoreans4 ,cf4 also ! rem>k ( ,alkidamas quot$ by ,ari/4 ,rhet4 1 #bc4 #acih b #ah1 4 ,footnote #gdj3 ,= reasons :i* w appe>1 ,i d n atta* importance 9 ?is connexion to ,philolaos1 fr4 #ad ,diels #bc ,mulla* 7,r4 ,p4 #hi71 b x does seem likely t ! ( ,gorg4 #dic a #e 7,r4 ,p4 #hi b7 is responsible = ! :ole !ory !re giv54 ,he is c]ta9ly1 9 any case1 ! au?or ( ! 1 :i* implies ! same g5]al view4 ,n[ he is call$ 1 :i* means he 0 an ,italian2 = ! is m]ely an allusion to ! ' ( ,timokreon4 ,we d n "k ( any ,italian f :om ,plato c\ld h le>nt ^! views except ,philolaos or "o ( 8 disciples4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be orig9ally ,orphic = all t 7cf4 ,r4 ,p4 #hi a74 ,we "k fur!r t ,philolaos wrote on 8numb]s02 = ,speusippos foll[$ him 9 ! acc\nt he gave ( ! ,py?agorean !ories on t subject4#gda ,x is probable t he busi$ himself ma9ly ) ari?metic1 & we c h>dly d\bt t 8 geometry 0 ( ! primitive type describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,eurytos 0 8 disciple1 & we h se5 7 #dg7 t 8 views 7 /ill v crude4 ,footnote #gda3 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 p4 #aac1 n4 #bcf4 ,we also "k n[ t ,philolaos wrote on m$ic9e1#gdb & t1 :ile app>5tly influ5c$ by ! !ories ( ! ,sicilian s*ool1 he oppos$ !m f ! ,py?agorean /&po9t4 ,9 p>ticul>1 he said t our bodies 7 compos$ only ( ! w>m1 & did n p>ticipate 9 ! cold4 ,x 0 only aft] bir? t ! cold 0 introduc$ by respiration4 ,! connexion ( ?is ) ! old ,py?agorean !ory is obvi\s4 ,j z ! ,fire 9 ! macrocosm draws 9 & limits ! cold d>k brea? :i* surr\nds ! _w 7 #ec71 s d our bodies inhale cold brea? f outside4 ,philolaos made bile1 blood1 & phlegm ! causes ( disease2 &1 9 accordance ) ! !ory j m5tion$1 he _h to d5y t ! phlegm 0 cold1 z ! ,sicilian s*ool held x 04 ,its etymology prov$ t x 0 w>m4 ,z ,diels says1 ,philolaos /rikes u z an 8un9t]e/+ eclectic0 s f> z 8 m$ical views are conc]n$4#gdc ,we %all see1 h[ev]1 t x 0 j ?is preoccupation ) ! m$ic9e ( ! ,sicilian s*ool t gave rise to "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ developm5ts ( lat] ,py?agoreanism4 ,footnote #gdb3 ,x is a good illu/ration ( ! defective "* ( our tradition 7,introd4 ,,xiii47 t ?is 0 q unkn[n till ! publication ( ! extracts f ,m5on's ,iatrika conta9$ 9 ! ,anonymus ,lond95sis4 ,! extract ref]r+ to ,philolaos is giv5 & discuss$ by ,diels 9 ,h]mes1 xxviii4 pp4 #dag sqq4 ,footnote #gdc3 ,h]mes1 loc4 cit4 ,sid5ote3 ,plato & ! ,py?agoreans4 #adj4 ,su*1 s f> z we c see1 0 ! hi/orical ,philolaos1 & he is a suffici5tly rem>kable figure4 ,he is usually1 h[ev]1 repres5t$ 9 a diff]5t light1 & has ev5 be5 spok5 ( z a 8precursor ( ,cop]nicus40 ,to und]/& ?is1 we %all h to consid] = a little ! /ory ( :at c only be call$ a lit]>y conspiracy4 ,n till ?is has be5 expos$ w x be possible to e/imate ! real importance ( ,philolaos & 8 imm$iate disciples4 ,z we c see f ! ,pha$o & ! ,gorgias1 ,plato 0 intimate ) ^! m5 & 0 deeply impress$ by _! religi\s tea*+1 ?\gh x is pla9 too t he did n adopt x z 8 own fai?4 ,he 0 /ill m attract$ by ! sci5tific side ( ,py?agoreanism1 & to ! la/ ?is ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on him4 ,8 own sy/em 9 its f9al =m _h _m po9ts ( contact ) x1 z he is c>eful to m>k 9 ! ,philebus4#gdd ,b1 j because he /ood s ne> x1 he is apt to develop ,py?agoreanism on l9es ( 8 own1 :i* may or may n h comm5d$ !mselves to ,ar*ytas1 b are no guide to ! views ( ,philolaos & ,eurytos4 ,he is n c>eful1 h[ev]1 to claim ! au?or%ip ( 8 own improvem5ts 9 ! sy/em4 ,he did n believe t cosmology c\ld be an exact sci5ce1 & he is !re=e q will+ to cr$it ,timaios ! ,lokrian1 or 8anci5t sages0 g5]ally1 ) !ories :i* c]ta9ly _h _! bir? 9 ! ,academy4 ,footnote #gdd3 ,plato1 ,phileb4 #af c sqq4 ,n[ ,plato _h _m enemies & detractors1 & ?is lit]>y device enabl$ !m to br+ aga9/ him ! *>ge ( plagi>ism4 ,ari/ox5os 0 "o ( ^! enemies1 & we "k he made ! extraord9>y /atem5t t mo/ ( ! ,republic 0 to be f\nd 9 a "w by ,protagoras4#gde ,he seems also to be ! orig9al s\rce ( ! /ory t ,plato b\ght 8?ree ,py?agorean books0 f ,philolaos & copi$ ! ,timaeus out ( !m4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! 8?ree books0 _h come into ! possession ( ,philolaos2 &1 z he _h fall5 into great pov]ty1 ,dion 0 able to buy !m f him1 or f 8 relatives1 at ,plato's reque/1 = a hundr$ m9ae4#gdf ,x is c]ta91 at any rate1 t ?is /ory 0 already curr5t 9 ! ?ird c5tury2 = ! sillograph] ,timon ( ,phlei\s addresses ,plato ?us3 8,& ( !e too1 ,plato1 did ! desire ( disciple%ip lay hold4 ,= _m pieces ( silv] ?\ did/ get 9 ex*ange a small book1 & />t+ f x did/ le>n to write ,timaeus40#gdg ,h]mippos1 ! pupil ( ,kallima*os1 said t 8"s writ]0 said t ,plato himself b\ght ! books f ! relatives ( ,philolaos = =ty ,alex&rian m9ae & copi$ ! ,timaeus out ( x2 :ile ,satyros1 ! ,ari/>*ean1 says he got x ?r\gh ,dion = a hundr$ m9ae4#gdh ,!re is no sugge/ion 9 any ( ^! acc\nts t ! book 0 by ,philolaos himself2 !y imply r t :at ,plato b\ght 0 ei!r a book by ,py?agoras1 or at any rate au!ntic notes ( 8 tea*+1 :i* _h come into ! h&s ( ,philolaos4 ,9 lat] times1 x 0 g5]ally suppos$ t ! "w entitl$ ,! ,s\l ( ! ,_w1 by ,timaios ! ,lokrian1 0 meant2#gdi b x has n[ be5 prov$ beyond a d\bt t ?is _c h exi/$ e>li] ?an ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,we "k no?+ ( ,timaios except :at ,plato tells u himself1 & he may ev5 be a fictiti\s "* l ! ,eleatic ,/rang]4 ,8 "n does n occur among ! ,lokrians 9 ! ,catalogue ( ,py?agoreans pres]v$ by ,iambli*os4#gej ,besides ?is1 ! "w does n fulfil ! mo/ important requirem5t1 t ( be+ 9 ?ree books1 :i* is always an ess5tial feature ( ! /ory4#gea ,footnote #gde3 ,diog4 iii4 #cg4 ,= simil> *>ges1 cf4 ,zell]1 ,plato1 p4 #dbi1 n4 #g4 ,footnote #gdf3 ,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #aii4 ,diels is cle>ly "r 9 ascrib+ ! /ory to ,ari/ox5os 7,ar*4 iii4 p4 #dfa1 n4 #bf74 ,footnote #gdg3 ,timon ap4 ,gell4 iii4 #ag 7,r4 ,p4 #fj a74 ,footnote #gdh3 ,= ,h]mippos & ,satyros1 see ,diog4 iii4 #i2 viii4 #hd1 #he4 ,footnote #gdi3 ,s ,iambl4 9 ,nicom4 p4 #aje1 #aa2 ,proclus1 9 ,tim4 p4 #a1 ,diehl4 ,footnote #gej3 ,diels1 ,vors4 p4 #bfi4 ,footnote #gea3 ,!y are 7,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #aii71 7,diog4 viii4 #ae74 ,n "o ( ! writ]s j m5tion$ pr(esses to h se5 ! fam\s 8?ree books02#geb b at a lat] date !re 7 at lea/ two works :i* claim$ to repres5t !m4 ,diels has %[n h[ a treatise 9 ?ree sections1 entitl$ 1 1 1 0 compos$ 9 ! ,ionic dialect & attribut$ to ,py?agoras4 ,x 0 l>gely bas$ on ! ( ,ari/ox5os1 b its date is unc]ta94#gec ,9 ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c41 ,demetrios ,magnes 0 able to quote ! op5+ words ( ! "w publi%$ by ,philolaos4#ged ,t1 h[ev]1 0 writt5 9 ,doric4 ,demetrios does n actually say x 0 by ,philolaos himself1 ?\gh x is no d\bt ! same "w f :i* a numb] ( extracts are pres]v$ "u 8 "n 9 ,/obaios & lat] writ]s4 ,if x pr(ess$ to be by ,philolaos1 t 0 n q 9 accordance ) ! orig9al /ory2 b x is easy to see h[ 8 "n may h become atta*$ to x4 ,we are told t ! o!r book :i* pass$ "u ! "n ( ,py?agoras 0 really by ,lysis4#gee ,boeckh has %[n t ! "w ascrib$ to ,philolaos probably consi/$ ( ?ree books also1 & ,proclus ref]r$ to x z ! ,bak*ai1#gef a fanciful title :i* recalls ! 8,muses0 ( ,h]odotos4 ,two ( ! extracts 9 ,/obaios be> x4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! :ole /ory is v suspici\s2 b1 z "s ( ! be/ au?orities /ill reg>d ! fragm5ts z p>tly g5u9e1 x is necess>y to look at !m m closely4 ,footnote #geb3 ,z ,mr4 ,bywat] says 7,j4 ,phil4 i4 p4 #bi71 ! hi/ory ( ?is "w 8reads l ! hi/ory1 n s mu* ( a book1 z ( a lit]>y ignis fatuus float+ be=e ! m9ds ( imag9ative writ]s40 ,footnote #gec3 ,diels1 8,e9 gefls*tes ,py?agorasbu*0 7,ar*4 iii4 pp4 #dea sqq474 ,footnote #ged3 ,diog4 viii4 #he 7,r4 ,p4 #fc b74 ,diels reads 4 ,footnote #gee3 ,diog4 viii4 #g4 ,footnote #gef3 ,proclus1 9 ,eucl4 p4 #bb1 #ae 7,fri$le974 ,cf4 ,boeckh1 ,philolaos1 pp4 #cf sqq4 ,boeckh ref]s to a sculptur$ gr\p ( ?ree ,bak*ai1 :om he supposes to be ,ino1 ,agaue1 & ,autonoe4 ,sid5ote3 ,! 8,fragm5ts ( ,philolaos40 #ada4 ,boeckh argu$ ) great le>n+ & skill t all ! fragm5ts pres]v$ "u ! "n ( ,philolaos 7 g5u9e2 b no "o w n[ g s f> z ?is4 ,! l5g?y extract on ! s\l is giv5 up ev5 by ^? :o ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ! re/4#geg ,x _c be said t ?is position is plausible on ! face ( x4 ,boeckh saw !re 0 no gr\nd = suppos+ t !re ev] 0 m ?an a s+le "w1 & he drew ! conclusion t we mu/ accept all ! rema9s z g5u9e or reject all z spuri\s4#geh ,z1 h[ev]1 ,zell] & ,diels /ill ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( mo/ ( ! fragm5ts1 we _c ignore !m altoge!r4 ,argum5ts bas$1 on ! doctr9e conta9$ 9 !m w\ld1 x is true1 pres5t ! appe>ance ( a vici\s circle at ?is /age4 ,x is only 9 connexion ) our o!r evid5ce t ^! c be introduc$4 ,b !re are two s]i\s objections to ! fragm5ts :i* may be m5tion$ at once4 ,!y are suffici5tly /rong to ju/ify u 9 refus+ to use !m till we h asc]ta9$ f o!r s\rces :at doctr9es may fairly be attribut$ to ! ,py?agoreans ( ?is date4 ,footnote #geg3 ,! passage is giv5 9 ,r4 ,p4 #fh4 ,= a full discussion ( ?is & ! o!r fragm5ts1 see ,bywat]1 8,on ! ,fragm5ts attribut$ to ,philolaus ! ,py?agorean0 7,j4 ,phil4 i4 pp4 #ba sqq474 ,footnote #geh3 ,boeckh1 ,philolaos1 p4 #ch4 ,diels 7,vors4 p4 #bdf7 di/+ui%es ! ,bak*ai f ! ?ree books 7ib4 p4 #bci74 ,z1 h[ev]1 he id5tifies ! latt] ) ! 8?ree books0 b\ght f ,philolaos1 & reg>ds x z g5u9e1 ?is does n s]i\sly affect ! argum5t4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we mu/ ask a "q :i* has n yet be5 fac$4 ,is x likely t ,philolaos %\ld h writt5 9 ,doric8 ,ionic 0 ! dialect ( all sci5ce & philosophy till ! "t ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 & !re is no reason to suppose t ! e>ly ,py?agoreans us$ any o!r4#gei ,py?agoras 0 himself an ,ionian1 & x is by no means cle> t 9 8 "t ! ,a*aian /ates 9 :i* he f\nd$ 8 ,ord] _h already adopt$ ! ,dorian dialect4#gfj ,alkmaion ( ,kroton seems to h writt5 9 ,ionic4#gfa ,diels says1 x is true1 t ,philolaos & !n ,ar*ytas 7 ! fir/ ,py?agoreans to use ! dialect ( _! homes2#gfb b ,philolaos c h>dly be said to h _h a home1#gfc & ! fragm5ts ( ,ar*ytas are n writt5 9 ! dialect ( ,t>as1 b 9 :at may be call$ 8common ,doric40 ,ar*ytas may h f\nd x conv5i5t to use t dialect2 b he is at lea/ a g5]ation lat] ?an ,philolaos1 :i* makes a great diff]5ce4 ,!re is evid5ce t1 9 ! "t ( ,philolaos & lat]1 ,ionic 0 /ill us$ ev5 by ! citiz5s ( ,dorian /ates = sci5tific purposes4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia 9 ,crete & ! ,syracusan hi/orian ,antio*os wrote 9 ,ionic1 :ile ! m$ical writ]s ( ,dorian1 ,kos & ,knidos1 cont9ue to use ! same dialect4 ,! =g$ "w ( ,py?agoras ref]r$ to above1 :i* "s ascrib$ to ,lysis1 0 9 ,ionic2 & s 0 ! "w on ! ,ak\smata attribut$ to ,&rokydes1#gfd :i* %[s t1 ev5 d[n to ,alex&rian times1 x 0 /ill believ$ t ,ionic 0 ! prop] dialect = ,py?agorean writ+s4 ,footnote #gei3 ,see ,diels 9 ,ar*4 iii4 pp4 #dfj sqq4 ,footnote #gfj3 ,on ! ,a*aian dialect1 see ,o4 ,h(fmann 9 ,collitz & ,be*tel1 ,dialekt-,ins*rift51 vol4 ii4 p4 #aea4 ,h[ sl[ly ,doric p5etrat$ into ! ,*alkidian /ates may be se5 f ! mix$ dialect ( ! inscription ( ,miky?os ( ,rhegion 7,dial4-,ins*r4 iii4 #b1 p4 #dih71 :i* is lat] ?an #dfh-fg ,b4,c4 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! ,a*aian dialect ( ,kroton 0 less t5aci\s ( life4 ,footnote #gfa3 ,! scanty fragm5ts conta9 "o ,doric =m1 7fr4 #a71 b ,alkmaion calls himself 1 :i* is v significant2 = is ! ,a*aian z well z ! ,doric =m4 ,he did n1 !re=e1 write a mix$ dialect l t ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ note4 ,x seems safe/ to assume ) ,wa*tl]1 ,de ,alcmaeone ,crotoniata1 pp4 #ba sqq41 t he us$ ,ionic4 ,footnote #gfb3 ,ar*4 iii4 p4 #dfj4 ,footnote #gfc3 ,he is di/9ctly call$ a ,krotoniate 9 ! extracts f ,m5on's 7cf4 ,diog4 viii4 #hd74 ,x is true t ,ari/ox5os call$ him & ,eurytos ,t>5t9es 7,diog4 viii4 #df71 b ?is only means t he settl$ at ,t>as aft] leav+ ,!bes4 ,^! v>iations are common 9 ! case ( migratory philosoph]s4 ,eurytos is also call$ a ,krotoniate & a ,metapont9e 7,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #adh1 #bff74 ,cf4 also p4 #chj1 n4 #iba on ,leukippos1 & p4 #djf1 n4 #ihh on ,hippon4 ,footnote #gfd3 ,= ,&rokydes1 see ,diels1 ,vors4 p4 #bha4 ,z ,diels po9ts out 7,ar*4 iii4 p4 #dfa71 ev5 ,lucian has suffici5t s5se ( /yle to make ,py?agoras speak ,ionic4 ,9 ! second place1 !re c be no d\bt t "o ( ! fragm5ts ref]s to ! five regul> solids1 f\r ( :i* are id5tifi$ ) ! elem5ts ( ,emp$okles4#gfe ,n[ ,plato gives u to und]/&1 9 a well-kn[n passage ( ! ,republic1 t /]eometry _h n be5 adequately inve/igat$ at ! "t he wrote1#gff & we h express te/imony t ! five 8,platonic figures10 z !y 7 call$1 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,academy4 ,9 ! ,s*olia to ,euclid we read t ! ,py?agoreans only knew ! cube1 ! pyramid 7tetrah$ron71 & ! dodecah$ron1 :ile ! octah$ron & ! icosah$ron 7 discov]$ by ,!aitetos4#gfg ,?is suffici5tly ju/ifies u 9 reg>d+ ! 8fragm5ts ( ,philolaos0 ) some?+ m ?an suspicion4 ,we %all f9d m ana*ronisms z we g on4 ,footnote #gfe3 ,cf4 fr4 #ab #bj ,m4 7,r4 ,p4 #gi71 4 ,footnote #gff3 ,plato1 ,rep4 #ebh b4 ,footnote #gfg3 ,heib]g's ,euclid1 vol4 v4 p4 #fed1 #a1 1 '1 1 1 1 1 4 ,x is no objection to ?is t1 z ,newbold po9ts out 7,ar*4 xix4 p4 #bjd71 ! inscription ( ! dodecah$ron is m difficult ?an t ( ! octah$ron & icosah$ron4 ,! ,py?agoreans 7 n conf9$ to /rict ,euclidean me?ods4 ,x may fur!r be not$ t ,tann]y comes to a simil> conclusion ) reg>d to ! musical scale describ$ 9 ! fragm5t ( ,philolaos4 ,he says3 8,il n'y a jamais eu1 p\r la division du ttracorde1 une tradition py?agorici5ne2 on ne peut pas avec sret remont] plus haut que ,platon ou qu',ar*ytas0 7,rev4 de ,philologie1 #aijd1 p4 #bdd74 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,problem4 #adb4 ,we mu/ look1 !n1 = o!r evid5ce4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x w be cle> t we _c safely take ,plato z our guide to ! orig9al mean+ ( ! ,py?agorean !ory1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly f him alone t we c le>n to reg>d x sympa!tically4 ,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 0 q out ( sympa?y ) ,py?agorean ways ( ?9k+1 b took a great deal ( pa9s to und]/& !m4 ,?is 0 j because !y play$ s great a "p 9 ! philosophy ( ,plato & 8 successors1 & he _h to make ! relation ( ! two doctr9es z cle> z he c\ld to himself & 8 disciples4 ,:at we h to d1 !n1 is to int]pret :at ,ari/otle tells u 9 ! _s ( ,plato1 & !n to consid] h[ ! doctr9e we arrive at 9 ?is way is relat$ to ! sy/ems :i* _h prec$$ x4 ,x is a delicate op]ation1 no d\bt1 b x has be5 made mu* saf] by rec5t discov]ies 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ma!matics & m$ic9e4 ,zell] has cle>$ ! gr\nd by elim9at+ ! purely ,platonic elem5ts :i* h crept into lat] acc\nts ( ! sy/em4 ,^! are ( two k9ds4 ,fir/ ( all1 we h g5u9e ,academic =mulae1 su* z ! id5tification ( ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$ ) ! ,"o & ! ,indet]m9ate ,dyad2#gfh & secondly1 !re is ! ,neoplatonic doctr9e :i* repres5ts x z an opposition betwe5 ,god & ,matt]4#gfi ,x is n necess>y to repeat ,zell]'s argum5ts "h1 z no "o w any long] attribute ^! doctr9es to ! ,py?agoreans ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,footnote #gfh3 ,ari/otle says di/9ctly 7,met4 1 #f4 #ihg b #be7 t 8to set up a dyad in/ead ( ! unlimit$ reg>d$ z "o1 & to make ! unlimit$ consi/ ( ! great & small1 is di/9ctive ( ,plato40 ,zell] seems to make an unnecess>y concession ) reg>d to ?is passage 7p4 #cfh1 n4 #b2 ,eng4 trans4 p4 #cif1 n4 #a74 ,footnote #gfi3 ,zell]1 p4 #cfi sqq4 7,eng4 trans4 p4 #cig sqq474 ,?is simplifies ! problem v consid]ably1 b x is /ill extremely difficult4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! ,py?agoreans said ,?+s are numb]s1 ?\gh t does n appe> to be ! doctr9e ( ! fragm5ts ( 8,philolaos40 ,accord+ to !m1 ?+s h numb]1 :i* make !m kn[able1 :ile _! real ess5ce is some?+ unkn[able4#ggj ,t w\ld be intelligible en\gh1 b ! =mula t ?+s are numb]s seems mean+less4 ,we h se5 reason = believ+ t x is due to ,py?agoras himself 7 #eb71 ?\gh we did n feel able to say v cle>ly :at he meant by x4 ,!re is no su* d\bt z to 8 s*ool4 ,ari/otle says !y us$ ! =mula 9 a cosmological s5se4 ,! _w1 accord+ to !m1 0 made ( numb]s 9 ! same s5se z o!rs _h said x 0 made ( 8f\r roots0 or 8innum]able se$s40 ,x w n d to dismiss ?is z my/icism4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ,py?agoras1 ! ,py?agoreans ( ! fif? c5tury 7 sci5tific m51 & !y mu/ h meant some?+ q def9ite4 ,we %all1 no d\bt1 h to say t !y us$ ! words ,?+s are numb]s 9 a some:at non-natural s5se1 b !re is no difficulty 9 su* a supposition4 ,we h se5 already h[ ! fri5ds ( ,ari/ox5os re9t]pret$ ! old ,ak\smata 7 #dd74 ,! ,py?agoreans _h c]ta9ly a great v5]ation = ! actual words ( ! ,ma/] 7 72 b su* v5]ation is (t5 accompani$ by a s+ul> lic5ce ( int]pretation4 ,we %all />t1 !n1 f :at ,ari/otle tells u ab\t ! numb]s4 ,footnote #ggj3 ,= ! doctr9e ( 8,philolaos10 cf4 fr4 #a #b ,*4 7,r4 ,p4 #fd72 & = ! unkn[able 1 see fr4 #c #d ,*4 7,r4 ,p4 #fg74 ,x has a suspici\s resemblance to ! lat] 1 :i* ,ari/otle w\ld h>dly h fail$ to note if he _h ev] se5 ! passage4 ,he is always on ! look\t = anticipations ( 4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle on ! ,numb]s4 #adc4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,ari/otle is q decid$ 9 8 op9ion t ,py?agoreanism 0 int5d$ to be a cosmological sy/em l ! o!rs4 8,?\gh ! ,py?agoreans10 he tells u1 8made use ( less obvi\s fir/ pr9ciples & elem5ts ?an ! re/1 see+ t !y did n d]ive !m f s5sible objects1 yet all _! discussions & /udies _h ref]5ce to nature alone4 ,!y describe ! orig9 ( ! heav5s1 & !y obs]ve ! ph5om5a ( its p>ts1 all t happ5s to x & all x does40#gga ,!y apply _! fir/ pr9ciples entirely to ^! ?+s1 8agree+ app>5tly ) ! o!r natural philosoph]s 9 hold+ t reality 0 j :at c\ld be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 & is conta9$ )9 ! compass ( ! heav5s10#ggb ?\gh 8! fir/ pr9ciples & causes ( :i* !y made use 7 really adequate to expla9 realities ( a high] ord] ?an ! s5sible40#ggc ,footnote #gga3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #h4 #ihi b #bi 7,r4 ,p4 #ib a74 ,footnote #ggb3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #h4 #iij a #c1 ' ' 4 ,footnote #ggc3 ,met4 ib4 #iij a #e1 ' 1 1 1 4 ,! doctr9e is m precisely /at$ by ,ari/otle to be t ! elem5ts ( numb]s are ! elem5ts ( ?+s1 & t !re=e ?+s are numb]s4#ggd ,he is equally positive t ^! 8?+s0 are s5sible ?+s1#gge & inde$ t !y are bodies1#ggf ! bodies ( :i* ! _w is con/ruct$4#ggg ,?is con/ruction ( ! _w out ( numb]s 0 a real process 9 "t1 :i* ! ,py?agoreans describ$ 9 detail4#ggh ,footnote #ggd3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf a #a1 2 1 #c4 #ajij a #bb1 1 1 ' 4 ,footnote #gge3 ,met4 1 #f4 #ajhj b #b1 2 ib4 #ajhj b #ag1 7 7 4 ,footnote #ggf3 ,met4 1 #h4 #ajhc b #aa1 2 ib4 b #ag1 2 1 #c4 #ajij a #cb1 1 4 ,footnote #ggg3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf a #b1 2 1 #h4 #iij a #ba1 2 1 #f4 #ajhj b #ah1 2 de ,caelo1 1 #a4 #cjj a #ae1 1 4 ,footnote #ggh3 ,met4 1 #c4 #ajia a #ah1 4 ,fur!r1 ! numb]s 7 int5d$ to be ma!matical numb]s1 ?\gh !y 7 n sep>at$ f ! ?+s ( s5se4#ggi ,on ! o!r h&1 !y 7 n m]e pr$icates ( some?+ else1 b _h an indep5d5t reality ( _! own4 8,!y did n hold t ! limit$ & ! unlimit$ & ! "o 7 c]ta9 o!r sub/ances1 su* z fire1 wat]1 or any?+ else ( t sort2 b t ! unlimit$ itself & ! "o itself 7 ! reality ( ! ?+s ( :i* !y are pr$icat$1 & t is :y !y said t numb] 0 ! reality ( ev]y?+40#ghj ,accord+ly ! numb]s are1 9 ,ari/otle's own language1 n only ! =mal1 b also ! mat]ial1 cause ( ?+s4#gha ,accord+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 ?+s are made ( numb]s 9 ! same s5se z !y 7 made ( fire1 air1 or wat] 9 ! !ories ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,footnote #ggi3 ,met4 1 #f4 #ajhj b #af2 1 #c4 #ajij a #bj4 ,la/ly1 ,ari/otle notes t ! po9t 9 :i* ! ,py?agoreans agre$ ) ,plato 0 9 giv+ numb]s an indep5d5t reality ( _! own2 :ile ,plato diff]$ f ! ,py?agoreans 9 hold+ t ?is reality 0 di/+ui%able f t ( s5sible ?+s4#ghb ,let u consid] ^! /atem5ts 9 detail4 ,footnote #ghj3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihg a #ae4 ,footnote #gha3 ,met4 ib4 #ihf a #ae 7,r4 ,p4 #ff74 ,footnote #ghb3 ,met4 1 #f4 #ihg b #bg1 77 1 ' 7 7 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! elem5ts ( numb]s4 #add4 ,ari/otle speaks ( c]ta9 8elem5ts0 77 ( numb]s1 :i* 7 also ! elem5ts ( ?+s4 ,t1 ( c\rse1 is only 8 own way ( putt+ ! matt]2 b x is cle>ly ! key to ! problem1 if we c discov] :at x means4 ,prim>ily1 ! 8elem5ts ( numb]0 are ! ,odd & ! ,ev51 b t does n seem to help u mu*4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! ,odd & ,ev5 7 id5tifi$ 9 a some:at viol5t way ) ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$1 :i* we h se5 reason to reg>d z ! orig9al pr9ciples ( ! ,py?agorean cosmology4 ,ari/otle tells u t x is ! ,ev5 :i* gives ?+s _! unlimit$ "* :5 x is conta9$ 9 !m & limit$ by ! ,odd1#ghc & ! comm5tators are at "o 9 und]/&+ ?is to mean t ! ,ev5 is 9 "s way ! cause ( inf9ite divisibility4 ,!y get into great difficulties1 h[ev]1 :5 !y try to %[ h[ ?is c be4 ,simplicius has pres]v$ an explanation1 9 all probability ,alex&]'s1 to ! effect t !y call$ ! ev5 numb] unlimit$ 8because e ev5 is divid$ into equal p>ts1 & :at is divid$ into equal p>ts is unlimit$ 9 respect ( bip>tition2 = division into equals & halves goes on ad inf9itum4 ,b1 :5 ! odd is add$1 x limits x2 = x prev5ts its division into equal p>ts40#ghd ,n[ x is pla9 t we mu/ n impute to ! ,py?agoreans ! view t ev5 numb]s c be halv$ indef9itely4 ,!y _h c>efully /udi$ ! prop]ties ( ! decad1 & !y mu/ h kn[n t ! ev5 numb]s #f & #aj d n admit ( ?is4 ,! explanation is really to be f\nd 9 a fragm5t ( ,ari/ox5os1 :]e we read t 8ev5 numb]s are ^? :i* are divid$ into equal p>ts1 :ile odd numb]s are divid$ into unequal p>ts & h a middle t]m40#ghe ,?is is /ill fur!r elucidat$ by a passage :i* is quot$ 9 ,/obaios & ultimately goes back to ,poseidonios4 ,x runs3 8,:5 ! odd is divid$ into two equal p>ts1 a unit is left ov] 9 ! middle2 b :5 ! ev5 is s divid$1 an empty field is left1 )\t a ma/] & )\t a numb]1 %[+ t x is defective & incomplete40#ghf ,aga91 ,plut>* says3 8,9 ! division ( numb]s1 ! ev51 :5 p>t$ 9 any direction1 leaves z x 7 )9 itself 444 a field2 b1 :5 ! same ?+ is done to ! odd1 !re is always a middle left ov] f ! division40#ghg ,x is cle> t all ^! passages ref] to ! same ?+1 & t c h>dly be any?+ else ?an ^? arrangem5ts ( 8t]ms0 9 patt]ns ) :i* we are already famili> 7 #dg74 ,if we ?9k ( ^!1 we %all see 9 :at s5se x is true t bip>tition goes on ad inf9itum4 ,h[ev] high ! numb] may be1 ! numb] ( ways 9 :i* x c be equally divid$ w also increase4 ,footnote #ghc3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf a #ag 7,r4 ,p4 #ff72 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc a #aj 7,r4 ,p4 #ff a74 ,footnote #ghd3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #dee1 #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #ff a74 ,i owe ! passages :i* ,i h us$ 9 illu/ration ( ?is subject to ,w4 ,a4 ,heidel1 8 & 9 ! ,py?agorean ,philosophy0 7,ar*4 xiv4 pp4 #chd sqq474 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( my int]pretation is also ! same z 81 ?\gh ,i ?9k t1 by br++ ! passage into connexion ) ! num]ical figures1 ,i h avoid$ ! necessity ( reg>d+ ! words ' z 8an attempt$ elucidation add$ by ,simplicius40 ,footnote #ghe3 ,ari/ox5os1 fr4 #ha1 ap4 ,/ob4 i4 p4 #bj1 #a1 444 1 4 ,footnote #ghf3 ,plut4 ap4 ,/ob4 i4 p4 #bb1 #ai1 1 1 4 ,footnote #ghg3 ,plut4 de ,e apud ,delphos1 #chh a1 1 1 4 ,! words :i* ,i h omitt$ 9 translat+ ref] to ! fur!r id5tification ( ,odd & ,ev5 ) ,male & ,female4 ,! passages quot$ by ,heidel might be add$ to4 ,cf41 = in/ance1 :at ,nikoma*os says 7p4 #ac1 #aj1 ,ho*e71 1 4 ,he significantly adds t ?is def9ition is 4 #ade4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ! ,odd & ! ,ev5 7 id5tifi$ ) ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$1 & x is possible1 ?\gh by no means c]ta91 t ,py?agoras himself _h tak5 ?is /ep4 ,9 any case1 !re c be no d\bt t by 8 ,unlimit$ he meant some?+ spatially ext5d$1 & we h se5 t he id5tifi$ x ) air1 night1 or ! void1 s we are prep>$ to f9d t 8 foll[]s also ?\ght ( ! ,unlimit$ z ext5d$4 ,ari/otle c]ta9ly reg>d$ x s4 ,he argues t1 if ! ,unlimit$ is itself a reality1 & n m]ely ! pr$icate ( "s o!r reality1 !n e "p ( x mu/ be unlimit$ too1 j z e "p ( air is air4#ghh ,! same ?+ is impli$ 9 8 /atem5t t ! ,py?agorean ,unlimit$ 0 outside ! heav5s4#ghi ,fur!r ?an ?is1 x is h>dly safe to g4 ,philolaos & 8 foll[]s _c h reg>d$ ! ,unlimit$ 9 ! old ,py?agorean way z ,air2 =1 z we %all see1 !y adopt$ ! !ory ( ,emp$okles z to t 8elem5t10 & acc\nt$ = x o!rwise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y c h>dly h reg>d$ x z an absolute void2 = t conception 0 introduc$ by ! ,atomi/s4 ,x is en\gh to say t !y meant by ! ,unlimit$ ! res ext5sa1 )\t analys+ t conception any fur!r4 ,footnote #ghh3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjd a #bj sqq41 especially a #bf1 1 1 4 ,footnote #ghi3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #ec4 ,z ! ,unlimit$ is spatial1 ! ,limit mu/ be spatial too1 & we %\ld naturally expect to f9d t ! po9t1 ! l9e1 & ! surface 7 reg>d$ z all =ms ( ! ,limit4 ,t 0 ! lat] doctr9e2 b ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ,py?agoreanism is j t ! po9t 0 n reg>d$ z a limit1 b z ! fir/ product ( ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$1 & 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ari?metical unit4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 !n1 ! po9t has "o dim5sion1 ! l9e two1 ! surface ?ree1 & ! solid f\r4#gij ,9 o!r words1 ! ,py?agorean po9ts h magnitude1 _! l9es bread?1 & _! surfaces ?ickness4 ,! :ole !ory1 9 %ort1 turns on ! def9ition ( ! po9t z a unit 8hav+ position40#gia ,x 0 out ( su* elem5ts t x seem$ possible to con/ruct a _w4 ,footnote #gij3 ,cf4 ,speusippos 9 ! extract pres]v$ 9 ! ,!ologum5a ari?metica1 p4 #fa 7,diels1 ,vors4 p4 #bce71 1 1 1 4 ,we "k t ,speusippos is foll[+ ,philolaos "h4 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #aa4 #ajcf b #ab1 1 4 ,! matt] is cle>ly put 9 ! ,s*olia on ,euclid 7p4 #gh1 #ai1 ,heib]g71 1 1 1 4 1 4 ,footnote #gia3 ,! id5tification ( ! po9t ) ! unit is ref]r$ to by ,ari/otle1 ,phys4 1 #c4 #bbg a #bg4 ,sid5ote3 ,! numb]s z magnitudes4 #adf4 ,x is cle> t ?is way ( reg>d+ ! po9t1 ! l9e1 & ! surface is closely b\nd up ) ! practice ( repres5t+ numb]s by dots arrang$ 9 symmetrical patt]ns1 :i* we h se5 reason = attribut+ to ! ,py?agoreans 7 #dg74 ,! sci5ce ( geometry _h already made consid]able advances1 b ! old view ( quantity z a sum ( units _h n be5 revis$1 & s a doctr9e su* z we h indicat$ 0 inevitable4 ,?is is ! true answ] to ,zell]'s cont5tion t to reg>d ! ,py?agorean numb]s z spatial is to ignore ! fact t ! doctr9e 0 orig9ally ari?metical r ?an geometrical4 ,our int]pretation takes full acc\nt ( t fact1 & inde$ makes ! peculi>ities ( ! :ole sy/em dep5d ^u x4 ,ari/otle is v decid$ z to ! ,py?agorean po9ts hav+ magnitude4 8,!y con/ruct ! :ole _w out ( numb]s10 he tells u1 8b !y suppose ! units h magnitude4 ,z to h[ ! fir/ unit ) magnitude arose1 !y appe> to be at a loss40#gib ,zell] holds t ?is is only an inf]5ce ( ,ari/otle's1#gic & he is probably "r 9 ?is s5se1 t ! ,py?agoreans nev] felt ! ne$ ( say+ 9 s _m words t po9ts _h magnitude4 ,x does seem probable1 h[ev]1 t !y call$ !m 4#gid ,footnote #gib3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #f4 #ajhj b #ah sqq41 #ajhc b #h sqq42 de ,caelo1 1 #a4 #cjj a #af 7,r4 ,p4 #gf a74 ,footnote #gic3 ,zell]1 p4 #cha4 ,footnote #gid3 ,we le>n f ,plato1 ,!aet4 #adh b #a1 t ,!aitetos call$ surds1 :at ,euclid calls 1 by ! "n ( 1 :ile rational squ>e roots 7 call$ 4 ,n[ 9 ,tim4 #ca c #d we f9d a division ( numb]s into & 1 :i* seem to mean rational & irrational quantities4 ,cf4 also ! use ( 9 ,p>m4 #afd d4 ,z5o 9 8 f\r? argum5t ab\t motion1 :i*1 we %all see 7 #afc71 0 direct$ aga9/ ! ,py?agoreans1 us$ = po9ts4 ,aetios1 i4 #c1 #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #gf b71 says t ,ekphantos ( ,syracuse 0 ! fir/ ( ! ,py?agoreans to say t _! units 7 corporeal4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 8,ekphantos0 0 a p]sonage 9 a dialogue ( ,h]akleides 7,tann]y1 ,ar*4 xi4 pp4 #bfc sqq471 & ,h]akleides call$ ! monads 7,gal51 ,hi/4 ,phil4 #ah2 ,dox4 p4 #faj74 ,nor is ,zell]'s o!r argum5t aga9/ ! view t ! ,py?agorean numb]s 7 spatial any m inconsi/5t ) ! way 9 :i* we h n[ /at$ x4 ,he himself all[s1 & inde$ insi/s1 t 9 ! ,py?agorean cosmology ! numb]s 7 spatial1 b he raises difficulties ab\t ! o!r p>ts ( ! sy/em4 ,!re are o!r ?+s1 su* z ! ,s\l & ,ju/ice & ,opportunity1 :i* are said to be numb]s1 & :i* _c be reg>d$ z con/ruct$ ( po9ts1 l9es1 & surfaces4#gie ,n[ x appe>s to me t ?is is j ! mean+ ( a passage 9 :i* ,ari/otle criticises ! ,py?agoreans4 ,!y held1 he says1 t 9 "o "p ( ! _w ,op9ion prevail$1 :ile a little above x or bel[ x 7 to be f\nd ,inju/ice or ,sep>ation or ,mixture1 ea* ( :i* 01 accord+ to !m1 a numb]4 ,b 9 ! v same regions ( ! heav5s 7 to be f\nd ?+s hav+ magnitude :i* 7 also numb]s4 ,h[ c ?is be1 s9ce ,ju/ice has no magnitude8#gif ,?is means surely t ! ,py?agoreans _h fail$ to give any cle> acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 ^! m or less fanciful analogies & _! quasi-geometrical con/ruction ( ! univ]se4 ,& ?is is1 aft] all1 really ,zell]'s own view4 ,he has %[n t 9 ! ,py?agorean cosmology ! numb]s 7 reg>d$ z spatial1#gig & he has also %[n t ! cosmology 0 ! :ole ( ! sy/em4#gih ,we h only to br+ ^! two ?+s toge!r to arrive at ! int]pretation giv5 above4 ,footnote #gie3 ,zell]1 p4 #chb4 ,footnote #gif3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #h4 #iij a #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #ha e74 ,i read & int]pret ?us3 8,=1 see+ t1 accord+ to !m1 ,op9ion & ,opportunity are 9 a giv5 "p ( ! _w1 & a little above or bel[ !m ,inju/ice & ,sep>ation & ,mixture1--9 pro( ( :i* !y allege t ea* ( ^! is a numb]1--& see+ t x is also ! case 7read+ ) ,bonitz7 t !re is already 9 t "p ( ! _w a numb] ( composite magnitudes 7i4e4 compos$ ( ! ,limit & ! ,unlimit$71 because ^? affections 7( numb]7 are atta*$ to _! respective regions2--7see+ t !y hold ^! two ?+s71 ! "q arises :e!r ! numb] :i* we are to und]/& ea* ( ^! ?+s 7,op9ion1 etc47 to be is ! same z ! numb] 9 ! _w 7i4e4 ! cosmological numb]7 or a diff]5t "o40 ,i _c d\bt t ^! are ! ext5d$ numb]s :i* are compos$ 77 ( ! elem5ts ( numb]1 ! limit$ & ! unlimit$1 or1 z ,ari/otle "h says1 ! 8affections ( numb]10 ! odd & ! ev54 ,zell]'s view t 8cele/ial bodies0 are meant comes ne> ?is1 b ! application is too n>r[4 ,nor is x ! numb] 77 ( ^? bodies t is 9 "q1 b _! magnitude 774 ,= o!r views ( ! passage1 see ,zell]1 p4 #cia1 n4 #a4 ,footnote #gig3 ,zell]1 p4 #djd4 ,footnote #gih3 ,ibid4 pp4 #dfg sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! numb]s & ! elem5ts4 #adg4 ,:5 we come to details1 we seem to see t :at di/+ui%$ ! ,py?agoreanism ( ?is p]iod f its e>li] =m 0 t x s\ght to adapt itself to ! new !ory ( 8elem5ts40 ,x is j ?is :i* makes x necess>y = u to take up ! consid]ation ( ! sy/em once m 9 connexion ) ! plurali/s4 ,:5 ! ,py?agoreans return$ to ,s\!rn ,italy1 !y mu/ h f\nd views preval5t !re :i* imp]atively dem&$ a p>tial recon/ruction ( _! own sy/em4 ,we d n "k t ,emp$okles f\nd$ a philosophical society1 b !re c be no d\bt ( 8 influ5ce on ! m$ical s*ool ( ^! regions2 & we also "k n[ t ,philolaos play$ a "p 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4#gii ,?is discov]y gives u ! clue to ! hi/orical connexion1 :i* =m]ly seem$ obscure4 ,! tradition is t ! ,py?agoreans expla9$ ! elem5ts z built up ( geometrical figures1 a !ory :i* we c /udy = ourselves 9 ! m develop$ =m :i* x atta9$ 9 ,plato's ,timaeus4#hjj ,if !y 7 to reta9 _! position z ! lead]s ( m$ical /udy 9 ,italy1 !y 7 b\nd to acc\nt = ! elem5ts4 ,footnote #gii3 ,all ?is has be5 put 9 its true light by ! publication ( ! extract f ,m5on's 1 on :i* see p4 #cbb1 n4 #gdb4 ,footnote #hjj3 ,9 ,aet4 ii4 #f1 #e 7,r4 ,p4 #hj7 ! !ory is ascrib$ to ,py?agoras1 :i* is an ana*ronism1 z ! m5tion ( 8elem5ts0 %[s x mu/ be lat] ?an ,emp$okles4 ,9 8 extract f ! same s\rce1 ,a*illes says 1 :i* d\btless repres5ts ,!ophra/os bett]4 ,!re is a fragm5t ( 8,philolaos0 be>+ on ! subject 7,r4 ,p4 #gi71 :]e ! regul> solids mu/ be meant by 4 ,we mu/ n take x = grant$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,py?agorean con/ruction ( ! elem5ts 0 exactly ! same z t :i* we f9d 9 ,plato's ,timaeus4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ already t !re is good reason = believ+ !y only knew ?ree ( ! regul> solids1 ! cube1 ! pyramid 7tetrah$ron71 & ! dodecah$ron4#hja ,n[ x is v significant t ,plato />ts f fire & e>?1#hjb & 9 ! con/ruction ( ! elem5ts proce$s 9 su* a way t ! octah$ron & ! icosah$ron c easily be trans=m$ into pyramids1 :ile ! cube & ! dodecah$ron _c4 ,f ?is x foll[s t1 :ile air & wat] pass readily into fire1 e>? _c d s1#hjc & ! dodecah$ron is res]v$ = ano!r purpose1 :i* we %all consid] pres5tly4 ,?is w\ld exactly suit ! ,py?agorean sy/em2 = x w\ld leave room = a dualism ( ! k9d outl9$ 9 ! ,second ,"p ( ! poem ( ,p>m5ides4 ,we "k t ,hippasos made ,fire ! fir/ pr9ciple1 & we see f ! ,timaeus h[ x w\ld be possible to repres5t air & wat] z =ms ( fire4 ,! o!r elem5t is1 h[ev]1 e>?1 n air1 z we h se5 reason to believe t x 0 9 e>ly ,py?agoreanism4 ,t w\ld be a natural result ( ! discov]y ( atmosph]ic air by ,emp$okles & ( 8 g5]al !ory ( ! elem5ts4 ,x w\ld also expla9 ! puzzl+ fact1 :i* we _h to leave unexpla9$ above1 t ,ari/otle id5tifies ! two 8=ms0 spok5 ( by ,p>m5ides ) ,fire & ,e>?4#hjd ,all ?is is1 ( c\rse1 problematical2 b x w n be f\nd easy to acc\nt o!rwise = ! facts4 ,footnote #hja3 ,see above1 p4 #cbi1 n4 #gfg4 ,footnote #hjb3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #ca b #e4 ,footnote #hjc3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #ed c #d4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ,tim4 #dh b #e ,plato says ( ! con/ruction ( ! elem5ts 1 :i* implies t !re is "s novelty 9 ! !ory z he makes ,timaios /ate x4 ,if we read ! passage 9 ! light ( :at has be5 said 9 #ada1 we %all be incl9$ to believe t ,plato is work+ out ! ,py?agorean doctr9e on ! l9es ( ! discov]y ( ,!aitetos4 ,!re is ano!r indication ( ! same ?+ 9 ,ari/4 ,g54 ,corr4 1 #c4 #ccj b #af1 :]e we are told t1 9 ! 1 ,plato assum$ ?ree elem5ts1 b made ! middle "o a mixture4 ,?is is /at$ 9 close connexion ) ! ascription ( ,fire & ,e>? to ,p>m5ides4 ,footnote #hjd3 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 p4 #bac1 n4 #dfb4 ,sid5ote3 ,! dodecah$ron4 #adh4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t 9 ! !ory is1 p]haps1 ! use made ( ! dodecah$ron4 ,x 0 id5tifi$1 we are told1 ) ! 8sph]e ( ! univ]se10 or1 z x is put 9 ! ,philolaic fragm5t1 ) ! 8hull ( ! sph]e40#hje ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ! au!nticity ( ! fragm5ts1 !re is no reason to d\bt t ?is is a g5u9e ,py?agorean expression1 & x mu/ be tak5 9 close connexion ) ! ^w 8keel0 appli$ to ! c5tral fire4#hjf ,! /ructure ( ! _w 0 comp>$ to ! build+ ( a %ip1 an idea ( :i* !re are o!r traces4#hjg ,! key to :at we are told ( ! dodecah$ron is giv5 by ,plato4 ,9 ! ,pha$o we read t ! 8true e>?10 if look$ at f above1 is 8_m-col\r$ l ! balls t are made ( twelve pieces ( lea!r40#hjh ,9 ! ,timaeus ! same ?+ is ref]r$ to 9 ^! words3 8,fur!r1 z !re is /ill "o con/ruction left1 ! fif?1 ,god made use ( x = ! univ]se :5 he pa9t$ x40#hji ,! po9t is t ! dodecah$ron approa*es m ne>ly to ! sph]e ?an any o!r ( ! regul> solids4 ,! twelve pieces ( lea!r us$ to make a ball w\ld all be regul> p5tagons2 &1 if ! mat]ial 7 n flexible l lea!r1 we %\ld h a dodecah$ron in/ead ( a sph]e4 ,?is po9ts to ! ,py?agoreans hav+ _h at lea/ ! rudim5ts ( ! 8me?od ( exhau/ion0 =mulat$ lat] by ,eudoxos4 ,!y mu/ h /udi$ ! prop]ties ( circles by means ( inscrib$ polygons & ^? ( sph]es by means ( inscrib$ solids4#haj ,t gives u a high idea ( _! ma!matical atta9m5ts2 b t x is n too high1 is %[n by ! fact t ! fam\s lunules ( ,hippokrates date f ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,! inclusion ( /raight & curv$ 9 ! 8table ( opposites0 "u ! head ( ,limit & ,unlimit$ po9ts 9 ! same direction4#haa ,footnote #hje3 ,aet4 ii4 #f1 #e 7,r4 ,p4 #hj72 8,philolaos10 fr4 #ab 7 #bj ,m42 ,r4 ,p4 #gi74 ,on ! 1 see ,gund]mann 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 #aijd1 pp4 #ade sqq4 ,i agree ) him 9 hold+ t ! read+ is s\nd1 & t ! ^w means 8%ip10 b ,i ?9k t x is ! /ructure1 n ! motion1 ( a %ip :i* is ! po9t ( comp>ison4 ,footnote #hjf3 ,aet4 ii4 #d1 #ae1 4 ,footnote #hjg3 ,cf4 ! ( ,plato1 ,rep4 #faf c #c4 ,z g5]ally means 8timb]0 = %ipbuild+ 7:5 x does n mean firewood71 ,i sugge/ t we %\ld look 9 ?is direction = an explanation ( ! te*nical use ( ! ^w 9 lat] philosophy4 ,cf4 ,plato1 ,phileb4 #ed c #a1 444 444 1 :i* is "p ( ! answ] to ! "q 2 7ib4 b #b72 ,tim4 #fi a #f1 4 ,footnote #hjh3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #aaj b #f1 ) ,wytt5ba*'s note4 ,footnote #hji3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #ee c #d4 ,nei!r ?is passage nor ! la/ c ref] to ! ,zodiac1 :i* w\ld be describ$ by a dodecagon1 n a dodecah$ron4 ,:at is impli$ is ! division ( ! heav5s into twelve p5tagonal fields4 ,footnote #haj3 ,g[1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,ma!matics1 pp4 #afd sqq4 ,footnote #haa3 ,?is is po9t$ out by ,k9kel1 ,ges*4 d] ,phil4 vol4 i4 p4 #aba4 ,! tradition confirms 9 an int]e/+ way ! importance ( ! dodecah$ron 9 ! ,py?agorean sy/em4 ,accord+ to "o acc\nt1 ,hippasos 0 dr[n$ at sea = reveal+ its con/ruction & claim+ ! discov]y z 8 own4#hab ,:at t con/ruction 01 we may p>tially inf] f ! fact t ! ,py?agoreans adopt$ ! p5tagram or p5talpha z _! symbol4 ,! use ( ?is figure 9 lat] magic is well kn[n2 & ,p>acelsus /ill employ$ x z a symbol ( heal?1 :i* is exactly :at ! ,py?agoreans call$ x4#hac ,footnote #hab3 ,iambl4 ,v4 ,py?4 #bdg4 ,cf4 above1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 p4 #aag1 n4 #bdg4 ,footnote #hac3 ,see ,g[1 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,ma!matics1 p4 #aea1 & ! passages !re ref]r$ to1 add+ ,s*ol4 ,luc4 p4 #bcd1 #ba1 ,rabe1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,s\l a 8,h>mony40 #adi4 ,! view t ! s\l is a 8h>mony10 or r an attunem5t1 is intimately connect$ ) ! !ory ( ! f\r elem5ts4 ,x _c h belong$ to ! e>lie/ =m ( ,py?agoreanism2 =1 z %[n 9 ,plato's ,pha$o1 x is q inconsi/5t ) ! idea t ! s\l c exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! body4 ,x is ! v opposite ( ! belief t 8any s\l c ent] any body40#had ,on ! o!r h&1 we "k also f ! ,pha$o t x 0 accept$ by ,simmias & ,kebes1 :o _h he>d ,philolaos at ,!bes1 & by ,e*ekrates ( ,phlei\s1 :o 0 ! disciple ( ,philolaos & ,eurytos4#hae ,! acc\nt ( ! doctr9e giv5 by ,plato is q 9 accordance ) ! view t x 0 ( m$ical orig94 ,simmias says3 8,our body be+1 z x 71 /rung & held toge!r by ! w>m & ! cold1 ! dry & ! moi/1 & ?+s ( t sort1 our s\l is a sort ( temp]am5t & attunem5t ( ^!1 :5 !y are m+l$ ) "o ano!r well & 9 due proportion4 ,if1 !n1 our s\l is an attunem5t1 x is cle> t1 :5 ! body has be5 relax$ or /rung up out ( measure by diseases & o!r ills1 ! s\l mu/ necess>ily p]i% at once40#haf ,?is is cle>ly an application ( ! !ory ( ,alkmaion 7 #if71 & is 9 accordance ) ! views ( ! ,sicilian s*ool ( m$ic9e4 ,x completes ! evid5ce t ! ,py?agoreanism ( ! end ( ! fif? c5tury 0 an adaptation ( ! old doctr9e to ! new pr9ciples introduc$ by ,emp$okles4 ,footnote #had3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #c4 #djg b #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #hf c74 ,footnote #hae3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #he e sqq42 & = ,e*ekrates1 ib4 #hh d4 ,footnote #haf3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #hf b #g-;c #e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! c5tral fire4 #aej4 ,! planet>y sy/em :i* ,ari/otle attributes to 8! ,py?agoreans0 & ,aetios to ,philolaos is suffici5tly rem>kable4#hag ,! e>? is no long] 9 ! middle ( ! _w2 its place is tak5 by a c5tral fire1 :i* is n to be id5tifi$ ) ! sun4 ,r\nd ?is fire revolve t5 bodies4 ,fir/ comes ! ,anti*?on or ,c\nt]-e>?1 & next ! e>?1 :i* ?us becomes "o ( ! planets4 ,aft] ! e>? comes ! moon1 !n ! sun1 ! five planets1 & ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s4 ,we d n see ! c5tral fire & ! anti*?on because ! side ( ! e>? on :i* we live is always turn$ away f !m4 ,?is is to be expla9$ by ! analogy ( ! moon4 ,t body always pres5ts ! same face to u2 & m5 liv+ on ! o!r side ( x w\ld nev] see ! e>?4 ,?is implies1 ( c\rse1 t all ^! bodies rotate on _! axes 9 ! same "t z !y revolve r\nd ! c5tral fire4#hah ,footnote #hag3 ,= ! au?orities1 see ,r4 ,p4 #ha-hc4 ,! attribution ( ! !ory to ,philolaos is p]haps due to ,poseidonios4 ,! 8?ree books0 7 d\btless 9 exi/5ce by 8 "t4 ,footnote #hah3 ,plato attributes an axial rotation to ! heav5ly bodies 7,tim4 #dj a #g71 :i* mu/ be ( ?is k9d4 ,x is q likely t ! ,py?agoreans already did s1 ?\gh ,ari/otle 0 unable to see ! po9t4 ,he says 7de ,caelo1 1 #h4 #bij a #bd71 1 1 4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is j :at proves x does rotate4 ,x is n v easy to accept ! view t ?is sy/em 0 taught by ,philolaos4 ,ari/otle n[h]e m5tions him 9 connexion ) x1 & 9 ! ,pha$o ,plato gives a description ( ! e>? & its position 9 ! _w :i* is entirely oppos$ to x1 b is accept$ )\t demur by ,simmias ! disciple ( ,philolaos4#hai ,x is und\bt$ly a ,py?agorean !ory1 h[ev]1 & m>ks a noticeable advance on ! ,ionian views !n curr5t at ,a!ns4 ,x is cle> too t ,plato /ates x z some?+ ( a novelty t ! e>? does n require ! support ( air or any?+ ( ! sort to keep x 9 its place4 ,ev5 ,anaxagoras _h n be5 able to %ake himself free ( t idea1 & ,demokritos /ill held x4#hbj ,! natural inf]5ce f ! ,pha$o w\ld c]ta9ly be t ! !ory ( a sph]ical e>?1 kept 9 ! middle ( ! _w by its equilibrium1 0 t ( ,philolaos himself4 ,if s1 ! doctr9e ( ! c5tral fire w\ld belong to a some:at lat] g5]ation ( ! s*ool1 & ,plato may h le>nt x f ,ar*ytas & 8 fri5ds aft] he _h writt5 ! ,pha$o4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is ( su* importance t x _c be omitt$ "h4 ,footnote #hai3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #ajh e #d sqq4 ,simmias ass5ts to ?is doctr9e 9 ! emphatic words 4 ,footnote #hbj3 ,! primitive "* ( ! a/ronomy taught by ,demokritos z comp>$ ) t ( ,plato is ! be/ evid5ce ( ! value ( ! ,py?agorean rese>*es4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ! revolution ( ! e>? r\nd ! c5tral fire 0 int5d$ to acc\nt = ! alt]nation ( day & night1 & x is cle> t an orbital motion ( ! k9d j describ$ w\ld h ! same effect z ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,z ! same side ( ! e>? is always turn$ to ! c5tral fire1 ! side ^u :i* we live w be turn$ t[>ds ! sun :5 ! e>? is on ! same side ( ! c5tral fire1 & turn$ away f x :5 ! e>? & sun are on opposite sides4 ,?is view appe>s to d]ive "s support f ! /atem5t ( ,ari/otle t ! e>? 8be+ 9 motion r\nd ! c5tre1 produces day & night40#hba ,t rem>k1 h[ev]1 w\ld prove too mu*2 = 9 ! ,timaeus ,plato calls ! e>? 8! gu>dian & artific] ( night & day10 :ile at ! same "t he decl>es t ! alt]nation ( day & night is caus$ by ! diurnal revolution ( ! heav5s4#hbb ,t is expla9$1 no d\bt q rightly1 by say+ t1 ev5 if ! e>? 7 reg>d$ z at re/1 x c\ld /ill be said to produce day & night2 = night is due to ! int]v5tion ( ! e>? betwe5 ! sun & ! hemisph]e opposite to x4 ,if we rememb] h[ rec5t 0 ! discov]y t night 0 ! %ad[ ( ! e>?1 we %all see h[ x may h be5 wor? :ile to say ?is explicitly4 ,footnote #hba3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bic a #ah sqq4 7,r4 ,p4 #hc74 ,footnote #hbb3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #dj c #a1 77 4 ,on ! o!r h&1 1 7#ci c #a74 ,9 any case1 x is :olly incr$ible t ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s %\ld h be5 reg>d$ z /ation>y4 ,t w\ld h be5 ! mo/ />tl+ p>adox t any sci5tific man _h yet prop\nd$1 & we %\ld h expect$ ! comic poets & popul> lit]ature g5]ally to raise ! cry ( a!ism at once4 ,above all1 we %\ld h expect$ ,ari/otle to say some?+ ab\t x4 ,he made ! circul> motion ( ! heav5s ! v key/one ( 8 sy/em1 & w\ld h reg>d$ ! !ory ( a /ation>y heav5 z blasphem\s4 ,n[ he argues aga9/ ^? :o1 l ! ,py?agoreans & ,plato1 reg>d$ ! e>? z 9 motion2#hbc b he does n attribute ! view t ! heav5s are /ation>y to any "o4 ,!re is no necess>y connexion betwe5 ! two ideas4 ,all ! heav5ly bodies may be mov+ z rapidly z we please1 provid$ t _! relative motions are su* z to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a4#hbd ,footnote #hbc3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bic b #ae sqq4 ,footnote #hbd3 ,boeckh admitt$ a v sl[ motion ( ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s1 :i* he at fir/ suppos$ to acc\nt = ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ?\gh he aft]w>ds ab&on$ t hypo!sis 7,unt]su*ung51 p4 #ic74 ,b1 z ,drey] admits 7,planet>y ,sy/ems1 p4 #di71 x is 8n 444 necess>y ) ,boeckh to suppose ! motion ( ! />ry sph]e to h be5 an exce$+ly sl[ "o1 z x might 9 any case escape direct obs]vation40 ,x seems probable t ! !ory ( ! e>?'s revolution r\nd ! c5tral fire really orig9at$ 9 ! acc\nt giv5 by ,emp$okles ( ! sun's light4 ,! two ?+s are br\ght into close connexion by ,aetios1 :o says t ,emp$okles believ$ 9 two suns1 :ile ,philolaos believ$ 9 two or ev5 9 ?ree4#hbe ,! !ory ( ,emp$okles is unsatisfactory 9 s f> z x gives two inconsi/5t explanations ( night4 ,x is1 we h se51 ! %ad[ ( ! e>?2 b at ! same "t ,emp$okles recognis$ a fi]y diurnal hemisph]e & a nocturnal hemisph]e ) only a little fire 9 x4#hbf ,all ?is c\ld be simplifi$ by ! hypo!sis ( a c5tral fire :i* is ! true s\rce ( light4 ,su* a !ory w\ld1 9 fact1 be ! natural issue ( ! rec5t discov]ies z to ! moon's light & ! cause ( eclipses1 if t !ory 7 ext5d$ s z to include ! sun4 ,footnote #hbe3 ,aet4 ii4 #bj1 #ac 7,*ap4 ,,iv4 p4 #bge1 n4 #fji72 cf4 ib4 #ab 7( ,philolaos71 1 ' ' 4 ,"h is ! c5tral fire1 9 accordance ) ! use ( ! ^w expla9$ 9 ano!r passage ( ,aetios1 ,/ob4 ,ecl4 i4 p4 #aif1 #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #ha74 ,x seems to me t ^! /range notices mu/ be fragm5ts ( an attempt to %[ h[ ! helioc5tric hypo!sis arose f ! !ory ( ,emp$okles z to ! sun's light4 ,! mean+ is t ! c5tral fire really 0 ! sun1 b t ,philolaos unnecess>ily duplicat$ x by suppos+ ! visible sun to be its reflexion4 ,footnote #hbf3 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #aac4 ,! c5tral fire receiv$ a numb] ( my?ological names4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,he/ia or 8he>? ( ! univ]se10 ! 8h\se0 or 8wat*-t[]0 ( ,zeus1 & ! 8"m ( ! gods40#hbg ,t 0 9 ! mann] ( ! s*ool2 b ^! names mu/ n bl9d u to ! fact t we are deal+ ) a real sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,x 0 a great ?+ to see t ! ph5om5a c\ld be/ be 8sav$0 by a c5tral lum9>y1 & t ! e>? mu/ !re=e be a revolv+ sph]e l ! planets4 ,inde$1 we are almo/ tempt$ to say t ! id5tification ( ! c5tral fire ) ! sun1 :i* 0 sugge/$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! ,academy1 is a m]e detail 9 comp>ison4 ,! great ?+ 0 t ! e>? %\ld def9itely take its place among ! planets2 = once x has done s1 we c proce$ to se>* = ! true 8he>?0 ( ! planet>y sy/em at our leisure4 ,x is probable1 at any rate1 t x 0 ?is !ory :i* made x possible = ,h]akleides ( ,pontos & ,ari/>*os ( ,samos to rea* ! helioc5tric hypo!sis1#hbh & x 0 c]ta9ly ,ari/otle's rev]sion to ! geoc5tric !ory :i* made x necess>y = ,cop]nicus to discov] ! tru? afre%4 ,we h 8 own ^w = x t ! ,py?agorean !ory put him on ! "r track4#hbi ,footnote #hbg3 ,aet4 i4 #g1 #g 7,r4 ,p4 #ha74 ,procl4 9 ,tim4 p4 #ajf1 #bb1 ,diehl 7,r4 ,p4 #hc e74 ,footnote #hbh3 ,on ^! po9ts1 see ,/aigmll]1 ,beitrge zur ,ges*4 d] ,naturwiss5s*aft5 im klassi*5 ,alt]tume 7,progr41 ,/uttg>t1 #ahii72 & 8,h]akleides ,pontikos und das heliok5tris*e ,sy/em0 7,ar*4 xv4 pp4 #ada sqq474 ,?\gh1 = reasons :i* w p>tly appe> f ! foll[+ pages1 ,i %\ld n put ! matt] exactly z ,/aigmll] does1 ,i h no d\bt t he is sub/antially "r4 ,diels _h already express$ 8 adhesion to ! view t ,h]akleides 0 ! real au?or ( ! helioc5tric hypo!sis 7,b]l4 ,sitzb41 #ahic1 ,p4 #ah74 ,footnote #hbi3 ,9 8 lett] to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 ,cop]nicus quotes ,plut4 ,plac4 iii4 #ac1 #b-c 7,r4 ,p4 #hc a71 & adds 8,inde igitur occasionem nactus1 coepi et ego de t]rae mobilitate cogit>e40 ,! :ole passage is p>aphras$ by ,drey]1 ,planet>y ,sy/ems1 p4 #caa4 ,cf4 also ! passage f ! orig9al ,,ms41 :i* 0 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! edition ( #ahgc1 translat$ by ,drey]1 ib4 pp4 #cad sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! anti*?on4 #aea4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! anti*?on 0 also a hypo!sis int5d$ to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( eclipses4 ,9 "o place1 inde$1 ,ari/otle says t ! ,py?agoreans inv5t$ x 9 ord] to br+ ! numb] ( revolv+ bodies up to t52#hcj b t is a m]e sally1 & ,ari/otle really knew bett]4 ,9 8 "w on ! ,py?agoreans1 we are told1 he said t eclipses ( ! moon 7 caus$ sometimes by ! int]v5tion ( ! e>? & sometimes by t ( ! anti*?on2 & ! same /atem5t 0 made by ,philip ( ,op\s1 a v compet5t au?ority on ! matt]4#hca ,inde$1 ,ari/otle %[s 9 ano!r passage exactly h[ ! !ory orig9at$4 ,he tells u t "s ?\ght !re might be a consid]able numb] ( bodies revolv+ r\nd ! c5tre1 ?\gh invisible to u because ( ! int]v5tion ( ! e>?1 & t !y acc\nt$ 9 ?is way = !re be+ m eclipses ( ! moon ?an ( ! sun4#hcb ,?is is m5tion$ 9 close connexion ) ! anti*?on1 s !re is no d\bt t ,ari/otle reg>d$ ! two hypo!ses z ( ! same nature4 ,! hi/ory ( ! !ory seems to be ?is4 ,anaxim5es _h assum$ ! exi/5ce ( d>k planets to acc\nt = ! frequ5cy ( lun> eclipses 7 #bi71 & ,anaxagoras _h reviv$ t view 7 #ace74 ,c]ta9 ,py?agoreans#hcc _h plac$ ^! d>k planets betwe5 ! e>? & ! c5tral fire 9 ord] to acc\nt = _! invisibility1 & ! next /age 0 to r$uce !m to a s+le body4 ,"h aga9 we see h[ ! ,py?agoreans tri$ to simplify ! hypo!ses ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,footnote #hcj3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf a #c 7,r4 ,p4 #hc b74 ,footnote #hca3 ,aet4 ii4 #bi1 #d1 1 7 74 ,footnote #hcb3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bic b #ba1 4 1 ' 4 ,footnote #hcc3 ,x is n expressly /at$ t !y 7 ,py?agoreans1 b x is natural to suppose s4 ,su*1 at lea/1 0 ,alex&]'s op9ion 7,simpl4 de ,caelo1 ,p4 #eae1 #be74 ,sid5ote3 ,planet>y motions4 #aeb4 ,we mu/ n assume t ev5 ! lat] ,py?agoreans made ! sun1 moon1 & planets1 includ+ ! e>?1 revolve 9 ! opposite direction to ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s4 ,x is true t ,alkmaion is said to h agre$ ) 8"s ( ! ma!maticians0#hcd 9 hold+ ?is view1 b x is nev] ascrib$ to ,py?agoras or ev5 to ,philolaos4 ,! old !ory 01 z we h se5 7 #ed71 t all ! heav5ly bodies revolv$ 9 ! same direction1 f ea/ to we/1 b t ! planets revolv$ m sl[ly ! fur!r !y 7 remov$ f ! heav5s1 s t ^? :i* are ne>e/ ! e>? are 8ov]tak50 by ^? t are fur!r away4 ,?is view 0 /ill ma9ta9$ by ,demokritos1 & t x 0 also ,py?agorean1 seems to foll[ f :at we are told ab\t ! 8h>mony ( ! sph]es40 ,we h se5 7 #ed7 t we _c attribute ?is !ory 9 its lat] =m to ! ,py?agoreans ( ! fif? c5tury1 b we h ! express te/imony ( ,ari/otle to ! fact t ^? ,py?agoreans ^: doctr9e he knew believ$ t ! heav5ly bodies produc$ musical notes 9 _! c\rses4 ,fur!r1 ! velocities ( ^! bodies dep5d$ on ! di/ances betwe5 !m1 & ^! correspond$ to ! int]vals ( ! octave4 ,he di/9ctly implies t ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s takes "p 9 ! conc]t2 = he m5tions 8! sun1 ! moon1 & ! />s1 s great 9 magnitude & 9 numb] z !y are10 a phrase :i* _c ref] solely or *iefly to ! rema9+ five planets4#hce ,fur!r1 we are told t ! sl[] bodies give out a deep note & ! swift] a high note4#hcf ,n[ ! prevail+ tradition gives ! high note ( ! octave to ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s1#hcg f :i* x foll[s t all ! heav5ly bodies revolve 9 ! same direction1 & t _! velocity increases 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! c5tre4 ,footnote #hcd3 ,! t]m is t us$ by ,poseidonios = ! ,*aldan a/rolog]s 7,b]ossos74 ,diels1 ,elem5tum1 p4 #aa1 n4 #c4 ,z we h se51 ! ,babylonians knew ! planets bett] ?an ! ,greeks4 ,footnote #hce3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #i4 #bij b #ab sqq4 7,r4 ,p4 #hb74 ,footnote #hcf3 ,alex&]1 9 ,met4 p4 #ci1 #bd 7f ,ari/otle's "w on ! ,py?agoreans71 444 1 4 ,we mu/ n attribute ! id5tification ( ! sev5 planets ) ! sev5 /r+s ( ! hepta*ord to ! ,py?agoreans ( ?is date4 ,m]cury & ,v5us h 9 ! long run ! same velocity z ! sun1 & we mu/ take 9 ! e>? & ! fix$ />s4 ,we c ev5 f9d room = ! anti*?on z 4 ,footnote #hcg3 ,= ! v>i\s sy/ems1 see ,boeckh1 ,kle9e ,s*rift51 vol4 iii4 pp4 #afi sqq41 & ,c>l v4 ,jan1 8,die ,h>monie d] ,sphr50 7,philol4 #ahic1 pp4 #ac sqq474 ,!y v>y ) ! a/ronomy ( _! au?ors1 b !y be> witness to ! fact /at$ 9 ! text4 ,_m give ! highe/ note to ,saturn & ! l[e/ to ! ,moon1 :ile o!rs rev]se ?is4 ,! sy/em :i* corresponds be/1 h[ev]1 ) ! ,py?agorean planet>y sy/em mu/ include ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s & ! e>?4 ,x is t ^u :i* ! v]ses ( ,alex&] ( ,ephesos quot$ by ,!on ( ,smyrna1 p4 #adj1 #d1 are bas$3 1 444 ,! 8base ( ,heav5's deep ,organ0 9 ,milton's 8n9efold h>mony0 7,hymn on ! ,nativity1 xiii47 implies ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,! !ory t ! prop] motion ( ! sun1 moon1 & planets is f we/ to ea/1 & t !y also %>e 9 ! motion f ea/ to we/ ( ! heav5 ( ! fix$ />s1 makes its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! ,my? ( ,er 9 ,plato's ,republic1 & is fully work$ out 9 ! ,timaeus4 ,9 ! ,republic x is /ill associat$ ) ! 8h>mony ( ! sph]es10 ?\gh we are n told h[ x is reconcil$ ) t !ory 9 detail4#hch ,9 ! ,timaeus we read t ! sl[e/ ( ! heav5ly bodies appe> ! fa/e/ & vice v]sa2 &1 z ?is /atem5t is put into ! m\? ( a ,py?agorean1 we might suppose ! !ory ( a composite movem5t to h be5 anticipat$ by "s memb]s at lea/ ( t s*ool4#hci ,t is1 ( c\rse1 possible2 = ! ,py?agoreans 7 s+ul>ly op5 to new ideas4 ,at ! same "t1 we mu/ note t ! !ory is ev5 m emphatically express$ by ! ,a!nian ,/rang] 9 ! ,laws1 :o is 9 a special s5se ,plato himself4 ,if we 7 to praise ! runn]s :o come 9 la/ 9 ! race1 we %\ld n d :at is pleas+ to ! competitors2 & 9 ! same way x _c be pleas+ to ! gods :5 we suppose ! sl[e/ ( ! heav5ly bodies to be ! fa/e/4 ,! passage und\bt$ly conveys ! impression t ,plato is exp\nd+ a novel !ory4#hdj ,footnote #hch3 ,! difficulty appe>s cle>ly 9 ,adam's note on ,republic1 #fag b 7vol4 ii4 p4 #deb74 ,!re ! appe>s rightly z ! 1 :ile ,saturn1 :i* comes next to x1 is ! 4 ,x is inconceivable t ?is %\ld h be5 ! orig9al scale4 ,ari/otle t\*es ^u ! po9t 7de ,caelo1 1 #aj4 #bia a #bi sqq472 & ,simplicius s5sibly obs]ves 7de ,caelo1 p4 #dgf1 #aa71 ' ' 7ought n ! read+ to be 871 ' ' 1 1 1 b _! is 4 ,?is is :at l$ to ! return to ! geoc5tric hypo!sis & ! exclusion ( e>? & f ! 4 ,! only solution w\ld h be5 to make ! e>? rotate on its axis or revolve r\nd ! c5tral fire 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 leav+ only precession = ! 4 ,z we h se51 ,boeckh attribut$ ?is to ,philolaos1 b )\t evid5ce4 ,if he _h ?\ght ( x1 ^! difficulties w\ld n h aris54 ,footnote #hci3 ,tim4 #ci a #e-;b #b1 especially ! words 78!y appe> to be ov]tak51 ?\gh !y ov]take074 ,footnote #hdj3 ,plato1 ,laws1 #hbb a #d sqq4 ,! ,a!nian says ( ! !ory t he _h n he>d ( x 9 8 y\? nor long be=e 7#hba e #c74 ,if s1 x c h>dly h be5 taught by ,philolaos1 ?\gh x may h be5 by ,ar*ytas4 ,sid5ote3 ,?+s lik5esses ( numb]s4 #aec4 ,we h /ill to consid] a view1 :i* ,ari/otle sometimes attributes to ! ,py?agoreans1 t ?+s 7 8l numb]s40 ,he does n appe> to reg>d ?is z inconsi/5t ) ! doctr9e t ?+s are numb]s1 ?\gh x is h>d to see h[ he c\ld reconcile ! two4#hda ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ,ari/ox5os repres5t$ ! ,py?agoreans z tea*+ t ?+s 7 l numb]s1#hdb & !re are o!r traces ( an attempt to make out t ?is 0 ! orig9al doctr9e4 ,a lett] 0 produc$1 purport+ to be by ,!ano1 ! wife ( ,py?agoras1 9 :i* %e says t %e he>s _m ( ! ,hell5es ?9k ,py?agoras said ?+s 7 made ( numb]1 :]eas he really said !y 7 made accord+ to numb]4#hdc ,x is amus+ to notice t ?is f\r?-c5tury !ory _h to be expla9$ away 9 its turn lat] on1 & ,iambli*os actually tells u t x 0 ,hippasos :o said numb] 0 ! exempl> ( ?+s4#hdd ,footnote #hda3 ,cf4 especially ,met4 1 #f4 #ghg b #aj 7,r4 ,p4 #fe d74 ,x is n q ! same ?+ :5 he says1 z 9 1 #e4 #ihe b #bc sqq4 7,r4 ,p4 ib471 t !y p]ceiv$ _m lik5esses 9 ?+s to numb]s4 ,t ref]s to ! num]ical analogies ( ,ju/ice1 ,opportunity1 etc4 ,footnote #hdb3 ,ari/ox5os ap4 ,/ob4 i4 pr4 #f 7p4 #bj71 444 4 ,footnote #hdc3 ,/ob4 ,ecl4 i4 p4 #abe1 #ai 7,r4 ,p4 #fe d74 ,footnote #hdd3 ,iambl4 9 ,nicom4 p4 #aj1 #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #ef c74 ,:5 ?is view is upp]mo/ 9 8 m9d1 ,ari/otle seems to f9d only a v]bal diff]5ce betwe5 ,plato & ! ,py?agoreans4 ,! metaphor ( 8p>ticipation0 0 m]ely sub/itut$ = t ( 8imitation40 ,?is is n ! place to discuss ! mean+ ( ,plato's s-call$ 8!ory ( ideas02 b x mu/ be po9t$ out t ,ari/otle's ascription ( ! doctr9e ( 8imitation0 to ! ,py?agoreans is abundantly ju/ifi$ by ! ,pha$o4 ,! argum5ts = immortality giv5 9 ! e>ly "p ( t dialogue come f v>i\s s\rces4 ,^? d]iv$ f ! doctr9e ( ,rem9isc5ce1 :i* has sometimes be5 suppos$ to be ,py?agorean1 are only kn[n to ! ,py?agoreans by he>say1 & ,simmias requires to h ! :ole psy*ology ( ! subject expla9$ to him4#hde ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to ! "q :at x is t our s5sations rem9d u (1 8 attitude *anges4 ,! view t ! equal itself is alone real1 & t :at we call equal ?+s are imp]fect imitations ( x1 is q famili> to him4#hdf ,he requires no pro( ( x1 & is f9ally conv9c$ ( ! immortality ( ! s\l j because ,sokrates makes him see t ! !ory ( =ms implies x4 ,footnote #hde3 ,plato1 ,phd4 #gc a sqq4 ,footnote #hdf3 ,ibid4 #gd a sqq4 ,x is also to be obs]v$ t ,sokrates does n introduce ! !ory z a novelty4 ,! reality ( ! 8ideas0 is ! sort ( reality 8we are always talk+ ab\t10 & !y are expla9$ 9 a peculi> vocabul>y :i* is repres5t$ z t ( a s*ool4 ,! te*nical t]ms are introduc$ by su* =mulas z 8we say40#hdg ,^: !ory is x8 ,x is usually suppos$ to be ,plato's own1 ?\gh n[adays x is ! fa%ion to call x 8 8e>ly !ory ( ideas10 & to say t he modifi$ x pr(\ndly 9 lat] life4 ,b !re are s]i\s difficulties 9 ?is view4 ,plato is v c>eful to tell u t he 0 n pres5t at ! conv]sation record$ 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,did any philosoph] ev] prop\nd a new !ory ( 8 own by repres5t+ x z already famili> to a numb] ( di/+ui%$ liv+ contempor>ies8 ,x is n easy to believe t4 ,x w\ld be ra%1 on ! o!r h&1 to ascribe ! !ory to ,sokrates1 & !re seems no?+ = x b to suppose t ! doctr9e ( 8=ms0 71 7 orig9ally took %ape 9 ,py?agorean circles1 p]haps "u ,sokratic influ5ce4 ,!re is no?+ />tl+ 9 ?is4 ,x is a hi/orical fact t ,simmias & ,kebes 7 n only ,py?agoreans b disciples ( ,sokrates2 =1 by a happy *ance1 ! good ,x5ophon has includ$ !m 9 8 li/ ( true ,sokratics4#hdh ,we h also suffici5t gr\nd = believ+ t ! ,meg>ians _h adopt$ a l !ory "u simil> influ5ces1 & ,plato /ates expressly t ,eukleides & ,t]psion ( ,meg>a 7 pres5t at ! conv]sation record$ 9 ! ,pha$o4 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 m 8fri5ds ( ! ideas0#hdi ?an we g5]ally recognise4 ,x is c]ta91 9 any case1 t ! use ( ! words & to express ultimate realities is pre-,platonic1 & x seems mo/ natural to reg>d x z ( ,py?agorean orig94#hej ,footnote #hdg3 ,cf4 especially ! words 7#gf d #h74 ,! phrases 1 ' 1 & ! l are assum$ to be famili>4 8,we0 def9e reality by means ( "q & answ]1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* 8we0 give an acc\nt ( its be+ 7 1 #gh d #a1 :]e 444 is equival5t to 74 ,:5 we h done ?is1 8we0 set ! seal or /amp ( ^u x 7#ge d #b74 ,te*nical t]m9ology implies a s*ool4 ,z ,diels puts x 7,elem5tum1 p4 #bj71 x is 9 a s*ool t 8! simile conc5trates into a metaphor1 & ! metaphor cond5ses into a t]m40 ,footnote #hdh3 ,x54 ,mem4 i4 #b1 #dh4 ,footnote #hdi3 ,plato1 ,soph4 #bdh a #d4 ,footnote #hej3 ,see ,diels1 ,elem5tum1 pp4 #af sqq4 ,p>m5ides _h already call$ ! orig9al ,py?agorean 8elem5ts0 7 #ia71 & ,phili/ion call$ ! 8elem5ts0 ( ,emp$okles 4 ,if ! ascription ( ?is t]m9ology to ! ,py?agoreans is correct1 we may say t ! ,py?agorean 8=ms0 develop$ into ! atoms ( ,leukippos & ,demokritos on ! "o h& 7 #agd71 & into ! 8ideas0 ( ,plato on ! o!r4 ,we h really exce$$ ! limits ( ?is "w by trac+ ! hi/ory ( ,py?agoreanism d[n to a po9t :]e x becomes practically indi/+ui%able f ! e>lie/ =m ( ,platonism2 b x 0 necess>y to d s 9 ord] to put ! /atem5ts ( our au?orities 9 _! true light4 ,ari/ox5os is n likely to h be5 mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! op9ions ( ! m5 he _h kn[n p]sonally1 & ,ari/otle's /atem5ts mu/ h _h "s f\ndation4 ,we mu/ assume1 !n1 a lat] =m ( ,py?agoreanism :i* 0 closely ak9 to e>ly ,platonism4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! =m ( x :i* conc]ns u "h1 & we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t ! fif?-c5tury doctr9e 0 ( ! m primitive type already describ$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,y\ng] ,,eleatics ,sid5ote3 ,relation to pr$ecessors4 #aed4 ,! sy/ems we h j be5 /udy+ 7 all fundam5tally plurali/1 & !y 7 s because ,p>m5ides _h %[n t1 if we take a corporeal monism s]i\sly1 we mu/ ascribe to reality a numb] ( pr$icates :i* are inconsi/5t ) our exp]i5ce ( a _w :i* ev]y:]e displays multiplicity1 motion1 & *ange 7 #ig74 ,! f\r 8roots0 ( ,emp$okles & ! innum]able 8se$s0 ( ,anaxagoras 7 bo? ( !m consci\s attempts to solve ! problem :i* ,p>m5ides _h rais$ 7 #ajf1 #abg74 ,!re is no evid5ce1 inde$1 t ! ,py?agoreans 7 directly influ5c$ by ,p>m5ides1 b x has be5 %[n 7 #adg7 h[ ! lat] =m ( _! sy/em 0 bas$ on ! !ory ( ,emp$okles4 ,n[ x 0 j ?is prevail+ pluralism t ,z5o criticis$ f ! ,eleatic /&po9t2 & 8 argum5ts 7 especially direct$ aga9/ ,py?agoreanism4 ,melissos1 too1 criticises ,py?agoreanism2 b he tries to f9d a common gr\nd ) 8 adv]s>ies by ma9ta9+ ! old ,ionian !sis t reality is inf9ite4 ,i4 ,,z5o ,,( ,,elea ,sid5ote3 ,life4 #aee4 ,accord+ to ,apollodoros1#hea ,z5o fl\ri%$ 9 ,ol4 ,,lxxix4 7#dfd-dfj ,b4,c474 ,?is date is arriv$ at by mak+ him =ty ye>s y\ng] ?an 8 ma/] ,p>m5ides4 ,we h se5 already 7 #hd7 t ! meet+ ( ,p>m5ides & ,z5o ) ! "y ,sokrates _c well h occurr$ be=e #ddi ,b4,c41 & ,plato tells u t ,z5o 0 at t "t 8ne>ly =ty ye>s old40#heb ,he mu/1 !n1 h be5 born ab\t #dhi ,b4,c41 "s tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ,p>m5ides4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,teleutagoras1 & ! /atem5t ( ,apollodoros t he _h be5 adopt$ by ,p>m5ides is only a misund]/&+ ( an expression ( ,plato's ,sophi/4#hec ,he 01 ,plato fur!r tells u1#hed tall & ( a graceful appe>ance4 ,footnote #hea3 ,diog4 ix4 #bi 7,r4 ,p4 #acj a74 ,apollodoros is n expressly ref]r$ to = ,z5o's date2 b1 z he is quot$ = 8 fa!r's "n 7ix4 #be2 ,r4 ,p4 #acj71 !re c be no d\bt t he is also ! s\rce ( ! floruit4 ,footnote #heb3 ,plato1 ,p>m4 #abg b 7,r4 ,p4 #aaa d74 ,! visit ( ,z5o to ,a!ns is confirm$ by ,plut4 ,p]4 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #acj e71 :]e we are told t ,p]ikles 8he>d0 him z well z ,anaxagoras4 ,x is also allud$ to 9 ,alc4 ,i4 #aai a1 :]e we are told t ,py?odoros1 son ( ,isolo*os1 & ,kallias1 son ( ,kalliades1 ea* paid him #ajj m9ae = in/ruction4 ,footnote #hec3 ,plato1 ,soph4 #bda d 7,r4 ,p4 #acj a74 ,footnote #hed3 ,plato1 ,p>m41 loc4 cit4 ,l ,p>m5ides & mo/ o!r e>ly philosoph]s1 ,z5o seems to h play$ a "p 9 ! politics ( 8 native city4 ,/rabo ascribes to him "s %>e ( ! cr$it = ! good gov]nm5t ( ,elea1 & says t he 0 a ,py?agorean4#hee ,?is /atem5t c easily be expla9$4 ,p>m5ides1 we h se51 0 orig9ally a ,py?agorean1 & ! s*ool ( ,elea 0 no d\bt popul>ly reg>d$ z a m]e bran* ( ! l>g] society4 ,we he> also t ,z5o conspir$ aga9/ a tyrant1 ^: "n is diff]5tly giv51 & ! /ory ( 8 c\rage "u torture is (t5 repeat$1 ?\gh ) v>y+ details4#hef ,footnote #hee3 ,/rabo1 vi4 p4 #beb 7,r4 ,p4 #aaa c74 ,footnote #hef3 ,diog4 ix4 #bf1 #bg1 & ! o!r passages ref]r$ to 9 ,r4 ,p4 #acj c4 ,sid5ote3 ,writ+s4 #aef4 ,diog5es speaks ( ,z5o's 8books10 & ,s\idas gives "s titles :i* probably come f ! ,alex&rian libr>ians ?r\gh ,hesy*ios ( ,miletos4#heg ,9 ! ,p>m5ides1 ,plato makes ,z5o say t ! "w by :i* he is be/ kn[n 0 writt5 9 8 y\? & publi%$ aga9/ 8 w4#heh ,z he is suppos$ to be =ty ye>s old at ! "t ( ! dialogue1 ?is mu/ mean t ! book 0 writt5 be=e #dfj ,b4,c4 7 #hd71 & x is v possible t he wrote o!rs aft] x4 ,! mo/ rem>kable title :i* has come d[n to u is t ( ! ,int]pretation ( ,emp$okles4 ,x is n to be suppos$1 ( c\rse1 t ,z5o wrote a comm5t>y on ! ,poem ( ,emp$okles2 b1 z ,diels has po9t$ out1#hei x is q cr$ible t he %\ld h writt5 an attack on x1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds call$ by t "n4 ,if he wrote a "w aga9/ ! 8philosoph]s10 t mu/ mean ! ,py?agoreans1 :o1 z we h se51 made use ( ! t]m 9 a s5se ( _! own4#hfj ,! ,disputations & ! ,treatise on ,nature may1 or may n1 be ! same z ! book describ$ 9 ,plato's ,p>m5ides4 ,footnote #heg3 ,diog4 ix4 #bf 7,r4 ,p4 #acj72 ,suidas s4v4 7,r4 ,p4 #acj d74 ,footnote #heh3 ,plato1 ,p>m4 #abh d #f 7,r4 ,p4 #acj d74 ,footnote #hei3 ,b]l4 ,sitzb41 #ahhd1 p4 #cei4 ,footnote #hfj3 ,see above1 p4 #cba1 n4 #gdj4 ,x h>dly seems likely t a lat] writ] w\ld make ,z5o argue 1 & ! title giv5 to ! book at ,alex&ria mu/ be bas$ on some?+ conta9$ 9 x4 ,x is n likely t ,z5o wrote dialogues1 ?\gh c]ta9 ref]5ces 9 ,ari/otle h be5 suppos$ to imply ?is4 ,9 ! ,physics#hfa we he> ( an argum5t ( ,z5o's1 t any "p ( a heap ( millet makes a s\nd1 & ,simplicius illu/rates ?is by quot+ a passage f a dialogue betwe5 ,z5o & ,protagoras4#hfb ,if our *ronology is "r1 !re is no?+ impossible 9 ! idea t ! two m5 may h met2 b x is mo/ unlikely t ,z5o %\ld h made himself a p]sonage 9 a dialogue ( 8 own4 ,t 0 a lat] fa%ion4 ,9 ano!r place ,ari/otle ref]s to a passage :]e 8! answ]] & ,z5o ! que/ion]0 occurr$1#hfc a ref]5ce :i* is mo/ easily to be und]/ood 9 ! same way4 ,alkidamas seems to h writt5 a dialogue 9 :i* ,gorgias figur$1#hfd & ! exposition ( ,z5o's argum5ts 9 dialogue =m mu/ always h be5 a tempt+ ex]cise4 ,x appe>s also t ,ari/otle made ,alexam5os ! fir/ writ] ( dialogues4#hfe ,footnote #hfa3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #e4 #bej a #bj 7,r4 ,p4 #aca a74 ,footnote #hfb3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aajh1 #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #aca74 ,if ?is is :at ,ari/otle ref]s to1 x is h>dly safe to attribute ! to ,z5o himself4 ,x is wor? not+ t ! exi/5ce ( ?is dialogue is ano!r indication ( ,z5o's visit to ,a!ns at an age :5 he c\ld conv]se ) ,protagoras1 :i* agrees v well ) ,plato's repres5tation ( ! matt]4 ,footnote #hfc3 ,ari/4 ,soph4 ,el4 #agj b #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #acj b74 ,footnote #hfd3 ,*ap4 ,v4 p4 #bca1 n4 #eab4 ,footnote #hfe3 ,diog4 iii4 #dh4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! au?ority :om ,diog5es foll[s "h took ! /atem5t ( ,ari/otle to mean t ,alexam5os 0 ! fir/ writ] ( prose dialogues4 ,plato gives u a cle> idea ( :at ,z5o's y\?ful "w 0 l4 ,x conta9$ m ?an "o 8disc\rse10 & ^! disc\rses 7 subdivid$ into sections1 ea* deal+ ) "s "o presupposition ( 8 adv]s>ies4#hff ,we owe ! pres]vation ( ,z5o's argum5ts on ! "o & _m to ,simplicius4#hfg ,^? relat+ to motion h be5 pres]v$ by ,ari/otle himself2#hfh b1 z usual1 he has re/at$ !m 9 8 own language4 ,footnote #hff3 ,plato1 ,p>m4 #abg d4 ,plato speaks ( ! fir/ ( ! fir/ 1 :i* %[s t ! book 0 really divid$ into sep>ate sections4 ,proclus 79 loc47 says !re 7 =ty ( ^! altoge!r4 ,footnote #hfg3 ,simplicius expressly says 9 "o place 7p4 #adj1 #cj2 ,r4 ,p4 #acc7 t he is quot+ 4 ,i n[ see no reason to d\bt ?is1 z ! ,academy w\ld c]ta9ly h a copy ( ! "w4 ,if s1 ! fact t ! fragm5ts are n writt5 9 ,ionic is ano!r confirmation ( ,z5o's resid5ce at ,a!ns4 ,footnote #hfh3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #i4 #bci b #i sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,dialectic4 #aeg4 ,ari/otle 9 8 ,sophi/#hfi call$ ,z5o ! inv5tor ( dialectic1 & ?is1 no d\bt1 is sub/antially true1 ?\gh ! beg9n+s at lea/ ( t me?od ( argu+ 7 contempor>y ) ! f\ndation ( ! ,eleatic s*ool4 ,plato#hgj gives u a spirit$ acc\nt ( ! /yle & purpose ( ,z5o's book1 :i* he puts into 8 own m\?3-- ,9 reality1 ?is writ+ is a sort ( re9=cem5t = ! argum5t ( ,p>m5ides aga9/ ^? :o try to turn x into ridicule on ! gr\nd t1 if reality is "o1 ! argum5t becomes involv$ 9 _m absurdities & contradictions4 ,?is writ+ argues aga9/ ^? :o uphold a ,_m1 & gives !m back z good & bett] ?an !y gave2 its aim is to %[ t _! assumption ( multiplicity w be involv$ 9 /ill m absurdities ?an ! assumption ( unity1 if x is suffici5tly work$ out4 ,footnote #hfi3 ,cf4 ,diog4 ix4 #be 7,r4 ,p4 #acj74 ,footnote #hgj3 ,plato1 ,p>m4 #abh c 7,r4 ,p4 #acj d74 ,! me?od ( ,z5o 01 9 fact1 to take "o ( 8 adv]s>ies' fundam5tal po/ulates & d$uce f x two contradictory conclusions4#hga ,?is is :at ,ari/otle meant by call+ him ! inv5tor ( dialectic1 :i* is j ! art ( argu+1 n f true premisses1 b f premisses admitt$ by ! o!r side4 ,! !ory ( ,p>m5ides _h l$ to conclusions :i* contradict$ ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses1 & ,z5o's object 0 n to br+ fre% pro(s ( ! !ory itself1 b simply to %[ t 8 oppon5ts' view l$ to contradictions ( a precisely simil> nature4 ,footnote #hga3 ,! te*nical t]ms us$ 9 ,plato's ,p>m5ides seem to be z old z ,z5o himself4 ,! is ! provisional assumption ( ! tru? ( a c]ta9 /atem5t1 & takes ! =m or ! l4 ,! ^w does n mean ! assumption ( some?+ z a f\ndation1 b ! sett+ be=e "o's self ( a /atem5t z a problem to be solv$ 7,ionic 1 ,attic 74 ,if ! conclusions :i* necess>ily foll[ f ! 7 7 are impossible1 ! is 8de/roy$0 7cf4 ,plato1 ,rep4 #ecc c #h1 74 ,! au?or ( ! 7c #a7 kn[s ! ^w 9 a simil> s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,z5o & ,py?agoreanism4 #aeh4 ,t ,z5o's dialectic 0 ma9ly direct$ aga9/ ! ,py?agoreans is c]ta9ly sugge/$ by ,plato's /atem5t1 t x 0 address$ to ! adv]s>ies ( ,p>m5ides1 :o held t ?+s 7 8a _m40#hgb ,zell] holds1 inde$1 t x 0 m]ely ! popul> =m ( ! belief t ?+s are _m t ,z5o set himself to confute2#hgc b x is surely n true t ord9>y p believe ?+s to be 8a _m0 9 ! s5se requir$4 ,plato tells u t ! premisses ( ,z5o's argum5ts 7 ! beliefs ( ! adv]s>ies ( ,p>m5ides1 & ! po/ulate f :i* all 8 contradictions are d]iv$ is ! view t space1 & !re=e body1 is made up ( a numb] ( discrete units1 :i* is j ! ,py?agorean doctr9e4 ,nor is x at all probable t ,anaxagoras is aim$ at4#hgd ,we "k f ,plato t ,z5o's book 0 ! "w ( 8 y\?4#hge ,suppose ev5 t x 0 writt5 :5 he 0 ?irty1 t is to say1 ab\t #dei ,b4,c41 ,anaxagoras _h j tak5 up 8 abode at ,a!ns at t "t1#hgf & x is v unlikely t ,z5o _h ev] he>d ( him4 ,!re is1 on ! o!r h&1 a great deal to be said = ! view t ,anaxagoras _h read ! "w ( ,z5o1 & t 8 emphatic adhesion to ! doctr9e ( inf9ite divisibility 0 due to ! criticism ( 8 y\ng] contempor>y4#hgg ,footnote #hgb3 ,! view t ,z5o's argum5ts 7 direct$ aga9/ ,py?agoreanism has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 rec5t times by ,tann]y 7,sci5ce hellne1 pp4 #bdi sqq471 & ,bumk] 7,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie1 pp4 #fj sqq474 ,footnote #hgc3 ,zell]1 p4 #ehi 7,eng4 trans4 p4 #fab74 ,footnote #hgd3 ,?is is ! view ( ,/allbaum 9 8 edition ( ! ,p>m5ides 7pp4 #be sqq474 ,footnote #hge3 ,p>m41 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #hgf3 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #abj4 ,footnote #hgg3 ,cf4 = in/ance ,anaxagoras1 fr4 #c1 ) ,z5o1 fr4 #b2 & ,anaxagoras1 fr4 #e1 ) ,z5o1 fr4 #c4 ,x w be not$ h[ mu* cle>] ! hi/orical position ( ,z5o becomes if we foll[ ,plato 9 assign+ him to a some:at lat] date ?an is usual4 ,we h fir/ ,p>m5ides1 !n ! plurali/s1 & !n ! criticism ( ,z5o4 ,?is1 at any rate1 seems to h be5 ! view :i* ,ari/otle took ( ! hi/orical developm5t4#hgh ,footnote #hgh3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #c4 #ahg a #a 7,r4 ,p4 #acd b74 ,see bel[1 #agc4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at is ! unit8 #aei4 ,! polemic ( ,z5o is cle>ly direct$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance aga9/ a c]ta9 view ( ! unit4 ,eudemos1 9 8 ,physics1#hgi quot$ f him ! say+ t 8if any "o c\ld tell him :at ! "o 01 he w\ld be able to say :at ?+s are40 ,! comm5t>y ( ,alex&] on ?is1 pres]v$ by ,simplicius1#hhj is q satisfactory4 8,z ,eudemos relates10 he says1 8,z5o ! disciple ( ,p>m5ides tri$ to %[ t x 0 impossible t ?+s c\ld be a _m1 see+ t !re 0 no unit 9 ?+s1 :]eas #8_m' means a numb] ( units40 ,"h we h a cle> ref]5ce to ! ,py?agorean view t ev]y?+ may be r$uc$ to a sum ( units1 :i* is :at ,z5o d5i$4#hha ,footnote #hgi3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ach1 #cb 7,r4 ,p4 #acd a74 ,footnote #hhj3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ii1 #ac1 1 771 1 1 4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ! /atem5t t ,z5o 1 :i* is n ,alex&]'s 7z impli$ 9 ,r4 ,p4 #acd a71 b goes back to no less an au?ority ?an ,eudemos4 ,x is p]fectly correct :5 read 9 connexion ) ! words 7,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ii1 #aa74 ,footnote #hha3 ,x is q 9 ord] t ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell1 f ! /&po9t ( pluralism1 %\ld accept ,z5o's argum5ts z 8immeasurably subtle & pr(\nd0 7,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics1 p4 #cdg74 ,we "k f ,plato1 h[ev]1 t ,z5o meant !m z a r$uctio ad absurdum ( pluralism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fragm5ts4 #afj4 ,! fragm5ts ( ,z5o himself also %[ t ?is 0 8 l9e ( argum5t4 ,i give !m accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ,diels4 7#a7 ,if ! "o _h no magnitude1 x w\ld n ev5 be4444 ,b1 if x is1 ea* "o mu/ h a c]ta9 magnitude & a c]ta9 ?ickness1 & mu/ be at a c]ta9 di/ance f ano!r1 & ! same may be said ( :at is 9 front ( x2 = x1 too1 w h magnitude1 & some?+ w be 9 front ( x4#hhb ,x is all ! same to say ?is once & to say x always2 = no su* "p ( x w be ! la/1 nor w "o ?+ n be comp>$ ) ano!r4#hhc ,s1 if ?+s are a _m1 !y mu/ be bo? small & great1 s small z n to h any magnitude at all1 & s great z to be inf9ite4 ,r4 ,p4 #acd4 ,footnote #hhb3 ,i =m]ly r5d]$ 8! same may be said ( :at surpasses x 9 smallness2 = x too w h magnitude1 & some?+ w surpass x 9 smallness40 ,?is is ,tann]y's r5d]+1 b ,i n[ agree ) ,diels 9 ?9k+ t ref]s to & to 4 ,z5o is %[+ t ! ,py?agorean po9t has really ?ree dim5sions4 ,footnote #hhc3 ,read+1 ) ,diels & ! ,,mss41 4 ,gomp]z's conjecture 7adopt$ 9 ,r4 ,p47 seems to me arbitr>y4 7#b7 ,= if x 7 add$ to any o!r ?+ x w\ld n make x any l>g]2 = no?+ c ga9 9 magnitude by ! addition ( :at has no magnitude1 & ?us x foll[s at once t :at 0 add$ 0 no?+4#hhd ,b if1 :5 ?is is tak5 away f ano!r ?+1 t ?+ is no less2 & aga91 if1 :5 x is add$ to ano!r ?+1 t does n increase1 x is pla9 t :at 0 add$ 0 no?+1 & :at 0 tak5 away 0 no?+4 ,r4 ,p4 #acb4 ,footnote #hhd3 ,zell] m>ks a lacuna "h4 ,z5o mu/ c]ta9ly h %[n t ! subtraction ( a po9t does n make a ?+ less2 b he may h done s be=e ! beg9n+ ( our pres5t fragm5t4 7#c7 ,if ?+s are a _m1 !y mu/ be j z _m z !y are1 & nei!r m nor less4 ,n[1 if !y are z _m z !y are1 !y w be f9ite 9 numb]4 ,if ?+s are a _m1 !y w be inf9ite 9 numb]2 = !re w always be o!r ?+s betwe5 !m1 & o!rs aga9 betwe5 ^!4 ,& s ?+s are inf9ite 9 numb]4 ,r4 ,p4 #acc4hhe ,footnote #hhe3 ,?is is :at ,ari/otle calls 8! argum5t f di*otomy0 7,phys4 1 #c4 #ahg a #a2 ,r4 ,p4 #acd b74 ,if a l9e is made up ( po9ts1 we ought to be able to answ] ! "q1 8,h[ _m po9ts are !re 9 a giv5 l9e80 ,on ! o!r h&1 y c always divide a l9e or any "p ( x into two halves2 s t1 if a l9e is made up ( po9ts1 !re w always be m ( !m ?an any numb] y assign4 ,sid5ote3 ,! unit4 #afa4 ,if we hold t ! unit has no magnitude--& ?is is requir$ by :at ,ari/otle calls ! argum5t f di*otomy1#hhf--!n ev]y?+ mu/ be inf9itely small4 ,no?+ made up ( units )\t magnitude c itself h any magnitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we insi/ t ! units ( :i* ?+s are built up are some?+ & n no?+1 we mu/ hold t ev]y?+ is inf9itely great4 ,! l9e is inf9itely divisible2 &1 accord+ to ?is view1 x w be made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( units1 ea* ( :i* has "s magnitude4 ,footnote #hhf3 ,see la/ note4 ,t ?is argum5t ref]s to po9ts is prov$ by an in/ructive passage f ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics4#hhg ,we read !re-- ,if ! unit is indivisible1 x w1 accord+ to ! proposition ( ,z5o1 be no?+4 ,t :i* nei!r makes any?+ l>g] by its addition to x1 nor small] by its subtraction f x1 is n1 he says1 a real ?+ at all2 = cle>ly :at is real mu/ be a magnitude4 ,&1 if x is a magnitude1 x is corporeal2 = t is corporeal :i* is 9 e dim5sion4 ,! o!r ?+s1 i4e4 ! plane & ! l9e1 if add$ 9 "o way w make ?+s l>g]1 add$ 9 ano!r !y w produce no effect2 b ! po9t & ! unit _c make ?+s l>g] 9 any way4 ,footnote #hhg3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ajja b #g4 ,f all ?is x seems impossible to draw any o!r conclusion ?an t ! 8"o0 aga9/ :i* ,z5o argu$ 0 ! 8"o0 ( :i* a numb] con/itute a 8_m10 & t is j ! ,py?agorean unit4 ,sid5ote3 ,space4 #afb4 ,ari/otle ref]s to an argum5t :i* seems to be direct$ aga9/ ! ,py?agorean doctr9e ( space1#hhh & ,simplicius quotes x 9 ?is =m3#hhi ,if !re is space1 x w be 9 some?+2 = all t is is 9 some?+1 & :at is 9 some?+ is 9 space4 ,s space w be 9 space1 & ?is goes on ad inf9itum1 !re=e !re is no space4 ,r4 ,p4 #ace4 ,footnote #hhh3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #a4 #bji a #bc2 #c4 #baj b #bb 7,r4 ,p4 #ace a74 ,footnote #hhi3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #efb1 #c 7,r4 ,p4 #ace74 ,! v]sion ( ,eudemos is giv5 9 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #efc1 #bf1 1 4 ,:at ,z5o is really argu+ aga9/ "h is ! attempt to di/+ui% space f ! body t occupies x4 ,if we insi/ t body mu/ be 9 space1 !n we mu/ g on to ask :at space itself is 94 ,?is is a 8re9=cem5t0 ( ! ,p>m5idean d5ial ( ! void4 ,possibly ! argum5t t ev]y?+ mu/ be 890 some?+1 or mu/ h some?+ beyond x1 _h be5 us$ aga9/ ! ,p>m5idean !ory ( a f9ite sph]e ) no?+ outside x4 ,sid5ote3 ,motion4 #afc4 ,z5o's argum5ts on ! subject ( motion h be5 pres]v$ by ,ari/otle himself4 ,! sy/em ( ,p>m5ides made all motion impossible1 & 8 successors _h be5 driv5 to ab&on ! moni/ic hypo!sis 9 ord] to avoid ?is v consequ5ce4 ,z5o does n br+ any fre% pro(s ( ! impossibility ( motion2 all he does is to %[ t a plurali/ !ory1 su* z ! ,py?agorean1 is j z unable to expla9 x z 0 t ( ,p>m5ides4 ,look$ at 9 ?is way1 ,z5o's argum5ts are no m]e quibbles1 b m>k a great advance 9 ! conception ( quantity4 ,!y are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,y _c get to ! end ( a race-c\rse4#hij ,y _c trav]se an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts 9 a f9ite "t4 ,y mu/ trav]se ! half ( any giv5 di/ance be=e y trav]se ! :ole1 & ! half ( t aga9 be=e y c trav]se x4 ,?is goes on ad inf9itum1 s t !re are an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts 9 any giv5 space1 & y _c t\* an inf9ite numb] "o by "o 9 a f9ite "t4#hia 7#b7 ,a*illes w nev] ov]take ! tortoise4 ,he mu/ fir/ rea* ! place f :i* ! tortoise />t$4 ,by t "t ! tortoise w h got "s way ahead4 ,a*illes mu/ !n make up t1 & aga9 ! tortoise w be ahead4 ,he is always com+ ne>]1 b he nev] makes up to x4#hib ,footnote #hij3 ,ari/4 ,top4 1 #h4 #afj b #h1 771 4 ,footnote #hia3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #i4 #bci b #aa 7,r4 ,p4 #acf74 ,cf4 1 #b4 #bcc a #aa2 a #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #acf a74 ,footnote #hib3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #i4 #bci b #ad 7,r4 ,p4 #acg74 ,! 8hypo!sis0 ( ! second argum5t is ! same z t 9 ! fir/1 namely1 t ! l9e is a s]ies ( po9ts2 b ! reason+ is complicat$ by ! introduction ( ano!r mov+ object4 ,! diff]5ce1 accord+ly1 is n a half e "t1 b dim9i%es 9 a con/ant ratio4 ,aga91 ! fir/ argum5t %[s t no mov+ object c ev] trav]se any di/ance at all1 h[ev] fa/ x may move2 ! second emphasises ! fact t1 h[ev] sl[ly x moves1 x w trav]se an inf9ite di/ance4 7#c7 ,! arr[ 9 flight is at re/4 ,=1 if ev]y?+ is at re/ :5 x occupies a space equal to itself1 & :at is 9 flight at any giv5 mom5t always occupies a space equal to itself1 x _c move4#hic ,footnote #hic3 ,phys4 1 #i4 #bci b #cj 7,r4 ,p4 #ach72 ib4 #bci b #e 7,r4 ,p4 #ach a74 ,! latt] passage is corrupt1 ?\gh ! mean+ is pla94 ,i h translat$ ,zell]'s v]sion ( x 1 1 1 ' 1 1 444 ,( c\rse means 8at any "t10 n 8always10 & is1 lit]ally1 8on a level ) a space equal 7to itself740 ,= o!r read+s1 see ,zell]1 p4 #eih1 n4 #c2 & ,diels1 ,vors4 p4 #aca1 #dd4 ,"h a fur!r complication is introduc$4 ,! mov+ object itself has l5g?1 & its successive positions are n po9ts b l9es4 ,! successive mom5ts 9 :i* x occupies !m are /ill1 h[ev]1 po9ts ( "t4 ,x may help to make ?is cle> if we rememb] t ! flight ( ! arr[ z repres5t$ by ! c9ematograph w\ld be exactly ( ?is nature4 7#d7 ,half ! "t may be equal to d\ble ! "t4 ,let u suppose ?ree r[s ( bodies1#hid "o ( :i* 7,a7 is at re/ :ile ! o!r two 7,b1 ,c7 are mov+ ) equal velocity 9 opposite directions 7,fig4 #a74 ,by ! "t !y are all 9 ! same "p ( ! c\rse1 ,b w h pass$ twice z _m ( ! bodies 9 ,c z 9 ,a 7,fig4 #b74 ,,fig4 #a ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,,fig4 #b ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 ,!re=e ! "t :i* x takes to pass ,c is twice z long z ! "t x takes to pass ,a4 ,b ! "t :i* ,b & ,c take to rea* ! position ( ,a is ! same4 ,!re=e d\ble ! "t is equal to ! half4#hie ,footnote #hid3 ,! ^w is 2 cf4 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 p4 #cch1 n4 #gid4 ,! "n is v appropriate = ! ,py?agorean units1 :i* ,z5o _h %[n to h l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness 7fr4 #a74 ,footnote #hie3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #i4 #bci b #cc 7,r4 ,p4 #aci74 ,i h _h to express ! argum5t 9 my own way1 z x is n fully giv5 by any ( ! au?orities4 ,! figure is practically ,alex&]'s 7,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ajaf1 #ad71 except t he repres5ts ! by lett]s in/ead ( dots4 ,! conclusion is pla9ly /at$ by ,ari/otle 7loc4 cit471 1 &1 h[ev] we expla9 ! reason+1 x mu/ be s repres5t$ z to lead to ?is conclusion4 ,accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ! p>alogism "h dep5ds ^u ! assumption t an equal magnitude mov+ ) equal velocity mu/ move = an equal "t1 :e!r ! magnitude ) :i* x is equal is at re/ or 9 motion4 ,t is c]ta9ly s1 b we are n to suppose t ?is assumption is ,z5o's own4 ,! f\r? argum5t is1 9 fact1 relat$ to ! ?ird j z ! second is to ! fir/4 ,! ,a*illes adds a second mov+ po9t to ! s+le mov+ po9t ( ! fir/ argum5t2 ?is argum5t adds a second mov+ l9e to ! s+le mov+ l9e ( ! arr[ 9 flight4 ,! l9es1 h[ev]1 are repres5t$ z a s]ies ( units1 :i* is j h[ ! ,py?agoreans repres5t$ !m2 & x is q true t1 if l9es are a sum ( discrete units1 & "t is simil>ly a s]ies ( discrete mom5ts1 !re is no o!r measure ( motion possible ?an ! numb] ( units :i* ea* unit passes4 ,?is argum5t1 l ! o!rs1 is int5d$ to br+ out ! absurd conclusions :i* foll[ f ! assumption t all quantity is discrete1 & :at ,z5o has really done is to e/abli% ! conception ( cont9u\s quantity by a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! o!r hypo!sis4 ,if we rememb] t ,p>m5ides _h ass]t$ ! "o to be cont9u\s 7fr4 #h1 #be71 we %all see h[ accurate is ! acc\nt ( ,z5o's me?od :i* ,plato puts into ! m\? ( ,sokrates4 ,,ii4 ,,melissos ,,( ,,samos ,sid5ote3 ,life4 #afd4 ,9 8 ,life ( ,p]ikles1 ,plut>* tells u1 on ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle1 t ! philosoph] ,melissos1 son ( ,i?ag5es1 0 ! ,samian g5]al :o defeat$ ! ,a!nian fleet 9 #dda_/j ,b4,c43#hif & x 0 no d\bt = ?is reason t ,apollodoros fix$ 8 floruit 9 ,ol4 ,,lxxxiv4 7#ddd-da ,b4,c474#hig ,beyond ?is1 we really "k no?+ ab\t 8 life4 ,he is said to h be51 l ,z5o1 a disciple ( ,p>m5ides2#hih b1 z he 0 a ,samian1 x is possible t he 0 orig9ally a memb] ( ! ,ionic s*ool1 & we %all see t c]ta9 features ( 8 doctr9e t5d to be> out ?is view4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 c]ta9ly conv9c$ by ! ,eleatic dialectic1 & r5\nc$ ! ,ionic doctr9e 9 s f> z x 0 inconsi/5t ) t4 ,we note "h ! effect ( ! increas$ facility ( int]c\rse betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/1 :i* 0 secur$ by ! supremacy ( ,a!ns4 ,footnote #hif3 ,plut4 ,p]4 #bf 7,r4 ,p4 #ada b71 f ,ari/otle's 4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fragm5ts4 #afe4 ,! fragm5ts :i* we h come f ,simplicius1 & are giv51 ) ! exception ( ! fir/1 f ! text ( ,diels4#hii ,footnote #hig3 ,diog4 ix4 #bd 7,r4 ,p4 #ada74 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t ,apollodoros meant ! fir/ & n ! f\r? ye> ( ! ,olympiad4 ,t is 8 usual era1 ! f\ndation ( ,?\rioi4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 x is m likely t he meant ! f\r?2 = ! date ( ! w\ld be giv5 ) precision4 ,see ,jacoby1 p4 #bgj4 ,footnote #hih3 ,diog4 ix4 #bd 7,r4 ,p4 #ada74 ,footnote #hii3 ,x is no long] necess>y to discuss ! passages :i* us$ to appe> z frs4 #a-e ( ,melissos1 z x has be5 prov$ by ,a4 ,pab/ t !y are m]ely a p>aphrase ( ! g5u9e fragm5ts 7,de ,melissi ,samii fragm5tis1 ,bonn1 #ahhi74 ,almo/ simultane\sly ,i _h indep5d5tly come to ! same conclusion 7see ! fir/ edition1 #ach74 ,zell] & ,diels h bo? accept$ ,pab/'s demon/ration1 & ! suppos$ fragm5ts h be5 relegat$ to ! notes 9 ! la/ edition ( ,r4 ,p4 ,i /ill believe1 h[ev]1 t ! fragm5t :i* ,i h numb]$ #a;a is g5u9e4 ,see next note4 7#a;a7 ,if no?+ is1 :at c be said ( x z ( some?+ real8#ijj 7#a7 ,:at 0 0 ev]1 & ev] %all be4 ,=1 if x _h come into be+1 x ne$s mu/ h be5 no?+ be=e x came into be+4 ,n[1 if x 7 no?+1 9 no wise c\ld any?+ h aris5 out ( no?+4 ,r4 ,p4 #adb4 7#b7 ,s9ce1 !n1 x has n come into be+1 & s9ce x is1 0 ev]1 & ev] %all be1 x has no beg9n+ or end1 b is )\t limit4 ,=1 if x _h come into be+1 x w\ld h _h a beg9n+ 7= x w\ld h begun to come into be+ at "s "t or o!r7 & an end 7= x w\ld h ceas$ to come into be+ at "s "t or o!r72 b1 if x nei!r began nor end$1 & ev] 0 & ev] %all be1 x has no beg9n+ or end2 = x is n possible = any?+ to be ev] )\t all be+4 ,r4 ,p4 #adc4 7#c7 ,fur!r1 j z x ev] is1 s x mu/ ev] be inf9ite 9 magnitude4 ,r4 ,p4 #adc4 7#d7 ,b no?+ :i* has a beg9n+ or end is ei!r et]nal or inf9ite4 ,r4 ,p4 #adc4 7#e7 ,if x 7 n "o1 x w\ld be b\nd$ by some?+ else4 ,r4 ,p4 #add a4 7#f7 ,= if x is 7inf9ite71 x mu/ be "o2 = if x 7 two1 x c\ld n be inf9ite2 = !n !y w\ld be b\nd$ by "o ano!r4#ija ,r4 ,p4 #add4 7#f;a7 7,&1 s9ce x is "o1 x is alike ?r\gh\t2 = if x 7 unlike1 x w\ld be _m & n "o47#ijb 7#g7 ,s !n x is et]nal & inf9ite & "o & all alike4 ,& x _c p]i% nor become great]1 nor does x suff] pa9 or grief4 ,=1 if any ( ^! ?+s happ5$ to x1 x w\ld no long] be "o4 ,= if x is alt]$1 !n ! real mu/ ne$s n be all alike1 b :at 0 be=e mu/ pass away1 & :at 0 n mu/ come into be+4 ,n[1 if x *ang$ by s mu* z a s+le hair 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s1 x w\ld all p]i% 9 ! :ole ( "t4 ,fur!r1 x is n possible ei!r t its ord] %\ld be *ang$2 = ! ord] :i* x _h be=e does n p]i%1 nor does t :i* 0 n come into be+4 ,b1 s9ce no?+ is ei!r add$ to x or passes away or is alt]$1 h[ c any real ?+ h _h its ord] *ang$8 ,= if any?+ became diff]5t1 t w\ld am\nt to a *ange 9 its ord]4 ,nor does x suff] pa92 = a ?+ 9 pa9 c\ld n all be4 ,= a ?+ 9 pa9 c\ld n be ev]1 nor has x ! same p[] z :at is :ole4 ,nor w\ld x be alike1 if x 7 9 pa92 = x is only f ! addition or subtraction ( some?+ t x c\ld feel pa91 & !n x w\ld no long] be alike4 ,nor c\ld :at is :ole feel pa92 = !n :at 0 :ole & :at 0 real w\ld pass away1 & :at 0 n w\ld come into be+4 ,& ! same argum5t applies to grief z to pa94 ,nor is any?+ empty4 ,= :at is empty is no?+4 ,:at is no?+ _c be4 ,nor does x move2 = x has n[h]e to betake itself to1 b is full4 ,= if !re 7 aught empty1 x w\ld betake itself to ! empty4 ,b1 s9ce !re is naught empty1 x has n[h]e to betake itself to4 ,& x _c be d5se & r>e2 = x is n possible = :at is r>e to be z full z :at is d5se1 b :at is r>e is at once empti] ?an :at is d5se4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 :at is full & :at is n full4 ,if a ?+ has room = any?+ else1 & takes x 91 x is n full2 b if x has no room = any?+ & does n take x 91 x is full4 ,n[1 x mu/ ne$s be full if !re is naught empty1 & if x is full1 x does n move4 ,r4 ,p4 #ade4 7#h7 ,?is argum5t1 !n1 is ! greate/ pro( t x is "o alone2 b ! foll[+ are pro(s ( x also4 ,if !re 7 a _m1 ^! w\ld h to be ( ! same k9d z ,i say t ! "o is4 ,= if !re is e>? & wat]1 & air & iron1 & gold & fire1 & if "o ?+ is liv+ & ano!r dead1 & if ?+s are black & :ite & all t m5 say !y really are1--if t is s1 & if we see & he> aright1 ea* "o ( ^! mu/ be su* z we fir/ decid$1 & !y _c be *ang$ or alt]$1 b ea* mu/ be j z x is4 ,b1 z x is1 we say t we see & he> & und]/& aright1 & yet we believe t :at is w>m becomes cold1 & :at is cold w>m2 t :at is h>d turns s(t1 & :at is s(t h>d2 t :at is liv+ dies1 & t ?+s are born f :at lives n2 & t all ^? ?+s are *ang$1 & t :at !y 7 & :at !y are n[ are 9 no way alike4 ,we ?9k t iron1 :i* is h>d1 is rubb$ away by contact ) ! f+]2#ijc & s ) gold & /one & ev]y?+ :i* we fancy to be /rong1 & t e>? & /one are made out ( wat]2 s t x turns out t we nei!r see nor "k realities4 ,n[ ^! ?+s d n agree ) "o ano!r4 ,we said t !re 7 _m ?+s t 7 et]nal & _h =ms & /r5g? ( _! own1 & yet we fancy t !y all suff] alt]ation1 & t !y *ange f :at we see ea* "t4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t we did n see aright aft] all1 nor are we "r 9 believ+ t all ^! ?+s are _m4 ,!y w\ld n *ange if !y 7 real1 b ea* ?+ w\ld be j :at we believ$ x to be2 = no?+ is /rong] ?an true reality4 ,b if x has *ang$1 :at 0 has pass$ away1 & :at 0 n is come into be+4 ,s !n1 if !re 7 _m ?+s1 !y w\ld h to be j ( ! same nature z ! "o4 ,r4 ,p4 #adg4 7#i7 ,n[1 if x 7 to exi/1 x mu/ ne$s be "o2 b if x is "o1 x _c h body2 =1 if x _h body x w\ld h p>ts1 & w\ld no long] be "o4 ,r4 ,p4 #adf4ijd 7#aj7 ,if :at is real is divid$1 x moves2 b if x moves1 x _c be4 ,r4 ,p4 #add a4#ije ,footnote #ijj3 ,^! words come f ! beg9n+ ( ! p>aphrase :i* 0 s long mi/ak5 = ! actual words ( ,melissos 7,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ajc1 #ah2 ,r4 ,p4 #adb a71 & ,diels has accord+ly remov$ !m along ) ! re/4 ,i believe !m to be g5u9e because ,simplicius1 :o _h access to ! complete "w1 introduces !m by ! words 1 & because !y are ?or\ghly ,eleatic 9 "*4 ,x is q natural t ! fir/ words ( ! book %\ld be prefix$ to ! p>aphrase4 ,footnote #ija3 ,?is fragm5t is quot$ by ,simpl4 de ,caelo1 p4 #eeg1 #af 7,r4 ,p4 #add74 ,! ins]tion ( ! ^w 8inf9ite0 is ju/ifi$ by ! p>aphrase 7,r4 ,p4 #add a7 & by ,m4,x4,g4 #igd a #aa1 1 ' 4 ,footnote #ijb3 ,i h v5tur$ to ins]t ?is1 ?\gh ! actual words are n[h]e quot$1 & x is n 9 ,diels4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 ! p>aphrase 7,r4 ,p4 #ade a7 & 9 ,m4,x4,g4 #igd a #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #add a74 ,footnote #ijc3 ,read+ ) ,b]gk4 ,diels keeps ! ,,ms4 2 ,zell] 7p4 #fac1 n4 #a7 conjectures ' 4 ,footnote #ijd3 ,i read ) ,e ,f = ! ( ,d4 ,! :i* /ill /&s 9 ,r4 ,p4 is a piece ( local col\r due to ! editors4 ,diels also n[ reads 7,vors4 p4 #adi1 #b74 ,footnote #ije3 ,diels n[ reads ) ,e = ! ( ,f1 & atta*es ! ^w to ! next s5t5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ory ( reality4 #aff4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t ,melissos 0 p]haps n orig9ally a memb] ( ! ,eleatic s*ool2 b he c]ta9ly adopt$ all ! views ( ,p>m5ides z to ! true nature ( reality ) "o rem>kable exception4 ,he appe>s to h op5$ 8 treatise ) a reass]tion ( ! ,p>m5idean 8,no?+ is n0 7fr4 #a a71 & ! argum5ts by :i* he support$ ?is view are ^? ) :i* we are already famili> 7fr4 #a74 ,reality1 z ) ,p>m5ides1 is et]nal1 an attribute :i* ,melissos express$ 9 a way ( 8 own4 ,he argu$ t s9ce ev]y?+ t has come into be+ has a beg9n+ & an end1 ev]y?+ t has n come into be+ has no beg9n+ or end4 ,ari/otle is v sev]e ^u him = ?is simple conv]sion ( a univ]sal affirmative proposition2#ijf b1 ( c\rse1 8 belief 0 n f\nd$ on t4 ,8 :ole conception ( reality made x necess>y = him to reg>d x z et]nal4#ijg ,x w\ld be a m s]i\s matt] if ,ari/otle 7 "r 9 believ+1 z he seems to h done1#ijh t ,melissos inf]r$ t :at is mu/ be inf9ite 9 space1 because x _h nei!r beg9n+ nor end 9 "t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 seems q incr$ible4 ,z we h ! fragm5t :i* ,ari/otle int]prets 9 ?is way 7fr4 #b71 we are q entitl$ to und]/& x = ourselves1 & ,i _c see any?+ to ju/ify ,ari/otle's assumption t ! expression 8)\t limit0 means )\t limit 9 space4#iji ,footnote #ijf3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #c4 #ahf a #g 7,r4 ,p4 #adc a74 ,ari/otle f9ds two flaws 9 ! ,eleatic reason+3 7#a7 2 7#b7 4 ,?is is ! fir/ ( ^! flaws4 ,x is also m5tion$ 9 ,soph4 ,el4 #afh b #ce 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,s ,eudemos ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aje1 #bd1 1 1 1 4 ,footnote #ijg3 ,! real reason is giv5 9 ! p>aphrase 9 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #ajc1 #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #adb a71 1 ?\gh ( c\rse ,melissos himself w\ld n h put x 9 t way4 ,he reg>d$ himself z a l ! re/2 b1 f ! "t ( ,ari/otle1 x 0 a commonplace t ! ,eleatics 7 n 1 s9ce !y d5i$ motion4 ,footnote #ijh3 ,?is has be5 d5i$ by ,(fn]1 8,zur ,beur!ilung des ,melissos0 7,ar*4 iv4 pp4 #ab sqq471 b ,i n[ ?9k he goes too f>4 ,cf4 especially ,top4 ix4 #f1 1 4 ,! same po9t is made 9 ,soph4 ,el4 #afg b #ac & #aha a #bg4 ,footnote #iji3 ,! words ' mean simply 8b x is )\t limit10 & ?is is simply a repetition ( ! /atem5t t x has no beg9n+ or end4 ,! nature ( ! limit c only be det]m9$ by ! context1 & accord+ly1 :5 ,melissos does introduce ! subject ( spatial inf9ity1 he is c>eful to say 7fr4 #c74 ,sid5ote3 ,reality spatially inf9ite4 #afg4 ,melissos did inde$ diff] f ,p>m5ides 9 hold+ t reality 0 spatially z well z temporally inf9ite2 b he gave an excell5t reason = ?is belief1 & _h no ne$ to support x by ! extraord9>y argum5t j allud$ to4 ,:at he said 0 t1 if x 7 limit$1 x w\ld be limit$ by empty space4 ,?is we "k f ,ari/otle himself1#iaj & x m>ks a real advance ^u ,p>m5ides4 ,he _h ?\ght x possible to reg>d reality z a f9ite sph]e1 b x w\ld h be5 difficult = him to "w out ?is view 9 detail4 ,he w\ld h _h to say !re 0 no?+ outside ! sph]e2 b no "o knew bett] ?an he t !re is no su* ?+ z no?+4 ,melissos saw t y _c imag9e a f9ite sph]e )\t reg>d+ x z surr\nd$ by an inf9ite empty space2#iaa & z1 9 common ) ! re/ ( ! s*ool1 he d5i$ ! void 7fr4 #g71 he 0 =c$ to say reality 0 spatially inf9ite 7fr4 #c74 ,x is possible t he 0 influ5c$ 9 ?is by 8 association ) ! ,ionic s*ool4 ,footnote #iaj3 ,ari/4 ,g54 ,corr4 i4 #h4 #cbe a #ad1 4 ,t ?is ref]s to ,melissos has be5 prov$ by ,zell] 7p4 #fab1 n4 #b74 ,footnote #iaa3 ,note ! disagreem5t ) ,z5o 7 #afb74 ,f ! inf9ity ( reality1 x foll[s t x mu/ be "o2 =1 if x 7 n "o1 x w\ld be b\nd$ by some?+ else 7fr4 #e74 ,&1 be+ "o1 x mu/ be homog5e\s ?r\gh\t 7fr4 #f;a71 = t is :at we mean by "o4 ,reality1 !n1 is a s+le1 homog5e\s1 corporeal pl5um1 /ret*+ out to inf9ity 9 space1 & go+ backw>ds & =w>ds to inf9ity 9 "t4 ,sid5ote3 ,opposition to ,ionians4 #afh4 ,eleaticism 0 always critical1 & we are n )\t indications ( ! attitude tak5 up by ,melissos t[>ds contempor>y sy/ems4 ,! flaw :i* he f\nd 9 ! ,ionian !ories 0 t !y all assum$ "s want ( homog5eity 9 ! ,"o1 :i* is a real inconsi/5cy4 ,fur!r1 !y all all[$ ! possibility ( *ange2 b1 if all ?+s are "o1 *ange mu/ be a =m ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away4 ,if y admit t a ?+ c *ange1 y _c ma9ta9 t x is et]nal4 ,nor c ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( reality alt]1 z ,anaxim&]1 = in/ance1 _h held2 any su* *ange necess>ily involves a com+ into be+ & pass+ away4 ,! next po9t made by ,melissos is some:at peculi>4 ,reality1 he says1 _c feel sorr[ or pa92 = t is always due to ! addition or subtraction ( some?+1 :i* is impossible4 ,x is n easy to be sure :at ?is ref]s to4 ,p]haps x is to ! !ory ( ,h]akleitos ) its ,want & ,surfeit1 p]haps to some?+ ( :i* no record has be5 pres]v$4 ,motion 9 g5]al#iab & r>efaction & cond5sation 9 p>ticul> are impossible2 = bo? imply ! exi/5ce ( empty space4 ,divisibility is exclud$ = ! same reason4 ,^! are ! same argum5ts z ,p>m5ides employ$4 ,footnote #iab3 ,! view ( ,bumk] t ,melissos admitt$ or motion 9 pl5o 7,jahrb4 f4 kl4 ,phil41 #ahhf1 p4 #eda2 ,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie1 p4 #ei7 dep5ds ^u "s words ( ,simplicius 7,phys4 p4 #ajd1 #ac71 1 444 ,^! words 7 =m]ly turn$ into ,ionic & pass$ (f z a fragm5t ( ,melissos4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 "p ( ,simplicius's own argum5t aga9/ ,alex&]1 & h no?+ to d ) ,melissos at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,opposition to ,py?agoreans4 #afi4 ,9 ne>ly all acc\nts ( ! sy/em ( ,melissos1 we f9d x /at$ t he d5i$ ! corporeality ( :at is real1--an op9ion :i* is support$ by a ref]5ce to fr4 #i1 :i* is c]ta9ly quot$ by ,simplicius to prove ?is v po9t4#iac ,if1 h[ev]1 our g5]al view z to ! "* ( e>ly ,greek ,philosophy is correct1 ! /atem5t mu/ seem incr$ible4 ,& x w seem ev5 m surpris+ :5 we f9d t 9 ! ,metaphysics ,ari/otle says t1 :ile ! unity ( ,p>m5ides seem$ to be ideal1 t ( ,melissos 0 mat]ial4#iad ,n[ ! fragm5t1 z x /&s 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ,simplicius1#iae puts a purely hypo!tical case1 & w\ld mo/ naturally be und]/ood z a dispro( ( ! exi/5ce ( some?+ on ! gr\nd t1 if x exi/$1 x w\ld h to be bo? corporeal & "o4 ,?is _c ref] to ! ,eleatic ,"o1 9 :i* ,melissos himself believ$2 &1 z ! argum5t is almo/ v]bally ! same z "o ( ,z5o's1#iaf x is natural to suppose t x also 0 direct$ aga9/ ! ,py?agorean assumption ( ultimate units4 ,! only possible objection is t ,simplicius1 :o twice quotes ! fragm5t1 c]ta9ly took x 9 ! s5se usually giv5 to x4#iag ,b x 0 v natural = him to make ?is mi/ake4 8,! ,"o0 0 an expression t _h two s5ses 9 ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c42 x meant ei!r ! :ole ( reality or ! po9t z a spatial unit4 ,to ma9ta9 x 9 ! fir/ s5se1 ! ,eleatics 7 oblig$ to disprove x 9 ! second2 & s x sometimes seem$ t !y 7 speak+ ( _! own 8,"o0 :5 !y really meant ! o!r4 ,we h se5 t ! v same difficulty 0 felt ab\t ,z5o's d5ial ( ! 8"o40#iah ,footnote #iac3 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,bumk]1 ,das ,problem d] ,mat]ie1 pp4 #eg sqq41 :o rem>ks t 7or 7 9 fr4 #i mu/ be ! pr$icate1 z x has no article4 ,9 8 fif? edition 7p4 #faa1 n4 #b7 ,zell] has adopt$ ! view "h tak54 ,he rightly obs]ves t ! hypo!tical =m speaks = x1 & t ! subject to mu/ be 1 z ) ,z5o4 ,footnote #iad3 ,met4 1 #e4 #ihf b #ah 7,r4 ,p4 #aja74 ,footnote #iae3 ,br&is *ang$ ! to 1 b !re is no w>rant = ?is4 ,footnote #iaf3 ,cf4 ,z5o1 fr4 #a1 especially ! words 1 4 ,footnote #iag3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 pp4 #hg1 #f1 & #aaj1 #a4 ,footnote #iah3 ,see above1 #aei1 p4 #cfc1 n4 #hhj4 ,sid5ote3 ,opposition to ,anaxagoras4 #agj4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fragm5t ( ,melissos is1 p]haps1 ! la/ 7fr4 #h74 ,x seems to be direct$ aga9/ ,anaxagoras2 at lea/ ! language us$ seems m applicable to him ?an to any "o else4 ,anaxagoras _h admitt$ 7 #acg1 f947 t1 s f> z our p]ceptions g1 !y d n entirely agree ) 8 !ory1 ?\gh he held ?is 0 due solely to _! weakness4 ,melissos1 tak+ advantage ( ?is admission1 urges t1 if we give up ! s5ses z ! ultimate te/ ( reality1 we are n entitl$ to reject ! ,eleatic !ory4 ,) wond]ful p5etration he po9ts out t if we are to say1 ) ,anaxagoras1 t ?+s are a _m1 we are b\nd also to say t ea* "o ( !m is su* z ! ,eleatics decl>$ ! ,"o to be4 ,9 o!r words1 ! only consi/5t pluralism is ! atomic !ory4 ,melissos has long be5 unduly depreciat$ ow+ to ! criticisms ( ,ari/otle2 b ^!1 we h se51 are bas$ ma9ly on a some:at p$antic objection to ! false conv]sion 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! argum5t4 ,melissos knew no?+ ab\t ! rules ( conv]sion2 & if he _h1 he c\ld easily h made 8 reason+ =mally correct )\t modify+ 8 sy/em4 ,8 greatness consi/$ 9 ?is1 t n only 0 he ! real sy/ematis] ( ,eleaticism1 b he 0 also able to see1 be=e ! plurali/s saw x !mselves1 ! only way 9 :i* ! !ory t ?+s are a _m c\ld be consi/5tly work$ out4#iai ,x is significant t ,polybos1 ! nephew ( ,hippokrates1 reproa*es ^? 8sophi/s0 :o taught !re 0 only "o prim>y sub/ance ) 8putt+ ! doctr9e ( ,melissos on its feet40#ibj ,footnote #iai3 ,bumk]1 op4 cit4 p4 #eh1 n4 #c3 8,t ,melissos 0 a weakl+ is a fable conv5ue t p repeat aft] ,ari/otle1 :o 0 unable to appreciate ! ,eleatics 9 g5]al1 & 9 p>ticul> misund]/ood ,melissos n inconsid]ably40 ,footnote #ibj3 1 c4 #a1 ' 1 4 ,! metaphors are tak5 f wre/l+1 & 7 curr5t at ?is date 7cf4 ! ( ,protagoras74 ,plato implies a m g5]\s appreciation ( ,melissos ?an ,ari/otle's4 ,9 ,!aet4 #ahj e #b1 he ref]s to ! ,eleatics z 1 & 9 #ahc e #d he almo/ apologises = giv+ ! pre-em95ce to ,p>m5ides4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,leukippos ,,( ,,miletos ,sid5ote3 ,leukippos & ,demokritos4 #aga4 ,we h se5 7 #ca1 #abb7 t ! s*ool ( ,miletos did n come to an end ) ,anaxim5es1 & x is a /rik+ fact t ! man :o gave ! mo/ complete answ] to ! "q fir/ ask$ by ,?ales 0 a ,milesian4#iba ,x is true t ! v exi/5ce ( ,leukippos has be5 call$ 9 "q4 ,epicurus said !re nev] 0 su* a philosoph]1 & ! same ?+ has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 q rec5t times4#ibb ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/os c]ta9ly made him ! orig9ator ( ! atomic !ory1 & x /ill seems possible to %[ !y 7 "r4 ,incid5tally we %all see h[ lat] writ]s came to ignore him1 & ?us made possible ! sally ( ,epicurus4 ,footnote #iba3 ,!ophra/os said he 0 an ,eleate or a ,milesian 7,r4 ,p4 #ahe71 :ile ,diog5es 7ix4 #cj7 says he 0 an ,eleate or1 accord+ to "s1 an ,abd]ite4 ,^! /atem5ts are exactly p>allel to ! discrepancies ab\t ! native cities ( ! ,py?agoreans already not$ 7,*ap4 ,,vii4 p4 #cbg1 n4 #gfc74 ,diog5es adds t1 accord+ to o!rs1 ,leukippos 0 a ,melian1 :i* is a common confusion4 ,aetios 7i4 #g4 #a7 calls ,diagoras ( ,melos a ,milesian 7cf4 ,dox4 p4 #ad74 ,demokritos 0 call$ by "s a ,milesian 7,r4 ,p4 #ahf7 = ! same reason t ,leukippos is call$ an ,eleate4 ,we may also comp>e ! d\bt z to :e!r ,h]odotos call$ himself a ,halik>nassian or a ,?\rian4 ,footnote #ibb3 ,diog4 x4 #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #ahe b74 ,! !ory 0 reviv$ by ,e4 ,rohde4 ,= ! lit]ature ( ! controv]sy1 see ,r4 ,p4 #ahe b4 ,diels's refutation ( ,rohde has conv9c$ mo/ compet5t judges4 ,brieg]'s attempt to unsettle ! "q aga9 7,h]mes1 xxxvi4 pp4 #aff sqq47 is only half-he>t$1 & q unconv9c+4 ,z w be se51 h[ev]1 ,i agree ) 8 ma9 cont5tion t atomism comes aft] ! sy/ems ( ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras4 ,! "q is intimately b\nd up ) t ( ! date ( ,demokritos1 :o said t he 0 a "y man 9 ! old age ( ,anaxagoras1 a /atem5t :i* makes x unlikely t he f\nd$ 8 s*ool at ,abd]a be=e #dbj ,b4,c41 ! date giv5 by ,apollodoros = 8 floruit4#ibc ,n[ ,!ophra/os /at$ t ,diog5es ( ,apollonia borr[$ "s ( 8 views f ,anaxagoras & "s f ,leukippos1#ibd :i* c only mean t !re 7 traces ( ! atomic !ory 9 8 "w4 ,fur!r1 ,apollonios is p>odi$ 9 ! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 #dbc ,b4,c41 f :i* x foll[s t ! "w ( ,leukippos mu/ h become kn[n consid]ably be=e t date4 ,:at t "w 01 ,!ophra/os also tells u4 ,x 0 ! ,great ,diakosmos usually attribut$ to ,demokritos4#ibe ,?is means fur!r t :at 7 kn[n lat] z ! works ( ,demokritos 7 really ! writ+s ( ! s*ool ( ,abd]a1 & includ$1 z 0 natural1 ! works ( its f\nd]4 ,!y =m$1 9 fact1 a corpus comp>able to t :i* has come d[n to u "u ! "n ( ,hippokrates1 & x 0 no m possible to di/+ui% ! au?ors ( ! diff]5t treatises 9 ! "o case ?an x is 9 ! o!r4 ,we ne$ n hesitate1 = all t1 to believe t ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/os 7 bett] in=m$ on ?is po9t ?an lat] writ]s1 :o naturally reg>d$ ! :ole mass z equally ! "w ( ,demokritos4 ,footnote #ibc3 ,diog4 ix4 #da 7,r4 ,p4 #ahg74 ,z ,diels po9ts out1 ! /atem5t sugge/s t ,anaxagoras 0 dead :5 ,demokritos wrote4 ,x is probable1 too1 t x 0 ?is :i* made ,apollodoros fix ! floruit ( ,demokritos j =ty ye>s aft] t ( ,anaxagoras 7,jacoby1 p4 #bij74 ,we _c make mu* ( ! o!r /atem5t ( ,demokritos t he wrote ! #gej ye>s aft] ! fall ( ,troy2 = we _c be sure :at era he us$ 7,jacoby1 p4 #bib74 ,footnote #ibd3 ,!ophr4 ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #be1 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #bjf a74 ,footnote #ibe3 ,?is 0 /at$ by ,?rasylos 9 8 li/ ( ! tetralogies 9 :i* he arrang$ ! works ( ,demokritos1 z he did ^? ( ,plato4 ,he gives ,tetr4 iii4 ?us3 7#a7 7 72 7#b7 2 7#c7 2 7#d7 4 ,! two w\ld only be di/+ui%$ z & :5 !y came to be includ$ 9 ! same corpus4 ,a quotation purport+ to be f ! ( ,leukippos is pres]v$ 9 ,/ob4 i4 #afj4 ,! phrase 9 ,m4,x4,g4 #ihj a #h seems to ref] to ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 #cbe a #bd1 ' 4441 & w\ld prove no?+ 9 any case4 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 p4 #ach1 n4 #cje4 ,!ophra/os f\nd ,leukippos describ$ z an ,eleate 9 "s ( 8 au?orities1 &1 if we may tru/ analogy1 t means he _h settl$ at ,elea4#ibf ,x is possible t 8 emigration to ! we/ 0 connect$ ) ! revolution at ,miletos 9 #dej-di ,b4,c4#ibg ,9 any case1 ,!ophra/os says di/9ctly t he _h be5 a memb] ( ! s*ool ( ,p>m5ides1 & ! way 9 :i* he speaks sugge/s t ! f\nd] ( t s*ool 0 /ill at its head4#ibh ,he may v well h be5 s1 if we accept ,plato's *ronology4#ibi ,!ophra/os also appe>s to h said t ,leukippos 8he>d0 ,z5o1 :i* is v cr$ible4 ,we %all see1 at any rate1 t ! influ5ce ( ,z5o on 8 ?9k+ is unmi/akable4#icj ,footnote #ibf3 ,see above1 p4 #chj1 n4 #iba4 ,footnote #ibg3 ,! ari/ocrats _h massacr$ ! democrats1 & 7 ov]?r[n 9 _! turn by ! ,a!nians4 ,cf4 ,x54 4 4 #c1 #aa4 ,! date is fix$ by ,c4,i4,a4 i4 #bb a4 ,footnote #ibh3 ,!ophr4 ap4 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #bh1 #d 7,r4 ,p4 #ahe74 ,note ! diff]5ce ( case 9 & :i* is ! phrase us$ by ,!ophra/os ( ,anaxagoras 7p4 #bic1 n4 #ffj74 ,! dative seems to imply a p]sonal relation%ip4 ,x is q inadmissible to r5d] 80 famili> ) ! doctr9e ( ,p>m5ides10 z is done 9 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #cde4 ,footnote #ibi3 ,see #hd4 ,footnote #icj3 ,cf4 ,diog4 ix4 #cj1 7,r4 ,p4 #ahe b72 & ,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #ab1 #a1 444 4 ,diels conjectur$ t ! "n ( ,z5o _h be5 dropp$ 9 ! extract f ,!ophra/os pres]v$ by ,simplicius 7,dox4 #dhc a #aa74 ,! relations ( ,leukippos to ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras are m difficult to det]m9e4 ,x has become "p ( ! case = ! hi/orical reality ( ,leukippos t !re are traces ( atomism 9 ! sy/ems ( ^! m52 b ! case is /rong en\gh )\t t assumption4 ,besides1 x l&s u 9 s]i\s difficulties1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is t x w\ld require u to reg>d ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras z m]e eclectics l ,diog5es ( ,apollonia4#ica ,! /ronge/ argum5t = ! view t ,leukippos influ5c$ ,emp$okles is t drawn f ! doctr9e ( 8pores02 b we h se5 t ?is orig9at$ ) ,alkmaion1 & x is !re=e m probable t ,leukippos d]iv$ x f ,emp$okles4#icb ,we h se5 too t ,z5o probably wrote aga9/ ,emp$okles1 & we "k t he influ5c$ ,leukippos4#icc ,nor1 is x at all probable t ,anaxagoras knew any?+ ( ! !ory ( ,leukippos4 ,x is true t he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ! void2 b x does n foll[ t any "o _h already ma9ta9$ t doctr9e 9 ! atomi/ s5se4 ,! e>ly ,py?agoreans _h spok5 ( a void too1 ?\gh !y _h confus$ x ) atmosph]ic air2 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,anaxagoras ) ! klepsydra & ! inflat$ sk9s w\ld only h _h any po9t if !y 7 direct$ aga9/ ! ,py?agorean !ory4#icd ,if he _h really wi%$ to refute ,leukippos1 he w\ld h _h to use argum5ts ( a v diff]5t k9d4 ,footnote #ica3 ,?is po9t is important1 ?\gh ! argum5t is weak5$ by ,brieg]'s ov]/atem5t ( x 9 ,h]mes1 xxxvi4 p4 #ahc4 ,he says t to assume su* a reaction z ,anaxagoreanism aft] ! atomic sy/em _h once be5 discov]$ w\ld be some?+ unexampl$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy4 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia proves ! contr>y4 ,! real po9t is t ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras 7 m5 ( a diff]5t /amp4 ,s f> z ,emp$okles is conc]n$1 ,gomp]z /ates ! case rightly 7,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #efj74 ,footnote #icb3 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,v4 p4 #bbd1 n4 #dib2 & ,brieg] 9 ,h]mes1 xxxvi4 p4 #aga4 ,footnote #icc3 ,diels 7=m]ly at lea/7 ma9ta9$ bo? ^! ?+s4 ,see above1 p4 #cei1 n4 #hei2 & p4 #chb1 n4 #icj4 ,if1 z seems probable 7 #aeh71 ,z5o wrote 8 book "s "t betwe5 #dgj & #dfj ,b4,c41 ,leukippos c h>dly h writt5 8 be=e #dej ,b4,c41 & ev5 t is too late = him to h influ5c$ ,emp$okles4 ,x may well h be5 lat] /ill4 ,footnote #icd3 ,see above1 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #aca2 & ,*ap4 ,,vii4 #ade4 ,sid5ote3 ,!ophra/os on ! atomic !ory4 #agb4 ,!ophra/os wrote ( ,leukippos z foll[s 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( 8 ,op9ions3-- ,leukippos ( ,elea or ,miletos 7= bo? acc\nts are giv5 ( him7 _h associat$ ) ,p>m5ides 9 philosophy4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 foll[ ! same pa? 9 8 explanation ( ?+s z ,p>m5ides & ,x5ophanes did1 b1 z is believ$1 ! v opposite 7,r4 ,p4 #ahe74 ,!y made ! ,all "o1 immovable1 uncreat$1 & f9ite1 & did n ev5 p]mit u to se>* = :at is n2 he assum$ innum]able & ev]-mov+ elem5ts1 namely1 ! atoms4 ,& he made _! =ms inf9ite 9 numb]1 s9ce !re 0 no reason :y !y %\ld be ( "o k9d r ?an ano!r1 & because he saw t !re 0 unceas+ becom+ & *ange 9 ?+s4 ,he held1 fur!r1 t :at is is no m real ?an :at is n1 & t bo? are alike causes ( ! ?+s t come into be+2 = he laid d[n t ! sub/ance ( ! atoms 0 compact & full1 & he call$ !m :at is1 :ile !y mov$ 9 ! void :i* he call$ :at is n1 b affirm$ to be j z real z :at is4 ,r4 ,p4 #aid4 ,sid5ote3 ,leukippos & ! ,eleatics4 #agc4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,!ophra/os1 :ile not+ ! affiliation ( ,leukippos to ! ,eleatic s*ool1 po9ts out t 8 !ory is1 prima facie1#ice j ! opposite ( t ma9ta9$ by ,p>m5ides4 ,"s h be5 l$ by ?is to d5y ! ,eleaticism ( ,leukippos altoge!r2 b ?is d5ial is really bas$ on ! view t ! sy/em ( ,p>m5ides 0 8metaphysical10 c\pl$ ) a great reluctance to admit t s sci5tific a hypo!sis z ! atomic !ory c h _h a 8metaphysical0 orig94 ,x is really due to prejudice1 & we mu/ n suppose ,!ophra/os himself believ$ ! two !ories to be s f> ap>t z !y seem4#icf ,z ?is is really ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly ,greek philosophy1 & z1 rightly und]/ood1 x furni%es ! key to ! :ole developm5t1 x is wor? :ile to transcribe a passage ( ,ari/otle#icg :i* expla9s ! hi/orical connexion 9 a way t leaves no?+ to be desir$4 ,footnote #ice3 ,! words d n imply ass5t to ! view introduc$ by !m2 inde$ !y are us$1 f> m (t5 ?an n1 9 ref]5ce to beliefs :i* ! writ] does n accept4 ,! translation 8me?9ks0 9 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #cde1 is !re=e mo/ mislead+1 & !re is no ju/ification = ,brieg]'s /atem5t 7,h]mes1 xxxvi4 p4 #afe7 t ,!ophra/os diss5ts f ,ari/otle's view z giv5 9 ! passage ab\t to be quot$4 ,we %\ld be sav$ f _m errors if we accu/om$ ourselves to translate by 8is ?\ght0 or 8is believ$0 in/ead ( by 8seems40 ,leukippos & ,demokritos h decid$ ab\t all ?+s practically by ! same me?od & on ! same !ory1 tak+ z _! />t+-po9t :at naturally comes fir/4 ,"s ( ! anci5ts _h held t ! real mu/ necess>ily be "o & immovable2 =1 said !y1 empty space is n real1 & motion w\ld be impossible )\t empty space sep>at$ f matt]2 nor1 fur!r1 c\ld reality be a _m1 if !re 7 no?+ to sep>ate ?+s4 ,& x makes no diff]5ce if any "o holds t ! ,all is n cont9u\s1 b discrete1 ) its p>ts 9 contact 7! ,py?agorean view71 in/ead ( hold+ t reality is _m1 n "o1 & t !re is empty space4 ,=1 if x is divisible at e po9t !re is no "o1 & !re=e no _m1 & ! ,:ole is empty 7,z5o72 :ile1 if we say x is divisible 9 "o place & n 9 ano!r1 ?is looks l an arbitr>y fiction2 = up to :at po9t & = :at reason w "p ( ! ,:ole be 9 ?is /ate & be full1 :ile ! re/ is discrete8 ,&1 on ! same gr\nds1 !y fur!r say t !re c be no motion4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! reason+s1 !n1 go+ beyond p]ception & ov]look+ x 9 ! belief t we ought to foll[ ! argum5t1 !y say t ! ,all is "o & immovable 7,p>m5ides71 & "s ( !m t x is inf9ite 7,melissos71 = any limit w\ld be b\nd$ by empty space4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! op9ion !y express$ ab\t ! tru?1 & ^! are ! reasons :i* l$ !m to d s4 ,n[1 s f> z argum5ts g1 ?is conclusion does seem to foll[2 b1 if we appeal to facts1 to hold su* a view looks l madness4 ,no "o :o is mad is s f> out ( 8 s5ses t fire & ice appe> to him to be "o2 x is only ?+s t are "r1 & ?+s t appe> "r f habit1 9 :i* madness makes "s p see no diff]5ce4 ,leukippos1 h[ev]1 ?\ght he _h a !ory :i* 0 9 h>mony ) s5se-p]ception1 & did n d away ) com+ into be+ & pass+ away1 nor motion1 nor ! multiplicity ( ?+s4 ,he made ?is concession to exp]i5ce1 :ile he conc$$1 on ! o!r h&1 to ^? :o inv5t$ ! ,"o t motion 0 impossible )\t ! void1 t ! void 0 n real1 & t no?+ ( :at 0 real 0 n real4 8,=10 said he1 8t :i* is /rictly speak+ real is an absolute pl5um2 b ! pl5um is n "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are an inf9ite numb] ( !m1 & !y are invisible ow+ to ! smallness ( _! bulk4 ,!y move 9 ! void 7= !re is a void72 & by _! com+ toge!r !y effect com+ into be+2 by _! sep>ation1 pass+ away40 ,footnote #icf3 ,?is prejudice is app>5t all ?r\gh ,gomp]z's ,greek ,?9k]s1 & s]i\sly impairs ! value ( t fasc9at+1 ?\gh some:at imag9ative "w4 ,x is amus+ to notice t ,brieg]1 f ! same po9t ( view1 reg>ds ! cu/om ( mak+ ,anaxagoras ! la/ ( ! ,presocratics z due to !ological prepossessions 7,h]mes1 xxxvi4 p4 #ahe74 ,i am sorry t ,i _c agree ) ei!r side2 b ! bitt]ness ( ! disputants be>s witness to ! fundam5tal importance ( ! que/ions rais$ by ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s4 ,footnote #icg3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #h4 #cbd b #ce 7,r4 ,p4 #aic74 ,x is true t 9 ?is passage ,z5o & ,melissos are n nam$1 b ! ref]5ce to !m is unmi/akable4 ,! argum5t ( ,z5o aga9/ ! ,py?agoreans is cle>ly giv52 & ,melissos 0 ! only ,eleatic :o made reality inf9ite1 a po9t :i* is di/9ctly m5tion$4 ,we are !re=e ju/ifi$ by ,ari/otle's words 9 expla9+ ! g5esis ( ,atomism & its relation to ,eleaticism z foll[s4 ,z5o _h %[n t all plurali/ sy/ems yet kn[n1 & especially ,py?agoreanism1 7 unable to /& be=e ! argum5ts f inf9ite divisibility :i* he adduc$4 ,melissos _h us$ ! same argum5t aga9/ ,anaxagoras1 & _h add$1 by way ( r$uctio ad absurdum1 t1 if !re 7 _m ?+s1 ea* "o ( !m mu/ be su* z ! ,eleatics held ! ,"o to be4 ,to ?is ,leukippos answ]s1 8,:y n80 ,he admitt$ ! =ce ( ,z5o's argum5ts by sett+ a limit to divisibility1 & to ea* ( ! atoms :i* he ?us arriv$ at he ascrib$ all ! pr$icates ( ! ,eleatic ,"o2 = ,p>m5ides _h %[n t if x is1 x mu/ h ^! pr$icates someh[4 ,! same view is impli$ 9 a passage ( ,ari/otle's ,physics4#ich 8,"s10 we are !re told1 8surr5d]$ to bo? argum5ts1 to ! fir/1 ! argum5t t all ?+s are "o1 if ! ^w is is us$ 9 "o s5se only 7,p>m5ides71 by affirm+ ! reality ( :at is n2 to ! second1 t bas$ on di*otomy 7,z5o71 by introduc+ indivisible magnitudes40 ,f9ally1 x is only by reg>d+ ! matt] 9 ?is way t we c atta* any mean+ to ano!r /atem5t ( ,ari/otle's to ! effect t ,leukippos & ,demokritos1 z well z ! ,py?agoreans1 virtually make all ?+s out ( numb]s4#ici ,leukippos1 9 fact1 gave ! ,py?agorean monads ! "* ( ! ,p>m5idean ,"o4 ,footnote #ich3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #c4 #ahg a #a 7,r4 ,p4 #acd b74 ,footnote #ici3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #d4 #cjc a #h1 7 7 4 ,?is also s]ves to expla9 :at ,h]akleides may h meant by attribut+ ! !ory ( corporeal to ! ,py?agorean ,ekphantos ( ,syracuse 7above1 p4 #cch1 n4 #gid74 ,sid5ote3 ,atoms4 #agd4 ,we mu/ obs]ve t ! atom is n ma!matically indivisible1 = x has magnitude2 x is1 h[ev]1 physically indivisible1 because1 l ! ,"o ( ,p>m5ides1 x conta9s 9 x no empty space4#idj ,ea* atom has ext5sion1 & all ! atoms are exactly alike 9 sub/ance4#ida ,!re=e all diff]5ces 9 ?+s mu/ be acc\nt$ = ei!r by ! %ape ( ! atoms or by _! arrangem5t4 ,x seems probable t ! ?ree ways 9 :i* diff]5ces arise1 namely1 %ape1 position1 & arrangem5t1 7 already di/+ui%$ by ,leukippos2 = ,ari/otle m5tions 8 "n 9 connexion ) !m4#idb ,?is expla9s1 too1 :y ! atoms are call$ 8=ms0 or 8figures10 a way ( speak+ :i* seems to be ( ,py?agorean orig94#idc ,t !y are also call$ #idd is q intelligible if we rememb] :at 0 said ( t ^w 9 ! ,introduction 7 ,,vii474 ,! diff]5ces 9 %ape1 ord]1 & position j ref]r$ to acc\nt = ! 8opposites10 ! 8elem5ts0 be+ reg>d$ r z aggregates ( ^! 771 z by ,anaxagoras4#ide ,footnote #idj3 ,! ,epicureans misund]/ood ?is po9t1 or misrepres5t$ x 9 ord] to magnify _! own orig9ality 7see ,zell]1 p4 #heg1 n4 #c2 ,eng4 trans4 ii4 p4 #bbe1 n4 #b74 ,footnote #ida3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #g4 #bge b #cb1 2 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc a #cd1 77 4 ,footnote #idb3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ihe b #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #aib72 cf4 de ,g54 ,corr4 #cae b #f4 ,z ,diels sugge/s1 ! illu/ration f ! lett]s ( ! alphabet is probably due to ,demokritos4 ,x %[s1 9 any case1 h[ ! ^w came to be us$ lat] = 8elem5t40 ,we mu/ read1 ) ,wilam[itz1 = 1 ! old] =m ( ! lett] be+ j an laid ^u its side 7,diels1 ,elem5tum1 p4 #ac1 n4 #a74 ,footnote #idc3 ,demokritos wrote a "w1 7,sext4 ,ma?4 vii4 #acg2 ,r4 ,p4 #bjd71 :i* ,diels id5tifies ) ! ( ,?rasylos1 ,tetr4 v4 #c4 ,!ophra/os ref]s to ,demokritos1 7de ,s5sibus1 #ea74 ,plut4 adv4 ,col4 #aaaa a1 1 ' 7s ! ,,mss43 1 ,wytt5ba*2 1 ,diels74 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #d4 #bjc a #ba1 77 7 74 ,cf4 de ,g54 ,corr4 1 #b4 #cae b #g 7,r4 ,p4 #aif74 ,footnote #idd3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #i4 #bfe b #be2 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #acah1 #cc1 7 7 4 ,footnote #ide3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #cf1 #a 7,diels1 ,vors4 p4 #cdf71 & ,r4 ,p4 #aif a4 ,sid5ote3 ,! void4 #age4 ,leukippos affirm$ ! exi/5ce bo? ( ! ,full & ! ,empty1 t]ms :i* he may h borr[$ f ,melissos4#idf ,z we h se51 he _h to assume ! exi/5ce ( empty space1 :i* ! ,eleatics _h d5i$1 9 ord] to make 8 explanation ( ! nature ( body possible4 ,"h aga9 he is develop+ a ,py?agorean view4 ,! ,py?agoreans _h spok5 ( ! void1 :i* kept ! units ap>t2 b !y _h n di/+ui%$ x f atmosph]ic air 7 #ec71 :i* ,emp$okles _h %[n to be a corporeal sub/ance 7 #ajg74 ,p>m5ides1 inde$1 _h =m$ a cle>] conception ( space1 b only to d5y its reality4 ,leukippos />t$ f ?is4 ,he admitt$1 inde$1 t space 0 n real1 t is to say1 corporeal2 b he ma9ta9$ t x exi/$ all ! same4 ,he h>dly1 x is true1 _h words to express 8 discov]y 92 = ! v]b 8to be0 _h hi!rto be5 us$ by philosoph]s only ( body4 ,b he did 8 be/ to make 8 mean+ cle> by say+ t 8:at is n0 79 ! old corporeali/ s5se7 8is0 79 ano!r s5se7 j z mu* z 8:at is40 ,! void is z real z body4 ,footnote #idf3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #d4 #ihe b #d 7,r4 ,p4 #aib74 ,cf4 ,melissos1 fr4 #g sub f94 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ,atomi/s1 :o are commonly reg>d$ z ! great mat]iali/s ( antiquity1 7 actually ! fir/ to say di/9ctly t a ?+ might be real )\t be+ a body4 ,sid5ote3 ,cosmology4 #agf4 ,x might seem a hopeless task to dis5tangle ! cosmology ( ,leukippos f t ( ,demokritos1 ) :i* x is g5]ally id5tifi$2 b t v fact af=ds an invaluable clue4 ,s f> z we "k1 no "o aft] ,!ophra/os 0 able to di/+ui% ! doctr9es ( ! two m51 & x foll[s f ?is t all def9ite /atem5ts ab\t ,leukippos 9 lat] writ]s mu/1 9 ! long run1 g back to him4 ,if we foll[ ?is up1 we %all be able to give a fairly cle> acc\nt ( ! sy/em1 & we %all ev5 come across "s views :i* are peculi> to ,leukippos & 7 n adopt$ by ,demokritos4#idg ,footnote #idg3 ,cf4 ,zell]1 8,zu ,leukippus0 7,ar*4 xv4 p4 #ach74 ,we %all />t f ! full] ( ! two doxographies 9 ,diog5es1 :i* comes f an epitome ( ,!ophra/os4#idh ,x is z foll[s3-- ,he says t ! ,all is inf9ite1 & t x is "p full1 & "p empty4 ,^! 7! full & ! empty71 he says1 are ! elem5ts4 ,f !m arise innum]able worlds & are resolv$ into !m4 ,! worlds come into be+ ?us4 ,!re 7 borne along by 8abscision f ! inf9ite0 _m bodies ( all sorts ( figures 8into a mighty void10 & !y be+ ga!r$ toge!r produce a s+le vortex4 ,9 x1 z !y came into collision ) "o ano!r & 7 :irl$ r\nd 9 all mann] ( ways1 ^? :i* 7 alike 7 sep>at$ ap>t & came to _! likes4 ,b1 z !y 7 no long] able to revolve 9 equilibrium ow+ to _! multitude1 ^? ( !m t 7 f9e w5t out to ! ext]nal void1 z if pass$ ?r\gh a sieve2 ! re/ /ay$ toge!r1 & becom+ entangl$ ) "o ano!r1 ran d[n toge!r1 & made a fir/ sph]ical /ructure4 ,?is 0 9 sub/ance l a membrane or sk9 conta9+ 9 itself all k9ds ( bodies4 ,&1 z ^! bodies 7 borne r\nd 9 a vortex1 9 virtue ( ! resi/ance ( ! middle1 ! surr\nd+ membrane became ?91 z ! contigu\s bodies kept fl[+ toge!r f contact ) ! vortex4 ,& 9 ?is way ! e>? came into be+1 ^? ?+s :i* _h be5 borne t[>ds ! middle abid+ !re4 ,moreov]1 ! conta9+ membrane 0 increas$ by ! fur!r sep>at+ out ( bodies f outside2 &1 be+ itself c>ri$ r\nd 9 a vortex1 x fur!r got possession ( all ) :i* x _h come 9 contact4 ,"s ( ^! becom+ entangl$1 produce a /ructure1 :i* 0 at fir/ moi/ & muddy2 b1 :5 !y _h be5 dri$ & 7 revolv+ along ) ! vortex ( ! :ole1 !y 7 !n ignit$ & produc$ ! sub/ance ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,! circle ( ! sun is ! out]mo/1 t ( ! moon is ne>e/ to ! e>?1 & ^? ( ! o!rs are betwe5 ^!4 ,& all ! heav5ly bodies are ignit$ because ( ! swiftness ( _! motion2 :ile ! sun is also ignit$ by ! />s4 ,b ! moon only receives a small portion ( fire4 ,! sun & ! moon are eclips$4444 7,& ! obliquity ( ! zodiac is produc$7 by ! e>? be+ incl9$ t[>ds ! s\?2 & ! nor!rn p>ts ( x h con/ant sn[ & are cold & froz54 ,& ! sun is eclips$ r>ely1 & ! moon cont9ually1 because _! circles are unequal4 ,& j z !re are com+s into be+ ( ! _w1 s !re are gr[?s & decays & pass+s away 9 virtue ( a c]ta9 necessity1 ( ! nature ( :i* he gives no cle> acc\nt4 ,footnote #idh3 ,diog4 ix4 #ca sqq4 7,r4 ,p4 #aig1 #aig c74 ,?is passage deals expressly ) ,leukippos1 n ) ,demokritos or ev5 8,leukippos & ,demokritos40 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ! 8summ>y0 & 8detail$0 doxographies 9 ,diog5es1 see ,app5dix1 #ae4 ,z x comes sub/antially f ,!ophra/os1 ?is passage is to be reg>d$ z good evid5ce = ! cosmology ( ,leukippos1 & x is confirm$ 9 an int]e/+ way by c]ta9 ,epicurean extracts f ! ,great ,diakosmos4#idi ,^!1 h[ev]1 z is natural1 give a specially ,epicurean turn to "s ( ! doctr9es1 & mu/ !re=e be us$ ) caution4 ,footnote #idi3 ,^! are to be f\nd 9 ,aet4 i4 #d 7,dox4 p4 #bhi2 ,vors4 p4 #cdg2 ,us5]1 ,epicurea1 fr4 #cjh74 ,epicurus himself 9 ! second epi/le 7,diog4 x4 #hh2 ,us5]1 p4 #cg1 #g7 quotes ! phrase 4 ,sid5ote3 ,relation to ,ionic cosmology4 #agg4 ,! g5]al impression :i* we get f ! cosmology ( ,leukippos is t he ei!r ignor$ or _h nev] he>d ( ! great advance 9 ! g5]al view ( ! _w :i* 0 due to ! lat] ,py?agoreans4 ,he is z reaction>y 9 8 detail$ cosmology z he 0 d>+ 9 8 g5]al physical !ory4 ,we seem to be read+ once m ( ! speculations ( ,anaxim5es or ev5 ( ,anaxim&]1 ?\gh !re are traces ( ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras too4 ,! explanation is n h>d to see4 ,leukippos w\ld n le>n a cosmology f 8 ,eleatic tea*]s2 &1 ev5 :5 he f\nd x possible to con/ruct "o )\t giv+ up ! ,p>m5idean view ( reality1 he 0 necess>ily ?r[n back ^u ! old] sy/ems ( ,ionia4 ,! result 0 un=tunate4 ,! a/ronomy ( ,demokritos1 s f> z we "k x1 0 /ill ( ?is *ildi% "*4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! /atem5t ( ,s5eca t he did n v5ture to say h[ _m planets !re 74#iej ,footnote #iej3 ,s5eca1 ,q4 ,nat4 vii4 #c4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is :at gives plausibility to ,gomp]z's /atem5t t ,atomism 0 8! ripe fruit on ! tree ( ! old ,ionic doctr9e ( matt] :i* _h be5 t5d$ by ! ,ionian physiologi/s40#iea ,! detail$ cosmology 0 c]ta9ly su* a fruit1 & x 0 possibly ov]-ripe2 b ! atomic !ory prop]1 9 :i* ! real greatness ( ,leukippos comes out1 0 :olly ,eleatic 9 its orig94 ,nev]!less1 x w repay u to exam9e ! cosmology too2 = su* an exam9ation w s]ve bett] ?an any?+ else to br+ out ! true nature ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( :i* x 0 ! outcome4 ,footnote #iea3 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbc4 ,sid5ote3 ,! et]nal motion4 #agh4 ,leukippos repres5t$ ! atoms z hav+ be5 always 9 motion4 ,ari/otle puts ?is 9 8 own way4 ,! atomi/s1 he says1 8indol5tly0 left x unexpla9$ :at 0 ! s\rce ( motion1 & !y did n say :at sort ( motion x 04 ,9 o!r words1 !y did n decide :e!r x 0 a 8natural motion0 or "o impress$ on !m 8contr>y to _! nature40#ieb ,he ev5 w5t s f> z to say t !y made x 8spontane\s10 a rem>k :i* has giv5 rise to ! errone\s view t !y held x 0 due to *ance4#iec ,ari/otle does n say t1 h[ev]2 b only t ! atomi/s did n expla9 ! motion ( ! atoms 9 any ( ! ways 9 :i* he himself expla9$ ! motion ( ! elem5ts4 ,!y nei!r ascrib$ to !m a natural motion l ! circul> motion ( ! heav5s & ! rectil9e> motion ( ! f\r elem5ts 9 ! sublun>y region1 nor did !y give !m a =c$ motion contr>y to _! own nature1 l ! upw>d motion :i* may be giv5 to ! heavy elem5ts & ! d[nw>d :i* may be giv5 to ! light4 ,! only fragm5t ( ,leukippos :i* has surviv$ is an express d5ial ( *ance4 8,naught happ5s = no?+10 he said 8b ev]y?+ f a gr\nd & ( necessity40#ied ,footnote #ieb3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #a4 #beb a #cb 7,r4 ,p4 #aie a72 de ,caelo1 1 #b4 #cjj b #h 7,r4 ,p4 #aie72 ,met4 1 #d4 #ihe b #ai 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,footnote #iec3 ,ari/4 ,phys4 1 #d4 #aif a #bd 7,r4 ,p4 #aie d74 ,cic]o1 de nat4 ,d4 i4 #ff 7,r4 ,p4 ib474 ,! latt] passage is ! s\rce ( ! phrase 8=tuit\s conc\rse0 7concurr]e 74 ,footnote #ied3 ,aet4 i4 #be1 #d 7,dox4 p4 #cba71 ' 1 ' 4 1 ' 4 ,if we put ! matt] hi/orically1 all ?is means t ,leukippos did n1 l ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras1 f9d x necess>y to assume a =ce to orig9ate motion4 ,he _h no ne$ ( ,love & ,/rife or ,m9d1 & ! reason is cle>4 ,?\gh ,emp$okles & ,anaxagoras _h tri$ to expla9 multiplicity & motion1 !y _h n brok5 s radically z ,leukippos did ) ! ,p>m5idean ,"o4 ,bo? ( !m />t$ ) a condition ( matt] 9 :i* ! 8roots0 or 8se$s0 7 mix$ s z to be 8all toge!r10 & !y !re=e requir$ some?+ to break up ?is unity4 ,leukippos1 :o />t$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( ,p>m5idean 8,ones10 s to speak1 requir$ no ext]nal ag5cy to sep>ate !m4 ,:at he _h to d 0 j ! opposite4 ,he _h to give an explanation ( _! com+ toge!r1 & !re 0 no?+ s f> to prev5t 8 return to ! old & natural idea t motion does n require any explanation at all4#iee ,footnote #iee3 ,introd4 ,,viii4 ,?is1 !n1 is :at seems to foll[ f ! criticisms ( ,ari/otle & f ! nature ( ! case2 b x w be obs]v$ t x is n consi/5t ) ,zell]'s op9ion t ! orig9al motion ( ! atoms is a fall ?r\gh inf9ite space1 z 9 ! sy/em ( ,epicurus4 ,zell]'s view dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on ! fur!r belief t ! atoms h weight1 & t weight is ! t5d5cy ( bodies to fall1 s we mu/ g on to consid] :e!r & 9 :at s5se weight is a prop]ty ( ! atoms4 ,sid5ote3 ,! weight ( ! atoms4 #agi4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,epicurus held t ! atoms 7 naturally heavy1 & !re=e fell cont9ually 9 ! inf9ite void4 ,! s*ool tradition is1 h[ev]1 t ! 8natural weight0 ( ! atoms 0 an addition made by ,epicurus himself to ! orig9al atomic sy/em4 ,demokritos1 we are told1 assign$ two prop]ties to atoms1 magnitude & =m1 to :i* ,epicurus add$ a ?ird1 weight4#ief ,on ! o!r h&1 ,ari/otle di/9ctly says 9 "o place t ,demokritos held ! atoms 7 heavi] 89 proportion to _! excess10 & ?is seems to be expla9$ by ! /atem5t ( ,!ophra/os t1 accord+ to him1 weight dep5d$ on magnitude4#ieg ,x w be obs]v$ t1 ev5 s1 x is n repres5t$ z a prim>y prop]ty ( ! atoms 9 ! same s5se z magnitude4 ,footnote #ief3 ,aet4 i4 #c1 #ah 7( ,epicurus71 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 1 78or else07 2 ib4 #ab1 #f1 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,cic4 de fato1 #bj1 8vim motus habebant 7atomi7 a ,democrito impulsionis quam plagam ille appellat1 a te1 ,epicure1 gravitatis et pond]is40 ,^! passages repres5t ! ,epicurean s*ool tradition1 :i* w\ld h>dly v5ture to misrepres5t ,demokritos on s important a po9t4 ,8 works 7 /ill accessible4 ,x is confirm$ by ! ,academic tradition 9 de ,f94 i4 #ag t ,demokritos taught ! atoms mov$ 89 inf9ito inani1 9 quo nihil nec summum nec infimum nec m$ium nec extremum sit40 ,?is doctr9e1 we are told1 0 8deprav$0 by ,epicurus4 ,footnote #ieg3 ,ari/4 de ,g54 ,corr4 #cbf a #i1 4 ,i _c believe ?is means any?+ else ?an :at ,!ophra/os says 9 8 fragm5t on s5sation1 #fa 7,r4 ,p4 #aii71 4 ,x is impossible to solve ?is app>5t contradiction )\t ref]r+ briefly to ! hi/ory ( ,greek ideas ab\t weight4 ,x is cle> t lightness & weight w\ld be among ! v fir/ prop]ties ( body to be di/9ctly recognis$ z su*4 ,! necessity ( lift+ burd5s mu/ v soon h l$ m5 to di/+ui% !m1 ?\gh no d\bt 9 "s primitive & m or less animi/ic =m4 ,bo? weight & lightness w\ld be ?\ght ( z ?+s t 7 9 bodies4 ,n[ x is a rem>kable feature ( e>ly ,greek philosophy t f ! fir/ x 0 able to %ake itself free f ?is idea4 ,weight is nev] spok5 ( z a 8?+0 z1 = in/ance1 w>m? & cold are2 &1 s f> z we c see1 n "o ( ! ?9k]s we h /udi$ hi!rto ?\ght x necess>y to give any explanation ( x at all1 or ev5 to say any?+ ab\t x4#ieh ,! motions & resi/ances :i* popul> !ory ascribes to weight are all expla9$ 9 "s o!r way4 ,ari/otle di/9ctly decl>es t none ( 8 pr$ecessors _h said any?+ ( absolute weight & lightness4 ,!y _h only treat$ ( ! relatively light & heavy4#iei ,footnote #ieh3 ,9 ,aet4 i4 #ab1 :]e ! placita reg>d+ ! heavy & light are giv51 no philosoph] e>li] ?an ,plato is ref]r$ to4 ,p>m5ides 7fr4 #h1 #ei7 speaks ( ! d>k elem5t z 4 ,i d n ?9k t !re is any o!r place :]e weight is ev5 m5tion$ 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! e>ly philosoph]s4 ,footnote #iei3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 #cjh a #i1 7 7 4 ,?is way ( reg>d+ ! popul> notions ( weight & lightness is cle>ly =mulat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,plato's ,timaeus4#ifj ,!re is no su* ?+ 9 ! _w1 we are told !re1 z 8up0 or 8d[n40 ,! middle ( ! _w is n 8d[n0 b 8j 9 ! middle10 & !re is no reason :y any po9t 9 ! circumf]5ce %\ld be said to be 8above0 or 8bel[0 ano!r4 ,x is really ! t5d5cy ( bodies t[>ds _! k9 t makes u call a fall+ body heavy & ! place to :i* x falls 8bel[40 ,"h ,plato is really giv+ ! view :i* 0 tak5 m or less consci\sly by 8 pr$ecessors1 & x is n till ! "t ( ,ari/otle t x is que/ion$4#ifa ,= reasons :i* d n conc]n u "h1 he def9itely id5tifi$ ! circumf]5ce ( ! heav5s ) 8up0 & ! middle ( ! _w ) 8d[n10 & equipp$ ! f\r elem5ts ) natural weight & lightness t !y might p]=m _! rectil9e> motions betwe5 !m4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ,ari/otle believ$ !re 0 only "o _w1 & z he did n ascribe weight to ! heav5s prop]1 ! effect ( ?is reaction>y !ory ^u 8 cosmical sy/em 0 n great2 x 0 only :5 ,epicurus tri$ to comb9e x ) ! inf9ite void t its true "* em]g$4 ,x seems to me t ! nightm>e ( ,epicurean atomism c only be expla9$ on ! assumption t an ,ari/otelian doctr9e 0 viol5tly adapt$ to a !ory :i* really exclud$ x4#ifb ,x is totally unlike any?+ we meet ) 9 e>li] days4 ,footnote #ifj3 ,plato1 ,tim4 #fa c #c sqq4 ,footnote #ifa3 ,zell] says 7p4 #hgf7 t 9 antiquity no "o ev] und]/ood by weight any?+ else ?an ! prop]ty ( bodies 9 virtue ( :i* !y move d[nw>ds2 except t 9 su* sy/ems z repres5t all =ms ( matt] z conta9$ 9 a sph]e1 8above0 is id5tifi$ ) ! circumf]5ce & 8bel[0 ) ! c5tre4 ,z to t1 ,i c only say t no su* !ory ( weight is to be f\nd 9 ! fragm5ts ( ! e>ly philosoph]s or is any:]e ascrib$ to !m1 :ile ,plato expressly d5ies x4 ,?is brief hi/orical survey sugge/s at once t x is only 9 ! vortex t ! atoms acquire weight & lightness1#ifc :i* are1 aft] all1 only popul> names = facts :i* c be fur!r analys$4 ,we are told t ,leukippos held t "o effect ( ! vortex 0 t l atoms 7 br\ght toge!r ) _! likes4#ifd ,9 ?is way ( speak+ we seem to see ! influ5ce ( ,emp$okles1 ?\gh ! 8lik5ess0 is ( ano!r k9d4 ,x is ! f9] atoms t are =c$ to ! circumf]5ce1 :ile ! l>g] t5d to ! c5tre4 ,we may express t by say+ t ! l>g] are heavy & ! small] light1 & ?is w amply acc\nt = ev]y?+ ,ari/otle & ,!ophra/os say2 = !re is no passage :]e ! atoms outside ! vortex are di/9ctly said to be heavy or light4#ife ,footnote #ifb3 ,! ,ari/otelian criticisms :i* may h affect$ ,epicurus are su* z we f9d 9 de ,caelo1 #bge b #bi sqq4 ,ari/otle !re argues t1 z ,leukippos & ,demokritos made ! ( ! atoms "o1 !y 7 b\nd to give !m a s+le motion4 ,t is j :at ,epicurus did1 b ,ari/otle's argum5t implies t ,leukippos & ,demokritos did n4 ,?\gh he gave ! atoms weight1 ,epicurus c\ld n accept ,ari/otle's view t "s bodies are naturally light4 ,! appe>ance ( lightness is due to 1 ! squeez+ out ( ! small] atoms by ! l>g]4 ,footnote #ifc3 ,9 deal+ ) ,emp$okles1 ,ari/otle expressly makes ?is di/9ction4 ,cf4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac1 especially #bie a #cb sqq41 :]e he po9ts out t ,emp$okles does n acc\nt = ! weight ( bodies on ! e>? 7 71 nor = ! weight ( bodies be=e ! vortex arose 7 74 ,footnote #ifd3 ,diog41 loc4 cit4 7p4 #cij74 ,footnote #ife3 ,?is seems to be 9 ! ma9 ! view ( ,dyr(f1 ,demokrit/udi5 7#ahii71 pp4 #ca sqq41 ?\gh ,i %\ld n say t lightness & weight only arose 9 connexion ) ! atoms ( ! e>? 7p4 #ce74 ,if we sub/itute 8_w0 = 8e>?10 we %all be ne>] ! tru?4 ,!re is a /rik+ confirmation ( ! view j giv5 9 ! atomi/ cosmology quot$ above4#iff ,we are told !re t ! sep>ation ( ! l>g] & small] atoms 0 due to ! fact t !y 7 8no long] able to revolve 9 equilibrium ow+ to _! numb]10 :i* implies t !y _h previ\sly be5 9 a /ate ( 8equilibrium0 or 8equipoise40 ,n[ ! ^w has no necess>y implication ( weight 9 ,greek4 ,a is a m]e lean+ or incl9ation 9 a c]ta9 direction1 :i* may be caus$ by weight or any?+ else4 ,! /ate ( is !re=e t 9 :i* ! t5d5cy 9 "o direction is exactly equal to ! t5d5cy 9 any o!r1 & su* a /ate is m naturally describ$ z ! abs5ce ( weight ?an z ! pres5ce ( opposite weights neutralis+ "o ano!r4 ,t way ( look+ at x may be useful f ! po9t ( view ( lat] sci5ce1 b x is n safe to attribute x to ! ?9k]s ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,footnote #iff3 ,see above1 p4 #cij4 ,if we no long] reg>d ! 8et]nal motion0 ( ! premundane & extramundane atoms z due to _! weight1 !re is no reason = describ+ x z a fall4 ,none ( our au?orities d z a matt] ( fact s describe x1 nor d !y tell u 9 any way :at x 04 ,x is safe/ to say t x is simply a confus$ motion ?is way & t4#ifg ,x is possible t ! comp>ison ( ! motion ( ! atoms ( ! s\l to t ( ! motes 9 a sunbeam com+ ?r\gh a w9d[1 :i* ,ari/otle attributes to ,demokritos1#ifh is really int5d$ z an illu/ration ( ! orig9al motion ( ! atoms /ill surviv+ 9 ! s\l4 ,! fact t x is also a ,py?agorean comp>ison#ifi 9 no way tells aga9/ ?is2 = we h se5 t !re is a real connexion betwe5 ! ,py?agorean monads & ! atoms4 ,x is also significant t ! po9t ( ! comp>ison appe>s to h be5 ! fact t ! motes 9 ! sunbeam move ev5 :5 !re is no w9d1 s t x w\ld be a v apt illu/ration inde$ ( ! motion inh]5t 9 ! atoms ap>t f ! second>y motions produc$ by impact & collision4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is problematical2 x only s]ves to sugge/ ! sort ( motion :i* x is natural to suppose t ,leukippos gave 8 atoms4 ,footnote #ifg3 ,?is view 0 indep5d5tly advocat$ by ,brieg] 7,die ,urbewegung d] ,atome und die ,welt5t/ehung bei ,leucipp und ,demokrit1 #ahhd7 & ,liepmann 7,die ,me*anik d] ,leucipp-,demokrits*5 ,atome1 #ahhe71 bo? ( :om unnecess>ily weak5$ _! position by admitt+ t weight is an orig9al prop]ty ( ! atoms4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,brieg] d5ies t ! weight ( ! atoms is ! cause ( _! orig9al motion1 :ile ,liepmann says t be=e & outside ! vortex !re is only a lat5t weight1 a ,pseudos*w]e1 :i* only comes into op]ation 9 ! _w4 ,x is surely simpl] to say t ?is weight1 s9ce x produces no effect1 does n yet exi/4 ,zell] rightly argues aga9/ ,brieg] & ,liepmann t1 if ! atoms h weight1 !y mu/ fall2 b1 s f> z ,i c see1 no?+ he says tells aga9/ _! !ory z ,i h re/at$ x4 ,gomp]z adopts ! ,brieg]-,liepmann explanation4 ,see also ,lortz+1 ,jahresb]41 #aijc1 pp4 #acf sqq4 ,footnote #ifh3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #b4 #djc b #bh sqq4 7,r4 ,p4 #bjj74 ,footnote #ifi3 ,ibid4 1 #b4 #djd a #ag 7,r4 ,p4 #hf a74 ,sid5ote3 ,! vortex4 #ahj4 ,b :at are we to say ( ! vortex itself :i* produces ^! effects8 ,gomp]z obs]ves t !y seem to be 8! precise contr>y ( :at !y %\ld h be5 by ! laws ( physics02 =1 8z e c5trifugal ma*9e w\ld %[1 x is ! heavie/ sub/ances :i* are hurl$ to ! greate/ di/ance40#igj ,are we to suppose t ,leukippos 0 ignorant ( ?is fact1 :i* 0 kn[n to ,anaxagoras1 ?\gh ,gomp]z is wrong 9 suppos+ !re is any reason to believe t ,anaxim&] took acc\nt ( x8#iga ,n[ we "k f ,ari/otle t all ^? :o acc\nt$ = ! e>? be+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w by means ( a vortex appeal$ to ! analogy ( eddies 9 w9d or wat]1#igb & ,gomp]z supposes t ! :ole !ory 0 an errone\s g5]alisation ( ?is obs]vation4 ,if we look at ! matt] m closely1 we c see1 ,i ?9k1 t !re is no error at all4 ,footnote #igj3 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 i4 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #iga3 ,= ,emp$okles1 see ,*ap4 ,v4 p4 #bgd2 ,anaxagoras1 see ,*ap4 ,,vi4 p4 #cab2 & = ,anaxim&]1 ,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #fi1 n4 #acb4 ,footnote #igb3 ,ari/4 de ,caelo1 1 #ac4 #bie a #aj1 7sc4 7 4 ,we mu/ rememb] t all ! p>ts ( ! vortex are 9 contact1 & t x is j ?is contact 77 by :i* ! motion ( ! out]mo/ p>ts is communicat$ to ^? )9 !m4 ,! l>g] bodies are m able to resi/ ?is communicat$ motion ?an ! small]1 & 9 ?is way !y make _! way to ! c5tre :]e ! motion is lea/1 & =ce ! small] bodies out4 ,?is resi/ance is surely j ! :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! doxography ( ,leukippos1#igc & x is q 9 accordance ) ?is t1 on ! atomi/ !ory1 ! ne>] a heav5ly body is to ! c5tre1 ! sl[] is its revolution4#igd ,!re is no "q ( 8c5trifugal =ce0 at all1 & ! analogy ( eddies 9 air & wat] is q satisfactory4 ,footnote #igc3 ,diog4 ix4 #cb4 ,cf4 especially ! phrases 1 ' 1 & 4 ,footnote #igd3 ,cf4 ,lucr4 v4 #fba sqq4 ,sid5ote3 ,! e>? & ! heav5ly bodies4 #aha4 ,:5 we come to details1 ! reaction>y "* ( ! atomi/ cosmology is v manife/4 ,! e>? 0 %ap$ l a tamb\r9e1 & float$ on ! air4#ige ,x 0 incl9$ t[>ds ! s\? because ! heat ( t region made ! air ?9n]1 :ile ! ice & cold ( ! nor? made x d5s] & m able to support ! e>?4#igf ,?is acc\nts = ! obliquity ( ! zodiac4 ,l ,anaxim&] 7 #ai71 ,leukippos held t ! sun 0 fur!r away ?an ! />s1 ?\gh he also held t ^! 7 fur!r away ?an ! moon4#igg ,?is c]ta9ly sugge/s t he made no cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! planets & ! fix$ />s4 ,he does1 h[ev]1 appe> to h kn[n ! !ory ( eclipses z giv5 by ,anaxagoras4#igh ,su* o!r pieces ( in=mation z h come d[n to u are ma9ly ( int]e/ z %[+ t1 9 "s important respects1 ! doctr9e ( ,leukippos 0 n ! same z t taught aft]w>ds by ,demokritos4#igi ,footnote #ige3 ,aet4 iii4 #c1 #aj1 quot$ above1 p4 #hc1 n4 #afh4 ,footnote #igf3 ,aet4 iii4 #ab1 #a1 1 1 4 ,footnote #igg3 ,diog4 ix4 #cc1 1 1 4 ,footnote #igh3 ,f ,diog41 loc4 cit4 7supra1 p4 #cia71 x appe>s t he dealt ) ! "q ( ! great] frequ5cy ( lun> z comp>$ ) sol> eclipses4 ,x seems to h be5 ?is :i* l$ him to make ! circle ( ! moon small] ?an t ( ! />s4 ,footnote #igi3 ,diels po9t$ out t ,leukippos's explanation ( ?und] 7 1 ,aet4 iii4 #c1 #aj7 is q diff]5t f t ( ,demokritos 7 444 1 ib4 #aa74 ,! explanation giv5 by ,leukippos is d]iv$ f t ( ,anaxim&]1 :ile ,demokritos is influ5c$ by ,anaxagoras4 ,see ,diels1 #ce ,philol4-,v]s4 #ig1 #g4 ,sid5ote3 ,p]ception4 #ahb4 ,aetios expressly attributes to ,leukippos ! doctr9e t ! objects ( s5se-p]ception exi/ 8by law0 & n by nature4#ihj ,?is mu/ come f ,!ophra/os2 =1 z we h se51 all lat] writ]s quote ,demokritos only4 ,a fur!r pro( ( ! correctness ( ! /atem5t is t we also f9d x attribut$ to ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 :o1 z ,!ophra/os tells u1 d]iv$ "s ( 8 views f ,leukippos4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ 9 ?is4 ,p>m5ides _h already decl>$ ! s5ses to be deceitful1 & said t col\r & ! l 7 only 8names10#iha & ,emp$okles _h also spok5 ( com+ into be+ & pass+ away z only 8names40#ihb ,x is n likely t ,leukippos w5t mu* fur!r ?an ?is4 ,x w\ld probably be wrong to cr$it him ) ,demokritos's cle> di/9ction betwe5 g5u9e & 8ba/>d0 k1 or t betwe5 :at are n[ call$ ! prim>y & second>y qualities ( matt]4#ihc ,^! di/9ctions imply a consci\s epi/emological !ory1 & all we are entitl$ to say is t ! g]ms ( ?is 7 already to be f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,leukippos & 8 pr$ecessors4 ,( c\rse1 ^! d n make ,leukippos a sceptic any m ?an ,emp$okles or ,anaxagoras1 ^: rem>k on ?is subject 7fr4 #ba;a7 ,demokritos is said to h quot$ ) approval4#ihd ,footnote #ihj3 ,aet4 iv4 #i1 #h1 1 4 ,see ,zell]1 ,ar*4 v4 p4 #ddd4 ,footnote #iha3 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 p4 #bjj1 n4 #ddc4 ,! rem>kable p>allel quot$ by ,gomp]z 7p4 #cba7 f ,galilei1 to ! effect t ta/es1 smells1 & col\rs non si5o altro *e puri nomi %\ld1 !re=e1 h be5 cit$ to illu/rate ,p>m5ides r ?an ,demokritos4 ,footnote #ihb3 ,see p4 #bdj1 fr4 #h4 ,footnote #ihc3 ,= ^! see ,sext4 ,ma?4 vii4 #ace 7,r4 ,p4 #bjd74 ,footnote #ihd3 ,sext4 vii4 #adj1 8 10 1 4 ,!re appe> to be suffici5t gr\nds = ascrib+ ! !ory ( p]ception by means ( simulacra or 1 :i* play$ su* a "p 9 ! sy/ems ( ,demokritos & ,epicurus1 to ,leukippos4#ihe ,x is a v natural developm5t ( ! ,emp$oklean !ory ( 8efflu5ces0 7 #aah74 ,x h>dly seems likely1 h[ev]1 t he w5t into great detail on ! subject1 & x is saf] to cr$it ,demokritos ) ! elaboration ( ! !ory4 ,sid5ote3 ,importance ( ,leukippos4 #ahc4 ,we h se5 incid5tally t !re is a wide div]g5ce ( op9ion among rec5t writ]s z to ! place ( ,atomism 9 ,greek ?\ght4 ,! "q at issue is really :e!r ,leukippos rea*$ 8 !ory on :at are call$ 8metaphysical gr\nds10 t is1 f a consid]ation ( ! ,eleatic !ory ( reality1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 x 0 a pure developm5t ( ,ionian sci5ce4 ,! =ego+ exposition w sugge/ ! true answ]4 ,s f> z 8 g5]al !ory ( ! physical con/itution ( ! _w is conc]n$1 x has be5 %[n1 ,i ?9k1 t x 0 d]iv$ entirely f ,eleatic & ,py?agorean s\rces1 :ile ! detail$ cosmology 0 9 ! ma9 a m or less successful attempt to make ! old] ,ionian beliefs fit into ?is new physical !ory4 ,9 any case1 8 greatness consi/$ 9 8 hav+ be5 ! fir/ to see h[ body mu/ be reg>d$ if we take x to be ultimate reality4 ,! old ,milesian !ory _h f\nd its mo/ adequate expression 9 ! sy/em ( ,anaxim5es 7 #ca71 b ( c\rse r>efaction & cond5sation _c be cle>ly repres5t$ except on ! hypo!sis ( molecules or atoms com+ clos] toge!r or go+ fur!r ap>t 9 space4 ,p>m5ides _h se5 t v cle>ly 7fr4#b71 & x 0 ! ,eleatic criticism :i* =c$ ,leukippos to =mulate 8 sy/em z he did4 ,ev5 ,anaxagoras took acc\nt ( ,z5o's argum5ts ab\t divisibility 7 #abh71 b 8 sy/em ( qualitatively diff]5t 8se$s0 0 lack+ 9 t simplicity :i* has always be5 ! *ief attraction ( atomism4 ,footnote #ihe3 ,see ,zell]1 8,zu ,leukippus0 7,ar*4 xv4 p4 #ach74 ,! doctr9e is attribut$ to him 9 ,aet4 iv4 #ac1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #djc72 & ,alex&]1 de ,s5su1 pp4 #bd1 #ad & #ef1 #aj1 also m5tions 8 "n 9 connexion ) x4 ,?is mu/ come f ,!ophra/os4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,eclecticism ,,& ,,reaction ,sid5ote3 ,! 8bankruptcy ( sci5ce40 #ahd4 ,) ,leukippos our /ory %\ld prop]ly come to an end2 = he _h really answ]$ ! "q fir/ ask$ by ,?ales4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t1 ?\gh 8 !ory ( matt] 0 ( a mo/ orig9al & d>+ k9d1 he 0 n equally successful 9 8 attempt to con/ruct a cosmology1 & ?is seems to h /ood 9 ! way ( ! recognition ( ! atomic !ory = :at x really 04 ,we h not$ ! gr[+ influ5ce ( m$ic9e1 & ! consequ5t sub/itution ( an int]e/ 9 detail$ inve/igation = ! l>g] cosmological views ( an e>li] "t1 & !re are sev]al treatises 9 ! ,hippokratean corpus :i* give u a cle> idea ( ! int]e/ :i* n[ prevail$4#ihf ,leukippos _h %[n t 8! doctr9e ( ,melissos10#ihg :i* seem$ to make all sci5ce impossible1 0 n ! only conclusion t c\ld be drawn f ! ,eleatic premisses1 & he _h gone on to give a cosmology :i* 0 sub/antially ( ! old ,ionic type4 ,! result at fir/ 0 simply t all ! old s*ools reviv$ & _h a %ort p]iod ( r5ew$ activity1 :ile at ! same "t "s new s*ools arose :i* s\ght to accommodate ! old] views to ^? ( ,leukippos1 or to make !m m available = sci5tific purposes by comb9+ !m 9 an eclectic fa%ion4 ,none ( ^! attempts _h any la/+ importance or influ5ce1 & :at we h to consid] 9 ?is *apt] is really "o ( ! p]iodical 8bankruptcies ( sci5ce0 :i* m>k ! close ( "o *apt] 9 its hi/ory & ann\nce ! beg9n+ ( a new "o4 ,footnote #ihf3 ,cf4 :at is said 9 ,*ap4 ,,iv4 p4 #afg1 n4 #chc1 ( ! 4 ,! & ! are invaluable docum5ts = ! attitude ( sci5tific m5 to cosmological !ories at ?is date4 ,footnote #ihg3 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,viii4 p4 #cgi1 n4 #iai4 ,i4 ,,hippon ,,( ,,samos #ahe4 ,hippon ( ,samos or ,kroton belong$ to ! ,italian s*ool ( m$ic9e4#ihh ,we "k v little inde$ ( him except t he 0 a contempor>y ( ,p]ikles4 ,f a s*olia/ on ,ari/ophanes#ihi we le>n t ,krat9os satiris$ him 9 8 ,panoptai2 & ,ari/otle m5tions him 9 ! enum]ation ( e>ly philosoph]s giv5 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,metaphysics1#iij ?\gh only to say t ! inf]iority ( 8 intellect deprives him ( all claim to be reckon$ among !m4 ,footnote #ihh3 ,ari/ox5os said he 0 a ,samian 7,r4 ,p4 #bai a74 ,9 ,m5on's ,iatrika he is call$ a ,krotoniate1 :ile o!rs assign him to ,rhegion or ,metapontion4 ,?is probably means t he 0 affiliat$ to ! ,py?agorean m$ical s*ool4 ,! evid5ce ( ,ari/ox5os is1 9 t case1 all ! m valuable4 ,hippon is m5tion$ along ) ,melissos 9 ,iambli*os's ,catalogue ( ,py?agoreans 7,v4 ,py?4 #bfg74 ,footnote #ihi3 ,s*ol4 on ,cl\ds1 #id sqq4 ,footnote #iij3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #c4 #ihd a #c 7,r4 ,p4 #bai a74 ,sid5ote3 ,moi/ure4 ,) reg>d to 8 views1 ! mo/ precise /atem5t is t ( ,alex&]1 :o d\btless foll[s ,!ophra/os4 ,x is to ! effect t he held ! prim>y sub/ance to be ,moi/ure1 )\t decid+ :e!r x 0 ,wat] or ,air4#iia ,we h ! au?ority ( ,ari/otle#iib & ,!ophra/os1 repres5t$ by ,hippolytos1#iic = say+ t ?is !ory 0 support$ by physiological argum5ts ( ! k9d common at ! "t4 ,8 o!r views belong to ! hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e4 ,footnote #iia3 ,alex&] 9 ,met4 p4 #bf1 #ba 7,r4 ,p4 #bai74 ,footnote #iib3 ,ari/4 de ,an4 1 #b4 #dje b #b 7,r4 ,p4 #bbj74 ,footnote #iic3 ,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #af 7,r4 ,p4 #bba74 ,till q rec5tly no fragm5t ( ,hippon 0 kn[n to exi/1 b a s+le "o has n[ be5 recov]$ f ! ,g5eva ,s*olia on ,hom]4#iid ,x is direct$ aga9/ ! old assumption t ! 8wat]s "u ! e>?0 are an indep5d5t s\rce ( moi/ure1 & runs ?us3 ,! wat]s we dr9k are all f ! sea2 = if wells 7 deep] ?an ! sea1 !n x w\ld n1 d\btless1 be f ! sea t we dr9k1 = !n ! wat] w\ld n be f ! sea1 b f "s o!r s\rce4 ,b z x is1 ! sea is deep] ?an ! wat]s1 s all ! wat]s t are above ! sea come f x4 ,r4 ,p4 #bai b4 ,we obs]ve "h ! univ]sal assumption t wat] t5ds to rise f ! e>?1 n to s9k into x4 ,along ) ,hippon1 ,idaios ( ,him]a#iie may j be m5tion$4 ,we really "k no?+ ( him except t he held air to be ! prim>y sub/ance4 ,! fact t he 0 ( ,sicilian orig9 is1 h[ev]1 sugge/ive4 ,footnote #iid3 ,s*ol4 ,g5av4 p4 #aig1 #ai4 ,cf4 ,diels 9 ,ar*4 iv4 p4 #fec4 ,! extract comes f ! ( ,krates ( ,mallos4 ,footnote #iie3 ,sext4 adv4 ,ma?4 ix4 #cfj4 ,,ii4 ,,diog5es ,,( ,,apollonia ,sid5ote3 ,date4 #ahf4 ,aft] discuss+ ! ?ree great repres5tatives ( ! ,milesian s*ool1 ,!ophra/os w5t on to say3 ,& ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 too1 :o 0 almo/ ! late/ ( ^? :o gave !mselves up to ^! /udies1 wrote mo/ ( 8 "w 9 an eclectic fa%ion1 agree+ 9 "s po9ts ) ,anaxagoras & 9 o!rs ) ,leukippos4 ,he1 too1 says t ! prim>y sub/ance ( ! univ]se is ,air inf9ite & et]nal1 f :i* by cond5sation1 r>efaction1 & *ange ( /ate1 ! =m ( ev]y?+ else arises4 ,r4 ,p4 #bjf a4#iif ,footnote #iif3 ,on ?is passage see ,diels1 8,leukippos und ,diog5es von ,apollonia0 7,rhe94 ,mus4 xlii4 pp4 #a sqq474 ,natorp's view t ! words are m]ely ^? ( ,simplicius 7ib4 xli4 pp4 #cdi sqq47 c h>dly be ma9ta9$4 ,?is passage %[s t ! ,apolloniate 0 some:at lat] 9 date ?an ! /atem5t 9 ,la]tios ,diog5es#iig t he 0 contempor>y ) ,anaxagoras w\ld lead u to suppose1 & ! fact t he is satiris$ 9 ! ,cl\ds ( ,ari/ophanes po9ts 9 ! same direction4#iih ,( 8 life we "k next to no?+4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,apollo!mis1 & came f ,apollonia 9 ,crete4#iii ,! ,ionic dialect 9 :i* he wrote is no objection to ?is2 x 0 ! regul> dialect = cosmological works4#ajjj ,footnote #iig3 ,diog4 ix4 #eg 7,r4 ,p4 #bjf74 ,! /atem5t ( ,anti/h5es1 ! writ] ( ,successions1 t he _h 8he>d0 ,anaxim5es is due to ! usual confusion4 ,he 0 d\btless1 l ,anaxagoras1 8an associate ( ! philosophy ( ,anaxim5es40 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,vi4 #abb4 ,footnote #iih3 ,ari/oph4 ,cl\ds1 #bbg sqq41 :]e ,sokrates speaks ( 8mix+ 8 subtle ?\ght ) ! k9dr$ air10 & especially ! words 4 ,= ! 1 see ,be>e1 p4 #bei4 ,cf4 also ,eur4 ,tro4 #hhd1 444 ,footnote #iii3 ,diog4 ix4 #eg 7,r4 ,p4 #bjf74 ,footnote #ajjj3 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,vii4 pp4 #cbg sqq4 ,! fact t ,diog5es 0 p>odi$ 9 ! ,cl\ds sugge/s t he _h f\nd 8 way to ,a!ns2 & we h ! excell5t au?ority ( ,demetrios ,phal]eus#ajja = say+ t ! ,a!nians treat$ him 9 ! usual way4 ,he excit$ s great dislike z ne>ly to imp]il 8 life4 ,footnote #ajja3 ,diog4 ix4 #eg1 4 ,diels foll[s ,volkmann 9 hold+ t ?is is a note on ,anaxagoras :i* has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! wrong place4 ,i d n ?9k ?is is necess>y1 ?\gh x is c]ta9ly possible4 ,sid5ote3 ,writ+s4 #ahg4 ,simplicius affirms t ,diog5es wrote sev]al works1 ?\gh he all[s t only "o surviv$ till 8 own day1 namely1 ! 4#ajjb ,?is /atem5t is bas$ ^u ref]5ces 9 ! surviv+ "w itself1 & is n to be lightly reject$4 ,9 p>ticul>1 x is v cr$ible t he wrote a tract ,aga9/ ! ,sophi/s1 t is to say1 ! plurali/ cosmologi/s ( ! day4#ajjc ,t he wrote a ,meteorology & a book call$ ,! ,nature ( ,man is also q probable4 ,?is w\ld be a physiological or m$ical treatise1 & p]haps ! fam\s fragm5t ab\t ! ve9s comes f x4#ajjd ,footnote #ajjb3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aea1 #bd 7,r4 ,p4 #bjg a74 ,footnote #ajjc3 ,simplicius says 1 b he adds t ,diog5es call$ !m 1 :i* is ! old] ^w4 ,?is is1 s f>1 9 fav\r ( ! g5u95ess ( ! "w4 ,footnote #ajjd3 ,diels gives ?is z fr4 #f 7,vors4 p4 #cej74 ,i h omitt$ x1 z x really belongs to ! hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fragm5ts4 #ahh4 ,! "w ( ,diog5es seems to h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,academy2 practically all ! fairly ext5sive fragm5ts :i* we /ill h are d]iv$ f ,simplicius4 ,i give !m z !y are arrang$ by ,diels3-- 7#a7 ,9 beg9n+ any disc\rse1 x seems to me t "o %\ld make "o's />t+-po9t some?+ indisputable1 & "o's expression simple & dignifi$4 ,r4 ,p4 #bjg4 7#b7 ,my view is1 to sum x all up1 t all ?+s are diff]5tiations ( ! same ?+1 & are ! same ?+4 ,& ?is is obvi\s2 =1 if ! ?+s :i* are n[ 9 ?is _w--e>?1 & wat]1 & air & fire1 & ! o!r ?+s :i* we see exi/+ 9 ?is _w1--if any "o ( ^! ?+s1 ,i say1 7 diff]5t f any o!r1 diff]5t1 t is1 by hav+ a sub/ance peculi> to itself2 & if x 7 n ! same ?+ t is (t5 *ang$ & diff]5tiat$1 !n ?+s c\ld n 9 any way mix ) "o ano!r1 nor c\ld !y d "o ano!r good or h>m4 ,nei!r c\ld a plant gr[ out ( ! e>?1 nor any animal nor any?+ else come into be+ unless ?+s 7 compos$ 9 su* a way z to be ! same4 ,b all ^! ?+s arise f ! same ?+2 !y are diff]5tiat$ & take diff]5t =ms at diff]5t times1 & return aga9 to ! same ?+4 ,r4 ,p4 #bjh4 7#c7 ,= x w\ld n be possible = x to be divid$ z x is )\t intellig5ce1 s z to keep ! measures ( all ?+s1 ( w9t] & summ]1 ( day & night1 ( ra9s & w9ds & fair wea!r4 ,& any "o :o c>es to reflect w f9d t ev]y?+ else is dispos$ 9 ! be/ possible mann]4 ,r4 ,p4 #baj4 7#d7 ,&1 fur!r1 !re are /ill ! foll[+ great pro(s4 ,m5 & all o!r animals live ^u air by brea?+ x1 & ?is is _! s\l & _! intellig5ce1 z w be cle>ly %[n 9 ?is "w2 :ile1 :5 ?is is tak5 away1 !y die1 & _! intellig5ce fails4 ,r4 ,p4 #baj4 7#e7 ,& my view is1 t t :i* has intellig5ce is :at m5 call air1 & t all ?+s h _! c\rse /e]$ by x1 & t x has p[] ov] all ?+s4 ,= ?is v ?+ ,i hold to be a god1#ajje & to rea* ev]y:]e1 & to dispose ev]y?+1 & to be 9 ev]y?+2 & !re is n any?+ :i* does n p>take 9 x4 ,yet no s+le ?+ p>takes 9 x j 9 ! same way z ano!r2 b !re are _m modes bo? ( air & ( intellig5ce4 ,= x und]goes _m trans=mations1 w>m] & cold]1 dri] & moi/]1 m /able & 9 swift] motion1 & x has _m o!r diff]5tiations 9 x1 & an inf9ite numb] ( col\rs & sav\rs4 ,& ! s\l ( all liv+ ?+s is ! same1 namely1 air w>m] ?an t outside u & 9 :i* we are1 b mu* cold] ?an t ne> ! sun4 ,& ?is w>m? is n alike 9 any two k9ds ( liv+ creatures1 nor1 = ! matt] ( t1 9 any two m52 b x does n diff] mu*1 only s f> z is compatible ) _! be+ alike4 ,at ! same "t1 x is n possible = any ( ! ?+s :i* are diff]5tiat$ to be exactly l "o ano!r till !y all once m become ! same4 7#f7 ,s9ce1 !n1 diff]5tiation is multi=m1 liv+ creatures are multi=m & _m1 & !y are l "o ano!r nei!r 9 appe>ance nor 9 intellig5ce1 because ( ! multitude ( diff]5tiations4 ,at ! same "t1 !y all live1 & see1 & he> by ! same ?+1 & !y all h _! intellig5ce f ! same s\rce4 ,r4 ,p4 #baa4 7#g7 ,& ?is itself is an et]nal & undy+ body1 b ( ^? ?+s#ajjf "s come into be+ & "s pass away4 7#h7 ,b ?is1 too1 appe>s to me to be obvi\s1 t x is bo? great1 & mighty1 & et]nal1 & undy+1 & ( great k4 ,r4 ,p4 #bji4 ,footnote #ajje3 ,! ,,mss4 ( ,simplicius h 1 n 2 b ,i adopt ,us5]'s c]ta9 correction4 ,x is confirm$ by ! /atem5t ( ,!ophra/os1 t ! air )9 u is 8a small portion ( ! god0 7de ,s5s4 #db72 & by ,philodemos 7,dox4 p4 #ecf71 :]e we read t ,diog5es praises ,hom]1 1 7cf4 ,cic4 ,nat4 ,d4 i4 #ab1 #bi74 ,footnote #ajjf3 ,! ,,mss4 ( ,simplicius h 1 b surely ! ,ald9e is "r4 ,t ! *ief int]e/ ( ,diog5es 0 a physiological "o1 is cle> f 8 elaborate acc\nt ( ! ve9s1 pres]v$ by ,ari/otle4#ajjg ,x is noticeable1 too1 t "o ( 8 argum5ts = ! und]ly+ unity ( all sub/ances is t )\t ?is x w\ld be impossible to und]/& h[ "o ?+ c\ld d good or h>m to ano!r 7fr4 #b74 ,9 fact1 ! writ+ ( ,diog5es is ess5tially ( ! same "* z a good deal ( ! pseudo-,hippokratean lit]ature1 & !re is mu* to be said = ! view t ! writ]s ( ^! curi\s tracts made use ( him v mu* z !y did ( ,anaxagoras & ,h]akleitos4#ajjh ,footnote #ajjg3 ,ari/4 ,hi/4 ,an4 1 #b4 #eaa b #cj4 ,footnote #ajjh3 ,see ,weygoldt1 8,zu ,diog5es von ,apollonia0 7,ar*4 i4 pp4 #afa sqq474 ,hippokrates himself repres5t$ j ! opposite t5d5cy to t ( ^? writ]s4 ,8 great a*ievem5t 0 ! sep>ation ( m$ic9e f philosophy1 a sep>ation mo/ b5eficial to bo? 7,celsus1 i4 pr474 ,?is is :y ! ,hippokratean corpus conta9s "s works 9 :i* ! 8sophi/s0 are d5\nc$ & o!rs 9 :i* _! writ+s are pillag$4 ,to ! latt] class belong ! & ! 2 to ! =m]1 especially ! 4 ,sid5ote3 ,cosmology4 #ahi4 ,l ,anaxim5es1 ,diog5es reg>d$ ,air z ! prim>y sub/ance2 b we see f 8 argum5ts t he liv$ at a "t :5 o!r views _h become preval5t4 ,he speaks cle>ly ( ! f\r ,emp$oklean elem5ts 7fr4 #b71 & he is c>eful to attribute to ,air ! attributes ( ,n\s z taught by ,anaxagoras 7fr4 #d74 ,! doxographical tradition z to 8 cosmological views is fairly pres]v$3-- ,diog5es ( ,apollonia makes air ! elem5t1 & holds t all ?+s are 9 motion1 & t !re are innum]able worlds4 ,& he describes ! orig9 ( ! _w ?us4 ,:5 ! ,all moves & becomes r>e 9 "o place & d5se 9 ano!r1 :]e ! d5se met toge!r x =m$ a mass1 & !n ! o!r ?+s arose 9 ! same way1 ! lighte/ p>ts occupy+ ! highe/ position & produc+ ! sun4 ,plut4 ,/rom4 fr4 #ab 7,r4 ,p4 #bae74 ,no?+ arises f :at is n nor passes away into :at is n4 ,! e>? is r\nd1 pois$ 9 ! middle1 hav+ receiv$ its %ape ?r\gh ! revolution proce$+ f ! w>m & its solidification f ! cold4 ,diog4 ix4 #eg 7,r4 ,p4 #bae74 ,! heav5ly bodies 7 l pumice-/one4 ,he ?9ks !y are ! brea?+-holes ( ! _w1 & t !y are r$-hot4 ,aet4 ii4 #ac1 #e ,/ob4 i4 #ejh 7,r4 ,p4 #bae74 ,! sun 0 l pumice-/one1 & into x ! rays f ! ae!r fix !mselves4 ,aet4 ii4 #bj1 #aj4 ,! moon 0 a pumice-l conflagration4 ,ib4 ii4 #be1 #aj4 ,along ) ! visible heav5ly bodies revolve invisible /ones1 :i* = t v reason are nameless2 b !y (t5 fall & are ext+ui%$ on ! e>? l ! /one /> :i* fell d[n flam+ at ,aigospotamos4#ajji ,ib4 ii4 #ac1 #i4 ,footnote #ajji3 ,see ,*ap4 ,,vi4 p4 #bib1 n4 #feg4 ,we h "h no?+ m ?an ! old ,ionian doctr9e ) a few additions f m rec5t s\rces4 ,r>efaction & cond5sation /ill hold _! place 9 ! explanation ( ! opposites1 w>m & cold1 dry & moi/1 /able & mobile 7fr4 #e74 ,! diff]5tiations into opposites :i* ,air may und]go are1 z ,anaxagoras _h taught1 inf9ite 9 numb]2 b all may be r$uc$ to ! prim>y opposition ( r>e & d5se4 ,we may ga!r1 too1 f ,c5sor9us#ajaj t ,diog5es did n1 l ,anaxim5es1 speak ( e>? & wat] z aris+ f ,air by cond5sation1 b r ( blood1 fle%1 & bones4 ,9 ?is he foll[$ ,anaxagoras 7 #acj71 z x 0 natural t he %\ld4 ,t portion ( ,air1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* 0 r>efi$ became fi]y1 & produc$ ! sun & heav5ly bodies4 ,! circul> motion ( ! _w is due to ! intellig5ce ( ! ,air1 z is also ! division ( all ?+s into diff]5t =ms ( body & ! obs]vance ( ! 8measures0 by ^! =ms4#ajaa ,footnote #ajaj3 ,c5sor9us1 de die natali1 #f1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #aij74 ,footnote #ajaa3 ,on ! 8measures0 see ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #gb4 ,l ,anaxim&] 7 #bj71 ,diog5es reg>d$ ! sea z ! rema9d] ( ! orig9al moi/ /ate1 :i* _h be5 p>tially evaporat$ by ! sun1 s z to sep>ate out ! rema9+ e>?4#ajab ,! e>? itself is r\nd1 t is to say1 x is a disc3 = ! language ( ! doxograph]s does n po9t to ! sph]ical =m4#ajac ,its solidification by ! cold is due to ! fact t cold is a =m ( cond5sation4 ,footnote #ajab3 ,!ophr4 ap4 ,alex4 9 ,meteor4 p4 #fg1 #a 7,dox4 p4 #did74 ,footnote #ajac3 ,diog4 ix4 #eg 7,r4 ,p4 #bae74 ,diog5es did n hold ) ! e>li] cosmologi/s t ! heav5ly bodies 7 made ( air or fire1 nor yet ) ,anaxagoras1 t !y 7 /ones4 ,!y 71 he said1 pumice-l1 a view 9 :i* we may trace ! influ5ce ( ,leukippos4 ,!y 7 e>?y1 inde$1 b n solid1 & ! cele/ial fire p]meat$ _! pores4 ,& ?is expla9s :y we d n see ! d>k bodies :i*1 9 common ) ,anaxagoras1 he held to revolve along ) ! />s4 ,!y really are solid /ones1 & !re=e _c be p5etrat$ by ! fire4 ,x 0 "o ( ^! t fell into ! ,aigospotamos4 ,l ,anaxagoras1 ,diog5es affirm$ t ! incl9ation ( ! e>? happ5$ subsequ5tly to ! rise ( animals4#ajad ,we are prep>$ to f9d t ,diog5es held ! doctr9e ( innum]able worlds2 = x 0 ! old ,milesian belief1 & _h j be5 reviv$ by ,anaxagoras & ,leukippos4 ,he is m5tion$ ) ! re/ 9 ! ,placita2 & if ,simplicius classes him & ,anaxim5es ) ,h]akleitos z hold+ ! ,/oic doctr9e ( successive =mations & de/ructions ( a s+le _w1 he has probably be5 misl$ by ! 8accommodators40#ajae ,footnote #ajad3 ,aet4 ii4 #h1 #a 7,r4 ,p4 #bae74 ,footnote #ajae3 ,simpl4 ,phys4 p4 #aaba1 #ab4 ,see ,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #hc1 n4 #abc4 ,sid5ote3 ,animals & plants4 #aij4 ,liv+ creatures arose f ! e>?1 d\btless "u ! influ5ce ( heat4 ,_! s\ls1 ( c\rse1 7 air1 & _! diff]5ces 7 due to ! v>i\s degrees 9 :i* x 0 r>efi$ or cond5s$ 7fr4 #e74 ,no special seat1 su* z ! he>t or ! bra91 0 assign$ to ! s\l2 x 0 simply ! w>m air circulat+ ) ! blood 9 ! ve9s4 ,! views ( ,diog5es z to g5]ation1 respiration1 & ! blood1 belong to ! hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e2#ajaf 8 !ory ( s5sation too1 z x is describ$ by ,!ophra/os1#ajag ne$ only be m5tion$ 9 pass+4 ,briefly /at$1 x am\nts to ?is1 t all s5sation is due to ! action ( air ^u ! bra9 & o!r organs1 :ile pleasure is a]ation ( ! blood4 ,b ! details ( ! !ory c only be /udi$ prop]ly 9 connexion ) ! ,hippokratean writ+s2 = ,diog5es does n really repres5t ! old cosmological tradition1 b a fre% developm5t ( reaction>y philosophical views comb9$ ) an entirely new en?usiasm = detail$ inve/igation & accumulation ( facts4 ,footnote #ajaf3 ,see ,c5sor9us1 quot$ 9 ,dox4 p4 #aia4 ,footnote #ajag3 ,!ophr4 de ,s5s4 #ci sqq4 7,r4 ,p4 #bac1 #bad74 ,= a full acc\nt1 see ,be>e1 pp4 #da sqq41 #aje1 #adj1 #afi1 #bji1 #beh4 ,z ,pr(4 ,be>e rem>ks1 ,diog5es 8is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! pre-,platonic psy*ologi/s0 7p4 #beh74 ,,iii4 ,,ar*elaos ,,( ,,a!ns ,sid5ote3 ,anaxagoreans4 #aia4 ,! la/ ( ! e>ly cosmologi/s 0 ,ar*elaos ( ,a!ns1 :o 0 a disciple ( ,anaxagoras4#ajah ,he is also said to h be5 ! tea*] ( ,sokrates1 a /atem5t by no means s improbable z is sometimes suppos$4#ajai ,!re is no reason to d\bt ! tradition t ,ar*elaos succe$$ ,anaxagoras 9 ! s*ool at ,lampsakos4#ajbj ,we c]ta9ly he> ( ,anaxagoreans1#ajba ?\gh _! fame 0 soon obscur$ by ! rise ( ! ,sophi/s1 z we call !m4 ,footnote #ajah3 ,diog4 ii4 #af 7,r4 ,p4 #baf74 ,footnote #ajai3 ,see ,*iapelli 9 ,ar*4 iv4 pp4 #cfi sqq4 ,footnote #ajbj3 ,euseb4 ,p4 ,e4 p4 #ejd1 c #c1 4 ,footnote #ajba3 are m5tion$ by ,plato 7,crat4 #dji b #f71 & (t5 by ! ,ari/otelian comm5tators4 ,sid5ote3 ,cosmology4 #aib4 ,on ! cosmology ( ,ar*elaos1 ,hippolytos#ajbb writes z foll[s3-- ,ar*elaos 0 by bir? an ,a!nian1 & ! son ( ,apollodoros4 ,he spoke ( ! mixture ( matt] 9 a simil> way to ,anaxagoras1 & ( ! fir/ pr9ciples likewise4 ,he held1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a c]ta9 mixture imman5t ev5 9 ,n\s4 ,& he held t !re 7 two effici5t causes :i* 7 sep>at$ (f f "o ano!r1 namely1 ! w>m & ! cold4 ,! =m] 0 9 motion1 ! latt] at re/4 ,:5 ! wat] 0 liquefi$ x fl[$ to ! c5tre1 & !re be+ burnt up x turn$ to e>? & air1 ! latt] ( :i* 0 borne upw>ds1 :ile ! =m] took up its position bel[4 ,^!1 !n1 are ! reasons :y ! e>? is at re/1 & :y x came into be+4 ,x lies 9 ! c5tre1 be+ practically no appreciable "p ( ! univ]se4 7,b ! air rules ov] all ?+s71#ajbc be+ produc$ by ! burn+ ( ! fire1 & f its orig9al combu/ion comes ! sub/ance ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,( ^! ! sun is ! l>ge/1 & ! moon second2 ! re/ are ( v>i\s sizes4 ,he says t ! heav5s 7 incl9$1 & t !n ! sun made light ^u ! e>?1 made ! air transp>5t1 & ! e>? dry2 = x 0 orig9ally a pond1 be+ high at ! circumf]5ce & holl[ 9 ! c5tre4 ,he adduces z a pro( ( ?is holl[ness t ! sun does n rise & set at ! same "t = all peoples1 z x ought to d if ! e>? 7 level4 ,z to animals1 he says t :5 ! e>? 0 fir/ be+ w>m$ 9 ! l[] "p :]e ! w>m & ! cold 7 m+l$ toge!r1 _m liv+ creatures appe>$1 & especially m51 all hav+ ! same mann] ( life1 & d]iv+ _! su/5ance f ! slime2 !y did n live long1 & lat] on g5]ation f "o ano!r began4 ,& m5 7 di/+ui%$ f ! re/1 & set up lead]s1 & laws1 & arts1 & cities1 & s =?4 ,& he says t ,n\s is implant$ 9 all animals alike2 = ea* ( ! animals1 z well z man1 makes use ( ,n\s1 b "s quick] & "s sl[]4 ,footnote #ajbb3 ,hipp4 ,ref4 i4 #i 7,r4 ,p4 #bah74 ,footnote #ajbc3 ,ins]t+ ' 1 z sugge/$ by ,roep]4 ,x is n necess>y to say mu* ) reg>d to ?is !ory1 :i* 9 _m respects contra/s unfav\rably ) its pr$ecessors4 ,x is cle> t1 j z ,diog5es _h tri$ to introduce c]ta9 ,anaxagorean ideas into ! philosophy ( ,anaxim5es1 s ,ar*elaos s\ght to br+ ,anaxagoreanism ne>] to ! old ,ionic views by supplem5t+ x ) ! opposition ( w>m & cold1 r>e & d5se1 & by /ripp+ ,n\s ( t simplicity :i* _h m>k$ x (f f ! o!r 8?+s0 9 8 ma/]'s sy/em4 ,x 0 probably = ?is reason1 too1 t ,n\s 0 no long] reg>d$ z ! mak] ( ! _w4#ajbd ,leukippos _h made su* a =ce unnecess>y4 ,x may be add$ t ?is tw(old relation ( ,ar*elaos to 8 pr$ecessors makes x v cr$ible t1 z ,aetios tells u1#ajbe he believ$ 9 innum]able worlds2 bo? ,anaxagoras & ! old] ,ionians upheld t doctr9e4 ,footnote #ajbd3 ,aet4 i4 #g1 #d ,/ob4 i4 #ef 7,r4 ,p4 #bag a74 ,sid5ote3 ,conclusion4 #aic4 ,! cosmology ( ,ar*elaos1 l t ( ,diog5es1 has all ! *>act]i/ics ( ! age to :i* x belong$--an age ( reaction1 eclecticism1 & inve/igation ( detail4#ajbf ,hippon ( ,samos & ,idaios ( ,him]a repres5t no?+ m ?an ! feel+ t philosophy _h run into a bl9d alley1 f :i* x c\ld only escape by try+ back4 ,! ,h]akleiteans at ,ephesos1 imp5etrably wrapp$ up z !y 7 9 _! own sy/em1 did little b exagg]ate its p>adoxes & develop its m fanciful side4#ajbg ,x 0 n en\gh = ,kratylos to say ) ,h]akleitos 7fr4 #hd7 t y _c /ep twice into ! same riv]2 y c\ld n d s ev5 once4#ajbh ,b 9 no?+ 0 ! total bankruptcy ( ! e>ly cosmology s cle>ly %[n z 9 ! "w ( ,gorgias1 entitl$ ,sub/ance or ! ,non-exi/5t1 9 :i* an absolute nihilism 0 set =? & bas$ ^u ! ,eleatic dialectic4#ajbi ,! fact is t philosophy1 s long z x clung to its old presuppositions1 _h no?+ m to say2 = ! answ] ( ,leukippos to ! "q ( ,?ales 0 really f9al4 ,fre% life mu/ be giv5 to ! speculative impulse by ! rais+ ( new problems1 ^? ( k & conduct1 be=e any fur!r progress 0 possible2 & ?is 0 done by ! 8,sophi/s0 & ,sokrates4 ,!n1 9 ! h&s ( ,demokritos & ,plato1 philosophy took a new =m1 & />t$ on a fre% c\rse4 ,footnote #ajbe3 ,aet4 ii4 #a1 #c4 ,footnote #ajbf3 ,w9delb&1 #be4 ,! p]iod is well describ$ by ,fr$ri*1 ,hippokratis*e ,unt]su*ung51 pp4 #acj sqq4 ,x c only be treat$ fully 9 connexion ) ! ,sophi/s4 ,footnote #ajbg3 ,= an amus+ picture ( ! ,h]akleiteans see ,plato1 ,?t4 #agi e4 ,! new int]e/ 9 language1 :i* ! /udy ( rhetoric _h call$ into life1 took ) !m ! =m ( fanta/ic & arbitr>y etymologis+1 su* z is satiris$ 9 ,plato's ,cratylus4 ,footnote #ajbh3 ,ari/4 ,met4 1 #e4 #ajaj a #ab4 ,he refus$ ev5 to speak1 we are told1 & only mov$ 8 f+]4 ,footnote #ajbi3 ,sext4 adv4 ,ma?4 vii4 #fe 7,r4 ,p4 #bce72 ,m4,x4,g4 #igi a #ac 7,r4 ,p4 #bcf74 ,,app5dix ,,! ,,s\rces ,a4--,,philosoph]s ,sid5ote3 ,plato4 #a4 ,x is n v (t5 t ,plato all[s himself to dwell ^u ! hi/ory ( philosophy z x 0 be=e ! rise ( e?ical & epi/emological inquiry2 b :5 he does1 8 guidance is simply invaluable4 ,8 arti/ic gift & 8 p[] ( ent]+ into ! ?\ghts ( o!r m5 enabl$ him to describe ! views ( e>ly philosoph]s 9 a ?or\ghly objective mann]1 & he nev]1 except 9 a playful & ironical way1 s\ght to read un?\ght-( mean+s into ! words ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,( special value = our purpose are 8 contra/ betwe5 ,emp$okles & ,h]akleitos 7,soph4 #bdb d71 & 8 acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 ,z5o & ,p>m5ides 7,p>m4 #abh a74 ,see ,zell]1 8,plato's ,mit!ilung5 b] fr"h und glei*zeitige ,philosoph50 7,ar*4 v4 pp4 #afe sqq472 & ,index1 s4v4 ,plato4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle4 #b4 ,z a rule1 ,ari/otle's /atem5ts ab\t e>ly philosoph]s are less hi/orical ?an ,plato's4 ,n t he fail$ to und]/& ! facts1 b he ne>ly always discusses !m f ! po9t ( view ( 8 own sy/em4 ,he is conv9c$ t 8 own philosophy accompli%es :at all previ\s philosoph]s _h aim$ at1 & _! sy/ems are !re=e reg>d$ z 8lisp+0 attempts to =mulate x 7,met4 1 #aj4 #iic a #ae74 ,x is also to be not$ t ,ari/otle reg>ds "s sy/ems 9 a mu* m sympa!tic way ?an o!rs4 ,he is di/9ctly unfair to ! ,eleatics1 = in/ance4 ,x is (t5 =gott5 t ,ari/otle d]iv$ mu* ( 8 in=mation f ,plato1 & we mu/ specially obs]ve t he m ?an once takes ,plato's irony too lit]ally4 ,see ,emm+]1 ,die ,vorsokratis*5 ,philosoph5 na* d5 ,b]i*t5 des ,ari/oteles1 #ahgh4 ,index1 s4v4 ,ari/otle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,/oics4 #c4 ,! ,/oics1 & especially ,*rysippos1 paid great att5tion to e>ly philosophy1 b _! way ( reg>d+ x 0 simply an exagg]ation ( ,ari/otle's4 ,!y did n cont5t !mselves ) criticis+ _! pr$ecessors f _! own po9t ( view2 !y seem really to h believ$ t ! e>ly poets & ?9k]s held views h>dly di/+ui%able f !irs4 ,! ^w 1 :i* ,cic]o r5d]s by accommod>e1 0 us$ by ,philodemos to d5ote ?is me?od ( int]pretation1#ajcj :i* has _h s]i\s results ^u our tradition1 especially 9 ! case ( ,h]akleitos 7p4 #aeg74 ,footnote #ajcj3 ,cf4 ,cic4 ,de nat4 ,d4 i4 #ae1 #da3 8,et haec quidem 7,*rysippus7 9 primo libro de natura deorum1 9 secundo autem vult ,orphei1 ,musaei1 ,hesiodi ,hom]ique fabellas accommod>e ad ea quae ipse primo libro de deis immortalibus dix]at1 ut etiam vet]rimi poetae1 qui haec ne suspicati quidem sunt1 ,/oici fuisse videantur40 ,cf4 ,philod4 de piet4 fr4 c4 #ac1 ' 1 1 4 ,sid5ote3 ,skeptics4 #d4 ,! same rem>ks apply mutatis mut&is to ! ,skeptics4 ,! int]e/ ( su* a writ] z ,sextus ,empiricus 9 e>ly philosophy is to %[ t skepticism w5t back to an e>ly date--z f> z ,x5ophanes1 9 fact4 ,b :at he tells u is (t5 ( value2 = he frequ5tly quotes e>ly views z to k & s5sation 9 support ( 8 !sis4 ,sid5ote3 ,neoplatoni/s4 #e4 ,"u ?is head we h *iefly to consid] ! comm5tators on ,ari/otle 9 s f> z !y are indep5d5t ( ! ,!ophra/ean tradition4 ,_! *ief *>act]i/ic is :at ,simplicius calls 1 t is1 a lib]al _s ( int]pretation1 :i* makes all e>ly philosoph]s agree ) "o ano!r 9 uphold+ ! doctr9e ( a ,s5sible & an ,intelligible ,_w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to ,simplicius m ?an any "o else t we owe ! pres]vation ( ! fragm5ts4 ,he _h1 ( c\rse1 ! libr>y ( ! ,academy at 8 disposal4 ,b4--,,doxograph]s ,sid5ote3 ,! ,doxographi graeci4 #f4 ,! ,doxographi graeci ( ,pr(essor ,h]mann ,diels 7#ahgi7 ?rew an entirely new light ^u ! filiation ( ! lat] s\rces2 & we c only e/imate ju/ly ! value ( /atem5ts d]iv$ f ^! if we be> con/antly 9 m9d ! results ( 8 inve/igation4 ,"h x w only be possible to give an outl9e :i* may help ! read] to f9d 8 way 9 ! ,doxographi graeci itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! 8,op9ions0 ( ,!ophra/os #g4 ,by ! t]m doxograph]s we und]/& all ^? writ]s :o relate ! op9ions ( ! ,greek philosoph]s1 & :o d]ive _! mat]ial1 directly or indirectly1 f ! great "w ( ,!ophra/os1 7,diog4 v4 #df74 ,( ?is "w1 "o consid]able *apt]1 t entitl$ 1 has be5 pres]v$ 7,dox4 pp4 #dii-ebg74 ,& ,us5]1 foll[+ ,br&is1 fur!r %[$ t !re 7 important fragm5ts ( x conta9$ 9 ! comm5t>y ( ,simplicius 7six? c5t4 ,a4,d47 on ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,ari/otle's 7,us5]1 ,analecta ,!ophra/ea1 pp4 #be sqq474 ,^! extracts ,simplicius seems to h borr[$ 9 turn f ,alex&] ( ,aphrodisias 7c4 #bjj ,a4,d472 cf4 ,dox4 p4 #aab sqq4 ,we ?us possess a v consid]able portion ( ! ,fir/ ,book1 :i* dealt ) ! z well z practically ! :ole ( ! la/ ,book4 ,f ^! rema9s x cle>ly appe>s t ! me?od ( ,!ophra/os 0 to discuss 9 sep>ate books ! lead+ topics :i* _h engag$ ! att5tion ( philosoph]s f ,?ales to ,plato4 ,! *ronological ord] 0 n obs]v$2 ! philosoph]s 7 gr\p$ accord+ to ! aff9ity ( _! doctr9e1 ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^? :o appe>$ to agree mo/ closely be+ c>efully not$4 ,! ,fir/ ,book1 h[ev]1 0 9 "s degree exceptional2 = 9 x ! ord] 0 t ( ! successive s*ools1 & %ort hi/orical & *ronological notices 7 ins]t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,doxograph]s4 #h4 ,a "w ( ?is k9d 01 ( c\rse1 a gods5d to ! epitomators & compil]s ( h&books1 :o fl\ri%$ m & m z ! ,greek g5ius decl9$4 ,^! ei!r foll[$ ,!ophra/os 9 arrang+ ! subject-matt] "u heads1 or else !y broke up 8 "w1 & re>rang$ 8 /atem5ts "u ! names ( ! v>i\s philosoph]s to :om !y appli$4 ,?is latt] class =m ! natural transition betwe5 ! doxograph]s prop] & ! biograph]s1 s ,i h v5tur$ to di/+ui% !m by ! "n ( biographical doxograph]s4 ,i4 ,,doxograph]s ,,prop] ,sid5ote3 ,! ,placita & ,/obaios4 #i4 ,^! are n[ repres5t$ by two works1 viz4 ! ,placita ,philosophorum1 includ$ among ! writ+s ascrib$ to ,plut>*1 & ! ,eclogae ,physicae ( ,john ,/obaios 7c4 #dgj ,a4,d474 ,! latt] orig9ally =m$ "o "w ) ! ,florilegium ( ! same au?or1 & includes a transcript ( "s epitome sub/antially id5tical ) ! pseudo-,plut>*ean ,placita4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 demon/rable t nei!r ! ,placita nor ! doxography ( ! ,eclogae is ! orig9al ( ! o!r4 ,! latt] is usually ! full] ( ! two1 & yet ! =m] mu/ be e>li]2 = x 0 us$ by ,a!nagoras = 8 def5ce ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 #agg ,a4,d4 7,dox4 p4 #d74 ,x 0 also ! s\rce ( ! notices 9 ,eusebios & ,cyril1 & ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy ascrib$ to ,gal54 ,f ^! writ]s _m important corrections ( ! text h be5 d]iv$ 7,dox4 pp4 #e sqq474 ,ano!r writ] :o made use ( ! ,placita is ,a*illes 7n ,a*illes ,tatius74 ,extracts f 8 to ! ,pha5om5a ( ,aratos are includ$ 9 ! ,uranologion ( ,petavius1 pp4 #aba-afd4 ,8 date is unc]ta91 b probably he belongs to ! ?ird c5tury ,a4,d4 7,dox4 p4 #ah74 ,sid5ote3 ,aetios4 #aj4 ,:at1 !n1 0 ! common s\rce ( ! ,placita & ! ,eclogae8 ,diels has %[n t ,!odoret 7c4 #dde ,a4,d47 _h access to x2 = 9 "s cases he gives a full] =m ( /atem5ts made 9 ^! two works4 ,n only s1 b he also names t s\rce2 = he ref]s u 7,gr4 aff4 cur4 iv4 #ca7 to 4 ,diels has accord+ly pr9t$ ! ,placita 9 p>allel columns ) ! relevant p>ts ( ! ,eclogae1 "u ! title ( ,aetii ,placita4 ,! quotations f 8,plut>*0 by lat] writ]s1 & ! extracts ( ,!odoret f ,aetios1 are also giv5 at ! foot ( ea* page4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,vetu/a ,placita4 #aa4 ,diels has %[n fur!r1 h[ev]1 t ,aetios did n draw directly f ,!ophra/os1 b f an int]m$iate epitome :i* he calls ! ,vetu/a ,placita1 traces ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ,cic]o 7infra1 #ab71 & 9 ,c5sor9us 7,de die natali71 :o foll[s ,v>ro4 ,! ,vetu/a ,placita 7 compos$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,poseidonios1 & ,diels n[ calls !m ! ,poseidonian 7b] das phys4 ,sy/em des ,/raton1 p4 #b74 ,!re are also traces ( !m 9 ! 8,hom]ic ,allegori/s40 ,x is q possible1 by disc\nt+ ! some:at un9tellig5t additions :i* ,aetios made f ,epicurean & o!r s\rces1 to =m a pretty accurate table ( ! cont5ts ( ! ,vetu/a ,placita 7,dox4 pp4 #aha sqq471 & ?is gives u a fair idea ( ! arrangem5t ( ! orig9al "w by ,!ophra/os4 ,sid5ote3 ,cic]o4 #ab4 ,s f> z :at he tells u ( ! e>lie/ ,greek philosophy goes1 ,cic]o mu/ be class$ ) ! doxograph]s1 & n ) ! philosoph]s2 = he gives u no?+ b extracts at second or ?ird h& f ! "w ( ,!ophra/os4 ,two passages 9 8 writ+s fall to be consid]$ "u ?is head1 namely1 8,lucullus0 7,acad4 ii471 #aah1 & ,de natura ,deorum1 i4 #be-da4 7a7 ,doxography ( ! 8,lucullus40--,?is conta9s a meagre & inaccurately-r5d]$ summ>y ( ! v>i\s op9ions held by philosoph]s ) reg>d to ! 7,dox4 pp4 #aai sqq471 & w\ld be q useless if x did n 9 "o case enable u to v]ify ! exact words ( ,!ophra/os 7,*ap4 ,i4 p4 #eb1 n4 #b74 ,! doxography has come ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,kleitoma*os1 :o succe$$ ,k>neades 9 ! head%ip ( ! ,academy 7#abi ,b4,c474 7b7 ,doxography ( ! 8,de natura ,deorum40--,a fre% light 0 ?r[n ^u ?is important passage by ! discov]y at ,h]culaneum ( a roll conta9+ fragm5ts ( an ,epicurean treatise1 s l x z to be at once reg>d$ z its orig9al4 ,?is treatise 0 at fir/ ascrib$ to ,phaidros1 on ! gr\nd ( ! ref]5ce 9 ,epp4 ad ,att4 xiii4 #ci4 #b2 b ! real title1 1 0 aft]w>ds re/or$ 7,dox4 p4 #ecj74 ,diels1 h[ev]1 has %[n 7,dox4 pp4 #abb sqq47 t !re is mu* to be said = ! view t ,cic]o did n copy ,philodemos1 b t bo? drew f a common s\rce 7no d\bt ,phaidros1 7 :i* itself w5t back to a ,/oic epitome ( ,!ophra/os4 ,! passage ( ,cic]o & ! relevant fragm5ts ( ,philodemos are edit$ 9 p>allel columns by ,diels 7,dox4 pp4 #eca sqq474 ,,ii4 ,,biographical ,,doxograph]s ,sid5ote3 ,hippolytos4 #ac4 ,( ! 8biographical doxographies10 ! mo/ important is ,book ,i4 ( ! ,refutation ( all ,h]esies by ,hippolytos4 ,?is _h long be5 kn[n z ! ,philosoph\m5a ( ,orig52 b ! discov]y ( ! rema9+ books1 :i* 7 fir/ publi%$ at ,ox=d 9 #ahed1 %[$ f9ally t x c\ld n belong to him4 ,x is drawn ma9ly f "s good epitome ( ,!ophra/os1 9 :i* ! matt] 0 already re>rang$ "u ! names ( ! v>i\s philosoph]s4 ,we mu/ note1 h[ev]1 t ! sections deal+ ) ,?ales1 ,py?agoras1 ,h]akleitos1 & ,emp$okles come f an inf]ior s\rce1 "s m]ely biographical comp5dium full ( apocryphal anecdotes & d\btful /atem5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/romateis4 #ad4 ,! fragm5ts ( ! pseudo-,plut>*ean ,/romateis1 quot$ by ,eusebios 9 8 ,praep>atio ,evangelica1 come f a s\rce simil> to t ( ! be/ portions ( ! ,philosoph\m5a4 ,s f> z we c judge1 !y diff] *iefly 9 two po9ts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are mo/ly tak5 f ! e>lie/ sections ( ! "w1 & !re=e mo/ ( !m deal ) ! prim>y sub/ance1 ! heav5ly bodies & ! e>?4 ,9 ! second place1 ! language is a mu* less fai?ful transcript ( ! orig9al4 ,sid5ote3 8,diog5es ,la]tios40 #ae4 ,! scrap-book :i* goes by ! "n ( ,diog5es ,la]tios1 or ,la]tios ,diog5es 7cf4 ,us5]1 ,epicurea1 pp4 #a sqq471 conta9s l>ge fragm5ts ( two di/9ct doxographies4 ,"o is ( ! m]ely biographical1 anecdotic1 & apoph!gmatic k9d us$ by ,hippolytos 9 8 fir/ f\r *apt]s2 ! o!r is ( a bett] class1 m l ! s\rce ( ,hippolytos' rema9+ *apt]s4 ,an attempt is made to disguise ?is 8contam9ation0 by ref]r+ to ! fir/ doxography z a 8summ>y0 77 acc\nt1 :ile ! second is call$ 8p>ticul>0 7 74 ,sid5ote3 ,patri/ic doxographies4 #af4 ,%ort doxographical summ>ies are to be f\nd 9 ,eusebios 7,p4 ,e4 x41 xiv41 xv471 ,!odoret 7,gr4 aff4 cur4 ii4 #i-aa71 ,ir5u 7,c4 ha]4 ii4 #ad71 ,arnobius 7,adv4 nat4 ii4 #i71 ,augu/9e 7,civ4 ,dei1 viii4 #b74 ,^! dep5d ma9ly ^u ! writ]s ( 8,successions10 :om we %all h to consid] 9 ! next section4 ,c4--,,biograph]s ,sid5ote3 ,successions4 #ag4 ,! fir/ to write a "w entitl$ ,successions ( ! ,philosoph]s 0 ,sotion 7,diog4 ii4 #ab2 ,r4 ,p4 #d a71 ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ,! arrangem5t ( 8 "w is expla9$ 9 ,dox4 p4 #adg4 ,x 0 epitomis$ by ,h]akleides ,lembos4 ,o!r writ]s ( 7 ,anti/h5es1 ,sosikrates1 & ,alex&]4 ,all ^! compositions 7 accompani$ by a v meagre doxography1 & made int]e/+ by ! addition ( unau!ntic apoph!gms & apocryphal anecdotes4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]mippos4 #ah4 ,! p]ipatetic ,h]mippos ( ,smyrna1 kn[n z 7c4 #bjj ,b4,c471 wrote sev]al biographical works :i* are frequ5tly quot$4 ,! biographical details are v untru/wor?y inde$2 b sometimes bibliographical in=mation is add$1 :i* d\btless re/s ^u ! ( ,kallima*os4 ,sid5ote3 ,satyros4 #ai4 ,ano!r p]ipatetic1 ,satyros1 ! pupil ( ,ari/>*os1 wrote 7c4 #afj ,b4,c47 ,lives ( ,fam\s ,m54 ,! same rem>ks apply to him z to ,h]mippos4 ,8 "w 0 epitomis$ by ,h]akleides ,lembos4 ,sid5ote3 8,diog5es ,la]tios40 #bj4 ,! "w :i* goes by ! "n ( ,la]tios ,diog5es is1 9 its biographical p>ts1 a m]e pat*work ( all e>li] le>n+4 ,x has n be5 dige/$ or compos$ by any s+le m9d at all4 ,x is little m ?an a collection ( extracts made at haphaz>d1 possibly by m ?an "o successive possessor ( ! ,,ms4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 x conta9s mu* t is ( ! greate/ value4 ,d4--,,*ronologi/s ,sid5ote3 ,erato/h5es & ,apollodoros4 #ba4 ,! f\nd] ( anci5t *ronology 0 ,erato/h5es ( ,kyr5e 7#bge-aid ,b4,c472 b 8 "w 0 soon supplant$ by ! metrical v]sion ( ,apollodoros 7c4 #adj ,b4,c471 f :i* mo/ ( our in=mation z to ! dates ( e>ly philosoph]s is d]iv$4 ,see ,diels' pap] on ! ( ,apollodoros 9 ,rhe94 ,mus4 xxxi42 & ,jacoby1 ,apollodors ,*ronik 7#aijb74 ,! me?od adopt$ is z foll[s3--,if ! date ( "s /rik+ ev5t 9 a philosoph]'s life is kn[n1 t is tak5 z 8 floruit 771 & he is assum$ to h be5 =ty ye>s old at t date4 ,9 default ( ?is1 "s hi/orical era is tak5 z ! floruit4 ,( ^! ! *ief are ! eclipse ( ,?ales #ehf_/e ,b4,c41 ! tak+ ( ,s>deis 9 #edf_/e ,b4,c41 ! accession ( ,polykrates 9 #ecb_/a ,b4,c41 & ! f\ndation ( ,?\rioi 9 #ddd_/c ,b4,c4 ,fur!r details w easily be f\nd by ref]5ce to ! ,index1 s4v4 ,apollodoros4 ,,indexes ,i4 ,,engli% ,aahmes1 #bb1 #df ,ab>is1 #hg1 #ig n4 #bje ,abd]a1 s*ool (1 #cha ,ab/95ce1 ,orphic & ,py?agorean1 #ajb sq41 #ajd sq42 ,emp$oklean1 #bhi ,academy1 #ce ,a*illes & ! ,tortoise1 #cfg ,ae!r4 ,see ,aetios1 ,app4 #aj ,aigospotamos1 meteoric /one (1 #bib1 #cab1 #dac sq4 ,air1 #gg1 #gh1 #gi n4 #aed1 #abj1 #agc1 #bad1 #bbd1 #bfc1 #cji1 #ccf1 #cda1 #daa sq4 ,see ,ak\smata1 #aje sq41 #cbh ,ak\smatics1 #if1 #ajc ,akragas1 #bbh sqq4 ,akron1 #bca ,alex&] ,aetolus1 #bie ,alex&] ,aphrodisi5sis1 #aci1 #bji ,alkidamas1 #bbi n4 #ejd1 #bca n4 #e1 #bce1 #big n4 #fge1 #cba n4 #gci1 #cfj ,alkmaion1 #abc n4 #bfc1 #bbc sq41 #bcf1 #cbg1 #cdd1 #cej ,amasis1 #ci ,ame9ias1 #aic ,anaxagoras1 #bij sqq42 & ,p]ikles1 #bid sqq42 & ,euripides1 #bie2 relation to ,ionic s*ool1 #bib2 & ,z5o1 #cfb ,anaxagoreans1 #ce n4 #ej1 #dae ,anaxim&]1 #eb sqq4 ,anaxim5es1 #ge sqq42 ,s*ool (1 #hc1 #bib1 #djh n4 #iig ,&rokydes1 #cbh ,&ron ( ,ephesos1 #ic ,animals1 ,anaxim&]1 #gb sqq42 ,emp$okles1 #bgi sqq42 ,anaxagoras1 #cae sqq42 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 #dad ,anti*?on1 #cdd1 #cdi sqq4 ,antonius ,diog5es1 #ib ,apollo ,hyp]boreios1 #ic n4 #ahi1 #ig n4 #bje1 #bcb ,apollodoros1 ,app4 #ba1 #dc1 #eb1 #ge1 #id n4 #aib1 #abe1 #adc1 #aib sq41 #bbh sq41 #bij sq41 #ceh1 #cgj ,apollonios ( ,tyana1 #ij1 #ib ,apoph!gms1 #ea1 #abg ,ar*elaos1 #dae sqq4 ,ar*ippos1 #ii1 #cai ,ar*ytas1 #aaj1 #cai1 #cbh1 #cdf ,ari/>*os ( ,samos1 #cdi ,ari/eas ( ,prokonnesos1 #hg1 #ig n4 #bje ,ari/ophanes1 #ge1 #bif n4 #ffi1 #cha1 #djh ,ari/otle1 ,app4 #b2 on ,egypt1 #ah1 #bc2 on ,?ales1 #dg sqq41 #ej2 on ,anaxim&]1 #eg sqq42 on ,py?agoras1 #ic n4 #ahi1 #ajj1 #ajg n4 #bbf2 on ,x5ophanes1 #acg sq41 #aci sq42 on ,h]akleitos1 #afj n4 #cgc1 #afb1 #agg1 #agi2 on ,p>m5ides1 #aic1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bac2 on ,alkmaion1 #bbc2 on ,emp$okles1 #agg n4 #dja1 #bbh n4 #ejb1 #bca n4 #eaa1 #bcd1 #bcg1 #bec n4 #efe1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgb1 #bgd n4 #fjf1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bha1 #cig n4 #ifb2 on ,anaxagoras1 #bfc n4 #ehb1 #bia1 #cjc1 #cje1 #cjf1 #cji1 #caj2 on ! ,py?agoreans1 #ajj n4 #bjh1 #aaj1 #aaa n4 #bcb1 #aai1 #cca sqq41 #cec sqq42 on ,z5o1 #cfa1 #cfe sqq42 on ,melissos1 #cgd sq41 #cgg1 #cgh2 on ,leukippos1 #chj1 #che sq41 #chg1 #cig n4 #ifb2 on ,hippon1 #di n4 #b1 #djf2 on ! galeus levis1 #gd n4 #ada2 on ! !oretic life1 #ij1 #ajh2 on ! my/]ies1 #ia ,ari/otle de ,mundo1 #ahe ,ari/otle de ,plantis1 #bgi n4 #fah1 #bih n4 #fgg1 #cae ,ari/ox5os on ,py?agoras1 #ib1 #id n4 #aia1 #ie1 #if n4 #bja1 #c1 #ih sq41 #ajb1 #aji n4 #bca2 on ! ,py?agoreans1 #ajg1 #cai1 #ccd1 #cec2 1 #ajj n4 #bji1 #cbe2 on ,hippon1 #djf n4 #ihh2 on ,plato1 #cbc sqq4 ,ari?metic1 ,egyptian1 #bb1 #aaa n4 #bcc2 ,py?agorean1 #aji sq4 ,ari?metical symbolism1 #aaa ,a/ronomy1 ,babylonian & ,greek1 #be sqq4 ,see ,heav5ly bodies1 ,sun1 ,moon1 ,planets1 ,/>s1 ,e>?1 ,eclipses1 ,geoc5tric & ,helioc5tric hypo!sis ,a!ism1 #ea1 #ge1 #ada ,a!ns1 ,p>m5ides & ,z5o at1 #aib2 ,anaxagoras at1 #bid ,atomism4 ,see ,leukippos ,atoms1 #chg sqq4 ,babylonian language1 #ba n4 #bi2 a/ronomy1 #be sqq42 eclipse cycle1 #da2 1 #cej n4 #hcd ,beans1 #ajb ,biology4 ,see ,animals1 ,plants ,blood1 ,emp$okles1 #bhf1 #bhh2 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 #dad ,bra91 ,alkmaion1 #bbd2 ,emp$okles1 #bce2 ,sicilian s*ool ( m$ic9e1 #bhh n4 #fde ,brea?4 ,see ,respiration4 ,brea? ( ! ,_w1 #gi1 #abj ,cave1 ,orphic1 #beg n4 #ega ,*aos1 #h1 #i n4 #g ,*ronos1 #aj ,cic]o1 ,app4 #ab2 on ,?ales1 #ej2 on ,anaxim&]1 #fd2 on ,anaxim5es1 #hb2 on ,p>m5ides1 #bbj1 #bba n4 #dhb2 on ,atomism1 #cic n4 #iec1 #cid n4 #ief ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #ai ,comic poets on ,py?agoreans1 #ajc n4 #bah ,cond5sation4 ,see ,r>efaction ,conflagration4 ,see ,cont9uity1 #cfi ,cop]nicus1 #cdi ,corporealism1 #ae sq41 #bjf1 #bbg1 #ceg1 #cgg ,cosmogonies1 #h sqq4 ,croesus1 #bh1 #cg1 #ch ulvastras1 #bd ,damasias1 #dc n4 #fh ,damaskios1 #i n4 #aj1 #bcb ,d>kness1 #gi1 #aba1 #agc1 #bad ,dea?1 ,h]akleitos1 #aga sqq42 ,p>m5ides1 #bbb2 ,alkmaion1 #bbe2 ,emp$okles1 #bhc ,dekad1 #aac ,demetrios ,phal]eus1 #bij1 #djh ,demokritos1 #b n4 #a2 date1 #cha2 on ,egyptian ma!matics1 #bd2 on ,anaxagoras1 #bia1 #cha2 primitive a/ronomy (1 #cde1 #cib2 & ,leukippos1 #cha ,diagonal & ,squ>e1 #aaf ,dialectic1 #cfa ,dikai>*os on ,py?agoras1 #ib1 #if n4 #bjb1 #ajj ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 #cha1 #djg sqq4 ,divisibility1 #cjd1 #cjf1 #cfb1 #cfe1 #cgf ,dodecah$ron1 #cda sqq4 ,doric dialect1 #cbe1 #cbg sq4 ,e>?1 a sph]e1 #bf2 ,?ales1 #dg sqq42 ,anaxim&]1 #gj1 #gb2 ,anaxim5es1 #hj1 #ha1 #hc n4 #afg2 ,x5ophanes1 #acf2 ,anaxagoras1 #cac2 ,py?agoreans1 #cdd sqq42 ,leukippos1 #dja2 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 #dac ,e*ekrates1 #cdc ,eclipses1 ,?ales1 #dj sqq42 ,anaxim&]1 #fg2 ,anaxim5es1 #hb2 ,h]akleitos1 #afd2 ,alkmaion1 #bbd2 ,emp$okles1 #bgf2 ,anaxagoras1 #bii2 ,py?agoreans1 #cdi sq42 ,leukippos1 #dja ,ecliptic4 ,see ,obliquity ,efflu5ces4 ,see ,egypt1 #ci2 ,?ales 9 ,egypt1 #dc2 ,py?agoras & ,egypt1 #id sq4 ,egyptian ari?metic1 #bb sq42 geometry1 #bc sq41 #dd sq4 ,ekphantos1 #cch n4 #gid1 #chg n4 #ici ,elea1 era (1 #abe n4 #bgj1 #abg1 #aib ,eleatics 7see ,p>m5ides1 ,z5o1 ,melissos71 #ce n4 #di2 ,leukippos &1 #chb sqq4 ,elem5ts 7see 1 ,roots1 ,se$s1 1 1 71 #ef n4 #ajc1 #eg1 #ei1 #bce1 #bfc sqq41 #bfe n4 #ehf1 #cci sqq4 ,eleus9ia1 #hf ,embryology1 ,p>m5ides1 #bjc n4 #ddh2 ,emp$okles1 #bhb ,emp$okles1 #bbg sqq42 relation to ,leukippos1 #bcf1 #chc1 #cib2 on ,x5ophanes1 #ach1 #bdf n4 #eee2 on ,py?agoras1 #bcb1 #bei n4 #egg2 on ,p>m5ides1 #bci1 #bfa ,ephesos1 #adc sqq4 ,epicurus & ,leukippos1 #chj sq41 #chh n4 #idj1 #cia n4 #idi1 #cid sq4 ,epim5ides1 #i1 #hg ,equ9oxes1 precession (1 #be1 #cdg n4 #hbd ,erato/h5es1 ,app4 #ba1 #bbh n4 #ejb ,eros1 #i1 #bai ,euclid1 #aaf1 #aag ,eudemos on ,?ales1 #dd sq42 on ,py?agoras1 #aae n4 #bda1 #aaf n4 #bdc2 on ,p>m5ides1 #bjc n4 #ddi2 on ,z5o1 #cfc1 #cff n4 #hhi2 on ! t]m 1 #bfc n4 #ehj ,eudoxos1 #aah1 #baf1 #cdb ,eukleides ( ,meg>a1 #cee ,euripides 7fr4 inc4 #iaj71 #ab n4 #ad1 #ad n4 #ah2 & ,anaxagoras1 #bie sq4 ,eurytos1 #aaj sq41 #cbj1 #cbb ,eusebios1 #ai ,eu?ym5es1 #dd ,ev5 & ,odd1 #ccc sqq4 ,evolution1 ,anaxim&]1 #gc sq42 ,emp$okles1 #bha2 ,anaxagoras1 #cae ,examyes1 #dj ,exp]im5t1 #ca sq41 #bgd ,figures1 num]ical1 #aaj sq41 #ccg ,fire1 #aba1 #afj sq41 #bae ,fire1 c5tral1 #bah1 #cdd sqq4 ,=g]ies1 #df1 #aac n4 #bce1 #ahe ,fossils1 #acf ,gal51 #bcd ,galeus levis1 #gd n4 #ada ,geoc5tric hypo!sis1 #ca1 #abc1 #bah ,geometry1 ,egyptian1 #bc sq42 ( ,?ales1 #de sq42 ( ,py?agoras1 #aae sq4 ,glaukos ( ,rhegion1 #bbh n4 #ejc ,gnomon 7! in/rum5t71 #ca n4 #d1 #ec ,gnomon 79 geometry & ari?metic71 #aad n4 #bch ,gods1 ,?ales1 #ej2 ,anaxim&]1 #fd1 #gd2 ,anaxim5es1 #hb2 ,x5ophanes1 #adj sq42 ,h]akleitos1 #ahh sq42 ,emp$okles1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #bhh sq42 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 #daj n4 #ajje ,gorgias1 #bbi n4 #ejd1 #bca1 #bcd1 #bef n4 #efi1 #bhg n4 #fdb1 #dag ,great ,ye>1 #be1 #age ,h>monics1 #aah 8,h>mony ( ! ,sph]es10 #abb1 #cea4 ,see & ,s\l ,h>p$onapts1 #bd1 #aaf ,he>+1 ,emp$okles1 #bhe2 ,anaxagoras1 #cag ,he>t1 #bce1 #bhh n4 #fde ,heav5ly bodies1 ,anaxim&]1 #ff sqq42 ,anaxim5es1 #hj1 #ha2 ,py?agoras1 #abb sq42 ,x5ophanes1 #acc sqq42 ,h]akleitos1 #afe sqq42 ,p>m5ides1 #bae2 ,emp$okles1 #bgd sq42 ,anaxagoras1 #cab2 ,leukippos1 #dja2 ,diog5es ( ,apollonia1 #dac ,hekataios1 #bj1 #dd1 #df1 #ec ,helioc5tric hypo!sis1 #bg1 #cdg n4 #hbe1 #cdh sq4 ,h]akleides ( ,pontos1 on ,py?agoras1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajh1 #cba n4 #gci1 #chg n4 #ici2 on ,emp$okles1 #bbh n4 #ejb1 #c1 #bcc n4 #ebj1 #bcf n4 #ecb2 helioc5tric hypo!sis (1 #cdi ,h]akleiteans1 #ce n4 #dh1 #adj1 #dag ,h]akleitos1 #adc sqq42 on ,hom]1 #ahb1 #ahe2 on ,py?agoras1 #id1 #ajg1 #adc2 on ,x5ophanes1 #adc ,h]modoros1 #adc ,h]odotos1 on ,hom] & ,hesiod1 #h2 on ,egyptian influ5ce1 #ag2 on geometry1 #bc2 on ,orphicism1 #ie n4 #aie2 on ,solon1 #bh2 on ,lydian influ5ce1 #ch2 on ,?ales1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc sq41 #df2 on ,py?agoras1 #ic1 #id n4 #aia1 #ie n4 #aie1 #b1 #ajg ,hesiod1 #f sqq4 ,hi]on1 #abe ,hippasos1 #ajc n4 #bag1 #aag1 #aba1 #aef1 #bae1 #cda1 #cdc1 #ced ,hippokrates1 #bce n4 #ebh1 #dje n4 #ihg1 #daa n4 #ajjh2 1 #gi n4 #aed ,hippokrates 1 #afg n4 #chc1 #ahc n4 #dac1 #cje n4 #fie1 #cjg n4 #fii1 #dje n4 #ihf ,hippokrates1 lunules (1 #cdc ,hippolytos1 ,app4 #ac1 #aef ,hippon ( ,samos1 #di1 #eh n4 #aji1 #djf sqq4 ,hippys ( ,rhegion1 #aba n4 #bfj ,hom]1 #e sqq4 ,hylozoism1 #ae ,hypot5use1 #aaf ,iambli*os1 ,v4 ,py?41 #ib n4 #ahf ,ibykos1 #bbj n4 #dhb ,idaios ( ,him]a1 #eh n4 #aji1 #djg ,ideas1 !ory (1 #ced sqq4 ,immortality1 #ia1 #agb sq41 #bbe ,incomm5surability1 #aaf sq4 ,indian philosophy1 #ba4 ,see ,transmigration ,inf9ity1 ,anaxim&]1 #ei sqq42 ,x5ophanes1 #acg sq42 ,p>m5ides1 #bjg2 ,melissos1 #cge4 ,see ,divisibility1 ,inju/ice1 #ef1 #ga1 #afj1 #bbf ,ionic dialect1 #cbg sq41 #djh ,ju/ice1 #cb1 #afa n4 #cgd ,kebes & ,simmias1 #cbj1 #cdc1 #ced1 #cee ,kebes1 1 #aid ,krat9os1 #djf ,kratylos1 #dag ,kritias1 #bhh n4 #fde ,kroton1 #ie n4 #aih1 #bbb ,kylon1 #ig n4 #bjd1 #ih ,lampsakos1 #big1 #dae ,leukippos1 #chj sqq42 & ! ,eleatics1 #chb1 #chd sqq42 & ,emp$okles1 #bcf1 #chc1 #cib2 & ,anaxagoras1 #chc sq41 #cib2 & ! ,py?agoreans1 #chg1 #chi1 #cib2 & ,demokritos1 #cha1 #chi sqq41 #dja n4 #igi ,light1 ,emp$okles1 #bgf4 ,see ,moon ,lightn+ & ,?und]1 #fh1 #gj1 #dja n4 #igi ,limit1 #aba1 #bae1 #ccc sqq4 ,lives1 ! ?ree1 #ajh1 #aji n4 #bbi1 #aed n4 #cfb ,love4 ,see ,eros1 ,love & ,/rife1 #bff sqq4 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#eg n4 #aje1 #fj n4 #aac 1 1 #bcc n4 #ebj1 #bcf n4 #ecc 1 #bcf1 #bhg n4 #fdb 1 #cia n4 #idi di/4 1 #bc1 #aaa n4 #bcc 1 #abb1 #aeh1 #ahd 1 #bd 1 #ac1 #eg 1 #cee n4 #hdg 1 #gc sq4 1 #ajf 1 #aee n4 #cfd1 #agb n4 #cia 1 #fe n4 #abf 1 #cb1 #afa n4 #cgd 4 ,see ,vortex 1 #abj n4 #bed 1 #cee1 #chh n4 #idc 1 #djc 1 #aih n4 #dce2 1 #bjd n4 #dej 1 #cig n4 #ifb 1 #fa 1 #agh sqq4 1 1 #adj1 #cfc n4 #hhj1 #cgg 4 ,see ,opposites 1 #aci n4 #cjf 1 #djj 1 #ccj n4 #ggj 1 #gd4 ,see ,gods 1 #bh1 #ajh 1 #bce n4 #ebg1 #bfc n4 #ehj1 #cee1 #cef n4 #hej1 #chh n4 #idc 1 #bdc n4 #edi1 #bdi n4 #eeh 1 #bbe 1 #cih 1 #ad n4 #ah1 #bh1 #ajg n4 #bdd 1 1 #hh1 #ajg sq4 1 #a n4 #hfb 1 #bec n4 #efe1 #bed n4 #eff1 #bfc1 #cji1 #chd 1 #bai 1 #cb1 #adh n4 #ccf1 #ahb n4 #dab 1 #caj di/4 1 #bc 1 #adf n4 #ccb1 #adh n4 #cci1 #aeb n4 #cee1 #aec n4 #ceh & n4 #cei1 #aeg2 1 #cee n4 #hdg 1 #aah 1 #bif n4 #fgj 1 #aja n4 #bab 1 #aja n4 #bab 1 #cb 1 #bfc n4 #ehj1 #cef n4 #hej 1 #cch n4 #gid1 #cfh n4 #hid1 #chg n4 #ici 1 #cda n4 #hje 1 #cjf 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